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INDIA MITI.KMKM to Till: A I 111 N ITM w.ll. tfe U 1. I 1»U
THE
ATHENAEUM
JOURNAL
OF
LITIEATURE, SCIENCE, THE FINE ARTS,
MUSIC, AND THE DRAMA.
JANUARY TO JUNE,
1914.
3
/
U
LONDON:
PUBLISH]
-
m;D by john bdwabd pbancis, \ i n in bum press, bbkam'8 mi [ldhtos, i bam i.i;y lab
BY MESSRS. BORACE MARSHALL & SON, 125, FLEET STREET, I
SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS AND NEWSMEN IN TOWN AND OOUNTRY.
AGENTS FoixTLAND, MESSRS. WILLIAM GREEN ft BOOT AND JOHN MENZD i, LTD., EDINBURGH
MI )(('( < XIV.
SUPPLEMENT to THE A.1BES&VM with No. 4531, Aug. 29, 1914
h
1 -i
INDEX OF CONTENTS.
JANUARY TO JUNE, 1914.
[Besides the usual author-entries for works of all descriptions, Fiction, Poetry, &c, will be found under the first word of the title (A, An, and The-
excepted) ; other books, and Societies and Institutions, are indexed under their principal subject. Titles are sometimes abbreviated to economize space .J
Abbott (A.), The Theorist, 739
Abbott (E. A.), The Fourfold Gospel, Sect. II., 579
Abdominal Brain, 660, 694
Abrahams (I.), Jewish Prayer-Book, 651
Abydos, The Cemeteries of, by Peet and Loat, 799
Account Rendered, by P. Elson, 635
Acid Drops, by G. E. Jennings, 352
Adair (Cecil), Under the Incense Trees, 873
Adam (Madame), Chretienne. 43
Adams (Brooks ), The 1 heory of Social Revolutions,
819
Addams (Clifford), etchings, 900
Adler (F.), Life and Destiny, 1S4
Adonis, Attis, Osiris, by J. G. Frazer, 659
Adventuress, The, by G. Willoughby, 743
Ady (Cecilia M.), Pius II., 374
iEgean Days, by J. Irving Manatt, 426
Africa : A. in Transformation, by Maclean — The
Bonds of A., by Eetcher, 121 ; The Voice of A.,
by Frobenius, 121, 165 ; South A., by Tilby,
615 ; Hunting the Elephant in A., by Stigand,
617
African, German Central, Expedition, by the
Duke of Mecklenburg, 431
African, South, Scene, by Violet R. Markham, 121
African Camp Fires, by S. E. White, 850
Afterwards the Judgment, by R. Catt, 465
Agricultural Wages, by R. Lennard, 814
A Kempis (Thomas), tr. frae Latin intil Scots, 270
Alastair, works in black and white, 860
Albani (Madame), pupils' concert, 698
Albania, by Wadham Peacock, 684
Albanie et Napoleon, by A. Boppe, 31
Alcestis at Bradfield, 863
Alchemical Society, 95, 415
Allen (P. S.), The Age of Erasmus, 232, 276, 318,
345, 785
Allen (R.), Missionary Principles, 269
Allerton (M.), The Girl on the Green, 474
Allied Artists' Association, 859
Allinson (A.), pictures, 348
America : South A., by Koebel, 434 ; Mural
Painting in A., by Blashfield, 533 ; Public
Education in Germany and the United States,
545 ; Duty on Books in the United States, 624 ;
Political Science in A., by Wallas, 658
American Ideals, by H. W. Mabie, 1S3
American Painting at Shepherd's Bush, 860
Amore dei Tre Re, by Italo Montemezzi, first
production in England, 770
Analecta Bollandiana, Vol. XXXII. , 38
Anatomy of Truth, The, by F. H. Capron, 269
Ancient Monuments Act, 1913, Advisory Boards,
417
Anderson (W. G.), publisher, death, 556
Andrews ^harlton), The Drama To-day, 239
Angels in Wales, by Margam Jones, 739
Angeren (A. D. van), etchings, 141
Animal Painters, Society of, 71
Alison (Sir W.), death, 828
Antarctic Penguins, by Dr. G. Murray Levick, 596
Anthologie des Lyriques allemands, ed. by H.
Guilbeaux. 198
Anthropological Institute, Annual Meeting, 166
Antliropologv of the Greeks, bv E. E. Sikes, 384
Antiquaries/Society of, 166, 206, 233, 278, 319,
346, 114, 452, 500, 532 ; Anniversary Meeting,
633 ; 695, 723, 831, 898
Antoine (A.), resignation as Directeur of the
Od£on, 568
Anvil, The, by Lilith Hope, 871
Anybody but Anne, by Carolyn Wells, 876
- »T)0stolat d'un Pretre Lorrain, by Fiel and
^rriere, 38
'in (A.), Rags, 351 ; Shop Girls, 869 ; Fallen
long Thieve s7ti
oology, Biblical, .Society of, 234, 696
aa>ology, Mexican, by T. A. Joyce, 899
Archaeology of the Old Testament, by Naville, 268
Archer (Mr. W.) at the Moral Education League,
231
Architecture : Baroque A., by Shaw, 69 ; Intro-
duction to English Church A., by Bond, 96,
141, 170 ; Gothic A. in Spain, by Street, 533 ;
Monumental Classic A., by Richardson, 696 ;
Mohammedan A., by Bell, 767
Argyll (Duke of), death, 658
Argyllshire and Buteshire, by P. Macnair, 883
Aristophanes's Acharnians, performance at
Oxford, 324 ; ed. Elliott, 885
Aristotelian Society, 18, 347 ; Dr. W. Leslie
Mackenzie on the Psychology of Dissociated
Personality, 766 ; Miss F. R. Shields on the
Notion of a Common Good, 767 ; Mr. D. Morri-
son on the Treatment of History by Philo-
sophers, 858
Armstrong (E. C. R.), Irish Seal-Matrices and
Seals, 320
Arnold (Mrs. J. O.), Megan of the Dark Isle, 739
Arnott (S.), Rock Gardening for Amateurs, 499
Art : A., by Bell, 280 ; A. and Common Sense,
by Cortissoz — A. in Flanders, by Rooses, 386 ;
Education in A., by Burridge, 453 ; Greek
Sculpture and Modern A., by Waldstein, 663
Arthur (F.), The Great Attempt, 469
Art in Europe, No. I., 565
Artists, Irish Dictionary of, by W. G. Strickland,
321
Ashbee (C. R.), The Hamptonshire Experiment in
Education, 337
Asiatic Society, Sir C. J. Lyall on Old Arabian
Poetry, 95 ; Mr. K. A. C. Creswell on the Dome
in Persia, 562
As It Used to Be, 836
Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools, Annual
Meeting, 62
Astronomical Society : Miss Annie Cannon an
honorary member, 415
Athens : Plans for the beaut ification of A., 282 ;
A. and its Monuments, by Weller, 348
Atlantis, by Gerhart Hauptmann, 59
Attack, The, by G. Egerton, 72
Attaque Nocturne, by De Lorde and Masson-
Forestier, 700
Attica, Davs in, bv Mrs. R. C. Bosanquet, 426
Attic Comedy, Origin of, by F. M. Cornford, 803
Aural Culture, by S. Macpherson and E. Read, 565
Austen (Winifred), water-colours, 417
Australia : The Commonwealth of A., by Wise, 8 ;
List of the Birds of A., by Mathews, 346
Australian Commonwealth, Making of, by B, R.
Wise, 8
Austrian Officer at Work and at Play, bv Dorothea
Gerard, 361
Austria of the Austrians and Hungary of the
Hungarians, 86
Authors, A Book about, by A. R. Hope Mon-
crieff, 749
Authors' Union, An, 344, 383, 449
Autograph Letters, sales, 310, 624, 656
Aviation, The Practical Side of, 452
Awakening, The, bv R. S. Macnamara, 473
Axon (W. E. A.), death, 92
Ayscough (J.), Monksbridge, 473
B
Baba and the Black Sheep, by E. W. Savi, 467
Babasaheb (Meherban Naravanrao), Impressions
of British Life, 845
Babylon of Egypt, by A. J. Butler, 664
Bach Chamber Concerts, 171, 323
Bach Choir concert, 455
Bach's B minor Mass at Westminster Abbey, 535
Backhouse (E.), Annals and Memoirs of the Court
of Peking, 189
Bacon (J. H. F.), A.R.A., M.V.O., death, 169
Bacon (Roger): Sir J. Sandys on R. B., 798;
commemoration, 829
Badger, Life and Habits, by Blakeborough and
Pease, 384
Baerlein (H.), LondorCkcus, 738
Bagehot (Walter), Lib, by Mrs. Russell Barring-
ton, 752
Bailey (H. C), The Sa Captain, 469
Baker (E. C. Stuart), Indian Pigeons and Doves,.
319
Baker (G. P.), The Mgic Tale of Harvanger and
Yolande, 737
Bakongo, Among thePrimiitive, by J. H. Weeks,
431
Balder the Beautifully J. G. Frazer, 5
Baldwin (J. Fosdick),iing's Council in the Middle-
Ages, 443
Balfour (A. J.) as lieologian, 230 ; on Argu-
mentative Poetry, 88
Balkan War : InnerHistory of the B. W., by
Rankin, 752 ; Th Struggle for Scutari, by
Durham — The Oriat Expiess, by Moore, 849
Ball (C. J.), Chinese ad Sumerian, 189
Ballad of Men, A, byV. Blane,.221
Balzac (Honore de) :B-, by F. Brunetiere — Pera
Goriot, 42
Bandelier (A. F. A.),rcha?ologist, death, 535
Bank (W. Dane), Jaies, 525
Banks (J. S.), The boks of the New Testament,.
246
Banville (T. de), Baldes, tr. Strong,. 53. 93
Barbara <fc Companyby W. E. Norris, 870
Barber (Frederic), A Service des Rois et de la.
Revolution, 38
Barbour (Sir D.l, Iiluence of the Gold Supply
on Prices, 181
Barcroft (J.), Respiitory Function of the Blood,
596
Barker (E. P.), Romof the Pilgrims and Martvrs,.
168
Baroque Architectui, by M. Shaw Briggs, 69
Barrington (Mrs. Ruell), Life of Walter Bagehot,.
752
Barry (J. A.), South ea Shipmates, 199
Bartolus of Sassoferto, by C. N. S. Woolf, 373
Bartram (G.), The let English, 377
Bascom Coin sale, 9'|
Bashford (H. H.), V
Bashford (Lindsay
Basis of Anglican F<
Bassett (A. Tilney),
Bates (O.), The Eas
Bates-Batcheller (T
Bateson (W.), Prob
Batten (L. W.), Ezi
Baudiss (F. de), tea
Bauer (M.), etching:
fabonds in Perigord, 713
.plendrum, 473
iowship, by Bishop Gore, 615-
t. Hon. J. E. Ellis, 580
n Libyans, 647, 690
Rojal Spain of To-day, 196.
as of Genetics, 94
and Nehemiah, 250
or, death, 137
Ml
■j 1
h and the Church, 270
linor Poems, 193
)ld Testament and Archseo-
Beatty (H. M.) on jnoks in Belfast, 761 ; Irish
Book Catalogues,
Beattys (H. H.), Sn
Beaumont (Joseph)
Bedale (C. L.), Th
logy, 246
Bedesman 4, by Ma
Bedford (Ruth), Tv
Beerbohm (Max), A
Beethoven Festival
Beethoven's Christ
J. H. Skrine, 742
's Company, 742
cial Success, 420
02, 634
am Oelberge, 239, 282
Before the Cross, poll, by C. Rostrevor Hamilton,.
555
g, copvright case, 240
836
828, 856, 895
in Portuguese Literature —
ituguese, 129
Beggar Girl s Wedo p
Beggar's Opera, Th
Belfast, Books in, ri .,
Bell (A.F.G.).Stud
Poems from the 1
Bell (Clive), Art, 2b
Bell (Gertrude LoML|ian), Palace and Mosque at
Ukhaidir, 767
Bell's Reading Bou,: The Last Days of Pom-
peii—The Tower. (London, 883
Beloved Premier, TVj by H. Maxwell, 741
Benett (Newton), ilr.-tvings, 236
-SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHEX.EUM witn No. 4531, Aug. i'\ 1914
Janiary to June 1914 INDEX
OF CONTENTS
in
Benamozegh (E.), Israel et rHumanite, 38
Benham (Victor . pianoforte recital] 282
aett (E. N.), Problems of Village Life, ISO
Bennett (F.), Forty Yean in Brazil, o^'.<
Benson (A. C.l, Whore No Fear W.i-. ."'.".1
Benson (K. P.)i Dodo the Second, ASS
Benson (R. II. \ Initiation, 225
Bensusan (S. L.), The Furriner, 864
Berenson (B.), Catalogue of Paintings, Vol. I., 533
Beresford (J. D.), The House in Demetrius Koad,
739
-rson (Prof.), works put on the Index, S29
Uergstrom (Eljalinar), Danish dramatist, death, 504
Berlin, Royal Library of, c>l
Bernardino (S.) of Siena, by A. G. Ferrers
Howell, 374
.Berry (I<a Duehesse de\ by E. Dejean, 35
Rertieri (Pilade), portrait painter, exhibition, 769
.'!« rtillon (A.), criminologist, death, 279, 320
Bertin (Rose), by Entile Langlade, 360
Besnier (M.), Loxique de Geographie Ancienne, 40
I test (Pi. II.), Problem of the Continuation School,
515
Man, The, bv Grace Livingstone Hill Lutz,
876
Beyond bis Power, by 0. M. Tucker, 668
Bible : Studies in New Testament Thought, by
Cunningham — The Old Testament and Archae-
ology, by Bedale — The Books of the New Testa-
ment, by Banks — The Latest Light on B.
Lands, by Handcock, 246 ; The Faith of the
Old Testament, by Nairne — The Layman's Old
Testament, ed. Clazebrook — The Religious Ideas
of the Old Testament, by Robinson — The
Literature of the Old Testament, by Moore —
Ezra and Neheiniah, by Batten, 250 ; The Last
Discourse and Prayer of our Lord, by Swete —
The Eschatology of Jesus, by Jackson, 252 ;
Archaeolosrv of the Old Testament, bv Naville —
The Epistles of St. Paul, by Buchanan, 268 ;
Lights on the Four Gospels, by Lewis, 269 ;
New Testament, Authorised Version Corrected
— The New Testament, tr. Moffatt, 270 ;
Primitive Text of Gospels and Acts, by Clark,
4S7 ; Joshua, by Holmes — The Poem of Job,
by King, 515 ; The Fourfold Gospel, Section II.,
by Abbott, 579
Bibiiographv of Mediaeval Historv, 649
Bibliotheque Hachette, 43
Bickersteth (J. B.), Land of Open Doors, 485
Bicklev (F.), Life of Matthew Prior, 650
Bindioss (H.), Blake's Burden, 736
Biology in Relation to Education, 590, 626, 660,
692, 722, 763
Birck (A .), water-colours of Algeria, 900
Birds : Glimpses of Indian B., by Dewar, 138,
694 ; B. of Australia, by Mathews, 346
Birmingham (G. A.), General John Regan, 240 ;
IrishmeD All, 304 ; The Lost Tribes, 872
Birth-rate, Fall in, 279
Birthright, bv T. C. Murrav, 904
Bjomson (B.j, A King, 391
Black Frame Sketch Club, exhibition, 417
Black Ivorv and White, bv H. C. Jackson, 195
Black Peril, The, by G. Webb Hardy, S74
Black Prince register, 721
Blackwood (A.), Ten-Minute Stories, 377
Blair (Robert), knighted, 16
Blake (W.), exhibition at Manchester, 209
Blakeborough (J. Fairfax), Life and Habits of
the Badger, 384
Blakes Burden, by H. Bindioss, 730
Bland (Hubert:, journalist, death, 500
Bland (J. O. P.), Annals and Memoirs of the
Court of Peking, 189
Blane (W.), A Ballad of Men, 221
Blashfield (E. H.), Mural Painting in America, 533
Bliard <P.), Conventionnels Regicides, 31
Blind Fiddler's Dog, 10
Blind Man's Buff, bv Jacques Futrelle, 470
Bloem (\V.), The Iron Year, 267
Blundell (P.), Oh, .Mr. Bidgood ! 405
Blunt (R. , In Cheyne Walk and Thereabout, 196
Boanerges, by Rendel Harris, 68
.BodleL-in, Annual Report, 113
Bodleian Music, Early, by E. W. B. Nicholson, 389
Bodley (J. E. C.), L'Age Mfecanique, 43; on
Encyclopa;ilia Britannica, 275 ; on French
Academy election, 4!'«
Romberg (David i, exhibition, 900
Bond (F. , English Church Architecture, 96, 141,
170
Bone (Muirhead), exhibition, 454 ; etchings, 097
Bonnault d'Honet (Viscountess dej, by Father
Stanislaus, 1 '.»T
"Bonney (T. G. ), Present Relations of Science and
Religion, 246
Bonnier (C). Monographic du Mensonge, 38
Bontoux (G.), Louis Veuillot, 38
Book Catalogues, Irish, 867
: Fair at Leipsic, 658
Book Fair for London, A, 481
Books, Dutv on, in the United Stat'-s, 021
Book sales, 16, 135, 204, 2S1, 810, 382, 410, 11',
559, 689, 720, 701, 796, B67,
Book Sales of B'l:;, 1 1, t;:>
Bookseller, The Evolution of the, 719
Books of 1918, 10
Book-Trade Exhibition, International, 568
Book-Trade Reform : Bookseller's Point of View,
6S8 : Publisher's Point of View, 668 ; n.ss
Boppe (A.), L'Albanie et Napoleon, 81
Bordeaux (ID, La Croisee des Chemins, 12 ; The
Fear of Living, SSI
Borgia (Cesare), by W. Harrison Woodward, :!7 I
Boris Godounov, by Moussorgski, Sol
Borodin's Prince Igor, 834
Borwick (L.), pianoforte recitals. 212, 823, 350
Bosambo of the River, by E. Wallace, 7:(7
Bosanquet (Helen), Social Work in London, 818
Bosanquet (Mrs. R. c.), Days in Attica, 120
Bossuet,ed. Bremond, 11
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Ik-port. ■>>> I
Boughton (J. W.), theatre manager, death, 144
Bourne (R. S.), Youth and Life, 123
Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra, souvenir
Record, 770
Boutroux (111.), Natural Law in Science and
Philosophy, 598
Bowles (E. A.), My Garden in Spring, 499
Boyd (W.), From Locke to Montessori, 545
Bover (C. V.), The Villain as Hero in Elizabethan
Tragedy, 699
Bovle (Robert), bv Flora Masson, 897
Boyle (W.), The Building Fund, 700, 904; The
Eloquent Dempsy, 903
Boy's, A, Adventures in the South Seas, by F.
Elias, 870
Bradley (F. H.), Essays on Truth and Reality, 522
Bradlev (H.), New English Dictionarv, Shastri-
Shyster, 550
Bradlev (W.), Earlv Poems of W. S. Landor, 754
Braun (Ethel), The New Tripoli, 548
Brazil, Forty Years in, by F. Bennett, 333
Breakspear (Nicholas), by H. K. Mann, 363
Break the Walls Down, by Mrs. A. Gross, 727
Brenda, More about Froggy, 743
Brer Rabbit, 568
Bribe, The, by Seumas O'Kelly, 536
Bridges (C), Poems in Five Phases, 221
Brieux (M.), Damaged Goods, 283
Briggs (M. Shaw), Baroque Architecture, 09
Briggs (W. Dinsmore), Marlowe's Edward II.,
350 ; on Did Jonson write a Third Ode to
Himself ? 828
Brighouse (H.), Lonesome Like, 668 ; Garside's
Career, 669
Brighton, Modern Art Exhibition at, 97
Bristol, The L'niversity of, Statement regarding
Certain Events, 528
British Academy : Prof. S. Alexander on the
Basis of Realism, 206 ; Prof. Haverfield on
Recent Discoveries in Roman Britain, 452 ;
Sir J. Sandvs on Roger Bacon — Sir J. Rhvs on
Italian Field of Celtic Epigraphy-, 798
British Artists, Royal Society of, exhibition, 416
British Chaplain in Paris, 18*01-2, ed. Broadley, 8
British Museum : Print Room acquisitions, 98
Broadhurst (T. W.), The Holy City, 668
Broadsides, Chapbooks, and Garlands, 10
Broadway Jones, by G. M. Cohan, 212
Brock (Vera), orchestral concert, 455
Broke of Covenden, bv J. C. Snaith, 872
Bromby (H. Bodley), by J. II. B. Mace, 270
Brontes, In the Footsteps of the, by Mrs. Chad-
wick, 154
Bronze Age in Ireland, by G. Coffey, 599
Brown (Alice van Vechten), Short IIistoryr of
Italian Painting, 832
Brown (J. Duff), librarian, death, 345
Brown (Marv E.), Dedications, 225
Brown (V.), The Wonder- Worker, 742
Brownbill (J.), Ledger-Book of Vale Royal Abbey,
482
Browne (B.), Conquest of Mount McKinley, 233
Browne (E.j, Phiz and Dickens, 150
Browning and his Poetry, by E. Rhys, 375
Bruce of Bannockburn, by M. Macmillan, 524
Briigge-Vallon (W.)» That Strange Affair, 711
Brunetiere (F.), Honorc de Balzac, 42
Brussels Quartet, concert, 350
Buchanan (E. S.), 'I')'- Epistles of St. Paul, 208
Bueklaw (A.), The Suffragette, 466
Building Fund, The, b% W. Boyle, 700, 904
Bulloch (J. M.) on the Ethics Of a Half-Truth. 412
Billow (Prince B. von), Imperial Germany, 222
Burbage memorial, 120
Burgage Tenure in Mediaeval England, by
Hemmeon, 8 19
Burleigh (Bennet), war correspondent, death, 867
Burma, A Civil Servant in, by Sir H. T. White, 158
Bnmey (Bstelle ■ The One Thing Needful, "<" >
Burney (Margaret . death, 1 13
Burns. COS! >dy of <■]. nriddell MSS., ,
Burns' Ni'bt Concert, 171
Burnt Flax, by Mrs. II. II. Penrose, W7
Bnrridge (F.), Education in Ait, 158
Bnrtt-Davy (.1. . Mai/.'-, 277
Butler ' \. -I. . Babylon of Egypt, •
Butler (s. , Hadibras, original of, -
Butler Librarj Bale,
Butt (Clara) and Eennerley Rumford,'oonoert|
Byron's residence at Rome identified, ■■
t'ahen (L.), Lea Querellea Religien 1 s.m> Louis
XV., 89
('aillaux Drama, The, by .1. .\. Raphael, 884
Caldecotf i\\ . Shav. , Herod's Temple, 268, 588
Caldwell (W.), Pragmatism and idealism, Tsi
Calvin (John), by 11. \ . Rej burn, 1-0
Cambridge Finance, 110
Cambridge Mediaeval History, Vol. II., 146
Cambridge Notes, 89 1
Cambridge Tripos list-, 896
Camden Town Group, paintings, 281
Cameron ( Kat herine i, etchings, 900
Cameron (W. J.) on an Authors' I oion, 844, 140
Camilieri (M.) as conductor, 886
Campbell (O. J.), The Comedies of Bolberg, 419
Cainsix Art Club, exhibition, 281
Canada : Histoire du c., Vol. I., by Qarneau,
Recollections of Sixty Years, b\ Tupper —
The Land of Open Doors, by Bickersteth, 185
Canadian Addresses, by Hon. <•. E. Foster, 688
Canadian Nights, by the Earl of Dunravon, s|s
Cancer Research Laboratories, 69, 96
Canavans, The, by Lad> On-gory, St;:;
Candidates, bv Cruise O'Brien, 568
Caiman (E.). Wealth, 181
Cannan (G.), Old Mole, 11; Old Mole's Novel,
131 ; Love, 521
Canopus, site discovered, 502
Canterbury and York Society, Annual Meeting,
896
Cape of Good Hope Observatory, by sir I». QUI,
139
Cap'n Dan's Daughter, bv J. C. Lincoln, 878
Capron (F. ID, The Anatomy of Truth, 269
Carey (II. Vernon), Kindly Flames, 466
Carfax Gallery, exhibition, 900
Caribou, Newfoundland, Romance of, by A. A.
Radclyffe Dugmoiv, 790
Carpenter (K.), Intermediate Tvpes among Primi-
tive Folk, 532
Carpenter (Bishop W. Boyd), The spiritual
Message of Dante, 187
Carrick (ID, Mam'selle Tralala, 004
Carruthers (D.), Unknown Mongolia, 180
Carson (W. E.), Mexico, 578
Carter (F.), etchings, 141
Carter (G. R.), The Tendency towards industrial
Combination, 179
Carter (Noel), Hilarion, 864
Cartoons, by Will Dyson, 859
Cartwright (Julia), Christina of Denmark, 30<l
Casserlv (Major Gordon), Life in an Indian Out-
post ,'81 5
Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings and some
Art Objects, 533
Cathay and the Way Thither, ed. Yule, A el. II.
428"
Cat! (R.)i And Afterwards the Judgment, 466
Caunl (C W.), An Introduction to the infin-
itesimal Calculus, ."»oi
Cavalrv Officer in Corunns Campaign, by Capt.
Gordon. 369, 112
favour and Modem Italy, by Pietro Orea, 336
Cazamian (L.), Etudes de Psychologie Littc-
raire. 12
Cecil, The House of, bv (i. Ravenscroff Dennis,
:;r,7
Cellier (P. A.), conductor, death. .2
Censorship: Mr. G. 8. Btreel appointed an Ex-
aminer of Plays, 20
Cervantes (Miguel do Saavedra, by j. l-itz-
maurice-Kelly, 58
C'esl la Vie, by Gaumenl and 04, IS
Iwii k Mrs.), I" >'"• Footsteps of the Bronl
154
Ohaemepelia of Cinamajpelia ? 599
Challenger Society, 207
Chambers I R. w . • Quick VctioD, s,.,
Champion (P.). Franj oia Villoi
Chance. b\ .1. Conrad. >s
Changelings bv Requi
Channel Islands: L'Archipel de I, M , . be, by
valiaux, II
Channel Inlands, IV la torfc Times all. I Ml D Ol, DJ
.1. Sinel, 199
Chantilly In History and \.t. bj L. M. I
pin (H. . Dronpingthe Baby, 21
for his Own, 864
Chapman (G. , I Fairotti
Vol. IL.
Cbaul > 0
'l'" t. s's .
Charlca Quint, Hisl '
Morel-1 si ■• 10
Chai ,,
IV
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHENAEUM with No. 4531, Aug. 29, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM January to June 1914
Chassevant Method of Education, by M. P. Gibb,
565
Chateaubriand, Correspondance, Vol. III., 34
Chaucer and Westminster Abbey, 794
Chekhov (A.), "Uncle Vanya, 700
Chelsea : Greatest House at Chelsey, by R. Davies,
196
Chelsea Artists at Bradford, 349
Cheltnam (Mrs.), daughter of Leigh Hunt, death,
276
Chemical Analysis, by Julius Stieglitz, 414
Chemistry : A New Era in C, by Jones, 94 ;
Some Fundamental Problems in C, by Letts —
C. and its Borderland, bv Stewart, 561
Chesterton (G. K.), The Plying Inn, 130
Cheyne Walk and Thereabout, bv R. Blunt, 196
Chief of the Ranges, The, by H. A. Cody, 470
Chignett Street, by B. Paul Neuman, 738
Children of the Dead End, by P. MacGill, 466
Children on the stage, 456
Children's Theatre, 19
Child went Forth, A, bv Yoi Pawlowska, 871
Chile, by F. J. G. Maitland, 681
China : A Naturalist in Western C, by Wilson,
189
China : La Chine en Revolution, by Rottach, 40
Chinese and Sumerian, by C. J. Ball, 189
Chitra, by Rabindranath Tagore, 99
Cholmeley (R. F.), Secondary Education in
England, 107
Christianity, The Practice of, 513
Christian Truth, Studies in, by H. R. Mackintosh,
246
Christina of Denmark, by Julia Cartwright, 360
Chronica Johannis de Reading, ed. Tait, 649
Churches in the Modern State, by J. N. Figgis, 246
Church in Rome in First Century, by G. Edmund-
son, 126
Church of England, Intellectual Condition, 268
City of Hope, The, by C. Fox Smith, 471
Civil Service of Great Britain, by R. Moses, 491
Clara Florise, by G. Moore, 352
Claretie (Jules), death, 13
Clark (A. C), Primitive Text of Gospels and Acts,
487
Clark (A. J.), Mine Own, 123
Clark (E. C), Roman Private Law : Part II.,
Jurisprudence, 616
Clarke (Col. A. Ross), geodesist, death, 279
Clarke (Sir Edward), New Testament Corrected,
270
Clarke (Isabel C), Fine Clay, 472
Clarke-Hall (Edna), drawings, 534
Classical Association, 114
Classical Concert Society, 349, 389, 418, 455
Claudel (P.), L'Echange, 172
Clay and Fire, by Layton Crippen, 786
Clear Thinking, by L. Cecil Smith, 817
Cleek of Scotland Yard, by T. W. Hanshew, 741
Clemenceau (G.), Dans les Champs du Pouvoir, 39
Clementis (Muzio) Leben, by M. Unger, 19
Clement of Alexandria, by J. Patrick, 516
Cleveland (J.), Hustler Paul, 886
Clever Ones, by A. Sutro, 635
Cloudesley Tempest, by E. H. Lacon Watson, 873
Club Makers and Club Members, by T. H. S.
Escott, 404
Coates (Florence Earle), Inviolable, sonnet, 410
Cobbler, The, by A. P. Wilson, 604, 863
Cobden-Sanderson (T. J.) on Passage in Shelley's
' Ode to Liberty,' 855
Cock (Miss J. A. Hornblowerl, M.D., death, 235
Cockburn (H.), The Tresleys, 472
Cockney at Home, by Edwin Pugh, 199
Cockyolly Bird, The, by Mrs. Percy Dearmer, 20
Cody (H. A.), The Chief of the Ranges, 470
Coffey (G.), Bronze Age in Ireland, 599
Coffin (J. Herschel), The Socialized Conscience, 519
Cohan (G. M.), Broadwav Jones, 212
Cohen (Mrs. H.), The Level Crossing, 903
Cohu (J. R.), Vital Problems of Religion, 513
Coin sales, 170, 563, 901
Cole (G. H. D.), The World of Labour, 178
Coleridge and Wordsworth, by Prof. Knight, 56
Collection Gallia, 43
Collier (J. Payne), his family, 497
Collings (C. J.), water-colours, 725
Collings (Right Hon. Jesse), Rural Britain, 308
Collison-Morley (L.) on Sterne in Italy, 66
Colour-Etchings, exhibition, 322
Comic Kingdom, The, by R. Pickthall, 267
Commons (John R.), Labor and Administration,
183
Common-Sense in Law, by P. Vinogradoff, 224
Compensation, by Felix North, S36
Compulsory Arbitration, by W. F. Hamilton, 184
Contjo to the Niger, bv the Duke of Mecklenburg,
431
Connell (Norreys), Thank Your Ladyship, 283
Conquest of the Desert, by W. Macdonald, 431
Conrad (Joseph) : Chance, 88 ; J. C, by R. Curie,
885
Conscience Money, by S. Warwick, 876
Consciousness, Concept of, by E. B. Bolt, 782
Consequences, by H. F. Rubinstein, 667
Continuation School, Problem of, by Best and
Ogden, 545
Conventionnels Regicides, by P. Blaird, 31
Cook (II. Caldwell), Perse Play Method in Prose,
881
Co-operative Review, The Case for a, 275
Co-partnership and Profit-sharing, by A. Williams,
179
Copley (J.), exhibition, 601
Coq d'Or, Le, by Rimskv-Korsakoff, 862
Cordey (F. S.), exhibition, 534
Cordier (H), Odoric of Pordenone, 428
Cornford (F. M.), Origin of Attic Comedy, 803
Cornish (V.), Waves of Sand and Snow, 597
Cornwall's Wonderland, by Mabel Quiller-Couch,
743
Corot, by E. Moreau-Nelaton, 45 ; Landscapes of,
by D. Croal Thomson, 800
Corsica: La Corse, by A. Quantin, 44
Cortissoz (Royal), Art and Common Sense, 386
Cost of Wings, The, by R. Dehan, 474
Cotswolds, A Corner of the, by M. Sturge Gretton,
262
Cournot (A.), Souvenirs (1760-1860), 34
Courteline (G.), Gros Chagrins, 700
Courthope (W. J.), Selections from Epigrams
of Martial, 547
Courtney (W. L.), The Idea of Comedy, 284 ;
The Meaning of Life, 521
Court of Arches, Sir Lewis Dibdin on, 93
Courtship of Animals, by W. P. Pycraft, 17
Cowan (S.), author, death, 896
Cox (H. T.), librarian, death, 560
Cox (R. Hippisley), Green Roads of England, 788
Cragg (F. W.), Medical Entomology, 532
Craigie (W. A.), New English Dictionary, Sorrow-
Speech, 83
Crashaw's Versification, 66
Credit System, by W. G. Langworthy Taylor, 181
Crichton, The Admirable, commemorative tablet,
633
Cricket on the Hearth, The, opera by Sir A.
Mackenzie, 835
Crimson Honeymoon, The, by Headon Hill, 470
Crippen (Layton), Clay and Fire, 786
Croce (B.), Philosophy of the Practical, 87
Crockett (S. R.), novelist, death, 589 ; Silver
Sand, 737
Croker (B. M.), Lismoyle, 739
Crook (W. M.) on Belfast Booksellers, 895
Crooked Mile, A, by Oliver Onions, 466
Crossland (C), Desert and Water Gardens of the
Red Sea, 426, 689
Crowning Glory, The, by E. R. Punshon, 872
Cuckoo Lamb, The, by H. W. C. Newte, 473
Cuddy Yarborough's Daughter, by Una I;. Sil-
berrad, 465
Cullum (Ridgwell), The Way of the Strong, 470
Cundy (S.) on Book-Trade Reform, 688
Cuneiform Tablets in the British Museum, by
L. W. King, 453
Cunningham (B. K.)» Studies in New Testament
Thought, 246
Curing Christopher, by Mrs. H. Tremlett, 468
Curie (R.), Joseph Conrad, 885
Curse of Cloud, The, by J. B. Harris-Burland, 741
Customary Acres, by F. Seebohm, 646
D
Daalhoff (H. A. van), paintings, 237
Damaged Goods, by M. Brieux, 283
Dame aux Camellias, tr. Nicolini, 904
Danby (Frank), Full Swing, 735
Dance of Death, The, by W. Kienzl, production
at Liverpool, 170
Dangerous Age, The, by H. V. Pismond, 668
Danielou (C), Etudes Contemporaines, 39
Danish bibliography, 721
Dante Alighieri : Divine Comedy, tr. Shaw, 446,
498 ; The Spiritual Message of Dante, by
Carpenter, 487 ; Dictionary of Proper Names
and Notable Matters in Dante, by Toynbee,
823 ; Editio Princeps of the Quflestio de Aqua
et Terra, 890
Darling of the Gods, The, 143
Daughter of Debate, A, by Mrs. A. Harding, 873
Daughters of Ishmael, by A. D'Este-Scott, 352
Dauncey (Enid), Lost Argosies, 624
Davenport (H. J.), Economics of Enterprise, 181
Davey (Murray), song recital, 418
David (O.), The Swineherd and the Princess, 728
Davies (Fanny), pianoforte recital, 802
Davies (Maria Thompson), Hose of Old Harpeth,
872
Davies (Oliver), Staffordshire, 10
Davies (Randall), Greatest House at Chelsey,
196 ; Six Centuries of Painting, 832
Davies (W. H.), Nature, 521
Davis (R. Harding), The Last Road, 474
Day of Days, The, by L. J. Vance, 741
Dayrell-Reed (T.), pictures, 348
Days of Adventure, My, by E. A. Vizetelly, 486
Dean (Basil), Love Cheats, 804
Dean (Pror. G.), bacteriologist, death, 799
Dearmer (Mrs. Percy), The Cockyolly Bird, 20
Dearworthv, 16
Deatli and the Life Beyond, by F. C. Spurr, 209
Death of a Nobody, The, by Jules Romains, 740
Dedications, by Mary E. Brown, 225
Debussy's Pelleas et Melisande, 902
Deep Sea, by F. B. Young, 227
Dehan (R.), The Cost of Wings, 474
Deiser (G. F.), Y'ear-Books of Richard II., 1388-
1389, 649
Dejean (E.), La Duchesse de Berry, 35
Dell (Ethel M.), The Rocks of Valpre\ 471
Democracy, Dangers of, by T. Mackay, 817
Democracy in New Zealand, by Andre Siegfried,.
183
De Morgan (W.), When Ghost Meets Ghost, 226
Dennis (G. Ravenscroft), The House of Cecil,.
357
D^roulede (Paul), death, 203
Deroure (M.), L'Eveil, 474
Desert and Water Gardens of the Red Sea, by
C. Crossland, 426, 689
Desmond O'Connor, by G. H. Jessop, 791
D'Este-Scott (A.), Daughters of Ishmael, 352
Deux Aveugles, Les, by Offenbach, 700
De Vauviard (G.), The Lily and the Rose, 871
Dewar (D.), Glimpses of Indian Birds, 138, 694
Dewey (Admiral George), Autobiography, 359
Dewhurst (Wynford), pictures, 209
Dickens (C.) : The trial of John Jasper, 72;
Memories of C. D., by Fitzgerald — Phiz and D.,
by Browne, 156 ; Mr. Helm's lecture-recital
on D., 690
Dickinson (Evelyn), One Man's Way, 823
Dictionary : New English D., Sorrow-Speech, cd.
Craigie," 83 ; Shastri-Shyster, ed. Bradley, 550
Dictionary of Irish Artists, by Strickland, 321
Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters
in Dante, by Toynbee, 823
Diderot (Didier-Pierre), by Marcel, 39
Dido and iEneas, by A. von Herder, 772
Digby (Mother Mabel), by Anne Pollen, 789
Dillon (Edward), connoisseur in art, death, 801
District Visitor, The, by R. Middleton, 352
Ditchfield (P. H.), London Survivals, 711
Divine Right of Kings, The, by J. N. Figgis,.
552
Dodd (A. F.), Early English Social History, 109
Dodo the Second, by E. F. Benson, 493
Dohnanyi (Prof. E. von), pianoforte recitals, 99,.
698
Dolmetsch (Arnold), concert, 726
Domingo (R.), Bull-fighting pictures, 388
Dostoevskv (Fyodor), The Possessed, 89
Dowden (E.), Poems, 263
Dozy (R.), Spanish Islam, 403
Dracopoli (I. N.), Through Jubaland to the Lorian
Swamp, 431
Draeseke (Felix), musician, death, 19 .
Drama, Elizabethan, and its Mad Folk, by E. A-
Peers, 566, 668
Dramatic Actualities, by W. L. George, 726
Drama To-day, by Charlton Andrews, 239
Drawings, sales, 418, 666, 696, 769
Dreams, by Prof. Sigm. Freud, 626
Driesch (Hans), Problem of Individuality, 782
Driven, by E. Temple Thurston, 863
Driver (Canon S. R.), death, 344
Dropping the Baby, by H. Chapin, 283
Druce (G. Claridge), The Morisonian Herbarium,.
346
Dryden : Lectures on D., by A. W. Verrall, 4S3 ;
All for Love, 836
Drvsdale (A. L.), Greater Profits from Land,.
830
Drysdale (C. V.), Small Family System, 182
Dublin, exhibition of portraits, &c, 417
Dubliners, by J. Joyce, 875
Dublin Museum additions, 901
Dublin Registers, 760
Duchess of Wrexe, The, by H. Walpole, 226
Duel, The, by Guv de Maupassant, 903
Duffs, The Book of the, by Alistair and Henrietta-
Tayler, 357
Dugmore (A. A. Radclyffe), Romance of the-
Newfoundiand Caribou, 790
Duke of Killicrankie, by R. Marshall, 80-4
Dumouriez, Le G£ne>al, by P. de Saint- Andr£, 31
Duncan (J.), Applied Mechanics, 109
Duncan (Sir John), journalist, death, 137
Dunn sale, 231
Dunraven (Earl of), Canadian Nights, 848
Durham (M. Edith), The Struggle for Scutari, 849
Durigo (Bona K.), vocal recital, 323
Durning-Lawrence (Sir Edwin), Baconian, death,.
589
Dusk, by R. Vansittart, 635
Dutch Masters at the French Gallery, 725
Dutch Painters of the seventeenth century, Mr-
Kaines Smith on, 502
Dutch Pictures at Messrs. Goupil's, 209
Dwyer (J. F.), The Spotted Panther, 737
Dyson (Will), Cartoons, 859 1
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHEX.Kl'M with No. (Ml, Aim. 89, 19H
January to June 1914 INDEX
OF CONT E X T S
I *1 (Sir A.', memorial exhibition, 236, 282
Economic History of Russia, by J. Mavor, 818
Economic Notes \<n English Agricultural Wages,
by H. Leonard, Si 1
Economic Synthesis, The, by Achille Loria, 815
Economics : E. of Enterprise, by Davenport —
[introduction to E. for Indian Students, by
Moreland, 181
Edinburgh University, annual statistical report,
690
Edition Lutetia, 13
Edmundson (G.)« Church in Rome in First
Century, 126
Education: Bead Masters' Conference, l."> ;
Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools, 82 :
L.C.f . Teachers' Conference, 63, 118 : English
E. in the Seething-Pot, lo."> ; The Case for Co-E.,
by Grant and Hodgson, 106, 136 : A National
System of E-. by Whitehouse — Secondary E.
in England, by Cholmeley, 1(»7 ; Outlines of E.
in England, by Jackson — What is E. ? by
Loathes, 108 ; The Purpose of E.. by Pitt,
110; Incorporated Association of Head Mas-
ters, 110 j .Mr. W. Archer at the Moral E.
League, 231 : A llistorv o£ E., bv Graves —
A Cyclopedia of E., VoL V., 201 ; The Hanvp-
tonshire Experiment in E., by Ashbee, 337 ;
E. in Theory and 1'raetice — Public E. in Ger-
many and the United States, by- Klemm, 545 ;
Chassevant .Method of E., by- Gibb, 505 ;
Biology in Relation to E., bv Hoskvns-Abrahall,
590, 626, 660, 892, 722 : The Corner-Stone of
E., by Lyttelton, 014 ; The Future of E., by
Egerton, 881
Educational Associations, Conference of, 62, 111
Educational Conference, 112
Educational Progress, The Next Steps in, 801
Education of Oliver Hyde, The, bv K. E. Sahvey,
473
Edwardes (Tickner\ Tansv, 740
Edwards (Jack), The Gate in the Wall, 904
Egerton (F. C. C), The Future of Education,
881
Egerton (G.), The Attack, 72
Eg . The. and its Place in the World, by C. G.
Shaw, 781
Egypt : E. in Transition, by Low, 222 ; Babvlon
of E.. by Butler. 664
Egypt Exploration Fund, exhibition. 633
Egyptian Scarabs, Vol. I., by H. R. Hall, 198
Elder (J. R. . The Highland Host of 1678, 374
Elementary School Teachers' Certificate, Prelimi-
nary Examination papers, 896
Elgood (Mr. . Bower-drawings, 236
Elias (F. ), A Boy's Adventures in the South Seas,
876
Elizabeth and Mary Stuart, by F. A. Mumby, 549
Elizabethan Drama and its Mad Folk, by E. A.
Peers, 566, 668
Elizabethan Tragedy, The Villain as Hero in, by
C. V. Boyer, 099
Elleiman (W.), The Region of Lutanv, 221
Ellis (F. B.), concerts, 455, 503
Ellis (Bight Hon. J. E. . by A.Tilney Bassett,580
Eloquent Dempsy, The, by W. Boyle, 903
Els on (R.)> Account Rendered, 835
Empress of Ireland, its sinking, 790, Sol
Encyclopasdia of Religion, Vol, VI.. 264
Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences,
VoL I.. 783
End of her Honeymoon, The, by Mrs. Belloc
Lowndes, t7o
Enghien (Ducd' , Correspondance du, Vol. IV., 31
Engineers, Sociel y of, 207
England, The Green Roads of, by R. n. Cn\, 788
England (A.), The Swineherd and the Princess,
728
England's Peasantry, by Augustus Jessopp, ls">
English Association, Annual Meeting, 115; Essays
and Studies, 1" .
English Church Services in Rome, 92
lish Education in the Seething-Pot, 105
English Literature, by E. M. Tappan, 883
English Renderings of French Poetry, 13
Engravings, Bales, 209, 349, 118, 154,502,563,601,
769, 861, 901
Entertaining Jane, by Millicenl Heathcote, 870
Entomology, Medical, by Patton and Cragg, '>'■'<-
Erasmus, 'I he Age of, by P. 8. Allen, 232, 276, -Is.
346,
Ervine (St. John <>. , Tie- Orangeman, 120;
Mixed Man
latology of Jesus, by If. Latimer Jackson, -'<-
Escott (T. If. S. . <l'ih Makers and Club Members,
lot
abe 'I*. . Preferences, S I
Eskimo, My Life with, by Vilhjalmur Stefan
"j7
Esl< !■ | E. Bentou! on the < ' hre
Review, 275
ad ll. v. . The Dangerous I
Esmonin (K.), La Taille en Normandie au Temps
de Colbert, ll
Espitalier | \. <. Vers Brumaire, 31
Espril Public dans la Meurthe, by R. Renin, 31
Essais de Critique Dramatique, by K. Franchetti,
Hi
Essays: E. on Faith and Immortality, by
Tyrrell, 513; E. on Truth and Reality, bj
Bradley, :>22
Essays and Studies, English Association, 157
Bstaunie (E.)> Les Choses voient, 12
Estey (J. A.i. Revolutionary Syndicalism, 17s
Etchings, Loan Exhibition at Glasgow, 682
Etchings, sales, 1 18
Etchings at .Messrs. Council's, 281
Etchings by Piranesi, introd. Reilly, .">i>i
Ethics of a Half-Truth, 112
Etudes de Psychologic Littoraire, by Cazamian, 12
Eugenics, The Progress of, by C. W. Saleeby, 820
Eugenics Education : Galton Lecture, 27s
Euripides: [phigenie en Tauride, ed. Weil, 11;
Trojan Women, 2 In
Every Man for his Own, by II. Clmpin, 801
Expenditure, National and Local, 813
Faguet (E), Petite Histoire de la Litterature
Franca i.-e. 12
Fairfax (J. Griffyth), The Horns of Taurus, 577
Fair Haven and Foul Strand, by A. Strindberg,
870
Faith and Reality, by J. IL Stowell, 2 16, 310
Fallen among Thieves, liv A. Applin, 876
Fancies, Fashions, and Fads, by R. Nevill, 372
Panton (G.), Abel. 13
Faral (E.), Recherches sur Contes et Romans
Courtois, 36
Farge (H. I, water-colours, 531
Farjeon (Eleanor), Trees, 521
Farmer (Geoffrey Norton), Quella, 875
Farming, British, Pilgrimage of, by A. D. Hall,
180
Farming, Successful, by A. L. Drysdale, 830
Farthing (F. II.), The Week-End Gardener, 4 99
Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, Vol. I., bv Dr. II. Scott,
795
Father in God, W. West Jones, by Wood, 159
Father O'Flvnn, by H. de Vere Stacpoole, 107
Faulds (H.) on Finger-Prints, 320
Faure (A.), Justin Pinard, 43
Faure (Gabriel). Festival, 862
Fawkes (A.), Studies in Modernism, 2 10
Fear of Living, The, by II. Bordeaux, 884
Fegdal (C), Lcs Vieilles Enseignes de Paris, l">
Fellowship Books, 521
Fergusson (J. D. ), exhibition, 322
Ferrero (Willy), bov conductor, at the Royal
Albert Hall,* 634, 667
Ferrier (G. ), painter, death, 83 1
Ferry (M.), Servitude et Grandeur Ecclesias-
tiques, 43
Feuulerat (A.) on French Literature in 1918, 29
Fiction, Character and Tendency of, 463
Fiessinger (Dr. C), La Formation des Caracteres,
35
Figgis (Darrell), Jacob Elthorne, 160
Figgis (J. X. ), Churches in the Modern state, 2 16 ;
The Divine Right of Kings, 552
Filippi (Rosina , The Heart of Monica, 736
Film Censors, British Board, Report, 284
Findlater (Mary), Tents of a Night, 886
Fine- \rt Society, exhibit ion,
Fine Clay, by Isabel C. Clarke, 472
Finger- Prints, :'.2o
Firemen Hot. by C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne, 17 1
Fitzgerald (P.), Memories of Charles Dickens, 158
Fitzherberi (Madame) el Georges IV., by Wilkins,
40
Fitzmaurice-Eelly (J.), Litterature Bspagnole,
:'.7 : Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra,
Oxford Rook of Spanish Verse, 12 I
Fit /.william Museum, addition-, 533
Flanders, ari in, by Max Rooses, 888
Iter i. Elroj , The King of Usander, 166
Fleischmann Ml. . \n Unknown Son of Napoleon,
5.-. 1
Fletcher [J. 8.), The Marriage Lim . 788
Flinl i Russell 209
Florilegio di < anti Toscani, by Gi ■ ■ e w ><i ick,
375
521
Flying, Some Prad ical Experiences, byHameland
Turner, \~>-
Flying Inn, The. by G. K. Chesterton, 180
Fokine Vf. . tfida . 802
Folk-Ballads of Southern Europe, tr.
Folk- Lore 8 . \ rmu .1 Meet jng, _' . 8
Folk-Mll*ic, and Shil.
Folk oi l
l ■ d -.1. . I 'lowi i . 521
Dui d
Ron
Forman (H. Buxton on Vfi . \\ illiani Mom.. 204
Formal ion des < lara< t ere . by Dr. < i
Fortunate 't outh, The. bj W. J. Lock ,
Foster i Hon. (.. E. . < 'anadian \.i
Foundations of Science, b) ll. Poincare, :
France : Religious \i t In F. of t be Thirty nth
Century, 0> Male, 18; F..el Rome, bj Madeliu,
89 ; Lea Men eiilea de la 1'.. bj Qi 10 ;
Grain Trade in !•'.. bj I »her, 818; l. from
behind the Veil, by Vassili, 682
France (Anatole . I ■ i R6\ olte d< Ingi . 16 i
Franchettl 1 1 . . i da de Critique Dramatique .
Franciscan Poets in Italy, bj i'. Oianam, 874
Franciscan Studies, Collectanea L, 581
Francis Joseph, Emperor, Life, bj I'. Dribble,
Frank (Tennej , Roman Imperialism, 882
Craser i. Mis. ii. .. Italian Yesterdays, 145
Fraser (Loval |, The Wind, 10
Eraser (J. G.), The (.olden Bough; Raider the
Beautiful, ■") i Idonis, Attis, Osiris, 859 ; To the
Author of 'The Golden Bough,' bj Meed. 18;
Psyche's Task, 84 : Proposed Frazer Fund
Social Anthropology, '-'.:■. knighted, 898
Free Hand, a, by Helen c. Robi rt s, U
French Academy, electiona to, 27o, 151, 198, 531
French aquarellistes at the Baillie Gallery,
French civilization, by A. L. Ouerard, 191
French Literature in 1913, 29
Freud (Prof. Sigm. I, On Dreams, 826
Friday Club, exhibition. 2M
Friends Round the Wrekin, by Lad) C. MUnes
Gaskell, 852
Frobenius (L.), The Voice of Africa, 121, Ll
From Opposite shores, by Virginia Guicciardi-
Fiasi n, 75 I
Full Swing, by Frank Danby, '■
Funck-Brentano (Frante), Lea Brigandai 13
Furness (II. If. I, Cymbeline, 390
Furriner, The, bye. L. Bensusan, 864
Furtwanglex (A.), Greek and Roman Sculpture,
663
FutreUe (Jacques), Blind Man- Buff, !7o
Futurist Music, recital by I Ornstein, 5
Futurist Painters af the Dore Gallery, i
Fyfe(H. Hamilton), The Real Mexico, 134
Fynes-Clinton (O. II. >, Welsh Vocabularj of
Bangor, 194
Fyzee-Rahamin (S.)« picturea of Indian lifi .
Gabain (Ethel), exhibition. 801
Gabory (E.), Napoleon el la Vendee, 33
Gala Festival at Covenl Garden, 007
Gallon (Tom . It Will be All Right, 168
Gallowai (G.)f Philosophy of ReUKion, 784
Galsworthy (J.), The Mob, 603 ; Justii e, 7j7. 7TJ
Gambier-Parry (M.), Madame Necker, U
Gamble for Love, A, b>- Nat Gould, -
Gardening, Rock, for Amateurs, by Thoi
Arnott, 199
Garden in spring. My, by F. A. Howl.-. I
Garden Oats, by Alice Berber! . 167
Gardiner (Gordon), The Reconnaissance, 170
Garland <>f New Songs, in
Garnet! (Lucy M. J. . Greece of the Hellenes,
Garrick's Hamlet , 836
Garside's Career, bj II. Brighous< .
Garvice (C. I on an Authors' l 'nion,
Gaskell (Lad) < . Milni I ind the
w rekin, 852
Gasquet (Abbot), made Cardinal, 762
Gate in the Wall, The-, bj Jai k Bdwai
<.aie, i B.), The Poor Little Rii h Girl, -
Gates of Doom, The, by Rafael Sabatini, I
( . i nit Ler ( Raul |, Lea Maladies S 1 1
Gazette du Ron Ton, artists, i xhibil ioi , s
Oeddi 8« x. 820
Geikie (J.), kntdquity of Man In l
Geloso Quartet, 170
Genee (Prof . R.), 8hakesp< mm. death,
General John Regan, b\ (.. \. Birmingham, 21
Genet [i .Problem if, bj W. I
Geology: Structui I G., bj Lcith, 697 ; \ I
G . b Park
I >• M >K 0| 1 I ., O '. I .M K . .
elllcl OpUl I, bj J. P. C. H all.
,\ . L. . I 'i on ttii Ictualll
(.. ph H i \\ .18]
t,h«>a), The A 0 ■ w ■
and at P
nan \n d the I ; ' ■
■ ■ in Lyric, The, bj i . i
nan si,
! I
Vol. I .
i
i:- i
lion in '
in.
VI
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHENJEUM with No. 4531, Aug. 29, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM January to June 1914
Gibb (G.), Madcap, 873
Gibb (Marion P.), The Cbassevant Method of
Education, 565
Gibbs (A. Hamilton), The Hour of Conflict, 871
Gibson (Margaret D.) on the Odes of Solomon,
530 559
Gide (C.), Political Economy, 815
Gilbert (0. B.), What Children Study, and Why,
545
Gill (Sir D.), Cape of Good Hope Observatory,
139 ; death, 167
Gill (Eric), Sculpture, 97
Gillmore (Rufus), The Opal Pin, 876
Oilman (H.), exhibition, 601
Ginner (C), exhibition, 601
Ginsburg (Dr. C. D.), Hebraist, death, 381
Girl on the Green, The, by M. Allerton, 474
Girl's Marriage, A, by Agnes Gordon Lennox, 466
Girl who Didn't, The, 20
Glass (M.), Potash and Perlmutter, 568
Glastonbury Abbey, discovery at, 535
Glazebrook (M. G.), Layman's Old Testament,
250
Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words, by W. W.
Skeat, 307
Glover (Evelyn), Which ? 456
Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, 863
Glyn (Elinor), Letters to Caroline, 618
Gobert (G.), Dans un Pays Bilingue, 41
Goble (Warwick), illustrations, 97
Goethe Society, English, 347
Gogh (Vincent van), Recollections, by E. Du
Quesne van Gogh, 416
Golden Bough, The, by J. G. Frazer, 5, 659
Golden Treasury of Songs, ed. Wheeler, 485
Goldsmith, In Memory of, 530
Gold Supply, Influence of, by Sir D. Barbour, 181
Gomme (Sir L.), London, 711
Good Shepherd, The, by J. Roland, 525
Gordon (Capt.), A Cavalry Officer in Corunna
Campaign, 359, 412
Gordons, A Captain of the, 359
Gore (Bishop), statue at Birmingham, 388 ; The
Basis of Anglican Fellowship, 615
Gore (Spencer), painter, death, 502, 564 ; Memo-
rial, exhibition for, 769
Gorky (Maxim), Tales of Two Countries, 886
Gospel Story in Art, by J. La Farge, 208
Gothic Architecture in Spain, by G. E. Street, 533
Goudie (G.), David Laing, LL.D., 684
Gould (Nat), A Gamble for Love, 873
Gouldsbury (Cullen), More Rhodesian Rhymes,
221
Goupil Gallery : Spring Exhibition, 697 ; Summer
Exhibition, 900
Goya (Francisco), by H. Stokes, 140
Grafton Group at Alpine Club Gallery, 70
Granger (E.), Petite Histoire Universelle, 39
Grain Trade in France, by A. P. Usher, 618
Grammont (M.), Le Vers Francais, 38
Grant (O), The Case for Co-Education, 106, 135
Graphic Statics, by J. T. Wight, 109
Graver-Painters in Colour, exhibition, 725
Graves (A. P.), Irish Literary and Musical Studies,
750
Graves (F. P.), A History of Education, 261
Gray (R.), Reminiscences of India and North
Queensland, 428
Great Attempt, The, by F. Arthur, 469
Great Gamble, The, by Jerome K. Jerome, 772
Greece of the Hellenes, by Lucy M. J. Garnett, 581
Greek and Roman Sculpture, by A. Furtwangler
and H. L. Urlichs, 663
Greek Ideal, Renaissance of the, by Diana Watts,
724
Greeks, Anthropology of the, by E. E. Sikes, 384
Greek Sculpture and Modern Art, by Sir C.
Waldstein, 663
Green (Richard), actor, death, 144
Greene (Plunket), song recital, 390
Green Roads of England, by R. Hippisley Cox,
788
Greet (William), theatrical manager, death, 636
Gregory (Lady), Our Irish Theatre, 324 ; Mirando-
lina, 568 ; The Gaol Gate in Paris, 804 ; The
Rising of the Moon, 835, 863 ; Spreading the
News, 835 ; The Workhouse Ward — The
Canavans, 863 ; The Wrens, 903
Gregory (R.), Irish landscapes, 697
Grenfell (B. P.), Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part X.,
679
Gretton (M. Sturge), A Corner of the Cotswolds,
262
Gribble (F.), Life of Emperor Francis Joseph, 360
Grisar (Hartmann), Luther, Vol. III., 582
Griswold (Putnam), bass singer, death, 350
Grizel Married, by Mrs. G. de Home Vaizey, 823
Gros Chagrins, by G. Courteline, 700
Gross (Mrs. A.), Break the Walls Down, 727
Grossmith (L.), The Purple Frogs, 740
Gruenberg (S. M.), Your Child To-day and To-
morrow, 545
Grumpy, by Hodges and Percyval, 727
Guebriant (Marechal de), by Noailles, 40
Guerard (A. L.), French Civilization, 191
Guicciardi-Fiastri (Virginia), From Opposite
Shores, 754
Guilbeaux (H.), Anthologie des Lyriques alle-
mands, 198
Giinther (Dr. A. C), naturalist, death, 207
Guyot (Yves), Public Ownership, 815
H
Haberlandt (Dr. G.), Physiological Plant Anatomy,
691
Hackney (Mabel), Mrs. Laurence Irving, death,
804
Hadden (J. Cuthbert), author, death, 658
Hadrian IV., Pope, by H. K. Mann, 363
Haggard (Sir H. Rider), The Wanderer's Neck-
lace, 469
Haldane (J. S.), Mechanism, Life, and Personality,
782
Hale (Matthew), water-colours, 725
Hales (Prof. J. W.), death, 721
Halevy (L.), Les Sonnettes, 728
Hall (A. D.), Pilgrimage of British Farming, 180
Hall (H. Fielding), Love's Legend, 886
Hall (H. R.), Egyptian Scarabs, Vol. I., 198
Hallays (Andre), Paris, 39
Hamel (G.), Flying, Some Practical Experiences,
452
Hamilton (Clayton), Studies in Stagecraft, 455
Hamilton (G. Rostrevor), on Dearworthy, 16 ;
Before the Cross, poem, 555
Hamilton (W. F.), Compulsory Arbitration, 184
Hamptonshire Experiment in Education, bv
C. R. Ashbee, 337
Hamsun (Knut), Shallow Soil, 740
Handcock (P. S. P.), Latest Light on Bible Lands,
246
Handel's Messiah and Harington's Eloi ! 419, 503
Handicapping of the First-born, by Prof. K.
Pearson, 385
Hanshew (T. W.), Cleek of Scotland Yard, 741
Happy Hunting Ground, The, by Alice Perrin,
467
Hapsburg Monarchy, by H. Wickham Steed, 9
Harben (H. D.), The Rural Problem, 180
Harcourt (Cyril), A Pair of Silk Stockings, 324
Harding (Mrs. A.), A Daughter of Debate, 873
Hardy (G. Webb), The Black Peril, 874
Hare (A. J. C), Walks in Rome, ed. Baddeley, 436
Hare (Bishop), Life, by M. A. De Wolfe Howe,
127
Harrap's Dramatic History, by F. E. Melton, 883
Harris (Mary Dormer) on Another Debt of John
Shakespeare, 720
Harris (Rendel), Boanerges, 68 ; on the Odes of
Solomon, 760
Harris-Burland (J. B.), The Curse of Cloud, 741
Harrison (H.), A Lad of Kent, 874
Harvanger and Yolande, The Magic Tale of, by
G. P. Baker, 737
Haskin (F. J.), The Panama Canal, 370
Haslette (J.), Johnnie Maddison, 872
Hatton (F. and F. L.), Years of Discretion, 468
Haughton (Capt. H. L.), Sport and Folk-lore in the
Himalaya, 845
Hauptmann (Gerhart), Atlantis, 59
Haussonville (Comte d'), Ombres Francaises et
Visions Anglaises, 44
Haven of Desire, The, by Capt. F. H. Shaw, 755
Haverfield (F.), Ancient Town Planning, 56
Hawley (W. A.), Oriental Rugs, 600
Hayden (Eleanor G.), Love the Harper, 468
Hayward (Rachel), Letters from La-bas, 227
Hazeltine (H.), bronzes, 860
Head (Dr. Barclay), numismatist, death, 861
Head Masters, Incorporated Association of,
Annual Meeting, 110
Head Masters' Conference, 15
Heart of Monica, The, bv Rosina Filippi, 736
Heat and Cold, Prof. C. F. Jenkin on. 385
Heathcote (Millicent), Entertaining Jane, 870
Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions, by M. Jastrow,
647
Hebrew and Jewish History, tr. Mercer, 338
Helen with the High Hand, by R. Pryce, 283
Hellenic Society, 234 ; Prof. Ridgeway on the
Early Iron Age in the ^Egean Area, 695
Hemmeon (Morley de Wolf), Burgage Tenure in
Mediaeval England, 649
Henderson (Keith), pictures, 501
Henderson (W. A.) on the Discovery of Isolde's
Chapel, 759
Hengelmiiller (Baron), Hungary's Fight for
National Existence, 86
Henry V., Vol. I., by J. H. Wylie, 646
Henry (Prince) the Navigator, by J. P. Oliveira
Martins, 360
Henry (F.), Amoretti d'Edmund Spenser, 37
Henschel (Dr. George), farewell recital, 634 ;
knighted, 896
Herbert (Alice), Garden Oats, 467
Herder (A. von), Dido and iEneas, 772
Herkomer (Sir Hubert von), death, 501
Herod's Temple, by W. Shaw Caldecott, 268, 588
Heroines and Others, by St. John Lucas, 742
Herrick (R.), His Great Adventure, 468
Hervey (A.), Ilona, 698
Hewlett (M.)» The Ladies' Comedy, 212
Heyse (Paul von), author, death, 531
Hibernian Academy, exhibition, 349
Hidden Mask, The, by C. Guise Mitford, 470
Highland Host, The, of 1678, by J. R. Elder, 374
High Tea, by Lieut. Holme, 864
Highways and Byways in the Border, by A. and
J. Lang, 406
Highways and Bywavs in Shakespeare's Country,
by W. H. Hutton,*710
Highway to Happiness, The, by R. Le Gallienne,
584
Hilarion, by Noel Carter, 864
Hill (Headon), The Crimson Honeymoon, 470
Hill (Marion), Sunrise Valley, 791
Hill (R. A. P.), The Interregnum, 246
Himalaya, Sport and Folk-lore in, by Capt. H. L.
Haughton, 845
Hiroshige, colour-prints, 697
His Great Adventure, bv R. Herrick, 468
His Official Fiancee, by Berta Ruck, 739
Historical Association at Bristol, 116
Historical Society, 140 ; -Annul Meeting, 319 ;
452, 630 ; Prof. Pollard on the Authenticity of
the Journals of the House of Lords, 767
History : Mediaeval H., Bibliography of, 649
Hocking (Silas K.), Sword and Cross, 755
Hodsres (H.), Grumpy, 727
Hodgkin (Eliot) sale, 624, 656, 720, 761
Hodgson (Geraldine E.) on an Authors' Union,
383 ; Poetry in the Last Decade, 498
Hodgson (N.), The Case for Co-Education, 106,
135
Hodgson (Ralph), A Song— The Bull— Eve— The
Song of Honour — The Mystery, 10
Holberg, The Comedies of, by O. J. Campbell, 419
Holbrooke (Josef), concert, 350
Holiday, poem by F. Niven, 588
Holiday (H.), Reminiscences of my Life, 416
Holland (W. J.), To the River Plate and Back, 434
Holloway (Winifred), recital, 455
Holman-Hunt (W.), Pre-Raphaelitism, 630
Holme (Lieut.), High Tea, 864
Holmes (S.), Joshua, 515
Holmes (T. Rice), Julius Caesar, Commentarii,
VII., VIII., 492
Holt (E. B.), Concept of Consciousness, 782
Holt (G. E.), Morocco the Piquant, 847
Holv Citv, The, by T. W. Broadhurst, 668
Home, 874
Home (John), Douglas, 836
Home Arts and Industries Association, exhibition,
725
Honeywood (Richard), The Robin's Song, 10
Hope (Lilith), The Anvil, 871
Hope, (W. H. St. John), Knighted, 896
Hopkirk (A. F.) on Influenza, 17
Horace, Odes, tr. Taylor, 266
Home (Beatrice) on Purcell's Music in France,
419
Horns of Taurus, by J. G. Fairfax, 577
Hoskyns-Abrahall (Miss W.), Biology in Relation
to Education, 590, 626, 660, 692, 722, 763 ; on
the Abdominal Brain, 694
Hour of Conflict, The, by A. Hamilton Gibbs, 871
Housden (C. E.), The Riddle of Mars the Planet,
858
House in Demetrius Road, The, by J. D. Beres-
ford, 739
Howard (C), English Travellers ofj the Renais-
sance, 127
Howard (F.), Woman and Child in Art, 501
Howard (Keble), So the World Wags, 466
Howard (Newman), Collected Poems, 125
Howe (M. A. De Wolfe), Life of Bishop Hare, 127
Howell (A. G. Ferrers), S. Bernardino of Siena,
374
Hudibras, The Original of, 895
Hudson (W. H.), Representative Passages from
English Literature, 108 ; WTordsworth and his
Poetry — Schiller and his Poetry, 375
Hueffer (Ford Madox), Henry James, 88
Hughes (A. Llewelyn), Photo-Electricity, 598
Hume (Fergus), The Lost Parchment, 876
Humorous Art, International Exhibition, 724
Hungary : Austria of the Austrians and H. of the
Hungarians — H.'s Fight for National Exist-
ence, by Hengelmiiller, 86
Hunt (A- "SO, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part X., 679
Hunting the Elephant in Africa, by Capt. C. H.
Stigand, 617
Hustler Paul, by J. Cleveland, 886
Hutchinson (J.) on Another Debt of John Shake-
speare, 657
Hutten (Baroness von), Maria, 873
Hutton (W. H.), Highways and Byways in
Shakespeare's Country, 710
Huxley (Mrs. H. A.), death, 531
Hyatt (Stanley Portal), The Old Transport Road,
431
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHEX.EUM with No. 4;>31, Aur. 29, 1914
Jamakv to June 1914 INDEX
OF CONTENTS
VII
Hvder (J.), Land Nationalization, 180, 231, 21
Hvndman (H. M. 1, Heniinisccnces, 895
Hyne (C. J. Cutcliffe), Firemen Hot, 474
I
Ideal Husband, An, by Oscar Wilde, 727
1 lie Women, by Magdalen Ponsonby, 908
ialee (It.), paintings, 888
Iliad: Miss, ed. Van Leenwen.Vol. II.. 108; The
Composition of the I., by Smyth, 517
Ilona, by A. llorvey. 698
Imperial Arts League Journal, No. XV., 142 ;
No. XVI., 602 : No'. XVII.. 901
Imperial Choir at the Albert Hall, 720
Impressions of British Life, by Meherban
Xarayanrao Babasaheb, 846
Index of Arcbaaological Papers in 1009, 725
India: 1. of To-dav, bv Me\scv-Thompson, 7;
Records of the Survey of 1.," Vol. III., 207;
Our Task in L, by Lucas, 2 Hi ; Reminiscences
of I. and North Queensland, by Gray, 428;
Report of Sanitary Commissioner of I. for
1912, 799 ; War and Sport in I., 845
Indian Birds, Glimpses of, by D. Dewar, 138, 094
Indian Outpost, Life in an, by Major Gordon
Casserly, 845
Indian Pigeons and Doves, by E. C.Stuart Baker
319
.Indirect Payment, 411
Individuality, Problem of, by Hans Driesch, 782
Industrial Combination, by G. R. Carter, 179
Infant Mortality in a Manufacturing Town, 320
Iniinitesimal Calculus, An Introduction to the,
by G. W. Caunt, 501
Imluenza, 17
Inge (C), Square Pegs, 160
Inheritance Factor in Insanity, 347
Initiation, by R. H. Benson, 225
Inscriptiones Graecae, ed. Kern, 883
Insurance and the State, by W. F. Gephart, 181
Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk, by E.
Carpenter, 532
International Society of Sculptors, Painters, and
Gravers, Spring Exhibition, 600
Interregnum, The, by R. A. P. Hill, 246
Inviolable, poem by Florence Earle Coates, 410
Ireland : The Bronze Age in I., by Coffey, 599 ;
Water-Colour Societv of I., 322 ; National
Gallery of I., 322, 602, 769, 833 ; Pastel and
Tempera Societv of I., 602 ; Books in I., 761,
s28, 856, 895 ; Record of the Ancient Monu-
ments of I., 769
Irish, Old, Grammar and Reader, by J. Pokorny,
Part I., 751
Irish Academy of Music, Annual Meeting, 903
Irish Artists, Dictionary of, by W. G. Strickland,
321
Irish Book Catalogues, 857
Irish Literary and Musical Studies, by A. P.
Graves, 750
Iri-h Literary Renaissance, 303
Irishmen All, by G. A. Birmingham, 304
Irish Rifles, Royal, by Lieut. -Col. G. Brenton
Laurie, 751
Irish Seal-Matrices and Seals, by E. C. R. Arm-
strong, 320
Irish Texts Society, Annual Meeting, 663
Irish Theatre, Our, bv Ladv Gregorv, 324
Irish Witchcraft, bv St. J. D. Seymour, 305
In.n Year, The, by Walter Bloem, 207
Irving (Laurence), actor, death, 804
I '•I am : The Mystics of I., by Nicholson —
Spanish I., by Dozy, 103
I- ind, The, by Eleanor Mordaunt, 755
Isolde's Chapel, The Discovery of, 759
Israel et l'Humanite, by Benamozegh, 38
Israels (Isaac), pictures, 417
Italian Painting, by A. van V. Brown and W.
Rankin, 832
Italian Yesterdays, by Mrs. H. Fraser, 1 1 J
It Happened in Egypt, by C. N. and A. If. Wil-
liamson, 131
It was the Time of Roses, by Dolf Wvllarde, 173
It will be All Bight, by Tom Gallon, 168
Ives (G.), A History of Penal Methods, 488
Jackson (C), Outlines of Education in England,
108
Jackson (IT. 0.), Hlaok Ivory and White, 196
Jackson (II. Latimer), Escnatology of Jesus, 252
Jacob Btthorne, bv Darrell Figgis, 160
•lad Journal, bv J. Mitchel, 9
James, by W. Dane Hank. 525
James (Henry), by Ford Madox Huefler, 88;
Not<-- of b Son and Brother, 523
James (Mary E.), Alice Ofctley, 546
James whitaker'fl Dukedom, by B. Jepson, II
Japanese Bcroctm a< Suffolk Streel ftalh-ri
Japan's Inheritance, by Mitford, 12!»
Jastrow (M.). Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions,
(117
Jean-Marie, by Rathmell Wilson, 504
Jordan (Prof. 0. P.) on Heal and Gold, 886
Jenks (!•:.) on a Prize and its Adjudicators, 568
Jennings (ti. E.), Acid Drops, 352 ; The Hest
Cure, 4i;<>
Jepson (B.), James Whitaker's Dukedom, 468
Jerebtzova (.Madam,' Anna), song recital, 99
Jerome (Jerome K.). The Great (iambic, 772
Jerome (T. Spencer), Roman Memories, I2t'>, 559
Jessop (G. II.). Desmond O'Connor, 791
Jessopp (Canon Augustus), death, 274, 412 ;
England's Peasantry, 488
Jesus : The Esohatology of J., by n. L. Jackson,
252 ; Some Alternatives to Jesus Christ , by .1.
L. Johnston, 513
Jewett (Sophie), Folk-Ballads of Southern Europe,
490
Jewish Prayer Book, ed. I. Abrahams, 651
Jill-All-Alone, by Rita, 468
Joachimsthal (Prof.), surgeon, death, 347
Johnnie Maddison, by J. Haslette, 872
Johnson (M.), Through the South Seas with Jack
London, 428
Johnson Club at 17, Gough Square, 498
Johnston (J. L.), Some Alternatives to Jesus
Christ, 513
Jones (Rev. B. O.), Slogger Williams, death, 165
Jones (E. Yarrow), paintings of Corsica, 769
Jones (H. C), A New Era in Chemistry, 94
Jones (Margam), Angels in Wales, 73!)
Jones (R.), Nature and First Principle of Taxa-
tion, 181
Jones (W. \V.), Episcopate of, by M. H. M. Wood,
159
Jonson (Pen), Third Ode to Himself, 828
Joyce (J.), Dubliners, 875
Joyce (Dr. P. Weston), Irish antiquary, death, 67
Joyce (T. A.), Mexican Archaeology, 899
Jubaland to the Lorian Swamp, by I. N. Dracopoli,
431'
Judas the Woman, by F. C. and \. T. Philips, 736
Judgment of Eve, The, by May Sinclair, 730
Julian (Henry Forbes), Memorials of, 897
Julius Caesar, Commentarii VII., VIII., ed.
Holmes, 492
Jurisprudence, by E. C. Clark, 616
Justice, by J. Galsworthy, 727, 772
Justice of the Peace, by F. Niven, 823
K
Kagoshima earthquakes, 235
Kaiser (Isabelle), La Vierge du Lac, 740
Kashmir, Thirty Years in, by Dr. A. Neve, 428
Kathleen Ni Houlihan, by W. B. Yeats, S04
Kaye (G. W.), X-Rays, 796, 897
Kave-Smith (Sheila), Three against the World,
742
KeatiDg (J.), Peggy and her Husband, 352 ; The
Marriage Contract, 472
Keats (J), unpublished poems by, 589 ; two new
sonnets by, 721 ; Letters, &C, ed. Williamson,
784
Keddie (Henrietta), author, death, 93
Kelly (F. S.), concert, 455
Kennedy (H. A. A.), St. Paul and the Mystery-
Kcligions, 254
Kennedy (Marion Grace), educationist, death, 92
Kerr-Lawson (Mr.), paintings, 632
Kienzl (W.), The Dance of Death, production at
Liverpool, 1 7u
Kindergarten, The, Reports, 545
Kindly Flames, by H. Vmion (any, 466
Kindred and Clan, by Bertha Suites J'hillpotts,
55
Kinematograph al baths, 393
King, A, by H. Hjornson, 3!>1
King (Baragwanath), Kmdish Riviera,
Kine (Basil), The Way Home. 171
King (I-:. G. , The Poem of Job, 515
King (L. W.), Cuneiform Tablets in Hie British
Museum, 153
King of Alaander, The, by J. Elroy Flecker, 166
King of il"' -lew s, sacred play, 284
King's Council in the .Middle kgi . I j J. Fo dick
lialdv. in, 1 v.\
Kinship, by J. B. MacCarthy, 668
Kipling (Budyard) on Borne kspects of Travel,
276
Kismet, by B. Knoblauch, 391
Klenun (L. R. . Public Education In Germany and
the i nit' 'l 81 .)• i, 646
Knighl (Prof. . Coleridge and Wordsworth, 56
Klinger | P. M ' ddo, 12
Knoblauch (B. . Kismet, 391 \ M> Ladj Di
Koebel (W. II. , South \'
Kreisler (Hen . ■ ono rl . 726
Kropotkinc
I'Anarchie, 11
Kuipe (Prof, "ii P ■■• bolt
829
Kumasi, bowl from, 7 1
Kunz ((i. l . . i oi Loi i of Pn
196
Labor! (Madame I, Sato, 802
Labour : The W olid Of L., by C.I.-. 17s ; I,, and
Administ ral ion, by * ommona, I
Laooms (P. . Ma Mi," Rosette, 603
Ladies' Comedy, The, bj M. Bewlett, 212
Lad of Kent, A, by 1 1. Harrison, s7 1
Lactone* (P.), Panegyristes de Louit \\ L, 81]
Millei ..\ e, 12
Lady, A, and her Husband, ).\ limber Beeves,
309
Ladj Hound ful, Mv, by I '•■ Littlestone, 7 1 1
Lady of Leisure, A, by Ethel Bidgwick,
La Faroe (J. I, The Gospel Story in \rt. 208
Laing (David . I.L.H.. i>> (. Goudie, 684
Lakeland, English, Odd Yarns of, bj W. T. Pal
712
Lamb (0.), I'.lia — Last i lays, ed. Thompson, 108
Lamond (F.), Beethoven recital, 726
Lancianl (H.i on Rome of the Pilgrims and
Martyrs, 168
Land: L. Nationalization, by Byder, 180, I i.
275; The L., Report of Committee, VoL L,
180; Vol. II., 814; Ownership, Tenure, and
Taxation of L., by Whittaker, sl 1 ; Ornate*
Profits from L., by Drysdale, 830
Land of Open Doors, by J. B. Bickersteth, 186
Land of Promise, by somerset Maugham, 351
Landor (W. 8.), Early Poems, by W. Bradley,
751, 796, 829
Lang (A.), memorial slab to. 164
Lang (A. and J.), Highways and Hvv.avs in the
Border, lot;
Langlade (Smile), Rose Bertin, 860
Langue fitrusque, by J. .Martha. II
Last Discourse of our Lord, by Bwete, 252
Last English, The, by O. Bartraiu, 377
Last Road, The, by B. Hardin-' Davis, 174
Later Litanies, by Kathleen Wat -on, 474
La Thangue (II. EL), exhibition. 601
Latin, Quantity and Accent ill, by 1'. W. W(
away, 107
Laughton (A. M.), Victorian Year-Book, 652
Laurie (A. P.), Pigments of the Old Masters, 503
Laurie (Lieut.-CoL G. Brenton , Royal Irish
Rifles, 751
Lauzun, by Due de la Force.
Lavedan (II. >, La Rupture, 700
Lavery (J.), Retrospective Exhibition,
Lavigerie (Cardinal) et son Action Politique, by
Tournier, 40
Lease, 999-year, in I , 134, 310, 845
Leathes (Stanlev), What is Education i 1 -
Leclere (T.), Hubert Robert, 15
Ledger-Eook of Vale Royal Abbey, ed. Brownbill,
182
Lee (Elizabeth), Ouida, 517
Lee (G. B.) on Changelinga by Request
1 (Vernon i, Louis Xorbert, 75 1
Leeds Art Gallery, Spring Exhibition, 584
Leentas, by E. J. 0. Stevens, 7:;7
Lees (J.), The German Lyric,
I. \\ arner (Sir W. , death. 135
Left of a Throne, On the, by Mi . 1. '
I, Gallienne (R. . The Lorn lj D -1 ; The
Bighway to Bappiness, 58 I
ndre i Dr. ft. P. .Yunnan, I l
Legros's etchings, 697
l.eith (('. K. , Structural <
Lennard < R. . Economic Nob :' Agrt«
cultural Wages, Bl I
Lennox i kgnea Oordoi
Leroux (J. . Leon Ch itry, Institul
Lesbia'a Sparrow •
l.e Sueur (Gordon . Cecil Rhodi . 0
Letcher (O. . The Bond ol '•• • 121
Lei ters from La-bas, by R u bel M
L, i : i troline, by Elinor Gl; i , 818
\. , Fund on. nt d Probli ■ try,
Levaillanl (M. , Les P
Level l '• 'I be, bj Mi . H
i than, b\ Ji annette M
Dr. <■• Mnn
Lewi bl on tl
TV of Ml
i . iU yndh
i
Itobta
Lib
Lighti , ^-,
i
■
Llnni
VIII
THE ATHEN^UM
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHENAEUM with No. 4531, Aug. 29, 1914
January to June 1914
Lismoyle, by B. M. Croker, 739
Liszt's Faust Symphony, 535
Literary Year- Hook, The, 559
Literature Espagnole, by J. Fitzrnaurice-Kelly,
37
Little Abbe, The, by Rathmell Wilson, 504
Littlojolm (J.), Shadows of the Past, 742
Little K uli int Girl, bv Katharine Tynan, 743
Littlestone (G.), My Lady Bountiful, 741
Livens (II. M".), water-colours, 236
Lloyd (Annie), A Question of Honour, 568
Loadstone, The, by Violet Methley, 755
Loat (VV. L. S.), The Cemeteries of Abydos, 799
Locke (W. J.), The Fortunate Youth, 407
Lodge (II. Cabot), Early Memories, 821
London: L., by (Jomme — L. Survivals, by Ditch-
field, 711 ; Beautiful L., Mr. Raffles Davison
on, 901
London (Jack), The Valley of the Moon, 11
London Choral Society, 239, 282, 503
London Circus, by H. Baerlein, 738
London County Council coat and crest, 323
London County Council Teachers' Conference, 03,
113
London Group, exhibition, 387
London Head-Quarters of American Historical
Association, 828
London Museum opened, 413
London String Quartet, 835
London Symphony Orchestra, concerts, 238, 770,
862
London University Report, 690
Lonely Dancer, The, by R. Le Gallienne, 221
Lonesome Like, bv H. Brighouse, 068
Loofs (F.), Nestorius, 516
Lorde (M. de), Attaque Nocturne, 700
Lord Mayor, The, by E. MacNulty, 420
Loria (Achille), The Economic Synthesis, 815
Lorimer (Norma), By the Waters of Germany, 852
Lorrain (Jean), Tres Russe, 43
Lortat Festival, 862
Lost Argosies, poem by Enid Dauncey, 624
Lost Parchment, The, bv Fergus Hume, 876
Lost Tribes, The, by G. A. Birmingham, 872
Lot-Borodine (M.), Le Roman Idyllique au Moyen
Age, 42
Loti (Pierre), Morocco, 847
Louis Norbert, by Vernon Lee, 754
Louvre, M. de Camondo's bequest, 834 ; M.
Peytel's bequest, 901
Lovat (Alice, Lady), Life of Sir F. Weld, 405
Love, by Gilbert Cannan, 521
Love Cheats, by Basil Dean, 804
Love's Legend, by H. Fielding Hall, 886
Love the Harper, by Eleanor G. Hayden, 468
Low (Ivy), The Questing Beaat, 131
Low (S.), Egypt in Transition, 222
Lowndes (Mrs. Belloc), The End of her Honey-
moon, 470
Luard (L. D.), pictures, 236
Lucas (B.), Our Task in India, 246
Lucas (R. J.), author, death, 690
Lucas (St. John), Heroines, and Others, 742
Lumsden (E. S.), etchings, 900
Lund (T. W. M.), A Sower Went Forth, 271
Luther, by Hartmann Grisar, Vol. III., 582
Lutz (Grace Livingstone Hill), The Best Man, 876
Lyric, The German, by J. Lees, 786
Lyrical Poems, by T. MacDonagh, 305
Lyttelton (E.), Corner-Stone of Education, 614
Lytton (Lady Constance), Prisons and Prisoners,
376
M
Mabie (H. W.), American Ideals, 183
Macalister (R. A. Stewart), The Philistines, 582
Macaulay (Margaret), The Sentence Absolute, 472
Macaulay (Rose), The Making of a Bigot, 377 ;
The Two Blind Countries, 577
McBey (J.), water-colours, 236
MacCarthy (J. B.), Kinship, 568 ; The Supplanter,
835
McClintock (Mrs.), water-colours, 388
Maccoll (Malcolm), ed. G. W. E. Russell, 678
Macdonagh (M.), The Speaker of the House, 369
MacDonagh (T.), Lyrical Poems, 305
Macdonald (R. J.), The Social Unrest, 184
Macdonald (\Y.), Conquest of the Desert, 431
Mace (J. H. B.), H. Bodley Bromby, 270
McEvov (C), Private Affairs, 870
Macfall (H.), The Splendid Wayfaring, 140
MacGill (P.), Children of the Dead End, 466
MacHugh (R. J.), Modern Mexico, 333
Mack (Louise), The Music-Makers, 742
Mackay (T.), Dangers of Democracy, 817
Mackellar (Dorothea), Two 's Company, 742
Mackenzie (Sir A.), The Cricket on the Hearth, 835
Mackintosh (H. R.), Studies in Christian Truth, 246
Mackirdy's Weekly, No. I., 165
Maclean (N.), Africa in Transformation, 121
Ma.cmillan (M.), Bruce of Bannockburn, 524
MacMtmn (N.), A Path to Freedom in the School,
881
Macnair (P.), Argyllshire and Buteshire, 883
Macnamara (R. &.), The Awakening, 473
MacNulty (E.), The Lord Major, 420
Macpherson (S.), Aural Culture, 565
MacSwiney (T. J.), The Revolutionist, 536
Madagascar : Les Hain-Teny Merinas, ed. Paul-
han, 38
Madcap, by G. Gibb, 873
Madelin (Louis), France et Rome, 39
Mad Folk, Elizabethan Drama and, by E. A.
Peers, 566, 068
Magna Carta Commemoration, 530
Magna y (Sir W.), The Price of Delusion, 741
Maid of the Mist, by J. Oxenham, 735
Mainardi (E.), 'cello recital, 698
Maitland (F. J. G.), Chile, 681
Maize, by J. Burtt-Davy, 277
Making of a Bigot, The, by Rose Macaulav, 377
Making of Blaise, The, by A. S. Turberville, 473
Male (E.), Religious Art in France, 18
Malta, The Odd Man in, by J. Wignacourt, 370
Ma Mie Rosette, by Lacome, 503
Mam'selle Tralala, by A. Winiperis and H.
Carrick, 604
Man, by Marie C. Stopes, 335
Man, Antiquity of, in Europe, by J. Geikie, 830
Man and Woman, by L. G. Moberly, 466
Manatt (J. Irving), -ZEgean Days, 426
Manchester City Art Gallery, 602
Mann (H. K.), Nicholas Breakspear, 363
Mann (J. J.), Round the World in a Motor Car, 822
Manuals for Christian Thinkers, 246
Man Upstairs, The, by P. G. Wodehouse, 131
Manuscript sales, 310, 857
Maquet (Auguste), Marceile the Lovable, 474
Marcel (Chanoine), Le Frere de Diderot, 39
Marceile the Lovable, bv Auguste Maquet, 474
Mare (Walter de la), The Old Men, 10
Marett (R. R.), The Threshold of Religion, 337
Margot — and her Judges, by R. Marsh, 791
Maria, by Baroness von Hutten, 873
Maritime Enterprise, by J. A. Williamson, 339
Markham (V. R.), South Amcan Scent, 121
Marks (Jeannette,) Leviathan, 472
Marlowe's Edward II., by W. Dinsmore Briggs, 350
Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco, by E. Wester-
marck, 683
Marriage Contract, The, by J. Keating, 472
Marriage Lines, The, by J." S. Fletcher, 736
Marriage of Kitty, The, 324
Marriage Tie, The, by W. Sherren, 869
Marsh (R.), Margot — and her Judges, 791
Marshall (A.), Roding Rectory, 869
Marshall (G.) on Shakespeare and Folk-Music,
238 ; The Spiritual Drama in the Life oi
Thackeray, 530
Marshall (R.), Duke of Killicrankie, 804
Mars the Planet, The Riddle of, bv C. E. Housden,
858
Marston (E.), publisher, death, 531, 556
Martha (J.), La Langue Etrusque, 41
Martial, Selections from Epigrams, tr. Courthope,
547
Martin (C. Trice), antiquary, death, 720
Martin (P. F.), Maximilian in Mexico, 263
Martini (Alberto), drawings, 417
Martins (J. P. Oliveira), The Golden Age of
Prince Henry the Navigator, 360
Mary-Girl, by Mrs. Hope Merrick, 99
Masson (D.), Shakespeare Personally, 614
Masson (Flora), Robert Boyle, 897
Masson-Forestier (M.), Attaque Nocturne, 700
Master of Merripit, The, by Eden Phillpotts, 469
Mastery, No. I., 164
Mathematical Society, 206, 278, 414, 630, 723, 898
Mathews (G. M.), Birds of Australia, 346
Mathiez (Albert), Les Grandes Journees de la
Constituante, 40
Mattei (Tito), composer, death, 503
Matthay (T.j, Musical Interpretation, 698, 802
Matthew Hargraves, by S. G. Tallentyre, 738
Maturin (C. R.), his letters, 164
Maugham (R. C. F.), Wild Game m Zambesia, 446
Maugham (Somerset), Land of Promise, 351
Maupassant (Guy de), The Duel, 903
Maurice Harte, by T. C. Murray, 835
Mavor (J.), Economic History of Russia, 818
Mawrson (Dr. Douglas), knighted, 890
Maximilian in Mexico, by P. F. Martin, 263
Maxwell (II.), The Beloved Premier, 741
Mayo (Isabella Fyvie), author, death, 690
Maze, The, by A. L. Stewart, 871
Meaning of Life, by W. L. Courtney, 521
Mechanics, Applied, by J. Duncan, 109
Mechanism, Life, and Personality, by J. S.
Haldane, 782
Mecklenburg (Duke of), Congo to the Niger, 431
Medal sales, 237
Mediaeval England, Burgage Tenure in, by
Hemmeon, 649
Medical Entomology, by Pa.tton and Cragg, 532
Medicine, Society of, Historical Section, 166
Medicis (Catherine de) et Coligny, by Boule, 39
Mediaeval History, Bibliography of, 649
Megan of the Dark Isle, by Mrs. J. O. Arnold, 739
Mehul's Joseph, 210
Meilhac (II.), Les Sonnettes, 728
Mellor (F. R.), Sparrows, 727
Melting-Pot, The, by I. Zangwill, 171, 240, 391
Melton (F. E.), Harrap's Dramatic History, 883
Members One of Another, by Nowell Smith, 256
Men and Matters, by Wilfrid Ward, 371
Mendelssohn's St. Paul, 698
Mercer (S. A. B.), Hebrew and Jewish History, 338
Mercier (L. S.), centenary, 658
Mercy of the Lord, The, by Flora Annie Steel, 875
Merionethshire, by A. Morris, 109
Merrick (Mrs. Hope), Mary-Girl, 99
Merrie (J.), publisher of 'Punch,' death, 276
Meteorological Society : Annual Meeting, 139 ;.
415, 723, 858
Meteorological statistics for 1913, 69
Methley (Vioiet), The Loadstone, 755
Mexican Archaeology, by T. A. Joyce, 899
Mexico : Maximilian in M., bv Martin, 263 y
Modern M., by MacHugh, 333*: The Real M.,.
by Fyfe, 434 ; M., by Carson, 578
Meynell (Alice), The Thrush before Dawn, poem,.
759
Meynell (Viola), Modern Lovers, 59
Meysey-Thompson (E. C), Tndia or To-day, 7
Meytschik (M.), piano recital, 770
Microbes, their modification, 563
Middleton (R.), The District Visitor, 352
Midhurst Grammar School, by E. F. Row, 110
Mille (Pierre), Paraboles et Diversions, 44
Millet (R.), La Conquete du Maroc, 40
Millevoye (1782-1816), by P. Ladoue, 42
Mine Own, by A. J. Clark, 123
Mirandolina, by Lady Gregory, 568
Misalliance, &c, by Bernard Shaw, 771
Missionary Principles, by R. Allen, 269
Mistral (F.), Provencal poet, death, 451, 497 ;.
bequest, 658
Mitchel {J.), Jail Journal, 9
Mitchell (Dr. Silas Weir), writer, death, 07 ^
Westways, 739
Mitford (C. Guise), The Hidden Mask, 470
Mitford (E. Bruce), Japan's Inheritance, 129
Mixed Marriage, by St. John G. Ervine, 863
Mlynarski (E.), orchestral concerts, S62, 902
Mob, The, by J. Galsworthy, 603
Moberly (L. G.), Man and Woman, 466
Modernism, Studies in, by A. Fawkes, 246
Modern Language Association, 115
Modern Lovers, by Viola Meynell, 59
Modern Society of Portrait Painters, 236
Moffatt (J.), The New Testament, a New Transla-
tion, 270
Mohammedan Architecture, by Gertrude Lowthian
Bell, 767
Moncrieff (A. R. Hope), A Book about Authors, 749
Money, and Other Essays, by G. S. Street, 579
Money Hunt, The, by Kineton Parkes, 870
Mongolia, Unknown, by D. Carruthers, 189
Monksbridge, by J. Ayscough, 473
Monmouth (James Duke of), by Mrs. E. Nepean,.
518
Montemezzi (Italo), L'Amore dei Tre Re, first
production in England, 770
Montessori : M. Schools, by White, 110 ; From
Locke to M., by Boyd — Dr. M.'s Own Hand-
book, 545
Moore (A.), The Orient Express, 849
Moore (F. Frankfort), The Ulsterman, 467 ; The
Truth about Ulster, 681, 761, 828, 856
Moore (G.), Clara Florise, 352
Moore (G. F.), Literature of the Old Testament, 250
Moore (T. Sturge), The Sea is Kind, 577
Mordaunt (Eleanor), The Island, 755
Mordaunt (Elinor), Simpson, 473
More about Froggy, by Brenda, 743
Moreau-Nelaton (E.), Corot, 45
Moreland (W. H.), Economics for Indian Students,.
181
Morel-Fa tio (A.), Historiographie de Charles-
Quint, Part L, 40
More Rhodesian Rhymes, by Cullen Gouldsbury^
221
Morgan (J.), The Life Work of E. A. Moseley, 154
Morisonian Herbarium, by S. H. Vines and G»
Claridge Druce, 346
Morley (Edith J.), Women Workers in Seven
Professions, 405
Morley (Viscount), Notes on Politics and Historyy
192
Morocco : La Conquete du Maroc, by Millet, 40
Morocco : Marriage Ceremonies in M., by Wester-
marck, 683 ; M., by Loti — M. the Piquant, by
Holt, 847
Morris (Mrs. William), death, 165, 204
Morvay (Susanne), pianoforte recital, 535
Moseley (E. A.), Life Work of, by J. Morgan, 154
Moses (R.), Civil Service of Great Britain, 491
Mostyn (Tom), pictures, 601
Mother in Exile, A, 791
Moult (Thomas), Sonnet, 794
Mount McKinley, Conquest of, by B. Browne, 233
Moussorgski's Boris Godounov, 801
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHEX.EUM with No. 4531, Aug. -20, 1914
January to Jim: 1914 INDEX
OF CONTENTS
IX
Mowat (R. B.)i The Wars of the Rosas, -65
Mogul's Die ZauberflOte, 77o. 834
Multiple Personality at Hove, 799
Muniby (F. A. . Elizabeth and Mary Stuart, JH1
Mundy (Talbot . Rung 1L> I 874
Munsterberg (H. , Psychology and Social Sanity,
819
Muntz (W. S. . Rome, St. Paul, ami the Early
Church, _■"> t
Mural Decorators and Painters in Tempera,
exhibit ion, 697
Murat, Lettri - el Documents, N'ol. VII., 33
Murray (Sir ,1. , oceanographer, death, 114
Murray (T. C. . Sovereign Love — Maurice Harte,
835 ': Birthright, 904
Murseli (Arthur), Memories of my Life, 304
Music : Arnold SchSnberg and Post-Impression-
ism iu M.. 1 12 : The New Shakespeare M. at
the Savoy, 210, 237 : Shakespeare ami Folk-M.,
238 : Early Bodleian M.. by Nicholson, 389 ;
.Modern M. and the New in the Old, by Liebich,
Porouay Festival, 565, 002
Musical Education, Vacation Conference on, 116
Musical Interpretation, by T. Matthay, 098, 802
Music Pure. The, by G. 15. Shaw, 172
Musicians, Incorporated Society, Annual Con-
ference. 71
Music-Makers, The, by Louise Mack, 742
My Lady's Dress, by E. Knoblauch, (H>3
Mysticisme et Domination, by 1". s0illiere, 35
Mystics of Islam, by It. A. Nicholson, 403
N
Nairn • (A. . Faith of the Old Testament, 250
Nanking, demolition of wall-. 388
Nansen (Dr.) on Air Temperature in the Kara
9 . 320
Napoleon : N. and the French Revolution, 31 ;
N. et la Vendee, by Gabory, 33 ; N., the Last
Phase but Two, by Pickthall, 267 ; X. at Bay,
by Pet re, 372 : An Unknown Son of N., by
Fleischmann. 551 : N. in Exile, by Voung, 645
National Gallery, Rokeby Venus injured, 388, 417
National Gallery of British Art, official gmde, 535
National Gallery of Ireland, additions, 322, 602,
833 : Sir Hugh Lane director, 340 ; rearrange-
ment, 1
National Guilds, ed. Orage, SI"
National Loan Exhibition Catalogue, 501
National Portrait Gallery, acquisitions, 08
National Portrait Society, 322
National Union of Teachers at Lowestoft, 550, 568
Natron in mummification, 630
Naturalist in Western China, by E. n. Wilson, 180
Natural Law in Science and Philosophy, by E.
Boutroux, 598
Nature, by W. H. Davies, 521
Nature aiid Nurture, Prof. K. Pearson on, 415
Naville (H. . Archaeology of the Old Testament, 268
Necker (Madame , by M. Gambier-Parry, 6
Nemirovich-Danchenko, Princes of the Stock
Exchange, 105
Nepean (Mrs. K. . On the Left of a Throne, 518
N,-torius, by F. Loofs, 510
Neohuijs | Ubert . artist, death, 237
Neuman (B. Paul), Chignett Street, 738
Neve (Dr. A. , Thirty Vears in Kashmir, 428
Nevill (R. . Fancies, Fashions, and Fads, 372
Newborough (Lady), Memoirs, 155
New English Art Club, fifty-first exhibition, 768
New English Dictionary: Sorrow-Speech, cd.
Craigie, 83 : Shastri-Shyster, ed. Bradley, 550
Newfoundland Caribou, Romance of, by A. A.
Radclyffe Dugmore, 790
New Guinea, In Far, by II. Newton, 193
Newman (A. , The Pessimist, 172
Newman (E. . Wagner as Man ami Artist, 901
Newman (P. II., on ' Parsifal ' and its Reception,
New Numbers, No. I., 577
Newte (II. W. C. , The t'u'koo Lamb, 473
New Testament. See Bible.
Newton (II. , In Far New Guinea, 193
Newton W. Douglas), War, 207 ; The North
Afire, 740
Nicholson (F. W. B. , Early Bodleian Mu
Nicholson (R. A, , The Mystics oJ Islam, 103
Nicolini(T.de . La Dame aux Cameiias, 904
Nigeria, Southern, New Plant-, from, 277
Niven (F. . Holiday, poem, 588; Justice of the
Peace, >- '.
Nogucl . . Throueh the Torii, 10!)
Nollekens ind his Time,, 71
-dies (Vie,,, ut.- de), Marechal de Guebriant, 10
Nordics (Madame , opera Binger, death, I
Norfolk Families, bj W. Bye, 364
Norrte (P. , Vandoverand the Brute, 888
W. B. . Barb ' impanj , 870
North (Felix . Compensation, 836
North Afire, The, by W. D. Newton, 740
Northumberland, by S. P. Haselhurst, 109
X ti bwick Bngraf injj ,901
Note., ot - id Brother, by II. Jai
Notes on Polities and History, by Viscount
Morley, 192
Novel, The Future of the, Mr. II. YYalpole on, 11-
Nukariya (K.), Religion of the Samurai, 15.")
Numismatic Society, British, 100, 319, 500, 880,
83]
Numismatic Society, Royal, is, 139, 319, 600, 798
Nutt (M. L.), A Woman of To-day, 871
O
O'Brien (Cruise), Candidates, 568
Ocean Trading and Shipping, by D. Owen, 678
Odd Yarns of English Lakeland, by Wi T. Palmer,
712
Odes of Solomon, The, 530, 559, 700
O'Donovan (Gerald), Waiting, 739
Odoric ot Pordenone, ed. Coidler, I2S
Offenbach's Les Deux Aveugles, 7(10
Ogden (C. K.), Problem of the Continuation
School, 545
Oh, Mr. Bidgood ! by P. Blundell, 166
O'Kellv (Seumas), The Bribe, 530
Oleott (C. S.i, The Countrj of Sir Walter Scott, 406
Old Mole, by ti. Caiman, 11
Old Mole's Novel, 131
Old Testament. See Bible.
Oniond (R. T.), meteorologist, death, 207
Once upon a Time, by H. B. Marriott Watson, 339
One Good Turn, 212
One Kind and Another, by Barry Pain, 199
One Man's Way, by Evelyn Dickinson, 323
One Thing Needful, The, by Burnev and Swears,
504
Onions (Oliver), A Crooked Mile, 466
On the Road to Cork, by Nora Robertson, 504
On the Staircase, by F. Swinnerton, 172
Opal Pin, The, by Rufus Gillmore, 876
Opera at Covent Garden : Parsifal, 210, 238, 390,
633, 666, 725 ; Joseph, 210 ; Tristan and
Isolde, 238 ; Die Walkure, 323, 603, 666 ; Die
Meistersinger, 323, 340, 634, 697 ; Bohemc,
603, 633; Rheingold, 603; Manon Lescaut,
633 ; Gotterdammerung, 633, 697 ; Lohengrin,
666 ; Siegfried, 697 ; Gala Festival, 097 ; Aida—
La Tosca, 725 ; L'Amore dei Tre Re, 770 ;
Ballo in Maschera — Samson et Dalila, 802 ;
Louise, 835 ; Otello, 862 ; Pelleas et Melisande,
902
Opera at Drury Lane : Roscnkavalier, 725 ; Die
Zauberflote, 770, 834 ; Boris Godounov, 801 ;
Ivan le Terrible, 802 ; Prince Igor, 834 ; Le
Coq d'Or, 862 ; Le Rossignol — Midas — La
Legende de Joseph, 902
Orage (A. R.), National Guilds, 817
Orangeman, The, by St. John Ervine, 420
Orczy (Baroness), Fnto Caesar, 409
Orfeo Catala concerts, 902
Oriana Madrigal Societv, concert, 390
Oriental Rugs, by W. A. Hawley, 600
Orient Express, The, by A. Moore, 819
O'Riordan (Conal), Rope Enough, 536 ; The
Patience of the Sea, 699
Orley Tradition, The, by R. Straus, 465
Ornstein (Leo), recital of Futurist Music, 503
Orpen (W\), Portfolio of Drawings, 235
Orsi (Pietro), Cavour and Modern Italy, 330
O'Shea (Katherine), Charles Stewart Parnell, 713
Otter-Barry (Capt. R. B.), With the Russians in
Mongolia, 335
Ottley (Alice), by Mary E. James, 546
Ouida, by Elizabeth Lee, 517
Ovid, Metamorphoseon, Libri XV., ed. Magnus, 5 17
Owen (D.), Ocean Trading and Shipping, 678
Oxenham (J.), Maid of the Mist, 735
Oxford, Notes from, 150. S!io
Oxvrhvnchus Papyri, ed. Grenfell and Hunt.
Part X., 679
Ovster, The, by a Peer, 736
Ozanam (F.), Franciscan Poets in Italy. ::7 t
Pachmann (Vladimir de). pianoforte recital, 862
Page (Gertrude), The Pathway, 171
[Barry), One Kind and Another, 199
Painter-Etchers and Engravers, exhibition, 281
1 '., inters in Water Colours, Society of, 70
Painting: Six Centuries of P., by Davie, Short
History of Italian P., by Brown and Rankin,
832
Painting, Mural, in America, by F. II. Blashfleld,
Paintings, Catalogue "f. Vol. I. by P. Beren
Vote. 1 1, and III. bj W. K. Valentiner, 5::::
Pair of Silk Stoi kings, A, bj Cyril ll ircourt, 32 I
Palace and Vfosque of Ukhaidir, bj Gertrudi
I. • BeU, 7.-.T
Palmer (W. T.), Odd ' !l Lakeland,
712
I, The, by I'. .1. II a-km. ::.o
\\ l.. b> P. I. Low ■ 31
Paphnul in-.
Pariah and Brahmin, by A. Philip
Parte: British Chaplain in P., 1801-2, 8; ''•• bj
Hallays, 89 ; Lea \ ieilli En .:....... p., hi
Pegdal, 15 ; The Little English r.
inaugurated, ",2 l
Pat k (J. i. Text-Book "t Geology • "'■"''
Parker (G. P.) on Dr. Augustu I pp, 1 12
Parkes (Kineton), The Money Hunt. StO
Parnell (Charles Stewart), by Catherine 0 -
718
Parrot! (T. if.), Plays and Poems "f G
Chapman, Vol. II., '.mi;;
Parsifal: at Covent Garden, 210, _■-
725 ; London Choral Sociei y performani
Paste] and Tempera Sociei > of Ireland, 802
Pastor Puturus, by J. II. Skrine, 225
Path, A. to Free,!. mi in the School, by N. Mac-
Munn, 881
Pathway, The, by Gertrude Page, 171
Patience of the Sea. The. by ( '. (> Ki,,r,| an. I
Paton ( Raymond), The Tale of Lai, 876
Patrick (Dr. David), author, death, LSI
Patrick (J.), Clement ot' Alexandria, 616
Patton (W. 8.), Medical Entomology, 632
Paul (St.) : The Teachings of P. m Terms of tie-
Present Day, by Ramsay St. P. an,! t he
Mystery-Religions, by Kennedy Rome, St. P.,
and the- Early Church, by Muntz, 25 1
Paulv-Wissowa's Encyclopaedia, VoL VIII., Qi
Pawlowska (Yol), A Child went Forth. 871
Peacock (Wadham), Albania. 684
Pears (('.). Thames t,. the Netherlands, 136
Pearson (Prof. K.i on Graduated Character ot
Mental Defect, 231; on Handicapping "f the
First-born, 385 ; Nature and Nurture, 116
Pearson Library sale. 204
Pease (Sir A. E.), Life and Habits of the Badger,
384
Peers (E. A.), Elizabethan Drama and its Mad
Folk. 566, (Wis
Peet (T. E.), The Cemeteries of Ale,
Peggy and her Husband, by .1. Keating, 862
Peking, Annals and Memoir- of the Court "f. bj
Backhouse and Bland. 189
Pelleas et Melisande. 902
Pemberton (Max), Two Women, 170
Penal Methods, A Historyof, by c. Ives, I
Penguins, Antarctic, by Dr. G. Murray l.e\ ick,
Pennell of the Afghan Frontier, by Alice M.
Pennell, 363
Penrose (Mrs. H. II.), Burnt Flax, 167
People's Theatre Movement, 636
Peploe (S. J.), pictures, 388
Pepys (John) and St. Bride's. 70 t
Percyval (T. Wigney), Grumpy. 727
Perigord, Vagabonds in. by II. II. Bashford, 713
Perilous Seas, by E. Galtienne Robin, 743
Perrin (Alice), The Happy Hunting Ground, '■'■
Perrin (R.), L'Esprit Public dans la Meurthi . 1
Perry-Ayscough (II. G. C.)> With the Russia)
Mongolia, 336
Perse Plav Method in Prose, by II. Caldwell < ■ *^-
881
Pessimist, The, by A. Newman, 172
Peter Pan. 19
Pctre (F. Loraine), Napoleon at Bay, 372
Petty, art -collector, his identity, 198
Philharmonic Society Concerts, 143, 32 19,
lis. 503
Philidor (F.), Tom Tones, 903
Philips (A.'. Pariah and Brahmin. 220
Philips (P. C), My Varied Life, 780
Philips (P. C. and A. T. , .In, I..- :!■■■ Woman,
Philistines, The, by R. A. Stewart Macali
Phillpotts (Berths Surtees , Kindred and. I
Phillpotta (Eden . The Master of Merripit,
Philological Society, 96, 2:!::
Philosophical Sciences, Encyclopasdla of, V(
7s:;
Philosophy of Religion, bj G. Gallov :■ . <»4
Philosophy of the Pra< tical, bj B. « • >cc,8i
Phiz and Dickens, by E. Browne, 166
Phoebe Maroon, by Mary P. Rapha* 1. 167
Photo-Electricity, by A. Llewelyn llm
Physics, Text-Book of, Pari L, II.i '•> "
and Thomson,
Physiologii al PI int Anatomy, bj Dr. G. b
Lt, 691
Pickthall (M. . w Ith the Turk In w
Pickthall I R. . The C ic Kinj
Pii 1 lire Hi torj and Comp "
P.
Picture
81, 01 1
Pi--.
Bak r, 319
, L'nen p
Pirai
[I., 1 lia M. A.
I»lac( ,1. ! ' ■
I'l.nt Vl
I'll!:'
.1. P.
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHENvEUM with No. 4531, Aug. 29 1914
THE ATHEN^UM January to June 1914
Plants, New, from Southern Nigeria, 277
Piaster Saints, by I. Zangwill, 771, 803
Plate, River, and Back, by W. J. Holland, 434
Playboy, The, of the Western World, by J. M.
Synge, 804
PUyground, The, 735
Plowdens, Chicheley, Records of the, by W. F. C.
Chichele.y Plowden, 357
Poams in Five Phases, by 0. Bridges, 221
Poetry, by Quiller-Couch, 521
Poetry, Argumentative, Mr. A. J. Balfour on, 688
Poetry and Life Series, 375
Poincare (H.), The Foundations of Science, 206 ;
Science and Method, 691
Pokorny (J.), Old Irish Grammar and Reader,
Part I., 751
Political Economy, by C. Gide, 815
Political Quarterly, No. I., 232
■ Political Science in America, Graham Wallas on,
058
Pollak (R.), concert, 212
Pollen (Anne), Mother Mabel Digby, 789
Pomm's Daughter, by Claire de Pratz, 742
Ponsonby (Magdalen), Idle Women, 903
Poor Little Rich Girl, The, by E. Gates, 20
Pope (Jessie), The Tracy Tubbses, 473
Portrait Painters, Royal Society of, 860
Portuguese, Poems from the, tr. A. F. G. Bell, 129
Portuguese Literature, Studies in, by A. F. G.
Bell, 129
Possessed, The, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, 89
Poster, The Modern, 169
Post-Impressionism at Whitechapel Art Gallery,
097
Post Office London Directory, 67
Potash and Perlmutter, by M. Glass, 568
Potter and Clay, by Mrs. Stanley Wrench, 469
Pottery, Ancient, of New Mexico, 801
Poulaine (Jean de la), Par l'Energie, 44
Powell (R. II.), The Wynmartens, 699
:Poynting (J. H.), Text-Book of Physics, Parts I.,
II., 598
Pragmatism and Idealism, by W. Caldwell, 781
Pratz (Claire de), Pomm's Daughter, 742
Precious Stones, Curious Lore of, by G. F. Kunz,
196
Preferences, by P. Escoube, 84
Prehistoric Times and Men of the Channel
Islands, by J. Sinel, 499
Pre-Raphaelitism, by W. Holman-Hunt, 630
Pressense (p. de), journalist, death, 135
Price (Nancv), Vagabond's Way, 335
Price of Conquest, The, by Ellen Ada Smith, 472
Price of Delusion, The, by Sir W. Magnay, 741
Princes of the Stock Exchange, by Nemirovich-
Danchenko, 465
Printing in Western Europe, W. K. Dickson on,
531
Prints at Mr. Gutekunst's Gallery, 769
Prior (Matthew), Life, by F. Bickley, 650
Prisons and Prisoners, by Lady Constance Lytton,
376
Private Affairs, by C. McEvoy, 870
Prize, A, and its Adjudicators, 558
Problems of Village Life, by E. N. Bennett, 180
Propertv, its Duties and Rights, 157
Pryce (R.), Helen with the High Hand, 283
Psyche's Task, by J. G. Frazer, 84
Psychology and ^Esthetics, Prof. Kiilpe on, 797,
S29
Psychologv and Social Sanity, by H. Munster-
berg, 819
Public Morals and Public Health, 894
Public Ownership, Where and Why it has Failed,
by Yves Guyot, 815
Public Records, Royal Commission on, 895
Puccini's Boh erne, 603, 633 ; Manon Lescaut, 633 ;
Tosca 725
Pugh (E.), The Cockney at Home, 199 ; The
Quick and the Dead, 791
Pugno ^Ralph), pianist, death, 72, 171
. Punshon (E. R.), The Crowning Glory, 872
Purcell's Golden Sonata in Paris, 350 ; Music
in France, 419
Purdon (K. F.), The Folk of Furry Farm, 465
Puritans in Power, by G. B. Tatham, 85
Purple Frogs, The, by Westbrook and Grossmith,
740
Purple Mists, by F. E. Mills Young, 160
Purpose, The, by H. Wales, 123
Pyeraft (W. P.), Courtship of Animals, 17
Pygmalion, by G. B. Shaw, 567, 604
Quantin (Albert), La Corse, 44
Queen's Players in 1636, 143
Q.uella, by Geoffrey Norton Farmer, 875
Questing Beast, The, by Ivy Low, 131
Question of Honour, A, by Annie Lloyd, 568
Quick Action, by R. W. Chambers, 875
Quick and the Dead, The, by E. Pugh, 791
Quiller-Couch (Sir A.), Poetry, 521
Quiller-Couch (Mabel), Cornwall's Wonderland, 743
Quinneys, by H. A. Vachell, 869
R
Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, The, by R.
Tressall, 584
Rags, by A. Applin, 351
Rahab, by K. Foss, 212
Rainfall of wettest March, 500
Ramsay (Sir W. M.), The Teaching of Paul, 254
Rand (B.), Shaftesbury's Second Characters, 483
Rankin (Lieut.-Col. R.), Inner History of the
Balkan War, 752
Rankin (W.), Short History of Italian Painting,
832
Raphael (J. N.), The Caillaux Drama, 884
Raphael (Mary F.), Phoebe Maroon, 467
Rauschenbusch (W.), Christianising the Social
Order, 519
Raven (Alice), Extracts from the Chronicles
illustrating English History, 109
Rawson (Admiral Sir Harry), Life, by G. Rawson,
524
Read (E.), Aural Culture, 565
Rearing an Imperial Race, ed. Hecht, 110
Re-Bartlett (Lucy), Transition, 870
Recherches sur Contes et Romans Courtois, by
E. Faral, 36
Reconnaissance, The, by Gordon Gardiner, 470
Red Sea, Desert and Water Gardens of, by C.
Crossland, 426, 689
Red Virgin, The, by C. F. Turner, 743
Red Wall, The, by F. Savile, 737
Reed (G. H.), Picture History and Composition,
883
Reeves (Amber), A Lady and her Husband, 309
Reeves (M. S. Pember), Round about a Pound a
Week, 182
Reformation in Germany, The, by H. C. Vedder,
443
Region of Lutany, The, by W. Ellerman, 221
Religion, Encyclopaedia of, Vol. VI., 264
Religion, Vital Problems of, by J. R. Cohu, 513
Religion of the Samurai, by K. Nukariya, 155
Religious Art in France, by E. Male, 18
Respiratory Function of the Blood, by J. Bar-
croft, 596
Rest Cure, The, by G. E. Jennings, 420
Revolte des Anges, by Anatole France, 464
Revolutionist, The, by T. J. MacSwiney, 536
Reyburn (H. Y.), John Calvin, 486
Reynaud (L.), Influence francaise en Allemagne,
Vol. I., 40
Rhodes (Cecil), by Gordon Le Sueur, 6
Rhys (E.), Browning and his Poetry, 375
Rich (A. W.), water-colours, 501
Richard II., Year-Books, 1388-1389, ed. Deiser,
649
Richardson (A. E.), Monumental Classic Archi-
tecture, 696
Richmond (Sir W. B.), paintings of Umbria, 501
Richter (L. M.), Chantilly in History and Art, 58
Ridger (A. Loton), A Wanderer's Trail, 851
Ridgeway (W.), Essays and Studies presented to,
489
Rimsky- Korsakoff's Ivan le Terrible, 802, 862
Risal (P.), La Ville Convoitee, 522
Rising of the Moon, The, by Lady Gregory,
835, 863
Rita, Jill-All-Alone, 468
Rivington (W. J.), publisher, death, 318
Robert (Hubert), by T. Leclere, 45
Roberts (Helen O), A Free Hand, 469
Roberts (Morley), Time and Thomas Waring, 471
Robertson (Nora), On the Road to Cork, 504
Robin (E. Gallienne), Perilous Seas, 743
Robinson (Eloise), Minor Poems of Joseph Beau-
mont, 193
Robinson (H. W.), Religious Ideas of the Old
Testament, 250
Rochebrune (Madame A. de), Le Calvaire de
1' Islam, 43
Rockall Geology, Prof. J. W. Judd on, 523
Rocks of Valpre, The, by Ethel M. Dell, 471
Roding Rectory, by A. Marshall, 869
Rokebv Venus attacked by Suffragette, 388, 417
Roland (J.), The Good Shepherd, 525
Romains (Jules), The Death of a Nobody, 740
Romance of Names, The, by E. Weekley, 153
Roman Charity, Tintoretto's, 861, 900
Roman Imperialism, by Tenney Frank, 882
Roman Memories, by T. Spencer Jerome, 426, 559
Roman Private Law, Part II., by E. C. Clark, 616
Rome : La R. du Cceur, by Subercaseaux, 41 ;
archaeological discoveries at, 71; R. of the
Pilgrims and Martyrs, by Barker, 168; R.,
St. Paul, and the' Early Church, by Muntz,
254 ; Walks in R., by Hare, 436
Roos (H.), Souvenirs d'un Medecin, 1812, 31
Rooses (Max), Art in Flanders, 386
Roosevelt (Theodore), Autobiography, 520
Rope Enough, by Conal O'Riordan, 536
Rosales (E. O. de), bronzes, 860
Rosenbloom (S.), pianoforte recital, 802
Rose of Old Harpeth, by Maria Thompson Davies,
872
Rossini's II Barbiere, 903
Roujon (H.), writer on art, death, 801
Round about a Pound a Week, by M. S. Pember
Reeves, 182
Round the World in a Motor Car, bv J. J. Mann,
822
Row (E. F.), Midhurst Grammar School, 110
Rowan-Robinson (Major H.), The Campaign of
Liao-Yang, 338
Royal Academy Exhibition, The, 631, 664 ;
Sculpture at, 800
Royal Society, 167, 500 ; Conversazione, 695
Royds (T. F.), Virgil, 108
Rubinstein (H. F.), Consequences, 667
Ruck (Berta), His Official Fiancee, 739
Rugs, Oriental, by W. A. Hawley, 600
Rumford (Kennerley) and Clara Butt, concert, 834
Rummel (W. M.), pianoforte recital, 802
Rung Ho ! by Talbot Mundy, 874
Rupture, La, by H. Lavedan, 700
Rural Britain, by Jesse Codings, 308
Rural Problem, The, by H. D. Harben, 180
Russell (C.), Cowbov-artist, exhibition, 534
Russell (G. W. E.), Malcolm Maccoll, 678
Russia : R. of the Russians, by Williams, 373 ;
From R. to Siam, by Young, 788 ; Economic
History of R„ by Mavor, 818
Russian Ballets : Thamar — Scheherazade —
Daphnis et Chloe, 834 ; La Legende de Joseph,
902
Russians in Mongolia, With the, by H. G. C.
Perry -Ayscough and Capt. R. B. Otter-Barry,
335
Rutherford (Prof. Ernest), knighted, 16
Rye (W.), Norfolk Families, 364
Sabatihi (Rafael), The Gates of Doom, 469
Sachse (W.) Orchestra, concert, 726
Sadler (M. E.) on English Education in the
Seething-Pot, 105
Saint-Andre (P. de), Le General Dumouriez, 31
St. Paul's Cathedral Preservation Fund, 565
Saint-Saens's Timbre d' Argent at Brussels, 390 ;
Samson et Dalila, 802
Sakurashima eruption, 235
Saleeby (C. W.), The Progress of Eugenics, 820
Salonica, La Ville Convoitee, by P. Risal, 522
Salwey (R. E.), The Education of Oliver Hyde, 473
Sant (J.), resignation as R.A., 454
Saracens, The Rise of the, 445
Sarawak (Ranee of), My Life in Sarawak, 10
Sardou (V.), A Scrap of Paper, 904
Savi (E. W.), Baba and the Black Sheep, 467
Savile (F.), The Red Wall, 737
Schiller and his Poetry, by W. H. Hudson, 375
Schonberg (A.), and Post-Impressionism in Music,
142, 171 ; Quartet, 835
Schoolmaster, The New, 106
School of Imperial Studies, 451
Schroder (J.), concert, 389
Schuch (E. von), conductor, death, 726
Schure (Edouard), by Roux and Vevssie, 42
Schwab (M.), Manuscrit Hebreu No. 1408, 41
Science : The Foundations of S., by Poincare,
206 ; Present Relations of S. and Religion, by
Bonney, 246 ; S. and Method, by Poincare, 691
Scott (Cyril), concert, 535
Scott (E. J. L.) on Chaucer and Westminster
Abbey, 794
Scott (G. Digby), The Stones of Bray, 305
Scott (Dr. H.), Fasti Ecclesiee Scoticana?, Vol. I.,
795
Scott (Sir W.), Guv Mannering, ed. Winch, 109 ;
The Country of Sir W. S., by Olcott, 406 ;
Literary Blunders in S.'s writings. 795
Scottish Record Society Report, 625
Scrap of Paper, A, by Sardou, 904
Scriabin's Prometheus, 418
Sculpteurs Romains, Voyage au Pays des, by
Forel, 46
Sculpture : Greek and Roman S., by Furtwangler
and Urlichs — Greek S. and Modern Art, by
Waldstein, 663 ; S. at the Roval Academy, 800
Scutari, The Struggle for, by M. Edith Durham,
849
Seabrooke (Elliott), pictures, 209
Sea, The, is Kind, by T. Sturge Moore, 577
Sea Captain, The, bv H. C. Bailev, 469
Seal-Matrices and Seals, Irish, by E. C. R. Arm-
strong, 320
Seaman (Owen), knighted, 16
Seche (Leon), historian, death, 721
Seebohm (F.), Customary Acres, 646
Seilliere (E.), Mysticisme et Domination, 35
Seismologv, Modern, bv G. W. WTalker. 166
Selincourt (Basil de), Walt Whitman, 334
Sentence Absolute, The, by Margaret Macaulay,
472
Seth-Smith (E. K.), The Wavof Little Gidding, 469
Sex, by J. W. Thompson and R. Geddes, 820
Seymour (St. J. D.), Irish Witchcraft, 305
Shadows of the Past, by J. Little John, 742
SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHEN.EIM with No. 4531, Aug. 20, 1911
Januab* ro Jume 1914 INDEX
OF CONTENTS
xr
Shaftesbury's Second Characters, by B. Band, 188
Shakespeare : Poel a now stage version of Hamlel .
171 ; A Midsummer Nights Dream Music, 210,
2:!7 : S. and Polk-Music, 238 ; A Midsummer
Night's Dream at the Savoy, 889 ; 8. ami
Asbies, 3S1, 111 : Variorum Edition. Cymbeline,
ed. Furness, 390 ; Sbakeapeares and stoke, 449 ;
Another Debt of John s.. 688, 657, 889, 720 ;
S. Personallv. by Masson, 614; German S.
Gesellschaft, fiftieth anniversary, 008; High-
ways and Byways in S.'s Country, by Ilutton,
7 lit ; As You Like It. at Boyal Victoria Hall,
72- ■ Twelfth Night in Paris, 772 ; Macbeth in
Paris, 804 : Borneo and Juliet, and " Homo
Coates, 886
Shallow Soil, bv Knut Hamsun. .10
shameful Inheritance, A, by Catharine Tynan, S71
Shapiro it.. H.)i concert, 533
Sharp (Cecil) on the New Shakespeare Music at
the Savoy, 210
Shaw (C. G.), The Ego and its Place in the World,
781
Shaw (E. M.)i Divine Comedy of Dante. 410. 498
Shaw (Capt. E. II.), The Haven of Desire, 755
Shaw (C. B.)i The Music Cure. 172 ; Pygmalion,
507, 604 : Misalliance, Sec., 771
Shears of Delilah, The, by Virginia Terhune van
de Water, 7 L3
Shelley s Ode to Liberty. S55
Shepherdless Sheep, by Essex Smith, 309
Sherreu (W.)« The Marriage Tie, 869
shop Girls, by A. Applin, 869
Shore (W. Teignmouth), John Woolman, 127
short Stories. Selected English, 171
Siam : Le Grand-Due Boris de Russie aux Fetes
du Siam. by Schoeck, 40
Sickert (W.)i 'exhibition, 632
Sidgwick i Ethel i. A Lady of Leisure. 220
Sierfried (A.), Democracy in New Zealand, 183
Sikes iE. E. I, Anthropology of the Greeks, 384
Silberrad(Una L.), Cuddy Yarborough's Daughter,
465
Silver Sand, by S. P.. Crockett, 737
Simon Heriot. by Patricia Wentworth, 823
Simpson, by Elinor Mordaunt, 473
Simpson (J.), drawings, 097
Simpson (J. G.), What is the Gospel ? 513
Sinclair (May), The Judgment of Eve, 736
Sinclair ( Upton), Sylvia, 755
Sinel (J.), Prehistoric Times and Men of the
Channel Islands. 499
Skeat (W. W.)> Glossary of Tudor and Stuart
Words, 307
Skelton (J.^. A Laureate Poem by, 625
Skrine (J. H.). Pastor Futurus, 225
Skrine (Mary J. H.), Bedesman 4. 742
Slater (J. H.") on Book Sales of 1913, 14, 65
Sleeping Beaut v at Drury Lane, 19
Small Family System, by C. V. Drysdale, 182
Smeaton (Oliphant), journalist, death, 498
Smith (C. Fox), The City of Hope, 471
Smith (D.l. Cn written Savings of our Lord, 252
Smith (Ellen Ada), The Price of Conquest, 472
Smith (Essex i. Shepherdless Sheep, 309
Smith (G. B.i. Social Idealism and the Changing
Theologv. 519
Smith (L. Cecil), Clear Thinking, 817
Smith (Noweli). Members One of Ajiother, 256
Smith and the Church, by H. H. Beattys, 270
Smyth (A. . The Composition of the Iliad, 547
Snaith (J. C I, Broke of Covenden, 872
Snake and Sword, by P. C Wren, 874
Social Idealism and the Changing Theology, by
G. 15. Smith. 519
Socialized Conscience, by J. Herschel Coffin, 519
Social Order. Christianising the, by W. Kauschen-
busch, 519
Social Revolutions, The Theorv of, bv Brooks
Adams, 819
- ialSuccec Max Beerbohm, 420
Social Unrest I unsay J. Macdonald, 181
B al Work in London, by Helen Bosanquet, 818
Society dee Concerts Prancais, 143, 323,
726
9 >ciology : Recalling the Obvious, 177
: II. von ,i. deal h. 1 '■'>'
Solomon (Master), orchestral concert, 902
Sonnet, by Thomas Moult, 7i.il
B anetl •-. L -. by Meflhac and Hale'vy, 728
Sophocles in English Verse, by A. S. way, 206
Sophocles - I'.1 tra in English, 864
- the World Wags, by Keble Howard, 466
Souday (P. . Le* Livres du Temps, 12
Souths!! (J. P. C), Geometrical Optics, l
tthampton, Fori Books of , ed. Studer, 192
South Seas, Through, with 2 • Is London, by M.
Johnson, 128
South Sea Savage, Ways of, by It. W. Williamson,
128
South Sea Shipmates, by J. \. Barry, 199
Souvenirs dun Meoecin, 1812, by II. Roos, 31
Soven . by T. « '. Murray, 835
B ruville (E. . M - Souvenirs Maritimes, (0
Sower, A. Went Forth, by T. W. M. Lund, 271
Spain: Royal S. of To-day, by Bates-Batoheller,
196; Gothic Architecture in S., by Street, 5
Spanish : Littcrature Espagnole, by Eitzmauiice-
Kelly, 81
Spanish Islam, by R. Dozy, 403
Spanish Verse, Oxford Book of, by J. Fitzinaurice-
Kelly, 124
Sparrows, by F. R. Mellor, 727
Speaker of the House, The, by M. Maodonagh, 309
Speed (Harold), landscapes, 725
Spenser (Edmund), Amoretti, tr. Henry, 37
Splendid Wayfaring, The, by II. Macfall, 140
Splendrum, by Lindsay Bashford, 173
Splinters, 735
Sport: S. and Folk-lore in the Himalaya, by
Haughton — War and S. in India, 8 15
Spotted Panther, The, by J. P. Dwyer, 737
Spreading the News, by Lady Gregory, 835
Spring, In Pursuit of, by E. Thomas, 712
Spring Announcements, 291, 311
Spurr (F. G), Death and the Life Beyond, 269
Square Pegs, by C. Inge, 100
Stacpoole (II. de V.), Poems of Francois Villon,
53 ; Father O'Flynn, 467
Stagecraft, Studies in, by Clayton Uamilton, 455
Stanhope (Lady Hester), Life and Letters, 306
Stanislaus (Father), Viscountess de Bonnault
d'Houet, 197
Statesman's Vear-Book, 787
Steed (H. Wickham), The Ilapsburg Monarchy,
9; To the Author of 'The Golden Bough,'
sonnet, 13
Steel (Flora Annie), The Mercy of the Lord, 875
Stefansson ( Vilbjalmur), My Life with the Eskimo,
57
Steinlen (M.), exhibition, 769
Stephens (James), Five New Poems, 10
Stephenson (N. W.), The Spiritual Drama in the
Life of Thackeray, 489, 530
Sterne in Italy, 66
Stevens (E. J. C), Leentas, 737
Stevenson (R. L.), by F. Watt, 444
Stevenson (Mrs. R. L.), death, 310
Stewart (A. L.), The Maze, 871
Stewart (A. W.), Chemistry and its Borderland,
561
Stieglitz (Julius), Chemical Analysis, 414
Stigand (Capt. C. H.), Hunting the Elephant in
Africa, 617
Stockley (W. F. P.) on Crashaw's Versification, 66
Stokes (H.), Francisco Goya, 140
Stones of Bray, The, by G. Digby Scott, 305
Stopes (Mrs. C. C.) on the Queen's Players in
1636, 143 ; Shakespeare and Asbies, 381, 411 ;
Another Debt of John Shakespeare, 588 ;
A Laureate Poem by Skelton, 625
Stopes (Marie C), Man, 335
Stowell (J. H.), Faith and Reality, 246, 310
Straight (Sir Douglas), journalist, death, 795
Strang (Ian), exhibition, 236
Straus (R.), The Orley Tradition, 465
Strauss \s Rosenkavalier, 725 ; La Legende de
Joseph, 902
Stravinsky's Le Rossignol, 902
Street (G.E.), Gothic Architecture in Spain, 533
Street (G. S.), Money, and Other Essays, 579
Strickland (W. G.), A Dictionary of Irish Artists,
321
Strindberg (A.), Fair Haven and Foul Strand,
870
Strong (A. T.), Ballades of T. de Banville, 53, 93
Studer (P.), Port Books of Southampton, 492
Studley Bowl at the Victoria and Albert Museum,
209
Sudermann (H.), Die Lobgesange des Claudian,
172
Suess (Eduard). geologist, death. 630
Suffield (Lord), My Memories, 371
Suffragette, The, by A. Bucklaw, 158
Sullivan (E. J.), drawings, 697
Summer. HI
Sunrise Valley, by Marion Hill. 701
Supplanter, The, by J. Bernard McCarthy, 885
Sutro (A.), The Two Virtues. 392; The Clever
One-, 635
Suttner (Baroness von), founder of the Austrian
Peace Soeiet v, deal li. s'-"">
Swahili and its Literature, Mi~- E. Werner on,
657
Swears (ID. The One Thing Needful, 504
Swete 'if. is. >. The Last Discoui i and Prayer of
OUT Lord. 252
Swineherd and the Princess, by A. England and
and o. David, 728
Swinnerton (P.), On the Staircase, 172
Sword and Cross, by Silas K. Socking, 755
Swynnerton (C.J on the - ' stoke,
1 19
Svl. Is, 601
Svivi i. by i pi on Sinclair, 755
phony I 282, 349, li
i:. -...bit ionary, by J. \. I I ,178
i. m. . The PI f the Western
'World.
Tagore (Babindranath), Chiti i
Tail (J. ), Chronica Jobannis de Readii
Tale ,,i I .. i ] . The, bj Raj in. .nd Paton, -
Tales <>f Two Countries, by Maxim Gorky, 880
Tallent vie (S. O.I. Matthew II..
Tanganj Lka, Lake, it- depth, l
Tansy, i>> Tickner Edwardes, 7 in
Tappan (B. M.», English Literature, 883
Tatham (G. ID, Puritans In Power,
Taxation, Nature ami Kirsl Principle, by K.
.lone.. L81
Tayler (Alistair and Henrietta), The Book of the
Duffs, 357
Taylor ( A. L.I. The Odes of Horace, 288
Taylor (J. W.) on Abdominal Brain, 680
Taylor (W. G. Langworthy), Credil System, 181
Teachers, National Union of, al Lowestoft,!
Ten-Minute stories, by A. Blackwood, 877
Tenniel (Sir John), death, :::;;;. 349
Tents of a Night, bj Warj Pindlater, 888
Terhune \,-n de Water (Virginia), The Shears of
Dehlah. 743
Term, of Surrender, by Louis Tracy, 181
Tetra/./.ini (.Madame), concert, 834, 902
Thackeray, spiritual Drams In the Life of,
X. W. Stephenson, 489, 530
Than,.-, to the Netherlands, by C. Pears, I
Thank Your Ladyship, by Norrt ys Connell,
That Strange Affair, by W. Brugge-Vallon, 711
Theatre, Our Irish, by Lady Gregory, 324
Theology in the Twentieth Century, 2l.">
Theorist'. The, by A. Abbott, 739 '
Thibaud (Jacques), violinist, recital, 834
This Man and this Woman, by Lady Troubrid
869
Thomas (Brandon), actor, death, 904
Thomas (I--,.). In Pursuit of Spring, 712
Thomas (U. II.), Bock Gardening tor Amateur-,
499
Thompson (A. ID on English Church Arcbi*
tectme. 111. 170
Thompson (J. W.), Sex, 820
Thomson (D. Croal), Landscapes of Corot, 800
Thomson (Sir J. J.), Text-Book of Phyi
Parts I.. II., 598
Thorley (W.) on English Benderings of French
PoetVy. 13
Three against the World, by sheila Eaye-Smith,
742
Threshold of Beligion, The. by It. It. Mar. tt, I
Thring (Mrs. C. II. M.j. Trials and Pleasures of
an uncompleted Tom. 583
Through the Torii, by Xbne Noguchi, 199
Thrush before Dawn, The, poem by Alice 31. y-
nell, 759
Thurston (E. Temple), Driven.
Tichatschek (J.), Wagner Bouvenirs, I
Tilby (A. Wyatt ). South Africa. 615
Time and Thomas Waring, by Morley Roberta, 171
Tintoretto's The Roman Chanty, 861, '•""l
Tinworth (G.)i panel to commemorate,
Toll, The. l,\ W. Westrup, 81 I
Tolstoy (Leo), Play-, t r. Man le, 504
Torquay Musical Festival, 565, 602
Town-Planning, Ancient, by P. Haverfleld,
Toynbee (Paget), Dictionary of Nam.- in D
823; on Quastio de Aqua el Terra, 890
Tracy (Louis), The Terms "f Surrendt r, 131
Tracy i Mary), rocal recital, I
Tracv Tubbse-. The. by Jessie Pope, I
Trade Disputes and Unemployment In
Transition, by Lucy Re-Bartlett, 870
Transport Road, The Old, by - I
Hyatt, bfl
Travellers, English, of the !!• i • bj I
Howard, 127
Traveller- and their Books, 12 i
Trees, by Elean. >n, 521
Treml( tt (Mrs. H.), Curini Chrinl
Treslevs, The, i s EL < o< kl urn, M
Tressall (It.). The R
tie -I
1. 1 iia and Plea
i,\ Mrs. < • II. M. Tie
ngle < Hub, • s hibil Ion,
Trine . R. \V. . V •■ Uinei nt of Life. 181
Tripoli, The N Hrnun,
i
Til', le 1 C. 3L), 1
Tupp
Turbcrvillo \. S.
Tui L- iii ■ '
Turkish M. n
. I
I \\ arrack
I
\ .
XII
THE
Two in the Wilderness, by Stanley Washburn, 310
Two \s Company, by Mackellar and Bedford, 712
Two Thousand and Ten, 738
Two Virtues, The, by A. Sutro, 392
Two Women, by Max Pemberton, 470
Tynan (Katharine), A Little Radiant Girl, 743;
A Shameful Inheritance, 871
Tyrrell (G.), Essays on Faith and Immortality, 513
Tytler (Sarah), author, death, 93
U
Ulster, The Truth about, by P. Frankfort Moore,
081, 701, 828, 850
Ulsterman, The, by P. Frankfort Moore, 407
Ulster Scot, The, by J. Barkley Woodburn, 750
Un Caprice, by Rathmell Wilson, 504
Uncle Vanya, by Chekhov, 700
Under the incense Trees, by Cecil Adair, 873
Unemployment, by A. C. Pigou, 224
Unfinished Song, An, by Mrs. Ghosal, 59
Unger (M.), Muzio dementis Leben, 19
United Arts Club, Dublin, exhibition, 709
•United States : Public Education in Germany
and the U.S., 545 ; Duty on Books in the
U.S., 624. See also America.
Unto Caesar, by Baroness Orczy, 409
Unwritten Sayings of our Lord, by D. Smith, 252
Urlichs (H. L.), Greek and Roman Sculpture, 663
Urquhart (Murray), nanels, 209
Usher (A. P.), Grain Trade in France, 618
Vachell (EL A.), Quinneys, 869
Vacuum Flask, its coming of age, 168
Vagabonds in Perigord, by Bashford, 713
Vagabond's Way, by Nancy Price, 335
Vaizey (Mrs. G. de Home), Grizel Married, 823
Valentiner (W. R.), Catalogue of Paintings, Vols.
II. and III., 533
Vallaux (G), Archipel de la Manche, 41
Valley of the Moon, The, by Jack London, 11
Vance (L. J.), The Day of Days, 741
Vandover and the Brute, by F. Norris, 886
Vansittart (R.), Dusk, 635
Vasari Society's Publications, 208
Vassili (Count P.), France from behind the Veil, 082
Vedder (H. G), The Reformation in Germany, 443
Venetian School Pictures at the Burlington Fine-
Arts Club, 724
Verbrugghen (IL), conductor at Beethoven
Festival, 602, 634
Verdi's Aida, 725 ; Un Ballo in Maschera, 802 ;
Otello, 862
Verrall (A. W.), Lectures on Dryden, 483
Vers Brumaire, by A. Espitalier, 31
Veuillot (Louis), by Bontoux, 38
Victoria and Albert Museum, new scheme, 98 ;
Studley Bowl presented, 209 ; Drawings and
Paintings — Indian Paintings, 564
Victorian Year-Book, by A. M. Laughton, 552
Vieilles Enseignes de Paris, by C. Fegdal, 45
Vierge du Lac, La, by Isabelle Kaiser, 740
Vigny (A. de), Cinq-Mars — Servitude et Grandeur
Militaires, 44
Villalin, The, as Hero in Elizabethan Tragedy, by
C.W. Boyer, 699
Ville Convoitee. La, bv P. Risal, 522
Villetard (P.), Le Droit d'aimer, 43
Villon (Francois), by P. Champion — Poems of,
tr. Stacpoole, 53
Vines (S. H.), The Morisonian Herbarium, 346
Vinogradoff (P.). Common-Sense in Law, 224
Virgil, bv T. F. Royds, 108
Vizetelly (E. A.), My Days of Adventure, 480
Vogler (Abbe), centenary, 802
Voltaire, Correspondance de (1726-9), 36
Voyage an Pavs des Sculpteurs Romains, by A.
Forel, 46
Vranyczany (Madame Rende), bronzes, 725
w
Waddington (C), author, death, 451
Wagner (R.), Parsifal, 210, 238, 239, 390, 503,
603, 666, 725 ; Tristan and Isolde, 238, 903 ;
Die Walkiire, 323, 003, 666 ; Die Meistcr-
sineer, 323, 349, 634, 697 ; Rheingold, 603,
666 ; Gotterdammerung, 633, 697 ; Lohengrin,
666 ; Siegfried, 697 ; W. as Man and Artist, by
Newman, 901
.mTTnXTT, SUPPLEMENT to THE ATHEN^UM with No. 4531, Aug. 29, 1914
ATHEN^UM January to June 1914
Waiting, by Gerald O'Donovan, 739
Wake (H. T.), antiquarv, death, 71
Walcot (W.), etchings. 725
Waldstein (Sir C), Greek Sculpture and Modern
Art, 663
Wales (Hubert), The Purpose, 123
Walker (G. W.), Modern Seismology, 166
Wallace (E.), Bosambo of the River, 737
Wallis, Les lies, by Mgr. Blanc, 40
Walpole (Horace), letters discovered, 383
Walpole (Hugh), The Duchess of Wrexe, 226
Wanderer's Necklace, The, by Sir H. Rider
Haggard, 469
Wanderer's Trail, A, by A. Loton Ridger, 851
War, by W. Douglas Newton, 267
War and Sport in India, 845
Ward (Wilfrid), Men and Matters, 371
War Office, Past and Present, by Capt. O. Wheeler,
613
Warrack (G.), Florilegio di Canti Toscani, 375
Wars of the Roses, The, by R. B. Mowat, 265
Warwick (S.), Conscience Money, 876
Washburn (Stanley), Two in the Wilderness, 310
Water-Colours at Messrs. Agnew's, 321
Water-Colours at Messrs. Palser's, 454
Watson (E. H. Lacon), Cloudesley Tempest, 873
Watson (Grant), Where Bonds are Loosed, 736
Watson (H. B. Marriott), Once upon a Time, 839
Watson (Kathleen), Later Litanies, 474
Watt (F.), R.L.S., 444
Watts (Diana), Renaissance of the Greek Ideal, 724
Watts-Dunton (Theodore), death, 827
Waves of Sand and Snow, by V. Cornish, 597
Wax halhs, cure for gout, 563
Way (A. S.), Sophocles in English Verse, 260
Way florae, The, bv Basil King, 471
Way of Little Gidd'ing, The, by E. K. Seth-Sinith,
409
Way of the Strong, The, by Ridgwell Cullum, 470
Wealth, by E. Cannan, 181
Week-End Gardener, The, by F. H. Farthing, 499
Weekley (E.), The Romance of Names, 153
Weeks (J. H.), Among the Primitive Bakongo, 431
Weld (Sir F.), Life, by Alice, Lady Lovat, 405
Weller (C. Heald), Athens and its Monuments, 348
Wellesley Papers, The, 441
Wells (A. Randall), decorations, 451
Wells (Garolvn), Anvbodv but Anne. 876
Wells (H. G.), The World Set Free, 652
Welsh Law, Medieval, Glossary, by T. Lewis, 194
Welsh Vocabulary of Bangor, by O. H. Fvnes-
Clinton, 194
Wentworth (Patricia), Simon Heriot, 823
Werner (Miss E.) on Swahili and its Literature, 657
Westaway (F. W.), Quantity and Accent in Latin,
107
Westbrook (H. W.), The Purple Frogs, 740
Westermarck (E.), Marriage Ceremonies in
Morocco, 683
Westlake (John), Memories of, 787
Westrap (W.), The Toll, 874
Westways, bv S. Weir Mitchell, 739
What Children Study, and Why, by C. B. Gilbert.
545
What is the Gospel ? by J. G. Simpson, 513
Wheeler (Capt. O.), War Office, Past and Present,
613
When Ghost Meets Ghost, by De Morgan, 226
Where Bonds are Loosed, by Grant Watson, 736
Where No Fear Was, by A. C. Benson, 551
Where the Rainbow Ends, 72
Which ? bv Evelvn Glover, 456
White (Sir H. T.), A Civil Servant in Burma, 158
White (Jessie), Montessori Schools, 110
White (S. E.), African Camp Fires, 850
Whitear (W. II.) on John Pepys and St. Bride's,
794
Whitehouse (J. H.), A National System of Educa-
tion, 107
Whitman (Sidney), Turkish Memories, 677
Whitman (Walt), by Basil de Selincourt, 334
Whittaker (Sir T. P.), Ownership, Tenure, and
Taxation of Land, 814
Why She Didn't Tell, 604
Whvte (H.), Fionn, Celtic scholar, death, 16
Wight (J. T.), Elementary Graphic Statics, 109
Wignacourt (J.), The Odd Man in Malta, 370
Wild Game in Zambesia, bv R. C. F. Maugham, 446
Wilde (Oscar), An Ideal Husband, 727
Williams (A.), Co-partnership and Profit-sharing,
Williams (H. Whitmore), Russia of the Russians,
Williams (T. W.) on Another Debt of John Shake-
speare, 689
Williams (Vaughan), London Symphonv, 503
Williamson (C. N. and A. M.), It Happened in
Egypt, 131
Williamson (G. C), Keats, Letters, &c, 784
Williamson (J. A.), Maritime Enterprise, 339
Williamson (R. W), Ways of the South Sea
Savage, 428
Willoughby (G.), The Adventuress, 743
Wilson (A. P.), The Cobbler, 604, 863
Wilson (Edgar), etchings, 632
Wilson (Ernest H.), A Naturalist in Western China,
Wilson (Rathmell), Un Caprice— The Little
Abbe — Jean-Marie, 504
Wimperis (A.), Mam'selle Tralala, 604
Wise (B. R.), Making of Australian Common-
wealth— Commonwealth of Australia, 8
Witchcraft, Irish, by St. J. D. Sevmour, 305
Wodehouse (P. G.), The Man Upstairs, 101
Wolfe (General), unpublished letters, 67
Woman and Child in Art, by F. Howard, 501
Woman of To-day, by M. L. Nutt, 871
Women's International Art Club, 348
Women Workers in Seven Professions, ed. Edith
J. Morlev, 405
Wonder- Worker, The, bv V. Brown, 742
Wood (M. H. M.), Episcopate of W. West Jones,
159
Woodburn (J. Barkley), The Ulster Scot, 750
Woodward (H. Bolingbroke), geologist, death, 235
Woodward (W. Harrison), Cesare Borgia, 374
Woolf (C. N. S.), Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 373
Woolman (John), by W. Teignmouth Shore, 127
Wordsworth: Concordances to W.. 105; W. and
his Poetry, by W. H. Hudson, 375
Workhouse Ward, The, bv Lady Gregory, 863
World Set Free, The, bv H. G. Wells, 652
Wren (P. C), Snake and Sword, 874
Wrench (Mrs. Stanley), Potter and Clav, 469
Wrens, The, bv Ladv Gregory, 903
Wright (Dr. Aldis), death, 719
Wylie (I. A. R.), Eight Years in Germany, 680
Wylie (J. Hamilton), historian, death, 344 ;
Henry V., Vol. I., 646
Wyllarde (Dolf ), It was the Time of Roses, 173
Wynmartens, The, by R. H. Powell, 699
X-Rays, by G. W. Kaye, 796, 897
Yato, by Madame Labori, 802
Year-Book of Social Progress, 184
Years of Discretion, bv F. and F. L. Hatton, 468
Yeats (Jack B.), Life in the West of Ireland, 322
Yeats (W. B.), Kathleen Ni Houlihan, 804
Young (E.), From Russia to Siam, 788
Young (F. B.), Deep Sea, 227
Young (F. E. Mills), The Purple Mists, 160
Young (N.), Napoleon in Exile, 645
Your Child To-day and To-morrow, by S. M.
Gruenberg, 545
Youth and Life, bv R. S. Bourne. 123
Yule (Col. Sir H.)| Cathay and the Way Thither,
Vol. II., 428
Yunnan, by Dr. A. F. Legendre, 44
Zambesia, Wild Game in, by R. C. F. Maugham,
446
Zangwill (I.), The Melting-Pot, 171, 240, 391;
Plaster Saints, 771, 803
Zoological Society, 231; Death-rate of animals in
1913, 279, 767
Zubeir Pasha, Slaver and Sultan, by Jackson, 195
Zubiaurre (Valentine), composer, death. 143
THE ATHENJEUM- ■?
Imtrmd of CBnnlisb an& 3forrign Kitttstmt, Sismtt, tlje Jinc ^rts. Mwsit aftft ffor Brmrnr. /
v/- y
No. 4497
SATURDAY, JANUARY 3, 1!H4,
Bttil
SIXPENCE.
REGISTERED AN \ NEWSPAPI R
ICfcturts.
MUSEUM LECTURES.
Mr BANISTER FLETCHKR. F.R.I.B.A Author of 'A
History of Architecture on the <>>mp«r^Te M.Ul0i tajdn. «^UT«
of University Extension Lectures on ROMAN AK( HlTLllURb.
a! the British Museum, on THURSDAY, J-«»'»'Jn,y?';l, , • ,
The Course at the VICTORIA AN1> ALBERT MUSEUM, which
beainaoa MONPAV. January 12. B P.M.. includes Eight Lectures on
1.1SH RENAISSANCE. ELIZABETHAN. JACOBEAN, and
GTh? Kctures are illustrated by special Lantern-Slides and Models,
and the Museum Exhibits are visited. -Full particulars from 1HH
BBC., 10, Woburn Square. London.
T
HE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION.
^The ANNUAL MEETING will be held on WEDNE8DAY,
January 7. ISM, at the LONDON DAY TRAINING COLLEGE,
HAMPTON ROW. LONDON, W.C., at 11 a.m. and 2 p.m.
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EDWARDS. 'Practical Mathematics at School.' by Prof . J. E. A.
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Tm. BUSINESS MEETING 2-30 p.m. 'The Use of Mathe-
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Mr- G ST. L. CAR80N. 'Principia Atmospherica,' by Dr. W. N.
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On view daily.
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COMPLETE COURSES of STUDY are arranged in the following
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K
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
IXG'S COLLEGE.
DEPARTMF.NT FOR TRAINING TEACHERS
FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
Theory. Practice, and History of Education— J. W. ADAM80N-
B A.. Professor of Education I Head of the Department'.
.-.■ — W. BROWN, MA. Lecturer.
The Course. whi<-h include* Practical Work In Secondary Schools,
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UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL.
FACULTY OF ART8.
CHAIR OF MODERN HISTORY.
The Council invite applications for this Chair. 8alary«0f)'. Duties
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candidate so desires) twelve copies of testimonials, should lie for-
warded to the undersigned on or before FEBRUARY IB, 1!)14.
Original documents should not be forwarded. Women are eligible for
any office in the University. EDWARD CAREY. Registrar.
TTNIVERSITY COLLEGE, SOUTHAMPTON.
Principal-ALEX. HILL. M. A. M.I). F.R.C.8. (sometime Master of
Downing College. Cambridge).
Applications are invited for the following posts :
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LECTURER IN GERM AN. stipend HiO'.
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All officers of the College are entitled to the benefits of the
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Applications, with or without testimonials, to be sent to THE
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MANCHESTER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
The Committee invite applications for the post of DIRECTOR OF
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December 24, 1913.
APPOINTMENT OF TWO ENGLISH
MISTRESSES TO THE TRAN8VAAL.
The Education Department of the Transvaal requires ENGLISH
MISTRESSES for the GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOLS at PRETORIA and
JOHANNESBURG
The appointments are to Grade A of the Transvaal Ulasaifioatlon for
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The qualifications required for Grade A ittsts are :—
(II University Degree, or other evidence of the necessary academic
qualifications : and
(2) The Transvaal Teachers' Second Class Certificate or other
evidence of the necessary professional qualifications ; and
(31 Four years' experience, of which half at least must have been
gained in Secondary School*.
As the teachers may be called upon to assume general direction oi
the teaching of English in the Schools, it is essential that they ihould
have had extensive and successful teaching experience. Candidate!
with qualifications in Phonetics and Elocution will lie preferred
Candidates should submit their applications in ooren marked
"CA to THE SECRETARY, Board of Education. Whitehall,
London. 8.W. Scottish candidates should apply to THE HEORE
TARY Scotch Education Department, Whitehall. London. S W.
The candidate selected for JohanneabUi g will lie require, [ to take up
duty as soon as can conveniently l,e arranged, and the candidate
tad for Pretoria on or aliout APRIL 10. 1914.
p 0 D N T Y OF L O N I) O N.
The London County Council Invite* applications forth* position of
assistant MISTRESS d the OOONTi BEOONDARi BCHOOL
KENTISH Town, to devote half ber tune to teaching I
and Games, and half her I line to general subjects, with ps
German
rising to ifol. by annual increments of 8
Application! moat l n form- to b* obtained, with parte ul
the appointment, by sending
HE EDUCATION OFFICER, London Co
tion Office! Vlctorii Embankment, W.O.. to «!.
returned l.y' 1 1 *x on THURSDAY, Jannmrj
munleation muat be marked '* B I on the envelop*
raaalng. either .lit.. Ij or Indirect}!, will be bald to be a dli-
qualifli-atlon for appointmcnl :. who i- ,
member of tba Advisory Sub Committee of the School Will
for appointment .... ,
LAURENCE GoMME Clerk of the London I >'
Education' ■ na Embankment. Vj i
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l!>14
T ii E a tii i: x .v:r m
SATf/lDAY, JANUARYS,
CONTKNT^. PAGB
The (;oldk\ Boi'cii - .. •">
M.ll'tllE NKl kek - 6
Cecil Rhodes 6
India op today r
The Australian Commonwealth s
A British CbaplaIM in Paris i\ i>oi 8
MiiciiKis Jam. .Ioi knal 9
1'iik Hai-siu Rfl Monarchy 9
Broapsihes, Chapbooks, \m> Garlands .. .. 10
My Lite in SARAWAK 10
The Valley of the Moon- 11
v)ld Mole n
Books Pi/hi. ished this Webk 12
■Em.lish Renderings ok French Poetry ; To
i he Acthor of 'The Golden Bough'; Jules
ci.arf.tik; The Hook SALES ok 1013; The
Head MASTERS' CONFERENCE ; " DEARWORTHY " ;
Book sale 13—16
Literary Gossip . .. 16
Science— The Courtship ok Animals; Influ-
enza; societies; Meetings Next Week 17— is
Fine Arts - Hei igious Art in France ok the
Thirteenth Centi ry ; Gossip IS
Music— Muzio Clementis Lehen ; Gossip: Per-
formances Next Week lo
Drama— Children's Plats ; Gossip .. .. 10— -10
LITERATURE
Tht <:ohlni Bough. Third Edition.— Part
VUL. Balder the Beautiful, the Fire-
Festivcds of Europe and the Doctrine of
the External Soul. Bv J. G. Frazer.
2 vols. (Macniillan & Co., 20/ net.)
A re Maria ! With these words — repre-
senting the burden of the Angelus, which
to-day the church bells of Ariccia whisper
over the woods of Xemi, where once the
death and resurrection of a divine per-
sonage of cruder type were bloodily
enacted — is brought to its close the final
chapter of the new ; Golden Bough ' ;
and we may almost overhear in the pious
exclamation that sigh of thankfulness with
which its author must have laid down
his trusty pen. Xot that he would here-
with claim to be granted an honourable
discharge — rude donari — at the hands of
his audience, which is to say, of the whole
literary world.
1 I am hopeful that I may not now be
taking a final leave of my indulgent* readers,
but that, as I am sensible of little abate-
ment in my bodily strength, and of none in
my ardour for study, they v ill bear with
me yet a while if 1 should attempt to enter-
tain them with fresh subjects of laughter
and tears drawn from the comedy and the
'•■•ly of man's endless quest after happi-
ness and truth.''
I' is do stumbling and broken-winded
athlete who struggles home in this
Marathon race, but a champion in
full training who, as soon as he has
broken the tape, strolls placidly of!
to enter for the next event. Such
tirelessness is surely the greatest gift of
J he gods ; and we may be certain that it
is vouchsafed to none but those rare
spirits who, identifying self whollj with
some noble and enduring w ork, are thereby
themselves made noble and enduring.
In this final instalment, width cor-
responds to the fourth chapter of the
previous edition, we are brought directly
to grips with the problem which gives its
title to the whole work. The (iolden
King
Bough, it is argued, over which the
of the Wood at Xemi kept his anxious
guard, was no other than a branch of
mistletoe growing on an oak within the
sacred grove. If so, the Arician priest,
whose life was in peril the moment that
the fatal branch had been plucked, might
plausibly be compared with the Norse
god Balder, who, according to the
myth, died of a stroke of mistletoe, when
nothing else on earth or in heaven had
power to wound him. Dr. Frazer has
brought the pair of them within the scope
of one general hypothesis by supposing
each to be in some sort a personification
of the sacred oak — the mistletoe, in its
turn, embodying their " external soul,"
or, in other words, constituting a kind of
spiritual strong-box wherein, so long as
the receptacle remained intact, the life
of the sacred being could lie snug and
secure beyond the reach of harm.
But before Balder appears on the scene,
a hundred pages of miscellaneous matter
have to be traversed ; and, had not the
reader by this time become inured to
following Dr. Frazer through the mazes
of this most stupendous of Scots reels,
the opening steps of the last figure might
well throw his brain into a whirl. A
discpuisition turning largely on the dis-
abilities of woman is, on the face of it,
neither here nor there so far as Balder is
concerned ; nor is a clue to the motive
of this discursiveness — not to say down-
right excursiveness — of his supplied in
so many words by Dr. Frazer himself.
We are left to surmise, at our own risk,
that the insulation of persons in a state
of taboo — which insulation may even
take the form of suspension between earth
and heaven, so that neither earth nor
heaven may be polluted, or, conversely,
may drain the holiness away from the
sacred being — is somehow reflected in the
position of the mistletoe hung between
heaven and earth ; so that no more
appropriate receptacle could be found
for the safe storage of divine energy.
lie this the implied moral of this par-
ticular parcel of facts or not, the truth
would seem to be that Dr. Fra/.er's real
interest scarcely lies in the task of wea\ ing
a continuous and close knit argument.
In the Preface he tells us in effect thai bo
long as he is free to hang his collections
of facts on convenient pegs, relevance
to a given theory may be left to take its
chance.
Moreover, it appears thai even Balder
himself, or. again, his Roman counterpart,
is merely such a peg : —
• Though I am now l< a than i \ i r di
d to lay weight on i he analogy betw •
the Italian priest and the Norse god, I I
allowed it to -'and tx it furni :" me
h ith a pretext for di .' not only the
■■< n. ml question of the external soul in
popular super i ii ion, bul also the I
festivals of Europe, since Bre played a p
i>oi i: in the myth of I ladder and in i he m ual
"i the Arician grove. Thus Balder th<
Beautiful in mj hand- is little more than a
stalking-horse to carry i»u heavj paoli
loads of facts. And what is true "i Balder
applies equally to the priest of Kemi him
Self, the- nominal Ihto of the long tragedy
of human folly and suffering which I
unrolled itself before the reader- of th(
Volumes, and on which the curtain i- n..u
about to fill. lb-, too, for all the quaint
garb he wears and the gravity with which
he stalks acid--, i he stage, is merely a pupj
and it is time to uuina-k him before laying
him up in the box."
The secret is out. Will the judicious
reader thereupon exclaim that he has b» D
sorely hoodwinked '. Not so, because the
indcterniinateiiess of the primitive mind,
the freakislmess of a fancy controlled onlj
by the casual exigencies oi a life that begs
its bread of circumstance, requires in
such a treatise as shall do it justice
some relaxation of the logical canon-
which ci\ ili/.ed men apply to one anothei -
thoughts and thoughtful action- The
categories we invent for the benefil oi the
savage must have sonic elasticity. BOme
play, about them. His dream may be
nonsense, but. if translated into such terms
as would suit a dogmatic theology, it
becomes at least twice as nonsensical.
Evidently, then, the further he went the
more clearly was this need of flexible
standards, of a " ruler of lead," borne in
upon Dr. Frazer. The latest touches ol
his pen have served mainly to blur the
edges of his former delineation- of thi-
and that belief belonging to what we maj
call the resurrection cycle. The follow in.
paragraph, for instance, sounds .i new
note of caution : —
"The priest of Aricia. if I am right, wt
one of those -acred beings or human divi-
nities on whose life the welfare of the com-
munity and even the course of nature in
general are believed to be intimately de-
pendent. It does not appear that the
subjects or worshippers of such a spiritual
potentate form to themselves anj in
dear notion of the exact relationship in
which they stand to him : probably their
ideas on the point are \ ague and fluct uati
and we should en- if we attempted i" d< I
tin relationship with logical pr» ision.
All that the people know , or rather imagin< .
is that somehow they themselves, their
cattle, and their CTO] I)
hound up with their <h\ ine being, o i
ording a- he is well or ill the community
is Ic ih h> or -i ikly, t he flo< k- and
thrive or languish with disease, and the
fields yield an abundant or a - ant} harvi
Hence, even in regard to two main
points on which Dr. Frazer conf<
change of mind, we need to main' n
generous laxity of vietn rach as will enable
the old intei pretation to plaj doul
w ith the net* , to into I
ground yei to imp
oi meaning to 1 I < ompl< l to
,,i th< -■■ point - i' 1 '
In . II III, idellt.llb, II- >t 1 . d t
|i.| III' ll\ .C-UIIll d '
and the pi '"•■ "" ,; l!''' ' ""
in vest ig ii ion " • hai
6
THE ATH ENyEUM
No. 4497, Jan. 3, 1914
a legendary and a purely mythical figure,
between the indistinct memory of a living
man and the anthropomorphic projection
of a ritual drama. Other analogues, too,
such as the Persian hero Isfendiyar and
various " African Balders," all of whom
alike can only be killed by some in-
significant weapon, have the same am-
biguous character of historico-mythic per-
sonages, with the historical side, perhaps —
as Dr. Frazer now tends to believe — pre-
vailing. The fact remains that, since a
king, living or dead, can play the wonder-
worker in respect to the crops and any
other interest of the communit}7, the
kingship motif is pretty sure to turn up
in any ritual having a like intention,
whether it happened to start with a king
in it or not.
The other point is concerned with the
meaning of the fire-festivals of Europe. Are
they primarily designed to renew the power
of the sun ? Or is their main object to
purify, by burning up the mystic evils that
society has contracted ? Dr. Frazer once
voted for the solar theory, herein bowing to
the great authority of Mannhardt, and he
still puts forth his strength to make this
view as plausible as he can. Dr. Wester-
marck, however, has led him to conclude
that the popular belief that there is no
better cure for witchcraft than the faggot
underlies these practices to no small
extent. Surely, however, it is simplest
of all to admit that both the sun-charm
and the witches' purge have been carried
out by means of fire both in Europe and
in the rest of the world, and that the two
ritual plots, if brought into juxtaposition
by culture-contact in any of its mjTiad
forms, would commingle and propagate
equivocal effects.
In fine, it must remain the great achieve-
ment of l The Golden Bough ' to have
resolutely collected and classified a vast
mass of apparently heterogeneous material,
not in order to support the pretensions of
some one abstract explanation, some
"key to all mythologies."' but rather so
as to transmit a concrete impression of
an epoch of the human mind, when the
twilight and mists of morning shed
looming shapes and flickering half-lights
about the path of our scarcely awakened
race. No wonder that to such purblind
eyes men appeared as trees, and trees as
men — Balder the Beautiful as the mystic
oak, and the oak as Balder. For the rest,
if to-day a saner outlook upon the world
prevails — if the process, symbolized by the
story of the Golden Bough, of a mental
life carried forward from strength to
strength by ruthless elimination of the
obsolete, has at length carried us forward
into broad daylight — it is because there
have been in every age men of the stamp
of Dr. Frazer, who put more into the day's
work than is sufficient for the day, so that
later generations are enriched by the
increment.
Madame Necker : her Family and Tier
Friends. Bv Mark Gambier - Parry.
(Blackwood & Sons, 12/6 net.)
Louise Suzanne Curchod will probably
be remembered by more English readers
as the rejected of Gibbon than as the
devoted wife of Necker, or even the mother
of Madame de Stael. But if her person-
ality has been somewhat overshadowed by
that of her daughter, it was none the less a
remarkable one ; and if only on account of
her salon she was well worth a biography.
Mr. Gambier-Parry, if sometimes a little
careless in his composition and not con-
cerned about taking original views, has
written an unpretentious volume, based
on the best available authorities, and con-
taining a good deal of information set
forth in readable style. He makes, some
may think, rather too free use of the old-
fashioned method of stringing together
short biographies of the personages of his
story ; yet there is at least something to
be said for the practice. The notes may
be commended for their accuracy and
terseness ; the format and illustrations
are all that could be desired.
It was probably well for both parties
that Suzanne Curchod and Edward Gibbon
were never married. As things turned out,
they formed a solid friendship from which
Necker was by no means excluded. Al-
though the future historian would certainly,
according to present-day standards, ap-
pear to have treated the lady lightly in
the early days, the author has failed to
remark that she herself had no great
scruples about having more than one
string to her bow. But the marriage
with Necker Avas a timely and an ideal
union. Although Gibbon came to appre-
ciate the husband almost as highly as
the wife, he affected to be piqued when,
during the visit of the newly married
couple to London, Necker, after supper,
went to bed and left him alone with
Madame : " What an impertinent security !
It is making an old lover of mighty little
consequence ! "
Madame Necker as salonniere differed a
good deal from the rest. She was better
educated, but less original, than Mesdames
Geoffrin and du Deffand, and on religious
subjects she was more conservative,
despite her friendship with Voltaire, whose
statue she promoted during his lifetime.
She was almost morbidly introspective,
and, as De Chastellux's story betrayed,
did not disdain elaborately to prepare her
conversational openings. Necker, though
affecting to be somewhat bored at the
Friday seances, probably found them
useful for the advancement of his political
career. That career, as detailed here,
only confirms the old conclusion that
integrity and financial ability were in-
sufficient equipment for the guidance of a
revolution. Even of his pre-revolutionary
days Taine shrewdly remarks that the
Controller-General acquired more credit
and popularity by a sumptuous supper,
" avec opera serieux et opera bouffon,"
than by all his financial operations. We
are given some welcome glimpses of the
childhood and early life of Madame de
Stael, her father's indulgence to some
extent mitigating the rigour of her
mother's educational system. Madame
de Genlis was doubtless right in her
strictures about the undesirability of the
precocious Germaine being allowed to
converse about love and the passions with
the wits of the salon.
Cecil Rhodes, the Man and his Work. By
Gordon Le Sueur. (John Murray, 12/
net.)
A complete Life of Cecil Rhodes is yet
to be written, but monographs accumulate,
and therewithal no doubt the materials
of the appropriate biographer, when — if
ever — he is evolved. The study under
review is by Mr. Le Sueur, one of Rhodes's
private secretaries, whose aim is modest.
Finding the " real Rhodes " less in the
volunteered biography of Sir Lewis
Mitchell and in the volumes of other
commentators than in the article ' Rhodes '
in the ' Dictionary of National Biography/
Mr. Le Sueur is " simply endeavouring to
convey an impression of the man and his
work, formed from what I knew of him."
If certain features of his subject
may seem to some of Rhodes's friends to
be in effect exaggerated at the expense of
others, yet an impression is formed which
is lifelike. We may not discover from
these pages how or why it was that Rhodes
did certain great things, but the least
sympathetic reader will not deny that a
great creature, an extraordinary per-
sonality is revealed here. And, granting
Rhodes's eminence and importance, we
find set down concerning him a hundred
and one of those intimate details of which
the world — sometimes shamefacedly, some-
times boldly, and defending its curiosity —
has commonly been avid where a character
or a career has captured its interest and
curiosity. Thus you read that Rhodes
was left-handed, that the little finger of his
right hand bent at the middle knuckle
so that he could not straighten it, and that
he was sensitive about that little finger,,
keeping his right hand covered from photo-
graphers. You read how, when dressed
for dinner, he
" invariably wore a black waistcoat, and as
a rule displayed two or three inches of white
shirt front between the bottom of the waist-
coat and top of the trousers."
You hear that he was a valiant trencher-
man, liking on the veldt to get the joint
in front of him and cut off great hunks of
meat ; that when he drank champagne he-
preferred it in a tumbler ; and that when
he smoked cigarettes he disliked to use-
a match, preferring to light a fresh
cigarette at the stump of the one he had
finished. On the veldt he shaves regularly
every morning ; then solemnly walks off
and buries the paper he had wiped his
razor on. A maker of Empire, he has
no bump of locality, and is haunted
with a fear of losing himself on the veldt.
During the heat of the day, when on
trek, he spends the halt under a tree
reading, and his favourite Gibbon being
No. 4497. .I\\. 3, 191-1
Til K AT II K\ .Ell M
too heavy to pack, the companions of his
journey are Marcus Aurehus and Plu-
tarch's ' Lives ' in pockel volumes, with a
single larger book— a volume usually of
Jowett's ' Plato.' He will not eat alone;
and while at meat in the Matoppos his
dining-hut must have no Bides, its roof
being Supported by hare poles so that he
may view the scenery all round. Kummel
lie likes, but not. .Air. Le Sueur is careful
to state, in any excess by South African
standards, hating the practice of ••nip-
ping" : while tea. to please him. must be
"very: strong — almost black." His clothes
are so old that a favourite coat, being sent
to the tailor to be cleaned and mended,
is promptly returned ; the tailor regrets
that " all he can do with the garment is
to make a new eoat to match the buttons " !
Yet with much personal untidiness goes
a contrary instinct which makes Rhodes
pick up and conceal the match or cigar-
end which a visitor has thrown on the
verandah.
All this, with a fresh instance to every
page, is enough and to spare concerning
his personal habits. In action and in
his table-talk are other minor revelations
of traits less superficial. His patriotism
is seen to be innate and thoroughgoing.
unt ll some one
Keeping a journal or commonplace book,
he writes in it : " Ask any man what
nationality lie would prefer to be [sic], and
ninety-nine out of a hundred would tell
you that they would prefer to be English-
men." Equally boyish, too, but an
effect no doubt in part of the irritability
caused by a diseased heart, is his affecta-
tion of hardness and a brutal manner.
Days after he has rejected the suit of a
poor woman on behalf of herself and her
husband, and has marched indignant
from the room, he is haunted by some
detail of her story ; inquires anxiously of
his secretary whether he has not done
something " off his own bat " to relieve
her situation, and is thankful to hear
that this has been done against his own
orders. He flies out on occasion at
secretaries and servants, yet he is marked-
ly sensitive about the feelings, on the j
question of colour, of his half-caste valet. !
The incarnation of frankness by nature, he
attempts a ponderous finesse, screening
himself (as when he fails to keep social
engagements) behind his secretaries ; and
elsewhere taking to himself airs of the
diplomatic and the disingenuous, which
are merely boyish, and which only a school-
master would soberly censure, ilis talk
is at times of an extraordinary shrewdness
and insight ; at other times he states
that two and two make four ' with an
air of conveying startling new facts to his
listeners." His physical likeness to cer-
tain Roman emperors is actual and un-
deniable ; but he is horrified when
compared in appearance with Nero,
retry believes himself to resemble
Hadrian, and is caught by a friend
stroking his nose before "a portrait" —
.Mr. Le Sueur means a bust — of that
emperor. He sees himself lees as a man
of action than as a master of epigram,
and his intimates Lrnn when, a refractory
epigram having missed fire at luncheon or
dinner, he repeats it ag
" takes notice."
Such is " the Old .Man," as Mr. Le
Sueur and other young men his colleagues
called him in life, and as he now de-
scribes him. That was the name by
whioh Rhodes was known to certain of his
more youthful intimates, and it may
well stand for the side of him which .Mr.
Le Sueur affectionately portrays. Jn Eng-
land we should look askance at a private
secretary to a statesman who should sit
down, years after their association, to
record " anything he knows of interest
to the public" and "to present" his
chief " as a human document." Rut the
cases of a British statesman and his secre-
tary and of Rhodes and the " bodyguard "
are not analogous. " Bodyguard " was
the name given to the succession of young
nun — all Colonial born, and in Mr.
Le Sueur's case, as in that of Mr. Jourdan,
Dutch as well — who at different times
were attached to Rhodes less, per-
haps, as secretaries than as congenial
company — manly, useful, " all-round "
A.D.C.'s, suitable for rough wear and for
South Africa. They were excellent young
men, good at many things, and not least
at being able to endure, along with an
immense amount of kindness from their
chief, a certain measure of rough handling,
which they never misunderstood or re-
sented. Secretaries in the home sense
thev were not. Loaded with benefits,
Bj E. C Me\
(Smith, Elder i •
fagged at times severely, and at times
stormed at, they enjoyed rough and smooth
with royal equanimity, and took their
revenge in chaff, or were comforted with
princely indulgences. Probably it is true
of a personality like that of Rhodes
that his intimates grasped and appreciated
him according to their scope. The side
shown by Mr. Le Sueur was not the most
august part of Rhodes, but we shall be
greatly surprised if his revelations bring
to the Colossus the faintest discredit with
any one fit to be outside the walls of an
asylum.
There are indiscretions and a number of
petty inaccuracies ; here and there the
" withers " of living persons too candidly
discussed may not unnaturally be" wrung."
faults of taste must be admitted ; and
the arrangement of the book leaves some-
thing to desire.
Other private secretaries are not invited
to follow this example. Set in his in-
discretions lies Mr. Le Sueur's chief value.
The small-beer he deliberately presses on
us — apologizing if he shall seem to have
ventured too far from his barrel -enables
us to visualize the man. It is a finer
tribute to Rhodes which paints in (and
even exaggerates) the warts, and still
regards the sitter with undiminished
rapture, than one which would obliterate
these roughnesses. It is impossible to
withstand the weight of testimony to
Khodes's essential " decency " (in the
schoolboy's word) which the more re-
sponsible of bis contemporaries accumu-
late. That sober U stimony is i>< i
countersigned by a less reverent and
sedate, but a sincere devotion and hero
worship.
India <>i To rfni/.
Thompson Ml'.
6/ net.)
Mr Meysey-Thompson has visited India,
and appears to have formed his views "ii
the information of one class of men. All
they told him is put down as though it
wen the whole truth, and as though thi
were nothing to be said on any other side.
We are informed that " no reform should
be attempted which could impair the
utility of the Indian ('nil Service,1 and
this is said in a solemn way, as though it
were a point on which men differed. The
author proceeds to belabour Lord Morlev
and the Liberal < lovernmenl . and to praise
everything that Lord Curzon did. in a
style that becomes tedious. Party attack
was to be looked for. hut it doe.- not
strengthen Mr. Meysey-Thompson's argu-
ments, and bis criticism is not of a well-
reasoned kind. It may or may not be
true that "the whole of Britain across
the seas looks with expectation for the
consolidation of the Imperial system, by
a Central Council on a common com-
mercial basis"; but, if true, we wish Mr.
Meysey-Thompson had thought out the
place of India in any such "common
commercial" scheme, and had explained
what he thought that place should b«
Much of the early part of the hook can
be skipped with advantage, for Mr.
Meysey-Thompson's pen does not lend
itself to descriptions of scenery, and his
history of Delhi and other places is
familiar from other hooks. The old story
of the Mutiny and of the greased cart-
ridges is set forth as though it were
something novel. This we could forgive,
but there are worse faults. Many oi the
facts which should have been up to
date are stale. One instance is sufficient.
The Indian census of I'.tlll is used, and
we are twice told that it is the latesl
available; but that for 1911 has been
published.
Mr. Meysey - Thompson is nol only
behind the time, hut also unfair. When
he talks of the trade figures of India he
takes the "ten years of Conservative
rule at home in which fell the wise
and statesmanlike administration ol Lord
Curzon," and. by picking oul those y<
he proves to his own satisfaction that the
volume of trade increaa d " till, in 1906
it reached " 226 million pounds. Why
(IOCS he Seleet t!|o>e \eaiS | \Vll\
take the following five, when the total
reached i2'.><> millions sterling 1 This is
Put one example ol the wa\ in « 1
has huilt up his case.
It iscurioua too thai in a I k <<n In
a book which profi sses to d< al with nib
oi taxation and the drain
wealth," uol a word is said about th«-
arnn and the immense Bum which wo
make India paj for it. Throughou( I
pag< h British and
axe hotly attacked but to saj tl
what we do to mitigate famim
■• practical reful ition oi th« ir -
futile Btyle "f argumi at.
8
T II K AT II ENiEUM
No. 4497, Jan. 3, 1914
The Making of the Australian Common-
wealth, 1889-1900. By Bernliard Ring-
rose Wise. (Longmans & Co., 7/6 net.)
The Commonwealth of Australia. By the
Hon. Bernhard R. Wise. Second Edi-
tion. (Pitman & Sons, 7/6 net.)
The Hon. B. R. Wise, who has been twice
Attorney-General of New South Wales,
and himself one of the delegates from
that colony to the Australian Federal
Convention, has done well to reissue his
book on Australia, and write the story
of the making of the Commonwealth,
for, as a colleague of Sir Henry Parkes,
he was much behind the scenes, and in a
position to give us new information and
to collect facts which had hitherto been
lost in the daily press and in Colonial
Hansards.
The originating motives of Federation
were well set out by an Australian corre-
spondent of The Times in an article
published in the course of last year.
They were three in number — the wish
that a single voice should represent
Australian feeling to Imperial statesmen,
the need for a single system of defence,
and the irritation caused by border
Custom-houses. In his new work Mr.
Wise has no occasion to go back to . the
ancient history of the federal move-
ment, and we do not think he refers to
the fact that in 1849 Lord Grey called
for a report about the government of
Australia, which proved to be much in
advance of its time, and is even to-day
an interesting document. That report
never thought of defence, but it foresaw
grave inconvenience from tariffs, and
recommended one tariff common to the
whole of Australia, and it definitely
advocated a federal Australia.
Mr. Wise begins forty years later,
with the Tenterfield speech of Sir Henry
Parkes, made in October, 1889, after
Parkes's preliminary attempts to bring in
the other colonies had met with nothing
save discouragement. The Tenterfield
speech concluded with the statement :
'" The thing will have to be done, and to
put it off will only make the difficulties
greater." Parkes was sneered at by
many men, but, when one looks back
at what he did, it is not possible to dis-
agree with Mr. Wise in thinking that, had
Union been delayed for another ten years,
it could not have been accomplished,
except under the pressure of some great
trouble.
Tariff was always one of the two great
difficulties ; and we are glad that Mr.
Wise has explained with much clearness
how this problem of finance, which the
Convention of 1897-8 found almost in-
soluble, was easily solved by the framers of
the Bill of 1891. That Bill did not pass,
but Sir Henry Parkes prophesied truly
when he described it as "a document
which will be remembered as long as
Australia and the English language en-
dure."
We are pleased to note the praise
awarded to two men whosework for Federa-
tion is apt to be forgotten : Mr. Macrossan
(who died while the Convention of 1891
was sitting) and Mr. A. I. Clarke ; and
if Mr. Reid's action is often severely
treated, the criticism by Mr. Wise is
always in good taste, and some of Mr.
Reid's retorts to opponents will give as
much pleasure to his enemies as to his
friends. At one meeting an interjector
called out " Double-faced," and Avhen
Mr. Reid had carefully fixed his eyeglass,
he said : " Look at him ! I am sure he
has not got two faces ; for, if he had, he
would have left that one at home ! "
At another gathering when he rose to
speak he was greeted with organized
bellowing. Waiting only until the crowd
paused for breath, he said : " Well ! I
only called you ' Gentlemen ' ! "
Mr. Wise's new book contains all the facts
that are needed for a proper understanding
of the making of the Commonwealth ;
and, in his concluding words, he gives
it as his belief that if the new Parliament
has not fulfilled all expectations, it is
superior to the legislative bodies of the
individual States. Its usefulness has
been impaired by what Mr. Wise calls
unexpected decisions of the High Court ;
and if there are defects in the Constitu-
tion, he thinks that they can be remedied
by an extension of federal powers, to-
gether with increased powers of local
government and the subdivision of the
larger States.
In many respects Mr. Wise has brought
up to date his other volume, which we
noticed at length in The Athenazum of
May 22nd, 1909; but things move so
rapidly in Australia that some of his
figures (those, for instance, which deal
with defence) have become out of date
even while the book was in the printer's
hands. Our English House of Commons
constantly quotes the experimental legis-
lation of Australia, and there has, in
recent years, been no falling off in the
boldness of the schemes put forward in
the continent of the Southern seas.
" The plentiful lack of knowledge about
Australia " justifies Mr. Wise's book, and
he does well to tell his English readers
many things which they ought to know,
but of which, as a fact, they have no
knowledge. In some shrewd remarks about
class antagonism the marked differences
between Australia and the United States
are clearly explained. Mr. Wise shows that
the motto of Australian supporters of
reform might almost be "to make Aus-
tralia everything that America is not " —
so strenuous in Australia is the struggle
against the power of wealth, and so well
have the Australians learnt the lessons
taught by the disclosures of social anarchy
in the United States. The book which
stands second in our heading contains
many statistics and much dull, useful
information, but it is enlivened with
tales such as that of the Australian boy
who declared in London that the Presby-
terian Church at Ballarat was finer than
Westminster Abbey ; and Mr. Wise con- i
fesses that this boy is of a type not entirely i
imaginary. '
The Journal of a British Chaplain in
Paris during the Peace Negotiations of
1801-2. Edited by A. M. Broadley.
(Chapman & Hall.)
The Rev. Dawson Warren, born in 1770,
went with his brother-in-law, Francis-
Jackson, our Minister Plenipotentiary, to-
Paris in November, 1801, and this most
interesting diary which he kept there is-
now published for the first time. Mr.
Warren came home before the Jackson
mission was at an end, but some extracts
from the diary of George Jackson, the
younger brother of our Minister, bring the
story down to the signing of the Treaty of
Amiens ; and George Jackson's journal
is the best part of the book, but his diaries
have been public since 1872.
Dawson Warren was nominally Chaplain
to his brother-in-law, but his duties were
light, and, fortunately for his readers, he
devoted his time to seeing all the life of
Paris that he could. He thanks God that
he is " still a native of England and never
likely to be a citizen of the French Re-
public " ; but he enjoyed himself so much
in Paris that in his oid age his conscience
reproached him, and he questioned whether
he ought to have been so gay.
In the early days of his visit we get
this sketch of Bonaparte : —
" There is nothing remarkable to describe.
The great soul of . . . .the Conqueror of Italy,,
and the terror of a great part of Europe,
is lodged in a small light body about five
feet four inches high."
Bonaparte's dress is described in detail,
and then the Chaplain adds : —
" His countenance appeared to be thinr
sallow and unhealthy. The lightening [sic}
of his eye which is so often talked of was
not then flashing, nor was there any thing
in his appearance which would have led me-
to suppose that he was any thing more than
an attorney's clerk."
But elsewhere Warren notes that Napo-
leon was already being called " His ConI
sular Majesty," on account of his rega-
state. Dawson Warren was taken by
Francis Jackson to the Tuileries, and went
in the full canonicals of an Anglican divine.
At a moment when religion and the Deit\r
were abolished by legal decree, he natur-
ally attracted attention. When he was-
introduced to the First Consul, Bonaparte
looked at him and at once asked what his
dress was. Bonaparte next inquired if
he were a bishop, and, Warren's French
being bad, the reply was " Pas encore."
Those who still take an interest in
Latude's escape from the Bastille will;
find some new information in this diarj\
Warren's French-master had a wife who
had picked up a letter from Latude, and
had helped Latude, after his first escape
and recapture, to obtain his release ; and
Warren saw all Latude's ladders and
instruments, and made sketches of them,
which are reproduced.
Here and there the diary throws light
on the difficulties of travel in France in
those days. In December, 1801, note is
made that Lord Arthur Somerset, just
arrived from Bordeaux, had found the
No.4497, Jan. 3, 1014
'I1 11 E A Til K\ .KU.M
roads so bad that he could seldom pro-
oeed at more than two miles an hour, and
near Angouleme he had passed the dili-
gence, which was being dragged by four
oxen and eight horses.
Warren occasionally breaks into French,
and his editor has apparently preferred
not to correct him in any way. The
results are sometimes amusing and some-
times irritating ; and throughout the
book accents have been left to take care
of themselves. It might have been better
to correct obvious slips.
Mr. Broadley has supplied some good
illustrations from his collection of old
prints, but the inscription under one is
puzzling. The picture is said to represent
Dessein's Hotel, Paris, where the
members of the Jackson Mission staved
13-14 Nov., 1807." We suppose that
1807 is a mistake for 1801 ; and we imagine
that '* Paris " is a slip for Calais. There
is a note by the editor to say that Sterne
stayed at the hotel and made it famous.
It was at Dessein's at Calais that
"Sterne stayed ; and in ' The Sentimental
-Journey ' when he readied Paris he went
to what he calls the " Hotel de Modene."
(Fisher
Jail Journal. By John Mitchel.
Unwin, 6/ net.)
Tins is the Journal of John Mitchel, the
great Irish rebel, a man similar in
intellect and character to Kossuth and
Mazzini, but dowered with all that racial
perversity which is so perplexing to the
Saxon. The Journal was for the most
part written while Mitchel was '" prisoner
in the hands of the English " — that is to
say, whilst serving a sentence of fourteen
years' transportation for preaching what
in later days became known as Agrarian-
ism. His policy fell at the time on
stony soil, but thirty years later was car-
ried out by Parnell and the Land League.
" Keep a grip of your homesteads," was
the phrase in which Parnell summed up
Mitchel's policy. Rightly or wrongly, the
•events which accompanied the famines of
1846-7 led the Irish leaders to believe
that the English Government was deli-
berately playing for the reduction of the
Celtic population of Ireland by starvation
or emigration. Out of the bitterness of
despair, and over the grave of O'Connell,
John Mitchel's new agrarian policy was
born and preached with all his force and
fire. A needlessly terrified Government
seized and hurried him to trial, at the
hands of a packed jury, with an assured
verdict and sentence of transportation.
The Journal bt Lrin- OH -May 27th, 1848,
the very day of Mitchel's conviction
and sentence ; continues throughout five
years of transportation from Ireland to
Bermuda, Bermuda to the Cape of Good
Hope, and thence to Van Diemen's Land :
and concludes with two years of freedom
in Xew York and Paris after hi- escape
from Van Diemen's Land. It was in 1 >>-"> *
the second of these latter years, that the
-Journal was published in Bfitchel's first
Xew York paper The Citizen, and the
present volume is almost an exact repro-
duction of the Journal as it then appeared.
It is a remarkable document, not only in
its subject-matter, but also in its natural
rhetoric which is terse beyond the culti-
vated simplicity of more studied writers.
Dramatic opening passages swiftly de-
scribe his sentence ; the haste to load him
with chains and hurry him into a closed
van filled with armed police ; confused
orders and counter-orders, the van driven
off at a furious pace to North Wall.
dragoons with drawn sabres surrounding
it, the naked swords of the carbineers
keeping an avenue through dense
crowds of silent and sullen men. From
that opening the Journal holds the
reader, whether willingly or unwillingly.
Mitchel's satire is as fierce as cold steel, as
when he apologizes for " the Barbarian
Celtic nature ever revolting, in its sense-
less, driftless way, against the genius of
British civilisation," or tells a tale of the
various convict settlements suggested for
him in the Pacific, the West Indies,
Australasia — anywhere far from Ireland.
They have these settlements everywhere,
reflects Mitchel, '* for on British felony the
sun never sets." Much of the Journal is
given to closely woven descriptions of the
everyday details of his life, often written
impersonally, as when he describes the
effects of solitary confinement with a
terrible simplicity. Conversations with
governors, naval and military officers — all
with whom he came in contact — often
give striking pictures of a day close to our
own in years, yet so remote in spirit and
atmosphere that they read like chronicles
from another world.
Through all, the prisoner's one pre-
occupation is his famine-stricken country,
her shepherdless people, her doubtful
future. The irony springs from the
bitterness of a large spirit ; the rhetoric is
that of a cultivated mind overcharged
with thought and feeling ; the satire is
never directed against individuals, and
there is never a trace of any sense of
personal injury, petty persecutions being
passed over with a half-humorous disdain.
The lasting impression of the writer left
by the Journal is of one large in outlook,
strong and self-possessed, inspired by a
pure passion against injustice, yet withal
ever serene in the possession of a free sold
and a stubborn will.
We have to remark, as a somewhat
strange omission on the part of the
publishers, that we find no exact bio-
graphical note covering the principal
events of John Mitchel's life. The general
leader will not have gone far in the hook
before he is likely to seek so further
information about its writer — amid what
Scenes he was born and brought u|i. what
manner of women were his mother and his
w ife, and where and how his later da} a w
spent. There are several pages ol useful
biographical detail-- of In- oontemporari
but from am thing appearing in the volum<
we doubt if a reader could readily gather
even the age of .Mitchel ,it the time of his
t ransportal ion.
The Hapsburg Monarchy. By Henry Wick-
ham Steed. (Constable _ ('o., 7,(» n- t i
That section of the British public which
takes a regular interest in foreign affairs
will be quick to recognize that at last a
book on Austria has been written which
is eminently readable, and at the same
time gives first-hand information on the
complex problems of the Hapsburg mon-
archy. Mr. Steed (who was latch corre-
spondent of The '/'inns in Vienna) has
written a work which bears on every p
the stamp of authority, and .shows un-
usual powers of observation. Books on
Austria usually oner a scries of general
impressions, or BOOH lose their way in a
maze of statistics ; they tell us too much
of the disruptive forces in the Empire,
they point out the obvious weaknesses of
the fabric; but they offer us little, if
anything, by way of explaining what are
the forces that work for stability, and,
in spite of the cynical prophecies to
the contrary of outside observers from
Napoleon to (dad-tone, hold that fabric
together.
Mr. Steed gives but few personal
impressions, and spares us the usual
columns of national statistics. He sketches
the functions, and. above all. describes the
powerful influence, of the monarchy and
the State before he attempts to enter
into the racial animosities of the people,
or to estimate their disintegrating influ-
ence. In his Introduction we find the
following significant observations : —
"Parliament is no sufficient safeguard;
for parliaments can be bought, influenced,
or gerrymandered into conscious or inad-
vertent alliance with the economic prill
of the world. One of the reasons lor the
popularity and prestige of the Austrian
Emperor among his subjects is his entire
freedom from personal interest in economic
concerns. ... Next in importance to Crown
stand the institutions of State, the Army,
Church, die Police, the Bureaucracy."
In short, it is the Crown. '" whose functions
must be expressed in terms of dynamics,
not of statics." that is responsible for the
continuance of the Empire, and that
1ms the real control of it- de-tin
Austria is ruled by the Emperor, and
"the constitution is a respectable cloak
for the nakedness of bureaucratic and
Imperial absolution." Mr. St,, d pi ds
to examine the Dual Settlement which was
accorded to the Huii_.iii.iti- after Sadowa,
and which became firmly establish! d after
Sedan, because the French defeat i' le-
gated the Austrian policj "t revenge t..
The limbo of hope- onfulfihV d. Mi s'> i d
not -hare the opinion that Beusl -
compromise will be the rock on which the
Bhip Of State Will be wicked alter the death
of the present Emperor < »n the contrai
the days of Magyar intolerance app<
to be numb n d Bo long ago is,J' in
an article in the R* ■ »■ ■
M ,|, Laveleye pointed out that I
Hungarians appn • iat< d nothing which
was not i onformable to then own d<
tbey are blind to everything that runi
contrary to them Thej have not tab n
the warning. The Slai - lemi m- on I
10
THE ATIIEX.EUM
\<>. 4497, .Jan. 3, 1914
southern bank of the Drave are in open
revolt, and so far from being in a position
to dictate terms to Austria, they have
now to fight for their own existence.
The chapter on Austrian foreign policy
at the end is also important. It sheds a
strong light on the involved methods
employed by Baron Aerenthal to achieve
his ends, and gives valuable information
about the realities of the long rivalry
between him and M. Isvolsky, which
terminated in a long press-campaign and
the Friedjung trial. Mr. Steed ends by
explaining what Austria has to fear from
Germany, Russia, and the South Slav
States, and thinks the Hapsburg dynasty,
if it wishes to retain the power it has
hitherto wielded, should
" rise superior to the lower expediency repre-
sented by the line of least resistance, and
comprehend the perennial efficiency of the
higher expediency represented by the prin-
ciple of Justice."
BROADSIDES, CHAPBOOKS, AND
GARLANDS.
An age that will not rely upon its own
resources betrays its lack of inspira-
tion. Certainly if literature, and par-
ticularly poetry, is not stamped with the
" form and pressure " of the time, it is
not likely to survive it. The artist may
be disgusted with the period in which he
happens to be born — and a good many
are, with very good reason — but he will
not make the utterance of his disgust in
terms of literature any the more effective
by hiding among the shibboleths and ruins
of an epoch of his forefathers. Of course,
there are occasions when the impulse of
one age is the aspiration of another ; but
then there is a certain coincidence of
values, a parallelism of spiritual and
intellectual attitude. The Renaissance,
for instance, looked back to the classics,
because it found in them a means towards
that artistic liberty, or, as we might call
it nowadays, " vitalism,'' which was the
most important idea it had to deliver.
It is only when the faith and vitality of a
period are on the ebb that its retrospective
experiments are merely sterile and imi-
tative.
It is for this reason that we are in-
clined to be sceptical over the revival of
ehapbooks and broadsides which a group
of modern poets — two of them with
Broadsidks. — The Old Men. By Walter de
la Mare. — The Wind. By Lovat Eraser.
— The Robin's Song. By Richard Honey-
wood. — The Blind Fiddler's Dog. — A Song.
By Ralph Hodgson. — -Staffordshire. By
Oliver Davies. — Summer. 2d. each plain ;
■id. coloiired.
Chapbooks. — Five New Poems. By James
Stephens. — The Bull. By Ralph Hodgson.
— Eve, and Other Poems. Same author.
M. each : and Large Paper, 2/6. — The
Song of Honour. By Ralph Hodgson. —
The Mystery, and Other Poems. Same
author. 6d. each.
Garlands. — A Garland of Neiv Songs. By
L. F. Ad. plain ; 6c?. coloured.
(Flying Fame, 45, Roland Gardens, W
notable reputations — have initiated. Their
enterprise is, we suppose, but another
symptom of the pursuit of the picturesque,
which is the fashion to-day, and was,
though in a different form, in the days of
Anne Radcliffe, Macpherson, Chatterton,
and Walpole. What possible aesthetic
ideal purpose is served by this reproduc-
tion of a convention happily adaptable
to the atmosphere and conditions of
Elizabethan literature, but fallen into
merited desuetude in the eighteenth
century ? The lyrics and ballads them-
selves which are published in this form
are not in the least reminiscent of any
period but our own, and Mr. Lovat
Fraser's sketches, though old-fashioned
by Futurist and Cubist standards, are
certainly not archaic. Neither do twen-
tieth-century methods of book-production
favour such imitations of a more primitive
craftsmanship. A comparison with the
work of the Kelmscott Press would be
quite irrelevant. Morris's illuminations
are a triumph, not of the initiative of the
Middle Ages, but of the most elaborate
resources of modern craft. And the old
broadsides and chapbooks are simple not
because they are beautiful, but because
the contemporary means of publication
had not reached any but a crude stage
of development, and moreover, the
publishers of this kind of work had
far more limited resources than those
whose business dealt with a more
ambitious and lucrative output.
There is, in fact, nothing " old-
world " about these modern " broadsides
chapbooks, and garlands," any more
than there was about Walpole's Gothic
castle at Strawberry Hill. They are
purelv and simply an affectation, a modish
exercise in the sham antique. At any
rate, whatever can be said on their behalf,
the originators of the device have adopted
a clumsy compromise. If they desired
to do the thing thoroughly, why not — to
use a vulgarism — have " gone the whole
hog," and made the printing of these
single sheets and blue, magenta, and
yellow paper volumes, and the style and
composition of the verses, as antiquarian
as the format ? As it is, they have not
succeeded more than the furniture dealer
who appends a 1013 label to an imitation
Chippendale.
The contents of these volumes are almost
as disappointing as their equipment.
Mr. Stephens's Five Poems are, for
him, quite commonplace. They have but
little of the originality, the delicacy and
fertility of imagination, the vigour and
independence, which we have learnt to
expect from him. Mr. Ralph Hodgson
has done most of the rest. He has a
nimble fancy and a competent technique,
but is far too liable to force the note of
simplicity outrageously. Also he is prone
to elaborate ideas beyond the measure
appropriate to them. The result is that
his achievement has an appearance of
poverty that is perhaps unjust to it.
The piece of prose and the half-dozen
poems printed on the broadsides are rather
negative, except for an exquisite lyric —
' The Old Men,' by Mr. de la Mare— which
is perfect in the identity of thought and
emotion with their rhythmic expression : —
And one with a lanthorn draws near,
At clash with the moon in our eyes :
" Where art thou ? " he asks : I am here ! "
One by one we arise,
And none lifts a hand to withhold
A friend from the touch of that foe :
Heart cries unto heart, " Thou art old ! "
Yet reluctant we go.
This dirge is in every way worthy of the
author of ' The Listeners.'
My Life in Sarawak. Bv the Ranee of
Sarawak. (Methuen &"Co., 12/6 net.)
In that very entertaining work, ' Who 's-
Who,' the brief biography of the Rajah
Mudah of Sarawak ends with these signi-
ficant words, " understands the manage-
ment of natives." One observes that
this useful accomplishment is heredi-
tary when one reads the modest and
delightful autobiography which has come
from the pen of the Ranee of Sarawak
(Lady Brooke). In view of the unique
position held by the second English ruler
of Sarawak, it must have seemed a some-
what risky experiment to take an average
" unidea'd girl " out to play her part as-
practically the sole representative of
English womanhood in that country-
The young Ranee — as she observes with
charming frankness in looking back to-
ner girlhood — had no special training to-
fit her for a delicate position : —
" I had received the limited education
given to girls in that mid-Victorian period ^
I had been taught music, dancing, and could
speak two or three European languages r
but, as regards the important tilings in life.,
these had never been thought of conse-
quence to my education."
She was seasick all the way out, and when,
she landed at Singapore she simply hated
" the damp clammy feel of those equa-
torial regions " — wherein any one who-
has been to Singapore can sympathize
with her. Reading between the lines,
one may perceive that the English officer
who came across from Sarawak to meet
the Rajah and his bride was dubious
about the success of the experiment : —
" As we three sat on deck, I thought they
were the most silent pair I had ever come
across. I wanted to know about the country,,
and asked questions, but no satisfactory
answer could be obtained, and I was gently
made to understand that I had better find1
out things for myself."
Fortunately, the young Ranee had the
right spirit for such an adventure — the
spirit which enabled her brother, Mr.
Harry de Windt, to make a success
of Ins various explorations among wild
folk. Her girlish education had the
qualities of its defects ; there was no pre-
conceived idea in her mind as to the atti-
tude which she must adopt towards her
new subjects.
" The extraordinary idea which English
people entertain as to an insuperable
bar existing between the white and coloured
races, even in those days of my youth,
appeared to me to be absurd and nonsensical.
Here were these people, with hardly any
ideas of the ways of Europeans, who came
No. 4497, Jan
15)14
T II E AT II i: X .El' M
11
to me as though they were my own brothers
-and sisters. ... L suppose they saw how
ready 1 was to oare for them and consider
them A-s members of my family."
The Ranee's account of the interview at
which she first made acquaintance with
the wives of her husband's ministers and
officials is very amusing. ' I feel sure."
-he told her pilots. "• if women are friends
to one another, they can never feel lonely
in any country." We must quote the
. reply of Datu Esa, the Prime .Minister's
wife, to whose memory the hook is dedi-
cated : —
'" Rajah Ranee, you are our father, our
mother, and our grandmother. We intend
to take care of you and to cherish you, but
-don't forget that you are very young, and
that you know nothing, so we look upon
you as our child. When the Rajah is away,
-as I am the oldest woman here, I will look
after you. There is one thing you must not
<lo : I have heard of Englishwomen taking
the hands of gentlemen by the roadside.
Xow, Rajah Ranee, you must not do that,
and when you are sad you must come to
rue, and I will help to lighten your heart."
It is no wonder that the young Ranee
speedily lost her home-sickness, and threw
herself heart and soul into the social side
•of her husband's work. Her pleasant
pages give a vivid and picturesque account
■of life in Sarawak, and describe the
■characteristics of both Malays and Dyaks
with the knowledge that is only born of
sympathy.
Although Sarawak is a household word
\\ ith us, few people really know much
about the wonderful and unselfish work
which was initiated by Sir James Brooke
in 1841, and has been carried on with
unflinching devotion by his successor,
tie present Rajah, and those on whom
the actual details of government have
devolved in later years. The history of
the Brooke rigime was lately written,
indeed, in " The White Rajahs of Sara-
wak,' but most readers of the Ranee's
autobiography will be grateful for the
historical note with which it is prefaced.
Sir Frank Swettenham, who probably
knows the .Malay better than any other
white man. comments on the duty which
is involved by his ready and unquestion-
ing acceptance of white rule : —
" To betray Malays is like taking a mean
advantage of a blind man who has put his
hand in yours, in the firm belief that he is
safe in bis blind trust of you."
The essential principle of Brooke ride in
Sarawak has been " to live with the
people, to make their happiness the first
■ msideration, and to refuse wealth at
their expense." Mr. Alleyne Ireland, in
tie course of his critical examination of
tropical administrations, gave the palm
l Sarawak for its " abundant indica-
tions of good government." The secret
«if success in this difficult task is twofold :
the Brookes were honest, and they wen
- . mpathetic. Sir James Brooke was
trained in the school of the Lawrences
to know that " force, though rare, is yel
far, far less ran- than love. " If*- wanted
to rule Sarawak for the good of its people
— at least, his own ambition was satisfied
by the success of his civilizing work :
"If it please God," he wrote, "to permit
me to give a stamp to tins country which
shall last after I am no more, 1 shall have
lived a life which emperors might em \ .
This he most effectually did; but it is
worth while to remember that he could
not have done it by the mere force of
honesty and determination — sympathy
was also necessary. The Malay, as Sir
Frank Swettenham says.
"is humble about his own capacity to
organize and endeavour, to frame a scheme
of righteous government and to ensue it.
He will, if properly approached and con-
siderately handled by Europeans, be the
first to admit that they understand t lie
business better, that- they are more trust-
worthy in matters of justice and money,
and that they have a conception of duty,
of method, and especially a power of con-
tinuous application to work which is foreign
and irksome — indeed, well-nigh impossible —
to him."
The methods which in some parts of our
tropical empire are said to have given
our administrators Temple's reputation
— " a beast, but a just beast " — would
not have done in Sarawak. We are
grateful to the Ranee for giving us
many charming glimpses of a beneficent
rule.
FICTION.
The Valley of the Moon. By Jack London.
(Mills & Boon, 6/)
A seasonable belief that the first novel
received for 1914 was an average specimen
of the coming output would enable us to
wish our fellow-reviewers a " Happy Xew
Year " with some hopefulness of fulfilment .
The story is that of a working-class couple
ideally mated. Before their marriage he
is a prizefighter, and she is a laundry-hand.
An appalling picture of the life she escapes
by wedlock is given, as well as more than
one vivid description of his competence
in the ring. She is possessed of that mar-
vellous strength of sacrifice on behalf of
her man which can only be properly
appreciated, perhaps, by those who have
experienced it. He has the gentleness
which goes with strength under control,
though he all but loses it when his
temper is upset by a strike of team-
sters, his mates in a calling which he
follows after his marriage. -Their flight
from the sordid struggle of the town to
the open solves the struggle of existence
for them, and, further, makes the oppor-
tunity somewhat too obviously for a
display of much agricultural lore in an
atmosphere the sweetness of which becomes
cloying towards the end of the tale.
the narrative is written breezily
throughout, though the author's handling
of the bellows has not been sufficiently
masked. He has, perhaps, more scorn
for, than sympathy with, the petti-
ness with which lie is obliged to endow
many of his puppets in order that they
maybe true to life. The individualism of
Socialists, and the trickery by which even
the well-intentioned are content t., earn
a In tng, are, after all. bul the natural con-
comitants of an environment in which the
breadth of outlook is lacking to make
'Waste not, want not.'' a w orld ma \im.
Tin' tale, which is essentially American,
may not appeal to all English readers but
though the conditions varj in different
lands, the author has grasped the
essential traits of humanity in its present
stage nt development and such under-
standing being a necessary preliminary
to further advance, any one who helps us
to it deserves our t hank-.
Old Muh. By Gilbert Cannan. (Martin
Seeker. 6«.)
Mr. Cannan's new novel is perplexing
As to plot, it is not marked by originality .
though that, we must admit, is not the
aim of Mr. Caiman's school. Old Mole is
a middle-aged schoolmaster who. misted
from his career bj a rather farcical W aiidal.
joins (in company with the girl who has
compromised him) a troupe of travelling
players. After an interval he marries her,
comes into a fortune by the successful
production of a comedy he ha- taken in
exchange for an apparent l\ hopeless debt,
becomes her "" social appendage a- Bhe
rises towards the to]) of her profession, and
eventually leaves her some time after he
is assured of her passion for an "Id pu] il
of his own.
With a story of this kind ra
or failure must obviously depend upon
narrative power and characterization,
and in both these respects Mr. Cannan
leaves us not, indeed, unadinii imr, but
unsatisfied. His narration, when he con-
descends to narrate, is always excellent.
Nothing, for instance, could be bett< c
than his account of the Copases and their
Theatre Hoval. of Old Mole's courtship,
and his earlier misunderstandings with his
wife. But he narrates too little and.
unluckily, in his complex analyses of old
Mole's spiritual and passionate e>. pencil •
he loses his grasp of the character. We
are not here pleading for consistent The
least, imaginative and least erratic of men
are in sheer right of their hunianif\ in-
consistent ; but the most imaginative
and most erratic are somehow congruous.
old Mole does not strike us as congruous
at all. In the course of the honk he is half-
a -do/.en different people, most "t them
mutually incompatible ; and all too open
he is Mr. Caiman criticizing England and
her institutions. < tften it is Bound criti-
cism, more often il 18 clever, but it -Id. m
helps us to realize Mr. < fennan - h< ro.
Set old Mole is the book I rest <•>
the characters (Matilda, his wife, perha
excepted) are onh "t '"'• " -' ■'•y ,(
ivaet upon him The pitj "t this
great* ,- m \ iew ol Mi- Cannan |
si<m <>f great qualities -humoui
and point of view. " Lea an
l.s anoiens, el nous Bomn
jourd Fun. he qu< ,,!'' M
delivt i' of hi- mind. Mi
little over i onac we feel ol w
d'aujourd'kui b '
eager to find a \ ••' •',l ll e
method "•
have aomethi]
youtl U*"
12
Til E ATHENAEUM
No. 4407, Jan. 3, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Church Congress, The Official Report, edited
by the Rev. C. Dunkley, 10/0 net. Allen
' A report of the Church Congress held at
Southampton last September and October, in
which the sermons, papers, addresses, and im-
promptu speeches are published verbatim.
Paficha Sila : the Five Precepts, the Bhikkhu
Silacara.
Adyar, Madras, Theosophical Publishing House
An exposition, of the precepts of good conduct
laid down by Buddha as a guidance to his fol
lowers.
Ruysbroeck (Jan van), The Book of the Twelve
Beguines, translated from the Flemish by John
Francis, with an Introduction and Notes.
Watkins
The translator has not reproduced the rhymed
verse where it occurs in the Flemish, his aim being
to give an accurate rendering rather than a
paraphrase. In the division of chapters he has
followed the numeration of Surius.
POETRY.
Biair (Wilfrid), Sa Muse b' amuse. 3/0 net.
Oxford, Blackwell
A collection of humorous verses, most of
which are reprinted from Punch, The West-
minster Gazette, The Isis, and other papers.
Carswell (Isabel M.), Marjory May. More Verses,
1 /0 Gowans & Gray
Tragic rhymes for small people, showing the
dreadful consequences of being naughty. Some
of the verses are reproduced from The Glasgoic
Herald and The Glasgoic News.
Henderson (Janet E.), The Doctor's Ride, and
Other Poems, 3/0 net. Edinburgh, Douglas
A book of verse, containing narrative, love,
religious., and nature pieces.
Lane (S. F. B.), Svold, a Norse Sea Battle, 2/0
net. Nutt
A long narrative piece in blank verse describ-
ing the battle in which Olaf Tryggvason fell,
with an historical Introduction and notes
Poems from the Portuguese, translated bv Aubrev
F. G. Bell, 3/0 net. Oxford, Blackwcil
Translations of Portuguese lyrics, ranging
from the thirteenth century to the present time.
The Portuguese text is printed on the left-hand
page.
Rudland (E. M.), Poems, together with Bal-
lads of Old Birmingham, New Series, 1/0 net.
Nutt
A book of verses on many themes, including
fairies, love, Francis Thompson, and Mary, Queen
of Scots. The ballads of local patriotism have
explanatory notes.
PHILOSOPHY.
Bourne (Randolph S.), Youth and Life, 6/ net.
Constable
Studies in psychology and religion. The
titles of some of these essays are ' The Life of
Irony,' ' The Mystic turned Radical,' ' The Dodg-
ing of Pressures,' and ' A Philosophy of Handicap.'
Hueffer (Ford Madox), Henry James, a Critical
Study, 7/0 net. Seeker
An appreciation of Mr. James's work and
methods.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
McKechnie (William Sharp), Magna Carta, a
Commentary on the Great Charter of King
John, with an Historical Introduction, Second
Edition. Glasgow, MacLehose
A revised edition, largely rewritten, incor-
porating the results of recent discussion and
research on Magna Carta. For review see Athen.,
April 15, 1905, p. 458.
Ozanam (Frederick), The Franciscan Poets in
Italy of the Thirteenth Century, trans-
lated and annotated by A. E. Nellen and N. C.
Craig, 0/ net. Nutt
An account of the Franciscan movement in
Italy, with illustrations, notes, Index, and an
Introduction by Miss Nellen.
Woolf (Cecil N. Sidney), Bartolus of Sasso-
ferrato : his Position in the History of
Medieval Political Thought.
Cambridge University Press
This monograph was awarded the Thirlwall
Prize in 1913. The author has included a Biblio-
graphy, Summary of the Contents, Appendixes,
and an Index.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Kellner (L.), Arnold (Madame Paula), and Delisle
(Arthur L.), Austria of the Austrians and
Hungary of the Hungarians, " Countries
and Peoples Series," 0/ net. Pitman
Each section gives full information concern-
ing the politics, industries, and arts of the country
with which it deals, and is i'lustrated.
Schultze (Dr. A.), The Sultanate of Borni •
translated from the German by P. Askel1
Benton, 7/0 net. Milford
A monograph on the history, geography, and
present commercial condition of Bornu, with
maps and Appendixes. All but one of the
latter have been added by the translator, and
refer chiefly to British Bornu.
POLITICS.
Maura and his R<">le in Spanish Politics, Synthetic
and Documental Exposition of the Ideas and
Work of the Conservative Leader, by an
Impartial Spectator, English Edition.
Madrid, Imprenta Alemana. Fuencarral, 137
This pamphlet contains a defence of Senor
Maura's policy against the attacks of the Repub-
lican and Liberal press.
PHILOLOGY.
Merrill (William A.), The Archetype of Lu-
cretius.
Berkeley, University of California Press
A paper on Lachmann's hypothesis concern-
ing the lost archetype of Lucretius, included
among the " University of California Publications
in Classical Philology "
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Bell (Aubrey F. G.), Studies in Portuguese
Literature, 0/ net. Oxford, Blackwell
This does not profess to be a complete history
of Portuguese literature, nor does the author
lay claim to original research. The studies range
from King Diniz to living novelists and poets.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Cambridge County Geographies : Merionethshire,
by A. Morris ; Northumberland, by S. Rennie
Haselhurst, 1/6 each.
Cambridge University Press
Each gives an account of the history, natural
conditions, industries, and antiquities of the county
with which it deals, and is illustrated with maps
and photographs.
Clarke (G. H.) and Murray (C. J.), A Grammar of
the German Language, Second Edition, 5/
Cambridge University Press
This textbook has been revised, and some
corrections have been made.
Walters (W. C. Flamstead) and Conway (R. S.),
Limen, a First Latin Book, Fourth Edition,
3/ John Murray
A revised edition, with a few changes in
terminology.
Wyatt (A. J.) and Goggin (S. E.), An Anthology
of English Verse for Use in Schools and
Colleges, with Introduction and Glossary,
Second Edition, 2/6 University Tutorial Press
A revised and enlarged edition to which some
short extracts have been added from the work of
poets of the latter half of the nineteenth century.
FICTION.
Barry (John Arthur), South Sea Shipmates, 0/
Werner Laurie
A series of short stories dealing with the
exciting adventures of two Australian sailormen
in Southern waters.
Blyth (James), Faith and Unfaith, 0/ Long
The story of a young married couple whose
happiness is almost marred by the religious doubts
of the husband and the intrigues of a self-seeking
girl who visits them.
Bosanquet (Edmund), Mary's Marriage. 6/
Long
Mary is a young widow who is willing to
carry out her husband's last wish by marrying
the successor to his title for the sake of the
estate, but a fortnight before the projected
marriage a young Irishman upsets her plans
and wins her heart.
Cannan (Gilbert), Old Mole, being the Surprising
Adventures in England of Herbert Jocelyn
Beenham, M.A., sometime Sixth-Form Master
at Thrigsby Grammar School in the County of
Lancaster, 0/ Seeker
See review, p. 11.
Ghosal (Srimati Svarna Kumari Devi, Mrs.), An
Unfinished Song, 3/6 Werner Laurie
A study of a modern Hindu girl belonging to-
the Reformed Party of Bengal. This is the first
book that Mrs. Ghosal, the sister of Mr. Rabin-
dranath Tagore, has published in English. Ther
is a Biographical Introduction by Mr. E. M. Lang.
Hauptmann (G.), Atlantis, 6/ Werner Lauri
A translation from the German by Adele an
Thomas Seltzer.
Hyatt (Stanley Portal), The Way of the Car-
dines, 0/ Werner Laurie-
The hero tries without success to persuade the
British Government to annex and fortify an island
of strategical importance in the Malay Archipelago.
Disgusted by the Cabinet's lethargy, he undertakes
the task himself, but, after carrying out his project,.
is officially ejected.
London (Jack), The Valley of the Moon, 6/
Mills & Boon*
See review, p. 11.
Perrin (Alice), Late in Life, Id. net. Methuen.
A notice of this novel appeared in The Athen.,
June 13, 1896, p. 775.
JUVENILE.
Jones (Theodore F. T.), A Boy's Travels in
Many Lands, a Book for Boys by a Boy, 2/
net. St. Catherine Press
An account of a boy's travels in the East,,
illustrated with photographs.
Lotus Leaves for the Young : No. 1. Legends and
Tales, by Annie Besant, 1/6
Adyar, Madras, Theosophical Publishing House
This slender volume contains a few legends-
from ancient Greece and Hindustan, with the
stories of Rosetta and the Wandering Jew, told
in order to inspire the young to heroic action.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Alchemical Society, Journal, Vol. II. Part 8,.
2/ net. H. K. Lewis
Containing a report of the eighth general
meeting of the Society, a paper on ' Alchemy in>
China,' by Prof. Herbert Chatley, and reviews.
Army Review, January, 1/ Stationery Office
There are two articles on the Balkan War —
' Adrianople and its Capture ' and ' The Success-
of the Greek Army.' Other articles of interest
are ' The Egyptian Army Camel Corps,' by Capt.
Earl Percy, and 'Some Aspects of Abyssinia,'
by Capt. H. H. Kelly. There are illustrations
from photographs, maps and diagrams.
Folk-Lore, Vol. XNIV. No. 3, 5/ to non-Members.
Sidgwick & Jackson
Besides collectanea, correspondence, and re-
views, this number contains the minutes of
meetings of the Folk-Lore Society held in
May and June last year, and papers on 'The
Poetry of the Kiwai Papuans,' by Dr. G. Landt-
man, and ' The Ceremonial Customs of the
British Gipsies,' by Mr. T. W. Thompson.
Hibbert Journal, January, 2/6 net.
Williams & Norgate
Notable articles in this number are ' Eu-
genics and Politics,' by Mr. F. C. S. Schiller ?
' The Scottish Church Question.' by Sheriff R. L.
Orr ; ' Syndicalism in France, and its Relation to>
the Philosophy of Bergson,' by the Rev. T.
Rhondda Williams ; and ' The Johannine Apoca-
lypse,' by the Rev. J. E. Symes.
International Review of Missions, January, 2/6-
net. Milford
Eighty pages are devoted to ' A Missionary
Survey of' the Year 1913.' Other articles are
' A Tour of Enquiry into the Education of Women
and Girls in India,' by Miss Eleanor McDougaU
and ' Gitanjali : an Appreciation,' by Mr. K. J.
Saunders.
London Quarterly Review, January, 2/6
C. H. Kelly
Principal Forsyth writes on ' The Man and
the Message ' ; Dr. "Banks on ' Augustine as seen
in bis Letters '; Mr. T. H. S. Kscott on 'The
Vicissitudes of the English Novel ' ; and there are
other articles, notes, and reviews.
Poetry and Drama, Vol. I. No. 4, 2/6 net.
Poetry Bookshop
This issue contains many new poems, by
Mr. Bridges. Mr. Hardy, Mr. Davies, and others,
and Lord Dunsany's play ' The Golden Doom,'
■Resides articles and reviews.
Quest, January, 2/6 net. Watkins
The contents include articles on ' Bergson'&
Biology,' by Prof. J. A. Thomson ; ' The Sub-
conscious,' by Dr. J. H. Hyslop ; and ' The
Gnosis in Early Christendom,' by Mr. G. R. S.
Mead ; verses entitled ' Dynamic Love,' by Mis&
Evelyn Underhill ; and ' The Mystical Union of
Earth and Heaven,' by Mr. Cloudesley Brereton.
No. 4497, -Ian. 3, L914
TH K A T 11 K N -K I M
L3
DIRECTORIES.
Banking Almanac and Directory, 1914, edited bj
Sir K. U. Lnglia Palgrave, l"> net, Waterlow
.V reference book lor business men, contain-
ing information regarding private and joint-
stork banks in the United Kingdom and Colonial
and foreign banks, with other matter.
Catholic Directory, Ecclesiastical Register, and
Almanac, 1914, 1 6 int. BurnsdsOates
The niw matter in the present issue includes
• list of London Hospitals and the Missions from
■which they arc attended, and some facts concern*
ing the Catholic martyrs who died in England
daring 1535 1681. The map of Catholic Dioceses
and Missions of England and Wales lias been
reinstated.
Howe's Classified Directory to the Metropolitan
Charities, 1914, 1/ Longmans
A handbook containing information with
regard to Metropolitan charitable institutions,
with a list of charities in England and Wales in
the Appendix.
GENERAL.
Besant Annie), Superhuman Men in History
and in Religion, 2/ net
Theosophical Publishing Society
*mx lectures which were delivered in London
and Stockholm in June last year.
Essays and Studies presented to William Ridge-
way on his Sixtieth Birthday, edited by K. C.
Quiggin, 2."> 'net. Cambridge Univ. Press
\ miscellany of papers on the classics,
ancient arelueology, mediaeval literature and
history, anthropology, and comparative religion,
presented by Prof. Bidgeway's friends to cele-
brate his sixtieth birthday last August. There
are many illustrations.
Jinarajadasa (C), Flowers and Gardens (A
Dream Structure). 1
Adyar. Madras, Theosophical Publishing House
A dream of a L'topian country engaged in
child and flower culture, and governed by " Gar-
deners " who radiate power, wisdom, and love.
The aim of the little book is to show that men
need to be treated, not as bodies, but as souls,
and should be taught to live and " grow as
flowers grow."'
Life at Phillips Exeter, Bulletin of the Phillips
Exeter Academy, Vol. IX. No. '.i.
Exeter, New Hampshire, the Academy
This Bulletin presents a statement of the
educational policy and activities of the Academy,
and has illustrations from photographs.
Martin (Eva M .), The Secret of a Star, 3/
Adyar. Madras, Theosophical Publishing House
A fantastic allegory in which the god Hermes
plays an important part.
Pennington (Patience), A Woman Rice Planter.
•s 6 net. Macmillan
Au account of a woman's experiences on a
rice plantation in South Carolina, with an Intro-
duction by Mr. Owen Wister and illustrations.
Salvation Army Year-Book, 1914, edited by Cob
Theodore Kitching.
Salvation Army Book Department
A book of reference giving an account of
various features of the work of the Salvation
Army in the United Kingdom and abroad.
General BramweU Booth has contributed an
article, ' A Call for Officers,' and there are a few
illustrations.
Sharp (Henry A.), The Croydon Colliers, an
Old Local Industry, '.id. ' Norwood News '
An account of the industry formerly pursued
by charcoal-burners in the neighbourhood of
< roydon.
Trinda flvoni, Experience TEACHES some
Advice to Youths, and Incidentally to Young
Women, as to their Careers in Life, with Note-.
on Various Social and Commercial Problems,
2 <", net. sinipkin .v Marshall
The author writes on school, business, and
married life, on recreation and " things in general."
Ward (Bro. Arthur;, MASONIC SYMBOLISM AND
THE Mystic Way. a Series of Papers on the
True Secrets anil the Lost Word. 2/8 net.
Theosophical Publishing Society
These papers are addressed to Masons, and
the use of initials and blanks make, them unin-
telligible to those who are not initiated in the
Ma-one- ritual.
Wilson B. H.), Light in Gbby CORNERS, 1 net.
Foulii
Intimate talks to women, with illustrations
i many sources tie- Bible, the life oi
Helen Keller, and the legend of the Bound Table,
with • l '..sold by the Bev. John Kelman.
Wood (Ernest), Concentration, a Practical
Course, • >'/.
Adyar, Madras, Theosophical Publishing House
In ties booklet the author puts forward a
course of practices in concentration and medita-
tion. It is warmly recommended in a foreword
by Mrs. Besant.
SCIENCE.
Lowson's Text-Book of Botany, Indian EDITION'
adapted by M. Willis, with a Preface by J. c-
Willis, " University Tutorial Series,'' ti t;
Clive
Mrs. Willis has adapted Mr. Lowson's text-
book to the requirements of Indian students,
substituting plants found in India for those in
the text which would be unfamiliar to Indian
readers.
Royds (T.Fletcher), Tin: BEASTS, BIRDS, and Bees
of Virc.il, o7° net. Oxford, Blackwell
A commentary on the /.oology, ornithology,
and entomology contained in the ' Georgics,'
designed for the use of naturalist sand higher forms
at public schools. Mr. Warde Fowler has written
a Preface.
Zwanziger (Dr.), The Animal Kingdom, trans-
lated from the Original German Text 1>\ Gerard
K. Gude, 8/(> net. S.P.C.K.
This book is intended for young people, and
contains descriptions of typical representatives
of the more important families of animals, which
are illustrated with coloured plates.
FINE ARTS.
Calvert (Edward), Ten Spikitcal Desions, en-
larged from the Proofs of the Originals on
Copper, Wood, and Stone, 1827-1831.
Portland Maine, T. B. Mosher
The reproductions of these engravings are
mounted on rough blue paper, and are preceded
by 'A Brief Notice of Edward Calvert,' by Mr.
Herbert P. Home, reprinted from The Century
Guild Hobby Horse; extracts from The Alhe-
nceum, and passages from Calvert's ' Memoirs.'
Only 100 copies are issued.
MUSIC.
Manchester Public Libraries, List of Composi-
tions for the Organ and Harmonium in
the Henry Watson Music Library, compiled
by John F. llussell.
Manchester, Henry Watson Music Library
A catalogue, including recent additions to
the library, for the use of borrowers.
Wagner (Richard), Musical Dramas : Siegfried,
."> net; TwniGHT of the Gods. .-,,■ net;
Parsifal, 4/ net. Breitkopf & Hartel
The vocal score of these three operas is by
llerr Otto Singer, and the English translation
by Mr. Ernest Newman. Each has an Introduc-
tion by Herr Carl Waack.
DRAMA.
Gregory (Lady), Our Irish Theatre, a Chapter of
Autobiography, 5/ net. Putnam
A history of the Irish dramatic movement,
with a few illustrations.
Vidler (Edward A.), Tin: Bosk op Ravenna.
Melbourne. C. Robertson
A tragedy concerning Paolo and Francesca,
written in blank \ ei>e. The decorations are
by Mr. Walter Seed.
Who 's Who in the Theatre, a Biographical Record
of the Contemporary Stage) compiled and edited
by John Parker. 7 6 net . Pitman
"The chief new feature is a list of notable
plays and revivals produced in London from the
earliest tines, which has been compiled from Mr.
Parker's ' Dictionary of the Theatre.'
ENGLISH RENDERINGS OF FRENCB
POETRY.
Chapelles-Bourbon, par La lloussaye, Seine-et Marne.
1 am preparing an anthology of English
renderings from French poetry, so as to
give (as for as is possible bj translation)
a complete and adequate presentation oi
the finest lyrical work produced bj our
Gallic neighbours down to the year 1900.
May I, by your court* that I shall
be grateful to those lovers of French letters
wlio may can- to help mo by submitting
versions I These w ill be copied and ce
t limed to then- am at
Tin- French original should accompany
the rendering, and dale of birth ami death
oi the author be given, mile-, tie- writ
work i- ii "Hi standing celebrit y a to
render it i a ilj • ble tor referent i .
Wn.i uin Thorj i. v.
TO Till': Al THOfl OF ' THE GOLDEN
BOUGH o\ THE COMPLETION 01
THE FINAL EDITION.
Tin: Sowing pen is stayed, 'lie Bfidni
Flame
Flickers Lnquirj : " tun this be ' The End
Shall the brave Eyes that towards the- pa
bend—
Halt-closed as though to shun the f-'luro of
Fame ;
Shall they that scanned < OCh bud and tw'ifi
1 1 in t come
To enrich tin- Bough each of its lei
that send
Their glowing rays into the Dark and lend
A golden Lustre to a golden name. —
Forgo my light '.' Am I to burn no more.
NO longer to illume the Work that grew
Full three-ond-twenty years until it drew
The secret BOUl from m\ th and BOVage lo*
" Burn on, bright Flame," the humid I
reply,
"Nor fear' to burn, though Daylight flush
thesky." !•• W. Btb d
JULES CLARETIE
Whkn the news of the death of Jules
Claretie became known in Pans, one ot his
literary friends said : —
"Notre grande famille du journalisme riant
,1,. perdre un manic. Kile nerd aussi quelqui
chose de plus : un honune de Men, un homme He
cour.''
Claretie died on December 23rd at tie
age of 73, and in him France has tost
of her best-known literary figures. To h.<v<
been head of tin- Theatre Franca. s lor mark
thirty years was enough to have made any
man notable; but eve., before he occupied
that post he had made a reputation m several
other walks of life.
Ho was born at Limoges on December 3rd,
1840 and was educated at the Bonapartt
Lyceum in Pari-. Literature was his first
profession, as it was his last. In hw young
days he wrote for many French and Belgian
papers, Including the Figaro and the Jnde-
Uuhnre Edge. The tr ubles of 1866 took
hi,,, to Italv as a war correspondent, and m
ISO.") and 1868 he found troubles nearer a
home raised by the lectures which he had
delivered in Pan-.
In 1870 be WOS dramatic critic
V Opinion Nationale, and in the same j
he again ected a- a war correspondent—
this time with the French urm> at -Mel/.
After Sedan Gombetta made him B<
tary of the Commission on tie- papers ol toe
Imperial family ; and he al-.. organized
libraries and lecture halls m each "t <"•'
twenty orrondii omenta ol Pat
In 1870 he was for a Bhort time in com
mand of tie- second battalion ol the volun-
teers of the National Guard, .md h.~ experi-
ences were afterwards related in tw » voluj
He e,. in., i of the fighting around I an
and a- a„ officer ... th- frtafl
uith the aid. de-camp ol th- ( rown I ru
of Prussia for the re v .1 ol the dead a
the battle-field of Buaem
h, ISTI he mdidatc in ih« I >•
menl of Hauli-Vieim-. but w ■ •- » •
He nev. rwnrd triod I
men., but devoted I
and to the writing oi I * K*T»bl.
[n the days when ,, u... .i.o to how
RepubUcon vi
|
I, , iimmer, and his retiren ont from
14
Til E A Til ENiEUM
No. 4497, Jan.
11)14
theatre — which had been talked of for
years— was carried into effect a few months
before he died.
He crammed an enormous mass of work
into a life which barely exceeded the allotted
" three score years and ten." It is hard to
realize that as long ago as 1862 he had
published his first novel, and that when he
was 26 a book called ' Un Assassin ' (after-
wards republished under the title of ' Robert
Burat ') had attracted favourable attention.
His ' Histoire des Derniers Montagnards,'
issued about the same time, drew from no
less a critic than Michel et the remark,
" Ce livre m'a fait frissonner " — a commenda-
tion which ensured the immediate success
of the young writer.
He was elected a member of the Academie
Francaise in 1889, and his literary output
was immense. His own writings fill many
shelves, and the list of his publications
covers pages in a library catalogue. His
friend M. Henri Roujon, in a charming
article in Le Temps, has dealt with some of
the work of this novelist, dramatic author,
historian, and critic ; and of M. Claretie's
' Le Drapeau ' he has said that it deserves
to be read aloud every year to all the school-
children of France. Claretie's articles in
the newspapers were known to every
Frenchman, and his light touch gained him
masses of readers. Perhaps nothing that
he has written is destined to live, and it is
as head of the house of Moliere that he is
likely to be longest remembered.
He was 45 years old when, in 1885, he
became Director of the Theatre Francais.
The difficulties of the head of a national
theatre in the capital of a country like France
can easily be imagined. It has been stated
that when he first entered on his work at the
Comedie Francaise, Alexandre Dumas said
to him : —
" N'oublioz pas, mon cher, que tout ici est
d'eloupe, avec des amours-propres qui prennent
feu comrne les decors non ignifug£s. N'oubliez
pas que ce qui vous parait etre au loin un petit
nuage rose peut se changer brusquement en
bourrasque. Jtappelez-vous encore ceci : vous
oroyez vous appuyer sur une colonnette de marbre ;
vous vous y appuyez ; e'est du carton ou e'est
du sable."
Troubles came soon enough, and it was
not long before Claretie counted as many
enemies in France as there were incom-
petent or unfortunate authors. He dealt
kindly with them, as may be seen by a
remark addressed to him by M. Richepin
on Claretie's promotion in the Legion of
Honour : —
" Je ne sais, s'il faut vous appliquer la m6taphore
d 'usage : la main de fer dans un gant de velours.
Je dis tout bonnement que votre main £tait la
main loyale d'un ami."
In England he had many friends, and
some dated from the time when, in 1893,
he brought the Comedie Francaise to London
— an occasion when our old friend and
dramatic critic, Joseph Knight, was much
in evidence, as he had been when the com-
pany paid its first visit to London during
the Siege of Paris in 1870 — a visit which was
chiefly due to Knight's own efforts.
Those who were fortunate enough to be
of Claretie's friends will remember pleasant
hours spent in his box at his theatre, which
he placed freely at their disposal. They
will appreciate the words M. Roujon has
used of him: "Bonte, incorrigible bonte,
bonte encore, bonte toujours"; and they
will not forget that " Pardonner, oublier, no
point hair, e'etait plus fort que lui. II etait
bon."
THE BOOK SALES OF 1913.
Part I.
If we assume the truth of the doc-
trine of Averages, the book sales of the
year that has just come to its close will be
remembered as being in the aggregate the
most important that have so far been chro-
nicled among us. Nearly seventy high-class
libraries or collections of books were dis-
persed, and these realized a grand total of
about 200,000/., a sum never before equalled
in a corresponding period in this country.
In this estimate no account is taken of
numerous small and unimportant sales
which have been held from time to time.
Taking those of the higher class — upon
which alone implicit reliance can be placed — ■
we find that the average sum realized per
lot in the auctioneers' catalogues works out
at 51. 0s. 8d., the nearest approach to it
being 51. 0s. 2d. in 1912, and the next highest
41. 4s. 2d. in 1907, when the important
libraries of Mr. van Antwerp, Mr. S. M.
Samuel, and Sir Henry Mildmay, as well as a
number of notable miscellaneous collections,
were brought to the hammer.
This system of surveying the year's
activities by means of a contrast of average
prices can only be made practically useful
when it is based upon the results of a series
of years, and the longer the series, the more
likely are the results to reflect the compara-
tive degree of importance attained at any
particular period of time. Some authorities
decry averages as disclosing nothing, or, in
the alternative, anything which the com-
piler wishes to prove, but they would seem
to be incontrovertible when based on con-
tinuous records. These date from 1893,
when an average sum of 11. 6s. Id. was regis-
tered, the amount gradually increasing to
21. 19s. 5d. in 1899, but falling at the time
of the Boer War, recovering to 31. Is. lOd.
immediately after its conclusion, and then,
with a short interval of quiescence, attribut-
able no doubt to a species of " wait-and-see "
policy very natural in the circumstances,
forging ahead until it has at length reached
the highest point so far recorded.
All this proves that in times of national
stress valuable books, like many other
things, are held back on account of the pre-
vailing unrest and uncertainty, though this
does not affect the average to the extent
that might be supposed on a superficial
view of the situation. Rather does it
explain the reasons that regulate its fluctua-
tions, for all kinds of books, valuable or the
reverse, are brought into the calculation,
which in time works out to a dead level,
and then it is found that the tendency of
the best among them is to increase in value
rather than the reverse.
Of late this has been very noticeable, not
only in the case of the Huth Library, which
has been dispersed as far as the letter
"' H," but also in every other direction as
well. Given a book of some degree of
rarity and of a very desirable kind, its price
in the market is, as a rule, increasing. That
is because it is wanted by many collectors,
some of whom do not seem to care much
what they pay. This is more particularly
the case with regard to manuscripts, books
possessing a personal interest, and those
" presentation copies " which have at some
time or other been given away by their
authors or others who, like them, had at-
tained an exceptionally high position in the
walk of life they had made their own. The
Browning collections of manuscripts and
printed books, sold by Messrs. Sotheby in
May last for a total sum exceeding 21,000Z.,
afford a very good illustration of the
commercial possibilities of " presentation
copies." Some of the prices realized on
that occasion were described in the press
as " ridiculous and absurd,"' yet every-
thing points to the conclusion that, were
similar circumstances to arise in the future,
the prices would be exceeded, for all the
manuscripts in the collection and most of tin1
printed books were unique in the sense that
they were ear-marked by written inscrip-
tions or signatures. Such books, whether
written throughout or in print, cannot often
be got when wanted. Some of them, indeed,
will never be seen again outside the walls
of the public libraries into which they have
found their way, while those that may be
available are sure to become more and more
notable as the jrlamour surrounding them
intensifies with the passing of time. These
are factors which make for still higher prices
in the case of books like these, for they are
fundamental, and not affected to any extent
by change of fashion or the prejudice of
individuals.
Other classes of books are in a similar
position, among them the well-known Ameri-
cana, which have long been in favour at
ever-increasing prices. These works, which
relate to the American continent, are in
great request, no matter where printed,
and, generally, the older they are the
better, for an obvious reason. At one
time seventeenth-century books of this
character, though never numerous, were
fairly well distributed, but now they are
not to be had except on rare occasions, and,
as invariably happens when a whole class
is involved to such an extent as this, what
may be called the " right " date is put for-
ward. It used to be said that Americana
printed prior to 1720 or thereabouts were
sure to be " right," but nowadays 1799 is
substituted for 1720, and affords a very fair
line of demarcation ; broken in parts, it
is true, but substantial enough in the face
of an ever-growing interest and a corre-
sponding demand. The suggestion is, that
when very old books of a given class can
no longer be got, either at all or except at
great expense, attention begins to be directed
to other books of a similar kind, though more
modern and less costly. The arrival of the
twentieth century invested most things with
an added weight of years, and the eighteenth
century seems far more remote than it did
a couple of decades ago. This is but an
illusion which a simple calculation would
dispel ; still the calculation is rarely made,
and in popular imagination time suddenly
leaped onward by a hundred years.
As with Americana, so, though at a re-
spectful distance as yet, with those early
printed books referring to our Colonies.
They, too, have their libraries, and it is but
natural that those who control them should
seek to acquire books of local interest, and
what the libraries do openly the collector is
almost certain to imitate in private. Books
of this class are also advancing in price, for
there is a growing anxiety to obtain them
while there is time and the opportunity
remains. They should, however, be as old as
circumstances warrant. Some of these books
were printed in Europe at an early date, but
the Colonies themselves were not so far
advanced. The first book printed in South
Africa, for instance, appeared as recently as
1814, and Tasmania and Australia pub-
lished nothing till four or five years later.
At present the collector's line in these cases
is drawn at about 1850, but here again time
is tripping along.
Needless to say, English-printed books of
an early period, whether in verse or prose,
are in great demand as examples of typo-
graphy, or for their classic interest, or for
both reasons combined, while original, and
in some cases early, editions of the recog-
N
4497, -Ian. 3, l!»14
T II B A Til K\ .El' M
L.1
ni/fd classics of more modern time? are
erly sought for. Six months ago as
much as 3002. was paid for Goldsmith's
'Threnodia Augustalis,' printed in 177i\
yet, from the collector's standpoint, the
copy was not immaculate. It had been cut
down at the top and gilded.
Below the medley of dates of which those
mentioned an- merely instances there is a
solid foundation of tact from which there is
no escape. There is no avoiding the con-
clusion that tlie vast majority of books
casually met with are of no consequence
from a marketable point of view. or. indeed.
from any other standpoint, though there
still remains an immense tield which has
t i he traversed with extreme caution. Jt
may he said that, generally, if a hook has
some definite message to deliver, and
handles the subject well, it is entitled to its
"place in the sun."" even although such
message may not coincide with the opinions
held by succeeding generations, and it is
really tins analysis of its merits, past or
present, which is the test of its importance
to-day. Should any one dispute this, let
him halt at the first street stall he comes
across and take stock of the derelicts lie will
find there. A few books so encountered
may be useful even yet. though time has
passed them by and rendered them of little
account ; but nearly all will be found to
treat of trifling matters or of things of no
interest, or of nothing in particular, or to be
mere shreds and patches of other and much
more capable works, or to belong to inferior
editions got up for sale at a cheap rate, or
to consist of books of reference long since
discarded as obsolete, and the like. The
world's library is choked with such waifs
and strays as these. They are, of course, of
all grades, for even inferiority has its com-
parisons, but there is no doubt at all that
the object lesson will prove useful, if only to
supply such comparisons and to adorn a tale.
Many of the sales held during the past year
have supplied materia! for differentiating the
various classes into which books are divided,
and for distributing their grades, and it is
usually the less important among them that
give the most information in these respects.
The Athenaeum has tabulated from time to
time the results of many sales of every degree
of interest, and if nothing but lists of prices
were involved, there would certainly be no
necessity to refer to them again, as they are
readily accessible. There is. however, a
value in retrospection, especially when forti-
fied with explanatory details, and that has
always been to a greater or lesser extent the
justification for this article, which has ap-
peared early in each year since 1888. The
period of time thus covered is. indeed, short
when contrasted with the life of Th< Athe-
m itself, but it is long when viewed from
the standpoint oi continuous appearance.
The first important sale of the year was
held by Messrs. Botheby on January 13th
and two following day-, and wa- referred to
in The Athena um of the 25th of thai month,
on p. lbl. The -ale was of a miscellaneous
character, and the total sum realized was
.-pread very evenly over a large catalogue.
More important, though not so extensive,
was the library of the late Mr. Herbert Pry,
which, with other properties, was sold by
Messrs. Puttick & Simpson on January 23rd
and L'4th. This realized 1.822/. tor 638 lot-,.
the chiei nature- being the holograph
manuscript of Six Sonnets by Oscar Wilde.
with the title 'Impressions du Theatre,1
written on six folio I' <•;/. ; Alexandre
Dumaa'e original manuscript of ' Le Quar-
ante-Cinq,' the first Beven chapter- on seventy
.'7/ : .md what may some of these
day- turn out to be the actual first edition
in book-form of 'Robinson Crusoe.9 it i-
a small 8vo. printed in 1710 " for the Book-
Sellers of London and Westminster," and
bears the title -The Life- and Strange Sur-
prizing Adventure- of Robeson Cruso.'
This ••()'" edition, as it has come to be
called, was discovered by Dr. Laidkw
Purves some ten or twelve years ago dis-
covered, that is to say, to he specially noted,
for the same copy which realized 11. lav.
on this occasion had belonged to Lord
Townshend, whose library was sold in 1882.
Much has been written about this book since
Dr. Purves called attention to it in a pam-
phlet, and some authorities have denounced
it as a piracy, which, to say the least . is highly
improbable. As to this, 'see The Athenaeum
of April 11th and 18th, 1903, where the
subject is discussed at length.
A sale held at Sotheby's on February .'lid
and two following days was productive of
more than 2,0001. (see Athm., Feb. 15, p. 189);
and on February 11th and following days
one of the three most important sales of the
year took place in the same rooms. This
was of the library of the lato Mr. George
Dunn of Maidenhead. The collection of
early manuscripts and printed books relating
to English law, perhaps the most important
in private hands, was sold en bloc to Messrs.
Sweet & Maxwell for 3,750/.; and then came
a long series of early manuscripts and
printed books of a severely classical cha-
racter, among them being one unment ioned
by the bibliographers, and probably unique.
This was the ' Doctrinale, seu Grammatics
Latina.' of Alexander GaJlus, printed some
time during the fifteenth century, but with-
out name of printer, place, or date. This
realized 500/., and was secured by Mr.
Quariteh, who for the same amount obtained
a manuscript at one time in the collection
of the Duca di Cassano-Serra, and after-
wards in that of the Earl of Ashburnham.
It seems to have been written by an Italian
scribe during the fourteenth century, and
discourses of the virtues of the baths of
Baiae and Puteoli. The Dunn Sale was
fully reported in The Athenaeum of February
22nd, p. 221, and there is no occasion to
refer to it in detail again.
The library of the late Sir Raymond West
and other properties were sole! by Messrs.
Hodgson on February 12th and two follow-
ing days, the amount realized being nearly
1,200/. On this occasion a most interest
ing collection of forged Shakespearian signa-
tures and deeds, the work of W. H. Ireland.
brought 21/. lO.s. They comprised ' The
Confession of Faith'; the Letter to Anne
Hathaway; the alterations in ' King Lear"
and 'Hamlet'; and Ireland's printed an-
nouncement relating to Ma lone"-, " [ n founded
Assertions." i-sued on the very eve of the
production of ' Vortigern '- that " solemn
mockery" which gave Inland his quietus.
Yet he once wrote an anthem which was
privately printed at Paris, and was very
nearly mistaken for Shakespeare himself.
The library of Mr. R. A. Potts of St.
James's Terrace, N.W., sold on February
20th and following day, wa- noticeable for
many important works by Blake, Edward
FitzGerald, Lamb, and Shelley. Ii we
typical English library of the better cl
A copy of the first edition of FitzGerald -
translation of the ' Rubaiyat ' of Omar Khay-
yam. 1859, fetched <i-'/. (morocco exf
with the original cover- hound in) and an
unbound copy of Shelley's ' Epipsychidiou
went for •'!"•'. The lasl days of February
witnessed the Bale ol a collection of hooks
illustrating British and Foreign Military
•iime. formed by the late Mr. s. M. Milne
of Calverley Hon-'. Leeds. A number of
engravings, lithographs, and other pri
all oi a military character, were included,
and the amount realized for the whole collec-
tion was more than ."..illlll/. (see Ali
.March 8, p. 291 ). Print i ol this chara
w ere generally issued in a sen.-, in book-form,
and are therefore classed collective!} a
books, and the prices some oi them realize
seem extraordinary at first -il'Iu. rims on
this occasion Ankermann's eras ol sixty-
ono coloured plates, w ith fifteen formi
New Series, and ten extra plates, making
altogether eighty--i\ plates, all e\cept, one
coloured, fetched Kid/. The explanation,
that sets complete or approximately
inosf difficult tO meet with, there hem
steady demand for even single prints ol this
character. Each regiment is naturally inter-
ested the most in us own records, and thus
it i- that series gel broken and tin print -
that, compose them distributed, and wlcn
once broken they can be reconstituted only
after immense labour and at great I
J. ttZRBBBX M.MI.H.
THE HEAD MASTERS' CONFERENI E.
Over sixty head master- gathered
Reading School lor the forty-first annual
Conference, on Tuesday and Wednesday m
last week. The Rev. \V. < '. Eppstein, head
master of the school, presided.
The chief feature oi Tuesday's proce dings
was an address by Sir J. A. )•;» ing, Director of
Naval Education, on the admission of public-
school boys to naval cadetahipa Hitherto
the naval tradition had been to take boys
at an age when they owed little or nothing
to public - school training. There was no
intention of departing from the Bcheme "'
1903, which accepted hoy- at the natural
break between the private school and the
public. Since that scheme was instituted.
however, the Navy had been largely de-
veloped, and there were new claims which
could not have been taken into account then
— those, for instance, of tin- submarine
Service, the air service, and the Dominion
navies. All this meant the need for a
larger supply of lieutenants. It took only
two years to build a battleship, while it
took nine to make a naval officer, entering
at the usual age for O.sboiiie. So the m-w
plan was adopted i^\' taking hoy- into the
Navy from the public school- when they
had completed their education there -from
the age of 17! to IS!. This allowed onlj
brief period for professional training, but the
Admiralty hoped, by adopting competitive
selection, to secure boys "t sufficient ability
to overcome this handicap. A good general
education was desired, with a bias towards
mathematics, physics, and mechanics, and
the examination was named on the lines
of that lor entry to Woolwich, except thai
the candidate wa- not required to '■ tab. i
certain minimum iii all the compulsory
subjects. A paper on elemental*; • n
lie, ring would he added to the Woolwtoh
scheme, a- an attempt t" attract boys who
had a special hent that wa\. and give
preference to those who had studied pi
engineering at school. Knowled tlio
kind wa- obvious)} needed "'i board I
modern war-hip. with it- multitude oi mi
chanical can rh am
This scheme of special enti aly
-tarted tin- \ ear, w hen fort) ■ I
u ere taken tor i raining. In 191 I about
s,\<v would l.e accepted, and probably
d nun, her m 1915 and 1916, d I
which the Admiraltj wa ■"
t inue t h ent.
|)i , Oil the addle ' im It- d.
hut a numb r "i quo tea, ■ Sir
.1. Ew u 11} con i '■■■ < "
neering pap<
Mr. I: I
School, Birrnii ' Dr.
16
Til E ATII EN.EUM
No. 4497, Jan. 3, 1014
Lyttelton (Eton) seconded, a motion that
was unanimously adopted, and heartily
welcomed the establishment of the Teachers'
Registration Council.
Dr. David (Rugby) proposed the forma-
tion of a committee to consider co-operation
in the national scheme of education. The
Rev. L. Ford (Harrow) seconded, but after
some discussion an amendment to the same
effect, but in somewhat more sympathetic
form, proposed by Mr. A. L. Francis (Blun-
■dell's), was carried. A select committee
is to consider the matter.
Mr. F. Fletcher (Charterhouse) moved a
resolution reaffirming the general approval
■of the suggested new regulations for Re-
sponsions at Oxford, and hoping for similar
reforms in the Previous Examination at
Cambridge. The Rev. C A. Alington
(Shrewsbury) seconded, and the resolution
was passed nem. con., a rider being added,
■on the proposal of Dr. Lyttelton and the
Rev. A. W. Upcott (Christ's Hospital), that
no reform at either University would be
satisfactory so long as Greek was retained
as a compulsory subject.
Wednesday was largely devoted to private
business, but the pronunciation of Latin
was the subject of an interesting discussion
begun by the Rev. H. C. White (Bradfield).
He showed that there was no standard pro-
nunciation either in public or private
schools, and declared that there was no
place in the world where Latin was more
variously or villainously pronounced than
at Oxford. On the public schools the re-
sponsibility of settling the question rested,
and the pronunciation ought to be that
adopted by the Classical Association. He
brought forward a motion on these lines
in order to attain uniformity, which the
seconder (Mr. F. Fletcher) said was abso-
lutely essential for the sake of their common
■education, and after some discussion it was
passed by thirty-one votes to seventeen.
" DEAR WORTHY."
17, Campden Grove, Kensington, W.
December 30, 1913.
I notice that in my lines ' Before the
•Cradle,' appearing in your issue of the 27th
iilt., the word " dearworthy " has been
printed as two separate words, and I should
be glad if you could spare space in your
columns to correct this.
I made the acquaintance of the word,
which seems to me a distinctly beautiful one,
in Julian of Norwich's ' Revelations of
Divine Love,' a work, I believe, of the four-
teenth century. On consulting Murray's
' New English Dictionary ' I find five
instances quoted (including Chaucer, Boeth.,
II. i. 31), ranging from c. 1300 to c. 1485.
Julian of Norwich uses the word frequently.
G. Rostbevor Hamilton.
*Hc* We greatly regret that a proof-
reviser mistook the author's mark de-
siring more space between the last line
and the signature for a direction to divide
the word " dearworthy."
BOOK SALE.
Messrs. Sotheby's sale on Monday, December
•22nd, included the following books : Audubon,
Birds of America, 7 vols., 1840-44, 35/. Cob-
bett's Parliamentary History of England, Han-
sard's Parliamentary Debates, &c, 417 vols.,
1803-1900, 64/. Stevenson's Works, Pentland
Edition, 20 vols., 1906-7, 20/. Churchyard, A
revyving of the deade by verses that foloweth,
1591, apparently an unrecorded work by this
author — in one volume with Simon Segar's Booke
of Honor and Armes, 1590, and Wyrley's True
Use of Armorie, 1592, 68/. Durer, The Little
Passion, 16 plates, 1508-13, 54/. Gould, Birds
of Great Britain, 5 vols., 1873, 35/. ; Birds of
Europe, 5 vols., 1837, 54/.
The total of the sale was 835/. 12.*.
Literature and learning are, as usual,
sparsely represented in the New Year's
Honours. We congratulate Mr. Owen
Seaman and Mr. Robert Blair, Education
Officer of the London County Council
since 1904, on their knighthoods. Mr.
James Bryce, who becomes a Viscount, is
not only an ex-ambassador, but also an
accomplished writer and historian. Sir
Harold Harmsworth, who is raised to a
barony, endowed the Cambridge Profes-
sorship of English, and is largely inter-
ested in Liberal journalism.
Science is represented by Sir Archibald
Geikie, who receives the Order of Merit,
and Prof. Ernest Rutherford, who becomes
a Knight.
The proceedings at the meeting of the
Classical Association on the 12th and 13th
inst. will include, on Monday, a paper by
Mr. R. W. Livingstone on ' The Teaching
of the Classics as Literature,' a lantern
lecture by Mr. W. C. P. Anderson on
' The Underworld and the Way there,'
and a performance of selected Idylls of
Theocritus by the Bedford College Greek
Play Society.
On Tuesday, besides the Presidential
Address of Sir F. G. Kenyon, there will
be papers by Prof. Ridgeway, ' The
Origin of Greek Tragedy, illustrated
from the Dramas of non-European Races,'
and Miss F. M. Stawell, ' The Scamander
Ford in the Iliad,' and a lantern lecture
by Mrs. S. A. Strong on classical antiqui-
ties in American Museums.
The January Nineteenth Century con-
tains eight hitherto unpublished letters
from Jane Welsh to Thomas Carlyle,
which have been discovered since Mr.
John Lane brought out the collec-
tion of love-letters in 1909. They have
in as great a degree as any the vivacity
and the strenuous egoism a deux with
which readers of Jane Welsh's letters are
already familiar, and though they do not
add anything particular to our knowledge
of her or Carlyle, we are glad that Mr.
Alexander Carlyle has promptly given
them to the public in an authentic tran-
script.
The excellent summary of ' The Books
of 1913 ' in The Publishers' Circular again
announces a " Record Year," and those
who rejoice in mere numbers can point to
an increase of 312 books on the total of
1912. 12,379 books were issued, of which
1,696 appeared in October. The follow-
ing figures show the marked increase as
compared with last year's output in
various sections : Religion, 91 ; Sociology,
216 ; Technology, 113 ; and Travel and
Geography, 144. Fiction, apart from
juvenile literature, reached 2,504 books,
which is 40 more than last year. That
a great many of these publications are
superfluous, if not useless and inadequate,
no sensible person denies. Insensate com-
petition accounts for some of them. Pub-
lishers flatter one another by imitation,
but do not appear to be on sufficiently
good terms to prevent the issue of two or
more books at once on the same subject.
This may mean a sad record of wasted
time for an author, and is not to the
advantage of anybody.
Ox Saturday, December 27th, the eve
of his eightieth birthday, Lord Burnham,
the principal proprietor of The Daily
Telegraph, was presented with an address,
signed by 253 representatives of the
leading newspapers of this country and
America, as well as by those of several
French and German journals, expressing
their sense of the services he has rendered
to journalism during his long career.
War is raging among French historians.
M. Aulard, professor at the Sorbonne,
accuses M. Langlois, the Keeper of the
Paris Archives, of having destroyed im-
portant documents relating to the history
of education in the nineteenth century.
M. Langlois answers that the documents
are duplicates, and were destroyed in con-
formity to regulations ; and he retorts by
announcing that a complaint is lodged
against M. Aulard by two historians,
MM. Augustin Cochin and Ernest d'Haute-
rive,"who have discovered that M. Aulard
or his secretary has made annotations on
documents concerning the period of the
Revolution.
Last Sunday, in Paris, a ceremony
took place which passed almost un-
noticed. A few men of letters as-
sembled in the Rue des Bons-Enfants in
order to set a commemorative inscription
on the house which occupies the site of
the Hotel de la Baziniere, the birthplace
of La Rochefoucauld in 1613.
The Scottish Historical Review is opened
for 1914 by Prof. Hume Brown, who
deals with Scottish intellectual influence
on the Continent. Mr. Baird Smith
writes on William Barclay, father of the
author of ' Argenis ' ; and Mr. T. D. Robb
on the ' Priests of Peebles.' Dr. G.
Neilson edits the first chapter of a MS.
memoir by Scot of Scotstarvet.
Mr. J. Weeks, the author of ' Among
Congo Cannibals,' has written another
book on the primitive folk of Equatorial
Africa. He has spent practically the
whole of his life in that region, and he
has made a careful study of the languages,
customs, habits, and belief in witchcraft,
sorcery, and fetishism. The book is illus-
trated with interesting photographs, and
will be published immediately by Messrs.
Seeley & Service.
We regret to learn of the death of Mr.
Henry Whyte, well known under the pen-
name " Fionn " as a Celtic scholar, Avho
died at Glasgow at the age of 61. His
work includes a long series of contribu-
tions to Highland periodicals, translations
from Gaelic literature into English, and a
number of volumes on Celtic subjects.
His interest in Gaelic music was equally
great, and we owe to him the preservation
of many Highland melodies, as well as
many tales and traditions connected with
the pipes and famous pipers. His con-
tributions to Gaelic literature were recog-
nized by a Civil List pension in 1906.
tso. 4497, Jan. 3, HM4
Til E AT II K\ .]•; I M
I
SCIENCE
The Courtship of Animals. By \Y. P.
Pycraft. (Hutchinson & Co.)
.Mu. Pvckaft's preceding volume was
concerned with ' The Infancy of Animals ' ;
in the present one he deals with their
" courtship.'* At a time when sex-prob-
lems occupy so much space among schemes
for the regeneration of humanity, he
considers that it would not be amiss if a
greater number of people were ac-
quainted with the habits and instincts of
the animal world in this respect, since the
springs of behaviour in each are the same.
After a general introduction, he passes
in review the love-making of primitive
man and other mammalia ; the courtship
of birds, amphibia, fishes, and many
insects, and the habits resulting therefrom,
such as polygamy, polyandry, &c. The
observations recorded are followed by a
discussion as to the interpretations to be
put upon them. The book abounds in
curious facts of natural history, but the
suggested explanations are sometimes
unsatisfying. Take, for instance, the
origin of the lion's mane. Darwin sup-
posed it was evolved as a protection to the
male in fighting for its mate, but, if so,
other felines should possess it. Another
hypothesis is that it is a protection
against cold, but the lioness is exposed
to similar temperatures, and it is not a
satisfactory explanation to be told that
" we must regard a low temperature as
conducive to the growth of long hair,
when a natural tendency to produce this
is present." Again, in discussing the
origin of horns the author considers we
have an intelligible basis for the explana-
tion of horn development if we regard it
' as an inherent diathesis of the ungulate
somatoplasm." Such a statement, how-
ever, does not convey much additional
information. These instances are not
quoted in any way to depreciate 31 r.
Pycraft's work, much of which is both
original and valuable, but simply to show
how difficult it is satisfactorily to account
for some of the commonest facts in nature.
Under the term " courtship of animals,"
Mr. Pycraft includes not only a
description of the various secondary
sexual characters and their uses — such
as horns, tusks, and spurs, vocal sounds,
the nuptial dress of birds, and ornamental
displays — but also, as far as is possible,
a physiological analysis of the underlying
causes. Darwin attempted, in part, to
explain the attributes of sex by his theory
of sexual selection. Be Suggested that
the resplendent courting plumage of
mane male birds, or the dances and dis-
play- of others, were intended to charm
the female, who gave herself to the tUOSl
pleasing suitor. Weapons of offence, <>n
the other hand -as those mentioned
abbv< — he considered as another form of
sexual selection, in which the Female
remained passive, but became the prize of
the victor in the combats between the
males. This theory, though ao doubl
partly true, has met with much opposition.
The late Dr. Wallace was one of its
sternest critics, but his own hypothesis,
that these characters in the male were due
to his superabundant vitality, did aol seem
a sufficient explanation. Mr. I'm raft
suggests a modification of Darwin's theory
based upon later knowledge. He de-
scribes the secondary sexual characters as
"expression points'' of germinal varia-
tions. _ Though the exciting cause of these
variations is still unknown, he is probably
correct in considering thai the '" hor-
mones," or internal secretions of the
primary and secondary sexual glands,
when taken up by the blood, have a
marked influence in their production.
It is now apparent that much which was
formerly attributed to sexual selection is
in reality due to the action of these glands.
Mr. Pycraft believes that they not only
govern the purely ornamental coloration
of animals, but also are responsible for
those of protective resemblance and warn-
ing. The pituitary body and thyroid
gland exercise a marked control over
growth, and the author considers that
they are no less intimately concerned
with the behaviour of animals. There
is a considerable amount of evidence in
favour of these views, and they render
intelligible much that was previously
difficult to understand. But that they
do not represent the whole truth may be
shown by citing a case of unilateral de-
velopment of secondary male characters
in a Formosan pheasant, which was
exhibited by Dr. C. J. Bond at the recent
meeting of the British Association. If
the development of the secondary sexual
characters were solely caused by the
circulation in the blood of the internal
secretions of these glands, it is impossible
to understand why, as in this instance,
they should appear upon one side only
of the body. Mr. Pycraft, indeed, admits
that these variations and differences in
behaviour are as yet by no means under-
stood. He shows, as in his former work,
that they occur first in the male, and are
then passed on to the female and to the
young, till ultimately both sexes and all
stages are once more alike.
Some of Mr. Pycraft's conclusions —
based upon his studies of the animal
world — are a little old-fashioned. He
considers that man's brain capacity is
greater than woman's, and that she retains
more of the primitive characters of the
race. To find the onward tendency of
evolution, the latest developments, we
turn to the male.
"Civilization fhe says] is making for
extinction as much as over-specialization in
the case of the lower animals. Hitherto,
save in the case of decaying nations, women
have played bul a minor pari in what we
may call the ' t ribal ' affairs <>i the i
Among the civilized nations of to-day, in
proportion as the 'maleness' <>i' the com-
munity becomes more and more effet* ....
so the influence of i he femnl elf.
And recenl events among us show plainly
enough thai thai influent e is 1 he rei i
(.1 good.
These are burning questions and we
refrain from criticism, though we d
agree with the authoi - firsi sent m
A word of praise La deserved by the
numerous illustrations, which are a g]
help to the tmderotanding of the t. \t
ixi'i.i i:\z \.
81, Truman Road, Rarlafleld, 8.W., Dae.
As you have published (December 1 3th)
B l'e\ lew o! |,I\ httle hook ' I 1 1 1 1 1 |eri/.;i . i
I relj on you courteously to allow m<
point out in the columns of 7'A« Athena
certain mistakes and misstatements made
i'\ j our n \ lew er !
1. The re\ iewer asserts thai the a.i\ ice
contained in my hook " La dan for
those who have had no professional train-
ing," and thai "prescriptions are given
which contain potent drugs, md harm
mighl easily be done it' their employmenl
were Left in the unskilled hands of tl
for whom this section of the book appears
to be written. \ow p. i:ts oi my hook
is devoted almost entirely to 'The Polly
oi Self - Doctoring,' and I
distinctly on the same page thai I
drugging "is a very unwise undertakii
excepl in those comparatively rare cases in
which professional aid is unobtainable and the
urgency of the case justifies the risk entailed.1
Again, on p. 141 I point oul thai " the besl
advice thai can be given to any one pre-
senting the initial symptoms of influenza
during an epidemic of that di-ei-,- j,,
to bed, and send for a doctor ami a m.
Further, on p. L56 I warn my readers thai
certain drugs— ant ifehrin. iintipyrine, saln-in
— which 'any one can obtain tor a few p< i
and without a prescription, "are far too
depressant in their action to he advocated
for general use in severe attacks of influenza. '
Finally, nowhere in my hook do 1 advia
the use of, or give a prescription for, a
potent drug that a respectable ehemisl
would dispense without the signed prescrip-
tion of a registered medical man 1 I >■
your reviewer consider that the reading
public of this country is composed entirely
of fools and forgers ?
2. The use of alcohol. Your reviewer
states : —
" Alcohol is recommended in considerable quanta
ties, for the writer says, ' It mual always l>e borne
in mind that so long as the tone oi t be oil oolaton
and nervous syBtema is improved, the alcohol u
doin}? good, hut that direotly .i ten l< di \ to ooma
appears or the breath acquires i di tin tly aloo
hobo odour, the stimulant must be stopped.
Now the passage quoted by your reviewer
has nothing whatever to do with the ad-
ministration of alcohol in large quantities.
It occurs at the end of a pat tgraph on
'Depression and Prostration (pp. 163 i .
and is, in reality, a summai ■
opinion of tl< celebrated Dr. Rol I // Ut 1 1
an tin treatment of tht sympi
Honed, wht n tl" ■/ occur <
infectious disease {v. ' Food at Dieteti
by Hutchison ). I lad I ii"' imitted
meiit ion 1 1 utchisoi
would probably have lefi tl in
question Ij aloni
in u Inch I reC( 'lie 'lid the I
on t he .iiit horil y of Mm hell, I3i ml
Sutherland (r. pp. 164, 18 . '
I venture to opine thai
conaiderat ions w ill aol fail to nj
impartial reader
\ ollf |. \ lew I I
tone, and hi leadii
% * Our re\ i.
his (in t id' il
'Mil,'',, (I I II
\\ III' m full I
a d;
and mil
18
TIT E A Til ENiEUM
Xo. 44<)7, Jan. 3, 1914
SOCIETIES.
Royal Numismatic. — Dec. 18. — Sir Honry II.
Iloworth, President, in the chair. — Messrs. V. B.
Orowther-Benyon, Richard Dalton, Robert Kerr,
and R. J. Williams were proposed for election.
Exhibitions : by Mr. J. G. Milne, a tetradrachm
of Smyrna, obv. head of Cybele r., and rev. lion
recumbent r. of the magistrate Herodotus ; by
Mr. L. G. P. Messenger, a small bronze medallion
of Antoninus Pius, rev. Hercules standing in front
of an altar, behind him a column surmounted by
a. statue (Gnecchi, pi., cxlix. 1) ; by the Rev. Edgar
Rogers, three Jewish bronze coins of Eleazar — one
of the usual type of the first year of the " deliver-
ance of Jerusalem," and two new types of the
" redemption of Israel " ; by Mr. Henry Symonds,
a, secona brass of Vespasian, rev. pax AUG ; a first
brass of Titus, rev. pietas ; a first brass of Cara-
oalla, rev. vict. brit., and a third brass of Allectus,
rev. virtus AUG. of the London minti all found
in Dorset.
Mr. J. Allan read a paper on the English imita-
tion of an Arab dinar usually known as the
mancus of Offa, which has recently been acquired
by the British Museum. This piece is a very good
copy of a dinar of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur
of the year 157 a.h. (774 a.d.>, with the addi-
tional legend offa hex. Offa probably became
acquainted with the Arab dinars through inter-
course between England and France, as they are
known to have circulated in the Carolingian
empire ; he might even have received them from
Charlemagne, as gold coins seem to have been
included among the presents sent by al-Mansur
to Pepin, and by Harun al-Rashid to Charlemagne.
There was no real reason to suppose that these
dinars of Offa were specially struck or even used for
the payment of Peter's pence. They were evi-
dence of an attempt, probably quite ephemeral, to
institute a gold coinage which would pass current
with the standard gold coin of the time. The
idea that the Munus Divinum solidi of Louis the
Pious were specially struck for tribute, to Rome
was, as M. Prou has shown, due to a misinterpre-
tation of the legend, which was really a kind of
equivalent to Dei Gratia. Although the value of
Offa's dinar must have been about that of a
mancus of silver, it must be called a dinar and
not a mancus, which was a money of account.
The etymology of mancus from the Arabic mankush
the " engraved," only applicable to coins in
poetical language, was untenable, and any theories
founded on it must be abandoned.
Aristotelian. — Dec. 22. — Prof. Dawes Hicks,
President, in the chair. — Col. E. H. Bethell, Mr.
G. D. H. Cole, and the Rev. Moxon Cavendish were
elected Members.
Mr. C. Delisle Burns read a paper on ' William
of Ockham on Universals.' The problem of
the reality of universals and particulars is
not purely mediawal, and not only of historical
interest. The difficulties which were once
faced by William of Ockham still need dis-
cussion. The problem arises in the perception
that we do not quite know what we mean when
we say that two things are similar. Various forms
of modern idealism seem to imply that what is
real is ultimately and most truly one and in-
divisible. The particular and the distinct should
therefore have no reality except the conventional
reality given it by our need for action or the un-
fortunate limitations of " finite "mind. But this
is simply to adopt the solution offered by all
mediaeval realism in its moderate form, as in
Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus. It must
mean that particulars are to be explained finally
in terms of universals ; or at least that the in-
dividual is regarded as a difficulty remaining
over to be explained after we have grasped the
real nature of the whole. And it was to destroy
precisely this form of philosophy that Ockham
laboured. The interest of the position as Ockham
found it is that it was practically the same as
that which we find to-day in surviving idealism.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
SI »s.
Wed.
Geographical. 3.15.— 'How some Focks are Made,' Mr. Cecil
Catus-Wilson. (Juvenile Lecture.)
— Aristotelian, 8 —'Philosophy as Co-ordination of Science.' Mr.
a. 8 Shelton.
Ties. Boyal Institution. 3.— 'A Voyage in Space: Our Sun.' Prof.
H. H Turner (Juvenile Lecture.)
— British Museum. 4 .'iO. — 'Greek Art and National Life,' Mr.
S. 1). Kaines Smith
Mathematical Association, 11 and 2. —Annual Meeting.
Society of Arts, 0 -'Electric Vibrations and Wireless Tele-
graphy,' Mr K. P. Howgrave-Graham, Lecture I. (Juvenile
Lecture.)
— Geological, 8. — 'The Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of the
Lough Nafooey Area (County Galwayl.' Mr. C. Irving
Gardiner and Prof. 8 H. Reynolds; 'The Geology of the
St. rudwal's Peninsula (Carnarvonshire),' Mr. Tressilian 0.
Niohnlas.
Tucks. Boyal Institution, 3.-' A Voyage in Space: The 8tars,' Prof,
h. H Turner. (Juvenile Lecture.)
— Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8.— 'British Practice in
the Construction of High Tension Overhead Transmission
Lines,' Mr. B Welbourn.
Geographical, 3.30.— 'Glaciers,' Mr. Alan G. Ogilvie. (Juvenile
Lecture.)
Astronomical, 5,
Fin.
FINE ARTS
Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth
Century. By Emile Male. Translated
by Dora Nussey from the Third Edition,
revised and enlarged with 189 Illustra-
tions. (Dent & Sons, 21/ net.)
M. Male's book leapt at once into popu-
larity among all who were interested in
understanding mediaeval sculpture and
painted glass in the great Gothic churches
of France, and we venture to predict for
this version of it an equal popularity in
England. It is clearly and simply written,
and, apart from the eccentric idea of
using the composite Douay version for
Biblical quotations, it is in excellent
taste. It is a great pity that the trans-
lator did not add an index of names
and matters. Without it the book loses
much of its value as a work of reference ;
an index of works of art arranged under
places is of little value except to tourists.
The author belongs to the modern school
of archaeologists, who rightly think it
necessary to bring the vague guesses of
their predecessors to the test of docu-
mentary evidence . Without undervaluing
the work of such giants of learning as
Viollet-le-Duc and his contemporaries, we
are now compelled to reject certain
favourite tenets of his school, such as,
for example, the lay origin of the cathe-
drals. What evidence we have (and there
is very little of it) rather points in the
opposite direction, though we think it
possible that M. Male goes too far in
assuming a close ecclesiastical supervision
over every detail — there could have been
little more than the oversight which
an owner of to-day gives to a house that
is being built for him. The sources in
which the author has sought the meaning
of the sculpture and windows of the
cathedrals have long been recognized
as the proper ones. His work is distin-
guished by the fact that he has made use
of them with the happiest results. A
good example of this is his recognition
of the true meaning of the well-known
north porch of Semur, which has been
generally taken to represent either the
murder of Dalmatius by order of Robert,
Duke of Burgundy, or the conversion of
the country. M. Male shows that it is
the history of St. Thomas, and suspects the
presence of some relic of the apostle in the
church. Other interesting recognitions are
those of Melchizedek and Abraham in the
unidentified bishop giving the Communion
to a warrior at Rheims, the incidents of
the Charlemagne windows at Chartres,
and the identification of St. Theodore
there.
The weak points in M. Male's icono-
graphy are his comparative silence as to
the early Christian sculpture of France,
and his reliance on hearsay evidence as
to Byzantine art. The "sculpture at
Aries is full of lessons in the development
of iconography to any student of the
subject. The author's remarks could have
been illustrated by a whole series of
personifications of the Red Sea as a type
of the water of baptism, and a beardless
Christ occurs several times among the
early sculptures there, as indeed it does
in one or two very ancient icons still pre-
served. But it is in the region of B}rzan-
tine art that Western Christian icono-
graphy has most to learn. We should
be glad to see the evidence for the state-
ment that the legend of St. Nicholas and
the three children arises from a Byzantine
painting representing the three officers in
prison whom he delivered. We have seen
many icons of this saint dating from the
twelfth century onward, but they are not
usually accompanied by any other figure,
and it is only in the fifteenth or sixteenth
century that the three officers appear —
long after the Western legend was popular.
The legend of St. George appears in
Italo-Byzantine icons of the eleventh
century or thereabouts still preserved,
but, though a progressive elaboration of
incident can be traced as time goes on,
the essentials are there in the beginning.
It would have been interesting if
M. Male had reproduced one of the
early Byzantine paintings of the ladder
of virtue by the side of the Western illu-
minations for comparison, and let us see
the part in it due to the fancy of the
adapter. The Death of the Virgin is,
too, another subject which can only
be fully studied by a comparison of
Eastern and Western painting and illu-
minations. The study of Byzantine and
Italo-Byzantine art is, however, in its
infancy, and, until the great collections
in St. Petersburg and the Vatican are
thoroughly worked over, no material
progress can be made in this part of the
history of Gothic art. In the meantime
we gladly recognize that M. Male's is
one of the most interesting and original
books on mediaeval art that have been
published for many years.
The first exhibition of the recently
formed Society of Animal Painters will open
at the Leicester Galleries, Leicester Square,
next Tuesday.
At the exhibition of Spanish Old Masters
in the Grafton Galleries seven of the pic-
tures have been withdrawn. They include
some of those lent by the executors of Sir
J. Charles Robinson and Mr. Louis Raphael.
In their places are now hung nine others,
which include five portions of a late fifteenth-
century Spanish Altarpiece, lent by Mr.
Cyril B. Andrews. Mr. A. M. Daniel has
lent a ' Madonna and Child ' by Morales,
and Lady MacDonell contributes an ' Ecce
Homo,' also by Morales. Mr. Reginald Corbet
has sent a ' Portrait of a Girl,' attributed to
Velasquez, while Baroness Oliveira has lent
a ' Portrait ' by Goya. A second edition
of the official catalogue is now on sale.
A good deal of excitement has been
lately caused among artists by the news
that the French Government is contem-
plating the sale of some parcels of ground
attached to the Villa Medicis at Rome. The
point of view of the Government is that
this ground is at present let out to gardeners
with small profit, whilst the money obtained
from the sale would be employed in the
improvement of the buildings of the French
School of Arts. The Institute is decidedly
against this scheme ; and the pensionnaires
complain that the magnificent prospect they
enjoy at present will be irremediably spoilt.
No. 4497, Jan.
1!)14
TH E AT II EN -E U M
19
MUSIC
J/":;'a dementis Lcben. Von Dr. Max
Unger. (Langensalza, Hermann Beyei
u. Sonne.)
(i:iitain dictionary and magazine articles
and a few brief memoirs — more or less
trustworthy — were all that had appeared
np to the present concerning a musician
who has been named, and justly, the father
of pianoforte playing, and whose works
were well known to Beethoven, dementi's
many sonatas are mainly of historical
interest, but his 'Gradus ad Parnassum '
is still in everyday use.
Oleinenti was largely engaged in teach-
ing, and of his early life in Rome, at
lonthill Abbey 3 and in London until
his reputation was established, the
accounts are, indeed, scanty. The first
number of Cramer's Magazin der Musik,
published at Hamburg, came out in
17S3. and in the following year an
article appeared therein headed ' News
of the pianist Clementi, Berne, October,
17S4.' The writer (a schoolmaster) had
a long conversation with him, and de-
menti's biographer by careful research and
information from the municipal authorities
at Lyons, whence Clementi had come, has
shown that a romantic episode had oc-
curred in dementi's life ; also that the
conversation about science, music and
musicians, and many other matters offers
strong internal evidence of its being
genuine. Hen1 Unger gives interesting
details concerning Imbert-Colomes, a not-
able figure in musical circles at Lyons,
whose daughter Clementi wished to marry.
For the volume under notice Herr Unger
had, moreover, access to the unpublished
correspondence of Clementi with F. W.
Collard (his business partner in London),
Breitkopf & Hartel, and other publishers,
and from this he has given extracts.
When Clementi was in Vienna in 1807 a
contract was drawn up between Beethoven
and himself, whereby it was agreed that
the former on handing over certain
manuscripts should receive 200/. The
correspondence with Collard reveals the
fact that a delay of three years occurred
l>efore the money was paid. In 1809 Cle-
menti writes to his partner : " But why
have you not yet fulfilled our engagements
with Beethoven ? ' The delay was,
in fact, due to the postal difficulties
on the Continent during the war with
Napoleon. In consequence of this dis-
covery it becomes clear that some of
Beethoven's undated letters to his friend
Gleichenstein, hitherto assigned to 1S07,
belong to a much later period. A facsimile
of a portion of a Clementi letter written
from Vienna about his meeting with
Beethoven, kindly lent by Sir Cecil
dementi-Smith, grandson of Clementi,
appeared in The Athenaeum of Julv 20th,
1902.
Clementi was a great traveller. He
lived in London, but was away on the
• lontm ttt from L802 until 1810. in his
letters there are interesting details of
iii-. sojourn at St. Petersburg.
£tnstntl OJossip.
The proceedings connected with the
annual conference of the Incorporated
Society of Musicians, which will be noticed
next week, included an orchestral concert
at Queen's Hall on Wednesday afternoon,
under the direction of Sir Frederic II. Cowen.
The programme opened with a Humoreske
for Orchestra, Op. 47, by Mr. Norman O'Neill,
which shows the influence of Grieg. As
music, it is quite good ; the humour in it
is not, however, prominent. A descriptive
programme might have been helpful.
The concert ended with an orchestral
tone poem, 'The Legend Beautiful,' by
Dr. James Lyon. Here help was attempted
by giving certain lines from Longfellow's
poem, to indicate new themes or other
changes in the music. One clear clue was
the convent bell " ; but after this it was
difficult to follow the composer's intentions.
A few musical examples would have been
of service. The music throughout is clever,
and— a great point — emotional. M. Espo-
sito played with marked delicacy the solo
part of a Pianoforte Concerto composed by
him. The writing is smooth and pleasant,
but the general scheme and the way in
which it was carried out were scarcely up
to date.
In Mr. William Wallace's 'The Outlaw,'
a ballad for baritone and orchestra, the
music seemed better than the savage poem
by the composer himself. There were
good points in the music, notably its con-
ciseness and effective orchestration.
All the novelties, except the Concerto,
were under the direction of their respective
composers. Sir F. tow en's 'Phantasy of
Life and Love,' and an ' Elegie and Rondo '
by M. Sauret, played by himself, completed
the programme.
Mr. Frederic Corder will deliver three
lectures at the Royal Institution on January
24th and 31st, and February 7th. His sub-
ject is ' Neglected Musical Composers,' and
the three selected are Spohr, Bishop, and
Raff. He certainly could have made a
longer list. That the composers named by
him have been neglected is beyond dispute,
but will Mr. Corder be able to show undue
neglect ?
In view of the approaching performances
of 'Parsifal' at Covent Garden, Mr. (;. C.
Ashton Jonson will deliver lectures on the
work at the ^olian Hall on the 12th, 19th,
and 26th inst. at 5.15 p.m.
Felix Draesekk, who died last February
at the age of 78, was an enthusiastic admirer
of Wagner and Liszt in the fifties and sixties.
when the tenets and works of the new school
Were meeting with much opposition. We are
glad to hear that his memoirs will shortly bo
published by his widow, and that many
pages are devoted to Wagner and Liszt.
Madame Nina Gbieg, widow of the com-
poser, is at Berlin in order to be present at
the first performance, at the Bchauspielhaus,
of Ibsen.-, ' Peer Gynt,1 with Grieg's music.
CHAIU'ICNTIKK's •Julien,' produced la, I
summer at Tan-, will be represented \
soon at the .Metropolitan Opera- I [o
New York. The composer will superintend
the final rehearsals.
Mb. Mm hai.i Baixdto, Dr. Richter's
successor at the Halle Concerts, Manchester,
will succeed Sir Henry .). Wood (who, t hro
stress of work, ha ;ned the po t) ■>
conductor of the Sheffield Festival i
October. ___
pnrOEMARI ■ H1XT wu
H, , i < Ibwt Hall
— Hiiii<Uy ' '-" ■ "»H
8tl m, Quecm U«ll
DRAMA
— »
< ii I li )i: K.vs PLAYS.
0» the pantomime proper divested, since
Mr. <;. R. Sims brought hi^ talent, to it
service, of much of the blatant, stupidity
thai a decade ago would have been deemed
an indispensable element Drurj Lane,
course, provides the most opulent exampli .
Outside London the name ,, - r i ) 1 burrowed
to lure as many unfortunate children .,
possible to seek out a "storj " (promised
by the posters outside) from a bewilden
mass of Variety turns, decayed joki .
"spicy" situations. But at Drury Lane
the four hours' pageant of song and ston
passes with no tedium, and best ot all —
then; is a consecutive tale which can t>
followed and is followed to the end with DO
disillusionment, no bewilderment, and prac-
tically none of the tremors tbat are |„,rn ol
too much witch or ogre or other evil the
'Sleeping Beauty1 is this year re-awak-
ened,' but such a repetition ol last
production merely emphasizes its bucci
Again Miss Renee Mayer as Puck is
bewitchingly alluring; Miss Florence Smith-
son makes a gentle Princess to Mr. Douthil
robust Prince; and Messrs. George Graves
and Will Evans keep the whole house well
amused with many a bout ol nimble
fooling, and create a veritable babel of
merriment when they set to work, as hong
and chancellor respectively, to tune the
piano, paper the walls, and whitewash the
ceiling while the British workman goes on
striking.
That our race does not abound in
native dramatic talent is obvious when
criticism leaves the principals to notice then-
satellites. Little enough is demanded ol
them, but that little the correct enunciation
of a few lines, a graceful poise of body in
walking, or spontaneity of gesture n seems
impossible to get here, as on less favoured
boards.
The harlequinade which follows the panto-
mime, adding nearly another half-hour to
a four hours' performance, is surely au
embanas de richesaea.
That distillation of the three great loves
of childhood, " Peter Tan.' is now being
played for the tenth season at the Duke ot
York's Theatre. Thelove of being mothered
and of mothering, tenderly belaudi
the love of adventure, symbolized
British children by pirates and redskins ;
and the love of fairies, which, for all th>>
scoffs of the cynics, IS moribund only in their
own hard hearts, are subjects the univei
appeal of which explain-- the enthusiasm
for this perennial favourite.
Miss PaulineChase -whose impersonation
of the name-part seems to borrow ju.-t the
requisite particles of fantasy from fairy.
land is as piquant and graceful as ever ; M
Godfrey Tearle, pitilessly horrific s Hook,
is w ell supported by M »n
and ( iharles Tre\ or a and Si u
Miss Mary < Uynne ma iral
Wendy ; and the I darling familj ii\ .
in which we include not onlj those who I
t be honej ed pat ronymi . but .d .■• \
dog-nurse and Liz i author ..t the pi
appear to the enl u •■> audi*
H inch rejoici in beautiful n i
pink Bilk, curlj -headed boj i in
ad i ■ who i
Miss Nbtta 8yb
rt Thi
,u nudiom n in wh
proportion
bobl) be i
motera become popul ir. \
20
T II E A T II KN.K I J M
No. 4497, Jan. 3, 1914
succeed in their scheme of a Children's
Theatre where plays acted by and for
children can be performed during the
reasonable afternoon hours of holiday time.
' The Fairy Doll,' ' The Enchanted Gar-
den,' and ' The Strange Boy ' — playlets
which suggest nothing so much as the simple
" make-believe " which bright children organ-
ize amongst themselves — are acted with as
much zest and enthusiasm as any game by
a group of little people. With the excep-
tion of some rather comic exhibitions of
baggy hose on slender limbs, everything in
the way of childish frocks and setting was a
delight to the eye. and the music admirably
suited to the occasion.
After seeing the ainty sauciness of the
maiden who impersonates the name-part in
' The Cockyolly Bird,' its unattractive
uo-liness is forgotten in the recollection of
four scenes. These, if they do not provoke
quite so much merriment as might be
de-ired in the Schoolroom or in the North
Pole and Japanese settings, reach a pitch of
warm hilarity in Cannibal Island, and can
boast of many pretty touches and much
tasteful staging — Cubist and otherwise.
The hero of the adventure is a little boy
whose unfortunate governess, dabbling in
" zones and poles and the great divisions
of the earth," adds another to the number
of incompetents who are now being shown
up. The news that a little girl playmate is
to join the home circle meets with his entire
disapproval, and when the way of escape,
via " cockyolly " pronounced backwards, is
opened by the little nursemaid, the adven-
ture in dreamland (dreams are very fashion-
able this year) begins, in which the ex-
pected little visitor is promised a host
of good things. Much geography is learnt,
and when the sleep is over, the way to a
better understanding has been paved. A
pretty entertainment is brought to a close
with an ensemble rendering of " Forty
Dukes." Mr. Martin Shaw's music is appro-
priately bizarre and melodious by turns.
Mrs. Percy Dearmer's ' Cockyolly Bird '
is performed at matinees on Thursdays,
Fridays, and Saturdays — Miss Syrett's plays
filling the programme (with the assistance of
Annie Spong's Little Dancers) on Mondays,
Tuesdays, and Wednesdays.
The Charing Cross Hospital is to receive
the profits arising from these performances
from Monday next until the end of the
week, up to 500Z., for the endowment of a
.child's cot.
©ramatic (iossip.
' The Poor Little Rich Girl,' a play
of fact and fancy by Eleanor Gates, pro-
duced for the first time in England on
Tuesday at the New Theatre, is a highly
decorative tract, in which the child of the
plutocrat is sacrificially posed on the
altar of her father's money-bags and her
mother's social ambition. The evils of
absentee parenthood well deserve castigation,
but it is notorious that few plays with a
purpose reach the mark, and without the
strong support given by the scenic artists
and some finished acting — more especially
by Mr. Ernest Hendrie as an organ-grinder
and Miss Stephanie Bell in the name-part —
this would not stand much chance of being
an exception to the rule.
The first act shows the poor little rich
girl set aside by her parents, bullied by
those who should be her guardians, and
poisoned by her nurse. What follows in
Act II. is a fantasy such as Puck might have
designed to nip the consciences of neglectful
parents. Gwendolyn is in a garden, with the
organ-grinder as cicerone, where no disguise
or sham is possible. Jane the Nurse appears
wearing two faces, the father in a robe
embroidered with £ s. d., the mother with a
bee buzzing in her bonnet, " They" (society j
folk who form a sort of chorus to the refrain \
' The best people don't do it, you know "), I
a policeman, a plumber, a teddy bear, and \
others. The allegoric vein is developed at
length — often in an original and charming
fashion. There is, for instance, a quaint
duel between Thomas the Footman and the
King's English, in which the latter is van-
quished under the onslaught of misplaced
aspirates, but perkily revives to acknow-
ledge Gwendolyn's sympathy, saying : " I 've
been murdered hundreds of times before."
A doctor all the time is on the scene,
measuring the little maid's vitality, but her
condition becomes more and more alarming,
and the " stiff upper lip " suggested by the
organ-grinder as a talisman is about to be
discarded when the doctor makes a great
effort to " pull her through," father leaves
his money-bags, mother drops her bee, and
all go off to ride the doctor's hobby-horses
of fresh air, plain food, warm sunshine, &c.
The play is finely staged, with some
delightful scenic effects.
After various alterations, including an
almost complete change of cast, ' The
Laughing Husband ' has been produced at
the Lyric Theatre under the new title of
' The Girl who Didn't.' Attempts have
been made to brighten up the dialogue
at the expense of the musical element
of the piece. Owing to the fact that the
interest of the plot is not strong enough to
dispel a suggestion of pantomime, the result
can hardly be called satisfactory. The first
two acts are unduly protracted. The third
act, however, is more compact, and under
the magnetic influence of Mr. James Blakeley.
who is inimitable as the wily lawyer in his
unique occupation of " reconciliation agent,"
the interest and merriment revive. Much
amusement is also caused by Mrs. Amy
Augarde in her impersonation of an adipose
lady with spiritualistic yearnings, and by
the whimsical humour of Mr. C. H. Workman
as the rich confectioner, whose doubts as to
his wife's fidelity, although unfounded, are
at least excusable.
Those whose tastes lie in the direction of
Tango dancing, exhibitions of ultra-. nodern
costumes, songs of a more or less ragtime
order, and somewhat broad humour will
probably feel satisfied with the fare pro-
vided.
The Lord Chamberlain has appointed
Mr. George S. Street an Examiner of Plays
in the place of the late Charles Brookfield.
Like his predecessor, Mr. Street is a keen
observer of social life viewed from club
windows, and he is also an essayist of
distinction. We hope that he may have
the courage to reduce the follies of the
Censorship. The world which thinks seriously
about drama has had enough of the cynical
indifference of the superior person.
Paris is just now ringing with the name
of M. Jean Richepin. The author of * La
Chanson des Gueux,' who this winter
delivered a lecture on the Tango, has
written a play on the same subject ; and
the avant-premiere at the Athenee was of
special interest, since the author had his
wife as a collaborator.
To Correspondents — A.F.— J.H.— P.S.P.H.-F.E.P.—
Received.
M.H.D.— Not suitable for us.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 22.]
AUGUSTE PICARD, Editeur, 82, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
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24
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■".i
FRENCH SUPPLEMENT.
CONTENTS. PAQB
FRENCH LlTEKATCRE IN 1913 29
Napoleon and riiK Kkkmh Revolution (Les
Pani-jtyristes ile Louis XVI. ; Les Couventionnels
Rogioitles ; OanwpoadftaM do Duo d'Knghien;
Le Gtiur.il Diiiuuurif /. ; Vers Brimiaire ; I'n
Mi deoin tie Ift Grande Arim-e; L'.-Vlbaiiie et Napo-
l.on ; L'Ksprit Public ile 1M4 a lsl6).. .. 31—32
X.ll'OI.I ON Kl I. A \ ENM K 33
Joachim Mi kat's Letters 88
coirnot's reminiscences 31
chateaubriand's correspondence 31
La Dcchbsse i>k Bekky et lks Monarchies
Kl ROl'KENNES 35
La Formation UBS Caractkres— Mysticisms et
Domination .. BE
Vol l aire's CORRSSPONDBMCB 36
Les Sources Latin es drs Romans Couriois .. 36
AMORETT1 D'BDHDND M'ENSEK 37
LlTTI.RATl RE BSPAGNOU 37
CLASSIFIED Notices O'heology — Poetry — Philo-
ophy— History and Biography, ;i$ ; Geography
ana Travel, 4u ; Sociology— Economics — Philology
— Literarv Criticism, 11 ; Fiction. 4J ; Juvenile —
General. 43) 38—43
Science— Ac Yunnan 44
Fine Art>— Corot and his Predecessors (Hubert
Robert e: les Paysagtates francais ; Corot) ; Les
Vieiii.es Ensbignbs db Paris; Voyage au
i'us pes sculpteirs romains .. „ 45—46
DRvMA— ESSAIS DE CRITIQUB Dramatique .. .. 46
LITERATURE
FRENCH LITERATURE IX 1913.
When, a few years ago, physical education
began to be in favour with our younger
generation.. I remember hearing some of
my more thoughtful fellow-countrymen
complain with a sigli of the new tendency,
and prognosticate that this would be the
end of all mental supremacy. It does
not appear that this dismal prophecy has
been fulfilled. Indeed, the taste for
intellectual pursuits is as strong as ever ;
nay. never was there such a thirst for
cultivation of the mind, to judge from the
numerous lectures which, in the pro-
vinces as well as in Paris, attract even
the more frivolous part of society. As
for printed productions, I for one, in
order to sum up the chief events of the
past year in a few columns of The
Athenaeum have examined hundreds of
volumes, and can testify that there is no
abatement of activity in our literary
world.
As in former years, the output of his-
torical books has been enormous, for our
historians are as indefatigable as they are
numerous. Archives, public and private,
ransacked, and their treasures brought
to light ; memoirs are lovingly edited ;
ponderous monographs appear as fast as
shilling primers. Few are the periods of
national or foreign history which lack the
research of some competent scholar. If
this year the Middle Ages have been
somewhat neglected, the Renaissance, on
the contrary, has received a good deal of
attention. In ' La Disgrace de Machiavel '
II. .J. Lucas-Dubreton has drawn an
original, vivid portrait of the most
enigmatic of Italian politicians. M. Morel-
Fatio, in his ' Bistoriographie de Charles-
Quint,1 has devoted much 'arc and labour
to the study of the historiographers of
Charles V. of Spain, and has translated
into French the Portuguese text of the
Emperor's .Memoirs. Philip II. of Spain
has found in M. R. ClauzeJ an able bio-
grapher; and two volumes will contribute
to make Henri IV. of Fiance more
popular, the first being a selection of
letters made by 64. J. Xouaillae. the other,
written by MM. Jerome and Jean Tharaud,
and entitled ' La Tragedie de Ravaillac,'
depicting in a lively, elegant style the
course of events which brought the gallant
monarch to an untimely death. M.
Lucien Ponders conscientious book on
' Les Origines des (bancs de Religion '
subtly analyzes Henri II. s Italian policy
from the accession of the French king
down to the abdication of Charles V. of
Spain.
The period which extends from the
last years of the Monarchy to the Restora-
tion of the Bourbons continues to be a
favourite field of research. ' Quarante-
cinq Annees de ma Vie,' by Louise de
Prusse, Princesse Antoine Radziwill,
supplies much new information on the
history of Prussia from 1770 to 1815.
The same interest attaches to the ' Me-
moires de la Marquise de Nadaillac,
Duchesse d'Escars,' which besides restore
to life a curious figure of an exiled grande
dame in the time of Napoleon. The
Comte Roger de Damas was another
French exile, and his chequered career
can be followed in his ' Memoires,' edited
by MM. Jacques Rambaud and Leonce
Pingaud. To M. Gaston Maugras and
the Comte P. de Croze-Lemercier we owe
a charming picture of an aristocratic
heroine in the time of the Terror, ' Del-
phine de Sabran, Marquise de Custine.'
Contrasting with the last-mentioned, ' Les
Campagnes du Capitaine Marcel,' anno-
tated by Commandant L. Var, bring out
the type of the Napoleonic soldier. M.
Louis Barthou, our ex-Premier, has de-
voted to Mirabeau an attractive and
impartial study. Lastly, M. Frederic
Masson with pious perseverance has added
a tenth volume to the imperial memorial
erected to ' Napoleon et sa Famille.'
The epoch, however, which seems just
now to be in vogue is that of the Second
Empire and the establishment of the
Third Republic. Now that passions have
cooled, this period of our history appears
as one of the most fascinating, with its
sharp contrasts of brilliant frivolities
and visionary enthusiasms, of heedless
enjoyments and bitter shame ; and, as
documents are to be had for the asking,
there is no lack of workers. Among tin-
books which have appeared the most
important are M. Frederic Loliee's bio-
graphy of the ' Comtesse de Castiglione,'
a famous and enigmatic beauty of the
Court of the Tuileries ; and the monographs
by M. Maurice Reclus on "Jules Favre '
and 'Ernest Picard' (1912), two nanus
associated with the development of the
Republican party. Among the memoirs
mention is due to the ' Retour- BUT Ifl
Vie ' of A. Chambolle, a man who rubbed
.shoulders with all the political leaders
b«t ween IMs and 1878; M. Arthur
Meyer's 'Ce que je peiu dire' contains
many a vivid picture of the brilliant
society in which the author cut a pro-
minent figure; and lastly, M Futile
Ollivier published ju I '» fore bu di ath
the sixteenth volume of L'Empii I . ; i ral,
a touching plaidoyer in which the most
Unpopular Of statesmen has proudly tried
to \ indicate his ivputat ion. In this ei
ploration of a painful past the Franco
German War has naturally been a subjecl
often approached. M. German] Bapst
has published the sixth volume of his
life of Marechal ( 'anroheit ; and M. File
Peyron, ' A propos du siege de Mete,
has made it possible to obtain a de i
notion of Marshal Hazaine's responsi
hility. Moiv extensive has been General
Bourelly's survey in ' Fa Guerre de IsTo
et le trade de Francfort ' ; and in 'Ch&lons
et Beaumont 'M \. Duquet, our authority
on the subject his tried to elucidate the
causes of our disastei B
These hooks en the Franco* ;( i ui.ni
War have been eagerly received by the
public, for they appeal to some of the
deeper sentiments of the hour. It cannot
be denied that the formidable inore ■
of the German army and the stiff methods
of the diplomacy which this army is
apparently destined to support have
aroused suspicions even in those who
hoped for an understanding of some sort
with our neighbour. A new sense of
national solidarity has started into lite.
and sent a patriotic thrill through pacific
France. Literature has keenly fallen in
with the new ideas. We have not only
such books as M. Pierre Albin's ' I a- Coup
d'Agadir ' and * L'Allemagne et la France
en Europe,' in which the causes of a
recent diplomatic incident are disclosed,
and the political relations between the
two countries subtly analyzed, but also
quite a number of books earnestly attempt-
ing to energize France, presenting signifi-
cant estimates of our military strength,
and even setting down the scheme of a
future war, for such have been the aim-
of Col. Montaigne in ' Vaincre,' of M
Maringer in * Force au Droit,1 of M. de
Lanessan in * Nos Forces Militaires.' ami
of Col. Grouard in ' Fa Guerre eventuelle.'
As was to be expected, tlie campaign
in Morocco and the war in the F>alkan-
have given birth to an imposing number
of accounts. .Most of these books, how-
ever, issue from the pen of war correspond-
ents whose imagination is no less potent
than their partiality; so I think it
best not to mention them particularly.
Vet I must except ' Les Gens Je < luerre
an Maroc ' (1912), by M Emile Nolly, a
talented officer who d times strikes up
the patriotic note, and the next moment,
curiously enough, reminds one of V'
G. B. Shaw'a Preface to Anns and the
Man ' ; and " l.a Mat de Stamboul,
M. Victor berard. who is at present
most brilliant exponent of the diplomatic
historx ot our tiui
I fpon the whole, the Looks which I h
just mentioned, though vastly diff< n nl
m intrinsic valui m arlj II I
exampli - > J the high stand urd vesv b< tl
by our historical school Well < onstrtM ted
dable and solid, founded upon patii ut
accurate n earch, thej ■•■
aiiimat. d by a tine spirit of impartial
and a genuine love of truth. And IF
I think, the qualiti i Mrhich K
critics i .hi also < I ■ un at their <<w n ^ • t
30
Til E ATIIENvEUM
[Supplement, Jan. '-$, 11)14
(his praise, which I ungrudgingly bestow,
rouses in me no enthusiasm. I am not
far from believing that the impassive
attitude, admirable in an historian, can be
a defect in a critic ; nay, is slowly taking
away the life of a criticism once so
brilliant. Not that the number of critics
is decreasing ; there is not one young
man, fresh from the University, but has
some voluminous monograph in hand.
But the time is gone when Taine was
building up the enchanted castles of his
picturesque suggestive theories ; when
M. Bourget, with a sort of inspiration,
was through his own experience drawing
the moral portrait of his generation, and
in the course of his studies discovering
the nature of his own talent ; when
Brunetiere found in every book a doctrine
which, being brought to the test of his
strong convictions and clothed in the garb
of his irresistible dialectics, established
itself with the weight of an acknowledged
truth. These were men who raised criti-
cism to the level of imaginative literature,
and made it an art. Nowadaj^s our
critics annihilate themselves ; they are
content when they have shown learning,
analyzed the works with discrimination,
and elucidated reciprocal influences. I
certainly do not want to disparage a school
which has produced this year ' Les Livres
du Temps,' by M. Paul Souday, and M.
Ernest Dupuy's ' Poetes et Critiques '
and ' A. de Vigny, sa vie et son ceuvre,'
for it has its merits and its usefulness.
But my complaint is that by the side of
these excellent guides of the reading
public there should be so few critics
aiming at the expression of their own
personality and artistic conceptions. In
this respect the year has been par-
ticularly uneventful. M. Faguet alone
strikes a distinctive note. Here, at least,
we meet with individuality. With a
facility which makes one wonder whether
he has time to read all the books he speaks
of, he pours on the public an average of
three or four volumes a year (' Balzac,'
' La Fontaine,' ' En lisant Corneille,'
' Initiation litteraire '). Like Tennyson's
brook he goes on for ever, lightly babbling
and flashing, abundantly distilling quaint
talk, wit and common sense. When one
comes to think of it, the fact that I have had
to fall back upon M. Faguet's productions
is perhaps the best proof of the poverty
of French criticism.
Poetry has been this year even a greater
favourite than history, for there seems
to be a notion that this province of lite-
rature is a sort of vantage ground for
beginners, or can be chosen as a sport
by more serious writers in search of re-
laxation. Yet, when intruders have been
eliminated, it is astonishing to find what
a quantity of really fine matter remains.
Never has French poetry numbered so
many singers rich in fanciful ima-
gination, quick sensibility, delicacy of
emotion, and endowed with a true feeling
for the haunting beauty of coloured
language and melodious rhythm. But
these qualities have their drawbacks.
Poetry, I fear, is being lulled to sleep by
its own sweet murmuring. In their
pursuit of rare sensations and dainty
melodies our poets have forgotten the
deeper enchantments of thought. Few
are those who weave into their verse an
individual conception of life ; many do
not even try to pour their souls into their
songs. In the best productions of the year
I find too many echoes of Mallarme,
Rimbaud, Verlaine, and Baudelaire, and
if we do not take care we shall fall into
an artificial diction which is very different
from that of the eighteenth century,
but will nevertheless have the same
result — it will be the end of all poetry.
This is the reason why, in spite of the
considerable number of really interesting
and pleasant collections of verse published
in the course of the year, I select at
most but three names : Madame de
Noailles, with ' Les Vivants et les Morts,'
a writer who is not free from faults,
but of whom it is no exaggeration to say
that she has discovered a new poetical
sense ; M. Maurice Magre, with ' Les
Belles de Nuit,' a connected series of
amatory poems revealing in the author
real depth of feeling, though I must say
that his romantic hankering after the
disenchantments of love sounds a little
old-fashioned ; and M. Paul Fort, with
' Chansons pour se consoler d'etre heureux,'
who, in spite of unnecessary eccentricities
of rhythm, reveals the most original, and
probably the most sincere, poetic tempera-
ment that France has known for several
years.
The case is somewhat different with
the novel. Fiction is still the literary
genre which attracts our best writers.
Yet this year will not be reckoned among
the best. Chance has willed it that none
of our greatest novelists is on the pub-
lishing list. Anatole France, after his
puzzling ' Les Dieux ont soif,' has kept
aloof ; M. Paul Bourget is engaged in
writing an important novel, the publication
of which is near at hand ; M. Maurice
Barres, it is true, has brought out his
' Colline Inspiree,' but this philosophical —
at times symbolical — sermon can hardly
be considered as a novel proper. M.
Marcel Prevost in ' Les Anges Gardiens '
has made a sad mistake. Of those
who come next in magnitude after these
acknowledged princes of letters, none can
be said to have done his best. M. Paul
Adam's ' Stephanie ' obscurely develops
an otherwise interesting thesis. Madame
Delarue-Mardrus's ' Douce Moitie 'contains
unnatural situations which mar a clever
picture of a Parisian milieu. Colette
Willy's 'L'Envers du Music Hall' and
' L'Entrave ' have the usual spontaneity
of her effervescent talent, but nothing
more. M. Paul Margueritte's ' La Maison
Brule ' and ' Les Sources Vives,' and his
brother Victor Margueritte's ' La Rose
des Ruines,' are unworthy of the authors
of ' Le Desastre ' and ' Les Braves Gens.'
M. Claude Farrere's ' Thomas l'Agnelet '
is not unhealthy like ' Les Petites Alliees,'
but it is more of a feuilleton. In 'Dingo '
M. Octave Mirbeau has exaggerated
the least pleasant side of his talent
without freeing his style from its manner-
isms. M. Abel Hermant is fatiguingly
monotonous with his pictures of degraded
humanity in ' La Fameuse Comedienne '
and ' Le Joyeux Garcon.' M. Leon Daudet
in ' La Fausse Etoile ' is more than ever
hampered by his introduction of politics
and even polemics into works irhich on
that account cease to be novels. M.
Henry Bordeaux's ' La Maison ' is inter-
esting in the ideas it deve lopes, bufc weak
in technique.
To come to the ranks of the rising
novelists, M. Machard's ' Titine ' is a
powerful realistic study of humble life.
M. Marcel 1'Heureux, already a veteran
in letters, has published ' La Jeunesse
de Philippe Grandier,' which one day
may be considered a masterpiece. M.
Paul - Louis Garnier's ' Les Cceurs
Farouches ' is remarkable for its mixture
of romanticism and psychological subtlety.
M. Leon Werth's ' La Maison Blanche ' and
M. A. Fournier's ' Le Grand Meaulnes ' have
received a not undeserved advertisement
by arresting the attention of the Academie
Goncourt. As to M. Marc Elder, who
obtained the Prix Goncourt, it is a pity
that one should be able to find in his
' Le Peuple de la Mer ' so many prolonged
echoes of other Breton writers. Before
I end this review of fiction, I must
point out that there has been quite an
outbreak of novels on exotic subjects. I
shall not mention them by name, lest
I should confer on their authors an un-
deserved notoriety.
Our dramatists are as active as ever,
but the Parisians do not seem to possess
a power of receptivity equal to that of
London audiences, for several plays have
met with a very doubtful reception. Those
treating sex questions have been particu-
larly ill-used. The truth is that the public
is tired of love complications. The ex-
cessive warm-heartedness of the heroine of
' LTrreguliere,' by M. Edmond See, has
failed to awaken sympathy even in the
bosom of male spectators. The general
depravity of the chief personages in
' Les Roses Rouges,' by M. Romain
Coolus, has bored the voluptuaries, whom
alone it was calculated to please. Even
the darling of Parisian audiences, M.
Henry Bataille, has met with a notable
failure, and if the truth must be
told, he richly deserved his fate. M.
Bataille is a great dramatist, a true poet,
and a subtle thinker ; but he debases his
art by making too exclusive an appeal
to the sex instinct of the spectators. He
is a master of what Mr. G. B. Shaw has
excellently called " the shallow heroics
concerning man's desire for woman " ;
and his presentation of lust under the
name of tragedies of the heart is all the
more dangerous because it is clothed
in the most enervating of styles, and sur-
rounded \>y a sort of Oriental atmosphere
laden with the sounds and perfumes of
lasciviousness. This time he has gone too
far ; the heroine is a young woman who,
learning that she suffers from an in-
curable disease, wildly squanders away
the rest of her life in reckless licentious-
ness. It appears that the portrait is true
to life, this being the story of a young
American lady whose confession the author
Supplement, Jaw. 3, 1914]
T II E A Til K\ .K 0 M
received a few years
however, undeniable
ago.
that
It remains,
such patho-
logical cases arc not fit for the stage, and
the public has unequivocally marked its
disapproval.
Problem plays are also on the wane.
B£. Maurice Donnay's • Les Eclaireuses,5
a delightful comedy on the subject of
feminism, full of the tender pathos,
delicate observation, and gentle irony
which arc characteristic of the author of
■ Amants,' lias met with very indifferent
Success, and it is the only play of the kind
performed this year.
All these failures have contributed to
narrow the field of competition, and in
fact only two types of plays have been
in request. On the one hand, we have
had light artificial comedies verging on
the vaudeville, the sole merit of which
consists in the whimsicality of the situa-
tions, and an unceasing bubbling of verbal
wit and superficial satire of contemporary
life, (iood specimens of this type are
MM. A. de Flera and G. de Caillavet's
" L'Habit Vert.' which was performed for
the first time in 1912. but has held the
stage this year too; ; La Belle A venture,'
by the same ; and ' L'Institut de Beaute,'
by M. Alfred Capus. To these may be
added ; Les Deux Canards,' by M. Tristan
Bernard, though I feel some hesitation in
placing M. Bernard's delightful humour
and deep insight into human nature
on a level with MM. de Flers and de
Caillavet's shallow witticisms. On the
other hand, the public has patronized
plays tending towards melodrama, with
complicated intrigues, full of violent con-
flicts between human beings whose very
tenderness is steeped in inflexibility, and
stormy situations straining the nerves of
the spectators to the breaking-point — such
as M. Bernstein's * Le Secret ' and M.
Henry Kistemaeckers's 'L'Embuscade ' and
' L'Occident.' The last-named play, the
action of which is placed in a milieu of
naval officers and opium-smokers, specu-
lates also upon the patriotic sentiments
of the moment, and so does M. Henri
Lavedan's ' Servir,' in which we see a
young officer, led astray by humanitarian
ideas, enter into a conflict with his father,
a loyal old colonel, but finally, listening
to the call of duty, joyfully go to the front
when the cannon announces that war
has broken out. M. Tristan Bernard's
" Jeanne Dore' belongs to the same group.
though here again it should be said that
this tragedy must not be compared with
the dramas of which I have jusl spoken.
' Jeanne Dore ' is not far from being a
masterpiece. The subject, to be sure,
is not new ; it analyzes the anguish of a
poor woman whose son is a murderer and
has been condemned to death. But the
situations have been handled with su<h
tact and restraint, the comedy of life
has been so skilfully woven into the
sombre theme, that the final impression is
a combination of truth and richness which
at times even recalls Shakespeare.
These happy ones of the theatrical
world should not make me forget a group
of writers, headed by M. Jacques Copeau.
who have set themselves the disint
task of reacting against the commercial
claims of our modern drama. They have n
small theatre of their own the Theatre <lu
Vieu\-( iolombier -and their sympathies
are wide and enlightened. For their
first performance they produced Moliere's
' L' Amour Medecin' and Keywood's A
Woman Killed with Kindness.' and.
though the costumes and the scenery were
of the simplest, the public was conquered.
This venture is still in its infancy ; it is
therefore difficult to determine its possi-
bilities, but it is certainly full of promise.
Indeed, the same may be said of the
pit-sent state of our literature. Read-
ing over this article, I am struck by the
fact that I have not been able to point
out one strikingly original book. Hut
it does not follow that French literature
is in a decline. We live in a period oi
suspense and expectation. Individualities
are not rare ; only they are too deeply
engaged in the war of ideas to attend to
their own self. French thought is at
present a tumultuous battle-field wherein
from all points theories meet each
other in inextricable contests. All seems
to be but confusion, yet in this chaos
of conflicting opinions two great main
currents are distinguishable. One of them
appears to be a new development of the
symbolic movement, and strives to conquer
the unexplored region which lies outside
the world of the ordinary senses. In-
tuitive perception is its process ; spiritual-
ism and mysticism the states of mind
through which its adepts hope to attain
the absolute ; Bergsonism its deepest
and most conscious expression. This
movement is opposed by those who extol
the permanency of national traditions
the beauty of reason and lucidity which
formerly were the French qualities par
excellence, and who endeavour to promote
a revival of Classicism by the help of
strong discipline. M. Charles Manilas
and the political group named L' Action
Francaise are the influential supporters of
this doctrine.
These two main currents (though
they tend to different ends) some-
times mingle, for they have common
aspirations. The traditionalist school is
essentially Catholic, and some Catholics
see without displeasure the Bergsonists
attack rationalism. Both movements
meet in their reaction against the dangers
of materialism, and agree in their belief
of the inefficacy of purely scientific
methods. They also join hands in their
love of action and heroism. Above all,
they have in common an earn -t desire to
sal i.-f\ the longingsof the national soul. It
is Long since Prance ^ inced such serious-
ness of purpose. The eagerness with
which the adherents of both schools probe
the minds of their contemporai the
vehement eloquence with which thej
diffuse their id a strongly i onto -t with
the disenchantment, the* aervatio » jim-
iam of the preceding tion. Enquiry
follows inquiry, the r< suits of which are
record d in such bool Agathon ' U -
Jena I as d An o ird'hui ' ; Emile
Henriot, ' A quoi rfevenl l< a Jew*
(published in Lt '/'• mp \ 'lean Mull, i and
Gaston Picard, 'Les Tendances presenten
de la Litterature Francaise < la rton
Riou, ' \u\ Ecoutes <le la I qui
\ icni ' Leon Blum, La Prochaine
Generation litteraire ' (in the Revtn dt
Paris)] and Henri Clouard, ' Les Disci-
plines.1
Frenchmen want to know themselves
in order to fulfil the destinies of their
country, and this is what make- :
epoch, in spite of its seeming lack of ori-
ginality, vitally interest iic;. One really
feels the silent, potent workings of gn
things which struggle into life. Will this
Renaissance be marked by the triumph
of mysticism or by a ceassertion of our
traditional qualities 1 Or will it end
in a compromise which will place the
reasoning power at the service oJ sensi-
bility, as some writers suggest '. This it is
impossible to say. But one thing at \<
is certain. If there be any w ho anticipate
a debilitation of French energy, they are
mistaken, for, with those inexplicable
powers of recovery which seem to be
inexhaustible in her. fiance is once more
ready to play her part in the renovation
of modern thought.
Albekt Feutllerat.
NAPOLEON AND THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION.
Thk quarter - century of upheavals and
readjustments in Fiance has been the
source of an unparalleled productivity in
the world of books, and the attention
which writers are to-day giving to the
manifold aspects of the period is keener
than eve!-. The immense quantity
labour, and in particular of specialized
research, which this period has involved
on all sides, gives weight to Prof. Oman-
dictum that
"in England, as in France and Germany,
the main characteristic of the last twei
years, from the point of view <>i tli<- Btudent
of history, lias been that new materi J I
been accumulating much faster than it •
be assimilated or absorbed."
No single writer, we venture to pre.,
will produce a future standard history
Les Panigyristes de Louis XVI. •' de Ma
Antoinette depuis IT!':: jusqu'd 1012. r r
!'„ rre Ladoue\ | Paris, Picard & Fils, .">fr. )
/. Conventionnels Rigicides. Par
Bhard. (Par s, Pen-in & < ie., 51
Correspondai a du Due a
,i Documents but son Entevem
\fort. Pul
Meurthe. Vol. IV. Supplement. (P
Picard &
/., General Dumoun I
Saint-Andre. i Pari . P< rrin a I
Vers B ■ ■'• '' •
1797 i Uai, 1798. Par \
iii«- pul
I s| 2 : SOU
l,„,,, . Par H- inr eh H
M.i.l.ie e Lan otte.
r. 60.)
/. AUh i A-// ■: isi i i
\ Boppe (Hachette & I
/ / , [ Publ
Ucurthe •!■ \%U >< I81A Par '
de II'. i •'
I l nivi
de J
T
ril E ATIIENvEUM
[Supplement, Jan. 3, 1914
the i French Revolution. The successors
of Profs. Aulard and Madelin will write
their books co-operatively.
The monumental ' Recueil des Actes du
Comite de Salut Public,' edited by Prof.
Aulard, is the classic instance of the sheer
volume of the material extant. Another
indication of the quantity of the literature
of the Revolution is contained in the first
book on our present list, ' Les Panegyristes
de Louis XVI. et de Marie -Antoinette.'
This is a bibliography, confined, as its title
shows, to a very limited circle of works,
and virtually excludes all foreign books :
Burke's ' Tour Letters on a Regicide
Peace,' to quote an obvious case, is omitted.
Considering that M. Ladoue has merely
glanced at the pamphlet literature on the
subject, and that for twenty years after
the executions of Louis XVI. and his
Queen panegyric literature was severely
discouraged, Ave think the 463 references
somewhat surprising.
The events which evoked the outpouring
of such a class of literature are studied by
M. Pierre Bliard in ' Les Conventionnels
Regicides.' This is a graphic and highly
documented survey of the Convention
during the last months of 1792, and the
first three weeks of the following January.
But for sheer dramatic effect the book is
easily inferior to its chief source, Gazette
Rationale ; on, Le Moniteur Universel. The
musty pages that report the final call-
over of the members of the Convention,
with their iterated " Je vote pour la
mort," or more often simply " La mort,"
interrupted by occasional outbiirsts such
as that of Fabre d'Eglantine, are beyond
all comparison the more highly charged
with emotional qualities. M. Bliard, how-
ever, points out that the Moniteur is by
no means infallible, and that its version
of the " appel " differs in several important
details from that contained in the ' Proces-
Verbaux ' printed by order of the Con-
vention. The author then traces the
later careers of the 387 regicides. Verg-
niaud and four others were claimed by the
guillotine the same year. By the 18th
Brumaire 94 were dead, in exile, or lost
to sight. No flattering picture is painted
of those survivors who made their way
under the First Empire by cringing to
Napoleon. At the beginning of April,
1814, 223 were still living. One of the
first laws passed under the Restoration
was the " loi d'amnistie " (January 12th,
1816), which exiled at a month's notice
all regicides who had ever held office imder
Napoleon, and 153 out of the 206 sur-
vivors were therefore sent into sudden
banishment. At the accession of Charles X.
70 remained, and it was left to A. C.
Thibaudeau, the memoirist, to outlive the
rest, he dying in 1854, under the Second
Empire. M. Bliard declaims with con-
siderable vehemence against them, and
has only one thing to say to their credit —
the majority refrained from feathering
then nests at the public expense. The
book has been conscientiously compiled,
and deserves success.
The fourth volume (the Supplement)
of the Correspondence of the Due d'Enghien
(1801-4) contains an interesting selec-
tion of letters, the majority of which
passed between him (at Ettenheim) and
his father, the Prince de Conde (in London).
The most important letters describe the
arrest of the young man at the order of
Napoleon, the subsequent farce of a trial,
and his execution. Napoleon's belief that
he was acting in concert with Dumouriez
receives no support from these letters.
Nor is it directly substantiated by M.
Pouget de Saint -Andre, although it is
shown that both the Duke and Dumouriez
were in touch with the Comte d'Artois.
The book has, as an Appendix, the Duke's
graphic account of the campaign of 1796,
in which he took a prominent part.
M. Pouget de Saint- Andre in 'Le
General Dumouriez ' supports the con-
tention of Dr. Holland Rose that the
popular idea of Dumouriez is absolutely
unjust. Like Dr. Rose, he regards the
General as a far-sighted patriot who held
strong views on the Constitution, and
admitted that his Republicanism lasted
no more than three days. His history,
after his defection in 1793, gradually
resolves itself into a struggle against
Napoleon, generally in concert with the
English, inventing plans for the defence
of England and Ireland in the event of
a French invasion. The author has little
that is new to say as to the actions of
Dumouriez while in England. The follow-
ing is surety a curious obiter dictum,
placed in a foot-note : —
" On ne sait pas assez que les premiers
troubles de la Revolution ont ete fomentes
par Tor anglais."
A study of great interest is provided in
' Vers Brumaire.' Here we have a journal
of Napoleon's doings in Paris from Decem-
ber 5th, 1797, to May 4th, 1798— that is,
between his return to Paris after the con-
clusion of the Treaty of Campo Formio
and his departure for Egypt. M. Espitalier
has not attempted to give anything like
a complete record of Napoleon's activities,
but rather to isolate those which future
events were to render significant. He
traces Napoleon's growing hostility to-
wards Barras, concealed at first under a
more or less genuine display of friendship ;
and he describes the approaches made
by Talleyrand. Sieyes, curiously enough,
scarcely enters into the story. The actions
of Napoleon exhibit him, in the clearest
possible manner, feeling his way towards
supremacy. The instances given by M.
Espitalier, both of Napoleon's tact and his
indiscretions, point to the same end. His
dislike of appearing at receptions in
military uniform indicates the former ;
his conversations with Barras (at least as
reported in Barras's own Memoirs), and
his high-handed actions while still in Italy
at the end of the 1797 campaign, show
that Napoleon — not yet thirty years of
age — intended to play no subordinate part
in the history of his country. Such a
work as this inevitably consists largely
of quotations, and M. Espitalier is to be
congratulated on the skill with which
he has selected the abundant material
on which he rests his case.
There are some exciting passages in the
' Souvenirs d'un Medecin de la Grande
Armee,' which Madame Lamotte has trans-
lated from the original German edition of
1832. Heinrich Roos, the author, was a
Wurtemberger, who was never intended
to serve in the army, but found himself
in 1805 in charge of the health of a fight
cavalry regiment, and was duly embarked
upon the great adventure of 1812. The
author is always the doctor who at
unexpected moments discusses the shape
of the wounds caused by pikes, or the
physiological effects of exposure to cold.
The most thrilling passages of the book
are those describing the triumphal march
through Moscow, the encampment outside
the city, and then the sudden explosions,,
the simultaneous outbreaks of great fires,
and the dismay which overcame the whole
Grand Army at the sight of its vanishing
booty. It is worth while to preserve all
the authentic accounts of one of the
most dramatic scenes in history. For
the rest, the narrative of Roos is undis-
tinguished. He was taken prisoner by
the Russians at Borisov, just before the
disastrous passage of the Beresina, and
entered the Russian service as an army
doctor. In 1815 he returned to Wurtem-
berg and to civil life.
' L'Albanie et Napoleon ' deals less
with Napoleon than with Ali Pasha of
Janina, whom we meet in the pages of
' Childe Harold.' After the distribution
of Venetian territories under the Treaty of
Campo Formio, Napoleon, having gained
Corfu, thought it advisable to cultivate
friendly relations with the Albanians of
the coast. The first action of these, never-
theless, was to combine with the Turks
and Russians to capture the island. Ali
was, however, disappointed by the refusal
of his allies to cede the island to him, and
by 1803 we find him making strenuous
efforts to secure an entente with France.
For four years all was apparently well,
but when the Treaty of Tilsit under a
secret article handed the Ionian Islands
back to France, Ali promptly showed his
teeth. The remainder of his life was a
long and generally successful struggle,
although in a few months he had alienated
such support as he might have expected
to receive ; but not until the fall of
Janina, in 1822, did he succumb. Napoleon
is scarcely mentioned ; a few letters from
him to Ali and notes on his policy are all
we hear of him. M. Boppe tells the story
well.
From ' L'Esprit Public dans le Departe-
ment de la Meurthe de 1814 a 1816 ' we
gain an idea of what Bonapartism meant
to the popular mind. M. Rene Perrin
finds, in short, that this eastern departe-
ment concerned itself but slightly with
forms of government. Although M. le
Comte d'Artois, the future Charles X.,had
been at work in 1814, striving to enlist
sympathy with the royal family, and
although there existed a distinct organized
royalist movement, the inhabitants of
La Meurthe, were on the whole apathetic.
They showed, however, distinct in-
dications of opposition to the recon-
Supplement, Jan. <*>, 1014]
Til E A Til EN .VA> M
stitution of the pre - Revolution status
of the nobility. As to Napoleon, of him
" on parte toujours. de aa famille rarement,
de I'Empire jamais." What the difparU-
Ditnt wanted most was peace with a
cessation of the ruinous war-taxes. Capi-
taine Francis Borrey in tiis elaborate * La
Franche-Oomte en 1S14.' we may note,
arrived at very similar conclusions for
the neighbouring d&parterm nt. La Meurthe
however weary of fighting and its cost,
never failed Napoleon. The Restoration
of 1814 was accepted with acclamation,
but with inward composure. The Hundred
Days were greeted with genuine warmth,
and the Second Restoration was coldly
received. But it meant peace and im-
munity from further German invasions, so
such opposition as there was to Louis
XVIIT. soon simmered away.
Xapoleon et la Vendee. Par Emile Gabory.
(Paris. Perrin & Cie, 5 fr.)
M. Gabory is to be congratulated on a
piece of solid work, and he has studied
carefully many unpublished documents
for this history of the Vendean wars.
He has taken care, by means of innumer-
able foot-notes, to give his authority
for all kis statements, and the result is
a noteworthy addition to the literature of
Xapoleonic tunes. The author shows how
the Vendeans welcomed the Consulate,
whose first care was to give them back
their churches and their priests. He
adds : —
" lis s'eloignerent du regime, seulement
lorsque Xapoleon, insatiable en homnies
et en argent, eut decourage leur loyalisme."
The terrible results of the fighting in
the Vendee may be seen by the figures
printed in the first chapter. On February
27th, 1794, still remembered as " the
day of the great massacre," 500 old men,
women, and children perished by the
bayonet in the wood of Le Drillay ;
Poire lost half its inhabitants ; and the
little town of Mortagne had two-thirds
of its people killed. There is nothing
sensational in M. Gabory's writing, but his
solid facts and figures give a vivid im-
pression of the awful sufferings in this
corner of France.
In his third chapter there is a clear i
account of the religious pacification, and
the well-known story of the peasant
Guillou shows what was the state of
feeling among the poor people. When
challenged by the National Guards and
the gendarmes, in answer to their " Rends-
toi," he replied " Rends-moi mon Dieu,"
and, defending himself with a fork, died
on the step of his village church. The
humane conduct of the people in pro-
tecting their homes has been generally
recognized, even by Revolutionary writers,
and not till Westermann's brutal treat-
ment did they retaliate. The Republic
has probably never been forgiven for its
work, and remembrance of past sufferings j
shows itself in party fights at the present
day.
Some spare is devoted by M. Gabory
to the severe measures taken by Xapoleon,
w ho wrote : —
"Dieu les punira dans I autre monde,
mais ( Y'sar doit les punir aussi dans celui-ci."
Napoleon added that ordinary magis-
trates and police were useless, and that it
was necessary to send men from Paris.
Rut on the occasion of his journey through
the Vendee he took a kinder view, ami
recognized that the war had been " une
guerre de geants."
English people will be attracted by the
references to the English gold which was
placed at the disposal of the Vendeans,
and by M. Gabory's consideration of what
might have happened at Waterloo if
20,000 men (or more according to him)
had not been detained in the Vender.
He writes : —
" Cette guerre fut presque exclusivement
une guerre anglaise. Dans toutes les guerrea
de Vendee, l'Angleterre joua un role ;
dans celle-ci [1815] le role fut de premier
ordre. Objectif de Wellington : immo-
biliser vingt-cinq mille homnies sur les
bords de la Loire .... ces vingt-cinq millo
homnies en moins, du cote de Napoleon,
assureront la. victoire aux Allies. Le marquis
de La Rochejacquelein, dechaine par le
due de jer, part it ; on lui avait fait des
promesses considerables d'or, de munitions,
de soldats. Cet or et ces munitions — les
soldats ne vinrent pas — rendirent possible
un soulevement que le manque d'armes eut
empeche de s'etendre. Le plan de Wel-
lington provoqua-t-il la defaite de Napoleon?
Ce corps d'armee eut-il, a Waterloo, rem-
place celui de Grouchy ? II serait difficile
de l'affirmer ; il serait plus temeraire de le
nier. Mais ce qmon ne peut contest er,
e'est que cet. evenement funeste reduisit
les chances de succes."
Lettres et Documeiits pour servir a VHis-
toire de Joachim MuraJb, 1767-1815.
Publies par S.A. le Prince Murat.
Avec une Introduction et des Notes
par Paul Le Brethon. Vol. VII. (Paris,
Plon-Nourrit & Cie.)
This seventh volume of Murat's papers
concerns the time when Joachim was King
of the Two Sicilies. It reveals the differ-
ences between his administration and that
of his predecessor, and shows how, by
difficult for him, as may be Been fi"iu
some Of the letters lie lecemd ThUS,
after an inter\ iew w ith Napoleon, Berl
wrote to .Murat : —
"On Manh .Mb. 1809, Soyez Roi poui vo«
Biijets, pour I Empereur, soyez un vice-roi
Soyez l-'raucais < I nou \a| H >ln a in. < lonsultez
Sa Majesty Emperiale sur tout: oequivoua
paraftrait nuire a voa sujets dans le mon
esi an contraire pour l< ur avantage, puiaque
tout <e que veut 1 Empereur tienl au plan
vaste lie Bee projets, de sea Ideea, et le bon«
heur des nations qui aont gouvem6ea pa:
dynastie tient a la reuasite d< grandee
\ ues ; (-"csi a nous a suivre el obeu
viics suw chercher a en deviner la
profondeur."
Murat's devotion to his mastx c and his
desire to be fighting with him are seen
throughout the volume. In February,
180!), he wrote to Napoleon : —
" Le chagrin de voir ce qui -e pa>-e en
Espamie et de ne pas y ctl'c POUT VOU8 V
servir, me dechire Lame; ce n est que sur le
champ de bataille que Votre &fajeste m'a
rendu justice, mais ces sentiment iii
apprecies ni entendus."
On April 4th he wrote : —
" Sire, voua allez faire la guerre, i I je i
ici ; que je suis malheureux ! Pourquoi
m'avez-vous eioigne ? J'aurais encore toute
votre amitio que mes ennemia m'onl lit
perdre, et je pourrais encore dans cette
nouvelle occasion voua donner de aouv< Ilea
preuves de mon absolu devouement."
The following day he pleaded : —
"Sire, je n'y demande aucun com-
mandement, je ne demande que I'hom i ai-
de voua accompagner ou d'y servir con
simple soldat. Croyez-vous, Sire, que le
trone que voua m'avez donne* me soit i lus
cher que votre glo ire '! Nbn. Perissent ma
fortune et mes brillantea deatinees, e( que
le grand homme, mon majtre et mon tout,
devienne, a'il est possible, encore plus grand !
....Sire, pourquoi vous suia-je deven I
peu nece.ssaire, aussi indifferent ? "
Once more, in June, ISO'), he writes : —
" Je brule d'impatience de donner a
Votre Majesty de nouvellea preuvea de i on
devouement, je desire de remplacor et dana
votre cceur et dans votre camp celui qui ne
pourra plus vous y servir. .. .Sire, exaucez
ma pridre. . . .Sire, si voua Baviez ce que je
souft'ro loin de vous, voua ue seriez paa
insensible a ma priere.
If we turn to other subjects, we find both
Murat, and Xapoleon </\\ Jul: mon q
his care for the most trifling things and
the moderation of his government, he once frank expression to their views about
gained the hearts of his subjects. The the Pope. Thus on June 20th,
period covered is only that from February
1st to September 9th, ISO!), yet in that
brief time we find over TOO letter
nearly all from Murat himself; but the
present volume is less interesting than
some of its predecessors.
The immense industry of Mui.it is illus-
trated by the way in which, at the busiest
moments of his life, he made time to
into minute detail, leaving nothing to
chance, and taking the trouble, for in-
Napoleon says : —
"J'apprenda la nouvelle que le Pane nous
a excommunies, voile, une Belle folie 11 a
attire par la ['excommunication mr lui-
meme, c est un fou qu il faul • ofern ■
In the pn -.nt colled ion of letters,
earlier ones, we find Mmat constantly
(ring Napoleon to write to lne
either I., , is ing no replj or son* i1
painfull] em t .
We have quot< •! enough to Bhow i
stance, to give the names of three horses m ipite of details aboul things oow
about which he was -ending orders to
some of his soldiers. There are s- i -_• n - thai
he was too timid about baking responsi-
bility, and he is constantly appealing to
N'apoleon for instruction* on small points
where a Btronger man would have acted
for himself. But no doubt things were on the gn ■ ■' of ••• time.
important, the ne* lettei - ' ontaui h
that i- interestinfl and th<
ably edited by u Paul Le B
as were the earlii i on< ^ ■ till I
long t" wail for those pap< re ol 18 H
whi.h an- expect< d to throw '
34
TH E A Til ENiEUM
[Si im'lkmiat, Jan. '.]. 1914
COURNOT'S REMINISCENCES .
On the whole, though the bulk of the lite-
rature on the French Revolution and the
Restoration period is for ever increasing,
M. Bottinelli has been well advised in pub-
lishing Cournot's 'Souvenirs.' The France
of Louis XVI. and the France of Charles X.
have passed away, but their fossils have
been, as it were, reconstructed in such a
grotesque way and in such distorted atti-
tudes that we must feel grateful to a writer
who tries to describe his contemporaries
with an impartial mind.
A. Cournot, born in 1801, in the small
town of Gray, in Franche Comte, spent
his early years in the midst of a deeply
religious family. His eldest aunt, how-
ever, had sided with the Republican party,
and thus young Cournot soon learnt to
look at the two sides of any question.
Highly gifted, he entered the famous
Ecole Normale in 1821 ; became secretary
to Marshal Gouvion Saint Cyr in 1823 ;
published remarkable articles on higher
mathematics, which attracted the attention
of all the learned world in Paris ; entered
the University of France in 1833. thanks
to Poisson. the great mathematician of
the time ; was Professor at Lyons and
Grenoble, and then Inspector of Schools ;
and soon became one of the first, and
the strongest, figures in the academical
world under Louis Philippe, Napoleon III.,
and the Third Republic. He died in 1877.
Vacherot called him the common-sense
philosopher ; indeed, we might say that
he was common sense personified. Yet
we have only to study a few of the por-
traits he has left of the men he knew, of
Gouvion Saint Cyr, Laplace. Cousin, and
Villemain,to recognize that this calm and
grave " Recteur d' Academic, "' versed in
the most difficult sciences, knew how to
manage words, and, what is more im-
portant, the hearts of men.
The rapidity and extreme violence
with which revolution followed revolu-
tion in France after the outbreak of 1789
produced in Cournot a great indifference
concerning the forms of government, but
at the same time strengthened his moral
principles. He never despaired of reason.
His varied experience and the spectacle of
public events led him to the discovery of,
or, if one prefer, to the belief in, the idea
which is the life of all his philosophical
works, viz., that the world is always
making for order.
According to him, two forces are ever at
war with one another in this world — man
and society ; and in their turn they are
controlled by a greater power, to which
Cournot gave the name of order. Order
is Reason in work in nature. Society is
itself a kind of living being, superior to
man, and enforcing the decrees of Reason.
Thus Cournot is a Bergson " avant la
lettre," for, before the modern philo-
sopher, he broke down the Avails of
determinism by declaring that the moral
world is quite different from the physical
Souvenirs (1760-1860). Par A. Cournot.
Precedes d'une Introduction par E. P.
Bottinelli. (Hachette, 7fr. 50.)
one ; that the causes which act in physics
and chemistry can be called laws, but I
that the causes we see at work on the his- I
torical stage cannot be foreseen. He is
always dwelling on this point, that " a
certain mixture of necessary laws and of
accidental or providential events is what
permits us to use the word history with
regard both to nature and to mankind."
Cournot has been wrongly described as
a sceptic whose motto in life was agree- j
ment at any cost with all forms of govern-
ment. The fact that he faithfully served
three forms of government merely shows
that he wished to serve his country under
any man, convinced as he was that an |
ultimate purpose was at work in the
terrible and obscure forces which were i
overthrowing governments. A royalist i
loyally attached to the Bourbons at |
first, he soon saw — with the penetrating
and unforgiving eye of youth — that their
cause was doomed to perish. Hence-
forward he walked through life with a
highly critical yet impartial mind, and,
since he had not been able to look at
Charles X. with reverence, he was not
going to pay any undue respect to Louis
Philippe or Napoleon III. But he always
managed to be fair to both of them.
On the l" coup d'etat " of the famous
December 2nd his comment is worth
quoting. He says it was
" much more difficult indeed than that of
the 18th Brumaire, was prepared with much
more wonderful ability. It showed the
force of a fixed and daring idea, matured
for a long time, cleverly indicated or dis-
simulated, as circumstances required, coolly
waiting for its hour to come, and passing
into action late enough for the principal
obstacles to be removed, yet early enough
to take its enemies unawares. For three
years it was necessary to suffer patiently
sarcasm, contempt, insult, to allow one's
secret thought to appear only at the right
moment, and at the same time to bend
oneself to its immediate covering with
the official cloak of one's ministers, as if it
were a mere inconsequence of eccentricity,
in this way keeping up hope, and lulling fear,
and observing all the time the line dividing
the princely from the public personality,
the small circle of accomplices from the
Government press. Such historical phe-
nomena, much rarer than the victories of
battle-fields, are necessary to the commence-
ment or recommencement of events which,
taken as a whole, escape all prevision,
because they lie outside the domain of the
general laws of history as well as of the
common rules of morality."
Here 'again we have the ever-recurring
Leitmotiv of his philosophy : politics lvill
never be amenable to the laws of reason,
since man is governed by instincts and
sudden passions. Progress can only
consist hi lessening the frequency and
intensity of political revolutions.
But one would be mistaken indeed in
thinking that Cournot's ' Souvenirs ' are
nothing but moral or philosophical reflec-
tions. His memoirs are the kind of book
one finishes at a sitting, so full is it of
bons mots, anecdotes, and sketches of
great men.
Correspondance generate de Chateaubriand.
Publiee, avec Introduction, Indication
des Sources, Notes, et Tables Doubles,
par Louis Thomas. Vol. III. (Paris,
Champion, lOfr.)
The special interest of this third volume
of Chateaubriand's correspondence is to
be found in the letters addressed to his
sister, the Comtesse de Marigny. They
have not been published before, and on
some unimportant points they throw a
little further light on the private histor}^
of this extraordinary man. whose corre-
spondence, like his books, is full of false
sentiment. His politics were a mass of
inconsistencies ; he was no thinker, yet
he fascinates people by his letters as
he does by the best parts of his least
tedious books. The present volume con-
tains some two hundred letters, all written
between April and November, 1822 —
partly during the time when he was
ambassador at our Court. Of course,
when he comes to London in 1822 it is
natural that he should instantly com-
municate with his lady friends to teU
them how sad he feels ivhen he recalls
earlier days in England, and how the
tears run down his face when he walks
through Kensington.
To the Duchesse de Duras he says
that at Lord Londonderry's house he has
been talking for five hours at a stretch
with the Prime Minister of England, and
from his own words it is easy to see how
frightfully bored the Englishman must
have been. Chateaubriand writes : —
" Je ne sais quelle impression j'ai faite
sur Lord L., mais j'ai remarque de temps en
temps line sorte de surprise, et je crois qu'il
n'etait pas habitue a entendre parler ainsi
mes predecesseurs."
This, from such a man, prepares us for
the remark, " J'ai ete content de moi,"
and for the further statement : " J'ai
rarement manque de reussir quand je
l'ai voulu." (Chateaubriand in his letter
wrote " Lord L.," and his editor has
turned the name into v' Londonderry " — a
mistake, we suggest, for Lord Liverpool ?)
After the death of Richelieu in 1822
Chateaubriand says of him : —
" Ces gens la ont ete aussi mediants qu'ils
etaient incapables. Leur rage actuelle ne
vient que de leur amour propre humilie
et de la preuve acquise que les Royalistes
peuvent gouverner et administrer la France
tout aussi bien et mieux que les valets de
Bonaparte."
In May, 1822, he writes to Madame
Recamier that if the Royalists fall he will
quit public life : " Ce sera du moins le
moyen de ne plus vous quitter " ; and he
reproaches her for not writing oftener.
On the same day he is crying out to the
Duchesse de Duras about his headache,
and adds : " Ne dites a personne que je
souffre. Me de Chateaubriand accourrait
comme une folle." While he is writing
to Madame Recamier to assure her that he
is devoted to her alone, he is, on the very
same day, wearying another lady with
professions of much the same kind.
The vanity of the man is seen in all his
letters, and "with one further extract we
Scppijmest, Jan. •'>, lull]
T n k a tii i:\ .k r m
35
conclude Our notice of this handsome and
well-edited volume. It is from a letter
dated Verona, where he was representing
his country at the Congress of November, ;
1 SJi> :—
\ OtJec-VOUS savoir ma vie ? «Je me
leve a 7 hemes el deinie. je dejeune a 8 et
demie arec Hvaeinthe ; a 10 je m'habille.
Mathieu m'envoie chercher, mi je vaia chez
lui parley dee affaires ; a midi je rends ou je
faia cjiielques visiles; a trois heures. je vaia
me j>romener seul ; a cinq, je dine avee iocs
jeunes ^ens ; a neuf je ine couche. s'il n \ a
pas eonures ehez M. de Metternieh."
All this is sent to a lady correspondent.
/." Duchesse de Berry et les Monarchies I
Euro-peennes. Par Etienne Dejean.
7fr. 50. (Paris, Plon-Nourrit & Cie.)
A recent decision of the French Foreign '
Office has enabled M. Etienne Dejean to j
use unpublished diplomatic papers and
documents preserved in the Archives I
nationales, and to compile a volume '
containing many things which have |
an interest for English readers. The
da lighter of the man who became King
of the Two Sicilies married the Due de
Berry in 1816, and, after his assassination
in 1820, she gave birth to a posthumous
son, and during the three years with
which M. Dejean deals, the Duchesse de
Berry not only tried to effect a rising in
Brittany, but also did her best to bring
about a European war in the interest of
her son. Her intrigues in the years
1830-33, and her attempts to upset Louis
Philippe and bring about a restoration of
the old monarchy, are described by our
author in detail, with many foot-notes
which show his authority for his state-
ments.
fit. Dejean has divided his work into
three parts. The first concerns the period
before the arrival of the Duchess in the
Vendee ; the second deals with her stay
in the west of France ; while the con-
cluding chapters describe her capture at
Xantes, and her imprisonment at Blaye,
speak of her negotiations with Chateau-
briand and the futile missions which he
undertook, and bring us up to December,
1833.
The Duchess travelled about the Conti-
nent with a large suite, and was every-
where spied upon. She was not always
a welcome guest, and even her own
brother, Ferdinand II., showed that he
would sooner not have received her.
Talleyrand kept his eye on her and her
tii'-nds in London when she was trying to
stir up trouble in the Vendee, and his
letters show how well informed he was
about all the movements of her set. The
French Embassy in London had to do its
own spy-work, and Talleyrand complain-
that our Home Office " could never obtain
satisfactory results" : " On ne jx-nt - > n
etonner dans un pays on la police Be fait
i mal."
In a chapter on the ' Conspiration de
Massa ' M. Dejean shows that the Duel
was well supplied with money, and f- II-
of all the comings and goings of her
friends. On April 15th, 1832, things had
so far progressed that the Duchess was
able to write to her Leaders in the west of
France : —
" Je ferai savoir a Xantes, u Angers, a
Rennes et a Lyon que je suis en France.
Preparez-vous pour faire prendre les armea
aussitot que VOU8 aunv. ivrii eel axis, et
comptez que vous le recevrez probablemenl
dvi 2 ou ;5 m'ai prochain. Si les courriers
ne pouvaient passer, Le bruit public vous
instruirait de mon arrxvee, et vous feriez
prendre les arm.es sans retard."
But the Duchess had counted on an
insurrection in Provence, and when that
completely failed, it was hardly surprising
that the Vendee refused to rise. When
things were at their woist she was obliged
to wander about disguised as a young
Vendean
" sous le nom de Petit Pierre, avec, pour
tout bagage, un sac compose de qua t re
chemises, de quatre paires de bas et de trois
mouchoirs de poche, noircissant ses sourcils
avec du eirage, se teignant les mains avec
des raisins sees pour leur donner line couleur
brune et rustique.'
The whole business was a fiasco, and
when her secret second marriage with a
Neapolitan marquis became known, her
political importance wras at an end, and
the Government set her at liberty.
There is no index, but the excellent
Tables of Contents make up to some
extent for this defect.
La Formation des Caracteres. Par Dr. Ch.
Fiessinger. (Paris, Perrin, 3fr. 50.)
Mysticisrne et Domination : Essais de
Critique Imperialists Par Ernest Sell-
Here. " Bibliotheque de Philosophic
Contemporaine.*' (Paris, Alcan, 2fr. 50.)
These two books, coming from such
different writers, plainly show which way
the wind is at present blowing in France.
Both put in the forefront that mysterious
power which is more and more engrossing
the French mind, subconsciousness. The
aim of both is to counteract Rousseau's
influence, and neutralize the action of
romantic mysticism.
Dr. Fiessinger looks at the problem
from the moral point of view of the
educator. For him " I'inconscient " means
what Pascal called "the heart" when he
wrote in his ' Pensees " : ' The heart has
its reasons which reason does not know."
Consequently, not content with Dr.
G. Le Bon's formula that the aim of
education is " de faire entrer dans I'in-
conscient les notions conscientes enrcgis-
trees par la memoire," he insists ou those
obscure, and so far unaccountable pirituaJ
forces which are of Buch importance to
a great nation, and which OUT present
•.•in of education ueglectfl too much.
Be would saw after R. L. Stevenson, thai
Language is but a poor bull's-eye lantern
wherewith to show off the vast cathed
of the world. Our erudition La nothing
hut cramming ; our bo 'ailed omniscient e
i- nothing but bibliomania.
Unfortunately, Dr. Fiei ingei a hook
does not come up to our expectation
It is much too chatty for one thing, and
would be greatly improved by eon
densation ; nor do we think that tin-
materials which he finds in literatim
have been skilfully worked up. It isonh,
in passant that lie speaks of the value
of example, as well as of certain Aniei ii
methods
Far more important is M. Seillii
book, which, under the high-sounding title
of 'Mysticisrne et Domination,' hides a
series of essays on some modern French
books. .M. Scilliei'c has been struck b
the fact that not a few fashionable or
popular writers in France write op to a
system; they wish to theorize about
society before being — what they ought
to be- — ]K)ets or writers: and above all.
at the present time, they are at infinite
pains to speculate about Bubconsciousni
and its ill-defined and shadowy empire
whilst preaching a new gospel in French
literature, the gist of which is to Ix-
brave and human and manly and French.
In this way Mysticism falls in with
Domination, which would not seem to h
its natural companion.
M. Seillierc reviews and criticizes with
a facile pen such books as those of M.M
Gobineau, Chevrillon, Andre Beaunier,
Fcemina. Paul Adam. Henri Lichten-
berger, Anatole France. Romain Holland.
H. Delacroix, and William dames : and
our list, though sufficiently varied, is by
no means exhaustive.
Though the author is convinced that
mysticism — or at least a certain kind of
mysticism — is a marvellous tonic for his
countrymen, as it increases their strength
and enlarges their soul, he cannot but be
rather vague at times when writing on
such different personalities as, for in-
stance, Andre Beaunier and Komain
Rolland. M. Holland still believes in
Reason, in the eighteenth-century sense
of the word. M. Andre Beaunier ii a
disciple of Pascal as well as SchopenhaUj
and would burn the goddess of Reason with
the utmost pleasure.
We cannot, however, reproach If.
Seillierc with being enigmatic about
subconsciousness, for at present then- are
three explanations at Least cd the extra-
ordinary phenomena grouped under that
heading.
According to him -if we are not mis
taken— imperialism, Like everything that
great and makes for greatness, is a dn
product of mysticism, of the union of the
soul w ith God (a necessary union, if one
wishes to succeed in lit".- ) ; and here he
.Iocs not seem to u- to I •< ■ far from V
Boutroux, who holds it eery i bl
to think that the Divine a. Is on the
phenomena of this world through a
subconscious BeK.
In an\ h a I k d< piotmg
faithfully as it dot - the lafc nt U ndi n<
in modern Frano f"m"1 ""
the bookshelves of all who are u.t. n b I
in French Literature, wl
opinions may be on subcon* iou "d
impel Lalism.
36
THE ATIIKNiE IT M
[Supplement, Jan. :j, li)14
Correspondance de Voltaire (1726-9).
Publiee par Lucien Foulet. (Hachette
& Cie., lOfr.)
M. Lucien Foulet, who is — or Avas till
recently — Professor of French Literature
in California University, has long been
known as an ardent Voltairean, and has
now issued the result of his researches in
this scholarly edition of Voltaire's corre-
spondence during the three years after his
release from the Bastille, the main part of
which he spent in England. It was in
1908 that we reviewed in The Athenaeum
the late Prof. Churton Collins 's work
on ' Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau
in England.' This was the final shape of
his essay on ' Voltaire in England,' which
originally appeared in The Cornhill Maga-
zine in 1882, and was reissued in a volume
in 1886. This volume gave M. Foulet,
as he acknowledges, his first stimulus to
undertake the study he has now com-
pleted. Since then M. Gustave Lanson has
published what may be regarded as the
definitive edition of Voltaire's ' Lettres
Philosophiques ' (2 vols., 1906), while
Mr. Archibald Ballantyne in England,
and MM. Clogenson, Beuchot, Desnoires-
terres, Mo land, and Bengescu in France,
have at one time or another contributed
to throw light upon what was a somewhat
obscure period of Voltaire's life.
The Athenozum helped early in the day by
first publishing on August 6th, 1892,
the most interesting letter in M. Foulet's
collection, which has also appeared in
Churton Collins's last volume. To
its remarkable literary history M.
Foulet has devoted 10 pages of his
Introduction and 14 pages in the text,
occupied by the letter itself, its transla-
tion into French, and editorial comments.
There seems good reason to accept his
well supported conjecture that this letter
was originally written to Thieriot on
October 26th, 1726, and was sent back
to England at Voltaire's request for the
purpose of being shown to Pope, with
Voltaire's eulogy of the author of ' The
Rape of the Lock ' as " the best poet of
England, and at present of all the world."
M. Foulet's suggestion is that the letter
was handed by Thieriot to Bishop Atter-
bury, who had been exiled in 1723, and
had made Voltaire's acquaintance in
Paris before he was lodged in the Bastille.
Morice, Atterbury' s son-in-law, writes
to the latter on March 5th, 1727 : —
" The gentleman by whom you sent over
your ring delivered that and your letters
to me. One of them containing extracts of
a letter of Voltaire's has (I mean the ex-
tracts) been shown to our Twickenham
friend, who could not but be pleased with
them, as he was at the manner of their
being sent." — ' The Miscellaneous Works of
Bishop Atterbury,' London, 1790.
If M. Foulet's conjecture is right, it would
look as if the letter was sent over intact
or in the form in which it still exists in
the possession of Mr. A. Forbes Sieveking,
who was responsible for its original publi-
cation in 1892.
Amongst Pope's papers it no doubt
passed to Warburton, who quoted from
it in the 1751 edition of the works of Pope,
but the first few words of the quotation
no longer form part of the MS. letter.
Moreover, this letter contains what M.
Foulet calls " le plus chaleureux eloge
de l'Angleterre qui soit jamais tombe de
la plume d'un Francais."
These English letters show conclusively
what a remarkable knowledge not only of
our language, but also of our innermost life,
Voltaire had acquired during his residence
amongst us. In another letter (p. 138)
he assures a correspondent : —
" Reason is free here, and walks her own
way. Hypochondriacs especially are wel-
come. No manner of living appears strange.
We have men who walk six miles a day for
their health, feed upon roots, never taste
flesh, wear a coat in winter thinner than
your ladies do in the hottest days : all that
is accounted a particular reason, but taxed
with folly by nobody."
Voltaire's chief reason for writing to
Thieriot in English was " not to be under-
stood by many over-curious people." M.
Foulet is of opinion that most of Voltaire's
letters to Thieriot have now been published.
M. Foulet's treatment of his material is
scientific and thorough. As he says in his
Introduction : —
" What forms the interest of this period
is that it is for Voltaire a period of transi-
tion. He discovers England and the Eng-
lish language, he reads, observes, admires,
and criticizes, he learns and unlearns, he
develops what he has an instinct for, he
compares, notes, and collects materials."
But he truly admits that we must not
expect from these letters the great
interest of the ' Lettres Philosophiques '
of 1734. Voltaire is so far only the
author of the ' Henriade.' Of the
letters which we find collected here
only one is strictly inedite, although
several had previously been published in
an incomplete state. M. Foulet has
used every endeavour to see the original
letters, and to give the minutest variations
of spelling or of contemporary or later
corrections. His notes contain a mass of
curious and detailed information as to
the persons or things mentioned in the
letters, which the editor must have
collected with infinite patience.
The latter part of the volume is taken
up with Appendixes on ' The Quarrel
of Voltaire with Rohan-Chabot ' ; ' The
Pensions of Voltaire,' still obscure in spite
of the researches of Nicolardot and
Desnoiresterres ; and ' Swift and Desfon-
taines,' the traitorous translator of ' Gul-
liver's Travels.' Two letters in French were
exchanged between the last-mentioned
pair, and are preserved in the British
Museum. M. Foulet conjectures that Swift
was probably assisted in the composition of
his perfect French, though not in his biting
irony, by Voltaire and Bolingbroke. Ap-
pendix V. is on ' Thieriot and Atterbury.'
Appendix VI. discusses the accusation by
Owen Ruff head in his ' Life of Pope ' that
Voltaire was a spy in the service of King
George, and shows its extreme impro-
bability. Others are on ' The Date of
Voltaire's Return to France,' ' Voltaire
before the Judge Consuls,' ' What Works
did Voltaire bring back to Paris ? ' and
finally ' Letters Lost and to be Re-
discovered.'
Recherches sur les Sources Latines des
Conies et Romans Courtois du moyen kge.
Par Edmond Faral. (Paris, Champion
& Cie., 10 fr.)
In this volume M. Faral brings together
in a more complete form a number of
papers on twelfth-century French romances
which have appeared during the last few
years in specialist periodicals, and at-
tracted considerable attention, adding to
them an essay in which he develops the
theory underlying his work. This is, to
put it shortly, that we must consider the
literary production of the twelfth century
as a whole ; that it is a mistake to devote
all our attention to the French or Anglo-
Norman works, and to pass over the Latin
literature of the time, in which the culture
of the age finds its fullest expression,
and from which the romance literature
derives much of its matter. We must
abandon the current classification of
the roman courtois into romans antiques,
such as ' Alexandre,' ' Thebes,' ' Eneas,'
' Troie ' ; bretons, as ' Tristan,' ' Erec,'
' Lancelot,' ' Yvain,' ' Perceval ' ; greco-
byzantins, ' Eracle,' ' Cliges,' " Floire et
Blanchefloir ' ; and d'aventure, as " Hie et
Galeron,' ' Guillaume de Dole,' &c. ; and
consider the romances as one body, arrang-
ing them in chronological order, and
studying their relations to each other.
From this point of view, in the light of
the classical culture of the day, M. Faral
finds no difficulty in proving that the
twelfth-century French romance form, and
much of its matter, is taken from Latin
models.
The existence of a classical Renaissance
in the twelfth century is, of course, well
known to every scholar. Such works as
those of John of Salisbury postulate a wide
public of similar tastes, if of less learning,
and we need not wait for M. Faral's
promised study of lesser writers of the
period to agree with him in this part of his
thesis, since it can do little more than
illustrate and throw new light on already
ascertained conditions, interesting and
thorough as it is sure to be. Nor can we
object to the sacrifice of a system of
classification by sources which is illogical
and may be misleading, since the position
of any romance in the system may depend
on the choice of what is to be considered
the main element of the story.
The chronological order of the romances
is a different thing, and the acceptance
of M. Faral's scheme will upset many
cherished theories. ' Thebes ' is un-
doubtedly the oldest (c. 1150) of the
romans antiques, and indeed of all the
existing romances. But we have been
accustomed to postulate the existence of
lost Arthurian romances, mainly on the
evidence of M. Rajna as to the common
use of names from these romances in
Italy in early times. We suspect that this
evidence has been more often alleged than
examined by writers on the subject.
M. Faral has examined it, and finds that
it reduces itself, for the twelfth century,
to an Artusius in 1114, a Galvano in 1136,
a Seldina (who may be Iseult) in 1180
Supplement, Jan. 3. uiul
rrn E AT II KX All M
>l
and the sculptures on the north porch of
Modena Cathedral, c. 1200. The identity
of Galvano with Caw a in is a very open
question, phonologically, and no argument
can be safely founded on so insecure a
basis. We know, indeed, that the story
of Lancelot must have been fairly well
known by 1170. since the whole point of
the ' Chevalier do la Charette,' the earliest
preserved Lancelot romance, depends on
the fact that the reader know s the identity
of its hero all through, while it is only
revealed to the actors in the story at its
end ; but we have no ground for assuming
so early a date for the story as before
1150. If we put on one side the presump-
tion of these early forms, the question of
the origin of the romance form becomes
one of purely literary criticism, and here
it is indubitable that the earliest romances
and fables in verse are imitated both in
form and matter from classical models,
and that their successors have been deeply
influenced by them. This filiation is
indeed admitted ; M. Faial has only given
more detailed proof of it, and it extends
not only to details, but also to the essential
constituents of the roman courtois : the
development of the story, the conception
of the subject, the methods of description,
the use of the marvellous, the theory of
love — all derive from the roman antique,
however great the modification they
receive from Chretien de Troyes and his
school.
M. Faral's book consists of a series of
studies, the first connected with the in-
fluence of Ovid on " Piramus et Tisbe '
and its group of derived tales, on ' Thebes,'
and on * Eneas ' ; the second treats of
various documents dealing with the con-
ception of love and the ; Debats du Clerc
et du Chevalier ' in the twelfth and thir-
teenth centuries ; the third is a well-
considered study of the source of the
marvellous in the twelfth-century romance,
the whole closing by a short essay which
resumes the author's views on the origins
of the roman courtois. The volume in-
cludes the text of two Latin poems on
Pyramus, and of the ' Jugement d' Amour '
in two forms, one of them Franco-Italian.
There can be no doubt that M. Fatal is
working on the right lines, and that
questions of literary history must, in the
long run, be settled by literary methods.
Philology and its kindred sciences furnish
us with a control not to be neglected, it
is true, but they are servants, not masters,
in the house of romance. It is evident
that the author's argument is by no means
complete, and that certain difficulties
in the way of accepting the ' Thdbes
as absolutely the first of the romans [
courtois continue to exist. But he has
given a most valuable impetus to romance
study in a new direction, and it is to be
hoped that his promised work on the
classical influences on popular Latin
literature in the twelfth century w ill con-
tinue the work.
Amoretti d' Edmund Spenser. Traduits en
Sonnets par Femand Benry. (Paris,
E. Cuilmoto, 5fr.)
It is only fitting that the ' Amoretti ' of
Spenser, who, especially in his earlier
poems, owed so much to Marot and Du
Bellay, should be translated into the
language which renders them accessible
to the "simples lettres" of France. It
is a difficult task to attempt, and one
which, as M. Henry suggests, has been
ignored by other translators, owing pos-
sibly to the comparative obscurities of
Spenser's language. In this ease, how-
ever, various archaic words have been
dealt with in the notes to the sonnets, and
explained for the most part in English ;
difficulties of phrase are also noted and
discussed in French, and M. Henry has
once to allow that " la pensee de Spenser
est claire, mais elle est exprimee dune
maniere assez obscure."
A further question which all trans-
lators must encounter — that of metrical
form — has been carefully considered,
and although in his rendering of Shake-
speare's Sonnets M. Henry decided to
reject the English for the Italian form,
he has here thought it wiser not to deviate
from the Spenserian style.
M. Henry is well aware of the merits
and defects of his original, and he there-
fore approaches his task with a very
sympathetic intelligence, while his know-
ledge of English is admirable. The grace
and restraint of a form of verse closely
allied to French poetry lose nothing — as
far as it is true to say this of any transla-
tion— in his poetic and ingenious versions.
Although Spenser is, perhaps, at his
easiest in the ' Amoretti,' the very sim-
plicity and flexibility of his beautiful
language may well prove a stumbling-
block to the unwary translator ; but
M. Henry is, as a rule, singularly happy
in his phrases. For instance, his version
of Spenser's seventieth sonnet, on Spring —
Printemps, jeune lu-raut du grand Roi quest
l'Amour,
Sur le pourpoi:it de qui, brillamment d^ploy^es,
Se voient toutes les flours qui s'ouvrent cbaque
jour,
En riche mosaique avec art disposees —
loses none of the original simplicity of the
conceit : —
Fresh Spring, the herald of loves mighty king,
In whose cote armour richly are diaplayd
All sorts of flowres, the which <m earth do Bpring,
In goodly colours gloriously arrayd.
It possesses also the further merit of a
close adherence to the original, without
a lapse into the merely literal, in each
case the English original is printed below
the French version.
The book also contains a short Life of
Spenser, and a few remarks on the historj
• it the sonnet in English literature of the
sixteenth century. -M. Benry points oul
that the period of thirty years during
which English poetry was at a woefully
low ebb was in France the time of poetic
plenty — the period of the Ple*iade. He
touches also on the question of the Eliza
bethan borrowings from the French, and
on tins point h<- has mafic a special
study of the literary relations between
Spenser and Desport
Lith'niiun Eepagnoie. Par Jamei Fite-
maurioe - Kelly. "Histoires dec Lit-
teratures." 5 fir. (Paris, Colin a l
It is curious how iiu Spanish writers have
achieved anything like international Fame.
The average Englishman who could easily
name a dozen notable French authi
would probably know only one Spanish
work — " Don Quixote.'
The reason for this lies in the develop-
nicnt of Spain itself. Emerging from the
Mediaeval period, she entered a1 the
Renaissance into a career pregnant with
promise. The discovery of America
brought her untold riches, and foi 160
years she was the supreme nation. Then
her successful course was cheeked by the
defeat of the ■" Invincible Armada and
she never recovered from that re\< i
She seemed to settle in the slough of
despond which even at the present day
she has not entirely left behind.
Her language has, however, regained
something of its former importance on
account of the rise of her rebel children,
the South American republics, and to-day
a book on Spanish literature is an event
of more than academic interest.
This work, originally published in 1898
in the well-known scries entitled Short
Histories of Literatures of the World,'
at once met with the success it deserved.
In 1901 it was translated into Spanish —
this in itself no mean compliment- -and in
1904 it was translated into French. It
has been adopted by many Universities
as the standard textbook on the subject.
The French edition having been ex-
hausted, the author undertook the writing
of this issue himself. The chang
profound as almost to qualify it new-
book.
The chronological order is followed
more closely than before. This is satis-
factory, for although the treatmenl by
" schools " and " movements " sometix
leads to better appreciation of the foi
at work, it always tends to confusion and
repetition.
It is, of course, only Castilian literature
that is treated, and none bul authors
domiciled in Spain are dealt with many
of the modern South American writ
being thus excluded. The earlier parts of
the hook have been enlarged, and mighl
with advantage, have been furthei ex-
tended by the inclusion of « \"
The sections on the period when Spain
was at its zenith (Charles [., Philip II
and Philip III.) are very full, and in
particular the part relating to ' Servant
has been emended in the fighl of • oent
arch.
Naturally enough, many wri!.
only touched on, but oo authi
pn tensions is left onmentioned. w
should have ba a bit "•■
the Bibliography, which, the authoi
has grown to su< h an - \'< nl as t"
i parate cover. En the earli r i drtion
it formed an app adbi to the biati
:J8
THE ATHENAEUM
[Sitivlkmknt, Jan. .'3, 1914
CLASSIFIED NOTICES.
Analeeta Bollandiana, edited by Francis
ran Ortroy and others, Vol. XXXII.,
15fr. yearly.
Brussels, 22, Boulevard Saint-Michel ;
Paris, Picard
Th» first article in this volume of general
interest to English readers is a Latin poem
in honour of St. Edmund Rich, written at
Pontigny, and containing some new details
of the miracles which followed his death.
A Life of St. Wulfhilde by Goscelin of Canter-
bury is published from a MS. of Trinity
College, Dublin, which once formed part of
the Cottonian Library. St. Wulfhilde was an
abbess of Barking at the close of the tenth
century. Father Van de Vorst has two
articles on St. Theodore Studites — in one
of them he publishes the Greek account of
his translation, in the second he studies his
relations with Rome; while in another article
Father de Cavalieri describes an ancient
miniature of the saint. Father Delehaye
writes on the cult of the Quattuor Coronati
at Rome, publishes the Greek text of the
life of St. Daniel Stylites, and examines its
sources. Father Peeters gives a Latin
translation of the life of St. Hilarion of
Iberia (875) from a Georgian MS. Father
Laurand contributes a note on the cursus
in the Dominican hagiographies, and Father
van Ortroy one on St. Ignatius Loyola and
Father Oliver Mannaerts. An ancient Welsh
martyrology which is printed from a Bedell
MS. in Trinity College, Dublin, by Father
Delehaye was shortly noticed by Henry
Bradshaw, and is well known to palaeo-
graphers. A catalogue is given of the Latin
MSS. of hagiographical interest in the
University of Wiirzburg, most of them from
local convents or the cathedral libraries.
The volume contains the usual addenda and
corrigenda to the Abbe Chevalier's ' Reper-
torium hymnologicum.' There are a number
of specialist reviews of books, the one of
most general interest being a spirited censure
of Dr. Frazer's use of a quotation from the
' De Natura Deorum l in ' The Golden Bough.'
Benamozegh (Elie), Israel et l'Humanite,
12fr. Paris, Leroux
This book, published nine years after the
death of its author, Rabbi-Preacher at Leg-
horn, is a monument of industry and erudi-
tion, and will stand as one of the most
important latter-day contributions to the
literature of the Jewish race.
The object of the book, which falls into
three divisions, God, Man, and Law, is
stated with passionate eloquence in a
lengthy Introduction. It is to prove to all
the nations of the world the universality of
the Jewish religion ; that in its tradition,
law, and hierarchy — and there alone — are
vested all authority and inspiration from
on high. The author reminds his readers —
and it would appear from the history of
Christanity as though this reminder were
apt — that Jesus was a Jew, and that His
teachings were for the most part founded on
Jewish writings. At the same time, the
question may well be raised whether the
whole import of the Gospel's message lay
not in this — to sweep away the traditions of
precedence and vested authority, recognizing
in no one people or nation a divinely ap-
pointed succession, while declaring the true
universality of the Fatherhood of God and
Brotherhood of Man.
Fiel (P.) et Serriere (A.), Apostolat d'un
Pretre Lorrain : Gustave III. et la
Rentree du Catholicisme en Suede,
3fr. 50. Paris, Plon-Nourrit
This traces the activities of Osier, an
apostolic vicar, who in 1783 was sent to
Sweden on a missionary journey. His
vigorous propaganda was cut short by his
failure to secure support from France after
the outbreak of the Revolution.
poetry
Grammont (Maurice), Le Vers Franc ais.
Paris, Champion
This is the second edition of a work which
first appeared in 1904. At that time its
great importance was masked by the adop-
tion of a " revised " spelling, which dis-
inclined many of those who would have been
deeply interested in its subject to take the
trouble of reading it. The author has now
issued it in ordinary spelling, and has added
to it several new chapters, besides thoroughly
revising the old text. As we have it now,
the book is a complete examination of the
construction of French poetry and of the
methods by which the end hi view entertained
by the author is reached. It is a book
which will attract every reader of French
poetry, but quite apart from this it has a
number of special features which should make
it of value to foreigners. A large section is
devoted to the harmony of the vowels in
the verse, and this is accompanied by a
careful analysis of the real sounds uttered
by a skilled reciter of French poetry. An-
other novel examination is that of the
relative times taken in uttering the various
syllables of a line, the standard being
one-hundredth of a second. Thus the line
Absorbe dans son sort le sort du genre humaine
is given as 19, 70, 17, 21, 27, 94, 37, 98, 26,
37, 13, 93 — -the 17 representing the mute e.
Another set of figures gives the relative
intensity of the syllables, in this case 4,
16, 3, 6, 8, 18, 8, 25, 3, 4, 4, 10. There
are in this chapter a number of striking
observations on the effect of emphasis on
quantity — a short vowel may take up the
longest time in enunciation. The book
contains incidentally a good deal of criticism,
mainly unfavourable to the decadents and
" vers libristes." There are good Indexes.
The greater part of the illustrative quota-
tions are taken from Heredia, Victor Hugo,
La Fontaine, Musset, Lamartine, and
Leconte de Lisle. The book is a worthy
successor of Quicherat, Banville, Berc de
Fouquieres, and Tobler.
Guilbeaux (Henri), Anthologie des
Lyriqtjes Allemands contemporains
depths Nietzsche, Preface par Emile
Verhaeren, 5fr. Paris, Figuiere
This handsome volume forms part of a
series, "Les Grandes Anthologies;" published
under the editorship of M. Alexandre
Mercereau. It consists of a short study of
modern German lyricism and an anthology
of each man's work, with short notices of
his life and books. The great influences
which have produced this school are Verlaine
and Baudelaire, Whitman and Verhaeren.
The translations are sometimes in " vers
libre," sometimes in rhythmical prose, and
give as good an impression of the originals
as could be expected in the case of such dis-
similar languages. The poets from whose
works selections are made range from Detlev
von Liliencron and Richard Dehmel to
Stefan Zweig and Franz Werfel. Their
subjects are as various as modern life, of
which many of them essay the interpreta-
tion. The book will be of value, not only
to the French public for which it is designed,
but also to many English readers whose
opportunities of becoming acquainted with
the main currents of modern German poetry
are limited.
Paulhan (Jean), Les Hain-Teny Merestas :
Poesies Populaires Malgaches, 7fr.50.
Paris, Geuthner
This book consists of a lengthy introduc-
tion to the native songs of Madagascar,
with numerous specimens and translations
of the various types. The songs are short,
and exhibit strictness of form, a profusion of
proverb and metaphor, and a tendency to
repeat a line with slight changes.
Ipbtlosopbs.
Bonnier (Charles), Monographie du Men-
songe, Essai sur la Casuistique.
Liverpool, Lyceum Press-
M. Bonnier begins by drawing a distinc-
tion between the " mentant " and the
" menteur," the difference being that the
former finds it unnecessary to create or
even to await the opportunities for the dis-
play of his characteristic. It is with the
" mentant " that this essay deals. The
body of the monograph maintains his omni-
presence, the conclusion upholds his inevit-
ability.
HMstovs an£> DBiOQrapbE.
Barber (Frederic), Au Service des Rois et
. de la Revolution, " Suisses hors de
Suisse," 5fr. Paris, Perrin.
The Swiss whose biographies are included
in this volume are Marc Reverdil, the
librarian to Stanislaus Augustus, last King
of Poland ; Ferdinand Christin, a Royalist
agent during the Revolution and a friend
of Madame de Stael ; and Jean-Gaspard
Sehweizer, an agent of the Committee of
Public Safety.
Bontoux (G.), Louis Veuillot et les
mauvais Maitres de son Temps, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
Louis Veuillot was the most orthodox of
Ultramontanes, with a flair for liberalism
and heresy that was wasted upon the nine-
teenth century. During his long journalistic
career, especially during his editorship of
L'Univers, he broke lances against most
of the famous Frenchmen of his time, and
displayed a virulence and power of invective
that recall the more spacious and outspoken
days of Martin Marprelate. Now M. G.
Bontoux has collected a selection from his
polemics against " les mauvais maitres "
of his age. They are certainly a stout
body of adversaries, including as they do
Victor Hugo, Musset, Heine, George Sand,
and Sainte-Beuve, and at least they witness
to Veuillot's intrepidity. On the whole, how-
ever, he hardly seems to have come victorious
from any one of these encounters. Perhaps
his courage was greater than his prudence,
and he was prone to charges of too sweeping
a kind. For instance, to convict Hugo of
pride, hatred, anarchical leanings, obscenity,
and blasphemy, or Sainte-Beuve of lubricity
and impiety, was a considerable undertaking.
None of the passages from Veuillot's writings
cited by M. Bontoux leads us to think it
was a successful one. There is a great
display of personality and temper, but very
little production of evidence. The same
holds true of Veuillot's other diatribes.
Their sound and fury are prodigious ;
their significance remarkably small. They
are interesting only as revealing the mind
of a French reactionary of the mid-nine-
teenth century. M. Bontoux has shown
zeal, care, and knowledge in his work of
compilation, but he has to remember that
to most educated Frenchmen Hugo, Musset,
and Sainte-Beuve are familiars, while Louis
Veuillot is little more than a name. " Speak
as they will, what does the mountain care ? "
we are tempted to ask as we turn these
Slti'Lkmknt, .Ian. :{. 1014"| TULE A T 1 1 K N ,H I" M
:;!i
pages of forgotten controversy, and remember
now time and the trend <>t" thoughl have
settled the questions they debate.
Boule (.Alphonse^, Catherine de Mediois
BT Coi.ir.sv. 3fr. 1'aris. Champion
A brief study of the duel between Cathe-
rine de Modieis mid Coligny, wliieh began
with her accession to the regency in 1560,
and ended with his assassination and the
Massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572.
Cahen (Leon), Lks Qvkrki.i.ks Ri:i.iGlEtrSES
BT Part.EMKNT.URKS sol s Loris XV.,
" L'fiistoire par les Contemporains,"
2fr. Hachotte
The events which are described in this
volume, mainly by extracts from contem-
porary writers, begin with the publication
of the " [Jnigenitus " Hull in 1713. and con-
tinue to the suppression of the Jesuit Order
in 1764, and of the provincial " Parlements "
during the next few years. Dr. Cahen
describes the privilege-, and constitutions of
the ecclesiastical and State bodies in question
in some detail, and then allows his authorities
to tell the story in their own words.
Cartier (Vital), I'x Mkcoxxu : le (Ikxkral
Tbocht-. 1815-96, 5fr. Paris. Perrin
M. Cartier explains the circumstances
which led General Trochu (Governor of
Paris during the siege of 1871) to resign
from the army, and eulogizes his life and
character.
Clemenceau (G.), Dans les Champs du
Pot" voir. 3fr. 50. Paris, Payot
Formerly, that an historian should confine
himself to what was important was the
supreme rule. But " nous avons change
tout cela." Nowadays we think that the
most minute fact, the most ephemeral
thought, should be noted down, following the
supposition that an article written, let us
at the time of Catiline's conspiracy,
would be of more value to us than a chapter
of Sail list.
Acting on this principle. M. Clemenceau
has given us in book-form a series of leading
articles which appeared in a French news-
paper from May 6th to July 13th of the
past year. In his interesting Preface he
asks us : " Who is in a better position to
•ribe events [we translate freely] than
the journalist, so long as he is clear-sighted
and disinterested ? "
But we may ask in our turn : Is M.
Clemenceau as disinterested as he believes
himself to be ? We, unfortunately, know-
that there is no love lost between him and
M. Poincare ; and when he calls the Presi-
dent of the French Republic " riche intelli-
gence, mais pauvre coeur," such a sentence
nous to savour too much of the partisan.
Indeed, is not the greater part of this book
a protest against the Poincare election ?
There is something moving, however, in
the sight of an old gladiator determined
to die game, though beaten in the political
arena.
Danielou (Charles), F/n m> Contempo-
uaines. Premiere Serie, '-'>u-. 50.
Paris, Figuiere
The author, a Breton deputy belonging
to the Centre party, has collected a number
of address'--, speeches in the Chamber of
Deputies, and article-, grouped under BUCh
heads as Regionalism, the Separation of
Church and St.it.-. Foreign Affairs, and the
presenl Disorder in the Navy. Those
interested in French affairs will find in this
volume a good presentation of the attitude
of the educated Unton in religion and
politic-.
Force (Due de la), Lai zi tr, dm Cot axiSAN
of ( Irani) Hoi. ■■ Figures du I '
7fr. 60. Bachette
The life of Lauzun would aeem a romance,
if it-> events had only been more probable;
to have been passed not in adventures, but
in dreams, good or had. provided that one
could dream as he lived. This is the \erdict
oi La Bruyere on the career of Antonin-
Xompar d,. Caumont, Due de Lauzun.
Knight of the Garter, the promised husband
of La Grande Mademoiselle, and it is fullv
justified by the Btory of his fife, now told
at length for the firsl time by a member
of his family, the Due de la' Force. His
adventures are as incredible as those of a
hero of Dumas: he had all the Gasoon
astuteness 'and bravery of D'Artagnan with
the high courage of Athos, and the simple
recital of his story reduces 'The Three
Musketeers' and 'Twenty Years After' to
commonplace. The author has spared no
pains to make his hook as complete as pos-
sible, and, like the other volumes of this
series, it contains an ample bibliography
of manuscript and printed authorities for
each chapter, and is well illustrated by por-
traits and views. The chapters on Lauzun's
part in the Revolution of 1688 and the
subsequent campaign in Ireland, ending
with the Battle of the Boyne and the raising
of the Siege of Limerick, will have a special
interest for the English reader. All the
causes of James II.'s unpopularity, except
the religious ones, are neglected, but other-
wise the tale of the escape of Mary of Modena
is well told, and there is a very fair account
of the Irish campaign of 1690 as seen from
the French side.
Garneau (Francois-Xavier), Histotre dtj
Canada, Cinquiemo Edition, revue,
annotee et publiee. avec une Introduc-
tion et des Appendices, par son petit-
fils, Hector Garneau, Tome L, lOfr.
Paris. Alcan
This new edition is the first work published
under the auspices of the Comite France-
Amerique, which has for its objects the
spread of knowledge of North American
history in France. M. Hanotaux. who is
President of the Comite, contributes a
Preface in which ho lays stress on the close
racial connexion between France and Canada.
The work will be completed in another
volume.
Granger (Ernest), Petite Histoere Uxi-
VERSELLE, 2fr. Paris. Haeliette
This extremely brief introduction wisely
concerns itself with great movements rather
than men. The booklet is more vividly
written than might be expected of a mere
summary.
Hallays (Andre), Paris, 6fr. Paris, Perrin
M. Hallays has already written a good
many books in the series which ho calls
" En Flanant." and ho now does for Paris
what he previously did for such places as
Maintenon, Senlis, Soissons, and Chantilly
in the pleasant volume which was entitled
' Autour de Paris.' There is a literary
flavour about most of the presenl pages, and
at Auteuil. for instance, we are concerned
chiefly with Moliere. About him and his
house there we find interesting del ail.-.
1 1 are are about Racine who once lived at
Auteuil, and about I'.oileau. who sp< al
much time there with him. Other
deal with Voltaire and Victor Eugo and
their homes. There are obo articles on
Passy, Bagatelle, and other spots in or near
i- . while one ..n Midline Talleyrand
is sure of reader . This well-illustrated
volume would add to the i,,- irely
stay in Paris. W 8 wonder, for instance, bow
v ,,)' all the people who * - I aow
that the house where Boarron b'ved from
i to 1660 it -'Hi intact* and know wl
to find it.
Madelin i Louis i.
a wi i: ii Rome, 3fr. 50
Pari . I'l"ii .\..ui rit
This i- n"t. as might be imagined, a
treatise on <lie relations ..i the Third r
|)iil)lic and the Vatican BU1C6 I he rupture ol
the Conoordat. It is a collection "' I
torical essays and studies, written with all
the learning and research which characterize
M Madelin's previous Work, and have wen
for him three of the highest prizes olTcred
by the Academic. His other books ha\e
related chiefly to the Revolution and the
First Empire. In this volume he can
his inquiries much further hack, ami gh
the results of hi-- researches in the Vatican
Library and at the Barberini Palace,
The firsl essay deals with the curious
incidents connected with the Pragmatio
Sanctions of l-4.'!i>, when the French Church
was for a tune separated from the See
of Koine. The second, which includes
some vivid description of Renaissance Italy,
describes the Concordat of 1516 when
Francis I. put an end to the conflict.
To this is added a most interesting stud]
of the journal of a Frenchman who resided
in Kome from latin to 1540, including tic
crisis of the Reformation. Then fellows an
important essay on the Callican declaration ol
1082 and the religious policy of Louis XIV.
In the two final chapters M. Madelin come-
back to his own period, one oi them
dealing with the Civil Constitution of the
Clergy, and the other with the origins of the
Concordat of 1801.
Marcel (Chanoine), hi: Kukri: de Diderot l
Didikr-I'ikkki: DlDEBOT, 3fr.
Paris, Champion
In his introduction to the Life of Didier-
Pierre Diderot. Canon .Marcel ghrW tin..
reasons for the obscurity of his hero : the
greater fame of Denis his brother, his invn
natural self-effacement, and the fact that
he was a. priest. The reader will, however.
have difficulty in finding a single peg
on which to hang anything approach]
fame in the life of 1 hdier-l'ierre. In the
parish of Lane-res. when1 he had hecu horn
and where he was peacefully to die, he spent
his years the gentle, pious shepherd of
his flock. Canon Marcel emphasuBes con-
tinually the torture which hi- broth*
atheistic and revolutionary writings mu-t
have inflicted upon the Abbe's Bensjtivi
soul ; hut. entrenched within the Btrongnold
of ecclesiasticism, refusing in later yi
even to see the Encyclopaedist or those con-
nected with hum. engrossed in the affairs «.f
his parish and his church, he appe UPS '<>
have had little to disturb th< Btful
tenor of his daj -.
In his enthusiasm < lanon Marc* I. al
native of I. where the memorj of the
Abbe's saintly character - 1 ill sh« bene-
ticent light, has devoted tine. . hapten to
what he regards as Didier-Pi< remosl
title to fan* tie- Church -ch.... Is which
helped i" e tablish, and of which he «
inde.-d. tic- inspiration. Four y< ars la!
after his death, thej w
by the fieroe n l< i le ol tho Revolu-
tion. The hook is chiefly i kble for I
sustained aid unoompromi
ncycloprodi
at el 0
1 1.. I-. >■ ■ Dei D
hi i- ii... i implacable
w.i, la-r humble and pi
the pile t IP. further . \
The clo which fell upon Demi
belonged |,,!l
re.
Such, ; '"'■■, '
upon the broth »rj
40
THE ATHENAEUM
[SrppLKMKNT, Jan. 8, 1914
Mathiez (Albert), Les Grandes Journres
DE la Constituante, 1789-1791, 2fr.
Hachette
M. Albert Mathiez reconstructs the most
notable of the early episodes of the Revolu-
tion, concluding with the Massacre on the
Champ de Mars. As far as possible he
quotes from contemporary sources, merely
weaving the selected passages into a con-
nected form. The book contains numerous
bibliographical references for further read-
ing, and is illustrated by reproductions of
contemporary drawings.
Millet (Rene), La Conquete du Maroc : la
Question Indigene (Algerie et Tu-
nisie), 3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
In his able book on Morocco Mr. E. D.
Morel gave English readers some account of
our secret diplomacy, and attempted to
shock the respectable and steady-going
people who think that our Foreign Office
can do no wrong.
In ' La Conquete du Maroc ' M. Rene
Millet appears to have sat down with the
intention to do something of the same kind
for his own country ; and, as an ambassador
of France and a former Resident-General
at Tunis, he is in a position to write with
much authority. In his time he has worked
for the African empire which now belongs
to France, and he takes advantage of his
retirement to criticize with considerable
freedom the ministers and the diplomatists
responsible for the recent troubles of France
in Northern Africa.
Much that M. Millet gives us was prepared
at the height of the Moroccan trouble, and
he here reprints letters and memoranda
written at that time, publishing them,
apparently, with little alteration or revision.
If M. Millet sometimes shows party feeling,
he is also ready to hit out all round, and
some of his own friends may not appreciate
things like this : —
" La derniere decade a 6t6 funeste au sens
politique des Fran^ais. lis se sont imaging que
les affaires exterieures, cela consistait a signer
quelque chose avec quelqu'un, puis a s'abandonner
au fil de l'eau. M^thode chere aux m^diocres :
elle dispense de r6fl6chir, de discuter, de preVoir.
On a la bouche pleine de formules protocolaires,
■on les recite comme une leeon ; quelques cen-
taines de paires d'oreilles, dans la classe tumultu-
euse du Palais-Bourbon, les re^oivent comme
paroles d'Evangile. Pendant ce temps-la, on
perd de vue le drame qui se joue derriere ce vain
decor."
In July, 1911, M. Millet noted that
French possessions in Africa, and especially
those in the Congo region, were sufficiently
vast for it to be possible to give up some-
thing there to Germany, but he was firm in
his advice that Germany must never be
allowed any position on the slopes of the
Atlas.
In the second part of his volume M.
Millet discusses the native question so far
as it affects Algeria and Timis ; and in a
concluding chapter he has something to
say of Egypt, and answers French critics
who, in his opinion, have overpraised our
government of that country.
Morel-Fatio (Alfred), Historiographie de
Charles-Quint, Premiere Partie, suivie
des Memoires de Charles-Quint, texte
portugais et traduction francaise, lOfr.
Paris, Champion
This is the two hundred and second volume
of the historical and philological studies of
the Bibliotheque de FEcole des Hautes
Etudes, and belongs to the " Zur Kritik "
category of monographs. The author dis-
cusses existing sources for a complete
history of Charles V. of Spain, and appraises
the works of the official and unofficial
recorders of the events of his reign.
Noailles (Vicomte de), Episodes de la
Guerre de Trente Ans : le Mark-
CHAL DE GUEBRIANT (1602 A 1643),
7fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
This is the third and last of the author's
elaborate biographical studies of the prin-
cipal characters of the Thirty Years' War.
Guebriant was the predecessor of Turenne in
the command of the German army from
1640 to his death at Rottweil, three years
later. The author pays special attention
to the strategical aspects of Guebriant's
campaigns.
Reynaud (Louis), Les Origlnes de l'Influ-
ENCE FRANCAISE EN ALLEMAGNE : Vol. I.
L'OFFENSIVE POLITIQUE ET SOCIALE DE
la France, 12fr. Paris, Champion
The exaggerated Teutonism of a certain
class of historians inevitably produces a
reaction of which this volume is an example.
In it Dr. Reynaud studies the comparative
history of civilization in France and Ger-
many for the two centuries between 950 and
1150, and asserts the predominance of French
influences in German culture and politics.
His first chapter narrates the growth of feud-
ality in the State and of the power of Cluny
in the Church, and of the gradual association
which led to the Crusade. These move-
ments were rendered possible by the almost
complete destruction of the political organiza-
tion of Charlemagne, the usurpation of
sovereign rights by the vassal, and the efface-
ment of royalty. To feudality in the State
succeeded feudality in the monastic system,
and Cluny, under the guidance of a few
remarkable men, spread its influence over
France, and then over Western Europe,
and conquered Rome. Lastly came the
alliance between Cluny and French feudality ;
chivalry was christianized, and used in the
service of the Church against the infidel.
In Germany, on the other hand, the organ-
ization of Charlemagne was never seriously
weakened ; his successors were abler than
their French contemporaries, and foreign
invasions left less mark on the Empire. A
close alliance was formed between the
Church and the monarch against his dukes,
and the royal policy in favouring the Church
kept it in its service. The comparative
internal peace of the country resulted in the
typical free man being a farmer instead of
a knight as in France, while the German
" chivalry " was composed almost entirely
of serfs. It was the introduction of Cluniac
doctrines and institutions that first broke up
the subjection of the Church to the State,
and brought on the struggle of investitures
under Henry III. and Henry IV., and these
doctrines and institutions were French.
Lastly, Dr. Reynaud compares the social
states arising from the two regimes : France
in a state of constant progress, brimming
over with new ideas (generosity, fidelity,
loyalty, honour), all creations of French
chivalry ; while in Germany, with its serf
chivalry and utilitarian nobility, all these
ideas were absent or imported later from
France. He makes a spirited attack on the
legend of the " treue " and " Frauen-
verehrung,"- quoting from German sources.
Altogether, it is an excellent example of
what can be done when one takes a strong
side in history, and, in spite of some repeti-
tions, is well put together and amply docu-
mented. There is a certain amount of
justification for its conclusions. We await
with some interest the promised second
volume, which is to contain, inter alia, a
refutation of M. Bedier's theory of the
" Chansons de Geste.'*
Rottach (Edmond), La Chine en Revolu-
tion, 3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
M. Rottach had exceptional opportunities
for studying on the spot the Chinese up-
heaval of the last few years. The greater
part of his book presents China as an armed
camp. He also describes the financial diffi-
culties of the Government, and concludes
with a survey of the most pressing dangers.
Souville (E.), Mes Souvenirs Maritimes
(1837-1863), Introduction de M. le C.
Amiral Degouy, 7fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
The late Capt. Souville travelled widely,
but took part in no engagements. His
recollections are therefore almost wholly
a record of places visited, with occasional
episodes, such as a storm off Cape Horn,
and such impressions as a patriotic French-
man may glean from a stay at St. Helena.
Tournier (J.), Le Cardinal Lavigerie et
son Action Politique (1863-92), 7fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
This volume is mainly concerned with the
political efforts of Cardinal Lavigerie to
secure Catholic unity in France.
Wilkins (W.-H.), Madame Fitzherbert et
Georges IV., 5fr. Paris, Perrin
This book first appeared in English in two
volumes in 1905. The French text, in one
volume, is a shortened form of the issue of
1908. For notice see Athen., Nov. 25, 1905.
(3eoGrapfo£ an& travel.
Besnier (Maurice), Lexique de Geographie
Ancienne, avec une Preface de R.
Cagnat, " Nouvelle Collection a l'Usage
des Classes," XXX. Paris, Klincksieck
A most useful little dictionary of classical
geography, giving in a compendious form
for each place the corresponding modern
name, a short account of its position, the
most important facts of its history, and
reference to the chief classical authors and
inscriptions in which it is mentioned. We
have tested it severely by several specialist
histories recently published, and have found
it quite adequate. The book takes as basis
the Index of Van Kempen's ' Atlas Antiquus,'
enlarged and corrected, and includes between
six and seven thousand articles, excluding
cross-references. At the end there is a
list of modern names with their ancient
equivalents.
Blanc (Mgr.), Les Iles Wallis, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
Mgr. Blanc had but recently returned
from the Wallis Islands (north-east of the
Fiji Islands) when the news of their annexa-
tion by France was published. He here
describes the islands and the successful work
of Catholic missionaries.
Granger (Ernest), Les Merveilles de la
France, 25fr. Hachette
France is described and illustrated, pro-
vince by province, in this substantial album.
The author is, perhaps, too ready to use
superlatives, but the total effect is dis-
tinctly impressive. The coloured pictures
incline to crudeness.
Sehceck (Ivan de), S.A.I, le Grand - Due
Boris de Russie aux Fetes du Siam
POUR LE COURONNEMENT DU Roi, 10fr.
Paris, Plon
A very pleasing account of a voyage made
in a Russian cruiser to Siam in December,
1911, illustrated by ninety-one half-tone
reproductions of photographs taken for
the most part by the author. It is written
without any pretension, and gives a good
idea of the things likely to arouse the atten-
tion of an educated tourist. The chapters
devoted to Java are, perhaps, the most
interesting : the description of the ruined
Buddhist temples gives a clear idea of
them, and the photographs are quite good,
while two figures of Javanese dancing girls
are the best we have seen.
Supplement, Jan.
10141
T II K A T II !•: \ .K I M
41
Subercaseaux (Amelie E. de), La Komi: iu
Cceur. 5fr. Paris. lVrrin
A translation of the Spanish work pub-
lished at Rome in 1909. The author, who is
B Chilian, writes from the point of view of
a devout believer, and gives a good account
of what was to he seen and done at Rome
during the Pope's Jubilee. The translator,
the Comtesse de Loppinot, has done her
work sympathetically and well. The book
can be commended to visitors to Rome as a
valuable supplement to their Baedeker or
Hare.
Vallaux iCamille), L'Ajrchipel de la
Manche, 4fr. Paris, Hachette
Visitors to the Channel Islands usually
dispense with the orthodox guide-book, and
prefer to take with them Victor Hugo's
' Toilers of the Sea ' or Sir Gilbert Parker's
4 Battle of .the Strong,' in order to avail
themselves of the opportunity of reading
these books amidst their natural surround-
ings. For, although books describing these
"gardens of the sea" have appeared from
time to tune, hardly any of them have suc-
ceeded in attaining anything more than a
passing vogue. The present volume is well
illustrated and full of interesting informa-
tion— the result, we gather, of a prolonged
stay by the author in the Islands. Thus
we learn, for instance, that Alderney enjoyed
independent government on the hereditary
principle from 1204 to 1825, and was,
during that time, " obscure and almost
ignored by its nearest neighbours " ; and
that it was only in 1825 that it came under
the jurisdiction of the " bailiff " of Guernsey.
Prince Bliicher is the present owner of the
island of Herm, which is managed like a
modern estate, while Sark still keeps up its
old feudal customs. During the Civil War
Guernsey took the side of Parliament, while
Jersey was royal in sympathy. Traces of
this difference are supposed to have lasted
almost to the present day. It is interest-
ing, therefore, to note the verdict of the
writer that " Jersey distinguishes herself
from her neighbour from being more chary
of adopting innovations. Jersey is in fact
more conservative." He also informs us
that it was only after 1815 that the
islands came entirely under English influ-
ence. He explains this phenomenon in one
sentence : " The religious revolution opened
the way to Anglicisation." He adds that
the immigrants, chiefly agricultural labourers
from Brittany, rapidly unlearn their French,
and that their children only learn it at school.
Sociology.
Gaultier (Paul), Les Maladies Sociales,
3fr. 50. Paris. Hachette
The five social evils dealt with are youthful
criminals, alcoholism, depopulation, porno-
graphy, and suicide. With the possible
exception of the first, these ills are connected
with the stationary population, and the
peculiar difference between the bOCial pro-
blem-, of France and England is clearly
exhibited by the selection of this particular
group out of the many existing evils.
M. Gaultier writes with warmth; his
remedies are restatements of proposals
that need to be made more familiar.
Kropotkine (Pierre', La Science Moderns
et i.'AxAHrnn.. '-'>u\ .'><). I' iris, Stock
The whole, of this book has already ap-
peared in English — the greater pari
Modern Science and Anarchy,' published
early in 1913, and the remainder iu pam-
phlet form. Taken together, these work-,
may be regarded as a ji i 'em of An-
archist principles from the philosophical,
historical, and economi [points.
Economics.
Esmonin (Edmond), La Taille en Nob-
m \mdie au Temps de Colbert (1661-
1683), 7fr. 50. rlaohette
The " taille " was less in the nature of a
tax than of a system of taxation — a system
which prevailed over the whole of France
with innumerable local variations. Dr.
Esmonin has found an enormous mass of
material relating to the imposition of the
" taille " in Normandy, perhaps the wealthi-
est of all the provinces. He has been com-
pelled to go further than official enactments
in his efforts to ascertain the actual incidence.
as, he observes, payments and assessments
seldom, if ever, are found to coincide. In
Normandy, as elsewhere, the landowning
classes were exempt from the payment of
the '• taille." and assessments were made on
the basis of the number of families, and not
on individuals. The author draws a vivid
picture of the actual operation of the tax.
the collectors, the methods of enforcing
payment, <Src.
pbilolOGE.
Gobert (Gustave), Dans un Pays Bilingde,
sub la Methode de l'Enseignement
des Langdes Vivantes en Belgique,
lfr. Brussels, Gosse
An account of the official methods of
teaching foreign languages in Belgium and
the textbooks employed, as well as the two
languages of the country, with some general
remarks.
Euripide, Iphigenie en Tauride, edited by H.
Weil : Third Edition, revised by G.
Dalmeyda, lfr. Paris, Hachette
In this country we are a little supercilious,
perhaps, about the classical studies of France,
but France has nevertheless produced
scholars of great distinction and endowed
with an extraordinary power of vitalizing
the results of their studies — Boissier, for
instance, or the brothers Croiset. Henri
Weil belonged to the same class, and his
editions of Euripides have long been of
value to unprejudiced students for their
preservation of the dramatic qualities of the
plays. The small volume under review
includes an excellent introduction to Euri-
pides in general, an analysis of the particular
drama, and notes excellent in their clearness,
aptness, and avoidance of pedantry. For
young people we can imagine nothing more
suitable.
Martha (Jules), La Langue Etrusqik.
Paris, Leroux
Prof. Martha, whose studies on Etruscan
art are well known and valuable, though he
is, perhaps, a little too ready to claim as
Etruscan things which are plainly Greek,
lias ventured a new explanation of one <>t'
the riddles of the past the nature of the
Etruscan language. The researches of his
predecessors have led up to negative results :
Corssen has proved that Etruscan was not
an Lido-European language, and a general
opinion ha- come to be held thai tie- tic
of a Lydian origin might prove the key to
it- explanation and show that it was Semitic.
Unfortunately, Lydian i- itself unknown,
and the di-covery of a long inscription in
that language gave no help. Prof. Martha
worked oul the theory thai El
fa a branch of the Fnino-Cyri an ^mup • - 1"
languagi Tayloi i .'.--ted it on in-
admissible grounds, and Deecke in ls7.">
pointed out some affinities, but a a matter
>ct the materia I I udy of the Pinna
o languages did nol then exi I The
author' tructive of all the
notions we hold al present of the Ian 1 1
Take, for example, the numbers. \ rCO) ut
authority says: " It is certain that mav
one. and it is almoel certain that ' /al mu I
mean two or six."' Prof M art ha equ
" hu0" with five (Finnish " vite," Blordvinian
"veta," Tcheremissian, Lapp, Syryenis
Votiak " \ it.'' Ostiak " vet '). He th< "
equates " oi " with two (Magyar " k
Finnish "kahte" fkaksi], Lapp "kuek
Murdvinian ""kat'ta," Tcheremissian " k<
Syryenian " kik." Vogul "kit "). Prom
the system of arrangement on the dice
where the names of the number are found
we have "su" equals one. and " i/u "
six. leaving "max" a,1(1 " zal " to be
allotted to three and four.
Prof. Martha divides his volume into lour
parte: a preliminary survey of what i
known of the language, a short grammar,
a translation and commentary of the
known texts, and an etymological dictionary .
Ili^ readings of some' of the texts <h:
greatly from those accepted by Danielson
and Toip.
The attempted solution is enticing, but it
omits the difficult answer to tic question
why the Ktruscans differ BO much in civih/ v
tion from their hypothetical neighbours the
Finns, who were in the Neolithic st
the time of the Etruscan invasion of Italy,
and did not learn the use of metals till about
the sixth century b.c. Tho t trans-
lated, do not throw much unexpected light
on Etruscan manners. The Magliano lead
plate is a medical inquiry at an oracle,
with the answer on the other side; the
Agram mummy text is hieratic : the Capua
text, the most difficult of all. describes t la-
repair and care of a furnace ; while another
lead plate refers to a partition of property
by the arbitration of a freedwomaiL Of
course, the greater number of the inscrip-
tions are funerary. Prof. Martha's explana-
tions of the texts are mutually concordant,
and do not rest on inadmissible extensions
of what is known of the Finno-Virrian
languages.
Schwab (Moise), Le Mantsoiut Hhuhi w
Nb. 1408 DE LA Biin.io'i -in (>t i: Na-
tionale, lfr. 50. Paris, EOinoksieck
The manuscript in question appears to
date from the thirteenth century, and may
be the work of BUezer ben Y<>el llalevy. of
Bonn. The text, which deals largely with
religious observances, presents several points
of great linguistic interest.
Xttcrar*} Criticism.
Bossuet, Textes choisis el comment
ib-nri Bremond, 3 vols., " Bibhotheque
Pranoaise," lfr. ">•> eaoh.
Paris, Plon-Nburril
Thin study of Boasuel i- divided into
three volumes, pondir fhly to
the three divisions of his life and work :
anorator, an historian, and a Qu prelate
The In' roduol ion and oonni • tag link
BuppUed by M Henri Brei
themselves worthy appreciation of oni
the great n \\
follow in tic ] ■ *" 'I"'
mi' of a
in it a miraouloufi - imp icitj M I ;'
nol bid us love !'•• ■ '"
nire and und< r tand him in 1 I lift and
worl
We ii kvt >!" ady nol w
in tin- '"? '"
oompendiou form th< "f Pf ■
literature from th- f to tho
ath. I' ' mi. end
■
42
Til K A Til KX.KUM
[Supplement, Jan. :J, 11)14
Brunetiere (Ferdinand), Honors de Balzac,
" Collection Nelson," lfr. 25.
There are two classes of Balzac critics —
those who have read ' La Comedie Humaine '
in its entirety, and those who have read
only a certain proportion of the novels —
and it is a question which is the better
qualified to appreciate the master ; for a
judgment based on a study of a few repre-
sentative volumes considered on their indi-
vidual merits can conceivably be accurate
and authoritative on such points as the
author's powers as a novelist, a writer, and
a psychologist, whereas the critic who
equips himself with a complete knowledge
runs the risk of being swamped by the very
immensity of the work, and thus losing his
sense of "perspective. To such a one ' La
Comedie Humaine ' is not only a collection
of novels, but also the chronicle of a real
world, perfectly organic and consistent
within itself, and composed of hundreds of
convincing individuals.
Brunetiere, however, although thoroughly
acquainted with the entire work, escaped
being immersed in it, or had outgrown that
state before writing this essay at the end
of his life. He preserves his critical faculty
unshackled, and, although an enthusiast,
criticizes the master's faults : the humour
which was often ponderous, the uncon-
vincing sentiment, and the frequent care-
lessness.
He first considers the characteristics of
the modern novel before Balzac and the
aims and methods of hi « contemporaries,
and explains the revolutionary nature of
Balzac's conception of the genre, which
was the direct antithesis to the doctrine of
the Romantics. Successive chapters treat
of the scheme of the great work, its historical
significance, aesthetic value, social import,
morality, and influence on subsequent
literature.
Brunetiere points out that it was quite
consistent with Balzac's point of view,
which regarded individuals as essentially
part of a society, that he should have paid
so much attention to the question of money
in his books, and to the description of the
milieux in which his characters move,
and so little in comparison to the study of
the passion of love ; this, says the critic,
who throughout is on Balzac's side against
the Romantics, shows the master's sense of
proportion : —
"L'amour.le grand amour, l'amour passion est
assez rare ; — et peut-etre faut-il nous en feliciter !
La race du chevalier Des Grieux et des Valentine
on des Indiana, n'est pas de celles dont on doive
encourager la multiplication ! 11 y en aura toujours
assez ! En semblant faire de l'amour 1' unique
preoccupation de ses he>os. le roman, jusqu'a
Balzac, a fausse la representation de la vie.
L'humatiite en general est preoccupee de tout
autre chose que d'amour."
It was equally consistent with the writer's
objective manner that he should show him-
self everywhere anti-individualist, and should
find a place in his society for cowardice and
vice, which, if they adapt themselves to
their surroundings, may triumph over
bravery and virtue. To indict the morality
of ' La Comedie Humaine ' is surely to indict
Balzac's conception of " le Roman natural-
iste."
The essay is brilliantly written in Brune-
tiere's best manner, and full of the sound
reasoning and clear thought characteristic
of the best type of French critic, and Messrs.
Nelson have done well to reprint it.
Caminade (Gaston), Les Chants des Grecs
ET LE PhIEHELLENISME DE WlLHELM
Muller, 5fr. Paris, Alcan
A study of the works of Wilhelm Miiller.
whose poems in 1821 gave a strong impetus
to German sympathy with Greece in her
time of trouble.
Cazamian (Louis), Etudes de Psychologie
Litteraire, 3fr. 50. Paris, Payot
The earlier essays in this volume, dealing
in great measure with various sides of the
romantic movement of the beginning of the
nineteenth century in England, are marked
by remarkable skill and insight, and all of
them by fine taste and able criticism. M.
Cazamiam whose chapter on Richardson in
' The Cambridge History of English Lite-
rature '' we noticed with pleasure recently,
is writing for a French audience, but much
of what he has to say appeals to a wider
public. The last essay is an account of
' The City of Dreadful Night,' a poem which
is at present estimated below its true value.
Faguet (Emile), Petite Histoire de la
Litter ature Franc aise, " Collection
Gallia,'2 1 / net. Paris, Cres ;
London, Dent
Heterodox opinions must be expected in
literary histories written by critics of con-
spicuous importance, whether by our own
Prof. Saintsbury or by M. Faguet. Lesser
writers are not so sure of themselves. We
are surprised, for example, to read that
Maupassant's temperament was like " une
glace sans tain " ; to English readers, at
any rate, his obsession by sex is patent.
It is surprising, too, to be told that the
three greatest masters of French literature
to-day are MM. Bergson, Barres, and
Maurras. M. Faguet's political views, we
suspect, are chiefly responsible for the inclu-
sion of the last two names.
Ladoue (Pierre), Millevoye (1782-1816),
Essai d'Histoire Litteraire, 5fr.
Paris, Perrin
Millevoye, whose poems enjoyed a tem-
porary vogue during his lifetime, must now
be reckoned as one of those writers who are
only remembered in university theses. His
work, even in its most imaginative passages,
is conventional and lacks backbone. Within
his short life,
" en religion, il va du paganisme au christianisme, '
de Voltaire a Chateaubriand ; en politique, il va
de l'ad miration pour le vainqueur d'Aust-rlitz a
l'enthousiasme pour la cause des Bourbons, de
l'aigle rouge de sang a la blancheur des lys ; ainsi,
en litterature, il chemine de Delille a Lamartine,
du pseudo-classicisme au romantisme."
He is described as a " precursor of romantic-
ism," but with a record such as we have
quoted it would be easy to make out a case
presenting Millevoye as the precursor of any
literary movement since his time. In point
of fact M. Ladoue has little to say as to the
true extent of Millevoye's influence on his
successors. But he has succeeded in writing
a book which must be recognized as the most
important of the few works on his subject.
Lot-Borodine (Myrrha), Le Roman Idylli que
atj Moyen Age, 3fr. 50. Paris, Picard
In this work the author makes a detailed
study of five French stories of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries — ' Florus and
Blanchefleur,' ' Aucassin and Nicolette,'
' Galeran of Brittany,' ' William and Aelis,'
' William and the Were-Wolf ' — the general
resemblance between them being sufficient
to allow them to be called idyllic romances.
While the book does not claim to show any
marked originality of matter or treatment,
it is a very able presentation of modern
views on the origin and relationship of these
tales, and a very well-written summary of
their contents, which brings out the story
in an interesting manner. The author's
judgment is sound and conservative, and
though the task of popularizing mediaeval
literature has attracted the attention of
eminent scholars in France, her book will
rank with the best. We heartily recom-
mend it to students of early French lite-
rature.
Roux (Alphonse) et Veyssie (Robert), Edou-
ard Schure, son (Euvre et sa Pensee,
3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
The authors deal with the work of M.
Schure in its various aspects. The French
Theosophist philosopher is also a dramatist
and poet, and several extracts from his
writings are given. M. Schure himself con-
tributes a short ' Confession Philosophique,'
in which he expounds his religious teachings.
Souday (Paul), Les Livres du Temps, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Emiie-Paul Freres
M. Souday's weekly articles in the Temps
are among the things which one turns to
with an ever-fresh interest. He is one of
the first critics of French literature of the
day, and his essays, while they satisfy the
traditions of good journalism, are at the
same time scholarly and consistent. Literary
journalism is one of the things which
" they do better in France " ; it has a public
which is qualified at need to criticize the
critics, and demands from them a high
standard not only of writing, but also of
judgment. We do not always agree with
M. Souday's point of view, which is a little
too classical (in the French sense — Latin
classicism, not Greek), but his personal
tastes never prevent him from seeing the
good points of a romantic. He is quick to
appreciate the particular contribution of
each book that comes before him to the
general culture of the day, and his criticism
has helped to found the reputation of many
of the younger writers among his countrymen.
Vermeil (Edmond), Le Simsone Grisaldo
de F. M. Klinger, 7fr. 50.
Paris, Alcan
The original text of ' Simsone Grisaldo '■ — ■
a drama by Klinger, one of the precursors of
the •' Sturm und Drang " period — is given
here, accompanied by a study of its influence,
and qualitative and quantitative analyses
of the text.
ifiction.
Balzac (Honore de), Pere Goriot, " Collec-
tion Gallia," 1/ «t. Dent
M. Emile Faguet contributes a Preface
to this edition, in which he discusses the
principal characters at some length. Of
Pere Goriot himself M. Faguet says, with
considerable emphasis, " La paternite est
chez lui un vice." Balzac is stated to be
" l'ecrivain le plus inegal de la litterature
francaise."
Bordeaux (Henry), La Croisee des Chemins,
" Collection Nelson," lfr. 25 net.
Amidst novels describing and extolling
the " menage a trois " or the " unwritten
law," it is refreshing to come again upon
one of M. Bordeaux's books. The author
may be reckoned among the contem-
porary champions of " la famille," and
although sometimes the purpose is too
obvious, the reasonableness and restraint
of his work must always win him sympathy.
The present story deals with a brilliant young
doctor who, discovering at his father's death
that the family is saddled with an enormous
debt, has to choose between Paris with no
responsibility or Lyons and the family
burden. He chooses the latter, whereon
his fiancee (an ambitious Parisienne) deserts
him. Of course he succeeds, and returns
to Paris thirteen years later as a Professor.
But his dangers are not yet over, for he
meets, and for a time falls under the spell
of, his former flame. However, all comes
right in the end.
Estaunie (Edouard), Les Choses voient,
3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
The autho of this book sat down to tell
us the history of a family who occupied an
old house at Dijon. When the story opens,
Supplement, -Ian. •'>, l!)14 ]
T 11 E AT 11 K \ .]•]{- M
i
the house is Furnished but uninhabited, and
instead of tolling the tale in tho usual way.
M. Estaunie' deliberately handicaps himself
by making the old pieoee of furniture talk
and say — at inordinate length — what they
have soon. So we learn of the tragic adven-
tures of those who once used or owned the
dwelling. The soliloquies of the clock, of a
portrait, and of a. mirror are tedious. They
take up too much space, and weary the reader
before he can grasp the thread of the story.
When M. E -tannic speaks for himself,
and not for clocks or looking-glasses, he
pleases us ; and the two pages by way of
'dedication to the memory of his mother are
full of charm.
Fanton (G.), Abel. 3fr. 50.
Paris, Figuiere
A somewhat unconvincing sermon on the
sins of the fathers. Abel is the son of a
distinguished savant whose sudden death
brings to light a hitherto unsuspected and
unpleasant past. Before the novel ends,
Abel, too. has been snatched away from
life by the same source of misfortunes.
The author expends much sentimentality
over the fate of his characters, but does not
explain why they did not avoid the disasters
which overcame them.
Faure (Abel), Justix Pikard, Professeur
en Sokbonne, 3fr. 50. Paris, Stock
A satirical account of the career of a model
student of the University. He succeeds at
all the examinations, gets all the diplomas,
and finally becomes Professor at the Sor-
bonne and doyen of the Faculty of Letters.
The author gives us in the course of
the work recognizable caricatures of several
of the best-known professors.
The tragedy of M. Pinard's success comes
when he feels the necessity of justifying his
position by producing an original work.
Incidentally, the book is an attack upon tho
methods borrowed from Germany by the
great professional institutions of France.
Ferry (Marcelle), Servitude et Grandeur
Ecclesiastiques, 3fr. 50. Paris, Stock
Describes sympathetically the career of a
young priest, his entrance into the semi-
nary, his ordination, his appointment to a
fishing village on the Mediterranean, and
his death in Morocco.
Gaument (Jean) et Ce (Camille), C'est la
Vie, 3fr. 50. Paris, Figuiere
This collection of sketches of French pro-
vincial life during the last forty years is
marked by a somewhat unpleasant, although
absolutely convincing realism, which is
probably less palatable to English than to
French readers. Some of the contents,
notably the study ' Robert Aumont,1 show
an exceptional power of observation and a
keen sense of humour.
Leroux (Jules), Leon Chatry, Instituteur,
3fr. 50. Paris, Figuiere
The author's purpose appears to have been
to depict an almost ideally happy life with-
out the usual weft of love-interest. L6on
Chatry is the son of peasant-folk, and
realizes his dead fathers ambitions by
working his way up to a Government
appointment as a schoolmaster. Ho finds
his happiness in his pupils' progress, his
f)rofession-l friendships, and his mother's
uve. The novel curl-, unexpectedly with
the hero's discovery that he and his mother
— now dead — have been swindled out
of his savings of two years, and with an
accompanying outburst of rage.
Lorrain (Jean), Tres Busse, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Stock
A new edition of one of the ->• ucest of the
late author's work-. Tin- story which gives
a title to the book is a study in tie- psy-
chology, not of Russian women, but of the
curious type which lias been created to
stand in their stead by French novelists.
Apart from this, it ranks with his best.
Rochebrune (Madame A. del. Lb Caia use
de l'Lsi.am. 3fr. 50. Paris, Plon-Nourril
A rather formless Succession Of scenes
centred round tho figure of a young American
woman doctor. The first part describes the life
of Broussa in Anatolia in the days before
the late war: the second, Constantinople
and tho defeat of the Turks. It is written
with much sympathy from the pro-Turkish
point of view. Tho account of the Ottoman
households, of the women, the Young Turk
officors, and the students in tho mosque at
Broussa is very interesting, while the
terrible days of tho war and the state of
mind of the population of Stamboul during
it are described with much insight.
Villetard (Pierre), Le Droit d' aimer.
Hachette
In this pleasantly written novel of middle-
class life in a Normandy village M. Villetard
skirts the fringe of a controversial topic,
namely, the right of a French girl to marry
according to her affections, rather than at
tho dictate of her family. The problem is
not faced here, however, because Therese
fortunately falls in love with the young man
her grandmother desires her to marry ;
yet the best passage in the book describes
the revolt of the young girl, straight from
a convent school, at the thought that she
may be forced to marry some other than
the man she loves. The book contains
nothing that could give offence to the most
sensitive reader, and the simplicity and
clarity of its style should assure it a welcome
in England from all who have a fair, if not
profound acquaintance with the French
language.
Juvenile.
Funck-Brentano (Frantz), Les Brigands,
6fr. 50. Paris, Hachette
This elaborate study of brigandage in
France has the appearance of a book in-
tended for boys. We doubt if there are any
objections, except their accessibility, made
against " penny dreadfuls " which do not
apply to this glorification of " un constatit
regime d'efforts et de virilite " — as the
author tactfully describes his subject. The
period covered by the book extends from
the thirteenth to the nineteenth century,
and there are long chapters on the more
picturesque figures, such as Bluebeard.
General.
Adam (Madame), ChiuVi ikwk.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A series of letters between two lovers —
the woman in France, and the man painting
in Greece — who are both overcome by a
passion for pagan thought and belief. By
degrees, however, under the influence of
external events and the teaching of their
friends, they are won over to Christianity.
This change is described in their letters
with much fervour and sympathy, and the
effect of tho gradual transition on the two
personalities is kept carefully distinct.
Bibliotheque Hachette: Boileau,LEsG2u\
Corneille, Le Theatbe ; Moliere, hi:
Tiii.vnti: CoMPLET, Tome I., I fr. each
vol.
The volumes of this popular edition of
French classics are published on an alto-
gether sensible plan. T! no striving
r absolute completeness ; thus we find
only six of CorneiUes plays in the volume
allotted to him, although the pi ol
M,,i to appear in full, in five \ oho
. au u well re] I only hi
lation from and reflections upon I.
omit ted. E tch * olume ha a Bhort
Introduct ion, and con- u .ful not
Bodley tJ. E. C.) L'Aos MftCAWQt le
I »i I i i\ DE i, Iih.m.ismi: is Fa IKi
Paris, Picard
This small pamphlet contains the addo
delivered by Mr. Bodley in presenting to bis
run in' ii .s 0l the I list it lit de I'Yanoe lii
volume 'Cardinal Manning, and Other
Essays,' and is a Bummary and defence of
one of the studies therein 'The Decay of
Idealism in France." As reported in I'
last spring, it excited a good deal ol atten-
tion, and the criticism accorded it, was, on
the whole, extremely sympathetic, thoi
Mr. Bodley showed a good deal of com
in his treatment of " L'esprit nouveau " and
of the genera] mentality- of contempoi
France. To English readers of Mr Bodli
work the address will contain little that is
absolutely new, except a stronger emphasis
on his .ante analysis of the idealism of
the French Socialists au idealism lie hold
to bo cosmopolitan rather than French in
origin and spirit. But all must admire the
cleverness of his summary and the excellence
of his French (he is, by the way, the only
Englishman who has addressed the Institute
in its own language). Though one may not
share his views in their entirety, one has to
admit that some recent events strongly
support them. " L'esprit nouveau" has
received a rude shock by the downfall of
the Bartbou ministry and the triumph of
the Radical - Socialists on the eve ol
general election. Again, the hysterical
delight of the French at Carpenl
victory over Wells gives force to Mr.
Bodley's strictures upon French vicarious
athleticism.
Collection Gallia, publiee sous la direction
de Charles Sarolea, lfr. 2f> net each.
I. Balzac (H. de), Contes PhtXOSO-
phiqi is. Introduction par
Bourget.
H. LIMITATION DE -I i sis - Cil Kisr, par
Thomas a Kempis, Introduction i<.ir
Mgr. Et. H. Benson
III. Musset (A. dk), Poesies Not/vd
IV. Pascal (B.), Pensees, Preface d Smile
Boutroux, Introduction par Victor
(brand.
V. La Fayette (Madame de) La J'kin-
CESSE DE (Via is. Introduction par
Madame Lucie Felix Faure-Goya
VI. Flaubert (G.), La Testation* DE
Saint Antoim:, introduction par
Emile Faguet.
VII. Barkis (M.), I/Kwimi Dl - LOB.
Paris, Ores & Cie. ; London. Dent
This attractive new series will not be
limited in its appeal to any oi of
readers, to judge from the diversity of I
first half-dozen volumes and of tho fort
coming books. Into 'Conta Philosophiqu
Balzac put somo of his most can ful work :
• La Mi e de I'Athee ' and ' [Jn I
la Terreur1 are Qol easily
M dame de La Fayette's ' Princesse de
Clove--. ' (HITS) occupies an important p]
in the e\ oiut ion ol the Frenoh novel, while
• I. Kniiemi d, i. • the most
striking works of M. Maur
earlier days, written at a time wh i
Derated individualism was repud i(
all social constraint ,
\\ e v. isfa the publishers had -
other d< lign for the front ooi i
Edition Lutetia : M I w
(2 vols.) ; Rou i, E
Montaigne, E I
de Mu et, Pokhii Mad •■• •
i i Pon ult.
&C. < '""I
• h vol
M. Emili I ■■■!•■■
'!■*. with eeption
of tho '
^
u
T II E ATHEN^UM
[Sri'i'LKMENT, Jan. .'J, 1914
models of their kind. He has an extra-
ordinary power of stating, within the shortest
space, the relation to his time of the author
with whom he is dealing, and picks out
suggestive analogies — for instance, between
Madame de StaeTs comments on the Italians
and those of Stendhal, or between Rous-
seau's ' Emile ' and Montaigne's essay on
' LTnstitution des Enfants.'
The fairy-tales in the last volume are
selected from those of Perrault, Madame
d'Aulnoy, Madame Leprince de Beaumont,
and Hegesippe Moreau. Madame Felix-
Faure Goyau contributes the Preface, in
which she points out the characteristically
French atmosphere in the stories of Perrault
and Madame d'Aulnoy.
We notice that the publishers have clothed
the new volumes of the " Edition Lutetia "
in a dark-red cover. This is a distinct im-
provement on the original white binding.
which registered finger-prints and turned
yellow at the slightest provocation.
Grasilier (Leonce), Evasions de Prison-
niers de Guerre favoris£es par les
Francs-Macons sous Napoleon Ier,
lfr. 50. Paris, Daragon
An account of the official papers relating
to the escape of an English prisoner from
Verdun in 1808.
Haussonville (Comte d'), Ombres Fran-
caises et Visions Anglaises, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Grasset
The greater part of this book contains the
impressions of the author during three
recent visits to England. He was here
during the General Election of January,
1910 ; again for the Coronation, at which
he was present ; and, lastly, a few months
ago. M. le Comte d'Haussonville is an
accurate observer, whose notes and com-
ments are always worth reading. He had
exceptional facilities for hearing and meeting
our leading politicians, with whom he was
greatly impressed. He seems to have a
thorough understanding of British politics,
and makes only such slips as calling Lord
Morley " Sir John," and speaking of Mr.
Churchill's constituency as " the county of
Dundee." The author, moreover, added to
his knowledge of the electorate by accom-
panying a canvasser, and similarly learnt a
little more, though not under normal condi-
tions, by visiting South London slums on
the eve of the Coronation.
La Fontaine, Fables, Preface de Jules
Claretie, "Collection Gallia,'2 lfr. 25
net. Paris, Cres ;
London, Dent
The complete twelve books of ' Fables !
are contained in this handy edition. M.
Claretie rightly maintains in his Preface
that La Fontaine should not be regarded
exclusively as a children's author.
Levailiant (Maurice), Les Pierres Saintes,
Versailles, Saint-Denis, Malmaison,
3fr. 50. Paris, Dorbon l'Aine
Readers of modern French literature will
remember two volumes of poetry by this
author— 'LeMiroir d'Etain ' and 'Le Temple
Interieur ' — marked by delicate thought
and expression. The volume before us is
a mixture of verse and prose, written in a
markedly lyric strain. There is in the prose
a sufficient flavour of the late eighteenth
century — of the romantic age which fol-
lowed Rousseau — to harmonize with its sub-
ject, and the verses are marked not only by
technical skill, but also by true lyric feeling.
Among them we would particularly men-
tion some lines in the ' Rythmes modernes
dans un bocage antique,' beginning " Tout
un apres-midi, pieuse," which seem to us
to reach a high level of attainment.
Mille (Pierre), Paraboles et Diversions.
3fr. 50. Paris, Stock
M. Pierre Mille writes for the most part
with easy and graceful irony of men and
things. He is happiest in the true journal-
istic vein, writing for the hour, of the hour.
Had ' Paraboles et Diversions ' comprised
nothing more ambitious, it would have been
deserving of little else than praise. Unfor-
tunately, the writer, assuming Miltonic
intimacy with the mind and methods of the
Deity, unsupported by any evidence of eru-
dition or inspiration, and writing in his
habitual light, almost flippant style, has
included several chapters at the beginning
of his book which are likely to weary where
they do not offend. On the other hand, his
barrack -room and farmyard philosophy
shows humour and insight, and his chapters
of reminiscence — especially the one where,
returning to his childhood's home from Paris
after many years, he beholds, shrunken to
the commonplace, the objects which once,
being his universe, possessed such magnifi-
cent proportions — are full of pathos and
charm.
The short story which relates the return
of the stolen ' Gioconda * to the Louvre, its
period of incarceration amidst official cans
and brushes, and its final unsuspected
destruction will fortunately, in the light of
its recent discovery, no longer bring a thrill
of apprehensive horror to the guardians of
French art.
Poulaine (Jean de la), Par l']£nergie et
le Travail, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
The author describes his life during ten
years of continually changing employment
and circumstances. He studied in France
both art and for the army ; then his activi-
ties during the last months of the Second
Empire rendered his absence advisable, and
he retired to London. Here he filled in-
numerable situations with more or less
success, and finally returned to France.
The book is a record of strenuousness, and
is on the whole mildly amusing.
Quantin (Albert), La Corse, 5fr.
Paris, Perrin
M. Quantin's pages are full of facts and
figures. He tells us most things that are
worth knowing about Corsica, but, if we had
been spared many of his minute details, the
book would have made pleasanter reading.
He uses many words where few would suffice ;
but, nevertheless, his description of the
beauty of the island and his account of its
climate are attractive. The story of the
Bonapartes in Corsica is well told, and a
chapter full of interest is that on the lan-
guage of the island, a corrupt Italian, of
which M. Quantin gives many specimens.
He provides a good selection of Corsican
poetry, and he adds — in French — a free
translation. There are two small maps, but,
in spite of these, we cannot agree that the
book is a " complete guide." It would,
however, be a good addition to a guide-
book.
Vigny (Alfred de), Cinq-Mars, " Collection
Nelson," 1/ net. Nelson
Vigny (Alfred de), Servitude et Grandeur
Militaires, "Collection Gallia," 1/ net.
Dent
These two works are, perhaps, their
author's most important contributions to
the " Romantic Movement." ' Cinq-Mars,'
an historical novel dealing with the Court
of Louis XIV., has the celebrated preface
' Reflexions sur la Verite dans l'Art,' in
which the author maintains that " LTDEE
est tout."
' Servitude et Grandeur ' is a collection
of short studies in which the author's
pessimism has been laid aside.
SCIENCE
Au Yunnan et dans le Massif du Kin-Ho-
Par Dr. A. F. Legendre. (Paris, Plon.
Nourrit & Cie.)
Dr. Legendre is already well known in
France for his writings on the Far-
West of China, and he is an explorer who
has done much to give us information
about the least accessible parts of Western
China. The first portion of his present
work is concerned chiefly with exploration
of the Yunnan district — work undertaken
for the French Government in 1910-11.
The second part deals with travels in
the valley of the Yalong ; while it was
during another visit to the basin of the
Yalong that the mission was attacked, and
had to bring its work to a sudden ter-
mination. During that attack the party
were severely wounded by bandits, and a
detailed report on the attack — made to
the authorities — is included in Dr. Le-
gendre's pages. It would appear that
his party had been forbidden to go into
the country in which they found trouble ;
and some of the author's remarks make
one doubt whether he was always par-
ticularly wise or diplomatic in his treat-
ment of the natives.
Dr. Legendre's reports on technical
subjects have been reserved for another
place, and in his present journal he
attempts to throw new light on the life
and customs of races little known to
Europeans ; but the breaking-out of the
Chinese revolution and the attack made
on his party interfered greatly with the
work of the mission, and many note-
books and specimens were lost during
those troubles. Mention is made of the
fact that at one far-off place Dr. Legendre
found people keeping a school for the
teaching of French, though they could
not speak a single word inteUigible to
the Frenchmen. The Chinese police are
laughed at because they thought Dr.
Legendre a spy, and his sketches plans
of strategical positions ; but this sort of
thing happens in Europe.
In nearly all his long journeys there
is constant note of vast numbers of
people who suffer from goitre ; and Dr.
Legendre speaks of many other diseases
which, he states, could be cured or avoided
if intelligent doctors were on the spot.
We have not found Dr. Legendre's book
extremely interesting ; but as an example
of his style we quote a passage in which
he describes scenery : —
" La vegetation, c'est le grand charme d©
ce massif ; elle est d'une gaiete, d'une ex-
uberance, mais en meme temps d'une majeste
sur les cimes qui vous causent une joie, un
frisson d'adrr.iration. II y a la tant de
vie, tant de beaut e, de puissance cachee,
que vous restez fige sur la sente, petrifie
en une ardente contemplation. Les srrandes
arbres, les essences diverses s'etagent, suivant
l'altitude, leur resistance au froid, forment
de gigantesques gradins de verdure differem-
ment nuances. II y a dans le bas, vers
3,000 metres, le vert tendre des chenes,
des frenes, des bouleaux ; puis, plus haut,
le vert sombre des melezes; des sapins, des
tongas ; plus haut enoore, le vert lustre.,
miroitant des rhododendrons. Quelle douceur,
et quelle splendeur ! "
Supplement, Jan. •*>, 15)14]
T II E A Til KX .Kl' M
r,
FINE ARTS
COROT AXD HIS PREDECESSORS.
Many modern critics toll us that the gnat
painters have always been rebels and
innovators, and that great painting has
always been produced in defiance of the
.accepted academic traditions of the day.
It is, however, distinctly open to question
whether it is possible thus to regard an
artist as an isolated phenomenon, self-
sunicient, and dissociated from the out-
look of his own and preceding generations ;
the great artist is more often the final
expression of influences and tendencies
which have been making themselves felt
before him. Thus Corot was the logical
conclusion of the tendencies in French
landscape painting throughout the eigh-
teenth century, which, in spite of the
almost rigid conventions which governed
it, shows a consistent line of develop-
ment which culminated in the freer and
more sincere art of the nineteenth century.
M. Tristan Leclere, in his monograph
on Hubert Robert, has traced the course
of this development as exhibited in the
work of Jean Baptiste Oudry, Joseph
Vernet, Hubert Robert, and Louis Gabriel
Moreau. Watteau in his own manner
was a landscape painter of rare skill ;
however artificial his Fetes Champetres,
and however " translated " his colour,
we always feel the result of those numer-
ous studies of trees which he made with
so much diligence and enthusiasm.
Boucher and Fragonard, completely as
they succeeded in the tasks they set
themselves, contributed little to art.
But when we consider Oudry the case is
different ; born two years before Watteau,
and surrounded by the same influences,
he was moved to approach painting
differently. He never acquired the
perfect touch of the painter of ' L'Em-
barquement pour Cythere,' but at the
very beginning of the eighteenth century
he had the courage to paint directly from
Xature, and his animal pieces and the
rustic landscapes in the English style
reveal a man who loved his subject, how-
ever humble, and strove to portray it to
the best of his powers.
Joseph Vernet loved and studied the
( \»r-changing effects of sky and water.
In early life he studied the subtle diffi-
culties of aerial perspective, and the
pictures of his Italian period, such as ' Le
Ponte Rotto ' and the ' Vue du Pont et du
Chateau Saint- Ange ' in the Louvre,
make instructive comparison with 'Le
Colisee,' which Corot painted in ls_'(;.
Both artists were on the same path ;
but Corot progressed along the mad to
freedom, whereas Vernet never advanced
beyond this point. The more successful
Hubert Robert et les PaijawjiHles franfais du
XVII Jr. Stiicle. Par Lecleze.
" Lea Grands Artistes." (Paris, Laurens.)
Corot. Par fitaenne Moreau-Xelaton. (Same
aeries and publisher.)
of his " Ports do France " are more akin
to Guardi and Robert; and his later work
at the height of his career — when he
attempted to rely on his memory and his
experience — is insincere in feeling and
often hurried in execution.
Hubert Robert, who passed his years of
study in Rome in the company of Frago-
nard, also exhibits characteristics which
were amplified in the next century. He
was more " classical " than Vernet ; he
admired and bought the works of Panini
and Lucatelli, and also pictures by
Boucher, Gillot, Pater, and Watteau.
What he brought to the traditional decora-
tive landscape was an almost monumental
sense of design and a quite personal
observation in the treatment of the figures
which enliven his classical " Ruins " ; they
are painted with great spontaneity in the
costumes of the artist's period, and remind
us of the figures of Canaletto. Techni-
cally, moreover, although his hand lacked
the magic lightness of Fragonard, lie
habitually employed a much slighter and
more suggestive method of painting than
that of his masters.
It was, however, left to Louis Gabriel
Moreau to provide the real link between
the landscape of the eighteenth century
and Corot. M. Leclere has done well to
call attention to the extremely interesting
work of this little-known artist. He had
small success in his lifetime, and no picture
of his entered the Louvre until nearly
seventy years after his death. His " gou-
aches " and water-colours are now sought
by collectors, but it was in his oil
paintings, such as the ' Vue des Coteaux
de Meudon ' and the ' Vue prise aux En-
virons de Paris,' both now in the Louvre,
that his talents found their fullest expres-
sion. Louis Moreau was the first artist
to escape from the convention of an
alternating system of warm and cold
colours, and he replaced it with a cooler
and more beautiful range of greens, based
on direct observation of Xature. The
1 Meudon ' picture is full of light and
air, and the little figures move with charm
and verve. Moreau's greens prepared the
way for the silvery tones which we find
in Corot.
Nothing could be less revolutionary than
the life and work of Corot. On the one
hand we find his outlook engendered by
previous generations of artists, and on
the other we have convincing proof of
his personal respect for tradition in
the academic subject-pictures which he
sent regularly to the Salon. Like
Louis Moreau, for many years be had
no material success. The painters of
the eighteenth century executed numer-
ous pictures for patrons who commis-
sioned them in advance. Corot worked
for thirty years without any Bucfa stimu-
lant. At the age of 50 he was still dining
at his parents1 table and unable to earn a
livelihood. 1" order to retain Ids enthu-
siasm daring long yean <>f neglect, an
artist mnsl have a simple and unswerving
confidence in the value "t the task he
set himseli and in his powers of accom-
plishing it. ( orot p ed thif imple
faith. Prevented by poverty from being
a husband or a father, he lived a quiet
and uneventful life Ear removed from the
world of luxury and pleasure, hut in
touch with the trees and gTOVOS to which
be had consecrated his art. He did aot
plan elegant decorations for the houses of
wealthy noblemen ; be studied Nature, and
be painted her as be saw her ; and the nn-
affected charm of his work reflects his
mind. We look in vain for anv great
virility in his pictures — many of them are
merely pretty; for Corot was not of the
race of giants — be was no Rubens, ih>
Velasquez, no Goya. But his work always
possesses the quality of sincerity, and
often a gentle poetry all its own. Such
pictures as the ' Souvenir de Morte-
fontaine ' show what Corot owed to his
predecessors, and what he in his turn
gave to his successors.
M. Etienne Moreau-Nelaton's mono-
graph is sympathetically written, and the
twenty-four pictures be has selected for
reproduction exhibit the development of
the masters art from his conscientious
early work to the free manner of his later
years. He has wisely included several
figure-pieces, a department in which Corot
achieved more interesting results than is
commonly supposed.
Les Vieilles Enseignes de Paris. Par
Charles Fegdal. Avec les Dessine de
Andre Warnod. " Collection do Paris*
Pittoresque." (Paris. Figuiere, .'5tr. 50.)
Local patriotism has always been a
characteristic of the Parisian, and th<
is invariably a strong sentimental oppo-
sition to the destruction of surviving por-
tions of the old city. M. Charles Fegdal
has been induced by his affection for the
fast-disappearing signs of Paris to con-
tribute a volume on the subject to M.
Figuiere's "Collection du Paris- Pitto-
resque." The day is not far distant, he
says, when the last of these signs will have
been removed : ' L'ennemi approche : le
demolisseur prepare son pic. Batons-
nous ! "
.M. Fegdal writes in an entertaining
manner, and his hook is eminently
readable. After drawing a picture of
the experiences of a traveller arriving
in Paris about the war L450, when
the streets were still unnaim d and
every bouse bad its sign, he examines
some old "enseignes" and the bistoi
attached to them. In Pari-, as elsewhi
the oldesl Bigns are those of trade guilds
and popular taverns. Vmong the Becond
class be tells as <>f it Petit M ire,"
which was the CendeZVOUS "f men of
fashion and letters three oenturi
and was celebrated in Pierre Ballara'i
' Chanoons pour dancer et pour boire : —
Bui ' Allen . < iolffier
< >u oi.n .in Petil M
Je \ "ii - \ 'u ■ tier
I I. 111 . -lie. i< I ■ • I
■ Le P< tit .Maine " w.i i so dear to the
humanist Paulmii i d< ' In nt< m< roil that
he declan d himsi If >■ to < ad hi days
there : —
.1. ..ii\ in- .u r i i
4(1
THE ATHHXill'M
[Supplement, Jan. 3, 1914
Another tavern beloved of men of
letters was " La Pomme de Pin;" which
is said to have been frequented by Fran-
cois Villon and Rabelais, and later by
Boileau, Moliere, Racine, La Fontaine,
and their satellites. A signboard painted
for " Le Roi d'Yvetot," originally inspired
by a chanson of Beranger, was condemned
under the First Empire as seditious, and
relegated to the interior of the tavern,
where it could be seen as late as 1900.
Passing to a systematic survey of the
streets of Paris, M. Fegdal reminds us
that many of the old trade-signs are still
in use, and that a goodly cluster of them
can be found in the Rue St. Denis. There
is hardly a street in Paris which will not
reveal some sign of interest, either on
account of its intrinsic character or its
associations ; and this part of the book
will prove a useful guide to those who
wish to study them. Finally, M. Fegdal
appends several chapters on the modern
aspect of the subject, as represented by
the paintings and sculpture outside the
mammoth stores of Paris, Le Printemps,
Les Galeries Lafayette, Pygmalion, and
others ; by the posters which cover the
hoardings, and the illuminated adver-
tisements which make a nightmare of the
boulevards after dark. He concludes with
an optimistic hope that artists will com-
bine with shop - owners to improve the
general standard of " enseignes " and
r- affiches."
M. Andre Warnod's pen - drawings,
which illustrate the book, are sympa-
thetic in touch, though technically some-
what inefficient.
Voyage au Pays des Sculpteurs Romains.
Par Alexis Forel. (Paris, Champion.)
M. Forel tells us that his book is wTitten
'" par un ignorant pour les ignorants."
This is somewhat of an affectation, for,
though he may not be a distinguished
archaeologist nor a trained architect, he
possesses a considerable measure of tech-
nical knowledge, and an appreciation of
the value of the churches he describes
which can only come from long study and
experience. The work, however, suffers
from M. Forel's habit of expressing his
enthusiasm in a flowery symbolism, and
allowing himself to become continuously
lyrical and exclamatory.
The plan of the book is somewhat loose.
Beginning with Provence, it takes us
through Auvergne to Poitou, then curves
eastward to Burgundy, and lastly runs
south again to Le Puy. Many strange
omissions are apparently due to a scheme
by which domed churches are to be
treated in a subsequent volume. The
author appears to neglect or pass super-
ficially over churches which contain little
or no actual sculpture ; but, even on this
principle, one wonders why be omits to
mention La Belle Bruere, with its remark-
able capitals, or Neuvy St. Sepulcre, or
La Souterraine, all of which lie within the
triangle formed by Nevers, Clermont, and
Poitiers, which are dealt with in the book.
We should have welcomed also more
details of the charming church at Cunault,
and some notice of the very impressive
interior of Brive, from which he derives
a drawing of a solitary capital. Again,
several pages are devoted to the old bridge
at Espalion, but there is no reference to
the curious little Eglise de Perses, a mile
outside the town. But the most serious
omission is that of Conques. There are
one or two allusions to this superb Ro-
manesque church in the text, but no
attempt to describe or discuss it, though
if a traveller had once reached Espalion,
he would be well rewarded for pushing on
as far as Conques.
On pp. 89-90 occurs the amazing
suggestion that the artists of Angouleme
derived the idea of decorating their
facades with arcading from the willows
and poplars which are numerous in the
district ; and the architects of Perigord
their domes from the tops of chestnut
trees ! In the next sentence, however,
M. Forel tells us that both motives were
probably imported from Italy. Another
astonishing statement is that the west
fronts of Notre Dame at Paris, Amiens,
and Reims are directly derived from the
facade of Notre Dame la Grande of Poitiers.
This is repeated several times. No doubt
there is some analogy, if we may compare
great things with small, but surely the
minds which conceived the designs of
those great churches may be allowed
sufficient originality to have invented
their fronts without copying a little pro-
vincial one.
M. Forel shows, however, a real ap-
preciation of several very important
monuments, such as St. Trophime at
Aries, the front of St. Gilles at Camargue,
Notre Dame du Port at Clermont, and
Notre Dame at Poitiers. Of the less-known
churches he treats of La Charite-sur-Loire,
Civray (a splendid church seldom visited by
travellers), St. Benoit-sur-Loire, St. Savin,
Charlieu, Paray-le-Monial, and others.
He realizes to the full the fascination of
the clustering apses at the east end of
these basilicas of Central France : their
charm, their grace, and their construc-
tional strength.
To crown the work he gives us an
elaborate study of Vezelay, which is,
perhaps, the greatest of all Romanesque
churches, and a description of the unique
cathedral of Notre-Dame-du-Puy, to which
no words can possibly render justice.
He — rightly enough — refuses to consider
any Gothic work, but we cannot agree
with the casual way in which he sweeps
aside the marvellous spire of St. Savin,
with its curious reminiscence of an even
finer spire — that of Grantham.
The work is illustrated with drawings
of the sculpture and pastel sketches
reproduced in colours, which are very un
even in merit. Some even, such as Ville-
neuve- les- Avignon and La Rochelle, are
distinctly bad. The drawing, too, of the
interior of Vezelay fails utterly to convey
any idea of its impressive magnificence.
The few excellent photographs at the end
of the volume make us wish that this
method of illustration had been used
throughout.
DRAMA
Essais de Critique Dramatique. Par
Eclouard Franchetti. Premiere Serie.
(Paris, Figuiere & Cie.)
The first series of these essays, most of
which are reprinted from Le Soleil and
the Paris Journal, forms a critical resume
of the principal performances in the
Paris theatres from the spring of 1912
to February, 1913. As the author writes
of revivals as well as new productions,
his book includes essays on such old
favourites as ' Britannicus,' ' Horace,'
' Hernani,' and ' Le Malade Imaginaire.'
The French never tire of extolling their
classics, and M. Franchetti gives full rein
to his enthusiasm for Racine, Corneille, and
Moliere. This tendency to a hyperbolic
and provincial praise of classical works,
combined with exuberant verbiage, pre-
judices us against the critic, who appears
in the main to have a sound dramatic
judgment. We quite appreciate and share
his admiration for Daudet's ' Sapho,' but
it strikes us as strange to find him writing
of a revival of the dramatic version as
though it were a novelty.
Of the new pieces he speaks of, the most
important are : Verhaeren's ' Helene de
Sparte,' which he condemns — we think,
rightlv — as tedious ; ' Les Flambeaux,'
by M. Henri Bataille ; ' La Femme
Seule,' where M. Brieux presents a problem
somewhat analogous to Mr. Galsworthy's
' The Fugitive ' ; and M. Maurice Donnay*s
Feminist play, ' Les Eclaireuses.' There
are notes, too, on the last farce from the
workshops of MM. Flers et Caillavet ; on
' La Cruche ' of the master-humorist,
M. Courteline ; and on the latest horrors
at the Grand Guignol.
Of interest to English readers is M.
Franchetti's article on the French version
of Mr. Bernard Shaw's ' You Never Can
Tell,' which was produced at the Theatre
des Arts last February. He aptly de-
scribes the construction of the comedy as
reminding him of a " jig-saw puzzle," the
component pieces of which are only fitted
together at the last moment. The piece,
he tells us, sparkles with English humour,
but is also " profoundly sad with the dis-
illusioned experience of a bitter misan-
thrope." Here M. Franchetti's essentially
Latin outlook has led him astray : he
fails to understand Mr. Shaw's detached
attitude, which has in it as little of the
acid passion of the misanthrope as of the
mawkish pity of a humanitarian.
Another English play considered by the
critic is Mr. Knoblauch's ' Kismet,' which
was translated by M. Jules Lemaitre, and
produced at the Theatre Sarah-Bernhardt,
with M. Lucien Guitry in Mr. Oscar Asche's
part. M. Franchetti makes the just, if
somewhat obvious comment, that the piece
relies mainly for its interest on the
setting and the personality of the actors.
Both in London and in Paris the producers
realized this, and succeeded in making
the strange and charming atmosphere
of the ' Arabian Nights ' the main attrac-
tion of the performances.
Supplement, Jan. q, 1014]
tii E at ii i:x t: r m
4;
La Nouvcllc ficvuc Francaisc
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LITERATURE
THEODORE DE BAXVILLE AXD
HIS MASTER VILLON.
It is not too much to say that Mr. Strong
possesses every qualification needed to
effect a successful translation of Banville's
Ballades into English verse. First and fore-
most he knows his author, and, more
than that, his author's master, t- the
excellent poet Francois Villon." His
•short Introduction on the Ballade of
Villon is, indeed, a masterly exposition
of the difference between the two poets, I
and shows so just an appreciation of the j
merits of each as to proclaim his fitness |
for the task he has undertaken.
There is a remark in the author's
explanatory note to his readers which
might well set them on the alert for any
slipshod rendering.
" I do claim [lie says] a larger freedom of
treatment than is generally accorded to
translations in less difficult forms, and I claim,
too, the privilege of sacrificing the letter
tsionally for the Bake of retaining i he
spirit m its fullness :: ;
and he adds : —
'• Nobody, I fancy, would have been more
willing to accord or to employ this privilege
than Banville himself."
The Ballades of Thiodore de Banville.
Translated into English Verse by Archi-
bald T. Stroii-. I Sdacmillan A: Co., .'] m
Francois Villon, sa Vie et son Temps. Par
Pierre Champion. 2 vols. (Paris, Champion,
20-
The Poems of Francois Villon. Trans)
by H. de V* cpoole. (Hutchinson
& Co., 7/6 net.)
It is pleasing to acknowledge, after a
careful comparison of the" translations
with the French text, that Mr. Strong
has made good his contention. On a
close examination it will be seen that, for
the most part, no essential idea in the
French has hern sacrificed, nor have
alien ideas been introduced, The sort of
freedom that has been used is, perhaps,
best illustrated by an example. Take,
for instance, the following two lines, in
which the poet is addressing the town of
Paris : —
O lovelace en habit bleu barbeau,
Peru d'amour pour une tirelire.
Thou jaded rake in frill and furbelow,
Whose heart's desire is still to sorape and save.
Here it is obvious that a close adherence
to the letter in the first line would have
sacrificed the spirit. Occasionally, it
must be admitted, Mr. Strong allows
himself too great a licence, as in the line
Elle babille aiusi qu'un nioineau franc,
where his loose version,
Clear as the lark, she trills her silver lays,
is in effect a mistranslation, and quite
fails to suggest the idea contained in the
French. But generally, where the author
has employed this freedom, he shows, by
that very act, his real comprehension of
the poet whose ideas he is rendering.
It is rarely that we can cavil, for at each
departure from the strict word he becomes,
if possible, more true to his original in
the spirit. A due consideration of the
difference that exists between French and
English modes of expression has, perhaps,
contributed to this result. Nevertheless,
it is a method that could not be applied
to all poets. Mr. Strong, employing it in
the case of Banville, has preserved the
whole sense of his poet's meaning. A
similar freedom of rendering cannot be
applied to the realism of Villon.
The second respect in which the author
has shown his capacity is in his complete
mastery of the Ballade — that most diffi-
cult of all " poemes a forme fixe." as
Banville himself admits in his ' Petit
Traite de Poesie Franchise.' He is especi-
ally happy in his refrains, as the following
examples will show : —
Mais a present, e'est bien tini de rire.
Now, well-away, 'tis over late to laugh .'
Pouniuoi je vis 2 Pour l'amour du laurier.
I love tht laurel, ela my soul wen dead.
Embarquons-nous pour la belle Cythere.
Up tail, "if/ over to tht Magic 1J< I
Li mer aux tints tumultueux, la mer !
Tin -"< with all tin rurging waves, tin ua
Speaking of the Ballade, Banville re-
marks in his Preface (translated by the
author) : —
•• it has this crowning merit, thai a really
well-made Ballade | »3 . ol Villoi
have cost no effort, bul to have blossomed
forth like a flower.
This is true of Bam ille's own Ballad) -
h Lb no less true of Mr. Strong's. In spite
of the inherent difficulties of this metrical
form, aggravated bj the restrictions thai
beset .i translator in spite I f the
closeness of rendering thai has for the
most pai t been oba > ■■■• d these Ball
do not read like translations T ike, for
St ng's
instance, the following lines tnuii the
Ballade a >a Femme ' : —
Pour la douleur donl j'ai louvent -■•mi,
Kile s'enfuit, \ iaiou meneougei i !
(iraoe a toi aeuln el toua ton souffle ami,
Bile s'en va d'une aile paaaagi re,
la je I'oublie ainai qu'un* i e.
Then for the pain thai often eexeth me,
It Hies apace, and i^ but I nare,
Thanks to the healing breath and touch ol I
A bird ol fleeting w ing thai thou 'I" I
A sojourner hia host oan gailj span !
Or, again, this from the ' Ballade ol a
Fair Amazon (in marble) ' : —
Notre age affreui totu la triateaae ploie;
Cette bium^nide a Fail • !<• lui aa ] a,
II est malade, il veut an m&leoiu.
Ah pour guerir le mal qui le loudroie,
Souris, Guerriere, et Eau voir ton beau s, in.
Our sickly age is lull of groana and tears,
No kindly leeoh its cry [or beating lieu-.
The spectre Grief doth '•till our waya infest,
Then heal the ill that all our manhood -■
Smile, maid at ai ins, and bare thy lovely br«
Lastly. .Mr. Strong has just the light-
ness of touch, the sense of rhythm and
facility of diction, that we find in his
model. With what a Bubtle knack be
has turned the following two line-, which
are by no means so easy to render a- they
are simple to read !
Ce sont troia Boeurs, troia blondes, maie I.
Est un peu t'auve, et Lise eat un peu roua e.
The three are sisters : eaoh hath sunny hair,
Yet May's is touched with ^<>ld, Lucy'- with tire.
The following stanza from the ' Ballade
of the -Mystic Denizens of the Forest '
will give some idea of Mr
quality : —
Their tresses twined with fairy obapletin)
The dun white sylph and frolic kelpie glide
In morris '.ray athwart the lairs rings,
And the red dwarf, his hair in elfloeka '
Sports with tin- nixy wan. In- lisBom bride.
And 'neatb the moon a flitting form i- i
And by the rivers edge are heard again
Shy Footsteps under which the ivy sways,
A muffled groan, a aigh, a soli of pain
'Tis night, and Dian roams the woodland v. •
In a work of such general excellf QC6
there is little to criticize. The only
point to which exception might I"
is the use of French rhymes. The canon
which has been observed by Mr. An-tin
; Dobson and the best Rnglish Ballade-
writers prohibits the use of such rhymes
in the same stanza. Mr. Strong is
generally careful to conform to this
rule, hut twice he is caught napping
— in the eighth Ballade and in the thirty-
fourth. In the former case this breach
of the rule i-. perhaps, excusable
does not offend, hut in the lattei
amounts to a defect. The volumi
have gained in interest had the I
te\t al-o Keen pllllt'd. TIm .hi' ' |
no cause to fear a comparison w i'h
original, and it would be an added
to note the -kill with which di"
have been overcome.
This weak W ill. We hope, do
t,. dispel the und< served a
this countrj of a poet w bo w
mean- tin- 80lt I the
literarj rope dancer that h<
called bj people wno
I do not lib and appan mi
I. him
I ■me,, |- \ ill, ,11 tfa< sllhj. , I "( tl..
books here under notii e, I.
one ot >he pi, tin,
54
Til E ATHENAEUM
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
Sentimental and unscholarly admirers, no
less than academic detractors, have de-
lighted in associating fables and legends
with his name, and scientific research has
only lately made it possible to form a de-
finite picture of the poet's life. M. Auguste
Longnon was the first to clear the ground
and to establish authenticated facts.
In spite, however, of his diligence
and enthusiasm, these facts are lament-
ably few, and it remained for M.
Marcel Schwob and M. Pierre Champion
to contribute to our knowledge of Villon's
life, in the same way as Dr. Byvanck
contributed to our comprehension of his
work. Dr. Byvanck held that no satis-
factory estimate could be formed of
Villon's poems without a complete know-
ledge of the other literature of the period,
and in treating the poems essentially in
relation to fifteenth-century French litera-
ture, he was able to elucidate much that
was obscure and to discover beauties pre-
viously unsuspected. Similarly, to under-
stand and sympathize with the vagabond
poet's life, we must know the world he
lived in and realize his relation to it. " II
fauldroit avoir este de son temps a Paris,
et avoir congneu les lieux, les choses, et
les hommes dont il parle,'' wrote Clement
Marot in 1533, and M. Marcel Schwob
devoted years of patient labour to the
attempt to reconstitute this Paris of
Villon's day and bring to life again the
men and women who lived in it. At his
death M. Pierre Champion took up his
uncompleted task, and after seven years
of study and research has produced an
admirable book on Villon's Life and Time.
M. Champion has had access to sources
previously unexplored, notably the copies
of the registers of the Chatelet by Du
Fourny, and by their aid he has succeeded
in resuscitating, not only the disreputable
companions of the poet's youth — " clercs,"
" ecoliers," and " filles." in their setting
of " cabaret " and " taverne " — but also,
as he claims in his Preface, " toute une
societe bourgeoise, de gens de finance et
de droit, que Frangois frequenta." Thanks
to M. Champion, the " legataries " of the
immortal ' Testament ' are no longer
mere names to us, but have become human
personalities, part of a complete and
organic society epitomizing a city and
an age.
In touch with this society, but outside
it and alone, we see the pathetic figure of
the poet : wild and debonair in his youth,
bruised and enfeebled in the old age which
came to him at thirty ; and we realize that
in the fifteenth century, as indeed to-day,
life in defiance of Society, and without
its protection, was a tragi-comic fight
in which a man of sensibility was bound
to be broken and destroyed. This is the
fundamental significance of Villon's beau-
tiful work. We must know the society
which surrounded him in order to realize
that his work was more than an expres-
sion of its " Weltanschauung " ; he sang
the creed of the outcasts of all lands
and times. His creed was not that of the
Court rhymester or the popular painter,
neither was it that of the giants among
men ; but it was the creed of Heine and
of Verlaine, and of half the artists whose
work we treasure since the world began.
Villon paid dearly for his creed and for
his defiance of Society, but even so he
enjoyed a measure of good fortune. The
arm of the law was heavier in the
fifteenth century than it is to-day, and
the poet saw more than one of his com-
panions condemned to the gibbet. But
his personal sufferings only fostered that
love of humanity which breathes through
his poems, and underlies his bitterest
laments ; his humour never deserted him ;
he knew men and the hearts of men ;
and, in spite of his protestations, he knew
himself. His poems are not merely bril-
liant literary achievements, but are rather
a forceful expression of a psychology at
once personal and universal. No poet
ever gave more of himself than Villon,
and his work would have been impossible
had his life been other than it was. He
too might have sung —
Aus meinen grossen Schmerzen
Maeb ich die kleinen Lieder.
M. Champion writes in the character-
istic manner of a French savant, covering
the dry bones of erudition with a delicate
and entertaining style, and this study of
Villon and his times is a valuable contribu-
tion to the " Bibliotheque du XVs Siecle."
The book is excellently produced and
printed, contains charming photographs
from manuscripts of the period, and
reproduces the title-pages of several early
editions of the ' Testament.'
The student of Villon who looks for an
elucidation of passages that have baffled
him in 'The Poems of Frangois Villon,'
translated by Mr. H. de Vere Stacpoole,
will be disappointed. The work is not
a complete or exact rendering. The
scheme of the book, however, is well
devised, and the volume may be recom-
mended to persons with literary inclina-
tions who wish to have some general
knowledge of Frangois Villon, the sort of
man he was and the sort of poetry he
wrote. For the purposes of a more
intimate study it is inadequate.
The author has certainly cast his work
in an interesting form. First come the
Ballades and Rondels in English verse.
The French text of these is given in an
Appendix. The main body of the book
gives the French text of the two ' Testa-
ments,' on the left-hand pages, and a
prose summary in English on the right.
It is here that a considerable success has
been achieved, if we regard the work as
composed for the edification of " the
general," to whom an exact translation i
of all the huitains would be but caviare.
The more interesting of these are ren-
dered literally ; of the others a brief sum-
mary only is given. Here and there
obscure references are explained, but the
author has — wisely, we think — refrained
from confusing his reader with a mass of
erudition and conjecture. He has obvi-
ously consulted Lacroix's edition of the
poet, but does not appear to have under-
taken much original research. For in-
stance, he repeats that commentator's
assertion that the receipt for " ceufs
perdus " is to be found in Taillevent,
where a diligent search has failed to dis-
cover it. The result, however, is good.
The reader has the opportunity of skim-
ming, so to speak, over ' Le Grand Testa-
ment,' and viewing it as a whole.
It is in his verse translations that
Mr. Stacpoole is disappointing, the more
so as there are indications in his admirable
Introduction that he has formed a very
real appreciation of Villon's writings. He
knows wherein lies the poet's especial
excellence : " He says horrible things, he
says sordid things, and he says beautiful
things, but he says one thing always —
the truth." Again : —
" He is the only French poet who is
entirely real ; all the rest are tinged with
artifice, and his reality is never more vividly
apparent than when it is conveyed in the
most artificial and difficult form of verse."
So we were led to hope that a translator
had arisen who would give us a version
as clear-cut as his original, where all
superfluous lines had been removed, as
in a drawing by Phil May. But this is
just what Mr. Stacpoole has not done.
His verse translations are more like para-
phrases. Exactitude is the first requisite
in the translation of a poet who writes of
obtuse wits as " esguisez comme une
pelote," or of skeletons swinging from
the gibbet as " plus becquetez d'oyseaulx
que dez a couldre." It will not do to
render such a line by
More dented than the fruit that beaks revolve,
as Mr. Stacpoole does, or even, for that
matter, by
More peeked of birds than fruits on garden wall,
which is Swinburne's version. That " dez
a couldre " is of the essence of Villon, and
should be faithfully rendered in the
English.
A translator of the works of this par-
ticular poet should be careful never to
introduce ideas not found in the text,
nor should he omit any idea that is there.
In both these respects Mr. Stacpoole is an
offender, with the result that his lines are
not suggestive of a poet whose every word
is incisive. Much more time and care
should have been expended on these
verse translations, if they were intended to
give a true impression of Villon's poetry
and way of thought. Moreover, Mr.
Stacpoole is not always comfortable in
the ballade : sometimes he does not
observe the metre he has adopted ; often
he is in difficulty with his rhymes, and
introduces unwarrantably many an idea
of his own and many a pointless adjective
to get him out of his quandary ; for in-
stance, " joues peaussues " — "lips like
weeds from Seine " ; or
Orpheus, le doux menestrier,
Jouant de flustes et musettes,
rendered : —
Orpheus, who could thrill
With pipe and flute the mountains grey.
It is, therefore, not surprising to find him
more at his ease in the poem of ' The Shep-
herd and the Shepherdess,' attributed to
Villon, but certainly written in the more
flowery style of a later date.
There are signs also of lack of care in
the revision of the proof-sheets. The
No. 4498, Jan. 10, li)U
Til E A T II i: \ Kl" M
.).)
punctuation occasionally obsourea the
meaning; and misprints and Boleoisms
occur, such as " Of she who was the
king's mistress." Elsewhere " we is
similarly used for us. These blemishes
are annoying in an otherwise attractive
book. It is fair, however, to add that
the French text shows signs of much more
careful revision.
But Mr. Stacpoole is guided by the
right spirit ; and lovers of Villon will
thank him for his sparkling Introduction,
•in which he deals roundly with Gautier's
half-hearted applause, and has strong
words concerning Stevenson's article on
Villon, which Gaston Paris has more
mildly described as " une vigoureuse eau-
forte. — un peu trop poussee au noir
seuleinent."
Kindred and Clan. By Bertha Surtees
Phillpotts. " Cambridge Archaeological
.aid Ethnological Series." (Cambridge
University Press, 10s. 6d. net.)
Miss Phillpotts*s book is, alike in scope
and in quality, exactly what a student
w hose special calling is research ought to
aim at producing. A definite problem is
proposed for solution, namely, " to dis-
cover how long the solidarity of the
kindred survived as a social factor of
importance in the various Teutonic coun-
tries." Here then, in the first place, a
more or less well-marked ethnological
province is selected for exploration, so
that the use of the comparative method
is not attended by its peculiar bane,
the risk of mistaking analogy for homo-
logy ; and, in the second place, instead
of a speculative treatment of prehistoric
origins, a piece of sound inductive work
i- forthcoming in regard to a stage of
development that comes within the range
of documentary evidence.
Xow Miss Phillpotts makes no attempt
to conceal from her readers at the outset
that the institution under investigation —
to which solidarity and social influence
must be attributable in no insignificant
measure if her labours are to bear fruit
at all — is one of a somewhat intangible
kind. When a large group of kinsmen is
organized on an agnatic basis, we are fully
justified in speaking of a *' clan-system."
Thus in the little republic of Ditmarschen
the Slachte, agnatic organizations of the
kind, were all-in-all. They built the
great dykes in the tenth and eleventh cen-
turies, and so obtained possession of re-
claimed marsh-lands of the greatest value.
They even governed the state up to the
year 1447. Amongst themselves, too.
they formed powerful alliances, while
they were equally competent to conclude
treaties with foreign enemies on their
own account. In every way, then, it was
the interest of the individual to be con-
nected by birth or by adoption with such
i brotherhood. On his behalf all the
fighting-men of the kin would 1m- prepared
to risk life and limb ; though, conversely,
he could not compose a quarrel with a
memlxT of another group, except with
the consent of the united body of bis
kinsmen. The manslayer, indeed, is pri-
marily responsible for the blood-fine, bis
immediate relatives stepping in if bis
own means are insufficient. On the
other hand, when it is a question of taking i
in place of giving, the rest of the Slachte
are ready enough to claim a portion of
the wergild. Another illustration of the
strength of the clan in Ditmarschen is
to be found in the system of corporate
oath-taking, whereby as many as 500
men might come forward at once to hack
the statement of one of the brethren,
even in regard to a matter of which t hex-
could have no personal knowledge what-
ever.
Unfortunately for the purposes of free-
and-easy research, such a close-knit, ag-
natic organization proves to be unique in
Teutonic lands. If, as happens amongst
the vast majority of the Teutonic peoples
as they come within the purview of our
records, kindred is reckoned through
both parents, the agnatic clan becomes a
sheer impossibility. Seeing that, in Mait-
land's phrase, the trunk of a fresh arbor
consanguinitatis comes into being with
each successive generation, we get no
more than a wechselnde Sippe, a " fluctuat-
ing group " ; and this is bound to fall
short altogether of the true clan, since it
can own no name, no permanent organiza-
tion, and no chief.
As if to emphasize the indistinctness of
her subject at the outset, Miss Phillpotts
starts upon her quest in precisely that
corner of Teutondom where positive
results are hardest to come at. The pro-
verbial chapter on the snakes of Iceland
might almost as well have had survivals
of kin-organization for its subject. The
wergild-custom, to which both the earlier
and the later sagas can be made to bear
wdtness, appears to recognize the principle
of individual responsibility with hardly
any qualification. The slayer himself
pavrs ; or else some near relative, or per-
haps his chief, does it for him. The mass
of his kinsmen are altogether unaffected ;
nor does it happen, as in Ditmarschen.
that, if unwilling to give out, the group
retains a taste for taking in. Moreover,
the fundamental law of any genuine clan-
system, that within the kindred itself
there cannot arise any question of wergild,
is non-existent in Iceland. Curiously
enough, however, an early law dealing
with the division of wergild, entitled
Baugatal, prescribes an elaborate system
of payments to kinsmen down to fourth
cousins. It can only be supposed that it
formed part of the body of laws origin-
ally brought over in the year 930, and
became a dead letter almosl at once.
Owing to the faci that the colonists had
mostly left their kindreds In-hind them.
To turn to Norway the evidence rag
geste that, even before the settlemenl of
Iceland, the decline of tribal solidarity
was far advanced. By the close ai the
thirteenth century, at all e\ent- the
responsibility of the km in the matter of
the wergild Lb entirely at an end. Tribal
principles, in fact sun ive, if at all, only
in the custom relating to odai land.
I. nd which had been inherited from a
grandfather - grandfather could not '..
alienate d mill 88 lir-t offen d to the . d.d
Bharers that is. the entire hod\ ,,|
iclati d descendants.
In Sweden ami Denmark, on the con-
trary, the Wergild laws tend to imp
responsibility on the full body of kinsmen
without differentiating between agnates
and cognates. Prom North Germany,
Holland. Belgium, and France the evi-
dence is more confusing, owing to the
diversity of races and ol political condi-
tions; hut. nevertheless, Bliss I'hill-
potts s meticulous researches yield proofs
of the influence of kin-solidarity at every
turn. Let us note in passing that in
Normandy the kindreds disappear almosl
completely, feudalism brooking no rival
system.
Finally, as regards England, the whole
case that can be made out for Survivals
of kinship-SOlidarity comes to very little.
Freely admitting this, Bliss Phillpotts
calls attention to the extraordinary fact
that Anglo-Saxon literature appears to
contain no word signifying " eou-m '
while later on the English found it net
sary to borrow the word from the French.
To Scandinavian influence may he ascribed
the institution of twelve sureties of the
kin in wergild treaties. As for the .Nor-
man Conquest, no revival of the kindred
could be expected from that quarter. It
the Norman kings and their lawyers show
no special animus against Saxon kindreds,
it is merely because there were none to
suppress — none, at any rate, capable ol
forming a rallying-point for insurrection
In a masterly conclusion .Miss Phillpotts
essays the task of characterizing in general
terms the nature of the influence exer-
cised by the Teutonic kindred, a- ah..
that of discovering amongst the multi-
tude of conditions the chief cause of its
decline. The nature of its influence,
she finds, is summed up in the word demo-
cratic. It belonged to a time when class,
differentiation had scarcely begun, and.
while it lasted, its effect was to keep the
strong man from rising to wealth and
power at the expense of his Weaker
brethren. As thief cause of the decline
of this levelling influence of the kin she
Suggests migration. It is. at all events,
significant that in Southern Sweden
Denmark, and Schleswig-Holstein, which
archaeology and philology alike point to
as. from the Stone \_, onwards the
breeding-ground ol the Teutonic ra
the solidarity of the kin M>tcin .an l»
shown to have persisted longest. Let it
be remembered that this was a fluctu
ing t \ pe ot km no i a group with one n one
and one chief, Buch a- might i orporat*
migrate to a new land and then- continue
to ke.p m tou.h. For mother's an. I
fathei - people to I" ot .m\ u
other, the hoiid <>t |...aht\ mu-t i.in.on
unbroki n Wh« ther tin- vet) n ason tble
hypothesis will hold it- own .i_'.umt
other int. i pretat ioni of the fa. t remains
t<, in- -.en ; hut there i an in- no doubt
that Miss Phillpotts'^ presentation of h. i
. will not Im- impugned on th<
either of it- thoroughness or of its model
t ion
56
TIT E AT II KNilUM
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
Ancient T own-Planning. By F. Haver-
field. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 6/ net.)
Town-planning, after a prolonged eclipse
due to the centuries of disorder and
the centuries of laisser faire, has once
more begun to take rank as an art or even
a science. Nobody could be better quali-
fied than Prof. Haverfield, with his long
experience of excavations and his intimate
knowledge of the bypaths of archaeological
literature, to collect and present, as he
does here, the lessons of antiquity in this
direction for an age which, as he observes,
somewhat resembles the Hellenistic and
Roman eras in their more enlightened care
for the well-being of the individual. In
spite of great learning, he achieves lucidity
in the exposition of his subject — a lucidity
which may even prove a source of danger
to the student, by obscuring from him the
fact that many of the conclusions reached
are based upon debatable details.
Until the advent of our garden cities,
one may say that in almost all cases of
deliberate town-planning — from Bab}don,
as Herodotus describes it, to its lineal
descendant, the Philadelphia of William
Penn — the straight line and right angle
prevailed, and mark the difference between
civilization and barbarism. Athens, in-
deed, in all its glory, was nearly as bad
as a mediaeval town, with its admixture
of splendid public buildings and mean,
ill-grouped houses. But when the art
of laying out towns began to be deliber-
ately practised in Greece towards the
end of the fifth century B.C., by Hippo-
damus of Miletus and others, it was from
the examples of Asshur, Nineveh, and
Babylon that architects drew their inspira
tion, and adopted their design of rect-
angular blocks of houses in streets running
parallel or at right angles to each other,
with one broad processional highway.
This design was regularized into the chess-
board pattern of the Alexandrian period.
For the Macedonian conquerors, who
filled many cities in Asia Minor with
disbanded soldiery, founded them on
rigid lines of regular squares, such as the
spade-work of German archaeologists has
revealed at Priene and Miletus, and such
as were adopted by the military colonists
of the Roman Empire. St. John, when
he strove to outline the ideal city of
the new heaven and the new earth, could
only echo the achievement of Alexander
and his generals — a city lying four-square,
the length as large as the breadth. The
Roman cam}), according to Polybius,
followed the pattern of t- a city " — that
is, the chessboard pattern of the cities
of the Macedonian world.
That, however, was not the shape of
the early Italian towns, and Mr. Haver-
field discusses in his usual cautious and
clear-headed way, in the light of Roman
customs, religion, land - settlement, and
war, and with the examples of Rome,
Pompeii, Modena, Piacenza, and the
Terramare before his eyes, how far the
Romans were influenced in their town-
planning by Etruscan ritual and Graeco-
Macedonian fashion. He concludes that,
before the end of the Republic, an earlier
irregular, Italian style had been super-
seded by a Graeco - Italian rectangular
fashion of town-planning. The towns of
modern Europe, however, are the heirs
of the Middle Ages, not of the Roman
Empire. With few exceptions our streets
bear witness, not to the confidence born
of the order and forethought of the
Roman military rule, but to the fears of
the succeeding age of barbarism and dis-
order, when towns shrank and citizens
huddled close together beneath protecting
walls and castle and cathedral-fort.
Roman monuments remain, and Roman
roads still bring traffic to the ancient
gateways, but no street in the city of
London, scarcely one even in Rome
itself, coincides with any ancient Roman
way.
Yet the example of the old order
which has passed is worth insisting on,
for it will stimulate modern workers to
proceed on reasoned principles and by
definite rules, and not haphazard and
piecemeal, when they attempt to deal
with the more complicated problems of
modern cities, the planning and hygiene
of the " Great Wens " of to-day. Students
of history and workers for the social weal
alike will appreciate and enjoy Mr. Haver-
field's brilliant reconstruction of past
schemes.
Coleridge and Wordsworth in the West
Country. By Prof. Knight. (Elkin
Mathews, 7/6 net.)
Wordswtorth and, to a less degree,
Coleridge, at a comparatively early though
important period of development in their
poetic career, seem to have been specially
favoured by fortune when such patronage
was most needed. In 1795 Raisley Cal-
vert, Wordsworth's invalid friend, died,
leaving him a legacy of nine hundred
pounds, which, in view of Wordsworth's
easily supplied wants, would be equal
to more than double that amount to
most people. In the same year, while on
a visit to the house of Mr. Pinney, Bristol,
he was offered by that gentleman's son,
rent free, the furnished farmhouse at
Racedown, Dorset. Less than two
years later, during a ramble with his
sister Dorothy in the country around
Nether Stowey, the village in which they
were the guests of Coleridge, the two
pedestrians came across the mansion of
Alfoxden, situated in a large park " with
seventy head of deer" in it. In the
course of a fortnight they heard that the
house was to let, and on applying for it
became tenants at a nominal yearly
rental of twenty-three pounds, inclusive
of taxes. " The house," writes Dorothy,
"is a large mansion, with furniture
enough for a dozen families like ours."
The advantage attendant on their occu-
pancy of the mansion lay, not in having
a beautiful house in their keeping " and
everything handsome about them," but
in the character of its surroundings. A
detailed description is furnished, which
ends : —
" The Tor of Glastonbury is before our
eyes during more than half of our walk to
Stowey ; and in the park wherever we
go, keeping about fifteen yards above the
house, it makes a part of our prospect."
The chief reason that led the Words-
worths to migrate from Dorset to-
Somerset was their wish to be near their
friend. In Dorothy's Diary, written
during the first five months of 1798 while
at Alfoxden, Coleridge's name appears-
Avith great frequencj'. Again and again
we read of Coleridge's visit to their house t
or of theirs to his, and, as if loath to part,,
of the host accompanying his visitor some
considerable distance on the homeward
journey. It was this constant associa-
tion with Coleridge that occasioned an
outburst of poetic energy on Words-
worth's part. Yet it is probable that the
latter's influence on his brother-poet was
greater than the converse. Certainly Cole-
ridge's reverence for Wordsworth's genius
was pronounced. " The giant Words-
worth, God love him," we read in one of
his letters. And Charles Lamb's reference
to his friend's idolatry is well known,
" Coleridge has left us, to go into the
north, on a visit to his God Wordsworth,"
he tells Manning.
All this time, while the friends were
giving up their days and nights to-
poetry and philosophy, they were being
shadowed by a spy, sent down by the wise-
acre in charge of the Home Office, on
suspicion of being dangerous characters.
The occupants of Alfoxden were actually
thought to be French spies ! Coleridge
gives a humorous recital of this episode
in his ' Biographia Literaria.' The ac-
count has been discredited by biographers,,
and Prof. Knight appears to share their
attitude, but it is beyond doubt substan-
tially true. An interesting paper on the
subject, written by Mr. A. J. Eagleson,
and throwing new light on it, appeared in
The Nineteenth Century for August, 1908.
The article was based on letters dealing
with the matter preserved in the Home
Office records. Unfortunately, however, the
letters appear to be incomplete, so that
as yet the Avhole truth is not to hand.
Prof. Knight's book is devoted to the
friendship of the two poets while in the
West Country, as well as to their work
and surroundings. His endeavour has.
been
" to focus the existing material which has-
been dealt with more particularly by the
late Mr. Dykes Campbell in his ' Life of
Coleridge,' and the notes to his edition of
the ' Poems.' "
" I have not referred [he proceeds]^
except when quite necessarv, to my own
'Life of Wordsworth' (1889), to the two
editions of his ' Poems,' viz. the ' Poetical
Works,' issued in 1882-6 by William Pater-
son, Edinburgh, and the subsequent Eversley
edition of them, published bv Messrs. Mac-
millan in 1896-7. All that I had then to
say — either as to Wordsworth or Coleridge — -
was included in these volumes."
These references — or, rather, quotations —
however, bulk rather largely in a work of
some 227 pages of large type and liberal
margins — constituting, with Dorothy
Wordsworth's Alfoxden Diary, reprinted
from the ' Life,' not far short of a fifth
of the book. The work is not meant
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1JU4
Til E AT II KN .El' M
for the serious student of either poet, but
for the general reader. No new light is
sheil on Wordsworth or Coleridge, \\ ith the
option of the first chapter — originally
contributed to The Academy in 1908 —
in which the author strives to fix the
proximate date of the first meeting of
the two poets. No fresh facta appear to
have been discovered. So far back as
1896 Mr. Thomas Hutehinson stated, in
the Chronological Table which is a fea-
ture of his Oxford edition of ' Words-
• worth's Poetical Works,' that the place
of meeting was " at the house of Mr.
Pinney, Bristol." and the date " probably
late in September, 1795." Prof. Knight's
conclusion is that it took place " in the
early autumn, viz. August or September
of the year 17!C> in Mr. Pinney's
house in (heat George Street.'' and he
has recently found out that the house
was No. 7. Great George Street. Brandon
Hill, Clifton, which is still standing. If
"Wordsworth came from Kacedown to
Bristol to meet Coleridge, ami we assume
that he took over the farmhouse in
October, neither August nor September
ems to fit the facts of the case.
There are many blemishes in the book :
misprints, errors as to dates (possibly a
few of these come also under the previous
category), several errors as to facts, some
needless repetitions, and at least six in-
accuracies in an extract from Dorothy
Wordsworth's letter to Miss Pollard,
September 2nd. 1795 (pp. 21-2). This
excerpt appears to have been copied,
with all its imperfections, from the
author's ' Life of Wordsworth.' instead of
from his ' Letters of the Wordsworth
Family.' where the letter is. we presume,
•correctly printed. In further connexion
with the foregoing letter, it is not true
that " we know from Dorothy Words-
worth's letter of Sept. 2. 1705. that she
ind her brother were with the Pinneys at
Bristol about the end of August.'' What
is there stated is that " William is staying
....at present with .Mr. Pinney," and
the place whence Dorothv wrote was
Mill House, Halifax. On p. 110 the
reference to Dr. Darwin is stated to
be to the father, instead of the grand-
father, of Charles Darwin. On p. 96 the
■author remarks that among the visitors
Nether Stowey who were drawn to
Wordsworth and Coleridge was De
Quincey, who did not visit the village
until the summer of l*<>7. At that time
Coleridge was in Bridgwater, the town in
which the introduction took place. It
•was not until later in the same year that
lie saw Wordsworth, at Dove Cottage, on
t lie occasion of his accompanying Mrs.
Coleridge on the journey to the North.
There is on p. 204 a statement that
the genius of Coleridge was helped by
■ the Lloyd legacy." We know of no
h legacy, and presume thai I'm!
Knight is referring to the annuity offeerd
to Coleridge by the two brothers Wedg-
wood in 1798.
Readers will appreciate the aumber
and excellence of the illustrations by Mr.
Edmund H. Xew.
My l.ii< with tlu Eskimo. By Vilhjalmur
Stefansson. Illustrated. (Maemillan
& Co., 17/ net.)
Tills book will be warmly welcomed l>\
all persons interested in the ethnology
and folk-lore of the Eskimo ; and those
who are merely in search of thrilling ad-
venture will read it with pleasure, though
they will probably think it too long.
Mr. Stefansson, indeed, with a daring
remarkable in one about to command a
Polar expedition, lays it down as an axiom
that "" adventures and mishaps seldom
happen to a competent man." He may
have seen reason to modify this view in
the last few months, for the latest news
of his ship is that it was carried away in
the drifting ice while the commander was
ashore with a hunting party, and had not
been heard of two months later. But
there were many moments in the expedi-
tion described in this volume when his
project of living on the country almost
failed, and when he was in imminent
danger of being drowned or drifted away
from shore by the summer break-up of
the ice.
A note is prefixed to the volume by the
publishers stating that, owing to Mr.
Stefansson's departure for the Far North.
he was unable to read the final proofs.
This circumstance doubtless accounts for
many repetitions and for some misprints.
Mr. Stefansson is no novice in Arctic
work, for in 1006-7 he spent two summers
and a w inter on the shores of the Beaufort
Sea. We cannot understand why he
states that he " never became a member "
of the Mikkelsen Expedition. He was
reckoned as such by the leader, although
he chose the overland route instead of
sailing with the vessel ; he joined it at
Flaxrnan Island on April 15th, 1907, and.
while occasionally absent on his own
special work, did not leave it till Augusl
6th.
The venture described in this book
was planned immediately after his return,
with the help of the New York Museum
of Natural Eistory, and it extended over
the lour years 1908 to 1912. Its object
was mainly ethnological — to proceed to
the Beaufort Sea by way of the Mackenzie,
and get in touch with Eskimo tribes still
in the primitive Btage, who had never
seen a white man. The most favourable
region for the purpose was considered to
be the mainland south of Dolphin and
Union Straits, and Victoria Island, north
of that channel. The only other white
member of the expedition was Dr. I; M.
Anderson, who was occupied with zoo-
logical wort ■ hut m their wanderings
the two men were more often separated
than in comp h with some attend-
anl Eskimo "l the more cv\ ili/< d tril
Mr. Stefansson had already gained ■> fair
master) of the difncull Eskimo Ian
and spent pari "t in- firsl winter- m pei
fecting hi- studies >t the whaling settle-
iii, tit ,,t I'omt Barrow. II tem "f
living like the natives, and nil
mainly on the produce of tin- i ill,
sionalh resulted in hard tin..- and
-■ a i
without the presence "i skilled
hunters might have had BerioUS COD
quences.
We had plenty "i seal "il a $eal*kin
bag lull of it and ol tin- ive ate all we
w anted ... .The stomach needs bulk} i I;
it craves to be filled with something. For
tllis reason we u-ed tO eat the oil soa
up in tea-leaves, ptarmigan feathers, or
caribou hair. Most c monly we used to
take the long-haired caribou -kin. cul il >n
small pieces, dip the pieces in oil, and
them that w ay Vs for eat i
the very thought IS an al iili.it H •! I. NOl
that I have any prejudice against do
as such; it is probably very much Like
wi,ll. and wolf I know to be ■ v elleiit. Bui
on a long hard sled trip the dogs become
your friends; they work for you Bin
mindedly and uncomplainingly. .. .To me
the death of a dog thai ha- Stood bj n •■
in failure and helped me to success ifi the
death of a comrade in arms ; to eat him
would he l»ut a -t, p removed ir<>m cannibal*
ism."
Such a feeling docs .Mr. Btefai
credit : and there were other OCCas
when, hut for the opportune appearance
of deer or a seal, his privation- would
have been more severe. One is con-
strained to admire the easy confidence
with which he loaded his Bledge with
archaeological specimens and trusted to
luck or his rifle for the next meal. But
when he proceeds to contrast favourably
his own methods, ami those of Dr. Rae
at Repulse P>ay in 1853 (nol 1861 1, with
the '• helpless " starvation of the franklin
crews in what be describes as a land of
•• comparative plenty," he is overlooking
the terrible handicap of numbers, and
probably of disease, which destroyed
Franklin's men. We d<> not know the
whole story, which could he e\pl lint d
simply from the weakening effects "t
scurvy. Bu1 while Dr. Rae- part}
-mall, and Mr. Stefan— .»n'- nevei ex-
ceeded eight or ten (of w hom all but two
were Eskimo, well acquainted with the
habits of the animals to he kill, d), the
Franklin crew- numbered 105 al the time
they left their ships. They would
no more -kill in hunting than the avt
British seaman ; ami worst of all. not
one "t them knew a word of th< Esl imo
language or the} might have emplo
the few natix. - the} met m pn
them -nh-i-tc in e. h i- plain, '"■•
the narrative- of Rose Back, and
tock. that tl e countr} trav< rs< d b}
retreating crews is aboul the woi
I, an i,„,t, .1 game along the whole i on-
t mental coast .
The feature ol Mr St fansson
which has attrat ted most attention i*
discover} ol Borne \ illaj
Eskimo,* in thesouth :
a mark dh blond oi Euro] •
Id- Bays thai about I pi
eyes ; man} ha brown
,, ,| h lii and ome light brown l>
while about 50 p i i ent l
ranging loan dark brown to n< arh
The first two vill
m Ma} I'd' bo
had not ■ white
nothin x l,:
which ted tin
58
T II E A T II E N M V M
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
one old man who remembered Capt.
Collinson wintering among his people in
the Enterprise in 1852-3. Mr. Stefansson
speculates in a tentative way on the
possibility of this very unusual Eskimo
type being descended from a mixture of
the old Norse colonists of Greenland, who
disappeared in the fifteenth century, with
the native race. The chief objection to
this conjecture is the locality in which
the new type is found. Dr. Xansen, in
suggesting that the lost colonists were
absorbed in the Greenland Eskimo, gives
some instances of words in the Greenland
dialect that are plainly cognate to the
old Xorse ; and he hints, without speci-
fying instances, that some of their folk-
lore resembles the Scandinavian myths.
Mr. Stefansson, although specially inter-
ested in language and tradition, brings
forward no evidence of this kind. He
dismisses — rightly, in our opinion — the
idea that the type he describes can have
been produced by contact either with
Franklin's men or with the whalers.
But when he tells us that the tribe which
he found looked far more like Europeans
than the half-breed Eskimo of Alaska
and Hudson's Bay, he seems to be prov-
ing too much, and his photographs
scarcely support his statement. Does
he suppose that the Greenland colonists
migrated north and west in a body, and
maintained for some centuries an existence
independent of their native neighbours ?
If such a thing Ave re conceivable, it is
hard to see why the Norsemen should
leave their own settlement ; and if they
were driven out by the hostile pressure
of Eskimo from the north, their only place
of refuge would be the eastern side of
Cape Farewell. The instances given by
Mr. Stefansson of earlier notices of
European-like Eskimo are neither many
nor convincing ; but he omits one — the
native resembling a Scandinavian, who
was seen by Lieut. Graah in 1824 in the
most likely place, the East Greenland
coast. It is also curious that Capt.
Collinson, who saw the Victoria Islanders
in 1852, was not struck by the '■' blond "
features of the tribe, but speaks rather
of " their aquiline nose and Jewish cast
of countenance." What biologists are
pleased to term " accident " may account
for the strain in this locality, so that
when the old Eskimo said that it was
" natural for Eskimo to have fair hair and
blue eA/es," he was merely recording his
own limited experience.
Mr. Stefansson is by no means clear as
to the general line of Eskimo migration.
He found pottery in abundance among the
earliest remains that lie unearthed ; and
he says that the art was known by the
Eskimo when they first came to Alaska
" from the east.'' But the uniform tradi-
tion of the Smith Sound Eskimo is that
they came from the west ; and this
agrees with the Mongolian type of feature
prevailing in the great majority of the
race. But whatever may be thought of
the author's theories, his book will always
remain a valuable storehouse of facts
about the western Eskimo, apart from its
interest as a record of intrepid and suc-
cessful travel. He explains the extreme
indulgence shown to Eskimo children by
the fact that they are supposed to be
:< possessed " by the spirits of adults
recently dead. His strictures on the
imperfect Christianizing of the Eskimo
strike us as hardly fair, if they are meant
as a criticism of the value to them of
their new faith. Such inconsistencies as
he exposes in many anecdotes (some un-
necessarily repeated) may be paralleled
all over the world, and are by no means
confined to new converts, as he seems to
suppose. Dr. Anderson's notes on the
zoology of the region traversed are inter-
esting and important ; and Mr. Stefans-
son 's maps are valuable as indicating the
local " habitat " of the various tribes,
though they are too scantily furnished
with English names.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. By James
Fitzmaurice-Kelly. (Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 7/6 net.)
Tins book fills a gap in the literature of
Cervantes. It is a succinct account of all
the now authenticated main facts of the
life of the author of ' Don Quixote,' with
its many trials and troubles, including
those (not the least) in which different
members of his family appear to have in-
volved him whenever he was with or near
them. It is true that some of them did
loyally subscribe towards his ransom from
slavery, but one could almost doubt if
he Avere really much happier afterwards
in the domestic circle than he Avas with
the Turks.
This plain narrative, free from all
critical mention of his Avorks, and told in
direct language, supplies a striking por-
trait and a clear insight into the nature
of a man Avho, genius as he AAas, was in
eA^eryday affairs his own effective enemy.
Undoubtedly, Cervantes Avas singularly
inept in business matters, tactless, and
ahvays amiably ready to help others,
AA'hether he could help himself or not. His
chief defence in the battle of life was a
perfectly incorrigible optimism.
Throughout the period of his slavery
he made repeated attempts to escape
and to take numbers of his companions
with him, and each time he Avas betrayed
by one or other of his accomplices. When
in Government employ, he Avas continually
in hot Avater ; and when out of it, if not
actually in gaol, he was frequently beyond
the reach of the Exchequer officers, Avho
urgently desired his attendance to settle
up accounts. It is fair to add that Cer-
ATantes always paid when he had any
money to pay with, only turning a deaf
ear to demands when he had nothing to
satisfy them, as was often the case.
As for the extraordinary netAvork of
financial and legal complications — Avoven
about Arery little pecuniary substance —
into whiph he AAas from time to time in-
veigled by his wife, sister, and daughter,
the muddle seems at length to have
become such that probably none of the
parties concerned could have told exactly
how matters stood, and all that is really
clear is that Gen-antes himself was the
only person Avho derived no kind of
benefit therefrom.
At one time he a\ as involved in a grave
scandal concerning the killing of a man,
in the course of which he and most of
his family were arrested.
But throughout all these complica-
tions and confusions poor Cervantes seems
never to have been guilty of anything like
intentional misconduct. As Prof. Fitz-
maurice-Kelly says of him in the Preface,,
he Avas " one of those rare men AA'ho can
afford to have the Avhole truth told
about them."
Amid all this storm and stress, often,
desperately poor and busily engaged in
seeking such employment as might keep
body and soul together, Cervantes man-
aged to do literary Avork. He Avas eA^er
ready to write or place a sonnet — one of
these Avent to adorn a treatise on kidney
disease — and the first part of ' Don
Quixote ' appeared Avhen he Avas close on
60 years old, the second part tolloAving
ten years later.
Onh^ once do Ave see him anerv (on the
publication of the spurious second part of
'Don Quixote'). Evidently his optimism
— described elsewhere by the author as
" reckless and uncalculating " — neATer
permitted him to Avorry, and so the world
became infinitely the richer by his Avork.
Carefully compiled foot-notes give the
evidence for statements in the text, and
the book is excellently printed and in-
dexed.
Chantilly, in History and Art. Bat Louise
M. Richter. (John Murray, 21/ net.)
Chantilly is but a name to A^ast numbers
of English people Avho visit France, and
a name which suggests horse-racing rather
than the palace and pictures with Avhich
Mrs. Richter is concerned : but the
beautiful reproductions of famous pictures
which her book contains will undoubtedly
lead many Englishmen to cut a day out
of their next visit to Paris in order to
spend it at the Musee Conde.
Mrs. Richter's main object has been
the studjr of the Avorks of the French
fifteenth- and sixteenth -century artists so
successfully collected by the Due d' Aumale,
and once kept at that Orleans House at
Twickenham which is noAv empty, and
being offered for sale as an " eligible
building site."
In some interesting pages the author
traces the history of the Chateau and its
owners, from the earliest dates doAvn to
the present day. The house built by the
grandson of the Grand Conde was leATelled
to the ground by the mob during the first
ReArolution, and the only original buildings-
left are those of the A7ast stables. Mrs.
Richter does not forget to tell us of the
visits to the Chateau of such men as
Bossuet, Fenelon, Boileau, Racine, Cor-
neille, La Fontaine, and Moliere. Of
Boileau there is the tale that during an
animated conversation with a prince he
' contradicted some statement, but, seeing
No. 4498, Jan. in, n>14
Til E A Til KX .KU.M
.,\
!l
an angry look on his Highness's face, he
became alarmed, ami, making a profound
bow, said: " Je serais toujour* de L'avis
de M. le Prince, surtoul quand il aura
tort."
Here, too. it was that Vatel ran himself
through with his sword because the fish
did not arrive in time for dinner: and it was
also at the same chateau, when Louis XIV.
indicated a desire to obtain posses-
sion of it, that Conde said to his sovereign :
."' Yous etea Le ma it re : ma is j'ai one grace
a demander a votre Majesty : e'est de me
laisser a Chantilly comme votre concierge."
On which the King had the good taste to
desist, and to let the Conde mansion inspire
Versailles.
Mrs. Kichter deals with the col-
lections of the Musee Conde with much
skill, but they are so vast that any
Attempt to describe them in a single
volume must end in the compilation of
something very like a catalogue — in this
case an excellent, very readable catalogue,
full of admirable comments on the pictures,
but still a catalogue. She has consulted
all the authorities, and gives a useful list
of then- works.
We are puzzled by a chateau called
' Clemonceaux," and presume that Che-
nonceaux is meant ; and we have de-
tected some trifling inconsistency in the
use of accents ; but the illustrations alone
would make the volume valuable, and
those from the ; Tres Riches Heures du
Due de Berry ' are reproduced in a perfect
manner.
FICTION.
Atlantis. ByGerhartHauptmann. (Werner
Laurie, 6/)
Although ' Atlantis ' is far behind its
author's ' Emanuel Quint ' in importance,
it is, nevertheless, a psychological study
from a master-hand. The subject of
redemption by suffering and by toil, the
dual release from an overpowering
obsession, enables the realist to be as
npulously accurate as he wishes in
his portraiture of human weakness, and
at the same time to provide the happy
ending that will to some extent preserve
readers from unpleasant after-memories
of his essays in pathology. The hero of
' Atlantis ' — a German doctor — is one
whom mental stress and hard work
deliver from the powers of evil.
The novel was written two or three
years ago, and is probably based on
Hauptmann's visit to America in 1892.
His hero, distracted by domestic troubles
and by a temporary infatuation for a
young dancing-girl, on learning the name
of the boat in which she and her father
are to cross to America, forthwith hooks
a passage on the same liner. The ship
goes down in mid-Atlantic, bnt he and
the dancer are rescued, and reach New
York on another steamer. More than
half the lx)ok i< occupied with the details
of the voyage. The ant hoi- conveys a
wonderfully vivid impression — from imagi-
nation, for the Titanic disaster had not
happened at the time of writing of
the general atmosphere on the doomed
Vessel before the fatal collision occurred.
There are no presentiments or omens ;
it is merely the noting of innumerable
points, trifling in themselves, that makes
both the imminence and the actuality of
the catastrophe convincing.
Hauptmann's hero had studied philo-
sophy, and to him America was at first
little more than a copious source of ques-
tions as to the meaning of the universe.
He meets a number of German friends,
artists for the most part, and shares their
life and work. Finally the companionship
of a healthy woman decides his return to
Europe in a state of mental and moral
soundness. But Hauptmann's work is
itself largely written with the purpose of
raising questions, and it is not only from
the hero that we receive hints of the
author's philosophy of life. For one thing
we are grateful : he has, it would seem,
definitely turned away from the depress-
ing naturalism of his earlier writings.
Hauptmann is an author who has never
entirely succeeded in suiting himself to
any particular form. Every one of his
works is to a certain extent an experiment.
Although his greatest successes have been
his plays, it is possible that a few years
will see him with an equally distinguished
reputation as a novelist. His analytical
powers scarcely have full play in his
dramas.
The translation is American, and keeps
fairly close to the original, although we
have noticed slight interpolations here
and there. " He carried an alligator
portfolio in his waistcoat pocket " is
unfortunate.
Modem Lovers. By Viola MeyneU.
(Martin Seeker, 6/)
Miss Meyxell again excites our wonder
by the extraordinary intimacy she shows
in her studies of character. We could
wish to find ourselves in a more thankful
mood towards her for this last book, and
we seek the reason for this lack of
gratitude. The explanation seems to lie
in the very truth of the author's dis-
cernment; the pettiness of aim that
rules most human actions is profoundly
depressing.
of the family herein dissected, the
father and mother have no redeeming
traits; of the two girls, one at least
wins a small measure of sympathy in
that -he recognizes within herself ,i
capacity for love which, if fostered, is half-
starved. En the lives of the suitors oi the
two girls, love is but a thing apart the
art of diving in each case 611s their whole
existence. .Mi-- Meynell may have meant
to convince her readers that oni of these
two really possessed a joie de vivrt ; for
our part, the man's obvious and endles
striving for effect nullifies all idea of
spontaneity, and bo fails to alleviate the
Bense of morbidity to which the booh
(rives rise.
.1// Unfinished Song, By Mrs. Ghosal
(Srimati Svarna Kumari Devi). (Werner
Laurie, (i )
This is a novel of deep and peculiar
interest. The author is a prominent
member of the Reformed Party of Bengal,
which has done much to break down the
purdah and to introduce European habits
where it was though) they would be of
advantage to the people of India. She
is said to he the first Indian woman to
write a novel, and is a sister of l'abin-
dranath Tagore.
The chief feature Of the story is the
insight provided into the psychological
life of the Hindu girl. Even amongst the
Reformed Party, where polygamy is un-
known, and child-marriages are few the
full meaning of the line.
Ho for (iod only, she for God in him,
is accepted to a degree absolutely beyond
the creed and practice of the most sub-
missive of Englishwomen. The heroine,
who has found her happiness, concludes
the recital of her romance with a query.
Whom has she loved ? Was it the com-
panion of her schooldays, whose reflection
she found in the grown man, or the
grown man who recalled the schoolboy ?
Or was it, after all, that other man who
repeated the song which the boy
used to sing many years before '. Some-
thing of the spirit of Mr. Kipling's ' Brush-
wood Boy ' seems to enter with the story.
expressing itself at its clearest in the sug-
gestion that the actual singer of the song
heard in dreams must, apart from any
other consideration, be the destined lover.
Or, after all, was the heroine's idealized
love but the counterpart of that period
of religious emotionalism often observed
in English girls \
It is curious to note the extent to which
the English language and literature make
themselves felt in the well-educated housi -
hold which provides both the characters
and their background. Love-letter-, it
appears, are written in English : —
"That the love-letters of a Bengali
youth, whose w hole, life is one greal imitation,
should be written in lii< native tongui
this preposterous idea would not occur to
any one."
English poets are quoted at every oppor-
tunity. Even proposals of marriage are
made in borrowed words. In a moment
of deep emotion a Hindu breaks out ;
•• () frailty, thy name i- woman. Why
so much ado about nothing i The con
versation, not of one character, l>u» oi
all, resembles that of the suitor in Mr.
Eden Phillpotts's ' American Prisoner in
its patchwork of quotations.
For the rest, the male t\ pes present* d
here are not distinctly tm-Englisn. Ti
do not regard love as the only object oi
life, and they are pie|..m d to SCquil 906 m
the removal of purdah restrictions up to
,i point. Human nature is found ever}
w here to be much ' he same.
(10
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 449S, Jan. 10, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Highway of the Holy Cross (The), by F. V. H., 1 /6
net. Skeffington
Short papers on self-surrender, sorrow,
prayer, service, suffering, and hope.
Hill (Henry Erskine), The Parables of Re-
demption, 2/ net. Skeffington
.Most of these addresses on Christ's teaching
on forgiveness were given in St. Paul's Cathedral,
Dundee, in 1<J08.
Magee (Rev. A. V.), The Message of the Guest
Chamber; or, The Last Words of Christ,
2/ net. Skeffington
A devotional book " intended primarily for
vise in Advent or Lent, in Meditation and in
Retreat."
LAW.
Lewis (Timothy), A Glossary of Medijeval
Welsh Law, based upon the Black Book of
Chirk, 15/ net. Manchester University Press
A glossary of the earliest Welsh law-text,
arranged alphabetically, and containing quota-
tions from other texts.
POETRY.
Collins (Mary Gabrielle), Garden Suburb Verses,
(id. net. Co-Partnership Publishers
Verses on gardening and things of local
interest to inhabitants of the Hampstead Garden
Suburb.
Fox-Smith (C), Songs in Sail, and Other
Chantys, " Vigo Cabinet Series;" 1/ net.
Elkin Mathews
This book of verse contains songs of the
wanderer in distant lands and some " Romance "
pieces. They are reprinted from The Spectator,
Pall Mall Gazette, and other papers.
Gleadon (Phyllis), Philomela, 2/6 net.
Humphreys
A book of verses, chiefly on love. Three of
the pieces were written at a very early age.
Kaye-Smith (Sheila), Willow's Forge, and
Other Poems, 2/6 net. Erskine Macdonald
The piece which gives its title to this book
is the cry of a mad girl, whose lover has been
hanged for stealing sheep. There are other
ballads, " cant songs," religious and miscellaneous
pieces.
Keigwin (R. P.), Lanyard Lyrics, 2/6 net.
Simpkin Ac Marshall
A book of humorous verses, chiefly of interest
to those who are connected with the Royal Naval
College, Osborne. A good many have appeared
in The Osborne Magazine, and a few in other
papers. The volume is illustrated by Mr. P. L.
Butt.
Little Poems, selected and arranged by E. Crosbv
Heath, 1/ net. Erskine Macdonald
An anthology of lyrics, with a critical essay
by the compiler, in which he defines a " little
poem " as one which is simple, homely, and full
of tender feeling.
Symns (J. M.1, The Mark of the East, and
Other Verses, 3/6 net. Thacker
A volume of light, humorous verses dealing
with Anglo-Indian life, reproduced from Punch,
The Panr/oon Gazette, and The Burma Critic.
Walker (Horace Eaton), Intimations of Heaven.
1/6 net. Elliot Stock
A long didactic piece, composed of 150
fourteen-line stanzas.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ndrews (William Loring) Collection of Early
Books in the Library of Yale University,
Catalogue, 6/6 net. Milford
This collection was formed to illustrate the
art of the printer during the first century of
printing. The Catalogue is descriptive, and
includes a Preface by Mr. Addison Van Name,
Librarian Emeritus of Yale University.
Library of Congress, Classification, Class E-F,
America, Second Edition, 40c.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
The scheme of classification here followed is
based on that of ' America. : History and Geo-
graphy.' prepared by Mr. Charles Martel in 1901.
Explanations and references have been added
to the new edition.
Longmans, Green & Co.'s (Messrs.) Classified
Catalogue, 1914.
A Catalogue of the books published by
Messrs. Longmans, classified under subject
headings. There are brief analvses of the con-
tents of books referred to, and a'full Index.
Norwich Public Library, Readers' Guide, Vol. III.
No. 1, Id. Norwich Library Com.
This number contains the first portion of a
Catalogue of the Biographical Section of the
Lending Library and a classified list of recent
additions.
PHILOSOPHY.
Stocker (R. Dimsdale), The Time Spirit, 3/0 net.
Erskine Macdonald
A discussion of the spiritual tendencies of
the time in their religious, psychological, and
ethical aspects.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Janet (Paul). Fenelon, his Life and Works,
translated and edited by Victor Leuliette, 5/
net. Pitman
An account of the life of Fenelon, with an
analysis and appreciation of his writings. The
translator has added an Introduction, notes, and
Index.
Kellogg (Clara Louise [Madame Strakosch]), Me-
moirs of an American Prima Donna, 10/6
net. Putnam
Memoirs of Madame Strakosch's life " on
and off " the stage, with illustrations from photo-
graphs.
Source -Books of English' History : Extracts
from the Chronicles illustrating Eng-
lish Medijeval History, by Alice Raven; 6d.
net. Macdonald & Evans
The extracts cover the period from the
accession of William I. to the summoning of the
Good Parliament.
Wood (Michael H. M.), A Father in God, the
Episcopate of William West Jones, 18/
Macmillan
A biogi'aphy of the Archbishop of Capetown,
with an Introduction by the Archdeacon of
Northampton, and illustrations from photographs.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Batcheller (Tryphosa Bates), Royal Spain of
To-day, 25/ net. Longmans
This book is published under the royal
patronage of the King and Queen of Spain
and Queen Maria Christina. It gives a descrip-
tive account of a journey in Spain and a short
visit to Portugal, written in the form of letters.
There are numerous illustrations, some in colour.
Browne (Belmore), The Conquest of Mount
McKinley, 15/ net. Putnam
An account of three expeditions, made in
190fi, 1910, and 1912, through the Alaskan
wilderness to Mount McKinley, illustrated from
drawings by the author, photographs, and maps.
Hackmann (H.), A German Scholar in the
East, Travel Scenes and Reflections, trans-
lated by Daisie Rommel, 5/ net. Kegan Paul
An account of Dr. Hackmann's tour in the
East in 1910. The translator has shortened the
original, " aiming more at a reproduction of the
character and the chief contents of the book than
at a strict rendering of the wording."
Knight (E. F.), The Cruise of the Falcon, a
Voyage to South America in a 30-ton Yacht, 1/
Nelson
This book was noticed in The Athenceum,
July 12, 1884, p. 41.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State-
ment, January, 2/ net. Office of the Fund
In an article entitled ' The Desert of the
Wanderings ' Sir Charles Watson gives an account
of the survey which is about to be undertaken of
the district lying to the south of Palestine. Other
articles are ' The Dead Sea.' by Sir John Gray
Hill, and ' The Site of Gibeah,' by the Rev. W, F.
Birch.
Stirling (Rev. John F.), An Atlas illustrating
the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles,
$d. net. Philip
A series of maps illustrating the life and
activities of the Apostles, with brief historical
and geographical notes.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Mason (James), The Art of Chess, Fourth Edi-
tion, 6/ net. ' Field ' and ' Queen ' Office
The present edition was revised and enlarged
by the late Mr. Hotter, Chess Editor of The
Field, and contains new examples of the End and
Middle Games, with explanatory notes and other
additional matter.
Mayo (The Earl of) and Boulton (W. B.), The
History of the Kildare Hunt, 21/ net.
St. Catherine Press
An account of the origin and history of the
Kildare pack and a record of the Masterships,
ending with that of Sir Edward Kennedy. There
are illustrations.
SOCIOLOGY.
Sumner (William Graham), Earth-Hunger, and
Other Essays, edited by Albert Gallowav
Keller, 10/ net. Milford
A collection of Prof. Sumner's shorter
essays, some of which are printed for the first
time. They deal chiefly with sociological and
political questions.
ECONOMICS.
Ballen (Dorothy), Bibliography of Road-
Making and Roads in the United Kingdom,
" Studies in Economics and Political Science,"
15/ net. King
A revised and enlarged edition of the Biblio-
graphy compiled by Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb
in 1906, classified under the general headings of
(1) 'History and Description,' (2) 'Administra-
tion,' (3) ' Engineering,' and (4) ' Traffic,' with
an Introduction by Sir George Gibb.
Barbour (Sir David), The Influence of the
Gold Supply on Prices and Profits, 3/6 net.
Macmillan
A discussion of the way in which the quantity
of money affects prices, and the relation between
credit and prices.
War and Peace Pamphlet, No. 3 : Militarism
and Wages, the Effect of Militarism on
Wages and Prices of Commodities, by F.
Merttens, Id. ' War and Peace ' Co.
A plea for international brotherhood, which
would make war impossible.
EDUCATION.
Historical Association of Scotland (The), Pam-
phlet No. 4 : The Antiquities of Aberdeen
and Neighbourhood, for the Use of Teachers,
hy G. M. Fraser. Aberdeen Public Library
• A paper dealing with some of the historicafc
and ethnic interests of Aberdeen and its neigh-
bourhood, written to quicken local patriotism
among children.
Vickers (Kenneth H.), A Short History ok
London, 2/6 Macdonald & Evans-
A sketch of the history of London, suitable-
for London teachers " who wish to enliven their
history teaching with local illustrations."
White (Jessie), Montessori Schools as seen
in the Early Summer of 1913, 1/ net.
Milford
The author spent two months of last year in
studying the Montessori schools in Italy and the
Canton of Ticino, and here records her observa-
tions.
PHILOLOGY.
Fynes-Clinton (O. H.), The Welsh Vocabulary
of the Bangor District, 21/ net. Milford
A glossary of words in modern colloquial use
in the district of Bangor, with a list of books con-
sulted, Introduction, and Index.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Essays and Studies by Members of the English
Association, Vol. IV., collected by C. H.
Herford, 5/ net. Oxford, Clarendon Press-
The papers in this volume are ' A Note on
Dramatic Criticism,' by Prof. J. E. Spingarn %.
' English Prose Numbers,' by Prof. O. Elton ;
' Some Unconsidered Elements in English Place-
Names,' by Mr. A. Mawer ; ' Platonism in
Shelley,' by Mr. L. Winstanley ; ' Defoe's True-
Born Englishman,' by Mr. A. C. Guthkelch ;
' The Plays of Mr. John Galsworthy,' by Mr. A. R-
Skemp ; and ' Dramatic Technique in Marlowe,'
by Mr. G. P. Baker.
Grant (Arthur), In the Old Paths, Memories of
Literary Pilgrimages, 8/6 net. Constable-
Reminiscences of the haunts of Lambf
Shakespeare, Keble, Cowper, and others, with
pen-and-ink illustrations. The essays are re-
printed from The Scotsman and The Atlantic
Monthly.
POLITICS.
Taft (William Howard), Popular Government -
its Essence, its Permanence, and its-
Perils, 5/ net. Milford
Of these addresses by the late President
on various aspects of modern government as-
illustrated by the Constitution of the United
States, eight were delivered before Yale Uni-
versity, and the remaining two at Montreal
before the American Bar Association.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Historical Course for Middle Forms : I. Western
Europe, by B. L. K. Henderson ; II. The:
English Nation, Industrial and Social
History, by P. Meadows, 2/ each. Bell
This course has been designed by the editors
as preliminary to the detailed study of periods,
for children from 12 to 10. The first volume-
gives an outline of the history of Europe, and the-
second treats of a special aspect of national
history. Each is adapted to a year's school
work, and contains extracts from original sources..
iO.
4498, Jak. 1(>, 1914
T II E A Til EN A-:V M
HI
Illustrations to British History, 55 B.C. L.D. is.">|.
BEING BSTRACTS FBOX OONTBHPORART DOGU-
kents \m> l.iTKiiATruK, edited by J. Turral,
2 8 Oxford, Clarendon Press
These extracts are intended "to illustrate
from contemporary literature what Mr. Maurice
Sewlett calls the ' Hodgiad '— the life of the
•dim multitudes.'' The l.atin passages have
been translated or paraphrased) and the spelling
and vocabulary of Early English pieces have been
modernized. aMiil
Kermode Rev. S. A. P.) and Williamson (Rev. W.),
Junior sciui'tiki: Examination Papers, Old
Testament, l Methuen
A series oi papers on the Old Testament,
suitable for children preparing for the preliminary,
■ junior, and senior examinations of the Oxford
and Cambridge " Locals." and modelled ^n papers
- and other examining bodies.
Lamb i Charles1, ESSAYS op Elia : and The Last
Essays of Sua, edited by A. Hamilton
Thompson, " Pitt Press Series," 2/6 each.
C unbridge University Press
The order followed here is that of the edi-
tions of lsj:; and is:;:;, the more important
1 sages omitted from the collected editions being
added in an Appendix. Each volume has an
Introduction, notes, and three Indexes.
FICTION.
Doyle (A. Conanl, The Adventures of Sherlock
BO! HI 9.
A reprint in " Nelson's Sevenpenny Library."
Bee not in Atheru, Nov. 5, 1892, p. (32o.
Hauptmann Gerhart), Atlantis, 6/ Laurie
8 ••• review, p. 59.
Leighton Marie C), Geraldine Walton —
WOMAN ! fj Ward & Lock
A cardsharper finds himself invited, at the
shortest notice, to impersonate the son of a
I dthy manufacturer. A number of exciting
events follow as a consequence of this illusion.
Meynell i Viola , Modern Lovers, 6/ Seeker
S I v.. w . p. 59.
Morris i William , The Water of the Wondrous
Islbs, 2 vols, : The Sundering Flood. 2 vols.,
4 net each.
A reprint in ': Longman's Pocket Library."
former was reviewed in The Athenceum,
Dec. I. 1897, p. 777.
Reynolds Mrs. Baillie), The Relations, and
What They Related, 6/ Mills & Boon
A new edition.
Stock i Ralph , Marama, a Tale of the South
Pacific, 6 Hut chins,,,,
This love-tale presents a young girl who lias
■ educated in England ami kept in ignorance
of her family's circumstances. On returning to
her home in the South Pacific Islands, she tin, Is
that her sister is a half-caste, and her father a
victim of the kava habit.
Thorne Guy , Chance in Chains, a Story of
Monte Carlo, ] net. Werner Laurie
This story concerns certain fraudulent pro-
ceedings carried out at Monte Carlo.
White (Fred M.\ Number 13. Ward & Lock
Deals with the mysteries and villainies
which occur in two adjoining bouses with a
movable panel in the party-wall, which aids the
heroine and detective most opportunely.
Williamson C. N. and A. M.), It Happened in
'•-'.'Vi'i. Methuen
'J he . part of the events of this novel
1 iro. The action is threefold,
of the adventures of a small party of
rge •• select " party, and of two
Englishmen who are in the possession of a great
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Classical Quarterly, January, 8 net. Murray
- include paper, • On the Aristo-
telian 1 se of AOrOZ : a Reply,' by Mr. .1. L.
ks ; -(in some Passages of Ovid's Tristan,'
•I' . 8. • •. Owe,, : and on ' Ml ymolo
I' ivations i-. Mr. Edwin W. Pay.
Scottish Historical Review, January, 2 8 net.
Glasgow . Mo l <ebose
Beside, reviews, this numbei ipers
on the 'Intellectual Influences of Scotland on
the Continent,' by I', of. Bume Brown ; ' William
B lay,' by Mr.' David B. Smith- and • So,,,,-
of ti, ■ of the Three Priest
P by Mr. T. D. Robb : a,,, I ripl
of part i 8 Trew Relation, ' with an
introductory note by Dr. I
Women's Industrial News, JANUARY, M.
Women's Industrial Council
Besides reviews and notes, this number con-
tains an article by Mrs. Bernard Drake on
'Government Contracts and the Disenfranchised
Worker,' and a survey of the Women's Industrial
Council by Miss |„ Wyatt I'apworth.
We have also received the Annual Report for
1912-13 of the Women's Industrial Council.
ANNUALS.
Bodleian Library, Oxford, Stmt Manual, 1914.
In the present edition is printed the new
Bodleian Statute passed last July, with directions
to the statv. the regulations of the Library, and
a .Manual for readers and visitors.
Catholic Social Year -Book for lull, edited by
the Central Executive of the Catholic Social
Guild, 1/ net. King
A record of the activities of Catholic Social
organizations during the past year, with article,
on modern social conditions by Catholic writers.
Clergy Directory and Parish Guide, lull. I 6
I'hillips
Containing lists of the clergy of the Church
of England, and information about Diocesan
and Cathedral Establishments, the two Convoca-
tions, Church Societies, and Benefices.
Mowbray's Annual, Tin: Churchman's Year-
Book ANl> ENCYCXOPJBDIA, 1!U1, 1/6 net,
cloth 2 net.
The Biographical Section has been much
enlarged in this issue. Another section gives
general and statistical information on the activi-
ties of the Anglican Church, and a third contains
a list of services held in London, provincial, and
some Continental churches.
Post Office London Directory for 1914, with
County Suburbs, -10/ Kelly's Directories
See notice on p. 63
Sell's World's Press, the Handbook of the
Foi'rth Estate, 1914, edited by Hubert W.
Peet, 5/ net. Sells
A revised and enlarged edition, including
among its new features a ' Who 's Who in the
Daily Press," a ' Press Photographers' Directory,'
and lists of News Agencies and Art and Literary
Agents. There are articles by well-known
journalists on subjects of interest to those con-
nected with the Press.
Willing's Press Guide and Advertisers' Directory
and Handbook, 1914, 1/ Willing
A well-established book of reference re-
garding the newspapers of the world.
GENERAL.
Aitken (J. R.), In a City Garden, 3/6 net.
Koulis
Discursive essays on the seasons in a cits-
garden, interspersed with extracts from the
writings of dead and living poets, including some
verses by the author. Then' are mount, d illus-
trations in colour by Miss Katharine Cameron.
Cairn, a Magazine of the Edinburgh College of
Art : Christmas, ism:;.
Edinburgh, the < lollege
The Director of tin- College, Mr. F. Moii,\
Fletcher, has written an Introductory Note, and
there are serious and humorous articles, verses,
and illustrations, as well as College .Notes and
( lorrespondence.
Clark (Arthur J.), Mine Own, a Bundle of Essays,
"i, net. Scott
A collection of miscellaneous essays on Botti-
celli, " On being " Hard Up," ' ' The Teaching of
History,' ' Sagesse.' and various other subjects,
so,,,,- of which have appeared in The Christian
World and elseffi here.
Dickensian, Vol. IX., edited by B. W. Mat/. 1/
mt. Chapman a Ball
The bound volume fi ir 1 9 13.
Everyman Encyclopaedia (The), Vol. XII.:
BtE Zym, edited by Andrew Hovle. 1 let.
lied
The chief of tie- longer articles are on Trad •
Unions, the United States, and Wireless Tele-
graphy. Tie- boob is illustrated.
International Congress of Americanists, IV,-
0KBDXNO8 OP ri 1 1 : XVIII. SESSION, Lond
1912, Parts l. and II., prepared by the Edi-
torial Commit tee I- 1 1 . i
Containing a report of the pro< Lings and
the pap,-,-, delivered at tie- Eighteenth (
TI,.- volumes are illustrated.
Knowlson !T. Sharpen, lb«u xo BECOME EFFI-
CIENT, a,, Introductory Study of Firs! Prin-
ciples, l 8 net . Wei di r I auric
Tie- object of II, ,- author is "|,, sh'.w how
....ti,.- scientific method may be applied to the
ftroblenu ol State, "t business, and of everydaj
,f.- : ,,,d how such a,, application in ' In
impno ed condit ion .
Kunz (George Frederick), Tin: CURIOUS LOBJ
Precious Stones, -\ net. Lippincotl
\n account of the I , .1 k - b ,1 . • and superstitions
concerning precious si >, and the religious and
other uses to which they have been put at dil
feient times among different | pies.
Library Assistants' Association Series (The,
No. a, [deals ! old wo New, an Address to
SToung Librarians, by I''.. Wyndham Hulme, 3d.
This paper on thi- ideals of library adminis-
tration was read lo the Library \--ast ants'
Association last October.
National Museum of Wales, Sixth \\\i \\.
Report, L912 IS. Cardiff, the Museum
Containing the Report of the Council, lists
of donations, (he linancial statement of lie-
Building Fund, and other matter. Then- ai.
illustrations.
Vere (Percy). Tin-: CONFESSIONS OF A LITERARY
FREE-LANCE, with Hints on writing Stori, -
and Articles, l t> net. Edinburgh, Nimmo
The author records his experiences as a
writer of short stories and articles for popular
magazines, and gives practical advice lo \ oung
writers.
Walsh (William S.), A BAND'S BOOK OF CURIOUS
Information, 12/6 net. Lippincotl
A book "primarily designed as a sort ol
supplement to tin- Encyclopaedias," giving in-
formation on all manner of Bubjects.
Year-Book of Mary, Queen of Scots (A), collected
and edited by A. A. Methuen. '1 6 net. l-'oulis
A '•year-book'' made up ,,f extracts from
the letters and Bayings of Mary. Queen of Soots,
with a Preface by the compiler, and an Appendix
containing brief biographical notes on men ami
women who affected her career. It is bound in
white and printed on thick paper, with marginal
notes in green ink. There are mounted illustra-
tions.
SCIENCE.
Bayliss (W. M.), THE X LTURE of Enzi mi: V i tON,
Third Edition, " Monographs on Biochemistry,
5/ net. Longmans
A revised and enlarged edition, incorporating
the results of recent research.
Jenkins (E. H.), The Smai.i. Rocs GARDEN,
edited by F. W. Harvey, 2/0 net
■ Country Life ' Office
A book on rock gardens and the cultivation
of Alpine plants. The illustrations area notable
feature.
Lyon (Marcus Ward), jun.. Treeshrews, an
Account of the Mammalian Family Tupaud.e.
Washington. Qovt. Printing Office
A paper reprinted from the Proceeding* of
the United States National Museum.
Murray (J. Alan), Tin-: CHEMISTRY OF cvitle
Feeding and Dairying, 6 net. Longm
The author's aim is " lo develop and explain
those fundamental principles which ale the b
of all effective control in farming operations
rather than to prescribe rules for particular
cases," an, I he writes for students taking College
courses in agriculture who are already familiar
with the rudiments of inorganic and organic
chemistry.
Severn (Elizabeth!, Psycho-Therapy : its Doc-
trine and Practice, :'. 6 net. Rider
A treatise on '•the philosophy and method
of mind-cure." Dr. Severn advocates byg
and common-sense measures combined with
metaphysical treatment in cases of physical dis-
ability. " and give.-, instances ,,f the BUCCeBSful
applical ion of her t heoi ies.
Whole Art of Dyeing (The), in Two Parts.
shot t cry. Stratford-on-Avon, Tap, -u ■. Studio
A reprint of a book on dyeing silk, w
linen, and hats, and ' The < ult in .- of lie- I1'
used in the Tinctorial Art.' The tii-t pot
originally written in German, and the Beoond In
French ; both were " Faithfullj rendred Into
English " and print ed in 1705.
FINE ARTS.
Coffev (George), Tin: BRONZH iX>] s iRBXAND,
,;, ,,,•,. Simpkin a Mai ihall
\,i account of the Bronze kge in I" land
from tie- i>,,mi ol \ lew •■i 'he Implem
weapon-, used during thai period. A greal i''rl
,,i the. work has alreadi ' n published in the
Proceedings ol th< Royal Irish \' ademy. 'I I
are a l.,i ■ Ml, ml,. P ■•! lllu-tl Oi"
London and Middlesex Archaeological Society,
Transai noNs, Vol. II. Part IV.
Hi Imp . ■ '• ll
Containing the Report i f the tkx lei)
1012 and a numl i p i- i including ' Wi 1
Camden and i smden Pla< e,' bj Mr. Arthur
, |- ; ■ | ||C Grow ||, Ol I ^ \"
bj sii i ' rd Hi ibrook ; ' j»s
ii . pii i\ London,' bj M ■
William Lempriere.
62
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bulletin,
December, 1913, 10c.
The contents include a paper on ' Baron
Ntiogel and American Glass,' by Mr. F. W.
Hunter, and an account of the bronzes in the
Department of Classical Art, by " G. M. A. R."
There are illustrations.
Orpen (William), Drawings, 42/ net. Chenil
A portfolio of ten drawings, each proof being-
signed by the artist. A limited number 6f im-
pressions are being issued singly at 5/ each.
Strickland (Walter G.), A Dictionary op Irish
Artists, 2 vols., 30/ net. Maunsel
This work contains details of the lives and
works of Irish artists from the earliest times to
the present day, excluding living men. There
are in the two volumes 1,262 pages of biographies,
printed in large type, and 150 portraits.
Weller (Charles Heald), Athens and its Monu-
ments, " Handbooks of Archaeology and
Antiquities," 17/ net. Macmillan
An untechnical account by an American
archaeologist of the topography and ancient
monuments of Athens, designed for the use of
the traveller as well as the student. The book
is fully illustrated.
MUSIC.
Coward (Henry), Choral Technique and Inter-
pretation, " Handbooks for Musicians," 5/ net.
Novello
A practical handbook designed for choral
conductors and choirmasters, in which the author
discusses the problems of choral singing, and sets
forth " the underlying principles of artistic
choral attainment."
London College of Music, Annual Report upon
the Local and Higher Examinations for
the Year 1913.
A record of the activities of the London
College of Music during the past year. We have
also received their " Local Centre " Syllabus for
1914, and notice that in two subjects a new sec-
tion has been introduced : in Pianoforte Playing
the Advanced Intermediate Section has been
placed between the Intermediate and Senior,
and in Elocution the Advanced Senior after the
Senior Section.
DRAMA.
Evelyn (F. A.), A Translation op the ' Bac-
che ' op Euripides, 1/6 net.
Heath & Cranton
Shakespeare, The Tragedie of Cymbeline,
edited by Horace Howard Furness, " New
Variorum Edition," 15/ net. Lippincott
The last work of Dr. Furness. The Preface
has been left unfinished, and the Index compiled
by Dr. Benson B. Charles.
Tickell (S. Claude), Ph.3EDra, a Tragedy in Five
Acts, 2/ John Richmond
An adaptation of Racine's play.
CONFERENCE OF EDUCATIONAL
ASSOCIATIONS.
The Second Annual Conference of Edu-
cational Associations,* held at London
University from the 2nd to the 10th inst.,
was opened by Mr. James Bryce — we do not
know his new title yet — with an address
on ' Salient Educational Issues.' These he
took to be mainly the need of more in-
tensive cultivation, higher quality rather
than more quantity ; the inadequate
salaries and leisure of teachers ; the large
size of classes ; insufficient attention given
* Associations taking part.
Art Teachers' Guild.
Association of Assistant Mistresses.
Association of Science Teachers.
Association of Teachers of Domestic Subjects.
Association of University Women Teachers.
Child Study Society.
College of Preceptors.
Froebel Society.
Geographical Association.
Modern Language Association.
Montessori Society.
National Association of Manual Training.
National Home-Reading Union.
Parents' National Education Union.
Private Schools Association.
Royal Drawing Society.
School Nature Study Union.
Simplified Spelling Society.
Teachers' Guild.
Teachers in Technical Institutes.
Training College Association.
to secondary instruction ; a synthetic
curriculum of scientific and humanistic
subjects ; the introduction into our Uni-
versities of such subjects as political economy,
the science of administration, commercial
geography, and the elements of finance ;
the danger of multiplying Universities ; the
question " Why do not English boys care
for learning more than they do ? " Mr.
Bryce thought that education, instead of
being solely directed to enable people to
make their way in the world, should also
teach them how to enjoy the world ; we
might go further if we went more slowly,
and not always along dusty roads.
Dr. Scott Keltie, President of the Geo-
graphical Association, sketched the progress
of geographical education during the past
thirty years ; and Prof. Mackinder empha-
sized the importance of the teaching of
Regional Geography with its human element.
At a meeting of the " Simplified Speling
Sosieti " Sir William Ramsay presided.
Miss Burstall claimed that the Society had
reason on its side, and that a language
was something that is spoken, therefore they
did not wish to change it. Prof. Rippmann
gave an address on ' The Standardization of
English Speech,' and a resolution was passed
asking the Board of Education to call a
Conference to discuss this question.
Dr. Rouse gave the Presidential Address
to the Teachers' Guild on ' The Educational
Outlook.' He put in a plea for the reten-
tion of imagination in education, and
deprecated the examination system, " a
fetish of sixty years' standing," which in-
creased officialism, and did not give any
impression of the examinee as a human
being in human society. An exceedingly
able paper was read by Miss Dora Walford
(Leeds Training College) on ' Handicraft in
Schools and Colleges,' which extended beyond
its subject of handicraft to the essential
bases of education, and pleaded for the
right directing of the craft instinct, " the
life seeking an outlet," in human beings.
The Presidential Address of the Modern
Language Association was delivered by Sir
Henry Miers, Principal of the University
of London, who laid emphasis on the fact
that the old methods connected with the
teaching of Latin and Greek were not
suitable for modern languages. After point-
ing out the advantages of learning a foreign
tongue, he suggested that some method,
free from grammatical subtleties and giving
the ability to translate, should be planned
for those adults who were eager to acquire
knowledge.
Mr. Nevill Perkins (Bristol University)
gave an address in French to the Modern
Language Association on ' L'Angleterre a
travers les Lunettes Francaises.' With
delicate malice he traced, by means of
spectacles that were not always rose-
coloured, the impressions made by the
English through the centuries since the
Norman Conquest.
The Montessori Society was addressed by
the Rev. Cecil Grant, of St. George's School,
Harpenden, on ' The New Hopes due to
Scientific Investigation of the Child's Natural
Development ' ; and an account of the Montes-
sori schools was given by Mr. Claude Clare-
mont, who is studying the principles at
Rome.
Other meetings that have been held were
on ' Rural Education ' (Teachers' Guild),
' Collective Teaching ' (Royal Drawing
Society), ' Design ' (Art Teachers' Guild),
and various aspects of nature study (Nature
Study Society).
i (To be concluded in our next issue.)
ASSISTANT MASTERS IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS.
The Incorporated Association of Assistant
Masters in Secondary Schools, which has
now a membership of over five thousand,
held its annual meetings on the 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd inst. at the London Day Training
College, under the presidency of Mr. J. V.
Saunders (Hymers College, Hull), the newly
elected Chairman. The Hon. Treasurer,
Mr. G. D. Dunkerley (Watford Grammar
School), brought up the Report of the
Finance Committee, which revealed a strong
financial position. Mr. W. A. Newsome
(Stationers' School), in presenting the report
of the Joint Agency, spoke of the great
benefits accruing to masters from employ-
ment of the Agency, and appealed to all
members to use their influence with head
masters with a view to extending its work.
He regretted that the figures on the books
of the Joint Agency proved that the salaries
of assistant masters were not increasing.
Mr. J. C. Isard (the Leys School), the
retiring Chairman, in moving the adoption
of the Annual Report, referred to the various
activities of the Association during the
past year. Early in the year a strong breeze
seemed coming down from the Educational
Olympus, breaking the level grey and giving
glints of strong sunshine, with promise
of copious fertilizing rains ; for the an-
nouncement was made of a scheme of educa-
tional reform of the most comprehensive
kind, to be formulated and fathered by the
Government. In such an hour they felt
that certain educational pleas ought to be
plainly, publicly, and strongly urged, namely,
due sorting and winnowing of State-franked
pupils, grade by grade, and type by type ;
sufficiency, but not extravagance, of every
kind of educational provision ; careful
regard to the teachers, their number, their
quality, their training, and — what was
important in regard alike to supply and
effectiveness — their recompense.
Some part of these contentions they got
before the public by means of a great Con-
ference of secondary teachers, attended by
many hundreds of them, at London Uni-
versity. On that occasion Lord Haldane,
the representative of the Government at
that stage, spoke with much force of the
need for bold educational advance, and for
greatly better treatment of teachers.
This point, with others, was laid before
the Premier in a letter supplementing with
these important practical considerations
some of a more general character previously
addressed to him by a number of persons
variously interested in education. Their
letter elicited an acknowledgment not only
of its receipt, but also of the Premier's
acquaintance with their Association.
A Midland Conference at Birmingham
reaffirmed the pronouncements of that of
London.
With the Board of Education they had
communicated on certain old points which
seemed to call for insistence, even more
than the new or prospective ones. There
seemed signs of some recession in respect of
assistant masters' personal appearance before,
and representation on, governing bodies, and
in regard to the reservation of grants where
salaries were below normal. In all these
matters they might claim to have done
something to make good their position,
though it was more doubtful whether they
had yet secured a really effectual con-
currence.
The right of a hearing before those who
were now declared to be the employers (the
head master being their adviser, and perhaps
\'<>. 440S, Jan. 10, 11)14
Til E A Til KN .YA M
>•>
their age
mi was no doubt liable in its exer-
cise to cause some embarrassment. Certain
persona] relations were essential — or at any
rate the lark of them was mischievous —
between head and assistants. Consequently
jes would arise where this failure in
relations, rather than any actual incom-
petence or negligence, pointed to removal
of the assistant master as the easiest solution.
The Governors then might well feel averse
from, and perhaps unqualified for. decision
of -<> delicate an issue. Such was the argu-
ment against the right oi appearance. Hut
the rejoinder was that an assistant was
"hardly likely to exercise it unless his cause
was 9ound, and that the Governors ought
to know to what extent that sort of thing
occurred in their school. It was simply
amaning how incessant might be the changes
of statt without the serious attention of
ernors being drawn to them or any
explanation ottered or sought. There came
in most serviceable that other channel of
communication which they desired — the
representative Governor. He could have
— at any time to his chairman or to
the assistants, and they to him ; he could
informally and privately inquire and cross-
mine, gaining guidance for his own action,
and advising others usefully. He might be
of special value at Governors* meetings by
-enting a point of view, or contributing
be and opinions, in virtue of his closer
touch with the staff.
The allocation, or at any rate proportion-
ment, of Government grants to salaries had
much in its favour ; but the application of
any such principle by the Board had hung
tire. In view of the more effective appeal
of fabrics and equipment to ratepayers, and
so to Town and County Councils, depart-
mental pressure was requisite for securing
a due expenditure on the staff. That
scheme had been advocated in various
quarters, but they had not been able to
bring the whole Federal Council quite ad
■mi thereon, the fear being that girls'
schools, with others that fell into the weaker
division financially, would be at a disad-
ntage.
They welcomed an inquiry from the
Board of Education concerning a tentative
scheme for professional training, and were
glad to attend and urge certain modifica-
tions and safeguards, which appeared to
have been regarded and adopted in the
scheme. If an assistant master was to
take any additional duties at all — and he
had many — those might well be towards an
apprentice-master who became the master's
private pupil in pedagogy.
The speaker touched lightly on the good
work done by the Association in protecting
members in cases of injustice, and urged
greater caution in entering posts without
ling signals of danger. With the Register
now recreated, they would soon be placed
more favourably than ever for organization,
re they would have criteria duly estab-
lished and credentials authoritatively
■lad. The categories would be there
ihich the profession Uas constituted, or
m which it could select a iroodly company
t upon the road tow aids organic self-
constitution. Into such an organism would
enter, with closer intimacy and better-
tpled machinery, the various memberships
ustomed already to interchange ol notions
and projects and to co-operation through
the Federal Council or other instrument-
alities. And such a proie- -ional corporation
would retain its own entity t"v many useful
purposes, alongside of — dare one say, -one-
day possibly superseding ! -the state de-
partment. That ideal had Burely its at-
tractions, and might well make good \U
efficacy for manifold purposes, a^ against
that of absorption of teachers as mere units
in a branch of the Civil Service. Especially
did they need to envisage the Largest issues
and the longest, lines of action and policy.
They awaited — none knew how soon the
defining and actualizing of those adumbra-
tions that for twelve months had cast hardly
a gloom, but at any rate a. certain obscurity
of eclipse, over all educational thought and
action. They must bo ready to throw all
their weight and enthusiasm on the side of
whatever should approve itself to their best
judgment and citizenship as genuine reform.
They must be ready no less — if provisions
emerged adverse, as they judged, to equity
or enlightenment or progress — to formulate
criticism, to press for excision hero or ex-
tension there, banding themselves, according
to their wont, with their professional brothers
and sisters, and bringing to their side, as
best they might, men, who, with due instruc-
tion and enthusiasm, could ward off the
harmful, and bring in the sane and whole-
some.
Apart from politics and emoluments and
registers and organization, there stood,
not vitally affected by them all, their in-
dividual responsibility in their individual
task. Whatever trend public affairs might
take, the schoolmaster was little likely to
count for less in a boy's life. The father,
and the mother too, confessedly already did
count less, and, in proportion as the State
increasingly planned and supervised the
life in adolescence, so, very potent though
they always could be, the parents counted
less, and they — the teachers — all the more.
Whether called Civil Servants or not, they
must be agents of the State in this affair.
They must plant in their pupils some seed,
and stir in them some impulse, moving and
growing from which they should be found
such as all would fain see them — strong for
every event, noble in all circumstance,
" God's Englishmen," their memorial.
The Chairman thought that they as
teachers should oppose the idea that parents'
influence with children should become less.
He felt that parents were putting too much
upon teachers, and this was detrimental to
the best interests of the boys.
Mr. A. A. Somerville (Eton) moved : —
" That this Association approves of the condi-
tions for registration recently issued by the
Registration Council as embodying the principles
which the Association has long and consistently
advocated ; and recommends all members of the
Association to place their names upon the Register
immediately."
Teachers had now the opportunity of becom-
ing an organized profession. He felt that
if the voice of teachers had been more effec-
tively heard, the 30 millions a year now
spent on education would have been better
spent. The spending authorities had had
to learn their business, with the result that
there had been much waste of money and
energy.
At the Hoard of Education they had a
sympathetic body of men who were genuinely
anxious to do their very best for education.
Hut mere administration tended to uni-
formity, and there must I"- some check. They
hoped for success through the three forces
the State, the local education authorities,
and the teachers working in harmony.
That, was the greatest reason for supporting
the Teachers' Register. The movement was
t.nted by secondary teachers, and par-
ticularly by their own ilion. The
of the I '■ fcral ion < Souncil u as due
to the fiu-t_that n was thoroughly rt r\
sentative.
Then- Irish Branch desired a tingle
l :• pater of Teachers for the 1 nited Kingdom.
He felt jure thai [rwh U would be
pted by the Council. The making ol a
li-t oi names was imi the Only dots of the
Council. Two others faced it, namely, train-
ing, and the simplification of examinations.
The Hoard of Education and the l ni
varsities were working together on the
simplification of examinations, and especi-
ally on a general Leaving Examination.
The motion, seconded by Mr. I). L, Lip
(Bradford Grammar School), was carried
unanimously.
Mr. P. E. Martiiieau (Birmingham) moved:
"That this Association expresses its regret
that the Board of Education lias declined to
accede t<> the request "i the Lisociation thai i
clause he inserted in all schemes, and articles "i
Government, to give assistant masters served with
notice' of dismissal the right t.> be beard
Governors, before notice ot dismissal tak< - • Beet.
Mr. A. Forster (Leeds) seconded the motion,
which was carried mm. • ;,,,.
Mr. G. H. Heath (Mercers' School) moved ;
''That this Association strongly condemns tie-
actiou of certain Local Education Authority
putting out assistant - masterships to lowest
tender."
Two glaring cases were quoted, and the
speaker said that, in this matter thej had
the hearty support of the head mastx i
The motion was seconded by Mr. Dunkerlej ,
and carried unanimously.
The two following resolution- adopted
by Council were submitted, and carried
without dissent : —
a. "That, in the opinion of this Association,
all assistant masters should be given a pro]
number of periods in each week for correction "l
written work."
b. " That all Leaving Examinations, qualify-
ing for Universities or professional can
should be co-ordinated, so that any one examina-
tion may qualify for all University or professional
courses."
Votes of thanks terminated the meeting.
THE L.C.C. TEACHERS' CONFERENCE.
The annual Conferences of the London
County Council teachers are always interest-
ing, and this year several of the paper- !■
were above even the usually high average.
Everybody who cares at all about the
education that is being given to the children
of London should bespeak a copy of the
Report.
The proceedings opened at the Birk-
beck College on the morning of \ew
Year's Day with an address by Canon
Masterman on 'The Teaching of Hi-tory.'
History, properly taught, should (he -aid)
be an education of the imagination, and,
through the imagination, of the sym-
pathies. Thus the study should illumin
not only the past, but also the present, and
not only the student s null nation, but al-o
the other nations ol the world, and BO bring
him into the brotherhood of the brave "I
all the earth. lb- reminded teachers how
greatly it was in then- power to influence the
progress of peace and goodwill, and finally,
speaking of the spectacular side <<"' events,
declared" thai battles, political intrigui -. the
seizing and the losing ot thrones, could
never b ■ omitted thej formed part -a I
truth ; but that lie- pageant r> should be
foil | mental and afl ha\ lie- an imi' r
spirit mil significat ion.
Mi-- Barclay . a istanl mi
t ounty Second. u v, School, South n
read an unpretenl iou • paper founded on
aial experience about ihe unpfulni
ol chool pa-cam i in helping i hildi
feel past I ime real; and Mr. Kenneth \ i< k<
Profes-or of Mod-rn II, ' i m the I 'in-
ns- of I >urh, mi. one upon ' Local 1 1
in relation to Historical! ea bin [in L tndon.'
(14
T H E A T H E N JE U M
No. 449<S, Jan. 10, 1914
He ui'iifd that history should, incidentally,
teach patriotism, and that the natural course
of progress was from the familiar to the
unfamiliar, from the narrow to the wide —
from the place where the school stood to
the politics of Europe.
The discussion dealt mainly with the
last paper. Some speakers seemed to
assume that to begin with local history
meant, necessarily, beginning with the
present and travelling backwards, and more
than one thought that children would not
feel interest in their own locality. Curiously
enough, nobody suggested that the proper
foundation for local history is a considera-
tion of the physical features — even some-
times the geological features — of the place.
These are the conditions which originally
determined the character of the early settle-
ment, and nothing could be more stimulat-
ing to the imagination of the London child
than a study, with the aid of a blank map
of England, of how and why London, rather
than Manchester or York, became the
metropolis of this country. But the idea
of teaching from this basis was never
mooted. A lady remarked upon the need
for some comprehension of architecture as a
preliminary to pleasure in visiting historic
buildings, and mentioned the " polite in-
difference " to the Tower of London shown
by girls who had not the knowledge neces-
sary for understanding its significance. Mr.
Tibby of Clifton Hill School very wisely
advised that some scheme should be adopted
of giving the children a general view of
events according to centuries — a framework
or skeleton, not necessarily bristling with
dates, into which new items of knowledge
would fit as they were collected.
A little breeze arose when one speaker
was rash enough to observe that civics,
which arose naturally out of history, were
"more for boys."' Cries of "No!" and
" Why? " arose from his women hearers, who
were not fully satisfied by a somewhat half-
hearted admission that civics might some
day become of importance to girls.
The afternoon was devoted, under the
chairmanship of the Head Master of Harrow,
to considering the prefect system. Mr.
Bolton King, Director of Education under
the Warwickshire Education Committee,
described the improvements, both as to
discipline and as to the character of pupils,
that had been found to follow the establish-
ment of prefects in the boys' schools of that
county. In particular the prefects influ-
enced behaviour out of school — a matter
about which outside persons are apt to
complain to the schoolmaster, but in which
interference by him is a task of some deli-
cacy when the boys are day scholars. Such
complaints have become a thing of the
past in Warwickshire, and are, indeed,
replaced by compliments. An extract from
the minutes of a prefects' meeting showed
these young officials reprimanding com-
panions who clung behind vehicles, and
deploring the conduct of some who, " quite
forgetting themselves, played with an old
tin can in the street."
* Dr. Kimmins, Head Inspector of the
London County Council, spoke with enthu-
siasm of the order and goodwill which he
found prevailing under the prefects of a
Warwickshire school, and of the remarkable
ability shown, as chairman of a prefects'
meeting there, by a young boy of a poor
family.
Mrs. Bryant, D.Sc, described the working
of a system of prefects in the North London
Collegiate School for Girls, where it had
proved entirely successful ; and Mr. Lewis,
Head Master of the Mixed School in Torriano
Avenue, related how there had been fears
that the floating character of the school
population in London, and the fact that
clever children were mostly removed at
eleven years old to secondary schools, would
make it impossible to find good prefects.
The experiment was, however, cautiously
tried, and, since opinions varied as to the
better mode of selection, three prefects
were elected by the boys of the school, and
three by the masters. Experience soon
showed which was the wiser electorate :
the boys chosen by their fellows did well,
the boys chosen by the school staff were,
comparatively, failures. By and by the
girls of the school were introduced to the
same system, and after a little time success
was as well marked in their case, too.
It became clear, as discussion proceeded,
that democratic election was the only plan
for elementary schools, but speakers from
Harrow, Rugby, and other " public " schoo s
were convinced that despotism was required
there. It would be interesting if some
revolutionary — some new Dr. Arnold — -would
try prefects elected by the school.
Perhaps the most immediately valuable
paper was that by Mr. Winch on Friday morn-
ing about fatigue and evening schools. From
evening students employed by day he chose
two groups, proved equal in knowledge by
a close approximation in respective totals
of marks in an examination paper, and after
an interval of a fortnight tried them with a
somewhat similar paper, taking one group
early and one late in the school hours.
A superiority of 25 per cent appeared in
the marks of those who worked early ; and
a perceptible difference of marks was found
even when only half an hour divided the
periods. Further experiments with dif-
ferent groups of students produced similar
results, except in the case of some girls,
most of whom were not employed during
the day. It became clear that with students
who had been at work for many hours
before attending evening classes, even a
short time of attendance suffices to produce
a low condition of mental energy. That the
health of such students would be ruined
Mr. Winch did not fear ; Nature would
intervene with her weapon of inattention to
save them. His conclusion was that evening
schools might be of value recreatively, but
would be unprofitable for serious education,
unless the adolescent students worked fewer
hours in the day ; and even so, he was
inclined to doubt their profitableness.
Readers of The Athenaeum will remember
that in an article on ' The Future of Evening
Schools' (September 27th, 1913) an opinion
was expressed that " the London County
Council, in sanctioning further schemes of
evening work of a vocational kind, is merely
wasting the public's money and the children's
youth," and that the experience of Ger-
many, where such schools were established
and afterwards abandoned, was quoted.
Mr. T. H. Pear, Lecturer in Experimental
Psychology in the University of Manchester,
distinguished between weariness and fatigue,
a point touched again by Dr. Brown, Reader
of Psychology at King's College, London,
who described boredom as an inadequate
appeal to the nervous energy — ■ a failure
of resources. The condition of " fatigue -
intoxication " — ■" probably as dangerous as
the other sort " — was noted, and results were
given in detail of a set of experiments
tending to show that the effects upon
brainwork of even comparatively slight
sleeplessness were hardly marked at the
time, but became perceptible later, and
remained perceptible for a considerable
period. Mr. Rusk's suggestion as to the
necessity of more investigation into the
relative fatiguingness of various school
subjects, and into individual variations in
fatigue — pleasant to hear, partly because of
the delicate Scotch precision of his articula-
tion— was full of useful hint-; to teachers.
A later speaker, a^ter indicating the poisons,
produced in the body by fatigue, mentioned
experiments tending to show that spermin
was an effectual anti-toxin.
On Friday afternoon ' Memory Drawing '
was discussed, Prof. Selwyn Image being in
the chair. Mr. L. D. Luard's paper on the
training of memory in art was based on
the work done in this direction by Lecocj
de Boisbaudran, and some remarkable
examples of memory drawings executed by
this French master's pupils were shown,
upon the screen. Mr. Luard argued that
memory drawing was an essential part of the
training of an artist ; it was the only way
in which fugitive effects and spontaneous-
movements could be captured ; and he also
submitted that it should form a part of
general education, because memory was
stored observation, and stored observation
was knowledge. Incidentally, Mr. Luard con-
tended that students should be encouraged
to learn works by heart. All poets and
musicians knew by heart works by others
than themselves, but no one had yet sug-
gested that in their case this knowledge
injured their own originality.
Mr. R. Catterson Smith (Birmingham
School of Art) gave a lucid exposition of the
method of teaching drawing from memory
in his school, and Prof. Image in no wise
exaggerated when he remarked that the
results obtained, as shown on the screen,
took one's breath away. The chief feature
of the Birmingham system is the encourage-
ment of drawing with the eyes shut. A
student is shown some simple form, like a
loop. He is then asked to think of a com-
bination of several of these forms. When
his mental concept is clear he is told to draw
his conception with his eyes shut, and after-
wards he is allowed to open his eyes and
work up on another piece of paper the draw-
ing he made with closed eyes. The results-
shown proved unquestionably that this
system has been a potent factor in training
students in original design ; and for craft
students it is simply invaluable.
It has been objected to memory drawing
that it leads students to be inaccurate.
Mr. Smith does not admit this, and claims
that memory has a tendency to reject non-
essentials and encourage individuality. Mr.
Clausen, in the subsequent discussion, thought
that some drawings done by Mr. Smith's
pupils were weak in proportion, and there-
fore he preferred Lecoq's method, which
allowed students to draw from memory ob-
jects only which they had already drawn from
nature. But even if Mr. Clausen's criticismi
was just — and this admits of doubt — Mr.
Smith's system has much in its favour,
especially when the end is the training of
designers. At Birmingham Mr. Smith's
pupils were shown for a few moments a fine
example of bookbinding. Then with closed
eyes each student drew his concept of the
design, which was afterwards elaborated
with open eyes. The result was half-a-
dozen beautiful designs, all slightly different,
none exactly like the original, but — and
this is the point — all beautiful and good.
The old design, instead of being merely
transcribed, served to inspire half-a-dozen
new and original designs. Surely this is all
to the good. Art is not mere transcription,
as Mr. Smith rightly observed, and direct
copying tends to clog the mind with un-
essential facts. Nobody wishes to abolish
altogether drawing from the model, though,
as Mr. Clausen admitted, the phrase "draw-
ing from nature " has been used till artists-
are heartily tired of it. All that Mr. Luard,
Mr. Smith, and others ask is that memory
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1!»14
Til E A Til KX -KU.M
r,
).»
drawing shall be given at least equal im-
portance in the educational curriculum.
The system in vogue at Birmingham has
done wonders in developing the faculty of
mental imagery, and this is clear gain.
To be concluded in our next issue.)
THE BOOK SALES OF 1913.
Tart II.
Mab< b opened with the sale at Sotheby's
of a number of books ami manuscripts
.selected from the library at Bramshill Park,
Winchfield, and some very high prices were
realized, as mentioned in The Athenceum of
Man! loth, p. 309. As there stated, a
copy of Ascham's ' Toxophilus,' 1545, small
4ro. from the library of Edward. Prince of
Wales, afterwards Edward VI., fetched as
much as K58/. Copies of this edition are
very rarely met with, but the chief attrac-
tion in this instance lay in the binding,
which was decorated with the Tudor rose,
the \Vestminster portcullis, and other in-
Bignia of royalty. Rare and well-preserved
bindings are realizing more than ever, and
the limit is probably not nearly readied. At
this same sale Beii Jonson*s ' Sejanus His
Fall,' 160.3, fetched 77/. (morocco, slightly
defective), and the same author's ' Cataline
Hi- Conspiracy,' 1611. small 4to. 97/.
(morocco, a few rust -holes). Marlowe's
"Jew of Malta.' 1633. also in small 4to,
Bold for 63/. (morocco), and 'The Stately
Trac ; Claudius Tiberius Xero," printed
for Francis Burton in 1607, 50/. (morocco).
All these are specially referred to again as
affording excellent examples of early English
classic literature, of which mention has been
made. Other large amounts realized on the
same occasion show the degree of estimation
in which such works are held. The im-
portant sales of March 5th and two following
days and of March 7th are referred to
in the same issue of The Athenceum at ,
considerable length. Both were sales of a
miscellaneous character, and combined they
realized more than 13,000/. Many, perhaps
--. ol the important sales held nowadays
are of books gathered from different
part^ of the country, there being but few
first-class libraries remaining in private
hand-. One of the few, though it was not
of the greatest importance, was partly
dispersed on March 13th and following
day (see Athenceum, March 22nd, p. 335).
It comprised a number of books formerly
belonging to the celebrated naturalist and
traveller Thomas Pennant, who died in
1 7i*S, and was the property of the
Earl of Denbigh. A second portion was
Bold at Downing Hall, near Holywell, in
May. but the prices realized were not repre-
tative in all cases. Pennant had col-
lected a considerable number of books, worth
little at the time, but of more interest now.
en rare tracts by Richard Percyval,
John Eliot, and other well-known Eliza-
b 'Wan writers sold for 155/. They formerly
belonged to Gabriel Harvey, the friend of
user and detractor of Robert (Jreene.
Martin Frobisher's 'Three Voyages,' 1578,
ito, fetched 148/. (unbound); Smith's
Derail History of Virginia,' 1625, folio,
3307. (calf, slightly defective) ; and The
• New Founds World.-.' 1568, 4to, 852. (half-
call
The late Prof. Arbor's library was sold
at Messi -. Hod. n April 3rd and follow-
ing day, and realized good prices. At the
same time the first portion of a "Book-
Lover's Library" fetched rather more than
2,2702. a1 Sotheby's. The sale of a portion
of the library of the late Su- Joseph Dunsdale
on April 9th at Christie's was of little in-
terest, but on the same and two following
days another portion of the \ cry extensive
collection formed by the late Mr. Charles
Butler of Connaught Place realized more
than 2.000/. The outstanding feature as
unusual as commendable of this library
was that, although it did not contain much
of exceptional interest, every book was of
some importance, and the amount realized
in the aggregate was large. The first
portion sold in 1911 for 7,500/., the second
(also in 1011) for 3,100/., the third in
1912 for 6,100/., and the fourth in 1913
for about the sum stated. The auctioneers'
catalogues contained from first to last
3,428 lots, for which a total sum of
19,136/. 10s. has been obtained. Mr. Butler's
energy was tremendous, and the whole of
his library may not be sold even yet.
On April 22nd and 23rd Messrs. Put tick
& Simpson sold part of the library of the
late Mr. Sneyd of Ashcombe Park, Stafford-
shire; and on April 23rd and two following
days Messrs. Hodgson held a miscellaneous
sale, which realized about 1,500/. Both
these were good, and, as they did not obtain
so full a report as usual, the following prices
may be noted. The first -named sale con-
tained inter alia ' Views in Hudson's Bay,'
6 large coloured plates in a wrapper, 1825,
25/. 10s. ; the original autograph log-book
kept by Lieut. Bligh showing the Bounty's
track from England towards Otaheite, 95/. ;
Boccaccio's ' Le Decameron,' Londres (Paris),
1757-61, containing the suppressed series
of ' Estampes Galantes,' 43/. 10s. (French
calf) ; Gilbert's ' De Magnete,' 1600, folio,
13/. (old vellum); Kipling's 'Echoes, by
Two Writers,' printed at Lahore in 1884,
24/. (wrappers); Keats's 'Lamia,' 1820,45/.
(original boards, with the label and some
leaves unopened) ; and a set of Dickens's
Works in 18 vols., with an autograph pre-
sentation note from the author, 20/. These
volumes seem to have formed part of the
" Library Edition," complete in 30 vols.,
1858-74. At Messrs. Hodgson's sale Bur-
ton's ' Arabian Nights ' with the supplemental
Nights, together 16 vols., 1885-8, sold for
25/. (original cloth) ; presentation copies of
' Sylvie and Bruno ' and the ' Conclusion,'
1889-93, 14/. 17s. 6c/. (original cloth) ; and
Hooker's ' Botanj- of the Antarctic Voyage
of the Erebus and Terror ' and the
' Flora Nova? Zelandia?,' together 2 vols.,
4to, 1853-5, 26/. Earlier in the same
month Messrs. Hodgson had sold a complete
set of the original numbers of The Spectator
for 28/. (binding and last two leaves de-
fective).
During the remaining days of April a few-
noticeable books changed hands, among
them what looked like a " made-up " copy
of the first edition of Sir Walter Scott's
' Waverley,' 1814. This may have belonged
to the second edition of that date, with
title-pages extracted from tho first. It
realized 40/. (original boards, labels de-
fective). The Browning collection of manu-
scripts and printed books, to which refer-
ence has already been made, was sold at
the beginning of May on instructions re-
ceived from the administrators of the estate
of the late R. W. Barrett Browning.
The sale was very fully reported in The
Athena -urn of May JOth and I 7th ; and on the
3l~t there was an account of the sale of the
sixteenth portion of the collection of manu-
ipts formed by the late Sir Thoi
J'hiilipps. which has bo far realized a total
sum of 71,2822. The series ol Bales was
begun at Sotheby's in 1886, and has
been continued at intervals Bince that date.
Others are yet to come, and it may be some
time before the last of the Mss. which Sir
Thomas accumulated- wholesale, as it wen-
— is catalogued and sold.
Nearly a hundred pages of ' Book-Priot
Current ' are devoted to the third portion
of the 1 1 in H Library (E to II), the sale of
which occupied Messrs. Botheby for nine da)
in the eail\ part of June. So far the librarj
has brought I 19,6832., the largest sum evei
realized in this country for any collection
of hooks. The celebrated library of William
Beckford of Fonthill realized 89,2002. from
first to last, and that occupied the premier
position in monetary importance until thret
instalments of the I hit 1 1 Library surpassed it.
The comparison is, of course, hardly fair, for
Beckford's library was partly sold in 1823,
and partly in 1882 3, when prices were not
what they are now. However, to judge
strictly by figures, the Huth Library take-
the lead, although h is as yet not half dis-
persed, but whether it will reach the Hoo
grand total of 338.826/. remains to be seen.
All that can be said at the present stage is
that the chances are against its doing so.
The Athenceum of June 14th and 21st had a
very useful summary of the highest priot
obtained for the books which formed this
third portion of the Huth Library.
Messrs. Hodgson's miscellaneous sale of
June 5th and 6th contained a copy of tho
privately printed ' Astarte, a Fragment
of Truth concerning (ieorge Gordon Byron,
recorded by his Grandson, Ralph Milbanke,
Earl of Lovelace," 1905, 8vo. This fetched
16/. (original boards), two other copies in
the same condition having realized 13/. 10s.
and 14/. 10s. during the year. These are
apparently the only recorded sales. As
every one knows, the monthly parts in
which Thackeray's 'Vanity Lair' originally
appeared (January, 1847, to July, 1848)
are exceedingly scarce, and 88/. obtained
for a set on the same occasion was about
right, as three of the wrappers were missing,
and a few of the plates stained. A really
good set of the parts is worth about as much
again. On June 25th another important
sale was held at Messrs. Hodgson's It
comprised a collection of Elizabethan and
seventeenth - century tracts, apparently
formed by the first Baron Crew of Stene, as
well as a number of other properties (see
Athen., July 5th, p. 15). The tracts fetched,
approximately, 500/.; and among the other
books were several of great interest, as, for
instance, the first edition of Mr. Thomas
Hardy's ' Desperate Remedies,' 3 vols, in 1,
clean cojiy, but with the edges cut, 1871,
152. 10s., and Prudent le Choyselat's 'A
Discourse of Housebandrie,' 1577, am. 4to,
19/. 10s. (unbound, slightly defective).
A small, but very choice and costly collec-
tion, described as "the Library of a Gentle-
man," was sold at Sotheby's on the last daj
of June (see Athen., July L2th, p. 39). Th
were only 187 lots in tho catalogue, and yet
the amount realized was nol far short oi
6,000/. Wotton'8 'Speculum Chi i-t lam.'
printed by Machlinia (one of ('a\toii\-
assistants) about I 185, broughl 2412., and
Pynson's ' Life of the Glorious Confessoure
seynt Francis ' 1262. This sale affords a
good object lesson of its kind, for nearlj
w hole of the books comprised in it n
specimens of ancient t j pography.
The Byrkley Lodge Library, the property
Of Sir \\ illiam Buss, was sold b\ \h
Knight, Frank & Rutley on Jul) 9th and
loth (see Athen., Jul} L9th, p. 64 I. I
an unusually fine collection ol English bo<
, popular character, all in the choii ■
condition and exceptionally well bound,
and the prices obtained for th< in w
corresponding] I. ven I
0f th Forded b Life in London,
1821, and the ' Fini ti, I B30, both on I a
paper, uncut . but rebound in oca
H ith th nal picture bo ird pr<
01 n - i.md tin we - bj far the i
66
T HE AT II E N M II M
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
noticeable sale of the year. As much
as 6,830Z. was obtained for the 536 lots.
A few other sales were held during July,
and then the season closed, one of the
last books to be disposed of being Byron's
'The Waltz,' 1813, 4to, which fetched 125/.
(unbound and uncut). Such copies as this
are few and far between.
The new season opened in the middle of
October, a few days later than usual, and
that will prove a decided advantage if it
can only be made a precedent. It is no
doubt true that a good book will bring its
price whenever it is sold, but this does not
a,pply in all cases alike, or let us say that it
would not seem to do so, there being room
for difference of opinion in this respect as
in others. Some twenty sales have been
held since the middle of October, and that
is rather above the average than below it, so
that no time has really been lost by the delay.
The most important of these have been
recorded in The Athenceum from time to
time, and will be well in remembrance. The
most noticeable (though relatively small in
extent) comprised a number of books
and manuscripts, almost all of an English
classical character, belonging to an American
amateur. It was at this sale that a very
large, and in that respect perhaps unique,
copy of the first edition of ' The Compleat
Angler ' realized the comparatively small
sum of 560/. This book measured 51 1 in. by
3fi in., and was bound in contemporary
black morocco. With the exception of one
or two very slight repairs and a few stains
caused by handling, it was in excellent con-
dition. In March, 1909, an equally good
copy, though smaller (5^ in. by 3f in.), sold
for 1,085/. The rise of this book has been
extraordinary In 1807 a fine example
would have sold for about 3/. 3s. ; in 1852
for about 15/. ; in 1883 for about 90/. ; and
in 1887 for nearly 200/., a sum which had
increased in 1895 to 415/. — the highest
amount obtained up to that time — for a
copy which was in the original sheepskin
covers, and measured 5| in. by 3 \ in.
No review of the year's book sales which
did not at least mention some of those less
noticeable works which, after all, con-
stitute the backbone of every collection,
could be regarded as entirely satisfactory.
Works of this character are not necessarily
inferior in interest to those that realize
the large amounts chronicled from time to
time, and indeed many of them are on their
way to the inner circle where money appears
to be an unimportant factor. It has been
so in the past, and we may be sure that
history will repeat itself in this respect.
The vast majority of books make no pre-
tensions to future greatness of the kind.
They are every one's books, and relics of a
time when all alike were on much the same
level so far as their price in the market was
concerned, and it is such works as these that
appeal to the world at large. It is interest-
ing to note that they are much more accessible
than they were twenty or twenty-five years
ago. Generally, they can be got for at least
20 per cent less than they could then.
In this ha]3py position — for the book-
buyer — they must be left, for they never
intrude, and to go in search of them would
involve too wide a sweep for an article such
as this. That they exist in enormous
numbers is obvious, and that they have
their merits may be taken for granted.
Burton's typical book-hunter still lives,
and his ways are in accordance with tra-
dition and remain much as they ever were.
Circumstances have changed, but to what
extent the book-hunter has changed with
them is a problem capable of being solved
in many different ways.
J. Herbert Slater.
STERNE IN ITALY.
Ugo Foscolo was stationed at Boulogne
with the Italian contingent in Napoleon's
army, waiting to invade England, and learn-
ing our language by way of preparation from
an English family at St. Omer near whom
he was lodging, when he began the transla-
tion of the ' Sentimental Journey,' which
was published over the signature " Didimo
Chierico." Here he might be seen scribbling
furiously for several hours of a night in a
cafe by the light of the lamp in the billiard-
room, he tells us, while other officers were
discussing tactics, smoking, and drinking
each other's healths. Thanks to Foscolo,
Yorick has become a household word in
Italy. It was adopted as a nom de guerre
by one of the most brilliant journalists of
the last generation. And the ' Sentimental
Journey ' is regarded as the most typical
product of English humour, a quality which
Foscolo's popular translation was thought to
have directly introduced into the peninsula.
"English humour is peculiar to the English,
and in them original," writes such a critic
as Tommaseo. " Our humorous writers and
our humour are poor imitations." A modern
critic would retort that every nation has
its own humour peculiar to itself, but it is
certain that the humour of the novelist and
triumvir Guerrazzi owed something to
Sterne in the ' Buco del Muro ' as late as
1862, just as Fogazzaro's humour owes
something to Dickens. And not long ago
an Italian friend begged the writer to send
him a copy of the ' Sentimental Journey ' in
preference to any other English book. One
would have expected him to ask for Swin-
burne, or Shelley, or Dickens, or possibly
Oscar Wilde or H. G. Wells, since he already
possessed Poe, but he unhesitatingly chose
Sterne.
This is as it should be, however, for
Sterne was popular in Italy in his lifetime.
In Milan especially he was warmly wel-
comed. One of his Milanese admirers —
Alessandro Verri — went to call on him during
his stay in London in 1767, and describes
his visit in a letter to his distinguished
brother Pietro, who was as confirmed an
Anglomaniac as himself. Sterne did not
recognize him, as they had barely met in
Milan, but he showed him a world of hos-
pitality. He gave him chocolate, and petted
him in a thousand ways. He helped him
off with his coat, which was wet through,
embraced him, took him by the hand, and
led him to the fire. A little later he saw
Verri at a public assembly, embraced him
again, and whispered so many kind things
into his ear that their talk was a positive
delight. Is not this Yorick to the life ? On
this occasion he was wearing a round wig and
a grey coat. He told Verri that they allowed
him to go everywhere in London without
paying, so universally was he beloved.
Lacy Collison-Morley.
CPvASHAW'S VERSIFICATION.
University College, Cork, December 24, 1913.
Your critic of December 13th notes that
" not many genuine poets have penned
worse lines " than Crashaw's
Two walking baths, two weeping motions,
Portable and compendious oceans —
the penitent's eyes.
Fearful and wonderful these typical
lines may be, in the matter. And in the
form, if read, as clumsy boundings, with
the modern pronunciation.
But is it worth recalling that the last
word in each line was to Crashaw a slow
trisyllable ? What, then, about the form ?
Are not the sounds, in their great variety,
to the credit of any genuine poet ?
W. F. P. Stockxey.
We (our proprietor gladly again merg-
ing himself in the first person plural with
those who make the continuance of our
work possible) wish to thank the press and
the public for their generous recognition
of our desire to serve the world of letters.
The success of our French Supplement has
led us at once to consider developments
with the object of furthering that literary
intercourse with our Continental neigh-
bours which makes for sympathetic under-
standing and real friendship.
For several years America and France
have been endeavouring to strengthen the
literary associations which they have in
common, and an exchange of professors
and lecturers has been established. In
1913 a new system was inaugruated
which is calculated to develope this intel-
lectual understanding. In addition to
the professor who lectures at the Sorbonne,
America has sent one of her best his-
torians, Prof. Van Tyne, of the University
of Michigan. His duty will be to settle
for one or two weeks in each of the pro-
vincial Universities, and to deliver during
that time three lectures a Aveek, like his
French colleagues. Prof. Van Tyne has
already visited the Universities of Caen,
Rennes, and Nancy.
Mr. Cecil Harmsworth deserves the
thanks of the public for the capable and
thorough manner in which he has repaired
and restored Dr. Johnson's house (No. 17,
Gough Square), and for his generosity in
throwing it open to the public. A good
part of the restoration consisted in burn-
ing off paint, six coats of which were
removed from the woodwork of the stair-
case, which is left with the wood in its
natural colour. Dr. Johnson's own rooms
on the top floor, by the decay of the parti-
tion between them, have now been re-
duced to one large room. The house is a
simple one, and its character has been
carefully preserved.
Lord Hythe, in a letter to The Times
dated December 31st, informs the public
that a sum of at least 50,000/. is required
to place the Bodleian on a satisfactory
footing. Through grants from the En-
dowment Fund and through the liberality
of some of the Colleges, much has been
done : a new reading-room and an under-
ground bookstore have been provided, and
the revision of the 900 and more huge
volumes of the Catalogue, preparatory to
its being printed, has been begun. But
the books underground are still housed
on make-shift wooden bookshelves, and
15,000/. is needed for the provision of per-
manent rolling book-stacks, while a like
sum is required to bring the Catalogue
to completion. Moreover, for additional
staff and maintenance expenses 800/. must
be found. We are glad to associate our-
selves with Lord Hythe's appeal for assist-
ance. He puts the matter with great
moderation when he says that the Bod-
leian " is far more than a University
institution, and deserves generous sup-
port."
No. 4498, Jan. LO, l!»U
T II E A.T II K\ MV M
The new year brings us from Messrs.
Kelly the ' Post Office London Directory,'
admirably bound and inscribed " Athe-
MBUM." This is an instance of that
careful regard for detail in which the pub-
lishers excel. This vast book is wonder-
fully accurate in spite of the multitude of
names and figures it contains.
This year the ' Directory ' is forty-one
pages longer than last, and the " Official *'
sett ion has been considerably enlarged.
The list of trades, as usual, is full of
.curious things. Alpine axe makers, calico
printers' doctors, and fog signal makers
have a monopoly of their trades, but
there is a pair of orchil and cudbear
makers, also of calomel manufacturers.
It is somewhat strange to find more manu-
facturers of bitumen than billiard-rooms.
There are five panic bolt manufacturers,
six postal tube makers, nine printers'
wipers, and eleven theatrical wig makers.
The grease manufacturers are fifty strong.
In spite of modern aviators. " parachute
descents by ladies and gentlemen " are
still advertised, but the memory specialist,
unless he conceals himself modestly under
another heading, has disappeared. We
miss him, and think that London needs
him as much as the solitary maker of
alabastine and jelstone.
Prof. Schubart from Berlin and Prof.
Lumbroso from Rome announce the dis-
covery of eight rolls of papyrus, tolerably
complete and legible, one of which con-
tains about 100 paragraphs of legal deci-
sions. &c, reaching from Augustus to
the Antonines. Whether it is like
the recent -Waioj/xaro. published at Halle
(1913) we are not told, but the description
points to some such document. We hope
for an early publication by the finders.
Mr. Beckles Willson has lately com-
municated to The Times four letters,
hitherto unpublished, dated 1762 and
1763. relating to the recovery of Wolfe's
arrears of pay. Wolfe, on taking com-
mand against the French in Canada, had
agreed to accept merely a major-general's
pay, forgoing the full pay of a com-
mander-in-chief— or so Barrington as-
serted : and a refusal to hand over to
hi- executors the pay of a commander-in-
chief was based on this alleged agreement.
The King, however, and Townshend
would have yielded the point if they could
have obtained from Pitt the reasons
which led to the commission of com-
mander-in-chief being given to Wolfe !
These four letters dealing with the matter
are from Shelburne, Thomas Fisher, and
George Warde. They indicate that the
Government offices were still obdurate —
and obdurate they remained. Wolfe is
ii"t the only hero whom the nation has
treated badly; but perhaps the enthu-
siastic readiness to eare for those whom
- ott commended to the nation in his last
message gives fair reason to hope that in
this respect we have improved upon our
fathei -
A\ open lecture, entitled ' Native Races
of British East Africa ' (with lantern illus-
trations), will be delivered by .Mi-- A.
Werner at King's College, Strand, on
the -3rd inst., at 5 o'clock. This will be
followed, on six consecutive Fridays, by
a course of lectures on 'The Language-
Families of Africa." For particulars of
these application should be made to the
Secretary.
MESSRS. CiiRiSTorHKRs announce that
they have changed their address to
22. Berners Street. W.. and desire that
all communications be directed to them
there. The new address does not imply
any alteration in the ownership or conduct
of their business.
A course of eight lectures on ' The Art
of Printing Historically Considered ' will
be delivered by Mr. R. A. Peddie at
St. Bride Institute, Fleet Street, beginning
on Monday evening next at 7.30. At the
first lecture Mr. Peddie will deal with the
invention of the art, and its progress
during the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies. Admission is free.
It is not likely that the American love
for '-'record-breaking" will long be chafing
at the inferiority of New York to London
in the matter of population. Still, The
New York Post has been somewhat pre-
mature in announcing the supremacy of
its city as already attained. Londoners
must have rubbed their eyes on seeing
their number reported as 4,518,191, when
" between six and seven millions " would
probably be the answer of any school-
child questioned on the point, and when at
the last Census the population of Greater
London was 7,251,358. The New Yorker,
it appears, was comparing Greater New
York with an estimated population of
5,476,966, and the Administrative County
of London with an estimated population
of 4,518,191. So, despite a prospect of
eventual success, New York has still
somewhere near two millions to make
up first.
Messrs. Macmillan are publishing
shortly in " The Eversley Series " a
" Dictionary of Madame de Sevigne,' by
Edward FitzGerald, edited and annotated
by his great-niece, Miss Kerrick. This
consists of essays upon persons mentioned
in the letters of Madame de Sevigne,
with notes on other matters. It may well
prove of curious interest alike to the
lovers of the letters and to admirers of
FitzGerald.
Mr. Gibson Bowles will bring out in
February the first number of The Candid
Quarterly Review. It is intended to deal
with public affairs of all kinds " faithfully
and frankly.'' the preliminary circular
says. " and to treat them with candour,
having sole regard to the public welfare."
On the other hand, it threatens with
relentless exposure 'insincerity, dis-
honesty, corruption, or aughl that may
bring danger or dishonour to the State.'
Such aims cannot fail to command the
• I wishes of all hone-t persons.
Amono the articles in the forthcoming
issue of The Edinburgh Review will he
'The Coming Land Tyranny,' by the
editor: "The Indian Mo-Inn Outlook,'
by 11.11. the Aga Khan ; ' The Renais-
sance ot Dancing,' b\ Mr. Felix Claj ;
and 'The Compulsory Settlement <>t
Industrial Disputes,' by Mr. W. O.
Constable.
Mr. Yom; NOGFCHI, the Japanese
poet-essayist, who is now on a visit to
London on a lecturing tour — his last vi-it
was ten years ago- has placed a new
volume of essays with Mr. Klkin Mathews,
who will issue it on the 19th in-t .
' Through the Torii ' consists of thirty-
five essays, mostly on Japanese snl>-
jects, but it also includes ' A Japanese
on the Poet Rossetti,' ' A Japanese on
Whistler,' 'A Japanese Note on Yeats,1
' Oscar Wilde,' &c
Mr. S. A. Grundy-Xkwman of Walsall
is at present at work on a compre-
hensive account of the ' Heraldry and
Monumental Inscriptions of Lichfield Ca-
thedral,' in which there will be given a
complete blazon of the heraldic bearings
in the Cathedral and a full copy of
every inscription. A prospectus of the
publication, which will be limited, is to be
issued shortly.
Prof. Sir Wtalter Raleigh will short ly
give a course of four lectures at the Sor-
bonne on ' The Romantic Movement in
English Literature at the Beginning of the
Nineteenth Century.'
Dr. Patrick Weston Joyce of Trinity
College, Dublin, died on Wednesday las!
at Dublin in his eighty-seventh year.
Born at Limerick, and educated privately,
he served the Commissioners of National
Education in Ireland for some years before
he became a professor in their training
college in Marlborough Street, of which
he was eventually made Principal — a post
from which he retired in 1893. His books
on Irish antiquities, written in an un-
usually simple but happy style and
full of pleasant verve as well as informa-
tion, are what he will longest be remem-
bered for. The most important is 'The
Origin and History of Irish Names of
Places,' the third Volume of which was
published about a fortnight before his
last illness.
We regret to learn of the death of Dr.
Silas W'eii- Mitchell, which took place a1
Philadelphia on the 5th inst. His name
is, perhaps, most widely known for his
identification of neurasthenia as a definite
state of ill-health requiring scientific
treatment, and for hi- invention of the
rest-CUre " system, but he was also the
author of important original work on the
effects of several poisons ; while, so earl\
as I S77. the physiological research em-
bodied in his book ' Fal and Blood ' had
won for him a European reputation. The
friend of Oliver Wendell Holmes he was
also a novelist, poet, and dramatis!
some merit, and n<> doubt the art
capacity thus evinced, with its quickn
of intuition and sympathy, played a con-
siderable pari m the BUCCeSS "I In- main
work, the elucidation of nervous disease.
Next w i.i.k we shall publish a Suppli
incut devoted t" the bit. rature of Edu-
cal ion.
68
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1014
SCIENCE
Boanerges. By Rcndel Harris. (Cam-
bridge University Press, 15/ net.)
A title mysteriously picturesque is a
sure sign of an anthropological work ;
and a late famous wit had some reason
for his jibe when he announced that his
next contribution to Comparative Mytho-
i] >gy would be labelled ' The Silver
Potato.' In the case before us, however,
' Boanerges,' if somewhat cryptic on the
face of it, is nevertheless strictly appro-
priate as a designation of the subject
in hand.
Dr. Rendel Harris, it is well known,
has of late years been focussing his
immense learning on the special topic of
Twin-cults. His original thesis was that
the ecclesiastical calendar is full of more
or less disguised twins (for instance, the
holy martyrs Laurus and Florus), who
were presumably taken over from Dios-
curic cults which prevailed wide \y through
Europe before the advent of Christianity.
Next, at the back of these pagan rites,
he discerned a notion germane to down-
right savagerjr, namely, that of the twin-
taboo. His volume named ' The Cult of
the Heavenly Twins,' published in 1906,
sought to confirm the pioneer work
' Dioscuri in the Christian Legends,'
which had appeared three years before,
•by beginning at the opposite end of
the history of the twin-cult, and showing
how, among savages, the birth of twins
" constitutes their greatest Fear or Supreme
Reverence, and so furnishes the basis from
•which the evolution of Natural religion
must inevitably proceed." By this time
Dr. Harris felt sure of having lighted upon
,-a whole new department of human culture,
on which he would bestow the name of
Dioscurism ; and ever since, on the
•strength of this conviction, he has been
zealously engaged in accumulating addi-
tional evidence, and founding more and
more startling corollaries upon it.
" As often as I repeated to myself the
warning to beware of the idea that one
had found a master-key in mythology, so
often some fresh door or window would
open under the stress of the particular key
that I was carrying."
At last we come to Boanerges. Why
are the two sons of Zebedee — James and
John — named " Sons of Thunder " ? By
way of answer we are referred to Portuguese
East Africa. M. Junod, in k Les Ba-
ronga ' (1898) — Dr. Harris, for some
reason, does not draw upon M. Junod's
latest account of these facts in ' The Life
of a South African Tribe ' (1913)— shows
that in the native name for twins (Bana-
ba-Tilo, or " children of Tilo ") the word
Tilo stands for the sky in its various
manifestations, including thunder and
rain. Dr. Harris pointed out to Dr.
Frazer in conversation the similarity
between Bana-ba-Tilo and Dioscuri, or
" boys of Zeus."
" He promptly retorted upon my own
lack of vision by remarking that in that case
we had the explanation of the perplexing
Boanerges in the New Testament. We had
between vis arrived at the equivalence :
Boanerges = Dioscuri = Bana-ba-Tilo ! ':
Nor is the coincidence — to rate it no
higher for the moment — merely three-
fold. The comparativist, in his globe-
trotting fashion, now carries us off to
South America. Arriaga, in that rare
work ' Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru,'
tells us that
" when two children are produced at one
birth .... they hold it for an impious and
abominable occurrence, and they say, that
one of them is the child of the Lightning."
It may be added that the natives like-
wise worshipped a pair of celestial twins
who caused thunder and lightning. The
Peruvian converts, moreover, can make
good a claim to priority over Dr. Harris
in the use of his master-key ; for they
decreed that instead of " child of the
lightning " the twin should henceforth
be baptized Santiago (St. James), because
James and his brother John had been
called Boanerges by our Lord. For the
rest, a like accommodation of Biblical
lore to popular superstition is illustrated
in the name " Zebedee stone," applied by
the Danish peasant to the thunderstone,
or neolithic celt, which he identifies with
the bolt of Heaven, and carries in his
pocket to avert Heaven's wrath.
When we pass on from particular com-
parisons to the attempt to construct a
general philosophy of Dioscurism, we
perhaps render ourselves guilty of the
charge of seeking to outstrip our guide.
This, we are expressly told, is but one
course of an interminable banquet of
research ; so that a final summing-up is
out of the question. Nevertheless, at
our own risk, we feel impelled, as best
we can, to elicit the coy universal from
this vast array of miscellaneous gleanings.
The first point, then, which comes out
clearly enough is that twins, being ab-
normal and uncanny, are therefore in the
eyes of the savage sacred. Further, it is
a commonplace of anthropology that
sacredness is a two-edged affair. It
involves a potency which may declare
itself now for weal and now for woe,
though usually one aspect or the other
will be selected for emphasis in the
customary observances of a given people.
Thus it is that, while all over the un-
civilized world the birth of twins is hailed
as a portent, and is the occasion of special
precautions, one group will be found to
treat the visitation as a bane, going so far,
it may be, as to destroy children and
mother alike ; but the next group will
consider that a blessing has been vouch-
safed them, proceeding just as far in the
opposite direction, and, let us say,
according divine honours to the luck-
bringing pair. Suppose it, then, to have
happened that mystic power of a bene-
ficent type is attributed to the twins, it is
easy to see how the community might
be led to exploit this power for all manner
of useful ends — for the regulation of the
weather, the securing of good hunting,
the cure of disease, and what not. Quite
apart from any special efficacy which
their twinship as such might be deemed
to exert in virtue of what is known as
the sympathetic principle, their beneficent
sacredness of itself would endow them
with the status of wonder-workers for the
common good. So far, in the way of
theory, it is relatively plain sailing.
If, on the other hand, we analyze the
savage attitude towards thunder, we find
here again something portentous, some-
thing claiming in its own right to be
treated as sacred, as fraught with more
than ordinary good or evil for mankind.
The evolution of a Thunder-god, worked
out on these lines, presents no greater
difficulty than that of the divine Twins.
Various functions will belong to the
Thunder-being (taken together with his
embodiment the Thunder-stone) simply
in virtue of his sacredness, and he will
to this extent be an all-round wonder-
worker. At the same time, certain attri-
butes will be his by reason of his specific
nature. Thus he will be rain-giver ; he
will rejoice in the fire-colour red ; he
will be associated with the oak, the tree
which, as Mr. Warde Fowler and others
have shown, is visited most by the light-
ning : and hence, perhaps, will, as Dr.
Harris suggests, be a patron of the
primitive mariner embarked perilously
in a dug-out hewn from an oak.
Here, then, are two developments,
each of which obeys an internal logic of
its own, such as the civilized mind can,
at any rate, follow after a fashion. But
why on earth twins and thunder should
go together in primitive thought is a
puzzle fit to stagger philosophical hu-
manity. It appears, on the face of it,
to be a case of downright syncretism,
of the arbitrary contamination of two
distinct and alien ritual plots. Of course
there is just a chance that the specific
implications of thunder and twinship will
on further investigation showT something
in common ; for instance, some mutual
relation having to do with fertility. The
thunder as harbinger of the ram is no
doubt a prime mover in the way of
making things grow. As to twins, they,
of course, bespeak in the lady who is
blessed with them a fertility pushed
almost to excess. Hence either they
might be connected with the fertilizing
thunder as effect with cause ; or, again,
might, by an application of the sym-
pathetic principle, be treated as causative
themselves — that is. as capable of passing
on the contagion of fertility to whatever
they touched. It must be confessed,
however, that the reported facts do not
greatly favour this or any other method
of demonstrating an intrinsic community
of significance between the two classes of
sacred objects. There is no reason suffi-
ciently apparent why a savage, any more
than one of ourselves, should exclaim :
'•Talking of the recent thunderstorm, I
am reminded that So-and-so has just
brought into the world a remarkably
fine pair of twins."
If, then, intrinsic connexion cannot be
detected, a purely extrinsic conjunction
must be assumed, such as would be likely
to follow from the historic juxtaposition
of the two ritual interests in question.
No. 4498, Jan. In. L91 I
T ii E a tii i:n .i;r M
li!)
A people, let us say, whose zeal centred
in the eu!t of the powers of the sky might
come to explain the miracle of twins in
terms of the all-powerful sky, their
wonder-worker in chief. Once formed.
this association of ideas would become a
permanent part of their culture, and. if
that culture spread over the earth, would
be therewith communicated to other
ethnic groups. Or it might even be that,
since thunder and twins are to be met
with everywhere, similar collocations
might occur at more than one time and
place, so that several centres of disper-
sion would have to be postulated. As it
is, Dr. Harris, while, as in duty bound,
heading a chapter with the question, ** Are
the Twin-myths one or many I " is in the
end obliged simply to indicate the theo-
retical possibilities, and to leave it to the
future to provide sufficient grounds for
choosing between them.
"" ]>id the Baronga uet the belief from the
Aryans or the Semites ! Have the Peruvians
an ancestry that reaches across to India or
r Africa '.'
We have no right to be disappointed
because the writer in the end " pauses for
a reply." On t lit* contrary, we must
respect the trained student who. faithful
to the best canons of scientific discovery,
refrains from premature generalization,
and. content to have helped forward the
inquiry by a stage, takes stock of his
provisional findings, both for his own
satisfaction and in order that others
may lend a helping hand where it is
most wanted. So we wish nothing but
good luck to the learned author in the
further prosecution of an inquiry which
has already caused him to bear not only
twins, but triplets.
jirirna (Dossip.
The reports from the Meteorological
Ofhce for the fifty-two weeks ending Decem-
ber 27th show that the mean temperature
for the year over the whole of the British
I 3 in excess of the average. The
rainfall for the greater part of the area was
deficient — most so in Scotland, where in the
the deficiency amounted to 4*53 in.,
I in the west to -j'37 in. The duration
of bright sunshine, however, was 22
hours below the average, the aggregate
- (hours; and while the temperature
for the whole year showed excess, in April,
July, and August it showed a deficiency.
July, in particular, w;is cloudy and cool,
with only 95 hours of sunshine, which is
1)1 hours below the average.
Db. Lazaucs- Barlow, Director of the
1 cer Research Laboratories of the Middle-
Hospital, has communicated lo The
Times some account of the progress made
towards the cure of cancer. The hospital
admits to the cancer departmenl only such
■ iid the hope of aid from
an opei From June to September,
1912, •••. ery case admitted terminated fatally.
in June to September, 1913, ou
•<v patients admitted, :;_' were discharged
to • itai as able to return to
ordinary !.
Dr. .'.- n.it orally expi
-■•If with caution: time alone will
initively show whether v. claimed
Meanwhile, at
any rate, the relief — permanent or not — is
real. The agency employed is radium. If
150 milligrams of radium are buried in a
cancerous tumour, the growth withers up.
Should some cells escape destruction, and
recrudescence occur, the new growth can
be treated again as the original one had been.
All this is decidedly hopeful, and the
main obstacle to a wider use of this long-
sought remedy ought surely to be removed —
if necessary, by the intervention of the State
— without delay. The present market price
of radium is 20/. per milligram. Dr. Lazarus-
Barlow states that he has every reason —
from the statements of manufacturers — to
believe that it might be sold at a profit for
a few shillings per milligram. If this state-
ment can be substantiated, the artificial
inflation of the price, for the financial benefit
of a small number of persons, can only be
regarded as an instance of almost unpre-
cedented callousness.
Herr A. Gerwerzhagen has lately
published some interest Jul; results of his
researches on the nervous system of the
Polyzoa This has for some time largely
battled the observation of students, but, by
means of intra vitam staining with methy-
lene-blue, astonishing additions have been
made to the knowledge of the subject. It
appears that a complex network of ganglion
cells and nerve fibres extends not only
into the body wall of the individual
zooids, but also throughout the whole
colony, and that in the lophophore and
tentacles there has been detected an ela-
borate system of sense cells and nerve
fibres, as well as a " sympathetic " system
covering the alimentary canal. The common
colonial nervous system is perhaps the most
striking part of the discovery, and, in
the case of Cristatella mncedo, upon which
the observations recorded were made, it
explains the curious co-ordinated creeping
movements of the colony as a whole, which
hitherto have been difficult to account for.
The Museums'' Journal for December has
an article by Mr. ('. Hallett — Official (J aide
at the British Museum- — which deals with
a set of difficulties many people must have
foreseen when the demonstrations by such
guides were first proposed. Mr. Hallett
finds that the work of the guide is ob-
structed by noise and crowding on the part
of persons who have neither knowledge nor
the desire of acquiring any, and who make
things difficult for the few who are going
round with a wish to learn. Practically,
however., the most tiresome point to settle
seems to be whether the ordinary visitor
to the Museum or the guide-led party shall
have precedence.
Students of anthropology may well look
forward with interest to the publication of
Prof. Baldwin Spencers 'The Native Tribes
of the Northern Territory of Australia,1
announced by Messrs. Macmillan,
MoS.
MEETING* NEXT WEEK
Woyal Academy. 4. -' olour Mr. (je'.rKe Claunn
Victoria and %lbart Mnaaum. B.— ' Eiiflmli Hx-muiim I.
tun- I.Mr BanUtei tlttt h-r.
— 8t isri.i.- [nitltnta, 7.10.— 'Tha Ari ol Printing Blitonoalli
( dered. Lai tare i Mr k. a ivd.li--
_ - - hMiitution. 8 — 'The Uw ol Dilapidations.' Mr
I . r -. I . LOO Mould
— Geographical. 8.3i.-'The Erolntlon "I the rad) nil ' apltal.
Australia- ' anl-Tni Mi Oriffltb Tajlol
Tii- Ailatic » — 'Old Arabian Poatry and till Hebrew Literature
Of the "M Tt-rlHlN-l.' - I I
— Briii-li Mm Tbi Graai. Btata and Nation; ih'
fcxpreatlon of an Ideal.' Ml B ' KalnesSmltb
_ ,f i iui rnfiDfen, - -'lopahtatlna Btaais In
i Mi H fowlai
■ r 1. • ri' \ il.rallorn ainl Win
[I.. Ml B I" UoWKrave Urali..in
, ,,,,| All,, rt Nature of Beaut* :
An and Nati in .1 Lift Mi - ' K - -
n.,,.1 A' i.i. i. ul tlon of a Plotun Mr Briton
llrtr •
,,, .
An- irrtl. • ipedltlnn 'Ml
, War.' Mi.« Helen
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1 W.lkrr
I etU Of
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Tin II
I
FINE ARTS
Barogui Architecture. By .Martin Shaw
.Briggs. (Fisher I'nw in.)
In the introduction to this history ol
Baroque architecture Mr. BriggS d
well to emphasize the fad that the
terms Baroque and ROCOCO are not
interchangeable. They arc often mis-
applied, and it is not BUrprising that
it should be so — they are significant
of the periods that produced them.
Baroque architecture, .Mr. BriggS Saye
Italian described by a French name, while
Rococo is essentially a I'Yeneh phase and
an Italian word; the one is applied to
buildings of a period, the other to am
over-decorated building in any modern
style. While this definition is too 1(m
to be wholly satisfactory, it is effective.
Further inquiry would probably show thai
Rococo architecture is also of a period, an
outcome of the Baroque — a period of tl
bizarre, illogical and tortuous, verging
upon insanity. Mr. BriggS shows how
the Baroque may be recognized by th< ■
general principles which govern the design
rather than by the abundance of the
ornament used. He attributes these prin-
ciples to the Church, particularly to
the rules and tenets ot the Jesuits, win
carried the Roman Church through tl
difficult times of the Reformation. The
style has all the defects of art enslaved
to serve a policy. Already in the six-
teenth century architecture was confined
and in the seventeenth the control passed/
to a society highly artificial, ruled by cod.
• O a-
and etiquette. Though the movement
originated in Italy, it had its parallel in
other countries. Mr. Briggs follows fche
development from its source, devoting
eight chapters to Italy, and eight to th<
countries which it reached.
The Italian chapters are the most
successful. Had Mr. Briggs confined him-
self to Italy he might have learnt Less
of the subject, but his work would ha •
been even more valuable than it is. It
is neither sufficiently condensed for a
general summary of the subject, uoi
sufficiently exhaustive to rank as a Btai
ard history of the period ; as it is, it will
take its place as a useful piece ol woi
, mtributing to the better tinderstandu -
of a much-maligned period in architects
The author's discrimination is uiceh
adjusted to his subject, and bis vii
w ni be welcomed b\ those w bo - e in I
historj ol arl logioal development and i
the work of every age somi thing prai
worth} . The ciiiitributi.ni to <<• hit< otui
of the presi m daj w ill probabh b ■ foui
in the ability u ith which ai
I, aint to d gle the compl
nnni- ot the time, and n
in the most simple and oon n
and it i- I" the l '- • '■''
,i, Int. . t- to d lookii
ti.Hi in tin i ' Th<
who stu "' I'1"1 build
I will b
70
Til E A Til KX.KUM
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
things: by their architectural quality —
they are as beautiful and as logical in
their own way as a thirteenth-century
cathedral — and by the amazing ingenuity
and resource which their authors displayed
in dealing with difficult sites, producing
order out of the worst confusion. Mr.
Briggs's chapter on Genoa does justice
to this part of his task. The planning of
these great palaces on the precipitous
face of the hill is a wonderful conception,
an original contribution to town-planning.
Baroque architects, preoccupied as they
were with the lay-out of their schemes, the
placing of their churches and palaces,
let no detail escape them that would, in
their opinion, contribute to the adornment
and convenience of the city. The civic
idea was developing, and they had patrons
who would spend vast sums, not only on
buildings, but also on laying out ap-
proaches, with colonnades, steps, fountains,
and gardens. Mr. Briggs says : —
"It is reasonably accurate to state that
the Baroque period saw the evolution of
the congregational church plan, the formal
garden, the staircase, and the fountain from
early stages to maturity."
Amongst much that is merely preten-
tious and vulgar delicacy and strength,
originality and actual charm are to be
found by those who, like Mr. Briggs, are
not blinded by the destructive criticism
of Ruskin and the Pre-Raphaelite School.
There is, indeed, a romantic flavour about
the Baroque, a revulsion, it may be, from
the pedantry of the Renaissance. The
faults are those of the time : a certain
over-familiarity, and consequent loss of
grace, and a lack of discipline and restraint,
due to the unusual absence of the serious
structural problems that chastened and
.sweetened the work of the Middle Ages.
Hitherto the period has been approached
with little understanding, only to be
attacked with bitterness, and Mr. Briggs
has done good service by his conciliatory
and discerning spirit. An admirable fea-
ture of the volume is the list of works of
reference appended to the chapters. The
book is light for its size, well illustrated,
and printed in excellent type.
THE GRAFTON GROUP AT THE
ALPINE CLUB GALLERY.
Mrs. Clive Bell, Mr. Roger Fry, and Mr.
Duncan Grant, being alone named under
this heading on the outside of the catalogue,
we must assume them to be now the sole
members of the Group, and the work of the
other exhibitors either that of well-meaning
aspirants or illustrious examples set there
for our delight and edification. The work
of the three members, however, appears to
us, on the whole, the most interesting.
Mr. Grant is an artist of great natural
charm who, if he expressed himself in terms
less recondite, would be sure of a welcome.
The colour of No. 7, Slops, is very pretty,
and tin large Adam and Eve (lent by the
Contemporary Art Society) full of verve and
spontaneity, and — we are sure, obviously in-
tentional— fun. We are not certain whether
it is as a reflection on the originality of his
own confreres or of the conduct usually
attributed to Mr. Bernard Shaw that
the artist lias chosen to represent our
first parent standing on his head to
attract popularity. The design has an
easy and agreeable rhythm, nowise occult,
;md confirms us in our opinion that Mr.
Grant would be an excellent artist if he
consented to handle popular subject-matter
as well as possible. Only of a robust
painter could we say as much ; it is the
weakling who must win our respect by
conscientious adherence to principle. In
Mr. Grant the natural instincts of the
executant are more interesting than his
intentions.
Mr. Fry is not to the same degree a born
painter, and when he sets out to imitate the
lamentably muddled use of colour of M.
Doucet (in No. 24), he does so without
bubbling over, as Mr. Grant would do, in
irrepressible and obvious pleasantness. But
he has a real enthusiasm for certain aspects
of nature — for places with abrupt dramatic
changes of level, sudden landslides and
gullies, and something of this interest sur-
vives not only in his Screen (52), but also in
The Road to the Quarry (26) and Landscape
(41). If he hampers the natural expression
of this taste by following always at the
same time some more or less perverted
example of actual painting, allowance should
perhaps be made for a man who has
spent a great part of his life in establishing
the distinction between the paintings of Old
Masters and others resembling thezn, and
whose gorge rises at the idea of adding
to the number of works which occasion more
drudgery for the " expert."
This preoccupation, however, need not
operate on the comparatively innocent folk
he has dragged in his wake, and we trust
that Mrs. Clive Bell will return to more
commonplace and less doctrinaire paths —
not without gratitude to Mr. Fry for the
real good done, in her case, to her talent.
Her Women and Baby (33) is an enormous
improvement on the work she did before her
excursion into ultra-modernity, and is an
instance of the value of Post-Impressionism
to those who are not swallowed up by it.
As Matthew Arnold pointed out in another
connexion, the mania for sports has been of
enormous benefit — " Dr. W. G. Grace was
sacrificed " — and England, in that instance,
was not ungrateful, nor need we be to Mr.
Fry. Mrs. Bell's picture is conceived in
the Cubist convention, but with entire
rejection of any device of distortion to
make it sensational. Its almost photographic
literalism, indeed, makes us wonder at the
folly of leaving the newly born infant thus
uncovered, merely that it may be gazed
upon — with sentimental satisfaction by the
mother ; with undisguised amazement by
her female relatives, who had evidently
expected anything but that.
At the same time, pleasant and dignified
as is Mrs. Bell's picture, it corroborates the
instinct of Mr. Wyndham Lewis and his
adherents that pure Cubism, without some
stressing of the dynamic principle of a
design, may readily become a little dull.
Mr. William Roberts follows Mr. Lewis
{Figure Composition, 29), but in departing
irom the simplicity of colour of that artist,
has confused his design till it becomes
illegible. It is clear, indeed, that with the
defection of Messrs. Lewis and Etchells, the
Group has lost almost the only artists who
might conceivably continue the practice of
Cubism for other purposes than that of a
training such as is provided by writing
Latin nonsense- verse. The majority (once
a certain competence or rhythm attained)
would be better employed in developing
homelier and more particular themes couched
in the vernacular.
It is not given to every man to have a
religious enthusiasm for one aspect of art,
nor are artists necessarily great in propor-
tion as they have this conviction. Broadly
speaking, we might divide artists into two
camps. There is the man who regards fife
as the essential reality, and philosophical and
mathematical abstractions as a mere ap-
proximation of life ; we call him sometimes
realistic. There are the others who regard
the world of abstractions as the ultimate
reality, and that of experience as inferior
in the sense of being composite, muddled,
lacking in ideal purity. Emotion is the
essence of life for one class, and, shall we
say ? mathematics for the other ; but the
normal artist who is no partisan has an
implied faith that in their higher walks
the two are one, and his impulse is rather
to suggest in his work that identity than to
preach the fundamental reality or vanity of
either. When a great artist has seemed to
be a priest of either doctrine, it has usually
been in a period which tended to the other
extreme. Michelangelo and even Canaletto
must have seemed apostles of abstract
formulae in their day. To the younger
painters of our generation they are almost
sentimentalists.
To what else than " the negation of the
will to live " — a deliberate avoidance of
significance as a matter of taste — are we to
trace such a work as the Tete d' Homme (43),
by Pablo Picasso ? In judging this work,
however, we are on the unsure ground of
those who dwell in outer darkness. It is
not merely that we are unmoved by it, nor
merely that we fail to see any way in which
the study of or meditation upon the subject
alleged by the title could result in this par-
ticular pattern of tartans and tinted rect-
angles. We have no abiding faith that the
artist is in any better case or means anything
by it, or indeed is doing anything but
ponderously making game of the public.
In estimating these things and certain
" sculp ture " devised by M. Picasso by
means of egg-boxes and other debris, photo-
graphs of which may be seen in the gallery,
the cautious may remember the reception
of the Impressionist School by its un-
grateful contemporaries. The wise will also
remember tjie fate of " L'Art Nouveau."
The fact that this " sculpture " could not
be trusted to cross the Channel without
falling to pieces seems to point to a de-
ficiency in technique. We suggest screws
instead of nails and glue, as more monu-
mental.
THE SOCIETY OF PAINTERS IN
WATER COLOURS.
This exhibition has not the quality of the
early efforts of the same Society, which,
indeed, includes now, we believe, but two
or three of its original members. The pre-
vailing note of the pictures is prettiness,
the principal exceptions being two land-
scapes by Mr. James S. Hill — Emsworth (53)
and Cley (60). In these we see the work
of a genuine artist who has faith in the
beauty of dull places. The former is
as good an example as could well be found
of the sentimental brooding over one of
those dreary tracts outside a great city
where dustheaps are sorted on apparently
endless flats broken only by an occasional
furnace chimney. The repulsiveness is here
married to nineteenth -century delicacy and
charm. The newer school would take an
equal pleasure in keeping in the very paint
of their picture something of the same stark,
yet untidy squalor.
No. 4498, .Ian. In. 1914
T II E A T II E WEini
THE SOCIETY OF ANIMAL PAINTERS.
The newly formed Society of Animal
Painters doubtless has a commercial
raiaon d'etre in its appeal to sportsmen
and fanciers, hut it has not brought to
light any fresh talent or new point of
View. It is satisfactory, on the whole, to
find the cult of the iapdog as vel unrepre-
sented, ami the interest in animals which
is catered for of the robust, if not verj
subtle kind. Mr. Frank Calderon {The
Whip, 38) is one of the best of the older
painters exhibiting at the Leicester Galleries.
In some of the others the interest in form
i- sacrificed to a petty insistence on texture
of hair or feathers, the usual external
finish and weak construction. In the case of
Air. Munnings, the fact that a Cow and Calf
(21) arc covered with hair is expressed by
the manner in which such surfaces take the
light rather than by minute imitation of
accidental variety, yet even to those un-
initiated in the art of painting it is the most
convincing rendering of textures in the
show. Mr. Munnings realizes the subjects
and ideals of Air. Arnesby Brown so much
better than the latter painter that he would
n to be ripe for election into the Royal
demy. Air. H. \X. B. Davis's pictures
(20 and 23) also deserve mention for a
handling of detail which has the interest
of deft craftsmanship.
In the outer room Mr. Claude Shepperson's
clever drawings for Punch suffer somewhat
from the haunting influence of Charles
Keene. Mr. Shepperson seems to be
always trying to endow his illustrations
with a painter-like atmosphere, made out
of date by the decay of the art of wood
engraving which could capture it; and,
indeed, even in the old days not always
relevant for the purposes of humorous
journalism. There is thus a constant cloak
of the same obligatory realism of illumi-
nation between us and the essential business
of getting the story told, and, like anything
unnecessary, it weakens the effect of
draughtsmanship capable enough, if a little
over-facile and curly.
• NOLLEKENS AXD HIS TIMES.'
The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, W.
1 havk in preparation a new edition of
' Nollekens and his Times.- by John Thomas
Smith, which Air. Wilfred Whitten has
edited with numerous notes.
The original edition of this work has long
been a favourite one to extra-illustrate, and
I Mould be glad to hear from anybody who
- or knows of a Grangerized copy.
Johx Lane.
Jfitu Art (Bossip.
The Director of the National Gallkry
Lreland desires to announce the fact
this Directorship will be vacant at the
close of the current financial pear. Candi-
dates should »-n<{ in their applications and
timoniaLs to the Registrar before the 1st
ebruary. The post is a pensionable one.
The current prospectus of the London
ity Council Central School of Art- and
< rafts, in Southampton Row, contains the
notice of a course of seventeen weekly
l;;"'- ■ open to the public, on ' Rook
illustration and Book Decoration.' The
summary provided in the pamphlet pron
very attractive matter artistic, historical,
and technical. The com-.- begij
Wednesday, and will be concluded b
visit, on May 20th, to the L.C.C. School of
Ihoto-Engruvinj and Lithography.
The EGYPT Exploration Kind announce
a new quarterly, The Journal of Egyptian
Archaeology, of which the first number is to
appear about the middle of this month.
Mr. I). G. Eogarth, Prof. Sayce, Prof.
Xaville. Dr. Allan Gardiner, and Mr. EL R.
Bull will contribute articles, and the number
will have eight pages of illustrations.
Commendatore Boni — if his conjecture
should prove justified — is to be congratulated
upon a find of first -rate importance. Having
calculated what is, geologically, the
true summit of the Palatine. " which
comes out at the north-west angle of the
impluvium in the atrium of Domitian's
palace, he has sunk a shaft and discovered
a tholos — a domed structure built of blocks
of dark tufa — -which he identifies with the
mundus, the awful seat of Dis and Proser-
pine, and the shrine of the most solemn
mysteries of the Italian peoples. One
element in his belief that he has found the
mundus — lost for the Romans themselves
in the early days of the Empire — is the
discovery of a stone lid upon the chamber
which would seem to correspond with the
lapis manalis, which was believed to close
the mouth of the infernal regions, through
which the souls of the departed might come
up, and which was lifted thrice in the year
only. Another feature in the find which
tends to confirm the identification is the
shaft which descends from the chamber
to passages lined with cement to serve as
storehouses. The mundus was the hallowed
depository of the sacred grains. There are,
however, one or two points — -in particular
the shape and situation of the supposed
lapis manalis — as compared with historical
accounts of it, which remain to be cleared up.
The bowl from Kumasi which Sir R. S. S.
Baden-Powell has recently presented to
the museum of the Royal United Service
Institution at Whitehall must, one would
think, prove a centre of uncanny influences
to any person sensitive in such matters
who approaches it. A brass vessel, about
5 ft. in diameter, something like an ordinary
bath-tub in shape, it is ornamented on its
rim with four small lions — not ill-modelled —
and numerous knobs, and in the row of knobs
has a gap of sinister significance.
In this gap was laid the head of the
victim when, at the annual harvest festival
or upon the King's going to pay his respects
to the shades of his ancestors, human
sacrifices — it might be to the number of a
score or more — were offered, with King
Prempeh and his Queen-Mother sitting by
to watch the heads fall. The blood was left
in the bowl to putrefy, and. mingled with
certain herbs, was held to be very efficacious
" medicine."
Mr. Heinemanx is publishing in his
" Ars Una" Series, on the 14tli inst., a
work on Art in Flanders, written by the
Director of the Plantin-Moretus Museum
at Antwerp. Mr. Max Rooses. It furnishes a
concise account of its subject, and contains
69(5 illustrations.
Tin-; death of Henry Thomas Wake
removes yet another survivor of the group
of Mid-Victorian scholars, artists, and
littirateura whose centres were Evuskin and
Carlyle. Mr. Wake, who in the Quaker
village of Fritchley occupied himself with
the businesses ol an antiquary and a book-
seller, was thought by Ruskin to have
gift.-, thai would have justified his taking
up art ;i- the work of his life. .\s it v.
in-, most striking and original contribution
to art was the production of his book
Catalogues, written with his own pen and
illustrated by sketches, which wen- then
circulated privately among hie friends ni
mile.
MUSIC
THE INCORPORATED SOCIETY OF
MUSICIANS.
Tin: first lecture -' Music and the Stage ' —
at the annual Conference of the Incorporated
Society of Musicians, held last week at, t ho
Hotel Cecil, was delivered by Mr. Norman
O'Neill, who, as director of the Eaymarket
Theatre orchestra (which supplied the
musical illustrations), has had practical
experience. His general description of in-
cidental music in the past, of which ho gave
one specimen, showed how poor it, was.
As to music between the acts, the idea still
prevails hi some theatres that, even when
the piece is tragic, '-lively strains keep up
the spirits of the public These and other
matters were described in a light, and at
times humorous, style. Mr. O'Neill made
the practical remark that he would like to
see some of the younger composers writing
for theatre orchestras. That would cer-
tainly be good for them, and good for
the theatres. But we were further told that
" it did not seem to have struck composers
to writo entr'acte music to a modern play."'
But have they ever been asked by play-
wrights or theatre managers to do so ? If
not, it is unlikely that they would be
tempted to such efforts. The idea, however,
is good. It would prevent young com-
posers, knowing the modest material at
their disposal, from being too ambitious.
On Thursday morning Mr. Frank Roscoe,
secretary of the Teachers' Registration
Council, delivered a lecture on ' The Place
of Music in a National System of Education.'
Every thoughtful musician must feel with
him that music should be compulsory in
State-aided secondary schools, as it is in
primary schools, but this is not the case. In
the secondary schools, music lessons can, it
is true, be given on request, as a kind of
luxury ; but few applications are made,
so that many children leave off just when
the subject is likely to become interesting
to them.
Mr. Roscoe hoped that music as a part
of education would be more fully appre-
ciated, and we understand him to mean by
persons interested in education. The.-i
naturally form their opinion to a large
extent from what they frequently hear.
i.e., commonplace and even bad music, and
dull, soulless interpretations of noble music,
the result of dull, soulless teaching. In any
case, many otherwise serious men and women
look upon it as an ornament . <>r even frivolous
amusement. Mr. Roscoe spoke of the period
of the Stuarts, when music was held in high
esteem. We f aucy that the pictures drawn
of musical England in those daysbywrib
principally professional musicians or gn
lovers of the art, are somewhat misleading ;
for bad or vulgar music would naturally not
be recorded.
Mr. Roscoe laid emphasis <>n the need
special teachers, so that the word " teacher
anal] " mean a measure of attainment in tie
subject, a certain power of imparting
knowledge of the subject, and a certain
experience in teaching the Bubjeot."
idea of training t< i oomparativelj
new, but, though il would in m.m\
|,roducc> excellent result -. it might in
other c.i je lead to mechanical teachin
uaih those who do not absorb what t;
learn from their train re. That, ho
. not the u> r< nil ol I
train i
A paper wa re. id b) Mr. Mired Kalisch
on the attitude teachers should adopt
72
THE A Til ENiEUM
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
towards modern music. He endorsed the
view set forth by Mr. Tobias Matthay in
his recent book that students should begin
with modern music, instead of the teacher
pursuing the old historical method. Mr.
Kalisch is reasonable, and distinguishes
between new and new; but although the
attempts of prominent composers of the
present to widen the boundaries of the art —
or even to create a new one — are full of
interest, who can say which, if any, will
• be regarded in the future as classics ? Surely,
then, the great composers of the past, whose
iame is established, should take precedence.
Jftusiral dossxp.
Dr. George Henschel, who is retiring
from public life as a singer this year, will
make his last appearance at the South
Place Sunday Popular Concerts to-morrow
■ evening, when he will sing some ballads by
Loewe, a composer for whose music he has
. always shown a strong predilection.
The Quinlan Opera Company are now
leaving Australia, where Wagner's ' Ring '
was first performed by them in English.
After visiting Canada and the United States,
they will return to England in the autumn,
and give a short season of opera outside
London. Mr. Quinlan will present, in
addition to the 29 works already in the
company's repertory, Mr. Eugen D'Albert's
' Tiefland,' produced in England for the
first time by Mr. Thomas Beecham ; Fevrier's
" Monna Vanna ' ; and last, but not least,
Wagner's ' Parsifal.' This work will be
given at Covent Garden on February 2nd
in German and by German artists ; Mr.
Quinlan will produce it in English with
English artists.
Stratjss's new ballet ' Potiphar's Wife '
is laid in Italy during the period of the
Renaissance. Joseph will not be taken by
M. Nijinsky, as was at first announced, but
by a new dancer. Another ballet for the
Russian company has been adapted to
; Till Eulenspiegel.'
The death took place last Monday, at the
age of 64, of Mr. Francis A. Cellier, the well-
known conductor. He was conductor of the
Gilbert and Sullivan operas at the Opera
Comique and the Savoy Theatre. He also
conducted at the English Opera-House in
1891. He and his brother Alfred were joint
■ composers of several operettas.
Ralph Ptjgno, who died at Moscow
last Sunday just as he was about to give a
series of recitals, was born at Montrouge
(Re de France) in 1852 or 1853. He was
• one of the best pianists of the day. His
speciality, however, was old music ; his
interpretations of Bach and Mozart were
unique. Pianists of the present day, with
a few honourable exceptions, neglect Mozart's
Concertos, probably thinking them too easy ;
Pugno possessed the secret of recreating the
music, so that it did not seem old. From
1892 to 1893 he was Professor of Harmony
at the Paris Conservatoire, but it was only at
the end of the latter year that he began to
give recitals. He first appeared in London
in May, 1894, and afterwards was a constant
and welcome visitor. He wrote an oratorio,
" The Raising of Lazarus,' some operettas,
songs, and piano pieces.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Six. Concert, 3.30. Royal Albert Hall.
— Sunday Concert Society, 3.30. Queen's Hall.
Mon. Dohnanyi's Pianoforte Recital, 3. ^Eolian fall.
— Herbert Fryer's Pianoforte Recital, 8.30. -Eolian Hall.
Tues. Tina Lemer's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15, .Eolian Hall.
Wed Anna Jerebtzova'a Vocal Recital, 8 30. Beehstein Hall.
Tulks. Twelve o'clock Chamber Concert, iEolian Hall.
— Muriel Davenport's Pianoforte Recital, 315. .Eolian Hall.
Fiir. Societe des Concerts Francais, 8 30, Bechsteiu Hall.
•-Sat. Queen's Hall Orchestra, 3, Queen's Hall.
— Rowsby Woof's Violin Recital, 3, Bechsteiu Hall.
Dramatic (Bossip.
' The Attack,' a translation by
George Egerton of M. Henry Bernstein's
' L'Assaut,' has little to commend it to the
serious playgoer. The only apparent ex-
planation of its production at the St.
James's Theatre is that it provides Sir
George Alexander with a part in which he
can be, by turns, " strong " and heroically
sentimental. But the part is not worthy
of the actor, though he obviously enjoys
playing it. This man, who has succeeded
in politics, and is attacked by a jealous
rival who makes public an indiscretion of
his early life, is, after all, only a cardboard
figure, and acts in accordance with the
dramatist's requirements. A striking in-
stance of this occurs in the last act, which
is merely an excuse for him to relate the
story of his life, amid a perfect orgy of
sentimentality. This act has no artistic
value ; it comes as an anticlimax, and
detracts from, rather than adds to, the
interest of the play.
The most human person in the piece is
the oily Frepeau, who plans the downfall
of the hero ; in the competent hands of Mr.
Holman Clark he proves an amusing, if
hypocritical, old rascal.
Miss Martha Hedman, a young Swedish
actress, made her debut on the English stage
as Renee, the girl who loves and is loved by
the middle-aged hero. She has a charming
personality, and it will be interesting to note
how she acquits herself in a part which
makes a greater demand on the talent she
undoubtedly possesses.
Possibly the English text has something
to do with the artificiality and dullness of
the dialogue ; it is not an inspiring piece
of work. But it should be added, in fair-
ness to the translator, that no excellence of
rendering could have made a good play.
The omission of ' Where the Rainbow
Ends ' from our notices of juvenile plays
last week having been remarked, we hasten
to confirm our favourable opinion of the
play, which has in this, its third year,
found a home at the Garrick, though we
think the somewhat petulant expressions
of fancied neglect in which St. George
indulges will have to be deleted if its
popularity is to continue. One result of its
success is that there is probably no other saint
in the calendar so well known and loved at
the moment by English boys and girls as he.
In the stalwart person of Mr. Reginald
Owen the famous exploit with the dragon
is repeated, and the forces of evil vanquished
to an accompaniment of cheers which must
be the envy of the other British patron saints.
It is a good old-fashioned play, in outline
too familiar to need description, in which
the good old-fashioned virtues are extolled,
and in which, it must also be said, old-
fashioned horrors are not omitted. Un-
fortunately, when darkness falls and memory
peoples the shadows with the dragon host
so realistically portrayed in this play, or
with Hook and his band in ' Peter Pan,'
St. George is sometimes apt to seem to little
people very far away.
Miss Nellie Bouverie as nasty Matilda
Flint is irresistibly comic ; Master Guido
Chiarletti scores a great success for the
silent, but expressive Cubs, whose per-
sonality often dominates the stage ; Masters
Harold French and Eric Rae make two
excellent cadets ; and Miss Mavis Yorke
as Will o' the Wisp has opportunities of
which her light fantastic toes make good use.
The provincial tour of Mr. Chesterton's
play ' Magic,' which was to have begun on
the 26th inst., has been postponed to the
first week in March, when it is to open at
Edinburgh. We regret to learn that the
reason for this is the state of the health of Mr.
Kenelrn Foss, of the Little Theatre, which
necessitates complete rest and absence from
London.
Efforts are being made to secure a theatre
for ' Magic ' in the West-End, upon the
termination of its run at the Little Theatre.
The trial of John Jasper for the murder
of Edwin Drood, which took place on Tues-
day night last at the King's Hall, Covent
Garden, was elaborately staged, and made
the occasion for an effective display of the
costume of the period. The jury, however,
composed of men of letters, was — apart from
Mr. Seccombe — in up-to-date clothing, and
was headed by Mr. Bernard Shaw, who
satisfied the demand for plenty of his fun.
Mr. G. K. Chesterton as Judge followed
various exponents of real law by securing
laughter for his remarks.
Here, as in the commission on the censor-
ship of the stage, the desire of the eminent
to be humorous rather spoilt the serious
side of the debate, which, after all, was,
we believe, arranged for the entertainment
of the Dickens Fellowship.
Jasper was found guilty of manslaughter,
which, the learned judge may like to know,
we have seen printed " Mans laughter :
Serious Charge." This verdict represents,
we think, beyond doubt the preponderance
of expert opinion concerning the intentions
of Dickens. There is good evidence supplied
by his contemporaries on the point which
cannot be put aside for ingenious possi-
bilities. Andrew Lang, the protagonist of
the contention that Drood survived, was
not certain of his case, and freely admitted
the difficulties which it involved, and which,
perhaps, he hardly realized to the full when
he wrote his book. Mr. Bransby Williams
gave, as might have been expected, a finished
impersonation of Durdles ; Mr. Arthur
Waugh was good as Crisparkle ; and Miss
J. K. Prothero had studied with effect the
part of the opium woman. Mr. C. Sheridan
Jones, on the other hand, gave so lively an
interpretation of Bazzard as to be out of the
character — unless we can suppose that after
leaving Mr. Grewgious the disappointed clerk
became a successful dramatist.
To Correspondents— S. H.— R. H. M.— J. B.-E. D.—
Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
Authors' Agents
Bagster & Sons
Bradshaw's School Directory
Catalogues
Educational
Exhibitions _
Francis & Co
Gardeners' Chronicle
Insurance Companies.^
Macmillan & Co
Marshall & Son
Miscellaneous .. _
Philip & Son
Printers
Provident Institutions
Sales by Auction
Shipping
Situations Vacant
Situations Wanted ..
Societies .. .. —
Times Book Club
Type-Writers, &c. ... ~
52.
'AGE
50
74
76
50
49
40
52
51
50
73
75
49
52
50
50
49
50
4'.l
49
49
50
49
No. 449S, Jan. 10, 1014
Til E AT II EN .KUM
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THE ATHENiEUM
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WORKS
BY THE LATE
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NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (January 10) CONTAINS—
NOTES: — Adjectives from French Place-Names — Robert Baron, Author of 'Mirza' — Irish Family
Histories — Sir Christopher and Sir William Perkins — Emerson in England — "Lunkard" —
London Nursery -Grounds — Chapel Royal, St. James's — " Relict " = Surviving Husband.
QUERIES :— Sir John Steuart, Bart.— "Trod," "Trode," Past Tense of " Tread"— Trilby— Micah,
Admonition, Argent, as Female Names — King's Lynn as a Spa — John Thurtell's Family :
"Widows' men," "Dead men's cloathes" — The Iden Brass at Penshurst — George Cotterell,
Banker, Naples — Mediaeval Bell — Over Kennett, Lancashire — Harriet Wilkes : Mrs. Rough —
Ways of being Lost : Hindu Reference Sought— Curious Names on a Coffin-Plate — Parishes in
Two or More Counties— Dover seen from Calais — Prior Family of Tewkesbury — Cromwell's
Illegitimate Daughter, Mrs. Hartop : Thomas Philpot — Moule — " Rawhead " and "Bloody-
Bones " — Biographical Information Wanted — Marsack — Brutton.
REPLIES : — Pirates : Capt. Woodes Rogers — The Wearing of Swords — Groom of the Stole — Glasgow
Cross and Defoe's 'Tour' — John Strout (Stroude), Devon— Pepys Query — Norborne — Dramatic
Criticism — Moira Jewel — "The honours three"— Burlesques of Mystery Plays — Uncollected
Kipling Items — Upright Stones in Open Churchyards — Thomas Hudson, Portrait Painter —
"Man is immortal till his work is done " — The Legend of St. Christopher : Painting at Ampthill
— Dr. W. Dick — Military : Coloured Print Wanted — ' Musarum Delicise ' — Heart-Burial in
Niches in Church Walls — Spong — Matthew Parker's Ordination — Governor Walker— Aphra
Behn's Comedies.
NOTES ON BOOKS : — ' Samplers and Tapestry Embroideries ' — Reviews and Magazines.
Booksellers' Catalogues.
London :
SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS, Limited,
15, Paternoster Row, E.C.
LAST WEEK'S NUMBER (January 3) CONTAINS—
NOTES: — Robert Baron, Author of 'Mirza' — First Edition of Browne's 'Britannia's Pastorals' —
Records of the Livery Companies — County Maps — " Carent" — Newton Ferrers — Roman Bath in
the Strand — Changes at Aldgate Pump — Sheppey Tree Cut Down — Sir T. Dingley — " Tallest
one-piece flagstaff."
QUERIES :— "Traverse the cart" — Personal Names in India — Lists of Bishops in Cathedrals — Badge
of the 6th Foot — Gods in Egypt — Fynmore : Mason : Linke — Joshua Webster — Pocock the
Orientalist— Cranch Family — Swinburne Hall — Dickens in London — 'Old London' — " Sijce-
blong" : a Dutch Word — Hawkins — Earl of Tankerville — Heraldic— Jeffreys Family— Musical
Congresses — 'Tales of Devon' — " Racker Way" — Napoleon III. 's Portrait — 'Queen of my
Heart ' — Glegg — Palceographic Contractions — W. H. Dally, Chartist — Thornley, Painter —
Partition of Poland — Ancient Views of Insanity.
REPLIES :— Shakespeare Second Folio— Throp's Wife— Guild of Knights— Sir G. Wright— "Mar-
riage " Surname — English spoken in Dublin — Cross-legged Effigies — Fire and New-Birth —
Dunstable Larks — J. Morgan — Phrases in ' Lorna Doone ' — Wild Huntsman — Polyglot ' Rubai-
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Bury's Library — Walter de Mundy, Knt. — Sir Ross Donnelly — Mrs. Wells— T. Burbidge and
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NOTES ON BOOKS :— « Life and Trial of Eugene Aram '— * Burke's Peerage and Baronetage.'
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,
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NEXT WEEK'S ATHENiEUM will include
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a Leading Article by Dr. MICHAEL SADLER,
entitled 'ENGLISH EDUCATION IN THE
SEETHING POT:
No. 4498, Jan. It), 1014
TH E A Til EN .KU M
i • >
THE ATHENjEUM.
JCast Week's jfithenaeum contained in the
FRENCH SUPPLEMENT
French Literature in 1913.
Napoleon and the French Revolution
(Les Panegyristes de Louis XVI. ; Les Conventionnels Regi-
cides ; Correspon dance du Due d'Enghien ; Le General
Dumouriez ; Vers Brumaire; Un Medecin de la Grande Armee;
L'Albanie et Napoleon; L'Esprit Public de 1814 a 1816).
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La Duchesse de Berry et les
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La Formation des Caracteres —
Mysticisme et Domination.
Voltaire's Correspondence.
Les Sources Latines des Romans
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Romains.
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jftmong the English Jjooks reviewed were:
The Golden Bough. Mitchel's Jail Journal.
Madame Necker.
Cecil Rhodes.
India of To-day,
The Australian Commonwealth.
The Hapsburg Monarchy.
Broadsides, Chapbooks, and Garlands.
My Life in Sarawak.
The Valley of the Moon.
A British Chaplain in Paris in 1801. Old Mole.
And other Contents included : — Books Published during last Week. — English Renderings
of French Poetry.— Verse : To the Author of 'The Golden Bough.' — An Obituary of Jules
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Leben. — Besides Dramatic and other Gossip.
Published Weekly by Messrs. HORACK .MARSHALL & SON, 125, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
70
THE ATHKNiEl'M
No. 4498, Jan. 10, 1914
Bradshaw's School Directory.
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DOLLAR INSTITUTE, near Stirling.
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Fees from £50.
EASTBOURNE.— ALDRO SCHOOL.
Preparation for Public Schools and Osborne. Playing ground, 5 acres.
Fees 100 gns. Rev. H. R. Browne, M.A.
ELLESMERE.— S. OSWALD'S.
Sound education at moderate fees. ,£30 a year.
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In best part of Folkestone. Preparation for Public Schools and
Navy. Fees £80.
G. A. Nettleton, M.A. Oxon, and H. B. Jeffery,
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HARROGATE.— PANNAL ASH COLLEGE.
11 acres of grounds. Thorough teaching. Fees from £42.
Walter S. Hill, F.R.G.S. F.R.Met.S.
RAMSGATE.— ST. LAURENCE COLLEGE.
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ST. BLAISE, near Neuchatel.— VILLA VERTE RIVE.
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SOUTHBOURNE-ON-SEA, near Bournemouth.— PEMBROKE LODGE.
Preparatory School, stands high in 4 acres of ground.
G. Meakin, M.A.
SOUTHPORT.— MODERN SCHOOL.
Classics, Languages, Commercial Subjects. Fees from 42 gns.
Major J. C. Underwood, A.C.P. F.R.G.S.
VILLENEUVE-MONTREUX.— CHELTONIA.
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Old established Protestant School. Terms moderate.
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EDINBURGH, Grange.— STRATHEARN COLLEGE.
Private School of Cookery, Housekeeping, &c, for the daughters of
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High-class School for Girls. Physical, Mental, and Moral Development
of each Pupil Studied.
Miss Newnham.
LAUSANNE.— LA BERGERONETTE.
Special facilities for Languages, Music, Art, &c.
Miss Nicholas.
Fees from 70gns.
LUGANO.
First-class Boarding School for Young Ladies. Well known, and
especially recommended for the teaching of languages.
Mile. J. M. Cunier.
OUCH Y-L AUSANNE. — ROSENECK.
First-class Finishing School, Music, Painting, &c.
SEASCALE. - CALDER SCHOOL.
Efficient staff, including mistress for Gymnastics and Games. Depart-
ments for Junior and Senior Girls. Fees from £54.
The Misses Wilson, Newnham College. Cambridge,
and The Training College. Cambridge.
TORBAY, TORQUAY'.— LAURISTON HALL SCHOOL.
Entire charge of children from abroad. Beautiful situation.
The Misses Viccars.
VEVEY.— LKS CHARMETTES.
On the Lake of Geneva. Agreeable family life. All educational
advantages. Fees £70.
Mile. Moulin, directrice diplomee.
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The salary will be 1501. per annum.
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TV/TANCHESTER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
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1914-to THE CHAIRMAN OF THE EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
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December 24, 1913.
C
O U N T Y
O F
LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the position of
TEACHER OF GENERAL STUDY at the LONDON COUNTY
COUNCIL CLAPHAM SCHOOL OF ART, EDGELY ROAD. 8.W.
The Teacher will be required to act as responsible teacher on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY EVENINGS at a fee of 10». Od. an
attendance; and as Assistant Teacher on MONDAY and THURSDAY
E VEN INGS at 7s. 6d an attendance.
Applicants must have a thorough knowledge of Drawing and
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Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of
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by 11 a.m. on SATURDAY. January 21. 1914. Every communication
must lie marked "T.I "on the envelope
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will be held to be a dis-
qualification for appointment
LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.O.
January 13, 1914.
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No. 4499, Jan. 17, 1J)14
TU E ATM E X .HUM
79
OSCAR WILDE
HIS LIFE AND CONFESSIONS
BY
FRANK HARRIS
There is no doubt that this book will be the classic biography of Oscar Wilde.
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The Author writes :—" Oscar Wilde I knew for nearly twenty years, from his college days to his death, intimately; saw him first in hi-
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joyed with him in liberty, and loved him from the beginning to the end as we weak mortals love, with interludes of vain temper and momentary estrange-
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Greece, to an account of the Hellenic finances,
and to an excellent consideration of the Spirit o£
Hellenism."
SURFACE WAVES OF
SAND AND SNOW,
AND THE EDDIES
WHICH PRODUCE THEM.
By VAUGHAN CORNISH, D.Sc. F.R.G.S.
F.G.S. Illustrated by about 60 Photographs
taken by the Author, Maps, and Diagrams.
Demy 8vo, cloth, 10s. net.
The present work on ' Surface Waves of Sand
and Snow ' is a companion volume to Dr. Cornish's-
book on ' Waves of the Sea and other Water
Waves.' It is a record of what the author has-
added to previous knowledge by his own observa-
tions, which were commenced eighteen years ago-
In almost all cases the author photographed the
phenomena which he observed, and the illustra-
tions are the most extensive and complete which
have yet been published.
THE
"LIFE AND ADVENTURES
OF ARMINIUS VAMBERY.
Told by Himself. With 16 Illustrations, and
an Introduction by MAX NORDAU. Cloth,
5s.
Contemporary Review. — "A most fascinating
work, full of interesting and curious experiences."
NEW 6/= NOVELS.
THE ROCKS OF VALPRE.
By ETHEL M. DELL, Author of 'The-
Way of an Eagle ' and ' The Knave of
Diamonds.'
WESTWAYS.
By Dr. S. WEIR MITCHELL, Author of
' Hugh Wynne,' &e.
THE MARRIAGE OF CECILIA.
By MAUDE LEESON. A new volume in
" The First Novel Library."
T. FISHER UN WIN, 1, Adelphi Terrace, London,,
and of all Booksellers and Libraries.
No. 4499, Jan. 1
l!)14
T 11 K A T 11 i:\ a:v m
83
SATURDAY, JANUARY . /;.
CONTBMTS. PAGE
rng Oxford Dictionary
PSYCHK > 1 vsk
IOUP OF Fkkm ll Poets iPr. f. rences) .. .. S4
riiK Puritans in Power 85
ria- Hungary Presknt am> Past (Austria of
the Austrians ; Hungary's Fight for National
Kdataaoe) so
crock's Philosophy of thk Practicjj 87
Bsnrt Jambs, a Critical Stodi 88
Cbani i 88
•ruv. Possbssrd S9
s Pi BLISBBO Tins Week (Theology — Poetry—
History ami Biography, S9 ; Geography and Travel
S i.'logy— Economics — Politics —School-Books
—Philology— Literacy Criticism— Fiction, 90; An-
nuals ■ndDirectories— Reviews and Magazines—
Oen-ral — Pamphlets — Science, 91; Fine-Arts —
Drama, 92) S9-92
Marion Grace Kennedy ; Mr. W. E. A. Axon ;
English Church Services in Rome 98
Literary Gossip 93
scb— Problems or Genetics; a New Era in
chemistry ; Societies; Meetings Next Week ;
Gosmi- 94-95
Fine Arts-An Introduction to English ARCHI-
TECTURE; Mr. Eric Gill's Sculpture; other
iibitions; Modern Art Exhibition at
Brighton ; Gossip 06-93
Mi sic— Gossip; Performances Next Week .. 99
Drkma— Chitra; Gossip 99
\ to adnertisers .. 103
LITERATURE
.4 A** w English Dictionary on Historical
Principles. — Sorrow-Speech. (Vol. IX.)
Edited by W. A. Craigie. (Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 5 .)
In this section, which contains a liberal
re of important and interesting words,
find that many of them have " not
n fully explained in previous Die-
though Dr. Craigie modestly
limits the application of this expression
' the whaling term specksioneer." for
which the latest quotation is Mr. Kipling's
• : v -as,' 24, in the form '" 'speck-
ner." The word is an alteration of
olloquial Dutch "speksnijer" (literally,
blubbercutter "). the designation of " a
•• : usually the chief harpooner,
whaler, who directs the. .. .cutting
the blubber." To give one other
■t the fuller explanations in the
S E I' urce," 8b.: La now shown to
meant upport or underprop"
" r: and the " act of rising on the
about the same <1 it* as, the
-' instai gistered of the senses
' -pririLT of water or fountain-head,"
' d as the earliesl meanings
I • remainder of the article on " sor-
sb begun in the section issued
April, almost fill- tie- first column,
urly half th<- space being devoted to
combinations. It illustrates the use of
wool ,t- ■ a term of abuse, reproof,
depreciation applied to persons" from
3 '• and Hood, and from a Scots work
first half of the fifteenth eenturv :
' Siche Bary sorowez [such sorry sorrows]
,'i-M-lf." The two columns ol quota-
tions for the adjective ' Borry "" -how
that it- corruption from the earlier English
' Bory with long o began before the
middle of the sixteenth century, and pie
vailed in the next. It may relieve those
who would rather be discourteous than
untruthful to lie informed authoritatively
that the phrase " 1 'm sorry " is " often
employed .... to express mere sympathy
or apology."
About three dozen modern words, in
addition to numbers of obsolete items,
are noticed for the first time, including
" sorrower." " sorrow ingly " (Athenceum,
lstio). '" sorrow v." " soup meagre " (1734,
Fielding. ' Miser '), "" sovereignly," adj.,
■' spae\ ." " spae," sb., " spacing," sb.,
'• specimenify " (Land)), and " soutane."
The presence of the last word makes the
absence of a fellow-alien, " specialite."
unaccountable.
We notice a number of familiar and im-
portant entries, many of them mono-
syllabic, each occupying from half a
column to six columns, while the longest
article, on the verb " speak," has only
twelve. Monotony does not even per-
vade the sixteen pages containing deriva-
tives of the Latin base " spec-." The
colloquial " spec " for " speculation " is
found in American literature as early as
1794, and in English from 1825. " Spara-
gus " is found under the date 1543, and
this pronunciation is quoted from Pepys
and Cowper ; while Addison in The Spec-
tator gives " sparrow-grass " in conjunc-
tion with Oxford " ducklins " the entree
to refined circles.
The syllables '" sound " and " spar "
stand for eleven words each : the former
for three current and two obsolete or
dialectal nouns, an adjective, two cur-
rent and two other verbs, and an adverb ;
the latter for eight nouns and three verbs.
The noun and verb " spar," terms of
cockfighting and boxing, meant ** a
thrust " (e.g., of a spear) and " to dart
or spring ; to strike or thrust rapidly,"
about 1400, as quotations show, the
action " dart " being compared with the
motion of a spark. (jJood examples of
the great superiority of the Oxford Dic-
tionary in the important field of sense-
development is afforded by the evidence
it has brought within reach of the
public as to " space," sb. and vb., and
"spare," sb. and vb., in general Jhitisli
use. Quotations dated about 1300 and
1338 are given for the first definition of
■ -pace " " Lapse or extent of time
between two definite points " ; while for
the second division of the article, devoted
to instances " Denoting area or extension."
the earliest English citation is from
Chaucer, 1374. though a Scotch work.
possibly earlier, ' K. Alis.' 7146 (Laud MS.),
gives the meaning, " A certain. . . .area <>f
ground." for the astronomical "stellar
depths " we find the first known authority
to he .Milton. KKiT. ' Paradise Lost,' i. 650 :
■• Space may produce new Worlds."
for " space," vh..the earliest sense is not
perfectly clear in the extract 1538
Leland, ' [tin.' (1769) \ ii. 71 . . . .a very
large Courte buildyd about with Tymbar
and spacyd withe Brike." Then con
from 1548 t" 1835: "To limit or bound
in reaped <>l space ; to make of a certain
extent " : w bile Spenser's use for " ramble
or roam." which we find occur- .it least
three times, j- preceded by an extract from
Knox, about L572, in which the area
traversed seems limited : " Maister George
spaced up ami doune behynd the hie
altar." Of "spare," sb., the merciful
meaning has been found from about 1300,
the economical from 1577; of "spare,"
vb., the corresponding dates arc about
825 and about 1000.
We assume that "spaneiny." found in
some dictionaries for " spaiuemia." one of
the few technical terms of this issue is
omitted advisedly, and we can only blame
luck for the absence of notice of the applica-
tion to the motion of a human being of
"spark," vb., in the section "To issue.
come forth, fall. &c, as. . . .sparks." This
rarity occurs in Mr. H.deYere Stacpoole'fi
'Patsy,' chap. xiv. p. 110, 'Spark off
downstairs.'. ...' Yes, sir,' replied Patsy.
and he sparked."
The dissyllabic pronunciation of " sove-
reign," colloquially, and also without an
apostrophe in literature, ought to have
been noticed in dictionaries which treat
the word simply as trisyllabic; but we
cannot accept without protest the omis-
sion of the trisyllabic variety, as though
it were obsolete. We should have given
both modes of utterance, putting tin-
longer first. Analogy supports our view,
e.g., " impoverish," " hovering " (Milton,
" hov'ring "), " reverend." and several
other words, in which the e of -rtr- is
lightly sounded as an indistinct vowel.
Poets may have shrunk from placing it
so that readers might be tempted to em-
phasize the " -reign." which suggests a
false etymology. The chiefly Scotch fif-
teenth- and sixteenth - century spelling
"soveran[ej '" occurs in Dr. \Y. Beadlam's
translation. &c. of 'The Agamemnon of
iEschylus,' v. 84 (1910):—
But thou our soveran Lad J Queen.
Milton's " sovran." " m\ canty " (from the
Italian sovrano), are treated in separate
articles, in which Coleridge, Land). Tenny-
son, FitzGerald, and Dr. Mahaffy are also
quoted.
In the multitude of extracts from all
manner of literature— there arc more
than 15.000 in this latest portion oi the
vast work — occasional flashes of raciness
or comicality of some kind are inevitable,
but one hardly expects this sort of thing,
even if the grotesque effect has obvioush
been produced in all seriousness, to be
found in articles on the solemn words
" soul" and " soulful." However, in 1606
Sylvester could write
in Sonnets
Evaporate your Bweel Boule-boyling Flan
and in Mi»7 Trapp. i- quoted t"i Fa8l ni.
days are soul fatting daj s."
It is interesting to find that 'he French
sotie " i kind ot Farce, on,' of man}
< iontinental words - </ ' ie from
Spanish " "/"/ Portuguese afotea \
ten ice or flal root ' had been borrowed,
m 1 1,,- , n -, Foolishness follj bj
< tower oid < laxton ; \\ bile the allii d
-,tti^e " is cited fr I" yden ( L673
and North
Tin- issue ,,f the
Vol VIM.. h\ Dr.
f,ri April I -t
remaining portion of
C,i.idle\ i- annoum i d
84
THE A Til ENiBUM
No. 4-199, Jan. 17, 1914
Psyche's Task. Second Edition, revised and
enlarged. To which is added The Scope
of Social Anthropology. By J. G. Frazer.
(Macmillan & Co.. 5s. net.)
If a friend who has been absent for a
season returns to us unimpaired in the
quality of his humour, we cannot count
it a change for the worse if in the mean-
time he has grown somewhat bulkier
about the waist. So it is with " Psyche's
Task.* This little treatise originated in
a lecture delivered before the Royal
Institution. Herein a single point was
handled, and handled strongly — namely,
that, absurd as the superstitions of the
savage may be when considered in them-
selves, they have in many ways wrought
useful service for mankind. Utterly fan-
tastic as they are from the standpoint of
theory, they have often proved in prac-
tice to be highly beneficial.
Thus the doctrine of the divine right
of kings has made for good government in
the past, even though modern enlighten-
ment, with its base-born love of statistics,
assures us that, of the 2.400 persons
on whom Louis XVI. laid his sainted
hands on the occasion of his coronation,
only five were fortunate enough to recover
of their scrofula. Private property, too,
if no longer sacred in the eyes of Radical
politicians, used to be protected in a
cheap and effective way amongst the
civilized nations of antiquity by means
of ourses ; while the modern savage
knows how to bring the sea-pike taboo,
the white-shark taboo, the cross-stick
taboo, the ulcer taboo, or the thunder
taboo — mystic man-traps and spiritual
spring-guns of the most direful efficacy —
to bear on the sacrilegious person of the
primitive socialist. Marriage, again, is
sanctified by the belief that offences
against its laAvs are not merely to be rated
crimes, but also as sins. In this context
Dr. Frazer cannot refrain from discharging
his well-filled note-book on us in regard
to the superstitions which underlie the
custom of avoiding relations by marriage.
Are we to understand him to hold that,
in the interests of the higher life, any
excuse is better than none for setting up
a barrier against that favourite bugbear
many centuries old, the mother-in-law ?
If not, we fail to grasp exactly how this
particular class of taboo can be held to
possess " pragmatic value."* Finally, re-
spect for human life has been strengthened
by horror of the manslayer and fear of the
victim's ghost ; though, for the matter of
that, there are ingenious methods by
which the homicide can set himself free
of the dread — mostly unpleasant methods,
however, as when Orestes, after murdering
his mother, recovered his wits by biting
off one of his fingers, and henceforth saw
the Furies white instead of black.
So much, then, for the facts. It would
appear that in the past mankind has
positively drawn profit from its mistakes.
That long record of human folly which
such a work as ' The Golden Bough '
professes to chronicle must now be
regarded in a new light. We seem at
first sight forced to betake ourselves anew
to the primitive theory that folly is of
the gods — that sanity is delusion, and
delusion a prime qualification in a
shepherd of the people. Worse even than
that, we are left wondering whether,
since there are beneficent falsehoods, there
may not likewise be pernicious truths.
After all. there are those who would place
the whole of Dr. Frazer's works upon the
Index. Into these matters of high philo-
sophy, however, our author does not
go very deeply. He is content, in a
brief epilogue, to indicate the faith that
is in him concerning the eventual victory
of the truth. Indeed, his attitude towards
obscurantists, conscious or unconscious,
amounts to no more than this : that he
would gladly try the lot of them, but
might not be prepared to hang them all.
In ' The Scope of Social Anthropology '
behold our author divested of his fancy
dress of Devil's advocate, and arrayed in
the conventional habit of a Professor of
the University of Liverpool. In this
case, however, it is no ordinary professor-
ship that is inaugurated ; for we may
suspect that the man was not chosen to
fit the Chair, but rather that the Chair
was built to fit this particular man. So
far as we are aware, three of the world's
Universities, and three alone — more is the
shame ! — can boast of possessing teachers
of Social Anthropology, at any rate, eo
nomine. Hence, if the triumvirate so
constituted were agreed amongst them-
selves, we presume that they might deter-
mine the scope of the subject exactly as
they chose, since no one would have
an official right to contradict them. Not
without a certain nervousness, then, do
we inquire of the representative of this
very special Faculty what it is that he
will be pleased to appropriate as his
sphere. Anthropology, after all, is the
study of man, and social anthropology
the study of man in society. When the
triumvirate has cut for itself a satisfying
slice out of the humanities, how much of
the cake, we ask in alarm, will be avail-
able for the rest of us ? Will any Chairs
be left, or must we henceforth sit on the
floor and scramble for the falling crumbs ?
Dr. Frazer at once reassures us. He
defines Social Anthropology as " the
embryology of human thought and insti-
tutions." As a whole the study of
human society corresponds to what is
often conveniently, if barbarously, termed
Sociology ; or perhaps we might be
permitted simply to call it History.
But the rudimentary phases of man's
social life constitute a particular depart-
ment vast enough to occupy its own
class of students, since it comprehends
in its purview, " first, the beliefs and cus-
toms of savages, and, second, the relics
of these beliefs and customs which have
survived like fossils among peoples of
higher culture." When it is added — and
Dr. Frazer might have made this point
more clearly, though it is doubtless implied
in what he has said — that the prehistoric
no less than the modern savage provides
subject-matter for the social emmyologist,
it becomes obvious that Dr. Frazer's slice
of cake is large enough to satiate that
most lusty appetite of his, and, neverthe-
less, that we other students of man are in
no danger of being starved.
Illustrations follow of the problems
whereof this branch of study is prolific,
and one at least is especially well selected,
if the author's object was to allure your
fighting type of man by holding out the
prospect of sport. We are informed that
the investigation of marriage customs
and of the systems of relationship pre-
vailing among many savage tribes — the
latter subject, at any rate, being apt to
prove somewhat thorny to the tyro — sug-
gests that these were evolved from a
preceding (though not necessarily primi-
tive) state of sexual promiscuity. As in
a companv of metaphysicians one has
only to ask " Is the Will free ? " to set
them off till midnight, so amongst the
votaries of social anthropology the hypo-
thesis of a sexual promiscuity may be
trusted to keep things merry so long as
Chairs endure, or even after the chairs
have been resolved into their elements.
After a warning of the extent to which
superstition is still with us — and. be it
noted, the paradox of its possible utility
is no longer maintained — Dr. Frazer con-
cludes with a powerful plea, addressed
primarily to those who have the care of
the British Empire in their keeping, not
tacitly to consent to put off the study of
the peoples of the lower culture until it is.
too late : —
" We owe it to them, we owe it to our-
selves, we owe it to posterity, who will
require it of our hands, that we should
describe them as they were before we found
them, before they ever saw the English
flag and heard, for good or evil, the English
tongue."
It is satisfactory to reflect that since
these words were uttered, and doubtless
in some part because they were uttered,
the British Government has displayed an
increasing sense of its duties in this
respect, and is in a fair way to act up to
the principle that lasting power goes hand
in hand with knowledge.
A GROUP OF FRENCH POETS.
Ever since the days of Taine and Sainte-
Beuve, who were creative forces in litera-
ture, the French have steadily and easily
maintained their position in the very
front rank of the world's criticism, by
virtue both of their qualities of style and
of the astonishing range of their culture..
For, indeed, they excel the critics of:
other nations on both sides : they have-
nearly always something more telling to*
say, and an unsurpassed faculty of saying
it.
For the past twenty years at least, a
large body of good French criticism has been
issued under the auspices of the Mercwe
de France. These books, indeed, bear the-
sign of their origin in their pages no less
than on their covers ; as often happens
when a number of young writers form a
literary cenacle, they fall into habits of
Preferences. Par Paul Escoube. (Paris,.
'Mercure de France,' 3fr. 50.)
No. 441)!), Jan. 17, 1014
Til E AT 11 E NJEU M
85
thought common to all of them, and even
into certain recognized tricks of expression,
which are at once tin- badge of their union,
and the mark which distinguishes them
from the rest of the mass of writers.
■ Preferences,1 without any claims to
a place in the first class of criticism, is
fully up to the high standard of scholar-
ship and sympathetic interpretation which
we have learnt to associate with the
Mercun rf< France. In it M. Escoube gives
us five studies of French men of letters,
of whom only M. Keiny de Gourmont is
-till living and working. The remaining
four are all poets, of high reputation in
their own country, whose lives ended at
different periods during the last twenty
years. The work of two of them, Verlaine
and Mallarme, is well known in
England ; while the other two, Charles
Guerin and Jules Laforgue. are scarcely
known here even by name.
The longest and most interesting study
in the book, entitled " Jules Laforgue as
Knight of the Grail,' deals comprehen-
sively with the life and ideas of that
unhappy young poet, whose work, in-
complete and unequal as it was (Laforgue
died at 2~). has had a wide influence
on the contemporary generation of French
ts. His real though fragile charm,
made up of emotion mingled with irony,
of cries of pain interspersed with self-
mockery, was recognized to some extent
in France before his early death, though
ircely beyond the circle of his friends.
Since then many critics have done justice
to the brilliance and originality of a
man cut off long before his prime.
His works are little more than an out-
line of what he might have done : hut
his personality is plainly revealed in the
two or three thin volumes of verse, tales,
and letters which compose his slight
test to posterity.
M. Escoube also writes of the poet with
a warm hut critical admiration founded
■ i thorough knowledge of his writings.
The intellectual life of Jules Laforgue
use, and the evolution of his
aind moved in a complex, rather unusual
irse. The study of philosophy and
•• led him from Christianity to
Etationalism, and his Rationalism soon
forced him to believe with Schopenhauer
that happiness can only be won by stifling
the will to live. But. despite his ill-
■1th. his youth and vitality wen- still
enough to override the' decision of
intellect, which finally found a justi-
tion of lib- elsewhere, and in what 1
1" '" Bui he could not rest content
■with this internal variance, and his intelli-
ce was driven to seek a way of recon-
cilement with the deeper impulse of his
in-tinct. rhenceforward the cry for love
mi.- tl,.- dominant chord of all his
but it is the irrepressible gamin-
marks even bis most heartfelt
utterances that gives them their individual
mp. Li-t.n to the close of tlu- poem
called ' Dimanches ' : —
Allans, derniei dei i>o<'te8,
'■' i t'-rrri- tu te rendlM malade
detu sous d'ellebare,
{,'a t<: f<_-ra une petite pzomeo
and compare it with the grave alexan-
drines and the high exaltation of the poem
' Le Sanglot de la Terre,' w ith its retrain —
Je n'aurai paa <t«- Li i>a- dans los 6toiles.
Laforgue is plainly among the lesser
immortals.
We have dwelt on one essay out of
five because it is the best in the book, and
because its subject needs to be better
known here than he is ; but all the
four others, especially the study of
Remy de Gourmont, contain sound and
delicate appreciation, and deserve careful
scrutiny. 3k Escoube has made a worthy
contribution to modern criticism.
The Puritans in Power : a Study in the
History of the English Church from 1640
to 1660. By G. B. Tatham. (Cam-
bridge University Press, Is. 6d. net.)
Encouraged, no doubt, by the pioneer
work of Oxford teachers — S. R. Gardiner
and Prof. Firth — Cambridge scholars have
recently devoted a good deal of attention
to one aspect of the Civil War, and
with excellent results. Two admirable
monographs were those of Mr. Tatham on
Walker and his famous * Sufferings of the
Clergy,' and Mr. Seaton on ' The Theory of
Toleration under the Later Stuarts.' Mr.
Tatham now follows up his earlier and
restricted essay by a more extended
study of the nature of the Puritan rule
between 1640 and 1660. The dates are
justified, for the Puritan predominance in
Church matters begins with the earlier
of these years. The House of Commons,
whatever the bishops might try to do.
could have its own way. md prevent any
" innovations " ; and this was but a step
to the destruction of old Church customs
and usage. " By vertue of an order of
the House of Commons. . . .this Committee
doth require you to do " such and such
things, is the manner of 1643 ; but the
power behind it had been shown much
earlier.
What it invoked Mr. Tatham has now-
shown in a close and accurate survey, He
traces in a " Prelude " the growth of opposi-
tion to the ecclesiastical policy of < lharles I .
till the Long Parliament "crowned their
work of destruction " by the execution of
Laud. He then describes the parochial
clergy in the period of dispossession,
shows on what trivial charges most were
ejected, and attributes the real reason,
in the majority of cases, to '" malignancy,"
that is to politics not religion. In a lew
cases only — as at Watcrbcach. between
Cambridge and Ely — he finds the even
tenor of village life undisturbed. In bis
discussion of the social standing of the
Caroline clergy (where he rightly draws
attention to flic almost forgotten refuta-
tion of Macaulay by Churchill Babmgton)
he makes a distinction which we should
not be disposed to accept. He says : —
"The -trata of society in tin' seventeenth
century were Bet on broader and less com-
plex I j 1 1 . — than those of to-day. On 1 1 * * ■ one
hand, •> wider gap separated the nobility
and landed gentry from what would now
be called 1 1 1< - middle classes, but, on the
other, below this main division there were
fewer of those subtle grades which charac-
terise the modern social arrangement. Ii
was not, therefore, thai the clergj were
recruited from fl different class, bul rather
that they were drawn from a greater number
of classes. The nobility and upper classes
did nut favour orders as a profession for
their sons. Members of g I families were,
"i course, to !><• found not infrequently
among the clergy, but Barnabas Olej s
instances prove that it was the exception
rather than the rule.'1
No doubt it is true that not many
"'scions of nobilit\ ' took holy orders,
though we think there was Q0 great
difference, in proportion, from the Middle
Ages; but no one can read the corre-
spondence of the seventeenth centur\ —
the Yerney letter--, for example — without
seeing that the gap between the higher
gentry and the trading classes was very
small indeed. The younger sons of the
county families often became merchants
or tradesmen — a thing which would have
been impossible in the Middle Ages ; and a
considerable number of the clergy were
men of gentle birth.
The chief novelty of the book is
an investigation, more careful and com-
plete than has ever been given before,
of the effects of the Puritan rule on the
Universities. This is an admirable piece
of work, on which real research has been
expended. We do not think that in
regard to Cambridge it could have been
improved, but we are disposed to believe
that a little more information about
Oxford might be found in the Sheldon
manuscripts at the Bodleian. In regard
to both Universities Mr. Tatham has made
a substantial addition to our knowledge.
As to the fate of the ejected cleTgy,
Mr. Tatham says also much thai ia of
great interest to-day. His testing of
Walker is here supplemented by 8 good
deal of additional information. It was
no doubt presumed thai proper provision
vi as made for those w ho had been deprived,
but, he says,
"Although the intention of the Govern-
ment in this matter was clear, the ques-
tion was a constant source ol friction
between the ejected clergy and their un-
lawful successors. At first the intruders
endeavoured to evade the [avi on the ground
that the original order ol 1644 had not
specifically included clergymen among other
delinquents, and Fuller, in his Church
History, mentions many other subterfti
to which they had recourse. The new n-
cum bents complained thai the parishioners
were incited to withhold the payment of
their tithes, and consequently refused to
paj a fifth pari ol their income i" thi ir
predecessors. Very likely, in some
the\ had reason on their Bide, and the
beha\ iour attributed to Bon I ' he I
paJian clergy was hardly creditable. ' a
of incitement to w ithhold tith<
among t he entries ol the < omroit t<
Plundered Ministers, and in
open \ iolence broke out.
There can be little doubt thai th<
ol obvious and flagrant in just id to
clergj as w< II as to countrj squi
had a good deal to do w ith thi on
which led to the restoral t < touch
and King, the mosl distinctlj popular
movemenl in English history .
86
T II E AT If KX.E I'M
No. 4491), Ja\. IT, 1914
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY PRESENT AND
PAST.
Till very recent times the Austrian Empire
had to a large extent escaped the atten-
tion of English writers, and, though
something has been done in the last few-
years to fill the gap, there was still plenty
of room for a good general book on the
Dual Monarchy, which is likely to play
a very important part in the affairs of
Europe in the future. The Hungarian
problem demands serious consideration.
Two books have now been published : the
one dealing with the existing conditions
in the two countries, and the other devot-
ing itself to a history of the revolution in
Hungary.
To consider first the present day,
we have not been able, without much
reserve, to commend all the volumes of
the " Countries and Peoples Series.*1 but
the account of Austria-Hungary before us
deserves high praise. It is a good book,
split into tA\o distinct parts, like the
land with which it deals, and each part
has its separate Index.
The history of Austria and of her Parlia-
ment and politicians is well done. It is
brightly written, and contains much to
help those who want to learn something
of the working of the cumbersome Par-
liamentary machinery in that country.
The authors point out that to an English-
man it is puzzling to understand how any
good effect can be expected from a Parlia-
ment which appears to consist of twenty
clubs ; and that to the English statesman
" it cannot but seem impossible that an
empire which is composed of eight nations
should go on existing for any length of
time." They give it as their opinion
that " the very co-existence of so many
nations under the same rule is the raison
d'etre of Austria " ; and we agree that
it is the mixture of races and religions
which secures the continued existence of
the Empire. Austria is full of discordant
elements, but that very fact causes her
to have different sets of powerful friends
outside her territory to whom she can
turn for advice, and with whom continual
intrigue is carried on.
A chapter on Education in Austria gives
in a short space as good an account of the
educational system of that country as is
required by the general reader ; and the
chapters on Literature and the Press (we
note the distinction) are admirable ; as
are the pages devoted to the Constitution,
and to Vienna and life in that fascinating
city.
The army and navy of the Empire are
not dealt with in a very serious way ;
and we part company from the writers
when they state that the Austro-Hungarian
Austria of the Austrians, and Hungary of
the Hungarians. By L. Kellner, Madame
Paula Arnold, and Arthur L. Delisle.
(Pitman & Sons, 6s. net.)
Hungary's Fight for National Existence ; or,
The History of the Great Uprising led
by Francis Rakoczi II., 1703 - 1711.
By Ladislas, Baron Hengelmiiller. (Mac-
millan & Co., \Qs\Qd. net.)
army " is equal to the other great Euro-
pean armies in every respect." Do the
authors really think that the dual army
is equal to the strain of a single-handed
war with Russia or with Germany I
Do they believe that an army which costs
some fourteen or fifteen millions sterling
could stand against, say, that of Germany,
which costs, we suppose, more than thrice
as much '( We may agree that the fleet
of Austria is " small," but must differ
from the praise awarded to the '* perfectly
efficient Navy consisting of four Dread-
noughts *' — " not launched yet." &c.
The authors are fully justified in defend-
ing the annexation of Bosnia and Herze-
govina against attacks made on it in
England, and they might even have gone
further than they have done, for it is
known that at the Berlin Congress the
Powers gave secret assurances to Austria
which went even beyond Lord Beacons-
field's famous speech, which is quoted here.
When we turn to the half of the book
devoted to Hungary, for which Mr.
Delisle appears to be solely responsible,
we get a better account of the franchises
of Hungary than is easiby to be found
elsewhere. The Hungarian franchises are
so complicated that even our own, which
nobody here understands, are simple in
comparison. Mr. Delisle appears to hold
some impracticable old-fashioned views
of his own about the suffrage with which
no responsible English statesman is likely
to sympathize ; but before we leave him
on the subject of voting we note the remark
that the elections of 1910 in Hungary
were the most corrupt within recent times.
Mr. Delisle's account of the social
legislation of Hungary is good, and his
statistics are accurate and up to date.
He knows Hungary so well that we are
tempted to quote at length his somewhat
gloomy forecast as to the ambitions of the
Heir Apparent : —
" His .... Imperial and Royal Highness
contemplates in the not distant future a
coup d'etat. .. .Judging his dominions to
have reached the decisive point when they
must live or die, dissolve or rise to greater
power and glory, the Archduke has con-
ceived a mighty plan. He designs to set
free all those peoples who, discontented and
at variance, make up the Dual Monarchy ; of
establishing [sic] new principalities, and thus
the great confederation of states comprising
Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, with their
personal chiefs and autonomy ; Servia, with
her frontiers expanded by recent victories
. . . .and Montenegro, increased by a portion
of Dalmatia and of Herzegowina — all these,
erected into duchies, principalities, and
kingdoms, he would make free, vigorous,
and contented, in a vast empire of which he
himself would be the head and centre ! "
To all this we will only add that military
weakness, race quarrels, Socialism, and
financial difficulties have in the past made
it impossible for Austria to move to war.
We hope the book will soon go to a
second edition, and when it does some
small points in the Indexes and the text
should be corrected. For instance, Sand-
schak is an unusual spelling for the Sandjak
of Novibazar ; Herrerahaus, Herzegovina,
Carmola, can be improved ; and in the
first half of the book there are mistakes-
in grammar which should have been
obvious to any proof-reader ; while if
kilometres, hectolitres, and kronen were
turned into their English equivalents,
the change would greatly assist English
readers.
The Battle of Mohacs, in 152G, is the
dividing line in Hungarian history. If
the Hungarian army had been the victor
instead of the Turk, Austria might well
have become the dependent of the eastern
kingdom, Pan-Teutonism would never
have had a footing in Southern Germany,
and Hungarian influence would have been
supreme to-day on the shores of the
Adriatic. It is really curious that the
Croatian leader, Frangipani, should have
expressed a very similar comment a week
after the battle by asking : '" If the Hun-
garians had triumphed. . . .where would
have been the limit of their pride 1 '
After that event, which was attended by
the annihilation of the Hungarian army,
Hungary was divided into three parts :
one falling to Turkey, another to Austria,
and the third, Transylvania, being a
principality subject to the joint suzerainty
of the two powers. The part of Hungary
which fell to Turkey gave no trouble to
its conqueror, for the simple reason that
it was conquered and had no history :
the part which fell to Austria gave increas-
ing trouble, because it was fighting for
an ancient constitution and national
existence. An implied admission of those
rights was made at the very moment of
the acceptance of Austrian rule by the
'" election " of Ferdinand of Hapsburg
to the style and status of King of Hun-
gary. But the relationship did not work
harmoniously. The Hungarian Diet was.
rarely summoned ; foreign mercenaries
were garrisoned in the countrv, and left,
unpaid, to feed and pay themselves ; and
the Austrians looked down on the Hun-
garians with a mixture of dislike and
contempt. Finally, Protestantism became
firmly rooted in Hungary, and the Thirty
Years' War had its reflex in the Trans-
Leitha kingdom. As the end of the
seventeenth century approached, the gulf
between the two nations appeared wider
than ever before.
Baron Hengelmiiller's narrative of ' Hun-
gary's Fight for National Existence ' begins
at this period. He tells the first half of
the life-story of the second Francis
Rakoczi, or " Ragotsky, which approxi-
mates to the true pronunciation of the
name, and Viscount Bryce and ex-
President Roosevelt stand as godfathers
of his work to tell us that Hungarian
history is supremely interesting, and,
we must add, bewildering as well. By
his descent, wealth, and name, rather
than by his personal ability, young
Rakoczi assumed the lead of the Hun-
garian revolution which began in 1703
and continued until 1711, and was thus
almost conterminous with the War of
the Spanish Succession. He had been
kept as a sort of hostage in Austria for
many years, when in 1701, stirred by a
sense of national or personal Avrong, he
No. 4400, .Tax. 17. 1014
T 11 K A Til KX MV M
S7
wn>tc a letter t«> Louis XIV. requesting
his aid for a Hungarian rising. The
chosen messenger, instead of taking it to
the king of France, gave it to the Austrian
authorities, and Rakoczi was sent to
Wiener Neustadt to stand his trial for
high treason. Fortunately for him, he
idod trial by escaping from prison with
t'ae connivance of an Imperial officer, who,
I « fortunate, was captured, beheaded,
and quartered. After twelve months'
exile in Poland. Rakoczi returned to his
Own country to head the national move-
ment. He was 27 years o\' age. " full of
irage and belief in his cause."
The author takes us through the first
phase of the struggle, which covered a
iod of over three years. There were
several battles, generally favourable to
Austrian arms ; but notwithstanding this
result, Hungarian reputation increased
even in Vienna, and at last the Emperor
was induced to treat with the insurgents
on the footing of a confederacy, with
Rakoczi as recognized prince and leader.
The representations of England and the
of the Netherlands, then in alliance
with the Emperor against France, had
much to do with this result, and English
sympathy with Hungary was displayed,
n>t only by the Ambassador at Vienna,
»rge Stepney, but also by Marlborough,
hi arley. and the House of Commons. At
first this sympathy was largely tinged by
fish motives, because the drain on
Austria through the Hungarian raids,
which were often carried to the walls of
Vienna, weakened her strength in the
Netherlands and Italy ; but later it
- greatly stimulated by contact with
the Hungarian leaders and a fuller know-
ledge of the justice of their case. That
apathy, much strengthened by the
incidents of 1848, is a living force in
Hungary to-day.
The most interesting part of the work
ertainly the account of the abortive
iference of Xagyszombat. which began
under international auspices that promised
happy i-sue. The English and Dutch
a were the mediators, and the
Imperialists agreed to meet the Con-
tea in conference. Austria was pre-
pared to make very great concessions.
there was one she would not make —
-ion of Transylvania to Rakoczi,
o claimed it as the possession of his
ndfather Oorge. Count Wratislaw
•ffered him in compensation large posses-
sions in Germany and a principality carry-
ing with it a ^.at in the German Diet, but
<oczi was not to be thus placated.
6 Jiations then and there broke
I
down, l.ut WratisUra used some remark-
ably prophetic words on leaving: —
•' \Y> II. my Prince! you are putting your
l in Franc.-, which is the hospital of
princes who have eon,.- to grief. You will
their number and die there."
Hungary was the loser by the failure of
this Conference, for the terms she was
obliged to accept live yean later were far
less favourable; and as for Rakoczi,
instead of ample compensation, be lost
all he possessed, and died an exile in a
foreign land and in poverty.
This is to he the suhjeet of a second
work, and the story, when completed,
will provide the English reader with a
useful help to the study of the Hun-
garian problem, which has sometimes
been compared to that of Ireland. Baron
llengelmuller. although not a Hungarian
himself, displays Hungarian sympathies,
and considers that it would he more
accurate to compare Hungary, not to
Ireland, but to Scotland, as neither has
ever been conquered.
Philosophy of the Practical ; Economic and
Ethic. Translated from the Italian
of Benedetto Croce by Douglas Ainslie.
(Macmillan & Co., 12s. net.)
It is now four years since Croce's book on
.Esthetic was translated into English, but
it is safe to say that the English public
knows almost as little of the author's
philosophy as if it had never appeared.
It was a mistake to begin with that book.
We do not take kindly to .Esthetic,
and a " general linguistic " is enough to
frighten any average man on this side
of the North Sea. The 'Pratica,' how-
ever, lias a better chance from the start,
and may make us realize that Croce is
the foremost philosopher of Italy, a
figure of European eminence. As a
nation we are interested in Ethics, and
in very little else of the philosopher's
stock-in-trade. Croce, moreover, does not
submit his readers to the strain of puzzling
out what he would say if he said it cohe-
rently, and in his wonderful breadth and
lucidity we are moved to see the un-
mistakable attributes of genius. His man-
ner is impeccable. He writes as well as
Bergson, but with greater gusto and in a
lower key. He is agreeably dogmatic, as
vigorous as Bergson is gentle, not lacking
in the necessary warmth of feeling, and
at the same time systematic and compre-
hensive, as is natural to one who dis-
trusts psychology as much as Bergson
loves it. But we come to praise Croce,
not to bury him with adjectives, and
discretion bids us leave him to speak for
himself.
He begins by distinguishing two forms
of the activity of the Spirit — the practical
and the theoretical ; for the practical
activity is spiritual, in spite of the objec-
tion that we are unconscious of the will
at the moment of willing. Without
breaking up the unity of spiritual func-
tions, he goes on to say that the practical
presupposes the theoretical, in the sense
that a blind will — a will without know-
ledge— is unthinkable. This does not
mean that we Hist know the end as a
plan to be followed, and then will it. The
will acts ease for ease and instant for
instant, and the knowledge which it
needs is perception, not intuition (the
knowledge of the artist) nor concept (the
knowledge of the philosopher), it fol-
lows from this that Croce refuses to dis-
tinguish between volition and intention;
to do so would imply that we Can will
abstractly, and an abstract will is a
philosophical monstrosity. "It is no o
to imagine a situation that differs from
reality, hecause it is to the real situation
that the intention is directed." Nothing
can or should force a man to resolve
where the elements for coming to a reso-
lution are wanting, though it is indubit-
able that man wills, knowing some things
and ignorant of an infinity of others,
which means simply that he is man. not
Cod. For similar reasons Croce holds
that volition and action are one and
inseparable. As painting lives in colours,
and poetry in speech, so the will lives in
actions.
His theory of error is very interesting,
and is probably more familiar to the
philosophic world than the rest of his
work. Error, he says, is not ignorance,
obscurity, or doubt : it is the affirmation
of knowing what we do not know. Affir-
mation is thought and truth itself, and
error the counterfeiting of thought — a
mask for the failure to reach a result
which the testimony of conscience says
has not been reached. It is. in fact, the
intervention of a practical act which
simulates the theoretical. On this theory
the persecution of error is justified,
though the form of the persecution must
be determined by practical, moral, and
utilitarian considerations. We do not
stretcli a bad author on the rack : we
review him instead. These views account.
perhaps, for our author's delightful frank-
ness in expressing his contempt for
positivists, pragmatists, and. above all,
neo-criticists, the Epigoni of Kant who
are not worthy of their great father.
We like that strength of mind which
imparts to Croce's criticism the fervour of
moral denunciation.
Xext he proceeds to consider what he
calls "* the interior of the volitional
activity," its freedom and necessity. He
rejects at once the customary dilemma.
and finds the volitional act to be both
free and determined. Volition does not
arise in the void, but in a definite situa-
tion and in relation to an event. As
the situation, so the volition, which is
therefore conditioned by the situation in
which it arises. But this means also that
volition is free, for it is not the condition,
but the conditioned, and does not remain
fixed in the actual situation or make a
duplicate of it. If it did, it would be
superfluous, and the real does not tolerate
superfluity. The volition actually pro-
duces something different which did not
exist before: it is initiation, and therefore
the act of freedom. Otherwise it would
not he volition, and reality would not
change and gTOVi upon itself. This is .,
mystery, if you like, hut it is the mystery
of' man himself. " charge du p
de I'avenir."
Croce next puts forward the thesis that
practical good and evil are freedom and
unfreedom, that good is positive and
had negative. By his premises this con
elusion is imposed on all who do nol
accept the \nw that good .oid bad
ondistinguishable, or that good is bran
acendenl in respecl "I reality, which is
always evil, the fits' i„ ing the suicide of
philosophy, the -• i ond tin suicide ol the
88
THE AT II ENiEUM
No. 4401). Jan. 17, 1914
philosophy of the practical. Croce, more-
over, recognizes that the world is precisely
that mixture of good and bad which good
sense always said it was.
Having considered the practical activity
in general, Croce proceeds to examine its
two special forms. As he had divided
the theoretical into ^Esthetic, which pro-
duces images, and Logic, which produces
concepts, so he divides the practical into
Economic, which wills and effects only
what corresponds to the conditions and
facts in which a man finds himself, the
individual end ; and Ethic, which refers
also to something which transcends them,
the universal end.
We need not follow him through his
criticism of Hedonism and other hetero-
nomous moralities which have been suffi-
ciently criticized already. His treatment of
Kant is more interesting. It is so easy,
after Dr. Bradley's diverting study, to make
fun of Kant's ethics that it is really neces-
sary to remind oneself of their importance.
But Croce goes further than this, and
claims that after Kant no serious man can
be anything but a Kantian in ethics,
even though Kant fell into the snare of
theological utilitarianism in the end. Yet
his idea of duty and his categorical
imperative are true declarations of war
against all philosophy which asserts
that morality has any end except itself.
He will have none of the post-Kantians.
however, particularly those who hold
that there are two series of facts, one
conditioned, and the other obeying caus-
ality through freedom, which is a mere
juxtaposition of freedom and necessity,
and no solution of the problem at all.
Enough has been said, we hope, to
indicate in some degree the nature of
Croee's thought. How original it is, how
fertile his treatment of even the most
threadbare topic, can only be appreciated
by a thorough study. The way is not
easy, nor the burden light. Like all
speculation of a high order, his system
cannot be summed up in a formula which
may be weakly learnt and made to do
duty for a proper comprehension. But
we may express the opinion that any one
who loves philosophy should read this
book, and that no one who begins it will
turn back.
A word on the translation. It is always
readable and usually clear, and we are
very sensible of the debt we owe to
Mr. Ainslie. But it is full of little blem-
ishes which might easily have been avoided.
Surely there is enough philosophic jargon
ready to hand without inventing vari-
ants for the common terms : vl cognosci-
tive " for cognitive, " irreal " for unreal,
• physic " for the physical, and k" equi-
voke " for Ave know not what. Why
speak of "velleity** or " op]x>rtuneity,"
or use " malaise," which we always
thought was a polite word for a bilious
attack, as an alternative to " pain " or
■discomfort"? "It is an affair of
glimmers " is odd English; and to say
that " morality lives in concrete '" is to
conjure up the image of a fly in amber.
These are small things, but perfection is
not a small thing.
Henry James : a Critical Study. Bv ford
Madox Hueffer. (Seeker, 7*. 6rf.net.)
There is an unfortunate stridency about
Mr. Hueffer' s not undiscerning monograph.
Aware, seemingly, that he is treading
ground on which angels would not lightly
venture, he has, perhaps, argued that the
rusher-in must see to it that his want of
embarrassment be energetically displayed.
Thus Ave hear how " I was talking the
other day with an active and intelligent
Englishman — one of His Majesty's minis-
ters,"' and gather that His Majesty's
minister — unconscious, doubtless, of the
opportunity of the occasion — made a dis-
appointingly unparadoxical remark. We
are told that *' any penny-a-liner might
call your attention to the temperament
of Mr. W. H. Hudson, which is the most
beautiful thing that God has made."
There seems, indeed, no topic that Mr.
Hueffer Avill not drag in by the ears for
the exhibition of his own composure. He
delights in negligences of style and in
the calculated jarrings of words one
against another. It jars, too, to hear
Mr. James interminably referred to as
'" our subject,*' nor need the suggestion
have been given that the critic Avill not
draw on private conversations with his
principal.
The chief propositions Mr. Hueffer has
to lay down are acceptable enough when
we arrive at them. He recognizes, per-
haps a little overpresses, Mr. James's
peculiar virtue — the perfect impartiality
of his presentment of things. This
achievement earns for Mr. James in his
eyes the title of the greatest writer — that
is, to him, the greatest man noAv living.
We gather, indeed, that Tourguenieff is the
only noA'elist he finds really comparable
to his hero, and his disparaging remarks
about other, and Ave should have thought
greater, Russians suggest limitations in
his critical perception. To say of Tolstoy
and Dostoievsky that " they choose their
scenes Avithout much consideration of
Avhether they have any effect in carrying
the story forward or are of any other use
than that of expressing passionate con-
vections of the author " is to descend to
a journalistic leArel. For what is remark-
able about both these artists is that their
passionate convictions were combined
with an impartiality of perception not
inferior even to Mr. James's, Avhile yet
they leave us, as Mr. James does not,
with a sense of immediate intimacy with
living men and women. Mr. James gives
us exquisitely appropriate situations and
developments, but seldom a friend or a
fellow-mortal. Tolstoy's "Natascha, and
Dostoievsky's Alioscha we knoAV from the
core outwards, so that their situations
rather represent them to us than seem an
essential part of them.
In an ingenious passage not devoid of
truth Mr. Hueffer declares that no one
but Mr. James has produced an ade-
quate picture of life as it is lived by those
avIio have escaped from the pressure of
animal necessities and can give unham-
pered expression to purely human im-
pulses. He suggests that the moral of
the picture (the final moral to be drawn
from Mr. James's Avork) is that this
coveted emancipation still leaves the
emancipated A^ulgar and soulless, and
that Mr. James has therefore, in effect,
condemned our civilization. No one, we
agree, has more subtly portrayed the
manners of the released upper stratum.
Yet though he enters untiringly into the
complexities of its reactions. Ave haA'e
sometimes — like the Cabinet Minister
above referred to — doubted if these com-
plexities had not concealed one aspect of
life from him eATen Avhile they reATealed
another. Religion lias its place. Avhether
Ave spell it with or without a " capital
letter." Mr. James, drinking from his
deep and golden bowl, seems hardly to
be aware of it, except as a sphere of life
of which good taste forbids mention. His
equipment as an artist is, we think, in
this respect really defective, even with
the admission that his concern is Avith
the portrayal of the upper classes alone.
So, while Ave fully endorse Mr. Hueffers
application to him of Musset's line —
Mon verre n'est pas grand, niais je bois dans mon
verre
— Ave can only demur Avhen he adds that
" Mr. James' glass Avas bounded upon the
one hand by his OAvn temperament, on
the other by the human heart." For the
human heart is, Ave believe, primarily
religious, and to represent men without
their spiritual gropings and aspirations is
to leave their hearts out of the picture.
To conclude, Ave shall giA*e ourselves
the pleasure of repeating the excellent
summary of appreciation in which Mr.
Hueffer predicts immortality for the
author of ' Daisy Miller ' and ' The
Golden BoavI ' by reason of
" the immensity of the scrupulous labours,
the fineness of the mind, the nobility of the
character, the highness of the life, the great-
ness of the quest, the felicity of the genius,
and the truth that is at once beauty and
more than beauty."
FICTION.
Chance. By Joseph Conrad. (Metlmen
& Co., (is.)
The craftsmanship of Mr. Conrad's neAV
novel is someAvhat marred by the curious
device he has employed in the telling of it.
One person tells the story in the first
person to another, avIio occasionally inter-
jects a remark, also in the first person.
When it is added that the narrator is
supposed to have gathered his details
from various sources, it will be understood
that the thread is at times a little difficult
to folloAV.
The book is divided into two parts, but
it is not until Ave reach the second half
that Mr. Conrad puts to sea. At once
the tale improves. In depicting sailors
and the sea he has feAv rivals ; on land
he seems rather less at home, though for
all its sombreness the story neArer loses
hold on one's interest.
The tragic experiences of the heroine
and their effect on her character are de-
scribed Avith a Avealth of remorseless detail.
In particular, the scene in which she is
No. 4409, Jan. 17, 1014
Til K A T II KN MV M
S!l
told by a disappointed and bitter woman,
with hiatal directness, that her father,
the great financier, has failed, ruining
thousands, and that she is the daughter
of a cheat and a sw indler, is extraordinarily
\ ivid. Bei subsequent adventures —
at the house of a cousin, a vulgar little
man who manufactures cardboard boxes
and has an unpleasant wife ami family :
as companion to an old lady ; and as a
gOA erness in a German family — are touched
\i\>on lightly, hut enough to prevent any
surprise en the part of the reader when
she sets out to end her life. Mr. Conrad
succeeds to a remarkable degree in sug-
gesting this girl's outlook upon the world.
Less space has been devoted to the
character of the sailor lover, hut he is
none the less subtly analyzed. He makes
his appearance on the eve of the release
<>f the girl's father from prison. She is
wondering desperately how they are going
to live. After all, what refuge could be
better than the sea '. A tragedy is fore-
shadowed, and when it comes Mr. Conrad
sails perilously close to the melodramatic.
But a -till greater one is to follow. The
story might well have ended here, but the
author lias gone on and rounded it off
with rather a surprising anticlimax.
Me may, perhaps, gain by this in veri-
similitude, but it is at the expense of art.
Hurried writing is evident here and
there, hut, when all is said. ' Chance '
remahi- a powerful and fascinating study
in psychology.
The Possessed. By Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Translated from the Russian by Con-
stance Garnett. (Heinemann, 3s. Qd.
net.)
" The Possessed ' first appeared in 1871,
that is. midway between ' The Idiot ' and
' The Brothers Karamazov.' By the time
it was written, Dostoevsky had definitely
abandoned the advanced social views
which had brought him literally face
to face with the gallows and sent him
Siberia. His conservatism led him to
■ novel that was, in effect, a
criticism of Nihilism ; and his feud with
Tourguenieff added warmth to his indict-
ment. In 1862 Dostoevsky had written
warm letter of congratulation to Tour-
guenieff upon the publication of ' Fathers
and Children.' but now he dropped the
pretence of admiration ; he not only
mad.- Tourguenieffs novel the subject (if
much acrid comment, but even introduced
Tourgueniefl himself — under the name oi
rmazinov — into the storv. in a par-
ticularly unfriendly light. 'What Tour-
guenieff thought of it all is perhaps best
Qmstrated in an epigram in eight lines of
rerse, <>r untranslatable bitterness, which
was published posthumously in a Russian
Journal.
The novel before US i< on the usual
generous scale of Dostoevsky's works.
There are 637 pages of anything hut
diluted matter. The ramifications of the
story unite themselves in a Nihilist con-
spiracy, which results in the deaths <>\
mosl <>f the plotters. But perhaps the
itest interest of ' The Possessed,' a
" The Brothers Karamazov.' lies not in
the actual events so much as in the extra-
ordinary handling of psychological abnor-
mality. With Dostoevsky this was, of
course, largely autobiographical, hut it is
the autobiography of one who independ-
ently came to the conclusions of Blake
and Nietzsche in matters of religion —
sometimes almost echoing their very
words. Indeed, the miracle of the Gada-
rene swine, placed at the beginning of
the book, and repeated later, is used
as the text of the philosophical doctrine
proclaimed. One of the principal cha-
racters dies with these words on his lips : —
'* But a great idea and a great Will will
encompass it [Russia] from on high, as with
that lunatic possessed of devils. .. .and all
those devils will come forth, all the impurity,
all the rottenness that was putrefying on
the surface. .. .and they will beg of them-
selves to enter into swine. . . .and 1 perhaps
at the head of them, and we shall east our-
selves down, possessed and raving, from the
rocks into the sea . . . .But the sick man will
be healed and ' will sit at the feet of Jesus.' "
This faith in salvation through suffering
comes close to Blake's belief that the
path to good lies through knowledge of
evil.
Dostoevsky's method of presentation
gives such vivid results that his characters
take up, as it Avere, a permanent abode
in his readers' memories. The curious,
mystical Kirillov and the dreamy and
ineffective Verhovensky are perhaps the
two outstanding members of the large
company we meet in this novel.
Mrs. Garnett's translation has all the
excellence we have learnt to expect
during her twenty years' work among
the great Russian novelists.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Brett (Rev. Jesse), Life's Power, 3 <> Longmans
Essays on various aspects oi' the Christian
life by the chaplain of All Saints' Hospital, East-
bourne.
Fortescue (Adrian), The .Mass. a Study of the
Roman Liturgy, "The Westminster Library,"
8/ net. Longmans
A second and revised edition of a treatise on
the origin and development of the .Mas-.
Pick (Bernhardt, The Cabala, its Influence on
Judaism and Christianity, :5 '■ net.
( >|x-n Court Publishing Co.
A discussion of the development and influ-
ence of the doctrines of the Cabala.
Pick (Bernhardi, Jesus in tin-: Talmud, His
Personality, Hi- Disciples, and His Sayings,
:; ii nit. open Court Publishing Co.
A study of Jesus Christ as represented in
t lie Talmud.
POETRY.
Brother Richard's Book-Shell : No. :,. Chbisth \-
Eve, by Robert Browning. Hem
A paper-covered booklet with an Introduction)
giving an analysis of the poem, and foot-note*
by \h. T. B. Barvey.
De la Poer i Gertrude , SHOR1 POEKS, 1, net.
Fllield
Verses on lovers' quarrels, James Doughty,
'The Blue 'lit- of the Ancient Few, and oil,.,
subject -.
Ellerman i Winifred i, REGION 01 LUTANY, I 6 net.
( h.ipm.oi .V I l.i II
A booklet, bound In soft red leather with gilt
edges, containing ■> feu verses "Inch -how the
influence of Francis Thompson.
Gnlbraith (Helen J. B.), SONOS hy the V\ \> .
3 8 net Edinburgh, John Grant
Ml the verses in thi- I k are devotional;
a large number are hymns for special seasons in
t he t liunii \ ear.
Gouldsbury (Cullen), More Rhodbsian Rhymes.
Bulawayo, Philpott & Collins
These rhymes of Central Africa give expres-
sion to the thoughts .Hid feelings of English
settlers living " out on the edge o1 beyond."
Jeffrey (Janet), Tin-: Fame-Seekeb, and other
Poems, "_' ii net. Erskine Miicdonald
\ collection of miscellaneous pieces some of
which are patriotic, while others deal with love,
aspects of nature, and children.
Masefleld (Charles), Dislikes: Borne Modern
Satire-. 1 net. Filield
A small volume ,,f satiric verses. The author
shows his "dislike" for party politic.-, sweating,
war, and the "suggestive" musical comedy and
modern novel, while Mi— Klla Wheeler Wilcox,
"certain reverend persons," and others do nol
escape his lash.
Rutter-Leatham (Edith), LYRICS and PoKMS,
2/6 net. Erskine Macdonald
Some of these pieces have been reproduced
from The Spectator, Tin- Gentlewoman, and other
papers. Vmong such suhicct- a- ' The (all of
the .Moorland." ' The Waltz of Long Ago,' and
• Grannie and Girlie,' the " side-car " has found a
place.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Backhouse (E.) and Bland (J. O. P.), Annals and
Memories of the Court of Pbkino, from the
Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. L6 net.
I leinemann
A history of the Mine an,i Manchu dynasties,
with many illustrations.
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series,
America and West Indies, Dec. • 17(i2 1703,
preserved in the Public Record Office, edited bj
Cecil Hcadlam, 1"> Stationery Office
The state Papers are preceded hy an his-
torical Preface hy .Mr. Beadlam, and there is a full
Index.
Cuthbert (Father), Lin-: OF St. FRANCIS <>f
ASSISI, 6 Longmans
A new and cheaper impression of the second
eilit ion of this life of St. Francis.
Delbruck (Dr. Hans), Numbers in History: Ih.w
the Creek- defeated the Persians, the Romans
conquered the World, the Teutons overthrew
the Roman Empire, and William the Norman
took Possession of England, 1 •> net.
Cniver-it y of London Press
Two lectures delivered before London I'ni-
versit y hist < htoher.
Goudie (Gilbert), David Latno, a .Memoir of his
Life and Literary Work.
" Edinburgh, T. .V A. Constable
Two hundred and fifty copies of this memoir
have been printed for private circulation. Lord
Guthrie has summarized special aspects of
Laing's work and character in an Introduction.
There are a few illustrations.
London Topographical Record, Vol.. VIII.
London Topographical Society
The contents include an illustrated paper on
'Disappearing London.' hy Mr. W. L. Spiers :
a • Bistorv of Metropolitan Roads,' bj Mi. 'I •
Fail-man Ordish : ' A Few Word- about John
<)_;ilhy and ' Nol e> on London Views, ' by Dr.
F. Norman ; and I he an una I lepolt of the Society,
with revised lists of publications and members.
Malecka (Katlei, Saved from Siberia, the True
Storj Of my Treatment at the Hand- of the
Russian Police, 1 net. Everett
V description of Miss Malecka's experiences
during her imprisonment and trial, with some
account of the grievances of Poland.
Man's Miracle, the STORY OF Bblen Kellbh
\nd ui.i: Ei oopban Sisters, from the French
.,f Gerard Barry, ■■ 8 net. Beinemann
\ study of the " re-creation ' and mental
developn* n( ol Mi-- Helen Keller and othei
blind deaf-mutes.
Martin (Percy F.i, \I\\imiii\n in MEXICO, the
Storj of tin- French Intervention (18fll <)•
21 „,., Constable
\ history of the Mexican war ol I s'>l r, wan
\pp, n h\. , con "i varioun < nnvi nl
and ( orn apondence. The l k >- Illustrated.
Pollard (A. F.i. Tin BEION Ol BJENBI VII.*!
t o\ i i.jii un s,.i ia i -. Vol. II- 10/fl net ,
Lo ngm
Si
p. III'.'
Thorley (Wilfrid , I'm i. \ i.ki.mni . I I
\ i.,... raphii il nd < me ftl study r»f Vi Ham.-.
90
THE ATHENiEU M
Xo. 4499, Jan. 17, 1914
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Dracopoli (I. N.), Through Jubaland to the
LORIAN Swamp. ;ui Adventurous Journey of
Exploration and Sport in the Unknown African
Forests and Deserts of Jubaland t<> the Un-
explored Lorian Swamp, 10/ net.
Seeley & Service
The author made a special study of the
natives and of the geography and natural history
of the land he explored, and here records his
observations. The book is illustrated with many
photographs taken by him.
Letcher (Owen), The BONDS of AFRICA, Impres-
sions of Travel and Sport from Capetown to
Cairo, 1902-12, 12/0 net. Long
A record of big-game hunting, with descrip-
tions of peoples and [daces. There are a great
number of illustrations from photographs taken
by the author and his native attendants.
Sargent (A. J.), South Africa, Seven Lectures
prepared for the Visual Instruction Committee
of the Colonial Office, paper 8d. net, cloth 1/
net. Philip
Instructive lectures on South Africa, illus-
trated with photographs. A set of lantern-slides
has been prepared to accompany these lectures,
arid is sold by Messrs. Newton on behalf of the
Committee.
Washburn (Elizabeth), The Colour of the
East, 3/6 net. Melrose
Many of these essays are reproduced from
various magazines, and they include sketches
of the Red Sea, Singapore, and the Himalayas.
SOCIOLOGY.
Harben (Henry D.), The Rural Problem, 2/6 net.
Constable
This is the Report of a Committee of Inquiry
of the Fabian Society on Land Problems and
Rural Development, of which Mr. H. D. Harben
was chairman. The book contains a suggested
programme of rural reform, a number of statistical
-ippendixes, and a long Bibliography.
ECONOMICS.
Harper (Angus), The Theory of American
Values, 3/6 Effingham Wilson
Deals with every aspect of American finance.
POLITICS.
De Horsey (Admiral Sir Algernon), National
Defence v. Channel Tunnel, 3(7. net.
Longmans
A pamphlet on the danger of connecting
Great Britain with the Continent, containing two
letters written by the author to The Morning Post
in 1882 and 1906, and some extracts from the
Military Correspondent of The Times of January,
1907.
Irish Landowners' Convention, Dublin, Twenty-
Eighth Report of the Executive Committee,
1912-13.
This Report includes a statement of the Com-
mittee's view on the Irish Land Rill, 1913, and
tables showing terms to vendors and purchasers
under the Acts of 1909 and 1903 ; and in regard to
Third-Term Judicial Rents and Revision of Rents
fixed since August, 1896, various suggestions
are given.
Reynolds (Stephen) and Woolley (Bob and Tom),
Seems So ! a Working-Class View of Politics.
1I 4net- Macmillan
A cheap edition. A chapter on ' Some
Holdings of the Sea,' being a series of fishery
articles reproduced from The Times 1912, has
been substituted for one on * Navy Discontents,'
and an Appendix on ' Share Fishermen and the
Insurance Act,' has been added. See notice in
The Athenaeum, Dec. 16, 1911, p. 767.
Siegfried (Andre), Democracy in New Zealand,
translated from the French by E. V. Burns, with
an Introduction by William Downie Stewart,
6/ net Boll
A sketch of the history of New Zealand, with
a description of the present conditions of its
political and social life.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Dodd (A.F.), Early English Social History 2/
Sec p. 109. Bell
English Literature for Schools : The Canterbury
Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, 2 vols. : Selec-
tions from the Faerie Queene ; British
Ballads ; Greece and Rome in the English
Poets ; The Life and Death of Jason, by
William Morris (Abridged) ; Selections from
Borrow ; Selections from Parkman's Con-
spiracy of Pontiac ; Reynard the Fox,
edited by Arthur Burrell, Qd. each. Dent
This series is designed to interest children
at an early age in literature. The editor has in-
cluded only those poets and prose writers who, in
his opinion, will interest children, and selected
such passages from their writings as will easily
be understood. A modern rendering of ' Reynard
the Pox ' is given, and Chaucer and Spenser have
been partly modernized. Each volume has a
short introduction, and is printed in a large,
clear type.
Hayes (B. J.I and Collins (A. J. F.), Matricula-
tion Latin Course, 4/6
University Tutorial Press
This Grammar is for those who have
already some knowledge of accidence, a summary
of which is given in tabular form. At the end
of the book there are exercises, passages for
unseen translation, and Latin-English and English-
Latin vocabularies.
Hudson (W. H.), Representative Passages
from English Literature, 2/6 net. Bell
See p. 108.
Macaulay, Essay on the Earl of Chatham'
paper Qd., cloth 8d. ; Essay on William Pitt,
paper Ad. cloth Qd. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Reprints in a large, clear type in the " Oxford
Plain Texts."
Raven (Alice), Extracts from the Chronicles
illustrating English History, Qd.
Macdonald <fc Evans
Seep. 109.
Wallis (B. C), A Junior Geography of the
World, Macmillan's " Practical Modern Geo-
graphies," 2/6
The author's aim has been to give " the main
facts with regard to the life of man upon the
earth." Each chapter is summarized, and there
are exercises and papers based on questions set
by well-known examining bodies.
Yonge (Charlotte M.), The Lances of Lynwood,
a Tale of the Days of Edward III. (Abridged),
5d. Macmillan
A Header for children of 11 to 14 years, in
large print with illustrations.
PHILOLOGY.
Winstedt (R. O.), Malay Grammar, 7/6 net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
This grammar has been written " to supply
the want of a text book for the second or higher
examination in the Malay language, prescribed
for officials."
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Samuel (Horace B.), Modernites, 7/6 net.
Kegan Paul
A collection of essays on English and foreign
authors.
FICTION.
Bain (F. W.), Indian Stories: Vol. III. A Heifer
of the Dawn, translated from the Original
Manuscript, 120/ net per set of 10 vols. Warner
A new edition in the " Riccardi Press Book-
lets," printed on hand-made paper, with grey
boards and canvas backs.
Conrad (Joseph), Chance, a Tale in Two Parts, 6/
Methuen
See p. 88.
Cromartie (The Countess of), The Decoy, a
Romance, 6/ Erskine Macdonald
A tale of old Carthage. The hero is a slave-
trader " as frankly evil in the ancient sense, as only
a Moloch-worshipping Phoenician of Carthage
could be," whose pity is awakened, however, by
a baby girl. He rescues her from her fate, and
in due time they take the " Oath of the Link of
Fire," more binding than the marriage tie. The
story has plenty of incident.
Dc Crespigny (Mrs. Philip Champion), Mallory's
Tryst, 6/ Mills .V: Boon
The hero, a successful novelist, receives
letters from " Incognita," who is an admirer
of his work. E>uring a visit to Dartmoor he
makes friends with some ladies, and discovers
at length that one of them is his correspondent,
who has also become for him his Egeria.
Dell (Ethel M.), The Rocks of Valpre. 6/
Fisher Unwin
A love-story concerning a young girl married
to a somewhat stern husband, from whom she
unreasonably hides an adventure she had once
had on the rocks of Valpre with his friend and
secretary.
Dostoevsky (Fyodor), The Possessed, a Novel in
Three Parts, from the Russian, 3/6 net.
Ileinemann
Seep. 8b
Flowerdew, Love and a Title. Greening
The story of a mysterious packet of papers
confided to a young doctor by a dying woman.
They concern a noble family and "the lady he
loves.
George (Herbert), Miladi of the Fist. 6/ Everett
An Oxford undergraduate, left in great poverty,
takes a situation in mufti on a farm. The owner
is the victim of several plots but by the aid of
the muscular and intellectual hero he thwarts
his enemies successfully, and the young man
wins prosperity, a wife, and the farm.
Gerard (Dorothea), The Waters of Lethe, 6/
Stanley Paul
Thi; nairative presents the sacrifice made
by an elder for a younger brother — Au.strians
by birth, who come to this country penniless.
The way of the one is dogged by self-contempt,
the other buoyed up by the joy of self-forgetf ulness.
The story originally appeared in the weekly
edition of The Times under the title ' The Pitiless
Past.'
Hayward (Rachel), Letters from La-Bas, 6/
Heinemann
A series of love-letters written by a large-
hearted woman to a cold-blooded man.
Inge tCharles), Square Pegs, 6/ Methuen
Tells how a man from South Africa sets out
to conquer London with a threepenny weekly
paper and a sympathy for the unemployed.
He wins his woman, who suffers in the London
of women workers.
Kernahan (Mrs. Coulson), The Blue Diamond 6/
Everett
A detective story with a love-interest. The
heroine's father dies in Canada under the sus-
picion of having stolen a blue diamond. While
declaring his innocence, he wishes no attempt
to be made to clear bis name. She determines,
however, to find out whom he is shielding, and
returns to England, where the mystery is solved
by a boy detective.
Lady of Grosvenor Place, Society in London, by a
Member of It, 6/ Holden & Hardingham
A story of fashionable and political life in
London.
Le Queux (William), The Four Faces, 6
Stanley Paul
Concerns a gang of criminals, composed of
men and women moving in the best society in
London and in Continental capitals.
Noble (Edward), Dust from the Loom, a Romance
of Two Atacamas, 6/ Constable
Another of Mr. Noble's stories of seafaring
life, in which the hero is, to begin with, a captain
in the Merchant Service. With this for a back-
ground, an intricate love-story is provided, a
beautiful Spaniard b^ing the heroine.
Ramsey (Olivia), Callista in Revolt. 6/ Long
On the death of her father Callista is left in
the care of an eccentric great-grandmother, who
is herself attended by a seemingly quiet girl, a
cousin of Callista's. When the grandmother dies,
however, this hitherto prim young person becomes
lively and Callista is left alone. The author pro-
vides a happy ending.
Randall (F. J.), Somebody's Luggage, 6, Lane
The farcical hero of this tale in a moment of
dejection and under great temptation masquer-
ales as an Australian who has come into a
fortune. His embarrassment increases as the
plot thickens, and it is only after many adven-
tures and games of hide-and-seek that the author
extricates him from the tangle.
Reaney (Mrs. G. S.), A Daughters Inheritance
6/ Heath & Cranton
The heroine is presented as a spoilt, but in-
genuous girl of spirit and good intentions, with
an inherited weakness for strong drink, to which
she gradually succumbs. Having misplaced her
affection, she is betrayed by the man whom she
thought to be her husband, and degraded by the
habit now formed. The rest of the story de-
scribes her struggles to obtain a living without a
" character " and to regain her self-control.
Smith (Ellen Ada!, The Price of Conquest. 6/
Long
A celebrated violinist descends incognito
on a West-Country village for a holiday. He
discovers there a girl with musical talent and
gives her lessons, afterwards constituting himself
her guardian. Ultimately she becomes famous
and they marry.
Stern (G. B.), Pantomime, 6/ Hutchinson
A story of the life and love of a young woman,
told with pantomime themes as an analogy, and
especially those concerning the principal girl and
principal boy.
Tracy (Louis), The Terms of Surrender, 6/
t'assell
A study of a strong man's character under
great misfortune.
No. 4490, Jan. 17, l!» 14
Til E AT II KN .KIT M
9]
Wentworth- lames (G. de S.) Tin: Curtain, 6
Everett
The heroine was taken from a Roman Catholic
orphanage at the age >>f 7 bj a society lady with
many hobbies, one of which was to educate her
adopted daughter as a disciple of truth by raising
the curtain of com cut ion. The author tnce-
tin- yir! s mental development ami slows
how she is incapable of love until forgetfulness
used In an accident blots out the past.
ANNUALS AND DIRECTORIES.
Catholic Who's Who and Year-Book. lull.
edited by sir F. c. Burnand. Hums & Oates
Besides 151 pages of biographies, it contains
a list of i apal honours ami a ' Necrology and
Register for IH13.' There ate a few illustrations.
Church Directory and Almanack, 1914, 2/6 net.
Nisbet
Containing general information on Church
matters, a i lerjry Directory, and an alphabetical
list of benefices. The articles include ' The
Attack upon the Welsh Church' and 'The
Church and the Army,' and the full text is given
of the Act of 1913 creating three bishoprics.
\\ e have also received from the same publishers
Fcll Desk Calendar for 1914' (1 net), con-
taining details for each service, and hymns for
special occasions, with space for private not.-.
Church Pulpit Year-Book, 2 net. Nisbet
Offers outlines of sermons on the Sunday
■els. with a few for children's and men's
services and special occasions. A new feature
has been introduced by adding to these sermons
explanatory and expository note-.
International Whitaker, 2
Includes nearly 500 pages of statistical
and historical information about the countries
of the world. Its new form, with cloth cover
aid rounded edges, has been designed for the use
of the traveller.
Newspaper Press Directory, 1914, li Mitchell
Contains full information about the offices
i publication of newspapers in the British
-. There are also articles on ' Things that
Matter in Advertising, 1913,' and the 'Trend of
Modern Press.' A map illustrates the pub-
•lon of newspapers in the towns and villages
throughout the British Isles.
Rhodes's Shipping Annual and Directory of
Passenger Steamers, 11*11, 2/6 net. Philip
The word " Annual " has been added to the
of this handbook, which in future will include
articles on important subjects of the year. In
the present issue " Landsman " writes on ' Armed
Merchantmen and Mr. Winston Churchill's New
- •me.' and Dr. Charles Buttar on ' The Ocean
< are.' There i- an unsigned article on ' The
hant Service Officer and his Training.' The
and directory of passenger steamers
been revised and enlarged.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Bedrock, January, 2 6 net. Constable
This number includes articles by Prof. Arm-
in 'Si!- Oliver Lodge. Intolerant. Infallible' :
Mr. Huuh Elliot,' Vitalism : an Obituary Notice' ;
!. Punnett,' More Mendelism and Mimicry.1
Mr. H-k1 Moir's • Description of the Pre-Pala'o-
Flint Implement- of Suffolk ' is illustrated.
British Library of Political Science, Bulletin,
January, l per annum
London School of Economics
I he bulletin has lists of recent additions
the library and names ,,f donors, and a biblio-
: Btate Medical Service.
Dublin Review, January, 5 6 net. Burns lV. Oates
Tina Dumber la. articles on 'Richard
Holt Hut ton,' by Mr. Wilfrid Ward ; ' Frederic
im. by Mrs. Maxwell Sett ; ' IMof. Bury's
if Freedom of Thought,' by Mr. Belloc ;' a
m -The Divine Privilege,' by Mrs. Meynell ;
on Recent Books by their Writers,'
among whom are Mrs. Wilfrid Ward, Mr. \ C
m, Mgr. Benson, and Mr. Chesterton.
Edinburgh Review, January, 6 Longmans
The contents include papers on -The Indian
Moslem Outlook, bv 11.11. the AgB Khan j • The
Renaissance of Dancing,' by Mr. Felix Clay;
frit Literature.' by Mr. Walter de Is Mare;
and 'The Coming Land Tyranny,' bj Mr. Harold
English Historical Review, Januari
Longmans
1 Main- article* on 'Manegold of Lauten-
b..ch, by Mi— M. r. Stead, and -The Cabinet
111 " * nteenth and Eighteenth Centime-. '
by Sir William tason. Tie- v,t.- and Docu-
ments include • st. Bonifa P k m to Nithardus,'
by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of
j abridge; and there are the usual reviev
ks and short notices
Eugenics Review, Jam \i;v. 1 net.
Eugenics Education Society
In dudes articles on ' Psychology in the Service
Eugenics,' by Dr. \\ . McDougall, and 'Some
Hopes of i Eugenist,' by Mr. U. A. Fisher,
Gadelica, a Journal of Modern [rish Studies,
Vol. I. No. I. '2 i> net. Dublin. Eodges vV Ki^uis
This number completes the lir-t volume of
Gadelica. The promoters feel that it has not
received adequate support in Ireland, especially
from the Gaelic League and the Irish Universities
and public libraries, and have raised the sub-
scription price from 6s. tir/. to Ills. i\il. per volume,
hoping that their appeal will meet with such
response a- will enable them to continue the
publical ion.
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, TRANS-
ACTIONS) January, 3/
Edinburgh Douglas >V. Foulis
Mr A. 1). Hopkinson continues to write on
"The State Forests of Saxony'; Dr. Borthwick
contributes a paper on ' Forestry at Home and
Abroad': and Mr. A. .1. (iillanders ^ives an
account of the visit by the Royal English Arbori-
cultural Society to German forests last year.
Some of the articles are illustrated.
Science Progress in the Twentieth Century, Janu-
ary, •") net. John Murray
Including articles on ' Nutrition and Educa-
tion in Mental Development.' by Dr. F. W. Mott ;
" Some Views on Lord Kelvin's Work ' by Dr.
George Green; and "The Displacement of
Spectral Lines by Pressure,' by .Mr. II. Spencer
Jones.
GENERAL,
Belfort (Roland) and Hoyer (Alfred Johannes),
ALL AlaUT CoCONfTS, (i net.
St. Catherine Press
An account of the coconut industry, showing
the possibilities of its development in the near
future. The book is illustrated.
Dedications, Ax Anthology- of the Forms
rsEii from the Earliest Days of Book-
Making to the Present Time, compiled by
Mary Elizabeth Brown, in »i net. Putnam
This anthology of dedications is divided into
sections, such as ' To the Virgin Mary,' ' To
Nobility,' ' To Oneself.' each being arranged
chronologically. The compiler has written an
Introduction, and there are illustrations, a Biblio-
graphy, and Index of Authors.
Hurd (Archibald), Our Navy, 'The Imperial
Library." 1/ net. Warne
A history of the development of British
sea-power from the time of Alfred to the regime
of Mr. Winston Churchill. Lord Selborne has
written a Preface, and there are Appendixes of
naval terms and building programmes and an
Index.
Marie Tempest Birthday Book (The), 1 ii net.
Stanley Paul
The extracts in this book are taken from
parts of Miss Tempest in various plays.
There are illustrations of her in some of these.
and an appreciation of her art by Mr. Sidney Dark.
Metropolitan Borough of Southwark, Twelfth
Annual Report of the Public Libraries
and Museums Committee from April 1st,
I'M 2, to March 31st, 1913. Cornell
Containing the chairman's report, lists of
donors, and recent additions to the libraries.
with the usual statistical statements.
Salt (Henry S.), Tin: HUMANITIES of Diet —
Sayings and Rhymings, l
Manchester Vegetarian Society
A collection of essays and verses written,
for the most pari in a satirical vein, as a protest
against the practice of eating meat. The essay
winch gives it- title to the book i- reprinted from
Tin Fortnightly Hi run-, and the rest from The
Humanitarian and other propagandistjjonrnals.
Seal (Horace Samuel), Belt boh the Pleasure-
Ethics. Watts
Contains note- on tin- ' Material Support to
Happiness,' ' Contrast in Ethics,' ami ' Conditions
requisite for the Three Kinds ol Good Feeling.'
Wales (Huberc, 'I'm: Purpose, Reflections and
Digressions, 5 net. Long
Essays on Thinking, Being, Ethics, An-
tagonisms, Sex, Death, and Beauty.
PAMPHLETS.
Objections (The) of the University ot London
Graduates' Association to the Scheme pro-
posed by the Royal Commission on University
Education In London, Id. Q.L.G.A.
The substance of tin- pamphlet was incor-
porated in a "Statement published by the
ciat i' 'ii last Noi ember.
SCIENCE.
Baker (E. C. Stuarti, bin w PiOEONS IND DOA i -.
52 net. Wt hello
A description of Indian pigeons and dovi
written rr the standpoint of the sportsman and
field-naturalist, and illustrated with twenty-seven
col, meed plate- from drawings b\ Mr. ||. Gronvold
and \li . <.. I-:. Lodge.
Cornish (Vaughan), WAVES 01 Sand \m> Snow
10/ n t. Fishei Unwin
These papers have been reproduced from the
Journals and Proceedings of tin- Royal G
graphical Society, the British Association, am!
the Royal Society of \rt-. and contain the authot -
observations of waves in sand and snow ami the
eddies winch make them. There are illustrations
from photographs taken by him, diagrams, and
map-.
Ford (Walter Burton) and Ammerman (Charles ,
Sot. in Geometry, edited by Karl.- Raymond
lledriek. :) ti Macmillan
Contain- the chapters on S lid ( ictr\
from th.' Plane and Solid Geometry bythesam'e
authors. "The book is distinguished bj its
acceptance oi the principle of emphasis of Im-
portant theorems laid down by the Committe<
Fifteen of the National Education Association
hi their Report." Tin' figures are also a notable
feat ure.
Guthe (Karl Eugen), Definitions in Physics.
Macmillan
This book i- "intended to be used in c ■<■-
tion with a fust course of college or universitj
physics ami the earlier laboratory courses," and
is a revision of ;. pamphlet published a fi n v<
ago for the author's own students in tie State
Universit y of Iowa.
Houston (A. C), STUDIES in Watki: St PPLT,
"Macmillan- Science Monographs," 5 net.
\ monograph giving the author's experi-
ences and the results of his investigations as
Director of Water Examination on the Metro-
politan Water Board, illustrated with diagrams.
Mellor (J. W.), Introduction to Modern In-
organic Chemistry, 1 6 Longmans
This volume is to serve as a simple introduc-
tion to the author's 'Modern Inorganic Che-
mistry,'and la- has here supplied " some pages
dealing with a few of the more important com-
pounds which the inorganic chemist borrows
from the organic chemist." The book contains
a select on of questions front college examination
papers, and an Appendix on Some Organic
( (impounds."
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India : Vol.
x\ XIX. Part J. Geology or- the Northern
Shan States bv T. II. D. La Tom-he. i ;
Vol. XL. Part 1, Tin: On, Fields of Burma,
by E. II. Pascoe, (i s Kegan Paul
These monographs are published by order
of the Government <>f India, and are illustrated
with photographs, diagrams, and maps.
Mottram (J. C), Controlled Natural Selec-
tion am> Value M irking, :; 8 net. Longmans
The author brings forward a new th \.
based on Darwin's theory of the < r'min ol
specie-, discusses tin- fact- on which it rests,
and exemplifies it. IL- makes no attempt at
proof, because •'many and important obsen t-
tion- which would best test the theory have
either not been made ..r records of them have
not been found." and hopes that hi- book will
st iniulati such research.
Peach (B. N.i, Home (J.), and Others, THE Oko
logy or Central it" iure, with Petro-
logical Note- bj .1. s. I'l.tt. -J. ::
Edinburgh, Morrison & (Hub
This memoir is devot< d to an i spl mat ion
of the colour printed she, t 82 of the one in< h
geological map. ■•The geological Btructun and
history of the various rocks are fully described,
and the memoir also Contains chapter- l)U
glacial deposits, scenery, and econo
i a i he count i j .
Robson (E. S. A.), PRACTICAL EXJ t'WB IN
Beat, being a Laboratoi j « out
ol Science and < ollcges, s. cond Edit i
\l .. ii
The text oi this edition has I" ■ n
some additional questions have b< i
and i he ta bles amplified.
Soddy (Frederick , THE CHEMISTRY OF TH1 K«
Blemeni - : Part II. The Radio
wi. i iii. i'i biodic Law, 2 net, L
'I hit monojfi aph, ini luaed in on
inorganic and I i hcmW i j undi r tb< ■ d
ibip ol I >i. \i. candt i l indl > , deal w II h
covet to during tie last two >•
chemist ry of radio-activi eli m<
92
THE ATH EN^UM
No. 4499, Jan. 17, 1914
FINE ARTS.
Archaeological Survey of India : South Indian
Inscriptions, Vol. II. Part IV. Otheb In-
SCBIPTIONS OF the Temple, edited ;m<l trans-
lated by Rai Bahadur V. Venkayya, 2/ Luzac
A Supplement to the second volume, con-
taining .in account of some inscriptions in the
Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur.
Catalogue of the Valuable Collection of Greek,
Civic, and Regal Coins, the Profertx of
Cumberland Clark, Esq., Illustrated Copy.
Sotheby
This collection is to be sold on Monday,
Tuesday, and Wednesday next.
Catalogue of a Valuable Collection of English
Coins of the Reign of Charles I., the Pro-
perty of Cumberland Clark. Esq., 1/6
Sotheby
An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the
collection to be sold by Messrs. Sotheby on
Thursday and Friday next.
Rooses (Max), Art in Flanders, 6/ net.
Heinemann
A history of Flemish art from the earliest
times to the end of the nineteenth century. The
author feels that he lias given more notice than
is usual in a book of this size to the art of miniature
and illumination. There are numerous illustra-
tions, including four coloured plates. The hook
is being published simultaneouslv in six countries.
DRAMA.
Lee (Joseph), Fra Lippo Lippi, Painter, of
Florence, a Play in Seven Scenes, 2/6 net.
Leng & Co.
For the facts of Fra Lippo Lippi s life the
author lias mainly followed Vasari. The illus-
trations from pen-and-ink drawings by Mr.
Milne Purvis are a notable feature.
Tagore (Rabindranath), Ciiitra, a Play in One
Act. India Society
See p. 99.
MISS MARION GRACE KENNEDY.
The death of Miss Marion Kennedy on
Sunday last has withdrawn a familiar and
honoured figure from Cambridge society,
and has made a great gap in the ranks of
the promoters of higher education and a
larger life for women all over England.
Miss Kennedy was born to an inheritance
of strong intellectual capacities and tastes,
and was brought up in an atmosphere
favourable to high ideals and generous
strivings. Her father was the renowned
classical scholar Benjamin Hall Kennedy,
of St. John's College. Cambridge, Head
Master of Shrewsbury School, and after-
wards Regius Professor of Greek at Cam-
bridge and Canon of Ely. Miss Kennedy
made full use of the opportunities of culture
afforded to her to become a good Latin
scholar and a well-read woman, while at
the same time she was always eager to
assist those who felt the need — very con-
spicuous among women in the sixties and
seventies of the last century — of wider
knowledge and intellectual scope. In the
year 1870 a distinguished band of reformers
in Cambridge began their efforts towards
University education for women — at first.
by the moderate measure of securing good
lectures for women in Cambridge ; later, by
providing a place of residence for women
students in the town ; and subsequently
by obtaining the admission of qualified
women- — living under conditions which could
be sanctioned by the University — to most
of the educational advantages enjoyed by
undergrad uat es.
Dr. Kennedy was a zealous supporter of
the whole movement. The speech in which,
in 1881, he entreated the Senate not to
close the doors of the Tripos Examinations
to women has become classical in the annals
of women's education. Had his advice been
rejected, all the efforts of Prof, and Mrs.
iSidgwick, Miss Clough, and other pioneers
would probably have proved nugatory.
The Misses Kennedy laboured hard in the
cause : Miss Julia Kennedy principally in
regard to Girton College, which from
the first was modelled on more strictly
collegiate lines ; Miss Marion Kennedy as
honorary Secretary of Newnham College,
which was formed in 1880 by the amalgama-
tion of the Lectures organization with that
of the Hall of Residence. To the end of her
life Miss Marion Kennedy worked on the
Council and on the various committees
which regulated college life and discipline.
Hut to staff and students of Newnham
College she was far more than a manager
behind the scenes. One generation after
another enjoyed the kindly hospitality and
ever-ready sympathy which were never
slackened by her arduous labours or mani-
fold interests. Her wisdom, courtesy, and
high standard of knowledge and conduct
were at once a moderating and a stimulating
force. She was interested in social as well
as in intellectual schemes of amelioration,
advocated woman suffrage on constitutional
and orderly lines, and was anxious to see
more women of capacity and character take
local government work.
If Miss Kennedy did not live to behold
all her ideals realized — a privilege seldom
granted to any human being — she had at
least the satisfaction of seeing the College
for which she had laboured so ardently
prospering in numbers and in good work, and
of realizing that her own part in it was
appreciated by many. Her name is per-
petuated in one of the buildings of Newnham
College, in a studentship for post-collegiate
work, and in her portrait by Mr. Shannon,
which hangs in the College Hall.
MR. W. E. A. ANON.
Mr. William Edward Armytage Axon,
who passed away with the closing year at
Manchester, his native city, aged 68, after
a painful illness borne with great fortitude,
had been a reader and a writer from boy-
hood, and when fifteen years of age became
an assistant in the Manchester Public
Library. There he remained until 1874,
having meanwhile made himself thoroughly
acquainted with all details of library work,
including the art of cataloguing. His love
for libraries and bibliography never left him.
A short experience as secretary of a com-
pany was followed by his appointment as
a member of the literary staff of The Man-
chester Guardian — an appointment which
terminated in 1905, after a period of thirty-
one years. His extraordinarily wide ac-
quaintance with all kinds of literature, from
the classics of many tongues to all manner
of out-of-the-way books, combined with a
remarkable memory and an aptitude for
laying his hand on the right thing at a
moment's notice, made him a kind of
walking reference library, of which full
advantage was taken by his colleagues.
He once said that the man of letters should,
above everything, recognize the duties of a
citizen, and, instead of secluding himself in
a pleasant study, bring forth the fruits of his
researches as a contribution to the daily
life of the commonwealth. He faithfully
followed out this principle in his own life.
No one ever asked in vain for aid out of the
resources of his learning, and he devoted
himself to many " causes " for the benefit
of his fellow-men. Thus he laboured for
peace, temperance, food reform, vegetarian-
ism, and humanitarianism in its widest
sense. Yet no one who knew him regarded
him as a faddist ; all loved him for his
gentleness and tolerance, and for his good
humour. He was essentially a " clubbable "
man, and belonged at different times to a
great number of societies. He had been
Hon. Secretary of the Manchester Literary
Society, Treasurer of the Manchester Sta-
tistical Society, President of the Lancashire
and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, member of
the Royal Society of Literature", an original
member and a Vice-President of the Library
Association, member of the English Dialect
Society and of the Gypsy Lore Society,
and President of the Yegetarian Society and
of the Manchester Temperance Union. For
these and many other societies he wrote
papers. He found time also for member-
ship of the Salford School Board, the Salford
Corporation Museums and Libraries Com-
mittee, and the Moss Side LTrban District
Council. He was Chairman of the Moss Side
Public Library, and a main instrument in
its foundation.
His contributions to the press were ex-
tremely varied and numerous ; some of
these he published in volume form, as
'Lancashire Gleanings,' 'Cheshire Glean-
ings,' ' Echoes of Old Lancashire,' ' Byegone
Sussex,' and ' Stray Chapters in Literature.'
From 1874 to 1877 he edited a series of
' Local Notes and Queries ' in The Man-
chester Guardian. He edited ' The Field
Naturalist ' (1883), also editions of Caxton's
' Game of the Chesse,' ' Nixon's Prophe-
cies,' and ' Mother Shipton ' ; he wrote a
' Memoir of Harrison Ainsworth,' a ' Life of
W. Lloyd Garrison," ' Cobden as a Citizen,'
' Shelley's Vegetarianism ' (for the Shelley
Society), and a useful volume entitled
'Annals of Manchester.' A volume of his
occasional verse he called ' The Ancoats
Skylark.' He wrote for ' The Encyclopaedia
Britannica,' the 'Dictionary of " National
Biography," The Library, and*^ the New York
Nation, and his name occupies a consider-
able space in the Indexes to Notes and
Queries. Just before his last illness he had
completed the cataloguing of the Green-
wood Library for Librarians (about 12,000
volumes) in the Manchester Reference
Library.
Mr. Axon paid two visits to the United
States, where he read papers to conferences
at Chicago and St. Louis. From the Wilber-
force University he received the honorary
degree of LL.D., in recognition of his sympa-
thetic writings on behalf of the negro race.
Three months before his death he had
the gratification of accepting the honorary
degree of M.A. from Manchester University.
Mr. Axon was twice married, and left two
daughters and a son, Mr. Ernest Axon, of
the Manchester Reference Librarv. S.
ENGLISH CHURCH SERVICES
IN ROME.
195, Viale Regina, Rome.
I am collecting information about the
English Church in Rome from its earliest
date, and I should be much obliged if any
one possessing old diaries or papers contain-
ing references to the English services held
in Rome would send me extracts or copies
of such references, particularly from 1816
to 1823, with the names of the officiating
clergymen, and the addresses of the houses
where the services were he'd before the
room outside the Porta del Popolo was
• rented for divine service.
Muriel Talbot Wilson.
N.«. 4499, Jan. 17. l!)14
T II E A T II EN J:r .M
93
Kitrrarn (gossip.
DlXIXG with the Authors" Club on
Monday last. Sir Lewis Dibdin, Dean
of the Arches, was able to impart to them
some exceedingly curious and interesting
information concerning the records of the
Court of Arches, since 1865, after several
transfers from place to place, these have
been at Lambeth Palace, and there, since
hi- appointment as Dean of the Arches
(19031. Sir Lewis has spent much of his
time, exploring and sorting out what
was nil absolute chaos — sunk besides in
dirt from which the documents had
almost to Ik- dug out with a spade.
The most valuable division of the records
is perhaps that of the series of " processes "
— some 2.2'to in number, ranging from
1660 to 1856. The former date sets aside
the common report that the early Arches
records perished in the Great Fire, and
renders more probable Sir Lewis's con-
jecture that they were destroyed by Crom-
well's soldiers. They are described as
falling into three groups: (1) Testament-
ary and .Matrimonial Matters: (2) Cases
concerned with Morals, and the Ecclesi-
astical Duties of Clergy and Laity: and
1 ontrol of Church Fabrics. Officers, and
Endow ments.
Sir Lewis Dihdin said, no doubt with
truth, that it is difficult to exaggerate
the historical value of these neglected
records as pictures of English life and
manners, relating as they do to every
class of the population, and covering so
lengthy a period. The Rev. Claude
Jenkins, Librarian of Lambeth, is under-
taking the reading of the texts of the
documents.
In Sir Lewis's interesting address.
however, it seems to have been for-
gotten that only twelve months ago the
condition of these documents was the
subject of inquiry by the Royal Com-
mission on Public Records, and notices
of tin- evidence then given appeared in
the press. The forthcoming Report of
the Commission will presumably explain
the neglect of these valuable records
down to the date of their investigation
by its members.
The Bishop of Lille — so we learn
from The Times — has threatened with
nupensio n sacris the Abbe Lemire,
lo publican Deputy for Hazebrouck. un-
less he agrees to abandon political life.
and to sever his connexion with his poli-
tical organ the Cxi des Flandres. Four
days are allowed him for a decision.
This action of the Bishop's is taken in
conformity with an edict of the Vatican
forbidding clerical candidatures. The
Abbe i- the last priest now a member of
the French Chamber of Deputies. Despite
hi- outspoken republicanism, neither his
efficiency a- a parish priest nor his religious
orthodoxy and loyalty have ever been
• ailed in question. He is an active
thinker on social problems, and has
written a hook on Cardinal Manning.
Meanwhile, amid a greal demonstration
of sympathy, it was announced on the
13th inst. that the Abbe Lemire had been
elected third Vice-President of the Cham-
ber with 27.") votes. He will he the first
priest to preside over a legislative assembly
for more than a hundred years. In
answer to questions upon the point, he
declared his resolution of presiding in his
soutam .
We welcome the first of the Occasional
Publications of the classical Association,
a well-written paper on " Ovid in the Meta-
morphoses." by Prof. D. .\. Slater. He
shows, with well-selected renderings of
various passages, the merits of Ovid's
great work and its widespread influence
over the world of letters. Shakespeare's
direct debt is illustrated, for instance, by
the episode of Py ramus and Thisbe, a tale
which is not found outside the ' Meta-
morphoses.'
A coi-rsk of five public lectures on
Portuguese Literature will be delivered
at University College by Mr. Y. De
B. Cunha, beginning on Wednesday next
at 2 v.y\. The chair will be taken at
the first lecture by Sir John Jardine, M.P.
H. J. P. writes from Lvdgate Boars Hill.
( )xford :—
*" Do you think the shades of Swinburne
and the more recent translators will con-
done my offering with much diffidence —
the following tentative alternatives to the
lines criticized by your reviewer on pp. .13-4
of last Saturday's Aihenceum ? —
Elle babille ainsi qu'un moineau franc.
She chatters in the gossip sparrow's ways,
or
or
With chit and chat she like a sparrow plajs.
Plus becquetez d'oyseaulx que ilez ;'i coudre.
More pecked ^ {^^j than Betty's fingerstall,
By pecking birds, like thimble, pocki'd all.
Orpheus, le doux menestrier,
Jouant de filiates et musettes.
Orpheus, whose sweet skill
On pipe and flute charmed care away.
The Sultan of Turkey is credited
with the intention of founding a Moslem
University at Medina, and the matter
has got so far as the fixing of the date
for laving the foundation-stone. Another
University is proposed for El Tayef, near
Mecca.
MESSES. DENT are about to issue a new
" series." to which they have given the
name of '* The Wayfarers' Library,"
and a dozen volumes of which are now-
ready. The headings under which the
books are classified are ' Romance and
Adventure.' ' Social and Domestic Fiction,'
• Historical Fiction,' ' Humour.' ' Belles-
Lettres and Essays,' and ' The Open Air.'
Some special attention is being devoted
to the section of ' Humour." in which the
hooks will have illustrations in the text,
as well as a frontispiece in colours, and
the collection will represent 'he whole
range of comic writers, from the earliest
known to the present time. The Open
Air' section will include works on nature
as well as books of travel and discovery.
DB. Ki:ks< iii;\sti;i\i;i:'s book on ' Tie-
School- and the Nation ' has been trans-
lated by Mr. e. K. Ogden, and is to be
published shortly by Messrs Macmillan,
wi'h a Preface h\ Lord Haldane. The
author's instructive and delightful study
(,l the Drawing of Schoolchildren is,
perhaps, the work of his with which
English teachers are best acquainted.
Messes. Geoboe Allen will publish
next week 'The Hamptonshire Experi-
ment on Education,' by Mr. ('. P. Ash bee.
The book, which deals with certain vital
questions of rural education, is primarily
a record of ten years practical teaching
in craftsmanship in an English country
district.
DB, AbTHUB S. Ww is about to issue,
through Messrs. Macmillan. a second part
of his translation of the works of Sophocles
into English \ erse.
The same firm are also about to
publish the fifth volume of the 'Cyclo-
pedia of Education,' which is being edited
by Prof. Paul Monroe of Columbia Uni-
versity.
Mr. .J. Boyd Kinnkai;. the author of
'Principles of Civil Government,' has
written a short work entitled ' Principles
of Property.' He also deals with the
problems of the land question. Messrs.
Smith & Elder will publish the brochure
on the 22nd inst.
Under the title Egypt in Transi-
tion,' Mr. Sidney Low will publish
with the same firm the 29th inst. the
record of impressions received during a
journey of some months in Egypt and
the Sudan in 1908, during the period
between the re-occupation of the Sudan
after Lord Kitchener's inarch to Khartum
in 1898, and his return to Cairo as British
Agent and Consul-General in July, 1911.
The papers are republished with certain
modifications and corrections.
Thk second volume of Carducci's letters
has just been published by Zanichelli
(Bologna), edited by Alberto Dallolio.
It contains letters addressed to his own
family and to his favourite pupil, Severino
Ferrari.
On Tuesday, the 6th inst.. occurred the
death of Miss Henrietta Keddie (" Sarah
Tytler ") at the age of HI. By the fornici
name she was long well known at Oxford,
and under the latter, as a novelist, she
reached a Large circle of readers, it is
curious to think that her first works —
which proved unsuccessful — -go back to
the times when Charlotte Bronte had
Lately become famous.
Miss Keddie belonged to the fairly
numerous group ol Victorian women
w liters who. like Mrs. Emma .Mar-hall,
Mrs. Oliphant, and Charlotte ^'in.'<v used
their pens t" retrieve the fortunes or
to procure the support of their famib
< )ne of her mosl interest ing books is I
Last— her autobiography entitled 'Tie
Generations -v hich relates the history
,,l ;1 Fife shire family from the daj - of the
Napoleonic wars. < »t her novels and her
biographical works none, il is probable,
ujll survive, yet thej undoubted^ b<
;, good i' ot m thai general helping of Life
along which seems the main function "t
wholesome, but undistinguished fiction.
94
THE ATT I KNilUM
No. 4499, Jan. 17, 1914
SCIENCE
Problems of Genetics. Bv William Bateson.
(Milford, 17s. net.)
With this volume, which appears as one
of the publications of the Silliman Founda-
tion of Yale University, Prof. Bateson has
fulfilled his promise to discuss the bearing
■of Mendelian methods of analysis upon
.some of the wider problems of biology.
The lectures were delivered in America as
long ago as 1907. Various causes have
delayed their appearance, but especi-
ally the author's feeling that our know-
ledge of the subject is at present too
limited to be usefully put forward as an
explanation of the method of evolution.
Nevertheless, what is known already of
the results of Mendelian analysis has pro-
duced in him a profound distrust of the
efficacy of previous hypotheses, and his
book is, in fact, an essay in destructive
criticism, though, as he admits, the
development of negations is always an
ungrateful task.
Much of the difficulty turns upon the
interpretation of variability : Is it in-
herent and spontaneous in all organisms,
so that specific distinctions are arbitrary ?
or can it be sorted out and ascribed to
definite causes ? Prof. Bateson would
point to a large mass of evidence which
shows that variability may be a result of
hybridization, or a polymorphism due to
various combinations of Mendelian factors,
to the transient effects of changes in the
environment, as well as to geographical
isolation. It is due, not to one phe-
nomenon, but to many, and the idea that
specific difference is a mere question of
degree, or that the fixity of these differ-
ences is directly dependent on their value
as aids in the struggle for existence, the
author holds to be ill-founded. He looks
upon variation, or its converse stability,
as largely an index of the internal con-
stitution of organisms, and not the conse-
quence of relationship to their environ-
ment. From the point of view of Men-
delian analysis this is evidently true ; the
question is whether it is universally applic-
able. Species do undoubtedly change,
and their fossil remains demonstrate that
in the course of time a species is just as
much subject to metamorphosis as the
individual.
Prof. Bateson arranges variations in
two classes : meristic variations, by which
are meant variations in the processes of
•division of the organism ; and substantive
variations, which consist of changes in
the nature of the substances composing it.
The former are mechanical, relating to
the manner in which material is divided
and distributed ; the latter are chemical,
and relate to the constitution of the
materials themselves. Mendelian analysis
throws some light on variation in the
constitution of material, but the mechani-
cal side is still in darkness. The one form
of variation may also be independent of
the other. The pinnatifid variation of
the normal palmatifid leaf of the Chinese
primula is an example : it is known that
this variation is determined by a single
segregable factor, and hence is one of
substance.
The author devotes a chapter to the
discussion of the Mutation Theory, as a
means of evolution, put forward by Prof,
de Vries. He considers that the evidence
afforded by (Enothera — the species whose
variations form the groundwork of the
theory — is still ambiguous, and he
does not agree that it is insusceptible to
factorial analysis properly applied. He
admits the evidence for variation or the
mutation of some one character, but
claims that it is a result of a recombina-
tion of factors. The simultaneous varia-
tion in several characters, to which Prof,
de Vries especially attributes the origin
of new specific types, he does not consider
satisfactorily established. Prof. Bateson
subjoins a list of publications bearing
upon the, Mutation Theory, but he does
not include the latest work of Prof, de
Vries, ' Gruppenweise Artbildung,' pub-
lished in Berlin during 1913. In this
book Prof, de Vries brings forward
further evidence in favour of his inter-
pretation of the facts, and this demands
every consideration. His recent experi-
mental results seem adequately explained
by his theory. He shows that new
races which breed true are a frequent
result of crossing, and that many of their
characters have been modified. He re-
iterates his conviction that different
types of hereditary behaviour exist, not
all of which are susceptible of Mendelian
analysis. It may fairly be said that the
evidence is still insufficient to decide the
question. The work of Prof, de Vries
on (Enothera requires independent con-
firmation in further species. On the other
hand, as the volume before us shows, in
spite of difficulties Mendelian analysis
makes steady progress, and it is quite
conceivable, since it has explained so
much, that it may ultimately form a satis-
factory basis for an all-embracing theory
of genetics.
The theory of adaptation and the pos-
sible inheritance of acquired characters
are discussed with an admirable wealth of
detail, and a critical examination is made
of the chief examples which have been
put forward as tending to establish them.
Prof. Bateson, while admitting the diffi-
culty of explaining satisfactorily the origin
of adaptational features, does not con-
sider that, so far, the evidence put for-
ward justifies anything but an agnostic
attitude. What is required, he says, is
confirmatory evidence of the facts re-
ported, published by at least two inde-
pendent observers investigating similar
material. At present this is not forth-
coming ; so that, as far as our present
knowledge goes, it is the nature — the
hereditary character of the individual —
rather than the nurture, which requires
our first care.
In the Table of Contents an unexplained
slip seems to have occurred, for an
appendix to chap. x. is there promised
which does not appear to be present in
our copy.
In conclusion, we would say that all
students of the problems of heredity —
and they are many at the present day —
will owe Prof. Bateson a debt of gratitude
for this volume, written in so scientific a
spirit and with such commendable self-
restraint. Though the subject is ap-
proached from the point of view of
Mendel's original discovery (the segrega-
tion of unit-characters), the difficulties in
the way of a universal application of
factorial analysis are by no means mini-
mized, and the facts for and against this
possible solution of the method of evolu-
tion are critically examined. Xo certain
conclusions can at present be drawn
(sometimes, indeed, as if overcome by
the difficulties of his subject, the author
writes almost in a strain of pessimism),
3*et we are sure that his work marks
a real advance towards our comprehen-
sion of the problems of life.
A New Era in Chemistry : some of the
More Important Developments in General
Chemistry during the Last Quarter of a
Century. By Harry C. Jones. (Con-
stable & Co., 85. Qd. net.)
Xo one is likely to deny that the last
quarter of a century has been a period of
great moment for the future of chemistry ;
and Prof. Jones, whose own work on the
theory of solution has done much to
illustrate it, is well fitted to give an
account of it. Beginning with the Peri-
odic Law of Mendeleeff, which, as he
truly says, converted chemistry from
mere empiricism to system, he shows with
great lucidity how Kekule's discover}* of
the six carbon atoms in aromatic com-
pounds led to Van 't Hoff's invention of
stereochemistry, and this in turn to Prof.
Arrhenius's ionic theory of electrolysis.
Ostwald, however, is to his mind the real
founder of modern chemistry, and he
quotes with much approval his hero's
dicta that the highest aim of scientific
research is the discovery of a law. and
that what we have to study is not — as was
formerly supposed — matter and energy,
but energy and its changes. Thus he
leads his readers to the new theory of
electrolysis founded on Le Blanc's re-
searches into decomposition values, and
pronounces in favour of Sir Joseph Thom-
son's speculation that matter is nothing
more than isolated electric charges moving
with high velocity through a perfectly
elastic medium.
These are great matters, and it Mould
be idle to expect in a book of some 300
pages addressed more or less to the general
reader, any reasoned demonstration of
the truth of the propositions there laid
down. It is enough to say that Prof.
Jones does his work with fairness, giving
to every one, so far as we have been able
to discover, his due, and supplying the
student with a very clear and concise
summary of the researches of which he
treats. As may be expected, he is a
little inclined to throw doubt on Sir
William Ramsay's " transmutation " ex-
periments, and declares that the produc-
tion of helium by the radium emanation
No. 4400. Jan. 17, 1014
T II E A Til E X .KU.M
!!.',
is aot transmutation at all. In like
manner he dismisses the recently published
experiments of Prof. Norman Collie and
Mr. Patterson — which he describes as
the sending of X rays (our italics) through
hydrogen gas — with the remark that we
are too near to these announcements to
judge of their significance. On the other
hand, he hazards the guess that all the
chemical elements are '" more or less radio-
active " and " more or less unstable " — a
genei'alization which has been put forward
in Tin Athenceum and elsewhere during"
last ten years, and. after being scouted
by most teachers of chemistry and physics,
i^ ui'u -lowly rising into favour.
What Prof. Jones and those who. with
him. adhere to the immaterialist or
"everything is energy" theory are. per-
haps. compelled to ignore is that, at
present, it rests on a base more shifting
than sand. All matter, they say, is
made up of electrons or indivisible units
of electricity ; but are all these electrons
of one kind '. Sir Joseph Thomson seems
now ready to acknowledge that there
are such things as positive electrons.
as well as the negative ones or corpuscles
of which he considers all matter to
be composed. But by admitting this
we find ourselves in face, not of
monism, but of a dualism of the sharpest
kind. The " single-fluid " theory, that
positive electricity is an excess and nega-
tive a defect of something or other, must
In- flung overboard, as. indeed, it has been
by most writers on the subject. The
gative electrons may be only a sort of
Dglomerated energy, owing their mass
and inertia to velocity and all the rest
it. but of what are their positive
fellows composed '. Until this question is
answered, it seems to us that there is still
an unknown constituent in matter of which
people like Prof. Jones can give no account,
i that the difficulty is therefore only
pushed a little, if any, further back.
Apart from this, Prof. Jones's clear and
luminous pages open out a prospect
before the intending student of chemistry
may daunt the stoutest heart.
The subject has of late years encroached
mora and more upon other branches of
knowledge. He remarks with truth
DO one can now study chemistry
without a good knowledge of elementary
mathematics and some acquaintance with
at least differential and integral calcu-
lus, while electricity and general physics
will evidently claim a very important share
in the future chemist's preparation. Yet
we maybe sure that there are thousands of
Students all over the world who are both
Milling and anxious to undertake these
idies, and that some of them, before
ir scientific careers are finished, will
turn them to as good use as even the
- eat men whose accomplishments Prof.
Jones here record-. This is. indeed, the
best justification of his proposition that
the la>t twenty-tive years have been of
primary importance to the science, and
full of hope for it- future. We have
noticed Some awkward words, but, on the
whole, the book i- as well ;!■, it is clearly
written.
SOCIETIES.
Asiatic.- -Inn. tS. Sir H. Mortimer Durand,
Direotor, in the ohair. Sir Charles J. Lyall
read ;i paper entitled 'Old Arabian Poetry
and the Hebrew Literature of the Old Testament.'
The leoturer pointed out that the earliest remains
cf the ancient Arabic poetry which have oome
down to us, although they jv> no further hack than
the end of the rift li or the beginning of the sixth
century a. e., come before ns in a form which
postulates a long antecedent history. The poetic
conventions are already fixed, the metres and rules
of rhyme are settled, and a common poetic form of
language, used by all poets irrespective of the differ-
ences of tribal dialect which must have existed.
has come into bein^. It must therefore be assumed
that the Burviving fragments are only the remnants
of a large body of compositions which in all prob-
ability stretched over a long period of time.
Dr. 6. A. Smith, in his Sohweioh Lectures on the
' Early Poetry of Israel,' delivered in December,
1910, dealt with the remains of that poetry which
he thought might reasonably be ascribed to the
period before the eighth century B.C., the age of the
great prophets ; and he found on examining them
that they were capable of illustration at every step
from the ancient Arabian poetry.
Taking the subject from the other side, that of
Arabia, the lecturer asked what conclusions would
naturally be drawn from this remarkable resem-
blance of the two literatures. He pointed to the
persistence, in the Arabian Peninsula and the
Syrian desert, of conditions of life and society
which from century to century exhibited extremely
little change. A comparison of the conditions
as set forth in the old Arabian poems with
those in the present day as described by travellers
shows that in the thirteen centuries which
have elapsed since Mohammed's time there has
been no substantial change in the conditions of life
in Arabia. To look further back, the stories in
the Old Testament of the patriarchal age, and of
the tribal life of Israel as described in the records
down to the establishment of the kingdom,
coincide in an extraordinary manner with the
state of society to be gathered from the ancient
Arabian poetry. This being so, it is not a
violent conjecture that when the ancient Hebrew
poems were composed, there was also in existence
a similar form of poetry among the Arab races
akin to Israel — the sons of Midian, Ishmael, and
Edom. In illustration of this proposition, the
Song of Deborah and the lament of David over the
death of Saul and Jonathan were examined, and
the similarities to Arab poetry pointed out.
Passing from this poetry of natural emotion, the
lecturer went on to consider the Hebrew poetry of
artistic elaboration as displayed in the Book of .Job.
chaps, xxxviii., xxxix., and dwelt on the remark-
able resemblance between the descriptions of the
fauna of the desert contained in these chapters and
the pictures of animal life in the odes of the classical
Arabian poets. Examples of this had already been
given in detail in a paper by the lecturer in
November, 1911; and it was argued that this
resemblance which could not be due to borrowing
— must be ascribed to the existence of a contem-
poraneous style of pictorial poetry in Arabia (the
scene in which the drama of Job is placed by its
anther), which was the forerunner of the Arabian
poetry of classical times.
The lecturer concluded that the origins of the
Arabic poetic traditions must be carried back to ages
corresponding with the productions of early Israel.
and those of the elaborate style to the period of
Job , 500-400 B.C.
A discussion followed in which Dr. Caster. Dr.
Hirschfeld, and Col. Plunkett took part.
Philological. — Jan. 9. — Mr. Harrison con-
tributed some remarks on the origin of English
surnames and place-names beginning with r.
of these Ridehalgh presents some difficulty in
the first syllable, while RideaU i^ an Irish trans-
lation of Middle, as if it were a riddle. The [ri»h
word itself i-. borrowed from English. Another
name of interest is Rivington, Which is a name
with many variants, which are traceable ;i long
way ba<k! Robert is of post-Norman introduc-
tion, though both elements are In old English.
\i.( in mi< \i.. — ./<"<. '•»• — Mr. II. Stanley Red-
grove Acting President, in the chair. — An inter-
esting lecture on ' Kabalistic Alchemy' was
delivered by Mr. Arthur Edward Waite, a
studj "i the Hebrew work entitled ' Aesh Met-
/.i.il,, ,,i Hook of Refining Fire.' which
Durvives only in the Latin Lexicon <•! Rabalism
by Baron von Rosenroth. The lecturer made
what was considered ■< very successful attempt
t,, i\\ the approximate date "f the book, and o>
study ii - attributions <•( metal-, to planets and
1 of planets to Sephiroth. The latter, it ma) be
mentioned, are the ten emanations whereby the
worlds are evolved from the Divine Being In the
esoteric philosophy of Israel. They arc also
termed " Numerations," and Mr. Walte's lecture
dealt with them in the light of the mystical
philosophy of the ' Zohar.' lie considered tin-
Hook of Refining Pire as a document of physical
alchemy, concerned with metallic transmutation,
but he suggested thai it^ connexion with the
Sephiroth Berved to raise it into another ami
higher region of thought. The lecture was
toll' iwed bv a discussion.
MKKTINU8 NBXr WKKK
Ti i -.
Wl l>.
Boy«l Academy. I —'Colour ami Kelathe Tone,' Mr W I.
Wjllle.
I Melon School of economics, •;. — 'Le Ride de la FrUMdans
les grands Mouveiuents fc.uro|>cen8 du dix-neuvi.ine Slfcclt,
Prof. P. .1. Mantoux.
8ocle'y of Arid. ».— 'The Relation of Industry to Art.'
Lecture I . Sir C. Waldslein. (Cantor Lecture!
Royal I ii.i it mi. ,ii. S.— * Animals ami Plants under l>,jm.-.ti <
tlon,' Lecture I. , Prof. **. Kateson.
Statistical. .V— "lhe Fertility of Marriage in Scotland. ■
Census Study,' Mr. J. Cratifurd Duiilon.
Musical Association, "■ li— The Lor.1 Chamberlain and Opera
in Loudon, 1700 It. Dr W. n. dimming*.
Institution nt Civil (engineers, B.— Further Discussion on
' hujierheating Steam iu Locomotives '
Anthropological Institute. B.1& — Anuual Meeting.
Meteorological, T tut. — Annual Meeting.
BiitMi Numismatic, s — ' A Systematic Method of Classi6cv
tion of English Medlteval Coius, frith ppei-ial Reference to
those of Henry VI..' Mr. J. Shirley-Fox,
— Folk-Lore. s.-'The Cult of the Bori among the Hausas.
Ma jot Trenieame.
— Geological, 8— Geology of the Country round Huntly
laherdeenshiret,' Mr. W. EL Watt; "lite (ilaciatioa of East
Lancashire,' Dr. A. Jowelt
— Microscopical, s— 'The Microscope and Medicine. Prof.
G. Sims Woodhead.
— St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, s.— 'The Chapels ami
Oratories of the Tower of Loudon.' Mr. C H. Hopn'ood.
— Society of Arts. S.— 'The Modern Poster, its Essentials and
Significance.' Mr. W. a Rogers.
Tut its Royal Institution, :;.-' The Mind of Savage Man: II) His
Intellectual Life,' Mr. W. McDougalt.
— Roval 4 ;!0 — ' Heat Production associated with Muscular
Work.' Mr. K. T. Glazehrook and Mr. IV W, Dye; "lhe
Chemical Interpretation of some Mendelian Factt rs for
Flower Colour.' Mr. M. Wheldale and Mr. 8. L. Haaseit ;
'The Determination of the Minimum Leilitil Dose of
Various Toxic Suhstances and its Relationship to the Body
Weight in Warm-Blooded Animals,' Prof. G. Dreyer and Mr.
E. W. A. Walker ; and other Papers.
— Institution of electrical Engineers. 8— The tilth Kelvin
Lecture, Sir Oliver Lodge.
— Chemical 8 .30 -' Crystals of Organic Compounds, coloured
Blue hv Iodine.' Mr- li. Barger and Mr. \V. \V. Starling ;
'The Preparation and Properties of Pure formic Ami.
Mr A. J. Ewins ; and other Papers.
— Society of A nti'iuaries. 8.110.—
_ Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 :!0.-' Designand Arrangement
of Gold Tooling for the Decoration of Bookbindings, Mr.
Douglas Cockerell ,
Institution of Civil Engineers. B -' The Testing of Materials
for use in Kngineeriig Construction,' Mr. E. W Monkhouse.
(Students' Meeting) _, _ , , -.
Viking, s.ir,.— • Amor Jailaskald and the tirst llelgi-Lay.
Royal' Institution. !>.-' The Coming of Age of the Vacuum
Flask,' Sir J. Dewar. . „ . , „ .
Royal Institution. :i. — ' Neglected Musical Composers .
I. Ludwig S|Kihr.' Prof. F. C order. ,
Irish Lite-ary, x.-'Sept and Settlers in Ormonde, Prof
W. F. T. Butler.
Fki.
Sat.
^cinuc (Dasaip.
The Joint Committee of the British
Association and the Royal Anthropological
Institute have arranged a Conference at
Drapers' Hall on the afternoon of February
19th. Tho purpose of the meeting is to
approve the findings of the Committee that
it is necessary to extend and complete the
organization of the teaching of Anthropology
at the Universities, so thai those destined for
work in the East, or in parts of the Empire
inhabited by non-European races, may
possess at the outset of their career some
knowledge of the habits and ideas of tho
people they encounter. This contention,
which we have emphasized more than once,
is to 1)0 put before the Prime Minister.
The CoiNtn, of the Royal Anthropo.
logical Institute have made arrangements
for an address by Prof. Baldwin Spencer on
the life of the Australian savage, in the
Theatre <>f the Civil Service Commission,
Burlington Gardens, on the 27th inst.,a1 s p.m.
The lecture will !><• illustrated l>> kinemato-
graph mid phonograph records.
The fifth Kelvin Lecture will bedeliven d
bj Sir <)h\cr Lodge al the Institution ol
Electrical Engineers nexl Thursdaj evenn
snt ()i.i\ in Lodge Lb also delivering ■
lecture al Bedford < ollege for Women on
the 27th inat., at S p.m. The subject i
■ The Ether ol Spa
on the '.ttii inat. Dr. Hanrj I •• d< rii k
Baker was elected Lowndean Professor of
Astronomy and Geometry in succession U
96
T PI E A T H E N JE U M
No. 4409, Jan. 17, 1914
the lute Sir Robert Ball. Dr. Baker is best
known for his contributions to the latter
subject.
The statement by Dr. Lazarus -Barlow to
The Times, which we quoted in our last
issue, has drawn forth some protest from
the Surgeons to the Middlesex Hospital,
to whose care, and not directly to that
of Dr. Lazarus-Barlow, the patients in
■question were committed. They give figures
which differ somewhat from Dr. Lazarus-
Barlow's, so that it is worth while to men-
tion that those which we repeated from
The Times refer only to the women treated
•during the periods specified.
On the 9th inst. the London Traffic
Branch of the Board of Trade issued as a
Blue-book their Sixth Annual Report. It
appears from this that, if to the population
of Greater London there be added that of
the Outer Suburban Ring, we have, over an
area of 2,808 square miles, a population of
8,471,146. The number of journeys per
head of the population in 1903 was 144" 9 ;
that for 1912 was 243*9, exclusive of the
suburban traffic on the trunk railways and
the passengers carried by over 10,000 cabs.
This certainly seems to show that there is
some real occasion for the lamentations
•over our increasing restlessness which have
become commonplaces, while the facts that
the total number of street accidents has
nearly doubled, and that their ratio to
population, apart from one years break, has
■steadily increased, may, perhaps, not un-
reasonably be taken as justifying the same
kind of complaint from a different point of
view. While the bicycle causes the greatest
number of accidents, it is the motor omnibus,
■&s, indeed, any one might surmise, that is
chiefly to blame for deaths : and in this
'last report more so than ever before.
The Times of Tuesday last contained a
vivid account by Mr. Frederick Burlingham
of his recent descent into the crater of Vesu-
vius. He reports that minor explosions are
already taking place there, and gives warn-
ing that the volcano is undoubtedly getting
ready for another eruption. On December
21st, some six months earlier than Prof.
Malladra had expected it. fresh lava had
begun to appear over the new mouth
which opened last July when the floor of the
crater caved in, and from which dense
volumes of smoke are continually issuing.
Mr. Burlingham considers that, while the
■danger of a descent into Vesuvius is con-
siderable, the difficulty has been exag-
gerated. Still, " three almost perpendicular
drops, separated by ledges leaning outwards
and downwards,'" even though " the highest
is scarcely more than 30 ft.," require nerve
as well as a rope. The great dangers are
asphyxiation and the chance of being
crushed by avalanches of stones. So little
solid is the inside of the crater that even
.shifting a rope started a cascade of ashes
and debris.
At the bottom the whole mouth of the
crater is encrusted with a white substance,
and out of this abyss — estimated to have a
depth of two miles — rush dense clouds
-of incandescent pink smoke, which, while
the party for about twenty minutes watched
them, flashed into several different colours.
It was here that the admonitory fresh lava
was seen.
The spectacular magnificence of a volcano
in eruption seems to have been witnessed at-
its highest in the outburst on Sunday and
Monday last of Mount Sakurashima, the
volcanic island off Kagoshima, which ac-
companied the severe and destructive dis-
turbance which took place along the volcanic
range of Kiushiu.
FINE ARTS
An Introduction to English Architecture.
Bv Francis Bond. 2 vols. (Humphrey
Milford, 21. 2s.)
These volumes form a worthy sequel to
the important work on Gothic Architec-
ture, by the same author, which Mr.
Batsford produced in 1905. They repre-
sent a vast amount of orderly labour, and
show an astonishingly wide grasp of a
great subject. It is a big undertaking :
1,000 quarto pages, with 1,400 illustra-
tions, on English architecture, even if
the period ranges from the eleventh to
the sixteenth century. Nevertheless,
there are probably at least a hundred and
odd Englishmen who would confidently
undertake such a task without flinching,
and in these days, when fairly cheap and
competent photographs abound, might
meet with a certain degree of success.
But the distinguishing characteristic of
Mr. Bond's work is his well-ordered and
distinctly interesting method of arranging
and grouping his material. This is no
mere crude mass of architectural state-
ments, on hackneyed lines, of the stone-
work of our parish and monastic churches
from the Conqueror to Elizabeth. Not
only is the whole subject classified on new
lines, but also no small part of the book
shows original work, including the produc-
tion of novel facts and fresh theories.
Even architectural experts, whether pro-
fessional or otherwise, who may not
quite agree with some of Mr. Bond's
statements and conclusions, cannot fail to
appreciate the ingenuity and freshness of
his general treatment.
The opening chapters deal with the
constitution of the various orders of
monks, canons, and friars, as well as
collegiate churches, and show how their
respective fabrics for worship differed in
requirement and plan from the ordinary
parish church. The fourth chapter will
probably prove the most interesting and
informing to the general reader ; it
treats of the planning and growth of the
parish church, including priests' rooms,
sacristies, and the rarer remains of
anchorages. The directions as to the
best way in which to study the parish
church are excellent. In the analysis
of the growth and development of
churches, accompanied by plans and
illustrations, Mr. Bond is specially happy,
and his treatment of the churches of West-
hall, Norfolk, and Shere, Surrey, is excel-
lent. The church of the Oxfordshire
Dorchester is one of almost enthralling
interest, both from the remarkable beauty
of many of its details and from its excep-
tional historical associations. It was the
first see of the West Saxons, and at a
later period was the cathedral of the
great diocese of Lincoln, until the first
Norman bishop removed his seat, in
1092, to Lincoln. From the earliest
times the church of Dorchester was served
by secular canons, but in 1140 it was
transferred to Austin canons, under whose
charge it remained as an abbey until the
Dissolution. Mr. Bond's explanatory
treatment of this somewhat intricate
church is delightfully lucid, but its inclu-
sion in a section dealing with an analysis
of old parish churches is surely an over-
sight. Again, the priory church of Leo-
minster, though partly used for parochial
purposes, ought to have found its place
in another section.
The chapters that are concerned with
the whole question of vaulting ; the abut-
ment system, treating of buttresses,
pinnacles, and opposing thrusts ; walls
and arcades, including flintwork and
timber churches ; and the pier, with
its multiplicity of members of the dif-
ferent periods, will appeal specially to the
architectural student, as well as the
later ones on triforiums and bay designs,
and on the clerestory. Contrariwise, the
infinite variety of windows dealt with in
the long section ' On the Lighting of the
Mediaeval Churches ' is brimful of general
interest, and much the same may be said
of the chapter on doorways and porches,
and especially the one on towers and spires.
The Appendix supplies useful brief essays,
characterized by much common sense, on
the origin of the Early Christian Basilica,
the Orientation of Churches, and the
Deviation of Axis of Chancel. It is
scarcely necessary to add — for that is a
special feature of all Mr. Bond's previous
books — that the indexes, both hcorum
and rerum, are admirably full and com-
plete.
Upwards of twenty pages, with numer-
ous illustrations, are devoted to that
fruitful subject of controversy the " low
side " window. It is much to be hoped
that Mr. Bond's patient but frank dis-
cussion of these windows, about which
ecclesiologists have squabbled for up-
wards of seventy years, will finally
explode several of the fantastic theories
which are still prevalent. For the last
quarter of a century antiquarian experts
have dilated at length upon the absolute
impossibility of such openings having
served in any way for the con-
venience of lepers ; nevertheless, many
a worthy parson, and not a few local
guide-books, still persist in drawing atten-
tion to the " leper windows " of their
respective churches. Mr. Bond also points
out the extravagances connected with
other theories as to their use, such as for
purposes of confession, or for lights to
scare away evil spirits. The writer does
not appear to have heard of the last-coined
designation for these openings, invented
by a Cambridgeshire F.S.A. as lately as
1911 ; he styles them speculatories, and
considers that they were constructed to
afford a view from without of the Easter
Sepulchre. But why should any one —
and there would be room for only one
person at a time — want to squint at the
Sepulchre from without when the church
at that short season was open night and
day ? There is also a fatal objection to
their use for any kind of hagioscopic
purpose. It can be proved that the great
majority, probably all, of these openings
were fitted with a shutter, and usually
with a grille. It has also been shown that
No. 4499, .Tan. 17. 1914
Til E A Til EN .VA' M
07
in almost every case, where the shutter or
it- binges remain, the shutter opens with
it- back towards the east, thereby effec-
tually obscuring any kind of view of the
high altar or its surroundings. It is
hardly necessary to add that Mr. Bond
comes to the conclusion that these on-
glazed apertures were used for the emis-
sion of the sound of a hand or sanctus
bell at the time of the elevation of the
Host during Mass. The whole question
is treated in an exhaustive fashion, and
in a way that cannot be gainsaid.
One of the pleasant- features of this
work is the sparing use of exceptional or
technical terms, the exaet meaning of
which is only, as a rule, grasped by a
professed architect. For the use of
the unlearned, the first volume opens with
a tersely written Glossary of Terms, and
this is followed by a most useful explana-
tory list of French words and phrases of
an architectural character. But for the
most part there is a breezy freshness
about Mr. Bond's phrases which at
once rivets the attention. Thus, when
briefly discussing the somewhat rude art
with which the plastered walls of old
English churches were often painted, he
reminds us that these painters were not
si i anxious about their efforts from the
artistic and decorative standpoints as
they were in the remembrance that they
were a Society for the Promotion of
Christian Knowledge.
Again, in the delightful chapters on
planning and growth of the average
Jish parish church, Ave find such pas-
- s as the following : —
* Xo form of sport is half so fascinating
a- the chase of the parish church. It is
never safe to pass one by, however humble ;
one never knows what surprising find may
be in store. One fact leads up to another ;
each new fact tends to facilitate the inter-
pretation of the last. Here and there, of
■'"urse, an important church has been
accurately measured, drawn, and described
. . . .but in the mass, the parish churches
virgin soil. One may cycle for days,
icra on back, rule and note-book in
•T. seeing church after church, all
alike unknown to fame, carent quia rate
■'■ . . .After a time he learns the lesson of
I * — ■ » 1 1 s — ever to be borne in mind — that a
riah church i< not a cathedral. It and
predecessors stood there hundreds of
re the cathedral of the diocese was
-in. In almost every case it has pre-
served tte parochial character, unmindful,
ept perhaps in some minor detail, of
the doings of its mighty neighbour ; to it
hedral planning, cathedral vaulting, eathc-
dral abutmenl -. cathedral elevations,
have been so much Arabic. It may borrow
bom the cathedral some little hits. ... but
the main features of its plan and construc-
tion are it- own. Parish -erv ,.e- were not
cathedral or monastic services, Benedictine
or Cistercian planning was as useless to the
ah priest a- parochial planning to Bene-
dietine bishop or Cistercian abbot.'1
Notwithstanding the high opinion that
we have formed of this work, it is possible
find points that might be improved,
and in the final words of his Preface
Mi. Bond invites corrections and -u'_r-
Dii pp. 20 and 1\ a li-t i-
given of the more important collegiate
churches, with very brief notes as to their
constitution. It does not claim to be
complete, but a modicum of trouble
would have made it so ; as it stands the
list is of little value, for it lacks many
collegiate churches of distinct interest,
and is also not quite accurate. Among
important omissions arc those of St. Eliza-
beth, Winchester; Wallingford. Berks;
Halstead and Pleshev, p]ssex ; Thornton.
Lincoln ; Raveningham and Thetford,
Norfolk : All Saints'. Northampton, and
Towcester, Northants ; Clifton, Notts ;
and Lambeth and Maiden. Surrey.
In the account of the churches of the
friars, in itself somewhat meagre, Mr. Bond,
cherishing a popular delusion, writes :
"After a time, however, they came to
possess corporate property, and their houses
and churches vied in size and splendour
with those of the monastic orders."'
If, however, he will consult the numerous
references to the suppression of the friars,
as calendared in the ' Letters and Papers
of Henry VIII.,' he will find that the
Royal commissioners again and again
express their disappointment at the meagre
nature of both the houses and churches
of the friars. The only corporate property
they held, except possibly in one or two
out-of-the-way cases, was additional land
adjoining the site of their friaries, granted
for the purpose of enlarging their buildings.
The naves of many of their town churches
had to be of considerable size to hold
the great congregations that gathered to
hear their preaching. Nor is it correct
to say that they did not lead a common
life : the majority of the brothers were
often in residence at their house at the
same time, when they certainly ate and
slept in common.
MR. ERIC GILL"S SCULPTURE.
Mr. Gill's work at the Goupil Gallery,
like the carving of Mr. Gaudier-Brzeska and
of Mr. Roger Fry at the Alpine Club, will
probably be classed in the public mind as of
the " Epstein " School, not because that
artist is the originator of a phase of art
which, indeed, is rather an archaistic rever-
sion than an innovation, but because Mr.
Epstein came earlier into prominence, and
gained recognition of his power of inter-
preting natural forms before he adopted his
present extreme simplicity of design. It
must be admitted also that, as yet, Mr. (oil
is rather less ingenious in choice of form
than Mr. Epstein, and occasionally, as in
No. 1, Mvlier, or Xo. 2, Gravestone, we find
in his work a lack of elasticity in adapting
the conception of intrinsically interesting
passages like; the face or hands to the degree
of simplification attempted iii the drapery.
The former thus looks a trifle small and
naturalistic, tin' latter empty and unreal.
In In- later designs, pari icularly in a Cnu
(10) and the pair of statues (t and 9), Mr.
Gill maintain- greater consistency of state-
ment. The result i- charming, mid the
stone-cutting in each case admirable, though
even in these greater boldness in mas
his form- a Stud} "I 'he jut erpenet rat ion of
solids might have added more excitement.
Obviously in work such ae this, in which the
number of planes is^ ary few, it is more than
r important thai our interest iii tl
planes -hould transcend the act
ot the stone; that we should he made-
aware sometimes of the forms resulting
from their '"production" (in the mathe-
matical sense of the word) within the figure,
and externally in the free air. Only by
Utilizing fully this device can works so
Steady of surface and reticent of detail
remain lively and various.
Tin' exhibition is commendably free from
sensationalism, nor is the visitor required,
as a preliminary to enjoying it. to shed all
the instinct- for reticence common as a.
rule among both Civilized and uncivilized
men. We think .Mr. (Jill is wise in not
subordinating the exercise of his talent to-
any ambition towards so drastic a revolu-
tion in social habit. We think, moreover,
that the artists of his school who do not
agree with him in this matter over-estimate
both the value of such a change and their
own power to bring it about.
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
At the Baillie Gallery Mr. Baragwanath
King shows water-colours of "The English
Riviera," commonplace in vision, but some-
times of considerable dexterity of a super-
ficial order: Xo. 4. Evening, Barbican,
Plymouth, and Xo. 12, The Brook, are flip-
pantly effective. Xo. 20, Dartmoor, Huclc-
worthy, is clever in a more photographic,
more modest fashion. Of the other ex-
hibitors in the gallery, Miss Halhed is the
most capable.
Mr. Warwick Goble's illustrations at the
Dudley Galleries are cloyingly coloured, but
doubtless the three-colour process will fre-
quently improve them in a negative fashion
in this respect. The designs show industry,
but are undistinguished in draughtsmanship
and invention.
MODERN ART EXHIBITION
AT BRIGHTON.
The exhibition of work by certain Cubists
and other members of the (late) Camden
Town Group which is being held at Brighton
does credit to a town which has before now
given London the lead in offering hospitality
to advanced movements in modern art.
Mr. Wyndham Lewis, Mr. Etchells, Mr.
W'adsworth, and others of the Cubist partj
are shown with a sufficiency which enables
the visitor to form his own estimate for good
or ill of the possibilities of the movement.
The other painters of the combination,
under the leadership of Mr. Sickert, hav<
already become; more generally compre-
hensible becaus • they have been longer
before the public, but their work on the
w hole has never been so well displayed B8
in this show. Mr. < tinner has, in our opinion
made the most marked improvement —
an admirable skyless landscape showing a
power of using a few tones with subtle
Buggestiveness, very different from the
laboured and unsteady over-analysis which
we have "ii previous occasions .1- frankly
depurated as we now hearlilv applaud hlfl
new development. Artiste and public owe
thank- to Mr. Spencer < lore for tub en i
in getting up the exhibition. En this,
in his selection of a " team ol d« 01
for fitting up the Cabaret Theatre in Heddon
Mreet the most influential experiment in
,1. oration of recenl yean Mr. I lore :
shown gifts of a unique kind a an organize r i
an organizer w ho inspires universal 1 onfl-
dence bj his complete incapat itj for takin
Bharply commercial viewol anj undertake
w . hail hi the triumph ol .1 new
08
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4499, Jan. 17, 1914
type. With the spread of general intelli-
gence and initiative, the "pushing business
man " and " born leader of men " should give
place to something more modest and more
trustworthy.
The Camden Town Group lias, we under-
stand, been enlarged, and ceases to exist
under its old title. Under the more am-
bitious, but, alas ! less characteristic name
of the London Group, it has arranged to
hold an exhibition in the early spring at the
< Joupil (ialleries.
Iftiu <M (Sossip.
A new scheme of administration for the
Victoria and Albert Museum has recently
been sanctioned by the Board of Education.
In the reorganization of departments archi-
tecture and woodwork are put together,
and of this section Mr. E. E. Strange, who
was formerly in charge of the department
of engraving, illustration, and design, is
now made Keeper, being succeeded in his
former work by Mr. Martin Hardie, who
was his assistant. Ceramics and metal -
work, which are now linked together, are
in the charge of Mr. W. W. Watts.
Mr. Martin Hardie, with the co-opera-
tion of Mr. Strange, is about to bring out
■a full Catalogue of the modern wood-
cngravings at the Museum. It is hardly
necessary to remind our readers how de-
lightful and characteristic a development
of English art was the wood-engraving of
the sixties and seventies of the last century,
or how well its abundance and excellence
are both represented at South Kensington.
A detailed Catalogue of these treasures will
certainly be of great value.
The Museum has recently received
two or three additions which are worth
noting. One is a tau in morse ivory,
belonging probably to the twelfth century —
a piece of English work — which was dug up
in Water Lane in the City twenty years ago,
and has till now been in private possession.
It has on the one side the Agnus Dei between
angels, and on the other a seraph between
dragons. The British Museum acquired,
about ten years ago, the only other ivory
tau which is known to be English.
Two large seated figures in painted stone,
represented as reading or writing — purchased
at the Fitzhenry Sale by a small group of
subscribers, and now permanently placed in
the East Hall — afford interesting illustra-
tion of North Italian art in the late fourteenth
century. It is thought they were carved at
Verona.
The four new portraits which have
lately been acquired by the Trustees of the
National Portrait Gallery, and are now
exhibited there, form together rather a
quaint group. There is Cardinal Mazarin's
niece Ortensia — the famous beauty whom
Pepys and his fellow-gossips, it seems, were
once half inclined to think that Charles II.
had married, or was going to marry ; there
is Mary Shelley, painted by Samuel Stump ;
and then Phillip's water-colour sketch of
Turner, made in 1850 during his last illness,
and Chantrey's bust of Queen Victoria,
done in 1841.
A volume of forty-eight drawings by
Jacques Callot has been presented by Mr.
Alfred de Pass to the Print-Room of the
British Museum. They were made to illus-
trate a cruise in the Mediterranean in the
autumn of 1620, when Callot was in all
likelihood carried as a passenger on one
of the Tuscan galleys which visited the
Balearic Islands, Barbary, Sicily, the coast
of Calabria, Lipari, Sardinia, and Corsica.
Twelve of the drawings are in water-colour,
the others in pen and ink, and red or black-
chalk. Besides landscapes, they include
studies of galleys, and also a sketch which !
has no connexion with the cruise — a study
for an etching of a man condemned to death
in the series " Les Miseres de la Guerre."
The Indian papers state that
" the original study of the two angels' heads which
Kubens painted into his famous picture ' The
Coronation of the Virgin,' now in the Brussels
Gallery, has been accidentally found at Mussoorie.
It appears that thejpicture was recently bought
there by a European for a mere song."
Mussoorie is becoming famous as a " dump-
ing-ground " for Old Masters, a Raphael
having been found there not so long ago.
Mr. R. Langton Douglas writes : —
" A French edition of my ' History of Siena '
has been asked for, and will shortly be published.
I am anxious to make the chapters dealing with
the art of Siena as complete as possible. I shall,
therefore, be glad to receive any information
your readers may be able to give me in regard to
pictures in private collections by Sienese masters,
or by artists intimately connected with the
Sienese School, such as Pintoricchio and Sodoma.
" It can be proved by the evidence of docu-
ments in Siena, and by references in sale cata-
logues, that there are in this country several
missing pictures of the School of Siena, including
important works by Duccio, TJgolino da Siena,
and Pietro Lorenzetti. It is possible that these
pictures may be passing under the names of other
early masters, Florentine or Umbrian. I shall
be grateful to any one who will assist me to re-
disco\ er them."
Mr. E. Sharland, a young artist of
Bristol, has sent us a copy of his latest
work, ' The Great Gateway of the Abbey of
St. Augustine, Bristol ' — a fine etching,
which gives evidence not only of consider-
able accomplishment, but also of promise
for the future.
Miss Ethel M. Going has just brought
out with Messrs. Lamley of South Kensington
a chart of Mediaeval and Modern Painters.
It ought to prove an uncommonly useful
adjunct to lectures on art, and also to those
beginning a study of the history of painting.
The first name is that of Cimabue, and the
last date is 1825. The names are arranged
in chronological order in columns according
to countries, and it is instructive to be able
to see at a glance how largely during these
six centimes the art of painting has passed
from Italy to the more northern countries
of Europe.
If some lover of Georgian architecture
does not promptly intervene, it seems
likely that the fine eighteenth -century house
No. 75, Dean Street, Soho, will be demo-
lished. It was rescued from the threat of
destruction eighteen months ago by a
purchaser who hoped that it would be
acquired of him by some Association which
would preserve it and use it for some suit-
able purpose ; but no such body of persons
has taken up the matter, and the owner,
desirous of reimbursing himself, is in treaty
with a proposed purchaser, -whose intention
it appears to be to pull the house down.
What will be lost is, first, a really fine
specimen of a most attractive type of do-
mestic architecture, of which none too
much remains to us ; secondly, sundry
details of the interior furnishing of the house
— the panelling, mantels, and in particular
the oak staircase — which, even if saved and
re-erected elsewhere, would lose in a new-
setting much of their artistic value ; and
thirdly, a unique item — a painting on the
staircase which there is good reason to attri-
bute to Hogarth, working in conjunction
with Thornhill, who was Sergeant-Painter to
George I., and is thought to have occupied
the house.
Under the title ' Excavations on tli>' Site
of the Roman Town at Wroxeter. Shrop-
shire, in 1912,' by .1. P. Bushe-Fox. the
Society of Antiquaries has just published
the report of the first season's work in the
undertaking to which it is committed <>i
laying bare the whole site of the ancient
town. The plan of the place has been more
or less made out — the usual Roman scheme of
square or oblong blocks of building; and the
line of a main street has been uncovered, run-
ning north and south, flanked on the west side
by a row of shops with a colonnade in front
and dwelling - houses behind. The report
sets forth not only these main discoveries of
structure, but also, in a detailed catalogue,
the whole of the smaller finds of any interest
or importance. In view of the need, for
later workers, of absolutely accurate in-
formation as to where and with what con-
comitants the different objects were found,
this prompt publication is certainly to be
commended.
The destruction of Barton Hall, near
Bury St. Edmunds, which was burnt down
on the night of the 9th 10th inst., must be
keenly regretted alike by the antiquary
and the student of history. The mediaeval
associations of the place go back to Domes-
day Book, and, as a dependency of the
Abbey of St. Edmund it occurs in the
Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond. The
manor was held by the Audleys during the
latter part of the sixteenth and all the seven-
teenth century, and, after some intermediate
change of hands, came in 1746 into the
possession of the Bunbury family, through
whom it has been associated with several
notable characters of Georgian society.
We are glad to learn that there was no loss
of life, and that the library and many of the
art-treasures were saved.
We are informed that certain persons
calling themselves the" Societe archeologique
de France," and operating from 5, Rue de
Mornay, Paris, have been writing to
English professors and archaeologists and
informing them that they have been
elected corresponding members, and demand-
ing a payment for the "honour." It
may be well to issue a warning that this
so-called " Societe " is not in any real sense
an archaeological society at all, that it has
never published any transactions, and that
its diplomas are of no value. It should not
be confused with the Societe francaise
d'archeologie, founded by A. de Caumont
in 1834, now publishing its seventy-seventh
volume of the Bulletin Motiumental, and
prospering greatly under the able presidency
of M. Lef evre-Pontalis.
Messrs. Chatto & Windus will publish
very shortly a book by Mr. Clive Bell
entitled ' Art,' a work which deals with
the visual art of all ages, but has special
reference to Post - Impressionism and the
newer art movements of the day. and in-
cludes what may prove to be a novel theory
of aesthetics.
Prof. A. P. Laurie is publishing with
Messrs. Macmillan ' The Pigments and
Mediums of the Old Masters,' with a Special
Chapter on the Microphotographic Study of
Brush work.'
' The Knossian Atlas,' edited by Sir
Arthur Evans, Vol. I.. ' The Wall Paintings,'
including coloured lithographic plates from
drawings by E. Gillieron, with descriptive
sketch by the editor, and notes on the
technique of the frescoes by Noel Heaton ;
and Sir Arthur Evans's sketch of the cha-
racteristic stages of Cretan civilization,
entitled ' The Nine Minoan Periods,' are
among the books promised this spring by
the same firm.
No. 449!>. Jan. 17, 1014
Til E AT II EN .KUM
99
iJtxisifal (5ossip.
Two new orchestral pieces by Mr. Frede-
rick Delius will be included in the pro-
gramme of the Royal Philharmonic Society's
concert next Tuesday. They are entitled
* On hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring '
jiiul ' Summer Right on the River.' Any-
thing new from this composer's pen is
welcome. He may not always be con-
vincing, but he is always interesting, for
1m' is original both in matter and manner.
THE five orchestral pieces of Ihrr Arnold
Schonberg, which were produced last year
by Sir Henry Wood, are to be repeated this
afternoon at Queen's Hall, under the com-
poser's own direction. Of all modern orches-
tral works they are the most puzzling, anil
it i- no wonder that they aroused opposition
both here and abroad. This new perform-
ance will be giv n under more favourable
conditions this time, for on Thursday
last his early String Sextet was to be
performed at the Music Club. That work —
which will be noticed next week, and which
-aid not to be of the same revolutionary
quality as his latest compositions — will per-
haps induce us to think that Herr Schonberg
is opening paths which may ultimately lead
to a higher stage in the development of the
art of music.
Schonberg was born at Vienna on Sej^tem-
ber 13th. 1874. and lived there until 1901.
He then went to Berlin, and taught composi-
tion ar Sterns Conservatorium. In 1903
'he returned to Vienna, ami continued to
teach : and in 1910 he was permitted to srive
a course of instruction in composition at
the Royal Academy of Music. He returned
to Berlin in 1911.
On Tuesday next, at .Messrs. Xovello's,
I e . \\\ H. Cummings will read to the Musical
Association a paper on the subject of 'The
Lord Chamberlain and Opera in London,
1700 to 1741.'
Prof. Ernst von Dohnanyi gave a
piano!,, rte recital at /Eolian Hall last
Monday afternoon. His reading of the
Brahms Variations on a theme by Handel
'i the whole interesting, though the
• : • -. in which the tone, though delicate,
- ii" t lacking in warmth, were the most
• table. His performance of Schumann's
Kreisleriana ' was thoughtful and poetical,
but there was an occasional tendency in the
quiet numbers to strain the sentiment. The
programme ended with the pianist's own
Hu- • reeque (in Suite form), which opens
wit i excellent March full of rhythmic
MADAMS Anna Jebebtzova's song recital
Wednesday, at tie- Bechstein Hall,
introdu -d a number of Russian songs to the
public. Her voice i, fine, and .-he is a
finished exponent of her art.
The proceeds of the annual " Burns'
Concert at the Royal Albert Hall
on ti..- i'4th inst. will be given to the two
leading Scottish charities in England, the
Royal Scottish Corporation and the Royal
' 9 hools at Bushey.
DRAMA
PXKFORMAaOn NEXT WEKK.
'• Mbmt Hull.
— Mmday Ooiiiim Boelatj. 3 l . Qomo'i Hall.
H"T*I Philharmonic 8"< i rtj . Hall.
— MuLame Uardner Bartl-tt <i Son* He it il. - . . i-finmy Hall.
Wl BoogBatita] Hall.
Twain r, i io,k OtMaaba c„n. ..rt ,y. ,!,,„ Hall.
i I^n.lon *trln« Ouart.- -trin Hall.
- nador /.«©lt ■ violin Recital in Hall
8«t. i tuppell Ball*. .» > lull
II,,!
i •»«■ HrHUl. -.,*ll> Hall.
— Urchettnl Concert for Youd* Peui>lr. t, Motita Hall.
Chitra. By Rabindranath Tagore.
(India Society.)
Tins lyrical drama, issued by the India
Society to its members in a limited edition
— 2~)() copies of which are offered to the
public at the Chiswick Press, Took's
Court. Chancery Lam — is an early work
of Mr. Tagore 's. written, he tells us, as
long as five-and-twenty years ago. Based
upon a story in the Mahabharata of the
love of the hero Arjuna for a king's only
child, the lovely Chitrangada, whom her
father had made his heir and brought
up as a son, the play becomes, in Mr.
Tagore's hands, an allegory rich in sug-
gestiveness. He gives Chitra in the
beginning strength, but not beauty ; then,
by the interposition of the gods Madana
and Vasanta (Eros and Lycoris), who
throughout follow the action and fulfil
some of the functions of the Greek chorus,
beauty in its most alluring splendours
is thrown about her, a temporary veil.
For Arjuna, in Mr. Tagore's version of the
Legend, has taken a twelve years' vow
of chastity which it needs this dazzling
endowment to overcome. Xo sooner has
Chitra subdued her lover than she is filled
with bitter heart -sea rchings at the thought
that it is to the adventitious and illusory
in her, not to her true self, that he has
been drawn ; " he loves my looks, not me."
Thus, through a skilfully manoeuvred
situation, the drama presents, in universal
form, the old question whether it is not
merely the fleeting inessential bloom
before which the soul in romantic love
bows down, and whether it can, after
all, be the destiny of woman to typify for
man that beauty of passing appearance,
and nothing more. Arjuna appears finally
as a lover who demands of his beloved
deeper and more lasting satisfactions : —
" Illusion [he says] is the first appearance
of Truth. She advances toward her lover
in disguise. But a time comes when she
throws off her ornaments and stands clothed
in naked dignity. I grope for that ultimate
you, that bare simplicity of truth."
And Chitra, the veil of beauty falling
from her, replies : —
" The gift I proudly bring you is the heart
of a woman. Here have all pains and joys
gathered, the hopes and fears and shames
of a daughter of the dusl ; here love Springs
1 1 1 > struggling toward immortal life. Herein
lies an imperfection which yet is noble....
accepi this as your servant for the daye t"
come.
In addition to its mythical suggestions,
the play has thus a direct and powerful
bearing on the question of the emancipa-
tion of women, [ts statelinesa of diction
and movement commands admiration
throughout, although the prevalence ol
more or less conventional Imagery becomes
to the Western mind a1 times distinctly
cloying. Yet if we aaj this we must add
thai comp "I perfect aptitude are
frequenl . We take two exampli - "t
peculiar beauty from Chitra's descrip
tions of her lover : Instantly he leapl
u]) with Btraighl tall Limbs, like a sudden
tongue of lire from a heap of ashes";
He lay asleep with a vague smile about
his lips like the crescent moon in the
morning." Indeed here, as in the 'Gitan-
jali." .Mr. Tagore stands forth as a poet
in the full sense of the word. Presented
to us in bare prose, lie is. as it were, Chitra
stripped of her bloom. Yet we can recog-
nize in him the worshipper of beauty, and
can feel in the very ecstasy of his devotion
his summons to us to transcend its appa-
rent and apprehend its true object.
Dramatic (Bosstp.
• .Makv-Ciri..' .Mrs. Hope Merrick's four-
act play produced this week at the Vaude-
ville, concerns itself for the most part with
the false values which so largely pervade
the world of to-day. A foster-mother is
sought by a Society lady who sets inordi-
nate store by her freedom from the cares
of motherhood. 'Mary-Girl' is chosen to
fill the post, and leaves her home and
child because she hankers for the abundant
experience offered among the Qeshpots.
Her husband consents to let her go as
the remuneration offered her will enable him
to build a chapel, and thus fulfil Ins heart's
desire.
The outcome of these false ideas of what
makes for contentment is waste. The
Society mother fritters away her time in
aimless flirtation; the foster-mother, on
her return from her taste of "high life,"
becomes peevishly discontented with the
circumstances of her husband, a market
gardener, and after a quarrel seeks distrac-
tion in London. There she finds a " male pro-
tect or" and disillusion. The husband, on
the wife's return, burns down the chapel as
being the cause of his matrimonial troubles.
Broadly stated, cause and effect are pre-
sented with sufficient clearness, and our
criticism is confined to the details of work-
ing out. which the need of confining the
piece within less than three hours make- a
particularly onerous task. Theaufhorcann.il
be said to have husbanded her resources to
the best advantage.
Miss Dorothy Fane, for instance, is quite
capable of conveying the character of a
fast Society woman without having special
interludes provided for the purpose. Mr.
Charles Kenyon as her cavalier is an
unnecessary character, though well enough
played. Mr. (). B. Clarence as a soft-
hearted and softer-headed Earl must also
be dubbed unnecessary, in spite of our
seeming ungrateful for his capable actii
Miss Mary Brough only claims toleration for
her inclusion because she provides us with
an inimitable chara -I er--kei ,h. The M'i'.
vants' pans waste time which might have
been given to fuller enjoyment of the broad
humanity with which Miss May Blaynej
endows the name - pail. Mr. Norman
McKmnel gives us anoth r well-studied
impersonation .a narrovi fanaticism, thou
we do not think comparison with his former
pari - enhances i he valu o( th'"a one. At
i he s ii in- time the plaj would be well worth
seeing were he the onij attraction, which is
far ii. no being tie- c
I ■ \i-ii \ i in b produced by t lie Pioi
Players at the Savoj Theatre on Sunday
and Mondaj last recalls the laj ing ■•!
i:<iv. I. on I Hill, that the i»e\ ii should no!
have a monopolj "i t he b< ' tunes. In*
I . i r • .1 bj jomel hing >>i the same -pun .
a Benedictine nun. Hroswitha by name,
uearly a thousand > • • in< d.
100
TH K ATHENAEUM
No. 4499, Jan. 17. 1914
" under the hammer of devotion," to use
her talents as playwright for the praise of
Cod.
From t lie author who repeatedly scoffs at
the virtue most esteemed in the cloister she
learnt much, of which she made use in the
.service of that virtue. For the comedies
•of Terence, as well as the poems of Virgil,
books from Home and teachers from Ire-
land, were treasured at (iandersheim,
Hroswitha's convent. There, as in other con-
vents of the time, though discipline was
in many ways austere, books were not
lacking — drawing, painting, music, poetry,
philosophy, and theology nourished.
Yet the production of a play written by
one so circumstanced and so many hundreds
of years ago is an event which fills us with
amazement, coupled with gratitude to those
who braved the task. ' Paphnutius ' is a
drama of repentance — simple, sincere, and
moving. Dealing with fundamentals, it is
more appealing to-day, for all its antiquity,
than the majority of the plays offered to
the public. Moreover, it still fulfils its
purpose. It was meant to edify, and it does
even now tend to edification.
The subject of the play has been familiar-
ized by Anatole France in his clever novel,
though a greater contrast than his treatment
of the theme could scarcely be imagined.
It is a loose sequence of scenes written round
the legend of the conversion of Thais, the
celebrated courtesan of Alexandria, whom
Paphnutius, as the head of a neighbouring
monastery, feels a call to convert.
Sustained by the prayers of his monks,
and disguised as a lover, Paphnutius reaches
Thais, and through the instrumentality of
his words the miracle is wrought. Thai's
publicly renounces her lovers, masses her
gold and jewels in a heap before the flames,
and is led to a convent, where she is clad in
the garb of penitence.
In spite of her plea for less rigour, and a
reminder of the delicacy of her frame from
the kindly Abbess, Paphnutius, inexorable,
■decrees that she is to be enclosed in a foetid
cell no bigger than a grave, to cry night and
day for mercy on her sins.
Some months of anguish pass, during
which he suffers in spirit with her. Then,
in the hope of learning whether her repent-
ance is accepted by the Most High, he visits
Anthony in the desert. There a vision is
vouchsafed which assures him that Thais is
forgiven, and that the angels are preparing
to welcome her. He returns to her cell,
tells her of the vision, and remains with her
till the parting of body and spirit.
In view of the difficulties which the
producer, Miss Edith Craig, must have
had to overcome, it is needless to dwell on
imperfections in the performance which were
doubtless only the result of insufficient
rehearsal.
Christopher St. John has accomplished
her task as translator admirably. The
gulf of years between ourselves and the
writer of the play is so cleverly bridged
as to be almost imperceptible. Miss Ellen
Terry played the small part of the Abbess
with characteristic grace. Mr. Harcourt
Williams and Miss Miriam Lewes rendered
the parts of Paphnutius and Thais ade-
quately and at times admirably. The play
was acted on the apron-stage of the Savoy,
with a background of hanging curtains.
Such an arrangement — undoubtedly the
most effective available from the point of
view of the hearers — -must, one imagines,
present no little difficulty to the actors.
It is much to be hoped that further
opportunities may be given to the public
of supporting this most interesting enter-
prise of the Pioneer Players, who deserve
the utmost credit for the production.
The run of Mr. C K. Chesterton's de-
lightful play ' .Magic ' was to have termi-
nated on Saturday last ; in view, however,
of the increase in the receipts, due to the
aid of the press, the management have
decided to continue the piece till further
notice.
The management further announce that
they are making arrangements for a shilling
public — an experiment not hitherto tried
at the Little Theatre.
' The Shepherdess without a Heart '
was transferred on Wednesday from the
Globe to the New Theatre, where it will be
played every afternoon. Evening per-
formances will be given on Wednesdays and
Saturdays.
Mr. Israel Zangwill's play ' The
Melting-Pot,' which has so far been given
in London in Yiddish only, is to be acted
for the first time in English by the Play
Actors at the Court Theatre on Sunday,
the 25th inst., at 8 p.m., for their own sub-
scribers. A public performance will take
place on the Monday afternoon following.
Mrs. Percy Dearmer, the directress
of the Children's Theatre at the Court,
announces that, in response to numerous
requests, she is extending her season beyond
the specified time. The run of her play,
' The Cockyolly Bird,' will not, therefore,
terminate until the 24th inst.
The vexed question of the queue has
again cropped up apropos of Mr. George
Edwardes's experiment at the Adelphi. It
is now possible at this theatre to book seats
for the pit after 6.30 p.m. on the day of the
performance. We were told on inquiry at
the box office on Tuesday evening that the
experiment had been entirely successful.
No one can pretend that the public likes
queues, and the only apparent reason for
their continued existence in this country is
that the majority of managers fear a loss
of revenue if they make it possible for all
their seats to be booked in advance. A plea
is also put forward that queues are a good
advertisement. There is little doubt, how-
ever, that many people at jsresent who
cannot afford the more expensive seats
stay away from the theatres, owing to their
distaste for waiting in the streets.
At a meeting of actors and actresses held
at the Chandos Hall last week to consider
the question of the " twice-nightly " system
now in vogue at many of the provincial
theatres, a resolution advocating payment
per performance was carried by a large
majority.
Without doubt a heavy and injudicious
strain is imposed on an actor obliged to give
two performances of the same programme
in one evening. The real crux of the
matter lies in the fact that many of the
provincial theatres declare it impossible to
compete with the local music - halls and
kinemas on a basis of a single performance
nightly. If two houses are a financial neces-
sity, then the actor should be substantially
recompensed — if possible, to the extent of
the proposal by the chairman of the meeting
of " double pay for double play."
To Correspondents. — M. A.— J. v.— C. J. G.— J. B.—
Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
ppearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
TFor Index to Advertisers see p. 103.]
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No. 44!»i). JAK. 17, 1014
T 11 E A Til EN MV M
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THE GONDOLA Rothay Reynolds
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102
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4499, Jan. 17, 1914
" That delighiful repository of forgotten lore, 'Notes and Queries.'"
''Learned, Chatty, Useful." — Athenceum.
Edinburgh Review, October, 1880.
Every Saturday, of any Bookseller or Newsagent in England, price id. ; or free by post to the Continent, i\d.
NOTES AND QUERIES:
A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men and General Readers.
*#* Subscription, 10s. 3d. for Six Months ; 20s. 6d. for Twelve Months, including postage.
The TENTH SERIES of NOTES AND QUERIES (complete in
Twelve Volumes, JANUARY, 1904, to DECEMBER, 1909, price 10s. 6d.
each Volume with Index ; General Index to the Twelve Volumes,
10s. 6d.) contains, in addition to a great variety of similar Notes and
Replies, Articles of Interest on the following Subjects.
FOURTH SELECTION.
GENEALOGY AND FAMILY HISTORY.
Acheson Family of Ayrshire — Admiralty Bill Books
as New Sources — Edmund Edward Antrobus — Aplin
Family — Archer Family of Umberslade — Arden Family
— Ashburner Family of Olney — Audin or Audyn Family
— Baines Family of Layham — Baughan or Boffin —
Beauchamp Family of Somersetshire — Beauvais or Bou-
viere Family — Beddoes Surname — Bennett Family of
Baldock — Bettiss or Bettes Family — Bland and Glover
Families — Blin Family — Blount Family — Boddington
Family — Booth Family — Bowes Family of Elford —
Brass Surname — Brett Family — Brigstocke Family —
Buckworth Tomb at Tottenham — Burch, Birch, or Byrch
Family — Burney Family — Byard Family — Bythemore
Family.
HISTORY.
Major-General Baird and Seringapatam — Right Hon.
A. J. Balfour's Descent — Bank of England suspends
Specie Payment — Lady Bannerman and Thomas Car-
lyle — Civic Baronetcies since 1837 — Elizabeth Barton, the
Holy Maid of Kent — Barton Grammar School, West-
morland— Lord Bathurst and the Highwayman — 3rd Foot
Guards at Battle of Bayonne — Lord Beaconsfield and
the Primrose — Capt. Best's Duel with Lord Camelford
— John Bigg, the Dinton Hermit — Interment of Lord
Mayor Bloodworth — Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia —
Burial of Queen Anne Boleyn — Joseph Bonaparte's
Carriage after the Battle of Vittoria — Napoleon Bona-
parte : Alleged Natural Son ; Gold Bees on his Corona-
tion Robe ; his Carriage after Waterloo ; on the Bellero-
phon and on the Northumberland — " Prince " Boothby
— Bow last used in War — Alderman Boydell's Gifts to
the Guildhall — William III.'s Charger at the Battle of
the Boyne — Bradlaugh's Pseudonym "Iconoclast" —
Bristol and the Slave Trade — Statues and Memorials
in the British Isles — Inscriptions to Britons Dying
Abroad — Sir Walter Raleigh's House at Brixton — Lord
Brougham, Steamer named after Him — Thomas Brown,
Elizabethan Gunfounder — " Brown Bess " Musket — Sir
Thomas Browne : his Daughter and her Descendants ;
his Knighthood ; his Skull — Robert Bruce and the Slay-
ing of Red Comyn — Mary Buchanan, Warren Hastings's
First Wife — Timothy Burstall's Steam Coach — Billy
Butler, the Hunting Parson — James Butler, Duke of
Ormond.
PLACE NAMES.
Astwick or Austwick — Audience Meadow — Avalon in
Newfoundland — Avoca or Ovoca — Bandy Leg Walk,
Southwark — Barnes — Baydon — Bayswater — Beachy
Head — Beezely — Bergerode, 1610 — Berlin — Betubium
— In Birch's ' Cartularium Saxonicum ' — Bridlington—
Bruges, its Pronunciation — Butterworth.
WOMEN.
First Female Abolitionist — Authorship of ' Essay on
Woman ' — Woman burnt for poisoning her Husband —
Dr. James Barry, Army Doctor — Desires of Pregnant
Women — A Seventeenth - Century Woman Surgeon —
Effect of Women on Wine-Making — Women with Mascu-
line Christian Names — Women and Pipes, temp. James I.
— Duels between Women — Essex fatal to Women — Arms
of Married Women — Dowries for Ugly Women — Dryden
on Votes for Women — Women Voters in Counties and
Boroughs.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Baal Fires — Babies' Bottles — Bagnigge House, its His-
tory— Bagnios in London — Ball-games played in the
Arctic Circle — Bananas, Canary and West Indian —
Bank-note Sandwich Story — Famous Barbers — King's
Old Bargehousc — T. P. Barnum on his Impostures — Basle
Madness — Bastinado as English Military Punishment —
Kings of Bath — Earliest Bathing-Machines — Battlefield
Sayings — Wonderful Beards — Bears and Boars in Britain —
Beer sold without a Licence — Beeswing Club — " Better-
ment " in 1667 — Biddenden Maids, their History and
Bequests — Billycock Hat, its Name — Birch-sap Wine —
Birds as Weather Prophets — Birth-Marks, their Cause
— Black and Yellow, the Devil's Colours — Blackberries
and the Devil — Blacksmiths and Dentistry — Blazers,
their Origin — Early Asylums for the Blind — Blind Men
and Smoking — Block and Tackle known to the Greeks
— Blood used in Building — Blooding a .Witch — Blue
Coat School Costume — Bog Butter — Bonassus, Wonder-
ful Animal — Coloured Bottles in Chemists' Windows —
" Breaking " the Flag in the Navy — Bream's Buildings
— Bridal Stones — Creeling the Bridegroom — Flint Peb-
bles at Brighton — Britannia as the National Emblem —
Brothers and Sisters bearing same Christian Name —
Bumble-puppy, a Game — Burglar's Charm — Burnham
Society, its Objects — Burton's Line in Lead-Poisoning.
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.G.
No. 445)U. Jan. 17, l!»U
Til E A T 11 i: N .KU M
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NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (January 17) CONTAINS—
NOTES :— William III. and the Elector of Brandenburgh— Robert Baron, Author of ' Mirza ' —
Inscriptions in Holy Trinity Churchyard, Shaftesbury —Termination " -ile " — County of
Gloucester: Philip Jones — Cricket in 1773 — W. Parsons: Life or Horse Guards — W. Upcott
and ' The Anti-Jacobin' — '"Lunettes d'approche " — Suspension of Newspaper Publication on
Christmas Day.
* 'UERIES : — Dido's Purchase of Land — Fatima's Hand — Sundial Inscription — Lock, Fanny Burney's
Friend — Locke Family — Dr. Dundey— ' Nollekens and his Times' — Sir <!. White — Voltaire on
the Jews — 'Jock Elliot' — Sir C. Hamilton — Gilbert Family — Rule of Succession — Middlesex
Painted Glass — Fire-Walking — Pictures with " Broken-Glass " Effects— T. Tayler, Modeller in
Wax — "Dowle" Chamber — Damant — Author W7anted— Buckeridge Street — Ilfracombe— Coffin-
shaped Chapels— York House, Whitehall — Droitwich Church Plate — The Sabbath in Abyssinia-
Burr Street— Swedish Ambassador.
REPLIE8 : — Humorous Stories — " Beau-prre " — Colour of Liveries— " Rucksack " — R. Grey — Sir
John Langham — Kester mel way— Agnes Crophall, Lady Devereux— Cottington — " Barring-
"Ut" — The Great Eastern — Douglas Epitaph in Bohemia — Capt. J. Warde — Richard Andrewes —
implicate Marriage — Military Coloured Print — Hamlett, Profile Artist — Picture-Cards —
" billing" — Authors of (Quotations Wanted — Capt. Woodes Rogers— Anthony Munday — G. F.
Raymond — Pyrothonide— Old London Streets — Badge of the Oth Foot — Dickens in London.
NOTES ON BOOKS :— 'London in English Literature '-'John Evelyn in Naples.'
OBITUARY :-W. E. A. Axon, LL.D.
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,
N ■■» and Queries Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. ; and of all Newsagents.
NEXT WEEK'S ATHEKE3UM will include
a Review on AFRICA IN TRANSFORMA-
TION, by NORMAN MACLEAN; and an
Article on ESS A YS AND ESS A YISTS.
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EGYPT, INDIA, CHINA, JAPAN, AUSTRALASIA, te.
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THE
QUARTERLY REVIEW.
JANUARY, 1914. C«.
THE IMPERIAL NATURALIZATION BILL. By Blchard
J ebb.
THE PLAYS OF BEADMONT AND FLETCHER. By R H.
Case.
ST. PAUL. By the Dean of St. Paul's.
THE CONTEMPORARY GERMAN DRAMA. B Cruet
Smith.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ULSTERMAN. By Robert H.
Murray.
MARTIN BUCER AND THE REFORMATION. By Thomas M.
Lindsay.
INTER IMPERIAL TELEGRAPHY. Witli Map. By Charles
Bright, F.RS.E.
THE AUTHOR OF 'EREWHON.' By Desmond MacCartliv
THE VAGARIES OF RECENT POLITICAL ECONOMY:
a Reply and a Rejoinder. By Prof. A. C. Pigou and Prof.
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SUPPLEMENT TO
THE ATHENJEUM
•Relating to Xeaming an6 Education,
No. 4499.
SATURDAY, JANUARY 17, 1914.
EDUCATIONAL SUPPLEMENT.
CONTENTS. PAGE
Emu.ish Education in the Skethihg-Pot .. .. io;>
The Case kor Co-Editation 106
The New Schoolmaster 106
A National System or EDUCATION— SECONDARY
Education in England 107
The Pronunciation or Latin 107
Outlines of Education in England ios
What is Education ? 108
SIFTED Notices (Classics— History— Mathematics
—General) 108—109
The Incorporated Association or Head Masters 110
Conference or Educational Associations.. .. ill
The Educational Conference 11-j
The L.C.C. Teachers' Conference 113
The Classical association 114
The Modern Language Association li.i
The English Association .. 115
The Historical Association at Bristol .. ..116
Vacation Conference on Musical Education .. 116
ENGLISH EDUCATION IN THE
SEETHING-POT.
Double, double, toil and trouble :
Fire, burn ; and. caldron, bubble.
\i »w that the flood of January conferences
lias passed high-water mark, we can per-
haps pick out from the flotsam of talk
the ideas which give a clue to what is most
nificant in the new educational move-
ment in England. As Viscount Bryce said
i few days ago, the last half-century has
l»een of extraordinary importance in
English educational history. There is
"hing to compare with it since the
diet of ideas and ideals in the seven-
nth century. But. so far as State
lotion is concerned, a good deal more has
ly come out of the present move-
ment than was found possible in the
•' de-mate between Puritans and Cavaliers.
Perhaps a truer parallel might be drawn
between the educational turmoil of the
Renaissance and the brew in the boiling
caldron of our own day. What, we may
ourselves, are the caldron's chief
_ rediente !
First, perhaps, a growing belief in the
• Sfetf-Training. Modern education,
in just revolt against the often methodless
"'I tmpsychological traditions of the
past, has thrown too much stress on the
-kill of the teacher, and too little apon
the dower, more awkward, but in the
end more efficacious, self - training of
the pupil. The administrative machine,
hen- as in America, La still, working
(unconsciously, or even against the will
<>f its chief engineers) in a way which
makes this -.-if - training increasingly
difficult. Examinations have to be pre-
pared for by an appointed date. Sylla-
buses of instruction have to be covered
by the teachers within certain limits of
time. Idleness has to be prodded into
attention. But punishments are less severe.
Hence in all their schooltime (and in some
eases even in their playtime, too) children
and young people are left less alone or
to their own devices. This shepherding
of pupils, and guiding of them through
a varied course, leave less opportunity for
self-training. We have less flagrant indo-
lence, perhaps, but also less scope for
individual effort and self-instruction. But
though the current of administrative
policy still runs fast in the channel
which leaves little room for self-training,
! there are many signs of a change in the
course of the stream. The Boy Scout
movement, which is a free growth in
English education, is based on the idea of
self-training under leadership and in a
setting of corporate life. Madame Montes-
sori's message (or such part of it as finds
J an echo among practical teachers in
England) is a tribute to the value of self-
training watched by self-effacing super-
visors. Mr. C. J. Holmes, whose k Notes
on the Art of Rembrandt ' is a valuable
contribution to educational theory, has
shown how great a part self - training
has to fill in the making, not only of
a painter, but also of every craftsman.
Education, though it has a scientific basis,
is after all much less a science than an art.
A second mark of English educational
thought at the present time is a desire
for Simplification. Except a demand for
better salaries, no sentiment is more
certain to get applause at an elementary
school teachers' meeting than a denuncia-
tion of congestion of '" subjects " in the
course of study in primary schools. The
head mistresses of secondary schools
is rather towards the recognition of a
great variety of teaching establishments,
together with a simplification of plans
I of study in each individual school. Hut
competitive examinations for the Civil
Service are a shadow (and. so far as
one can see, a deepening shadow ) across
the path of this reform.
A third characteristic of the time is the
increased attention which is paid to tin-
care and training of the body. As at
the time of the Renaissance in Italy, a
graceful bearing and the power of apt
self-expression are commended as among
the chief aims of a liberal education.
Part of the new movement towards a
more systematic physical culture is the out-
growth of medical science. Here and then-
one finds in it the trace of materialistic
presuppositions, but on the whole it is a
healthy reaction against the too literal \
habit ' which has obsessed education.
And the new turn in educational thought
is connected with political hopes of social
reform. It is agreed that medical inspec-
tion has already done good, not only in
a direct way for the children concerned,
but indirectly also in its education of the
parents. Inspection, however, must be
followed by treatment, and it is here
that the difficulties begin. Clinics on a
small scale are doing well. But how are
we to extend the school clinic indefinitely
without finding ourselves committed to
a State medical service '. Then, again, it
is realized that the gravest need tor
medical care arises in the case of children
under school age. This involves social
problems which are not. in the common
use of the word, educational, in the
meantime, however, a new turn has been
given to thought about school questions.
complain that girls have too many dif- Sir George Newman looms as large li-
ferent things to learn in the variegated
curriculum of modern days. Some of
the wisest of the head mistresses even go
so far as to urge that, for girls, mathe-
matics should not be a compulsory
subject in matriculation tests. In fact,
it appears that the old German theory of
• Allgemeine Bildung" is breaking down.
Without overfilling the cup, schools can-
not pour into children's minds all the
ingredients of adult culture. For a time
the idea of simplification showed itself
most strongly (and. tor England, erro-
neously) in agitations for the abolition
of different types of Bchool in each grade
of education, and for the Betting up of
the kind of system which the German
Socialists describe as the Einheits-Schule.
Arbitrary administrat i\e simplification in
the grading ol achoolfl would, however.
increase rather than lessen the danger "f
congestion in the curriculum of each
BOhool. The new trend of English thought
Mr. Bruce, and nearly as large as Sir
Amherst Selhv Bigge, in a distant pros-
pect of the Board of Education. The
doctors, however, will not have it all
their own way. Medicine will have much
to say to education, but Art will have
its hearing, too. And the growing interest
in Eurhythmies — not as a " system, hut
as an influence in education— is a Bign
that physical training "ill need to have
an artistic as well as a physiological side.
There is much .Is.- stirring in English
education besides the desire for Self-
Training, for Simplification, and for more
thorough Physical Culture ; but tl
three things are evidently coming into
the forefront «>f our discussions, and each
has behind it a growing force of eon
tion. Engl
pot. There i- toil ami trouble
deal of fin- and inoiv BUloke.
.Iron, with its mix- 'I ingredients, bubbles
to the boil. M E. Sam. i.K
ehsh education is in the seething-
B I
cal-
a
Th.
!<)(>
T
IMF E A Til KX.E I'M
[Sri'i'LKMKXT, Jan. 17, 1914
The Case for Co-Education. By Cecil
Grant and. Norman Hodgson, (Grant
Richards, 5s. net.)
An excellent case for Co-Education is
made out by the authors, but it is limited
to boarding-schools, where, they think,
the greater need exists ; and their closing
words are : —
" Though we believe that all schools must
gain by the admission of both sexes, it is not
in them [i.e., day schools] that we desire the
main trial of co-education to take place."
But we believe that this opinion is against
the trend of modern feeling, which is
beginning to condemn the boarding-school
as only a second-best method of educa-
tion, for, as the authors rightly remark in
their argument for boys and girls to be
together, the family should be the basis ;
and this is at home.
The introductory remarks about educa-
tion in general are sweeping and drastic,
but the day is past when mere revolutions
bring beneficial changes ; methods of
education are a growth, and evolve
gradually. Abuse of the past is of little
value, and Co-Education cannot be a
panacea for all the ills in the aims and
results of present-day education. It is
a mistake to draw analogies between the
way in which Nature educates a kitten,
and the way in which she would deal
with a child, for the environment and
capacities of each are different. The
present reviewer thinks that in a book
meant for universal use theological ideas
should be expunged ; it is true they
intrude but little here, yet their presence
vitiates even the definition of the aim of
education. However, with these remarks
ends our adverse criticism ; the re-
mainder of the book forms a valuable addi-
tion to the literature dealing with this
subject.
It is claimed that Co-Education,
ducted on right fines, will render
school immune from the immorality
is rife in boys' boarding-schools and else-
where ; such immunity will extend to
the use of coarse language and tolerance
of gross stories. Another advantage
claimed is that the girls are put upon
their dignity, and a finer attitude is
adopted towards sex by the boys ; the
silly giggling of girls and the unrestrained
laughter of boys are mutually checked.
Further, a truer independence of mascu-
line and feminine points of view will be
fostered. The authors are by no means
of opinion that the truly feminine ap-
proaches the masculine, and sex differ-
entiation is insisted upon throughout.
The chapter dealing with Mental Differ-
ences— not superiority or inferiority —
makes plain their attitude towards the
subjects in which each sex excels. In
discussing the Woman Movement it is
remarked : —
' The claim of one sex to the consideration
of the other is seen to rest not on the denial,
but on the affirmation, of the sex distinction
and the value of each sex to the other. . . .
Their equality really rests on the fact that
they are different .... Mental and moral
distinctions, which were previously not
con-
anv
that
unrecognized indeed, but vaguely appre-
hended and inarticulately expressed, have
been honoured with scientific definition,
and have thus entered the field of reasoned
discussion."
Mr. Havelock Ellis is quoted as saying
that " a potent factor in bringing
about a saner attitude [in the Woman
Movement] will be the education of boys
and girls together."
In this impassioned and, at times, elo-
quent and high-aimed plea for Co-Educa-
tion there appear many quotations con-
demning public schools, as well as others
showing the general result of American
experience. In the latter schools the
authors deprecate the preponderance, not
the presence, of women teachers. Argu-
ments against educating boys and girls
together are refuted logically and with
spirit. The historical argument is of
interest, but not valuable in so far as
it apparently advocates a return to the
past, which, indeed, should be used and
appreciated, but not copied, for educa-
tion, like all else, moves and changes.
The New Schoolmaster. By " Fourth
Form." (Smith, Elder & Co., 65. net.)
The substance of this book has appeared
in articles contributed to The Westminster
Gazette, The Horning Post, and The Journal
of Education. There are thirty brightly
written chapters, in which the author
takes stock of modern education, especi-
ally in secondary schools. He is evidently
a thoroughly experienced master, with
sound and level judgment, and an en-
thusiasm for his calling, and the result is
that he gives us much food for thought.
A host of modern teachers have con-
tributed abundantly of recent years to
this type of pedagogic literature, but
;' Fourth Form's " book is certainly one
of the most interesting. His views are
somewhat in advance of those of the
average public-school master, and per-
haps he plays a dangerous game in criti-
cizing his brother-teachers. How little
can A know of B's method, tempera-
ment, or results ! Venture this term on
an opinion that B is a dull reactionary',
and before next term comes to an end
you will probably have good reason for
eating your words. Inspectors alone, if
their work was more thoroughgoing,
could safely venture on such criticism.
However, " Fourth Form " amply justifies
himself, and there is in his pages a
really good collection of progressive opinion
on a wide variety of subjects connected
with school-life : though the New School-
master as herein depicted is, after all.
not a very daring sort of creature, and
the tacit contrast between him and the
teacher of thirty years ago is, perhaps,
overdrawn.
We can agree with our author that there
are no very clear signs that the ratio of
intellectualism to athleticism in our great
schools is improving. We must concede
to him also that, if masters are really the
moving force in education, a postgraduate
year or two spent in travelling round the
world, or working in an industrial parish
or a commercial house, would be an excel-
lent training before the beginning of
school work. It is a paradox, as he
remarks, that men who have read
" Cireats " should have such confined
views on the true objects of education as
some public-school masters. But prob-
ably many of them have been chosen,
not so much for their receptivity of
ideas, as for their so-called scholarship or
their prowess in athletics. At any rate,
the new schoolmaster is comparatively
a rara avis. He is the sort of man who
keenly desires and attempts more indi-
vidual teaching, who is able to give a
real lesson as well as hear one, aims at a
great diminution of coercion, and knows
the difference between interest and amuse-
ment. He recognizes that the line of
cleavage in aptitude is not between
modern and ancient languages, but be-
tween linguistic and non-linguistic. He
keeps it constantly before him that edu-
cation is not a preparation for scholarship,
but for citizenship ; and is ready to con-
sider the advantages claimed for other
systems of education than that of the
public schools. But, though he does not
urge the point, it is probable that " Fourth
Form " would agree that needful reforms
will not come until masters, both head
and assistant, cease to be systematically
overworked. Most head masters essay
an impossible task : " optat arare ca-
ballus." If a head master is fortunate
enough to be able to stand the strain of
table-serving by reason of exceptional
physical powers, his faculties become so
dissipated that the steady, concentrated
thought necessary for the driver of an
important express is impossible. What
can a man so placed do to keep the teach-
ing machine efficient ? How can he super-
vise the work of the novices on his staff,
co-ordinate the work of the departments,
and insist on the adoption of reforms in
every classroom, even by his stalwart
reactionaries ? The assistant's position,
too, is such that he inevitably loses elas-
ticity and freshness during the first few
weeks of term. Who can at once do his
duty by his form and his various teaching
subjects, his house of twenty-five boys,
and his social and athletic activities ?
No man. Alas ! it is the teaching as a
rule that first goes by the board. " Fourth
Form ' rightly urges the need for in-
spections, v' regular, fairly frequent, and
obligatory." But a prior postulate is
the lightening of the burden of the
master. This means more masters and
more money spent on staff salaries. A
great deal of futile tinkering with se-
condary education would be obviated if
this essential point could be grasped by
the public and the Board of Education.
This granted, a really efficient inspec-
torate is the second necessity. But se-
condary schools do not want
" the criticism of University dons who have
never taught outside the walls of their
college lecture-rooms, and whose ideas of
teaching within these limits sometimes
suggest that University tutors also need to
be taught to teach."
Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914]
Til E ATM KX .ETM
W
•• Fourth Form" has many good things
to say about the curriculum and the due
balance of its parts, and is with good
reason a redoubtable champion of the
value of the Englisb tongue. He makes
the useful suggestion that, for boys under
15, English subjects should be grouped
together and taught by a specialist.
Why not, if French is so taught 1 The
chapters on the Zurich Cantonal schools
and the Montessori method are well
worth reading, and altogether there are
few public-school masters who will not
rind hints and stimulus in these pages.
^4 Xational System of Education. By
John Howard Whitehouse. (Cambridge
University Press, 2s. Gd. net.)
Secondary Education in England. By
R. F. Cholmeley. (Smith, Elder & Co.,
2s. 6d. net.)
Is ninety pages of large print, entitled ' A
Xational System of Education,' Mr. J. H.
Whitehouse shatters the existing scheme
of educational things in this country, and
remoulds it according to his heart's
desire. Oxford and Cambridge men —
strange, by the way, that this book
should emanate from the Cambridge
University Press ! — will find the affairs
of their respective Universities settled
for them by an outsider in five pages, and
the College system demolished in a single
paragraph. Nothing is an obstacle to
this root-and-branch reformer ; the re-
ligious difficulty, for example, which has
already wrecked two Education Bills,
" is really a very limited and a very small
question." Mr. Whitehouse writes with
the calm confidence of one possessed of a
magician's wand ; he has but to wave it,
and lo ! a new heaven and a new earth.
He is one of those doctrinaire politicians
who conceive that the world is ruled by
logic only. He is, too, so sure of the
truth of his premises that it never
seems to occur to him that other people
may refuse to regard them as irrefutable.
He has yet to learn, apparently, that he and
the group of legislators for whom he speaks
have not a monopoly of conviction ; that
tradition and prejudice, moreover, if their
force is to be modified, should be ap-
proached in a spirit of conciliation, not
of arrogant superiority. At a moment
when some of the better employers are
considering how to afford facilities of
continued education for boy workers, the
-••rtion that the hours of labour must
be limited to " four daily " up to the age
of eighteen might, we think, have been
made with greater tact, as also the
tement that " the education authorities
should further have the power to enforce
full-time attendance at Bchool up to the
_•• of sixteen." This sweeping change is
described as a " practicable measure ;
but its author does nol seem to have
sufficiently reckoned with the disloca-
tion of industry which would ensue on
precipitate action in the matter. Tact
tin, would have prevented him from
alternately patronizing and chiding the
existing Hoard of Education, whose
members, if they read him, may well
inquire what are the credentials of their
admonisher. Indeed, one withholds con-
fidence from an expert who talks as if no
one before Madame Montessori had ap-
preciated the value of handwork ; who
seems unaware that games and bathing
for primary scholars are being widely
and increasingly organized ; and who
recommends the prefect system without
a word on the successful experiments of
the Warwickshire educational authority
in that direction.
Mr. Whitehouse designs, in rather
cryptic English, " eventually to break
down class prejudices between two forms
of education." He therefore desires to
see secondary education available for
everybody, and desires to see it free.
" Mere freedom from fees would not be
sufficient to meet the cases of the extremely
poor, for whom maintenance allowances to
cover clothing, books, and food would have,
in addition, to be made."
Mr. Cholmeley in his plea for ' Secondary
Education in England ' is more modest in
his demands than Mr. Whitehouse, and
his long experience lends weight to his
pleadings. His contention is that the
greatest defect in our secondary educa-
tion is the lack of first-rate trained
teachers ; that really capable men will
not be at the expense and trouble of
getting themselves trained, so long as
salaries are inadequate, and pensions, in
most cases, non-existent ; and that the
first step towards reform is that State
grants should be based upon the salaries
and pensions of teachers, instead of upon
the attendance of children. Teachers
would, under this scheme, secure a just,
regular, and uniform rate of payment,
instead of being at the mercy of the local
authority. A better class of men would
be obtained, and children would benefit
in proportion. This is a sound and
pertinent suggestion.
Mr. Cholmeley is, perhaps, too prone to
look upon education as a panacea — at any
rate, in rural districts. He pours con-
tempt, for instance, on those who think
" that the agricultural half-timer learns
more from leading horses than from
reading poetry." Is not this the utter-
ance of one more familiar with urban
conditions than with those of the country ?
We could show Mr. Cholmeley an old
labourer who had hardly any schooling,
who is yet a master of every sort of field-
and wood-craft ; who exults in his
strength and the labour of his hands ;
who is often an unconscious poet, though
he has probably never read a line of poetry
— as when he tells you that the lawn,
under an early morning frost, was " white
as a lily," or that he " went to work when
he was milking-stool high."' School is far
from being (lie only place where lessons
are learnt, though specialists sometimes
talk as if it were.
Quantity and Accent in the Pronunciation
of I. at iu. By K. W. West a way. (Cam-
bridge University Press, \)s. net.)
Thi Classical Association had reason
some years ago to hope that the so called
" English " pronunciation of Latin would
in a few years be silent for ever ; but the
recent recrudescence of the " English '
system makes the appearance of Mr.
Westaway's excellent little handbook op-
portune. He writes in his Preface : *' This
book is not written for schoolmasters."
But why not ? There are very few
schoolmasters who will not reap sub-
stantial benefit from reading it, especially
those teachers of Latin — and they are
the large majority — who have but a
smattering of phonetics. Phonetics must
be the base, but until all language teachers
are thoroughly trained in this science,
such a treatment of Latin pronunciation
as this — founded on phonetics, but not
asking too much knowledge from the
Latin teacher — is likely to be valuable.
Even the most conscientious of Latin
scholars, including those who are largely
and continuously concerned with the
teaching of Latin verse, are very apt to
fall away from righteousness in this
matter : —
si biacchia forte remisit,
Atque ilium in prreceps prono rapit alveus amni.
But those learned in quantities are few.
It is probable that 75 per cent of teachers
of Latin are shaky in this respect.
Probably not 10 in 100 could mark
correctly all the long quantities in an un-
prepared page of Livy. Test with this
exercise a fifth form in a school in which
Latin pronunciation is relatively good, and
the average number of mistakes will be
20 per cent. English habits of speech
are slovenly : we draw 1 in our talk
and we clip our words, and obviously
both teacher and taught will bring English
habits into the reading and speaking of
Latin, unless both are continually on
their guard. It is frequently argued that
boys cannot be expected to master all the
niceties of Latin pronunciation, and that
therefore their teacher need not trouble
himself about them. This is a mis-
chievous fallacy. Whenever a mast* r
pronounces Latin words, he should pro-
nounce them as well as thought and care
will enable him to do so. In a short
time the ear of the pupil becomes ac-
customed to the "niceties," and imita-
tion makes his pronunciation compara-
tively correct.
This book should lie read and kept
for refer< nee by all t( ach< rs of Latin.
There is hardly an unnecessary line in
it: many things arc stated that are
not generally known, ami many more
that even the lust scholars are only too
prone to forget. For instance, who is
sure of always pronouncing correctly the
following words : rosa, \er. orbs, cui,
mons, ac, aon, rex, pars orator, pater,
mollifl In take a l.w very simple and
common instance - i A greater |>< i< i atage
will tail over fortuitus, libertas, rudi-
mentum, penuria, securus, solitudo,
8
108
THE A T II E N M U M
[Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914
infelices, elaborare, salutavi, amaverunt,
utraque, calefacit, antehac — if not in
quantity, in accent. In his fifteen little
chapters Mr. Westaway gives us most of
what is worth knowing, with plenty of
exercises and useful lists, and two and a
half pages of bibliography.
Outlines of Education in England. By
Cyril Jackson. ' ' Christian Social Union
Handbooks." (Mowbray & Co., Is. Qd,
net.)
Mr. Jackson gives a useful conspectus of
the machinery of education in England
at the present time, but does not indicate
the trend of thought in educational
theory (beyond a short mention of the
Montessori method), nor does he treat the
subject psychologically. What is actually
done is admirably set forth, but what
different reformers wish to be done, and
how far tendencies follow them, is not
shown. Various suggestions are made,
such as a decrease in the size of classes,
an extension of the school-leaving age,
greater care in the choice of teachers, &c.
It is pointed out that " Education Depart-
ments and Committees think too much of
machinery," and that " there is no logic-
ally conceived system covering the whole
field and recognized by the State as the
National Education," although there is
" in England a great deal of splendid
educational provision." The habit of
thinking of children mathematically has
doubtless its official uses, but it should
always be remembered that each scholar
is a developing individual, and, as Mr.
Jackson remarks, " takes an interest in
things which his teachers do not dream of."
The theology, which is due to the
series in which the book is published,
is laudably minimized ; but the author
asks an amazing question : " Has a
teacher really any right to enter the pro-
fession and refuse to give religious les-
sons ? " A still more amazing statement
is made in discussing incentives to learn :
" In our rich England every boy, however
stupid, knows that there is a job of some
sort waiting for him round the corner " !
A sordid aim is advocated by inducing
children to work along lines that lead to
some prize in after-life, and the author's
belief in human nature does not seem
high, nor is there any indication as to
what end the " character " that should be
trained is to be devoted.
The ordinary reader will be surprised
at the network of arrangements made for
children's welfare — e.g., there are 7,500
volunteers on London's Care Committees ;
and a glance at the excellent Index will
convey some idea of the many kinds of
education in England, and should arouse
a keener interest than is general in the
subject. In calling the work a limited
year-book on education we give a fairly
accurate description of it.
What is Education ? By Stanley Leathes.
(Bell & Sons, 2s. Qd. net.)
Many subjects are glanced at by the
author, with the result that no great
principles of education are established,
and a certain amount of irritation is
engendered by the superficiality of treat-
ment that is often displayed. Mr. Leathes
apparently realizes that much is wanting,
but does not judge from a basis with a
definite, constructive aim, as his definition
will show : —
" Education (in the full sense) is the
process by which an individual is adjusted
to his whole ambit of existence ; the whole
being is the subject of education ; and the
whole of life is its end."
Isolated remarks throughout the book
express his outlook, progressive in general :
" The effects of public education are
cumulative ; in a sense every generation
starts where the last left off."
" Education is a process, purposeful
education is an art, but when men speak of
education, they are prone to think or build-
ings, of curricula, of sy stems .... The art
of education requires liberty for its exercise."
" Education. . . .does not profess to be an
enemy of business. Indeed, if it has a single,
conspicuous fault, it is that it copies .... the
faults of business. . . .Business estimates
success by results .... education estimates
results by figures in a report or by figures in
an examination table."
Mr. Leathes wisely considers it futile
to subdivide a subject, such as English,
into many parts, and advocates more
synthetic treatment of History and Litera-
ture. His remarks on the teaching of
these subjects are by far the most valuable
in the book, and he suggests overdue
reforms in University examinations.
In the sphere of Civics teaching and
moral instruction he must, we think,
be inadequately informed, since he seems
to regard systematic moral instruction as
conducing to priggishness ; whereas the
methods recommended by the Moral
Education League provide interest and
humour, and evoke sympathy and co-
operation from the children.
We dissociate ourselves from the pessi-
mistic view that " nine-tenths of men and
women are perhaps incapable of rising
above the material world " ; in that case
what would be the use of educating
incapability ? It is with pleasure that we
notice that large classes are condemned,
and that a plea is entered for recognition
of the importance of Geography. On the
whole, the volume is useful as an expression
of the feeling, though not the practice, of
the average teacher.
The question which stands as a title
to the book is of vital importance, and
its answer dominates all methods and
schemes. But it cannot be answered
by pithy definitions and suggestions of
reforms in isolated subjects. Mr. Leathes
thinks that " studies supply food and
exercise ; they are the material, the appa-
ratus of education, not itself," and yet
later on he speaks of " by-products "
that are not shown in an examination
table ! It is this very " by-product "
that is most important.
CLASSIFIED NOTICES.
Classics.
Hudson (W. H.)> Representative Pas-
sages from English Literature, 2/6
net. Bell
To make such a collection as this in so
small a space, and to do it well, is no small
achievement, and Mr. Hudson's book should
prove of value to literary students. The
passages selected are representative of
much that is best in the English language
from the time of Chaucer to that of
Macaulay.
Ilias, cum Prolegomenis, Notis Criticis,
Commentariis Exegeticls, edidit J. van
Leeuwen Vol. II., 9m. Ley den, Sijthoff
The first volume of this work was noticed
by us on February 8th last, so that we need
here touch upon only a few passages in the
second. At xviii. 605 we note with satis-
faction that the reading ^dpxovre is adopted,
though with slight authority ; and there is
also much truth in the remark that the
doubtful words fiera. 5i <T<t>iv i/At\TreT0 6eios aoidbs
(popnifav " utilia sunt potius quam molesta.u
But the explanation of 300-302 in the same
book misses the real point. At xv. 680 the
difficulty of the rider leaping from the back
of one horse to that of another is wantonly
enhanced by the assumption that the animals
are " semiferos." Why ? A certain capri-
ciousness of this sort is observable in other
places, and is, indeed, characteristic of
Prof, van Leeuwen 's work as a whole.
Lamb (C), Essays of Elia, edited by A.
Hamilton Thompson. First Series. —
The Last Essays of Elia, edited by
the same, 2/6 each.
Cambridge University Press
These volumes belong to the " Pitt Press
Series," which has secured a good reputation
among school-books. We should have
thought that the wayward charm of Lamb
was hardly suitable for young people, and
better left for the delight of the adult ; but
if he had to be made into a school author,
Mr. Thompson has done the business with
due appreciation and thoroughness, except
in one respect. The Introduction, which is
the same in both volumes, gives us an admir-
able account of the qualities which make
Lamb's prose immortal, but nothing is said
of the circumstances of his life. He was no
mere virtuoso of books and chosen friends :
he was a man who showed the virtues of
fortitude and self-sacrifice ; and since a
prominent critic of English has had the
temerity to call him a " poor creature," we
wish that Mr. Thompson had added a brief
summary of the trials which he surmounted
so bravely.
With the help of Mr. E. V. Lucas, which
is duly acknowledged, Mr. Thompson has
traced nearly all the allusions which abound
in the text of ' Elia.' The few which
remain unidentified are of no importance,
and not derived from sources of high merit.
Virgil might, however, have been credited
with "regni novitas " ('^Eneid,' I. 564;
' Elia,' p. 259), also with " circum prsecordia
frigus," a shortened form of Georgic IT.
484 ('Last Essays,' p. 241). A Latin
translation (ib., p. 220) is sadly in need of
revision.
Royds (Thomas Fletcher), The Beasts,
Birds, and Bees of Virgil, 3/6 net.
Oxford. Blackwell
Mr. Mackail recently showed in what
directions, archaeological and topograjDhical,
the new commentator on Virgil would be
able to improve on the old. So far as the
' Georgics ' is concerned, Mr. Royds, in his
SriTLKMKXT, .Tax. 17, 1014*|
rn
P II E AT 11 KX.Kl' M
10!)
admirable little naturalist's handbook to
the ■ Georgics,1 has made it easy to oomment
with interest and certainty on a great many
hitherto moot points. It is a pity for
teachers net to avail themselves of the un-
doubted interest many of their pupils take in
the lite of animals, for this, properly handled,
may form an avenue to the appreciation of
Other virtues in the poet's work. Mr. Warde
Fowler, whose ' Year with the Birds '
gives him the right to speak authoritatively,
says of the present hook : " It is, I think,
the best commentary we have for the
naturalist, the farmer, or the sportsman."
• Considering how keenly Virgil felt the beaut y
and the mystery of animal life, we think
it strange that he has had to wait so
long for a sympathetic commentator from
the point of view of natural history. Con-
ington and the others have, of course, not
neglected this side of their work, but their
contributions do not amount to much, and
they have looked at the subject too exclu-
sively from the English standpoint. Mr.
Royds has been able to glean much that is
to the point from Bible naturalists like
Tristram and J. G. Wood. He has also the
advantage of his position in time, as investi-
gation is now going on in all departments
at a rapid rate, and not least, perhaps, with
regard to the life of bees. Apart from
what is strictly relevant to comment
on Virgil, he has happily included a great
deal of entertaining matter, especially in
the region of literary parallels, and here the
notes contributed by Mr. L. E. Upcott, late
of Marlborough, could ill be spared. It is not
necessary to enter into a detailed discussion
of the contents of the book ; suffice it to
say that no student of Virgil can afford to
ignore its existence.
Scott's (Ivy Mannering. with Introduction,
Notes, &c, by R. F. Winch, 2/6
Macmillan
" Much of ' Guy Mannering,' " says Mr.
Winch, " is couched in a dialect that deters
many readers," and he has added to this
well-printed edition explanations of all
words and phrases likely to cause any
difficulty. We should be glad to see more
derivations, as these help young people to
remember strange words. Sir. Winch shows
admirable industry, but his brevity tends
to dullness. Thus, to take one page of the
notes, we find the " Cumaean Sibyl " merely
glossed as " the wise old woman from Cumae
who sold the Sibylline books to Xuma," and
*' cabriole u described as " carriage, cab,
The Virgilian association of the
Sibyl might at least have been mentioned.
The latter word recalls to us the cabriolet
in the forty-sixth chapter of ' Pickwick,'
which drew up at the wrong door in Gosnell
Street, to the disgust of Mrs. BardelTs
visitors. Andrew Lang's notes — which we
luddenly come on at p. 619 — are not men-
tioned in the Preface, but we presume that
they are derived from the Border Edition
of the •• Waverleys." They show a gusto
1 a knowledge which are beyond Mr.
Winch. He does not -rem to us to be
Specially interested in Scott. His Introduc-
tion does not tell us that it was Byron who
beat Scott in vene, and 90 I'd to the Waver-
ley romances. Speaking of the conjectures
to the author of these, hi "The
most ingenious critic, writing under the
name of Adolphus, cleverly argued that
the author of Marmion1 and 'The Lady
of the Lake ' must he the author of ' Wavcr-
lev.' Tbja suggests a pen-name, hut the
'Letters to Richard Beber, Bsq.,1 were
published anonymously, though Boon known
to h«- written hy John Leyoester Adolphus.
Even before he wrote, the identity of Scott
was well settled in the public mind. The '
copyrights of the novels contributed largely
to paving off Scott's debts, but not entirely ;
it should bo added that a noble and now
unduly neglected hook, Lockhart's ' Life
of Scott,' was also devoted to that end.
Distort
Dodd (A. F.), Early English Social
History, 2/ Bell
In these days very much more attention
than formerly is being paid to the economic
and social history of our country, and Miss
Dodd has endeavoured to make as interest-
ing as possible for children the conditions
which prevailed in Saxon times and after
the Norman Conquest.
Pollard (A. F.), The Reign of Henry VII.
from Contemporary Sources, Vol. II.,
10/6 net. Longmans
This is the second volume of a series of
three, and deals with constitutional, social,
and economic history. The volume is
divided into two parts, the first being a
series of extracts from constitutional docu-
ments, and the second being devoted to
descriptions of social conditions, manners,
customs, trade, exploration, &c. L
Raven (Alice), Extracts from the Chro-
nicles ILLUSTRATING ENGLISH HIS-
TORY, 6rf. Macdonald & Evans
This little book brings within the reach of
persons of the most modest means extracts
from original documents, a knowledge of
which is of undeniable value to students of
English mediaeval history.
rTfcatbematics.
Duncan (J.), Applied Mechanics for Engi-
neers, 8/6 net Macmillan
The charter of the Institution of Civil
Engineers defines engineering as the " art
of directing the great sources of power in
Nature for the use and convenience of man."
In reality, therefore, a number of professions
are embraced.
This looseness of definition has engen-
dered much futile discussion as to the
appropriate curriculum for students of the
subject. The average engineer will be in
general a mixture of many elements,
but his success qua engineer will depend
on his power of designing and of appre-
ciating design. At college, therefore, this
should be the end in view. The rest will
be learnt in actual working. The tuition
in mathematical and physical sciences
should be given by specialists in these
subjects. We have explained the ideals
towards which teachers should strive ; it
remains to see whether, judged by these
standards, the present volume justifies its
existence.
It may be said at once that the author is
an engineer pure and simple, and therefore,
almost as an inevitable corollary, the
mathematical treatment is weak. The
general effect of the book will bo to further
appreciation of design more than power to
design. In spite of this defect it is worth
having ; but if, for a second edition, Mr.
Duncan could secure the help of a mathe-
matical specialist, the work would be greatly
improved.
Southall (James P. C.)» Pbinctplbs lot
Methods ok Geometrical Optics,
Second Edition, 25 net. Bfacmillan
To the layman this title may suggest
something far removed from practical life,
hut Bfl a matter of fact the subject is one of
vital interest. In its applications to the art
ot spectacle-making it touches as directly,
while, considered us the parent of the tele-
scope and microscope, it has played 110 in-
oonsiderable pari in the discoveries of experi-
mental science.
Perhaps the most important theoretical
contribution to tho subject made during last
century was the application to Optics of the
Principle' of Least Action and the invention
of the Characteristic Function by Hamilton.
Hy means of this function the most com-
plicated problem <>f Geometrical Optics could
he solved theoretically Upon a knowledge of
Sufficient data, but when it came to the
practical applications the method showed
almost insuperable difficulties. The Ger-
mans set themselves t<> discover less ambi-
tious methods which would solve tin- pro-
blems at hand. Working in this spirit,
they have practically monopolized the sub-
ject, not only in the theory, but also, as a
natural consequence, in the actual manu-
facture of optical instruments.
In the last few years one or two English
books and tracts on the subject have been
written in the new spirit, but until the
appearance of the present book there was
no English work that could in any way
compare with the German treatises.
The diagrams are clear, and, except in a
few instances, the author follows the excel-
lent practice of indicating magnitudes of
lengths and angles on them.
Wight (John T.), Elementary Graphic
Statics, 3/6 Whit taker
This book covers the work in Graphic
Statics done by first-year students at tho
Heriot-Watt College. The subject is gener-
ally dealt with in treatises on Applied
Mechanics, but its importance and the
inherent difficulties which it presents to the
beginner certainly justify separate and more
detai'ed treatment.
The student generally grasps the idea of
the link and vector polygon method easily
enough, but comes to grief over the bending
moment and shearing-force diagrams. Tho
author has taken pains to make these
notions clear, insisting on a proper appre-
ciation of sign and scale.
The next difficulty that presents itself
is the application to live loads on beams,
and to this the author has not devoted suffi-
cient space. In the chapter on ' Hraced
Beams and Girders ' more stress should
have been laid on the arbitrary choice of the
forces in the case of over-rigid frames.
An important omission in the section on
' Centres of Gravity ' is the use of the second
derived figure in order to obtain graphic-
ally the moment of inertia.
Except for these failings (which can be
remedied in a later edition), the book is
excellent, and both for its clearness and
judicious choice of examples deserves every
praise.
General.
Cambridge County Geographies: Meeiok-
ETHsniHi:. hv A. -Morris ; Xokthujibee-
land, by S. Ronnie HaselhuTSt, 1/li each.
Cambridge University Pn
The "Cambridge County Geographies"
constitute one of the most valuable .
in modern times towards the teaching
and learning of a hitherto much neglected,
if not despised, subject. An mteUigent
and comprehensive knowledge ot ge< eraphy
js_or oughl to he an essential element
a, present-day education. The-- weh-illus-
,nlt(,l and brightly written volumes should
aave the success which has attended their
predecessors. They cover a wide held ol
interest, supplying s iketch which may be
developed on the geological, the artistic, and
even on the literarj side, ince the -teat
men ol i ach countj ■ re include d,
110
T H E A T H E N M U M
[Supplement, .Tax. 17, 1914
Pitt (St. George Lane Fox), The Purpose of
Education, an Examination of the
Education Problem in the Light of
Recent Psychological Research, 2/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
It would not appear, to judge by this
slender volume, that the purpose of educa-
tion has been made conspicuously clearer
by recent psychological research. We find
here a number of suggestions which are
worth attention, but are hardly new. The
author has not convinced us that anything
is gained by the application to the study of
character of the terms of pathological and
abnormal psychology.
Rearing an Imperial Race, edited by Charles
E. Hecht, 7/6 net. St. Catherine Press
The philosopher who differentiated man
as a cooking animal might have gone further,
and subdivided the human race into those
who cook well and those who cook ill. Of
the former category the French are, as a
nation, admittedly the brightest example.
To define our own position might be deemed
invidious, but the existence in our midst
of the National Food Reform Association
testifies to our shortcomings. We wish the
Association all success in its patriotic
endeavour.
' Rearing an Imperial Race ' is a bulky
volume issued by it. containing a report
of its Conference (held last July at the
Guildhall), a great variety of papers on
health topics contributed by competent
writers, information as to the way in which
kindred problems are being confronted in
foreign countries, and statistical tables. Its
value as a work of reference is unquestion-
able. The Association holds that malnu-
trition is making havoc of our race, and that
the root cause of malnutrition is ignorance of
dietetic values. The abuse of tea — tea that
stews all day upon the hob — is second only
to the abuse of alcohol. Black tea and
white emasculated bread are like to slay
their thousands in these islands. The main
plank in the Association's platform is that
we must, in our schools, do more to educate
our girls, the mothers of the next generation,
in the knowledge of what good food is and
how to cook it.
Row (Ernest F.), A History of Midhurst
Grammar School. Hove, Combridge
Of the antiquities of Midhurst in Sussex,
its charters from the time of Richard I.
onward, its representatives in Parliament,
the wealth of its burgesses, its tanning and
weaving industries, its connexion with
Richard Cobden, and "so on, an interesting
book could no doubt be made. But for a
good history of Midhurst Grammar School
there is, it must be said, not enough material.
If the book before us is not very interesting
or. a good school history, it is not the fault
of Mr. Row, one of the assistant masters,
whose industry and skill in arranging and
making the best of his scanty gleanings
must be commended.
In 1672 Gilbert Hannam, a coverlet-maker
of Midhurst, endowed a school for twelve
boys, on the usual and wise condition of the
town's doing its share. From this very
modest beginning the school developed
about a century later into a proprietary
school, which had a successful run of some
twenty-five years at the beginning of the
nineteenth century, and latterly has become
a secondary school of the rate-aided type
now common in country towns. The author
tells us that there was for a time a connexion
between Midhurst School and Winchester
and New Colleges. This connexion and the
head-masterships of the Rev. John Wooll
(1799-1807) and the Rev. William Bayly
(1807-29) are the outstanding facts in the
life of the school. Much space is devoted to
personal notes on the trustees who from time
to time managed or neglected the founda-
tion. Even the reign of the Rev. Francis
Atkins (1758-88), the longest of the series,
" is almost entirely shrouded in gloom as
far as any records are concerned." The
most interesting pages in the book are those
in which Sir Charles Lyell, the geologist,
gives an account of school life at Midhurst
under William Bayly, which, except for
small numbers — the figure 90 seems never
to have been passed — was practically that
of the public schools of the day. Mr. Row
(who, for his next venture in authorship
deserves a fuller subject) adds in an Appendix
notices of Old Midhurstians : the list cer-
tainly contains a proportionately large
number of distinguished men.
White (Jessie), Montessori Schools as
seen in the Summer of 1913, 1/ net.
Milford
This brief but detailed report of visits to
some fourteen or fifteen schools in Italy or
in the Italian part of Switzerland is both
encouraging and — to borrow a word from
the early nineteenth century — cautionary.
It becomes clear that Dr. Montessori's
system works well when carried out in its
entirety by a directress who fully under-
stands and trusts the fundamental principles,
and who also possesses sufficient self-com-
mand to abstain from all unnecessary inter-
position. Teachers of this type are not,
however, common, and the ordinary training
actually unfits people for Montessori posts,
so that very naturally directresses are found
who hamper the free activity of the children,
and, again, others who let ill-behaviour go
unchecked. In one school visited a peevish
child was permitted to pass from com-
panion to companion, always interrupting
and annoying them. In others certain
occupations were allowed only at certain
times. The division of one into three
grades, according to age, withdrew from the
younger pupils the advantage of learning
insensibly from their elders, and from the
latter the educative influence of helping
their juniors. In short, it becomes more
and more evident that to be a Montessori
teacher is not an easy task to be taken up,
under a code of rules, by uncultured or dull-
natured persons, but a profession demand-
ing a grasp of principles and a most deli-
cately trained discretion. Various observa-
tions in this volume suggest, too, in how
many directions cautious experiments could
be made, and how necessary it is that
these should be made under wise and large-
minded guidance. As Dr. White concludes :
" We want teachers to realize that the imparting
of intellectual knowledge is only a srnall part of
the work of education ; we want them fully to
comprehend what civilizing means. Hundreds
and thousands of teachers do realize it. What
they want is more opportunity for real com-
parison of experience and freedom to act."
THE INCORPORATED ASSOCIATION
OF HEAD MASTERS.
Teachers' Registration, the forthcom-
ing Education Bill, Examinations, Home-
Work, Scholarships to enable students of
slender means to enter Universities, the
External Degrees of London University,
and Naval Education were the chief topics
discussed at the Twenty - Second Annual
General Meeting of the Incorporated Asso-
ciation of Head Masters, held at the Guild-
hall on the 6th and 7th inst.
The President, Sir John McClure (Mill
Hill), in his opening address referred to the
Registration Council, which gave teachers
the opportunity of working out their own
salvation, of struggling upwards from the
chaos of mutual jealousies and conflicting
interests, from the soul-destroying servitude
of iron regulations into the order and
freedom of a great, a united, and self-govern-
ing profession. Enumerating some of the
tasks which still remained for teachers,
he said that by the Education Act of 1902
education had been put into the hands of
the practical man, who was a firm believer
in frontal attacks, not realizing that in
education, as in warfare, such attacks were
frightfully expensive and rarely successful.
He wished that the practical man would
indicate the end, and leave the means to
the judgment and experience of the teacher.
The shortage of teachers was being felt,
and the outlook was serious. They were
not likely to get more and better trained
teachers till salaries were more adequate,
and satisfactory arrangements for pensions
were made. The burden of education was
growing heavier year by year, and it was
the teacher who suffered most. Somehow
or other the conditions must be changed
rapidly, if English education was to be
worthy of the English nation. Until a
true appreciation of the value of education
and a genuine enthusiasm for it were awak-
ened real progress was impossible. At the
close of his speech he moved a resolution
welcoming the issue by the Teachers'
Registration Council of the conditions of
registration, and urging all members to
apply at once for it.
Dr. Crees (Gloucester) moved an amend-
ment regretting that the possession of a
University degree was not insisted upon as
one of the qualifications for registration.
After an explanation from Dr. Spenser
(University College School) and an appeal
for unity from Mr. W. W. Vaughan (Welling-
ton), the amendment was withdrawn, and
the resolution was carried with one dis-
sentient.
Mr. R. F. Cholmeley (Owen's School,
Islington) moved a series of resolutions with
regard to the forthcoming Government Edu-
cation Bill, declaring, inter alia, that the
organization of secondary education cannot
be successfully accomplished without such
a radical reform in the financial conditions as
will make it possible to satisfy the increasing
demand for teachers of high qualifications,
and that the basis of financial reform must
be the assumption by the State of respon-
sibility for securing adequate salary, scales,
and pensions for teachers in all areas. The
local education authorities, he said, had
come to the end of their resources. To ask
them to lay further burdens on the rate-
payers was asking them to commit suicide.
The Government would have to move, and
it would move when it was kicked — that
was democracy. When the State had
assumed the responsibility for securing
adequate salaries and pensions, then, and
not until then, could it reasonably require
that all teachers should be registered and
all schools inspected. After some discus-
sion, the resolutions were put seriatim and
adopted.
Mr. Jenkyn Thomas (Hackney Downs)
proposed a number of resolutions with
regard to school examinations, welcoming
the action of the Board of Education in
entering into negotiations with the various
University examining bodies, with a view
to making school examinations more uniform
and organic ; approving the establishment
of two grades of school examinations — one
designed to test the results of a broad,
general education, and to be taken by pupils
of about 16, and the other of a more special-
ized character, suitable for pupils of about
18 ; expressing the opinion that no material
relief will be afforded to schools unless Uni-
versities and professional bodies accept these
certificates in lieu of their own entrance
Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914]
TITK ATI! KX/tiPM
lit
examinations, and trusting that the Board
of Education will take steps to secure BUOh
acceptance as soon as possible ; anil re-
affirming its conviction thai acting teachers
should be represented on examining bodies,
ami that schools should he allowed, subject
to the necessary safeguards, to present
their own syllabuses tor examination. An
amendment to leave out all reference to the
second examination was defeated by a Large
majority, and the resolutions were adopted.
Mr. Shaw Jeffrey (Colchester) read a paper
on ' Home-Work in Secondary Schools.1 Ho
contended that far less home-work was set
.ill English than in French and German
schools, and that home - work was not
unpopular with parents. If school author-
ities yielded to the clamour raised by
a small number of parents who wrote to
newspapers, one conspicuous test of origin-
ality and self-reliance would be eliminated.
Only in preparation did a boy grapple with
his own difficulties, learn the methods of
meeting them, and gain power over his own
resources.
Mr. W. Lat timer (Barnet) dealt with the
question of Scholarships and Exhibitions to
enable students of slender means to enter
Universities and other places of higher
education, and on his motion tho meeting
accepted a resolution declaring that the
provision of such scholarships was very
inadequate in many parts of the country,
and welcoming the announcement that the
Board of Education had asked the Consulta-
tive Committee to report on the question.
The re-election of Mr. W. G. Rushbrooke
as Treasurer, and Messrs. R. F. Cholmeley
and Jenkyn Thomas as Hon. Secretaries,
terminated the proceedings of the first day.
The second day's conference was pre-
ceded by a service at St. Mary Abchurch.
The Rev. W. Temple (Repton) in a short
sermon said that no other nation had ever
been so indifferent to and negligent of
truth as the English. When Englishmen
talked about telling the truth, they only
meant saying what they thought, which
vary likely was not the truth at all. They
could not tell the truth until they knew it,
and Englishmen made no proper effort to
discover it. The lazy acceptance of preju-
dices, typical of Englishmen, was mentally
dishonest, and did infinite harm.
Sir Alfred Ewing, Director of Naval
Education, attended to explain the new
■ ■me for the admission to naval cadet-
ships of boys from 17i to 18£ years of age.
- statement was very similar to that
which he had made before the Head Masters'
iference at Reading, but he emphasized
the fact that admission would not be limited
to pupils from Public Schools, or indeed
schools of any kind, the phrase used being
"the Public Schools and elsewhere." In
wer to questions, he stated that the Ad-
miralty was committed to the scheme until
1916, and denied that preference was given
to candidates who had failed to secure
admission to Osborne. As to the expense
to parents, the cost, in addition to 601. for
the first outfit, would be 501. a year for
1""' and tlure was no likelihood of
reduction. The examination for entry was
modelled on that for entry to Woolwich,
and, as that was competitive, he could not
how the, official school examinations
shortly to he instituted could be accepted
in lieu thereof.
The reel of the day was devoted to the
consideration of the Report of the Royal
Commission on the University of London m
so far as n affected secondary schools, and
the discussion centred round the question of
External Degrees. Dr. Spenser (1 uivei
College School) moved a resolution advo
ing their discontinuance after a specified
date say. li)20 — on the ground that the
continued grant of degrees on examination
only was inimical to tho best interests of
education. The real need was not for a
cheap degree, hut for better education.
Mr. E. F. M. McCarthy (Edgbaston)
urged the members of the Association to
pause solemnly before they expressed dis-
approval of the action of the University of
London in giving degrees to external stu-
dents. Not only was the lonely student "to
be considered, but evening students, stu-
dents in Training Colleges, Technical Colleges,
and similar institutions, and also the
democracy. The democracy would not
allow itself to be thwarted and cut off
by a definition of education which excluded
all but a certain type. A succession of
speakers spoke in the same strain, and it
was clear that Dr. Spenser's resolution
could not be carried.
Eventually Mr. R. F. Cholmeley moved
an amendment : " That the time has not
yet come for the abolition of external
degrees." He urged that the mere negativ-
ing of Dr. Spenser's resolution was not con-
sistent with a reasonable ideal of University
education, and that it was a mistake to
contemplate the everlasting continuance of
the external degree. What they had to do
was to diminish to a vanishing-point the
number of persons unable to obtain an
internal degree. The amendment was car-
ried by a substantial majority.
Not content with disapproving the aboli-
tion of external degrees, the meeting declared
hi favour of the continuance of the present
arrangements whereby pupils in schools
enter for such University examinations as
the Intermediate B.A. and B.Sc. It, how-
ever, approved of a proposal that a student
who had passed the lower of the school
examinations contemplated by the Board of
Education should be required to spend four
years at the University before obtaining his
degree ; whereas a student who had passed
the higher examination might complete his
degree-course in three years. It was further
agreed that no student ought to be admitted
to a University or College below the age of 1 7.
The usual votes of thanks terminated the
proceedings.
CONFERENCE OF EDUCATIONAL
ASSOCIATIONS.
(Concluded.)
The second Annual Conference of Edu-
cational Associations* continued its meet-
ings at London University.
In connexion with the Modern Lan-
guage Association a discussion was held
on the subject of ' Free Composition.'
Mr. Storr held that accuracy and precision
should be the aim rather than fluency.
He did not think that free composition
was a subject suitable for examination ;
he urged the advantage of oral tests, and
* Association* taking part
Art Teachers' Cuild.
Association of Assistant Mistresses.
Association of Science Teachers.
Association of Teachers of Domestic Subjects.
Association of University Women Teachers.
Child Study Society.
College of I'receptors.
Proebel society.
Qeographlcal Association.
Modem Language Association.
Montessori Society.
National Association of Manual Training.
National Hoiiie-lte.iding t'nion.
Parents' National Education L'nion.
Private Schools Association.
Royal Drawing Society.
School Nature Study l'nion.
Simplified Spelling Society.
Teachers' (iuild.
Teachers in Technical Institutes.
Training College Association.
would sweep away all junior examinations.
.Miss Bafeholor of Bedford Training Col-
lege made an eloquent and vvoll-reasoned
plea for the greater use of froe composition,
and the general feeling of tho audience
was with her.
The Presidential Address of the Private
Schools Association was given by Dr.
Sibly, who doprocatod the ever - increasing
faith in State control of education, and
quoted Froude's dictum : —
" The touch of the Government is like the touch
of a torpedo, sending paralysis through the nerves
and veins of every organization which it ventures
to meddle with."
Among the educational problems which he
discussod was that of instructing children
in sex-matters, and inducing reverence and
self-control in that important field of life.
Prof. Sadler spoke on ' The Position of
Private Schools in a National System of
Education ' at a meeting convened by tho
College of Preceptors. He thought that
no one was competent to judge what circle
of studies should be passed through at
each stage of a pupil's education, and there-
fore no one was able to define" efficiency."
Education was far more an art than a
science, and such qualities in a teacher
as temperament and personality, pastoral
gift, development during experience, could
not be rigidly determined. He suggested
that where private schools filled a place
which must be filled in the public interest,
they must be prepared to admit inspec-
tion ; where the private school is supple-
mentary, inspection is desirable, but not
necessary ; where the private school exists
as a protest against a dominant public
ideal, registration or inspection would be
a peril to its raison d'etre.
Miss Stoney of the School of Medicine
for Women gave the Presidential Address
to the Association of Science Teachers,
and spoke of the physical condition of
Mars. In her opinion there is no water
on Mars, the polar caps being composed
of nitrogen peroxide, but she did not
think that this would prove that there
was no life there. Mrs. Maclean spoke
learnedly on ' The Formation of Fats in
Living Organisms.'
At the Conference of the National Homo-
Reading Union, presided over by the
Rev. J. E. Flower, accounts of their work
were given by various leaders of Reading
Circles who had charge of evening schools,
factory operatives, villagers, and more
advanced adults. All spoke enthusiastic-
ally of their efforts to spread a lovo of
literature.
The subject which chiefly occupied tho
attention of the Training Collogo Associa-
tion, presided over by Canon Morley
Robinson, was Demonstration Schools in
regard to Training Colleges. Prof. Nuim
of tho London Day Training College stated
the general conditions which he con-
sidered necessary for tho successful working
of such schools, and insisted that the
type of person required was one above
lite average teacher one who possessed
the ability to hand on his experience and
knowledge. Miss Qraveson of the Gold*
smith's Training College believed thai
Demonstration Schools should represent
what ordinary elementary Schools might
be. She gave her own experience, and
showed the working of the one with
v\lueh she was connected. Prof. Piridlay
of Manchester University spoke on the
administrative aspect of the question(
and BUggested resolutions to bo passed by
the meeting. The following resolutions
112
TttK AtilENTEllM
[Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914
were referred to the Executive Com-
mittee for their consideration : —
" (1) That every type of Training College should
be equipped with a demonstration school of the
general character indicated by the current regula-
tions of the Board of Education for the training
of teachers for elementary and secondary schools,
and that these regulations be modified in that
sense. (2) That to realize the aims of the regula-
tions for Training Colleges relating to demonstration
schools, the whole of the staff of such schools
should be treated as part of the staff of the Training
College, and as such should receive salaries and
enjoy a status adequate to the discharge of their
special duties. (3) That the additional cost thereby
incurred should be met by an additional grant from
the regulations for Training Colleges. (4) That the
Secretary be requested to place these resolutions
and the policies they embody before the authorities
concerned, namely, the governing bodies of the
Training Colleges, the local authorities, and the
Board of Education."
Miss Birkin of Stockwell College Practising
School urged that the assistant staff of the
school should have more consideration.
Mr. Arthur Burrell read a paper to the
Association of University Women Teachers
on ' The Parable in Literature.' He con-
sidered that this form of literature had been
much neglected. Parables must be short,
but need not be clear, for full explanation
only spoils them ; they must be polished,
incisive, meaningful. To a mind in search
of it, all life assumes a parabolic character.
In the course of a sketch of the history of
the parable from Buddhistic times to the
twentieth century Mr. Burrell recited various
examples, including the well-known one of
the pearl who " had knocked at the door of
non- entity to enter into being."
The Association of Assistant Mistresses
had secured Mr. A. C. Benson and the
largest audience. His subject, ' The Art
of the Essayist,' was treated in his charac-
teristic and discursive manner. The essay
requires, in his opinion, a certain polite
shamelessness in the writer, who must
enjoy privacy, and also enjoy people seeing
him enjoying it. The appeal of the essayist
to the world at large depended on the
extent to which he sees, seizes, and expresses
the pageant of life rather than its aims and
purposes. In a certain sense the essayist
was a glorified journalist, and the best work
was done by exuberant writers who had a
power of selection. The essayist lived
more in the glow of life than in the glory of
it. He ended by a critical examination of
passages from Lamb and Walter Pater.
Sir James Crichton Browne was unable to
be present at the meeting of the Child Study
Society, but we cannot compliment the
Committee on their choice of a substitute.
The Association of Teachers of Domestic
Subjects discussed ' The Ways and Means
of Labourers' Wives.' Miss Cochrane, a
manager of schools in Cambridgeshire, spoke
from the point of view of one who, from
outside, wished to improve rural conditions.
She thought the ways and means depended
on whether the woman was a good manager,
how many children there were, and how
much money the husband gave the wife ;
and she believed that all distress, not struggle
or poverty, was caused through drink.
The great needs of rural districts were a
better supply of milk, good nursing arrange-
ments, more education on the nutritive
value of foods, and better housing and water
supply. Councillor Edwards of the Norfolk
County Council spoke from knowledge and
practical experience as he had been an agri-
cultural labourer, and before he was married
could not read. He defended the labourers,
and spoke highly of the managing powers
of their wives. The greatest need was the
raising of the labourers' wages. In counties
where the wages were poorest the morals
were lowest, and he had sufficient confidence
in his class and sex to believe that when
conditions were improved there would be
less drink. The District Councils were
largely responsible for the bad housing, and
Housing Acts would be a dead letter unless
a different class of men dealt with them.
Other meetings were held by the Froebel
Society (' The Place of Reading and Writing
in Kindergarten and Infant Schools '), the
Parents' National Education Union, and the
Association of Teachers in Technical Insti-
tutes ( ' Proposals for the Reconstitution of
the University of London ' ).
THE EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE.
The increasing sense of a need for unity
in educational matters is seen in the fact of
twenty-one Associations combining for their
Annual Conference ; this number is eight
more than last year, when the first Joint
Conference was held. Various other signs
of grace were manifested in some of the
addresses, and occasionally the audiences
expressed appreciation of progressive ideas,
as when they applauded a speaker who
deprecated prize-giving. In general, the
teachers attending the Conference — of all
ages, and chiefly of the middle class —
appeared strenuous and earnest, with a
strong sense of decorum, but they exhibited
a lack of freshness and appreciation ; it
was a sense of duty rather than a desire for
progress that animated the audiences.
Our main impressions can be divided into
(a) signs that were evidence of progress, and
(6) ways in which the Conference was found
wanting.
The advocacy of fewer examinations was
excellent. Dr. Rouse in his Presidential
Address to the Teachers' Guild wished that
teachers would speak out plainly on the
subject, for they were tied and bound in the
chains of the examination system. Like all
officialism, the system tended to become
fixed with a sort of rigor mortis. Both he
and Mr. Storr (at the Modern Language
Association) wished for an increase in oral
examinations, which give the impression the
candidate makes as a human being in
human society. Perhaps one of the greatest
bars to spontaneity and reality in teaching
will be removed when the fetish of examina-
tions is deposed, for, consciously or not, the
teacher must keep that end in view, and
education becomes a thing merely of written
exercises and books, and often degenerates
into memory-work with little ability to use
knowledge.
The human element in the education of
children was sometimes mentioned. Prof.
Mackinder (at the Geographical Association)
derided the mathematical method of treat-
ing geography (which he considered a bridge
between scientific and humanistic studies)
because the element of human will entered
into the study, and he rejoiced at the
progress made in teaching the subject by
the regional method, with its human note.
Greater reality and common sense in teach-
ing were urged by other speakers, notably
Viscount Bryce in his wish that education
should give the ability to enjoy the best
pleasures, and should set free springs of joy,
and affect the whole nature as a human being.
This cannot be done by working for exami-
nations, nor by wishing children to love
drudgery for its own sake, as one speaker
desired. Unwilling drudgery stunts the
soul ; it is only when effort is undertaken
willingly, as a means to some other end,
that it possesses the disciplinary value
wrongly claimed for unpleasant work
in itself. In the domains of handicraft
and drawing great enlightenment as to
freedom and initiative on the part of the
pupils was shown. Mr. Godfrey Blount
(Art Teachers' Guild) admonished his
listeners to infuse the " divine poison " that
killed rigid systems into the minds and
fingers of their pupils. Miss Walford of
Leeds Training College, in an address marked
by independence of thought and high ideals,
mentioned the waste and inefficiency of
formalism and mere book-learning, and
advised suggestion rather than dictation as
the aim of the handicraft teacher.
The social implications in education were
mentioned by Miss Walford, when she
pleaded for the right directing of the craft
instinct to the best use of leisure and the
doing of joyful work. Another lady, Miss
Burstall of Manchester High School for
Girls, in addressing the " Simplified Speling
Sosieti," gave prominence to the fact that
there was a groundswell of dissatisfaction
with present-day education among the
Labour class, which demanded something
better for itself and its children. An
innovation of much value was made by the
Association of Teachers of Domestic Sub-
jects in asking Councillor Edwards who,
as previously noted, had been an agricul-
tural labourer, to speak on ' The Ways
and Means of a Labourer's Wife.' It was
an acknowledgment that teachers should
come into closer touch with fife, and that
nothing but experience can speak with real
authority. The meeting of the National
Home-Reading Union gave the effect of
sincerity and real effort to induce a love of
learning, especially among the poorer sec-
tion of the community, and it was a pleasure
to notice the deep interest taken by the
speakers in their work.
One speaker, Dr. Sibly of the Private
Schools Association, mentioned a subject of
instruction that is of increasing importance
— that of sex-teaching, which it would be
well to face and systematize, without senti-
mentality or indelicacy ; for in the near
future definite and sane sex-instruction is
likely to be as widespread as it will be
beneficial to the race.
All these points are hopeful as indicating
that the spirit of progress is still alive in
the realm of education ; but it is not suffi-
ciently general, nor has it yet broken the
crust of conventionality that covers some
fields in the educational world. Conven-
tionality brought the air of decorum into
the halls, and caused the want of apprecia-
tion, and probably prevented the discussions
from being of high value. Few questions
were asked and few opinions expressed by
the audiences in general ; even dissent,
which at least indicates a point of view,
was seldom openly exhibited, but reserved
for private conversation afterwards. A
curious kind of want of respect and belief
in the views of the more progressive speakers
was the rule. As Prof. Mackinder remarked,
there was freedom to strike out a line for
themselves, if only teachers would claim it.
In such a department of life as education,
where methods should progress as evolution
advances, the more initiative, the more
independence of thought, the more sincerity
that are evinced, the greater will be the
benefit conferred on the coming generation.
Sincerity and clear-mindedness are essen-
tial, but exceedingly rare. The saying that
character-building is of the highest import-
ance in schools has become a platitude, and
to discuss such a subject only with regard
to Boy Scouts and the Prefect system is
mere trifling. The direction in which the
character, when it is built, is to be
Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914]
THE ATIIKN.KC M
113
tamed was scarcely mentioned, and very
indefinite wen1 any suggestions, beyond
what is already being done, as to the method
of building. Presumably it is by moraliz-
ing, manual work, and incidental admonish-
ing. But this question of the formation
of character, of civic responsibility, and of
social service is the keynote of education.
Acquired knowledge is of value according
to its effect on the consciousness of the
pupil, and the effect will depend on the
manner of and reason for the acquisition.
It is futile to agree that character-
building is of chief importance, and then
to dismiss the idea in discussing the
•curriculum, as was often done during
the Conference. If it be true that character
is more important than knowledge, then all
school courses should be deliberately de-
signed to that end ;* not in order to mora-
lize, but to give "" an esthetic revelation of
the world " ; not with the result of turning
out " prigs,'' but of giving play to spon-
taneity and individuality. There is still
a fear of these two qualities in most teachers'
minds, caused by a distrust of human
nature. Therefore it was pleasing to find
the Montesaori Society represented by such
an exponent as the Rev. Cecil Grant, who
claimed that education should not be split
into compartments, but should follow a
common system from start to finish.
Here we reach the greatest need of
education to-day, and the greatest omis-
sion throughout the whole of the Confer-
ence. Every Association represented was
connected with education ; but each one was
concerned with its own subject and methods,
and carried on its meetings parallel with the
others, with no sense of incompleteness in
itself, and with little sense of its proportional
value.
Mr. Holman (National Association of
Manual Training) said that subjects beside
his own were necessary, and Prof. Mackinder
advised a philosophical assessment of values
in study ; but nowhere was there explicit
ognition of the all-important fact that a
synthetic view of education is essential,
and an aim towards which all its branches
should converge. This co-ordination is lack-
ing in organization as well as in aim, but
the former would follow if the latter
were settled. At present the unity of edu-
cational system is a mere phrase, and the
general attitude among authorities towards
the subject of synthetic education shows a
fear of the unknown. Dr. Sadler expressed
the sense of haphazardness in education
when he remarked that no one was com-
petent to judge what circle of studies any
pupil should be going through at a particular
»f his education, and therefore no one
could define efficiency. But why not ? All
topics and issues in educational matters are
of subordinate interest and value to the
md ideal of the whole end of education
which should lie behind and beyond all
syllabuses and methods, and which would
profoundly modify them. It rests with
all those who are responsible for education
to formulate such a central aim. Xo more
fittim.' occasion could be found than in
ii a Conference as this, and perhaps the
future will see it devoted to this purpose,
when, in addition to separate meetings, an
amalgamated discussion ought result in the
srgence of a truly comprehensive concep-
tion of the purpose of education, and of the
manner in which each Association Contributes
it- part to the whole. A synthetic, definite,
and supreme aim would dominate all Schemes
and branches of education, and would
guide the organization of the whole system.
* An attempt at this hat been made in a Correlation
Srlif-tii- i-*uw( tiy the Moral I/lunation Ltagiie which is
well worth study.
THE L.C.C. TEACHERS' CONFERENCE.
(Concluded.)
The last day of this Conference was occu-
pied by accounts of various educational ex-
periments in schools, and the Chairman
mentioned that no fewer than sixty papers,
nearly all of serious interest, had been sent
in, from which it had been the difficult task
of Dr. Kimmins, tho Council's senior in-
spector, to select but six.
Mr. Cross, an assistant master in tho
County Secondary School, Streathatn, de-
scribed ' The Organization of a Visit to
Kew Gardens.9 The true aim of such
expeditions, he urged, was to develope
keenness of sight and clearness of thinking ;
notes made by children at the time were
useless, and notes prepared by the teacher
a handicap. In regard to nature-study
generally, he advised direct observation
combined with continued meditation upon
the causes and effects of what was actually
seen. His illustrative remarks upon some
familiar fallacies accepted at second hand,
and easily disproved by first-hand study,
revealed Mr. Cross as an enthusiastic
observer, and suggested how educative real
nature-study may be when teacher no less
than pupil is continually learning.
The paper on ' Sectional Teaching,' by
Mrs. Norris, head mistress of Catherine
Street School, Hoxton, explained the way
in which groups of girls in the same class
and room might be profitably occupied in
different work at the same time : one, per-
haps, reading to the mistress or receiving
individual teaching in arithmetic, while
others were engaged in silent reading, pre-
paration of lessons, or drawing. At first
the introduction of the sectional method
produced unsatisfactory results : the girls
showed a lively curiosity about the occupa-
tions of their neighbours, and a lack of con-
centration upon their own ; accuracy in
every direction was impaired. Later,
however, more care, instead of less, was given
to the tasks, time was saved, better results
in every way achieved, and a discipline of
self-controlled freedom substituted for that
of immobility and silence. The physical
strain upon teachers was lessened, and the
whole tone of the school had become one of
happiness.
A change in the subject-matter of arith-
metic lessons formed the theme of Miss
Whitfield's paper. Instead of doing the
usual sums the elder girls at Clifton Hill
School are now provided wdth books in
which, out of an imaginary income of
25s. to 30s. weekly, they note the outlay
for a supposed household of five persons,
one being a baby under six months old.
Each girl fixes her own payments, decides
upon the rent to be paid, lays out a scheme
for each week, and tries to maintain a little
savings-bank balance. As they grow pro-
ficient the teacher invents casualties : the
husband becomes unemployed, the baby
falls ill, or the eldest child's shoes come to
a sudden end. With these emergencies the
young treasurers have to cope as their
imagination may suggest. On one occasion,
when the teacher had devised a local out-
break of scarlet fever, the girls replied by
dispatching the invalids to the fever hospital,
whereby the households were left, until the
date of recovery, with fewer claims upon
the weekly expenditure a curious side-
light On modern utilitarianism.
In the discussion that followed these
three papers I Jr. Hayward pointed out that.
about 1813, I'estaloz/.i and Lancaster were
advising the teaching ol children in large
classes as a means of aaving time, and thai
the lapse of years was now changing th
largo classes back into many sections, and
restoring individual teaching. Mr. Lewis,
who had on an earlier day given so inter-
esting an account of the working of the
Prelect system at Torriano Avenue, now re-
lated how, in a " playground class," his pupils
had been set -the* hoys to keep imaginary
shops (on this occasion a would-be butcher
made the inscription '" Stake, 2/6 lb."), and
the girls to buy from them for imaginary
households. Miss Wheat exprossod some
doubt whether teachers of classes in sections
might not find the loss of absolute quiet in
the classroom more fatiguing than the
strain of onforcing silence upon a class ;
and another speaker suggested that periods
of enforced silence wore restful for children
accustomed to the noisiness of London
streets.
The afternoon session was opened by
Dr. Borland, Musical Inspector and Adviser
to the London County Council, with an
address on ' Experiments with Children in
Memorizing Musical Pitch.' Eight little
girls ranged on the platform illustrated very
strikingly his assertion that the power of
remembering the exact pitch of notes was
neither rare nor impossible of acquisition.
He recounted the methods of training — so
simple as to consist largely in the provision
of tuning-forks and the accustoming of the
ear to identifying a particular note — and
showed how in the great majority of cases
children quickly became able to sing par-
ticular notes at command without having
heard them played, and to name any note
that was sounded. He added, however,
that apparent success might be sometimes
deceptive, since, in class, a child who does
not recognize the note may be quick enough
to copy it almost instantaneously from a
companion who begins to sing or say it.
The children on the platform named and
sang notes unhesitatingly until, after they
had given the middle notes of several
chords, one was played which they received
in silence, paused, and then began to say,
" There is no middle note," Dr. Borland
having played not three, but only two. It
was easy to believe that, to children who
could thus discern sounds, the world would
be full of agreeable recurring problems,
such as the recognition of motor-horns and
steam whistles, and that they would be
able, like Dr. Borland, to identify a black-
smith's anvil within sound of the Education
Offices as giving out e flat.
Miss Robinson, head mistress of the
Heber Road School for Infants, read a
paper upon ' Self-Reliance in the Infant
School,' which ought to be studied by all
persons who have the care of young children,
but of which — depending for its interest,
as it did, partly upon its general spirit, and
partly upon a number of concrete instances —
no brief account could give any adequate
idea. Happy must be the infants m a
school where the head mistress holds that
human beings, even at three years old,
should be treated with invariable respect
and courtesy.
Mr.R. Cook, late head master of Pritohard's
Road School for Boys, gave excellent advice
about 'Training Hoys to use a Public
Library,' and spoke with an enthusiasm for
books somewhat unusual in these Con-
ferences, where at times the word " bookish
is heard used less in praise than in scorn.
In the course of the discussion Bliss Clara
Grant put in a plea for the provision of low
cupboards, from which even little children
would be able to fetch the various objects
needed. At present cupboards, it appears,
are high, and their upper -helves out of
reach e\cpt for adults. A gentleman,
while doing justice to the value of
114
T HE AT H E N M U M
;Siti'Lkmi-;nt, Jan. 17, 1914
public libraries, said that he missed, among
his pupils, the child's own book, and urged
the great advantage to every child of possess-
ing at least two or three books.
In none of the papers read was the name
of Montessori mentioned, yet it was impos-
sible to sit day by day listening to them,
and to the discussions upon them, without
feeling that the whole Conference was per-
meated by the spirit of Dr. Montessori.
That spirit, inarticulate and unformulated,
existed, of course, before she propounded
her creed— Miss Robinson, for instance,
must have been a Montessorist much earlier
— but the great impulse given to it by
the publication of her volume, and the
degree in which it is influencing the whole
world of education, are brought home
vividly at such meetings as this of the
London County Council's teachers.
THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION.
The yearly meeting of the Classical
Association began on Monday last, at Bed-
ford College for Women, Regent's Park,
with a paper by Mr. R. W. Livingstone on
' The Teaching of the Classics as Literature.'
He did not claim to bring forward any
novelties which had not already been sug-
gested by educational experts, and began
by giving a lurid picture of the present
state of instruction in the Universities and
the upper forms of schools. Examinees
were like tame animals fed at regular hours.
They read their books in a tame, otiose way ;
they had been taught to grapple with trans-
lation, but never taught to read. Litera-
ture was a more difficult subject to teach
than history, being hard to hitch on to a
boy's interests. Boys missed that revela-
tion of the human heart which was the core
of literature, and they lounged through
their books.
A great teacher, like a great actor, could
thrill them with emotions they had never
experienced, but great teachers could not
be created. Some suggestions followed
which would reduce the admitted difficulties.
Boys should be taught to visualize what
they read in descriptive and narrative
writing, in drama, and nearly all poetry.
Boys should be taught, further, to notice
the contents of the books they read. The
personality and point of view of the author
in hand should be studied. Thirdly, literary
discrimination was required. The distinc-
tion between good and bad poetry could be
illustrated by textual difficulties. To mix
up grammar with literature in lessons was
a great mistake. Literature alone should
be allotted a portion of the lesson hour.
Several piquant remarks were added as to
the standard of translation, " Anglo-Latin "
rather than English, and the avoidance
of gratuitous solecisms. Mr. Livingstone
thought that it was difficult to translate
Demosthenes into journalese, and that the
remedy for our distempered English lay in
the study of Greece and Rome.
Sir F. G. Kenyon, who was in the
chair, said that too gloomy a view had
been taken of present achievements, and,
indeed, an accomplished epigrammatist like
Mr. Livingstone is fairly sure to heighten
his colours. His typical question to boys
about the religion of Horace is certainly,
we think, one of exceptional difficulty, nor
is Virgil, as the discussion showed, an
author whose appeal is to the young. Mr.
J. V. Saunders mentioned that he had
found boys particularly interested in the
' Philoctetes,' which appealed to their sport-
ing instincts, and in politics since the advent
of Mr. Lloyd George. We regretted that
an interesting discussion was cut short for
lack of time.
Mr. W. C. F. Anderson followed with a
lecture on ' The Underworld and the Way
There,' which was hardly adequate as a
survey of the theme, but of special value as
indicating practical points- — from the making
of slides to their choice and order- — which a
lecturer should know. He included sketch-
maps of his own designing, which were
much clearer than the average photograph.
He showed that picture-postcards could be
made into excellent slides.
Prof. H. Browne then read a short paper
on ' The Influence of Museums on the
Classical Revival.' There is clearly a great
opportunity for the use of museums as an
aid to classical study, and the British
Museum, as the Chairman pointed out,
had lately started a scheme for supplying
casts to schools or any other responsible
body.
In the evening there was a reception by
the Principal of Bedford College, Miss Tuke,
and the College Greek Play Society gave a
delightful performance of two Idylls of
Theocritus : the Second, which exhibits the
love-incantations of Simastha ; and the
Fifteenth, which has been praised by many
writers, and notably by Matthew Arnold,
for its freshness and truth to life even as it
is to-day. Miss E. B. Abrahams delivered
the love-appeal, which is mainly a long
monologue. At first she took the hexa-
meters too fast, somewhat spoiling their
rhythm, but when the business of libations
and incantation was over, and she was left
without her attendant, her appeals to the
Lady Moon were well rendered, and she
showed considerable dramatic power. The
whirling of the magic wheel was a picturesque
feature of the Idyll.
In the ' Adoniazusae ' the action was in-
geniously divided into three parts : the
entry of the visitor and arrangements to go
out to the festival ; the crush on the way,
given in front of the curtain ; and the
scene of the song, with the final comments
of the visitors on it.
Miss E. L. Calkin and Miss E. Strudwick
made full play with the comments of Praxi-
noe and Gorgo, which show, indeed, the
essential sameness of human nature through-
out the ages. The servant, a " lazy cat,"
and the man in the crowd who ventured to
object to the language of the ladies were
suitably bullied. The chief honours in the
piece, however, belong to Miss Gladys Meger,
who managed the Adonis song with great
spirit. The music, which was composed by
Dr. Rootham, and came from a string
quartet and harp concealed somewhere on
the small stage, was at once reminiscent of
classic style, and highly effective. The per-
formances were so good that we should be
glad to see more of the sort. The stage
arrangements were simple, but quite suffi-
cient.
On Tuesday Prof. Ridgeway was elected
President for the coming year, and New-
castle was chosen for next year's meeting.
Mr. Payne, Secretary of the Association for
the Reform of Latin Teaching, began a dis-
cussion on the oral method of teaching, and
pointed out the advantages of the Direct
Method. After some criticism by various
speakers, it was decided to form a Com-
mittee to go into the matter.
Sir Frederick Kenyon, the retiring Presi-
dent, then delivered his address. The
work of the Association in the reform of
Latin pronunciation in England had been
successful, and all that was necessary was
to keep a vigilant watch on those teachers
who had been convinced or compelled to
come in against their will. He mentioned
the bad example of Oxford (already referred
to at the Head Masters' Conference), and
showed that in the greater Public Schools
a large majority practised the new pro-
nunciation. So did secondary schools, girls'
schools, Cambridge, and the newer Uni-
versities ; the Westminster Play in the next
generation would be cherished like a speci-
men of the dodo. The reports of the Com-
mittee on the pronunciation of Greek might
be consulted again and again with profit
by the schoolmaster, and attain an historical
position as an educational manifesto of the
first decade of the twentieth century.
He next laid stress on the width of the
interests they represented and their actual,
living importance to our civilization of to-
day. They should be allied with all lovers
of literature, all lovers of history, all who
cherished the spirit of inquiry and freedcm
of thought. Latin stood for law and order ;
Greek for a spirit of questioning, overawed
by no tradition, which was neither alien
nor useless in an age such as the present.
The reading of good literature played too
small a part in the lives of men and women
to-day. In the train newspapers, morning
and evening, were read. An additional half-
hour a day could be better employed. He
himself had, after conscientious study
of the longest of our daily papers, read in
the train in the course of a few months the
Iliad and Odyssey, the ^Eneid, five books of
Livy, and the whole of Catullus and Martial.
Greek and Roman literature had a mes-
sage and a training for us of the first im-
portance for our generation here and now.
Greek in particular, making for freedom
from convention and bold experiments, and
the discipline of sanity and good taste, had a
double value for the young men who were on
the threshold of new developments in poetry
and art. The Association had to persuade the
advocates of other forms of education that
they were not their enemies, but their
allies ; in some cases that they aimed at
the same ends, in others that they laid the
best foundations, in others that they at
least offered to make life richer and more
enjoyable.
Mrs. S. A. Strong's lecture on ' Collec-
tions of Classical Antiquities in the Museums
of America ' introduced a capital series of
slides, on which she dwelt briefly with the
assured touch of the expert. Some of her
comments on the present and past position
of well-known pieces of art were piquant.
She pointed out that dealers managed openly
to defy the Italian law about the exporta-
tion of art treasures. It seems a pity, as
she suggested, that parts of one composition
should be divided between America and
Berlin, but a recent visit to the former had
persuaded Mrs. Strong of the excellent
arrangements adopted by American mu-
seums, and the splendour of their collections
of classic sculpture.
Prof. Ridgeway was somewhat pressed
for time in his lecture on ' The Origins of
Greek Tragedy, illustrated from the Dramas
of Non-European Races,' which, he ex-
plained, had been delivered before, and of
which we printed a summary in our
number for December 20th last (p. 732).
The Professor, however, managed to give a
good idea of his own case and the objections
to the usual views in language which lost
nothing by its directness and humour.
There was no discussion after this paper,
or, indeed, after the final one, by Miss F. M.
Stawell, on ' The Scamander Ford in the
Iliad,' which presented, with the aid of two
sketch-maps, an admirably lucid account of
the course of the Scamander in Homeric
days. Miss Stawell has been led by Dr.
Leaf's recent book on the geography of Troy
to believe in a channel of the Scamander
non-existent in later days. This channel
Supplement, Jan. 17, l!)14]
Til E A Til KX.K l' M
11
includes the ford mentioned as coming
between the camp of the Greeks and the
Plain of Troy, and meets the river Simois
not far from the sea. It was shown thai
this restoration of the course of the Sea-
mander tits in admirably with passages in
the Iliad hitherto lacking in point or at
Last obscure. Silting up would account
for the change of course in the river. The
theory offered certainly seems to explain
better than others the various points of
Trojan geography in passages accepted as
belonging to the true Iliad. Some portions
were for other reasons regarded by the
lecturer as later additions to the poem, and
It would, we think, be possible to substantiate
her theory by a careful survey of the ground.
This final paper showed a feeling for the
poetry as well as the arclueology of the Iliad.
The meeting altogether offered a .good
<leal of interest to members of the Associa-
tion. We regret, however, that there was
not more time for discussion throughout,
and think that, pleasant as these meetings
are, the Association has more important
work to do. A new body of the public has
of lat<' year- become interested in the classics
in spite of the attacks made on them as
educational instruments. Prof. Gilbert
Murray, for instance, lias created a fresh
interest in Euripides among people who are
not professed students. This class of reader
needs advice and encouragement, particu-
larly in the choice of the best books.
THE MODERN LANCUAGE
ASSOCIATION'.
I'm: Moderx Language Association is
this year celebrating its majority. Its
activities are and have been many and
various, and its influence is considerable. It
- a Travelling Exhibition, viz., a
collection of school-books in modern foreign
languages, with a classified Catalogue,
which may be exhibited at various centres
(hence its name) on certain conditions, and
which, when it is not on tour, may be
inspected in London. It also possesses a
collection of lantern-slides which are avail-
able for lectures, &c. Jt manages an Inter-
national Exchange of School-Children, and
parents may have an exchange arranged for a
small fee. During the last two years it has
inspected various Holiday Courses on the
Continent, ami issued reports thereon. Several
1 mty Councils have signified their approval
and gratitude by subscribing to the cost of
inspection.
It may also be useful to summarize here
le of the chief events in the history of the
Lssociation. The idea of its formation may
said to have been conceived at the
Modern Language Conference held at Chel-
tenham in April. 1890, in which Vietor,
Passy, and Prof. Sonnenschein took a
leading part. This idea took shape in a
preliminary meeting, held on August 22nd,
t si. Southampton Row, London.
when it- present Chairman of Committees,
the \>,\. Dr. Macgowan, became its first
Hon. Secretary. Max Muller was its first
President, in 1893, and he has had
a distinguished line of successors. Its
tir-t work was a report on 'The Position
and Statu- ..i Modern Languages in Se-
condary Schools,' followed by a petition to
the Victoria University to institute an
tive Honours Examination in Modern
Languages.
In August, 1*94. it was decided to publish
turns!, and in November then- appeared
Modern Languages, supplied gratis to mem-
bers. Its columns, .>- stated in its first
editorial note, were
41 open to every one who was interested in removing
the obstacles to his full manhood her, and
who felt a pride in making it clear as the midday
sun tlmt none of the modern languages possessing a
great literature need yield to the dead tongues as
means oi culture or of mental training."
The first genera] meeting was held in Decem-
ber, 1N!>4. under the presidency of the late
Mr. Eve, Mr. Jespersen, who put in a
strong plea for phonetics, Mr. rlenrj Bradley,
and other distinguished men were present.
The objects of the Association were stated to
be: (1) To influence public bodies; (2) to
serve as a means of communication among
members, and to give the results of research.
The year 1897, in which was held the
first examination of the English Honours
School at Oxford, was the year in which
the Association induced the University of
London to institute an oral examination for
all Arts degrees, and also published the
first number of The Modern Language
Quarterly. (The title of the latter was
changed in the following year to T/ie Modern
Quarterly oi Language and Literature, and
had incorporated with it a practical section
entitled 'Modern Language Teaching.') The
same year — 1897 — was remarkable! for the
Annual Meeting debate on Phonetics, when
Passy, Sweet, and Lloyd were all present to
advocate its utility. Prof. Pindlay said
that the introduction of phonetic spelling
into English schools would be fatal to the
progress of modern language-teaching in
this country. Mr. Fabian Ware advocated
a phonetic alphabet suited to English
needs. We have travelled far since then.
The Presidential Address of 1898 raised
the question of native versus foreign teachers
of languages. Mr. Pollard, in making a
comparison with the German system, said :
" Until the Englishman felt that the prizes
of the profession were open to him in his
own country progress was not likely to be
made."'
In 1899 Mr. R. J. Lloyd in his Inaugural
Address again advocated the study of
Phonetics, because "the tendency of the
English language was to diverge rapidly in
pronunciation. The unity of the language
was in danger." Shortly afterwards a
Phonetic Sub-Committee issued a document
to obtain information on the pronunciation
of good English. Owing to its highly com-
plicated nature it was not a success.
In 1901 a Sub-Committee was appointed
to draft a time-table suited to secondary
schools, and giving a fair proportion of time
to English, French, and German. Dr.
Macgowan. speaking of the low level of
attainment in modern languages, gave as
one reason "the inadequate supply of duly
qualified native teachers."
In 1902 a Questionnaire was issued to
obtain information on modern - language
methods of teaching. In the same year a-
deputation waited on Mr. Courthope (Civil
Service Commission) to urge the importance
of the oral part of examinations and other
reforms.
A Professorship of German having become
vacant in the University of London in
I9(t.'!, a report was circulated that a foreigner
was to he imported to fill the post. The
Modi in Language Quarterly made the follow-
ing comment, which is not without interest
at the present t ime : —
" We can hardly credit BUOh a report In the
place, similar experiments have not always
turned out so brilliantly in the DOSl as to warrant
their repetition. Secondly, it seems to as that
there are .sufficient and oapable Boholan in the
country, both English and foreign, from whom the
electors oould makeaohoioe. what is wanted is a
man of experience in University Work gifted with
power of organization and common sense To
import a foreigner hot-foot from abroad would be
to set the clock book. We hope the electors, who
ever they may be, will not commit such a <
error oi judgment."
Prof. .1. c. Robertson was appointed.
The Modern Language Quarterly was
replaced in 1905 bj The Modern Language
Review, published quarterly, and bj Modern
Language Teaching, published eight time- a,
year. In the same year a, special Sub-
Committee issued a Report "ii the Ideal
Curriculum in .Mod. in Languages.
In the following year a Sub-Committee
was appointed to investigate the conditions
under which modern languages were taught
in secondary schools. The Report was
issued in inns.
In 1909 an important Report was pub-
lished on Externa] School Examinations,
and there is no doubt whatever that 1 he
great improvements in tin- style "f
recent examination papers are due chiefly
to the influence of the .Modern Language
Association. Here we may note m
passing that the help and advice of t ho
Association have been sought both by the
Board of Education and by the Civil Service
Commissioners; and quite recently, at the
suggestion of the Association, the Univer-
sities of Cambridge, London, and Oxford
have instituted Certificates of Proficiencv in
Languages for the benefit of teachers. The
latest activity of the Association is the
formidable task of inquiring into and report-
ing on University Appointments in Modern
Languages.
Some account has been given in our
columns of the Twenty -first Annual Meeting,
which was held on the Oth and 7th hist, in
the Jehangier Hall of the University of
London.
THE ENGLISH ASSOCIATION.
At the Annual General Meeting of the
English Association, opened at University
College on the 9th hist., Mr. Lascelles Aber-
crombie gave a delightful lecture on ' Poetry
and Contemporary Speech' — none the less
delightful because some of it was easily dis-
putable. His points were that in diction
lies the special, incommunicable secret of
the art of poetry ; that other parts of
technique count for little beside cunning in
the use of words as such ; that tin- effective
use depends not on grammar and logic so
much as on the juxtaposition of words,
determined by what the poet perceives of
the secondary associations with which they
are "charged"; and that these all-impor-
tant secondary associations are stored up
in words more fully, and in a. more various
richness and vividness, by means of common
speech than by means of writing. The
poet's business is to make such juxtaposi-
tions of words that, the electric -park r,t Ins
thought touching them, they explode; his
faculty is shown in the discernment of their
several "potentials.'" Mr. Aberc bie
adopted Mr. Arthur Ransome's ingenious
suggestion to use the words " kinet ,<■ and
" potential " tor the two forms ••' v< rbal
power — the driving force (grammar
logic) and the "charge" (associations)
respecth ely.
The electric lib- of words was m< -' abun-
dant, he considered, in Elizabetl try,
and that because it was so intimatel} i on-
nected with common speech, being ■< lan-
guage not yet broken up bj lit< ratur< •. but
emphatically that of people talkinj 'I hough
he guarded himself by saying that Eliza-
bethan poetry was different from the
actuality of speech, and though all thai he
said about the amazing * italitj ot the words
may he readily conceded, a * ■• •• which
entirelj ignored the intense delighl ot that
age iii learning, in mere reading which
ignored also throughout the immense influ-
ence and charm <>i foreign word such -
could hardly seem other than one-sided.
IK)
THE ATHEN M U M
[SrppLEMKXT, Jan. 17, 19U
He made some good remarks on the rela-
tion between language and action. No two
actions were identically the same, but the
words for them might easily be the same,
and it was from the variations and grada-
tions thus imparted to the words that
the energy came which fitted them for
poetry. The danger of a poetic vocabulary,
as he subtly and truly discerned, lies in the
tendency Eor the thing signified to become
as unchangeable as the word which expresses
it, whence both lose their vitality. On the
other hand, he illustrated, chiefly by means of
the word ''bicycle." the " uncharged,'* ante-
poetic state of a word — in the case of many
new technical terms from Latin and Greek,
possibly for ever unavailable for poetry.
The lecture would have gained greatly by
fuller and more happily chosen illustrations.
As it was, apart from the engaging style in
which it was written, and the no less engag-
ing freshness of outlook, its chief interest
lay in the insight it afforded into Mr. Aber-
crombie's own ideal of technique.
THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL.
The Inaugural Address of the Dean of
Wells was a model allocution for such an
occasion. Neatly avoiding the obviovis
snare of well-worn generalities on the value
and purpose of a study of History, he
selected a local problem — -the existence in
Wells Cathedral of five Saxon episcopal
statues — and with deft hand led his audience
through every step of his own search in
charters and Anglo-Saxon MSS. concerning
the personality of these bishops. He chose
to call his process " blundering along " ;
and, indeed, his story revealed the fact that,
here and there, some information from other
students would have saved him time and
trouble. Yet Dr. Armitage Robinson
showed that his plan of real research is a
far more inspiriting thing than the process
sometimes practised now — the method of
treading a carefully shepherded path liber-
ally peppered with professorial finger-posts,
which, after all, is hardly more than a sort
of glorified exercise hi tutorial aid.
Besides demonstrating thus, like a skilled
teacher, the true, high method of genuine
research, and demonstrating it by a markedly
individual instance of complicated interest,
the Dean established a general conclusion
of no small value in these novelty-seeking,
critical days. He informed his audience
that he found a traditional story about these
bishops : he set out to unravel it " in total
ignorance "' ; research brought doubt, doubt
gave way to fresh hypothesis, which in turn
yielded to new scepticism. Yet his final
conclusion, after all available evidence had
been sifted, led to the establishment of the
substantial accuracy of the traditional story,
culminating, as he indicated, in the con-
viction that our forefathers cared first to
tell the truth ; and secondly, in telling it,
to choose those facts which are suggestive,
salient, vital.
After a day spent in sightseeing, some of
the "' sights " appearing rather remotely
connected with History, the members met
on the evening of the 9th inst. for a discourse
from the Bishop of the diocese on ' Some
Historical Notes of Local Interest.' A more
complete contrast to the Dean of Wells
there could hardly have been, for the Bishop
gave his conclusions with the scantiest refer-
ence to his means of arriving at them. His
main contention was the supersession of
Aust, the usually accepted meeting-place of
St. Augustine of Canterbury and the repre-
sentatives of the ancient British Church, by
Cricklade. While he produced convincing
reasons for this, he surrounded his main
thesis with a number of interesting local
details, beginning his lecture with a refer-
ence to the later event of the foundation of
Malmesbury by the evicted Irish scholar
Maidulf, and giving his own etymology for
the name of the place, which he takes to be
the town of " Dear Aldhelm " (Maidulf's
favourite pupil and successor), the appella-
tion being, of course, spelt in Maidulf's
native Erse. Dr. Browne noted a point of
some interest with regard to the conference
of Augustine and the British bishops, viz.,
Bedes admiring testimony to the latter,
and to the learned doctors of the noble
monastery of Bangor in the Wood ; for,
as he said, " Bede knew what a bishop was,
what a learned doctor was, and what a
noble monastery was." He closed his
lecture with a theory concerning the funeral
procession of Aldhelm from Dolting, where
he died, to Malmesbury, where he was
buried ; and he showed how two arabesqued
stones, apparently parts of the shaft of a
pre-Norman cross, found in the churchyard
of Littleton Drew, presumably one of the
resting-places on the journey, were probably
portions of one of the crosses erected to
mark each night's halt.
The Historical Association may congratu-
late itself on having called forth two ad-
dresses so diverse and so full of information.
VACATION CONFERENCE ON
MUSICAL EDUCATION
This Conference was held at St. Paul's
Girls' School, Brook Green, from the
5th to the 10th inst., and all who at-
tended it must have vividly recognized
the great difference between past and
present as regards the musical education of
children. The school, said Mr. Macpherson
in his inaugural lecture on ' Problems con-
fronting the Music -Teacher of To-day,'
should be the nursery of music as of other
branches of education ; much, indeed, that
was said about the teaching of music is of
wider application. Moreover, in his lecture
on ' The Singing Class ' Mr. J. G. Legge
looked upon that class as of supreme im-
portance as a means for " orderly self-
expression."
Miss Nancy Gilford, in speaking on ' The
Creative Faculty in the Pupil,' said she
believed in getting children to think for
themselves and to express their ideas ; and
she gave some striking illustrations. On the
platform were boy and girl pupils from the
Normal College for the Blind, ages 7 to 15.
After she had sung a phrase the younger
ones not only repeated it, but even went on
adding until the musical sentence was com-
pleted. They also harmonized the cadences
— i.e., played them on the piano. The
elder children improvised on short themes
given by Mr. Horace Watling, their teacher,
and one boy on a theme given by Dr. Percy
Buck, the Chairman. The latter played it
twice on the piano, and then the boy started
off without hesitation, producing harmonies
and developments (not mere repetitions)
of the theme. To a child who showed taste
for music, what a help this would be in
the due use of Nature's gift ! To an ordin-
ary listener, the fact that these children
were blind would add to the wonder, since
they had not the music on the desk to
refresh their memories. But Miss Gilford
pointed out that with the blind memory
is strong, for they are not distracted by
what is going on aroimd them ; their power
of concentrating their attention on a theme
is all the greater. Miss Gilford in teaching
does not tell children how to harmonize,
how to improvise, but to do it — after which
she may comment or suggest changes,ry> t
never decidedly says that anything was con-
trary to this or that rule. She agrees with
Mr. Frank Roscoe, who on the previous day,
in his lecture on 'The Training of Teachers '
declared that rules were a source of danger,
for " they tended to put the teacher in a
groove, and a groove was the same as a
grave." In like manner rules are a source
of danger to children. Mr. Legge, whom
we have already named, spoke of the diffi-
culty of retaining the spontaneity of a child.
The " street arab," he declared, was nearest
to Nature. Hence the importance of teach-
ing in the right way.
To return to Mr. Macpherson, we note
that among the equipments of a good music-
teacher he named
" an ever-growing knowledge of the best music,
ancient and modern, and sufficient facility on the
keyboard to be able to play with pure tone and
understanding whatever was needed.''
As regards the best ancient music, the
quantity is limited. A teacher acquainted
with the ' Well-Tempered Clavier ' and
Suites of Bach, some Sonatas of Domenico
Scarlatti, and Beethoven's principal Sonatas
and miscellaneous pieces would, indeed, be
well equipped. But from the days of
Schumann quantity has been increasing, so
that it would be difficult for a busy teacher
to keep pace with it, still less to be able to
play it, for modern music is technically
difficult. We do not question the advan-
tages of such equipment as Mr. Macpherson
would desire, but only the difficulty of
reaching to his standard.
Mr. Roscoe, by the way, does not believe
in what the world calls " heaven-born "
teachers. Personality, enthusiasm, mag-
netic influence, are, of course, admirable
qualities ; but, as he remarks, the subjects
have to be learnt. " The professor teacher
music to John " means, added Mr. Roscoe.
" that the former must have a knowledge
of music, but also a knowledge of John."
The term " heaven-born " is often applied
to geniuses, especially composers, since they
do wonderful things apparently intuitively ;
and if any one has a genius for teaching,
the amount of training required may be
infinitesimal.
One more remark of Mr. Macpherson's
calls for comment. He thought that a lot
of twaddle — to use his own expression — -
was talked about the humanizing influence
of music. " It was not to be approached."
he added, " as a sort of vapour bath in which
the senses wallow, but as an art to be appre-
ciated and understood." Understanding is.
of course, essential for teachers, but the
" vapour-bath " attitude is really the only
possible one for those who do not under-
stand music. If it please, soothe, or
excite them, they say that they have
enjoyed it ; and especially in the case of
literary people, music may set them think-
ing about various subjects not in any way
connected with what is being performed.
Then again, according to his nature, a
listener will be attracted either by the intel-
lectual or the emotional side of a piece of
good music. In this matter a well-equipped
teacher may exercise beneficial influence in
guiding children, so that the intellectual
side of the art may not gain the upper hand.
Mr. Thomas Henderson's lecture on ' The
Educational Value of the Singing Class "
was very practical, and it was followed by
demonstrations by girls from an elementary
school in Ley ton which showed the results
of capable and careful teaching.
Mrs. J. Spencer Curwen, who lectured on
' The Practical Value of an Elementary
Knowledge of Psychology to the Teacher,'
gave a calm, clear exposition of a subject on
which she is an authority.
} ♦
THE ATHEN^UM
l<
I
Journal nf (Knglislj anft JForrign literature, %txtnaf tht JFine ^rtst JHtrsix attir the Bratna.
No. 4500
SATURDAY, JANUARY 24, 1914.
PRICK
SIXPENCE.
RBGISTEBED AS A NEWSPAPF.lt.
A BOOK entitled 'A Manor Book of Ottery
Bt Mary 'has recently been published by Mrs. Whetham. At
an early stage of its preparation au interchange of notes and infor-
mation took place between the writer ami Mrs. RoseTroup, who is
now engaged upon a History of Ottery St. Mary.
Mrs. Whetham suggested that a contribution by Mrs. RoseTroup
should be incorporated with her name attached, but this was declined,
*as wa» also a projiosal from Mrs. RoseTroup of joint authorship. Mrs.
Rose Troup theu wished to withdraw all the information she had
given, and. iu accordance with her request. Mrs. Whetham used every
Kdeavour to omit from the book everything she could identify as
ving come from Mrs. RoseTroup.
Mrs. Rose Troup, however, stid complains that some of her informa-
tion has been made use of. and the point has been referred to an
arbitrator selected by the Society of Authors. He has ruled that,
with a trivial exception, Mrs. Rose-Troup's complaint is unjustified.
The arbitrator also decided that Mrs. RoseTroup was entitled to
some acknowledgment of the assistance afforded by her during the
interchange of notes and papers, and should be at liberty to use
in her proposed book information communicated to her by Mrs.
Whetham.
We are instructed to say that Mrs. Whetham desires us to make
snch acknowledgment, and that she is. of course, willing that all such
information should be freely used. and. moreover, that Mrs. Rose-
Troup is. and always has been, at perfect liberty to use any infor-
mation \> hich on her part Mrs. Whetham has communicated to her.
Cambridge. 18 January. 1914. FRANCIS 4 CO.
3Cfctur*s.
BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(University of London i.
YORK GATE. REGENTS PARK, N.W.
On TUESDAY. January 2T, 1914. at 5 Pit, in the large Lecture
Hall. 8il OLIVER I.oDGE. F.R.S. D.Sc. (Principal of the University
of Birmingham i, will deliver a Lecrure on -THE ETHER OF
SPACE.' The Vice-' hancellor of the University will take the Chair.
Admission free, without Ticket.
(inhibitions.
ROUTEKUNST'S GALLERY,
. GRAFTON STREET, BOND STREET. W. EXHIBI-
TION OF ORIGINAL ETCHINGS BY M. BAUER AND A. I).
\ AN ANGEREN. 10-6 Daily, Saturdays 10-1.
THE SOUTH POLE EXHIBITION.
CAPTAIN 8COTT'S EXPEDITION, illustrated in 160 "Won-
•lerf.d Pictures ' by H. G. PoNTING. "The most interesting photo-
graphs in the world. " Also OLD JAPANESE F»NS lLast Weeki.
Work6l.ymo.lern FRENCH MEDALLISTS, and Etchings b> FRANK
BRANGWYN Admission is., including illustrated Catalogue.—
FINE ART SOCIETY. 148, New Bond Street.
(E&urattottal.
KING WILLIAM'S COLLEGE,
ISLE OF MAN.
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION on MARCH IS
and 11. TEN SCHOLARSHIPS OFFERED, 502. to 207. Also TEN
.NATIONS reducing the necessary fees to 452. a year. Place of
Examination arranged to suit candidates. — Full particulars Ifrom
THE PRINCIPAL or 8ECRETARY
ITTEY BRIDGE LADIES' SCHOOL, SURREY.
Tf —Conducted by Miss E DAWES. MA. D.Litt. (London).
The comforts of a refined home. Thorough education on the principle
of a sound mind in a sound body. Preparations for Examination if
desired. French and German a speciality. Large grounds ; high
and healthy position.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Tamworth.—
Training for Home or Colonies. College Farm, 1,000 acres. Vet.
Eefeo'e. Smiths Work. Carpentry. Riding and Shooting taught. Ideal
open air life for delicate. Boys. Charges moderate. Get Prospectus.
M3 LOUISA DREWRY'8 LITERATURE
1 K8H will befin again on WEDNESDAY, February i,
• n. 1 THURSDAY. February S, at 11 15 \.m, More Plays
■* 8baJupere will lie studied. Three Meetings being given to each
P!*» Pint Meeting being devoted to some talk about
'.he Man and the Artist -For details apply to Miss
DREWEY. !4J. King Henrys Road, N W.
MADAME AUBERT8 AGENCY (est. 1880)
Keith House. IXI IK. RKUENT STREET W English and
foreign Uoven»«e.. Lady I , |L,i*rones (cm
panjons. Secretaries Readers. Introduce for Hon,. -and Abroad
%£&¥&&££[£ "iSSSS1 "<"~«- Office
EDUI iTION (choice of Schools and Tutors
I'rTapectusea of English and Continental Schools and
tft<i\ Armr Civil ferrice. and University Tutors, sent (free of
i.t of requirement* by GRIFFITHS POWELL
H i FAWCKTT - i.enu (established 1*53., H, Bedford
Street Strand. W.C.
s
I A M Ifl B R I N G.
Beaete* Treatment -?), , [look siring the experien. | o(
«»' who • .ired hrrn«elf after 40 Team' «un",i„^ .,.„t ,„„( fiee on
application to the l Tears, W. J KETLEY
Tarraojower. Willeaden Lane, Broodoslnjry, N.W.
Situations Barant.
AMGUEDDFA GENEDLAETHOL CYMRU.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WALES.
The Council will shortly appoint an ASSISTANT in the DE-
PARTMENT OF BOTANY and one in the DEPARTMENT OF
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. Candidates must produce evi-
dence of having received a thorough scientific training.
The salary will be 1502. per annum.
Applications must be received on or before FEBRUARY 14, 1914.
For form of application and particulars as to duties apply to
THE DIRECTOR.
National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.
MANCHESTER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
The Committee invite applications for the post of DIRECTOR OF
EDUCATION ; commencing salary 1,0002. per annum. Forms of
application maybe obtained from THE ACCOUNTANT. Education
Offices, and must be returned— on or before MONDAY. January 26,
1914— to THE CHAIRMAN OF THE EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
Education Offices. Deansgate. Manchester. Canvassing members of
the Committee, directly or indirectly, is strictly prohibited.
December 24, 1913.
OUTHLANDS TRAINING COLLEGE,
BATTERSEA.
WANTED, a LADY PRINCIPAL for the above College, to
commence duties on AUGU8T 1.— Candidates, who must be Members
of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, should apply for particulars and
form of application to the Rev. ENOCH SALT, Westminster Training
College. 130, Horseferry Road. London, 8.W.
s
w
OODHOUSE GROVE SCHOOL,
NEAR LEEDS.
WANTED, a resident HEAD MA8TER for the above School, to
commence duties, if possible, on MAY 1. Minimum salary 3202.—
Candidates, who must be Wesleyan Methodists and Graduates of a
British University, should apply for full particulars and form of
application to the Rev. ENOCH SALT. Secretary of the Board of
Management for Wesleyan Secondary Schools, 130, Horseferry Road,
Westminster, London, S.W.
LRESFORD,
HANTS.
PERIN'S GRAMMAR 80HOOL.
A HEAD MA8TER is REQUIRED for this School, to commence
work after the Spring Term. He must be a University Graduate.
Science Degree important.
The School is a co-Educational Endowed School containing
87 Pupils, mostly Day Pupils.
The salary is 160!. per annum, together with excellent house and
Capitation Fees, which bring in at present 1002. a year.
The Head Master will have the privilege of taking Boarders.
Applications should be sent in writing to the undersigned on or
before the 31st inst., stating age, places of education, degrees, and
dated copies of testimonials, with references and any other parti-
culars. G. E. R. SHIELD.
Alresford, Hants.
E
L T H A M
COLLEGE.
SCHOOL FOR THE 80N8 OF MISSIONARIES.
The Governors of the above School invite applications for the post
of HEAD MASTER, vacant at the end of next Summer Term. The
School is a trust for Boys, as indicated in its title, but is open to
laymen's sons, with certain restrictions as to number, and to Day
Boys. It has recently been removed to the large premises which it
occupies, eight miles from London.
Candidates must be Graduates of a British University and Free
Churchmen.
Forms of application and full particulars can be obtained from
THE REGISTRAR. Eltbam College, Mottingham. Kent
Canvassing of any kind, direct or indirect, will injure the prospects
of a candidate.
BISHOP'S STORTFORD COLLEGE.
PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT.
The Head Master requires for the JUNIOR HOUSE a MASTER
who will act as HOUSE MASTER and be responsible to him for the
organization and teaching of the Preparatory Department. The
House in which the Preparatory School Boys are hoarded and taueht
stands in the College grounds It has recently been built, and con-
tains accommodation for 40 Boarders. The Master, who must be a
Graduate of a British University, will be required to take up his
duties in MAY. The salary offered is 1352 per annum and a Capita-
tion Fee of 52 per annum on each Boarder in the Preparatory School,
together with board and residence. — Further particulars ni.iv bfl
obtained from THE HEAD MASTER, Bishop's 8tortford < ollege,
Herts, to whom application must lie made and testimonials and
references sent before MARCH 16.
c
AMBRIDGESHIRE EDUCATION
C O M M I T T E E.
CAMBRIDGE AND COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
A MISTRESS is REQUIRED for MODERN LANGUAGES.
chiefly French. She may be required to help with other subjects.
Duties to begin in APRIL. 1014. A Degree, or its equivalent, and
Piood Secondary School experience is essential. Candidates who have
M8D Abroad will bfl preferred, other things bting equal. Salary
1.102 a year (non resident), or accordiug to experience and qualili. a
tions.
Forms of application, which can be obtained of the undersigned.
must be returned on or before FEBRUARY 18, ID14.
AUSTIN KEEN. M.A., Education Secretary.
County Hall, Cambridge.
pITY OF YORK EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
YORK MUNICIPAL SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR OIRI.S
An INBTRUCTKK-s-l, capable of taking Drill and (farms and of
■ . with Needlework or English as a subsidiary so1-., t,
is REQUIKBD. Salary 1001. per an o urn I iinvasslnt' Is ]. i oliil.il •■■!.—
A form of application will be forwarded mi receipt of ■ ■tamped
addreeeed foofeaap envelope, and must bfl returned r...t later toan
iEBRUAin J. H. MASON, Secretary.
Education Offices. York.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
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LIBRARY ASSISTANT.
pUBLIC
The FULHAM BOROUGH COUNCIL invites applications for the
position of ASSISTANT iMale) in the Public Libraries Department,
at a salary of 28a. per week. Candidates must have hail previous
experience in a Public Library and possess Borne kuowledge of
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Applications in candidates' own handwriting, Btatfng age. qualifi-
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"Library Assistant,'' not later than the first post on MONDAY,
February 9. 1914. J. PERCY 8HUTER, Town Clerk.
Town Hall, Fulham, 8 W.
WANTED an experienced WRITER, accus-
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LETTERS or other INFORMATION about Q.UEEN ADELAIDE,
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TRANSLATIONS into English from French,
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MADISON AVENUE AT FORTIETH STREET, NEW YORK.
No 4500, Jan. 24, 1<>U
Til E AT II E X JEU M
Hi)
AN
AMERICAN
GLOSSARY
BY
RICHARD H. THORNTON.
In two volumes.
This work is commended to the attention
of the custodians of Public Libraries.
The price is 30s. net.
' An American Glossary ' is not a Slang Dictionary, though of
necessity it includes specimens of vulgar diction. The illustrative
quotations, which are accurately dated, number 14,000; and of
these more than 11,000 belong to the period before the Civil
War. In some instances a word or phrase which might be thought
purely American is traced to an Elizabethan or Jacobean origin.
•• The book is unusually well edited " {Spectator). " It will
have a permanent value for the student of philology" (Aberdeen
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extensive and valuable work of much research" (Times). "It is
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(Standard). " It must always prove valuable to philologers who
recognize the effectiveness of the historical method ' (Scotsman).
"It is an amazing collection of what are known as ' Yankeeisms ' "
(Daily Express). " We find throughout dated instances which show-
clearly the development of language, and give [this] careful and
erudite work a status such as is accorded to the New English
Dictionary " (Athcincum).
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MAN'S MIRACLE. ~
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AMBIDEXTERITY
AND MENTAL CULTURE.
By H. Macnaughton Jones, M.D., &c.
Fcap. Svo, 2s. 6d. net.
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STORIES Of INDIA. Mrs.Anthon.
KATYA: A Romance of
l\ USSlci. Franz de Jessen.
LETTERS FROM LA-BAS.
Rachel Hayward.
The DARK FLOWER.
John Galsworthy
The MILKY WA Y. [yd /w/,
F. Tennyson [esse.
The PERFECT WIFE. J****
A BAND OF BROTHERS.
Charles Turlev.
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SET TO PARTNERS.
Mrs. Henry Dudeney.
The TRUTH ABOUT
CAMILLA. Gertrude HalL
The Novels of DostoeVsky.
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The IDIOT. I The BROTHERS KARAMAZOV.
The Loeb Classical Library
Edited by T. E. Page, LittD., and \V. 11. I >.
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Cloth, 5*. mt : leather, 6s. <</. net
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(i) SUETONIUS. v,.i i. (2) mo CA55IU5, Vol. I.
(3) JULIAN. Vol II. (i CICERO, DE OPPICIIS.
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WM. HEINEMANN, 20, Bedford Street, W.C.
120
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Macmillan's New Books.
VISCOUNT MORLeY.
SECOND IMPRESSION NOW READY.
Notes on Politics and His-
tory. A University Address. By
VISCOUNT MORLEY, O.M., Chan-
cellor of the University of Manchester.
8vo, 2s. Qd. net.
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more thought, knowledge, epigram, and apt-
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schools at the present moment, for its quiet
and mellow philosophy, its sense of values
in human affairs, and its plea for a his-
torical perspective are just the medicine
most needed for these feverish times."
A Father in God. TheEpisco-
pate of WILLIAM WRST JONES,
D. D., Archbishop of Capetown and
Metropolitan of South Africa, 1874-
1908. By MICHAKL H. M. WOOD,
M.A., Diocesan Librarian of the
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tion by the Ven. W. H. HUTTON,
B. D., and Portraits and other Illustra-
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'A Father in God' is happily in accord
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A Childhood. By joan arden.
With a Preface by Prof. GILBERT
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American Ideals, Charac=
ter, and Life. By Hamilton
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Athens and its Monu-
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MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd., London.
" No first-class library can now be considered satisfactory without a depart-
ment of facsimiles. " — Athex.kum.
THE TUDOR FACSIMILE TEXTS.
Old English Plays — Printed and MS. Rarities — in Collotype.
Under the General Editorship and Supervision of JOHN S. FARMER.
The Tudor Facsimile Texts follow the originals as nearly as the resources of modern art and craft will allow, show-
ing that original as it actually exists to-day ; in which is preserved all detail of size, imperfect type, imperfections in the
paper, even to stains and "mendings," and, when possible, the natural discoloration due to age.
Mr. J. A. Herbert, of the Manuscript Department of the British Museum, excppt when otherwise indicated, has
compared each facsimile reprint with its original, and noted any "fault "or "Haw" which may have occurred in the
course of reproduction.
THE SERIES (SEPTEMBER, 1907-FEBRUARY, 1914) COMPRISES:
All for Money. *Apius and Virginia. Arden of Feversham.
^Beauty and Good Properties of Women. *Believe as ye List. Birth of Merlin.. Bloody Banquet.
Caesar and Pompey. Cambises. Captain Thomas Stukeley. 'Castle of Perseverance. "Chief
Promises of God to Man. Cobler's Prophesie. Conflict of Conscience. Contentio a between Liberality
and Prodigality. 'Contract of Marriage between Wit and Wisdom.
'Damon and Pithias. Death of Robert, Earl of Huntington. Devil's Charter. 'Disobedient Child.
Doctor Dod pol. Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntington.
Edward III. Englishmen for m/ Money. Everyman. Everywoman in her Humour.
Pair Em. Fair Maid of Bristow. Famous Victories of Henry V. ^Ferrex and Porrex
("Gorboduc"). *Four Elements. 'Pour P.P.
Gammer Gurton's Needle. ^Gentleness and Nobility. George-a-Greene. Gismund of Salerne
(Hargreave MS.). Glass of Government. Greenes Tu-quoque. Grim the Collier of Cro.don.
Handlist to Tudor Fa simile Texts. *Hickscorner. Histrio-Mastix. Hoffmann. Honest Lawyer.
Horestes How a Man ma r Choose a Good Wife from a Bad.
*lmpatient Poverty. Jack Drum's Entertainment. Jacke Jugelar. *Jacob and Esau. 'Johan
the Evangelist. John-a-Kent. * Johan . . Tyb . . and Syr Jhan.
'King Darius (1565). *King Darius (1577). King Leir. Kirkman's Catalogue of Plays.. till... 1661.
Knack to Know an Honest Man- Knack to Know a Knave.
Larum for London. Life and Death of Jack Strawe. "Life and Repentance of Mary Magdalene.
"Like will to Like. Lingua. Loerine. London Prodigal. Longer Thou Livest the more Fool thou art.
Look about You and be not Wroth. *Love. *Lusty Juventus.
Magnificence. Maid's Mitamorphosis. "Mankind. 'Marriage of Wit and Science. 'Marriage of
Wit and Wisdom. Merry Devil of Edmonton. -'Mind, Will and Understanding (or " "Wisdom that
is Christ"). Miseries of Inforst Marriage. Misfortunes of Arthur. Mucedorus.
*Nature. 'New Custom. 'Nice Wanton (1560). "Nice Wanton (1565) Noble Soldier. Nobody
and Somebody.
*Pardoner and the Frere. Patient Gri«sill. Pedlars Prophecie. Pilgr mage to Parnassus (MS.).
Promos and Cassandra. Puritan or the Widow of Watliog Street. i
Ram Alley. "Respublica. Return from Parnassus (Pt. 1.). Return from Parnassus (Pt. II.).
Richard, Duke of York. Richard III. (Tragedy of). Robin Hood (B.L. c 15-).
Sir Clyomon a d Sir Clamydes. Sir Giles Goosecap. Sir John Oldcasile. Sir Thomas More
(MS ). Solimon and Perseda. Swetnam, the Woman-hater.
Taming of a Shrew. Tancred and Gismund. 'Temptations of our Lord Thersytes. Thomas,
Lord Cromwell. Three Ladies of I ondon. *i'hree Laws of Nature, Mos s, and Chris . Three Lords
and Three Ladies of London. Tide Tarrieth No Man. Tom Tiler and His Wife. Tiial of Chivalry.
Trial of Treisure. Troublesome Reign of John, King of England (Pt. I.). Ibid. (Pt. II.). Two
Angry Women of Abingdon. Two Lamentable Tragedies. Two Maids More-clacke. Two Merry
Milkmaids. Two Noble K insmen. Two Wise Men and all the rest Fools.
Valiant Welshman. Virtuous Octavia.
Waning for Fair Women. Wars of Cyrus. Weakest Goeth to the Wall. *Wealth and Health
Weather (Play of the, 1533). *Ibid (1565). When You See Me You K ow M-. W ily Beguild.
Wisdom of Dr. Dodypoll. *Wit and Science (Play of). Wit of a Woman. *Witty and Witless.
•'World and Chid.
Yorkshire Tragedy. *Youth (Waley and Lambeth fragment). *Ibid (Copland).
ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-THREE VOLS, (nearly 10,000 pages).
Ten Sets only. Carefully selected sheets, interleaved and serviceably bound.
Folio, 15| by 10£ ; small folio, 11| by 1\ ; large 4to, llg by 8| ; crown 4to, 101 by %■
PRICE TWO HUNDRED GUINEAS PER SET NET.
OLD ENGLISH DRAMA— STUDENTS' EDITION.
This STUDENTS' FACSIMILE EDITION, though an independent series, is the outcome of the TUDOR
FACSIMILE TEXTS. That series was the first systematic and serious attempt to render available pre-Shakespearean
and Elizabethan drama in facsimile Copies of early English plays are, almost without exception, of extreme rarity,
practically unobtainable, and, when offered for sale, of prohibitive value In view of these facts, it is difficult to overrate
the importance of that undertaking. Unfortunately, the exigencies of cost and an extremely limited subscription list
(notwithstanding the absurdly l<>w average cost per page of facsimile to subscribers : less than the cost of a Music Hall
singer's photo) precluded any but the richest university and reference libraries availing themselves of the facilities for
research and study thus offered. It is hoped that this new series will help somewhat.
PARTICULARS OF ISSUE.
ONLY FIFTY SETS of one hundred vols, each as above are available (those "starred"
excepted). Size of page, foap. 4to (83 by 7). Serviceably bound with label on side and inside
front cover, giving date of play and whereabouts of original, but no other extran-ous matter what-
ever. Choice can be made from the list (supra) excepting always the plays "stirred," which are not
available for this series.
PRICE 10s. 6d. PER VOL. NET, OR 18 VOLS. FOR £6 6s.
Subscribers for the whole 100 vols, can, if approved, pay by instalments to suit themselves.
PRESS AND OTHER CRITICISMS.
'"Maid's Metamorphosis,' an absolutely first-rate reproduction, virtually faultless. ' Trial of Chivalry.' a most
admirable facsimile. 'Look About You' reproduction most excellent ' Pedlers Prophecie. an ibs >lurely first-rate
reproduction, showing what good results can be obtained in those few cases where there are nor. any of the special
difficulties presented by most of these early prints. My congratulations and compliments to photographer and printer.
'Jack Drum' . .absolutely first rate . .as good as— if not bj,oter th tn -the very bjsr, of the serie- ni' herto, and that is
high praise." — Typical criticisms (taken at random) by Mr. J. A. Hekbekt. MS D-pt, British Museum.
"In inception and in execution an undertaking of great literary importance." — Sir J. A H vlUK. .AY.
"For all practictble purposes as good as.. ..and may be accepted with confidence by stn-le its who have no
access to the originals." — Athenaeum.
"These facsimiles have done more for the history of the drami of the period thin all the professors for the last
five-and-twenty years." — Notes and Queries.
"These collotypes, we need scarcely repeat, are beautifully made, and reproduce the originals as exactly as human
ingenuity can effect " — Nation (New York).
" Within recent years there have been several attempts to make available the rare dramatic literature of the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but there has been nothing hitherto that is at once so comprehensive and so
admirable as this students' facsimile edition." — Daily Telegraph.
ALL BOOKSELLERS, or JOHN S. FARMER, Little Missenden, Bucks.
No. 4500, Jan:. 24, 15*14
T 11 E AT 11 EN .EUM
121
SATURDAY, JANUARY g ',, I'M',.
PAi.P.
CONTENTS.
AfRKA ano her Critics (South Afrioan Scene I
Airii'a in Transformation ■ Bonds of AfricA ; Voice
of Africa) lit L22
Essays »ND Ks»ayists (Youth and Life; Mine Own :
The Purpose) .. 128-124
The Oxford Book of Spanish vkksb .. 124
The Poems OF Xkwmw Howard .. 126
The Church in Kome in thb First Century .. 128
Bnglis>h Tkavblleks of the Renaissance .. . 127
a Quaker and a Missionary Bishop (John
Woolnian ; The Life ami Labours of Bishop
Hare) 127-128
Japan's Inheritance 129
Studies in poktugubsb Literature Poems i kom
the portuui bsb . 129
Fiction (The Flying Ira ; The Questing Beast ; The
Terms of Surrender ; Old .Mole's Novel ; The Man
l'p-t tin ; It 11 ippeneil in Egypt) .. 130-131
Books Published this Week ( Theology— Poetry—
Bibliography — History and BiogT tphy — Geography
and Tr.ivel — sports and Pastimes — Sociology —
Politics, 132 ; Economics— Education— Philology—
Literary Criticism — School-Books — Fiction, 133;
Reviews and Magazines— General— Science-Fine
Arts-Music, 134'' 1S2-1S4
A IMHVTBAR Lease IN 900; SIR WILLIAM Lee-
WaKNEK; M. DB PKESSENSi: ; "I'liK CASK FOR
CO- EDUCATION'; LBSBIA'S "SPARROW"; BOOK
Balk 1SG
L'TEKakv Gossip 136-137
science — Gi.imi-ses op Indian Birds; The Royal
Observatory, Cape of good Hope ; societies ;
Meetings Next week 13S-140
Fine Arts — Francisco Goya; The splendid
Wayfaring; Exhibitions op Modern Etch-
ings; "an Introduction to Engush Church
ARCHirBCTORB'; Gossip 140-142
Music— Arnold schonbbrg and Post-Ihpression-
d>m in Music; .cjossip; Periormances Next
Week .. 142-143
Drama — "The Qpeens Players" in 1036; Gossip 143
Index to Advertisers .. 144
LITERATURE
AFRICA AND HER CRITIC'S.
Long since known as the grave of reputa-
tions, Africa is subjected to an incessant
lire of criticism, especially in those por-
tions which arc under British rule or in-
fluence. To-day we notice together a
up of books which exhibit a varied
>rd of experiences and interests, from
politics to missions, and sport to scholar-
ship.
The well-known author of ' The South
African Scene,' who has had the benefit
of considerable experience in the country
^he describes to us. divides her volume
into two parts. The first is entitled
■ '1 Sketches,' and gives the impres-
"f a journey from ('ape Town to the
ilia Falls. •■ t'ue smoke that thunders."
second part is devoted to 'Some
Policies and Problems.' A good deal of
Miss Markham's book has already ap-
peared in the form of articles in The
Westminster Gazette, and lias received
wide recognition. She has the advantage
erthe permanent resident in the coun-
try of being able to give a direct com-
rison of South Africa as it is to-
with the country as it was aft ■<■
the war, which was the time of ber
previous visit. She draws a great dis-
tinction between the opinions about
ith Africa beld in this country, which
too pessimistic, md the impressions
7" South African Scene. By Violet K.
M irkham. (Smith A Elder, Is. iyi. net.)
Afr a in Transformation. By Norman
Maclean. (Nisbel ct Co.. fo.net.)
The Bonds of Africa. By Owen Letcher.
(John Long, 1 2x. «W. net.)
The Voice of Africa. By Leo Frobenius.
Translated l>y Rudolf Blind. -2 voIb.
(Hutchinson & Co., 1/. 8*. net.)
she receives from the moment she has
landed in ('ape Town. There she finds
the sleepy, rather untidy Colonial town
has become a brisk and energetic city.
a sign of the optimism which now
reigns all over South Africa. Charming
is her chapter on Basutoland, which
gives an admirable picture of the condi-
tions prevailing in that Switzerland of
South Africa. She also supplies a
good description of the Witwatersrand,
and touches on the vast social and racial
problems -Johannesburg has raised. This
section of the book ends with a chapter
on the opening of the Union Parliament,
and describes the various actors on the
stage of South African politics.
The book bears out the observations
of most recent writers by insisting on
the acuteness of the native question.
Miss Markham also lays stress on the
importance of the Anglo-Dutch rivalry.
She considers that the return to power of
a Dutch Government was a fortunate
circumstance for the country as a whole,
as the primary need of South Africa was
the acceptance of union by the rank and
file of the Dutch. She proceeds : —
" The whole framework of Government
in South Africa to-day is English to a degree
the Dutch little recognize themselves ; but
those changed conditions have been accepted
quietly, almost imperceptibly, by the rank
and file, thanks to the presence of their own
people in power, as they could not have been
accepted under English guidance."
Hertzogism was bound to come, but
it was nothing more than an incident,
which, however, could only be success-
fully controlled by the Dutch themselves,
led by General Botha. He has handled
the difficulty at least with great firm-
ness. The Asiatic Question, which is
at the present moment occupying the
attention of the authorities, can admit of
only one solution. English statesmen who
protested with vehemence before the war
against the harsh treatment of British
Indians under Kriiger should realize
that, since the war, the Indians have
been subjected to disabilities more in-
jurious than any which obtained under
Boer rule.
Miss Markham lias carefully studied
every point of view in South African
politics, and, happily, she has made
allowances for them all. The result is a
book which adds to her reputation as
an authority on South Africa, besides
giving valuable advice to all who have
the true welfare of that country at heart.
Mr. Maclean in 'Africa in Transforma-
tion ' mourns over the decline in missionary
zeal. We are not sure that he has suc-
ceeded in tracing its causes — at any rate.
the account he gives is not exhaustive.
\\C fancy that much of heart-break might
I be saved to conscientious workers in the
mission field if they could realize that the
attempt1 to maintain an impossible atti-
tude—to think and feel exactly as our
fathers did — is essential dishonesty, and
thai truth must be faced at all costs.
The issue was fairly faced by Colenso,
and he has I 'ft for himself an imperishable
monument in the hearts of South African
the truth led
him personally,
It is signi-
orthodox of a
Livingstone in
natives. His loyalty to
him into strange and. for
most unpleasant places.
ficant that just as the
particular order charged
his later years with having forsaken mis-
sion work for exploration, so there were
Found pioUS persons to deplore ( 'olenso's
diversion from religion to " political ac-
tivities.'' In this respect one is glad to
remember that he is but the foremost of
many who have assumed the functions
of Tribune of the People"' where the
helpless dark races are concerned.
It is good, too, to find that this aspect
of missions is emphasized by Mr. Maclean.
In the chapter headed 'The Dead Man
on the Roadside ' he speaks out strongly
— but not too strongly — on the question
of forced labour; but we think that he
also — as in the iast sentence on p. 252 —
betrays an unwarranted optimism. Inci-
dentally he does the Kikuvu some injus-
tice by describing them as "the lowesl
of the low." This is, perhaps, only
a rhetorical flourish, and rhetoric unfor-
tunately is the defect, or rather the excess,
of the volume. Sometimes it strike- us
(and perhaps this consideration should
disarm criticism) that the writer did not
think in English, and that the exuberance
of his style is only Celtic fervour seeking
expression in an alien tongue.
The beginning of the nineteenth century
witnessed a remarkable outburst of mis-
sionary enthusiasm. It was the outcome
partly of the religious revival usually called
" Evangelical," partly of the movement
— '" humanitarian " is the current, but
detestable word for it — which was one of
the driving forces in the French Revolu-
tion ; and it resulted in lives and deeds
on which the present day looks back as
on some high romance. To-day it might
seem, on a superficial view, as if the
interest and enthusiasm were as great
as ever, if not greater. A closer and un-
biased examination of the phenomena
seems to suggest laborious efforts at
awakening interest and inducing enthu-
siasm— a great deal of what but for the
respect due to sincerity of purpose, one
would be tempted to call sound and fury
and fussy activity.
One cannot help wondering how much
of this zeal is, more or less uncon-
sciously, a passionate affirmation of pro-
positions which have really ceased to be
living truths. Sometimes a man deliber-
ately turns to mission work in order to
escape the complications of European
thought, and lay hold on reality bv
teaching the simple things he at least
feels sure of to people w ho have never
heard of Pragmatism or Evolution. But
with many we fancy the matter is not
definitely formulated ;is this. They
v aguely aware that tin spu it oi
the times" is against an unquestioning
acceptance of old standards; tiny dare
ii"t examine the foundations of then
faith and. it one may say so. shut then
eves and whistle to keep up their COUI
in the dark.
vVinwood Reade long ago made the
remark thai the illiterate and narrow -
so
are
122
T H E A T IT E N M U M
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
minded fanatic has a better chance of
influencing the primitive mind than the
cultured missionary of a later date, because
his mental concepts are more on a level
with theirs. He does not discredit the
feats of their witchdoctors or the mani-
festations of occult forces in Nature :
he attributes them all to the power of a
devil who is equally real to him. There
is something to be said for this view,
though, as usual with that brilliant and
ill-fated writer, it is somewhat crudely
I mt. A man may have all linguistics and
all anthropology (and some real know-
ledge is, very properly, nowadays begin-
ning to be demanded of missionaries),
yet if he have not the gift of human sym-
pathy and of entire honesty (which means
so much more than one is apt to think),
some unlettered person who picks up the
language as he can by ear. and knows no
theological handbook except the New
Testament in the Authorized Version, will
leave a more abiding impression than he.
But such power can only come to the
man of narrow beliefs if he holds them
in absolute sincerity ; and absolute sin-
cerity in the creed, let us say, of John
Newton or even of William Wilberforce
implies limitations prohibitive from the
point of view we are considering.
Mr. Maclean appears to have visited
Xyasaland. East Africa, and Uganda in
the course of last year, attending the
now historic Kikuyu conferences in June,
and has produced a readable account of his
travels. From the nature of the case he
lias been compelled to rely a good deal
on information supplied by others or
derived from printed sources (he acknow-
ledges a long list of authorities in his
Preface), and some of this, at least, he
appears to have accepted rather un-
critically. It is an exaggeration to say
(p. 24) that the inhabitants of the Shire
Highlands' can live without labour. Even
banana trees — if you can live entirely on
bananas, a feat these people do not
achieve — have to be replanted from
time to time. Such phrases as " races who
had no family life," " nameless rites and
unspeakable abominations." are part of
what may be called the missionary con-
vention, but they are
not untrue.
From the references (pp. 59, 245) to
the African Lakes Corporation it would
seem as if the writer did not know that
this concern, originally the k" African
Lakes Company," was on the verge
of bankruptcy in the nineties, when
most of its shares were taken over, we
believe, by Cecil Rhodes, and it was
reconstituted under its present name. On
p. 246 a departure from the earlier policy
seems to be admitted ; but this contradicts
what is said on p. 59. On p. 73 — perhaps
through excessive condensation — the im-
pression is conveyed that Dr. W. A. Scott
died while left in charge at Blantyre,
immediately after the deaths of Dr. Bowie
and Mrs. Henderson, and the departure of
the other missionaries for Europe. As a
matter of fact, it was some years later —
in January, 1896.
misleading, when
A good many slips have escaped correc-
tion : " Marchmont " for Marchand,
" Kraff " for Krapf, " Kavarondo " for
Kavirondo, " Buganda " for Baganda.
"" Afiti " (p. 30) is a plural ; it should be
mfiti.
The book is illustrated with some inter-
esting photographs, the frontispiece being
a good view of Blantyre Church. We fail
to see, however, how this, which shows
the apse and south porch, could be taken
"from the manse verandah/' the manse
being, according to our recollection, to
the north-east of the church.
'The Bonds of Africa,' by Mr. Owen
Letcher, is in the first instance a sporting
chronicle. We were about to add that it
is redeemed from the sportsman's failing
by a sincere love of Nature ; but it is a
little difficult to believe that any deep
feeling of the kind could become articulate
in this way : —
" Theirs [Mombasa and Mozambique] is
a memory saddened by a mildewed mag-
nificence, and every new railway shed that
is built in Nairobi, and every new residence
that is raised to grace Dar-es-Salaam, must
make their grief more poignant. But cities,
like humans, must accept the decrees of
fate. At even, when the sun is low and the
waving palms bow their heads to the windless
dusk, it has seemed to me that the Tyre and
Sidon of East Africa have signified their
submission through the medium of their
native trees — they have bowed to the in-
exorable laws of civilization and gather
their ghosts within their remnant walls."
The unique feat performed by the
palms (when no wind is blowing) rendered
this quotation irresistible ; but there are
numerous examples of strange style.
Thus the Mau escarpment is described as
" one of those giant corrugations that robe
the geography of the East African Protec-
torate in a colossal suit of corduroys."
Elsewhere we read of "a potent philtre
that has sent scores of wanderers to their
last sleep " ; "a floral galaxy of bougain-
viliea"; and "the hors d'muvre [perhaps
piece de resistance is meant] of their next
meal." On p. 150, " Outside the fortress
there is a little coralline city where the
houses arc of pale blue, pink, violescent"
introduces an entirely new word to us,
and possibly conveys an intimation that
Mr. Letcher has read French not wisely,
but too well. Perhaps it would be un-
reasonable to complain that nearly every
Swahili or other native word used is mis-
spelt, though one cannot but marvel at the
persistence of the tradition which puts
an unnecessary apostrophe after initial
m and n : MToko, M'Pezeni, N'Derobo,
«fec. The last-named people, who are
more correctly called Dorobo, afford a
good example of the loose and vague
statements in which the book abounds.
They are called (p. 233) " the lowest type
of mankind in East Africa, people who
have no habitations, who live by hunting,
and are, in fact, the modern counterpart
of our Berserker forefathers " ! On p. 237
we read that the Dorobo has " no hut,
no lasting or even temporary abode,"
and " will die before the advance of civili-
zation." We cannot speak from personal
experience as to the Dorobo, but the
Wasanye, who are practically the same
people, certainly have huts, and though
they still live by hunting, some of them
arc settling down to an agricultural life, and
they will probably in time become merged
in the Giryama and other Bantu tribes.
On p. 90 Mr. Letcher refers to the Masai
Creation-myth, in which a Dorobo figures,
adding : "I fear I am unable to pursue
the fable further, for I have but little
knowledge of it." He might have found
it in full in Mr. A. C. Hollis's book ' The
Masai : their Language and Folk-lore.'
Mr. Letcher's remarks on the " instru-
ment of torture known as the lamvia "
do not inspire confidence in his anthropo-
logical statements, which are not numer-
ous. A full description of the Lilamfia
charm, with a photograph, was given by
the late Mr. Hubert Sheane on p. 92 of
' The Great Plateau of Northern Rho-
desia ' (1911). written in collaboration
with Mr. Cullen Gouldsburv. This puts
Mr. Letcher's account out of court.
The usual diatribes against missions
and mission boys scarcely call for com-
ment, but we think pp. 123-6 demand a
word of protest. No one who has ever
been in Nyasaland can fail to recognize
the subject of the caricature, who is
fortunately very much alive ; though
the writer no doubt imagines that, by
recording the death of his subject, he has
disavowed any personal intention.
As to the happy condition of the
'v true uncultured African native " in his
'" elysian kraals," we think that, if Mr.
Letcher had read over his MS. carefully
(after an interval long enough to allow of
its " becoming a part of the Non-Ego "),
he would have discovered a certain
amount of inconsistency in his own
utterances. To do him justice, he betrays
no acute anxiety about the labour ques-
tion, and we may, perhaps, in his case
refrain from the comment that we hear
few regrets for the " elysian kraals "
when it is a question of recruiting their
inmates for mines or plantations. We
are not concerned to deny that the atti-
tude of missionaries towards native insti-
tutions has often been a mistaken, indeed
a disastrous, one ; but the standpoint
from which this attitude is criticized is
seldom, in our experience wholly dis-
interested.
The dream which visited our author
in the Muchinga Hills is impressive, but
as a portent not altogether clear. Where
or how did " Twala the one-eved " mani-
fest any interest in the Bible, and what
is the significance of its inducing him to
hold his spear in his left hand ?
Herr Frobenius, who is responsible for
the last book under our heading ' The
Voice of Africa,' has shown himself, in
the course of three arduous African
expeditions, a keen observer and an
unwearied collector of ethnological ma-
terial. His first journey, extending
from 1904 to 1910, was directed to the
basin of the Kasai, and described in
the volume entitled ' Im Schatten
des Congostaates.' In 1907-9 he
explored the valley of the Senegal, the
No. 4500, Jan. 24. l;>14
Til E A 'I'll KX MV y\
>•{
upper course of the Niger as far as
Timbuktu, and the south-eastern part of
the French Sudan, ultimately penetrat-
ing into Togo and Dahomey, the results
of the expedition being given to the world
in ' Auf dein Wege nach Atlantis.'
The present work, ' The Voice of Africa,'
records investigations pursued in Yoruba
and in the valley of the Benue during the
years 1910 and 1911. The account given in
the text of the author's subsequent move-
ments is somewhat perplexing, and not
.easily reconcilable with the map facing
p. :>4. According to this, Kerr Frobenius
left Ins companions at Lokoja. and pro-
ceeded via Kano to the region north of
Lake Chad, and thence, through Kanem.
eastward to El Obeid and Omdurman —
at least, this is the course of the dotted
line stated to indicate " Author's route."
At El Obeid a continuous line (=" route
of the expedition ") takes an independent
course to the north-east, and then curves
back on the Xile. The text says (p. 3b) : —
" So while Martins led the Expedition
back again to the West, and a reconnoitring
party spied out the warlike country between
Kanem and the Nile, I myself sailed round
Africa, met my wife and brother, and tra-
velled from the Red Sea to Kordofan. in
order to extend the scope of my work from
there westwards, and to become acquainted
with the classic vouchers of the earliest
chapters in the history of African culture
during my return through Egypt."
However, a reference to vol. ii. p. 679,
- iws that the mistake must be in the
map. since it appears that Herr Frobenius
re turned to Europe via Las Palmas
(the " sailing round Africa "" remains
unexplained), started again from Genoa,
•lied Khartum by way of Port Sudan,
-and proceeded, first to El Obeid. and then
Omdurman, where he met " my Hau.sa
and Nupe friends, who had left the Xupe
country not quite a twelvemonth ago in
order to meet us here."
Herr Frobenius has not attempted to
L'ive a connected narrative of his journeys
— a method which usually makes for
tedium — while scattered fragments of
information have to be gathered and
pieced together by the reader. He prefers
Iwcll on the specially interesting epi-
by way of leading up to a more or
■ • picture of the present culture
i past history of the peoples dealt with.
tirst volume is mainly concerned with
ruba. The author is of opinion that
the bronzes of Yoruba and Benin, the
ra-cotta heads unearthed by him at
iff and elsewhere, the wood-carvings and
markable mythology discussed by
M R F. Dennett in 'Nigerian Studies'
and ■ At the Back of the Black Man's
Mind, an- all relics of a prehistoric civili-
ion which he calls " Atlantic " (placing
I'. • • - Atlantis in Wesl Africa), and
derives from the Etruscans. Into his
jjumenta given in detail in chap. xv..
we do not enter here, except so far
point out that -Mine of the CUS-
i- and b sliefa which he consid a
i- >l it d in Africa, and. therefore neces-
sarily introduced from outside, are far
more widely distributed than he allows.
Thus " the casting of dice and drawing
of lots" are found among the Any an j a
ami the Baronga in forms not essentially
very different from lie : and the points
of contact between the beliefs of the
Yoruba, the Bini, and the Bavili of
Loango have been worked out by .Mr.
Dennett. Herr Frobenius, of course.
might account for this by extending his
■'Atlantic" empire as far as necessary
to fit the hypothesis, but he expressly
limits "the idea of dividing the world
into four" to the Niger district (p. 259).
It is rather curious, by the by, that no
mention is made of Mr. Dennett's work,
though it is clear from a reference
Herr Frobenius gives on p. 116 that he
has at least seen ' Nigerian Studies.'
We may add that the sacred stones
of Ife (pp. 293-305) have been de-
scribed and (some of them) figured, not
only by Mr. Dennett (op. cit., pp. 17-27),
but also by Capt. Elgee in the Journal of
the African Society for July, 1908. The
former (op. cit., p. 26) seems to differ from
Herr Frobenius as to the origin and mean-
ing of the pillar called Opa Oranyan.
These two handsome and beautifully
illustrated volumes labour, however,
under three disadvantages, for only one
of winch the author can fairly be held
responsible. There is no index : the trans-
lation leaves us not infrequently in doubt
as to its meaning; and the really valuable
and interesting facts are obscured by an
undue proportion of rhetoric, as in the
following rendering from p. 347 (vol. i.) : —
:" This passage. . . .is all the more pregnant
with meaning because, as already men-
tioned, the Greeks had neither inherited
the Tdea of the Universe in its essence and
regularity, nor even understood it. And
yet here the casting of dice and drawing of
lots ; the holy establishment of a uniform
celestial region : of a God and a godly
possession [apparently meaning "possession
by a god "J ; together with a perfectly clear
idea of posterity in divinely founded clans,
are all preserved, in exactly the form in
which the Tyrrhenes and, before them, pro-
bably all the Occidental nations of culture
possessed them, and as the Yorubans in
particular hold and observe them to-day.
. . . .The account attributes a, growth of
power westwards to this indigenous posterity
of the straits of Gibraltar, which extends
into Egypt and as far as the Tyrrhenians ;
shows them in an arduous contest with the
Orient powers, amongst whom Athens is, in
his [Solon's] own view, particularly important .
and he. therefore, similes out the Tyrrhenians
and Egyptians, both lying respectively
exactly within and exactly beyond the sphere
of the Powers of the West, precisely those
nations who fought the fight for final supre-
macy to a finish in the thirteenth century
before the Saviourwas horn.''
The second volume contains many
interesting folk-talcs and historical tradi-
tions of the Hausa and other people
and a theory of a " JVi so-Xubian " inva-
sion in the seventh century. On p. 222
(vol. i.) the Kiej of the Bahr-el-Ghazal
are placed " in the far West " ; and on
p. 625 (vol. ii.) " seventeenth " is surely a
clerical error tor ieiH nth.
The book contains a number of excel-
lent photographs and several reproduc-
tion* ol beautiful wat ■■r-colour drawings
by Herr Arriens.
ESSAYS AND ESSAYISTS.
Mb. Boi bne's essays on ■ Youth and Life '
first appeared in 77" Atlantic Monthly, and
appeal primarilx to an American public :
yet the English reader, however much he
may find foreign to him in the life .Mr.
Bourne's observations seem to imply,
will be able none the less to appreciate
the /.est and freedom he has brought to
his experience, as well as tlie lucidity and
ease with which he has recorded it. In a
concluding essay. "The Philosophy of
Handicap/ the author, whose treatment
is in general remarkably abstract and
detached, invites us to a friendly inti-
macy: and we gather that he has had
to contend with unusual disadvantages,
including physical weakness and deformity .
Yet he has secured education, culminating
in a college scholarship, and before the
age of five-and-twenty has written a
book every page of which is imbued with
confidence in life and the spirit of progress.
Attacking an old theme with new enthu-
siasm, he would show that the secret of
the best success is to retain the spirit of
youth. Youth, the season of visions, is
the season when essential truth is seen.
Mr. Bourne is admirably persuasive ; and
ii he had nothing else to his credit, the
precision and purity of his style are
achievements of which he might well 1 it-
pro tid .
The main purport of his discourse
appears to be the resummoning of
young America to the ideals with which
the country set out — ideals which, as the
struggle for life intensities, naturally
become obscured, and which conse-
quently need restatement, with full recog-
nition of the more exacting t cutis now
necessary for their fulfilment. The value
of Mr. Bourne's treatment is. indeed, its
explicitness. His subjects are universal,
and many of them are very closely allied
— • The Adventure of Life.' " The Experi-
mental Life.' "For Radicals," &c. — yet
he works them out from every aspect in
minute detail, and at the same time never
fails to convince us that he is conveying
his own observation and reflection at
first hand. Perhaps he has not allowed
quite enough for the difficulty of follow ing
a method of treatment which is at once
rarefied and allusive : as his mind passi •
from one point of view to another, though
the distinctions are always held. OUT
attention sometimes strays, and most of
the essays would, we think, have been
more effective if they had been shorter.
He could have been equally explicit yet
a little more incisive.
The maturity of Mr. Bourne's manner
contrasts Btrangely with a certain in-
security of standards and partialis of
thinking which h<- reveals. We note
that la- regards the decline of da— id I
Yn,ah n„<] Life. B\ Randolph B. Bourne.
(London, < onstable a ' ■•-. 8». net ;
Boston, Houghton Mifflin I
Mine Own : « Buruttt <>i Essays. By
Arthur -I. Clark. (Robert Bcott, 5*. oi
77/. Purpost : Reflections 'i»>l Digressions.
Bj Hui.i n Wales. (John Long, 5s. net.)
124
THE A T H E NyEUM
No. 4000, Jan. 24, 1914
studies in the United States as a symptom
of emancipation and a sturdier realism;
and we cannot but connect this, on the
one hand, with the touch of exaggeration
he displays in an essay entitled ' The Life
of Irony ' — apparently based on what
we might call a discovery of the character
of Socrates — and, on the other, with an
opinion (to the exposition of which
another whole essay, ' The Mystic turned
Radical,' is devoted) that M. Maeterlinck
is our greatest living mystic. The effect
of this last deliverance is the more startling
because allusions to anything so concrete
as a book are rare from Mr. Bourne. The
names of Tolstoy and Mr. Kipling occur
incidentally in his pages : he admits
having read Buckle, Holmes. Henry
George, and T. F. Higginson, and that is
about all.
Clear and persistent as he is in his
thinking, and unemphatic in its expression,
Mr. Bourne is not without a tendency to
love the simplicity of theory above the
complexities of fact. At least, we suspect
this fault in his remarks on the psychology
of childhood, and can trace something
of the same kind in his paradoxical eleva-
tion of the spirit of irony above that of
religion. We even find him attributing
" humility, the spirit of service, a con-
viction of the significance of all life," to
the " ironical," and denying them to the
religious, man — which reminds us that
he was brought up in a Calvinistic atmo-
sphere, and cannot yet be so free from
reactionary bias as he supposes. His
heart is in the right place, and he will
adjust his terms to more straightforward
uses as his experience balances itself.
When he comes to speak of religion more
directly, his attitude has a charming
candour and scepticism ; while his de-
marcation of the sphere of typically
religious emotion, and his suggestions as
to its influence and meaning for life,
could not easily be bettered.
Mr. Arthur J. Clark's <; Bundle of
Essays," ' Mine Own,' would have been
improved, perhaps, by the exercise of a
little more of the irony which Mr. Bourne
idealizes. Loquacious, breezy, well-
meaning, informed, they seem to place
their not extravagantly valuable wares in
the shop window as a means of attracting
passers-by to an underlying goodness which
is not expected to have any very cogent
attractiveness in itself. Mr. Clark gives
us reflections on ' Art for Art's Sake,' on
' Looking Backward,' on ' Failure,' on
' Castles in Spain,' on ' Fishing,' &c, and
we can never quite lay aside the suspicion
that his tone of camaraderie and the
keen interest he exhibits in trivial things
are in part a lure, and that he is fishing
for our souls. He writes, we must
confess, a great deal better than the
majority of those who pursue these un-
congenial tactics.
Much of Mr. Wales's former writing
had ill prepared us for the thoughtful
essays he now publishes under the title of
' The Purpose.' We had also to
surmount the effect of opening the book
on an attitudinized portrait of the
author. We discern marks of what we
conceive to be youthfulness in his earnest
purposefulness, besides insufficient care
and much that, we think, experience will
modify ; but we would place his book
without hesitation before any mind un-
folding to the realities of life. To any
such the very immaturity of these
essays on ' Thinking,' ' Being,' ' Ethics,'
' Antagonism,' ' Sex,' ' Death,' and
' Beauty ' will but strengthen the bonds
of sympathy between author and reader.
The Oxford Book of Spanish Verse, Thir-
teenth to Twentieth Century. Chosen
by James Fitzmaurice-Kelly. (Oxford,
Clarendon Press.)
This is a welcome addition to a successful
series. The publishers have chosen the
right man for the task, for Prof. Fitz-
maurice-Kelly is not only eminent among
authorities on Spanish literature, but also
pre-eminent in this country as a critical
writer on the subject.
In the present volume he has given us,
as was to be expected, the best flowers
to be culled from the garden of which he
knows every nook and corner, and his
selection shows care and thought, both
in the choice of specimens, and in the
manner and method of their presenta-
tion. He has wisely retained the ancient
forms of words and spelling in the periods
during which these have philological and
characteristic values, only modernizing in
later periods when such values cease and
the older spelling would have been merely
wearisome.
The worth of this anthology is enhanced,
especially for students of the world's
literature, by the fact that the best, not
the most curious, examples of each period
and author are given, because that best
is representative of the essence of the
Spanish poetic genius, freed from all
borrowed and imitative dross. Of this
racial genius it may be said, as has been
said of Santillana, that " ceasing to be
imitative it becomes inimitable." Its own
distinctive characteristics constitute its
charm.
So, reading the anthology, one seldom
has cause to remember the wars of suc-
ceeding schools or the vicious extrava-
gances and affectations of which the
groups of partisans successively and with
something like equal justice mutually
accused each other. We forget Boscan's
italianate proclivities in the ' Coplas a
su amiga, enviandole un cancionero de
sus coplas,' with its
Ahi van las ansias mias,
presentes y las pasadas
(which bring to mind the opening lines of
Browning's ' One Word More '), and are
only reminded of the bitterness of that
controversy by the mocking lines of
Gregorio de Silvestre in the ' Visita de
Amor ' : —
Unas coplas muy cansadas,
con muchos pies arrastrando,
a lo toscano imitadas.
Of Gongora's obscurity, and that of his
immediate followers and many of his
contemporary opponents, no trace is
shown here, and very little of preciosity
in his or their work. All, or very nearly
all, is of the best of truly Spanish poetry,
and the volume is a golden compendium
of the history of Spanish verse.
To only one statement in Prof. Fitz-
maurice - Kelly's short but illuminative
Introduction can exception be taken,
and then only on the ground that others
have not his own deep knowledge of the
Spanish language. He says in effect
that the Castilian language of to-day has
changed so little in essentials from that
of the oldest Spanish poems in existence
that
" the inchoate metres of the ' Poema del Cid *
are fairly intelligible to all who have enough
Spanish to appreciate the burnished stanzas
of Nunez de Arce and the subtly modulated
cadences of Reuben Dario."
Yet, though he has treated the early epics
as negligible for the purpose of an an-
thologist, words with archaic significa-
tions do occur in some of the earlier poems
given, and it would need either very
happy imagination or some research to
recognize, for instance, that the word
" romero " in the refrain of Pero Lopez
de Ayala's ' Can tar a la Vrrgen Maria '
means one who goes to Rome — i.e., a
pilgrim.
The first poem in this anthology is
the ' Razon de Amor,' attributed by
some writers to Lope de Moros, who,
however, seems really to have been only
its transcriber ; and the second a ' Can-
tica ' by Gonzalo de Berceo, the first
Spanish poet who successfully revolted
from the metrical oppression of the
' cuaderna via.'
After a short ' Cantiga ' by Alfonso X.
we come to half a dozen poems by
Juan Ruiz, the arch-priest of Hita, who,
very " Goliard " though he was, is one
of the most prominent figures in
the history of Spanish literature. He
gathered and imitated so freely from all
sources that Amador de los Rios has
dubbed his works " The Encyclopaedia of
the Poetry of the Fourteenth Century,"
while elsewhere they are referred to as
" the most heterogeneous which the in-
fancy of literature has produced," and.
in respect of his Goliardism, as
" beginning in the Name of the Father,
the Son, and the Holy Ghost, a mixture of
Fables, Examples, Cantiques, Invocations
to Venus, Hymns to the Virgin, Love
Scenes, Licentious Pictures, Follies of all
kinds, and ending with a Sermon " ;
yet Ruiz was possessed of great native
genius. The present selection shows him
in at least two different lights : as express-
ing in an altogether unpriestly fashion
the opinion that " por ende delas mugeres
la mejor es la menor," and in praise of the
Virgin Mary.
Coming to another great name in Span-
ish literature, that of the Marques de
Santillana, we have among other poems
examples of his genius and skill in tech-
nique in the ' Cancion,' with the refrain
" en buena fe," and the justly famed
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
T1IK AT II KX.KUM
12
s> ninillit on the ' vaquera de la Finojosa,1
ending with the lines : —
mm i 9 '/' MOM
de amar, nin to eipera,
agtttMd raqut ra
de la Finojosa.
Almost immediately we come to Juan
de Mena, notable for much literary good
and evil, as are many Spanish poets ;
.and to Jorge Manrique's noble verses on
the death of his father, ending with the
lines : —
y aunque la vida murio,
nos dexo harto consuelo
su nienioria.
These verses have kept the poet's own
memory ever fresh in the hearts of his
countrymen.
Among the anonymous poems which
follow are examples of the strict form of
the true Spanish Romance, viz., lines of
sixteen syllables, all ending with the
uniform vowel assonance, irrespective of
consonants, to which the Spanish ear
is still so susceptible.
With Juan Boscan, the next prominent
figure in Spanish literature, we reach the
full force of the Italian influence, which
Francisco Imperial and Santillana had
prematurely tried to bring to bear on
Spanish poetry. Though a Catalan by
birth, Boscan taught himself to write in
Cast i Han, and became the leader of an
exotic school which gave preference
to Italian over native metrical forms.
In the end Boscan triumphed, but it
should be observed that the first of
the two poems by him given in this an-
thology— the ' Coplas a su amiga ' above
referred to — is written in the older and
typical Spanish octosyllabic metre.
Another poem, the ' Cena jocosa,' by
Baltazar de Alcazar, a soliloquy, has a
good deal in the rhythm and manner of
it which is suggestive of another mood of
Browning. Witness the last verse, in
which a conscientious but vain endeavour
is made by the speaker to finish a story
he had begun before supper and the
qualities of the viands and wines made
superior claims on his attention : —
Ya que, Im's, hemos cenado
tan bien y con tanto gusto,
jiarece que sera justo
volver al cuento pasado.
Pues sabras, Ines herniana,
que el portugues cayo enfermo
las onze dan ; yo me duermo :
quedese para mafiana.
There is a dainty example of the art of
Ghristobal de Castulejo in 'Al Amor,'
and one sonnet is placed to the account
of Cervantes.
The ingenuous absence of the sense of
religious reverence which at one time
characterized Spanish utterance, even in
pulpit, is exemplified in the ' Cancion
a Cristo crucificado,' by .Miguel Sanchez
with its childishly selfish
aqui, Redentor qaiero
Degar a tu juicio yo el primcro,
and the ' Letra al Santfshno Sacramento '
of Jose de valdivielso, which baa the
refrain : —
Aunque mas te disfra- ■>
galan divino,
en lo nmoho que lias dado
te ban couocido.
Evidence of Prof. Kit /.maurice- Kelly's
selective discretion is notable, as has been
already indicated, in his choice bom
GrOngOra. In the poems by this poet and
his successful literary rival, Lope de Vega
Carpio, given in this volume we Hnd none
of the obscurity and but little of the arti-
ficiality which constitute the chief defects
in much of the work of both, and have
made " Gongorisin " a byword of Spanish
literature.
On the contrary, there is a good deal
of bluntness of expression in Gongoras
c Letrilla,' beginning : —
Dineros son calidad ;
verdad.
Mas ama quien mas suspira ;
mentira.
— a material appreciation echoed in Que-
vedo's
Podtroso Cabalhro
es don Dinero,
and typical of the strong' common-sense
which underlies the politer affectations of
the Spanish character.
In ' A las ruinas de Italica,' by Rodrigo
Caro, we have classic Italy glorified in
both matter and metre, and in the unkind
epigram by Villamediana —
Cuando el marques de Malpiea,
Caballero de la Have,
con su silencio replica,
dice todo cuanto sabe —
an indication of the directness of
seventeenth-century satire.
Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz is eloquent
in the defence of her sex in the Rondillas
beginning : —
Hombres necios, que acusais
a la niujer sin razon,
sin ver que sois la ocasion
de lo mismo que culpais.
Another notable example of the tri-
umph of the native Spanish genius when
freed from the affectations of a particular
author is the celebrated ' Fiesta de toros
en Madrid,' in the '* Quintillas " form, by
Xicolas Fernandez de Moratin, who usually
did his utmost to gallic ize his style.
Manuel Jose Quintana, a patriot
although a zealous disciple of French
ideas, is represented by his warlike
stanzas ' Al armamento de las provincias
espanolas contra los franceses ' ; and the
patriotic note is repeated by Juan Nicasio
Gallego in ' El Dos de Mayo.'
The next literary period to which we
come is that of the Byronic influence — an
influence so strong in Espronceda that,
as the story goes, the Conde de Toreno,
when asked if he had read Espronceda.
replied, " Not much, but then I have read
all Byron." Nevertheless, Espronceda
has been called *' the most distinguished
lyrical poet of the century," while an-
other authority attributes to him "' all
the faults and virtues of his race."
With Campoamor we arrive at poetry
which has real virtues, although it makes
no vivid apjK'al to the present generation.
Campoamor was a poet w hose performance
may be said to have been better than his
precepts, which erred in the direction of
over-refinement and hair-splitting. He
undoubtedly had great natural powers.
the expression of which now suffers
chiefly from the vast difference in aesthetic
thought and feeling between our day and
his.
Nunez de Aree is represented by a
sadly ending ' [dilio ; while much dainty
workmanship, at least, stands to the
credit of Reuben Darfo and his one-time
disciple, Franciso Villaespeso.
There are examples of other living
poets.
Prof. Fitzmaurice-Kelly has appended a
useful series of biographical notes, and
the get-up of the little volume 18 excellent,
like that of its predecessors in the series.
THE POEMS OF NEWMAN HOWARD.
Tiik serious dignity and largeness of
utterance which belong to Mr. Howard's
muse, and especially to his dramatic
pieces, are well known among that select
class which cares for such things. There-
fore the fresh appearance of his collected
work, with some recent additions, will be
welcomed by all who know the writer as
a poet of distinction and achievement.
The achievement, as a matter of observa-
tion, is not of a kind which has stirred
universal responsiveness or sympathy,
even among lovers of poetry ; but the
distinction, showing itself most aptly in
its appeal to scholars, rises highest where
it reflects, in poetic terms which all can
follow, the charm of that unchanging
age which, even when crystallized in
myth, is most deeply embedded in the
morals of mankind. Not that Mr. Howard
is a dweller among the tombs. He has
a message for his own time.
Neither Mr. Howard's message nor his
poetry can be called complex. In prose —
the prose of his Preface — he is inclined to
scold his age, piling up his denunciations
with the unbridled eagerness of Swinburne.
In verse he instructs it, and in each case
he expresses himself with force. Just
as the dramatic unities are duly observed
in the play of ' Constant ine the Great '
(which is part of a Christian trilogy), so
the short lyrics and poems are connected
by links of poetic justice. A thread of
conviction runs through them, strung, as
it were, with the beads of ascertained
values, and generally interpreted in the
phrase that " the old fidelities and chi-
valries are as music."
Come clifinco, come change, — time sifts and
chooses well ;
still old loves Lighten, >iill the old hopes ease :
The city spreads, but not the citadel, —
The firm, the brave, the fair fidelities.
Thus does Mr. Howard interpret himself
for the benefit of those who are minded
to listen. But what of those who are n"t
so inclined 1 His words are addressed to
them also, and, prophet- wise, even more
forcibly to them. Arc wc he ask- to
lie dowti prostrate under the weighl oi a
foreign incubus : He denounces Nietzsche
as the fashion — " thai German Maohiavel,
whose distinctive propagandism is the
cult of the Cat-Man. oruel, lithe, and
treacherous." Fashion in thought, as in
dress, i- continually changing and a oev
Collected Poems by Newman Howard. (Mac*
niillan ,V ( '<>.. 7*. 'W. lid.)
126
THE ATI! KXJEUM
No. 4.500, Jan. "24, 1914
selection of authors to admire and catch-
words to copy may be brought forward
while these lines arc running through
the press ; hut the philosophy of the
Superman (a convenient phrase) was out
of date before '* the snows of yester-
year."' and. even if that were not so, its
sway never extended to the realm of
poetry. Mr. Howard is. nevertheless,
right in some of his assumptions. He is
right when he appeals to " the brotherly
and debonair " as represented by Shake-
speare, and to that nature which weaves
" sacred strands knitting past with present,
and life with life."
The volume before us offers creative
contrasts considerable in their range and
depth. It hardly approaches the point
of view, ethical or general, which prevails
at the present time, but this does not
detract from the acceptance which must
be accorded to the concentration of
principle which permeates the whole
collection. Poetry assuredly cannot be
constructed on principle, and the noblest
morals often escape altogether when
artifice attempts to secure them. But
the morals conveyed in the three dramas,
" Kiartan,' ' .Savonarola,' and ' Constan-
tine." are not only unexceptionable in
themselves. Their setting is picturesque.
Many of the individual scenes are pre-
sented with uncommon power, and de-
serve to be interpreted on the stage.
When Mr. Howard dips his quill
into the stream of current song, we do
not find him less alive to the infinite
gradations of emotion which form the
groundwork on which' every poet must
base his efforts to awaken emotion in
others. Whilst dignity prevails, a tender-
ness which broods in infinite hope over
the sufferings of mortals is equally con-
stant and consistent here, pointing now
to pride of race, now to simple personal
endurance. But as though to prove that
he can unbend from -these pinnacles of
thought, there is more than one pastiche
interwoven with grace of fancy and
humour of parable — things which have
reminded us often of Blake's fantastic
readings of life, and once at least of
Mr. Thomas Hardy's more rigid reflections.
There can be no question, indeed, that, so
far as poetry is concerned, the root of
the matter is here. It is impossible to
ignore the poet's wide choice of language,
or his assimilation of knowledge, or his
wholly impressive technique. As an ex-
ample of his style, we cannot forbear
from quoting the concluding lines from
the poem ' Saint Veronica,' for the whole
poem is a mirror of the tragedies of man-
kind, which are redeemable by spiritual
truth alone, of which we may gain the
assurance through such images as these : —
While blossoms fall,
And strew in spring the narrow lanes of life
With replicas of love s true azure tinct,
Still we may hope our mortal lives are linked
Across this stubble waste of woe and strife.
These steeps which hourly hear an Orpheus wail,
These rocks resounding with Prometheus' groftn,
To .some great kindly life which moulds our own.
By whom our ills are weighed, out- sorrows
known.
Who rules that good shall prosper, evil fail.
Life bonquer Death, and Love at last prevail.
The form of the volume is in itself a
high compliment to the author, for it
appears in that green cloth which the
publisher's keep for choice poetry..
The Church in, Borne in the First <'<'iilnr>i.
By George Edmundson. (Longmans
&' Co.. 7s. (id. net.)
In this volume of the Bampton Lectures,
delivered in 1913, the author, dealing
with the Church in Borne in the first
century, examines various controverted
questions relating to its history, chrono-
logy, literature, and traditions. Mr. Ed-
mundson has an intimate knowledge of
early Christian literature, possesses a
lucid style, and gives ample proof that
he is endowed with critical ingenuity.
He is undismayed as he attacks what are
almost dogmas in history. It has not
been a conclusion of any critical school
that St. Peter's connexion with Borne
extended from first to last through
twenty-five years ; and scholars have
not been prone to assign the Gospel of
St. Mark to the year 45, and the Epistle
of Clement to the year 70. Yet Mr.
Edmundson holds that St. Peter's earliest
visit to Borne was in 42, that the Gospel
of St. Mark was written in the period of
that visit, and that the Epistle of Clement
was dispatched from Borne to Corinth
earlier than the last decade of the first
century. These contentions do not ex-
haust the list of his critical heresies, but
they are glaring examples. Mr. Edmund-
son is sometimes assertive rather than
argumentative, as when he states.
" That Peter visited Rome between the
years 62 a.d. and 65 a.d., and that he was
put to death there by crucifiction, is ad-
mitted by every one who studies the evidence
in a fair and reasonable spirit " ;
and. again, that
" the deaths bjr martyrdom of the Apostles
Peter and Paul at Rome towards the close
of Nero's reign are among the facts of first-
century history which may in these days be
regarded as practically outside controversy.'"
In spite of the first of these statements,
there are scholars, with no prejudice ex-
cept for the truth in history, who are
not free from doubt concerning St. Peter's
death at Rome, yet may be credited with
studying the evidence in a fair and reason-
able spirit. They are influenced, on the
one hand, by the tradition that the
Apostle perished in Rome, and, on the
other, by the fact that the tradition was
not of early origin, and that it expanded
as the years passed. Erorn the New
Testament we learn nothing regarding
the Apostle's later life or regarding the
circumstances of his death, and it is
urged that the explanation of the silence
of Acts is that St. Luke intended to
produce a third work, dealing with the
incidents of the concluding years of St.
Peter and St. Paul. So noted a scholar
as Dr. Harnack, however, does not accept
this explanation, since he finds no proof
of it in the plan of Acts or in any state-
ment of its author. As there are no
authentic details of St. Peter's life after
42 a.d.. when he was released by miracle
from prison, there may be excuse for a
biographer venturing on the slippery
path of conjecture. There is an ancient
tradition that Jesus gave command to
His disciples to continue in Jerusalem
for twelve years, and thereafter to go-
forth to the nations ; and there is an-
other tradition that Simon Magus wa-
in Borne, proclaiming himself " to be the
Great Power of God." .Mr. Edmundson
conjectures that to St. Peter, as chief ol
the Apostles, was assigned the charge oi
the Christian Church in the Imperial
capital, and that, escaping from the
persecution by Herod Agrippa, he pro-
ceeded to Borne. In favour of the year
42 a.d. as the date of the first visit to
Borne the statement of Jerome is brought
forward, that
"Simon Peter, prince of the Apostles....
in the second year of Claudius goes to Rome
to oppose Simon Magus, and there for
twenty-five years he held the sacerdotal
chair until the last year of Nero, that i-
the fourteenth."
Further, there is in favour of the sugges-
tion that St. Peter went to Rome in
42 a.d. the fact that when St. Paul
wrote his Epistle to the Romans, they
formed " a Christian community not of
yesterday, but of many years' standing.'5
There is. too. the fact that it was long-
before St. Paul visited this community.
which was another man's foundation. In
reply to the question — Who was this man ?
Mr. Edmundson answers. " It cannot be
any other than St. Peter."
Arguments are adduced to show that
St. Peter paid a second visit to Rome
in the years 54-6 a.d., and that in the
seven years before 54 a.d. he may have
been at Antioch. where, according to
Jerome, he was bishop for the space of
seven years. Attention is drawn to the
prominence of the year 55 a.d. in the
records of the Roman Church, and the ex-
planation of that prominence is, according
to Mr. Edmundson, that
" at this date Peter personally gave to that
Church its local organization by appointing
out of the general body of presbyters an
inner presbyterial council entrusted with
special pastoral duties of administration
and overseershrp."
But. it may lie asked, if St. Peter went to-
Borne in 42 a.d. and found there a Chris-
tian community, and if he did not appoint
the inner presbyterial council till 55 a.d.,
what was his work as a founder ? and
why, on account of it, was St. Paul
much hindered from visiting Borne ? It
is not necessary to maintain with Pfleiderer
that the verses in Romans xv. which
include the reference to " another man's
foundation " have been either bodily
interpolated or very much modified by a
Roman bishop of the second century who
wished to limit St. Paul's relations with
Rome and give scope to the Roman Peter
legend growing up in his time. There are
two considerations, however, which are
important, even though they are not
novel. If St. Peter had founded the
Church in Rome, there would surely have
been some reference to the fact in the
No. 4500, Jan. 24. 1914
T 11 K A Til KX mv m
Epistle to the Romans ; and if he had
been directly associated with thai Church,
st. Paul, as the Apostle of the Gentiles,
would Burely not have included it within
his province.
The date of St. Mark's Gospel is im-
portant for Mr. Edmundson's argument
that St. IVtor was in Rome from and after
the year 42 a..d. Be declares that " a
series of witnesses affirm thai .Mark ac-
companied the Apostle to Home and
there wrote his Gospel " : and. referring to
Dr. Harnaek's admission that that Gospel
may be assigned at the latest to the sixth
decade of the first century, he asserts that
it is fairly certain that St. Mark was not
at Rome during the sixth deeade.
'There can therefore be no objection [he
says] to accepting the voire of tradition,
which makes the Gospel to have been written
for the use of St. Peter's Roman converts
about the year 45 a.d."
Dr. Harnack points out that we learn from
Clement of Alexandria for the first time
that the Gospel of St. Mark was written
by St. Mark in Rome when St. Peter was
yet alive, at the request of the hearers of
St. Peter : and it is worthy of note that
Clement cannot possibly he cited as an
early authority. Irenaeus, as opposed to
Clement, says that St. Mark, after the de-
parture of St. Peter and St. Paul, handed
<lown in writing what St. Peter used to
preach. Apart altogether from tradition,
the Gospel itself, with its reference to the
destruction of .Jerusalem, does not suggest
that it could have been written so early
as 45 a.d. : and many scholars will find
it difficult to believe that the date of
St. Mark's (Jospel and the place of its
composition can be taken as evidence jn
favour of St. Peters connexion with the
Church of Rome.
The Epistle of Clement is used by
Mr. Edmundson and he says that the
words of Clement leave no doubt that
St. Peter was martyred at Rome. Un-
fortunat sly for this contention, there are
many scholars who are still in doubt,
-ince Clement did not mention Rome.
ghtfoot fixed the date of the Epistle
• 95 or 96 a.d. : but Mr. Edmundson
rejects that date, as other scholars have
done, and hold- that it was written in the
early months of 7(1 a.d. He argues that
Clement, therefore, was a contemporary
vt. Peter, and that many of his phrases
i he explained only on the supposi-
tion that he wrote BOOH after the Apostle's
death. Mr. Edmundson's arguments are
skilful; yet there is one passage in Cle-
ment which gives indication of a date.
: it doe- not support these arguments.
Clemenl speaks oi elders "appointed by
the Apostles or afterward- by other illus-
trious men " and of these elders " as
borne witness to for a long period."
Apostles, illustrious men succeeding them.
i elder- living tor a long tune after
their appointment by these men require
for their period at least a generation after
the death of St. Peter and St. Paul, and
that generation could not have been con-
cluded in the year "o a.d.
English Travellers
Bv Clare How ard
net.)
of ili<' Renaissance.
(John Lane, Is. 6d.
The main business of Mi— Howard's book
is a review of Elizabethan travel-manuals,
those curious little works on the art of
journeying which preach the duly of
foreign travel to a gentleman who would
be what Anthony Wood calls " a compleat
person," and which mingle comments
upon the characteristics of foreigners with
hints about the commissariat, and in-
structions, like those of Cratarolus in his
* De Regimine Iter Agentium,' for endur-
ing hunger and thirst, and for curing sore
feet.
The author's survey of her subject
ben ins where, for the reader of fiction,
Charles Reade left it in ' The Cloister and
the Hearth." She takes up the tale of
travel at the period when pilgrimages
had become largely a matter of business
or a source of dissipation, as Erasmus
roundly declared, and were becoming the
means of satisfying that desire for know-
ledge which was the chief characteristic
of the Renaissance. One of the most
important chapters in the history of our
own country was opened when young
Oxonian scholars like Robert Fleming,
William Grey, and the Earl of Worcester
began to study at Padua or Verona, and
to bring back from Italy presents of
Greek or Latin books for the libraries of
Lincoln, Balliol, or the University : when
Groeyn and Linacre studied at Florence
before teaching More and Erasmus at
Oxford. This period, introductory to
her subject, Miss Howard touches on
briefly, but she is a little unfortunate, we
think, in conveying the impression that
it was merely " exquisite learning " that
was sought by such travellers. The
whole science of modern medicine dates
from the studies of Linacre in Italy.
Some there were, of course, who, in the
shrewd words of old Roger Ascham, came
back " with less learning and worse
manners " — Englishmen " Italianate," who
were more or less the devils incarnate of
the proverb, and whose affectations and
vices fill the pages of the satirists of the
age, like Greene, Nash, Ben Jonson,
Gabriel Harvey, and Shakespeare.
An acquaintance with the travel-
manuals which Miss Howard, with the aid
of wide reading and a pretty American
accent, here places easily at the disposal
of her readers will certainly render the
Elizabethan classics more intelligible to
them. Other chapters revive the litera-
ture of .Jacobean travel, when Prance
took the place of Italy as the Mecca of
the exquisite, and dancing, tennis, horse-
manship, fencing, and waistcoats were
the objects sought, rather than the rare
manuscripts or works of art which, in the
heyday of the Italian Renaissance, were
the richest rewards of travelling prince or
adventurous burgher.
Some reproductions of old prints, in-
cluding a portrait of the Admirable
Crichton, illustrate the subject oi Renais-
sance travel.
A QUAKEB AND A MISSIONARY
BISHOP IX AMERICA.
There is a large number of religious
works which, quite naturally and usefully,
are stamped with the character of the
writer's denomination, and can be fully
appreciated only by his fellows. But
there are a few such works which, how-
ever true to the special doctrines of the
w liter's faith, make so profound an appeal
to the common human apprehension <>l
God that differences of belief become
in regard to them almost obliterated.
Not all of these singularly precious books
are so well known as the\ OUght to be.
and we are grateful to Mr. Tei'uninouth
Shore for bringing afresh into notice the
Journal of John Wbolman, which i- in-
contestable- one of them.
John Woolman was born in \'\\
Jersey in 1720, and died of smallpox in
England, while here on a visit, in 177 J.
The son of a Quaker, he was brought up
in the principles of the Society, and seems
never to have been in contact with any
other form of religion. He gained early
his individual hold on the faith in which
he had been instructed, and over and
above the capacities which develop in
any devout person, he undoubtedly pos-
sessed the peculiar gift of the mystic —
some measure of direct intuition into
things beyond the reach of ordinary
sense. Two experiences of his which
show this are related here : and. since in
this respect mystics differ w idely. the words
'"covered with inward prayer" 'under
a heavenly covering " — not uncommon
with him. and evidently intended literally
— are interestingas indicating the ordinary
mode of his mystical conscioustie--.
His temper has a curious affinity with
that of some of the saintly personages
of seventeenth-century France. If he
reminds one somewhat of the Jansenists,
he reminds one yet more of M. de Kentv.
one of the group of Norman mystics,
vehement opponents of Jansenisl doctrine.
Indeed, between the wealthy French
nobleman, with all the resources "I
learning and the most brilliant social life
at his command, and the humble, scant iK
informed New Jersey tailor there i- a
likeness in outlook, in their attitude. QOl
only towards God, but also towards their
fellow-men, which Illustrates rather plea-
santly for how little, in regard to the
things that really matter, the bo solid-
looking web of circumstance counts.
Both in religion lived a lite singularly
direct and original ; both had. in the
unusual degree sufficient radically to
affect their management of affairs, thi
dread of the bu-iue-- of thi- world coming
between themselves and I rod - and both
had a strange independence "I family and
personal tic- even though the} con
John Woolman: his Lift and •>»> Tin
By W. Teigni Hi Shore. I Macmillan .\
Co., 6s. IHt. I
77" Lift <in<! Labourt oj Bishop Hare,
Apostle to tl ■ Sioux. Bj M. A. De
Wolfe Howe. (New York, Sturgia a
Walton t Jompany.)
128
Til E ATII KKiEUM
No. 4500, Jan. k24, 1914
tracted them — along with the most fer-
vent and unreservedly self-immolating
charity towards human beings in general.
Both also virtually denied to art and
the sense of beauty any legitimate func-
tion in human life.
One of the strongest — and, we may
perhaps add. the most wholesome —
principles of conduct with John Woolman
was his considered aversion from over-
much labour. He chose the trade of a
tailor because he expected it would leave
him a reasonable amount of leisure.
For a time, besides fashioning garments,
he also retailed goods — first trimmings,
and then cloths and linens —
" and at length [he goes on], having got
a considerable shop of goods, my trade in-
creased every year, and the way to large
business appeared open, but I felt a stop in
my mind.... on serious consideration, [I]
believed truth did not require me to engage
much in cumbering affairs."
So he lessened his outward business.
having first told his customers of his
intention,
that thev might consider
what shop to turn to," and employed some
of the time thus gained in attending to
his garden. In the business which he
still followed he was careful to advise the
people who came to him, and especially
the poor, in their interest rather than his
own .
This scrupulous regard for the minutiae
of other peoples welfare, or even mere
convenience, so far as he could affect it,
he extended impartially to all those
whom he knew and those whom he would
never know. He thought with disap-
proval as well as with pity of the immode-
rate labour of poor people — toiling for
nothing but to supply the rich with
luxuries ; of poor women forced, in the
struggle to provide for their families, to
" do as much business as would for the
time be suitable for two or three " ; of
factory workers, of hard-ridden postboys,
and of the animals' too which man
compels to take a share in his troubles.
In season and out of season he strove
with the conventions of the well-to-do
which bring upon the rest of the com-
munity this curse of overwork. In his
own practice he avoided with uncom-
promising strictness everything which
he recognized as the product of, or as
contributory to, that curse. Thus, coming
to believe that the dyeing of stuffs em-
ploys human energy on a vain thing, and
also tends to conceal dirt, he refused
during the later years of his life to wear
anything that had been dyed. Ready as
he was to tend the sick and comfort the
miserable, he differed here in one respect
from Renty. He considered carefully
what were the risks of each undertaking,
and incurred them only if he thought he
could bring the matter
having something of
instinct concerning the
tempting that which
might. This is not to say that his charity
was restricted within the bounds of the
ordinary person's easygoing benevolence.
Crossing to England, he chose to share
the hardships of the voyage with the
to a good end —
Richard Rolle"s
sinfulness of at-
is bevond one's
poorer passengers, because he would not
countenance the vain decorating of cabins
even so much as by paying the higher fare.
In the steerage he met with miseries which
half broke his heart ; he alleviated all he
could, and bore patiently the torture of
acute sympathy with the rest.
But the central anxiety of his life was
the existence of the slave trade. Few
at that date seem to have realized the
evils it involved — not only for the slave, but
also, and still more, for the slave-owner —
so keenly as did Woolman. A great part
of his life was spent in travelling from one
Quaker centre to another, to the Yearly
or Quarterly Meetings ; and wherever he
went, he found, and he struggled manfully
against, this wrong.
It is clear that with advancing years he
became more and more what the superficial
would call eccentric ; yet the Quakers in
England testify to the great " sweetness "
of his company, and in his own country,
despite his sincere, one might almost
call it his passionate, humility, he had
come to be a power.
" (Jet the writings of John Woolman
by heart.'" Charles Lamb says in the
Essay on " A Quakers' Meeting ' ; and
Mr. Teignmouth Shore very suitably
quotes Crabb Robinson's praise on laying
clown the Journal. WToolman's style
savours more of the seventeenth than the
eighteenth century. It has the particular
and by no means common charm of a
great natural gift of expression, which is
yet not a perfectly adequate vehicle for
the fullness of thought, emotion, and
experience it is destined to express, and
therefore acts also in part, and sometimes
rather naively, as a restraint. His use
of words is exact and sensitive ; his
rhythm rounded and flowing, yet not
lacking either in strength or sonority ;
the sense he delivers always predominates
over the diction. He has no learning, and
little information, it would appear, beyond
what he obtained at first hand by observa-
tion and by attention to his business and
the affairs of the Society of Friends ; but
such information as he possesses he is
emphatically master of. His Journal is
a fine piece of literature, without being
precisely literary ; and in this respect it
reminds one of a book now, perhaps, to
some extent forgotten — Hugh Miller's
' My Schools and Schoolmasters,' which
shows the same qualities of grave, exact,
and energetic language, frankly sub-
ordinate to the matters it conveys. Put
the gift of expression at a lower power,
and make the subject-matter more in-
tricate and difficult, and you get writing
like Darwin's.
The story of Bishop Hare, the Apostle
to the Sioux, from Mr. De Wolfe Howe
has more merit as a biography than the
life of John Woolman which we have
been considering. The branch of the
Anglican Church to which the Bishop
belonged — the "Protestant Episcopal
Church " of the United States — is, we
fancy, generally overlooked by Anglicans
at home, both in their assiunptions as
to their own denominational bounds
and in their habitual ideas of the
American scene. Nevertheless, that far-
flung branch of Anglicanism flourishes
and is strong, whether England remem-
bers it or no, and from time to time
puts forth fruit that is unmistakably
of the tree and equal to the best of its
characteristic yield. Xot the least inter-
esting feature in the book now before us
is just that it illustrates strikingly, and
as it were unawares, this distinctive homo-
geneity of type in the elect men of a
religious communion historically sun-
dered and most diversely situated, and
shows how what is sometimes called (not
too happily) the Church atmosphere
recreates and perpetuates itself under
alien skies.
Bishop Hare's pedigree affords an in-
stance of hereditary profession worthy of
our oAvn country, where it is easy to point
to families that have been prominent in
special lines for generations. Of his own
father, who was on the American Com-
mittee of Revisers, it is recorded that
" from the period of his ordination the
Scriptures in their original texts had
never been half a day out of his hands."
Hare was himself marked out, by moral
predilection and physique, for a life of
peaceful studies and social refinement,
had not his heroic devotion carried him
beyond it. Therefore, perhaps, it is
that he dwells with special joy on his
meeting with Ellicott (then Bishop of
Gloucester and Bristol) during a brief
visit to England in 1875-6. " Really an
event in my life," he writes to his sister,,
regarding a one-night stay at the Palace,
" for the Bishop devoted himself to me,
venerable as he is, and I learned his views
on many subjects in which I feel interest.
" I was gladdened by receiving while at
Crewe Hall your letter of the 15 ult. enclosing
one from Father, for which please thank
him. Would that he could have enjoyed
the Bishop of G. and B. ! 'O-cos and Iva
would have flown through the air like shuttle-
cocks. Bye the bye, tell Father that
the Bishop quite agrees with him as to
eKiropn'o/urov as referring to the temporal
mission, says that Trapa (not ck) indicates
that this is what is referred to, and that
Theodore of Mopsuestia was the first to
suggest another meaning."
How often, in reading this life-record,
has one wished the eager-hearted Bishop
another long draught of Ellicott and a
really satisfying go, in lamplit session
with him, at Theodore of Mopsuestia 1
But the lot was cast to him in less pleasant
places ; even then it was as a man with
the menace of an irremediable breakdown
already upon him, the result of overwork
and sheer hardship, that he was on
forced furlough for a few months. Already
in 1872, at the age of 34, he had been
elected Bishop of Niobrara, a diocese
roughly coinciding with the present South
Dakota, and at that time virtually Indian
country still.
At the moment when he proceeded to
the scene of his future labours the
American people was in an ugly state
of mind towards the Indians generally,
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Til E A Til i:\ TUTM
12!)
and clamouring for the definitive ex-
termination of one tribe — the " murdering
Modocs " — at least. Bare had other
views as to the proper incidence of blame
for any '* murders " that might happen,
and as to the qualities of the Indian
The years of work among them which
followed deepened his respect for the
race, and added to it a genuine affec-
tion. Their mental vigour and their
sense of justice (source of many a so-
called murder !) gave them dignity in
his eyes; ami not less was he in sym-
pathy with their sense of a spiritual world
and the discipline they gladly underwent
in order to establish their personal relation
with it. ' I say these people are an
intensely religious people."' he exclaims.
" You must not hand them over to mere
civilization."
If episcopal diligence directed by a full
heart and head could avert that moral
denudation, he was the man to accomplish
it. It is difficult to say, indeed, whether the
tale of his labours or the beauty of charac-
ter that qualified them leaves the deeper
impression on the mind. Recognizing
that he could only be worthily a bishop
by being emphatically a missionary, he
so organized matters as to make it pos-
sible tor him to devote himself to almost
continual visitation throughout a diocese
in which, during the earlier years, one
could travel eight days without des-
crying a human being or habitation.
Often the habitation in which he had
to seek shelter for the night was such
• i- a London casual would have scorned,
or a prizefighter would have been
chary of trusting himself to. At one
time we find him waiting all day for
a swollen river to fall, and spending all
night and a great part of next day under
the open sky ; at another, his horse balks
in midstream, leaving him afloat in the
half-submerged cart ; to say nothing of
bewilderments in the snow, or vanishing
trails leading to nowhere under a burn-
ing sun. Somebody one day descried
on the wretched prairie -road'' an
approaching cart in which a huge box
left no room for seat or driver,
the horse being led by a figure that
trudged heavily through the winter
slush. It was the Bishop. He had
struck the distant railway on a return
journey and found a belated Christmas
consignment. Knowing the disappoint-
ment that its non-arrival would cause
among his mission Indians and children,
he had brought it with him, and had
still a long way to go.
lb- had his joy in the joy of these, and
the great prospering of his work. Nor
was it work among Indians alone. White
men crowded in as the years went on.
and with the peopling of the land and the
growth of cities came graver problems
than the heathen presented. How he
laboured, and with what effect, to equip
South Dakota with the apparatus of
moral and spiritual influence must be
read in the book ; as must also his heroic
and at last triumphant fighl againsl the
roaring divorce-trade which for a time
enriched and disgraced her.
J a pan's Inheritance : the Country, its
I'ldjih (iinl ih< ir Destiny. By E. Bruce
Mitford. (Fisher Unwin, I0a.6d.net.)
'Puis is a brightly written book, and it will
be none the less welcome to the average
reader because of the omission of dry
details of mythology and early history,
as well as matters relating to the modern
transformation of Japan, matters with
which books on that country are apt to be
overburdened. Thirteen of its twenty
chapters deal with an attractive subject,
the physical aspects and phenomena of
Japan. The author, who writes with
knowledge and a keen appreciation of
scenery, tells us of Japanese mountains,
lakes, rivers, and waterfalls, and inci-
dentally of earthquakes, and his descrip-
tions are supplemented by some good
illustrations, amongst which the pictures
of volcanoes and their craters are. per-
haps, the most interesting in view of the
recent outbreak of Sakurashima.
The rest of the book is devoted to more
serious subjects. The chapter on ' Coun-
try Life ' gives on the whole a correct
idea of rural surroundings in Japan,
though the author goes astray in his
rendering of the word hii/akusho — a
general term applied to members of the
agricultural class. It is interesting to
hear that Japan, like other countries, is
confronted with the problem of the trend
of population from the country to the
towns, and that there is a prospect —
probably more remote than the author
seems to think — of the present small-
holders being displaced by landowners of
the European type.
In dealing with the difficult subjects
of education and religion the author
calls attention to the intimate con-
nexion between patriotism and religion
in Japan, and he is probably right in
thinking that one of the main obstacles to
the spread of Christianity is the fact of
its being a foreign religion. What he
says of the want of discipline in Japanese
schools is true enough. It is a sign of
the times, and one of the results of the
inrush of Western ideas. His view of
the desirability of the abolition of the
Chinese characters in writing and print-
ing will be endorsed by those who
know Japan best, but the movement in
this direction has made such small pro-
gress since its inception in the early eighties
that, without stronger official encourage-
ment than it has yet received, there is
little hope of its success in the near
future.
Chapter XVI. contains some interest-
ing observations on the position of the
Elder Statesmen, and the development
of parliamentary government, from which
it will be seen that very sanguine expecta-
tions are held by the author as to the ulti-
mate triumph of democratic ideas. In
the concluding chapters we are reminded
that the Japanese nation is dissatisfied
with the degree of equality with the West
which has been attained, and that there
may be trouble in the future before the
relations between East and West are
finally adjusted. There is no reason to
doubt the truth of the statement that the
rise of Japan to her present position is
responsible for much of the unrest which
exists in Asia to-day ; but lew will share
the author's belief in an eventual fusion
of the Chinese and Japanese races, or
even in their united action in the form
spoken of as the " N't How Peril."
In the spelling of Japanese words Mr.
Mitford's book compares favourably with
most books on Japan. " Tsubuka." on
]>. 68, should, however, be Tsukuba ; and
" Ainoku (barbarian).'" on p. I554, is a
mistake for Ai-no-ko (half-caste). One
or two misstatements which occur max
also be noticed. The 210th and 220th
(not 221st) days, which are dreaded by
farmers, are reckoned, not from the
planting of the rice, but from the beginning
of the new year (O.K.) ; the wearing of
swords was prohibited in 1873 (not 1878),
and this prohibition was not the cause of
the Satsuma rebellion in 1H77 (not 187H) ;
nor are kirattto and Nikko synonymous
terms.
So far as the scenery of Japan is con-
cerned, and some aspects of its life, the
author has certainly succeeded in his pro-
fessed object of making Japan better
known. Whether he has successfully
probed the mystery surrounding what he
describes as the complex entity of the
Japanese soul is a point which must be
left to each reader to determine for him-
self.
Studies in Portiu/uesc Literature. Bv
Aubrey F. C. Bell. (Oxford, B. H.
Blaekwell.)
Poems from the Portuguese. Translated
bv Aubrev F. (!. Bell. (Same publisher.
3s. btf. net.)
THESE Studies evidently have been a
labour of love to Air. Beli, who begins the
Preface with a regret that Portuguese
literature has as yet received little atten-
tion from English critics, and ends it with
a modest hope that one he deems worthier
than himself may champion in greater
fullness the cause he loves.
That a more lengthy and detailed history
of Portuguese' literature may one day
appear in the English language is probable.
In the meanwhile it is but bare justice
to Mr. Bell to say that the present volume
is a highly appreciable contribution to the
sum totai of what can be usefully said on
the subject.
Two obstacles stand in the way of any
wide interest in Portuguese literature :
the comparatively small extent of a suffi-
cient knowledge of the language, and an
intrinsic lack of general attractiveness in
a literature pervaded as this is by the
spirit of sadness.
Love, sorrow, and death— " love with-
out jo\ . and death as an object of desire.
to quote Mr. Bell's own words— are the
burden alike of its earliest lyrics and its
poetry of to-day : its (now practicalb
extinct) native drama IS heavy with the
horridly fulfilled forebodings of ancient
tragedy ; and much of its modern prose
130
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4-500, Jan. 24, 1914
is handicapped by a repulsiveness of in-
cident and psychology imitated, with
exaggeration, from foreign " realistic "
schools.
Imitation has been a constant vice
through the whole length of Portuguese
literature — a tendency which, however,
throws into relief the innate strength and
virtue of the native poetic genius, dis-
played most distinctively in its lyrics.
That sorrowful, wistful yearning (" Sau-
dade ") has almost been adopted as a cult
does not affect the fact that this melan-
choly form of sentiment is inbred in the
Galician race, and comes out in almost
every line of its really native literature,
in spite of the natural surroundings of
its " campos verdes de cor de limao " and
the " macio azul " of its skies.
Nevertheless, it is in nature that
Portuguese poets have found the inspira-
tion of their beautiful, if rare, apprecia-
tions of the pure joy of life, as, for
instance, in the following, by the living
writer Abilio Guerra Junquiero, with the
delightful imagery of the final line : —
A estrella da manha
Na altura resplandece ;
E a cotovia, a sua linda irma,
Vae pelo azul urn cantico vibrando,
Tao limpido, tao alto que parece
Que e a estrella no eeo que esta cantando.
But even these lines are from a poem ' A
Morte de Dom Joao ' ; and Anthero de
Quenthal, Portugal's modern poet of hope
and light, for whom Joao de Deus wrote
the splendid epitaph,
Aqui jaz p6 ; eu nao : eu sou quern fui,
Rajo animado de unia luz celeste,
A qual a morte as almas restitue,
Restituindo a terra o pel que as veste,
died by his own hand.
So, throughout, tragedy is on or just
behind every page of Portuguese litera-
ture, covering the whole with a pall of
sadness needing some moral courage to
lift. Beneath, however, there is much
beauty, and Mr. Bell pleads earnestly and
well for a wider appreciation of " the many
noble fruits in its occasionally dreary
charnzcas."
It is in poetry (and particularly in the
bucolic lyrics in which the native genius
finds its best and truest expression) that
these fruits are mostly to be found.
Drama, with the notable exceptions of
the works of Gil Vicente and Almeida-
Garrett, has remained exotic in Portugal ;
and prose — some excellent precepts for
the writing of which were laid down by
King Duarte in the early part of the
fifteenth century — has been chiefly de-
voted to translation or imitation.
Portugal has had many true poets
besides Canities, and it is in respect of
poetry that some critics have declared the
present to be the golden age of its litera
ture.
These Studies are accompanied by
short, clearly written biographies of lead-
ing Portuguese authors, from King Diniz
(1279-1325) to the living Teixeira de
Pascoaes, with literal renderings of the
excerpts given from their works.
As to these versified translations, the
author is too modest when he regards
them as " but miserable echoes of the
originals." They are often something
very much more praiseworthy. But he
is obviously right when he warns any
reader against judging Portuguese poetry
from them — a warning applying with
equal force to almost any translation of
any poetry.
The text is accompanied throughout by
informative foot-notes. The Preface is
followed by a list of some general works
on Portuguese literature, and the Index of
Quotations is useful. That of persons is,
however, incomplete.
Mr: Bell's charming collection of fifty
short poems should be read in conjunction
with the studies we have just noticed.
The poems are well selected, and range
from the thirteenth century to the present
time.
As another eminent critic (Mr. Edgar
Prestage) has told us, " the cancioneiros
prove that the early love songs of the
whole peninsula were written in Portu-
guese,'* and the full list of celebrated
Portuguese poets is a long one, since it
should properly contain the names of all
from the middle of the fifteenth century
till the eighteenth who (with the excep-
tion of Antonio Ferreira) wrote in Spanish,
and therefore are counted as belonging to
that literature.
In the short Preface, dated from S. Joao
do Estoril, Mr. Bell makes mention of the
now universally accepted fact that
" the chief excellence of Portuguese
literature consists undoubtedly in its lyrism,
and it is the charm of many of these lyrics
that they are of the soil."
Indeed, most of them, except the earlier
courtly imitations, are faithful reflections
of the distinctive native genius. Back to
the land, in fact, have gone most of the
great Portuguese poets from and including
Almeida-Garrett, and in the soil they have
found their truest inspiration.
On the alternate pages the author gives
us his renderings into English, several
of which are also to be found in the
' Studies ' noticed above.
That occasionally these are something
more than mere versified translations may
be judged from Mr. Bell's rendering of
the following lines by Antonio Ferreira on
the death of his wife : —
Aquelle elaro sol que me mostrava
O caminho do eeo mais ehao, mais certo,
E com seu novo raio ao longe e ao perto
Toda a sombra mortal m'afungentava,
Deixou a prisao triste em que ca estava :
Eu tiquei cego e so, com passo incerto,
Perdido peregrino no deserto
A que faltou a guia que o levava.
Assi co' o espirito triste, o juizo escuro,
Suas santas pisadas vou buscando,
Por valles e por campos e por montes.
Em toda a parte a vejo e figuro :
Elle me toma a mao e vae guiando,
E meus olhos a seguem, feitos fontes.
That sun which ever clearly to me showed
How Heaven's path plain and sure before me lay,
And tar and near with ever-living ray
Banished all mortal shadows from the road,
Has left the prison-house where it abode ;
And I, alone and blind, perplexed must stray
As wanderer in desert lost, whose way
Now lacks the help that guidance had bestowed.
So that, with saddened heart, in doubt and woe,
O'er hill and plain and valley far and wide
Seeking her holy footsteps now I go.
And everywhere to me her form appears :
She leads me by the hand and is my guide,
I follow with my eyes, two springs of tears.
FICTION.
The Flying Inn. By G. K. Chesterton.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Mr. Chesterton will find his book used
to support not only different but also
widely differing theories. To adapt a
well-known saying, in our opinion Chester-
ton and Chesterton's God alone knew what
he meant by it all when it was being
written, but by the time the critics have
finished explaining it, probably Omnipo-
tence only will retain any assurance on
the subject. The knowledge that we
may add to the bewilderment does
not, however, deter us from entering the
field.
Many will dub the whole thing a night-
mare— in part, at least, we should call
it a Futurist dream. To describe its
setting would be as useful as to recount
the contortions of an uneasy sleeper, for its
incongruity rivals that of other books by
the same hand.
Setting ourselves to catch the drift of
what at the outset seem but incoherent
ramblings, we discovered that they re-
solved themselves generally into a tilt-
ing at what most people would sum
up in the phrase " modern Puritanism "
— a Puritanism which has reached a stage
little removed from gross indulgence in
luxurious a?stheticism. The character-
istics of this code are personified in
a character called Ivywood, and he
is responsible for legislative acts
which have the same effects on British
character as follow the conjunction in
nature of the two syllables of his name.
The contrasting character, who sets him-
self to defeat these efforts at strangulation,
is named Dalroy ; we refuse to give the
only explanation of the name which occurs
to us, for it seems too far-fetched even
for Mr. Chesterton. The whimsical inci-
dents connected with the warfare between
the two — they have . really no con-
nexion with the serious import of the
book — we leave readers to learn for
themselves, so that we may have room to
consider the thoughts behind the fooling.
That legislative acts interfering with
the right of liberty to enjoy the bounties
of Providence will tend to produce a
race of hypocrites rather than decent-
living men and Avomen is happily a
settled belief among thinking people,
and in so far as Mr. Chesterton lias
laboured that point he has wasted
his opportunity to deal with the more
real question, Who is to decide where
legitimate enjoyment ends and abuse
begins ? In this more intricate problem
we are not so willing as we could wish
to be to accept Mr. Chesterton as guide,
philosopher, and friend. We have no
more sympathy with his hero when
he abuses himself and leads others to
abuse his command over a keg of rum
than Ave have for the villain of the piece
when he abuses his control over his pos-
sessions— among which he includes his
women-folk.
The book runs to only 300 pages, and
half as many Avould have contained all
No. 4500, Jan. 24. I'M 4
Til E AT 1 1 i: X .KUM
31
thai is worth remembering, though that
better half is really memorable. The other
half we regard as a sop thrown to a
public whose inconstant temper makes
it necessary to provide incessant relief
from seriousness — to prevent them from
straying further afield to worse distrac-
tions.
At any rate. Mr. Chesterton's method
makes it easier to extract and examine
the good things away from their irrelevant
context .
A ^hh\ proportion of the doggerel inter-
'spersed is only tiresome, hut the verse
at the foot of p. 4:5 deserves musical
honours. Mr. Chesterton scores more
than one bulls-eve with the darts he
hurls at the " unco gnid " and those who,
under the impression that exaggeration is
growth, turn sane ideas into crazy ones;
and we agree with his condemnation of
those who martyr their fellows to the end
that they may keep an individual faith
with a very individualistic definition.
There is. however, more than mere point-
making in his contention that faddists
enjoy inordinate attention because we
lack the inspiration of such a religion as
would guide and mould our thoughts to
_ d purpose, and as space fails us, we
prefer to omit a number of small cavils and
show our appreciation of Mr. Chesterton's
quality by a quotation :—
Well,' asked the red-haired and good-
humoured Mrs. Mackintosh, without looking
up from her work of scribbling, 'have you
discovered anything ? '
"For some moment- Joan appeared to
be in a blacker state of brooding than usual ;
then she said, in a candid dnd friendly
tone, which somehow contrasted with her
knit and swarthy brows :
\.». really. At least, J think I've
only found out two things : and they are
only things about myself. 1 've discovered
t'rnr [ do like heroism, but I don't like
hero worship.'
" Surely.' said Miss Browning, in the
Girton manner. ' the one always flows from
the other."
1 hope not.' said Joan.
But what else can you do with the
hrro ! ' asked Mrs. Mackintosh, still without
looking up from her writing. ' except
worship him ? '
You might crucify him,' said Joan."
Questing Beast. By Ivy Low.
(Martin Seeker, 6s.)
A\ infinite capacity for detail is one of the
key-notes of modern novel-writing, and
the book before us i> modern in every
- of the word. It is a study of a
woman's — a literary woman's — tempera-
ment, and it handles some delicate sub-
Let us hen- acquit the author
at one- of using her theme as a bait
to lure the ^discriminating public — an
accusation thai can be brought against
many writers of fiction to-dav. On the
contrary, her manner ot handling is fully
in keeping with the nature of the theme
and every page is void of offence.
In many ways it is « satisfying book,
which only fails to be remarkable by
reason of a certain laok of concentra-
tion and an over-insistence on that love
for detail of which we have spoken above.
But the characters have at least the merit
of being alive, and thev are portrayed
by the aid of many little touches of
shrewd observation.
" Sow hopelessly literary we both are ! "
exclaims the heroine at the termination of
a brief and unconventional love-affair.
In this one sentence the author sums
up happily the attitude of many people
towards the realities of life — of those who
clutch at the shadow which is to be found
in books, while oblivious of the substance
that lies all around them.
We have said that the heroine of this
novel is a literary woman. The author
makes her the mouthpiece for the expres-
sion of views on publishers and their
methods, and on the library censorship,
which, strange to say. do not seem in any
way an obtrusion, but fall into their
proper place in the story.
Again, she makes her heroine say : —
" Do you know, I believe there are only
two sorts of persons in the world, the people
that go to plays and read books to he
taken out of themselves, and the people that
go to plays and read books to be taken into
themselves. Why shouldn't I write for the
sort 1 am most like and understand best ? "
The answer is supplied by a perusal
of the present book. Those who number
themselves among the latter class of
playgoers and novel - readers will have
reason to be grateful that the author has
had the courage of her convictions.
The Terms of Surrender. By Louis Tracy.
(Casseli & Co., 6s.)
The course of action that will be taken
by a strong man faced by severe mis-
fortune is always an interesting study,
and Mr. Tracy has made the most of this
fact. Here we have in Derry Power a
type of the best that is produced by a
British public school, suddenly bereft by
fraud of all that makes life worth living
for him. At the same time he makes a
discovery by means of which he becomes
supremely wealthy — a fact for which he
cares nothing in view of the other circum-
stance.
Mr. Tracy has done well not to paint
Derry's character in unnaturally blame-
less colours. He is human, and he yields
to temptation when he finds that he can
attain his heart's desire by not the most
honourable means. At the moment of
tasting, the cup of joy is again plucked
from his lips, and life becomes additionally
desolate through this fault of his. How-
he goes through the valley of the shadow
Buffers all that a human heart can Buffer,
and eventually attains peace and happiness
is told in Mr. Tracy's best style. The
theme is. of course, well worn, but it is
capable of being told and retold in such
a manner as this, and it Mr. Tracy has
touched no very great psychological
depths, he has at least produced an
excellent story.
old Mole's Novel. By (Gilbert Caiman.
(Marl in Seeker. <W . net i
This is a rather clever jeu d'fisprit, icmi"
niscent of Swift both in its form and in
its spirit. Mr. Caiman does not love
contemporary England, it would seem,
and under the title of " fat land ' our
country comes in for a good deal of
criticism of the kind that made ' Old Mole."
which we reviewed on the 3rd inst.,
at once so clever and BO irritating. In the
present form, however, where the fictional
convention is merely nominal, this criti-
cism comes with better effect and better
grace. We are inclined to quarrel with
Mi. Caiman only when he sets out to be
audacious. Either he must abandon the
attempt, we feel, or he must be more
thorough about it. He could shock OUT
susceptibilities, we are sure, and we might
be the better for his doing so. As it is.
he only slightly abrades our sense of good
form. He reminds us a little of a young
agnostic lighting a cigarette in church as
a protest against Christian orthodoxy.
The Man Upstairs. By P. G. Wbdehouse.
(Mcthuen & Co., 6s.)
As a writer for young people Mr. Wode-
house has already achieved success. There
are probably few boys, young or old,
who have not enjoyed his breezy and
realistic tales of school life and sports.
He possesses imagination besides a light
and easy touch, and although his aim
is to amuse rather than to instruct,
he shows himself a shrewd but kindly
observer of the minor vanities and weak-
nesses of youthful human nature.
Mr. YYodehouse. however, by no means
confines himself to the classroom and
playing-field. In his present short stories.
for example, he weaves a succession of
ingenious plots, often leading to absurd
situations and unexpected climaxes, round
the love-affairs of some rather unconven-
tional young gentlemen of various nation-
alities and in various walks of life. His
heroes generally manage to secure the
maidens of their choice, either by exercis-
ing extraordinary sang-froid at critical
moments, or by the intervention of
miraculous strokes of good fortune, which
enable them to snatch victory out of the
jaws of defeat.
It is a tribute to the author's skill
that constant repetition of this theme tail-
to become monotonous. The characters
are well sketched, and their conversation
— much of it in the latest American
colloquial styli — is natural and witty.
It Happened in Egypt. By C. .V and
A. M. Williamson. ' (Mcthuen ft Co., 6ft.)
Tin: fluency of this novel is remarkable.
Adventures descend from all points ot
the compass upon the characters as
they tour through Egypt ; love affairs
continue to dcvelope ; and secrets that
ever increase in their impressiven
come to light, yet virtually nowhere
docs the stoiv lapse into improbability
or do the authors lose control over their
132
T H E A T H E N M U M
No. 4500. Jan. 24, 1914
good humour. The plot or plots — for
there are several — are too complex to be
summarized, but the components (which
include an up-to-date Sir Richard Burton,
and apparatus such as Sir H. Rider
Haggard used to delight in a few years
ago) are sufficiently varied to admit of an
extraordinarily lavish allowance of sur-
prises for the reader. Both the character-
drawing and the descriptions of Egyptian
scenery are well done ; perhaps the
only impossible events of the story are
those which introduce an Irish-American
organization with political objects and
murderous emissaries.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Coutts (John), Homely Thoughts on Visions op
Faith and Limitations op the Intellect, 2d.
Wood Green, Lyal
One of a series of pamphlets dealing with
religious questions.
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, edited by
James Hastings, Vol. VI., 28/ net.
Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
The articles in this volume range from Fiction
to nyksos.
Glazier (Francesca), Jesus Amabilis, a Book for
Daily Prayer, 2/ net. Wash bourne
A book of meditation on different aspects
of the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ.
Good Friday Addresses, by Bishop C. J. Ridgeway,
Canon LI. Ivens, H. Erskine Hill, and C. E.
Newman, 1/6 net. Skeffington
Addresses on ' The Attraction of the Cross,'
' Leaves from the Tree of Life,' ' The Seven
Last Words,' and ' In Paradise.'
Hahn (Archdeacon C. T.), Confirmation Pre-
paration for the Use of Men, 2 /6 net.
Robert Scott
This book aims at " setting forth the Christian
Faith in a reasonable light,'' and is intended for
adult Confirmation candidates in countries where
distance makes frequent meetings with a clergy-
man impossible.
Lilienthal (Hermann), Seven Times He Spake,
1/6 net. Skeffington
Addresses on the seven words spoken by
Christ from the cross.
Lilienthal (Hermann), Some Actors in our
Lord's Passion, 2/ net. Skeffington
A new and cheaper edition. These sermons
were preached in Lent in Hartford, Connecticut.
POETRY.
Blane (William), A Ballad of Men, and Other
Verses. H/6 net. Constable
The title-piece is a study of friendship
between two men in youth and in old age, after
each has suffered sorrow. There are also sonnets,
African verses, and some miscellaneous pieces.
Nicol! (Robert), Poems and Lyrics, with a Memoir
of the Author, Centenary Edition, 2/6 net.
Paisley, Gardner
This edition has been published to celebrate
the centenary of Nicoll's birth. Five poems are
printed for the first time, and the spelling agrees
with that of the first edition. The ' Sketch of the
Life of Robert Nicoll,' by Mrs. Johnstone, and
Kingsley's ' Criticism ' on his life and writings
are prefixed to the poems, and there is a short
Glossary.
Sparrow (G. William S.), Rubaiyat of a Minor
Statesman, 1 / net. Heath & Cranton
A parody of the 'Rubaiyat,' satirizing modern
political life.
Time and the Timeless, Songs of Shadow and of
Hope, by a Physician. 2/6 Glaisher
A slender collection of verses on miscellaneous
subjects, such as ' Hope,' ' Moonrise at Falmouth,'
and ' In Memoriam : Sir Andrew Clark.'
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Aberdeen Public Library, Twenty-Ninth Annual
Report of the Committee, 1912-13.
Aberdeen, George Leslie
The Committee report a reduction of the
book-issues equal to 6 per cent on that of the
previous year, and account for it by emigration,
the long summer, and " cheap, exciting evening
entertainments." They also regret that Aber-
deen has only one public library, and that de-
velopment is impossible without furthir financial
support from the city.
Bibliotheca Celtica, a Register of Publications
relating to Wales and the Celtic Peoples and
Languages for the Year 11*11, 2/6
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales
In addition to the catalogue of authors and
books, this volume contains lists of Eisteddfodau,
and newspapers and periodicals relating to Wales
and the Celtic languages.
Black (George F.), A Gypsy Bibliography, 15/
Constable
The aim of this Bibliography — which is Mono-
graph No. 1 of the Gypsy Lore Society — is to give
an account of literature relating to the gipsies.
The list includes magazine articles and im-
portant references, as well as the names of sepa-
rately published books and pamphlets. The
writer acknowledges help from authorities in
various parts of the world.
Lindsey Historical Series : A Brief Tudor-Stuart
Book-List, by J. S. Lindsey, 2/6
Cambridge, Heffcr
Containing alphabetical and classified lists
of books on British History, 1485-1714, for the
use of teachers and elementary students, with
schemes of study.
West Ham Central Library Chronicle, January,
lrf. Plaistow
Containing a classified list of recent additions,
statistics concerning the issue of books, and notes
and queries.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Book (The) of the Old Edinburgh Club, Vol. V.
Edinburgh. Constable
Includes accounts of ' St. Margaret of Scot-
land and her Chapel in the Castle of Edin-
burgh ' and 'The OldTolbooth: Extracts from the
Original Records.' The illustrations are a notable
feature of the book, and there is an Appendix
containing the Fifth Annual Report of the Llub.
Chadwick (Mis. Ellis H.), In the Footsteps of
the Brontes, 16/ Pitman
The lives of the Bronte family and the
various problems of their history are here dealt
with, and the author has made careful pilgrimages
to every Bionte shrine, abroad and in England.
The many illustrations, which include several
photographs not hitherto published, are a
special feature of the book.
Churchwardens' Accounts of the Parish of Badsey,
with Aldington, in Worcestershire, from
1525 to 1571, transcribed from the Original
Manuscript by the late Rev. W. H. Price, and
edited by E. A. B. Barnard, 2/6
Hampstead, Priory Press
The transcription is preceded by a brief
historical preface, and the accounts themselves
are fully annotated.
English History in Contemporary Poetry : Xo. I.
The Fourteenth Century, by Prof. Herbert
Bruce ; No. III. The Tudor Monarchy,
1185 to 1588. by N. L. Frazer, 1/ net each.
Bell
The first of these little books is divided into
sections dealing with aspects of political thought
and important social tendencies, which are illus-
trated by quotations from the contemporary
poets. The second volume is an account of the
Tudor Monarchy, illustrated in the same manner
by passages from Stephen Hawes, Skelton, More,
and other writers.
Extra-Biblical Sources for Hebrew and Jewish
History, translated and edited by the Rev.
Samuel A. B. Mercer, 6/ net. Longmans
Literal translations of all Cuneiform, Egyp-
tian, and " extra - Biblical " Semitic inscriptions
which are sources of Hebrew and Jewish history,
and of " all Greek and Latin historical sources,
down to and including those of the time of
Tacitus, which throw an independent light upon
the subject." The period covered extends from
the earliest times to the reign of Hadrian.
Gueraid (Albert Leon), French Civilization in
the Nineteenth Century, a Historical
Introduction, 12/6 Fisher Unwin
This study is based on a series of lectures
delivered last year at Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, to supplement the usual University courses
in French literature. With each section there are
given a synopsis and bibliography ; and chrono-
logical and genealogical tables are added where
necessary.
Maples (Ellen), Personal Service, being a Short
Memoir of Agnes Burton, 1/6 net. Longmans
A memorial sketch of a mission worker in
Bitterne Park, Southampton, with an Introduc-
tion by the Bishop of Southampton.
Newborough (Lady), The Memohis of Maria
Stella (Lady Newborough), by Herseli,
10/6 net. Nash
A translation from the original French by
M. Harriet M. Capes, with an Introduction by
M. Boyer d'Agen.
Stephens (Winifred), From the Crusades to the
French Revolution, a History of the La
Tremoille Family. 10/6 net. Constable
An account of the part played by a well-
known house in French history, with illustrations.
Woodville (R. Caton), Random Recollections,
10/6 net. Nash
Reminiscences of student days in Diisseldorf,
adventures and sport in Albania, Montenegro,
Egypt, Morocco, India, and elsewhere, and of
Royalty, fellow-artists, and people celebrated
in various spheres.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Cathay and the Way Thither, being a Collection of
Medieval Notices of China, translated and
edited by Col. Sir Henry Yule: Vol. II. Odoric
of Pordenone. New Edition, revised through-
out in the Light of Recent Discoveries by Henri
Cordier. Hakluyt Society
The first edition was noticed in The AtheniBum,
August 17, 1867. p. 205. It has long been out of
print, and the new edition, revised with many
supplementary notes by Dr. Cordier, will be
published in four volumes instead of two, the Bret
volume being issued last.
Customs of the World, edited by Walter Hutchin-
son, 2 vols., Introduction by A. C. Haddon,
13/6 each vol. Hutchinson
A popular account of the manners, rites,
and ceremonies of men and women in all coun-
tries. Several authorities are contributors to
these volumes, which contain many illustrations
in black and white, coloured plates, and maps.
Newton (Henry), In Far New Guinea, 16/ net.
Seeley 6: Service
An account of missionary work in New
Guinea, with a description of the habits, customs,
superstitions, and religions of the inhabitants.
There are illustrations from photographs and a
map.
Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-1903 :
Vol. I. On the Cause of Magnetic Storms
and the Origin of Terrestrial Magnetism,
by Kr. Birkeland, Second Edition, 30/ net.
Longmans
A record of some of the results from observa-
tions made in the Polar expedition of 1902-3,
illustrated with diagrams and charts.
Winthrop (Theodore), The Canoe and the
Saddle ; or. Klalam and Klickatat. to
which are now first added his Western Letters
and Journals, edited by John H. Williams.
Tacoma, J. H. Williams
The editor has written an Introduction,
' Winthrop in the North- West,' and annotated
the text. There are copious illustrations, from
water-colour paintings by Mr. Judson Sergeant,
drawings, photographs, and old woodcuts.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Berriman (Algernon E.), Motoring, an Introduc-
tion to the Car and the Art of Driving It,
10/6 net. Methuen
A description of the fundamental principles
of the operation of a motor-car, written for the
non-technical motorist. The text is fully illus-
trated with photographs and drawings, which the
author has collected from The Auto.
Blakeborough (J. Fairfax) and Pease (Sir A. E.),
The Life and Habits of the Badger, 5/6
London, ' The Foxhound ' Office
The subject, on which the writers feel
deeply, is treated mainly from the standpoint of
the sympathetic sportsman, and the book is
intended as a plea for the preservation of the
popularly misunderstood badger. There are
chapters on the ' Badger and Sport ' and the
' Badger in Folk-Lore and Early Literature.'
SOCIOLOGY.
Peel (Mrs. C. S.), Marriage on Small Means, 3/6
Constable
A ninth edition.
POLITICS.
Arnold (Whately C), Royal Railways with
Uniform Rates, 6rf. net. Simpkin & Marshall
A pamphlet advocating the nationalization
of railways and the adoption of uniform fares
and rates for any distance.
Land Problem (The), Notes suggested by the
Heport of the Land Eno,uhiy Committee,
6d. Wyman
These notes on the Land Problem have been
submitted to the Land Conference as a preliminary
criticism of the Land Enquiry Report.
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Til E A Til KX .KUM
133
ECONOMICS.
Cannan iEdwin1, WEALTH, a Brief Explanation
of the Causes of Economic Welfare, '•'• »> net.
King
A discussion of certain economic problems,
snob as the differences in tin- wealth of different
countries, and inequalities of inheritance and Bex.
Gephart (W. F.), INSURANCE and thk State.
5/6 net. Maemillan
A consideration of tlie probable effects of a
state monopoly of insurance bosineas.
Jones (Robert), Tin: NATURE and FD26T Hitix-
ciple of Taxation, 7/0 net. King
This volume is No. :?7 in the series of " Studies
in Beonomic ami Political Science " brought out
under the auspices of the London School of Eco-
nomics. The first principle is stated to be
Economy, and the various ways in which it can
be expressed are examined. Mr. Sidney W'el'l'
has contributed a Preface.
Moreland (W. H.), Ax INTRODUCTION to ECO-
NOMICS fob Indian Students, •"> net.
Maemillan
An elementary textbook of Economics, con-
taining manv illustrations drawn from Indian
life.
Taylor (W. G. Langworthy), Tin: Credit System,
10/ net. Maemillan
A study in the principles of credit which
represents to some extent an inversion of former
points of view.
EDUCATION.
Ashbee (C. R.), The Hamptoxshire Experiment
ix EdicatioX, 3/ net. Allen
A study of the practical working of English
methods of education in a rural district, based
on the experience of a Committee " whose en-
deavour it has been to construct a Unit of Culture
in a country district and co-ordinate its work."
Elliott (C), Models to Illustrate the FOUNDA-
TIONS of Mathematics, lit? net.
Edinburgh, Lindsay
Tin' author advocates the introduction of a
new kind of practical work into schools, and the
models here described " are intended to illustrate
'•• modern views upon the Foundations of
Mathematics, and to show that the 'abstract'
character of that subject does not forbid any
• ittenipt to bring elementary teaching up to date
in that direction."
Harvard University Catalogue, 1913-14.
Cambridge, U.S., the University
Containing a Calendar for the Academic,
information concerning scholarships, and other
matter- pertaining to the University.
Macnaughton-Jones (H.), Ambidexterity and
Mextal Culture, 2 8 Heinemann
A short review of the main facts of this
iect, in the course of which the writer refers
stem of Dr. Montessori. There are
ious illustrations, and a scheme showing
e.,nnexions of speech and writing centres with
B and hands.
PHILOLOGY.
Skeat (Walter W.i, A Glossary ok Tudor and
stiakt Words, especially from the Dra-
matists, edited, with Additions, by A. L.
Mayhew, •"> ' net. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Prof. Skeat left material for- a Glossary of
Words, collected mainly from Tudor' and
dramatists. Mr. Mayhew has not much
increased the word-list, but thought it advisable
t.. increase the quotations, and in many cases to
l explanations of the history or meaning of a
word. Consequently, many of the articles have
■I 1 -written to secure uniformity in arrange-
ment.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Recantation (A) : bsdhi a Supplement to a
Book entitled 'Shakespeare Self-Re-
vealed,' by .). M.. 1/ Sherratf & Hughes
A pamphlet containing the author's views on
the Sonnet question.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Chambers's Practical Concentric Arithmetics, by
1 Head Teacher, edited by W. Woodburn,
Hook IV., :</. Chambers
simple exercises in arithmetic, arranged so
as to teach tie- beginner to deduce rules from
i.tl experiment and observation.
Classen (Ernest 1, A GsAMMAB 01 mi; Gbbmam
Lanouaqb, ■'; '. Longm
The most important rules of tie- German
language are here presented in two parts— Acci-
dence and Syntax. There are al Ken
oach with a vocabulary.
Dobbs (W. J.), a School Course in Geometry,
including the Elements of Trigonometry and
Mensuration, and an Introduction to the
.Methods of Co-ordinate Geometry, " Longman's
Modern Mathematical Series," 9 fl
The author- believes that further' steps should
now be taken towards the unification ,,f mathe-
matical science. In this volume Trigonometry
is introduced at an early stage, and the methods
of Analytical Geometry are developed more fully
later'. The elementary notions of rotation,
translation, and folding are systematically applied
in the establishment of fundamental geometrical
truth.
English Literature for Secondary Schools t 1.
Tai.es ok a Grandfather, Second Series,
Scott, abridged and edited for Schools by .1 .
Hutchison; '1. WANDERINGS ix Spain, Selec-
tions from 'The Bible in Spain' of George
Borrow, edited by v. A. Cavenagh; 3. Sertum,
a Garland of Prose Narratives — Hook I. Six-
teexth to Eighteenth Centuries, edited by
J. 11. Fowler and 11. W. M. Parr-, 1/ each.
Maemillan
These volumes contain Introductions on the
authors, explanatory notes, and a Glossary.
There arc also exercises, subjects for essays, and
helps to further study.
English Literature for Schools, edited by Arthur
Burrell .- Selections prom Tennyson, and
Dkkexs's Christmas Carols, 6d. each. Dent
Two more volumes of the series which we
noticed last week ; each contains a Preface by the
editor.
Molesworthy (Mrs.), The Next-Door House.
•• Chambers's Supplementary Headers," Xd.
This story has been abridged for- use in
schools. The print is large, and there arc some
illustrations.
Shorter Modern Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage, 1 / Maemillan
An abridgment of the ' Modern Dictionary.'
designed for the use of children.
White (Jessie), A First Book of Experimental
Sciexce for Girls : the House, Hydro-
statics, axd Heat, " Black's Elementary
Science Series," 1/6
This textbook is intended " to accompany,
not to supersede, independent note-making "
under the teacher's guidance, and its object is to
awaken in girls a scientific interest in the house.
FICTION.
Anthon (Rose Reinhardt), Stories of India, 6/
Heinemann
Translations from Indian folk-lore. A series
of tales of Eastern love and religious ideals.
Bashford (Lindsay), Splendrum, 6/
Chapman & Hall
The colossal business of the Splendrum Supply
is controlled by the wealthy, self-made, and hard-
hearted owner, who ignores and distrusts his only
son on account of some boyish wildness. The
book describes the subsequent development of
the boy into an upright and capable successor to
his father.
Bramah (Ernest), Max Carrados, 0/ Methueu
The adventures of an amateur detective irr
crime, who differs from others of his kind in
fiction by being blind.
Chesterton (G. K.), The Flying Ixx, 67
See p. 130.
Davis (Richard Harding), The Lost Road, 6/
Duckwoi t h
A collection of short stories of American life,
though the plots are laid in various scenes. The
book is illustrated by Wallace Morgan.
Diehl (Alice M.), From PrxXAB to Host, (1/
The story of a girl who leaves her mother to
live with aristocratic relations, but. in the end
let in ns home to marry her former lover-.
Filho (J. B. N. Gonzaga), The Most Charming
Woman, a Novel for Ladies, a Translation from
the Second Edition of the Original Portuguese
by Bella Gifford Cocker-. Bodge
The biography of a famous singer, and an
account of her' friends ami artistic career. The
author has endeavoured "to place again on a
firm pedestal one of the most charming women
t he world has ei er seen."
George (W. L.i, Tin; M \kix<; of ax ENGLIHHH w.
1; Constable
The romance of a young Frenchman and an
English girl, which contains an autobiographical
element and some criticism of English lif- .
Methueu
I. oil''
Hay (J. Macdoug.ill), GiLLBBPXE, 6/ Constable
A self-i cut red and avaricious Scotsman is
the central figure of tins story, which culminates
in a grisly tragedy Involving the death <>( the
man himself, his wife, his son, and in- father.
The scene is laid for the most pari I ' Sootoh
fishing port .
Herbert (Alice), Garden Oats, 0 Lane
The character of the heroine from childhood
to her married life with n rising young writer is
here developed. In tin' course "i the story she
meets with much happiness, but has also to
encounter many difficulties -moral, social, and
pecuniary.
Hooley (Arthur), John Ward, M.D., 6/
Mills ,v Boon
'lie- lite of a village doctor- is divided into
three parts Lrcadia, Babylon, and the Hit —
which describe his love for- a woman whom he
finally renounces, other elements "f the story
include a colliery explosion, a village entertain-
ment, and a deranged vicar.
Jessen (Franz de), Katya, 6/ Heinemann
A romance of Russian life, som< of the scenes
of which are laid among diplomatic circles.
Low (Ivy), The Questing Beast, C/ Seeker
See p. isi.
Marchmont (Arthur W.), MlSEB BoADLHff'e
Secret, a Detective Story, " Metl sen's Seven-
penny .Novels."
A new edition.
Merriman (H. S.), Boden's Corner, "Nelson's
Seven penny Library."
\ new edition. See notice in The AthetUBUtn
October- 1st. 1898, p. 1 19.
Pain (Barry), One Kixd and Axothf-.r, 6/
Seeker-
A collection of short stories. The majority
are humorous, but there are one or two in a more
serious vein.
Peterson (Margaret), Blind Eves. 6/ Melrose
The story relates chiefly to tw> girls : one
longs for- excitement, and dies in the dock of a
criminal court; the other does not know what
she wants, and after two engagements we leave
her about to marry a third man, who loves her.
Phillpotts (Eden), The Master of Mkrripit, 0
Ward & Lock
Another of Mr. Phillpotts's tales of Dartmoor
life, dealing with the love-stories of two girls, and
incidentally with the adventures of two high-
waymen who hide themselves in an inaccessible
place on the moor and plunder the neighbouring
farms and travellers.
Richards (H. Grahame), The Gardex .1 DbeamSi
i> Hutchinson
Concerns the love of a titled Englishman for
an Eastern woman, the daughter of a Tunisian
Mussulman and an Egyptian Christian. Her
father's fanaticism ami greed for' wealth make a
secret marriage imperative, and the two flee into
the desert, where they are pursued by her former
lover.
Rohmer (Sax), The Sins of Sevekao Bablon, 6/
Cassell
stories of a daring and mysterious adventurer
who combines the beauty of Apollo with the
audacity of Raffles ; but he is no ordinary cracks-
man, arrd his motives and his achievements are
alike baffling to his pursuers.
Rowlands (Erne Adelaide), MONEY 01: Wife ?
Ward A Lock
Tin- story of a man who renounces great
financial prospects because his . mployer, a
capricious woman, objects to his encumbering
himself with a wife. His circumstances become
very Btraitened, and when the choice presents
itself a second time, his wife leaves turn free to
accept a foil line, and s.-t.s nut to earn her own
living. M'tei- much Buffering on eith< : side, the
pair are happily united.
Silberrad (Una L.), Ccddv YarborouqhV
I) VI oil 1 ER, i> ' .n l.il.l.
This novel relies more i,n its study of . ■
racter than on the plot. Tin' heroine, a shy,
awkward gir] with great depths "f character]
in particular' contrasted with her father's OOUrtth,
a charming and selfish woman, win.-, punishment
is t<i wears halo which does not tit.
Stevens (E. S.), Sarah Eden, 6/ Mill- A Boon
This l k is divided Into three parts, ■!■ 1 rib
mg in the flrsf the development "i tie- power of
the super-normal In a girt of English birth; in the
second the life of the community which -h.
e-i a lilishes ai Jerusalem t" a wail tie Second
Coming : and iii lie third the effect "I tie arrival
in their midst of a young artisi who loves the
daughter of 1 he founder.
l:*4
T EE ATHENAEUM
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Sutherland (Joani, Cophetua's Son, 67
.Mills k Boon
The events of lliis novel lake place in Paris,
Carrara, and England, and the action consists
of fche love-story of hvn men and one woman,
and their various adventures until the death of
one in a revolt of the workmen in the Carrara
quarries.
Ulters (S.), Idylls of a Dutch Village, trans-
lated by B. Williamson-Napier, •">/
Fisher I'nwin
Tales of life in the village of Eastloorn,
some of which are especially concerned with the
work of the minister among his people.
Walford (L. B.), David and Jonathan on the
BrvxEBA, 6/ Methuen
The adventures of a Scottish minister and
.in elder, who are accompanied by the former's
valet on a trip to the Riviera.
Whishavv (Fred), A Bespoken Bride, 6/ Long
A study of Finnish patriotism, characterized
by the willing self-sacrifice of individuals in the
national struggle against Russian absorption.
Wodehouse (P. G.), The Man Upstairs, 6/
Methuen
For notice S3e p. 131.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Essex Review, January, 1/6 net.
Simpkin & Marshall
The contents include ' Arms of the Essex
Boroughs
Colchester,' by Mr. W. Gurnev
Benham : ' Dr. Parr and Dr. Johnson in Essex.'
by Mr. V. de S. Fowke : and 'Nicholas TJdall
and the Braintree Plays.' by the Rev. J. W.
Kenworthy. Several of the articles are illus-
trated.
Modern Language Review, January, 4/
Cambridge University Press
Besides reviews and notes this volume con-
tain- articles on ' The Optimism of Alfred de
Vigny,' by T. K. Booker, and the ' Ancren
Riwle,' by Mr. G. C. Macaulay.
Quarterly Review, January. 6/
Contains articles on the ' Imperial Naturaliza-
tion Hill.' by Mr. Richard Jebb ; ' Modern Mysti-
cism : some Prophets and Poets,' by Mr. Leslie
.Johnston ; and ' The Contemporary German
Drama,' by Mr. Garnet Smith.
Socialist Review, January, edited bv J. Bruce
Glasier, Qd. I.L.P.
Includes articles on ' The Italian Elections,
1913,' by Leonida Bissolati ; 'Revolutionary
and Constitutional Methods.' by Mr. Cohvyn E.
Yulliamy; and book reviews by Mr. Philip
Snowdeii and others.
Sophia. January, 2 roubles. Moscow, Nekrasov
The first number of a, monthly journal
which is to be devoted mainly to early Russian
ait, and to the study of Byzantine influences
n lion the work of South Russian artists, but not
to the exclusion of subjects of more general
interest. There are numerous reproductions of
ej 1 1 broideries of the sixteenth century and earlier.
GENERAL.
Gardner (Mary), Nursery Management, 5/ net.
Nash
A practical handbook for mothers and nurses.
touching on such topics as childish ailments,
clothing, nursery diet, religious training, and
games. Particulars of various training schools
lor nurses are included, and a chapter is devoted
ti i the care of children in India.
Green (A. S.), Woman's Place in the World
of Letters, 2/ net. Macmillan
An article reprinted from The Nineteenth
Century. June, 1897.
Jordan (Herbert W.), Debentures and Other
Charges, 6c?. net. Jordan
A reprint of a lecture on debentures given
by Mr. Jordan last November under the auspices
ol the Secretaries' Association.
Lings (Harold C), Musketry Lectures for
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF THE TERRI-
TORIAL Force, 2, Gale & Polden
These lectures contain useful information
for the Territorial non-commissioned officer
" who aspires to be the Instructor of the men
whom lie hopes to lead in war." The Preface is
by Major-General W. Douglas.
Noguchi (Yone), Through the Torii, 5/ net.
Elkin Mathews
A collection of essays, some of which have
been reproduced from The Academy, The
Saturday Revieic, and other journals. They in-
clude ' The Holy Houses of Sleep,' ' Daibutsu,'
' A Japanese Note on Yeats.' and ' My Attitude to-
wards the Flowers,' and are printed on Japanese
paper.
O'Donnell (Elliott), Haunted Highways and
Byways, :{,<> net. Nash
A collection of stories and anecdotes con-
cerning ghostly apparitions. The author believes
that many deaths attributed to syncope are due
to the actions of malevolent spirits.
Year's Mind (The), Hamworth Happenings,
b y the Author of ' Leaves from a Life,' 10/6 net .
Nash
Essays on quiet country life dealing with
each month of the year, in which certain cha-
racters play their' parts before the reflective and
elderly eves of the writer.
SCIENCE.
Burtt-Davy (Joseph), Maize, its History. Cul-
tivation, Handling, and Uses, with Special
Reference to South Africa. 25/ net. Longmans
A textbook for farmer's, students of agri-
culture, teachers of nature -study in country
schools, and others indirectly concerned with
the maize industry.
Dunlop (Col. H. C.) and Jackson (C. S.), Slide-
Rule Notes. " Longmans' Modern Mathe-
matical Series," 2/6 net.
This book is based on a pamphlet published
by the authors in 1911. The material has been
revised and rewritten, and the additions include
a chapter on the logologarithmic scales.
Ford (Walter Burton) and Ammerman (Charles),
Plane and Solid Geometry, edited by
Earle Raymond Hedrick, 5/6 net. Macmillan
The American authors and editor of this
textbook have in general adopted the principles
laid down in the Report by the Committee of
Fifteen of the National Education Association, and
have emphasized important theorems by bold-
faced type. Notice is drawn to the " very
unusual and effective ' phantom ' half-tone
engravings" in the Solid Geometry.
Hatch (F. H.), Textbook of Petrology: Vol. I.
The Petrology of the Igneous Rocks,
Seventh Edition, 7/6 net. Allen
This revised edition contains new chapters
on the Pyroclastic Rocks and the Metamorphic
Derivatives of the Igneous Rocks, and many new
photographs and drawings.
Jacoby (Harold), Astronomy, a Popular Hand-
book, 10/6 net. Macmillan
A handbook, by the Rutherford Professor
of Astronomy in Columbia University, for the
general reader and the young student. For the
.sake of the former, the text is free from mathe-
matics, but there are elementary mathematical
notes and explanations in the Appendix.
Mair (David Beveridge), Exercises in Mathe-
matics, with Answers and Hints, 4/6
Macmillan
The author suggests that this book " may
be used as a revision course, or each section may
be taken with the student's first work upon the
branch of which it treats." It contains ' Typical
Question Papers by Various Examining Bodies.'
Mathews (Gregory M.), A List of the Birds of
Australia, 10/ net. Witherby
This volume contains the names and synonyms
connected with each genus, species, and sub-
species of birds found in Australia at present
known to the author ; it is " a sequence ' to his
' Reference List to the Birds of Australia.'
Ziwet (Alexander) and Hopkins (Louis Aden),
Analytic Geometry and Principles of
Algebra, 7/ net. Macmillan
This volume, one of a series of " Mathe-
matical Texts," edited by Mr. Earle Raymond
Hedrick, " combines with analytic geometry a
number of topics traditionally treated in college
algebra that depend upon or are closely associated
with geometric representation."
FINE ARTS.
Art Treasures of Great Britain (The), Part VITL,
edited by C. H. Collins Baker, 1/ net. Dent
The present number contains reproductions
— with descriptive and critical notes — of the
' Virgin and Child,' by Carlo Crivelli ; ' Truth
and Falsehood,' by Alfred Stevens ; ' Famille
Noire Vase,' by a K'ang Hsi potter ; ' Portrait of
Leonello D'Este,' by Roger van der Weyden ;
' Madonna and Child with an Angel,' by Andrea
Mantegna ; ' Berwick-on-Tweed,' by Mr. D. Y.
Cameron ; and an effigy of Queen Eleanor, by
William Torek
East Riding Antiquarian Society, Transactions
for 1912. Hull, Brown
Includes ' Documents at Burton Agnes,' bv
Rev. C. V. Collier ; ' The Trade Guilds of Bever-
ley,' by Canon Lambert ; and the Report of the
Hon. Secretary for 1912.
Hall (H. R.), Catalogue op Egyptian Scarabs,
&c, in the British Mcsecm: Vol. I. Royal
Scarabs. British .Museum
This volume contains descriptions ol' royal
Egyptian Scarabs. Cylinder - sea Is. and Seal-
amulets, dating from about 1000 to 50 B.C. Mi.
Hall has written an [ntroduction, and photo-
graphic reproductions and line drawings are dis-
tributed throughout the text.
Holman-Hunt (W.), Rre-Raphaei.itis.m and the
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Second Edi-
tion, revised from the Author's Notes by
M. E. H.-H.. 2 vols., 21/ net. Chapman & Hall
During the last years of his life Holman-
Hunt was engaged in a revision and amplification
of his history of the Pre-Raphaelite movement.
This editioir has been prepared by Mrs. Holman-
Ilunt from his notes, and contains much new
material and a number of fresh illustrations.
Vasari Society's Reproductions, Part VIII.,
1912-13 : Part IX., 1913-14.
Oxford Uni versify Press
The reproductions of drawings by the Old
Masters in these folios have been executed in
collotype, and approximate in size to the originals.
There are descriptive notes to each.
Weld (John), A History of Leagram : the
Park and the Manor.
Manchester. Chetham Society
Divided into five parts. Three are mainly
historical, and give "the story of the place, first
as a park of the Dukes of Lancaster- and then as a
manor or private estate of the Shirburne and
Weld families." There is an account of the
chapel, and a chapter on ' Local Manners and
Folk-Lore."
Winans (Walter), Animal Sculpture, Suggestions
for Greater Realism in Modelling and in Pose,
7 /0 Putnam
This volume does not deal with elementary
technicalities, but is intended to be of some
assistance to those who have advanced a certain
distance in the art of animal sculpture. There
are numerous illustrations.
Year's Art (The), 1914, 5/ Hutchinson
As usual, this volume includes full information
concerning the latest official returns connected
with the proceedings of the national art institu-
tions, and of the associations, art societies, and
galleries in the country. The chronicle of the
past year comments on the reappearance of the
* Monna Lisa,' and the discovery of the Rem-
brandt relics, and their subsequent presentation
to the National Gallery.
MUSIC.
Davidson (Gladys), Stories from the Operas, 6/
Werner Laurie
The writer's three series of ' Stories from the
Operas ' are here reissued in one volume. The
additional notes on more modern production*
include ' The Jewels of the Madonna.' Short
biographies are at the end of the book.
" Edith Kirkwood " Chart (The) and Primer of
Vocal Technique, 1/ net.
11, Pont! Place, Onslow Square, S.W.
The chart sets forth a method " for obtain-
ing correct voice production and for mastering
the first principles of interpretation," and is
accompanied with a key and notes on simple
vocal technique.
Musical Directorv (The), Annual and Almanack,
3/ Rud.dl & Carte
Include-; full information on London and
country professors and teachers, and the music
trade in London.
A 999 -YEAR LEASE IN 900.
Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio,
January 7, 1914.
When Dean Sttibbs lectured in the
United States in 1899 or 1900, he gave an
account of a lease of lands belonging to
Ely Cathedral made in one of the last years
of Alfred's reign. His story of the lease,
which had expired a year or two before, wyas
most interesting and valuable for the student
of institutions. I have made use of the few
notes taken at the Dean's lecture, but they
are fragmentary, and altogether lacking in
precision of detail.
Has the document been printed, or de-
scribed in print ? I do not find it in Birch's
' Cartularium Saxonicum,' the only possible
source that I possess. May I hope that
some one familiar with the papers of the
Dean can supply this information ?
Wm. Peters Reeves.
No. 4500, .Jan. 24, UU4
THE A Til i:\ .KUM
135
SIR WILLIAM LEE-WARNER
r>\ the death oi Sir William Lee- Warner
on Sunday last in Norfolk the Indian Empire
loses one of the most able and devoted of her
Ben ants.
Horn in 1846, Sir William like his father
Canon Lee-Warner went to Rugby and
St. John's College, Cambridge. Ho left the
University for the Indian civil Service in 186!)
with a reputation for physical and mental
efficiency, which he retained throughout his
life. His abilities were soon appreciated in
India, and he had a varied experience of
work, being specially interested in education
and the administration of native states.
His 'Protected Princes of India' (1894),
revised and republished as ■ The Native
States of India' (1910), is recognized as
authoritative, for few men had so wide a
knowledge of Indian law and custom as
he. His educational experience included
membership of two important committees
and the Directorship of Public Instruction.
first in Behar, and afterwards in Bombay.
Cautious and learned, he made an impression
alike on natives and Englishmen.
In 18!).") he was called home to be Secretary
of the Political and Secret Department of
the India Oflice, and for ten years (1902-12)
he was a member of the Indian Council and
much regarded in matters of policy. Always
a busy worker, lie found time for a good
deal of writing of various kinds — in the
reviews, in the * Dictionary of National
Biography,1 and in the ' Imperial Gazetteer
of India' — and he was entrusted with the
biographies of Lord Dathousie (1904) and
Sir Henry Norman (1908). These books
exhibit, perhaps, the defects of his qualities.
They arc storehouses of information con-
cerning Indian administration, full of good
-case and good taste, but they hardly show
the humour and vividness which portray
a character and present a man as well as
the things which he did. Of the many
controversies which are inseparable from
Indian government Sir William took a wise
and moderate view. He seemed a little
formidable to the yoiuig men who came
under his notice, but he was always ready
to recognize ability, and was inspired with
a genuine patriotic spirit. His ideals of
are expressed in a little book, 'The
1 tizen of India.' which is as well worth
consideration as the hasty discoveries of
touri-ts or the clamour of professional
politicians.
M. DE PRESSENSE.
W'k regret to learn of the death of M. de
which took place last Tuesday
it from apoplexy at the age of 60. His
icee to the public life of his time were
both great and distinctive. He belonged
by birth to the most highly cultured and
most active section of French Protestantism,
lu~ father being the founder of La Revue
ChreUientu and a member of the Senate, and
hi> mother well known as a writer of religious
fiction. Before beginning the work by
which he made his name. PreSSense had
.-pent some time in the diplomatic service,
and In- acquaintance with life in more than
one Buropean capital and with the leading
of his ou n country, together with
hi- thorough knowledge of German and
English, was perhaps what counted most
in bis brilliant equipment as a journalist.
lb- became foreign editor of the Temps, and
laid this post for more than fifteen years,
speaking from it with an authority which
was widely acknowledged. Hi- sympathy
with England, bis real understanding of
English ideals and the progress oi English
social evolution, have justly evoked the
admiration and gratitude of Kuglishnien.
His career —till then even and prosperous
— made a sharp swerve with the advent
of the Dreyfus case. He took up the cause
of Dreyfus with headlong ardour, and more
or less abandoned his interest in inter-
national politics for co-operation with M.
Clemenceau on the staff of the Aurore, and
for public speaking up and down France.
He had been before this for some time im-
bued with mysticism, and thereafter he
became absorbed in Socialism, anil suffered
his new views to make their way into the
Temps. He was elected Socialist Deputy
for Lyons in 1902, and, being now definitely
identified with the party of M. Jaures,
surrendered his post on tho Temps. Before
his death he had been for some time in
failing health, suffering severely from gout.
It is singular that he and General Pic-
quart, two men whom a common interest
in the Dreyfus case brought so close together,
should have died within twenty-four hours
of one another.
'THE CASE FOR CO-EDUCATION.'
St. George's School, Harpenden.
In the kindly notice of our ' Case for Edu-
cation ' your reviewer has fallen into an
error of exegesis which you will, I am sure,
permit me to correct. In the passage
quoted by him (" it is not in them that
we desire the main trial of co-education to
take place ") them refers not, as he supposes,
to day-schools generally, but to a type of
day-school which I at least cannot but
regard as ill - suited for any important
educational experiment — schools, namely,
'" which cater for those who, having chosen
a desirable residence, send their children to
the nearest teaching establishment " (p. 319).
In these days of rapid travelling practic-
ally all parents who consider the choice of a
school a matter of paramount importance
can choose the school which seems to them
the best within an area of 750 square miles,
and live near enough to send their children as
day - boarders. I agree with your reviewer
that " the trend of modern feeling " will be
increasingly in favour of this plan (our
80 day-scholars, constituting about half the
school, come to us almost entirely in this
way). But of such parents we say expressly
(p. 318) that they "are already so far on
the way to co-education that they do not
seem to us to require separate treatment."'
If we can convince those (and both necessity
and tradition make them many) who send
their children to boarding-schools, the cause
is won.
Again, it is not the case that we claim co-
education to " be a panacea for all the ills
in. .. .present-day education." What we
do claim is (p. 27) that co-education is no
chance remedy, unrelated to other necessary
reforms, but is on the true line of advance
which is leading US through Scientific methods
to a better understanding of the child and
of the development of his faculties in accord-
ance with the natural laws of his being.
( lECIL ' rB w T.
%* Any reader of Appendix (' in 'The
( 'ase for ( k)-Educat ion would gather t hat the
authors desire " the main trial of Co-Educa-
tion to take place1 in boarding - schools.
They expressly say that they " have decided
deliberately against the attempt to deal point
by point with the case for Co-Education
in the day-school " (p. 318). It', then. Mr.
Grant agrees that the trend oi modern
feeling is towards the day-school system, he
must at least allow me to deprecate the fad
that In- excellent "case" is limited to the
boarding-school, since we are both of opinion
that the school of the future is the day-
school with the" home as basis. Most parent -
"send their children to the neare-t teaching
establishment " that is suitable, and if
"tin m'' refers to such, it scarcely alter-
my point. Hut the parents "who choose
a day-school in the belief .... t hat il in
VOlveS less moral risk" cannot be -ml to
be " so far on the way to Co-Education thai
they do not seem.... to require separate
treatment." Many parents send their chil-
dren to day-schools for the reason specified,
and \ et disapprove of Co-Education. The
authors do not mention the kind ol day-
school ; do they mean a mixed oiu '.'
Again, if .Mr. Grant will re-read the
review, he will sec that I do not say he
claims that Co -Education is a panacea for
all the ills in present-day education. Tho
remark he takes exception to was made in
order to set the case in due persectivc,
and as a warning that other reforms of as
great importance were needed in education.
Ymii Reviewer.
LESBIAS "SPARROW."
(Catullus, Carmina 1 and 2.)
Ramoyle, Dowanhill, Glasgow, January, 1914.
The word passer is usually translated by
sparrow. Mr. Kennard Davis, in his ' Trans-
lations from Catullus, ' 1913, uses the word
" linnet," and observes : —
"The Latin word usually means sparrow, bul
it is doubtful whether it could not be applied
to any small bird. I have availed myself of the
doubt in translating, J"<>r even if sparrow is more
accurate, the sparrow has not for us the associa-
tions of a pet." — P. 27.
Another suggestion was made by Samuel
Butler in No. 3569 of The Athenaeum,
March 21st, 1896. Mr. D'Arcy Thompson,
in his ' Glossary of Creek Birds.' had stated
negatively that passer was not a sparrow,
"but he suggests no other bird as the one in-
tended by Catullus. I venture to express an
opinion that the /lassere solitario, or blue rock
thrush, is the bird Mr. Thompson is in search of.
This bird is a great favourite as a household pet
throughout North and Middle Italy: it is a
singularly sweet songster, and is one oi the few
birds that respond with any effusiveness to the
attentions of its owners and their friends, ir
one goes to its cage, it will at Once come down to
greet one and begin to sing. There is, in fact,
no bird which has anything like so Btrong a hold on
the affections of those Italians who are attached
to birds at all. In the Coll li chapel, adjoining
the church of Santa Maria Maggiore at Bergamo,
those who ask. to Bee it Will he shown .< httle
skeleton of a bird, resting on ,i cushion, which is
laid on a column which has ■> weeping willow
behind it: an inscription informs the mi-."
that he is looking on the skeleton of the ,,.<
,,•• Medea Colleoni, Bartolommeo Colleoni «
daughter. The hoi,,-.. I do not tor a rnotn
doubt, are those of ., paasere s<>iiin,-m. and
i think it likelv, would those of Lesbia - sparrow
lie found to be had they been preserved to
Wll.l.lAM < rEOBGl lo \<K.
BOOE SALE.
Mbssrs. Sotheby's Oral book sale of the uev
year, which took place on the I Ith Inst and l
following days, included among other propi
the library •■! the late Mr. W. Bale Whit Ni
Rutherford). The chief prices were : Diction
of National Biography, .1 v.. Is.. 1885 1912, - 1 •
Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Vcton Bell, published
by Aylotl .\ Jon< . 1848, 39.'. K< it P
1817, 28?. \i ibian N'i <' • Sir If. Burto
translation, 18 \.,i-.. 1883 s. - 1 . Tu l ■> i ■ ■
lations, 88 vote., 1892 1904, 24'. ft. I- Steven
Works. Edinburgh Edition, :tJ v .1-.. l«
[901, 56!. <• irdlni r.Htetoryof B igl to 1, 13 *ou •
ss, 26.'.
rfrhe total of the sale wo it . <> f.
vu>
T II E A T HENiKUM
go. 4500, Jan. >4, 1914
litorg (gossip.
Author wanted : — It is nearly two and
a half years since a MS. entitled k Pot-
Pourri Parisien,' bearing several addresses,
was left at Mr. John Murray's office by the
author, who promised to call for it in a
few days' time. He has not kept that
promise, and communication with every
address on the MS. has proved futile.
If the author sees this paragraph, will he
kindly make his whereabouts known to
Mr. Murray ?
In our last issue we described the third
volume of Mr. F. W. Bain's ' Indian
Stories ' as a new edition in the " Riccardi
Press Booklets,'" whereas we should have
said Riccardi Press Books. The publisher,
whose name we gave as " Warner," is,
of course, Mr. Philip Lee Warner, eldest son
of the distinguished Indian official whose
career we notice this week.
The original Journals of Capt. Scott
have been deposited by Lady Scott at
the British Museum, and are now on view
in the Manuscript Department. They
consist of nine larger and six smaller
notebooks, the former containing notes
made on board the Terra Nova, the latter
having been used for the sledging expedi-
tions. Three of these were taken to the
Pole. Three of the larger notebooks — as
yet unpublished — give the calculations
and tabulations for the sledging parties,
worked out during the winter.
The series of articles by Mr. Marmaduke
Pickthall on Turkish affairs which has
recently been running in The New Aye
will shortly be published in book-form by
Messrs. Dent. They do not deal with
scenery and the ordinary incidents of
travel, but are an attempt to appreciate
the Turks as they are in their life and talk.
The author's point of view, in fact, is
that of the friend rather than of the tra-
veller in search of sensation, or the corre-
spondent who starts with a definite bias
dictated by his employers at home.
The next meeting of the Royal Society
of Literature will be held on Wednes-
day at 5 p.m. at 20, Hanover Square, when
Sir John Sandys will read a paper on ' The
Literary Sources of Milton's Lycidas, with
Special Reference to Certain Latin Poets
of the Renaissance.' Mr. Edmund Gosse
will preside.
Messrs. Sotheby's sales during the next
fortnight merit the attention of book-
lovers of all kinds. Next Wednesday
they will dispose of the second portion of
Mr. John Pearson's library. Mr. Pearson
has for many years enjoyed unusual op-
portunities of bringing together a valuable
collection, and the Catalogue shows an
exceptional number of first editions of Eng-
lish writers in excellent state. Of some of
them, indeed, no other copy is known,
like ' The Boke of Surveying,' printed
by R. Redman, and some of the Epilogues
and Prologues of Dryden. One or two
of the Pope tracts are of the highest
rarity, and the copy of the fifth edition
of Byron's ' English Bards and Scotch
Reviewers ' is expressly said to be unique
— there being an order of Chancery re-
straining its printing and publication. It
would be a nice point if this order could
he enforced to-day. Collectors of Floren-
tine woodcuts may find some rare Savona-
rola tracts ; and there is a fine collection of
original Rowlandson drawings for ' The
Dance of Death,' seven of them unpub-
lished.
On February 2nd the Macquarie Col-
lection relating to New South Wales will
be offered for sale en bloc, and the second
part of the Woolley Hall Library will be
dispersed. Mr. Dunn's library, though it
contained a few sixteenth- and seven-
teenth-century classics, was made with
a view to elucidate the early history of
printing ; he specially desired to get
unique books or first examples of presses,
and the collection would no doubt have
found a home in some great public institu-
tion but for his sudden death.
The portion now to be sold contains an
unusual number of fine fifteenth- and
sixteenth-century blind-stamped bindings
in an excellent state of preservation. The
importance of these bindings has only of
late years been recognized by collectors,
and their value is rapidly rising. Among
the manuscripts there are several English
Psalters; a twelfth-century English MS.
of Bede ; a thirteenth-century Bible from
Waltham Abbey bound with a number of
tracts, including a catalogue of a monastic
library (perhaps that of the Abbey itself ;
a French thirteenth - century MS. of
Seneca's * Proverbia,' and a very fine
Italian MS. of Propertius. Elias Hey-
wood's ' II Moro,' giving an account of
a discussion in Sir T. More's house at
Chelsea, is one of the rarities of this sale
a little outside its general character. A
number of the incunabula are of medical
interest. An early " pirate " edition of
St. Bernard (1492) is interesting.
To those taking a special interest in
Thackeray manuscripts, drawings, and
rare editions, the collection made during
thirty-five years by the late Major William
H. Lambert of Philadelphia has long been
known as the most remarkable in private
hands. Since its owner died in the summer
of 1912 there has been some natural
curiosity as to the fate of his collections —
for Thackeray was but one of the two or
three subjects in which he specialized
with unfailing zeal. It was for a time
believed that the Thackeray collection
was to be acquired en bloc by an American
millionaire, but news now comes that the
items of which it is formed are to be dis-
persed by auction in New York during
several days at the end of February.
This wiil be the largest sale of Thacke-
rayana that has taken place. Apart from
an extraordinary collection of first editions
— many of them containing Thackeray's
original sketches for the illustrations, parts
of the original manuscript, or other per-
sonalia— there are a large number of the
novelist's letters and drawings, and several
of his manuscripts, including that of ' The
Adventures of Philip ' and that of ' The
Rose and the Ring ' with all the original
drawings, and many which were designed
for it by the author, but have never been
reproduced,
A coursk of six public lectures on
' Parliament under the Tudors ' will be
given at University College, London, by
Prof. Pollard, beginning next Thursday.
The Massachusetts Historical So-
ciety (which claims to be the oldest
Historical Society in the world) has just
elected Dr. J. Holland Rose, author of the
well-known ' Life of Napoleon I.,' to be a
Corresponding Member.
A careful edition in print of the
famous Book of Armagh — long since pro-
jected and partly achieved — has now been
completed. The copy was secured from
wandering abroad by Dr. Reeves half a
century ago, and was purchased and
given to the Library of Trinity College
by Lord John Beresford. Reeves did not
live to complete the task of publishing
it, and it has only been completed by the
Rev. John Gwynn, sometime Regius
Professor of Divinity, because he has
lived in vigour to a patriarchal age.
As the work, though announced by the
Academy as ready for sale, has not yet
reached the subscribers, any fuller descrip-
tion of it must be postponed to a later
date. The character of the venerable
editor, and of those who assisted him in
the work, is, however, a guarantee to all
those who know them that the editing
has been thoroughly done.
It is good news that a volume of Mr.
F. H. Bradley's occasional papers is
likely to appear in the near future. His
last work. ' Appearance and Reality,' was
published over twenty years ago, and his
two earlier books on Ethics and Logic
are so scarce, and original copies command
such a price, that they are read for the
most part only in an American and, we
believe, pirated edition. Mr. Bradley, it
is said, refuses to bow to the general
demand for their republication, for the
excellent reason that he disagrees with
many of the opinions which he held thirty
years ago. His example might be more
widely followed with advantage.
Mr. Bernard Lucas, author of " The
Faith of a Christian.' is about to publish a
work containing a fresh presentation of
Indian missions, which he believes, is
more in harmony with modem thought
and feeling on the subject than are many
current accounts of it. The book is
entitled ' Our Task in India : Shall We
Proselytize Hindus or Evangelize India 1 *
and offers both suggestions towards more
effective work and answers to general
objections. It will be published by
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. very shortly.
The same publishers are also about to-
issue a newf work by the author of * Pro
Christo et Ecclesia.' It has been entitled
' The Practice of Christianity.'
Messrs. Hutchinson announce for
Thursday next the first instalment of a
serial work, to be called ' A History
of the Nations,' which will be thenceforth
published in fortnightly parts under the
editorship of Mr. Walter Hutchinson.
It is designed to give a separate account
No. 4500. Jan. 24, 1914
Til E AT H KX.KUM
1
> i
— concise and popular, hut the work of an
authority upon each several subjeot — of
all the nations of the world, and will be
lavishly illustrated.
We notice among Messrs. Longmans'
announcements ' The Passing of the
Reform Bill,' by Mr. J. R. M. Butler, the
first publication, we believe, to come
from the brilliant sou of the Master of
Trinity College, Cambridge : and ' The
I onfederacy of Europe,' by Mr. W. Alison
Phillips.
The same firm are starting- in February
' The Lavman's Library," edited by
Prof. F. C. Burkitt and Prof. C. E. New-
som. The idea of the Library is, while
taking account of modern criticism, to
build up a constructive' religious ideal.
The first volumes will he ' The Faith of
the Old Testament,' by Prof. Alexander
Nairne, with a Preface by Prof. Burkitt,
and • What is the Gospel '. or Redemption :
Study in the Doctrine of Atonement." by
Dr. J. G. Simpson.
Mr. R. R, Maretts book c The Thres-
hold of Religion ' will be issued by Messrs.
Methuen on Thursday next in an enlarged
edition.
Messrs. Macmillan will publish shortly
a hook by Mr. Reginald Leonard entitled
" Kconomic Notes on English Agricultural
Wages.' In it an attempt has been made
to answer the question whether a com-
pulsory rise in agricultural wages is
economically possible. Particular con-
sideration is given to three problems —
the possibility of a general rise in agri-
cultural wages throughout the country,
the possibility of an especially large in-
crease in wages in the counties where
they are now especially low, and the
alleged tendency of minimum-wage regu-
lation to produce unemployment.
Mi:. Murray is about to publish one
or two works on social questions which
should prove of outstanding importance.
Among them are Mr. J. A. R. Marriott's
study of the English Land System — an
expansion of the important articles recently
published in The Fortnightly Review — and
Hrs. Bo-anquet's history of the C.O.S. :
- ial Work in London. 1869-1912.'
Mr. John S. Farmer's series of • Tudor
Facsimile Texts," begun in PH)7, now
includes over 143 volumes. These fac-
similes, which are for all purposes of study
..iluahle as the originals, and may be
accepted with confidence as accurate,
deserve a wider support than they have
hitherto received.
Mi.— rs. Smith k Elder will publish
immediately ' Parsifal, and Tristan and
[solde : the Stories of Richard Wagner's
Dramas told in English,' by Mr. Randle
Fynes and Mr. Louis X. Parker. The
object of the authors has been to retell
these stories in language neither pedantic
nor BO bald as to he unreadable. The
transcriptions are not intended to displace
the various literal translation-.
Before the month is out Messrs. Milk
Boon promise a neu novel by Miss
• I essie Pope called 'The Tracy Tubbst
Lovers of humorous fiction — all too scanty,
to our thinking — may well make a note
of this.
An interesting book of reminiscences
has just appeared in Copenhagen, viz.,
the memoirs of Bishop Monrad, the Danish
Prime Minister during the war against
Prussia and Austria in L864. Some years
before his death in L887 he wrote down
his impressions of the inner history of
that disastrous chapter of Danish foreign
and military policy, but the manuscript
has only now been issued for publication —
exactly fifty years after those events.
The first number of The Political
Quarterly will be published at the beginning
of February by Mr.Milford, of the Oxford
University Press. It will include articles
on the Home Rule Situation, the Dublin
Labour Dispute, the United States Senate,
the Registration of Titles to Land, Mu-
nicipal Government in Birmingham, the
School in relation to Civic Progress, and
reviews of events and books.
The Librairie Larousse has recently
published an edition of Alfred de Vigny's
works which will prove attractive to the
general public. It consists of seven
volumes tastefully bound, and is abun-
dantly illustrated with plates reproducing
portraits and old prints. To each volume
is prefixed an Introduction written by
M. Gauthier- Ferrieres.
M. Abee Hkrmant the novelist will
henceforth write in Le Temps the chronicle
headed ' Vie Parisienne ' which was for-
merly signed by the late Jules Clare tie.
M. Faguet. who was a Professor at
the Sorbonne from 1890, having given up
his post, has been pensioned off. He w ill
thus be able to devote all his time to
criticism.
The Corrihill Magazine for February
opens with an unpublished Sonnet by
Robert Browning, addressed to the memory
of his parents. Sir Henry Lucy con-
tributes a further instalment of his remi-
niscences, 'Sixty Years in the Wilderness:
Xearing Jordan."
•The Real Syndicalism; by Mr. H.
Warner Allen, is a sketch of the new
agriculturists" movement in Prance, which
is neither revolutionary nor collectivist .
In ' A National Benefactor : Sir Robert
Hunter ' Canon Rawnsley tells of the
work of a remarkable public official and
private upholder of common rights.
'That Other One." by Mr. A. C. Benson,
records a curious spiritual experience; and
•The Old House and the New: a Dia-
logue ' is a fantasy of past and present
by Mr. Bernard Holland. In ' Rory of
the (den" Mr. Gilbert Coleridge writes of
Highland sport under an old ghillie.
Short stories are "The Seventh (bin.'
dealing with an Irish wager, by Mr.
Jeffery E. Jeffery, and ' The Witch of
Kandor." a Wesl African tale by Mr.
\V. II. Adams.
Harper's Magazitu for February in-
cludes a poem. "Old l'i itiwls." by Mr. Le
Catherine ; a short story. ' The Amethyst
Comb.1 by Mary B. Wilkins freeman:
and articles h\ Mi Sydnej Brooks and
Mi Norman I )uncan.
Chambers's Journal for February will
contain an article on 'The Kaiser: An-
other View,' by an unnamed author:
'The Rhinoceros in Siberia," by the Rev.
D. Gath Whitley; ' The China Coast,1 by
Mr. .1. C. Smith' ; and ' The Flight of the
Empress of the French from the Tuileries,'
by Mr. George Pignatorre.
SlB John DUNCAN, one of the pro-
prietors of The South Wales Daily News,
an active promoter of higher education in
Wales, and an eminent journalist, died
on Tuesday last at Penarth. He did
much towards the foundation of the Uni-
versity College of South Walts and Mon-
mouthshire, and served tor a long time
on the Court of the University of Wales.
He was twice Chairman of the Pi'
Association, and with Baron de Renter
organized the special foreign and colonial
service of Renter's Agenc\ .
Mr. F. de Baudiss has recently died
at Hampstead. "The Wellington College
French Grammar,1 in which he collabo-
rated with his friend the late H. W. Eve,
is his best-known title to the gratitude of
teachers and scholars ; but he did much
other work, both in helping his friend with
the ' German Grammar,' and in the pre-
paration of editions of German and French
classics.
Those who never knew him person-
ally, but have used the ' French Orani-
mar," will hardly be surprised to learn
that he succeeded in identifying himself
with the spirit of English school-life to
a degree unusual for a foreigner.
Baron Hermann von Soden, Chief
Pastor of the .Jerusalem Church in Berlin,
met recently with an accident on the
Underground Railway which, on Thurs-
day, the loth inst., proved fatal. He was
born at Cincinnati in 1851, and educated
at Tubingen. He had been Chief Pastor
since 1901, and, while already eminent for
his work as a scholar and theologian,
became also well known as a preacher,
and beloved for his care of his people.
Textual criticism with the study of
Palestine was his chief field. ' Palestine
and its History " — perhaps his best-known
book — was the outcome of many journeys
to the Holy Land. He took a vigorous
part in the controversy over " historicity,
and about four months ago completed a
work in four volumes upon New Testa*
ment texts.
Prof. Rudolph o i:\ki: died on Monday
at Berlin, at the age of 89. His chief work
was the popularization of Shakespeare
in Germany, and the enthusiasm and
industry which he brought to it were
amazing. Besides his ' Shakespeare ' —
the fruit of fifteen years' work— he pub-
lished no fewer than forty-four books and
article- on the subject, as well a- an amiis-
ing parod\ on the Baconian theory en-
titled ■ The Goethe Secret.' Philologic-
ally his achievements do no! rank high,
but he often struck out illuminating ideas,
and certainly, alike by hi- writing- and hifl
recitations, gave a powerful impetus to
the study of Shakespeare abroad.
13S
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 11*14
SCIENCE
Glimpses of Indian Birds. By Douglas
Dewar. (John Lane, 7s. Gd. net.)
The thirty-nine articles which go to the
making of this book have all known a
previous existence in various periodicals,
and are essentially " glimpses " rather
than a revelation of the tenets of a natural-
ist who glories in his heterodoxy. It
appears that any and every theory regard-
ing the operation of natural selection is
to Mr. Dewar as a red rag to a bull — an
animal which in reckless courage he
goes far to rival. The present reviewer
has not read ' The Making of Species,'
which he has written in collaboration
with Mr. Frank Finn, and without this
clue his fulminations in these pages
indicate a destructive far more than a
constructive attitude. Lest his critic
should fail to join issue with him, he
invites him to choose his own ground,
leaving Indian birds out of the discussion,
for he maintains that all his arguments
with regard to these apply equally to
those of the British Isles. He is much
perturbed at the parlous state of modern
zoological science ; according to him,
biologists are divided into two camps —
the theorists, who are at present in power,
and unscrupulously ignore or distort all
facts subversive of their fetishes ; and
the practical men, breeders and field
naturalists, who form the opposition, and
make themselves obnoxious by supplying
the awkward facts aforesaid. Even so,
would such conditions really tend to the
fossilization of science ? Surely the exist-
ence of these " authorities " provides the
very best stimulus to the researches of
those to whom they are a bugbear ;
there is nothing more discouraging to the
independent investigator than to have no
accepted doctrine to assail.
We think, however, that the author
has drawn an exaggerated picture. It is
true enough that Darwin and Wallace
might well have prayed to be saved from
some of their friends, and that much un-
diluted nonsense has masqueraded as
science under cover of their names ; but it
is totally misleading to suggest that field
naturalists as a body constitute a solid
opposition to the theory of Natural
Selection, with the " professional bio-
logists " deliberately retarding every pro-
gressive step. (Incidentally we must ad-
mire the disingenuous way in which Mr.
Dewar ostentatiously scans the ranks of
these discredited, unpractical theorists for
the ungentle critic who may pick holes in
his book.) Recently Mr. W. P. Pycraft
gave us his ' History of Birds ' (with an
appreciative Introduction by Sir E. Ray
Lankester — a gentleman of whom Mr.
Dewar does not think much), in which he
puts the case for natural selection as regards
birds with great restraint and moderation ;
at the same time he is himself a joint
editor of the well-known magazine British
Birds, which first and foremost keeps in
touch with every fact of scientific value
which the best field observation can supply.
Now, if Mr. Dewar cannot accept the
theories of Darwin and Wallace, we agree
with him that his proper course is, in the
first place, to pile up all the facts which
tell against them ; but to bolster up his
evidence with personal abuse will cer-
tainly not help his case, and he must
beware of falling into the error that he
finds so intolerable in his opponents — of
ignoring such facts as do not fit in with
his own theory. For we gather that he
has a rival theory — or hypothesis, perhaps
we should say ; it is just hinted at rather
mysteriously in a paragraph or two, the
gist of the matter being that he would sub-
stitute " Mutation " for Natural Selection.
Without more precise knowledge of Mr.
Dewar's conclusions and his methods of
arriving at them, it would be impossible
to offer any general criticism, but we
permit ourselves a few comments, while
endeavouring to preserve an open mind
for further impressions.
In the first place if Mr. Dewar has
read the sixth edition of ' The Origin
of Species,' he has done less than justice
to the carefully reasoned passages in
chap, vii., in which Darwin answers his
critic Mivart. He might have been
replying to Mr. Dewar himself, complain-
ing at the outset of the assumption that
he (Darwin) attributed nothing to varia-
tion independently of natural selection.
He then proceeds to consider in some
detail the objection which had attracted
most attention — '* that natural selection
is incompetent to account for the incipient
stages of useful structures." Mr. Dewar,
on the other hand, quite ignores his
arguments when he quarrels with the so-
called protective mimicry of butterflies,
and advances the insuperable objection
" that the likeness cannot be of much
use until it is fairly strong. Howr, then,
is the beginning of the resemblance to be
explained ? " He is on newer ground
when he is at some pains to prove that
butterflies are not preyed upon by birds
to any appreciable extent, and hence the
protection is unnecessary. He is prob-
ably right in his facts here, but it is still
open to Darwinians to maintain that he
is confusing cause and effect, and that it
is because the protective colouring of the
butterfly at rest has done its Avork (through
natural selection or otherwise) that it is
comparatively safe from its enemies ;
once on the wing, a butterfly is probably
not so readily captured as might be
expected.
Again, the author tells us that all
the tragedies he has observed in which
a bird's nest has been raided took place
at night. " What, then [he argues],
becomes of the elaborate theory of pro-
tective coloration '( " This is an objec-
tion of some weight, for against purely
nocturnal marauders the most unobtru-
sive colours would be of little avail ; on
the other hand, it may be urged that
protective coloration has presumably
minimized the dangers of the day and
confined them to the hours of darkness,
though the truth of the matter would
often be that the victim was marked
down by some diurnal prowler — e.g., a
cat — and the raid effected after nightfall
to secure a greater chance of success . Thus
such occurrences might be directly trace-
able to the need of protective coloration,
and tend to the elimination of the more con-
spicuous individuals by natural selection.
In the same chapter Mr. Dewar
undertakes to demonstrate *' how erro-
neous is the orthodox doctrine that the
survival of the fittest is the result of a
struggle for existence among adult organ-
isms." After describing the enormous
infant mortality among the bulbuls in
his garden, he argues : —
"There are three critical stages in the
life of a bird — the time when it is defenceless
in the egg, the period it spends helpless in
the nest, and the two or three days that
elapse after it leaves the nes: until its
powers of flight are fully developed. When
once a little bird has survived these danger-
ous periods, when it has reached the adult
stage, it is comparatively immune from
death until old age steals upon it. It
zoologists would perceive this obvious
truth, there would be an end to nine-tenths
of the nonsense written about protective
colouring. ' '
What is this contention that adult organ-
isms alone are subjected to the test of the
survival of the fittest \ In the field of
ornithology many would claim that pro-
tective colouring plays an even larger
part in the three early stages described
than in the case of the adult. But even
if wre accept the " orthodox doctrine.'' as
Mr. Dewar puts it. his argument, which
is to confute old-fashioned zoologists once
and for all, is quite fallacious in one
important particular. There is clearly a
fourth period of extreme danger in the
life of a bird — that during which the
duties of incubation and rearing nestlings
are performed. It is precisely this factor.
in the viewr of Darwinians, which has
largely determined the duller plumage of
so many female birds. All the other
dangers that threaten the helpless young
are together less than the chance of sudden
death overtaking the mother. Mr. 1 )ewar,
indeed, advances the view — at the risk
of offending the ladies — that, while the
tendency is for all birds to assume bril-
liant plumage, the cocks are in a sense
superior beings, and tend to be a stage
or two ahead of the hens as regards evo-
lutionary development.
Some of the author's arguments on the
puzzling subject of ' Birds in White '
rather belie his pose as the uncompromis-
ing opponent of Natural Selection. On
this topic his most interesting contribu-
tion is the suggestion that " whiteness of
feather seems to be correlated in some
way with the power to resist cold and
damp."
In his chapter on the swallow-plover, or
pratincole, Mr. Dewar describes a very
remarkable display of the so-called " in-
jury-feigning," in which a whole colony
took part together. Like many observers,
he cannot persuade himself that it is in
any sense an intelligent act. He regards
the bird as torn by conflicting emotions.
" We all know [he writes] that instinct
teaches birds to fly away from all birds or
beasts of prey or large, strange moving
objects ; but instinct teaches them to guard
X... 4500, -Ian. 24, 1JH4
T II E AT II EN A-A' M
H9
their eggs. Vow, when a human heme
approaches the eggs of a pratincole, these
two instincts come into violent opposition,
and the bird's mental equilibrium is much
disturbed ; the result is that the bi d under-
■s all manner of strange contortions."
He adds that such contortions undoubtedly
serve to distract the attention of pre-
daceous creatures, and are useful to the
ies. and "" hence such behaviour must
tend to be perpetuated by natural selec-
tion." If he recognizes Natural Selection
here, his dismissal of the logical extension
of the principle seems inconsistent.
A History and Description of the Royal
0 servatory, Cape of Good Hope. By
Sir David Gill. (Stationery Office.)
Before the close of his official life as
His Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape.
Sir David Gill had written a description
of the equipment of the Observatory, of
which he was Director from 1879 to 1907,
with full accounts of the instruments that
had been added under his superintend-
ence. It seemed expedient to add to this
a history of the Observatory which has
been prepared since Sir David's retire-
ment, and the result, published by order
of the Lords Commissioners of the Ad-
miralty, forms the volume now before us.
Provided with diagrams and plates, it
shows fully the additions to the list of
instruments and to the programme of
work in the last thirty years which have
raised the Observatory from an institu-
tion of earlier type, where meridian
observing was the staple and only work.
its present position of one taking its
part in the modern extension of astronomy
known as astrophysics, It is impossible
jive here in a short space any adequate
account of what has been done in that
time, but Sir David Gill has told the
history well, and in many cases with full
description of methods which make the
hook very valuable. The growth of the
Observatory is shown by the frontispiece
exhibiting parallel photographs of the
staff in 1ST!) and in 1906, the numbers
in the two pictures being eitrht and
ty-four respectively.
Besides the astronomy proper, survey
operations in South Africa have been
proceeding since 1 SS.'i (mainly under the
direction of Sir David (Jill) which are of
t importance to geodetic science.
-tronomical unit of measurement is
the mean distance of the earth from the
Win, which is exhibited generally as a
number of Seconds of arc with fractional
parts known as the Bolar parallax. To
convert this unit into miles it is necessary
to know the size and shape of the earth,
and in this way astronomy depends on
idesy — the science of earth measurement
Our knowledge of the figure of the earth
depends on the measurement of the actual
lengths of arc- ot the meridian, or ol
parallels of latitude in different parts of
the sphere, and the arcs that are already
available lie in comparatively high northern
latitudes, and are not excessive in length.
The pione.-r Lacaille, a French abbe and
astronomer sent by the Paris Academy of
Sciences, measured an are in Cape Colonj
in L752, which was the beginning of the
survey of South Africa, to determine
whether the form of the earth 18 the
same in the Southern hemisphere and
the Northern, but. unfortunately, was
not able to settle this point satisfactorily.
Maclear. the third Director of the Cape
Observatory ( 1833-70), extended Lacaille's
arc and cleared up an outstanding dis-
cordance in his work, so that Sir David
Oil! soon after his appointment felt
that the prosecution of a survey of South
Africa could not be considered outside
the duties of his office, but rather
that H.M. Astronomer should take the
initiative. Sir Battle Krere. then Governor
of the Colony, gave the recommenda-
tions his cordial support. Sir Oeorge
( ollev. Coventor of Xatal. and his successor
Sir Charles Mitchell were no less sym-
pathetic and helpful, and in January,
1883, an agreement was arranged between
the ( rovernments of the two colonies to
undertake the principal triangulation of
both territories as a joint work. It is
needless here to describe the details of this
survey : it is sufficient to say that it was
completed by 1896.
Sir David Gill then proposed to extend
this triangulation northward, approxi-
mately along the thirtieth meridian of
east longitude, eventually to reach the
mouth of the Nile, and then to join with
the Russian arc and complete the longest
arc of meridian measurable in the world.
Cecil Rhodes had already been approached,
and. though he A\as impressed with the
magnificence of the scheme, and saw how
it fitted in with his plans of a Cape to
Cairo railway, he was not able to take any
immediate steps, but promised financial
help at a later date. The survey of
Rhodesia was begun in 1897.
After the war, when the adminis-
tration of the Transvaal and Orange
River colonies passed into new hands,
and Lord Milne r was convinced that
maps of the country were among the first
essentials of good government, an Ord-
nance Survey of the Colonies was under-
taken. Col. Morris being appointed Super-
intendent. Sir David Oill was asked to
he honorary scientific adviser to the
Government on this survey, and as Col.
Morris had taken a leading part in the
surveys of Cape Colony and Xatal,
continuity of method was assured. It
remains to be added that a sum of money
was collected in England by Sir George
Dai win to pay the expenses of a short
triangulation to connect the survey of
Rhodesia with that of the Transvaal.
The full details of these surveys are
naturally not given in this volume, hut
tin- summary of results is valuable and
sufficient. The triangulation of the
thirtieth meridian is now complete al-
most as far north as Cake Tanganyika,
and is progressing southwards from the
Mediterranean under the hands of the
Geodetic Survey of Egypt. Intermediate
-hoit arcs have been undertaken by
the Belgian and German Government
SO that the world of science may expect
the complete scheme hefolc lou _
SOCIETIES.
Royal Xi uismatk'. -./mi. 15. — Sir Henry II.
FToworth, President, In the chair. Messrs.
Richard Dalton, Robert Ken-, and It. Jami
Williams were ejected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions: by Miss Helen Parquhar, a series
or coins, from I/, pieces in half-crowns, with
equestrian figures illustrative of tin- Btyle and
workmanship of tin- Civil War engravers, In-
cluding signed pieces bj Rawlins and Briot :
bj Mr. William Gilbert, an unpublished milled
sixpence of Elizabeth of 1562, with a il"t between
\ and i> ni' tin' reverse legend : '•> Mr. !.. A.
Lawrence, a small iron tobacco I x • n with a por-
trait ni' Charles I. in silver mi the Mil : by Mr.
P. \. Walters, a medallion of Hadrian, being a
large brass (Cohen No. 184) enclosed in a moulded
bronze ring ; andbj Mr. Percj II. Webb, a rare
second brass ot I.. Domitius Uexander, tyrant in
Africa 308 :;u \..n„ villi reverse: i\\im ROSEA
FELIX K \i; ill VGO.
Miss Helen Parquhar read a paper on ' Nicholas
Briot ami some Countrj Mints during tin- Civil
War.' Mr. Symonds lias recently shown that
Briot had died in the service of Parliament) which
has disproved the tradition of the artist's un-
interrupted service of Charles I. at Oxford :
Miss Parquhar was able to show thai Briot con-
tinued to serve the king bj making secret journeyH
in >i 1 1 London to Fork ami Oxford alter the out-
break nl' hostilities, as was clear From his widow's
petition to Charles II. at the Restoration, recalling
tlie miseries she ami her family hail Suffered when
this was discovered. Miss Parquhar showed how
mint's hand could he traced in the < nil Wai
coinages of these two mints. — A discussion fol-
lowed, in which .Mr. Symonds, Mr Brooke, Col
Morrieson, and the President took part.
Meteorologic \r.. — -Jan. 21. — -I mm nl Mi ding.
— Mr. C. .1. I'. Cave, President, in the chair.
The Council, in their Report, referred in the
various branches of work which had been carried
mi by the Society during the past year. The*
included researches in the upper atmosphere,
meteorological lectures, the collection of phono-
logical observations, and the commencement of
the preparation of a series of normal values ot
the climatologica] elements of the British Isles.
Tlie President presented to Mr. W. It. Dines the
Symons Gold Medal for 1914, which the Council
had awarded him in recognition of his distin-
guished work in connexion with meteorological
science.
Mr. Cave, in his Presidential Address, dealt
with tin- subject of upper-air research. He
pointed out that research in the upper air ma>
be by means of a manned ha llooii w it h observe]
and instrument, or by self-registering instruments
sent up in kite, captive balloon, or free balloon.
Kites were first used for this purpose by Dr.
Wilson of Glasgow, 17 l!l: and also in Arctic
expeditions in \*>\ and 1836. The box kite
and tlu- use of steel piano wire instead of line
enabled greater heights to In- obtained, and both
were adopted by the Blue Hill Observatory in
1895. The use of kites was not taken up in
England till 1902, when Mr. Dines Hew them
from a steamer. After referring to the use ol
balloons and tin- ascents made by Glaisher and
others, the President said that danger to life in
high ascents caused MM. Hermite and Besancon to
use a registering balloon in 1893; a free balloon
carried a recording instrument, the recovery of
the instrument being dependent on the balloon
being found after its descent ; a height of nine
miles was reached in Prance, and thirteen miles,
in Germany soon after. He next | i to the
various types of instruments used in this way,
and described Mr. Dines's meteorograph, which
is an extremely simple and light instrument.
Rubber balloons are generally used, and as thej
a see I id t he\ tell us of t he w illils aho\ e I he surface,
a special ti lolite being used for observing ;
balloons. The International Commission
Scientific Aeronautics directs the studies for
upper aii- research, and special days an- arranged
for international ascents of balloons and kit
stations in various parts of the wmld taking |
in the work. Tie- first -real resull "l till
researches has been the discover} that tie- atmo-
sphere is divided int.. Ha- Troposphere, where
1 1,, jjj i, in constant movement, horizontal and
vertical, and tin- stratosphere, where turbul
motion seems t., cease. TheStrato phere begins
ai about '■> miles in these latitudes. The method
ni Investigation i- new, hut man) othei results
arc beginning • "" '" light, and n teems aa
il gh changes of weather do not begin at the
irari i the earth, but are dependent upon
movements taking placi about 7'fi miles up.
140
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Historical. — Jan. 15. — Prof. Firth, President,
in the chair. — Sir Frederic George Kenyon Avas
elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society. — The
election was announced of Messrs. S. Percy Smith,
Lindsav Buick, D. W. A. Hughes, A. Freeman,
II. H. Dodwell, W. W. Williams, and the Rev.
Pascal Robinson, as Fellows. — The University
Club Library, New York, was admitted as a
Subscribing Library.
A paper was read by Mr. A. G. Little upon
Roger Bacon, t he probable seven hundredth
anniversary of his birth falling in this year.
Mr. Little reviewed the recent progress in pub-
lication of critical editions and estimates of Roger
Bacon's works, and sketched the career and extra-
ordinary achievements of the encyclopaedic
genius of the thirteenth century, whose ' Opus
Majus ' is so strongly suggestive of 'The Ad-
vancement of Learning ' by his great — scarcely
greater — namesake in the seventeenth century.
In his prophetic announcement of the necessary
mathematical basis for the study of the physical
sciences, Roger may be said to have gone beyond
Francis Bacon.
Dr. Hii'sch spoke on Bacon's philological learn-
ing, and Mr. Steele and Col. Hime also spoke.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
SIl>N'.
Royal Academy, 4.— 'Mediaeval Architecture : its Nature and
Basis of Art,' Prof. E. 8. Prior.
— Institute of Actuaries, 5.— 'On the Extension of Existing
Valuation Methods of grouping Policies by the Employment
of a System of Weights,' Mr. A. E. King.
— St. Bride Foundation, 7.30.—' Letterpress Printing from 1801,'
Mr. R. A. Peddie.
— Instituteof British Architects, 8.—' London Traffic Problems,'
Col. Sir Herbert Jekyll.
— Society of Arts, 8.—' The Relation of Industry to Art,' Lec-
ture II., Sir C. Waldstein. (Cantor Lecture.)
— Surveyors' Institution, 8.—' Measuring and Quantity Sur-
veying,' Mr. G. Corderoy.
— Geographical, 8 30— 'Exploration in Dutch New Guinea,' Mr.
A. F. R. Wollaston.
Tiks. Horticultural, 3.— 'Some Aspects of American Forestry,'
Prof. W. Somerville.
— Royal Institution, 3.— 'Animals and Plants under Domesti-
cation,' Lecture II., Prof. W. Bateson.
— Anthropological Institute, 8.— 'The Life of the Australian
Tribesmen,' Prof Baldwin Spencer.
— Institution of Civil Engineers. '8.— Further Discussion on
' Superheating Steam in Locomotives.'
Wkd. Royal Academy. 4.— 'Construction, Shadows, and Reflections,'
Mr. VV. L. Wyllie.
— Irish Literary. 4.30. -'The Old Balladists,' Mr. Padric
Gregory.
— Society of Literature, 6.— ' The Literary Sources of Milton's
Lycidas, with Special Reference to Certain Latin Poets of
the Renaissance,' Sir J. E. Sandys.
— University of London. 5 30. — ' The Decisive Point and Moment
in Modern War,' Col. C. Ross.
— Society of Arts, 8.— 'Japanese Colour-Prints,' Mr. E. F.
Strange.
■Tulrs. Royal Institution, 3.— 'The Mind of Savage Man: (2) His
Moral and Religious Life,' Dr. W. McDougall.
— Royal. 4.30.— 'The Origin of Thermal lonizition from Carbon,'
Prof. O. W. Richardson ; ' The X-Ray Spectra given by
Crystals of Sulphur and Quartz.' Prof. W. H. Bragg; 'On
the Temperature Variation of the Photo-elastic Effect in
Strained Glass.' Prof. L. N. G. Filon ; and other Papers.
— Society of Antiquaries, 8.30.
— Victoria and Albert Museum. 8.30.— 'Some Historic Styles of
Bookmaking,' Mr. G. H. Palmer.
Fiu. Royal Academy, 4.— 'The Roman and Byzantine Contribu
tions to Medineval Art.' Prof. E. S. Prior.
— Institution of Civil Engineers, 8.— 'The Testing of Materials
for Use in Engineering Construction." Lecture II., Mr.
E. W. Monkhnuse. (Students' Meeting.)
— Royal Institution, 9 —'The Foundations of Diplomacy,' Mr.
H. Wickham Steed.
Sat. Royal Institution. 3.— 'Neglected Musical Composers: (2)
Henry Bishop,' Prof. F. Corder.
— Irish Literary, 8.— 'Irish Nationality and Gaelic Genius,'
Rev. W. H. Drummond.
Messrs. Longmans have in the press
' Flying : some Practical Experiences/ by
Mr. Gustav Hamel and Mr. Charles C. Turner.
Mr. J. Elrick Adler adds to the book a
chapter on the Physiological and Medical
Aspects of Aviation, and there will be other
special contributions, including one by Mr.
Marconi on Wireless Telegraphy.
The same firm also promise ' Flight
without Formulae : Simple Discussions on
the Mechanics of the Aeroplane,' by Com-
mander Duchene, translated by Mr. John H.
Ledeboer, the editor of Aeronautics.
Mr. C. S. Wright has been appointed
University Lecturer at Cambridge in Sur-
veying and Cartography. He has had,
says The Cambridge Review, considerable
experience in practical surveying in Northern
Ontario and the Rocky Mountains, and was
in the Antarctic with Capt. Scott in charge
of the work in physics, his reports of which
are expected shortly.
FINE ARTS
Francisco Goya : a Study of the Work and
Personality of the Eighteenth Century
Spanish Painter and Satirist. By Hugh
Stokes. (Herbert Jenkins, 10s. Qd. net.)
Francisco Goya is one of the most
remarkable figures in the history of Art.
He was equally at home at Court and in
the tavern, in his studio and in the arena.
Wherever he found himself, he was keenly
in touch with the life around him, watch-
ing it, living it, and storing up impressions
which were afterwards to be transferred
to canvas or the copper. He was im-
pelled by a restless vitality : many stories
are told of the wild escapades of his
youth and of his amoristic adventures.
At the age of 78 he made the journey
from Madrid to Paris, alone and stone-
deaf, " to see the world," and he studied
the life of the city with all the enthusiasm
of an adolescent.
The same astonishing vitality is the out-
standing feature of his work. His output
was enormous. He has left nearly 600
paintings, and he etched 250 plates, and
we may safely assume that an artist of
his temperament abandoned or destroyed
as much again, for he was a confirmed
experimentalist. He never attained to a
perfect manipulation of oil paint, or even
to a definite technique ; he was too im-
patient by nature, his interests were too
scattered, and impressions crowded on his
brain with too great rapidity. He grappled
with the problems before him in the first
manner which suggested itself, and he
set no limits to the tasks he undertook.
Hence the extraordinary inequalities in
his work. When he succeeds, he produces
a masterpiece breathing life from every
corner ; when he fails, it is the failure of
an imperfect method, the failure of a man
relying too much on his genius and not
sufficiently upon his craft.
Mr. Hugh Stokes has given us a sym-
pathetic treatment of the painter's life.
Acknowledging his indebtedness to pre-
vious biographers, he traces Goya's
development throughout his long career.
Goya only arrived at his highest level after
much groping in the dark. There is as
much difference between the earlier and
later tapestry cartoons as between the
early etchings after Velasquez and ' Los
Caprichos/ and his portraits show the
same development.
A knoAvledge of the life which Goya
saw around him, and of the history of
those troubled times in Spain, is necessary
for a full appreciation of his genius, and
Mr. Stokes draws vivid pictures of the
Courts of Charles III., Charles IV., and
Ferdinand VII., and points out how
profoundly the artist was moved by the
horrors of war. He also lays stress
upon the part played in his life by the
Duchess of Alba, that grande passion
which came to him at 47. The critics
have been inclined to deny Goya the
sense of beauty, because he often
sacrificed it to vigour of conception and
force of light and shade ; but the
pictures painted from the Duchess, or
inspired by her memory — notably ' La
Maja Vestida ' and ' La Maja Desnuda,'
and in many plates of ' Los Caprichos ' —
show a great feeling for delicacy of form
and grace of action. His best work dates
from this period : ' Los Caprichos ' were
produced immediately after the '" rup-
ture," and they were followed by his first
portraits and the frescoes in San Antonio
de la Florida.
It is difficult to define Mr. Stoked
precise attitude towards ' Los Caprichos.'
In the chapter devoted to a consideration
of these etchings he protests vigorously
against Ruskin's vandalism in destroying
a set, and he defends Goya against
Hamerton's charge of coarse -mindedness
and vulgarity ; but in another part of
the book (p. 12) he tells us that '"it is
difficult to dismiss the feeling that some-
times the satirist is lower than the crea-
ture he flays." He rightly discredits the
attempts which have been made to read
personalities into the figures, but on the
whole draws too little attention to the
exceptional quality of these etchings.
Mr. Stokes writes in a bright and enter-
taining style, and the forty-eight illus-
trations which accompany the text are
extremely well reproduced, affording a
satisfactory suggestion of the master's
handling of paint, and characteristic
use of aquatint in etching.
The Splendid Wayfaring. By Haldane
Macfall. (Shnpkin & Marshall.)
The affectation and pomposity of Mr.
Macf all's method of writing are likely to
prejudice a reader of a scientific turn of
mind against his book. Mr. Macfall's
style is alternately reminiscent of the
thundering of Carlyle and the conversation
of an Oxford undergraduate ; capital
letters abound, and ' The Splendid Way-
faring ' is studded with purple passages,
epigrams, and aphorisms ; the chapters
are headed ' Of Life,' * Of the Splendour
of the Passions,' ' Of Criticism and the
Milk of Asses,' ' Of the Mighty Acreage
of the Garden of the Arts, and of the Vast
Significances that dwell therein,' and so
forth; and Ave are told that to "sense,"
is " the basic essence of the act of
Art." This love of a picturesque phrase
creates an impression of dilettantism,
which is increased by the " precious "
appearance of the book, with its red moire
binding and affected gold lettering. The
text is decorated by Mr. Lovat Fraser,
Gauelier Brzeska, the author, and Gordon
Craig, and it is difficult to discover any
great merit in these head- and tail-pieces,
which seem to us both pretentious and
lacking in significance ; their relation to
the text, indeed, in the majority of
instances, is far from evident. In a work
which, the author tells us, is intended
to be an affirmation of his concept and
his faith, and " a lamp to draw back to
the pursuit of vital things those that stray
in futile and aimless wandering amid the
1
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1014
T II K A r II KX ilUM
141
graveyards where the great and lesser dead
lie buried," we oould have dispensed with
a form of decoration which never rises
above the pretty.
This impression of dilettantism is un-
fortunate, because Mr. .Macfall is an
enthusiastic lover of Art and a writer of
experience, and his hook, in spite of its
bombast and its verbiage, is in reality a
spirited protest against those who regard
Art as a luxury of the leisured classes.
Art. he explains, far from being only
this, is an integral part of all progress,
whether of humanity, a nation, or an
individual. Art stands for an outlook, an
attitude towards life. What distinguishes
man from the lower orders of creation
i*- his capacity of communion with his
fellows ; reasoned speech (written or
spoken) is his intellectual means of
communion — that is, his means of con-
veying his thoughts — and Art is his
" sensed ** means of communion, or
means of conveying his feelings ; but. as
a thought does not become a part of life
until feeling has entered into it, Art is
indispensable to Science, and Progress
can only be achieved by these two forces,
S nee and Art — the one representing
the reasoning side of man, the other his
passionate and sensitive energies. Through-
out the book Mr. Macfall shows himself
in touch with the more vital element in
modem thought, which preaches active as
opposed to passive morality: "It is not
by his Thou Shalt Nots, but by his Thou
Shalts that man reaches to the heights,
walks to fulfilment of the vast realm of
life, knows Reality, and breathes nobility";
and Art, regarded as the expression of
man's " sensing/' is one continual ;i Thou
Shalt," demanding of the artist at once
courage, concentration, and sensibility in
the highest degree. This, then, if we read
him rightly, is our author's message to the
artist who halts, as every artist halts at
Mime moment in his life, and asks himself,
I- it worth while ? " Mr. Macfall tells
him that it is well worth while, and that
to those who love the emotional life, to
Je who love the sensible world. Ait is
tin- only thing which is really worth while ;
tor by Art alone, and the love of Art, can
man rise above the ape and the lunatic,
i continue on the road to his highest
development.
Whether Mr. Mac-fall's message, which
rily be misinterpreted, is likely to
be "f service to artists is, of course, open
t<> question. It is doubtful whether
artists have really any need of Art theories.
Th. great artists have for the most part
n simple men. more concerned with
painting than with Art ; their work, apart
from it- craft, has been hut the expression
their personality and their outlook ;
and artiste to-daj continue to say their
word to the world, as artists have said it
in the past, with a supreme onconscious-
11'--, leaving t<, the critic and the Bcholar
the task ot determining such problems
the basic ess nee of the act of Art."
EXHIBITIONS OF MODERN ETCHINGS.
M. BAUXB is well know n in England both
as a painter and etcher, though the no man's
land between line work and painting is
peculiarly his own, and probably certain
tinted chalk drawings represent turn at his
best. As an etcher lie is often grandiose,
delighting in the contrast between mammoth
architect ere and pigmy crowds. The latter
he has a gift for rendering with the sim-
plicity of line which maintains the illusion
that they are indeed life-size, while at the
same time he gives them character. The
slender spider's web of line on plates of
considerable size, by means of which he
enforces this contrast between very small
and very large entities, becomes difficult to
manage when there is any large area of
shadow to be represented, and most of his
greatest successes have depended on the
iiso of enormous spaces of bare wall flooded
with light. A Festival Dag on the Ganges.
Xo. 30 in the exhibition now showing at
Mr. Gutekunst's Gallery, is somewhat of this
order, the great flight of steps affording an
obvious means for establishing a relation
between the figures at its base in the fore-
ground and the buildings above it in the
distance. It is an attractive plate, but not
quite of his best, the figures being loose I y
drawn, and a certain want of finesse in the
delineation of the slender boat in the centre
of the composition setting up an approxi-
mate standard of form just where precision
would have been most valuable. It is much
better, however, than its neighbour, A Bazaar
in Damascus (29), with its scribble of mean-
inglessly varied line. No. 38, An Oriental
Palace — surely a motive from the Alhambra
— is the best of the three large plates, the
extensive wall-space of pendentives offering
just the opportunity for delicate rhythmic
variation of similar forms which enables
the etcher to lay great masses of mysterious
shadow, which yet remain interesting line.
In M. Bauer's smaller plates, adroit and well
conceived as they are, we are made to feel
how much of their spaciousness depends on
this illusion of intrinsic bigness in their
subject-matter, in comparison with the scale
of form within the compass of a fine line.
We feel their reduced resources in this
respect as we should not with an artist who
secured spaciousness by the fullness with
which his command of angles explored the
intricacies of three - dimensioned space.
Sophia (.37 ), and The Indian Mountains (42),
which closely resembles a painting of M.
Bauer's of the ' Sierras," are the best of these
smaller plates.
M. A. D. van Angeren, who shares flu-
gallery with M. Bauer, is an etcher of rather
photographic vision, who has nevertheless
the advantage of being ircc from imitation
of contemporary etchers, so that what little
impulse to design is shown is at least his
own. In The Mooring-Post (13) the pattern
afforded by the crests of a surface of choppy
sea is well utilized with a delicate sense of
perspective. The ships in the distance are
extraneous, and add nothing to the interest
of the design. The Garden (2:5) is more
Complete as a whole, but has not the same
refreshing virtue of bringing a new theme
within range <>i the etcher's needle. The
Mill (1st. shorn of its sails, is another
creditable plate.
At the Durer Gallery in Dover Street Mr.
Frederick Carter displays his facile inven-
tion and dramatic use of violent effects of
light and shade. A restless desire t'> be
ational is bis principal defect, mid it
ma a pity he could not I"- engaged in
designing posters, in which it might become
a merit. Incidentally we might add that,
the introduction of lettering would be a
steadying influence of considerable value
on these designs. Lettering for this pur-
pose is as useful as architect lire, which .Mr.
Carter indeed uses, such buildings as the
New Gaiety and the Piccadilly Hotel having
made, apparently, considerable impression
upon him. His taste, however, inclines to
tin- " Baroque," and he conceives of art as
rather too exclusively a. rhetorical exercise.
As a school exercise after a course ...
designing groups of cupids of the conven-
tional order /.'.. not regarding them as
children, but as little figures without in-
dividual character one can conceive of a
student taking up the figures of the Italian
comedy, for they offer a set of provisional
types useful as an introduction to the use of
character by the designer. In drawing up
an academic syllabus such a course would bo
quite intelligible, and indeed intelligent*
Mr. Carter, however, is inclined to linger
unduly in this phase of experiment.
'AX INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE.'
I observe that your reviewer, in dealing
witli Mr. Francis Bond's book last week,
criticizes a list of collegiate churches which
it contains, and suLru'ests the addition of
certain names to the list. Hut (1) he has not
noticed that the list refers only to collegiate
churches, the fabrics of which are still in
use, and that Thornton, the mediaeval
church at Pleshey, and one or two other of
his examples, are therefore excluded from it.
(2) He falls into the popular confusion
between collegiate churches and churches
to which corporations of chantry priests
were merely attached. In vol. i. p. 20 of his
book Mr. Bond has kindly inserted and
acknowledged a note supplied to him by tho
present writi r, in which caution against this
confusion is expressly <_dven, and Clifton
in Nottinghamshire — one of the instances
suggested by your reviewer — is cited as an
example. The college of Clifton, the licence
for the foundation of which was granted
on October 24th, 1476, was a college of a
warden and two chaplains in the chapel of
the Holy Trinity in the church of St. Mary,
Clifton. The church itself remained an
ordinary parish church with its own rector.
In other words, the college was not the
governing body of the church, but an
independent corporation within the church.
The college of Towcester stood precisely
on the same footing.
A. Hamilton Thompson.
*** It appears that the list in question
was supplied by Mr. Thompson. He con-
tends that there is an innate difference
between collegiate churches and those to
which corporations of chantry priests were
merely at i aehcl, instancing those of Clifton,
Notts, and Towcester as belonging to the
lat In- class.
The reviewer has for years been well
acquainted with the constitutions of boil
chiton and Towcester, and considers that
he was thoroughly justified in styling them
colleges in the broad acceptation <>' ti am.
When the •• Victoria County 1 1 began
t,, .-iv e its attent ion to the reli| iou - hou
of the various lures, this very question h
fully discussed, and it was de ided t" term
them both colleges. Thi B torj ' mas
surely be regarded a- authoritative.
To th. i,. i ..f the reviewer's remembram
:, fair amount i f the old collegiate church oi
JM( shey -land and i- in use to-day.
142
THE ATI! KX.EUM
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Jfiiu ^.rt (Gossip.
No. 15 of the Journal of the Imperial
Arts League is largely concerned with the
advisability of establishing a Ministry of
Fine Arts in this country, a topic which
leads to some interesting discussion. We
learn that a large and influential committee
is now at work with a view to formulating
a practical scheme for presentation to
Parliament. Mr. Wynford Dewhurst is
optimistic on the subject, and expects the
Minister in question " before many moons
have paled." Mr. C. F. A. Voysey, on the
other hand, thinks that State interference
will be mischievous, if not futile. Mr. W. J.
Day deals faithfully with present tendencies
in photography, regretting the methods of
''faking" which secure prizes at exhibitions.
The picture " He that believeth and is
baptized shall be saved," by Kyrik Woronoff,
owing to an accident to the steamer which is
bringing it from Russia, will not arrive
in time for the day fixed for the opening of
the Dore Galleries. The private view has
therefore been postponed till Monday next.
A rather interesting point is raised —
and settled — by a correspondent in Wednes-
day's issue of The Times. Sir Charles
Waldstein, in his lecture to the Royal
Society of Arts on Monday last, had seemed
to imply an opinion that death duties may
be claimed upon all or any works of art, an
opinion which even solicitors have been
found to entertain. But by section 20 of
the Finance Act, 1896.
''such pictures, prints, books, manuscripts, works
of art, scientific collections, or other things not
yielding income as appear to the Treasury to be of
national, scientific, or historic interest,"
are to be taken as constituting a separate
estate, altogether exempt from taxation.
The wording above was found to be in-
sufficient to cover works of purely " artistic "
interest, and there was inserted in the Finance
Act of 1909-10 a clause which definitely
extended the relief to them.
Mr. Alfred Wolmark has presented
some of his portraits of Shakespearian
scholars to Stratford-on-Avon Memorial
Picture Gallery — Dr. Furnivall, Mrs. C. C.
Stopes, Mr. Poel, and others.
The current Cambridge Review points out
that " for the third time in succession the
prominent post of Director of the British
School of Athens has fallen to a Cambridge
scholar." Mr. A. J. B. Wace, Fellow of
Pembroke, and at present a lecturer in
St. Andrews University, assisted his pre-
decessors. Prof. Bosanquet and the retiring
Director, Mr. R. M. Dawkins, in their
archaeological work, and his explorations in
Thessaly and Macedonia are well known to
scholars.
The Office of Works — acting by the
authority given them by the Ancient
Monuments Consolidation and Amendment
Act of last year — have intervened and for-
bidden the destruction of No. 75, Dean
Street, the Georgian house, the claims of
which to public attention we set forth in our
last issue. They have issued a preservation
order, the effect of which is to postpone for
eighteen months any alteration or the
demolition of the building pending a
decision as to its fate. There seems to be
a desire that it should be allowed to remain
in private hands rather than be converted
into a museum, as had been at first sug-
gested. We understand that an order to
destroy the house had been given by
the local authorities. It is gratifying to
note the widespread interest that the case
has aroused — evinced by the stream of well-
pleased visitors who within the last few-
days have satisfied a curiosity of a kind
which should certainly be fostered.
The grave of Admiral Sir Edward Whit-
aker, whose skill and valour as a leader in
the assault on Gibraltar in 1704 contributed
largely to the victory, has been rediscovered
in Carshalton Churchyard. The "plain, flat
stone, undecorated by any epitaph," which
had marked it, disappeared in the course of
" restorations " fifty years ago. It is pro-
posed to fill the west window of the church
with stained glass as a memorial of him.
The Vicar of Little Dunmow sends us an
appeal for funds to place in his church a Fitz-
walter memorial. It is desired to record the
services rendered to county and country by
the great family of Fitzwalter (the heads of
which were for three centuries Lords of the
Manor and patrons of the Priory); and
chiefly by Robert, third Lord, leader of the
Barons in their struggle for constitutional
liberty against King John. He was buried
by the high altar of the Priory church (long-
ago demolished, except for the south aisle,
which survives as the parish church), but
his only record is in the pages of history.
A chain of authorities goes to prove that
the Barons, under his leadership, played no
merely selfish game, but claimed also for the
masses the rights of constitutional liberty.
East Anglians will be glad to recall the part
taken herein by the Eastern Counties through
Fitzwalter and the Eastern Barons, both at
Bury St. Edmunds in 1214 and at Runni-
mede in 1215.
Donations may be sent either to Messrs.
Barclays Bank, Great Dunmow, or to Mr.
Hastings Worrin, Bourchiers, Little Dun-
mow, marked " Fitzwalter Memorial." A
bronze or marble tablet in the Priory church
is contemplated, which will cost at least 50/.
Messrs. Longmans are publishing in
February ' A Bibliographical Catalogue of
the Printed Works illustrated by George
Cruikshank,' by Mr. Albert M. Cohn.
This forms a guide to the value and nature
of all the books, pamphlets, and tracts
illustrated by Cruikshank, and describes no
fewer than 820 works.
Mr. E. B. Havell is publishing with
Mr. Murray another study of the art of
India. This is entitled ' Ancient and Medi-
aeval Architecture,' and, following a method
of classification different from that now
accepted among Orientals, carries the
history of Indian architecture down to the
Mohammedan conquest.
Mr. Murray is also publishing Vols. III.
and IV. of Prof. Baldwin Brown's ' The
Arts in Early England.' These new parts
are concerned with Anglo-Saxon art and
industry in the Pagan period. The numer-
ous illustrations are founded on the writer's
own photographs, and the plates constitute
an attempt to provide a " corpus " of the
types found in Anglo-Saxon tomb furniture.
Messrs. Smith & Elder are publishing
next Thursday ' Art and Common Sense,'
by Mr. Royal Cortissoz, art-editor of The
New York Tribune. The writer believes
that art is not an esoteric mystery, com-
prehensible only to the artist and the critic,
and his purpose is " to test modern move-
ments and reputations in the light of common
sense. ' '
Messrs. Roger & Chernovtz of Paris
announce that ' Le Dictionnaire Critique
et Documentaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs,
Dessinateurs, et Graveurs,' two volumes of
which have already appeared, is satisfactorily
drawing towards completion. This encyclo-
paedia of the fine arts is under the general
editorship of M. E. Benezit.
MUSIC
ARNOLD SCHONBERG AXD POST-
IMPRESSIONISM IN MUSIC.
More than a year has passed since
Herr Arnold Schonberg's Five Orchestra)
Pieces, Op. 16, were produced by Sir
Henry J. Wood at Queen's Hall. They
were heard there for the second time last
Saturday at the Symphony Concert, and
under the direction of the composer.
The Russian composer. Stravinsky, in his
later works, follows lines of his own in
harmony ; moreover, music is surely not
the proper medium through which his
peculiar views concerning religion or
philosophy can be expressed. Neverthe-
less, he is mild in comparison with
Schonberg. The latter has bidden fare-
well to diatonic harmony, while on matters
of form and thematic development he is
a law unto himself. Herr Karl Linke. in
an essay on the composer, states that the
" rubbish of centuries " must be removed
before we can listen properly to the com-
poser's later works. Many would not care,
even if it were possible, to clear away that
rubbish — to them the lines on which Bach,
Wagner, Beethoven, achieved greatness,
to say nothing of other composers, are too
essential. For the present Schonberg
then is as a voice crying in the
wilderness.
The above advice is from an admirer of
the composer, but it evidently coincides
with utterances by Schonberg, showing
how he has broken with the past. He was
not always so revolutionary. If from the
beginning he had refused to be bound by
any law, custom, or practice of his pre-
decessors, we should have felt that there
was a spirit of independence in the man,
and that time and experience would tone
down his extravagances. But it was not
so. Last Thursday week, at the Music
Club, an early work of his was played —
a String Sextet, in which the rhythmic life
and certain harmonies pointed to modern
influences ; but there were not a few
expressive passages, some of them con-
sisting entirely of diatonic harmonies.
The change has come fairly rapidly. In all
Schonberg has composed about twenty
works, and he is still under 40 years of age.
His present attitude may be only a passing
phase, and in time he may make pro-
fitable use of some of his interesting
experiments in harmony and orchestral
colour.
The composer, in his ' Harmonielehre.'
has explained that in composing he is
guided solely by feeling, and that to
correct a sudden idea (Einfall) by out-
ward formal reflection in most cases spoils
it. The harmonies also come to him
with the idea. Where subconscious re-
flection ends and conscious reflection begins
with great composers is, however, a
mystery which they themselves cannot
unravel.
We cannot as yet judge Schonberg,
but can venture to sajr that he has not con-
vinced the musical world that he is the
coming man. There are two duties for us
No. 4500, Jan. 04. 10U
Til E A Til KX.ET M
L43
to perform : one i> to aote the admirable
rendering of the Sextet by the Bngliah
Quartet and two extra players ; the other
to praise the Quern's Hall Orchestra for
the care and ability displayed by them in
wending their way through what, to the
uninitiated, seemed continuous (Uedalian
discords. Schonberg has written his
pieces for a large orchestra, and the
uiiiM. is very complicated. Of the five
numbers the second, depicting a pensive,
plaintive mood, was the most satisfactory.
iHusical (Sosstp.
The concert of the Royal Philharmonic
fit Queen's Hall last Tuesday was
chiefly interesting for the two novelties
by Mr. Frederick Delias, whose individu-
ality is beyond dispute. It. however,
I sometimes seems as if he were struggling
with [his thoughts and feelings, so that
they are not expressed in the clearest
possible manner. Of these two pieces that
cannot be said ; moreover, they are short
and written for a small orchestra — two
good qualities. There are times when a
large orchestra may be wanted, but not
for these mood pictures. One is ' On
u-ing the First Cuckoo in Spring,'
based on a simple Norwegian folk-melody.
The cuckoo notes are certainly heard, but
they are not of chief importance, neither
ring, which generally suggests cheerful
music : but they represent the composer's
lings amidst such surroundings. Some-
thing similar could be said about the second,
'Summer Xight on the River." The music
in both is singularly delicate. They were
conducted with great care by Herr Mengel-
Iut_. \- yet we prefer the second.
.M. Sapellnikoft gave an excellent per-
son.• of the solo part of Rach-
maninoff's Pianoforte Concerto in c minor
(Op. 18). The work may be clever; but
alike in thematic material and treatment it
falls diort of inspiration.
A DELIGHTFUL reading of Ravel's Quartet
was given by the Parisian Quartet at the
conc< ri of the Societe des Concerts Francais
ay week at Bechstein Hall. The
music is certainly unequal, but contains
i the composer's freshest and cleverest
writing. Of two songs by M. Gabriel
I I ipont, ' Ophelie," the second, was the more
tural. The programme contained also
two by M. Jean Cras, in which skill was
exhibited rather than emotion. ' Apaise-
• by the late E. Cbausson, owes its
charm largely to its spontaneity.
. long-talked-of opera ' Parisina,' of
which the poem is by Signor Gabriele
\iiimnzio and the music by Signor Mas-
been produced at Milan.
/.• Af< of last Saturday describes the
as very fine, though quite unsuitable
text-book for opera, while the music
i- said to be completely lacking in inspiration.
Al the second performance the fourth and
last act was suppressed, and many cuts were
made in the previous ones.
The Neue Bacbgesellschaft has organized
id Bach festival, which will be given
Vienna from the 9th to the 11th of May,
under the auspices of t; i ellschaft der
Musikfreunde of that city.
The death is announced of Miss Biar-
Burney, daughter of the late Arch-
deacon Burney. Dr. Charles Hurney, the
author of 'The General History of .Music,'
who was twice married and had eight
children, is mentioned as her ancestor.
This year, i>\ the way, occurs the centenary
of his death (April li>th. 1814). Bis
'General History of Music' (177(5-80) is
still B valuable source of information, al-
though in facts and dates many errors
ur. Certain opinions of his with regard
to contemporary composers are now obsolete.
For example, alter praising Handel as " the
only Fughist exempt from pedantry,'' he
saj s : —
"Sebastian Bach, on the contrary, like Michael
Angelo in painting, disdained facility so nuicli,
that his ftenius never stooped to the easy and
graceful. 1 have never seen a fugue by this learned
and powerful author upon a motive, that is
natural and chant ant ; or even an easy and obvious
passage that is not loaded with crude and difficult
accompaniments."
We notice also the death of Valentine
Zubiaurre, a Spanish composer of consider-
able note. He was born at Garay in 18)57.
went when young to South America, and
on his return studied at the Madrid Conserva-
toire under Eslava. His opera ' Ledia,"
the last of which we rind mention, was pro-
duced at Madrid in 1877. Among his other
works are zarzuelas and an oratorio.
Sis.
Hon.
TlKS.
Wed.
Thi/i;s.
Fin.
Sat.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Concert. :U0, Royal Albert Hall.
Sunday Concert Society. 3.:iO. Queen's Hall.
London Symphony Orchestra, 8, Queen's Hall.
Geloso Quartet, S.15. Bechstein Hall.
Natalie Aktzery's Piano Recital. 8.15. Bechstein Hall.
Adelaide von Staveren's Vocal Recital. S.:jO, ,Eolian Hall.
George Henschel's Vocal Recital, 3, Bechstein Hall.
British Chamber Music Players. S.1E, Bechstein Hall.
Madeline Royle "and Horace Fellowes's Piano and Violin
Recital, 8.10. .Eolian Hall.
Royal Amateur Orchestral Society. 8.30. Queen's Hall.
Twelve o'clock Chamber Concert, /Eolian Hall.
Victor Benham'B Pianoforte Recital. 3, Steinway Hall.
London Ballad Concert, 3, Royal Albert Hall.
Symphony Concert, 3, Queen's Hall.
DRAMA
"THE QUEEN'S PLAYERS" IX 1636.
Dramatic records of Henry VIII. 's
reign are very scarce, and therefore it may
be of interest to some students to have the
text of a little Chancery suit to which I was
guided through the studies of Mr. J. S.
Young. It is undated by the scribe, but
a proximate date may be reckoned. The
appeal was addressed to " Sir Thomas
Awdley," who was appointed Chancellor in
1533, and he was made Lord Audley of
Walden, November 29th, 1538. The com-
plaint states that the company were Queen
Jane's players, " late her servants." As she
was only married in dune, 1536, and as the
cause of the dispute was referred back to
"a year and three quarters past," and she
died in 1537, the complaint must have been
brought just before the Chancellor was
ennobled in 1538.
The document does not tell us much. It
only L'ives the names of the chief members
of the company a- .John Young, David
Sotheme, and John Mountfield (names that
appear in the Lord Chamberlain's hooks);
and shows that they had been travelling
professionally in "the northern pari-." and
came to trouble over their packhorse.
The only earlier notice of •" the Queen's
company" was in 1532, when it must have
been Queen Kat herine s, whose waning
power may have account'-d for the trifling
reward al Oxford "given to her players by
the President's orders," viz. 12'/. (K. K.
Chambers, ji. 249).
Early Chancery Proceedings Uncalendared.
(Bundle 931, II. S\, no date given.)
To Bra Thomas \u i.i.i.v, LOBD < ii \m i.i.i.ok.
In most bumble wise shewetta unto your goods
Lordshippe your daylj orator John Yonge mercer,
thai whereas he with one John Slye, David
Sotheme, and .1 • • I ■ n Uounfleld, late servants onto
the most gracious Queene Jane, aboughl a yere
and :i quarters past, to thentenl for the farther
Increase of lyvinge ti> travail into the north partes
in exercising thelre osuall testes of playinge In
Interludes, be your said orator, with his other
companions aforesaid, hyred a gelding of oon
Randolphe Starkey to bears there playing gar-
ments, paying for the use of the same gelding
twentj pence weeklej till there comyng bomi
ageyne. at which time the said StarkoyweU and
truly promyBed to your said orator and other
his saiil companions that the said gelding should
be goode, and able to performe there journej
w here of t roul be t be > geldinge was defect y\ e,
and Bkarsly servyed them in there said journey,
by (lie space of four wekes, by occasion whereof
your said orator, with other bis said companyons,
Busteyned meat damadge, as may evidently
appere to all thai have experience in such travaylee
and affayres. Lgeynsl whom they ran attayne
small redreaa onles they shuld leve other their more
necessary affayers to be undoon, yel nevertheless
the said Starkey, intending to have mere for the
hyer of the said geldinge then of equitie is due,
And also to charge your said orator <>f the hoolle
hyer, where of trought he made his bargayne
and receyved ernesl for the hyer of the said
geldinge, as well of thothcr thre aforenamed as
of your said orator. Be late commenced a
playnt of del uppon the deinandc of twenty-foUT
shillings only agaynst your said orator before the
Sheriffes of London, who uppon the same caused
hym to be arrested, in which accion he declared
upon a graunte <>f payment of forty shillings for
th«' said geldinge to be made l>y yor said oratoi
sole, whereof he affyrmed hymself to be
.satisfied of sixteen shillings, wherewith yor said
orator, having no lerned councill, pleaded thai
he owed him nothinge, &c...In which Accyon
your said Orator is nowe lyke to be condempned
onles yor goode Lordshippes lefful favour be to
hym shewed in this behalf. In consideration
wherenf it may please the same to graunte a
writ of Cerciorari to be directed unto the Lord
Mayor and Sherevez of London commandinge
theym by the same to remove the tenor and
cause of youre saide orator's arrest before youi
Lordship in the King's Highe ('(ante of the
Chancery at a certaine daye by your gracious
Lordship to he lymytted, to thentenl the cyr-
cumstances thereof may< he by your said.
Lordeship examined and ordered according to
equytie and good conscience. And your said
orator shall ever more praye to God for the pros-
perous preservation of your goode Lordship in
Honor. Atky\s (attorney I.
Further papers concerning this suit do
not seem to have been preserved. But it
gives the earliest picture yet known of " the
glorious vagabonds who erstwhile carried
fardels on their backs under the Que. q a
licence."
Charlotte C'armichakl Stopes.
Dramatic (Sossip.
The revival of •The Darling of the Gods '
at His Majesty's Theatre [asl week afforded a
series of .spectacles in the five acts and ten
scenes which are calculated to impress the
public. Reality and common sense ,u,
throughout sacrificed to spectacular display,
and. as the drama itself, though interesting,
is entirely unconvincing, this should '_ri\e
little cause for regret. In two or three of
the seen.-, however, dramatic incidents lose
force, and become almost ludicrous, cum-
to this overstraining after effect. At the
ruined shrine, for instance, where the [asl
ten of the Samurai are suddenly aware thai
they are surrounded by enemies, Literally w ith-
in speaking distance, the farewell spe*
,m<l salutes are drawn out to such length that,
one imagines, some hot-headed soldier in
the audience, losing all patience, will one
day jump on to the stage to lead these
men <>f words into action. Sir Herbert
Tree's portrayal <>i tie- h ilf-comic,
wholly repulsive Zakkuri was clever. Bliss
Mane Lohr a- Yb-San was charming in lar
love scene,, and Mi-- Lucj Wilson as
Rosy Sky, the unfortunate geisha, was
effeel i\ e.
\\ i. . onfes i" a distinct sense of wearied
disappointment with the debate on mira
held oil Monday at the Little The,,'
144
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4000, Jan. 24, 1914
As Mr. Chesterton seemed to suggest in his
summing-up, little progress had been made
in the fruitful and difficult subject by the
end of the various speeches, and our personal
beliefs suffered no change by the wit or
reasoning of the opposing arguments. If
we did not entirely agree with Mr. Chester-
ton's ideas, we at least were satisfied with
his definition of a miracle as such a departure
from the natural course as argues an in-
telligent force behind things. The matter
was seriously considered by most of the
■debaters, and we had earnest and thoughtful
speeches from Dr. Warschauer of Bradford
and Mr. Hilaire Belloc. There was a
relatively small amount of humour to a
superabundance of cheap wit. The pro-
mising hints thrown out by Mr. Sinnett of
his personal experiences in spiritual things
were, owing to lack of time, unfortunately
withheld from vis — a fault which could easily
have been remedied by a less unpunctual
beginning ; while the no less tantalizing
promise that Mr. Chesterton would meet " all
corners " was also broken for the same
reason.
Five one-act plays were produced on
Wednesday at the London Pavilion by Mr.
Shaun Desmond — ' Turkish Delight,' by
Emily Londonsack ; ' A Temporary Engage-
ment,' by Hylda M. Robins ; ' Cigars,' by
Florence E. Eastwick ; ' The Question Is — ,'
by Mr. Charles Beatty ; and ' The Burglar,'
by Mr. Cecil D. G. Franklin. None of them
proved a real contribution to dramatic
literature.
Next Wednesday Mr. Kenelm Foss will
produce at the little Theatre a new piece
by Mr. Bernard Shaw, entitled ' The Music
( ure,' which will be played in conjunction
with Mr. Chesterton's ' Magic' The
principal part, that of a professional pianist,
will be taken by Miss Madge Mcintosh.
In ' Magic ' Mr. E. Harcourt Williams will
take the place of Mr. Franklin Dyall, who is
relinquishing his part owing to another
engagement.
Mr. Seymour Hicks and Miss Ellaline
Terriss are taking the leading parts in Mr.
George M. Cohan's four-act farce ' Broad-
way Jones,' which will be produced at the
Prince of Wales's Theatre on Tuesday,
February 3rd.
Matinees will be given on Tuesday and
Wednesday in next week, at the Court
Theatre, of two children's fairy plays —
' Meg, the Match Girl,' by Myrtle S. Jackson,
and ' Bob-over-the-Wall,' by Dorothy L.
Sulman. The receipts will go to the main-
tenance of the Women and Children's
Homes, Duxhurst, Reigate.
Mr. Arthur Chudleigh will revive Mr.
C. Haddon Chambers's ' The Tyranny of
Tears ' at the Comedy on Thursday, Feb-
ruary 5th.
Another revival is due early in March
at the Globe Theatre, where Mr. Oscar
Asche and Miss Lily Brayton will mark
their return to London by producing
' Kismet.'
Miss Jeannette Sherwin, daughter of
Madame Amy Sherwin, who has achieved
considerable success as a reciter, has been
engaged to play the part of Hecuba in ' The
Trojan Women ' of Euripides for the
People's Free Theatre for Poetic Drama.
The play will be produced at the Docks
Theatre, Canning Town, on February 6th,
and will be staged for twelve nights.
Mr. Granville Barker and Miss Lillah
McCarthy" s repertory season at the Savoy
comes to an end this week. The theatre
will reopen next Friday with ' A Midsummer
Night's Dream.'
Mr. Laurence Irving and Miss Mabel
HACKNEY start their Canadian tour at
Montreal on February 9th, their repertory
consisting of four plays ' Typhoon,' ' The
Unwritten Law,' ' The Lily,' and ' The
Importance of Being Earnest,' this last by
arrangement with Sir George Alexander.
Mr. Irving intends on his return to produce
Herman Bahr's comedy ' Bonaparte.'
Keble Howard has arranged a second
repertory season at the Grand Theatre, Croy-
don, beginning on March 9th. It is believed
that he is relying chiefly on English comedy.
The annual dinner of the Incorporated
Stage Society will be held next Sunday week
at the Trocadero, when the chair is to be
taken by Sir Sydney Olivier. The speakers
will include Her Highness the Ranee of
Sarawak and Mr. George Moore. Applications
for tickets (7s. 6d. each) should be addressed
to Mr. Allan Wade, 36, Southampton Street,
Strand, W.C. The next production of the
Society will consist of two plays by Anatole
France — ' Au Petit Bonheur ' and ' Comedy
of the Man who married a Dumb Wife.'
Mr. Ashley Dukes is responsible for both
translations.
The February number of The Century
Magazine will contain an article by Sir J.
Forbes-Robertson called ' The Theatre of
Yesterday, To-day, and To-morrow.' Sir
Johnston writes hopefully, and seems to us to
have all the more right to be heard from the
fact that, as he tells us, this is positively his
first contribution to any magazine.
We regret to notice the decease of Mr.
Richard Green, who met with a tragic
death on the London and South-Western
Railway at Surbiton yesterday week. It will
be remembered that Mr. Green was associated
for some years with the Gilbert and Sullivan
company, and also appeared in several
productions at the Opera Comique.
Mr. John Waters Boughton, managing
director of the Portsmouth Theatres Com-
pany, died suddenly last Sunday morning.
He was well known to the leading members
of the profession in London, many of whom
appeared at the Portsmouth Theatre Royal
during his management.
Madame Sarah Bernhardt has been
appointed Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur.
This has been a long-expected recognition
of the numerous services she has rendered
to French dramatic art.
An adaptation of Marlowe's ' Faustus
will shortly be produced at the Theatre des
Arts in Paris. It is also possible that, later,
performances of the same author's ' Edward
II.' may be given at the same theatre.
To Correspondents. — E. C. H. — S. H. — J. C. C—
Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
ppearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE
Authors' Agents 118
Ca^sell & Co. 148
Catalogues 118
Educational 117
Exhibitions H7
Kakmkk 120
Francis & Co _ .. .. 119
Hkinrmann 119
Insurance Companies ... 147
Lecture 117
Mac MU.I.4N & Co 120
Methuen A Co. 145
Metropolitan Art Association 118
Miscellaneous 117
Printers 118
Sales by Auction 118
Shipping 147
Situations Vacant „ 117
Times Book Club 118
Type-Writers, <fec 117
The First New
Novels of 1914
Messrs. JOHN LONG have now
commenced the publication of
their New Novels for 1914, and
the following are the first eight.
NOW READY at all Libraries.
By Edmund Bosanquet, Author of ' A Society
Mother.'
MARY'S MARRIAGE 6-
By James Blyth, Author of 'Rubina,' <fcc.
FAITH AND UNFAITH 6/-
By Ellen Ada Smith, Author of 'The Only
Prison.'
THE PRICE OF CONQUEST 6 -
By Olivia Ramsey, Author of ' A Girl of No
Importance.'
CALLISTA IN REVOLT 6-
By Fred Whishaw, Author of ' Nathalia.'
A BESPOKEN BRIDE 6 -
By Alice M. Diehl, Author of ' Incomparable
Joan.'
FROM PILLAR TO POST 6/-
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146
T IT E A T H E N JR U M
Xo. 4.')0(), Jan. 24, 1914
From its foundation in 1849,
NOTES AND QUERIES
Has devoted much space to the tracing of familiar or half>remembered lines
of Poetry, and during its existence of more than Sixty Years it has been the
means of identifying the writers of some thousands of such lines.
In the TENTH SERIES (complete in Twelve Volumes, January, 1904,
to December, 1909, price 10s. 6d. each Volume with Index ; General Index to the
Twelve Volumes, 10s. 6d.) will be found Articles discussing, and in the great
majority of cases tracing to their author, the following
QUOTATIONS.
A pagan suckled in a creed outworn
A rose-red city half as old as Time
A woman, a spaniel, and a walnut tree
An Austrian army awfully arrayed
An open foe may prove a curse
And the dawn comes up like thunder
As if some lesser God had made the world
Attain the unattainable
Behold this ruin ! 'twas a skull
Better an old man's darling
Black is the raven, black is the rook
Born of butchers, but of bishops bred
Build a bridge of gold
But for the grace of God there goes John
Bradford
But when shall we lay the ghost of the
brute ?
Could a man be secure
Do the work that 's nearest
Dutton slew Dutton
Ego sum Rex Romanus et supra gram-
maticam
Equal to either fate
Even the gods cannot alter the* past
Fair Eve knelt close to the guarded gate
Fighting like devils for conciliation
From what small causes great events do
spring
Genius is a promontory jutting out into
the infinite
God called up from dreams
Great fleas have little fleas
Habacuc est capable de tout
He who knows not, and knows that he
knows not
Hempseed I sow
I counted two-and-seventy stenches
I shall pass through this world but once
Idols of the market-place
If lusty love should go in search of beauty
In marriage are two happy things allowed
In matters of commerce the fault of the
Dutch
Is he gone to a land of no laughter ?
La vie est vaine
L'amour est l'histoire de la vie des femmes
Les beaux esprits se rencontrent
Love in phantastick triumph sat
Mr. Pillblister and Betsy his sister
Mon verre n'est pas grand, mais je bois
dans mon verre
Music of the spheres
Needles and pins, needles and pins
Nor think the doom of man reversed for
thee
0 for a booke and a shadie nooke !
Oh tell me whence Love cometh
On entre, on crie
Pay all their debts with the roll of his drum
Pearls cannot equal the whiteness of his
teeth
Pitt had a great future behind him
Plus je connais les homines
Popery, t}Tanny, and wooden shoes
Praises let Britons sing
Prefaces to books are like signs to public-
houses
Quam nihil ad genium
Quoth William Penn to Martyr Charles
Still likb the hindmost chariot wheel is
cursed
Swayed by every wind that blows
The East bowed low before the blast
The farmers of Aylesbury gathered to dine
The hand that rocks the cradle
The heart two chambers hath
The King of France and forty thousand
men
The toad beneath the harrow knows
The virtue lies in the struggle
The world 's a bubble
There are only two secrets a man cannot
keep
There is a lady sweet and kind
There is a sweetness in autumnal days
There is on earth a yet auguster thing
There is so much good in the worst of us
These are the Britons, a barbarous race
They say that war is hell, a thing accurst
This too shall pass away
Though lost to sight, to memory dear
Tire le rideau, la farce est jouee
To see the children sporting on the shore
Two men look out through the same bars
Two shall be born a whole wide world
apart
Upon the hills of Breedon
Vivit post funera virtus
Walking in style by the banks of the Nile
Warm summer sun, shine friendly here
What dire offence from am'rous causes
springs !
Wherever God erects a house of pra}Ter
With equal good nature, good grace, and
good looks
Write me as one who loves his fellow-
men
Ye shepherds, tell me ! Have you seen
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No. 4500. Jan. 24, 1914
Til E A Til KX.KTM
147
NOTES AND QUERIES.
dipping.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (January 24) CONTAINS—
KOTES : — Robert Baron, Author of 'Mirza' — A Justification of King John — Statues and Memorials
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Wiokham — The Cuilds and their Critics — Jamaica : Stevens and Read Families— Shilleto — Mr.
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NOTES ON BOOKS :-The Oxford Dictionary— ' The Edinburgh Review'— 'The Antiquary.'
LAST WEEK'S NUMBER (January 17) CONTAINS—
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Inscriptions in Holy Trinity Churchyard, Shaftesbury — Termination " -ile " — County of
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148
T H E ATHENE U M
No. 4500, Jan. 24, 1914
Vhe 2{ouse of Cassell publish next week
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H. Rider Haggard
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GRESHAM COLLEGE, Basinghall Street, E.C.
A COURSE of LECTURES on 'GRESHAM COLLEGE AND
MATHEMATICS.' preceded by an Historical Account of Gresham
College will be delivered on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY. THURS-
DAY FRIDAY. February m, by W. H. WAGSTAFF. M.A..
Gresham Proressor of Geometry. Admission FREE. The Lectures
commence at t5 o'clock.
QUEEN'S COLLEGE,
45. HARLEY 8TREET.
On MONDAY. February 2. and WEDNESDAY. February 11,
at :'• TWO LECTURES bv Mr. D.L MURRAY on 'OUR THEATRE
AND ITS FCTURE.' Tickets la., wf.
(Bsbilutions.
RGUTEKUNST'S GALLERY,
. 10 GRAFTON STREET. BOND 8TREET, W. EXHIBI-
TION OF ORIGINAL ETCHINGS BY M. BAUER AND A. D.
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PR I F Y S G O L C Y M R U.
UNIVERSITY OF WALES.
THREE FELLOWSHIPS, each of the annual value of 1251. ■
tenable for Two Y'ears. are open to Graduates of this University.—
Applications aiu«t be received before JUNE 1. 1914, by THE
REGISTRAR, University Registry. Cathays Park, Cardiff, from
whom further information may be obtained-
KING WILLIAM'S COLLEGE,
ISLE OF MAN.
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION on MARCH 19
and 19. TEN SCHOLARSHIPS OFFERED. 301. to 201. Also TEN
NOMINATIONS reducing the necessary fees to 451. ayear. Place of
Examination arranged to suit candidates. — Full particulars from
THE PRINCIPAL or SECRETARY.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Tamworth.—
Training for Home or Colonies. College Farm, 1,000 acres. Vet.
Bcience, Smiths' Work. Carpentry. Riding and Shooting taught. Ideal
open-air life for delicate Boys. Charges moderate. Get Prospectus.
MISS LOUISA DREWRY'S LITERATURE
COURSES will begin again on WEDNESDAY, February 4,
at 7 45 cm, and THURSDAY. February 5. at 11.15 a.m. More Plays
of Shaks|>ere will be studied. Three Meetings being given to each
Play, and the First Meeting being devoted to some talk about
Shskspere: the Man and the Artist— For details apply to Miss
DREWKY. 141. King Henrys Road, N.W.
EDUCATION (choice of SCHOOLS and TUTORS
gratis-
PROSPECTUSES of ENGLISH and CONTINENTAL SCHOOLS,
and of ARMY. CIVIL SERVICE, and UNIVERSITY TUTORS.
Sent ,fr*e of charge' to Parents on receipt of requirements by
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(Established IS
J4, Bedford Street. Strand. Telephone, 7021 Gerrard.
MADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
Keith House. 1 Si m. REGENT STREET. W.. English and
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on application personal or by letter', stating requirements. Office
hours. 10-5 ; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent 3627.
STAMMERIN G.
"The Beasler Treatment."-This Book, giving the experience of
ooe who cured himself after 40 Tears' suffering, sent post free on
application to the Author, his colleague for 30 years, W. J. KETLEY,
Tarrangower. Willesden Lane, Brondesbury. N.W.
Situations Uarant.
SOUTHLANDS TRAINING COLLEGE,
►J BATTER8EA.
WANTED, a LADY PRINCIPAL for the above College, to
commence duties on AUGUST 1— Candidates, who must tie Members
of the We«ley*n Methodist Church, should apply for particulars and
form of application to the Rev ENOCH SALT, Westminster Training
College. 130. Horieferry Road. London, 8. W.
W
0 0 D H 0 U S E GROVE SCHOOL,
NEAR LBBDfl
WANTED, a resident HEAD MASTER for the above School, to
comn. - If |,ossllile. on MAY 1. Minimum nalary tftt.—
Can li late*, who must be Wesleyan Methodists and Graduates of a
British University, should apply for full particulars and form of
application to the Bar. KNocH HALT. Secretary of the Board of
Management for We»leyan Secondary Schools. 1 10, Uorseferry Road,
Westminster. Lohdon, s. W.
TUTORS REQUIRED for CORRESPOND-
ENCE COLLEGE. Commercial. Civil Service, and Professional
Examinations. Highest qualifications essential —Fullest particulars,
including past experience in similar work (if any), to Box -•u-i-"'.
Atbemeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, EC.
ALRESFORD, HANTS.
PERIN'S GRAMMAR 8CHOOL.
A HEAD MASTER is REQUIRED for this School, to commence
work after the Spring Term. He must be a University Graduate.
Science Degree important.
The School is a co- Educational Endowed School containing
87 Pupils, mostly Day Pupils.
The salary is 1(101. per annum, together with excellent house and
Capitation Fees, which bring in at present 100!. a year.
1 he Head Master will have the privilege of taking Boarders.
Applications should be sent in writing to the undersigned on or
before the 31st inst., stating age, places of education, degrees, and
dated copies of testimonials, with references and any other parti-
culars. G. E. R. SHIELD.
Alresford, Hants.
COUNTY BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND
EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
BEDE COLLEGIATE BOYS' SCHOOL.
WANTED, as soon as possible, FORM MASTER. Good Degree,
discipline, and good Secondary School teaching experience essential.
High Mathematical qualifications a recommendation.
Salary 150!., rising by scale to 200!.
Application form and salary scale obtainable on sending stamped
addressed envelope to the undersigned, who will receive applications
until FEBRUARY 10. HERBKRT REED. Secretary.
Education Department, 15, John Street, Sunderland.
January 22. 1914.
c
OUNTY OF LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the position of
VISITING TEACHER OF MODELLING (FIGURE, ORNAMENT,
AND DESIGN) at the L.C.C. NORWOOD TECHNICAL IN-
STITUTE, KNIGHT'S HILL, 8.E. The person appointed will be
required for Two Attendances Weekly (Wednesday Morning about
Three Hours and Evening about Two Hours), at a fee of 12s. 6d. an
Attendance.
Applications must be on forms to he obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope to
THE EDUCATION OFFICER, London County Council, Education
Offices, Victoria Embankment. W.C., to whom they must be returned
by 11 a.m. on MONDAY, February 9, 1914. Every communication
muBt be marked "T.l " on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will be held to be a dis-
qualification for appointment.
LAURENCE OOMME, Clerk of the London County Council.
Education offices. Victoria Embankment, W.C.
January 2.8, 1914.
c
OUNTY
O F
LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the position of
FULL TIME ART MISTRESS at the COUNTY SECONDARY
SCHOOL, KENTISH TOWN. Salary 160!. a year.
Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope
to THE EDUCATION OFFICER. London County Council. Education
Offices, Victoria Embankment, W C, to whom they must be returned
by 11 a U. on THURSDAY. February 12, 1914. Every communication
must be marked "H.4" on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will be held to be a
disqualification for appointment. No candidate who is a relative of
a Member of the Advisory Sub-Committee of the School is eligible for
appointment.
LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, SITTINGBOURNE.
WANTED, AT ONCE, an ASSI8TANT MISTRESS, to teach chiefly
Mathematics and French, in "Middle'' School. Drawing or Needle-
work will he a recommendation. Initial salary 100i. to 110!.. according
to qualifications and experience, rising by 7!. 10s. per annum for the
first two years, and subsequently by 5!. per annum to 150!. A higher
initial salary maybe allowed in the case of Mistresses with special
qualifications and experience.— Forms of application may be obtained
from Mr P. WARD. 90, High Street, Sittingbourne. and should he
returned to the Head Mistress. MissL. H. FREEMAN. County School
for Girls. Sittingbourne, as soon as possible. Canvassing will be con-
sidered a disqualification.
By Order of th« Committee.
FRAS. W. CROOK. Secretary.
Sessions House, Maidstone, Januarys), 1914.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
CAMBRIDGE AND COUNTY 8CHOOL FOR GIRLS.
A MISTRESS is REQUIRED for MODERN LANGUAGES,
chiefly French She may be required to help with other subjects
Duties to begin in APRIL. 1911. A Degree, or its equivalent, and
good Secondary 8< liool experience is essential. Candidates who have
been Abroad will be preferred, other thing! being equal Salary
130!. a year (non-resident), or according to experience and qualifica-
Forms of application, which can lie obtained of the undersigned,
must he returned on or before FEBH CA RY )*. 1914.
AUSTIN KEEN. M.A., Education Secretary.
County Hall. Cambridge.
C
ITY OF YORK EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
YORK MUNICIPAL SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
An INSTRUCTRESS, capable of taking Drill and Game, ami of
ten. i, i . llework or English as a subsidiary si
QUIRED Salary ION. per annum. Canraaslnf i» prohibited —
A form Ol application will I* forwarded on receipt of a stamped
addressed foolscap envelope, and mu»t be returned nol lat.r than
FEBRUARY i 1014, to J- H. MA - ury.
Education Offices. Yolk.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
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PUBLIC LIBRARY ASSISTANT.
The FULHAM BOROUGH COUNCIL invites applications for the
position of ASSISTANT (Male) in the Public Libraries Department,
at a salary of 258 per week. Candidates must have hail previous
experience in a Public Library and possess some knowledge of
Classification and Cataloguing.
Applications in candidates' own handwriting, stating age. qualifi-
cations, ami experience, and accompanied i.y ooplesof not more than
three recent testimonials, to be sent to the undersigned, nidi
"Library Assistant," not later than the lirn pott on MuNDAY,
February 9, 1914 J. PERCY SHUTER, Town Clerk.
Town Hall, Fulham, 8 W.
THE VEGETARIAN SOCIETY requires the
services of a 8ECRETARY with business talents, able to
organize and address Public Meetings. 4c. Salary 1601. to 3001 .
according to experience and efficiency.— Apply bv letter to THE
HONORARY SECRETARY, 257, Deausgate, Manchester.
REQUIRED, experieDced TYPIST who could
bring Business for well-established 8trand copying office.
Salary and commission.— Box 2028, Atheuoeum Press, 11, Breams
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^ttnatinns (ManiutL
LADY ASSISTANT, employed by the Royal
Society, desires P08T. Indexing, Ac. Knowledge of several
Languages.— Miss H., 2. Fulham Park Road, 8.W.
fiXiztillamons.
TO UNIVERSITY WOMEN GRADUATES —
A Political League (Women's), newly organized, is prepared to
train, or engage if experienced, young University Graduates who are
desirous of having a POLITICAL L'AKEEK. The work is of an
extensive kind, and affords wide experience. Degrees in Political
Science, Economics, or Philosophy would he preferred, thouuh not
essential. Graduates trained by the League would have especial
opportunities for thoroughly good posts. — Apply Ilox 2028, Athenaeum
Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, B.C.
NOTICE TO AUTHORS.— Writers who require
any help or assistance in the sale of their works should com-
municate with Mr. STANHOPE W. 8PRIGG, Literary Consultant,
31. Charing Cross, Whitehall. 8.W. For some years Hon. Literary
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SPEECHES.— Matter supplied for all occasions.
Subjects suggested. Capable co-operation for busy men —
Write SECRETARY. London General Information Service, 111, St.
Stephen's House, Westminster.
TRANSLATIONS into English from French,
German, Italian. 8panish. Portuguese. Dutch. Dano-Norwegian,
and 8wedish. Research work.— Mr. W. T. CURTIS. M.A., 10. Haringey
Park, Crouch End, N. Tel. 93 Hornsey.
MA (London) wishes SCHOLASTIC or
.n, LITERARY WORK. Has done some Research work
History, Literature. Classics. Experienced. Good testimonial" and
references.— Box 2011, Athempum Press, 11. Bream's Buildings. E.C.
PROFESSIONAL MONTHLY, YEAR-BOOKS,
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stance. A ROYALTY FOUR TIMES LARGER THAN THAT <<K I
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150
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
LITERARY and SCIENTIFIC WORK TYPE-
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AUTHORS' MSS. (8d. per 1,000) and Type-
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TYPE-WRITING of every description carefully
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Duplicating and Copving. Translations, Shorthand Cambridge Local.
— Miss NANCY McFARLANE, 11, Palmeira Avenue, Wentcliff, Essex.
TYPE-WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
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A G G S BROS.,
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DEALERS IN RARE AND VALUABLE BOOKS,
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BERTRAM DOBELL,
SECOND HAND BOOKSELLER and PUBLISHER,
77, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.
A large Stock of Old and Rare Books in English Literature,
including Poetry and the Drama— Shakespeariana— First Editions oi
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g>st free. — EDW. BAKER'S Great Bookshop, John Bright Street,
irmingham. Burke's Peerage, 1910, new, 15s.— Botany of Worcester-
shire, by Amphlett, Rea, and Bagnall, new, 5a. 6d., published 218.
CATALOGUE No. 60.— Drawings, Engravings,
and BOOKS — Engravings after Turner and Girtin — Liber
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—Books from the Kelmscott and Doves Presses— Works by John
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WHEFFER & SONS, Ltd., Cambridge.
. Secondhand and New Booksellers, Publishers, and Printers.
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUES issued regularly.
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Libraries Purchased or Valued for Probate.
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M
$al£B bn Indian.
THE DUNN LIBRARY.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on MONDAY, February 2, and Four Following
Days, at 1 o'clock precisely, the valuable and extensive LIBRARY
formed by GEORGE DUNN, Esq. (deceasedl, Woolley Hall, near
Maidenhead; sold under the will of the deceased; the SECOND
PORTION, comprising Early Manuscripts and Printed Books and
Old Bindings.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated copies,
containing 7 plates, price 2s. lid. each.
Coins and War Medals.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
willSFiLLby AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Btrand. W.C, onTUE8I)AY, February 3, and Following Day.
at 1 o'clock precisely, a COLLECTION of GREEK. CIVIC, and
REGAL COINS (including a few Miscellaneous), the Property of
Capt. L. M. ANDERSON, R F.A. ; a small COLLECTION of COINS
of the LATIN ORIENT, the Property of the Right Hon. LORD
GRANTLEY, F.8.A.; WAR MEDALS and DECORATIONS, the
Property of a LADY ; the Property of Capt. H. F. SOMERVILLE;
and other Collections, including the Albert Medal, first class (gold),
for gallantry in saving life on land, awarded to P.C. William Cole ;
Coin Cabinets, &c.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
Rare and Valuable Books.
ESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115. Chancery Lane, W.C, on
TUESDAY, February 3, and Two Following Days, at 1 o'clock,
VALUABLE BOOK8, comprising Wordsworth's Descriptive Sketches,
First Edition, uncut, 1793— Burgoyne's Expedition from Canada,
boards, 1780 -Evans's Map of the Middle British Colonies, 1771. and
other Maps in 1 vol.— Chatelain's Views of Hampstead— Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Century Books on Medicine, Astrology, and the Occult
Sciences —a complete set of the Woolley Photographs of Types used
by Fifteenth-Century Printers, a Supplement to Proctor— Kelmscott
Press Editions of Caxton's Historye of Trove, Shakespeare's Poems,
Shelley, Keats, Rossetti, &c, 21 vols., and other Issues from Modern
Presses— The Fine Library Edition of Ruskin's Works, 39 vols.—
Burlington Fine Arts Club Catalogue of English Mezzotint Portraits,
L.P. — Wedmore's Four Masters of Etching. 1883— Hamerton's Etching
and Etchers, First Edition, 186S -Stevenson's Edinburgh, 1879, and
other Fii6t Editionsof Modern Authors— Books with Coloured Plates
— Beaumont and Fletcher's Works, by Dyce, 11 vols., Skeat's Chaucer,
7 vols , and other Library Editions in English Literature— Standard
Works in Philosophy and Economics— Jewish Encyclopaedia, 12 vols.
—Scientific Periodicals, &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, February 11. and Two Following Days, at 1 o'clock,
VALUABLE BOOKS, comprising Foster's Miniature Painters, Special
Edition, 2 vols, handsomely bound— a 8et of the Original Editions of
the Works of J. H. Jesse, in uniform binding— Lady Jackson's
Works, 14 vols.— the Dictionary of National Biography, 67 vols.— Illus-
trated Books on India and Rare Coloured Plate-Books, including
Blagdon's Ancient and Modern India, Doyleys Costume of India,
Moore's Views of Rangoon, Eden's Portraits of the People of India,
Williamson and Howett's Oriental Field Sports, &c. — Tableaux
Historiques de la Revolution Francaise, 3 vols.— Original Water-
Colour Drawings for the Naval Chronicle by Nicholas Pocock— Pen
and Ink Sketches by George Cruikshank— The Novels of Dickens and
Surtees in the Original Parts, &c.
Catalogues on application.
M
ESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St.
James's Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely:—
On MONDAY, February 2, ENGRAVINGS of
the EARLY ENGLISH SCHOOL.
On TUESDAY, February 3, PORCELAIN and
DECORATIVE FURNITURE from various sourceB
On WEDNESDAY, February 4, fine ENGLISH
8ILVER PLATE, being the Plomer-Ward Heirlooms.
On THURSDAY, February 5, the COLLEC-
TION of POROELAIN of the late J. E. REI88, Esq.
On FRIDAY, February 6, the COLLECTION
of PICTURES and DRAWINGS of the late J. E. REI88, Esq.
Books and Manuscripts, including a Library removed from
Newport, 1. W., and other Properties.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION.
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C. DURING
FEBRUARY, BOOKS and MANUSCRIPTS, including the above
Library, comprising Standard Works in all Branches of Literature-
rare First Editions— Books with Coloured Plates— Works on architec-
ture, the Fine Arts, History, Sport and Travel— Early Printed Books
and Bindings, &c, further particulars of which will be duly
announced.
STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS.
Established 1760.
TUESDAY next, at half -past 12 o'clock.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION.
at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C,
CURIOSITIES, including Old Cut Glaes— China— PaintingB- finely
carved Meerschaum Pipes— Weapons— Japanese and Chinese Works of
Art— Netsukes — Tsubas — Colour Prints — a small Collection of
Japanese Dwarf Trees in Art Pots— Indian Embroideries, &c.
On view day prior and morning of 8ale. Catalogues on application.
THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.
Price 2s. 6d. net.
FEBRUARY, 1914.
Price 2s. 6d. net.
LIBERALISM AND NAVAL EXPENDITURE.
By P. A. Molteno, M.P.
KIKUYU. By Eugene Stock, D.C.L.
THE POVERTY OF PRODUCTION.
By L. G. Chiozza Money, M.P. '
THE WISCONSIN IDEA. By Sir Courtenay Ilbert, G.<!.B.
KABIR, THE WEAVfcR MYSTIC By Evelyn Underbill.
THE LAND POLICIE8 OF GERMAN TOWN8.
By William Harbutt Dawson.
THE PROBLEM OF ASIATIC TUHKEV. By M. Philips Price.
A REVIEW OF JAPAN'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHRIS-
TIANITY. By Rev. L B. Cholmondeley.
CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE SCHOOL AND THE
EMPLOYER. By Cloudesley Brereton.
THE RECENT DRAMATIC MOVEMENT IN GEKMANY.
By the Count De Soissons.
THE CONQUEST OF AMERICA. By Herman Scheffauer.
THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE WORLD. By W. Turner.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS. By Dr. E. J. Dillon.
LITERARY SUPPLEMENT.
Will be published on Thursday next, February 5th.
THE CANDID
QUARTERLY REVIEW
of Public Affairs, Political, Scientific, Social, and Literary.
Conducted by THOMAS GIBSON BOWLES.
No. 1.— February, 1914.
Price : Five Shillings net.
The aim of this Review is to deal with Public Affairs faithfully and frankly, and to treat them with candour, having sole regard to the Public Welfare.
The attempt, often promised, rarely made, and yet more rarely continued, to review Public Affairs impartially and without Party bias will here be
renewed. The effort will be to search out the quality, character, and fitness for the Public Welfare of things done or proposed, whether in the political, the
scientific, the social, or the literary domain, and to present them on their merits without partisan prejudice.
To do this is not easy. But the effort to do it will be honestly made by candid men writing for candid readers.
In Polities it will be remembered that the men of to-day are as well sous of the past as fathers of the future, and that from the past we have inherited
a, settled system of governance which, having endured and survived the stresses of time, is not to be put away without a certain assurance of something
better.
To Science, whose widening domain touches with increasing success and rapidity every part of life, will be assigned the place that has now become
due to the great deeds already done and the greater soon to be expected. Social and Literary Subjects, so far as they belong to Public Affairs, will also
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To sincerity will be extended respect and sympathy. But wherever there may appear insincerity, dishonesty, corruption, or aught that may bring
danger or dishonour to the State, every effort will be made to discover, display, and denounce it, and to destroy it, together with its originators.
The Kingship
The New Corruption—
The Caucus— The Sale of Honours
The Paid Parliament
The Parliament Act
National Finance, 1914—
Expenditure — Debt — A ccounts
Our Trade in Our Credit
The Insurance Act
The Home Rule Bill
Federalism
Labour and Parliament
Science —
Man and His Surroundings.
&c. &c. &c. &c.
Subscription — 20s. per Year, Post Paid. Single Copies 5s. 4d.t Post Paid.
All Cheques and P.O.'s to F. H. GARRATT, Publisher,
•THE CANDID QUARTERLY REVIEW/ 26, Maiden Lane, London, W.C.
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1014
THE A T 14 E N Jbl U M
151
" ' Blackwood's ' is an opitomo in little of the
British Empire — a monthly reminder that its
boundaries are world-wide ; that it has been
won and kept by the public-school pluck of our
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No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
Til E A Til EN MVU
1 53
SATi'SDAY, J A XU ART SI, 1914.
CONTENTS. page
The Romance of Names 153
The Lifb Work of Edward A. Mosei.ey .. .. 154
In the Footstips of the Brontes 151
the religion ok 1 1 1 k Samurai . 1M
BR Memoirs of Lady Newbohough 155
Boz and Pill/. (Memories of Dickens; Phiz and
Dickens) 156
Essays and sn dies BT Memisers ok the ENGLISH
Association. 167
Property its Duties and Rights 15"
A Ciml servant in Burma 15S
X Father in God— BISHOP West JONBS .. . 159
Fiction (Jacob Elthorne ; The Purple Mists; Square
Pegs) 160
Books Publishrd this Week (Theology— Law-
Poetry — Bibliography— Phllosopy— History and
Biography— Geography and Travel— Economics—
Politics. 161 ; Sociology— Anthropology— Educa-
tion — Philology — School-Books — Fiction, 162 ;
Reviews and Magazines General— Science, lfi3 ;
Fine Art— Music— Drama, 164) 161— 164
C. R. Matcrin _ _ .. •• 164
Literary Gossip - 64
Science— Modern Seismology ; Societies; Meet-
ings Next Week; Sir David Gill; Gossip
166—168
Fine Arts— Rome of the Pilgrims and Martyrs ;
" Japanese Screens at the Suffolk street
Galleries: The late John H. F. Bacon;
Gossip ; Coin Sale 168—170
Music— The Dance ok Death; Gossip; Per-
formances Next Week 170—171
Drama— The Melting-Pot; Gossip 171
LITERATURE
The Romance of Names. By Ernest
Weekley. (John Murray, 3s. iSd. net.)
Nowadays, when there is a real desire
for education on every side, the open door
is often banged in the face of the eager
by the dry pedant, whose futility and
fertility are about equal. * Tout savant
-est un peu cadavre," and a host of un-
readable monographs, overloaded with
examples, full of excited comments about
the priority in some trifling suggestion or
discovery, and of indifference to the facts
and needs of life, assures us of the truth
of the epigram. The average professor
u not exhilarating, but, when we come
across one of the right sort: — with a sense
of humour and of the life around him —
we want to keep him busy talking and
writing : we wish the world to profit by
his learning instead of lazily repeating
the casual guesses which have served their
turn in print and are repeated by the
dy writer— ready to write, indeed, but
unwilling to make any research. At best
he will go to some cheap and popular
handbook which preserves most of the old
errors and gaily ignores all the results
which scholars have worked out with
infinite car.- and labour. Prof. Weekley
is one of those rare teachers who know
how to make learning interesting. We
welcomed his book on ' The Romance of
Words,' published in 1912, and now
already in a third impression; and we are
equally glad to have its companion ' The
Romance of Names,' which is at once
entertaining and scholarly. It docs not
make the mistake of giving us too much —
the last book of the sort we encountered
would have taxed the memory of a
Macaulay with its mass of instances —
and the very titles of the chapters, such as
• Brown, Jones, and Robinson.' ' Godeiic
and Godiva,' and ' Hodge and his Friends,'
are alluring.
We think it would have been well to
add an explanatory sub-title to the book,
defining its scope as an inquiry into the
origin and meaning of proper names.
Philology is, in the present hands, fully
entitled to the honours of romance,
though it is not fiction ; but there is a
more obvious romance for the general
reader in what a modern poet has well
styled the " curious rhetoric of chance."
Last week Mr. Chilley was prosecuting a
doctor for over-dosing him with hot
water. Mr. Austin Dobson, when his
muse declared that " Ensign (of Bragg' s)
made a terrible clangour," was able to
explain that Bragg's was a real troop
of the period. Novelists have ceased to
indulge in the obvious wit which labels,
for instance, a firm of solicitors " Quirk,
Gammon & Snap," but life is not so
particular, and, like melodrama, supplies
names curiously apt or insanely inept for
certain trades and professions. Every
reader will be able to supply instances,
and, by the way, Prof. Weekley discovers
one or two, as when he finds in a Rugby
football team the names of Bull and
Muddiman. Then there is the perversity of
life in supplying a right name in the wrong
place and worrying us with unforeseen
contingencies. Acton, the well-known his-
torian, mentions a rumour spread in all
quarters that his wife had drowned herself.
She had done nothing of the sort, but a
Baroness Acton had really drowned her-
self at Tegernsee, under the historian's
windows. Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey was
murdered at the bottom of Greenberry Hill
(now Primrose Hill), and the names of
the men hanged for the murder were
Green, Berry, and Hill. The unfortunate
coincidence of actual names with fictitious
is so frequent a cause of distress and of
legal proceedings as to need no special
mention.
Leaving such curiosities, we may turn
to the surprises of the Professor's collec-
tion, which are numerous, and often
contradict popular ideas. The twenty-
three chapters before us show the extra-
ordinary variety of the sources of names,
and on every page the intelligent reader
should find something to interest him.
Beginning with the football team we
have already mentioned and two lists
of names from the Hundred Rolls of
L273, derived from Middlesex and a Buck-
inghamshire village, Mr. Weekley pro-
ceeds through variant spellings (a fre-
quent source of error and confusion), the
commonest names, names indicating
nationality. &c, to more curious sources
of nomenclature, such as occupations,
physical features, social grades, hills,
brooks, birds, beasts, and Qshes. From
this list of "assorted warious " we select
a few samples to illustrate the writer's
treatment. The Bt rn negations of philo-
logy will spoil many a fancy: Waters
usually has nothing to do with water.
but is connected with Walter; and Napier
is not a man who lias no peer, but a person
who originally looked after naper, . Va\u
sour suggests the blue-blooded, haughty
darlings of Ouida's making at once. but.
alas ! it means a vassal of vassals. After
Smith, tlie commonest occupative name is
Taylor, which is odd, since the trade had
other names, such as Seanier, Shapster,
and Parmenter. The explanation is that
Taylor has absorbed the mediaeval Tcler
and Teller. " weaver," as well as the
maker of tiles. Marshall may be a great
commander, but is also a shoeing-smith.
"During the Middle A^es I we read] there
was a kind of race among half a dozen
favourite names, the prevailing order being
John, William, Thomas, Richard, Robert,
with perhaps Hugh as sixth."
That information we might find elsewhere.
but we should hardly find the reason for
prominence in each case clearly stated,
as it is here.
Matthew Arnold's genteel sigh at the
grossness of Wragg, Bugg, and Sti<_'<_uns
is neatly countered. Stiggins — now. we
fear, definitely dishonoured by one of the
world's great humorists — goes back to
the illustrious Anglo-Saxon Stigand; and
Wiggins is Wigand, a champion.
The ranks of the nobility must tremble
if this book enters into the popular in-
telligence, for many a pretty legend is
ruthlessly dispersed. To explain Moiley
by Moriaix, a place in France, "is a
snobbish, if harmless, delusion " ; then-
are at least three places in England calic d
Carrin<i'ton. but the name is derived by
one writer from Charenton.
The numerous class of persons who
conceive that, because they bear the name
of a place, it belonged to their ancestor-
receive but cold comfort here. For
" in the case of counties, towns, and villages,
the name was usually acquired when the
locality was left, Thus John Tiler leaving
Acton, perhaps for Acton's good, would he
known in his new surroundings as John
Acton. A moment's reflection will show
that this must be so. Scott is an English
name, the aristocratic Scotts beyond the
border representing a Norman familj Escot,
originally of Scottish origin. English, early
spelt Cnglis, is a Scottish name. The names
Cornish and CornwaUia firsl became ''"'union
in Devonshire, as Devoninh did outside that
county."
The host of Kings, we fear, cannot
boast securely of royal descent. They
bear a nickname frequently conferred on
performers in religious plays, festivals,
and processions. There are so many
snares and false ideas about nomenclature
that it is a relief to find the gn atesl name
in English Letters at once simple and com-
manding. Shakespeare, whom we see no
valid reason to connect u ith hogs' flesh,
bore a name which means what i' look-
like. ■■ shake Bpear " a vrerb in the im-
perative followed by a noun. He was,
our author points out, more fortunate in
this way than Racine, who w and
Coin. ill. -. who was a crow .
\n excell< ni Index i ompletea the hook.
and , rose referen supplied through-
out.
154
THE ATHENiEU M
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
The Life Work of Edward A. Moseley in
the Service of Humanity. By James
Morgan. (New York, Macmillan Com-
pany, 8s. (id. net.)
"When a man dies, his worth must be
estimated not by what lie received, but by
what he gave, not by what he achieved for
himself, but by what he achieved for others.
Edward A. Moseley, Secretary of the
Interstate Commerce Commission from its
organization in 1887 until his death in 1911,
held only a modest office, but in the final
discounting he is disclosed a creditor of
humanity."
In these words Mr. Morgan introduces one
of those comparatively rare Government
officials who turn their tasks into service
lor their fellow-creatures, and thereby
save thousands from death or injury.
His story should certainly be given to
the world, and Mr. Morgan has done it
conscientiously and with full knowledge
of the intricacies and difficulties con-
cerned. The imaginative touch that
would have made the man live before us
is lacking, but this is probably due to the
fact that the biographer has limited him-
self to dealing with the work rather than
the life of Edward A. Moseley.
For twenty-five years Moseley's life
was the story of State regulation for
railways in the United States, and he was
primarily, though often indirectly, respon-
sible for all the important Federal Acts
dealing with nearly every phase of the
subject. Through his exertions the first
Safety Appliance Act (1893) was passed,
which insisted on automatic couplings on
freight trains, and he made the Act
effective by causing the intervention of
the Government in a case which went
against a brakeman who lost a hand
through the railway company's neglect of
the law. He drew up the Employers'
Liability Act, and worked eleven years to
get it passed. He himself said of this
that it was " the most important piece of
legislation affecting the just rights of
labor that has been enacted in many
years." An Accident Report Law (1901)
was also drafted by him, whereby rail-
way companies are required to report all
collisions and accidents, with the causes
and circumstances involved. The Hours
of Service Act, in addition, made it
unlawful for certain railway servants to
work more than a prescribed number of
hours, and in consequence of this mishaps
attributed to their falling asleep have
almost entirely disappeared from the
Accident Reports.
The speech advocating the Medal Bill
shows the simple, direct eloquence with
which Moseley depicted the heroism of
humble workers ; while in various ad-
dresses to workmen, and in the espousal of
their rights, the same quality appears.
The words in which he mentioned himself
on his appearance before the National
Industrial Commission held at Washington
in 1898 (he was the first person invited
to discuss Labour legislation) are a true
description of his attitude : —
" I am here solely as a citizen whose
whole heart is wrapped up in the subject
of the relations between capital and labor
and the proper position which they should
occupy to each other."
His testimony is inserted as an appendix
to the biography, and is valuable as
illustrating his profound knowledge of
industrial problems and the thoroughness
with which he devoted himself to finding
solutions.
Moseley was the parent and pioneer
of other Federal Acts, and the last one —
passed in 1910 — will come into full force
in 1916, when in the United States
" the standardization of the cars must be
completed. .. .Hereafter. .. .all cars will be
constructed in these respects [ladders, sill
steps, running boards, &c] precisely alike.
No detail of the conditions surrounding
trainmen is now left to chance."
But Moseley did not find his life-work
until he was over forty years of age ;
what, then, wras he doing before ? It
is in this part of the book that the bio-
grapher shows most skill in presenting his
subject, and sustains interest by his well-
proportioned narrative. He depicts the
different influences acting on the earnest-
eyed youth, his hard time at sea in voyages
to South Africa and Calcutta, and his
many-sided life, where he
" met his fellow-men from many countries
on a common level, regardless of race and
education, and while living their life with
them he made the discovery, as he always
said, that the qualities of manhood are not
confined to any race or class or station."
We obtain a glimpse of his wife
" bringing to him a girlhood love that never
grew old, a rare devotion, and the sound
counsels of a good woman's wisdom. From
her he always had encouragement in his
best endeavor, and her self-forgetfulness was
a large factor in his success."
After this sentence, however, she dis-
appears from the book and, when once
the Secretaryship begins, Mr. Morgan is
unable to follow his subject beyond the
work he undertook. A foreshadowing of
the man's sympathy with Labour is given
by the unique strike which occurred when
he was a partner in the ownership of a
lumber-yard, yet advised his own work-
men to strike ! Other indications can be
seen in his support of Labour interests
while he was member of the Legislature
for his native town of Newburvport,
Mass. ; in his joining the Knights of
Labor ; and even in his advocacy of
woman suffrage.
As Secretary to the Interstate Commerce
Commission Moseley showed what one
official can accomplish when he is in-
spired by the ideal of service to his
State. He gives his philosophy charac-
teristically in a letter to an old friend : —
" Everything is going very pleasantly
with me. You know I have devoted my
life to the man with the patched trousers
and have been quite successful. It is a
comforting thought that this work has
saved many a poor devil from death or
injury and kept many a right arm to support
a family ; but the espousal of the cause of
the ' under dog ' is not productive of great
honors in a material sense. However, if
the world is a little better for my having
lived in it, I am satisfied. I have some-
times thought that if I had devoted the same
time and energy to fighting the cause of the
corporations, my material benefits would
have been greater and the reward more
substantial ; but I have never regretted
my choice."
His boxing, canoeing, and gardening
show the health that pervaded him, and
the number of his friendships lovable
character. The appreciations at the end
are eloquent in their testimony of a life
worthily lived.
In the Footsteps of the Brontes. By Mrs.
Ellis H. Chadwick. (Pitman & Sons,
16s. net.)
Mrs. Chadwick's volume is aptly named.
How little she can claim to be an inter-
preter of the Brontes we may indicate
at once by a quotation from her remarks
on ' Wuthering Heights ' : —
" Nelly Dean is far too accomplished a
story-teller to be a Yorkshire servant at
the latter end of the eighteenth century,
but it wras a clever device for Emily Bronte
to put the story in the mouth of one of the
servants, though she herself is the real story-
teller, for she was the actual nurse to the
original of Cathy ; parts of the narrative as
told by Nelly cannot be excelled for original
power in any prose of the nineteenth century.
The novel stands alone ; it cannot be put
into any category, for it is without kith or
kindred ; it belongs to no school, and is
supremely indifferent to time, but it is the
soul-fact that matters in this great novel,,
as also in Charlotte's stories."
The fact that Mrs. Chadwick is neither
a critic nor a wTiter has not prevented
her from following up matters of external
interest affecting the Brontes wdth the
most praiseworthy persistence, and to
persistence she adds the still more valuable
quality of common sense. We can s}rm-
pathize with her, for instance, when she
takes Miss Sinclair to task for imputing
to Charlotte a " passionate fondness " for
children, as well as with her disposition to
remind readers that the terrible hardships
suffered by the sisters wherever they
went were largely attributable to their
abnormal sensitiveness. Her book is a
curious and almost unreadable mixture of
scrappiness and diffuseness, but it contains
much that is novel and valuable, and —
in spite of its prevailing atmosphere of
tedious gossip — arrives as a rule at not
improbable conclusions.
Among the numerous illustrations is
one of the circular of " The Misses
Bronte's Establishment for the Board
and Education of a limited number of
Young Ladies," the fee 351., and
" Each Young Lady to be provided with
One Pair of Sheets, Pillow Cases, Four
Towels, a Dessert and Tea-spoon." Bran-
well Bronte's oil painting of his sisters,,
which is reproduced from a photograph
on glass — the original having perished —
is another interesting feature ; and we
must also mention the text of a long
letter from Prof. Heger to Ellen Nussey,
in the course of which he tactfully advises
that lady not to publish Charlotte's,
correspondence.
We could have wished Mrs. Chadwick's
work in many respects different from
what it is ; but that she has furnished
material for further study of a fasci-
nating subject is undeniable, and we must
be grateful to her.
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
TI1K A Til KN.KITM
155
The Religion of the Samurai. By Kail >n
Xukariva. " Luzao's Oriental Religions
Series." (Luzao & Co., 7^. (><<. not.)
It is doubtful what is the attitude of
the average pies nt-dav European of
intelligence and mental capacity towards
religion, but he is as a rule, we imagine,
unconvinced of anything in particular,
and contemptuous of some, but tolerant
towards ami interested in most, tonus of
belief. Such a man will experience great
pleasure in reading Mr. Xukariva s book
.'/ -n. the religion of modern Japan.
• This religion, a form of Buddhism
which in reality originated among Brah-
m mie tsachers of pre-Buddhistic times.
although of much antiquity, is probably as
■compatible with the trend of modern
thought as any religion known. The
Japaness to a great extent owe to their
faitli the important position among the
nations which at the present day they
occupy, and this is due to the fact that
X >n inculcates many of the most en-
lightened doctrines and tenets in relation
to the conduct of life and the merging of
individual interest in that of the com-
munity, of the nation, and finally of the
u ni vers-.
Here we find no deification of Buddha
or any other being. Buddha is simply an
id sal, or. in another s?nse. an idea signi-
fying Nature and Universal Life. Zen is
as full of the doctrine of self-denial and
altruism as Christianity, and is saturated
with human sympathy. It maintains the
thesis that there is good in everybody ;
and that there is no man, however morally
degenerate, who cannot uplift himself to
a hiLrh ethical and spiritual plane by the
widening of his self. Nothing, according
to its teachings, can produce a more per-
nicious effect on criminals than to treat
them as if they were a different sort of
p ople. and confirm them in their convic-
tion that they are bad-natured. Every
i a conscience — is what is termed
Idha - natured. So the Samurai be-
lieves in humanity, in nature, and in
His reverence for nature is well
>wn in a parable relating how a priest
about to address an open-air meeting
when a bird on a neighbouring tree burst
into song. The priest immediately packed
up his sermon and went away, remarking
it the bird had given them a better
- rmon than it was in his power to do.
The Samurai has no belief in immor-
tality, and to him the mind (or soul) and
body are esa ntially one and insepar-
able. The arguments of Zen on this
point ar<- interesting, one of them being
follows : the belief in the immortality
of the BOul a- a B -paratc entity
'■ fails to gratify the desire, cherished by the
believer, of enjoying eternal life, because
the soul has to lose the body, which in-
dividualizes it and is the sole important
medium through which it may enjoy life.
The whol • subject is treated by Mr.
Xukariva so lucidly as to be thoroughly
comprehensible and clear to the Occi-
dental mind, and his only fault seems to us
to be that of filling pages with lengthy,
and to the Western reader unnecessarily
•detailed, notes.
77m Memoirs of Maria Stella [Lady New-
borough). By Herself. (Eveleigh Nash
10s. 6rf. net.)
A few years ago Sir Ralph Payne-
Gallwey published ' The Mystery of Maria
Stella. Lady Newborough,' a strange per-
son who believed that she, the alleged
daughter of an Italian policeman named
Chiappini, had been changed at nurse
with the male child of a noble Frenchman
travelling as the Comte de Joinville.
This Comte de Joinville she asserted to be
none other than the notorious " Kgalite "
Orleans. It followed that his eldest son,
Louis Philippe, afterwards King of the
French, was an impostor. While review-
ing Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey's book,
The Athenaeum (No. 4177, Nov. Hi. 1907)
pointed out several fatal flaws in Maria
Stella's story. Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey,
for his part, judiciously left it as a " mys-
stery." though he obviously leaned to
Maria Stella's side, and expressed the
hope that the problem would be finally
solved through a " confession " existing
in the Vatican archives.
We are bound to say that M. Boyer
d'Agen has advanced matters but little in
the volume which — published last year in
Paris — now appears in an English trans-
lation. He has discovered in the Vatican
archives a manuscript copy of Lady Xew-
borough's autobiography, and here it is
in print. If this be the " confession " to
which Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey alluded,
it is to be feared that disappointment
awaits the believers in the Orleans-
Chiappini legend. For, though we do
not pretend to have collated the versions
page by page, we are prepared to state
that these ' Memoirs ' differ in no im-
portant particulars from the printed copies
of the editions of 1830 and 1848 which,
under the title of ' Maria Stella,' are to be
found in the Library of the British Mu-
seum. The spirited sub-title, " Echange
dune demoiselle du plus haut rang
contre un garcon de la plus vile condition,"
is, indeed, omitted. Otherwise the dis-
crepancies appear to be slight, and as Sir
Ralph Payne-Gallwey's study was largely
based on ' Maria Stella,' Lady New -
borough's latest editor cannot be said to
have made much progress in his chival-
rous attempt to rehabilitate " the honour
of the blood of France, which cannot lie.''
These ; Memoirs ' are best taken, then,
as a welcome and faithful translation of
a rare and curious book. Querard, it
appears, dismissed ' .Maria Stella' in his
• Supercheries Litteraires ' as "uninsipide
roman." Rut it is much better than that :
it is just the sort of self-revelation that
would have delighted Browning. We
can even imagine him inspired by ' Maria
Stella ' to write a sequel to ' The Ring
and the Rook,' with the Tertium Quid
airily sceptical as to the rights and wrongs
of the case. Lady .New borough vividly
describes her childhood at the little town
of Modigliana in the Apennines; the
crueltv of her mother and the severity of
her father, the sbifTO ; the kindness of
the Countess Camilla Borghi, impressed,
of course, by the child's aristoii.it ir
appearance ; the removal to Floreno
where Chiappini became possessed of
money from a secret source ; and Maria
Stella's sale in marriage for cash down,
alter appearances on the stage, to the
middle-aged, vinous, and rather mad
Lord Newborough. The unwilling union
of the bride of thirteen and a half with
the bridegroom of fifty is extraordinarily
like the parallel episode in ' The King
and the Book." and Lord Newborough
regarded the Chiappinis. who fleeced him
mercilessly, with much the same dislike
as Count Guido entertained towards the
parents of Pompilia, though with con-
siderably better reason.
Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey has already
told us how Lady Newborough, left a
widow and remarried to Baron Ungern-
Sternberg, a Russian, suddenly found the
whole course of her life chang< d through
the arrival by post, while she was staying
at Sienna, of a letter purporting to have
been written by her father in his last days,
and to be a confession that she was horn
" of a person I must not name.'' and had
been exchanged for his own male child
on the day of her birth.
The second part of the biography
declines in interest ; it is too full of her
quarrels with the lawyers, the sham
lawyers and other haipies who gathered
round her after she had taken the field as
a claimant. Still, her ideas of an inno-
cent deception are entertaining : she laid
her first parallel against Louis Philippe
in an advertisement pretending to come
from the widow of Count Pompeo Borghi.
her old benefactress, and she won over
the Count Borghi of the day by calmly
informing him that her French relations
were fully satisfied as to the justice of her
cause. More astonishing and very pathetic
is her boundless capacity for blinking the
weak points of her cause. To take one
instance: Maria Stella Chiappini was
born on April 17th, 1773 ; Louis Philippe
was supposed to have been born on
October Oth. Lady Newborough tri-
umphantly points out that no Parlia-
mentary Commissioners attend) d the
latter birth, and that the record was
" Parliament absent." The neglect of a
formality does not go far to prove that
the child was supposititious.
M. Boyer d'Agen might have supple-
mented his enthusiastic but not very
informative Introduction by some foot-
notes. "' Perceval, a Minister." is. of
course. Spencer Perceval, who was a step-
brother of Lord Newborough's firsl wife;
and the " Marchioness of B," who is men-
tioned several times, is Lady Bute, a
staunch friend of Maria Stella. Sir Halph
Payne-Gallwey has to he consulted for
Lady Newborough's last years. Her hop. -
ruined by the Revolution of Is-"'" Bhe
lived under the prudent toleration of the
French Government, at the Hotel de
Bath, Rue de Rivoli, feeding the sparrows
and calling Louis Philippe a brigand,
until her death on December 28th, 1843.
156
THE ATHENilUM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
BOZ AND PHIZ.
The two books before us are concerned
with Dickens and his chief illustrator,
but in each case the author takes a wide
look round the past, telling us something
not only of the band of writers and artists
associated with the author of ' Pickwick,'
but also of others eminent in his time in
art or letters. In each book, too, the
Dickensian will find materials for the
elucidation of the originals of Dickens's
characters.
' Memories of Charles Dickens ' is a
title sure to attract, and when the reader
takes up the bulky volume, he will expect
to find a host of things which escaped that
solemn biographer John Forster. Mr.
Fitzgerald can claim to have been a
favourite with Dickens as well as his pupil
in letters. For nearly fifteen years he
was on intimate terms with him, planned
and debated with him five or six novels,
and had the advantage of his corrections.
Mr. Fitzgerald contributed more serials
than anybody else to the two journals
which Dickens edited, and received the
substantial sum of 2,000?. for his efforts.
His geniality clearly won him a warm
place in the master's heart.
Consequently, we get in this volume a
sketch of the ways of Dickens which is
less reserved than Forster's. But when
Mr. Fitzgerald explains that other ad-
mirers of Dickens have not been " trained
to the pen,"' or to the difficulties of noting
character, we must observe that ample
experience in writing usually produces
more satisfactory results than we find
here. Our author wields a copious pen
where Dickens is concerned, and does not
hesitate to repeat himself. In 1905 he
gave us ' The Life of Charles Dickens as
Revealed in his Writings,' and a critic
with a tolerable memory will find much
here that is repeated from that book.
We have, for instance, in both Forster's
Sonnet to Dickens, and the four lines of
appreciation which follow are the same
in both books. Forster has already been
treated by Mr. Fitzgerald in a separate
monograph, and we cannot find — apart
from the acknowledged use of matter from
a recent article in The Contemporary
Review — that his latest account adds any-
thing essential to what he has said before.
Indeed, it is more casual, and less care-
fully done. Mr. Fitzgerald has never
mastered the art of arranging his matter
or avoiding repetitions even within the
covers of a single volume. He does not
show himself of the school of Dickens in
doing a thing resolutely as well as it can
be done. He has not troubled to read
and reproduce correcthr the facsimiles of
the letters he prints.
In this book, as in others of a like kind,
he is a sentimentalist, hardly an expert
Memories of Charles Dickens, with an Ac-
count of ' Household Words ' and ' All the
Year Round,' and of the Contributors
Thereto. By Percy Fitzgerald. (Bristol,
Arrowsmith ; London, Simpkin & Mar-
shall, 12s. ed.)
Phiz and Dickens. By Edgar Browne.
(Xisbet &Co., 15s. net.)
in judgment. He might almost rank with
the Pickwickians in his naive delight in
this event or that instance of the cordiality
of Boz. How good, how kind, how
great ! is the echo of every page. It is
all pleasant enough — this recovery, across
the haze of years, of the impressions made
by that miracle of energy and perpetual
source of humour, Charles Dickens ; but
the picture is somewhat deficient in
definite lines. We have no doubt that
Dickens was inimitable, but Ave have not
his humour and spirits to carry off the
jests he made about his circle and the
unwelcome intruders. We hear once again
of his immense walks, but we do not gather
if he smoked fiercely — as some literary
men do — if he sat up late ; in fact, we
do not often find here the little touches
which Forster neglected, and which an
intimate might have supplied.
There was no one quite like Dickens,
we may be sure, but Mr. Fitzgerald does
not increase the effect of his impressions
by underrating Dickens's contemporaries,
and by scolding the present age. Dickens
was wonderfully active and conscientious
as an editor, taking the utmost pains with
the writings of others ; but is Mr. Fitz-
gerald justified in supposing that no
modern editor goes beyond the bare
performance of his duties, wastes no time
in sympathizing with his contributors or
making the best of their less fortunate
efforts 1 We have even heard of editors
of to-day who find time in unofficial letters
to entertain their correspondents. Further,
it must not be forgotten that editors of
to-day are much more worried with un-
suitable contributions than Dickens could
have been. In his time people in general
did not suppose that writing was their
forte, or a thing so easy that it could be
done without trouble. The world of
fashion, the professional sportsman, and
the denizens of the nursery were not
moved to present to the public bad
grammar and worse taste. The art of
self-advertisement was comparatively un-
developed.
There is some novelty for the ordinary
reader in Mr. Fitzgerald's account of the
leading contributors to Household Words
and All the Year Round, but we cannot
praise his critical appreciations. Was
Talfourd the most brilliant of Dickens's
circle ? We hardly think so, though he was
certainly versatile . l ' Who will forget, ' ' we
read, " his beautiful drama of ' Ion,' origin-
ally set off by Macready's fine acting ? '
We fear that two generations have already
given a pretty clear answer to this query.
On the other hand, we are sure that Harri-
son Ainsworth is not entirely forgotten,
and Mr. Fitzgerald may rest assured that
the elder Dumas, to whom he compares
him, has not " long since fallen out of
fashion." The greatest books of Dumas
are as certain of immortality as the best
things of Dickens. We learn that Dickens
found Mrs. Gaskell " aggressive and short-
tempered." The evidence offered is that
she " haughtily dealt with him as equal
to equal," and particularly resented " any
meddling with her work." Dickens did not
use his revision, but wished his proof to
be shown to her after publication, for her
consideration " whether her story would
have been the better or the worse for
it." Mr. Fitzgerald finds comedy in this.
He will probably be surprised to hear
that Mrs. Gaskell was a finer artist in prose
than Dickens, and fully justified in pre-
ferring her own style (which he himself
calls " finished") to the alterations of the
cleverest of editors.
We cannot always agree with our
author ; but we must not leave his
book without recognizing that it con-
tains some amusing things and neat
sayings which are much to the point.
Here is a charming letter from Dickens
to the author on his marriage, containing
a characteristic scrap of verse, like his
letter to Charles Kent on the last day of
his life : —
My dear Fitzgerald, — I enclose a
cheque for 501. Will you kindly advise
Holdsworth of its safe receipt ?
The little victims play
— with ready money — always under these
circumstances, I am told !
Ever your Venerable Sage,
Charles Dickens.
This, too, of Yates is excellent : —
"In The Times he signed always ' A
Lounger at the Clubs,' which amused Boz
wonderfully. I once heard him say : ' Droll
notion that lounging at the clubs, for
Edmund, who does not belong to a single
club.' There was no malice in the speech,
but these inconsistencies were with Boz
irresistible. You would see his eyes begin-
ning to twinkle with fun, then his cheeks
wrinkling with anticipatory enjoyment. The
jest was coming, and must out at last."
If Mr. Fitzgerald had given us more of
this quality, we should have felt really
enlightened. We are glad to see an Index r
an essential feature missing in his book
of 1905.
Mr. Edgar Browne has done well in
publishing a book of reminiscences con-
cerning his father, the chief illustrator of
Dickens. A large section of the public
still thinks that " Phiz " was Cruikshank ;
and those who are particularly interested
in H. K. Browne have been puzzled for
years by the name Hablot, often, as Mr.
Browne explains, wrongly spelt with a
circumflex over the last syllable. Hablot
K. Browne got his name from a French
officer, and was nearly called " Nonus "
as well, being the ninth son in a long
family. He brought up his boys in
Croydon, then quite a rural district in
which the young folks found it easy to
play exciting games and assign to the
girls next door the function of female
slaves. Mummers, walking and running
races on Good Fridays, processions of
Jack-in-the-green on May Day, the Croy-
don Walnut Fair, and other delights are
attractively described.
All this account of a life very different
from that of to-day is illumined by touches
of humour, which, indeed, make the whole
book agreeable reading. Mr. Browne is
discursive, like Mr. Fitzgerald, and tells us
much that we know ; but he has an ex-
cellent judgment, and shows considerable
shrewdness in his views of the interesting
No. 4501. Jan. 31. 1014
THE ATHKX.Kl' M
1
-u
people he came across, Dickens he saw
■8 the man of business not greatly in-
terested in children. Lever, for whom
hie father did many illustrations, was as
festive as his own wild heroes, and im-
proved his adventures into excellent
stories. Browne's illustrations for both
had often to be done in a hurry, and with
incomplete knowledge of the authors'
intentions. His son. we think, fairly
shows that Dickens was exigent beyond
reason concerning his text.
The illustrator himself seems to have
been casual in business matters, and.
though much sought after as a partner
in the most celebrated publications of the
day, not inclined to indulge in the plea-
sures and preoccupations of the social
world. Still, the Croydon circle included
some notable people. Mr. Browne's aunt
married Elnanan Bicknell. the father of
some notable sons, and a great collector
of Turner's works. Four of his drawings
hang in the Wallace Collection, secured,
regardless of cost, by the Marquis of Hert-
ford. To Bicknell's house came the son
of a near neighbour, young Ruskin, who
was greatly attached to Mr. Browne"s
aunt, and would read to her long screeds
of a work in manuscript, or set the whole
household astir in search of colours,
brushes, and paper to copy a flower
on the spur of the moment. We get a
later view of him surrounded by a bevy of
ladies, holding a Socratic conversazione : —
"The professor asked, What is the cha-
racteristic of Greek art '! A very pink lady
opined that it was ' Stronp.' ' My dear,' said
Mr. Ruskin in a very soft voice, ' the Devil
is strong,' and for a time the nymphs were
covered with confusion."'
Augustus Manns, Harrison Ainsworth
(learned in some mediaeval byways),
S. C. Hall (the supposed original of Peck-
sniff), and many theatrical and musical
celebrities, are the subject of effective
sketches. Dickens's unpleasant habit of
taking off his friends in his books is justly
cen.-un-d. and we wish that Mr. Browne
had eliminated long pieces of quotation
from books accessible to evervbodv, such
k Hinton ' and ' A Tale of Two
in order to find more room for
his own comments. The drawings and
b ''!• a by his father which he gives us
have generally no relation to the text.
but they are certainly striking, and it
seem- to an ordinary observer as if Browne
might have made a success in paintings
and drawings if he had had adequate
trainiiiL'. A- a youth, he studied etching
and engraving. W. P. Frith advised him
to paint scenes from real life, but the
delineator of ' The Derby Day ' was
apparently so uninventive that in later-
life he offered 1 001. to any one who would
find him a Bubjecl !
Mr. Browne suggests— we think with
reason — that his father as an illustrator
of Dickens felt it his duty to be comic,
but. at least in the later hooks, introduced
glimpses of beauty for which the public
did not ask. \o model was ever used,
but he
"drew after the- fashion of a child who will
draw you a pictun- of anything without
even glancing at the reality. To this
faculty of reproducing at will unconscious
impressions he owed most of his excellences,
together with most of his faults."
lit fact,
•"what the man in the Btreei wanted was
a joke which he could understand in a
drawing or a. paragraph, and with Browne
and Dickens in conjunction he got what
he desired from both of them.
The incessant strain of periodical
work clearly dwarfed Browne's powers.
His final years were enlivened by another
artist associated with Dickens, Frank
Barnard, who made a speciality of ob-
serving queer people, and was himself an
oddity given to wild humours.
Browne's career as a whole was a dis-
appointment, as his son admits, but we
read enough of him in these pages to see
that he was a delightful man. and one
well worth knowing.
Essays ami Studies. By Members of the
English Association. Edited by C. H.
Herford. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 5s.
net.)
The outstanding essay in this volume
is that on ' English Prose Numbers,' by
Prof. Elton. In it he surveys the whole
subject of prose-rhythm in English from
a standpoint which slightly differs from
that of Prof. Saintsbury's ; History,' and
attempts to restate the problems that now
arise in the light of Mr. A. C. Clark's and
Mr. John Shelley's recent work on it. It
is a subject which must deeply interest
every writer of English : not that by its
study we can ever produce good rhythmi-
cal prose mechanically, but that we can
learn to detect the elements of style on
which effect depends. The most impor-
tant section of the essay is that in which
the rhythmical relationship between verse
and prose in English, and the intrusions of
prose - rhythms into verse and of verse-
rhythms into prose, are studied. Prof.
Elton is prepared (and we go with him)
to admit a certain amount of verse-rhythm
into English prose, provided it is not felt
as verse ; the prose-rhythm must be
dominant, though the verse be faintly
heard, as in Ruskin.
Prof. Spingarn deals with the problem
whether the drama can or cannot exist
as a creative art without theatres and
actors, or can be understood or studied
without reference to them. His attack
on Mr. Walkley's aesthetic logic may be
safely left to that vivacious gentleman
for reply; while we note that Mr. (i. B.
Baker's criticism of Marlowe's ' Tambur-
laine ' in this volume defends its place as
great art only by its suitability to the
actor and theatre, and its complete de-
pendence on them.
The real point of difference between
Prof. Spingarn and the dramatic critics is
that they have to deal in general with one
aspect of their art, and he with another.
For them the drama in the theatre is the
immediate subject. The real value Of a
play as great ait is outside consideration
altogether by its contemporaries almost
by definition, since it can only he deter-
mined by posterity. The drama can only
be judged by men of to-day by its power
to make them feel, hear, and see, apart
from any preconceived standards of
criticism, and the dramatic critic's dut\
is to keep himself free from mere acci-
dental deviations from the norm of the
audience. Even in the great masterpieces
— " Hamlet' and * Macbeth,' for example
— in any work which is still alive for stage
purposes, the audience of every age takes
something personal to itself from the play,
and adds something to the store of emo-
tion connected with it. This aspect of
criticism is as important as the one on ,
which Prof. Spingarn insists, and it is
not unfair to remind him that the best of
the dramas of the closet were written with
the hope of getting on the stage.
Prof. A. C. (iuthkelch gives us
an annotated edition of Defoe's ' True-
Born Englishman ' which solves most
of the difficulties of the text. Mr.
A. R. Skemp's paper on ' The Plays of
Mr. John Galsworthy ' is a piece of sound
appreciation. ' Some Unconsidered Ele-
ments in English Place-Xames,' by .Mr.
A. Mawer, deals with the counties of
Northumberland and Durham. ' Plato-
nism in Shelley ' deals with the analogies
and influences of Plato at considerable
length, and adds a note on the corre-
spondence between ' Prometheus Un-
bound ' and Plato's ' Statesman.'
Property : its Duties and Rights. Essays
by Various Writers. With an Intro-
duction by the Bishop of Oxford.
(Macmillan & Co., 5s. net.)
The mere publication of this book will do
much to strengthen a growing conviction
that the Church at large has been following
the lead of the world, when it ought to
have been guiding it, on the question of
the duties of property. We welcome the
spirit in which Dr. Bait let and the Bishop
of Oxford have collaborated in issuing
some literature of a popular kind about
the duties and rights of property, and
we are glad that the prelate did not follow
many others and start the discussion before
putting pertinent questions to himself.
Such a focussing on the wisdom of the
early Fathers of the Church convinces
us afresh how often we have mistaken
labyrinthine windings for paths of pro-
gress; how often, instead of seeking tor
ourselves a better way of life, we have
yielded to the small solicitations of eir-
cumstance. The end of all our scheming
has not been to conquer the materialistic
world, hut rather to BUCClimb to it.
Even in the case of the Church itself,
pride of posse — ion. to a lamentable de-
gree, lias taken the place of the cespOO
nihility of stewardship. Ho* manj ol
that propertied class are yet readj to
acoepl this dictum of St. Augustine I "i"
ot th.- best thin;.'- which tin- hook gives
back to a forgetful world. According to
Gratian. her
158
THE ATHE-N'JEUM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
" urges that the needs of different people
vary, that the rich are not to be required to
use the same food as the poor, but may have
such food as their infirmity has made neces-
sary for them, while at the same time they
ought to lament the fact that they require
this indulgence."
The Church, as represented here by
some earnest thinkers, still hesitates and
accuses itself by the very act of seeking
to mollify an attack upon its hesitancy and
raising difficulties which would not exist,
had not the flesh become so weak. The
call to the really spiritual life is met
to-day with more excuses than were
found by those who refused to attend in
the parable of the marriage supper.
The Bishop of Oxford finds it necessary
to seek a philosophy of property, and
cites with approval Aristotle as the first
to discover in property " the most effective
stimulus to character and personal exer-
tion." Further, he looks to the State to
take measures " to redress the balance
[of wealth]." He emphasizes the opinion
that a man should have his needs supplied,
and we hoped to find the Augustinian
quotation in juxtaposition, but we did not.
In fact, the Introduction is eminently
to the point, and has our whole-hearted
commendation, if it is not quite what we
expect from a spiritual teacher.
Prof. Hobhouse opens the book itself
with a chapter on ' The Evolution of
Property,' and we read passively, feeling
that we are following an expert on
origins, and that the account is not only
pleasant, but also good for us. On the
penultimate page we gather that the
writer himself favours something akin to
Guild Socialism. On his last page he
declares that
" if private property is of value, for reasons
and within limits that have been indicated,
to the fulfilment of personality, common
property is equally of value for the expres-
sion and the development of social life " ;
his closing words being : —
" We have to restore to society a direct
ownership of some things, but an eminent
ownership of all things material to the pro-
duction of wealth, securing ' property for
use ' to the individual, and retaining ' pro-
perty for power ' for the democratic state."
The next two papers — Dr. Rashdall's
historic survey and criticism of ' The
Philosophical Theory of Property ' and
Mr. A. D. Lindsay's on ' The Principle
of Private Property ' — are instances of
learned treatises by no means devoid
of interest, though the present critic
prefers to consider in the space at his
disposal such chapters as Dr. Bartlet's
on ' The Biblical and Early Christian
Idea of Property,' which is quite as learned
and perhaps less academic. The last-
named writer avers that
" society may be viewed primarily as a
community, the general wellbeing of which
is all in all, or on the other hand as made up
of individuals, the particular wellbeing of
whom is of prime importance " ;
and declares that
" religion is in principle all or nothing :
by its fruits it is known one way or another.
True, what once had ethical meaning may
be narrowed down to mere sacred ritual or
custom, with no conscious relations to living
conduct, individual or social. But this is
simple lapse into unreality as regards one
aspect, and in all higher faiths the primary
aspect, of the full fact of religion, which is
in idea coextensive with the whole life of
personal responsibility. The religion of the
Bible at least, and of the Early Church, was
for the- most part really effective in moulding
men's social ideals and conduct."
Dr. Bartlet's voluminous researches
into Church-lore are enlightening on the
divergencies of present practice, though
in more than one instance we welcome
modern evidence of a return to early
ways. Particularly, perhaps, is this the
case where he speaks of the sensitiveness
of the ancient Church about morally doubt-
ful trades, and its refusal
" to receive for God's service, especially the
relief of the poor and needy conceived of as
God's special ' altar ' for acceptable sacri-
fices, anything made from such sources."
He speaks of the need that Roman law
imposed for a "policy" of recognizing
slavery as legitimate among Christians, if
their status — alread}r precarious — was
not to be rendered quite untenable. It
would have been so if colour had been
given " to the suspicion that it meant
social revolution on the part of slaves,
i.e. the working class as a whole." Here,
undoubtedly, was one of the steps in
compromise which, as the author says,
later led under monasticism to a virtual
dualism between true religious life and
duty on the one hand, and civic and
economic life on the other.
To-day the divorce between the two has
so widened that, as Dr. A. J. Carlyle says
in opening his view of ' The Theory of
Property in Mediaeval Theology,' we are
no doubt very conscious of the great
difficulties which surround charity —
" difficulties so great and serious that there
are some who think that the time is rapidly
approaching when this function of the orga-
nized Christian Society must be, at any rate
in large measure, transferred to other
organizations."
This chapter, we think, successfully
rivals all the others as an " apologia pro
vita sua," written by Churchmen who are
cognizant of a great need. Mr. H. G. Wood
carries forward the account to the Refor-
mation, and finds in the division of Church
influence rather than in the direct tend-
ency of Puritan modes of thought the
reason for the lowered efficiency of the
Church as a moral witness on the use
of wealth. We admit a difficulty in
accepting even such a point of view, but
when the writer first remarks that " the
close connection between the Puritan
ethic of prudence and the spirit of capital-
ism is undeniable " ; and follows it up
by asseverating : —
" The truth surely is that the capitalist
class was largely created by men who
branded all careless consumption as a sin.
The Puritan conception of stewardship, and
the Puritan condemnation of worldly living,
will be found to have contributed more to
the morale of capitalism than either the love
of gain or any conscious adaptation of a
class to their place in the productive process,"'
we can only say that sympathetic under-
standing, in which we had not so far found
ourselves wanting, failed us entirely.
Wesley, from whose writings many quo-
tations are given, is more after our own
heart, though he seems to have been moved
rather to indulge his own leaning towards-
an ascetic Puritanism than to deny himself
because he was convinced of the greater
need of others around him.
We are not able to consider the closing
chapter by Dr. Scott Holland on ' Property
and Personality ' to anything like the
extent which its merit deserves. We
admire it so much that we seek eagerly
for the reason why we do not feel more at
one with him. Dr. Scott Holland appears
to us to place undue insistence on provi-
dential entity outside of — in fact, severed
from — humanity, at least to the partial ex-
clusion of the divinity Avithin humanity ;
the acknowledgment of which, though it be
but in the germ stage, must call forth
reverent service from the seemingly highest
to the seemingly lowest.
A Civil Servant in Burma. By Sir
Herbert Thirkell White. (Arnold,
I2s. Qd. net.)
The story of the annexation and pacifica-
tion of Burma has been dealt with pre-
viously by Sir Charles Crosthwaite who, in.
' The Pacification of Burma,' may be said
to present the strictly official side of a
momentous event in the annals of the
Indian Empire. In ' A Civil Servant in
Burma ' we have a more intimate and
personal side of the events before and
after the step which brought a new
province under the administration of the
Government of India. On the whole, the
book is well written, but the author is-
not always happy in his method of
expression — a certain clumsiness is re-
vealed in sentences of inordinate length.
A tendency to abrupt dissertations of a
quasi-humorous nature is occasionally
manifested, with disconcerting results. A
work of this nature is attractive only to
readers who have some knowledge of
the subject, or who, at any rate, possess
a certain amount of intelligence. That
being so, it is not easy to see why
the author should go out of his way to
be offensive in the opening remarks of
his introductory chapter.
Apart from this, the book is to be
commended. The tone throughout is
conspicuously free from any touch of
rancour ; indeed, Sir Thirkell White pays
constant tribute to the admirable assist-
ance rendered by his subordinates in the
Secretariat and the sterling qualities of
his superiors.
Small sympathy and no admiration are
revealed for the heaven-born adminis-
trator. The author's estimate of public
opinion in this country on Indian affairs
is summed up as follows : —
" The tiresome thing about public opinion
in England is that where interest might be
beneficial it cannot be roused, while in some
vital matter, in which only the man on the
spot has materials for judging, the British
public, or its spokesmen, insist on inter-
fering."
No. 4.->01, Jan. 31, 1914
Til E A Til KX MV M
L59
One of the best chapters is that entitled
■ Early Days in Mandalay,' in which the
initial difficulties which beset the Blender
civil and military staff are admirably
Bel forth.
Sir Thirkell White crystallizes the ex-
periences of his official life in the following
Bentences : —
" The enthralling interest of Beeing from
within and from the centre the making of a.
new province, of taking a humble share in
the work, was a privilege which falls to few
men in a generation. The receipt of reports
.from districts, the issue of the Chief Com-
missioner's orders, daily contact with men
oi distinction in arms or civic affairs....
tilled to overflowine: the passing weeks....
Who wanted holidays at such a time when
his work was far more interesting and stimu-
lating than other people's play ? With
- -iison, we might say we had the profit
of industry with the pleasures of a pastime."
The book is illustrated with a few
admirable photographic reproductions.
A Father in God : the Episcopate of
William West Jones. D.D. By Michael
H. M. Wood. (Macmillan & Co., 18s.)
William West Jones, first Archbishop
of Capetown and second Metropolitan
of South Africa, died in May, 1908, during
a visit to England, having just completed
t'\e seventieth year of his age and the
thirty-fourth of his episcopate. He was
not a great orator, not a man of great
learning or intellect ; at Oxford he got
only a second in 'Mods," though that was
probably due to ill-health, which pre-
vented his reading for honours in the
Final Schools. But he was a great man
in the discharge of his peculiar office, a
great Colonial bishop ; and his influence
on all sorts and conditions of men was
tit- -table. Instances of this abound.
He was always so really a Father in
d to us all.*' writes his successor,
Dr. Carter, speaking for all the South
African clergy. " Personal friend " is
the common term in the testimony of
South African laymen everywhere. Cecil
Rhodes was not a violent Churchman, and,
further, on certain topics he kept the
sensitive reticence and shyness of a school-
Yet for the Archbishop, it is stated
that " he entertained sincere affection as
"lie who never hesitated to appeal to
the spiritual side of his nature." The
m of the Rhodes Scholarships was in
the letter to the Archbishop dated Feb-
ruary 28th, 1900, in which Rhodes offers
the Diocesan College School through Dr.
Jones .i- Chairman of the College Council,
"• a scholarship at Oxford of 2502. a year'
t i come into immediate operation."
Among many other benefactions Rhodes
mad( — anonymously— a gift of 10.000J. for
the site of the new House of Mercy at
< tpetown, remarking apologetically to
a friend that he did this because the Arch-
bishop • wa- looking so anxious and
worried.'* A few weeks before his end
he suffered gratefully a visit from Dr.
Jones and " a conversation of q serious
kind" which left the Archbishop con-
vinced thai Rhodes "was at heart a
really religious man."
By Churchmen and Dissenters, lepers
at Robben Island, and "' tough ' ex-
emplars of Colonial manners. Dr. Jones
was valued in life, and is held now in
affeotionate and grateful memory ; but
not less by those, lay or clerical, whom
for conduct or policy he had to reprove.
And this Archbishop could rebuke with
point and vigour. A lout in a Capetown
cafe who had insulted a waitress fled
upon the intervention of his huge and
gaitered form. One who knew him speaks
of his
" ardent and affectionate nature, which
brought with it an occasional hastiness of
manner and openness of speech, where colder
and more cautious natures would have been
silent."
Though stem towards sin, the Archbishop
was gentle with sinners, and his influ-
ence was an effect of unusual tenderness
conjoined with extreme candour. Early
in his episcopate Dr. Jones had to remon-
strate with one of the oldest of his bishops
on what his biographer calls gently a
"' somewhat unreasonable spirit in local
affairs," and spoke his mind.
" I have ventured to say what I have said
[concluded the Archbishop] partly because
I felt my position demanded my saying it,
and partly because a son may be allowed
to urge upon his father a course which he
feels essential to that father's happiness."
Again, in 1877 certain hard-bitten miners
in Xamaqualand required from him, and
received, some plain speaking. There fol-
lowed presently a memorial signed by
some thirty or forty of the chastened,
thanking the Archbishop for his outspoken
words.
So he prevailed. It was an unobtrusive
influence. Bishop's Court, among its oaks
and stately pines, at a rare angle to view
the silvery precipices of Table Mountain,
is but a stone 's-throw from Groote Schuur.
How many of the privileged globe-
trotters who found Rhodes's house an
exotic centre of mundane interest and
distinction can remember to have met
the Archbishop of Capetown ? It was
possible to visit South Africa again and
again, and not to know him by sight.
One felt the Archbishop rather than saw
him. This heightens the interest with
which his acquaintance is renewed, or made
anew, in the ample pages of his old chap-
lain Mr. Woods painstaking and devoted
record.
" Record " is the word here, rather than
" biography." Mr. Wood writes admirably,
but not as an artist aiming at a sym-
metrical portrait of his subject. In his
svmpathetic Introduction the Archdeacon
of Northampton says that he
"believes that he [Mir. Wood] has given
us a book which will take its place per-
manently among the ecclesiastical records
of the British dependent
For this successful issue two conditions.
says the Anhdeacon, wen- necessary —
"first, that we should know what the con-
stitutional settlement \\a^ and h<>u it was
reached; and secondly, that we should under-
stand the character of the man during \\ b
episcopate it was achieved."
Thus Mr. Wood is a specialist historian
addressing a special audience. Prom 1S74
to 1908 South Africa was packed with
history, painful and poignant enough, hut
of moving concern to every Brit ish subject .
and, indeed, to the whole world as well.
Those grim and gaudy events and sinister
or sonorous actors are here scarce glanced
at. are " out of the saga *' for Mr. Wood.
The problem of the Consecration oath
taken by the Metropolitan on his appoint-
ment is of incredibly more consequence
than the Sand River Convention, the
annexation and retrocession of the Trans-
vaal, Amajuha, Dr. Jameson's Raid.
The mere shadow of Bishop ColenSO
obscures the burly, full-blooded figures of
Cecil Rhodes and Paul Krugcr. The rise
and consolidation of the diamond industry
andofthe Witwatersrand in one tremendous
wilderness dotted by rare farmhouses,
with all which that transformation has
implied for South Africa and the world,
are here as nothing, and the Grahamstown
judgment everything. Mr. Wood's far-
rago libelli is the history of the episcopate,
and, incidentally, of the man in charge
thereof, and it is nothing more. Add to
this that the record is given in truly pro-
digious detail.
" How glad historians would be [exclaims
Archdeacon Hutton] if they knew as much
about the Synod of Whitby or the Council
of Hatfield as future students will know
about the Synods, their members, and their
decisions, which have established the South
African Church ! "
There is, indeed, no point in the constitu-
tional settlement of the Church in South
Africa, nor any episode nor any agent in
all the knotted coil of controversy in-
volved therein, or even remotely touching
the relations of the Metropolitan to his
Suffragans and clergy, or the relations of
the Church in South Africa to the Church
of England, on which the future student
can excusably plead ignorance. All these
things are here set down in order — thill
which made up West Jones's work in life,
with his part in them patiently revealed.
The Archbishop kept a continuous chro-
nicle in his own handwriting from 1861,
when he was ordained, up to the beginning
of February, 1908, a few months before
he died; and this chronicle his biographer
faithfully (and meticulously) follows.
Of the five books into which the record
is divided, much is inevitably given up to
pure exposition. Part 111., with its
eleven chapters tracing the constitutional
struggle in the Province of South Africa
from far back in 1863, w hen Bishop (day
revived the Synodical government of
the Church, down to January, 1910, and
the passing of the church Properties Act
two years after West Jones was in bis
grave, is, ol course, all entirely expositor} .
But elsewhere. and generally, ohaptei after
chapter pursues with almost dailj minute-
ness the regular routine oi tin- Metro-
politan at home or abroad -now with
Bishop's Court and Capetown ■'- hi-
centre. OOCUpil d in that SOOial OT -him
work which was bo fine a feature in his
1G0
T II E A T H E N M U M
No. 4.">01, Jan. 31, 1914
career ; now at provincial synod, or at
Robben Island among the lepers, or setting
forth in discomfort-able post-cart through
the Namaqualand desert. The record of
his primary Visitation through the vast
diocese is complete — its first, second,
third, fourth, and fifth journeys described
chapter by chapter. The Ethiopian Church
movement is sketched clearly and fully,
and ' The Compact of 1900 ' given ver-
batim .
So, too, the whole expansion of the
Church under West Jones's guidance
ssems narrated, down to the consecra-
tion of a deaconess or a conversazione
at Claremont — not, perhaps, the plan
and method by which a professional man
of letters might have chosen to paint the
portrait of the Archbishop and tell the
story of his episcopate, but a plan and
method which in Mr. Wood's hands are
justified. He seeks to relate the history
of the Church in South Africa, alike
generally and during thirty-four signifi-
cant years ; and probably his special audi-
ence cannot have too full an account of
the protracted conflict for the liberties of
the Church, or follow too closely in the
daily footsteps of a great Colonial bishop.
" All that has happened [says Mr. Wood]
has, even at the present day, a lively interest,
for the Church not merely in the Province
of S. Africa, but in other Provinces beside,
notably in Australia, New Zealand, and
India, in which countries the questions are
now to the fore and are being most keenly
debated."
The ecclesiastical world therefore receives
all the story, and should be grateful. But
it says much for the author that, amid all
this superabundance of esoteric matter,
the mere layman follows him, not with
respect only, but with unflagging interest
also. Thus the famed Third Proviso
to Articles I. and II. of the Con-
stitution of the Church was a fateful
instrument, and demands that even the
layman shall at least master its, terms,
ascertain how these affected the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council, even (by
ricochet, as it were) the movement headed
by Archdeacon Badnall. It is other
guess-work, perhaps, when we are re-
quired to follow the Proviso in the debates
of provincial synods and diocesan synods,
and in the speeches of respected, but not
epoch-making clerics and laymen. Here,
it might seem, is less history than the
materials of the historian diligently and
fully ordered for his use. Yet the fact
remains that we do not wish that Mr. Wood
had been less particular. There are all
the trees, but one can see the wood.
For the Constitutional Question, it is
claimed that the Church in South Africa,
consistently and successfully asserting
" her reasonable liberty in things spiri-
tual," has not only vindicated her position
as free and self-governing, yet in unity
with the Church of England, but has also
helped the other Churches or Provinces
out of England. These are now able to
obtain a like liberty from secular inter-
ference without suffering a like crisis.
It is claimed that the Church of England
itself stands stronger. The South African
Church bore the crisis and weathered it
by sheer patience, tact, and good-feeling —
all making for union within itself, and, if
we may say so without flippancy, by a
sort of right reverend " sitting-tight "
under the menace of the Privy Council.
For most or much of this result the Metro-
politan was responsible, and his Church
secure, he enlarged her coasts. On Christ-
mas Eve of 1873, on the eve of West
Jones's appointment, Lidclon wrote to
him : —
" I pray that God may enable you to
build up His Church on the lines traced
by your venerable predecessor. If it is not
very impertinent in me to say so, I have no
doubt on this score."
The inference all over that vast and sunlit
region of the Archbishop's labours is that
this prayer was granted.
FICTION.
Jacob Elthorne. P>v Darrell Figgis. (Dent
& Co., 6s.)
The question that haunts the pages of
this five-act chronicle of a life is, what
effect Jacob Elthorne had on the lives
he drew to share his own, more particu-
larly the two women on whom at varying
periods of life he was so dependent.
Their apologia is not given. Four hun-
dred closely covered pages are not enough
to hold all he has to sa}^ in full and frank
exposition of his ideals, sentiments, and
growths of mind, body, and soul from
boyhood to the grave. Yet because he
has been made real to us, so, too, have
they in their degree. This tendency to
find oneself speculating on the relation
of stormy petrels of humanity — honest
thinkers and writers like Jacob Elthorne
— to others more conventional and ortho-
dox is a tribute to the quality of the
fiction which creates the illusion of fact.
His hard youth, the lost parents, the
sordid school, the years of office routine
in the service of an old hypocrite, his
uncle — all the influences of environment
are described ; but of the humour and
charity which his parents' child might
reasonably be expected to develope, the
record gives little indication. Mr. Figgis
seems to have felt this himself, for a last
chapter is added by way of obituary, in
which it is said : " This side of him does
not appear in the book."
The Pnrph Mists. By F. E. Mills Young.
(John Lane, 6\s.)
The argument of this novel is, to our mind,
contained in the following quotation : —
" ' I am no one's responsibility,' she
cried . . . . ' I belong to myself. Why shouldn't
I take care of myself ? '
" ' Because God made you woman,' he
answered, ' and man has made you depend-
ent on him.' "
We fear woman cannot so easily throw
the whole responsibility for the tragedies
of her sex on to God and man. As to
God's scheme of things, we wish we had
the author's assurance of knowledge ',
we know a little more about man's accom-
plishment, which practically amounts to
having made of woman an appanage
instead of a complement to himself.
But what of woman ? is she to bear no
responsibility for the years during which
her easy acquiescence has pandered to
man's weakness for authoritative posses-
sion ?
In the present tale it is the man's posses-
sive idea, joined to the belief that other
men who love his wife are necessarily black-
guards, Avhich is mainly responsible for the
tragedy. The woman's fault is rather
lack of sympathy, the outcome of ignorance
of life and the little pettinesses which
cling to what ought to be its overmastering
grandeur. There is much to commend
in the telling, though, because the book
will make appeal to the larger and less
intelligent novel-reading public, we could
wish that the author had taken more
pains to set out the underlying reasons
why two fine, though narrow-minded
people became estranged and had pain-
fully to pick their way back to life's
broad sanctuary. Our interest in the
character of the second man, who has so
much influence over the couple, is almost
totally unsatisfied, a fact for which we
OAve the author a grudge.
Square Pegs. By Charles Inge. (Methuen
& Co., 6s.)
This tale, which tells of a man's endeavour
to further his ideas concerning emigration
and social reform, commands our sym-
pathy, though Ave do not share the pro-
prietor's apparent surprise at his want of
commercial success. His own upkeep was
clearly no small item in the expenses
of management : the cigars he threw
away only half smoked may not ha\Te
been so expensi\Te an item as the butler
we catch a glimpse of, but the conjunction
of the two items suggests more extended
waste and luxury ; and the emigration
scheme, with its futile public meetings,
must have Avasted quite sufficient gold
without his making himself responsible for
supplying the whims of a \Tilgar grass
Avidow.
In fact, the hero's inconsistencies are
not of a convincing kind, nor, for the
matter of that, are the villain's, who, after
trying repeatedly to get him entirely into
his coils by lending him money on a
shadowy security, finally buys from him
Avhat must have been an otherAvise un-
realizable copyright. Readers ought, how-
ever, to learn something of the trials of a
neAvspaper owner Avho refuses to giATe
the public just what it likes, though Ave
can conceive that there Avould have been
more occasion for the fits of despondency
indulged in had Mr. Inge's example not
been a single man with expectations from
a wealthy father and the security of a
private income.
The book, indeed, has greater claims
on our attention in its successful delinea-
tion of the sordid life of the suburban
household from which the heroine is
taken.
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1014
THE A Til KX.EUM
Kil
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Canning iHon. Albert S. C), THOUGHTS <>n-
Christian History, 7 6 n. t. Fisher Unwin
A revised ami enlarged edition.
Epistles of S. Paul from the Codex Laudianus,
edited by l-:. s. Buchanan, 12 t> net.
Heath & Cranton
Includes an Introduction descriptive of the
manuscript ami its correctors, and four collotype
facsimiles.
Moore (George P.), Literature of the Old
Testament, •• Homo LTniversity Library,"
1/ net. Williams & Norgate
The books of the Old Testament are here
dealt with from the standpoint of modern know-
ledge.
Sajdak (Johannes^, Hibtoria Critica scholias-
T.UUM ET COMMENTATORUM QREGORH NAZIAN-
EENI, Pars Prima. Cracow, G. Gebethner ;
Warsaw, Gebethner & Wolfl
This, the first of ' Meletemata Patristica,' is
published by the Cracow Academy of Letters as
a prelude to the edition of Gregory shortly to
appear. The editor has brought together the
work of various scholars, including his own. on
the scholiasts and commentators from the sixth
to the fourteenth century, and examined their
sources and authority. To complete the scheme
an Appendix is devoted to the writings commonly
ascribed to Gregory, while another deals with the
Byzantine commendations in prose and verse of
hiiu and his works.
Spencer (Frederick A. M.), The Meaning of
( hiu-tianity. 2 6 net. Fisher Dnwin
A second and revised edition.
LAW.
Vinogradov Prof. Paul), Common-Sense in Law.
" Home University Library." 1/
Williams & Xorgate
Includes chapters on ' Social Rules,1 ' Facts
and Act- in Law,' ' Custom,' and ' Judicial Pre-
Lents.' There is also an Index of Cases.
POETRY.
Beaumont (Joseph), Minor Poems. 1016-1609,
ited from the Autograph Manuscript, with
Introduction and Notes, by Kloise Robinson,
-1 Constable
The Introduction contains an account of the
Muscript of the minor poems, a Life of the
poet, and a critical estimate of his work, in which
he is cmpared with other poets of the scven-
iih century.
Bridges | Charles I, PoEMfi in Five Phases, 2/
Bristol, Arrowsmith
Iwo of the five phases of this collection of
verse con-i-t of 'Sonnets' and ■ Battles,' the
latter including lines on the* Balkans. 1912.' Other
mis are ■ A Song of Men,' ' Love's Sanctity,'
Daphne to Apollo.'
Dowden i Edward,;, Poetical Works. 2 vols., 6/
' h. Dent
These volumes contain all the verse that the
•'<Tli'.r left available for publication, with the
eption of the sequence A Woman's Reli-
qoary. Bach book contains a Preface and a
photograph of the poet. Vol. I. contains original
dob. Vol. II. being devoted to a translation.
wehre books, of Goethe's ' West-Eastern
I >ivan.
Howard John Galen), Brunblleschi, a Poem.
... . San FranciM-u. John Howell
n "f the poem take- place during
interval of vigour in BruneUeschi's last illness!
wl,.„ he determines on a final visit to the dome
- ■ , Maria del Kiore. The story is in three
les, and the speaker throughout is the archi-
himself.
Le Galllenne Richard >, The Lonely Dances,
\\j> Other Poems, •'- net Lane
A n.w collection of poems, many of which
are on love, with a frontispiece portrait by Irma
i.e uallienne.
MacDonagh Thomasi, Lyrical Poi
Dublin, ' Irish Beview Office
includes the lyrical poems mitten by the
bor since the publication of hi- -Songs of
Myself in 1910, and, with the exception of some
I 'us in that, bock, everything that he Ul-|,,
rved -r his previous work. Some ,,f the
• poems, taken from collections now out of
print, have been altered bo tins publication.
Procter (Adelaide Anne;, Lboknds urn Lyrics
" Life and Light " Books, I Bell
A new edition in one volume of the first and
second sei
Song of the V.A.D. (The), with LBOHND8 of
Sussex and Surrey, Old and New, by
Commandant, I li net. St. Catherine Press
Tin- piece which gives its title to this little
book is dedicated to the Voluntary Aid Detach-
ments of the British Bed Cross Society. Besides
legends," there are miscellaneous pieces such
as • To a Golf Club,' ' Dancing on t hi' Green,' and
' The Spirit of the Queen'-.' which records some
of th«' glories of the West Surrey Regiment.
Twells (J. H.), Jun., Moons of the [nnbb Voice,
'•'< »> net. Grant Richards
A reflection of many moods, such as .Memory,
Rebellion, and Harmony.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Book-Prices Current, Vol. XXVIII. Part I.. 25 ti
per annum. Elliot Stock
Each part of this record is now arranged in
one alphabet.
PHILOSOPHY.
Baerlein (Henry), Abu'l Ala, the Syrian*,
'• Wisdom of the East " Series, 2/ net.
John Murray
A biographical sketch of Abu'l Ala, and an
appreciation of his philosophy. The second part
of the book contains translations of some of his
poems and various kindred poems by Eastern
writer-.
Bradley (F. H.), Essays on Truth and Reality,
12 ti Oxford, Clarendon Press
Consists mainly of articles which have
appeared in Mind. There is also a paper which
was first printed in The Philosophical Review,
besides some essays not hitherto published. The
book includes a discussion on Pragmatism and
an examination of ' Radical Empiricism.'
Carus (Paul), The Mechanistic Principle and
the Non-Mechanical, an Inquiry into Funda-
mentals, with Extracts from Representatives of
Either Side, 4/ net. Open Court Publishing Co.
After discussing the mechanistic and non-
mechanical principles, the author considers in
turn the philosophy of Mark Twain, La Mettrie,
Prof. VV. B. Smith, and Dr. Bixby.
Carus (Paul), The Principle of Relativity in
the Light of the Philosophy of Science,
4/ net. Open Court Publishing Co.
A discussion of the principle of the relativity
of time and space, with an Appendix containing
a letter from the Rev. James Bradley on the
motion of the fixed stars, which is reprinted from
the Philosophical Transactions of 1727.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Blunt (Reginald), In Cheyne Walk and There-
about, containing Short Accounts of some
Ingenious People and Famous Places that were
by the Riverside at Chelsea, 10/6 net.
Mills & Boon
The author does not write of the more famous
historic associations of Chelsea, but of persons
and places comparatively unchronicled and
known only to the few: of Mary As tell, "an
admirable gentlewoman," the Neilds, Dr. Donii-
niceti and his baths, and Salter's Coffee-House.
Part of the last chapter, on ' Mrs. Carlyle and her
Housemaid,' is reproduced from The Corvhill
Magazine.
Dwelly's Parish Records, edited by E. Dwelly:
Vol. II. The First Portion of the Bishop's
Transcripts at Wells (Section II. Parishes
H-Y), copied from the Originals by Arthur J.
.Jewel's, 15/ net. A. II. Mayhew
This volume completes those of the Bishop's
Transcripts of Parish Registers in the Diocesan
Registry at Wells that are in the most fragile
condition.
From the Letter-Files of S. W. Johnson, edited by
his Daughter. Elizabeth A. Osborne, LO/8 net.
Milford, lor Yale University Press
The correspondence of Samuel W. Johnson,
Professor of Agricultural Chemistry in Yale Uni-
versity and Director of the Connecticut Agri-
cultural Station, bound together by a thread of
narrat ive.
Hall (Thornton), Enslavers of Euros, l.v net.
I bat li A: ( 'i -anion
Thirty short -ketches of (he liaison- entered
into by members of the royal houses of Europe.
Holiday iHenry), REMINISCENCES OF >iv I. tit-:,
10 net . | teinemann
Tip- artist's record of his life and work,
illustrated by mounted coloured reproductions
and others from drawings and photographs.
Hutton (William Holden), I'm; Ti:\<hin<. of
Indian Bistort, l, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
See p. Pit.
Pennell (Alice M.), Pennell of the AFGHAN
Frontier, the Life of Theodore Leighton
Pennell, L0 ti net. Seeley & Service
A biography of Dr. Pennell. with special
reference to his missionary work in the ISaunu
hospital. There are illustrations, and an Intro-
duction by Lord Roberts. The profits of the
book will be given to the Afghan Medical Mission,
Plowden (Walter F. C. Chlcheley), Records OF
tiii: Ciih iiKi.F.Y Plowdbns, A.D. L590 1913,
-'. "et. Heath .v. Cranton
The first part of (his book gives (he leading
facts connected with the elder branch of the
Plowden family in the form of an alphabetical
mde\. based on Barbara Plowden's ' Records of
the Plowden Family'; the remainder supplie a
history of Sir Edmund Plowden of W .-instead,
Karl Palatine of New Albion, and his descendants.
Scott (George Dlgby), Tin-: STONES of BRAY, and
the Stories they can Tell of Ancient Times in
the Barony of Rathdown, .V net.
Dublin, Hodges A. Figgis
A history of the ancient Deanery of Bray,
corresponding to the modern Barony of Rath-
down, told in a conversational form, with Ap-
pendixes, Index, and illustrations from photo-
graphs.
Wesley (John), Journal, edited by Nehemiah
Curnock, Standard Edition, Vol. V. C. H. Kelly
The part of the Journal reproduced in this
volume treats mainly of Thomas .Maxlield. a lav
preacher, .Methodism in Ireland and Scotland,
Wesley's mission to children, and his relations
with George Whitelield. It covers the period
from January 1st, 1763, to September 12th, 1773.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Gregorovius (Ferdinand), Sictliana, sketches of
Naples and Sicily in the .Nineteenth Century,
translated from the German by Mrs. Gustavus
W. Hamilton, 5/ Bell
These essays are for the most part translated
from the third volume of Gregorovius's ' Wander-
jahre in Italien,' published in 1853 ; the last one
is from his ' Kleine Schriften ' of 1888. This
volume is not intended to be a handbook to the
various places, but a companion to those travellers
Mho are interested in Sicily's eventful past.
Price (Nancy), Vagabond's Way, Haphazard
Wanderings on the Fells, 6/ net.
John Murray
The author has wandered among tin; fells
of Cumberland — " avoiding towns like the
plague " — and gives a rambling account of her
experiences. There are illustrations by Mr. A. S.
Hartrick.
Weeks (John H.), Among the Primitive Ha-
KONGO, 10/ net. Seeley & Service
A record of thirty years' int ercourse with the
peoples of ti.e Lower Congo, giving a description of
their Court life, customs, and religious beliefs.
There are many illustrations from photographs.
Williamson (Robert W.), The Ways of the
South Sea SAVAGE, 16/ net. Seeley A: Service
A record of travel and observation in the
Solomon Islands and New Guinea, part of which
was published in the section on Melanesia in ' The
Customs of the World.' There are illustrations
and a map.
ECONOMICS.
Coffin (Joseph Herschel), Tin-: SOCIALIZED Con-
science, $1.26 Baltimore. Warwick A; York
This ethical study is adapted for the use of
beginners, the method being scientific rather than
philosophical, and the presentation non-technical.
Dale (Bernard), The Kffect of Taxes on Food
STUFFS, When and Why a Tax on F I StulTs
does not Increase the Cos! to tie- Consumer,
2/ net. Effingham Wilson
The author's aim is to prove that taxes on
food stuffs do not necessarily raise the price of
the whole supply, whether produced abroad or at
home.
Kinnear (John Boyd), PRINCIPLES OF PropbRTT,
1/ net. Smith a Elder
Tie- first pari of thi- book deals with pro-
perty in general. I lie cau-e- of inequality, and tie-
function of the Mate in regard to private property ;
and tie- second i- a revised and condensed form
of the author's • Principles of Propertj In Land,'
published in L880.
Plgou (A. C), Unemployment, "Home Dni«
Venity Library. I net. William . A Nor|
An examination of tie- causes of unemploy-
ment, with some suggestions tor tie- alleviation
of this social e\ il.
POLITICS.
Bulow (Prince Bernhard voni, [MFBRJ \i. QBRM vny,
1(1 net. U
\ ,i q of tie- foreign and hone- policy
of German; .
102
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
SOCIOLOGY.
Bennett (E. N.), Problems op Village Life, 1/
net, " Home University Library."
Williams & Norgate
A comprehensive survey of the problems of
the country-side, with a study of some of the
suggested remedies.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Marett (R. R.), The Threshold of Religion,
5/ net. Methuen
A second edition, revised and enlarged.
EDUCATION.
Baker (James H.), Educational Aims and Civic
Needs, 3/6 net. Longmans
In these addresses the author emphasizes
the relation between school and society, higher
education and democracy, and appeals to the
teacher, student, sociologist, and citizen.
Pyle (William Henry), The Examination of
School Children, a Manual of Directions and
Norms, 2/ net. New York, Macmillan Co.
The aim of this volume is to provide, in
convenient form for teachers, directions for the
examination of schoolchildren and tables of
norms for the various ages. Supplementary
material is provided for nearly all the tests which
are here included.
University of Liverpool Calendar, 1914.
University Press of Liverpool
Contains full information about the Uni-
versity.
PHILOLOGY.
Nunn (H. P. V.), The Elements of New Testa-
ment Greek, a Method of Studying the Greek
New Testament, with Exercises, 3/ net.
Cambridge University Press
Intended mainly for those who wish to learn
Greek after they have left school, so as to read
the Greek New Testament. It is therefore con-
cerned only with words and forms which are found
in New Testament Greek, and the sentences in
the later exercises are taken almost verbatim
from the same source.
Velics (Anthony de), Adamitics, an Essay on
First Man's Language ; or, The Easiest Way
to learn Foreign Languages, for the Use of
Middle- and High-Schools, 2/6
Budapest, the Author
" Adamitics is an interlingual and new branch
of philology, which, by aid of physiology, psy-
chology, and logics, is destined to find out the
oldest sources of human speech : the evolution
and development of words and ideas."
The author essays to prove the unity of all
languages by applying to them " a new kind of
analysis," which distinguishes the " minutest
common elements of words."
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Arnold's Junior Story Readers : The White Cat ;
Mopsa the Fairy ; The Story of a Donkey ;
The Adventures op So-Fat and Mew-Mew ;
The Two Brothers ; The Wild Swans ;
Robinson Crusoe ; The King op the Golden
River ; Sindbad the Sailor ; The Christ-
mas Cuckoo ; The Tempest ; and The
Little Sea-Maid, paper 2d., cloth 3d. each.
These Readers are suitable for Standards I.
to III. Each is printed in large, clear type, and
has a frontispiece.
Bailey (E. James), A Course of Practical
English, 1/6 net. Bell
An attempt is here made to interest the pupil
at once in his mother-tongue without any of the
dreariness of the study of mere grammatical
details. Punctuation is the first subject dealt
with, and students are then led on in a natural
course, through various parts of speech and the
construction of sentences, to composition proper.
The Appendixes include a parsing table, exer
cises, and examination papers.
Campbell (Matilda G.), A Text-Book of Domes-
tic Science, for High Schools, 4/ Macmillan
In answer to an increasing demand from
instructors in Domestic Science for a book to be
used as a " laboratory manual " at school and a
practical cookery-book at home, this textbook
has been written.
It is concerned mainly with the subjects of
food, nutrition, and the application of heat to
foods, and includes chapters on the ' Relation of
Food to the Body ' and ' Classification of Foods.'
There are also practical discussions on ' Invalid
Cookery,' ' Table Service,' and ' Diet and Nu-
trition.'
Dennis (Trevor), An Algebra for Preparatory
Schools, 2/ Cambridge University Press
This textbook follows exactly the lines of
the syllabus issued by the Curriculum Committee
of the Head Masters' Conference, which lays down
the main points of mathematical work in pre-
paratory schools. Special consideration has been
paid to the capacity of the average preparatory-
school boy, and revision is introduced at every
stage.
Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris, abridged for
Use in Junior Forms byT. S. Morton. 1/ti Bell
In editing this play for beginners Mr. Morton
has omitted the choruses and harder passages and
single lines of the dialogue ; in a few places he
has added or altered a word to fill out the sense
or the meaning, and in corrupt passages has
chosen the easier reading. There are illustra-
tions, notes, and a Vocabulary.
Lubbock (Percy), A Book of English Prose:
Part I., arranged for Preparatory and Ele-
mentary Schools 1/; Part II., arranged for
Secondary and High Schools, 2/
Cambridge University Press
The scope of each volume runs from Malory
to R. L. Stevenson, and includes notable selec-
tions from the prose of each century. Part II.
contains some extracts of greater difficulty than
those of Part I. There are also notes.
Punnett (Margaret), The Groundwork of
Arithmetic, 3/6 Longmans
A course of arithmetic or " number " intended
for children of about six to eleven years old,
which is divided into five sections, each of which
corresponds to a year's study.
A scheme showing the development of the work
is given at the beginning, and exercises and
Appendixes are included. Throughout the course
tlie number is treated under two aspects : in '" its
application to the separate objects of a group or
groups, and in its application to continuous
quantity."
We have also received from the same publishers
the author's Exercises in the Groundwork of
Arithmetic, Books I. (4d.), II. and III. (6d. each).
Wallis (Rev. John E. W.), A First English
Grammar, embodying the Recommendations
of the Joint Committee on Grammatical
Terminology, 1/ Bell
An elementary textbook for beginners.
FICTION.
Askew (A. and C), Through Folly's Mill, 6/
Ward <to Lock
Concerns the heir to a country estate who
develops Socialist tendencies, and hence a long
feud with his choleric father. He is killed in an
accident at the moment of their final reconcilia-
tion, and some difficulty about the succession to
the estate arises, in the course of which the heroine
is tried for murder.
Buckrose (J. E.), Gay Morning, 6/
Mills & Boon
A simple and unpretentious family in the
egg trade come suddenly into a fortune which
involves them in great show and extravagance.
The story is mainly concerned with the love-
affairs of the daughter with a neighbouring squire
and a pompous young man who is always " gentle-
manly-looking. ' '
Carey (Alfred E.), Time's Hour-Glass, 6/
Greening
Three men are on a walking-tour, and the
story tells of the various friends they make, and
of their own subsequent lives. The scene is laid
in different parts of England, and in France.
Dickinson (H. N.), The Business of a Gentle-
man, 6/ Heinemann
This novel contains a mixture of varied
elements, which include country life and philan-
thropic movements.
Figgis (Darrell), Jacob Elthorne, 6/ Dent
See page 160.
Goldring (Maude), The Wonder Year.
Erskine Macdonald
A study on unconventional lines of the
influence of twentieth - century ideas upon two
young women.
Gould (Nat), A Great Coup, 6d.
A new edition.
Long
Haggard (H. Rider), The Wanderer's Necklace,
b/ Cassell
The editor of this story, by a method he
considers it unnecessary to divulge, has recovered
much knowledge of a past life of his which ended
in the ninth century. The scenes are laid in
Jutland, Byzantium, and Egypt, and the hero
himself — who undergoes many extraordinary
experiences — tells the tale.
Hocking (Silas K.), Uncle Peter's Will, 3/6
Ward & Lock
The will lays on the hero the obligation of
marriage within a fixed period, and his experi-
ences in fulfilling this command are here related.
Holland (Clive), A Madonna of the Poor, and
Other Stories, 6/ Lynwood
A collection of short stories, with settings
in India, Japan, Malay, the Latin Quarter of
Paris, and elsewhere. Some have already been
printed in various magazines.
King (Basil), The Way Home, 6/ Methuen
This novel begins with the childhood of the
American hero, and traces his subsequent career
through its varied and not always creditable
phases. At one stage of his life he deliberately
disregards religion, and his relations to it during
his latter days form a vital feature of the story.
Law (John), The Horoscope, 4/ net. Thacker
The two brothers whom this story concerns
come of a noble Kandyan family of devout
Buddhists, and are educated at a Christian
College in Colombo. The younger is drawn
towards a life of meditation, and becomes a
Buddhist monk; while the elder adopts the
Christian faith, and seeks worldly gain until he is
killed by the bite of a mad dog — the predictions
of a horoscope being thus fulfilled in each.
Leeson (Maude), The Marriage of Cecilia, 6/
Fisher Unwin
In order to right a wrong the hero enters
into a quixotic marriage with Cecilia, and they
part after the ceremony. Later, through an
accident, he becomes blind, and Cecilia returning
to his side, they discover that they love each
other. One of the " First Novel Library."
Leverson (Ada), Bird of Paradise, 6/
Grant Richards
A tale of Society life which ends, as the author
remarks, "in a manner no less strange than un-
conventional nowadays." This strain of uncon-
ventionality consists in the almost perfect happi-
ness of three couples.
McLaren (Amy), Through Other Eyes, 6/
John Murray
An innocuous little love-story.
Moberly (L. G.), Man and Woman, 6/ Methuen
The heroine is a confirmed man-hater of 27,
and the unhappy love-story of a friend only serves
to emphasize her poor opinion of the male sex. She
is converted from this point of view during a voyage
to India, which gives her some opportunity of
broadening her mind, and the end of the story is
not unexpected.
Old Wood Carver (The), told by J. Saxon Mills, 1 /
Stanley Paul
This tale of the fourteenth century is told
from the kinematograph film conceived and pro-
duced by Sir Hubert von Herkomer and Mr. Sieg-
fried Herkomer. The illustrations, which were
taken in or near Sir Hubert's house at Bushey,
show him in the title-part.
Pain (Nancy) and Rose (Winifred), Crying for
the Moon, 2/ Werner Laurie
The story of two girls living in a country
cottage, and their love-affairs. A more sophis-
ticated element is provided by the advent of a
popular London actor, whose car is wrecked
outside their house, and who becomes a paying
guest owing to an accident.
Payn (E. M.), Her Stewardship, 6/
Digby & Long
The story of a girl who is brought up by her
grandfather as a boy in order that she may
inherit his estate. The disguise is kept up through-
out her lifetime, though there are naturally com-
plications when she falls in love with the rightful
heir.
Pugh (Edwin), The Cockney at Home, 6/
Chapman & Hall
A collection of humorous stories and studies
of London life.
Pugh (George and Jennie), At the Back of the
World, Wanderings over Many Lands and
Seas, 6/ Lynwood
The story of a boy who went to sea at four-
teen, and of his experiences with various crews in
distant lands.
Ranger-Gull (C), The Lost Judge, 6/ White
A military secret is the cause of all the dis-
guises, machinations, crimes, and thrills of this
novel, in which foreign spies are finally repaid
for their wickedness.
Ranger-Gull (C), When Satan Ruled, 6/
Greening
The further adventures of John Commendone,
whose adventures have been described in the
author's ' House of Torment.' The scene is laid
in Rome, and two of the hero's friends are Michel-
angelo and Benvenuto Cellini.
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1JU4
T 11 E A Til KN\ET M
163
Rawlence (Guy), Thh Thkee Tiu:i:s. i>
Fisher (Jnwin
The tragic fate >>f an ancestor's guilt follows
the hero throughout his lite till the sense of (loom
is linally obliterated from his gloomy and Intro-
spective nature by his wife.
Sims (George R.), Behind the Vkii.. 2
Stanley Paul
A collection of "true-life" Btories which
concern those members of society who prefer to
hide their histories rather than publish them in
popular newspapers.
" Sport Royal," Yankee Doodle, Billy &
COMPANY, 2 net. Kverett
Stones of animal life, published with the
aim of doing some little good to horses, ponies,
and donkeys by teaching children a few things
that make all the difference to animals.
Stacpoole (Mrs. De Vere), " London 1013," 6/
Hutchinson
A love-story, a rich and beautiful heroine,
various swindles, and an element of South African
wealth are some of the main features of this tale
of contemporary life in London.
There was a Door, by the Author of ' Anne
Carstairs,' 6/ Chapman & Hall
There are manv in this story who do not find
" the key " to " the door." A beautiful girl loves
an artist, but his art comes lirst, and she is
disappointed, just as the elderly woman to
whom the girl acts as companion is disap-
pointed at the girl's want of affection for her ;
and the minor characters all have some un-
satisfied longing or hidden disappointment.
Warden (Florence), Why She Left Him, 6/
Long
A story of the marriage of a young viscount
to a gipsy girl. She. has been betrothed to one of
her own race, a desperate ruffian, who steals her
jewels, commits two murders, contrives to put
the blame of one on her, and threatens the life of
her husband. They are mercifully delivered
from his 'malignant hatred " by a ganiekeeper,
who " shot 'un by mistake for a rabbit."
Weaver (Anne), Thin Ice, 6/ Long
A Society novel which presents three men,
a widow, and a young debutante, and after many
flirtations and misunderstandings — to which
amateur theatricals in fiction naturally lend them-
's— closes with two very happy pairs and a
not inconsolable bachelor.
Wemyss (Mrs. George), Grannie for Granted,
5/ Constable
This story is told in the first person by an
old lady, and chiefly concerns her grandchildren,
whom she spoils disgracefully, in the way of all
kind-hearted grandmothers.
White (Hester), The Strength of a Chain, 6/
Heath ..v. Cranton
I young artist takes a dislike to his friend's
fiancee, a strong-minded young woman with
modern ideas, and. at the suggestion of an older
man who calls himself a professor of science, makes
hie experiments on her against her will.
The author traces the subsequent change in her
character and attitude towards her lover.
Whitman (Stephen French), The Isle or Life, 6/
Constable
in Rome and the conversations of the ball-
he scene shifts to Sicily and a plague-
ken village, which becomes for the two central
res a sanctuary where — out of much tribula-
tion— their souls are born anew.
Williamson iW. H.) and " Canadienne," Dis-
TURUhl:-. 0 Werner Laurie
Canada in the latter part of the eighteenth
fcnry is the Bcene of this story, which vacillates
between the hero's adventures with unfriendly
Indians and the machinations of a super-flirt in
Montreal.
Wren Stewart , TBM Woman watm THE Dw-
KWOWH, 0 Heath & Cranton
'J he adventures of ;1 young artist who inter-
i • s with the machinations of a Rang of foreigners
in their dealings with the lady, who is a possible
heir to a small European state.
Young >F. E. Mills s PURPLE MlSTB, 6/ Lane
Bee p. Hi".
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
History, a Quarterly Magarfne for the Student
and the Bxpeil : Jam wry M aim if, 1/
i'. Hodgson
The principal contents include ' The True
Importance of Magna Carta,' by Mr. .). I'. H.
Beddow: and 'The Personal Factor hi the
English Reformation,' by Mr. Waii.r Lshley.
Imperial Institute, Bulletin, a Quarterly Record
of Progress in Tropical Agriculture ami Indus-
tries, 2 ii John Hurra y
In addition to two special articles on ' The
Canadian Department ox Agriculture,' by Mr.
J. H. (irisdale, and 'Agriculture in Hausaland,
Northern Nigeria,' by Mr. P. II. Lamb, there are
reports of recent investigations at the Imperial
Institute, and general notices respecting economic
products and their development.
Jewish Review, January, 1/6 Boutledge
In addition to the editorial notes and reviews
of books, this number includes articles on ' Jose-
phus.' by Canon F. .1. h'oakes Jackson ; and
' Modern Jewish Literature,' by Mr. Israel Cohen.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, January,
- , 8 'J he Society
Includes articles on ' The Co-operative Insur-
ance of Live-Stock in England and Wales,' by
Sir James Wilson : and ' Some. Material for a
Study of Trade Fluctuations,' by Mr. D. H.
Robertson.
Monist, January, 2/6
Open Court Publishing Co.
Includes articles on the nature of ' Acquaint-
ance,' by Mr. Bertrand Russell ; ' Ceremonial
Spitting,' by Mr. A. H. Godbey ; and 'Wang
Yang Ming, a Chinese Idealist,' by Mr. Frederick
G. Henke.
GENERAL.
Advertiser's ABC (The), the Standard Ad-
vertisement Directory. 1914, 10/6
T. B. Browne
Contains up-to-date information on ad-
vertising and advertisements of all kinds.
Among the special features of this issue are the
Advertisement Picture Gallery, and an article on
the ' Future of British Trade,' by Mr. L. G.
Chiozza Money. There is also a special section
for the London, Suburban, and Provincial Bill-
posters, with the names of the firms under the
towns in which they are established.
Arch (William Herbert), Book-keeping in
Verse, a Simple Method of Memorizing the
Principles, 1/ net. Effingham Wilson
These verses are intended to help the beginner
in learning the principles of the system of " Double
Entry " book-keeping.
Boreham (Frank W.), Mountains in the Mist,
some Australian Reveries, 3/6 net. C. H. Kelly
Discursive essays on miscellaneous subjects
I such as ' A Bush Philosopher,' ' The Pioneer,'
' Mount Disappointment,' and ' Second-Class
Passengers.'
Cautley (R. W.), Descriptions of Land, a Text-
Book for Survey Students, 4/6 Macmillan
The author, who has had experience as
Surveyor to the Land Titles Office at Edmonton,
Alberta, has written this textbook for survey
students who are preparing the subject for
examination.
Ernst (Otto), Roswitha, translated by A. C.
Caton, art paper 1/6, cloth gilt 2/ Caton
A second edition.
Finck (Henry T.), Food and Flavor, a Gastro-
nomic Guide to Health and Good Living, 6/ net.
Lane
The writer takes as the motto of his book the
words " The destiny of nations depends upon
what and how they eat," and proceeds to illus-
trate the value of good food and importance
of flavour. In 1912 he undertook a gastro-
nomic journey "to gather first-hand information
in the market-places, gardens, and restaurants
of France, Italy, Germany, and England " ; cer-
tain of his chapters deal with national charac-
teristics and specialities. The illustrations form
a notable part of the book, and include menus
from various parts of the world.
Green (Alice Stopford), Woman's Place in the
World of Letters, 2/ Macmillan
Reprinted from The .\i mtii nil, Crnlary,
June, 1S!)7.
Handy Newspaper List, lull, 6<f.
C. k E. Lay ton
Contains full information tor advertisers,
publishers, and others, concerning newspapers,
magazines, and other periodicals published in
the United Kingdom.
Kenlon (John), Fires and FlBE-FlGHTERS, a
History of Modern Fire - Fighting, with a
Review of its Development from Earliest
Times, 6/ I [einemann
An account by the Chief of the New York
Fire Department of the evolution of flre-flghting,
in which the writer begins with the problem m
ancient Rome. The hook includes reminiscences
of several fires, and chapters on 'Theatres and
Fire Panics,' ' Gasoline and Garages,' ami • Fire
Control in Schools, Factories, and Hospitals.
There are many Ulusi rat ions.
Kirtlan (Ernest J. B.), Tun SrORX of BEOWULF,
translated from Anglo-Saxon into Modern
English Prose, :: 6 0. II. Kelly
This translation of ' Reowulf ' is prefaced l>\
an account of t he form and contents Of the poem.
The notes include references to t he various theories
on certain passages, and accounts of important
characters,
Mable (Hamilton Wright), AMERICAN [DEALS,
Character, and Life, 8/8 net. Macmillan
Sea p. is.;.
Macmlllan's Pocket Classics : Boswell's Life of
Samuel Johnson-, an Abridgment edited by
Mary II. Watson ; Tine MILL on THE Floss,
by George Eliot, edited by Ida Aushennan :
Sense and Sensibility, by Jane Lusten, edited
by E. L. Miller, 1/ net each.
Each volume has a brief Introduction and
notes.
Philip (Alexander).TiiE Rkimhm oitiik Calendah,
4/(5 Regan Paul
The aim of this essay is to summarize the
work accomplished by various investigations
into the matter of Calendar Reform, and to point
out the practical conclusion. Chapters are
included on ' Proposals for Reform ' and ' A
Proposed International Agreement,' and an
Appendix on ' A Calendar Reform Bill.'
Phillimore (W. P. W.), Pedigree Work, a Hand-
book for the Genealogist, with a New Date
Book, 1066 to 1914, Second Edition, revised
by Thomas M. Hlagg, 1/6 Phillimore
A little book for beginners in genealogical
research.
Royal Navy List and Naval Recorder, January,
lu/ Witherby
Some important changes are to take place
in the next number. The section devoted to the
services, honours, and special qualifications of
officers will be amplified in accordance with a
systematic plan, the aim of which will be to
provide, as far as possible, an alphabetical
' Who 's Who ' of the principal officers of the
Navy. The co-operation of officers is therefore
asked for in obtaining accurate information about
their careers. Future issues will be published
annually instead of quarterly, and the first
annual issue will appear next July, after the
midsummer naval promotions.
Selected English Speeches, Burke to Gladstone,
edited by Edgar B. Jones, " World's Classics,"
Pocket Edition, 1/ Oxford University Press
Speeches which were preserved merely in
rough notes and from scanty material, and those
which, though famous, are " on examination
found in themselves to lack distinction, their
fame being due to exceptional occasions or cir-
cumstances," are excluded from this selection,
which confines itself to examples of speeches
illustrating the highest level in oratorical
expression.
Weekley (Ernest), The Romance of Names, 3/6
net. John Murray
See p. 153.
SCIENCE.
Baines (Arthur E.) and Bowman (F. H.), ELECTRO-
Pathology and Therapeutics, an Account
of Many Years' Research Work, the Discovery of
the Electro-Pathology of Local Pyrexia, and
of an Effective Means <>' staying Inflammation,
5/ net. Ewart .v. Seymour
The treatise consists of two parts : the first,
by Dr. Bowman, describee 'The Nervous System
in its Relation to Neuro-Electricity,' for which
investigations were made " to endeavour to de-
termine the nature of the influences which favour
the growth and multiplication of inimical organ-
isms, such as bacteria in the blood, and which are
a cause and conscquenceofdisea.se." Pari II., by
Mr. Haines, includes data bearing on the electro-
pathology of inflammation, and the writer claims
that, according to the data he discusses, Buff<
from pneumonia, append hit is, and allied dis-
orders can he put out of danger m Ol r tWO
hours. Tie Appendix deals With 'The Coin-
cidence of Negative Deflections with tome vege-
table Poisons.'
Ersklne-Murray (James), A BandbooX -i Wiki:-
i.kss Telegraphy, it- Theorj and Practice.for
the Use of Electrical Engineers, Students, and
Operators, 10 8 net. Crosby Lockwood
A fifth edition, re\ is,, | .oi.l enlarged.
Moores (Lieut. -Col. S. Culsei. BRITISH EtBD
cuoss soi 1 1. iv 1 1 v.. mm. ind Sanitation
\i \m w„ No. I. 1/ ' '•""
A handbook on the
., field armies f"i the use .,f membei
the British Red < - - lety.
164
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
Munro (Robert), Prehistoric Britain, " Home
University Library," 1/ Williams & Norgate
The scope of this volume is limited to " the
period during which man was an inhabitant of
Western Europe, prior to the invention of written
records." It contains a Bibliography.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol.
XLIIL, Parts III. and IV.. 1 rupee per part, or
2 rupees per vol. of 4 parts. Kegan Paul
The articles include ' Contributions to the
Geology of the Province of Yunnan in Western
China : 1. The Bhamo-Teng-Yueh Area,' by
Mr. J. Coggin Brown, and ' The Correlation of the
Siwaliks with Mammal Horizons of Europe,' by
Mr. Guy E. Pilgrim.
Seton (Ernest Thompson), The Trail of the
Sandhill Stag, 3/0 net. Hodder & Stoughton
One of the author's studies of wild life, with
full-page and marginal drawings. The designs
for title-page and cover, and the literary revision
for this new edition, have been done by Mrs.
Thompson Seton.
Turner (H. H.), Tables for facilitating the
Use of Harmonic Analysis, 1/
Oxford University Press
After the Tables the writer gives an example
of how they may be used.
FINE ART.
Landscapes of Corot (The), Text by D. Croal
Thomson, Part IV., 2/6 net. 'Studio' Office
This part contains plates of ' Les Petits
Denicheurs,' ' Pecheur rl'Ecrevisse,' ' The Wood-
Cutters,' ' La Danse des Nymphes,' and ' Morning.'
Van Gogh (Elizabeth du Quesne), Personal Re-
collections of Vincent van Gogh, trans-
lated by Katherine S. Dreier, 7/6 Constable
These recollections by the artist's sister are
preceded by some introductory words on the art
of Van Gogh, and are illustrated by reproductions
of his pictures.
MUSIC.
Bach (Joh. Seb.), Pianoforte Works, edited bv
Franklin Taylor : No. 8018, 1.5 Two-Part In-
ventions ; No. 8019, 15 Three-Part Inventions ;
No. 8020, 18 Short Preludes, 1/ net each.
Augener
In regard to notation and ornaments Mr.
Taylor has compared many editions, and chosen
those forms which, in his opinion, are most in
agreement with Bach's usual methods, and has
retained the original signs of the latter.
Backer-Lunde (Johan), Lady Moon, words by
Lord Houghton ; The Owl and the Pussy-
cat, words by Edward Lear, 2/ net each.
Hodder & Stoughton
Two additions to the Norwegian composer's
series of English songs.
Beethoven (L. van), Select Pianoforte Com-
positions : Menuet in E Flat, Gd. net.
Augener
Borodine (A.), Petite Suite (Au Couvent, Inter-
mezzo, Deux Mazurkas, Reverie, Serenade, et
Nocturne) pour Piano, 1/6 net. Augener
Carse (A. von Ahn), A Little Concert, Very
Easy Duets for Small Pianists, Books I. and II.,
1/6 net each. Augener
Coleridge-Taylor (S.), The Guest ; An Explana-
tion ; Tell, O Tell Me ; Low Breathing
Winds ; and Life and Death, Songs with
Pianoforte Accompaniment, 2/ net each.
Augener
These are the last of the unpublished songs
of Coleridge-Taylor, and are now published in the
interest of his widow.
Farrar (E. B.), Miniature Suite for Piano,
Op. 16, Prelude, Valse, Finale, 2/ net.
Augener
Gurlitt-Schafer Melodic Piano Tutor, 2/6 net.
Augener
In editing Gurhtt's Tutor Mr. Christian
Schiifer has aimed at interesting the beginner by
' ' supplying tuneful little pieces in preference to
dry exercises," and simplifying the work. Ori-
ginal and modern studies and pieces have been
substituted for many of the well-known tunes in
the ' Tutor,' to encourage the practice of reading
at sight at an early stage.
Henschel (G.), Pater Noster, for Three Voices,
3d. net. Augener
Johnstone (J. Alfred), Essentials in Piano-
Playing, and Other Musical Studies, 4/6
Reeves
Divided into three sections, ' Studies in
Piano-Playing,' ' Singing,' and ' Musical Criti-
cism,' and includes chapters on the ' Importance
of Simplicity in Pianoforte Teaching,' ' The Art
of Emma Calve,' and ' Wagner and his Theory of
Music-Drama.'
Lind (Gustave), Andalusian Serenade for
Piano, 2/ net. Augener
Lind (Gustave), Bygone Days, a Lyric Suite for
Pianoforte, 2/ net. Augener
Outgoing Voluntaries, a Collection of Original
Works by Modern Organ Composers, edited
by A. Eaglefield Hull, 3/ net. Augener
Parry (C. Hubert H.), Shulbrede Tunes for
Pianoforte, 3/ net. Augener
Petits Soupers (Les) de Versailles, 12 Chansons
de la Collection Yvette Guilbert, ar-
rangees et harmonisees par Helene Chalot, 3/
net. Augener
These songs have been freely adapted from
the original sources, and most of them are pub-
lished for the first time.
Reed (W. H.), Rosenlied for Violin and Piano,
1/6 net. Augener
Walthew (R.), Queen Buttercup, Two-Part
Song with Pianoforte Accompaniment, 3d. net.
Augener
DRAMA.
Andrews (Charlton), The Drama To-day, 6/
Lippincott
This treatise has been written to supply the
want of a compendium of the drama to-day as it
appears in England, and America, and on the Con-
tinent. The writer has made no special attempt
to throw new light on the topics he discusses, but
intends rather " to present in small compass
accurate general information as to the leaders of
the modern stage and their work, and to offer, in
passing, some opinions as to the prospects and
tendencies of dramatic art in our day." The
book includes chapters on British dramatic art
and on ' Realism and the " Literary " Drama.'
Downing (Mr. and Mrs. H. F.), Placing Paul's
Play, (id. net. Francis Griffiths
A miniature comedy in one act. It portrays
the struggles of an author to get his plays
accepted, and his wife's successful ruse with
an actor-manager for the recognition of her
husband's genius.
St. Clair (Winifred), The Snubbing of Fanny,
a Play in One Act, 6d. net. Francis Griffiths
This little play shows how an " arranged "
marriage was upset by the falling in love of the
man and his fiancee's French companion.
Stephens (Walter), The Pilgrim's Progress,
a Sacred Drama in Four Acts, 1 /6 net.
Francis Griffiths
A dramatization of John Bunyan's master-
piece.
Zangwill (Israel), The Melting Pot, 2/6 net.
Heinemann
See notice on p. 171.
C. R. MATURIX.
19, Fit ■/. william Place, Dublin, .January 26, 1914.
I am at present engaged on a work on
Ch. Rob. Maturin, the novelist, his life and
writings, and I have been advised to beg
you to have the kindness to put a notice
in your review that I should be grateful if
persons who possibly are in possession of
letters or documents in any way relating to
him would let me see them. In the use of
the letters every discretion will be observed.
Also, if some one possessing any of the
romances of Maturin — except ' Melmoth ' —
is willing to part with them, I shall be very
glad to buy them. N. Idman.
Readers who are interested in the
special subject treated in our Supplement
may like to note that The Sociological
Review has for many years been the only
English periodical devoted to it. It is
the organ of the Sociological Society,
founded in 1903 to afford a common
ground for scientific, educational, and
practical workers. The January number
of the Review has papers on ' Survivals
and Tendencies in the University,' ' Mo-
dern French Thought as reflected in the
Novel,' and ' Abnormal Psychology.'
This last article is by Prof. William
Brown, who is lecturing at the Society's
next afternoon meeting, on February 10th,
on ' Psycho- Ana lysis and the Problem of
Personality.' The Society also holds even
ing meetings. At the next of these, on
February 24th, Dr. Saleeby will consider
' The First Decade of Modern Eugenics,
1904-14.'
I.N his inaugural lecture last week as
Reader of Indian History at Oxford,
Archdeacon Hutton paid a warm tribute
to -his predecessor, S. J. Owen, and inci-
dentally made some striking criticisms of
University historians. He spoke of the
recent rehabilitation of Warren Hastings,
due to the efforts of Sir George Forrest
and others, and rightly laid stress on the
mines of interest and romance as yet un-
explored in Indian history.
The Oxford Readership is restricted to
the period of British occupation, and the
lecturer regretted that nothing was done
by the University for the study of India
in ancient and mediaeval times — a subject
in which even the unlearned may find
abundant attraction.
A memorial slab to the memory of
Andrew Lang has been placed in the
Chapel of the University of St. Andrews.
The design — a bronze casting in a frame
of Greek Tinos marble — is by Sir William
Richmond, and the inscription, besides
name and dates, contains the following
Greek verses from the pen of Mr. Alex-
ander Shewan : —
Y/upe err 7roAA.' dyiov e'8os 'AvSptiov aA.<~
kXvcttov
kv f3t,OT«) eparbv /cat Tpnrodrjroi' der
vvv o" In (ftiXrepov ecrcrl iroki^i'ioVj 6Vrt kol/j-ovti
koitov ep.ol 7rape)(€is «* ttovov at&iov.
A new" magazine, Mastery {Qd.), has
come into our hands, the purpose of which
is to give the
" Higher Thought teaching that will lead
to lasting good for the race, together with
articles on scientific living — eating, sleeping,
breathing, &c. — which will show how to
form the best basis for development."
It is to be published monthly by the new
Education University Centre, Spring Grove
House, Isle worth.
The Charles Lamb Dinner, which was
started at Cambridge in 1909, will take
place this year on Saturday, February
7th, at the University Arms Hotel.
Mr. G. S. Street will be the guest of the
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1014
Til K ATIIKX.EUM
Hi.
evening, and Sir T. Clifford Allbutt will
be in the chair. The organizer of the
dinner is .Mr. Charles Sayle, 8, Trumping-
ton Street, Cambridge.
The reception of M. Boutroux at (lie
Academic Francaise took place en Thurs-
day, the 22nd. The meeting had raised
a great deal of expectation, tor this was the
first time that a philosopher had beenchosen
by the Academic since 1871, when Can)
Mas elected. The new member had to pro-
nounce the panegyric of General Langlois,
whom he succeeds. But for a Professor
to have to praise an officer is a somewhat
uncongenial task, and this is probably
the reason why M. Boutroux*s speech was
not so brilliant as his admirers anticipated.
Tactics had all the honour, and philosophy
was kept in the background. Fortunately
If. Paul Bourget. who replied, made a
searching analysis of the theories professed
by the author of * La Contingence des
Lois de la Xature," and thus saved the day.
Tin: " Affaire des Archives." as it is
already styled (see Athenaeum of Jan. 3),
i- not yet closed. The Commission ap-
pointed in order to inquire into the
charges brought against Prof. Aulard has
made its decision public. Its members
declare that they have found annotations
ami various signs on the documents sub-
mitted to their examination. Some of
these seem to bear a close relation to
ae of M. Aulard's works. They recog-
nize, however, that these marks are not
imputable to M. Aulard himself ; but
they admit the possibility that they may
trom the hand of one of the Professor's
retaries. They conclude that such
reprehensible doings would not have been
possible had the documents been given
out in the General Search- Room.
The Minister for Public Instruction has
therefore decided that henceforth no
documents will be given out to copyists
outside the Public Room. M. Aulard
declares himself satisfied with this deci-
sion. But in a letter to a French news-
paper he announces that he has. in his
turn, lodged a complaint relating to
ts disclosed by the inquiry.
Tin: first number of Mackirdy' a
Idy, an independent religious paper,
was published last Saturday under the
editorship of Mrs. Archibald Mackirdy
(Olive Christian Malvery). From her
I irward we learn that the policy of
the paper is t., ■• demand at all times and
kSOns "' a living wage for all workers;
protection for children: the rights of
citizenship to all. regardless of Bex, who
are taxpayers and perform the duties of
citizen- ; and the same standard of
morality in men as they demand in women.
It preaches total abstinence from the
Christian and social rather than the
medical point of vieu ; intends to support
any "constructive" philanthropic efforts,
and • any fight waged for Freedom and
Righteousness"; and maintains -'that
labour and capital, wealth and intelligence,
are all equally necessary to the com-
munity."
Ml?. EDWARD LovETT gave a lecture on
'The Folk-Lore of London ' on Saturday
last, in the new lecture hall of the llorni-
man Museum. Forest Hill. He said that.
from the point of view of folk-lore, no other
of the forty towns and cities of Europe
in which he had carried on investigations
was so full of matter as London. Among
the most interesting of his remarks were
those on the glass witch-balls which are
commonly found hanging in sweetstuff
shops. There were mostly two of them,
and he found that nothing would induce
the owner to sell them, they being kept
for luck. He had come across a shop
window in Venice full of nothing but these
glass balls, which were bought by peasants
to hang up in their gardens as a charm
against witches.
Prof. Lane Cooper writes from Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York : —
" Referring to the late Mr. J. R. Tut in of
Hull, The Athenceum (Dec. 20, 1913) re-
marks that he w/as the author of a ' Concord-
ance ' of Wordsworth. The statement seems
to be misleading. Mr. Tutin compiled ' The
Wordsworth Dictionary of Names and
Places, with the Familiar Quotations from
his Y\ orks/ in which the quotations and an
Index to them occupy about seventy-five
pages octavo — as against the eleven hundred
and thirty-six pages quarto of my ' Concord-
ance.' The latter work — the appearance of
which he hailed with joy — is the only one,
I believe, that may properly be styled a
Concordance of Wordsworth.
" In a volume entitled ' Wordsworthshire,'
by Mr. Eric Robertson, there is a so-called
Concordance to Wordsworthshire, of some
thirteen pages, which is useful so far as it
goes, ' Showing Persons and Places belong-
ing to Wordsworthshire, as referred to in
the Oxford University Press single-volume
complete edition of Wordsworth's Poems ' ;
but the compiler justly terms it a ' little
Dictionary.' My Concordance is based upon
the same text. In view of the heavy labor
and expense to which both I and my pub-
lishers, Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co., were
subjected in order to provide an exhaustive
work, it appears that these facts should be
clearly set forth to the public."'
We should have called Mr. Tutin's work
a Dictionary. We gladly recognize the
labour and trouble implied in Prof. Lane
Cooper's admirable and exhaustive work.
We are authoritatively informed that
the valuable collection of Macquarie
manuscripts which was to be sold next
week by Messrs. Sotheby has been pur-
chased for the Mitchell Library of Sydney,
which specializes in Australiana.
We regret to find that in the review of
' The Voice of Africa ' in last week's
issue. "" Ife " was printed, instead of Ifa.
in a passage on p. \'2'.l. Ife is a town in
the Yoruba country; Ifa is the "'oracle
of the palm-nuts," for which see. inter
(ilia, Mr. R. F. Dennett's ' Nigerian
Studies.' The two words are quite dis-
tinct.
Mr. Norman Raphael, lately with
Mr. .John Lane, has acquire da controlling
interest in the firm of Max Goschen, and
will enter on his duties as director iin
mediately*
WE much regret that under the heading
' Looks Published this Week ' our last.
issue described the 'Gypsy Bibliography'
by Mr. George I'". Black as published by
Messrs. Constable. It is published by Mr.
Bernard Quaritcb at 1 1 , ( da ft on Street, W.,
and was printed by Messrs. T. & A. Con-
stable at the Edinburgh University Press.
The fifth and concluding volume of
the Georgian Society's well-known series
is now all printed and in the binders'
hands. BO that the members may expect
to receive it within a fortnight. It con-
tains 120 plates of Country Houses in
Ireland, and an essay from the President
(Dr. Mahaffy) on the charge of absentee-
ism, so constantly made against the Irish
landed gentry of the eighteenth century.
Mr. John Lanf. is publishing next week
' The Comic Kingdom," by Mr. Rudolf
Pickthall. who has chosen that rather
neglected period when Napoleon for a
brief space ruled Elba in a style that
brought order, yet suggested comic opera.
History and modernity — Napoleonic de-
tails and the adventures of some latter-
day pilgrims in search of the truth — are
blended in a fashion that is entertaining.
' From Far Lands : Poems of North
and South,' by Gervais Gage (J. Laurence
Rentoul), is to be issued shortly by
Messrs. Macmillan. Mr. Bentoul's work
drew lively praise from Dowden.
Mr. Warde Fowler's new book on
' Roman Ideas of Deity in the Last Cen-
tury before the Christian Era ' will be
published by the same firm in the course
of the spring.
The proprietorship of the ' Cambridge
University Calendar.' with the publica-
tion of which the name of Deighton has
been associated for more than one hundred
years, has recently been transferred from.
Messrs. Deighton. Bell <fe Co. to the
Syndics of the Cambridge' University Press,
who will be responsible for its issue
in 1914-15 and succeeding years.
Mrs. William Morris, who died on
Monday last at Bath, was almost the last
survivor of the little group who. over
half a century ago, gave a new direction
to English decorative art. Her delicate
health restricted her influence to a very
small circle, but her judgment and taste
in colour and design were faultless, while
her native grace and distinguished beauty
have long been famous through the
paintings of Rossetti. His portrait of
her has been on exhibition as a loan at
the National Gallery <>f British Art since
the death of her husband.
Till: Ll.\ . I '.i LKELEY <>w i:n JONES*
Chancellor of the Cathedral of St. Asaph,
died on the 25th inst. at the age of '.to.
II,. was a schoolfellow at Rugby with
Thomas Eughes, and appeal- in Tom
Brown's School Days' a- " Sloggei Wil-
liams"—his antagonist being Augustus
Orlebar, who died little more than a year
ago, also at an a«l\ anced age. Mr. < rwen
.Jones, who was horn in Anglesey, bad
been for lilt \ eiL'ht yean I ncinn Went of
Ruthin and Warden of < hi ist's Hospital
there.
166
T H E ATHEN M U M
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
SCIENCE
Modern Seismology. By G. W. Walker.
(Longmans & Co., 5s. net.)
Earthquakes may be studied from two
distinct points of view : one geological,
the other physical. It is the latter
method of study that has made such
extraordinary advance by means of in-
strumental observation in recent years
that modern seismology is now recognized
as a new department of physical science.
Mr. George W. Walker, who has con-
tributed this volume to the series of
" Monographs on Physics," edited by Sir
J. J. Thomson and Dr. F. Horton, is
peculiarly qualified to write such a work,
inasmuch as he has officially installed at
the Observatory at Eskdalemuir, in Dum-
friesshire, and has had there under his
personal observation day after day, a
number of the best instruments for
recording movements of the earth, includ-
ing apparatus of the Milne, Omori,
Wiechert, and Galitzin patterns.
Although Mr. Walker works in a dis-
trict not remarkable for high " seismicity,"
his instruments recorded in 1911 no
fewer than 235 quakes, and of these
16 were sufficiently important to be classed
as " megaseismic." It is notable, how-
ever, that he could never detect at Esk-
dalemuir any indications of earthquakes
that were reported to be felt in Perth-
shire. Even the Glasgow earthquake of
December, 1910, which excited some
local stir, had no perceptible effect on the
Galitzin seismometers, though an earth-
quake in Turkestan threw one of the
Eskdalemuir instruments out of action.
All the types of seismograph used at the
Observatory are described in this work.
The author not only explains their con-
structive details, showing what means
are taken to secure sensitiveness, magni-
fication of movement, and accuracy of
registration, but also discusses mathe-
matically the theory of their action. It
is important, further, to have the methods
of testing and standardization explained,
and the manner in which an instrument
should be installed at a new station ;
and all this Mr. Walker does in a masterly
way.
Seismograms, or instrumental records
of the movements of the earth, are not
easy things to understand, and the
author does his best to teach us how to
interpret them. The fundamental ques-
tion which all such records suggest is,
Where was the origin of the disturbance ?
The solution of this problem seems to be
much simplified by the use of the delicate
apparatus, with electromagnetic registra-
tion, devised by the Russian seismologist
Prince Galitzin, now in use at the Observa-
tory at Pulkowa, and also installed at
Eskdalemuir.
Of all the seismographic instruments
described in this work, the best known
generally is the horizontal pendulum of
the late Dr. John Milne, as made by
Mr. Munro of Tottenham. This com-
paratively simple type of apparatus is
now in use at about sixty observing
stations scattered over all parts of the
globe, so that the records sent to the
central station in the Isle of Wight admit
of close comparison. The Eskdalemuir
instrument is of the latest twin-boom
type. There is no arrangement for arti-
ficial damping, but this defect may be
remedied. It is pleasing to find Mr.
Walker recognizing Milne as the " Father
of Modern Seismology," and to mark the
appreciative way in which he refers to
his pioneering work in this branch of
geophysics.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquaries. — Jan. 22. — The
Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, Vice-President,
in the chair. — Mr. G. McN. Rushforth read
a paper on the painting of the Wheel of
Life at Leominster Church. On the north wall
of the nave of Kempley Church (Glos.) are the
outlines of a wheel design, consisting of a central
disk, from which radiate ten spokes, each ending
in another disk. On the wall of the westernmost
bay of the north aisle in Leominster Church the
same design appears, better preserved, and the
fragments of the inscription on the outer circum-
ference enable us to identify it with the Wheel
of the Ten Ages of Life depicted in the British
Museum MS., Arundel 83, of the early fourteenth
century. The character of the remains at Leo-
minster (of which a water-colour sketch by Mr.
C. J. Praetorius was exhibited) suggests the latter
half of the thirteenth century, and the fragments
of the inscriptions, as well as the traces of the
representations of the ten ages, show variations
from the Arundel MS. The design of the wheel
may be compared with twelfth-century windows
at St. Denis and Chart res, where the seven gifts
of the Spirit are similarly displayed in circles
connected by radiating spokes with a central
circle ; and also with a twelfth-century embroi-
dery at Cologne, where the signs of the Zodiac
are arranged in the same way. This design may,
perhaps, be derived from the contemporary forms
of the wheel window, especially where {e.g., in
examples at Chartres and Mantes) the centre is
connected with an outer series of circles by radiat-
ing shafts. It soon went out of fashion, and the
division of life into ten ages, owing to its inherent
defects, is rare, except in some popular Conti-
nental forms. Among the influences which can
be traced in the representations of the ages in the
Arundel MS. are those of astrology (the seven
ages dominated by the seven planets), of the
Wheel of Fortune, and of the calendar pictures.
Mr. Reginald Smith described and illustrated
four stone carvings of the Viking period recently
found at Bibury, Glos., and presented by
Canon Dutton to the British Museum. One
is pure Anglo - Saxon work, probably early
eleventh-century, that is now imperfect at one
end, and seems to be modelled on a wooden
coffin, with two carrick-bends on the flat top,
and curious arcading on the front. The other
three are of Scandinavian style, and date from
about the same period. One is an imperfect,
thick slab with serpentine interlacing in low
relief on one face ; while the other two are
examples of what has been called the Ringerike
style (1000-1050), the head-quarters being in the
Buskerud district of Norway. The smaller is a
thin slab carved on both faces: (i.) with double
intersecting segments of circles, the spaces being
filled with dots of two sizes ; and (ii.) a tapering
band forming a loop with dots within its borders,
and two spirals in the centre. The patterns are
not so complete as on the fourth stone, which has
composite tapering bands crossing about the
middle, and terminating above in two grotesque
human faces with long, curled moustaches. The
spaces are filled with dots and conventional leafy
scrolls rarely seen in England, but closely allied
to the design on a small bronze panel recently
exhibited from Winchester. A few other examples
in museums were cited of this style, which may be
due to Oriental influence, and was preceded and
followed by Teutonic animal ornament of the
Jellinge and Urnes Schools respectively.
Anthropological Institute. — Jan. 20. —
Annual Meeting. — Prof. A. Keith, President, in
the chair.
After the Reports of the Secretary and the
Treasurer had been read and adopted, and the
Council for 1011 elected, the President gave an
address on ' The Reconstruction of Human Fossil
Skulls.' He maintained that the ordinary
anthropological methods, which were employed
for the examination and description of complete
skulls, were not applicable to fragmentary fossil
skulls. During the last six years Ik- had en-
deavoured to discover and perfect methods which
might be employed in the reconstruction of
skulls from fragments. Recently fragments of a
human skull, representative of the pieces of a fossil
human skull found at Piltdown, had been sub-
mitted to him for reconstruction. A cast of the
original skull was kept by those who submitted
the fragments to him. There was no apparent
trace on the fragments of the middle line along
the vault. The reconstructed skull with a cast of
the original was submitted to the meeting. The
cranial capacity of the original skull was 1395 c.c,
the estimated capacity of the reconstruction was
1415 c.c. As regards width and auricular height
the reconstruction and original were in almost
complete agreement — the difference being less
than 2 mm. In length, however, there was a
considerable discrepancy, the reconstruction being
5 mm. longer than the original. The difference
was due to the peculiar character of the forehead
of the original, and also to a mistake as to the
probable sex of the skull. The reconstructed
skull had been provided with eyebrow ridges of
the male type, whereas in the original they were
definitely female in character. Tracings of this
reconstruction were exhibited side by side
with similar tracings from the lecturer's own
reconstruction of the skull, to show that the
problem was the same in each case, and that in all
dimensions the cranial cavity of the Piltdown
skull was larger than the test skull submitted to
him.
At the close of the address Prof. G. D.
Thane, in moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer,
expressed his admiration at the fidelity with
which the task of reconstruction had been carried
out, and the exact methods which had been
employed by the lecturer in his task.
British Numismatic. — Jan. 21. — Mr. Carlyon-
Britton, President, in the chair. — Mr. J. B. S.
Macllwaine contributed an account of the
discovery of a hoard of silver coins near
Wicklow in 1897. Owing to the secrecy which
usually envelops such finds, he had been able to
inspect only twenty of the pieces, but these
proved to be all half-groats of the second issue
of Henry VII., with mint-mark lys, and struck at
London.
Mr. Shirley-Fox gave a description of the
method which he and his brother, Mr. Earle Fox,
had devised for systematically classifying Plan-
tagenet coins. The general principle was to
treat the obverse and reverse as separate units,
and by dividing them into well-defined classes
in tabular form, it was possible instantly to ascer-
tain whether any given combination had been
recorded. Selecting as a typical example the
varied and complicated series of half-groats of
the " leaf-trefoil " issue of Henry VI., of which
he exhibited a large number, the lecturer showed
by practical demonstration that any selected
piece could be identified at a glance, and placed
correctly in its column. The system could be
applied as well to gold as to silver coins, and also
to those of Edward III. and of earlier reigns, issued
before a definite sequence of privy marks had
been introduced.
Mr. W. Sharp Ogden exhibited a series of silver
pennies of Richard II., Henry VI., and Edward
IV., illustrating the rude workmanship of the
dies then made in York and Durham when com-,
pared with those of London manufacture. Other
exhibitions included a half-noble of Henry VI.,
mint-mark lys, with three pellets in the
second quarter of the reverse, by Mr. Joseph
Young ; five groats of Henry VI., with mint-
mark voided cross, struck from the same
obverse die, but each with a different reverse,
by Mr. Shirley-Fox ; and six specimens from a
small hoard of about sixty silver pieces of the
money current at the date of the Battle of Sedge-
moor, and found on its site, by General C. S.
Feltrim Fagan.
Society of Medicine: Historical Section. —
Jan. 28. — Sir William Osier, President, in the
chair. — Sir Ernest Clarke read a paper in which
he adduced a number of new facts as to the
medical education and qualifications of Oliver
Goldsmith.
The paper was illustrated by various original
letters and other documents of the period of
Goldsmith's life, and it appeared from it that
there was no longer any necessity to ascribe
Goldsmith's medical degree of M.B. to a foreign
University such as Leyden, Louvain, or Padua,
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
T 1 1 K A T 1 1 E X M U M
167
■b had been dene in the accepted biographies.
it was known that Dr. Johnson, Dr. Percy (after-
wards Bishop of Dromore)a and Goldsmith had
paid a visit to Oxford together in February, 1768 ;
and though there was nothing on the Bubjecl in
the official University records — which were kept
verv carelessly at the time — examination recently
made, at the instance of Sir William Osier, of the
local newspapers of the period had revealed this
entry in Jackson's Oxford Journal for Saturday,
February 18th, 1769 : " Yesterday Oliver Gold-
smith Esq. Bachelor of Physick in the University
Dublin, Author of 'The Traveller, a Poem,'
of • The Present state of Polite Learning in
Europe,' and of several other learned and inge-
nious Performances, was admitted in Congrega-
tion to the same Decree in this University."
It was obvious, therefore, that Oxford had
.given to Goldsmith on February 17th, 17ti!>, an
*' ad eundem gradum " degree of M.B. because
he was already a medical graduate of Dublin.
It had not been possible, owing to the imperfec-
tions of the Dublin Registers, to confirm this posi-
tively from the Irish University records: but
Goldsmith was already a Bachelor of Arts of
Dublin (February 27th, 1740), and under the
Statutes would have been entitled, on compliance
with certain requirements, to admission to the
degree of Bachelor of Physic at the expiration
of three years thereafter. It appeared probable
from various references quoted by the reader of
the paper from family letters and other documents
that (contrary to what was commonly supposed)
Goldsmith commenced to study anatomy at
Dublin, resumed it after a period of idleness
when he went to Edinburgh in 1752, and con-
tinued his medical studies in an intermittent
way at Leyden and other foreign Universities.
The suggestion made was that, some time after
he returned to England from Ins Continental
wanderings in 1756, he may have applied to his
Alma Mater to grant him the degree of Bachelor
of Physic in absentid, and that his application
granted. At any rate, he called himself
31. B. in an agreement with James Dodsley
written in his own hand and dated 31st March,
1763 (now at the British Museum* ; and in the
tirst book which had his name on the title-page,
viz., ' The Traveller,' published on December 19th,
1701, lie was described as " Oliver Goldsmith,
M.B."
In ('isrussh:g the paper Mr. D'Arcy Power
pointed out that the reciprocity of the Oxford
" ad eundem" medical degree applied only to
abridge and Dublin, as it was based on the
necessity of taking an Arts degree first. Gold-
smith did not take any degree at Cambridge,
I it was almost certain, therefore, that he was
in possession of the Dublin M.B.
Ti n.
Royal.— Jan. 22.— Sir William Crookes, Presi-
dent, in the chair. — Messrs. R. T. Glazebrook and
1>. W. Dye contributed a paper 'On the Heat
Production associated with Muscular Work : a
e on Prof. J. S. Macdonald's Paper, Proc. U.S.,
EL \ ol. 87." — 'The Chemical Interpretation of some
Mendelian Factors for Flower-Colour,' by Messrs.
M. Wheldale and H. L. Bassett, dealt with the
Mendelian factors for flower-colour in varieties
In-irrhinum majus. Two varieties, ivory and
illow, were chiefly considered. Ivory is a simple
ielian dominant to yellow, and contains a
tor "I" which is absent from yellow. The
authors had previously identified the pale yellow
pigment of the ivory variety with a navone, i.e.,
jenin. In this paper it was shown that the
iw variety contains, in addition to apiKenin,
another navone pigment, i.e., luteolin, which is
tent in the epidermis and which accounts for
the deeper yellow colour of the flower. Hence
the dominant ivory factor may be expressed as the
i-ower to inhibit the formation of luteolin in the
epiderrni-.
The remaining papers were : ' The Determination
the Minimum Lethal Dose of Various Toxic Sub-
stances and its Relationship to the Body Weight in
Warm blooded Animals, together with Considera-
tions bearing on the Dosage of Drugs,' by Prof. G.
Dreyer and Dr. K. W. A. Walker,— ' Experiments
on the Restoration of Paralysed Muscles by means of
.Verve Anastomosis: Part II. Anastomosis of the
Nerves supplying Limb Muscle*.' by Prof. R.
Kennedy.— and 'Variations in the Sex Ratio of
.l/». rattun following an Unusual Mortality of
Adult Females, by Dr. F. Norman White.
MEKTINCi8 NEXT WEEK.
>1 Fo»l Academy. *.— Tlie < onatitutlonal Development lu
Median! Architecture, Prof. K. H. Prior.
— Roval InitHuli -
— Society of Kmriocert. 7 m.
— 8t bride foundation. "JO — ' Book Illustration and Decora
tl.n. Flft-enth and Sixteenth Centuriee.' Mr. R. A. Peddle
— An.fitelUn. ".— Intuitionimi.' Mrs. Duddington.
— Society of Art.. * . — ' The Relation of Industry to Art.
re til . Mir 0. Wald.teln. iCantor Lecture.'
Royal Institution. 3 . — ' Animsls ami Plants under Domeati
cation.' Lecture III.. Prof. W. Batcaon.
Win
Tin'"'
Fin.
Sat.
Society of Arts. 4.:i0. — 'The Montreal. Ottawa, and Georgian
Bay Canal.' sir R. W. Perka. (Colonial Section.)
Institution of L'ivil Kngineera, s — 'The Problem of the Thruat
Bearing.' Mr. H T. Newhlgln.
Zoological. S 80.— 'An Annotated Llat of the Reptllea and
Batrachiaua collected by the British Ornithologist*' Union
Kxiwilitlon and the Wollaaton Expedition in Hutch New
Guinea.' Mr Q. A. Boulenger ; Contribution* to the
Anatomy and Systematic Arrangement of the Ceatoidea :
XII. Further Ohservationa upon the Genua Urocyatidiuui.
Beddaid.' Dr. F. !' Beddard ; ' Heport on the Deaths which
occurred in the Zoological Gardens during IBIS.' Mr. 11 G.
I'M miner.
Archtnological Institute, 4.30. — "The Divinity School ut
Oxford and its Vaulted Ceiling,' Dr. W. H. St. John Hope.
Society of Literature. 5.1ft.— 'Leconte tie Lisle and some
Knglish Poets : the Ancient World.' l'rof. M. A. Gerotn-
\w>!il.
Entomological. S— 'The Myrmecophilous Aphides of Great
Britain.7 Prof. t. V. Theobald
Geological, 8.
Bocletv of Arts. 8.—' Motor Fuels, with Special Reference to
Alcohol,' Dr. W. R. Ormandy.
.Royal Institution, 3.— 'Types and Causes of Earth Crust
Folds.' Lecture I., Prof, sir T. H. Holland.
Royal, 4 30.— 'The Conduction of the Pulse Wave and the
Measurement of Arterial Pressure.' Prof. L. Hill, Messis.
.1. McO_ueen and M. Flack; 'Keport of the Monte Rosa
Expedition of 1911,' Messrs. J. IKrcroft, M. Camis. C G.
Mathison, F. Huberts, and J. H. KjrTel; ' Some Notes on
Soil Protozoa,' Part I., Messrs. 0. A. Martin and K. Lewln ;
and other Papers.
British Archaeological Association, ft. — 'The Braises of
Gloucestei shire,' Mr C. Davis.
Linnean, 8.— 'The Vegetation of White Island, New Zealand,'
Mr. W. R. B. Oliver; 'Lantern-Slides of Cape Plants,
mostly in their Native Habitats,' Mr. W. C Worsdell ; ' The
Range of Variation of the Oral Appendages in some
Terrestrial Isopoda,' Mr. W. E. Collinge.
Chemical. 8.30. — 'The Absorption Spectra of the Vapours and
Solutions of Various Substances containing Two Benzene
Nuclei,' Mr. J. E. Purvis; 'The Oxidation of some Benzyl
Compounds of Sulphur: Part II, Benzyltetrasulphoxide,'
Mr. J. A. Smith; 'The Reaction between Iodine and
Aliphatic Aldehydes.' Messrs. H. M. DawBon and J.
Marshall ; and other Papers
Society of Antiquaries, 8.30.
Victoria and Albert Museum, 8.30.— ' Ironwork,' Mr. J. 8tarkie
Gardner.
Royal Institution. 9.—' The Mechanics of Muscular Effort,'
Dr. H. S. HeleShaw.
Royal Institution, :i. — ' Neglected Musical Composers: (3)
Joachim Raff.' Prof. F. Corder.
SIR DAVID GILL.
That the world has lost a great man
by the passing of David Gill is evident
from a simple statement of his career.
He began his early manhood as a worker
in a mechanical business in Aberdeen, and
he died not only a leader in British astro-
nomy, but also the trusted counsellor of the
highest in the science in other lands. Of
the many honours — academic and other-
wise— of which he was the recipient, the
one which Gill most prized was his pos-
session of the Order " Pour le Merite,"'
bestowed on him by the German Emperor in
1910. This Prussian Order comprises thirty
foreign members, twenty of them chosen
for distinction in science, and Gill was one
of the seven British subjects in this class,
and the only British astronomer.
In 1872 Gill, being then 29 years of age,
was engaged in the business left to his care
by his father, having received at Aberdeen
University a liberal education, of which
mathematics and physics formed a large
part. Clerk Maxwell had been one of
his instructors. He had gained consider-
able local reputation for practical astro-
nomy, at which he had worked in his leisure
for some years, and this led to his acquaint-
ance with Lord Lindsay, who was then con-
sidering the question of setting up a private
observatory at the family seat at Dim Echt.
When the scheme was realized. Lord
Lindsay offered the charge of the ob-
servatory to Gill, which the latter accepted
after some consideration, for acceptance
entailed giving up his business and some
consequent pecuniary loss. Lord Lindsay
pursued his hobby with a generous hand,
and, as the Transit of Venus of 1874 ap-
proached, planned and equipped an expedi-
tion to .Mauritius for its observation, (Jill
being the astronomer in charge. This work,
with the determination of longitudes and
other subsidiaries, occupied him until ISTii,
and in that year (Jill quitted I >i in Echt
and began preparations for an expedition
to the Guana of Ascension for the determina-
tion of the parallax of the sun by means
of observations of the planet Mars at its
opposition in 1877. It was initiated
by himself, but was supported financi-
ally by grants from the Royal and Royal
Astronomical Societies. The success of his
work was recognized by the award of the
Gold .Medal of the Royal Astronomical
Society, which he received in 1882.
In 1878 the post of KadclifTc Observer
at. Oxford became vacant, for wlucli (Jill
applied, though unsuccessfully; but the
appointment of Mr. K. .1. Stone left vacant
the Directorship of the (ape Observatory,
and in February, 1879, Gill was appointed
to the office of ELM. Astronomer, largely
through the Support of his early friend Lord
Lindsay (then Lord (raw ford).
The wisdom of the choice of those re-
sponsible has been amply justified. The
Observatory, established in 1820, had passed
through an honourable career in the hands
of a succession of men able in various ways,
but the time had arrived to render the in-
stitution more fit to take part in the ad-
vance of astronomy. As was shown in a review
of Sir David's latest work published in our
number of last week, (iill was quick to see
and accept his responsibilities. He v\ . li-
able to make evident to the authorities of
the home Government who have the control
of the Cape Observatory the necessity of
increasing the resources of the institution.
He had the power of securing good men to
work for and with him, and his personality
and zeal were such that a benefactor of the
science did not scruple to make him the
trustee of a noble instrumental gift to
astronomy. Gill welcomed astronomers of
repute who were engaged in researches for
which South Africa supplied suitable ground,
and Elkin, Auwers, Jacoby, McClean,
Cookson, and Franklin - Adams each in
turn enjoyed his friendship and the
hospitality of the Cape Observatory, and
produced valuable work as the outcome of
their visits. Some of the principal works
of the Observatory under Gill's direction,
besides the Survey of South Africa de-
scribed in these pages last week, are as
follows: the 'Cape Photographic Durch-
musterung and its Revision, ' done in co-
operation with Prof. Kapteyn of Groningen ;
' Researches in Stellar Parallax by Helio
meter Measures ' ; ' Determination of the
Solar Parallax from Observations of Minor
Planets ' ; and a ' Research on the Mass of
Jupiter and the Orbits of its Satellites' —
all of which were contributions of a novel
kind to the staple work of a Government
Observatory. In 1908 the Royal Astro-
nomical Society showed appreciation of this
fact by awarding to Gill the Gold Medal
for the second time for his ' Contributions to
the Astronomy of the Southern Hemisphere."
In addition to these researches, it is to be
noted that an almost chance photograph
of the Great Comet of 1882 caused Gill to
see the possibility of charting stars accu-
rately by photography, and this may I"
said to have led to the initiation of the
International Photographic Chart of the
Heavens, in the carrying out of which the
Cape Observatory- has a large share.
Gill left the Cape in October, 1906, and
retired finally in 1907; but retirement
to a man of his temperament BCarcel)
implied cessation from work, and in the
latter years of his lite he not only
filled the offices of President of th< Royal
Astronomical Society, Foreign 8ecreta»Ty
of the same body, President of the British
Association, and Visitor of the Royal Ob
vatory, Greenwich, but also took an active
part in the winking of many other social and
scientific organizations. To his friends ami
acquaintances his death which took pi
in his -event Y-first year on (Saturday,
the 24th inst. comes as a shock ami a sur-
prise, tor less than two months ago be was
present in their midst, a strong man.
vigorous in mind ami body, as he had been
throughout his hie.
168
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
&zuxut (gossip.
The International Conference on Mathe-
matical Teaching will be held at the Sor-
bonne on the first four days of April, and
applications for tickets (gratis) should be
sent in before February 26th. The points
to be discussed are : ( 1 ) the results obtained
by the introduction of the calculus into the
higher classes of secondary schools ; (2) the
place of mathematics in higher technical
education.
Sir George Greenhill, Prof. E. W. Hobson,
and Mr. C. Godfrey form the British Com-
mittee, and particulars may be obtained
from Mr. H. D. Ellis, 12, Gloucester Terrace,
Hyde Park.
There is a movement afoot to institute
a Statistical Survey of British Towns, and
for the publication of comparative municipal
statistics such as those published by the
municipalities of Paris, Berlin, and Vienna.
A Conference on the subject was held
last week at the County Council Hall,
Spring Gardens, Mr. Geoffrey Drage pre-
siding, and delivering an address in which
he urged the important economic and prac-
tical advantages of taking exhaustive cog-
nizance of the resources, problems, and
developments in the way of enhancement
or depreciation of values with which mu-
nicipal government had to deal. He em-
phasized particularly the need of complete
information of this kind in order to settle
the proper relation between municipal
government and Parliament.
Delivering the first Friday evening
lecture of this season at the Royal Institu-
tion, Sir James Dewar, whose subject was
' The Coming of Age of the Vacuum Flask,'
gave an account of some investigations he
is carrying on which lead him to believe
that there is a slow evolution of hydrogen
gas in progress throughout the whole animal
economy. If not accumulating in the air,
hydrogen must either be escaping from
the atmosphere or undergoing oxidation in
the higher regions, and returning to the
earth as water. The lecturer thought it
was likely that both processes were taking
place.
It is proposed to celebrate the ter-
centenary of John Napier's ' Logarithmorum
Canonis Mirifici Descriptio,' which was pub-
lished in 1614, by a Congress to be held in
Edinburgh on Friday, July 24th, and follow-
ing days. By the invitation of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh a General Committee
has been formed, representing the Royal
Society of London, the Royal Astronomical
Society, the Town Council of Edinburgh,
the Faculty of Actuaries, the Royal Philo-
sophical Society of Glasgow, the Univer-
sities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and
Edinburgh, the University College of Dun-
dee, and many other bodies. Mathema-
ticians and others who may be interested
in the celebration are requested to apply
to the General Secretary of the Society,
22, George Street, Edinburgh.
A wild swan was recently so foolhardy
as to adventure itself into the marshes near
Sheerness. Why it should not be possible
for the rarer wild creatures to approach
civilization with any hope of safety is, when
one comes to think of it, as strange as it is
lamentable. As might have been expected,
the swan was shot. It weighed 14 lb., and
is thought to be the first wild specimen
secured in Sheppey these twenty years. The
satisfaction to be derived from this infor-
mation seems inadequate to justify the de-
struction of the bird.
FINE ARTS
Rome of the Pilgrims and Martyrs. By
Ethel Ross Barker. With four Maps.
(Methuen & Co., 12s. Qd. net.)
" To visitors to the Eternal City who are
interested in the early Christians this book
should be invaluable, for it enters with
thoroughness into their history, and em-
bodies the results of the most recent re-
searches."
This sentence, which we find printed
on the book-cover, is fully justified by
the perusal of the text. In fact, we do
not hesitate to say that, since the
publication of De Rossi's second volume
of the ' Inscriptiones Christiana? ' (1888)
and of Duchesne's ' Liber Pontificalis '
(1886-92) and ' Histoire ancienne de
l'Eglise ' (1908-10), no other work of
reference has been offered to students
dealing with the origin, development, and
evolution of Christian Avorship in Rome
in a manner as efficient, clear, correct,
impartial, and compact as that which
prevails in this new volume. Its im-
munity from errors in the epigraphic
texts is also refreshing, if Ave consider
how many recent contributions to the
history and topography of Pagan and
Christian Rome are tainted with negli-
gence and inaccuracy in Greek and Latin
epitaphs, and even in simple quotations.
The author begins with a Preface on
the religious evolution of Rome in the
fourth and fifth centuries, the origins
of the cult of confessors and martyrs,
the sanctification of their graves, and
the influx of pilgrims " ad limina." A
plan of the city is appended to this intro-
ductory chapter to illustrate the slow
but relentless process of transformation
of Pagan edifices into Christian places of
Avorship, and this plan is so trustworthy
that, of the many hundred indications
which it contains, one only seems
to be Avrong — that concerning the course
of the Anio Novus, which the author
makes enter Rome from the Via and the
Porta Nomentana, instead of the Via and
the Porta Prsenestina (Maggiore).
The introductory chapter is folloAved
by an analysis of the sources of informa-
tion on " underground Christian Rome/'
such as the ' Liber Pontificalis,' edited
by Duchesne and Mommsen, or the
Itineraries of Salisbury, Malmesbury, Ein-
siedlen, &c. In the chapter on the
' Indexes of Cemeteries ' Ave are made
familiar with their genesis from the
Imperial Almanacs of the Constantinian
era, as an appendix to reAased and
up-to-date editions (fourth century) of
the ' Xotitia ' and the ' Curiosum.'
Chapter x. deals with the Acta Mar-
tyrum, or rather with the Acta Procon-
sularia — official records of the trials of
martyrs before the prefects of the city or
the praetors in Rome, and before the
governors or proconsuls in the provinces.
Shorthand notes AA'ere taken of the pro-
ceedings by clerks, and then copied in
good form and deposited in the local
archives. The Christians sometimes
sought permission from the officials to
make copies of these proces-verbaux, some-
times they took cloAvn their own notes
in court. Many of these authentic Acts
were destroyed in the persecution of Dio-
cletian, and those which escaped destruc-
tion were so manipulated and embellished
in subsequent editions that they lost all
traces of authenticity. The exceptions to
this rule are A'ery few.
The compilation of chap, xix., on the
' Anthologies of Inscriptions ' (of Einsiedlen,
Lauresheim, Verdun, Tours, Wirceburg,
&c), has been made easy by De Rossi,
who deals ex jyrojesso Avith this branch of
information in ato1. ii. of the ' Inscr.
Christianas.' But the summing-up of the
case by the author is so careful and
trustworthy in every respect that students
can use it as a key or synopsis of the larger
work.
The volume ends with a Bibliographical
Appendix brought up to the beginning of
last year.
In dealing with such matters, connected
with all branches of Christian archaeology,
the author has very seldom fallen into
incorrectness of speech. Instances of
inaccuracy are to be found on p. 5,
where the name Templum Sacrae Urbis
is translated *' temple of the Holy City,"
and on p. 96, Avhere the ancient Horrea
are described as " warehouses for food " !
Again, on p. 5, the author speaks of
a church of S. Andrew Catabarbara as
having been "built " by Pope Simplicius
;' in the hall of the mansion of Junius
Bassus " on the Esquiline. Simplicius,
and Flavius Valila the Goth, built
nothing aneAv ; they simply " aptaverunt
sacris caelestibus " an exquisite basilica,
constructed about a.d. 317 by Bassus,
Avithout eATen concealing or altering its
profane decorations.
On p. 9 the author speaks of the " amaz-
ing splendour " of the post-Constantinian
sacred edifices in Rome — hardly a happy
or correct statement Avhen Ave consider
that even St. Peter's, St. LaAvrence's, and
St. Saviour's at the Lateran AAere nothing
but an incongruous patchwork of columns,
capitals, friezes, and cornices taken at
random from Pagan buildings. At p. 11
the author states that " no traces ha\*e
been discovered as yet of the titulus
Cyriaci," OArerlooking the fact that in
1874 the apse and part of the na\Te
of that church Avere discovered in the
foundations of the Treasury Buildings
(Ministero delle Finanze), at the corner
of the Via Pastrengo and Venti Settembre.
At p. 15 the Church of Saturninus (and,
necessarily, the adjoining cemetery of
Thraso) are placed " just within the Avails "
of the city, instead of just Avithout. In
the paragraph concerning the arrange-
ments for pilgrims (p. 25) only the hos-
pices built by Pope Symmachus at St.
Peter's, St. Paul's, and St. Lawrence's, and
by Belisarius on the Via Lata, are men-
tioned, although these are inferior in
every respect to the Xenodochium
Valeriorum on the Caelian Hill, and to
the Xenodochium erected by Pammachius
at the Harbour of Rome for the use of
pilgrims from beyond the seas, Avhich
X.». 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
T II E A Til E X .EUM
111!)
I discovered many years ago in such
an excellent state of preservation that
even a set of Bilver forks and spoons could
be recovered from its refectory .
On ]>. t>4 the author asserts that the
marble plan of the city engraved by order
of Septimius Severus and Caracalla is
tost, save for a few fragments preserved
in the garden of the Capitoline Museum,
and that the said plan was once affixed
to the exterior wall of the Temple of
Romulus in the Forum. As a matter of
tact, the fragments of the plan saved
from destruction amount to twelve
hundred, with the help of which I was
able to reconstruct the plan itself in its
genera! outline in the garden of the Con-
Bervatori Palace : and. besides, this forma
was not originally affixed to the Temple
of Romulus (a round structure), but to
the back wall of the Templum Sacrae
Urbis, overlooking, not the Roman Forum,
but the Forum of Peace.
These slight inaccuracies in matters of
secondary importance do not lessen the
value of the book as a manual of Christian
antiquities. As a guide to the " Rome of
the Pilgrims and Martyrs ' it is indispens-
able being absolutely trustworthy, and
above party or sectarian feelings.
Lanciani.
IAPAXESE SCREENS AT THE
SUFFOLK STREET GALLERIES.
Again Messrs. Yamanaka have filled these
galleries with a collection of screens, delight-
ful for the most part, as demonstrating that
technical probity and readiness to please
have in some favoured times and places gone
hand in hand. The painters of these screens
hear their learning lightly, and it is clear
that for them the magic of the charmeur was
not a thing to be despised. So far from
being ahead of their public, these artists
give us a luxurious sense of reliance on
popular appreciation, and. indeed, only thus
could such things have been produced.
We feel that they had not merely a long
experience in painting, but also a long
ence of vigilant study of its effect
The solitary artist knows that a
few Bimple rhythmic lines, a few tones of
■ir. should, in theory, suffice to hold the
"ii : the painter who has worked
tin- midst of life knows that they do.
can imagine a modern European with
bility to produce such a design as
daimyo's procession passing before
Fuj in, barred with a raised pattern of
,-entional clouds), but it is less easy to
think of him as doing it with the same
simplicity, with aloofness from a vulgar
• . without a desire to confuse that taste
anything incomprehensible. These
are. many of them, in a very bad
condition, which hlurs sometimes their in-
tention, and they are often exotic in subject,
bul the typical aim of the Japanese artisl
i- to he it- clear as possible. " Epater le
bourgeois" is no part of his ambition.
Hence the Bteachni d moderation of
such unpretentious, realistic motives as the
red and white " botan " of No. 11, with its
oervous expressive drawing of foli I the
tranquil lotus plants in No. 25; hence also
the brilliance oi the design of pale figures on
uning gold in No. 50, which, for all its
daring, appears aol sensational, bul eleganl
—ure oi itself. We do not find bluster
he(-.-. but the urbane ease of an art belonging
to its environment. The designer of the
Buavely spacious group, No, 52— a subtle
Scheme in w hich dulled whites and green and
buff are the held for a mass of " tango " red
and spots of exquisite black could hardly,
one fancies, be guilty of anything SO tactless
as revolution. For him, in Mr. Binyon's
words, "the artist is a born adapter of
means to ends."
Other salient exhibits are the elaborate
and truly mural decoration. No. 20, a
cavalcade issuing from a gate overhung with
blossoms; and the pairof six-leaved screens
Xos. 18 and 19, wherein an instinctive large-
ness in the balancing and ordonnanceof detail
binds together what at first might appear a
mere splatter of detached sprays. A wonder-
ful pair of Korean painted panels in scarlet,
yellow, and white are among the most arrest-
ing features of the exhibition.
THE LATE JOHX H. F. BACON,
A.R.A., M.V.O.
The death of John Bacon at his residence
in Lancaster Gate Terrace removes one of
the most fashionable portrait painters of
the day, who, in certain branches of that
art, reflected so exactly the tastes and ideals
of the majority among the well-to-do
classes of our time as to have historic
importance. Xo one ever painted a pro-
vincial mayor with more single-hearted
desire to satisfy his sitteFs expectations ;
and to his pictures and to those of Mr. John
Collier — a painter similarly endowed — his-
torians of the future must look to see, not
exactly how the upper middle-class of our
day looked, but how they fancied them-
selves as looking. Bacon's record is to be com-
pared, not with that of a realist like Hogarth,
but that of an idealist like Watteau ; and
if the taste catered for in his pictures is
rather less artistic than was the case with
the eighteenth-century master, it should be
remembered that it was not so much his own
taste as that of his employers, of whom
he was the loyal and singularly competent
servant.
Born in 1865, John Bacon had his first
lessons in drawing from Prof, (then Mr. )
Fred Brown at the Westminster Art School,
which offered at that time almost the only
teaching of direct draughtsmanship to be
had in London. Most capable illustrators
studied there, and it was at illustration that
Bacon first made a living, bringing to the
business from the first the industry and
tireless capacity for taking pains which
were his principal asset. He was ambitious,
and when he found a better outlet for
these gifts he was quick to take advantage
of it. He tried first some elaborately
realized religious subjects, which he ex-
hibited at, the Royal Academy in the nineties.
The South African War gave him his oppor-
tunity by providing a subject in which
every one was interested, and his picture
of the CI.V.'s at the Mansion House
made his reputation by sheer endurance.
The crowd of portraits at different distances
and apparent sizes — all equally recognizable
— satisfied the popular demand to per-
fection; it was just how the man in the
street would have painted such a scene if
he had the ability, and it, appealed to the
wonder by quantity rather than quality,
which in our generation is the more certain
appeal It was the picture of the year.
won his election into the Academy in 1903,
and marked him as the obvious painter of
Coronation pictures, of which lie did two —
one in 1902 and one on the accession "i King
George. These were on the lines of the
Mansion House picture, hut Bomewhal less
marvellous.
Apart from these commissions, he was
SOmewhal at a loss for subject-matter,
trying eighteenth •century costume subjects,
which he treated like a heavier - handed
Fortuny. Commissions for portraits, how-
ever, were numerous, and in these he brought
to the consideration of the trappings of rank
an almost religious enthusiasm which compels
admiration. Xo one who would understand
the psychology of an already vanishing
phase of civilization can afford to neglect
his work. Without BO monumental a record,
the seriousness in which trivial things wen-
held would hardly bo credible to future
general ions.
^fitte ^Art (Gossip.
A Memorial Exhibition of the work of
the late Sir Alfred East will be held early
next month at the Leicester Galleries, Lei-
cester Square.
The Annual (Jeneral Meeting of the
Peasant Arts Fellowship will be held on
Wednesday, February 11th, at 17, Duke
Street, Manchester Square.
The Royal Society ok Arts, at their
sixth ordinary meeting on the 21st hist.,
listened to a lively address by Mr. W. S.
Rogers on ' The Modern Poster,' some
points of which are worth a, passing con-
sideration. In dealing with the nature of
the poster the lecturer found one reason for
the shortcomings of British work in the
British artist's neglect to master the tech-
nique of lithography.
Modern as any casual observer would pro-
nounce the poster to be, it had. Mr. Rogers
pointed out, its prototypes in Egypt,
Greece, and Italy — to say nothing of tin-
East. The word " poster :' itself he takes
to be about forty years old ; somewhat
under-estimating its aye, since it occurs in
'Nicholas Nickleby.' The "posting" of
playbills is well known as an expression
which goes back to the sixteenth century.
To be effective, the lecturer explained, a
poster must possess six qualities : a
good idea, simplicity of treatment, con-
formity to principles of pictorial composi-
tion, good drawing well reproduced, definite-
ness and obviousness of meaning, and
striking colour.
As a form of art the poster is bet ter under-
stood in France than with us. We, Mr.
Rogers insists, still labour our designs too
heavily, tending too much to realism and
too little to impressionism faults lor which
in many cases the advertiser is more to be
blamed than the art ist.
In the discussion which followed Mr.
Urwick spoke of Frederick Walker's poster
- an advertisement of "The Woman in
White '- now in the Victoria and Albert
Museum, as being the only one exhibited
in a public gallery, and urged that some-
where a permanent exhibition of postercrafl
should be established. This suggestion was
supported by Mr. Rogers, on the incon-
testable ground that such an exhibition
would be of great historical and BOciological,
as w ell as art ist ic interest.
Dk. Paget Toynbeb, En a letter t.> /
Times of the 23rd inst., gives some inter-
esting particulars concerning the tapestn
maps ottered mii loan to l Ir- Vi. tOl L8 and
Albert Museum by the Yorkshire Philo-
sophical Society. They were, n i- hardly
doubtful, woven at the tapestry works of
William Sheldon ("''■ 1670), at Weston,
Warwickshire, probably bj hi- master-
weaver, Richard rlickes, whom Sheldon
~.-iii in learn his art in the low < ountrii -.
I [orace w alpole bough! them at a sale
170
T H E A T H E N M U M
No. 4o(ll, Jan. 31, 1914
of goods belonging to a descendant of
Sheldon's in 1781, and gave most of them
to Lord Harcourt, from whose possession
they passed eventually into that of the
Yorkshire Philoso phical Society.
Miss May Morris, in a letter to The
Times which appeared on Tuesday last,
urges that 75, Dean Street, should be
acquired as a home for the " Arts and Crafts."
She points out that when European and
American friends and promoters of the
" Arts and Crafts " movement come to
London, they marvel to find that the
Society has no nucleus in the very place
where it originated — -
" no visible symbol of our activity, no record of
the men whose work has inspired their own
schemes. They ask to be shown an official
museum of modern arts and crafts where the
work of William Morris may be studied in chrono-
logical arrangement, where the book illustrations
of Walter Crane, the lustre-ware of William De
Morgan, and the like, may be seen ; they ask
too where they can visit work by the modern
representatives of the body. And the keen,
orderly German mind cannot fail to be surprised
at such incoherence, such a scattered manner of
life in a body that they rate highly."
We certainly think the " keen, orderly
German mind " has here detected a want
too long unfelt — or, it may be, too long un-
provided for — and heartily recommend Miss
Morris's suggestion to the careful considera-
tion of all whom it concerns.
Mr. A. H. Thompson writes, regarding
his letter on ' An Introduction to English
^Church Architecture ' last week : —
" I have no claim to the list which your reviewer
;appears to attribute to me. My part in it is
clearly stated by Mr. Bond in one of his notes
.(vol. i. p. 22), and amounts merely to several
.additions and notes to it."
The document completing the purchase
.of Sulgrave Manor, Northants, the English
home of the Washington family, by the
British Committee for the Celebration of the
■Centenary of Peace between England and
■the United States, has now been signed. The
iproperty has cost 8,400£., and further funds
are needed for restoration and furnishing
preparatory to the celebration, as, too, for
permanent maintenance. An international
Committee of Management has been ap-
pointed, of which the American Ambassador
in London is to be ex-officio Chairman.
Mr. Lanier Washington has presented the
Committee with a copy of the only authentic
2)ortrait of Mary Ball Washington, the
mother of George Washington.
Recently we announced that a sale of
-the ground adjoining the Villa Medicis at
Rome was contemplated. Our readers
will be glad to hear that, in consequence of
the violent opposition which came from
:all quarters, the French Government has
given up the idea.
The Dean and Chapter op St. Paul's
have arranged for reports on the condition
of the fabric to be drawn up by architects
and engineers, and on Saturday last an
interim report was submitted to their
consideration. The contents of this will
not be made public for the present, but it
is expected that they will prove to be of a
nature to allay public anxiety, and that it
will be shown that the appearances in the
foundations which gave rise to the recent
alarm date back to the time of the building,
and represent difficulties which were dealt
with immediately and successfully.
A large cemetery of the Gauls has just
been opened near Sogny, in Champagne.
Tt contains 270 tombs, of which 48 are
jitact. In 14 of these it was found that
fie warrior's chariot had been buried with
him. The tombs contained a great number
of spears, swords, javelins, poniards, and
knives, besides pottery and some jewels
mounted in iron and bronze.
A burial-place of the Stone Age has just
been discovered by Prof. Dall' Osso of
Ancona in the Valle Vibrata, in the Abruzzi.
This consists of a number of small huts large
enough to contain from two to eight bodies,
and having on either side low platforms which
slope towards the centre. Upon these the
dead are laid, with knees drawn up and rest-
ing on one side, the attitude being supposed
to be that of prayer. One of the cabins,
from its containing no bodies, but a large,
circular hearth, with fragments of broken
vessels and the bones of animals, is thought
to have been the scene of funeral banquets.
The objects found in the huts — vases and
other utensils — will enhance the opinion held
by archaeologists of the degree of civilization
attained in the Neolithic Age.
COIN SALE.
Messrs. Sotheby sold on Monday, the 19th
inst., and the four following days, the Greek
civic and regal coins, and the English coins of the
reign of Charles I., collected by Mr. Cumberland
Clark, and another small property of Greek and
Roman coins. The chief prices were : Naxus,
Didraehm, silver, 251. 15s. Alexander the Great,
Distater, gold, 30Z. Syracuse, gold Litra of
Agathocles, 23Z. Gold Litra of Hicetas, 26L
Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, gold coin,
43Z. 10s. Caracalla, gold coin, 23Z. 10s. ; another,
22.1. 10s. Macrinus, gold coin, 2QI. Diadu-
menianus, gold coin, 150Z. Probus, gold coin,
2\l. Charles I., half pound piece, Tower mint,
21Z. 10s. ; silver memorial medal, with busts of
Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, 1649, 30L
The total of the sales was 3,040L
MUSIC
'THE DANCE OF DEATH.'
Such is the name of a work by
Wilhelm Kienzl, performed, for the first
time in England, by the Moody-Manners
Company at Kelly's Theatre, Liverpool,
yesterday week. It was originally pro-
duced in Germany about two years ago.
The libretto, by Richard Batka, is based
on Rud. Hans Bartsch's novel ' Little
Blanchefleur,' and the English version is
by Romualdo Sapio. In 1897 Kienzl's
' Der Evangel imann ' was given by a
German company at Covent Garden, but,
although interesting, it met with a cold
reception, and has not been heard since.
Text and music were by Kienzl. It was
originally entitled a " Musikalisches Schau-
spiel " (a musical play), but, as it was an-
nounced as an " opera," a wrong impres-
sion was possibly created on the audience
at Covent Garden. The present work,
described in a similar manner, was
properly announced on the book of
words. Kienzl entitled his work ' Kuh-
reigen ' — i.e., ' Ranz des Vaches.' Mr.
Manners, however, calls it — from what
happens in the last act — ' The Dance of
Death.'
The action takes place during the early
days of the French Revolution. In Act I.
are seen and heard French chasseurs and
the Swiss Guard. A quarrel arises be-
tween them, and this indirectly leads to
the fatal passion of a Swiss officer. Thaller,
for Blanchefleur, wife of the command er
of the army ; also to lawlessness and riot.
premonitory signs of dark days to follow,
In Act II. Louis XVI, receives Court
and Parliament. Act III, presents a
wild scene in a Revolutionary Com
mittee, with the excited mob singing,
or rather howling, the ' Carmagnole '
and the ' Marseillaise ' ; and in the
final act the aristocrats — prisoners in
" The Temple ': awaiting sentence, in
many cases of death — spend the time in
dancing and singing. Among them is
Blanchefleur, who asks Thaller — now a
captain, and offering, but in vain, to
save her — to be her partner in her last
dance.
The music throughout is pleasant and
picturesque. The * Ranz des Vaches,'
an old folk-melody of charm and sim-
plicity, may almost be called a repre-
sentative theme, while the Revolutionary
songs named above are realistic additions
to an effective stage picture. In the last
act the composer has aimed at a strong
contrast, which, however, was not alto-
gether successful.
•Berlioz in his ' Treatise on Instrumenta-
tion ' comments on an air in ' Iphigenie en
Tauride ' in which Orestes sings of a calm
which has again taken possession of his
heart : his agitated feelings, truer than
the words he utters, are duly expressed in
the orchestra. So, here, something of the
same kind would have intensified and kept
in remembrance the contrast till the last.
There is much that is meritorious
in ' Kuhreigen.' It sustains interest,
which, however, is not purely musical.
This was not intended by the composer,
hence he was not tempted to over-elaborate
or to dwell at undue length in one mood.
Kienzl also understands when and how
to stop.
The performance at Liverpool was good.
Madame Fanny Moody impersonated
Blanchefleur with skill and judgment,
while her diction was excellent. Mr.
Frank Christian as Thaller deserves
praise. The members of the chorus acted
and sang with zeal, also discretion, and
the part assigned to them recalled to some
extent that of the Russian chorus at Drury
Lane last season. Herr Hans Winter
conducted well, but the orchestral playing
was poor.
jEusical (Gossip.
The special feature of the Geloso Quartet
at Bechstein Hall on Monday evening was
the fine performance of the Cesar Franck
Pianoforte Quintet, in which the piano part
was taken by M. Cesare Geloso. It was
followed by a novelty — a String Quartet by
M. Camille Chevillard. The opening move-
ment was long, and the writing thick ; more-
over, there was not sufficient contrast. In the
Andante the coda with the viola solo was
the most impressive part. The concluding Al -
legro was the best of the three sections. M.
Chevillard is not modern either in his themes
or in the treatment of them. If the music
had been inspired, this, however, would not
have proved an impediment.
No 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
THE A TH E Ni:UM
171
'I'm: last but one of the first series of Bach
Chamber Concerts at the Westminster Cathe-
dral Hall, organized and conducted by Dr.
R. K. Terry, took place on Tuesday evening
tasl Two short church cantatas ' Meine
Seufzer, meine Thranen,' and ' Meine Seele
riihmt und preisl ' were given. The in-
strumental music included the bright Con-
certo in c for two pianofortes (originally
harpsichords), rendered with skill and in-
telligence by .Madame Amina Goodwin and
Mr. 1". A. [veene. Dr. Terry is doing good
work, and it was pleasing to find a large,
attentive, and evidently interested audience.
Baeh died 163 years ago. but his greatest
'music is younger, stronger, and healthier
than much that is written at the present day.
Herr Arnold Schonberg. in a letter
addressed to the members of the Queen's
Hall Orchestra, speaks in terms of the highest
praise of their interpretation of his Five
Orchestral Pieces. That praise was indeed
well deserved, for they must have exercised
wonderful patience at rehearsals and during
the performance. The elosing sentence of
Herr Schonberg s letter is, however, enig-
matical. He expresses the pleasure he ex-
perienced, adding, " which has only been
troubled by the sad knowledge that with us
things are not everywhere as they should be."
The reception given to his orchestral music
by the English press was for the most
part unfavourable. If that be the cause
of the composer's trouble, he evidently
objects to plain speaking. By his Sextet
he showed that he could write in a
manner which all could understand and
many admire : but for that, the speaking
would, no doubt, have been still plainer.
The annual " Burns' Xicht " concert took
place at the Royal Albert Hall last Saturday
evening. It does not need a concert of this
kind to remind the world of one whose
poems are in no danger of being forgotten,
yei tlii- celebration of Burns's birthday
must be pleasing, especially to Scotchmen.
The poems make a double appeal to the
public — on their own account, and owing to
the charm of the music to which they are
Among the singers at the Royal Albert
Hall were Miss Ruth Vincent, Madame Ada
«ley, Madame Ida Drummond, and
ssre. Archie Anderson and Tom Kinni-
burgh The proceeds of the concert were
handed over to the leading Scottish charities
in En-land— the Royal Scottish Corporation
l the Royal Caledonian Schools at Bushey.
In the notices in Le Menestrel and other
papers of the late Raoul Pugno his fame
pianist was said to have begun only in
1 B93. Hut hist week Le Menestrel quoted
from 1 w et Gazette Musicale of April
4tf. 1 B69, a notice which opens thus : —
" Up jeune pUniste que nous croyons reserve1 a
un brillant aveni"-. Raoul Pu^no, donnait Mercredi
dernier, & la salle Krarrt. son onzieme concert
annuel >.'iare n'a que seize ans).''
Two autograph 1'ttcrs of Beethoven are
to 1" sold on February 11th by Messrs.
heby. Both are "believed to be unpub-
lished The fir^t, and the more interesting,
doe- no» appear in either the Kalischer or
Prelinger collection of letters. The second,
however, is So. 890 in the former and
No. 694 m the latter.
PERFORMANCES NKXT WEEK
Concert. 3 30. Royal AH*rt Hall
Sunday Concert nod'tj..-! JO, Hnwm Hall.
K mj I »i*rr*. ' '.\«:iit tiar<l*n.
' PanlfaJ ' firnt perfo'man-* In Enzlnml. .'>, Corent Gaplen
.•i Ion Tn., - .«) .ttolian Hall.
RaclwUln Hall.
Leon^r.l Borwlck'a Pianoforlo Keotal. 3. .K.lian Hall.
— I)al|.l ( n,\~:% Pianoforte Rental. -. Be' h.teln Hall
— Robert P..IUk'l ' inrt t 1 30 -tx.llan Hall.
Marched iV -tela Hall.
— K'.nl I li'.ral BOcbtjl 1 Royal *|l«rt Hall.
— 8t<x k Exchange urOieitraf an. I Choral Rvdety. 130. Oueen'i
Hall
-
M
Ti > -
Fhi.
-
I unri'i riiniif irtl Wiiifl. 1 IB. ftmwi'l DJUL
II Ballad C01 ■ • 1 - 1 1
— Pircy Waller ■ Pianoforte Rental. 3.15. Bcciiitein Hall.
DRAMA
THE MELTING-POT' AT THE
COURT THEATRE.
Mb. Zangwill is called an idealist, but
the word " prophet " more fittingly de-
scribes the aspect in which be appears as
the author of ' The Melting-Pot,' which
has been played thousands of times in
America, and doubtless held its audiences
there in as tight a grip as it has since
done here.
Produced at the Court Theatre
last Monday by the Play Actors, it
adds another to the remarkably few
" racial " plays which the London stage
lias seen. It stands on a different level
from those of them which owe their main
attraction to some magnificence of setting
or virtuosity in acting. As it is not
drama pure and simple, it is idle to
sharpen the pencil to criticize it as such
when its author is using the stage as the
preacher does the pulpit or the professor
the rostrum. The complaints that have
been made of over-packed rhetoric and
occasional theatricality are not strictly
relevant.
The prophet's eye is turned towards a
vision to be realized in some not far-off
future — a vision of the fusion of races
which, the Jew not excepted, will pro-
duce the American in generations to
come. But he utters the message in
the ears of the men and women of to-
day, at a moment when the Jew, at any
rate, stands at the parting of the ways,
halting between the two ideals expressed
in the words " Land of our Fathers " and
"Land of our Children."
Another Jew some nineteen hundred
years ago said that the great cleavages
of humanity — Jew and Greek, bond and
free, male and female — would find their
crucible in One — a Person. Mr. Zangwill
finds his crucible in America — the re-
public, based on conceptions as lofty as
ever inspired the sons of men. This
ideal America fills the horizon of David,
the young hero of the piece. His old
grandmother may mutter, as she pre-
pares for the Sabbath ritual, "Cursed
be Columbus " — for him America stands
for all that patriotism hymns on the
4th of July. Vera, who loves him, is in
many ways wiser, more clear-eyed. A
rebel Russian who had almost become a
Siberian, she finds in America other
causes for rebellion, and foes more in-
sidious, if less terrible, than those she
fought in Russia.
But David is an artist, a musician,
and to such a one a blanknesa of vision
where things unlovely and of evil
report are concerned may be forgiven.
New York's "tour hundred." it is true.
are scorned and if of the .Juggernaut
which spares not the lives of Little
children — a blot on civilization scarcely
less terrible than the Kischinefi massacres,
to which the devastation of his home was
dm — nothing is said, it is. perhaps, ae
well, for the play, as it is, is a borrenl
of words and ideas. Although the e.\-
tremest point of division bid ween the
lovers is reached when the chief execu-
tioner at Is. isc hi ne IV appears in the person
of Vera's father, Mr. Zangwill draws his
young people together at the close, leav-
ing Vera presumably to accept a " Christ-
less Creed" as a balance to David's re-
nunciation of a legacy of revenge and
hate.
The acting of .Mr. Harold Chapin was
marked by the great resolution and
tenacity with which he gripped the
difficulties of the part of David Quix-
ano. With Miss Inez Bensusan's wonder-
fully vivid study of the devout old Jewess
his grandmother, and Mr. Clifton Alder-
son's Teutonic maestro Herr Pappcl-
meister, his rendering of David Quixano
created an impression of distinction and
finish that will not easily fade from the
memory. Miss Phyllis Relph was more
successful after the first act— the period of
her introduction to the Jewish household
of the young musician whose race she had
not previously realized ; later, with the
stirring of a deeper emotionalism, she
seemed to release herself from fettering
conventionalities, and gave a most sym-
pathetic performance. Miss E. X. O'Con-
nor as Kathleen O'Reilly, the Irish
maidservant, made excellent use of the
pleasant relief her part afforded. The
whole cast, indeed, was as satisfactory
as it was quixotic — giving without re-
ward its service in a play which, in the
words of Jane Addams, performs " a great
service to America by reminding us of
the high hopes of the founders of the
Republic."
©ramatic (Bosstp.
The occasion of the presentation of Mr.
William Poel's new stage version of ' Hamlet '
at the Little Theatre on Tuesday last
could not fail to be interesting. To con-
sider it in the light of a substitute for that
approved by a long line of actor-managers
is to do the producer an injustice, the object
of the performance being " to show those
scenes in the play which are never acted
in the version given on the modern stage."
In the result Claudius, presented as a young
man, is brought into such prominence as to
become visibly the mainspring of the action j
dramatic interest is heightened at the cost
of t he philosophic ; the < i-hosl and t he ( rrave-
digger are practically eliminated, and Osric
deleted altogether. In the confined space of
the Little Theatre, with I'oelesque methods
— the background of dark curtains, the steps
leading to, and entrances from, the audi-
torium— the jostling of actors and audience
could scarcely be avoided. As the drawn
curtains of the firsl act revealed the new
King being received by the Privy Council.
an admirable effect, rich and lull in colour.
with every face sharply outlined, was
obtained. On the other hand, the Ghost's
one appearance in grey and win e apparel
became every moment less ghostly as be
ed the stage tod acend the steps leading
to the auditorium. If the method i ol pi
duction left us at one moment appreciative
and the ne\t dubious, BO did the acting, M
Judith VVogan made a daintj and exquisite
Ophelia, marred by moments when |he
Beemed as modern as her modish little
dippers ; Mr. Desmond Brannigan
172
T H E A T H E N M U M
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
Claudius, meagre and pale of aspect, was
excellent in elocution ; Miss Edith Evans,
his elderly, matronly Queen, placid as a
figure in tableaux, used her musical voice
with delightful effect ; Mr. Charle i Doran
made a noble Horatio ; and Mr. Poel as
Polonius gave a sound, humorous rendering
of the sententious old humbug. But we
had to endure feminine impersonators of
Rosencrantz and Guilderstern ; the loss
of a number of lines by various members of
the cast, owing to gabbling ; and an unsatis-
factory Hamlet, more plebeian than prince,
more idiot than deranged, who played
strange tricks with his voice, and languished
busily throughout. If it was with mixed
feelings that the performance was received,
there is no doubt that uppermost was a
sense of indebtedness to Mr. Poel for supple-
menting the traditional stage ' Hamlet ' with
this new version. A better balance of the
play is attempted, and the greater part of it
is acted in a little over three hours.
' Thtc Music Cure,' produced for the first
time on Wednesday evening at the Little
Theatre as a curtain-raiser to ' Magic,' is
certainly not magnificent, but it is Shaw.
It is deficient in form and point, but
funnier than the average music-hall sketch.
Perhaps so many ideas have by this time
crossed the footlights of the Little Theatre
that an introduction of the mental pabulum
of the greatest number may be held to
benefit its habitues. We can find no other
justification for the performance of the
sketch. An Under-Secretary of State is
in a condition near mental collapse ; he
has undergone a long examination before the
Macaroni Committee. Acting on private
information that the Army was to be put
on a vegetarian diet, he had invested heavily
in the British Macaroni Company, and
is publicly exposed. In order to soothe
his nerves, his mother has engaged a
pianist with oddly coloured hair to play
classical music to him for a couple of hours.
With the entrance of this lady the sketch
becomes a conversation in which a piano
and a concertina are the principals. The
lady is captivated by ragtime. The Lender-
Secretary is captivated by the lady. He
feels he would like her to trample on him and
earn his living for him, and she acquiesces.
The curtain falls on the happy couple playing
" You made me love you : I didn't want
to do it," as a duet. It may be that ' The
Music Cure ' is a particularly subtle " sprynge
to catch woodcocks," to induce them to go to
' Widowers' Houses ' in hopes of hearing
more ragtime ; but the sketch is more likely
to add to the number of persons who believe,
with the American girl who first gave the
story currency, " there are two Mr. Shaws,
Mr. Bernard Shaw and Mr. C Bernard
Shaw, and they are quite different." Mr.
Shaw appears to be encouraging the sugges-
tion that ' Major Barbara ' and ' Mrs.
Warren's Profession ' are the work of the
less noteworthy of the two. The princi-
pal parts were admirably rendered by
Miss Madge Mcintosh and Mr. William
Armstrong.
' Magic,' which reached its hundredth
performance the same evening, is in the
hands of a particularly able cast. Mr.
Harcourt Williams has taken the place of
Mr. Franklin Dyall in the part of the Con-
jurer. He is not yet entirely at his ease,
but exhibits great subtlety in his handling
of the difficult situations in the second act.
There will be a special matinee at the
Little Theatre next Tuesday, when Mr.
Kenelm Foss will produce three new one-
act plays : ' One Good Turn,' by Martin
Swayne and Eille Norwood ; ' Rahab,'
by himself ; and ' The Ladies' Comedy,'
by Mr. Maurice Hewlett. Those taking part
include Miss Ruth Mackay, Miss Haidee
Gunn, and Eille Norwood.
' Mary-Girl ' is to be withdrawn from
the Vaudeville at the end of this week, and
will be succeeded in due course by a dra-
matized version, for which Mr. Richard
Pryce is responsible, of Mr. Arnold Bennett's
novel ' Helen of the High Hand.' We are
glad to hear that Mr. James Welch is in
better health and will take the part of
Ollerenshaw. Miss Nancy Price is to act
the title-part.
Mr. Charles Frohman has selected
Mr. Somerset Maugham's new play ' The
Land of Promise ' for production when
it becomes necessary to replace ' Quality
Street ' at the Duke of York's. ' The Land
of Promise ' was produced at the Lyceum,
New York, a few weeks ago, and met with
a cordial reception.
Mr. Allan Aynesworth and Mr. Bron-
son Albery will start their season at the
Criterion on February 21st with ' Mr. Sam's
Stocking,' a three-act comedy by Mr. Cyril
Harcourt, author of ' A Place in the Sun.'
Miss Lottie Venne, Mr. Sam Sothern, and
Mr. Aynesworth himself will take the
principal parts. The run of ' Oh ! I Say,'
comes to an end on Saturday next, and the
theatre will be closed for redecoration.
On the 23rd inst. the Theatre du Vieux-
Colombier produced ' L'Echange,' by M. Paul
Claudel, the author of ' L'Annonce faite a
Marie.' M. Claudel is at present the most
prominent among the dramatists of the new
French school ; and, though this play is
one of his earliest works (it was written some
twenty years ago), it was received not only
with curiosity, but also with sympathy.
The dramatic critics and the playgoing
public of Germany were prepared to be
thrilled by a new play from the pen of
Herr Sudermann. ' Die Lobgesange des
Claudian ' was played for the first time on
Wednesday, the 21st inst., at the Deutsches
Schauspielhaus at Hamburg, and it appears
that there was general disappointment.
The tunes of the Emperor Honorius, the
Goths and Huns and decadent Romans
surrounding Stilicho, Claudianus, and Alaric,
the chief characters in the play, seem not
to suit the author's genius so well as the
people of his own day ; or else the task of
writing conscientiously an historical drama
in five acts has proved too burdensome.
The Greek play at Oxford this term is to
be ' The Acharnians ' of Aristophanes.
To Correspondents.— E. K. B.— C. B.— A. W.— J. P. M.
— H. I. H.— Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
ppearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
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THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4501, Jan. 31, 1914
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THE GARDEN OP LIES Justus M. Forman
ANNA, THE ADVEKTURESS
E. Phillips Oppenheim
RAINBOW ISLAND Louis Tracy
THE BEAUTIFUL "WHITE DEVIL
Guy Booth by
THE IMPOSTOR Harold Bindloss
THE LODESTAR Max Pemberton
A STUDY IN SCARLET A. Conan Doyle
YOUNG LORD STRANLEIGH Robert Barr
THE MOTHER
THE CRIMSON BLIND
WHEN I WAS CZAR
IN WHITE RAIMENT
NOT PROVEN
A MAKER OP HISTORY
BUCHANAN'S WIPE
THE PILLAR OP LIGHT
a:bid FOR FORTUNE
THE DUST OF CONFLICT
Eden Phillpotts
Fred m. White
A. W. Marchmont
Wm. Le Queux
A. and C. Askew
E. P. Oppenheim
Justus M. Forman
Louis Tracy
Guy Boothby
Harold Bindloss
Fred M. White
Guy Boothby
A. and C. Askew
Max Pemberton
THE DAY OF TEMPTATION Wm. Le Queux
TWO BAD BLUE EYES " Rita "
MR. WIN GRAVE, MILLIONAIRE
E. P. Oppenheim
THE CORNER HOUSE
IN STRANGE COMPANY
THE SPORTING CHANCE
THE GOLD WOLF
A DAMAGED REPUTATION
Harold Bindloss
THE SOUL OP GOLD Justus M. Form an
THE MARRIAGE OF ESTHER Guy Boothby
BY WIT OF WOMAN A. W. Marchmont
LADY BARBARITY J. C. Snaith
THE SECRET E. P. Oppenheim
THE WHEEL O' FORTUNE Louis Tracy
THE SLAVE OF iSILENCE Fred M. White
DARBY AND JOAN "Rita"
THE RED CHANCELLOR Sir Wm. Magnay
THE TEMPTRESS William Le Queux
PRO PATRIA Max Pembertox
THE FASCINATION OF THE KING
Guy Boothby
WILD SHEBA
BY SNARE OP LOVE
BENEATH HER STATION
HOPE, MY WIFE
THE MISSIONER
THE MESSAGE OF FATE
THE WAYFARERS
TOMMY CARTERET
DR. NIKOLA
THE SUNDIAL
WILES OF THE WICKED
ACROSS THE WORLD FOR
A LOST LEADER
THE ETONIAN
HIS LADY'S PLEASURE
A COURIER OF FORTUNE
JOURNEYS END
PHAROS THE EGYPTIAN
A. and C. Askew
A. W. Marchmont
Harold Bindloss-
L. G. Moberly
E. P. Oppenheim
Louis Tracy
J. C. Snaith
J. M. Forman
Guy Boothby
Fm i) M. White
wm le Queux
A WIFE
nrv Boothby
E l* Oppenheim
A. and C. Askew
Ha'«"i.d Bindloss
A. w Marchmont
Justus m. forman
ijuy Boothby
LORD STRANLEIGH, PHILANTHROPIST
Robert Barr
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SUPPLEMENT TO
THE ATHENAEUM
•Relating to Sociological Xiterature.
No. 4:>01
SATURDAY, JANUARY 31, 1914.
SOCIOLOGICAL SUPPLEMENT.
— <•—
CONTENTS. page
Recalling the Obvious 177
The Labour Problem (The World of Labour ;
Revolutionary Syndicalism) 1T8
iM'i strial Combination and Co - partnership
(The Tendency towards Industrial Combination ;
Co-partnership and Profit-sharing) .. .. 179—180
THE Land (The Case for Land Nationalization ; The
Land ; The Rural Problem ; Problems of Village
Life ; A Pilgrimage of British Fanning) .. 180—181
1 ONOMics (The Economics of Enterprise ; Econo-
mics for Indian Students ; Wealth ; The Nature
of Taxation ; The Credit System ; Influence of
the Gold Supply ; Insurance and the State) 181—182
I> Mere Existence Desirable.- (Round about a
Pound a Week ; The Small Family System) .. 182
American Ideals (American Ideals ; Labor and
Administration) 183
Democracy in New Zealand 183
short Notices 184
RECALLING THE OBVIOUS.
The Sociologist (and who to-day can
deny altogether the application of the
term ?) may well echo the complaint of
the Biblical pessimist as to the endless
multiplication of books. We whose lot it
i> to pass in review so many of them at
close quarters may console ourselves with
the fact that, though writers are only for
the most part repeating what has been
I — and in the vast majority of cases,
better said — before, the mere constant
repetition is indicative of that more
•ular interest which, in the constitu-
tion of the world as it is to-day, is a
necessary prelude to action. So much
smoke indicates some fire — so much theory
indicates some practice.
The need for practice as well as prin-
ciples, now emphasized by our Churches,
H a sign that ancient authority and
lership are bestirring themselves, and
not before it was, indeed, high time. But
dinger is threatened by lay opinion,
which, for long only concerned with in-
dignation at existing anomalies, still har-
botm an indefensible because uneco-
nomic spirit of revenge.
Education must ever be the basis of
evolution, as opposed to the ignorance of
iv volution, which seeks to accomplish a
legitimate purpose by illegitimate means.
It must not be thought that we with-
hold our admiration and sympathy from
those noble spirit- who.' appalled by
the world's lethargy, make themselves a
bridge to span the gulf between the real
and the ideal. Pioneers careless of self
must ever lead the way, however in-
judicious their methods," and we who
follow can only give them that homage
which blesses those who give more than
those who receive. For the most worthy
of our leaders personal aggrandizement
has no enticement, and their greatness is
in inverse ratio to their claim to it.
In an ever-changing world the thought
and action of idealists can have but one
purpose — that reshaping of all things,
great and small, which makes towards
improvement.
The idea of reshaping seems to us to
need emphasis when the word " destruc-
tion " rolls glibly off so many tongues.
That the reshaping adopted by icono-
clasts is destructive of usefulness is, of
course, apparent ; but one would wish
to include in such a body, besides the
comparatively few active strikers, police-
men running amok, and militant Suffra-
gettes, that far vaster number who con-
vert for their own pleasure without thought
of utility. This list may be made to
include not only a cannibal eating a
fellow-creature, but also a man indulging
in other kinds of freak feasts, or even him
who turns an expensive cigar into smoke
without using the stimulus it supplies
as an aid to the accomplishment of work
for his fellows.
Another equally important fact to be
faced is that the admired business man
of to-day is not he who arranges
exchange of commodities profitable for
his fellows, but rather he who schemes
to profit himself by the exchange ; and
this means a transaction in which one
gains and the other loses. That part of the
profits of such success is given in aid of
modernized charity is, to our thinking,
but an aggravation of the offence. We
ourselves have recently experienced at the
hands of one of the great captains of
industry callous disregard of our request
for help in extending the benefits of our
own industry among those on whom he
has charitably "dumped" some of his
surplus wrealth. That our request was not
wholly ill-advised would appear from the
fact that we have since received from
one of his partially endowed institutions a
suggestion that we should make good his
omission out of our own limited resources.
The spirit of the age appears to be
against any middle course between the
doling out of money on so-called charity
and the loan of it only to industry which
holds forth the prospect of a speedy increase
of capital so placed. The people most
wedded to such ideas are just those who
complain most bitterly when the State
puts in hand necessary work which
cannot conform to the conditions they
themselves impose. Again, those who
possess the largest purchasing powers are
often those who indulge in the modern
rage for obtaining goods below their
proper cost. Quite recently we were told
of a millionaire whose general topic of
conversation was to share with his friends
a knowledge of the cheapest bargains.
At the time mentioned he had just
discovered how to obtain for a half-penny
apples usually — and rightly, in view of
the needs of labour, &c. — purchased at a
penny. We wish we could believe that
he distributed his information with any
other motive than the display of what
he accounted his own perspicacity.
To such wrong-headed notions we would
assign the real cause for our industrial
unrest, and without wishing to detract
from the merits of those who spend their
lives laboriously collecting statistics, we
may say (without fear of contradiction)
that, until the majority of men think
differently, legislative acts will do little
more than curb obvious rapacity. How-
ever economically disastrous the methods
of those responsible for Labour wars may
be, we may at least congratulate ourselves
that such things as strikes are usefully edu-
cative. A medical student, ruefully survey-
ing hands blistered by loading coal, may
yet learn the joy of escaping brain-fag and
experiencing a sufficiency of physical
exercise in a more useful way than if he
broke up meetings and destroyed the
property of those who have not secured
his intellectual tolerance.
The expression of such views as these
will, no doubt, lead to our being classed by
some among the "kill-joys" and ascetics,
though we are ready to vie with anybody
in our joie de vivre. If we harbour a grudge
at all, it is against those who commandeer
more than their fair share of things of
which a sufficiency Ls necessary to all.
They force those who think as we do to
curtail legitimate claims in the hope of
redressing, if only by a little, the balance
for those burdened with an existence
which is not only painful to themselves,
but also is — from a national standpoint —
uneconomic ; uneconomic because we have
a claim on every human creature to render
public service, but at present that claim in
many an instance is not enforceable, because
individuals, owing to their environment,
lead an existence which is as low as that
which obtains in the animal kingdom, and
sometimes even lower.
Though the world is full to-day of Dope
that the sense of mutual responsibility is
growing, Vet there are still those who
suffer discouragement because their well-
meant efforts seem often to be devoid ol
any result.
With our closing words we would remind
them that •' the mills of ( rod grind slow Iv."
and to those who in their pride pit their
wealth againsl the inevitable we would
recall the fact that the verse closes with
the words "yet they grind exceed
small."
178
T II E ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, Jan. 31, 1914
THE LABOUR PROBLEM.
Since the fourteenth century there has
been " labour unrest," manifesting itself
in various ways, but the difference that
is noted in the twentieth is that Labour
is self-conscious, articulate, and definitely
striving towards a permanent settlement.
What that settlement will be rests with
itself ; as Marx said, " Its liberation must
be its own act." No satisfactory or
lasting; solution can be attained bv theories
promulgated by benevolent writers who
stud}' the problem from without. Hence
much of the literature that is accumulating
on the subject does little beyond exciting
a mild interest.
Even with a good comprehension of
the developing ideals of Labour, and with
the best motives, very few succeed in
doing more than sending out carefully
planned treatises from comfortable homes
— the pressure of the economic factor is
not realized. But economics, or the
material basis, must be perpetually kept
in view as the foundation of any social
system, otherwise the system will inevit-
ably fall to pieces. This does not mean
that nothing but the material must be
considered in delineating the features of
the society of the future ; but merely
that all must rest on the material, and
be conditioned by it.
Along with the economic factor others
will work — education, religion, &c. — and
the reconstruction of society will go on
synthetically ; the almost unconscious
assumption that one factor will be a pana-
cea must be guarded against. The other
factors are working, and it is futile to
ignore them ; but the one that is insistent
to-day is the economic.
The sub-title of Mr. Cole's book on
' The World of Labour,' ' A Discussion
of the Present and Future of Trade-
Unionism,' is descriptive of its contents,
for no other aspect of the world of
Labour is more than touched. Mr.
Cole's main hopes rest upon the trade
unions, in which, he believes, there are
" signs of a half - conscious awakening of
the new spirit," which is concerned with
not only wages, but also questions of
" discipline." The present reviewer is
of opinion that, whether industry is
nationalized or syndicalized, nothing but
strong trade unions can prevent bureau-
cracy in the first case, or can competently
manage it in the second. But trade unions
in order to become the real force and to
establish a sovereignty of their own.
limited in its sphere to the control of
industry, must be grouped in a single
great federation of industry. This Mr.
Cole defines as " the linking up of inde-
pendent Unions for specific purposes,
usually for concerted action in trade dis-
putes," and he prophesies that
" the Greater Unionism will turn out to be
a movement not only in the direction of
consolidation of forces. It will also force
The World of Labour. By G. D. H. Cole.
(Bell & Sons, 5s. net.)
Revolutionary Syndicalism. By J. A. Estey.
(P. S. King & Son, 7s. 6d. net.)
the Unions to develop new systems of
representative government, and to adopt
administrative devolution such as we see
beginning, slowly but certainly, in Govern-
ment departments. It will lead not only to
united action, but also to efficient manage-
ment, and will compel the Unions to bring
themselves up to date, and to abandon the
conservatism which, in management no
less than in structure, has too long pre-
vented them from realizing to the full their
common interest in face of the common
enemy, and equally from fitting themselves
for the new functions in industry which
they are already being called upon to per-
form .... In studying the future of Trade-
Unionism we shall be regarding it as the
future partner of the State in the control of
industry — no longer as a mere fighting
organization .... but as a self-governing,
independent corporation with functions of
its own, the successor of Capitalism as well
as its destroyer."
The recent history of trade unions in
England has shown that they have be-
come "respectable," and not fairly repre-
sentative of the working-class ; this is
the reason why much mismanagement
has been shown, much unstatesmanlike
facing of problems, and little anticipation
of difficulties. But the author believes
that the unions are bound to go on
widening their demands, and that "every
inch of footing gained in the control of
industry is gained for ever."
The chapters on ' Trade Union Struc-
ture ' and * Government ' are exhaustive
and critical, and the same may be said
of the accounts of the Labour movement
in the United States, in France and
other European countries ; but Mr. Cole's
conclusion is surprising : —
" The greatest service that can be done
us by the intelligent study of foreign Labour
movements is to save us at least from be-
coming internationalists."
The causes of Labour unrest are enu-
merated as underpayment, the supposed
failure of the Parliamentary Labour
Party, and, to a certain extent, agitation.
Of the Labour Party the author says that
" it consists largely of men who do not
believe in independent Labour representa-
tion at all, and of a small section that does
not believe in the Liberal Alliance " ;
but his judgment regarding Socialism
in that party is not so acute, as else-
where he regards the Labour Party as
" that sad failure of Socialism endeavour-
ing, by a trick, to seem stronger than it
really is." In fact, except in the sphere
of trade-unionism, where he is well-read
and competent to speak, Mr. Cole is ap-
parently uncertain as to fundamental
principles. Syndicalism (which we notice
lower down) is "a very ill - thought - out
and vague assertion of the producer's
point of view," and Mr. Cole does not
believe that it involves an antagonistic
attitude to the State, which, he says, is
" the corner-stone of the edifice of Capital-
ism." Yet he can also say : —
" The Unions have to fight sham social
peace and shoddy patriotism ; but they
have to work for the realization of that
real peace which can only come with the
dissolution of the capitalist system and the
substitution for it of a Society dominated
throughout by the producer's point of
view, which is the spirit of social service. . . .
The Trade Unions must fight in order that
they may control ; it is in warring with
Capitalism that they will learn to do with-
out it ; but it is the State that, in the end,
will set them free."
Mr. Cole would eliminate the control of
industry from the sphere of the State,
and leave it "to work for the deepening
of the national life, for the realization of a
greater joy and a greater individuality."
He looks upon economics as " only a
branch of the true politics," and he
thinks that " the whole question of the
control of industry is not economic but
ethical." In a certain sense all questions
are ethical, but those of the workers, the
control of industry, the rights of the pro-
ducers, &c, inevitably rest upon an eco-
nomic basis ; a basis, however, is, we
repeat, not the whole of the structure,
but a necessary foundation without which
the building falls to ruin.
Mr. Cole thinks highly of The New Age
and its series of articles on ' Guild Social-
ism.' He has appreciative words for
The Daily Herald, and The Daily Citizen,
but it is strange that he does not mention
Justice, perhaps the most typical paper
of advanced thinkers in the Labour
movement.
The last two chapters, on ' Economics
and Politics ' and ' Hopes and Fears.' are
thoughtful attempts to present all sides
of the case, rather than definite solutions
of the problem dealing with " the revalua-
tion and new synthesis " of the State and
Labour. We do not discover an essential
philosophy behind the discursiveness, and
outside the realm of trade - unionism the
work does not add to previous knowledge ;
but it forms a valuable addition to the
literature of that subject. There is a
full Bibliography.
Dr. Estey publishes, expanded and
recast, his thesis for the doctor's degree of
the University of Wisconsin, an exposi-
tion, history, and criticism of Syndicalism
as it has manifested itself in France. Mr.
Lovell Price in the Introduction is antago-
nistic to the principles of Syndicalism.
Dr. Estey, who believes that the move-
ment, if it has not already failed, will not
ultimately succeed, separates the " intel-
lectuals," such as M. Sorel, from the " men
of action," such as M. Pouget, and points
out that the ideas of one section are not
always acceptable to the other. Syndical-
ism in practice existed in the early nine-
ties ; its directing centre, the Confedera-
tion Generate du Travail (the well-known
" C.G.T."), was established in 1895 ;
but in theory it was not formulated
in M. Sorel's ' L'Avenir Socialiste des
Syndicats ' until two years later.
The author traces the evolution of
Revolutionary Syndicalism — which he calls
" a product of circumstances " — through
its various phases, from its beginning in
the revolt against the Minimum Pro-
gramme of Guesde (1879), which was to
be attained by political methods : —
" This early Syndicalism was moderate,
conservative, opposed to violence. It leaned
towards conciliation rather than antagonism,
to social peace rather than class war."
Si
pp
.ement, Jan. 31« 1014]
TIIK ATH ENJIUM
170
\'e\t came the formation of Bourses du
Travail, or Labour Exchanges, by the
militants of the French Labour move-
ment, and later the establishment of the
"C.G.T."
"an organization which, with 'no inten-
tion of superseding the Federation of
Bourses du Travail, attempted such com-
prehensiveness us to include it. It opened
it^ door- to isolated syndicate, to local
onions of syndieats. . . .to federations of
crafl and industry, whether departmental,
»nal, or national .... It was to be the
guardian in general of the labouring classes,
encouraging them to fight and win their
own battles and in their own way. Above
all. it was to remain aloof from all political
schools, being Syndicalist rather than
Socialist.''
Tor some years there was a struggle in
the '" C.G.T." between the pacific re-
formers and the militants, but at the
Congress of Bourges (1904) " Revolu-
tionary Syndicalism as a guiding principle
in the struggle of Labour against Capital
made its debut.'- The Confederation
General du Travail has made its presence
and power felt in the industrial arenas of
France, against Capitalism and the State.
The chapter on ' The Question of
Method " is excellent in its unbiased pre-
8?ntation of Syndicalist premises : —
" Revolutionary Syndicalism is primarily a
method of action of which the aim is eventu-
ally to transform the present industrial
system into something more capable of
Satisfying at once the needs of production
and the demands of distributive justice. . . .
[ Its supporters] see in the industrial arrange-
ments of to-day only a machinery whereby
the labouring classes, the producers of all
wealth, are systematically exploited by
those who chance to own the various means
of production. . . .This exploitation of labour,
this exaltation of the bourgeoisie, \\ ill dis-
appear only with the disappearance of the
•••in itself. . . .The miseries of the working
classes. .. .may be alleviated by philan-
thropic legislation, they may be glossed
• !' by schemes of solidarity, profit-sharing,
rtnership. . . .but they can never be
removed save by the elimination of . . . .all
the essential features of that system of
production known as Capitalism."
The Socialist political party, controlled
by intellectuals " and bourgeois Social-
ist-, fa distrusted by Syndicalists, who
regard it as of no permanent value to
the proletariat. The Syndicalist says
that there is an intimate connexion be-
tween the economic and political systems
of every age ; that the forms of govern-
ment coincide with, and are determined
by. the existing economic order. There-
ire the
" institutions of Labour, the syndieats....
most be opposed to the institutions of
Capital . . . .The class war admits of no inter-
diary. The action of the labourers must
be direct."
Descriptions are given of Syndicalist
practice : (1) The idea of the general
strike, which Dr. Estey regards as
ial myth."' and though such a
strike has never yet taken place, he de-
clares that it has failed. The statistics
be quotes with regard to single strikes
are scarcely applicable to the general
strike, different in its nature and results ;
and the strike of May, 1906, which
included several trades in France, was not
general. (2) Sabotage, defined as
•• any process whereby labourers, whether
still at work or in the act of Striking, can do
damage to the material possessions of their
employers."
(3) Anti-militarism, and its results-
Syndicalists aver that, when once the
soldier realizes that his uniform does not
abolish his class, the army will no longer
be the efficient instrument of capitalistic
despotism ; yet Dr. Estey makes the re-
markable statement : —
;< If it were possible to suppress all war,
society would fall into rapid decay, and it is
just because they preserve, in an order
threatened with the decadence of social
peace, the invigorating violence of class war.
that Syndicalists lay claim to the gratitude
of the world at large."'
(4) External pressure, such as wide dis-
tribution of literature and pamphlets,
meetings, processions, and other public
demonstrations.
The claims of Syndicalists that their
solution of the Labour question is an
" essential agent in the civilization of
the world " are very fairly presented,
and the Syndicalist State is painted in
highly favourable colours : —
" Thus inheriting from Capitalism me-
chanical processes developed to their highest
perfection, furnished with a technical educa-
tion worthy of such a birthright, stimulated
by a love for work which has become dignified
and honourable, with an affection for his
workshop which only freedom from con-
straint and exploitation can develop, his
productive vigour and directive powers
strengthened by the sense of responsibility
and initiative which the struggle against
Capital and the peculiar organization of
Labour have produced, the worker of the
Syndicalist State will display an efficiency
which will be the surest guarantee for the
success of production. And if production is
efficient, the future of industrial society,
as seen in Syndicalist perspective, takes on
the rosiest aspect."
But Dr. Estey devotes a chapter to prov-
ing that such a condition of things is not
possible, and, if it were, the results would
be disastrous. It is to be regretted that
his logical refutation is not equal to his
comprehension of Syndicalism ; it is as if
his reason applauded its methods and
aims, but his prejudices and the
outcome of class interest were against
them. The arguments brought against
the Syndicalist claims either beg the
question or infer that, with the
progress of such ideas, there would
be no corresponding progress of the
labourer. In conclusion, the author
assigns praise to the Revolutionary Syndi-
calists for three results : they have en-
gendered among workers habits of inde-
pendence and self-reliance; they have
pointed out the comparative impotence
| of Parliamentary activity; and they have
insisted that " the emancipation of the
labourers must be the work of the la-
bourers themselves."
The whole study indicates laborious
research and considerable power of expres-
sion, but it emanates from one who has
only an outside- view of the matter on
which he writes.
[NDUSTRIAL COMBINATION AXD
CO-PARTNERSHIP.
A COMPHKUENSIVE KNOWLEDGE of t hat
aspeot of the subject with which he deals
is shown by -Mr. Carter Ul 'The Tendency
towards Industrial Combination,' and
signs of much industry in the compilation
of detailed instances appear. Such a
problem as that of industrial combination
is recognized as being difficult and diverse,
and the conclusions reached cannot be
unqualified. With a few exceptions, Mr.
Carter is not dogmatic, and by adopting
the historical and comparative method
he is able to trace the gradual develop-
ment of combination in Great Britain.
He says : —
'The development of the modern tend
ency towards the formation of industrial
combinations is of comparatively recent
date in English history. Here its appear-
ance was later and its progress slower than
is the case with the corresponding develop-
ments in U.S.A. and on the Continent ....
The end of the nineteenth century and t In-
beginning of the twentieth has witnessed
the full and conscious development of a
method of industrial organization which
aims at the regulation of the competitive
system and the elimination of its evil con-
sequences."
But in the last sentence we note the
omission of a vital factor which scarcely
appears in the whole volume. Labour is
not represented here ; trade unions are
not mentioned. The combinations of
Labour have interacted with those of
Capital ; the employers and employees
have powerfully affected each other's
combinations and organizations, both
directly and indirectly, and some indica-
tion of such a process should have been
given. In a book of 38G pages three
references only are made to the working-
class, and those passing ones such as : —
" The appearance of labour troubles and
strikes with some firms might often result
to the advantage of other firms by putting
more trade at their disposal. Only in
special cases where the terms of agreement
definitely include reference to joint action
against Labour does temporary combina-
tion involve any increased power to control
employees.'
"Amidst the hitter struyides and the un-
necessary suffering caused hy the many
strikes that have taken place of recent years
within the coal industry .... it cannot but
be suggested that some regulation of inter-
necine competition by the joint ait ion of
coalowners might present at least a partial
solution of various difficulties. .. .There is
good reason to suppose thai if some form
of joint Organization could he adopted....
the results would ultimately prove bene-
ficial to the industry and the community
generally, and also might minimize the
causes of dispute between masters and
men."
The aim of industrial combination is not
only to restrain competitive trade, but
also to diminish the power of the work.
The Tendency towards Industrial Combina-
tion. Bj l ieorge R. < art r. (< Sonatable A
( 'o., ti.v. net.)
Co-partm rehvpand ProfU-ehan I kneurin
Williams. "Home University Library."
(Williams A Norgate, 1-. net.)
8
180
THE ATHENilUM
[Supplement, Jan. 31, 1914
combinations ; and a treatise which
totally omits that element is necessarily
false in perspective as well as incomplete
in matter.
Mr. Carter is evidently of opinion that
the existing conditions of production and
the wage-system will not give way to
different ones : he says, " Industry in
England still is, and must continue to be,
dominated by the competitive system " ;
and elsewhere : " Of course, it is probable
that the small firms producing certain
classes of iron and steel goods will never
be eliminated." (The italics are ours.)
He can see no other remedy for the
monopoly that a combination of enter-
prises tends to create than the creation
of new competitors — " the maintenance
of potential competition." But it is not
improbable that the words which follow
may bear a different content from that
in the author's mind : —
" However, much more important, and
perhaps much more uncertain, is the ques-
tion as to the probable sjmere and influence
of the combination movement, and also its
ultimate development and general bearing
on English industry .... Of the wider pro-
blem— the distribution of the social product
more equitably than is possible through
the unrestricted operation of the com-
petitive system — it is well said it will soon
have to be dealt with in some form or
other."
Capitalists, heads of great industrial
organizations, and employers of labour,
will here find information of value, and
workers' organizations can discover signs
to warn them.
The Bibliography and Index are excel-
lent.
Mr. Williams, who has been practically
interested in his subject 'Co-partnership
and Profit-sharing ' for over twenty years,
believes that they are
" destined to do in the industrial world
what the introduction of constitutional
rights has done in government. . . .to trans-
form autocracy and monopoly into demo-
cracy, gradually, peacefully, and with profit
in the long-run to all concerned."
His whole treatise, however, is written
from the point of view of Capital rather
than of Labour, and the assumption
is made that business experience, tech-
nical skill, and organizing power are to be
found solely among the employers, and
that all which labour requires is to be
efficiently "led." We doubt Mr. Wil-
liams's knowledge of either middle-class
or working-class families when he can
state : —
" Now almost every middle-class family
has its few hundred, or few thousand, pounds
of capita] invested in the industries of the
country, and fructifying there, adding to
the income of that family, and standing as a
reserve between that family and misfortune.
Already, through building societies, co-
operative societies, and so forth, a consider-
able part of the working classes are accumu-
lating capital also." (Italics ours.)
Mr. Williams does not answer the
objections that the prosperity of co-
partnership depends on the prosperity of a
particular business, and that no guarantee
of permanent maintenance is given to
the workers. Nor does it abolish the
system of " wage-slavery." In fact, very
little space is devoted to the objections
of Socialism to Co-partnership, and any
connexion with Syndicalism is repudiated.
However, the book gives a clear if one-
sided account of Co-partnership and Profit-
sharing in themselves, and of the aims
and ideals of the employers concerned : —
" Profit-sharing and Labour Co-partner-
ship, to be fully efficient, must, on the
employer's part, proceed from altruistic
and not selfish motives."
There are well-informed chapters on the
history of the movement in various parts
of Europe and America, especially in
France, which is the classical country of
Profit-sharing. Interesting accounts are
given of different employers — successful
ones ! — who have adopted some form of
the system. Mr. Williams thinks that
trouble with trade unions " does not affect
the soundness of the principle of Co-
partnership," and acknowledges that they
have done much ; but he believes that
" workmen would get by Co-partnership
far more than the trade unions can gain
for them." We doubt, however, if the
following description will stand the test
of the twentieth century : —
" Thus Co-partnership in its ultimate
development, besides seeking to promote a
harmony of interests between the workers,
whether with hand and brain, and those who
find the capital, recognizes also the interests
of the consumers, the community, the State.
From Socialism and from Syndicalism, from
voluntary association and from capitalism,
it takes the best elements, and strives to
conserve and to harmonize them in the
common interest of all."
THE LAND.
The last few years have seen the publica-
tion of a great number of books — historical
and descriptive — dealing with land ques-
tions. After diagnosis comes treatment ;
the output of books continues, but schemes
and suggestions of reform preponderate.
Of the five books before us, four are con-
cerned with remedial measures, and only
one treats of the present and is, on the
whole, satisfied with it.
Mr. Joseph Hyder has been secretary
to the Land Nationalization Society for
many years, and in ' The Case for Land
Nationalization ' expresses the views of a
body that numbers ninety members of
Parliament among its Vice-Presidents.
It is a matter for regret that a proposal
that has such influential support has not
found a clearer exponent. Mr. Hyder has
spoilt the powerful case there is for drastic
The Case for Land Nationalization. By
Joseph Hyder. (Simpkin, Marshall, Hamil-
ton & Kent, 2s. 6d. net.)
The Land : the Report of the Land Enquiry
Committee. — Vol. I. Rural. (Hodder &
Stoughton, Is. net.)
The Rural Problem. By Henry D. Harben.
(Constable & Co., 2s. Qd. net.)
Problems of Village Life. By E. N. Bennett.
" Home University Library." (Williams
& Norgate, Is. net.)
A Pilgrimage of British Farming, 1910-12.
By A. D. Hall. (John Murray, 5s. net.)
land reforms by protesting too much. We
are deeply moved by the appalling facts of
rural overcrowding he uses, but the
restrictions imposed on behalf of the land-
lords of the reign of Edward III., in
exceptional circumstances, by the Statutes
of Labourers, do not appear relevant to
the argument of the book. One might
almost imagine that the author had sub-
scribed for the last twenty years to a
press-cutting agency, and had here given
his readers all the clippings relating to the
misdeeds of landlords. Mr. Hyder writes
of landlords with special animosity,
as if they were less awake to their
responsibilities, as a class, than any
other body of capitalists. He pursues
them down the centuries, stumbling at
almost every step. " The common fields
were invariably divided into three long
strips," he assures us. Recent historical
work — such as Prof. Gonner's * Common
Land and Inclosure ' — seems to have had
little effect, if any upon Mr. Hyder*s
indictments. He does not appear to
understand, for example, that this country
would never have survived the Con-
tinental System without the increased
home production of corn made possible
by inclosures. We do not for a moment
maintain that the Inclosure Acts of 1775-
1845 were all passed with entirely dis-
interested motives, but the whole move-
ment was certainly far from undiluted
robbery.
Elsewhere Mr. Hyder enumerates
cases of petty injustices committed by
landlords distraining upon poor tenants,
and later admits that this particular form
of hardship has been removed by the Law
of Distress Amendment Act, 1908. Such
an argument simply weakens the case ;
if a simple piece of legislation is all that
is needed to abolish a particular form of
hardship, it is surely futile to base a
demand for far more drastic legislation
upon the same grounds. Here, as else-
where, the book conveys the impression
that it was largely written many years ago.
The chapter on the taxation of lanel
values takes a view that is certainly not
that of many of the Vice-Presidential M.P.s
— that land values taxation would bar the
road to nationalization. The chapter on
' How to Nationalize the Land ' is extra-
ordinarily inconclusive. The reviewer has
entire sympathy with the principle of land
nationalization, but regards the book as
another instance of reason outrun by zeal.
Indeed, Baron de Forest's brief ' Minority
Report ' on the Land Enquiry Committee
presents a far more convincing and prac-
ticable case.
The Report of this Committee is cer-
tainly a elocument of high importance.
It not only contains a mass of authenti-
cated facts, but it is also a' palpable piece
of evidence that the social conscience
is growing, while it rejoices the heart
of the pure sociologist by its masterly
arrangement. Our readers will be \>y
this time familiar with the principal re-
commendations, and we do not propose
to deal with them seriatim. We should
point out, however, that in matters apper-
taining to land problems, this Report
Supplement, Jan. 31, 1014]
THE A Til KX .ET M
lsi
Mill be the death-knell of the one-remedy
politician. Just as the Report of the
Poor Law Commission of 1909 proved,
once and for all. that unemployment was
not one problem, but a bundle of several
problems, each requiring separate treat-
ment, and that consequently neither
Tariff Reform nor any other simple
Bolution would settle them all ; so tins
Report splits up the Land Problem into
its constituent parts, and indicates the
various methods which will have to be
■employed simultaneously.
The Report contains masses of detailed
facts about village life — terrible facts
which, unfortunately, could be paralleled
bv almost anybody with a thorough
knowledge of the conditions of even a
single village. Low wages and insufficient
and inadequate cottages are the two car-
dinal evils of rural England, and are the
causes of a more utter hopelessness than
is known in the worst slums of the great
<:ities. We believe that the facts will be
readily endorsed by a large number of
Unionist landowners, although the inquiry
%\as made in order to provide a basis for
Liberal legislation. Indeed, a few Con-
servative peers actually helped the Com-
mittee, realizing that, after all, the matter
was above party, and concerned the
interests of all humanity.
The Fabian Society formed a Committee
in 1912 to inquire into the same subjects,
although upon a far less lavish scale. The
members of the Committee included men
and women with a special knowledge
•of country life, and received evidence
from many who would certainly not be
described as Socialists. The chairman of
the Committee was himself a large land-
owner. It is interesting to find that there
is virtual agreement on the general lines
■of reform between the Liberal and Fabian
reports. The former wishes to set up
a ■" Wage Tribunal " in order to establish
-a minimum wage ; the latter, published
■ The Rural Problem,' would enact a
minimum wage of 23«. a week, and set
up local Wages Boards to deal with points
of detail concerning wages. Both reports
-would make it the definite statutory duty
of every Rural District Council to provide
cottages wherever there is a deficit. The
Fabian Report would stop all Grants-in-
Aid — for whatever purpose — to District
Councils which were backward in carrying
out their duties.
Mr. Bennett's little book, ' Problems
of Village Life,' joins the chorus of
claimants for a minimum wage and the
compulsory provision of cottages. He
Strongly urges the reform of the Small
Holdings Act on the linos of the Scot-
tish Act; that is, by transferring the
administration from the apathetic County
Councils to a Commission. He, too, is
in favour of land nationalization, and
Supports the simple method of gradual
purchase. He writes with a freedom
that we cannot look for in the reports of
Committees, and is therefore able to put
his opinions with refreshing vigour. Raif-
feisen is consistently misspelt " Raffeissen."
Mr. A. 1). Hall's -Pilgrimage of British
Farming' gains in interest when read in
association with the above books. The
author — who is one of the Development
Commissioners and has a real gift for
writing — made extensive journeys through
rural England in 1910, 1911, and 1912,
and published his observations in The
Times. He follows Cobbett in close-
ness of attention, but confines it mainly
to the soil. His book is to be read as a
sequel to Mr. Prothero's - English Farming,
Past and Present'; after Mr. and Mrs.
Hammond's ' The Village Labourer ' it
woidd be unintelligible. He describes
crops and soils with the sure pen of an
acknowledged expert, but he regards the
labourer as a mere accessory. " His wages
. . . .nowr all over the country are equi-
valent or more than equivalent to a
pound a week," he tells us. The Report
of the Board of Trade Inquiry into
the Earnings of Agricultural Workers in
1907 (Cd. 5460), 1910, showed that the
average weekly earnings of ordinary
labourers in all the counties of England
amounted to only 17s. 6d., of which 3s.
was the estimated value of payment in
kind. Such suggestions as appear in the
works we have already noticed are gently
pooh-poohed. Mr. Hall believes that,
though farmers often err, agriculture is in
a thriving state to-day. We are glad
to have this assurance from so distin-
guished an authority.
ECONOMICS.
One swallow does not make a summer, and
it is unsafe to generalize as to the trend
of modern economic thought from Prof.
Davenport's ' Economics of Enterprise.'
Yet we find the following passage near the
end of the book, and accept it as a happy
indication of the way the wind is
blowing : —
" Economics must cease to be a system of
apologetics, the creed of the reactionary,
a defense of privilege, a social soothing
sirup, a smug pronouncement of the right-
eousness of whatever is."
We do not know whether the Economics
Professor at the University of Missouri
may be taken as a representative exponent
of his subject, but we rejoice nevertheless.
For the rest, apart from the spirit in
The Economics of Enterprise. By Herbert
Joseph Davenport. (Macmillan & Co.,
10*. net.)
An Introduction to Economics for Indian
Students. By AV. EL Moreland. (Same
publishers, 5s. net.)
Wealth. By Edwin Cannan. (P. S. King
and Son, '.is. 6'/. n<-t .)
The Nature and First Principle of Taxation.
By Hubert .Jones. With a Preface by
Sidney Webb. (Same publishers, Is. ba,
net.)
The ('relit System. By W. <■. Langworthy
Taylor. (Macmillan A ('<>., H's. net.)
The Influence of the Gold Supply on Prices
and Profits. By Sir l>;i\id Harbour.
(Same publishers, 3s. «></. net.)
Insurana and the State, By W. F. Gephart*
(Same publishers, 5*. <W. net.)
w hieh it is w ritteii. his book follows familiar
lines, with special stress on price and cost
of production. We notice a reference to
' industrial Democracy,' by Sidney and
•• Alice " Webb.
An Introduction to Economics for
Indian Students' is distinguishable from
the ordinary run of " Elements " and
" Outlines " by its numerous applications
of economic theory to Indian conditions.
We hear, therefore, of the effects of the
caste system upon the mobility of labour,
and of the Government's tenancy legis-
lation upon the normal operation of the
law of rent. Dr. .Marshall's ' Elements
of Economics of Industry ' has evidently
been taken as the model for the book.
We turn to Prof. Caiman's ' Wealth '
with real gratification. This work has
all the merits of the author's ' Ele-
mentary Economics,' but is upon a larger
scale. The author surveys the economic
landscape with a fastidious eye 1 hat refuses
to accept theories which have merely an
ornamental interest. He is extremely
practical, and specializes in noticing and
explaining the important omissions of
other economists. This, for example, is
probably the only primer which contains
an adequate discussion of the causes of the
low wages paid to women. Prof. Cannan
confines himself to extended definitions,
with the purpose of making the beginner
grasp the full meaning of the language
of economics. It remains to be said that
he is the possessor of a keen sense of
humour.
To pass on to more specialized works, it
is difficult to understand the necessity for
' The Nature and First Principle of Taxa-
tion,' by Mr. Robert Jones. He gives
an immense number of extracts from
writers who have dealt with the subject
from the authors of the ancient sacred
books of India and China to our own day
— with the object of discovering the funda-
mental principle involved. Naturally,
he has found that, in the place of a
single general principle, there are and
have been a multitude of more or Less
Overlapping ideas. Mr. Jones has come to
the conclusion that Economy is the Firsl
Principle for which he has been seeking
but, as his definition of Economy is so
wide as to include perhaps most of the
canons of taxation which have been
current in modern times, his discovery
does not lead us very far. When he
attempts to classify, he falls short, in
our opinion, of Prof. Seligman'a essay
on 'The Classification of the Public
Revenues.'
Mr. Sidney Webb's brief Preface
contains far more original thoughl than
the whole of Mr. .Jones's essay. Here
it is pomied out that "" there are in
the United Kingdom of to-day aol a
lew taxes that we could nol attempt
to los<-. even if we did nol need the
revenue"; and the modern vie^ ol the
object of taxation, as the deliberate
spending for the purpose ol making us
"healthier, and wiser, and wealthier," is
stated in an exhilarating manner thai
mn t make the average author ..t economic
182
THE ATHENAEUM
["Supplement, Jax. 31, 1914
literature envy the freedom of ' the
irresponsible preface-writer," as Mr. Webb
describes himself.
Prof. Langworthy Taylor's study of
Credit deals with its subject as a kinetic,
not as a static phenomenon. This point
of view enables the author to discuss crises
in a new light, and to reach the inter-
esting conclusion that the demand for gold
is a consequence of the quantity of credit,
rather than the converse. He follows Dr.
Marshall rather than Prof. Irving Fisher,
and demands an " evolutionary," and
not a " psychological," consideration for
Credit,
Since the Quantit}- Theory became a
bone of contention among the politicians
of the United States it has undergone a
temporary loss of dignity. Sir David
Barbour, already known as an authority
on Indian currency, attempts a rehabilita-
tion of the theory in ' The Influence of
the Gold Supply on Prices and Profits,'
with a view to refurbishing one of the
most useful weapons in the Bimetallist
armoury.
Much ink has already been shed over
the Quantity Theory, especially since
Prof. Irving Fisher published his ' Pur-
chasing Power of Money.' Whatever its
demerits, Prof. Fisher's well-known equa-
tion
MV+M'V'=RP
is, at any rate, susceptible to mathematical
handling. But Sir David Barbour's
P=Q4
where W is the work money has to perform,
and E its efficiency, has little more than a
decorative interest. " I should be very
unwilling to attempt to assign a definite
numerical value to E and W, or even P,
at any particular time," says the author,
who states that the value of the equation
depends on its form alone.
There has been, we believe, a steady
rise in the price of practically every com-
modity since 1900. But we venture to
doubt whether the prime cause has been
the opening of South African gold mines
as a result of the Boer War. The rise has
been too erratic, too uneven, to be ascribed
to one particular origin. Trade com-
binations have also done their share. He
would indeed be a hardy upholder of the
Quantity Theory who maintained that
the increased cost of builders' materials
was due to the output of gold. The danger
of allowing oneself to be ensnared in
the net of the Quantity Theorist is that,
having once succumbed to his argument,
the victim is logically led to regard all
problems of prices and wages — the social
problem, in fact — in terms of gold pro-
duction. This is what has happened to
Sir David Barbour, who says : " The
practice which appears to be growing up of
attempting to remedy by Legislation the
evils that are due to a rise or fall in prices
is full of danger." Thus is laissez-faire
re-established by the cyanide process.
In reviewing Prof. Gephart's ' Principles
of Insurance ' {Athen., July 13th, 1912) we
pointed out that insurance profits were,
in a sense, analogous to land values :
both are created and subsidized by the
community. The extension of the work
of public health departments, the in-
crease in the efficiency of fire brigades,
the progressive lengthening of life by
the care of the young in the hands
of educational authorities — all this means
a diminution of risks. This results in
higher profits for the insurance companies,
of which the insuring public receives but
a small proportion in the form of bonuses
and reduced premiums. During the last
two or three years several States have
taken steps towards the nationalization
of life insurance. Italy, in particular,
has begun a specially drastic expro-
priation of the existing companies, which
are not to be indemnified in any way.
The problems discussed by Prof. Gephart
in the rest of his book on ' Insurance and
the State ' refer almost entirely to the
United States. He looks to the growth
of efficiency amongst fire insurance com-
panies to render State intervention un-
necessary ; and, while admitting the
utility of social insurance, he believes
that it would be extremely difficult to
apply in America. The subject of in-
surance, from the point of view of the
public, has received curiously little atten-
tion. We trust that Prof. Gephart's
thoughtful book will have a good recep-
tion.
IS MERE EXISTENCE DESIRABLE ?
Kennington Lane, with its houses of
drab respectability, was the scene of the
investigations by Mrs. Pember Reeves and
her co-workers which have led to ' Round
about a Pound a Week.' Their ostensible
object was an inquiry into infant mor-
tality ; but we are wisely allowed to
share some of their experiences. If the
.sharing were actual and bodily, instead of
through the medium of print, this night-
mare of wasted lives would pass away. Mrs.
Pember Reeves says : " If people living on
11. a week had lively imaginations, their
lives, and perhaps the face of England,
would be different." We believe rather
that if those who have noughts added
to that 11. a week on the right side had a
little imagination, the quotation might
have that nasty word " perhaps " deleted.
We pass over in pained silence the chapters
on ' The District,' ' The People,' ' Housing,'
' Sleeping Accommodation,' and ' Washing
Arrangements ' till we come to the chapter
entitled ' Thrift.'
Here a sigh of relief escapes us, not at
anything that is set down, but because
we are reminded of a frontispiece to an
old, but unhappily far from out-of-date
number of The. Labour Leader, which
contrasted the old and the new idea of
thrift. The old was portrayed by the
Round about a Pound a Week. By M. S.
Pember Reeves. (Bell & Sons, 2s. 6d. net.)
The Small Family System : is it Injurious or
Immoral? By C. V. Drysdale. (Fifield,
Is. net.)
sweated worker starving himself physically
and mentally in an endeavour to lay by
sufficient to avoid a pauper funeral ; the
new showed the working-man spending
his money on a trip into fresh air and
sunshine. In Kennington Lane, unfortu-
nately, they still " save " against the need
for a 30s. burial, but the day is surely
coming when they too will spend their
money on living, and let those who kill
bury the slain.
Tragic incidents bring a smile — grim
withal — to our lips ; such a one is that
of the helpmate " who discovered the
plan of buying seven cracked eggs for
3eZ." As she said, " it might lose you a
little of the egg, but you could smell it
first, which was a convenience." Another
is the boy's answer as to special features
which distinguish the days of Christ's-
birth and death. On the former " you
git a bigger bit of meat on yer plate than
ever you seen before, and w'en 'E dies
you get a bun."
We have chosen to consider Dr. Drysdale '&
little paper-covered book on ' The Small
Family System ' in conjunction with Mrs.
Pember Reeves's because there can be no
hesitation in affirming that the very poor
are in a large measure their own op-
pressors. So long as a marriage among
them is the precursor to providing a dozen
wage-slaves for capitalism, they are stand-
ing in their own light. Far be it from us to
criticize harshly their lack of restraint in
such matters. If we must criticize, we
prefer to reserve our wrath for those who
monopolize and waste the means of edu-
cating those who show signs of becoming
their masters before they have been given-
the opportunity to fit themselves for such
a position. We are not concerned to
answer the question put by Dr. Drysdale,
"Is the small family system injurious or
immoral ? " though, we admit, he makes
out a strong negative. We would rather
borrow a phrase from St. Paul, and say :
" All things are lawful unto me, but all
things are not expedient." Lest it should
be thought we thereby beg the question, we
will affirm that small families among the
very poor are undoubtedly expedient, but
in our opinion the reason for expediency
must be laid at the door of those who
waste. Dr. Drysdale proves by a wealth
of statistics that birth and death rates
rise and fall together, but here again we
believe the reason is to be sought in our
disastrous economic chaos.
Preventives are no doubt alleviators
of distress, but we would rather look to
the gradual restraint of those passions
which have so largely escaped control
through misuse. Though we should give
the fullest publicity to this valuable pam-
phlet, there is a "but"— and the "but"
is, to our minds, most important — many
reforms and reformers have become so
immersed in their alleviative remedies as
to forget the cure itself.
SiTi'LKMKXT, Jan. :U. 11)14]
Til E AT II KX.KI' M
1 83
AMERICAN 1 DEALS.
l'vur of the work of the Carnegie Peace
Kmlou menl consists in arranging for '* Ex-
change Professors "' to go from America to
Japan and vice versa. " to make the
different peoples better acquainted with
one another, and to lay the foundations
of international peace in international
knowledge." Prof. Mabie waa the first
o\ such lecturers to go from the United
States, and his addresses are reprinted
in ' American Ideals. Character, and Life.'
The spirit in which the lectures were
given is indicated in the first : —
'The long separation of the East and the
West has made it difficult for, the men of
the East and the men of the "West to under-
stand one another ; but 1 utterly reject the
idea that they cannot understand one
another ; that differences of landscape,
climate, religion, political and social ideal.
have been so wrought into temperament
and character that a permanent barrier lias
been built between the East and the West.
Such a barrier may exist for a little time in
the minds of men of selfish interest and
narrow racial feeling, but it has never risen
in the minds of men of vision, East or West ;
and the future belongs not to traders and
race bigots, but to men who, in statesman-
ship and in commerce, recognize that the
world, which has become a neighbourhood,
i- on the way to become a brotherhood."'
With large views and in broad gene-
ralizations Prof. Mabie recounts the cha-
racteristics of his country in its history,
literature, education, and government.
The chapters on the discovery, explora-
tion, and possession of the continent are
tinged with an imaginative colour that
i- rare in historical sketches. Personal
touches concerning various authors make
the account of American literature real
and living, and the lectures show a wide
acquaintance with European writers. Re-
-|K-ct for scholarship has always been an
American trait, and therefore the schools.
Colleges, and Universities receive full
treatment. Of the American College the
author says : —
" It perpetuates the tradition of liberal
rning which had its modern birth in the
University of Paris in the Middle Ages.
which has given to Oxford and Cambridge
a quality that has enriched the literature and
the lite of the English people ; and which,
the sea, has been shared by
- '■ u democracy without loss of its large-
l vision and its power of liberating
men from the narrowness of local interests
and provincial prejudices."
In depicting American ideals, to English
(feeders a- well as Japanese listener-.
the author is at his best : but when
dealing with fee government and economics
somewhat astray : —
'Education, fortune, and station have
D and an- oj.cn to all . . . .Success i- largely
[Uestioa of ability and endurance."
Ability and endurance are not con-
ducive to success without adequate oppor-
tunity, and this comes to comparatively
few. '
cm Ideals, Character, nmi Life. By
Hamilton Wright .Maine. (The .Macinillun
1 Sompany, 6a *'»/. net.)
L'i>n,r and Administration, By .John H.
Commons. (Macmillaa A Co., 7* net.)
In speaking of charitable organizations,
which he accepts complacently, he draws
this glowing picture : —
'" The American who does not belong to
half a dozen organizations of this kind and
is not working on half a dozen committees
is a rare person. The count ry is ravaged by
societies formed to do good to somebody."
The following is. to say the least of it. a
sweeping statement about Americans in
general : —
"To-day they have undertaken to re-
organize their business so as to bring it into
accord with the spirit of their institutions
and with the Christian ethics they profess."
Of the necessity for any reconstruction
of the social system, of the poverty, of
Trusts, of corruption in political circles,
there is not a word. Though the account
need not have been elaborated in Japan,
yet an indication that some evils existed
should, in our opinion, have been given.
The sensational press is all that is cen-
sured in social conditions.
However, a sense of futurity breathes
through the lectures, as though America
was destined to some vast evolution only
dimly felt by her : —
" The country is always planning for the
future.... an enormous national asset be-
cause it stands for a volume of undeveloped
resources which are tangible. . . .the de-
velopment of which is a matter of time and
capital."
But Ave believe the destiny of America
contains richer assets than these, and
they are vaguely felt in such passages as :
" The nation had an abiding faith in its
destiny, but it had not.... faced the pro-
blems of a complex and swiftly developing
prosperity and of the sudden influx of races
bred under radically different conditions."
The atmosphere of the countrj', says
Prof. Mabie, " has a transforming quality,"
and the genius of Washington only fore-
shadowed the great task when he urged,
after independence had been won, the
indissoluble union of the States, and
the laying aside of " local prejudices,
sectional jealousies, and mutual suspicion."
It is the amalgamation of widely differing
races into a new nation that is almost
unconsciously going on in America, and
it has been said that
'"when the future casts up the debts of
humanity to the nations, the chief gift of
America will be recorded. . . .in the courage
and faith with which it carried on this
nation-forging task."
Therefore, to a greater extent than other
nations. America has to achieve a solution
of political and social problems.
Prof. Commons has earned a right
to speak with authority on labour problems
by many years of inside experience.
The greater number of his essays in
'Labor and Administration' deal with
practical problems of trade-unionism and
social work, and contain many useful
suggestions, which our own social in-
vestigators would do Well to consider —
SUCh, for example, as those contained in
■ Standardizing the Home." where atten-
tion is drawn to the points to be observed
in a discussion of what constitutes proper
housing accommodation. Perhaps the
most interesting essay, however, is that
dealing with the .Milwaukee Bureau of
Economy and Efficiency, of which Prof.
Commons was formerly Director. From
L910 to L912 a Socialist administration,
for the first time, had the control of
Milwaukee. The City Council, looking
for methods to put its principles into
action, set up the Bureau of Economy,
with the object of examining the work at
all the executive departments, and elimin-
ating wastage of time and money. It is
noteworthy that the Bureau survived —
in principle, though not in name — the
defeat in 1912 of the Socialist administra-
tion, and that it received the warm ap-
proval of the strongest opponents of the
views of its founders. As was only to be
expected, the Bureau
"had to overcome all of the obstacles and
rule-of-thumb traditions of subordinate em-
ployees that have blocked this kind of work
in every city where it has been attempted."
In many cases the Bureau merely re-
organized the system of accounts, and
introduced new methods into office routine.
But among its more obviously economical
innovations were the consolidation of
the fire and police alarm telegraph
systems (which, it is interesting to note,
both the respective chiefs opposed), and
the utilization of by-products at the
refuse destroyer.
In cities which have grown rapidly it
often happens that the efficiency of the
Town Hall staff has failed to keep pace
with the increasing population. Many
American cities are now employing con-
sulting experts, on the lines adopted by
the great Trusts. Here America is giving
some of our great cities a useful hint.
Democracy in New Zealand. By Andre
Siegfried. Translated by E. V. Burns.
(Bell & Sons, 6s. net.)
M. Siegfried has not given us • the
soul of a people " in this sketch of
the social and political conditions of the
New Zealanders. His style of writing is
journalistic, and his attitude shows but
little sympathetic comprehension of the
aims and tendencies of the democracy.
But he has interesting chapters on the
topography of New Zealand, and the his-
torical account is clear and sufficiently
detailed. A large section of the book
deals with the political constitution in
general and especially with the SeddOD
Government and its numerous acts tor
the amelioration of Labour. The author
does not view with favour the Com-
pulsory Conciliation and Arbitration Act.
Describing its workings ami results he is
of opinion that the high estimation in
which it i- held by employe.- will
probably diminish as soon as ratings go
against them. The history of Old Age
Pensions and th<- Land Legislation is
discussed, and other law- dealing wi'h tha
protection of employees are described in a
manner that signifies disapproval ol such
• state intervention." The account ol
184
T II E A T H E N M U M
[Supplement, Jan. 31, 1914
the Feminist Movement and the working
of Woman's Suffrage is contradictory : —
" The only women who vote with per-
sonal and reasoned conviction are ....
those who may be styled intellectuals. . . .
Many ' ladies ' hardly trouble themselves to
go to the ballot box.... The wives of
working-men are not so indifferent ; but as a
rule they have no ideas of their own and
follow their husbands* opinion."
Yet on the next page he remarks : —
" The female proletariat of the hearth
generally takes its political mission very
seriously, and can hardly be turned aside by
promise or threat."
In fact, when dealing with institutions,
laws, geographical features, and historical
facts, M. Siegfried shows thoroughness
and a capacity for forcible exposition ;
but he lacks the insight necessary to under-
stand motives and the human soul.
Instead of giving us an appreciation of
the spirit of New Zealand — a fascinating
study by reason of the novel conditions
obtaining there — he depreciates the
people, and apparently has an innate
dislike to the working classes. According
to him, the object of New Zealanders is
to advertise themselves and to set an
example to the rest of the world by ex-
perimenting in all kinds of innovations.
He speaks of their " noisy self-assertion,"
sa,ys they are " incapable of self -distrust,"
and allows them no high motives : —
" Cynically practical and opportunist the
New Zealanders certainly are .... What the
New Zealanders most need .... is principles,
convictions, reasoned beliefs."
Throughout the book the people are
accused of snobbishness, of paying exag-
gerated respect to titles, and of regarding
the King as almost a divine being ! They
are given no credit for disinterested
motives, and scorn is poured over their
imperialistic ideas. Of Seddon we read :
'' The new British demagogy has no more
typical representative than this fortunate
individual, who united round his head the
double halos of noisy jingoism and of social
democracy."
This remark is typical of the book ; but
it does not suggest capability to compre-
hend national ideals or to paint true
portraits of a people.
Adler (Felix), Life and Destiny, 9d. net.
Watts
From the many addresses of Dr. Felix
Adler, the founder of the first Ethical
Society (New York), these " gems of
thought " have been selected and arranged
by the publishers, who, in the Preface, give
the three fundamental tenets of the Ethical
Movement : " The supremacy of the moral
end of life above all i ther ends, the suffi-
ciency of man for the pursuit of that end,
and the increase of moral truth to be ex-
pected from loyalty in this pursuit."
The subjects dealt with are such as ' The
Meaning of Life,' ' Love and Marriage,'
' Moral Ideals,' ' Suffering and Consolation,'
&c, and fairly represent the thought of the
Ethical Societies, also a certain lack of
vision and definite statement. The senti-
ments are curiously middle-class ; the
thoughts are noble, but their expression is
wanting in poetic feeling, and sometimes
sinks to the commonplace. Thus we
read : —
" The experience of progress in the past, the
hope of progress toward perfection in the future,
is the redeeming feature of life ; it is the one and
only solace that never fails."
Here is an extract from the passages on
' Love and Marriage,' which are for the
most part ordinary, though some of them
show insight : —
" The present tendency to accentuate the
qualities in which the sexes are alike is a tem-
porary reaction against unjust discrimination in
the past in favour of men. The differences are
more important than the similarities, and ere
long they will again receive the preponderant
attention which is due to them."
The booklet scarcely deserves a place with
Thomas a Kempis, Pascal, and Emerson,
though it is claimed in the Preface that it
is destined to be a religious and ethical
classic.
Hamilton (William Frederick), Compulsory
Arbitration in Industrial Disputes,
3/6 net. Butterworth
Dr. Hamilton begins thus : —
" When we consider the misery and crime
arising from strikes, the evil passions engendered
in the hearts of strikers, the widening of the gulf
separating employers from employed, the destruc-
tion of the happiness of many homes, the suffer-
ings of half-starved wives and children, the large
increase in mortality ... .the dynamite outrages,
the burning and destruction of property, blood-
shed, murder, executions, imprisonment, exile
from home in search of other work, the dissipation
of the savings of years, waste of capital, perma-
nent injury to the trade of the country, and the
danger of civil war — it is impossible not to sym-
pathise with every effort to do away with strikes
altogether, or at least to make them of very rare
occurrence."
The author's own point of view is here
clearly indicated, and is so one-sided as
to spoil the discussion from the start.
Dr. Hamilton would have all strikes ended
with " firmness," irrespective of any con-
sideration other than what he calls, without
defining it, " the public interest." He con-
siders that where a strike does not com-
mend itself to " the public, it is bound to fail
if the Government of the day prevents the
strikers from using violence and intimida-
tion."
A sketch of the working of the legislation
in New Zealand and Australia for the settle-
ment of industrial disputes by compulsory
arbitration is given, and it is explained that
the dissatisfaction of the workmen with
the constitution of the Arbitration Tribunal
was one cause of industrial unrest, though
" the principal cause no doubt was the
spread of Socialism and Syndicalism."
As an Appendix there is a draft of a
Bill embodying the author's recommenda-
tions with regard to compulsory arbitration
and a Wages Board system, framed on the
model of the Queensland Industrial Peace
Act (1912). In answer to the objection
that legislation of this kind would be im-
possible on account of the opposition of
the Labour Party, Dr. Hamilton says that
" legislation of this kind already exists in
countries where the Labour Party is in the
ascendant." But " legislation of this kind "
can never be successfully drafted by one
who has no adequate conception of the case
which strikers make out for themselves.
Macdonald (Ramsay J.), The Social Un-
rest : its Cause and Solution, paper
1/ net, cloth 2/6 net. Foulis
Another of Mr. Ramsay Macdonald's able
and intellectual essays. It is not the accu-
racy of the author's historical or present
knowledge of the position of Labour of
which we have any doubt : it is his willing-
ness to suffer deprivation of comforts, rather
than receive them at the hands of his com-
rades' oppressors, that we want assurance
of. It may be thought that a big title has
been put to a booklet of only just over one
hundred pages, but we believe the " cause
and solution " could be given in even fewer,
though we doubt whether the present author
is the person to do it. To take one point r
Mr. Macdonald says, "Mere increases in
wages are always to a certain extent only
nominal, because they have to be paid for by
increases in the cost of consumption." So
long as he believes in those words " have
to be," we do not think he is likely to give
the help which his great powers entitle his
fellows to expect from him.
Trine (Ralph Waldo), The New Alinement
of Life, 3/6 net. Bell
A mildly philosophic method of thought,
originating in America and now widely
popular, has evoked many volumes, of which
those of Mr. Ralph Waldo Trine are the best.
In this last one he attempts to make the
sayings of Jesus the guide for every aspec-
of present-day life. While rejecting tradi-
tional Christianity, he regards its spirit as the
highest of any religious system, and believes
that with the general acceptance of Christian
principles there would follow reduction of
armaments and cessation of the conflicts
between Labour and Capital. Mr. Trine does
not strike us as being sufficiently conscious
that the conditions of Europe and America
in the twentieth century are different from
those of Judaea in the first.
Arguments against traditional Christianity
with regard to the conclusions to be drawn
from archaeological discoveries, science,
and evolution were a particular phase of
the nineteenth century, and the demand for
a re-formation of the Christian faith, though
excellent in purpose, is not consistent with
the fact that the human race progresses,
not by revolutionary changes that destroy
the past, but by gradual growth upon and
use of it.
Mr. Trine is hardly fair to the work of
the Roman Church in mediaeval times ; he
assumes that its forms and institutions
were deliberately superimposed on Chris-
tianity, whereas they were rather a slow
accumulation. He accuses St. Paul of divert-
ing the stream of Christianity from the
" fundamentally democratic " to the " Ro-
manized imperialistic culture." and speaks
of those two forms of the religion as living
and battling together.
There are long quotations from various
writers, and some slight mention of the
philosophies of James, Eucken, and Bergson.
The style is occasionally awkward ; but it
is vigorous, and Mr. Trine makes a deter-
mined onslaught against " the two greatest
bugbears — Fear and Worry." For thought-
ful young people there is a message here, but
they should outgrow it.
Year-Book of Social Progress for 1913-1914,
2/ net. Nelson
The publishers have given us a wealth of
matter necessary for any one engaged —
or about to engage — in the work of social
reform, and the general summaries should
be read by all. Prof. Ashley provides an
Introduction written from the advanced
Liberal point of view, which is in accordance
with the matter in the book itself.
[We are obliged to hold over many reviews
and articles of special interest to readers of this
Supplement ; but some, such as those on ' The
Life "Work of B. A. Moseley' and 'Property, its
Duties and Bights,' will be found in the body of
the paper, as well as notices under our heading
of ' Fiction.']
v / J
THE ATHEN^UM
ru
Jmmtal nf (BngltsI; antr JFnrngn literature, %i\t\\izr t\)t JFiru Arts^JHusic attt. tin? Stoma.
No. 4502
SATURDAY, FKHUUARY
1914. '
■Tti*fi1flHf
EOISTKI
PRICK
[XPENCE.
SI) AS A NEWSPAPER.
TTNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
A COURSE of 8IX ADVANCED LECTURES on 'THE AGE OF
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P. .1 HARTOG. Academic Registrar.
u
(B Durational.
XIVERSITY OF DURHAM.
The following SCHOLARSHIPS iind EXHIBITIONS, tenable at
Purbani t.y WoMEN. will tw available In 1914: Six Scholarships of
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The Winifred Foster Scholarship of 30/.; Four Exhibitions of 20?.
The6e are itiven on the result of the Matriculation Examination, and
the next Examination begius APRIL 21.
Women Student* must either reside iu the Women's Hostel, or live
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turni'he.1 residence .luring College terms in the case of a Woman
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*pHE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD.
LE TURESH1P IN FRENCH.
The Council are about to appoint a LSI TURBR IN FRENCH, to
begin work in LfioUr next, salary 2001 i>er annum
for further particulars apply to W. M. GIBBONS. Registrar.
\ PPOINTMENT of an ASSISTANT MASTER
w .K,.v' EDWARD VII. SCHOOL. JOHANNESBURG.
1 RICA
»2>/J5i*"i)-'"",""'""'r '"r Hi* Union of South Africa requires an
R for KING EDWARD VII. SCHOOL.
1 M \ > > r - ,
_Ttl v b« resident, will be to Grade A of the
Derail* CUawncatl'.i. for I .Is. at a salary of U0/ 20i. Mil
'. •« .|,.,..ll p^,«» » University Degree in Honours, the
l5*S*"C*t.l'>nl iieo-Mary for aoi.t mi M ,-ters. special quallfi
.■hng a knowledge rl Phonetics and Inc. ■
", ;' '■"'■ ' •'■ »'"l ■BOOld I.- aUe I , orgirnz- aril t ik- part in
nrmrrled and al^ut 30 years of age
Udate wih pr. , ilred to take the highest
responsible for il.>-
k iii t he lower • I cases.
■ rs marked
itlon, Wliiiehiil
lid apply to O I -i: HI.
•ii IXrpvtmenl Whitehall, London B.W
---ewiii be required to t.ke upduty at Julian-
ne.l.urg as toon as can conveniently be arranged.
They should
The wlectm
w ,rk
■
direct
-
l-.n.i
T4KV -
UN
IVERSITY OF LO
$fc
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That on WEDNESDAY. MTIJL2C
next, the Senate will proceed to elect EXAMINERS in the follow?)
Departments for the year 1914-16.
FOR THE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION.
The Examiners appointed will be called upon to take part in the three
Matriculation Examinations of the year. The remuneration of each
F.xaminership consists of the inclusive annual salary set forth below.
Full particulars can be obtained on application to the Principal.
FACULTY OF ARTS AND OF SCIENCE.
ONE in LATIN 851
ONE in GREEK. 501.
TWO in ENGLISH. 1351.
ONE In MODERN HI "TORY. 751.
ONE in FRENCH. 1051.
(INK in GEKMAN. 50i.
ONE iu MATHEMATICS (Elementary and more Advanced). ltiol.
ONE in ELi-MKNTARY BOTANY. 45i
ONE in PHYSICAL AND GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 60'.
ONK in ELEMENTARY PHYSICS. 1051.
ONE iu ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. 75'.
In each of these Subjects there are two Examiners, but in each case
one of the present Examiners is eligible, and offers himself for re-
election, except in English, where there are two vacancies.
Candidates must send in their names to the Principal, with any
attestation of their qualifications they may think desirable, on or
before MONDAY, February 23. (It is particularly desired by the
Senate that no application of any kind be made to its individual
Members.l
If testimonials are submitted, three copies at least of each should
be sent. ' 'riginal testimonials should not be forwarded in any case.
if more than one Examinership is applied for, a separate complete
application, with copies of testimonials, if any, must be forwarded
in respect of each.
By Order of the Senate,
HENRY A. MIERS, Principal.
University of London, South Kensington, S.W.
February, 1914.
SOUTHLANDS TRAINING COLLEGE,
BATTERSEA.
WANTED, a LADY PRINCIPAL for the above College, to
commence duties on AUGUST 1.— Candidates, who must be Members
of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, should apply for particulars and
form of application to the Rev. ENOCH S ALT, Westminster Training
College, 130, Horseferry Road. London 8. W.
w
OODHOUSE GROVE
NEAR LEEDS.
SCHOOL,
WANTED, a resident HEAD MASTER for the above School, to
commence duties, if possible, on MAY 1. Minimum salary 3201.—
Candidates, who must be Wesleyan Methodists and Graduates of a
British University, should apply for full particulars and form of
application to the Rev. ENOCH SALT. Secretary of the Board of
Management for Wesleyan Secondary Schools, 130, Horseferry Road,
Westminster, London, S.W.
THE APPOINTMENT OF THREE ASSISTANT MISTRESSES
TO THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF HONG KONG.
THE Secretary of State for the Colonies requires
THREE ASSISTANT MISTRESSES for the EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT, HONG KONG.
Candidates who are between 25 and 30 years of age will be preferred.
All the Mistresses are required to produce evidence of training, and
one of them should be qualified to teach Kindergarten Subjects.
Each Mistress is required to be able ti teach Arithmetic. Religious
Knowledge, History. English Language and Literature, and Geography
up to the standard of the Senior oxtord Local Examination, and also
two subjects of each of the following groups of subjects -.—Group I,
French. Sewing. Swedish Drill; Group II. Music (Piano), Domestic
Economy. Drawing, German, Latin.
The engagement will be in the first instance for three years, and if
at the end of the time their service has been satisfactory the Assistant
Mistresses will be placed, if mutually agreed, on the pensionable
establishment of the Colony.
A salary at the rate of 200Z. for each of the three years of the
engagement will be paid to the Assistant Mistresses, and subject to
the permission of the Director of Education, they may undertake
private tuition. Half salary will be paid from the date of embarka-
tion from England, and full salary from the date of arrival in the
Colony. If an Assistant Mistress is placed on the pensionable
establishment her salary will be at the rate of 230f. a year.
One of the appointments includes residence.
Free passage is provided.
Further information may be obtained from THE SECRETARY.
Board of Education. Whitehall, London. S.W. Scottish candidates
should applv to THE SEJRETARY, Scotch Education Department.
Whitehall, London. B.W.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
SCHOOLS OF ART, MARGATE AND RAMSGATE.
WANTED, a FIRST ASSISTANT ART MASTER Candidates
must be thoroughly competent in Design and Art Crafts, and be
able to teach with nieth ..I. Salary 1302. per annum, rising by two
i.iinii.l Increment! <>f 101. to l.vi/ per annam.— Formi of application
liny be obtained from Mr. E. IIROOKK. Town ( lerk's office,
rate, and should be returned to the Head Master, Mr. G C.
DI'Xr.l'RV. School "f Art Margate, as soon as possible. Canvassing
will be consideied a disqualification.
by oider of the Committee.
ERAS. W. CROOK. Secretary.
Sessions House. Maidstone, January £8, 11H4.
"PRESTON GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
MIBTRMfl wanted immediately to work in Preparatory
Department of School. | Boys only, from i Musi be specially
trained for this work. Salary at rate of 1001 per annum —Apply to
THE HEAD MASTER. \ II I > W ARTH. Town I llei k
Town Hall. Preeton January SI, IS I
^utljors' ^Xnntt;
THE AUTHORS' ALLIANCE arc prepared to
consider an. I pi 10S M88 fot early publication. Literary work of
all kinds deoll with by experti who plan- Authors' Interest first.
Twenty years' experience.— S, Clement's Inn. W.C
j. Yein'tjT^ubscjaJi^ryfree by post, Inland,
£l'feV.;^oi5finjHrl0s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
JJtisrellatuous.
WANTED, a SCHOLAR to revise and to form
for publication a Philosophical and Theological Work of
serious interest. — Box 2029. Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane, London. E.C.
MANUSCRIPTS, Journals, Diaries, Log-Books,
Ac, relating to the early days of Australia, New Zealand, and
Polvnesia are desired by the LIBRARIAN OF THE MITCHELL
LIBRARY, SYDNEY, who is at present on a visit to London-
Communications to be addressed to Mr. H WRIGHT, care of
Messrs. Truslove & Hanson. Ltd., 153, Oxford Street, W.
TRANSLATION, Research, Indexing, Articles,
and other Literary Work. Classics, French, German, Italian,
Spanish. Portuguese. Varied experience. Moderate terms— Miss
8ELBY, 25, St. Stephen's Road, Bayewater-
rpRANSLATIONS
German.
into English from French,
. Italian. Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Dano Norwegian,
and 8wedish Research work. — Mr. W. T. CURTIS. M.A., 10, Hariugey
Park, Crouch End. N. Tel. 03 Horusey.
MA (London) wishes SCHOLASTIC or
• t\ . LITERARY' WORK. Has done some Research work.
History, Literature, Classics. Experienced. Good testimonials and
references.— Box 2011, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, EC.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum and elsewhere on moderate terms. Excellent
testimonials. Type-writing —A. B., Box 1062, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London. E.C.
NOTICE TO AUTHORS.— Writers who require
any help or assistance in the sale of their works should com-
municate with Mr. STANHOPE W. 8PRIGG, Literary Consultant.
31. ( baring Cross, Whitehall. S.W. For some years Hon. Literary
Adviser to the 8ociety of Women Journalists. Fees moderate.
s
PEF:CHES.— Matter supplied for all occasions.
Subjects suggested. Capable co-operation for busy men —
~-" uu "J^\j\,n i- i i l: l: >.-> i i-i i , a^n c >.i i ti t- ttl'U('CI dl ion I in UIJBJf 11
Write SECRETARY. London General Information Service, 11
Stephen's House. Westminster.
St.
WANTED. —ARUNDEL SOCIETY'S
COLOURED PRINTS, 4c. A Collection or singly—
ARUNDEL. 34. Cecil Road. Muswell Hill. N.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Al«o OolleotlonH or Single
Specimens PnitCHAdEH at tbe BK^T MAKKh.T PRTPES for
(ash. -SPINK & huN, l.t.l.. Med alii it* to H.M. tbe King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, Loudon, W. (cIobb to Piccadilly droit).
W\tpt-WtriUrsf &c.
A UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES, PLAYS,
i\ ESSAYS TYPE-WRITTEN with complete accuracy, ikl. |>er
1,000 words. Clear Carlwn Copies guaranteed. References to well-
known Writers.— M. STUART, Allendale, Kymberley Road. Harrow.
AUTHORS' MSS. (8ri. per 1,000) and Type-
writing in all its branches carefully and promptly executed.
Clear Carbon Copies. Duplicating. Excellent testimonials —Miss
F. M. FLINT, r.T. Moorgate Street.
TYPE- WRITING of every description carefully
and promptly executed at home. Syf per I I(,0008d pel
Duplicating and Cottving, Translations. Slu.rtli .ml Camhrldea Local.
— Miss NANCY M.FARLANE. 11, Palmeira Avenue, WestclilT. Essex.
TYPE -WRITING.— Novels, Short Stories,
Eataya, LectiireB, and Articles carefully and eflOurataly
OOPIBD. Bd per l.ono words.— R. A. HAWTHORN. 58. Lai.
Sweep. Clapham Common.
rnYPE- WRITING of every description carefully
I and promptly executed. "</ per 1,000 DnpUi itlnjtand Oarbon
Conies Authors' MSS Kssavs. and Sermons a speolallt] I
QUININGBltoCtill, IS, llar.'.nrl Street, Newark on Trent
AUTHORS' MSS.. SERMONS, PLAYS, and
nil kinds of TYPE H'lilTlMi executed promptly and aooa-
rately, Td pel 1.000 wordi rarhoi '■ claei refer-
•Don.— a m i* . i ••. louth Kensington, S.M
TYPE-WRITING andarteken by Woman Gradn-
ate if'lasslcal TrlpM, Glrtofl imhrldee; Interm
Arts. London I Research, Revision shorthand i'AMBRIIKIK
TI PR « KITING A i, KM \. ■ DUKE 8TRKE1 A in: I pill. W.C
Ti l< phoni ": -i in
MSS. OF ALL KINDS, <)./. per I.ihki w
Carbon ' ■ ••.. Known Author! oxford
UlghcT Ln-oU.-M. KirsG, .... fOTNt fcoa 1. ILtH Uardruk, 8.W.
186
THE ATHENAEUM
Xo. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
J^aks Im Ruction.
Engravings relating to North America and Napoleon.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on MONDAY. February !l, anil Following Day,
at 1 o clock precisely. ENGRAVINGS, relating to North America and
Napoleon I., the Collection of a distinguished American Gentleman
deceased) associated with the Embassy at Loudon.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated copies, con-
taining 3 Plates, price Is. each.
Valuable Autograph Letters and Historical Documents.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. IS, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.U., on WEDNESDAY, February 11, at 1 o'clock
precisely, valuable AUTOGRAPH LETTERS and HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS, comprising the Property of Mrs. JANET ROSS, the
Property of KENDALL HAZELD1NE, Esq. Important Historical
Manuscripts from Castle Menzies, Perthshire, N.B., 4c.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
A Collection of Stone Implements. <0c. formed by
CUMBERLAND CLARK, Esq.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. IS, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C., on THURSDAY, Februaiy 12, at 1 o'clock pre-
cisely, a COLLECTION OF STONE IMPLEMENTS, formed by
CUMBERLAND CLARK, Esq., of 22. Kensington Park Gardens, W.,
and a COLLECTION OF STONE IMPLEMENTS from Denmark,
formed by the late JENS KORSGAAKD JENSEN, Esq., of Vejen.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
A Choice Collection of Aldines.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on FRIDAY, February 13, at 1 o'clock precisely,
a choice COLLECTION OF ALDINES, and other EARLY PRINTED
BOOKS.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
Early Italian Pottery.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13. Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C , on MONDAY. February 16, and Following Day,
at 1 o'clock precisely, the COLLECTIONS of EARLY ITALIAN
POTTERY, formed by Signor AVVoCATO MARCION1 and Cavaliere
CAPITANO LUUATELLI, of Orvieto.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies, containing 6 Plates, price Is. 6d. each.
Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, February 11, and Two Following Days, at 1 o'clock,
VALUABLE BOOKS, comprising Foster's Miniature Painters, Special
Edition, 2 vols, handsomely bound— a 8et of the Original Editions of
the Works of J. H. Jesse, 23 vols., in uniform morocco — Lady
Jackson's Works, 14 vols.— Dictionary of National Biography, 67 vols.
— Brinkley's Japan, 12 vols.— Illustrated Books on India and Rare
Coloured Plate-Books, including Blagdon's Ancient and Modern
India, Doyley's Costume of India, Eden's Portraits of the People of
India, Williamson and Howitt's Oriental Field Sports, &c— Lamb's
Essays of Elia, uncut, 1823, and other First Editions— Works of Oscar
Wilde, Japanese Vellum Copy, 13 vols., &c ; also Original Water-Colour
Drawings for the Naval Chronicle by Nicholas Pocock— Pen and Ink
Sketches by George Cruikshank, &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Valuable Law Books, including the Professional Library of
the Hon. Mr. JUSTICE BUCKNILL (retiring), and
other Properties.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
THURSDAY, February 19, at 1 o'clock, VALUABLE LAW BOOKS,
including the above Properties, comprising a Complete 8et of the
Law Reports to 1914, and another Set complete to 1913— Reports in
the Various Courts— Lord Halsbury's Laws of England, 25 vols.— ^
Text-Books— Office Furniture, &c.
The Stock of the late B. F. MEEHAN, of Bath, and other
Properties.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
TUESDAY. February 24, the ENTIRE STOCK OF BOOKS of
the late Mr. B. F. MEEHAN, of 32. Gay Street, Bath, com-
prising Rare and Early Books on Bath and Modern Works on
the same — Topographical Books — Travel — Bibliography — Art —
Music— Standard Works in all Departments of Literature. Also
a large selection of Recent Publications from the Library of a
Reviewer— Remainders— &c.
The Extensive Library of the late J . B. JACOBY, Esq.,
removed from Nottingham.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, DURING MARCH, the EXTENSIVE LIBRARY
of the late J. H. JACOBY, Esq., removed from 32, The Ropewalk,
Nottingham (by order of the Executors), composing Incunabula and
Early Printed Books— Rare Books in Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Century English Literature— Topographical Works— Sporting Books
with Coloured Plates— First Editions, &c.
Manuscripts and Autographs, the Property of the late
Prof. DOW DEN.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, DURING MARCH, MANUSCRIPTS and AUTO-
GRAPHS, from the COLLECTION of the late Prof. DOWDEN.
including the Original MS. of the Conversion of Sir Tobie Matthew
(1640)— Interesting Literary and Historical MSS. of the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries— Autograph Letters and Original MSS. by
Fielding, Crabbe, Wordsworth, Southey, Browning, Tennyson, Rossetti.
Walt Whitman, &c— Original Holograph Poem by Swinburne, and
Letters relating to the same, &c.
Oriental Books; also the Modern Library of a Gentleman
(deceased).
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, DURING MARCH, an EXTENSIVE COLLEC-
TION of WORKS in Literature, English and Foreign— Texts of
Oriental Classics and Philological Works, &c— Books on Eastern
Travel— also the above Modern Library of a Gentleman, comprising
Standard Works in all branches of Literature.
Catalogues of the above Sales, when ready, will be forwarded
on application.
M
ESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
HALE8 by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St. James's
Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely : —
On MONDAY, February 9, OBJECTS OF ART
AND VERTU, from various sources.
On TUESDAY, February 10, ENGRAVINGS
by the OLD MASTERS and MODERN ETCHINGS and ENGRAV-
INGS.
On WEDNESDAY, February 11, OLD
ENGLISH SILVER PLATE, the Property of the late Dr. JOHN
BR1GHOUSE, the late Col. JOHN HILL, and others.
On THURSDAY, February 12, DECORATIVE
FURNITURE and TAPESTRY, the Property of the late Sir GEORGE
WOMBWELL. Bart., and PORCELAIN and DECORATIVE OB-
JECTS of the late Dr. JOHN BRIGHOUSE, and others.
On FRIDAY, February 13, MODERN PIC-
TURES, the Property of the late HENRY MUNGALL, Esq., and
others.
Engravings.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on FRIDAY,
February 13, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, a COLLECTION
of M"DEKN ETCHINGS and ENGRAVINGS, also Fancy Subjects,
Portraits. Views, Sporting Scenes, Scriptural and Classical subjects,
Water-Colour Drawings, &c.
Books and Manuscripts, including the Library of the late
Mrs. HUSSEY, removed from Folkestone, and other
Properties.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, DURING
FEBRUARY, BOOKS and MANUSCRIPTS, including the above
Library, comprising Staudard Works in all branches of Literature
— First Editions of Dickens, Thackeray, Ainsworth, Jefferies,
Scott, and others— Books on the Fine Arts, Architecture. History,
Sport and Travel— Books with Coloured Plates— Rare Early Printed
Books and Bindings, &c, further particulars of which will be duly
announced.
Printers.
ATHENAEUM PRESS.— JOHN EDWARD
FRANCIS, Printer of the Atherueum, Aotes and Queries, &c, is
prepared to SUBMIT ESTIMATES for all kinds of BOOK, NEWS,
and PERIODICAL PRINTING.— 13, Bream's Buildings, Chancery
Lane. F. C.
THE BLICK IN
THE HOME.
ITS IMPORTANCE TO LITERARY
MEN.
The adoption by many Royal personages of
the new Aluminium Blick Typewriter, which is
carried in its leather case with compartments for
Stationery, is but an indication of the growing
demand and importance of these Typewriters in
the Home, and especially to Literary Men.
The innovation of the Home or Literary Type-
writer, made possible by the introduction of these
practical Aluminium Featherweight Blicks, which
shine like silver, was inevitable. Such a machine
was badly needed, and especially by literary folk
and those with considerable correspondence, for
already over 160,000 are in use, not only in
Libraries and Boudoirs, but in Offices and on
many Ships in H.M. Navy.
Amongst the present users of these Blick Type-
writers are Ministers, Naval and Military Officers,
Authors, War Correspondents, Journalists, Tra-
vellers— in fact, they are used by people in almost
every walk of life.
With an Aluminium Blick Typewriter in your
Librar}' you can accomplish prodigies of literary
work. You can dispose of much pressing corre-
spondence, and with the utmost ease.
A FREE HOME TRIAL.
The Blick Typewriter possesses many advan-
tages not found in other machines, chief amongst
which, perhaps, is the changing from one kind of
type to the other, writing in almost every style of
type (large or small), script type, and even imita-
tion handwriting ; also in Greek, Hebrew, and
most Oriental languages, using them all on the
same machine, changing from one to the other in
an instant.
The makers — The Blick Typewriter Co., Ltd.,
of 9 and 10, Cheapside, and 369, Oxford Street,
London, W. — are so positive that the machine
will actually captivate every one who tries it, that
they offer to send one to your home for a free trial,
carriage paid at their own risk.
Please say whether " Scientific " or " Standard "
keyboard is required, but in any case write for the
booklet (No. 98), which tells all about the machine
and how to operate it.
THE LEADING CRITICAL WEEKLY.
THE
SATURDAY REVIEW
Since its foundation, in 1855, the SATURDAY
REVIEW has been noted for the vigour of its
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Special Articles this Week:
SOCRATES AND A MINIMUM WAGE
By A. D. GODLEY
MR. BALFOUR'S GIFF0RD LECTURES
'PARSIFAL' IN LONDON
THE SMALLER PARIS GALLERIES
By ERNEST DIMNET
THE DARLING OF THE GODS
By JOHN PALMER
SULLIVAN OPERA IN THE WEST
By JOHN F. RUNCIMAN
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CLASSIFIED CATALOGUES issued regularly.
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l^IRST EDITIONS OF MODERN AUTHORS,
-L including Dickens, Thackeray Lever, Ainsworth ; Books illus-
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NOW READY.
THE SIXTY-NINTH ISSUE OF THE
N
EWSPAPER PRESS DIRECTORY
AND ADVERTISERS' GUIDE, 1914.
Full information in respect to Newspapers and Periodicals of the
Empire, including a Newspaper Map of the British Isles and a
Gazetteer of all Foreign Countries.
A remarkable book of reference and information for every business
man. Post free, 2s. 6d. net.
0. MITCHELL & CO., Ltd., 1 and 2, Snow Hill. London, E.G.
[Classified Advertisements, Magazines, &c,
continued p. 214.]
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
1ST
CONSTABLES NEW BOOKS
MAXIMILIAN IN MEXICO.
By Percy V. Martin, F.R.G.S.
Author of 'Through Five Republics of South America,' &C. Fully illustrated.
Jl>'. net.
" Mr. Martin has here set it forth with a fullness of detail and an
emphasis which make it deeply impressive We have not before met with
it so admirably set forth as it is in this careful and complete study."
Daily Telegraph.
" Mr. Martin deserves credit for being an industrious collector."
Spectator.
" Mr. Martin gives a faithful and painstaking account." — Observer.
THE LIFE OF CHARLES ELIOT
NORTON:
from his Letters and Note-books.
With Biographical Comment by Sara Norton and M. A. De Wolfe Howe.
i vols. 21& net.
" Unusually interesting and representative." — Athenatum.
" A book not only to read but to keep and return to again and again."
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THE A Til EX.EUM
IS!)
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY :. 1914.
CONTENTS. PAQI
Recent Books on Chinv (Chlnaw and Sumerian;
Unknown Mongolia ; a Natnialiat in Western
China ; Annals of the Court of Peking) .. 189 -100
French Civilization in the Ninrrbkth Century 191
Viscoint Moki.ky on Politics and History .. 192
Dk. Joseph Bbai mont's minor poems .. .. 193
In Far New GUINEA 1911
The Welsh Vocabulary of the Rancor District
—A QLOSSAR) OF MEi)i. i:\ai. Welsh Law 194—195
Black Ivory ani> White 193
royal Spain ok Today 196
The Curious Lore of Precious Stones .. .. 196
ClIKLSEl VND ClIEYNE WaLK .. .. .. 196
Life of the Viscoi ntess de Bonn.ult d'Houet 197
Three Thousand Royal Scarabs 19S
German Lyrics a la Francaisb 198
Through the Touii 199
-Short STORIES (The Cockney at Home; One Kind
anil Another : South Sea Shipmates) .. .. 199
Books Published this week (Theology— Law-
Poetry, 199 ; Bibliography— Philosophy— History
and Biography — Geography and Travel — Education
—Philology— Literary Criticism— Anthropology —
School • Books, 200; Fiction— Juvenile— Reviews
and Magazines, -201 ; General — Pamphlets— Science
—Fine Arts— Music— Dr*ma, 202 ; Foreign, 203) 199-203
Paul Deroulede; Mrs. William Morris; Trade
Disputes and Unemployment Insurance; The
Pearson Library 203—204
Literary Gossip 205
Science— The Foundations of Science ; Societies ;
Meetings Next week ; Gossip 206—207
Fine Arts— Vasari society's Publications: The
Gospel story in Art; Current exhibitions;
Pictures; Engr avi tiGS ; Gossip .. 208— 209
Music— ' Parsifal' at Covent Garden; Mehul's
•Joski'ii': ins New Shakespeare Music at
the savoy ; Gossip 210-212
Drama— Gossip 212
Index to Advertisers 212
LITERATURE
REGENT BOOKS OX CHINA.
The origin of the Chinese people and
their language has long been the theme of
wonder and ingenious speculation, and it
does not cease to exercise its fascination.
There have been times when the immigra-
tion of the Chinese from Western Asia was
spoken of as if it were a demonstrated
fact ; but of recent years the tendency
a been to view the question in a more
■•stir way. The wisest, perhaps, are
those who say that questions of origin
b slang not to the beginning, but to the
ience ; and the science of sinology
IB very far indeed from maturity as yet,
en among the French. Others (with a
touch of odium tJieologicum) seem openly
rejoice that the fact, as they regard il.
the strictly indigenous nature of the
nese is a fatal blow to the theory
the dispersion of mankind from any
of Babel. Between the two parties
je who declare that the Chinese
not mentioned in the ancient records
any nation but their own, and that
md Sumerian. By C. J. Ball.
Hilford, 2L 2s. net.)
Mongolia. By Douglas Car-
ruthera 2vola (Hutchinson & Co., 11. 10*.
net.)
-' -v" Western C) ina with 7a
lum, Camera, and Gun. By Ernes! Henry
Wilson. 2 voila. (Methuen & Co., II. I"
id
-1' I Memoirs of the Court of Pel
and J. O. P. Bland.
(Hewemann, ids. net.)
apart from the Book of Genesis (which, it
must be granted, does not specify the
Chinese) we have only the monuments
and documents of the Chinese themselves
to guide us. and these supply no evidence
whatever as to the place or time of the
nation's origin, though they do seem to
give some indication of the date of the
beginning of civilization in Chin:-, itself.
Coming more particularly to the lan-
guage, we find that it is only seven years
since a well-known French scholar wrote
in one of the best summary accounts of
the Chinese language with which we are
acquainted : —
"Chinese is a primitive language. That
is to say, it is derived only from itself.
Dig down into its most ancient monuments ;
you will find nothing but its own native
foundations. French is derived from Latin,
Celtic Greek ; but no ancestors are known
for Chinese. Whence are the sounds de-
rived ? We do not know, and the com-
parisons made with the sounds of the most
ancient languages remain barren of results.
Or do we ask about the writing ? The
study of its development through the ages
leads us back to primitive drawings of the
things which surround man emerging from
the savage state, and such elementary
designs might have been made identically
at any point on the face of the earth, the
models being the same for all. Certain
graphic resemblances between two scripts
in no way compel us to conclude that the
writings had a common origin or that one
was borrowed from the other."
This view has been endorsed quite
recently by, perhaps, the most prominent
student of the ancient Chinese script.
But all this while Dr. Ball has been
making his " slender book " ' Chinese and
Sumerian ' a serious collection of evidence
to support the conclusion — which he thinks
inevitable — that Sumerian and Chinese
are to a great extent identical, or, as he
suggests, derived from a common hypo-
thetical parent in Central Asia. The book
consists of an Index of References and
Abbreviations, an Introduction on the
Nature of Sumerian Writing, a Preliminary
List of Similar Words, Initial and Final
Sounds (their correspondence and parallel
changes), the Chinese Classification of Cha-
racters and the Sumerian Parallels or
Prototypes, and Progressive Transforma-
tion of Characters in Sumerian and Chinese.
These introductory chapters are followed
by a long ' Essay towards a Comparative
Lexicon of Sumerian and Chinese,' and
' A Sign-List ' in which old forms of
Chinese characters are compared with
Sumerian congeners or prototypes. The
last list contains about 1 lo Sumerian
signs, each with its sound, meaning.
Chinese equivalent, and the sound and
meaning of that in parallel columns. The
alleged likenesses vary greatly in degree.
Thus under No. 100 the Chinese -form,
sound, and meaning i^ identical with the
Sumerian: but a highly expert eye would
be needed to detect any resemblance
between the pair of signs which follow. \ot
much weight, however, can be attached
to the likeness of the signs or characters,
for, to our disappointment, we find that
Of the 900 or I 000 words in the ' Com-
parative Lexicon,' only id Chinese words
are marked as having characters which
show " traces of possible connexion with
the linear form of the corresponding
Sumerian word." Time will show
whether Dr. Ball has really succeeded in
making a great first step towaids tracing
the Chinese language to a foreign source.
That the parallels, as he states them,
between the two languages are striking
and numerous, no one will deny ; and he
is not the first to perceive that Chinese
alone is able to provide parallels to some
of the phonetic and other peculiarities of
Sumerian.
Besides the likeness of isolated words
with which Dr. Ball is chiefly concerned
(we have not noticed any attempt
to show similarity of syntax), Chinese
presents some vague affinities with
Sumerian. such as the use of one sign to
express words of like sound but unrelated
sense, some trace of " male " and " female "
dialects, and arbitrary inversion of sylla-
bles. Dr. Ball's Sumerian authorities appear
to be recent, the dates ranging from 1884
to 11)13 ; but for Chinese he does not seem
to mention anything later than Ciles's
'Dictionary' of 1S<)2, and we wonder,
without venturing to judge, whether
Korean and Japanese ami Chinese dialect-
forms are necessarily safe guides to the
sounds of six thousand years ago (a
millennium before the legendary beginning
of Chinese history), and whether, indeed,
all the words quoted (e.g., sting, a monk)
stretch back as far as that. Such a book
as Dr. BalFs, if it does nothing else,
emphasizes the fact that there is still, so
far as we are aware, no European dictionary
of the Chinese language which even
attempts to give the etymology of the
words, or trace the history of their forms
and sounds and usage.
' Unknown Mongolia ' and ' A Naturalist
in Western China ' are excellent specimens
of a familiar type — the scientific explorer s
popular account of his travels. The first,
accompanied by excellent new maps and
good, but surely too numerous, photo-
graphs, describes the exploration of the
unknown basin of the upper Yenisei,
lying on a terrace of the northern slop* ol
the Mongolian plateau, and the journey
thence through Mongolia to Kmnul or
llami, ending with, the survey of the
Karlik Tagh and Barkul Mountains to the
north and north-east of the latter place.
The historical and antiquarian chapl
which such a book usually includes are
based, we gathi r. largely on the learned
works of the many Russian antiquaries
and travellers who have naturally out-
distanced those <»)' other nations in the
exploration of the borderland of their
own Siberia, and they are, in a sense, of
inferior interest to those which describi
airl hor a original obscn at ion-- ami
exploits. Yet they help to give 1 om-
pletenesa to what is a thoroughly readable
and valuable addition to our knowledge
of a vei-v little-known pari of the woi Id
which has been in the pasl a kind of
distributing centre "I the influential races
,,: \~1.1. and has since Mr. Carruthers
v isiti d it . riai n t" prominence by its
190
T H E A T H E N M U M
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
revolt from Chinese control, and its
consequent position as a nominally in-
dependent state standing between the great
opposing powers of Russia and China. The
author is careful to explain that his book
refers to Mongolia as it was just before
these quite recent changes. The chapters
on sport by Mr. J. H. Miller will interest
sportsmen, but few, we trust, will care to
read : " After watching them for some
time ... .playing on the hill-side, I shot
two of the cubs."
Mr. Wilson's ' Naturalist in Western
China ' deserves considerable notice. The
first volume deals chiefly with the author's
travels in Western China — that is to say,
principally in Ssuch'uan, on the Tibet
border, and in the little -known and rarely
visited western part of Hupei — and con-
tains his observations, original or borrowed,
on the history, customs, and religion of the
people, and especially of the Chiarung and
other non-Chinese tribes which are now
attracting much attention. The second
volume is more particularly devoted to
botany, agriculture, and sport : the last
we should rather have called natural
history of birds and beasts, since these
chapters give careful accounts of the chief
birds and animals, with mercifully few
stories of their slaughter.
The whole book is extremely well illus-
trated by delightful photographs (how won-
derfully superior are the photographs of a
specialist to those of the amateur tourist !) :
some, which contrive to be really interest-
ing, of glorious scenery ; some of speci-
mens of animals or birds (with exact
measurements), such as Reeves's pheasant
(81f in. long), or the Tibetan eared-
pheasant, with his untidy tail feathers — the
delight of Chinese artists ; and, best of all,
portraits of trees and flowers, the grand
maidenhair tree or the rambler rose.
Notable illustrations of another type are
' A Bamboo Suspension Bridge, 70 Yards
Long,' ' Irrigation Wheels ' (quite different
from those of Eastern China), and ' Pea-
sants transplanting Rice.' The last is a
perfect representation of this stage in
the laborious production of rice — the
staple food of half the Chinese people, and,
when growing, one of the most beautiful
crops to be seen anywhere. Not a little
charm is added to an interesting and
useful book by the evident fact that the
writer liked, and was liked by, the natives.
Mr. Backhouse and Mr. Bland give us
in ' Annals and Memoirs of the Court of
Peking' the second of what, we hope,
may be many contributions to Chinese
history from original sources. Extra-
ordinarily valuable as the book is, we
are left in some doubt as to its exact
ambition. Is it meant for the study or for
the drawing-room ? The cover ; the curious,
inconsistent, and sometimes ludicrous forms
of Chinese words ; the absence of refer-
ences even to the titles of the published
or manuscript sources ; the many misprints
— all suggest the latter ; while, on the other
hand, the greater part of the contents is
worthy of the attention of the most serious
student, and we confess to being old-
fashioned enough to regard some sentences
as making the book unsuitable to be
left on the drawing-room table. The
authors are not unconscious that the
inclusion of such sentences may be open
to criticism, and they have tried to steer
the right course. It is, however, no part
of their object to show by quotation that
there is nothing which a Chinaman will
not on occasion speak of without peri-
phrasis, and we could point to three or
four passages which might well have been
omitted without risking any approach
to the ideal of those who would demand
the utter exclusion of " concubines, second-
ary wives, or other forms of immorality ':
— an exclusion which would make the
history of an Eastern Court impossible.
In a less degree the beautiful picture of the
Goddess Chang is marred for us by five
needless words ; and the style of the
whole book is blotted by incessant tags
from the Bible and Prayer Book — some
of them surely betraying a taste that
may be regretted.
In the Introduction and Conclusion the
authors make no secret of their bias — a bias
which few sympathetic dwellers in China
can wholly miss — towards passionate love
of the civilization of the East as it stands
facing the barbarism of the West ; and
we could hope that the book might be
read and laid to heart by all (and they
include thousands of Chinese) who feel
" satisfaction at the prospect of a Euro-
peanized China." The rather unfortunate
description of this barbarism as " Chris-
tianity's civilization," and one or two
gentle criticisms of Christian missionaries,
are counterbalanced by other phrases which
recognize that Christianity itself and its
Founder are very different from the
practice and modern ideals of nominally
Christian races. The rosy picture of
Eastern morals suggested in the Intro-
duction is, alas ! not fully justified.
When the authors say " the daily records
of our divorce and police courts have no
parallels in the East," they may mean that
there was till lately no daily press to
record the revelations of courts which did
not exist; but not more than that. When
they speak of "a race of women which
instinctively prefers death to dishonour,"
we must compare, both for confirmation
and qualification, the words of the Manchu
soldier at Yang-chou
" During the Korean campaign hardly a
woman bought her life at the price of her
virtue. Who would have believed that the
inhabitants of this great Empire of China
could be as shameless as this wench ? "
She was not alone in that time of terror.
With two sentences from the Intro-
duction, which will serve to show the
authors' position, we pass to the book
itself :—
" Beneath the cruelties and rapacities of
life, the brooding soul of the East preserves,
with its infinite capacity for suffering, the
dignity of a philosophy and the beauty of
ideals which the West has never equalled,
and from which it has derived many of its
noblest inspirations and religions."
" The Chinese, with no desire to argue
about worlds unseen or the road thereto,
would be more than human if they....
failed to perceive the undeniable fact that
(as de Tocqueville observed in America)
democracy affords neither time nor place for
that profitable meditation which makes for
the peace of a man's, of a nation's, soul,"
The illustrations are not too many,
and, for the most part, of quite unusual
interest ; even the six rather similar
views of the " return from the wilderness "
serve " the interests of historical accuracy."
There are twelve photographs of Chinese
paintings, and these carry out the idea
of the whole book ; that is to say, they
allow the Chinese to tell us about them-
selves, or, rather, to let us overhear what
they have to tell one another, for the
pictures we look at of grave statesmen
and gay ladies, and the diaries, annals, and
decrees we read, had, with a few excep-
tions, no foreign public in view. We are
taken from the Cheng-te reign (a.d. 1506—
1522), through the close of the Ming
dynasty, to the downfall in their turn of
the Manchus and the establishment of the
so-called Republic, not by means of con-
tinuous narrative, but by a series of scenes,
and those not exclusively of Court life.
The chapters are, of course, not all of
equal interest, and possibly some of the
Manchu emperors' decrees (except those
of Ch'ien-lung) might have been curtailed,
though there is a fascination in the very
profundity of their dullness ; and the
scenes of the last chapters are such as tell
us little or nothing of the effects of which
they were the causes in the history of
the nation.
The picture is, on the whole, one of
gathering gloom, growing in the later
Manchu days to a hideous blackness of
selfishness and vice almost unrelieved.
The book is full of morals, of lessons not
only for China, but also for the modem
world at large. It is full of incidentali
corrections of what appear to be popular
misconceptions about China, especially
about the ''despotic government" from
which it was freed for ever on Febru-
ary 12th, 1912 — of incidental testimony
to the unsurpassably noble ideals of the-
said despotic government, and the un-
failing patriotism and courage which
would have saved China in her darkest
hours if the corruption of the eunuch-
ridden and venal Court had allowed it to
do so.
We wish we had space to dwell
in more detail on the many thoughts
suggested by a book which no one who-
cares to know China should leave unread.
There are, of course, statements which
all will not endorse. It is a pity that
" original sources " fail the authors just
where they would have been most inter-
esting in showing the real light in which
the opium question was viewed in 1841.
The revelations of the later chapters should
surely have deprived the Empress Dowager
TzLu-hsi for ever of the oft -repeated
epithet "great." Nor can we, with the
best will in the world, altogether share
the optimism which is
" content to wait and see, only hoping that
China, protected by her poverty, may escape
these undeserved calamities [telephones, .
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
Til E ATI! EN .Kl' M
1!)1
moving picture shows, appendicitis, sanita-
tion, baseball nines, and bachelor maids]."
■■ The greatest danger [they say] which
(■m\ threaten the nation. . . .lies not in foreign
invasions, nor even in alien rule, but in a
weakening of those ethical restraints, of that
ancient moral discipline, upon which has
rested the world's oldest civilization; of
those qualities from which tho raco draws
its unconquerable strength."
We trust that this book will go far to
silence the foolishness of those who
imagine that the very word " republic "
must bring a reign of " unexampled
felicity," and strengthen those who are
trying to lay in China the foundations of
true Christianity and restore
" the dignity and wisdom which underlie
the weather-beaten, but unconquered philo-
hy of China's Sages."
French Civilization in the Nineteenth Cen-
tury : a Historical Introduction. By
Albert Leon Guerard. (Fisher Unwin,
12s. 6d. net.)
[t is a happy thing that such a thoughtful
50k as this should be written by a man
rho is, we understand, French by birth,
English by education, and American by
loption, as with these qualifications an
uithor can set down necessary facts and
ipleasant truths in a way that is for-
bidden to an Englishman. Gambetta's
Mtriotism made him contradict an Eng-
lishman who said that French peasants
rere ignorant ; but a Frenchman can
iy that and a great deal more ; and
ice Gambetta's day the French them-
ilves have recognized the truth of the
Englishman's remark, and have done
something to remedy the ignorance of
their country-side.
M. Guerard's volume is full of facts and
solid writing, which should help all who
care for France to a better understanding
of that country. Few Englishmen have
•ever known France better than Ham-
erton did, and many years ago he told
n- that he had no illusions about friend-
i between nations : —
" There will never be any firm friendship
between England and France, and a moment-
attachment would only cause me anxiety
on account of the inevitable reaction. All I
hope for, and all that seems to me really
rable, is simple mutual consideration."
Li - to that "simple mutual considera-
n " that a book of this kind should lead.
In a most interesting chapter on ' The
Nidations ' M. Guerard writes of the
intry. the race, and the traditions. He
plains that " there is no French race " :
" France is a racial medley, an epitome of
Europe ; if ever the natural increase of her
population should fail to keep pace with
HOOmic opportunities, she could draw
almost indefinitely from her neighbours
without losing her synthetic identity."
her soil La tilled, her language
spoken, and her ideal kept alive, the nation
onot die."
If<- describee the power of assimilation of
French, and, in passing, names the
obvious fact (of which few foreigners
ke account) that the presence of a
hundred thousand Germans in Paris is a
factor which cannot hut make for peace
between two neighbours.
Everything about Napoleon lias readers
here ; and M. Guerard devotes some thirty
pages to a consideration of military glory
and what it meant to France, lie has
sketched Xapolcon as a "' stage manager" ;
he reveals the seamy side of militarism,
deals with looting on the heroic scale,
and shows that, while conscription drains
the blood of a nation, the financial burden
of the Napoleonic wars was comparatively
light. We are not disposed to clilTer from
the larger general views of M. Guerard,
but if we went into detail we might
have to contest some smaller points.
Murat, for instance, may have been a
"swashbuckler and circus -rider on the
heroic scale," but it is not as such that
he will be remembered. Again, -- penni-
less adventurer " may be a true term to
apply to Bonaparte, but who thinks of
him as such ? Then M. Guerard says
that,
" for several years, whoever approached the
Emperor long enough not to be blinded by
his halo of glory had suspected or found out
that he was no longer in his right mind."
The marriage to Josephine is described
here as the last link of Xapoleon with
his wi shady and revolutionary past. He
severed it, and married an Austrian
Archduchess." A more impartial his-
torian would surely have made some
reference to the reasons which impelled
Xapoleon to look for an heir, and might
have shown that other people have
believed in his affection for Josephine, and
have thought that the divorce gave him
real pain.
But if the author feels himself bound
to dwell on the more disagreeable sides
of some of his chief characters, he does
not fail, in most cases, to call attention
to points which tell the other way.
When we come to the part of the book
which deals with the Constitutional Mon-
archy of 1814 to 1848, we find many
noteworthy arguments. That monarchy
was fashioned on an English model, and
.M. Guerard shows how even Napoleon,
during the Hundred Days, had to " put
up with principles and institutions im-
ported from over the Channel."
The portrait of Louis Napoleon pre-
sented by our author is one which the
majority of Englishmen will fail to re-
cognize. To M. Guerard Xapoleon 111.
was " a Prince every inch of him." In
another place he is a " kindly and well-
meaning Prince, whom no one ever ap-
proached without loving," and so on.
I hit even here it is only fair to state that,
before he has done with the portrait, he
gives it other touches which make it more
recognizable. It is admitted that Napo-
leon III. was a ■ parvenu,"
" spoilt by an adventurous career, hound to
early companions and accomplices, and with
lightly blurred sense of the sanctity of his
marriage vows."
Ee could not give a ' high moral tone "
to his Court; and he was "an upstart
sovereign," who had to "drag Persigny
and Morny like a convict his chain and
ball." All this brings us nearer to the
truth than the " Prince every inch of
him," whom everybody loved.
There is nothing new of the war of
1870. M. Guerard is not a believer in
"inevitable wars," but he tries here to
show that no conflict was ever more
difficult to avert than that between
France and Prussia. We note the curious
remark that, " next to Jules Ferry, Bis-
marck is entitled to the gratitude of the
French." This because Bismarck en-
couraged his western neighbours in their
colonial adventures, probably — we agree
with M. Guerard — in the hope of em-
broiling them with Italy and England.
But Bismarck looked far ahead ; and
those who consider the distant future
may well have doubts whether the posi-
tion of France has been really strengthened
by the possession of Tongking and some
other colonies and dependencies.
When the author discusses Society
under the Third Republic he makes fun
of the way in which French people delight
to give themselves titles. He knows their
weaknesses, and shows how " any printer
of visiting cards can confer nobility for a
few francs." He reminds us that when
a Government announced its intention of
looking into nobiliary titles there was
such an outcry that the proposal had to
be dropped. Some things change slowly
in France. There is nothing novel in
what M. Guerard says. Others before
him have written on the aristocratic caste
of France, have laughed at the titles of
Frenchmen (and of Englishmen too),
and have shown the harm done to a
country when its rich people despise and
abstain from labour that earns bread.
But M. Guerard is at his best when he
describes the far-reaching consequences
of this prejudice against work and busi-
ness : —
" First of all, the limitation of the off-
spring ; every one wants his son to be a
L'ciitleman as soon as possible, and one
gentleman in the family is all that an average
household can afford. The eldest .son's
privilege has thus been restored, in spite of
the law, through the preventive suppression
of younger sons."
The result of this is that the "" pro-
fessions " are encumbered with aspiring
young men, whilst agriculture, commerce,
and industry are deprived of their natural
Leadership, and the work of material
production is too often left to ""narrow-
minded and sordid petty capitalists."
It is a gloomy view; hut .M. Guerard
has brighter things to say of France. If
he talks of the " prodigious literature "
denouncing the hopeless decay of the
country and the race, he soon turn6 aside
to give this happier touch about Hie first
twenty years of the present Republic : —
"Military defeat, licentious literature,
parliamentary scandal-, an. I even a fall
birth-rate are not special t<> France. Edu< i-
tion was spreading; hygiene fasl improv-
ing ; th<> death-rate decreasing steadily. . . .
Wealth was expanding, new colonies w<
acquired, the Government was \ni- at I
from the constant menace of coup tTttat or
revolution, whilst art, Bcience, literature
192
THE A T HENJEUM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
were not unworthy of France's glorious
traditions. These years of national dis-
couragement were in many fields a period
of very creditable activity."
M. Guerard lias written with much
knowledge on education and religious
questions. We do not follow him into the
mazes of these eternal problems, but look
for a moment at the concluding chapter,
in which he inquires how France stands
in the second decade of the twentieth
century. He asks if she is a wounded
nation slowly bleeding to death, or still
a pioneer. He gives no direct answer to
his question, but offers facts from which
readers may form their own opinions.
The peril of the falling birth-rate has, he
considers, been exaggerated. " There is no
actual decrease in the population of France
from census to census." The increase is
exceedingly small, but M. Guerard finds
no proof that this stagnation is due to
racial decay, and his view is that,
" should the population of France remain
absolutely stationary, it would still be large
enough to maintain an independent culture
second to none."
A critic is disposed to ask how France,
with a stationary population, can per-
manently maintain her " independent
culture " or any sort of real independence,
with Germany pressing on her eastern
frontier. M. Guerard admits, and no one
can deny, that 65,000,000 men have a
better chance in war than 39,000,000. He
shows that militarism is weighing down
the country, and that France cannot
go on spending millions on social improve-
ments and on armaments, and then asks :
" ^ *hen it comes to a choice — and the hour
cannot be long deferred — will the French
decide to protect themselves against the
problematical aggression of neighbours with
whom they have lived at peace for over
forty years, or against ever-present, relent-
less foes — ignorance, disease, want, and
crime ? "
Before he leaves the subject, M. Guerard,
writes of the growing number of men who
see the criminal folly of militarism and
the possibility of checking its further
growth. We wish he had made it clear
how that " folly " can be checked.
WTe leave aside his discussion of alcohol-
ism and other causes of national weakness,
and prefer to end by quoting his conclud-
ing words : —
" I do not see France as a goddess, austere
and remote : I see her intensely human,
stained with indecencies and blasphemies,
scarred with innumerable battles, often
blinded and stumbling on the way, but
fighting on, undismayed, for ideals which
she cannot always define. An old nation ?
A wounded nation ? — Perhaps ; but her
mighty heart is throbbing with unconquer-
able life."
When M. Guerard*s admirable book goes
to its next edition he should take off the
accent that he has often placed on the
name of M. Clemenceau ; and we wish he
would not use words like " Exposition "
when a proper English word is available.
We wish, on the other hand, that he
would not disguise French papers and
books by turning their well-known names
into unfamiliar English forms.
Notes on Politics and History : a Univer-
sity Address. By Viscount Morley.
(Macmillan & Co., 2s. 6d. net.)
These notes are an elaboration of Lord
Morley's address as Chancellor of the Uni-
versity of Manchester in the summer of
1912. Admirably balanced alike in style
and thought, they represent the mind of
the philosopher in politics, compared with
whom the ordinary political hand, whether
in Parliament or out of it, is a sophist in
the ancient Greek sense. The philosopher
sought the truth, had always an ideal
before him ; the sophist sought success,
victory in argument at any cost. In a
world crowded with opportunists and
" arrivists " — we really need the French
word — the distinction is worth repeating.
Lord Morley asks his audience not to
" wait and see," but to stop and think.
A master of aphorisms, he tells us what
this great man or that said of some word
or dogma which has covered a multitude
of political proceedings. The charge that
he is very pessimistic has been brought
and eagerly refuted ; it is not, we think,
justified, though any ripe mind looking
back over a long term of years must see
abundance of misdirected effort, zeal for
lost causes (Lord Morley has his word of
reproof for Universities), and deliberate
deceptions. But, after a brief outburst
concerning the " limits of patience with
quackish fungoids," he tells us to follow
the advice of Spinoza — not to laugh, not
to groan, not to be angry, but to under-
stand. The advice is needed, for our
time is such as makes the red-hot partisan
for whom democracy is an aristocracy
of blackguards, or the Wise Youth who
sees the eternal irony of it all as a reason
for indifference and amusement. Lord
Morley is always asking ns to see both
sides, " to pray to be delivered from
exaggeration," to " cultivate a cautious
sense of proportion." Not so are suc-
cessful politicians made ; the independent
member has disappeared from the House
of Commons ; and our Party System
leads to idle and disastrous divergences
at which sensible people may well wonder.
In his opening words Lord Morley speaks
of " the obvious truth that democracy in
the discussions of the day means govern-
ment working directly through public
opinion." Is that indeed so ? His later
remarks suggest modifications of the word
" directly " when he begins to sketch
some of the signs of the times. At least
we have to-day a Committee of Imperial
Defence which transcends the bounds of
party ; but generally the country is
governed by an oligarchy which has its
own interests to serve, and which is apt
to recognize the will of the people at the
moment when resistance to it would be
fatal. Popular demands in their earlier
stages are lulled by the futilities of Royal
Commissions.
Balanced opinion, we are told, would be
the ruin of the morning paper, and Lord
Morley adds that " the press is no safe
barometer," having been mistaken in its
forecast of at least three remarkable elec-
tions since 1874. That is not surprising,
and we recall Dilke's remark that the man
who prophesies in politics is a fool. What,
however, the ordinary man might expect
in the press is a diminution of
" the shortcomings in political opinion and
character — the fatal contentment with
simple answers to complex questions : the
readiness, as Hobbes put it, to turn against
reason, if reason is against you ; violent
over-estimate of petty things ; vehement
agitation one day, reaction as vehement
the other way the next ; money freely laid
on a flashing favourite this week, deep
curses on what has proved the wrong horse
the week after ; haste ; moral cowardice -T
futility."
Some of these things are inevitable in any
powerful aggregation of human units, but
the writer who has the best part of a
month, a week, or even a single night to
reflect over our politics and politicians
might, one thinks, occasionally copy Lord
Morley, and attempt to see both sides.
At present he is worse than the sophist :
not only does he strive for victory at. all
costs ; he seeks to exacerbate as well.
These ' Notes ' are, as Lord Morley
acknowledges, " dispersive," and they lead
us on through a glance at Darwinism and
Comte's List of Great Men to " fortuitous-
variations " in history. A Napoleon ar-
rives, and does what he likes with the
world and its institutions. His arrival
is not to be foreseen ; it is an accident or a
mystery, and there is for Lord Morley
nothing more to be said. He adds that
the word " accident " has not even " an
impious flavour," since
*
" both devout churchmen and deep states-
men, the loftiest champions of adherence to
the profoundest pieties of life and timeT
have been the first and most constant to-
enlarge upon the impenetrable mysterious-
ness that hangs about the origin, the course,
the working of human societies and their
governing institutions."
What, then, is the use of the historic
method ? The answer is that
" it reduces the element of individual acci-
dent to its due proportions ; it conceives of
national character and national circumstances
as the creative forces that they are."
Characteristically Lord Morley , proceeds-
to put the objections to the predominance
of historic-mindedness, the arrangement
of ideals in classes and series, and intro-
duces a query which recalls Carlyle in
matter and manner : —
" Stated summarily, is not your history
one prolonged ' becoming ' (fieri, werden), an
endless sequence of action, reaction, genera-
tion, destruction, renovation, ' a tale of
sound and fury signifying nothing'?"
Later we welcome the candour which
declares that we have not come near to
the definite creation of an inductive
political science. Various ideals of the
historian are passed in brief review, though
hardly criticized, and historic parallels
are declared of dubious value. Bismarck
is introduced as an exponent of improvisa-
tion in politics ; Tame as a man whose
history has been " almost painfully ex-
posed." An examination of Nationality
and Progress follows which shows the
strange things which have come under
both headings. The idea of Progress,.
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1014
Til E A Til KNM-1UM
19!
as students of history know, is compara-
tively novel, and we cannot be so com-
placent as the Nineteenth Century, which
took its wonderful advances in science
and industry as if they solved human
doubts and Borrows and brought the mil-
lennium appreciably nearer.
The ironies in the human drama are
ruthlessly revealed here : and they do
not decrease : but Lord Morley reiterates
at the end his appeal against the attitude
of mockery and indolence. The man of
practical affairs and the examinee may
find his discourse as inconclusive as Henry
Sidgwick's views on Ethics and Politics,
but he is clear on this point, that
" none at least of those who bear foremost
names in the history oi nations, ever worked
and lived, we may be sure, in the idea that
it was no better than solemn comedy for
which a sovereign demiurgus in the stars
had cast their parts."
Lord Morley remarks that " ripe judg-
ment and sensibly trained minds are not
always received with open arms." " Xot
often," we might almost say to-day, and
that is the more reason for pondering over
a discourse like this. The hard-bitten
Tory and the eager Democrat may alike
get profit from it, packed as it is with
thought and knowledge, and rich in
suggestion. In this age of specializa-
tion one thing that is sadly needed is a
wide and tolerant view of life. Lord
Morley quotes the glorious lines on the
wonder of man in the ' Antigone ' which
the progress of the centuries has not
bettered in harmony or imagination, and
the quotation reminds us that Sophocles
was a man
who saw life steadily, and saw it whole.
The Minor Poems of Joseph Beaumont
D.D. Edited from the Autograph
-Manuscript, with Introduction and
Notes, by Eloise Robinson. (Constable
& Co., U. Is. net.)
The poems of Dr. Beaumont, third of
three English poets of that name, we owe
to certain temporary dislocations intro-
duced into the life of a scholar and a
alist by the triumph of Puritanism.
Driven from Cambridge and from his
fellowship at Peterhouse, Beaumont he-
guile. 1 ten years of tedious retirement with
the production of a long allegorical poem
.die.' an abundance of Latin verses,
fries of religious exercises preparatory
fto the duties of each day, and finallv a
number of religious lyrics, dealing with
the different aspects, trials, and virtues
the Christian life, expressing sentiments
appropriate to the various seasons of the
Christian year, and celebrating the achieve-
"t saints, Apostles, and martyrs.
it is, we understand, the last-named
collection which is published, and pub-
lished for the first time intact, in the
volume now before us, the source of the
fa rt being a unique Ms., the property of
Prof. Geoi . II rbert Palmer of 1!
University. Yei "poetical excursions
were not Mr. Beaumont's Btudies, but
his amusements," writes J. (;., editor,
some hundred years after they were
written, of a selection from his lyrical
works ; " the serious business of his life,"
even during ' that long divorce from
books." was the composing of *' a clear
account of the book of Ecclesiastes and
long critical notes upon the Pentateuch."'
\t the Restoration Beaumont was not
forgotten. In fact, the impression left
upon us by Miss Robinson's considered
and kindly account of him is that he
was one of those meritorious yet un-
conspicuous mortals to whom comfortable
emoluments fall almost automatically,
perhaps because the esteem in which
they are held is quite unassociated with
envy. He first became chaplain to
Charles II., holding at the same time five
rectories in various counties and a canonry
at Ely. At the death of a much-beloved
wife, he returned to Cambridge, where
he had already been made Master of
Jesus. The next year saw him Master
of Peterhouse, and seven years later he
became Professor of Divinity. The duties
of that office he continued to discharge
for thirty years ; in fact, until his death,
at the age of 84, on the eve of the eigh-
teenth century.
Clearly there was nothing in Beaumont's
nature that chafed against the dignities
and formalities of official life ; and, in-
deed, his verse is at its best when state-
liness enters naturally into its theme
and texture. The following lines, for
example, entitled ' Ascension,' are char-
acteristic and extremely fine : —
Lift up your Heads great Gates, & sing,
Now (dory comes, & (dories King ;
Now by your liigli all-golden way
The fairer Heavn comes home to Day.
Hark now the dates are ope, & hearo
The tune of each triumphant sphear,
Where every Angell as He sings
Keeps time with his applauding Wings,
And makes Heavns loftiest Roofe rebound
The Treasures of this Noble sound
Hallalujah :
Which our poor Tongues shall as they may
Restore to them again & say
Hallelujah.
It was seldom that occasion and inclina-
tion combined to elicit from Beaumont
these large harmonies, this amplitude and
concentration of utterance. For the most
part, as Miss Robinson points out, he is
content to feel, at a far remove, the
impulse that gave Crashaw, or more par-
ticularly Herbert, to our literature, and
enters rather info their peculiarities than
their inspiration. His forms have much
of the intricacy, but little of the signific-
ance, of Herbert's; and though his admira-
tion of Crashaw is explicitly (as well as
implicitly) expressed in his poems, they
are quite without Crashaw's mystic and
transforming fire. His hives of Saints
tend, naturally, to he the dullest . the
mosl unending, of his effusions ; but even
in this vein he can occasionally charm.
.is in these lii-t lines from the calling of
St. James : —
Love walking onoe by the sea side
A knot oi busy Fishers spide :
And why may 1 not fish, said Bfe,
Who in. ul'- i li'- I' i ibe -. & i lie- Bea !
Here, however, a- in many cases, Herbert
has b sen before him . and w it h I hal si roke
of hold and unforgettable beauty : —
Who made the eyea but I !
In Far New Guinea. \'<\ Henry Newton.
(Seeley, Service & Co.. L6«. net.)
W'iikn you combine a zealous and devout
Christian priest with a broad-minded and
tolerant man of the world, you gel some-
thing like the ideal missionary. No man
can write a long description of his own
experiences without revealing his own
character, and alter leading Mr. Newton's
cheery and unaffected account of his
thirteen years with the Anglican Mission
in New Guinea, we have come to the con-
clusion that he fulfils the definition given
above. The remarkable success of the
New Guinea Mission is amply explained
if he is a fair type of the men who have
conducted it. If there are people who still
doubt the utility of missions — at any
rate, in the Pacific — we think that all
their doubts will be dispelled after reading
such a book as this. Mr. Newton does not
hesitate to admit that many missionaries
have made mistakes, and have at times
given some ground for the accusations
which are brought against them, usually
by traders, and occasionally by adminis-
trators— " it must be remembered that
missionaries are human." White people
who come suddenly into contact with
lower races are apt, as he says, to go to
one or other of two extremes.
" Either they have no conception of the
native point of view, and indeed find it
impossible to conceive that there can he a
native point of view, or at least one that is
worth considering, and so they ride rough-
shod over native feelings and prejudices. . . .
Or else people are so concerned with the
native view, and the way tilings appear or
are supposed to appear to the native mind,
that they sacrifice all the wisdom and all
the inheritance of civilization to the native
idea.
The earliest missionaries erred in the
former direction ; their attempt to intro-
duce strict European ideas of clothing,
for instance, into a climate for which they
were quite unsuitable, probably led to as
many deaths as any great military cam-
paign in history. The missionary of
to-day is perhaps inclined to err in the
latter direction. Mr. Newton's book sug-
gests incidentally how the happy mean
may be attained, and his account of the
success of the Anglican Mission
what good results spring from it : —
"We have not attempted to dissociate
Our converts from the « \ < r\ i l;i \ life "l the
village. We have been conservative in
dealing with native customs. We have
aimed al training teachers from amongsl our
converts, teachers who max become mission-
aries to t heir ou n people, and we hope in
t nee t hal i t "i t he teaching will thus pass
through the medium of the native mind,
and 30 he in. .re adaptable to the people
than n can he when presented bj the
foreii tiers who can ne^ er enter into i hal
mind. We have boldlj fat ed the risk oi
allow ing our ( 'hri-t lan i i.'Mr. -II from our
to go ba k to the \ illage life, hoping
thai they would raise the tone and the ideal-
oi i heir p< qple e\ en ii their ow n tone and
ideals were lowered, w e have shrunk from
• gla ■ '''''
again I temptal ion. . . .We run i had lament -
able fail our nal r> e < 'hristians,
and al . ■ ■ i h ondt rful in
194
THE A T H E NiEUM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
our limited capacity for judging we reckon
failure and success. We have not been
able to counteract the indifference and
the casualness of the native character, the
lamentable want of sticking power, the
tendency to drift which is so great a weak-
ness of the people, to the extent we hoped,
but it is far too soon to judge ; and there
are instances of native Christians loyal who
have stood firm in spite of severe temptation,
which give vis courage and hope, which
strengthen our faith, and we try to remember
that amongst people endowed with stronger
characters religion is not always the power
it should be."
It is worth while to quote the high
tribute which Mr. Newton pays to his
native . coadjutors, the class of "South
Sea Island teachers," consisting of Mela-
nesians who had been recruited for work
on the sugar plantations in Queensland,
and who were there christianized by
mission agencies and educated at night-
schools. Whilst these men fall far short
in intellectual training of the Samoan
teachers trained by the London Mis-
sionary Society — men, too, of a much
higher racial type — they seem to have
been singularly well fitted for their work,
and their very existence is in itself high
evidence of the success of the Queensland
missions.
" The wonder is that they gained as much
as they did, when it is remembered they
began school as fully grown men, and they
learned what they did know at night, after
working hard all day in the cane fields. . . .
They might have hazy and incorrect ideas
about the patriarchs, and prophets, and Old
Testament heroes, and of the deeper mean-
ing and teaching of their lives — as hazy,
and as incorrect indeed as that of many an
English public-school boy — but they had no
doubt or confusion of mind about the love
of God who made them, the love of Jesus
who died for them, the love of the Holy
Spirit who sanctifies them. They knew that
sin was sin against God and His love, that
it must be cleansed away before the soul
can come to God. They knew that God
gives blessing and grace through the sacra-
ments. Of course, they had not got rid of
the strain of superstition that alone had
controlled their lives twenty or thirty years
earlier, and which they had inherited from
their ancestors, any more than have the
brilliant folk who will not sit down thirteen
at table."
The main purpose of Mr. Newton's
interesting book, however, is not to
aggrandize his calling — which he does,
perhaps, for that very reason all the
more effectually because unconsciously —
but to draw a vivid picture of the condi-
tions of native life in the south-east corner
of British New Guinea. This he does
with great skill and in an attractive
fashion. He aims more at human interest
than at technical ethnology, and, for all
his underlying seriousness, finds plenty of
scope for his natural humour in depicting
the incidents which are apt to make life
in New Guinea, as in other parts of the
Pacific, " one long comic opera with
varying scenes." Thus in the early days
the patients who came to the mission
station for medical treatment brought no
fee, but expected to be paid for their loss
of time. The gaol at Samarai had an
armed warder at the gate, but no guard
on the numerous gaps in the fence. It
was considered a breach of etiquette for
a prisoner to run away ; but it is said
that when the warder blew his whistle at
night for the prisoners to fall in there
were generally a few missing. They were
just outside having a cocoanut or some-
thing, and they would come hurrying in
through gaps to take their places in the
line, and then had shamefacedly to listen
to a lecture. " What name you walk
about all the time ? you no savee prison,
you savee fence ! What name you no
stop along a fence all the time ? What
name % " As in ' Erewhon,' illness was
often a misdemeanour: —
" I have heard a story which I believe is
quite true about a signed-on boy who told
his master he was going to die to-morrow.
The master said, ' If you do, I will give you
the greatest hiding you ever had.' And
the boy got well. Quite likely the threat
saved his life ! "
The Wedauan language has two words
for " we " — one inclusive of, and one exclu-
sive of, the person addressed. When Mr.
Newton had occasion to speak very seri-
ously to a girl pupil at the mission, he
called attention to what " we (tauta,
inclusive) were doing for her and her
people," as an incentive to her gratitude.
Very quietly she raised her submissive
eyes, and said, " Not tauta, but tauai
(exclusive) " — and the lecture came to a
sudden end. This review must do the
same — else we could go on for a long
while, quoting Mr. Newton's amusing
stories and illuminating sketches of
Papuan character.
The Welsh Vocabulary of the Bangor
District. By 0. H. Fynes - Clinton.
(Milford, 11. Is. net.)
A Glossary of Mediaeval Welsh Law based
upon the Black Book of Chirk. By
Timothy Lewis. (Manchester Univer-
sity Press.)
Why it is that there is no dictionary
of the Welsh language on historical
principles, like the ' New English Dic-
tionary,' and how best to supply such a
dictionary, are questions which are peri-
odically discussed with great regularity
in the Welsh press, but with no apparent
result. It is generally assumed that the
chief obstacle is lack of money, and that
the work might at once be taken in hand
if the State or some patron of learning
were to provide the Welsh University, or
its Guild of Graduates, or the National
Library of Wales with adequate funds for
the purpose. It would be truer to say
that such a task cannot, and should not,
be undertaken until the materials for it
have been made available in far larger
quantities than they are at present. The
greater part of the literature, especially
the poetry, of Wales before the seven-
teenth century still remains in manu-
script. Even of Davycld ab Gwilym, its
greatest poet, there is but a very incom-
plete edition, issued as long ago as 1789.
The publication of texts is clearly the
first necessity, for the texts would soon
be followed by glossaries. Second only
in importance as a preliminary to dic-
tionary-making is a systematic study of
the dialects and the spoken language of
the country.
The two books before us are contribu-
tions to the study of Welsh along these
lines : the one a glossary to the oldest
known copy of the Welsh laws ; the other
a full record of the words in collo-
quial use in one clearly denned area,,
namely, the district between the moun-
tains and the sea from Penmaenmawr to
Bangor. The latter, which is by the
Professor of French and Romance Phi-
lology at the University College, Bangorr
is a massive volume of some ()00 pages,
in which, to judge from its four-columned
Index of 35 pages, over 2,000 separate
words are recorded. The real value of the
work, however, does not He in its lengthy
inventory of words, but in the abundance
of its illustrative colloquial expressions
and proverbial sayings, and even still
more in the elaborate thoroughness
with which the sounds of the language
are represented. As to the phonology,
almost the only work in the same field
that . the author was able to refer to
was an article by the late Prof. Sweet on
' Spoken North-Welsh ' in the Philological
Society's Transactions for 1882-4. On the
other hand, the groundwork of the book,
from the point of view of vocabulary,
represents the speech of three persons : the
author's landlady ; a self-taught quarry-
man, unable to speak English ; and an-
other monoglot Welshman, " who lived
in a small two-roomed cottage," and who
imparted to the author " an extra-
ordinary amount of information of every
kind, and, in particular, terms connected
with farming and the sea." The land-
lady's contribution reminds us of the
chink in the wall through which J. M.
Synge obtained much material for his
plays. One other source we expected
the author to refer to is the MS. collection
of words and phrases brought together
by the Dialect Section of the Guild of
Graduates, but he seems to be unaware
of its existence.
As many as forty-five distinct alpha-
betical symbols are employed in the book,
as well as a few others to indicate that
a vowel or consonant is long, or a syllable
stressed, these symbols being, with a few
exceptions, those of the Association Pho-
netique. The author also notes as many
as twenty-four diphthongs, the existence
of at least one of which, iu (=Engl. u or
ew), was questioned by Sweet. Some of the
more interesting of the author's phono-
logical observations may be briefly men-
tioned. In sounding p and t in Welsh
the emission of breath is much greater,
and the consequent breath-glide (except
in certain specified cases) is, even when
final, much more marked, than in English.
This, he says, is " one of the most notice-
able points to an English ear in Welsh
speakers of English." The sound sh is
described as "of late introduction, and
individuals are still occasionally to be met
with who are unable to pronounce " it.
No. 4502. Feb. 7, 1914
T1IK AT II KX.EUM
195
We are inclined to think that most of
the natives of XorthAYest Carnarvonshire
leoiaily round Llanberis) still Buffer
from this inability. As to the doubling of
certain consonant-;, the propriety of which
is often hotly debated by Welsh writers,
the author declares : —
■ There can be no reasonable doubt that
jfc, />, t. and m are doubled at the end of a
stressed syllable before a vowel, and that
the doubling of these letters in general
written usage until recently represents an
actual fact. The use of nn also coincides
very closely with the older spelling \ny
native with an ear for sound can distinguish
between n and nn without hesitation. At
the same time the distinctness of these
double letters is not nearly so great as, e.g.,
in Italian."
To turn to the vocabulary, its fullness
and the astonishing accuracy of the
explanations reflect the greatest credit
on the author. Rich though it is in
terms relating to agriculture, there are
still — of necessity almost — some omis-
sions. Prof. Fynes-Clinton gives a list,
with illustrations, of twenty ear-marks,
and says that, by combining these and
using both ears, " the number of possible
marks is said to be 998." An illustrated
shepherds' manual, published in Welsh
many years ago, would have en-
abled him to add considerably to his
list of names. Similarly a work such as
Davies's * Mew- of the Agriculture of
Xorth Wales * (1813) Avould have suggested
incpoiry as to other farming terms. As
to the use of gavr in the sense of " a small
bundle of corn, &c." he suggests that it
is the same as the English dialectal word
" gavel.'' :" a sheaf or quantity of corn " ;
but that is not likely to be so, as in other
parts of Wales a shock of standing sheaves
protected from rain by two reversed
sheaves, fastened with wisps running
from one to the other, is called bwch
(— Engl. •• a he-goat "), a name perhaps
suggested by the resemblance of such a
shock to two goats rampant. Gwantan,
explained as " unsteady " or '; feeble," is
obviously the English " wanton." Chwart
"v ( = '• great "quart ") did not repre-
ient a quart measure at all, but a gallon.
The folk-lorist will find much interesting
material in the work, e.g., ki drekkin (lit.
" foul- weather dog ") for a partial rain-
bow, and qwr gwdU, a straw guy left at
Hallowe'en at the house of a girl by a
rejected lover.
Mr. Timothy Lewis's 'Glossary of
Mediaeval Welsh Law,' piously dedicated
by him to the memory of Dr. .Strachan
(under whom he studied Celtic), and
published in the Celtic Series of the
r University, also breaks com-
paratively new ground in the study of
ilsh. Apart from Dr. Kuno Meyer's
the romance of ' PerednrV no
<rt has of recent years Keen made to
Uect material for a dictionary of
medieval Welsh. It was, indeed, a bold
thing on the part of a layman like .Mr.
Lewis to attempt to explain obscure
l«gal terms, and criticize the previous
explanation- of some distinguished law
and philologiste. But when Dr. Strachan
advised his pupil to undertake such
work, he was doubtless satisfied as to
his capacity for the task. Xor does
the completed work belie the promise of
those student days. Out of the many
new explanations and derivations that
challenge attention we can mention only
one or two. The solemn oath known as
bridiw, which folk-etymology has ex-
plained as •" bri Duw " (the dignity of
God), Mr. Lewis explains as the oath
solemnly taken " pro Deo." More
startling is his suggestion that the word
gu'l/n. as in Kai givyn of the ' Mabinogion '
(usually translated as " Blessed Kai "),
is not the ordinary Welsh adjective mean-
ing white or blessed, but is the Welsh
equivalent of the Irish fian, meaning a
warrior or champion. If this derivation
be accepted, all passages where the word
and its derivatives occur will have to
be restudied, and a much-needed light
may thus be cast on the military organiza-
tion of early tribal Wales. His explana-
tions of cynmvys, cynnyf, and dedellu will
also claim attention. If Mr. Lewis fulfils
the promise of this first book, he is likely
to render conspicuous services in the field
of Celtic philology.
Black Ivory and White ; or, The Story of
El Zubeir Pasha, Slaver and Sultan, as
told by Himself. Translated and put
on Record by H. C. Jackson. (Oxford,
Blackwell, 2s. Qd. net.)
A trader both by birth and predilection,
w'hose trade involved much warfare and
adventure ; a good Mohammedan within
the limitations of his age and class ; a
ruthless foe, unscrupulous in the pursuit
of ends which were in general good ; a
generous friend and great administrator
of the savage lands he conquered ; at
once a pioneer of law and order, and chief
agent in the slave trade — such was El
Zubeir, of whom Gordon in his last days
wrote : "It is a sine qua non that you
send Zubeir" to save the Sudan. Gordon
then saw in his ancient enemy the one
man who had influence enough among the
blacks to make successful head against
the Mahdi. Zubeir's influence was un-
doubtedly enormous, and it was based
on real achievement and well-proved
qualities. But the England of 1884 had
heard of Zubeir only as the greatest of
all slave-traders, and knew nothing of
his popularity and rare success as an
administrator.
In this small book we have his own
account of bis achievements, taken down
and translated into English by one
who had frequent opportunities of talk
with him in his old age. H is not the
whole truth, as the translator warns us,
but simply the version of his exploits
which the old man wished to be accepted
by the English. Thai it hides the truth
at some points is apparent from the faet
that all mention of the slave trade (now
condemned) is here omitted. Zubeir even
went so far. in talk with Mr. Jackson, as
to vow that 1 1 r - had never in his life " raided,
for slaves " ; and it is possible, as .Mr. '
Jackson suggests, that, despite his evil
reputation in this matter, "the capture
of slaves was for Zubeir but an incidental
in a larger scheme of things" — that his
aims were always more imperial than
commercial. However that may he. his
travels and adventures, as he himself
relates them, are extremely interesting.
They remind us of the voyages of Ibn
Bat utah.
"In this lake we wandered tor five and
seventy days without, seeing aught but, sky
and sea.... then indeed did our 8tx
become exhausted, and we ate what we
had of skins and leather thongs, being
reduced to sore straits through hungi r.
While we were in this sad condition, lo !
there appeared some smoke afar off. So
Amuri and I selected nine of our men, and
we embarked in a small skiff, making for
the direction of the smoke, but we had not
gone but a short distance from the boats
when the smoke ceased. Then the boats
drew away from us, and we wandered
aimlessly at random, suffering so much
from the violence of our hunger that verily
we were on the brink of destruction. In
the end we saw afar off a tree on a mound
in the middle of the waters, and beneath
it we found a large crocodile. This we shot
and ate.... Then we turned to go towards
the boats, which we reached after an absence
of four days. While we had been away, lo !
we found that eighteen men had died of
hunger, and, when the others had heard of
our failure, straightway another died also."
The story of his early days is one of
great endurance, told with shrewd curt-
ness, and containing bits of observation
like the following : " The cannibals did
not eat the nails of their victims, but
removed them as we remove the talons of
a chicken." Zubeir does not evince that
horror of cannibalism which one would
expect to find in so correct a Muslim. In
the height of his power he kept about
him persons learned in religion, whom he
adjured to warn him always if he dealt
unrighteously. That they were now and
then afraid to do so we conjecture from
his own description of his conduct upon
one occasion : —
"Their messengers chanced to see son <■
of my Nyam - Xyam soldiers who had
assembled round the corpse of a dead man
and were sharing it between them. SO]
taking the head, others the feet, others again
the legs and chest, which they tried over the
fire and ate. Their hair stood on end a! the
sight, and they took the news back together
u it h my reply."
This incident, which he relates with some
complacency, since it dismayed his ene-
mies, would not have been so viewed by
his religious counsellors. Ho show s a sense
of humour and proportion in his narrative,
do,- in ,1 exalt himself or his own prowi
and in more than one place owns to having
h< ,n balf dead with tiigh' : \<t he foughl
in all a hundred and twenty battles, and
•• by the blessing of God " losl bu1 thi
of them.
Mr. Jack-on in the Introduction to his
mating book apologizes for diort-
i omings which we think imaginarj . Any
ebon ;it adornmenl musl in some d< m
have robtx d bis little work of the value,
which it now i> s, of a human
do mil' nt .
196
THE ATHENiRUM
Xo. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
Royal Spain of To-day. By Tryphosa
Bates - Batcheller. (Longmans & Co.,
1/. 5s. net.)
Tins book is an account of great and
august personages met and historical
places visited during a pleasant scamper
over a good deal of Spain and a part of
Portugal, begun and mostly carried out
in a motor-car under the personal conduct
of Her Royal Highness the Infanta
Eulalia who, however, did not at first
reveal her rank. Not only in the illus-
trations but also in the text we find
intimate portraits of most of the royalty
and greater nobility of Spain and Portugal.
Incidentally we get also a fairly
complete sketch of the author who has
a quick grasp of generalities, is hasty over
detail, and, in all, proves herself as
pleasant, enthusiastic and really sym-
pathetic a lady as her many royal and
aristocratic friends evidently found her.
The touring party, which consisted of
the Infanta, Mr. and Mrs. Bates-Batcheller,
an Italian maid and an exceptionally
resourceful chauffeur of the same nation-
ality, started from Paris and are joined
by the reader just as they are about to
cross the Pyrenees. The automobile was
perfect, as were all the arrangements,
including those — not the least in import-
ance — for providing the Infanta with
afternoon tea.
Throughout the trip nothing seriously
untoward happened, although no one
except the Infanta herself appears to
have been quite comfortable during the
stay at Barcelona, towards the end of
which the royal lady's identity seems to
have been pretty clear to several people.
At and after Granada, notwithstand-
ing an incognito, there were audiences
to be granted or refused to governor-
generals, important clerics and other
highly placed local people. The task of
presenting or dismissing these fell to the
author who herself marvels at the suffi-
ciency of her knowledge of Spanish
which, we are allowed to assume, she
first assimilated together with the air
of the Pyrenees at the beginning of the
trip. However, as she says, she has a
gift for languages and evidently con-
trived to frame inoffensive excuses for
getting rid of the callers whom the In-
fanta did not wish to see. Still, the
Spanish word for carnations is claveles,
not " clavilles " as she spells it.
The book contains a few statistics, and
a good deal of information accompanies
the descriptions of places and edifices
visited. Indeed, were it not for its size
and weight it would make an excellent
guide-book for any one wishing to recon-
struct the sightseeing part of the trip.
There are many excellent reproductions
of photographs signed with eminent auto-
graphs and good views and other pictures
taken by Mrs. Bates-Batcheller's own
camera. The narrative is told in a light-
hearted fashion with the aid of many
American colloquialisms. We gather that
Mrs. Bates-Batcheller hails from Massa-
chusstts and the only quarrel one would
pick with her Americanisms concerns her
description of the wimples of the nuns at
Ronda as " face-fittings."
Some needless repetition and confused
punctuation might have been avoided, but
the get-up of the book is good, and the
cover is copied from that of an old Missal
in Toledo Cathedral.
The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. By
George Frederick Kunz. (Lippincott,
11. Is. net.)
This is a very interesting, if somewhat
uncritical book on a subject which will
attract readers of every kind — the magical
properties of precious and semi-precious
stones — if the word " magical "may be used
to cover the whole ground, from merely
physical but unexplained properties to
purely symbolic attributions in apoca-
lyptic literature. Dr. Kunz has been
studying and collecting precious stones
for himself and others during a quarter
of a century, and possesses a great number
of books about them : his little volume
on the sentiments and superstitions con-
nected with precious stones has reached
its twenty-first edition, and his treatise
on the pearl is a complete account of all
that is known about it. It would hardly
be accurate to say that this book is
confined to what is merely believed
about precious stones, for it contains a
large number of very good illustrations
of actual jewels of all sorts, but there would
be some justification for the statement.
Amulets and talismans, crystal balls and
crystal-gazing, ominous and birth stones,
planetary and medical charms — all find an
omnivorous chronicler in our author.
He is honourably distinguished among his
fellows, however, in that he gives refer-
ences for his statements, and still more so
in that these are correct.
Alike in the breastplate of the High
Priest and the cornelian seal of Napoleon
lost from the body of the Prince Imperial,
in the fetish of the Stone Age and the
lucky engagement ring suggested for
the betrothals of to - day, there is a
certain naive and crude mysticism which
shows how the great majority of mankind
have always chosen to attach importance
to some properties of substances which
science has taught us to neglect. To them
all existence is linked together by analogy,
not by the relation of cause and effect,
and the more obvious the analogy to the
untrained observer, the deeper is the
sympathy which they suppose to be
produced by the relation. Of these
analogies perhaps colour is the most
obvious. To the chemist of yesterday
the colour of the ruby or sapphire is
merely the evidence of a trace of impurity
in the crystal; to the mystic, savage or
civilized, its colour is the property of
the gem which brings it into relation with
the universe.
In time a whole system of natural
magic was evolved out of these glittering
baubles, and the reader may see for
himself how curiously concordant its
results are, though part of this agree-
ment is no doubt due to an unconscious-
selection by a long series of editors. Dr.
Kunz himself does not take a venr decided
line. Of course, magic is plainly impossible,
but clairvoyants react very markedly to-
different gems ; and some very queer
things, which he relates at length, have
been seen in crj^stals. In fact, he
would say, a superstition is a shadow of
a truth, but he is not prepared to say (nor
is any one else) what are the particular
truths all these interesting tales represent.
In the meantime he has given us a very
useful compendium of legendary history
which will be a mine of information to all
those curious in the matter.
We note a few slips when the author
leaves his subject. Dick Deadeye's name
has no reference to the evil eye, but to
the dead-eye, a pulley-block without a
sheave. The date on p. 44 is plainly
impossible, even as a misprint, and
diamond dust would act as a poison in
the same way as powdered glass. There
is a very good Index, and the illustrations
are excellent.
The Greatest House at Chelsey. By Ran-
dall Davies. (John Lane, 10s, 6eZ. net.)
In Cheyne Walk and Thereabout. By
Reginald Blunt. (Mills & Boon, 10s. 6d.
net.)
Many books have been written about
Chelsea, but there is still room for these
two, both of which relate to the beautiful
riverside. The hero of Mr. Davies's is-
Sir Thomas More, and that of Mr. Blunt's
Thomas Carlyle. A large number of
celebrated men have been connected with
Chelsea, and the manor has been held by
royal and noble personages, but the name-
that adorns the " village " most is that
of More.
The remarkable and delightful character,,
which drew to him all the genius of his
age, is stamped indelibly upon our history,
and he lives again in the vivid letters-
of Erasmus and the wonderful drawings of
Holbein. Mr. Davies gives us a good
picture of More's family life, illustrated
by Mr. Hollyer's fine reproductions of
Holbein's portraits. Erasmus writes : —
" More hath built near London upon the
Thames side a commodious house, neither-
mean nor subject to envy, yet magnificent
enough ; there he converseth with his
family, his wife, his son and daughter-in-
law, his three daughters and their husbands,
with eleven grandchildren. There is not
any man so loving to his children as he."
The same great writer tells Ulric von.
Hutten : —
" He is of middle height, well shaped, com-
plexion pale, without a touch of colour in
it, save when the skin flushes. His hair is-
black, shot with yellow, or yellow shot with
black ; beard scanty, eyes grey with dark
spots- — an eye supposed in England to>
indicate genius, and to be never found
except in remarkable men." ■,,
We see in Holbein's portraits, first in
importance the whole family; then Sir
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
THE A Til EX.EUM
VX
John More, Sir Thomas's father; John.
the eldest son. to whom Erasmus dedi-
cated his edition of Aristotle; as well as
Margaret the devoted daughter, upon
whose husband, William Roper, More
exerted so strong an influence.
Amongst More's visitors at "thegreatest
house in Chelsea " was the King himself,
who would
" sodenly sometimes come home.... to be
merry with him, w hithereon a tyme onlooked
for lu> came to dinner, and after dinner in a
fahv garden of his walked with him by the
space of an houre, houlding Ins arme about
his nock " ;
yet Henry VJJJL. could send this friend to
the scaffold !
Although the house has long disappeared,
its site should be long remembered as the
meeting - place of -More and his friends.
Its successive tenants form a goodly
band, and .Mr. Davies does justice to
them all. telling a continuous story that
deals with much important history until
the destruction of the house under the
direction of Sir Hans Sloane.
William Paw let. first Marquis of Win-
chester of his family, was a very different
man from More, and did nothing during
forty years" tenancy to enliven the story
of the house. His successful career was
governed by a determination not to be a
martyr. He described himself as being
made of pliable willow, not of the stubborn
oak. Knox hit him off, under the name of
Shebna the scribe, as
" a crafty old fox [who] could show such a
fair countenance to the King, that neither
lie nor his Council could espy his malicious
treason."
When Lord and Lady Dacre had the
house, the latter's brother Thomas Sack-
ville. Lord Buckhurst, lived with them.
8 tsequently Lady Dacre devised her
Chelsea property to Lord Burghleyfor life,
with remainder to Sir Robert Cecil. The two
Villi, i- Dukes of Buckingham possessed
it for a time. ( ieorge Digby, Earl of
Bristol, bought it from the trustees of the
ond Duke, and the Duke of Beaufort
followed in 1681. In 1737 Beaufort
Bouse was conveyed to Sir Hans Sloane.
who pulled it down in 1740. Beaufort
Street took its naine from the house, and
later a block of mansions has been named
M - Garden. Kip's fine engraving of
the house gives a good idea of its ap-
pearance at the end of the seventeenth
century, with the fine garden running
down to the river, where now stands
Cheyne Walk, which Mt. Blunt has made
the Bubject of an interesting volume .
I charm of Chelsea has always
brought noteworthy men and women
it- old-world houses. M u ■;. Astell,
described by Henry Dodwell as "an
admirable gentlewoman," a forty years'
resident, well dea a chapter to her-
self. Don Saltero's tavern and museum
of antiquities attracted a remarkable
amount oi attention in the eighteenth
century. It was not altogether disdained
by Sir Hans Sloane, the founder of a still
iter museum, for he gave to it some
of his •" gimoracks," as Edmund Howard
calls them. A chapter on Dominieeti,
'" .Kseulapius Fumiuans." who was sup-
ported by Sir John Fielding (I li-ni \
Fielding's brother and successor at Bom
Street), and denounced by Samuel .Johnson,
is of value as containing a description of
a quack of parts. The famous china
factory, which had a short, but brilliant
history, is well dealt with under the title
■ At the Sign of the Anchor.'
The chapter on the Physick Garden and
its vicissitudes contains a worth}' record of
some notable persons — James l'ctiver and
James Sherard, who did good work in
their day, as did Dr. Alexander Blackwell
and his heroic wife. Mr. Blunt writes : —
" Sloane was a ruthless house-breaker
against whom we who love our Chelsea have
many a grudge. But we take off our hats
to him this evening as we pass out of the
gateway to Swan Walk ; for though he has
robbed us of much we would tain have
cherished and preserved, he gave us the
Physick Garden."
The last chapter of Mr. Blunt's book is of
special interest, as it is devoted to " Mrs.
Carlyle and her housemaid." Mrs. Car-
lyle's letters to Jessie are delightful, and
it speaks well for Carlyle himself that
Mrs. Broadfoot, who left his service to be
married, was staunch in praise of his
kindness, and declared that he was the
very reverse of " bad-tempered."
Life of the Viscountess de Bonnault d'Houet,
Foundress of the Society of the Faithful
Companions of Jesus, 1781-1858. By
the Rev. Father Stanislaus, F.M. Capu-
chin. Translated from the French by
One of her Daughters. With Prefaces by
His Eminence Cardinal Bourne and by
the Bight Rev. Abbot Gasquet. (Long-
mans & Co., 7/6 net.)
Xot a few people seem to think
that, though it is natural enough that
there should have been Founders and
Foundresses of Religious Orders, and even
saints, in that vague period which they
style "the old days," they would be out
of place now, and as a matter of fact
do not exist. Yet they do, and work —
little as some of their highly educated
fellow-creatures appear to realize it. Such
a one, a modern analogue in some aspects
of St. Jeanne Franchise de Chantal, is
the subject of this memoir.
After ten months of married life with
the Vicomte de Bonnault d'Houet she
was left a widow. She devoted herself
to her son. looked closely after the inter-
Of her dependents on her estates, and
performed excellently all her duties
secular and religious.
She came into touch with the Society of
J< -us. freed in L81 l from their " suppres-
sion" by a revoking Bull of Pius VII.,
and it was through their influence,
specially through Fere Varin, though
after many thwartings and trials, that
the first convent of the Society u.i-
founded at Amiens. The store of the
Society's fortunes is told at length by
Fere Stanislaus, but his major success is
with the great Foundress. All but the
most wilfully prejudiced must be won by
his picture of interior life and humble
sanctity. Madame d'Houet — as, to con-
ceal her rank, she chose to be called —
was an illuminie, yet she (headed mysti-
cism, *' extraordinary ways " ; shrinking
from everything which removed any one
Erom the ordinary course of the Church's
methods — ""such things generally end
unfortunately." She is of the high lineage
of the saints. The difficulties put in h< r
way (sometimes rather incomprehensibly)
by her directors recall St . Teresa's poignant
sufferings in that sphere. She resembled
that saint too in her marked business
ability ; once she almost recalls St.
Teresa's great words on practical religion,
when she warns her daughters: "Walk
faithfully in the footsteps of our Lord, not
in sweetness and prosperity, but by carry-
ing with Him your crosses in patience " ;
and, again, there is a touch of St. Teresa's
humour when, speaking of a girl making
emotional display of devotion, she says :
L' She will not suit us ; she is too holy."
But not to St. Catherine of Siena herself
was the inner Voice more real, more
irresistible, than to Madame d'Houet :
'" Through the shadows of uncertainty He
makes Himself recognised, and as erst-
while with the Apostles on the lake, we
too cry out, k Dominus est.' '
This trust in the supernatural was not
mere talk. When the Community was
struggling, and despite the fact that
education was one of its aims, she wrote :
" The Community, if such it could be
called, was now reduced to three. Wo had
just dismissed the only one of our number
who was talented and highly educated.
Such advantages appeared to me to count
for very little, if not coupled with a docile
spirit and one in harmony with the holy
rules we had adopted."
This kind of reckless faith in adhering to
right principles surely might be a model
now, when expediency seems too often
the rule, and shining talents are misused
to find subtle excuses for shady pro-
ceedings.
Pere Varin, her director, supplied her
with a free variant of her family motto,
" Bien faire et laissez dire." By this,
"Courage and confidence," she lived and
taught her daughters to live, animated
by the ruling characteristics of her life —
immovable faith, genuine humility, and a
charity almost <li\ inc.
The book is well translated, and illus-
trated by numerous pictures of the
convents of the Societies. Beneath those
of the French convents is the sad legend :
•• School closed by the French Govern-
ment." Fortunatelj , no political force or
device can quench the abiding influence
of eled souls like Marie Madeleine Vic-
Vicomtesse de Bonnault d'Houet.
198
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
THREE
THOUSAND
SCARABS.
ROYAL
The first volume of the long-expected
Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs in the
British Museum is out at last, and therein
Mr. Hall gives us the description of all the
scarabs in the Museum bearing the names
of kings or other roj^al personages. They
are about 2,900 in number, and form, Dr.
Budge assures us in a prefatory note, only
the fifth part of the scarabs under his care.
A good deal more than a hah of those de-
scribed are reproduced, either by photo-
graphs or in line, in the present volume,
Avhich will be indispensable to every
student of Egyptology.
Mr. Hall, we think rightly, will have
nothing to do with any " freak " theory
as to the scarab being used as a coin or the
like. According to him, every scarab —
including under that name, as does the
Catalogue, cylinder seals, button-seals,
and flat amulets bearing personal names —
was intended to be Avorn on the person,
and was employed as a seal only. In this
capacity it served many of the purposes
of the modern key, and it seems to have
been the practice, after shutting the door
of a house or cupboard, to plaster a piece
of mud on the fastening and to impress
the seal upon it, so that, if it was tam-
pered with, the owner would discover
the fact. Hence the excessive multiplica-
tion of this form of ornament, which has
made it so common an object among
Egyptian antiquities as to be used as a
generic name for them by the baser sort
of American tourist. Why even those
which were the property of private
persons should so often have borne the
name of the reigning monarch is explained
by Mr. Hall as due to the magical ideas
with which nearly all Egyptian beliefs are
saturated. As the king was looked upon
as a divine being, his name was in itself
an amulet or phylactery of great power,
and was therefore thought to avert evil
from him who carried it about with him.
The royal scarab, therefore, forms one of
the surest means, and sometimes the only
means, of dating a find of antiquities. In
this respect, and in this respect only, it
corresponds to the modern coin.
Of the scarabs catalogued it is dim-
cult to give any detailed idea here. By
far the greatest number bear the name
of Thothmes III., a monarch whose Asiatic
conquests seem to have impressed his
subjects more than the exploits of any
other ruler during five millennia. Some
are of great beauty, like the one from the
Salt Collection, of fine blue glazed steatite,
mounted in a gold ring ; while others are
of the roughest possible work. Amen-
hotep III. introduced a new type of scarab
of a large size, celebrating his marriage
with the famous Queen Tii or his success
in the hunting of lions in much the same
way as the modern commemorative medal.
Those of the pretentious Rameses II. are
rather disappointing, none of them here
figured being up to the standard of the
Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs in the British
Museum. — Vol. I. Royal Scarabs. By
H. R. Hall. (British Museum, 11. 15s. net.)
two kings just mentioned, although a
couple of brick-shaped " plaques," or
stamps recording Rameses' marriage with
the daughter of the Hittite king, are
interesting. Queen Hatasu or " Hat-
shepset " is well represented, as is King
Pepi, who must, we think, be excepted
from Mr. Hall's somewhat sweeping state-
ment that the scarabsof the other Pyramid-
building kings, Unas, Khufu, Khafra,
and Menkaura, are all posthumous. One
fine scarab of the heretic Khuenaten,
which has lately come from Nubia, and is
included among the Addenda is worth
special mention.
Mr. Hall's work is well, and, so far as
we can see, carefully done, and reflects
great credit on himself and the Museum,
while he supplies a most useful touch-
stone for distinguishing posthumous from
contemporary scarabs. The only mistake
we have been able to find is his translation
of Moi/oyevijs in Horapollo and elsewhere
as " only begotten," or even as " born of
one sole person." As has been pointed
out many times in The Athenceum, " only-
begotten " would be jxovoykwi]ro<i, and
fjLovoyevijs is only " one of a kind " or
" unique." It was thus applied by the
Orphics to several children of Zeus, and
by the Gnostics to Christ, from whom the
orthodox borrowed the expression while
mistaking its meaning.
We hope that the remaining volumes of
this valuable Catalogue will not be long
delayed.
GERMAN LYRICS A LA FRANQAISE.
It is scarcely realized among critics what
a remarkable body of lyric poetry (remark-
able both for its volume and for its quality)
has been written in Germany during the
last twenty years. The establishment of
the Reich in 1871, and the national en-
thusiasm thereby created, overshadowed
and hampered for ten or fifteen years the
development of literature and the arts :
the lyric poets were among the first to
throw off the incubus and let their voices
be heard again.
In France German poetry has until
lately shared the fate of the other creative
work of the Deutsches Reich : a just
appreciation of it was unlikely to come
from a people nationally antipathetic to
Teutonic literary style, among whom,
moreover, there still lingered traces of
the animosity which 1871 bequeathed
to the following generation.
It is only by the efforts of interpreters
like the author of this collection that the
gulf between the two nations — now happily
far less wide — can be bridged over ; and
as M. Emile Verhaeren points out in a
letter addressed to him, and prefixed to
the poems themselves, M. Guilbeaux is
one of the first to welcome these German
poets with a full and complete cordiality.
By so doing he is working towards the
Anthologie des Lyriques allemands conlem-
porains depuis Nietzsche. Par Henri
Guilbeaux. " Les Grandes Anthologies."
(Paris, Figuiere & Cie., 5 fr.)
" grande unite europeenne " which is
a need of our civilization, and his effort
deserves unstinted praise.
In execution, however, the work falls
somewhat short of really high quality,
and while making full allowance for the
difficulty of rendering German into French
verse, we must point out that his trans-
lations seldom attain any great literary
beauty. His preliminary essay, in which
he traces the course of German lyrism
from the time of the Franco-Prussian
War to the present day (showing how
slow and tardy was the reception given
in France to its products), is full of know-
ledge and discrimination ; but how little
of the wonderful suggestive power of
Richard Dehmel has passed into the
French words ! Read the first verse of
' Die stille Stadt,' with its subtle impres-
sionism : —
Liegt eine Stadt im Tale,
Ein blasser Tag vergeht ;
Es wird nicht lange dauern mehr.
Bis weder Mond noch Sterne,
Nur Naeht am Himmel steht ;
and note how this delicate picture of a
silent city shadowed at nightfall by mists
from the surrounding mountains has be-
come "blurred in the almost literal French
equivalent : —
Une ville est dans la vallee,
Un jour pale agonise ;
Encor quelques instants
Jusqu'a ce que — non pas la lune, ni les etoiles,
Mais la nuit seule au ciel se fixe.
But it is scarcely possible to give in
French the essence of a poet like Dehmel.
M. Guilbeaux succeeds better, if not bril-
liantly, in his renderings from certain
other German ^Tists, and notably in the
translations from the Viennese poet Hugo
von Hofmannsthal, the spirit of whose
work is much more closely akin to the
Latin spirit than is the case with most of
his contemporaries, so that the task of
presenting his verse in a French dress is
much less formidable. We have here also
some spirited versions of the songs of
Detlev von Liliencron. whose appearance
in German lyric poetry one may con-
veniently fix as the beginning of the
modern period.
With a small number of striking
exceptions, however, M. Guilbeaux's
own renderings go far to discredit his
theory, expressed in the Preface, that
the translator of a poem should follow
the text very closely, and reproduce the
sense without any attempt to reproduce
the rhythm. In all good poetry the
element of melody is at least as important
as the sense, and no success in rendering
the latter can make up for its loss. M.
Guilbeaux's book is, nevertheless, a valu-
able achievement, for these literal ver-
sions do give, though in an attenuated
form, a true general impression of their
originals, and with the aid of the Preface
and the excellent biographies of the poets
represented, they should spread widely
in France a knowledge of work as yet far
too little known.
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
199
Through the Torii. By Yone Nogaohi.
(Elkin Mathews, 5s. net.)
Tins paper-bound volume, which con-
tains thirty-five short essays, will do
little to enhance Yone Nbguohi's reputa-
tion as a writer of English. Mr. Nogaohi
has a reputation, but he must not forget
that for most people reputations are
airy and fragile things, as rleeting as
the dew on his own Japanese flowers.
He has not behind him the solid
rock of achievement, like the great
artists who have materially added to
human thought or humanly expressed
beauty ; his place depends on the " sug-
gestivciicss " which, lie well knows, his
critics attribute to him. Nevertheless,
his chosen medium of expression is
language, and as he is known, not as a
writer of Japanese, but as a writer of
English, it behoves him to look to his
English grammar a little more carefully.
Emphatically it is not art merely to
multiply grammatical blunders in the
language of his adoption. We may for-
give Mr. Markino for doing this, because
his work is merely amusing journalese ;
it can only damage Mr. Noguchi to play
the same trivial game, for he is an artist.
By this we do not mean to say that he
must not play at all with our language ;
often the strange turn of his phrases is
illuminating and delightful ; but he really
might get some one to correct sentences
like the following : —
M What difference is there between us
human beings and the caterpillar ? Are we
not caterpillar who may live little longer ? "
Who could read with pleasure many
pages written in this style [ —
1 The incense, an old vibration of the
Japanese heart, quite peculiar, naturally
fastidious, gesticulated, while stealing up
from a two-horned dragon's mouth, for my
friend (who returned home from America
by the last steamer) to stop his talk on
automobiles and sky-scrapers."
These two extracts are perfectly fair
samples of the whole book. Had his
>k not fallen into the hands of a
conscientious reviewer, it would probably
have remained half finished. Yet to leave
it so would be a pity, for there are
many dainty hints and glimpses of beauty
in its pages.
The author laments the loss of the old,
native beauty of Japan, and says : —
I- is not difficult to see what we shall
lose fundamentally from coining, as we have
<• to-day, face to face with Western
hteratii!
The most interesting chapters are the
two dealing with the Hokku, or Japanese
short poems, where he points out with
justice the complete failure of most of
the English and American translations of
these little gems. In anothei . he
• I believe that the true art has
no Bast or Weal ae it is always born from
nowhere." This is profoundly true. [:ut
.Mr. Nbgachi must not forget that true
art has always a medium 01 expression —
marble, paint, words, or whatever it
may be ; and that the use of each medium
is regulated by deep-lying laws of tech-
nique.
SHORT STORIES.
The quick wit and liveliness in repartee
of the Londoner have often afforded
opportunity to the humorist, and when —
as in Mr. Pugh's case — the humorist lias
a keen eye for human foibles, the result is
more than usually diverting. He tells us
in an amusing Preface that the stories
and studies in ' The Cockney at Home '
are only a few of the many he has
written, and that in preparing the book
for publication he had to re-read them.
He confesses that they made him laugh.
It would have been strange had they
not done so.
Xot the least curious thing about the
Cockney is the eccentricity of his vocabu-
lary. Many people know that a ki roz/er "
is a policeman and a " tiggy " a detective,
but few, we imagine, except the initiated,
would guess that a " griddler " was a
street singer, and a " chanter " a man
who fakes horses'' with intent to deceive."
Mr. Pugh puts forward an amusing theory
concerning the griddler. He contends —
and it certainly, on reflection, seems to be
true — that this worthy does not " griddle '''
at all in the summer — only cold or
wet weather being profitable.
Mr. Barry Pain has, for the moment, for-
saken the Cockney, and in ' One Kind and
Another ' there are only two short sketches
— both concerning the younger generation
at play in Regent's Park — which may be
said to deal with London life.
One of the complaints of the humorist
is supposed to be that no one will take
him seriously. Mr. Pain has cheerfully
faced this difficulty and placed the serious
stories in the front of his collection. They
are ingenious and brightly written, but
it must be added that they bear a sus-
picion of the magazine stamp. The
author is decidedly happier when pur-
veying lighter fare. Perhaps the best
stories in the book are the four headed
' Detection without Crime,' in which the
idea is amusingly elaborated of a man
with a passion for amateur detective work
following up weird clues which end in
ordinary explanations.
' South Sea Shipmates ' is the title
of a book which gives some idea of a
sailor's life in Southern waters. The
stories are written in a vigorous and
lively manner, and some of them are
amusing, especially that which tells of
the adventures of a party of retired
and prosperous sea captains who, as
the result of a wager, sign on before the
mast in a sailing vessel, and proceed to
criticize the conduct of her commander,
to whom they subsequently teach a
lesson in seamanship. Unfortunately,
however, in most cases the element of
bloodshed and sensationalism, although
handled in a realistic manner, has been
introduced to an unnecessary extent.
The Cockney at Home. By Edwin Pugb.
(Chapman 4 Ball, 6«.)
One !<;,»! "„>i Another. By Barry I '.on.
i Martin Becker, <>*.)
South Sea Shipmates. By -i"lm Arthur
Barry. (Werner Laurie, (is.)
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Chase (Frederic Henry), Tin: Gospels in THE
I. nail' in- Historical CRITICISM, 1/ int.
Macmillan
This essay, reprinted from ' Cambridge Theo-
logical Essays,' is preceded by a Preface on ' The
Obligations of the Clergy' and 'The Resurrec-
t inn of our Lord.'
i t.i i lord (s. H.), Apostolic Fallibility, evidenced
from an Examination of the Record known
" The Acts of the Apostles," 1/
Northampton Press
The author sets out to show 1 bat the Apost lee
were nol infallible, and that the Acts of the
Apostles " reveals them as being gradually super-
seded because of their vital spiritual incapacity.''
Knox (Right Rev. E. A.), Sacrifice ob Sacra-
ment, 4/(5 net. Longmans
The aim of this treatise is "to shew tie-
nature of the crisis which lies before our Church
in deciding the Vestment controversy."
Lucas (Bernard), Our Task in India : SHALL
we Proselytise Hindus or Evangelise
India:-' 2/6 net. Macmillan
The author's object is " to give a fresh pre-
sentation of Indian missions, and offer sugges-
tions for their more effective working.
Nairne (Rev. Alexander), The Faith of the Old
Testament, 2,t> net. Longmans
Includes a general introduction to the
subject, and aims at extracting essential principles
from critical studies, and simplifying the " truths
that matter to a man who fears Cod."
Revised Liturgy (A), being the Order OB" the
Administration op the Lord's Supper
according to the Uses of the Chukuh of
England, with Divers Enrichments and
Alterations, edited by B. YV. Randolph, with
an Introduction by J. il. Maude, 1/6 net.
Mowbray
The editor has rearranged parts of the Com-
munion Service in order to bring it " into greater
harmony with the ancient liturgies," and has
attempted to restore " those ancient and Catholic
features which in 1552 were somewhat ruthlessly
struck out."
Waddell (Rev. P. Hately), The Religious Spirit,
Sermon Notes, 2/ net. Blackwood
These are skeletons of sermons, being notes
made by the author before preaching, and pub-
lished in his retirement.]
LAW.
Every Man's Own Lawyer, a Handy Book of
the Principles of Law and Equity, 678 net.
Crosby Lockwood
Contains a variety of information on legal
matters.
POETRY.
Belben (May), As the Heart Speaks, and Other
Poems, 2/6 net. Amersham, Bucks, Morland
This volume contains a number of sennets
and short pieces, chiefly dealing with love and
friendship.
Calignoc (Robert), Odd Numbers. 1/ net. Bell
A collection of satiric and epigrammatic
verses. The cryptogram "Bog. Bacon I'ecrit"
in the author's name gives him an opportunity of
poking much fun at Baconians.
George (Mrs. Muriel E.), Nature's [ntbrvxbws,
and Other Poems, i 6 net.
Eastbourne, Alex. Clayton
Short piece's dealing with various aspects
of Nature both in India and at home. There are
verses on each month of the year, spring, BUD
and similar subjects.
Hubbard (H. L.), BETHLEHEM, IND OTHEB
Verse, l , net. Cambridge, Beffer ;
London, Simpkin & Mar-hall
• ij.ihi.h.-m ' is a dramatic piece in fchn a
"episodes": 'The Annunciation, 'The Adorn
tion in the Beavens,' and ' The Adoration on the
Earth.' it is followed by ' Bona oi I >evotlon,
• Songs of the Road,' and miscellaneous pit
Leigh (Lormai, Tin: White GATE, OH) OTHKB
p0] m-. I 6 net. Bunii . H< wt I on
\ mall volume of verse on such subiec I
lo\ .-, d.ath. separal i children, and .
Rossettl (Chrlstlnai. (emus MARKET, Tin:
I-, qj, i - Proobj 38, iND mm k Poems,
■■ \\ orld i Classics, i net. Milford
\ election <>f Christ in i II
Ulil, ;, frontispiece and Index.- ..i Titles and first
I. in. .
200
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
Taylor (A. L.), The Ode? op Horace, translated
into English Verse, 4/6 net.
Glasgow, MacLehose
" What seems repugnant to modern ideas
has been softened, altered, or omitted " in this
translation. To it the author has prefixed trans-
lations of five odes written in Alcaics, Sapphics,
and Asclepiads for the sake of the non-classical
reader.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Barnett (L. D.), A Catalogue of the Burmese
Books in the British Museum, 11. 5s. net.
The Museum
A descriptive Catalogue, with a General
Index of Titles and a classified Subject Index.
Congress Library, Report op the Register op
Copyrights for the Fiscal Year 1912-13.
Washington, Government Printing Office
Reprinted from the Report of the Librarian
of Congress. It includes a statement of recent
copyright legislation and international copyright
relations.
Wales National Library, Report on the Progress
op the Library from Oct., 1910, to Oct.,
1913. Aberystwyth, the Library
Containing the Report of the Council, notes
on some additions to the Library, lists of donors,
and a financial statement. There are illustra-
tions.
Wigan Free Public Library, Reference Department,
Catalogue op Books by H. T. Folkard :
Part XI. T. Wigan, J. Starr
PHILOSOPHY.
Manen (Johan van), Mrs. Besant's Theosophy
according to the Bishop op Madras, 6 annas.
Adyar, Madras, Theosophical Publisuing House
An answer to a pamphlet entitled ' The
Theosophy of Mrs. Besant,' written by the Rev.
E. W. Thompson, and endorsed by the Bishop of
Madras and six missionaries, which was published
in Mysore last November.
Religio Doctoris, Meditations upon Life and
Thought, by a Retired College President, $1.25
Boston, Badger
A collection of essays on ethical subjects,
with an Introduction by Dr. G. Stanley Hall.
Russell (Hon. Bertrand), The Philosophy op
Bergson, 1/ net. Cambridge, Bowes ;
London, Macmillan
This paper was read before " The Heretics "
in Cambridge, and afterwards appeared in The
Monist. The pamphlet also contains Mr. H.
Wildon Carr's reply, entitled ' On Mr. Russell's
Reasons for supposing Bergson's Philosophy is
not True,' and Mr. Russell's rejoinder, ' Mr.
Wildon Carr's Defence of Bergson,' which were
printed in The Cambridge Magazine.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Book of the Dufls (The), Vols. I. and II., compiled
by Alistair and Henrietta Tayler.
Eainburgo, Willi 'm Brown
A record of the Duff family from earliest
times, which includes genealogical tables. The
illustrations, consisting of reproductions of
pictures, photographs, and sketches, are an im-
portant feature of this history.
Bryce (James), The Ancient Roman Empire
and the British Empire in India ; The Dif-
fusion of Roman and English Law through-
out the World, 6/ net. Milford
These two historical essays are reproduced
from the author's ' Studies in History and Juris-
prudence.' The figures of the last Indian census
and references to recent legislation are included,
and the work has been revised throughout.
Cheyney (Edward P.), A History of England,
from the Defeat of the Armada to the
Death of Elizabeth, with an Account op
English Institutions during the Later
Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Cen-
turies, Vol. L, 16/ net. Longmans
A history of the last fifteen years of Queen
Elizabeth's reign, with a description of the form
of government and society existing at that time,
by the Professor of European History in the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania.
Elder (John R.), The Highland Host of 1678,
5/ net. Glasgow, MacLehose
A monograph treating of Lauderdale's
policy of coercion in dealing with the opposition
to Episcopacy in the west of Scotland.
Gretton (M. Sturge), A Corner op the Cotswolds
through the Nineteenth Century, 7/6 net.
Methuen
Mrs. Sturge Gretton, drawing on personal
memories of those who were eyewitnesses of the
old order, traces some of the changes in rural
England that took place during the nineteenth
century. Her study is of the tableland between
the Coin and the Evenlode in East Gloucester-
shire and North-West Oxfordshire.
History of the Nations, edited by Walter Hutchin-
son, Part I., Id. net. Hutchinson
This work aims at giving a popular account
of each nation from the earliest time to the
present day, and will be completed in not more
than fifty fortnightly parts. It is profusely illus-
trated. The present number contains an Intro-
duction and part of Prof, Flinders Pet rie's history
of the Egyptians.
Hug (Mrs. Lina) and Stead (Richard), Switzer-
land, " The Story of the Nations " Series, 5/
Fisher Unwin
A fourth impression. See notice in The
Athenccum, Feb. 14, 1891, p. 213.
Low (Sidney), Egypt in Transition, 7/6 net.
Smith & Elder
This book, written after visits to Egypt and
the Sudan, gives the author's impression of the
political, social, and administrative conditions of
those countries during the transitional period
between Lord Kitchener's reconquest of the
Sudan and his return to Cairo as British Agent
and Consul-General. Lord Cromer has written
the Introduction, and there are portraits and an
Index.
Low (Sidney), The Governance of England,
3/6 net. Fisher Unwin
A new and revised edition, in his Introduction
to which the author discusses the significance of
the Parliament Act, the present situation and
possible future of the House of Lords, the Labour
Unrest, and other political questions of the time.
See notice in The Athenaeum, Jan. 21, 1905, p. 79.
Mann (Rev. Horace K.), The Lives of the
Popes in the Middle Ages, Vols. IX. aid X.,
12/ net each. Kegan Paul
Two further volumes of this series. Vol. IX.
ranges from Innocent II. to Blessed Benedict XL,
and includes the dates 1130-59. The scope of
Vol. X. is 1159-98. Each volume is illustrated.
Mowat (R. B.), The Wars op the Roses, 1377-
1471, 6/ net. Crosby Lockwood
A monograph on this period of English his-
tory, illustrated with genealogical tables and a
map.
Old Magdalen Days, 1847-1877, by A Former
Chorister, paper 1/, cloth 1/6
Oxford, Blackwell ;
London, Simpkin & Marshall
The writer of these reminiscences was a
member of the College and its choir for thirty
years, and he relates many anecdotes concerning
the numerous colleagues with whom he came in
contact.
Outline of Ireland's Story (An), ftd. net. Stock
A sketch of Irish history from the earliest
times. In the last chapter, entitled ' The Union
and its Results,' the author takes his stand
against Home Rule.
Records of the Worshipful Company of Car-
penters : Vol. I. Apprentices' Entry Books,
„ 1654—1694, transcribed and edited by Bower
Marsh. Oxford University Press
The entries of apprentices from the year
1654 to 1892 were kept in six books, the first
three of which are here reprinted, following
closely the form of the original. The text is pre-
ceded by an Introduction, and there are Indexes
and an Appendix. Two hundred and fifty copies
of this volume have been printed, about forty of
which are for sale.
Rives (George Lockhart), The United States
and Mexico, 1821-1848, 2 vols., $8 net per set.
New York, Scribner
A history of the relations between the two
countries from the time of Mexican Inde-
pendence to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
illustrated with maps.
Southampton Record Society, The Port Books
of Southampton ; or, (Anglo-French) Ac-
counts of Robert Florys, Water-Bailiff
and Receiver of Petty-Customs, a.d. 1427—
1430, transcribed and edited from the MS. in
the Audit House by Paul Studer.
Southampton, Cox & Sharland
Containing an historical Introduction, a
transcript of the Port Books with a translation
on the right-hand page, an Appendix, Glossary,
and Indexes.
Taylor (Henry Osborn), The Medieval Mind, a
History of the Development of Thought and
Emotion in the Middle Ages, Second Edition,
2 vols., 21/ net. Macmillan
In his revision of this work the author has
changed or amplified some statements, and
added a chapter, entitled ' Phases of Mediaeval
Growth,' upon the Crusades and the Towns and
Guilds. See notice in The Athenccum, June 10,
1911, p. 649.
Venn (John and J. A.), The Book of Matricula-
tions and Degrees, 1544-1659, 45/ net.
Cambridge University Press
This is a catalogue of those who have been
matriculated or admitted to any degree in the
University of Cambridge in the years 1544-1659.
Watson (E. J.), San Miniato, 6d. net.
Bristol, Partridge
A sketch of the life of Giovanni Gualberto,
the " Merciful Knight."
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Bennett (Frank), Forty Years in Brazil, 10/6
net. Mills & Boon
This book gives some account of the history,
natural resources, industries, and inhabitants of
Brazil, and is fully illustrated.
Jacomb (C. E.), " God's Own Country," an
Appreciation of Australia, 5/ net. Goschen
An account of the conditions of life in Aus-
tralia, written for possible English emigrants with
a Public School and University education. The
author frankly acknowledges his dislike for life
in that country, but does not regret his sojourn
there.
Perry- Ayscough (H. G. C), and Otter-Barry
(Capt. R. B.), With the Russians in Mon-
golia, 16/ net. Lane
A record of the authors' travels in Mongolia,
giving an account of Russian policy in that
country. The ' Latest Developments of the
Political Situation ' are discussed in an Afterword,
and Sir Claude Macdonald has written the Intro-
duction. There are many illustrations and a
map.
EDUCATION.
Hoare (S. J. G.), The Schools and Social
Reform, the Report of the Unionist Social
Reform Committee on Education, 6d. net.
John Murray
Mr. Hoare has been Chairman of the Sub-
Committee appointed by the Unionist Social
Reform Committee, and his report embodies
their views on the present state of public educa-
tion in England. Mr. F. E. Smith has written
an Introduction.
Mark (Thiselton), The Unfolding of Person-
ality as the Chief Aim in Education, some
Chapters in Educational Psychology, 1/ net.
Fisher Unwin
A cheap edition.
PHILOLOGY.
Bradley (Henry), On the Relations between
Spoken and Written Language, with Special
Reference to English, 1/ net.
Milford for British Academy
This paper, in which it is expounded that
" English is far more unsuited than other European
tongues to be written phonetically, was read at
the International Historical Congress last April.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Briggs (W. Dinsmore), Marlowe's Edward II.,
12/6 net. Nutt
The text is preceded by an historical and
critical Introduction, and there are copious notes
and an Index.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Sikes (E. E.), The Anthropology of the Greeks,
5/ net. Nutt
A discussion of the Greek view of the origin
and primitive state of the human race.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Bacon's Maps of Counties, 2d. net each.
Eight coloured maps showing the physical
features of the following counties : Glamorgan-
shire, Hertfordshire, Kent, London, Middlesex,
Northumberland, Oxfordshire, and Surrey.
Bell's French Picture Cards, edited by H. N. Adair,
Third Series, 1 /6 net per set.
This set contains twelve cards, printed in
colour, with a Questionnaire on the back of each,
and is intended for the use of children trained on
the " direct method " in writing French com-
position.
Chambers's Effective Readers, Book V., 1/6
Containing prose and verse extracts from
well-known writers, with coloured and other
illustrations. At the end of the book there are
notes on the spelling and meaning of difficult
words and phrases, a few exercises on each extract,
and a simple exposition of some rules of grammar.
Gibson (Samuel), Mental Arithmetic for
Juniors, 1/ Bell
This book, containing graded exercises in
mental arithmetic, is arranged in three parts for
Standards I.-IIL, each divided into forty weekly
sections.
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 10U
THE ATHEX/KITM
2( » 1
Llvy, Book XXVII., edited by S, G. Campbell,
•• Pitt Press Series," 3
Cambridge University Press
Includes historical and literary Introduc-
tion, notes, and map of Italy.
Wort (Frederick^, Commkkciai. Geography of
thk BRITISH Empire, lxci.rmxii BRITISH Isi.ks.
1 ii Oliver & Boyd
This book treats of the geographical (actors
thai influence commerce and the various products
that enter into the commerce of the British
Empire. It is illustrated with maps and dia-
grams, and quest ions and exercises are sot at
the end.
Von Glenn (L. C), Chouville (L.). el Wells (Rose),
Corns l'i; ANi.-.vis nr Ltoxb Pbbsb: Premiere
Partie, Series d'Actions, Recitations, el Chan-
sons, en Transcription phonetique et en Ortho-
graph e osuelle, 2 Cambridge, lienor
FICTION.
Arthur (Frederick), The Great Attempt, 6
John Murray
An historical novel of the eighteenth century
concerning the struggle which ended at the
battle of Culloden.
Bindloss (Harold), The (.Sold Trail, Id. Long
A cheap reprint.
Blackwood (Algernon), Ten Minute Stories, 6/
John Murray
A collection of short stories dealing with the
supernatural.
Bloem (Walter), The [son Year, translated from
the German by Stella Bloch, (>/ Lane
The narrative, with a love-story running
through it, of incidents in the Franco-German
struggle of 1870-71.
Boothby (Guy), A Bride FROM the Sea, Id. net.
A cheap reprint. Long
Burgln (G. B.), Within the Gates.
Hutchinson
The adventures — mainly in a Trappist
monastery — of an overworked novelist and a
girl-journalist, with the inevitable ending.
Chambers (R. W.), In the Quarter, 1/ net.
Constable
A cheap reprint.
Couperus (Louis), Small Souls, translated by
Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, 6/
Heinemann
This novel, which is translated from the
Dutch, is the first of a series of four describing
the fortunes of the family Van Lowe.
Cullum (Ridgwell), The Twins of Suffering
Crkkk. 2 net. Chapman ic Hall
A reprint in a cheaper edition.
Curwood (James Oliver), Kazan the Wolf-Dog ,
Cassell
A study of a wolf-dog which struggles be-
tween fidelity to a woman and love of wild life
With his blind mate.
Farmer (Henry , slaves of Chance, 6/
Chatto A: Windus
This novel tells of mysterious crimes com-
mitted by an international secret society and of
. adopted in their unravelling.
Flynon the Sin-Eater, by " A Whisper," 6/
Hold, ii A; Hardingham
This book is written to show that in-
variably it i- the woman who pays for the sins
of other-,, and tint the man goes free.
Flatau (Theodore , The Thru b-Born, 6/
Holden & Hardingham
The heroine of this -i, ry is a psychological
:y. Her failings— and she has many— appear
to I to her ancestors for three genera-
tions hack. Neither the exercise of will-power
on her part, nor the advice of relatives, proves
of .iri_\ ,i rail against t hese foi
Fletcher (J. S.i, The BaNSOM BOB London, 6/
Long
\ -• •■ - of three men discover ;. method of
inflicting instantaneous death without leaving
any trace in their victim, and threaten to destroy
the population of London unless they receive a
of ten million pounds from the Govern-
ment. The author tells how they, while keeping
their own identity secret, demonstrate then
powi Prime Minister, and how the
account is settled.
Hope 'Margaret 8/ kfethuen
\ story oi a woman of good position who
nt to prison for stealing a ring, she is unable
to conceal her guili from her daughter, and at
the sight of the girl's misery runs away from
home in the vain hope thai she may be able to
retrieve the i
Ince (Mabel), TheOommonpl LCE \m> ('i.kmkntink,
6 Chatto A. Windus
A study in the development of affection
between a boy and girl who have been brought
Up as brother ami sister.
Johnston (Mary), By ORDER OF the Company,
1, net. Constable
A cheap reprint. See notice in The Athe-
ncBUtn, .March It), 1900, p. :!(»2.
Johnston (Mary), The Old Dominion, 1/ net.
Constable
A cheap reprint.
Keating (Joseph), The Makkiace Contract, (5/
Hutchinson
The story relates how a vain woman lost,
the love of her husband through breaking her
marriage vows. The husband's view of the sanc-
tity of the marriage contract compels him to
keep the unfaithful wife as the head of his house.
In the end his love for the once-erring, though
still loving wife returns through an act of self-
abnegation on the pari of a young girl whose
sympathy for Ins misfortune is akin to love, and
the result is a happy reconciliation.
Mordaunt (Elinor), Simpson, 0/ Methuen
Simpson, a retired business man in the prime
of life, organizes a bachelors' club of congenial
spirits, for which he leases an old country estate
beyond the reach of feminine influence. This
story concerns the storming and capitulation of
their citadel.
Overton (John), Dickie Devon, ft/ Methuen
The scene of this story of the Civil War is
laid in the West Country. The hero, a Royalist
oflicer, forced by the villainy of his commander
to be a spy, is pursued by adventure after adven-
ture in quick succession. Most of these circum-
stances compel him to share with a charming
girl — and, needless to say, the love-interest is
not absent.
Pope (Jessie), The Tracy Tubbses, 3/6
Mills & Boon
A humorous recital of the adventures of a
newly married couple. Besides the usual culinary
mishaps, their lot includes " the menacing perils
of wild animals, whales, ghosts, and aviators."
Salad Days, 6/ Long
The story of an inconsequent Irish heiress
whose pranks while she is staying in England
with a guardian, and later when she returns to
her native home, form the most important features
of the tale.
Skrine (John Huntley), Pastor Futurus, a
Dramatic Idyll. 5; net. Longmans
.V study, written in the form of a story, of
certain questions of Church polity resembling
those which have recently arisen in East Africa.
The book was, however, in print before the
Kikuyu controversy began.
Spender (Harold), One Man Returns, 6/
Mills & Boon
Cornwall is the chief scene of this story, in
which the loss of memory by the heir to a country
estate is an important feature.
Vizetelly (Ernest Alfred), Blush-Rose, a Soldier's
Romance in the Days of Louis XIV., 6/
Holden <v. Hardingham
An abbreviated translation of Amedee
Achard's ' Belle Rose.' It affords a glimpse of
the chivalry for which France was noted during
the sixteenth century. The hero succeeds in
winning the lady of his choice at the sword's
point.
Walpole (Hugh), The Duchess of Whkxk, her
Decline and Death, a Romantic Comedj . 8
Seeker
\ contrast is drawn bet ween the duchess, an
aristocrat and autocrat of the Victorian order.
and her granddaughter, a representative of the
new order, who insists on Irving to think matters
out for herself, and refuses to bow the knee in
terror before her grandmother. The story shows
how the rule of the former social type passed
away a bout the time of the Boer War.
Weekes (R. K. , Seaborne of the Bonnet Shop,
6 I [erberl Jenkins
The Btory is filled with beautiful heroines, one
of whom marries the hero after serving in his Bhop.
Difficulties at once arise which are finally dispelled,
and we leave him \> lor the Conservative
in an election.
Wells (H. C), The Wae in the Air, Id. net.
Nelson
\ cheap reprint. See notice in The Aihe-
naum, Feb. 5, 1898, p. 17«.
Wemyss (Mrs. Georges Tin. PROFESSIONAL AUNT,
1/ net. i table
\ i heap reprint.
WHlmore (Edward), SORIL, a Story of the Stono
Age, True for To-day. 1/ net. Longmans
V parable of a prehistoric journalist " afflicted
with a disease of thinking," and possessed with a
belief in his mission, which is a search for Truth.
JUVENILE.
Caton (A. Gertrude), Old Timi: Stories and
Old World Customs, l/S' bfacmillan
The lirsl part concerns 'The Ancient People*
of the World,' and the rest of the book is devoted
to Britain, dealing firs! With prehistoric and early
Britain, and then with 'The .Middle Ages — and
Beyond.' It is written for young people, and
printed in large type.
Marryat (Capt.), MA8TBRMAN Ready, " Chambers'
Standard Vuthors," Xd.
A cheap reprint in clear type, with a frontis-
piece.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Alchemical Society, JOURNAL, January, 2/ net.
II. K. Lewis
Containing a report of the ninth general
meeting of the Society and a paper by Mr. Arthur
E. Waite on ' Kabahstic Alchemy.'
Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal,
1/6 Elliot Stock
Mr. C. E. Keyset' continues his paper on the
churches of Ilanney. Lyford, Denchworth, and
('barney Bassett ; ('apt. (J. A. Kemplhorne
writes on Sandhurst, Berks; and there is a paper
on the ' History of the Parish of Beenham.'
There are illustrations, notes and queries, and
reports of the various societies with which this
journal is connected.
Bird Notes and News, Winter Number, 1913,
3d. Soci >ty for Protection of Birds
The contents include 'Some Victims of the
Plume-Trade,' ' The Trallic in Birds' Plumage,'
' Bird Protection in Italy,' and a report of Council
meetings of the Society.
Celtic Review, January, 2/6 net. Nutt
In this number Prof. Mackinnon continues
his paper on ' The Gaelic Version of the Thebaid
of Statins,' and also writes on 'The Claim of
Celtic Studies upon the Lowland Scot.' Other
articles are ' Ciuthach,' by Dr. W. J. Watson,
and ' Twentv-One Years of Irish Art and Thought,'
by Mr. T. W. Rolleston.
Church Quarterly Review, January, 'ij
Spottiswoode
The articles include ' The Emperor Con-
stantineand the Edict of Milan,' by the Bev. A. C.
Ileadlani ; ' Mvsticism and the Life of the
Spirit,' by th ■ Rev. W. R. Matthews : and ' The
Essentials of a Valid Ministry,' by the Rev.
Harold Hamilton.
East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society,
JOURNAL, December, 5/4 Longmans
The contents include articles on ' The Rela-
tion of Game Animals to Disease in Africa,' by
Mr. R. B. Woosnam ; 'The Organic Cell (Part
II.),' bv Dr. E. Wynstone-Waters ; and ' The
Tribes of the Tana Valley,' by Miss A. Werner.
There are some illustrations.
Empire Review and Magazine, 1/ net.
M iiniillan
Mr. E. G. Pretyman writes on 'The Land
Question,' a Diplomatist on ' Foreign Allans,'
and Mr. C. S( uart -l.inton on 'Our Army Horse
Supply.' There are other articles and reviews.
Geographical Journal, February, -
Geographical Society
Includes articles on 'The Imperial Trans-
Antarctic Expedition, 1014,' bj Sir Ernest
Shackleton, with sketch-map, and ' [a the Earth
Drying Up?' by Prof. -J. W. Gregory, with dia-
grams and map.
Journal of Egyptian Archeology, Vol. I. Pari '■
January, 6 j net. Egypt Exploration Fund
This new journal, which is to be published
quarterly, will include information concerning
Egyptian excavations, besides technical articles
and others tor non-specialists. Current progi
in Egyptology and Egyptian ^rchajology will
also be discussed.
Journal of Theological Studies, I ii*\ un 3 8 net*
tfilford
The contents include ' < anon i atti ibuted to
the Council ol Constantinople. \.'>- 381 . bj Mr.
c. ii. Turner ; ■ The \ i" " ' > phal Bzekiel,
\>r. M. R. .lam.-: and 'The Relation ol Clunv
t,, ome oiler Movements ol Won i ti< R< tormi
by \h - Bose Graham.
Library, l un IRY, S net. \|..rmg
This number includi on ' Biblio-
graphical and Textual Problems nf the Enf
Miracle Cycles,' bj Dr. W. W. Greg ; ' \ Lawsuit
., to an Early 1 ' he Pilgrim - Pro-
I.., m-. Bern y R. Plomei : and ' lb out
Literature, bj Miss Elizabeth l
202
THE ATHENtEUM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
Library Assistant, February, 4/ per annum.
Library Assistants' Association
Besides an editorial, a report of the proceed-
ings of the Association, and some announcements,
this number contains articles on ' Some Problems
of Classification,' by Mr. F. W. C. Pepper ; and
' The Need of English in L.A. Examinations,' by
Mr. I. Briggs.
M.A.B., February, Id. Fisher Unwin
Containing notices of, and extracts from,
recently published books, with a few portraits and
other illustrations.
National Review, February, 2/6 net.
In an article entitled ' An Ominous Parallel '
Lord Roberts pleads for compulsory service, and
in ' The Return of the Wanderer ' Mr. Maxse
reiterates his opinion of the recent Ministerial
transactions in Marconi shares. Other articles
are ' The Gordon Riots,' by Mr. Austin Dobson ;
' American Affairs,' by Mr. Maurice Low ; and
' The Racial Problem in Canada,' by Mrs. Donald
Shaw.
Nineteenth Century and After, 2/6 Spottiswoode
In this number Dr. Georges Chatterton-Hill
writes on ' The Decline of the French Republic,'
Mr. A. P. Nicholson on ' The Parting of the
Ways,' and Miss E. A. Drew on ' Clubland Two
Hundred Years Ago ' ; and Mr. Robert Palmer and
Mr. MacCallum Scott, from opposite points of
view, discuss ' Woman Suffrage at Work in
America.'
Occult Review, February, Id. net. Rider
The contents include ' Notes of the Month,'
by the editor, Mr. Ralph Shirley ; ' The Daughter
of a Voice,' by Mrs. H. Spoer ; and verses ' To
the Maker of the Sphinx,' by Mr. Meredith Starr,
and ' Yonder,' by Dr. C. J. Whitby.
School World, February, 6d. Macmillan
The contents include ' Thoughts on Present
Discontents in English Education,' by Dr. M. E.
Sadler ; ' The Influence of the Older Universities
on the Curricula of Secondary Schools,' by Mr.
A. C. Benson ; and ' The Teaching of History,'
by Canon J. H. B. Masterman.
United Service Magazine, February, 2/ Clowes
Notable articles are ' The Unionist Party
and the Navy,' by Mr. H. F. Wyatt ; ' February,
1814,' by Capt. F. W. O. Maycock ; and ' Pro-
gress in Aeronautics,' by Major H. Bannerman-
Phillips.
GENERAL.
A. K. H. B., a Volume of Selections, edited by
his Son, 1/ net. Nelson
A collection of essays and extracts from the
writings of Dr. A. K. H. Boyd of St. Andrews.
The selection has been made by Mr. Charles Boyd.
Andreas [Mui Shuko], Gypsy Coppersmiths in
Liverpool and Birkenhead, 1/ net.
Liverpool, Henry Young
Sketches of gipsies with whom the author
has come in personal contact, illustrated with
photographs of them. Some of the articles are
reprinted from The Manchester Guardian, The
Birkenhead News, and The Bazaar.
Bayley (Stanhope), In the Fall of the Leap,
wrapper 1/ net, cloth 1/6 net. Elkin Mathews
Sketches and essays on such subjects as
' The Poet,' ' Autumn in the Mountains,' ' On
the Palatine,' and ' The Question.'
Citizen Series (The) Maps of London, edited by
William Stanford, 7/6 net. Bacon
A collection of coloured maps showing the
areas administered by the various Government
departments, local authorities, and supply com-
panies having statutory power in the City,
County, and neighbourhood of London.
Copeland (T. E.), Everybody's Guide to Book-
keeping, 6d. net. Brindley & Howe
" Described as a valuable vade-mecum for
all engaged in accounts."
Cunningham (W.), Notes on the Organization
op the Mason's Craft in England, 1/ net.
Milford for British Academy
This paper was read at the International His-
torical Congress in April last year, and is repro-
duced from the Proceedings of the British Aca-
demy.
Dod's Parliamentary Companion, 1914, 3/6 net.
Whittaker
Contains full and up-to-date information on
all Parliamentary matters.
Eldred (Engineer-Commander Charles E.), R.N.,
Everybody's Book of the Navy, 6d. net.
Brindley & Howe
The sections include ' Machinery and Struc-
ture of a Super-Dreadnought,' ' The Present
Navy,' and ' Some Notable Ships.'
Emilie, Everywoman's Guide to Home Dress-
making, " Saxon's Everywoman's Books," Id.
net. Brindley & Howe
Contains practical information on all aspects
of this subject.
Hookham (Paul), The Conscience of a Ring,
and Other Pieces, 2/6 net.
Oxford, Cottrell Horser ;
London, Simpkin & Marshall
A collection of essays and poems, the first
of which is a soliloquy put into the mouth of
Charles I. Other subjects dealt with include
' Unrest and Democracy,' ' Limits of Socialism,'
and ' The Third Murderer in " Macbeth." '
Morgan (H. E.), The Dignity of Business,
Thoughts and Theories on Business and Train-
ing for Business, 2/6 net. Ewart & Seymour
A series of articles discussing the inadequacy
of commercicii education in England, and urging
" for business fuller recognition as a career of
dignity." One of the author's suggestions is
" the establishment of Business Curricula at
Public Schools and Universities, as well as spe-
cialized commercial training schools."
Osborne (R. S.), Modern Business Routine
Explained and Illustrated : Vol. I.
Home Trade, 2/6 net. Wilson
A practical textbook giving information on
writing business letters, indexing, precis-writing,
and drawing up various commercial documents.
Each chapter finishes with exercises, and there
is a Glossary of Commercial Terms.
Ward (Wilfrid), Men and Matters, 12/6 net.
Longmans
These studies include three essays on dif-
ferent aspects of religious thought ; and some
papers read before the Synthetic Society are here
published for the first time. Other subjects are
' Mr. Chesterton among the Prophets,' ' George
Wyndham,' and ' Disraeli.'
PAMPHLETS.
Gibbs (Philip), The Tragedy of Portugal, id.
Upcott Gill
These articles, written as a protest against
the treatment of political prisoners in Portugal,
are reprinted from The Daily Chronicle and The
Contemporary Review, with an Introduction by
Mr. E. M. Tenison.
Tenison (E. M.), Will England save Portugal ?
Our Hereditary Obligations (1373-1914),
2d. Upcott Gill
A brief account of the various Anglo-Portu-
guese treaties, with a plea for British intervention
on behalf of Portuguese political prisoners.
SCIENCE.
Klein (Felix), Lectures on the Icosahedron
and the Solution of Equations of the
Fifth Degree, translated by George Gavin
Mojrice, 10/6 net. Kegan Paul
A second and revised edition of this trans-
lation.
Lapworth (Charles), The Birmingham Country :
its Geology and Physiography, 2/6 net.
Birmingham, Cornish
This article is reprinted from the Handbook
of the British Association for the Birmingham
meeting, 1913. There are coloured geological and
topographical maps.
Smithsonian Institution, Report of the Secretary
for the Year ending June 30, 1913.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A report of the activities of the Institution
during the year, including a statement of recent
researches and explorations.
Stanford's Geological Atlas of Great Britain
and Ireland, with Plates of Characteristic
Fossils, edited by Horace B. Woodward, Third
Edition, 12/6 net.
In this edition a description of the geological
structure of the Channel Islands has been added
to that of Great Britain and Ireland, and Dr.
J. S. Flett has written notes on rocks personally
collected in Jersey. A few other additions have
been made, and the text and maps revised
Vines (S. H.) and Druce (G. Claridge), An Account
of the Morisonian Herbarium, 15/ net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
A description of the Herbarium of Robert
Morison, the first Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Oxford, and of Jacob Bobart the younger,
with biographical and critical sketches of Morison
and the two Bobarts and their works, and the
early history of the Physic Garden. There are
a few illustrations and an Index of Plant-Names.
FINE ARTS.
Archseologia JEUana, Third Series, Vol. X. Mis-
cellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity.
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Society of Antiquaries
This centenary volume, 1813-1913, of the
Society includes articles on the ' History of the
Society,' by Mr. John Crawford Hodgson, and
' The Society's Museum,' by Mr. Richard Oliver
Heslop. Chronological and alphabetical lists of
members are also given, and biographies of con-
tributors to the Society's literature.
Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle,
Annual Report for 1912-13, 1/9
Calcutta, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot
Containing Dr. D. G. Spooner's general
Report, Mr. J. F. Blakiston's report on the
Conservation work of the Circle, and ' Notes on
Places visited in 1912-13,' by the latter, with
statements of expenditure, lists of photographs,
and other matter.
Auction Sale Prices, Supplement to ' The Con-
noisseur,' Vol. XV. January -December,
1913. ' Connoisseur ' Office
A record of the prices given for autographs,
books, pictures, and other objects of art during
last year.
Boisbaudran (Lecoq de), The Training of the
Memory in Art and the Education of the
Artist, translated from the French by L. D.
Luard, with an Introduction by Selwyn Image,
Second Edition, 6/ net. Macmillan
The text of the translation has not been
altered for this edition, but there are a few addi-
tional notes and an extra illustration.
Burgess (Fred. W.), Chats on Old Coins, a
Practical Guide for the Collector, 5/ net.
Fisher Unwin
A condensed history of the currencies once
used- by the most prominent nations. There
are numerous illustrations and an Index.
Connoisseur, September to December, 1913,
Vol. XXXVIi., edited by J. T. Herbert Baily.
Otto
This volume also contains the extra Christmas
number.
Cortissoz (Royal), Art and Common Sense, 7/6
net. Smith & Elder
The author maintains that a great work of
art is meant " for human nature's daily food,"
and is not a mystery which can be understood
only by artists and critics. His aim is " to
interpret the old masters as human creatures,"
and " to test modern movements and reputations
in the light of common sense."
Manual of Heraldry (The), a Concise Descrip-
tion of the Several Terms Used, and con-
taining a Dictionary of Every Designation
in the Science, edited by Francis J. Grant,
2/ net. Edinburgh, J. Grant
A new edition, revised and enlarged, with
additional chapters on the Law and Right to
Arms and on the Heraldic Executive. The
chapter on Precedence has been superseded by
inserting the tables now in use in England and
Scotland.
MUSIC.
Carter (H.), Petit Recueil de Chants Francais,
4/6 net. Oxford, Clarendon Press
With four exceptions the airs are of French
origin in this collection, which is intended for
school and home use. They have been edited by
Mr. G. Dyson of Marlborough College. Several
have been handed down by means of a French
nurse, and for the most part the songs are well
known.
Parsifal, and Tristan und Isolde, the Stories of
Richard Wagner's Dramas, told in English by
Handle Fynes and Louis N. Parker, 1 /6 net.
Smith & Elder
The writers have " tried to retell the stories
of two of Wagner's greatest dramas in language
neither so bald as to be unreadable nor so pedantic
as to be incomprehensible." These versions are
not intended to take the place of the many literal
translations.
DRAMA.
Acharnians (The) of Aristophanes, with a Transla-
tion into English Verse by Robert Yelverton
Tyrrell, 1/ net. Milford
This is the version to be played by the
Oxford University Dramatic Society this month.
The Greek text is, by permission, based upon
that of Messrs. Hall and Geldart in the " Oxford
Classical Texts."
Griboyedof (A. S.), The Misfortune of being
Clever (Gore ot Ouma), translated from the
Nineteenth Russian Edition by S. W. Pring,
2/6 net. Nutt
A comedy in four acts, written originally in
rhymed verse of varying metres.
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
THE ATIIKNMIUM
203
Grundy (Sydney), Tim Play ok THE li n BE, (></.
I'li'iicli
This pamphlet by"jA Playwright of the Past "
is an attack on Mr. John Palmers recently pub-
lished volume ' The Future of the Theatre,' and
•a defence of the Victorian school of drama.
' Stage ' Year-Book. l!Ut, 1. net. ' Stage ' Office
This Year-Book has increased in size, now
containing 342 pages of letterpress and over 200
illustrations, many of which are in photogravure
and in colours. It deals with last year's work on
the stage in the United Kingdom and abroad, and
the articles include ' The Drama of the Year,' by
Mr. E. A. Baughan ; ' Tort raits of Shakespeare,'
by Mr. Austin Brereton ; and ' .Modern Scenic-
Art,' by Air. Arthur Scott Craven.
FOREIGN.
POETRY.
Porcbe (Francois), Le Dbssous du Masque,
3fr. 50. Paris, ' Nouvelle Revue Francaise
A collection of poems under divisions which
include the following : ' Larmes de la Yolupte '
and ' Prisme strange de la Maladie.'
PHILOSOPHY.
Pascal, Pexsees, " Edition Lutetia," lfr. net.
Nelson
This edition includes an Introduction by
_\f. Emilc Faguet, and the Preface to the Port-
Royal edition by Etienne Perier, the nephew of
Pascal.
Richard (Gaston), La Question Sociale et le
Mouvemext Philosophique au XIXe Siecle,
3fr. 50. Paris, Colin
The author divides his subject into two main
parts : ' La Philosophic et l'lndividualisme eco-
nomique ' and ' Le Sociaiisme scientifique et la
Critique philosophique.' A Bibliographical Index
is also included.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Le Grand (Leon), Les Soukces de i.'Histoire
Reliclecse de la Revolution aux Archives
Xationales. Paris, Champion
The series of the Archives are here dealt with
in the order in which they occur in the ' Etat
sommaire,' and the sources furnished by each are
indicated from the point of view of religious
history.
Voltaire, GE uvp.es Ixedites, pnbliees par Fernand
Caussy : Vol. I., Melanges Historiques.
Paris, Champion
The first of a series which is to be published
in nine volumes, and to include Voltaire's corre-
spondence for the years 1712 to 1778.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Bardoux (Jacques), Ckoquis d'Outre - Maxche,
3fr. 50. Paris, Hachette
A journey through the south-western counties
of England conjures up to the writer pictures of
the land as it appeared in former days.
Leclercq (Jules), La Flxlaxde aux Mille Lacs.
Paris, Plon-Xourrit
A second edition, which contains sixteen
illustrations and a map.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Delcourt (Joseph), Essai sub la Laxgue de
Sir Thomas More, d'apres ses CEuvres an-
glaises. Paris, Didier
The subject is treated from the linguistic
nnd literary point of view, with chapters on
' L'Homme et son CEuvrc ' and ' Le Style.'
There are also a Bibliography and three Appen-
dixes, including ' Les Lettres autographes de More
d'apn-s les originaux conserves au British
.Museum).'
Fidao-Justiniani, L Esprit Classique et la
Phi ai- XVUe Siecle, .'ifr. 50.
Paris, Picard
This volume also contains " an discours et
un dialogue inedite de Chapelain sur l'amour et
la gJoire." It includes chapters on ' De la
•<• par Rapport a L'esprit classique ' and
' Exegese sentimentale : les Amours d'un Pre-
cieux.'
Serban (N.), LflOFABDl Sentimental, Essai de
Psychologic Leopardienne, Boivi du ' Journal
d'Amour. inedit en Francais, .'ifr.
Paris, Champion
The theme of this book is discussed under
the following heads : ' Leopardi Amonn u and
' Sentiment et PesBxmisme.'
PHILOLOGY.
Archives d'Etudes Orlentales, pnbliees par J. \.
Lundell, Vol. VII.
Dpeala, K. W. Appelberg
Consist- of ' Intonation and Anwaat im
Slavischen,' by Signrd AgrelL
Dottin (G.), Mam ei. i>'Ii;i.am> us MOTBN, 2 vols. :
1. CiltAM.MAIliE ; Li. TESTES BT ( I l.OSS.UKE.
Paris, Champion
A grammar and reading-book <<( the Irish
language between the eleventh ami fifteenth
centuries.
Jespersen (Otto), A Modern- English GbaMHAB
on Historical Princiim.ks : Pari II. Syntax,
Vol. 1. Heidelberg, Carl Winter
Contains the first part of the author's treat-
ment of syntax.
Ronjat (Jules), Le Developpement du Lang agio
OBSERVE CHEZ UN ENFANT BlI.IXGl K.
Paris, Champion
A discussion on the results of experiments
made on the writer's own son from his earliest
days.
FICTION.
Balzac (H. de), Les Chouans, lfr. 25 net, " Col-
lection Nelson."
This volume also includes ' Une Passion
dans le Desert.'
Lechartier (G.), La Confession d'uxe Femme
du Monde. Paris, Plon-Nourrit
Dedicated to M. Rene" Bazin. Madame
Reyrieux, just married to a distinguished young
officer, tells the story of her introduction to
Parisian society, and describes the progressive
degradation of her character till she is pulled up
short on the verge of adultery at the moment
when she and her husband have ruined themselves
by extravagance.
Lichtenberger (Andre), Le Sang Nouveau.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A very able study of the new France which
is growing up under the influence of athleticism
and sport. Three generations of a family are
shown : the grandfather, who dates from the
days before 1870, one of the generation which
founded its hopes for the future on science and
the democratic ideal ; the father, a middle-class
Republican, a politician and anti-clerical ; and
the son, captain of the local football club, and
soon to be an expert aviator. The mentality of
the disillusioned son — to whom neither ideals nor
politics appeal — is the chief interest of the book.
The author sees in the reawakened desire for dis-
ciplined struggle among the present generation
the hope of a new future for France.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, Fevrier, lfr. 25 net.
Paris, " Mercure de France '
Includes articles on ' La Mysticite' et le
Lyrisme chez Max Elskamp,' by M. Francis de
Miomandre ; and ' Le Positivisme, est-il un
Systeme de Philosophic positive ? ' by M. Georges
Dauville.
Revue Critique des Idees et des Livres, Janvier,
lfr. Paris, 155, Boulevard Saint-Germain
In addition to notes on the theatre, politics,
and art, this number includes articles on ' Pierre
de la Gorge,' by M. de Roux ; ' Le Feminisme
dans ITslam,' by M. Gilbert Maire ; and ' Poemcs,'
by M. Louis Le Cardonnel.
GENERAL.
Descamps (Paul), La Formation Sociale de
l'Anglai* Moderne, 4fr.
Paris, Colin
The author describes various aspects of the
life and education of all classes in England, and
aims at explaining the typical social character-
istics of the race. There is a Preface by M. Paul
de Rousiers.
Laudet (Fernand), La Vie qui passe, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
The impressions of a year, with reflections
on various aspects of life.
Mezieres (A.), ULTIMA Verba, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Hachette
A collection of recent essays, which includes
chapters on ' Rousseau Artiste,' 'Bismarck,' and
' Madame Pasteur.'
Steiner (Rudolf), I. a Science Occui.te, traduit
de 1'Allemand, avec I'autorisation de 1'auteur,
par Jules Sauerwein, 3fr. 60. Paris, Perrin
This volume is translated from the fourth
edition, and is to \n- considered as an abridgment
of the author.^ idi
MUSIC.
Prunleres (Henry), L'OPBBA Itai.ien en FRANCE
avaht l.i i.i.i. Paris, Champion
Includes a Bibliography and chaptet
' Lea Premiers Operas representee h Pans (1648
1646),' ' Operas, Concerts, ei Ballets LtaJiens it la
Can- (1653-9),' and 'l.' I -■ du tfariage
royal (1659 <il).'
PAUL DfiROULilDE.
M. Paul Derouledk. who died at Nice cm
Friday of last \\ eek at t ho u#o of 07, had been
ill for some time, and ordered by Ids doctor
to take complete rest. Any one could give
orders to M. Deroulede, but no one could
make him obey them ; and, being President
of the League of Patriots, a society formed
to do honour to the memory of the French
soldiers who fell in the war of 1870-71,
he defied his physician, and insisted on
taking his place at the League's annual
gathering in December, and so perhaps
fatally injured his health.
Ho was born in Paris in 1846. His mother
was a sister of Emile Augier, and he was a
passionate patriot : a poet whose songs
delighted Louis Stevenson ; a soldier devoted
to his country, and full of enthusiasm for
his military dvities ; a politician whose
work attracted at different times immense
notice, but whose political career, judged
by results, was a failure.
M. Paul Deroulede began his life by
studying for the law, but soon turned
his attention to literature, and showed that
he preferred the theatre to the law courts.
Before he was 23 he had abandoned the law,
and had succeeded in getting a one-act play
from his pen produced in Paris. In 1870 he
joined the army as a volunteer, and was
wounded and captured at Sedan. He
escaped from prison in Silesia, rejoined the
French armies, and made the campaigns of
the Loire and the East. A fall from a horse
ended his military career ; but before his
retirement he had published his famous
' Chants du Soldat,' which brought him
deserved and lasting fame-
He founded his Ligue des Patriotes in
1882, and obtained for it the support of
Gambetta. The League was intended to
keep alive French patriotism, and perhaps
the bitter memories of the Prussian war.
It took for its motto the words " Qui vive ?
— France ! Quand meme."
Its founder was twice elected to the French
Parliament, and when Boulangcr appeared
on the scene Deroulede threw himself,
with all his energy, into the revisionniste
movement. He used his League of Patriots
for the work of Boulangism ; and the
complete failure of the campaign only
caused him to make fresh efforts — such as
were noticeable in his violent attacks on
Dreyfus.
His absurd attempt, after the death of
Felix Faure and the election of President
Loubet, to induce Ceneral Rogel and his
troops to march on the Elysee " to Bave
the Republic" is not yet forgotten. When
he was tried for it, a jury acquitted him ; bul
within a month or two he was rearrested
and tried for plotting against the Republic.
In January, 1900, be was condemned to ten
years' exile, and retired to San Sebastien.
He was pardoned in 1905, hut would tlOl
accept the pardon, and only returned to
France after the amnestj <>i November in
i he same year.
He had' in his time foughl a -.ore of die
and had written much. He was responsible,
among other things, for the following pub-
lications : ' < haul 3 du Soldat ' | I VT_' .
' Nouveaux Chants du Soldat ' (18'
■ Ferulles de route' and ' Nouv< I illes
de route,' which deall with the war ol 1870.
As a dramatie author, he product d ' L'Het-
man,' ' La Moabite,' ' Me are du Guesclm.
.,,,.1 - La phi- belle fille du monde. n
poetry included ' .Mania- el jonner i
• Refrains militaires,1 and ' < hams du
an.'
Whether one liked his opinions or hated
them, one fell thai he was a greal French-
204
THE ATHENiEU M
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
man — a man who occupied a foremost
place in the imagination and hearts of
many of his countrymen. He was devoted
to France. He found his chief recreation
in travel in Italy, Spain, Egypt, England,
Russia, and, as he himself said, " in Germany
before 1870." His love of his country was
his outstanding characteristic, unless, in-
deed, his hatred of Germany was even
more remarkable.
MRS. WILLIAM MORRIS.
46, Marlborough Hill, N.W., February 3rd„1914.
Your announcement of the death of
William Morris's widow awakens thoughts
which one cannot easily refrain from ex-
pressing. It was, as you say, a limited circle
that Mrs. Morris directly influenced, and
there must now be very few left who had the
privilege of actually seeing her in the glory
of that beauty and dignity which Rossetti
did not by any means exaggerate in the now
well-known portrait you mention or in
others which I have seen, executed as simple
portraits, apart from the numerous pictures
in which her form and features were intro-
duced with slight divergences from actuality,
but always faithful to the typical inspiration.
It was in 1869 that I first beheld Mrs.
Morris at 26, Queen Square, a vision seen
through a doorway, standing, and hard to
believe in as the sight of an actual nineteenth -
century Englishwoman ; and when I last
saw her at Kelmscott House, seated at a
table, her hair almost white and still very
beautiful, there was the same unconscious
mediaeval grace and majesty of carriage.
I have seen beautiful women in all quarters
of the globe, but never one so strangely
lovely and majestic as Mrs. Morris.
It was not, however, merely to expatiate
on her personal appearance and magnetism
that your paragraph cozened the pen into
my hand ; for, by a curious coincidence, a
friend had just called my attention to an
imperfection in my volume ' The Books of
William Morris.' This was the absence of
any mention of two published sonnets by
him, the discovery of which it would have
been my bounclen duty to disclose to you at
an early moment. They appeared anony-
mously in The Atlantic Monthly for February
and May, 1870, and should have been men-
tioned at p. 213 of my book, in the long
list of contributions to periodical literature,
as they would have been had I known them
in 1897. Though the author's name is not
given in either number of the magazine or
on either wrapper, the index to the volume
discloses it. The titles of the sonnets are
' Rhyme slayeth Shame ' and ' May grown
a-cold.' They are unmistakeably from the
hand of Morris ; but I should judge them
to be considerably earlier than 1870, and
connected with the time of the poet's under-
graduate courtship of the lady whom he
won. They disclose nothing of incident,
but represent spiritual phases in a lover's
life, and he probably unburied them for the
editor of The Atlantic Monthly about the
time when he was reviewing Rossetti's
Poems (1870) and lauding, with power and
keen critical perception, the sonnets of ' The
House of Life.' They are, like Rossetti's
sonnets, on the Guidonian model ; and the
rhymes of the sestet are arranged on the
ABBAAB scheme, like those in the only
other sonnet of Morris's which I recall, that
inscribed before his ' Grettir the Strong '
(1869).
I wish these two fine sonnets had been
unearthed sooner ; I cannot find anything
about them in Prof. Mackail's ' Life of
Morris,' or in Miss May Morris's sumptuous
edition of her father's works, or in that
handy and charming volume of Morris's
' Prose and Poetrj' ' issued by the Clarendon
Press in the " Oxford Library of Standard
Authors." But when one has to own a sin
of omission, it is some consolation to find
oneself in good company.
H. Buxton Forman.
TRADE DISPUTES AND UNEMPLOY-
MENT INSURANCE.*
The present dispute in the London
building trades between the Employers'
Federation and the workmen is bringing
into some prominence the incidence of
certain provisions of the National In-
surance Act, 1911.
In view of the statement that the number
of men involved will ultimately reach up-
wards of 100,000, it may be anticipated that
the Labour Exchange officials have a busy
time ahead of them.
Whether in the circumstances of the
present case benefit will be allowed to work-
men who are unemployed by reason of the
dispute is not yet certain. What is beyond
doubt is that a certain number of test
claims at least will be made, and an authori-
tative opinion sought. It should be pointed
out that, unless in all cases the Courts of
Referees agree with the decision of the
Insurance Officer, the decision ultimately
rests with the imipire appointed by the Crown
specially for this purpose, who is independent
of the Board of Trade, the department
responsible for the control of the Unemploy-
ment Fund.
Section 87 provides, inter alia, that
" a workman who has lost employment by reason
of a stoppage of work which was due to a trade
dispute at the factory, workshop, or other premises
at which he was employed, shall be disqualified for
receiving unemployment beneiit so long as the
stoppage of work continues," &c.
A statement recently apjaeared that
counsel's opinion had been sought by an
association of workmen, who were advised
that in the particular circumstances of the
present dispute the disqualification imposed
by the section would not necessarily apply.
There can, however, be little doubt that the
scope of the disqualification is wide enough
to include the present case.
Employers, too, will note with interest —
if not with a feeling akin to some stronger
emotion- — that the refunds to employers
under section 94 on account of workmen
regularly employed may be imperilled by
what appears to many an arbitrary attempt
to dictate the terms of service to their men.
It is common knowledge that, of the claims
under section 94 made in respect of the year
1912-13, a certain number were disallowed,
for the reason that continuity of service had
been interrupted by trade disputes.
It would seem that recent legislation has
therefore done something to weight the scales
on the side of negotiation between masters
and men, since if the present is held to be a
trade dispute within the meaning of the Act,
it seems to follow that not only will the
workmen fail to obtain unemployment
benefit, but the employers' claims for refund
in respect of the workmen involved in the
present dispute will also necessarily be
invalidated. The refund may amount to
about 3s. Qd. per head, and therefore in the
aggregate represents a considerable sum. It
is j)erhaps a satisfactory feature that, while
* We insert the above in deference to a correspondent
who was of opinion that our Sociological Supplement of
last week failed to deal with matters of the moment We
thank our correspondent for his kindness in attempting to
make good what he considers was a defect.
Since the above was written some cases have been
decided and benefit disallowed. An appeal has been
heard by one of the Courts of Referees, who agreed with
the Insurance Officer's decision.
the amount may be lost to the employers
and workmen concerned, it is to that extent
saved to the Unemployment Fund, and
thereby makes a substantial addition to the
national provision against unemployment.
It is interesting to record that in concluding
his first report on the proceedings of the
Board of Trade under Part II. of the
National Insurance Act, 1911, the director,
Mr. W. H. Beveridge, described this national
provision in the following statesmanlike
sentences : —
" It is at least possible to look forward to the
next depression from a new standpoint. The in-
vented balance of the Fund is 1,610,0007., and will
increase. The machinery for distributing the
Fund is established. The depression that must
come in due course will not find the country un-
prepared."
No one, whatever his views, can con-
template without satisfaction the fact that
by an Act passed so recently no fewer than
2,500,000 workmen in the United Kingdom
engaged in the six great industries most liable
to trade fluctuation — cyclical or otherwise —
have made preparation to this extent to
bridge the inevitable gaps between one job
and the next.
It cannot be too often pointed out that, as
the workman, the employer, and the State
all contribute to the Unemployment Fund,
each contributor has a direct interest in the
economical distribution of the benefits. For
the first time, too, the employer is face to
face with an unpleasant reminder that
" standing down " his workmen will bring
with it not only a loss of earning power to
the industrial wage -earner, but also an
additional diminution in the income entries
in the employer's balance-sheet.
THE PEARSON LIBRARY.
On Wednesday, January 28th, and the two
following days, Messrs. Sotheby sold the second
portion of the library of Mr. John Pearson, the
chief prices being the following : Bacon, Essaies,
1624, 201. Book of Common Prayer, Sturt's
edition, 1717, 211. Burns, Verses to the Memory
of James Thomson, n.d., 31Z. Byron, Lines on
John William Rizzo Hoppner, 1818, 207. 10s.
Eikon Basilike, 1648, in a fine contemporary
binding, 30Z. Chaucer, Workes, c. 1538, 25Z. Com-
post des Bergiers, n.d., 221. Life of Napoleon,
with plates by G. Cruikshank, 1815, 2'6l. Dryden,
MacFlecknoe, 1682, 40/. Penelon, Aventures de
Telemaque, with illustrations after Moniiet, 2 vols.,
1782, 427. Plamini, In Librum Psalmorum Brevis
Explanatio, 1576, in a contemporary binding,
387. Goldsmith, The Mystery Revealed, " 1742 "
for 1762, 227. 10s. ; The Traveller, 1765, 207. ;
Poetical Works, 1S46, in a handsome binding by
Bedford, 50Z. Les Omelies Saint Gregoyre, Paris,
Verard, 1501, 907. Horse B.V.M., French MS.
with 13 large miniatures, 15th century, 140Z. ;
another, with 18 miniatures, in a morocco binding
by Clovis Eve, 827. ; another, printed at Paris
1525, 577. Horatii Opera, 2 vols., 1733-7, J
Pine's edition, 207. 10s. Johnson, General History
of Highwaymen, 1736, 207. Lamb, Prince Dorus,
1811, 507. Longus, Amours Pastorales de
Daphnis et Chloe, 1757, 327. Lucretius, Delia
Natura delle Cose, 2 vols., 1754, bound by Derome
for Garrick, 507. Marot, CEuvres, 1541, 207.
Meursius, Elegantife Latini Sermonis, 1770,
211. Paradise Lost, 1668, fir.->t edition, fourth
title-page, 317. 10s. Missale secundum Usum
Romanum, French MS. with 31 miniatures, 15th
century, 607. Moliere, GSuvres, 8 vols., 1682,
297. Nelson, a collection of autograph letters, &c,
by or relating to, 587. Nuremberg Chronicle,
1193, 397. Palmerin d'Oliva, Mirrour of Nobilitie,
1588, 687. Restif de la Bretonne, Le Paysan
Perverti ; La Paysanne Pervertie, 8 vols., 1776-84,
34Z. 10s. Rowlandson, Loyal Volunteers of
London, 1799, 28Z. ; Compendious Treatise on
Modern Education, 1802, 39£. ; 33 original draw-
ings for the Dance of Death, 385Z. Shelley, The
Cenci, 1819, 25Z. Sterne, Sentimental Journey,
2 vols., 1768, 25Z. 10s. Tasso, Gerusalemme
Liberata, 2 voK, 1784. 36Z. Taylor, Nipping or
Snipping of Abuses, 1614, 20Z. Tillotson, Three
Sermons concerning the Education of Children,
autograph MS. in handsome contemporary bind-
ing, 1062, 20Z. 10s. Westmacott, English Spy,
2 vols., 1825-6, 33Z.
The total of the sale was 4,618Z. 16s. Qd.
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
THE ATHENiEU M
2(15
ICitrmrn (Dossip.
The author of • Africa in Transfor-
mation ' informs us that, with reference
to our comment on the frontispiece — a
good view of Blantyre Church — the
illustration shows the apse and north
porch, and was taken from the mans,'
verandah, north-east of the church.
Mb. William Warwick Bivklano.
Senior Tutor of Gonville andCaius College,
has been appointed to succeed Dr. E. C.
Clark as Regius Professor of Civil Law at
Cambridge. Mr. Buckland has published
several works on Roman law. and, in
collaboration with the late (;. B. Finch,
is joint author of a selection of cases illus-
trating the English Law of Contract.
Pkof. Euckkn is to be in England next
May, and will be entertained at a public
dinner at the Savoy on the 2Sth. Dr. Boyd
Carpenter presiding. Those who desire
further particulars should apply to the
Professor's publishers. Messrs. Williams &
Xorgate, at 14, Henrietta Street. W.C.
Mil Newton Putt, son of the late
Dr. Khetter Mohan Dutt, a Bengali resi-
dent in England, and connected with
several well-known publishing firms in
London, has been appointed Curator of
the Central Library of Baroda by the
Maharaja Gaekwar. He will be glad to
receive particulars of books, old or forth-
coming, from publishers and second-hand
booksellers, especially of such as relate to
India.
M. Maeterltnck*s works have been
plated on the Index. The news does not
make much, or any, difference to his
reception in this country, where the law
against the unorthodox book establishes
a principle, but is allowed to lapse in
practical life.
We published a letter at the end of
last ( October announcing that a Committee
had been formed to provide a Border
Memorial to Andrew Lang. It has now-
been resolved to proceed with the pre-
paration of a tablet and medallion for the
Free Library of Selkirk, his native town.
Aa the further proposals concerning the
study of Border history and literature
depend npon the sum raised, and as the
re to close the fund as
soon ssible, they hope that all
friends of Andrew Lang who may still
wish t scribe will now send their
jcriptions to the Honorary Secretary,
Mr. .1. Strathearn Steedman, Solicitor.
Selkirk.
roBXGATiON at Oxford on Tuesday
last agreed bj 76 votes to (is to promulgate
an important statute proposed by Sir
William Anson. It- effect i- to throw
open every place on the Hebdomadal
Council t<, members of Convocation of five
years' standing and do away with the
representation in equal numbers of heads
of houses, professors, and members of
( ionvocat ion.
TJu Oxford Uniix 'siiy GazetU of Wed-
nesday last publishes for the first fame,
in accordance with the new statu! concern-
ing finance, details concerning University
expenditure in 1912. The incomes any
payments of the various Colleges and their
contributions to the University funds are
summarized, and provide interesting read-
ing.
Mi;. William JaGGABD is leaving Eng-
land this week to deliver a series of
picture-lectures upon St ratford-on-A\ on
and the historic' country surrounding that
town, to some of the chief public institu-
tions of Xew York.
Next Tuesday Mr. P. 8. Allen is
beginning a course of six lectures on ' The
Age of Erasmus * at King's College. Strand.
The lectures are addressed to advanced
students of the subject, and admission is
free without ticket.
Sir John Macdonell, in lecturing on
Wednesday last on legal procedure as
illustrated by historical trials, dealt with
Germany, and in particular with the ease
of the miller Arnold, in which Frederick
the Great intervened, and, being dis-
satisfied with the verdict, himself dictated
a judgment. Sir John remarked that
Carlyle's account of the case was not
always fair or accurate. The courts seem
to have been at first wrong as to their
law and right as to the facts, and the
King wrong as to the facts and right as to
law. His despotic action was reversed
in the reign of his successor.
Mr. Hector Crosley Avrites from
161a, Kensington High Street, W. : —
'; I should be grateful if you would kindly
permit me to appeal to your readers on
behalf of the widow and daughter of the
late Prof. Emil Reich, who have been left
penniless.
" Combined with this misfortune is the
most serious health of Mrs. Reich, who,
owing to lack of funds, cannot obtain suffi-
cient nutriment or medical advice.
" I should be pleased to furnish you with
any further information you may require,
but meanwhile I should be most grateful
if any of your readers would render imme-
diate assistance in this most necessitous and
worthy case."'
The aim of The Candid Quarterly
Review of Public Affairs, Political, Scien-
tific. Social, and Literary, is to deal with
them faithfully and frankly and also
with candour, " having sole regard to the
public welfare." The first number con-
tains close upon 300 pages, and we con-
gratulate Mr. Thomas Gibson Bowles on
the measure of his achievement, though
we fear the crown he charges is too high
a figure for many who would he glad to
study the Quarterly.
We hear that Miss Edith Williams has
been appointed Chevalier de la Legion
d'Honneur. Miss Williams, who is the
founder of the "Guilds Internationale."
has resided for many years in Paris, and
has done inueh to promote the study of
English in France.
Tin: .V \i>i':mii: l"i: wcaisi: met on
Thursday in last week to award the Grand
Prix de Litterature. At the first ballot M.
.han Variot's ' Les Easards de la Guerre '
and M. Emile Clermont's 'Laure' ob-
tained nine votes each. A second ballol
gave exactly the same result. The
Academicians, being unable to agree,
decided not to award the prize this year.
<>\ Thursday. January 29th, the Cercle
Erancais de I'Universite d'Oxford had its
second annual dinner at the new Masonic
Hall. Within two years the number of
members has increased to 1'T I , and it is
now the second largest club in the Uni-
versity. At its weekly meetings debates
on subjects of current interest are con-
ducted in French, and it possesses a
French library, towards which the French
Government has generously contributed.
At the dinner Mr. E. G. Underwood,
President of the Cercle, was in the chair,
and its President d'honneur, M. Cambon,
t!ie French Ambassador, came to Oxford
to be present. He gave "les jeunes" an
interesting address, the chief burden of
which was the Entente Cordiale.
Prof. A. V. Dicey Ins prepared a new
edition of his - Lectures on the Relation
between Law and Public Opinion in
England during the Nineteenth Century."
He has added a comprehensive Introduc-
tion dealing with (a) Legislative Opinion
at the End of the Nineteenth Century;
(b) Course of Legislation from the Begin-
ning of the Twentieth Century ; (c) The
Main Current of Legislative Opinion from
the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
(Collectivism) ; (d) Counter-Currents and
Cross-Currents of Opinion; and Conclu-
sions. The volume will be published by
Messrs. Macmillan.
The Cambridge University Press will
begin the publication of ' The Camhridge
British Flora ' with the issue of Vol. II.,
which, it is hoped, will be ready on
March 10th. The work will he completed
in ten volumes. Its production having
involved a heavier expenditure than was
anticipated, it has been found necessary
to raise the price from 21. 5s. to 21. 10s. net
per volume (21. 5s. net to subscribers to
the complete work).
Messrs. Longmans have nearly ready
' Alice Ottley: a Memoir,' by Miss Mary
E. James, with an Introduction by the
Bishop of Worcester. This is a brief
memoir of one whom the Bishop of
Worcester, in a Preface contributed by
him. truly describes as '" a remarkable
woman."' Alice Ottley was for nearly
thirty years the first head mistress of the
newly founded High School for Girls at
Worcester, and one of the pioneers in
organizing the secondary education of girls.
The same firm are publishing shortly
■ Education and Psychology,' by Mr.
Michael West. In his opinion the ten-
dency of modern psychology shows that
the purely liberal education i> diverting
the energies of the future generation in a
useless direction and retarding natioi
development. Education Bhould !«• for
action, not lor mere thought or know led-.
alone, it Bhould aim uot al uniformity,
hut at the u idest possible differentiation.
An actual scheme and a curriculum are
propounded in detail. At the -one tunc,
l,r.i, i ical suggestions are given a- to how,
under existing condition-, teaching tor
examinations and training for action may
he reconciled.
200
THE ATHENiEU M
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
SCIENCE
The Foundations of Science : Science and
Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science
and Method. By H. Poincare. Trans-
lated by George Bruce Halsted. (New
York, Science Press.)
This is a translation, with an Introduc-
tion from the late Henri Poincare himself,
of his three treatises, ' Science et Hypo-
these,' ' La Valeur de la Science,' and
' Science et Methode,' all which appeared
in the excellent " Bibliotheque de Philo-
sophie Scientifique " directed by Dr. Gus-
tave Le Bon. Although in form these are
discussions of science in the abstract, the
author has contrived, with the literary
grace of an academician, to slip into them
his appreciation of the latest discoveries
in various branches of physics, ranging
from the non - Euclidean geometry to
Kaufmann's experiments upon the Beta
rays of radium. This is presented with
a clearness and an authority that it would
be hard to equal, but it is a proof of the
rapid advance that has taken place in
such matters that it already seems a
little old-fashioned ; and, as all the
treatises in this volume have, if we mistake
not, long since appeared in English, no
extended notice of them seems here
required. The suniming-up of the whole
matter is, perhaps, to be found in the
concluding pages of ' Science et Methode,'
where the author says that Prof. Lorentz's
theory obliges us to choose between sup-
posing that positive electrons have real
mass while their negative counterparts
have none, and the hypothesis that all
inertia is electromagnetic in origin and
is inertia of the ether only, in which the
electrons are merely holes. We fancy
that nowadays most physicists incline to
the first of these rival theories.
It is, perhaps, in more abstract matters
than these that the breadth and pene-
tration of Poincare's outlook are most
immediately apparent. His utterances
upon them show how far removed was
the standpoint of such a thinker as he
from that of those men of science who,
under the pressure of Nobel prizes and
industrial competition, are daily scram-
bling to secure some commercially market-
able discovery. The object of mathe-
matical theories, he tells us, is not to
reveal the true nature of things, but to
co-ordinate the physical laws disclosed
by experiments which without the help
of mathematics we should be unable to
state. So he tells us that the axioms of
geometry are but definitions in disguise,
and that all we can truly say of the funda-
mental principle of the conservation of
energy is that there is something which
remains constant. For him, too, the laws
underlying phenomena can only be de-
tected by generalization, and in the choice
among the " thousand routes " of gene-
ralization he warns us that our sole guide
can be analogy. Hence, he says, the
views of the instructed and the un-
instructed public as to the value of scien-
tific theories are always opposed to each
other. He soars far above the heads of
those who see in science only a means of
money-making when he says that it is
through science and art alone that civiliza-
tion has any value ; that geology shows
life to be merely a short episode between
two eternities of death ; and that even in
this episode conscious thought has lasted,
and will last, but for a moment. Hence,
he says, we must, by work and by suffering,
pay for our place at the game, either that
we may ourselves see or at least that
others may one day see. This last sen-
tence has a melancholy interest in view
of its writer's early death.
As to the translation, Dr. Halsted
possesses the great qualification of ac-
quaintance with the subject of the work
translated, his own researches in such
matters as the new geometry being well
and favourably known. Americanisms
like " straights " for straight lines, " illy "
for ill, to our eyes disfigure his pages, and
he does not everywhere show a deep
acquaintance with the French language.
Thus " and that I should convene to
call energy " is not a translation of
que je conviendrais d'appeler energie ; nor
is une mauvaise plaisanterie " a bad joke."
Yet in spite of these defects Dr. Halsted
generally conveys the meaning of his
author adequately, and in some cases
with rare felicity.
SOCIETIES.
British Academy. — Jan. 28. — Prof. Bosanquet
in the chair. — Prof. S. Alexander, Fellow of the
Academy, read a paper on ' The Basis of
Realism.'
By insisting on the equal claim of objects
with the mind to be considered real, realism
seems at first sight to depress the mind, and
make it less real. But this misapprehension
rest? upon the mi-take of confusing reality with
perfection. Mind is not more real than things,
but more perfect, i.e., more developed. In view
of Mr. Bosanquet's recent criticism of realism
(Adamson Lecture, 1913), and to show that by
depriving mind of its pretensions realism actually
establishes the perfection of mind, it seemed well
to restate the position.
The starting-point is the analysis of an act of
cognition into an act of mind, its independent
objects, and their compresence. This is not
the mere distinction of act from object, but is
only understood as the distinction of an enjoying
subject from a contemplated object, separate from
it. This latter distinction is thus the more im-
portant. This initial proposition of realism is
"'Inaive " and incomplete. When further examined,
it turns out to be a particular case of the corn-
presence of interrelated reals cohering within
a universe. Two consequences of the analysis may
be stated. First, mind is a continuum of Tiiental
functions which are also brain functions of a
certain degree of development, with the mental
quality. Being mind or consciousness is a new
empirical quality which emerges at a particular
stage. The mind is thus located in the brain.
Secondly, the alleged distinction of " contents "
of sense from the " objects " of thought dis-
appears. The difference is one of part and whole.
In each case there is an object, and not a " con-
tent." Reasons were assigned to account for the
contrary view.
But Mr. Bosanquet has urged that the analysis
fail-, because a mind is a world, while its object
is a fragment. If this were so, the analysis from
which realism starts would be false from the
beginning. But in fact the mind is as nmch a
fragment as the object, and the object is in the
same sense a world as the mind (and neither is).
His further objection that the analysis fails to
account for the riches of mind, its wealth of being,
or for tertiary qualities like beauty, was
examined, and it was shown (a) that the riches of
mind are unaffected ; they are but a complex of
processes and tendencies, always compresent
with their objects ; and (6) that the reality, and
the more perfect reality, which is mind, enters
as a constituent into beauty.
It wa s then shown that while obj ects are indepen-
dent of the mind, the mind is in a certain sense
dependent on objects, or rather implies them.
But again, to suppose that this minimizes the self-
existence of mind is to confuse independence
with isolation. The very lateness of mind in the
order of development is the condition of its
perfection.
But the most searching objection to realism
is that its objects are mere abstractions and dead ;
whereas it is urged they already imply mind, and
things are thus continuous in kind with mind.
Now, according to realism, objects have all the
fundamental characters, of continuity, retention,
and the like, which can be seen more easily and
flagrantly in minds. Thus the objection confuses
the specific characters of minds with the cate-
gorical, fundamental characters which are common
to minds with things. It may indeed be said,
metaphorically, that all finites are minds ; but
this is inexact ; and at any rate it does not mean
that things are " mind," but only that they are
different ranks of empirical existences, called
minds because in a certain sense they " know,"
that is are compresent with, one another. This
led to an attempt to define the larger issues
between realism and (absolute) idealism. For in
the case of the latter, things are transformed in
entering into the one, individual whole. But
for realism, things in certain respects at least
(intrinsic ones) remain in the whole what they are
already. The whole is not the only reality, but
the most complete, or perfect reality, in a second
sense of perfection.
A discussion followed, in which the Chairman,
Mr. Bertram Russell, Prof. Smith, Dr. Wolf, and
others took part.
Society of Antiquaries. — Jan. 29. — Sir
Hercules Read, President, in the chair. — The Rev.
H. G. O. Kendall read a paper on ' Flint Imple-
ments from the Surface near Avebury : their
Classification and Dates.' On various sites in
Wilts, especially Windmill Hill, one mile from
Avebury, many chipped flints turned up by the
plough closely resemble French cave specimens.
They comprise keeled scrapers, beaked gravers,
and intermediate forms of the Aurignac culture.
Long scrapers are fairly numerous. Some small
knives resemble debased Moustier points ; and
Solutre laurel-leaf forms occur, but are not of fine
workmanship. Small ovate implements some-
times show the twisted edges of St. Acheul.
Amongst other types, arrowheads of various
forms and polished celts, re-chipped and re-used,
are prominent.
No single criterion can be infallibly applied to
all the chipped flints of any district ; but with
a thorough knowledge of the district, one can
classify the various industries and give to each
its comparative or approximate date. Patina,
and style may with due caution be used to date
the majority ; and re-chippings in later periods
give valuable aid. The question is, how many
periods are represented round Avebury 'i
The .latest prehistoric chipped flints are black,
and some a little earlier are dark blue. Amongst
them are regular truncated prisms, rare in the
earlier periods. They have recently been dug
out on a Late-Celtic site with pottery, Sec., and
exactly correspond to surface-finds on the top of
Hackpen Hill, and to others from Late-Celtic
pits near.
Scrapers and barbed arrowheads have been
found in local Bronze Age barrows, round which
chipped flints are usually numerous ; and re-
chippings suggest that certain white and bluish-
white flints, not deeply decayed, are older than
the Late-Celtic specimens and may be referred
to the Bronze Age.
Careful study shows that some, at any rate, of
the polished celts are old ; also that there are two
white patinas, the earlier of which is seen on
scrapers characteristic of the Cave period. There
are long barrows in the neighbourhood, and
neolithic man occupied the district. His chipped
flints must be accounted for among the surface
stones, and subdivision into more than these
three groups may be necessary ; but flint s with
the older white patina must be approximately
of the same date, whether that is Cave period or
later.
Mathematical. — Jan. 22. — Prof. A. E. H. Love,
President, in the chair. — Mr. T. L. Wren was
elected and admitted as a Member of the Society.
Dr. Bromwich reported, as Secretary, that the
number of members of the Society at the begin-
ning of the current session was 306, an increase
of one as compared with last session.
Mr. S. T. Shovelton read three papers : — (i.) ' A
Generalization of the Euler-Maclaurin Sum
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
T II E ATM i:\ ilUM
'207
Formula-.' (ii.) "The Deduction of the Formulas
of Mechanical Quadrature from the Generalized
Euler-Maclaurin Sum Formulas.' (iii.) ' », Generali-
sation of I ertain Sum Formula In the Calculus of
Finite Differences.1
Dr. W. F. Sheppard spoke in reference to the
application of those papers to statistical studies.
Dr. A. E. Western (Hon. Librarian) having
taken the chair, the President made an informal
communication with reference to evaluating the
potential of an electrified circular disk at a point
on the surface of the disk : the law of density was
assumed known, and it was required to verify
the constancy of the potential by direst Integra-
tion.
The President having returned to the chair,
the following papers were communicated by title
in the absence of their authors: — 'On Binary
Forms,' by Dr. A. Young, — and ' On Darboux's
Method of Solution of Partial Differential Equa-
tions of the Second Order.' by Mr. J. It. Wilton.
Society of Engineers. — Feb. 2. — The imme-
diate Past-President, Mr. Arthur Valoh, presented
the premiums aw aided for papers published during
1913, viz., the President's Gold Medal to Dr. Eric
K. Rideal for his paper on ' The Corrosion and
Rustina of Iron ' : the Bessemer Premium, value
5/. 5s., to Mr. Bernard L. Rigden for his paper on
'The South-Eastern Coalfield'; the Clarke
Premium, value 51. 5s., to Mr. Gerald O. Case for
his paper on ' Accretion at Estuary Harbours on
the South Coast of England'; and a Society's
Premium, value I!/. 3«., to Mr. W. Yorath Lewis
for his paper on ' The Tram r. Pus Controversy.'
Mr. II. C. II. Shenton was then installed as Presi-
dent, and delivered his inaugural address, refer-
ring to the need for better organization of the
engineering profession-
Challenger. — Jan. 28. — Sir John Murray
in the chair. — Mr. C. Tate Began exhibited a
bathypelagic angler-fish [Melanocetus johnsoni),
from the North Atlantic, that had inside it a
scopeloid fish [Lampanyctus crocodilus) three
times its own length. The specimen was taken
at the surface of the sea, and it was supposed that
the struggles of the captured fish, before it was
completely swallowed, had brought its captor up
from the depth at which it normally lives.
Curiously enough, the only other examples of
Melanocetus in the British Museum, two in
number, were of nearly the same size (three
inches long), and each contained a Lampanyctos
of eight or nine inches.
Mr. G. P. Farran read a paper on ' The Copepoda
of a Set of Serial Tow-nettings from the West
Coast of Ireland.' In gatherings taken over a
series of years at ten-mile intervals on a line
running sixty miles west of co. Kerry, out of
eighty-live species that occurred, four were
neritic, and showed a uniform decrease both in
numbers and in frequency of occurrence at every
ten miles from the -hore ; sixty-six were oceanic,
and showed a uniform increase seawards over
the same stations ; while twelve species varied
irregularly and seemed to be euryhaline.
&zima COosGip.
T >•
1 i.
Sat.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
8t. Bride Foundation. 7 30.— • Book Illustration, Seventeenth
and Kighteenth Centuries.' Mr. K. A. Peddie.
Institute of British Architects. S.— President s Address.
BuneTors' Institution. S— 'Notes on Value as applied to
Keal Kstate. Mr. W. W. Hunt.
Geographical. 9J0.— 'Our Present Knowledge of the Antarctic,
and the PrcMems that Remain to be Solved,' Prof. Edoe-
Wvrth I>»M.i.
Roval Institution. X — • Animals and Plants under Domeetica-
i Lecture IV.. Prof. W. Bateson.
Asiatic. 4 -'A Tour in Mongolia,' Mrs. H. Timbrel! Bulstrode.
hings College. Strand. 0— The Age of Erasmus : 1. Notable
(i.rman Scholars.' Mr. P. 8. Allen.
Institution of civil Kngineers. i.- The New Harbour Works
and Dockyard at Gibraltar.' Mr. A. Scott.
Anthropological Institute. M.-..— 'Psychology of Magic ' Prof.
1 '. Head.
Colonial In.titute. - Ml— ■ British Interests in Argentina,' Mr.
rt Gibwn.
Cmxrrmj of London. U0.— 'The Demands of Modern War '
Sir W K. Kobertaon.
St Pauls Ecclesiological Society. «.-'The Order of 8t. Johnof
Jerusalem Mr li W Fincham.
H^i*tv of Aru, -.-'History of Colour-Printing.' Mr. R. A
P«:
R^yal Institution. 3-'Types and Causes of Earth Crust
Folds.' Lecture if.. Sir T. II Holland.
Royal. 4J0. — * chemical A'tion Miat is stimulat-d by
Alternating Currents.' Mr. 8. G.Brown: On the EITect of
the '. ..uvium on the Plumbline in Northern
India. Mr K l> Oldham; and other Papers,
-ty of Art.. J ;".-■ Khoraaan. the Eastern Province of
I . ....... - —'Some Railway
Conditions ir orrrning El-otritication.' Mr. R. T. Smith
ty of Antiquaries. - 0.
■ .ria and Albert Museum, 'j.3').— ' Silvertmithing,' Mr. H.
Maryoo.
I :.ornicaI, 5.
East Loudon college. -,30—' Religious Systems in Modern
I Mr.T 0. IIovLson
M.r, • i. ..-.-, -- 'Koowladfi in i ObuBOtar,' Mr,
A S.1S —'Some Notes on the Doctrine of the First
MatUT Mr - Al»lul All
1' I -'tuition. :> i . n of Neon and Helium by
Kloctrii hi., barge.' Prof. J. N. Collie.
Royal Institution. 3. — 'The llsotrio Emissivity of Matter :
.Is. Mr • '. A. Hark-r
Literary, -.—' Ireland In Stone and Story. Mr. F. J.
Bigger.
The Galton Anniversary Lecture will be
delivered on Monday, the 16th inst., at 1 1 it-
Hotel Cecil, by Sir Francis Darwin, tin-
subject being 'Francis (ialton.'
The Royal Geographical Society has
sonic attractive lectures in prospeot. On
the 17th inst. Mr. Kipling is lecturing (in
the Queen's Hall) on ' Some Aspects of
Travel,' and on the 23rd inst. Dr. Xansen
and Jonas Lied are dealing with ' The Sea
Route to Siberia.'
On the 17th inst. there will be held at
oO, Great Russell Street, a joint meeting of
the Royal Anthropological Institute and the
Prehistoric Society of East Anglia. In the
afternoon there will be papers and exhibits
by members of the East Anglian Society,
and in the evening two lectures : one by
Mr. R. A. Smith, on ' Flint Finds in con-
nexion with Sand ' ; and the other by Mr.
S. Hazzledine Warren, on 'The Experi-
mental Investigation of Flint Fracture,'
both illustrated by the epidiascope.
Lord Tankkrville has presented to the
Zoological Gardens a pair of the famous
Chillingham wild cattle. These are the
first of their race (pure-bred since the
fourteenth century) to leave the Chilling -
ham estate, and they are given on the con-
dition that neither they nor their progeny,
if they rear any, shall leave the Gardens.
Prof. Biffen's paper on the quality of
agricultural seeds, read on Monday last to
the Farmers' Club at the Whitehall Rooms,
contained several points of interest. He
stated that after a number of analyses he
was satisfied that there was no infallible
method of drawing a sample. Seeds sold
under guarantee he had found for the most
part excellent, and the guaranteed per-
centages approximately correct — such error
as was detected being to the disadvantage
of the buyer. Seeds which the seller did
not guarantee were worthless, and he gave
an instance of an unguaranteed grass mixture
which teemed with the seeds of no fewer than
nine different weeds. In Prof. Biffen's
opinion, though a certain case might be
made out for the establishment of a Govern-
ment testing-station, there wTas no real
demand for this on the part of farmers, and
the necessary work might well be done by the
advisory staffs of the Agricultural Colleges.
The latest Bulletin of the Imperial Insti-
tute gives an interesting account of the
conversion of liquid oils into solid fats by
the method of Sabatier and Senderens,
which consists in reducing the oils by hydro-
gen in presence of a catalyst. The catalyst
most in favour is nickel, on account of its
cheapness and high efficiency, though, in the
production of edible substances, the possi-
bility that it may contaminate them has to
be taken into consideration. It is interest-
ing to observe that the catalyst, which
according to t ho teaching of textbooks is
unaffected by the substances between which
it promotes reaction, does, in practice,
siit'ter deterioration, losing its activity
through what is called " poisoning " by
impurities.
The third volume of the 'Records of the
Survey of India,' which deals with the
period 1911-12, contains some interesting
matter. The Assam party working in the
Khasi and Jaintia Bills and the rlamrup
district have made a notable advance in
what is considered to be a five years' piece
of work, and deserve the more praise when
it i-; remembered thai a detachment, under
Lieut. G. K. T. Oakes, R.E., was told off I
to accompany the Abor Expedition. Much
of the work iii Kamrup was carried on in
the swampy marshes of the I Jrahmaput i i.
where the grass grows m 20 ft. in height.
The Brahmaputra river itself was nol
difficult to Survey, although its rise is front
30ft. to .v. ft. Towards the Bhutan hills
marshy land is less extensive*, and for'
begin to appear. Elephants afford tho only
mode ul transport up the hills.
The greater part of the recess season was
spent in the testing of the isostatie theory,
so far as it is concerned with questions of
gravity. The particular formula employed
is that of Mr. Hayford, which is to the effe 1
that compensation is complete at a distance
of 70 miles. Above that depth, therefore,
the amount of matter in a cylinder standing
on a base of unit area, and extending from
70 miles below sea-level to the earths
surface, is always the same, whatever the
height of the cylinder.
The most interesting section of the volume
deals with the Triangulation party on tho
Pamirs. This was sent out, in accordance
with a resolution of the International
Geodetic Conference of 1909, in order to
effect a junction between the Indian Tri-
angulation and the Russian work on tho
Pamirs. Three schemes were proposed, and
of these that by the Hunza and Kanjut
Valleys, the Kilik and Mintaka Passes, and
the Tagdumbash Pamir was found to be
practicable. In June, 1912, the party,
under the command of Lieut. Gordon Bell,
R.E., left Gilgit. He met the Russian
party under Col. Tchkeine at Boyik on the
Tagdumbash early in July, and spent one
day with him, and an entry in his diary
shows that he was very hospitably received.
A week later Bell was seized with an attack
of appendicitis, to which he succumbed at
Lup Gaz, his last camp south of the Mintaka
Pass.
Messrs. Longmans have in the press
' Chemistry and its Borderland,' by Dr.
Alfred W. Stewart. In this volume no
chemical symbols are employed, and purely
elementary questions are not dealt wdth at
length. Dr. Stewart's aim is to give the
non-technical reader an account of some
recent developments hi chemistry couched
in language which need not present any
impediment.
We regret to learn of the death, which
took place on Tuesday, January 27th, of Mr.
R. T. Omond, the meteorologist. He was
appointed first Superintendent ni the Ben
Nevis Observatory in 1883, and held the
post till 1895, when failing health compelled
him to resign. From 1903 he was Hon.
Secretary of the Scottish Meteorological
Society, and was joint editor of the Ben
Nevis Observatory publications, completed
three years ago. He was a luminous
writer, and, though he suffered from an
incurable illness, his output was such as
would have done credit to a man in full
health; while his effective support of tin-
Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
showed the keenness and energy with which
he was able to throw himself into practical
matters.
The deatli of Dr. Albert Charles Gunther
in his 84th year removes a distinguished
naturalist. A native of W'iirt ember-.', he
was educated at three German [Jniversit
with a \ iew to a medical career, but soon
took to natural history. He entered the
service of the British Museum in L856, and
ros< to !"• head of the Zoological Department.
Hi-, publicat ions include ten •* olumea ol I
Museum ( latalogw "",
I, hi . Reptil< - "i Ihii iah India.' ' Gigantic
i i Tortoises, and ■■ ■ 1 ral monographs on
1 [e u as 1 he founder and hr-i editor
of The Record of Zoological Literature,
208
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
FINE ARTS
Vasari Society's Publications : No. VIII.
1912-13 ; No. IX. 1913-14.
These collotype prints by the Oxford
University Press are of a kind to rehabili-
tate in our eyes the art of reproduction.
When applied to drawings, collotype well
handled really gives something which has
.almost all the qualities of the original,
and escapes the condemnation we have
frequently had to mete out to the
'mechanical imitation by photography
of works executed in colour on a much
larger scale and by complex technical
processes.
The folios now under consideration com-
prise an interesting selection, No. VIII.
in particular bringing forth from various
public and private collections a very mine
•of wealth. The finest drawings are not
alwavs to be found under the greatest
names. The Michelangelo (5) selected
from the British Museum collection is
An indifferent example, the " facade " of
anatomical markings being over-laboured,
and the realization of angle measurements,
necessary to give them interest, imperfect.
'The portrait of Baccio Bandinelli (6), on
the other hand, is a masterpiece of re-
strained and dignified characterization,
and its spacing on the paper bold and
•successful. It is ascribed, at the suggestion
-of Mr. Herbert Home, to a little-known
artist. Francisco del Prato. One is struck
by the similarity in the compositional
•conception of this profile to the treat-
ment of the head of the seated woman to
the left of Buonarotti's National Gallery
1 Entombment,' where, drapery cutting
the top of the head, an accidental limita-
tion of the background in front of the
face is utilized to make a similar framing,
which draws attention to the squareness
of the perpendicular planes.
In this and in the earlier frieze-like
•composition of (3) Pollaiuolo, also from
the British Museum collection, with its
plastic use of contour, we feel how early
in Florentine work ma}7 be traced sugges-
tions of the cameo-painter's use of built-
up outline, the structural virtues of which
were among the last things retained by a
•decadent school, giving a look of classic
distinction sometimes even to Prima-
ticcio. In Dirck Vellerts's designs for
glass - painting (19 and 20), from Mr.
Frank Smith's collection, we see Italian
influence utilized with a success rare in
a Northern artist ; the brilliant suggestion
of colour, the expression of space in the
landscape, are admirable. Of the Dutch
and Flemish masters we have a wonderful
page of designs of the School of Van der
Weyden from the Ashmolean (15-18),
a magnificent Jordaens, and a charming
view of Nantes by Lambert Doomer (27),
very like Cuyp.
In No. IX. the Titian (8) from the
National Gallery of Scotland is one of
the classic examples of landscape drawing.
In its more modern fashion Callot's ' Foire
de Gondreville ' (26) is hardly inferior.
Mr. Oppenhcimer's Italian view (12)
reveals a representative Canale, very
different from the drawing in No. VIII.
ascribed to the same name, as to which,
indeed, we are inclined to echo the scepti-
cism of Mr. Ricketts.
The reproductions throughout the
series are of admirable quality, even the
Jordaens, which is printed in colour, being
clear and structural, a design which might
conceivably have been made for the
technique of colour-printing.
The Gospel Story in Art. By John La
Farge. (Macmillan & Co., 15s. net.)
Works by a craftsman on any subject
intimately connected with his craft are
always sure to be suggestive, stimulating,
and instructive, and they carry with them
something of authority even in the very
waywardness and limitation of outlook
which often mar them. A sentimental
interest is added to Mr. La Farge's book
in that this, the last work of the aged
painter and critic, was dictated (so the
editor informs us) in the intervals of pain
and weariness. Nevertheless the style —
precious almost and Pateresque — shows
no sign of failing power, and none of that
carelessness of phrase or formlessness of
sentence and paragraph usually associated
with the unre vised word of mouth.
John La Farge brought to his task of
writing a book on the representation of
the Christian story in art many of the
necessary qualifications. Through early
study he had so trained his eye and mind
that he could recall the details of colouring
and composition in a picture seen fifty
years before. He was familiar, not only
with the classic writings of the Western
and the Eastern world, as readers of his
works on Japan will remember, but also
with the legends and traditions of the
people, which inspired many of the great
painters of the Gospel story, and which a
Raphael or a Michelangelo used in his
compositions just as a great writer
uses the device of literary allusion.
Knowledge of these things is necessary for
those who would expound the meaning
and beauty of such works. The chapters
on the Prophets and Sibyls of Michel-
angelo and the Angels of Botticelli show
to what good purpose Mr. La Farge
could turn his curious lore. Yet this
I book, with its eighty finely reproduced
' exemplars of the Christian story in art,
must be welcomed as a contribution to,
rather than a complete exposition of, its
subject. The waywardness natural to
an artist asserts itself on almost every
page in choice or rejection of painter
or picture. The author's mind inclined
strongly to all that was mystic, strange,
and wonderful, and it is evident that his
devotion to the Roman Catholic Church,
whilst enhancing his appreciations in
some directions, militated against the
catholicity of his taste and judgment.
He declares, for instance, that since
Rembrandt, with a few exceptions,
nothing " authoritative " has been done
in pictorial representation of the life of
the Bible. One of those exceptions is
Delacroix, to whom he awards praise which
is interesting, but which will seem to
many excessive. One may excuse the
omission of any reference to Guido Reni
or William Blake or Holman Hunt, but
scarcely the treatment of Albert Diirer.
For neither that " great trumpet call of
the Reformation," the ' Apocalypse,' nor
the ' Madonna del Rosario ' at Prague
is referred to, and Diirer's marvellously
tender little picture at Dresden of
Christ on the Cross, a painting intense
and noble in expression, rich in colour
and precision of drawing, is dismissed as
disappointing ; whilst Signorelli's dis-
agreeable, if learned ' Crucifixion ' is
praised as poetic and near to Michel-
angelo. Little is said of Byzantine work
and the mosaic-painters of Ravenna ;
bronze work is ignored; sculpture, apart
from a few references to Donatello, Delia
Quercia, and Giovanni Pisano, is scarcely
noticed. No reference is made to the
story of the Gospel as it was
illustrated by the workers in glass and
stone in the windows and porches of
cathedrals.
These omissions recognized, and these
limitations granted, we need not quarrel
with the idiosyncrasies of the author's
taste, for they leave him a freer hand to
praise and analyze the works of the Great
Masters whom he loves : Giotto, " the
man from whom everything flows " ;
Botticelli, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Dona-
tello, Rembrandt, Delacroix.
The following passage shows the author
at his best, and will serve to give the
reader an idea of the reverence and
understanding with which he approaches
his great subject : —
" In the dreams of my youth I used to
wonder what we should have found in the
statues of the Three Graces, which that
immortal sculptor Socrates made and which
Pausanias saw. Did he contrive to put into
those images a meaning, a spiritual expres-
sion, such as his words have given us ?
But the statues have disappeared, and we
never think of Socrates as a sculptor.
Perhaps that one case might have changed
the notion of what the Greek would ha\re
done. . . .There is, however, a new and dis-
tinct feeling, which is wanting in the great
spiritual teachings of the ancient world ;
love has been introduced into the necessities
of the soul. That is the difference his-
torically, and gradually, all through the art
influenced by Christ, this distinct spiri-
tuality of love has marked, almost without
intention, the turn of the artist's mind, and
more and more his hand."
This quality, the author holds, has
entirely disappeared from modern religious
painting.
The lack of an index is a grievous fault
in a book of this kind, which enumerates
a multitude of painters and paintings.
No. 4502, Feb. 7, L914
TIIK AT II EN .KT M
'200
CURRENT EXHIBITIONS.
If the paintings and drawings by Mr.
Elliott Seabrooke at the Carfax Gallery
hardly represent him bo favourably as his
previous show on the same walls, the reason
is mainly that on the earlier occasion
the drawings were Car more numerous, and
it is in the use of monochrome in water-
oolour that he is at once most proficient
and most spontaneous. No. 25 in the pre-
sent collection, View of Montefiano, is ap
excellent performance on strictly tradi-
tional lines: it might well have been done
about 1S40. alongside of William Callow.
There is a refinement and sureness in t la-
flat lines of its distant lulls which make it
more intimate in its appeal than the other
drawings alongside, in which the slightly
mannered drawing-master s competence com-
mands respect rather than enthusiasm. On
Longdate Fell (31) and Harrison Stickle (32)
are good examples of such rather tame yet
indisputable merit. A little water-colour
by Inness, hung by the door in the outer
gallery, has such force and freshness in
handling a similar theme as to forbid our
lavishing superlatives on these praiseworthy
drawings.
The painting of Mr. Seabrooke has always
been conceived in terms of its processes.
He offers you the pleasant spectacle of trees
or foreground clearly struck over a well-
established middle distance : his forms are
built up in successive paintings on a sound
method. On the other hand, he is usually
one of the dullest of eolourists, having little
use for colour, yet introducing numerous
infinitesimal differentiations of hue which
take out of his painting the freshness that
might result from a touch often direct and
vivid enough. One picture, however, View
near Ficsole (1">). shows a great advance in
this respect. A little pretty, and small in
form, it does display some attempt to use;
colour structurally, and its suggestion of
clear air and delicate sunlight recalls some
of the smaller landscapes of Trovon. Excel-
lent, too. is the use of the nicely balanced
contrast between the texture of the canvas
and the texture of the paint to establish
certain main plastic divisions. This might
have been done with a more massive sens;'
of design, but technically the modulation of
the body of paint is admirable.
We to finding the dullness of Mr.
brooke's colour preferable to the garish-
nese of Mr. Wynford Dewhurst's pictures
the Baillie Gallery. To the Catalogue
Mr. A. L. Baldly contributes a Preface
_ for .Mr. Dewhurst "remarkable
independence " and a "dominating person-
ality ' which it is •• impossible to cha-
in any Bumming-up of the Art of our
tin We cannot but think this an arbi-
trary verdict. The Impressionist School of
Monet and his followers invented, on the
whole, the most impersonal of modern
thode of painting ; and although its
initiators needed considerable independence
tblish themselves in a hostile world,
by the time that .Mr. Dewhurst arrived on
the scene, attachment to that school cannot
I <• described as an act of independence.
He js not a close imitator, because his
of tic- method lacks the precision
inventors ; hot this careless, ap-
proximate handling ,,f what, in Us origin,
■new I,. .,t itic 33 stem of
id. -a-, while it may be personal to the
inter, ',111 hardly be what .Mr. Baldry
means to praise. No. 12, Tht Mitt, I."
•v telle, :• on the whole the (,«•-> .,t ||,.-e
pictures. 'I he flower-bed of 7'/,, Palace,
I' 0 a certain brilliance and
deftness of execution, though it offers a
glai unple ol .Mr. Dewhurst e indiffer-
ence to just relations of colour in regard to
the rest of the picture. Yellow flowers--
so situated in the shadow, and seen in
the light of a cool sky— could hardly be of
that bone.
At the gallery of Messrs. Goupil & Co.
in Bedford Street are modern Dutch pic-
tures, mainly pale reflections of Mauve, like
the Landscape (27) of Cornells Kuypers, or of
W'illem Maris, as in the Autumn (L'S) of
Brans Langeveld. A still-life, Red Herrings
(18). by -Mrs. S. Bisschop Robertson, is the
best of the exhibits, displaying some virtuo-
sity. Her other pictures are slighter, and
look like imitations of Mr. Dudley Hardy's
imitations of modern Dutch painting. The
etchings by Mr. Burnett X. H. Orphoot in
the outer gallery are occasionally effective
in a melodramatic way, as in The Temple
of Juno, Girgenti (16), or The Arch of Titus
(19), but do not otherwise — or, indeed, in
this respect — differ from the average output
of the modern "painter-etcher."
The panels by Mr. Murray Urquhart for
the decoration of the Old Parliament House
of Olyndwr at Machynlleth (shown at his
studio last week) are conceived in a scheme
of mild colour pleasant enough ; but they
rather lack interesting draughtsmanship.
The figures seem to have been based, as
is so frequently the case with academic
decorators, upon studies done too close to
the model for the implied angle of vision of
the picture as a whole, and they have not
always the merit of carefully realized detail
which usually goes with that defect, some
of the hands in particular being very weak.
Yet, as the work of one presumably a tyro
at this form of art, the small design of the
whole scheme is promising : the adaptation
of the two panels originally ordered for the
room to their place among the four ulti-
mately asked for indicates some resource-
fulness.
Mr. Russell Flint's water-colours at the
Fine Art Society show his old cleverness
of hand, but also his old readiness to
take a suggestion from the vision of all
sorts of artists, with little regard to con-
sistency of style. He appears to have no
way of looking at the world which is his own,
but great facility in assimilating the obvious
aspect of any picture. In Xo. 31, The
Garden of San Giovanni degli Eremeti,
Palermo, we see. in a freedom recalling that
of the late Arthur Melville, probably the
nearest approach to his own natural bent.
Yet even in comparison with the not very
profound art of that painter, the design
appears to have been brought from the
outside — forced upon the subject, rather
than arising out of it.
Among the Japanese fans in the next
room some deserve attention, notably
Xos. K5. 41, 45, 71, and, best of all. No. 78
— a design of a stormy sea and anxious
sailors in an open boat, of considerable
dramat i<- effect.
Jftnc Art (6ossip.
PICTURES.
Messrs. Chmbtte sold on Friday, January
30th, the following pictures : A. Pesne, Frederick
the Great, in blue coat, breastplate, and crimson
cloak lined »\iili ermine, holding ;i baton in hie
right hand, 3157. Anonymous, Lord Charles
Cavendish, inred coat and white rest, holding
liis hat under J » i -^ arm, 1687.
K\(.|l WINGS.
The same Arm sold on Monday, the 2nd inst., the
following engraving : Nature (Lady Hamilton .
after Roinney, by i. R. Smith, Aral 1 ite,2627. 10«.
The 1 lavering Children, after and bj the same,
the title and inscription in etched letters, 283/. 10«.
A young Lad] encouraging a Low Comedian,
after Nbrthcote, by W. Ward, printed In coli
2'.m.
An exhibition of Paintings, Drawings,
Engravings, and Colour-Books by Blake
has just been opened in the galleries of the
Manchester Whit wort h Institute, this being
the first exhibition <>t Blake's work held in
the North of England.
'I'm: Sitdi.kv Bowl has been presented
by Mi-. Earvey Madden to the Victoria
and Albert .Museum. Formerly at Studley
Royal Church, near Kipon. it has long been
will known to lovers of mediaeval craftsman-
ship, and a more general public interest .•
aroused in it when, about a year ago, its
fate had to be determined by the Chan
cellor of the Diocese, who granted a faoult)
for the sale of it for 3,OO0Z. on condition thai
it was bought for the Victoria and Albert
.Museum.
Therk are few more interesting church'--
in Norfolk than that of Tunstead. It is not
nearly so well known as it deserves, as it
lies somewhat remote. With the exception
of the fifteenth-century chancel, it is all of
the late Decorated phase of (Jot hie. Thi
exterior is remarkable for the distinctive
" blind story " of flint and stone over the
nave arcades, and the interior for tho ran
beauty and grace of these arcades, with
their tall and slender quatre foil-shaped!
piers. Tho special features which unite in
making this church cry aloud for careful
preservation are too numerous for recapitu-
lation. But amongst them may be nan
the graceful ironwork (c. l.'JOO— 70) on the
south door, which is undoubtedly the most
striking of its kind in all England; tic
magnificent rood-screen, with its paint-
ings of the Apostles and the four Latin
Doctors, and a portion of the rood-loft r
with the painted rood-beam, several feet
above it, supported by spandrels; and the
raised stone platform behind the high altai
extending the whole width of the chancelr
and probably designed for the protection
and exhibition of special relics. The whole
of this invaluable fabric is now more or lees
in peril. Of late years bad cracks and
dangerous deviations from the perpen-
dicular have multiplied. The foundations
in places are in need of underpinning. The
guttering and rainwater-pipes have deterior-
ated, and are doing much damage. The
Vicar, the Rev. A. K. Woodward, has been
fortunate in securing Mr. P. M. Johnston to
examine the church with a view to repair-.
The builder's estimate for necessary works
slightly exceeds 1,000/.
The Athcnamm can seldom find space for
the admission of pleas of this sort , as they
are of too frequent occurrence, but heir an
exception should he made Such a sum
cannot be raised from a small and dw iinllin ■•
village population, without a single resident
of means, and with a benefice of a little over
200/. a year. If outside help is 11.1t B
forthcoming, the fabric will degenerate into
a ruin. These words arc written from
personal knowledge, but it is as well bo a I I
t hat a circular embodj in ' the ap]
gives, with illustrations, .1 good id 1 oi tl
details of t his fine church.
It is somen hal curious that, while V,
minster Abbej has had n - 1 hronicler ol all
of merit, the histoi 1 1 church
St. Mai let . under it ] adov been
1 1|(. subje 1 ol on!} an oc< asional p
lecture. 1 he R< v. II. F. W 1 Hal 1 , i
dian and Minor < anon "t the Abb
, ,1 upon a hi ' I'h
u iderable 1 in e, and hi
', ,1 1 \ be published bj Mi 1 4
I I will he ill lu
1 iona from old print - and phi
210
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
MUSIC
'PARSIFAL' AT COVENT GARDEN.
The performance of ' Parsifal ' last
Monday evening, the first in England, was
an event which was awaited with much
interest. When ' The Ring ' was pro-
duced here in 1S82, it not only did not
appeal to the general public, but even met
with opposition. Now, however, ' Parsi-
fal ' is received b}^ many with enthusiasm.
The name of the composer is sufficient.
One difference between past and present
must be noted : over thirty years ago there
were good artists for ' The Ring,' but the
performances were in many respects
unsatisfactory ; whereas the present pro-
duction of ' Parsifal ' was worthy of the
highest praise. That it is a deeply im-
pressive work is beyond question, but
does it, as some think, show that Wagner's
intellectual powers were on the wane when
he wrote it, and that, in spite of much that
is beautiful and even grand, it is not to
be compared to his former music-dramas 1
To our mind, any comparisons are idle.
The subjects of ' Tristan,' ' Die Meister-
singer,' and ' The Ring ' were entirely
secular. Even in ' Tannhauser ' the whole
work was not based on a sacred subject.
' Parsifal,' bjr reason of the story as told
by Wolfram von Eschenbach, is imbued
with the Christian spirit of the Middle
Ages. Of course, Wagner did not merely
copy Wolfram, but that was the source
by which he was first inspired, and from
that epic poem he created what he named
his " Sacred Festival Drama." In ' Par-
sifal ' the music often reminds us of
'Tristan' and 'Die Meistersinger,' which
is not surprising; yet, after all, we find
hints rather than distinct reminiscences.
Wagner also employs his representative
themes, though they are fewer in number.
One feature of the work is the convincing
way in which he creates a Christian
atmosphere calling for restraint, for music
which appeals largely to the emotions.
Another and specially prominent feature is
the quantity of quiet music ; it is only
occasionally that the full force of the
orchestra is employed. It must honestly
be confessed that there are moments, even
in the " Grail " scene at the close of the
first act, in which inspiration is not at
its strongest. But will any one maintain
that ' The Ring ' is equallv inspired
throughout ? ' Parsifal ' is a long work,
yet only long to those who, satisfied with
the music, do not or cannot follow the
story. A case in point is the conversation
in the first act, where Gurnemanz is ex-
plaining to the esquires events of which
they have no knowledge : or again, and
notably, in the scene in the third act
where Gurnemanz is speaking to Parsifal.
In ' The Ring ' there are many similar in-
stances, and occasionally far less excus-
able. We mention this because as part
and parcel of Wagner's method they are
accepted. A genius must be taken as he
is, not as some would like him to be.
' Parsifal ' demands great artists. The
protagonist was Herr Heinrich Henselt.
He may not be an ideal Parsifal in appear-
ance or in voice, but his rendering of the
part was excellent. When he is first seen
his dress and manner not inappropriately
recalled Siegfried, a part in which he has
distinguished himself at Covent Garden.
But after he had become conscious of his
mission, he was dramatic, and in the third
act was quiet in demeanour. Mile. Eva
von der Osten was admirable as Kun-
dry. This is a part for which she
has exceptional gifts : she has a fine
voice, good presence, clear diction, and
strong dramatic instinct. In Act I. she
is the weird witch ; in the second she
tries by cunning means to win Parsifal's
love, and thus place him at the mercy of
Klingsor, the evil magician under whose
spell she lies ; and in the third, in which
she utters only one word, she is repentant,
and, following Parsifal to the Grail Hall,
falls dead at his feet. Highest praise
must be given to Herr Paul Kniipfer for
his Gurnemanz, and Herr Paul Bender
was impressive as Amfortas. The small
parts of Klingsor and Titurel were ably
filled by Herr August Kiess and Mr.
Murray Davey.
The mounting of the piece in some
respects is open to criticism. The Hall
of the Grail is very fine, so is the Meadow
scene. But the moving scenery proved
disappointing. On Wednesday it was
not used in the third act, and there seems
no valid reason for retaining it in the first.
Last of all we mention Herr Artur
Bodanzky, who came, conducted, and
conquered. There are many fine Wagner
conductors, but he ranks among the best.
The orchestra of over one hundred mem-
bers was composed of thoroughly efficient
players, otherwise Herr Bodanzky's best
intentions could not have been fulfilled.
MEHUL'S 'JOSEPH.'
On Tuesday evening was given at Covent
Garden a work which, if old — it was pro-
duced at Paris in 1807 — is still performed
in France, also in Germany. This was
Mehul's ' Joseph,' and the first act, though
the airs are pleasing, does not offer
the composer any opportunity of
displaying his powers ; the contrast
between it and the ' Parsifal ' of the
previous evening seemed, therefore, too
great to enable the work to be properly
judged. In the second act, however,
interest was aroused — it became evident
that Mehul possessed dramatic instinct ;
while during the third one even began to
forget how old the music really was. This,
it must be acknowledged, was partly due
to the version used, for which Herr Wein-
gartner has composed recitatives in place
of the old spoken dialogue. He evidently
tried to keep to Mehul's style, though in
the third act there are one or two modern
touches. These recitatives are in them-
selves excellent.
The airs, however, suffer ; they are not
of sufficient importance for an opera, but
exactly the right thing for an opera
comique {i.e., with spoken dialogue).
Mehul's music is, in any case, still enjoy-
able by reason of its truthfulness and
dramatic feeling.
A performance of high merit was given
by Herren Friedrich Plaschke (Jacob),
Johannes Sembach (Joseph), Anton Hum-
melshcim (Reuben), and August Kiess
(Simeon), while Fraulein Greta Johnsson
took the part of Benjamin. The im-
pressive scene between Jacob and Simeon
in the last act may be specially mentioned,
though every one, including the other
brothers, contributed to the artistic suc-
cess. Mr. Percy Pitt conducted carefully.
The choral singing was smooth, and the
staging picturesque.
THE NEW SHAKESPEARE MUSIC AT
THE SAVOY.
The artistic significance of the music,
songs, dances, &c, in the Elizabethan
poetic drama is usually under-estimated,
and it is often and far too hastily assumed
that costumes, scenery, and music had but
a small share in its production. Mr. G. H.
Cowling, in his ' Music, on the Shakespearian
Stage,' has, however, shown that the drama
of Shakespeare's time, so far from being
purely a literary production, made a sen-
suous appeal, not only to the ear with poetry
and music, but also to the eye with dress,
properties, and painted scenes ; and that
" whilst the imagery of verse cast a glamour
over the imaginative effect of the drama
on the intellect and the emotion, there were
music and colour for the senses."
If we accept this opinion, and regard the
musical scenes and interludes in Shake-
speare's plays as no mere decorative additions
of minor import, but rather an integral part
of the drama, designed to heighten its effect
and carry on the action, their adequate
treatment becomes a matter demanding
serious consideration. Unfortunately, the
question is hedged with difficulties, and the
right handling of the songs and music in
the acting of Shakespeare presents to the
musician a problem of a troublesome nature.
Where the original music used in Shake-
speare's day has survived, the simplest and,
perhaps, the safest course — though not
necessarily the ideal one — is to retain it.
But how are we to treat songs like those in
' A Midsummer Night's Dream,' for which
not a single note of contemporary music has
been preserved ? Three ways lie before us :
(1) we may adapt Elizabethan music that
was originally set to other words ; (2) com-
pose music in the Elizabethan idiom ; or
(3) commission a composer of our own day
to write original music.
To the adoption of the first method there
is one grave objection. The text and the
music of the Elizabethan song are so closely
interwoven — the one is so exact a counter-
part of the other — that the substitution of
other words for the original ones, even when
this can be done without the alteration of a
single note of the music, will only produce
a piece of palpable patchwork, artistically
worthless.
The second alternative may be summarily
dismissed. The Shakespeare play is the
last place into which any one would wish
to introduce anything of the nature of a
" fake."
There is far more to be said for the third
method, though even to this many will take
objection. It will be urged that modern
music is out of place — an anachronism — in
an Elizabethan play. With this, however, I
do not agree. Indeed, I am prepared to go
further, and question whether, artistic-
ally, it is advisable even to retain those
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
Til E A Til EN ZEUM
211
Elizabethan Bettings of Shakespeare's songs
which have happily survived. A greal
many of these are admittedly verj beautiful
and characteristic. The retention, bow-
ever, bind-; us to the Elizabethan attitude
towards Shakespeare, and, by Btamping the
dramas as mere Elizabethan products,
lessens the force oi the appeal which they
would otherwise make to modern ears.
To us Elizabethan music musl always sound
strange, unfamiliar, archaic, and, to some
extent, " precious."
The archaeologist will not, oi course,
>pt this \ n-w of the matter. The ques-
tion, however, lies outside his province; it
concerns the artist, not the antiquary. To
the artist the fact that the plays were written
in the days of Elizabeth is a. matter com-
paratively of small import — little more than
a mere accident. Shakespeare himself was
infinitely more than an Elizabethan. The
message he delivered to his contemporaries
has, as time has proved, reached tar beyond
them. Shakespeare the man was an Eliza-
bethan : Shakespeare the artist and dra-
matist belongs to all time.
This is not to assert that there are no
features in the plays which betray their
Elizabethan origin. On the contrary, there
are a great many. But these are not
mainly the essential elements — those quali-
ties which make the dramas a living force
at the present day. We shall, of course,
have to discriminate between the essential
and the accidental. Some of the " acci-
dents " may not admit of rejection or varia-
tion without incurring artistic loss, such as,
for instance, the special form of stage used
in Shakespeare's day ; while others, e.g.,
the roofless auditorium, it would be mere
pedantry to retain. Each case must be
judged on its own merits, and upon artistic,
not archaeological considerations.
It is so with regard to the music. The
musician, if he feels that Elizabethan music
sounds strange and archaic, may reject it
and substitute music of his own. He is
entitled to claim full liberty to settle the
matter in his own way, realizing, of course,
that his own experiment will sooner or later
be itself superseded.
Tin-, indeed, is the fate that has now-
overtaken Mendelssohn's incidental music
A Midsummer Xi'_rht's Dream,' though
it won the admiration of his contemporaries,
whose ideals it faithfully reflected.
We of the present generation are no longer
under the influence of the wave of (German
Romanticism which swept over this country
seventy years ago, and to us, there-
fore, hi- music comes as an echo of a past
he expression of an ideal which is not
our~. And this must always be so, for the
olution of the art of music has been con-
tinuoue : each generation of composers has
been occupied with the solution of particular
hnical and aesthetic problems. Conse-
quently the music of every epoch is dis-
til., by certain musical figures or
idiom- which, to the musical historian, bear
evidence of the date at which it was com-
posed.
While, then, we admit the right of the
modern musician 'o set the -..n_-~ in Si
in his mi n way, w e inu-t not
forget that this, at best, is a temporary solu-
tion of tic- problem. Finality can only be
tiled by making use of musie which
poc e characteristic of perma-
nence and Ire-hness as the drama itself —
music which i- impervious to the passage of
time, and will satisfy equally the artistic
ideals of every age.
, folk-music i- the Only music which
fulfils these requirements. It is undated;
it belongs to no period ; it is a growth, not
a composition — the product of evolution,
not the work of an individual. It is time-
less in that it Hows beneath the surface
ripples set up by the passing Hint nations of
taste peculiar to this or that epoch. Tolstoy
maintained that no aft was worthy of the
name but that which was either created by
the peasant, or which could he understood
and appreciated by him. Without endors-
ing this proposition, it may at least be
claimed that the music of the peasant is, in
oiu- sense, the only permanent music, because
it appeals insistent ly and with equal force to
i \ ery age.
By using folk-music in the Shakespeare
play, we shall then be mating like with like —
the drama which is for all time with the
music which is for all time. An attempt to
show that this is practicable — or, at any
rate, might become so in more capable
hands — is being made in the present pro-
duction. Almost every tune used in the
course of the music is either a folk-air or
derived from one. It would, of course,
have been easy, by decorating the tunes
with modern harmonies, to destroy their
folk-character and convert them into music
indistinguishable from that of our own day,
and thus defeat our ends. This pitfall,
however, can be avoided — as is being done
in tire present case — by the simple expedient
of using diatonic harmonies only and eschew-
ing modulation.
That this is an experiment, and a bold,
perhaps an audacious, one, is freely ad-
mitted. Those who wonder why it has not
been made before should remember that it
is only within the last few years — i.e., since
our folk-music has been collected — that it
has become possible.
We know, of course, that this is a question
which is not going to be decided on theo-
retical or logical grounds. If the method
advocated is to carry conviction, it must be
because the folk-tune is artistically better
suited for the purpose in question than any
other kind of music. Now the employ-
ment of folk-music ensures, or at least
renders feasible, a simple and direct treat-
ment of the text which will preserve the
rhythm and beauty of the language, instead
of obscuring its meaning. Throughout its
evolution the music of the folk-song has
always been subservient to the words, the
embellishment and interpretation of which
has been its sole purpose. The only repeti-
tion of the text that the folk-singer ordi-
narily allows himself is the " doubling " of
the last few words of the stanza.
Is not this precisely the musical treat-
ment that we should wish to accord to
Shakespeare's songs ? If they are to have
their full effect, they must be rendered con-
cisely and tersely, without verbal repetition,
and in such a manner that every syllable of
the text may be distinctly heard ; and
with the utmost brevity too if the musical
scene or interlude is to fall into its proper
relation with the drama — i.e., to aid and
carry on the action of the play, not to
arrest it.
Mendelssohn, of course, had another aim
than this. He proceeded as though he were
composing a secular cantata to be per-
formed in a concert - hall. To him the
words were mere pegs upon which to hang
his music, and consequently he never
scrupled to mutilate the texl and obscure
its meaning. The two method may be
best exhibited by comparing the folk-
setting of ' Vim Spotted Snakes' with Men-
delssonn's treatment of thi word-.
In the first ca-e tie- only repetition is of the
last two lines of the choral retrain, and the
words are set in such a way that then
no reason whs every syllable of tic texl
should not be heard ae clearly a- if n were
Spoken. In .Mendelssohn's hands the words
become an inextricable tangle. The phrase
" So, ( rood-night," or •• So, so, < rood-night . '
is reiterated no fewer than twenty-two times
in each stanza ; while at the end of the four*
lined verse allotted to the Eirsf Kairy the
words "Hence away! ' are arbitrarily
interpolated words which do not belong
to the song at all, but an- directed to bo
spoken by the Second Fairy at the conclu-
sion of the lyric. However beautiful the
music may be in itself, such a treat incut of
the text is quite indefensible. Moreover,
the lengthening of the scene which this
method involves not only delays the action
of the drama, but also gives the scene an
importance and prominence which it was
clearly never intended to usurp.
In the arrangement of the dances a
similar principle has been followed. The
movements have all been adapted or de-
veloped from those of the English folk-
dance. The figures and steps, for instance,
of the dance in the first act have been
taken mainly from the Country Dance, and
those of the two dances in the fifth act from
the Sword Dance.
No attempt has been made to produce a
realist ii effect. The absence of the requi-
site accommodation for a large orchestra,
and the lack also of any available body of
expert dancers in this country, would alone
have rendered this impossible, even if it
had been considered appropriate. The
dances are, therefore, frankly conventional,
and set throughout to folk-tunes of regular
eight-bar rhythm.
Although the folk-dance bears the same
relationship to the ballet as folk-music to
art-music, there is this important difference
to be noted. Eor while supreme within its
own sphere, folk-music consists of unhar-
monized melody only, always used in the
service of some other art — poetry, dance, or
drama — and covers, therefore, but an infini-
tesimally small part of the ground exploited
by the art-musician. The folk-dance, on the
other hand, is far less restricted in its range.
Indeed, it is questionable whether the art
of dancing will ever be carried very far
beyond the point to which the peasant
dancer has taken it. At any rate, it cannot
be said that any of the attempts to extend
it have so far been successful. These have
usually resulted in the invention of move-
ments that are acrobatic, and, as such,
appeal to the sens"e of wonder rather than
that of beauty, or meaningless, or pretty in
a tiresome, superficial sort of way. That
the futility of such developments is now
becoming generally recognized is shown, on
the one hand, by the waning popularity in
this country of the pantomimic ballet of the
Italian School, and, on the other, by the
enthusiasm recently aroused by t1 iau
Ballet, the step- and figures Of which are
very intimately related to tho-e ,,i the folk-
dance. All. indeed, that the IJus-ians ha\e
done is to adapt the figures and movements
Of their native dances to if and mi
irregular rhythms, to blend then in fresh
combinations, to adapt them to a larger
number of performers, and. above all, to
develope a technique w Inch, in the natur
ot t hue/-, the folk-dancer was never abl<
achiei e.
If an English Ballet is ever to be • -• ab-
[iahed comparable w itfa thai of the Russians,
it will assuredly have to be based in like
manner upon our ou a folk-dam e , Perh
the tentative and modest effort th
been made to develo] ur native dan
for the purposes ol thie production may
incite other- to make further and more ade-
quate attempt 9 in the same direction.
ii. Sharp.
212
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1914
jHusital (Gossip.
Mb. Leonard Borwick gave the first of
a series of five pianoforte recitals at the
yEolian Hall last Wednesday afternoon.
The third will be devoted exclusively to
Beethoven ; in the programmes of the
■ others there is a pleasant, and at times
curious, juxtaposition of names. On Wednes-
day Beethoven's often-played Sonata in c
.minor, Op. Ill, stood first, and Mr.
Borwick gave a forcible rendering of it,
though at times in the Allegro he seemed
to us more occupied with details than with
,the general spirit of the music. The Sonata
was followed by Ravel's three characteristic
' Gaspard de la Nuit ' poems. Technically
they are difficult to play, but not for Mr.
Borwick, though, excepting in the first, he
was not always happy in catching the right
atmosphere.
In the evening a concert was given in
the same hall by Mr. Robert Pollak, the
programme including a Sonata for violin
and pianoforte by Guillaume Lekeu, who
-died at the early age of 24. It is a work of
considerable promise, though unequal in
merit. The first movement is interesting,
the second still more so, and extremely
delicate. The interpretation by M. Pollak
and Madame Panthes was marked by
thought and feeling. Madame Panthes also
played Cesar Franck's fine piano solo ' Pre-
lude, Choral, et Fugue.' The earlier portion
was good, but later the tone became rather
'hard and the technique not always clean.
The pianist would, we believe, have felt
•more at her ease without the notes before
her. Miss Gladys Moger gave excellent
renderings of a group of delightful songs
by Franck, Chausson, Ropartz, and Puget.
Mr. G. C. Ashton Jonson will deliver the
last of his second course of lectures on
' Parsifal ' at the ^Eolian Hall on Monday
.afternoon next, at a quarter past five. We
may add that on the following Friday
he will give a lecture on ' Nationality in
Music ' at the Little Theatre, with illustra-
tions from the works of Grieg by Madame
Alice Montague and Miss Elsie Hall.
Dramatic (£ossip.
The three plays produced by Mr. Kenelm
Foss at the Little Theatre on Tuesday
afternoon made up a well-balanced pro-
gramme. ' One Good Turn ' — the first —
and ' Rahab ' — the last — are histrionically
•excellent, smartly written, and well finished,
but their scenes and characters belong to
the underworld of urban life, so Mr. Maurice
Hewlett's whimsical comedy sandwiched
between made a pleasant interlude.
' One Good Turn ' is a well-sustained
piece of bluff. Having once upon a time
got his father's manservant out of a tight
corner, George Sanderson, caught intoxicated
in a woman's bedroom at 3 a.m. in
circumstances which suggest circumstanti-
ally both murder and theft, implores the
former employee (now Police Constable XXX,
.summoned to effect an arrest) to do what
one good turn is usually supposed to de-
. serve. The woman having conveniently
fainted, and the constable having expressed
himself as willing to come to terms for an
.addition d 1,000Z., the victim hurriedly makes
good his escape ; pseudo-constable and
woman exclaim, " Come on, Jack, we 've
spoofed him," and the murdered man
emerges from behind a curtain with the
words " What price me ? " It is a clever
and unexpected denouement. The bewilder-
ment and stupor of the intoxicated Sanderson I
were well exhibited by Eille Norwood,
part author with Mr. Martin Swayne of this
" nightmare in one act." Mr. James Berry
was good as the counterfeit policeman,
and Miss Barbara Everest as Mrs. Loring.
' Rahab,' a dramatic episode by Mr.
Kenelm Foss, is painfully brutal throughout,
being played by an insatiable woman and a
man who visits her and is unbalanced by his
lust for revenge. Between them a duel is
fought, in which first one dominates the
situation, and then the other. Finally he
strangles her with words of hate, followed by
the cry, " Now I can never meet my son in
heaven."
Miss Ruth Mackay brought out a good deal
more than the mere animal magnificence
of the woman, and had an able collaborator
in Mr. Baliol Holloway as the red-jerseyed
fanatic called by tormenting voices to purge
the world of a pest, yet blinded on the verge
of action by the wiles and brilliance of his
victim. There were moments when the
scene recalled Paphnutius's mission to
Thai's and the play by a nun of the
sixth century recently produced by the
Pioneer Players. The nun's was a play with
a purpose ; ' Rahab ' is a peg on which to
hang a few moments of dramatic intensity.
Mr. Maurice Hewlett's ' The Ladies'
Comedy,' which came between these two,
is a Venetian imbroglio of 1700, and
rippled gracefully along in three not very
exhilarating scenes. Such slender trifling,
however greatly assisted by verbal felicities,
would have fallen a little flat had it not been
for the high-spirited gaiety with which
Miss Edith Evans as Isotta helped it along,
and for the charming setting and costumes
provided.
The play is concerned with a certain low-
born, passionate he, who disguises himself
as a maidservant in order to be near his
beloved — a great lady of Venice — and
another passionate he of noble birth, who
dons the livery of a servingman and runs
away with a damsel who assumes his title
and dress.
Though the four meet and fall in love
perversely, the culprits maintain their
disguise till the comedy of errors has almost
reached the wedding-bell stage, when an easy
transference of hands and hearts takes place.
The comedy has some effective passages,
but it cannot be said that Mr. Hewlett has
enriched the stage in any way by it. Miss
Gwen John played the part of Donna
Camilla with perhaps more archness than
charm ; Mr. William Armstrong and Mr
Edward Vanderlip, the two sham servitors
Eugenio and Fabrizio ; and Miss Haidee
Gunn the Countess Galleotto.
American plays seem to hit the popular
taste at the moment, and after ' The For-
tune-Hunter ' at the Queen's Theatre, we
have ' Broadway Jones,' by Mr. George M.
Cohan, at the Prince of Wales's. The in-
gredients of both pieces are somewhat
similar : plenty of rollicking fun, a good
deal of sentiment, and not a little inanity.
Briefly, Broadway runs through his for-
tune and becomes engaged to a wealthy old
woman for her money. At this point, how-
ever, his uncle conveniently dies and leaves
him a gum factory. He goes down to the
place with a business friend, and falls in
love with Josie Richards, the pretty manager.
The rest may be imagined.
Mr. Seymour Hicks as Broadway had a
part to which his lively temperament is
admirably suited, and he was well supported
by Miss Ellaline Terriss, Mr. Thomas
Meighan, and a competent cast.
Plays as inept have been not only printed
but produced before, as a glance at dra-
matic publishers' lists will show, but neither
' The Realist,' by E. H. Tristan ; ' Sharks,'
by Mabel H. Robins; nor 'The Calcutta
Sweep,' by Gladys Mitchell Bruce, presented
on Thursday at the London Pavilion, reaches
the standard demanded to-day by music-
hall audiences familiar with better things.
We regret to hear that Mr. James Welch
is not, after all, sufficiently recovered from
his recent illness to take the part of Olleren-
shaw in Mr. Richard Pryce's adaptation of
Mr. Bennett's ' Helen of the High Hand '
at the Vaudeville. His place will be filled
by Mr. Norman McKinnel. It is curious
that two actors of such widely differing
temperaments should be chosen for the
same part.
Miss Marie Tempest will produce at
the Playhouse on the 12th inst. a new three-
act play by Mr. Norreys Connell called
'Thank Your Ladyship.' The cast includes
Miss Tempest, Mr. O. B. Clarence, and
Mr. Ben Webster. There will be a curtain-
raiser by Mr. Harold Chapin, entitled
' Dropping the Baby. '
The Drama Society will present three
new plays at the New Rehearsal Theatre,
21,- Maiden Lane, on Sunday, the 8th inst.,
at 8 o'clock — ' Foudre d'Amour,' by Aldon
Roen ; ' Damages,' by A. von Herder ; and
'Barn y Brodyr ' ('The Voice of the
Brethren '), a Carnarvonshire play by T. R.
Evans. The last-named will be acted in
Welsh, with a full English synopsis on the
programme. Tickets and all information
may be obtained from Mr. Rathmell Wilson,
International Club, 22a, Regent Street, S.W.
It is proposed, in August of this year, to
produce at Glastonbury an English music -
drama entitled ' The Birth of Arthur,'
composed by Mr. Reginald R. Buckley and
Mr. Rutland Boughton. The plan is some-
what ambitious — no less than to inaugurate
a " National Festival Theatre for Religious
and Choral Drama," after the fashion of
Bayreuth. For this it may be conceded
that Glastonbury has all, and more than all,
the requisite associations, and that the
Arthurian cycle offers in abundance the
right material. It remains to be seen
whether the genius of the English people
is capable of this kind of creation, also
whether the English ]3ublic will give it the
requisite financial and other support. A
temporary theatre to serve four or five
years will cost about 5,000Z. The pro-
moters of the scheme have obtained the co-
operation of several well-known authors,
dramatists, actors, and musicians.
To Correspondents.— J. B.— N. M.— G. K.— E. D.—
Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
ppearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, <fec.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE
.. .. 185
214
186
186
Chapman & Hall .. 216
Constable & Co 187
ElU'CATIONAI 185
Authors' Agents
Bagster <fe Sons
Blick Typewriter
Catalogues
Francis & Co
Insurance Companies .
Lecturfs
Longmans & Co. .
Mai mili.an & CO.
Magazines
215
214
185
188
18S
214
Miscellaneous 185
Pitman & Sons 188
Printers 186
Sales by Auction 186
Saturday Review 186
Shipping ~ .. .. 214
Situations Vacant 185
smith. Elder & Co 213
Type- Writers. &c 185
WUI.FING & CO 215
No. 4502, Feb. 7, 1J)U
THE A THE X;KUM
213
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THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (February 7) CONTAINS—
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APPOINTMENT OF ART CURATOR.
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Town Hall, Manchester, February 14, 1914.
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218
THE ATHENJEUM
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THF IIRRARY OF THE
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68 The Church and the Puritans, 1570-1660, by
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249 Advent in St. Paul's, by H. P. Liddon, D.D.
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252 J. H. Newman's Parochial and Plain Sermons,
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277 Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future
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No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
THE ATHKN/EUM
219
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MANUAL
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221
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY i;, 1911.
CONTENTS. PJiOl
VERSR ok To-DW (The Lonely Dancer ; Poems in Five
Phases ; A Ballad of Men ; The Region of Ljtany ;
More KhodeMitn Rhymes) 221
Egypt in Transition 222
Imperial Gkkmany 828
Home I'mykksiiy LIBRARY (Unemployment; Com-
mon-Sense in Law) 224
Dedications .. ..225
Fiction (Pastor Fntanm; Initiation; The Duchesse
of Wreve ; When (iliosc Meets lihost ; Pariah and
Brahmin ; A Lady of Leisure ; Letters from La-bas ;
' Deep Sea) 225—227
Books Pi BUSHED this Week (Theology — Poetry -
Philosophy — History ami Biography— Geography
ami Travel, 227; Sports and Pastimes— Sociology
- Booaomtca— - Politics — Bduc Oion — Philology-
Literary Criticism — School - Books — Fiction-
Juvenile — Reviews and Magazines, 888 ; General-
Science— Fine Arts— Music — Drama— Foreign) 227—220
Mr Balfoi r as Thboloqiam ; Mr. William
Archer at the moral Education LragUb;
'Tiik Case for Land Nationalisation'; The
Dunn Sai b 230-231
Literary Gossip 838
Science — The Conquest of Mount McKinlkt ;
SOCIETIhS ; MEETINGS Next Week; Gossip 233—231
Fine Akts-Okpen's Portfolio of Dkih ings ; The
modkrn socibtt of portrait painters; the
Got pii. Gallery; Other EXHIBITIONS; Gos-
sip ; Medal Sale 235—237
Ifosic— The Music at the Savoy: 'Parsifal' and
its Reception ; Shakespeare and Folk-Music;
Gossip; PERFORMANCES NEXT Week . 237—239
Drama— The Drama To-day; 'A Midsummer
Riser's Dream" at the Savoy ; Gossip . 239—240
Index to Advertisers 240
LITERATURE
VERSE OF TO-DAY.
The voice of Mr. Le Gallienne is some-
thing unique among modern lyrists, and
his comparative silence of late years has
been matter for regret. His new volume,
1 The Lonely Dancer, and Other Poems,' is
rich in the old delicacy and fancifulness,
in the poet's gift of wresting new secrets
from common things, but there is also
a change. Outlook and style are alike
matured, and he has outgrown the affec-
tation, with its occasional banality,
whir!; was wont in former days to inspire
1 justify the parodist. From ' A Song
- ogers ' we quote the concluding lines
as significant : —
•ve are so tired of birds,
' u rainbova and the lovesick words !
sjn_' us tmt some manly tune,
(Leaving out the rising moon)
-• • Eope Eternal
In the face of Facts Infernal,
And make your ringing somehow prove it —
Faith bo tirm no doubl can move it —
Then the beea will leave the boney
Which the vulgar world calls money.
Mr. Le Gallienne has not himself tired
■of •" birds" or " rainbows" — to be candid,
The Lonely Dancer, and Other Poems. By
Richard Le Gallienne. (Lane, •">*. uet.)
Poems in Fivt Phases. By Charles Bridi
(Bristol, Arrowsmith; London, Simpkirj
6c Marshall, 2*. net /
A Ballad of .!/</•. ",■>/ Otlur Verses. By
William Blane. (Constable A I . 3s. 6rf.
net.)
The Region of Ltd/any. By Winifred EDler*-
man. (Chapman & Hall. ] ft fid, net.)
More Rhodesian Rhymes. By Culleo Goulds-
bury. (Bulavnsyo, Philpott 6c Collins.)
he has not even left out " the rising moon "'
(pp. ()(> and 69) — but ancient forms arc st ill
susceptible of new life in the hands of the
poet, and the dainty philosophy of ' Flos
^Evorum ' —
The moonlight of forgotten seas
Dwells in your eves, and on your tongue
The honey of n million bees.
And all the sorrows of all song :
You are the ending of all these,
The world grew old to make you young —
is, in its wistful fantasy, one with that
which half transfigured the unconscious
humours of * The Worshipper of the
Image.' There is much that we are
tempted to quote, but the following
exquisite stanza from the little poem
called " May is Building her House ' must
suffice : —
Her windows the morning and evening star,
And her rustling doorways, ever ajar
With the coming and going
Of fair things blowing,
The thresholds of the four winds arc.
Mr. Charles Bridges is a scholarly poet,
and to such the compelling power that
carries thinking men away, and the elusive
grace that will sometimes captivate the
unthinking, are often denied. The un-
thinking will find little in his ' Poems in
Five Phases ' of sufficient interest on the
surface to lure them ; others it is likely
to leave appreciative, but cold.
Wealth of imagery, a certain vividness
of pictorial sense, and a nice observance of
form — at times somewhat arbitrary form
— are all here, but there is a heaviness in
the telling, discernible even in such a pre-
sumably joyous lyric as that called
' April,' from which we quote : —
I would not grieve wert thou not beautiful !
Beauty is tears. Dost thou believe
Music that can grieve,
Grief that all music is?
And then the bliss !
Just thee caught up in song
The white day through,
Caught up and tangled and enmeshed,
To laugh along
The leaping merriment of days
Of promise and of praise.
It is, perhaps, in the nature of things that
Mr. Bridges's undoubted technical gifts
should find their most adequate expression
in the sonnet, and the sonnet-sequence in
Book IV. entitled ' Sorrow,' with the four
that succeed it, notably ' Earth's Lure '
and ' The Apostate,' is of unusual merit,
though revealing the extent to which that
form tends to control the thought.
The author's meticulous care for dignity
of diction sometimes flags, as when the
stately measure of ' Crescendo ' (descrip-
tive of the disastrous occupation of .Mos-
cow) stoops to such a pedestrian makeshift
as : —
Many went down in sheer fatigue,
Others it caught in agony.
"White" is an epithet particularly
favoured of .Mr. Bridges, and he applies it
freely and without great discrimination :
"' white trickle of blood." " white flame of
Cod," ■■ white swift lips.'" and the like
Such licence is venial, hut lines of hoard-
school commonplace like the following
from ' A Song of Men." Pari II. —
To Scholars then, and rooh aa seek to improve
their minds
With thought mid learning —
leave as wondering.
Mr. Blanc's work in ' A Ballad of Men,
and Other Verses,' ballad, lyric, and sonnet,
is conscientious, but uninspiring. We feel
that he would not willingly countenance
the breach of a single poetical canon, but
also that those sparks of the divine fire
which would transmute such a breach
from crime to merit are not for him.
His thought is the thought of a culti-
vated man with a mild turn for more or less
conventional contemplation, such as is to
be found in the stanzas called •('aim,' of
which we (piote the first : —
Calm ! and the tranquil shades
Close on the troubled day.
Calm ! and the twilight fades
To the evening's stilly grey.
The trouble IS, if we may use an apt
Americanism, that any one might write
this sort of thing, and that, indeed, a good
many writers of verse have done so already.
There is more of personality and vigour
in the poem on ' The Passing of Steam,' but
the lyrical effect of such lines as
But, reckoned in calorifics,
Internal Combustion wins,
For twelve per cent, of the B.T. U.
Is the best, in effective work, we do
And with twenty gas begins,
is not enhanced by the addition of an
explanatory and necessary foot-note. The
verses called ' Cecil John Rhodes ' are
perhaps, in spite of the Bvronic metre,
the most successful in the book, for they
are more spontaneous than the rest of it.
It is something of a disappointment
that the Isles of Greece, to say nothing of
Palermo and Siracusa, should have in-
spired such aimless versifying as Miss
Ellerman's in ' The Region of Lutany.'
Imagery is overstrained and metres halt
beneath the burden of verbal compounds,
while grammar raises a query at " Thou
wished," and a sort of ineffective pre-
ciosity brings forth lines like
A wind anemone
Shaken with unrevealed lonelinesses.
We quote the following stanzas from a
' Song ' :—
The sunset glows
Above the sea.
And faintly rose
The cloudlets flee :
The night is near
And I would dream,
The waves stretch clear
A silver gleam.
For the rest, the fact that this daintily
bound little volume begins with 'Region
of Lutany' and ends with ' Tristf ulness '
indicates, in some degree, its poetical
scope and significance.
The author of " More Rhodesian
Rhymes' writes as a. pessimist who yet
draws a measure of solace from his own
pessimism, reeling olf spirited Kipling-
es.pie ballads of the se,mi\ Bide of < tolonial
life with a sort of "rim satisfaction that
infects the reader.
While primarily appealing to those of
Rhodesian experience, who are not likelj
to prove severe critics, the volume de-
serves a w ider public for its \ igOUr, sanity,
and sardonic humour as well as for a
metrical versatility above the avera
222
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
We quote the following from ' The
Rhodesian Rubaiyat ' : —
A Book on Cattle-sickness, and a Cow,
A flask of Dop, some Bully-Beef, and Thou
Beside me, swearing at the Wilderness,
That is the Real Rhodesia, here and now.
The opening stanza of ' A Song of
Praise, Bulawayo, 1906 ' —
We are the Salt of the Earth ! We are the
Chosen Elect !
We are the lew who have worried things through,
Let us with garlands be decked.
Here 's to the snuffy-faced Stiff!
Here 's to the old Pioneer !
Here 's to the crowd who can chuckle aloud
At the shadowy mention of Beer ! —
illustrates one of the author's character-
istic moods.
' Ingoldsby in Africa,' a series of imita-
tions with which the book concludes, is
well enough, but the Ingoldsby wit and
metre — the latter tends as often as not
to mould the former — are a medium
scarcely worthy of Mr. Gouldsbury's
talent.
Egypt in Transition. By Sidney Low.
(Smith, Elder & Co., Is. U. net.)
Fortified by an Introduction from Lord
Cromer, this book contains, indeed, a
quantity of information on the work
and methods of officials in Egypt and
the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, random glances
at the previous historjr of the country in
relation to the British occupation, and
some light discussion of the surface pro-
blems of administration. But of the
significance of the phenomena on which
he blandly touches, of the real crux of
the Egyptian question, Mr. Sidney Low
affords his readers scarce a glimpse.
Controversial and (for Englishmen) un-
pleasant points have been omitted. Thus,
though the Akaba affair is mentioned
casually, we find not a word of Denshawai,
no review of the disastrous Gorst adminis-
tration, no note of Mr. Roosevelt's
Guildhall speech. A whole chapter of
Anglo-Egyptian history, and that the
most important to the understanding of
the present situation, has been overlooked.
It is briefly this.
In the last year of Lord Cromer's
autocratic, but benevolent and up-
right reign occurred the Akaba dispute,
when the Egyptian Muslims suddenly
awoke with horror to the fact that the
English were utoon the point of forcing
Egypt to make/ war against the Muslim
Caliphate. At (once the English were
anathema. The Khedive, who did not
love Lord Cromer, was interested in the
agitation, whicfli went on increasing after
war with Turkey had been happily
avoided. A murderous assault by vil-
lagers upon some British officers in uni-
form, which seemed to have been pre-
concerted under lofty patronage, was pun-
ished with extreme severity, on account
of the insult to the uniform, the badge of
our authority in Egypt. That severity
iucensed a section of the British public,
whose loud outcry in the end alarmed the
Foreign Office ; for, when Lord Cromer's
illness forced him to retire, Sir Eldon
Gorst was sent to Cairo with instructions
to do everything he could to quiet the
Egyptians. Sir Eldon detached the
Khedive from the Nationalist move-
ment, thus rendering it harmless, but at
what a price ! The whole of native
officialdom was handed over to the
Khedive's patronage ; while the National-
ists, regarding the change of policy and
the relaxation of discipline as their vic-
tory, grew noisy and insolent. In three
years Lord Cromer's patient, conscientious
work was all undone. Then ex-President
Roosevelt, returning from a shooting
expedition, was shocked at what he
saw and heard in Egypt, and when he
arrived in London rebuked us strongly
for misgovernment. The Foreign Office
seems to have felt his rebuke ; at any
rate, it changed its policy.
It is not a brilliant chapter of Imperial
history, and hardly justifies Mr. Low's
conclusion that the British occupation of
Egypt is " the most honourable episode
in the recent history of our race." He
talks throughout of all our work for
Egypt as if we did it for the beaux
yeux of the inhabitants. That tone is
much too general with our people, and,
confuted as it is by obvious facts, has
caused a good deal of the irritation which
Mr. Low observed among Egyptians.
Tiie Oriental mind is literal and logical.
If we said plainly, " We are here for
our own profit and convenience, but will
not ill-treat you," that would be a propo-
sition consonant with fact which the
Egyptians would accept at once as reason-
able. It is our incessant protestations,
our claim to an angelic altruism, which
bewilder them and keep them restless.
They applaud our sentiments, and stand
expectant. When nothing comes of all
the talk, they call us rogues, and hate us
for disturbing them without a cause.
Comparatively few Englishmen, even of
those who have to do with Orientals, have
any real conception of the Eastern mind,
and, that being so, it is better for their
name as rulers that they should ignore it
than seek to play to a gallery of whose
taste they have no inkling. That was
simply Lord Cromer's method, and it
proved the best for all concerned.
Upon the whole, Mr. Low would seem
to think that our capitalistic social order
is a boon conferred upon the Oriental,
though he approves of the " State Social-
ism " of the Sudan Government (adopted
to protect the natives against ruthless
exploitation). State Socialism (i.e., des-
potism in a fairer guise) and communal
Socialism (i.e., patriarchal village govern-
ment) are the natural order in the East.
Both forms have co-existed under many
tyrannies. One of the chief causes of
the increase of crime which Mr. Low
observed among the felldhin of Lower
Egypt has been the English failure at the
outset to appreciate this natural order,
which the Sudan Government wisely
fosters, and our introduction of a legal
code entirely foreign to the native genius,
weakening the communal authority, and
in some degree impairing State control.
'Directly the village bullies knew that
they could bring an action for assault
and battery against the omdeh and his
watchmen, ruffianism took the ascendant.
In this connexion Mr. Low has made no
mention of the Exile Law— our frank ad-
mission that the code has proved a failure
— which ahWed the bullies to be (prac-
tically) kidnapped and deported without
the small formality of public trial. It
would seem to be another of those horrid
gulfs into which our author has decided
not to peer.
Mr. Low alludes more than once tc*
the Ottoman suzerainty as a hindrance to
our efforts on behalf of Egypt. The
reviewer cannot endorse this verdict,
and the fact that it is passionately
loved in Egypt should make us tender
of it. The Khedivial Courr has been
a greater hindrance ; so has the nervous-
interference of the Foreign Office. When
in one place Mr. Low seems to suggest
that the " Young Turks " were somehow
at the bottom of the murder of the late
Prime Minister of Egypt, we can only say
that he has been misled bj- somebody.
To excuse the signs of discontent which he
observed in Egypt Mr. Low has written : —
" With Turkey, Persia, India, China, stirred
by new ideas and strange emotions, Egypt
can hardly remain entirely unresponsive."
He never mentions the attacks by Europe
on the first two countries, nor England's
close support of Russia, the bugbear of
the Oriental — attacks which, if continued,
are likely to cause trouble of a serious
nature, not alone in Egypt, but also
throughout our Eastern empire.
Mr. Low is master of a fluent journal-
istic style. Such phrases as " the liquid
treasure," " the vivifying fluid," " the
fertilizing liquid," for the waters of the
Nile, often repeated, vex a literary ear.
He does not claim to know Arabic, but
surely some acquaintance might have
saved him from making 'dlim the plural
and vlema the singular ; and to speak of
" the effendim " is a solecism exactly like
the French expression " le milord." As
tourist work the volume is above the
average, but it will hardly satisfy the
student or the politician. It should be
added, however, that even experts differ
widely, and may not agree with all the
views we have expressed as to the past
and the present.
Imperial Germany. By Prince Bernhard'
von Biilow. (Cassell & Co., 16s. net.)
A candid friend is invaluable, especially
when, as in the case of Prince Bernhard
von Biilow, he knows his facts and has
no hesitation in saying what he wants.
A year ago a distinguished German general,,
who also knew what he wanted, and who
was painfully candid, published a much
less valuable book, in which he made it
clear that what he wanted was war. not
only with France, but also with England
and the United States, and he appeared to
be in an almost indecent hurry to start
and get it all over.
Prince Biilow is a totally different
kind of person. He writes as a man
who has been at the head of. affairs in.
J
No. 4508. Feb. 14, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
223
many, and writes with restraint and
admirable taste. As we have suggested,
he makes no attempt to eoneeal his
thoughts and wishes ; and the Navy
League will find in his pages ammunition
sufficient to last for a long campaign.
Every Englishman who wants a strong
navy should be grateful to Prinoe Biilow
for the German arguments and facts here
offered for our consideration. The warn-
ings are plain ; and those who read
the book will see that no German now
.pretends that the naval policy of his
country is limited to-day to a mere
necessity of defending a mercantile marine.
The first part of Prince Billow's volume
deals with ' Foreign Policy.' and it is
this which wril principally interest English
readers. The distinguished author shows
how the new Great Power, after the last
of its three big wars, was looked upon
as an unwelcome intruder when it entered
the company of the other Great Powers of
Europe, and he quotes a remark made
to him by an English ambassador at
R:>me in the nineties : —
" How much pleasanter. ... it was in the
w.>rld of politics when England, France, and
Russia constituted the tribunal of Europe,
and at most Austria had to be occasionally
-ulted.''
change since
Prince Biilow sketches the
those days, describes the marvellous pro
gress of Germany, gives figures in support
of each of his statements, and shows the
rapid strides by which Germans have
won a place in the front rank of seafaring
nations. He quotes Bismarck's view of
: many as invulnerable so far as we
were concerned in 1864, and then explains
why. with her over-sea trade, she has
become vulnerable, and why a fleet was
needed to protect her and her corn-
ice. Since Prince Biilow wrote we
have had. in the present month, a speech
Admiral von Tirpitz — the admiral
who, while Parliaments come and go,
remains permanently at the head of
al affairs — explaining why Germans
ready to accept for the moment
Chun-hill ratio of 10 to 10, though
year's holiday :' in shipbuilding
ir Bide, impracticable. Germans
it the Hito ID proposal because
never yet been in a position
favourable ; but, if Prince Billow's
anything, it shows that, when
carried out their present pro-
mme, they an- likely to construct a
d ad dvocate a still
t.
The ex-Chancellor argues that the
mu m army has been a factor in the
of peace, and that the completion
of the German " lines of defence " by
the navy *' constitutes an additional and
increased guarantee for peace." So long
Germany had no navy, her growing
international industrial interests pre-
■ d a vulnerable surface to her op-
ponents. She thinks that she has now
proteel '1 this weak spot, and has rendered
a naval attack on the Empire *' an under-
taking of great risk for the enemy."
Germany claims that she has " acquired
the means of effectively protecting " her
resisting aggression
stronger
interests and of
everywhere.
Prince Biilow explains what his aim was
while he was Chancellor. The German
fleet had to be built, while Germany main-
tained her Continental position, without
" coming into conflict with England,
whom we could as yet not oppose at sea."
Patriotic feeling had to be aroused, but
" must not be roused to such an extent as
to damage irreparably our relations with
England, against whom our sea power
would for years still be insufficient, and at
whose mercy we lay in 1897. . . .like so much
butter before the knife."
We are told that when German}', after
the solution of her Continental problems,
embarked on international politics, " she
was bound to inconvenience England. The
consequences. . . .could be mitigated by
diplomacy, they could not be prevented."
We are asked to believe that we have
no reason to mistrust the expansion of
German industries or the construction
of a German navy. " It was both neces-
sary and desirable for " Germany " to
be so strong at sea that no Sea Power "
could lightly undertake to attack her,
and she might be free to look after her
over-sea interests.
There is a curiously frank explanation
of the obvious reason why the Germans
did not go to war with us at the time
of the South African trouble. It was a
tempting thing to attack us at that
moment, with French support ; but, from
Prince Billow's own account, it is clear
that Germany left us alone simply because
she saw that it was not to her interest
to provoke a quarrel. Here are the
Prince's own words : —
'" Even in the event of defeat in the South
African War, it was joossible for England to
stifle our sea power in the embryo."
The ex-Chancellor more than once
returns to the subject of the South African
War. He states that when he was at the
Foreign Office he was convinced that a
conflict between Germany and England
would not break out if his country
built a fleet which could not be attacked
without serious risk to the attacking
party, if Germany did not indulge in
undue and unlimited shipbuilding and
armaments, and did not overheat her
marine boiler. His policy was to prevent
any irremediable In-each between the two
countries, and " that is why I. . . .resisted
all temptations to interfere in the Boer
War."
Germans think that England is dis-
quieted by the rising of their power
at sea. The case for friendship between
the nations is well put by Prince Biilow ;
but. nevertheless, the menace to us is
plain, and there is no necessity to read
between the lines. He says that to-day
Germany, supported by a navy which
demands respect, confronts us in a manner
very different from that of fifteen years ago.
It was then a question of avoiding conflict
with England "as long as possible, till we
had built our fleet. The inference i
that the German ft» I is now " ready for
.ice": and the Prince states that
Germans need no longer take tjuch care
to prevent England from injuring our
safety and wounding our dignity. Ger-
many is prepared to defend her ■"dignity "
and " her interests against Kngland atsea."
The warning is clear enough. It eomes
from what Prince Biilow himself lias de-
scribed as "• the most military and most
warlike of the European nations," and its
echo may be heard in the first weeks of
the present Parliamentary session when
Supplementary Xavy Estimates are before
the House of Commons.
England is described as the only country
with which Germany has in international
politics an account; with the other
European Powers " the contra-account of
Continental politics is the decisive factor."
Of France we read : —
"It seems to me weakness to entertain
the hope of a real and sincere reconciliation
w itli France, so long as we have no intention
of giving iij) Alsace-Lorraine. And there is
no such intention."
When the Morocco question is con-
sidered England is again the enemy. We
are told in blunt fashion that, in return
for French acknowledgment of our un-
disputed authority in Egypt, we expressed
our approval of what France had done in
Morocco, and we are informed that we
" disregarded. . . .both the international
settlement of 1880 and the German-
Moroccan Commercial Treaty."' It is
declared that we disposed " arrogantly "
of German interests, and that our arrange-
ment with France was intended to injure
German}7. It is possible to make out a
case for Germany as against England in
this Morocco business, if France and her
grievance against Prussia be ignored.
But, given the French case, it was essential
that we should stand by our French friends.
We have dealt only with the ' Foreign
Relations ' of this important book, but
the other half, dealing with ' Home
Policy,' merits attention, and the remarks
about Socialists are worth notice. " I nder
suitable guidance it is possible to re-
duce the number of their seats in the
Reichstag " ; and the first object of a
Government is naturally to neutralize
the effect of the Socialist vote. The
ex-Chancellor is open enough about the
way in which in Germany attempts have
been made to "neutralize" the power
of the Socialists ; but it is difficult for
Englishmen to realize how limited are the
powers of a German Parliament. Prince
Biilow docs his best to make it clear : —
" Bismarck. .. .never ran any risk of
letting i he least scrap of power --lip into the
hands ol Parliament through the influence
lie conceded to h majority, when he hap-
pened to find one at his disposal. Above all,
lie never dreamt of considering the wishes
of a majority unless bhej tallied with his
own. He made use oi existing majorif
i.ut he in \ er lei them make use of him.
We are amused with the following
complacenl remark : ' In the greal years
1813 to 1815 Prussia. .. .finally shattered
Napoleon's power." This appears to
the in<»t recenl German version of " How
Pill Adams won the Battle oi Waterloo.'
It is to be regretted that so valuable
a work should have been launched without
a preface or nn\ thing to say what it
224
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
is. We believe it is a translation of an
Introduction which Prince Billow con-
tributed to a book on Germany published
at the end of last year. It is excellently
translated, though there are some slips,
some weak grammar, and an occasional
unnecessary accent.
HOME UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
Prof. Pigou in his book on ' Unemploy-
ment ' makes a thorough examination of
the secondary causes of unemployment,
but never reaches the primary one em-
bedded in our present social system. He
holds that
" the various aspects of the economic life
of any modern country are bound together
in an intimate unity. The consequence is
that attempts to deal with any particular
evil, as it appears at one point, may often
be followed by important and not at all
obvious effects, breaking out elsewhere
and capable of more than neutralizing what-
ever immediate good may have been done.
The only way in which it is possible to
contrive measures of social improvement
that shall be free from this great danger is
to found them upon a close and thorough
study of economic life as a whole. If the
' art ' of social reform is to be effective, the
basis of it must be laid in a ' science.' '
Here he treats the aspects of unemploy-
ment with the cold clarity of scientific
analysis, and the language used renders
the book intelligible to the ordinary
citizen. Yet he seems to show a funda-
mental lack of appreciation of all that is
involved in the problem. Such remarks as
" If foresight were perfect and work-
people were always ready in times of pro-
sperity to make full provision for the bad
times that might follow. ..." (italics ours)
indicate this attitude. Workpeople do
not make full provision for rainy days
to come because the majority are unable
to do so ; their wages do not allow of any
margin to be put away.
Prof. Pigou acknowledges that the
various devices mentioned by him as
remedies for unemployment would not
abolish it, and the only conclusion he
reaches in consecpuence is that palliatives
must be employed to alleviate the evil
consequences resulting from it. It is
strange that no mention of Socialism
occurs in the volume, probably because
the author pins his faith to social reform
rather than social reconstruction.
Prof. Vinogradoff, who is Corpus Pro-
fessor of Jurisprudence at Oxford, begins
his little book ' Common-Sense in Law ' —
a valuable addition to a very useful series
— with an apt quotation from the greatest
of all law lecturers. " Advantages and
leisure," said Blackstone at the outset of
the famous lectures which became the
' Commentaries,'
" are given to gentlemen not for the benefit
of themselves only, but also of the public,
and yet they cannot, in any scene of life,
Unemployment. By A. C. Pigou. (Williams
& Norgate, Is. net.)
Common-Sense in Law. By Paul Vino-
gradoff. (Same publishers and price.)
discharge properly their duty either to the
public or to themselves without some degree
of knowledge in the laws."
This claim for a wider recognition of the
value of legal knowledge, notwithstanding
the frequency with which it has been
advanced, continues, it would seem, to
be unsatisfied. Mr. Justice Atkin, in an
address he delivered before the Liverpool
Board of Legal Studies a few days before
Prof. Vinogradoff's book was published,
deemed it desirable to urge that
" English law is a topic which might very
well form part of a really liberal education,
quite distinct from the technical training of
the young man who is going to practise in
the law."
Whether a superficial acquaintance with
legal principles and procedure would
broaden the intellect or cultivate a more
law-abiding spirit — whether, on the other
hand, it might encourage the technical
view of things and foster the love of
litigation — are questions that need not
trouble us here. Any layman who does
determine to begin a study of the law
will find in this concise sketch of English
jurisprudence much that is inspiring as
well as informative. He will find, not, it
is true, an elementary exposition of the
laws affecting his daily life, such as the
alluring title may lead him to expect,
but a succinct statement of the nature
and domain of law, of its evolution from
custom, and of the function of the Legis-
lature. Perhaps, if he demonstrates the
truth of Burke's saying that legal studies
are ennobling to the mind, he may dis-
cover before he closes the book that
English law, so far from being a code of
conventional rules invented by lawyers
for their own edification and profit, is
" broad-based upon the people's will,"
though he may hesitate to go the length
of saying with the Lord Chancellor in
' Iolanthe ' : —
* The Law is the true embodiment
Of everything that's excellent.
It is a significant fact, which Prof.
Vinogradoff is not the first jurist to em-
phasize, that in most European languages
the terms for " law " and " right " coincide.
The Latin jus, the French droit, the
German RecJit, the Italian diritto, the
Spanish derecho, and the Slavonic pravo all
express not only right, but also law. Here
in England, though " law " is distinguish-
able from " right," they are certainly not
unallied, for rights are mainly based on
law, and legal rules are largely founded
on moral principles.
What, to treat it fundamentally, is law ?
The author, who devotes the first part of
his book to this question, criticizes the
Austinian theory that law is a rule of
conduct imposed by a sovereign autho-
rity. Following the lead of Maine,
he points out that laws have come into
being where no sovereign power has
existed. Some of the most fundamental
of our laws — those, for instance, which
regulate marriage, the tenure of land,
and succession — originated in far-distant
days when there was no authority capable
of making a law in the sense of a com-
mand. Prof. Vinogradoff, who insists
upon the opposite doctrine of agreement,
prefers to define law as " a set of rules
imposed and enforced by a society with
regard to the attribution and exercise of
power over persons and things." This
is, no doubt, a larger and truer definition,
since it includes not only the legal rules
which had their origin in primitive cus-
toms, but also the " judge-made laws "
by which the more powerful occupants
of the Bench in modern times, such as
Lord Mansfield, have given legal sanction
to mercantile practice.
" My lord, it is written in the Book
of Nature," replied an exuberant advocate
when Lord Ellenborough asked him for
his authority for some legal proposition.
" What book 1 " inquired the sarcastic
judge, taking up his pen. " The Book of
Nature," repeated the advocate. ' Please
give me the name of the case and the
page," said Ellenborough, dipping his
pen in the ink in readiness to note it
down. Prof. Vinogradoff, who is too
austere a writer to recall this anecdote,
alludes, in an interesting chapter on ' The
Law of Nature,' to a number of cases —
such as Lord Mansfield's decision in 1771
that a negro slave who had escaped to
England could not be claimed by his
master, and Lord Hardwicke's decision in
1744 that a heathen could take a valid
oath according to the ceremonies of
his religion — which show how the legal
idea embodied in the naturale jus has
been recognized by English judges. A
less subtle professor — Huxley — protested
vigorously against the idea that any
ethical rule of conduct could be de-
rived from nature. " You might just
as well speak," he said, " of the law of
the tiger." Prof. Vinogradoff, while ad-
mitting that " the law of nature has
operated as a literary, but not as a
direct, source of law," realizes that social
changes are widening the domain of law,
that appeals to the "law of nature"
are being revived, that positive law is
being increasingly put to the touchstone
of morality.
Whether the judiciary will continue,
now that the Legislature is more active,
to exercise its old influence upon the
law — whether, in other words, case-law
will retain its old importance — may,
perhaps, be doubted. Some of the de-
cisions of the courts on the Workmen s
Compensation Acts, to which Prof. Vino-
gradoff refers, are marked by an apparent
inconsistency which may easily create
in some readers of this Avork a feeling of
astonishment at the association of " com-
mon-sense " and " law " in its title. For
instance, murderous violence has been
decided to be a risk incident to the calling
of a cashier to a firm of colliery owners,
who was murdered in a train whilst
carrying the wages of the miners, but not
to the occupation of a carter, who whilst
in charge of his horse and cart was
fatally assaulted by a drunken man. It is,
perhaps, such subtleties that cause Prof.
Vinogradoff, notwithstanding his evident
desire to awaken a more general interest
in the law, to remark that " the fact that
law becomes more and more the special
No.
4503,
Feb. 14, 1914
THE ATlTENvEUM
22;
province of professional lawyers is neither
strange nor regrettable." But as Legisla-
tion, to say nothing of judicial authority,
touches life more intimately, the origin
and province of law must acquire a wider
interest for the thoughtful citizen, and
tie Professor's little work, written with
lucidity as well as learning, is well de-
signed both to exeite and satisfy it.
Dedications : an Anthology of the Forms
used tram the Earliest Days of Book-
Making to the Present Tina. Compiled
by Mary Elizabeth Brown. (G. P.
Putnam's Sons, 10s. 6d. net.)
and
this is one of them,
In many eases
the way in which a book came into being
is no inappreciable element in our enjoy-
ment of it. Here, the subject is not a new
one in our days, and its treatment is un-
likely to wake any enthusiasm for it in
the mind of the average reader. Mr.
Edmund Gosse has touched upon an
aspect of it in one of his delightful
essays, and Mr. H. B. Wheatley has
written on it one of the charming dis-
cursive little books in the composition
of which he is a master. The work
before us makes no attempt at rivahy
with either ; it is a collection of notabfe
dedications, made for the most part
during a time when the compiler was
deprived of the use of sight, and com-
pelled to rely on her memory and the aid
of some friends to whom she pays due
tribute. We can think of no more plea-
I task, once begun, for a person of
re and wide reading suffering under
such an affliction, than to call to mind
book after book of the past, to have it
md on the shelves, and to seek in it
the personal note which a true dedication
tend to it. It is a pleasure that every
der of this work can share, in an in-
rse > use, turning back in his mind
from each new dedication to the book
it heralded, and relishing its peculiar
laptability to time and person.
The form, the origin, the value, the
umstances, of dedications vary almost
indefinitely. Perhaps their history ought
to be divided into two parts — dedications
before the printed book became familiar,
and those of later times. In the days of
the manuscript and the -eriptorium", we
nny feel sure that the majority of books
ire written for the use of a single person,
however great the author's persuasion
may have been that his work would reach
I be appreciated by a wider public.
In these cases the dedication often forms
part of the book and is not readily detach-
able, and when it is separate it is liable
to be lost to as by the misguided economy
of labour by the copyist. .More often than
not, the composition of abook in media
times was the direct result of the prompt-
ing of some magnate, and then the dedica-
tion is a tribute, winch more than one- is
the sole means by which we know of the
great man's existence. The thirteenth
•century was a notable age for dedications.
■One lying before us runs through the
entire list of the patriarch- and prophets
to obtain a list of the virtues of the patron.
Roger Bacon wrote his books for Pope
after Pope: .Michael Scot for Frederick the
Emperor, the " Stupor Mundi " ; poets
laid their works at the feet of the ureal
ladies of their day ; while lesser bards
made a wider and more direct appeal in
their dedications for the largesse of their
patrons.
There are some very interesting and
even touching dedications in the centuries
that follow. Chaucer, who wrote his
' Astrolabe ' for " my little son Lewis " (of
whom we know nothing else) ; Gower,
with the double dedication to Richard 11.
and to Henry IV. of his poem; Hoccleve,
and Caxton — all might have been men-
tioned in a work which deals with dedica-
tions from the earliest times, but not
unnaturally they lay somewhat outside
the editor's range.
With the printed book a new era came,
which, however, preserved in a measure
the traditions of the old. The somewhat
naive classification of our author — to
Deity, to the Virgin Mary, to Royalty,
and so on, down to Any and Every One —
shows how wide the book-writer cast his
net for patronage. Tn a dedication profit
or pleasure is sought : profit, either in the
form of protection or gifts or increase of
sale : pleasure, in gratitude or admiration
or friendship. A very few dedications
are famous, yet of all but these few, who
remembers a line of one of them, or, open-
ing this book by chance without seeing
the ascription, could say for what or to
whom it was written \ Still we may
be sure that the practice of dedications
will never die out while gratitude and
admiration and friendship fire the heart
of the young, and live on in those of their
elders. The fashion of the time will
change, as this book shows it has often
changed before ; the reality behind will
alwavs remain.
RELIGION IN FICTION.
Dr. Sktcixi; calls his ' Pastor Futurus ' a
" dramatic idyll " ; and that is a proper
designation, if an idyll may be didactic.
One cannot read it without feeling that it
contains in pleasing form a wise and earnest
plea for broad-minded interpretation of the
Christian faith and brotherly dealing in
the Church's ministry. The author's ripe
experience in scholastic and theological
affairs not only fits him for this venture,
but also ensures more attention to the
matter than the form of its achievement.
Before OUT eye- he raises the Carleford
Theological College, founded by the bishop
of the diocese, a man of enlightened vision,
and stalled by bis like-minded college
friends. To this hostel come some eager
young men, diverse in their circumstances,
temperament, and training, but at one in
their desire tocopewith modern conditions
of life efficiently and whole-heartedly. The
author's fictitious diary relates his la boms.
forebodings, and ideals as Principal of such
Pastor i'litmus. \',y .John lliintl y Bkrinfi,
(Longman I . 5«. net. )
Initiation. B; Robert Bugh Benson,
(Hutchinson .v ''.... fi/)
a foundation — in a word, it is a discussion
of Church polity in pictorial form.
One may not follow in any detail the
enterprise of the Carleford dignitaries in
their pursuit of a " new way for the old
Church," but together they offer much
sound and opportune advice to clergy
and laity. Even in what is too often
regarded as of minor importance, tie
reading of Holy Scripture, there is ex-
hortation that is surely needed: —
'Young brothers, what gracious oppor-
tunities are you trampling under loot,
when you hurry and slur and Blubber the
recitations which your Church meant to be
the articulate and penetrating appeal of
spiritual poem, history, oratory, drama, to
your soul who read and theirs w iio listen."
Amongst the " militia Christi," as the
youthful theologians are called.
is one
fervour
( Ihurch
( ihurch
great) r
whose honesty of purpose and
of spirit are like to be lost to the
by his liberal conception of
doctrine and communion. The
part of the idyll concerns his fortunes as
an interpreter of the faith, a critic of
Church folk and their conventions, and
a reformer who precipitates a crisis by
well-intentioned heresy. The s\ mpathetic
moulding of John Desmond — and hi
typical of many — is the Principal's chief
task ; and it is his message to the Church.
We need the historic sense to know
"that faith must grow with the ages, and
that words which cannot keep pace with it
will often cease to be quite true, and yet
must be kept as the symbol for the new-
truth, while the Church is thinking out the
new words."
We are properly reminded that in revision,
whether it be of the Prayer Book or of
the Church, we must reckon with the
" two forces of Growth and Structure,"
and must preserve a " right proportion-
ment." For these forces are the bio-
logical analogies of innovation and tra-
dition, or of reason and authority. The
reformer is apt to say that the fact of
religion is '"Communion," the soul's
experience of God; and not "Creed."
The Church too often declares creed to
be the fact, and not communion without
creed. But the truest view, as the
Carleford Principal has it. is that both
are the facts of religion — that as " life is
interchange.'' so creed and communion
must ever gO together. Creed is I he t<-t
of communion, if creed is " a true com-
munion of the Church with the Christ."
The most noteworthy thing in the l>ook
is its plea for a "" ( latholic Referendum " :
" Let us claim that in the English Church
as in the English State there shall be the
right of personal freedom : that if a Habt
Cor/, us- protects the citizen, a Habeas
Animam shall protect the Churchman.
I hen Let the case go to be tried by the great
soul of the People of < Ihrist, the < atholio
( Ihurch, all its rank- and ord<
has won a public
v his bit . -t novel,
Monsignor Benson
which w ill read eagei
• [nit ia1 ion.1
To " vindicate the wi •■ d to n an "
is now acknovt l< dg< d as a li ss simple oni
taking than when Job re< eived from his
friends the comforting assurance that
only hidden wick. dn< se could account for
226
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
misery like his ; or even when Leibnitz
and Pope proclaimed to an astonished
world that of all possible worlds this was
demonstrably the best. In Monsignor
Benson's v Theodicce ' — for such, under
another name, is the volume before us —
these worn-out methods are naturally
set aside. His doctrine, though founded
on, perhaps, the oldest of human beliefs
— "The fathers have eaten sour grapes
and the children's teeth are set on edge " —
is developed, so far as we can judge, on
original lines. According to him, the
son vicariously bears his dead father's
iniquity, under the form of hereditary
disease, in order to improve the prospects
of that father's soul ; in other words, we
suppose, to shorten its spell of purgatory.
Such a version of the " Karma " theory
is not, to our thinking, improved by the
author's assumption — in flat contradic-
tion to everyday experience — that the
effect upon the character of the vicarious
sufferer himself Avill necessarily be en-
nobling, health and good spirits being
really rather dangerous possessions than
otherwise. His argument, indeed, if
pushed to its logical outcome, would sug-
gest that in his view the Gospel miracles
of healing were impertinent interruptions
to a beneficent scheme in which debauchery
and drunkeimess and the multiplication
of the unfit play their parts merrily along
with other factors. Yet we can well
believe that ' Initiation ' will make a wide
appeal. For the all too numerous victims
of physical agony it is doubtless more
consoling to regard their suffering as in
some mystic sense sacrificial than as
part of the price paid by humanity for
its blunders on the unward road.
Jl
From the standpoint of craftsmanship
the novel attains, even for its author, an
unusually high level. The poor young
hero's unsatisfactory fiancee seems to us
especially a triumph of characterization.
From the first we suspect her of hypocrisy,
but the particular moral beauties revealed
under the touchstone are unlooked for,
and painfully true to a certain female
type. The girl's mother, with her cease-
less flow of chatter and the vein of
tragedy underlying her commonplace ex-
terior, is equally good in another way ;
and so is the shrewd and not over-flattering
. sketch of the provincial priest in his rela-
tions with the better-class members of
his flock. The old mystic, who has
retired from business to develope his soul,
is an arresting, if not exactly a lovable
figure. The hero himself, his aunt, his
cousin, his school-friend, are all charming
people. The interest of the story never
flags. All, in fact, that the novelist's art
can fairly be expected to do has been done
to embellish a thesis which in itself the
reviewer can only qualify as repellent.
The Duchesse of Wrexe. By Hugh Wal-
pole. (Martin Seeker, 6s.)
If the issue of " Libraries " continues, an
enterprising publisher might by now, we
think, find material for one made up of
novels dealing with psychological trends,
arranged chronologically. ' The Duchess
of Wrexe ' is representative of the Vic-
torian attitude — aristocratic and auto-
cratic. For the Duchess believed England's
greatness depended on government by a
few blue-blooded, cynical despots. Hedg-
ing herself about with a theatrical environ-
ment of Oriental magnificence, and
adopting an air of almost mystic aloofness,
she frightened her relatives and friends,
whom she treated as her minions, into
becoming her subservient tools.
Opposition to her comes from a grand-
child— a representative of the new order
— who insists on attempting to think
matters out for herself, and refuses to
bow the knee, albeit she feels and fears
the old lady's managing and masterful
personality. On either side are ranged
the supporters of the one and the other,
also those fearful ones who feel the battle
and sympathize with the younger genera-
tion knocking at the door, but are too
invertebrate to be open allies.
When a marriage for convenience has
brought knowledge of the world to the
grandchild, the taint of secrecy she has
inherited almost brings her to disaster,
but her growing sense of life's responsi-
bilities comes to the rescue. Her husband
is laid on his back for life by an accident,
and she finds consolation in loving
service. The tale ends with the passing
of the old order at the death of the
Duchess, and the hope of the new for
husband and wife in the child that is to
be.
That we live again in the nineteenth-
century atmosphere throughout is due
chiefly to the admirable chorus which the
author provides to the principal actors.
When Ghost Meets Ghost. By William
De Morgan. (Heinemann, 6s.)
On p. *72 Mr. De Morgan states that he
has
" no aim in telling this story beyond that
of repeating as clearly and briefly as may
be the bare facts that make it up — of com-
municating them to whoever has a few
hours to spare for the purpose, with the
smallest trouble to himself in its perusal."
Anybody who says that the reading of
these 892 pages occupied but a few spare
hours is guilty of a " terminological in-
exactitude." Half the book would, indeed,
prove no light task to the busy reviewer.
The best we can say of it is that the
scenes of low life recall Dickens, and the
scenes in high life Thackeray. Only,
the filling-in is undiluted William De
Morgan, and it takes the form of surmises
as to the why and wherefore of events,
the constant recurrence of which renders
the possession of an imagination by a
reader an annoyance.
The book might well have been dedi-
cated to all to whom rest and freedom
from excitement are essential. It would
be detracting from the enjoyment of a
rest-cure to attempt to indicate what this
rambling multitude of words seeks to con-
vey to the reader.
Pariah and, Brahmin : a Story of the
Home Civil Service. By Austin Philips.
(Smith, Elder & Co., 6s.)
There is matter for much reflection in
this study of a young man's personality
and its development under two opposing
influences. His sensitive and capable
mind, with the ideals and ambitions
natural to its particular calibre, is re-
pressed for twelve years by the restrictions
and conventions of a great system —
official methods, red tape, and petty spite.
In definite opposition to these surround-
ings, the sane advice of the woman to
whom the hero becomes engaged, a sym-
pathetic and successful novelist, raises a
vital question : Has the victim of auto-
cratic officialdom enough of the requisite
daring and faith in himself to escape from
the security of regulations and an assured,
if mediocre career to the perils of self-
dependence and unknown possibilities ?
This problem, which must be faced by
many at some time of their existence, is
cleverly worked out, and the supreme
importance of such a phase in human
experience is fully recognized by the
writer. The intimate pictures of Post
Office life are drawn with expert know-
ledge, and will be of more interest to
civilians than to the lay public.
A Lady of Leisure. By Ethel Sidgwick.
(Sidgwick & Jackson, 6s.)
Unlike those novels which chase one
another in and out of the circulating
library, ' Succession ' had a brilliancy not
easily forgotten. Miss Sidgwick's skill in
the use of material of a highly specialized
kind called down blessings on her head,
which must also be bestowed on 'A Lady
of Leisure.' A change from a Parisian
home of world - famed genius to an
English country rectory has been surely
a relaxation for the author as it is
for the reader. In ' Succession ' readi-
ness to comprehend and appreciate some-
thing more than mere character-painting
and style was required. In this case,
though it is true that the author's style
never permits dalliance from the path of
strict attention, the circle described is
composed of less exotic specimens of
humanity than the Lemaure family,,
and the story is thereby made consider-
ably wider in appeal. It is a pity that
the billiard match which takes place, as
it were, at the beginning of the fourth
act is so treated as to leave the reader —
and also, one imagines, one of the parties
most concerned — in doubt as to the
issues involved. All that one is assured
is that the match is momentous, sym-
bolically representing a duel with pistols
and shot. This mystification is one of
the dangers of Miss Sidgwick's style.
We leave her readers to make the acquaint-
ance of two of the most completely satis-
factory gentlemen that recent fiction has
presented, to follow the fortunes of their
respective children, and to learn how
the adorable lady of the title played for a
period at work in a Battersea studio.
No. 4503, Ff.il 14, 1914
THE ATM KX.KUM
227
Letters from Ld-baa. By Rachel Bayward.
(Heinemann, 6a.)
It is an easy matter, to aooord the name-
less writer of the ' Letters from La-bas '
the sympathy denied her by the man to
whom they were addressed, and whom,
after the exchange of a few letters, she
promises to marry. His side of the
correspondence can only be inferred from
slight references in hers, but Miss Hay-
ward manages, without apparent effort,
to convey to us the formal and business-
like tone in which they were evidently
written. To a girl of an ardent and impul-
sive nature this must have been trying,
to say the least of it, and we are therefore
not surprised to find her last letter one of
farewell, as she has chosen to cast in her
lot with a truer, or, at all events, a more
enthusiastic, lover.
The whole book is full of a natural
and human feeling, and the warm ima-
ginativeness of the heroine makes her
letters animated. The grey dreariness
of life in French manufacturing towns, the
light and colour of Nice, the struggle for
existence in London, are all drawn with
a vivid pen, and those who know the places
Bhe writes from will not fail to recognize
the truth of her descriptions.
Some of the minor characters are
delightful little sketches. Here is Angele,
a "• bonne a tout fairc,'' at Lille : —
' This Angele is a fat young Belgian of
twenty-four, who looks double her age.
Her hair is more elaborately coiffe than
that of an Englishwoman about to go to a
ball, and she lives, moves, and has her
being in a striped petticoat, a black cotton
blouse, and a pair of sabots. She can con-
coct anything from a tisane to an omelette,
and will dig in the garden or brush my hair
with equal thoroughness and enjoyment. '
There is only one thing we find a little
difficult to credit. The philosophy of life
seed in the following quotation is
baldly that of one recently grown up, as,
we are led to believe, is the case of the
heroine : —
The man who has never loved woman
in th- plura] does not understand her in
singular Love with you would be
• r of reason and judgment, while I
with Carmen that : ' L'amour est
mt de Boheme.' "
various French phrases with which
the book is liberally besprinkled certainly
air of vivacity and charm, but it
a pity that numerous misspellings.
misplaced at and wrong genders
have been allowed to remain.
Deep Sea. By Francis Brett Young.
(Martin Becker, 8
;: life of tuher-foik with its depend nee
upon weather and it- occasional catas-
often been depicted. .Mr.
Francis Brett Young's story of the Cornish
coast, how.-vcr, takes in more than the
elemental dangers. He shows that the
p culiar anxieties of a Cornish fisherm
wife do not exempt her from the toils
that are spread for her sister in the
Hackney Road, and that the <
present possibility of a disaster on the
waves may be less unsettling than the
worries due to debts and doubts. This
impressive study gains in effect from the
admirable delineation of the small group
of principal characters. There is little
plot, in the accepted sense. The story
turns on the struggles of a sailor who has
been induced by a money-lender to become
the owner of a fishing-ketch, and his
entanglements, which end only with his
death. But the events are well knit
together, and there is a coherence which
is not always present in the chronicle
novel.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Brooke (A. E.), S. Luke, thk Historian of the
Infancy, a Sermon preached before the Uni-
versity of Cambridge on Christmas Day, 1913,
tid. net. Cambridge, Heffer
Henson (Hensley), Quo Tendimus ? the Issue of
Kikuyu, with an Appendix, Qd. net.
Macmillan
A sermon preached before the University of
Oxford on the 1st of this month.
Johnston (John Leslie), Some Alternatives to
Jesus Christ, a Comparative Study of Faiths
in Divine Incarnation, " The Layman's Li-
brary," 2/6 net. Longmans
A discussion of the historical significance of
those religions which claim to present an Incarnate
God, and a comparison of them with Christianity,
concluding with two chapters on the ' Historical
Features of Christianity ' and ' The Marks of
Christian Devotion to Christ.'
Missionary Conference in East Africa, C>d. net.
Macmillan
The Archbishop of Canterbury's answer to
the " Formal Appeal " made by the Bishop of
Zanzibar.
Raymond (V.), Spiritual Director and Phy-
sician, translated by Dom Aloysius Smith. 5/
net. Washbourne
Concerns the spiritual treatment of sufferers
from nerves and scruples by the Chaplain to the
Kneipp Institute at Wo-rishofen. It is intended
to be a simple and practical guide, based on long
experience.
Shebbeare (Charles J.), Religion in an Age of
Doubt, 5/ net. Robert Scott
The substance of this book was delivered in
lecture form to the Vacation Term of Biblical
Study in the Divinity School at Cambridge in
1911, and deals with the theological thought
associated with the name of Ilitschl.
It forms one of the series edited bv the Rev.
W. C. Piercy, the " Library of Historic Theology."
Simpson (J. G.), What is the Gospel ? or, RE-
DEMPTION, a Study in the Doctrine of Atone-
ment, "The Layman's Library," 2/0 net.
Longmans
The aim of the author is "to present the
doctrine of the Atonement to the ordinary mind
which has a sincere [desire to be religious, bul
has little acquaintance with theology." It begins
with a general survey of the subject, and goes on
to discuss ' Justification ' and ' Salvation in the
Church.'
Trevelyan (G. MA, Da BLbretico Comburbndo ;
on. Tin: Ethics <>f Religious Conformity, ad.
net . ( !ambridge, I Leffer i
London, simpkin & Marshall
This paper was read before " The Heretics "
in Cambridge last October.
POETRY.
Jewett (Sophie), FOLX-BAIXADS of SOUTHERN
Europe, 6) net. Putnam
Tr.insl.it ions of ballads taken from many
• es, which include Piedmont, Qascony, Rou-
mania, and Modern Greece. There is an Introduc-
tion and notes, and the ballads arc classed under
1 1 objects with which they deaL
Low (Benjamin R. C. , \ Wank and S
and Otheb Pobxs, i 0 iM i. Lane
\ collection of miscellai is verses, Including
' \ Prelude to Hand.', ■ Epilogue to the American
B rotation,' and • Lii.in> with tie- Evening Star.'
Stopes (Marie C), Man, OTHEB POEMS, and a
Preface, 3/6 net. I [einemann
The subjects on which Dr. Stupes writes
include 'Man.' 'The Idealist's Love.' and ('apt.
Scott. In the Preface she maintains thai " of
a certainty poetry ought never to be written ;
il ought, it must, write itself."
PHILOSOPHY.
Samhita (The), a Dialogue between Rishi
ASTAVAERA \nd RaJA .Ianaka, being an Intro-
duction to the Philosophy of the Ved&nta,
translated from the Original Samakrita, with
an Introduction, by N'ri Ananda Arharva. 2/6
net. Griffiths
The translation is prefaced by an Introduc-
tion which contains a summary of V.dic philo-
sophy.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland :
Vol. X.1551-0. Edinburgh, Stationery Office.
London, Wyman
This volume of the ' Compote Thesaurario-
rum Regum Scoterum ' contains six accounts of
the Lord High Treasurer, and includes a Glossary,
Hopkins (Tighe), The Romance of Fraud, 7 6
net. Chapman & Hall
A series of essays on famous prisoners and
prisons, including a chapter on the police force
in England and India.
Humphrey (A. W.), Robert Applegarth :
Trade Unionist, Educationist, Reformer.
National Labour Press
This Life of Mr. Applegarth gives an account
of the Labour movement during the last fifty
years. Mr. Sidney Webb has written the Intro-
duction, and there are a few illustrations.
Jerome (Thomas Spencer), Roman Memories in
the Landscape seen from Capri, 7/(S net.
Mills & Boon
Sketches of events of classic times relating
to Campania, illustrated with drawings by Mr.
Morgan Heiskell, which the author describes as
" the results of a synthesis of archaeological study
and creative imagination."
Mackintosh (Herbert B.), Elgin, Past and
Present, a Historical Guide, 10/6 net.
Elgin, J. D. Ycadoii
An enlarged edition of ' Elgin, Past and
Present,' written by the author's father in 1891.
It gives an account of the history of the city and
its ancient monuments, and is copiously illus-
trated.
Mavrogordato (John), Letters from Greece
concerning the War of the Balkan Allies,
1912-13, paper 1/ net, cloth 2/ net. Seeker
Some of these letters were written in Greece,
and others in London on the author's return
from the war, to correct misstatements in tin-
press. A number of them have already appeared
in various newspapers. The book is illustrated
with photographs.
Orsi (Pietro), C.vvour and thk Making of
Modern Italy, 1810-1861, "Heroes of tie-
Nations Series,'' .V net. I'lltlialn
A biography of Camillo Cavour, recording tie-
chief events by which Italian unity was brought
about.
Petre (F. Loraine), NAPOLEON at Hay. lsl I, 10 6
net. Lane
This volume deals only with the military side
of the war, and is confined to tin- operations in
which Napoleon was himself directly
Maps and plans are included.
Reign i The i of Henry VII. from Contemporary
Sources, selected and arrange I by \. I'. Pollard,
Vol. IIL, 10/6 net. I
This volume is divided into three parte,
dealing in turn with foreign relations. He- church,
and Ireland, followed by \pp,ndi\. .u. ! D
Index.
Roosevelt (Theodore), BlSTOEX as LITERATI
and Other Essays, 8 net, John Ifurraj
Addresses delivered before the \
Eistot it il \ social Ion and nl her learned bod
and essays reprinted from Th* Outlook and
Century. The author's purpose is to show thai
•■ th.- domain of liter iture must be tm r more
widely extended over the domain rod
science."
CEOCRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Hannah (Inn C. . ( M n u - Ol TEE Not im .wdb :
T\i a OF Tin < m ii - . 6 n.-l.
Hi a I b & < lanl'.ll
Tie- cities of which in account Is given are
Thorshavn, Reykjavik, Trondhjem, Chriatiania,
ilde, Copenhagen, \ i by, I p da, Stockholm,
and s' • I'' ' ' iburg.
228
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Work (Milton C), Auction Developments, 6/
net. Constable
This book is supplementary to the author's
' Auction of To-day,' and deals especially with
theories which have developed during 1913.
A section is devoted to rudimentary instruction for
the beginner.
SOCIOLOGY.
Collings (Right Hon. Jesse), The Colonization
of Rural Britain, a Complete Scheme for the
Regeneration of British Rural Life, 2 vols.,
10/6 ' Rural World ' Publishing Co.
The author's contention is that the economic
prosperity of a country rests on the cultivation
of its land, and he advocates " honest purchase "
of land as the basis of his scheme for the estab-
lishment of a yeoman and peasant proprietary
system.
ECONOMICS.
Loria (Achille), The Economic Synthesis, a
Study of the Laws of Income, translated from
the Italian by M. Eden Paul, 10/6 net. Allen
This work, which now appears in a somewhat
abbreviated translation, forms the complement of
the author's earlier writings.
POLITICS.
Home Rule for Ireland ; or, The Downfall of
Britain and the Destruction of Liberty,
a Review of Mr. Asquith's " Ladybank "
Speech, by Mazzini Minor, 25c.
Vancouver, Canada, British Overseas
Distributing Agency
A pamphlet attacking the Government's
policy of Home Rule for Ireland.
Oliver (Frederick S.), What Federalism is Not,
6rf. net. John Murray
Includes a definition of Federalism, and
chapters on ' Federalism Explained by Examples '
and the ' Attitude of Ulster.'
Raine (G. E.), Lloyd George and the Land, an
Exposure and an Appeal, paper Qd. net, cloth
1/ net. Allen
" A constructive land policy is unfolded,"
framed from the point of view of young Unionists.
Settlement by Consent, a Dialogue in the Smoking-
Room of the House of Commons.
St. Catherine Press
A pamphlet written in the form of a conversa-
tion between a Liberal and a Unionist member of
Parliament, suggesting a means of compromise on
the Irish question.
EDUCATION.
Cyclopedia (A) of Education, edited by Paul
Monroe: Vol. V. Pol-Zwi, 21/ net.
Macmillan
The articles range from ' Polytechnics,
London,' to ' Zwingli, Huldreich. There are several
full-page illustrations, a list of contributors, and
analytical Indexes.
Gmenberg (Sidonie Matzner), Your Child To-
day and To-morrow, some Problems for
Parents, 5/ net. Lippincott
A practical manual on the upbringing and
education of children, with illustrations, and a
Foreword by Bishop John H. Vincent, Chan-
cellor of Chautauqua Institution.
Graves (Frank Pierrepont), A History of Educa-
tion in Modern Times, 5/ net. Macmillan
An account of the various educational move-
ments of the last two centuries, illustrated with
examples drawn for the most part from the edu-
cational institutions and practices of America.
Public Schools Year-Book (The), 1911, 5/ net.
Year-Book Press
The twenty-fifth annual issue, containing
full information on all matters of educational
interest. It includes details of the Teachers'
Registration Council, and the article on Engi-
neering has been completely rewritten.
School - Masters' Year-Book and Educational
Directory, 1914, 12/6 net. Y'ear-Book Press
Part I. contains general information ; Part II.
is an educational directory of University pro-
fess ,rs, lecturers, &c, masters in secondary and
technical schools, and others connected with
education ; and Part III. is a list of secondary
schools.
University Correspondence College, London Ma-
triculation Directory, 1911, 1/ net.
University Tutorial Press
Containing the Calendar of the College for
the year 1914-15, and the Matriculation papers
set last month, with answers by tutors of the
College.
PHILOLOGY.
Caesar (C. J.), Commentarii Rerum in Gallia
Gestarum, VII. A Hirti Commentaries, VHI.
edited by T. Rice Holmes. 8/6 net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
This edition, intended for general readers as
well as teachers and pupils, contains prefatory
chapters of historical criticism, an Introduction,
foot-notes to the text, Appendix, and Indexes.
The maps which illustrate the text are a notable
feature.
Harrison (Henry), Surnames of the United
Kingdom, a Concise Etymological Dictionary,
Vol. II. Part VIII. , 1 / net. Eaton Press
The names in this part extend from Rickward
to Rumba Id.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Chambrun (The Countess of), The Sonnets of
William Shakespeare, New Light and Old
Evidence, 7/6 net. Putnam
In her Introduction the author discusses the
vailous theories relating to Shakespeare's Sonnets,
and gives a descriptive analysis of them. She
has departed from Thorpe's arrangement, and
has printed the Sonnets in three series : ' To
Southampton, ' ' To the Dark Lady,' and \ To
Southampton,' each series being subdivided into
groups. Rowe's Life of the poet is reprinted in
one of the Appendixes.
Young (W. T.), A Primer of English Literas
ture, 2/ net. Cambridge University Pres-
A brief sketch of English literature, "offered
as a companion to studits," and an introduction
to ' The Cambridge History of English Literature.'
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Burniston (Asa), A Common-Sense Algebra (an
Elementary Course), for Use in the Upper
Classes of Elementary Schools, in Evening
Schools, and in the Lower Forms of Secondary
and Technical Schools : with Answers 2/,
without Answers 1/0 Heinemann
The language of this introduction to the
subject of Algebra is such as can be easily under-
stood by pupils. Problems are begun at an early
stage, and a special feature of the book is the
constant revision. It includes tests and a chapter
of definitions.
Chamberlain (James Franklin and Arthur Henry),
South America, a Supplementary Geography,
" The Continents and their People " Series, 3/
Macmillan
The authors' object has been " to present
the physical and human phases of geography "
so as to make children realize the relationship
between the two. There are illustrations and a
map.
Freytag (Gustav), Die Erhebung Preussens
gegen Napoleon im Jahre 1813, edited, with
a Seleetion of Original Documents and Poems of
the Time, by Otto Siepmann, 2/6 Macmillan
The text is followed by notes and Appendixes
on Words and Phrases for viva voce drill, Sen-
tences on Syntax and Idioms for viva voce
Practice, and Passages for translation into Ger-
man.
We have also received a Kev to the Appendixes
of 'Die Erhebung' (2/6), "and a Word and
Phrase Book for ' Die Erhebung ' (6(7.).
Source Book (A) of English History, for the Use
of Schools, edited by Arthur D. Innes : Vol. II.
1603-1815, 3/6 Cambridge Univ. Press
Prose and verse extracts from contemporary
writers, illustrated with reproductions of por-
traits, old documents, and photographs.
FICTION.
Benson (Robert Hugh), Initiation, 6/
Hutchinson
See p. 225.
D'Ancthan (Baroness Albert), The Twin -Soul
of O Take San, 6/ Stanley Paul
Owing to the violence of his wife's temper an
English nobleman leaves his home and travels in
Japan. While there he falls in love with a native
girl, and the story is mainly concerned with their
subsequent history and the reappearance of the
English wife.
Deeping (Warwick), The King behind the King,
6 / Cassell
The scene is laid in the reign of Richard II.,
and the story centres round the Peasants' Revolt.
Owing to his extraordinary resemblance to the
King — who is here endowed with arrant cowardice
— the hero takes his part in meeting the rebels and
granting their requests. An adventurous love-
story runs throughout the narrative.
De Morgan (William), When Ghost Meets Ghost,
6/ Heinemann
See p. 226.
Down in Devon, told by Uncle Tom Cobleigh, 3/6
net. Heath <fe Cranton
A collection of short stories of rustic Devon-
shire life, which originally appeared in The Devon
and Exeter JJail;/ (lar.ette.
Gray (Mary Agatha), Derfel the Strong, 3/6
Washbourne
A romance of the Court of Henry VIII.,
dealing especially with the career of Anne Boleyn,
and the love-story of one of Queen Katharine's-
ladies-in waiting.
Herrick (Robert), His Great Adventure, 6/
Mills & Boon-
The story of a man who, from the precarious-
existence of an unsuccessful dramatist, becomes-
the trustee of millions. In the course of this
immense development the author carries his-
readers, -w ith kaleidoscopic changes, over many
parts of the New and Old Worlds. In his Grea&
Adventure to discover the rightful claimant the
hero's faith in humanity is much shaken. Finally
the heiress discovers herself, and the consumma-
tion is the usual love-match.
Hill (Headon), The Split Peas, 6/
Stanley Paul
The " split peas " are the emblem of a
conspiracy, in which a Socialistic Cabinet Minister
is involved, to corrupt the loyalty of the British
Army. The hero, a young officer of the Guards,
and two enterprising Etonians successfully
defeat the plot.
Newton (W. Douglas), War, 2/ net. Metbuen,
A study of the horrors of war, and the suffer-
ings it brings to peaceful inhabitants of a country.
Mgr. R. H. Benson has written a preface.
Oppenheim (E. Phillips), The Way of these
Women, 6/ Methuen.
The love of two women for one man, and the
murder of a roue, are the chief ingredients in the
plot of this novel.
Page (Gertrude), The Pathway, 6/
Ward & Lock
Rhodesia is the arena of the plot. The
author depicts the laborious difficulties of Colonial
pioneers, and shows how essential is the help of
self-sacrificing, broad-minded women in the work
of empire-building. The heroine's love-affair does-
not run smoothly, but ends happily.
Philips (Austin), Pariah and Brahmin, a Story
of the Home Civil Service, 6/
Smith & Elder
See p. 226.
Pickthall (Rudolf), The Comic Kingdom : Napo-
leon, the Last Phase but Two, 3/6 net. Lane
An account of the pilgrimage of some modern,
tourists with an Italian guide to Elba, blended
with details of Napoleou's brief rule on the-
island.
Sidgwick (Ethel), A Lady of Leisure, 6/
Sidgwick & Jackson.
See p. 226.
Sims (Geo. R.), The Devil in London, Qd.
Stanley Paul
A third edition.
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THE AT II KX.ET M
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230
THE ATHENE UM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
MR. BALFOUR AS THEOLOGIAN.
The Gifford Lectures were founded by-
Adam Gifford, a Lord of the Court of Ses-
sion, who was born in Edinburgh in 1820,
and died at Granton in 1887. By his will
he left 25,0007. to the University of Edin-
burgh, 20,000Z. each to Glasgow and Aber-
deen, and 15,000Z. to St. Andrews, to endow
lectureships in Natural Theology, subject to
no dogmatic tests whatever. The first
lecturer appointed was Max Miiller, who was
followed by Principal Caird, E. B. Tylor,
Andrew Lang, J. Hutchison Stirling (author
of 'The Secret of Hegel'), William James,
and others. The Gifford Lectureships are
the most liberally beneficed of all academic
appointments, and are the only University
posts the emoluments of which, during the
time that they accrue, compare not un-
favourably with those of a popular comedian.
Mr. Balfour, who finished his first course
of lectures at Glasgow University on
Friday week last, took for his subject
' A Belief in Theism,' and essayed his
task without the help of notes other than
could be contained on the back of a
foolscap envelope, and perhaps on that
account his remarks were occasionally some-
what disjointed and his sentences strangely
convoluted. He began by saying that
ho was about to deal with one of the
greatest subjects which could interest the
human mind, and he maintained that the
preservation of values — ethical, aesthetic, and
cognitive — depended on our contemplating
them in a theistic setting. His material
was not design as seen in the external world,
nor his argument the old and valuable argu-
ment from design. He had chosen different
methods and set himself a larger object.
The general principle on which his broad
line of argument was based was the contrast
between the causes of belief and the reasons
for belief. All our beliefs might be con-
sidered as natural products, whatever more
they might be.
A second general principle that he enun-
ciated was that, in the consideration of
beliefs as natural products, their value would
be profoundly affected by their origin.
He laid it down as a proposition that
unless we could find in the causal series
which had produced beliefs, some adequate
source for them, then these beliefs would
inevitably suffer in value. If beliefs were
to be regarded from the side of natural
production, we must find in their pedigree
some source higher than our own poor
reason. Once that was granted, the central
nucleus of his argument was conceded.
Yet he was forced to deal with subsidiary
issues, because there were two kinds of
mitigating circumstances which might be
urged as reasons for qualifying his full con-
clusion. The first of these arose out of the
fact that beliefs which might be taken as
axiomatic seemed to have such absolute
necessity that inquiry into their origin was
unnecessary. To grant that, however, left
the paradox unanswered. How came they
to have such certitude by intellectual right ?
The Kantian theory of knowledge had made
out that such fundamental or axiomatic
truths were constitutive of the world, that,
in fact, the world was what it was because
of them. While he did not intend to dis-
cuss any form of idealism, he would raise
this one point. The critical idealists had
attempted to construct all knowledge out of
absolute, certain, and universal categories,
supplemented by immediate and intuitive
observation. As against this he ventured
to show that if we were to construct or
justify the scheme of commonsense and
scientific knowledge, we required unproved
and unprovable assumptions. There were
inevitable beliefs, beliefs not inevitable, and
yet again and beyond these tendencies to
believe, probabilities — in his sense of the
term — which we might see influencing the
history of science. The second mitigating
circumstance he insisted on still more often.
It was that natural selection — or any other
kind of selection — was incapable of account-
ing directly for any of the higher values.
Why, in the face of so much criticism
of the Darwinian theory, had he referred
to selection and to it alone ? Because
selection was the only substitute he knew
for design. It imitated design up to a
point. Therefore, if to selection could be
traced back the body of our beliefs, we
might mitigate the argument by showing
that they were due not merely to a colloca-
tion of atoms or blind forces, but that some-
thing had been interpolated imitating intelli-
gence. If we could show that the higher
principles on which we acted had survival
effect, would this maintain their values ?
He doubted it. But it would be better than
to regard them as the chance result of the
unthinking clash of natural energies. But
the argument lost force in any case, since no
one could show that the higher values had
survival effect. To maintain anything of
that kind would drive us to the conclusion
that the further we got from the unmitigated
action of selection, the more we were cut
adrift from that which, on this theory, was
the basis of all our values, of all our know-
ledge, ethical emotions, and aesthetic feel-
ings. It was a wholly impossible theory.
He attempted to show in detail that natural
selection could not be made responsible
for the higher values, and that the higher
the value the more it seemed removed from
the primitive consequences of natural selec-
tion. This, in many forms and concerning
many subjects, was his main line of con-
tention. It was neither the argument from
design, nor an argument of the metaphysical
a priori type which had played a great part
in the history of thought, especially among
the great thinkers of the Continent. It was
an argument attached to no great meta-
physical system, and avowedly based on
commonsense and the scientific develop-
ments of commonsense, which were our
working creeds. It was not based on any
intuitive sense of religious values. He did
not despise or underrate the direct argument
from religious values. A man might be, and
was, quite right in saying that religious
values could rest on religion, and on it alone.
But that was not an argument in favour of
religious values, but a statement that he
felt the value of religion. For those who
weighed one side and the other of a discussion
it was possible only to rest the value of reli-
gion on other values in which they put trust.
It was religious values he had to prove, he
therefore rested them on other values which
were acknowledged. Religion being the
conclusion, he did not bring it into his pre-
mises.
To whom, therefore, was his argument
addressed ? Not to the metaphysicians
as such. They could take little interest in
what was not a system, but a point of view.
Yet there were certain aspects of these
problems which, he thought, ought to be
taken into account by all those who desired
in the interests of philosophy to construct
a philosophy of science and of common-
sense. While this might not be necessary
either for science or commonsense, it was
of vital importance for philosophy. His
own opinion was that European thought
was lamentably deficient in anything de-
serving to be called a philosophy of science,
and that such attempts as had been made in
this direction had been wholly unsuccessful.
But the Gifford Lectureship was not
founded mainly for the philosophic, and he
endeavoured to speak mainly to others. Of
these others, whom had he attempted to
help ? To many it was wholly superfluous
to argue in favour of a God. To them He
was a daily and hourly certainty, as real and
immediate as anything they could conceive.
They were above his argument. Again,
there were others who by temperament or
training had no interest in such speculations.
They were probably too busy ; the pressure
of immediate necessity left them neither
time nor inclination for this kind of reflec-
tions. The ordinary beliefs of commonsense,
science, and religion were sufficient for their
needs. On this class depended the work of
the world. He was not one of those who
urged every man to make himself acquainted
with the arguments on all important ques-
tions. God had not so made the world that
its ordinary business was to be carried on
by dialectic. These practical men were be-
side his argument. He was addressing those
whose very nature drove them to question
and probe into their own destiny, and the
destiny of the race, and to examine the belief s
on which conduct turned.
Even this class consisted of enormous
numbers. Among them we found a kind of
shallow, infinitely tiresome, and wholly
uninstructed sceptics, who aimed at acquir-
ing a reputation for enlightenment on the
humble capital of a few materialistic tags,
and a few of the obvious difficulties which
had oppressed mankind since the dawn of
thought. In these he had neither interest
nor hope. At the other extreme were the
great doubters. From these had come pillars
of orthodoxy, leaders of the greatest heresies,
founders of great systems of thought. In
any given generation they could be but
relatively few in number.
Between these two extremes were a very
large number of educated persons greatly
perplexed by problems that modern science,
philosophy, or criticism had forced on all
desirous of taking a spiritual view of the
universe. Such men might agree that a
world without God was one in which values
were greatly diminished ; but might argue
that their intellectual integrity might com-
pel them to relinquish these values, and
that if unfettered reason acting on the
problems of the world so compelled them,
they must obey with stoical resignation.
To such, he thought, his line of argument
might at least suggest consolations. Theirs
was an honourable attitude of mind, but,
he was convinced, profoundly mistaken.
It was based on an entirely false contrast
between intellectual values and other
values. Such men were misled also by the
pernicious fallacy that all speculative diffi-
culties began when they left the solid
ground of sense and experience, and reached
the super-sensible and metaphysical. There
were speculative difficulties in and around
us, in our relation to things, the relation of
thought to matter, and soul to soul.
A further mistake was the idea that the
values of religion and morality were to be
saved, but that the things of the intellect
stood by themselves. He tried to show that
the theistic setting was a necessary part of all
values, including intellectual values as well as
ethical and aesthetic values. That was the real
moral of his lectures. A belief in theism was
not an accidental or unessential ornament — a
theistic belief is essential ; and Mr. Balfour
declared that in whatever direction we look,
on whatever values we cast our eyes, if we
want to retain these values, be it in the
domain of beauty, or of morality, or of
science, there is but one setting in which
they will retain their values undiminished —
and that setting is a belief in God.
No. 4508, Feb. 14, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
'231
MR. WILLIAM ARCHER AT THE
MORAL EDUCATION LEAGUE.
The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Moral
Education League was held at the Society
of Arts. John Street. Adelphi, on Feb. 6th.
Prof. J. S. Mackenzie was in the chair,
and expressed satisfaction at the pro-
gress made by the League during the year.
He referred to various changes that had
occurred, and especially to the tour at
present being undertaken by their lecturer
and demonstrator. Mr. F. J. Gould, in the
United States, where he was successfully
g ving demonstration lessons. He mentioned
three new vice-presidents of the League.
Prof. Gilbert Murray, Prof. Patrick Geddes,
and Mr. William Archer.
The last-named gave a striking address
on ' Knowledge and Character." though we
must not be taken as endorsing all his con-
clusions. His text was the opinion expressed
by Principal Griffiths that our present system
of education subordinated the development
of character to the acquisition of knowledge.
Mr. Archer believes that the antithesis of
.knowledge and character is absurd, and
would be impossible in true education.
The latter he defines as '; the unfolding of
the laws of life and the investigation into
the history and conditions of human society."
There is no competition between this and
the unfolding of character ; but incidental
hints do not constitute moral training.
The chief fault found by the speaker in the
educative process is that it is vitiated with
insincerity. Teachers have to abstain from
teaching what they know to be true, and in
consequence those highest intelligences
-which cannot give up their convictions are
lost to education. He wished that minds of
the first order could be induced to impart
knowledge in some great scheme of education.
The insincerity referred to was the pre-
tence that morality was subsequent to and
arose out of religion ; whereas morality was
much older than any extant religion. Old
1 estament morality represents a code which
had gradually grown — a product of the
human spirit in certain social and geo-
graphical conditions, but one marked by
omissions and defects. Man has always and
everywhere been left free to discover moral
laws for himself just as he discovered
physical laws. The world had for cen-
turies grown up to the ideas imperishably
I rvstallized in the Gospel. But the theolo-
gizing of morality had always taken place,
and this Mr. Archer considered an instinc-
tive desire to safeguard the conquests of the
rit under the strongest sanctions. Man-
kind had toiled upwards to its present
ph..
Ee declared that we can never unify the
educative process so that knowledge and
meter can grow in beauty side by side
until we place religion in its true historic
■ <■-., until we regard man, not as
b .' v- gradually rising. The child is
great host marching upward. Mr.
Archer believes this setting of religion in its
true place would mean only the re-interpre-
tation of theological terms, such as sin, hell,
Ac. He would .set about it by telling the
j 'lain, unvarnished story of the ascent of
man, beginning in the instincts of the higher
animals to sacrifice their desires for the
sake of the race, wherein he sees the rudi-
ments of individual and social morality.
He would describe the emergence of man,
but not give any dogmatic teaching of
evolution. The cave-dwellers and lake-
dwellers and their daily work are of en-
trancing interest, and it could be shown how
familie.-, flourished according as the social
virtues were practised. He would by no
means sentimentalize history, and omit the
many failures and cruelties it presents, but
he would show that the progress of the race
depended on sacrifice. Primitive religions
were not a moralizing influence, but morality
germinated in every clime out of the vory
substance of human nature. He would
show the high level of morality attained in
five or six regions of the ancient world. Yet
it was not from Greece or India, but from
Judea, that there emanated a gospel of an
all-embracing sympathy. The true wisdom
lies in placing the Christian ethic in its historic
context, and he would continue to show how-
theology took the upper hand of morality,
though the moral sense was gradually grow-
ing. Morality was defined by Mr. Archer
as " Man's conception of his duty to his
fellow-creatures," and religion (not theology)
as
" the realization of the mystery and the wonder
of existence, the effort of the individual soul to
enter into relation with the universal soul or
principle or force."
Thus morality and religion can reinforce
each other. The world is growing juster,
kinder, humaner, century by century, and
mankind has developed as a race an admirable
fimd of social virtues. The growing child
should be shown something of the wronder
and awe of the growth of morality.
In summing up Mr. Archer said he re-
garded education as falling into three
departments : ( 1 ) Mechanical, which in-
cluded reading, writing, arithmetic, formal
logic and languages — an extravagant dis-
proportion of time was devoted to this
department in school life ; (2) Religious,
including all the non-human sciences as
these awakened wonder and awe, and
" reverent awe is the essence of religion " ;
(3) Moral, which included anthropology,
sociology, history, and literature. A com-
plete education would embrace all three
departments, but at present we set children
to peck at knowledge at a dozen different
parts having no connexion with each other.
The practice of education should be guided
and inspired by a large, enlightened, and
securely founded theory.
The innate bias of the human spirit is
not towards evil, but towards good, and this
is the most wonderful fact in the universe.
Evil as such has not a fighting chance, and
an early and clear idea of this tremendous
truth should be given to children.
1 CASE FOR LAND NATIONALISATION.'
February 10, 1914.
Your reviewer of my book ' The Case for
Land Nationalisation,' who is apparently
the same man who reviewed it for The New
Statesman, is of course entitled to his poor
opinion of it. He is a champion fault-
finder. But I would rather make mistakes
(the man who never makes them never
makes anything) than be so unfair as to do
nothing else but look for them in others.
But his omniscience is scarcely complete.
The statement as to the arrangement of the
old common fields in strips, for which he
derides me, he will find in Sir Henry .Maine's
'Village Communities' (Lecture III. p. 85).
The book has been reviewed by Tory
papers, and not one of them has been at all
unfair, and not one so hostile as this pro-
fessed Socialist. Criticism is good for every-
body. I do not resent it; but ill-natured
fault-finding for the sake of finding fault
is another thing altogether.
I am conscious of the defects of my book,
and no one who knows me would call me
a vain man. I never resenl the criticism
of a friend, but your reviewer writes as if
lie had a personal grudge; i,ut for thi^ 1
WOUld not trouble yOU to read this.
At any rate, I am fortified by the know -
lodge that the book is very differently re-
garded by practically all the others who ha\ e
reviewed it. But 1 imagine that nothing
will disturb the self-satisfaction which is
evidently ono of his chief characteristics.
They are the eleven obstinate jurymen,
and he is the only ono that is right.
Incidentally, I may say that I prefer to
take the democratic conclusions of Dr.
Slater to the whitewashing conclusions of
Prof. Conner, which he himself prefers.
Joseph Hydkk.
*** We are glad to gather from Mr.
Hyder's remarks that the anonymity of our
reviewer is not in the least danger. We
regret that there is not time to obtain any
opinion from him for the present number.
THE DUNN SALE.
Ox Monday, the 2nd inst., and the four follow-
ing days, Messrs. Sotheby sold the second portion
of the library of the late Mr. George Dunn, the
chief prices being the following : Albeit us Magnus,
Liber de Laudibus Marias printed at Cologne by
Ulrich Zell ; Prefacio in Laudea Maria1, printed at
Maintz by Schoeffer, bound together in a Diilmcn
binding, 52/. A volume containing seven old
English MSS. relating to Yorkshire abbeys, 12th
century to 15th, 44/. Aretinus, De Hello Italico
adversus Gothos, printed at Foligno, 1470, 35/.
Augurellus, Iambica, printed at Venice, 1605, in
old stamped binding, 39/. Bartolufl de Saxo-
ferrato, Lectura super Codices, Naples, 1471, 41/.
Bede, Historia? Ecclesiastical Gentis Anglorum,
English MS., 12th century, 51/. A collection of
several thousand rubbings from old bindings,
9 vols., SO/. Breviarium <id usuin Kcclesiat
Anglicanae, a travelling friar's service book,
English MS., 14th century, 106*. Branetto
Latino, II Tesoro, Treviso, 1474. 37/. Caoursin,
Obsidionis Rhodiae Urbis Descriptio, 1496, 70Z.
Chorale cum otTicio Sancta: Crucis, Italian MS.,
15th-16th centuries, 61/. Cicero, De Oratore,
Venice, c. 1470, 49/. Clement of Llanfhony, A
Harmony of the Gospels, English MS., 14th
century," 59/. Dathus, Elegant iohc Latini Ser-
monis, printed by Lambert Palmart, Valencia,
n.d., 31/. Dialogus Creaturarum Moralizatus,
Gesta Romanorum, both printed by Gerard Leeu
at Gouda, 1480, 61/. Dionvsius Areopagiticus,
Italian MS., 1436, 67/. Donatus, Commentarium
super Terentium, printed by the " R " printer at
Strasburg not later than 1473, 33/. 10s. Erasmus,
Christiani Matrimonii Institutio, Basle, 1526, in
contemporary stamped binding, 32/. 10«. Euclid,
Elements, Venice, 1482, 23/. lO.s. Gambiglioni-
bus de Aretio, Tractatus de Criminibus, Paris,
1476, 32/. 10.s. Sir Edward Hobv, Commonplace
Book, 1580-95, 90/. Horae B.V.M. ad usum
Gallicanum, French MS. with 11 miniatures, 15th
century, in French binding stamped with the
arms of Cardinal Mailly, 46*. : another, with 12
small miniatures, 41/. ; another, with 16 hist on -
ated initial miniatures, 118/.; another, ad usum
Romanum, with 8 semi-arched miniatures, 49/. ;
another, printed and illuminated by Gillet
Hardouyn, 1509, 60/.; another, translated into
French by Pierre Gringoire, c. 152.", 60*. : another,
ad usum Ecclesia? Sarisberiensis, English MB.,
15th century, with a full-page miniature, con-
taining a note in the autograph of Margarel
Pole, Countess ,,[ Salisbury. XXI. Ketham,
Fasciculus .Medicine, Venice, 1 195, 61*. Maillard,
Bermones de Adventu, 1518, in contemporary
Bruges binding, 311. Martial, Epigrams, Basle,
1536, in contemporary stamped German Ian.!
40/. Mason, Vindiciffi Ecclesiao Anglicanae, 1626,
in a fine Lyonese binding, 19*. Wirrour ol pur
Lady, printed by Richard Fawkea, 1530, 51*.
Monte Regio, Kalendaxium, Venice, l 176, SO*.
Perez, Tractatus contra Judeeos, &c., Valenua,
lis:,, .-,o/. Pliny, Epistolee, 1611, in contempoi
stamped binding, 13*. Propertius, Carolina,
Italian MS., 16th century, '"'■ Psalter, EngUsta
MS., 18th century, with 7 large miniatures, 1 101. :
another, 1 ill* century, with 1 1 large Initials, 66*. i
Psalterium Eboracense, English MB., 12th century,
with 7 large Initials, 19*. Rodericua ZamoncnsiN
Episcopus, Speculum Bumanffl Vita;, In French,
Lyons, 1177, 102*. i another edition, Toulo
1 isii, 32*. Seneca, Proverbia, French MS., 13th
irj , 30*. Thebaldeo da Ferrara, Opera,
Modena, 1498, 87*. 10». Valturius, De Re
MiliUri, \ • rona, 1 172, 205*. \ irgil, <>|" ' •■ '
bound for L mi X 1 1, of France, 60*. l.-itm
Bible, from the] librarj at Waltham tbbey,
English MB., 13th century, 60*.
, The total "f the sale was B.268*.
232
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
At last Tuesday's meeting of the
London County Council, amid unanimous
regret which ail who have any affection for
London will heartily share, the resignation
by Sir Laurence Gomme of his office as
Clerk to the Council was received and
officially accepted. We are further sorry
to learn that this step has been required
of Sir Laurence by his medical advisers.
We hope that leisure will give him suffi-
cient health to write.
The importance of biography in the
study of historj7- was one of the points
emphasized by Mr. P. S. Allen in the first
lecture of his course on ' The Age of
Erasmus/ given on Tuesday last at King's
College. Mr. Allen dealt chiefly with the
Adwert Academy, with certain notable
German scholars, and the valuable per-
sonal records which remain in the letters
they exchanged with each other.
Two of the most interesting characters
discussed were Wessel, at one time in
contact with, and influenced by, a Kempis,
and Agricola (the Frieslander), connected,
as also was Wessel, with the University of
Heidelberg. It was his friend Hegius of
the school at De venter who taught
Erasmus, and debated with Wessel, in a
letter of 1483, the vexed question of the
unsuitability of certain parts of the
classics for school reading. The untiring
zeal of these scholars in the matter of
learning from the past was illustrated by
extracts read from their letters ; but the
lecturer did not fail to show that their
interest in the state of contemporary
education, and their criticism of con-
temporary work, were equally careful and
keen. Thus Agricola wrote to Hegius
about his wish to begin Hebrew, since the
novelty of Greek was beginning to wear
off ; and his " care for learning " is
evident in the numerous quotations from
the classics which he uses in writing on the
subject of word-derivations, in days when
memory took the place of both grammar
and dictionary. His enthusiasm for
scholarship even led Agricola so far as
to undertake the somewhat delicate task
of making certain corrections in a letter
which Hegius had written to him. The
next lecture is to deal with ' School Life '
and Erasmus at De venter.
The Daily Telegraph informs us that
the Ottoman Government have decided to
open the Turkish Universities to women,
and to institute for their benefit special
courses on hygiene, gynaecology, domestic
economy, science, and — 0 tempora, 0
mores ! — the rights of women.
Widcombe House, Bath, built by
Inigo Jones, is about to be sold. This
announcement has been coupled in the
daily press with the statement that ' Tom
Jones ' was written there, which will de-
cidedly not hold water. Fielding's mas-
terpiece took six years in writing (1743-
1749), and during that time he was
certainly not the perpetual guest of Mr.
Bennet at Widcombe House. The ques-
tion of the great novel's birthplace was
raised at Fielding's bicentenary in 1907,
when Mr. Austin Dobson gave it as his
opinion that it must have been written
intermittently in many places, including
taverns and coffee-houses, and conjectured
that the " little parlour " wherein the
author, in Book XIII., described himself
as seated at work, may have been in
the house at Twerton-on-Avon known as
" Fielding Lodge," or, preferably, in the
cottage in Church Lane, Widcombe, once,
as a commemorative tablet testifies, occu-
pied by the novelist and his sister Sarah.
The Paris correspondent of The Times
furnishes his paper with an amusing
description of the sad plight to which
M. Bergson — and with him the study
of philosophy in France — is reduced
through over - great popularity. The
world of fashion crowds tumultuously
into the College de France, and ousts
from the lecture-hall the students who
have the first right to places there,
whence, we gather, there arises, and very
naturally, no little highly unphilosophical
contention.
M. Bergson attempted the other day
to steal a march upon fashion by lecturing
at 2 instead of 4. But no ! By 1.30
the crowd was so great that the hall had
to be thrown open, and a quarter of an
hour later the students could not get in.
The heat and the throng caused one or
two young girls to faint, but. apart from
that, M. Bergson's lecture, of which the
subject was ' Method in Philosophy,'
was delivered without disturbance.
The Carlyle's House Memorial Trust
issued its report last week, and an-
nounced that the soixth end of the Arched
House at Ecclefechan has been acquired
for the sum of 110Z., through the generosity
of Mr. T. Fisher Unwin. It was, how-
ever, in the north end of the house, sepa-
rated from the other by an archway, that
Carlyle was born, and this has not yet
come into the market. During last year
3,346 persons visited the place.
On Wednesday afternoon last there
was held at the Lyceum Club a highly
interesting meeting. Mrs. Rentoul Essler,
whose activity on behalf of the improve-
ment of the condition of authors is already
well known, had convened it in order to
consider the possibility of founding an
authors' periodical — one which should
do for the literary profession something
of what The British Medical Journal does
for the medical profession, and conjointly
with this, or as an alternative, of founding
an authors' trade union or an ''Academy."
Mr. Israel Zangwill was in the chair,
and his opening remarks were decidedly
of a pessimistic turn. His view was that
the improvement of the condition of
authors must proceed rather from a
change in the outlook and practice of the
consumer than from any organization of
forces on the part of the producers of
literal wares.
Mrs. Essler desired the foundation of a
paper to be conducted by and for authors,
partly in the interests of sound criticism
and the raising of a central standard for
literature in England, and partly as an
aid to rescue sound work from remaining
unnoticed.
There followed a lively discussion, in
which the commercial and practical side
of authorship was naturally more hi
evidence than the purely literary, though
Mr. Hugh Walpole stoutly maintained
that, even if an author was a poor man,
he was, by virtue of his calling, happier
than other poor men. The speeches
rather illustrated the outlook of Avriters
and their particular experience than bore
on the question of the desirability of
founding a new periodical. The " Aca-
demy " and the trade union found sup-
porters, and there was a suggestion for
the foundation of an authors' agency.
Mr. Zangwill, in summing up, insisted
that for most of the schemes proposed
some one strong man as leader was the
first requisite, and that precisely such a
man was nowhere to be found.
The meeting did, however, produce
some definite result. A resolution was-
passed that a Committee should be called
together to consider what steps might
be taken for the improvement of the condi-
tion of authors — whether the formation
of a trade union or the founding of a
paper — the Committee to be the Literary
Committee of the Lyceum Club, with
power to co-opt members from outside.
There is thus a possibility that Mrs.
Essler's ideas will issue in some practical
measure.
We welcome yet another magazine this
week. Mr. Humphrey Milford is respon-
sible for The Political Quarterly. The
price is more than half that of Mr.
Gibson Bowles's Candid Quarterly, and
the tone is best described, we think, as
rather more judicial. Thanks to the re-
awakening of a serious interest in current
events, there exists, we believe, a public
sufficient to support both publications.
The seventy-fifth annual general meet-
ing of the Newsvendors' Benevolent Insti-
tution will take place on the evening of
Thursday, the 26th inst., at the Memorial
Hall, Farringdon Street. The President,.
Col. Harry L. W. Lawson, will be in the
chair, and recommendations to increase
the pension fist and amend the rules will
be brought forward.
Col. Vibart, R.E., is preparing a Life
of Sir Harry Prendergast, V.C., late of
the Madras Engineers, whose varied and
distinguished services should supply ma-
terial for an interesting book.
The Chiswick Press is printing for
Mr. R. C. Trevelyan ' The New Parsifal,'
which is described as an " operatic fable."
It is a satyric drama in verse, contain-
ing divers adventures, and dealing with
modern aesthetic fashion. It combines
the myths of Circe and the Phoenix with
that of Klingsor, and recounts the later
history of the Holy Grail, emphasizing at
the same time its original magic signifi-
cance. The book will be ready for issue
this coming week.
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
THE ATIIEN^UM
233
SCIENCE
The Conquest of Mount McKinley. By
Behnore Browne. Illustrated from
Photographs and Sketches. (Putnam.
16s. net.)
This book is supposed to have a decisive
bearing upon a controversy on a far
different subject — that of Dr. F. A. Cook's
claim to have reached the North Pole. In
1903 and 1906 Dr. Cook led two expedi-
tions with the object of ascending Mount
McKinley — the " giant " of the Alaskan
Ranee, which reaches the height of
20,300 ft., and is the highest mountain
in North America. On his first venture
he attacked the mountain on its western
and northern sides, but without success
— indeed, without reaching a very high
altitude. In 1906. with a better equipped
party, in which Mr. Browne and his alter
ego, Prof. Parker, were included, he made
his attempt from the south ; and the
opinion of the majority of the party was
that from this direction the mountain
was unassailable. They therefore returned
to their base on Cook Inlet, under the idea
that the attempt was to be abandoned
owing to the lateness of the season. In
September, however, Dr. Cook went back
to the foot-hills of Mount McKinley with
a " packer " named Edward Barrille,
concealing his intentions from the others,
and in less than a month's time returned
with a claim that he had ascended the
great peak.
Mr. Browne, who describes this ex-
pedition in the first five chapters of
his book, states that he knew Dr. Cook
could not possibly have made the ascent
in the time and with the means at his
disposal, and also that he had obtained
from Barrille what amounted to an admis-
D. of the deception. He kept his own
counsel till the appearance of Dr. Cook's
1 •■<>!< 'To the Top of the Continent,'
describing his ascent, and by that time
Dr. Cook had already started on his
Polar venture. The controversy that
followed the nearly simultaneous return
of Messrs. Peary and Cook in 1909 aroused.
M i> well known, the utmost bitterness in
America ; and, according to Dr. Cook, a
ge Bum was offered and paid to Barrille
by the Peary party for an affidavit of
confession that they never ascended the
mountain. To this charge by Dr. Cook
Mr. Browne makes no allusion ; but, in
conjunction with Prof. Parker, he organ-
ized an expedition to Mount McKinley
in L910, the main object of which, we
may presume, was to disprove Dr. Cook's
claim. .\t least they again approached
the mountain on it- southern side in the
summer season, and confirmed their former
opinion that the best chance of suo
was by way of one of three ridges which
Hank the north-eastern face of the peak.
It was by one of these — it is not clear
which — that Dr. Cook claimed to have
in i'le his, ascent in sixteen days from the
southern foot-hills. But the party of
1910 rtained that none of these ndj
can be reached from the south ; and
they profess to have identified the peak
which Dr. Cook photographed as the
Summit of the mountain with one which
lies among the southern glaciers, and is
little more than 5,000ft. above sea-level.
After careful comparison of the photo-
graphs we are not confident that the two
peaks are identical ; for Mr. Browne's
view is taken at a greater distance from
his peak, and shows other mountains in
the background. But in Dr. Cook's
photograph of what his accusers call his
" fake-peak " there is shown a considerable
area of fairly level rock that is bare of
snow ; and this would seem to be quite
impossible at a height of over 20,000 ft.
Mr. Browne's statement that there was
not sufficient time for Dr. Cook's ascent
is highly probable, but he makes the
mistake of giving no specific dates. Dr.
Cook will, perhaps, only be rehabilitated
in the minds of those who doubt him by
the discovery of his record in its metallic
tube, which he says he left in a L' protected
nook " near the summit.
The adventures of Mr. Browne and Prof.
Parker in 1910 and 1912 form the main
subject of the present volume. In the
former year their party consisted of eight
men, who proceeded in a motor-boat to
the head of navigation on the streams
flowing south of the Range, and then
" packed " their supplies on their backs
over thirty miles of the foot-hills to the
base of the peak. They made more than
one fruitless attempt to reach one of its
north-eastern ridges ; and on their failure
attacked it from the south-west, reaching
a height of 10,300 ft.
On the second expedition they tried
a wholly different plan, involving a
winter journey. With only four men
and a team of twrelve dogs they dis-
covered a new pass through the Range
at a height of 6.000 ft. to the east of
the great peak, and established a base
camp at the timber-line of the northern
foot-hills after an exhausting two months'
sledge trip from the Kenai Peninsula
south of Cook Inlet. The north side of
the Range appears to be a big-game
paradise. Moose are described as plenti-
ful, though none was shot ; but the party
replenished their supplies with caribou
and mountain sheep. From here they
were able to take provisions by the dog-
sledge to a height of 11,000 ft. ; and from
this advance-base they made two attempts
upon Mount McKinley in .June, 1912.
Their highest cam]) was at 16,615 ft., and
on the first attempt they were driven back
by a storm at only a short distance from
the summit. The temperature on tin's
da}- — June 21st — was 15° below zero, and
the wind-force was estimated at 55 miles
pci- hour. A second attempt was less
successful, though they reached the fool
of the highest dome, and shortness <>l
supplies then compelled the abandonment
of the project. It was. indeed, hard luck
to he foiled by weather when success was
within their grasp; but perhaps the
feelings which deterred Mr. Browne from
calling bis book 'The First Ascenl of
Mount McKinley ' should have made him
content with a leas ambitious title than
the one he has chosen. Shortly aftei
returning to their base they experience
an appalling earthquake, which did them
no persona! injury, but appears to hav<
altered the configuration of some of the
peaks in the Range.
.Mr. Browne is not a practised write!.
but he has good powers of description
and his enthusiasm for the mountains
and for wilderness-travel will appeal to
all who are interested in the literature of
exploration. In his use of the word " serac "
for the whole of an ice-fall, instead of
the great blocks of ice which compose it,,
he may be following American custom,
but such an extension of the meaning is
illegitimate. Originally, we believe, tin
word means a kind of cheese, to which.
these blocks were compared.
The photographs are remarkably good,
and give an excellent idea of the wild
scenery of the Range ; while Mr. Browne's-
colour-sketches have a charm of their own,
though their scheme of colour is not
always convincing. His admirable map-
makes the scene of his explorations entire 1\
intelligible ; it is an immense improve-
ment on the small-scale maps which were-
thought sufficient for Dr. Cook's volume.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiqitahiks. — Feb. 5. — Sir Hercu-
les Head, President, in the chair. — Mr. W. H~
St. John Hope read a paper on 'The Funeral of
King Henry V.' Of this there were at least three
contemporary accounts : a French one of Knger-
raud de Monstrelet, a version in Latin )>y Thomas
of Walsingham, and what is probably an official
account in English (now in the Heralds' College),
There' is also a later version in English in Ediuund
Hall's Chronicle. Theseall agree in the main as to
the King's death in 1422 at Hois de \ incennes*.
and the removal of his body after embalmment to
Paris, and thence to Rouen, where it lay some time.
Thence it was conveyed, with great pomp and
solemnity, to Abbeville, and so to Calais, where-
it was brought over-sea to England. The body
was landed at Dover just two months after the
King's death, and after resting at divers places
on the way, at each of which a splendid hers<
was set up, was finally brought to London, and so
to Westminster, where it was buried in the abbey
church of St. Peter. So magnificent a funeral
had not been seen in England for 200 years.
There are certain discrepancies in the accounts
as to the number of horses that drew the eliaret
with the King's body, and effigy of boiled leather,
and as to the armorial devices on the trappi
.Mr. Hope showed how these differences might
reconciled, and quoted from the accounts of
the sacrist of the Abbey evidence that tl
were finally four horses witli new trappers with
t he King's badges, all of which became with othei
things tie' perquisite of the Abbey because the
horses drew the eliaret up the nave of the church.
Mr. Hope also discussed an interesting variation
between the badges nil the tripper- and 1 1 .
now visible upon the King's chantry chapeL
These consist of (lie Bohun swan and the King's
antelope chained to beacons mi <me side, and U)
oak trees mi tin- nther. Hut it is clear from thi
trappers and other contemporary evidence that
the King actualh bore the antelope in two aspects :
firs! , a- engaged in " busie labuui
a horse-mill; ami, secondly, as taking *i
torious rest,-,'' reposing on a Btage, with gold
branches "\ > r him. On t he chapel the hoi
mill ha ) I n blundered by the can er ln(
beacon, no example of which,
King Benry V., Beeins to occur elsewhere
I),.. t. m.i rhiblted some fragment - ol
fifteenth-centurj Engli -h stained :-!
Phtlolooioaj . -Feb. Q.— Mr. FI. \. N< sbitt
in the chair- Mr. w alter w Seton r< i
paper on two fifteenth-century Knglinh MSB.,
which he Is editing for the Philological 8o< let}
and the Earlj English Texl Society, and w\
w ill be published shi irl h .
The iii ~i manusi ripl i Ion of t he Hub
of the Third order of Bt. Francis, or order
.,f Penitents. If i ■ MS. of nineteen !■ i
234
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
written on vellum ; the first fourteen leaves
contain the English version of the Kule,
and leaves 15 and 16 a Latin fragment from
Bernardino de Bustis' Rosarium, containing a
list of members of the Third Order who have
been beatified or canonized. The MS. was
formerly in the collection of Thomas Pennant
(1720-98) at Downing in Flintshire, and passed
into the possession of the Earls of Denbigh. It
now belongs to Mr. Seton. There exist three
main recensions of the Rule of the Third Order.
The earliest, dating from 1221, was discovered by
M. Paul Sabatier in a Capistrano MS., and is
divided into twelve chapters. This version
contains additions forming a thirteenth chapter,
probably added in 1228. The second recension,
as given by Luke Wadding and other chroniclers,
was issued about 1234. The third recension,
which is the one contained in the Pennant MS.,
was issued by JSiicholas IV. in 1289 in the Bull
' Supra Montem.' Existing evidence seems to
prove that the Third Order was founded by
St. Francis about 1221, and that it began either
at Faenzo or at Florence ; it was started to
meet the needs of the large number of lay-folk,
both men and women, who were anxious to " do
penance," but who, owing to the circumstances
of their lives, could not become Friars Minor or
Clarisses. The form of the primitive Rule of
1221-1228 may be attributed to Hugolino
(Gregory TX.), and its contents to St. Francis.
The form and contents of the second Rule
of 1234 probably are the handiwork of Elias
of Cortona, the Minister General, and they
reflect the tendency of separating the Third
Order from the Order of Friars Minor and
bringing it more directly under the Holy See.
On the other hand, the Rule of 1289, as con-
tained in the Pennant MS., shows the reversal
of that policy, and the connexion of the Third
Order once again with the rest of the Fran-
ciscan Order.
The Pennant MS. has the peculiarity that it
is divided into twenty-four chapters, instead of
into twenty as the Latin versions generally are
divided. There are indications that two hands
have been at work on the MS., and that the
translator or the copyist, or both, were un-
familiar with Latin.
The second manuscript is MS. Bodl. 5S5, in
the Bodleian Library, and contains inter alia
an English version of the Rule of the Second
Order or Order of Clarisses. It is doubtful
whether a written Rule existed before 1218.
The first known Rule was contained in the
Hugoline Constitutions of 1218. These re-
mained in force until 1247, when they were
superseded by a second Rule, issued by Inno-
cent IV. This in turn was replaced by the Third
Rule of 1253, granted to St. Clare by Inno-
cent IV. two days before her death. The Abbev
of Longchamp in the diocese of Paris was
founded by Isabella, sister of King Louis of
France. A special Rule for this house was
first approved by Alexander III., and later
confirmed by Urban IV. in 1263. The Bodleian
MS. contains an English translation of the
Isabella Rule. External and internal evidence
combine in showing that this particular MS. was
written for the house of Clarisses founded by
Blanche of Navarre near Aldgate about 1293,
known as " Menouressis enclosid," and thus
givim; their name to the street now called
*' Minories." The MS. probably remained
in the possession of the convent until the
dissolution of the convent in 1539. It then
passed into the library of King Henry VIII.,
and thence into that of Charles Howard, Earl of
Nottingham, by whom it was presented in 1604
to the Bodleian Library. Following the Rule
itself is a long appendix, apparently consisting
of a compilation of three other documents, and
containing mainly directions [for the conduct
of the various offices.
Zoological— Feb. 3.— Sir John Rose Bradford,
V.P., in the chair. — The Secretary read a report on
the additions to the menagerie during November
and December, 1913.— Mr. D. Seth-Smith exhibited
a photograph of two hybrids between a peacock
and a hen guinea-fowl which were bred in Germany
and are now in the Berlin Zoological Gardens.
He also showed the skin of a hybrid pheasant
hen, one of a number bred in Sussex by Mrs. John-
stone, between a cock Calophasis mikado and hen
C. ellioti. — Mr. G. A. Boulenger gave an account
of the batrachians and reptiles collected by the
British Ornithologists' Union and the Wollaston
Expeditions in Dutch New Guinea. Four species
of batrachians and eight species of reptiles were
described as new.— Dr. F. E. Beddard read a paper
containing further observations upon the Cestode
genus Urocystidium, Beddard. — Mr. H.G. Plimmer
reported on the deaths which had occurred in the
Society's Gardens during 1913.
Society of Biblical Archeology. — Feb.+ U).
— Dr. Gaster in the chair. — Mr. P. Legge read a
paper on ' The Greek Worship of Serapis and [sis,'
which was in part supplemental to one called ' The
Legend of Osiris,' read before the Society in 1911.
The view he put forward was that the Legend of
Osiris, as it appears in Plutarch's tract, is derived,
not from one source, but from two ; and that,
while the part which narrates the war between
Horus and Set rests on a real historical tradition
going back to a civil war at the time of the Second
Dynasty, the remaining part, including the Pas-
sion, Death, and Resurrection of Osiris, is a variant
of the story of the Dying God current among all
the peoples of the countries bordering on the
Eastern Mediterranean. He furtner sought to
show that in the later phase of the Alexandrian
religion the Supreme God was androgyne and self-
begetting, forming, in fact, a triune Deity or
Trinity in Unity, consisting of Father, Mother,
and Child.
Hellenic. — Feb. 10. — Miss Jane Harrison
read a paper on ' Poseidon and the Minotaur.'
She urged (a) that the cult of Poseidon on
the mainland of Greece was imported, not
autochthonous ; (b) that it reached the main-
land from the South, not the North ; (c) that
in origin it was " Minoan," and in subsequent de-
velopment became " Mycenaean," and ultimately
Hellenic. The aspects of the god as Pontius,
Hippius, and Taureus were explained on the new
psychological method, which asks, not what the
god is, but what are the social activities and
social structure of his worshippers. As Pontius
and Pontomedon, Poseidon is the project of a
people who were fishermen, traders, and thalasso-
crats, as Hippius of a people of horsemen, as
Taureus of a people who as herdsmen worshipped
the Bull. Miss Harrison then asked the question,
Was there in antiquity a people who were fisher-
men, traders, thalassocrats who owned thorough-
bred horses, and who as herdsmen worshipped the
Bull. The answer was obvious. Minos of Crete
was the first of the thalassocrats ; his palace
accounts show his command of horses and
chariots from Libya, and his people worshipped the
Bull of Minos. The Minotaur was the primitive
point de repere round which ultimately crystallized
the complex figure of Poseidon.
§§z'unzt (5os5ip.
MEETINGS next week.
Mon.
Tues.
Wed.
Royal Academy, 4 —'General Characteristics of Greek Art,
including Greek Painting,' Sir 0. Waldstein.
Surveyors' Institution, ".—'Land Drainage,' Mr. C. B. Rolfe.
(Junior Meeting.)
St. Bride Foundation, V.30.— 'Book Illustration and Decora-
tion, Nineteenth Century, and to the Present Day,' Mr.
R. A. Peddie.
Society of Arts, 8— 'Artistic Lithography,' Lecture I., Mr. J.
Pennell. (Cantor Lecture.)
Royal Institution, 3.—' Animals and Plants under Domestica-
tion,' Lecture V., Prof. W. Bateson.
Anthropological institute. — 4. Papers and Exhibits by
Members of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.— 8.15.
'Flint Finds in connexion with Sand,' Mr. R. A. Smith;
'The Experimental Investigation of Flint Fracture and
Problems of Early Man,' Mr. S. H. Warren.
Statistical, 5.—' The Census of the Empire, 1911 : its Scope and
Some of its Results,' Sir J. A. Baines.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8.— 'The New Harbour-Works
and Dockyard at Gibraltar,' Mr. A. Scott.
Zoological, 8.30.— Lantern Demonstration of the Helmintbes
collected by 8cott's Antarctic Expedition, by Dr. R. T.
Leiper and 8urgeon Atkinson ; ' Observations made to
ascertain whether any Relation subsists between the
Seasonal Assumption of the "Eclipse" Plumage in the
Mallard (Anas boscus) and the Condition of the Testicle,'
Messrs. 0. G. Seligmann and S. G. Shattock ; and other
Papers.
Geographical, 3.45.— 'Some Aspects of Travel,' Mr. Rudyard
Kipling.
Irish Literary, 4 30.— "Edward Dowden,' Mr. T. W. Rolleston.
Royal Society of Literature, 5.15— 'The Idea of Comedy,'
Prof. W. L. Courtney.
— Meteorological, 7.30— 'The Interpretation of the Results of
Soundings with Pilot Balloons,' Dr. W. N. Shaw: "Pilot
Balloon Ascents at the Central Flying School, Upavon,
during 1913.' Mr. G. M. B. Dobson.
— British Numismatic, 8.
— St. Paul's Ecclesiological, 8. — ' Psalmody, with Special
Reference to the Barless Psalter,' Kev. W. Marshall.
— Society of Arts, 8.— 'The Preservation of Wood,' Mr. A. J.
WaliisTayler.
— Folk-Lore, 8 30. — President's Address on 'Folk-Lore and
Psychology.'
Tiicrs. Royal Institution, 3. — ' Hamlet in Legend and Drama:
(11 The Myth,' Prof. I. Gollancz.
— Royal Academy, 4.— 'The Archaic Period of Greek Sculpture,'
Sir C. Waldsiein.
— Royal, 4.30.— 'The Brain of Primitive Man, with Special
Reference to the Cranial Cast and Skull of Eoanthropus
(thePiltdown Man), 'Prof G. Elliot Smith ; and other Papers.
— Royal Numismatic. 6.— 'Coins of the Kings of Hormuz, Dr.
Codrington ; ' A Find of Roman Coins in Dorset,' Mr. 11.
Symonds.
— Linnean, 8.— Dr. J. P. Lotsy will open a Discussion by a Paper
entitled ' On the Origin of Species by Crossing.'
— Chemical, 8.30.— 'Condensations of Cyanohydrins,' Part II.,
Messrs. H. L. Crowther, H. McOombie, and T. H. Reade ;
"The 8ystem Ether— Water— Potassium Iodide - Mercuric
Iodide,' Part II., Mr. A. C. Dunningham ; and other Papers.
— Society of Antiquaries, 8.30.
— Victoria and Albert Museum, 8.30.— 'Silversmiths,' Mr. H.
Maryon.
Geological, 3.— Annual Meeting.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8— 'The Use of Reinforced
Concrete in connexion with Dock and Other Maritime Work,'
Mr. C. 8. Meik. (Vernon - Harcourt Lecture : Students'
Meeting.)
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 8. — ' Some Modern
Methods of Welding,' Mr. T. T. Heaton.
Viking, 8.15.— 'North Jutland in the Viking Age.' Prof. S.
Muller.
Royal Institution, 9.— 'Busts and Portraits of Shakespeare
and of Burns : an Anthropological Study,' Prof. A. Keith.
Royal Institution, 3.— 'The Electric Emissivity of Matter,'
Lecture II., Dr. J. A. Harker.
Fri-
Sat.
On Tuesday last Prof. Karl Pearson
delivered a lecture at the Francis Galton
Laboratory for National Eugenics on ' The
Graduated Character of Mental Defect,
and on the Need for standardizing Judg-
ments as to the Grade of Feeble-Mindednes;-
which shall involve Segregation.' The lec-
ture dealt almost entirely with the first
part of the subject, the second part being
treated only by implication. After deplor-
ing the fact that the records of families in
which defect existed were as yet but scanty,
Prof. Pearson passed to the consideration
of the alleged physical " stigmata " in-
dicating feeble-mindedness, especially in
children. Just as Dr. Goring had exploded
Lombroso's " criminal marks," so the lec-
turer could find little to justify the hypo-
thesis that there existed any distinguishing
physical " stigmata " of mental defect. The
hypothesis that such defect was a Mendelian
unit- character was an absurd notion which,
if true, meant that between 11 and 12 per
cent of the total population were latent
defectives. The lecturer criticized in some
detail Prof. Davenports work on ' Per-
missible Marriages,' and emphasized against
the eugenists of Cornell the objections that
they sometimes treated alcoholics as normal,
at other times as feeble-minded ; that they
only used those minute portions of pedi-
grees which appeared to substantiate their
theories ; and that in one pedigree they
called a man with 107 feeble-minded rela-
tives " normal." Prof. Pearson exhibited a
number of photographs of normal and de-
fective children, showing that the presence
of the " stigmata " was no guide to mental
efficiency. The statistics which showed that
mental defect was associated with loss of
weight or height, in some cases at least, took
no account of well-known anthropometrical
differences, e.g., Dr. Lapage had compared
English defective children with normal
Scottish children.
With regard to psychological differences,
Prof. Pearson showed that, although it was
true that, as a rule, defective children
responded to memory, intelligence, and
" maturity " tests less readily than normal
children, yet in each ease perhaps 40 per
cent of the feeble-minded children passed
the tests with the same success as merely
backward normal children. Perhaps the
only cases which might be regarded as
defective, from the evidence of the Binet-
Simon tests alone, were the children who,
between six and sixteen, were at least four
years behind their normal fellows in mental
growth. At present, however, " mental
defect " is a term the use of which is seriously
affected by mere personal equations, a
definite external test being yet to be found.
Prof. Bowley has subjected the Census
statistics of the agricultural population of
England and Wales to an elaborate ana-
lytical treatment, and he is now giving a
course of four lectures on the results at the
London School of Economics. In the first
lecture, delivered on Monday last, he de-
scribed the method he had adopted to
ascertain the quantity of the movement of
population. He had listed all the rural
districts which, according to the 1911
Census, appeared to have escaped suburb-
anization, and which were not disturbed by
colliery development, the presence of military
camps, or other external influences, and he
had allowed for the inmates of institutions.
Cornwall, Middlesex, Hampshire, and Surrey
had been altogether excluded. The 1911
figures for these districts were then com-
pared with the corresponding statistics for
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1014
T 1 1 E A T 1 1 E X M U M
231
1901 and 1891. The result showed that in
virtually every county in England there
had been a decline in the rural population
between 1891 and 1901 — amounting on the
average to 8 per cent — and an almost
complete recovery during the following
decade. In Wales, however, there had been
a decline throughout the whole period.
Dr. d"H£rei.i.k has discovered a way of
exterminating the locusts which constitute
one of the worst plagues of South America,
lie has cultivated the bacillus of a disease
which is endemic among them to such a
degree of virulence that it spreads with
extraordinary rapidity, and is fatal to the
individual insect within twenty-four hours.
A liquid infected with the culture is sprinkled
on the plants in the locusts' way, and the
effect is soon apparent. The dead locusts
are spoken of as collected by cartloads.
It is easy to understand that, from the
locusts' point of view, this is a scheme of
no less than diabolical ingenuity ; indeed,
we ourselves must confess to an irrational,
yet unconquerable dislike of it. The people
whose business it formerly was to get rid
of the locusts, perceiving that their trade
was heme taken from them, have not only
risen against this too successful practical
application of modern science, but, what is
more surprising, have also actually won the
day. and have compelled Dr. d'Herelle to
return to France.
Mr. Archibald Hutchinson has com-
municated to the Church Missionary Society
a graphic account of the late earthquakes at
K goshima and of the eruption of Sakura-
shima. During Sunday, January 11th, it
is said, there were no fewer than 64 severe
shocks and 48 slighter shocks of earth-
quake. On Monday morning an enormous
column of black smoke rose from near the
base of Sakurashima, which was followed
within half an hour by other columns,
which began to pom* upward from places
in the fields at the foot of the mountain,
and from craters on its summit. There was
not then, nor for many hours, any great
noLse, but from Kagoshima, at a distance of
four miles, showers of rocks could be plainly
a falling. At 6.30 there was a terrific
crack, and the earth seemed to leap up.
Hundreds of people waiting at the railway
ions were hurled to the ground, while
walls and chimneys fell in all directions.
The most fearful moment seems to have been
I when the alarm of a tidal wave was
raised, which, however, turned out to be
Tkevob LiAWBBHCE, while leaving to
hifl w ite the whole of liis well-known collec-
tion of plants, expressed in his will the
Wish that she would present to Kew those
parts of the collection which were of purely
botanical interest, or which she might con-
sider to be BO. Lady Lawrence lias informed
Sir David Praimthe Director of Kew Gardens,
of her intention to carry out her husband's
wis!
Dr. Jambs Cam-xixb has brought to con-
rable success a highly interesting innova-
tion in medical diagnosis. He has dis-
covered how to use the tuning-fork as an
adjunct to the stethoscope tor the examina-
p of the more deepdying organs, w
it i- difficult to ascertain thi I nature
of the disease. Tin- fork is set vibrating,
and on the shaft being placed against the
body-wall, and moved about over the
surface of the body, -i note is transmitted to
the stethoscope which varies according.' to
the density of the organ over which it
placed. Xot only can the exact limits of an
organ be accurately defined by this mo
and the position of fractures he made out . hut
Dr. (ant he's further observations seem also
to indicate that different states of an org a
produce different tones. He has. at an
rate, been able to demonstrate that the tones
given out by a fatty liver are distinct from
those given out by a cirrhosed liver. The
discovery, if substantiated, is not more
important from a medical point of view
than it is interesting from the point of view
of what our grandfathers called "natural
philosophy."
The Austrian Geographical Society
has awarded posthumously to Capt. Scott
the highest distinction it can confer, the
Hauer Medal. This will be placed in the
hands of the British Ambassador in Vienna,
Sir Maurice de Bunsen, to be forwarded
for keeping to the British Geographical
Society.
Commander Evans lectured on the 7th
inst. to the Berlin Geographical Society.
At the close of the lecture the chairman,
Prof. Hellmann, called upon the audience to
rise in their places as a testimony of respect
to the memory of Scott and his companions,
and announced that Commander Evans
" had been elected an Honorary Member of
the Society.
By the death of Mr. Horace Bolingbroke
Woodward, which occurred on the 6th inst.,
there has passed away, in his 66th year,
a geologist who was recognized as one of our
leading authorities on British stratigraphy.
He was a son of Dr. S. P. Woodward, the
author of the well-known ' Manual of the
Mollusca,' and a nephew of Dr. Henry Wood-
ward, formerly Keeper of Geology at the
British Museum.
After spending some time as an assistant
in the library of the Geological Society,
Mr. H. B. Woodward passed in 1867 to
the Geological Survey, where his field
work lay among a great diversity of
strata, but especially those of Jurassic age.
Possessing much literary ability, he was an
industrious and accurate writer, and several
Survey Memoirs are the work of his pen,
including three volumes on the Jurassic
rocks. His ' Geology of England and
Wales,' of which a second edition appeared
in 1887, takes rank as an authoritative
work ; nor should his edition of Stanford's
' Geological Atlas ' be overlooked. On the
occasion of the centenary of the Geological
Society in 1907 he wrote the official ' His-
tory' of the Society, and two years after-
wards received its great prize, the Wol-
laston Gold Medal. To Mr. Arnold's " Geo-
logical Series " he contributed the volumes
on water supply and on soils. He was also
closely connected with the geological part
of the last edition of ' The Encyclopaedia
Britannica,' and for many years acted as one
of the assistant editors of The Geological
Magazine. By his singularly modest and
amiable disposition, Horace Woodward en-
deared himself to a large circle of scientific
friends, including almost every geologist of
note in this country.
We regret to learn that Miss Julia Anne
Bornblower Cock died on Saturday, the
7th inst.. in her 54th year. She was a
Doctor of .Medicine of Brussels and Dean <>f
the London School of Medicine for Women.
.sell OS an examiner for the Hoard of
Education. She wrote the memorandum
on • Medic. ii Inspection of Secondary School-
tor (drh iii the fifth volume of the Report
of the Royal Commission on Secondary
Education, 1805, being herself inspector
of the North London Collegiate ana the
Camden School- lor (oris. She hail also
been in practice at Braintree.
FINE ARTS
Portfolio of Drawings. By W. Orpen.
(Chenil & Co., 2/. 2*. net.)
In these reproductions the slight tendency
to a relative thickening of line consequent
upon reduction has sometimes gone un-
corrected— wisely, we think, as the draw-
ings are in each case improved thereby.
The work is such as comes out well in
photogravure, the cleanness and delicate
execution which were virtues in the
original losing hardly at all by this process.
The Portfolio will be in universal request
in Art Schools, as Mr. Orpen Lb on the
whole the most capable living exponent
of the art of drawing from the posed
model as now in vogue in such institu-
tions. Mr. John — more brilliant — would
also be more suspect because of his less
photographic standard of accuracy.
Such a single-figure study as ' Kit '
shows the possibilities of Mr. Orpen's
method. An elaborate composition like
' The Yacht Race,' obviously compiled a
figure at a time, and connected by an
embroidery of landscape detail, shows
its limitations. In ' After Bathing ' the
embroidery is more ingenious, the com-
pilation more artfully concealed ; yet it
has constructive unity only as a thing in
the flat, though the individual figures are
elaborately modelled. Suck works are
perfect models for students so long as we
regard the sole object of their education to
be a highly trained hand and eye. To a
purist the actuality of these drawings, the
sinuous quasi-porfection of their line, ap-
pears a pretension not quite warranted by
the facts. The artist's hold on the plastic
design of his subject is never so complete
as to justify the inclusion of such delicate
variations — variations which have been
observed, indeed, by the eye in their effect
on the contour as a flat thing, but not
apprehended by the intelligence as
connoting a line in three-dimensioned
space at such and such an angle to the
other lines of the composition. The practice
of drawing the figures of a composition
separately, each with a fresh " point of
sight,'' implies a fundamental indifference
to such finer relations in space.
This criticism is of course, on the ideal
plane. Mr. Orpen sins in illustrious
company, and would have little difficulty
in pointing ti» compositions hy Titian and
others in which figures of as con\ inoing
solidity have evidently been pushed this
way and that about the surface of a picture
till they make an agreeable facade. None
the less, we think such drawing tends
tall between two stools. It is permissibL
for an artist— absorbed in tin- beauty of
undulation of the line a- such I" I"'
the real form it stand- tor. and become
inaccurate. Set if truth to fact he pi
ed, he is really a ' e accurate ai I
who confesses his incapacity to keep in
touch with the very skin of the object,
and analyzes the relative " set " of everj
plane he u» - in the picture, howei
few they may he.'xvith some attempt at
perfection.
236
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4503, -Feb. 14, 1914
THE MODERN SOCIETY OF PORTRAIT
PAINTERS.
How docile and formless a thing oil
painting may become is displayed in most
of the more capable exhibits in this show.
The slow -drying medium allows the painter
to soften his edges, to smooth his surface
till the painting has almost as little trace
of the hand of the craftsman as the subtly
modulated face of a photograph. Mr. Alan
Beeton's portraits (1-5) are the most
■ completely successful in realizing this ideal
■of an elusive surface of paint which, like
that of the photograph, becomes transparent :
-we cease to think of it as interesting, or
indeed existing at all, but look through
it at a forged reality — adequate or in-
adequate as the case may be, but in any
case an attempt to reproduce reality in an
absolutely literal manner rather than to
adapt what is essential in that reality for
expression in terms of paint. There is
something almost uncanny in the spectacle of
a man with the dexterity in the use of paint
of Mr. Beeton, who has yet acquired that
cleverness without ever being moved by
zest for the real idiomatic use of the lan-
guage he handles so deftly. Imitatively these
portraits are exceedingly clever. They belong
to a family which has grown large since
the invention of photography set a standard
of literal exactitude which the client could
hold up against the portrait painter for
•emulation. We have always wondered what
became of them, for though they are common
/though not always up to the pitch of com-
petence of Mr. Beeton) in current shows, no
one ever seems to think it worth while to
disinter them for the purpose of a retro -
:Bpective exhibition of painting. We imagine
t'.iat, as is the case with photographs, their
power to interest only prevails with the
beholder who is already interested in their
subject-matter. Mr. Beeton has in more
tian one instance been fortunate with his,
and wins the success which a good story may
gain even in the hands of a somewhat
pedestrian and colourless author.
Mr. James Quinn (Henry Fulwond, Esq., 6),
and even to some degree Mr. Glyn Philpot
in his portraits of Sir Philip Sassoon (44) and
Lord Balcarres (46), fall in the same category
of painters. One can imagine them peram-
bulating the world on the look-out for strik-
ing sitters, i.e. sitters by whom their public-
would be impressed if they could see them
in the flesh. The true masters of form are
rather those who reveal to us the interest
and significance of a type which in life or in
the passive reproduction of photography we
•should pass by as of no account. In pro-
portion as portraiture assimilates itself to
a passive report, it abrogates its higher
functions, however skilfully it may meet
the patron's demand to be told again what
he knows already. Mr. G. Festus Kelly — in
his smaller portraits more colourless by
far than Mr. Philpot — shows rather more
independence in his large full-length A! ma
•di me Alma (10), in which the sitter's some-
what wooden figure in an awkward and i 1 1 -
•designed dress is used with some sense at
once of character and decoration.
Most of the other paintings suffer from
(while their painters probably reap the
advantage of) the same enthusiasm for
the copious and unmistakable iteration of
the obvious. Mr. Oswald Birley (15-18)
.is one of the more capable, as is also
Mr. Fiddes Watt, whose Rev. John Hart
closely resembles the well-known work of
-Sir George Reid. Mr. G. W. Lambert's
portrait of the latter (23) is the one trenchant,
if rather ordinary design in the show. It
-.resembles some American poster for a
" business " exhibition. The ambition of
delicacy distinguishes Mr. Ginnett's Head
of a Girl (8), in which both the type of sitter
and the method of painting recall Courtois
and his mannered accomplishment. The
drawings of Mr. Alan Beeton (87-95) also
deserve mention.
THE GOUPIL GALLERY.
All the three exhibitions at these gal-
leries are of some interest. Mr. H. M. Livens,
recommended by a very friendly and quite
interesting letter from the late Vincent van
Gogh, which is reproduced in facsimile as
an introduction to his catalogue, reveals
himself even more convincingly than usual
as a little master in water-colour, almost
every one of his thirty-two drawings being
well designed, delightful in their demure,
restrained colour, sufficient in their revelation
of the beauty of everyday sights. The
spaciousness of Nos. 28 and 31, the origin-
ality of theme in No. 20, the silvery delicacy
of No. 2, may be specially insisted on. As an
oil painter, on the other hind, he does not
appear to us to approach the modest per-
fection of the water-colours, nor does he
appear to be making progress with what, to
him, is the more refractory medium.
An exception should perhaps be made
for the still-life Plate of Pears (41), in which
the fibre of the paint, building up the form
of the fruit in a complex and singularly
happy combination of irregular improvised
strokes, expresses magically the harsh,
forbidding, yet attractive nature of that par-
ticular kind of pear — the kind which offers
us perennial astonishment that a thing so
hard should melt so completely as soon as
it is crushed. In his other oil paintings Mr.
Livens uses pigment with the zest of a
virtuoso, yet the result is usually uncom-
fortable. He loves the " quality " got by
playing with semi-opaque and semi-trans-
parent paint ; he loves also to use violent
extremes of positive colour. We are of
opinion that the combined gratification of
these tastes offers, from a colouristic point
of view, an inherent difficulty which he hardly
realizes. For the colourist, juggling with
semi opaque and semi transparent paint,
depends on an obvious physical law that
the same mixture — say of black and white —
which, dragged thinly over a dark ground,
looks cool and bluish, dragged thinly over
a light ground, looks hot and tawny. Differ-
ences of colour so produced may, of course,
be modulated with a delicacy greater than is
possible by the use of mixed tints, of complete
opacity. It is thus a very tempting method.
On the other hand, the range of variety
produced by these means is definitely limited.
It is sufficient to make a firmly marked step
in the short scale of a sober scheme of colour
(in No. 39, for example, it appears more or
less functional). If you use as short a scale
between more violent extremes, you are
apt to find it only dirties tones which need
to be more strongly divided to appear
firmly struck notes at all, and this is what
appears to be happening frequently in Mr.
Livens' s pictures, particularly in the flower-
pieces, in which the extreme hues emerge
baldly in garish solidity from a jumble of
insufficiently separated central tones. It
is not, perhaps, entirely an accident that the
Old Masters of the later Renaissance, who
modelled by weight of paint. — i.e., by glazings
and scumblings — worked also with a limited
palette, while the modern painter with his
more brilliant pitch of colour works with
a monotonous wall of thick mixed paint ; and
although we would not deny the possibility
of Mr. Livens combining his two ambitions,
it appears to us that it could only be by a
more elaborate scheme — a longer scale of
smaller colour-intervals throughout. But such
elaboration calls almost essentially for a
deliberate building-up of the picture on a
preconceived plan, distasteful to a man too
much of a modern not to feel so systematic
an approach rather cold-blooded.
In the upper galleries Mr. L. D. Luard
shows occasionally some draughtsmanship
in his horses — notably in No. 42, The Shirker.
He has, moreover, wisely returned again
and again to the admirable motive supplied
by a certain steep slope down to the Seine,
a little outside Paris, where ascending and
descending teams furnish an excellent series
of fine subjects. No. 10, On the Hill,
Villejuif, near Paris, is on the whole the
most complete of the pictures resulting,
though in No. 50 the long lines of the straining
backs of the team contrasted with the con-
flicting welter of scrambling legs make a
dramatic design.
Mr. Ian Strang is an artist of more varied
possibilities — so varied, indeed, that the
general effect of his exhibition is somewhat
diffuse. He is the most adequately trained
of the three painters showing here, yet
inadequately for his roving ambitions.
From the general impression of wide super-
ficial accomplishment rather dissipated in
direction, there emerges the definite achieve-
ment of a little portrait of a Gypsy Girl (74);
of the quite delightful landscape design,
Plage, Valentin (64); and, in a rather less
original way, of certain of his etchings
(Nos. 4, 5, 17, 18, and 19). A few more
finds like the ' Plage, Valentin,' are needed
to give point and purpose to so varied and
professional a fluency. •
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
The late Sir Alfred East was so popular
an artist that it could hardly be expected
that the memorial exhibition at the Leicester
Galleries would reveal him in any new fight.
Yet to some extent the etchings and com-
binations of etching and mezzotint now
brought together do give us an increased
sense of the fertility of his power of design.
Perhaps Mr. Gosse, in his Preface to the cata-
logue, is inclined to insist unwisely on East's
scorn of tricks ; surely he knew and used
them all, and it is this sophisticated clever-
ness which in a large exhibition of his works
sometimes obscures a very real feeling for
the romance of landscape. He was pene-
trated by the amenity of nature, and such
a picture as No. 91, The Park, with its suave
grace and sense of ordered well-being,
represents the most personal contribution to
landscape art of an artist whose influence
was none the less salutary because it was
consolidating rather than innovating.
With Mr. Newton Benett (at the Walker
Galleries) the love of suavity is almost
soporific, yet in such drawings as Nos. 52, 56,
and 58 there is great technical skill. There
seems little observation of colour, but com-
parison of such works with his monochrome
drawings shows how invaluable his con-
ventional use of colour is to him.
At the Fine-Art Society Mr. Elgood's
familiar flower-drawings have a similar man-
nered daintiness, the foregrounds of Nos. 4
and 63 being good examples of his work. He
is quite unable to invent even plausible
generalizations for the multiplicity of distant
forms.
At Messrs. Colnaghi & Obach's Galleries
we have the facile generalizations of Mr.
James McBey, at the opposite pole of water-
colour practice, equally mannered, and at his
best when most recalling Rowlandson, as in
such a drawing as No. 16, Zaandam.
Loose and " staccato "as is Mr. McBey 's
style, his water-colours would seem vivid
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
Til E A Til EN AlV M
237
compared with the dull level of tin* works in
that medium which the Ridley Art Club are
showing at the Grafton Galleries, Miss Amy
Atkinson's compact design and buoyant
colour emerge refreshingly in Nos. ISO and
169. Among the oil paintings Mr. A.
Thornton's White Arch (7) also affords a
well-placed silhouette, but his technique
of spots on a barely covered ground of
ordinary colourman's priming seems a
doubtful policy from the point of view of
permanence, while it seems to have no real
function as furthering his design. Mr.
Daeres Adams shows a well-devised portrait
in the earlier manner of Mr. William Nichol-
son, but painted with a rather surer hand;
and Mr. Anning Bell a large Marriage at
Cana, full of varied ability, somehow unco-
ordinated by a definite creative act.
Finally, anions the crowd of exhibitions
opened this week, we must cordially recom-
mend a little collection of paintings by the
Dutch artist H. A. van Daalhoff at the Van
Wisselingh Gallery. The work of a poet
in a narrow Held, they may sometimes recall
Matthew Maris, as in Xo. 21 — sometimes,
oddly enough, Calvert in the landscapes of
green tonality (2-4); but the inspiration of
all is obviouslv genuine.
3Fitu ^Xrt (kossip.
Mr. Reginald Blomfield, the well-
known architect, was elected R.A. last
Wednesday ; and Mr. Richard Jack, a
painter who has won success both at home
and abroad, an Associate of the Academy.
The Academy has undertaken to erect
an inscribed slab on the grave, in St. Paul's,
of Sir L. Alma Tadema. It is desired
to have some more important public
memorial set up — perhaps a bust of the
artist. A further proposal has been made
to purchase for presentation to some public
institution the fine archaeological library
which Alma Tadema collected with much
care and enthusiasm, and which, it is known,
he wished not to be dispersed.
Mr. P. A. AVidener of Philadelphia has
just bought the small " Cowper Madonna."
One of the most charming examples of
Raphael's work — belonging to his Florentine
period, and next in succession to the
'Madonna del Gran' Duca ' — it was in
the Cowper collection at Panshanger, and
was inherited, on Lady Cowper' s death,
by Lady Desboxough, who offered it to
the Trustee-, of the National Gallery last
September for 70,000/.
Thf: Committee of the Capt. Scott
Memorial Fund have appointed a sub-
committee, consisting of Sir Edgar Speyer,
Sir Thomas Brock, Mr. Harry Lawson, and
Mr. Lionel Earle, to decide the question of
the erection of memorials in London to
Capt. Sott and his companions.
Mr. 8. Nicholson Babb is to design the
bronze tablet which is to be placed in
St. Paul's, on the wall by the door leading
down to the crypt.
A sum of 7,5001. has been reserved for the
outdoor memorial, and, though the site
haenotyel been settled the Committee have
invited six well-known sculptors to send in
ms for a group.
On Thursday, the 5th inst., Mr. Edmund
unveiled, in the Chiming Museum at
the Southwark Central Library, a panel pre-
sented by Messrs. Doulton to commemorate
rge Tinworth. The panel, one of his
characteristic works, depict-, the Jews making
brick- unci i ian task ma bei id is
inscribed : —
■ 1 in Terra-Cotta by Qeoige Tinworth,
born Nov. 5, 1843, died Sept. 1", 1913. Oeorge
Tinworth, a Walworth wheelwright, after winning
his way under arduous conditions to the Royal
Academy Schools, was for nearly fifty yean
modeller and sculptor a1 the Royal Lambeth
Potteries, where, encouraged by Sir Henry Doulton,
he produced strikingly original works of art
which, new to be Been in places like Truro Cathe-
dral and York Minster, wen him enduring lame.
This panel was presented l>y .Messrs. Doulton as
a memorial of the artist in his native parish.
Dec, litl3."
The Dutch artist Albert Neuhuijs died
recently at Locarno. He was born at
Utrecht in 1844, and did a certain amount
of undistinguished work as a young man.
till he came under the influence of Israels
and James Maris, and was diverted from
historical work and portraits to genre paint-
ing. In this line his soundness of technique
and unpretentiousness made him a worthy
inheritor of the traditions of the Duf'ch little
masters of the seventeenth century.
On the north side of Clapham Common —
close to the parish church — stands a row of
old houses, which, it is said, were designed
by Sir Christopher Wren, and are beautiful
enough to support that conjecture. Mac-
aulay and Hood were at school in one of
them. The Governors of Westminster Hos-
pital some months ago proposed this spot
to themselves for the site of their new hos-
pital, but the intervention of the L.C.C. —
on the ground of its being very undesirable
that buildings possessing so many features
of interest should be demolished — put an
end to the negotiations. The houses have,
however, now been sold. The leases fall in
in March. It remains to be seen what are
the intentions of the purchasers.
At a meeting of the Court of Common
Council at the Guildhall on the 5th inst.
a letter was read from Mr. Philip Norman,
drawing attention to the Roman " pot-
holes " which have been discovered in
a bed of cement under the site of the
old General Post Office, and asking for
assistance in opening them. The Chairman
of the Library Committee, Mr. Kekewich,
said that the cost of the undertaking would
be small, and the matter was left in the hands
of that Committee.
The Building Committee of Khartum
Cathedral have issued an appeal for funds
to complete their work: 33,0007. has been
raised, and 11,0001. more is needed.
A definite scheme has been made for
the erection of memorials in the cathedral,
certain spaces being allotted for them, which
will not admit of haphazard design. Those
who died with Gordon or in the expeditions
for the relief of Khartum will be commemo-
rated by memorials in the Gordon Chapel.
Others may have memorial tablets erected
to them in the transepts. .
The recent discovery in Russian Poland,
in the trunk of a tree struck by lightning,
of a golden crown alleged to bo that of the
old kings of Poland, has attracted some
attention. As the result of careful examina-
tion Dr. Kadzikovski states that it is really
the Czech crown of the Bangs of Bohemia,
and that, the Emperor Charles IV. had it
made tor himself, and wore it at a wedding
m Cracow in the year L363. The chroniclers
reported that he losl n on his journey back
to Germany, and that all efforts to recover
it were in vain. -Now an accident has
revealed its place of concealment ,
MEDAL SALE.
The following medals were Included In Mi
Sotheby's sale of the 8rd and ! 1 1 » inst. : Orai
Gold Medal, Battle ol Maida, 1806, rtru k In
pi ii inum, 231. 10«. \M" rl Medal, Fit it Cut .
gold, awarded to P.< . < ok for gallant i
dynamite explosion at Westminster Ball, Jan. 24,
1 885, 751.
MUSIC
— • —
THE MUSIC AT THE SAVOY.
Tut: question as to the right handling of
tin' SOngB and music in the act ingof Shak< -
speare has been discussed by Mr. Cecil
Sharp in the interesting article 'The New
Shakespeare Music; at the Savoy,' which
appealed last week in these columns.
It is. as he remarks, a question " hedged
with difficulties.'1 He himself has made
a bold experiment with 'A Midsummer
Night's Dream,' and if he has not removed
all difficulties, his attempt deserves serious
consideration. On the value of folk-soi Lg
there is no need to insist, and, owing in
large measure to the efforts of Mr. Sharp
himself, its importance is becoming more
fully recognized by musicians ; while
from Bach onwards all the great com-
posers made use of it, but as a means,
not as an end. Mr. Sharp makes, by the
way, an interesting remark which lends
support to our view. Speaking of the
steps and figures of the Russian Ballet, he
says that they are " very intimate lv
related to those of the folk-dance," and
that the latter have been adapted to
" freer and more irregular rhythms," and
blended " in fresh combinations " ; and
the same also applies to the music. Folk-
music, by reason of its simplicity and other
striking differences from that to which we
are accustomed, would throughout a
Shakespeare play — with exceptions, among
which the one in question — not make the
proper appeal to us. Elizabethan tnusi
sounds to us "archaic," says Mr. Sharp
and that, we think, can also be said ol
folk-music, especially at the present day.
Mr. Sharp believes that folk-music,
like Shakespearian drama, is for "all
time." That may be true, but cannot bu
proved. Again, Mr. Sharp states that a
composer, if he prefers to write music
of his own for the plays, can claim fulE
liberty to do so, " realizing," he adds.
'• of course, that his own experiment will
sooner or later be itself superseded It
is, however, probable that few realize thi-
The hope — nay, belief — in the ease eel
tainly of the greatest musicians, that
they are writing works w hich may win for
them immortality, stimulates and en-
courages them. The swift changes in tin-
art are too evident to be ignored, bul
reminding composers of these serves Qi
useful purpose.
"This, indeed [continues .Mr. Sharp], i-
the fate that has now overtaken Mendel
sohn's incidental music to - A Midsummei
Night's Dream,' though it »"n 'he adm
lion ,,t' ins contemporaries, whose ideal*
faithfully reflected.
If by " contemporaries " Mr. Sharp
refers to the general public, !><• is righl ;
bul it t<> notable contemporary com-
posers, we do not agree \\ ith him.
The reason of Mendelssohn's music qo
longer hem- - itisfactory i- not " because
it is an oho of a pasl age," f"i much older
music still has li\ ing force ; bul becaus .
Mr. Sharp admits, for Mendelssohn
" the words were mere pegs on which t«>
238
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
hang his music." Much of the music is
still enjoyable in the concert-room.
We believe that the present expressive
powers of harmony and rhythm, if pro-
perly used, offer means for writing
music which will enhance the greatness
of Shakespeare's plays. Mr. O'Neill, in
his recent lecture on ' Music to Stage
Plays,' truly remarked that " almost all
of Shakespeare's plays gave the composer
[of to-day] opportunities for expressing
himself appropriately, if at no great
length."
Many good composers have written
excellent music for Shakespeare's plays,
but the fact that much of it is effective
in the concert - room proves of itself
that it was not of the right kind.
We comment here on only one or
two points, and would like to add that
the performance, including the music, at
the Savoy was delightful and thought-
prompting. Any further steps Mr. Sharp
may take to illustrate his views will indeed
be welcome.
'PARSIFAL' AND ITS RECEPTION.
Perhaps I may be permitted — as one of
the many who " receive ' Parsifal ' with
enthusiasm," as mentioned in your excellent
notice of the performance in London — to
differentiate the blind enthusiasm of some
from that which, for the want of a better
qualifying word, I will term the reasonable
enthusiasm of others. Having been present
years ago at the Bayreuth production, I have
little doubt that the mixed feelings with which
I anticipated witnessing a performance of
' Parsifal ' in London were fully shared by
others. It is to me, however, very jileasant to
join in the general congratulations on a con-
spicuous and praiseworthy success.
Yet there are those, as the writer of your
notice deprecates, who make " idle " com-
parisons as to ' Parsifal ' with other of
Wagner's works. There are those also,
more seriously, who plunge into the question
of his ethical teaching, and contrast its
value with risk in stage representation.
Of course, persons who thus late in the
day raise such questions forget that we
have already accepted as operatic themes
even more objectionable matter, and its
performance is not winced at.
Without defending the representation of
questionable subjects, one must say that,
from an art point of view alone, it is not fair
to ban a German mode of pointing a moral
from Wagner in a Tristan or a Parsifal,
when we freely attend a French musical
interpretation of Goethe and witness the
fall of Marguerite.
As to the question of any particular per-
formance, there is much — too much to say
here ; but I must take the opportunity
presented to refer to the remarkably mag-
nificent acting of Frau Riische Endorf on
Thursday in last week as Kundry. I*, The
question naturally arises whether, indeed, in
the strictly artistic sense, the acting was not
more than adequate. Has it come to this,
that, regardless of proportion and consist-
ency with the character of a work like
' Parsifal,' we are to accept the fine imper-
sonation as a necessary concession to
realism, alike with the beautiful scenery
and even the excellently painted panorama ?
But what I desire to say, and especially
emphasize, is in relation to the enthusiasm
for Wagner's works being sustained or
sustainable. I think it is admitted that the
emotional strain of such a work as ' Parsifal '
creates very great physical exhaustion ; and
although, as we are told, " a genius must
be taken as he is, not as some would like
him to be," that dictum, in the present
case, is not without risk to his continued
popularity.
Our critic does not fail to point out that
there are more causes for the exhaustion
we suffer in ' The Ring,' and of a far more
inexcusable nature, than in the instance
of Gurnemanz in ' Parsifal,' who ad-
mittedly is necessary to an extent, in the
Greek sense, in his chorus role. Yet, after
all, this is caviare to the general, who would
prefer to take many things for granted,
rather than endure lengthened boredom
long drawn out. We know that the general
verdict in regard to this would include
passages in many works of our great com-
poser besides ' The Ring ' and the product
of his later years. In too many cases the
length and strenuous character of the music
impose a tax on the listener which militates
against appreciation or enjoyment.
Now I am merely echoing sentiments I
heard expressed in the theatre the other
night when I repeat : " Why cannot we
have a more popular and condensed ver-
sion ? " I am almost afraid the heterodox
thought is anathema, but certainly it is
widely participated in. A friend and com-
panion at Thursday's performance voiced a
practical suggestion in his question : " Why
cannot we, who are still alive to enjoy it, and
know the men — happily still alive — who
could, having known Wagner, do the work
reverently, save him from himself by dis-
creetly cutting out his boring passages ? "
Wagner's music is too emotional to be ever
lost sight of, and to share the limbo of for-
gotten contrapuntal operas ; his works will
be played for many years to come ; they will
fade in interest, and then there will be a
time of revival, when those who knew him
not, nor will know nor care for his or our
traditions, will assuredly and fatally score
and prune his scores, not reverently, but
probably damning by giving a false im-
pression of the work of the man whose
genius it should be our effort to save from
its redundancy, exaggeration, and insist-
ence. Philip H. Newman.
SHAKESPEARE AND FOLK-MUSIC.
The thoughtful paper by Mr. Cecil Sharp
is good to read. He boldly faces a problem
which has outfaced most musicians this three
hundred years. In folk-tunes he finds its
solution. There is much to be said for this
theory, but there are some thorns in the way
of it,
It would cut out altogether such gems of
music as Schubert's "Who is Sylvia?"
(most perfectly adapted to Mr. Sharp's
views of not repeating the words unneces-
sarily,) "Hark, hark, the lark!" &c. It
seems to have cut out Mendelssohn's music
to ' The Midsummer Night's Dream.' This
is surely a very sorry decision. The Over-
ture is one of the most delightful pieces of
fairy music ever written, and the four chords
which announce the Overture and close the
play with Puck's words are, in their very
fashion, supreme. How many have copied
Mendelssohn's fairy music ! Of course,
most of the incidental music is impossible—
to English people. It was not to German.
And the resolute elimination of such fungus
as "I know a bank " is a self-evident boon.
I am leaving out many things to return
to the English folk-song point of view.
While I most thoroughly agree with Mr.
Sharp in the main, I think there are some
difficulties. Folk-music is itself open to
query very often. Many examples come to
mind at once. It is very well that Mr.
Sharp proposes to keep all the genuine
Shakespeare music. We could scarcely do
without Morley's "It was a lover and his
lass," for instance; but if the traditional tune
(printed in 1599) to the clown's song in
' Twelfth Night ' be anything like its tradi-
tion, we can only pray to be saved from it.
The Shakespeare glory could not be dead,
one would think, less than seventy years
after his death. Yet if we compare Purcell's
setting (e.g.) of "Come unto these yellow
sands " with the modern attempt of Sullivan,
we can only be amazed. It is true that
Purcell wrote for Shadwell's adaptation of
' The Tempest ' (1690), but the fact remains
that the later delicate work of Sullivan is
far the better of the two. Sullivan was very
happy in some of Shakespeare's songs.
Compare the " traditional " clown's song
(mentioned above) in ' Twelfth Night ' with
Sullivan's delightful mocking melody.
These be small matters. The thanks of all
are due to a new experiment in what Mi'.
Cecil Sharp wisely says is an essential of
the Shakespearian drama.
George Marshall.
Jltustral dnssip.
' Tristan und Isolde ' was given on
Wednesday evening at Co vent Garden,
and the rapt silence during the performance
was far more eloquent than the applause at
the end of each act. Frau Eva von der
Osten as Kundry proved herself a great
artist, but the best artists are not always
at their best in every part they under-
take. In the first trying act she sang
with unwonted clearness, power, and true
intonation ; while in the second charm and
tenderness were not lacking. Herr Jacques
Urlus was an excellent Tristan, though his
voice is not so rich as that of his partner.
The whole cast was good. Mr. Albert Coates,
the new conductor, who holds a high position
at St. Petersburg, greatly distinguished
himself ; and the way in which he helped
the singers by reducing the tone at times
almost to a whisper was a notable feature.
Frau Osten was, in fact, the most impres-
sive Isolde we have heard since Frau
Ternina.
The sixth concert of the London Sym-
phony Orchestra at Queens Hall on Monday
evening last was interesting, especially to
those who follow the evolution (not neces-
sarily progress) of the art since the classical
period ; for the programme included Beet-
hoven's ' Pastoral Symphony,' the work
which seems to give the composer's sanction
to programme music of the realistic order.
There are in it certain touches of the kind,
but they have been more talked about than
the important words written by Beethoven
in which he describes the music as "expres-
sion of feeling rather than tone-painting."
Realism dates from before Bach and Handel,
and all great composers have made use
of it. Beethoven's Birds offer a weak
specimen, but the Storm one of the strongest.
The performance of the Symphony under the
direction of Herr Fritz Steinbach was excel-
lent.
Herr Bronislaw Huberman played the
Brahms ' Violin Concerto.' The tone was
scratchy, and the reading, at any rate of the
first movement, jerky. There may, however,
have been something wrong with his strings,
for Herr Huberman left the platform for a
few minutes after the second movement had
begun.
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1014
TIIK ATI! EN ZEU M
239
The oative novelty at the concert of the
Royal Philharmonic Society on the i;)thinst.
will be an 'Irish Rhapsody' by Sir Charles
Stanford, which, if one may judge from hi*
previous Rhapsodies, promises to be of no
little interest. It hasasub-title 'The Fisher-
man of Lough Neagh and What He Saw.'
and in addition hears as motto " Land of
Song," &C., the second halt of the first stanza
Of Moore's ' .Minstrel Hoy.' Three folk-tunes
from Ulster furnish thematic material The
composer himself tells us that the poetic
basis of the work is the fisherman's " vision
(if the triumph of heroism" : and at the end
of his score he has written " Dark and true
and tender is the North." He seems there-
fore to have done much, d la Gluck, to
prepare his audience for the character of the
music
Beethovkn's ' Christus am Oelberge,'
according to Ries, was completed in 1800,
anil produced three years later. The text by
Franz Huber, and Beethoven's music, were
both written rapidly, and the composer
did not regard the latter as by any means
a masterpiece. That may explain why it
had not been heard in London for very
many years until last Wednesday, when
it was performed by the London Choral
Society at Queen's Hall under the direction
of Mr. Arthur Fagge. The instrumental
introduction and the closing " Hallelujah "
chorus are the strongest movements ; the
latter is somewhat Handelian. Mr. Fagge
perhaps selected the work to show that
Beethoven could write uninspired as well as
inspired music. The latter was shown in
the great ' Missa So lemnis ' which followed.
The choral singing was very good.
' In the Clouds,' a pleasing fantasy of
music and mirth in two scenes, written and
produced by Mr. Alfred de Manby and Mr.
Bertrand Davis, with music by M. Jacques
tioi. was introduced into the afternoon
programme of the Palladium on Monday
and Wednesday last.
Mi "sical enthusiasts may be glad to
know that last week's number of The
Musical Standard is specially devoted to
1'arsifal.' being illustrated with a portrait
I several caricatures of Wagner. It
.Is with ' Parsifal ' from many points of
w, including the beginnings of ' Parsifal,'
'Parsifal' at Bayreuth in 1882, the full
• v of the music-drama, and other articles
upon the philosophy and history of the work.
Thf: music of 'The Joy Ride Lady,' which
> be produced at the New Theatre next
turday evening, is by Jean Gilbert, who is
" the most popular light-opera
composer in Germany." Jf the new"musical
has work which is at once tuneful and
kingly original, it will have a marked
advantage over its contemporaries.
-
» rn.
lllLR
1
6.T.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
A Royal Allien Hall.
^ueen* Hall.
Ballad Concert. 7. Queen's Hall
"T»l Optra, l.'ovent Garden
bam'i Pianoforte Recital. ; Ht-inwar HalL
Tt« f raneall .way Hall.
Lula Mjm Qmeioer'i s-nz Radial. 8.18, Bachitain Mall.
H-nn- ' n'l Pianoforte Recll il. -.;',. fiollan Hall
(.hriitian In-. moforte Rent il, 130, Btelni
I Borwlck'i Pianoforte Recital, :. .Kolian HaH.
Katb uim K t.-i,, h.,11
wo \ i.'li mfl Violin !<• a HalL
i Twelve o'clock*' Chamber Concert. /RoUan HalL
Lena Kentu Vocal Recital. S.30, Baror Hotel.
Kojal Philharn,' • Hall.
Madame Le Grand Reed* noun Kecital, f 19. BecbJteln Hall
'Hire Brrne'a Pianofort- I ,.t»ln Hall.
M irla I -ri . .■.<•*>• il ill.
Lond - Hall
Pauline Tbeurer i ilu^n Holer • Vocal and Piano-
forte BacdtaL I IS. M lian Hall.
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I Violn J
DRAMA
The Drama To-day. By Charlton An-
drews. (Lippincott, 0*. net.)
" Tiikki: is no brief compendium of the
drama to-day, as it is practised, not only
in England and America, but also upon
the Continent," is the author's apologia.
His qualifications for the task are in-
complete in one important respect — he
cannot divest himself of the influence of
the popular mind. His judgments are the
judgments of the crowd, and whatever
is unfamiliar to him he is inclined to
belittle, if not to misrepresent. Mr.
Andrews is consequently at his best when
dealing with American drama. After a
brief survey he is forced to the uncomfort-
able conclusion : —
" Our stage to-day is, for the most part,
thoroughly Belascoized. That means that
commercial rather than artistic ideals too
often animate our producers, authors, and
players ; that novelty is more sought after
than any real criticism or reflection of life ;
that theatrical effectiveness — the ' punch '
— is often considered more desirable than
truth."
Nevertheless, Mr. Andrews has little to
say in commendation of those who leave
the beaten track. He confesses to some
degree of admiration for Sir A. W. Pinero
and Sudermann, but more daring experi-
mentalists leave him horror-stricken. He
writes of " the close and stuffy atmo-
sphere of Ibsen, the misty, sickly gloom
of Maeterlinck, the loathsome putrescence
of Hauptmann," and so on. A state-
ment characteristic of his outlook is
that ' Maeterlinck's reputation as a
playwright chiefly rests upon ' Monna
Vanna ' and ' The Blue Bird.' He can,
at any rate, understand a children's
play, although the discarnate souls and
the incarnate symbols of which the main
body of the Belgian's work consists are
entirely beyond his comprehension. He
gently reproves Ibsen and his successors
for venturing to strike out into the un-
known : " Mysticism and symbolism are
dangerous tools for dramatists to play
with, especially in combination with each
other and with realism."
This opposition to innovations, added
to a contempt for the existing order of
things, is not calculated to make the
chapter 'Prospective' altogether exhila-
rating. Only by the coming forward of
people with "souls above dollars" is
there any likelihood of a permanent
improvement. But with the extremely
limited scope grant* d them by the author,
we fail to understand how the soulful rich
are to be of any use to the drama. NTor
do we see much point in the author's
suggestion thai kinematograph theatres
should I)'- endowed by millionaires or
municipalities. The organization of the
[rish Theatre, with its freely given Ben ice,
is regarded by Mr. Andrews as the
mo-t hopeful oi auspices. This may well
be, but can America father a nationalist
in' n» '
The book i> a valuable illustration of
the deadening effects upon criticism of a
monotonous environment. While Ameri-
can dramatists are enthusiastically spe-
cializing in melodrama, and seeking
for extravagant additions to the long
tale of stage thrills, we can scarcely
expect American critics to appreciate the
things they have not seen, or the tenden-
cies they have not felt.
'A MIDSUMMKi; MO I ITS DREAM'
AT THE SAVON.
There is no play from which one can draw
more justification than from 'A Mid-
summer Night's Dream ' for bringing
together, out of any country or time or
mythology one likes, details to comp
or to decorate the production. Mr.
Granville Barker has availed himself
gallantly of this liberty. There is hardly
any idiom of pictorial art of which some
trace may not be discovered in the
rendering of the ' Dream ' now being
given at the Savoy ; and so strongly are
all the diverse elements suffused with the
peculiar qualities of twentieth-century
imagination, that, for the most part, they
appear as natural in their places as stones
do in some elaborately wrought setting
of gold.
Gold is one of the prevailing ideas of
the play : every one knows by this time
that a golden Oberon and Titania reign
over a population of golden fairies. There
is something a little trying, especially for
Titania, in the high lights that come on
the shiny golden faces, and in the scene
with Bottom one has almost a surfeit of
gold ; but the first scene in which the
fairy nation appears is a triumphantly
beautiful spectacle, nor can it be denied
that by this device they are admirably
separated from the human inhabitants
of the country.
Mr. Dennis Xeilson- Terry made an
ideally graceful and majestic Oberon.
and Miss Christine Silver's Titania was
no less charming ; but both alike illus-
trated one of the weaknesses of the pro-
duction— the uneven and inadequate
treatment of the verse of the play. One
•_r''ts irresistibly the impression that these
actors belong, by instinct, so to speak,
to a school of drama so widely diffen nt
from the drama of pure poetry thai they
are embarrassed by the very Loveliness
of the lines they have to speak. They
have no convention to serve them, and
seem to have no exact conception of their
function. This weakness, apparent even
amid the unfailing grace of diet ion in
Titania and Oberon. was much more con
spicuous in Puck. Puck as th<
clou of the play -was assimilati d to the
human beings in his " gel up," allow. .1
to retain his natural compL nion end
dressi d in si irlel with black trimmin
.Mr. I ronald ( lalthrop worked hard, and
then- was no lackof happy touches, bu« he
never seemed to hil the mark. Mi- g< m
appt arance su mbinat
Paderev ski and Rti nw w< [pet • w hich in
n we cannot but think unfortunate.
There was no touch in him of genuine,
spontaneous misohievousness, or of the
240
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
woodland spirit, or of rustic humour. He
was nearer a clown than an elf, and despite
his praiseworthy antics suggested more
-distinctly than did any other figure
indoor life — the life of a comfortable,
bourgeois interior, from which, like a
naughty boy, he had run away without
his hat. This jarred against the verses
provided for him : these, indeed, he
rendered on occasion admirably, but even
more unequally than the others, and some-
times actually with heaviness — which is
the more pity because the play, as a plajr,
depends greatly on the satisfactoriness of
Puck.
The night-scene, with the " bank where-
on the wild thyme blows," was charming.
Mr. Nigel Playfair as Bottom was great,
and in general Quince (Mr. Arthur
Whitby), Snug (Mr. Neville Gartside),
Flute (Mr. Leon Quartermaine), Snout
■(Mr. Stratton Rodney), and Starveling
(Mr. H. O.Nicholson) were all that could
Tr>e desired. Mr. Baliol Holloway as
Theseus started rather woodenly, but im-
proved in everyway as the play went on.
Miss Laura Cowie's Hermia contributed
the most markedly " twentieth-century "
■element to the whole. Her appearance
was like a resume in one person of the
prettiest and most up-to-date ladies on
recent posters, and her playing was delight-
ful. Miss Lillah McCarthy gave Helena
& dignity which redeemed the absur-
dity of the part by rendering the incon-
gruity just faintly distressing — an effect
which was excellently calculated, being
nowhere over-emphasized.
The last act, where the ducal party
recline on couches in front of the stage,
with their backs to the auditorium,
and watch ' Pyramus and Thisbe ' per-
formed on the terrace of the palace, is
one of the most admirably devised and
most tellingly enacted scenes of recent
contrivance, and the close of the play is
beautifully, if a little over-seriously
imagined.
The total impression it leaves with one
is that of something in itself rich, graceful,
and authentic as a work of art, but having
in many parts as slender a relation as is
well possible to the spirit of the play as
it is expressed in the text, and diverging
from it chiefly in the direction of too much
solemnity.
Bramattc Gossip.
'The Melting-Pot, ' Mr. ZangwhTs
remarkable racial play recently introduced
to an English audience by the Play Actors,
is now being presented to a larger public
at the Queen's Theatre. Its many interest-
ing features should commend it to those
to whom the theatre does not ordinarily
make a great appeal. A second visit only
•deepens the impression of its sincerity and
vitality.
Miss Nolan O'Connor as the Irish maid-
■of-all-work. Miss Inez Bensusan as the old
.Jewess, Mr. Clifton Alderson, and Miss
( Jillian Scaife were all in the original cast,
as was also Miss Phyllis Relph, who now
acts with additional distinction the part of
Vera Revendal. Mr. Walter Whiteside,
who replaces Mr. Harold Chapin as David
Quixano, musical genius and prophet, has
played that character during the long
American run which preceded the English
production. His is a striking performance,
obviously founded on careful study. He
never quite convinces us, however, of the
boy's genius, and does little to sustain the
illusion of his virtuosity. The festal music
played "on " is a poor piece of mimicry.
The high spirits, too, which, according to
the author's direction, his entry is supposed
to bring, are but faintly suggested, and the
tender passages as he interprets them are
apt to provoke a smile from the unkind.
Mr. Edward Cass, by another change in
the programme, plays the Russian baron,
director of the Kishineff massacres, the
grim tragedy described with such awful
intensity by David. Here Mr. Whiteside
excelled.
Five years ago the People's Free Theatre
Company was founded by Miss Gwendolen
Bishop in order to present masterpieces of
classical drama to working-class audiences,
and the response has been most encouraging
from the start. The play selected this year
is Euripides's ' Trojan Women,' and the
first performance took place last Saturday
at the Mansfield House University Settle-
ment in Canning Town. The play was
simply and barely presented against a back-
ground of drab hangings, which harmonized
well with its unrelieved gloom. Miss Jean-
ette Sherwin sustained the exacting part
of Hecuba with remarkable flexibility of
voice and expression ; whilst the intensity
of her scorn for Odysseus and her fierce
invective against Helen compelled admira-
tion. Miss Sherwin should be heard of in
the future.
Miss Bishop gave a gravely tender render-
ing of Andromache ; and Astyanax, delight-
fully played by a boy of six, added a much-
needed human touch to the play. The
actors did justice to the music of Prof.
Gilbert Murray's translation, and it was not
their fault if occasionally the click of a
rhyme seemed to detract a little from the
dignity of tragedy.
It should be added that the audience were
very quiet during the play, and enthu-
siastic afterwards. Though their impression
might be somewhat confused, it was evident
that they hard felt the beauty and the pathos
of the play. Miss Bishop's belief in the
ability of the working-classes to appreciate
the best in art was justified, as it has been
before.
Canon Hannay's ' General John Regan '
is having in the West of Ireland a curiously
diversified reception. At Westport. where
the author was rector for twenty-one years,
the audience became strangely infuriated,
rushed the stage, set themselves to destroy
the scenery, and in particular attacked the
actor who was playing the Roman priest,
tore off his collar, and solemnly burnt it.
The police were quite unable to control the
crowd, which yielded only to the remon-
strances of the Administrator of Westport,
Father Canavan.
The other towns visited by the play in its
tour were Kilkenny, Galway, Castlebar,
Ennis, and Sligo. At the last two it met
with a welcome, at Kilkenny with only half
approval ; Galway was unfriendly, and
Castlebar even hostile. The explanation
offered by the press is that the people are
sensitive about representations on the stage
of the Roman priesthood, and in some places
more acutely so than in others.
Sib George Alexander proposes, when
j the run of ' The Attack ' is finished at the
j St. James's, to follow it with ' The Two
Virtues,' a play by Mr. Alfred Sutro.
On Saturday next Mr. Cyril Harcourt's
comedy ' A Pair of Silk Stockings ' begins
at the Criterion.
At the Royalty ' The Pursuit of Pamela '
ends on the same day. Its place will be
taken a week later by ' Peggy and h^r Hus-
band,' a comedy by Mr. Joseph Keating.
The next production of " The Play
Actors " will be ' The King,' a play by
Bjornson, translated by Mr. P'arquharson
Sharp. This will be given on the night of
Sundav. the 22nd inst., and the following
day in the afternoon.
A rather interesting case on copyright in
plays was concluded last week, when judg-
ment was given for Mr. Robbins, the defend-
ant, against Miss Rosemary Rees, who
alleged that, his play ' The Beggar Girl's
Wedding ' was taken from a work of her own.
The most instructive part of the proceedings
was the illustration afforded of the strict
continuance of a rigid and elaborate con-
vention in what Mr. Justice Warrington
called " the class of rough or East-End
melodrama." His lordship gave a full and
neat account of the convention — the three
pairs of characters : hero and heroine ;
inale and female villains ; and the two
" comics," whose function is to relieve the
melodramatic gloom, and also " to hold the
stage • in front while something happened
behind which might disturb a more serious
act." To these must be added the second
leading lady and gentleman, who assist
generally, and the " character " part, to
which is commonly annexed an inconvenient
acquaintance with past details of the villain's
career. A point perhaps less generally
familiar, which the Judge brought out, is
the convention that one move of the villain
should be defeated at the end of each act.
Like a Greek tragedy, this " rough East-End
melodrama " depends more on the satis-
faction of time-honoured expectations than
on evoking surprise at novelty.
It may be worth while to notice Mr. Justice
Warrington's reiteration of what had been
admitted in Corelli v. Gray, that a copyright
is not infringed if the same result is reached
from independent sources, so that a de-
fendant produces something like the work of
a plaintiff.
To Correspondents.— H. H. J.— W. B.— J. M. B.—
D. A. T— J H. -Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAOE
Authors' Agents 217
Catalogues .. 218
Church League for Women's Suffrage .. ..244
CLARK 219
Educational 217
Eno's Fruit Salt 242
Gardner, Darton & Co 241
Grevel & Co. . 219
Heath, Cranton & Ouseley 241
Heffer <fe Sons 242
Heinemann 241
Inquirer - ■• 243
Jenkins ~ •- •• 2-°,
Lectures ~ - -.21/
Macmillan & Co 220
Miscellaneous 21'
Printers 217
Provident Institutions 242
Putnam's Sons 243
Sales by Auction 218
Saturday Review 243
Scott 220
Shipping - 242
Situations Vacant 217
Situations Wanted 217
Societies .. _ 217
Times Book Club 219
Type-Writers, &c 217
Whitaker _ 243
No. 4503, Feb. 14, 1914
THE A Til ENiEUM
241
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SUPPLEMENT TO
No. 4503.
THE ATHEN2EUM
IRclatinG to XTbcolooical Xitei;
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 1914.
THEOLOGICAL SUPPLEMENT.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
The Task of Theology in the Twentieth Century 245
Modern Views and Discissions (The Interregnum ;
Churches in the Modern State ; Studies in Modern-
ism ; sturiies in New Testament Thought ; Manuals
for Christian Thinkers ; Latest Light on Bible
Lands ; Relations of Science and Religion ; Faith
and Reality ; Our Task in India) . . 246—249
The Old Tkstament (The Faith of the Old Testa-
ment ; Layman's Old Testament ; Religious Ideas
of the Old Testament ; Literature of the Old
Testament ; Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah)
250—251
The Message of Jesus (The Last Discourse of our
Lord ; The Esoh:itology of Jesus ; Unwritten Say-
ings of our Lord) 252—254
St. Pail and the Early Church (The Teaching of
Paul ; St. Paul and Mvsterv-Religions ; Rome,
St. Paul, and the Early Church) .. .. 254—256
Mf.mbers One of Another 256
THE TASK OF THEOLOGY IX THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY.
Many proofs come before us of interest
in religion ; and therewith in theology,
which is an attempt (never quite successful)
to state religion in scientific terms. Books
on all sides of this topic would not con-
tinue to be published in such numbers
were there not readers for some of them.
No single point of view may be
accepted by all, or even predominantly.
Still, one may be certain that so vast
an output implies a very widespread
interest. Tiiis is the more noteworthy as
many nowadays treat theology as entirely
outworn, a mere survival with no attrac-
tion for any modern man or woman. That
( mnot be the case. This wide and diverse
literature must perforce have a public
tar more varied than the spinsters of
Bournemouth or the curates of Plymouth.
The books which form the matter of this
Supplement give some notion of the width
ami ran'_r»- of the subjects now treated
under the head of theology. In truth, the
1. i -would find himself deceived if he
wen- limited in his notice even by a
list so comprehensive.
Theology being a departmental study
concerned only with its own interests;
rather it involves — directly or indirectly
— nearly every branch of human science.
What is less patent in these books
i- the iK-aring on it of the kindred
pursuits of art and literature. No greater
error can be made than that of i'_rnorin'_r
the importance, for the religions in-
'igator, of artistic and poetic ideals.
Th<- renaissance of poetry, about which
we hear so much, is a part of the same
spiritual movement which displays itself
on another side as a revival in religions
interest.
Experts in criticism or comparative
religion — and especially the theological
schools of the Universities — are, in our
judgment, making a great mistake in
ignoring the religious significance of writers
like Mr. H. G. Wells or books like the
anthology of ' Georgian Poetry.' One of
the first elements in the equipment of
every modern theologian ought to be a
first-hand acquaintance with the popular
novels and dramas of the day. Religion,
when it is vital, tends ever to be pro-
phetic ; and who shall deny the prophetic
character to many of our best-known
writers ?
For, as we have said, this revived in-
terest in religion is a fact. It need not,
and does not always, mean a revived
orthodoxy, though doubtless orthodox
Christianity reaps part of the harvest of
the new spirit. It does not always mean
religious belief, even of the nebulous kind ;
for it can be fostered out of purely
scientific curiosity, as the study of a
human phenomenon, all the more attractive
if the student happens to think that we
are at the end of a specifically religious
force. This is most apparent in fields
such as those of the comparative study
of early religions and in some of the. works
on the " Psychology of Religious Experi-
ence." But the point to note is the selection
of this interest by an increasing number
of persons, and the vast amount of new
knowledge, both external and internal,
that is pouring in upon the world. There
is new historical knowledge, new anthropo-
logical knowledge, new psychological know-
ledge, and fresh knowledge of texts and
documents ; besides the vast increase in
range of Oriental studies, and the expan-
sion of our acquaintance with the mystery-
religions.
It is impossible to say in what way
this vast inrush of knowledge is going
to affect traditional standpoints. We do
not pretend to predict how the various
problems will ultimately be solved, but
we can indicate one or two important
considerations, the weight of which will
be apparent to any one who reads the
signs of the times.
There is first, and perhaps at this
moment foremost, the impact of com-
parative religion. Years ago Creighton
discerned the importance of this, and
it is now patent to all. Are the tradi-
tional religious organizations going to
find therein a further Bupport '. Or
will it bave a solvent influence, leading,
perhaps to a general estimate of the
value of religion, bul to a diminished
-■use of the iin port ance of any one
now existing i Again, our horizons are
widened. Tin- COnple of millennium- that
have scarcely elapsed since the birth of
Christ Bee
to our fat Ik
to shrink before
>egun
indeed.
our eyes, and
Mr. Bernard Shaw has helped as much as
any one to bring this vividly to light.
Is Christianity to be what it claims to be,
the central fact in the spiritual experi-
ence of humanity, or is it only one episode
soon to pass ? Obviously if, as Christians
claim, it be the first, the Christian Church
has a great work before it in the assimila-
tion of all this new matter, and some of
the attempts at this work are to be seen
among the books reviewed.
Another fact emerges of no less sig-
nificance. " Christianity is Christ " has
been the cry for some time, and every
other element in historical Christianity
has been regarded as having worth only
in so far as it helped better to express a
living faith in Christ. Now, however, an
American philosopher, quite independent
of ecclesiastical attachments, has come
forward to argue that the person of the
Founder is of no importance at all, and
that the whole notion is summed up in
the claim of loyalty to a great community,
and thus Church authority' seems coming
to its own once more, and that in an age
singularly impatient of authority.
But that raises an even more vital
problem. If Christianity be above all
things fellowship and a sense of brother-
hood, how can the Churches reassert for
themselves a position which they have
lost ? No one can say that at this moment
the average man in the street feels that the
Christian Church is promoting this sense ot
fellowship. It may be that he is wrong —
that he ought to feel it. Put he does not.
The ordinary working-man is probably
of Mr. Bernard Shaw's opinion, that
" all religious organizations have sold
themselves to the rich." However power-
ful the individual exceptions to this rule
may be, it can hardly be denied that
there is ground for this as a rough generali-
zation. If Christianity is to be what it
claims to be, it will have to adjust it-. II
far more drastically than it has yet done
to the new movements in favour of social
justice, and to cease to wear that aspect
of patronage with which, even in its more
self-denyin<r forms, it often presents itself to
the poor. Books noticed in these columns
bear w itness to this claim.
A Further important matter i- the
resurrection of the layman. Some of the
books here discussed, and not the leasl
important of them, are by laj mi a. There
appear grounds for taking Dr. Bill's
■ Interregnum ' as an earnest of the fact
that most of the best apologetic is
i»einLr done by laymen; and we notice
to-day a volume in a new ' Layman
Library," which testifies to the same
246
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, Feb. 14, 1914
interest. Another book reviewed here,
that of Dr. Figgis on ' Churches in the
Modern State,' declares that the Church
of the future must be a layman's Church,
although the writer does not mean to
abolish the ecclesiastic. More and more
does it appear that the layman is going
to count in the future ; and even Papal
encyclicals cannot alter this return to the
primitive custom.
This book is only one of the many
evidences of the problem of the Churches
in relation to the State, which Dr. Figgis
asserts to be but a particular case of the
problem of the relation of smaller societies
to the communitas communitatum. We
say nothing as to the thesis developed in
that book ; but the problem to which it
draws attention is obviously one of the
most urgent in modern society.
The truth is that the whole of the
Western world is in a condition of crisis,
of fever, of opportunity. Theolog3r re-
flects this condition and shares it ; we
are witnessing the birth-throes of a new
world. That is the explanation of the
apparent anarchy of the day — an anarchy
of thought first and foremost, but likely
soon to be one of practice and morals.
What the new world will be like we dare
not prophesy. Meanwhile, it is very
interesting to be alive. Part of this
interest has begun to attach even to
theology, and, if theology becomes quick-
ened with a genuine religious and social
enthusiasm, and it shakes off the aca-
demic incubus, there may be in store for
it even greater triumphs than its votaries
themselves could forecast.
MODERN VIEWS AND DISCUSSIONS.
The study of Apologetics has attracted
many laymen, and they have taken no
mean part in adding to its literature.
The philosophy of religion gains by their
excursions, for they bring to it, not the
language and categories of the profes-
sional theologian, but a fresh and often
a wise training. Dr. Hill's book ' The
Interregnum ' is a worthy contribution.
It consists of twelve essays on religious
The Interregnum. By R. A. P. Hill. (Cain-
bridge University Press, 4s. 6c?. net.)
Churches in the Modern State. By John
Neville Figgis. (Longmans & Co.)
Studies in Modernism. By the Rev. Alfred
Fawkes. (Smith, Elder & Co., 10s. 6c?. net.)
Studies in Christian Truth. By the Rev.
H. R. Mackintosh. (Student Christian
Movement, 8c?. net.)
Studies in New Testament Thought. By
Rev. B. K. Cunningham. (Same pub-
lishers, 8c?. net.)
Manuals for Christian Thinkers. — The Old
Testament and Archaeology. By C. L.
Bedale. The Books of the New Testament.
By J. S. Banks. (C. H. Kelly, Is. net each.)
The Latest Light on Bible Lands. By P. S. P.
Handcock. (S.P.C.K., 6s. net.)
The Present Relations of Science and Religion.
By T. G. Bonney. (Robert Scott, 5s. net.)
Faith and Reality. By J. Hilton Stowell.
(Same publisher, 3s. 6c?. net.)
Our Task in India. By Bernard Lucas.
(Macmillan & Co., 2s._6c?. net.)
doubt. These " were not written to prove
Christianity," he tells us, for he rightly
believes that it is neither desirable nor
possible " to make a man a Christian
by argumentation." They have been
designed to help a class of men at a
particular stage in their mental and
religious development — the stage
" when the old beliefs and sanctions of
childhood are lost, and they have not yet
had time to form new views of their own."
That is the Interregnum ; and Dr. Hill's
aim is to help his fellows over its troub-
lous and momentous times. He warns
us that the " meagre, outline Chris-
tianity " presented in his essays is not
his final, full-orbed faith, but rather the
minimum to which he would ask allegiance
from the perplexed and wavering.
The first part of the book has as its
object to show that
" it is a natural, right, reasonable, and desir-
able thing for a man who would follow ' the
good ' to associate himself sympathetically
with Christians as a Christian during the
interregnum, even when the balance of
evidence may seem to him against Chris-
tianity."
Later a case is made out for Christianity
against rival systems now in vogue. Dr.
Hill is hard on the clerical apologist.
Much that is taught in theological schools
does not go to the root of the matter,
and is useful only for " skirmishing " ;
while some of the apologetics " recom-
mended by well - known preachers and
evangelists is positively dishonest." We
hope that his verdict is too sweeping.
One essay deals with Faith, three with
various kinds of Belief, and three Avith
Creeds. Faith " is the assumption under-
lying the course to which a man chooses
to commit himself." It is the most
fundamental thing in Christianity, and
it produces the cardinal parts of doctrine
by its reaction on the indisputable facts
of life. We are morally justified, Dr. Hill
tells us, in'ehoosing to follow the highest
and to maintain the beliefs involved in it,
irrespective of the tl conclusions about the
universe " forced on us by our intellects.
These beliefs are of three kinds — funda-
mental, adjuvant, and accessory. Adju-
vant beliefs are the implications of the
desire to follow the highest, and amongst
them are the anthropomorphic figure of
thought, the practice of Bible-reading,
prayer, and association with others for
religious matters. It is characteristic of
Dr. Hill that he believes the first of these
has " complete justification from the
usage of mathematics," an ally which has
already served him in making immortality
a fundamental belief. The miraculous
element in the Gospels provides an illus-
trative discussion of accessory beliefs,
and introduces questions on which Dr. Hill,
as a man of science, can speak with autho-
rity. Like man}r other apologists of
modern times, he fastens on David Hume.
" It will be seen at once [he says] that too
rigorous an application of Hume's doctrine
would produce an absolutely unprogressive
science. Its canon would be closed, and
would claim an infallibility beyond that of
any Bible, Church, or Pope."
The author is happy in his chapters on
Creeds, which are the media of communica-
tion of beliefs. " No article of a creed
is of religious value, or can be, unless it
can influence conduct " ; and the utmost
caution should be used in the adoption of
any creed, for its value lies in its conver-
sion into belief.
" The historic doctrines [he says] are
venerable, not because they are old, but
because they represent the experience of
the spiritual geniuses of the world, men of
many temperaments and ages, but real, living,
flesh - and - blood men, faced with peren-
nially recurring difficulties and problems
.... mostly much the same as those we meet
with to-day."
Dr. Hill has enough wisdom and his-
toric sense to remind us that, as our
thought and language will be classed as
old-fashioned by succeeding generations,
we need not be deterred by the ephemeral
characteristics of bygone confessions. It
is his opinion that the adoption of the
essential doctrines of Christianity " saves
a man's view of life from futility." He
has much that is wise to say on the differ-
ence between the fact and the theory of
Atonement, as well as on the dangers of
making Eternal Punishment a vital article
of Christian faith.
The second part of Dr. Hill's book is
less important. He discusses at some
length the claims of the " moral sense,"
and he pitches these claims high. He
adduces evidence to show that men of
science, on the whole, have been in favour
of the main portions of Christian doctrine,
and he seeks to blunt the barb which
Determinism points at the faith of the
Church.
We believe that Dr. Hill has succeeded
as well as most in keeping an open door
for those who would enter the kingdom
of Christian belief, and we approve his
desire that
" the openness of mind of the interregnum
should remain through life as a broad-
minded sympathy with the difficulties and
different views of others."
At times the author's illustrations do not
convince, and his mathematical equations
seem out of place. He has left some
questions without a sufficient answer.
He has not, for example, adequately dis-
cussed the relation of his " moral sense "
to reason ; he might be hard pushed, too,
by pertinent questions regarding his
exact selection of adjuvant and accessory
beliefs. But no apologetic yet con-
structed is perfectly unbiased, and it
may be doubted if unbiased apologetic
is either possible or desirable. Dr. Hill's
book savours of Pragmatism ; but the
spirit of William James is characteristic
of our age, and it is a mark of true apolo-
getic that it reflects prevailing tendencies.
Whether he writes on history or on
religion, Dr. Figgis is always interesting
and attractive. He knows so many of
the old waiters (ecclesiastical and his-
torical) that he has learnt some of their
quaintnesses, and come to know how to
give " a privie nippe " to an opponent
with the best of them. But he is also
SVh'lkmknt, Fi.ii. 14, 1014]
Til E A Til EN & I'M
247
steeped in modern literature, and he is
able, indifferently, to imitate to the life
the style of the Bishop of Oxford or
Mr. Bernard Shaw, while he is never
without a touoh of the manner of Maitlancl
or Lord Acton. Any one who takes up a
book of his may be quite sure that he will
not find himself engulfed in a mire of
dull reading. He may think his author
disagreeable or shallow, arrogant or flip-
pant ; but he certainly will not think him
uninteresting. We find ourselves gener-
ally in agreement with the writer, so our
enjoyment of his books is the keener and
less critical. When we do criticize, it is
as though we found faults in a friend
whom we know very well and regard
very highly. This position Dr. Figgis has
won for himself by the thoroughness, as
well as the eleverness, of his literary work.
" Churches in the Modern State ' is
made up chiefly of four lectures delivered
at Gloucester more than two years ago.
Dr. Figgis tells us that he has rewritten
them since they were delivered, but they
still bear the marks of a date which, in
our rapid movement, we have left behind ;
nor has he always revised them even
in trivial matters : he speaks, e.g., still
of " Canon Hensley Henson." It is
nothing to the author's discredit that
they are less full in treatment than
some of his earlier volumes. We find
repetitions in the book, and a certain
amount of irrelevance to the main issue.
It was quite a good thing to reprint as an
appendix a long paper from the Trans-
actions of the Royal Historical Society.
though practically all that it says is said
more briefly in one of the lectures them-
selves ; and there was no harm in repro-
ducing from The Guardian the interesting
reminiscences and criticisms in which a
clever and candid disciple summed up his
memories of Cieighton and Maitland and
Acton, though there is something in
them which we should like to contest.
The hook would have been short without
them ; that is the main, and not in-
sufficient, defence.
The four lectures themselves are en-
titled ' A Free Church in a Free State/
' The Great L»-\ iathan ' ' The Civic Stand-
point,' ' Ultramontanism.' They start
from an emphatic statement of the in-
dependence of the Church, not in itself
or by virtue of its peculiar functions, but
simply as a corporation or commvnitas,
and as having a rUrht. as such, to separate
rules and separate rights. Dr. Figgis
attracts attention at once by a sharp
criticism of Mr. Justice hailing. He does
of aourse, with a touch of that exag-
ration which is natural to him when he
wants to score a point. The judge, he
declare-. Btated that a law of God had
Keen altered by an Act of Parliament.
What he iealK -aid was that an alteration
hail been made with regard to a particular
marriage " which before was contrary to
the Law of Cod merthi because, the statute,
condemned U a* such" which, whether
true or not. is a very different thing. Bui
this is only the I i - ~ t Blast of the Trumpet
against the Monstrous Regiment of the
Lawyers,
The reasoned position of the write!
is a more serious and a much more
convincing matter. He points out, to
begin with, that the recognition of the
claim lie makes for the Church is in no
wise dependent on questions of Establish-
ment or Disestablishment: Scotland, and
Other countries, afford proof of this, in
different ways. " Establishment " is a
misleading word, and one that, in the
sense in which it is used popularly to-day.
would have been quite unintelligible in the
Middle Ages. Partly in consequence of
this fallacious view, lawyers have grown
to deny to the Church any real inherent
life. Dr. Figgis quotes Prof. Dicey to that
effect ; but in doing so he exaggerates
the view of the Professor. " It is clear."
he says, " that the writer deprecates the
notion that the Christian Church can have
a higher law than that of the State."
This is hardly so ; all he does is to say
that it may have a different one. And
in his Erastianism does Prof. Dicey go
so far as Hobbes ?
Again, Dr. Figgis appears to be very
angry, and even rather contemptuous,
because a member of Parliament, who
represents a great University
" denied that it was in the power or right
of any Church to superadd its own conditions
on what the law considered to be sufficient
in the case of civil marriage " —
surely an obvious fact ; and he asserts it
to be clear
" that on this principle the Christian Church
in its early development wTas acting wrongly
in establishing for its own members a higher
standard of morality than that of the
Pagan world."
The italics are ours, but they seem to
show that Dr. Figgis has misconceived
the member of Parliament, and is tilting
against a windmill. But when he warms
to his work Dr. Figgis makes no such slips'.
He explains his contention by the Free
Church case, after reminding us of an
argument of Lord Haldane's " designed to
show that from the higher Hegelian stand-
point Calvinism and Arminianism were
really the same thing." He illustrates
it by the Law of the Associations and
that of Separation in France —
" under the former the property of the
English Benedictines was confiscated, al-
though they had settled in France for a
perfectly lawful purpose and on the faith
of State protection, ft was made criminal
for men or women to live together in a
common life; without special leave obtained
from the Government " ;
by the statements as well as the policy
»i' M. Combes; and he finds, with obvious,
even if pardonable exaggeration, in the
famous statement of a deputy, " We have
extinguished in heaven those lights which
men -hall never lighl again," the " clear
evidence " of a definitely organized at-
tempt •■ to set ii]) a Posith ist State
church." He tells again the history of
the Kultur-Kampf, and declares thai
there is no security, in England or else-
where that tin' ( hiireh establish* d or dis-
established, will he allowed the possession
of corporate freedom. Any real Bocial
entity or any standard oi docti ine <"' dis-
cipline is denied to the Church by popular
opinion : the action of the bishop of
Hereford in inviting Dissenters to Com-
munion, and tin writings of Mr. Janus
Thompson, are quoted as instances. Dr.
Figgis says, happily, that
" the hopeless Confusion of thought between
the right of the individual to choose for
QJmseli and his right to remain in a society
pledged to one thing while he hin. self is
pledged to the opposite would he incredible
w ere it not so u iclespread.''
He concludes, then, that in the assertion
of the Church's liberty he is concerned,
not with details of ecclesiastical privilege,
" hut with the very nature of the cor-
porate life of men, and therefore with t la-
tino nature of the State." Whai he 8( t>
out to refute is the view of M. Emile
Combes that
"there are, there can be, no rights except
the rights of the State, and there can be no
other authority than the authority of the
Republic."
In his interesting attack on this view he
shows it to be ultimately the same as
Ultramontanism ; while he himself claims
liberty for the Church on exactly the same
grounds as the Taff Vale case shows it
to be claimed for trade unions. From
this point he is largely dependent on
Gierke, and we entirely agree with him
that the whole of that illuminative writer's
work on political theory should be trans-
lated.
It is certainty true that the relations
between Church and State cannot be made
an isolated case in political philosophy.
That was the whole meaning of Ansehn's
conflict with the two Norman kings,
though, strangely enough, Dr. Figgis
never mentions him. These relations are
but one aspect of the whole question of
liberty ; they go down to the very basis
of the constitution of civil society and the
nature of man as a political animal. In
many of the assertions of the m< d< m
Church she is simply the champion of a
liberty which, it was supposed, was won
for every man as an indi\ idual, and could
not be denied to societies, which have, as
Hobbes well knew, though he resisted the
consequences, an organic life.
That is the main contention of this book ;
and it is sound. But Dr. Figgis's theory
sometimes involves him (or he- thinks it
does) in strange consequences. Tin b, when
he finds the State in legislation taking a
view which is contrary to the Christian —
or the Church's— moral teaching, he thinks
that a Christian " OUghl not to he asked
to oppose" such legislation ""on grounds
of lovaltv to the Church " ; and he adds :
•• What I object to being asked to do is
to vote one way or the other on account of
n \ < hurchmanship in matters which concern
the life of million- of people, many of whom
have tiot the smallest intention of ever being
c hurc ho en. The ( hristian law is the law
of ( In i-t ians : who n aj be w iae and righl
for ., i„,dv of nil faiths and every fad is no
matter for the < hristian < hurch to de< ide."
This seems to abandon any belii f in the re
being an absolute standard of morality.
,,, , ,, I, a progressive one. as it . . rtainly
aim. gat< - the i" -ition which Christianity
8
248
T II E A T II E NtEUM
[Supplement, Feu. 14, 1914
has always assumed, of being the teacher
of the nations. It is difficult to under-
stand why Dr. Figgis can object to being
asked to vote for a proposal which embodies
Christian moral teaching, or to vote against
one which runs counter to it. He would
not believe in Christian morals (or, at least,
as a Christian does) unless he thought
them good for all men. Why then should
he deny to the cause of morality his vote
for or against a particular measure ?
He may not wish to enforce his own views
on others outside the Christian Church ;
but undoubtedly he must wish that the
State should act on Christian principles.
Should he not then desire to influence the
State in that direction ?
When he goes on to apply this view to
social legislation, he seems to us to assume
a position which, from the Christian point
of view, is grotesque. " I do not think,"
he says, that
" any policy ought to be forwarded by the
Church as a corporate society, and imposed
in its name, in a State of which Church-
manship has no longer anything to do with
the qualifications of a citizen."
He would thus, we presume, not have the
Church as a corporate society oppose
slavery, or the White Slave Traffic, or
unfettered freedom of gambling. He even
says : —
" I do not see how such things can be
preached to an agnostic or a hedonist ;
they are absurd on his principles."
It is a curious reaction of modern
individualism (and it sounds contrary,
by the way, to Dr. Figgis's corporate
feeling) which brings a man to argue that
nothing is to be preached to persons
" outside " which they are not ready to
accept. The Christian aim has in the
past certainly not been to accommodate
its morals to the principles of others, but
by its preaching to alter the principles of
the world into the principles of Christ.
' Studies in Modernism ' by the Rev.
Alfred Fawkes, is made up of essays from
quarterly reviews, most of them from The
Quarterly and The Edinburgh. The earlier
papers, we are told, were " written from the
standpoint of a Roman Catholic, desirous,
if not very hopeful, of reconciling the
Roman Catholic standpoint with accept-
ance of the methods and results of historical
and critical science " ; the later essays,
" from a position of greater freedom."
The writer's aim, we are also told, was
to see things as they are ; and it is his
belief that the difference between the
perspective of the earlier and the later
papers is slight. All his readers will
approve of his literary object, and most
will admit that he has largely achieved
it ; but the dual outlook is at times
puzzling. One cannot conveniently view-
theology from two " standpoints " with-
out change of vision.
It is always difficult to find a title
for essays that have been gathered
from various sources, and probably
" Modernism " is as suitable as any ;
but it is somewhat inexact and misleading.
Historically, we know what Modernism
is, and can trace it to its origin ; but at
times our author means by it something
much wider and more significant than
the by-product of the Renaissance pon-
tificate of Leo XIII. Oftener than not
it represents the attitude towards Church
and creed of the modern man imbued
by the spirit of loyalty to the findings of
history, science, and culture that are freed
from the shackles of authority — Roman
or Protestant. This is evident from the
almost motley character of the page of
' Contents.' Anatole France, Fjmile
Faguet, and Zola come between three
liberal theologians and six essays on
phases of dogmatism, and the whole is
completed by a criticism of Mrs. Hum-
phry Ward's evangel.
Mr. Fawkes is at his best in his studies
of character, and his papers on Tyrrell
and M. Loisy are particularly good. They
represent types that appeal to his in-
tellect and sympathy, and he has much
to say of them that is both shrewd and
illuminating. Tyrrell's was not a happy
life ; as a Churchman he lost his way,
and to the end he was a stranger and a
wanderer. Miss Petre's ' Life ' makes
that plain, and our author resorts to
psychology for his commentary. In a
comparison with Newman, the " most
self-centred " of men, Tyrrell is the
" most selfless." The former was a
Puritan in temperament ; the latter was
a curious Greek — both were painfully
introspective.
There was always something incalcu-
lable in Tyrrell. Shy and sensitive as
he was, he could deal trenchant blows
at opponents, as Cardinal Mercier knew,
for he was a Newman in dialectic. He
showed little mercy in historical judg-
ment, as a quotation from his ' Medieval-
ism ' will prove : —
" Not till the world learns to look to Rome
as the home of truthfulness and straight
dealing will it ever learn to look to her as
the citadel of truth."
For Mr. Fawkes, Tyrrell was a con-
structive and conservative critic who was
not deterred by fear of consequences, but
followed where thought led. The verdict
is substantially true, though one must
look narrowly at the word tl conservative."
Intellectually he was advanced, and no
Church could have delivered him from
the irksome bondage against wrhich he
finally rebelled. Catholicism may repre-
sent " an arrested development," and to
develope it may be to break with it ; yet
most men are Protestant or Catholic
not by argument, but by temperament.
Despite his fateful criticism of the Ency-
clical ' Pascendi, ' Tvrrell was to the last
a Catholic.
One need not expect an essayist to
say much that is novel in regard
to Newman, and Mr. Fawkes adds
little to our knowledge ; but his selec-
tion of important points is unerring,
and he is as sympathetic as he is pene-
trating. It may be true, as Gladstone
said, that Newman placed Christianity
on the edge of a precipice, Huxley might
have compiled his primer of infidelity
from the Cardinal's apologetics, Stanley
and Pattison may not have been wrong
when they beheld a different Church of
England had the convert to Rome read
German ; but such criticisms point to the
one significant truth that Newman, who
could have made most men Charles
Kingsleys in debate, distrusted his own
weapon of reasoning, and regarded it as
little more than sophistry. " The tragedy
of Newman's life," as our author character-
istically writes, tk is that with his rare gifts,
his in many ways unsurpassed powers,
and his unique personality, he was the
father of them that look back."
One suspects that Mr. Fawkes finds
satisfaction in repeating Gottfried Arnold's
paradox that " the true Church in every
generation is to be found with those who
have just been excommunicated from the
actual Church," for a sympathetic and
suggestive paper on M. Loisy follows hard
on Newman and Tyrrell. He properly
pointed out what has not been often seen,
that, though M. Loisj^'s reputation and ex-
communication rest on his Biblical criti-
cism, he is not so much a critic as a
philosopher. Despite the Vatican and
its ruthless dealing, he has achieved
a philosophic defence of Catholicism that
ranks with the ' Essay on Development.'
He has insisted on the necessity of treating
Christianity in strict relation to the
Christian community ; and he has re-
pudiated the fashionable attempt to select
one satisfying feature of Christianity and
label it as the " essence " or the kernel of
the whole. On these his notable con-
tributions to religious theory rest ; and
naturally they suggest to our author a com-
parison between him and Prof. Harnack,
and prepare the way for a neat use of
Jowett's criticism of Hegelianism.
Further essays deal with Leo XIII., who
" started with one great advantage : he
succeeded Pius IX." ; ' Pius X. and
France,' an expert review of recent
events ; ' Anatole France,' a stylist who
has now come into his own ; and k Faguet '
and ' Zola,' whose contributions to letters
include reflections on religious ideals.
Some of the later papers — those en
' Development,' ' Historical Christianity,'
' Evolution and the Church,' and ' The
Age of Reason ' — touch matters that appear
in the earlier reviews ; but all of them,
especially in their asides, if one may say
so, reveal a sufficient knowledge, breadth
of view, and ingenious criticism that
make them noteworthy. These ' Studies '
are a well-considered plea for liberalism
in theological matters, and while they
invite opposition, they demand attention.
The two booklets issued by the Stu-
dent Christian Movement suggest earnest
souls, though limited in outlook. The
Rev. H. R. Mackintosh in his ' Studies
in Christian Truth ' is not in touch with
human realities, although he claims inti-
macy with the divine. To say that
" guilt arises when an individual or society
fails in duty to God," and " we are self-
made men,' all of us," is to challenge
retorts from slum-dwellers. He shows
insufficient knowledge of other religions,
and even of developments in his own.
The constant harping on the sense of sin
Supplement. Feb. 11, UH4]
»p
P II E A Til K\ MV M
249
seems to the present reviewer unhealthy :
the attempt to disparage mankind which
is often made, and to insist on its
degradation instead of encouraging its
aspirations, will end in failure, if it has
not already done so.
The Rev. B. K. Cunningham in his
' Studies in New Testament Thought
rives daily readings, meditations, and
questions, with comments for circles of
students. All this seems elementary, the
onlv interesting suggestion being " Com-
pare and contrast the death of Christ
with that of Socrates." We confess that
we should like to see the results of this
inquiry.
The •" Manuals for Christian Thinkers "
serve a purpose hi giving information in a
condensed form. Mr. Bedale in ' The Old
Testament and Archaeology ' sketches the
condition of Canaan and the occupation
of its inhabitants, chiefly from material
supplied by Prof. Maealister. He gives
a different version of the Creation story,
and quotes Babylonian prayers and hymns.
The beauty of some of these will surprise
readers who have not seen them before.
Dr. Banks in ' The Books of the New
Testament ' gives notes on the writers,
dates, and doctrines of these books. Very
little critical spirit is shown, and the
following remark is typical : " Take away
Christianity, and the Old Testament is
left hanging in the air."
' The Latest Light on Bible Lands ' is
thoroughly good, and evinces both learn
ing and careful research. Xo prejudice
i- shown, but scarcely any controversial
matter is introduced. Mr. Handcock is
content mainly to let facts speak for them-
selves, as when he gives the similarities and
small differences between the Khammurabi
and Mosaic codes, but makes little com-
ment . The book is written for the ordinary
reader, and contains numerous illustra-
tions, many of which frequenters of the
British Museum will recognize, and we
pause in admiration of the real artistic
merit shown in some of the Assyrian
and Babylonian tablets. The book is
arranged historically, and with special
reference to the Israelites, whose story
has been amplified by the use of the
wonderful Babylonian cylinders and
tablets.
Excavations, the development of
modern science, the " higher criticism."
and philosophy are all data open to
Christian apol and their conclusions
may well profit from these directions of
advanced thought; yet the Rev. Prof.
Bonney actually remarks that " to know
what others have just been saying hampers
more than it helps me." and adds that
" the philosophy of a ienoe and of reli-
gion lie outside " his present purpose,
confessing that " questions of this kind "
have never attracted him. Then why
does he write a hook on ' The Present
Relations of Science and Religion i
The first chapters, giving an account of
the advance in Bcience and the position
of biology , form a useful resume* in ipii
their being collections of quotations and
of the unnecessarily long account, of the
well-known coincidence in Darwin's and
Wallace's ideas on the origin of species.
Put Boaroely any mention of theology is
made, and no refutation supplied of state-
ments, based on Scientific, facts, made
by Rationalists. The quotation from
'Creative Evolution9 gives a wrong
impression of "Prof. Bergson's meaning.
The grave discussion on miracles ends:—
*' It' we admit the possibility of any
revelation, we also admit that miracles....
cannot be summarily rejected as impossible."
Tile analogy of electricity, magnetism,
&C, is not convincing.
Prof. Bonney discusses the credibility
of Christianity in great detail, but makes
no connexion between these chapters and
the preceding ones. An instance of his
method is the following. He is speaking
of recognition after death : —
" It is, of course, possible that recognition
may be a consequence of some other attri-
bute than those dependent upon the sense
of sight, but is it not equally possible that
the appearance which one embodied spirit
presents to another in the life to come may
often be subjective rather than objective,
so that the same person may wear a dif-
ferent aspect to different individuals ?
Parents may seem young to the child whom
they lost in the earlier years of their married
life, and old to those wrho, some forty years
later, had been the solace of their ape.'
The author calls Christ the '; offering
for sin," and asserts that his own belief in
the
"great Christian verities .... those em-
bodied in the two great creeds of the Catholic
CI mrch, is greater than ever."
We leave him there, but we wish we
could more heartily agree with him in the
statement that the clergy especially
" have made it their business to secure
proper nursing and due medical care for the
sick, and to lighten t he burden of ill-health.
. . . .They have striven to understand the
needs of the labourer in the country, the
worker in the mine, and the artisan in
the city, and to become their helper and
friend."
In ' Faith and Reality ' Dr. Stowell is
philosophical in method, and he does
attempt to refute systems inimical to
Christianity, but he is confused in thought
and words, and does not fully comprehend
the systems he criticizes. He thinks
that " faith. .. .is an essential clement,
both subjectively and objectively, in the
approach to reality " ; but he changes his
ground in saying that
"finite persons live, move, and have their
being, only in their relationship to the
Absolute Person. This relationship is the
constructive principle of all reality, and is
sustained by the movement of faith."
The confusion between faith and the
object of faith continually occurs through-
out the book, notably BO when he speaks
of the systems " which would eliminate
Eaith," and includes among them pan-
theism, ethicism, and positivism, each of
which extols faith, though the object of
their faith i- not that of Christians. Dr.
Stowell is fair in general in his exposition
of systems other wan Christianity, though
it is a mistake to speak of " Comt B
refusal to look for caU8e in any cas •."
lie is not so successful in combating the
principles of these systems. Mis state-
ments concerning the intellect and its
powers are contradictory. He says: —
" The strictest inductive science for its own
advance must look to its inner possibilities
through fertility in hypothesis, through
(lashes of deduct ive insight, Suggesting new-
lines of induct ion " ;
and quotes Pergson, Kucken, and others
with approval when they assert that the
intellect, is inadequate for solving the
problems of lite ; yet he concludes that
"the question that intellect asks can be
answered only by intellect, though the
answer urges us with a still more compre-
hensive process than the intellectual."
We yield to the temptation to quote
from ' Creative Evolution ' : —
" There are things that intelligence alone
is able to seek, but which, by itself, it will
never find. These things instinct alone
could find ; but it will never seek them."
Dr. Stowell shows a wide sweep of
philosophical knowledge, but he carries us
back to the Middle Ages when he asserts
that moral evil originates with the devil,
who is personal.
All will admit the responsibility of Eng-
land for the true welfare and prosperity
of her Indian Empire. Now the religious
well-being of the native races is an essential
element in that welfare, and therefore
the missionary problem in India which
confronts the Christian Church is deeply
significant. The aim of Mr. Bernard Lucas
in ' Our Task in India ' is
" to give a fresh presentation of Indian
Missions. . . .more in accord with our modern
thought and feeling on the subject, and
to offer suggestions for its more effective
working."
Its opinions arc based on a lengthy experi-
ence of missionary labour, and are pub-
lished with the supreme desire for a
nobler Church and a worthier empire
in India.
Mr. Lucas's contribution depends on
a striking contrast which he makes
between two conceptions of Christian
activity, and these he names Proselytism
and Evangelism. He is careful in their
definition, and he does not carry the con-
trast too far, but he contends that these
stand for two attitude's ado]. ted by the
Church towards the Hindu. The dif-
ference in method represented by these
is traced back to the days of St. Paul,
whose success against the Jewish prose-
ivti/.ers was owing to his statesmanlike
Kvangelism. The' pertinent and oppor-
tune question which the author ask- is
" is our message of Chris! to India to
be confined within Western theological and
ecclesiastical moulds, a i onceindai
of being confined within Jewish mouli
,„■ is M o, be ;i message of spiritual life,
to l.e cast in fresh mould- winch Indian
religious though! and feelinj able to
I ,i..\ id«
'||„. final BU( or failure of Indian
missions, we are assured, depend- on the
answer. Even at it- best Proselytism
m.pli. - that one particular religion mu-t
250
THE A Til ENtEUM
[Supplement, Feb. 14, 1914
be advanced ; that the convert to that
religion must be separated from the
religious thought and feeling in which he
has been born and brought up ; and that
such a convert should unreservedly accept
the creed, ritual, and organization of his
new faith. Mr. Lucas contrasts the spirit
of such ideals with that of our Lord's
ministry, and it is the latter that helps him
to sketch the true Evangelism. It may
be that some races need first to be prose-
lytes before they can be converts ; but
Proselytism must " rise into Evangelism " ;
for, " where the mere Proselytist might
feel he had finished, the Evangelist would
probably feel he had hardly begun."
The author advocates the adoption of
the conception of evolution as a practical
working basis in the religious as in other
branches of human development.
" The true missionary evangelist recog-
nises in India a religious soul of a special
type, evolved and nurtured by the same
Divine Spirit which has evolved and nur-
tured his own."
The Hindu must be saved for and not
from India.
Enough has been said to indicate the
ideal which Mr. Lucas would set before
the Christian Church in its missionary
enterprise. In the light of this ideal he
discusses the motive of Evangelism, the
requisite training and sympathy of its
pioneers, the necessity for an Indian
Church in its own rights, and the advan-
tages of co-operation and union in the
Indian field amongst our Church workers of
every creed and polity. Mr. Lucas has
made a broad-minded and well-considered
appeal to the Christian Church, and we
believe that he has pointed out the true,
if difficult path of happier achievement.
THE OLD TESTAMENT.
Profs. F. C. Burkitt and G. E. Newsom,
who are the editors of " The Layman's
Library," of which the first volume, de-
voted to ' The Faith of the Old Testament,'
now lies before us, have set themselves the
praiseworthy task of building up, among
laymen or "non-specialist" Bible readers..
;' a constructive religious ideal." The
critical and historical difficulties " which
perplex many thoughtful minds " are to
be faced, and " while taking full account
of the results of modern criticism," the
contributors aim at offering a system of
teaching, " in the spirit of a large and firm
The Faith of the Old Testament. By Alexan-
der Nairne. "The Layman's Library."
(Longmans & Co., 2s. 60?. net.)
The Layman's Old Testament. Edited, with
Br ef Notes, by M. G. Glazebrook. (Oxford
University Press, 3s. 6c? . net. )
The Religious Ideas of the Old Testament.
By H. Wheeler Bobinson. (Duckworth,
2s. 6d. net.)
The Literature of the Old Testament. By
Georga Foot Moore. "Home University
Library." (Williams & Norgate, Is. net.)
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the
Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. By Loring
W. Batten. (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark.)
churchmanship," calculated to " satisfy
both heart and mind."
It is, of course, clear that, in order
properly to fulfil their purpose, works of
this kind must resolutely go to the heart
of things. They must lay hold with force
and enthusiasm on the eternal verities
which lie above the disintegrating activities
either of literary or historical criticism.
This requirement has, we are glad to say,
been to a very considerable extent at-
tained in the volume now under review.
A note of encouragement and reassui-ance
is sounded throughout the work, and the
language rises at times to something like
real eloquence. "Those prophets," Prof.
Nairne, for instance, writes,
" were indeed idealists who made no truce
with superstition. But they were idealists
who strove at every step to apply their
ideal practically. If their supra-natural in-
spiration is remarkable, so is the natural
variety of its operation. Isaiah has left us
the account of his tremendous call in
chap. vi. It was as tremendous as St. Paul's
ecstasy in which he heard unspeakable
words ; yet Isaiah has attempted to describe
what happened, and his attempt is marked
by consummate art."
It would ba easy to collect a number of
other striking passages from Prof. Nairne's
volume, but we must content ourselves
with saying that a similar high tone is
maintained in the subsequent chapters of
the book, which deal respectively with
' Ezekiel and the Law,' the Wisdom
Books, the Apocrypha and Daniel, and
the Psalter.
The only criticism we are inclined
to make — and it will be seen that
it is a criticism which carries with it
high appreciation as well— is that Prof.
Nairne's st}de and mode of viewing
things are often pitched too high to be
sufficiently useful to the rank and file
of intelligent readers. In order to follow
him successfully, his public must first of
all rise to the level from which he addresses
them. They must not only be able to
appreciate his allusions to such writers as
Plato, Hegel, iEschylus, and the Cam-
bridge Platonists, but must also have
passed through a course of mental develop-
ment which will enable them to come
into close touch with the author's own
atmosphere. To take one concrete in-
stance showing Prof. Nairne's manner — an
extreme case, we own — of referring to
famous writers, how is a " layman " who
does not happen to have had a public -
school training, or something equivalent
to it, to appreciate the following quota-
tion from a letter addressed by Fitz-
Gerald to Cowell, introduced by our author
for the purpose of illustrating the effect
which the utterances of the Hebrew
prophets make upon a person fresh from
a perusal of the Book of Kings ? —
" And it came upon me, ' come stella in
ciel,' when, in the account of the taking of
Amphipolis, Thucydides, os ravra ^vveypaif/ev,
comes with seven ships to the rescue."
Our conclusion, then, is that Prof.
Nairne's volume is likely to prove very use-
ful to many, but that a work of a similar
tendency is still needed for the use of large
numbers of readers who belong to the
intelligent, though not academically cul-
tured classes of persons.
' The Layman's Old Testament ' is hardly
likely to be received with equal favour by
all sections of Bible readers. Its very title
seems calculated to invite attack. Is
there to be one Bible for the clergy, people
may ask. and another for the laity ? And
if this is so, should not the form of the
layman's Bible be determined by corporate
ecclesiastical authority rather than by an
individual scholar, however high his
attainments % Nor can the prejudice — or,
from another point of view, the legitimate
opposition — be overcome by a closer
acquaintance with the contents of the
volume. Persons accustomed to treasure
their Bible in its entirety are not likely
to be appeased by what they get if they
find that five books have been entirely
omitted from the collection of sacred
writings, whilst all others have been more
or less shortened ; and a not inconsiderable
number of old-fashioned readers will find
an additional stumbling-block in the ad-
mission of parts of the Apocrypha on an
apparently equal footing with the canonical
writings of the Old Testament as current
in the reformed Churches.
Having thus indicated the objections
which might from certain points of view
be reasonably levelled against the publica-
tion, we can for the rest congratulate Dr.
Glazebrook on the manner in which he has
accomplished the task, no doubt under-
taken by him under a due sense of public
duty and responsibility. Particularly
praiseworthy is the use he makes of the
marginal readings of the Revised Version,
though there is naturally room for
diversity of opinion on a number of points.
" The Bevisers of the Old Testament, as
is well known [he writes], placed a great deal
of their most valuable work in the margin.
There, in hundreds of cases, are to be found
correct translations, while the old errors
remain in the text. But, so placed, they
are almost useless to the ordinary reader,
since the margin also contains hundreds of
wrong translations, which were found in the
Authorized Version, and rejected by the
Bevisers."
So far, therefore, as the present edition
of the English Old Testament extends,
Dr. Glazebrook deserves thanks for giving
readers the text of the Revised Version
considerably amended from the materials
provided by the Revisers themselves.
The brief notes at the foot of the pages,
though " not in any sense a commen-
tary," will be found very useful in pro-
viding information about the meaning of
Hebrew names and phrases, the position
of places, and other topics. Of great value
are the maps (no fewer than eleven in
number) given at the end. Everything
stands out clearly on them, and not in
the almost bewildering aspect such guides
often present to the eye. Dr. Glazebrook
has evidently paid special attention to
this part of his subject, and nothing can
be wiser or more helpful than the advice
he offers on the use of the maps in the
long note which follows the Preface.
Supplement, Feb. 14, 1914]
tv
Ml E ATI! K\ M I M
251
Many b >oks have been written regarding
the religion of the Hebrews, and one need
not always expert them to furnish wholly
new material. Scholars have busied them-
selves for many decades in Old Testa-
ment criticism, and have made it hard for
their successors to win fame through their
researches. .But there is always room for
fresh treatment of results, and Mr.
Robinson in ' The Religious Ideas of the
Old Testament ' is happy in his selection
and arrangement of relevant ideas. He is
an avowed critic, and he
' believes critical study of the Old Testament
• t<> l>c no obstacle, hut a great help to the
progress of the Gospel of the New Testa-
ment."
It is his aim in this book to present the
leading religious views of the Hebrews
in their historical setting, and to give
s;nno indication of their theological and
philosophical value, as well as their
significance for Christianity.
The scheme of the book is good. Three
chapters deal respectively with the Ideas
of Religion, God. and Man ; two treat of
the 'Approach of God to Man ' and the ' Ap-
proach of Men to God ' ; the problems of
sin and suffering, and the national hope,
occupy further sections ; while the whole
is completed by a discussion of the perma-
nent value of the Old Testament. What
arc some of these religious ideas ? They
are the product of the remarkable history
of a notable race, and, if we know the
characteristic features of that history,
we can understand its philosophy of
religion. The Hebrew nation was, first of
all, *" exposed to a remarkable series of
foreign influences.'' Again, the history
of Israel furnished wide scope for " indi-
vidual initiative." Each crisis in its
story produced an interpreter of the
providential order, from Moses to Ezra,
who took his stand on moral principle.
A third aspect was the Hebrew self-
cunsciousness as a nation whose privilege
it was to preserve and distribute a unique
religion. That self-consciousness revealed
itself in the Messianic hope, and resulted
in an undaunted vigour which appro-
priated for its own the most alien ele-
ments. The " teleological or providential
aspect of the history of Israel " may be
taken as the fourth feature of a history
" progressively creative of the great ideas
which are the foundation of the Christian
faith." In the final chapter Mr. Robinson
makes the claim that these ideas form
put of a divine revelation. " Xo purely
naturalistic formula will ever explain
Israel's historv," for that history discloses
intense belief in the " real Spiritual inter-
course of God and man." That inter-
course might be broken, and man was
estranged from God ; but through suffer-
ing and discipline he learnt the divine
purpose.
The book is supplied with copious notes,
which not only illustrate the argument, hut
also reveal an exact and wide scholarship.
The task of giving a critical account of
' The Literature of the Old Testament ' in a
form that is at once concise, comprehensive,
and clear is by no means i asj ; and
Prof. Moore is. therefore, to be con-
gratulated the more heartily on having
accomplished it with a high degree
of felicity. Complete success is rendered
unattainable by the limitation of space.
En order to be comprehensive in the fuller
Bense of the term, a hook of tins kind
should provide, in an easy form, sulheient
indications of divergency of critical
opinion on all the more important debat-
able points ; but no such fullness of treat-
ment could have been contemplated by
the publishers at the outset. Apart,
therefore, from the general outline of
critical theory on which most modern
scholars are agreed, the author could, on
a number of details, give us only his own
opinion ; and exigencies of space made it
also necessary for him to refer the reader
to some of his other writings " for a fuller
statement of the reasons for his views
and a more detailed analysis." Criticism
can naturally have but little to say
regarding the different parts of a work
which thus, from its very nature, avoids
critical controversy, and we therefore
only set down a few remarks that may
serve the purpose of drawing attention
to some of the more noteworthy features
of the little book.
Of great excellence as a popular exposi-
tion of the theme is the opening chapter,
which deals with the formation of the
Canon of the Old Testament and its
history down to late Reformation times.
In the second introductory chapter the
Hebrew Scriptures are with equal clear-
ness treated as a national literature, pos-
sessing an almost unique importance in
this respect, " apart from its religious
value and authority for the synagogue
and the church."
Passing over the narrative portions of
the Canon — to which, by the way, the
Book of Jonah is attached in chap. xiv.
by the side of Esther and Ruth — we note
that Prof. Moore favours in a rather
extreme form the theory of multiple
authorship of the second part of
Isaiah, holding that portions of it belong,
perhaps, to the third century B.C.,
"" with some minor additions of even
later date." In the treatment of the
Book of Job we miss a reference to the
tone of irony with which the hero of the
work sometimes confronts the self-con-
stituted defenders of the Almighty. Prof.
Moore's remark, on the other hand, that
Job w" appeals from the injustice of God
to the just God who some day will have
to justify him," savours rather strongly of
paradox.
We conclude with a mention of our
author's view that the language of the
Song of Songs proves that it belongs
"to a very late period in Hebrew lite-
rature," and that the work represents
"an anthology of love songs." nothing
requiring as to suppose " that they are the
production of one poet."
Prof. Batten has. in his investigation
of the many interesting and complicated
problems presented by the twin hooks of
Ezra-Nehemiah, aimed at critical thorough-
ii' it and fullness of detail and he has,
besides, evinced a. considerable amount- of
independence and originality in several of
his conclusions.
The theory of the original unity of
Ezra-Nehemiah with the Books of Chro-
nicles, to which he unhesitatingly adheres,
is held by most modern scholars. But
there is much diversity of opinion with
regard to the character of the sources that
were used by the Chronicler, and the
amount of revision which they had to
undergo in order to he made conformable
to the general trend of his narrative ; and
in his treatment of the questions thus
raised Prof. Batten often takes a moderate
and what, in the present stage of critical
controversy, may almost be called a
conservative line.
The edict of C}rrus for the return of the
Jews from the Babylonian exile, for
instance, which has been declared un-
authentic by several leading scholars, our
author is strongly inclined to regard as
genuine. The corollary, of course, is that
the historicity of a return from the exile
in the time of Cyrus is, notwithstanding a
strong current of adverse opinion, once
more vigorously defended, with the qualifi-
cation, however, that the number of per-
sons Avho took advantage of the edict
was comparatively insignificant.
Prof. Batten also rejects the view held
by several critics that the Chronicler him-
self composed the Aramaic documents
given in Ezra, though he considers that
only the correspondence with Artaxerxes
embodied in chap. iv. represents historical
fact in the full sense of the word. The
edict of Artaxerxes authorizing Ezras
mission, to name only the last part of the
Aramaic section, has, according to him,
been largely amplified " by one who
exaggerated Ezra's mission more than
even the Chronicler did." One of the
grounds alleged by several critics for
assigning a late date to these documents
is of a linguistic nature, the assumption
being that the language of the Elephantine
Papyri, which belongs to the fifth century
B.C., is much earlier than the Aramaic
of Daniel and Ezra ; but Prof. Batten
ranges himself on the side of those who
consider that the Aramaic of the papyri
is identical with that exhibited in the
Biblical documents.
In discussing the relation of 1 Ksdras t<>
the canonical Ezra, our author pays due
attention to the theory put forward with
much ingenuity by Sir Henry Howorth,
that the first-named recension was tin
original Septuagiot rendering of the
Hebrew text, whilst the Creek version
standing second in our form of the Seotu-
agint is really Theodotion's translation.
After allowing that much credit IS <hie to
this indefatigable English investigator
•• for his persistent efforts to bring Esdrafl
into the prominence it deserves, the
Professor expresses the \iew that
" bis fundamental mistake is the under-
lying theory thai there m^- an authorita-
in c and Btandard < (reek i ranslat ion of the
Old Testament comparable to the Autho-
rized \ eraion in English, a sort ol official
textua recepttu. The faol is thai I and
:.' Esdrafl [2 E dras meaning bere our Ezra-
Nehemiah] are quite independent transla-
552
T UK ATTTKX^r M
[SlTPbK.MKNT, Ffjj. 14, 1914
lions of Semitic originals .... 1 Esdras had
one Semitic text of which it is a free and
idiomatic version; 2 Esdras is a slavishly
literal rendering of our present Masoretic
text."
A considerable degree of sound judg-
ment is shown bjr our author in his
rejection of the theory strenuously advo-
cated by his American colleague Prof.
Torrey, that the person of Ezra never
existed, and that the account of his labours
is a creation of the Chronicler. He
regards as the strongest of his opponent's
arguments the absence of any mention of
Ezra in the ' Praise of the Fathers ' com-
posed by Ben-Sira about ISO B.C., and
embodied in Ecclesiasticus, chaps, xliv.-l.
Much force is, of course, added to this
argument by the fact that Nehemiah
and two other leaders of the period do
get brief mention in the composition
referred to. Prof. Batten, however, decides
that in any case an account of Ezra's
activity must have lain before Ben-Sira
in the Books of Chronicles, which at first
included Ezra-Nehemiah, and that it is
now " impossible to learn " why he
omitted a name of such importance.
Our author's independence of judgment
asserts itself particularly in his view
of the historical periods to which Ezra
and Nehemiah respectively belonged. In
opposition to the general trend of opinion
among critics, he separates the mission
of Ezra from that of Nehemiah by,
roughly, a period covered by two
generations, Nehemiah having been,
according to him, governor of Judah in
444-432 B.C., under Artaxerxes I. Longi-
manus, who reigned from 464 to 424, and
Ezra having received his commission
rather late in the time of Artaxerxes II.
Mnemon, whose reign began in 404 and
ended in 359. But interesting and impor-
tant as this hypothesis may be, if viewed
in the light of an all but fresh battle-
ground for critics, present and to come,
we cannot say that the arguments as
presented here are sufficient to convince
us. Some of the few passages in Ezra-
Nehemiah on which Prof. Batten relies
seem to us entirely devoid of the cogency
which we are asked to see in them,
and the remaining verses, dealing as
they do with names which may occur in
successive generations, are also of little
value in the argument. An attempt has
been made to add strength to the theory
from the mention in the Elephantine
Papyri of a Jehohanan who was High
Priest at Jerusalem in 407 B.C., the suppo-
sition being that he is identical with the
Jehohanan with whom Ezra is stated to
have been associated ; but unfortunately
the Jehohanan of Ezra's time is not styled
High Priest, nor would identity of name
in any case, as has already been intimated,
necessarily imply identity of person.
In the textual notes great importance
is attached to the evidence provided by
1 Esdras ; but many of the emendations
and restorations are, in our opinion, of a
doubtful character. A special surprise is
the presence on p. 68 of a supposed
Hebrew form (D^fQOD) meaning " sur-
rounding places." Such a form does not,
as a matter of fact, exist.
THE MESSAGE OF JESUS.
A contribution by Prof. Swete to the
exegetieal literature of the New Testament
is certain to be received with gratitude by
those who recognize that the documents
of religion must be subjected to examina-
tion, and at the same time feel that rever-
ence should direct the operation. His
book on ' The Last Discourse and Prayer of
our Lord ' is manifestly the work of a man
at once devout and learned, who makes
use of his scholarship to determine the
exact meaning of the words of the sacred
text, and his critical power to interpret
the thought of the Lord. We are told
in the Foreword that critical problems
have been almost wholly passed over, not
as being unimportant, but as foreign to
the intention of this book, and also that
the book makes no claim to the character
of a formal commentary. The fact that
the book is not a formal commentary in-
creases its literary value ; and the notes
are of special worth, since they do not
record the opinions of eminent scholars,
but are mainly devoted to throwing light
on the thought conveyed.
Prof. Swete admits that the words of
Christ as they are given in the Synoptic
Gospels cannot be regarded as the ipsissima
verba of our Lord, since they have come
to us through a translation and from
sources which were originally not docu-
mentary, but oral. He sees, however, in
the Fourth Gospel a difference between
the earlier discourses and the last discourse
and prayer. It is not unreasonable, he
thinks, to suppose that words spoken
on the last night of the Lord's life pro-
duced an impression which could not be
effaced, and that one of the hearers found
at the end of a long career the very words
still ringing in his ears. Repeated study
confirms Prof. Swete in his conviction that
the words approach as near to those
spoken by our Lord as the memory of
one who heard them can bring us. There
is in them, he says, " a severe simplicity,
a divine dignity, a mystery of paradox
in which the reader catches sight of un-
explored depths of truth ; features which,
if not absent from the earlier discourses,
are present here far more conspicuously " ;
and he concludes that it is incredible that
the last discourse and prayer of Jesus
rest upon no historical foundation, and
that they represent only what the Evan-
gelist conceived that He would have said.
It is open to any one to affirm in opposi-
tion to Prof. Swete that the author of the
Fourth Gospel is responsible for the style
of the last chapters, and that the style
is affected by the greatness and solemnity
of his subject ; while, on the other hand,
since the trained thought of an experienced
The Last Discourse and Prayer of our Lord :
a Study of St. John xiv.-xvii. By Henry
Barclay Swete. (Macmillan & Co., 2s. Qd.
net.)
The Eschatology of Jesus. By H. Latimer
Jackson. (Same publishers, 5s. net.)
Unwritten Sayings of our Lord. By the Rev.
David Smith. (Hodder & Stoughton,
2s. Qd. net.)
critic must have a high value, many may
choose to accept Prof. Swete as a director
worthy to be trusted. Yet there is
a serious difficulty in his contention
which cannot be overlooked when we
are dealing with shades of meaning ex-
pressed by the tenses of verbs or by
specific words as opposed to words with
a general significance. The last discourse
and prayer of Jesus were uttered not in
Greek, but in Aramaic ; and even if the
Apostle John composed the Fourth Gospel,
he did not write it, according to tradition,
till his old age. But could he so remember
the words of Jesus as to render them
exactly in Greek ? and can it be shown
that Aramaic could express the fine mean-
ings or minute distinctions detected by
Prof. Swete in the Greek words of the
Gospel ?
The examination of John xiv. 2 illus-
trates the significance attributed to the
words used by Jesus ; but as he admits
that Jesus spoke in Aramaic, it is necessary
for Prof. Swete to show that the significance
of the Greek words is to be found in corre-
sponding Aramaic words. This, however,
he does not attempt to do. After quoting
the English words of the verse he adds
this commentary : " / am going, He
repeats, though He now uses a word which
speaks of His departure as a journey
rather than as a permanent withdrawal
from the world." The word used is
iropevouai and not virdya). Regarding the
meaning of these two words reference is
made to Dr. Abbott, who in his ' Johan-
nine Vocabulary,' says concerning John
xiv. 2, " There remains the most difficult
passage of all, in which the Saviour gives
up, for a time, virdyu), and substitutes
TropevojiaL, go {on a journey). " In the
verse there is mention of " many abodes "
or " many mansions," and Prof. Swete
points out that the disciples, to whom
Jesus was speaking, might picture these
if they gazed on the different chambers
of the earthly Temple.
" Mansions [he says] has come into our
Authorized and Revised versions, through
Tyndale, from the Vulgate and Old Latin,
where the word bears its proper meaning,
' places where a traveller halts and rests
upon his journey ' " ;
and he proceeds to indicate that Jesus
meant that the disciples should think of
the heavenly temple, not as a sanctuary for
the Divine Majesty alone, but rather as a
vast palace of shelter and rest for as many
as the Lord willed. The suggestion is
made that
" perhaps there is also latent in the word
the thought that the future life is for the
blessed a progress in which they ' go from
strength to strength,' as men in a long
journey go from halting place to halting
place, until the end is reached."
Undoubtedly Prof. Swete's commentary
on the words as he finds them in the
Greek text is good, since it is suggestive
without being strained ; but what of the
Aramaic words ? The commentary on
the "' many mansions " is excellent indeed,
but it makes mention of the Church in a
strange fashion. Jesus teaches that the
way of the disciples into the heavenly world
Supplement, Fkh. 14, 1014]
Til E ATI! EN .E (' M
253
must he made ready by Bisentranoe ; and
ui' arc told, in Prof. Swete's words, that
' Be is Himself the forerunner of t!u>
universal Church : the Church cannot
enter until He has entered first."
An interesting problem is suggested,
but not solved, in the disquisition on the
statement, " None oometh to the Father
exeept through Me." It is alleged that
from one point of view the Gospel is
exclusive, and that its very comprehensive-
ness and divine sufficiency forbid an
alternative ; but it is admitted that it is
another question how inclusive the One
•Way may be. In significant words Prof.
Swete Bets forth that " many, it may be,
have travelled over it, and reached the
end with little knowledge of Christ or
none ; saints of gene rations before He
came, saints who never heard His name,
and yet in some measure partook of the
truth and the life." If we ask how saints
who never heard Christ's name have
reached the presence of the Father, we are
not answered, but are told '" that it is
enough to know that all who have reached
the Father's house have come through
Him, and that all who come through Him
attain at last." In ancient times Justin
Martyr had the problem before him, and
he attempted to answer it through his
doctrine of the Logos.
Many examples might be given of
exegesis which shows a clear understanding
of the mind of Jesus, and is not a mere
interpretation of words. One of these
may be noted. " He that belie veth in
me," Jesus says. " the works that I do,
he shall also do ; yea, and greater than
these shall he do, because I am going to
the Father " (John xiv. 12). There is the
promise that the disciple is to do greater
things than the Master, and in reference
to it Prof. Swete points out that, when
Jesus sent the disciples of the Baptist
to their master with a record of wonders
heard and seen by them, He gave the
highest place in that record to the preach-
ing of the Gospel to the poor. In this
preaching there is an indication of the
fulfilment of the promise. Prof. Swete
shows that, judged by outward appear-
ances, the ministry of Jesus was a failure ;
and he proceeds to say that " greater
things were done by the Eleven, by St.
Paul and his followers, by the Church of
the early centuries ; greater things are
being done by the Church of the present
age."
In 'The Eschatology of Jesus' J)r.
Jackson i> not always easily heard
amidst the multitude of authorities he
has assembled, but when his voice is
detected his words are unmistakable.
lb- examines tin- sources of the Life of
Jesus in oid<r that the narratives and
ingS which bear the hall-mark of
substantial genuineness may be deter-
mined, and conclusions reached bearing
on His beliefs and opinions regarding
Last Things. After iu;ikiri'_r a
survey of the old Testament and Apoca-
lyptic literature, he contrasts the Escha-
tology of contemporary Judaism and that
of Jesus. The most significant chapter
in the book is devoted to the Person of
Christ, and it is followed by " an attempt
to differentiate between the transitory
and the permanent elements of an
Eschatology which points to One who. if
human and divine, both spoke in the
language and shared the conceptions of a
remote antiquity." The inquiry closes
with reflections occasioned by esehato-
logical survivals in the Church's Creeds.
In the examination of the sources of the
Life of Jesus no theory of special inspira-
tion of the Xew Testament writings is
admitted ; and Dr. Jackson, when care-
fully inspecting the Gospels, acts with
perfect freedom in separating the ideas of
Jesus from those of the Evangelists.
There is, of course, grave danger of error
in any such method of separation, since
the investigator or critic of the Gospels
must be the divider of their substance,
giving to Jesus or the Evangelist a portion
according to his own opinion. Yet it is
to be admitted that there may be necessity,
in order to secure a Christology satisfactory
to the highest spiritual demands, to
mark off Christ from His biographers ;
but, none the less, wherever this separation
takes place, there is danger of opinion
interfering with judgment, and therefore
the onlooker, the reader, student, or who-
ever he may be, must be on his guard.
The difficulty of reaching truth or fact
in history is implied in Dr. Jackson's
statement that a possibility must be
reckoned with that " the early Church
has projected the glory of its risen and
ascended Lord back into the earthly life
of Jesus."
Remarkable results, however else they
may be styled, are reached by Dr. Jack-
son in the process of determining the
ideas of Jesus. Regarding the predictions
of the Passion, he says that in His earlier
anticipations Jesus had expected that
His appearance at Jerusalem would bring
the decisive moment, God would intervene
on His behalf, and His recognition and
acclamation as Messiah-King would ensue
forthwith. Then we are told that " later
on He begins to realize that, while God's
cause must triumph, it will not be on the
lines of earlier expectations." Further,
it is made plain to us that in the thought
of Jesus He is Himself peculiarly related
to the kingdom, and very conspicuous is
" His role in the drama of the Last
Things." It is indicated that. '" through-
out conscious of limitations. He. destined
Messiah that lie is. eagerly awaits eman-
cipation ; the supreme moment when He
shall have passed through the gate of
death to be exalted, as the Son of Man.
at the right hand of God." Jesus was
absolutely persuaded, Mr. Jackson asserts,
that lie would shortly eoine to this earth,
in glory with the clouds of heaven, that
there would be a t ribunal for the nations
with Himself as judge, and that there
would be no interregnum or period oi
Messianic rule. No dubiety is to be
detected ill Dr. -lack ! ■ unlit
and t In- fact remains t hat J< --us did not
return w it h the cloud- o! I.e.- . < q
In the contrasl between the conceptions
of Judaism and the idei of J u ;'
shown that the Jews believed that the
new kingdom was to be a kingdom of the
Jews, while Jesus, though it might seem
that He too conceived of an essentially
• Jewish kingdom, did actually place the
genuinely devout Gentile on an equality
with the genuinely devout dew. Thus
there was a difference between Jesus and
the dews in regard to the kingdom : liul
Dr. Jackson, while very strongly asserting
that Jesus was separated from contem-
poraries who satisfied themselves with
low ideals, and admitting that now and
again He transcended the \<\\ noblest
representatives of Judaism, declares that
it is at best a precarious assumption to
hold that He adopted the general idea
of the miraculous introduction of the
kingdom by God in the near future, and
'transmuted it into that of a spiritual
kingdom, already set up in the present."
The assumption may be precarious, but
none the less it may be a fact that the
spiritual kingdom was not recognized
by men who were looking for a material
kingdom, and could think of or under-
stand no other. It is argued that Jesus
must have had in His mind a visible
kingdom, since the Evangelists could not
have misrepre'semted Him entirely; but
it may be argued, on the other hand, that
He who thought so clearly on other sub-
jects could not have been altogether mis-
taken in regard to the Last Things. The-
conclusiems of Dr. Jackson are unmis-
takable. No external coming of the
Son of Man is to be looked for ; there can
be ne> anticipation of a Last Day, of
Judgment set and books opened, of a
kingdom to be established by the eunni-
potent God when He shall have upheaved
the heavens and the earth, raise el the'
dead, and vanquished and destroyed the
devil and all his angels. Yet, says Dr.
Jackson, "it was of such things that
Jesus thought; of such things He- was
wont to speak; for such a kingdom His
disciples were taught by Him te> pray
in the petition 'Thy kingdom come.'
But surely the iele'a of the' kingdom, when
that petition was first uttered, could not
have- had sue-h a content as that BUggi -t< el
by Dr. Jacksem. Je'sus according to the-
Gospel narrative-, had not propounded a
doctrine of the Last Things when He
taught His elisciples te> pray, and how
coulel they have interpreted the idea of
the kingdom as Dr. Jackson now interprets
it '. One could not refute Dr. Jackson's
statements by merely saying that, when
men now repeat the Lord's Prayer, they
petition for a kingdom which can never
come, according to the conception in the
mind of Jesus : yet t lie fact n mains,
if Dr. Jackson's contenl ion be true, i hat
the kingdom as t nought ol \>\ Jet us must
not or should not l>e solicit) <l in praj er,
since ii can nc\ er come.
in a significant < haptei ' I tusk and
Kernel ' t he statement is made > hat it
is imperative to distinguish between the
■ iv and i he pd manenl bel we en
husk and kernel, in I i Eschatolog\ oi
Jesus There ii i omparatively little diffi-
cult;, in i. husk. It is the
i • ifically Apocal) ptic M< i mism of
THE ATHEN^UM
[Supplement, Feb. 14, 1914
Jesus," which cannot " do otherwise than
wax old and vanish away." Dr. Jackson
claims that there must be, on the other
hand, an clement in the Eschatology of
Jesus which has a present value and
significance, and it is the kernel. That
element was essential to primitive devo-
tion ; and it is asked, in what way does
it affirm itself indispensable as a source of
vitality and energy in modern religious
life ? Dr. Jackson represents that the
idea embodied in the Eschatology of
Jesus is that of the ultimate triumph of
the cause of God. We are told that the
embodiment belonged to its own day,
also that the idea is so grand that it
cannot be other than divine and of abiding
significance. The quality of grandeur,
however, does not prove that the idea
is the essential element in the Eschatology
of Jesus. Between kernel and husk there
is an intimate physical relation, but what
intimate relation is there between the
idea of the ultimate triumph of the cause
of God and the Eschatology of Jesus ?
Were the Apocalyptic vision of Jesus, with
its specific details, merely a picture,
would it directly suggest the triumph of
the cause of God ? It does seem as rf Dr.
Jackson felt that he must discover an
apology for the Eschatology of Jesus,
and as if he were satisfied that Jesus
was none the less the prophet of the ulti-
mate triumph of the cause of God, even
though He was limited by the ideals of
His age and predicted events which could
not come to pass. Yet many of those
who accept the judgment of the Christian
world, that there has never been a greater
spiritual teacher than Jesus, will find that
the difficulties in the Eschatology ascribed
to Him are due to His biographers.
The volume entitled ' Unwritten Sayings
of our Lord,' is almost entirely made up of
lectures delivered by Dr. Smith in London-
derry on the Smyth Memorial Foundation.
Its aim appears to be twofold : to deal
with a subject of theological significance,
and to treat it in popular fashion. The
author has not been more than partially
successful in his difficult task. As popular
pulpit discourses the lectures are good.
They all follow one pattern : short intro-
duction, historical setting, exposition,
and moral, the whole being rounded off
by pleasing phrase, allusion, and anec-
dote ; and it is a pattern approved by
many speakers and audiences. Some of
the illustrations, however, are so trite as
to be unworthy of Dr. Smith's undoubted
range of reading. Sir Isaac Newton and
his renowned apple, James Watt and his
boiling kettle, have already done more
than their fair share of service, and should
be allowed to rest on their homiletic
laurels. The like privilege might be now
given to the unhappy James VI., whom
countless sermons have pilloried as " God's
sillie vassal."
The elucidation of the selected Sayings
is not always convincing ; in some cases
it is far-fetched and fanciful. Among the
' Agraphia ' is the inscription which Dr.
Alexander Duff found on the gateway of
the Mohammedan mosque near Agra ; —
" Jesus, on whom be peace, has said :
' The world is merely a bridge : ye are to
pass over it, and not to build your dwellings
upon it.' "
The tradition that St. Thomas and St. Bar-
tholomew evangelized part of Hindustan
makes it possible that Akbar, like Alex-
ander Severus, was willing to ornament
a sacred edifice with a sentence from
Christ's teaching. But the character of
the saying presents difficulties which
Dr. Smith would solve by an " attractive
possibility " — that Jesus in his journey to
Tyre was moved to speech b}r the mole
of Alexander the Great. One cannot
help feeling that the possibility of this
explanation is less than its attraction.
The exegesis of the first and third Sayings
seems open to question, and the author
reveals the Scotsman when, from the
words " My mystery is for Me and the
sons of My house," he deduces arguments
for the " spiritual independence " of the
Church as taught by the Reformers.
There are ample foot-notes in the book,
and these show both a thorough know-
ledge of patristic literature and a con-
siderable power of turning it to advan-
tage in commentary. But there is little
or no discussion either of the sources or
authenticity of the Sayings. The volume
will appeal not so much to the scholar
whose main interest is theology, as to the
layman who cares for a popular rendering
of things not generally known. This
appears to be recognized in the opening
pages, where the author is at pains to
conciliate those whom the existence of
' Unwritten Sayings " might take by
surprise.
ST. PAUL AND THE EARLY CHURCH.
Sir William Ramsay has paid remark-
able attention to the claims of St. Paul and
his theology. For him the}' are so notable
that he has in previous books discussed
with scrupulous care every aspect of the
Gracco-Roman world which throws light
on Paulinism. But he believes that as a
creed, either of religion or of philosophy,
it is too great to be measured merely in
terms of its day. It is the aim of his
volume ' On the Teaching of Paul in
Terms of the Present Day ' to show that
the teaching of St. Paul (or rather of
Paul, for he has a reasoned objection to
this use of "Saint") is significant for all
time ; that it actually rids itself of tra-
ditional difficulties, and gains in lucidity
when interpreted in the light of modern
scientific principles. The author's esti-
mate is sharply opposed tothat of Deiss-
mann. To the Berlin professor Paul was
" an uneducated man, possessing no
literary excellence and no learning, a mere
The Teaching of Paul in Terms of the
Present Day : the Deems Lectures in New
York University. By Sir W. M. Ramsay.
(Hodder & Stoughton, 12s.)
St. Paul and the Mystery-Beligions. By
H. A. A. Kennedy. (Hodder & Stough-
ton, 6s. net.)
Rome, St. Paul, and the Early Church. By
W. S. Muntz. (John Murray, 5s. net.)
writer of letters in the vulgar speech, having
a certain quickness in picking up scraps of
philosophy and poetry that circulated among
the people unknown to and unmarked by
the world."
To St. Luke, the historian, Paul was
" the centre of interest wherever he went,
dominating all by his personality, heralded
before he came, the man that has ' turned the
world upside down,' educated in his thoughts,
and polished in his tone of courtesy, ver-
satile and adaptable so that he moves at
his ease in every class of society."
Sir William Ramsay is on the side of
St. Luke ; and he seeks to make good
his judgment in this book, which has
" not a paragraph that has not been
pondered over for years, and composed
word by word in hard labour, before it
was put on paper." His unique qualifica-
tion for this task is that he has laboriously
followed the very footsteps of Paul
the Traveller, and he makes the most
of this, often to the disadvantage of the
less favoured Deissmann. Every ques-
tion is discussed with minute reference to
topography and ancient culture.
In the first part of the book, a treatment
of preparatory questions, the author deals
with the influence of Hellenism on Paulin-
ism, and has a friendly dispute with
Principal Garvie, who minimizes its sig-
nificance. But there are not the makings
of controversy, for Sir William does not
belittle Hebraic elements.
" Hellenism [he says] never touches the
life and essence of Paulinism, which is
fundamentally and absolutely Hebrew ; but
it does strongly affect the expression of
Paul's teaching."
In the light of this the statement on
p. 13 might be modified. We are con-
vinced also that it is too rash to say that
" no development in the religious position
of Paul can be traced in the letters. His
religious thought is as complete in the first
as in the last."
In this section, too, our author gives
reasons for his belief that St. Paul knew
Jesus on the Damascus road because he
had previously seen Him in life. He is,
therefore, at one with Johannes Weiss,
but he differs from him in his methods of
argument. His discussion of the relation
between St. Paul and St. John gives him
the opportunity of criticizing Dr. Moffatt,
who differs from him in other matters of
Pauline research.
The most noteworthy part of the book
concerns the interpretation of the thought
of St. Paul. The basis of this is found to
be twofold — God is, and God is good —
and faith is the " initial force " which
compels recognition of this creed, a creed
that is saved from pantheism by the
strength of its Hebrew traditions. When
Sir William descends to the particulars of
the teaching he is beset by many difficulties,
but he declares that, " when the true
nature and meaning of the Pauline term
* faith ' is understood," these are seen to
rest on misconceptions. It is " the power
that sets man moving in the right direc-
tion," not an external power, but one
that works in and through the mind of
man ; it is at once divine and human.
Supplement, Feb. 14, 1914]
THE ATIIEN.EUM
255
Human conduct is a problem of growth,
and St. Paul is the preacher of growth.
This is the category which resolves
rv antinomy. The righteousness which
justifies a man. which he is attaining and
yet never attains, is a process of growth
toward the supreme righteousness of i'anl.
\ man is free, not because of what he is,
but of what lie may be. Salvation is a
free gift, yet it is earned by man, because
"■ the Divine in man answers to the
Divine above man. and makes a step in the
long course towards reunion." The power
of Cod works in and through the indi-
• viduality of man. But there is a condition
of growth, both for the individual and
for the nation, and that is hearkening to
the Divine voice.
In the third part of the book subsidiary
questions are discussed. The author
criticizes M. Loisy and others who believe
that '" the mystery of Paul's conversion
is his conversion to the Mysteries " ; and
he has been at some pains to enlist medical
authority for his conviction that St. Paul
was not an epileptic, but probably subject
to maLarial fever. In another chapter he
restates and supports his theory of the
imprisonment and " supposed trial " of
St. Paul in Rome ; while an important
section on the date of the Galatian letter
gives him the opportunity of modify-
ing his previous opinion and criticizing
the views of others. The vexed ques-
tion of St. Paul's literary style is also
treated at length ; and though Sir William
dissents from the findings of Blass, he
strongly opposes the strictures of Deiss-
mann, maintaining, with good reason,
that the style of the Pauline epistles, by
its perfect compatibility with their thought,
satisfies the highest requirement of art.
The book is a considerable contribution
to Pauline literature, and by its firm
grasp of essential principles shows that its
author must be judged by more important
matters than South Galatian theories. If
there are in it frequent criticisms of fellow-
scholars, there are aLso frank admissions
of fallibility and openness of mind to
alien opinion. On many pages, however,
there are expressions — personal, colloquial,
and discursive — that are better suited to
the platform. The volume would have
gained by delay in publication, as its lack
of exact reference to authorities, its fre-
quent reminders that the author is " away
from books," and its subdivision into
fifty-four sections the connexion of which
is not always obvious, suggest.
The study of Comparative Religion lias
led many workers to extreme positions,
and too often similarity has been translated
into identity, while similarity itself has
been detected by men having the will to
detect. It is hardlv an exaggeration to
say that if the work of all the labourers
in the field of Comparative Religion
was accepted at the value claimed for it,
one result would be that there would be
nothing new and unique found in Christia-
nity. Learning and severe exactness of
method are specially necessary in dealing
with the facts revealed by such study,
since these may affect the cherished faith
of Christian men.
Undoubtedly Prof. Kennedy possesses
the knowledge" and sobriety of judg-
ment which should be found in a critic
of New Testament ideas, and his ' St. Paul
and the Mystery-Religions' illustrates the
temperate and serious decisions which are
characteristic of our best English theo-
logians. He examines the State-Mysteries
of Eleusis, the Mystery-Cults of the Great
Mother (with Attis) and of Isis (with
Serapis), and the typically Hellenistic
religious phenomena connected with the
Hermetic mystery-literature ; and he
claims that tins examination provides an
atmosphere for the detailed comparison
of their conceptions with Pauline ideas.
A chapter is devoted to Mystery-Termin-
ology, and it is found that St. Paul fre-
quently employs terms which have a
more or less technical meaning as
used in Mystery-Religions : though at
the same time it is admitted that side
by side with these terms are found far-
reach ing conceptions l* to which there are
at least thought-provoking analogies in
Pagan religion." Reasons are given for
the assertion that it is sheer hypothesis to
ascribe to St. Paul any direct acquaintance
with Mystery-ideas through the medium of
literature, but it is granted that liturgical
formula? and technical terms of ritual
would be familiar to him. Then, the
epiestion is asked, how far does the use
of mystic terminology involve the adop-
tion of the ideas which it expresses ? In
seeking an answer to this important
question, Prof. Kennedy pays special
attention to the words -n-vevpa and ^vx^j.
and finds that St. Paul's religious use of
these and cognate terms " has its root
in the soil of the Old Testament."
In an interesting section, ' St. Paul and
the Central Conceptions of the Mystery-
Religions,' the chief aim of the Mystery-
Religions is set forth, and that is the
offer of salvation (a-Mr^pia) to those who
have been duly initiated. We are told
that the element prized above all others
in <TMT7)pia is the assurance of a life which
death cannot quench, a victorious im-
mortality, and that this boon is reached
by the process of regeneration. ' The
full significance of the process," Prof.
Kennedy says, " becomes clear from its
being frecpiently described as deification
(tjew07iv<u,dTrode«)6fjv(u),{md it always seems
to depend on some kind of contact with
Deity." Here we come into touch with
conceptions which are at least suggestive
of certain Christian ideas. Prof. Kennedy
quotes a summary given by M. Loisy of the
Pauline conception of .lesus Christ, and
in it the first statement is that " He was
a saviour-god, after the manner of an
Osiris, an Attis, a Mithra." hike them,
M. Loisy affirms, Ee had a celestial origin.
made an appearance on earth, accom-
plished a work of universal redemption ;
like Adonis. Osiris, and Attis. died a violent
death and was restored to life; and like
them prefigured in His lot that, of the
human beings who should commemorate
Hi- mystic enterprise, and prepared and
assured the salvation of those who became
partners in His passion.
M. Loisy's statements are in many ways
typical of the rashness with which an
analogy between Christianity and the
Mystery - Religions is asserted. Prof.
Kennedy, after observing that nothing is
more misleading than an inaccurate use of
terminology, proceeds to say that St. Paul
never speaks of Jesus as a " saviour-god,"
and that he knew Him as an historical
person, while Osiris and Attis were origin-
ally mythological personifications of the
processes of vegetation. The legends of
their deaths had nothing to do with a
spiritual redemption, and it is a caricature,
Prof. Kennedy holds. " to compare the
murder of Osiris or the self -de struct ion
of Attis with that of the self -sacrificing
death of Jesus." He maintains, too,
that there can be no real comparison
between the Xew Testament view of the
resurrection of .lesus and the restoration
to life of Osiris and Attis.
Much more important for religious
thought is the contention that there is no
true analogy between the Xew Testament
idea of fellowship in the sufferings of Christ
and the ritual sympathy with the goddesses
who mourned the loss of Osiris and Attis.
Self-sacrificing devotion is the core of
Christian experience, and the love of
Christ constrains men to dedicate their
lives to His obedience. This, however, is
not ritual, but an " assent of the will to
that estimate of things which is involved
in the cross of Christ. It means a new
moral attitude to the world and to God."
The effect of the ritual, on the other hand,
depends on pompous processions and
ascetic prescriptions. In like manner
a-oyrrjpia in the Mystery - Religions, though
it implies immortality, does not neces-
sarily involve a new moral ideal ; but
the Pauline conception, which is many-
sided, is charged with moral implications.
In the Apostle's mind salvation is the
Xew Life, and regeneration, through which
the Xew Life is attained, is intimately
related, as in the Mystery-Religions, to
communion with the divine. It is pointed
out that there is scarcely even a difference
of metaphor in his affirmation, but none
the less his idea of communion with
Christ stands out against the background
of the Cross. Further, Prof. Kennedy
claims that, though we admit that the
initiates in the mystic cults regarded them-
selves as having died with the divine per-
sons whose restoration they celebrated, we
must consider the death of which St. Paul
speaks as something wholly different.
■ It is." he says, ■•exclusively a death to
sin, and its correlative is a life t<> holi-
ness in the most ethical sense conceivable."
Prof. Kennedy is on sure ground when he
insists on the ethical significance of the
Pauline conceptions, and he makes good
his contention that the use <>t mystic
terminology does n<>\ necessarily involve
the ideas which it expreSSt
A chapter is given to a consideration
of Baptismal Kit' - and another t<» Sacra-
mental Meals, and the author suggests
that one of die chief impn moat left
upon the careful reader of the Epistiei
256
THE A T H ENiEU M
[Supplement, Feb. 14, 1914
must be that of the Apostle's detachment
from ritual in every shape and form.
Quoting the statement of Prof. Lake that
" sacramental teaching is central to the
primitive Christianity to which the Roman
Empire began to be converted," he very
aptly points out that the Apostle in his
first Epistle to the Corinthians thanked
God that he had baptized only a few of
them, and declared that Christ had sent
him not to baptize, but to preach the
Gospel. Christian baptism is contrasted
with that in the Mystery-Religions, and
the spiritual character of the Christian
rite is emphasized. Little is known of
the significance of the baptismal rites in
those religions, but Prof. Kennedy holds
it highly probable that they were con-
ceived as working ex opere operato ; and
he maintains that " the faith which
welcomes the divine message of forgiveness
and new life in Christ crucified and risen is
invariably presupposed as the background
of the solemn ritual," and, further, that " it
is in virtue of their faith that converts
proceed to baptism."
A careful examination is made of
the aspects of the Lord's Supper which
have been alleged to show a kinship
with the sacred meals of paganism,
and the conclusion is reached that faith
is for St. Paul the indispensable postu-
late of all that has spiritual value in the
experience of the Lord's Supper. It is
no feast of initiation, since those who
partake of it have already professed to
surrender themselves to Christ as their
Saviour and Lord, and have received
and welcomed the good news of salvation
through His self-sacrificing death. The
bread and the wine, Prof. Kennedy con-
cludes, are to them symbols of all that
this death involved.
The subject of ' Rome, St. Paul, and the
Early Church,' which is not clearly indi-
cated by Dr. Muntz's title, is the influence
of Roman law on St. Paul's teaching
and phraseology, and on the development
of the Church. In the past writers con-
fined themselves mainly to Judaism as
the chief source of the Apostle's teaching,
and the fact that he was a Roman citizen
as well as a Jew was too much neglected.
Attention, however, has been paid in
recent years to the intellectual and spiritual
influences which affected him, especially
in Tarsus, before and after his conversion ;
and the first and important section of
this work, which is devoted to the con-
sideration of a non -Jewish influence,
shows very plainly that his thought and
speech reveal his acquaintance with con-
ceptions and terms of Roman law.
Dr. Muntz explains that the major
portion of his pages was written before the
publication of Prof. Deissmann's ' Light
from the Ancient East ' ; but there is
room for his book in the library of Pauline
literature, since it helps us to a clearer
understanding of New Testament theology,
and he is to be commended for his labour.
It is pointed out in the Preface that
St. Paul's conception of Christ's death
involved the recognition of Jesus rather
as the Divine Redeemer than the Messiah,
disclosing a deeper significance in His
death and risen life, and unfolding new
aspects of His personality and mission ;
and, further, that some have insisted that
the " grandly simple " Gospel of Christ
has been misrepresented and obscured by
the Pauline teaching. Dr. Muntz, while
admitting differences, denies any contra-
diction in the revelation of the Master and
His servant, and goes so far as to say that
the earlier conception was inadequate,
and that in the later God was continuing
the revelation of His Son. The Synoptic
Gospels were not written before the
Pauline Epistles, though they may contain
an earlier conception ; but do these
Epistles convey a new revelation ? or do
they not simply set forth a theological
interpretation of Christ's Person and work ?
The type of Pauline doctrine was certainly
different from that of other Apostles,
and Roman law, as is here shown, sup-
plied terms and figures whereby spiritual
conceptions were translated into current
speech.
The examination of the word 8ov\os
will serve to illustrate the author's
exposition. Observing that in the Au-
thorized and Revised Versions "servant"
is the synonym for " slave," he insists
that by this substitution we lose sight
of the aspect of St. Paul's life in which
he gloried. The Apostle, he says, claims
no rights against the Master who had
bought him with a price, nor did he
regard his high office as one which he was
free to renounce at his pleasure. It is
argued, too, that St. Paul's use of the
idea of adoption can be explained only by
a reference to Roman law. Dr. Muntz
points out that English law generally
does not recognize adoption as involving
any right on the part of the child,
whereas by Roman law the bond formed
by adoption could not be severed, even
by death ; and he proceeds to say
that St. Paul, in employing the term
" adoption," desired
" to assure his readers that the covenant
which God makes with every believer in
Christ Jesus is not a capricious undertaking,
liable to be broken at any moment, but a
pledge to be observed by Him in all its
fulness, because grounded on the Eternal
Truth and Justice."
Another interesting instance of the use
of legal conceptions by St. Paul may be
observed. The phrase " heirs of God " is
unwarranted if we think only of English
law, since heirship connotes death —
the death of the father to whom the son
succeeds. A man may have an heir
presumptive or an heir apparent, but,
strictly, no heir ; and " heirs of God "
would seem to imply that God is capable
of death. The phrase becomes intelligible,
however, when it is remembered that the
Apostle was employing a conception of
Roman jurisprudence.
In the last chapters of his book Dr.
Muntz turns to the Roman Rule and the
conceptions derived from it which were
favourable to the growth r>f the Papacy,
and considers the Canon Law as a rival
to the imperial jurisprudence. The
subjects of this section, however, has
often been treated by competent ex-
pounders ; and the chapters, therefore,
are less interesting — as being less novel —
than those which deal with the influence
of Roman law on St. Paul's theology.
Members One of Another : Sermons preached
in Sherborne School Chapel. By Nowell
Smith. (Chapman & Hall, 5s. net.)
England has at last realized that others
than those in Holy Orders are capable
of regulating and supervising the intellec-
tual and moral growth of the rising genera-
tion. Three or four of our leading pub He
schools are at the present time in charge of
laymen. That these distinguished scholars
will have no difficulty in training the
intellect cannot be doubted, but some
people who cling to old - fashioned ways
of thought may have felt some qualms
about the moral side of the training of our
boys, and perhaps have wondered if the
chapel services in these schools and the
sermons preached in them are as dis-
tinguished and effective as in former days.
Every old public-school boy will readily
acknowledge the importance of the Sunday
sermon. It is listened to by a great
majority of those present, and often
freely criticized, at any rate by the
older boys. Apart from the con-
firmation classes, which in many cases
come before a boy has anything like
matured views on the matter of religion,
the Sunday sermon is the only factor of
real importance in forming a boy's attitude
towards religion in his school career. He
definitely dislikes private talks with his
tutor or housemaster if he is of the normal
healthy type ; but a school preacher, if he
hits the right note, can, and often does, help
a young mind which is groping in the
dark and welcomes a strong, clear lead in
matters which he is beginning to realize
are a vital issue.
Mr. Nowell Smith, a head master who
is a lay preacher, seems to us to have hit
the right note : his advice is clear, definite,
and practical ; he is thoroughly in earnest ;
he is far too wise to play down to the
boyish level of school slang, or to appeal
to the sentimental side of his hearers'
nature ; and his sermons are the product
of a scholarly mind, rising in many cases
to a high level of thought and diction.
Mr. Nowell Smith sees plainly a boy's
difficulties and temptations ; he is living
in no fool's paradise ; but in all these
sermons he is bringing an active and
reverent mind to bear on the difficult
problem of making the teaching of the
New Testament, as expounded in his broad-
minded way, at once the standard of
action and the ultimate court of appeal in
the lives of the bovs of Sherborne School.
We can recommend the volume to
readers of all ages, with some confidence
that they will appreciate the point of view
and method of treatment.
*** Elsewhere to-day we print reports of
Mr. Balfour's Gifford Lectures, and of a recent
discourse by Mr. William Archer on Moral
Instruction.
THE ATHEN7EU31
Journal nf (Englislj anfc JFnmgn literature, §§timtt, tlje Jin^rK ittusk anb the ©raimr.
MAR 1 2 1914
No. 4504 SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 19\^^^jh^
B
R I T I S H
M U S E U M.
THE READING ROOMS will be closed frotu MONDAY, March J.
to THURSDAY March 3 inclusive , „ , . , r •«.
l .. ki-'NYON. Director and Principal Librarian.
British Museum. February. 1914.
(filjtfritions.
KOYAL SOCIETY OF PAINTER-ETCHERS
and ENGRAVERS. 5v. Pall Mall Eist. S.W.
Mad ANNUAL EXHIBITION Open Daily into 6.
Admi«iou 11 W. GORDON MKIN. Secretary.
R
0 Y A L ACADEMY OF ARTS.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN. That the PRESIDENT and
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By Order.
YV. R. M. LAMB, Secretary.
u
<f Durational.
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Appendix A II
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K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
DARTFORD LOCAL HIGHER EDUCATION SUBCOMMITTEE.
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By Order of the Committee.
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THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
Hahs bjT Jlurtion.
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THE ATHENiEr M
261
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY . /, 1914.
CONTKNTS.
l'ACF.
Records of Education (A History of Education; A
Cjelopedi* of Kdaoatioo)
A 1\>KNKK OF HIK OOTSWOLDS
|M\\ dkn's POUtS
Maximilian ih Mexico
1 \< VCLOP ta>l.\ 01 Kki.wuo.n AMD ETHICS
I hk WAR8 01 niK ROSBS
Two Vkrsb Translations of the Classics (The
O.ii g of Honce ; Sophocles in English Verse)
iiik Comic Kingdom
'I UK Ikon YEAR— WAR
I OOLOGY (Problems ami Discussions— Translations—
Pwo Priests of Note) .. 268
|i)OKS PUBLISH RD THIS WEEK (English, 271 ;
Foreign, -274) .. .. . 271
jom> Numbers '; Canon Augustus Jbssopp;Thb
Case for a Co-operative Review; 'Case
for Lard Nationalisation'; Mr. Bohi.ey am>
'tllk encvclopjeoia britannica' .. 274
i.itekaky gossip
Science— Maize ; New Plants from Southern
Nigeria; Societies; Meetings Next Week;
Gossip
Fine Arts— Cuvb Rem. on Art : The FkidayCluu ;
Paintings hy the Camden Town Croup ; Other
Exhibitions; Etchings ; Gossip .. 2-0
Mtsic Gossip ; Performances Next Week
liEAMA— Dropping the Baby; Thank Tour Lady-
ship: Damaged Goods; Helen with the High
Band ; Gossip
PLBMBNT (Publishers and Spring Announcements ;
Theology — Poetry — Bibliography, 291 ; Philosophy
— History anil Biography — Geography ami Travel,
202; Sport -Sociology — Economic* — Education —
Philology — School- Books —Literary Criticism,
898; Kiciion— Juvenile, 294) 291
tVDEX TO ADVERTISERS
261
262
MS
263
261
265
266
267
26~
270
-274
-275
276
—279
-2S2
2S2
283
-294
2feG
LITERATURE
RECORDS OF EDUCATION.
A VAST amount of research and of hard
thinking must have gone to the making
of Prof. Graves's : History of Education in
Modern Times,' and the result is a work of
reference calculated to be of great service
t > all who are interested in the theory
i practice of education in Europe and
America, from Rousseau to our own day.
Hardly before, we should imagine, has
such a businesslike synopsis been achieved.
• difficulties which beset educators are
much the same in all civilized communities ;
1 in Prof, lira \es's pages one can
ertain at a glance how other countries
• dealt, or are dealing, with problems
which demand attention in our own.
To tin j I English reader the more
i sting because less hackneyed portion
the book will probably be that which
the course (,f education in
oada and in the United Stat
" T! I di d system [Prof. < Graves
nentary schools, high schools,
institutes, and universities, is
ly unified, and the work of each si
en moi - ly t han
the I ni'.fl Si
Prom this statement it can be inferred
it though the " Union Loyalists" who
btled < hatai io carried the concept of
public control of education from the
ulv formed) United Si I - their de-
.1 History of Education in Modern '/'■■
Bj frank Pierrepont Graves, (Macmillan
■.. 5e, Del . )
A Cyclopedia of Education. Edited by
P il Monroe. Vol. V. (Same publishers,
11. la n
scendants have not been backward in
perfecting it and extending its benefits
to the newer provinces of the Dominion.
Further, we arc led to believ< — and the
assurance, as coming from a Pennsyl-
vanian professor, is doubly gratifying —
that throughout the Dominion a wise
balance is maintained between the central
and local authorities, a consummation
specially desirable where rural education
is concerned. The province of Quebec
has a plan of its own, the natural outcome
of its history ; but the religious difficulty,
heretofore in England always with us,
appears to have been settled long since
in a manner satisfactory to the several
creeds concerned. The Dominion has
rejected secularism ; " even in the public
schools," we read — those, that is, corre-
sponding to our Council schools — " non-
sectarian religious exercises are still con-
ducted." It is evident that, from many
points of view, the Canadian scheme merits
a careful and detailed investigation on our
side of the Atlantic.
The author does not conclude without
a survey of contemporary tendencies in
education, and a forecast of probable
developments. We are bidden to expect
and to welcome '* a constant reconstruc-
tion of the curriculum and methods of
teaching, v with certain excellent objects
in view. But it might be urged that
perpetual flux, the old philosopher's iravra
jid, is hardly an ideal one would wish to
see enthroned in the high places of educa-
tion.
Dr. Paul Monroe's ' Cyclopedia of Edu-
cation,' the first volume of which was
published three years ago, has now reached
its conclusion in the fifth volume, com-
prising Pol to Zwi. Each instalment has
been duly noticed in our columns, the
fourth having been reviewed by us on
May 3rd, 1913. Both editor and con-
tributors are to be congratulated on the
performance of a great task, the first com-
petent and really comprehensive con-
spectus of education in English. On our
shelves it stands by the side of the seven
volumes of the ' Teacher's Encyclopedia,'
edited by Dr. A. P. Laurie ; but there is
room for both of these, their scope and
aim being different. Dr. Laurie's work
deals adequately with certain s sleet topics
in a reasoned order, while Dr. Monroe's is
an exhaustive treatment of the whole field
arranged alphabetically.
Looking at the ' Cyclopedia ' as a whole,
one is impressed with the vastness and
complexity of educational thought and
literature. Interest in educational pro-
blems and practices is very vigorous, and
theories and methods are healthily diverse.
It is also true that . in point of numbers of
it- practitioners, education is the largest
of all the professions; but while it is
the largest numerically, it is undoubtedly
the poorest paid. The disproportion
between what is expected of the teacher
and the remuneration he receives is re-
markable, and the sort of uncomfortable
fact that many centuries of advancing
civilization might bave been expected t<>
abolish. We doubt if an cn< vdopa-dia
devoted to the work of any other pro-
fession could show so remarkable a body of
thought as the one before us. which has,
it seems to us, many reasons for being
regarded as the best measure of the state
of Western civilization in the twentieth
century. True, these pages are written
by experts, but they would be impossible
apart from the conscientious work of the
rank and file. We have here positive
proof that the teachers of Europe and
America are, regarded as a whole, a body
of steady-working, sound thinking men
and women. Much is expected from, and
achieved by, the teacher. Is he fairly
paid for it, especially since the tendency
is to throw increasing responsibilities on
him '\ The schools have, to a large
extent, taken over the duties of the
parents : moral training, physical training,
instruction in amusements and social
graces, and even feeding, are expected of
them. Amid this mass of duties the
bewildered teacher is naturally often at a
loss for guidance in detail, and naturally
also tends to lose all sense of proportion.
Much the same difficulties beset educa-
tional administrators and officials. Hence
the exceeding value of a work like the
present, which, though not attempting to
treat every subject completely, does aim
at, and, within human limitations, achieve,
completeness of scope. The systematiza-
tion of educational ideas presented in these
five volumes must necessarily assist to-
wards the unification of educational
thought, and a resultant improvement in
educational practice. It is to be hoped
that all who are connected, in whatever
way, with the work of education Mill
speedily recognize that in the ' Cyclop dia'
they have an invaluable corpus of educa-
tional knowledge, and will refer to it tor
guidance in difficulties.
As in the case of the former volumes, we
will say a word of the contributors indicate
some important articles, and finally direct
attention to what is perhaps the chief merit
of this volume, the Analytical Indexes
crowning the whole work.
The 850 double-column pages of this
volume are written by nearly 200 con-
tributors, most of whom are connected
with American Universities. There are.
however, several British contributors such
as Dr. Barber (Leys School). .Mr. G. G.
Coulton (Cambridge). Dr. I'indlav (Man-
chester). .Mr. A. V. beach. .Mr. Aylmer
Maude. Profs. Foster Watson, and W. II.
Woodward. The following are .1111011- the
important articles : Poor Law (Marion
Phillips). Education among Primitive
Peoples (llutton Webster) l'i h ate Schook
Psychology, Punishment, The Reformation
and Education (A. F. Leach and oth< 1
Religious Education (G A Coe Nevi York
The Renaissance and Education (W. II
Woodward). Russia (Anna T< -Irn.iii Smith),
Scotland (John Strong Montrose \
d my), Spain Student Life I E E Slosson
New York), Sunday Schook Sweden (P K
Lindst roiiii. I Iniversities (G. G. < kralton
and others), and Higher Education of
\\ omen (A. V Leach and others;. All
these topics receive fairlj exhaustive
treatment.
202
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
We now turn to the Analytical Indexes
(37 pages), which in themselves form a
scientific conspectus of the whole field of
education. We wonder how their com-
prehensiveness and complexity would
strike Plato, or Quintilian, or even Rous-
seau. To those likely to use this ' Cyclo-
pedia ' we venture to suggest that an hour
spent in making acquaintance with the
main headings and sub-headings of these
indexes will be time well spent, and in
most matters except those of the merest
detail a reference found here will con-
duct them more surely to the heart of
their subject than an alphabetical refer-
ence. Thus to look for ' Erasmus ' is to
see him at one glance in a wide setting,
as one of some threescore humanistic
leaders and educators who worked in
Italy, or Northern Europe, or in England.
' Apperception ' leads the reader to
appreciate the fact that it is one of ten
processes connected with the assimilative
phase of learning (itself one of four such
phases), and he is at once involved
in the more general question of the analysis
of the process of learning as a whole,
which in its turn is one of several
subdivisions of the philosophy of edu-
cation.
So important are these Indexes that we
do not apologize for attempting to give
some idea of their scope. There are eleven
general headings : I. History of Education;
II. Philosophy of Education ; III. Educa-
tional Psychology ; IV. Teaching Methods ;
V. Educational Sociology ; VI. Educa-
tional Administration ; VII. Elementary
Education ; VIII. Secondary Education ;
IX. Higher Education ; X. Physical
Education ; XI. School Architecture. It
will be seen that these are not strictly
logical, mutually exclusive divisions, but
rather practical groupings of the matter
contained in the ' Cyclopedia ' ; but they
are really all the better for that, and, being
few, can easily be retained in the memory.
As a specimen of the practical way in
which the sub-headings are arranged, we
give as a sample the History of Education.
The sub-headings are as follows : History
of Education as a Study; Primitive,
Oriental; Greek, and Roman Education :
Middle Ages, Monasticism and Education,
Early Revival of Learning, Mysticism and
Education, Studies of the Middle Ages,
Scholasticism, Universities, Chivalry,
Medieval Schools, Renaissance Period,
Humanistic Leaders and Educators, Re-
naissance Schools and Education, Courtly
Education, Reformation and Education,
Realism and Education, Sense Realism
and Early Scientific Tendency, Disciplin-
ary Conception in Education, The En-
lightenment and Education, Pietism and
Education, Naturalistic Movement. Philan-
thropinist Movement, Psychological Ten-
dency in Education. Infant Schools, De-
velopment of Elementary School Systems,
Development of Public School Systems,
Modern Tendencies, Educational Leaders
of the Nineteenth Century. Such sub-
headings, with other lower divisions, should
enable the inquirer to light on his par-
ticular subject with ease, and see it at
once in its broader relationships.
A Corner of the Cotswolds through the Nine-
teenth Century. By M. Sturge Gretton.
(Methuen & Co., 7s. 6d. net.)
Mrs. Sturge Gretton published more
than ten years ago her first book on the
district to which she now returns. She
tells us that it was received with enthu-
siasm, though she " was at that time a
novice at book-making." Now with riper
experience she has produced an attractive
book which unearths a good deal that
people had not been unwilling to forget.
It collects pleasant stories, and it tells
with genuine sympathy of the memories
and aspirations of countryfolk to - day.
Thus it makes a book to sit in the sun
with, or to think over as j^ou walk the
gusty Cotswold uplands in spring ; per-
haps to doze over by the fire which a
variable climate makes you keep up well
into the month of May.
Mrs. Gretton delights in the lore of
old newspapers. They are to her much
what the preambles to Henry VIII. 's
Acts of Parliament were to James Anthony
Froude : the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth. Her main autho-
rity, indeed, is The Oxford Journal,
a notable old newspaper which J. R.
Green often utilized, and occasionally
enriched. In several appendixes, too,
she revives for us " documents " of
importance which we are very glad to
see preserved. The best of these is
Arthur Young's Report of the Agriculture
of Oxfordshire prepared for the Board
of Agriculture in 1809. This occupies
forty-two pages, about a tenth part of
Mrs. Gretton's book. One feeLs that she,
as a Meredithian, has a peculiar interest
in the humour of agricultural folk. If
she does not always succeed in conveying
it to us, she gives the material itself on
which she has built it up. Of to-day's
records there is a pretty little bit of silver-
wedding love - making in the poem of a
country worker called ' A Tale of Two
Rings,' and there are some charming talks
with village folk.
Mrs. Gretton reprints (from Notes and
Queries. 5 S. ii., Dec. 26, 1874) a mumming
play which she attributes to Oxfordshire
and " the beginning of the [? nineteenth]
century." This is strangely unlike the
play now acted in the district from which
she writes, but may belong to the south-
east of the shire, perhaps.
It is an arbitrary line of locality which
Mrs. Gretton draws round her stories,
and one which does not answer to any
historical, geographical, or racial division.
She includes Tetsworth and Kelmscott,
Northleach, Bourton-on-the-Water, Wel-
lesbourne, and Chapel House — all names to
conjure with among those who know them.
But she goes into no tiresome details of
topography ; that has often, and very
lately, been done. She tries rather
to collect stories, and now and then
to substantiate them by statistics. Of
this an interesting appendix on Feargus
O'Connor's Socialist allotments at Char-
terville, near Witney, is a good ex-
ample, though it might have been
improved by a study of the late Arthur
Butler's sympathetic account in The
Economic Review. Except when she
quotes the ipsissima verba of forgotten
authorities, she does not attempt to
achieve strict accuracy. At Burford, for
example, she does not seem to be quite at
home. She thinks that " no addition of
any sort " has been made to the church
" since the Reformation," not having:
seen, perhaps, the south wall of the large
western aisle, with its Sylvester tombs,
none of them earlier than Elizabeth's
dajr ; or the curious twentieth-century
heating chamber with its absurd battle-
ments ; the beautiful glass, old and new,
congruous and incongruous, which has
been inserted during the last thirty years :
or the enrichments due to the generosit}'-
and taste of Mr. Meade Falkner and the
present vicar. In the town itself, which
she describes most happily and sym-
pathetically, surely the illustration of
" the courtyard of the Little House "
shows what is to a great extent a
creation of the present century. The
contrasts, too, that she would make are a
little forced. The postmaster may be,
as she tells us, " motor proprietor, chauf-
feur,, and photographer," perhaps chemist
and stationer too, for all we know ; but
such a conjunction shows no breach
with old tradition. Specialism was never
at home in the Cotswolds, except among
those who make the wonderful un-
mortared walls. But Mrs. Gretton has a
knack of hitting off a place, or an ex-
perience, admirably : —
" To go shopping in a place like Burford
is not at all necessarily to get what you
want, certainly not to get it with swiftness ;
but it is to negotiate with persons of dignity
and ruminating character — persons of re-
source too."
On the whole, we are inclined to think
that the most interesting parts of
Mrs. Gretton's book are those in which
she deals with Enclosures, and those in
which she investigates the budgets of the
rural poor fifty years ago and to-day.
For the latter she is indebted to a notable
survival of an old family — Mr. Hambidge
of Burford — who still carries on a flourish-
ing local business. He has supplied her
with an admirable description of a grocer's
shop circa 1850 which might have come
straight out of ' Cranford.' -In her account
of the Enclosures she keeps a just course
between the Radical agitator and the
Tory apologist, and she quotes with
approval what Mr. W. W. Fowler, who
really knows the subject, has written : —
" The mischief is not to be ascribed so
much to enclosures, against which an outcry
is vain, as to the neglect of the opportunity
arising on every enclosing movement, to
take the true interest of the agricultural
labourer into consideration, and to redeem
him from the semi-serfdom to which he
was in danger of reverting."
Apropos of serfdom, one may note the
recent use of the word " servitude," for
what is now commonly called " service,"
which Mrs. Gretton quotes, and assure
her that, if she were to visit the town early
enough in the morning, she would still
see a good deal of yearly hiring going on
at the annual fair.
No 4504. Feb. 21, 19U
Til K ATHEN.EUM
263
Poems. By Edward Dowden.
(Dent A Co., 6s. each.)
2 vols.
1'i.Kii \rs tin- chief pleasure that Edward
Dowden's poetry affords to us lies in our
recognition in it of the charm of his
personality. The history of his associa-
tion with poetry is itself illustrative of this
charm. He published a considerable bodj
oi eloquent and accomplished verse at the
age of thirty-three (his ' Poems ' of 1876
account for fully three-quarters of the
original compositions now put before us),
and, in the words of his present editor,
" felt the urge very strongly towards
making verse his vocation."' Renouncing
this idea in order to be able to fulfil closer
and tenderer obligations, he yet found
means, as a recent volume. ' A Woman's
Reliquary,' has assured us, to associate his
love of poetry with the love to which he
had postponed it. and continued to confide
his happiness to his wife through the
many years of their union in songs which,
while he lived, were for her eyes alone.
The " Poems ' of 1876 are remarkable for
the high level of execution they display.
As a sign of this we note that the collection
contains as many as seventy-five sonnets
— sonnets handled, for the most part, in
the Words worthian style, and showing the
young artist never at a loss for adequate
and appropriate expression. Indeed, the
ease and gracefulness everywhere appa-
rent in his work suggest a writer who has
found, rather than one who has still to find,
his message, and preclude the idea that in
adopting criticism as his profession Dowden
seriously deflected his powers. A great
-itiveness to beauty breathes through
all his poems, associated with an intimate
religious dedication ; but the forms of
ae, with all that the Muse can demand
ulture and refinement, seem to flow
almost too readily, and though power and
finality are present, we have through-
out the impression of a relative deficiency
in these qualities. Poetry reflects life,
but an essentially creative activity is its
only means to that end. In Dowden's
se receptivity is the prevailing feature.
' these resen ations should be applied
broadly, and in order to give a substan-
tial instance of the central impulse which
moved Dowden to poetic expression, we
II quote in full a poem, ' The Initia-
tion,' which almosl induces us to with-
w what we have said : —
ler the flaming wings <>f cherubim
I moved to that hi^h altar. O, the hour!
And the lig 1 intenaer, and the dim
Low edge* ol the hills and the ^rey sea
■\\ ere caught and laj.tur'd by the present Power,
My Boretaea and rny witnesses to he.
Then the light drew me in. Ah, perfect pain !
Ah, infinite moment of accomplishment !
n terror of pure joy, with neither wane
N'or waxing, on) long rileooe and sharp air
A- womb - forsaking be ithe. Hush : the
event
Let him who wrought Love's marvellous things
declare.
shall I who fear'd not joy, fear grief at all!
I on whose mouth Life (aid bis sadden Lips
Tremble at Death's weak ki--. and not recall
That sundering from the flesh, the flight from
time,
The judgments -t<-m. thr- clear Kpooalyp
The lightnings, and the PreeenoH sublime ?
How oame 1 back to earth ! 1 know not how,
Nor what bands led me, nor what words were
said.
Now all things are made mine,— joy, sorrow ; now
I know my purpose deep, and oan refrain ;
I walk among the living, not the dead :
My sight is purged ; 1 love and pity men.
The writer of such a piece as this, and
particularly of its last two stanzas, might
well have contributed, with the directness
only attainable in poetry, to our further
knowledge of the mysteries and intimacies
of the spiritual life. Yet such a com-
munication, to be effectual, must have
taken the form of a distillation of essences ;
a ready and copious utterance would
hardly have favoured it.
The second of the two volumes before
us is devoted to a complete translation
of the twelve books of Goethe's ' West-
Oestliche Divan,' in verse which follows
as nearly as possible the changing metres
of the original. Prof. Dowden was for
twenty-two years President of the English
Goethe Society, and at one period of his
life, Mrs. Dowden now tells us, meditated
making a " full study of Goethe's life and
works his opus magnum" (an unfortunate
misprint, opus magnus, should be corrected
at the first opportunity), only to be turned
aside from this project by " a call to write
the life of Shelley — a long and difficult
task." The translation of the ' Divan '
was undertaken, " in one of the later
years of his life " (1907), ;' as recreation
in a summer's holiday in Cornwall," and,
as he himself modestly says of it, " even
to fail in such a game was to enter into
the joy of V amour de V impossible."
Certainly the ' West-Eastern Divan ' has
an unusually large proportion of untrans-
latable things, and only a craftsman of
high resourcefulness could have produced
the general effect of aerated, readable
numbers to which Dowden attains. But
he has given us, perhaps, the sketch for a
translation rather than a finished perform-
ance, and his attention seems to have
concentrated itself upon the substance
rather than upon the flavour of Goethe's
poetry. The rendering has thus a ten-
dency to weaken at points where the
whimsicality or sprightliness of the original
requires most from it, and we are more
satisfied when we jog along from page to
page uncritically than when we examine
the turns given to our favourite passages.
The concluding stanzas of ' Selige Sehn-
sucht,' for instance, cannot but disappoint
us : —
Distance can hinder not thy Might ;
Exiled, thou seekest a point illumed ;
And, last, enamoured of the light,
A moth art in the flame consumed.
And while thou spurnest at the best,
Whose word is " Die to be new-born ! "
Thou bidest but a cloudy guest
Upon an earth that knows not morn.
Even on Prof. Dowden's authority we
could not accept this translation of
Kommst geflogen nod gebannt,
for gebannt obviously hears here the
meaning "enchanted," "compelled." as
in Zauberbann, &<•. "exiled is an
inappropriate suggestion. As to the last
stanza, the power of which, culminating
in the immortal
Stirb und word'-,
is throughout its simplicity, here, we can
>>nl\ say, a great opportunity is lamentably
missed. The translation needed, perhaps,
some revision : " masterpieces," for in-
stance (.'}, i.), is a curious slip for Must&T-
bilder. We have noted also a sprinkling
of misprints. 2, xi. : —
What woe it works, what wear betimes,
where "weal'' was probably intended;
and 5, v.,
Nay, none shall draw deal nut ions here,
where "destructions'' should be "dis-
tinctions."
Maximilian in Mexico : (lie Story of the
French Intervention. By Percy F.
Martin. (Constable & Co., 1/. U. net.
The Mexican Constitution on paper is an
admirably democratic thing, but the only
sort of government of which Mexico has
actual experience bears no resemblance
to that written document. Under Diaz
(who ruled by fear, and wdiose victims
were said by M. Garcia Calderon to have
numbered 11,000) she had peace for
nearly thirty years ; but she is now proving
to the world that she has learnt nothing
and forgotten nothing since the days of
which Mr. Percy Martin writes.
He gives us a portrait of a delicately
nurtured Austrian Archduke, whose know-
ledge of the world, before the .Mexican
adventure, had been confined to the best
that the world could offer, suddenly
called on to rule over a half-emancipated
hot-headed people ; and his picture is in
sharp contrast to that of others who have
described Maximilian as a man with whom
" haughtiness and irritability were con-
stitutional."' But before the book is done
it is clear why the undertaking of the
Archduke was hopeless from the first — as
hopeless as Thiers knew it to be, and
(after the crash) said it always had been.
The first idea of the .Mexican expedition
(according to Mr. Martin) originated in t in-
fertile brain of that disreputable person
Morny, who saw a chance of making
money for himself : and the fundamental
cause of Maximilian's failure is ascribed to
Napoleon III. and his wish to defeat the
influence of the United States in Latin
America — matters which lead Mr. Martin
to consider carefully the whole question
of the Monroe doctrine. The responsi-
bility of Louis Napoleon for the expedil ion
and its disastrous result is obvious . and
it was the distrust of Napoleon III fell
by the English and by the Spaniards w hich
led the British and Spanish Governments
to withdraw their BUpporl and lei the
French go on alone Louis Napoleon
is described as "one of the most per-
fidious, as he \\a> one of the most iininind
IHI. rulers who ever occupied a throne
and to the Empress Eugenie is allotted a
heavy share ol blame.
We have had Ma \ iiii i han's own account
of his life in Mexico, not to mention many
hook- from other pen- . and Mr. Martin
264
THE ATHENAEUM
_^____
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
lias gathered his materials with great care
from all the best sources. The result is a
painful picture of a horrible tragedy.
Maximilian's worst fault was perhaps his
fickleness and his inability to come to a
decision or to adhere to a resolution once
taken. He committed errors because he
tried to rule Mexico as though it were a
civilized European state. He endeavoured
to govern the country by laws, when it was
said of him that " he should have been
always in the saddle, with sword in hand."
If fresh evidence is required of the
mistakes which — naturally we think —
were made by an inexperienced European
prince, that evidence is to be found here,
and Mr. Martin has collected facts which
throw new light on the extravagant
fashion in which the household of the
Emperor was conducted. Neither the
Emperor nor the Empress knew anything
of the way to manage household expenses,
and their waste was on a grand scale,
regardless of the amount of a Civil
List which — even if the money had been
forthcoming — did not suffice to pay hah
their bills. " The best excuse that can be
made for Maximilian is that he did not
govern, and that it was Bazaine who
exercised real authority, and who should
have stayed in Mexico to bear the result
of failure.
At a time when relations between the
United States and Mexico are, to put it
mildly, strained, it is of interest to con-
sider what were the difficulties which the
French experienced with their expedition,
and the author of this book throws
light on the obstacles in their way.
It may be noted that in Maximilian's
day the United States professed neu-
trality, but did a good deal to make
things awkward for the French. The
United States, in the name of Monroe,
condemned the Mexican monarchy — a
case of intervention against intervention ;
and there was in the northern republic a
society (known as " Defenders of the
Monroe Doctrine, D.M.D.") whose
object was the transmission of arms and
ammunition to the Mexican frontier.
The saddest picture in the book is that
of the Empress Charlotte, who became
insane while actually in the Vatican
pleading with the Pope for his help.
She is still alive, and has been con-
fined in a chateau near Brussels for forty-
seven years ; and of the royal personages
chiefly concerned, two others are still
living, the Austrian Emperor and the
Empress Eugenie, both of whom are
strongly criticized by Mr. Martin.
We admire the author's industry, but
cannot praise his style, and much of the
book is in the nature of padding. There
are some misprints (like Lanenburg for
Lauenburg, and Sainte Gedule for Sainte
Gudule), but they are not numerous.
The work is copiously illustrated — too
copiously, for in one instance the same
portrait appears twice.
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.
Edited by James Hastings, with the
Assistance of John A. Selbie and Louis
H. Cray. — Vol. VI. Fiction — Hyksos.
(Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 11. 8s.)
At the beginning of his instructive article
on primitive, Oriental, and Graeco-Roman
fiction, with which the new volume of this
great Encyclopaedia opens, Dr. L. H.
Gray calls attention to Mr. MacCulloch's
definition of the Saga on the one hand
and the Marchen on the other, according
to which the main difference between
the two lies in this — that in the Saga the
heroes and heroines " have definite names
and are believed to have once actually
existed," whilst " in the Marchen all is
vague, impersonal, indefinite." But to
this undoubtedly true differentiation might
be added another which appears to be no
less true. The genuine Saga reflects the
ideals and traditions of a nation or a race,
whilst in the Marchen it is chiefly the
elements of wonder and folk-lore which
strike the imagination. It is on account
of these combined differences that the
Saga has in it the making of an epos,
whereas the Marchen must always re-
main outside this higher field of poetic
creation.
Reluctantly passing over Prof. A. J.
Du Pont Coleman's very thoughtful
contribution on mediaeval and modern
fiction, as well as over a number of other
interesting topics, we note next the two
articles under the heading ' First-Born.'
Mr. J. A. MacCulloch, who deals with the
introductory and primitive part of the
subject, arrives at the conclusion that it
was only occasionally that the first-born
were singled out for sacrifice, the practice
having been ominously widespread with
regard to children generally ; but, so far
as the ancient Hebrews are concerned,
Mr. J. Strahan is no doubt right in
thinking that the redemption of the
first-born enjoined in the Pentateuch was
in all probability meant to supplant the
actual immolation that was in vogue in
primitive times.
For convenience' sake we refer also now
to the series of articles on ' Human Sacri-
fice,' the ritual slaying of first-born chil-
dren being only a species of the wider
practice of this terrible form of devotion.
We can, however, give only a few quota-
tions. In Mr. A. E. Crawley's paper in
the introductory and primitive section the
following sentences are given from Dr.
Westermarck's ' Origin and Development
of the Moral Ideas ' : —
" The practice of human sacrifice cannot
be regarded as characteristic of savage
races. On the contrary, it is found much
more frequently among barbarians and semi-
civilized peoples than among genuine savages,
and at the lowest stages of culture known
to us it is hardly heard of."
One of the illustrations given by Mr.
Crawley of this aspect of the case is the
fact that " the Aztecs themselves did not
adopt the practice until the fourteenth
century." This must, however, be
balanced against Prof. R. A. S. Mac-
alister's remark in the Semitic section of
the subject that
" although, as the notorious case of the
Aztecs shows, the practice of human sacrifice
is not inconsistent with a high standard of
culture, it is natural that the advance of
civilization should develope a repugnance
against the rite in its crudest form, and that
various devices should be invented to satisfy
the demands of the gods without actually
taking life."
Under the heading ' Fortune,' accounts
are given of the meanings it bore, and
the beliefs entertained regarding it, among
the Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Jews, and
other sections of the human family. M.
Delphine Menant contributes an exhaus-
tive article on the ' Gabars,' a name
' popularly applied to the Zoroastrians
still residing in Persia, in contradistinc-
tion to their co-religionists in India, the
Parsis." The articles on ' Gambling ' and
' Games ' (the latter topic being treated
in a Hebrew and Jewish section, besides
a general one), will naturally attract many
readers. Of perennial interest to many
others is the subject of ' Giants,' which
is treated in a general as well as a Greek
and Roman section.
Close upon Prof. E. F. Scott's in-
structive contribution on ' Gnosticism '
follows a long series of articles on ' God.'
For a philosophical treatment of the idea
of God we are referred to the heading
' Theism,' though, of course, the article
' First Cause ' in an earlier part of the
present volume supplies materials for
some partial view of the subject. The
key-note of Andrew Lang's contribution
on the primitive and savage section of the
theme is that of an " All-Father " (the
" Father ours " of the native tribes of
South-East Australia), regarded by him,
in common with other investigators, as a
very early form of belief among savage
races.
" The idea of a supreme being [he writes]
is not of late appearance in culture, and is
not [as Herbert Spencer and others thought)
a reflection from human kings. It is found
among the democratic tribes of Australia,,
who, at most, may have a ' head-man ' of
the community, while the council of the
mature men make his position more or less
' constitutional.' The All-Father is not the
glorified ghost of such an one, for he was
before Death, in the myths, entered the-
world ; and he still exists, usually in a world
of his own, above the sky."
The other parts of the subject treated
are the pre-Islamic Arabian, Assyro-
Babylonian, Biblical and Christian, Budd-
hist, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Hindu,
Iranian, Japanese, Jewish, Muslim, Slavic,
and Teutonic, each of which contributes
richly to the great store of facts and ideas
which may some day serve as the basis
of a comprehensive work on the develop-
ment of the idea of God in the mind of
humanity.
There are articles of appropriate length
on Goethe, Herder, and Heine (the last-
named paper not being, however, free
from inaccuracy) ; and many will be
particularly grateful for the long and ex-
cellent contribution by Prof. J. B. Baillie
on Hegel, whose ideas were perhaps, not
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
THE A Til KX/BUM
26
t.)
muoh behind those of Kant in influenc-
ing and moulding the philosophical and
religious thought of a great part of the
nineteenth century.
Muoh curious and highly instructive
information regarding an important class
of myths and mythical history among
many bianohes of humanity will be found
in the long series of articles on ' Heroes
and Hero-Gods.1 Mr. A. C. Hadden,
who writes on the general and primitive
part of the subject, pays special attention
to the evidence to be derived from the
folk-tales of the Torres Straits Islanders,
and his main conclusion is that " the hero,
apart from the ancestor, has slight chance
of being worshipped while he is still
recognized as a human ghost." and that
time, distance, and forgetfulness are
required in order to evolve a god or " a
worshipful godling."' It cannot, however,
be said that this principle underlies hero-
worship in all parts of the world.
We can make only a brief selection out
of the many other valuable articles in the
volume. Prof. F. C. Burkitt gives a
critical account of the four canonical
Gospels. Greek and tineco - Egyptian
religion are treated respectively by Dr.
L. R. Farnell and .Mr. J. G. Milne/ The
great subject of Hinduism is dealt with by
Mr. W. Crooke. The still perplexing
topic of the Hittites has been assigned to
Mr. B. B. Charles. There are articles on
Homer. Hesiod, Heraclitus, and Herodotus, t
as well as on our own moderns, Hobbes,
Hume, Hooker, and T. H. Green. We
also note that the papers on ' Gorgon '
and : Harpies ' are accompanied by illus-
trations. The contribution on the Hyksos,
which concludes the volume, seems ab-
normally short, but the subject is still
largely enveloped in obscurity.
'he part before us completes the first
half of the Encyclopaedia, this is a fitting
occasion for expressing our warm thanks
the editors, contributors, and publishers
<>f the work for the wealth of well-ordered
information which they are placing before
the world of intelligent readers and in-
_ tors. We hope that the support
en to the undei-taking will be on a
le commensurate with its usefulness
.and intrinsic merit.
Tht Wars of tin Rose*, 1377-1471. By
I!. B. Mow at. (Crosby Lockwood & .Soli,
net.)
n period covered by this useful mono-
ph i- from one point, of view shorter,
iii another longer, than the dates on
the title-page would suggest. Mr. Mowat
has found it indispensable to give a short
ume of the history of the fir-t two
Lancastrian kin<_'-. and of the early part
Henry VI n, in order to' make
his subsequent story intelligible ; and he
even goes back to the family settlemenl
of Edward III. ;is the seed-plot of the
civil strife of the next century, lb- gives
detailed sequence of eventc only
from 1 160 to 1471 ; but he also butvi
the latter part of the reign of Edward IV..
and (though less fully) the circumstances
of the accession of the Tudor dynasty.
We think, therefore, that if dates are to be
given they should either cover the whole
period under review or be confined to the
actual era of the war.
Mr. Mowat freely acknowledges his debt
to earlier historians, who have treated his
subject either from special standpoints
or at greater length — such as Stubl><.
Sir J. H. Ramsay, and Prof. Oman. Hut
a shorter history often has tin- advantage
of presenting the salient facts in stronger
relief ; and Mr. Mowat possesses the
qualities of a lucid style and a judicial
fairness in holding the balance between the
contending sides. We are not sure that
he is always most effective where he is
most original. He states that one of the
reasons why Richard II. lost his crown
was that he favoured the Lollards. But
the documents published by Mr. Powell
and Mr. G. M. Trevelyan show how fre-
quently he issued writs for the suppression
of innovations in religion, and the latter
even calls him " the zealous knight of
orthodoxy.' There is no evidence of
Henry IV. 's disposition towards these
sectaries before his accession ; but his
father had supported Wyclif for political
reasons, and, if what the people wanted
was a stalwart champion of the mediaeval
Church, they would scarcely have turned
towards a scion of the House of Lancaster.
Richard's cpueen, Anne of Bohemia, had
no doubt some sympathy with Lollardy ;
but the statement that she " had been
brought under the influence of John
Huss " is simply an anachronism. Huss
was only twelve years old when Anne left
Bohemia, and had not long graduated at
Prague when she died in England. Any
influence which she may have had in
spreading reforming views was mainly
indirect — i.e., through her attendants,
who carried Wyclif's tracts into Germany,
where they promoted the movement
afterwards directed by Huss. When Mr.
Mowat comes to the dynastic struggle
half a century later, he is doubtless right
in his view that the English Church
was mainly Yorkist. But it is hardly
fair to represent the Papacy as taking the
same side, or to say that because the
legate (the Bishop of Terni) accompanied
Warwick on his raid into England in 1460,
therefore the venture was " made under
the banner of the Universal Church."
We now know that the legate fell into
disgrace on his return for exceeding his
instructions, and that his action in coun-
tenancing the invasion was disowned.
In general. Mr. Mowat's estimate of the
character and motives of the chief actors
in the drama of the war is sound and free
from partiality. He shows the pathos of
Henrj VI. 's position — that, despite his
piety ami good intentions, he was in-
capable as a ruler and neglectful of public
opinion; and the picture drawn of the
high-spirited queen, with her masterful
disposition and tireless energy, enduring
poverty, hardship, and exile in \;un
endeavours to retrieve a lost cause, ia
true to the life. The portrait of " the
Kingmaker" is less clear. We are left
in doubt whether he was merely a proud,
Self-seeking noble, or had occasional
gleams of acting for the common good.
The characters of Humphrey, Duke of
Gloucester, Richard of York, and the
two Somersets stand out with vividness,
and their careers are related in a judicial
spirit. If Mr. Mowat has a hero, it would
seem to be Edward IV.. though he recog-
nizes that he was ruthless and brutal ; he
omits some instances of his bad faith, as
his execution of Lord Welles, who had put
himself in his power on an express promise
of safety.
We are not sure that Mr. Mowat is on
firm ground in contesting the unfavourable
opinion of Edward as a ruler which was
held by Hallam and Stubbs. Like Car-
Lyle, he is too apt to condone all faults
for the single merit of strength ; and we
think he mistakes the calm produced by
terror and exhaustion for a general spirit
of content. It is no excuse for Edward's
invention of k benevolences " that they
were not unpopular because only a few
wealthy people paid them ; and if his
later reign was so successful, how was it
that the address which offered the crown
to his brother described his rule a-- in-
tolerable " thraldom and bondage " ? His
success in ''paying his way. which Mr.
Mowat praises, must have been largely
due to the great number of forfeited lands,
estimated by Fortescue at one-fifth of the
kingdom. The struggle "was in the main
a " Barons' War," and therefore the nobles
were naturally, as a class, the chief
sufferers. Mr. Mowat gives an extended
list of the supporters of each side ; but
he does not tell us how far the baronage
was depleted by the war. It may be
true, as he says, that the middle classes
held the balance of power, but as yet
their voice was not articulate : they
had hardly begun to feed their strength.
In our view it is this fact, rather than the
absence of distress, which explains their
apparent apathy. When Mr. Mowat says
that " the people as a whole took no part
in the fights,'' he seems to be under-
rating the deep roots struck by the feudal
system. Ee tightly holds that the boons
were a danger, because they were too few .
and because their holdings in land were
out of all proportion to the rest "t the
population. Therefore in estimating the*
comparative strength of the two factions
it is more important to reckon the value
of their holdings than to count up the
barons on each side. Mr. Mowat has
furnished an excellent map, which shows
how evenly balanced they were over the
whole country, and tin- s sems i" explain
why London, which was steadily Xbrkist,
was able to turn the scale. He has
taken great pains to be accurate on minor
points and he will not think u- captious
in pointing out thai if the battle "t
Tout, a, (March 29th, I I'd | WAS foug
on Palm Sundaj (as was the cas the
ber of that year cannot have fallen on
April L9th.
260
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
TWO VERSE TRANSLATIONS OF
THE CLASSICS.
Passion for the impossible, that disease
of the soul, afflicts — surety in its noblest
form ? — those who strive to translate
Horace. Mr. Arthur Sidgwick used to
say in Homer lectures, " Everything can
be done, if you can only find the way," and
it is this lurking hope that one day the
entirely happy turn will be caught which
lures scholars on, undeterred by their own
failures and the failures of better men,
still to fit Horace to English metres.
Not even Pindar himself presents a harder
task. There is first of all the question of
form. Does English possess any adequate
mould for the recasting of the Horatian
line ? Tennyson, conscious of failure and
ironically willing to expose it, dismissed
quantitative English rhythms as a " bar-
barous experiment," his harsh and forced
accent on the last syllable supplying a
final touch to the reductio ad ineptum.
Once, and once only, it seems to us, was
the Sapphic metre imitated with any
approach to success in our tongue — bjr
Sir Edwin Arnold in his translation of
Sappho's great Ode. Wisely, therefore,
Mr. Taylor in his version of Horace has
contented himself with a few fragments
in quantity, not included in the strict
text of his work, but printed by way of
introduction, to give readers who do not
know the original some idea of the Latin
rhythms. He does not better the ' Needy
Knife-Grinder, ' nor does he pretend to any
success. The purpose perhaps is served,
were it only to emphasize once more the
hopelessness of the task. The Asclepiads,
one and all, go, like Giant Despair's lock,
" damnable hard," and while the unin-
formed may learn the stresses of the line,
they will hardly suspect its beauties in
the original.
It is when he uses purely accentual
metre that Mr. Taylor finds himself. His
success may not be complete — that is
not to be expected — and there are long
passages where he is hampered by
the mere effort to translate rather than
transmute. Literal fidelity too often
blunts the poetical impulse. The best
things, we imagine, arise when the classical
text is banished from the desk, and the
translator, bringing to his work a memory
steeped in the original, gives back the
meaning without too much regard to the
order of words and phrases in his model.
He may have to amplify and make
explicit for the modern reader points
that are lightly implied in his author.
If this leads him into a freedom that
will puzzle those who seek only a con-
venient " crib," the result is sometimes
all the more beneficial. Idleness may be
mystified, but intelligent industry will
find a key to unsuspected wealth. The
The Odes of Horace. Translated into Eng-
lish Verse by A. L. Taylor. (Glasgow,
MaeLehose & Sons, 4s. 6c?. net.)
Sophocles in English Verse. — Part I. QZdipus
the King, (Edipus at Kolonus, Antigone. —
Part II. Aias, Elecfra, Trachinian
Maidens, Philoctetes. (Macmillan & Co.,
3s. 6d. net each.)
thought underlying " Quantum distet ab
Inaeho," for example, has puzzled many
a tyro, and, missed, has hastened the rod.
Mr. Taylor may puzzle him still more,
at first, but he will see daylight at last
and be grateful. Nor do we think even
past-masters will quarrel very readily
with this opening of hi. 19, daring as it is :
Come, Telephus, we 're getting crusty
At all your antiquarian lore,
Your dates and dynasties long dusty
Too long, methinks, have held the floor.
Who cares for Codrus, death awaiting
To save his country, what to us
The silent saecla separating
I! is reign from Argive Inachus ?
Leave now the line of great Achilles,
The war of Ilium resign,
When here of every man the will is
To know the price of Chian wine.
" Will is," though questionable, may
pass ; for the model is obviously the
' Ballad of Bouillabaisse,' a truly Horatian
lyric in English. Happier model could
hardly be for translating Horace in this
vein. WTe are tempted to quote one more
stanza : —
On with the feast ! — Come, slave, a humper
To midnight and the new moon fill,
And to Muraena, now, a thumper —
The Augur ! Drink it with a will.
The purely convivial Horace slips
cannily into this metre. For the more
exalted lyrics a mould is hard to find.
To most of the Sapphic and Alcaic odes
a short English line is essential, but that
found, the structure of the stanza presents
a new problem. Very few recognized
schemes will fit. Mr. Taylor struggles
with many, ancipiti marte. Anything
" sing-song " fails. It refuses to suggest
the dignity of the Horatian measure.
Long lines are equally treacherous. But
here (i. 9) we have some real approach to
adequacy : —
Pile the logs high,
O Thaliarchus, and bring down
The jar of four-year-old renown :
The frost shall fly
To see the Sabine vintage quaffed
In the long, glorious draught.
That, it is true, though quieter, is still a
convivial song. This from ii. 13 better
illustrates our point : —
The shades approve
Each strain, for sacred silence meet,
Yet though they find her numbers sweet,
His more do move,
Pilling the ear with murmurings
Of wars and banished kings.
The loss of a fine figure by the slurring over
of " Densum umeris bibit aure vulgus " is
regrettable, but the really poetical effect
of the last two lines condones much.
Once or twice Mr. Taylor renders a
short lyric in sonnet form, but these are
not among his happiest efforts. With the
tempting, but perilous metre of the
' Dream of Fair Women ' he comes off,
now well, now ill : very well in the short
hymn to Diana, iii. 22 ; very ill in the
immediately following " Caelo supinas,"
where Aubrey de Vere so nearly got home.
Of the passages of no inspiration it is
unnecessary to speak. They are the fate
of every translator who attempts a
complete version. Mr. Taylor's better
moments (and they are many) have given
us things to remember with joy.
We note some uncertainty of punctua-
tion, of indentation for rhvme, and a
little falsity of rhyme in proper names,
due. it may be, to a halting between the
English and the Scottish pronunciation
of Latin. " Amaboean " {sic), twice re-
peated in a title, seems like an unrepentcd
sin of Boeotian youth; and on p. 116,
in the excellent " Quantum distet," 1. 10
has come utterly to grief in the press.
But the emendation can be puzzled out.
Curiously enough, in the passages to
which one turns first, in eager expectancy
— " O Venus regina," " Persicos odi,"
" Faune nvmpharum," " Pindarum quis-
quis," " O fons Bandusise," " Eheu
fugaces " — Mr. Taylor strikes no ringing
note. For the equally haunting English
opening we still wait ; shall wait, perhaps,
for ever. But here there are compensa-
tions for many stretches of plain prose.
The first volume of Dr. Way's ' Sophocles
in English Verse ' appeared in 1909. He
has since been busy with other transla-
tions of note, but we are glad that he has
found time to publish the second this
year, giving us a complete version which
scholars and men of letters alike can view
with genuine satisfaction. These two
classes are not always in accord, and
some famous scholars have given us
strange, crude renderings of the poets
they have lived with. Dr. Way's work is
of the first order in taste and knowledge.
The supreme distinction of Sophocles
as an artist in language makes a heavy
demand upon a translator, and puts out
of court versions which, tolerable as
renderings of the mere words, give us
none of the fire and grace of the Greek.
Dr. Way is never bald, never misled into
idioms which are contrary to the spirit of
English. Perhaps it is more to say that
he is never dull, having a fine sense of
the colour of words, derived, we imagine,
from old acquaintance with the best of
English blank verse. His verse is less
austere, less clear cut, perhaps, than Mr.
Whitelaw's, but it has a compensating
warmth which is not amiss to-day, when
the corpus of the old dramatists is com-
monly regarded as a mummy to be gal-
vanized into life. The Athenians were as
keen and go-ahead a people as the world
has seen, and much more capable of
appreciating good, live work than the
average Briton.
To deal first with the Choruses, they
offer a problem which no one has solved ;
their metrical scheme and language are
not easily acclimatized. Unrhymed
verse would need the gift of a Milton,
and we think Dr. Way's Swinburnian
rhythms are as good as anything, though,
of course, they represent a paraphrase of
the original. Thus the first chorus in the
' Trachinian Maidens ' begins : —
0 born of the Night and reborn at the hour when
her star-flashing vest
From her fainting limbs is torn, who art lulled
yet again to rest
By her amid splendours of flame, O Sun-god, O
Sun-god, on thee
1 cry — I beseech thee, proclaim where the Son of
Alkmena may be.
Tell, thou whose blaze flashes bright as the
levin.
Is he threading the Strait in his ship ?— doth he
wait m here the mainlands twain are sundered
by sea?
Speak, thou whose gaze is keenest in heaven 1
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
Til E A TH KX.EUM
"3(57
Here, again, is the beginning of the famous
tribute to love in the ' Antigone ' : —
Love, none may withstand whan thou workest,
O resistless in fight I
Wealth, power, to thy thraldom thou bendest
When Btormlike thereon thou deseendest :
In a maiden's soft dimple thou lurkest
Ambushed through night,
Over surges of sea thou ridest :
'Neath the huts of the wilderness liidest ;
Not the Gods overliving may shun thee;
Not tho sous of a day may outrun thee;
And from him in whose heart thou abidest
Reason takes flight.
In rendering the iambics Dr. Way is
both concise and spirited, and, thanks
to his excellent vocabulary, is always
dignified, yet free from the stiffness
which makes us despair over many ver-
sions. Not his the betise of such a render-
ing as
Thou hast no call to utter that remark,
which in earlier days was considered
adequate. Dr. Way makes effective use
of compounds such as " presage-echo,"
" honour-gifts."' " warrior-might," and
" high-stomached."' Conciseness is a great
point, for it is fatally easy to fill out
the text of an author with superfluities,
instead of being plain where he is plain,
and marking (as well as may be) his orna-
ment where he is ornate. In the case of
a consummate artist like Sophocles we may
fairly insist — not, indeed, on a canine
fidelity of word for word, but on a render-
ing as near as English will allow in passages
where the poet emphasizes a point or an
idea by special language. In that subtle
character-study the * Philoctetes ' Odys-
seus has to win over his young and gener-
ous - hearted companion to fraudulent
methods, and he ends his appeal by
■aying : —
I know, my sou, thou art not by nature framed
To speak or to contrive dishonesty :
Vet victory is sweet — stoop to it then.
Hereafter will we flaunt our honesty.
But now, for one short hour, forget to blush,
And yield to me thy soul : then, all life through,
< 'utshine all men in reverence for right.
This is vigorous, and gives the sense ad-
mirably, but it might have been nearer the
text and equally effective. What Odys-
seus Bays is that victory is a sweet thing
to possess — " a sweet prize to gain " in
Jebb's words. Similarly, " forget to blush,"
lerived from an adjective which belongs
the previous phrase. " For one short
shameless hour, be mine," or some such
rendering, seems to us preferable. We
sitate, however, to differ from an artist-
like Dr. Wev.
There are a few notes at the bottom
of the page : for instance, the reader is
informed that the strange passage in
which Antigone explains that she can
get another husband, but never another
brother, is generally rejected by scholars.
thing is said precisely of the text ; but
it may be taken for granted that it is
Jebb's. Bis text ana renderings have
settled many a doubt for those who come
after him. Thus, in the scene where
Hcemon confronts his unhappy father.
])t. Way translates : —
Glaring at him with wild-beast eyes, the son
Sp.it in his I
Jebb took rrwas wpomawt^ literally, not
as a mere exaggeration of looks of loathing.
The Comic Kingdom : Napoleon, (he Last
Phase but Tiro. By Rudolf Pickthall.
(John Lane, '.U. (id. net.)
•• .Mon ile est bien petite," Napoleon
sighed, surveying the limits of Elba, and
dispatched his army of forty men to
occupy and annex the barren island of
Pianosa. It is this comic-opera aspect of
the great exile's sojourn upon his tiny
kingdom that chiefly exercises Mr. Rudolf
Pickthall's light and facile pen in a style
familiar to readers of The Evening Stan-
dard. At the serious purpose and tenacious
grasp which underlay it the reader is left
to guess.
Small as it is, the island of Elba pro-
vides its visitors with a plentiful supply
of historical emotions. True, the relics
of its king here are, like other relics, not
always authentic. The bedstead, for in-
stance, upon which Mr. Pickthall's pil-
grims exert much enthusiasm, is no more
the bed on which Napoleon slept than is
the Maiden at Nuremberg the original
instrument of torture there. But your
true sentimentalist does not wish to be
biased by facts, and, after all, one bed-
stead is as good as another to promote the
exercise of a generous imagination.
Mr. Pickthall extracts as much humour
as romance from a visit to the scene where,
for a brief interval, Napoleon played at
being a great king and a great general.
High spirits, a flowing pen, and the re-
searches of M. Paul Gruyer carry him
gaily through a volume which in heavier
hands might have proved, in the words
of his Italian courier, " a dam histerical
affair." For those who, like Cecilia in
this book, are " dreadfully interested in
Napoleon," a visit to Elba in Mr. Pick-
thall's company is both exciting and
instructive, and it has the additional merit
of being a little off the beaten track
without being too uncomfortable.
Orestes, the courier, is a protagonist
throughout the wanderings of the tourist
party, and, being the only person fully
conversant with Italian, often gets his own
way, and speaks his mind. The narrator
spies a boat at sea, and, hearing sounds
of singing, remarks, " They seem to sing
everywhere hereabouts."
" ' You mistake,' said Orestes peevishly —
nothing annoyed him more than eulogies of
his native land — 'cleyare only piscafcori —
dey fish.' Orestes' tone was, as I have said,
sulky. I had no wish to provoke, any more
references to London or to the country, so I
held my peace. ' Dey are all flam fools,'
said Orestes, ' dey tink by singing dey catch
de fishes, just like do Syphons in de antique;
time used to catch de men. I tink it great
silliness. But dose Italians are so.' '
The vagaries of great men always make
attractive reading, and Mr. Pickthall affords
a curious insight into the quick changes
between Napoleon's histrionic dignity and
his sense of humour. He swindles at
caids and relents next morning, except
where his mother is concerned ; indeed,
he seems to have felt that he was entitled
at this stage in his career to get what he
could out of his family and connexions.
perhaps because they had abundantly
profited through him in the past.
FICTION.
EEKB are two studies of war. The; first.
The Iron Year,' has had a large circula-
tion in Germany, and is said to have been
much appreciated by the German Emperor.
It is the story of a German general's daugh-
ter who falls in love with a French stall
officer just as the Franco - German War
breaks out. She becomes a nursing sister
at the front ; and subsequent interest
centres round her work in tending the
wounded, her efforts to discover her lover,
and the doings in the war of various charac-
ters who cross and recross the pages.
The author has not been afraid
to present in all its brutal nakedness
what is involved when passions " that
see red " are roused. He has painted a
powerful and lurid picture of scenes the
god of war delights in, and the sacrifices
demanded from worshippers at his shrine.
The varying feelings and emotions of
soldiers going into battle — the metamor-
phosis, for instance, of a musical genius,
who, dreading the possible loss of a hand,
is nearly shot for cowardice, into a prodigal
slayer of men — are admirably depicted.
The remorse of the little German con-
script who wins money and a medal for the
first " kill " in the war — his sobs and hLs
wail of " Oh mother, Oh God, mother ! " as
he views the body, that of " a sturdy young
fellow with a chubby good - humoured
face " — is one of many incidents that
leave a deep impression.
It is a striking book and has been
excellently translated.
Blood and fighting, disaster and hideous
death, is also the theme of ' War.' From
the Preface by Monsignor Benson and a
hitherto unpublished fragment by Mr.
Rudyard Kipling, we learn that Mr.
Newton's object is " to make a people
who have never known invasion realize
what invasion is."
"This book [says the Monsitmor] will lie
called sensational and disgusting. That is
precisely what it is, because it is an account
of the sensational and disgusting thing called
War ; at least it is an account of a few such
incidents as any single individual. . . .might
easily see and experience, should his country
be invaded by another of the same degree
of civilization as his own."
It is an ultra-vivid presentment of
the agony, the ruin, the hopeless and
helpless state that must lie the lot
of non-combatants when the tide of war
sweeps over them. There is much good
writing — at times, perhaps, a little too
strained artistically to achieve the desin d
effect. Despite this, however, the work
"gets" near its intended destination, and
few readers can fail— when, subsequently,
they hear the glories of Wattle and the
joys of conflict extolled— to remember
that, there is another and an Ugly side
to " legalized murder."
Tfu Iron Year. By Walter Bloem Trans-
lated from the German by Stella Bloch.
(John Line, (J.9.)
War. By W. Douglas Newton. (Methuen
A I 0., 20. net.)
268
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
THEOLOGY.
problems auo ^Discussions.
Naville (Edouard), Archeology of the
Old Testament : Was the Old Testa-
ment written in Hebrew ? 5/ net.
Robert Scott
Prof. Naville's theory is, briefly stated, as
follow?. The Pentateuch was originally com-
posed by Moses in the Babylonian language
and the cuneiform script. The same language
and script were employed for the other
earlier portions of the Old Testament. The
prophetic and didactic books, " as perhaps "
also " some of the Psalms," were in all like-
lihood originally written in Aramaic, or,
if they were primarily in Babylonian, they
" must have been put " in that language
" before the time of the LXX." Certainty
of original Aramaic composition is assumed
for the latest books of the Canon.
The first great transformation was effected
by Ezra. Out of the cuneiform tablets
written by Moses arose, under the great
renovator of the times following the exile,
an Aramaic Pentateuch ; and Ezra " per-
haps " also " collected and sifted the writings
which were to form the sacred volume. As
it came out of his hands the volume was
entirely Aramaic."
The present form of the Old Testament —
Hebrew — was only reached about the time
of the Christian era, and it is supposed that
the Jewish spirit of exclusiveness supplied
the motive for the fresh transformation.
" The writings were in Aramaic, the lan-
guage of a considerable literature ; they
might be confused with other writings. . . .
The rabbis,'2 therefore,
" found it necessary to give to their books a
national character and appearance. They turned
them into ITehrew, the idiom spoken by their
fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, which was
certainly their own language, that of Jerusalem,"
and which " they did not share with any
other people."
By way of criticizing the theory, together
with the evidence on which it is supposed
to rest, it is necessary to dissect the contents
of the volume into the three different ele-
ments which Prof. Naville has unfortunately
fused into one. The question of the archae-
ology of writing is one thing, that of lan-
guage is another, and the attack on modern
criticism, though no doubt largely inter-
twined with these, should — in the best
interests of critical science — have been
treated separately under a third heading.
The two pivots of Prof. Naville's theory
are the finds of the Tel! el-Amarna tablets
and certain later cuneiform inscriptions on
the one hand, and the Elephantine papyri
on the other. The former serve him as an
indisputable proof that during the time
of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty, and
for a series of centuries later, Babylonian
was the only literary language of Canaan ;
and the latter provide him with an equally
cogent demonstration that Aramaic, and
Aramaic only, had at one period or another
succeeded Babylonian as the literary dialect
of the same country.
But, if it be granted that Moses himself
composed, in substance, the contents of the
Pentateuch, why should he not have em-
ployed one form or another of cuneiform for
writing Hebrew ? If — as we know — the
Babylonian script could be adapted to
Persian and Susian, why not also to the
closely allied Semitic speech of the Hebrews ?
Again, why should the use of Aramaic by the
Jewish colonies in Upper Egypt be regarded
as a positive proof that Hebrew was not
employed as a literary language in Palestine
till four or five centuries later ? Bv way of
proving his case Prof. Naville declares the
Hebrew of the Old Testament to be a
translation from the Aramaic, but is not
this an assumption rather than a proof ?
Prof. Sayce, who has advocated the same
theory for parts, at any rate, of Genesis, has
at least tried to do so on linguistic grounds ;
but Prof. Naville attempts to extend the
hypothesis to the widest limits without
furnishing any linguistic criteria.
In order to show: furthermore, that any
attack on the general position of modern
critics should, in essence, be treated under
a separate heading, it is only necessary to
point out that the chief deductions to be
drawn from the Tell el-Amarna tablets and
the Elephantine papyri are in reality in full
agreement with the general outline of what
are known as higher critical results. For
is it not clear that a theory which declares
the earliest Hebrew literature to have been
written down some time in the ninth century
B.C. is perfectly compatible with a belief that
for several centuries previously Babylonian
was the literary — or, at any rate, diplomatic
— language of Canaan, and that a number
of centuries later Aramaic was adopted by
the Israelites as the lingua franca both in
Palestine and outside it ?
One other important point. If the Rabbis
turned the Old Testament into Hebrew at
about the beginning of the Christian era,
would it not have been natural for them
to employ the dialect of the Mishnah rather
than classical Hebrew ?
Caldecott (W. Shaw), Herod's Temple, 6/
C. H. Kelly
In reviewing the first of Mr. Caldecott's
series of four works on the Hebrew Sanctu-
aries (see The Athenceum for July 29, 1905,
pp. 139-40) we called attention to the fact
that his reading of the standard measures
on the Babylonian tablet discovered at
Senkereh in 1850, on which his assumption
of an 18-inch cubit in area measurements
rested, was itself open to much doubt ; and
as — with the exception of the altar, for
which a cubit of ]i ft. is postulated — the
area dimensions of Herod's Temple are now
based on the selfsame assumption, our
criticism on the author's attempt at solving
the problem of the Tabernacle measurements
applies with equal force to the ingenious
scheme now propounded with reference to
the last Jerusalem Temple.
Into this initial difficulty Mr. Caldecott is,
moreover, constrained by the data before
him to introduce further elements that are
open to serious doubt. Whilst firmly
adhering to the 18 -inch cubit as the basis
of measurement for the entire area of
Herod's Tenmle, which according to him
was square in form and exactly double the
enclosed area of the Temple built by Zerub-
babel, he is obliged to assume that in the
Talmudical tractate Middoth or ' Measure-
ments ' — of which he gives a translation in
Appendix II. — the Rabbis always give the
distances " in building or medium cubits "
of 14, ft. ; and as if the confusion introduced
by this double reckoning were not enough,
he has to add that
"wherever the Greek foot [of 1T67 inches, or
thereabouts] intruded itself, as it did in the
Portico called Solomon's, there they [i.e., the
Rabbis] omitted it from their calculations and
measurements as an alien thing too unholy to
form part of the sanctuary of God."
We are for these and other reasons
obliged to declare that there is no sufficient
ground for the tone of certainty assumed
by our author in his writings on the ancient
Sanctuaries, to which he has — in a genuine
spirit of devotion, let it be added — given his
attention with much consistency and per.
severance.
Buchanan (E. S.), The Epistles of S. Paul
from the Codex Laudianus, 12s. 6d.
net. Heath & Cranton
The Epistles of St. Paul from the Codex
Laudianus are now printed for the first
time. The MS., produced about 800 a.d.,
was written by Irish scribes at St. Kylian'?.--
in Wiirzburg, where it remained till 1631r
when, after being taken by the Swedish
soldiers who sacked the monastery, it was
bought for Archbishop Laud, who in 1640
presented it to the Bodleian Library. The
editor, who furnishes an Introduction de-
scriptive of the MS. and its correctors, is a
strong believer in the value of the Latin
texts of the West. He points out that
Westcott and Hort distrusted the old Latin
evidence, while implicitly trusting Codex B,.
and asserts that we of the twentieth century
have seen deeper, and have come to place
no confidence in the Greek text of Jerome's
days, for the same reasons that we place no-
confidence in the Vulgate. " It smells," he-
says, " of the ecclesiastical lamp, and we
have come to believe that, to match the
Vulgate, it has been re -wrought." Mr.
Buchanan gives in English foi-m some of
the more notable Western readings found
in the Codex Laudianus, and holds that
we are compelled in the interests of truth
to listen to the striking Western evidence.
The reading of 1 Cor. i. 18 is, "For the
mention of the cross is to them that are
perishing foolishness ; but to us who are
being saved, it is the supreme power of God.'?
In 1 Cor. ix. 18 the words are, " What is-
my reward then ? That I have preached
to the nations the Gospel of the glory of the
Son of God " ; and in x. 29 we have,.
" For why should my liberty be judged i
To Christ I stand and fall."- A survey of
the changed readings leaves Mr. Buchanan
convinced that Jerome spoke the sober
truth when he declared that the Church of
his days suddenly woke up to find thatr
while men slept, she had been Arianized ;
and it is pointed out that the Western Em-
pire never espoused the cause of Arius or
Macedonius, and hence, while in Egypt and
the East in the third and fourth centuries-
Greek texts were depraved, Latin texts
in the West remained pure. There are-
many scholars who will not agree with
Mr. Buchanan as to the value to be given
to the Western texts, but even they will
be ready to exjjress their gratitude for the
extreme care which he has devoted to the-
preparation of this MS. for the hands of
the printer, and for the admirable form in.
which it is now presented.
Notes on the Intellectual Condition of ther
Church of England, by A Sexagenarian
Layman, 1/ Fisher Unwin
The author of ' Prayer-Book Revision, a
Plea for Thoroughness,' here answers his
critics, and gives many press cuttings in
favour of revision. A strong case is made
out, reasonably and calmly, for drastic
changes in the formularies of the Church o£
England. The author is of opinion that
" religion is essential to man's highest welfare. . . -
Christianity is the highest form of religion, and its-
Scriptures incomparably the greatest of religious-
credentials and so-called revelations. .. .It is
the duty of the State to see that facilities for
religious worship and teaching are duly pro-
vided."
But he shows no knowledge of other Scrip-
tures, and does not discuss what Christians-
other than those of the Church of England,
think of State provision for worship and
teaching. He speaks of the Church thus : —
" She has a noble liturgy, though it requires
some adjustment to bring it into harmony with
life and knowledge as we now apprehend them...
Her machinery is, it may be assumed, as perfect
as the thought and experience of some eighteen.
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 10U
THE ATIIEN^KUM
209
centuries can make it. In her buildings, accumu-
lated funds, equipments, organization, and the
personnel of her staff; in her adaptation, except
— and the exception is extremely threatening
and may prove vital — intellectually, to the needs
of her people, Bhe is. generally speaking, a model
Institution with enormous potentiality.'
Although the author exhibits a love for
tin* Church and an understanding of the
need for reforms to suit modern thought,
he is curiously blind to the opinions of those
who do not belong to the Established Church.
On the whole, however, the book is mode-
rate, and deserves attention.
Lewis (Agnes Smith), Light on the Four
Gospels from the Sinai Palimpsest,
3/6 net. Williams & Nbrgate
Mrs. Lewis, who has reached a high place
among living scholars, shows by this book
that she is a competent and popular lec-
turer. When, however, she enters the region
of theology she is not so sure a guide as
she is in the domain of scholarship. The
Sinai Palimpsest was discovered by Mrs.
Lewis, and the Syriac text which it contains
was published in 1894. The suggestion is
made by her that the Gospels as written in
Greek were translated into Syriac. soon after
their promulgation, by men who had been
eyewitnesses of the recorded events or had
heard these events described by eyewitnesses.
Words and expressions would be remembered
by the translators, and the Greek text would
be modified. If this theory is correct, the
Old Syriac. as Mrs. Lewis styles the Syriac
text of the Palimpsest, is earlier than Tatian's
Diatessaron (a.l\ 160) ; and she concludes
that " the Syriac MSS. give us. in their re-
markable divergences from the received text,
a true echo of what was in the minds of some
of the early disciples, as having fallen from
the lips of their Master." Many examples
driven of the variants in the Old Syriac.
In Luke ii. 5 Mary is called Joseph's wife.
and no such word as " espoused " is used.
Mr>. Lewis thinks that the English Revisers
were not wise when, they used the phrase
'" who was betrothed to him." ft is pointed
• that, though Matthew xvi. 18 is not
found in the Old Syriac, the Curetonian MS.,
which is supposed to be a revision of it,
and the Peshitta, the Authorized Version of
the Syriac Church, contain that verse.
Syriac idiom it is plain that the
Church ts to be built, not on Peter, but on
hi- ssion. The fact that in Luke
xvi. 20 I. sarufl i- "a certain poor man"
and not | tain beggar " leads Mrs. Lewis
■ ems more entitled
mi- respect, and to begin to entertain a
that the Charity Organization
would not have improved him away.
The reading of Luke xvii. 10 is important,
••• the word "unprofitable" is omitted.
and Mr-. L tggests that it crept into the
■ k codices through the excessive humility
mcienl scribe. It is worthy of
" that the. ■. m.,rc variations
• • Revised Version and the text
"f the Palimpsest in the Gospel of Luke
i in tl o pn ceding ones " ; and,
Observing 'hi- l act, Mrs. Lewis says : —
We do ii"' know if this lends any support to
I>r. ' omens of tins Uospel
having been made by Lake himself, on.- which he
sent to Theophilos, and one for the Christiana in
Rom
In her desire rxo alarm by talk
about various Mrs. I. '-wis affirms
that the Revised Version has not given us
the last word : and. declaring that when
any good thing becomes ped it
ceases to grow, she indulges in tie- aphorism
that growth i- -t law of life. If tin- aphorism
is of universal application, Mr-. Lewis m
be prepared to consider, and perhaps to
confirm, Prof . Bury's statement thai "8*
Books are an obstacle to moral and intel-
lectual progress, because they consecrate the
ideas of a given epoch, and its customs, as
divinely appointed." Dealing with the Magi
of Matthew ii.. she asks. " How did they
lose sight of the star V " She rejects the
suggestion that the rain-clouds hid it from
their view, and proceeds to say that she
imagines that the Magi were so possessed
with the idea that the King of the .lews must
be born in Herod's palace that they ceased
for some days to follow its guidanoe. It is
stated, further, that it is not necessary to
suppose that till the time of the travellers'
departure from Jerusalem the star had even
appeared to move, except for its nightly
progress westwards. When the Magi again
saw tin* star they had only seven miles to go
in fore reaching Bethlehem. Unfortunately,
Mrs. Lewis, however ingenious her sugges-
tions may be, does not touch the difficulty
of a house or a village being recognized by the
resting of a star over it. A peculiar theory
is put forward regarding the working of
miracles in the Apostolic Age. An inex-
haustible vital power was in Christ which
passed to some to heal them, and also to
those who wore much with Him to give
them power to heal. This power could not
be transmitted to those who had not seen
God manifest in the flesh.
Capron (F. Hugh), The Anatomy of Truth,
10/6 net. Hodder & Stoughton
Mr. Capron. eleven years ago, published
in ' The Conflict of Truth ' an argument for
religious tradition, as well as a refutation of
Huxley, on the basis of Spencer's synthetic
philosophy. His present book appears as
a companion to the earlier ; and from
Conflict he turns to Anatomy — indeed, a
" genealogical tree of the animal kingdom "
faces the first page.
In a preliminary chapter he sketches the
change which during the last decade has
spread over public opinion on matters of
religion. He believes that Science has failed
to disturb the equanimity of her supposed
antagonist, though she has succeeded in
establishing most of the truths which in-
spired her hostile criticisms : — ■
" The truth is that the great nineteenth-century
struggle between Keligion and Science has termi-
nated in the strangest reversal that has ever been
recorded in the annals of controversy ... .We
watch Religion insj< I iously converting to her own
uses the engines which were designed for her
destruction."
Mr. Capron illustrates this by a comparison
of Tyndall and Sir Oliver Lodge on the
efficacy of prayer ; and he infers that the
enemy of religion is now not Agnosticism,
but Atheism of a Socialistic type. Such
changed conditions demand a twofold
method of apologetic — the " programme of
Keligion must be stated not only in terms
of truth and error, but also in terms of gain
and lo- Accordingly, the author seeks
to demonstrate the indestructibility of
religion by
': prat Ing, on strictly scientific lines, that the
psychical materials of which Religion is built are
at Least as real and imperishable as the materials
of which the physical universe is composed. ..."
and, that the " promises and threatenings
of Religion" are real and substantial. We
mot follow out in detail the demonstra-
tion. I' is Bufficienl to notice the main
point- : that as .Judaism was grafted "u to
Paganism, so Christianity was a fulfilment
Of Judaism ; that there is ■nilieant
reason fin- thi-, progression in religious
ideals; that as man i- the product partly
of natural evolution and partly of siiper-
natural creation, so Christianity is the pro-
due! "t tie- joint operation of -i natural and
.i -iipi-rnatural proi oid th.it it -land-
to all sub-Christ i. in religions in the relation-
ship in which man stands lo all sub-human
beings. In line, human and religious history
are each divisible into three stages which
exactly and logically correspond to each
other. Mr. Capron is so sure of this dis-
covery that he tabulates it as follows : —
1. Inorganic (a) .Mineral
2. ObGANIO (b) Plant
(c) .Animal
1. Natural Religion (a) Paganism
2. Revealed Religion (l>) Judaism
(c) Christianity
In this way he claims to have "identified
the anatomy, both structural and functional,
of Religion with the anatomy of the material
cosmos"; and he holds that religion is
therefore "a fixed and imperishable put
of the permanent fabric of the I'nivorse."
in the second part of Mr. ( 'apron's demon-
stration he discusses and contrasts self-
reliant and God-reliant lives, deals with
the problems of time and eternity, and
reaches practical results affecting conduct :
" The ideal Christian is a compound being, the
product of two reciprocal functions — a trust that
resolves itself into mental tranquillity, and a love
that is ablaze with emotional energy."
The book is full of scientific illustration,
and contains much shrewd, sustained argu-
ment ; but its usefulness must not be judged
by the success of its apologetic.
Spurr (Frederic C), Death and the Life
Beyond, 2/6 net.
Hodder & Stoughton
The author informs us that these six
lectures "evoked extraordinary interest
amongst all classes " in Melbourne, and were
delivered " to overflowing audiences." But
we can find nothing remarkable in this
popular exposition of the arguments in
favour of immortality. We think Mr.
Spurr is open to the charge of inter-
preting sections of the Bible according to
his liking, and rejecting the rest. At least
his method is not philosophic. His idea of
the "Christian truth concerning destiny"
is that
" we have come from God ; we return to Him ;
the present life is simply a passage : here we pre-
pare for a larger Hie ; death being the entrance to
that larger life, the character of which is deter-
mined by the manner in which we conduct our-
selves here below. Nothing whatever can be
reasonably urged against this ; while everything
can be urged on its behalf."
To quote M. Bergson as an authority for the
belief in immortality is surprising. Where
does that philosopher assert such a belief ?
and- to have "a spiritual conception of
things" does not necessarily imply a belief
in either God or immortality. There are
many, moreover, who would dispute the
dictum that
"the destruction of the belief in immortality is
the destruction, also, of all greal ideals. It
encourages selfishness and cheapens human life. '
We doubt whether those who hesitate in
their belief will find conviction iii tl
volume.
Allen (Roland), Missionaby Pmnctpij
2/0 net . Robei t Soil '
The mouse underlying this treati
good, and much labour has 1 • Kpendt d
in arranging can--. resuH . argument -. Ac
under headings and mb- headings. Mr.
Allen believes thai
" fche BOUT f all mi- LOU tl | '■ «J I the pr. -nee
of Christ in the soul Wit ionai f life begins with
an act oi n cept , and an advam
knowledge of the Spirit world-
wide, all i tnbi i in : Spirit. The end ol all mi -
ionarj de ir< i a Revel ition ol Christ, a world-
wide Revelation, a •• than worldwide Revela-
tion. The mean by which we at! tin u the
Bl ronge t possibl i of 1 hat pu It in
outward form over the widest pos iblo field
270
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
The author deprecates appeals for material
wealth, but has to acknowledge that the
Spirit works through the material. In
our opinion the greatest mistakes are made
in not sufficiently acknowledging the social
work of missionaries, and in advocating and
imposing too straitened a form of Christi-
anity. The standpoint of the book is re-
vealed in the following conclusions : —
" The salvation of the nations, the salving of
the ship, is not the end. The end is that Christ
may be all in all ... . We see to-day the grave
danger which arises if we allow ourselves to dwell
upon external conditions. There is a strong
tendency to-day towards propagating social
theories which seem to us Christian, towards
making the x>rogress of the world our hope ....
They sometimes talk as if the world were pro-
gressing naturally by its own inherent character
towards a fulfilment of perfection. Very often
they speak as if.... the leavening of human
thought with Christian ideas were the supreme
end. The result is they would make mission-
aries preachers of social and political righteous-
ness more than preacher < of Christ ....
" If we habitually speak and think of the
perfection of the human race as the hope before
us, we inevitably tend to exaggerate the import-
ance of local and imperfect theories of social
progress .... But if we habitually speak and
think of the Revelation of Christ as the end ....
we cannot rest in social perfection, we cannot set
a false end before us, we cannot degenerate into
social reformers."
Beattys (Harry H.), Smith and the Church,
2/ net. Hodder & Stoughton
Dr. Beattys's ' Smith and the Church '
is a collection of sermons preached in con-
sequence of an article in The Atlantic
Monthly by Mr. Meredith Nicholson, ' Should
Smitli go to Church ? ' — the last-named
writer contributing an Introduction to the
present work.
We think the author unwittingly gets
nearest to the solution of the ordinary
man's indifference to all that the Church
stands for when he seeks to assure him
that the root of the word " good '? is God. If
our spiritual teachers had confined their aim
to instructing their fellows as to ideals for
attaining the highest good — i.e. God — not
only Smith, but also the world generally
would have shown vastly more interest.
At last the Churches are awakening to
their duty to Smith, even to the laying
aside of their psychological analysis of
what they are still fond of announcing as
unknowable. The needs of Smith have
been neglected, and he has undoubtedly
turned to other ways of filling up the day
of rest. Recreation for him has come to
mean fitting himself for a week of competi-
tion with his fellows — success in which is
measured by self-aggrandizement. It is " up
to '-' the Church to convince Smith that what
he needs is a weeklyre-creation of ideals which
will fit himself to serve his fellows better,
and therefore himself. Dr. Beattys's ser-
mons contain sound common sense, and if
they strike us as rather materialistic, per-
haps he is right in judging that the world
must retrace its steps for a while if it is to
regain the higher path along which a more
satisfying future lies.
translations.
New Testament (The), the Authorised
Version Corrected, the Text pre-
jaared by Sir Edward Clarke, 3/6 net.
Smith & Elder
Sir Edward Clarke has set himself to
correct the Authorized Version of the New
Testament by means of the Revised. No
one need hesitate, he says, " to use this
recension, as it does not contain a single
word which has not the sanction either of the
Authorised Version or of the Revisers."
By his own confession he has no pretension
to scholarship, though he claims that for
many years he has " made a special study of
the English language as a medium of ex-
pression." Fortunately the corrections are
comparatively few, and the face of the
Authorized Version has not been changed
beyond recognition. Sir Edward displays
good taste in his preference for its words
and phrases, and, though he has made
judicious corrections, familiar sentences
abound. Yet it is difficult to understand
the principles which have guided him in
his work. There is no evidence that he
has selected or compiled a Greek text, and
followed the Authorized or the Revised
Version wherever the one or the other is an
exact translation of that text. In the Lord's
Prayer as given in the First Gospel, for
example, he adheres to the exact words of the
Authorized Version and accepts the doxology.
We have acknowledged his wisdom in cleav-
ing to that which is old. but why has he
rejected the Revised Version with the emen-
dations suggested by scholarship ? The
words of Matt. vii. 14 may also be con-
sidered, and these are : " Because narrow
is the gate, and narrow is the way, which
leadeth unto life, and few there be that find
it."- The Authorized Version has "Strait
is the gate, and narrow is the way," for
which the Revisers substitute : " Narrow is
the gate and straitened the way." The
translation offered by Sir Edward is his own,
and is unnecessary, since it conveys no
meaning really different from that given in
the Authorized translation, and is not of any
special literary value. On the other hand,
it gives the same English for two different
Greek words. In Romans viii. 24 the
Revisers have the sentence " for who
hopeth for that which he seeth ? " and,
commonplace though it is, it is more in-
telligible than " for what a man seeth, why
doth he yet hope for ? " which Sir Edward
Clarke takes from the Authorized Version.
The substitution (verse 20) of " not of
its own will" for "not willingly," and
(verse 21) of " that " for " because," throws
light on the meaning of Romans viii., and
may be taken as a simple, but valuable
example of correction. The Revisers' plan
of indicating Old Testament quotations
might have been followed. While readers
will have difficulty in determining the
principles of correction, they will generally
value the recension as one which preserves
the literary grace of the old version, and
in many instances is a debtor for lucidity
to the Revisers.
Moffatt (James), The New Testament, a
New Translation, 6/ net.
Hodder & Stoughton
Dr. Moffatt uses for his translation the
text of Von Soden of Berlin, adding altera-
tions of his own in notes here and there at
the bottom of the page. Was there not
an English recension available — that, for
instance, of Westcott and Hort ?
The Introduction is so just in its apprecia-
tion of the difficulties attached to any ver-
sion of the New Testament that we study
the actual text with high hopes. Dr.
Moffatt has certainly achieved his purpose
of making the purport of the Gospels and
Epistles clearer to a modern English reader,
particularly in those personal letters of
St. Paul which are really unintelligible as
read in the Authorized Version.
A scholar like Dr. Moffatt is able to give
the words the sense that the most recent
research regards as correct, and it is cer-
tainly an advantage to have in English
" the gains of recent lexical research."
But this, alas ! does not amount to English
style, which is as subtle and difficult a
thing to achieve, perhaps, as any know-
ledge of the Greek. Dr. Moffatt has ap-
parently consulted no friend as to the ade-
quacy or suitability of his version, and relies
solely on his own taste. He gives us the
Scotticism of " will " for " shall " repeatedly,
and much of his language seems to us lack-
ing in dignity to an unnecessary extent.
We wish the Bible to appeal to as many
people as possible, but we do not think that
a translator need or ought to descend to
commercial English like " See what big
letters I make when I write you in my own
hand." Similarly " These men who are
keen on you getting circumcised " is slack
English. " That will teach them to stoj:>
their blasphemous ongoings ! " of Hymenseus
and Alexander in 1 Timothy, does not strike
us as happy. " The peace of God which
passeth all understanding " (Phil. iv. 7)
becomes " God's peace that surpasses all
our dreams," and the next verse (the familiar
invocation beginning " Finally, my brethren,
whatsoever things are true") ends, in Dr.
Moffatt' s rendering, " whatever is high-
toned, all excellence, all merit." Is " high-
toned " (ev<f>i][j.a) an improvement on " things
of good report " ? and is it advisable to sup-
press the variety in St. Paul's sentence
introduced by « ns ? The phrase " able
for solid food " (1 Cor. iii. 2) does not seem
to us English in idiom at all.
Dr. Moffatt is occasionally vigorous, but
his version is not likely to satisfy those who
keep a jealous eye on their mother-tongue.
A Kempis (Thomas), Of the Imitation of
• Christ, translated " frae Latin intil
Scots," with Glossary, by Henry P.
Cameron, 2/6 net. Paisley, Gardner
The ' De Imitatione Christi ' has been
translated into many languages, but never
before into Braid Scots. Mr. W. M. Met-
calfe, who has written a Foreword, regrets
that the Bible was not translated into the
Scottish vernacular at the time of the
Reformation, and thinks that Mr. Cameron's
work may become of standard value. Those
who are not familiar with Lowland Scots
can refer to an exhaustive Glossary at the
end. As a specimen of the author's lan-
guage we give the following : —
" Sith throwe a middlin gainstaunin ye fa' awa
frae what ye begude, an' syne owre geenyochly seek
eftir consolement. The Strang luver hauds his
grun i' tempins, an' hunkers-na tae the pawky
perswadins o' the fae."
Zxvo priests of Bote.
Mace (Rev. J. H. B.), Henry Bodley
Bromby, 6/ net. Longmans
Henry Bodley Bromby was one of those
rare persons who, after the slightest contact
with them, become unforgettable. His
career — active, devoted, and honourable as
it was — offers, indeed, no extraordinary
adventures or crises. He worked for twenty
years in Tasmania, most of them as Dean of
St. David's Cathedral, Hobart ; then for
seven years at St. John's, Bethnal Green ;
and lastly, for nineteen years, at All Saints,
Clifton. His gifts in the way of learning,
eloquence, or administration might easily be
matched. What puts him a little apart from
his compeers is his singular beauty of cha-
racter. In him an austere, uncompromis-
ing holiness was combined with humour,
manliness, an ardent love for his fellow-men.
His great work as a priest lay on the interior
side of religion, in dealing with individuals.
He was, above all things, a good confessor.
Read by themselves, and by those who never
saw him, his letters have no special interest,
and nothing that is left of his sermons or
addresses conveys what they conveyed to
those who heard them.
It is fair to remember, in criticizing this
Life, that the author of it had a more than
usually difficult task. With but little to go
upon in the way of external events, he was
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
Til E ATI! KN/EUM
271
inevitably thrown back upon such skill as
In' might possess in the presenting of mate-
rial. Making every allowance, we are, how-
ever, bound to say that we think tho work
less successful than it might have been. It
strikes one as rather thrown together than
Composed ; the Clifton part is dull ami
meagre ; even the chapter entitled ' Cha-
racteristics and Last Days ' has a crudeness
about it which may not be the effect of hurry,
yet looks like it.
Sower (A) Went Forth, Sermons by the
Rev. T. \Y. M. Lund, selected and ar-
ranged, with Memoir, by Gerald H.
Rendall, 5/ net. Longmans
Dr. Rendall, during the last ten years of
his residence in Liverpool, was a member of
Mr. Lund's congregation, and appreciated
hi> unaffected friendship. The Preface by
way of memoir shows how attractive Mr.
Lund was, eager alike in intellect and organi-
zation, but sparing no pains to make his
work as thorough as possible. He had
made his influence and energy widely felt
at St. John's, Cheetham. before he came
to the Chaplaincy of the School for the
Blind in Hardman Street, Liverpool, which
he occupied for the last twenty-eight years
of his life. Here again he made his mark
by his personal initiative, taking a deep
interest in civic obligations.
The sermons show an admirable breadth
of mind and an absence of mere rhetoric
which is refreshing. The preacher hates
cant, comes to the point at once, and argues
closely and naturally, and the few stories
lie quotes are apt. He does not shrink from
discussing ' The Second Mrs. Tanqueray '
or the uses of humour in religion, and every-
where he shows a fine humility and a sense
of the besetting difficulties of life as well
as its opportunities. The sermons are some
of the best we have read recently.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Andrews (Rev. H. T.), The Value ok the Theo-
logy of St. Paul for Modern Thought. 6d*.
net. S.P.C.K.
An examination of Pauline theology, in
which the writer protests against any abandon-
ment of Paulinism.
Bertrand Louisi, Saint A.CGT78TIN, translated by
Vincent O'Sullivan, 7 6 net. Constable
Wuli a few exceptions the quotations from
' nfessions ' are here taken from the version
Bigf The passages from ' The City of
an taken from the seventeenth-century
islation ascribed to John Healey.
Briggs Charles Augustus.!, Theological Sym-
bolics, "Internationa] Theological Library,"
1" 8 Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
A study of the symbols of the Christian Faith.
In >ry note .Mr. I' rani is Brown Bays that
the aim of the late Dr. BriggB was " to show t he
and essential oneness of the various
offld il statements ot belief put forth by the Church
and it- divided part- through the Christian cen-
t un-
church (Leslie F.), 'I'm: Pbotbbtaht Churches:
their History and Beliem, 1 net. C. H. Kelly
An account of the origin, growth, beliefs, and
organization of the various Protestant Churches,
pointing out the common principles which make
for ultimate unity.
Cohu (Rev. J. R.), Vital Pboblbocs 09 Kklioion,
5 net. Edinburgh, 'J', & T. Clark
A study of the foundations of Chri
aith, with a Foreword by the Bishop of Si . Asaph.
Cook fStanley A.), Tin: FodTDATIOire 09 Hi -
i.ii.ioN. •"lie- Peopli r Books," 84. net Jack
This book aim- at Introducing Ihe rosdcir to
certain fundamental aspects of religion, and is
"based upon the application | rchology and
psychological method- to the comparative and
historical study of religions and religion- material."
Hall (H. E.), THH Shadow ok PBTHR, 2/ net.
Burns \ ( i. it ee
V study of the Pet line claims.
Harden (Ralph William), Tim EVANGELISTS and
the Hksukkkction, ;; n net. Skefflngton
A Consideration Of the death, burial, and
resurrection of JeSUS Christ, as narrated by the
four Evangelists.
Hitchcock (G. S.), Tmo Godhkad ok Jesus, 2/ ml.
Eeath & Cranton
Four sermons preached last Advent at St.
Etheldreda's in Ely Place. They are reprinted
from The Universe.
Hollis (Gertrude), Gentle Jesus, a Book for Eis
Little Children, 2/ net. S.P.C.K.
The story of Christ, told in simple form and
illustrated.
Moore (G. F.), History of Religions, Vol. I.,
12/ Edinburgh, T. ^. T. Clark
A volume of the " International Theological
Library," dealing with China, Japan, Egypt ,
Babylonia, Assyria, India, Persia, Greece, and
Pome. The plan of this work, which is to "con-
sist of two volumes, deals only with the religions
of civilized people. It includes an annotated
Bibliography.
Nicholson (Reynold A.), The Mystics of Islam,
" The Quest Series," 2/6 net. Hell
A study of the central doctrines of Sufism,
with some account of its origin and historical
development.
Practice of Christianity (The), by the Author of
' Pro Christo et Ecclesia,' 4/6 net. Macmillan
This study is divided into three books, the
titles of which are ' The Commonwealth of God,'
' The City of Destruction,' and ' The Pilgrimage of
the Soul.'
Richardson (Dorothy M.), The Quakers Past
and Present, 1 / net. Constable
The author attempts to show the position
of the Quakers in the family of mystics, and a
consideration follows of their method of worship
and corporate living.
Rudman (Arthur), The Medleval Revival,
" Manuals for Christian Thinkers," 1/ net.
C. H. Kelly
A short sketch of mediaeval religious history
from the late twelfth century to the early fifteenth.
Chapters are included on ' Forerunners,' ' Foun-
ders,' and ' Women of the Revival.'
Toy (Crawford Howell), Introduction to the
History of Religions, " Handbooks on the
History of Religions," 12/6 net. Ginn
The author's aim is " to describe the principal
customs and ideas that underlie all public religion."
LAW.
Holland (T. E.), Letters on War and Neu-
trality (1881-1909), 7/6 net. Longmans
A second edition, with additional letters
from 1909 to 1913.
POETRY.
Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, translated
by E. M. Shaw, 8/6 net. Constable
A translation in blank verse.
Harvey (George Rowntree), Green Ears, a Book
of Verse. Aberdeen, Milne & Stephen
A slight book of verses, some of which have
already appeared in The Pall Mall Gazette, Glasgow
Herald, and Westminster Gazette.
Kingsley (Charles), Poems, 1848-70, 1/6 net.
Oxford University Press
This Oxford edition includes ' The Saint's
Tragedy,' with notes, ' Andromeda,' and other
miscellaneous poems. There is a Preface by
F. D. Maurice.
Laurence (Margaret), Immortal Commonplaces,
" The Malory Treasuries," 1/ net .
Erskine Rfacdonald
A small collection of verses, including ' Sum-
mer's Secret,' ' A March Evening,' ' Easter-Tide,'
and ' The Story of Madelon.'
Miller (F. Gerald), The New Ctrcb, Poems,
wrappers 1/ net, cloth 1/8 net. .Matlews
A brief book of verses, some of which are
reprinted from The Westminster Gazette and The
Daily News.
Moore (Bernard), CoBNlSB I'm ass, 2 >'< net.
i .i ikine Bfacdonald
Some of the pieces In this book, which
includes many verses In dialect, are reproduced
from The Westminster Gazette, Windsor Magazine,
Country Life, and other papers.
Mozley (H. W.i, SbqckncbS and Hymns, chiefly
Medieval, 2/8 net, Longmans
Includes tran lations from rhymed and un-
rhymed originals,
Ordo (K. L.), Ballroom Ballads, illustrated
by S. L. vere, '■'< net. Goschen
These verses humorous, satirical, cynical.
and sentimental — are all inspired, as Ihe title
suggests, by the modern ballroom.
Raile (Arthur Lyon), THH Wild Kosk, a Volume
of Poems, 7/8 net. Nutt
A new edition, containing some additional
verses.
Ransome (Henry), Atil in Gorti.and. and
Othhh Pobhs, 2/8 net. Oxford, Blackwell
The poem which gives the title to this collec-
tion of verses is a notable feature of fhe book.
Other pieces include '.Near Drvhorougli,' 'A
Litany.' and ' \ Hymn of Vigil.'
Rickards (Marcus S. C), EcHOBS from the
Gospbls, _ 8 Clifton, J. Baker
A volume of devotional verses.
Rossetti (D. G.), Poems and Translations, 1850-
1870, ■• The World's Classics," 1/ net.
This selection includes ' The Early Italian
Poets ' and the prose story ' Hand and Soul.'
Tier (N.), Good Hyk, and Other Poems, 1/
Drane
A slight collection of pieces, many of which
deal with domestic life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Cohn (Albert M.), A Bibliographical CATA-
LOGUE OB THE PRINTED WOBKS ILLUSTRATED
by George Ckuikshank. 15/ net. Longmans
A guide to the collector. It contains 820
headings, arranged alphabetically under the
names of authors, with prices and brief descrip-
tive notes. Then- is a full Title Index.
Congress : Publications ISSUED BY the Library
since 1897, January, free.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A classified and descriptive list, giving prices.
Congress : Report of the Librarian of Con-
gress and Report of the Superintendent
of the Library Building and Grounds for
the Fiscal Year ending June :m, 1913, 40c.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
These reports describe the present condition
of the Library and its building and grounds,
noticing changes that have taken place during
the year, with financial and other statements.
The book is illustrated with plans of the interior
and a photograph of the exterior of the Library.
PHILOSOPHY.
Beer (Margrieta), Schopenhauer, " The People's
Books," (id. net. Jack
An appreciation of Schopenhauer's philo-
sophy, with a chanter on his life.
Holt (Edwin), The Concept of Consciousness,
12/0 net. Allen
This volume seeks to indicate some little way
of advance on the initial quest of philosophy.
Williams (Stanley), Principles of Logic, Qd. net.
Jack
A practical handbook in " The People's
Books."
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Adams (H. Packwood), The French Revolu-
tion, 3/8 net. Methuen
An elementary book for general readers,
embodying the results arrived at by -M. Sorel,
Prince Kropot kin, .Mr. BelloC, and other writers
on the period. It contains a map of Puis in 1789.
Agate (Leonard D.), LCTHEB and tiii: Rbpobxa-
TION. 'The People's Hooks," (ill. net. Jack
A discussion of the part played by Luther in
the reformation of the .Mediaval Church.
Bury (J. B.), History ok Greece, 8 <> Macmillan
A new edition, containing several alterations.
The greater part of chap. i. has I □ rewritten ;
an account of Cretan civilization is included ; tie
view that the pre-Acluean inhabitants of Greece
were not Greeks is abandoned; and the Trojan
War is recognized as an historical fail. The
accounts of the battles of Salamia and Plal
have been partly rewritten.
Cleveland iThe Duchess of), I'm-: In B UTO
Letters or Lad's Besteb Stanhope, bi m
.\!h< k. l". 11. 1. John Hurra]
In ., prefatorj note Lord Roseberj • xpl
f hat , in \ i.-u of t he recent publication* concerning
Lady Bester stanhope, •• >i 1 led well !■•
members of her family that tie- book unit.,,
about her by my mother, and privately circu-
lated, BUOUld now he given to tie put. he as the
authoritative biographj ol this itrange woman.
Garnett (Edwardt, TOLBTOT, ins 1. 111: UCD Wun-
dtob, " Modern Biographies, l net. < unstable
\ biographical an. I critical monograph ."
r.,l tor, mth ■ < Bibliographj , alt ob •! Gat of
Us Writings, and an Ind. \.
272
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
Giles (A. F.), A History of Romk, " The People's
Books," Qd. net. .Jack
A sketch of the history of Rome down to the
fall of the Empire, with a Bibliography, Chrono-
logical Synopsis, and two maps.
Gribble (Francis), The Life of the Emperor
Francis Joseph, 16/ net. Nash
A record of recent events in Austria. The
author holds that history and " tittle-tattle " are
inextricably bound together, especially in a
country like Austria, and accordingly sketches
his portrait with " warts and all."
Jones (Arthur), The Period of the Industrial
Revolution, " The People's Books," (id. net.
Jack
The period covered by this booklet extends
from the abdication of James II. to the accession
of Victoria. Political developments, rather than
the Industrial Revolution itself, are the principal
topics.
Lodge (Henry Cabot), Early Memories, 12/6 net.
Constable
A record of the author's recollections of his
early life in America and Europe, and of the public
men he has met.
Macgillivray (William), Men I Remember, 5/ net.
T. & N. Foulis
The reminiscences of a Writer to the Signet,
including sketches of the following : Prince
Bismarck, Lord Cockburn, and ' Sandy Thom-
son, the Weaver.' There are four illustrations.
Martins (J. P. Oliveira), The Golden Age of
Prince Henry the Navioator, translated,
with Additions and Annotations, by Jas.
Johnston Abraham and William Edward
Reynolds, 10/6 net. Chapman & Hall
The lives, adventures, and discoveries of the
Portuguese grandsons of John of Gaunt, with
illustrations and an Appendix. For the transla-
tion use has been made of the last edition pub-
lished in the author's lifetime.
Powicke (Prof. F. M.), Bismarck and the Origin
ok the German Empire, " The People's Books,"
6rf. net. Jack
The author raises the question " To what
extent are political events influenced by political
ideas ? " and in this little book discusses the
relation between Bismarck's career and the
recent history of Germany.
Saint-M6ry (Moreau de), Voyage aux Etats-
Unis de l'Amerique, 1793-8, edited, with an
Introduction and Notes, by Stewart L. Mims,
10/6 net. Milford, for Yale University Press
This diary of five years of exile is accom-
panied by the editor's Introduction on the
author's life and works, a frontispiece, and full
notes on the text.
Veitch (George Stead), Empire and Democracy
(1837-1913), " The People's Books," Qd. net.
Jack
A survey of political and literary movements,
with special attention to the period since the
Boer War.
West Wales Historical Records, Vol. [HI., edited
by Fran is Green.
Carmarthen, Historical Society of West Wales
This is the annual magazine of the Society.
Among the subjects discussed in this number are
' Carmarthen Castle,' ' Marriage Bonds and Fiats
of West Wales and Gower,' and ' Pembrokeshire
Parsons.'
Williams (Harold Whitmore), Russia of the
Russians, " Countries and Peoples Series,"
6/ npt. Pitman
A handbook on the history of Russia, the
growth of its constitution, and the life and genius
of the Russian people, with chapters on the
Russian press, industries, and arts.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
MacHugh (R. J.), Modern Mexico, 12/6 net.
Methuen
A study of present conditions in Mexico,
with an historical sketch tracing the origin of the
revolution of last year. Some of the chapters are
reproduced from The Daily Telegraph. There
are illustrations from photographs.
Wignacourt (John), The Odd Man in Malta, 7/6
net. Chapman k, Hall
An account of an English civilian's life in
Malta, with a description of the antiquities of
the island, and the language, traditions, and
customs of the race.
TOPOGRAPHY.
Dundas (W. H.), Enniskillen, Parish and
Town, 3/6 net, Dundalk, W. Tempest
A history of Enniskillen, with a map and
illustrations from photographs, portraits, old
prints, &c.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Maugham (R. C. F.), Wild Game in Zambezia,
12/ net. John Murray
A description of the big-game animals of
the Lower Zambezi Valley, their habits and sur-
roundings, written in non-teehnical language for
sportsmen. There are illustrations from photo-
graphs and a map.
ECONOMICS.
Verinder (Frederick), Land, Industry, and
Taxation, " The People's Books," 6rf. net, Jack
This is primarily a case for the taxation of
land values ; the booklet also contains a brief
survey of taxation and rating as they are to-day.
Education.
POLITICS.
Bennett (Arthur), Some Plain Words to the
English People, 2/6 net,
Warrington, " Sunrise " Publishing Co.
A consideration of various political problems,
such as the franchise, the House of Lords, Home
Rule for Ireland, the party system, and conscrip-
tion.
Peel (Hon. George), The Reign of Sir Edward
Carson, 2/6 net, P. S. King
An account of the military system estab-
lished in Ulster by Sir Edward Carson since
September, 1911.
EDUCATION.
Best (R. H.) and Ogden (C. K.), The Problem of
the Continuation School, and its Suc-
cessful Solution in Germany, a Consecutive
Policy, 1 / net. King
An attempt to apply German experience in
the matter of Continuation Schools to English
conditions.
Classical Association of Virginia (The) : A Plea
for Greek in the American High School,
by Thomas Fitzkugh. Univ. of Virginia
A paper reprinted from The Virginia Journal
of Education.
Russell (L. J.), An Introduction to Logic from
the Standpoint of Education, 2/6 net,
Macmillan
A book for teachers, describing the main
aspects of the processes involved in thinking.
The exercises deal as far as possible with problems
arising out of schoolwork.
PHILOLOGY.
Diwans (The) of 'Abid Ibn Al-Abras,of Asad, and
'Amir Ibn At-Tufail, of 'Amir Ibn Sa'sa'ah,
edited for the First Time from the MS. in the
British Museum, and supplied with a Transla-
tion and Notes, by Sir Charles Lyall. Luzac
The two Arabic Diwans in this book are from
a manuscript transcribed in the fifth century of
the Hijrah, and acquired by the British Museum
in 1907. There is an Index of Words. The
volume is one of the " E. J. W. Gibb Memorial "
Series.
Hamdu'lhih Mustawfi-1-Qazwini Ta'rikh-1-Guzida,
Vol. II. (Abridged Translation and Indices),
by E. G. Browne and R, A. Nicholson. Luzac
Another of the " E. J. W. Gibb Memorial"
Series.
Simplified Spelling, an Appeal to Common
Sense, 6d. Simplified Spelling Society
A third edition.
Thucydides, Book VI., edited by Charles Forster
Smith, " College Series of Greek Authors," 6/6
Ginn
This edition is based on Steup's revision of
Classen's edition, published in Berlin, 1905.
Mr. Smith writes an Introduction, and there are
foot-notes, Appendix, Indexes, and maps.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Butler (F. W. Robertson), Puritanism in the
Poetical Works of Milton, 2/6 net.
Hunter <te Longhurst
A study of the influence of Puritanism on the
poet,
De Selincourt (Basil), Walt Whitman, a Critical
Study, 7/6 net. Seeker
The author's aim has been " to lay stress
on aspects of the subject which court, misunder-
standing or have received relatively little atten-
tion hitherto." Among the subjects he deals
with are ' The Problem of the Form,' ' Style,' and
' Democracy and the Individual,'
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Bewsher (Fred W.), Exercises in English,
including Dictation, Reproduction, Analysis,
Parsing, Classification, Synonyms, Meaning of
Words, &c, with Explanation of Methods and
Grammatical Terms, 1/ net. Bell
This book, intended for pupils preparing for
the London Matriculation and other examinations,
consists of passages from well-known English
writers, followed by questions on grammar.
Children's Shakespeare (The): Henry V., id.
.Macmillan
Containing scenes from the play arranged as
a continuous Reader, with introductory remarks
to each scene, foot-notes, questions, and exercises
in composition.
David (Rev. W. H.), First Steps in German
Composition, 1/6 Oxford University Press
A book for beginners, containing graded
exercises in simple composition, with notes to
each.
Dietrich von Bern, adapted from the German
Saga, and edited by A. E. Wilson, 1 0
Oxford University Press
The text has been adapted from Schalk's
' Deutsche Heldensagen.' and is followed by
notes, Questionnaire, and Vocabularies.
Hoskyn (E. L.), More Pictures of British
History, 1/6 Black
A companion volume to ' Pictures of British
History-' More than half the illustrations are
in colour.
Kirkman (F. B.), Soirees chez les Pascal.
Black
An illustrated reading-book for children,
intended to provide a means for creating an early
interest in French literature. It is to be regarded
as a story-book, and was designed primarily for
those who have reached the third part of the
author's ' Premiere Annee de Francais.'
Source Book (A) of London History, from the
Earliest Times to 1800, edited by P. Meadows,
1/6 net. Bell
These extracts, selected mostly from con-
temporary sources, are arranged chronologically,
with introductory remarks to each, and reproduced
in modern spelling.
Usherwood (T. S.) and Trimble (C. J. A.), Prac-
tical Mathematics for Technical Students,
Part I., 3/6 Macmillan
The authors deal only with those parts of
mathematics which seem to them to be useful in
practical work.
Wetherill (H. B.), The World and its Dis-
covery, a Description of the Continents out-
side Europe, based on the Stories of their
Explorers, 3/6 Oxford, Clarendon Press
These stories of exploration and discovery are
intended to supplement the ordinary textbook
of geography in lower and middle forms.
FICTION.
Bailey (H. C), The Sea Captain, 6/ Methuen
This story presents an Elizabethan sea
captain who seeks adventures as well as mer-
chandise. His voyages take him to the Medi-
terranean, and bring him into contact with
Moorish corsairs.
Bain (F. W.), In the Great God's Hatr, trans-
lated from the Original MS., " Riccardi Press
Books," 120/ net per set. Lee Warner
Another of Mr. Bain's Indian stories in this
series.
Benson (E. F.), Dodo, a Detail of the Day, Id.
Methuen
A cheap reprint. See Alhen., July 22, 1893,
p. 126.
Castle (Agnes and Egerton), The Golden Bar-
rier, 6/ -Methuen
A rich heiress marries a comparatively poor
man who has been acting for some time as her
agent. Difficulties arise between their two
masterful temperaments, but the inevitable end
required by a novel of this genre constitutes a
suitable reconciliation.
Cervantes Saavedra (Miguel de), That Imagina-
tive Gentleman, Don Quijote de la Mancha,
translated into English by Robinson Smith,
Second Edition, 7/6 net. Routledge
For this edition the author has written a new
life of Cervantes. There are, too, foot-notes and
Appendixes. The short stories of the first issue
have been excluded from the translation.
Chase (Beatrice), The Heart of the Moor, 6/
Herbert Jenkins
A Dartmoor book, in which the plot plays
a subsidiary part to the atmosphere.
Gibbs (Philip), The Custody of the Child, 6/
Hutchinson
A bnok on the question of divorce, and especi-
ally on the child of divorced parents. The sub-
ject is dealt with from the child's point of view
as he grows to manhood and is oppressed by the
doubts and problems of his position.
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 10U
Til E ATI! KX.ETM
273
Green (E. Everett, BARBED \\ nu:. <;
Stanley Paul
The heroine) having been robbed ol a fortune
which she had made by gambling, steals clothes
from a friend in order to win back the favour of
her wealthy grandfather, she ultimately inherits
his fortune, and marries the man whom she had
formerly hated.
Gubbins (Herberts Tuk K.i.imk of Lite ; OR,
8905 A.D.. a Novel of the Par Future, >;
Drane
A study ol the future imbued with a scien-
tific atmosphere.
Hewlett (Maurice), Hai.kw.vy BoTJSB ; The
QUERN'S QUATB : OPEM Coextuy ; Hun.UiU
XI v-axd-Nay : Little Novels OF ITALY,
7</. net each. Macmillan
Reissues in a well-known Beries.
Hutchinson (Horace), The Eu;ht ok Diamonds,
ii llutehinson
The story of a week-end house-party at
■which a man of weak character cheats at cards.
In order to shield the cheat's wife another man
takes the blame, but the affair is eventually
cleared up satisfactorily.
Inchbold (A. C), Love ix a Thirsty Land ii
Chat to A: Windus
The heroine is a young French girl whose
people refuse to acknowledge her lover while her
elder sister is Mill unmarried. She is sent away
and moved from convent to convent, with the
hero and an American lady journalist in pursuit.
Many of the scenes are laid in Palestine.
Kester (Vaughan), Johx o' Jamestown, 6/
llodder & Stoughton
A seventeenth-century romance concerning
the founding of Virginia, in the course of which
highway robbers, Indians, and the separation of
lovers are important features.
Montgomery (L. M.), The Golden Road, 6/
Cassell
8 me young people wl ile away a Canadian
winter by running a magazine among themselves,
and a few pretty tales are the results of their
enterprise.
Palmer (John K.), From Darkxess to Light, G/
Drane
A story of domestic life, with a love-interest
and a religious atmosphere.
Penrose (Mrs. H. H.), Blent Flax, 6/
.Mills & Boon
This novel tells of the troublous times
experienced in the West of Ireland in the early
eighties during the initiation of the Land League
agitation. Mi's. Penrose details the cause and
me of the discontent, and shows how easily
the professional propagandist inflamed the minds
of the peasantry against the landlords ; the super-
stitious failings of the latter are generouslv dealt
with.
Perrin (Alice , The Happy Hunting Ground, 6/
Methuen
Another of Mrs. Perrin's tales of Anglo-
Indian life, pr. sent in-; the situation of a girl who
is Sent to India to find a husband.
Rutherford (C), The Blazing Stab, 6
Krskine Macdonald
A romance dealing with the reality of con-
stancy in love. The story opens with a dispute
a knight and a minstrel, the latter
that constancy in love is only a poet's
In the end the knight proves his point
love for a forest maid, and his
ttempl to save her from the passionate
f tie fierce Lord of Montsau\
Selected English Short Stories, Nineteenth
n-i'.Y, "The World's Class Pocket
1 let. Oxford I'nive -it V P
This selection aim- at being representative
work of th<- kind in the nineteenth
l includes stone, by Wflham Morn-.
Meredith, and George Gissing. Tie- Bcope
of the volume om Sir Walter Scott to
Hubert Crackanthoi |
Smith (Essex), SHHPHKRDxaee Shbbp, >. Unwin
This tale, whirl) begins with a J I yde I'ark
Cor ■ lei- and his audiences in the Park,
concerns a mission with the hero a, one of the
chief iet.,is, and deals with numerous pi
London life.
Trent (Paul , Max LooAJr, Ward <J
A story of a duel between two financiers, the
elder having been ti. ,f the min and death
of the rounger mar,', father. Between them
Stands the former, daughter, who at one time
conspires with her father to effed her !•••.
ruin.
Vance (Louis Joseph), Tin: Day of DAY8, 8
(Irani Kichards
Deals with the sudden and transitory plunge
into prosperity and Society of the hero, who, the
evening before, is at work in an ollice.
Wayfarer's Library: Running Water, by
A. K. W. Mason ; Tin: PROFESSOR'S LEGACY,
by .Mis. Sidgwick ; Shrewsbury, by Stanley
Weyman ; The DEFENDANT, by (1. K. Chester-
ton : Tut': Astonishing Bistory of Troy
Town, by sir a. T. Quiller-Couch, 1 net each.
Dent
Five of the first volumes of the " Wayfarer's
Library," which is to represent the " lighter- Held
of modern literature." Each book contains a
title-page and frontispiece in colours, a bookmark,
and specially designed end-papers.
Weyman (Stanley J.), A Gentleman of France,
"id. Nelson
A cheap reprint. See Athen., Dec. 30, 1893,
p. 900.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Architectural Association Journal, February.
1 8, Tuft on Street . West minster'
Includes a paper on ' Bourges Cathedral,' by
Mr. A. S. (i. Butler, and ' Some .Notes on Egypt,'
by -Mr. Palmer Jones.
English Review, February, 1/ net. Dixon
Mr. IL G. Wells continues his novel ' The
World Set Free,' and the articles include ' El
Tango Argent-ino,' by Mr. R. 15. Cunningham e
Graham, and ' The White Slave in America. '
by Mr. Brand Wbitlock, -Mayor of Toledo.
There are several poems.
Herald of the Star, February, Bd.
19, Tavistock Square, W.C.
Mis. Besant continues her series of papers
on ' Ideals of the Future.' Other articles are
" Life, and Life More Abundantly.' by Mr. George
Lansbury ; ' Leaves and Lives,' by Prof. O.
Penzig ; and ' The Religious Problem of the
Order of the Star in the East,' by Mr. E. A.
Wodehouse.
Life-Boat, February, 3d.
National Life-Boat Inst.
Containing an account of ' Some Heroes of
1913,' a table showing the various motor-life-boats
now on the coast or being constructed, and news
of the Life-boat service in the L'nited Kingdom
and abroad.
Mastery, February, No. 2, Gd.
Isleworth, New Education University Centre
This second number includes ' Love, Marriage,
and Art,' by Mr. Guy Clifford Stanley ; and
Article I. on ' Department of Experimental and
Applied Psychology,' by Miss Miriam C. Gould.
Review of Reviews for Australasia, January, Gd.
Melbourne, John Osborne
The contents of this number include notes
on ' The Progress of tin World.' a paper on Earl
Grey by W. T. Stead, Mr. Henry Stead's further
reminiscences of his father, and extracts from
articles in various reviews.
Symons's Meteorological Magazine, February,
!</. Stanford
Containing reports of the Royal and the
Scottish Meteorological Societies; ' Notes on the
Cyclone of October' 27th. 1913, in Cheshire.' by
Mr. A. II. Hignetl : an obituary notice of Dr. K.
Traill Omoiid ; notes on t lie weather and rainfall of
last January, correspondence, Are.
Theosophical Path, February, 1/
California, International Theosophical Headqtrs.
The contents include 'The State of the
Christian Dead.' by Mr. 11. T. Edge: ' The
Creative Quality,' by Dr. Lydia Boss : and 'Tie
Testimony of Megalithic Monuments,' by Mr. II.
Travel,.
GENERAL.
Altmaier (Car! Lewis), Commercial Correspond-
ence and To, i\i. Information, :; net.
\| aemillall
A new and revised edition, giving informa-
tion on tie- technique of a business letter, making
contracts bv mail and telegraph, tiling, indexing,
ate.
Curtin (Philips NOTED MURDER Ml . 7/0
net . Simpkin .V. Mai -hall
Studies of various murder mysteries, includ-
ing 1b' Mr. Bravo, Mane Lafarge, and
Madeleine Smil h.
Eddy (George Sherwoodi, Tin: Nrw ERA IN
a-ia. British edition, edited by Basil A. "> ■
lee, '■'• 6 oi t. oiipliant. Anderson a Ferrier
\ 1 1 1 1 1 > of t hi- recent religious, political, and
I changi m \ i.i, < n<l i rix with a chapter on
' Tie- New Era in World Mi ion .
Hicks (Ada), Garment CoN8TRU< tmn in Schools,
I 8 Macmillan
\ manual of method in teaching needlework
in elementary schools, with diagrams, illustra-
tions, directions, ami measurements, lor _ 1 1 I s of
about 8 to ii years old.
Methodist Who 'sWho, 191 I. 8/8 net, C. II. Kelly
Containing over -'ioi) pages of biographies,
with some introductory pages giving information
on the various branches of .Methodism.
National Brotherhood Council, The CAMPAIGN
Handbook: To Evert. Man in England, 6d.
Brotherhood Publishing Bouse
\ statement of the aims and method, of tie'
lil'ot herhooil Mot enielit .
Singh (Saint Nihal), Japan's Modernization,
•'.Manuals f,,i Christian Thinkers,,'' 1/ net.
C. II. Kelly
A study of the recent development ol Japan
and the problems that face it, with a selected
Bibliography.
Singh (Saint Nihal), Progressive Brittbb India,
••Manuals for Christian Thinkers," 1; int.
C. II. Kelly
The author traces the intellectual, economic,
religious, social, ami political development of
India since t lie British occupation, and gives a
selected Bibliography.
Sintram, Herb Moly and Heartsease, l net.
( lhapman A. Hall
An allegory, written in the lirst person and
based on an incident in the story of Odysseus.
While at a University which is, the author says,
•• in many ways like the island of Circe," In-
engaged in a fruitless search for- an indefinable
something : in later life he received in a vision a
sprig of moly from Hermes, and found it gave not
heartsease, but the patience to endure.
Williams (Graeme), Wonders of Land and Sea,
10/6 net. Cassell
This book is divided into live sections : ' On
the Land,' 'In the Underworld,' 'On Hie Sea,'
' In the Depths,' and ' Man and Progress,' each
with subdivisions, ' Natural' and ' Artificial.'
The contributors include Sir II. II. Johnston,
Mr. Grahanie-YVhite. Mr. Frank Bullen, and Dr.
E. A. Baker. There are numerous illustrations,
some of which are in colour.
PAMPHLETS.
Religious Aspect (The) of Home Rule and the
Ulster Problem, by I!. J. s.. ::-/.
Dublin. Banna .v Neale
The author's advocacy of Home Rule rests
on his belief that it will le sen the influence of
Roman Catholic priests in secular affairs.
SCIENCE.
Brown (Harold), Rubber: its Sources, Culti-
vation, and 1'itEi'AKATiox, ■■ Imperial Insti-
tute Handbook,.'' (i net. John Murray
An account of tie- present position of the
production of rubber, with special reference to
West Africa, written for the student, plani
manufacturer, and merchant. There are illus-
tration-, ami a Preface by Dr. Wyndham '!•
I linistan.
Heller (Edmund), Fori; New SUBSPECTES OF
Large Mammals prom Equatorial a \.
Washington, Smithsonian lest.
\ paper desi ; I he new subspecies
Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko, Phacochoerus
ofricanus bufo, Equus quagga euninghamei,
( roriit a crocuta Bsi.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol.
\ II II. Pari I., i' 8 Paul
i Consists "i" Indian Geological Terminoli
by Sir- Thomas II. Eolland and Mi. G. II. Tipper.
Ogilvie (Alexander i, LppLlCATlONe cm
fob Non-Technk \i Readers, "The People's
Books," ii-/. net. Jack
\n elementary textbook setting forth some
of tie- mole common applications of electricity.
Technical detail ha, been avoided as m . i a,
pOSSil le, and tie- text i, din-' ra t .-- ! Willi di I
Rolleston (J. D.i, The Mi di< ul \-i i i rHB
Greer Vntholoi t. Bale
'flu, pai ■ I from the P
ot the Royal Societj "i Medicine, \ "I. vii.
Sheppard (8. E. , I'm I rt-
Bool of PI I hetnistr) - i
An ate,, nnt of the modern d< relop
phi ■' • ■ I rj .
Skene | Mncprecor , Who Ii 'The
Pi opli B< CW. net.
\ m,ll band : k -
n it h I ii,|,\,- of 1 h N me . The
I with d and din
274
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
Stieglitz (Julius), The Elements of Qualitative
Chemical Analysis, with .Special Consideration
of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium
and of the Modern Theories of Solution,
2 vols., 6/ net each. Bell
The first volume deals with fundamental
chemical principles and their application to the
subject-matter of elementary qualitative analysis ;
the second volume i< a laboratory manual, covering
the study of analytical reactions, and giving an
outline for elementary systematic analysis.
St. Mars (F.), Feuds of the Furtive Folk, 5/
net. Heath & Cranton
Sketches of animal life in quiet places where
each lives in continual fear of his foes. There
are coloured illustrations by Mr. Walter Starmer.
FINE ARTS.
Bell (C. F.), Drawings by the Old Masters in
the Library of Christ Church, Oxford, an
Alphabetical List of the Artists represented in
the Collection (Mounted Series), 2/6 net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
This index is abstracted from the detailed
manuscript catalogue in the Library, and the
volume contains reproductions of one hundred
and twenty-five of the most interesting works.
Bell (Clive), Art, 5/ net. Chatto & Windus
See p. 280.
Bell (Mrs. Arthur), Architecture, " The People's
Books," 6d. net. Jack
A handbook defining the distinctive features
of the architecture of ancient races and of modern
Europe.
Foster (William), A Descriptive Catalogue of
the Paintings, Statues, &c, in the India
Office, Fourth Edition, 1/
Eyre & Spottiswoode
This catalogue describes 477 items, 273 more
than those enumerated in the first edition of 1893.
Van Pelt (John V.), The Essentials of Com-
position as Applied to Art, 7 /6 net.
Macmillan
A new and rewritten edition of the author's
' Discussion of Composition,' in which attention
has been paid to the advances made by science.
MUSIC.
Sharp (Cecil J,), A Midsummer Night's Dream
Songs and Incidental Music, arranged and
composed for Granville Barker's Production
at the Savoy Theatre, January, 1914, 1/6 net.
Simpkin & Marshall
Includes Mr. Sharp's plea for the folk-music
he has used for the Savoy production, as well as
the arrangements of the songs and dances.
DRAMA.
Middleton (George), Nowadays, a Contempora-
neous Comedy, 6/ net Bell
A Feminist play with an American setting.
The author has sought " to reflect some spirit of
the moment as expressed in the shifting standards
of man and woman in relation to each other."
Morse (Northrop), Peach Bloom.
New York, ' Medical Review of Reviews '
A play in four acts dealing with the question
of commercialized vice and the ignorance of girls.
Trevelyan (R. C), The New Parsifal, 3/6 net.
Chiswick Press
A modern skit with a classical and Wagnerian
background.
FOREIGN.
THEOLOGY.
Hackmann (H.), Religionen und Heilige
Schrlften. Berlin, Karl Curtius
This inaugural lecture was delivered last
December by the Professor of the History of
Religion in the University of Amsterdam.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Maugny (Comte de), Clnquante Ans de Souvenirs.
1859-1909, 3fr. 50 Paris, Plon-Nourrit
The author of these reminiscences has played
an interesting part in contemporary history,
and this " revue " deals with many phases of his
career. There is a Preface by M. Rene Doumic.
Plutarque, Les Vies des Hommes Illustres,
traduites du Grec par Amyot, Vol. I., " Edition
Lutetia." Paris, Nelson
Includes an Introduction by M. Emile
Faguet, six of the Lives, and a Glossary.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Perret (Robert), La Geographie de Terre-
Neuve, lOfr. Paris, E. Guilmoto
A comprehensive study of the subject, and
for the purpose of writing it the author spent a
summer in " Terre-Neuve." There is a large
Bibliography, and a Preface by M. Marcel Dubois.
The illustrations are a notable feature of the book.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Bossert (A.), Essais de Litterature Francaise
et Allemande, 3fr. 50. Paris, Hachette
French literature is here represented by
essays which include ' Louis Ramond ' and
' Auguste Comte et Celestin de Blignieres,' and
German by accounts of ' Un Salon Allemand ' and
' Hugo de Hofmannsthal.'
Pellissier (Georges), Shakespeare et la Super-
stition Shakespearienne, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Hachette
The writer herein takes the view that the
poet's faults offend, not only the national taste
of France, but also, in a slightly more cosmo-
politan sense, truth and nature, " au nom des-
quelles on pretend l'admirer comme le dieu du
theatre."
FICTION.
Acker (Paul), Les Demoiselles Bertram,
3fr. 50. Paris, Plon-Nourrit
The story of three poor sisters, in which
their dreams and hopes are confronted by stern
realities.
Constant (Benjamin), Adolphe, 1/ net.
London, Dent; Paris, Cres
One of the " Collection Gallia," with an
Introduction by M. Paul Bourget.
Frapie (Leon), L'Ecoliere, et Autres Contes, 1/
Nelson
The other stories of this collection include
' La Menagere,' ' Les Deux Pauvres,' and ' Le
Sergent de Ville.'
Vicard (Antoine), Au Pays des Volcans Morts,
3fr. 50. Paris, Payot
A collection of short stories in which elements
of romance and travel are mingled.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, 16 Fevrler, lfr. 50.
Paris, ' Mercure de France '
The contents include ' Poesies,' by M. Alphonse
Meterie, and ' Utilite de 1'Observation des Insectes,'
by M. V. Cornetz.
Revue Critique (La), Fevrier, lfr.
Paris, 155, Boulevard Saint-Germain
Includes articles on ' Sur le Programme des
Neo-classiques,' by M. Henri Clouard, and ' Ni
Fleurs ni Couronnes : Marie-Georges Picquart et
Francis de PressenseY by M. Henry de Bruchard.
Vie des Lettres, Janvier, 3fr.
Paris-Neuilly, 20 Rue de Chartres
This number includes poetry by M. Frederic
Mistral and Nicolas Beauduin, and studies by Louis
Pierard on ' Le Poete et le Peuple ' and A. de
Bersaucourt on ' La Promenade avec Tristan
Corbiere.'
FINE ARTS.
Lavedan (Pierre), Leonard Limosin et les
FjMAILleurs Francais. Paris, Renouard
One of the series of " Les Grands Artistes,"
for which the author has made a special study of
enamels. Thei;e are photographs of examples in
the Louvre, Cluny, and other collections.
Ruskin (John), Les Peintres Modernes, Le
Paysage, Traduction et Annotations par E.
Cammaerts. Paris, H. Laurens
This translation of the chief passages from
' Modern Painters ' is accompanied by sixteen
illustrations.
DRAMA.
Schure (Edouard), La Druidesse, precedee d'une
fitude sur le Reveil de l'Ame Celtique,
3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
The play concerns the last struggle of the
Gauls against Rome under Vespasian.
' ODD NUMBERS.'
Park View, Gerrard's Cross, Bucks,
Feb. 12, 1914.
May I be allowed to correct a slight mis-
statement in your notice of my new book,
' Odd Numbers,' which appeared in your
issue of Feb. 7th ? In what you describe as
' a collection of satiric and epigrammatic
verses " there are more than fifty pieces
which are neither epigrammatic nor satirical.
I have used the name ' Robert Calignoc "
for ten years past without being aware that
it was the equivalent of " Rog. Bacon
l'ecrit," so that, in the ordinary sense of the
word, there is no question of a cryptogram
here. It is merely a discovery. There are,
however, cryptograms running right through
the book, as indicated in the Preface.
Robert Calignoc.
CANON AUGUSTUS JESSOPR
Canon Augustus Jessopp, who died on
Thursday week last at the age of 90, had
of late been in retirement. In 1911 he gave
up his living of Seaming in Norfolk, and his
library was sold, together with the letters he
received from George Meredith.
Educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, he took an ordinary degree, and held
a curacjr in Cambridgeshire for six years.
This he left for the headmastership of Helston
Grammar School, and after four years there
became in 1859 head master of Bang Ed-
ward VI. 's School, Norwich. Here he won
the regard of Meredith, and was entrusted
with the care of his son Arthur. In 1879 he
became rector of Seaming, and it was mainly
as a country parson that he wrote his
successful articles and books. For several
years he was an Atkenceum reviewer, and he
contributed to our columns ' An Antiquary's
Ghost Story,' which attracted a good deal of
attention then, and later in book-form.
There was nothing of the schoolmaster
(if scholasticism means pedantry) in his
books, which won their way by an easy and
attractive style, as well as their entry into
fields of research not so crowded as they are
nowadays. He wrote both on local history
and the life of his time and neighbourhood,
and on history of a larger scope, especially
on the religious side. His ' Arcady for
Better, for Worse,' and ' Trials of a Country
Parson,' were the kind of literature which
A. K. H. B. provided for an earlier genera-
tion of readers, done, however, in an easier
style, and with some exaggerations which,
if they added piquancy, did not fail to arouse
dissent.
His comments concerning Arcady came as
a revelation on the huddled existence which
leads to profligacy, on religion and super-
stition and education, the last illustrated by
the little girl who, living within a stone's
throw of a house which belonged to Nelson's
father, was asked about the great admiral,
and promptly replied, "Please, sir, we only
do nouns and adjectives ; we have not got
into verbs."
His ' One Generation of a Norfolk House,'
dealing with a Walpole of the Elizabethan
period, was a labour of love on which he
spent many years. Though free from
fanaticism, Protestant or Papal, he showed
his warm interest in the career of a sixteenth-
century controversialist, missioner, and
martyr. In this book Dr. Jessopp did much
to correct the popular view of the history of
England in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. His ' Coming of the Friars ' and
' Before the Great Pillage ' similarly were
well calculated to remove misconceptions
due to violent prejudice of one sort or
another. He analyzes, for instance, in the
latter book the genesis and growth of the
parish in the Middle Ages, the position of the
priest, and the sources of parish property,
and he applies learning tempered by common
sense to the controversy concerning Dis-
establishment. The volume of stray papers
called ' Frivola ' suggests the defects of Dr.
Jessopp's good qualities. Learned, moder-
ate, and sprightly, he occasionally let his pen
run away with him, and was too fond of
semi-humorous comment. History, how-
ever, is of little use unless it is read, and Dr.
Jessopp's bright work probably brought
more of it to the average man than a whole
host of unreadable monographs.
Genial in manner, with a fine face and
voice, and genuinely sympathetic, Dr.
Jessopp won a host of friends, especially in
literary circles. Meredith bears witness in
his Letters to the happiness of long intimacy
with him and his wife.
No. 4504, Feb. 21. 1914
THE ATHENvKUM
27;")
THE CASE FOR A CO-OPERATIVE
REVIEW.
If imaginative literature is in a satis-
factory position in this and other English-
speaking countries, any attempt to strengthen
or improve it. would be superfluous : but
it its position is precarious ; it' novelist and
poet are unlike uncertain, not regarding the
quality of their work, but as to the recep-
tion it will be accorded ; if criticism of
imaginative literature lias become chaotic ;
it' intending readers are bewildered by con-
flicting pronouncements, so that, while they
deliberate as to which is reliable, the books
under consideration are pushed aside by
more bustling successors, then something
may be done to meet existing dangers.
We have a multitude of good writers
working busily, and producing, in some
cases, admirable results ; many novelists are
making a great deal of money by their
books ; nevertheless, the whole art is in an
insecure and undignified position. If poets
and novelists aspire either to gain real emi-
nence, or to maintain themselves on such
eminence a< they have attained, it is in-
cumbent on them to consider existing condi-
tions, and to discuss what devolves on them
for self-protection.
There is no trade, profession, or associa-
tion, of anything like the numerical strength
possessed by producers of imaginative litera-
ture, that is without any periodical mouth-
piece of its own. Authors seem to think
that if they produce books, other sections
of the community will devote the necessary
time and attention to classify and duly
reward these. But other sections of the
community have their own interests, usually
of an absorbing kind, to attend to, and
while the author is waiting for the verdict
of his generation, his work passes into the
limbo of forgotten things. When an author
comes into the open to fight single-handed
for his work, his prestige suffers : his ad-
mirers are sorry to see him gain that form
of prominence. If authors had a review of
their own, for the discussion of what is
impersonal, as well as what is personal, in
connexion with their art — a co-operative
publication, owned and financed by them-
selves— the present regrettable methods
irted to by some authors for the purpose
of attracting general attention would fall
into disuse ; fine work would be proudly
acclaimed by fine writers, and imaginative
literature — the oldest art in the world, and
the most influential — would take its de-
rved place in the recognition and the
I nt the community.
( ould anything be more serio-comic than
the present habit of advertising novels as
certain to be attractive and excellent
because they are the work of new authors ?
It would be as reasonable to advertise a
motor-car as certain to be a good roadster
because it had been built by an apprentice.
If the newness of the author is a merit, then
the accomplished author will necessarily
be " old,' even before he reaches the zenith
of his power. Let the successful men and
women of the moment reflect an instant
on this suggestion.
Reform of any kind must come from
within, if it is to be effectual. If authors
desire to re-establish order amid the pre-
vailing critical chaos, they must themselves
p into the disordered ranks and play
the music of the march which will mean
advance. It is not the business of news-
papers to determine literary or artistic
values ; if they choose to spice their < lolumns
with items from these Sources, WCll and
good; but it may be observed that the
folly of fools is more frequently served out
to the genera] reader than the wisdom of
the wise. Reviews, properly so called, have
come to despise imaginative literature for
obvious reasons; The Athenatum devotes
small space to fiction — to the loss of the
novelist and of the novel-reader.
The late David Christie Murray told in
his • Autobiography ' an illustrative and
illuminatins story with regard to newspaper
criticism of a sister art. His first press
appointment was as musical critic on a daily
paper. His musical accomplishments en-
abled him to distinguish between ' God save
the Queen ' and other tunes because audi-
ences always rose to their feet when the
former was played ; nevertheless he went,
notebook in hand, to report on musical per-
formances. " I did my best," he says ;
" I treated the performer as a contortionist,
and discussed him accordingly." Performers
were not satisfied, and at an early dato the
critic lost his appointment. Were a novelist
to write to an editor that his book had been
misunderstood and misrepresented, his letter
would certainly not be made to serve his
cause, and it is very unlikely that the
reviewer would lose his " job." Until poets
and novelists have a periodical of their own
in which they can discuss with each other
all that bears upon their work, they must
remain practically inarticulate and defence-
less.
In view of the popular belief that all
collective effort on the part of writers means
an attack on publishers, may I be permitted
to state that some publishers know better ?
It was a publisher who first of all grasped
what is contemplated by the Board of
Authors of the Lyceum Club, and the first
offer of financial assistance to meet initial
expenses came from a publisher ; the
second was from the Editor of The Athenaeum.
Because the effort to establish an inde-
pendent review must be co-operative to be
successful, there is no great danger of the
idea being annexed and exploited by gentle-
men of " influence " unobservant of the
boundaries surrounding intellectual property
still in the nebulous stage. There is not
much promise of money in the co-operative
paper at first, but so much happiness and
honour and friendship can result from col-
lective effort for the general good of any
section of the community, that I sincerely
commend the idea to all who regard the
story as the best source of pleasure, and
the parable as the most effectual medium
of imparting instruction. A recent issue of
The Athenaeum stated that the taste of the
populace is much better in dramatic matters
than the community itself is permitted to
believe ; I would respectfully argue the
same regarding poetry and fiction. Let
authors make this an article of their faith,
show their faith by their works — whether
as reviewers or writers — and wait with
confidence for what will arrive.
E. Rentoul Esler.
** * Mrs. Esler sent with the above a
covering letter so kindly appreciative of The
Alhenceum that we find it rather difficult to
reconcile it with her tone of somewhat severe
upbraiding. We, at any rate, need not plead
giulty to "despising imaginative litera-
ture"; a score of columns which we have
already devoted to it this year sum-
cientlv attest the contrary, and, so long
a-- The Athenceum lasts, it will certainly
not b' quite correct to maintain that
poets and novelists "remain practically
inarticulate and defenceless.'' Nor does it,
seem to us that our contemporaries merit
wholesale rebuke in tin- respect. A con-
liderable portion of their reviews is devoted
by most of them to fiction; and it cannot
well be BOid that these notices err on the
side of harshm
We do, however, sympathize with Mrs.
Esler in BO far as she wishes to see the criti-
cism of imaginative literature better organ-
ized, its principles better understood, and
the point of \ iew of the author more
explicitly taken into consider:!,' ion, espe-
cially in regard, on die one hand, to ques-
tions of craftsmanship, end, on the other,
to the more mundane questions affecting
distribution, &c. We print her letter as evi-
dence of this sympathy, and shall be glad
to open our columns ;,o a correspondence
on the subject.. At the same time, we may
mention that fiction is not to be omitted
from the series of •Supplements' which we
are publishing, and that ;tt the present
moment, a scheme for a year's review of
fiction is being contemplated.
Schemes of the kind, however, are some-
what expensive, and to do the justice we
should like to the whole literary output
of the country needs something near a
millionaire's Length of purse, when the limited
support given to honourable work is taken
into consideration.
'CASE FOR LAND NATIONALISATION.
Our Reviewer writes : — In reply to Mr.
Joseph Hyder's letter of the 10th Lost., in
which it was suggested that I had not dealt
fairly with his book, I can but answer the
one point he plainly instances. His letter
seems to me to consist, with this exception,
of generalizations. The review quoted as a
characteristic " stumble"' these words, "The
common fields were invariably divided into
three long strips," which is all that Mr.
Hyder tells us of common fields. Neither
here nor elsewhere does Mr. Hyder say a
word which would lead his readers to suppose
that these " three long strips " were not the
actual holdings. If he had gone on to quote
Maine, he would have found in the same
passage the words, " The several properties
consist in subdivisions of these strips, some-
times exceedingly minute." The three long
strips in their relation to collective owner-
ship are almost as irrevelant as the three
Ridings of Yorkshire.
Mr. Hyder's plaint that the papers of the
party which is most strongly opposed to
land nationalization had dealt gently with
his book calls for the obvious reply that they
could well afford to be generous about it.
The. Athenceum is in the happy position of
being able to criticize ammunition without
concern for party batteries.
I know you wish your rule of anonymity
respected, so 1 will only add this: a critic,
cannot write his best criticism tor two
papers, and 1 reviewed Mr. Hyder's book
for only one.
MR. BODLEY AND ' THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. '
In M. Albert Guerard's interest ing ' French
Civilization in the Nineteenth Century'
(recently reviewed in The Athenaeum) the
author makes complimentary allusion to
my work, for a small portion of which, in
' f he Encyclopa'dia Britannica,' he gives me
a collaborator, " M. Paul Wiriath."
I have nol the advantage of knowing
eithe,- •■ M. Caul Wiriath " or In- wnin
and, whatever their value, I have no wish t..
share any of the credit they de-e|\'. My
only contributions to The Encyclopaedia
Britannica ' are the two long articles, und< r
the heading ' Fran* e,' on ( I ) the l,,i rtor
Eistorj of the Third Republic, and (2) the
Diplomat i. ■ and Colonial History ol th<
period. The- art icles an tied with mj
initials, and were written without any
collaboration w hate\ . r.
.). E. < • K'H'tf. .
276
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
litoarg (gossip-
Mr. Rudyard Kipling's lecture on
' Some Aspects of Travel,' given to the
Royal Geographical Society on Tuesday
last, was a more than usually interesting
utterance. It embodied much of the
special modern interest in travel, which
differs, by the presence of more than one
new psychological factor, from that of
earlier generations. It had that tingling
of expectation about it which, whether
one wholly likes it or not, certainly accom-
panies any consideration of the still fresh
fact that men can fly ; and it had, further
— what seems to be partly an outcome of
this recent conquest of the air — that
novel sense of the explorer being equal to
the regions he explores which is utterly
absent from, say, the early travels
which the Hakluyt Society publishes.
The microcosm in a curious way is coming
to contain the macrocosm, and the de-
tails of their reaction upon one another,
the images — " pressure lines,*' Mr. Kip-
ling called them — by which the traveller
keeps inward contact alike with the scene
before him and with his own purpose,
seem as important now in their way as
any geographical or other discoveries.
Not the least interesting of his remarks
were those concerning the avoidance of
visualizing on the part of first-rate leaders
of expeditions when actually on the
march, and their adoption, consciously
or unconsciously, of a sort of bald
diagram as the inward formula of their
task.
The qualities of a leader and the sug-
gestiveness of smells are subjects about
which much has been said before ; but,
if on these Mr. Kipling was rather vivid
and entertaining than original, at any
rate^he did not in his treatment of them
decline into the ineffectively literary.
Mr. P. S. Allen, in his second and third
lectures on ' The Age of Erasmus,' dealt
with school and monastic life. For the
descriptions of Deventer he drew upon
Erasmus, also upon Butzbach, who was
somewhat gloomy in his outlook on the
state of education, and apt to extol the
past at the expense of the present. Work
must, indeed, have been difficult under
conditions such as those described by
Platter at Breslau, where nine B.A.'s
lectured simultaneously in the same room.
The nature of the school-books used was
illustrated, among other examples, by the
' Catholicon ' of John Balbi, 1286, a
popular dictionary arranged, with some
misgivings on the part of its compiler, on
the alphabetical principle. An example of
his stjde and method may be gathered
from this definition :
" glis a gliseo : quoddam genus murium
quod multum dormit. Efc dicitur sic quod
sompnus facit glires pingues et crescere."
Butzbach, with his experiences atLaach,
and Nicholas Ellenbog, who wrote many
letters concerning his life at Ottobeuren,
were the chief authorities for the lec-
turer's description of monastic life.
The triple election on the 12th inst. at
the French Academy resulted in the ap-
pointment of M. Capus to the chair of
Henri Poincare ; of M. de la Gorce to that
of Thureau-Dangin, the historian of the
Second Empire thus succeeding the his-
torian of the July Monarchy ; and of M.
Bergson to that of Emile Ollivier. The
first of these elections was the most
keenly contested. M. Bourgeois, who
last year might have been President of the
Republic had he consented to be a candi-
date, represented the so-called esprit nou-
veau. But the reactionary party in the
Academy declined to forget his anti-
clerical past, and he was defeated by M.
Capus by sixteen votes to thirteen. The
President of the Republic came to the
Institute, in his capacity of Academician,
to give his vote for M. Bourgeois as his
cousin's successor. The discours de re-
ception of M. Capus will be looked forward
to. A writer of high comedy is not often
compelled to pronounce the eulogy of a
mathematician.
The second election was the only one
which required two ballots to ensure the
requisite absolute majority ; but from
the first the choice of M. de la Gorce was
never in doubt. For the chair of Emile
Ollivier, M. Bergson was elected by nine-
teen votes to nine given to M. Charles de
Pomairols, a much larger majority than
was anticipated. M. de Pomairols is a
poet of nature, and some of his work is of
a high order. He is a Catholic Royalist,
but the voting showed that he did not poll
all the "clerical" Academicians. His
warmest supporters were M. Maurice
Barres and Pierre Loti. The latter, of
course, is by no means a clerical, but
so keen was his support of M. de Po-
mairols that he is said to have written
to M. Bergson begging him to withdraw
in favour of his aged concurrent, so that
he might have the honour of a unanimous
election in the near future.
By direction of the L.C.C. a bronze
tablet was affixed last Monday to 59-60,
Lincoln's Inn Fields, to commemorate
the residence there of Spencer Perceval.
Messrs. Chatto & Windus have ar-
ranged for the first publication in English
of a new volume of Dostoievsky's letters.
These throw new light upon the novelist's
quarrel with Tourguenieff, and in addition
contain recollections of Dostoievsky con-
tributed by his friends.
The Swedenborg Society, in co-opera-
tion with similar publishing houses in
America, has been engaged during some
years past in reproducing certain manu-
scripts of Swedenborg, preserved in the
library of the Royal Academy of Sciences
at Upsala and other places.
The ' Index Biblicus,' a subject index
to the Bible, compiled by Swedenborg
for his own use in the study of Scripture,
will be published this spring, as will also
the ' Adversaria,' a notebook of Bibhcal
studies he compiled between 1745 and 1747.
The Swedenborg Society has also re-
cently published in Japan ' A Brief Life
of Swedenborg,' by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki,
who has further translated Svvedenborg's
' New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doc-
trine,' ' The Divine Love and Wisdom,'
and ' The Divine Providence,' which will
be published in that language at intervals
of a few months.
Mr. Walter Emanuel, who writes the
' Charivaria ' of Punch, is lecturing for
the National Book Trade Provident So-
ciety on Friday next at Stationers' Hall,
Ludgate Hill. His subject is ' British
Wit and Humour of To-day.'
It was announced a few weeks ago that
' An Anglo-Manx Vocabulary,' compiled
by the late A. W. Moore, Speaker of the
House of Keys, with the assistance of
Sophia Morrison and Edmund Goodwin,
would be published if sufficient sub-
scribers were willing to pay 15s. net for it.
Although the work is of undoubted in-
terest to students of dialects generally.,
and the Manx language in particular, the
promises hitherto received do not justify
publication, which will have to be aban-
doned unless more support is assured.
Prospectuses may be obtained from Mr.
Humphrey Milford, Oxford University
Press, through any bookseller.
The library of Miss M. E. Gaskell was
sold by auction lately at Manchester, and
a first illustrated edition of ' Cranford,' a
presentation copy, went for 31Z., and a
similar edition of ' Cousin Phyllis ' for
13L 65. A first edition of ' Wives and
Daughters ' fetched 131.
We regret to hear of the death on
Sunday last of Mr. John Merrie, head of
the publishing department of Punch for
many years. Mr. Merrie was born on
January 18th, 1839, and was educated at
the Lasswade School, Edinburgh, where
he took several prizes. He came to-
London from Scotland as a young man,
and found employment at Messrs. Hamil-
ton's, leaving them for Messrs. Bradbury,.
Agnew & Co., the proprietors of Punch.
He was a keen business man who took a
pride in his work.
He knew London by heart, spending
many hours of his leisure in exploring
back-streets and ways where others feared
to tread. His memory was most vivid
and accurate, and up to his last days it
never failed him.
Mrs. Jacintha Shelley Leigh Hunt
Cheltnam, the youngest daughter and
last surviving child of Leigh Hunt, died
at Hammersmith on Thursday of last
week at the age of 86. Upon the death,
nearly two years ago, of her husband,
Charles Smith Cheltnam, an appeal by Sir
William Bull brought her a Civil List
pension of 501. Till that time, for some
thirty years, her life had been a difficult
one, chequered by much misfortune, which
originated with the breakdown of her
husband's health. He had worked as a
wood - engraver under Linton on The
Illustrated London News, and had been also
on the staff both of The Morning Chronicle
and The Daily Telegraph, and had, in his
earlier years, produced some dramatic
work.
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1014
THE A Til KN.EUM
277
SCIENCE
Maize : its History, Cultivation, Handling,
and Uses. By Joseph Burtt-Davy.
(Longmans & Oo., 1/ 5s. net.)
Mi:. I'i rtt -D\\ v has for some years
tilled with marked distinction the arduous
post of Botanist, first to the Transvaal
Government, and now to the Union
Government of South Africa, and in the
book before us he puts on record his wide
knowledge and experience of the maize
crop, h is difficult for the average
Englishman to realize what an enormous
part maize [.lays in the economy of the
agriculture of the world, and still more
difficult to realize that it is more exten-
sively grown than any other ("real, even
than oats, wheat, or rice. Seventy-five
per cent of the world's supply comes from
the United States, where no illusions are
held as to its value ; indeed. American
economists are not wanting who declare
that maize is the leading product of the
Stat -
Maize requires a climate somewhat
between temperate and subtropical ; it
grows to perfection in the so-called corn
belt of the United States, which runs
through Nebraska, Iowa. Indiana. Illi-
nois, Ohio, and so on to the East. It is
not very exacting in its requirements ;
indeed. Mr. Burtt-Davy considers it one
of the easiest crops to grow, for it stands
more rough usage, perhaps, than any
other. A favourite Kaffir method of
planting is to scatter the seed broadcast
over the unbroken veld, and then plough
the ground : even with this crude treat-
ment 11 to 2 muids of grain {i.e., 300 to
400 lb.) per acre are obtained. The de-
mand is enormous and constantly
increasing.
Wide areas of the British Empire seem
suitable for maize, and the author has
rendered a very useful service in gather-
ing into one book so large a fund of infor-
in.it ion as to the varieties, methods of
tment, harvesting, diseases, and the
hundred-and-one matters on which the
vrr is likely to want advice. The
■ k is written with special reference to
ith Africa, and brinss out vividly the
it possibilities for the crop there.
•era to be eminently suitable
for make ; it is necessary to mention
only the Heidelberg, Standerton, Ermolo,
I Lichtenberg districts; the wide
of country known as the Spring-
bok Flats; the alluvial soils of the Vaal
River, Kaffir Spruit, the Crocodile, Hex,
Ifarico, and other Transvaal streams;
and patches of rich soil on the eastern
of the Drakensberg Mountains.
Hitherto the practice has been to break
up the veld, grow maize for three ye
and th<-n abandon the land, either because
it is worn out or spoilt by weeds. K\-
]) triment has shown thai this is uot a n ise
plan. The new land usually gives poor
crops : ool till the fourth or fifth year oi
continuous cultivation are the best yields
obtained. For example, U wsa found al
Vercenigine that new land only yielded
•> i
muids per English acre, while the
sixth successive crop gave as much as
18. Suitable manuring produces good
increases in crop: summer fallowing has
been found helpful ; this, however, is
essentially an economic problem, the
return not always repaying the loss of
rent and interest on capital charges.
Green manuring has also been tried with
advantage. No systematic rotations have
yet been evolved, but this is obviously a
matter of time and experience. Numerous
experiments have been made with arti-
ficial fertilizers, but, as all of these have
to be imported from abroad, the cost of
transport is very high, particularly in the
internal provinces. Where they can be
used, certainly they give marked increases.
Instances are recorded in the book where
crops were raised from 3.1 to 8 muids per
acre by the use of phosphates. At Pot-
chefstroom superphosphate proved the
most profitable manure, giving gains of
300 per cent in yield, and over 21. per acre
in profit, at a cost of 18s. 8d. In general,
however, the author states that Holm
recommends a mixture of superphosphate
and bone manure. A remarkable feature
is that phosphatic manures often have a
better effect on the second crop than on
the first ; indeed, the author thinks that
nowhere else is the question of residual
manurial value so important as in South
Africa. Nitrogenous manure is some-
times a useful addition to phosphates, but
not always. Potassium salts did not
prove profitable in the experiments re-
corded here.
The diseases and pests of maize are a
source of some trouble, but they have
not proved beyond the control of the
Department. The conquest of the locust
is a feat of which any Department might
be proud. Shortly after the War the
crops were decimated by enormous swarms
of this pest. During the season 1906-7 the
scourge was very severe in the northern,
central, and western districts of the Trans-
vaal ; the wet, cool summer was partly
responsible, as the crops were late in
maturing, and the plague came at a time
of the year when normally they would
have been ripe and free from danger. The
situation was met with characteristic
vigour and promptitude : a Locust Bureau
was established ; watch was kept on the
laying of eggs, the hatching of voetgangers,
and the migration of swarms from one
part of the country to the other. All these
movements were reported by post and
telegraph ; mixtures of molasses with
sodium arsenite were sprayed on to the
veld immediately surrounding the swarms ;
while various locust-eating Kurds were
encouraged. The result was entirely suc-
cessful; the pest was practically "wiped
out." and the record of the work remains.
so that the machinery can again be set
up if ever an invasion come- from the
north.
II investing and marl eting problems are
also dealt with, and the whole volume
will be found most useful by all who have
to deal with the development of land in
regions w here the summers are hoi enough
for the crop.
NEW PLANTS FROM SOUTHERN
NIGERIA.
Fl UTiiKK details arc; now available as to the
collection of plants from Southern Nigeria
lately received at the Natural History
Museum from .Mr. and Mrs. Amaury Talbot.
bust year a special catalogue of new flowers
obtained by the same collectors in the billy
region round Oban was published by the
Museum authorities. This contained fulL
descriptions, in Latin and English, of 1 !'•►
new species and !) new genera, and is but
another example of the extraordinarily
accurate and brilliant work continually
being carried out by the officials of this
Museum.
The collection just received conies from
the low-lying marsh lands of the Kkef dis-
trict, which borders the Gulf of Guinea,
and is drained by the Cross River and the
Kwa J bo. Although not yet fully worked
out, this also contains a large number of new
and interesting plants; among them a
new genus of Leguminosae, allied toCyno-
nietra, which has been called Talboticlla
(Baker fil.). This is a hush with white-
flowers and pink bracts, the young leaves-
of which shade from bright mauve into
delicate green, making a beautiful contrast
with the darker tones of the older foliage.
There are a number of new Kubiaceie, the/
most striking of which are the Randias,
Galtonii and Cunliffea;. The flower-tube of
the former is eight inches in length, and of
the latter over six inches. As pointed out
by the Keeper of Botany, Dr. Rendle, this
presents an interesting problem as regards
insect visits for the purpose of fertilization.
It is hoped, on a subsequent tour, to secure
examples of the night moths by which the-
flowers are fertilized, as their proboscides-
must be enormous in order to reach the
honey sac at the base of the long trumpet-
like tube.
Until these collectors started work upon
the Napoleona family, only a few of this
interesting genus — a very abnormal member
of the Myrtaceae group — were known. In
some of the new species the flowers are about
two inches in diameter, white and pink in.
colour, and resemble a catherine-wheel. An
allied genus is the Cratcranthus (Baker fil.),.
also discovered at Oban, the cup of which
strongly resembles a ramequin case, of fluted
crimson and white in one variety, while-
another shades from shell pink to vivid
rose. Instead of being only borne upon
branches in the usual way, these strarj
flowers grow also straight from the old
wood — often right from the roots to the top-
most bough — producing the effect of being
artificially fastened on to the bark, which.
in many cases, they cover so thickly
almost to hide it.
One of the new Napoleonas has a winged
stem, another is borne upon a lime, while
several of the new specie- in the Oban
collection differ entirely from those pre-
viously known in the character of the
inflorescence. All the new species of this
interesting family have been worked out by
.Mr. E. <'. Baker, the distinguished Bon "t
the veteran botanist ,
The Cyclocotyla oligoaperma (Wernham)
is a new species of a genus hitherto known
merely bj •* -mall fragment 1 1 ■ on the (en
This, one of the most into plant- in
the collection, is a member ol the Apocy-
oa< ess, to w bich the rubber-bearing plants
belong. A new i brub and
.-< new orchids have al-.. been brought
lion
I ;. i<i. ili already described, perhaps
i he i mt iful of the new flow er are I be
Gardenia cunliffea (Wernham), and a w
iminous plant, th.- exact affinity "i
278
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
which has not yet been determined, but
which may be allied to the new genus
Talbotiella. These two were found upon
the upper stretches of the Ubium River,
which had never before been explored.
Both are of exquisite fragrance. The first-
named is a creeper, the long trails of which
bear great bunches of flowers, their large
white petals splashed with vivid purple.
The second is a tree some seventy feet in
height; the great tufts of its milky-
white blooms, each outlined by a fine line
of brightest crimson, stood out with startling
directness from amid dark glossy leaves,
and mirrored themselves in the clear, swift-
flowing waters of this mysterious river, in
the depths of which dwell strange fish,
thought to be inhabited by the souls of men.
Another very beautiful flower is one of the
Acanthacese, Thunbergia talbotice (Spencer
Moore), the great white blooms of which
Mere found hanging in festoons among the
thick, dark bush which still survives in one
or two parts of the district.
A striking feature of the Eket, as of the
Oban, collection is the remarkably large
n imber of cauliflorous (i.e., bark-flowering)
trees — a pro2)ortion hitherto unapproached
in any other part of the world. The reason
of this preponderance presents another
interesting problem, the more so as some
trees found flowering in the ordinary way at
Oban were discovered bearing cauliflorously
at Eket.
Life-sized water-colour drawings of most
of the plants were made upon the spot, and
detailed notes taken of every flower in the
collection, the first section of which contained
over a thousand varieties, and the last more
than eight hundred.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquaries. — Feb. 12. — The Earl
of Crawford, V.P., in the chair.
Mr. W. H. St. John Hope read a paper (in con-
tinuation of that of the preceding week : see
Athen., Feb. 14, p. 233) on the tomb and
monument of King Henry V. at Westminster.
The site of the King's burial-place had been
fixed by the King himself in 1415 to be " among
the tombs of the kings in the pla-e where
the relics of the saints are kept." This was be-
hind the Trinity altar to the east of St. Edward's
shrine, and here a platform of Caen stone, supplied
by John Arderne, was built out into the ambu-
latory in September, 1422, for the King's grave
and tomb.
The platform was afterwards cased with marble,
and a tomb of the same material set up on it,
carrying an effigy of the King made of oak, with a
plating and ornaments of silver-gilt. The tomb
was protected by a closure of iron and wood made
by Roger Johnson, smith, in 1431. The wonderful
bridge-like chapel that forms a cxnopy to the
King's tomb was begun in 1439, of stone obtained
the previous year, and its setting up is marked by
an entry, in the Sacrist's account for 1440-11, of
the plucking down and sale of Johnson's ironwork,
and of the taking down of the wooden closure of
the Trinity altar pro novo edificio ibidem erigendo.
The chapel is built partly of Purbeck marble, and
partly of a hard limestone, but mostly of firestone,
and consists of a vaulted basement spanning the
King's tomb and the ambulatory, and a chapel
above reached by twin stair-turrets. The tomb
was again protected by an iron grate, but
this was not sufficient to hinder the theft
of all the ornamental parts of the King's
effigy before 1407. On account of this a further
protection was added, it is said by King Henry VII.,
in the form of the existing iron screen and gates
at the west end of the chapel ; but burglars again
broke in in 1545-6, and robbed the effigy of the rest
of its silver-gilt plating. Mr. Hope described at
length the statues that adorn the turrets, includ-
ing those of King Sebert and King Henry III.,
St. John a? the pilgrim, and King Edward the Con-
fessor, St. Katharine and King Edmund, with
two figures of cardinals, who, the Provost of
King's thinks, may be St. Ambrose and St. Bona-
ventura. Mr. Hope also described the arrange-
ments of the chapel, with the remarkable series
of cupboards around the altar, and the great
display of imagery over the altar with large figures
of the Holy Trinity (lost), the Blessed Virgin and
the Angel of the Annunciation, St. Edmund and St.
Edward, St. Oeorgeand St. Denis. The numerous
figures on the outside of the chapel were associated
on each side with a coronation scene. Mr. Hope
suggested that these depicted the acclamation,
with the simultaneous donning of their hoods
(before coronets had come into fashion) by the
lords present, and the enthronement and homage
of the peers. The King was also represented
riding across country, in England, perhaps, and in
Prance, with allegorical figures over him of ladies
holding books with accounts of his great deeds
and works. The master mason of the chapel was
John of Thirsk, who was appointed master mason
of the Abbey in 1421, and died in 1452. Above
the chapel are now fixed a tilting helm, a shield
formerly bearing the King's arms in painted gesso,
and a saddle once covered with blue velvet.
These interesting objects, which were exhibited
by kind leave of the Dean of Westminster, Bishop
Kyle, probably formed part of the funeral trap-
pings which became the perquisite of the abb jt
and convent, through their being brought into
the abbey church on the day of King Henry's
burial. Lastly, Mr. Hope referred to the consider-
able traces of the limewash with which the whole
of the marble and fuvstone portions of the tomb
and chapel, including all the imagery, had origin-
ally been covered. Where this remained, the
surfaces were still intact ; where it had gone, the
surfaces were crumbling to powder, and there could
be no question that common sense called for the
bold policy of a speedy renewal of the protective
distemper, if so grand a monument was to be
handed on to posterity in its present condition.
Mathematical. — Feb. 12. — Prof. H. F. Baker,
V.P., in the chair. — Messrs. W. E. H. Berwick
and A. G. Veitch were elected members of
the Society. Prof. S. B. McLaren was admitted
as a member.
Mr. G. T. Bennett gave an exhibition of some
models illustrating kinematics. The fundamental
basis of the models was the skew isogram dis-
covered by Mr. Bennett in 1903 (Engineering,
Dec. 4, 1903, p. 777), and about a year later inde-
pendently by M. Borel (Comptes Rendu 8, Dec. 19,
1904.) The skew isogram consists of four rods
equal in pairs, each two adjacent rods being
jointed by a hinge perpendicular to them both ;
with this particular arrangement of hinges, the
figure is capable of continuous displacement,
although a skew quadrilateral with four hinges is
in general over-stiff.
The models were made to illustrate certain new
properties of the skew isogram, contained in a
forthcoming paper in the Proceedings. In
particular it was pointed out that a succession of
skew isograms could be jointed together so as to
form a pseudo -spherical surface, the edges of the
isograms being asymptotic lines of the surface.
Some recent developments of the theory of skew
isograms have appeared recently in the Comptes
Rendus from the pen of M. Bricard.
Dr. P. W. Sheppard read a second paper on
' Pitting of Polynomials by the Method of Least
Squares.'
Mr. S. T. Shovelton made an informal com-
munication relative to a paper which he had read
at the January meeting.
The following papers were communicated by
title from the chair : — ' Formulas for the
Spherical Harmonic P~"1 (/a) when 1— fi is
a Small Quantity,' by Prof. H. M. Macdonald ;
' The Representation of the Symmetrical Nucleus
of a Linear Integral Equation,' by Prof. E. W.
Hobson ; ' The Differential Geometry of Point
Transformations between Two Planes,' by Mr.
H. Bateman ; and ' Studies on the Theory of
Continuous Probabilities,' by Major A. G.
McKendrick.
Folk - Lore. — Feb. 18. — Annual Meeting. —
Dr. R. R. Marett, President, in the chair. —
The annual report of the Council and the
! accounts for the year 1913 were presented, and
1 the Council and officers for the ensuing year
were elected. An address on 'Folk-Lore and
Psychology ' was delivered by the President.
He began by congratulating Dr. J. G.
Frazer, a Vice - President of the Society, who
was present, on the completion of the third
edition of ' The Golden Bough.' Two things are
especially to be noted in regard to this great
work : first, that it is primarily intended as a
study of the mind of the primitive type of man ;
secondly, that, with this end in view, it approaches
the anthropology of savages by way of the Euro-
pean agricultural rites first elucidated by Mann-
hardt — in a word, by way of folk-lore. This
method differs from one that has been recently
recommended by Dr. Rivers in a paper read
before the Sociological Society, entitled ' Survival
in Sociology.' Dr. Rivers holds that until further
advance is made in the purely sociological corre-
lation of social phenomena with one another, and
1 heir reference to social antecedents, it will not be
profitable to apply psychology to the explanation
of social life in general, and to that of survivals in
particular ; supporting his contention by the
analogy of geology, which resorts to physics and
chemistry only after having first worked out the
stratigraphical order of the deposits forming the
earth's crust. Criticizing this view, the speaker
deprecated the comparison thus instituted between
the study of the inorganic and the study of the
living. To abstract away the purposive aspect of
human history in order to apply methods appro-
priate to the lifeless is fatal. If science treats
man as if there wTere no life in him, there will be
no life in it. How, then, is psychology to assist
and vitalize the study of survivals, which is to say
folk-lore ? By concentrating on the question,
Why do survivals survive ? Survivals are no
by-products of a latter-day civilization, but an
essential feature of human history. Something
is always disappearing, while something else is
coming into being ; and this continual give-and-
take finds its ultimate explanation in terms of
will, namely, as rejection and selection. To
examine such a process from within is hard in the
case of peoples of alien culture ; so we must use
the peasant as a sort of middle term between
ourselves and the savage, studying the play of
psychological forces that underlies the movement
of history amongst conditions near at hand,
before we confront conditions with which we are
far less familiar.
The speaker next gave some detailed illus-
trations of how this might be done. The folk-
dances, folk-songs, and ifolk-dramas of Europe,
if studied sympathetically, as notably by those
who learn to dance, sing, and act them for
themselves, reveal an internal dynamic which helps
us to understand a great deal otherwise obscure in
the ceremonial dances, songs, and dramas of
aboriginal Australia. Again, the workings of
the belief in luck, or of the fear of witchcraft, can
be analyzed as the one or the other occurs among
unsophisticated persons at home (a most remark-
able case of alleged witchcraft has, for instance,
occupied the Guernsey police court this year),
and the results so obtained form a stepping-stone
to the study of similar phenomena among
savages. It might be shown in the same way
how a civilized observer who has had personal
experience of initiation as a Freemason is in a
better way to grasp the inner meaning of the
primitive puberty rite. Or once more, the in-
articulateness so often ascribed to the savage is
on a par with that which the folk-lore hunter
encounters amongst peasants just in so far as he
cannot inspire confidence by conversing with the
rustic in his own didect. In short, so-called
survivals survive because they are the constantly
renewed symptoms of that life of the folk which
has an inherent power of surviving in the long
run, and constitutes as it were the germ-plasm
of society. Because civilizations do not take
sufficient account of this side of human nature,
they are apt to be transitory ; whereas mankind
endures.
Eugenics Education. — Feb. 16. — Major Dar-
win, President, in the chair. — The Chairman said
they had met to celebrate the anniversary of the
birth of Francis Galton, the great pioneer of
eugenic thought. They desired an outward
expression of their belief that posterity would owe
a great debt to the man who first made it possible
to start a campaign in favour of racial advance-
ment. They hoped it would be the first of a long
series of such meetings. The aim of eugenics
was to increase the probability of the men of the
future being hereditarily endowed with noble
qualities, and Galton not only taught them how
that aim might be accomplished, but also showed
in his own person what those noble qualities
were.
Sir Francis Darwin, in referring to the Galton
Lecture and its objects, began by showing, in a
manner more imaginative than scientific, that the
subject of his discourse, Francis Galton, was no
enemy to a simple form of ceremonial. He in-
stanced the inscription with which Galton headed
his first notebook in preparation for his auto-
biography, " Lord, Lord, how subject we old men
are to this vice of lying ! " as an inverted appeal to
the goddess of truth, which no man ever needed
less.
Certain characteristics of Francis Galton's
mind were then considered, leading finally to his
devotion to experiment. A striking feature was
his love of method. He liked to know the right
way of doing all things, and he was as original in
everyday matters as he was in scientific investiga-
tions. He liked also to teach his methods to
others, and here the lecturer made an emphatic
protest against the idea that he ever wearied
No. 4.)04, Fin. 21, 10U
r 1 1 K A THEN a:v m
279
or bored his audience. He wrote with tl»>' same
keenness, and in the same semi-humorous atmo*
Bpheie, whether ho was telling a traveller !u>w (<>
fmd water or break-in oxen, or whether In- was
instructing a more stay-at-home audience in the
scientific method of cutting a cake.
His experiments were frequently tried on him-
self. Thus, when a pupil at the Birmingham
Sospital, lie determined on a personal tesi of the
British Pharmacopoeia. With this object he
dosed himself alphabetically, but hegol no further
than c. where he was finally discouraged by the
violent effects of Croton oil. But his most
interesting experiments were made on his own
mind. 11>' is doubtless the only man who ever
tried to solve the mystery of free will l>> systematic
self-observations. Again, iliil any one before or
since induce himself to acquire the terror of the
Savage for his idols by an imaginative gazing on
the image of Mr. t'linch.as he appears outside his
well-known pages ? In the same way he con-
trived to build up the sensations of a madman,
which lasted an hour or so longer t han he bargained
for. These experiments have a certain interest
id relation to his studies in eugenics, lie believed
that a semi-religious honor of non-eugenic mar-
riages might be developed. After making a name
as a traveller and meteorologist, he gradually
settled into the line of work by which he will
always be remembered, the study of heredity lead-
ing up to his work in eugenics.
He was profoundly impressed by reading ' The
Origin of Species " in 1859, and it was this that
led him to take up witli fresh energy inquiries
into heredity which had long interested him. He
characteristically ascribes the ease with which he
assimilated that book to the fact that he and
Darwin had a common grandfather in Erasmus
Darwin. His first publication on evolution was
in 1805, when he wrote two remarkable articles
in Macmillaris Magazine-. Here we have the
germs of nearly all his future work. The
first book to develope from thi> embryonic
ge was " Hereditary Genius,' which to many
readers seems his greatest work. It was on read-
ing this book that Darwin wrote in a letter to
(ialton : " 1 must exhale myself, or something
will go wrong in my inside ; I do not think I ever
in all my life read anything more interesting
and original.'' Galton is also celebrated for his
application of statistical methods to the general
problem of inheritance, a study which led him to
formulate what is known as the ancestral law.
But to future ages he will be pre-eminently
remembered with gratitude and admiration as the
founder of the beneficent science of eugenics.
Though he had written on eugenics in 1865, and
though he cared for the subject with an almost
-lonate zeal, yet the biological writings ending
in eugenics form a procession of nearly forty years
in extent. In this he showed his practical wisdom
and his scientific restraint. By his munificent
Eugeni Foundation at University College, he
finally proved to the world the value he set on this
ace. The Eugenics Education Society is
justly proud of the fact that Francis Galton was
its first Honorary President.
^riftta' (oci'35ip.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
M -
Tin i
*.t.
Royil Academy. 4.— 'The Highest Period of Greek Sculpture.'
Sir C. Waldswin.
Institute of Actuaries, 5.— 'On the Valuation of Benefits
dependent upon Promotion to a Higher Status.' Mr. E. C
Thomas
Instil. Jte of British Architects, 9.—' London Railway Stations,'
Mr. P. Waterhouse.
Society of Arts. 8 -'Artistic Lithojrraphy, Lecture II., Mr.
J. Pennell. .Cantor Lecture.)
Geographical, sjcj— 'The Sea Route to 8iberia.' Dr. Fridtjof
Nansen and Mr. Jonas Lied.
.Itural, 3— 'The Use of Expletives and of the Blow-
Lamp in tl.* Burden,' Dr. H. E. Durham.
Koyal Institution, j -Animal, and Plants under Domestica-
tion. Ucture VI.. Prof. \V. Bateson.
Colonial Institute. 4.-' Nigeria and its Development,' Mr. J.
■ y Cooper.
Society ff Literature. 5.— 'George Meredith— Prance and the
Ffrn.h,' lir W. G. Hartog.
'ion of civil Engineers,, S.-' Rail- steels for Electric
IJailw»v; Mr W. Wjllox ; 'Rail Corrugation and its
- t W I) Alte -iellon.
Anthro|ol<xrical Institute. * l.'.-The Bantu Coast Tribes of
the E«t African Protectorate. Miss A. Werner.
CniTer.ity of LooduD. I M.— • National Service in Australia,'
Ml L i>. Amery.
Geological. 1
.< Art< * -'Rural Housing.' Mr. T. Brice Phillips.
R.jral Institution. :;.-' Hamlet in Legend and Drama : 121 The
Play. Prof I QoUaocs.
Royal Academy. 4 -'The Period of Decline.' Sir C. Waldstein.
Koyal. i m.— 'On the Diffraction of Light hy Spheres of Small
Kelative Indas,' Lord Kaylei^h ; 'Studies of the Propeities
operative in Solutions. XXXI. and XXXII..' Profs. H. E.
Armstrong and V P Worley ; and other Papers.
Institution of Electrical Engineers. -.— Motor and Control
ipmenufor Electric Locomotive*.' Mr t. I.ydall.
English Goethe. «:*.—• Goethe s Key to Fau^t. Mr. W. Page
Andrews.
7 of Antiquaries. -
Victoria and Albert Museum. UOL— 'English Silversmiths'
Work of the Medieval andTudor Periods. Mr W W. Watts.
Institute of Civil Engineers. -—The Use of Reinforced
Con'-rete in connexion with Dock and other Maritime
Work. Mr 0 H. Meik. .Vernon Harcourt Lecture :
Student*' Meef
Swedenborg. I 1 5 — The Body and the 8oul in Hwedenborg's
Philoeopbv.' Mr L. de Beaumont-Klein.
Royal Institution, i— ' Surface Combustion.' Prof W. A. Bone.
Royal Institution. ::. — ' Recent Discoveries In Physical
Science. Lecture I.. Prof. Sir J. J. Thornton
Mr. EL G. I'i. immi.iv. the pathologist of the
Zoological Society, has recently issued his
annual report on the post-mortem examina-
tions of animals which have died in the
Zoological Gardens during the past year.
Nearly half the total number of deaths are
those of animals which have been under
six months in the gardens. The journey, and
some injudicious treatment cm the part of
their captors, to a great extent account for
this. In 1913 the death-rate of mammals
and birds was 10 per cent, of reptiles 13 per
cent, which is a slight rise for birds, and a
slight decline for reptiles, compared with
1912.
Pneumonia remains the most serious
disease among them, and is rather promoted
than diminished by the improvements in
the heating of the reptile-house, which have
made the inhabitants livelier than they
were. Of the animals which succumbed to
other than infectious diseases it is observed
that many show traces of senile degenera-
tion, though not enough is known of their
longevity under natural conditions to sug-
gest any conclusions as to the results of
captivity.
On Saturday next (February 28th), at,
3 O'clock, Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson begins a
course of six lectures at the Royal Institu-
tion on ' Recent Discoveries in Physical
Science.' On Tuesday, March 3rd, Prof.
Sir J. H. Biles delivers the first, of three
lectures on 'Modern Ships' — (I) 'Smooth
Water Sailing,' (2) ' Ocean Travel/ (3) ' The
War Xavy'; and on Thursday, March 5th,
Prof. C. F. Jenkin begins a course of three
lectures on ' Heat and Cold.' The Friday
evening discourse next week will be de-
livered by Prof. W. A. Bone on ' Surface
Combustion.*
Mr. Martin C. Hinton is completing the
late Major Barrett-Hamilton's work on
' British Mammals.' the publication of
which will be carried on without interruption.
M iss E. M. Elderton's lecture on Tuesday
last, at the Francis Galton Laboratory for
National Eugenics, * On some Further
Points in connexion with the Fall in the
Birth-rate,' gave particulars, chiefly con-
cerned with Lancashire, from the Census
returns and the last Annual Report of the
Registrar-General, going to show that the
fall had been greatest in residential districts,
and less marked in mining and metal-
working districts, as also in the cotton towns.
Her data, however, showed that unhealthy
stocks were multiplying more rapidly than
healthy ones, and that this selective birth-
rate was not completely counterbalanced by
a -elective death-rate.
In view of these facts, the only practical
remedy suggested for the declining birth-
rate—the preservation of infant life at all
possible costs— did not seem very helpful,
since the diminution of the infantile death-
rate would not .i<l<i considerably to the
number of healthy survivors. That death-
rate is, in fact, highly discriminative, as
was shown by the effects of an epidemic
in Bradford, which proved nearly six times
;•- fatal to unhealthy as to healthy children.
A com.mittkk of the Norfolk and Norwich
Naturalists' Society has for some time been
engaged in the preparation of a Flora of
Norfolk, with Mr. W. A. Nicholson as editor,
and the- book will shortly he published.
The only previous Flora of the- county was
issued in \H(><>. In addition In lull I
of the flowering plant-, ferns, a and
liverworts of the county, and the places in
which they have been noted, specialists
have dealt with the climate, soils, physio-
graphy, and plant distribution. The book
will be published by the editor at SI, Surrey
Street, Norwich, and by Messrs. West, New-
man & ( '<).
A wktteb in Symone's Meteorviogica
Magazine, who lias made observations on
visibility for some twenty-three years, pro-
duces data to sho.v that the time-honoured
notion that extreme visibility is a prog-
nostic of rain within the next twenty-four
hours is an error. He has noted 83 in-
stances of extreme visibility at 9 A.M., of
which Only '.\~> per cent were followed by
rain, a smaller percentage than that of tin-
average number of rainy days dining that
period, which was 41.
M. Alphoxsk Bkrtit.lox, famous for his
contributions to criminology, died on tin-
afternoon of the l.'Jth inst. He had been
ailing for many months ; and last November
was in so serious a condition from ana-mia
that it was thought necessary to carry out
transfusion of blood into his veins from
those of his brother M. Georges Bertillon, an
operation which for a time restored his
strength.
Bertillon's taste for statistics, with his
skill in handling them, was something of an
inherited faculty. Both his father and
grandfather were students of ethnology from
the statistical standpoint, and the family
aptitude has also been evinced by M. Jacques
Bertillon, who till lately was Director of the
Statistical Department in Paris. From an
interest in racial, Alphonse Bertillon passed
to a closer preoccupation with individual
physical peculiarities, especially in regard
to their use for the identification of criminals.
As long ago as 1882 he brought forward
his anthropometric system, which did not
at first commend itself greatly to the police
authorities of Paris, and, in fact, labours
under the somewhat damaging disadvantage
of requiring considerable allowance for the
personal equation in actual application. The
system was, however, adopted, and alongside
of it, as a secondary mode of classification,
Bertillon's system of finger-prints, which
was also introduced into England. Here,
however, after some eight years' use, it was
superseded in 1901 by the Henry system.
Scarcely less important were Bertillon s
studies in the use of photography for the re-
construction of the details of the commission
of a crime ; and yet another branch of his
detective ingenuity may be seen in his
systematization of handwritings.
It is said that. Bertillon himself would have
been, if a criminal, beyond the reach of tin"
most formidable of his devices, for the
surface of the skin of his fingers was so
unusually irregular that he could never
make a, distinct, imprint. No doubt, since
it. has been ascertained, lie would like the
fact to bo recorded that, his brain was found
to weigh 1,.12."> L'rainines, which is Hi-")
l: -amines above the average.
Cor. At,k\\\\i>i:k Boss ClaBRE, the
eminent L'eodcsist, died last week ■>' le i..""
;lt the ag( of 85. He was -1 1 1 i.liri t . r l< I. Il f
of tin- trigonom* brica] work of the Ordnance
Survey of the United Kingdom from 1854
to 1881. and he wrote a treatise on * Geodesy,
w hieh remains a classic cm the -ub|.-, I.
His determination of the figure oi the
earth won for him one of the Royal Medals
the Royal Society. I* has long been
common knowledge thai the earth i- not :i
phere, but i he ex i< ' measun > of i he
,l fTen ii. .iitlicult to .n. 'I'h.
i ( larks ha\ e now been aim.
universally accepted a- the most corn
hitherto found.
280
T HE AT II E N M U M
Xo. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
FINE ARTS
Art. By Clive Bell. (Chatto & Windus,
5s. net.)
♦Several different kinds of people will be
violently irritated by this book. It has
.a malignant ingenuity which will put most
painters, art-critics, art-historians, archaeo-
logists, and connoisseurs beside them-
g Ives. " Another literary defence," they
will cry, " of that pestilent charlatanry
which is sapping the foundations of
modern art." The air will be thick with
their epithets : " impudent," " shallow,"
*' pretentious," " inaccurate," " ignorant,"
and so forth. For here is a book, mostly
about painting, by a man who has prob-
ably never handled a brush in his life,
which dismisses as garbage — or, at least,
.as all more or less soft fruit — the vast
bulk of Italian painting, the Renaissance,
the eighteenth century — everything before
the French Impressionists began to break
.away. No idol, however holy, is spared.
The Elgin marbles are overblown, and by
the fourth century B.C. Greek art is " en
pleine decadence." Hellenistic art and all
the products of Imperial Rome are the
abomination of desolation. Then, with
■Christianity, comes the breath of a new
life, mysterious and mighty. The revival
— far superior to the best Greek period —
is at its height about 500-600 a.d. But
the curve gradually sinks again. Giotto
is already decadent, and since him visual
art has only sunk deeper into the mire :
through Gothic " juggling in stone and
glass," through Renaissance rounding of
ladies' thighs, until about 1880 a new
movement begins, with Cezanne for its
genius— a movement which, when we see
it in its true perspective, will probably
appear as great an upward lift as that
which produced St. Sophia and the
mosaics of S. Vitale. A few geniuses
here and there, but no strong stream of
great art between Giotto and Cezanne :
thus may Mr. Bell's historical view be
roughly summed up. But the worst of it
is that innumerable young painters are
inspired by this doctrine. It is on Mr.
Bell's historical chapters that the critics
and connoisseurs will fasten with particular
fury. They will pull them to pieces with
gusto, accusing them of thinness, and
triumphantly pointing out, for instance,
that from most of his great period (500-
D00 a.d.) practically nothing survives.
Their triumph, or their eagerness, will
foe the louder, because this champion of
Post-Impressionism is far the ablest that
has yet appeared.
But Mr. Bell can perfectly well take
•care of himself. One thing is certain : the
hangers-on of official art who cross swords
with him will not be nearly so entertaining
as he is. He has an almost Gibbonian
way with an adversary ; he gibes and is
remorseless, he recks nothing of good
taste, and is sure to have the laugh with
him. A couple of quotations will illus-
trate his touch : —
' In Tiepolo there is hardly anything but
Tbrilliance ; only when one sees his work
beside that of Mr. Sargent does one realize
the presence of other qualities. \n Hogarth
there is hardly anything hut, illustration;
one realizes the presence of other qualities
only by remembering the work of the Hon.
John Collier."
Whistler was
" using his rather obvious cleverness to
fight for something dearer than vanity. He
is a lonely artist standing up and hitting
below the belt for art."
Mr. Bell, too, hits below the belt ; that
is one of the reasons why his book is
so refreshing. But there is more in it
than unacademic sparring ; nor is it
merely a defence of Post-Impressionism ;
it is an impassioned apology for Art. It
is the first book, since Ruskin began to
publish ' Modern Painters ' in 1843,
that could even conceivably convince a
serious-minded person of good judgment
that Art is something more than an agree-
able ornamentation and seasoning of life.
For that is the normal view of cultivated
people ; asked what aesthetic emotion is,
they will say that it is a feeling of pleasant
satisfaction evoked by beautiful objects —
a feeling which gives interest, colour,
variety, nobility, to the hard facts of
existence, but not a thing to make a reli-
gion of. Ruskin saw that Art was some-
thing much more tremendous than that,
and for a moment, because he thought
its importance lay in its connexion with
morals, he was almost able to convince
the British public. Mr. Bell, like Ruskin,
rebels against the normal view ; for him,
too, there is a profound connexion between
art and morals ; but the connexion is
different, and though his theory is not
nearly so absurd as Ruskin's, there is
much less chance that he will persuade the
masses. He is disquietingly precise,
where Ruskin was mellifluous, nor has
he any impressive system of classifica-
tions calculated to lull and ensnare the
mind.
The theory by which he answers the
fundamental question of aesthetics, What
is the quality common and peculiar to
all good works of art % involves at least
one serious shock to received ideas. His
answer is, The possession of significant
form. All works of art that have any
merit — a Peruvian pot, a Giottesque
fresco, a Rembrandt, a splash of water-
colour by Cezanne — have it for one and
the same reason, to which all else is
irrelevant : the artist has created signi-
ficant form. ^Esthetic emotion consists
solely in the contemplation of significant
form. There are, of course, other plea-
sures that pictures can give. They can
please by imitating things we recognize,
and by suggesting romantic ideas and
associations ; but these are not aesthetic
pleasures, and in themselves have nothing
to do with Art. They are even a hind-
rance to Art. For not only, by distract-
ing attention, do they prevent us from
getting the full aesthetic rapture, but also,
because an ever higher premium is set
on the skill necessary to imitate reality,
the artist is encouraged to cut capers, to
flatter, to suggest morals — to do anything
and everything rather than attend to his
proper business of the creation of pure
form. Thus the corruption of Art pro-
ceeds apace, and the stream which began
at Ravenna and Constantinople filters
out at last in the muddy swamps of the
Tate Gallery.
The hinge of the theory, then, is the
exaltation of the formal element in Art,
and the rejection of representation as
theoretically irrelevant and pernicious in
practice. Evidently this view, in spite
of our common assumption that the
merit of all pictures lies at least partly in
their representative quality, is not absurd
in itself, though it may be doubted whether
even Mr. Bell will be able to maintain it
for long in the extreme form in which he
now states it. He suggests a meta-
physical justification for it, asking whether
the forms created by artists may not be
significant because, in the emotion with
which we seize them, we have a glimpse
of the ultimate reality that lies behind
appearances. This is a very dubious
speculation, but, as he rightly points out,
the fate of his theory is not bound up
with the fate of his metaphysics ; even
if the connexion between significant form
and ultimate reahty be merely a pleasant
dream, it might still be true that signifi-
cant form — form, namely, that excites
a certain emotion called " aesthetic " — is
the one thing that makes visual art
valuable. The point round which con-
troversy must turn is whether imitative
representation is really as valueless as
Mr. Bell thinks — a thorny question, as
to which we can only say here that his
attack on representation suggests rather
a clever counsel for the prosecution in a
case that looks rather black for the de-
fendant, than a philosopher who has con-
sidered all the possible arguments.
Be that as it may, his attack disengages
the importance and vindicates the dignity
of Art. If he is right, the function of Art
is not to suggest ennobling ideas, or to
reflect Nature, or to gratify the pride of
the eye, but simply and solely to give us
the rapture of apprehending pure form.
This rapture he describes as one of the
most intense of all the passions of which
man is capable. It is touched with
eternity ; it is like the rapture of the
religious mystic or of the mathematician
in his world of abstract entities. It is
something to live and die for. Whatever
else this remarkable book may do, it
should make the reader, unless he has
tied up his spiritual capital in a cultivated
hedonism, feel uneasy. He may disagree
with much, but it will set him wondering
whether there is not something in works
of art which, poor pervert of centuries of
bad tradition, he has hardly ever or but
faintly noticed — something which, if it
were more keenly felt, might make him
revise all his judgments about visual art.
If he goes so far as that, if he ends by
thinking Cezanne a great artist, and Sir
Joshua, for instance, a manufacturer of
elegant upholstery, this will be but the
least of the services Mr. Bell will have
done for him. He will find that the
revision of his values applies not only to
Art, but to life and conduct as well.
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1014
THE A Til EN/EUM
2.S1
THE FRIDAY CLUB.
This exhibition at. the Alpine Club Gallery
is a typically modern jumble of diverse aims,
in which conspicuous promise is more than
usually plentiful, though sustained achieve-
ment is rare. Few of the drawings lack
something to recommend them, whether
it be the clear, candid aspiration of Mr.
Paul Nash's Trees in the Morning (~.\~)
and .1 Canlf* Landscape (39), the firm.
authoritative draughtsmanship of Mr. Ran-
dolph Schwabe's Woman Redlining (57) and
Ablution (59), or the naive seriousness of the
design Fear (50), l>\ Mr. Morris Goldstein.
The drawings of Messrs. Harold Squire (35)
and Gerald Summers (45) with a less con-
scious seriousness show an easy, spontaneous
execution, while the workmanlike pro-
ficiency of Mrs. Summers's etchings (24 and
33), the more concise and concentrated
design of Madame Kaverat's Poplars (22),
and. at the opposite pole of invention, the
copious resource shown in Mr. Allan Odle's
illustrations (58, 67, and 72), win our respect.
The last are. indeed, rather in the nature of
ingenious compilations, yet, in comparison
with the compilations of such an illustrator
a- Mr. Kay Nielsen, they show such a flood
of unctuous observation of detail that they
deserve some of the superlatives lavished on
that artist.
So we might continue the list of works
which successfully appeal to one mood or
5fy one kind of demand, to the complete
neglect of all others, and, indeed, we may
admit that this Bingle-mindedness is of the
>nce of slight drawings like these, each of
which represents a single jet of artistic pro-
ductiveness. When we turn to the paintings,
however, we rind, as is usual in these ultra-
modern shows, a similar slenclerness of con-
tent, a similar short-winded inspiration.
While we admit that the art of the immediate
past was such as to call for a period of this
devotion to bare directness of expression,
yet repeated and copious doses of the medi-
cine *• indicated " convince us that there is
tething to bo said for the older ideal.
A modern painter is apt to be harsh and
doctrinaire in his manner; you may take
him or leave him, and. it your mind has not.
:i specially prepared for his approach, you
as like as not to leave him. In a mixed
exhibition of modern paintings all the onus
of adaptability is thrown on the spectator.
In the art of the past —even that which we
think of a- most aloof and severe —painting
was a many-sided thing, appealing to many
moods, yet bo single and well-knit tli.it the
spectator, by whatever side he approached it .
- instantaneously made aware of its other
elements, made free of a larger presence than
particular aspect which first captured
him. The painters here are inclined to be
not merely uncompromising, hut even too
intolerant to admit en passant that the art
with which they are preoccupied can have
any relation with that of others. Taking
tilt-in a- we find them, we can appreciate
charm of the landscapes of Mr. Allinson
H - and Mr. .John Currie (15); the
freedom from extraneous ornament shown
in the linear --hemes of Mr. Hubert Schlo
■nd, id Wharf, Regent a Canal (162), ami
Mr. Nevinson'e La VUlette (116); ami the
ingenuity of Mr. Romberg's Ezekiel (1!»),
in which Dutch dolls engage in an elaborate
gymiia in imitation oi a Greek fret.
. e. however, as this Lasl undeniably
i« in i'- complete abandonment to a single
mean- of interesting the beholder, w
more inclined to linger before Mr. Nevinson'e
i with it- restrained notation
an element I bisl design as it arises
irom the study of a striking head.
PAINTINGS BY THE CAMDEN TOWN
GROUP.
ALTHOUGH this group must now be con-
sidered as dissolved in the larger London
Group — if not., indeed, the victim of more
definite disintegration most of its earlier
members are exhibiting (alone- with Mr.
Henry Bishop, the well-known painter of
Moorish subjects) at the Little Gallery in
(heat Marlborough Street.
Few of them are quite at their best on this
occasion. Mr. Waller Sickert gives sugges-
tions of the two sides of his talent : his early
suave mastery in the classic use of paint in
No. 3 (Da nsense), and his masculine interest
in contemporary life in Chicken (2) and
(Eilladc (4). In the latter pair we feel the
artist's attempt, to design in forms too small
for the scale of touch he has allowed himself,
and a certain doctrinaire refusal to make use
of the adroitness of brushwork which might
overcome that difficulty. Mr. Gilman's
Indian Images (19) shows unusual adapta-
bility in this respect ; its subtlety appeals
almost entirely to our interest in seeing a
clumsy brush so deftly used. The Portrait of
the Artist's Mother (11 ) which is his principal
exhihit. shows him at his maximum of clever-
ness in pitching an elaborate colour-scheme,
hut hardly at his best as a master of form.
Mr. Spencer Gore's Orchard (9) is a charming
but minor work. Messrs. Pissarro and Rat-
cliffe are adequately represented by Win-
chelsea from Cadborongh (10), and Victoria
Embankment Hardens (22) ; Mr. Charles
Ginner less happily by certain pictures of
his more cloying period. Mr. Drummond's
London Flats (12) and Mr. J. B. Manson's
Floivers (13) are bright and unpretentious,
and Mr. Robert Bevans The Drought (18)
offers an example of the occasional value of a
title as a pointer to the sluggish intelligence.
Without this aid it might not impress one as
a piece of painting ; with it, one sees that
what expressiveness it. has is admirably
illustrative of its theme.
Not the least important items in the show
are the three exhibits of Mr. Epstein. His
admirable Homilly John(?»)m well known, as
also the bronze figure (2), which we take to be
a survival from an earlier period of his career,
when his bent towards stylistic simplifica-
tion was less pronounced than now, and the
gulf between it and the naturalistic simplifi-
cation of M. Rodin also less pronounced. His
Bird Pluming Itself ( 1 ) treats a theme of si iave
and rounded forms only open to a sculptor
who is absorbedly interested in planes. \\"e
think that the conception of Mr. Epstein as
the most representative figure among younger
British sculptors is just, though based prob-
ably on wrong reasons.
OTH E \i E N 1 1 1 BTTIONS.
At the Maddox Street (,'alleries the
f'amsix Art Club has reached a twelfth
exhibition on what, appear to us hardly
Icient grounds. < 'ommonplace vision and
sloppy execution are the rule, but Mr. M. W.
Patterson's water-colours (12 14), and in less
degree Mr. E. M. Lister's Oranchester Mill
Mi), have a. certain decorative tranquillity,
while some of the (lower pieees of Mr. II.
d'Arcy I Carl (45, 89, 01) make true bouquets
of colour, brilliantly varied and adroitly
balanced
The Triangle Club in the adjoining gallery
a. more ambitious programme, that oJ
the recovery by Bculpture and painting of
their true relation to architecture. Lsisu oil
in Bucfa circumstances, i be sculptor
sometimes to have derived advantage from
the pious aspiration on the part oi the archi-
tect, the poor painter never. 1 1 is, perhaps,
because of this disability that the promise
held out in the [ntroduction to the catalogue,
of the product ion of work of an ideal nature,
is hardly fulfilled. All the members " have
passed through the schools of the Royal
Academy," and on the whole this exhibition
show- little progress towards emancipation
from its influence. The portraits are dull,
and the landscapes merely literal. Mr.
D. S. Gray, whose student work at the
Royal Academy held out promise of colour,
sends a Pool of Bethesda (21). deplorably tame
in this respect, and without distinction of
form. Mr. Blair Leighton's alfresco Tea-
time (43) is somewhat more spontaneous,
but its modelling is heavy and material in
comparison with Mr. Savage's more spacious
Piazza del Campo, Siena (ti.'5). In the latter
broadly designed picl ure, as w ell as in certain
water-colour sketches |>y the same artist
(61, 66, and 67), there is a move towards
decoration.
The work of the sculptors also tends to
naturalism, and shows little signs as yet oi
the chastening influence of association with
architecture: witness pre-eminently Mr. Allan
Wyon's amazing design for a King Edward
Memorial. Mr. Ferdinand Blundstone's Boy
and Fruit (8) and Study of a Tiger (9), the
latter somewhat recalling the manner of
Barye, are the best. They have an attempt
at breadth, in the first instance by means
of a rather monotonous roundness of form;
while in the tiger, if the surface is better
analyzed into planes, the artist is apt to find
himself with so many to handle that he is
unable to divide them clearly into cate-
gories, and incurious as to what exactly
becomes of them when they vanish beneath
the surface of his figure. To Mr. Angels
Bacchante (3) a similar objection might be
made. It is fumbled over from point to
point on the surface, with no vigorous sense
of interpenetration.
ETCHINGS.
At the exhibitions of the Royal Society
of Painter-Etchers and Engravers dynasties
of artists handling the customary themes ol
landscape and architecture in the customary
fashion succeed each other so rapidly, and
with so nearly equal merit, that detailed
review becomes impossible. On the whole,
except for an occasional etcher of outstand-
ing individuality, such as Messrs. Cameron
and Strang, now no longer members, and
Mr. Robert Spence, who is not this year at
his best, we incline to think that the level
of capacity is higher now than it used to he;
e.g., the careful detail drawing of Mr. Ray-
mond Ray Jones (17 and 21) is he:
phrased than that of his predecesso]
Mr. Herman Webster's Vieux Pont, Notrt
Dame (55), is also will combined and con-
fident !\ characterized; while Mr. Frank
Short (IS) and Mr. Sydney Lee ('.»7> handle
tone, the one with sobriety, the other with
vigour. Mr. ■'. R. K. Duff's represental i<
of sheep ( is and 23) show also a mod< '
competence.
At the < lallerii - of M ' onnell
,\ Son i, Mr. I). Y. ( iron and Mr. Str
i he principal attract ions, 1 l"- latter !■■
particularly successful with hi
landscape Bourg «?< Bate(fl5). Mr. Tom M
well follov close on I he hei I ol Mr. •
in his romantic Edinburgh from Corstor-
phine, and. indeed, m all his work a high level
is maintained. M. Bejol >■ in In
/'. wpli ra i 1 1 i from Id •' form
u hich in - spoilt In- -' '' '■"' worl . « hile
Mr. |.,m Stran !■ a handsomely propor-
tioned design in ToguscU Toledo (81).
282
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
fitu Jlrt (gossip.
Mr. G. A. Storey has been appointed
Professor of Perspective at the Royal
Academy. This post has been in abeyance
for half a century, and is now revived for
a teacher of the subject who has written
on ' The Theory and Practice of Per-
spective.' It may be recalled that this
professorship was held for thirty years by
Turner, whose success in practice was by no
means equalled by his power to convey
theory to other minds.
The exhibition of Sir Alfred East's works
at the Leicester Galleries has been visited by
a large number of people during the first
week of its opening, and a considerable
number of pictures have already found
purchasers, including the large painting
entitled ' Autumn in England,' which has
been acquired by the National Gallery of
Brisbane.
Next Tuesday week, at the rooms of the
Society of Antiquaries in Burlington House,
Mr. G. A. T. Davies will lecture with lantern
illustrations to the Society for the Promo-
tion of Roman Studies on ' The Dacian
■Campaign of Trojan in a.d. 102.'
The Annual General Meeting of the Society
will be held at the same place on Tuesday,
May 12th.
Herb Boebner of Leipsic, the well-
known art dealer, is holding from March 16th
to 20th an auction which should attract
many lovers of art. A main feature of the
sale is the collection of Arnold Otto Meyer,
who died in 1913, and, through inheritance
as well as personal association with artists,
formed one of the finest private collections
known of nineteenth-century German draw-
ings. The first of the well-illustrated cata-
logues before us reveals the variety and worth
of the collection. Romanticists and classi-
cists are both well represented ; and a charm-
ing reproduction shows the gifts of Ludwig
Richter as a depicter of childhood.
The second catalogue records an excep-
tional collection of the work of Anton Graff,
most of the items being of high rarity, and
an extensive gathering of fine drawings
ranging from the fifteenth century to the
eighteenth, beginning with Albrecht Alt-
dorfer, and ending with Federico Zuccaro.
The thirty-eight plates are sufficient to in-
dicate the importance of the sale.
Mb. Thomas H. Mawson, Special Lec-
turer in Landscape Design at the University
of Liverpool, has been entrusted by the King
and Queen of the Hellenes with the enviable
but rather awe-inspiring task of preparing
plans for the extension, and even for the
beautification, of Athens. That an English-
man should be chosen for this may occasion
many pretty reflections on the cosmopolitan
character of the beautiful, or, perhaps more
reasonably, on the cosmopolitan outlook of
Europe. Mr. Mawson is required to devise
a new railway station, new law courts
and other official buildings, new hotels
and boulevards, a system of parks and
playgrounds, and a great avenue from the
city to the Piraeus.
Moreover, there is an important housing
problem to be solved, for a number of hovels
gathered at the base of the Acropolis are to
be demolished. Mr. Mawson has already
been busy with the royal gardens in Athens,
and the planning of the royal burial-ground
at Tatoi, a few miles away, and has also
work on hand for Corfu.
While digging gravel in a quarry at Caver-
sham workmen have opened up an ancient
pit-dwelling. It has a perpendicular passage
leading to a large circular chamber several
feet in diameter. The whole was found full
of black earth and charcoal, wherein were
the fragments of two cooking - pots — one
of them shows a rough attempt at decor-
ation— a piece of flake flint, and a bronze
pin, which are thought to belong to the
Bronze Age. These have been placed in
the Reading Museum.
Capt. Campbell Besley, who has re-
turned from exploration in South America
to New York this week, reports wonderful
discoveries of the civilization of the Incas at
Cuzco. An Indian showed him, buried in
the luxuriant vegetation, buildings which
are said to be highly remarkable both from
the architectural and the engineering point
of view. The palaces were on a huge scale ;
the vessels used were elaborately orna-
mented ; and stone walls were used to
bank up the adjacent river as well as for
purposes of fortification.
Hydon Ball is a hill-crest rising out of a
wild, heathery tract called Hydon Heath,
about three miles south of Godalming. The
summit rises to about 600 feet above sea-
level, a height which, in that neighbourhood,
gives it a fine pre-eminence over the sur-
rounding hills, and a surprisingly wide and
beautiful prospect towards each of the four
winds. Godalming with the Hog's Back on
the north ; the Weald and the South Downs
and Chanctonbury Ring on the south ; on
the west Hindhead and Blackdown, and
something of that " vast hill of chalk rising
300 feet above the village, divided into a
sheep-down, the high wood, and a long hang-
ing wood, called the Hanger," with the de-
scription of which Gilbert White begins his
history of Selborne ; and fine slopes of
wooded country on the east.
The land near by is being " developed ':
(the "eligibility" of such a site is only too
patent) ; and we learn with pleasure that the
National Trust is warily securing a six
months' option to purchase for 5,000Z. ninety-
two acres of this ground, which will include the
Ball. The price has been fixed so low because
the present owner generously desires to see
the spot permanently preserved as an open
space ; and the National Trust propose to
acquire it as a memorial to the late Oct? via
Hill, the Memorial Committee agreeing to
adopt the proposal if sufficient public
support for the scheme is forthcoming.
A sum of 5.500Z. is being asked for, since
legal and other expenses, as well as the erec-
tion of a caretaker's cottage, have to be
provided in addition to the purchase money.
Contributions should be sent to the National
Trust, 25, Victoria Street, S.W.
Me. F. W. Speaight sends us details of a
scheme by which Goodrich House, Hatfield,
is to be made into a depot for the collection
and sale of furniture, china, prints, &c.
Repairs will be a special feature, and the
genuineness of all the antiques will be
guaranteed. They will not be huddled to-
gether, but jilaced about the various rooms
of the house, which has Adam mantelpieces
and other attractions.
Mb. Geoffrey Scott has written a book '
which, it seems, may be expected to prove
original. It is a defence of Renaissance
architecture, entitled ' The Architecture of
Humanism,' and will be published by Messrs.
Constable in the course of the spring.
Prof. Flinders Petrie's book on ' Amu- i
lets ' — which is to appear shortly with Messrs.
Constable — is based chiefly on the collection
of these objects at University College. A
good deal of illustrative material from other
sources, and relating to other countries,
has also been worked in, and the book is
abundantly illustrated.
ittitsiral (gossip.
Sir Henry J. Wood introduced three
novelties at his Symphony Concert last
Saturday. First came Strauss's Overture
to ' Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme,' and the
one to 'Ariadne auf Xaxos.' The former,
written more or less in the style of the period,
is excellent in its place, though scarcely
important enough to figure as an overture in
the concert-room ; still less so is the ' Ariadne.'
Stravinsky's ' Fireworks ' Fantasia was given
for the first time in England. It is an
early work, and, if it offers promise of a skill
in orchestration which later was amply
fulfilled, it can only count as an attempt
to give a musical picture of fireworks.
Fortunately, like fireworks, it was of brief
duration.
M. Alfred Cortot, the distinguished
French pianist, made his first appearance
at these concerts, and gave an admirable
rendering of Schumann's Concerto. An im-
pressive performance of Beethoven's Fourth
Symphony also deserves record.
Mb. Victob Benham at his pianoforte
recital at Steinway Hall last Monday after-
noon played two sonatas, and, naturally
wishing to pay due honour to Beethoven,
placed his Op. Ill in c minor first, fol-
lowing it immediately by his own in the
same key. This at any rate the two works
had in common. The exacting sonata
form demands very different treatment
from that displayed by the concert -giver.
In music of a lighter kind he would probably
appear to greater advantage.
As a pianist Mr. Benham has agile fingers
and a delicate touch, and if all the six Chopin
Etudes which he selected, principally from
Op. 25, had been rendered as well as certain
portions, the result would have been favour-
able. Mr. Benham, however, took certain
liberties with the music. He apparently
lacks the power of self-criticism, a gift whicb
many well-intentioned artists do not possess.
The performance of Beethoven's ' Mount
of Olives ' at the concert of the London
Choral Society on the I lth inst. at Queen's
Hall served two good purposes. It acted
as a foil to the great ' Missa Solemnis
which followed, and it probably satisfied
the curiosity of those present, some of whom
must have wondered why an oratorio by
Beethoven — the work was originally an-
nounced as such, but Mr. Fagge's announce-
ment of it as a " cantata " is much more
appropriate — had not been heard for many
years, with the exception of the final ' Halle-
lujah ' chorus. The reason is now clear :
' The Mount of Olives ' was a piece d 'occa-
sion written in a great hurry, and one
with which in later years Beethoven him-
self was dissatisfied. The choir, we should
add, was at its best in the Mass.
The Popular Concert to-morrow at South
Place will be devoted to the compositions and
arrangements of Sir C. Villiers Stanford, and
the principal items will be the String Quintet,
Op. 85, and the Piano Trio in G minor, with
Mr. Herbert Sharpe as pianist. Mr. Plunket
Greene will be the singer.
Six.
MoN. —
Tl'ES
Wed.
Tiii/its
Pri.
Sat.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Concert. 3.30, Royal Albert Hall.
8unday Concert Society. 3.30. Queen's Hall.
Ballad Concert, 7, Queen's Hall.
Sat (Friday excepted). Royal Opera, Coven t Garden,
.letty Ingenius's Pianoforte Recital, 8.15. Steinway Hall.
Vivian Langrish's Pianoforte Recital, S.15, Bechstein Hall-
Leonard Borwick's Pianoforte Recital, 3, .Eolian Hall.
Royal choral Society, 8. Royal Albert Hall.
Twelve o'Clocks' Chamber Concert, .Aeolian Hall.
George Lalewicz's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15. Bechstein Hall.
Meta Die8tel'8 Song Recital. 8.30, Steinway Hall.
Katherine Doubleday's Pianoforte Recital, 8.30, Bechstein
Hall.
Egon Petri's Pianoforte Recital, 3, Bechstein Hall.
Leonard Borwick's Pianoforte Recital, 8.15, .Eolian Hall.
Bronislaw Huberman's Orchestral Concert, 8.15. Queen 6 Hall.
.losef Holbrooke's Chamber Concert, 8 30, ArtB Centre.
Queen's Hall Orchestra, 3, Queen's Hall,
olive Byrne's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
THE ATHEN/EUM
2«;{
DRAMA
THE WEE K.
The Playhouse.
Mr. Harold Chapin's ' Dropping the
Baby,1 which was produced at the Play-
house last week, is a provocative play —
tli" provocation being meritorious so far
a u induces thoughtfulne**, but a cause
of annoyance in those to whom it con-
veys no new light on the rights and
wrongs associated with Feminism. Did
woman, as suggested in this play, break in
a pet the continuity of her concentration
on the duties of motherhood because man
(over-concerned with guarding material
things of which he had possessed himself)
failed in his service of woman ? Was it
all for the best that it so fell out ? Is
history now repeating itself with slight
variations I Does Mr. Chapin suggest that
unman is dropping her concentration on
the home and entering commerce because
man does not supply her efficiently with
what she needs for the home ? We are
insufficiently informed concerning what
happened in the age of the play — ten
thousand years ago — but we do not
think it would be a fair generalization
to say that to-day woman is merely
pettishly concerned with her own com-
fort, or that she will tolerate greater
idleness in man because she seeks to
help in disentangling the snarl that com-
petitive commerce has got the world into.
If in widening her own sphere she does
]>erpetuate such evil, she will have more
to answer for than the hideousness of
mens apparel with which, incidentally,
Mr. Chapin seems to credit her. Any-
way, woman is a rebel to-day against that
reme specialization which is accountable
for much that is narrow-minded.
' Thank Your Ladyship.' by Mr. Norreys
Connell, need not long detain us, as the
theatregoing public has by now endorsed
our opinion by refusing its support. The
■abject of clothes again intruded itself, Miss
rie Tempest making it apparent how
much a piquant face can make tolerable,
n of the monstrosities that meet our
eye when we turn in our morning paper
the page devoted to ladies' fashions.
The only other item worthy of note in an
inconsiderable play was the acting of
Mi. Browne as a footman trying to restrain
an uncontrollable adoration for his mistress
and of Mr. Clarence as a decrepit and
imbecile duke. We congratulate the
latter on the fact that there are signs
of revival of the old-time harlequinade.
If Pantaloon delays bis coming to the
zenith of popularity for some years, we
■hall also be able to congratulate the
public on retaining for a while a cjever
or in farcical drama.
Tin: Little Theatre.
Lasl Monday afternoon 'Damaged
ids,' .in English version by Mr. John
Pollock <,f m. Brieux - ' Lea Avarice, was
given at the Little Tbi atre. The pro-
duction was denounced by at basl one
of our daily contemporaries in advance
The publicity thus given to the subject of
syphilis seemed to us to militate against
the line of argument taken. For ourselves,
we should require to believe, before
denouncing discussion, that we might
with safety leave that duty to parents
and guardians; failing them, to secular
teachers; or, lastly, to those whose main
concern should be with the spiritual.
But if all such agencies fail to effect reform
by dispelling ignorance, then we welcome
the stage, which some good, but narrow-
minded people still look upon as the work
of the devil ; even if they be right, we
accept the devil's aid in the assurance
that from his point of view he has made a
faux pas.
Before the rise of the curtain Mr.
Henry Arthur Jones appeared in person.
In an address concerned with the subject
of Art for Art's Sake, or Art for
Morality's Sake, he suggested that, if Art
was to serve morality on the stage,
then it must be sufficiently good art to
make the lesson worth repetition even
when it had been learnt. Proceeding,
we understood him to suggest that M.
Brieux's play would stand even when a
remedy like salvarsan had effected a
cure for syphilis. Here he seemed to
join with M. Brieux in confusing the
alleviation of a consequence of an evil
with the cure of the evil itself. The
evil is prostitution in all its forms, and
we should not welcome as an unmixed
blessing anything which rendered it free
from unpleasant consequences. In other
words, we could only accept it whole-
heartedly if side by side with the
alleviation of such consequences went the
eradication of the evil. True, M. Brieux
brands prostitution in unmeasured terms,
but he fails to attack the indirect self-
indulgence which is so largely responsible
for its vogue. Of sexual indulgence he
speaks strongly ; but what of the far greater
self-indulgence in a dog-in-the-manger
cornering of life's pleasures, and even of
life's necessities, the lack of which sends
many a girl to the streets ? How many of
the assembled audience were prepared, the
next time they visited a theatre, to go in
the gallery instead of the stalls, and with
the money thus saved buy tickets for those
who, finding life all too drab, are tempted to
fling themselves into the vortex in order
to secure what is denied them ? We agree
with M. Brieux in his reaffirmation of the
demand for knowledge of the consequences
of evil, but knowledge of retribution will
not alone deter those for whom the
present is one of hellish monotony.
Our thoughts have perhaps carried us
beyond the exact limits of the play
under discussion, and we may now only
briefly refer to the acting. If we mistake
not. .Mr. fisher White as the doctor
had a n,d grip of his subject and his
sincerity achieved a result which his un-
doubted possession of histrionic ait would
M"t alone bave accomplished. We do nol
wish it to lie inferred that the rest of the
last were Callous in this respect hut their
ait was moo- obvious. We congratulate
the producer, Mr. Kenelm Fosa on bringing
■ her such an efficient company.
The Vaudeville.
On Tuesday Mr. Xorman McKinnel
produced Mr. Richard Pryce's stage
adaptation of Mr. Arnold Bennett's L Helen
with the High Hand.' Though in lighter
vein. Mr. McKinnel as James Ollerenshaw,
the close-fisted owner of house property,
rivals in quality his impersonation of the
name-part in * Rutherford & Son.' The
weaning of the old bachelor from his
penuriousnesa necessarily suffers from the
concentration of the stage, but we are
unable to suggest where the actor's
indication could be bettered.
Miss Nancy Price, who plays Helen
Rathbone, an English Bunty, is also
admirable, though purists may think
that she gains her dominion over her
step-uncle by more of the methods of
a sly puss than we should expect of a
high-handed heroine.
Mr. Trevor, too, as her lover hardly
prepared us sufficiently for the direct
action which made him duck the suitor
Helen employed to raise jealousy, or for
the masterfulness which secured her in
the end ; and the angling of the widow
after Ollerenshaw might have received
more emphasis at the hands of Miss
Rosina Filippi.
The adapter has allowed himself some
latitude, and has not thereby improved
the last act ; but the whole is sweetly
savoured, and we believe there is now a
large public read}' to welcome drama of
the Five Towns.
Playgoers who hurry to the theatre
with a view to prevent the discomfort
occasioned to others by late arrival may
not be pleased to find the time advertised
for the beginning of the play slip by.
The fact wrould require more serious
comment were not the half - hour so
pleasantly whiled away by Mr. Norton's-
clever impersonation of singers and re-
citers who conceal their insufficient me-
mories.
Uramatic (5ossip.
Miss Rosina Filippis experiment of
presenting Shakespeare at popular prices
will.it is hoped, begin shortly at the Victoria
Hall, Waterloo Road. The plays selected
for production are ' The Merchant of
Venice,' 'The Taming of the Shrew.'
'Julius Ca?sar,7 and 'Romeo and Juliet,'
while the prices for seats range from 2d. to
Is. 6d. Mr. Matheson Lang has Lenl the
scenery and costumes for three of the
plays, but »"><>/. iS Still needed tO r,,\,l
the expenses of the first month.
To-dav. Mr. Philip Carr will opens new
theatre in Paris (Salle Villiers, <ii Rue du
Rocher), to be known under the nam.
i,i P( i n Theatre Anglais. He intends to
produce about twice a month English
plays, which will be performed bj Engli h
actors. The first play will probably bi
• The Mi nil. mi of \ eniee, and t be Becond
Mr. ( :. B. Shav Man and Sup< rman.
Among i he patron of this 1 heal re w e nol i< i
Sir Franci Berl ie, Mr. Mj ron T. Herrick, i h<
\n,. 1 1. in \mii.i wador in Paris, Anatole
Franct . and M. Augu te Rodin,
284
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4504, Feb. 21, 1914
On Monday, the 9th inst., 'La Triom-
phatrice,' a new play in lour acts by Mile.
Marie Leneru, was read to the Committee of
theComedie Frangaise by M. Leon Blum. The
members of the Committee were of opinion
that it should be reduced to three aots, and
this the author undertook to do. When
the alteration has been made the play is to
ibe read a second time, and will then, in all
probability, be accepted.
The Grand Duke Constantine Con-
:3TANTiNOViTCJi, President of the Imperial
Academy of Science, and Inspector-General
■of Military Schools, has recently brought out
a sacred play on the subject of the Passion,
called ' The King of the Jews.' The mem-
bers of the Holy Synod examined and con-
sulted at length over the play before sanc-
tioning its production, which took place at
■the Hermitage Theatre, belonging to the
Winter Palace.
The King of the Jews Himself does not
appear upon the scene, and the leading
characters are Joseph of Arimathaea and
Procula, Pilate's wife. The first scene
represents the gates of Jerusalem, through
which the entry into the city has just been
made ; the last is the garden of Joseph, where
the details of the Passion and the Resurrec-
tion are related in the conversation of the
soldiers forming the Roman guard. The
Grand Duke himself acted Joseph of Arima-
thsea.
Eight one-act plays were produced at
the Pavilion on Wednesday afternoon, but
the curtain is hardly likely to rise on any
of them again except the last, entitled
' You,' though some of the others shared
the capable acting of Miss Helen Russell
and Miss Doris Bateman.
Mr. W. L. Courtney began lecturing
last Wednesday to the Royal Society of
Literature on ' The Idea of Comedy.'
Quoting Meredith's definition of comedy
as that form of drama which provokes
" thoughtful laughter," he distinguished
between the various kinds of plays often
included under that title, and showed that
pure comedy is a late arrival in dramatic
art which is only possible in a highly civilized
society, and concerns itself primarily with
characterization.
The lecturer then traced the slow develop-
ment of this kind of drama out of the bur-
lesques of Aristophanes, and passed on to
the consideration of Shakespeare's difficulty
in evolving his formula of comedy. The
lecture will be continued next week.
The British Board of Film Censors
have issued their report for the first year of
their existence, ending December 31st, 1913.
Sixty-six producers of films have agreed to
submit their productions to this body for
censorship, which is as much as to say that
the world's output of films goes through their
hands. 7,488 subjects have been examined
by the censor, a number which signifies
7,628,931 feet of film. 166 films were ob-
jected to by the examiners, but of these the
greater number were eventually passed after
the alteration of some particulars. 22 films
were entirely rejected. For these rejection
certificates were issued, the producers under-
taking not to sell them in this country.
This undertaking, so far as the Board have
been able to ascertain, has not been violated.
Meanwhile we note that at Sutton Cold-
field recently the picture - theatre problem
was presented in a practical form. A
number of lads were brought before the
magistrates charged with theft ; in fact, the
shopkeepers of the town were being terror-
ized. This was said to be the result of
sugsestions from the picture theatres, and a
petition was presented to the magistrates
asking for closer supervision of these places.
Several of the lads were bound over not to
enter a picture theatre for twelve months.
Whether the American cowboy, ready
with his horse and revolver, who still seems
the most frequent feature of these enter-
tainments, is a desirable model for our own
civilization may be doubted. More subtle
in influence is the pervading atmosphere of
sentimentality.
To Correspondents.— A. P. G.— R. C. J.— P. O.—
J. N. F.— Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 286.]
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PUBLISHERS AND SPRING
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Some of our contemporaries have tried to
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had t > face the question of existence with
them, or failure without them. To these
life has for the most part Beemed the
greater necessity. No paper, so far as
we know, lias announced its intention of
refusing all advertisements. Our adver-
tisement manager is of opinion that in
certain eases we do something almost
equivalent.
This week we have agreed to a com-
pact with that gentleman and his
collaborator. If they will avoid insert-
ing merely a list of titles, authors, and
publishers, same of which would un-
doubtedly convey no information to our
>aders. we will not say too exactly
.hat we think of those publishers
irho expect everything for nothing.
It appears useless to point out to such
gentlemen that we have employed and paid
srudite and capable men to criticize their
pares, and that they have been glad to
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jraise, often abruptly torn from their
.•ontext.
"" Give us your applause, for that is
Jways just." was the amended tag that,
the amusement of Dickens, ended a
>rformance of ' The Castle Spectre."
" Give us always your applause, when
re advertise with you," ought to be an
■tpially comic proposition. It reduces
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lercial level, in which the real value of a
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sideration. Of course, there are publishers
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chorus praising his egregious works, and
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tain our independence. The word is out
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but there are signs all around us of
revolt against the leadership of the
money-maker and the opportunist. The
fight is not easy ; the big battalions are
Btrong ; but we are not yet prepared
to Bay with Matthew Arnolds defeated
hero : —
Let the lon^ contention 06686 !
< JeeHe are swans, and swans a:
Christianity and Ethics. By \in. Archi-
bald B. D. ALEXANDER. (Duckworth.)
— An addition to the "Studies in
Theology " series.
From the Sepulchre to the Throne. By
Madame Cecilia. (Burns & Oates.) —
Deals with tfie Resurrection of our Lord,
and with the events of the Great Forty
Days. Side-lights of topography and Jew-
ish customs have been thrown upon the
( iospel narrative.
Joshua. By S. Holmes. (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.) — A linguistic study in
which the Hebrew and Greek texts are
compared.
Judaism and Saint Paul. By C. G. Monte-
more. (Max Goschen.) — This volume
contains two essays : one on 'The Genesis
of the Religion of Saint Paul,' the second
on ' The Relation of Saint Paul to Liberal
Judaism.'
Life's Compass. (Headley Bros.) — A new
anthology by the compiler of ' The
Pilot.' The theme is St. Mark's record
of the life of Christ, and there are epigrams,
anecdotes, &c, arranged for daily reading.
The book is illustrated.
Making up Your Mind. By Father Adder-
ley. (Wells Gardner.) — A volume of
studies on matters for thought and prayer
in the application of the Christian faith
to everyday life.
Nestorius and his Place in the History of
Christian Doctrine. By Prof. Friedrich
Loofs. (Cambridge University Press.) —
Four lectures given in a course of advanced
theology at the University of London.
Saint Augustin. By Louis Bertrand.
Translated by Vincent O'Sullivan.
(Constable.) — M. Bertrand's work is, no
doubt, familiar to most of those who are
interested in Northern Africa and the
Levant. They will be glad to think that
las ' Saint Augustin '- is to be made
accessible to readers who would not be
able to enjoy it in French.
Spiritual Reformers in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries. By Prof. Rufus
M. Jones. (Macmillan.) — That Prof.
Jones covers a wide field will be gathered
from a glance at his chapter-headings,
which include : Hans Denck and the
Inward Word ; Sebastian Franck, an
Apostle of Inward Religion ; Sebastian
Castellio, a Forgotten Prophet ; Coorn-
hcrt and the Collegiants — a Movement for
Spiritual Religion in Holland ; Valentine
Weigel and Nature Mysticism ; Jacob
Boehme, his Life and Spirit ; Early
English Interpreters of Spiritual Religion —
John Everard, Giles Randall, and Others ;
and John Smith, Platonist, "an Interpreter
of the Spirit."
The Bible of To-day. By the Rev. Alban
Bj.akiston. (Cambridge University Press.)
— This book is designed to introduce the
student of the Bible to the historical or
critical method of studying the Scriptures
and investigating their messages.
The Canticles of the Christian Church,
Eastern and Western, in Early and Medi-
zeval Times. By the Rev. James Mearns.
(Cambridge University Press.) — This
Sketch is believed to he the first attempt
in any language to cover the whole field
of investigation. It is bused throughout
upon the manuscripts, the material-, hav-
ing taken several years to collect and
classify.
The Offices of Baptism and Confirmation.
By T. Thompson. (Cambridge University
Press.) \m addition to th>- " Hand-
books of Liturgical study."
The Poem of Job. By Dr. E. G. Kino.
(Cambridge University Press.) An Eng-
lish translation in the metre of the original
poem, according to the principle of ac-
cented syllables.
Thirsting after God, and Other Bible Read-
ings. By Daniel Crawford. (Morgan
& Scott.)— The author of this series of
studies has lived for many years in Central
Africa, and is now lecturing in the United
states. The hook will he published next
week in London and New York.
Thoughts on Penance. By the Rev. Preben-
dary Dknison. (Robert Scott .) -The pur-
pose of this hook is to set forth the fact
that "penance represents in a fallen world
the right attitude of creaturely life to-
wards its Creator."
poetn?.
Bail-Room Ballads. By K. L. Orde. (Max
Coschen. ) — A volume of light verse deal-
ing with the Tango and other fashionable
crazes of the moment. Illustrated by
S. L. Yere.
Collected Poems. By Ford Madox Htdsf-
per. (Max Goschen.) — A Library edition
of Mr. Hueffer's poetry, with Preface by
the author.
Side-Slips. By J. Griffyth Fairfax. (Max
Goschen.) — A volume of humorous verse
illustrated in silhouette by Maud Klein.
The Winged Anthology. (John Richmond.)
— A collection of poems dealing with birds
and butterflies from 1536 to the present
moment. Among the living poets whose
work is included are Mr. Austin Dobson,
Mr. Thomas Hardy, and Mr. William
Canton.
Voices of Womanhood. By Ethel Carnie.
(Headley Bros.) — Miss Carnie strives in
these verses to give poetic expression to
the hopes and aspirations of present-day
women.
Bibliocjrapbs.
Bibliography of Oscar Wilde. By Stuart
Mason. (Werner Laurie.) — Includes a
complete list of Wilde's anonymous con-
tributions to the press, several of which are
here reprinted for the first time. It con-
tains also the unpublished scenario of the
lost play ' The Cardinal of Avignon,' and
the suppressed dedication to 'The Ballad
of Beading Gaol.' Mr. Robert Ross
contributes an Introductory Note.
Conspectus Incunabulorum. ByR. A. Peddie.
Part II. (Grafton & Co.) — A catalogue
of all known works printed before tho
year 1501, and should prove valuable to
those who handle early printed books.
The part of the work now announced
includes entries from C to G.
Ipbiloscpbt?.
Philosophy: What is It? By Dr. F. B.
.Jkvons. (Cambridge University Press.)
— Based upon lectures given to members
of the Workers' Educational A ociation.
The style is not technical, and through-
out the book Dr. Jevons endeavours to
consider the problems of Philosophy
Btrictly from the poinl of * iew of the plain
man, and to com ince him that Philosophy
is concerned w it h practical life, and n<>t a
monopoly of t he s1 udeni ,
The History of Greek Philosophy. Bi Johm
pi km i (Macmillan. I I his w ork forms
the Becond volume ol " The Schools of
Philosophy," a history of the e\ olul t « * i ■ of
philosophic thought, written by variou
writers, and edited by 8m Hi. mo Jones
292
111 E Alii ENJEUM
[Sui'i'bKMENT, Fi:i;. 21, 1914
The Philosophy of Biology. By James John-
stons. (Cambridge University Press.) —
!).■ ils largely with the philosophies of
Driesch and Bcrgson.
•fbistoig aufc Btoocapb^.
A History of the French People. By Hum re
Belloc. Illustrated with Maps and Plans.
(Chapman <v Hall.)— This work is to be
complete in three volumes, the first
dealing with the ' Foundations,' and reach-
ing to the coronation of Hugh Capet;
the second with the ' Middle Ages,' ending
with the first years of the sixteenth
century ; and the third with ' The Modern
State.' It will be divided into short
seel ions dealing with the chief events of
the national history. Tables of dates, of
genealogy, and of comparative events will
be added ; and particular attention will
be given to military history.
A Life of Mrs. Jordan. By Clare Jerrold.
(Nash.) — Contains much new matter, and
will be illustrated from contemporary
prints from the collection of Mr. A. M.
Broadley. Mrs. Jerrold has had access
to a mass of family papers and many
of the actress's letters.
A Martyr of Love. By Claude Ferval.
Translated from the French by Sidney
Dark. (Stanley Paul.) — A life of Louise
de la Valliere, with an Introduction by
Jean Bichepin.
A Volume of Reminiscences. By F. C.
Philips. (Nash.) — Mr. Philips has had a
varied career. Starting life in the Guards,
he acted as diplomat, barrister, leader-
writer, war correspondent, novelist, play-
writer, and theatrical manager. He has
met many interesting and famous people,
of whom he relates a great number of
anecdotes in his book.
Campan's Private Life of Marie Antoinette,
with an Introduction by Dr. Holland
Bose ; Lockhart's Life ' of Burns, with
an Introduction by Sir Walter Baleigh.
(Liverpool, Henry Young.) — Two choice
editions of well-known works which seem
worth the bibliojjhile's attention. In
both cases the issue is limited, the copies
being signed and numbered. The ' Life
of Burns ' contains reproductions of
certain portraits which have not been
published before.
Elizabeth and Mary Stuart. By Frank
Arthur Mumby. (Constable.) — A com-
panion volume to the author's ' The Girl-
hood of Queen Elizabeth,' continuing the
narrative, as far as possible in contem-
porary letters, through the first phase of
Elizabeth's rivalry with Mary Stuart.
Mr. Mumby traces the origin of the feud
and the secret history of the events which
led up to Mary's marriage with Darnley.
Fair Ladies of the Winter Palace. By Dr.
A. S. Bappoport. (Holden & Harding-
ham.) — Deals with the Court of the
Romanoffs. The author has also aimed
at delineating the history of woman in
Bussia.
France from behind the Veil. By Count
Paul Vassili. (Cassell. ) — In this volume
the author embodies his experiences of
the inner social and political life of
France during the last fifty years. His
reminiscences range from the reign of
Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie
to the present day.
From the Crusades to the French Revolution.
By Winifred Stephens. (Constable.) —
Miss Stephens has here a good subject
for a pen which has already won respect
in the history of the La Trcmoille family.
Harrington and his Oceana. By H. F.
Bus:sell-Smith. (Cambridge University
Press.) — The political theories of James
Harrington are here examined, with special
reference to their connexion with the
American constitution.
History of the Reign of Henry V. By J. H.
Wvi.ie. (Cambridge University Press.) — ■
A companion volume to the author's 'His-
tory of Henry IN".' The work will prob-
ably be completed in four volumes, tin-
first of which (1413-1:3) is nearly ready.
My Bohemian Days in London. By Julius
M. Prick. (Werner Laurie.)— Mr. Price
is a war artist and correspondent of The
Illustrated London News. He had ten
years of studio life in St. John's Wood.
Napoleon in Exile at Elba (1814-15). By
Norwood Young. (Stanley Paul.) — Mr.
Young made two special journeys to Elba
and St. Helena in order to acquire infor-
mation for this book. There is a chapter
on the Iconography of Napoleon at Elba
by Mr. A. M. Broadley.
Notable Women in History. By Willis J.
Abbot. (Greening.) — The author discusses
the various parts played by women in
history, from Cleopatra to Mrs. Eddy.
Notes of a Son and Brother. By Henry
James. (Macmillan.) — The second part
of what may be described as Mr. James's
autobiography, the first volume of which
appeared last spring under the title of
' A Small Boy and Others.'
Personal Recollections of Vincent van Gogh.
By Elisabeth Du Quesne van Gogh.
Translated by Katherine S. Dreier.
(Constable.) — The complement of the
' Letters,' which were published last year.
Recollections of Sixty Years. By Bight
Hon. Sir Charles Tupper. (Cassell.)—
Beminiscences of a long period of activity
in Canadian affairs. Sir Charles Tupper's
" recollections " go back to pre-Federation
days, when each Province went its own
way without regard to its neighbours.
Letters written by Mr. Joseph Chamberlain,
Earl Grey, Sir J. A. Macdonald, and other
prominent politicians will be included in
the volume. „
The Autobiography of Maharshi Deven-
dranath Tagore. Translated from the
Original Bengali by Satyendranath Ta-
gore and Indira Devi. (Macmillan.) —
The writer of this autobiography is the
father of Babindranath Tagore. There
are portraits, and an Introduction by
Evelyn Underhill.
The Hero of Brittany : Armand de Chateau-
briand, Correspondent of the Princes
between France and England, 1768-1809.
By E. Herpin. Translated by Mrs.
Colquhoun Grant. (Mills & Boon.) —
The subject of this memoir was the cousin
of Bene de Chateaubriand, and the book
presents a picture of Brittany during and
after the Revolution. The opening pages
describe St. Malo in the middle of the
eighteenth century, and give an account
of the corsair shipowners who traded
there, and from whom the Chateaubriands
descended.
The Life of George Muller. By William
Henry Harding. (Morgan & Scott.) —
A study of the personality of the founder
of the Orphan Homes at Bristol. Many
interesting Early- Victorian movements are
dealt with, and the volume contains a
coloured reproduction of an oil painting of
Muller in the possession of the author.
Thd Loves of the Poets and the Painters*
By " Le Petit Homme Rouge " (Ernest
A. Yj/.etei.i.y). (Holden & Hardingham.)
— Mr. Yizetolly here makes further excur-
sions into the realm of romantic bio-
graphy which he has explored in his
previous books. The subject he has
chosen is one which is l'kely to be
popular.
The Official Life of King George of Greece.
By ('apt. Walteb Christmas. (Nash.)—
Dedicated, by special permission, to Queen
Alexandra, who has supplied photographs
to illustrate it. King George himself
has read and approved the final proof-
sheets.
Through Two Wars, a Story of Macedonian
Strife. By W. H. Crawfurd Price.
(Werner Laurie.) — A study of the Balkan
Wars of 1912-13. The author does not
profess to offer a wealth of military detail,
but rather to present a popular account
of the events which have made the past
four years in Macedonia of outstanding
importance.
Twenty Years of my Life. By Douglas
Sladen. (Constable.) — Mr. Sladen's book
is likely to provide entertainment con-
genial to a large number of readers, since;
lie has been in many places and talked
with many people.
(BeoarapbE ant> TTravel.
A Woman in China. By Mary Gaunt.
(Werner Laurie.) — A new travel-book by
the author of ' Alone in West Africa. *
African Camp Fires. By Stewart Edward
White. (Nelson.) — Mr. White here de-
scribes, rather from a traveller's than a
hunter's point of view, the landscape and
peoples of East Africa.
Eight Years in Germany. By I. A. B.
Wylie. (Mills & Boon.)— The fact that
' My German Year ' was so well received
has induced the author to write a new
book on German life, in the hope that it
will form some contribution towards a
better understanding between that country
and ourselves.
La Missione Franchetti in Tripolitana.
(Turin, Fratelli Treves.) — Gives a detailed
description of Libya in its different
aspects, written by specialists.
Life in an Indian Outpost. By Major
Casserly. ( Werner Laurie. ) — An account
of the life of an Indian officer in command
of a native garrison in a small post on the
frontier.
Morocco. By Pierre Loti. Translated by
W. P. Baines. (Werner Laurie.) — Pierre
Loti was a member of a diplomatic mission
to the Sultan of Morocco at Fez, and in
this book he gives an [account of the
journey and of Fez itself.
The Amazing Argentine, a New Land of
Enterprise. By John Foster Fraser.
(Cassell. ) — Last autumn Mr. Foster Fraser
made a special visit to the Argentine to
gather material for this book, which is
written in a popular vein. Besides de-
scribing the development of the country,
lie tells of life amongst the Spanish-Italian
population, and deals with British enter-
prise.
The Eastern Libyans : an Essay. By Oric
Bates. (Macmillan.) — The material from
which this volume is formed was collected
for inclusion in a history of Cyrenaica
upon which Mr. Bates is engaged. Find-
ing, however, that his Libyan notes had
Supplement, Feb. 21, H>14]
Til E A Til KX .El' M
293
grown so greatly in magnitude thai they
would constitute a disproportionately
large feature of the book, he decided to
publish them separately. H>' has aimed
;u providing a scientific basis for further
study of the Libyans east of Africa .Minor.
The Land of Open Doors.
BlCKERSTETH. (WVIIs
pent
By J. Bl RQON
I . irdner.) Mr.
Bickersteth spent two years in Canada as
a layman on the staff of the Ajohbishops'
mission at Edmonton, and had unique
opportunities of seeing at first-hand two
main features of development : the break-
ing of virgin soil by immigrants, and the
construction of the great trans-continental
railway across the Rockies. Incidentally,
lie reveals something of the courage and
endurance needed not only by settlers, but
als« by such wnikers as himself. There
are numerous photographs, most of them
taken by the author.
The Night Side of Japan. By T. Fttjemoto.
(Werner Laurie.)- An account of modern
life in Japan. The theatres, variety halls,
streets, and parks are described from the
Japanese point of view. The author is a
native of Tokyo.
The Orient Express. By Arthur Moore.
(Constable)— Under this title Mr. Moore,
who has been correspondent for The
Times in Persia and the Near East, is
publishing a record of his experiences.
The list of chapter-headings goes to show
that his rangi- of interest is wide.
The Panama Canal. By F. J. Haskin.
(Heinemann. ) — A semi-official account of
the making of the great canal. The author
gives an account of the difficulties that had
to be overcome, the life of the workers,
and the financial questions arising out of
tic completion of the project.
The Pursuit of Spring. By Howard Tho.m *js.
(Nelson.) — A volume of sketches describ-
iiiL' a walking tour from London to the
Quantocks.
The Real Mexico. By Hamilton Fyfe.
| Heinemann.) — Mr. Fyfe spent last autumn
in Mexico, and gives here a picture of that
country torn by civil war. and an explana-
tion of the causes that led up to it.
The Wilds of Maoriland. By J. Mackintosh
Bell. (Macmillan.) — Mr. Bell was for six
y< u- Director of New Zealand's Geological
Survey, and during this time of almost
constant travel his work and the love of
lorationledhim into many little-visited
corners 0f the country. He has written
this book in the hope of encouraging the
Stranger to visit the less well-known
'•'-■ well as t.he large towns. The
volume concludes with a description of
the geography and climate of New Zealand.
Through the South Seas with Jack London.
Mwmi.v Johnson. (Werner Laurie.)
Mr. Johnson was the successful candi-
date i..r the post of cook on Jack London's
ketch the Snark, and gives here his im-
pressions ot the voyage. Then are
numerous illustrations from photographs
taken by the- author.
Through Unknown Nigeria. By John II.
,; u»a \i i Werner 1. mrie.) -The narra-
tive of a journey through the latest Brit isb
I '--ion. including •> di jcription of a
400-mile voy age down the Niger.
Sport.
How to Become an Alpinist. By 1 Bi k-
lincham. (Werner Laurie.) the
ry information as to setting about
the pastime in .• propi r and workmanlike
way.
Sociology?.
Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. By Ed-
ward Westermarck. (Macmillan.) Dr.
Westermarck has studied this subject
among the people themselves, lie has
made fifteen journeys to Morocco, and
was accompanied through 'he country bj
a Moorish friend. He intends this hook to
remedy an omission in his 'History of
Human Marriage.' in which, he says, he
accorded too Little space to marriage cere-
monies.
The Cure for Poverty. By John ("main
Brown. (Stanley Paul.) The author,
who his hail many years of commercial
experience in this country, the United
States, and on the Continent, reviews
industrial reforms.
Woman under Polygamy. By Walter M.
Galuchan. (Holden & Hardingham.)
A survey of plural marriage as practised to-
day in the East and under the Mohamme-
dan faith. The subject is treated especially
in regard to the position of women in the
harem and the zenana, and the author has
collected the opinions and the testimony
of women possessing an intimate know-
ledge of polygamy in its domestic and
social aspects. The introductory section
of the work treats of the biological
origin of polygamy, and the inquiry traces
the system from primitive people to cul-
tured modern races.
Economics.
The Ownership, Tenure, and Taxation of
Land : some Facts and Fallacies in con-
nexion therewith. By Sir Thomas P.
Whittaker. (Macmillan.) — An attempt
to bring together such statistical and his-
torical information as is available, and a
discussion of it, and of the economic, fiscal,
and ethical principles and problems which
bear upon the two distinct and limited
subjects — the ownership and taxation of
land.
JEoucation.
The Thinking Hand. By J. G. Legge.
(Macmillan.) — The subject dealt with in
Mr. Legge's volume is one of growing
interest to all those who are engaged in
the work of education, viz., the develop-
ment of a manual side in the activities of
our elementary schools. It describes the
movement as it displays itself in the
schools of Liverpool.
flMMlOlOGY?.
C. Juli Caesaris Commentarii rerum in
Gallia gestarum. (Lee Warner.) — A
new volume in the " Seriptorum Classi-
corum Bibliotheca Riccardiana," which
has the advantage of being set, by
special permission, from the new text
prepared for the Clarendon Press by
Dr. T. Rice Holmes.
ScbooiyiBoofcs.
A Short History of Modern Europe from 1558.
By Dr. J. E. Morris. (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.) Intended lor school use,
and particularly for hoys preparing lor the
Army and civil Service Entrance Exami
nations. It aims specially at showing how
closely the history of Britain has been
bound up with that of iic Continental
States .
Applied Mechanics and Heat Engines, Fir I
year' I burse. 1 '>y A lfred Coi i .son.
" Union Series." (Mills A Boon.) En the
opinion of t be author tin- budji ol ol
Applied Mechanics and H--.it Engines
should be taught concurrently, and bis
book i- written from that point of view.
It will lie completed in three parts, each
of which repri * nte one year's work.
Cassell's " Modern School " Series: Litera-
ture Section.— The editor of this new
series of Literat ureReadershas endeavoured
to provide a- carefully graduated course
containing Mich selections ol' the master-
pieces of English literature as may create
in the minds ol' young people a liking for
the hotter kind of reading. In the Junior
hooks the stories are classical and tradi-
tional, hut the later hooks provide a child's
anthology ol' literature. The extracts are
arranged chronologically, each selection
being preceded by a biographical note.
The books are similar in formal to the
Geographical Books of the publishers'
" Modern School " Series; they are printed
upon special hard-pressed, unglazed paper ;
the type used has been carefully selected,
and each contains numerous coloured and
black-and-white illustrations.
First School Botany. By E. M. Goddard.
" Cnion Series." (.Mills & Boon.) This
hook, which Covers the syllabus of the
Oxford and Cambridge Junior Local
Examinations, is designed to provide a
sound scientific training in botany for
Middle Forms. The life and structure of
the plant are dealt with side by side, and
the experiments, which can he performed
by ordinary classes, follow one another in
logical sequence.
Francis Chantrey : Donkey Boy and Sculptor.
By Harold Armitaoe. (Mills & Boon.)
— A Reader for upper standards.
Introductory Practical Mathematics for Ele-
mentary Schools. By W. E. Harrison.
"Union Series." (Mills & Boon.)— A
course for upper standards, adapted from
the author's 'Practical Mathematics for
Preliminary Students.'
Perse Playbooks, No. 4 (Cambridge, Heffer),
consists mainly of prose studies by junior
boys. The first half of the book is taken up
with an essay by the editor on ' The Play
Way,'- in which he gives a full account of
the actual methods used in the classroom
at the Perse School to encourage the boys
to express themselves in prose.
Poetry for Boys. By S. Maxwell. (Mills
& Boon.) — A new collection of poems for
boys' schools, printed in large typo to
conform with the requirements of the
British Association Eyesight Report.
Six Contes de Guy de Maupassant. Edited
by H. N. P. Sloman. (Cambridge I "ni-
versity Press.) — The first volume of " The
Cambridge Modern French Series.' Tin;
aim of the series is to offer teachers French
texts, valuable for their subject-matter,
attractive in style, and equipped with
exercises such as teachers who follow the
Direct Method havo usually been obliged
to compile for themselves.
Stinde's Die Familie Buchholz. Edited
by G. H. Clarke. (Cambridge Univer-
sity Press.) -A volume in ''The Cam-
bridge Modern German Series." This
series is primarily intended for use on the
Direct Method by pupils who ha\ e com-
pleted at leasl their first course in German.
Each volume will contain a short sketch
of the life and works of the author, with
questions on the narrative, grammatical
exercises, and subjects and outlines for
free composition.
Xiterarg Criticism.
The Theory of Poetry in England, n Develop-
ment in I 'oil rim-, ami Id' .1 li "in the
Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth
< lentury. By Pboj , R. I'. Co* l. (Mac-
millan.) Present - tl" fundamental pi
iion ..1 poetic theory and oritioism, by
means of a collection of the utteraie
29 1
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, Fkb. 21, 1914
of great critics and writers, arranged
iiiidcr such headings as 'Theory of Poetic
Creation,' ' Poetry as an [niitative Art,'
and ' Functions of Metre.' A brief mar-
ginal commentary accompanies the text.
Lectures on Dryden. By the late Dr.
Vekrali.. (Cambridge University Press.)
The last course of lectures given by
Dr. Verrall as King Edward VII. Pro-
fessor of English Literature. Edited by
Mrs. Verrall.
jfiction.
A Mother in Exile. (Everett. )— The story
of ;i wife deserted by her husband, and
a met her robbed of her children, culmi-
nating i?i a tragedy.
Bedesman 4. By Mrs. Skrink. (Duck-
worth.)— An addition to the "Road-
mender " series.
Bombay Edition of the Works of Rudyard
Kipling. (Maemillan.) — Vols. XIII. and
XIV., ' The Day's Work ' and ' Stalky &
Co.,' will be published during April.
By the Waters of Germany. By Norma
Lorimrr. (Stanley Paul.) — An account
of a holiday among the fine old towns
that overlook the waters of Germany with
a love-interest interwoven.
Full Swing. By Frank Danby. (Cassell.)
— An intimate study of a woman's
character.
Leviathan. By Jeanette Marks. (Hodder
& Stoughton. ) — A brilliant young pro-
fessor, about to be married, finds himself
in the grip of the drug habit. The story
concerns his efforts to conquer it.
Limelight. By Horace Wyndham. (John
liichmond.) — -Treats of the stage, chiefly
of the vicissitudes of provincial touring,
and also of music - hall work. The
announcement we have seen carefully
states that, while the characters are types,
they are not " portraits."
Outa Karel's Stories. By Sanni Meteler-
kamp. (Maemillan.) — Folk - tales about
animals told by an old Hottentot to his
master's children. The chief characters
are the lion and the jackal.
Princes of the Stock Exchange. By Nemlro-
vich Danchenka. Translated by Dr.
A. S. Rappoport. (Holden & Harding-
ham.) — The heroine is described as a
Jeanne d'Arc of the Stock Exchange, and
the story deals with the nefarious activities
of financiers.
Reality. By Olive Wadsley. (Cassell.)
— The theme of Miss Wadsley's new novel
is the artistic temperament in marriage.
Rung Ho ! By Talbot Mundy. (Cassell.)
— A story of the outbreak of the Indian
Mutiny.
Scottish Stories. By R. B. Cunninghams
Graham. (Duckworth.) — A selection
from the author's books, to be published
at a popular price.
Tales of Two Countries. By Maxim Gorky.
(Werner Laurie.) — A new collection of
short stories, mostly dealing with Russian
and Italian peasant life.
That Strange Affair. By Walter Brttgge-
Vallon. (Stanley Paul.) — A colonel, a
detective, the heroine, and a Chinaman
are involved in clearing vip this " strange
affair," which concerns the s.s. King
Malcolm.
The Black Peril. By George Webb Hardy.
(Holden & Hardingham.) — A novel dealing
with the relations between the black and
white races.
The Chief of the Ranges. By H. A. Cody.
(Hodder & Stoughton. )— The scene of
this novel is hi id in the Yukon, before the
invasion of tin white man. it is a story of
Indians and trader-, and has as its leading
character the daughter of the chief of a
minor tribe. Mr. Cody lived for many
years in the country of which he writes
The Crimson Mascot. By Charles E.
PEARSE. (Stanley Paul.) — The mascot is
a remarkable crimson pearl which has an
important place in the lives of a number
of the characters.
The Cuckoo Lamb. By Horace W. C.
Newte. (Chatto& Windus. )— Mr. Newte's
new novel will deal with artistic life in
London, the suburbs, and the country.
The Escape of Mr. Trimm. By Irvin S. Cobb.
(Hodder & Stoughton.) — A collection of
short stories, the prevailing note of which
is comedy.
The Gates of Doom. By Rafael Sabatini.
(Stanley Paul.) — An early Georgian his-
torical romance.
The King of Alsander. By James Elroy
Flecker. (Max Goschen.) — Admirers of
Mr. Flecker's verse will learn with interest
that this is his first novel, and that it is
described as " a fantastic romance."
The Land of the Lotus, by Mrs. J. T.
Craham (J. W. Arrowsmith), depicts the
curious and unexpected incidents that
occurred in the life of an English lady in
India.
The Red Virgin. By G. Frederick Turner.
(Hodder & Stoughton.) — Into this story
of the struggle for the throne of Grimland
the author has introduced, under fanciful
names, places and personages connected
with present-day movements in Great
Britain and on the Continent.
The World Set Free, a Story of Mankind-
By H. G. Welts. (Maemillan.) — One of
Mr. Wells's imaginative and prophetic
romances. It is at present appearing in
The English Review, and is promised in
book- form in May.
Under the Incense Trees. By Cecil Adair.
(Stanley Paul.) — A love-story of two
generations.
Wessex Edition of the Works of Thomas
Hardy : Vol. XVIII. A Changed Man,
The Waiting Supper, and Other Tales, con-
eluding with The Romantic Adventures of
a Milkmaid. (Maemillan.) — This volutin',
already issued in another form, is to be
added to the excellent Wessex set of Mr.
Hardy's books.
Where Pharaoh Dreams. By Mrs. Irene
Osgood. (John Richmond.) — The scene
of Mrs. Osgood's new novel is laid, as the
title implies, in Egypt. It has illustra-
tions by Mr. W. Gordon Mein, and a
Foreword by Mr. Stephen Phillips.
juvenile.
The Bankside Shakespeare for Children :
The Merchant of Venice ; A Midsummer
Night's Dream ; Richard II. (Wells
Gardner.) — Three additional volumes in
this useful series. The publishers desire
it to be known that the version of ' A
Midsummer Night's Dream ' was planned
and prepared long before Mr. Granville
Barker's production and acting version
were announced.
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THE ATHENAEUM
303
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 98, /.''/;.
CONTENTS, pack
The Irish Literary Renaissance BOS
Irishmen All 304
MuDonachs Lyrical Poems 305
The STOWS OP Bray .. 806
Irish Witchcraft ami Demonolooy 806
Like and Letters ok Lady Hester STANHOPE .. 306
A Glossary ok Ti dor and Stiart Words .. 307
The Colonization ok Riral Britain .. ..308
FICTION (Shepherdless Sheep ; A Lady and her Hus-
band ; Two in the Wilderness) .. .. 309—310
M^. R. L. Stevenson ; ' Faith and Reality ' ; A
Lease for 999 Years Expired ; AUTOGRAPH
Lettkrs and Historical Documents ; Books
vm> Manuscripts - _ 310
J'lhlishers' Sprim; ANNOUNCEMENTS (Theology—
Poetry — Philosophy— History and Biography—
Ceography and Travel, 311 ; Sociology— Politics-
Education — Literary Criticism — Fiction, 31:> ;
General— Science, 313 ; Fine Arts— Drama, 314) 311—314
Books Published this Week .. „ .. 315—318
Literary Gossip - ..318
Science— Indian Pioeons and Doyes ; Societies ;
Meetings Next Week ; Gossip ; Finger-
prints 319-320
Fine Arts— Irish seal-Matrices and Seals ; A
Dictionary ok Irish Artists ; Water-Colours
at Messrs. Agnew's; The National Portrait
Society ; Other Exhibitions ; Gossip ; Picture
Sale 320-323
}ilSic— gossip ; Performances Next Week .. .523
Drama-Oi r Irish Theatre ; Gossip .. .. 324
Index to Advertisers .. „ .. „ ..327
LITERATURE
THE IRISH LITERARY
RENAISSANCE.
The way for what has been called the
Irish Literarv Renaissance, well defined
by Mr. T. W. Rolieston
" ;us the impulse to seek for Irish themes, to
treat the history, scenery, legendary litera-
ture, and current life of our country with
the ennobling touch and the revealing insight
of poetry,"
had been paved by a group of Irishmen
In the forties of last century, led by such
writers as Carleton, Ferguson, and De
Vere, and such editors as George Petrie,
( 'harles Lever, and, later, Joseph Sheridan
Le Fanu. To Thomas Davis, too, and his
\ .iing Ireland associates, including James
Clarence Mangan, is due the credit of
awakening the Irish imagination in an
[riafa way.
But the arousing of real interest of this
kind within this generation owes its prime
impulse to the memorable romantic work
of Mr. Standish O'Gradv, to whom, we
believe, Mr. Yeats, Mr. Graves, and
others of the new school have freely ac-
knowledged their obligations. Without
this impulse Mr. Yeats might have taken
the place of Blake or Roesetti in English
literature, and Mr. Graves might have
dined himself to Irish peasant themes
as a song-writer.
Sir Samuel Ferguson lamented that in
Ins day there were onlv a select feu to
listen, amid the din of politics, to Irish
literary themes such as those he nobly
illustrated, but lie prophesied that his
time would come. It has not quite come
vet. although -Mr. Yeats's description in
L886 is no less true to-day : —
" The author of these poems is the greatest
poet Ireland has produced, because the most
central and most Celtic. Whatever the
future may bring forth in the way of a truly
great and national literature — and now thai
the race is so large, so widely spread, and so
conscious of its unity, the years are ripe —
will find its morning in these three volumes
of one who was made by the purifying
flame of national sentiment the one man of
his time who wrote heroic poetry — one who,
among the somewhat sybaritic singers of his
day, was like some aged sea-king sitting
among the inland wheat and poppies — the
savour of the sea about him and its strength."
But Ferguson passed away, and the
country wras in the throes of a fierce
political conflict. Indeed, in the year
1891 it was in a state of civil war between
the Parnellites and Anti-Parnellites. This
seemed a very unpromising time for a
revival of Irish literature, yet Mr. Yeats
and his friends, supported by Sir Charles
Gavan Duffy — who had returned to
this country full of the desire to revive
the literary traditions of the Young Ire-
landers — strongly felt that it was possible
to unite thinking men and women, " who
understood and valued the moral, spiritual,
and industrial nationality of Ireland, no
matter what were their political views,"
in cordial co-operation within the circle
of two Irish Literary Societies, one to be
formed in London, and the other in Dublin.
The inaugural lecture before the Irish
Literary Society of London was delivered
by the Rev. Stopford Brooke, and among
the speakers was Dr. Douglas Hyde, then
President of the National Literary Society
of Dublin, just inaugurated. Mr. Brooke
took for the subject of his address ' The
Need and Use of getting Irish Literature
into the English Tongue."
'" We have had enough [said Mr. Brooke]
of the Greek stories of late ; enough of the
Italian mediae valism, whether its tales be
of saints or sinners. The Norse tales will
also for a time be laid aside ; and though
they have a powerful humanity, they have
little love of nature. We have even been
enforced of late to go to India for our sub-
jects. But the Irish stories are as yet un-
touched ; and they have imagination,
colour, romance of war and love, terrible and
graceful supernaturalism, a passionate hu-
manity, and a vivid love of natural beauty
and sublimity."
The response to this suggestion has been
remarkable. As Mr. Rolieston has well
put it in his ' Twenty-One Years of Irish
Art and Thought,' delivered as an address
before the Irish Literary Society on its
coming of age : —
" When we recollect that at the time when
he spoke ' Silva Gadelica ' had not been
published, and that Mr. A. H. Leahy's
'Heroic Romances of Inland,' .Miss Hull's
' Cuchullin Saga,' the two well-known
volumes of Lady Gregory, practically all
the best work of Kuno .Meyer and of Alfred
Xutt, Hyde's ' Literary History of Ereland,'
and the thirteen stately volumes of the Irish
Texts Society — to name only a few of the
outstanding works- -wire still to come, we
can realize something of the richness of the
inheritance which for modern Ireland,
twenty-one years ago, still lay unexplored,
unknown, and, excepl to a\ ery few scholars,
inaccessible."
For a year Mr. Rolieston threw all his
energies into organizing the London Society,
and joined with Sir Charles Gavan Duffy,
its President, and Dr. Douglas Hyde in
bringing out the "New Irish Library,"
which contained not only the Presidents
own * Life of Thomas Davis' and Davis's
' Patriot Parliament,' but also such brilliant
and useful work as Richard Ashe King's
' Swift in Ireland,' Mr. Standish O'Grady's
' Bog of Stars, Dr. Douglas Hyde's ' Stoiy
of Gaelic Literature,' Mr. J. F. Taylor's
' Owen Roe O'Neill,' and Mr. A. P. Graves's
' Irish Song-Book.' It is interesting to be
able to announce, as we do in another
column, that the two Irish Literary
Societies are again uniting, this time under
Mr. Graves's and Dr. Hyde's editorship,
to produce a fresh series of books to be
entitled " Every Irishman's Library."
Meantime Dr. Hyde vacated the presi-
dency of the National Literary Society of
Dublin in favour of Dr. Sigerson, who has
held the post ever since, in order to take
the lead in the Gaelic League movement,
one of the most remarkable efforts ever
made to carry on linguistic propagandism
in the face of great difficulties. Though it
is nominally non-political, and actually so
in great part, its general tendency has
been to de- anglicize, and therefore to
draw off Irish men and women from the
study of English literature, or even Anglo-
Irish literature. On the other hand, the
movement has drawn together people of
all classes and creeds, and stimulated study
amongst those who had previously been
in the habit of reading little but the news-
papers. The leaders of the Gaelic League
have naturally aspired to a literature of
their own in the Irish tongue, and are
not too ready to support translation from
Irish into English on the lines suggested
by Mr. Stopford Brooke. It is probable
that this extreme attitude has prevented
that sympathy with their movement on
the part of middle-aged and elderly Irish
people which would have materially
helped to promote it. For the Irish lan-
guage is extremely difficult, and cannot
readily be learnt by any but the young
and enthusiastic, whereas had their elders
been encouraged to read Irish books in
translation, they might have gone much
further on the road with them than they
have been inclined to do. But the move-
ment has set hundreds of young Irish folk
studying and thinking, and has indirect l\
promoted their general reading, where
circumstances have prevented them from
earn ing the study of the Irish language be-
yond a certain point. Whether the object
with which the Cache League set out. the
restoration of the [rish language as the
common speech and the liteiar\ tongue "I
the country, La ever likely to be realized is
another matter. Present indications do
not support BUCh a belief. Still there is no
doubt that but for the movement nothing
like the attention now given U) the study
and publication of [rish manuscripts would
have resulted, and thus a sufficient stock
Of Irish scholars is now being 0 an d. under
304
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
competent teachers to make it certain
that the great hoard of Irish literary re-
mains still undealt with will ultimately
pass through the hands of Irish scholars,
competent to translate them into the
homes of the people.
The history of the Irish Literary
Theatre, the proposal for which was first
brought by Mr. Yeats before the Irish
Literary Society of London, is too well
known to need more than a few words
of appreciation. Ireland, which had
till then been without a national drama,
has in a few years, under the energetic
leadership of Mr. Yeats and Lady Gregory,
found a singularly individual group of
dramatists, including themselves, of whom
Synge has attracted the greatest attention.
They have trained, moreover, a set of
actors unique of their kind, including the
brothers Fay and Miss Sara Allgood.
They are being followed, at no great
distance, by the Ulster Literary Theatre,
led by Mr. Rutherford Mayne, the author
of ' The Drone ' and other plays.
Apart from the translations from the
Irish, and books closely founded upon
them, a series of interesting folk-lore and
folk-song collections have been made, on
the one hand, by writers such as Jeremiah
Curtin, Larminie, and Dr. Douglas Hyde —
on the other, by Dr. Joyce, Mr. Herbert
Hughes, and Mrs. Milligan Fox, while Miss
Eleanor Hull and the contributors to The
Irish Folk-Song Journal have been collect-
ing for the Folk - Lore and Folk - Song
Societies.
Irish myths and fairy tales have been
beautifully dealt with by Lady Gregory,
Miss Hull, and Mr. Rolleston. Novels
and stories of a finer technique than those
known to the last generation have been
written by Emily Lawless, Martin Ross,
George A. Birmingham, Mr. Shan Bullock,
Mr. Frank Mathew, Mrs. E. M. Field,
Seumas MacManus, and others ; while
Mr. Yeats and A. E. have been followed by
a host of younger poets, more or less of
their school, yet containing individual
characteristics, amongst whom may be
named Mr. Padraic Colum, Mr. Joseph
Campbell, Miss Eva Gore Booth, and Mr.
George Roberts. Standing apart from this
school, yet not less remarkable in their own
way, are Katharine Tynan, Dora Sigerson,
Emily Lawless, Miss Susan Mitchell, Miss
Alice' Milligan, Moira O'Neill (the author of
the delightful ' Songs of the Glens of
Antrim '), John Stephenson (the author of
' Pat Carty his Rhymes '),Padric Gregory
(whose ballads are suffused with the true
spirit of the Border minstrelsy), and last
and latest comers in this group of poets,
for the most part of Ulster origin, William
Drennan's great - granddaughters, the
Misses Dufrin. Fresh and poignant of
their kind, moreover, are the poems of
Miss W. M. Letts, the author of ' Songs
of Leinster.' Mr. James Stephens alike
in pi'ose and verse stands out, perhaps,
most prominently of the new Irish writers.
Amongst the group of Irish literary song-
writers, apart from the author of ' Songs
of Old Ireland ' and many other Irish songs
and ballads, including v Father O'Flynn,'
mav be mentioned Mr. Francis Fahy,
Mr.' P. J. McCall, and, of course, Dr.
Douglas Hyde. Of those who unite the
gifts of narrative and lyrical verse, still
living or but lately passed from amongst
us, are Dr. John Todhunter, George
Francis Savage-Armstrong, Mr. George A.
Greene, Mr. T. W. Rolleston, and Mr.
A. P. Graves.
In conclusion, the name should not be
forgotten of one recently called away from
our midst in the ripest age, who in
his Old Irish Romances furnished a beauti-
ful theme and a beautiful inspiration to
Tennyson and Burne -Jones ; who by his
great treasure stores of folk-songs has
given Sir Charles Stanford and Dr. Charles
Wood material for their fine arrangements
of Irish music ; and by his ' Irish Names
of Places ' and his L Social History of
Ancient Ireland ' put every lover of his
country under the deepest obligation to
him — Dr. Patrick Weston Joyce.
Irishmen All. Bv George A. Birmingham.
(T. N. Foulis, 5s. net.)
When Theophrastus, long ago, wrote his
' Characters,' he probably set before him,
not pictures of real life, but what was
suitable to the " Middle Corned}^ " on its
stage. In the same way George A. Bir-
mingham's sketches seem admirably fitted
to afford sketches for the clever young men
who write for the Abbey Theatre in Dublin.
The foibles of the Irish character are
painted in very decided colours. There
are also some virtuous people who spend
their life in doing their duty, either con-
sciously, as does his country parson, or
unconsciously, as does his farmer. But
these are obviously not prominent, and
therefore not interesting characters for
the stage. Even in these cases the
picture of the "farmer's death-bed, pa-
thetic as it is, is not complete, for the
priest is not there — a necessary figure at
that moment, whose absence would cause
great distress to the family. Of the rest
we like the publican best, because he gives
the reader an insight into the realities of
Irish politics. There was probably never
a democratic society where the majority
of its politicians did not seek to make
profit out of their profession, and the
way in which the publican bows before
the storm when a movement adverse to
his trade comes like a wave over the land,
and then manages to draw a red herring
across the trail and turn the whole thing
to his advantage, while preserving his
character as a spirited public man — all
this is drawn with great skill, and, as
we might expect, with a great deal of
humour. In his essay on the priest the
writer sets forth clearly the violent con-
trast between the good and the bad. We
might say, adapting Tennyson : —
For men, at most, differ as heaven and earth.
But clerics, best and worst, as heaven and hell.
But in this essay the writer becomes poli-
tical, and this is not the nature of his book.
For it is distinctly social, not political.
The English reader will find all through
that unreality which is the most difficult
quality for any critic to fathom and
understand. Ail the various classes are
playing a part, and they know they are
not honest, and the people round them
know it also ; but both the spectators and
the agents are quite satisfied, and nobody
resents it. The one hateful thing to do
would be to tear off the mask and expose
the sham and humbug of the actors.
There are, e.g., a great many people in
Ireland who are really Home Rulers, and
expect not only improvement for their
country, but also emoluments for them-
selves, to flow from it. But there are a
vast number also who do not believe in it,
and, nevertheless, go on shouting for it
at meetings and voting for resolutions
in favour of it, though they do not want
it at all, and would be much alarmed
were it to come upon them suddenly.
That is the mental attitude of the people
all through this book, and to a man who
really knows the country this is the sad
feature of it. How is this insincerity to be
purged out of the people ? how are they
to be taught that serious conviction and
serious living are better than this life of
masquerading ? It is not self -deception r
for they know perfectly that what they are
sa}ring and doing is not the naked truth ;
but, then, the naked truth is indecent in
good society there, and must be draped to
avoid offence. In ordinary society, and
at convivial entertainments, this laxity
regarding the truth tends to make things
pleasant. What hurts any one is avoided,
or misrepresented in bonarn partem ;
stories are told which are not quite true
— why should they be ? — but which are
venr good, and the Englishman present
who asks " Is that storv really true ? '
is looked upon as a stupid Saxon who
does not understand the amenities of
social intercourse. The Radical M.P.
who pays a flying visit to Ireland, and
attempts to solve the Irish question for
himself, is treated to a perfectly acted
comedy of poverty and rags, of desola-
tion and oppression, by actors who burst
out laughing the moment he disappears
on his outside car. The driver, too, is a
perfect stage critic, who knows how to
emphasize the points that suit the views
of his fare. It was said some years ago
by an Irishman whom most people know :
" Ireland is a country where the impossible
is always happening, and where the in-
evitable never conies off." The Duke of
Marlborough, who was Lord Lieutenant
there for some time, said to the same
critic the day before he left : " The
longer I live in Ireland, the more im-
possible I find it to discover what is a
fact."
George A. Birmingham's book is an
illustration and a commentary on these
statements. We are already familiar with
his easy, clear, and attractive style. Such
books as these from his pen will teach us
how hard it must be to solve the Irish
problem, if it can be called one, and not
a cluster, like the knot of serpents that
encircle Medusa's head.
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 10U
THE A Til HN.KT M
305
Lyrical Poems. By Thomas MacDonagh.
(Dublin. • The Irish Review,' 6s. net.)
W'k have here all Mr. MaoDonagh's lyricaJ
wort; w littt-Ti since the publication of
* Songs of Myself ' in L910, with some of
the best poems from " Through the Ivory
Gate ' (1902) and ' April and .May ' (1903).
Mr. MacDonagh has not merely improved
upon his earlier work, he has also succeeded
in freeing himself very largely from the
conventional obsessions of the Irish poet,
major or minor. ' April and .May.' for
example, led off with a poem which
began :
Let Erin remember the heroes brave,
And u'ild their mimes in her story;
and continued in an equally severe state
of indebtedness to its end. Hut ' Lyrical
Poems ' is the work of a writer who stands
on his own feet. There are affinities with
other modern Irish poets — Mr. James
Stephens might well have written ' The
Man Upright,1 or A. E. some parts of ; The
Tree of Knowledge " — but there is also a
distinct personality in these poems. Mr.
MacDonagh says what he has to say
clearly and almost coldly, but never
artificially. Only in the * Litany of
Beauty ' and ' The Golden Joy ' do we
notice a strength of conviction which
deserves to be entitled passionate. Even
the epithalamium ' Song of Joy,' though
perfect in its workmanship, somehow
leaves us unmoved. Mr. MacDonagh
seems to recognize this quality him-
self :—
What of my careful ways of speech?
What are my cold words to the heart
That lives in man'.' They cannot reach
One passion simpler than their art.
This coldness saps the mystical verse in
' The Book of Images : of half its exalta-
tion. Perhaps Mr. MacDonagh is at his
-t when dealing with simpler subjects.
'The Coming-in of Summer,' though
virtually a translation, is a thing of real
beauty. It begins : —
Yesterday a swallow,
Cuckoo-Bong to-day,
And anon will follow
All the flight of May,
For Summer is a-coming in.
In I'aiis' is another little piece which
Lb by its wry simplicity.
It is extreme! factory to find an
Irish poet who is free from the influences
which mark and mar the work of many
of the young generation. Here we have
no mystical introduced at every
opportunity. Mr. MacDonagh's mysticism
D hesitates a1 a white lily. Jf the twi-
ll doe- occur in his verse, it does not, at
any rate, suffer from moth-grey wings.
Imitation and repetition have been the
bane of recent Irish poetry, ju.-t as, in the
early part of Lasl century, it was dominated
by an exclusive handful of subjects, tradi-
tion-, and methods. The use of familiar
metaphors and driftings into conventional
moods are conducive to a slovenliness of
thought which has spoilt the work of
many young [rish poets. In Mr. Mac-
Donagfa •-. happily, the cliche ha- no
phe
The Stones of linn/. Bv George Digbv
Scott. (Dublin, Hodges'. Figgis & Co., 6s.)
This book is written in a. very pleasant
way, and mainly with the purpose of
educating the population round .Bray, in
co. Wicklow, a population curiously
ignorant of the traditions of the place.
So long as it was a fashionable watering-
place, in the last generation, such a state
of things was perhaps natural, but now
that there is a considerable resident
population, apart from the country squires
of the neighbourhood, it is time that they
should wake up to the fact that the whole
neighbourhood is full of antiquities, and
that Bray has a very interesting ancient
and mediaeval history. Unfortunately,
the absence of good maps makes this book
troublesome reading for any but local
people. At the outset there should
have been a coloured geological map, for
from this science the author starts, and
we have no complaint against him except
that he assumes the great stones of a
cromlech must have been carried to
the place by nature. Surely the
evidence of Stonehenge is against him.
The great stones there are held to have
come from Cornwall, or else from Brittany.
Then, apart from geology, he should have
provided readers with a section of the
Ordnance Survey of the barony in a
pocket inside the cover, for this would
have saved them from puzzling over the
homonyms (Tullow, Tallaght, Xew Castle,
&c.) with which the country abounds.
We only make these suggestions because
the book is so interesting, and because
we have extracted (that is the right word)
so much information from it. Mr. Scott
tells us interesting things about the echoes
of pre-Celtic inhabitants in Ireland, but
seems inclined to class them with fairies
and goblins. In recent years the question
of the population of pre-Celtic Ireland has
become far more serious than that, and
there is now little doubt that the great
stone monuments in England and Ire-
land date from an age long before
the Celtic invasion. How far the present
population of Ireland represents pre-
Celtic types is an attractive problem.
The two great houses in the barony are
still occupied by their ancestral families,
and from the Earl of Meath's documents,
to which the author has had access, he has
supplied many interesting details. But
seeing the noble owner's extreme kindness
in giving all help to reasonable inquirers,
why did he not learn something more
of Kilruddery (the Earl's residence) than
the derivation of the name, and the fact
that the presenl house is the result of
Morrison's rehandling of il \ Now Morri-
on was a fashionable architeel living at
Bray in George IV. 's time, a sort ol I rish
\V\att. The outside (which the author
pictures) has no merit, hut inside there
are at least two carved wood mantel-
[>i -one is Jacobean, the other of
Queen Anne- time which .-how thai
there was an older, and probably far
better, man-ion OH the .-pot. IVrl.
the Chippendale bookcases, evidenl ly made
lor the library, would have been worth
reproducing as an illustration.
The same want of closer study applies
to the stray notices of Powerscourt, the
second mansion in question, for its
owner is equally accessible and sym-
pathetic. Here our author should have
sought the origin of the name, which
points to the fact that long ago the
Norman family of Bower (now I )e la
Poer) erected a castle there. Even now
Lord Powerscourt is always called 1'oers-
court. Then, as we have been told
that Morrison remodelled Kilruddery, we
should have heard that about a century
earlier a far greater man (Richard Castle)
remodelled Powerscourt, of which the
north front (looking inland) is the finest
exterior which that architect has left
among the manv fine houses he built for
Irish gentry in George II. 's time. We
might also have had a paragraph on the
visit of George IV. to Powerscourt. when
there were great changes made inside the
house, and probably an upper story
taken out over the grand saloon, where
the king held his receptions. We should
also have liked something about Tinne-
hinch, an old inn close by Powerscourt,
bought by the nation for Henry Grattan,
and dwelt in by him for years — this too
still in the hands of his descendants ; and
then (to copy the author's chatty style)
we might have turned in amazement to
look at the beech tree, on the right side
of the entrance gate, which is over 23 ft.
in girth, and larger than any beech even
in Powerscourt, the home of a splendid
avenue of that tree. Indeed, the trees
and woods of the co. Wicklow have been
a subject of great interest since Hayes
(who lived at Avondale) wrote his book
on ' Planting,' chiefly illustrated from the
trees then in the county (1790).
Any critic even tolerably intimate with
the district could add many more interest-
ing facts ; and this leads us to express the
hope that Dr. Lane Poole's history of the
county Wicklow may soon see the light.
Of course, when a learned man like him
settles in such a country, he finds it
impossible to avoid diving into its history.
yet how few and poor are the histories
of Irish counties! The majority, too, of
these studies date, from long ago, when
the method of research was not -o well
understood: and. moreover, almosl all ol
them were published in small edition-, and
are now dear to buy. As for the scattered
memoirs of local owners and local aoci< tics.
even their very names are mostly unknown.
We tru-t that will not be the late of -Mr.
Scott's book in twenty or thirty years.
Irish Witchcraft and Demonology. By
St. John D. Seymour, B.D. (Dublin,
Hodges, Figgis & Co. ; London, Milford,
.v. net.)
M \nv books have been written on h
folk tales fairy legends, and ghosl Btorii 9,
l mi t .Mi'. Seymour claim- to be the
firsl •■ to colle< i the d stoi
.,,,,1 records of witchcraft and to t,
the de\ei,, | nt and decline ol super-
natural practices in 1" land from the
306
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
earliest times down to the present day.
Writers on witchcraft appear to have
ignored that country, believing it to have
b?en either entirely immune from this
particular superstition or so slightly in-
fected as to be negligible. As a matter
of fact, witchcraft developed in Ireland
on much the same lines as in England,
but it was practically confined to the
Protestant population. Thus it prevailed
chiefly in the north, and had its strongest
hold upon the Irish imagination during the
seventeenth century, at the time of the
invasion of Ulster by Cromwellian settlers.
But, unlike Scotland and England, Ireland
apparently possessed no literature on
the subject, and so it may fairly be
assumed that witchcraft never flourished
greatly there. Mr. Seymour is able to
record only one instance when torture was
applied to a witch in order to extract a
confession, and believes that burning at
the stake was extremely rare.
It is not unnatural that witches and
sorcerers should have attracted most
attention, arousing both enemies and
sympathizers, at times of ecclesiastical
and secular interference. A reputation for
learning was sufficient for a man to be
credited with supernatural powers, and
it was not an uncommon thing for a man
of rank or power to be accused of prac-
tising sorcery by his enemies.
The minds of the people became so
much imbued with stories of the super-
natural that coincidences were regarded
as miracles, homicidal mania as demonic
possession, and religious hysteria as the
devil's " playing the ape and counterfeiting
the works of the Lord." Mr. Seymour
gives several stories which may be
founded on fact, the supernatural element
being due to the credulous minds of the
onlookers. At the close of the seventeenth
century a girl in Antrim " innocently put
a leaf of sorrel which she had got from a
witch into her mouth, after she had given
the begging witch bread and beer at the
door." The result was terrible. She
trembled, gave way to convulsions, and
swooned away as dead. When the minister
laid his hands upon her " she began first to
rowl herself about, then to vomit needles,
pins; hairs, feathers, bottoms of thread,
pieces of glass, window-nails, nails drawn
out of a cart or coach-wheel, an iron knife
about a span long, eggs, and fish-shells."
The witch confessed, and was " appre-
hended, condemned, strangled, and burnt."
Mr. Seymour gives a common-sense ex-
planation of this marvel : —
" The oxalic acid in sorrel is an irritant
poison, causing retching and violent pains.
But when once the suspicion of witchcraft
arose the ejection of such an extraordinary
collection of miscellaneous articles followed
quite as a matter of course — it would, so
to speak, have been altogether against the
rules of the game for the girl to have got
rid of anything else at that particular date."
The book should prove of value to the
student of folk-lore, and is written in
such a lively manner that it should secure
a wider public.
[Reviews of other Irish books will be found
in other sections of the paper.
The Life and Letters of Lady Hester
Stanhope. By her Niece, the Duchess
of Cleveland. (John Murray, 15s. net.)
In a single sentence of Preface Lord Rose-
bery explains that, a variety of publica-
tions having shown that a flicker of general
interest still exists with regard to Lady
Hester Stanhope, the family of his mother,
the late Duchess of Cleveland, have
decided on issuing her book about that
strange woman as the authoritative bio-
graphy. The publications to which he
alludes are no doubt those of Mrs. Roun-
dell (1909) and of Frank Hamel (1913).
The Duchess's volume was printed for
private circulation in 1897 ; and though
copies of it are to be found in the Library
of the British Museum and elsewhere, the
decision to make a wider appeal deserves
a grateful reception. Sticklers for literary
" scholarship " may complain, indeed,
that it resolves itself into documents
loosely held together by a running com-
mentary, and that its " sources " are
vaguely indicated. Yet the Duchess's
criticism is so wise, her knowledge of the
period so intimate, that she has produced
by far the best record of a woman who,
though passing strange, had about her
many of the elements of nobleness.
Lady Hester Stanhope was rightly
inspired when she gloried in being the
granddaughter of the great Lord Chatham.
She might have added that she was the
great-niece of his sister, the turbulent Ann
Pitt, whose career was a counterpart of
her own, though on a smaller scale. For
a father she had " Citizen " Stanhope,
that eccentric genius, who combined
the public profession of democratic prin-
ciples with the domestic exercise of an
iron tyranny. It was no wonder that
Grenville common sense counted for but
little in her composition. The Citizen's
share in her education consisted in send-
ing her out to herd geese on a common ;
on her own account she waged battles
royal with her various governesses. Lady
Hester's biographer treats most judiciously
the episode of the smuggling abroad of her
eldest brother — who was subsequently to
become the fourth Earl Stanhope and the
sanest of historians, if possibly one of
the tamest. As the Duchess remarks, her
affection for him was purely maternal ;
and in arrogating to herself the right to
lecture him freely on the slightest pretext,
she sowed the seeds of their subsequent
alienation.
Pitt, whose family instincts were firmly
rooted, did a fine thing when he took his
vagrant niece into his home. It meant
the sacrifice of all his bachelor habits, and
the responsibility for a high-spirited young
woman whose disposition was utterly
unlike his own. Yet Lady Hester played
her part worthily, in spite of her indiscreet
salhes and disconcerting talent in mimicry.
She revered her uncle — " a guardian
angel to her and hers " — and fully appre-
ciated her position as the adviser of
statesmen and prompter of patronage.
Her social triumph lasted, unhappily, for
less than three years.
The tragedies of Lady Hester Stanhope's
life were the deaths of Pitt and of Sir John
Moore, whom she hoped to marry. The
Duchess of Cleveland acutely defines the
relations between the two as ': an under-
standing " ; no formal engagement existed
between them. " Stanhope, remember me
to your sister," was the brief message of
the dying man. The union between the
quiet, melancholy soldier and the excitable,
optimistic woman would admittedly have
been one of incongruities. But such
marriages have been known to turn out
happiby, and at least it would have given
Lady Hester the anchorage she sorely
needed. As things were, she quarrelled
with her friends over the memories of Pitt
and Moore — not altogether without cause ;
she wandered abroad and picked up
Michael Bruce for a squire. We see that
the Duchess of Cleveland has been blamed
for ignoring the fact that the pair were
lovers. But the suppression, if suppres-
sion it is, cannot be called vital, since the
connexion was probably a mere caprice.
Lady Hester was reckless with the reck-
lessness of Byron, her fellow-exile ; they
both .in their bitterness delighted in
flouting the respectabilities. Since the
Duchess quotes her familiar description of
the poet, it seems a pity that she has
omitted his equally penetrating and un-
complimentary allusion to Lady Hester : —
" I saw Lady Hester Stanhope at Athens.,
and do not admire ' that dangerous thing
a female wit.'. . . .She evinced a. . . .disposi-
tion to argufy with me, which I avoided
by either laughing or yielding." — -' Byron's
Letters and Journals,' ed. Prothero, i. 302.
Lady Hester had not yet become a pro-
phetess.
A prophetess she became, however, on
reaching Asia Minor, and the examination
of the process requires no profound
acquaintance with psychology. Her as-
cendancy over pashas and tribesmen
depended on gifts partly physical and
partly moral. Lady Hester was an in-
comparable horsewoman, and her length
of sight enabled her to descry roving
bands that escaped the vision of the
Bedouins. She knew no fear ; her gene-
rosity knew no limits ; and she had an
undeviating feeling for justice. The mys-
ticism planted in her mind by the impostor
Brothers before her arrival in the East
was watered by the half -crazed French-
man, General Loustaneau, and the study
of astrology completed the indoctrination.
The foolish thought her mad — much as
they held General Gordon to be mad
after her day, and her enthusiasm was
no doubt by several degrees in advance of
his. But Kinglake hits on the truth in
the sentence : —
" I plainly saw that she was not an un-
hesitating follower of her own system : and
I even fancied that I could distinguish the
brief moments during which she contrived
to believe in herself, from those long and
less happy intervals in which her reason was
too strong for her."
Through all Lady Hester's credulities
there ran a strong vein of common sense.
There was always some basis for her
beliefs, whether in the buried treasure at
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
•W
Ascalon or the property alleged to have
been left her in Ireland. She made short
work of pretence. If she did not abso-
lutely pull the leg, as they say. of La-
martine. she extracted fine fun from his
aristocratic instep. When Prince Piickler
-Muskau aent flummery to her in order to
gain admission to Djoun, her answer was :
' Is your object in coming here to laugh
at a poor creature reduced by sickness to
skin and bone, who has lost half her sight
and all her teeth ; or is it to hear true
philosophy ? "
The Prince should have felt rather small ;
still, he wrote about her like a gentle-
man, and had the discretion to suppress
her manifestos. But, above all, Lady
Hester's judgment never erred when her
heart got into play. Xot long before her
death she dissuaded an English merchant
at Beyrout. who was a total stranger to
her, from prosecuting a French doctor
whom he believed to have mismanaged his
Avife's case, and that in a letter which is a
model of reasoned sagacity.
Prophetesses, unfortunately, cannot con-
duct their mundane affairs without money.
Lady Hester, like her uncle Pitt, was merci-
lessly fleeced by her servants, and, like
him, with her eyes open. Her noble
liberality in harbouring the refugees from
Acre after its siege by the ruthless Ibrahim
Pasha was to the honour of the English
name, but it completed her ruin. And
then, as the grip of Levantine money-
lenders closed upon her, Palmerston
stopped her pension. Lady Hester did
her case no good by an intemperate
address to Queen Victoria, but her reply
to the Foreign Secretary, though it
rambles in parts, hits the nail squarely
on the head. What right had the future
author of the " Civis Romanus sum "
doctrine to commit such a deed of oppres-
sion ? Palmerston's letter hints that, if
the Consul-General had been compelled
to act, Lady Hester would have been
involved in some embarrassment. Her
rejoinder is fine, and it is to the
effect that, as a few true Englishmen
must remain, she should rely in confidence
on their integrity and justice when her
• had been fully examined. *' Those
who have Pitt blood in their veins," she
wrote to her true friend Lord Hardwicke,
14 are no iwinMera, nor are they cowards."
We cannot help thinking that the
Duchess of Cleveland is hard on Lady
Hester Stanhope's much-tried attendant,
Dr. Meryon. She censures the publication
of his well-known ' Memoirs,' though she
makes free use of them, and though it is
pretty clear that Lady Hester intended
them to serve as her vindication. They
certainly appeared too soon, and the
numerous nllnainna to family dissensions
should have been edited out of them.
Again. Meryon's conduct in leaving Lady
Hester to die in want and without a
single European near her has this much
to be said for it : he was married, he was
poor, and his mistress practically ordered
him to go. The doctor was no hero, but
his situation u, i- most difficult. Yet Djoun
had, besides Lady Hester, a genuine
heroine in the timid maid Elizabeth
Williams, who endured its squalor with-
out repining until fever carried her off.
She ought to have married Byron's
Fletcher, and to have shared his Italian
warehouse in Mayfair. How interesting
would their fireside recollections have
proved of the two gifted beings who found
their graves in the East !
A Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words.
Collected by Walter W. Skeat. Edited,
with Additions, by A. L. Mayhew.
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 5s. net.)
No one who has duly realized the ardent
and effective devotion of Prof. Skeat
to Anglo-Saxon and English literature
will be surprised to find that he left
material for a valuable addition to his
mass of published work ; and the pages of
this welcome becpuest of a great scholar
furnish abundant proof that his collabora-
tor in ' A Concise Dictionary of Middle
English ' (1888) is the right editor for this
useful and interesting Glossary. Mr. May-
hew has displayed great tact and judgment
in the preparation for press of material
to which Dr. Skeat " had not put the
finishing touches .... and had not even
finally settled the scope." The vocabulary
" remains much as " the author left it,
and consists in the main of words now
obsolete or dialectal, or of current words
bearing meanings no longer current, all
being found in literature of the period
indicated in the title.
The work constitutes a useful and
handy aid to the study of a most important
period of our literature ; and owners of
the ' New English Dictionary ' will be glad
to supplement its lavish quotations with
those provided by Mr. Mayhew's un-
selfish industry in adding them to
Skeat's references or with the references
left alone. For instance, under " sow " =
" mass of metal," the ' N.E.D.' gives no
poetic illustrations of a " sow " of precious
metals, while '' ' sowes of gold,' 'Mirror
for Mag.,' King Chirinnus, Lenvoy, st. 1,"
is twenty-seven years earlier than the
' N.E.D.'s ' " sowes of silver *' from Webbe's
' Travels ' (1590), the Dictionary presum-
ably preferring prose to verse for illus-
trating general usage in the limited space
allowed by its scheme. We read under
"elder," "It was an ancient belief that
Judas Tscariot hung himself on an elder
tree," with a reference to Shakespeare's
punning allusion in ; Love's Labour's Lost,'
V. ii. 610, as well as to ' Piers Plowman '
(quoted in " N.E.D.') and " Jonson, ' Ev.
Man out of Humour,' IV. iv. (Carlo)."
Under " like," " an ' elk,' a wild swan,"
is a suggestion as to the origin of this
"elk": •■ Drayton. ' Pol.' xxv. 86, where
it is remarked that it is ' of Hollanders so
term'd.' ' For "sort " rank, degree,
Shakespeare, ' Hen. V.,' IV. vii. I 13, " A
gentleman of great sort." is quoted. The
X.lvl).' corresponding instances leave oni
to choose between the meanmga "cha-
racter, disposition, or lank." The refer-
ence to Jonson for "epitrite" is prosody
is earlier than any previous illustration of
the term.
The work is laudably free from errors,
and the choice of the Italian form
" Spargyrica," as correcting P>. Jonson's
*'Ars Spagyrica," is neutralized by the
defence of the poet from French
usage in * Additions and Corrections."
The ' N.E.I). ' heading, " Spagyric " is
more correctly '" Spagiric(a)," after Para-
celsus, to whom this term for the alchemy
of metals is traced. For an inadvertently
repeated epiotation under " sooth " before
"Kyd, 'Span. Tragedy,' III. x. 19," sub-
stitute " Salve all suspitions, onely sooth
me vp."
From " traicte," " to treat, Sir T.
Elyot, ' Governour,' bk. i. c. 15, § 1," high
up on p. 416, to the end of the volume,
p. 461, more than 500 words or phrases
are explained and illustrated, as to which
help from the ' New English Dictionar}- '
will not be available xintil various numbers
of months or years have passed, and in
many cases no help is forthcoming from
any dictionary of the English language :
for instance,'' transversaries," "' the cross-
pieces of a cross-staff, which was an old
instrument for taking altitudes and mea-
suring angles. Dekker. . . .Wks. ii. 233 " ;
"twissell," "the part of the tree where
the branches divide from the stock,"
illustrated from Turbervile ; " ugsome " =
frightful, horrible, from Surrey ; and
" ugsomeness," from Latimer. Under
" unfolding " (participle) the u. or morning
star, which is the signal for letting sheep
out of foldings, is illustrated from Shake-
speare, ' Meas. for Meas.,' IV. ii. 218 ;
and its opposite, the folding or evening
star, from Collins and Shelley.
References to Shakespeare and Fletcher
are given for ': unvalued " = invaluable,
inestimable. Under " ure "=destiny, we
read " Hence as vb. to be ured, to be in-
vested with as by a decree of fate, ' Men
nowe a dayes so unhappely be uryd,'
Skelton,' Magnyfycence,' 6," which differs
trivially from the ' N.E.D.' version under
" eure," vb. A quaint abbreviation of
" what shall I call " produced " washical "
— " a name for a thing one does not care
to mention, 'Gammer Gorton's Needle.'
V. ii. (Hodge)," which is nowadays paral-
leled bv the colloquial sound of ' what
d'ye call." The 'N.E.D.' illustrates fully,
" entreat "=to treat, use: yet here we
find five more references or quotations
— Shakespeare, Fletcher, Spenser, Bible,
Tyndale — a striking example of the value
of this Glossary to the study of Tudor and
Stuart drama. Perhaps in a new edition
a little more help as to pronunciation-
like "" envy " distinguished from " envy
— might be added ; the accentuation of
" epiky " = reasonableness, equity, for
example, is not obvious, especially in view
of old French " epyeykie," though p
haps analogy permits the accented <- of
the ■ X.K.D."'
The list of books referred to <»■< upying
about t.n pages, constitutes a u-< fa] guide
tor students of the English language, and
the ■ I ;Im~ ary ' reminds us once more -of the
great learning and indefatigable industry
of Skeat.
308
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
The Colonization of Rural Britain : a
Complete Scheme for the Regeneration of
British Rural Life. By the Right Hon.
Jesse Collings, M.P. * 2 vols. (Rural
World Publishing Co., 10s. (id.)
Mr. Jesse Collings may be congratu-
lated on the appearance of his book at
the present opportune moment. He says
towards the conclusion, " All measures
of reform are effective in proportion to
their timeliness." Likewise any socio-
logical work must be timely if it is to
attract the attention of those large sec-
tions of the public which only take an
interest in such things when they become
prominent on the political platform.
As Mr. Collings claims that his sugges-
tions have so far the support of Lord
Lansdowne, and that possibly the Unionist
leaders may frame their policy partly
under his direction, his scheme is entitled
to serious consideration.
Mr. Collings points out in his Introduc-
tion that we have purchased commercial
supremacy at the cost of decay in our
former great industry of agriculture. This
neglect Mr. Collings attributes partly to
the concerted action of the rulers of the
manufacturing industries, who declared
land to be a " raw material," yet re-
fused to give it the protection accorded
to their own raw material, and mentions
their efforts in securing the repeal of the
Corn Laws in 1846, as destructive to
agricultural industry.
Although he dissociates himself from
anything like land nationalization that
can be termed Socialism, and also from
the presumed policy of the Liberal Govern-
ment, which, he says, is Socialism adopted
in instalments, it is difficult to read his
book without coming to the conclusion
that, had there been no Birmingham school
of Unionism and Tariff Reform, he would
at the present tune have found a place
in the ranks of those whose policy he
now fails to approve.
All through the book recurring phrases
show an underlying approval of what are
usually regarded as Socialistic principles,
e.g. :—
" All the means of production are in the
hands of comparatively few persons, by
whom the mass of the people (who have
neither capital or land) are controlled."
" Absolute and unqualified ownership of
land apart from its uses is not recognized by
old English law."
" There is no such thing as an absolute
property in land — a man can only have an
estate in land. Every landowner in the
popular sense of the term is, in the eye of
the law, a tenant only."
The last, by the way, seems to militate
against his advocacy of small ownerships
as shown later.
Again we read : —
" A boom in trade which secures great
wealth to the capitalist class brings no
permanent improvement to the worker."
Here is a quotation from a former work,
' Land Reform * : —
" Land being one of the elements indis-
pensable to human life and happiness, its
ownership is naturally subject to certain
conditions for the public good which are
attached to no other form of property."
The policy which the author presents
as the only practical and efficient remedy
for the regeneration of rural life and the
repeopling of our country-side is that of
small ownership as adopted by the Rural
League, an organization with which he
has been connected for many years. The
League's programme sets out six separate
proposals, each to be embodied in a Bill
introduced into Parliament.
1. The Purchase of Land Bill. Part I.
For the creation of a class of yeoman
farmers, i.e., to enable the tenant farmers
to become the freeholders of the land they
cultivate. (No limit is stated as to the
acreage of farms that may be occupied by
this class.) Part II. For the creation of
peasant proprietors with holdings of not
less than 3 acres and not more than 100
acres in extent.
2. A Bill to amend the Small Holdings
and Allotments Act of 1908. Mr. Collings
maintains that the provision for payment
of 20 per cent of the purchase money by
the suggested proprietor renders this Act
practically abortive.
3. The Agricultural Education Bill for
the Promotion of Nature Study and for
the Teaching of the Elements of Agri-
culture in Rural Elementary Schools. It
is pointed out that this country is well
equipped with colleges and institutions for
higher agricultural education, but that in
the Ecoles Primaires which flourish in
France we are greatly deficient, the
Dauntsey Secondary Agricultural School
in Wiltshire being considered successful,
and the nearest approach to this type.
4. The Rural Cottages BUI for the Pro-
vision of Cottages at such Rents {2s. to
2s. 6d. a week) as will be within the means
of the labourers. It is claimed that under
the provisions of this Bill landowners
would be enabled to build cottages with at
least one-eighth of an acre of garden land,
at a rent not excee'ding 2s. a week, without
laying any new charge on the Imperial
Exchequer or any unproductive burden
on the local rates. This is to be brought
about by the formation of a u Rural
Housing Account," under Treasury regula-
tions, which is to be credited with 200,000?.
called the " Rural Housing Grant." Ap-
proved grants to owners or Councils are
not to exceed on an average 200/. in re-
spect of each cottage, the grants to be
repayable in 68 \ years by means of an
annuity of 3| per cent per annum, or at
such other rate as will secure the Treasury
against loss. The rate charged is to
include 10s. per cent for a sinking fund,
and the residue is to pay the interest on
the money advanced.
5. The Rural Credit Banks Bill, to
provide small owners with money at the
lowest possible rate of interest. Examples
are given of the increase of these banks
in France and Denmark, and it is claimed
that they are one of the chief factors
in the agricultural prosperity of these
countries. In the former, in 1898, these
banks numbered 1,484, and in 1908 num-
bered 8,780. In Ireland great success
has also attended similar organizations,
which between their initiation in 1889 by
Sir Horace Plunkett and 1912 have had
a turnover of 25 millions sterling. Of
England all that can be said is that
the Agricultural Organization Society is
doing excellent work in educating the
cultivators in the idea of co-operation.
It is proposed to open an account called
the " Rural Credit Bank Account," for
which an amount not exceeding 250,000/.
is to be provided from the Consolidated
Fund. Advances from this are to be
made to the County Councils, which will be
empowered to make grants to Rural Credit
Banks. Such Councils are to be charged,
in addition to interest, not less than 10s.
per cent as a sinking fund for repayment
of the loans advanced to them. Borrowers,
or, as they are styled in the Bill, "cul-
tivators," will include cottage gardeners,
horticulturists, allotment holders, and
small holders of not exceeding fifty acres
or 50/. rateable value. The loans are
only to be used for reproductive purposes,
e.g., seeds, implements, manure, drainage,
insurance of stock and crops, erection of
greenhouses, sheds, and similar require-
ments.
6. The Agricultural Loans Bill, to pro-
vide loans to farmers holding over fifty
acres, at the lowest possible rate of interest.
The machinery in this case is the open-
ing of an "Agricultural Loan Account"
to be provided with up to half a million
sterling from the Consolidated Fund.
Loans are to be for any period up to seven
years, to be repaid by agreed instalments
plus interest, and a further sum equal to
one-fourth of the total of the interest,
this obviating any permanent charge on
the Imperial Exchequer or the local rates.
The committees responsible for lending the
money must take such guarantees as.
they consider desirable.
The author claims for this measure,
which is framed on the lines of a Belgian
Act of 1884, that it would enable a farmer
" to hold his produce and to choose his
time for selling to the best advantage when
the markets are favourable."
Now he is often forced to sell immediately
after harvest in order to raise money for
the purchase of stock or to pay for feeding-
stuffs and manures.
We are inclined to think that these
suggestions will find considerable support
during the coming controversy, and we
expect that the main issue will be between
small ownerships and long leaseholds with
security of tenure.
As regards the former, Mr. Collings
speaks of " the magic of property," and
in chap. xi. on ' Agriculture ' makes the
following points : —
' In former times our land system was
based on cultivating ownerships. Nearly all
the cultivators owned the land, or had
important and extensive rights akin to.
ownership.
" The present land system is bad for the
landlords, who, in respect to numbers, are in
an isolated position. They are open to the
misrepresentation and attacks of agitators
. . . .These attacks will continue and increase
until landlords are reinforced by large num-
bers of proprietors, large and small, a landed
democracy. ' '
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1014
THE ATHENAEUM
:J<>9
He gives other instances in support of
his policy of small ownerships. He refers
to tlu1 measures for the invigoration of
Prussia which after the reverses at Jena
and Auerstadl were proposed by Stein
and Eardenberg at the request of the
King. The principle they advanced was
that
" the welfare of the State w as best con-
trolled by maintaining the forces of the
individual and increasing the number of free
peasant proprietors."
Again, it was decided by the Select
Committee on the Small Holdings Bill,
1887.
■ that a system of ownership, however quali-
fied, is preferable to any system of tenancy."
The Liberal policy of 1886 was that of
"" three acres and a cow." which enabled
Gladstone to take office, but was shelved
for Home Rule.
" All the discussions and suggestions as to
' security of tenure ' are but sops. There is
no security equal to that of occupying
ownership.
" As for the peasant, he lias, as the result
of the system, practically disappeared.
' The system, moreover, is bad, most of all
for the community, who arc deprived of the
full yield of the soil, which ownership alone
can give."
Whether ownership or tenancy is pre-
ferred, the State will have to provide the
money, and the community in general will
in its turn have to furnish it by means
of taxation in some form or another. If
it is provided that cultivating owner-
ship is the essence of the contract
(this, we believe, is the intention), and
there are proper safeguards against the
aggregation of big quantities of land
under one proprietorship, the objection
to that policy becomes largely diminished.
It is suggested that small owners would
have a much more lively interest in the
increase of the productive qualities of their
land than under the alternative policy
of ' Long Leaseholds with Security of
Tenure." But. again, in the latter case it
is to be presumed that provision would be
made for the cancellation of any leases
in the event of a tenant under-farming or
neglecting the land, so that an incen-
tive to proper cultivation would exist
under this system also.
Mr. Callings devotes a long chapter to
" The Emigration Peril.' We are inclined
to think that this is somewhat overstated
and the evil exaggerated. As an Im-
perialist the author ought to give
some amount of credit to our coloniz-
ing instinct. Colonies without population
i hardly be considered as healthy
appendages to the Empire. The com-
parative table of British and German
emigration is. in the circumstances, beside
the question.
If in due time our own land is brought
under more beneficent agricultural con-
dition-, we maj hope for a healthy
reinflux of younger and invigorated men
from the Colonies, with broader views,
and experience acquired under stem
conditions, who will help the old country
to regain its former pie-eminence in
agricultural industry.
A valuable chapter is devoted to
' Food Supply in the Time of War and
National Safety.' The following observa-
tions must suffice under this head : —
" Of wheat we have seldom or never more
than seven — often only three — weeks' stock
On hand.
" Even so late as the Crimean War, in
1854, we practically produced all the grain
and other foods that we needed.
'" Naval and military authorities. . . .agree
that the conditions of modern warfare are
such as to make it extremely unlikely. . . .
that a war woidd last more than six months.
... .In that case the extra production needed
over existing supplies would be 12.1 million
quarters. This would require an addition
to the present area in wheat of about 3i
million acres. . . .out of a cultivable area of
47 million acres."
In respect to land available for cultiva-
tion, we find Mr. Collings in agreement
with Mr. Lloyd George as to the Avaste
lands of the Highlands and islands of Scot-
land. He refers to the Royal Commission
of 1892, which in its Report of 1895
declared that 1,782,785 acres were suitable
for new holdings, the extension of exist-
ing ones, or moderate -sized farms. He
adds that
" Mr. Lloyd George's land policy should
convince landlords — if they be not blind —
that things cannot go on as they are, but
that a change is necessary both in their
own interests and in those of the country."
FICTION.
Shepherdless Sheep. By Essex Smith.
(Fisher Unwin, 6s.)
Mr. Smith has touched here a world-
wide problem — the search after a reli-
gion which will satisfy life's longings.
We doubt, though, -whether even he ap-
preciates the fact as well as did Sir J. M.
Barrie in ' The Twelve Pound Look ' that
the religion of each and all to-day, with
the few exceptions which prove the rule,
is their own individual success.
Was it really the consumptive preacher's
object to save souls? — was it not to
be successful in keeping an audience
together, a very common trait in those
who desire to shine on the platform ?
The man who took his place sought
success in the love of women. His
business manager, who made the latter
gentleman so great a lion, sought his
success in gross and material comfort.
The Cockney who became his secretary
sought his own success as a necessary
help to the popular preacher. So we
could go through the characters in this
book, which is not strongly written.
Read in this light, it is, however, of
great human interest. Why are we nearly
all sheep — more shepherdless even to-day
than yesterday;! Probably because the
old idea of a hereafter is rapidly beimj
exploded, and, not having yet realized
that spiritual reward is attainable during
life by selfless devotion to the welfare of
others, we are concentrating on a re-
ward entirely material, or seeking com-
plaisance in self-satisfaction.
A Lady and her Husband. By Amber
Reeves. (Heinemann, (>*.)
Tins is a straightforward and simple tale
of a problem which, if it is not already
making itself felt in many rich house-
holds, w ill, in one of its many modifica-
tions, intrude itself there in the near
future. In this instance the husband is
responsible for his own disturbance of
mind; in the majority of cases it will
probably he due to the awakening of the
social conscience among women.
The wealthy owner of a large number of
tea-rooms, tearing that the marriage of his
last child will bring a sense of loneliness
to his wife, suggests that she should
amuse herself in making some kindly
inquiries into the comfort of the girls he
employs. The wife thereupon engages a
lady secretary, who sees to it that her
employer shall look below the surface of
tea-room livelihood, not only literally
by inspecting the kitchens, but also more
broadly, by considering what effect long
hours and low wages have on health
and morals. The good woman's responsi-
bility, since she has supplied half the
capital employed in the concern, preys
upon her mind, and the seriousness with
which she regards her position becomes
vastly annoying to her easygoing husband,
whom she has hitherto petted and in-
dulged. After some futile endeavours
to get her husband to improve con-
ditions at the expense of profits, she
comes to the practical conclusion that
she at least must sacrifice a large
part of her income on behalf of the
girls. At this point the author makes
the husband confess to an infidelity,
and also introduces an invertebrate
brother of the wife. Neither the one nor
the other serves the main purpose of the
story, though they permit the author to
discuss the first of -the two themes at
some length. For our own part we should
have preferred more on the main sub-
ject, which is somewhat unsatisfactorily
closured by the decision of the husband
to pose as a model employer with M.P.
after his name, since he cannot get his
wife's consent to turn the business into
a limited company.
Our pleasure in perusal is mixed with
some, disappointment because the author
is a serious artist, and we feel that she
might have done better with her subject,
especially as we believe her eminently
qualified to write on it.
A man might well present the other side
of the picture. It is. a1 least, equally
(rue that there IS many a rich woman
who forces a weak husband to spend
money in providing her with enervating
luxuries when he mighl employ it in
bettering industrial conditions. There is
;, reference to the Employers' Liability
Ad and factory inspector- which pu/./l
,,s. coming from one to r hum error in
such a matter would >cem impossible ;
;md there is something more important,
even than the careless production <>f tho
work to cause us surprise in the Bame
way.
310
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
Two in the Wilderness. By Stanley Wash-
burn. (Melrose, 65.)
Solitary life in the South Canadian
Rockies, before engineering triumphs
disclosed virgin forest, swirling rapid,
and towering peak to the tourist's gaze,
is the setting of Mr. Stanley Washburn's
latest novel. There are two characters.
" He," filled with restless obstinacy and
a somewhat truculent desire to show
his father he was capable of winning
wealth and recognition unassisted, had
rejected a generous allowance, and had
been wandering in the wilderness for
seven years, too proud to return East, a
self -admitted failure, to receive a modern
prodigal son's welcome. Persistent hard-
ship and disappointment had dogged
him, and his reputation on the trail
was that of a " moody fellow who tra-
velled so long, so fast, and so continuously
that no normal man could keep the pace
he set." At last, however, he had " struck "
gold, and was trekking towards civiliza-
tion when " She " comes into the narrative.
Her history till then was similar to that
of many a single child of New York
millionaires. Beautiful, but terribly spoilt
and pampered, she had developed an
imperious rudeness — we ought, perhaps, to
say vulgarity — towards those she deemed
beneath her that descended with full
force on the hero at their first meeting.
Unusual, certainly, are the circumstances
which compel the two to journey alone
through 600 miles of uninhabited grandeur,
but the author makes things possible with-
out undue and inartistic straining of co-
incidence and possibility. Love of course,
despite themselves, grows fast in the soil
of propinquity. Its subjective working
on two diverse natures is henceforth the
main theme. The effect on her is to
bring about an appreciation of the
realities of life, and one is left with the
impression that her selfishness was but
a cloak for a glorious womanhood. In
less skilful hands her companion would
have become a prig or a muscular nin-
compoop.
MRS. R. L. STEVENSON.
On Wednesday of last week Mrs. Robert
Louis Stevenson died in Montecito, Cali-
fornia, having thus survived her husband
nearly twenty years. Of Dutch origin,
Fanny van de Grift was born in Indiana
in 1838. She married in 1857 Samuel Os-
bourne, and lived for some vears in California,
going, about 1874, to France with her three
children. The story of Stevenson's meeting
with her, of her return to California in 1879°
and Stevenson's following her thither, her
divorce and their subsequent marriage, are
well known to every reader of Stevenson's
work, as are also her devoted care of him,
and the stimulus and criticism which she
administered to him in his literary under-
takings. After his death she sold all of the
Vailima estate, except the patch of ground
on the top of Mount Vaea, which is his tomb,
and went to live in California.
Mrs. Stevenson's ability as a critic of
literature was not merely a reflection of
her husband's, but a genuine independent
gift, which, however, seldom found ex-
pression in any literary work of her own.
' The Dynamiter ' (1885), which she wrote in
collaboration with her husband, is not exactly
a success. The stories of ' The Destroying
Angel ' and ' The Fair Cuban ' were entirely
hers, and do not carry off the atmosphere
of unlikelihood, like the rest of ' The New
Arabian Nights.'
She was, however, a potent influence in
keeping the atmosphere of romance, and
even of make-believe, about Stevenson. At
Vailima she was the doctor of the household,
and a successful gardener, working hard with
her own hands and cultivating many rare
plants. Throughout his career Stevenson
paid much attention to her judgment, and
she was, as Sir Sidney Colvin has said, " the
most exacting of his critics." After reading
her detailed comments the novelist burnt the
whole of the first draft of ' Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde,' which came to him as an in-
spiration on his sick bed.
His tribute to her in ' My Wife ' is at once
charming and decisive : —
Trusty, dusky, vivid, true,
With eyes of gold and bramble-dew,
Steel-true and blade-straight,
The great artificer
Made my mate.
' FAITH AND REALITY.'
77, West Side, Clapham Common, Feb. 16, 1914.
Your reviewer has honoured my 'Faith and
Reality ' with a notice in your Theological
Supplement. But it is evident the book
has failed to convey to his mind its main
idea. What he speaks of as a " confusion "
between faith and the object of faith through-
out the book is directly pertinent to the
effort throughout to show that there is
objectivity as well as subjectivity in faith,
and that faith is a constituent inseparable
from all reality whatsoever. But chiefly I
demur to the unkind haste of his concluding
paragraph : —
" Dr. Stowell. . . .carries us back to the Middle
Ages when he asserts that moral evil originates
with the devil, who is personal."
My contention is fairly plain, and is almost
the full reverse of this. Instead of moral
evil originating with the devil, it is that the
devil originates with moral evil ; and in any
case is " personal " only in a modified and
incomplete way. May I quote these few
lines from the discussion (p. 62) ? —
" Upon God lies a responsibility for the possi-
bility of evil, though, as this possibility is in-
separable from the conditions under which moral
personality is realizable in a finite world, its
consistency with moral perfection is inferable.
But responsibility for the actuality of evil lies on
the first evil-doer, and on all subsequent evil-
doers, in respect of their free choice of evil rather
than good. The cumulative committed evil of the
world becomes the personal principle of evil or the
devil."
J. H. Stowell.
A LEASE FOR 999 YEARS EXPIRED.
Waltham Abbey.
The letter of your Ohio correspondent Mr.
W. P. Reeves, in The Athenaeum of Jan. 24th,
as to a lease for 999 years having ex-
pired, raises a question of considerable
interest to both lawyers and antiquaries.
In Notes and Queries of June, 1887 (7 S. iii.
450), there was a question asking for infor-
mation on the subject ; but although there
was considerable subsequent correspondence
as to long leases generally, no evidence, so
far as I am aware, has ever been produced
to show that a lease for such a term has ever
fallen in. It would be interesting to learn
whence such a careful writer as Dean Stubbs
obtained his authority for the statement
attributed to him by your correspondent.
A. COLLINGWOOD LEE.
AUTOGRAPH LETTERS AND HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS.
On Wednesday, the 11th, Messrs. Sotheby sold
autograph letters and historical documents,
including some important manuscripts from
Castle Menzies, Perthshire. The most notable
lots were the following : J. S. Bach, signed
document, 1731, 38L Beethoven, A.L.s. to
Herr Hartmann, 291 ; A.L.s. to Anton Schind-
ler, 1823, 247. Schiller, A.L.s. to Archenholtz,
July 10, 1795, 321. 10s. Mozart, A.L.s.,
Feb. 7, 1778, to his father about Aloysia Weber,
351. Chopin, autograph music from the Third
Prelude, 211. Mendelssohn, autograph music
entitled Scherzo, and dedicated to Fraulein Crull,
perhaps unpublished, 38L Washington, A.L.s.,
Aug. 11., 1784, to the Hon. Jacob Read, 457. :
another long letter to the same, Nov. 3, 1784,
accusing Great Britain of want of faith, 1001. ;
another, Dec. 30, 1773, about apportioning the
land under Governor Dinwiddle's proclama-
tion, 111. ; another to Messrs. R. Cary & Co.,
Nov. 10, 1773, 48Z. Burns, autograph poem,-
' New Year's Day,' to Mrs. Dunlop, 1791, 125/.
Byron, A.L.s. to R. C. Dallas, Sept. 15, 1811,
referring to ' Childe Harold,' 20Z. Charles I.,
signed a-nswer to the propositions of the Parlia-
ment, May 12, 1647, 561 : A.L.s. to Prince
Rupert, July 26, 1645, 287. Thomas Fairfax,
A.L.s., Sept. 12, 1645, to Ferdinando, Lord Fair-
fax, giving news of the capture of Bristol, 237.
Goethe, A.L.s., Oct. 21, 1790, 307. Henry VI.
of England, sign manual to a money order, 267.
Nelson, A.L.s., June 4, 1801, to A. J. Ball, 201.
Montrose, A.L.s. to the Laird of Weems, 51?.
Mackay, fifteen letters to the Laird of Weems,
1689-90, 43Z. James V., signed letter, Dec. 6,
1537, to the Chancellor, President, and Lords of
Council and Session, 407. Mary, Queen of Scots,
signed letter to the Laird of Weems, Aug. 31,
1566, 3007. James VI., signed letter to the Earl
of Athole, Jan. 2, 1580, and another sign
manual, 217. Henrietta Maria, A.L.s., Aug. 20,
1650, to the Marquis of Argyll, expressing her
confidence that he will support Charles II., 597.
Argyll, A.L.s., May 11, 1661, to his second son,
Lord Neill Campbell, during his trial, 357. ;
another to the same, May 26, 1661, the day
before his execution, 397.
The total of the sale was 2,5917. 2s.
BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS.
On Tuesday, the 17th inst., and three fol-
lowing days, Messrs. Sotheby held a sale of
books and manuscripts, including selections
from the libraries of Major Hendricks, Sir
J. E. Gorst, Mr. H. Martin Gibbs, Major
Ricardo, and Mr. B. H. Webb, the most important
books being the following : Mayer, 74 aquatints
of views in Turkey in Asia, n.d., 257. 10s. Britton,
Picturesque Works, 23 vols, in 15, 1807-38, 217.
Dallaway and Cartwright, History of the Western
Division of the County of Sussex, 4 vols., 1815—32,
277. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, 6 vols,
in 8, 1817-30, 247. ; Antiquities of Warwickshire,
2 vols., 1830, 197. 10s. Hoare, Historv of Wilt-
shire, 9 vols., 1810-43, 367. Nichols, History of
Leicester, 4 vols, in 8, 1795-1815, 717. Sowerbv,
English Botany, 41 vols., 1790-1863, 397. R. L.
Stevenson, Works, Edinburgh Edition, 32 vols.,
1894-9, 617. Burton, Arabian Nights, 16 vols.,
1885-8, 267. Chaucer, Works, Kelmscott Edi-
tion, 1896, 727. English Chronicles, 1780-1813,
387. Architecture a la Mode, 3 vols., Paris, n.d.,
867. Sternhold and Hopkins, Psalms, 1623, in
a contemporary needlework binding, 207. 10s.
Boccaccio, Decameron, 5 vols., 1763, with the
Estampes Galantes, 651. Horae B.V.M., printed
by Simon Vostre, c. 1508, 517. ; Horae B.V.M.,
English MS., 14th century, 307. R. Gough,
autograph notes for a history of Enfield,
5 vols., c. 1771, 377. Le Pautre, GSuvres d'Archi-
tecture, 3 vols., 1751, 287. Missale ad usum
Ecclesiae Leodiensis, 14th century, 237. 10s.
The Kit Cat Club, one portrait missing, 1735, 307.
The total of the sale was 3,3607. 5s. 6c7.
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
311
Publishers' Spring Announcements.
We have been obliged to make a selection
from the almost innumerable paragraphs
sent to us for insertion by the publishers
under the above heading.
Kikuyu Tracts. (Longmans.)— The authors
(each of whom is responsible only for his
own pamphlet) do not attempt to discuss
the immediate points at issue, but rather
aim at giving help towards clear thinking
on the burger questions which lie behind.
The pamphlets will be published at Id.
The Gods of India. By E. Osborn Martin.
(Dent.) — The author aims at giving the
student a book accurate in detail, and
covering in a small compass the general
scope of the subject. He lias avoided so
far as possible technicalities and contro-
versial details.
The Holy Communion : What mean ye by
this Service ? By Edmund Sinker.
(Longmans.)— Written in a popular style
for the ordinary churchgoer and the
Confirmation candidate.
The Life of Jesus in the Light of the Higher
Criticism. By Alfred W. Martin. (Ap-
pleton.) — Dr. Martin's object is to point
out the great ethical significance of the
teachings of Jesus and of the Gospels as
given in the Xew Testament.
The Self-Limitation of the Word of God-
By Forbes Robinson. Edited by
Charles H. Robinson. (Longmans.) —
The two essays which are included in this
volume won the Burney and the Hulsean
L'niversity prizes at Cambridge.
The Sequel to Catholic Emancipation. By
the Right Rev. Mgr. Bernard Ward.
(Longmans.) — A continuation of the books
by the same author on English Catholic
history.
The Vatican : the Centre of Government
of the Roman Catholic World. By the
Right Rev. Edmond Canon Hughes de
Ragna. (Appleton.) — A description of
the government of the Roman Catholic
Church, and a discussion of its functions
and method of operation throughout the
world.
Ipoetrs.
Cubist Poems. By Max Weber. (Elkin
M -In \vs.) — It is claimed for the author,
who is an American of Russian descent,
that lie is the first exponent of the "very
latest expression " in poetry.
England Over Seas. By Lloyd Roberts.
(Elkin Mathews.) — These lyrics, by a son
"t J Jr. Charles (;. D. Roberts, deal mainly,
but not exclusively, with the spirit of the
wilderness and the backwoods of Canada.
Notions for Nations, a Psychical Geography.
By M. F. Tbkw. (Cambridge, Eeffer.)—
A book of humorous verse, with illu-tm-
tions by W. H. Toy.
pbtlosopbp.
Psychology in Daily Life. Jiy E utt Kuu.
-more. (Appleton. )-— Deals with
topics as Play, The Law in Olusion, Mental
nirement, Mental Health, and Mental
Uffieiency.
The Humanists' Library. — Pico Delia Miran-
dola, A Platonick Discourse upon Love.
Translated by Thomas Stanley, and
edited by Edmund G. Gardner. Giovanni
Delia Casa, The Galateo Of Manners and
Behaviour. Translated by ROBERT PETER-
SEN, and edited by J. E. Simncarn.
(Grant Richards.) — The purpose of this
series is to print certain books selected
from Renaissance literature in a worthy
form. The volumes will be set in the
" Montallegro " type, and printed on
hand-made paper. The edition is limited
to 150 copies.
The Psychology of Learning. By E. Meu-
mann. Translated by J. W. Baird.
(Appleton.) — A description of the various
theories of memory.
friston? ano BiOGrapbE.
Demosthenes, the Last Days of Greek
Freedom. By A. W. Pickard Cam-
bridge.— Cavour and the Making of
Modern Italy, 1810-1861. By Count
Pietro Orsi. (Putnams.) — Additions to
the " Heroes of the Nations Series. "~
Emerson's Journals, Vols. IX. and X.
Edited by Edward W. Emerson and
Waldo E. Forbes. (Constable.) — These
two final volumes cover the years 1856 to
1873. An Index is included in vol. x.
Footfalls of Indian History. By the Sister
Nivedita (Margaret E. Noble). (Long-
mans.)— The author is concerned with
the reinterpretation of the great ages of
Indian history, in relation especially to
the social and religious consciousness of
the Indian people.
Harriet Beecher Stowe. By Martha J. Crow.
(Appleton.) — The biography o&the author
of ' LTncle Tom's Cabin.'
Malcolm MacColl : Memoirs and Corre-
spondence. By the Right Hon. George
W. E. Russell. (Smith & Elder.)— Mr.
Russell divides his volume into Part I.
' Memoir,' Part II. ' Correspondence,' and
he adds to Part II. a short introductory
note about the circumstances in which
Canon MacColl became acquainted with
each of his various correspondents. Many
interesting letters from Gladstone, Lord
Salisbury, Cardinal Newman, Dr. Dollinger,
Dean Church, and other well-known people
are included in the correspondence.
Margherita of Savoy. By Signora Zampini
Salazar. (Mills & Boon.) — The author
emphasizes the part played by Margherita
di Savoia in encouraging every legitimate
and practical effort to enlarge the sphere
of feminine action in her country. Mr.
Richard Bagot contributes a Preface.
On the Left of a Throne. By Mrs. Evan
Xkpi:.vx. (John Lane.) — A personal study
of James, Duke of Monmouth.
Ouida, a Memoir. By Elizabeth Lee.
(Unwin.) — Miss Lee was the writer of the
article on Ouida in the ' D.N.B.' Assist-
ance in the shape of letters and informa-
tion has been generously rendered by
many who knew Ouida personally.
The Correspondence of Mary Russell Mitford.
Edited by Elizabeth Lee. (Unwin.)
These letters to Charles J '.oner were
written during the last ten years of .\Ii>-
M it ford's life. Thefirsl is dated December
12th, 1845. and the last. Christmas Day,
1854. Contemporary literature plays a
large part, and the writer also records her
impressions of the people she met, among
them being Ruskm, Browning, Charles
Kingsley, and Hawthorne. It i- hoped
to include new unpublished in. it'll. d bear-
ing <>n these years.
The Hussite Wars. By Count Lutzow.
(Dent.) — A sequel to the author's * Life
and Times of Master John llus," mainly
founded on documents written in Bohemia.
The Keats Letters, Papers, and Other Relics.
(John Lane.) — These are reproduced in
facsimile from the late Sir Charles Dilke's
bequest to the Corporation of Hampstead.
There are full transcriptions and notes
edited by Dr. George C. Williamson, fore-
words by Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton.
an Introduction by Mr. H. Buxton
Forma n. and an Essay upon the Keats
Portraituro by the editor. The edition is
limited to 320 copies.
The Life and Letters of Edward Young. By
Henry C. Shelley. (Pitman. ) — Mr.
Shelley has had access to a large collec-
tion of Young's letters, and these, with
numerous unpublished documents in the
British Museum and the Bodleian, have
furnished his principal data.
The Life of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders,
K.B. By Edward Salmon. (Pitman.)
— Sir Charles Saunders was Wolfe's ad-
miral at Quebec, but comparatively little
is known of him. Mr. Salmon has been
engaged in research during the last four
years at the Record Office, the British
Museum, and elsewhere, and with the
help of members of the Saunders family
has got together much hitherto unpub-
lished material.
The Lord Advocates of Scotland. By G. W. T.
Omond. (Melrose.) — This is the ^contt
series (1834-80) of these historical studies
and appreciations. They are enlivened
with numerous anecdotes.
The Millers of Haddington, Dunbar, and
Dunfermline, a Record of Scottish Book-
selling. By W. J. Couper. (Unwin.) —
The story of a versatile Scottish family of
authors, publishers, printers, and book-
sellers.
Winchester Cathedral Close : its Historical
and Literary Associations. By John
Vaughan. (Pitman.) — Contains chapters
on the Monastic Walls, the Prior's Refec-
tory, the Pilgrims' Hall, the Underground
Water-Courses, &c. The author is a Canon
of Winchester, and lives in the Close.
With the Turk in War-Time. By Marma-
duke Pickthall. (Dent.) — Contains the
narrative of a five months' sojourn among
the Turks during the Balkan War, to-
gether with the views Mr. Pickthall
formed upon the state of Turkey.
(Beograpbs ano travel.
A Pilgrimage in Surrey. By J. S. Ouii.vv.
2 vols. (Routledge, and Kegan Paul.) —
Mr. Ogilvy traversed the county on foot.
and has both described and painted it.
The first volume contains forty-seven,
and the second forty-five coloured plates.
Egyptian Days. By Pun.ii' Sandford Mar-
den. (Unwin.)— The first object of Mr
Marden's book, wo gather, is to be useful
to travellers in Egypt, and with tin- end
in view he details the necessan, prepara-
tions and gives some account of the condi-
tions of life in modern Egypt, besides
relating the history of tic- Pyramids an. I
the story of the Nile.
In Abyssinia, the Land of the Barefooted
King. J'.y I li:iuiiin S< iiti.Kiv (Hutchin-
son.) The author has recently travelled
in Abyssinia, and gives here an account
of the life and manners of the count ry. 1 1'
also describes its commercial resources.
312
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
Italian Yesterdays. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser.
(Hutchinson.)— Mrs. Fraser has retold
some of Mm less-known legends and
stories of historical events in Italy,
and also includes descriptions of works
of art, buildings, and scenery.
Jungle Days. By Aki.kv Munson. (Apple-
ton.) — The record of a woman doctor's
work in India,. She sought out the villages
in t lie dept lis of the jungle, and successfully
doctored the physical ailments of the
natives, falling in with many adventures.
Reminiscences of the South Seas. By John
La Faroe. (Grant Richards.) — A record,
in the form of a continuous narrative, of
the author's travels in the South Seas, and
his observations of the lands and peoples
with whom he came in contact.
The Cradle of Mankind. Bv W. A. and
Edgar T. A. Wtgram. (A. & C.
Black.) — A description of life in the high-
lands of Eastern Kurdistan, written by
two Englishmen who have enjoyed many
opportunities for exploring them. One
of the authors has lived for ten years
among the hill-men.
The Motor Routes of Germany. By Henry
Hecht. (A. & C. Black.) — Written for
English motorists visiting Germany. There
are numerous maps and town-plans to
show the best main routes into Germany
from French and Dutch ports.
5ocioloo£.
British Work and Wages. By J. Ellis
Barker. (Smith & Elder.) — Deals in
popular form with this problem, and the
solutions offered by various schools of
thought.
Industrial History of Modern England. By
George Herbert Perris. (Routledge,
and Kegan Paul.) — Among the subjects
dealt with by Mr. Perris are the First
Factory Acts, The Chartists' Employment
and Education, The Sweating System,
Unemployment, The Minimum Wage, &c.
Principles of Property. By J. Boyd Kinnear.
(Smith & Elder.) — Sets forth in simple
terms the fundamental principles on which
the doctrine of Private Property rests.
Prostitution in Western Europe. By Abra-
ham Flexner. (Grant Richards.) — Mr.
Flexner spent the greater part of a year
in studying this problem, and the various
methods of dealing with it in the great
cities of Europe. In this book he has
summarized the results of his inquiry.
The Social Worker and Modern Charity. By
William Foss and Julius West. — Un-
employment. By Frederick Keeling.
(A. & C. Black.)— In the " Social Workers
Series," in which the publishers hope " to
cover with authoritative handbooks the
whole field of social endeavour."
The World's Cotton Crops. By Prof. John
A. Todd. (A. & C. Black.) — An attempt
to provide a comprehensive survey of the
production and consumption of the raw
material. The writer's point of view is
that of the economist rather than the
botanist.
Women Workers in Seven Professions, a
Survey of their Economic Conditions and
Prospects. Edited for the Studies Com-
mittee of the Fabian Women's Group by
Edith J. Morley. (Routledge, and Kegan
Paul.) — The professions dealt with in
detail consist of Teaching, Medicine,
Nursing, Sanitary Inspection, Civil Ser-
vice, Women Clerks and Secretaries, and
the Stage.
politics.
Clear Thinking ; or, An Englishman's Creed.
By L. Cecil SMITH. (Pitman.) — The main
article of this creed is belief in Imperial-
ism and in Hereditary Monarchy, but a
variety of subjects is introduced.
Forces Mining and Undermining China. By
Rowland R. Gibson. (Melrose.) — Mr.
Gibson has spent many years in China,
and is familiar with the language. He
writes, among other things, on the com-
mercial possibilities of the Chinese mines.
Land and the Politicians. By H. Grirf.-
wood and E. Robins. (Duckworth.) —
The subject is here discussed from the
Conservative standpoint.
Practical Statesmanship. By J. Ellis
Barker. (Smith & Elder.) — A com-
pendium of the sayings of great states-
men and writers on the application of
political principles to practice.
The Government Ownership of Railways. By
Samuel V. Dunn. (Appleton. ) — The
author deals with the agitation for the
nationalization of railways, and discusses
its probable advantages and disadvantages
to the travelling public.
The Political Shame of Mexico. By Edward
Bell. (Heinemann.) — A record of the
recent political history of Mexico, in which
the author claims to expose " the methods
and doings behind the scenes of govern-
ment."
Eoucation.
•
Education and Psychology. By Michael
West. (Longmans.) — The author's belief
is that the tendency of modern psychology
is to show that the purely liberal education
is diverting the energies of the future gene-
ration in a useless direction, and retarding
national development.
The Backward Child. By Barbara S.
Morgan. (Putnam.) — A practical manual
for teachers and students.
The Montessori Maniral. By Dorothy Can-
field Fisher. (Constable.) — Mrs. Fisher
had the advantage of living with Dr.
Montessori when she was testing her
educational ideas, and thus gained an
insight into the main principles of the
system.
Xiteran? Criticism.
Edmund Spenser and the Impersonations of
Francis Bacon. By Edward George
Harman. (Constable.) — Among the sub-
jects Mr. Harman deals with are Spenser's
Life and Circumstances, The Poet Gas-
coigne, The Voyage of Sir Humphrey
Gilbert, and The Works of Samuel Daniel.
Notes on Novelists. By Henry James.
(Dent.) — A collection of studies of writers
of fiction which have appeared from time
to time in various periodicals. They
include Stevenson, Zola, George Sand,
and D'Annunzio.
Studies of Living Writers, a New Series
dealing with the Psychology and Art of
Present-Day Authors. (Routledge, and
Kegan Paul.) — The first two volumes in
this series will be ' Joseph Conrad,' by
Mr. Richard Curie, and ' Bernard Shaw,8
by Mr. Joseph McCabe.
ffiction.
A Castle in Bohemia. By David White-
law. (Hodder & Stoughton.) — A romance
similar in style to the author's ' Man with
the Red Beard.'
Belle Nairn. By Roy Meld rum. (Melrose.)
— The story of a Scottish peasant girl who
is thrown into fashionable society and
eventually achieves fame as a dancer.
Broken Music. By Phyllis Bottome.
(Hutchinson.) — A study of a young man's
passions and ambitions. He eventually
becomes famous as a musician.
Curing Christopher. By Mrs. Horace Trem-
lett. (John Lane.) — The complaint of
which Christopher finds it necessary to
be cured is " loss of memory " ; but in
reality his troubles are caused by his
infatuation for a musical comedy artist,
followed by a rough handling from one of
the lady's admirers.
Down among Men. By WrLL Levingtox
Comfort. (Hodder & Stoughton.) — The
earlier part of this story is an intimate
study of a young journalist in the Russo-
Japanese War. The second part has to
do with love and ambition.
Gold. By Stewart Edward White. (Hod-
der & Stoughton.) — A tale of the rush for
gold to California.
Handicapped. By David Lyall. (Hodder
& Stoughton.) — A collection of " human
documents " illustrating the power of
Christianity.
Hell's Playground. By Ida V. Simonton.
(Gay & Hancock.) — Concerns the condi-
tions of life on the West Coast of Africa.
James. By W. Dane Banks. (Sidgwick <v
Jackson. ) — The story of the rise of a
Lancashire lad from office boy to financier.
Lismoyle. By B. M. Croker. (Hutchinson.)
— Describes the experiences of an English
heiress who spent six months with an
unknown aunt in Ireland.
Love in a Thirsty Land. By Mrs. Inchbold.
(Chatto & Windus.) — The scene of Mrs.
Inchbold' s new novel is laid in the East,
and the plot concerns the romantic history
of a young novice who is pursued and cap-
tured by her lover before she can be im-
mured, as her parents desire, in a convent.
Maid of the Mist. By John Oxexham.
(Hodder & Stoughton.) — A tale of love
and adventure, beginning on the strip of
sand known as Sable Island.
Mrs. Vanderstein's Jewels. By Marion
Bryce. (John Lane.) — A detective story.
Oh, Mr. Bidgood ! a Nautical Comedy. By
Peter Blundell. (John Lane.) — The
action of this story takes place on board
a steamer carrying contraband in the
Eastern seas during the Russo-Japanese
War. The first mate, the second engineer,
and another minor officer all enter, against
regulations, into contracts to carry pas-
sengers. Consequently, a, strangely as-
sorted group, including two ladies, make
an adventurous voyage.
Only a Dog's Life. By Baron von Taube.
(Lynwood.) — The story of a Siberian
hound, with a description of Russian
characteristics and social conditions.
Silver Sand. By S. R. Crockett. (Hodder
& Stoughton.) — Mr. Crockett has chosen
for his period the stormy one of the Claver-
house dragonnades, and his hero, who is
of the gipsy blood-roval. is loved by two
women.
No. 4605, Feb. 28, 1914
Til E A T II E N M U M
313
The Crowning Glory. By E. R. Punshon.
(Hodder A Stoughton.) —The story of
two Bisters, one of whom becomes a
hedonist, the other a mystic.
The Fortunate Youth. By \Viu.i\m J.
Locks. (John Lane.) — Mr. Locke's new
hero is a child of the slums who wins his
way in remarkable fashion, but later has to
struggle with adverse circumstances.
The Last English. By George Babtbam.
(Sidgwick <V Jackson.) —The scene of this
novel is laid in a Midland village of 1840,
amidst an atmosphere of poaching, rustic
love, and jealousy.
The Lost Tribes. By Gkobge A. Birming-
ham. (Smith & Elder.)— A tale of Irish
life in a remote village of the West, which
is agitated by visitors from America — a
subject which should give scope to the
author's humour.
The Making of a Bigot. J'>y Host: Macau-
lay. (Hodder & stoughton.) — Miss Mac-
aulav's hero, the son of an old-fashioned
Dean, comes from Cambridge, and is
attached as a social worker among the
London poor to a High Church organiza-
tion in South London. After many ad-
ventures he becomes convinced that to be
successful " a man must be a bigot and
have no belief that anvbody can be right
but himself."
The Making of a Soul. J5y Kathlyx Rhodes.
(Hutchinson.) — The marriage of a girl
with a man intellectually and socially her
superior provides the theme of this story.
The Making of Blaise. By A. S. Turber-
vii.le. (Sidgwick & Jackson.) — A study
of heredity.
The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists. By
Robert Tressall. Edited by Jessie
Pope. (Grant Richards.) — A posthumous
novel by an author who worked as a
labourer.
The Sorcerer's Stone. By Beatrice Gri.m-
shaw. Eodder & Stoughton.) — The part
of narrator is undertaken by an Austra-
lian, and the story deals with the discovery
and acquisition of the Stone, a colossal
diamond, originally the property of a
New Guinea sorcerer.
The Strong Heart. By A. R. Gobjno-
Thomas. (John Lane.) — Mr. Goring-
Thomas's new novel is simple in theme,
but contains an abundance of character-
fetches.
The Tail of Gold. By David Hennessey.
Hodder A Stoughton.) — An Australian
ay on somewhat similar lines to those
of the authors previous novel ' The
Outlaw.'
The Tresleys. By Henry Cockbubn.
Mi n ■ | The tragic failure, many years
ago. of the city and Glasgow Bank form-,
the basis <a t his story.
The Witch. By Maky Johnston. (Con-
stable.)—.A romance Of the seventeenth
century, the scene of which i- laid partly
in England and partly in the Bermud
The principal char; »i the story a
man banned by the country-side as a
heretic, and a woman banned as a witch,
who escape from Km/land together.
Unto Caesar. By the Baroness Obczy.
(Hodder ,v Stoughton.) A romance of
ancient Rome, in which the patrician hero-
ine is loved and converted by a Christian. I
General.
A Dickens Pilgrimage. (Murray.) \ re-
print of the series of articles which
recently appeared in The Times.
Advertising and Selling. By 11. L. Hoixing-
WOBTH. (AppletOn.) — Intended for sales
managers, advertising managers, and such
people as are interested in the practical
side of advertising and selling.
British Shipping : its History, Organization,
and Improvements. By Adam \Y. Kirk-
aldy. — The Coal Trade. By H. Stan-
ley JeVONS. (Routledge, and Kegan
Paul.) — New volumes in the "National
Industries Series," edited by Mr. Henry
Higgs.
Cambridge in South London, the Work of the
College Missions. 1883-1914. Edited by
X. B. Kent. (Cambridge. Heffer.) — As its
title indicates, this little book is an attempt
to give an account of what has been and
is being accomplished. Each College Mis-
sion has its own section, written by some
one intimately acquainted with it, and
there are numerous illustrations. The
Bishop of Southwark has furnished an
Introduction summing up the significance
and value of the movement as a whole.
Club-Makers and Club Members. By T. H. S.
Escott. (Unwin.) — Treats the subject
from the evolutionary standpoint, start-
ing with the beginnings of the club idea,
and showing its development into the
club life of the present day.
Dictionary of Madame de Sevigne. By Ed-
ward FitzGerald. Edited and anno-
tated by his Great-Xiece, May Eleanor
FitzGerald Kerrick. 2 vols. " Evers-
ley Series." (Macmillan. ) — Consists of es-
says by FitzGerald on persons mentioned
in the letters of Madame de Sevigne,
and also notes by him on the various sub-
jects. Annotations by the editor follow.
Friends round the Wrekin. By Lady Cathe-
rine Milnes Gaskell. (Smith & Elder.)
— A collection of history and legend,
garden lore and character-study, similar
to that contained in the author's ' Spring
in a Shropshire Abbey.'
Garden Cities and Canals. By J. S. Nettle-
fold. (St. Catherine Press. ) — Mr. X-'ttle-
fold is an enthusiastic advocate of effective
waterways. J(l the present book he also
suggests a land and housing reform policy
for existing cities and towns.
Lancashire Legends. Selected from Roby's
' Traditions of Lancashire,' and edited by
M. DowuAi.r, and R. T. Campagnac
(Constable.) — Roby's 'Traditions of Lan-
cashire,' from which the stories included
in this volume have been taken, originally
appeared in two parts, the first in L829, the
eond in is.'!!.
Leaves from a Housekeeper's Book. By the
Author of " From Kitchen to Garret.'
(Nash.) Designed to meet the need-, of
present -day housewives.
Our Lady Cinema. By Babb-s Fubniss.
(J, \V. Arrowsmith.) Mr. Furniss has
illustrated his dissi rtation on the kinema
by many characterisl ic -I
Practical Town Planning. By J. S. Netti e
i oi. i). (St. Catheriru Press.) Mr. Nettle-
fold deals with hi- mbjocl on non party
lines. He has had the advantage of putting
■ mi- ot his idea- into practice, and w
bther thai his methods are to open up
cheap land and protect it from overcrowd-
ing, hut not to prOA ale facihl tea for
development, such as roads, trams, sewers.
Ac. until hygienic and economical housing
has been ensured. lie also advocates a
reform of our by-law system, and reason-
able Slate loans.
The Indelicate Duellist. Adapted from the
French by Mrs. [bene Osgood. (John
Richmond.) M. Jean Joseph Renaud
contributes the Preface, and Mr. W.
Gordon Mein the illustrations.
The Principles of War Historically Illus-
trated. Hy Majob-Genebal E. A. Alt-
hui. "Military Text. - Hooks." (Mac-
millan.)— An attempt to illustrate the
principles set forth in Field Service
Regulations, Part I., by a study of
recent campaigns. On account of the
magnitude of these campaigns, major
rather than minor tactics have for the
most part been considered, and restric-
tions of space have made it possible to
deal only with the most important of the
Regulations. There is a separate volume
of maps, and an Introduction by GENERAL
Sib Hobace L. Smith-Dorbien.
Science.
Flowering Plants of the Riviera. By H.
Stuart Thompson. (Longmans.) — A de-
scriptive account of about 1,700 of the
commoner and more interesting species,
with an Introduction on Riviera Vegeta-
tion by Mr. A. G. Tansley, and twenty-
four coloured plates.
India-Rubber Laboratory Practice. Bj W. A.
Caspari. (Macmillan.) — An attempt to
give the specialized practical information
— at least, in broad outlines — required by
chemists of sound general training who
may be called upon, in whatsoever
capacity, to deal with india-rubber and its
accessories.
Insect Artisans and their Work. By Edward
Step. — A new volume in Hutchinson's
" Nature Library."
Rock Gardening for Amateurs. I5y H. H.
Thomas. (Cassell.) — Aims at dispelling
the idea that rock gardening is difficult
and expensive. It contains full, simple,
and practical instructions concerning the
making and planting of a rock gard< a,
together with descriptive lists of the
most attractive flowers.
Submarine Engineering of To-day. By C. W.
DOMVILLE-FlFE. (Seeley & Seiwieo.)
A popular account of the methods by
which sunken ships are raised, docks liuilt.
tunnels excavated, &c, together with a
description of the latest types oi sub-
marine.
The Annals of the Bolus Herbarium, Vol. I.
Part I. Edited by II. II. \V. Peabson.
(Cambridge University Press.) This work
will be mainly concerned with botanical
work directly Or indirectly inspired by
Dr. Bolus, and with invesl in-
ducted in, or connected w ith, th< I Solus
I lerbarium. The subji ct t reated is the
vegetation of South Africa in particular,
its ta sonomj . i cologj . and i conomic and
geographical side.
The Cambridge British Flora. (Cambridge
l'im er il y Pn \ new and fullj illus-
trated British Fiora, ivritti n bj C E Mfo*
iated bj specialists in certain \
and illustrated from dr win§ bj E. W.
1 1 1 \ -. <, in \. Vol, II.. w ith which publi-
i ion oi the work bi ( in - ill b< n idj in
March, and will deal with the earlii
Dicotyledonous families, including mo
the I Irit ish trees, as well at the I >• >c\ .
314
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
Goosefoots, and Glassworts. An interest-
ing contribution will be that on the
Birches, by the Rev. E. S. Marshall.
The work will be completed in about ten
volumes, which, so far as is practicable,
will be issued annually.
The Progress of Eugenics. By C. W.
Saleeby. (Cassell.) — A review of the
subject for the last five years, based on
Dr. Saleeby's lectures at the Royal Insti-
tution.
Woman in Science. By H. J. Mozans.
(Appleton.) — Dr. Mozans outlines woman's
capacity for scientific pursuits, and takes
up her achievements in all departments.
Besides this, he discourses upon woman
as a collaborator, and concludes with a
hopeful forecast of her future in this field.
jfine Hrts.
Adventures with a Sketch Book. By Donald
Maxwell. Illustrated by the Author.
(John Lane.) — Mr. Maxwell has travelled
over Europe for his subjects. All the
illustrations are in the text and printed
on rough surface paper, so that they form
an integral part of the book.
Amulets. By W. M. Flinders Petbie.
(Constable.) — This study of Egyptian
amulets is based upon the collection at
University College, but in order to make
clear the purpose of the amulets, and the
beliefs underlying them, the author has
discussed their use in other lands.
A Short History of Italian Painting. By Miss
A. V. V. Bbown and William Rankin.
(Dent.) — A guide for the beginner, em-
bodying the results of modern criticism.
A Study of Gothic Architecture. By T.
Francis Bumpus. (Werner Laurie.) —
A general survey of Romanesque and
Pointed Gothic Architecture in Europe, a
prominent place being assigned to that of
our own country. It is fully illustrated.
Brush and Pencil Notes in Landscape. By
Slr Alfbed East. (Cassell.)— A series
of thirty reproductions in colour, and
twenty-four in pencil, of sketches by the
late Sir Alfred East, which form an inter-
esting record of the artist's method of
work and selection of subject. Mb.
Edwin Bale contributes an Introduction.
Frans Hals : his Life and Work. Edited by
Wilhelm von Bode. (Berlin, Photo-
graphische Gesellschaft ; London, Berlin
Photographic Co.) — A sumptuous work
in two large quarto volumes, printed in
red and black. It contains an historical
Introduction, a catalogue of the existing
paintings of Frans Hals arranged accord-
ing to the places where they now are, and
nearly 300 pictures reproduced in photo-
gravure. The English letterpress has
been supervised by Mb. Maubice W.
Bbockwell, and there is an essav bv
M. J. Bindeb.
Greek Sculpture and Modern Art. By Sib
Chables Waldstein. (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press.) — Lectures delivered before
the Royal Academy. Illustrated by more
than seventy full-page plates.
History and Methods of Ancient and Modern
Painting. By James Wabd. 2 vols.
(Chapman & Hall.) — The second volume
of this work will be devoted to the history
of the various schools of painting, with
descriptions and illustrations of the more
important works of the chief artists who
flourished from the days of Giotto to
modern times.
Lives of the Painters, &c. By Giobgio
Vasabi. (Lee Warner.) — The seventh
of the ten volumes in which this new
translation by Mr. Gaston de Vere is
presented. The ten painters in this
volume, from II Tribolo to II Sodoma,
being closer to the author's own time,
are dealt with at greater length than
the earlier painters. Illustrations in
colour and monochrome are liberally
provided.
Mexican Archaeology. By Thomas A.
Joyce. (Lee Warner.) — An introduc-
tion to the archaeology of the Mexican
and Mayan civilizations of pre-Spanish
America on the same lines as the
author's ' South American Archaeology. !
The volume forms one of the series of
" Handbooks to Ancient Civilizations,"
in which a feature is made of numerous
illustrations of the objects of art and
industry which have come down to us.
Mont St. Michel and Chartres. By Henry
Adams. (Constable.) — This book deals
with the details of the great cathedral and
the " abbaye-chateau," and is also a study
of the development in France of that spirit
for which we seem for the moment to have
no better name than " Medievalism."
Monumental Classic Architecture in Great
Britain and Ireland during the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries. By A. E.
Richabdson. (Batsford. ) — Illustrates and
records the examples of monumental
classic architecture to be found in Great
Britain and Ireland, many of the buildings
and their designers being but little known.
Mr. Richardson's book, the result of many
years' enthusiastic labour, promises to
have a marked influence upon the future
of architecture both in this country and
abroad. It is illustrated by a series of
photographs specially taken by Mb. E.
Dockbee, and measured drawings of the
more important Neo-Classic buildings.
Northern Buddhism. By A. Getty. (Mil-
ford.) — Gives a systematic account of the
iconography of the several deities, and is
illustrated by nine plates in colour after
the original objects and a large number
of half-tone plates. The author has laid
under contribution the " Collection Getty "
of Northern Buddhist idols, and others
in various European and Eastern museums.
Oriental Rugs : Antique and Modern. By
Walter A. Hawley. (John Lane.) —
For several years Mr. Hawley has devoted
his whole time to studying Oriental rugs,
and he has succeeded in revealing many
new facts which should prove of interest.
Palace and Mosque at Ukhaidir. By
Gertrude Lowthian Bell. (Milford.) —
Miss Bell is already known as one of the first
explorers of the palace of Ukhaidir, a great
mass of ruins on the eastern side of the
Syrian Desert. She is mainly concerned
here with these buildings, but deals also
with other monuments of early Moham-
medan architecture, and combines all
the known data in a comparative study.
There are nearly a hundred plans and
photographs of Ukhaidir and other build-
ings.
Religion and Art. By Alessandbo Della
Seta. (Unwin.) — A study of the develop-
ment of religious art from prehistoric
times to the Renaissance.
Romney. By Randall Davies. (A. & C.
Black.) — Mr. Davies claims for Romney
third place in England as a portrait
painter — next to Reynolds and Gains-
borough.
The Book of Genesis. (Lee Warner.)—
The Riccardi Press edition, which will
be uniform with ' Marcus Aurelius '
and ' The Heroes ' — both of which are
now out of print — will contain ten
water-colour illustrations by Mb. F.
Cayley Robinson.
The History of Sculpture. By Basil Gotto.
(Chapman & Hall. ) — A short history of the
art of sculpture from the earliest times,
divided into six epochs: (1) Egyptian,.
Cretan, Assyrian ; (2) Greek ; (3) Graeco-
Roman and Roman ; (4) Gothic ; (5)
Renaissance ; (6) French Eighteenth Cen-
tury. One of the objects of the author is
to show the influences which animated each
age of sculpture, and the relation of each
school to the one which succeeded it. He
also deals with the influence of religion
upon sculpture.
The Indian Stories of F. W. Bain. (Lee
Warner. ) — This ten-volume edition in
the " Riccardi Press Books " will be
soon well on its way to completion by
the issue of regular monthly volumes.
The set is strictly limited to 500 sets
on hand-made paper. Next in order to
appear will be ' A Draught of the Blue.*
The Pigments and Mediums of the Old
Masters. With a Special Chapter on The
Microphotographic Study of Brushwork.
By A. P. Laubie. (Macmillan.) — The
researches, the results of which are
recorded in this volume, were under-
taken by Dr. Laurie with a practical
object. It seemed to him that more exact
knowledge of the pigments and mediums
used at various dates in the history of
art, along with methods of identification
which could be carried out without injury
to the painted surface, would prove of
great value in determining the dates of
works of art and detecting forgeries. He
here gives the results of his investigations.
The Principles of Greek Art. By Pebcy
Gardner. (Macmillan.) — This is a revised
and largely rewritten edition of Prof.
Gardner's ' Grammar of Greek Art.' The
changes and additions are considerable.
Velasquez. By Randall Davies. (A. & C.
Black.) — The author has taken Sefior
Beruete as his chief authority.
2>rama.
Damaged Goods : a Play. By Eugene
Bbieux. Translated by John Pollock.
(Fifield.) — The text of the play produced
recently at the Little Theatre. For notice
see last week's Athenceum, p. 283.
Five Plays. By Loed Dunsany. (Grant
Richards. ) — Contains ' The Gods of the
Mountain,' ' The Golden Doom,' ' King
Argimenes and the Unknown Warrior,*
'The Glittering Gate,' and 'The Lost
Silk Hat.'-
Playing with Love. (Gay & Hancock.) —
A translation by P. M. Shand of Schnitz-
ler's three-act play ' Leibelei.' There is
an Introduction by the translator, and
the volume also includes a verse -rendering,
by Trevor Blakemore, of Hugo von Hof-
mannthal's ' Prologue to Anatol.'
The Two Virtues. By Alfbed Sutbo.
(Duckworth.) — A new play to be pro-
duced on March 5th at the St. James's
Theatre.
The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd. By
D. H. Lawrence. (Duckworth.) — A
drama in three acts by the author of
' Sons and Lovers.'
'No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
:U
»
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
THEOLOGY.
Abbott (Edwin A.), Tin: F.u ltioi.n Gospel,
Section II., 12 i> net. Cambridge I'niv. Press
This section, entitled • The Beginning,'
l>elongs to Pari X. of the author's ' Diatessariea.'
Bethune-Baker (J. F.), Tin; Miru i.e op Chris-
tianity, a Plea for "the Critical School" in
regard to the Use of the Creeds, tS«\ net.
Longmans
This letter is addressed to the Bishop of
Oxford, in reply to one of his which appeared in
The TimtB last December.
Biggs (C. R. Davey), Comity. Concord, and
Commvxion. an Appeal to Anglicans, with a
Note on the Proceedings at Kikuvu. tirf. net.
Oxford, Blackwell
A paper reproduced in a slightly abridged
form from The Contemporary Review, with some
additional remarks on ' The Proposed Scheme of
Federation.'
Drake (F. W.), The Call of the Lord, 2/6 net.
Longmans
A devotional book on the appearances of
Christ to His followers after the Resurrection.
Monteflore (C. G.), Judaism and St. Paul, Two
Essays, 2/6 net. Goschen
These essavs are ' The Genesis of the Reli-
gion of St. Paul ' and ' The Relation of St. Paul
to Liberal Judaism.'
Some Counsels of S. Vincent de Paul, to which is
appended The Thoughts of Mademoiselle
le Gras, translated and selected by E. K.
Sanders, 1 / net. Heath & Cranton
The ' Counsels of S. Vincent de Paul ' were
addressed to the Companies of Mission Priests
and Sisters of Charity ; the ' Thoughts ' were
written for the help of the Sisters of Charity, of
whom Mile, le Gras was the first Superior.
Wilberforce (Archdeacon), Mystic Immanence,
the Indwelling Spout, 1/6 net. Stock
A book of meditation in the " Purple Series,"
containing four sermons.
LAW.
Clark (E. C), History of Roman Private Law :
Part II. Jurisprudence, 2 vols., 21/ net.
Cambridge University Press
This work is intended for students, and is
supplied with foot-notes and a selected Biblio-
graphy.
Trial of the Seddons, edited by Filson Young,
" Notable English Trials Series," 5/ net.
William Hodge
A verbatim report of the ten days' trial of
Mr. and Mrs. Seddon, with an Introduction and
Appendixes.
POETRY.
King (Edw. G.), The Poem of Job, translated in
the Metre of the Original, 5/ net.
Cambridge University Press
In this translation, made according to the
principle of accented syllables, the author has
avoided reference to textual criticism. There are
foot-notes and a brief Introduction.
Mugge (Maximilian A.), Darts of Defiance,
Sonnets and Other Poems, 2/6 net. Lynwood
Some of the pieces in this collection are
entitled ' Fuge Quaerere,' ' The Lover's Vow,'
' Oxford and London,' ' Wahre Grosze,' and
• Fortschritt.'
Shlrrefl (A. G.), The Tale of Florentius, and
Othkr POEMS, 1/6 net. Oxford. Blackwell
A small collection of verses, with illustrations
by Mi- Elsie Lunn. The contents, which the
author describee in a ballade, include a narrative
piece 'The Tale of Florentius,' an ode to Hood,
triolets, parodies, and translations from Italian,
Hindi, and Sanskrit.
Warrack (Grace), Piobilboio DI Canti Toscani :
Folk-Songs of the Tuscan Hills, with English
Renderings, 10/8 net. Iforing
These Tuscan folk-songs, including songs
of lovers, mothers, and children, and song
-icred story, are printed in the Italian, with an
Knglish rendering on the opposite page. Mi m
Warrack has written an Introduction, and there
are illustrations from paintings, pencil drawings,
and photographs.
PHILOSOPHY.
Walter (Rev. Johnston Estepi, Nvniu; and
Coonition of SPACE and Time, 91.35.
w. -t Newton, Pa., Johnston <v Penney
This discussion is based upon the •• funda-
mental postulates "f dnalistic Realism."
Taunton Public Library, BlOHTB REPORT OF the
Liuhakian, for the Year ended iilst December,
1918. Taunton, E. Goodman
A report on the issues of books and condition
of the library during the year, with statistical
tables.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Goncourt (Edmond and Jules de), Madame Du
Barry, 12/6 net. Long
An illustrated Life, including an account of
contemporary history.
Haggard (Lieut.-Col. Andrew C. P.), Remarkable
Women of France, from 1431 to 1749, 16/ net.
Stanley Paul
Thirty-one sketches of women whose actions
influenced the course of public affairs in France
during the period. There are illustrations.
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part II.,
Id. net.
The article on the Egyptians is here concluded,
and Prof. H. A. Giles writes on the Chinese.
James (Mary EJ, Alice Ottley, A Memoir,
6/ net. Longmans
This memoir of the first Head Mistress of the
Worcester High School for Girls, has an Intro-
duction by the Bishop of Worcester ; it contains
an Appendix on Miss Ottley's influence, reprinted
from The Treasury of November, 1912, and some
of her letters.
Ledger-Book of Vale Royal Abbey (The), edited
by John Brownbill. Record Society
A translation by Miss Ethel Stokes of a seven-
teenth-century transcript of the Ledger-Book of
the Cistercian Abbey of Vale Royal in Delamere
Forest, comprising a history of the abbey, an
account of the pleas and evidences, and a collec-
tion of Papal bulls granting privileges to the
Cistercian Order. There are Appendixes and an
Introduction by Mr. Brownbill.
Moses (Robert), The Civil Service of Great
Britain, " Studies in History, Economics, and
Public Law, Columbia University." King
A study of the reforms which have taken
place during the last sixty years in the English
Civil Service, with special reference to the influ-
ence these have had on the Civil Service of the
United States.
Mumby (Frank Arthur), Elizabeth and Mary
Stuart, the Beginning of the Feud, 10/6 net.
Constable
A history of the first phase in the rivalry
between the two queens, illustrated by contempo-
rary letters. The book ends with Mary's
marriage to Darnley.
Navy Records Society : Vol. XLIV. The Old Scots
Navy, from 1689 to 1710, edited by James
Grant.
Containing papers relating to the Scottish
Navy during the period, with a General Introduc-
tion, Introductions to each chapter, and an Index.
Nepean (Mrs. Evan), On the Left of a Throne,
a Personal Study of James, Duke of Monmouth,
10/6 net. Lane
The author aims at giving a study of the
Duke's personality, and indicating the part he
played in the political intrigues of his day.
Pape (T.), Warton and George Washington's
Ancestors, 6d.
Morecambe, Visitor Printing Works
An illustrated description of the neigh-
bourhood and its associations with the Wash-
ington family.
Pollen (Anne), Mother Mabel Digby, a Bio-
graphy of the Superior General of the Society of
the Sacred Heart, 1835-1911, 12/ net.
John Murray
Cardinal Bourne has written a Preface to this
biography, which throws light on the recent
expulsion of the Orders from France.
Reyburn (Hugh Y.), Job x Cm.vin, his Life, Letters,
and Work, 6/ net. Ilodder & Stoughton
A detailed account of Calvin's life, with
chapters on his personal characteristics, his work
and t beology.
Robinson (Fr. Paschal), The Seventh Centenary
of Roger Bacon, 1211 1914.
Washington, I >.< '.
\ paper- reprinted from The Catholic Uni-
versily Btiuetin.
Rowan-Robinson (Major H.), Tin: CAMPAIGN OF
Lia<i-Yan<;. <> •> net. Constable
A Study of modern warfare in the series
"Campaigns and their Lessons," in which the
author records the chief events of the Basso-
Japanese War down to the battle of Liao-Yang.
The narrative is Illustrated with maps and plans.
Shortt (L. M.), Lives and Leoe.nds ok ENGLISH
S \INTS, (>/ net. Metliuen
Accounts of native saints, told with due atten-
tion to historical detail and the beauty of the
various legends.
Wylle (James Hamilton), The Keign of Henry
the Fifth, Vol. I. (1418—15), 25/ net.
Cambridge Univ. Press
This work, which will be completed in four
volumes, is a continuation of the author's ' His-
tory of England under- Henry IV.' The present
volume deals with Henry's preparations for the
French campaign, and ends with the sailing of the
first expedition for llarlleur.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Bosanquet (Mrs. R. C), Days in Attica, 7/6 net.
Methuen
A book for the traveller to Athens who is not
" the professed scholar." It gives sketches of the
history of the city from legendary times to the
present day, and describes the antiquities belong-
ing to each period. There are illustrations and
plans.
Hyatt (Stanley Portal), The Old Transport
Koad, 7/6 net. Melrose
Memories of life on the old transport road of
South Africa, in the days before railways had been
built. There are illustrations.
Ordnance Survey, England and Wales, Sheet 35 »
" Large Sheet Series," paper 1/6 net, linen 2/
net. Unwin
A map of the district of Bolton, Warrington,
and St. Helens, on a scale of 1 inch to a mile.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Gathorne-Hardy (Alfred Ersklne), My Happy
Hunting Grounds, with Notes on Sport and
Natural History, 10/6 net. Longmans
A sportsman and naturalist's reminiscences
of his hunting grounds in Scotland, Sark, and
Norway. Portions of the book are reproduced
from The Cornhill, Country Life, and other maga-
zines. There are illustrations from drawings by
Mr. G. E. Lodge, Sir Frank Lockwood, and
Mr. W. A. Toplis, and photographs.
SOCIOLOGY.
Blaiklock (George), The Alcohol Factor in
Social Conditions : some Facts for Re-
formers, edited by John Turner Rae, 1/ net.
King
This is the report of a special inquiry into
the social and economic evils of alcoholic drink-
ing, made by a Sub-Committee for the National
Temperance League.
ECONOMICS.
Halifax, Bankfleld Museum Notes, Second Series,
No. 3, The Letter Books of Joseph Holroyd
(Cloth-Factor) and Sam Hill (Clothier),
transcribed and edited by Herbert Heaton, 2/
Halifax, F. King
These letters illustrate the nature and
organization of the Yorkshire woollen and worsted
industries in the early eighteenth century. Mr.
Heaton writes an Introduction, and Mr. Ling
Roth (Keeper of the Museum) a Preface.
Knauth (Oswald Whitman), The Policy of the
United States towards Industrial MONO-
POLY", " Studies in History, Economics, and
Public Law, Columbia University," 8/
King
An analysis of the policy of the Congress,
Executive, and Supreme Court towards some
specific questions relating to industrial monopoly.
Liverpool Economic and Statistical Society : The
First Year's Working of thh Liverpool
Docks Scheme, l>y It. Williams. King
This paper, giving an account of the organiza-
tion and working of the Liverpool Dock Scheme,
was read before the Society last November.
Osborne (Algernon Ashburner), BpecqXATIOS 0M
the Xew yobs Stock Exchange, September,
190-1, to March, 1907, "Studies In History,
Economics, and Public Law, Columbia I Di-
versity," 0/ , . K,"«
A critical analysis of the functions oi organ-
ized speculation, in the light ol event, "hichtook
place during tie- period under discii-sidi. witB a
chapter on remedial measures.
POLITICS.
Ottoman Public Debt: SPECIAL REPORT, FOL-
LOWED BY. A TRAKSLATIOM 01 THE \nniai.
Report of the O01 hcel of Adminis raaTioN
BOB Tin: Tiiiut-,-1 li:-r FINANCIAL I'EKIol.
(l in, March, 1912, to the 18th March, 1918),
by so- Adam Block.
Containing ■ ■ Bpecial report on the admini
tion of tin- Ottoman Public Debt, and the annual
report on the revenue, e\ p. uses of man 1 .-• ne nl ,
and -I \ Lee of 1 he debl •
316
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
Sands (Bedwin), The UKRAINE, Reprint of a
Lecture delivered on Ukrainian History and
Present-Day Political Problems, 2/ net.
Francis Griffiths
A second impression of a study of a problem
of international politics.
Wakefield (Edward Gibbon), A View op the
ART of Colonization, in Letters between a
Statesman and a Colonist, with an Introduction
by James Collier, 5/ net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
In his Introduction Mr. Collier gives a
sketch of Wakefield's life, and discusses the cir-
cumstances in which this famous treatise was
written.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Johnson, Life of Dryden, edited by A. J. F.
Collins, 2/ University Tutorial Press
The essay is fully annotated, and is preceded
by an Introduction giving a life of Johnson, an
appreciation of his critical writings, and a life
of Dryden.
Poetry and Life Series : Browning and his
Poetry, by Ernest Rhys ; Wordsworth and
his Poetry, by William Henry Hudson ;
Schiller and his Poetry, by the same,
1/ net each. Harrap
Three more volumes in this series, which
aims at illustrating the life of a poet by his
writings.
Verrall (A. W.), Lectures on Dryden, edited
by Margaret de G. Verrall, 7 /6 net.
Cambridge University Press
These lectures on the character and influence
of Dryden's work as a prose writer and poet were
delivered at Cambridge in the autumn of 1911,
and have been edited by Mrs. Verrall from the
original manuscript notes.
EDUCATION.
Benson (Arthur Christopher), The Schoolmaster,
a Commentary upon the Aims and Methods of
an Assistant-Master in a Public School, Third
Edition, 1/ net. John Murray
A cheap reprint.
Boyd (William), From Locke to Montessori,
a Critical Account of the Montessori Point of
View, 2 /6 net. Harrap
In the historical section of this book the
author seeks to show how far Dr. Montessori is
indebted to her predecessors ; he then makes a
critical examination of her system of education.
Franklin (William Suddards), Bui's School and
Mine, a Collection of Essays on Education.
South Bethlehem, Pa., Franklin & MacNutt
Includes essays on ' The Study of Science,'
' Part of an Education,' and ' The Public School.'
Gilbert (Charles B.), What Children Study and
Why, a Discussion of Educational Values in
the Elementary Curriculum, 3/6 net. Harrap
The author's aim is to give " a few of the
practical psychological and sociological reasons
for teaching the subjects found in most of our
elementary school curricula."
Kindergarten (The) : Reports of the Committee
of Nineteen on the Theory and Practice
of the Kindergarten, 3/6 net. Harrap
This volume, authorized by the International
Kindergarten Union, contains an Introduction by
Miss Annie Laws, and reports by Miss Susan E.
Blow, Miss Fatty S. Hill, and Miss Elizabeth
Harrison.
Klemm (L. R.), Public Education in Germany
and in the United States, 5/ net. Harrap
A collection of essays reviewing public
education in the two countries.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Bell (C. W.), Intermediate Exercises in
French Grammar and Composition, 9d.
Harrap
This course of French Grammar is arranged
in three grades of easiness, with revision exercises,
and selected pieces of continuous prose for boys
of the Middle Forms.
Blackie's Experimental Arithmetics, Book VII.,
bd.
There are here preliminary exercises in the
general rules of arithmetic, followed by others
specially designed as a preparation for the work-
shop and the office.
Blackie's Experimental Arithmetics, Constructive
and Generalized, Teacher's Guide to Book
VII., by Bertram A. Tomes, 1/6
Answers to the exercises are given on the
opposite page, and in some cases hints and sug-
gestions for the teacher are added.
Braginton (W.), Arithmetic Papers for Senior
Pupils, Set in Civil Service, Matriculation,
Higher and Lower Certificate Examinations,
with Answers, 2/6 Macdonald & Evans
This collection of arithmetic papers is pri-
marily intended for the use ofj candidates for the
Civil Service.
Durell (Clement V.), Test Papers in Elementary
Algebra, 3/6 Macmillan
A collection of papers for home-work to
supplement those given in textbooks. A set of
graphical examples is added at the end. The
book is supplied with answers.
Elias (Edith L.), English Lilerature in Prose
and Verse, from Dryden to Burke. Harrap
An anthology of prose and verse, illustrating
English literature during the eighteenth century.
Each extract is preceded by brief explanatory
notes.
Fabliaux et Contes du Moyen Age, edites par J. E.
Mansion, 1 /6 Harrap
These stories, which are illustrated, include
' Aucassin et Nicolette ' and ' Les Trois Larrons,'
and notes and a Vocabulary.
Hall (H. R.), The Threshold of History, 1/
Harrap
A description of the ways of life of primitive
people in the Bronze Age, written in the form
of a story, with illustrations.
Latter (H.), Progressive Precis Writing,
Exercises in Preci-i Writing progressively
arranged with Instructions, 3/6 Blackie
This collection is intended to cover the field
from the beginning of the subject up to the stand-
ard demanded for the Entrance Examination for
Woolwich and Sandhurst. It is hoped it will
prove useful for all examinations in which precis
writing is demanded.
Le Brun (Madame), Souvenirs, chosen and edited
by Edith H. Herbert, " Little French Classics,"
id. Blackie
Contains a biographical Introduction, notes,
and exercises on the French text.
Level (Maurice) and Robert-Dumas (Charles),
Contes de l'Heure Presente, annotes par
J. S. Norman and Charles Robert - Dumas,
" Copyright French Texts," lOd. Blackie
The texts are accompanied by notes, a. Voca-
bulary, Introduction, and subjects for exercises.
Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome, with The
Armada, Ivry, and Naseby, lOd. Blackie
This edition of the Lays contains a short
biographical sketch of Macaulay, the author's
Preface, and notes. There are also prefatory
notes to each ballad on the events described,
in it and its metre.
Moncrieff (A. R. Hope), Heroines of European
History, 1/6 Blackie
Contains simple reading lessons in which
accounts of celebrated women are given, arranged
so as to illustrate successive scenes of history.
The list includes St. Elizabeth of Hungary,
Isabella of Castile, and Lady Jane Grey.
Richards (F. H.), Hygiene for Girls, 2/6 net.
Harrap
A discussion on practical hygiene, with a
study of enough anatomy and physiology to
form a suitable groundwork for the subject. A
special chapter is included on ' Emergencies.'
Scott (E. H.) and Jones (Frank), A Shorter
Second Latin Course, 2/ Blackie
An abridgment * of the authors' original
Second Course. The chief changes are indicated
in the Preface.
Seidel (Heinrich), Der Unsichtbare, oder Die
Geschichte des Jungen Herrn Anton,
edited by Alfred Oswald, " German Texts," Qd.
Blackie
Includes notes, passages for retranslation,
Vocabulary, list of idioms, and Introduction.
Synthetic Latin Vocabularies, arranged in
Related Groups for Memorizing, a Pre-
paration for Sight Translation, compiled by the
Rev. Hedley V. Taylor, 1 / Blackie
This vocabulary contains some fifteen
hundred words, arranged in groups such as
Government and Administration, Law and
Justice, Religion, Warfare ; the more elementary
terms have been purposely omitted.
Theuriet, L'Oncle Scipion et sa Promesse,
edited by James P. Park, " Longer French
Texts," Hd. Blackie
Contains Vocabulary, exercises for retransla-
tion, notes, and phrase list.
Thierry, Recits des Temps Merovingiens,
edited, by Taylor Dyson, " Little French
Classics," 4<Z. Blackie
Includes a notice on Thierry as an historian,
notes, and exercises.
Torelle (Ellen), Plant and Animal Children,
How They Grow, 2/6 net. Heath
Written especially for children in elementary
schools, and concerned with showing the relation of
the facts and principles of growth and develop-
ment in the plant and animal worlds to human
life.
Vigny (Alfred de), Lamette, ou Le Cachet
Rouge, edited by Thomas Keen, " Little
French Classics," id. Blackie
Includes notes, Glossary, and passages for
retranslation.
FICTION.
Abbott (Eleanor Hallowell), The White Linen
Nurse, 6/ Hodder & Stoughton
An American story in which is related the
improbable courtship of a senior surgeon and a
hospital nurse.
Ayscough (John), Monksbridge, 6/
Chatto & Windus
The tale deals with a quiet country town,
and the fortunes, as engineered by the eldest
daughter, of a poor, but well-descended family
who have a residence there left them by will.
Barnett (John), Trader Carson, 6/
Ward & Lock
The perilous adventures of a free-lance
trader in West Africa.
Cunninghame (Alice), Dorothea of Romney
Marsh, a Romance of the Commonwealth, 6/
Heath & Cranton
The daughter of a Cavalier and a young
Puritan in the service of the Commonwealth have
many adventures before their union is made
possible through the self-sacrifice of a rival lover.
Futrelle (Jacques), The Master Hand, 2/ net.
Hodder & Stoughton
The adventures of the master of a thieves'
gang, and his efforts to requite the inj uries done
to him by one of his men.
Gallon (Tom), It will be Alright, 6/
Hutchinson
The story opens on board a liner in mid-
ocean. Rowley, a wealthy man 'without a defi-
nite aim in life, and tired of things generally, in
collusion with the ship's steward pretends to
commit suicide by jumping overboard. His
apparent death makes a poor nephew, Clement
Strange, heir to the fortune. The sudden access
of wealth and the blandishments of Pamela, a
clever adventuress, turn his head. During a
temporary break with Pamela, Strange marries
Dora, the love of his struggling days. Eventually
Pamela, in conjunction with Thurston, the un-
scrupulous lawyer to Rowley's estate, separates
the newly married couple, and the money is soon
dissipated, much to the chagrin of Rowley, who
cannot prevent the transaction.
Goring-Thomas (A. R.), The Strong Heart, 6/
Lane
The author invites his readers to interest
themselves in two households — one living in
Portland Place, the other in a south-western
maisonette. Both are dominated by women of
the selfish, foolish, and generally unpleasant
type : the nominal heads of both are mere ciphers
in the story. The point of contact between these
twin themes is long delayed. When, however,
two-thirds through the book, George of Portland
Place has begun to visit the " Blue Lobster,"
where Barbara of the south-west suburb is earning
her living as a barmaid, one is not unprepared
for Book II., which is devoted to the subject of
their married life and the breaking down of the
opposition of Portland Place.
Grier (Sydney C), The Path to Honour, 1/ net.
Blackwood
A cheap edition. See Athenaeum, Oct. 9,
1909, p. 421.
Harris (Cora), In Search of a Husband, 6/
Grant Richards
The career of an American beauty, and her
various efforts to secure a husband.
Hughes-Gibb (Mrs. E.), Gilbert Ray, 6/
Heath & Cranton
The mental and spiritual experiences of a
man once a member of the Church of England, a
writer living in retirement. He is suddenly
brought into touch with intense suffering and
discontent, and comes to realize the force and
meaning of the message which he has for humanity.
Landor (Buchan), The Purple Light, 6/
Holden & Hardingham
The young heroine marries a wealthy peer,
with tragic results, and tries to solve the mystery
of the Purple Light, which is to bring her happi-
ness. Curious adventures befall her before she
meets her final destiny.
Macaulay (Rose), The Making of a Bigot, 6/
Hodder <te Stoughton
The hero belongs to the Primiose League and
the Fabian Society, and the story deals with his
life, friends, and interests after he has left Cam-
bridge.
Makgill (Sir George), Blacklaw, 6/ Methuen
This novel presents a contrast in the tem-
peraments of two men : one sacrifices his children's
happiness in order to carry out his own puritanical
sense of duty, while the other gives up his life to
promote his son's welfare.
Maquet (Auguste), Marcelle the Lovable,
translated by G. F. Monkshood, 6/ Greening
A translation of ' Les Vertes-Feuilles.'
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1014
THE A Til KX.EUM
:U7
Reeves .Amber), A Lady and iiki; Husband, 0
Heinemann
8 p. 809.
Russell (Maries, Russian Rebels, 0 Griffiths
Russian life and characteristics are sketched
at length in this account of an Rnglish governess's
year in St. Petersburg. The " rebels " in question
are hex charges.
Seth-Smith (E. K.), THB Way OB l.rrn.i: GrDDLNG,
;; 6 Allenson
\ story of the life at Little Gidding, in which
incidents of the Civil War ate described.
Smith (C Fox), Tin-: Cm or HOPS, t>
Sidgwick & Jackson
The scenes of this novel are laiii in Western
Canada, where the hero has been sent by his father
to be schooled. He endures many hardships, but
finds happiness with the daughter of a drunken
scamp.
Talbot L. A.), Jehane op the Forest, 6 Melrose
A tale of the days of Henry II. in which
historical colour and various adventures are
notable features.
Townshend i,R. B.), A Girl prom MEXICO, '!
Methuen
The adventures of a young Oxford man who
falls in with Mormons and .Mexican self-torturers.
Washburn (.Stanley), Two in the Wilderness, 6/
Melrose
- p. 310.
Watson (H. B. Marriott), Once upon a Time. 6/
Dent
A collection of short stories which deal with
various aspects of .social and adventurous life.
Wimbury Harold), Julia, 6 Ouseley
Elements of domestic and theatrical life are
mingled in this story, the scenes of which are laid
in Sussex, London, and Pari.-.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Blackwood's Magazine, March, 2/6 Blackwood
This number includes ' Miss Amelia,' a story
by Mr. St. John Lucas; 'My South African
Neighbours,' by " The Sage " : and an article on
Britain and her Army.
Boy's Own, March, 6o*. 4. Bouverie Street
In the present number Mr. \Y. A. Millar
gives Seme •• Rugger " Tips." Mr. J. S. llutcheon
writes < 'ii Lacrosse, and Mr. T. W. Wilkinson on
' Homes and Belies of Famous Explorers.' Be-
sides other articles, there are serial and slu.it
stories of mystery, adventure, and school-life.
Everyone's, March, \hl. 4, Bouverie Street
Among the contents are ' Spring upon the
Mountain Slopes,' by Mr. Maxwell Armfield ;
' The Air Age.' by Mr. Grahame- White and Mr.
Harry Harper : and the beginning of a serial,
'The House that Juliet Built,' by Mi— Grace
Richmond.
Fortnightly Review, March, l' 6
Chapman ..v. Hall
Tie- articles include 'A Plea for Home Rule
from the Protestant standpoint.' by Lieut. -Col.
Seton Churchill; Some Note- on Bal/.ac.' by
Mr. W. !.. Courtney : am! ' Constable's Drawings
and Sketi hes,' by Mr. U. W. Tomkins.
Girl's Own Paper and Woman's Magazine,
.Marhi. ''•</. 1. Bouverie Street
editor, Mrs. Henderson-Smith, writes on
- ime Interesting Women.' and Mr. Henry
Irvine on ' The ivy Green.' The contents also
include -hoit -tones, and articles on house-
keeping, cooking, and needlework.
Guth Na Bliadhna, Spring, 1914, 1
Glasgow, Macla ren
Includes articles on 'The Present state of
the Scots Nobility (to be continued), and 'Gaelic
by Mr. it. Brskine.
Harper's Magazine, March, 1
A hitherto unpublished essay on ' Aspects of
Monopoly One Hundred Sean Ago,' by President
Jane i- printed in tin- issue, 'lie:
short -t..M'- include An Adventure in Paleon-
tology,' by Mr. Alan Sullivan; ' Ninepins ami
u y. by Mi-- l \V. Huard : and
' A Night in the Open,' by Mr. Norman Duncan.
International Theosophical Chronicle, February,
Is. Bartlett'a Bldgs.
articles are ' The Stoi
Parsifal : The Insistence of Theosophy,' by
Dr. I and 'lie- Value of Anecdote,'
by B, M.
Journal of Genetics, edited by W. Bateson and
R. c. Punnett, February, in net.
1 i tnbridge i 'ni\ . Pi
The contents include 'Studies of Inheritance
and Evolution in Orthoptera, I..' by Mi. If. K.
- of the Kan- - .-nit oral Colli
Magazine of the Wesleyan Methodist Church,
March, I '.</. net .
Methodist Publishing Hdhse
To this number .Mr. Coulson Kernahan con-
tributes an article on - Armament s and War:
Why I Support Lord Roberts.' The Rev. Ufred
Sharp writes an appreeiati I" Mr. Thomas
Hardy: and the Rev. Mark Guy l'earse writes on
■ The Story of a 1 1 yum.'
Modern Language Teaching, Fkurcary, »></.
A. .V C. Black
Includes sir Henry Miers's Presidential
Address on 'The Needs of (he Adult Student,'
delivered to the Modern Language Association
la-t January : and papers on ' Standard English
and its Varieties,' by Mr. M. Montgomery, and
■ Professors of Modern Languages,' by Mr. L. E.
East lli'l'.
North American Review, February, 1/ nit.
1 [< iiieinann
Notable articles in this number are "The
Diplomats of Democracy,' by the editor, Mr.
George Harvey ; ' Budyard Kipling seen through
Hindu Lyes,' by Mr. A. B. Sarath-Boy ; and 'A
Scholar's View of -Mr. Bryan,' by Mr. J. Kendrick
Kinney.
Pall Mall Magazine, March. <><7. net. Iliffe
The Spring Fiction Number, which includes
six complete stories, an article on ' When Ireland
had Home Rule,' and one on Berlin called ' The
City without Night.'
Sunday at Home, March, &d. 4, Bouverie Street
The illustrated articles in this number
include ' The Strength of Purity,' by the Rev.
Arthur Iloyle ; ' Edinburgh,' by Mr. James S.
Bamsay ; and ' The Future of the Salvation
Army.'
Windsor Magazine, March, 0d. Ward & Lock
The notable features in this number include
short stories by Mr. Barrv Bain (' A Desperate
Game'), Mr. Eden Phillpotts ('The Cigarette
Case'), and Mr. C. G. D. Roberts C Brannigan's
Mary ') ; and articles on Westminster School, by
Mr. L. E. Tanner, and ' Humour in Paint,' by
Mr. A. Chester.
JUVENILE.
Gibson (Charlotte), In Eastern Wonderlands,
1 :: Harrap
An account of the travels of three children
with their parents across America to Japan,
China, and India and Egypt. There are illus-
trations from photographs.
Ker (Alfred J.) and Cleaver (Charles H.), Heroes
of Exploration, 1/6 Blackie
Stories of great explorers from Pizarro to
Scott. There are illustrations and maps.
Snell (F. J.), Boys who became Famous, l
Harrap
Sketches of the boyhood of some famous men,
including Hans Andersen, Napoleon, Lamb,
Dickens, and George Washington. There are
illustrations.
Wilmot-Buxton (E. M.), The Story op Jeanne
d'Arc, " Heroes of All Time Series," 1/
Harrap
An account of the life and death of Jeanne
d'Arc, with illustrations.
GENERAL.
Baker (Ernest A.), A Guide to Historical Fic-
tion, 21/ net. Routledge
An enlarged edition of the author's ' History
in Fiction,' revised and rewritten. The arrange-
ment is under countries, the books being set out
with dates in the chronological order of Hie
periods and events with which they deal. With
each book also are given explanatory and descrip-
tive notes and the date of publication : and the
Index runs to nearly L50 pp.
Carlyle (Thomasi, ON Heroes, Hero- Worship,
wo the Heroic iv History, edited, with
Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography, by
Herbert S. Miirch. 2 6 Heath
Dr. Murch has prepared this edition for the
use of beginners in the Btudy of Carlyle. In his
Introduction he gives a sketch of Carlyle's life
and character, and then discusses the plan, Btyle,
and teaching of ' Heroes ami Hero-Worship.
Coats (R. H.), Travellers' Tales of Scotland,
2, ii net . I'a i-iev . < .., i dner
These sketches describe various eminent
visitors to Scotland, including Ben Jon on,
John Wesley, Dorothy Wordsworth, and Queen
Victoria. Tin-re La also a chapter on the charac-
i eri ' ics i ■! Sc< >t la ml a icl s< i ,i imen.
Diocese of Chelmsford and its First Bishop, 6a*. net.
Robert Bcott
\ short account of the new In "i < beln
ford, illustrated with > portrait of tie- Rev. J. E,
Watts-Ditchfield and photographs of si. \i u
( IhUTCh and SI . .Line- -I le-L
Lane (H.), Some Principles op Spiritual
Healing, ~i net. Lynwood
\ little book on the main principles of mental
and spiritual healing.
Leaves from a Housekeeper's Book, by the Author
of ' From Kitchen to Garret,' •"> net. .Nash
A book for young married women on the
management of a house and servants.
Lee (Vernon), The Tower op the Mirrors, and
Other Essays on the spirit ok Places, 3/6
net. Lane
Descriptive essays in which the author deli-
cate]y suggests the "spirit " of the places sho
has visit ed.
London Diocese Book, I in 1, edited by Prebendary
Qlendinning Nash and Canon Adam Glendin-
ning Nash, 1 ii net. S.B.C.K.
This reference book gives a history of the
foundation of the Bishopric of London, the
church Calendar, and information regarding
diocesan administration, endowments, clergy aids,
and other matters.
Marson (Charles L.), Vir.i.\oi: Sii.h<>ci:ttes, 2/6
net. Society of ss. Peter and Paul
Sketches of country folk, which Hit- author
describes as "an adumbration rather than an
imitation." They are reproduced from The
Sunday Chronicle, The Commonwealth, and other
papers, and each is illustrated with a silhouette.
Stubbs' Year-Book and Gazette Index, I'M I.
Stubbs's
This forty-fifth annual issue contains full
information on commercial matters.
Wadia (Ardaser Sorabjee N.), Reflections on
the Problems op India. Dent
The author discusses the elementary educa-
tion of India, its caste system, industrial develop-
ment, and political future.
Wells (H. G.), An Englishman Looks at the
World, being a Series of Unrestrained Remarks
upon Contemporary Matters, ii net. Cassell
Among the subjects which the author treats
of in this volume of essays are the contemporary
novel, the Labour unrest, divorce, and 'The
Disease of Parliaments.'
PAMPHLETS.
Harrison (Henry), " Romancing " about Names,
id. Eaton Press
A criticism of Prof. Weekley's recently pub-
lished book ' The Romani f Names,' by the
author of an ' Etymological Dictionary of Sur-
names of the United Kingdom,1
Soulsby (L. H. M.), The Victorian Woman, id.
Longmans
This paper, read at the Church Congress at
Southampton last October, describes the ideals
of the " Woman of Vest erday."
SCIENCE.
Barton (Frank Townend), Hounds, their Points
and Management, 5 net. Long
A description of the various types of British
hounds, giving suggestions for their management
and the treatment of the diseases to which they
are subject.
Caunt (G. W.1, An Introduction to the In-
I'lMiKsiMAi. Calculus, with Applications to
Mechanics and Pbj sics, 12/
( >xford, Clarendon Press
In this textbook the author has aimed at
presenting the fundamental principles of the
Differential and Integra] Calculus in as simple a
form as possible ami introducing easj applications
at an early stage.
Gardening for Amateurs, edited by If. II. Thomas.
Pari L. 'd. net. I Basel!
This new work, which is to be completed
in twenty-four fortnightlj pari-, is a "simple,
complete,' .oel practical guide tor garden lovers."
If is amply illustrated with coloured plate photo-
graphs, and sketches, and among tie- .mil's in
ii,!-, part an- the following: 'Some Hints on
Plj i ,_■ .oel Planting, 'Old World flowers for
Vfodern Gardens,' and ' Sweet \ iolet 9.'
Illingworth (S. Roy. The '•■ iperatios
si ii. m e and Industry, 1 /6 net. Griffin
\ hit le I k m w he h i be imp"i i m< • "i
"i manufactt -' establish-
ment - i urged. 'I I ■ ■ Foreword by Sir
Boverb »n Recn I.
Marchant iW. H. , Wnu I i i i ..c win , a
Handho the I • ol ' >p< ratoi and
Student . 5 Det. ^ bittaker
I-, imai d\ intendi d foi Iho i in the
I,,,,, i,,.,i 0p< ration ol radio telegraph in talla-
i iOI] . and foi i ud< a\ » bo alr< adj i me
knov ' '" book coal-
man] iii>: tratii
318
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
Marriott (Major R. A.), The Change in the
Climate and its Cause, giving the Date of
the Last Ice Age, based on a Becent Astro-
nomical Discovery and Geological Research, 1/6
Marlborough
This treatise is divided into three parts,
entitled ' Why We May Expect Warmer Winters,'
' A Further Explanation of the Drayson Theory,'
and ' A Discussion of the Invariable Plane.' The
author avoids technicalities as far as possible.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, January, 2/6 Wesley
Includes papers on ' The Mean Latitudes of
the Moon and Sun,' by Prof. Ernest W. Brown,
and ' Hydrogen and the Primary Constituents of
Nebulae,' by Prof. J. W. Nicholson.
Poynting (J. H.) and Thomson (Sir J. J.), A Text-
Book of Physics : Electricity and Magnetism,
Parts I. and II. Static Electricity and Magnet-
ism, with Illustrations, 10/6 Griffin
Contains an account of the chief phenomena
of electric and magnetic systems when they are
respectively charged and magnetized.
Pull (Ernest), Engineering Workshop Exer-
cises, with a Chapter on Screw-Cutting and
Notes on Materials, 2/ net. Whittaker
Intended as a series of exercises in engineer-
ing workshop practice for technical students and
apprentice engineers. There are thirty-seven
drawings and illustrations.
Sinel (Joseph), Prehistoric Times and Men
of the Channel Islands, 5/ net.
Jersey, Bigwood
Prof. Keith has written a Foreword to this
volume, which contains numerous illustrations.
South Africa (Union of), Department of Agricul-
ture, Report, with Appendices, for the Period
1st January, 1912, to 31st March, 1913 (exclud-
ing Agricultural Education), 9/6
Cape Town, ' Cape Times '
The report of Mr. F. B. Smith, Secretary for
Agriculture, on the position and prospects of
agriculture in South Africa, followed by state-
ments of Imports and Exports, and the reports of
the Principal Veterinary Surgeon, Superintendent
of Dairying, Plant Pathologist and Mycologist,
Viticulturist, and others.
Stewart (Alfred W.), Chemistry and its Border-
land, 5/ net. Longmans
An account of some recent developments in
chemistry written in non-technical language for
the general reader.
Stopes (Marie C), Paleobotany, its Past and
its Future. Knowledge Publishing Co.
An inaugural lecture at University College,
London, reprinted from Knowledge.
FINE ARTS.
Corot, Landscapes, Part V., 2/6
'Studio' Office
This part contains plates in facsimile colours
of ' Souvenir dTtalie : Castel Gandolfo,' ' Le
Passeur,' ' Villagers in the Valley,' ' The Walk by
the Lake : Ville u'Avray,' and ' Nymphe desarmant
l'Amour,' with text by Mr. D. Croat Thomson.
Essex Archaeological Society, Transactions,
Vol. XIII. Part III. Colchester, the Society
The contents include articles on ' Embezzled
Church Goods of Essex,' by Dr. E. P. Dickin ;
' The Token Coinage of Essex in the Seventeenth
Century,' by Mr. William Gilbert ; and ' White
Notley Hall and Church,' by Mr. Wykeham
Chancellor.
Fletcher (Banister F. and Herbert Phillips), Car-
pentry and Joinery, a Text-Book for Archi-
tects, Engineers, Surveyors, Craftsmen, and
Students, 6/ net. Whittaker
A fourth edition, revised and enlarged. The
authors have included additional material and
a large number of sketches relating to artistic
craftsmanship.
Home (Gordon), Winchester, a Sketch Book,
1/ net. Black
A collection of pencil drawings of Winchester,
including views of the Cathedral, i_ ollege, St. Cross,
and the Castle Hall.
Inscriptiones Graecae : C ulegit Otto Kern, No. 7
of " Tabulae in Usum Scholarum," 6/ net.
Bonn, Marcus & Weber ; Oxford, Parker
Fifty pages of plates with Greek inscriptions,
preceded by 23 pages of introductory matter in
Latin which supply brief descriptions and a
bibliography.
Shelley (Henry C), The Art of the Wallace
Collection, 6/ net. Simpkin & Marshall
An account of the founders of the Wallace
Collection, and a description of its contents, with
numerous illustrations.
Xitoarg (gossip.
On Thursday of last week Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle forwarded to the Prime
Minister a memorial asking the Govern-
ment to reconsider its decision in regard to
the participation of Great Britain in the
Panama-Pacific Exposition, to be held at
San Francisco in 1915. The signatories,
who number about thirty, are well-known
novelists, dramatists, and litterateurs " of
various shades of political opinion," and
they urge that the expense involved
" appears to be a moderate one as compared
to the very great harm which might come
from any deterioration of those better
relations which have been built up during
a number of years between ourselves and
the United States of America."
In his fourth lecture on ' The Age of
Erasmus ' Mr. P. S. Allen discussed the
social and intellectual life of the time.
He touched on the position and education
of women, and cited Lady Margaret
Tudor and Margaret Roper as examples
of women who were specially fortunate
in their intellectual opportunities.
His fifth lecture was on ' Pilgrimages,'
for which the narratives of Guilford,
Torkington, and Felix Fabri were the
chief authorities. In those days — when,
even if the requisite k' wanton money "
was forthcoming, ordinary holiday tra-
velling was both difficult and dangerous
— the conditions of pilgrimage were, to
say the least of it, rough, and the con-
temporary Baedekers recommended for
the journey various " comfortatives,"
such as loaf-sugar, saucepans, almonds,
and barrels of clean water.
Fabri was full of good advice as to the
demeanour suitable to pilgrims, and, ex-
cept for his dislike of the one feminine pas-
senger in his ship, an inquisitive and active
Flemish lady, wrote as an earnest, matter-
of-fact Christian whose religious fervour
could not wholly overpower his hatred of
Saracen thieves, nor his disgust at the
sleeping accommodation provided on
board.
At the Coming-of-Age Celebration of
the National Literary Society of Dublin
and the Irish Literary Society of London
a proposal was made by Mr. Alfred
Perceval Graves, the President of the
latter Society, that the time had come
for the publication of a fresh library of
Irish books, if possible by an Irish pub-
lisher, to meet that general awakening of
interest in Irish literature which is in-
creasingly manifest.
The suggestion was favourably received
by the representatives of the two Societies,
the scheme has matured, and the Talbot
Press, a young and progressive Dublin
firm of publishers, has undertaken to
issue the volumes under the compre-
hensive title of " Every Irishman's Li-
brary." Mr. Graves will be general editor,
assisted by Dr. Douglas Hyde and Prof.
Magennis, and a series of twelve volumes
at the price of 2s. each will be issued next
autumn, a similar number being brought
out from year to year if the venture proves
as successful as it promises to be.
The volumes arranged for are as follows :
' Selections from the Prose and Poetical
Works of Thomas Davis ' (whose centenary
takes place in September next), edited
by Mr. T. W. Rolleston ; Maxwell's ' Wild
Sports of the West of Ireland,' with an
Introduction by the Earl of Dunraven ;
' The Parliaments of Ireland,' by Mr. J. G.
Swift McNeill, M.P. ; ' Grattan,' by Lord
Castletown ; a selection from Miss Edge-
worth's novels, with new Edgeworthiana,
edited by Mr. Malcolm C. Seton ; ' The
Humours of Irish Life,' with an Intro-
duction by Mr. C. L. Graves ; ' The
Mind of Burke,' by Prof. Magennis ;
Gerald Griffin's ' Collegians,' with a
critical and biographical Introduction by
Mr. Padraic Colum ; Kirkham's ' Knock-
nagow,' edited by Mr. D. L. O'Donoghue ;
' Irish Christian Folk Tales,' translated
by Dr. Douglas Hyde ; ' Mitchel's Jail
Journal,' with an Introduction by Father
John Finlay ; and ' A Paradise of Irish
Poetry, Old and New,' selected by Mr.
Alfred Perceval Graves.
Later contributors to the Library will
probably include Miss Jane Barlow, Lady
Gilbert, Dr. Mahaffy, Mr. Standish
O'Grady, George A. Birmingham, Mr.
Padric Gregory, Miss Eleanor Hull, Mr.
W. J. Lawrence, and Miss Edith
Somerville in collaboration with Miss
Violet Martin.
Mr. James Shelley has been appointed
Professor of Education at University
College, Southampton, in succession to
Prof. Maxwell resigned.
Towards the end of March, The New
Weekly, edited by Mr. R. A. Scott James,
will appear. Its price will be 2d., and it
will aim at being a means of communica-
tion between authors and artists on the
one side, and the great public on the other.
It is thought that there is room for -a
paper which, while not concentrating its
main attention on politics, deals with the
most intimate facts and vital ideas of
modern life.
A notable addition to the remains of
Sappho and Alcaaus is to be made by
Part X. of the ' Oxyrhynchus Papyri,'
which will be ready for issue in a few
days. The fragments in question, which
are derived from four MSS., are sadly
mutilated, but between them contribute
about 130 new verses. Some small pieces
of a non-canonical Gospel figure in the
theological section.
We regret that in our announcement
last week of ' Life's Compass,' an antho-
logy shortly to be published by Messrs.
Headley Brothers, wre referred to the book
as " illustrated." Messrs. Headley write
to point out that they used the word
" illustrations " in a figurative sense.
The death was announced on Thursday
last of Mr. William John Rivington, the
well-known publisher, in his 69th year.
He was the editor and proprietor of The
British Trade Journal, and did much for
commerce in the Far East by establishing
native trade newspapers.
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1014
THE A T II E N M U I\I
:U9
SCIENCE
Indian Pigeons and Doves. Bv E. C.
Stuart Baker. (Witherby & Co., 21. 10s.
net.)
This book, which forms a companion
volume to the author's ' Indian Ducks,'
primarily eaters for the sportsman to
whom this excellent form of small-game
shooting appeals, and who is enough of a
naturalist — as the best type of sportsman
always is — to extend his interest in the
birds beyond the mere killing of them.
Hitherto there has been nothing to meet
his needs, for books on pigeons are either
difficult of access or prohibitive in price.
Though the letterpress is much more than
a mere compilation, all who have essayed
a similar task will have sympathy with
Mr. Baker's plaint as to the difficulty of
obtaining original sporting and field notes
before his book appeared in print, to
form a basis for discussion. The author
anticipates criticism, from a scientific
point of view, because he has introduced
the trinomial system into India for the
first time. In the Preface he argues that
India is essentially a country which calls
for the recognition of sub-species, and
reminds us that pigeons and doves have
l>ccn shown by practical experiments in
America to be peculiarly susceptible to
variations of climate. The study is in
many particulars complex, and Mr. Baker
has proceeded along the broad lines of
common sense in his classification. He
writes : —
" When I have found differences in the
plumage or in the size of birds inhabiting
different areas, which are quite plain to any
one's observation, I accept them as constitut-
ing good species or sub-species, the former if
they are not linked to one another by
individuals which are intermediate, the latter
it" they are so linked. At the same time I
have not gone out of my way to hunt for
minute differences in tint or in measure-
ments, but have merely admitted them when
they are too plain to be overlooked."
The author deals in all with fifty-one
species and sub-species. The distinctions
made in dividing pigeons into families, sub-
families, and genera are, as he points out,
undeniably artificial, and adopted largely
.i~ a matter of convenience. To meet the
Is of the sportsman, a simplified key
for practical work in the field is sensibly
pio\ ided.
The coloured plates, twenty -seven in
number, are of paramount importance in a
work of this kind, and have been entrusted
to such competent artists as Messrs. Gron-
vold and G. E. Lodge. These have been as
admirably executed as ever, though, truth
to tell, there would seem to be something
lost in the reproduction. Pigeons and
doves owe much of their lx-aut\ to their
rounded contours, and somehow there is
a flat effect in several of the pictures.
Many interesting observations on their
habits have been culled from the volumes
of " Stray Feathers ' and elsewhere ; a
typical passage is the account given by
Major II. R. IJakerof a battue where the
pink - necked green pigeon afforded the
sport. The author contributes from his
own experience valuable notes as to the
night of various species and their behaviour
under tire, adding here and there a hint
as to their culinary properties.
As regards nidification, the number of
eggs laid is not the invariable two we look
for in England. Most of the great " Imperial
pigeons " are content with a single egg,
while the Indian red turtle - dove not
uncommonly is credited with three. The
dimorphism of this last species is the
subject of an interesting note from a corre-
spondent : —
" In one of these latter places the dry,
bare paddy fields, shorn of their crops,
looked a rich magenta colour in patches from
the number of male red turtle-doves which
were feeding there. It was curious to see
these vast flocks which were composed
entirely of males, whereas one generally sees
them going about in pairs."
Pigeons and doves in India do not all coo
or even grunt ; various peculiar calls are
mentioned, and it is well known that
the large class of " gomparatively " {sic,
p. 4) small pigeons known as " green
pigeons " may be recognized by their
melodious whistle. For information on
their different habits as regards feeding,
drinking, climbing, fighting (for the
" gentle " dove tribe are notably quarrel-
some), and courting the reader who secures
this important contribution to Indian
ornithology will not look in vain.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquabies. — Feb. 19. — Sir Her-
cules Read, President, in the chair. — Mr. J. P.
Bushe-Fox read the report on the excavations
at Wroxeter in 1013.
During the excavations carried on in 1913 an
area of about 1J acres was explored and two
buildings were uncovered. One proved to be a
temple, and the other a large dwelling-house. The
latter had a frontage of 115 ft., and extended back
from the street line for 200 ft., although its limit
in this direction has not yet been ascertained.
As this building was not completely excavated it
has not been dealt with in this report.
The temple, which measured 98 ft. by 56 ft.,
consisted of a podium supporting a cella or
shrine which stood at the back of an enclosed
space with a paved courtyard and surrounded
by an ambulatory in front. The entrance was
from the main street under a portico of six columns.
That the building must have been a fine one was
shown by the number of carved architectural
fragments found. Portions of several life-sized
statues were also discovered, as well as the
carved head of a horse and a small female head
in stone. There were also some small fragments
of a bronze statue. Although parts of two altars
came to light, no inscription was met with, so it
is not possible to say to whom the temple was
dedicated. This type of temple is commonly
found on Roman sites, and several similar ex-
amples were shown from the Continent and
North Africa. The building appears to have
been erected about the middle <>f the second
century, and to have fallen into disuse about the
end of the third century.
A great number of small finds were discovered.
They consisted of many brooches, pins, ornaments,
&c. Among (lie most noteworth) were a finely
cut amethyst j » .- ■ - f < • gem engraved with a figure
of Venus, a small cameo of a Medusa head, add a
well-carved clasp knife-handle, in I lie form of a
crouching tiger. A large amount of beautifully
decorated Samian ware was found, a considerable
portion of if dating from the first century. The
potters' stamps recorded amounted to about 200,
and represented most of the huge Continental
• lies of the period. The coins were in excess
t,i those found in 1912f and numbered 476.
They ranged from the Bepublican period to the
end of the fourth century. Two coins of the
Emperor Theodosius I. were discovered, thus
adding another decade i" the life of the town.
Four silver coins of the Emperor I arausiui
worthy of note : one of these Mas of the Adventus
type, with the k.s.h. mint-mark, and Is extremely
rare. Several articles were met with showing that
working in metal and hone was practised on tlm
site. The excavations will be carried on again
this summer.
Air. P. II. Newman exhibited an illuminated
grant of rents and lands to John Lambert of Cal-
ton, Yorkshire, dated March 4th, 31 Henry VIII.
The document is unusual from the fact that
it is illuminated, and has on it the coat of
arms of the grantee. Probably the decoration
was inserted at the instance of Lambert himself,
who had been steward to Bolton Priory and Vice-
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He
forged a considerable series of charters for the
purpose of bolstering up a "faked" pedigree
showing his descent from Count Lambert of
Louvainc, who died in 100 1.
Lord Bolton exhibited a deed dated 132&
between the Abbot and Convent of Sawley and the
Abbot and Convent of Furness, regarding the
tithes of the manor of Wynterbourne in the parish
of Gargrave. The deed has the seal of the Abbot
of Furness attached.
Royal Numismatic. — Feb. 19. — Mr. Percy H.
Webb, Treasurer, in the chair. — Mrs. Sidney
Streatfield, Mr. V. B. Crowther-Beynon, antl
K. u. K. Rcgierungsrat Eduard Fiala were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Mr. J. G. Milne exhibited specimen types from
a hoard of bronze coins of Temnis, in JBohs, of
the third century B.C. Mr. P. II. Webb showed
two memorial folles of Galerius Maximianus
struck by Maximinus Daza and Diocletian at
Antioch. Mr. G. F. Hill exhibited a coining press
of the reign of Philip IV. of Spain, probably the
earliest press that has been discovered.
Mr. Henry Symonds gave an account of a find
of Roman coins made over half a century ago at
Puncknoll, in Dorsetshire, and recently presented
to the Dorchester Museum. The coins, which
were contained in an earthen jar, covered the
period 253-93 a.d., and were of the Emperors
Gallienus, Postumus, Victorinus, Tetrieus I.,
Claudius II., and Carausius, and the Empress
Salonina.
Dr. Oliver Codrington read a paper on ' Coins
of the Kings of Hormuz.' After sketching the
history of Hormuz under Muslim and Portuguese-
rule, the reader described a number of the gold
coins of the kings of Hormuz of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries which have been hitherto
unknown. Dr. Codrington was also successful
in reading the names of the same kings on a
number of silver larins which had been struck
from the same dies as the gold coins.
Historical. — Feb. 19. — Annual Meeting. —
Prof. Firth, President, in the chair. — Col. E. M.
Lloyd, R.E., was elected a Vice-President of the
Society, rice Mr. I. S. Lead am deceased, and Dr.
J. 11. Wylie was selected a member of Council,
vice Col. Lloyd. Mr. William Kennedy was
elected a Fellow of the Society. — The President
delivered his annual address, the subject being
gaps which required to be filled in preparation
for the further study of the sevent cent h century,
lie instanced the bringing together of royal letters,
now dispersed in several collections ; the collect-
ing or re-editing of records connected with the
Royal Household, and with the l'i ivy Council and
its Committees ; re-editing the Parliamentary
Debates, diplomatic documents, treaties in
particular ; and collecting records of the army,
the navy, and the mercantile marine. The
Dutch Government had set a good example,
appointing a commission, who reported in 190 1
upon the gaps which required filling in Dutch
history by the publication of new sources. In
1908 an American committee had reported upon a
plan to guide the Government in future docu-
mentary publications.
British Numismatic. — Feb. 18. — Mr. i- \.
Lawrence, V J?., bathe chair.— The Rev. it. Poole
was elected a .Member.
Col. Morriesoo gave a description, illustrated
bv lantern-slides, of the coinage issued from the
mint at Aherystwith in the reign of Charles I.
from 1887 to 1842, .and called attention t" the
various differences which appear on the coins.
By a comparison of flee details with similar
variations which appear on the money Issued from
the Tower .Mini during the same period, be was
enabled to arrange the consecutive order, and t..
date approximately Hie types and varieties of the
Ahcrvstwith coin-", including time bearing the
"Declaration." They comprised four different
half-crowns, four shillings, five sixpences) four
i, three threepences, three half-groats, four
pennies, and one halfpenny. Through the ie*
he, of Mr. lienr> Symonds he snowed that
the date— October, 1637- hitherto i igned U>
320
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
the issue of the groats, threepences, and half-
pence must now he corrected to February, 1637-
Ki38. Referring to the coins struck after 1642
•which had hitherto been attributed to Aberyst-
with, he doubted whether they had been issued
from that mint, and gave his reasons, amongst
which were the continued absence of Bushell the
licensee, and the sequestration by the Parliament
of his property in the Welsh silver mines.
In illustration of his subject, Col. Morrieson
exhibited a complete series of the coins described.
Other exhibitions were coins of Charles I., includ-
ing a circular clipping representing the whole of
the legend of a shilling and a well-preserved
Oxford half-crown of 1643, by Mr. Charlton; a
short-cross penny, Class I., of Henry II., reading
s\gar on oxen, a hitherto unrecorded moneyer,
and a small metal money-box chased with figures
in the costume of the second half of the sixteenth
•century, by Mr. L. A. Lawrence.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
MoN.
Tuks
Wkii.
Royal Institution. 5 —General Meeting.
St. Bride Foundation, 7.30.—' The Printing Press and its
History,' Lecture I., Mr. K. A. Peddie.
Society of Unci r?, 7.30.
Aristotelian, 8.—' The New Encyclopaedists on Logic,' Prof.
J. Brought-
Society of Arts, 8 — ' Artistic Lithography,' Lecture III., Mr.
J. Peunell. (Cantor Lecture.)
Royal Institution, {{.—'Modern Ships: (1) 8mooth-Water
Sailing.' Prof. Sir J. H. Biles.
Society of Arts, 4 30 —Discussion on 'The Montreal, Ottawa,
and Georgian Bay I'anal.' (Colonial Section.)
Institution nf Civil Engineers, 8.— Adjourned Discussion on
'Bail-Steels for Electric Railways ' and 'Rail-Corrugation
and its Causes.'
Zoological. 8.30.
Archaeological Institute, 4 30.— 'The Corbridge Excavations,
1913,' Mr. R. H. Forster.
— Entomological, 8.
— St. Paul's Ecelesiological, 8.— 'Bangor and St. Asaph
Cathedrals,' Mr. R. Ironside-Bax.
— Society of Arts, 8.— 'Travels in the Balkan Peninsula,' Mr. C.
Woods.
"Thuiis. Royal Institution. 3.— 'He-it and Cold,' Lecture I., Prof. C. F.
Jenkin.
— Royal, 4 30— 'The Action of Light on Chlorophyll," Mr.
Harold Wager ; ' Formaldehyde as an Oxidation Product of
Chlorophyll Extracts,' Mr. C. H. Warner; ' The Controlling
Influence of Carbon Dioxide in the Maturation. Dormancy,
and Germination of Seeds,' Mr. Franklin Kidd ; and other
Papers.
— Chemical, 8 30. — ' A Redetermination of the Atomic Weight of
Vanadium,' Messrs. H. V. A. Briscoe and H. F. V. Little ;
'The Isomerism of the Oximes: Part III. The Hydroxy-
benzaldoximes,' Messrs. 0. L. Brady and F. P. Dunn ; 'The
Constituents of the Leaves and Steins of Daviesia latifolia,'
Messrs. F. B. Power and A. H. Halway ; and other Papers,
— Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 30 —'Jewellery,' Mr. R. LI. B.
Rathbone.
Royal Institution, 9— 'The Stage Irishman.' Canon J. 0
Hannay.
Royal Institution, 3— 'Recent Discoveries in Physical
Science,' Lecture II.. Prof. Sir J. J. 1 homson.
Irish Literary, 8.—' O'Flaherty Country.'
fiu.
§§z'untc Gossip.
The relative importance of heredity and
•environment in deciding general health was
discussed by Dr. Alice Lee on Tuesday
last in her lecture on ' Infant Mortality
in a Manufacturing Town,' at the Francis
Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics.
Five to six thousand records had been ob-
tained in the town in question (name not
given), from which certain conclusions
.appeared justifiable. No relation between
the employment of married women and infant
mortality was statistically deducible ; in-
deed, the range of the death and delicacy
rate of the infants actually varied more
when referred to the fathers' employments
than to the mothers'.
It appeared certain that the health of
the parents was more important than hous-
ing to the well-being of the male infant,
while the female seemed to be equally
affected by both factors. The lecturer
concluded by emphasizing the conclusions
advanced the previous week by Miss Elderton,
and laying special stress on the influence of
heredity.
On Friday of last week Dr. R. T. Leiper,
Helminthologist of the London School of
Tropical Medicine, left London in the
steamer Malwa for China. He is to in-
vestigate in the Far East the spread of
trciriatode diseases, which there attack
domestic animals as well as man, with a
view to discovering some clue to the mode
•of infection of the cognate jaarasite, which
in Africi appears to attack man only, and
•during the last Boer war caused no little
suffering to our troops, while in North
Africa its ravages are even more severe.
All direct attempts to discover how man
becomes infected by it have hitherto proved
a failure. Surgeon E. L. Atkinson, who has
been seconded by the Admiralty, is accom-
panying Dr. Leiper.
If time permits, Dr. Leiper will also in-
stitute research into the spread of ankylo-
stomiasis, a disease which makes terrible
havoc among the coolies in Ceylon, and which
is caused by a nematode.
A paper by Dr. Nansen was read
last Monday to the Royal Geographical
Society, in which it was stated that a series
of observations taken from 1882 to 1906 at
Obdorsk, on the Obi River, went to show
that the variations in the mean air tempera-
ture during winter and spring of the region
surrounding the Kara Sea gave yearly
indication as to the quantity of ice that
might be looked for in the sea during the
autumn. It would therefore seem possible,
by getting information as to the tempera-
ture which had prevailed from November to
April, to forecast the chances of navigation
in the coming season. For this systematic
research small vessels supplied with motors
and equipped with wireless telegraphy
would be employed, while aeroplanes and
hydroplanes would also be of service. The
development of navigation in the Kara Sea
would be of the greatest benefit to Siberia,
since it would mean that the mouths of the
Obi and the Yenisei might be reached every
year.
The existence of a grave, though little-
known hardship was revealed the other day
at an inquest at Shoreditch on the body of a
fish-porter. The man had died from sudden
acute dementia and meningitis, and his
brother told the coroner that attacks of
madness were frequent among fish porters,
the cause being the heavy weights these men
have to carry on their heads. The pad alone
on which the load is supported weighs nine
pounds. It seems lamentable that, while
carrying facilities have been applied to so
many uses of doubtful advantage, they have
not yet been employed to relieve human
beings from such a risk.
FINGER-PRINTS.
Referring to the late Alphonse Bertillon
in your last week's issue, you say of his
anthropometric system of identification that
it " was adopted, and alongside of it, as a
secondary mode of classification, Bertillon's
system of finger-prints, which was also
introduced into England."
The truth is that the finger-print method
was never claimed by Bertillon. Sir Francis
Galton, whose attention was to be drawn to
my proposal of the method (in 1880) by his
cousin Charles Darwin, suggested that
Bertillon's method of measurements (issued
by him a year after my proposal of finger-
prints was published) might be used as an
auxiliary means of classification. How to
pigeon-hole the records was made known by
me to an inspector from Scotland Yard
officially deputed to meet me in 1888 ; to
Mr. Brodrick's War Office Committee in
1902 ; and has since been published in my
'Dactylography' (1912). With that aid
one can see clearly that the finger-print
method needs no foreign crutches, but can
grasp firmly and control easily a register of
ten fingers running up into many hundreds
of thousands of persons. No system, how-
ever, can be worked without scientific
direction and eternal vigilance, and the
ominous silence of those vast records,
which ought to be eloquent with pragmatic
wisdom, is just a little scandalous ; but the
work is cheaply done. Henry Faulds.
FINE ARTS
Irish Seal- Matrices and Seals. By E. C. R.
Armstrong. (Dublin, Hodges & Figgis,
5s. net.)
That early Irish metal-work has in general
a distinctive character is a fact so familiar
to archaeologists that it is hardly neces-
sary to emphasize it. The Ardagh chalice,
the Cross of Cong, the Tara Brooch, and
the many shrines for relics in the Dublin
Museum bear testimony to the existence
in Ireland of a native school of design
which had few, if any, affinities with con-
temporary Western work. Indeed, its
source of inspiration must be sought, not
in the Western world, but in the Eastern,
though at its best period it had developed
characteristics which may be described as
national.
There is little of this distinctive quality
to be found in the work of the Irish seal-
cutters. The art of carving seal-matrices
was in all probability introduced into
Ireland by the Anglo-Norman invaders ;
the Irish craftsmen learnt from the
English, and it is natural that their work
should show no superiorrty to that of
their teachers. As a matter of fact the
early Irish work, while often bold enough
in design, is decidedly inferior in crafts-
manship to that of contemporary English
and Continental examples.
Mr. E. C. R. Armstrong is an Irish
archaeologist of repute, and his careful
study of a number of Irish seal-matrices
dating from the thirteenth to the nine-
teenth century is a useful contribution to
contemporary sigillography. He classifies
the matrices dealt with in four divisions,
viz., equestrian, heraldic and miscella-
neous, local, and ecclesiastical.
Of the equestrian matrices described,
the most important is that of Brian,
King of Kineleogain, which is preserved
in the British Museum. It is mid-
thirteenth-century work : the design is
bold and well balanced ; and the king's
fluted sword, flat helmet, and shirt of
mail are characteristic of the period.
In his chapter on heraldic and miscel-
laneous seal-matrices Mr. Armstrong ex-
presses the opinion that heraldry was not
adopted generally by the Irish chiefs until
the fifteenth century or later. This view
is probably correct, although individual
examples of an earlier use of arms
may be found. The science of blazon,
like the art of seal-engraving, was a
foreign importation into Ireland. But
the examples he quotes — such as that of
one of the O'Briens sealing with a griffin,
and another with a galley, neither of
which is an O'Brien heraldic charge — do
not really bear upon the point. The
badge, or cognizance, of a military leader
bore no necessary relation to his paternal
coat of arms, and often differed com-
pletely from any charge thereon. When
it is borne in mind that the chieftainship
of an Irish clan was elective, it will be
seen that the use of such a badge as a seal
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
Til E ATIIEN.EUM
:*2l
would be more natural to the chief than
that of an hereditary coat, even if the
latter existed.
Of tlu> Local seals the finest is un-
doubtedly that of the New Tow not' Dun-
dalk. of early fourteenth-century date.
It bears a shield of arms with supporters,
within a cusped panel. The design is
satisfying : it tills the seal, as the charges
rill the shield. One has only to compare
such work with that of the seventeenth-
and eighteenth-century engraver to be
conscious of the superiority of the earlier
craftsman as a designer.
In the part of the book treating of
ecclesiastical seal-matrices many beautiful
specimens of the seal-worker's art are
illustrated and described. Among them
may be mentioned the matrix carved for
Thomas Barret, Bishop of Elphin 1372-
1404. a tine example, having the Virgin
and Child beneath a pinnacled Gothic
canopy. The small matrix of the se-
cretion of Stephen Brown, Bishop of Ross
(1402), is notable as showing some Celtic
influence in the interlaced decoration.
Most of the seal-matrices described by
Mr. Armstrong are to be found in the
collection of the Royal Irish Academy,
now deposited in the National Museum,
Dublin.
eighteenth
century nota-
A Dictionary of Irish Artists. By Walter
G. Strickland. 2 vols. (Maunsel & Co.,
1?. 10s. net.)
In publishing this exhaustive ' Dictionary
of Irish Artists " Mr. Walter G. Strickland
has rendered a valuable service to the
student, and has added considerably to
our knowledge of the history and develop-
ment of the arts in Ireland.
Hitherto investigation into the details
of the lives and works of Irish artists
has been a difficult and toilsome task.
Except in the case of a few well-known
names, little is recorded in biographical
dictionaries and books of reference that
would form the basis for an historical
Survey ; but in these two volumes the
future historian will find, not only
information as to facts, but also guidance
to the fields from which fuller materials
may be gleaned.
The most noteworthy characteristic of
Mi. Strickland's Dictionary is that, while
the mure famous painters are not neg-
lected, details are supplied for the
first time "f certain Irish painters and
engravers of distinction about whom
little has beeD known hitherto apart from
their work.
Amongst the earliest of these are
Thomas Pooley and Michael Mitchell,
two seventeenth-century portrait painters
who are responsible for many Irish por-
traits of the period, both in public and
private collections. No biographies of
either of these painter- exist, and the
ounts here given of them Form an
important addition to the history of
British art, and show that 1' ol at l< asf
was a painter of considerable merit.
To turn to a later instance, Hugh Hamil-
ton, the painter of man. attractive
portraits of
bilities, finds in Mr. Strickland his first
biographer. Hamilton is now beginning
to be recognized in Kngland as one of the
foremost pastcllists of his time. Born
and educated in Dublin, he practised his
art first in his native city, and afterwards
in London and in Italy. Returning to
Ireland after an absence of over twenty
years, he worked in Dublin until his
death in 1808. A full list of his recorded
works is appended, which includes many
subject - pictures and portraits in oil,
besides the crayon portraits by which he
is more generally known.
Mr. Strickland's Dictionary shows evi-
dences of painstaking work in the case of
many other painters. He has added to
our information about Garret Morphey,
who is referred to as " Murphy " by Mr.
Collins Baker in his standard book on the
Stuart painters, and as " Morphew " in
a letter among the Portland papers at
Welbeck. Morphey is best known by his
portrait of Archbishop Oliver Plunket,
who was executed at Tyburn in 1681.
He also painted portraits of Henry, Duke
of Newcastle, and of Anne Boyle, wife of
Lord Mountjoy. In the latter of these
Mr. Strickland finds traces of French
influence.
The biographies of Richard Rotlnvell,
Robert Home, Samuel Collins, Sampson
Roche, Sir Frederick Burton, and Walter
Osborne — to mention but a few out of
many — also contain much that is new ;
and in some cases correct inaccuracies in
existing works of reference. To give but
one example of the latter : in the last
edition of Bryan's ; Dictionary ' Walter
Osborne is referred to as " an Englishman
who settled in Ireland." As a matter of
fact, this painter was bom in Dublin of
Irish parents, worked there during most
of his lifetime, and died there in 1003.
That portion of Mr. Strickland's work
which deals with the rise of the Irish
school of mezzotinters is of special value
to students and collectors. Of the founder
of the school, John Brooks, he has much
of interest to record, and the complete
list of the line engravings and etchings
done by this engraver before he trans-
| ferred his attention to mezzotinting is an
important contribution to our knowledge
of the subject. In the further catalogue
of Brooks's mezzotint work much fresh
information will be found, derived chiefly
from contemporary newspapers; and the
dates of many of his prints can now for
the first time be ascertained. Mr. Strick-
land is also able to state many new facts
regarding Brooks's assistant Andrew J
Millar, and bis distinguished pupils Mae- I
Ardell, Houston, Spooner, and Purcell,
who afterwards revived the art of mezzo-
tinting in England.
Not the leasl interesting part of Mr.
Strickland's book is the Btory of the
foundation and development of the Arl
institutions of [reland, which is told in
an Appendix to the second \ olume.
\ eai ly as ITo'.t the | mUm Socii I •
which had been founded eight years before
with the object of " improving husbandry
manufacture, and the useful arts and
Sciences," offered premiums for works in
painting and statuary, and soon after-
wards established a School of Art in
Dublin. In 1764 " The Society of Artiste
in Ireland " was formed to promote
exhibitions of the works of its members:
but it was not till L823, nearly sixty years
later, that the Hibernian Academy was
incorporated by royal charter. The his
tory of this institution is fully recorded
by Mr. Strickland, who gives a list of all
its members from its foundation to the
present day.
The book throughout exhibits the most
careful research, and every source oi
information, public and private, appeal
to -have been ransacked for facts. The
volumes are illustrated by numerous por-
traits of artists, and an exhaustive Index
adds to the value of the work, which as
a book of reference ought to find a plate
in the hbrary of every student of tin-
history of British art.
WATER - COLOUR DKAWfXGS AT
MESSRS. AGNEW'S
It must be admitted that the later doveloi
ments of water-colour painting in England
hardly commend themselves to modern
taste. The torturing of a light medium
to a high degree of complexity, the elaborate-
orchestration of themes which do not calf
for such treatment, weary us with a sense of
mechanical industry. De Wint's Bray Church,
Berkshire (4), and On the Witham (10), and
in slightly less severe fashion his Cottage:
Farmyard (13), mark about the limit of
realism the school was capable of without
losing the compact structure of the design
in mere repetition of ornamental detail.
Cotman's Alencon (33) is already a little in the
direction of ingenious embroidery, but, as i -
usually the case, the sound, safe nse of an
habitual colour-scheme which De Wint offer
us seems a little dull besides Cotman's more
inspired brilliance. The latter in his luxuri-
ous use of pigment seems almost unerring
a decorator, but is rivalled in the present
show by Girtin in a masterly Rue St. Denis,
Paris (43), in which the feu tones tranquilly
and gravely laid upon the paper do their
work with a perfect discretion given to few
artists in this much-abused medium.
Turner is reported to have said that, had
Tom Girtin lived, lie himself would have
starved, but we fear he flattered his public ii
he imagined they would ever have preferred
the solemnity of the ' Rue St. Denis ' to the
more obvious attractiveness of his own
later style. Warwick Castle ( 158) isoneof the
pictures which seem "out " bo please byanj
and every device available. It overdoes it-
programme. The Colossi inn. llnuii (ltil
escapes a similar over- la \ ish attractiveness ol
multitudinous episode by the decent mono-
tony imposed by so large a mass of perpen-
dicular forms almost filling the paper.
Storm (163) is a beautiful little design in
which for once the intrinsic beautj ol a
few simple element ! set dOW n H ithoill
irrelet ant parade of the art i t e endless > \<-\ er-
Qi Callow's &*. Rhumbold, MaUnes(56), >
an iiiilmii of brillianth drawn detail, saved
iron, mere show ineaa i>> a « nam primi
in the colour. It compari blj
w ni, bui Ii a t.\ pica! Bonington ae No. I Tu.
77,, /ii„/i b Palace, \\ I it Ii di plays hi imual
nalof i rii '• • and h< >w to perfecl ion li"\\
an art n aj I"- facile, j el not ponta
The demons! ral ion ■ ■ "
r, iterated b\ hi« follow ei ever since.
322
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT SOCIETY.
The presence of Mr. Walter Sickerb's
beautiful little painting The New Home (103)
raises comparisons too exacting for most
of the pictures by which it is surrounded.
Solid yet mysterious in paint, homely yet
poetic in characterization, it is in its way a
minor masterpiece, and one of the best
pictures Mr. Sickert has shown. The girl is
very real to us, but her objective reality is
not, as with most of the persons who stare
at us from the wall, insisted on at the ex-
pense of the subtlety which gives life and
significance to her presence. Mr. Orpen is
one of the worst sinners in his pitilessly
circumstantial Leonard Stokes (53). We
cannot really suspect Mr. Orpen of leaning
on such aid, but it is difficult to shake off
the impression that this portrait has been
painted on top of an enlarged photograph, so
tamely methodical is the elaboration of each
passage of modelling, so innocent of any large
comparisons of the various ways in which
different substances take the light. Even
Mr. Connard's hasty sketch of Mrs. William
Murray in Fancy Dress (56) has, by its
painter-like attention to this problem, some
suggestion of the depth and infinity of nature.
Mr. Orpen's second portrait, The Countess
Crawford (77), shows his usual careful, delicate
execution in the painting of still life, but as a
design is weak. The detail is pushed to a
very small unit of form for so extensive an
angle of vision, and the square lines of the
room are the only large shapes on which
these details are arranged. They might have
sufficed had the treatment of the figure, and
above all of the head, been brought into some
sort of rhythmic relation to them. This,
however, has not been attempted. The
statuette in the shadow against the window
has been treated with far more sense of its
adaptability. Yet, surely, in the infinite
subtleties of light or a living head, in the
play of silhouette of a moving figure, there
was a richer mine to draw upon. To see
surrounding solids and voids as reacting upon
the forms of a sitter and emphasizing their
impressiveness is obviously the basis of
design in portraiture, and one of the devices
which separate it from photography.
Mr. McEvoy's W. A. Jowitt, Esq. (75),
has the same lack of plastic unity, though
here it is rather in the figure itself. The
sitter is placed so that his hand is nearer
us and better lighted than the head, and
Mr. McEvoy has painted the former very
ably, and duly noted that even the strongest
lights in the head were lower in tone.
But instead of noting also the lessening
degree of complexity with which the light
reveals forms as they retire into obscurity,
he has begun afresh, on the basis of his lower-
toned high light, to model a head just as
fully as the hand, and without further
reference to it, so that instead of a head
more bathed in shadow than the hand, we
have a head showing itself in just the same
way, but in dirtier paint, i.e., with narrower
intervals between tone and tone. If, how-
ever, he seems thus to lack the science for
such full realism as is here essayed, we have
nothing but admiration for those delicate
and distinguished ghosts in water-colour
monochrome, Alice Gardner (104) and
Study for Portrait of Mademoiselle Pauline
Zavier (101), in which the finely consistent,
yet slight suggestion of solidity demon-
strates that it is not copiousness of statement
which necessarily makes for reality.
It is only occasionally, when he is doing
a portrait, that Mr. Augustus John (the
newly elected President of the Society) falls
into that error. His head of William
Nicholson, Esq. (170), is shrewdly cha-
racterized, yet the picture is pushed to a
degree of realism beyond what is needed
for emphasis of character, and we feel it
to be diffuse compared with his slighter
Portrait (63), the sensuous colour-scheme of
which, in itself almost cloyingly sweet, is
admirably in character with the sitter.
Whistler's hitherto unexhibited Robert Barr
(66) will not add to his reputation, and we
are inclined to prefer the delicate Portrait
of a Girl (70), naively presented by Miss
Winifred Howe. In a simple fashion there
is beauty or prettiness, in the better sense of
the word, in La Poudresse (188), by F. C.
Frieseke, and Miss Ruth Hunt (48), by Mr.
G. Sauter. Mr. William Strang's clear,
decisive statements (80-82) suffer from a
disproportionate stress on the coldness of
all the half-tones of flesh, and insistence on
a flash even across the red of a cheek. Mr.
Somerville's Gipsy (83), over-slippery as it is,
gains by its prudent tendency to reduce
local colour to a minimum.
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. J. D. Fergusson's large canvas
Les Eus (20) in his exhibition at the Dore
Gallery, makes a pleasant splash of colour
against the dark - green wall, but hardly
bears examination. In his vague deter-
mination somehow to simplify his figures he
makes them boneless, and although very
solid, they are not, as form, in relation to
the ground which should support them, nor,
as colour, are their surfaces — so varied in
hue — answerable to any consistent scheme,
however imaginative, of lighting. They
thus have rather the air of stained bladders,
particularly about the lower limbs. No. 13,
Pastel Head, is a clever drawing. In The
Lady with a. Fan (11) the colours are chosen,
if not placed, expressively ; and there is
cleverness of design in the Cafe d'Harcourt (9)
and Red and Blue and Green (24). On the
whole, the painting tends to vulgarity, com-
pared with the artist's early work, and we
think that a milieu in which criticism, if
narrower, was also more severe than that
obtaining in the Paris of to-day would be
more favourable to his talent. The difficulty
nowadays is to find such surroundings.
The tenth annual Exhibition of Original
Colour Etchings in the adjoining gallery is
of the popular order, aiming at providing
something very like a painting, but at a
cheaper price. Only in M. Henri Meunier's
River in Shadow (47) and M. Maurice
Taquoy's Hunting Scenes (62-6) do we see
some sense of the legitimate use of the
material.
At the Diirer Gallery Mr. Mul ready
Stone's etchings have almost all, if not all,
been previously shown, most of them too
recently to call for fresh notice.
The Art Galleries Committee of Glasgow
have prevailed on the Glasgow Corporation
to offer a prize of 400 guineas for a painting
representing some incident, or embodying the
spirit of some epoch, in Scottish history, as
part of the proposed commemoration of
Bannockburn on the forthcoming 600th
anniversary.
Amongst the recent additions to the
National Gallery of Ireland are a chalk
drawing of Mrs. Norton by John Hayter ;
a sketch portrait of Balfe by Maclise ; a
water-colour drawing of the Duke of Welling-
ton by an unknown artist ; an oil portrait
of the late Sir John Gilbert by Mr. Lavery ;
an interesting portrait of the Rev. Thomas
Leland which suggests the hand of North-
cote ; and a portrait of Swift by Rupert
Barker, which has never been reproduced,
though it is mentioned by Sir Waiter Scott
in his ' Life of Swift.' In the Dublin room
there are many interesting additions to the
early maps and views of Dublin and its
environs.
The sixtieth exhibition of the Water-
Colour Society of Ireland opened in Dublin
last week. Mr. Bingham MacGuinness, Mis-
Rose Barton, Mr. Orpen, and Miss Mildred
Butler are all well represented ; and amongst
the younger exhibitors who show interesting
work may be mentioned Miss A. Griffin, Miss
May Hamilton, and Miss Fraser.
An attractive exhibition of pictures of
life in the West of Ireland by Mr. Jack B.
Yeats was opened in Dublin on Monday
last. In addition to character-sketches and
subject - pictures, it includes a number of
landscapes interesting for their individuality
of handling.
For some years past the French Govern-
ment has been carrying on negotiations with
M. Rodin on the subject of his collections of
sculpture. These include, besides fine speci-
mens of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian art,
some of the best examples of M. Rodin's own
work, and he is willing to present his country
with the whole of them, the only condition
being that the museum shall remain in the
Hotel Biron. which he at present occupies.
The negotiations are at last drawing to an
end. M. Jacquier, the Secretary for Fine
Arts, is in favour of the scheme, and has
prepared a Bill dealing with it, which will
soon be introduced into the Chamber.
Those who know their Paris down to its
more recondite details will be glad to learn
that the scheme for erecting a new School
of Decorative Arts on the bank of the Seine,
close by Notre Dame, includes the removal
of the houses which now enclose Saint Julien
le Pauvre, and will leave the frontage to the
Seine open, thus giving space to view that
ancient and most interesting church to
advantage.
The foundation dates from the sixth
century, and was originally a hospice. The
church was destroyed in 886 by the Normans,
but reconstructed not long after. It was
restored in the twelfth century, and, until
the regular schools at Sainte Genevieve were
erected, it was the seat of the University.
It was for a long time the church of the
Hotel Dieu — -the city hospital — which for-
merly stood near it, and it was restored to
this use after the Revolution, during which
it had been used as a storehouse for forage.
It now belongs to the Orthodox Church.
Two wells, once within the walls of the
church, are now in the courtyard in
front of it. One of them had a reputation
as affording a cure for all ills.
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
Cathedral are appealing to the nation for
70,000Z. to be spent on the fabric only, so
as to carry out a comprehensive scheme of
repairs rendered necessary by the weaken-
ing of the superstructure, on the one hand
through disturbance of the foundations, and,
on the other, through the pressure of the
weight of the dome. They have been in-
formed that a thorough and permanent
strengthening of the superstructure must
be accomplished before the foundations
can be satisfactorily attended to, and the
work contemplated includes the insertion
of new stone, cement grouting, and the
removal of the iron used by Sir Christopher
Wren, which has proved a source of much
injury to the masonry. The question of the
foundations is at least so far clear : all the
experts who have examined them agree
that no work undertaken on the fabric will
No. 4:*>0.->, Fkh. i>S, 1014
THE ATHENAEUM
323
ensure its safety if any tunnelling is allowed
in the neighbourhood.
I ontributiona to the St. Paul's Cathedral
Preservation Final may be sent to the
Receiver, the Chapter Bouse, St. Paul's
Churchyard, E.C.
THE meeting of the London County Council
en Tuesday last, at which the coat and crest
submitted by the General Purposes Com-
mittee were provisionally accepted, was
not without its dissentients. We should
have expected more criticism of the motto,
founded on. though hardly " taken from,"
a passage in Tacitus. ' Annals.' xiv. 33.
But perhaps, after the achievements of
St. Pancras in Latin, anything thai can be
construed is considered bright and attractive.
The liveliest objection was to "flummery '
— one bound to arise; the most cogent, the
consideration that the L.C.C. is only a tem-
porary body, that a reorganization of govern-
ment was to be hoped for, when the arms of
the City might be made available for the
directors of the whole area of London.
The amendment to refer back the recom-
mendation of the General Purposes Com-
mittee to apply for a grant of arms was,
however, defeated, and the recommendation
confirmed, subject to the condition that the
design for the coat be submitted to the
Council after the application.
From the ' Annual Progress Report ' for
the year ending March 31st, 1913, drawn up at
Allahabad by the Superintendent of Muham-
madan and British Monuments, we learn
that the earth ramps which formerly hid the
platforms of Akbar's tomb at Agra have
now been removed, and the platforms ex-
posed to their full original length, with the
result that the tomb has regained its former
stateliness. A brass hanging lamp and two
hand-lamps of Mughal pattern, made by
the Jaipur School of Art, have been provided
for the mausoleum.
We learn from the same source that
improvements are being made in the gardens
surrounding the Taj Mahal. A number of
variegated palms, which have been found to
straggle too untidily, have been exchanged
for more compact plants, and cypress trees
have been planted along the causeways
which rim east and west from the mausoleum.
.Mlssrs. Macmillax <fc Co. hope to pub-
lish during the coming autumn a new and
eidarged edition of Profs. Tsountas and
Manatt's well-known volume on 'The My-
cenaean Age," which needs bringing up to
date, especially in regard to the discoveries
in Crete.
Prof. Manatt visited Athens last year,
and with his colleague made arrangements
for the new edition. Prof. Tsountas will
contribute a new chapter on pre-Mycenaean
A] haeology, while Dr. George Karo, Director
of the German Institute at Athens, will con-
tribute a substantial chapter on Crete. Any
olar who has noted errata in the original
text is invited to communicate with Prof.
Manatt at Brown University, Providence.
Rhode Island, U.S.
Just as we go to press, we hear of the
death on Wednesday 1 I St of Sir John Tenniel,
the famous cartoonist and illustrator, at the
great age of ninety-three.
PICTURE SALE.
IfBBBBS. ChBISTXS Sold on Friday, Die 20th
in-!., tin- following picturea : \. Palamedee, Por-
trait "f a Gentleman, in black drees, with white
lai<- collar- ami cuff-,, seated at a tabic- writing
(on panel), 2417. 10«. Reynolds, Mrs. Keek, in
white dress, embroidered with small sprigs of
dowers, holding a basket containing Bowers and a
squirrel, 819/. 10«.
ittusiral (5ossip.
Tin: performance of ' Die Walkiire ' at
Covent Garden on the 18th inst. was
interesting. There were good artists, though
they did not seem well suited to the parts
assigned to them. Fran Riische-Kndorf
neither in bearing nor in voice gave one the
idea of Wot an* brave Valkyrie. Then even
Frau Eva von der Osten, who was so great
as Isolde, was not convincing as Sieglindo ;
moreover, her voice seemed tired. Herren
Paul Bender (Wotan) and Urlus (Siegmund)
were both excellent. Herr Bodanzky con-
ducted.
In ' Die Meistersinger,' given on the 21st
inst., there was much to praise. Herr
Robert Hutt as Walther did not render full
justice to himself in the first act, and al-
though he showed improvement in the third,
there was neither sufficient romance in
his impersonation nor charm in his voice.
Singing for the first time in a house new
to him, he may have been ill at ease.
Hans Sachs was ably impersonated by Herr
Friedrich Plaschke. The only thing we
missed was the cheerful side of the poet-
cobbler's character, and this made his per-
formance a t times rather dull. Fraulein Claire
Dux, the Eva, pleasing in appearance and
manner, sang with fair success. In that
capacity she was at her best in the quintet.
The difficult part of Beckmesser was taken
by Herr Hans Erwin, and he sustained it
well. There was no tendency to exaggerate.
We noticed this particularly in small
matters, as, for instance, the moderate
marking of the faults on the slate in the first
act. The tone of his voice, however, did
not sufficiently represent the man's inner
feelings of jealousy and spite. Herr Kniipfer
and Herr Kiess, as Pogner and Kothner, were
impressive. The choral singing in the
street riot was very good. Mr. Albert
Coates again proved himself a Wagner
conductor of high ability ; and while attend-
ing to the orchestra, he did not forget the
singers.
Madame Ilona K. Durigo, who gave
her first recital in London at Bechstein
Hall last Tuesday afternoon, has a rich
contralto voice, and interprets music of
various schools with fine intelligence. Her
programme included some seventeenth-cen-
tury Italian songs and Paisiello's merry
' La Zingarella.' A Schubert group of
Lieder were rendered with exquisite taste.
There was, however, a certain lack of ease
and spontaneity, which may have been
due to some passing cause, possibly anxiety.
Dr. Kasics Durigo was at the piano.
Mr. Leonard Borwick gave his fourth
pianoforte recital at the yEolian Hall last
Wednesday afternoon. His performance of
Brahms's Sonata in f minor, Op. 5, especi-
ally of tho poetical Andante and Inter-
mezzo, was excellent. This was followed
by his transcriptions of Debussy's ' L'Apres-
midi dun Faune' and the Nocturne entitled
' Fetes.' Without orchestral colour, which
plays .so prominent a part in these pieces,
much of their charm is lost . We can, how ever,
recognize the skill of the transcriptions, and
the finished rendering given of them by the
pianist. His recital ended with a Chopin
group, some numbers of which, notably the
beautiful Prelude, Op. 4.1, are seldom heard.
The Polonaise in a was given with unwonted
vigour.
Tin: concert of the Royal Philharmonic
Society at Queen', Hall on the I!tth m-t.
opened with Beethoven's 'Egmonl Over-
ture, and tin- was followed by Dr. St ran
■ Bin Keldenleben,' an interesting and in-
structive juxtaposition. Beethoven, though
conscious of his strength, kept within bounds.
Strauss in the " battle " episode kicks over
the traces. Intemperate sound may be
Forgiven in a gifted composer, but in this
instance it is realism run mad : mere noise,
not music. Herr Mengelberg, who obtained
fine performances of both works, did not
try to temper the passage to the ears
of those present. This, by the way, w as
the first time the work had been given at
these concerts. .Mention has already been
made- of the thematic material and poetic
basis of Sir Charles V. Stanford's Irish
Rhapsody No. 4, the novelty of the evening.
The first theme, quiet and quaint, is pre-
sented with delicate orchestration, which
well depicts tho " wistfully in the morning "
of the Petrie title. Rhythmic strength and
stateliness are the characteristic features
of the second and third themes respectively .
which are developed with skill and judgment ;
but the closing portion of the Rhapsody
seems, at first hearing, less impressive than
what preceded. Mr. Leonard Borwick gave a
sound performance of Schumann's Concerto.
He is one of the few pianists whoso reading
recalls that of Madame Schumann, under
whom he studied.
The Societe des Concerts Erancais, faithful
to its scheme, devoted a whole programme of
its concert at Steinway Hall on the 16th inst.
to the works of M. Elorent Schmitt, a rising
French composer who is attracting much
attention in his own country. His Quintet
for pianoforte and strings formed the main
feature of the programme. The earnestness
of the composer appears to have led him to
undue length. Some thematic material
may bear long treatment, but in view
of the character of M. Schmitt's music, in
which there seem unnecessary repetitions,
it would be difficult to plead that by way
of excuse. His work, however, is highly
interesting. The themes are not, like some
modern ones, scrappy ; in fact, the music
shows skill and strong poetical feeling. It-
was admirably rendered, except that the
pianoforte part, of which the composer had
charge, was occasionally rather too
prominent. M. Schmitt was ably supported
by the Parisian Quartet.
Madame Hilda Roosevelt, who has a sym-
pathetic, well-trained voice, sang with fine
effect various songs, with the composer al
the piano. Some are pec uliar and need
more than one hearing. 'O triste etait
mon ame,' however, at once made a strong
appeal.
The last of the series of Bach concerts was
held in Westminster Cathedral Hall on Tues-
day, and the chief item in the; programme
was the Magnificat in d, which was well sung.
The Concerto in e for piano and strings went
excellently, although Mr. Claude Biggs
showed occasionally a tendenc}^ to excessive
freedom in his time. During the interval
Dr. Terry made a speech, in which he
expressed the hope that the concerts would
be continued. He well deserves to receive
all the support which is needed.
Hkrk Arnold Sciionukiu; is said to l>,
engaged on a lyric drama, based on Balza
' Beraphita.'
Hi -.
I -
M..s -
H
PERFORMANCE NEXT WKI.K
Concert. :i :io, Royal Alln-rt Hall.
Hiimlay c„ii. .it hoi li-i>. I 10 UuMD'i Hall
li.ll ...i Oooi art, 7, V" • " " "»ll.
H.r Royal "pan, ' oral Qajdtu
Ada 81 John Wmrlii . l»ri h.-nil (
l\ Knar. Hall
OK. A.iiHi .l..|ni Wrlal rlir.tral Imar
— Albart epaJdiof'a vlollo Kadi .Hall
- London Trio - 0 Boll ui H
Ti 1 -
« M.
Tin i".
H.i
Bruawli Quartal I IS, Bachttaln Hall
1 laaali al i 001 • n 1 - Hall
larllDf M»' kmUy > rtong xacll • l<- Tliaatra.
Air Art Bo. 1. 11 - I ill in Hall.
Plunk.! Qrtona'a Hong Rrclu ' llan Hall.
Newell'i Vooal H. I in Hall.
Cbappall't Kill. I Coni. I ra • Hall
Benno Molaclwltarli'a Pianoforte Re<-IUI. 3.11. BacbaUlu Hall
324
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1914
DRAMA
Our Irish Theatre. By Lady Gregory.
(Putnam, 5/ net.)
Lady Gregory's book may be divided
into two distinct parts. The first is his-
torical, the second is the tale of victories
won over persons who saw in the Irish
plays only insults and injuries to National-
ist Ireland or, as the case might be, to
Dublin Castle.
The Irish Theatre originated for all
practical purposes in a conversation be-
tween Lady Gregory and Mr. W. B. Yeats
in 1898, and in the May of the following
year ' The Countess Cathleen,' by the
latter, and ' The Heather Field,' by Mr.
Edward Martyn, were performed. The
appropriate repertory at the time was
extremely limited ; Lady Gregory herself
contributed nothing to it until 1903. For
some years, it would appear, literary
Ireland was by no means unanimous as
to the meaning of a National Theatre.
Mr. W. B. Yeats and John Eglinton, in
1899, attempted to fight out in the columns
of The Dublin Daily Express a solution
to the question " What should be the
subjects of national drama ? " During
the first years the few plays that were
performed were almost exclusively the
work of a small circle of friends : Mr.
Yeats, A. E., Mr. George Moore, Mr.
Martyn, Dr. Douglas Hyde, and, a little
later, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge.
Even so, Dr. Hyde, the President of the
Gaelic League, had written his plays in
that language on themes supplied by
Mr. W. B. Yeats, and they had to be trans-
lated into English by Lady Gregory.
But " An Craoibhin," by his participation
in the work of the Irish Theatre, secured
for it the active support of the Gaelic
League. Lately the Theatre has gone
outside Gaelic for its translations. There
were, of course, Lady Gregory's renderings
of Moliere into the Kiltartan dialect ; but
there have also been performed plays
by Sudermann, Strindberg, and Rabin -
dranath Tagore which London has not
yet seen.
The pioneers soon found their
reward in the appearance of a group of
young dramatists whom their example
had fired. It is by this virtual creation
of a school, producing good work, upon
soil which had hitherto shown all the
signs of sterility, that the Irish Theatre
has succeeded in promoting a new lite-
rary influence that promises to be per-
manent.
Lady Gregory draws a picture of Synge
that will commend her book to his
still increasing host of admirers. There
are several stories of him. There could
be a sharp edge to his wit, as when he
said that a certain actress (not Mrs.
Campbell), whose modern methods he
disliked, had turned Yeats's ' Deirdre '
into ' The Second Mrs. Conchubar.' He
and Lady Gregory first met on one of
the Aran Islands, where each was study-
ing the islanders and resented the other's
presence. We hear, too, of the efforts
Synge had to make to induce any pub-
lisher to take his book on those
islands. For four years it hung fire,
and only appeared in 1907.
The chapters which relate the opposi-
tion to the Theatre would be really
funny if they did not bear evidence of
such painful stupidity. The discourage-
ment— not amounting to prohibition — -
of ' The Rising of the Moon ' by Dublin
Castle, on the ground that the play "was
derogatory to His Majesty's forces,"
might be forgiven as a mere piece of
official silliness ; but the Irish-American
campaign of 1911-12 against ' The Play-
boy of the Western World,' with the
virtual arrest of the whole company of
actors in Philadelphia on account of the
alleged indecency of the play, empha-
sizes the text on which Lady Gregory
and Mr. Shaw are continually preaching.
The sentimental and lachrymose Irish-
man, both of fiction and of fact, is no
ornament to his race, and only his in-
veterate belief in his heaven-sent origin
prevents him from giving way to his
more practical self. Not the least im-
portant object of an Irish Theatre is to
make the sentimentalist uncomfortable.
It is because Synge succeeded so notably
in achieving this end that Irish America
foamed at the mouth.
' Our Irish Theatre ' is written in a
charming style and abounds in interest-
ing reminiscences of the most definite
literary movement of our time.
Bramattr (gossip.
A clever and creditable production of
the ' Acharnians ' of Aristophanes was
given last week in the New Theatre, Oxford,
by the O.U.D.S. Amid somewhat un-
inspiring scenery, though attractive decora-
tion, the acting was uniformly good; and
Mr. D. W. Llewelyn Jones was especially
successful in the exacting part of Dicaeopolis,
the excitable and resourceful farmer. The
Euripides of Mr. E. F. Jacob, the Lamachus
of Mr. W. G. K. Boswell, and the Megarian
of Mr. E. O. Coote were also good. The
appearance of the small pig-daughters of the
last character was alluring, but as pigs
they were somewhat diffident. The Chorus,
with Mr. A. G. R. Garrod as Coryphaeus,
sang well, but their ineffective movements,
possibly due to lack of space, were the weak
point in the production. Individual members
were spirited, but the effect as a whole was
untidy and irritating. The orchestra, under
Dr. Allen and Mr. A. C. Boult, entered tho-
roughly into the spirit of Sir Hubert Parry's
humorous music, specially written for this
production, and consisting of a delightful
potpourri of various popular tunes. The
composer himself conducted part of the
performances on Saturday. The producer,
Mr. Cyril Bailey, is to be congratulated
on his successful achievement.
All London may well go to pay a
measure of homage to the spirit of Comedy
in the person of Miss Marie Tempest in the
revival of ' The Marriage of Kitty ' at the
Playhouse. Linked with her name, this
play (which was first noticed in our issue for
August 23rd, 1902, and is an anglicized
version of the French farce' La Passerelle')
maintains its success. Its chief merit is
that it provides Miss Tempest with an oppor-
tunity in which she can display to the full
that product which is neither beauty nor
wit, but which borrows something of both,
and is more potent than either. Not only
is her own performance brilliantly effective,
she is also surrounded by a capital cast :
Sir Reginald Belsize, played by Mr. Graham
Browne, is the most comically vacillating
hero of farce ; the fair Peruvian, whose
hysterics still excite much mirth, is imper-
sonated by Miss Hilda Moore, handsome and
forceful ; and Mr. Ben Webster as the lawyer
whose marriage scheme sets the ball rolling
is entirely successful.
At the Criterion Theatre on Monday even-
ing a comedy in three acts, entitled ' A
Pair of Silk Stockings,' was produced by
Mr. Allan Aynesworth, who also acted a
leading part with some skill. Mr. Cyril
Harcourt, the author, is fortunate in the
interpretation of his work. With a less
talented cast the play, we imagine, would
be a very dull affair. Even as it is, it
requires all the versatility of Miss Lottie
Venne, well backed up by Miss Ellen
O'Malley and Mr. Sam Sothern, to keep the
first act going, while the second will for
most people owe its interest to the fast that
it is a bedroom scene. The third act is
decidedly the best ; the denouement comes
naturally, led up to by some amusing
dialogue, and leaves us with a pleasant
impression of the play.
The curtain-raiser, a one-act play by Capt.
Harry Graham, was a gruesome little piece,
of which the actors never seemed to get a
grip. This was not altogether surprising,
as, during the half-hour it took, the
audience were strolling in to take their
seats.
Next Friday Canon Hannay (George A.
Birmingham) is to deliver a lecture at the
Royal Institution on ' The Stage Irishman.'
The Prussian Minister of the Interior has
forbidden the performance of a new drama by
Fritz von Unruh, entitled ' Louis Ferdinand,
Prinz von Preussen,' which was to have
been performed at the Deutsches Theater in
Berlin, and in the Schauspielhaus at Frank-
fort. The subject is the collapse of Prussia
in 1806. The reason for the prohibition lies
in the regulation that no play which brings
a Hohenzollern upon the stage may be
performed without special permission from
the reigning emperor.
Last Saturday the Little English Theatre
at Paris — which is to be conducted on the
same lines as the Little French Theatre in
London — was inaugurated by a performance
of ' The Merchant of Venice.' Mr. Michael
Sherbrooke's Shylock furnished the most
impressive acting, though the rendering as
a whole, if not brilliant, was intelligent and
satisfactory. The audience was about
equally French and English.
The successor to ' The Darling of the
Gods ' at His Majesty\s wall be a new play
by Mr. Bernard Shaw, called ' Pygmalion,'
which was produced last November in
Berlin. The piece, which is in five acts, is
quite modern, and concerns the transforma-
tion of a Drury Lane orange - girl into a
fashionable member of Society. Sir Herbert
Tree and Mrs. Patrick Campbell will play
the principal parts.
The Authors' Producing Society have
decided to give an additional performance
of Brieux's ' Les Avaries ' at the Little
Theatre on Sunday evening, March 1st.
To Correspondents. — S. C. — H. J. M. — W. H. H —
C. A.C.-A S H.— Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
TFor Index to Advertisers see p. 327.]
No. 4505, Feb. 28, 1014
THE ATHEN^UM
82;
FROM J. M. DENT & SONS' LIST
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THE ATHEN^UM
.\To.
4505, Feb. 28, 1914
From its foundation in 1849,
NOTES AND QUERIES
Has devoted much space to the tracing of familiar or half-remembered lines
of Poetry, and during its existence of more than Sixty Years it has been the
means of identifying the writers of some thousands of such lines.
In the TENTH SERIES (complete in Twelve Volumes, January, 1904,
to December, 1909, price 10s. 6d. each Volume with Index ; General Index to the
Twelve Volumes, 10s. 6d.) will be found Articles discussing, and in the great
majority of cases tracing to their author, the following
QUOTATIONS.
A pagan suckled in a creed outworn
A rose-red city half as old as Time
A woman, a spaniel, and a walnut tree
An Austrian army awfully arrayed
An open foe may prove a curse
And the dawn comes up like thunder
As if some lesser God had made the world
Attain the unattainable
Behold this ruin ! 'twas a skull
Better an old man's darling
Black is the raven, black is the rook
Born of butchers, but of bishops bred
Build a bridge of gold
But for the grace of God there goes John
Bradford
But when shall we lay the ghost of the
brute ?
Could a man be secure
Do the work that 's nearest
Dutton slew Dutton
Ego sum Rex Romanus et supra gram-
maticam
Equal to either fate
Even the gods cannot alter the past
Fair Eve knelt close to the guarded gate
Fighting like devils for conciliation
From what small causes great events do
spring
Genius is a promontory jutting out into
the infinite
God called up from dreams
Great fleas have little fleas
Habacuc est capable de tout
He who knows not, and knows that he
knows not
Hempseed I sow
I counted two-and-seventy stenches
I shall pass through this world but once
Idols of the market-place
If lusty love should go in search of beauty
In marriage are two happy things allowed
In matters of commerce the fault of the
Dutch
Is he gone to a land of no laughter ?
La vie est vaine
L'amour est l'histoire de la vie des femmes
Les beaux esprits se rencontrent
Love in phantastick triumph sat
Mr. Pillblister and Betsy his sister
Mon verre n'est pas grand, mais je bois
dans mon verre
Music of the spheres
Needles and pins, needles and pins
Nor think the doom of man reversed for
thee
0 for a booke and a shadie nooke !
Oh tell me whence Love cometh
On entre, on crie
Pay all their debts- with the roll of his drum
Pearls cannot equal the whiteness of his
teeth
Pitt had a great future behind him
Plus je connais les hommes
Popery, tyranny, and wooden shoes
Praises let Britons sing
Prefaces to books are like signs to public-
houses
Quam nihil ad genium
Quoth William Penn to Martyr Charles
Still like the hindmost chariot wheel is
cursed
Swayed by every wind that blows
The East bowed low before the blast
The farmers of Aylesbury gathered to dine
The hand that rocks the cradle
The heart two chambers hath
The King of France and forty thousand
men
The toad beneath the harrow knows
The virtue lies in the struggle
The world 's a bubble
There are only two secrets a man cannot
keep
There is a lady sweet and kind
There is a sweetness in autumnal days
There is on earth a yet auguster thing
There is so much good in the worst of us
These are the Britons, a barbarous race
They say that war is hell, a thing accurst
This too shall pass away
Though lost to sight, to memory dear
Tire le rideau, la farce est jouee
To see the children sporting on the shore
Two men look out through the same bars
Two shall be born a whole wide world
apart
Upon the hills of Breedon
Vivit post f unera virtus
Walking in style by the banks of the Nile
Warm summer sun, shine friendly here
What dire offence from am'rous causes
springs !
Wherever God erects a house of pra}Ter
With equal good nature, good grace, and
good looks
Write me as one who loves his fellow-
men
Ye shepherds, tell me ! Have you seen
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NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (February 28) CONTAINS—
NOTES : — ' Widsith ' — John Wilkes and the ■ Essay on Woman ' — Statues and Memorials in the British
Isles — ' King Lear ' : " Clamour moisten'd " — " Niggerality " — " Rome was not built in a day " —
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vatory, Greenwich. Author of ' Remarkable Comets.' ' Remarkable
Eclipses,' ' Astronomy for the Young,' &c.
" It is one of the comparatively few manuals likely to be of use to
the many readers who from time to time tell us they are just
beginning to study astronomy, and want a comprehensible digest of
the latest facts."— English Mechanic, February 4. 1M10.
"The book contains a summary of rare and accurate information
that it would be difficult to find elsewhere."
Obseroatorv. February, 1910.
London :
SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS. Limited, 15, Paternoster Row.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
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Authors' Agents j»7
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Situations wanted s»7
timi.s book ou b
Tii'e-Wkiters, Ac
H W(l) A Lo< K 881
328
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SATURDAY, MARCH 7, 1914.
rpicK
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Lecture I. Persona — The Mask.
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R
O Y A L ACADEMY,
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YMM GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
APPOINTMENT OF HEAD MASTER
The Governors of the Lymm Grammar School, in the County of
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School. The gentleman to be appointed must be a Graduate of a
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T. J. RIDGWAY. Hon. Clerk to the Governors.
Wildersmoor. Lymm, Cheshire.
March 5, 1914.
c
0 U N T Y
0 F
LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the position of
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LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
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March 2, 1914.
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AUSTIN KEEN. Education Secretary.
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COUNTY BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND.
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THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
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Scales bit Ruction.
Fine Engravings, being the First Portion of the Famous
Collection of the late EDWARD J. REISS, Esq.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street. Strand. W.C on MONDAY. March 9, and Following Day at
7 o'clock precisely. FINE ENGRAVINGS, being the FIRST POR-
TION of the FAMOUS COLLECTION of the late EDWARD J.
REI8S Esq.. of 36, Cadogan Square, 8.W. Isold by order of the
Executors), comprising a splendid series of Engravings in Line by
famous Engravers of the French School - together with Mezzotints
and Engravings in Line by Mastersof th» English School -Engravings
and Woodcuts by Engravers of the Dutch and German Schools, &c.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated copies, con-
taining four plates, price 2s. ed. each.
Books and Manuscripts.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House. No. 13. Wellington
Street Strand W.C, on MONDAY, March 9, and Two Following
Davrkt 1 o'clock precisely, BOOKS and MANUSCRIPTS, comprising
Book's collected bv the late JOHN R. CLAYTON, Esq. the Property
of the late A. R. MALDEN, Esq., The Close, Salisbury, the Property
of a LADY, and other Properties.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
M
Modem Etchings, Engravings, ani Lithographs.
ESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13. Wellington
Street Strand, W.C. on THURSDAY, March 12, and Following Day.
at 1 o'clock precisely. MODERN ETCHINGS, ENGRAVINGS, and
LITHOGRAPHS, including Engravings and Etchings from the
COLLECTION of the late EDWARD J. REI8S, Esq.. of 36, Cadogan
Sfinare 8 W. (sold by order of the Executors) ; from the COL-
LECTION of the late A. B. STEWART, Esq., of Rawcliffe, Glasgow
(sold by order of his widows Executor); from the COLLECTION
of the late WALTER BKHRENS, Esq. of The Acorns, Fallowfield,
Manchester (sold by order of the Executors); and _the Property of
G F HILL Esq. of the British Museum, comprising ETCHINGS
and ENGRAVINGS by Modern Masters of the English and Con-
tinental Schools.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
Copies, containing 4 Plates, price Is. each.
M
Old Chinese Carpets and Rugs.
ESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street Strand W C. on FRIDAY. March 13, at 1 o'clock precisely,
a valuable COLLECTION of OLD CHINESE CARPETS and RUGS,
mostly of the Ch'ien Lung Period (1736-1795).
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies, containing 7 plates, price 2s. each.
Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY. March 11, and Two Following Days, at 1 o'clock,
VALUABLE BOOKS, including the LIBRARY of a GENTLEMAN
lately residing in Amoy, comprising Siebold and Zuccarini's Flora
Japonica, 2 vols., Audsley's Ornamental Arts of Japan, 2 vols.,
AnderBou's Catalogue of Chinese Drawings, and other Books relating
to China and Japan— Old Chinese Paintings and Japanese Colour-
Prints— Hunter's Picturesque Scenery of Mysore, and other Books
relating to India, some with Coloured Plates— Adair's North American
Indians— Original Sketches of South African Natives by Samuel
Daniell — Lilford's Coloured Figures of British Birds, 7 vols,
half-morocco — Sclater's Monograph of the Jacamars — Blaauw's
Monograph of the Cranes — Hlomeneld's Norfolk, 11 vols —Books on
Ireland— Combe's Dance of Death, with Rowlandson's Plates, 2 vols.
—Library Edition of Thackeray, 22 vols.— The Bankers' Magazine,
89 vols., 1845-1911.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Miscellaneous Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, March 18, and Following Day. at 1 o'clock, MISCEL-
LANEOOS BOOKS, including the LIBRARY of the late H. G.
DAKYNS. M.A. (removed from Upper Wimpole Street, W.), com-
prising Sets of the Journal of Hellenic Studies and the British School
at Athens— Modern Classical Texts and Standard Historical Works—
Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, 2 vols —Illustrations to Wilson and
Bonaparte's American Ornithology, by Brown. 1835; also BOOKS
from the LIBRARY of the late VISCOUNT KNUT8FORD
(removed from 75, Eaton Square, 8.W.), and other Properties.
Catalogues on application.
The Library of the late J. H. JACOBY, Esq. {removed from
32, The Rupewalk, Nottingham), by Order of the Trustees.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms. 115, Chancery Lane. W.C, on
THURSDAY, March 26 the above LIBRARY, comprising Incu-
nabula and other Early Printed Books from German, Italian, and
French Presses— Early Books with Woodcuts and Engravings— Rare
Books in English and Foreign Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century
Literature, many in contemporary calf or morocco bindings— Topo-
graphical Works— First Editions of Dickens, Ainsworth, Thackeray,
and others— Sporting Books and Books of Travel, &c.
Catalogues are preparing.
Rare and Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms. 115, Chancery Lane, W.C. on
FRIDAY, March 27. RARE AND VALUABLE BOOKS, comprising
Hasted's History of Kent. 4 vols. — Brookshaw's Pomona Britannica—
Abbott and Smith's Lepidoptera of Georgia, 2 vols, morocco— Row-
landson's Loyal Volunteers— The Present State of New-England with
respect to the Indian War, with the Continuation. 1675-6 -Rare
Books and Pamphlets on Trade and America — Interesting and
Curious Black-Letter Books— Chaucer's Works, 1561 -Ben Jonson's
Works, with the Portrait, 2 vols., 1640— SncklingVFragmenta Aurea,
1648, and Sir Thomas Overhury : his Wife. 1616, both with the Portraits-
Goldsmith's The Traveller, First Edition, 1765, and other rare
Volumes of Poems— The Poetical Magazine, 4 vols., &c.
Catalogues are preparing.
Engravings, including the Property of the late Rev. GEORGE
DRURY, of Claydon (sold by order of the Executors).
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square. W.C, on FRIDAY,
March 13, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, ENGRAVINGS,
comprising Fancy Subjects of the Early English and French Schools
— Portraits in Mezzotint, Line, and Stipple, including Gen. Wolfe, by
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No. 4506, March 7, 1914
THE ATHEN/EU M
333
SATURDAY, MARCH 7, 1914.
CONTENTS. pace
■Mexico am> BRa/u. (Modem Mexico; Forty Years
In Brail) - •• 333
Wai r Whitman, a Critical Stipy 334
Vagabond's Wo 335
Or. BTOPBS'S 1'okms 335
With the Russians in Mongolia 335
Cavoi'R and the MAKING OF Modern Italy .. 336
THE UaMITONSIURE EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION .. 337
The Threshold of Religion 337
The Campaign ok Li ao-Ya.ng 338
Extra-Biiu.ical Sources for Hebrew and Jewish
History - 338
Maritime Enterprise 339
Eiction-Once upon a Time 3S9
Books Published this week (English, 340 ;
Foreign, 343) 340-343
'Dictionary or Madame de Si'.vignk '; The late
Canon Driver; James Hamilton Wylie; An
Authors' Onion; a Lease for 999 Years
Expired 343—345
Literary Gossip 345
Scmtca— A List of the Birds of Australia ;
The Morisonian Herbarium at Oxford ;
Societies; Meetings Next Week; Gossip 346—347
Fine Arts— Athens and its Monuments; Exhi-
bitions; Chelsea Artists at Bradford; Pic-
tures ; Engravings ; Gossip 348-349
Music— Gossip; Performances Next Week 349—350
Oram i— Marlowe's Edward II.; The Land of
Promise; Rags ; Le Keve ; Gossip .. 350-352
Index to Advertisers « .. 352
LITERATURE
MEXICO AND BRAZIL.
Is spite of many recent books there was
room for -Modem Mexico,' for it is the
result of recent observation by a writer
who has seen a good deal, and has
taken care to make himself acquainted
with the present position of that troubled
country. To critics who may be disposed
to think that he is too favourable to the
present regime, and too hostile to the
administration of the last President, he
offers some reasons why the attitude of
President Wilson has been unfortunate,
and he shows why he believes that recog-
nition of General Huerta by the United
would have led to something better
than the present unhappy state of affairs,
well aa infinitely preferable to what he
- i- yet to come.
A country which has had two Emperors
I sixty-two Presidents and Provisional
Presidents in about ninety years (while two
the Presidents were in power for some--
tiling like forty-six years) is one which
onot be judged by comparison with
ttl« d The "• prompt and
square hanging or shooting, without anj
elaborate preliminary inquiries,'' or any
•ion of justice, is the method of
eminent which finds favour with most
Mexicans ; and much of the success of
Diaz 1 iih. il to his readme*
comply with the wishes of the majority.
Mr. MacHugh has made himself
i thoroughly conversant with the peculia-
Modern Mexico. By R. J. MacHugh.
(Methueo A Co., 12s. <'>>/. oat.)
ly Y<>ir a Brazil. 1 1 . I ■'■ ok Bennett.
Illustrated. (Mills & Boon, 10*. id net.)
rities of Mexican politics. He shows how
that admirably democratic document, the
Constitution of Mexico, was treated by the
two or three strong Presidents who have
ruled the Republic. He condemns the
short-lived Madero administration, and
thinks that General Huerta was doing
something to check the more glaring evils
of Madero's rule, and would have done
more had it not been for what he terms
** the singular attitude of the Government
of the United States." He blames the
States for its " half-hearted suppression
of the traffic of arms and ammunition
carried on across the frontier " : a matter
in which, we believe, there has been change
since Mr. MacHugh wrote. That traffic
in arms is, of course, partly a matter of
business, but, as the author points out,
there is also a political object, and allusion
is made to the movement in Texas and
other border States in favour of territorial
extension. There is nothing novel in the
inspired reports which from time to time
inform the readers of American newspapers
of the wish of some of the Northern States
of Mexico to secede and join the United
States ; but Mr. MacHugh evidently feels
that, in spite of the way in which Mexicans
rebel against authority at home, they
would resent any outside interference, and
that a real prospect of foreign intervention
would have the effect of uniting all parties
to resist an invader.
President Wilson is, we are afraid, too
optimistic a person. In his message to
Congress last August he stated that
" the situation must be given a little
more time to work itself out in the new cir-
cumstances, and I believe that only a little
time will be necessary."
A good many months have passed since
the date of his message, and it would be
difficult to find any one who thinks that
things have worked themselves out in a
satisfactory fashion. There may be people
in Mexico who would welcome intervention
by the United States ; but as to diplo-
matic representation, we fancy that Mexi-
cans care little or nothing about it, and
would not be in the least disturbed if they
never saw another diplomatist from Wash-
ington. Many writers have made it clear
that the balance of opinion throughout
Latin-America inclines to suspicion of the
United States ; and through the whole of
South America there have been recent
signs of a growing dislike of the atten-
tions of the "big brother." Mexico cer-
tainly objects to the United States and
most foreigners, but at the present time,
according to the author, " English people
are popular favourites," and Mexicans
are convinced that the enterprises we
undertake have DO other object than a
fair return for capital invested. The
Bhooting of Mr. Benton hardly supports
this view.
We have already noted Mr. MacHugh 'a
condemnation of the attitude of the
1 ii i i < <l States : hut in an excellent chapter
on the foreign relations of Mexico and the
outlook for the future he returns to the
Subject, and writes that Mexico, if left to
it-elf. "will be brought to a position of
absolute anarchy, and the United States
may eventually be forced to intervene
whether it wishes to or not." Mr. Mac-
Hugh estimates that we have 80,000,000?.
invested in Mexico, and says that, as
fiance, Germany, and Spain also have
large sums in the country, it is obvious that
none of these countries can afford to stand
idly by, for an indefinite period, while
their interests are being destroyed. But
we are all hampered by the Monroe doc-
trine, and if the I'nited States continues
to cry " Hands off ! " to Europe, it is clear
that she will soon find it necessary to take-
steps to put down disorders for the con
tinuance of which she will be blamed by
Europe.
It is, therefore, well to see what Mr.
MacHugh has to say concerning the work
of the United States if she sent troops
into Mexico, especially as he has studied the
present composition of the Mexican army.
He thinks that " it is probably true to say
that a United States army of 50,000 men
could march anywhere it pleased through-
out Mexico with comparatively little
opposition." This, however, in Mexico
would not necessarily mean much. Mr.
MacHugh knows the history of the French
intervention, and he knows the dangers of
guerrilla warfare in such a country. The
French had 200,000 men in Mexico, but
they were in constant difficulties, and we
think Mr. MacHugh feels that the experi-
ence of the United States would be no
happier.
We have looked chiefly at the author's
remarks about the present troubles of
Mexico ; but those who want to read of
the resources and trade of the country
will also find valuable information in his
pages. He occasionally speaks of the
" present year," when, we think, he
means 1913. His estimate of the number
of square miles in Mexico is possibly
right, but it differs slightly from that of
other authorities. He states that the
Empress Charlotte " died in a madhouse ;
but, as we stated on February 21st, we
are under the impression that the un-
fortunate lady is still living.
Habitual dancers, no doubt, would tell
us that Brazil is the home of the "" Tango "'
most people remember that it covers a good
section of the map of South America —
still a part of the world chiefly associated
in our minds with periodic revolutions.
Of the wonderful fertility of its soil, it-
vast natural resources, its exceeding
beauty, and its remarkable development!
little is known in England. In 'Forty
Years in Brazil ' we liud marshalled
a large number of interesting facts:
historical, geographical, and concerninj
variety of the qu< b1 ions .1 traveller in
Brazil would be likely to ask. The
volume should certainly be verj useful ;
but with such varied experiences, extend
ing over many years, Mr. Bennett might
well have been more ambitious in the
treatment of bis matei iaL Bis stj le is
clear and Bimple, but we miss al times the
• |j\ ing atmosphere h<- should have been
well qualified to pnn ide.
A bare summary even of the multitude < t
topics discussed is beyond our present
:*34
THE ATHENiEU M
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
scope. We cannot refrain, however, from
mentioning an attractive description of
the different fruits for which Brazil is
famous. There is a very informing ex-
cursus on national types. We learn that
in earlier centuries the Portuguese, far
from disapproving, definitely encouraged
the intermarriage of their settlers with
some of the indigenous races of South
America.
" What [asks Mr. Bennett] would have
been the position — politically, financially,
and commercially — of Brazil at this present
time, had the Portuguese navigators come
to it full of that vigour and activity which
were their national characteristics in the
days when they first sallied forth across
unknown waters .... and found the fabulous
riches of India lying there ready for them
to seize upon V . "... It was when they were
already spoilt and enervated by the ease and
rapidity with which they had annexed the
treasures of India that the Portuguese be-
came the masters of Brazil. Here, rich and
varied as were the natural resources of the
country, they awaited development ....
their taking required time and labour. . . .
and their interest in their new possession was
consequently but languid."
There is no question of the writer's
preference for the Empire to the Republic
which succeeded it. At the same time
he is impartial in his criticism. He
exposes the waste, the illegality, and the
corruption that have been rife in the
administration. The disastrous effect on
credit of ill-considered measures, such as
the establishment of new banks with
power to issue notes without any gold
deposit to guarantee them, is lucidly
explained. Brazil, it is shown, still
suffers from ridiculously high and un-
necessary tariffs, which, by raising prices
to an inordinate height, handicap in-
dustry and prevent expansion in count-
less ways. The characteristics of the
people, however, must also be remembered
in accounting for the Republic's late
appearance in " great " commerce. Mr.
Bennett lays stress on the superior
adaptability of the German over the
British manufacturer in supplying cus-
tomers with what they want. Many will
agree with him that the " take it or leave
it " attitude of some of our own traders
has been largely responsible for the
increase of German business in various
quarters of the globe as compared with
British.
Walt Whitman : a Critical Study. By
Basil de Selincourt. (Seeker, 7<s. Qd. net.)
" Whitman is too clever to slip into a
succinct formula," as R. L. Stevenson
acutely observed. " It was his programme
to state as much as he could of the world
with all its contradictions, and leave the
upshot with God who planned it." It
consequently follows that his work, like
the world, lends itself to very different
interpretations. There is, perhaps, no
other writer of worldwide reputation
with regard to whom, nearly a century
after his birth, the critics are so widely at
variance. There are still many who deny
to Whitman the name of poet, without
making amends (like Stevenson) by
acknowledging that he is a prophet.
There are many others who could honestly
say of their first acquaintance with Whit-
man's work what Dr. Bucke said of his
first interview with Whitman himself :
that they were by it "lifted to and set
upon a higher plane of existence." Like
his contemporary Robert Browning in
our own country, Whitman possessed one
of those powerful and striking person-
alities which invoke either affection or
anger, but never mere indifference, in
those who come into close contact with
them. The critic who finds himself run-
ning into an extreme, whether of laudation
or the reverse, has always the excuse of
Mrs. Browning's Amy : "I either hate or
love him so, I can't be merely civil."
Thus Stevenson confessed, in the preface
to his ' Familiar Studies,' that he had been
forced to tone down his original essay on
Whitman, because it was conceived at first
" in the noisiest extreme of youthful
eloquence." On the other hand, we find
Swinburne describing his muse as a
drunken apple-woman rolling in the gutter.
The truth lies somewhere between these
extremes, and Mr. de Selincourt has
come near expressing it in the thoughtful
and suggestive study which he has con-
tributed to Mr. Martin Seeker's excellent
series of " Modern Monographs." In these
pages we find a happy mingling of the
judicial and the enthusiastic, which makes
Mr. de Selincourt's essay the best possible
companion for ' Leaves of Grass,' to such
as think that this wonderful and still
unique book stands in any need of ex-
planation.
It is difficult to write of Whitman with-
out enthusiasm, in spite of all that the
critic may sanely urge against a great
part of his work. We can admit the jus-
tice of Stevenson's description of him, in
certain aspects, as a mere literary bull in
a china-shop, without in the least giving
up our opinion that, in other aspects,
he touched the greatest possible success
in literature : the expression of eternal
verities in a wholly new fashion. Like
Wordsworth and Browning — with both of
whom he had much in common — he is a
conspicuous instance of the want of
faculty for self-criticism. Yet it has
never been seriously held that the exis-
tence of ' Vaudracourt and Julia ' or of
1 Pacchiarotto ' need hamper our admira-
tion for ' Tintern Abbey ' or fc Love among
the Ruins.' We can guess that Whit-
man's own reply to most of the adverse
criticism on his inferior work would have
been : " Do I make a fool of myself ?
Very well then, I make a fool of myself."
Matthew Arnold somewhere suggests that
Shakespeare would have given a very
similar answer, with a broadly tolerant
smile, to any one who met him in the
Elysian fields and reproved him for his
horrible taste in puns. A catalogue was to
Whitman much what a pun seems to have
been to Shakespeare, or what laudanum
was to De Quincey : irresistible even at the
most incongruous moment. His literary
method, also, long stood in the way of
critical acceptance of his work — though,
as Mr. de Selincourt well shows, it was
neither, as Whitman wished it to be
thought, the spontaneous outcome of an
untutored mind ; nor, as Stevenson rather
ungenerously suggested, adopted because
it was easy. Those who think that
there was no sedulous art in the
Whitmanesque scheme of verse, by the
way, may be recommended to consider
the fact that he is the only writer who
has succeeded in using it with dignity and
harmonious effect ; the general failure of
his numerous imitators is the best evidence
of the fundamental brainwork which he
put into his apparently lawless numbers.
Mr. de Selincourt's four chapters on Whit-
man's form and style sum up all that can
be said on this subject so well that we
recommend the 'interested reader to ex-
amine them for himself ; we shall not
attempt to summarize them here.
But, when everything that can fairly
be said against Whitman has been freely
admitted, we remain none the less con-
vinced of his essential greatness. It is
nearly sixty years since Emerson de-
scribed ' Leaves of Grass ' as " the most
extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom
that America has yet contributed " ; and
Whitman still remains the one truly
original serious writer that the United
States have produced in a century and a
half ; for even Poe and Hawthorne and
Emerson fall naturally into place in the
great roll of English literature, with trace-
able ancestors and analogies, whilst Whit-
man stands by himself on a pinnacle of
high collateral glory. He was, as Mr. de
Selincourt well says, " the epitome of
America."
This, in itself, is a high claim ; but still
more can be said for Whitman's work-
He was the most intensely and sanely
human of all modern writers. " He looks
like a Man," said Lincoln— no bad judge
— when the poet was introduced to him.
That is the final criticism of his work ::
" This is no book ; who touches this
touches a man." His sympathy with his.
reader is remarkable, and we can only
express sorrow for those who do not feel its
charm. To know him well is a liberal
education in tolerance and modernity. He
links his devotion to the ideal of the new
democracy — in its noblest sense — with a
keen appreciation of the most ancient
truths. The varying moods of nature, the
song of the birds in spring, the recurrent
miracle of the grass, the facts of human
life — birth, love, death, and cyclic change
to new and varied life — these are the un-
original chords that make up the spheral
harmony of " the good grey poet." He
looks the world in the face, knows what
life and death are, sees the wonder in the
human eyebrow, and the beauty in the
fresh -turned furrow : —
There 's not any law
Exceeds his knowledge ; neither is it lawful
That he should stoop to any other law.
No. 4506, Makvh 7, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
335
Vagabond'* Way : Haphazard Wanderings
on (he Fells. By Nancy Price. (John
Murray. 60. net.)
.Miss PBIGE w rites of the fella of Lakeland,
of the grandeur and loneliness of moor and
mountain, with a whole-hearted love of
the wild which, it' a little self-eonseions,
is altogether infectious and delightful. She
communicates to her readers something
of the joie de rirrc which the bracing air of
the fells breathes into the pedestrian who,
knapsack on shoulder, abandons himself
to their freedom and their charm — some-
thing also of the serenity which their
loneliness imparts at the time, and m
retrospect, to dwellers in the towns. It is
only the heights and the loneliest, wildest
spots that appeal to Miss Price, as the
most perfect contrast, no doubt, to many
crowded hours on the stage which she
adorns, and therefore her ' Vagabond's
Way ' leads her most gladly to the witchery
of the crags and ghylls of Wastwater
and Ennerdale, or the desolate moors of
Mardale. But will these unfrequented
ways she loves retain their character
long, if she advertises their charms -with
such warmth ?
We note that her abandonment to the
call of the wild has the defects of its
qualities. It blinds her to the beauty of
many of the loveliest dales and lakes.
She resents the civilization of Derwent-
water ; she finds Grasmere dull, Rydal
Water cold ; Borrowdale gives her the
blues. She thinks any clever gardener
could produce as good a sylvan glen as
Glen Mary. Evidently she can never have
a the force there after a spate. She is
blind to the exceeding loveliness of curv-
ing outline, of wooded islets and tiny ba\Ts
crowned by the panorama of mountains
round Waterhead. which are the distinctive
tares of Windermere's beauty. To her
it looks like a reservoir, and she will not
even allow it the glory of its char !
But these softer beauties have their
i- and Miss Price keeps her enthusiasm
for the wilder spots. She would have
a 'jrievance against that signpost on
Ksk-Haws. by the way, if she knew
how wide of the mark she is in sup-
)>osin<_' that she could have walked from
the top of Scafell Pike to Wastdale Head
in half an hour. It is equally wide of the
mark to say that De Quineey wrote ' The
< onfessions of an Opium-Eater' at Dove
Cottage; that work was done in York
■ • I harden. The book is full
of happy observant touches, like that
which liken- Helvellyn from the Thirimere
side to a " hippopotamus taking a snooze " ;
I the author, who has not made the
mistake <»f patronizing the fell folk, under-
ads that proud and kindly people, and
something of their speech. Bat " a
thrang -pot " does not mean a ■■ rough "
place, rather a " crowded " one.
Mr. Hartrick's line drawings are
illustrations of the country, and harmonize
delightfully with the tone of the hook.
Avoiding the merely pretty, he con
to his audience the atmosphere of the
moor, and the strength and majesty and
lovelv outline- of the fell.-.
Man, Other Poems, and a Preface. By
Marie C. Stopes. (Heinemann, 3s. tid.
net.)
It is recorded of the singer of ' Love ia
Enough ' that he, paradoxically, eschewed
all faith in poetic inspiration. Dr. Stopes,
in her modest and illuminating Preface,
maintains the opposite thesis with equal
conviction, contending that poetry "ought
never to be written ; it ought, it must,
write itself."
Such, however, is the elasticity of words
when employed in abstract discussions
that it may well be that these views are
not discrepant in essentials. Thus Dr.
Stopes cites her stanzas ' To the Moon '
(p. 20) as an example of a poem which
practically wrote itself. It is not a
felicitous example, for sentiment and
diction are alike of an everyday order,
and the lines would, perhaps, have bene-
fited by some assistance, just as the
passionate spell of ' Love is Enough '
might have been to seek, had not that
" Morality " given its creator " more
trouble than any other of his poems."
The poem entitled ' Tokio Snow ' — con-
ceived, we are told, under conditions
somewhat similar, but less rapid — contains
a fancy dainty and original. Here again
we feel that a more leisurely method of
production would have been an ad-
vantage, while the ' Light of Life ' shows
the author's lyric gifts at their best. We
quote the following : —
The light of life to saints seems white —
Clear gleaming white ; and in their eyes
There is no colour in that light :
From God's bright throne it does arise,
And its fair whiteness typifies
To them but its simplicity,
In which no tainting evil lies,
So white do they aspire to be.
And for that purpose purge their lives
Of all they can, a ive thoughts of heaven,
Unknowing that pure whiteness thrives
From union of the colours seven.
The title-poem, wherein is set forth
with thoughtful earnestness and no little
grace of language the changing aspects
of man to the eyes of ripening woman-
hood, and " The Profiler,' a " true and
unvarnished " tragedy, deriving force
from the very homeliness of its telling,
stand out most clearly in a volume of
which the dominating qualities are clear-
ness of vision and a distinctive point of
view.
Dr. Stopes'a theory quoted above,
involving, as it must, comparative neglect
of "the loving Study Of words and
rhythms." is not, we think, supported by
the practice of poets as we know them.
A poem must seem spontaneous ; there
art comes in. As Mr. \V. B. Yeats has
w i itten : —
I i, "A line will take us boon maybe,
Yet, if it doM no1 went • moment*! thought.
Our Btttohing and unstitching haa been nought."
With the Russians in Mongolia. By
H. G. C. Perry- Ayscough and Capt.
R. 13. Otter-Parry. (John Lane, 10s.
net.)
Mongolia is, at present, the point on
which the eyes of those who are interested
in the advance of Russia towards the
British Empire and into the Chinese are
fixed ; and the book before us is of real
service to those who wish to follow that
advance intelligently, for, together with
much that will be felt to be unnecessary
— such as rather ordinary diaries of
journeys which appear to have been of
little interest — it has a claim to distinction
in bringing the subject down to within
about a month of the time of publication.
It has, however, an unusual and far more
permanent distinction in that it gives
complete translations of various treaties
and agreements made by Russia with
Mongolia or with China in reference to
Mongolia, and of the Mongol-Tibetan
Treaty of December 29th, 1912. The
book is written with a feeling, or at least
in a manner, friendly to the Russians,
but at the same time with sufficient
candour to enable the reader to form his
own judgment.
Sir Claude Macdonald, whose interesting
Preface includes a delightful account of
the old Mongol Market at Peking (which
was, however, with the Foreign Legations,
in the south-easier?* quarter of the Tartar
city), points out that the authors hardly
go far enough when they suggest that
Russia, determined not to be caught
unprepared a second time, wishes to
make Mongolia into a buffer state between
herself and the presumably rising power
of China, and he suggests that Mongolia is
to be a sphere of special interest which in
course of time will enable Russia to say
" Hands off ! " to everybody else. This is
certainly more credible than the authors
assurance that the Russians will welcome
the arrival even of merchants of other
nations, though their views are sup-
ported by the presence at Urga of a
tobacco company and a brewery — which.
we trust, has no connexion with tin
increase of drunkenness mentioned on
p. 115. This assuredly is not the final
explanation of the Russian moves. When
we read that the land — Russians and all —
depends on the Chinese traders, who
nevertheless are being very courteously
escorted out of the country at such a rat.
that in little more than a year the Chin.
population of Uliassutai lias dropped from
2.(100 to 200 ; that the hest class of
Russian colonists cannot be induced to go
so unnecessarily far from home: and that
Russian merchants are for the most pail
a failure there we feel thai Mongolia is
ll"t the end.
The authors lay stress on the \. r\ close
tics which exist between Mongolia and
Tibet ties, of course, ol a religious
nature, both countries being dominated
by the lamas, anil the llu t uk - t u
at Drgfl (religious head, and now civil
governor, of Mongolia) being always a
336
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
Tibetan by birth. It is significant that
Russia seems soon to have given up
her attempts to undermine the influence
of the lamas by means of modern educa-
tion. Tibet lies to the south of Outer
Mongolia, standing between India and
China, just as Mongolia stands between
China and Russia. It is with Outer
Mongolia, with its capital at Urga, south
of Lake Baikal, that the Russians are at
present concerned, Inner Mongolia, or the
part lying south and east of the great
desert along the northern frontier of
China Proper, having remained loyal to
the Chinese Republic in 1912. Yet the
book ends with the news that China
had been repeatedly defeated by the
Mongols, " assisted by several Russians,"
only a few miles from Kalgan, which is
" the gateway to Peking, and only 114
miles by rail from the capital of China."
It is to be hoped that Britain, at any rate,
will not wait too long to see what it was
that made Yiian Shih-k'ai sign a humiliat-
ing agreement with Russia on the same
day that he violently suppressed the
Kuo-min tang, or Nationalist party, in
China.
" Kuo Ming-tang " our authors call the
party, so offending against the rules of the
needless new spelling of the Postal Service
which they choose to adopt, and affording
yet another instance of additions to the
thousands of vagaries current in the spell-
ing of Chinese words. The division of
a three-syllable combination in the way
usually appropriated to names of persons
makes the " Nation - people Party "
appear like " Mr. Kuo, whose personal
name is Ming-tang."
To show that the book is not wholly
occupied with politics or trade, we close
with the account of the tripos at Urga
University, an institution with 10,000
students. They have a severe trial, it
would seem, in viva voce : —
" The candidates, who must have attained
the age of fifty, sit in the middle of the hall,
wearing yellow caps and gowns. They are
then cross-examined by their fellow-students,
who approach them up a centre aisle and
shout questions at them, at the same
time clapping their hands, and gesticulating
wildly, within a few inches of the examinees'
faces. The questions asked and being
debated were : —
" (1) Does the mountain called Bukung
Buru mentioned in the book of Buddha
rest in the ocean or on the ocean ?
" (2) What is the difference between a
man sitting on a tree and a man standing
on the ground ?
" The examiners sit behind the candidates,
and record the questions and answers in
bulky-looking books. Judging from the
laughter which was evoked on all sides, in
which the examiners joined, from the answers
given to the above questions, and the
sarcastic remarks made by the questioners,
the three students seemed to have small
prospects of success."
Cavour and the Making of Modern Italy,
1810-1861. By Pietro Orsi. (Putnam's
Sons, 5«. net.)
Cavour could never inspire a biography
like Mr. Bolton King's ' Life of Mazzini '
or Mr. Trevelyan's volumes on Garibaldi,
both of which, it is gratifying to think,
are now regarded as standard authorities
in Italy. The statesmanship and the
organizing power of this cold, calculating
officer of Engineers was concerned with
measures rather than men. He was
rarely eloquent, and frankly admitted
that he had not enough imagination to
invent the simplest story to amuse a
child. He directed the storm, but he did
not ride in the whirlwind. Consequently
he makes but little appeal to the average
reader. Yet Italian unity owes more to
Cavour than to any one else, and it is
significant that it is his name, rather
than Garibaldi's or Mazzini's, which is
here coupled with the making of Modern
Italy in the " Heroes of the Nations
Series." Signor Orsi fully establishes his
claim to the first place, if any one is
inclined to dispute it, in the excellent
little monograph before us.
The title prepares us to find the author
sinking the man in the movement, and
his space, of course, is limited ; but to
our mind he has carried the process
rather too far. The first quarter of
the book is concerned almost entirely
with the progress of the national ideal.
Not till the author definitely enters upon
the political stage do we get into close
contact with Cavour, and even then we
only get occasional glimpses of him
behind the scenes. We hear next to
nothing of his wonderful management of
his father's estates at Ceri, to which, like
Signor Gioletti in our own day, he was
fond of retiring during a political crisis ;
or of his interest in. industrial enterprises.
Yet the experience thus gained was of
inestimable value to him in the reforms
he carried out when a Minister. Nor are
we told much of the travels in France
and England which had so important an
influence upon his ideas in after life.
Cavour was slow in making his way at
home. Though he took part in liberal
demonstrations and helped to establish
the Agricultural Association and Infant
Schools, he was regarded with suspicion on
account of his father's strong reactionan^
views, even when he founded the first
political paper in Turin, the Risorgimento.
Nor was he at first popular in the Chamber.
For one thing, he spoke Italian with an
accent from which he never succeeded in
freeing himself altogether. For another,
he was not unjustly regarded as something
of an Anglomaniac, and was called "Milord
Risorgimento " by his opponents. More-
over, when General La Marmora urged his
claims to office on the death of Santarosa,
Massimo d'Azeglio objected that he would
turn the whole Ministry upside down in a
month. Victor Emmanuel was equally
against him. " Can't you see, gentlemen,
that this man will kick you all out ? ':
he exclaimed. Cavour's high - handed
methods justified this alarm ; but when
D'Azeglio, whose personal popularity was
invaluable in winning confidence for the
monarchy during the difficult years after
Novara, endeavoured to get on without
him, he found the task impossible. Cavour,
indeed, was never comfortable except
when enjoying supreme power, and the
King often found his masterful methods,
trying. Yet he was a loyal constitution-
alist, indignantly refusing to govern with-
out Parliament during a period of crisis -r
and the Abbe Darboy, who had met him
in Paris, declared that he " had not the
slightest sentiment of hate in his heart."
Cavour's first ministry in 1853 marks
the beginning of the new epoch. By this,
time the futility of Mazzini's system of
petty conspiracies had been brought home
to all sensible people. Piedmont was (by
a strange fatality) the only state in the
peninsula which had hitherto never en-
joyed a period of greatness. But she
had always been a military power, and
was now the one spot in Italy where
liberal ideas were not stifled. Hence Italy
looked to her for salvation, and Cavour
was determined that she should not look
in vain. It was of Italy, for instance, not
of Piedmont, that he was thinking when
he turned Spezia into a great naval har-
bour. Piedmont at once became the
rallying-point for political refugees from
all parts of Italy. Such was the con-
fidence inspired by the new policy that
two years after Cavour had become
Premier, Daniele Manin, the defender of
Venice, issued a proclamation declaring
that the Republican party was ready to-
make a fresh sacrifice. It said to* the
House of Savoy, " Make Italy, and t
am with you ; if not, not." The
object of the National Society was to
spread this idea throughout the country.
Unity must come first ; forms of govern-
ment were of minor importance. This
is the meaning of Carducci's remark that
monarchy was a mere name, and that he
did not believe that at heart King Hum-
bert himself was a convinced monarchist.
Nor was this confidence misplaced. It
was thanks to Cavour's diplomacy, loyally
supported by Victor Emmanuel/that the
little North Italian kingdom was enabled
to take its place among the Powers of
Europe by fighting in the Crimea, and
obtain the support which enabled her to
provoke Austria to war.
Cavour's actions will not always bear
close scrutiny ; there was no sacrifice he-
was not ready to make for the cause-
In this volume the letter in which he
urges his sovereign to give his sixteen-
year-old daughter to a roue like Prince
Jerome Napoleon, coolly pointing out the
unhappy lot awaiting most princesses,,
and quoting the four daughters of Victor
Emmanuel I. as instances, is not pleasant
reading. The Peace of Villafranca was
probably the severest blow that fell upon
Cavour during his whole life, and even he
can hardly have foreseen the rapidity
with which Italy was to fulfil the destiny
prophesied for her by Napoleon at St.
Helena. But Metternich was not mis-
taken Avhen he complained that " there
is only one diplomatist left in Europe,-
No. 4500, March 7, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
337
and he unfortunately is against us ; I
mean Count Ca\ our."'
Signor Orsi'a task carries him Ear
beyond Cavour and Piedmont. He
sketches the progress of the national ideal
and the revolutions which it produced
from the beginning of the century, taking
each state in turn and giving us portraits
of the principal leaders in the movement,
till it was temporarily checked by the
reaction that followed the risings of
1S4S : and he relates briefly the story
of the liberation of Naples and Sicily by
Garibaldi, for whom Cavour did so much
by keeping the ring. A knowledge of the
■events that followed Cavour's death in
1861, leading up to the occupation of
Rome by the Italian troops in 1S70, is as
ssential for an understanding of his true
3 atnesa as for the completion of the
story of the making of Italy, and it is
duly supplied here. The official notifica-
tion, which is reproduced in facsimile
among other numerous interesting illus-
trations, did not exaggerate when it
described the day of his death as one of
" consternation and mourning for all who
desire and love the liberty and the glory of
our common country." His position is often
compared with that of Bismarck in Prussia.
In the eyes of Europe he alone stood for
Piedmont, and there was no one in the
country who could hope to enjoy a tithe
of his diplomatic prestige. But great as
was his influence in Europe, it was even
greater at home. Though Garibaldi never
forgave him for ceding Xice to France, and
blamed him unjustly for the insults
inflicted on his redshirts after the Vol-
turno, he at least respected him. Had
Cavour been granted some of the length
of days of Leo XIII., who was born in
the same year as himself, there would
possibly have been no Aspromonte.
Though it is pretty certain that Mazzini
would still have continued to conspire in
the Veneto, Victor Emmanuel would
[redly not have entered into secret
relations with him out of disgust at his own
'listrv. and it is inconceivable that the
final settlement after the fall of Rome
would not have borne the stamp of the
great statesman's genius.
The Hamptonshire Experiment in Educa-
ByC. P.. Ashbee. (Allen & Co.,
3s. net.)
M \ the volumes on primary educa-
tion which have recently appeared, hut
they ha e dealt with it almosi exclusively
;• i- found in cities. Yet there LS
certainly as much dissatisfaction with
existing educational conditions in the
mtry as there i< in the town, if not more.
The country is less articulate, that is all.
But it has found a spokesman at last. In
• The Bamptonshire Experimenl ' we wel-
come a book long overdue, a book of Bret-
rate importance, written by a man who has
an intimate knowledge and i love of
rural life in England : who has laboured
long and sturdily on behalf of that divini
glona run- now eclipsed, and who
befievefl in the possibility of its renewal.
His belief is founded not on theory, but
on achievement. If " Hamptonshire '
can do so much, why not the rest of rural
England ?
We do not profess to know where precisely
in this island Hamptonshire is situated,
and we could find it in our heart to chide
Mr. Ashbee for his mystification, pleasant
though it be with its ancient - sounding
place-names : Drowsing - in - the - Hollow,
Little Pippington, Stanton-in-Gordano, and
the rest. He must forgive us if we have
failed to penetrate a simple disguise, for
we too are countryfolk, and "' dwell among
our own people." From internal evi-
dence the word may stand for a part of
Warwickshire or Worcestershire, or even
— unless the term " market-peart " be
used as a red herring — for the sweet shire
of Hereford, now turbid with revolting
teachers. Be that as it may, the " Experi-
ment " purports to be a genuine one, to
have lasted over a period of ten years, to
have effected no little good, and to be
about to perish because it lacks material
support, unless the Board of Education,
or the county authority, or the Develop-
ment Commissioners, can be roused from
their apathy.
Before he comes to his " Experiment,"
Mr. Ashbee traverses, in departmental and
correct classification, the zones of ele-
mentary, primary, and higher education,
of agriculture, and of art, as he has ob-
served them under cultivation in Hamp-
tonshire ; and in the course of this pilgrim-
age (by no means a dull one) his arraign-
ment of much that is accepted as inevitable,
though generally deplored, is drawTi up,
and the reader thereby " educated " to
the perception of those practical reforms
which the author and his friends desiderate
and have in part effected. Here are a fewr
counts of the indictment : the deadening
influence of the certificate system on
primary teachers ; the too rigid adherence
to schedule and time-table ; the scamping
of domestic subjects ; and the lack of co-
ordination— whereby waste and over-
lapping ensue — between primary and
secondary schooling, between different
grades of teachers, and between different
branches of the inspectorate. Let us hear
Mr. Ashbee on the last point : —
"What we want for a country district
is not, six different inspectors without a,
head or a policy, each interested in one
of the Whitehall watertight compartments,
but one inspector whose care is the education
of the whole district."
The existence of such defects as these
points to the need of decentralization and
variety. A system that suits Essex, Ictus
say. need not be good for Devonshire. A
well-chosen Bamptonshire Committee is
far more likely to have a real knowledge
of the needs and aspirations of Hampton-
shire than any Government department,
however well-intentioned. An agricultural
neighbourhood might then gel what, as
Mi. R. E. Prothero has said, it most
wants, • some form of elementary instruc-
tion adapted to the needs of agricul-
turists," and more than a tinge of api-
culture in its Secondary schools and
its higher, or technical, instruction. We
arc doing grievous wrong, as .Mr. Ashbee
points out, in holding up industrial and
town ideals before the gaze of the country
child : let us aim at the creation of more
numerous producers — there will always
be consumers enough. The Development
Commissioners might think of purchasing
and equipping instructional farms for the
education of intending agriculturists before
they embark on the risks of afforestation.
Such a farm was a prominent feature of
' The Hamptonshire Experiment,' and we
hope our readers will go for further en-
lightenment to Mr. Ashbee's own account
of it. He has written a most timely and
stimulating book. Every page of it is
provocative of thought, and tempts one to
quotation — or controversy.
The Threshold of Religion. By R. R.
Marett. (Methuen & Co., 5s ."net.)
This is the second edition of a work
which we had pleasure in reviewing five
years ago {Athen., No. 4244, p. 259).
It differs from the first by the addition
of an Introduction, of a preliminary
argument to each of the essays, and
of three further essays. One of these
— ' The Birth of Humility ' — we charac-
terized as a " lucid and brilliant exposi-
tion " of its subject when it was delivered
by Mr. Marett in 1910 as his inaugural
lecture on taking up the office of Reader
in Social Anthropology at Oxford {Allien.,
No. 4334). The others are reprints from
The Hibbert Journal of essays on Savage
Supreme Beings and the Bull-Roarer, and
on a Prehistoric Sanctuary. The volume,
as thus enlarged, constitutes a complete
and coherent explanation of the author's
views.
Those views, stated briefly, are that
animism is too narrow a definition of rudi-
mentary religion, because too intellectual-
istic ; that religion has enough in common
with magic for spell in certain cases to
develope into prayer ; and that the rudi-
mentary religious idea has two elements :
a tabu element and a mana element,
using the expression '; mana " to designate
the positive aspect of the supernatural
or sacred or miraculous, and the expres-
sion '-tabu" to designate its negative
aspect. The supernatural is tabu, not
to be lightly approached, because il Is
mana. that is, instinct with extraordinary
power. The Supreme Beings of whom
Andrew Lang gave an account as associated
with the beliefs and rites of savage Aus-
tralian tribes may have bet n in part
evolved out of a. personification ol the
bull-roanr, which is the vehicle ol the
mana thai makes a.ll things grow and pros-
per. The earlier Btage of humility is
indicated 03 the tabu observances ; I
virtue is consummated in the positi
fruition Ol mana. The pi< ha ol
certain prehistoric ritea ol Fran e may
bear an interpretation that would -up-
port these \ iews.
The essay m which this 1 on
is made contains a plea-ant description
a riaii of the Prehistoric department oj
the Association Francaise to Niaux and
338
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
to Gargas, and an argument that the caves
there may rightly be designated as pre-
historic sanctuaries — places not to be
lightly approached. The animal figures
at Gargas (Aurignacian) are unfinished —
in magic, a part may stand for the whole.
There are as many as 150 hands, stencilled
in red or black, on the cave walls, which
may register some charm or vow. Niaux
is iater (Magdalenian), with narrows to
squeeze through for which fasting would
be a suitable preparation. No one would
dream of hedging round a mere picture
gallery with trying turnstiles. For man
of the primitive pattern there are two
worlds : a workaday, and a sacred.
The threshold between the two is clearly
marked. Whether we classify them as
magic or religion, all genuine rites involve
a drawing near in awe.
This brief summary may serve to
indicate the charm which Mr. Marett is
able to impart to a study such as that
of the origin of the religious idea, which
is not only abstruse in itself, but also
presents an endless succession of puzzling
problems.
The Campaign of Liao-Yang. By Major
H. Rowan-Robinson. (Constable & Co.,
6s. 6d. net.)
The feeling that wars are often begun
without any clear understanding of the
objects to be gained has caused men to
argue that all war is wicked, and that it
could be avoided by Hague tribunals and
things of that kind. But there comes a
time in the life of every people when
without self-effacement it cannot sub-
mit to the orders of another. If there
had been nothing between France and
Germany except the Hohenzollern candi-
dature, war in 1870 might have been
avoided ; and in the Far East Major
Rowan-Robinson shows that there had
for years been forces at work driving
Russia and Japan on courses certain to
result in war. Both sides should have
been ready for war. The Japanese were ;
and this history of the campaign of
Liao-Yang illustrates the advantages of
preparation against an unready foe.
It is a thoughtful book, mainly intended
no doubt for soldiers, but it may be read
with advantage by all who take an
interest in the art of war. Major Rowan-
Robinson chose this special campaign as
one which illustrates warfare under modern
conditions, conducted in a theatre of
operations lacking in communications, and
offering considerable difficulties to the
movement and feeding of armies. The
war was one which should appeal
to Englishmen, for it depicts the inter-
dependence between maritime and land
operations in a struggle where one army
has to be transported across the sea, and
the other side possesses formidable naval
forces ; but the author deals with the
conflict on the waters only so far as
is necessary to make the land operations
clear.
The moment that the Japanese obtained
command of the sea the Russians found
themselves hampered by exceptional
difficulties, and conducting a campaign
in circumstances which, they had been
told by their sailors, could never arise.
In the older histories of the Franco-
Prussian War it is a commonplace to say
that in no other campaign have the pre-
parations made in peace so largely in-
fluenced the outcome of war. The same
kind of thing may now be said, with even
greater truth, about the careful work
done in advance by the Japanese ; and
Major Rowan-Robinson argues that pre-
paration of force is now a factor of higher
value than the application of force. His
study of war between a small island and a
great Continental power is full of words of
warning for us.
His remarks about landing operations
upon a large scale are specially applicable
to England. He shows that the Japanese
succeeded in disembarking 35,000 troops
of all arms in nine days at a bad landing-
place, in bad weather, and within sixty
miles of the Russian fleet. The arrange-
ments made and the precautions taken
are described for our benefit, and in the
opinion of the author they " provide an
admirable model for imitation." He also
gives reasons why peace manoeuvres
cannot be said to furnish a true indica-
tion of the possibilities of disembarkation.
Major Rowan - Robinson remarks that
French critics, disliking the success of
German doctrines in this campaign, point
to the indecisive nature of the Japanese
victories.
" There was, they say, no attempt at
manoeuvre ; battles ended without pursuit,
and the enemy was driven back along his
line of supply. The wonder is, however,
not that the victories were not decisive,
but that, with weight of numbers against
them, and with such stolid fighters in the
trenches, the Japanese gained victories at
all."
The author adds that there can be no
better vindication of the German system
than the fact that it succeeded even
with comparatively small numbers and
insufficient cavalry.
When he sums up, he writes : —
" Notwithstanding all their preparation,
the Japanese were attempting a task almost
beyond their powers. They were decidedly
fortunate in not finding against them leaders
of high capacity. Had they met a. Suvarov
. . . .the desperate assaults of their infantry
might have been delivered in vain. It was,
however, the greatness of their task rather
than their mistakes that exposed them to
the chances of defeat."
In the opinion of the author the Russian
operations were hampered by their un-
fortunate system of dual control ; but
the Japanese methods were not perfect,
and in the course of his work Major Rowan-
Robinson has again and again to point out
mistakes in the methods adopted by
Oyama and his subordinate commanders.
In his concluding words the author gives
reasons for thinking that increased means
of acquiring information (wireless tele-
graphy and aircraft) will benefit the
German system of strategy more than the
French.
He has gone to the Russian official
account for most of his facts, but has
consulted all the authorities (giving a list
of their works) , and has provided excellent
maps and plans. The book is well printed,
but the word Sedan bears throughout an
unnecessary accent.
Extra- Biblical Sources for Hebrew and
Jewish History. Translated and edited
by the Rev. Samuel A. B. Mercer.
(Longmans & Co., 6s. net.)
Dr. Mercer has in the present work
supplied students of Hebrew and Jewish
history down to the final catastrophe in
the reign of the Emperor Hadrian with a
highly important section of the apparatus
criticus that is required for a thorough
handling of the subject. No pretence is,
indeed, made of exhausting all the extra-
Biblical sources bearing on the history of
the period. The author himself explains
that he has, on account of their easy
access, not considered it necessary to draw
on the writings of Philo and Josephus
(with the exception, in the latter case,
of a short section from Manetho) ; nor
can it be maintained that there was
nothing relevant to glean from the Pal-
myrene and other North-Semitic inscrip-
tions. But as the groups of sources dealt
with are for the most part particularly
discussed at the present time, the young
investigator is likely to find in Dr. Mercer's
volume all — or nearly all — the data which
he specially desires to have before him in
a clear and convenient form.
From the early Babylonian period, in
which Khammurabi (probably the same
as the Biblical Amraphel) occupies the
most commanding position, the author
conducts us to the stirring times in which
the political correspondence known as the
Tell el-Amarna tablets was carried on
between Palestinian chiefs and two suc-
cessive Pharaohs of the fourteenth century
B.C. In the sections dealing with the
Assyrian and the New Babylonian and
Persian periods, which come next, we
are constantly in touch with persons and
events that have the closest bearing on
the historical account given in the Old
Testament of the northern and southern
Hebrew kingdoms ; and a most welcome
addition to this part of the book is the
" chronological matter " drawn from both
Babylonian and Assyrian sources, and
including the Ptolemaic Canon, which
gives the names of rulers both in Greek
and Babylonian.
Of equal usefulness is the account given
of the Egyptian sources, beginning with
the Old Kingdom (2980-2475 B.C.), and
ending with the conquest of Egypt by
Cambyses in 525 B.C. Under the head-
ing of ' Other Semitic Sources ' we find
translations of the Moabite Stone and the
portions of the Elephantine Papyri which
throw interesting side-lights on the events
recorded in the books of Ezra and Nehe-
miah. There follows a section dealing
with Greek and Latin sources, extending
from the time of Cyrus down to the
Emperor Hadrian ; and the volume con-
No. 4500, March 7, 1914
THE ATHEN^U M
M!)
dudes with Appendixes supplying tabular
views concerning the most important
facts, persons, and dates of the entire
history.
B}- Way of criticism we would remark
that it would have been better if Dr.
Mercer bad in all cases either confined
himself strictly to an account of the
data, or had. whenever offering his own
opinion regarding them, also given alter-
native views held by other scholars. We
are thinking particularly — though far from
exclusively — of his interpretation of the
facts recorded in the Tell el-Amarna
tablets. He agrees with scholars gener
ally in identifying the Khabiri with the
Hebrews, but at the same time he thinks
that the Israelites left Egypt in the reign
of Meneptah over a hundred and fifty
years later. The explanation that " the
terms " Hebrews ' and " Israelites ' are
not conterminous — all Israelites were
Hebrews, but not all HebreAvs were
Israelites," is, indeed, highly interesting,
and deserves — notwithstanding some
serious difficulties — careful consideration ;
but the young student, if not warned of the
existence of other views on the subject,
may be led to think that this is the only
interpretation of the facts that can be
offered.
The value of the book is enhanced by
the addition of some useful maps and
illustrations, but we have seen much clearer
representations of the black obelisk than
that given here. The Index is, we are
a >rry to say, far from exhaustive.
Maritime Enterprise. By James A.
Williamson. (Oxford, Clarendon Press,
14s. net.)
It is a difficult and dangerous thing to
attempt the history of a small period in
the life of an institution which extends over
many centuries. The commerce of Eng-
land is such an institution, and to formu-
late its history in the age. and still more
in part of the age, of the Tudors, exposes
a writer to at least the appearance of
limiting his estimate of the roots which
have supported it, or of the branches
which it has spread, as if they served or
developed for one purpose only. That
irborne commerce of the country
s in a bad way. that the whole shipping
interest was atrophied at the accession of
Henry VII La a patent fact; but in
ginning their history with that accession
I the action of Henry there is the
temptation to represent their uprising,
not as a revival, but as a new birth, and
this is in fact what, to a great extent, Mr.
Williamson has done. We do not, of
' this is what he believes.
We have no doubt that lie knows quite well
that what Henry did was to strengthen
and revivify a trade and a navy which,
dazing many years of anarchy and civil
war, had threatened to die out ; bul
i ■ the careless or ignorant reader
he will convey the impression that,
before Benrj - reign, England had
aeitfaai mmeroe nor Bea power
worthy of the name ; and he clearly speaks
beginning
of that reign as ma iking tin
of the change of the English from an
agricultural and military people *' into a
maritime and commercial community"
a sentence which seems to betray a want
of familiarity with at once the agricultural,
military, maritime, and commercial his-
tory of the country, for agriculture con-
tinued the leading industry of the country
till, perhaps, 150 years ago, and yielded its
position not to commerce, but to manu-
facture ; while as to the maritime develop-
ment, it was sea power that took the
English to France in the fourteenth cen-
tury, as much as it was sea power that
brought invaders to England in the fourth
or fifth. But the author says : —
" Throughout the Middle Ages all the
strivings and ambitions of England were
concentrated on the conquest, by force of
arms, of the surrounding countries."
This was the idea of king, people, and
baronage alike ; but by the accession of
Henry VII. much had changed : —
" The old ideals, the old national instincts,
and the old social order had gone or were
in process of dissolution, and the work of
his reign consisted in forming new ones and
giving direction to that universal awaken-
ing of the human mind which now first
began to make its influence felt in the
practical affairs of the English nation."
We think this is altogether too absolute.
The contrast, thinly veiled, is between the
policy of Edward III. and of Henry VII.,
and leads to the assumption that the claim
to the crown of France, the ambition to
subdue France to the English allegiance,
was the sole, or at any rate the main,
cause of the Hundred Years' War. We had
fancied that idea had died a natural death.
It seems we were mistaken ; it lives
vigorously in the pages of Mr. Williamson.
But it is wrong all the same. Here we can
do no more than refer our author to the
writings of one whose works ought to be
the earliest and the latest textbooks of com-
mercial history — Archdeacon Cunningham.
At any rate, whether he 'will or will not
accept the authority of Dr. Cunningham
on what may be considered a matter of
opinion, it is a matter of fact that, more
than 100 years before Henry VII., the
early advisers of Richard II. passed a
Navigation Act of the same tendency,
and with the same design that influenced
Henry, as afterwards the Commonwealth
and Charles II. Mr. Williamson implies
throughout that the idea of it was an
original concept of Benry's.
This, which we can only call a funda-
mental error, seems to US to pervade the
whole of Mr. Williamson's treatise. Excel-
lenl and suggestive as much of it is. it is
emphatically not a book for a beginner
in the inquiry into our economic his-
tory. We can speak with more com-
mendation of the hook as a sketch of the
greal era of discovery from the English
point of view — one which, in our enthusi-
astic reception of the deeds of Portu-
guese, Italians, and Spaniards, we are
apl to belittle unduly. It is. indeed, often
said that the early English discoverers
were not English ; thai we had to !_r't a
Venetian to show us the way. To some
extent that is so. But the Spaniards were
helped exactly in the same manner.
Neither as discoverers nor exponents
of sea power have the Spaniards any
distinguished record. We, at least, may
claim to have been apt pupils as the one,
and perhaps not undistinguished pro-
Eessora as the other.
FICTION.
Once upon a Time. By H. B. Marriott
Watson. (Dent & Sons, Gs.)
FEW authors equal Mr. Marriott Watson
in the presentation of the matinal charm
of the civilized girl. He realizes like a
poet that the expression of a promise
may be as perfect as its fulfilment, and
his art, having all the pretty caprices of
spring under its observation, hardly re-
quires the summer at all.
These thoughts arise in one's mind
after reading the two stories (" The
Picaroon ' and * The Malings ') which
occupy more than two-thirds of his new-
book. * The Picaroon ' is the tale of an
impersonation audaciously carried out
by a young English clerk at the bidding
of a lovely German countess, whose
emperor desires her to marry a man she
does not love. The impersonator of tin
noble and objectionable suitor is success-
ful beyond the needs of farce ; for not
only does he recall to recollection Aladdin's
treatment of the vizier's son, but even
succeeds in carrying off his lady-love
without the help of a genie. Mr. Watson
imparts so liberal a quantity of Britannic
ozone to this story that the dignity of
the heroine's heart is imperilled thereby.
1 The Malings ' introduces us to the
daughters of a thriftless artist, and the
chief element of comedy is the repeated
interruption which postpones a proposal
of marriage. The hero acts like a Pro-
vidence, risking his reputation for straight-
ness and courage on behalf of attractive
damsels. The life of aristocrats trying
to be gay in the country is well described,
and the Malings are differentiated and
visualized with humour and tenderness.
In three of the four short stories which
conclude the volume Mr. Watson takes
us to the Antipodes, and treats passions
of Nature and man with considerable
power. In one a rage for revenge is
transformed into altruistic heroism in the
soul of an innkeeper who has lost the
apple of his eye by what he conceives to
be the perfidy of a politician; in anothei
a husband chases to death his wit
lover ; and in another an inexperiend d
immigrant who cannot keep In- seat on
a buck-jumper runs through • > carnival of
llames to -a\.- a family. It i- significant,
perhaps, of the modern reader's sympathy
with Pangloss's belief in this world's
superiority over others that none of Mi-.
Watson's innocent love-stoi iea ends tragic-
;dl\ . It I- to he hoped that tho-e u ho
admire happj endings, whether inevitable
or not. will also be found among tho
who admire the unostentatious distinction
ol Mr. Wat Bon1 1 prose.
340
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Adderley (Rev. the Hon. James), Making up
Yoik Mind, 1/0 net. Wells Gardner
This book is arranged for the weekdays in
Lent, and consists of "subjects for thought and
prayer for those who wish to apply their religion
to everyday life."
Berry (Sidney M.), Graces of the Christian
Character, 2/ R.T.S.
An exposition of the graces proper to the
Christian character, consisting of articles which
have already appeared in The Sundai/ at Home.
Burrage (Champlin), Nazareth and the Begin-
nings of Christianity, a New View based
upon Philological Evidence, 3/6 net. Milford
A study of the development of early Chris-
tianity, with critical Appendixes, including a dis-
cussion of the birthplace of Jesus, and the source
of the prophecy that the Messiah " should be
called a Nazarene."
Carpenter (Right Rev. W. Boyd), The Spiritual
Message of Dante, 5/ Williams & Norgate
These lectures, delivered at Harvard Uni-
versity on the iNoble Foundation, are "simply
thoughts on religious experience as exemplified
in Dante's poem." The book is illustrated.
Compton (H. F. B.), Here Beginneth, a Study
in the Hebrew Scriptures, 1/ net. Mowbray
A volume in " The English Churchman's
Library " which, the author hopes, " may prove
' introductory ' to Old Testament studies along
three parallel lines — those of History, Literature,
and Doctrine."
Dawson (Ernest), Spiritual Religion, 2/6 net.
Longmans
A consideration of the doctrine of the Holy
Spirit.
Elliott (Charlotte), Words of Hope and Grace,
1/ net. R.T.S.
Extracts from the hymns of Charlotte
Elliott, arranged for every day of the year. They
are preceded by a biographical sketch of the
author.
Galloway (George), The Philosophy of Religion,
" International Theological Librarv."
Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
The author traces the history of the move-
ments of religious experience, and discusses the
problems of religious philosophy in the light of
their historic development.
Green (Rev. Peter), Studies in the Cross, 1/6
net. Wells Gardner
The author suggest? a study of the subject
from various points of view.
Margoliouth (D. S.), The Early Development
of Mohammedanism, 6/ net.
Williams & Norgate
The second series of the Hibbert Lectures.
They were delivered last May and June to the
University of London.
M'Clymont (J. A.), New Testament Criticism :
its History and Results, 6/
Hodder &: Stoughton
The Baird Lecture of 1911. A bibliography
is added to this survey of New Testament criti-
cism.
Meredith (Rev. W. M.), A Plain Catechism for
Little Children, Id. Wells Gardner
The Catechism is followed by a Service for
Children.
Newbolt (Rev. W. C. E.), The World, 1/6 net.
Wells Gardner
The main object of these sermons is to empha-
size the skilful organization of the evil which
is round about us.
Prothero (Rowland E.), The Psalms in Human
Life, 2/6 net. John Murray
A fourth and cheaper edition. It is some-
what enlarged, and contains further instances of
the use of the Psalms by famous men or in books.
See notice in Allien., March 12, 1904, p. 331.
Tennant (A. M.), Earthen Vessels ; or, Women
of the Old Testament, 1/ net. Mowbray
Character-studies of some women of the Old
Testament, including Eve, Sarah, Miriam, and
Deborah. Mrs. Romanes has written a short
Preface.
Tyrrell (George), Essays on Faith and Immor-
tality, arranged by M. D. Petre, 5/ net.
Arno'd
These essays are taken from Father Tyrrell's
' Journal,' which contained his " spiritual an I
philosophical jottings."
Vawdrey (Rev. John C), The Meaning of the
Doctrine of the Communion of Saints,
with some Remarks as to its History and on
Praying for the Departed, 2/ net. S.P.C.K.
A second edition.
POETRY.
Fairfax (J. Griffyth), The Horns of Taurus, 3/6
net. Smith & Elder
This collection of verses includes ' Mischief
Away,' reproduced from ' Poetry and Drama,'
and a selection from the limited edition of the
author's ' The Troubled Pool.'
Newman (Fanny Hodges), Out of Bondage,
$2.50 net. San Francisco, Paul Elder
These poems appear in the Fleur-de-Lis
Edition, which is limited to 250 numbered copies,
and is printed on Italian hand-made paper. The
poems, many of which deal with Nature, are pre-
ceded by the author's Preface on the function of
a poet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
James (Montague Rhodes), Supplement to the
Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library
of Gonville and Caius College, 5/ net.
Cambridge University Press
This Supplement contains a revised table
showing the correspondence between the numbers
in J. J. Smith's Catalogue and those subsequently
added in red ; descriptions of a few volumes
which were accidentally omitted from the Cata-
logue of 1907—1908, of recent acquisitions, and
some fragments ; a series of Addenda and Corri-
genda, and an Index.
Kipling Index (The). Macmillan
A guide to the Uniform and Pocket Editions
of Kipling's works, to the editions of his poems,
and those included in other people's books.
Norwich Public Library, Readers' Guide, March,
Id. Norwich, Library Committee
Contains the second part of the Catalogue
of the Biography Section of the Lending Library,
which is devoted to biographies of persons whose
surnames begin with the letters A to F ; and a
classified list of books recently added to the
Lending Library.
Richardson (Ernest Cushing), The Beginnings
of Libraries, 4/6 net.
Milford. for Princeton University Press
A series of essays on the early history of
libraries.
Welsh Bibliographical Society, Journal, February.
Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales
Containing articles on ' Rare and Early-
printed Books relating to Monmouthshire,' by
Col. J. A. Bradney ; ' The Llanover Manuscripts,'
by the Rev. Lemuel J. H. James ; and ' The
Twrog Manuscripts,' by Mr. D. R. Phillips ; a
report of the Annual Meeting of the Society,
notes, and reviews.
PHILOSOPHY.
Vvitherspoon (John), Lectures on Moral Philo-
sophy, edited by Varnum Lansing Collins,
6/6 net. Milford, for Princeton Univ. Press
The first of a proposed series of reprints of
the works of early American philosophers, to be
published under the auspices of the American
Philosophical Association. Mr. Collins has written
an Introduction and foot-notes to this volume.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Baring - Gould (S.), The Church Revival,
Thoughts thereon and Reminiscences, 12/6 net.
Methuen
The first four chapters contain a survey of
the history of the Anglican Church from ' the
middle of the sixteenth century td the begin-
ning of the nineteenth. The main portion of the
book deals with the Tractarian and Ritualistic
movements, and contains the author's reminis-
cences.
Christmas (Capt. Walter), King George of
Greece, translated from the Danish by A. G.
Chater, 15/ net. Nash
A biography of the late King of Greece,
giving an account of Greek history during the last
half- century. There are illustrations.
Dennis (G. Ravenscroft), The House of Cecil,
10/6 net. Constable
See p. 357.
Edwards (J. Hugh), The Life of David Lloyd
George, with a Short History of the Welsh
People, Vol. II., 30/ net the set of 4 vols.
Waverley Book Co.
In this volume the author describes the life
of Mr. Lloyd George from childhood to his
entrance into Parliament.
Fyfe (Hamilton), The Real Mexico, a Study on.
the Spot, 6/ net. Heinemann,
A study of the present conditions of Mexico.
Haskin (F. J.), The Panama Canal, 6/
Heinemann
An account of the building of the Panama
Canal, with illustrations from photographs by
Mr. Ernest Hallen.
Hemmeon (Morley de Wolf), Burgage Tenure
in Medijeval England, 8/6 net.
Milford, for Harvard University Press-
A monograph which was accepted by Harvard
University in partial fulfilment of the require-
ments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,,
and was also awarded the Toppan Prize.
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part III.,.
Id. net. Hutchinson
In this part the article by Prof. H. A. Giles-
on the Chinese is concluded, and Sir Richard
Temple begins to write on India.
Knowles (Joseph), Alone in the Wilderness,
5/ net. Longmans
The author, a Boston artist, records his
experiences in the wilderness of Maine, in which
he lived for two months last year as a primitive
man. The book is illustrated with photographs-
and drawings made by him on birch-bark with
burnt sticks.
MacDonagh (Michael), The Speaker of the
House, 10/6 net. Methuen
A history of the origin and function of the
Speakership, with some account of the men who-
have filled that office. The book is based mainly
on Parliamentary records, and has illustrations.
Macdonald (Frederika), The Secret of Char-
lotte Bronte, followed by some Reminis-
cences of the Real Monsieur and Madame
Heger, 3/6 net. Jack
A consideration of the relations between,
Charlotte Bronte and Prof, and Madame Heger.
Mann (Rev. Horace K.), Nicholas Breakspear
(Hadrian IV.), a.d. 1154-1159 : the Only
English Pope, 3/6 net. Kegan Pauli
See p. 363.
Moore (George), Hail and Farewell ! Vale, 6/
Heinemann
The last of Mr. Moore's trilogy, which gives-
an intimate history of the Irish Literary Move-
ment.
Rawson (Geoffrey), Life of Admiral Sir Harry
Rawson, 12/6 net. Arnold
An illustrated record of the life and public
career of Sir Harry Rawson. The Appendix
consists of dispatches sent home by the Admiral
after the Benin Expedition.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Image of War (The), a Sporting Autobiography,.
by Snaffle, 15/ net. Blackwood
Memories of sport with horse, hound, and
rifle.
SOCIOLOGY.
London (Jack), The People of the Abyss, 1/
Nelson
A cheap reprint.
Lytton (Lady Constance), Prisons and Prisoners,
3/6 net. Heinemann
A description of the author's experiences in
prisons in various parts of England. Forcible
feeding is one of the subjects discussed.
Social Problems in Wales, 1 / net.
Student Christian Movement
A series of lectures on some aspects of
social problems, particularly in rural Wales,
which were given at the Third Annual Session of
the Welsh School of Social Service last September.
Women Workers in Seven Professions, a Survey
of their Economic Conditions and Pros-
pects, edited for the Studies Committee of the
Fabian Women's Group by Edith J. Morley,
6/ net. Routledge
A series of papers on the economic conditions
and prospects of women as teachers, doctors, and
dentists, nurses, sanitary inspectors and health
visitors, Civil Servants, clerks and secretaries, and
actresses. The editor has written ' Forewords,'
and there are Appendixes and tables.
ECONOMICS.
Lennard (Reginald), Economic Notes'on English
Agricultural Wages, 5/ net. Macmillan
An examination of the question whether
it is possible to raise agricultural wages in Eng-
land, without the advantages of the change being
outweighed by its consequences.
No. 4506, March 7, 10U
T H E A T II E N JR U M
341
Sakolski (A. M.l, American Railroad ECO-
NOMICS, a Textbook for investors and Students,
5 ii net. Macmillan
This book gives information on the rates,
irities, and systems of the railroads of the
United States, the character of th<' transportation
facilities, efficiency an<l economy of operation,
revenues, and capital investment.
Whittaker (Right Hon. Sir Thomas P.), The
Ownership, Tenure, and Taxation of Land,
some Pacts, Fallacies, and Proposals relating
thereto, 1- net. Bfacmillan
The author's aim is to bring together such
statistical ami historical information as is avail-
able, and discuss the economic, fiscal, and ethical
principles and problems that bear upon the
subject.
POLITICS.
Angell (Norman), The Foundations of Inter-
nationai. Polity. ■'! 6 net. Heinemann
Biz lectures, delivered before the University
of Wtirzburg, the Institute of Bankers of Great
Britain, and other audiences. They are preceded
by an Introduction in which the author sum-
marizes his argument.
Independent Labour Party, Coming-OF-Age Con-
ference, Bradford, April 11th, 1914, and
Following Days.
St. Bride's House. Salisbury Square, E.C.
Resolutions t<> be discussed on Monday and
Tuesday. April I3tb and 11th. The subjects
include ' Franchise and Electoral Reform,' ' Poli-
tical and Industrial Methods,' and ' Land Nation-
alization.'
Sewill (Henry), A German Invasion, 1 ' net.
P. S. Kins
A close examination of the question, with
some discussion on the defects of our military
organization and the problem of voluntary versus
compulsory service.
Wingfleld-Stratford (Esme), An Appeal to the
British People, l net. Bell
A consideration of the present Irish problem.
EDUCATION.
Sharp (H.l, Progress of Education in India,
1907-12, Vol. I., 6
Calcutta. Supt. of Govt. Printing
The sixth Quinquennial Review, reporting
the general progress of education in the British
provinces ami some of the native States of India.
Yearbook iThei of the Universities of the Empire,
191 1. edited by YV. H. Dawson, 7/d net.
Herbert Jenkins
forence boob giving information concern-
ing the activities of the Universities of the Empire,
changes in the personnel, and careers open to
student-.
PHILOLOGY.
Green (Alexander), The Dative of Agency, 4/6
Milford, for Columbia University Press
A ■ Chapter of Indo-European Case-Svntax,'
Mi a Bibliography, and chapter on the ' Dative-
strumental of Agency in the Germanic Lan-
guages.'
Hurwltz Solomon Theodore Halevy), Root-
n-attves tv Semitic Speech, a Con-
tribution to Semitic Philology, "Contributions
to Oriental Bistoryand Philology," 4/6 net,
Milford, for Columbia University Press
■lies r,n the " bUiteral theory."
Winther Fritz , Dab Gerbttbtb Venedio, eine
Vergleichende Studie, " Univorsitv of California
'J'1'1, in Modern Philology," Vol. in
N '• California, Berkelev
play is discussed from various points
and the study includes an account of
'i:ncs.
Year's Work In Classical Studies (The), 1013,
edited for the Joun J Board of the Classical
Aseoci.a,,,,, by Cyril Bailey, 2/6 net.
John Murray
Vhe place of the chapter on Philologj
taken this year by the article on ■ Grammar
raphy, and Metric,' by Prof, E. LSonnen-
n. otter chapters are ' Greek Religion and
Mythology, by Dr. Paraell ; ' (., k [nscriptioi
Mr. Marcus S. Tod : and ' Latin Paheo-
■by and I < ritacism,' by Mr. \ c
■ k.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Bankside Acting Edition of Shakespeare for
Schools. . i ted by I'. J. if. Barton i The
Merchant of Venice: \ Htdsdmmer-
Nioht's Dream; and Kino Richard mi
Se< oxd, Qd. ear-),. WeUa Gardner
'three further volumes in this set
Blackle's New Systematic English Readers :
Fikst Phonic Pkimek, .V. ; Second Phonic
I'hi.mkk. id. ; First Enfant Reader, 8d. ;
Second Infant Reader, 8d. ; Fikst Reader,
10</.. by Eleanor 1. Chamoers.
A series of graded Readers, with a large, clear,
and well-spaced type. The system is phonic,
the sounds being introduced in the order recom-
mended by the Board of Education. Bach volume
has some coloured illustrations, and at the end
word-building tables.
Britain and her Neighbours : Book V. The New
Ltbbrty, 1485-1688; Book Vl. The Modern
World, 1688 to the Present Day, 1/8 each.
Blackie
These two volumes record the chief events of
British history since 1485 in their relation to
Europe and the other continents. Each contains
coloured reproductions of historical paintings,
black-and-white illustrations, maps, tables, and
time-charts.
Claxton (William J.), Paper and Printing ;
Wool and the Weaver ; In the Potteries ;
The Seaman and his Craft; Leather and
Boot.making, " Rambles among our Indus-
tries," 9d. each. Blackie
In these Headers Mr. Claxton gives some
account of the history of each industry or craft,
and describes the preparation of the required
material and the various processes in manu-
facture. Each volume contains four coloured
plates, besides reproductions of photographs,
and illustrations and diagrams in the text.
Macaulay, Essay on Clive, edited by A. J. F.
Collins, 1 /6 University Tutorial Press
Includes biographical and critical Introduc-
tion, and notes.
Spalding (E. H.) and Wragge (Phyllis), Piers
Plowman Histories : Junior Book VII. The
Nation and its Government from 1485 to
the Present Day, 2/ Philip
The authors trace the rise of the nation, the
growth of the Empire, and the development of
the British Constitution. The book is fully
illustrated, and printed in large type.
Treves (A. S.), Bamboula, Livre de Lecture a.
1' Usage des Eleves de Deuxieme Annexe, 1/
Blackie
A story told in simple French, with notes
and exercises in that language.
Willson (D. A. Wynne), Passages for French
Dictation and Unseen Translation, 6d.
Blackie
Containing over 100 short passages in prose
and verse.
FICTION.
Bartram (George), The Last English, 6/
Sidgwick &c Jackson
A tale of life among the labouring classes
about 1840. The scenes are laid in a Midland
village.
Blundell (Peter), Oh, Mr. Bidgood ! 6/ Lane
A nautical comedy in which some passengers
make an exciting voyage on board a steamer
carrying contraband in the Eastern seas during
the Russo-Japanese War.
Catt (Richard), And Afterwards the Judgment,
6/ Chapman Sc Hall
The hero, a wealthy country squire, whose
marriage is childless, is persuaded by his wife to
take extreme measures to secure an heir.
Cholmondeley (Mary), Red Pottage, Id. net.
Nelson
A cheap reprint. See Alhenceum, Nov. 18,
1899, p. 683.
Clarke (Isabel C), Fine Clay, 6/ Hutchinson
The heroine of this story, a Roman Catholic,
unwittingly marries a divorce, but leaves him
when she discovers bis position. The latter part
of the book concerns the child born of tie- mar-
riage, who is, from a legal point of view,
legitimate. The father, a younger son, becomes
unexpectedly heir to a title, and naturally
wishes the boy to succeed him, but the religion
in which his mother has broughl him up forms
a barrier— -owing to a will excluding Catholics —
ami he eventually bee-ones a priest.
Comfort (Will Levlngton), DOWN AMONG Mi:v, 6/
Bodder .V Stoughton
This story opens with the varied experiences
of a war corri ■-.)>■ Hid en i during the campaign of the
United States Army in the Philippine and the
Conflicts between RuSSiS and Japan in A-ia. It
records the hardship and sufferings of .ill classes
of people, and tie- degrading effect <>i warfare.
The correspondent's evolution from a descriptive
Writer On war to the writer-worker on behalf of
■ rugging fellow-humans i- traced.
Gerard (Dorothea), The (iit.vss Widow, ~d. net.
John Long
A cheap reprint. See Alltrntru m. .March 12,
1910, p. 804.
Harding (Peter), Tin: CORNER OF BARLEY STREET,
1/net. Constable
A (heap reprint.
Hardy (Thomas), A Changed Man, The Waiting
Supper, and Other Tales, 7/6 net.
Macmillan
In the " Wessex Edition." See Athenaeum,
Nov. I, 1913, p. 188.
Harrison (Henry Sydnor), Queed, I /net. Constable
A cheap reprint. See Al/ienceum, July 22,
1911, p. 97.
Hewer (W. F.), The Progress of Prudence, 6/
Mills & Boon
The heroine, the daughter of a ragpicker in
Shoreditch who has secretly accumulated a for-
tune, takes a country house. The story concerns
her experiences of this life, especially in the
hunting-lield.
Hill (Headon), The Crimson Honeymoon, 6/
Ward & Lock
A romance of mysterious events. A murder
is committed on the floor above a baronet's
hat, in which he and his bride are having
dinner before bee-inning their honeymoon.
While the husband is attending to the murdered
man his wife unaccountably disappears. The
bridegroom is eventually arrested, tried, and
acquitted for the murder of his wife, who cannot
be traced.
Jenkinson (Emily), Barbara Lynn, 6/ Arnold
The vicissitudes of four lovers form the chief
element in this tale, the scene of which is laid
among the Lakes.
Lyall (David), Handicapped, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
A collection of short stories describing the
rescue work done by the Salvation Army.
MacGill (Patrick), Children of the Dead End,
the Autobiography of a Navvy, 6/
Herbert Jenkins
A tale of Irish peasant life and vagrancy,
intermittently broken by navvy work through-
out the United Kingdom.
Meldrum (Roy), Belle Nairn, a Medley of Morals,
6/ Melrose
The career of a Scottish peasant girl, who
becomes a famous dancer in London, and eventu-
ally marries a peer.
Newman (A.), The Pessimist, a Confession, 6/
Nutt
A study in temperament in which much of
the interest is sociological. The author states
that •' 'The Pessimist' is a more or less exact
intellectual history for the four years preceding
my reception into the Catholic Church, and was
finished before that event."
Onions (Oliver), A Crooked Mile, 6/ Methuen
A presentation of some very modern people
who live in Hampstead, and air their political
views in a weekly organ.
Somers (Mark), The Bridge, 6/ Cnwin
This novel is a contribution to the " First
Novel Library,'' and gives a picture of Anglo-
Indian societ y.
Swinnerton (Frank), On the STAIRCASE, 6 '
Methuen
A tale of London life, containing two love-
stories, and present big the tragic career of a young
man in commonplace surroundings.
Waineman (Paul), A Roman run be, 6/
Methuen
This story gives the reader a glimpse of the
old Roman aristocracy now existing. An im-
perious, but penniless Roman noble, proud of
Ins ancient lineage, endeavours t" force
his irrational ideas on his beautiful and only
daughter Bianca. The latter, however, does not
share all li.-r fathers view-, and. contrary
to family traditions, marries a"plebeian —an
Italian baron.
Watson (Helen H.), Rebe i \ OF THE BEIXB. 6/
|{. I .S.
lii this Btory tin- Invalid son of a i
nursed to recovery bj the heroine on a Yorkshire
farm w lei.- In ,- I., J i.
Wrench (Mrs. Stanleys Pm n B UTO OlAT, '■ '
Mi thuen
\ torj of tin- peasanl folk of the Midlai
The author « rite oi the numerou trial . tempta-
. and i-'. "i country worker-' lives. I be
of Hie I bill' '■ I become
invoked, bui .ne atl i.iitoriiy diswntangli d.
Yorke (Curtis), Tin: GlBX. in OBEY, 7</. net. Long
\ cheap reprint. Bee Athenaeum, Sept. a,
1904, p. :;is.
342
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Antiquary, March, 6c/. Elliot Stock
Among the illustrated articles in this number
are ' Tokens of the Southern Hop-Gardens,' by
Mr Ernest Smith ; ' An Incised Slab at Grasse
(Riviera),' by Mr. Walter J. Kaye, jun. ; and
' The Old Halls and Manor-Houses of Yorkshire.'
Art Chronicle, February 21st, 3d.
22, Tudor Street
Includes ' The Illustrations of Gilbert James,'
' Bottom's Dream,' and ' An Adventure in
Posters,' by Mr. Everard Meynell.
Bible in the World, March, Id. Bible House
In this month's number Mr. Sydney Smith
concludes his account of his journey in the Amazon
Valley, and there are illustrated articles recording
the work of the British and Foreign Bible Society
Contemporary Review, March, 2/6
' Contemporary Review ' Co.
Includes 'The Future of the Home Rule Bill,'
by Mr. H. B. Lees-Smith ; ' Agricultural Co-
operation and Credit,' by Sir Sydney Olivier ;
and ' Some Thoughts on Marriage,' by Dr. C.
Lloyd Tuckey.
Cornhili Magazine, March, 1 / Smith & Elder
In addition to the serials this number in-
cludes ' Lord Strathcona, a Sketch,' by Miss S.
Macnaughtan ; ' Early Victorian Amusements :
Eton and Elsewhere,' by the Rev. W. C. Green ;
and ' New Brunswick, a Neglected Opportunity,'
by Prof. L. P. Jacks.
Empire Review, March, 1/ net. Macmillan
Includes articles on ' Armaments and the
Empire,' by Sir Max Waechter ; ' Local Regi-
ments for India,' by Mr. Arthur N. Gordon ; and
' The South African Labour Strike,' by Mr. W. B.
Taylor.
English Review, March, 1 / net.
17-21, Tavistock St.
Includes a poem, ' Tid'apa,' by Mr. Gilbert
Frankau, and ' Love Letters from ,' by the
Earl of Arran. Mr. H. G. Wells continues ' The
World Set Free.'
Fleet Annual and Naval-Year Book (The), 1914,
compiled by Lionel Yexley, 1 / net, cloth boards
2/6 net. Fleet, Ltd., 411a, Harrow Rd., N.
Part I. deals in popular form with certain
naval questions, such as ' Developments in Naval
Guns ' and ' Oil Fuel ' ; Part II. gives informa-
tion about the navies of the world.
Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation,
edited for the Society by Sir John Macdonell
and Edward Manson, New Series, Vol. XIV.
Part I., 5/ net. John Murray
Includes ' Roman-Dutch Law in British
Guiana,' by Prof. R. W. Lee ; ' The New Bank-
ruptcy Act,' by Mr. W. N. Stable ; reviews, and
a ' Review of Legislation, 1912.'
Library Assistant, March. 4/ per annum.
Library Assistants' Association
Containing an article on ' Vain Pursuits and
their Relation to Public Libraries,' by Mr. Arthur
J. Hawkes, reports of meetings of the Association,
and other notices.
Library Journal, February, 1/6
American Book Agency
The contents include articles on ' How
Library Work with Children has Grown in Hart-
ford and Connecticut,' by Miss Caroline M.
Hewins, and ' Some Reference Books of 1913,'
by Mr. I. Gilbert Mudge.
Mariner's Mirror, March, 1/ net.
Society for Nautical Research
Includes an illustrated article on ' The Great
Harry,' by Mr. W. Boultbee Whall ; ' Naval
Executive Titles : Commadore or Commodore ? '
by Rear- Admiral Sir R. Massie Blomfield ; and
Notes, Queries, and Answers. We have also
received the Index to Vol. III., 1913.
National Review, March, 2/6 net.
23, Ryder Street
Includes ' The Fight for Clean Government,'
by Mr. L. J . Maxse ; ' Government bv Statistical
Libel,' by Mr. W. H. Mallock ; and ' Rhodes
Scholars at Oxford,' by Mr. T. F. Rockliff.
Nineteenth Century, March, 2/6 Spottiswoode
Some of the articles in this number are ' The
Home Policy of Germany,' by the Earl of Cromer ;
' Vocationalism,' by Sir Philip Magnus ; and
1 The Superfluous Woman : her Cause and Cure,'
by Mrs. Archibald Colquhoun.
Occult Review, March, Id. net. Rider
Includes ' Madame Blavatsky : a Personal
Reminiscence,' by Scrutator ; ' The Strange
History of Twins,' by R. Lowris Pearson ; corre-
spondence, and reviews.
Russian Review, February, 2/6 Nelson
Mr. Maurice Baring writes on ' The Fascina-
tion of Russia,' Mr. Harold Williams on ' The
Russian Mohammedans,' and Mr. Frederick
Rennet on ' Russia in 1913.'
School World (The), Vol. XV., 7/6 net.
The bound volume for 1913.
Macmillan
Scribner's Magazine, 1/ net. Constable
Includes ' Breaking into the Movies,' by
Mr. Richard Harding Davis ; ' The Ghost on the
Stairs,' by Mrs. W. K. Clifford ; and ' My First
Years as a Frenchwoman,' by Madame Wad-
dington.
Statistical Society, Journal, February, 2/6
The Society
Notable articles in this number are ' The
Fertility of Marriage in Scotland,' by Dr. J.
Craufurd Dunlop, and ' On the Use of Analytical
Geometry to represent Certain Kinds of Sta-
tistics,' by Prof. F. Y. Edgeworth.
United Service Magazine, March, 2/ Clowes
The contents of this number include letters
written in 1807, 1814, and 1815 by Col. Sir
George Hoste, with notes by Mr. G. H. Hoste ;
' Air Craft in Naval Warfare,' by Gitche Gumee ;
and ' Progress in Aeronautics,' by Major H.
Bannerman-Phillips.
Vineyard, March, Qd. net. Dent
The poetry in this number includes ' The
Supper,' by Miss Maude Goldring, and ' The Song
of the Seed,' by Mr. Godfrey Blount. The
' Labourer's Lot,' by the Rev. A. H. Baverstock,
is continued.
World's Work, March, 1/ net. Heinemann
The articles include ' The Greek Ideal in
Physical Training,' by Mr. Caryl Jordan, and
' The New Spirit of the English Theatre,' by Mr.
Arthur James.
JUVENILE.
Brenda, More about Froggy, 2/ R.T.S.
A sequel to ' Froggy's Little Brother.'
Ridley (Guy), The Word of Teregor, 2/ net.
Nisbet
Stories of the trees in the days when the
Oak Teregor ruled over the forest.
GENERAL.
All the Papers, by the Authors of ' Wisdom while
You Wait,' 1/ net. Pitman
Seep. 345.
Church of England, The Official Year-Book,
1914, 3/ S.P.C.K.
This book gives information about training
• for Holy Orders ; the work of the Church of
England in regard to Home and Foreign Missions,
and Education ; statistical records, and other
matter.
Dickens Pilgrimage (A), "The Times Series," 1/
net. John Murray
A pilgrimage to Rochester, Bath, Dover,
Broadstairs, Ipswich, Bury, and the Inns. The
articles are reproduced from The Timt-i.
Escott (T. H. S.), Club Makers and Club Mem-
bers, 12/6 net. Unwin
The author's aim has been to trace the rela-
tion of clubs and their representative members to
the spirit of the time in which they flourish.
Johnson (E. Pauline) (" Tekahionwake "), Poetess.
Toronto, Musson Book Co.
A souvenir containing a note on the life and
work of Pauline Johnson by the publishers, and
reproductions of her favourite photograph, and
the verses " And He said ' Fight On,' " written
during her last illness.
PAMPHLETS.
Bodington (Rev. Charles), The Doctrine of Con-
fession and Absolution in the Church of
England, with Answers to Popular Objections
to Confession, 3d. Mowbray
A third edition. It was first printed in 1873.
Our Pattern Prayer, by the Author of ' A Little
Book for True Hearts,' with Prefatory Note by
the Rev. R. Linklater, Id. Mowbray
A few thoughts on the Lord's Prayer.
SCIENCE.
Ayling (R. Stephen), The Model Abattoir
Society. Waterlow & Sons
The ' Report on the Queries addressed to,
and the Replies received from, the Authorities
of Existing Abattoirs in the United Kingdom,
and Designs for Municipal Abattoirs.'
Benson (Henry K.), Industrial Chemistry for
Engineering Students, 8/ net. Macmillan
The author's aim is "to describe, from the
standpoint of chemistry, the more common ma-
terials used in the various branches of engi-
neering."
Bowles (E. A.), My Garden in Spring, 5/ net.
Jack
Mr. Bowles describes the trees and plants in
his garden, and gives an account of the way in
which he has tended them. The book is illus-
trated with coloured plates and photographs.
Caspari (W. A.), India-Rubber Laboratory
Practice, 5/ net. Macmillan
A practical analytical textbook on the
chemistry of india-rubber, illustrated with dia-
grams.
Desch (Cecil H.), Intermetallic Compounds, 3/
net.
A monograph in Messrs. Longmans' series on
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. It has some
diagrammatic illustrations and an Index.
Fernie (W. T.), Herbal Simples, approved for
Modern Uses of Cure, 6/6 net.
Bristol, John Wright ;
London, Simpkin & Marshall
A third edition.
Holland (W. J.), To the River Plate and Back,
the Narrative of a Scientific Mission to South
America, with Observations upon Things Seen
and Suggested, 15/ net. Putnam
An illustrated record of the author's journey,
including chapters on ' The Diplodocus,' ' Argen-
tina,' and ' Life in La Plata.'
Letts (E. A.), Some Fundamental Problems in
Chemistry, Old and New, 7/6 net.
Constable
Dr. Letts discusses the ancient views regard-
ing the nature of matter, the Atomic Theory, and
the Periodic Law, as well as modern problems
such as radio-activity.
Paine (John Howard), A New Genus of Mallo-
phaga from African Guinea Fowl in the
United States National Museum.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
A short paper describing the characteristics
of the Somaphantus, a genus of bird-lice, five
specimens of which are in the collection of Dr.
E. A. Mearns of the Childs Frick African Ex-
pedition.
Passivity of Metals (The), reprinted from the
Transactions of the Faraday Society, 7/6
A general discussion held by the Faraday
Society on Wednesday, November 12th, 1913,
Prof. F. G. Donnan in the chair. The papers
include ' The Photo-Electric Behaviour of Iron
and the Theory of Passivity,' by Dr. A. Stanley
Allen, and ' The Phenomena of Passivity,' by
Prof. Max Le Blanc.
Royal Anthropological Institute : Occasional
Papers, No. 4, Description of the Test
Specimen of the Rostro-Carinate Industry
found beneath the Norwich Crag, by Sir
Ray Lankester. The Institute
A paper describing a rostro-carinate flint
implement found by Mr. W. G. Clarke in a pit
at Whittingham, near Norwich. It is illustrated
with diagrams and photographic plates.
Standley (Paul C), Studies of Tropical Ame-
rican Phanerogams, No. 1.
Washington, Government Printing Office
The first of the results — to be published in
serial form — obtained during the recent bio-
logical survey of the Canal Zone and adjacent
parts of Panama.
Temple (Sir Richard C), Anthropology as a
Practical Science, 1 / net. Bell
Containing four addresses, delivered at
meetings of the British Association at Birming-
ham, the Antiquarian Society of Cambridge,
and the Anthropological Society of Oxford.
Thomas (H. H.), assisted by S. Arnott, Rock
Gardening for Amateurs, 6/ net. Cassell
This book gives simple directions on building
a rock garden and planting and tending Alpine
plants. It is illustrated with mounted, coloured
photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke, half-tone
plates, and sketches.
Viereck (Henry L.), Type Species of the Genera
of Ichneumon Flies, Smithsonian Institu-
tion Bulletin.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
" The result of an attempt to put each Ich-
neumoid genus upon a definite basis."
Woolman (Mary Schenck) and McGowan (Ellen
Beers), Textiles, a Handbook for the Student
and the Consumer, 8/6 net. Macmillan
An account of the textile industries, written
primarily for the student of household arts, and
illustrated with photographs and diagrams.
No. 4506, March 7, 19U
T H E ATH E N M U M
843
FINE ARTS.
Amsden (Dora), with the assistance of John
Stewart Happer, THE HERITAGE OF HlROSHlOE,
a GHintpse at Japanese Landscape Art . $2.25
net. San Francisco, Paul Elder
\ genera] survey of Japanese landscape art
and a consideration of the work of Hiroshige.
Mr. .1. s. flapper's discovery of the seal-dating of
the Hiroshige prints by cycle-ciphers Is also
discussed. The illustrations are reproductions
of prints belonging to the flapper and Amsden
Collections: there is also an Appendix, followed
by a Bibliography.
Blashtleld (Edwin H.), Mural Painting in
America. 8 n net. Batsford
A discussion of the modern tendency in
American decorative art and its significance.
The book is based on six lectures given in March,
1912, at the Chicago Art Institute, on the Seam-
mon Foundation, and is fully illustrated.
Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings and some
Art Objects : Vol. I. Italian Paintings, i y
Bernhard Berenson ; Vol. II. Flemish and
Dutch Paintings, and Vol. III. German,
French, Spanish, and English Paintings
and Art Objects: Modern Paintings, by
W. R. Valentiner.
Philadelphia. John G. Johnson
A descriptive Catalogue, 300 copies of which
are printed for private distribution. Each volume
contains full-plate illustrations.
Deane (Rev. Anthony Charles), A Short Account
of Great Malvern Priory Church, 1/6 Bell
A history of the monastery, with a descrip-
tion of its architecture, fabric, ancient glass and
tiles, and some account of the priors and vicars.
Eeles (F. C), The Church Bells of Linlith-
gowshire. 2/6 net. Edinburgh, John Orr
Reprinted from Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland, with illustrations and
a list of the bells, arranged according to parishes.
Furtwaengler (A.) and Urlichs (H. L.), Greek and
Roman Sculpture, translated by Horace
Taylor, 7 t> net. Dent
A translation of the revised text of 1911.
There are many illustrations.
King (L. W.), Catalogue of the Cuneiform
Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of
the British Museum: Supplement. 20/ net.
British Museum
This Supplement to Prof. C. Bezold's Cata-
logue contains a description and classification of
over 3,000 tablets and fragments of tablets from
Kouyunjik. It is preceded by an Introduction,
and there are Indexes and collotype plates at
the end.
Laurie (A. P.), The Pigments and Mediums of
the Old Masters, ,s 8 net. Macmillan
These researches in the history of pigments
and mediums have been undertaken in the belief
that the knowledge thus obtained would l>e of
practical use in fixing the date of a picture and
detecting forgeries. A chanter on the micro-
photographie study of brush/work is added, and
there are many illustrations.
Lewis (Dr. G. Griffin), The Pba< ncAi Book of
Oriental Hugs. 21/ net Lippincott
A revised and enlarged edition. The addi-
tions include a chapter on Chinese rugs and ten
coloured plates,
Madras, Southern Circle : Annual Report of
the Arc h.uoi.ooh -at. Department for the
7bar1912 13,1 -J. Madras, Government Press
A report of the activities and expenditure of
the year, with Appendixes and Conservation
■
With it we have received the Progress Report
of the Assistant Archaeological Superintendent
on Epigraphy for 1912-13.
Smith .E. Baldwin , The Sttjdt OF THE Bistort
OF Art in the Colleges and UNIVERSITIES
of the United States, u <; net.
Milford. for Princeton University P •
This pamphlet gives under the Beparate Ool-
1 Universities the title of ea h art co i
name of th< lecturer, and other particulars.
Mr. Baldwin Smith has written an Introduction.
United Provinces, Northern Circle: Annual Pro-
gress Report of the Superintendent,
Mi h \mm wj\n and British Monuments, fob
the Year ending March 8 1st, 191 1. 10 0
Allahabad, Government r
Contains a report of the years activities,
with a financial statement) and is illustrated by
photographie pL
Waldsteln (Sir Charles), GREEK SCULPTURE \m>
Modern Art, 7/8 net .
Cambridge University Press
Two lectures delivered to the students of the
Royal Academy. The Appendix consists of a
reprint from a leading article in The I'iincs for
February 21th on 'Greek Sculpture and Modern
Ail,' and a letter from Sir Charles Waldstein
in answer to this article.
Woman and Child in Art, an Illustrated Catalogue
of the Second National Loan Exhibition, held
at the Grosvenor Gallery, 1913-14, compiled
by Francis Howard, -12/ net. Ileinemann
A descriptive catalogue, illustrated with 120
plates. Mr. Robert Ross has written a Preface,
containing ' Some Reflections on the Second
National Loan Exhibition.'
DRAMA.
Campbell (Oscar James), jun.. The Comedies of
Holbbro, •• Harvard Studies in Comparative
Literature," 10/6 net.
Milford, for Harvard University Press
Prof. Campbell gives an account of Uolberg's
life, writes an appreciation of his works, and dis-
cusses his relative position in European litera-
ture.
Chapman (George), The Plays and Poems:
Vol. II. The Comedies, edited by Thomas
Marc Parrott, 6/ Routledge
Dr. Parrott has included in this edition ' Sir
Giles Goosecap,' which has not hitherto been
printed under Chapman's name, and has retained
' The Ball.' He has written an Introduction and
notes to each play.
Mooney (W. W.), The House-Door on the
Ancient Stage, a Dissertation.
Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins
A discussion of the uses of the house-door
in the Greek and Roman theatre. The paper was
presented to the Faculty of Princeton Univer-
sity in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy.
Sapte (W.), Curtain - Raisers and Sketches,
2 vols., 1/ net each. Francis Griffiths
Each volume contains four short sketches.
Shakespeare's Tragedy of King Richard the Third,
Gd. net. Oxford, Clarendon Press
A volume in the " Oxford Plain Text Shake-
speare."
FOREIGN.
THEOLOGY.
Dussaud (Rene), Introduction a l'Histoire des
Religions, " Bibliotheque Historique des
Religions," 3fr. 50. Paris, Leroux
Includes discussion on ' Naturisme, Ani-
misme, Preanimisme,' ' Le Sanctuaire et son
Organisation,' and ' Le Sacrifice.'
POETRY.
Anthologle des Ecrivains Francais Contem-
porains, PoESTE, publiee sous la direction de
Gauthier-Ferri^res, lfr. 50. Paris, Larousse
This anthology contains a careful selection
of representative French poetry, and includes
examples from the work of Rostand, Henri de
Regnier, Gustave Kahn, and the Gomtesse de
Nbailles. There are short notices of each writer,
four portraits, and numerous autographs.
Beroul, Le ROMAN DE Tristan, Poeme du
Xlle Siecle, 6dite par Ernest Muret, " Les
Classiques Francais du Moyen Age," Sfr.
Pans, Champion
The text is accompanied by an Introduction
dealing with the manuscript and composition of
the poem, notes, and a Glossary.
Huon le Rol de Cambral, GEUVRBS, editees par
Ariur Langfors, " Les Classiques Francais du
Moyen Age," lfr. 75. Paris, Champion
This volume contains ' Li Abeces par Kki-
voche et li Significations des Lit tics.' ' l,i Ave
Maria CD Itouinan.-.,' and " La DeSCriSSioUS des
Relegions,' with notes, Glossary, and critical
Introduction.
Vidal (Pelre), PoEsras, editees par Joseph
Anglade, " LeS Classiques Francais du .Moyen
\-'-," Sfr. 50. Paris, Champion
These troubadour poems are accompanied
in each case by a modern French version, and the
volume includes an Introduction, Glossary, and
notes.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Colllgnon (Maxlme), Le CONSUL JEAN GrRAUO et
RELATION lie L'ATTIQUE 1U XVII Sii.cLE,
2fr. 60. I'n is, Klinek-n N k
Reprint from ' Memoires de l Academic di a
Insci iptions et Belles-Let)
Gallly de Taurines (Ch.), L\ Heine EORTENSB
K.N KXIL, 8fr. •",(). Paris. Ha.helfe
The story of lloilense, the wife Of Louis
Bonaparte, in her years of exile at Arenenberu.
Tin- \ppeinlix contains a letter from Madame
de S.iiupigny, daughter of the Cointesse de
Bouchepom, lady-in-waiting to the queen, which
gives an account of the circumstances attending
the birth of Louis Napoleon, the future Napo-
leon III.
Hanotaux (Gabriel), La (Juerre i>k> Balkans et
l'Europe, h»12 1918, " fitudes Diploma-
tiques," Sfr. 50. Paris, Plon-Nourrit
Kellections and suggestions on the Balkan
Question.
Memoires du Comte Roger de Damas, Vienne de
1806 k 1811, suivis de Lettres inedites de
Marie-Caroline, Heine de Naples, au Comte
Roger de Damas (1801 181 1), publics etannotes
par Jacques Rambaud, 7fr. 50.
Paris. Plon-Nourrit
These memoirs are accompanied by a portrait
of the Comte de Damas, and a facsimile of a letter
of the Queen of Naples.
Novare (Philippe de), Memoires, 1218-121:!,
edites par Charles Ivohler, " Les Classiques
Francais du Moyen Age," 3fr. 50.
Paris, Champion
Includes a critical Introduction, Bibliography,
Chronological Table, and notes.
Pelissier (Jean), Din Mois de Guerre dans les
Balkans, Octobre, 1912-AouT, 1!)13, 5fr.
Paris. Perrin
This subject is discussed from first-hand
knowledge, and includes accounts of interviews
with various officials.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Bendz (Ernst), The Influence op Pater and
Matthew Ajinold in the Prose-Writings of
Oscar Wilde, 3/ net.
Gothenberg, Wettergren & Kerber
London, G revel
The two essays which form the bulk of this
treatise are reprinted, in a somewhat altered form,
from the Neuphilologischc Mitleilunyen of Hel-
singfors.
Edda, Nordisk Tidsskrift for Litteraturforskning,
edited by Gerhard Gran, Vol. I., 4kr.
Christiania, H. Aschehoug & Co.
Includes articles on ' Moltke Moe,' by
Gerhard Gran ; ' Wergelandiana,' by Herman
Jaeger ; and a study in German of ' Literatur-
forschung in Deutschland,' by Richard M. Meyer.
FICTION.
Bijou, by Gyp, lfr. 25 net. Pari-. Nelson
A volume in the " Collection Nelson."
Bona (Paul), Fatseurs d' " Anqes Gardibns,"
3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
This " roman " is preceded by an open letter
fo M. Marcel PrevOSt, whose point of view in his
'Les Anges Gardiens ' differs from that of the
author.
Galdos (B. Perez), Misericordia, lfr. 25 net.
Paris, Nelson
One of the " Coleccidn Espanola Nelson,"
with a Preface by the author specially written
for t his edition.
Gayet (Albert), Le Roman m: CLAUDE d'Anti-
OOHB, (■<■ que racontent les MomieS d Vntlii"1 •
3fr. 50. Paris. l'lon-Nouint
\ story with an historical background.
Nodler (Charles), Contbs Fantastiqi bs, lfr. 25.
Palis, Ores ; Loinl m. D(
The tales include ' Jeau-Francois-les-Bi
Bleus,1 -Les Aveugles de Ohamouny,' and ' 1-
Bibliomane.'
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, Lee Mars, Lfr. 50.
Include- ■ Pe ;uy et les Cahiera de Is Qum-
zaine,' by M. Francois Porche j ' Le Probleme ae
Rimbaud: bs Discussion,' by tf. Marcel Coulon ;
and ■ Chateaubriand i I la Police, bj M. Louis
Thomas.
' DICTIONARY OF
maim .mi-: hi-: si':vn;\i':."
St. MarttB'l Street, W.C., Map b ), 1 Ml.
W'j: regret thai an error bas occurred in our
announcemenl of the editor's name in con-
nexion with Edward FitzOerald'a 'Dic-
tionary of Madame de SevigneV and should
be much obliged if you could state thai the
editors name is Bliss Mary Eleanor Pitz-
ld Kerrich. Macmillan A Co.
344
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4500, March 7, 1914
THE LATE CANON DRIVER.
Carlyle's dictum that " genius consists
in the capacity for taking infinite pains "
could only have been intended to represent
one facet of a great and many-sided truth.
For even if that all-important capacity
were the only kind of genius to be found in
the human species, its significance and value
would still depend both on the manner of
its activity and the matter on which it is
exercised. But in Canon Driver, the almost
startling announcement of whose death was
made towards the end of last week, the
conditions necessary to impart to patient,
lifelong industry something of the character
of genius were very happily united. He
combined comprehensiveness of outlook
with a wonderful mastery of detail, and his
fine critical faculty was distinguished by
what appeared to be a state of never-
failing equilibrium.
Born at Southampton in October, 1846,
he passed with uniform distinction through
the high classical training provided at
Winchester and New College, Oxford, taking
a first class in Lit. Hum. in 1869. His
bent in the direction of Semitic learning
was, however, shown before that date. He
gained the Pusey and Ellerton Scholarship
as early as 1866, and his steady advance in
what was to become his life-study is attested
by his successes in securing the Kennicott
Hebrew Scholarship in 1870, and the
Houghton Syriac Prize in 1872. He became
a Fellow of his College in 1870, and Tutor
in 1875. On the vocation of his life, in the
fuller sense of the word, he entered in 1883,
when, on the death of Dr. Pusey, he was
appointed Regius Professor of Hebrew and
Canon of Christ Church.
Canon Driver was both by temperament
and conviction particularly fitted to exer-
cise a steadying influence on the his-
torical and critical movement of his time.
Unflinching devotion to faith was in his
case combined with a strong conservative
tendency, and on the religious side he
remained to the end of his life attached to
the belief that modern criticism can only
affect the form of divine revelation, not
its substance. His first great work, ' A
Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew,'
which appeared in 1874 (3rd edition, 1892),
and was in its nature neutral with regard to
religious problems, exhibits to the full his
conscious and fully acknowledged depend-
ence at that time on good German models
on one side, and his original power of
elucidation and independence of judgment
on the other. The same combination of
indebtedness and originality is exemplified
in his ' Notes on the Hebrew Text of the
Books of Samuel,' which was published in
1890, a much greater amount of independence
naturally showing itself on almost every
page of the second edition (1913). Great
and helpful in every way is his Commentary
on _ Genesis ('Westminster Commentaries'),
which first appeared in 1904, and reached a
ninth edition in 1913. Among his other
works are ' Isaiah : his Life and Times '
(1893), an edition of Leviticus in Haupt's
' Sacred Books of the Old Testament ' (1894 ;
'Translation and Notes,' 1898), and a Com-
mentary on Deuteronomy (in the ' In-
ternational Critical Commentary,' 1902).
Hebraists are particularly indebted to him
for his collaboration with Drs. F. Brown
and C. A. Briggs in the preparation of the
Oxford edition of Gesenius's ' Hebrew and
English Lexicon of the Old Testament.' But
the work by which he exercised most influ-
ence on critical opinion is his ' Introduc-
tion to the Literature of the Old Testament,'
which has just appeared in a ninth edition,
and has enjoyed the rare distinction of being
translated into German.
Canon Driver's ability and earnestness of
purpose received due recognition from learned
societies. He was a D.Litt. of Dublin, a
D.D. of Glasgow and Aberdeen, and a Litt.D.
of Cambridge. He was made a Fellow of
the British Academy in 1 902, and delivered
the first Schweich Lecture before that body
in 1 908 ( ' Modern Researches illustrating
the Bible').
JAMES HAMILTON WYLIE.
The sudden death of one of the most
learned and industrious of English historical
writers will be regretted by many fellow -
students and friends. Quite recently Dr.
Wylie was taking part in debates at his-
torical meetings, but it is likely that his
devotion to work was not beneficial to his
health.
For more than thirty years Dr. Wylie was
engaged in performing the official duties of
an Inspector of Schools, and during the
greater part of that period he spent practi-
cally the whole of his leisure and his official
vacations in preparing an exhaustive history
of the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V.
The history of the former reign was pub-
lished between 1884 and 1898, and we
understand that the preparation of the
latter was far advanced. The first volume was
recently noticed by us. Dr. Wylie delivered
the Ford Lectures at Oxford in 1900, and
contributed to various learned publications.
Dr. Wylie was a well-known figure in the
Search Room at the Record Office, where the
accuracy of his references and his methodical
habits were duly appreciated. In these
respects his manner of working bore a close
resemblance to that of the great American
medievalist Charles Cross, and like the
latter Wylie was omnivorous in his researches,
and encyclopaedic in his knowledge of the
printed literature of his own period. But,
perhaps, the learned historian of the reign
of Henry IV. was apt to distract the atten-
tion of his readers by marshalling a great
array of evidences in support of some
perfectly credible sta£ement. At the same
time, the serried ranks of these references to
the Chancery enrolments and other records,
then uncalendared, represent such a laborious
process of research as few historians have
essayed, and none has accomplished, on
such an extensive scale. In his shorter
historical writings, all too few in number,
Dr. Wylie showed greater literary skill.
Here his method was less obtrusive,
and his touch was lighter and more
dexterous.
It is perhaps not generally known that
he was an effective debater on any historical
subject in which he was interested. His
evidence before the Royal Commission on
Public Records (First Report, Tenth Day)
is noticeable. He was engaged during re-
cent years on work for the Historical Manu-
scripts Commission, and his elaborate report
on the famous muniments of the city of
Exeter may be published early next year.
It will be a matter of general regret that
Dr. Wylie did not live to finish the great
history of the Lancastrian kings which he
had planned on such bold lines of research,
for it will be difficult to find any one to com-
plete this heavy task. But incomplete as it
is, and in spite of its austerity of method
and style, the work will remain a lasting
moniunent of patient and scholarly research.
AN AUTHORS' UNION.
22, Chepstow Villas, Bayswater, W., March 3, 1914. .
The proposals for the formation of an
Authors' Union, initiated by the author-
members of the Lyceum Club, and set forth
so sympathetically in the columns of your
paper, cannot fail to be of vital interest to
all those who have at heart the welfare of
imaginative literature.
In the opinion of your correspondent
the chief points to be considered are these :
I. How can the literary standing of
the author be raised and maintained so
that authors may be encouraged to produce
their best work ?
II. How can that work, when produced,
be brought most effectively to the notice
of the public ?
The answer to No. I. is, to a great extent,
bound up with the question of reviews,
which at present are too often hasty and
superficial. In the event of a paper being
founded to carry into effect the purposes of
the Union, the following points might with
advantage be borne in mind : —
(1) All reviews to be entrusted, not to
tyros, but to experienced writers, preferably
those who are themselves practitioners of the
art with which they are called upon to deal,
viz., books of poetry to be reviewed by poets,
novels by novelists, and so on, thus ensuring
the consideration of one himself acquainted
with the difficulties of that particular form
of craftsmanship.
(2) All reviews to be signed.
(3) Reviews in no case to be undertaken
by any one personally acquainted with the
author of the book under review.
Question No. II. might be answered in
part by establishing in connexion with the
Union, and in favourable localities, literary
centres, in the form, say, of reading-rooms
furnished with high-class reviews and peri-
odicals, where also might be included a
department for the exhibition and sale of
such literature as the Union approved —
this literature to be obtained through the
usual channels, viz., the publishers. Ad-
mission to these centres would be free to
members of the Union, a small fee being
charged to non-members. In London, at
least, such literary centres ought to meet
with grateful recognition from all true lovers
of literature. W. J. Cameron.
** * In his various points our correspondent
enunciates problems that we have always in
view. He raises a question in suggesting
that novels should be sent to novelists,
and poetry to poets, to review. If this
were to be generally done, with a view to
encouraging those whose work is criticized
to produce their best, we cannot but believe
that, on the whole, it would prove a mistake.
It is precisely because he is not too inti-
mately aware of tricks of craftsmanship or
of difficulties overcome that, as judge of the
total achievement, other things being equal,
the outsider is safer and more salutary
than the superior fellow -craftsman — safer,
because more aloof and impartial ; more
salutary, because tending to exercise pres-
sure away from the academic and in the
direction of some active relation towards
"real life."
Our correspondent seems to us also not
to have reflected sufficiently upon the detail
involved in his scheme. Those poets and
novelists whose own merit fits them to be
critics are, perhaps, not very likely to con-
sent to shoulder the burden it is proposed to
lay upon them. Granted even that the crea-
tive faculty implies an equal accompanying
critical faculty, the exercise of the latter is
likely to interfere with the former. It seems
clear that for a writer capable of original
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
345
work of permanent value ;is imaginative
literature somewhat nice limits are set,
beyond which it is not well for him to go
in attending to other people's work, even if
he has any special capacity to do so usefully.
On the other hand, the oncoming author,
the subject of the criticism, would, we
believe, i>e in a far worse plight in regard to
his art than lie is now. if lie were enticed to
write, as hi' almost certainly would be, with
a view to the praise of a group of reviewers,
or intending to defy their censure. Works
composed either to keep off or get on an
Index — either to obtain or to flout an Im-
primatur— no matter by whom the power
in question is wielded — have a. character of
their own, which, so far as it pervades them,
militates against their being truly works of
art. Further, if the authority is one whose
competence lies within instead of without
the craft, so much — and even Aery mnch —
the wo i
As ior " tyros " >•. " experienced writers,"' it
is difficult to see how we are to get the latter
without the former. Further, since fresh-
ness of outlook and a certain flexibility of
mind are much to be desired for the par-
ticular kind of criticism we are considering,
it may sometimes happen that the " tjTO "
is the better critic, provided, of course, it is
merely experience that he lacks — the sort of
experience that a capable editor can supply.
The question of the signing of reviews lias
already been much debated, and our readers
are familiar with the reasons which still
keep us to the tradition of anonymity.
The paragraph marked (3) is a rule which
hardly admits of the proverbial exception,
though we can conceive of a case in which
it is necessary to know a personality in order
to appreciate to the full the work under
review.
We are glad to publish Mr. Cameron's
letter, especially because it may lead to
helpful discussion.
A LEASE FOR 999 YEARS EXPIRED.
10, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, March 3, 1914.
It is quite possible that the statement
attributed by your correspondent Mr. W.
Reeves to Dr. Stubbs — namely, that
a lea>e of land belonging to Ely Cathedral
PS expired about l<S!t!) — is correct,
of this kind must be extremely
rare. Lord Coke says that by the ancient
law of England a lease could not, as a general
rifle. |„ made for more than forty years.
This rule, if it ever really existed, was
tainry obsolete in Richard EL's time, as
api im instances given by Blackstone ;
but it highly improbable that long
common at this period, for the
tson that every lease was at the
mercy of the freeholder. A term of years
led .i- .in estate in the land,
but . mtract between the lessor and the
)ee : if the freeholder suffered a recovery,
coyed. This wsb prevented
by tie- statute -'1 Henry VIII.. and then
long terms ol Blackstone tells us,
ran to be more frequenl than before.
• not possible that lee • - ol church
lands were treated a ception to the
era] nil" ': Even if n lease was in early
times merely ;l contract, il ought, when
. ecclesiasl ^ai body, to have
had more sanctity than one granted by a
layman. < ihki.i:-, BWKKT.
HCitoartj (Bnssip,
At the meeting of the Royal Society of
Literature on the 18th inst. Mr. A. C.
Benson will give a lecture on * ( 'harlotte
Bronte ' ; and on the 25th inst.
Prof. Gerothwohl will read a paper on
Carmen Sylva, and Lord Halsbury is to
admit the Queen of Roumania as an
Honorary Fellow of the Society, the Rou-
manian Minister acting as her proxy.
In the last of his lectures on ' The Age
of Erasmus ' Mr. P. S. Allen dealt with
the Transalpine Renaissance, and con-
trasted it with the earlier movement in
Italy. Points of difference were shown
in the resistance offered by the two
regions to the Renaissance, and in the
earliest productions of the press on
either side of the Alps. The imperfect
instruments of mediaeval scholars were
exchanged, by the invention of printing,
for comparatively accurate texts and
competent editors.
The lecturer passed on to discuss the
rise of German national feeling, which was
widely expressed in the letters of the
humanists, and quoted the letter to a
fellow-countryman of a young Frieslander
studying at Oxford in 1499 : " Your verses
have shown me what I never could have
believed, that German talents are no whit
inferior to Italian." On the same subject
of Italian versus German scholarship
Erasmus wrote in 1518, complimenting
a canon of Mayence : " One might have
been listening to a Roman. Now let the
Italians go and taunt Germans with
barbarism, if they dare ! " Reference was
also made to the writings of Beatus
Rhenanus, Irenicus, and Wimpfeling.
The Times knows of a gentleman who
recently, at Winchester, bought (for the
sum of Is.) a box of old books, and dis-
covered among them no less a prize than a
first edition of Pope's ' Homer.' More
than that, the volumes have in them an
autograph inscription by White of Sel-
borne : " Presented to me by Mr. Pope
upon my taking my degree," with a note
of the month and the year — 1743, the
year before Pope died.
The clever authors of ' Wisdom while
You Wait ' have written a new skit called
' All the Papers.' It is a *' journalistic
revue," hitting off witli neat malice the
characteristics and extravagances of the
press of to-day. .Mr. (ieorge .Morrow, as
usual, has a large share in the collabora-
tion ; his blurred drawings caricaturing
the reproductions of the " picture-papers"
are most amusing.
For many years endeavours have been
made to persuade Mr. Watts-Dunton to
republish in a volume his two studies —
the article on 'Poetry' which appeared
in " The Encyclopaedia Britannica ' and
'The Renascence of Wonder.' We are
gl.id to bear that the two I - are to be
revised and published in a volume, which
Mr. [Herbert Jenkins hopes to have ready
next autumn.
Messrs. Chambkrs are bringing out
this spring new editions of their ' Concise
Gazetteer of the World ' and their ' Eng-
lish Dictionary/ The latter will include
a Supplement of Additional Words and
Phrases which runs to thirty-nine pages.
They also announce an entirely new
edition of their ■Commercial Geography
of the World,' by Dr. A. J. Herbertson
and Mr. J. Cossar, the first part of which
deals with the British Isles, and the
second with the rest of the world, taking
first the temperate regions which most
nearly resemble Great Britain, and tropical
countries last.
Mr. Rowbotham will shortly publish a
national epic poem entitled ' The Epic of
the Empire.' Its subject is the rise and
growth of our Empire from the buccaneers
and the Spanish Armada to the Boer
War. It tells the story of the Pilgrim
Fathers, the colonization of America, the
conquest of India, Xelson, and Wellington
and Waterloo and is written in rhymed
verse.
The contents of the forthcoming num-
ber of The Constructive Quarterly, published
by Mr. Humphrey Milford of the Oxford
University Press, include ' The Construc-
tive Quarterly from Within,' by Dr.
William Sandav ; ' Unity in the Spiritual
Fact,' by Mr. ^T. R. Glover ; ' Towards
Unity,' by Cardinal Mercer ; ' The Place
of Symbolism in Religion,' by Bishop
Gore ; ' Education and Religion among
Working-Men,' by Mr. William Temple ;
' The Labour Movement in Religion,' by
Mr. F. H. Stead ; and ' John Woolman,'
by Mr. T. E. Harvey.
In our number for February 21st we
announced the result of the triple election
at the French Academy. Before the echoes-
of this important contest have died out,
new competitors are arising, for MM.
Paul Adam, Louis Bertrand, Abel Her-
mant, Camille Le Senne, and Henry
Bordeaux have already written to offer
themselves as candidates for the chair
of Jules Clare tie. The election will not
take place before June at the earliest.
Mr. James Duff Brown*, Chief Li-
brarian of the Islington Public Libraries,,
died recently in his 52nd year.
His most notable services to the manage-
ment of libraries were his device for
" safeguarded open - access," suggest* d
by what he saw in a visit to the United
States, and his systems of classification,
the last of which is now in U86 all over the
world. He was the author of several
works on bibliography, the management
of libraries, and music, publishing in 1886
a • Biographical Dictionary of Musi-
cians,' and in 1901, in collaboration with
Mi-. .\. Moffat. • Characteristic Songs and
Dances of All Nations/ At the tune of
his last illness he had in hand a \
scheme of universal biography on a n.u
plan.
||(. came to London Imni GlaSgO* in
L890 as first Librarian oi Clerkenwell
(now Finsbury) Public Libraries, and w\
appointed t<» Islington in 1906.
346
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4500, March 7, 1914
SCIENCE
A List of the Birds of Australia. By
Gregory M. Mathews. (Witherby &
Co., 10s. net.)
The writer of ' The Birds of Australia ' has
supplemented it with a weighty work of
reference,
" containing the names and synonyms con-
nected with each genus, species, and sub-
species of birds found in Australia at present
known to the author."
It becomes at once apparent that Mr.
Mathews has a serious quarrel on hand
with the ' Official Checklist of the Birds
of Australia,' prepared a year ago by
the Committee of the Royal Australasian
Ornithologists' Union. He states his case
very ably in an Introduction which is
necessarily polemical in tone. The author
regards the ' Official Checklist ' as worse
than reactionary in its declared intention
of delivering Australian ornithology " from
the innumerable nomenclatural refine-
ments and subtleties which threatened its
existence."
Referring to the claim that the trinomial
system is advantageous to specialists
and students, the Checklist Committee
decline to admit the contention on the
curious ground that it
" would only convey to the former what he
as a specialist already knows, and would only
convey to the student what he could find,
without trouble, in any reference-book."
To this Mr. Mathews replies that so far as
he is aware no such reference list exists,
and that his volume supplies the want.
He adds that in grouping every sub-
species at present recognizable under the
oldest name which appears as a binomial
for the species, he has erred on the side
of conservatism, and, for want of more
material, has returned as synonyms many
of the names he had recently given as
subspecific. He contends that the Com-
mittee in making their ultimate appeal
to Gould have not only shown a remark-
able disregard of the discovery of new facts
which they profess to have taken into
account, but can hardly escape the charge
of inconsistency or even insincerity in
their procedure. Gould himself was a
staunch upholder of the " law of priority,"
as he knew it. The Committee would
belittle this " law of priority " as merely a
"' law of expediency," whereas Mr. Ma-
thews, with the substantial backing of the
International Congresses of Zoology, and
the tardier British Ornithologists' Union,
pleads the vital necessity of bringing
individual predilections to the touchstone
of uniformity. Incidentally it is pleasing
to note the author's conviction that there
should not be any antagonism between
the field-worker and the systematist, as
each necessarily depends upon the other
for assistance. He briefly reviews the
progress of systematic study, and shows
the great chances provided by the
Australian Commonwealth.
' With a much more interesting, varied,
and more easily observed avifauna than
probably any other portion of the world,
the outlook is immense — but the workers
are few."
An Account of the Morisonian Herbarium
in the Possession of the University of
Oxford. By S. H. Vines and G. Claridge
Druce. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 15s.
net.)
An account of the Dillenian collections pub-
lished by the present authors in 1907, was
well received by botanists, and we predict
an equally good reception for the work
now under notice. Three interesting per-
sonalities are sketched in the Introduction :
Jacob Bobart the Elder, the first curator of
the physic garden ; Dr. Robert Morison,
first Professor of Botany at Oxford ; and
Jacob Bobart the Younger, who suc-
ceeded his father in the care of the garden.
These seventeenth-century names are not
familiar to present-day botanists, and for
this very reason the first portion of the
book will be read with great interest. It
relates details respecting the acquirement
of the site for the botanic garden by Lord
Danby, and the formal laying of the first
stone by Dr. Pierce, Vice-Chancellor, on
July 25th, 1621. The elder Bobart made
the garden remarkable for its clipped trees,
and the wits of Oxford found a text
for their humour in the specimens of
topiary work trained under his direction.
Evelyn visited the garden in 1(554 and
1664, but was not enthusiastic about
the plants he saw there. Nevertheless,
Bobart's fame as a gardener may rest
on the fact that an anonymous catalogue
of the plants in the garden, published in
1684, enumerates no fewer than 1,600,
of which number about 600 were British
and many were Canadian.
The garden had been established forty-
eight years before the University got its
first Professor of Botany in Robert Morison
of University College, who was elected
Professor on Dec. 16th, 1669. His greatest
work, the ' Historia Plantarum Univer-
salis Oxoniensis,' is sufficient evidence to
prove that he was 'a hard worker and
serious original botanist, though he ap-
pears soon to have been partially forgotten
owing to the interest aroused by Ray, his
contemporary for some years, and later
by Linnseus.
The third personality, Bobart the
Younger, was scarcely less a botanist
than a gardener. He was entrusted by
Dr. Fell with the publication of ' Pars
Tertia,' the last volume of Morison's
work, after the Professor's death, and
it is a testimony to his skill and wide
botanical knowledge. He did not hesitate
to alter Morison's classification where he
disagreed with it, and his emendations
were always improvements. He was a
good field botanist, and he added ten
species to the British flora. The Mori-
sonian Herbarium was the work of Bobart,
and it bears Morison's name merely be-
cause the primary object of the collection
was to illustrate the ' Historia Univer-
salis.' The Herbarium consists of about
5,000 specimens of herbs (including crypto-
gams), and about 1,500 specimens of
trees and shrubs. The preparation of the
account of it, which occupies 320 pages,
must have been an onerous task, demand-
ing skill and judgment.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquaries. — Feb. 20. — Sir C. H.
Read, President, in the chair. — .Mr. W. H. St. John
Hope submitted a report of the excavations
carried onb> the Society of Antiquaries, under the
direction of Lieut. -Col. Hawley, Mr. D. H.
Montgomerie, and himself, on the hill of Old
Sarum in 1913. The previous year's work had
largely been devoted to the tracing of the limits
of the destroyed cathedral church, and pre-
paring for the excavation of its site, which
formed the work of the past season. The position
of the church in the north-west quarter of Old
Sarum had long been known, and in 1835 some
tentative efforts were made, following upon
indications visible through a dry summer, to
make out its plan. This did not, however, agree
with the historical accounts of the church, but
the recent excavations have made all plain.
Shortly after the removal of the bishop's see
from Sherborne to Old Sarum about 1075 a new
church was begun here by Bishop Osmund, and
consecrated in 1092. This is recorded to have
been fired by lightning five days after its hallowing,
but was no doubt duly repaired. Traces of the fire
have lately been found in the shape of scorched
and reddened stones. A cloister, with (appa-
rently) a chapter-house raised above a crypt,
was added to the church in the twelfth century,
and followed soon after by a complete rebuilding
and enlargement, on a much more extensive
scale, of the presbytery and transepts, and by
the beginnings of a western tower with side wings
at the end of the nave.
This church continued in use until the migration
of the capitular body and of most of the civil
population to New Sarum (the modern Salisbury)
in 1227, but was then dismantled, and its site and
ruins reverted to the King. In 1331, following
upon a licence to crenellate their close, the King
granted to the bishop and to the dean and chapter
all the stonework of the old cathedral church
and of the houses of the bishop and canons, and
so all the buildings at Old Sarum were razed to
the ground and the site laid waste.
Notwithstanding that an important section
had been destroyed in the rebuilding of the
twelfth century, the excavations had brought to
light beneath the late floor-levels the complete
plan of Bishop Osmund's church, which was
173 ft. long, and consisted of anapsidal presbytery
of two bays, with narrow aisles square-ended
without ; north and south transepts, each with an
eastern apse ; a tower over the crossing ; and a
nave and aisles of seven bays. Against the wall
of the main apse was a block of masonry that pro-
bably had carried the bishop's seat or throne.
The church, it will be seen, belongs to a well-
known early Norman type, of which St. Edward's
church at Westminster, and those of Lanfranc at
Canterbury, of Bishop Remi at Lincoln, and
Bishop Fl'ambard at Christchureh, were English
examples, built possibly in imitation of Jumieges.
Of the cloister which "was added to the church
only enough is left to fix its area, which was about
the same as that of the cloister of Christchureh,
Canterbury. The chapter-house has also gone,
but of its crypt much remains standing, owing to
its massive construction. It was 60 ft. long and
of four bays, divided into two alleys by a row of
stout columns which helped to carry its arched
and ribbed vault ; it also contained a well 6 ft.
in diameter. The crypt was built almost touching
the north transept of the church, from which
there must have been a way into the chapter-
house above.
By the additions to the church that were made
towards the middle of the twelfth century, its
length was increased to 316 ft., and the width
across the transepts from 113 J ft. to 138 ft.
The eastern addition consisted of a presbytery
of four bays, with aisles of five bays connected
on the east by an ambulatory, out of which
opened three chapels with intermediate stair
passages. The new transepts had a narrow
middle section, with arches on both sides into
eastern and western transepts. This feature the
church shares with only a few great churches like
Winchester, Ely, York, Beverley, and Lincoln.
Projecting from the front of the south transept
was a porch covering the principal entrance.
Over the crossing was a tower of oblong plan.
The old nave and aisles continued in use, with a
new doorway in the south side ; and at the west
end were laid the deep and massive foundations
of a tower with side wings, after the fashion of
Ely, and formerly at Winchester and Bury St.
Edmunds, but it is a question whether the tower
was ever carried up.
Of the various other discoveries made con-
cerning the church, one of the most un-
expected was the recovery of the pattern and
colouring of a large part of the twelfth-century
floor. This had consisted of squared blocks of
the white Chilmark and the green Hurdcote
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
347
stone, faced on one aide only, and bedded inverj
thick mortar. The atones ha«l almost all been
taken off, bul their beds had been loft, filled
up with rubbish. On sweeping this out, the
patterns formed by the blocks at otu-o revealed
themselves, and fragments Mill embedded gave
the key to the eoloUT-SOheme Of hands or eheekors.
In one of the eastern Chapels the stones had been
laid with interlacing circles. Well below the
Boor-levels there was found in the presbytery
pari of a smooth plaster floor, scored with parallel
lines and parts of eireles to Serve as a setting-out
id for the master-mason during the course of
the work. Another find was that of t lie skeleton
of a prisoner who had been buried in his irons.
Numerous worked and moulded Btoneswere found
in all the deeper places, from which some idea
may he formed of the date and architecture of
the church : and there were also picked up a con-
siderable number of pieces of porphyry and verde-
ahtico that had formed part of some very precious
pavement. Thetwogreal churches at Canterbury,
and that at Westminster, are the only other
buildings in this country where such rare materials
are known.
To the south of the presbytery was a walled
enclosure, wit h the churchyard cross at its south-
angle, that seems to have served as the
burial-place of the canons. In it were found
upwards of twenty marble and stone coffins and
graveslabs, some with other stones set up at the
head and feet. Some were quite plain ; others
crosses; while two had long Latin inscrip-
tions in rhyming hexameters. One of these
commemorated one A 1 ward of Ramsbury, who
witness to a charter of Bishop Roger about
1 L08. The other was on the tomb of one Godwin,
who was ordained priest by Anselm of Canterbury
i 1093—1109 I, and " shone as precent or in the church
of Salisbury." For the present this interesting
group of memorials has been covered up again for
- rvation. Most of them certainly belong
to the twelfth century, but one or two may date
from just before the dismantling and abandon-
ment of the church in 1227. Another lot of
similar, but plainer tombs were found in the lay
folk's cemetery south of the nave, and included
an interesting pair of coffin-shaped stones, both
charged with crosses, ami having head- and foot-
stones with crosses on both sides. The principal
cemeter> of the chapter was apparently the
cloister garth, but time did not permit of any
systematic examination of this.
Akistotkluln. — Mnrrli 2. — Sir Francis Young-
husband in the chair. — Mr. Eric Farmer was
elected a Member.
Prof. J. Brough read a paper on ' Some New
Encyclopaedists on Logic' The intention of the
editors of the volume on 'Logic' in the 'New
felopsedia of Philosophical Sciences' is to
show the unity that underlies the various direc-
tions followed by independent thinkers. The
contributors are windelband, Royce, Couturat,
l Enriques, and Lossky. The primitive
and meet permanent motive for logic is a scheme
controlling knowledge as a factor in spiritual
life, through self-consciousness. This is brought
"■ut with most fore- by Windelband, who puts
forward the view that a full solution of logical
quires the union of different methods
treatment. Rut his own programme is not
sufficiently commended by his appeal to normality
and self-consistency between the several stand-
ivhicta he harmonize-, as the test of rele-
ce in Logic. The departments into which
e* Logii — Phenomenology of Knowledge,
Pure Logic, Methodology, and Epistemology— are,
however, all relevant to the primitive motive;
although a more direct appeal to it would empha-
l for a fuller psychology of co-opera-
tive thinking, a more formal or axiomatic expres-
i oi the constitutive norma of thought, a more
decisive limitation of tie- function of the logical
isness in Science, and a subordination of
epistemological criticism to tie- consciousness of
ility in thought. The paper was fol-
I' o\ ed by a discussion.
Bxoubb Goethe. — FA. 26. — Dr. r.. T. Thome
in the chair. — A highly interesting paper was con-
tributed by Bar. W. Page Andrews on 'Goethe's
K.
we\
th
J
— .....-,,.. <mi uuciuo a
ey to Faust.' In the subsequent diacu
te Chairman, Miss Royds, and ■ bant,
R. Mozley, and Page took part.
It was announced that Prince Lichnowaky
had accepted the Society's invitation to be
the guest of honour at a dinner on May 20th,
at tli.- Trocaderoi particulars of which may
!»•• obtained from the 8 , 129, Add
MKETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Mom. St. Bride FoumUtion, 7.:W.— 'Tim Printing Press and its
History, Lecture II . Mr K. A. Peddie.
— Surveyors' Institution, S —Adjourned Discussion on "Com-
ments on the Land Inquiry Committee's (Rural)
Conclusions.'
— Geographical. s::n— 'The Nigeria-Kamerun Boundary Com-
mission of 1912-13,' Cant. W. V. Nugent.
Ti i:s. Horticultural, 8. — ' Adaptive Degradations, the Cause of
M:inv Cases of Evolution among Plants,' Prof. G. Henslow.
— Royal Institution. 3.—' Modern Ships: CJ) Ocean Travel,'
Prof. Sir J. H. Biles.
— Asiatic. 4.—' "No," the Japanese Play of Silence,' Mr. Yone
Noguchi.
— Institution of Civil Engineers. 8.— Adjourned Discussion on
' Rail-Steels for Electric Railways ' and ' Rail-Corrugation
and its Causes.'
— Anthropological Institute, S 15.—' The Magical Siege of Troy,'
Mr. A. Upward.
— Colonial Institute, 3. :I0 —'Impressions of an Empire Tour.'
Lord Emmott.
Wed. University of London. 5.30.— 'Initiative in War : its Use and
Abuse,' Lieut. -Col. F. B. Maurice.
— Society of Arts, ».— ' Bacterial Treatment of Peat, and its
Application as a Fertilizer.' Prof. W. B. Bottomley.
— Geological, 8.— 'On an Apparently Palaeolithic Drawing on a
Bone from Sherborne (Dorset),' Dr. A. 8. Woodward.
Thl'rs. Royal Institution, 3.— 'Heat and Cold,' Lecture II., Prof.
0. F. Jenkiu.
— Royal, 4.30. — ' Note on a Functional Equation employed by Sir
George Stokes, 'Sir James Stirlim; ; "1 be Electrical Condition
of a Gold Surface during the Absorption of Gases and their
Catalytic Combustion,' Mr. Harold Hartley ; and other
Papers.
— Irish Literary, 8.
— Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8.— 'The Design of
Rolling Stock for Electric Railways,' Mr. H. E. O'Brien.
— Society of Antiquaries, 8.30.
Fur. Royal Institution, d.-'An Indian State,' Sir W. R. Lawrence.
Sat. Royal Institution, 3.— 'Recent Discoveries in Physical
Science,' Lecture III., Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson.
Road, X.W
Sfrwnw dossip.
M. Bresbroeck of Uccle, Belgium, has
now determined the orbit of the comet dis-
covered by Mr. Delavan on December 17th :
" Time of perihelion, 1911, Oct. 26, 10 p.m. ;
least distance from sun, 102 £ million miles;
longitude of node, 59 deg. 10 min. ; arc from
node to perihelion, 97 deg. 27 min. ; inclination,
68 deg. 6 min."
The comet was discovered 10]- months
before perihelion — longer than in the case
of any previous one — at a time when it was
400 million miles from the sun. It will be
in view as an evening star till April, will
then be hidden for three months by the
rays of the sun, and will reappear, much
brighter, in July or August, becoming
probably visible to the naked eye in Sep-
tember, and continuing so through October.
As is well known, a large number of birds,
when migrating, are attracted by light-
houses, and perish about them. It was
generally supposed that, dazzled and be-
wildered, they flew directly at the light and
were dashed against the glass ; but Prof.
Thijsse is of opinion that they circle wildly
round and round the light, become exhausted,
and then, finding no place to settle, fall
cither into the gallery of the lighthouse or
into the sea. Accordingly he invented an
apparatus of wooden racks and perches for
their relief, and tried it at the Terschelling
Lighthouse on the Frisian Islands, where the
results have fully borne out his contention.
The Royal Society for the Protection of
Birds, with theco-operation of Trinity House,
propose to erect such an apparatus at Spurn
Head. They have two already, at the
Caskets and at St. Catherine's in the Isle of
Wight, and, if subscriptions are forthcoming,
propose to employ the .system further.
Between SOI. and 100/. is required for the
installation at each lighthouse of these
racks and perches, and a further sum is
needed for upkeep, and the removal of
the apparatus during the winter months.
Mb. Jonas Lied gave lately an addn
to the London Chamber of Commerce <>u
'The Opening-up of the Northern Sea Route
to Siberia." Be had much to say of the
prospects and resources of tli.it vasl terri-
tory, with a population of 13,000,000 which
will probably be doubled in fifteen or
twenty yean; and he ment ioned tin- Curious
fact that u ild deer arc there kepi in captivity
solely for tin- sake of their horns, which are
worth iOs. the pound, and are all sent to
China., where they are used in the manu-
facture of an elixir of life.
On the 13th, 17th, and 20th inst, Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall is delivering at Crosby
Hall a course of lectures entitled 'Biology
in relation to Education.' She has ahead y
spoken and written a good deal on the sub-
ject, and the present lectures are intended
to set forth the results of some work she
has recently done, which has thrown new
light on several educational problems.
On Tuesday last Dr. D. Heron lectured on
'An Examination of somo Recent Studies
of the Inheritance Factor in Insanity ' at the
Francis Galton Laboratory for National
Eugenics. The studies in question were
those of Dr. Davenport of the American
Eugenics Record Office and Dr. F. W. Mott
of the London County Council Asylums
staff. Dr. Davenport frequently repeated
his advice that persons who aro weak
in one particular trait should inter-
marry with those who are strong in that
trait. He even argued, from pedigrees
showing that normal and neuropathic persons
had intermarried without apparent injury
to their children, that a normal person can
with safety marry one who is insane. An
examination of the four pedigrees on which
this argument was based, however, de-
molished the evidence. These four cases
had in all twenty-two children, all with one
exception normal. Dr. Davenport went no
further ; had he done so, he would have
found that of thirty-six grandchildren
nineteen, and of twenty great-grandchildren
eighteen, were neuropathic.
Dr. Mott had collected a large number of
cases of related inmates in London County
Asylums, from which he had come to the
conclusion that the age of onset of insanity
in the children of insane parents was con-
siderably earlier than in the parents. He
found that the average age of onset in
parents was 50, in children 26 — an apparent
anticipation of twenty-four years. The
lecturer made it clear that in Dr. Mott's
method of selection elderly cases might,
easily be left unrecorded, and that the range
of insanity among parents was necessarily
less wide than among children, since, if the
parents had not been sane during at least
their first twenty years, there would have
been no children. He showed that a result
entirely analogous to Dr. Mott's could be
obtained by a study of the longevity of the
reigning families of Europe. The average
age of a number of fathers at death was 56,
01 their firstborn only 35. Here there was
an apparent "anticipation'" which might
be explained on the same lines as Dr. Mott's.
Last Tuesday week a memorial tablet
was unveiled in Upton Church, Torqu.
recording the services to science of Henry
Forbes Julian; also his heroism in the
Titanic disaster, when he worked hard to
save the lives of others, and lost his own.
Mr. Julian had a wide reputation as a metal-
lurgist, and the committee formed to com-
memorate him included several eminent
names in science.
Prof. Joachjmstm \i . Director of the
University Hospital for the surgical treat-
ment of cripplesal Berlin, died at < hninewald,
near Berlin, on Saturdaj last. He had
contracted an unknown disease some ob-
scure form of poisoning in the course of
experiments on animal . and died .>t
inflammation o oompanied
a affection of the nerves. Prof. Joachims-
thal w a-, one of He ' ( ■erman autho-
rities on physical malformations and their
treatment by surgery.
348
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
FINE ARTS
Athens and its Monuments. By Charles
Heald Weller. (Macmillan & Co.,
17s. net.)
This volume is one of Messrs. Macmillan's
«3ries of " Handbooks of Archaeology and
Antiquities." But the scope and character
of a work upon the monuments of Athens
seem difficult to fit into that series. Prof.
D'Ooge's book on the Acropolis of Athens
blossomed out into a larger and more
sumptuous form ; and, although Prof.
Weller's new volume is nominally in-
cluded in the series, it has also assumed
a larger size, while its illustrations — over
260 in all — are a characteristic feature.
They add greatly to its value and use-
fulness, for they are for the most part very
•well chosen, and help in the understanding
•of the text.
In dealing with the extant antiquities
of any town there is a choice between
the historical and the topographical order ;
where there are so many matters in dis-
pute as in ancient Athens, either method
has its difficulties. Prof. Weller makes a
•compromise between the two by giving
as introductory chapters a description of
the situation and general aspect of the
•city, of its walls and gates, and an historical
sketch of its development; and then, in
the rest of the book, following the route
>of Pausanias, whose text he translates or
paraphrases with a running commentary.
The book in this way becomes continuous
.and readable ; the chief drawbacks are
that the order of Pausanias is not always
one which commends itself as the most
convenient to a modern writer, and that
Tbuildings which he does not mention, such
as the Pnyx, the Roman Agora, or the
Early Temple of Athena, have to be inter-
polated as occasion arises.
The limited size of the book, and the
great mass of material with which it has
to deal, naturally preclude a full dis-
cussion of the numerous and keenly dis-
puted problems that occur in the study of
Athenian topography. The author re-
marks on the difficulty of keeping " a
straight course between doubt and dog-
matism." It must certainly be conceded
that he has kept this course with discretion,
and that he has treated the various prob-
lems in a fair-minded and judicious manner.
He accepts many of Dorpfeld's theories,
"but is by no means prepared to adopt
them all in a too uncritical spirit. One
turns naturally to the crucial example of
the Enneacrounos and Thucydides's state-
ment as to early Athens. Here Prof.
Weller adopts the same compromise that
has commended itself to Judeich, accept-
ing Dorpfeld's identification of the
Enneacrounos, but recognizing in the
Pythium and Olympieum the well-known
temples near the Ilissus. The last word
has not yet been said about this matter ;
but there is no doubt that Dorpfeld's
theory would have met with more general
acceptance if it had not been prejudiced
Jby the improbability of his duplication
of the Pythium and Olympieum under
the Acropolis. Prof. Weller makes the
situation clear by a useful little sketch-
map showing the relation of the various
sites concerned.
Another typical example of his methods
is offered by the little precinct found in
the excavations west of the Acropolis. He
states that
"by a somewhat extended course of reason-
ing, which cannot be outlined here, the
precinct has been identified as the celebrated
Dionysium in the Marshes. . . .The suggestion
has recently been made that the precinct is
that of Heracles in Melite. This identifica-
tion rests largely upon the theory that the
base which has been taken for that of a sacri-
ficial altar is really for a sort of sedicula of
Heracles. The hypothesis carries too much
with it to be acceptable at present."
Here there is enough to confuse the
general reader, yet not enough to satisfy
the more serious student ; and there is
no reference which might help him to
pursue the matter. Similarly, " a valuable
suggestion as to the identification" of the
Apollo on the Omphalos as Theseus is
barely mentioned. In such cases it would
be well to give references at least to the
most modern articles. Even if the general
reference to Judeich's book suffices for the
older literature, it is useless for what has
appeared most recently and is often by no
means easy to find. On the other hand,
the author has evidently himself kept up
with the most recent investigations, and
in some cases gives a full and clear
account of them, as in the case of Mr.
Hill's interesting discoveries as to the
design of the earlier Parthenon.
In a work where brevity has been
necessary many statements must occur as
to which difference of opinion is possible.
In a few instances there are grounds for
more direct criticism in matters of detail.
The small round dowels of wood in the
centre of drums of columns can hardly
have sufficed to hold them in place, but
are generally regarded as having been
used as a guide in erecting the columns.
Again, the diagram of the Ionic Order on
p. 10 is unfortunate for Athens, where all
extant Ionic buildings have the treble
architrave, not the flat one here shown ;
the two forms of Ionic, as seen in the
Propylaea and Erechtheum, would be more
useful. The identification of a temple by
inference from its sculptural decoration
may be hazardous, but it is over-stating
the case to suggest that on such ground
the Parthenon might be attributed to
Theseus ; and to rule out, in the evidence
for the date of the sculpture of the Nike
temple, the style of a work as too sub-
jective is hardly a sound method. "The
dance of the Aglauridse," on p. 157, is
probably a misprint.
But enough has been said in criticism
of details. The book as a whole is a
useful and impartial summary of the
present state of our knowledge. The
fullness and appropriateness of the illus-
trations have already been noticed, but
a good and clear map of Athens should
have been added ; the sketch-plan given at
the end is inadequate for a book of this
description.
EXHIBITIONS.
The initial impression of capacity produced
by the Women's International Art Club at
the Grafton Galleries is mainly the result
of certain still-life paintings (many of them
wisely placed in the first gallery) and a few
landscapes. Miss Mary Creichton's Corner
of a Mantelpiece (2), Mrs. Austen Brown's
Chrysanthemums (5), and Miss Ryland's Grey
Day at Rye (23) show a certain power of
arrangement, a restraint yet boldness in the
use of colour allied to the qualities finely
displayed by women in the one living art of
to-day — the art of dress. Miss, Amy B.
Atkinson's landscaj^es A Long View (50)
and Chill Twilight (225) combine this in-
stinctive taste in the use of a simple con-
vention with a certain measure of pro-
fessional ability in satisfying the demands
of realism by a more complex statement.
Miss N. Labouchere in Portrait (174) and
Sudanese (199), Miss E. A. Hope in her
lithographs (185-7), and Miss Collcutt in
her clever water-colour Holly Hill, Hamp-
stead (101), are more purely professional:
i.e., we are satisfied that they have done
something rather difficult, but less satisfied
that they really thought it delightful and
worth doing.
Miss Ethel Virtue sends a case of jewellery
(IV.) of a simple character, but with a
happy knack of combining brilliantly a few
elements of colour ; and there is a very
beautiful piece of embroidery, A Child's
Dress (Case III.), which, though the
catalogue does not say so, is, we fear, an
eighteenth -century piece, and not a repre-
sentative of the craftsmanship of to-day.
The foreign contributions among the pic-
tures are, it must be confessed, usually
inferior to the native products ; witness, for
example, the pretentious, but deplorable ex-
hibits by Anna Boberg from Sweden (37—41).
The Sunset in Valda (228), however, by
Maj Bring, also from Sweden, has a certain
rude vigour of design.
Among paintings by English artists already
shown in other exhibitions, we note that
Mrs. Sargent Florence's Children Playing
Chess (34) does not look so well here as
at the New English Art Club, the trying
light of this exceptional spring weather
revealing defects of execution which to some
extent discount its qualities of design.
At the Chenil Gallery are the works of
Mr. Alfred AUinson and Mr. T. Dayrell-
Reed, both to some extent to be described
as followers of Mr. John and Mr. Inness.
Mr. Dayrell-Reed does little more than
transmute the colour experiments of the
latter artist into the more cloying garish-
ness of the pavement artist, though occa-
sionally as in No. 69, Boardale, he produces
a handsome design. Mr. Allinson also tends
to monotonous over-emphasis of colour for
the mere sake of intrinsic gaudiness, but
he is a painter of greater range and some
invention : witness No. 18 (Landscape,
Alsace) or the operatic scene No. 6 (Chopin
Ballade No. 1). He shows also some
carefully drawn heads (35 and 36), which
agreeably recall the unique gifts of Mr. John
in this genre.
The decorations by Mr. Wyndham Lewis,
shown last week by the Earl and Countess
of Drogheda at their house in Wilton
Crescent, prove a very effective adaptation of
an existing interior in one style to the
purposes of another. As we believe the
artist has several other commissions for
interior decorations, we may defer a definitive
judgment of his powers in this direction
until he has a rather freer hand. Ham-
pered with a gold cornice of flagrantly
Renaissance pattern and other existing
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
THE ATIIEN/EUM
349
features, he shows greal cleverness in
utilizing them— though, perhaps inevitably,
rather for purposes of immediate sensational-
ism than in a serious monumental spirit.
The exiguous surfaces open tor treatment
by painting are BO dealt with as; to be snili-
cienl as colour for the decoration of the
room, yet (combined, perhaps, with the
doctrinaire hatred of '" representation " cur-
rent among Mr. Lewis's supporters) they
induce a use of scarcely Legible hieroglyphics,
and this hardly gives full scope to the power
of sustained draughtsmanship which makes
Mr. Lewis, in our opinion, the Leader of the
English Cubists. We should be sorry if the
influence of his admirers led him to regard
as "mere representation " any abstraction
from natural forms of elements capable of
being understood by the ordinary intel-
ligent-.
CHELSEA ARTISTS AT BRADFORD.
The Chelsea Arts Club, hitherto known
as a social institution, makes its debut this
month as an exhibiting hotly, by the invita-
tion of the Bradford Corporation. In a
foreword to . the catalogue Mr. Maurice
Hewlett makes an eloquent plea for the
eminence of art in Chelsea, and it is true
that the majority of English painters have
dwelt there at some time or other of
their lives, so that Chelsea may legitimately
claim many painters now resident in Scot-
land and elsewhere. Several of these re-
tain their membership of the Club, and are
represented in the exhibition at Bradford.
On the other hand, Mr. William Nicholson,
Mr. Orpen, Mr. Wilson Steer, and other dis-
tinguished artists associated with Chelsea
do not exhibit. The collection, therefore, is
not so much representative of Chelsea as of
the Chelsea Arts Club, and a feeling of good-
fellowship towards the weaker brethren has
probably restrained the severity of the select-
ing committee. A few works have crept in
which arc below the level of the average pro-
vincial exhibition — by no means a high stan-
dard— and out of a total of more than five
hundred exhibits the number of works of
real distinction is appreciably small.
Mr. Philip Connard's large portrait group
by an open window, Xo. 1, Cromwell Gardens,
Mr. Theodore Roussel's nude The Reader,
Mr. (.. \\". Lamberts Dorothea in Fancy
Dress, Mr. Harold Speed's Peotino Gorge on
the Road to Italy, Mr. La Thangue's Pyrenean
Mountains, Mr. Robert Fowler's Rocks and
ihine, X. Wales, and Mr. Alexander
Jamieson's .1 Summer's Afternoon, are the
' of the large paintings. Among the
Her works mention may be made of
Mr. 8 Spa th Stable, Mr. Joseph
pson'a The Spanish Shawl, Prof. Gerald
ra*s water-c lour of HantveU Arches, Mr.
Lell - Loch /'/... .M,. W. \V. Russell's
Lamplight, Mr Howard Somerville's Little
Dancer, and the water-colours by Mr. Fred
or and Mr. Claude Shepperson. Mr.
Havard Thomas, Mr. Stirling Lee, and Mr.
Derw.-nt Wood contribute to the sculpture
ion; while an unusually interesting
collection of black and white includes some
Mr. Will Dyson's brilliant caricatures.
I'. R.
PIOTUBB8.
Chuistib sold en Friday, February
27th, th.- collection of the late Mr." r. Griffith
rden, including th.- following picture*
an: 'I'll'- Edge of a Highland Loch,
220J. 10«.; V Highland River, 2101. ; A Spate
in th- Highlands, 2021. Ids.
ENGRAVINGS.
Mr--;-. SoTHaBY have recently told the
following engraving* : Jamea Ward, after nor-
land, 8 ; '/. Hodgee, after Rembrandt,
The Ship's JJuiMc-r, printcl in clours, 1802, To/.
Jine ]Vrt (Gossip.
There was only time last week to record
briefly the death of Sir John Tonniel, the
most eminent of English cartoonists, and
the exponent for many years of the good
sense of the nation. What made his
drawing notable was not its accomplish-
ment, but its extraordinary sincerity.
He maintained a childlike mind, uniquely
occupied in saying what l*e had to say as
clearly as possible, without any display of
cleverness. His work is thus curiously
naive and full of little surprises, the parts
of his drawings not essential to the story
being mannered, but the expressive features
approached with an open mind to which
any shift was good so long as it " got there."
He will be remembered, above all, by his
illustrations to Lewis Carroll's two famous
books. These are generally confounded in
the memory, and it is not realized that the
drawings for the second, ' Alice through the
Looking-Glass,' are enormously superior to
those in the earlier book, which, indeed,
would hardly be the basis of an artist's
reputation but for the advantageous circum-
stances in which most of the world of to-day
made their acquaintance.
Tenniel's genius appears to us essentially
Teutonic, and if we are to seek for his
affinities, it would be among the artists
drawing for those " German Sheets " which
delighted the children of thirty or thirty-
five years ago.
The Sir Alfred East Exhibition at the
Leicester Galleries will be succeeded by an
exhibition of the recent work in oils of
Mr. Oliver Hall.
The portrait of Emily Bronte as a young
girl, painted by her brother Branwell, which
has just come into the possession of the
National Portrait Gallery, will be repro-
duced as a Medici Print in the " National
Portrait Series " for early publication.
This portrait and another of the three
Bronte sisters had been regarded as lost,
but were discovered in Ireland a few weeks
ago, done up in brown paper, by the second
wife of Charlotte Bronte's husband.
The annual exhibition of the Royal
Hibernian Academy was opened in Dublin
on Monday last by the Lord Lieutenant.
The portrait of Rabindranath Tagore by Mr.
William Rothenstein attracted a good deal
of attention, as did that of Mr. Shan Bullock
by the President, Mr. Dermod O'Brien.
Miss Sarah Purser shows some fine portraits,
while one of the most successful landscapes
is the 'Garden' of Mr. Mark Fisher.
The appointment of Sir Hugh Lane to the
post of Director of the National Gallery of
Ireland, rendered vacant by the retirement
of Sir Walter Armstrong, will be welcomed
by all lovers of art.
A committee has been formed, under the
patronage of several men of letters, for
the purpose of erecting a monument to the
memory of Auguste Angellier, well known
on this side of the Channel as the author
of a fine monograph on Burns. Towards the
end of his life he gave up criticism in
order to devote himself to poetry, and made
his mark in this field also. 'Die committer
intends to erect the memorial on the ram-
parts of Boulogne, often with him the scene
of happy inspirat ion.
Wk mentioned recently two Catalogues
dealing with the important sale of the collec-
tion <>f Arnold otto Meyer, which takes
place from the 1 6th to the 21 Si of t his mont h
in Leipsic. A third Catalogue lias now
been issued by HerrC. Q. Boomer of Leipsic,
at the price of I mark.
Jftustral Gossip.
THE third performance of ' Die Meister-
singer ' this season took plac i at Covent
Garden last Tuesday evening. It is rare-
to hear the work with a cast in which all the
parts are assigned to the artists best suited
to them. On this occasion Fraulein Claire
Dux, by her personal appearance and her
pleasing acting, gave satisfaction, hut in her
singing she did not bring out all the beauty
and charm of the music. Then there \va>
the Beckmesser of Herr Hans Erwin, who
acted that difficult part exceedingly well.
Beckmesser is a man who takes himself
seriously, but there is sometimes a tendency
— from which Herr Erwin is free — to present
him in rather a comic spirit, which some-
years ago even caused occasional laughter.
But in spite of Herr Erwin's good quali-
ties, his tone of voice is not that which
one associates with the unsuccessful rival
of Walther : it did not sufficiently express
envy and spite. Herr Johannes Sembach
as Walther was familiar with the music
though his manner was not sufficiently
romantic. Frau Bender-Schafer was very
good as Magdalene ; Herr Paul Bender
forcible as Hans Sachs , and Herr Hermann
Schramm a capital David. Mr. Albert
Coates conducted admirably.
At a recent concert of the Royal Phil-
harmonic Society the doors were shut during
the performance of Strauss's ' Ein Helden-
leben ' ; of this the public had previously
been warned. There is no break in the
work, so that the arrival of late comers
would have caused much annoyance. This
plan might be adopted also for all sym-
phonies or works in various movements,
such as Rimsky-Korsakofi's ' Scheherazade '
Suite, and a request added to abstain from
applause until the end. Serious lovers of
music should certainly be considered, and
the general public might learn to be punc-
tual. Mr. Plunket Greene, in one of his
lectures, spoke of the advantage of a few-
moments' silence before the singing of a
song, and complete silence between move-
ments of a work would be still more
advantageous. Sir Henry J. Wood, Herr
Nikisch, and other conductors and pianist-
have at any rate tried, and with fair
success, to suppress applause.
Sib Henry J. Wood has recently pre-
sented works by Schonberg which proved
rather a puzzle. There was nothing, how-
ever, in the programme of last Saturday's
Symphony Concert to excite controversy.
Rimsky-Korsakoi'f's Suite Symphonique
'Scheherazade,' the music of which was
arranged for the ballet of that name, is de-
lightfully fresh and admirably scored :
Brahms's First Symphony ranks as an old
favourite; Liszt's E flat Concerto, in which
Mr. Lamond displayed his skill, has many
admirers; while Stravinsky's 'Fireworks'
Fantasia, repeated by request, is clever and
effective.
Scbiabin's symphonic poem ' Prometheu -
the Poem of Fire,' will be performed at nexl
Saturday afternoon's Symphony Concert
under specially favourable conditions, for
the composer himself w ill plaj the difficult
piano part. Thus, although the i
given of the work a short time ago bj Sir
Henry J. Wood wa . ol o m ■ ound,
it ui'n be satisfactory fco hira to be in
personal communication with the composer.
Tin: Classical « ton< i rl Society began
Springs, ii. at Bechsteki Hall last Wedni
day evening. At the he. id oi the program]
350
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 450(5, March 7, 1914
stood a Sonata (said to be by Bach) for violin
and figured bass, in e minor. A manuscript
of it was discovered in the private library of
the King of Saxony. The Adagio is the
most interesting section. There was also
a Fantasia, Op. 159, by Schubert. When
that composer was uninspired, as in this
work, his lengths were not " heavenly."
This Fantasia has been shelved for many
years, and we do not think it ought to have
been revived. Dr. Ernest Walker in his
' Notes ' admits
" that there are not a few places in this Fantasia
that no other great composer would have been
satisfied to leave standing just as they are."
There is one beautiful theme in it, " Sei
mir gegriisst," borrowed by Schubert from
himself, but the variations which follow
are of the flimsiest. The able performers of
both works were Miss Fanny Davies and
Mr. Maurice Sons. They were afterwards
joined by Mr. C. Warwick-Evans, 'cellist, in
Beethoven's Trio, Op. 70, No. 1.
Herr Henschel made his last appearance
at these concerts. He was in fine voice,
and sang in his best style Lieder by Beet-
hoven, Liszt, and Schumann, and in a
second group four of his own songs. They
were all given in order of composition, and
the third and fourth, the latest in date,
proved the most characteristic.
The first concert of Mr. Josef Holbrooke's
thirteenth year of modern chamber music
took place at the Arts Centre on Friday
•evening, February 27th. His perseverance
in a good cause deserves recognition. The
scheme of the four concerts announced is
not lacking in interest ; in addition to works
of his own, he will produce concerted music
by other native composers.
On Friday Mr. Holbrooke's Quintet for
clarinet and strings, Op. 28, was given.
Mr. Charles Draper played the important
clarinet part, and was well supported by
Messrs. John Saunders, Charles Woodhouse,
Lionel Tertis, and Herbert Withers. The
second movement, a Theme and ten Varia-
tions, was the most attractive. The Varia-
tions were difficult to follow, and each had
a heading such as Lament, Scherzo, Chorale.
The hall was in darkness during the perform-
ance, and only sufficient light was supplied
for the players. At the opera-house there
is a reason for lowering the lights ; in a
concert-room it is foolish, and annoying
to people who wish to consult their pro-
grammes for titles, and the words of songs.
Of the latter there were some excellent
specimens by Sir Edward Elgar, Mr. Delius,
and Mr. Norman O'Neill, ably interpreted by
Miss Jane Waterston.
Mr. Leonard Borwick gave his fifth and
last recital, previous to his tour round the
world, at the ^Eolian Hall, on Friday,
February 27th. There was nothing new in
the programme, but in his clever transcrip-
tion of a Bach Organ Prelude, and in the
three poems by M. Ravel entitled ' Gaspard
de la Nuit,' he was heard at his best. At
one time Mr. Borwick chiefly, if not entirely,
confined himself to music of the past.
In these recitals he has devoted much atten-
tion to modern French music, and this is a
welcome enlargement of his scope.
Owing to the great desire of the public
to hear ' Parsifal,' the Covent Garden
management announce two additional per-
formances on Monday and Tuesday next.
The London Choral Society, under the
direction of Mr. Arthur Fagge, will give
on April 1st a concert performance of
' Parsifal ' at Queen's Hall. By that time all
the twelve performances of the music-drama
will have taken place at Covent Garden.
Many of those who heard it will be glad
to make fuller acquaintance with the poem
and the music. The lights will not be
lowered, so they can take their vocal scores.
It will bo the first performance in English
(with Mr. Newman's excellent translation),
and by English artists : Miss Carrie Tubb,
and Messrs. John Coates, Thorpe Bates,
and Robert Radford.
The reputation enjoyed by the Brussels
Quartet is well deserved. Their readings of
works of different schools are marked by
great sympathy and earnestness, while as
performers they are thoroughly well
equipped. At their concert at Bechstein
Hall last Tuesday evening they presented
a programme striking in its contrasts. It
opened with Haydn's Quartet in c, Op. 54,
No. 2. In form and style it is old, but these
players are able to make one forget this.
Other Haydn quartets would be oftener
heard if artists could thus throw aside for a
time their modern ideas and feelings ; but
the ability to do this is rare. In Beethoven's
characteristic Quartet in F minor, Op. 95,
the Brussels players had fine opportunities
of displaying their gifts ; also in Borodin's
Quartet in d. which, though of less import-
ance, is interesting.
The last opera which Massenet wrote was
' Cleopatre,' and it has just been produced
at Monte Carlo, where his ' Jongleur de
Notre-Dame,' ' Cherubin,' ' Espada,' ' The-
rese,' ' Don Quichotte,' and ' Roma ' were
first performed. He wrote operas of light,
pleasing character which appealed to the
public, but which, with few exceptions,
achieved only momentary success ; and
that was in part due to the artists who
created them. The compte rendu of ' Cleo-
patre ' in the Menestrel of February 28th
is sympathetic rather than critical, but the
occasion was a special one, and the writer
no doubt remembered the proverb " De
mortuis," &c.
On February 25th at the Paris Conser-
vatoire the programme included Purcell's
' Golden Sonata.' It was probably the
first time that any work of his has been
produced in France— at least in modern
times — and it proved something of a revela-
tion to the few privileged persons present.
The departure was made on the initiative
of Prof. Charles Lefebvre.
The Triennial Sheffield Festival will
be held next November, from the 11th to the
13th. Berlioz's ' Romeo et Juliette,' Liszt's
' Faust,' Beethoven's ' Missa,' Bach's Can-
tata " O fire everlasting," M. Ravel's
' Daphnis and Chloe,' M. Rachmaninov's
' The Bells ' (first time in England), Dr.
Vaughan Williams's ' Sea Symphony,' and
the second and third acts of ' Parsifal ' are
the chief works. The Festival will be under
the direction of Herr Michael Balling.
The death is announced of Mr. Putnam
Griswold, the excellent bass singer. He
studied at the Royal College of Music, and
soon after was engaged at the Berlin Hofoper,
also at Covent Garden last year. His death
occurred late in February in New York,
after an operation for appendicitis. Mr.
Griswold was in the prime of manhood.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Six.
Concert. 3.30, Royal Albert Hall.
Sunday Concert Nooiety, 3.30, Queen's Hall.
Ballad Concert, 7. Queen's Hall.
Royal Opera. Covent Garden, 'Parsifal.'
Julius Schi Oder's Orchestral Concert. 8.30, Queen's Hall.
Royal Opera, Covent Garden, 'Parsifal.'
Dorothea Crompton's Song Recital. 8.15. Bechstein Hall.
P. Weltman's Violin Recital, 8.15, Queen's (Small) Hall.
Orinna Madrigal Society, 8 30. Queen's Hall.
Classical Concert Society, 3, Bechstein Hall.
Smallwood Metcalfe Choir, 8.10. Queen'B Hall.
— Franz I.iehich's Concert, 8 15, jEoiian Hall.
— Kgon Petri's Pianoforte Recital, 8 30, Bechstein Hall.
Tin us. .lean Sterling Mackinlay's Hong Recital, 3.30, Little Theatre.
Elena Gerhardt'B Vocal Recital, 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
Fanny Copeland's Song Recital. 8.30, Bechstein Hall.
London Ballad Concert, 3, Koyal Albert Hall-
Mozart Society, 3, Portman Kooms
Queen's Hall Orchestra, 3, Queen's Hall.
Wessely String Quartet, 3. Bechstein Hall.
Mon.
Ti-es,
\V
Fin.
Sat.
DRAMA
Marlowe's Edward the Second. By William
Dinsmore Briggs. (Xutt, \2s. d>d. net.)
This volume, in addition to the text of the
play, contains 130 pages of introductory
remarks on the history and development
of the Chronicle play, while another 100
pages are taken up with notes on the text
itself. As a book of reference it will take
its place among the accredited works on
Elizabethan drama. Whether a play of
this standing ought to be studied as apiece
of the literary history of the period, apart
from its value as drama for the theatre,
is a question on which experts differ. But
since it is unusual for scholars to regard
plays as acting plays, no disparagement of
Prof. Briggs's book is intended in stating
that the one reference the author makes
to a dramatic performance of ' Edward II.'
is relegated to a line in a foot-note. In
fact, Marlowe's tragedy, considered as
drama, does not form part of the author's
study, although it might well be compared
with other and more modern plays, such
as Bulwer Lytton's ' Richelieu,' Brown-
ing's ' Strafford,' or Tennyson's ' Queen
Mary.' Nor does Prof. Briggs record that
the play was revived at the Oxford Summer
Meeting of 1903 by the Elizabethan Stage
Society, when a critic wrote of the per-
formance : —
" The tragedy — or chronicle — is one of the
highest interest, and the wonder is not so
much that it should have held spellbound an
audience, some of whom, perhaps many of
whom, were not educated in dramatic litera-
ture, as that it should all these years have
been neglected of managers."
Here, indeed, there was opportunity for
reflection and criticism.
Why is it unusual for lecturers at a
University to point out that plaj^s so
dramatic in their quality as ' Edward II.'
should be given a hearing on the stage ?
We believe it is because few scholars
appreciate Marlowe's tragedy as acted
drama, and in the interests of dramatic
art this fact is to be regretted. The multi-
plication of books about plays in which
no reference is made to their use in the
theatre has a degrading influence on the
modern stage, and encourages young
students to think that Shakespeare and
Marlowe wrote drama mainly to gratify
the superior intelligence of commentators
and historians. Nothing could be further
from the truth.
In his Introduction Prof. Briggs admits
that we must be cautious in making
generalizations about the attitude of the
writer of Chronicle plays towards his
material and the licence permitted him by
his public ; and he adds later that "the
party at Court took no special interest in
English history." This, we think, is to
understate the position. The Court viewed
with considerable misgivings the historical
play, where the doings in the past of
English sovereigns and the nobility were
held up to criticism before the citizens,
the apprentices, and even the rabble of the
town. It is not likely that Queen Eliza-
No. 4506, Maki ii 7, 1914
T I [ E A T II E N M U M
351
both ever visited the Globe playhouse;
nor were the humours of Balstaff allowed to
be presented before her at Windsor until
the fat knight had been taken out of the
environment of princes, Courts, and every-
thing connected with politics or govern-
ments. On the other hand, we doubt if
English history in the Queen's lifetime
was ever staged, as Prof. Briggs contends,
•• for its <>wn sake, or for the Bake of its
intrinsic dramatic interest." Of course,
Elizabethan dramatists never would have
admitted that the popularity of the
Chronicle play depended upon the pro-
hibited "dozen or sixteen lines" which
they often inserted in it to reflect events
of the day. Nor does the Prologue to
' The Poetaster,' which is quoted, do more
than express the well-known opinions of
the frequenters of the Blackfriars Theatre.
who, representing the Court party, all dis-
liked the kind of play Shakespeare was
giving his townsmen on the Surrey side of
the Thame-. The quotations, in fact,
which Prof. Briggs gives, whether they
attack or defend the Chronicle play, are
but instances of special pleading on the
part of the writer, and before evidence of
real value can be found search must be
made elsewhere. From 1598 to 1601
Shakespeare's plays became more openly
political, owing to the active hostility
existing between Essex and the Court, and
probably the patriotic fervour displayed
in ' Henry Y." had a double purpose. In
' King Lear.' the reason why Shakespeare
departs from his authorities is, we suggest,
not because he is dealing with a legendary
play, but because the groundlings at the
(dobe would never have tolerated the
it of French soldiers defeating the
English ; and. unfortunately, Cordelia's
troops had crossed the sea under the
tommand of her husband, who was King
of France.
With regard to Shakespeare and Mar-
lowe, Prof. Briggs ably points out the
limitations of the indebtedness of the
younger poet to the elder, yet proves
convincingly how much Marlowe had done
give dramatic shape to the Chronicle
play before Shakespeare took it in hand.
Marlowe's plays remained in the possession
of Lord Pembroke's men, and continued
to attract large audiences long after their
author's tragic death ; and Shakespeare,
being on.- of the. Lord Chamberlain's
men, would he expected to exploit the
ie themes, and to challenge the dead
poet's supremacy as poet and dramatist.
Thus Shakespeare found himself thrust
rival more than as an
imitator of the Canterbury poet.
on senl reviewer agrees with Prof,
ontention that James, by taking
upon himself the sole privilege of
s electing and patronizing players, deprived
the theatre of its elasticity and its
freedom. From a distinctly popular insti-
tution the became in general a Bemi-
aristocratic one. while the theatre began
t" look more and more to the Court lor
our and support. Again, the Masque
had begun to undermine the influence of
drama, even in Elizabeth's reign, when
She installed her chapel hoy.- at tlic Black-
friars Theatre. We do not, however,
think it was the foreign subject-matter
that Beaumont and Fletcher introduced
into their plays, or the competition of
second-rate dramatists, that gave the
death-blow to the Chronicle play, so much
a- the determination of the Privy Council
that history plays should not reflect the
religious or political questions of the day.
We commend Prof. Briggs's Introduction
to this play. It is a thoughtful and care-
fully prepared essay on an interesting
subject.
THE WEEK.
Dttke of York's Theatre.
Mr. Somerset Maugham's • Land of
Promise," produced by Mr. Charles Froh-
man at the Duke of York's last week, is
good enough to deserve careful examina-
tion. The first act, which takes place at
Tunbridge W7ells, fills up an extra half-
hour to rather better purpose than the
majority of curtain-raisers, because it is
well staged and acted. But it might
be omitted, so far as it is concerned with
the information that the lady companion
has failed to realize her anticipation of a
legacy; and as a revelation of her cha-
racter it is merely misleading. It did not
prepare us for the later impetuous out-
bursts from one who has put up for ten
years with the selfish whims of a rich
crank, and that, we are given to under-
stand, from no mere mercenary motive.
We should also have expected those ten
years of self-repression to help her in the
next act, when she finds herself taunted
by her brother's wife, because she is
unable to take up rough domestic work
in a Canadian shack. When the author
makes her accept married service in an
even more lonely part of the country,
rather than endure the sharp tongue of a
woman she has reason to respect, he
asks the audience to forget her years and
experience.
Another surprise, however, was in
store for us. We had every reason to
expect that her husband, though uncouth,
was in essentials one of nature's gentlemen.
We were no less mistaken than his wife.
That he should insist on her performing
the service for which, he said, he had
married her was perhaps to be expected,
but that he should brutally enforce his
marital rights after a brief poetical out-
hurst seemed out of the picture. Had
the play not yielded so many surprises,
We might also have wondered at the degree
of connubial toleration attained in the
fourth and last act.
If the principal characters had been in
less able hands than those of Mr. Godfrey
Tearle and Irene Vanbrugh, there would.
we think, have been more dissent than
applause among the first-night audience.
The •• nut " who is sent out for his
family's good IS excellently done, as is
also the worthy "bricky" who, willing
to work, finds everything much to his
taste. In fact, all the minor characters
are capable studio — especially the rather
shrewish, bu1 sterling wife of the heroine e
brother.
The Court Theatre.
At the Court Theatre — on a stage
frequently used for sermons on social
reform — last Monday afternoon was pro-
duced Mr. Arthur Applin's three-act
comedy, ' Rags.' The first act, which
takes place in Grosvenor Square, is con-
cerned with the revolt of an earl's mother-
less daughter against continuing existence
as a sheltered woman.
In the second act we find her in Whil
chapel incognito, sharing her lot with a
consumptive, sweated needlewoman, and
one of the " labouring " class whose
violence cloaks only too efficiently his
better feelings. The earl's daughter hav-
ing learnt that her father's house is to be
attacked by burglars, it is no surprise to
find her in the third act back in Grosvenor
Square, ready to receive her visitor from
the East End. The play ends with the
fraternizing of the denizens of East and
West,
We give but a crude outline, and thus
summarized the play might be classed as
futile. This, we believe, is far from being
the case, and the detail — which we have
omitted because it must be seen to be
appreciated — is what we are truly thankful
for. Such a touch as the modified " 'Alle-
lujah ! " with which the Salvation Army
captain receives the information that the
earl's daughter is going to give herself to
the cause, instead of a cheque, is human
and real.
Probably the author's sentimental end-
ing is a concession at present necessary
to the playgoing public, though we
cannot help feeling a certain anxiety
whether this newr mode of instilling a
social religion will not follow in the wake
of other failures, owing to its excessive
regard for the peace of mind of the con-
gregation. Had we taken our way home
in one of the sumptuous motor-car
which awaited the close of the play, we
can well believe that our conversation
would have dwelt upon Mr. Fred Lewis's
felicitous presentment of the earl who lived
in Grosvenor Square on the rents obtaint < I
from Paradise Row in Whitechapel,
the charming jilaying of his daughter by
Gillian Scaife, or the manliness of Mr.
Perceval Clark, as the lover who watched
over her during her slum experiences.
We might even have justly commended tin-
acting of Mr. Edmund Breon and Gwladya
Clarke, as typical East-Enders, as well as
Mr. Alberl Ward as the Salvation Army
captain. However, we wenl Underground
and sat with half a dozen real " brickies."
Their worn and begrimed countenances
and clothes brought home to us the
stunted lives which are the outcome o\
the cleavage that sends one class to a
theatre for knowledge how another co-
exists.
' Bags ' was preceded bys short piece.
■ be Reve,' which showed that Mr. Applin
a wonderful versatility, thougfi we
cannot commend this proof of it.
3o2
THE ATHENE UM
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
Dramatic dossip.
' The District Visitor,' a satire on Maeter-
linck's ' The Blue iiird,' by the late Richard
Middleton, which preceded ' Rags ' at the
■Court Theatre at the latter end of the week,
is a sombre study.
The curtain is raised on art and love in
the persons of Mr. and Mrs. Philip Reason,
played by Mr. Frank Randell and Edyth
Olive respectively. To these two in their
starvation a visitor conies, interrupting the
poet's search for words of the right colour,
and dissipating his almost delirious visions.
Introducing himself as representative of
his firm in the Battersea district, " Mr.
Death" (Mr. Arthur Applin) unfolds his
commission, to find that, the entry before
the words Philip Reason being un-
decipherable, neither husband nor wife
is clearly indicated in the summons. The
mistake leads to further parley and a
torrent of phrases in which Philip pours
scorn on the ritual of death, to the entire
approval, as it turns out, of the District
Visitor himself, who, scattering the summons
in fragments, leaves them to choose their
own time to die.
But they seek him again almost before the
echo of his good-bye is heard, lying down side
by side to welcome him.
" When the landlord conies he '11 turn us out
into the street."
" That won't matter— we shan't be there,"
is the note of defiance and hope on which
the curtain falls.
The audience which responds to the call
■of the Pioneer Players can hardly be called
" representative " — a fact which must not
be forgotten in registering the enthusiasm
with which ' Daughters of Ishmael ' was
received on the occasion of its production
by them on March 1st, at the King's Hall,
Covent Garden.
The presentation of the play is but one of
many evidences of an awakened public con-
science on the subject of her whom Lecky
-describes as the saddest figure in history,
" blasted for the sins of humanity " ; but,
like the book by Reginald Wright Kauff-
man from which it has been adapted by
A. D'Este-Scott,the drama is another instance
of that type of pleading in which the wood of
good intention is obscured by the trees of
■over-emphasis and exaggeration.
The acting of the company was admir-
able. Marjorie Patterson made a distinct
success as Mary Denbigh, giving evidence of
genuine tragic power, especially in the scene
when she meets the man who betrayed her.
Janette Steer in the unpleasant part of
Rose Legere was excellent. Mr. Geoffrey
Goodhart as the drayman, Hermann Hoff-
man, was very neat. Mr. Raymond Lau-
zerte as Max Grossman, the procurer, gave
a fine rendering of a terrible part. The
staging of the play, by Edith Craig, was
■exceedingly well done.
We are glad to be spared the necessity
of giving an opinion at any length of ' Peggy
and her Husband,' by Mr. Joseph Keating,
.as notice of its withdrawal has already
been given. A collection of witticisms does
not make a play. We give no names of
those who took part in the production at
the Royalty Theatre. All concerned worked
hard, and lack of success does not lie at
their door. We congratulate the public on
the fact that they require something in a
play besides smartness in dialogue and lack
of costume.
The above piece was preceded by ' Acid
Drops,' by G. E. Jennings. It is a capable
representation of a scene in a workhouse
infirmary for women. Though not an ade-
quate sequel to Lady Gregory's ' Workhouse
Ward,' it has points in common with that
little gem, and bears comparison with it.
Betty Ward, who is quite young, gives a
masterly impersonation of old age.
A revival, of ' Love's Labour's Lost ' will
probably follow ' Magic ' at the Little
Theatre. It is intended to produce the
play " in a distinctively English fashion,"
and we are told that "something totally
unlike any other production of Shakespeare
ever witnessed in London " may be looked for.
Mr. Charles Hawtrey has selected as
successor to ' Never Say Die ' a play by Mr.
Monckton Hoffe called ' Things We 'd Like
to Know,' which is described as " light
comedy." It is improbable, however, that
the new piece will be produced before
Easter.
Gertrude Kingston has arranged with
Mr. Kenelm Foss to start a " holiday
theatre " at the Little. A new play by Mrs.
Percy Dearmer entitled ' Brer Rabbit ' will
be her first production. The piece, which
will have a musical setting by Mr. Martin
Shaw, will be presented on Easter Monday.
Next Tuesday afternoon at the Coronet
Mr. Roubaud's Parisian company will pre-
sent ' Le Voyage de Monsieur Perrichon '
at 2 o'clock, followed by Moliere's ' Les
Precieuses Ridicules,' and later by ' Les
Fourberies de Scapin.' These performances
are intended primarily for the instruction of
boys and girls at school.
The Bio -opera, which was presented by
Ruff ell's Exclusives at the Shaftesbury
Pavilion on Wednesday last, afforded a
pleasant half - hour's entertainment, and
should certainly prove a success. The pro-
gramme consisted of four songs, a duet, and
selections from ' Faust,' which were all well
rendered by Miss Maude Willby, Mr. George
Parker, and Mr. William Maxwell.
On February 25th ' Clara Florise,' a
comedy in three acts by Mr. George Moore,
was produced at the Comedie Royale, Paris.
The play, though its technique was a little
disconcerting to a French audience, met
with a sympathetic reception.
To Correspondents — H. J. G. R — R. C— J. H.—
W. M.— W. B.— Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
/
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE
Authors' Agents 339
Bagster & Sons _ 331
Batsford 353
Catalogues 330
Chambers 353
Educational 329
Exhibitions _ 329
Grafton & Co 331
Heinemann 354
Insurance Companies.. .. „....„ 354
Jack 331
Kelly .. _ 352
Lectures . .. _ 329
Longmans & Co 332
Macmillan & Co ... .. „ 332
Magazines and Periodicals 355
Miscellaneous .. _ 329
Murray _ _ _ 331
Printers 330
Provident Institutions _ .. 330
Sales by Auction .. „ „ „ .. .. 330
Shipping „ _ .. „ .. ..354
Situations Vacant „ ... „ 329
Situations Wanted 329
Smith, Elder & Co. „ 356
Type- Writers, &c. .. 330
Unwin .. _ 332
Wulfing & Co .. ^ 354
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THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4506, March 7, 1914
NERVOUS BREAK-DOWN.
ITS CAUSE AND PREVENTION.
Are great cities great curses ?
That is the interesting question raised by a
physician in The British Medical Journal.
" We may be quite certain," he says, " that
the health of the individual is always
damaged by a town life."
But he does not condemn the pleasures
and excitements of town life so much as the
weary saineness of the average person's lot
in " the vast human hives."
It is the nervous system that suffers most
under the strain of modern life, and perhaps
the best rule of health for the town-dweller
is : Take care of your nervous system, and
your health will take care of itself.
But how can a man take care of his nervous
system ? Useless to say : " By avoiding
worry, strain, and overwork." Let him try
to avoid these by all means ; but there are
times when he cannot help worrying, when
he must overwork and suffer undue strain.
Besides, his nervous system may be constitu-
tionally weak, as is often the case with
people born in great cities, and he therefore
easily falls a victim to nervous disorders.
HOW TO STRENGTHEN THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
At one time the unfortunate nerve- sufferer
had to take his chance with drugs. Perhajis
he was given a little strychnine to " buck
him up," and then a little bismuth to
" quieten him down again." Too often this
would fail to tide him over the crisis, and he
would end with a severe nervous break-down.
But to-day the treatment of nervous dis-
orders is essentially a matter of nutrition.
Instead of temporarily " bucking up " the
patient's nerves with powerful stimulating
drugs, he is given a special nutrient called
Sanatogen, which contains the principal
ingredient of the human nerve-cells, and in
such a form that these cells actually absorb
that ingredient in very large quantities, and
are thus renewed and invigorated in a per.
fectly natural manner. This process of cell-
nutrition goes on steadily, day by day, until
the nervous system has regained its normal
strength and tone. Simultaneously a like
process goes on with the other bodily cells,
which receive from Sanatogen the special
proteid on which their growth and well-
being depend.
THE FIRST STEP.
It will be remembered that the jury of the
International Medical Congress held in Lon-
don last August selected Sanatogen from
all other tonics and nutrients to receive the
highest possible award — the Grand Prix. And
readers of this article must frequently have
seen the numerous letters which have been
published by the proprietors of Sanatogen
from distinguished men and women, who
testify to the value of the preparation from
personal experience. Those, therefore, who
realise the wisdom of " taking care of the
nervous system" should hasten to acquaint
themselves with the merits of Sanatogen.
Sanatogen is obtainable of all Chemists,
from Is. 9d. per tin, and Trial Supplies are
distributed by the proprietors, A. Wulfing &
Co., 12, Chenies Street, London, W.C. To
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NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (March 7) CONTAINS—
NOTES :— Anthony Munday, Dramatist— John Wilkes and the ' Essay on Woman ' — Blackfriars Road
— Hyde Park Corner, Leeds — Antony Brewer — Light Brigade at Balaclava — Shilleto's Edition of
Burton — Memoirs of Cameron of Fassifern — Wycherley's Place of Birth — "Not room enough to
swing a cat " — Indexing of Newspapers.
QUERIES: — "Treasure-trove" — Altars — Jeremiah Horrocks, Astronomer — "Napoleon's Diversions
at St. Helena "—Clearances on Scotch Estates — Colonels of the 24th Regiment— Authors of
Quotations Wanted — South Carolina Uniform — Medireval Common Sense — Rev. T. Gale —
Knights Templars and Knights of St. John of Jerusalem — Magistrates wearing Hats — Reversed
Engraving — Douglas Family— H. D. Inglis — American Seventeenth-Century History — Sergeant
Duncan Robertson's 'Journal' — " Mongolian "—Gladstone's Involved Sentences — Biographical
Information Wanted — Page Family — Ayloffe — Abraham Whittaker — Herodotus and Astronomic
Geography— Musical Notation — St. Pancras — "Two Stones Farm" — Egyptian Book of the Dead.
REPLIES : — Murder of a Priest near Reading — Marten — Heraldry of Lichfield Cathedral — Freeman :
Parry — Vanbrugh's Epitaph — Breast Tackle— Clementina Stirling Graham — Constable's * Corn-
field ' — Clasped Hands as a Religious Symbol — Cromwell and Queen Henrietta Maria — Human
Fat as a Medicine— Henry Gower, Bishop of St. David's — Tying Legs after Death — " Rucksack "
— "Man is immortal till his work is done" — Wild Huntsman— First Barmaid— Brutton —
"Sough " —Milton Queries—' Havamal.'
NOTES ON BOOKS : — ' A Short History of London ' — ' Gypsy Coppersmiths in Liverpool and Birken-
head'— ' A Primer of English Literature' — 'The Manual of Heraldry ' — ' Journal of the Friends'
Historical Society' — ' Cornhill'— ' Fortnightly Review' — 'Nineteenth Century.'
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No. 4506, March 7, 1914
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SUPPLEMENT TO
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delating to Biographical Xitjcratiu-Z" *
No. 4506.
SATURDAY, MARCH 7, 1914.
-
,*tfo
BIOGRAPHICAL SUPPLEMENT.
CONTENTS. page
F.vMin Histories (The House of Cecil ; The Book of
the Duffs ; Records cf the Chicheley Plovrdens)
357—358
N.u.u. and Military BIOGRAPHY (Autobiography of
Admiral Dewey ; A Cavalry Officer in the Corunna
Campaign ; A Captain of the Gordons^ . . 359-360
1'okeign Royalties and Courts (The Emperor
Francis Joseph ; Christina of Denmark ; The
Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator ; Rose
Bertin) 300—362
Pennell of the Afghan Frontier 363
The Only English Pope ... ..363
short Notices (The Austrian Officer at Work and at
Play ; Mursell's Memories of my Life ; Norfolk
Families) 364
FAMILY HISTORIES.
In his history of 'The House of Cecil'
Mr. Ravenscroft Dennis makes the safe
point that the family has been pecu-
liar in that, having attained eminence
in the middle of the sixteenth century,
it practically disappeared from the page
of history until the middle of the nine-
teenth, when the late Lord Salisbury re-
iblished its renown. The line thus
differs from the Cavendishes, the Russells,
and the other great houses which came to
the front after the Wars of the Roses had
cleared the way for a new nobility. Xone
of them has risen to the height of the
Cecils, but their influence on English
politics has been more continuous. The
Russells in particular have been a singu-
larly varied tribe. They have been
prominent in arms and diplomacy ;
they touched conspiracy with William,
Lord Russell ; at one time a Duke of
Bedford has been notorious as the director
"t a •• Bloomsbury gang," at another a
Lord John Russell has become famou
rliamentary reformer. It has been
otherwise with the Cecils ; and bv no
mean< the least interesting part of Mr.
onis's meritorious volume deals with
the season of .clips,, which they have
undergone.
I >mas Cecil, first Karl of Exeter, for
example, inherited but little of the great
Burghley's intellect, in his youth his
idleness and dissoluteness sorely vexed his
sire, who wrote : " The shame that I shall
have to receive to have bo unruled a son
/{ouse of CecQ. By C. Ravenscroft
i >• mm-. (Constable A Co., 10«. 8A net.)
B ok of the Duffs. Compiled by Alistair
and Henrietta Tayler. 2 vols. (Edin-
burgh, Brown, H. 2a. net.)
irds of th> Chicheley Flowdena. By
Walter I'. C. Chicheley Plowden. (Heath,
Cranton & Ousel, y, 1/. \s. net.)
grieve th me more than if I had lost him
by honest death.'* The Earl grew up
to be a soldier of some parts, and an
upright and charitable man, but in no
sense a distinguished one. His son Ed-
ward, Viscount Wimbledon, was the
Cardigan of his day : brave to recklessness
in the field, and prone to duels. If Buck-
ingham is chiefly to blame for the planning
of the raid on the Spanish coast of 1625,
Wimbledon, totally devoid of experience
in naval warfare, bungled its execution.
Otherwise we get a Lord Roos, who
made a disastrous marriage, and who died
mysteriously abroad, after serving on a
diplomatic mission or two ; the fifth
Earl of Exeter, who adorned Burghley
with pictures and works of art, and ap-
pointed Mat Prior as his son's tutor ; the
ninth, also a collector and connoisseur ;
the first Marquis, who, after lie had
apparently connived at his first wife's
elopement, married Sarah Hoggins, Tenny-
son's "' village maiden " ; the second,
who won the Oaks three times ; and the
third, who, in the quaint language of
Mr. Dennis, " achieved greatness in pisci-
culture and the breeding of shorthorns."
The last two, no doubt, were worthy
magnates, but there was nothing of
Burghley about them.
The younger line had in Robert Cecil,
first Earl of Salisbury, a successor to
Burghley who bore much the same
relationship to his greater father as did
Pitt to Chatham. But his son, the second
Earl, wavered between King and Parlia-
ment, to the scorn of Clarendon ; and
in his old age was " my simple Lord Salis-
bury " to Pepys. Van Dyck has handed
down his long, vacuous face. The third
one knows through Macaulay's scathing
comment on his abrupt conversion to
" Popery," and his own heart-cry, when
William of Orange landed, " O God !
O God ! 0 God ! I turn'd too soon ! I
turn'd too soon ! '' Pope and Hogarth
poked fun at the sixth Earl as the driver
of the Hatfield coach, with upsets as not
unusual incidents. Horace Walpole wrote,
however, " As matters, when they can
go no lower, may mount again, who knows
what may happen, madam?' Matters
did mount, though less through the seventh
Earl and first Marquis, a respectable
courtier and a favourite of i ieorge III., than
through his wife, Lady Mary Hill, a
daughter of the Marquis of Downshire.
She was Creevey's "Old Salisbury" or
■■ old Saiuin." a greal leader of society,
eminent in the hunting-field, and memor-
able for her commenl <>n Adam's conduct
in laying on Eve the blame for the Fall:
" Shabby fellow indeed ' It was through
her, we suspect, thai brains returned to
the family] for though her son. the late
Lord Salisbury's father, was not par-
ticularly brilliant, he was an active local
man, and a respected Conservative poli-
tician.
Mr. Dennis deals with his three illus-
trious Cecils on safe and sensible lines.
He makes no attempt to extenuate
Burghley's treachery to the Protector
Somerset, or his complaisance to Mary.
Burghley was indeed a cold, calculating
man, who looked upon religion mainly as
an affair of State, and did not shrink
from administering torture when the
public interest seemed to require it. In
his unemotional way he loved his country
well, and thoroughly understood her
commercial needs. In foreign politics
he played a cautious game, his ruling
motive being to keep England clear of
complications. We do not altogether
agree with Mr. Dennis when he pro-
nounces that Queen Elizabeth's proceed-
ings rendered Burghley's task " immeasur-
ably more difficult and dangerous." It
may be that her vacillations perplexed
her ministers, and that in Leicester she
chose a light adviser, though we doubt
if he ever exercised much real influ-
ence over her. But the Queen's supreme
merit consisted in bringing to policy that
touch of romance which nature had denied
her sagacious Secretary. War with Spain
was inevitable, and when it did come,
the Queen evoked a personal loyalty
which counted for much in the overthrow
of the Armada.
Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury, is
to Mr. Dennis an enigmatical figure, and
here again he takes the conventional view.
Of the man in his family life we confessedly
know next to nothing, since his existing
papers are concerned almost entirely with
public affairs. But even the exuberance
of language common to that day cannot
obscure the steadiness of his friend-
ships and his innumerable kindnesses to
strangers. The " little beagle " stands
out from among his contemporaries as a
pathetic figure, always anxious, always
overworked ; he found his nearest ap-
proach to happiness when he was laying
out the grounds of Hatfield and flying
his hawks. He died, a worn-out man,
before he was fifty, and in his last illness
said to Sir Walter Cope: 'Ease and
pleasure quake to hear of death, but my
life, full of cares and miseries, desireth
to be dissolved." So long as Elizabeth
lived things went fairly well with him,
in spite ot Essex's intemperate oppo-
sition. He ne\er worked in full sym-
pathy with James, whose peaceful suc-
cession he had secured through thai famous
secrel correspondence which bo nearly
leaked out. The King's diplomatic ex-
perimentalism and his profligate largesses
358
T H E ATHEN^EU M
[Supplement, March 7, 1914
to his favourites were certainly calculated
to affront every instinct of a survivor of
the old system. As the finances went
to ruin, the royal rapacity thwarted the
" great contract " that might have re-
stored them. That was the end of Salis-
bury, and Bacon summed up his career
to his sovereign with some severity and
much insight : "He was a fit man to
keep things from growing worse, but no
very fit man to reduce things to be much
better."
Mr. Dennis's sketch of the late Lord
Salisbury is so careful and straightforward
that we need say but little about it. As
he quotes Lord Robert Cecil in palliation
of certain " blazing indiscretions," we will
take leave to remark that, although
" twenty years, resolute government "
in Ireland may be a reasonable policy,
allusions to Hottentots and Hindus are
indefensible. Again, when he dismisses
Lord Salisbury's Far Eastern policy as a
failure, he overlooks the point that before
many years were over the Japanese made
it their business to turn the Russians out
of Port Arthur. But the chapter will do
very well as a provisional survey pending
the appearance of the authoritative bio-
graphy, and the former is all it pretends to
be.
' The Book of the Duffs ' is welcome.
Hardly any piece of British family
history has been canvassed more widely
of recent years. The Duffs have long been
the subject of amused and admiring
gossip in their cradle county of Banffshire,
where the story of their rise to fame and
fortune is the subject of a ballad — it
would be interesting to know the precise
age of the song of ' Creely Duff.' That
story gained a national popularity in
1889, when the Earl of Eife (till 1885 only
Earl Fife in the peerage of Ireland)
married H.R.H. Princess Louise of Wales,
and was raised to a dukedom. This
access to power was too much for the
Banffshire antiquary Dr. William Cra-
mond, who had made an exhaustive study
of the Duff charter chest, for on the very
morning of the marriage he contributed
(anonymously) to The Scotsman a mordant
attack on the traditional Duff claim to a
descent from the Thanes of Fife. Indeed,
he went so far as to say that they could
trace no further back than a certain small
farmer, Adam Duff " in v (not of) Clunybeg,
in the back-o' -beyond parish of Mortlach,
who died in 1674. It would not be worth
recalling this attack but for the fact that
'Burke' and 'Debrett,' and even"G.E.C,"
at once followed his lead, and jettisoned
the traditional pedigree, Avhich connected
Clunybeg with the Duffs of Muldavit,
Cullen, and through these with the Thanes
of Fife, whose alleged parentage had sug-
gested the use of the title Earl Fife to
William Duff of Braco in 1759. The
Macduff origin still remains in the region
of legend ; but quite recently Mr. Stephen
Ree, the parish minister of Boharm,
showed that Baird of Auchmeddan, the
early historian of the Duffs, was right in
connecting Clunybeg with the Muldavit
family, though wrong in some of his
details ; and now comes a full-dress
account of the house from the pen of
Mr. Alistair Tayler and his sister, who
are descended from the third Earl Fife.
Although they are able to show
that Clunybeg Avas descended from the
Muldavit Duffs, they have found very
little to say about the latter group, whose
history from 1402 to 1715, when the
senior line disappears in the swirl of
Jacobitism, is told in 25 pages, whereas
the story of Clunybeg and his descendants
blossoms out into 358 pages. So that,
after all, Dr. Cramond, like Baird before
him, was right in spirit, though wrong in
the letter ; for it is onlv with Adam
(1590-1674) that the fortunes of the
family, which have just resulted in the
great lady of the house becoming through
marriage a Royal Highness — not H.H., as
Mr. Tayler makes it (p. ix) — really begin.
Small wonder that they have been called
the " Lucky Duffs " ; that they have made
the gossips talk, and supplied endless
"copy" for what is called the " romance
of the peerage."
How has it been done ? What is the
psychology of this success ? Mr. Tayler
is a genealogist, and does not supply the
answer. Baird tells us that Clunybeg
was a " man of natural sense, perfect
integrity, and indefatigable industry."
But that does not explain how, beginning
with a fortune of 231. in such an un-
promising territory as Mortlach, he and
his son Alexander of Keithmore managed
to lay the foundations of such a fortune ;
for even if the latter became a pillar of
his county, and conformed to the rules of
the realm in pursuance of business, his
father had not begun in that canny way
which has been popularly supposed to be
the great secret of the Duffs. Clunybeg
had, indeed, a large mixture of the old
Adam in him ; for, as his Christian name
suggests, he was half a Gordon — his
mother being a Gordon of Cairnburrow —
and all the Duff canniness could not make
him escape the temptations of that legacy.
Mr. Tayler reminds us that he was a
zealous Anti-Covenanter. The strange
thing is that he did not go down with that
party ; on the contrary, his house rose
on the ashes of the lands they had frittered
away in this and kindred struggles. But
Adam was guilty of the mere personal
ruffianism of the day; as, for example,
his attack (not detailed by Mr. Tayler)
on Robert Sanders in Ardneidlie in
December, 1644. Adam and a gang of
twenty-one men " persewit " Sanders
home, and, " with great trees, beit, strak,
and dang him " : —
'' Lykwayes the said Adam Duff himself
at that tyme strak the said complenar his
wyf, being great with chyld, ane crewall
stroak with his foot on the bellie, swa that
she dwynit and pynit away the space of
two monethes therafter in greit dollor and
paine theroff , and in end pairtit with chyld
and died herself of the said hurt."
How, then, did Clunybeg, practising
the same lawlessness as his Gordon kins-
men and neighbours, advance while they
sank ? Moreover, how did his descend-
ants in regular succession improve his
fortune with ever-growing power, instead
of producing now and then " bad lots " ?
Whatever the reason, the fact remains,
so that ' The Book of the Duffs ' is one
expanding procession of successful notabili-
ties ; few of them, it is true, possessed of
outstanding ability, but all of them
endowed with a high order of compe-
tence.
Mr. Tayler deals in turn with all
the lines which issue from Clunybeg —
Keithmore, Dipple, Braco, the Fifes,
Mayen, Craigston, Fetteresso, Drummuir,
and Hatton (the family of the present
Commander-in-Chief in India). Besides
that, he has shepherded many other Duffs
into his fold, though at present he is
unable to connect them with the Muldavit
group ; and he has much to say of allied
families, notably the Gordons, Aber-
crombies, Morrisons, and Urquharts. He
tells their story in an ingenious blend of
genealogy and narrative, and he has
furnished the reader with a splendid series
of tables of descent and a lavish Index
which render reference child's play.
As a portrait gallery ' The Book of the
Duffs ' is unusually rich, for there are
thirty-nine fine reproductions of portraits,
many of them by the great masters, and
not a few reproduced for the first time.
Another excellent feature, worthy of imi-
tation, is the map showing all the im-
portant places dealt with in the text.
' The Book of the Duffs,' in short, is
an excellent piece of genealogical work,
which is indispensable to the historian of
the North-East of Scotland. It is a sure
sign, too, that Mr. Tayler and his sister are
born genealogists, though they started the
production of this exhaustive cyclopaedia
as amateurs.
The greatest of the Plowdens whose
careers and pedigree are piously re-
corded by Col. Chicheley Plowden was
Edmund, the Elizabethan lawyer, the
father of law reporting, and the fore-
runner of Coke. His fine portrait forms
the frontispiece to this well - bound and
well - printed volume. But the most
interesting figure is Sir Edmund Plowden
of Wanstead, the masterful and litigious
Earl Palatine of New Albion, who, after a
year or two spent in prospecting in North
America, obtained a charter from Charles I.
to settle a colony of that name in the
neighbourhood of Delaware Bay. The
author makes the interesting suggestion
that the pioneer was, perhaps, encouraged
to petition for the grant of what was after-
wards practically the whole territory of
New Jersey, by his relationship to Sir
Thomas Lake, King James I.'s Secretary
of State ; and he further gives many
details of his private life, which help to
explain his failure to make any progress
with the plantation. So little trace, in-
deed, of this enterprise has been left in
history or on the map, that some American
historians have even thrown doubt upon
the very existence of such a charter. But
this view, in face of the documents pub-
lished in the v Calendar of Colonial Papers
for 1632,' cannot now be seriously main-
tained.
Supplement, March 7, 1914]
THE A T H E N M IT M
359
Col. Chicheley Plowden's records of
the Chicheleya and Piowdens in
England, Wales, and America will be
read with much interest by those con-
eerned. The author writes modestly of
his own achievements ; we cannot, how-
ever, but regret that he was not in some
respects better equipped for his task.
The fatal tendency 01 the family genealo-
gist to accept and to publish without
proof or verification each step in a pedi-
gree is much in evidence, and the curious
desire to date back to the Conquest at all
hazards is amusingly displayed. Plow-
den, it is admitted, is not mentioned in
Domesday Book ; but, the author tells us,
Cheney Longville is : and he adds that
this property was in the possession of the
Piowdens from 904. Xo evidence is
adduced for this assertion, and since
Eyton C Antiquities of Shropshire," xi.
369) apparently knows nothing of it, it
is badly in need of some. The statement
that Elizabeth Plowden sold it in 1682,
and the fact that it is three miles distant
from Plowden Hall, will not convince the
judicious reader without some documen-
tary proof.
The author begins his pedigree of
the Piowdens by making Philip de
Plowden (1220) son of the more or less
legendary Crusader, Roger (1191) ; but
omits any reference to the William de
Pladcn unearthed by Eyton, who suggests
that he (the first of that name, so far as we
are aware, of whom there is any authentic
testimony) was the father of Philip. A
similar instance of haphazard work ma}r
be found in the proposed derivation of
Plowden from plw (Cymric = clearing)
and den (Saxon = wooded valley) — a
hybrid apparently carefully compounded
to express the not very obvious idea of a
densely wooded clearing ! This essay in
derivations seems to us on a par with
the author's suggestion elsewhere (p. 126)
that Chicheley is connected as a surname
with the Churchills. because a French
author, writing to please Xapoleon I., a
great admirer of the first Duke of Marl-
Borough, traced the origin of that family
Roger de Courcil, a good Frenchman
who came over with the Conqueror ; and
Courcil is sometimes written Chearchile !
irchill, of course, is a Somerset
place-name, as Chicheley is a Bedford-
shire, and Plowden a Shropshire place-
name. Nbr can we pass over altogether
in silence the explanation of the coat of
arms on the cover. The quarterings
attributed to the Chattertons of Wat-
hursl (presumably intended for Xut-
hurst '.) are really the quarterings of the
Cheethams, from whom, as .Mr. W. H.
Bird Bhowed in an entertaining article in
The Ancestor, Geoffrey de Chatterton
acquired his estate in the thirteenth cen-
tury. The striking feature in the arms
Wii- identified by Mr. Oswald Barron as
■ habick, or weaver's tool, appropriate
enough to a Lancashire merchant (The
Ancestor, viii. p. «2).
Col. Chicheley Plowden has, however,
brought together and printed much in-
teresting information, which should be of
great use for a critical survey.
NAVAL AND MILITARY
BIOGRAPHY.
To the greater number of English readers
Admiral Dewey, whose ' Autobiography '
is before us, is probably known only as
the man who crushed the Spanish squad-
ron in Manila Bay ; possibly also as the
principal agent in the capture of the city
of Manila, and the American conquest of
the Philippine Islands. In the States
people know more about him, but their
knowledge is due almost entirely to his
Manila fame. They naturally inquired
about his antecedents, and found, as
might have been expected, that the
commander of an American squadron
in what was known to be a very critical
time was a man of good service and repute ;
that he had a long career to his credit
(not, indeed, in command, for promotion
in the United States Navy did not come to
young men) ; that his services as a young
lieutenant in the Civil War, more than
thirty years before, had been distinguished ;
and that since then, as lieutenant, as com-
mander, and as captain, he had, both
afloat and on shore, filled many posts
of difficulty and responsibility. Now, in
his 76th year, Admiral Dewrey relates his
lifelong story.
It may fairly be said that in his old
age he is nearly as good at telling a story
as he was at executive work or com-
manding in his prime, and he seems
to make the past live again as he writes
of early days at the Naval Academy, out
of which he passed at the age of 21 — of
his midshipman's cruise in the Mediter-
ranean, or afterwards in the West Indies
and Gulf of Mexico, with a sentimental
captain, who when called on deck in the
night watches usually wore a " crazy-
quilt blouse," the appearance of which
" bore out his statement that it was made
of remnants of his wife's silk dresses."
This was Capt. Harsterne, a South Caro-
lina man of " intensely Southern sym-
pathies," and known in England as the
man who found and brought over the
Resolute, which Capt. Belcher had aban-
doned in the Arctic. Dewey was with him
in 1860, when secession was already in the
air : —
" At a banquet given in Vera Cruz lie
[sc. Harsterne] declared that if South Caro-
lina seceded, he would take the Pawnee [his
ship] into Charleston harbour and deliver
her over to the authorities of the State
government."
The officers of the ship — mostly, it would
seem, Northerners — were somewhat exer-
cised as to probable or possible events,
However, they were not put to the test.
Autobiography of George Dewey, Admiral of
the Navy. (Constable «.v Co., 14s. net.)
A Cavalry officer in the Corunna Campaign,
1808-9 : the Journal of Capt. Gordon of
the 1-'>ih Hussars. Edited by COL II. C.
W'vlly. (John Murray, 80. net.)
A Captain of thr Cordons « Si'rrirc h'.rpi ri-
' nces, 1900 0. Edited by hifl Mother,
Mrs. Margaret .Miller, and his Bister,
Helen Russell .Miller. (Sampson Low &
Co., 10«. M. net.)
as secession did not come till several
months later.
Admiral Dewey as a young lieutenant
was fortunate in his employment dur-
ing the Civil War, and the account of
his personal experiences is most inter-
esting. But the history of the war
has often been told in fuller detail,
and " personal experiences " cannot be
condensed ; they must be read in exttnso.
He was in the Mississippi squadron under
Farragut, from whom he quotes the theo-
retical maxim which in these latter days
has been so forcibly urged and illustrated
by Sir Reginald Custance : " The best
protection against an enemy's fire is a well-
directed fire of your own." He was also in
the Atlantic squadron under Porter, and in
both — at Xew Orleans and Fort Fisher —
wras station's - mate with General Butler,
whose name is not so familiar now as it
wras fifty years ago, when — in England, at
least — it was a synonym for brutality.
The Admiral's stories of him do not con-
flict with our older impressions, though
perhaps he appears in them less of a
soldier than we had supposed ; but, after
all, it was less the fault of the man than of
the system which rendered it necessary in
time of stress to put high military com-
mand into the hands of a pettifogging
attorney, ignorant alike of military dis-
cipline and military training. But all
this we must pass by, as well as the many
interesting and instructive incidents in
our officer's career.
It was in November, 1897, that he
was, as commodore, appointed to the
command of the Asiatic squadron, and
ordered to take a passage to Japan.
Most people in Washington believed that
the dispute with Spain would be tided
over ; but, all the same, he thought it
right to see that the squadron was ready
for any emergency. It was not ; it had
not " even " a peace supply of ammuni-
tion, and it was only by strenuous exer-
tion that he succeeded in having a further
supply sent out. It came by the cruiser
Baltimore,
"which reached Hong Kong only forty-
eight hours before our vessels left in obedi-
ence to the Queen's proclamation of neu-
trality, and the ammunition was transferred
to the vessels of the squadron in Mire Baj
on the day of the declaration of war.
This nearly, but not quite, compares with
the backwardness of the Spanish forts
and fleet. Such a great deal of nonsense
has been talked and written in England
concerning the battle in Manila Ma\
— silly exaggeration at first, followed by
equally silly depreciation afterwards —
that uc must devote some space to out-
lining the facts as they now appear in
Admiral |)cuc\"s straightforward narra-
tive.
In the firsl place, the United States
Navy wanted, and fell itself wanting in,
prestige. It had mel no foreign enemj
since the short war of IM2. and then only
in a few frigate actions, which, though
leaving a proud memory, did not seem to
till the stage. The spirit of the men
excellent. Had it nol been so, they must
have been affected l>v the " reiterated
9
300
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, March 7, 1914
statements of the Hong Kong papers " as
to the extent of the mine - fields, the
strength of the forts and the Spanish
fleet.
" At the Hong Kong Club it was not pos-
sible to get bets, even at heavy odds, that
our expedition would be a success."
The feeling among their English friends
was, says the Admiral, " A fine set of
fellows, but unhappily we shall never
see them again." We conclude that
he has satisfactory authority for this
anecdote, though it seems extraordinary
that English officers — naval or military —
should be so ignorant of their own history
as to take the Spanish defences at their
face-value. The American attack was
made in earnest, for an earnest opposi-
tion was expected, but in reality it proved
farcical. If the Spaniards lost heavily, it
was because they had not even the common
sense to realize that they were completely
outclassed. Admiral Dewey's account of
it all is quite the best that we have seen
— the most full, the most satisfactory, and,
at the same time, it explains the remarkable
enthusiasm excited in America.
Capt. Gordon, whose journal has been
edited by Col. Wylly under the title of ' A
Cavalry Officer in the Corunna Campaign,'
was one of a well-known family, the Gordons
of Ellon, in Aberdeenshire. He is said, in
the Introduction, to have been a son of the
third Earl of Aberdeen, and half-brother to
the Hon. W. Gordon, yet he is nowhere
in the book styled otherwise than Capt.
Alexander Gordon. Why his half-brother
should be given the customary titular
distinction of an earl's son and he should
be denied it is not apparent.
When Moore commanded in Spain, and
with his army set forth towards Sala-
manca and Valladolid to assist the
Spaniards in expelling the French, Capt.
Gordon accompanied the force, and kept
the diary from which the narrative before
us was prepared. The story of the un-
fortunate campaign has often been told.
The additional light supplied here does
not tend to enhance Moore's reputation.
Indeed, Moore is so severely assailed
as to induce the belief that the cavalry
captain was ignorant of the many diffi-
culties his commanding officer had to face.
But while that is no doubt true, there is
still enough to show that much was want-
ing in the management of the force. The
state of demoralization and insubordina-
tion reached on the retreat is unparalleled
in the history of the British army ; worse,
in many ways, than what happened during
the retreat from Kabul in 1842. Yet
whenever there Avas a prospect of a fight
the men stopped drinking and recovered
a measure of discipline ; and at the very
last, above the harbour of Corunna, 14,000
starving and wearied British soldiers
inflicted such a blow on Soult at the head
of 20,000 Frenchmen that the embarka-
tion was made in safety.
The book has other interests than mili-
tary, and will repay careful perusal ; it is
well turned out, the type being specially
good.
' A Captain of the Gordons : Service
Experiences, 1900-9,' consists largely of
the diary of Capt. D. S. Miller of the Gordon
Highlanders, edited by his mother and
sister. The Captain, who was a born soldier,
had much trouble to get a commission, the
way to which was smoothed by the Boer
War. He was sent out to South Africa
about the middle of 1900, saw some rough
service with his regiment, and early in
1901 was appointed A.D.C. to General
Spens. In both situations he attracted
the commendation of his superior officers
for great bravery and distinguished con-
duct in the field. In 1903 he was sent
to Somaliland, and had his share of an ill-
arranged and inglorious expedition. He
next served in India at Rawalpindi, Pesh-
awar, Murree, and the Gullies, where he
was put through a musketry class and
other studies requisite for promotion.
Of these he says : —
" It 's quite astonishing how much they
make you learn that can be of no possible
use in the field."
The remark is just, and in a case like
Miller's, where long and hard service had
been performed, common sense would
suggest waiving further examination. If
the diary may be entirely trusted, he kept
his health marvellously in trying condi-
tions ; but, unfortunately, exposure and
bad food undermined his constitution,
and he died in 1909. Two essays and an
article, ' The Two Editors,' by Capt.
Miller, are included in the book.
FOREIGN ROYALTIES AND COURTS.
Mr. Gribble has that power to collect
and arrange facts which enables him to
produce many volumes, and by a skilful
compilation of material, gathered from
many sources, he has made ' The Life of
the Emperor Francis Joseph' readable.
Such is the title of his book, but he
might easily have chosen a more appro-
priate one.
He states that there exists no Life of
Francis Joseph, and no History of Austria
in which the personal and political aspects
of the subject are considered in their
relation to each other, and he adds that
in the history of modern Austria it is
" tittle-tattle " which matters : —
' Tittle-tattle, in short, when one en-
counters it, not in sample but in bulk, ceases
to be tittle-tattle, but attains to the dignity
of history."
The Life of the Emperor Francis Joseph. By
Francis Gribble. (Eveleigh Nash, 16s.net.)
Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and
Lorraine, 1522-90. By Julia ' Cartwright.
(John Murray, 18s. net.)
The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navi-
gator. By J. P. Oliveira Martins. Trans-
lated with additions and annotations by
J. Johnston Abraham and W. E. Reynolds.
(Chapman & Hall, 10s. 6d. net.)
Rose Bertin, the Creator of Fashion at the
Court of Marie • Antoinette. By Emile
Langlade. Adapted from the French by
Dr. Angelo S. Rappoport. (John Long,
12s. 6d. net.)
We cannot look on the work before us
as history, but no one can say that, if
Mr. Gribble has failed, it is for want of
tittle-tattle. Most of his 350 pages are
filled with it, and he has obtained it in
large measure from the numerous and
often worthless memoirs which in recent
times have dealt with the troubles and
scandals in which the Habsburgs have
been involved.
Mr. Gribble also includes far too much
about the Emperor Maximilian (or as he
prefers, half a dozen times, to call him,
the " pretended " Emperor), " John Orth,"
the ex - Crown Princess of Saxony, and
figures like Countess Marie Larisch. It
was necessary to allude to these people, but
the story of their lives need not have been
recounted at inordinate length in what
professes to be a Life of the Emperor
of Austria.
The first chapters are devoted to an
interesting examination of the origin of
the Habsburgs ; and to a study of eugenics,
and the results of intermarriage. The
features in the family picture on which
the author lays stress are a long series of
degenerates among the Kings and Infants
of Spain, and the large number of mar-
riages between the Spanish and Austrian
Habsburgs.
Mr. Gribble quotes from the wife of
Metternich her famous words when
Francis Joseph, in troubled times, was
called to the throne : —
" How is an Emperor of eighteen years of
age to steer his course amid such conflicting
currents ? I shudder when I think of him —
the last hope which now remains to us."
He also prints, twice over, the curse of
Countess Karolyi, whose son had been a
victim of harsh measures in the early days
of the reign : —
" May Heaven and Hell blast his happi-
ness ! May his family be exterminated !
May he be smitten in the persons of those he
loves ! May his life be wrecked, and may
his children be brought to ruin ! "
He then deals (at great length, as we
have suggested) with the tragedy of
Maximilian, with the madness of the
Empress Charlotte, with the circum-
stances in which the Crown Prince
Rudolph met his death, and with the life
and assassination of the Empress Eliza-
beth ; and no one will say that Mr.
Gribble's pages are dull. Some of this
has a bearing on the story of the
Emperor ; but much of it has not.
Such a sentence as this is cheap and
smart : —
" There was a certain Polish Countess,
but that is too old and unimportant a story
to be revived."
There are other things of equal value,
and we fail to see why Mr. Gribble should
have thought it his duty to drag them in.
For many of the unsavoury stories no sort
of evidence is produced. In one case, it is
true, the author adds a foot-note in which
he does give his authority. What is it ?
A letter from the Vienna correspondent of
a London halfpenny paper, and a state-
ment that the tale " was not contra-
dicted " !
Supplement, March 7, 1914]
THE ATHENAEUM
:{(»!
We are glad to turn to other matters,
and when Mr. Gribble writes of the
Emperor as a sportsman, he has pleasanter
things to say. and has enlivened his pages
with more than one good anecdote of
shooting adventures.
It was, of course, necessary to touch on
the origin of the Kranco- Prussian War of
1870 : and Mr. Gribble writes that " the
Austrian pledge of assistance [to Prance]
was only withdrawn at the eleventh hour."
The " pledge " of Austria, such as it was,
was a promise to fight at a date later than
that at which Bismarck forced France to
"begin. It was perfectly understood in
France that Austria would not be ready
to fight at the date when the French had
to declare war ; and Emile Ollivier has
told us that the plans for an alliance with
Austria and Italy
'" were of a deterrent nature only— aca-
demic, so to speak — and were never reduced
to practicable effective shape.''
This remark by Ollivier does not support
Mr. Gribble. and does not confirm what he
calls the " French official version " : " that
France was lured on, and treacherously
left in the lurch."
The Archduke Francis Ferdinand's sup-
posed plan for the future government of
the Dual Empire is known, and is said by
Mr. Gribble to be
" the transformation of the Dual Monarchy
into a Triple Monarchy — the third of his
Trinitv of Kingdoms to be a Kingdom of
Slavs."
The scheme is, of course, not new. It was
in print as long ago as 1887 ; but, though
we are interested in Mr. Cribble's remarks,
we see no signs that it has made any
progress, or become more popular in
recent years.
The final chapter deals with the course
■of events after the death of the old
Emperor. Owing to the morganatic mar-
riage of the Heir- Apparent, a nephew,
and not his son, stands next in succes-
•n. This nephew is a son of that
;' family scapegrace " of whom, with much
unnecessary repetition, the author says
very disagreeable things. The author
why he believes that the new
Emperor when he comes to the throne
will. Bomehow or other, make his son his
successor. Thus the Habsburg super-
Btition of caste will die.
•It may die fighting What will
happen then lies in the lap of the Gods."
The author does not appear to be
sufficiently impartial to write history. He
States that lie formed the intention to
resist the common tendency of a bio-
pher to credit his •• hero "" with all the
virtues. In that he has succeeded ; but
his intensely anti-Austrian feelings have
prevented him from being fair, and I
tor> fond of old Bcandals. The book is
well illustrated, and is sure of readers;
but much that i- printed should I.
been left in obscurity. If it should go to
a second edition attention should be
given to the spelling of Schonnbrunri
Madiera, and a few other words.
' Christina of Denmark, Duchess of
Milan and Lorraine,' suffices for the title
of Mrs. Ady's book, but
"Christina, by the grace of Cod Queen
of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, Sove-
reign of the Goths, Vandals, and Slavonians,
Duchess of Schleswig, Dittmarsch, Lorraine,
Bar, and .Milan, Countess of Oldenburg and
Blamont, and Lady of Tortona,"
was the official style of her heroine.
For two years Christina lived in Milan
as the child consort of the last Sforza
Duke, and for four she was the wife of
the reigning Duke of Lorraine and Bar,
whilst she actually died as " Madame de
Tortone," though Spain had usurped her
sovereign rights in her dower-city. For
some seven years she had virtually ruled
at Nancy as regent for her son ; that was
the extent of the direct contact with
affairs which the niece of Charles V. ex-
perienced, apart from her masterly con-
duct of the negotiations resulting in
the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. The
Northern titles were of the nature of that
shadowy pretension to the kingdom of
France which British kings long asserted.
Yet this Habsburg princess was un-
doubtedly one of the greatest ladies of
her time, and was endowed not only with
the charm assigned her by the author,
but also with the governing capacity of
her illustrious house. But for the jealousy
of her cousin Philip II. she might have
shown in the more important theatre
of the Netherlands that ability for affairs
of which she had already given proof in
Lorraine. It is certain that every one,
except the Spanish clique, thought her
ecpial to the position vacated by her aunt,
the ex-Queen of Hungary, and that her
popularity in the country would have
given her at least an initial chance of
success. But it was not to be ; and
Christina is probably best known to
posterity as " Holbein's Duchess."
Mrs. Ady has told the story of the
much - sought lady with charm and
thoroughness, leaving little scope for
adverse criticism ; and the excellent re-
productions of fine portraits by Holbein,
Titian, Diirer, and other artists add to
the attractions of the text. The book
runs to more than 500 pages without the
Appendixes, so that it might have been
better to omit or curtail the preliminary
sections dealing with Christina's parents —
the Habsburg mother, and the Scandinav-
ian father, who was deposed by his subjects
and bequeathed little but a title to his
daughters. Perhaps, too, the section which
describes Christina's youthful experiences
as Duchess of Milan is a trifle prolix. Hut
the attention of the reader is arrested by
the narrative of the competition in Europe
for the hand of the young widow of .Milan.
and is fairly caught by the serio-comic
episode of her courtship by Henry VIII.
of England. Though Christina and the
King never met, Henry fell in love with
the portrait that Cromwell had sent
Holbein to paint, and negotiations for the
match continued for two years. As a
good daughter of her house the niece of
Charles V. would doubtless have submit ted
to being Henry's fourth wife instead of
the unfortunate Anne of Clcves, in spite
of the hostile influence of her aunt, the
Regent of the Netherlands, who had
a poor opinion of him ; but political
conditions became adverse, and there
was a formidable difficulty in the
question of the Papal dispensation re-
dered necessary by the kinship between
the proposed bride and the late Queen
Katherine of Aragon. The temporary
allies, Charles V. and Francis I., mocked
at the English king's frantic efforts to
bring about the match, in the course of
which one of his envoys had lauded his
master to Christina as
" the most gentle gentleman that liveth,
his nature so benign and pleasant that I
think no man hath heard many angry
words pass his mouth.''
In curious contrast with this wre have a
report of the gossip of the Netherlands
Court (wiiere Christina resided between
her two marriages) to the effect that
the Duchess refused the match because,
" since the King's Majesty was in so little
space rid of three Queens, she dare not trust
his Council, even if site dare trust his
Majesty."
Although there seems no doubt that
Christina really loved Rene, Prince of
Orange, one of her most brilliant suitors,
she was induced by her Imperial uncle to
marry the heir of the Duke of Lorraine,
and the marriage turned out happily.
Curiously enough, this prince had been
contracted in childhood to Anne of Cleves,
and this was Henry VIII. s pretext for
repudiating the latter.
The rulers of the duchy of Lorraine
were in a parlous position between France
and the Habsburg territories ; and after
the death of Christina's husband the
French seized the young duke and sepa-
rated him from his mother. Yet through-
out, and even after that son's marriage
to the daughter of Henri II., Christina
resisted Guise pressure, and remained
faithful to her own family and the ideal
of the neutrality of the duchy. As for
her personal position, she refused the
most tempting overtures for a third
marriage, taking for her device a solitary
tower with doves fluttering round its
barred windows, and the motto, " Accipio
nullas sordida funis aves." Yet she was
still barely 25, and in the prime of her
beauty. Such diverse personages as
Catherine de Medicis and Roger Ascham
rated her as the finest woman of her day ;
and she even won the favour of her cold-
blooded cousin Philip of Spain, exciting
the jealousy of his English wife. Christina
paid two visits to England during the
reign of .Mary, the object of the second
beings match between Philiberl of Savoy
and the Princess Elizabeth, whom, how-
ever, Christina was not even allowed to see.
Whilst Duchess of Lorraine, Christina
had made at least one attempt at media-
tion between her ancle Charles V. and her
uncle by marriage Francis 1. of fiance;
and fourteen year- later -he w a s choSCD
to preside over the Peace Congn — which
met at Cereamp, and afterwards at
Cateau-Cambresis. Her functions w<
362
THE ATHEN^UM
[Supplement, March 7, 1914
far from being nominal. Christina not only
averted the break-up of the meeting on
more than one occasion by her personal
influence, but was also herself responsible
for the compromise on the Calais question
which made peace possible. The Venetian
ambassador at Brussels said that by
general admission the peace was chiefly
due to her " wisdom and efforts."
But the diplomatic triumph had aroused
the jealousy of Philip II. and his minister
Granvelle, * who refused Christina the
Regency of the Low Countries, and even
encroached on her rights in Italy and drove
her into retirement. Philip prevented the
marriage of her daughter Renee with
William of Orange, whom Christina would
according to report gladly have married
herself, though this need not be taken
as more than a complimentary speech.
Perhaps the chief reflection inspired
by the perusal of this attractive book is
the slight permanent result produced by
dynastic alliances which were effected
at the cost of so much personal sacrifice,
especially on the part of women. On the
other hand, we get some pleasant pictures
of family gatherings of Habsburgs and
Guises, and some charming glimpses of
the genial personalities of the Emperor
Charles V. and his hard-riding, capable
sister Mary of Hungary.
1 The Golden Age of Prince Henry the
Navigator' is the first rendering into
English of the late Oliveira Martins' s ' Os
Filhos de D. Joao I.,' a title which conveys
a better idea of its scope and contents
than the possibly more attractive
one chosen by the present translators.
Certainly this book presents a vivid
description of the beginning of a
literally golden age for Portugal, but
that description is conveyed by the
portraiture and the stories of the lives of
the five sons who attained manhood of
King John I. "the Great " of Portugal
and his Queen Philippa, the daughter of
John of Gaunt. We also get striking
portraits of sturdy old John of Aviz
himself, and of the mother whose firm,
if outwardly mild, character had so much
influence on their children.
At once high praise may be awarded to
the translators. The book reads like
original matter ; the language, serious
and straightforward, suffers neither from
archaic affectations nor from any ultra-
modernity of phrase .
The characters presented are no mere
reconstructed historical lay figures, but
people of flesh and blood who, but for
the primitiveness and fanaticism which
prompted thought and action in their
time, might well be living to-day. One
fully understands King John's recom-
mendation to his sons — doctrinaire each
of them in regard to his own particular
aim and ambition — to cease their clerking,
and pay more heed to that common sense
which lay at the root of his own good
government ; while obstinacy of purpose,
coupled with a certain neglect of the human
factor in the idealism of their schemes,
is immediately recognizable as a natural
heritage from their mother.
On her marriage Queen Philippa found
the Portuguese Court in a state of com-
plete moral disorder. Her puritanical
severity was soon felt, and she completely
reformed, not only the morals of the
Court and nobility, but also, as a first
step towards that praiseworthy end, those
of her husband. She arbitrarily decreed
marriage between those of her suite and
surroundings for whom she deemed the
ceremony advisable, and the King sup-
ported her in all such decisions. So we
read : —
" ' The King and I expect you to hurry
your wedding. It will be held to-morrow.'
" ' But to whom, your Majesty ? '
" ' Never mind, you will know at the
altar.' "
One recalcitrant, who does not seem to
have fully understood the seriousness of
the royal command, was finally burnt at
the stake for his persistent disobedience,
and also, no doubt, as an example to
others inclined to irregularity of conduct.
The force of Philippa's influence over the
King in this regard may be gathered from
the fact that, when she once caught him
in the act of kissing one of the ladies of the
Court, the man who on account of his
sense of patriotism and justice and by his
personal courage, had seized the throne of
Portugal, could think of nothing better to
do or say than to point confusedly at the
motto of the Queen ("Pour bien") em-
blazoned on the ceiling. Philippa gazed
at him fixedly and frigidly, and silently
left the room, and ever after her control
over her husband remained complete. It
is only right to say that that influence was
always exercised " pour bien," and fair
to her as well as to the King to add that
he appears to have loved her truly and
devotedly. When she lay dying, he iushed
out of the palace and galloped away in a
frenzy of grief because he could not bear
to see the end; and she, who had always
lived for her husband, her children, and
their country, would not allow her own
death to delay the starting of the expedi-
tion which was to make the ill-starred
conquest of Ceuta.
Such were the parents of five sons, the
lives and life work of three of whom form
the chief interest of the present volume :
Prince Duarte, king after his father's
death ; Prince Peter, counsellor of his
brother, and Regent during much of
the minority of his nephew Alphonso V. ;
and Prince Henry " the Navigator."
All three were men of high character
and idealists in regard to the aims
which they pursued — all three imbued
with the pious and chivalric fervour of
their age, and each, perhaps, too ex-
clusively engrossed by his own projects to
have any fullness of sympathy with those
of the others.
Duarte, the author-king, did much to
systematize and improve Portuguese as a
written language, and wrote many treatises
laying down rules for good government
and the better writing of prose. In this
connexion Senhor Oliveira Martins says
some hard things about the literary
temperament in general, which, he ob-
serves, "mistakes a cloud for Juno, and
mere words for actions " ; and of King:
Duarte in particular that " he was a
crowned author, with the weaknesses and
virtues of this class of man, with the
inertia of will-power that comes from
the fatal disposition to communicate in
writing his thoughts and wishes."
There is no doubt that Duarte's
conscientiousness worried him into an
early grave. He would write down in
treatise form all the arguments for and
against any important proposition before
him, only usually to find that they
balanced so evenly as to preclude the
possibility of his arriving at any definite
decision."
During the lifetime of his father, Prince
Peter had visited the chief courts of what
was then " the whole world," studying
customs and systems of government. He
was a philosophic statesman and his
liberal ideas were too far beyond the
spirit of his age for practical and lasting
triumph over the still powerful nobility.
They were avenged for his attacks on their
privileges, and restored to even greater
power, after his defeat and death.
Prince Henry cared only to devote all
his undoubted talent and energy to the
prospects of increased trade and wealth
for his country through discovery and
colonization. It is characteristic of the
fanatical determination of this really
united and affectionate family, and of
the times, that they allowed their brother
Ferdinand to die in Moorish captivity
rather than give back Ceuta to the
infidels. Ceuta was put forward as the
only ransom for his freedom, and Ferdi-
nand himself appears to have been a
willing sacrifice to the patriotic decision.
The enterprise of Prince Henry, not-
withstanding its ultimate consequences
to Portugal — first in draining her already
scanty population, afterwards in flooding
her with slave labour, and, lastly, in
nearly exhausting her pecuniary re-
sources— marks an epoch of far-reaching:
importance to the world. He it was who
planted the first vines and sugar-canes in
Madeira, and sent out the expeditions-
which may be truly regarded as the direct
forerunners of the voyages of Vasco-
da Gama and the explorers who followed
him. The work of discovery would even-
tually have been done by some one had not
Prince Henry existed and enlisted all the
geographical and maritime science and
experience of the time. The fact remains
that he did so, and brought about the
dissipation of the discouraging theories
that the ends of the earth, situated at no
great distance from Europe, were clothed in
mephitic fogs, and inhabited by loathsome
monsters, and that the sea towards what
we know as the tropics was boiling hot.
The book by M. Langlade on 'Rose
Bertin, the Creator of Fashion at the
Court of Marie - Antoinette ' has been
adapted from the French by Dr. Rappoport.
The life of a Court milliner is not usually
of great historic interest, but in the days
of Louis XVI., that age of frills and feathers
when royalty and nobility abandoned
themselves completely to the chase o£
Sitplkmknt. Mabch 7, 1014] T II K A T II K N JK IT M
363
every Qeeting fashion, Mile. Rose Bertin,
nicknamed the " Minister of Fashion,"
was more influential than a Minister of
Finance or a Secretary of State. The
antechambers of the palace were crowded
with milliners, hairdressers, perfumers,
and the like, but Rose had free access to
-Marie Antoinette's private apartments.
Her influence over the Queen in matters of
dress was almost unlimited, and the law
she laid down in the name of fashion
involved her clients in the most reckless
expenditure. M. Emile Langlade's bio-
_ phy of this famous milliner is, as
Dr. Bappoport points out in his Pre-
face, not only a history of Rose Bertin,
but also a study of the period preceding
the Revolution ; it gives an interesting
account of the fashions, eccentricities, and
general manners of the Court at Versailles
during the last years of the French
c? %,■
monarchy.
At that Court fashions were not merely
ephemeral and exorbitantly expensive, but
also ridiculous in the extreme. The
pouf aux sentiments could scarcely be sur-
passed for absurdity. The Baroness
d'Oberkirch defined it in her memoirs as
"* a headdress into which may be introduced
the likeness of any person or tiling for
which one may feel affection, such as a
miniature of one's daughter or mother, a
picture of a canary or a dog, &c, adorned
with the hair of a father or of a beloved
friend."
On the death of Louis XV., Rose Bertin's
genius rose to the occasion and she pro-
duced the pouf a la circonstance. It con-
tained, among other things, a tall cypress
with black marigolds, a sheaf of wheat,
and a cornucopia of melons, figs, and
other fruit, and was symbolic of the
nation's grief at the death of the King,
and hope for the prosperity of the new
_rn. The fashion in headgears changed
almost monthly, and Rose was quick to
seize any topical event for a new creation.
Thus the King's vaccination (June, 1774)
inspired the pouf a V inoculation, the rise
in the price of flour (May, 1775) the
rmets d la revolte, and the birth of the
Dauphin (October, 1781) the bonnets au
".phin. The headdresses were so im-
ose that women were obliged to kneel
on the floor of their carriages. Rose
Sted that she had the Queen's
collaboration in her ingenious inventions.
W ten one of her aristocratic customers
complained at being shown last month's
hats, and asked for the very latest style,
MIK-. Bertin replied with impudent dignity,
• Madam, it is nol possible. When 1 last
worked with her Majesty, we decreed that
the new Btyies should not appear for
another week." Hie Queen's personal
• penditure increased yearly, and Theve-
neau de Morande was only one of those
who complained that " the extravagant
notions and far-fetched combinations ol
Mile. Bertin have been the cause of
enormous ezpena
The question of dress had its influence
on commerce, and bo affected the politi-
cal situation. While certain manufac-
tures flourished, others were completely
ruined. The people were starving, while
gigantic sums were being spent daily on
gauze and feathers. Even when the com-
plaints of the populace had become
ominously loud, the tragedies of the da\
were adapted to make a new fashion.
After the murder of Foulon, ribbons sang
ili Foulon were displayed in shop windows ;
and bits of stone set in gold, called jewels
a la Constitution, were very popular after
the fall of the Bastille. Mile. Bertin was
not responsible for either piece of brazen
insolence. She was warned in time, and,
making her foreign customers an excuse for
travelling, visited Germany and England.
The Queen, it is said, begged her to leave
Paris, where she would be exposed to the
rage of the Revolutionists, and it is
possible that Rose acted as an inter-
mediary between her royal mistress and
the rniigres. She gave financial aid to the
latter, many of whom were heavily in
her debt, but there is little foundation for
the story that she burnt her account books,
which contained many debts still due, in
order that the Revolutionists might not
obtain proof of Marie Antoinette's extrava-
gance.
The book contains many interesting
portraits, illustrations of contemporary
fashions, and notably a photogravure
frontispiece of Rose Bertin, showing the
plump and pretty face of a saucy, self-
seeking, but kind-hearted bourgeoise.
Pennell of the Afghan Frontier. By Alice
M. Pennell. (Seeley, Service & Co.,
10s. M. net.)
This book will interest many readers
because it combines the fascinations of
' The Bible in Spain,' Capt. Burton's ' Pil-
grimages,' and ' Kim ' in the short but use-
ful life of a medical missionary who lived
and worked amongst the Pathans of the
north-west frontier of India. It shows the
value of medical missionary enterprise as
a civilizing agent, and it teems with
adventure.
Theodore Leigh ton Pennell, the son
of an English doctor, who practised at
Rio and married his first cousin, was
born in 1867. He was educated at Uni-
versity College, where he obtained high
honours, and secured the degree of M.D. at
the University of London, and the Fellow-
ship of the Royal College of Surgeons of
England. Even as a student he showed
his pre-eminent talent as a trainer of boys
by his conduct of the Working Lads'
Institute in London.
Becoming attached to the Church Mis-
sionary Society, he was sent to India
in 1892, and began work amongst the
Pathans at Bannu on the frontier
highroad beyond the [ndus. He was
thus brought into immediate contact
with the wildest and most vindictive
thieves on the horde!', who were also
bigoted Mohammedans. Dr. Pennell was
repeatedly stoned when he began to preach
he always did) in the bazaar ; but after
a time his medical knowledge, his justice,
and his absolute fearlessness evoked the
id qualities of the tribesmen, and g
him a place in their hearts whit h recon-
ciled them to his Christianity. The secret
of his success was not far to seek. Devoted
to his religion and his professional work,
he went after and among the people instead
of waiting for them to come to him. He
adapted himself to the life, the clothes,
and even the appearance of the tribesmen,
lie abstained from wine and meat, seeking
in every way to identify himself with his
surroundings. He understood the educa-
tional value of sports as a training for
manliness and self - restraint. He was
foremost, therefore, in promoting football
and cricket amongst the native boys who
clustered round him, and so taught them
that they could win or lose a hard-fought
game by fair means and with some degree
of equanimity. The winter of l'.HKJ-I was
spent on a pilgrimage with a chela, in the
usual manner, without purse or scrip.
The adventures he met with and the
reflections he made form some of the most
valuable and interesting pages in the book,
for they show phases of life in India which
can be known to only a very few Euro-
peans. Much of the journey was made
upon a bicycle, and Sadhus on bicycles
are so unfamiliar as to cause effects little
short of consternation in uncivilised
regions.
The last years of his life were saddened
by many events, though his marriage
afforded him a short period of happiness.
He died — doubtless as he would have
wished to die — from an acute attack of
blood-poisoning, contracted in an attempt
to save the life of a friend who was his
colleague.
The book is well written by his widow,
who wisely allow shim to tell his own story
in his own way, and only adds enough
to make a connected narrative. There
are two excellent maps and twenty illus-
trations. Mrs. Pennell has added a glos-
sary of the Indian words used in the
book. The profits on the sale of it
will be devoted to the Afghan Medical
Mission. Dr. Pennell was a connexion
of Lord Roberts, who has written a short
appreciative Introduction.
Xicholas Breakspear {Hadrian IV.),
A.D. 1154-9: the only English Pope.
By the Rev. Horace K. Mann. (Kegan
Paul & Co., 3s. 6d. net.)
Dr. Mann has recently published the
ninth and tenth volumes of his laborious
history of the Mediaeval Papacy, hut he
rightly believes that more readers
could be found for a life of the only
English I'oiie than for a minute survey ox
the peiiod in which he lived, and the work
of his immediate predecessors and suc-
cessors. He ha- therefore extracted from
his ninth volume all that relates to
Hadrian IV.. has added to it a chapter on
the relations between the Easl and the
West, and has published it a- an indepen-
dent work. Hi- introductory chapter on
the social and general histon ol the twelfth
centun is extremely well written, and
may i n i . i . - 1 those who find nothing
cially attractive in the oareei of
364
THE A T H E NiEUM
[Supplement, March 7, 1914
Nicholas Breakspear ; and though it
occupies a disproportionate space in a
biography, it may enable readers to
understand better the times and the
men with whom Hadrian was con-
cerned. As to the details of the life,
we need only say that they have been
closely studied, and are carefully set down.
But a word may be added about the new
chapter.
Dr. Mann has to deal with the attitude
of the Eastern Emperors and Patriarchs
towards the See of Rome. To him it is all
a question of " submission to papal autho-
rity." " The differences in faith and
customs between the Latins and the Greeks
cannot be settled ' till the members adhere
to the head,' " he says, referring to a letter
of Paschal II. to Alexius I. (1112). Though
he quotes a letter of the Archbishop of
Thessalonica, Basil, he does not appear
to appreciate the meaning of its state-
ments. From the whole chapter, indeed,
we gather that Dr. Mann ignores the
fact that the Greek Church never accepted
the supremacy, in spite of many polite
expressions about the primacy, of the
Roman bishops. It is quite true that
neither East nor West thought in 1054
that the unity of the Church was severed ;
but it is equally true that, since the time
of Justinian at least, the Patriarchs of
Constantinople had never varied from
their assertion of complete independence
of, and equality with, the See of Old Rome.
Dr. Mann, steeped though he is in the
mediaeval chroniclers, is too much inclined
to see the history of the past entirely
through Roman spectacles. Everybody
who writes mediaeval Church history now
ought, at least, to have read through
Mr. Denny's l Papalism.'
Another point of interest is the authen-
ticity of the bull ' Laudabiliter.' That
Hadrian IV. did make some sort of grant
of Ireland to Henry II. would, no doubt,
now be generally admitted ; but Dr.
Mann is disposed to accept the bull itself
as undoubtedly genuine. He refers to
some of the arguments of Mr. E. D.
Mackie, though we do not think he men-
tions his name, and grounds on some of
them a conclusion opposite to that which
they were used to establish. Mr. Mackie
argued against the authenticity from a
comparison with the papal letter to
Louis VII.; and we may take it as pro-
bable that in doing so he had at his back
the authority of a leading expert in diplo-
matic, Dr. R. L. Poole, whose assistance
he acknowledges in his Preface. He
showed that what was superfluous in the
' Laudabiliter ' was natural in the letter,
to which it bears so many resemblances,
and that the form of the bull ill corre-
sponded with the strict rules which were
followed by the clerks of the papal chan-
cery. Dr. Mann does not appear to grasp
the force of these arguments, and, indeed,
is content to say that the ' Laudabiliter '
is more likely to be genuine because it
resembles a letter on a different subject.
We think that Mr. Mackie has the best of
the argument, and the point illustrates
the lack of balanced judgment which is
the defect of Dr. Mann as an historian.
Gerard (Dorothea), The Austrian Officer
at Work and at Play, 7/6 net.
Smith & Elder
The rumour that " Austrian Officers seem
to have nothing to do but to sit in Coffee
Houses " is dispelled by a cursory examina-
tion of this volume. Equally removed from
the truth is the often-quoted statement that
they can only waltz and make love. The
author has set about her task of describing
the daily life of the Austrian officer in a
delightful and somewhat unconventional
manner. She has given her own impres-
sions and experiences as the wife of an
Austrian officer. She pictures him as an
exceedingly hard-worked man who takes
his vocation seriously, and whose gaiety is
only superficial. Most of his time is spent
in the arduous duties of garrison life in such
unattractive regions as Galicia and the
Servian frontier, where even the necessaries
of life are scarce. It is rarely, and at short
intervals, that he can enjoy the city life
of Vienna and Budapest. She explains in
her Introduction that, "in order to rightly
reproduce the Austrian Officer of to-day, it
is necessary to say a few words about his
moral ancestor, the Austrian Officer of
yesterday, from whom many qualities and
some defects have been transmitted." The
great idol of Austrian military life is Radet-
zky, who had fought with success against
Napoleon, and as an octogenarian led his
country to victory at Novara against tre-
mendous odds. We gain the impression
that his example and spirit still prevail,
and that every Austrian officer's greatest
wish is to exhibit the qualities of Radetzky
when the day of trial comes. The author asks
how it is possible that so heterogeneous a
mass, amid such a Babel of tongues, can hold
together. Her explanation is, in one word,
"Hapsburg." In this she bears out the
conviction of the Vienna correspondent of
The Times, whose authoritative work on
Austria has lately been published. The book
ends with a chapter on ' The War that
Might Have Been,' and shows in what a high
state of readiness Austria was at the end of
last year.
Mursell (Arthur), Memories of my Life,
6/ net. - Hodder & Stoughton
For fifty years Mr. Arthur Mursell has
occupied a prominent place in the life of
the Free Churches, and these ' Memories '
bring before us many who, by their work
and influence, have placed Nonconformity in
the position it now holds.
Of his father, the successor of Robert
Hall at Leicester, the autobiographer relates
that in 1858 he was about to take train at
Penrith when Lord Brougham came on the
platform, and dropped a glove, which
Mursell picked up and returned to him.
Brougham, when thanking him, said, " You
appear to be a minister." " Not a Prime
Minister, I fear," was the reply. Preachers
became the subject of conversation, and
the name of Robert Hall being mentioned —
" One of the finest pulpit orators I ever
heard," said Lord Brougham. " I never
willingly miss the opportunity of hearing
him when I am on the Midland Circuit."
Mr. Mursell was born on the 14th of
November, 1831. It was a time of great
political unrest, being within seven months
of the passing of the Reform Bill. "Leicester
was putrid with politics " ; " the industrious
classes were at the mercy of county magnates,
who were blind to their condition, and deaf
to their cries ; but a righteous rebellion was
beginning to find voice among them." The
sympathies of Mursell's father were " pas-
sionately, though discreetly, enlisted on the
people's side, and the six points of the
People's Charter were the mottoes of my
first copybooks, and ' civil and religious
liberty ' was writ large on my nursery walls."
Among the author's early recollections is
the visit of O'Connell to Leicester, occa-
sioned by the imprisonment of Baines (a
much-respected officer in MialPs church)
for refusing to pay church rates. Cobden
also came to advocate Free Trade, when
the theatre was packed. Young Mursell
accompanied his father on the stage, and
occupied a stool almost at Cobden's feet.
" The tact and patience he displayed in
facing the storm of interruption by which
he was assailed captivated the authors of
the turbulence, and he concluded a speech
of an hour and a half amidst an ovation of
applause." A less adroit speaker roused the
people to fury, and the surging crowd
became alarming. " Cobden, turning round,
seeing a frightened child beside him, drew
me on to his knee, and converted me to free
trade by his gentle assurance."
After leaving school, young Mursell came
to London, and " gravitated " to Pater-
noster Row, where he served as a " collector '*
to Aylott & Jones, whose names will always
be associated with the Brontes as the first
publishers of their poems. But the work
was not congenial to him ; his vocation
was evidently that of a Baptist minister.
After two years at Bristol College he was
appointed to a church at Manchester. There
he remained for ten years, then came to
London and became pastor of the Stockwell
Baptist Church, South Lambeth Road.
Spurgeon was then living in Nightingale
Lane, Clapham Common, and when Mursell
was walking with him one day in his garden,
Spurgeon pointed to an old tree in which a
pulpit had been fixed, and said, " That 's
Richard Baxter's pulpit."
The book is full of interesting remi-
niscences of men well known during the
period with which it deals — Dr. Parker,
Guinness Rogers, and a host of others.
There is an excellent likeness of the author,
but, should a new edition be called for, Mr.
Mursell will, we trust, add an index of
names.
Rye (Walter), Norfolk Families, 42/ net.
Norwich, Goose & Son
Mr. Rye, who has devoted many years to
genealogical research, has in this substantial
volume treated of nearly 1,400 Norfolk
families who possess the right to bear arms
or have attained celebrity in other ways.
He is one of the modern exact school of
genealogists, and his pages are crowded with
authorities for the pedigrees he gives. In
the same way, when he contests the accuracy
of various early pedigrees, he supplies chapter
and verse for his objections. Good examples
of his methods are the long discussions on
the Pastons and Wodehouse of Kimberley.
Mr. Rye puts in a strong claim for Chaucer
as a Norfolk man. Among recent celebrities
of the county may be named the Bulwers,
the Palgraves, the Pollocks, and the late
Dr. Jessopp.
The ' Addenda and Corrigenda ' contain
many things of importance which should be
noted by all possessors of the work, of which
only 250 copies have been printed. It is
by no means dry reading, for Mr. Rye writes
in a lively style, and, if he is severe on other
people (for example, on p. 78, " The absurd
claim made by Buiwer-Ly tton . . . . is too
silly to be seriously confuted"), is equally
severe on himself, as on p. 1065, where he
remarks, " This is perhaps the most idiotic
of the many misprints which disgrace this
work.?!
/
THE ATHEN-ZEUM^
Jmmtal nf (Bnnllsb tmi JFnmgn %iUxatnxtT %timtz, the jFine ^nst ptnsic attt, iht Dratm
1 1914 |
4^. PRICK
SATURDAY, MARCI 4, 1914. ^ ^;,s,^pa^!^spapeR.
^ocittits.
ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Incorporated by Royal Charter |
An ORPINAKY MEETING of the Society will be held on
THURSDAY. March 1». 1914. at .'> P.M., at 7. SOUTH SQUARL.
GRAYS INN. W.C.. when Mr. H. R TEDDER. F.8.A.. Hon.
Treasurer K.Hi-tS. will Nad his Paper 'CONCERNING HIS-
TORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY II. E. MALDEN. Hon. Secretory.
THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY. — The
next EVENING MEETING will be held on WEDNESDAY.
March 18. at UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, Gower Street. W.C., at
S p.m.. when a Paper will t>e read by Miss A. WERNER on
•FOLKLORE OF EAST AFRICA.' The Paper will be illustrated
by Lantern-Slides. F. A. MILNE, Secretary.
11, Old Square, Lincoln's Inu. W.C., March 9. 1914.
TOPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
T ONDON
The ANNUAL MEETING will be held on WEDNESDAY,
March IS. 1914. at the ROOMS of the SOUIKTX OF ANTIQUARIES,
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The Ohair will be taken by LORD WELBY OF ALUNGTON.
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An Address will also be given by Dr. PHILIP NORMAN (with
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For particulars and cards of admission apply to the Secretary,
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T
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HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under Hon June 1, will be held on JULY 14 and Following Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Tamworth.—
ning for Home or Colonies. College Farm, 1,000 acres. Vet.
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Situations ITarant.
UNIYKRMTY COLLEGE. DUBLIN.
• ollegeof the National University of Ireland.
PROFESSORSHIP OF r I'.K.V H AND KOHAIOl PHILOI
Applications are in\ite-l by the Governing Body of University
College. Dublin, f ,r the - i> rm..i >u of re, .re., nutions to the H«n:ite of
the National Universitv of Ireland in respect of the appointment to
be made to the above Prof«-a*orahtp.
I.rewnt salary a- the office I. 4002. per annum. The
conditions I the office and other particular* may be
•".m the undersigned
Completed apphcition*. with copies of thre** testimonial* in each
eaaa. must be received not later than A PB 1 1. .
J. W BACON, MA , Secretary and Bursar.
«, St. Stephen - lin.
March 10. 1914.
KINDERGARTEN MLT8TRB88for Private Day
and Boarding I -it*, to take clurge of
K ergarten and Instruct two Students in Theory and I
Kindergarten Teaching. Salary >>.( >:• -M-nt. Paasage paid.
MD8IC MI8TRKSS for Private Day and
Boarding s. Hool in tl - I
Vlolir. rtl.er i*rt|r-ular»
apply r I1A-.TII.
Ficcadllly. London. W.
, ■>>. Hackvllle Street.
u
N I V E R S I T Y
OF LONDON.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That the 8enate is about to elect
an Examiner in the following department for the year 1914-10.
Full particulars of the remuneration of the Exaniiuership can be
obtained on application to the Principal.
FOR THE FINAL EXAMINATIONS ONLY.
FACULTY OF ARTS AND FACULTY OF SCIENCE.
One in PHILOSOPHY.
Candidates must send in their names to the Principal, with any
attestation of their qualifications they may think desirable, on or
before SATURDAY, March 81. (It is particularly desired by the
Senate that no application of any kind be made to its individual
Members.)
If testimonials are submitted, three copies at least of each should
be sent. Original testimonials should not be forwarded in any case.
By Order of the Seriate,
HENRY A. M1ERS, Principal.
University of London, South Kensington, S.W.
March, 1914.
N
EYVNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
The post of RESIDENT LECTURER in HISTORY and
DIRECTOR OF HISTORICAL STUDIES will be VACANT in
SEPTEMBER. Applicants (who should be women of academic
attainments) are requested to write for information to THE
PRINCIPAL. Testimonials are not required, but names should be
given of persons to whom the College authorities may refer. Candi-
dates should also send particulars as to education, experience, Ac,
with copies or titles of any historical work they may have published,
before APRIL Jii.
EAST SUFFOLK COUNTY EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
SIR JOHN LEMAN'd SCHOOL, BECCLE8.
Applications are invited for the post of HEAD MASTER of this
Secondary School. The new buildings will be completed and ready
for occupation by the middle of September, 1914. and the Head
Master will be expected to enter on his duties on the first day of that
month. Accommodation ISti (Buys aud Girls). The Pupil Teachers and
Scholars, abiut 50. from the existing Pupil Teachers' Centre will be
transferred to the new School. The salary will be at the rate of 2002.
per annum, rising by annual increments of 10!. according to the
Committee's regulations to a maximum of 300Z. per annum, plus a
capitation grant of 10s per annum for each unit of average attendance
of fee-paying Scholars. The Governors estimate that 68 fee-paying
Scholars will be entered at once, but do not guarantee this number.
Applicants must be Graduates of a University in the United King-
dom, or have other equivalent qualifications as may be approved by
the Board of Education. Applications, upon prescribed forms (Form
231, accompanied by copies of not more than three recent testimonials,
must be received on or before MARCH 28. 1914.
W. E. WATK1NS, Clerk to Governors.
County Hall, Ipswich, March 5, 1914.
T Y M M GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
APPOINTMENT OF HEAD MA8TER
The Governors of the Lymm Grammar School, in the County of
Chester, invite applications for the HEAD MASTERSHIP of the
School. The gentleman to be appointed must be a Graduate of a
University in the United Kingdom, and must be married. There is a
good house and garden and playiug fields. The Head Master must
reside in the house. The School is a dual school, and adjoins the
house. The School has accommodation for about 150 scholars. Fixtd
6tipend 150(. a year and capitation fee of 2.1. 5s on all scholars
(except in the Preparatory Department), numbering about 125. Appli-
cants must send in their applications to the undersigned before
MARCH 25, 1914. Any applicant the Governors de6ire to see will be
communicated with. Further printed information will be furnished
upon receipt of a stamped addressed foolscap envelope on application
in writing to the undersigned.
T. J. K IDGWAY, Hon. Clerk to the Governors.
Wildersmoor. Lymm, Cheshire.
March 5, 1914.
B
ARXSTAPLE GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
WANTED. May H, an experienced MODERN LANGUAGE
MASTER (French ;t speciality), with Junior Latin ami English.
Oral methods used in French. Games, especially Cricket, a rec«m-
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Forms of application may be obtained from me, the undersigned, on
receipt of a stamped addressed envelope, which should be returned,
properly filled up, on or before MAK<H 2fl next.
G. W. F. DROWN, Clerk to the Governors.
The Strand. Barnstaple.
BIRKENHEAD EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
BIKE EN HEAD I NST1TLTE.
SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
Head Master-J. SMALLPAGE. II. A. (Lond ).
REQUIRED, at the commencement of next Term, a FORM
MASTER for German. Elementary Mathematics and Bngllah
Subjects. A Graduate between the agea <>f 34 and M who ha* bad
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Commencing salary U"< or illflcationf, rising
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Canvassing any of the Governors will lis'pialiflca-
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Kor form of apph'ti: Dphrtad and returned bj MARCH
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Further Information maj be obial I from il,.* Heed M inter.
ROBERT T. JuNEH. Secretary.
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TUTORS WANTED. -(a) for Boy of 15. French
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366
THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
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Sanies Lm jViutifltt.
Miscellaneous Books.
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LANEOUS BOOKS, including the LIBRARY of the late H. G.
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rioing a Set of the Journal of Hellenic Studies from 1880 to 1911 —
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LIBRARY of the late VISCOUNT KNUTSFORD (removed from
75, Eaton Square, 8.W.), including a Set of the State Papers, from
1812 to 1883, and Historical MSS. Commission, 131 vols., &c. ; also
other Properties, including Houbraken's Heads, 2 vols., 1717-52—
Lane's Theatrical Portraits, coloured - Books relating to India,
and Wales -A Complete Set of the Works of J. S. Bach, 46 vols , &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
The Library of the late J. H. JACOBY, Esq. (removed from
32, The Ropewalk, Nottingham), by Order of the Trustets.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
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THURSDAY', March 26 the above LIBRARY, comprising Incu-
nabula and other Early Printed Books from German, Italian, and
French PresseB— Early Books with Woodcuts and Engravings— Rare
Books in English and Foreign Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century
Literature, many in contemporary calf or morocco bindings— Topo-
graphical Works— First Editions of Dickens, Ainsworth, Thackeray,
and others— Sporting Books and Books of Travel, &c.
Catalogues on application.
Rare and Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
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FRIDAY, March 27. RARE AND VALUABLE BOOKS, comprising
Hasted's History of Kent. 4 vols. — Brookshaw's Pomona Britannica —
Abbott and Smith's Lepidoptera of Georgia, 2 vols, morocco— Row-
landson's Loyal Volunteers— The Present State of New-England with
respect to the Indian War, with the Continuation. 1675-6 -Rare
Books and Pamphlets on Trade and America— Interesting and
Curious Black-Letter Books— Chaucer's Works, 1561 -Ben Jonson's
Works, with the Portrait, 2 vols., 1640-Snckling's Fragmenta Aurea,
1648, and Sir Thomas Overbury : his Wife. 1616, hot h with the Portraits-
Goldsmith's The Traveller, First Edition, 1765, and other rare
Volumes of Poems -The Poetical Magazine, 4 vols., &c.
Catalogues on application.
Modern Etchings and Engravings.
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at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C., on TUESDAY,
March 17, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, MODERN ETCH-
INGS AND ENGRAVINGS, comprising Portraits, Landscapes,
Fancy Subjects, &c, including Examples by and after
MESSRS. CHRISTIE. MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
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Square, the Sties commencing at 1 o'clock precisely :—
On MONDAY, March 16, and Three Following
Days, PORCELAIN and OBJECTS OF ART, the Property of
ALFRED TRAPNELL, Esq.
On FRIDAY, March 20, PICTURES and
DRAWINGS, the Property of the late T. G. ARTHUR, Esq , and
DRAWINGS, the Property of RICHARD MARTIN, Esq.
On TUESDAY, March 24, and Two Following
Days fine ENGLISH and FOREIGN SILVER, the Property of the
late EARL OF A8HBURNHAM.
A. Affleck
T. G. Appleton
F. Brangwyn
H. S. Bridgwater
Samuel Cousins
E. Chiquet
Hedley Fitton
T. C. Farrer
Peter Graham
H. T. Greenhead
A. H. Haig
Seymour Haden
Albany Howarth
Jules Jacquet
L. Kratke
Maxime Lalanne
K. W. Macbeth
Millet
0. O. Murray
A. Mathey
Meissonier
T. A. Prior
Frank Short
Skrimshire
J. M. W. Turner
R. Wallis
J. T. Willmore
Sydney Wilson
J. Whistler
and many others
Valuable Books.
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at their House. 47. Leicester Square, W.C.. on THURSDAY.
March 19. at ten minutes pa6t 1 o'clock preciiely, VALUABLE
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Father Damien, Sydney, 1890, presentation copy with A.L.3. —
Hentzy's Vues des Montagnes des Suisse— Choice Extra-Illustrated
Copies of Cunningham's Nell Gwyn and Cromwelliana— Standard
Library Sets— Books with Coloured Plates— First Editions of Modern
Authors, &c.
Baxter Oil Prints.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C., on THURSDAY,
March 26, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, fine BAXTER
OIL PRINTS, the Property of a GENTLEMEN, and from various
Collections.
The Valuable Library, formerly the Property of the late
A. B. STEWART, Esq., of Glasgow.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
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Street, Strand, W.C., on MONDAY, March 16, and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, the VALUABLE LIBRARY, formerly the Property
of the late A. B. STEWART, Esq., of Rawcliffe, Glasgow (sold by
order of his Widow's Executors).
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
The Japanese Collections, the Property of the late
Sir ALFRED EAST, R.A.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
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Street, Strand. W.C., on TUESDAY. March 17, and Two Following
Days, at 1 o'clock precisely, the JAPANESE COLLECTIONS, the
Property of the late Sir ALFRED EAST, R.A.. of 67, Belsize Park,
London, N.W.. comprising Colour Prints, fine Surimono, Original
Drawings, Japanese Illustrated Books and Books on Japan, Lacquer,
Netsuke, Tsuba, Bronzes, and Pottery.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
Engravings, Drawings, and Etchings.
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Street, Strand, W.C., on FRIDAY, March 20, and MONDAY, March
23, at 1 o'clock precisely, ENGRAVINGS. DRAWINGS, and
ETCHINGS from various sources and Private Collections, including
the Property of Mrs. EDMONSTONE, of Woodthorpe, Nottingham;
Military Prints and Portraits from the Collection formed by the late
S. M. MILNE, Esq., of Oalverly House, Leeds, &c.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS.
Established 1760.
TUESDAY next, March 17, at half -past 19. o'clock.
Cwiosities.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at his Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.,
ENGLISH AND ORIENTAL WEAPONS. Old Lac Cabinet. Chinese
Lacquer Screen, Mirror 8tand, f hinese Porcelain, Jars, Snuff Bottles,
*c„ and CHINA, GLASS, PICTURES, 4c.
On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.
TUESDAY, March 2U, at half -past 12 o'clock.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at ihis Rooms, 38. King Street. Covent Garden, London, W.C.,
COLLECTION OF CHINA, Cut Glass. Silver and Plated Articles
Decorative Furniture, and miscellaneous items, the Property of
LADY, deceased, removed from a WeBt-End Flat.
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MSS. of EVERY KIND accurately and
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TYPE- WRITING of every description carefully
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—Miss NANCY McFARLANE, 11, Palmeira Avenue, Westcliff, Essex.
TO BE PUBLISHED ON APRIL 23, 1914
AN IMPORTANT ADDITION TO AaESSRS. BATSFORD'S
MAGNIFICENT RECORDS OF ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE
Forming a volume (size 15 in. by 11 in.) containing- 60 Full-Page Plates of Views and Measured Drawings finely reproduced by the
Collotype and Half-Tone processes, together with 136 Half-Tone -and Line Illustrations interspersed in the Text. The volume will
be handsomely bound in buckram, gilt, and published at £4 4s. net.
MONUMENTAL CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE
IN GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND DURING
THE EIGHTEENTH & NINETEENTH CENTURIES
By A. E. RICHARDSON
Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects
[HE purpose of this book is to direct attention to the monumental qualities and academic aspect of English Neo-Classic Architecture,
which from the period of its inception, at the beginning of the seventeenth century until a comparatively recent date, shows a
m1
record of continuous development. The subjects chosen for illustration comprise works by John Carr of York, Sir Robert
Taylor, the Brothers Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Gandon, George Dance, Henry Holland, Sir John Soane, Sir Robert Smirke,
Professor Playfair, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, Professor Cockerell, and Sir Charles Barry — to mention only a few names ; but special
attention is directed to such masters of style as Professor Cockerell and Sir Charles Barry. The great cities of the United Kingdom
have been searched for notable examples, and the profusion of buildings thus brought to light is revealed in the pages of this volumo-
To the London collector the work has a special interest, not only on account of the fine series of illustrations which it contains of
existing buildings, but also of many subjects long since destroyed.
SPECIAL OFFER TO SUBSCRIBERS
It has been decided to offer the book to Subscribers until March 21, 19 14, at the special price of £3 13s. 6d. net (instead ot
£4 4s. net, the actual published price), and it is felt that many will wish to take advantage of this special offer, and to have
their names included in the List which will be printed in the volume. It is important to note that after the date mentioned no name
can be inserted in the List, nor will it be possible to obtain the work for less than the published price, viz. : £4 a.s. net.
A detailed Prospectus with specimen Plates will be forwarded post free on application.
B. T. BATSFORD, Ltd,, Publishers, 94, High Holborn, London.
No. 4507, March U, 1014
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JOSEPH CONRAD 'Twixt Land and Sea
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15, ALDINE HOUSE, BEDFORD ST., W.C.
No. 4507, Makch 14, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
369
SATURDAY, MARCH l'f, l'Ji;.
CONTENTS. PAGH
Hie Sl'EAKEK OK THE HOl'SE
The Panama Canal 370
The Om> Man in Malta 370
Lord Suffirld'S Memories 371
Men and Matters 371
FANCIES, Fashions, and Fads 872
Napoleon at Bay 37-2
Kissia of the RrssiANS 3V3
Bartolis of Sassokbrrato 373
The Highland Host ok 167S 374
The Religion ok the Renaissance (Franciscan
Poets in Italy ; S. Bernardino of Siena; Pius II. ;
Cesare Borgia) 374—375
Poetry and Like Series (Browning; Wordsworth ;
Schiller) _ .. .. 375
Folksongs ok the Tuscan Hills 375
Prisons and Prisoners 370
Fiction (Toe Last English ; Ten-Minute Stories ; The
M.iking of a Bigot) 377
Books Published this Week (English, 378;
Foreign, ;W1)_ 378-381
DR. Ginsuukg ; Shakespeare and Asbies ; The
Bitler Library; An aithors' Union 381—383
Literary Gossip 383
science— The Like ok the Badger ; The Anthro-
pology ok the Greeks ; Gossip ; Meetings
Next Week » .. 384— 3S5
Fine Arts— Art and Common Sense ; Art in
Flanders; The London Group ; Paintings
and Drawings by Mr. R. Ihlee ; Other
Exhibitions; Gossip; Picture Sale .. 3S6 -388
Music— Early Bodleian Music; Gossip; Per-
formances Next week 389—390
Drama— The Tragedie of Cymbeline ; Gossip 390—391
Index to Advertisers 395
LITERATURE
The Sjyeaker of the House. Bv Michael
Macdonagh. (Methuen & Co*!, 10s. Qd.
net.)
Englishmen delight to grumble at the
weather and their House of Commons ;
bat a good many of them are proud of
" the Speaker of the House," and will
welcome this admirable history of an
ient office. The bulk of the "informa-
tion has been published before in other
forms ; but Mr. Macdonagh has dib-
it ly garnered it from various sources,
•ad, with the aid of an observant eye
and more than twenty years in the Press
Uery, lias produced a volume that is
thoroughly readable.
Be traces the history of the Speaker-
ship from the earliest times, placing
at the tx-ginning of his book a Roll of
akera which starts with the year 1376 ;
and in- shows that for centuries it was
the custom for th<- Speaker-elect to make
pretence of desiring to refuse the high
honour offered him. After repeated pro-
bations of his unfitness for the post,
and as he was being led to the chair, he
would indulge in a show of physical
istancc. This comedy was repeated at
• • el.-ction of a Speaker until Mitford
in 1801 declined to say that he was
unfit for the office.
On an early page it is noted that the
last time a Sovereign exercised hi- veto
on the choice of a Speak in the CSSe
of Edward Seymour, who had served as
aker in one Parliament, and whom
Charles II. would not have again. The
Royal veto has not been enforced since
that time.
It has become the custom for a Speaker
to remain Speaker until he resigns or
dies ; but it was not always so, and
as we follow Air. Macdonagh we see eases
where Speakers willingly or unwillingly
gave up the (hair for a time, where
successors were appointed, and where
the old Speaker was afterwards summoned
back for a second and occasionally even
a third term of office.
In days not very distant it was the
habit for a Speaker to join in Committee
debates and divisions ; but this habit
has now fallen into disuse, and is not
likely to be revived. The qualities re-
quired for a Speaker are well stated by
Mr. Macdonagh. They are sagacity, tact,
and a common sense in judgment.
" He must also have a fair gift of speech
and a strong commanding voice. He must
be capable of saying the right tiling at the
right time. If lie can say it in a stately
fashion so much the better. . . .The most
precious attribute of the Chair.... is im-
partiality, and the highest and most inspired
personal quality of a Speaker is command
and influence over men."
In early days the two scholarly qualities
essential are said to have been that the
speaker should speak French well and
be able to read Latin. In those days
French was the language of the upper
classes, and that in which debates were
conducted, while Parliamentary and legal
documents were written usually in Latin.
The solemn farewells of Speakers have
often touched the House, and there are in
these pages some striking speeches made
by men who were taking their final leave
of office. The resignation of a Speaker
now involves his immediate departure
from the Commons ; but this was not
always the case, and Mr. Macdonagh shows
that Addington, on quitting the Chair,
continued to sit in the House. He suc-
ceeded Pitt as Prime Minister in 1801,
and gave place to Pitt in 1804, and then
continued in the House as a private
member : a record which in these days
seems incredible.
A Speaker on his retirement is now
always rewarded with a peerage, as is
duly pointed out. But we do not think
Mr. Macdonagh mentions the odd fact
that one recent Speaker received a
knighthood while he was still in the
Parliamentary chair, and we fancy that it
is not generally known that Speaker Brand
received his knighthood through a mis-
understanding. It happened in the
eighties, when the Orange free State
was much in the minds of some Ministers.
One of them sent a note round the Cabinet
simply saving " Brand should he knighted."
Gladstone wrote "Yes"; and Brand
was knighted. Bui the Minister who
suggested it had another Brand in his
head, the President of the free State.
We believe thai the ri'_rht man received
the honour at a later date.
We talk of obstruction as a growth of
modern times ; bul Mr. Macdonagh shows
that it was rampant in 1604, and that the
House then resolved that
'To prevent the idle expense of time, it
any man speak impertinently, or beside the
question in hand, it standeth with the order
of the House for .Mr. Speaker to interrupt
him and to know the pleasure of the I low-.
whether they will further hear him.''
A little later it was resolved : —
'That if any superfluous motion or tedious
speeches he ottered to the Mouse, the party
is to be directed and ordered by .Air. Speaker.''
So, after all, the troubles of our own
days are nothing new.
Croke seems to have been the first
Speaker to rule that a member has the
right to be heard, no matter how objec-
tionable his views may be. In 1601,
when Serjeant Hejde made a motion, " all
the House hemm'd and laughed and
talked " ; at which Heyle said : " All
your hemming shall not put me out of
countenance."
" So Mr. Speaker stood up and said : ' It
is a great disorder that this should be used,
for it is the ancient use of every man to be
silent when any one speaketh, and he that is
speaking should be suffered to deliver his
mind without interruption.' '
The book before us contains an odd
complaint by H. M. Stanley. The man
who had explored unknown parts of
Africa never realized that there were
others in the House who knew far more
than he did of the conditions of that Con-
tinent as a whole, and for whose views
the House properly had more respect.
But Stanley at Westminster was a failure,
and glad to retire after one Parliament.
To Speaker Peel Mr. Macdonagh awards
very high praise for his earnestness and
dignity. Mr. Gully is also praised in a
minor key ; but he " acted upon the mere
letter of the rules with the pedantry
of the lawyer." We notice also an
admirable collection of those witticisms
of the present Speaker which delight the
House and keep it in good humour as well
as good order. Concerning Speaker Shaw -
Lefevre there are Mr. George Russell's
wrell-known words : —
"His special excellence as Speaker was
held to be that, when there was no precedent
for a particular course, ho always said that
it was the well-known practice of the House,
and that if any one ever attempted to ques-
tion these improvised authorities, he said,
' Order, order ! the point is already disposed
of,' with a voice and manner which silenci '
all remonstrance."
A Speaker in older days is pictured
as a man in his big chair who used t<>
have draughts of porter brought to him
during the sitting; and Wraxall reported
that he used to drink so many foaming
tankards that they "produced incon-
veniences."'
Here and there we ha\c detected trifling
slips in -Mr. Macdonagh's pleasant pages.
He says in one place that the Speaker
possesses a curious privilege
"which he enjoys exciusi\ ely with Royalty.
Thai is to rule or drive through the archway
of the Bfor e Guards between Whitehall and
the Mull.
Bui many Ministers and others have that
privilege, and an ivory pass used to be
carried (and probably is still carried)
370
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
in the vehicles of those who have the
right to drive through the arch. It was
the same with Constitution Hill until very-
recent times ; and the ivory passes not
only took the man whose name they bore,
but also gave his secretaries the right of
way.
Mr. Maedonagh says that " the Speaker
.... has precedence of all the Commonalty,
that mighty crowd outside the peerage."
This was once true ; but now the Prime
Minister has special precedence, and stands
immediately after the Archbishop of
York, and before any other commoner.
Of slips in names we note that Herschell
was not " Sir Francis," but Sir Farrer ;
that Lord Loreburn did not spell his
name Read ; that Gwyder is more usually
written Gwydyr ; and that Lord Fitz-
maurice did not write his Christian name
as it is here printed.
The Panama Canal. By Frederic J. Has-
kin. (Heinemann, 6s. net.)
Mr. Haskin's book comes late in the day.
He set out to describe a marvellous piece
of engineering which has already been
amply discussed ; but he has justified
his work by giving in the simplest language
the best and clearest account that we have
seen of the difficulties overcome, and of
the machinery to be used for passing ships
through the Canal. It may almost be
considered a semi-official book, as the
proofs have been read by Col. Goethals,
the man chiefly responsible for the success
of the undertaking.
Of the Republic of Panama the author
gives some curious particulars. It has no
debt. It has a University, but there are
few teachers qualified to hold the professor-
ships, and fewer students qualified to pur-
sue the courses. It is so incapable about the
management of its affairs that it has to call
in the United States to see that elections
are conducted with some approach to fair-
ness ; and its chief city is described as
being " famous for its wickedness."
The story of the French failure is told at
length — sometimes in words which strike
us as scarcely fair to the men who failed.
A third of the French money is said to
have been spent on the Canal, a third
wasted, and a third stolen. Allowance is,
however, made fof the inability of the
French, through lack of knowledge in
their day, to deal with fever and the mos-
quito ; the work they did is said to have
been done with the utmost thoroughness :
and the machinery they bequeathed to
the Americans is admitted to have been
of immense service. Many of the charges
against Lesseps and his son are,
however, too crudely stated, and some
of them, we think, have never been
proved.
Mr. Haskin gives, as others have done
before him, figures to show the number of
miles which the Canal will save between
various ports of the world ; but the map
intended to indicate the shortening of sea
voyages is on a scale too small to be of
much use. The most interesting thing for
Englishmen to remember is that the
journey from Liverpool to Melbourne will
be shorter by some 1,300 miles.
It is well to note that this American
writer admits the part played by his
country in encouraging the revolution in
Colombia. He quotes Mr. Roosevelt's
remark, " I took Panama, and left Con-
gress to debate it later " ; and he is pro-
bably right when he predicts that history
will justify the coup d'etat.
A chapter devoted to the fortification
of the Canal gives full details as to the
forts and the guns and ammunition which
will eventually be stored there. One would
have expected more secrecy in such a
matter. Mr. Haskin has also something
to say of the difficulties with us about the
special tolls proposed for American ship-
ping, and the rights of fortification. We
conceded the right of the United States
to erect forts, but are glad to find this
well-informed writer acknowledging that
the language of the treaty " seems plainly
to imply that the United States had no
right to fortify the Canal." He thinks,
and we agree, that it would constitute an
interesting chapter in diplomatic history
if some one would tell the real reason why
the English Government waived its right
to insist on a neutral canal.
The Hay Pauncefote and Clayton-Bul-
wer Treaties crop up again and again.
The author does not commit himself to
any side ; but it is hardly necessary for
Englishmen to argue the matter on its
merits. The merits have long been ad-
mitted by some of the highest authorities
in the States ; and we were waiting for the
considered views of President Woodrow
Wilson. Till he spoke Englishmen were
content with the plea made in January
by Senator Root. He recommended the
repeal of the Free Toll Clause of the
Canal Act, and told his fellow-countrymen
that they should live up to their treaty
obligations, and keep faith with the
world. He showed that by the Clayton-
Bulwer and Hay-Pauncefote Treaties the
United States was pledged to equality of
treatment for the shipping of all nations,
and could not discriminate in favour of
its own shipping without violation of
treaty obligations ; and we do not
believe that, when Americans have had
time to think over their President's
advice, they will hesitate to follow it.
The American spelling of the book will
not please English eyes : " theater,"
" scepter," " defense," " center," " cata-
log," and such words are scattered every-
where. On the other hand, phrases like
" spot cash " (ready money) and " the
old bugaboo about earthquakes " will
amuse English readers. " Bugaboo " was,
as the ' New English Dictionary ' tells us,
current in earlier English, and is one of
the words which has been happily retained
by the vivid talkers and writers of the
United States.
The Odd Man in Malta. By John Wigna-
court. (Chapman & Hall, 7s. %d. net.)
Comparatively few English people, out-
side the ranks of the services, know more
of Malta than can be seen during the pass-
ing call of a mail boat. Yet it is an extra-
ordinarily interesting island, alike to the
seeker after the picturesque, the student of
human nature, and the ethnologist. Mr.
Wignacourt has written so thoroughly
readable and lively a book on Malta
that, after perusing it, any reader
should feel as if he knew the island
himself. The author — whose name is
that of a famous Grand Master of the
Knights of St. John — was sent to Malta
from South Africa in the course of his career
in the Civil Service. He seems to have
spent all his leisure in studying the island :
in assisting excavators of the wonderful
megalithic monuments, mixing freely
among the peasantry, and noting down
the continual picturesque effects of sky
and sea and sunset. The rich store of
impressions thus gathered has served him
as material for one of the best books of its
kind, happily combining the elements of
humour and seriousness. He modestly
describes his work as his " Maltese scrap-
book," into which he has pasted his odds
and ends to save them from oblivion. But
he has given it the added touch which
makes it literature of no contemptible
order, and we hope that it will meet with
the wide audience which it deserves.
Mr. Wignacourt's contribution to the
vexed question of Maltese ethnology
and philology deserves respectful con-
sideration. He has carefully studied the
problems of the long-headed Hamitic
race, belonging to the culture - circle
which once included the whole of the
Western Mediterranean, who erected the
remarkable megalithic monuments of
Hagiar Kim and Hal Saflieni, and who
probably were closely allied to the
builders of Stonehenge. In most parts of
Europe these people Mere dispossessed
and crowded out of existence by the later-
coming Aryans, but in isolated Malta they
have persisted as a nearly pure racial type
only slightly modified by the advent of
Phoenician, Carthaginian, Roman, and
Arab conquerors. They still speak their
indigenous language ; perhaps the only
point in regard to which Mr. Wignacourt's
theories are open to attack is his assump-
tion that this curious tongue is a dialect
of Arabic, which seems to have been dis-
proved by Dr. Caruana.
The lighter features of Mr. Wignacourt's
book we leave the reader to examine
and enjoy for himself — but we may
call attention to his account of Maltese
" English as she is spoke." The Maltese
papers write a kind of Babu English,
e.g., from the description of a Govern-
ment ball : " Lady Jones shimmered
in a perspicuous sequined gown of
lace ; Lady Ingram fefulged in peacock
blue : Mrs. Mifsud wore her pink." The
account of Busuttil's ' Maltese - English
Dictionary ' is a pure joy. Busuttil seems
to have been a Maltese Roget orCotgrave,.
No. 4507, Maboh 14, 1914
THE ATIIKN J:i' M
871
land of synonyms and proverbs and fine
writing, and his work deserves to rank with
the Portuguese vocabulary immortalized
by Mark Twain. Thus he translates
ghandur by " gallant, neat, spruce, sung
[<sic], smart, trim": xaria by "a brawl,
squibble, quarrel " ; mignun by
"mad, foolish, insane, deranged, demented,
lunatic, crazy, crazed, non-compos, cracked,
touched, of unsound or abnormal mind ;
insensate, bereft of reason, reasonless, mad-
cap, unsettled ; daft, possessed, forgone,
maddened, moonstruck, mad-brained, hair-
brained, crack-brained, maniacal, delirious,
teie montee."
Mr. Wignacourt treats his author daintilv
and as if he loved him (who could help
it 0 :—
*" We feel lie is at bottom a warm, natural
man : ' It was that rhum hot that com-
forted me * ; and afterwards, but I should
hardly like to say as a consequence, we get
things of this sort : ' he always dig good to
every one.' He seems to have his ups and
downs, and knows both the night out and
the morning in : ' vertigo or giddiness is a
ling as if external objects whirled round
or as one had been whirling round, or were
about to fall, which one tends to unless he
-p something fixed or sit down : ; ' take
a doze of Epsom salt ' ; 'I saw a lot of
wiiniis rounded into balls ' ; after that he
ns to take to the blue ribbon : ' this
water is very bad, it is debased by mixture.' "
My Memories, 1830-1913. By Lord Suf-
field. (Herbert Jenkins, 16s. net.)
Tiil chief interest of Lord Suffield'a
memoirs, which reach from Coke of Nor-
folk to the death of Edward VII. , lies in
their revelation of the life of a modern
courtier; and. in particular, of one to
whom his King gave, for the last forty
is of his life, more of his confidence
than to anybody else. Needless to say,
that confidence is not abused. A wonderful
horseman, a superb whip, a great yachts-
man, runner, and cricketer — the original
of his friend Whyte Melville's lines,
A rider unequalled— a sportsman complete,
A rum uii to follow, a had 'un to beat —
as well as a dandy whose tailor was
adopted by his King, Lord Suffield writes
very modestly, and it may even be thought
that he carries discretion to the pitch of
appointment.
It was when the Prince of Wales of
ttier days bought Bandringham, and
no to convert that wind-swept, barren
moorland into an ideal thai the
friendship, begun in earliest childhood, was
renewed. For close at hand Lord Suffield,
on succeeding to Gunton, bad set himself
pair and develope his estate, and to
found Cromer and Overstrand. For nine-
he tells as, every penny derived
from the estate was devoted to it- improve-
ment. Gunton, by the way. was only
used as a shooting-box by the author's
grandfather, Sir Barbord Efarbord, whose
memory ha- been vindicated by Mr. Bacon,
in his privaJ ly printed ' Life of the First
Baron Suffield,' from Cokes unfounded
suspicion of his friend- treachery to-
ward- him in the election of 17h4.
( loosen to accompany the Prince of Wales
as Chief of the Household on his journey to
India in 1875, Lord Suffield proved his
high qualities of tact, devotion, and
sportsman like daring and endurance to the
uttermost, and though his diary of that
tour might well have been shortened, it
is a vivid picture of a memorable journey,
illustrated by some really excellent
sketches by Sir Arthur Ellis. The Princess
had given the Prince into his care, and
with what devotion he interpreted that
trust may be gathered from the following
passage : —
" I went with him everywhere, sat beside
him ready to get before him should any
attempt be made on his life, and I watched
Over him at night, often never going to bed
at all, when there seemed the slightest
danger.
Of King Edward Lord Suffield tells us
little that is not already known. He
bears witness yet again to his bonhomie
and charm of manner, to his natural
tact and savoir-faire, which used to extri-
cate him from very difficult positions
when Queen Victoria, without allowing
him her full confidence, called him to
perform diplomatic missions, " and he
had to glean what he could of the nation's
foreign policy from the ambassadors of
other countries." But all other attributes,
Lord Suffield declares, were secondary to
his strong sense of right and fair play, as
shown, for instance, in his championship
of Sir Bartle Frere. Reference is also
made to the part he took in promoting
the passing of the long-delayed Deceased
Wife's Sister Bill, which was rejected by
the bishops, even after it had passed the
House of Commons seven times, and after
the Prince, Lord Houghton, and Lord
Kimberley, speaking for the House of
Lords, had agreed that it should become
law. The book is dedicated to Queen
Alexandra, whose portrait it contains.
Men and Matters. By Wilfrid Ward.
(Longmans & Co., 12s. Gel. net.)
Nothing in this volume is quite so good
as the study of Mr. Balfour's personality
which Mr. Ward published in an earlier
book. What there is, however, is of
great interest. The personal studies are
attractively written, and are full, more-
over, of that penetrating analysis of cha-
racter which is Mr. Wards forte. But the
best reading is certainly in the first half.
The study of .Mr. Monyperinv's ' Disraeli '
and of Lord Cromer's criticism was
much noted at the time of its first appear-
ance, and we do not think it needful to
say more on that head.
Far mure vivid and original is the long
account of George tVyndham — in our
judgment, the most valuable piece in the
book. Not Only does .Mr. Ward speak
from intimate knowledge, but he has also
made skilful use of letters which he received
from Wyndham. All of them are worth
quoting. Here we can indicate only one
' or two [Hiints.
This is from a letter written while he
was at the War Office : —
" After a day spent in grappling with com-
plicated detail, 1 lind that nothing short of
philosophy or poetry is of the least use to
inc. ! tried a novel the other day, 'The
open Question,' and it aggravated me beyond
belief. 1 want the very best, and prefer it in
a different form and remotely aloof from
everyday life. I have bought a Latin
Prayer Hook — our Prayer Book, 2nd a\.,
1574— and find the Psalms very stately and
soothing. A little Latin goes a long way.
But when your business consists in ploughing
like a liner through seas of slip-hod English,
you need the very opposite, a dead language,
clean-cut and frigid poetry or abstract
thought. . . .
" 1 have been inside a good many machines ;
the Army, Irish Office, Colonial Expansion,
Fleet Street, literary coteries, and now in-
side of another office ; and no doubt such
experience affects me. The multiplicity of
the parts defying philosophic comprehension,
and the dead weight of each dragging down
individual energy, drive home the lesson that
no individual, or race, or age, or movement
embracing many nations and some centuries,
is likely to give a decisive cast to the direction
of development, or even to reconcile any
considerable number of divergent forces.
But this does not daunt me. I see the
.Universal Flux ; but I believe in the Choric
Dance. In some ways business is a capital
exercise or drill. It gives you a number of
occasions every day for doing the right thing
in the right way. This is capital practice.
But far from thinking that mere honest
effort at complicated jobs would serve man-
kind as a substitute for philosophy, religion,
and art, I do not believe that the second-
class clerks could work as they do if we had
not all the abstract speculations of 3,000
years behind us."
Other letters even more surprising than
this might be cited, notably that on the
management of his estate.
Another valuable study is that of
John Stuart Mill. Not much interest
is taken in him just now, and it is
well to have on record this account of
the shock experienced by heterodoxy on
finding its own peculiar orthodoxy im-
pugned by the man who was supposed to
be its prophet. Few of the younger
generation are aware of the revulsion of
feeling caused by the posthumous ' Essays
on Religion,' and how Mrs. Leslie Stephen
said to her perturbed spouse : ' 1 told
you so. I always said John Mill was
orthodox."
Other essays in the book are of a different
order. That on ' Cardinal Newman's Sen-
sitiveness ' is a good specimen of the kind
of apologetic which Mr. Ward has on
many occasions put forward. Well de-
Scribed in Miss IVtre's ' Life' of George
Tyrrell as " mediating Liberalism," this
philosophy harks back to Newman, and
forward to modern criticism. Its object
is to preserve the spirit and reality of the
Catholic system, while showing every
kind of sympathy within its limits to those
enlarged horizons alike in history and
science, which arc the outcome of modern
inquiry. It is evident from his Preface
that .Mr. Ward i- aware of the difficulty of
the task. Yet he is equally resolute to
take it up. In an interesting essay on
s. Thomas Aquinas and .Medieval
372
THE ATHFJ^UM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
Thought ' lie points the moral of the
parallel case of the influence of Aristote-
lianism in the thirteenth-century Church :
" Let it be granted that some of the
extremely speculative conclusions put forth
by exponents of the higher criticism are
as extravagant as the medieval belief that
the syllogism could discover the secrets of
nature. . . .Yet to proscribe the really scien-
tific use of that critical method which has
hold of all minds which think on such sub-
jects would be as ineffectual now as the bon-
fires fed by living rationalists were in the
Paris of 1209. . . .If work in the field marked
out by the ' higher criticism ' is occasionally
touched by some of the defects of the method
it has to use, that does not make it the
less necessary. If those few who are com-
petent to undertake it are afforded no scope
for their energies, humanly speaking, the
movement of criticism must lead widely to
the destruction of faith, especially in those
masses of half-educated people for whose
especial benefit the avoidance of unsettling
discussions is professedly designed."
We believe Mr. Ward to be entirely right.
Valuing, as we do, the experience of the
past, which is of the essence of religious
authority, and deprecating any revolu-
tionary iconoclasm, we yet hold that the
religious thinker has to look mainly
towards the future, and must be allowed
to make trial of those new ways of
thought and feeling which are on all
hands being commended. To make this
trial is to expose oneself to attacks on all
sides ; to refuse to make it is either to
give up religion or to surrender all hope
of assimilating modern knowledge. The
position is delineated in the essay on
Newman : —
" The unbelievers saw in him a super-
stitious mind, which they found it hard to
reconcile with unquestionable symptoms of
intellectual insight and depth. The average
Christian theologian regarded his admissions
as to the force of agnostic reasoning, and the
melancholy anticipations of the growth of the
infidel movement in the world of thought, as
the suggestions of a morbid fancy, or as
signs of a dangeroiis tendency to religious
liberalism."
That judgment is notably correct in the
particular instance. It will always be
true of men who attempt a similar task
in any age. Both sides will misunder-
stand them, and both will make use of
them.
Fancies, Fashions, and Fads. By Ralph
Nevill. (Methuen & Co., 10s. U. net.)
Social life plays but a small part in
the solid manuals of history. For the
most part it seems too trivial to be worth
recording at the time, and later it can be
recaptured only by a long study of news-
papers, so that historians are content to
indulge in generalizations, which may be
unfair, and are seldom founded on any
precise data.
Yet the public certainly welcomes the
sort of book which is concerned with
social life, and the series of reminiscences
by Lady Dorothy Nevill deserved their
success in this line, being far superior to
the old stories and new trivialities of the
average writer of town gossip. Mr. Ralph
Nevill, an editor of his mother's recollec-
tions, has continued her work as a social
critic. His latest vohime is not so amus-
ing as ' From Piccadilly to Pall Mall '
(1908), in which he collaborated with Mr.
C. E. Jerningham. Truth to tell, Mr.
Nevill is somewhat casual in his style and
in his comments, but still he supplies in
his discursive way a good deal that cannot
readily be found elsewhere in book-form.
His ten chapters range from Society,
Bohemia, Paris, Art, and Fads to Demo-
cracy. He notes, of course, the advent of
a plutocracy which is largely Hebraic
when it is not American. But we cannot
share his view that Americans
" happily appear to have little effect upon
our national life. American ideas do not
seem easily to acclimatize themselves on
British soil. Notwithstanding our close
connexion with the United States, expres-
sions or words only with great difficulty
become part of our daily speech."
There follows a description of " swank "
as " an expressive adjective most appro-
priately of pure transatlantic origin "
(which we doubt), with another asser-
tion of the comparative rarity of angli-
cized American words. It is clear that
Mr. Nevill is not a philologist, nor, we
should say, an observant visitor to places
of entertainment to-day, where American
performers abound. Did not America
force the word and the thing " rag-time "
on our long-suffering audiences ? Has
Mr. Nevill ever taken up an English
newspaper without seeing the word "re-
cord " in it ? It is " up to " him to
make in his next book a " record " list of
American locutions which are regarded
in most quarters as current English.
We note some pungent remarks on the
marriage of rich American girls to needy
peers, and it is even suggested that wise
parents on the other side of the Atlantic
" keep a list of eligible young noblemen."
A mother, hesitating between a dissipated
foreign grandee and an impecunious,
but gentlemanlike English peer for her
daughter, is said to have telegraphed
" Grandee off, send along peer," to an
accommodating English friend, who sent
the jubilant nobleman to the States at a
day's notice. That such things should be
said of our aristocracy is unpleasant
enough ; but our age is notorious for the
sale of honours in one way or another ;
and, after all, a peer may do worse who
is enslaved by the fortunate face to be
seen on thousands of picture post-cards.
To-day, however, peers have little influ-
ence, as Mr. Nevill remarks, and we turn
with pleasure to his views of more serious
performers in the field of life and politics :
Gladstone, Beaconsfield, and that typical
English figure, the late Duke of Devon-
shire. Mr. Nevill gives us some glimpses
into the attractive side of Disraeli, who,
" when as a boy he shook hands with
me," had "the most shocking overcoat
possible." Disraeli, of course, was not the
boy. A dandy in early years, he had by
this time long passed thirty- five, Avhich
Shakespeare gives as the age-limit for
devotion to the gickfy turns of fashion.
Lax arrangement of words sometimes
makes Mr. Nevill's text obscure. He is
not careful about repetitions either ; we
have heard in a previous book of the
aristocratic club to which he belonged at
Cambridge.
Clothes occupy a good deal of his atten-
tion, especially uniforms. We read of
peasants in Holland subsidized to main-
tain their national dress for the pleasure
of tourists, and of the " vast and costly
influence of the army tailors," who are
allowed to make huge profits : —
" The whole system is iniquitous to an
inconceivable degree. If the authorities are
really desirous of assisting economy, why
do they not (as prevails in efficiently managed
armies) institute a special department of the
army clothing factory, from which officers
should be obliged to purchase all uniforms
at the very moderate figure at which a
properly managed tailoring department could
easily supply them ? "
Such comments are worth more than
the many pages in which Mr. Nevill puts
the obvious plea for picturesqueness
above more imj^ortant considerations. He
writes best, we think, on the gay side of
entertainment, the rise of the " restaurant
habit," especially on Sundays, and notable
figures in the Sheridan Club, where
Charles Barrington, a quaint character
who might have stepped out of the pages
of Lever, was a leading light.
If the book is reissued in another form,
the opportunity should be taken to revise
it. A sampler we once saw bore the
maxim : —
How blest are those who leisure find
To dress the little garden of the mind !
Napoleon at Bay, 1814. By F. Loraine
Petre. (John Lane, 10s. 6d. net.)
The campaign of 1814 is one of almost
unique interest to the student of military
history, illustrating, as it does, the use
of interior lines, the influence upon
strategy of convergent rivers enclosing
the theatre of war, the evils of divided
commands, and the power of political
and diplomatic forces to disarrange and
destroy the combinations and dispositions
of generals. To the student of Napoleon
also it presents a host of curious data,,
and offers more than one fascinatingly
insoluble problem. How came it aboutr
he may well ask, that in the first pursuit
of Bliicher, which ended in the victories
of Champaubert, Montmirail, and Vau-
champs, Napoleon showed all his old
ability to plan and to execute, yet, be-
fore and after, committed such blunders
as the battles of La Rothiere and Arcis-
sur-Aube ? What crazed belief in Ins-
own star led him to imagine that, with
Paris and France weary of his rule, with
his marshals at the extreme limit of endu-
rance, and with an army greatly inferior
to those of his opponents, he could afford
to reject the not imgenerous terms more
than once offered by the Allies during the
actual course of hostilities ? " Neque sem-
per arcum " is, perhaps, the only satis-
factory answer to the former of these
questions.. After all. did not Lee in the
No. 4507, Mahch 14, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
373
very heyday of his powers commit the
worst of tactical errors at Malvern Hill
and at Gettysberg '. To the latter we
might respond that Napoleon throughout
over-estimated the value oi his hold on
Austria, the stupidity and slowness of
Schwartzenberg, the Austrian commander,
and his own personal influence over the
French people. An even more conclu-
sive reply lies in the fact that Napoleon
wis primarily a military genius, and that
no victory at the council-table seemed to
him so complete and permanent as one
on the field of battle. It is certain that,
immediately after the defeat of La
Rothiere, lie was prepared to consider
favourably the offers of the Allies, and
was only roused to further action by
hearing of the splendid opportunity of-
fered by Bluchers movement to the
.Ma me. Even so, however, there is room
for speculation and theory, and these are
far from being the only problems raised.
In French the campaign has been ex-
haustively treated by Houssaye and Weil,
but in English it has been strangely neg-
lected, so that there was a real need for
the volume under review. Readers of
Mr. Petre's previous Napoleonic studies
will find in this his accustomed accu-
racy of statement, excellent military
knowledge, and lucidity of presentation.
-Mr. Petre does not belong to that pictu-
iue school of military history repre-
sented by the late Col. Henderson and his
successor Capt. Battine. He attempts no
reconstruction of historic scenes ; he is
careful to avoid all but the absolutely
necessary details of politics and of diplo-
macy. But what he professes to do he
does, and the book should be widely
as ful. The maps are full and clear. We
only regret that they are not printed
upon stouter material.
On one or two points his criticism is
specially valuable and interesting, as,
for instance, when he notices the
strong element of good-fortune which,
in the first pursuit of Bliicher, allowed
ooleon to find the army of Silesia
ing out over a wide extent of country,
instead of concentrated. Critics have
o too inclined to attribute to Xapo-
leon's calculation what must have come
upon him as the most welcome of surprises.
M Petre'a summing-up of the opera-
tions of which the battles of Craonne and
I. 'ii are the chief events is thoroughlv
md and judicial, and shows how little
he is blinded to the fatal weakness of
poleon's latter years, his way of al-
ttg imagination to master fact. To
B icher Mr. Petre extends far fairer
treatment than those writers who regard
him a- a i illiterate soldier with no
marked gift except that of flogged pel
Verance. We are less inclined to agree
with him in his only partial condemnation
oi Napoleon's action at Arcis-sur-Aube.
Napoleon may neither have expected nor
d med that battle ; but he had only hie
own reliance upon preconceived notions
to thank for the disastrous assumption
that Schwartzenberg was covering a
i> treat, and not executing a forward
movement.
The campaign is so important, and so
concerned with the universal problems
of war, that we are sorry Mr. Petre did
not see his way to some statement of
the alterations which would have been
effected by the conditions of modern
weapons, means of communication, transit ,
and reconnaissance. With such an addi-
tion the book would have been enormously
increased in value for the practical
student.
Russia of the Russians. By Harold Whit-
more Williams. (Pitman & Sons, Gs. net.)
A comprehensive book on an already
well-worked subject is bound to consist
largely, if not entirely, of matter which has
appeared before. Dr. Williams keeps to
the beaten track in his chapters on Russian
history and social life. He has, however,
a good deal to say on the subject of modern
Russian literature that will be new to
English readers. His long chapter on its
history since the death of Tourguenieff
is of some importance, for here we have
brought before our notice (for the first
time) some of the more prominent writers
of to-day.
After briefly dealing with Chehov and
Gorki, the author passes on to Andreev.
This generally morbid, if imaginative
writer, although he '* lacks humour," is
perhaps less inhuman than Dr. Williams
would have us believe. There is a short
play by Andreev — ' The Love of One's
^Neighbour ' (' Lubov k'Blijhnemu ') —
which is extremely amusing, though none
but a cynic could have written it. Of
Feodor Sologub we shall certainly hear
more in this country. He is the author of
innumerable short stories, many of which
are written with a grace that recalls the
' Prose-Poems ' of Tourguenieff 's last years.
In Dr. Williams's opinion the most recent
Avorks of Sologub show a distinct falling-
off. A younger writer, from whom the
author expects much, is Alexei Remizov,
who has made use of both present-day
Russia and her legendary past in his fiction.
There are a few other prose writers of
whom we should have wished to hear
something. The reputation of Artzy-
bashev, for example, whom Dr. Williams
merely mentions, is no mere succes de
scandale ; his novel ' Sanin ' enjoyed
its extraordinary popularity because it
was a remarkable expression of the
prevailing state of mind, rather than on
account of the ultra-Xietzschean practices
of some of its characters. Yushkevitch
and Shalom Ash are two Jewish novelists
whose woiks appear to deserve some
mention.
On the whole, ' Russia of the Russians '
impresses us as a well-informed description
of the country. The author retrains from
passing judgments and from prophecies.
He has been struck by the torpor which
Seems to have been creeping over many
branches of intellectual activity since
1!X)5. But Russia is too great for
generalizations, and so we are grateful
to l)r. Williams because he has set down
only what he has seen.
Bartolua of Sassoh rrato : his Position in
the History of Medieval Political Thorn/Id.
By Cecil N. Sidney Woolf, (Cambridge
University Press, 7s. Gd. net.)
All students of the history of political
thought ought to welcome this book.
So far as the present writer is aware, it
is the most careful and detailed study
that avc possess in the English language of
any political thinker between the days of
Aristotle and the coming of Machiavelli.
In Germany and Italy the importance of
Bartolua has been realized for a couple of
generations. Attention has been called
even in England to the need of a more
elaborate investigation. The results of
such inquiry are now before us in
this book. It is of a highly specialist
character, and it seems to us rather a
pity that there should be incorporated in
the text so many quotations in Latin.
Eor all that, Mr. Woolf has amply proved
his thesis that
''it is not merely useful, it is essential to
study Bartolus, as illustrating the tenden-
cies of the medieval jurists ; it is essential
to the full understanding alike of medieval
and of modern thought."
Mr. Woolf's essay not merely states this,
but also shows it to be true ; and in the
process illuminates the whole of mediaeval
politics. He explains how various were the
interpretations given to " the Empire ;
how acute the problems were which
followed the fall of the Hohenstaufen ;
how very much more there is in the whole
subject than those imagine who look
upon mediaeval history as a conflict between
the unchanging claims of Papal forces and
Imperialists.
Justice has hardly yet been done either
to the wealth of ideas or to the fact of
development in mediaeval politics. Even
now writers who ought to know better
constantly speak as though the period
from Cicero to Savonarola were negligible
to the student of the modern world. Yet.
as Mr. Woolf says,
" to understand the modern State it is
not enough to go bask to Aristotle's woAis;
we have to go back to the theologian's
'Civitas Dei' and to the lawyer's 'Civitas
sihi princeps.' The English crown, it is well
to remember, was ' Imperial ' long before
we had a colonial Empire; the idea ol the
State as containing many churches and
religions is so new as to be still unaccept-
able to many. To understand the modern
State, the Middle Ages must surely receive
as ample and detailed a study as the an-
cient world or the modem world it s< It.
And to understand how the modern State
has become ' Imperial,' and whal thai
signifies, we must go back to the medieval
civilian and his ' Civitas,' or ' R< - sibi
princeps.'
This is the reason why we are gral ful
Eoi all this discussion of forgotten publi-
cists and still more obscure lawyers.
The wealth of expert knowledge displayed
in this volume w ill not in all ways make
it more attractive ; bui it adds to
permanence and solidity. We are verj
glad to thai Mr. Woolf recognizes
The process of development from .strictly
theological and Biblical argument, through
374
THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
the juristic stage, to the final and political
period, when Aristotle's ' Politics ' had
begun to exercise an influence in Western
Europe greater than it ever had in its
" domicile of origin."
Minor points, and these only, may be
criticized. The chapters are far too long.
Chapter hi., for instance, would have
been better divided and subdivided.
In discussing the phrase " Rex est Im-
perator in regno suo " Mr. Woo If (unless
we are in error) makes no mention of the
similar claim of an English king to be
" entier Empereur dans son royaume,"
a claim which must have been due to
precisely the same set of legal notions.
Also, in his account of the " Fifth Mon-
archy " conception of Bartolus, it might
have been well if he had looked before and
after. St. Augustine, we think, held a
very similar notion, and the seventeenth-
century cognate is obvious. These are
small blemishes. Teachers rather than
learners will use the book, and we hope
that at least no teacher of the history of
politics will fail to read it.
The whole topic needs a great deal
more study. Mediaeval political thought
has more lessons for the modern world
than most people imagine. For instance,
the impact of Dr. Gierke's great work on
the ' Genossenschaftsrecht ' affects not
the learned world so much as the practical
politician. Maitland and others who
have followed in his steps have discerned
this truth, and its enormous significance
in regard to problems of the political,
ecclesiastical, and economic order. Our
thanks are due to Mr. Woolf for the further
light that he has thrown on this difficult
path, and we trust that his example
may have many followers. A really pro-
found study of the legal ideas of Sinibaldo
Fieschi (Pope Innocent IV.) would just
now be of real value, and why does that
treatise of Ockham in the British Museum
remain unedited ?
The Highland Host of 1678. By John R.
Elder. (Glasgow, MacLehose & Sons.)
The requisition of a Highland army to
occupy the south-western shires of Scot-
land in 1678 was one of the cruelties
perpetrated in support of the Restoration
episcopate ; but, unlike certain previous
expedients of this kind, it was a measure
rather of police than of persecution.
Lauderdale, who then controlled the ad-
ministration, had exercised little influence
till the attempt to enforce conformity had
been discredited by the Pentland Rising
of 1667 ; and for several years he pur-
sued a policy of conciliation which
had the eager support of Leighton and
Gilbert Bumet. Its only material result
was, however, the reinstatement, in their
own or other parishes, of some ninety
Nonconformist ministers ; and Lauderdale
was mortified to find that, whilst this
scheme had succeeded in separating the
moderate from the extreme Presbyterians,
it had made the latter more troublesome
than ever. No sooner was the Indulgence
issued than the practice of holding field-
conventiclcs, which had been in abeyance
since the Pentland revolt, began to revive ;
and Andrew Lang has shown in his ' Life
and Times of Sir George Mackenzie ' that
the Government were really in a difficult
position when these huge meetings —
many of them armed — became yearly
more frequent. They had little or no
mone\r and only a handful of troops, and
were continually being appealed to for
protection by the Episcopal incumbents.
In 1674, and again in 1677, they called
upon the landowners to become surety
for their tenants that they would not
attend conventicles ; and it was to enforce
this demand, with which the landowners
professed themselves unable to comply,
that the counties of Ayr and Lanark were
subjected for five weeks to the miseries of a
Highland occupation. Even this device
succeeded only in Dumfriesshire, whence
Queensberry reported that his tenants,
rather than expose themselves to such
a scourge, had signed the bond — all but
twenty, whose obstinacy was the more
remarkable as they were " Annandale
people, and know no more of religion or
civil deportment than brutes." Thus the
disturbances continued till they reached
their natural development next year in
the insurrection of Drumclog and Both-
well Bridge.
Mr. Elder merits commendation for the
wide and microscopic research, embracing
both published and unpublished materials,
which he has brought to bear on this
episode ; but we have dwelt on its more
general aspect because he seems to us to
have given too little attention to the
historical setting of his theme. We are
told in the Preface, and in other words
elsewhere, that Lauderdale found it neces-
sary to resort to " armed intervention if
uniformity of worship in Scotland were
to be secured." Not to quarrel with the
word " worship " — though there was no
difference worth mentioning between the
Episcopal and the Presbyterian service —
this was the pre-Pentland policy, in-
spired by Clarendon, and subsequently
revived by the Duke of York, but was
never that of Lauderdale, whose measures
were directed, not against the Presby-
terians as a whole, but against the minority
— soon to become a remnant — whom he
and many of their own brethren regarded
as disturbers of the peace. We do not see
how " Letters of Indulgence " can be
included (p. 2) under " acts of repression " ;
and the Covenanters are credited with
too little discrimination when Lauderdale
is said to have been " abhorred as the
author of these acts." Even Kirkton,
the most extreme of contemporary Presby-
terian annalists, admits that during the
whole of his administration " he was
neither judged a cruel persecutor nor
an avaricious exactor." The attempt of
Hamilton and other nobles to use the
" Highland Host " as an instrument for
destroying Lauderdale's credit with the
King is adequately described ; but it
ought, we think, to have been men-
tioned that this was an outcome of " The
Party," or constitutional Opposition, which
had been formed under English influence
in the Scottish Parliament. Mr. Elder
has discovered that the ' True Narrative '
published by the Government in its
defence, which Andrew Lang ascribed to
Sir George Mackenzie, was the work of
Lauderdale's chaplain, Dr. Hickes. Lord
Perth at this period was not a duke, that
title being conferred upon him in 1701 by
the exiled Court.
THE RELIGION OF THE
RENAISSANCE.
The four books we notice here together
offer notable contrasts in religious experi-
ence, striking one after another the highest
note of enthusiasm, the deepest tone of
mysticism, a fine worldliness — " the reli-
gion of all wise men " — and a full-blooded
animalism which was saved from being
hypocrisy by never paying homage to
virtue. We turn from the saint to the
ecclesiastic, and from the ecclesiastic to
the great potentate, their lives spread out
over a little more than a century, holding
the same doctrines and belonging to the
same Church, and, trying to fit them or
their likes into any conceivable system
of sane society, Ave begin to realize what
a welter of conflicting beliefs and pre-
judices and possibilities underlay the fair
veneer of humanism on the Italy of the
Renaissance.
It is not, fortunately, necessary to dis-
cuss at length the merits of these bio-
graphies. Ozanam's essay on ' The Fran-
ciscan Poets ' is a book which has long
since passed into the ranks of a classic,
and, though the translation before us
by A. E. Nellen and A. C. Craig is not
impeccable, and, like most classics, the
book would have been the better for some
well-considered editing bj^ a competent
scholar, no other work has been written
which nearly fills its place, and it will
certainly be welcome to those attracted
by the special charm of mediaeval Italian
poetry or of the early days of the Friars
Minor.
To pass from Ozanam to Mr. Howell's
book on ' S. Bernardino of Siena ' is to
become aware of the immense change in
our attitude towards the Franciscan move-
ment caused by the researches of the last
twenty-five years. Lyricism has become
informed with knowledge ; enthusiasm is
not lessened, but better directed. Mr.
Howell in the early part of his book gives
what is, to all intents and purposes, the
only account in English, at the disposal of
the ordinary reader, of that long struggle
between the two parties in the Franciscan
The Franciscan Poets in Italy in the Thir-
teenth Century. By Frederic Ozanam.
Translated and annotated by A. E. Nellen
and A. C. Craig. (Nutt, 6s. net.)
S. Bernardino of Siena. By A. G. Ferrers
Howell. (Methuen & Co., 10s. 6c?. net.)
Pius II. , the Humanist Pope. By Cecilia M .
Ady. (Same publishers, 10s. 6c?. net.)
Cesare Borgia. By William Harrison Wood-
ward. (Chapman & Hall, 12s. 6c?. net.)
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
THE ATIIENzEUM
375
Order which resulted in the establishment
of a modus vivendi in the days of St. Ber-
nardino. The life of the saint is well told.
We gel a good idea of the man himself
and the methods and matter of his teach-
ing, with enough of the circumstances of
his time to enable a student of the period
to reconstruct a lifelike picture. There is
a useful Index ; and the work is well illus-
trated, though mention might have been
made of the contemporary woodcut of the
saint's emblem, formerly in the Weigel
Collection, and the legend connected with
it.
Miss Ady*s excellent biography of
Pius II. deals with a man and a period
already well known to most instructed
readers. It was not a little daring to
embark on a task which Creighton had to
all appearance done once and for all, and
it is satisfactory to find the enterprise
successful. As writer, diplomat, and Pope,
.Eneas Silvius achieved competence, but
not greatness, and Miss Ady's picture of him
harmonizes well with that of the youth in
Pinturicchio and the man of 60 in Charles
Reade's great storv of adventure. Her
work is scholarly, and as nearly complete
as a book of this nature can be, while the
illustrations are particularly well chosen.
Prof. Woodward's biography of ' Cesare
Borgia ' is a most important study of the
history and policy of Caesar and his father,
Alexander VI., which will take its place
among the original contributions to the
history of the time. He is interested in
the political and militar}' activities of his
hero, and almost every page bears witness
to an intimate personal knowledge of the
places and documents of which he writes.
The real tragedy of the Borgias is that
they could not become monarchs except
from the steps of the chair of St. Peter,
and, though no one was ever less hampered
by the responsibilities of their position
than either father or son, its inherent
weakness brought ruin on one of the wisest
and most daring of adventurers. Prof.
Woodward's reading of the political policy
of Alexander VI. is sound and attractive,
and his treatment of the scandals Avhich
have made the Borgias a favourite subject
for romance sane and convincing.
Looking back over this century and a
half of religious effort, one may ask
whether there is any causal connexion
between the piety which so far passes
the mean on one side and the indifference
to it, too complete to be contemptuous, on
the other. It s ems possible. Much has
been written on the benefits of the Fran-
ciscan movement to art, literature, and
mankind at large, and what has been said
oa the other side has been usually the out-
come of an ignorant hatred of religion or
priestcraft. But there is something to be
said as to the price Italy has had to pay
for the work of the friars, just as then is
a price which Portugal has paid, and which
England will have to pay, for the coloniza-
tion of the world. A community oannoi
be permanently drained of its best and
most enterprising members without suffer-
ing for it. Portugal has never recovered
from its efforts of the fifteenth and six-
teenth centuries, while the rural population
of England, and Ireland too, shows obvious
effects of its depletion in the last century.
The success of the Franciscan movement
in Italy removed from everyday lite the
finest of its youth in its first enthusiasm
for the good and noble, and cut it off from
the future of the race. It exercised as
remorseless a selection as that of the seed-
grower who passes through his plots,
removing any bloom which grows outside
his scheme. The race so produced might
be easily moved, but not to continuous
action ; it might believe, but its belief
would not affect its deeds — its range of
thought lay between simplicity and cyni-
cism.
Only thus can we explain the success
and the failure of the Franciscans in their
native land ; they had emphasized their
opposite. They converted thousands, but
the best of their converts were withdrawn
from the life in which they might have
influenced the weaker brethren, and the
sturdy pagan type of religious mind
emerged as a permanent factor of Italian
life.
The Poetry and Life Series : Browning and
his Poetry. By Ernest Rhys. — Words-
ivorth and his Poetry. By W. H. Hud-
son.— Schiller and his Poetry. By the
same. (Harrap & Co., Is. net each.)
The series to which these volumes form
the latest additions has by this time
secured a pretty wide recognition, for its
general scheme has undoubtedly much
to recommend it, and it is being intelli-
gently and efficiently carried out. The
readers whom it primarily has in view are,
we imagine, University students, pupils
at Training Colleges, incipient teachers,
and those who approach literature not
so much from the personal as from the
professional or semi-professional side.
Xow, no one who has had occasion to
observe the youth in our educational
institutions can have failed to note how
apt many of them are to content themselves
with a superficial appropriation of the
accepted criticism upon the authors, and
especially upon the poets, whom they are
supposed to study, and how ready to regard
the actual works as something that may,
at any rate for the time being, be com-
fortably ignored. Those Avho live under
the shadow of examination are perhaps
not to be unduly blamed for such a
tendency, but it is certainly a regrettable
one, and any attempt to counteract it
is to be welcomed.
" The Poetry and Life Series " is
now endeavouring to do this by em-
phasizing the personal element in poetry,
and so arousing the pupil's interest —
that is to say by bringing, so far as is
possible, the biography of the poet dealt
with into direct connexion with his work,
and pointing that connexion by means
of quotations on a fairly extensive scale.
So far as is possible, we say, for it must
be confessed that in some instances it, is
difficult to make the biography do very
much to illustrate the poetry. Browning
is a conspicuous example of this, and that
fact may perhaps explain why Mr. Rhys' S
volume is lather disappointing. His atti-
tude towards his subject is sympathetic
enough, but we cannot help feeling that
his treatment is a trifle perfunctory. His
commentary tends too much to become
a catalogue of the poet's main productions
or a hasty recapitulation of their con-
tents ; the poems quoted have too often
to be curtailed beyond reason, and,
though every now and then we come
upon some acute and sensible piece of
criticism, the whole strikes us as a little
ineffectual.
From Mr. Hudson we know well enough
what we may expect. His work is
thoroughly competent, and shows all the
good qualities of the experienced pro-
fessional teacher. Individual it is not,
and even in its passages of eulogy it does
not stir us to any warmth of enthusiasm ;
but it is always accurate, lucid, well-
arranged, and to the point. The inclusion
in the series of a representative of German
poetry is interesting. Mr. Hudson writes
well and appreciatively of Schiller, and
presents the essential facts about his life
and his salient characteristics in a way that
is likely to appeal to the youthful reader.
Indeed, both this volume and the one on
Wordsworth should serve admirably as
introductions to the poets, the more so
as the passages chosen for quotation are
in both cases full and representative.
Florilegio di Canti Toscani : Folk-Songs
of the Tuscan Hills. With English Ren-
dering, by Grace Warrack. (Alexander
Moring, 10s. Qd. net.)
Though the popular poetry of Italy forms
essentially a single family, it assumes
different features in the various provinces,
and the genuine Tuscan rispetto is not
met with elsewhere. The four lines that
rhyme alternately, assonance sometimes
taking the place of rhyme, are not
especially characteristic, but the ripresa,
the concluding couplet repeating and
developing some idea or phrase in the
body of the poem, is distinctly individual.
These rispetti, which are usually 'respectful
salutations made to the beloved," and
the little three-lined stornelli that are
found all over Italy, and are generally
sung by peasants in friendly rivalry while
working in the fields or at village gather-
ings, make up the main body of this well-
produced volume. The stornelli are at
best very slight.
() water, thou art running to the Bea,
Brine me to peace with my Bweel heart, I pray :
I had not wronged him when he broke bom me,
is a fair sample. But many begin with a
little flower invocation, such as "' fior di
cipresso " or " fior di viole," often dragged
in without much reference to the sense,
in place of the first long line. As they
are not meant to be read, and are usually
sung with a conventional refrain, it is
not easy to judge of their effect in
their present form, though Miss Warrack
shows greal skill in reclothing them for
us in English. To our mind the rispetti,
370
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
more especially those in the longer eight-
lined form, which constitute by far the
largest part of this collection, repay the
translator infinitely better for her pains :
t) thou of gentleness, most gentle all,
Thy words the clove-pink with aroma dowers.
Also the breath that from thy lips doth fall
Hath fragrance more than gathered gillyflowers.
Hath fragrance more than almond-tree or pine
The lovely mouth, the noble speech divine :
Hath fragrance more than almond-tree or peach
The lovely mouth, the gracious, candid speech :
Hath fragrance more than almond-tree or rose
The lovely mouth, the speech that love bestows.
This is longer than most, but it is a typical
good specimen. Here is another : —
When thou shalt rise into the Heavenly Rest,
I '11 come to meet thee, carrying my heart :
Thou, full of love, shalt draw me to thy breast,
And I will lead thee to the Lord apart.
The Sovran Lord, our love before him shown,
Will then make one these hearts that love hath
know n :
And he of these our hearts one heart will make,
In Paradise amid the lights that break.
Occasionally we come across interesting
local colour, as when the poet calls his
love more beautiful than " d'Orvieto la
facciata," or than the larger fountain at
Viterbo, or the Cathedral of Siena.
In her elaborate Introduction, which
shows a thorough mastery of the lite-
rature of the subject and deals largely
in quotations from Italian authorities,
our author traces the history of popular
poetry in the peninsula from the days of
mediaeval Latin. No one can help being
struck by the purity of the Italian in these
little poems, which often preserve beautiful
archaic forms, as compared with the other
dialects. Miss Warrack modestly declines
to give an opinion of her own, but it is
clear that she is too loyal to Tuscany not
to sympathize with Tigri, who assigns a
Tuscan origin to these rispetli, rather than
with Prof. d'Ancona and the major^r of
critics, who hold that Italian popular
poetry first developed a school of its own
in Sicily under the cultivated Norman
rule, which afterwards spread through
Italy, like the Sicilian literary poetry.
These Tuscan love-poems rarely sink
below a certain level, which is well main-
tained in the translations before us, but,
though we are duly grateful for them, it
must be confessed that they are a little
monotonous reading in the bulk. Nor
must we forget that the rispetli like the
stomelli are meant to be sung to music.
Indeed, some of the tunes are printed
in this volume.
The Tuscans are a gentle people who
do not seem to have produced a ballad
literature of their own : but we may
remark, by the way, that Miss Warrack's
rendering of a Tuscan version of ' The
Fishing of the Ring ' is infinitely better
than Miss Jewett's in her recent volume
of ' Folk-Ballads of Southern Europe.'
Hence these songs have none of the
dramatic — some might call it melo-
dramatic— passion of the South, or even
of Piedmont. Few, if any, of the six-lined
rispetti show the depth of feeling of this
Sicilian blind woman's prayer : —
My soul doth fail, my heart is dying slowT
For but a little water from Thy well ;
It is such years that lacking it I go,
It is such years that far from it I dwell.
O God, come give to me the living water
As Thou didst give it to Samaria's daughter !
The poems dealing with village life, the
riddles and games in the Appendix, come
as a welcome relief, but it is a pity that
our author has not thought it worth while
to treat them like the others, and print
the original form as well as her rendering.
We could have spared a number of con-
ventional stomelli for the Italian of
Sweet, why such care ?
Thou 'It lose me not, though to the field I fare,
For Garibaldi is my Captain there,
which has an historical interest of its own.
But we are glad to find here the peasant
poetess Beatrice's improvised poem on
herself.
Not that Miss Warrack is unfamiliar
with or unappreciative of the other
dialects. In the Introduction is an inter-
esting Sicilian poem which she aptly
compares with ' The Hound of Heaven.'
Sardinian songs have recently attracted a
well- deserved attention which may be due
in some degree to the appearance of a
first-class Sardinian novelist in Grazia
Deledda. It is fully shared by our author,
who includes several of them in her book.
The beautiful lullaby to the Madonna is
so much better than anything else of the
kind in Tuscan that it certainly originated
elsewhere. Other versions are known,
but Miss Warrack prefers to print it in its
Tuscan form : —
Dormi, dormi, o bel bambin,
Re divin,
Dormi, dormi, o fantolin !
Fa' la nanna, o caro figlio,
Re del ciel,
Tanto bel, grazioso giglio.
Perch o piangi, o bambinel ?
Forse il gel
Ti <\h noia, o l'asinel ?
Fa' la nanna, o paradiso
Del mio cor,
Redentor, ti bacio il viso.
We hope Miss Warrack will cany out her
intention of giving us a volume of trans-
lations from the other dialects.
Prisons and Prisoners. Some Personal
Experiences by Lady Constance Lytton
and " Jane WTarton," Spinster. (Heine-
mann, 3s. (id.)
Those immersed in the turbulence of the
Woman's Movement in its twentieth-cen-
tury manifestations are apt, like other
enthusiasts, to forget that outside their
circle is a sea of ignorance as to them and
their doings. There are, for instance,
numbers to whom the " double " author-
ship of this book will convey nothing, and
to whom its pages will bring the first
knowledge of a deed of great chivalry.
In 1909 the author chose to divest
herself of an historic name and influential
friends in order as " Jane Warton "
to place herself among those of no repute,
share with them the lot of the third-class
prisoner, and undergo the mental and
physical agony of "forcible feeding."
There are also a goodly number of citi-
zens, and a still larger proportion of their
women-folk, who know nothing by their
own experience of prison life. To them
the report of one who does should have
all the allurements of fiction plus the
satisfactions of truth, especially when the
report is so circumstantial and vivid as
is Lady Constance Lytton's. Indeed,,
were it not that the tension occasioned by
such unusual experiences as she describes
admittedly heightens susceptibility, her
power of appreciating and registering
matters of detail would seem abnormal.
Though the book suffers from over-
haste and lack of revision, it shows-
no mean skill in the writer's craft.
Even if it were not so, the author's
stonr of her three imprisonments in her
own name, and her one as Jane Warton,
would be impressive by reason of its
obvious sincerity, and the self-effacement
which enables her to stand on occasions
as it were outside herself, and admit the
reader to an intimate confidence.
We pass from a moving dedication
to Prisoners to an Introduction which
sketches the drift of her existence before
she became aware of the movement she
was afterwards to support, tells of her
barren experiments in the usual channels
of public service, and describes how
she stumbled eventually on a piece of
effective work in Miss Mary Neal's
Esperance Club. In a chapter headed
k My Conversion,' homage is paid to the
magnetic personalities who brought it
about, and to that comradeship amongst
them which obliterates distinctions of
class or creed.
In February, 1909, the deputation to
the Prime Minister which resulted in
the first of her four imprisonments took
place. In this book they are all minutely
recorded, and, it must be confessed,
the tale is an ugly one — one which cannot
be read without sorrow and indignation.
Exasperated by the latest outrages, many
will say that the heroism, the spiri-
tual and physical courage of the author
might have been better spent. But all
question of object and method apart, it
cannot be denied that one result at least
is good : those in authority have been
shown the way to improvements in sani-
tation and hygiene as only women of re-
finement could show it, and it is obvious
that officials who have been brought into
contact with such criminals as these can
never re-settle themselves into precisely
the same mould as before. This, if Lady
Constance Lytton's statements are not
very wide of the mark, must certainly be
considered an unmixed blessing.
The author has written her book with
a broadness of sympathy that adds
dignity and conviction to a document of
commendable frankness. It should serve
as a presage of hope and reform for
those who suffer by our present penal
system ; it also sheds much-needed light
on the hidebound officialism that is re-
sponsible for what Lady Constance Lytton
has experienced and portrayed. This is,
perhaps, the first time that the inequalities
of treatment meted out to rich and poor
have been so clearly exposed in book-form.
The false assessment of human values is
not restricted to reward : it is made mani-
fest in punishment. The special value of
such a book as ' Prisons and Prisoners '
is the publicity it gives to this serious
discrepancy.
No. 4507, Makch 14, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
377
FICTION.
The Last English. By George Bartram.
(Sidgwiek & Jackson, 6s.)
(Jkorge Bartram has chosen the
period of the forties for this study of
Bnglish country life in the Midlands — the
period when, after a century of the pre-
dominance of the Whigs, or " town
party," the great estates had been ring-
fenced at the expense of commons and
small proprietors, and the yeoman had
been levelled with the hind/ The intro-
duction of agricultural machinery had
lowered the earnings of the able-bodied
labourer from an average of fifteen shillings
to an average of seven shillings a week at
a time of great prosperity for farmers.
The'" Draconian code " perpetually robbed
the country of its men of parts.
The author gives a vivid, realistic
picture of the conditions of life prevailing
in his village. Tiptry possessed a squire,
than whom, in the words of a delightful
old innkeeper, "a cuter davvel no village
wer' ever plagued wi' *' ; and a parson who
(according to the same philosopher) was
"one that understands "rithmetic, an' can
divide by ten wi' the best, never makin' a
mistake i' the way o' bringin" out the sum
too httle. I "ve only ten teeth left, and I
taly b Heve he 'a bankerin* arter one of 'em.
A poor preacher, so I 've beerd, but hearsay-
is no evidence. His wife is foil o' charity, an'
can look bigger over the gift of a blanket
than most."
In the foreground of the picture
the writer places a small group of
characters, all of the sturdy yeoman type,
whose every speech and action has sig-
nificance : Lucy Burton, the deserted
wife, as jealous as she is devoted in
affection, who after twenty years of
widowhood sets out alone on foot to seek
her husband through the length of Eng-
land ; Mat, her son, who has inherited
her strength without her bitterness ;
Tom Beaver, a great, tender giant, who
irom the hips down was a failure. It was
pathetic to view him walk ; he seemed to
propel himself by the sbonlders, that rocked
and heaved at every stride, as though he
were dragging tons " ;
Steve Gavnor, an old poacher, returned
unbroken from a term at Botany Bay ;
tlie innkeeper before mentioned"; and
some well varied women. The best of
these, disgusted with the lot reserved
them in England, at the conclusion of the
book depart for Canada, and a spectator
of their going remarks : " It is England
that loses."
Though the period selected is the forties,
and there are some good descriptions of
the time— notably that of the hanging of
two poacher^ who had killed a gamekeeper
in fight, and of an old-fashioned wrestling-
match on Tiptry Green— the reader's
eyes throughout "arc, with the author's,
on tie- present day. The types described
may —rill be found in country places ; the
grievances detailed are still witli 08.
I'rf'.sides, the rush of aliens into the towns,
and their control, by wealth, of politics,
have brought in social and adminis-
trative ideals which arc foreign to our
English notions. George Hot ram's fine.
warm-blooded work is, in fact, a true
expression of that English nationalism
which is tardily, but surely, rising to
become a movement — the growing, fierce
impatience of the reign of peevish doc-
trinaires. It is a delightful epic of the
national character, in treatment as in
subject truly English.
Ten-Minute Stories. By Algernon Black-
wood. (John Murra}-, Gs.)
Mr. Blackwood's new collection of
stories and essays is not wholly worthy
of his talents, inasmuch as seven of its
twenty-nine items are failures, among
these failures being an attempt to create
a human being similar to Lewis Carroll's
White Knight. Others of the stories are
reminiscent of his previous work, and
narrative occasionally degenerates into an
exercise in rhetoric.
Nevertheless, there is enough that is
good in the volume to make it a charming
companion, fit to be used as an illustra-
tion of Mr. Blackwood's special worth
as a novelist. He has a remarkable
power of giving anecdotal shape to those
vague, half - lachrymose raptures which
are felt in woods and lofty solitudes ; and
he is peculiarly qualified to interpret the
suggestive mythology which lies, like a
great unsanctified Bible, on the lectern
which men call the earth. That tender-
ness which by most novelists is expended
on the tactful development of sexual
interest can in his case find vent through
beauty in any shape. If he uses occult terror
as a charm, he does not ignore the right
of intelligences not human to feel offended.
His reader is continualby reminded that
" magic " is a child's word for unknown
law. Mr. Blackwood provides, in short,
a nursery for the teachable materialist.
Our favourite among his new stories
is ' Two in One.' Here we see an ego-
tistical author suddenly realizing that his
happiness is bound up with that of a help-
ful woman whom he has taken into the
country for a holiday. It is suggested
that their mental affinity causes an optical
delusion that they are one object in
the material w-orld, yet the story is
deeply tinged with the pathos of separate-
ness. It is, moreover, full of know-
ledge of the contrast betwreen the literary
man, burdened with vanity and ideas
remote from tree and sunbeam, and the
woman in love with Nature, freedom,
and love.
Mr. Blackwood's sympatic with chil-
dren is exhibited in an admirable study,
replete with honejred humour, of a child's
curiosity in the longest day ; and to an
extension of this sympathy is doubtless
due the droll story of a goblin addicted
to the appropriation of small bright
objects such as collar-studs.
.Mr. Blackwood's mat hematics are not
equal to the elucidation of the fourth
dimension ; in the region of abstract
thought he is not a pioneer ; but, by virtue
of diffusing a wholesome radiance of
fraternity towards intelligences ignored or
disliked by many people, his art must
always command respect ,
The Making of a Bigot. By Rose
Macaulay. (Hodder & Stoughton, (is.)
The evolution of the process described
in the title reaches its climax on the
night preceding the "bigot's" wedding-
day, when he sits down with a pack of
cauls to decide finally upon the opinions
he will hold for the rest of his life.
' He cut, for instance, between the
League of Young Liberals and the Prim-
rose League. The Young Liberals had it."
He has been brought to this difficult situa-
tion by an attitude of mind common to*
many in their youth — that of receptive
and omnivorous enthusiasm for all things.
But Eddy Oliver certainly carries his
receptiveness to great lengths, and even
in University days there are probably few
who can boast a pocket diary in which,
for the same date, they have entered
National Service League, Fabians, Prim-
rose League Fete, and E.C.U. Protest
Meeting. The religious societies also
to which he belongs are remarkable for
their incongruities of ritual and faith.
Those reformers who are not already
bigots will sympathize with the charity
and hope which accompany Eddy upon
each of his undertakings. His life at a
Southwark Settlement fails because — as
his vicar has to suggest to him — he cannot
serve God and mammon, and he has been
seeing too much of the latter in the guise of
Sundays off and other outings unsuited
to the atmosphere, however liberal, of a
Settlement. His work at a boys' club is
also signally unsatisfactory in the eyes
of many, owing to the distinctly conflicting
elements — religious, political, and social —
which he introduces. He even likes all
the books he review's, and has naturally
to be rebuked by his editor for lack of dis-
crimination. The crisis comes with his
engagement to a youthful Tory whose
conventional upbringing is largely re-
sponsible for her stock of hidebound
principles and exclusive piet}-. Bigotry,
with its implied accompaniments of
rejection and even hate, is an effective
weapon in this chaotic world, but Com-
plete Bigotry such as Eddy imagines is a
state to which, in spite of his resolutions,
he can never wholly attain. He is con-
vinced of its efficacy by the attitude of
those around him, but we doubt the
reality or value of his wilful accession
to their ranks.
We are relieved to find that Miss
Macaulay purposely omits any description
of Eddy's engagement, and that the
emotions attendant on the event an- let!
to Hie reader's imagination. A point at,
which we undoubtedly cavil is the be-
haviour of his friends when invited to the
Deanery; their academic upbringing
would not condone their surprising lack
of conformity to the ordinary manners of
guests. The writer's style and sense of
humour arc always refreshing, and her pic-
tures of ;l oertain rare Bpeciea <>f domestic
life will delighl all those who know its
worth — and its limitation-.
378
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Book of Deuteronomy, Interpreted and Ex-
plained according to its Spiritual or Internal
Sense, by the Rev. Henry Maclagan.
Paisley, Alexander Gardner
Mr. Maclagan has written explanatory notes
and a commentary, and there are numerous
references to the writings of Swedenborg.
Buttenwieser (Moses), The Prophets of Israel
from the Eighth to the Fifth Century,
their Faith and their Message, 8/6 net.
Macmillan
A study of the prophets of the Old Testa-
ment. The substance of two of the chapters was
delivered in lectures in Albany, New York.
Hodges (George), The Heresy of Cain ; The
Battle of Peace ; and Christianity between
Sundays, 5/6 net each. Macmillan
Collections of essays in new and revised
editions.
Joshua, the Hebrew and Greek Texts, edited by
S. Holmes, 7/ net. Cambridge University Press
This investigation of the Hebrew and Greek
texts dissents from the position taken up by
Dillmann.
King (Bishop Edward), Easter Sermons, preached
in Lincoln Cathedral, edited by B. W. Randolph,
1/6 net. Mowbray
These sermons were all preached between the
years 1890 and 1910 at evensong on Easter
Sundays.
Loofs (Frledrich), Nestorius, and his Place in
the History of Christian Doctrine, 3/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
Four lectures delivered at the Universitv of
London in March, 1913.
Neale (John Mason), Sermons on the Blessed
Sacrament, 2/6 net. Allenson
An unabridged edition of these sermons,
preached in the Oratory of St. Margaret's, East
Grinstead.
Sampson (Gerard), Catholic Truth and Unity,
the Confessions of a Non-Convert, 1 /0 net.
Mowbray
The author's own " spiritual experiences,
thoughts, and faith in regard to the claims of the
Roman Church and Roman Catholic doctrine."
Sinker (Edmund), The Holy Communion, What
Mean Ye by this Service ? 2/6 net.
Longmans
A devotional book, including in an Ap-
pendix some private prayers for use before and
after the Holy Communion.
LAW.
Ames Foundation : Year-Books of Richard II.,
12 Richard II., a.d. 1388-1389, edited by
George F. Deiser, 21 / net.
Milford, for Harvard University Press
Mr. Deiser has written an Introduction to the
text, and there are Appendixes and Indexes.
Haines (Charles Grove), The American Doctrine
of Judicial Supremacy, 8/6 net. Macmillan
ine author s aim is "to present in brief
compass the history, scope, and results of judicial
control over legislation in the United States."
POETRY.
Arbuthnot (Constance), The Blessed Company,
1/net. Wells Gardner
A collection of verses, some of which are
reprinted from The Spectator. It includes ' The
Child within my Heart,' ' Donnington Priorv,'
and ' The Captive Lark.'
Burton (H. Bindon), Eolsyne, and Other Poems,
r,/j^t. Maunsel
this collection of verses is divided under
the following headings : ' Narrative Poems,'
' Songs of J uda,' ' In Varying Moods,' ' Pro
Patna,' ' Fugitive Pieces,' and ' Political.'
Morris (William), Poems, " The World's Classics,"
1/ net. Oxford University Press
This selection includes ' The Defence of
Guenevere ' and ' The Life and Death of Jason.'
New Numbers, February, No. 1, 7/6 (4 numbers),
separate numbers 2/6 net each.
Dymock, Gloucestershire, Ryton
Contains poems by Mr. Wilfrid Wilson
Gibson, Mr. Rupert Brooke, Mr. Lascelles Aber-
crombie, and Mr. John Drinkwater.
Woodberry (George Edward), The Flight, and
Other Poems, 5/6 net. Macmillan
Several of the poems in this collection origin-
ally appeared in Harper's, Scribner'b, and
The Atlantic Monthly. Twenty - three are here
published for the first time, and the book includes
Ihe Kingdom of All Souls,' ' The Poet in Italv,'
and ' The Reed.'
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Norwich Public Library, Author Catalogue of
Fiction in the Lending Library.
Norwich, Library Committee
A fourth edition, in which the titles of 150
volumes have been added.
Select Bibliography (A) for the Study, Sources,
and Literature of English Mediaeval Economic
History, compiled by a Seminar of the London
School of Economics under the Supervision of
Hubert Hall, 5/ net. P. S. King
This book is the outcome of some lectures,
delivered several years ago by Mr. Hall, on the
theory of Historical Bibliography and the dis-
tribution of Historical Sources.
PHILOSOPHY.
Seashore (Carl Emil), Psychology in Daily Life,
6/ net. Appleton
An introduction to the study of psychology.
In the " Conduct of Mind " Series.
Suzuki (Daisetz Teitaro), A Brief History of
Early Chinese Philosophy, 5/ net.
Probsthain
The contents of this book were originally
published in The Monist as three separate articles.
The writer has revised the text, and added con-
siderable matter.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Abbot (Willis J.), Notable Women in History,
16/ net. Greening
Short sketches, by an American writer, of
eminent women of various nationalities.
Bennett (Arnold), The Truth about an Author,
2/6 net. Methuen
This literary autobiography originally ap-
peared anonymously in serial form in The Aca-
demy, and was afterwards published in book-form.
See Athen., Aug. 22, 1903, p. 253. Mr. Bennett
has written a Preface to this new edition.
British Battles on Land and Sea, Part I., edited by
Field-Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood, Id. net.
Cassell
This work, which will be completed in twenty-
four fortnightly parts, gives a survey of British
naval and military history from the time of the
Norman Conquest. Each part will include a
modern section, covering the period from 1797
to the present day, and an early section from
1066 to 1796. Part I. contains the first instalment
of Sir Evelyn Wood's Introduction, entitled
' How the Fighting Services made the Empire,'
and accounts of the battles of St. Vincent,
Teneriffe, Camperdown, and Hastings. There are
numerous illustrations.
Calendar of Coroners' Rolls of the City of London,
a.d. 1300-1378, edited by Reginald R. Sharpe.
Richard Clay
Includes an Introduction on the nine follow-
ing Rolls and an Appendix on Appraisement of
Deodands. The Rolls " appear to be the only
original Coroners' Rolls of medireval times pre-
served at the Guildhall."
Figgis (John Neville), The Divine Right of
Kings, 6/ net. Cambridge University Press
A second edition, containing three addi-
tional essays on ' Aaron's Rod Blossoming, or
Jus Divinum in 1646,' ' Erastus and Erastianism,'
and ' Bartolus and the Development of European
Political Ideas.' For the last i-ee p. 373.
Fleetwood Family Records, collected and edited
by R. W. Buss, 3/1
259, Holmesdale Road, South Norwood
This work is privately printed, the issue being
limited to 160 copies. Part I. contains a genea-
logical table, an Introduction by the editor, a
note on the ancestry of the Fleetwoods, and
transcripts of some family records.
Haldane (Viscount), The Meaning of Truth in
History, 1/ net. Hodder & Stoughton
The Creighton Lecture for the year 1913-14,
delivered before the University of London on
Friday, the 6th inst.
Lovat (Alice, Lady), The Life of Sir Frederick
Weld, a Pioneer of Empire, 15/ net.
John Murray
Lady Lovat gives an account of Sir Frederick
Weld s administration as Premier of New Zea-
land, and Governor successively of Western
Australia, Tasmania, and the Straits Settlements ;
but is, as Sir Hugh Clifford says in his Preface,
mainly concerned with the delineation of his
personality. The book has illustrations.
Macaulay (Lord), The History of England
from the Accession of James II., edited by
Charles Harding Firth, 10/6 net. Macmillan
The second volume of Prof. Firth's illustrated
edition.
Russell (C. H.), Surveys of History : Greek,
Roman, English, French, Biblical, &c,
with Intervening Periods, 4/6 Bell
Intended as a book of reference to be used
with other books ; also as a help in revision of
the study of longer periods.
Vedder (Henry C), The Reformation in Ger-
many, 12/6 net, Macmillan
A study of the religious movement of the
sixteenth century from the economic point of
view.
Wilson (Philip), The Beginnings of Modern
Ireland, 5/ net. Maunsel
A cheaper edition. See Athen., Oct. 26, 1912,
p. 468.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Fraser (Mrs. Hugh), Italian Yesterdays, 16/
net. Hutchinson
A collection of memories, personal and other-
wise, with sixteen illustrations in photogravure.
Hall (Mary), A Woman in the Antipodes and
in the Far East, 16/ net. Methuen
An account of a woman's experiences in the
outlying stations of the Empire. The author
travelled through New Zealand, Australia, and
British New Guinea, visited Hongkong, Shanghai,
and Peking, and returned to London by the Trans-
Siberian Railway. The illustrations are an im-
portant feature of the book.
Johnson (Martin), Through the South Seas
with Jack London, 10/6 net. Werner Laurie
A detailed and illustrated description of the
voyage of the Snark, Mr. Jack London's forty-
flve-foot ketch. Mr. Johnson joined the crew as
cook, and became Mr. London's chief companion.
There are an Introduction and a Postscript by
Mr. Ralph D. Harrison.
Pears (Charles), From the Thames to the
Netherlands, a Voyage in the Waterways of
Zealand and Down the Belgian Coast, 6/ net.
Chatto & Windus
An account of a voyage which the author
took with his son in a cutter of seven tons. There
are illustrations in colour and monochrome by
Mr. Pears, and maps.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Burlingham (Frederick), How to Become an
Alpinist, 6/ Werner Laurie
The subject is fully discussed, and includes
chapters on ' Equipment and Training,' ' Rock
Climbing on the Clochetons de Plan Praz,' and
' How to get Killed in the Alps.' The author,
who " kinematographed " the Matterhorn, also
deals with Alpine photography, and the book is
illustrated by his own photographs.
Massy (Arnaud), Golf, translated by A. R.
Allinson, 2/6 net. Methuen
This practical study opens with ' Advice to
Beginners,' and includes chapters on ' Upkeep
and Choice of Clubs,' ' Faults to Avoid,' and
' Style.' The Appendix deals with ' Distances of
the Holes.' There are diagrams and photo-
graphs.
SOCIOLOGY.
Branford (Victor), Interpretations and Fore-
casts, a Study of Survivals and Tendencies
in Contemporary Society, 7/6 net. Duckworth
The author discusses among other subjects
the representative evidences of survival and
tendency in the present position of women, the
relation of the workers to contemporary culture,
and the renewed interest in drama.
Ingram (Kenneth), Is Divorce Needed ? 6d. net.
Wells Gardner
A study of the question on the ground
of secular, national interests ; the author con-
siders that " the Christian law is in reality the
most progressive and the truest measure of social
reform."
Ives (George), A History of Penal Methods,
10/6 net. Stanley Paul
The treatment of this subject is here begun
in a chapter on ' Penal Methods of the Middle
Ages,' and includes Classifications of Crimes and
Offenders.
POLITICS.
Irish Question (The), with a Foreword by the
Right Hon. Sir Horace Plunkett, 6d. MacmUlan
A survey of the political events which have
led up to the present Irish crisis. The essay is
reprinted from The Round Table.
West (Christopher), Canada and Sea Power, 4/
net. Dent
A discussion of the economics, politics, and
morals of war in the light of modern international
politics.
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
T H E ATHENJEU M
379
ECONOMICS.
Usher (Abbott Payson), THE History of THH
Grain '1'raoe in France, 1400-1710, 8 0 net.
Milford for Harvard University Press
A study of social questions in France, illus-
trated by the history of t he grain trade.
EDUCATION.
McKeever (William A.), The Industrial TRAIN-
ING of the Boy, 2 net. Macmillan
.V practical handbook for parents and teachers
hy the Professor of Child Welfare in the Univer-
sity of Kansas. There are a few illustrations from
photographs.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Blount (Alma), Intensive Studies in American
Literature, 5/ net. Macmillan
The author's aim is to inspire in young
people " an intelligent appreciation of good
literature." In his " rhetorical introduction "
he discusses generally such questions as style and
metre, and in the second part of the book draws
attention to special features in the work of par-
ticular authors.
SCHOOL.
Borchardt (W. G.) and Perrott (Rev. A. D.), A
Junior Trigonometry, 3,(1 Bell
Intended to supply the growing demand for
textbook on Trigonometry suitable for the
lowest classes of secondary schools. The earlier
part of the book is suitable for younger students.
English Literature for Schools, edited by Arthur
Burrell: Bibi.e Stories (Old Testament), 6d.
Dent
A selection of narrative passages from the
Old Testament.
English Literature for Schools, edited by Arthur
Burrell : Longfellow's Poems, 6tf. Dent
A selection of Longfellow's poems, with a
short Introduction.
Gofton (John W.), Talks about Trees, 1/6
R.T.S.
Studies of various trees in simple language.
The numerous illustrations are by the author.
Golden Treasury (The), selected and arranged by
Francis Turner Palgrave, with Additional
Poems, and with Notes by C. B. Wheeler, 2/6
Oxford University Press
Mr. Wheeler has prepared this edition for
the schoolroom, and in 250 pages of notes has
carefully explained " every word, phrase, or line
which I found difficult myself."
Hawks (Ellison), The Earth, shown to the
Children, 2 6 net. Jack
A textbook of geology for children, fully
illustrated with photographs.
Robieson (W. D.), The Growth of Parliament
\\o the War with Scotland (1216-1307), 1/
Bell
One of the " English History Source Books,"
in which the extracts are arranged in chronological
order. The " sources " in this volume include
Roger of Wendover, Matthew Paris, Nicholas
Trivet's Annals, and Walter of Iiemingburgh.
Scottish Covenanters (The), 1637-1688, compiled
by J. Pringle Thomson, 1/ net. Bell
In this volume of the " English History
- iree Books " the compiler has endeavoured to
give a fair selection of constitutional documents ;
-iderable space has also been devoted to pas-
sages illustrating the social life of the period.
FICTION.
Atkey 'Bertram), The Golden Lady, 6/
Ward & Lock
A tale of a cook who inherits a fortune of
two millions from an uncle in Australia. She
has many lovers, but Is won by the only honest
man among them.
Brex (J. Twells), The Civir. War or 1015, Second
Edition, 1/ net. St. Catherine Press
The author describes all the horrors of civil
hi England.
Cockburn (Henry), Tin: TBK8LHTB, 6/ Melrose
The issue raised in this story oanceni
point of conscience: the hero, who has received
confidential information of an impending bank
■ sh, refuses to use his knowledge for his own
Cullum (Rldgwell), Tin: GoLDEH Woman, 2/ net.
Chapman .v. Mali
A new edition. Bee Afhenautn. Feb. 15,
1013, p. 1st.
Cullum (RldgwelL, Tin: WW OW Tin: STRONG,
0 ( lhapman \ I hill
A Btory of life in the wild-, and towns of
Canada.
Flecker (James Elroy), Tin: Kino ok Alsandek. 8/
Goschen
A fantastic tale presenting a hero who is
the son of a country grocer and fairy mother. On
the advice of an old poet, he sets nut for Alsandcr,
and. after passing through many weird adventures,
weds a princess of the Royal house, and becomes
king of the country.
Gardiner (Gordon), The Reconnaissance, 6/
Chapman & Hall
A character-study of a man who through his
very cowardice wins the Victoria Cross.
Gerard (Morice), A Heather Mixture, 0/
Hodder & Stoughton
A story of an old feud between two ancient
Scottish clans, and the ultimate reconciliation of
the hostile parties.
Hat ton (Frederic and Fanny Locke), Years of
Discretion, 6/ Maunsel
A story derived from the play by the authors.
Horn (Kate), Frivole, 6/ Stanley Paul
A young Society girl becomes engaged to a
reformer of doubtful antecedents and honesty.
The story relates the methods employed by her
parents to show her the mistake, she has made.
Howard (Keble), So the World Wags, 6/
Chapman & Hall
Modern dialogues in a light vein.
Jacomb (Agnes), The Fruits of the Morrow, 6/
Methuen
The unexpected death of an unmarried Irish
baron leads to the succession of a man of letters
whose wife, loving him not wisely, but too well,
had forsaken her first husband for his sake. The
illegitimacy of their eldest son being thus made
public, he seeks refuge for a wounded spirit with
an old nurse in the village of which his mother's
first husband is squire. The Squire has a daughter
and a devoted wife, who both, not unexpectedly,
play an important part in subsequent develop-
ments.
Jordan (F. Dormer), Heirs of the Ages, 6/ Wl
Nisbet
A melodramatic tale, in which the hero and
heroine have been lovers in a previous existence
in Egypt of ten thousand years ago.
Jordan (Humfrey), Carmen and Mr. Dryasdust,
6/ Putnam
A story of the transformation of an eminent
biologist's views of life. The change in him is
worked by his wife, and the book contains a
considerable amount of satire concerning Uni-
versity intrigue for position and power.
Macaulay (Margaret), The Sentence Absolute,
6/ Nisbet
An open-air story in which the pecuniary
trials of the hero, a young consulting engineer
who has contracted debts at Cambridge, are
brought by the sympathy of the heroine to a
happy ending.
Macmahon (Ella), The Job, 6/ Nisbet
This novel gives pictures of Irish life
and work. It deals with the inability of the
Irish worker's nature to withstand successfully
the harassing ups and downs of modern industrial-
ism, and shows how the hero, an Irish baronet,
inculcates commercial " grit " in his fellow-country-
men by establishing a carpet factory in his native
town. The usual love-story is included.
Moore (F. Frankfort), The Ulsterman, 6/
Hutchinson
A story of life in Ulster to-day, with a certain
amount of love-interest.
Newte (Horace W. C), The Cuckoo Lamb, 6/
Chatto & Windus
The life and literary adventures of the
heroine, who begins her career as apprentice in
a small shop. After various love-affairs the
story ends with her marriage.
Openshaw (Mary), Sunshine, 9} Heath & Cranton
The setting of this love-tale is an old-fashioned
Village, and the story ends Oil tin- wedding-day of
the heroine
Osgood (Ir6ne), WHHBH PHARAOH DhhaMS, 5/
John Richmond
A series Of fantasies, "being the impressions
or a woman of moods in Egypt,' uiih a Preface
by Mr. Stephen Phillips.
Pemberton (Max), Two Women, 6/ Methuen
Tin, novel deals with the emotional adven-
tures of two independent! idle bachelor girl-cbums,
,,,,,! ..,,., ,,,1 account of the many sensational inci-
dents they meet with in England and various
places on tie- Continent.
Purdon (K. F.), Tin-: FOLK OF Furry Farm, tiy
Nisbet
The plot of this nOVOl is made up of the
various adventures of a lame farmer in Western
Leinster with four women, each of whom in turn
accepts his offer of marriage. George \ Birming-
ham has written an Introduction "with a note
on the people of the plain."
Raphael (Mary F.), Piio:i:i: Maroon, >'<
Heath & Cranton
A story dealing with the love-affairs of an
artist's model.
Roberts (Morley), Time and Thomas W'mmno, 6/
Eveleigh Nash
The story of a self-centred, unfeeling journal-
ist who, after undergoing a serious surgical
operation, was much changed in his nature, and,
almost uncannily, became quite another being
with wide sympathies and an abnormally kind
heart. This change was greatly to the benefit
of the love interests of the different characters.
Robertson (A. Nugent), Her Last Appearance,
6/ Mills «.y Boon
The story of a murder trial in which the
suspicion which falls on a certain man is dis-
pelled by his wife.
Sheehan (Canon P. A.), Lisheen ; The Blind-
ness of Dr. Gray ; The Queen's Fillet ;
MIRIAM Lucas; Gi.enanaar ; and Luke
Delmege, 2/0 net each. Longmans
New and cheaper impressions. ' Glcnanaar '
was noticed in At/ten., Aug. 12, 1905, p. 201, and
' Luke Delmege,' Jan. 18, 1002, p. 77.
Singers-Bigger (Gladys), Blue Earth, 2/ net.
Heath & Cranton
A collection of short sketches of vaiied
aspects of life in many countries. The volume
also includes some verses.
Tremlett (Mrs. Horace), Curing Christopher, 6/
Lane
Christopher's complaint is an attack of
infatuation for an unresponsive actress, but his
young wife, believing lunacy to be in his family,
misunderstands his symptoms and calls in
medical aid to effect a cure.
Turberville (A. S.), The Making of Blaise, 0/
Sidgvvick & Jackson
The hero, born of an artist who had revolted
from the Philistinism of his family, and a French
strolling actress, is ultimately adopted by his
father's people, who try to " save ' him from the
results of his early environment.
Watson (Kathleen), Litanies of Life, and Later
Litanies, 2/6 net each. Heinemann
Collections of short stories.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Alchemical Society Journal, FEBRUARY, 2 net.
II. K. Lewis
Containing a report of the tenth general
meeting of the Society, and apaper entitled," Some
Notes on the Doctrine of the First Matter, with
Special Reference to the Works of Thomas
Vaughan,' by Mr. Sijil Abdul-Ali.
Architectural Association Journal, March.
IS, Tufton Street. Westminster
The contents include ' Some Notes on Greek
Architecture,' a paper read by Prof. W. R.
Lethaby on February 2nd at the Architectural
Association, and ' Norman Architecture in
Sicily.'
Bradshaw's General Railway and Steam Naviga-
tion Guide for Great Britain and Ireland,
.March, Ik/, net, cloth 1/ net. Blacklock
Containing the Ollicial Time Tables foi this
month.
Ecclesiastical Review, MARCH, 1"> yearly.
Philadelphia, American Ecclesiastical Rev. :
London, Wash bourne
Includes ' Russian Kcclesiastical Writers on
the Present Position of the Orthodox Church.'
by the Rev. A. Palmieri ; ' The Lot of the Village
Pope,' bv Mr. Itichardson L. Wrighl ; and ' A
Pretended Marriage.' by l'i . Stanislaus, O.F.M.
" Express " (The) Leaflets, N<>. 37, .'!'/-
Plymouth, J. H. Keys
Containing extracts from the writings of
Joanna Southcott, with a note on ' Ma l,e, -Shalttl-
i-Baz ' by the editor. Miss Alice Seymour.
Far Eastern Review, Jam \an . *'■' per annum.
Shanghai
Includes articles on • International Intrigues
in Chinese Railway - and ' National Irrigation
.in, I Conservation in < bin*.'
Indian Magazine, MARCH, 3d. Constable
The content include articles on 'How
Toynbee Mall Works. • Row the TurUsfa Woman
I advancing,' and ' literary Clubs ba the Ligh-
i, Century,' by Mr. 11. if. Wt tbrook.
380
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
Irish Book Lover, March, 2/6 per annum.
Salmond
Includes articles <>n 'Francis Davis,' by
Mr. David Stewart, and 'John Mitchel's Books,'
hy Mr. Francis Joseph Bigger.
New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin,
February, ki cents.
Includes articles on ' The J. Pierpont Morgan
Collection' and 'A Processional Banner by
Spinello Aretino.'
Reader's Index, March and April, \d.
Croydon, Stanley Russell
Containing an article on ' The Old Streets of
Croydon,' by Councillor J. O. Pelton, notes and
catalogues of genealogical works, and additions
to the libraries.
Review of Reviews, February, 6d.
Melbourne, Swanston St.
Includes articles on ' Can Radium Cure
Cancer ? ' by Mr. Burton J. Hendrick, which dis-
cusses Dr. Howard A. Kelly's view, and ' Railway-
Building in South America.'
Scottish Review, Spring, 1/
Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd
Includes ' Ulster in Song,' by Dr. George
Sigerson ; ' Our Mr. George,' by Mr. R. Erskine ;
and ' The Tax on Genius,' by Mr. Allen Upward.
United Empire, March, 1/ net. Pitman
Includes ' British Interests in Argentina,' by
Mr. Herbert Gibson ; ' French Equatorial Africa :
an Administrative Standpoint,' by Major Arthur
Glyn Leonard ; and ' The 60th Royal Americans,'
by Sir Edward Hutton.
GENERAL.
Altham (Major-General E. A.), The Principles
op War Historically Illustrated, Vol. I.,
with Maps, 10/6 net. Macmillan
The author's aim is to illustrate the principles
laid down in t art I. of ' Field Service Regulations '
by a study of recent campaigns. General Sir
Horace L. Snuth-Dorrien has written an Intro-
duction ; and in a separate volume there are maps
of the campaign in Manchuria, the Yalu, Liao-
Yang, and Sha-Ho, and a strategical map.
Deirdrie and the Lay of the Children of Uisne,
literally translated by Alexander Carmichael.
Paisley, Alexander Gardner ;
London, Kenneth Mackenzie
The story and poem have been orally col-
lected in the Island of Barra, and are here pub-
lished with notes.
Dispute (A) between the Woman and the Powers
of Darkness, 2/ Plymouth, J. H. Keys
A reprint of one of Joanna Southcott's
writings, which she was " ordered to pen every
word perfect." It records " the Seven Days o*f
Joanna's Dispute with Satan, when she entered
upon her Private Lodgings, — Mondav, August 3,
1802." '
Every Age Library : Tom Brown's School-Days,
by Thomas Hughes ; Rural Rides in Eng-
land, Vol. I., by William Cobbett ; Does
Faith Need Reasons :- by Frank Ballard ;
The Tongue of Fire, by William Arthur. lOd.
ea?h. C. H. Kelly
1 his new Library is to contain works in bio-
graphy, Action, poetry, travel, belles-lettres,
classical translations, <fcc It aims at providing
" a series of books of a high standard suitable for
readers of all ages, that shall at once edifv and
entertain."
Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular
Year -Book, 1914, edited by Godfrey E P
Hertslet, 10/6 net. Harrison
This reference book gives a statement of
services rendered by persons who are now
working or have worked under the Foreign Office,
lists of foreign embassies in the British Dominions^
notices of appointments, promotions, transfers]
deaths, and other information respecting the
consular service, and is illustrated with maps.
Kelso (Alexander P.), Matthew Arnold on Con-
tinental Life and Literature, 1/6 net.
Oxford, B. H. Blackwell
The Matthew Arnold Memorial Prize Essay
for 1913 ; it includes discussions on ' Germany :
the Triumph of System,' and ' The Italians.'
Letters from a Living Dead Man, written down by
Elsa Barker, 3/6 net. Rider
In an Introduction Miss Barker explains that
these letters were written automatically by her
in a semi-conscious state at various times, and
were signed " X." The alleged communicant,
" a well-known lawyer nearly seventy years of
age," died in America at the time when the first
letter was written in Paris.
Pasley (C. W.), The Military Policy and Insti-
tutions op the British Empire, edited in
the Light of the Science of Organisation by
Col. B. R. Ward, Fifth Edition. Clowes
I'asley's essay was published in 1810, and
reached its fourth edition in 1812. It has ap-
peared in The United Service Magazine as a series
of articles under the editorship of Col. Ward,
who has written an Introduction. An article
on ' The Science of Organisation and the Art of
War,' by Col. F. N. Maude, is reprinted in an
Appendix.
Picture Stamps, 10 for Id. Picture Stamps Co.
These coloured stamps of places, men, and
books are intended primarily for a hobby, but
may also be used for advertising and other
purposes.
PAMPHLETS.
Hall (Rev. H. W.), The " Kirk " Collection of
Pottery, deposited in the City and County
Museum, Lincoln, Id.
Lincoln, City and County Museum
A short history of the development of English
porcelain, illustrated from examples in the
Museum.
Olcott (Frances Jenkins), Library Work with
Children.
Chicago, American Library Association
An article on the relation of library work
with children to general education, with a Biblio-
graphy.
Roberts (H. A.), Careers for University Men,
6d. net. Cambridge, Bowes & Bowes ;
London, Macmillan
A series of articles by the Secretary of the
Appointments Board, reprinted from The Cam-
bridge Magazine.
Royal Society (The) for the Protection of Birds,
Report, 1913. The Society
Includes information on ' The Plume-Trade,'
' Protection of Migrating Birds,' and the educa-
tional work of the Society in public and ele-
mentary schools.
SCIENCE.
Abbott (James Francis), The Elementary
Principles of General Biology, 6/6 net.
Macmillan
The " fundamental generalizations that are
the product of modern research in biology " are
here presented in a simple and elementary form.
Barcroft (Joseph), The Respiratory Function op
the Blood, 18/ net. Cambridge Univ. Press
The subject is treated in three divisions —
' The Chemistry of Haemoglobin ' ; ' The Passage
of Oxygen to and from the Blood ' ; and ' The
Dissociation Curve considered as an " Indicator "
of the " Reaction " of the Blood.'
Brown (Warner), The Judgment of Very Weak
Sensory Stimuli.
Berkeley, University of California Press
This monograph contains special reference
to the " absolute threshold of sensation for
common salt."
Carrington (Hereward), The Problems of Psy-
chical Research, Experiments and Theories
in the Realm of the Supernormal, 7/6 net.
Rider
Mr. Carrington deals chiefly with the psycho-
logical phenomena of psychical research, and ,
assuming their reality, discusses the intelligence
that controls them. The text is illustrated with
a few diagrams.
Dalgado (Dr. D. G.), The Climate of Portugal
and Notes on its Health Resorts, 10/6 net.
Lisbon, Published by Order ; London, Lewis
This study, which is accompanied by six
maps and numerous tables, gives a sketch of the
climate of Portugal as a whole, and brief descrip-
tions of the chief health resorts.
Farthing (F. Hadfield), The Week-End Gar-
dener, 3 /6 net. Grant Richards
A practical guide to the amateur gardener.
The book forms a companion to the author's
' Saturday in my Garden,' and is reproduced from
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THE ATIIENJEUM
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ll'. oe \ .■ ■ i ■
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DR. GINSBURG.
The name of Dr. C. D. Ginsburg, whose
death, at the age of 82, took place on Satur-
day last, will remain chiefly linked with the
study of the Rabhinical apparatus eriticus to
the Old Testament, known as the Massorah.
He, indeed, in the earlier part of his strenu-
ous life gave himself to other branches of
Hebrew study, having produced learned
Commentaries on the Song of Songs and
Ecclesiastes in 1857, and a Commentary on
Leviticus in 1882, besides treatises on the
Kabbalah, the Karaites, the Essenes, and
the Moabite Stone between the years 1862
and 1870.
A considerable amount of his time must
also have been taken up by his work as one
of the Revisers of the Old Testament ap-
pointed by Convocation, as well as his con-
tributions to Kitto's ' Encyclopaedia,' and
other literary efforts. But all these tasks,
however useful and interesting in themselves,
were cast into the shade by the stupendous
labours which began with his edition of the
' Massoreth-ham-Massoreth ' of the famous
sixteenth-century grammarian Elias Levita
in 1867, and abruptly ended whilst he was
editing the latter portion of a Massoretico-
critical text of the Old Testament for the
British and Foreign Bible Society. 1
The most important result of these un-
wearied efforts is his edition of the Mas-
sorah itself in three bulky volumes, with
the addition of part of vol. iv., in which
explanations of the highly technical original
are given in English. It is a work thai will
remain indispensable to all students of the
.Massorah, offering as it does all, or nearly
all, the materials necessary for the scientific
appraisement of the work of the Afassorites,
which can, of course, only be properly esti-
mated when all the known facts have been
critically examined and ro-ordinatod in
systemat ic form.
Personally, Dr. Ginsburg was a genial man
1 ■ the world, and endowed with a pari icularly
li -ppy disposition. Migrating in early life
fro n Warsaw to this country, he quickly
found his Way tO the hearts of his new
counting among his friends a
number <>t distinguished persons, including
Gladstone, who on his final retirement from
politics n lommended him for a Government
pension. His social gifts naturally marked
him out as .'li attractive host. He took
delight ui inviting people to his intere
home, being free from the shyness which
1 often reduces the influence of a fine scholar.
SHAKKSI'i: AHI-: AND ASBIES.
I.
The story of Shakespeare's Lost inheritance
is the clue to the shaping of the poet's life,
and therefore we ought to glean every scrap
of information concerning it. What is com-
monly known is that Robert Arden of
Snitterfield and Wilmcote had made his
will in L556, Leaving the first (or the rever-
sion of it alter his wife's death) to be divided
among six of his daughters.1* Another
daughter, Elizabeth Scarlet, seems to have
been otherwise provided for ; and tho
youngest daughter. Mary, either because
she was his favourite, or because of the old
Saxon preference for the youngest- child, was
given the sole right in the freehold at Wilm-
cote called Asbies.
There is no record of its purchase. My
own opinion is that Thomas Arden, the
father of this Robert, was the second son of
Sir Walter Arden of Park Hall, who was to
receive, by his father's will in 1502, ten
marks a year for life, his younger brothers
receiving five marks a year. They all seem
to have been provided for beyond this
meagre allowance. At tho date of the will
Thomas was already resident in Wilmcote.
How and why he went there is the question.
Aston Cantlow had long been part of the
inheritance of the Beauchamps, who inter-
married with the Nevilles, and some con-
nexion of the Beauchamps with the Ardens
can be proved by the family pedigree.
Elizabeth Beauchamp was godmother to
Elizabeth Arden, Thomas Ardens sister
(as French believes), and it is quite probable
this little farm was given to, or bought for, the
settlement of Thomas Arden. What I wish
to suggest is that Asbies was to the family
the cherished heirloom, the visible link of
connexion between their branch and the
historic family from which they sprang, and
that some family jealousy may have arisen
through its being absolutely left to the
youngest child.
We know little about this Thomas, but
much more about his younger brother
Robert. He was Yeoman of the King's
Chamber in Henry VII. 's reign, and received
many royal patents and grants during the
reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII.
Leland mentions him : " Arden of the
Court is younger brother to Sir .John Arden
of Park" Hall" (' Itin.," vi. 20). Among
the Feet of Fines for Warwickshire, Trinity
Term, 18 Henry VIII., is an entry to the
effect that Robert Arden. arm., settled an
annuity on Antonio Fitzherbert " from the
manor of Ward Barnes, formerly Wilm-
cote." Whether this refers to the uncle,
" Robert of the Court,"' or the nephew,
Kohert of Wilnicote.it refers to the district.
Now it is not a little remarkable that this
small property had only " a local habitation
and a name" of Asbies during the life of
Mary Arden and her immediate Arden
relatives. It is not known before; it has
not been known since. Either it changed
its name or was swamped in a larger estafa
We cannot give its boundaries. Balliwell-
Phillipps shows that it could not have hcen
by the cottage /<"»• called " Marj Arden's
Cottage "t at Wilmcote. for In- had traced
other owners back to Lfiol : but he seems to
thmk that Robert Arden had Lived in Asb
Now it is quite clear from his will that his
widow, Agnes, was to have his copyhold 111
Wilmcote, bo that she allowed his daughter
Alice quietly to enjoy halt', and it jeemed
they had occupied that. This copyhold
was probably for three lives, and lapsed nt
■ 8m in-, paper, Tht .1 1 . Jui> MUi tad AagMt
1 Mh. 1909
t The illuHlniiiunx in my ' si, a . |,. 1 imly,' in-
. -Iii'ling one of tblf i-oltajte, were put in I" Mr. Bitot
Stock, without my knowledge .mil against my will.
382
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
Agnes Arden's death in 1581, after the
trouble at Asbies.
On Mary's marriage an interest in Asbies
would accrue to her husband, which, by the
courtesy of England, he would retain for
life. During Shakespeare's youth it would
be the basis of his father's farming industries,
and perhaps, after the common fashion of
the time, the prospective source of support
for the family in a manner stigmatized by
the Earl of Leicester as lazy, selfish, and
without public spirit or family pride.* It
is perfectly certain it was intended to be
the inheritance of William Shakespeare,
and that he was prepared to be a small
farmer, for which reason he was not trained
to any profession nor apprenticed to any
trade. (All " traditions " on this question
are untrustworthy. )
John Shakespeare had purchased in 1556,
the year of the settlement of Asbies, a house
and garden in Greenhill Street, Stratford-
upon-Avon, and another in Henley Street,
where he had been living since 1552 (see
' View of Frankpledge, Borough Stratford,'
P.R.O., Portfolio 207), so he had a town
house to offer the heiress of Asbies when he
married her the following year. He seemed,
having been bailiff and chief alderman, to
have gone on in prosperity till October, 1575,
when he again purchased two houses in Strat-
ford, one of them also in Henley Street. From
that date his fortunes declined. Whether it
was from failure in the wool industry, or the
misfortunes of his brother Henry at Ingon, or
special losses of his own, John Shakespeare
was in money troubles by 1578. Some have
suggested it was through recusancy, because
a much later State Paper list gives his name
among recusants. I have elsewhere shown
that the John Shakespeare there mentioned
was much more likely to have been the shoe-
maker who disappeared shortly after from
the town. That the ex-bailiff John's diffi-
culties were well known, and that his fellow -
aldermen sympathized with him, is shown in
the Chamberlain's accounts, where John is
excused by his brethren from the burdens
they put on themselves. He required money,
and must have it somehow. His nephew
Robert Webbe had been prospering in
Snitterfield while he was declining — was,
indeed (stimulated by the ambition and help
of a prospective father-in-law ), beginning to
buy up the shares of his aunts in Snitter-
field. Mary Arden had been left no share
there, as Halliwell-Phillipps suggests, but
apparently by this date, through the death
of her two next youngest sisters, had become
possessed of the share of the one by will,
and of the share of the other, without a will,
by partition.
It is nearly certain that John and Mary
Shakespeare would have gone to Robert
Webbe first for a loan on the security of
Snitterfield, or even to sell it outright.
But he had just bought the share of the
Stringers (see Feet of Fines, Easter, 21 Eliz.),
and would be short of money. They turned
to their brother-in-law Edmund Lambert,
who had sufficient money, but he would not
trust it with John Shakespeare in his de-
pressed state on any lesser security than that
of the family jewel of Asbies. He drew up
an indenture — purporting to be an absolute
sale — for 407., with this condition, that if
the money was repaid on Michaelmas Day
at Barton-on-the-Heath the sale was to
be void. But in the final concord, as pre-
served among the Feet of Fines for Warwick-
shire, Easter, 1579, there is no allusion to
this condition. Hence arose the trouble.
* See the ' Book of John Fisher of Warwick ' : " Every
man is only careful for himself given to easy trades
of life, providing for themselves, not having consideration
for their posterity, which should not so be."
When he had secured the money John
made a very complex arrangement. Asbies
had evidently been leased to George Gibbes.
He found Thomas Webbe and Humphrey
Hooper willing to buy the lease from John
and Mary Shakespeare and George Gibbes
for twenty-one years from 1580, and to hand
it back to George Gibbes. There must have
been money paid down for that lease, as it
was clinched by a fine. (See Feet of Fines,
Hilary Term, 1579, 230.)
Though John had received the 40Z. from
Lambert plus the fine from Webbe and
Hooper, he was evidently still in need, as
we may learn from Roger Sadler's will.
Among the debts due to him were : " Item
of Edmonde Lamberte and Cornish
for the debte of Mr. John Shaksper 51."
(Princ. Prob. Reg., Som. House, 1 Bakon,
17 Jan., 1578/9).
We have hitherto had no information con-
cerning the events of the following two years.
But now it appears that John must have
committed some indiscretion about that time
which must seriously have affected his for-
tunes. Many years ago I had discovered a fine
against his name in the Coram Rege Rolls,
but laid it aside until I had leisure to work
up the case. Not long since, with the help
and advice of Mr. Baildon, I spent some
weeks investigating likely papers, but found
no further facts than those first gleaned :
two separate, yet connected cases among
the unnumbered pages of the " fines " at
the end of Coram Rege Roll, Trinity, 22
Eliz., a few pages from the end, half way
down ' Anglia ' on the right.
There we are told that John Shakespeare
of Stratford - super - Avon, co. Warr., yeo-
man, because he had not appeared before
the Lady the Queen in her court at West-
minster, as summoned, to be bound over
to keep the peace, at a day now past, was
due to pay 201., and that his two sureties
were to pay a fine of 10Z. each for not
having produced him. His sureties were
John Awdeley of the town of Nottingham,
co. Notts, hatmaker, and Thomas Colley
of Stoke, in co. Stafford, yeoman. This
becomes more serious because the next case
is against John Awdelay, hatmaker, of the
town of Nottingham, co. Notts. Because he
did not appear before the court of the Queen
when summoned at a day now past, bringing
sufficient security to be bound over to keep
the peace, he was to be fined 40Z. And
John Shakespeare of Stratford-on-Avon,
yeoman, one of the two securities for John
Awdelay, because he had not brought him
before the Queen on the day appointed,
was to pay 20Z. ; and Thomas Colley, an-
other of the securities, was also to be fined
20Z.
I looked through several terms before and
after to see if there were any suit in the
Coram Rege Rolls on which this may have
been based — a difficult job, as I had no
clue to the name of a plaintiff or a county
to guide me. The only further reference
was in the Exchequer Accounts, where,
under 'Anglia,' 'Warr.,' 'Villa Notts,' and
' Staff.,' the same parties are entered for the
same fines (Exchequer K.R. Accounts 109/13,
m. 22 d., Fines and Amerciaments Coram
Regina, Trinity Term, 22 Eliz.). Here,
then, John had another 40/. to pay (evi-
dently unexpectedly) in association with
two men who have not yet been connected
with his biography. Whether he did not
appear as defendant or as witness in some
case when summoned, or whether he had
committed some trespass, or had had a free
fight with some one, as his brother Henry
had with Edward Cornwell in 1587, I have
not been able to prove.
In searching the Controlment Rolls (Mich.,
22 Eliz.) I had a surprise. Among a number
of names from various counties of persons
who " indicati sunt de eo qud Corpes felonici
interfecere et murderfare [sic] " Mas " John
Shakespere." The very date. It was a
relief to see that he was " late of BaLsall,
co. Warr." I was allowed to get out some
bundles of " ancient Indictments " which
had not been searched, and found in No. 650
that the said John Shakespeare, by the
instigation of the Devil and his own malice,
made a noose of rope fast to a beam in his
house and hanged himself on July 23rd, 21
Eliz. He had goods only to the value of
3Z. 14.s. 4d., which John Piers, the Bishop of
Winchester, as Chief Almoner to the Queen,
granted by way of alms to the widow,
Matilda Shakespeare. (In the inventory of
the goods are included some painted cloths.)
Though John of Stratford's fortunes were
nothing so tragic as those of John of Balsall,
he was in a bad enough way. His fine was
money entirely lost through some folly, and
he seems to have lost money otherwise.
He had to sell both the Snitterfield shares
to Robert Webbe outright, and he went
down on Michaelmas Day, 1580, to Barton-
on-the-Heath with the redemption money of
Asbies in his pocket. Edmund Lambert
refused to receive it and release the mortgage
until John paid him also other debts he
owed him ; but we know from later litiga-
tion that he had promised, when these other
debts were paid, to take the 40Z. and release
the mortgage at any time. And again
John Shakespeare trusted his brother-in-
law's word.
Charlotte Cakmichael Stopes.
(To be concluded.)
THE BUTLER LIBRARY.
On Wednesday, February 25th, and the six
following weekdays, Messrs. Sotheby were en-
gaged in selling the fifth and final portion of the
library of the late Mr. Charles Butler, the chief
prices being the following : Aristophanes, Comce-
di£e, 1498, 201. Aristotle, Ethics, MS., 15th
century, 61/. ; Problems, French translation,
MS., 14th centurv, 79Z. Boccaccio, Decameron,
1620, 431. Book "of Common Prayer, 1552, 481.
Breviarium Parisiense, 1492, 211. 10s. Buch der
Natur, 1499, 281. Buck, Antiquities, 3 vols.,
1774, 30/. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 1498,
defective, 201. 10s. Codice Atlantico di Leonardo
da Vinci, 35 parts, 1884-1904, 21/. Corneille,
Theatre, 12 vols., 1764, 39Z. Crescences, Livre
des prouffitz champestres, 1529, 251. Dante,
Comedia, 1481, 201. ; another edition, Venice,
1491, 20/. 10s. Parker, Dives and Pauper,
printed by Pynson, 1493, 38/. Duni, Trois
Sonates pour le Clavecin, n.d., bound by Pade-
loup, with the arms of Poix, 20/. 10s. Froissart,
Croniques, 1495, 36/. Galenus, Therapeutica,
1500, 29/. Glanvilla, Van den Proprieteyten der
Dinghen, 1485, 48/. Gregory, Nova Compilatio
Decretorum, 1473, 27/. Herbolarium, Venice,
1499, 36/. ; Den groten Herbarius, 1538, 51/.
Herpf, Speculum Aureum, 1474, 29/. Hierony-
mus, Epistole, printed at Ferrara, 1497, 51/. Ho-
ratius, Opera, 1799, bound by Bradel l'ain6 for
Napoleon I., 71/. Intrationum Excellentissimus
Liber, printed by Pynson, 1510, 20/. Isidorus,
Etymologia, 1472, 28/. 10s. Litta, Famiglie
Celebri Italiane, 11 vols., 1819-89, 27/. 10s.
Livy, De Bello Macedonico, Italian MS., 1461, 23/.
Lodge, Portraits of Illustrious Personages of
Great Britain, 4 vols., 1821-34, 20/. Missale
Moguntinense, 1483, 35/. Moreau le Jeune,
Monument du Costume, 1789, 90/. Office de
la Sainte Vierge, 1714, elaborately bound by
Padeloup, 47/. Pergolesi, Designs for Ornament,
1777-92, 20/. Piranesi, Opere Varie, &c, 1750,
42/. ; Trofei, &c, 1753, 40/. ; Vedute di Roma,
2 vols., 1751, 64/. Hakluytus Postumus, 5 vols.,
1625-6, 40/. Scriptores Rei Rustics?, printed at
Reggio, 1482, 25/. Shakespeare, Third Folio,
1664, 38/. Le Songe du Vergier, 1491, 38/.
Switzerland, Collection of 59 Views in Colours,
n.d., 86/. Terentius, Comcedia*, Italian MS.,
1418, 79/. Valturius, De Re Militari, 1472, 123/.
Vitruvius, De Architectura, Italian MS., 15th
century, 34/. Voragine, Legendario de Sancti,
1503, 24/.
The total for this sale was 6,021/. Is. 6rf.,
making the total for the whole library
25,149/. Is. 6rf.
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
383
AX AUTHORS' UNION.
17, Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, March 9, 1914.
In his interesting suggestions for the above
Mr. W. J. Cameron uses the phrase " books
of poetry to be reviewed by poets, novels by
novelists," phrase on -which your editorial
comments. May I suggesl that the neces-
sary criticism is neither a simple affirmative
nor negative, but that we need to realize
that, like all other craftsmen, a reviewer is,
at any rate, partly " born, not made " ? The
desideratum is, not that he should or should
not be a novelist or poet, but that he should
be a genuine critic. Most of us can find
fault : we cannot all criticize.
Literature does not yet, in England,
occupy its proper place. Of the branches
of Literature. Fiction, among us, is the
Lazarus. What further proof need I offer
than the common medical prescription to
a convalescent returning from the unintelli-
gence of dire illness : " Get a novel " ?
What is the implication, if not that a novel
does not, and should not, tax the intelli-
gence ? How acerbly our French brethren
would smile at such a proposition !
There may be many causes for this
popular depreciation of Literature : may I
suggest three ? — (a) the common notion in
secondary schools that " anybody can
teach [sic] Literature " ; (6) the too-fre-
quent belief among academic scientists
below the top level that Literature and
History are intrinsically " soft options " ;
(c) the too frequent journalistic practice of
proceeding as if it were true that " anybody
can review anything."
Something has been done of late years to
mend the first : the second is still rampant.
The third might be altered radically, and
perhaps finally killed by the sagacious and
energetic help of The Athcnceum, whose
reviews for many years have been highly
prized by all authors and lovers of literature.
Geraldixe E. Hodgson.
1, Central Buildings, Tothill Street, S.W.
March 11, 1914.
Acting, for the time being, as Vice-Chair-
man of the Committee of Management of
the Society of Authors, in the absence of
Mr. Hesketh Prichard, and with the sanction
of that Committee, I am writing to you on
the subject contained in Mr. W. J. Cameron's
letter, which appeared in your issue of
March 7th, with regard to the proposals of
the author-members of the Lyceum Club.
Mr. W. J. Cameron is a member of the
Authors' Society, and I think it would have
been as well, therefore, if he had written
to the Committee of Management of that
Society when desiring to raise any question
as to protection of authors' rights. At
present, the Society is in ignorance of the
work the author-members of the Lyceum
< lub wish to do. I understand that they
about to embody their objects in a report
which, no doubt, Mr. Cameron will lay
before the aociety of which he is a memlx i :
but I should like to state that the Society
•of Authors — the established organization,
with its efficient machinery and a long
record of valuable work- — ought to be
consulted in the first instance >" regard to
-my matter dealing with the protection of
the property of those whom it represents.
There are very few subjects connected with
authors' property which have not been
discussed rally by the Committee from time
to time, and there are no proposals which,
n practical, the Committee have not been
willing to adopt. 1 would refer Mr. Cameron
to a short article in the March number of
The A uthor dealing with the subject.
Chabijbb Gabviob,
\'iee.( haii-mam
Dr. G. A. Cooke, Oriel Professor of the
Interpretation of Holy Scripture at Ox-
ford and Canon of Rochester, has been
appointed Regius Professor of Hebrew
and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford,
in the room of the late Canon Driver.
Dr. Cooke is well known as an autho-
rity on the Old Testament, and as the
writer of many books and articles upon
ancient Hebrew literature. His appoint-
ment fulfils a general expectation.
Mr. T. C. Bartlett of Winchester is the
gentleman whom we mentioned last week
as having acquired a unique copy of
Pope's Homer. He Avrites to give us
fuller and more correct particulars. The
copy — the ' Iliad ' — is in six volumes, and
the statement that it was Pope's gift to
him has been written by Gilbert White
in vol. i. Two of the volumes contain
contemporary pen-and-ink sketches of
White in academicals, done by a fellow-
collegian ; and in another is a diagram, by
White's hand, of a chess match between
himself and three others, in which he had
decidedly the best of it. These items,
interesting in themselves, are not so
attractive as the connexion between Pope
and Gilbert White.
Dr. Paget Toynbee, who is engaged in
a search for Walpole letters, has just come
upon a private collection which includes
more than a hundred, covering a period
of thirty-five years, addressed to Horace
Walpole by the poet Gray. The earliest
was written on January 27th, 1735, from
Cambridge, about six weeks before Wal-
pole came up ; the latest bears the date
September 17th, 1770.
Considerably less than a third of this
find has as yet been printed, and that much
not in a correct text. These letters show
the intimacy between Walpole and Gray to
have been greater than was hitherto sup-
posed. In some of the earlier ones Wal-
pole is addressed as " Celadon," while the
writer signs himself " Orozonades," thus
settling an ancient literary doubt.
We are glad to learn that Mr. A. G.
Bradley is now recovering from the
accident which has for some time in-
capacitated him from work.
The Times is on Monday next to
be reduced to one penny, " in view of the
grave importance of the present political
situation."
Tin: Reader in Rabbinic in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, Dr. 1. Abrahams,
lias prepared an annotated edition of the
Synagogue Prayer -Book, which Messrs.
Eyre & Spottiswoode will publish imme-
diately. Such an edition has long been
desired, both by those who use the 1'rayer-
Book in deVOtion8, and by those who
recognize the importance of the Synagogue
litnrg} for various branches of theological
arch. Dr. Abrahams's notes are both
historical and explanatory. They run to
nearly 300 pages, and with the full Prayer-
Boob in Hebrew and English make ;i
volume of 960 pages.
Messrs. Smith & Elder will have
ready shortly ' Memories of John West-
lake,' with four portraits. The volume is
not a formal biography of the distinguished
international lawyer; but some of his
many friends — with Mrs. Westlake's full
sympathy and co-operation — wish to
have a short record of his life and in-
fluence. They have therefore contributed
personal memories of his character and
career from the points of view from which
they knew him.
The Oxford University Press is
publishing immediately a pamphlet by
Mr. Champlin Burrage, the Librarian of
Manchester College, Oxford, entitled
' Nazareth and the Beginnings of Chris-
tianity,' a new view based upon philo-
logical evidence, with critical appendixes,
including unnoticed pre-canonical read-
ings, a discussion of the birthplace of
Jesus, and the text of what is believed
to be the hitherto undiscovered source of
the prophecy that the Messiah " should
be called a Nazarene." The pamphlet
is said to throw new light on the history
and literature of primitive Christianity.
Messrs. Hodgson's sale of books on
Wednesday and Thursday next will in-
clude on the second day many volumes
and sets of interest to classical scholars,
since the library of H. G. Dakyns is being
dispersed. The tutor of Tennyson's son,
he was a man of letters as well as an
excellent scholar, and his tastes are well
reflected in his books.
The S.P.C.K. announce for publication
this spring about a score of books, several
of which promise to be of more than
ordinary interest. Thus they are bringing
out a new version — annotated, and con-
taining the most recent identifications of
Pere Vincent and others — of ' The Pilgrim-
age of Etheria to the Holy Places in the
Fourth Century ' ; and a translation by
Mr. F. E. Spencer of Johannes Dahse's
■ Sources of Genesis.'
Messrs. Macmillan's " Shilling Theo-
logical Library " has won so much favour
that they have decided to add during the
Spring six more volumes to the series.
These are ' Christian Character,' by Dr.
J. R. Illingworth ; ' Conversations with
Christ,' by the Rev. Bernard Lucas ; ' The
Kingdom of God,' by the Rev. William
Temple; ' The Christian Ecclesia,' by
F. J. A. Hort ; ' The Divine Library of
the Old Testament,' by Dean Kirk pat rick ;
and -True Words for Brave Men,' by
Charles Kingsley.
Mr. Arthtjb C. Benson's new bo<
deals w ith the subject of fear, and the title
he has given it is ' Where no fear Was.'
Mr. Benson confesses that he has always
and in\ ariably been hampered and maimed
In fear, and he seeks in this book fat)
see what it is. where its power lies, and
what, if anything, one can do to resist it.
Mkssks. B. T. BATSFOBD will publish
next Thursday the third batch of •■ Fellow -
ship Books," which will include 'Love,'
by .Mr. Gilberl Cannan ; ' The Meaning of
Life,' by l>r. W. L. Courtney : ' Nature.'
by Mr. W. II. Davies ; and l'oeti\ by
sir Arthur Quiller-Couch.
384
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
SCIENCE
The Life and Habits of the Badger. By
J. Fairfax Blakeborough and Sir A. E.
Pease. (' The Foxhound ' Offices.)
The subject of this attractive little
treatise can boast the invidious distinction
of having by his very name contributed
to the English language a new verb,
significant of the prejudice and persecution
and centuries of misrepresentation against
which he has made a long and gallant
struggle. The gamest of the game, and
withal one of the hardest animals to kill
outright, " Brock " — as he is known to
Nimrods — exercises a fatal attraction for
terrier - fanciers, who will literally leave
no stone unturned to try the mettle of
their dogs by the supreme test of " laying
at a badger."
The authors have little difficulty in
making out a strong case for the badger
from a sentimental point of view, nor
are they content to plead that he is com-
paratively harmless. When the charges
against him have been impartially ex-
amined, there remains a distinct balance
in his favour. It is admitted that he has
shown a liking for eggs, though Sir A. E.
Pease is unable to corroborate this from
his own experience, and considers that his
damage to game is very slight, though he
may often cheat the rabbit-catcher of the
reward of his labours by visiting the
traps and snares. The vexed question of
whether the badger is inimical or not to
fox-hunting is discussed in all its bearings.
Undoubtedly he is a thorn in the flesh
to the earth-stopper, and there is some
damning evidence as to young fox-cubs
whose career has been cut short by a nip
at the back of the head ; but these appear
to be isolated instances of unpremeditated
violence in the uncommon event of a
vixen insisting on sharing a badger's
quarters. On the much more important
matter of mange among badgers, the
writers are strongly convinced that they
are not subject to this scourge, except in
districts where it has long been prevalent
among foxes, while, on the contrary, their
cleanly habits make their earths ideal
tenements for the latter, whose scavengers
they often prove themselves.
Though the days are gone when both
fox and " grey " had' a price on their
heads in churchwardens' accounts, it is
remarkable that until recent years
nothing like a scientific life-history of the
badger had been written. Even the mono-
graph published in 1898 by Sir A. E. Pease
is not only out of print, but also in some
respects already out of date, as the author
himself admits in his contribution to Mr.
Blakeborough's present book. Thus the
badger is now classed in the weasel family
instead of being placed in the bear tribe.
It is welcome news, too, that it still
holds its own to a far greater extent
than was estimated, and many people
will learn with surprise that " it would
not be safe to say that it is extinct in any
county in England."
Some of the most fascinating pieces
of field observation recorded from the
experience of the joint authors tell of the
spring cleaning and the singular method of
taking in new bedding; of a hedgehog
squealing with terror and apparently too
mesmerized by a badger to curl up ; and
of the finding of a pair of badgers asleep
in a lair in the open. Though they have
the power of subsisting for a long time with-
out food, they do not hibernate in the true
sense. Perhaps the best chapter to read
in the book is that describing " a badger
dig," in which the sporting characters
introduced are excellent. The least
effective chapter is certainly that in which
Brock is made to tell his own story — the
language being long-winded and strik-
ingly inappropriate. In this case we
feel that the prisoner should never have
been put into the witness-box. Otherwise
both the authors are fine advocates.
The Anthropology of the Greeks. By E. E.
Sikes. (Nutt, 5s. net.)
Horeebow's short, but pregnant chapter
' Concerning Snakes ' in Iceland, though
it has passed into a common jest, was
really quite in point, since its object was
to refute the rash statements of a previous
writer, to wit, a certain burgomaster of
Hamburg. Similarly, Mr. Sikes has pro-
duced a short, but pregnant book, of
which the upshot might at first sight
seem to be merely that the Greeks had
no anthropology — a somewhat barren topic
when regarded strictly in itself. It turns
out, however, that the treatment has
much positive significance as well, in-
asmuch as it follows directly in the wake
of that brilliant pioneer essay of Prof.
J. L. Myres in ' Anthropology and the
Classics,' which proclaimed Herodotus
the father of anthropological science in
the modern sense, and incidentally pro-
nounced Anaximander an evolutionist,
Hippocrates an anthropo-geographer, and
Plato a matriarchalist who had leamt
from Socrates and Archelaus about as
much as is to be got from McLennan or
Bachofen. Now Mr. Sikes displays no
conscious intention of refuting Prof.
Myres. On the contrary, he most grace-
fully acknowledges a debt to him for
having confirmed or corrected his own
preformed ideas on the subject of Hero-
dotus and of Greek anthropology in
general. Nevertheless, by carefully work-
ing over the same ground he manages to
tone down the Oxford scholar's burning
paragraphs until the reader begins to feel
that he might as well go snake -catching
in Iceland as hunting for anthropologists
of the modern type in the homeland of the
Muses.
Thus Mr. Sikes, though allowing that
Herodotus " has been justly called the
father of Anthropology as well as of
History," goes on to say : —
" T1?6. absence of a clearly-defined canon
of criticism made his work far more remark-
able for its collection of ethnological facts
than for any principles of general scientific
value."
Next, Anaximander's theory that ani-
mals arose " in the moist," and that the
first men grew up in fishes until puberty
was reached, when the fishes burst and
the mature human beings were able to
look after themselves (a hypothesis
possibly founded on observation of the
viviparous musielus Uvis), does not amount
to " a brilliant, if premature, anticipation
of Darwin." The Ionian philosopher " cer-
tainly did not contemplate the evolution
of the human species through a long line
of inteimediate foims." Indeed, Empe-
docles was more of a genuine evolutionist,
though his is the naive evolutionism of
the Arunta of Central Australia, who
believe that mankind was developed out
of formless creatures. Again, Hippo-
crates, we are told, is one of those Greek
thinkers whom a modern ethnologist will
not readily excuse for their serious neglect
of physique as the basis of race. He is
an anthropo-geographer in the unfavour-
able sense that he has succumbed to the
fallacy — which, perhaps, is more unforgiv-
able in the eyes of Mr. Sikes than in those
of Prof. Myres — that physical and mental
character is entirely due to environment.
Finally, Plato's ' Republic,' with its
sj'stem of eugenics implying a rearrange-
ment of relationships on some such lines
as those which Lewis Morgan would term
" classificatory," relies on zoological rather
than anthropological clues.
" Kinship between man and other animals-
was an idea as firmly rooted in Greek as in
savage belief. . . .As Pheidippides asks in
the ' Clouds,' how do we differ from cocks,
except that we have votes ? "
Though Plato's problem was perhaps not
exactly how to enable mankind " to live
like fighting cocks," yet a zoological
analogy in the shape of the notion that
the guardians of the state should be as
human watchdogs was quite enough to
suggest an application of the methods of
the scientific breeder to the raising of
citizens.
For the rest, Mr. Sikes makes it toler-
ably clear that the Greek was not really
interested in barbarism at all. It re-
pelled him. It had nothing to teach him.
He had no ear for " the call of the wild."
The city-state is the be-all and end-all
of existence. So, too, nature in general
strives to be rational and tidy ; conceived
as "red in tooth and claw," it would
have utterly elumbfounded the classical
spirit. The Socratics are wholehearted
teleologists. Though standing amid the
ruins of Greek civilization, they bless it
as the best of all possible civilizations, and
the world that exists simply in order to
support it as the best of all possible worlds.
Theirs is the Catholicism of Thomas-
Aquinas and Comte, aristocratic, bureau-
cratic, theocratic. The dynamism of
James and M. Bergson would be sheer
blasphemy in their eyes, as also would
be the purely empirical outlook of modern
biology and anthropology, because their
watchwords are growth and multitude
and chance — all of them no better than
abusive epithets hurled against the all-
sufficiency of civilized man and his so-
called cosmos.
No. 4507, March 14, 19U
T II E A T II E N JE U M
385
9otna (gossip.
The meeting <>f the Royal Society on
Thursday next will be a " Meeting for Dis-
cussion " — under the provisions of the
Standing Orders— and the Subject, opened
by Sir E. Rutherford, will be 'The Consti-
tution of the Atom."
On Monday last, at the meeting of the
Royal Geographical Society, ('apt. YV. V.
Nugent, leader of the British Section of the
Nig< ria-C'ameroon Boundary Demarcation
Commission of 1912-13, gave an interesting
account of the results of the expedition made
for the purposes of the Commission, mostly
through wild mountainous country inhabited
by a primitive population.
He said that the work of marking the
boundary was watched with great interest
by the Fulanis, many of whose "kings,"'
bearing a long stick surmounted by a brass
crown, came to salute the party. Thenatives
air of very small stature, and in some
parts resemble monkeys both in features and
m activity. An interest ins; find in an aban-
doned hut was a witch-doctor's mask, which
no woman, on pain of instant death, is
allowed to set eyes on. The Zumperis to
whom this belonged are cannibals, who kill
and eat such victims as the witch-doctor,
indued with this mask, singles out as projier
to supplement a scarcity of meat
On Tuesday last Prof. Karl Pearson
lectured at the Francis Galton Laboratory
for National Eugenics on ' The Handicap-
ping of the First-born.' The limited families
of to-day made the endowment of the first-
born a question of special importance. The
first part of the lecture dealt almost entirely
with an examination of the criticisms of
Messrs. < '. Udny Yule and Greenwood.
The second part consisted of a survey of
a large number of collected data. Thus it
was shown that still-births took place in
40 per thousand of first-born children, but
only 20 per thousand of second-born
children. Again, the investigations which
some members of the Laboratory had been
carrying on in Sheffield showed that the
death- and delicacy-rate was much higher
with first-born babies. Bradford gave the
same result. Measurements taken at the
Lambeth Lying-in Hospital of legitimate
and normal newly born infants showed that
the first-born were both the lightest and
shortest at birth. Mr. J. Matthews Duncan
had obtained precisely similar results else-
where. The obvious explanation was that
the first-born came of younger mothers than
the following children.
Pathological cases showed similar results.
Riffel's data of tubercular cases among the
nan agricultural classes indicated that
there was a heavy bias against the first-
born ; while Dr. Rivers had pointed out an
apparent bias in the cases of tuberculosis and
cancer. Insanity had been proved by Dr.
H- ron to hit the first-born hardest, while it
also affected the eldest children of insane
parents more readily than the later born.
I>r. Goring had recently demonstrated the
excess of criminality among the first-horn.
So far back as ]8.">."> Sir Arthur .Mitchell had
shown that idiocy was mosl prevalent among
the eldest children. Prof. Pearson added ■■>
caution at this point : statistics on idiocy
tnplicated by tic- fad that mongolism
t'd the last-born more than the other
children. Lastly, the study of 880 cases of
albinism in Norway and Scotland had proved
that here, !■>". I h< i an enormous I
against the lir-t-l»orn.
ime very interesting observations have
lateh been made public l>y Dr. II. < . M •-
kenzie, who has been keeping during the past
lour years a careful physical record of some
208 lads from the London slums, members
of the Hollington Club, Camberwell.
The general trend of his remarks is
decidedly encouraging. The average height
of boys between 13 and 14 works out at
•1ft. 8 J in., that of boys between IS and
19 at 5ft. 6] in., both of which, though
interior to corresponding measurements
among the well-to-do, are at least better than
some recent studies in poverty might have
led one to expect. The average muscular
development was "unexpectedly good";
only 3 '4 per cent showed definite signs of
pulmonary tuberculosis, while 62 per cent
had perfectly sound lungs ; only 11 per cent
had really bad teeth ; in 81 per cent the
heart was normal. The least satisfactory
record was that of the eyes, which showed
that only ol boys had perfectly normal sight,
while 88 of them had both eyes affected.
What is yet more interesting is the
astonishing improvement which was ob-
served after a year of club membership.
The boys are by no means a " selected "
company ; by rights, according to the
Eugenists, many of them ought to show-
disquieting symptoms of degeneracy. But
they do not. Dr. Mackenzie finds himself
at issue with much of the teaching of Eu-
genics as to the offspring of unsatisfactory
parents, and is inclined to question
"whether many of the statistics given in The
Eugenics Review, showing how hopelessly inferior
is the fruit of ' bad stock,' are based on personal
examination."
An apparatus designed by General Ne-
grier, which has been nicknamed " electric
Niagaras," has been fixed on many churches
in Poitou, where it has proved so effective
a lightning conductor that M. Violle, Pro-
fessor of Physics at the Conservatoire of
Arts and Crafts, believes that its adoption
in Paris woidd ensure for the city almost
absolute protection from injury by thunder-
storms. It is proposed to pass a measure
in the Council-General of the Seine Depart-
ment to have this apparatus affixed to the
Eiffel Tower, the Pantheon, and the Church
of the Sacre Coeur at Montmartre.
On Thursday, the 5th inst., Mr. C. F.
Jenkin, Professor of Engineering Science at
Oxford University, delivered at the Royal
Institution the first of a series of three
lectures upon ' Heat and Cold.'
After reminding the audience of the
incalculably great part played by heat and
fire in every phase of the world's history,
and touching on the methods employed for
producing heat in the past, the Professor
explained that for the generation of heat we
still relied largely upon the combustion, or
oxidation, of fuels. He went on to describe
some modern ideas for the more com-
plete consumption of fuel, and showed that
they had all been in the direction of obtain-
ing it in a state of extremely fine
division, intimately mixed with the air.
Prof. Bone's recently invented process of
surface combustion was exhibited, also a
remarkable experiment illustrating the com-
bustion of petroleum in a Diesel engine. In
this case the oil, in the form of a very fine
spray, is squirted into the engine cylinder,
ami burns with great rapidity as it enters.
A further application of high temperatures
was shown in the oxyaeet \ lene jet for cut-
t ing large steel plates.
Prof. Jenkin then passed on to the con-
version of heal energy into mechanical work
in the heal engine, and the properties of
the working sub-lances commonly used,
in and air. He pointed out that
Prof. Callendar'fi recent restatement of
Carnot'a theory of caloric was a very
helpful conception. According to Prof.
CaUendar, caloric and entropy a re identi-
cal, and may he regarded as a fluid.
Prof. Jenkin explained that there aro
five properties of the working substance
of a heat engine in common use, and a know-
ledge of any two of them is sufficient to
define the condition of the stuff. These
properties are pressure, volume, tem-
perature, caloric (or entropy), and enthalpy
(or total heat). He showed three-dimen-
sional wooden models which illustrated in
a graphic way the interrelation of any
three of these properties ; and he further ex-
plained how the engineer, in calculating the
performance of a, heat engine, used plane
sections of these solid models on which
measurements could more easily be made
Prof. Jenkin then spoke of the reverse
process of converting mechanical work into
heat, and, particularly, of converting
electrical energy into heat. Several types
of electric furnace were described, and an
experiment shown which illustrated the
latest invention in this field, by Mr. Ferranti,
of an electric furnace in which the undesir-
able presence of electrodes was entirely
avoided by making the metal to be melted
itself the short-circuited secondary winding
of an alternating current transformer
An important series of monographs on phy-
siology, to be edited by Prof. E. H. Starling,
is announced by Messrs. Longmans. Each
work will be in the hands of an expert, and
will give an account of the direction and
tendencies of research, as well as of the
present state of knowledge.
The following are in preparation : ' The
Involuntary Nervous System," by Dr. W. H.
Gaskell ; ' The Physiology of Reflex Action,7
by Prof. Sherrington ; ' The Conduction of
the Nervous Impulse," by Dr. Keith Lucas ;
' The Physiological Basis of the Action of
Drugs," bv Dr. H. H. Dale ; ' The Secretion
of Urine,' by Prof. A. R. Cushny ; 'The
Contraction of Voluntary Muscle,' by Dr.
W. M. Fletcher ; ' The Cerebral Mechanisms
of Speech,' by Prof. F. W. Mott ; and ' The
Chemical Mechanisms of Integration in the
Animal Body,' by Prof. Starling.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Mox.
'Mr
Victoria anil Albert Museum. 5.—' St. Paul's Cathedral,'
Banister Fletcher.
— Society of Arts, 8.— ' 8urface Combustion,' Lecture I., Prof.
W. A- Bone- (Howard Lecture.)
Tubs. Royal Institution. ,3.—' Modern Ships: (3) The War Navy,"
Prof. Sir J. H. Biles.
— British Museum, 4 30.—' The Artist Enslaved,' Mr. S. C.
Kaiues smith.
— Statistical, '■>.—' The 8'?.es of Businesses, mainly in the Textile
Industries,' Prof. 8. J. Chapman and Mr. T. 8. Ashton.
— Musical Association, 5 15.— ' Progress and Pedantry, some-
Modern Problems for the Theorist,' Mr. T. P. Dunhill.
— Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. — Adjourned Discussion,
' Kail-Steels for Electric Hallways.' Papers : 'Some Recent
Developments in Commercial Motor-Vehicles,' Mr. T.
Clarkson ; ' Comparative Economics of Tramways and
Railless Electric Traction,' Mr. T. U. Gribble.
— Zoological. S 30.
Win. Times Book Club, 4.—' Travel and Literature.' Mr. Max Pem-
berton.
— Irish Literary, 4 30.—' The Celtic Woman and the Tribe,' Mrs.
Orace Rhys.
— London Topographical. 4 30.— Annual Meeting ; 'London City
Churches, Dr. P. Norman.
— Society of Literature, 5.15.—' Charlotte Bronte,' Prof. A. C.
Benson.
— Meteorological, 7 30.—' Climate as tested by Fossil Plants.
Prof. A. 0. Seward.
— Entomological, 1 — ' A Contribution to the Life-History of
ldt» thertita,' l>r T. A. Chapman.
— Folk-Lore. 8.-' Folk-Lore of East Africa.' Miss A Werner.
— St. Paul's Ecclesiological. 8. — ' A Norinau Prayer Guild.' Rev.
J. K. Floyer. „ _ „
— Society of Arts, 8.-' House Flies and Disease, Mr. E. H.
Tin us. Royal Institution, 3.-' Heat and Cold.' Lecture III.. Prof.
C. F. Jenkin. _ _ ,
— Victoria and Albert Museum. 3 80.— ' Taste," Mr. 8. C. Kalnes
Smith. , , __
_ British UoMDm. 13". — 'St. Bophia. Constantinople, Mr.
Banihter Kletehei „ _
— Society of Arts. 4 30. — ' Indian Water Gardens, Mrs. P.
Villiers-Stuart. (Indian phi
— Geographical.:. -A Gungraphli .1 Study of Portuguese East
Africa South of the Zambeti,' Mr M <>. Thleln.
_ Hjhtoiienl Mi. tori. «l Bibliography, Mr II. H. Tedder.
— Royal NiiiiilHinati. . .. ' tontemporarj Forgeries of Medlara*
Ik.Ii Coin*,' Mr. II li. Barla Fox.
_ Institution ..r Electrical Engineers, 8 —Discussion or*
'Kteetrli Battel
_ Chemical - ».— 'Tbalfl " "( """"' Gaseous Mixtures by
n,. Bli trli DIk h >»'d. C. Cooper.
,n, I J Ja< ol.. . mi. I stow I'apers.
iv ..( Anil 111 hi. -. - 80 ... v
Instltul ol Mechanical V -'The Cheiidoal and
M.. Inn" il delations of IlW n, and C'ai lain. Profe,
.1 <>. Arnold and A A. Head.
Viking, 'IS.— ' Result of thi i .ns of St. Edmunds
Chapel, Hunstanton, Mr H Loweriwn
Royal Institution, I -' fluid Motions.' Lord it ij
Moral Inst I H nimtnerlcs in Physical
\, lure |\ Prof. Hlr l .1 Thomson.
Irish Literary, ! —'The True Problem of Tudor Ireland,' Mr.
P, Wilson
Fin.
Hm
386
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
FINE ARTS
Art and Common Sense. By Royal
Cortissoz. (Smith, Elder & Co., 7.s. 6d.
net.)
Although we do not find on the title-
page of this work the customary acknow-
ledgment to editors, it is impossible to
avoid the assumption that its contents
have already appeared in the pages of
some periodicals — probably the illustrated
magazines with which the Americans of
other dajTs were wont to educate them-
selves. The republication of such essa}^
is always a doubtful venture. The
opinions of ten, even of five years ago on
a subject like art are apt to appear pro-
visional to-day. Above all, such work
suffers from the perpetual demand made
upon the critic for a definite verdict.
When these verdicts are published in the
permanence of " book-form," it becomes
patent to the writer that no one cares
whether they are just or not. It is not
the verdict that matters, but the reasons,
and his work becomes a contribution to
the literature of the subject only in pro-
portion as it holds a new idea or argument,
even if it be used to support the wrong
side of a quarrel.
This limitation, from which journalists
must suffer, and which ought to warn them
against republication, falls especially heavy
on Mr. Cortissoz, because he seems to
have been a person of such reputation in
certain circles that his opinion on every
vexed question was regarded as one of
light and leading. He thus writes home
to America authoritative reports of what
he sees in Europe, appraising the work of
deceased painters as he travels in Italy and
Spain, or sees Ingres's birthplace and the
museum there ; admiring Sargent almost
unreservedly ; and dismissing the rest of
the Academy almost as summarily as he
does the entire post-Impressionist move-
ment, inquiry into which he likens to the
action of the man in Lord Bowen's
familiar definition who " goes down into a
cellar at midnight to look for a black cat
that isn't there." We do not say that
this last opinion proves Mr. Cortissoz un-
intelligent, but it obviously limits what
he can have to say of interest on such
a theme as Post- Impressionism.
The title of the first essay, which gives
the title also to the book, enables us fairly
to surmise what his opinion is likely to be on
any subject ; he is a prudent conservative
of the date of about 1890-1900, and when
on p. 323 we find him walking " on the
outskirts of Paris with the late Philip
Gilbert Hamerton," we can trace his
descent from — surely one of the greatest
masters of the obvious that ever lived.
This enthusiasm for the literal truth
saves him, however, from the excesses of
most other enthusiasms. He keeps his
head as regards Whistler and Rodin, and
has the wit to inquire concerning con-
temporary European painting : " What
have the schools made of the liberty of
which they are so boastful ? " It is true
that in response the " creators " whom
he adduces are MM. Besnard and Henri
Martin.
In his essay on ' The Magic of Mere
Paint ' we seem to find a vein of genuine
critical relish for paint of highly developed
realistic suggestion and firm body, though
he avoids getting to such close quarters
in a technical discussion as migho either
alienate the general reader or instruct
him. His sympathies, moreover, are in-
stinctively with oil painting as a semi-
transparent medium, the word " opaque "
being almost always used as a reproach.
Around this core of real appreciation
are other expressed likings — for the Im-
pressionists and for the academic art of
Ingres — which appear to us to be less
keenly felt. Mr. Cortissoz forbids him-
self pursuit of " the tempting issue as to
whether we do not perhaps under-estimate
the value of the academic idea." Yet
if he had found it really tempting, we
cannot see it as other than a relevant
inquiry. Again, when contrasting Ingres
as a draughtsman with the Impressionists
and their discovery of the colour inherent
in light, he quotes the master's saying,
" Le dessin comprend tout — excepte la
teinte," as an example of unconscious
pathos in its admission of an undeniable
exception. But surely one of the prin-
cipal achievements of Impressionism was
to show that the setting out of a realistic
colour-scheme (wherein the colour reflected
on each plane is dictated by its exact
angle in relation to the others in the
picture) becomes by that very fact an
act of draughtsmanship, and colour the
indispensable servant of draughtsman-
ship.
Art in Flanders. By Max Rooses.
(Heinemann, 6s. net.)
In this handbook M. Max Rooses traces
the development of Flemish art from its
beginnings to the end of the nineteenth
century. M. Rooses, who is Director of the
Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, has
great knowledge of his subject, and has
made his record most comprehensive ; he
treats not only of painting and the kindred
arts of illumination and tapestry-designing,
but also of architecture and sculpture.
There are, moreover, excellent biblio-
graphies appended to each chapter, and
600 illustrations, which render the book
most valuable for purposes of reference.
Beginning with the Romanesque monu-
ments of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
centuries, the author reproduces photo-
graphs of the church of St. Vincent at
Soignies (which was begun as early as 965),
the Cathedral at Ypres, and Sainte Croix
at Liege, while secular building of the
period is represented by the Chateau des
Comtes at Ghent. Passing to a considera-
tion of early illuminated manuscripts,
M. Rooses treats at some length a subject
of great interest ; for here we have the
roots of Flemish painting, and we often
find in these primitive miniaturists an
emotional fervour of conception com-
bined with a simplicity of execution which
is absent from the art of more accom-
plished epochs ; and thus it comes that
modern art, with its tendency to subor-
dinate craftsmanship to emotional and
spiritual expression, is turning more and
more to the primitive for inspiration.
Chap, ii., which comprises the thir-
teenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries,
treats of the transition from Romanesque
to Gothic, which produced such charming
examples of church architecture as Notre
Dame de Pamele at Audenarde ; of pure
Gothic as shown in St. Martin at Ypres
and portions of Notre Dame at Tongres ;
and of the later manifestations of the
style in the singularly impressive facade
of Ste. Gudule at Brussels, and in the
Cathedral at Antwerp, with its dispro-
portionate spire, which follows the various
transformations of Gothic as it rises to
the sky. M. Rooses holds, however, that
the Flemish architects found their most
personal expression in the great secular
buildings of the period : the town halls of
Bruges and Brussels, the Halle d'Eau at
Bruges, the lavishly ornate town hall at
Louvain, and the delightful town hall at
Audenarde.
This period witnessed the culmination
of the miniaturists' art and that golden
age of Flemish painting which produced
some of the most marvellous pictures in
the world ; for to these centuries belong
the Van Eycks, Robert Campin, Rogier
van der Weyden, Dierick Bouts, Hugo
van der Goes, Memlinc and his pupil
Gheeraert David, Joachim Patinir (the
father of the landscape painters of the
North), Jerome Bosch with his macabre
imagination, Quentin Matsys, Peter
Breughel the elder (the creator of modern
genre painting), and the innumerable
petits rnaitres whose names are forgotten
or unknown. The chapter also includes
an account of church sculpture, and the
achievements of the tapestry weavers of
Arras and their descendants at Brussels
and other cities.
The history of Flemish art in the six-
teenth century is a sad record of the
stultification of the natural genius by
influences imported from Italy. Here
and there a name stands out. Mabuse
(whose important ' Adoration of the
Kings ' in the National Gallerv is not
mentioned by M. Rooses) and Van Conix-
loo remained essentially Flemish in spite
of their devotion to the prevailing fashions,
and the portraits of Floris and Van Cleef
still retain the traditional directness of
vision ; but the real fire only revived with
the advent of Rubens.
To Rubens, Van Dyck, and their school
M. Rooses devotes the fourth chapter.
He shows discrimination in reproducing
an admirable drawing by Jordaens, and
is appreciative of the adequate, if not
brilliant talent of Sustermans, and the
genial humour of Brouwer and Teniers.
The eighteenth centum was again barren,
and there is little evidence of the old
Flemish genius in the prolific output of
the late nineteenth century and our
own times. The whole book is written in
a scholarly and concise manner, and is
extremely readable.
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
THE A Til KN.KUM
387
THE LONDON GROUP.
This exhibition at the Goupi] Gallery is
of unusual interest compared with the aver-
age London show. Yet we doubt it it really
justifies the creation of another society.
Would it not have been possible to find a
modus vivcndi by which its principal mem-
bers went to enliven the New English Art
Club, the older members of which might
have refreshed, in their turn, the Royal
\ ademyj Things being ;1s they are, we
find the men of the newest schools surrounded
by their own more feeble adherents, with no
gain to unity of character (because already
the exhibition divides into two main cate-
gories of pictures mutually destructive, yet
hanging together indiscriminately), but with
a certain loss of gladiatorial interest. We
should have liked an opportunity of compar-
ing the attractions of the Cubists, not only
with colourists like Messrs. Spencer Gore
and Harold Oilman, but also with the more
definitely draughtsman's art of Mr. John,
or of Mr. Walter Sickert. whose defection
from the London Group at the eleventh
hour is to be deplored.
The gladiatorial interest is largely what
attracts the general public to such exhibitions
a- this. To see Mr. Harold Oilman's
Waterfall. Xoricay (3) — a picture which,
according to the painting traditions of yester-
day, is somewhat violent in colour — -
" knocked out *' by Mr. Edward Wads-
worth's Scherzo (4), with its more screaming
violence of pitch, appeals to an instinct
which may be decadent and brutal (as the
sentimentalist might call it), or healthy and
virile (as Signor Marinelli would have us
believe), but which is in any case a constant
factor in humanity. To indulge it, however,
it is obviously necessary that the exhibition
should contain, not only works like Mr.
Wadsworth's, which inevitably extinguish
any adjacent pictures with a notably narrower
range of colour or longer range of intervals,
but also works like that of Mr. Oilman,
which under stress of such juxtaposition
■imps reduced to a monotonous slab of
dull slate colour. We do not see why the
Oilmans of the future should consent to be
thus butchered to make a vulgar holiday —
the more so as the extinction of the picture
in the present instance is purely ocular and
mechanical. Intellectually, the Waterfall,
Norway, more than holds its own. This,
doubtless, is the root of the difficulty as
between the members of the New English
Art Club and the Cubists and Futurists. If
we look back, we must admit that here is
but the final stacre of a progressive increase
of violence in the use of colour which has
been going on for a long time. We can
imagine Mr. Wilson Steer (whose complex
brilliance of colour had outshone his more
academic predecessors) shrinking from
proximity to Mr. Oilman's work, with its
n-'- 01 pigments as brilliant in intervals
more abrupt, as from that of a rival whose
superiority was one merely in brutality :
that was exactly what his predecessors said
of some of his own work. Mr. Wadsworth,
unconcerned by any limitation of gamut
imposed by the suggestion of an actual
of Nature, can push the violence
further, and, indeed, to what appears to be
the limit of pigment, though doubtless
with tinsels more might be done. We can-
not ourselves find these juxtapositions
amusing, and we think it should be a point
of honour with Ffanging Committees to
'I them as far a- possible. Were all
these Futurists and Cubists hunt.' together in
a room apart, and the other elements of the
show gathered at some distance from them,
we should have a fairer opportunity of
judging which room we preferred to be in
— the more violent painting offering, cer-
tainly, a great stimulus to the senses, but
being necessarily rather monotonous; while
tin- older art, by its refusal in each picture
of certain of the possibilities of the paint-box,
obviously gains in particularity and indi-
vidual physiognomy.
The full possibilities of such variety are
hardly tested in this exhibition, the typical
Neo -Realist being already well on the
way to painting every subject and effect in
the same colours. Mr. Spencer Gore's The
Canal (35) is notable, however, as a survival
from an earlier school of painting very
acceptable in its subtlety and character.
Fresher and purer in colour than the eai'ly
works of Corot, which it recalls in its use
of delicately graded tertiaries, it certainly
gives an ensemble of closely related tones,
very single in effect, and hardly to be
summed up in fewer elements. Our only
criticism concerns the intrinsic delicacy, to
which the yellowing of oil is so dangerous,
and the attractive, yet unnecessary care-
lessness which leaves spots of white canvas
similarly open to the modifications of time.
Mr. Gore and Mr. Gilman are evidently the
best among that section of the exhibitors
which retains something of the Impressionist
standpoint. The latter artist's Eating-House
(29) is sumptuous in colour, and only a little
inferior to the Waterfall, the admirable com-
petence of which commands great respect,
even though it is here put to the service
of a somewhat commonplace vision- — a
vision, indeed, almost identical with that
of Mr. Sargent, though the technique of
the painters may be different. Creditable
work in the same school is also shown bv
Mr. Ratcliffe (7, 10, and 102); while Mr.
Ginner's Quai Duquesne, Dieppe (13), and
Mr. Harold Squire's Norden Heath (5) use
with some severity a more divisionist method.
It seems almost tactless thus long to
delay notice of a picture so obviously begging
for first place as Mr. Bomberg's enormous
canvas, In the Hold (67). It is the most
entirely successful painting in the exhibition,
and has the attraction which belongs to
complete success ; but then it means little,
being a well-balanced design of forms and
colours almost without significance. If we
imagine a welter of rectangular objects sunk
in the hold of a ship and lighted from the
top, it is clear that the tossing to and fro of
the light from plane to plane will result in a
jumble; that the clash will be greatest
towards the middle, and will sink through
more neutral colour towards black in the
corners ; that the proportion of the con-
stituent primaries will balance one another;
and that the conflict of angles will also to
some extent balance. Mr. Bomberg's design
just fulfils these conditions, and we do not
think, in this instance, the title is a mysti-
fication. Its interest is not proportionate
to its size, and it appears to lack utility,
though, carried out in textiles, the enriching
effect of the perspective of folds might afford
a sufficiently interesting design.
.Mr. Wadsworth's Radiation (33) would
also be attractive in some textile form like
embroidery, in which the structural interest
of the stitching mighl justify the spreading
out over the surface of a number of shapes
each of rather individual character, With
little in the waj of constructive principle to
bind them together. The arbitrary moving
about, until they make a pattern, of units of
form in themselves having Strong associa-
tions is lere done rather more acceptably
than by the Italian Futurists, who probably
prompted tie- experiment. The colour is
gay and daring, if it does not quite reach
di-.t inct ion.
We confess to real regret that the besl ol
the English Cubists should be turning
futurist before our eyes. Some of Mr.
Wyndham Lewis's works have seemed to us
to justify to some extent the claims of syn-
thetic drawing, and certainly to be in this
respect examples of a finer use of form than
most of the pictures by which they are
usually surrounded. The analytic view of
draw in- may be summed up in Mr. Sickert \s
dictum that "the whole is the sum of the
parts." The synthesist says that it is
nothing of the sort in its essence, but con-
sists in the principle upon which those parts
are combined, and the typical Cubist sets
himself to offer a rendering of Nature in
which the parts shall be entirely formal, and
so destitute of their natural character as no
longer to compete in interest with the funda-
mental combination of a few volumes in-
geniously interpenetrating which are the
struct ural basis of the theme. J f this basis bo
given — in whatever distorted form — clearly
and with sufficient particularity, the pro-
gramme may be insistent and extreme, but
it is interesting and intelligent.
In Mr. Lewis's latest works — Nos. 68 and
78 — we are unable to find any central
theme capable of being thus read in
terms of volumes; and although it is just
conceivable that this failure is accidental
(we found Mr. Brzeska's Alabaster Group,
112, quite unintelligible till a chance in-
spiration revealed a pair of antlered deer
as the suggestion of the design), yet we can
hardly believe a Cubist of the power of Mr.
Lewis would fail to make his forms clear if
he wished to do so, though he might leave us
doubtful as to what natural objects suggested
them. It appears to us rather that the
artist has been seduced by his furious mastery
of running line into a purely arbitrary design
on a plane, unfortunately punctuated at
intervals with details so invincibly sugges-
tive of solid shapes that they emerge almost
as the details emerged from the old-fashioned
Academy picture which had no central
theme to take precedence of them. This
does not, however, entirely submerge the
great merits of these works as inspiriting
gymnastic exercises. In this capacity they
show a more subtle sense of the demands
of the eye through a great range of eventu-
alities than does Mr. Bomberg's meticulous
marvel of boldly ruled lines.
Mr. Xevinson's Portrait of a Motorist (84),
almost the only example of Cubism left, is a
work of some capacity, much to be pre-
ferred to The Non-Sioqj (23) by the same
painter. Here is the dullest application of
the Futurist idea of flinging down un-
assorted scraps of vision, each obvious in
its significance, without troubling about the
relation they may bear to one another on
the canvas. We have seen more extremo
instances, of course, of the carrying out
of such a programme. It may reflect the
behaviour of the disjointed sequence of
unrelated impressions on the mind of the
hurried frequenter of motor-buses and tho
like. But the result is just as silly as
would be the ensemble of such impress!,
if we had no power of grouping, selecting,
and controlling them.
There remain a feu artists belonging to
neither of the groups already considered.
Mr. Adeney (34) shows a, a follower of
Cezanne, with some slight reminiscence,
perhaps, of l'uvis. .Madame Cinch lias in
her large Jalousie (I'M) delightful passu
in the painting of exotic plants in the back*
ground— passages, perhaps, over-elaborated
in the number of tones accorded to them
when we think of the degree of simplifica-
tion imposed upon the figure. Mr. Harold
Bund's Life under Water (97), a quite un-
pretentious panel suitable for a nursery
decoration, i-, one ol the most charming
feat or' J Of 1 li'- -how .
388
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
PAINTINGS AND DRAWINGS
BY MR. R. IHLEE.
Mr. Ihlee's collection of work at the
< 'arfax Gallery is far above what we are
accustomed to in " one-man shows," and is
-especially acceptable because the qualities
of patient, delicate workmanship which he
displays are so rare among the younger
generation of painters. As a colourist he
has one scheme which he has felt rather
keenly, and which he utilizes in subjects of
a few figures and a setting of broken earth :
a, scheme of purples and greens scumbled in
ingenious pattern on a brown ground, the
figures relieving in larger masses of flatter
colour. In his large pictures, The God-
less One (9) and the still better In the
■Country (18), he uses this scheme with con-
siderable decorative sense and a poetic
sentiment which is charming, if not very
robust. Outside this colour - scheme his
painting is inclined to be black, with suddenly
■emergent and intrusive notes of raw pig-
ment. Behind the Garage (14) is the most
obvious instance, because it is purely a
study from Nature, and not complicated by
the difficulties which beset an artist in works
of greater invention, such as No. 5, Le Bon
Dieu sort de VEglise, or No. 30, The Well,
in which a Pre-Raphaelite conception of
colour is used by an essentially modern
draughtsman in a way which rather hinders
him in the latter capacity.
Mr. Ihlee"s admirable drawings shown in
a previous exhibition in the same gallery
find worthy followers in Nos. 8, 15, 19, and
20. These show an elasticity by the side
of which his pictures look rather like
compilations. In the Country is the most
notable exception to this, the figures — clearly
.subordinate to the interesting form of the
land, which is the main theme — being admir-
ably in place and interesting in character.
Here unity of feeling and execution is
attained by abandoning most of the store
of accomplishment which we admired in
Mr. Ihlee's drawings, and he becomes an
idyllic painter, rather negative and timid,
but entirely charming. The dramatic power
of many of his drawings is as yet not effective
in his painting ; when he tries to utilize
it, it is apt to be an intrusion.
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
At the Baillie Gallery Mr. S. J. Peploe
handles the Post - Impressionist convention
of strong colour in heavily marked outline
with pleasantness and decorum, if with-
out much variety of inspiration. The
Harbour, Cassis (12), and Street, Evening
{!), are among the best examples, but none
is ill-chosen. No. 3, Champs Elysees, seems
a relic of an earlier manner, and is more
subtly suggestive than the others.
In the Bull-fighting subjects in the same
gallery Senor Roberto Domingo is inclined
to be common in colour, though he shows
much cleverness in using it. They have
almost all of them — Nos. 28 and 34 in par-
ticular— the look of being as literally truthful
in character as photographs, and that in
subjects of such extraordinary picturesque-
ness is an attraction.
At the Fine Art Society are some indif-
ferent presentments of Nijinsky by Messrs.
Sargent, Jacques Blanche, Glyn Philpot,
and others, the colour - study by the last
named being, perhaps, the best, but hardly
pretending to portraiture. Mr. Spencer
Watson's paintings show a somewhat diffuse
and miscellaneous cleverness. He seems to
have sufficient adaptability to learn a little
from every one, but to lack the definite
direction needed for pushing home any
requirement quite severely. Thus in No. 39,
Hawking, we find an actual jumble of two
ways of thinking.
Among the water-colours of Mr. Reginald
Smith (still at the Fine Art Society's
galleries) are one or two drawings, such as
Nos. 10, 45, and 58, which show competent
use of a well-worn convention.
Mrs. McClintock's water-colours at the
Dudley Galleries are often forcible and well
constructed (see Nos. 24, 30, 38, and 48).
Clever — perhaps too consciously clever —
they have the air of being by one of Mr.
Brangwyn's more capable students.
fint ]Vrt (gossip.
The public still lacks the details which
are really important as to the damage done
to the Rokeby ' Venus.' The press has, of
course, informed us that the commercial
value of the painting has been lowered by
something like 10,000?. What serious people
want to know is how far the necessary
restoration will damage the technique of a
master. If the ' Venus ' can be restored
without grave injury to that, its value for
students and artists will not be sensibly
reduced. It seems likely that the compara-
tively fictitious value of the picture led to
its being singled out for insensate attack by
a Suffragette.
In view of the continued interest shown
by students and the public in the collection
of Japanese colour-prints lent to the Vic-
toria and Albert Museum by Mr. R. Leicester
Harmsworth, and exhibited in Rooms 71-3,
it has been decided, with Mr. Harmsworth's
consent, to extend the period of exhibition
until the end of June.
The Commission for Education and Fine
Arts at the French Chamber is now discussing
a Copyright Bill by which works of art will
be protected as well as literary works. The
Bill recognizes a proprietary right in all
paintings, drawings, engravings, sculptures,
&c, put up for sale in the lifetime of the
artist, who will be entitled to a sum varying
from 1 to 4 per cent of the amount of the
sales. For fifty years — to run from the death
of the artist — the copyright will be vested
in his legatees.
We have received a copy of the coloured
poster of the Eleventh International Art
Exhibition, to be held in Venice this year.
The effective design, by Augusto Sezanne,
represents the Rialto Bridge, on which are
flying the red and gold banners of St. Mark.
On Friday of last week the Archbishop of
Canterbury unveiled at Birmingham a bronze
statue of Dr. Charles Gore, the first Bishop
of the city, now Bishop of Oxford. It
stands in St. Philip's Churchyard, near the
west front of the Cathedral, and is the work
of Mr. Stirling Lee. The Bishop is repre-
sented in his Convocation robes, standing,
his left hand holding his pastoral staff, and
his right uplifted in the act of benediction.
Dr. Philip Norman will deliver an address
on London City Churches, illustrated by
lantern -slides, at the Annual General Meeting
of the London Topographical Society, to be
held at Burlington House on Wednesday
next.
Prof. Naville sent to The Times re-
cently a description of the latest dis-
covery made by the Egypt Exploration
Fund in the Osireum — no less, it is believed,
than the tomb itself of Osiris. It is a
chamber absolutely empty, and the texts
painted on the wall bear witness to its
character.
The Chinese Government have consented
to the demolition of that part of the walls of
Nanking which fronts the river. The walls
of Nanking count among the architectural
wonders of China, equal in massiveness and
dignity to those of Pekin, and, with their
twenty miles of circumference, far surpassing
them in extent. Along most of the top two
carriages can easily drive abreast, and in
several places their height is from 60 ft. to
80 ft. They were completed in 1390 by the
great Hungwu, founder of the Ming dynasty.
In consenting to a partial demolition the
Government is yielding to representations
on the part of the authorities of Kiangsu,
influenced by the merchants of the place,
who profess a fear that the city, with its
walls intact, may serve as an all too effec-
tive stronghold for rebels, and a hope that
their commerce will benefit by easier com-
munication with the river.
The commerce of Nanking is, however,
insignificant, while, on the other hand, Nan-
king is the natural guardian of the Yangtsze
Valley, the weakening of which seems a
questionable measure. What strikes the
outsider as much more lamentable is the
destruction of one of the most remarkable
and beautiful of the antiquities of China.
PICTURE SALE.
On Friday, the 6th inst., at Messrs. Christie's,
some -good prices were realized for Old Masters,
works by F Bol and W. van de Velde fetching
over 2,000Z. each.
estThe following pictures were from the Gomm
Collection : L. Backhuysen, The Port of Amster-
dam, 525Z. ; A Coast Scene, three figures on a
mound, watching a fishing-boat coming ashore
on a sandy beach, a man-of-war beyond, 525Z.
P. Bol, Portrait of a Young Lady, in crimson
bodice, with dark cloak held in front by her
left hand ; wearing a large crimson hat with
white feather, 2.205Z. Rembrandt, Portrait of an
Old Man, in dark dress trimmed with fur, and
with white ruff ; some books and papers seen on
the left, 997?. 10s. S. Scott, A View on the
Thames at Westminster, the bridge in course of
construction, 346Z. 10s. ; A View of Old London
Bridge, 367Z. 10s. D. Teniers, A Village Scene,
before a building on the left a peasant holding
a spade, a woman scouring a pot, and another
woman coming through a doorway ; on the right,
a peasant driving cows, 2101. W. van de Velde,
A Fleet at Anchor, a calm, with a man-of-war
on the left having her sails furled, and a small
boat full of people alongside of her ; other vessels
at various distances, 2,625Z. ; Vessels in a Calm,
on the left a ship of war, with all her sails hanging
loose on the yards, firing a salute, 630Z. ; A
Stormy Sea, in the centre a yacht with four flags,
336Z. ; A Fishing-Boat putting out to Sea, 231Z.
The remainder were from different properties.
Drawings : J. E. Liotard, Mrs. Ann Fisher,
in bright-blue satin cape, and black hat over a
white lace cap, 2731. D. Gardner, Anthony,
fifth Earl of Shaftesbury, when a boy, in white
Van Dyck costume, seated on a terrace, pastel,
189Z. J. Russell, Mrs. Rowe, in white muslin
dress, with mauve sash, holding a golden lyre,
pastel, 157?. 10s. M. Schongauer, St. Agnes,
pen and ink, 102Z. 15s.
Pictures : J. van Goyen, Old Buildings near a
Pool, 241Z. 10s. A. Brauwer, The Interior of a
Tavern, a group of boors seated round a table,
merrymaking ; the nearest, in a pink coat,
holds up a stoneware jug in his hand, 1.974Z.
Raeburn, Rev. Robert Walker, D.D., in black
coat and knee-breeches, skating on a lake, 546Z.
B. Bellotto, A View of Turin, 378Z. A. van der
Neer, A River Scene, Sunset, buildings among trees
on either bank, 420Z. J. Opie, Miss Dee, in dress
cut low at the neck and edged with white muslin,
997Z. 10s. T. Hudson, Admiral Charles Watson
with his Son, the Admiral in uniform, walking,
in a landscape ; his young son, in Oriental costume,
standing before him, 430Z. 10s. Reynolds,
Henrietta Catherine, daughter of Stephen Croft,
and wife of N. Cholmley, leaning her right elbow
on a pedestal, 252Z. ; Maria Christina, Lady
Arundell, in rich dress and crimson cloak, carry-
ing her coronet in her right hand, 420Z. ; Henry,
eighth Baron Arundell, in embroidered surcoat with
crimson coat, leaning his right arm on a pedestal,
on which is his coronet, 304Z. 10s. ; Mary, Lady
Arundell, in white dress, and crimson cloak
trimmed with ermine, standing by a gilt console-
table, on which is her coronet, 525Z. ; Henry,
seventh Baron Arundell, in embroidered surcoat,
resting his left arm on a stone pedestal, on
which is his coronet, 304Z. 10s.
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
389
MUSIC
Early Bodleian Music : Lit rod net ion to
the Study of some of the Oldest Lot in
Musical Manuscripts in the Bodleian
Library. Oxford. By Edward Williams
Byron Xieholson. (Novello & Co.. 3/. 3s.)
In hi* Preface the author (whose death
occurred in March, 1012) states that
'■ this volume is the complement to the
splendid collection of " Early Bodleian
Music " produced by the late Sir John
Stainer with the assistance of his son,
Mr. J. F. B. Stainer. his daughter, Miss C.
Stainer, and myself."
He gives only the most important ex-
amples of neum-writing up to the end of
the eleventh century, and such twelfth
century examples written in England as
supply links in the history of English
notation. Even so the work has been
laborious.
Of the time occupied by his task he
supplies a good idea when he says :
" I fear to guess how many weeks, or
rather months, MS. Bodley 775 has cost
me."
Of these " important " manuscripts
we note one or two. Bodley 572 —
the contents of which were written during
the ninth and tenth centuries, partly in
or near Brittany, partly in Cornwall
— is interesting because it came most
probably into the Bodleian Library from
Canterbury, where Sigeric of Glaston-
bury lie came Archbishop in 990. His
promotion from Glastonbury to St. Augus-
tine's is the only one on record ; and we
are told that, ' bej-ond any reasonable
doubt."' the Canterbury monasteries got
their MSS. of this kind from Glastonbury.
Sigeric became Abbot of St. Augustine's
in 980. and from a curious mark — the
meaning of which is explained — in a
Paschal table in the MS. in question
Mr. Xieholson inferred that the table was
written " after Easter, 980, and before
Easter. 981." The neums in it are, how-
•r, of the eleventh century.
Many pages are devoted to MS. 775,
which consists of three MSS. bound up
together. The first (A) is a Winchester
Troper, the third (C) a Winchester Proser,
and the second (B), written Liter, a Win-
chesl S quentiarv. The contents show
that it is a Winchester book, and the
writings of A and (' are by typical
Winchester hands. Judging from saints
named in the litanies of A. Mr. Xiehol-
son believed their source to be Poitiers or
Tours. His reasons, and his answers to
the objections of the Rev. B. Bannister —
an authority in liturgical matters, and
one for whom Mr. Nicholson had the
highest regard— are too lengthy to give,
hut they certainly seem to justify his
opinion. No Tours Troper is known to
exist, hut certain evidence adduced gives
weight to Mr. Nicholson's contention that
'"with tin--.- results it i-i impossible for
in <■ to doubt that the basilica of St. Martin
outside Tours waa a great centre of mu
composition, whence tropes not only for
Martin hut for other saints were obtained
Martinian foundations, and from tl
foundations borrowed by a tew others in
local contact or communication with them."
" Let us next enquire," says Mr. Nichol-
son, " how and when a Tours Troper
reached Winchester." There seems strong
cumulative evidence in favour of there
having been a book, but no actual proof ;
even Mr. Nicholson speaks of " the Tours,
or a copy of it." His arguments, how-
ever, are interesting, especially what he
says about .Ethelstan's sisters married to
the King of France and the Duke of Paris.
One verse of an ' Alleluia,' he adds,
"leaves me in no doubt that it originates
at Tours itself."
In C there is a Prose relating to the
death of Martin which " looks very
much as if written by a Tours canon in
the period shortly preceding 885," when
the canons took the saint's body from his
sepulchre in the basilica to a safer place.
Further and strong evidence is given
showing how a so-called Germanus Prose
was intimately connected with St. Martin
or with the community of the basilica
outside Tours. But we must pass on.
The titles of tunes in B (the Sequen-
tiary) are longer than in C. The compiler
of C was evidently working with B before
him, for they are shortened. Here is one
out of fourteen, by way of illustration : —
The Se<iuentiary (B). The Proser (C).
Beatus vir Stephanus. Beatus vir.
The following explanation will help
readers : —
" The musical difference between the
Proser and the Sequentiary is this : the
former gives the tunes over the words,
the latter gives only the tunes."
There is one very important fact to men-
tion. In the Tours Sequentiary there
are titles corresponding to those of 13
of the 37 tunes to which Notker wrote.
Notker died in 912, and the titles of almost
all these tunes " suggest that they were
borrowed, and not composed by him."
Hence we have in A and C and B
" a body of music not only absolutely inde-
pendent of Xotker, but anterior to him —
reaching back how far no one knows."
In the Sequentiary we find the tune of
the ' Candida Planctus Cigni ' (' Plaint of
the White Swan'), and in Owe have both
tune and words. It begins thus : —
Let the children complain with one bewailing
Of the winged swan which crossed the water plains.
The poem is in a secular spirit, but it was
adapted to sacred purposes. One writer
describes it as an allegory of the Fall of
Man. Another lune, ' Greca Pulchra ' (' The
Pretty Creek Girl,' or Melody ?), has been
set in a Cambridge MS. to sacred words.
Thus in those early days secular music
was pressed, as formerly, and even now,
into the service of the Church.
Much more could be said about other
MSS. described, but we must confine our
remarks to that form of the stave with
which the name of Cuido of AreZKO
is commonly associal d. Our author
quotes Rockstro's statement in the second
edition of Grove's' Did ionary,1 thatGuido's
claim to the invention of lines and spaces
supported by trery strong evidence
indeed hut Mr. Nicholson has ht t le
trouble in showing that it is very weak.
The staff was begun with two lines
(red and yellow) before Guido's time ;
of the other two, black ones, it can
only be said that they are attributed to
Cuido.
In regard to the interpretation of the
neums before lines gave some help
there are many difficulties : signs, marks,
letters of which the meaning is unknown or
doubtful. In many instances the neums
were probably a rough kind of shorthand
for the singers to remember what the
priest had taught them.
The volume ends with seventy-one
magnificent facsimiles, notable for clear-
ness.
Jftustral (Bossip.
Herr Julius Schroder gave a concert
last Monday evening at Queen's Hall. The
one novelty — for, having been performed
only once at the Crystal Palace Saturday
Concerts in 1896, it was probably new to
most of the audience — was a Symphony by
Herr Christian Shading, whose songs, piano-
forte pieces, and chamber music are much
in favour. The Symphony shows skill and
earnestness, but of the four movements
the opening one and the Finale are the
least satisfactory. The themes are good,
but there is something formal in their
development, something which savours of
effort rather than inspiration. This is
especially the case in the Finale. Pleasing
touches are to be found in the Andante,
although the scoring is at times heavy ;
and the Scherzo has character and rhythmic
life. We could discover no special reason
for reviving the work, the composer
having since achieved success only in
works of small compass. Herr Schroder is
a painstaking conductor, and he seemed
bent on rendering full justice to the work,
which was performed by the excellent
Queen's Hall Orchestra ; he therefore would
do well to follow the advice of one of the
Seven Wise Men : n-qSev ayav. Wagner
songs were tastefully sung by Madame
Gerhardt, who was not, however, in her
best voice.
Senor Pablo Casals appeared at the
second Classical Concert last Wednesday
evening, and played with his accustomed
skill and understanding a Suite written by
Bach for a five-Stringed instrument- a
Viola Pomposa — which he is said to have
invented. This Suite was arranged by
Griitzmarm for 'cello. The numerous re-
peats render the Suite rather long, and might
well he omitted. They were customary in
Bach's time, and even Beethoven's, and in
works of large compass once served a
definite purpose ; but many of those marked
l>v Beethoven an' now property omitted.
Miss Jelly von Aranyi and Mr. !•'. S. Kelly
offered a sound reading of Brahms - ex]
sive Sonata in [a for violin and pi. him. but
the violinist was the more sympathetic
interpreter.
A oonoebt was given the same evening
by Hen- Franz Liebich at the /ESolian
Hall, the music being bj mod, m French
and Hungarian compost There were
tu ,, Elegit ^ for piano, one by Bela
Bart6k, the other bj Z61tan Kodalj :
;,i ,, a Sonata for cello and piano by the
latter. An introductory note bj Mrs. Franz
I.,, l .icft explained ' heA the two an i-i - just
i , ,i,i ioned had fret d I tungai ian mu
,ui thai of the e\ot IC L'i|,-\ . I lie ah, n
( ., i man, and the giant per "iialit les of
\\ agner and Liszt. In these B
390
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
" classical in form, though difficult at first
hearing," and in the Sonata folk-tunes thus
clarified are " tightly cemented." One of
several songs sung by Madame May Cole-
man was quite clear in rhythm and tonality,
but as regards the rest of the pieces Mrs.
Liebich seems right in saying that " to meet
with the needed sympathetic response their
peculiar phraseology must be familiarized
to the listener." The continual change of
time and rhythm, and the indefinite tonality
made it impossible to form any definite
opinion respecting this purified Hungarian
music.
Mb. Plunket Gbeene gave one of his
interesting and instructive song recitals at
the iEolian Hall on the 5th inst. There are
two points to note. One, and the more
important, is the large space accorded to
British contemporary composers, and to
traditional airs arranged by British com-
posers, whose knowledge of, and love for,
such music is well known. The other is the
absence of novelties. Mr. Greene, of course,
does not object to them on principle, but
now and again a programme without any is
not unpleasant, and certainly welcome to
the public. Mr. S. Liddle at the piano
added to the success of the evening.
Dr. Charles Harriss has returned to
London from his home in Ottawa for the
rehearsals of the Imperial Choir.
The concert given by the Oriana Madrigal
Society at Queen's Hall last Tuesday evening
was of interest. The opportunities of hear-
ing Mr. Frederick Delius's ' Sea Drift,' pro-
duced at the Sheffield Festival of 1908
under the direction of Sir Henry J. Wood,
are indeed rare. In this work the com-
poser has created a mood in agreement
with the words ; and in such a matter he is
strong. In the solo part, Avell rendered by
Mr. Thorpe Bates, he, however, seems in his
earnestness to have forgotten that it is un-
comfortable for the singer, and, although
the Queen's Hall Orchestra jolayed with all
care, Mr. Kennedy Scott, the conductor,
was unable, probably owing to insufficient
rehearsal, to obtain the necessary lights and
shades and balance with the choir. Mr.
Delius's harmonies are so individual that
the least exaggeration of tone or the reverse
might easily convey a wrong impression.
Later in the evening the composer's short
orchestral piece, ' On Hearing the First
Cuckoo in Spring,' was played, and with good
effect. The music gains on acquaintance;
it is a charming tone-poem, and of just the
right length.
Mr. Balfour Gardiner's impressive setting
for chorus and orchestra of Mr. Edward
Carpenter's ' April ' was admirably sung. Mr.
Gustav von Hoist's setting of Prof. Gilbert
Murray's ' Hymn to Dionysus,' for female
chorus and orchestra, is clever and quaint.
He has tried, not to imitate, since Greek
music is virtually lost, but to create a certain
Greek atmosphere. The work was conducted
by the composer. The concert ended with
some delightful North-country folk-tunes,
arranged by Mr. W. G. Wh'ittaker, and
given under his direction.
The season at Co vent Garden came to an
end last Tuesday, when ' Parsifal ' was per-
formed for the fourteenth time. During the
summer season, which opens on April 20th,
the German section will include the ' Ring '
cycle, which Herr Nikisch will conduct,
and possibly one or two performances of
' Parsifal ' under the direction of Mr. Albert
Coates.
A new Quartet by Sir Charles Stanford
will be produced by the Wessely Quartet
this afternoon at Bechstein Hall.
Miss Kathleen Schlesinger will deliver
a lecture on ' Harmonics, the Basis of the
Evolution of Music and Musical Instru"
merits,' on the 21st inst., at Mr. Chilten's
studio, 9, Hart Street, Bloomsbury, at 3.30.
Mrs. Angelena Frances Clarke, whose
will has recently been proved, has bequeathed
to Southwark Cathedral a sum sufficient to
produce 601. a year for the support of two
singing boys to be called " the Clarke
Chanters." Each boy, so long as he con-
tinues a chanter, is to have 101. a year paid
to him in cash, and 201. a year set aside, to
accumulate for him as a fund towards the
cost of his education after he has ceased to
be a chanter. Each chanter is, while singing,
to wear round his neck a rose-coloured ribbon
upon which is hung a badge designed by
Mr. E. R. Dalrymple of the Victoria and
Albert Museum, one of the executors.
There will be a Municipal Festival at
Brighton, November 10th to 13th ; but Mr.
Lyell - Tayler, the municipal conductor, is
anxious that other English conductors (Sir
Frederick Bridge and Sir Henry J. Wood,
Messrs. Thomas Beecham and Laiidon
Ronald) should be connected with the
Festival, and so will take no active part.
In 1912 Mr. Basil Hindenberg was ap-
pointed conductor of the newly organized
municipal orchestra at Torquay, and in 1913
a successful Wagner Centenary Festival was
held, the orchestra being increased for the
occasion. A second festival will take place
next month, at which an early work by
Igor Stravinsky will be performed, a Sym-
phony in e flat.
Mr. Arthur Hervey, who has contri-
buted attractive tone-pictures to provincial
festivals (Cardiff, Norwich, and Brighton) and
composed many songs and violin pieces, has
written an opera, ' Ilona,' of which a series
of performances for various charities is to
be given in May at a West -End theatre. A
one-act opera, 'The Fairy's Post Box,' has
been, we believe, his only contribution to the
stage.
' Le Timbre d'Argent,' M. Saint-Saens's
first opera, was produced at the Paris
Theatre Lyrique in 1877, the same year in
which his ' Samson et Dalila ' was given
at Weimar, but only the latter achieved
success. The composer is, however, of opinion
that the public has never duly appreciated
the former. He has cut out various numbers,
and substituted recitative for the spoken
dialogue, and in this form the opera has just
been revived at the Monnaie, Brussels. M.
Saint-Saens was present, and the work was
well received. However, it may only have
had a succes d'esiime. It has never been
given in London.
Sir Henry J. Wood will again be con-
ductor of the Sheffield Festival, which will
open on October 28th and end on the 31st.
The following novelties are announced :
' Spring Fire,' tone-poem by Mr. Arnold Bax ;
and ' The Tinker's Wedding,' by Mr. Hamil-
ton Harty.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Sun.
Mos.
Ties.
Wed.
Concert, 3.30, Royal Albert Hall.
Sunday Concert Society. 3.30. Queen's Hall.
Sascha Culbertson's Violin Recital, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
Royal Philharmonic Society, 8, Queen's Hall.
Madame Le Grand Reed's Souk Kecital, 8.30, Bechstein Hall.
Scriahin's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15. Bechstein Hall.
Grand Irish Festival, 8, Royal Albert Hall.
Howard-Jones's Pianoforte Recital, 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
Murray Kavey's Song Recital, 3.15, jEolian Hall
Philip Levine's Violin Recital. 3 15. Bechstein Hall.
— Tora Hwass's Concert. 3 15. Steinway Hall.
— Classical Concert Society. 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
— Edward Mason Choir. 8.15, Queen's Hall.
— Willy von Sadler's Vocal Kecital. 8 15 jEolian Hall.
Tiil-rs. Ella Spraka's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
— Jane Sterling Mackinlay's Song Kecital, 3.30. Little Theatre.
— Alexia Baseian and Adelina de Lara's Matinee, 4, Claridge's
Hotftl.
— F. S. Kelly's Pianoforte Recital. 8.15. ..Eolian Hall.
Frances Klein's Pianoforte Recital, 8 15, Bechstein Hall
F. B. Ellis's Concert of Modern Orchestral Music, 8.15, Queen's
Hall.
Arnolde Stephenson's Vocal Recital. 8.15. iEolian Hall.
Kvelyn Althaus's Vocal Recital, 8.30, Bechstein Hall.
Dorothy Moggridge's Pianoforte Recital, 3, .Eolian Hall.
Marian Jay and Ada Thomas's Violin and Pianoforte Recital,
3.15. Bechstein Hall.
Fiu.
Sat.
DRAMA
A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare :
The Tragedie of Cymbeline. Edited by
Horace Howard Furness. (Lippincott
Co., 15s. net.)
Last summer we noticed in this excellent
edition ' Julius Csesar,' annotated by Dr.
Furness's son. The ' Cymbeline ' before
us is the last work of the veteran scholar,
and a brief ' Foreword ' quotes from a
letter of his three days before his death
the words : —
' ' I ' ve many a time gone to press when
I 've been not nearly so ready as I am now
with ' Cym.' "
Everything is, in fact, in order except
the articles on Stage History, and Actors'
Interpretations, and the List of Books
Consulted, which the son has " not
ventured to supply." This seems to us a
pity, as the Index has been compiled by
another hand.
It is well to insist that the dramas of
Shakespeare were designed for the stage,
not for the study, and any details of acting,
including modern popularity or neglect,
may help us to realize the differences
between the Elizabethan audience and
that of later days. We know at least that
Posthumus was one of Garrick's best parts.
The Preface raises at once the diffi-
culties felt by most critics as to the varying
quality of ' Cymbeline.' So far as Imogen
is concerned, we are at the very height of
Shakespeare's art ; we can regard her
with Swinburne as the crowning glory in
the long gallery of the poet's women, and
even in the impulsive quickness of her
warm heart above Cordelia. But Imogen
and her fortunes are only part of a play
which we must censure as ill-constructed,
and in some cases appealing to the ground-
lings in stuff, the manner and matter of
which are some way below Shakespeare's
level, especially in the years after his great
tragedies. ' Cymbeline,' ' The Winter's
Tale,' and ' The Tempest ' form a group in
which the reaction from those tragedies
has (rightly, we think) been regarded as a
potent influence. Ready forgiveness, re-
conciliation, family reunion, seem to over-
ride in this group the chances and verdicts
of the harsh world ; we are almost in the
region of the fairy-tale which presents
things as they should be, and puts aside
the dark passions and sorry accidents of
human life.
Beginning with laughter at Dr. John-
son's severe remarks on the play, Furness
ended by admitting their justice. What is
the explanation offered ? It is that in
weariness of soul Shakespeare troubled only
about the story of Imogen, and all that
is weak and trivial is the work of another
man, an inferior assistant who did the
whole of Belarius, and even trespassed
on the ground sacred to Imogen and the
supreme poet.
This is an easy way out of the difficulty,
if we could take it. We may perhaps
ascribe to the claims of pageantry the
vision of Posthumus and the stilted
masque of the fifth act. These may not
No. 4507, MJLBCH 14, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
391
bo Shakespeare's, but of other incon-
sistencies and weaknesses we must hold
him capable. Down to the end of his
career he made concessions to his audience :
he knew, for instance, that their iron
nerves would tolerate, and even rejoice in,
scenes of blood and violence which would
hi- impossible on the stage to-day. He
mixed with exquisite poetry and deep
philosophy puns and low jests which were
surely intended to please the pit. A
remarkable essay by the Poet Laureate in
the ' Stratford Town Shakespeare,' vol. x.,
should be read in this regard, for its main
conclusions seem to us unassailable. It
has been too much the fashion to regard
Shakespeare as a national institution, and
so perfect at every point, and consequently
to ascribe to others what in his plays seems
less than perfect. Even a superman is
not always at his high level of perform-
ance. The best of * Cymbeline ' ranks
among the best Shakespeare has given us.
Its obscurity of language and its incon-
sistencies are to the present reviewer signs
that, worn by the work of the great
tragedies, he could not, or did not care
to, pay attention to details. He had had
by this time a long and exacting course of
public means which public manners breeds;
he was tired of the town (why else did he
return to Stratford ?), and gave it with
contemptuous indifference much of the
stuff that was good enough for it, and
that it wanted. Furness regards it as
established that Shakespeare's charac-
ters are '* always perfectly consistent."
Can we say as much ? Hardly, for
Shakespeare puts his fine excess of wit into
characters which do not deserve it — even,
perhaps, into a preposterous ass like
Cloten.
Turning to the text in detail, we realize
after examining it the amount of work
involved in gathering the remarks of a
host of commentators. Here the}' all are,
or, at any rate, as much of them as any
student of Shakespeare can desire to see.
It is a great relief at the end of a confusing
variety of views on a passage to come upon
the editor's own decision as to the mean-
ing, which is brief and generally much
to the point. All his drudgery, too, did
did not dull his brightness, and he is
entitled to his pleasant word on the worst
vagaries now and again. Thus Walker
repeatedly insists that two syllables are
pronounced as one, e.f/., " blowing " in
Act IV. sc. i. 224, and the article which
promulgates these views
'" should be, 1 think, carefully avoided by
all who believe that there is really such a
thing as a well <>i English pure and undefiled.
....In th<- presenl instance he would have
to pronounce ' blowing a monosyllable.
II' be done, without recourse to the
ech of the Bowery or Whitechapel, it is
not easy to see. But ha'ng laid down tin's
jew'l of a rule he is aide to regard some
po*ms written by po'ts as undy'ng po'try."
We mention a few only of many points
\\e have noted. The unpleasant "vomil
emptiness" of Iaehimo (I. \ii. 52) shows,
Furn .inks, that the play was written
late in life, for " old men are not as
squeamish in matters of refinement as are
younger men." The text in " cause of
fear " (IV. ii. 151) leads to more than two
solid pages of comments in small type,
which include the suggestion that " the
Author may, through inadvertence, have
said the reverse of what he means " !
On the next page (302) a reference should
be added to the earlier note on " Luds-
Towne " (p. 174). " Creeke " (IV. ii. 198)
is noted as good American for a small
stream, and Furness adds with national
pride : " What are rivers in England,
such as the Thames, would be probably
here called ' creeks.' " " Invisible " (IV.
ii. 229) may be for "k invincible," for the
two are frequently confused. In Imogen's
famous appeal to Posthumus
Why did you throw your wedded lady fro you?
Thinke that you are upon a Roeke, and now
Throw rue again,
Dowden's ingenious " lock" for"Rocke,"
first tentatively, and then confidently, put
forward by him, has found a good deal of
favour. The phrase " upon a lock " as a
wrestling term has Elizabethan authority.
Furness praises the emendation, but ex-
plains the text as a comment on the nature
of Posthumus : —
" Natures like this, unless they are to be
for ever feathers to every wind that blows,
must consent to find peace and rest at last
only on foundations as firm set as earth's
base. Such granitic foundation Imogen's
unshaken devotion offered."
This seems to us too subtle. We are
satisfied with the simpler meaning : " Ima-
gine yourself on some high rock, and throw
me from you — if }rou have the heart to do
it." From such a fearful and dizzy height
Gloucester in ' King Lear ' thought he had
precipitated himself. Furness is right,
we think, as to *; forlorne " (V. v. 482)
meaning " in poor beseeming " (1.487), or,
as we might say to-day, " of forlorn appear-
ance." Cymbeline calls Posthumus, who
unknown had played a great part in the
recent fray, " the forlorne soldier." Dow-
den takes this to mean the soldier who
could not be found, which is possible.
But Ave prefer Furness's view. A man
who fights in rags with a naked breast
must be desperate or desperately poor, or
a " poor creature." Falstaff says of
Shallow in his early days that " 'a was so
forlorn that his dimensions to any thick
sight were invincible," a passage, by the
bjr, which also illustrates the confusion
we have mentioned above.
The supply of criticisms at the end of
the book is clearly incomplete. We find
Gervinus, Weiss, and R. W. Boodle, but
not a word from Dowden. The [ndes is
useful, but not so good as it might be.
Dramatic (Bossip.
When the Play Actors produced ' A King,'
by Bjbrnson, a1 the Court Theatre on .Mon-
day last. one was conscious of a sharp
division of opinion amongst the audience.
Some endured it with more or less concealed
impat tence, others were as frankly interested.
It ib not, however, to be imagined thai there
u<re any who were not grateful to the
company lor the opportunity afforded, or
lacking in appreciation of the translator's
work. Since Mr. It. Farquharson Sharp's
version is to be included in a forthcoming
volume of BjSrnson's plays in Mi rs. Dent's
" Everyman's Library," it is needless to
dwell on the titanic intentions of the drama.
These will be bettor realized away from
the crudities which seem flagrant in dra-
matic exposition. The canvas is crowded
with figures, each overcharged with sym-
bolism ; the action of the play consists in
their successive endeavours to relieve them-
selves of tho burden p laced upon them by
a man of genius unmindful or reckless of
human frailty.
In the result one found oneself mingling
pity with gratitude over the efforts made by
Mr. Frank Randell to sustain the part of the
young King, a kind of Hamlet struggling
against the system which makes him act
the part of padlock on the cashbox of estab-
lished institutions. Mr. Albert Ward, as a
peripatetic 2)hilosopher, acted with the
utmost vigour; and Barbara Everest, who
seems made to play the modern maiden of
serious intent and high purpose, was simple
and sincere as the Republican's daughter
affianced to the King. Mr. Norman Mac-
Owan made excellent use of his opportunities
as a rich manufacturer who encourages the
King's democratic tendencies, and thus in-
curs the philosopher's hatred.
The opulent pageantry of Mr. Knob-
lauch's ' Kismet ' may now again be seen
and enjoyed at the Globe Theatre. Mr.
Oscar Asche and Lily Brayton have
journeyed to the Antipodes and back
during the years which have passed since
it was first produced, but his sturdy ferocity
and bombast as the truculent beggar have
lost nothing of their pungency, while as
Marsinah she is bewitching in voice and
action as before. Several who played
important parts in 1911 are included in the
cast, amongst them Mr. Herbert Grimwood
as the evil Wazir, and Bessie Major as
an old nurse. Mr. Ben Webster as the
Caliph is replaced by Mr. Frederic Worlock ;
and Suzanne Sheldon succeeds Mrs. Raleigh
as the Wazir's revengeful spouse.
The fascination of ' Kismet ' is of the
eye and of the imagination. Dreams and
visions which are almost a common posses-
sion are shown on a few square yards of
staging, whether with or without the support
of authenticity who cares ? The streets of
London are hundreds of miles away, the
doors of harem and bazaar are open, and
nothing in tho whole procession of colour
recalls the prosaic facts of everyday exist-
ence. No wonder English folk appreciate
the relaxation afforded. With the one ex-
ception of the dancing, which somehow
misses fire, the production is a triumph.
A further important alteration in the
cast of 'The Melting-Pot' at the Queens
Theatre was made on Monday ni^ht, when
Grace Lane succeeded Phyllis Relph in tin
part of Vera RevendaL
As the exiled daughter of a Russian noble-
man who had sacrificed social position,
family, and (hut for a happy chance) 1 1< i
liberty itself, in the service of her oppressed
fellow-countrymen, the actress showed sym-
pathetic insight. She was perhaps at her
best during the poignant culmination of the
third act , w hen her .lew i > h lo\ <r recognizee in
her father the officer under whose supervision
his entire family had been butchered before
his e\ 68.
Here an actress of less experience might
bave been beguiled into an inartistic exi I
of hysterica] emotion. Grace Lane, how-
ever, exhibited a strength and restraint
which, in our opinion, amply compensated
tor the Blight suggestion of artifice in her
rendering of the more sentimental passages
ol the play.
If the piece is to have a long run, mo
would suggest some improvement in the
392
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
setting of the fourth act. At r)resent this is
almost painfully crude.
Mb. Sutro's play 'The Two Virtues,'
in which Sir George Alexander is appearing
at the St. James's, is so void of interest, and
the elocution of two of its exponents so
poor, that, apart from an occasional
sparkle in the dialogue, our attention rarely
strayed from the one feature of the pro-
duction which cannot be overlooked and for
which credit must be given to the costumiers.
•Sir George as a man of letters of autumnal
years with a cherished romance carries the
weight of his part with a gay light-hearted-
ness which almost succeeds in covering it
with distinction.
The three women who complicate his
■existence are his sister, a false fair one who
jhad jilted him for a posing poet (vigorously
played by Mr. Herbert Waring), and a third,
outside their social pale, whose upbringing
has somehow or other prepared her to act as
collaborator in the historian's magnum opus.
The first two of these stand for chastity
without charity, the last for charity alone,
with the result that a slur is cast on both
virtues, and vice made attractive by com-
parison.
Mr. Justice Eve settled recently a rather
amusing dispute as to whether a Borough
Council might lawfully permit public baths
to be used for a kinematograph theatre.
It seems that by section 5 of the Baths and
Washhouses Act of 1878 Borough Councils
may, for a period of not more than five
months from November to March, close any
swimming bath and let it as an empty build-
ing for purposes of " healthful recreation " —
provided always music and dancing are not
understood as included.
What Mr. Justice Eve had to decide was
whether looking on at a kinematograph
show was "healthful recreation." Was it
" recreation " at all as contemplated by the
Legislature ? asked its opponents. Did not
the Legislature mean " physical " exercise ?
His lordship held there was nothing to
justify this limitation. "If it were so
limited," he said, " many people who were
beyond physical exercise would be deprived
of recreation in these places altogether."
We think he might have added that for
people whose work keeps them on their legs
all day, sitting still is a decided "physical
recreation."
But, argued the opponent again, though
it be " recreation," could it be called " health-
ful " recreation ? there being nothing to
prevent an unwholesome entertainment from
being given. That, his lordship ruled,
" was not the true test to ajmly. It could
not be said that a recreation was unwhole-
some simply because it could be so repre-
sented as to be unhealthy." Wherefore he
held that a swimming bath let for a kinemato-
graph theatre was let for recreation as
intended in the Act.
The inauguration of the Burbage Memorial
is to take place on Monday next at
the parish church of St. Leonard, Shore-
ditch. A tablet, designed by Mr. W. H.
Ansell, bearing a lengthy inscription which
commemorates not only James, Cuthbert,
and Richard Burbage, but also Somers,
Tarlton, Spencer, Sly, and Cowley — other
" men of the theatre " — will be unveiled by
Sir George Alexander.
Messrs. Allen & Co. announce a new
edition of Prof. Gilbert Murray's original
play ' Andromache,' which has long been
out of print. Prof. Murray has made several
alterations and revisions, and has added a
Foreword.
A performance of the ' Agamemnon,' in
an Italian verse translation by Signor Ettore
Romagnoli, who is also the producer, will
be given in the Greek theatre at Syracuse
on April 10th.
To Correspondents.— W. B. G. F.— C. C. S.— M. S.—
H. H.— P.— G F. P.— Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
fFor Index to Advertisers see p. 395.]
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No. 4507, March 14, 1914
" That delightful repository of forgotten lore, ' Notes and Queries.' "
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each Volume with Index ; General Index to the Twelve Volumes,
10s. 6d.) contains, in addition to a great variety of similar Notes and
Replies, Articles of Interest on the following Subjects.
FIFTH SELECTION.
PHILOLOGY, GRAMMAR, AND ETYMOLOGY.
" Antiquarian " v. " Antiquary " — " Apostamated " — ■
" Ataman " and " Hetman," the Titles differentiated
— "Aviation," its Derivation — "Awaitful" — "Ayesha,"
its Pronunciation — Aztec Names, their Pronunciation —
" Bacon," its Etymology — " Badger," its Etymology —
"Banana," its Etymology — " Barracoon " — "Barrage"
— "Barrar"— "Barrow"— "Battels," Use of the Word
in 1574 — " Bayonet " — " Belappit " — " Benny " —
" Beside " : " Besides," their Meanings—" Betheral," its
Etymologv— " Biddy," its Derivation—" Bilker " in 1717
— " Bladder " and " Blather "— " Bloom " in Iron Manu-
facture — " Boast " — " Bobbery " — " Bobby Dazzler "
— Bonfires or Bonefires — "Bosh," Origin of the Word
— Bough-pots — " Bridge," its Derivation — " Bring," its
Archaic Use — Early British Names, their Interpretation
— "Britisher," Use of the Word — " Brooch " or
" Broach " — " Brock " for Badger — " Broom-squire " —
"Brumby," Australian Wild Horse — "Butcher," its
Pronunciation.
EGGLESI0L0GY AND THE BIBLE.
Banns and Lameness — " Sal et saliva " in Baptism —
Baptismal Robe — Baptist Confessions of Faith — Bark-
ing Abbey and William the Conqueror — Clergyman with
Battledore in the Pulpit — Bayham Abbey — Beating the
Bounds — Thomas a Becket's Martyrdom — Bede's Trans-
lation of the Fourth Gospel — Detached Belfries — Dead
Bell : Passing Bell — Bell-ringing at Weddings — Bible :
" Bewray " in the Revised Version ; St. Paul's " Slow-
bellies " ; " Let the dead bury their dead " ; " Syco-
more " or " Sycamore " ; Silk first Mentioned; Thumb
Bible ; " Knave of Jesus Christ " — Bidding Prayer at
Oxford University— First English Bishop to Marry —
Bishops : Punctuation of their Signatures ; Fourteen
consecrated at one Time ; their Scarves — Arms of
English Roman Catholic Bishops — Archbishop Black-
burne's Grave — Blandina, Martyr - Saint — Book of
Common Prayer : " Ashes to ashes " ; Copy with
Shakespeare's Autograph ; Origin of Marriage Service —
Bibliography of Brasses — Brasses at the Bodleian —
Breviary or Missal — Briefs for Greek Christians — Burial :
Half within and half without a Church ; with the Face
Uncovered — Suicides buried in Open Fields — Noncon-
formist Burial-grounds.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERARY HISTORY.
Francis Bacon, " The world's a bubble " — Bacon and
Ben Jonson — Giorgio Baffo's Poems — Barham a Cardinal
of St. Paul's — J. M. Barrie and Kensington Gardens —
Beldornie Press — William Bennet's ' King of the Peak '
— Sir Walter Besant : Pronunciation of his Name—
— Bevis of Southampton — William Blake and Coleridge
— Private Reprint of Blake's ' Songs ' — Remarkable
Cancels in Dr. Bliss's Edition of Wood's ' Athenae Oxoni-
ensis ' — Earliest Book Auctions — Lines on Book-Borrow-
ing and Book-Stealing — British Provincial Book-Trade —
Books sold by the Ton — Cure for Mildew in Books — First
Books of Authors — Bookseller's Motto — Bibliography of
Bookselling and Publishing — Borrow's ' Turkish Jester '
— Bradley's ' Highways and Byways in South Wales ' — ■
' Bradshaw's Railway Time Tables' — " Breese " in
' Hudibras ' — Anthony Brewer's ' Lovesick King ' —
Errors in Cobham Brewer's ' Phrase and Fable ' —
Brightwell's Tennyson Concordance — British Museum
Catalogues — John Britton's Shakespeare Memorial Pro-
ject— Shirley Brooks and Du Maurier — Elizabeth Barrett
Browning, Centenary Celebration — Robert Browning and
Wordsworth, Literary Parallel — Passages in Browning's
Poems — Burns : English Commentators ; " Her prentice
hand " ; Letters to George Thomson — Robert Burton :
Errors in Shilleto's Edition ; Meswinde the Fair — Byron :
called " the Pilgrim of Eternity " ; Passages in ' Don
Juan ' and ' Childe Harold.'
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
Academy of Ancient Music, its Foundation — Actors
whipped at Newcastle — Burial-places of Notable Actresses
— Prince Albert as Musical Composer — G. Almar, Play-
wright and Actor — Ancient Concert Society — Mrs. Ark-
wright's Setting of ' The Pirate's Farewell ' — Folk-lore
Medicine in Beaumont and Fletcher — ' The Beauty of
Buttermere,' Sadler's Wells Play — Earliest Theatrical
Benefits — John Bland, Edinburgh Actor-Manager — Dr.
Burney's ' History of Music ' — Alexander Campbell, Sir
Walter Scott's Music Master — Carini's Book on Theatre-
building — George Colman as Censor of Plays — Children of
the Chapel Royal — Chetwood's ' General History of the
Stage ' — Three Choir Festival, Early Notices — ' Christmas.
Boys,' Mumming Play — Church Music in Country Dis-
tricts— Musical Services on Church Towers — Musical Com-
posers as Pianists — Minuet named after Lady Coventry.
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
No. 4507, March 14, 1914
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NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (March 14) CONTAINS—
NOTES : — Sir Roger L'Estrange's Poem 'The Loyal Prisoner' — Birmingham Statues and Memorials —
John Wilkes and the 'Essay on Woman' — Hearth Tax, Painswick — Originals of Thackeray's
Characters — Robert Baron, Author of ' Mirza' — The Monkey Nation— " Occupy " — Johnsoniana.
QUERIES :-Bullivant— The Stock Exchange as "The House "—" The Seven Seas "—Younger Van
Helmont — " Artigou " — Early- Victorian Book of Essays — English Shrines — Author Wanted —
"Meg's diversions" — "Cousins and half-cousins" — Early Map of Ireland— Graham (Gartur
Family) — Orrok of Orrok — W. Humphrey Marshall — Wilson's Buildings— John Dietrich Muller
— ' Montalbert,' Novel of 1795 — Walker of Derry — ' Archreologia ' — Peter Thresher — Biographi-
cal Information Wanted— Palmer's Royal Mails — "Vossioner" — Bewickiana — Invention of the
Interview — "Camonds" of Westphalian Barren Roseweed.
REPLIES : — Parishes in Two or More Counties— Colonels of the 24th Regiment : "Howard's Greens "
— Peter the Wild Boy — Admiral Sir Charles Hamilton— Musical Congresses — Fire-Walking — The
Red Bull Theatre— Tarring— Shilleto— " Costrel "— " The honours three"— The Name James—
Coffin-shaped Chapels— " To pill"— "Sydney Carton" at Old Shrewsbury School— " Boss "—
" Cest progris en spirale " — A Bishop as Boxer — Rabbit Rime — Major-General Patrick Duff —
Henry James Chippendale — William Parsons : Life or Horse Guards — Octopus : Venus's Ear —
Milton Queries — Seaver Family — Fox of Stradbroke- Shakespeare Second Folio — "A fact is a
lie and a half " — " Startups End " — Saffron Walden — Clementina Sobieski Douglass.
NOTES ON BOOKS:— 'French Civilization in the Nineteenth Century' — 'A Dictionary of
Ecclesiastical Terms.'
Booksellers' Catalogues.
LAST WEEK'S NUMBER (March 7) CONTAINS—
NOTES :— Anthony Munday, Dramatist— John Wilkes and the ' Essay on Woman ' — Blackfriars Road
— Hyde Park Corner, Leeds — Antony Brewer— Light Brigade at Balaclava — Shilleto's Edition of
Burton — Memoirs of Cameron of Fassifern — Wycherley's Place of Birth — "Not room enough to
swing a cat" — Indexing of Newspapers.
QUERIES : — " Treasure-trove " — Altars— Jeremiah Horrocks, Astronomer — " Napoleon's Diversions
at St. Helena " — Clearances on Scotch Estates — Colonels of the 24th Regiment— Authors of
Quotations Wanted — South Carolina Uniform — Mediaeval Common Sense — Rev. T. Gale —
Knights Templars and Knights of St. John of Jerusalem — Magistrates wearing Hats — Reversed
Engraving — Douglas Family — H. 1). Inglis — American Seventeenth-Century History — Sergeant
Duncan Robertson's 'Journal' — " Mongoliau"— Gladstone's Involved Sentences — Biographical
Information Wanted — Page Family — Aylofie — Abraham Wliittaker— Herodotus and Astronomic
Geography — Musical Notation— St. Pancras — " Two Stones Farm" — Egyptian Book of the Dead.
REPLIES : — Murder of a Priest near Reading— Marten — Heraldry of Lichfield Cathedral — Freeman :
Parry — Vanbrugh's Epitaph— Breast Tackle— Clementina Stirling Graham— Constable's ' Corn-
field ' — Clasped Hands as a Religious Symbol Cromwell and (.hieen Henrietta Maria — Human
Fat as a Medicine— Henry <;<>\v*;r, Bishop of St. David's — Tying Legs after Death — " Rucksack "
— "Man is immortal till his work is done" — Wild Huntsman —First Barmaid — Brutton —
" Sough " —Milton Queries — ' HavamaL1
NOTES ON BOOKS : - 'A Short History of London' — ' Gypsy Coppersmiths in Liverpool and Birken-
head ' — 'A Primer of English Literature '•—' The Manual of Heraldry ' — ' Journal of the Friends'
Historical Society' — ' (Jornhill '—' Fortnightly Review' — 'Nineteenth Century.'
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,
XoUs and Queries Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. ; and of all Newsagents.
dipping.
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Judaism & St. Paul
BY
C. G. MONTEFIORE
(Author of "Outlines of Liberal Judaism").
Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.
This volume consists of two essays : on
' The Genesis of the Religion of St. Paul,'
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"The second of these essays is a discussion on
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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
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PAOI
865
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367
S92
365
395
■
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396 THE ATHENAEUM No. 4507, March 14, 1914
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BIBLIOTHECA
VINARIA
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND
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AND ABUSE OF
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times and amongst all civilized nations ;
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Spirits in England. All such works are
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BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
IN VINO VERITAS:
a Book about Wine.
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No. 4508, Mabch 21, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
40:3
SATURDAY, MARCH 81, 1914.
CONTENTS. PAGE
Two ASPECTS OF Islam (The Mystics of Islam ;
Spanish Islam) 403-404
CLUB Makers and Club Members 404
Women Workers in Seven Professions .. .. 405
The Like of sir Frederick Weld 405
Walter Scott and the Border (The Country of
sir Walter Scott ; Highways and Byways in the
Bonier) 406
Books Published this Week (English, 407;
Foreign, 410) 407—410
Inviolable (Sonnet by Florence Earle Coates) ; Book
Sale; Cambridge Finance; Indirect Pay-
ment; Shakespeare and Asbies; Dr. Augus-
tus Jessopi' ; The Ethics of a Half-Truth 410—412
Publishers' Announcements 412
Literary Gossip 413
Science — A.n American Work on Chemical
Analysis ; sir John Murray ; Societies ;
Meetings Next Week ; Gossip .. .. 414—415
Fine Arts — Henry Holiday and Vincent van-
Gogh ; The Royal Society of British
Artists ; Other Exhibitions ; Gossip ; Pic-
tures and Drawings ; Engravings and Etch-
ings 416—418
Mi sic — Gossip; Performances Next W7eek;
Purcell's Music in France 418—419
Drama— The Comedies of Holberg ; Gossip 419—420
Index to Advertisers 423
LITERATURE
TWO ASPECTS OF ISLAM.
' The Mystics of Islam ' should be an
attractive title to-day, and Dr. Nicholson's
Little book reveals a side of religious
thought which is well worth attention.
"" All thinking religious Moslems are
mystics," said Prof. D. B. Macdonald in
his illuminating ' Aspects of Islam ' ; and
he added, " all, too, are pantheists, but
some do not know it." Much the same
thing may be said about a good many
" thinking religious " Christians in the
present day, when mysticism is con-
spicuously in the air ; but Christian
mystics may be astonished to find their
profoundest emotions and most secret
aspirations expressed by Moslems of the
Middle Ages. Yet there is really nothing
surprising in this, since mysticism gives
the spiritual content of what is common to
all theistic religions, and " all mystical
<\j)eriences ultimately meet in a single
point," however apparently various the
ways by which it is approached. The
paths by which we seek God, say the
Sufis, '" are in number as the souls of
men." Therefore Sufism, or Moham-
medan mysticism, is no sect, and does not
lend itself to sectarianism ; it is rare to
find a Sufi among the Shi'ah. It pro-
ves no dogmatic system, but teaches
only the path to God, through the stages
of repentance, abstinence, renunciation,
The Mystics of Islam. By Reynold A.
Nicholson. (Bell & Sons, 2s. <>>L net.)
Spanish Islam: a History of the Moslems in
Spain. Jiy Reinhart Dozy. Translated,
with a Biographical Introduction and
Additional Notes, by Francis Griffin
Stokes. (Chatto <fc Windus, 1/. Is. net.)
poverty, patience, trust, and satisfaction,
from the purgative to the illuminative,
and finally the contemplative life, until
the soul at last " passes away " and unites
with ultimate Reality. "The whole of
Sufism," however — and in this it differs
from Buddhism —
" rests on the belief that when the individual
self is lost, the Universal Self is found ; or,
in religious language, that ecstasy affords
the only means by which the soul can
directly communicate and become united
with God. Asceticism, purification, love,
gnosis, saintship — all the leading ideas of
Sufism — are developed from this cardinal
principle."
But, unlike Nirvana, the cessation of
individuality, the ;i passing away " (fana)
of the Sufi implies continuance of real
existence (baqa). " He who dies to self
lives in God " ; but this immortality seems
to be quite impersonal — self-annihilation
in deification.
The Sufi doctrine that " the kingdom
of God is within you," and the absolute
supremacy of the infallible conscience,
logically imply antinomianism ; and there
have been Moslem mystics, as well as
Christian mystics, who repudiated all
religious and moral law. Logic, however,
makes little appeal to Orientals, who are
usually quite unconscious of the incon-
gruity of contradictory beliefs. " There
are some occasions," as Dr. Nicholson
says, " when intense moral feeling is
worth any amount of accurate thinking " ;
and the Sufi as a rule felt intensely and
morally, and usually managed to accommo-
date his mysticism with the practice of
the Mohammedan religion. Nothing would
appear less compatible than the immanent
universal spirit of love of the Sufis, and the
awful transcendent God of the Koran ;
but to divines nothing is impossible. The
Sufi teachers picked out what few mystical
sentences they could discover in " the
Book," and interpreted others to suit
their views, and, we must admit, forged
a whole collection of " Traditions " to
match the orthodox Traditions of the
Prophet, which were not themselves above
suspicion. It was obvious that men who
derived their religious convictions direct
from the immanent divinity could not
attach great importance to the doctrine
of Mohammed, even though some held him
to be the Logos ; but not many actually
repudiated Islam like Abu-Sa'id b. Abu-
1-Kheyr, who wrote : —
Not until every mosque beneath the sun
Lies ruined will our holy work be done ;
And never will true Musalman appear
Till faitli and infidelity are one.
A good many, however, took the gnostic
view that all types of religion are of
much the same value or worthlessness.
and that
The true mosque in a pore ;md holy In-art
Is builded : there Id all men worship God ;
For i Inn- lb- dwells, noi in a mosque of stone.
Hut Ghazzali's philosophical and mode-
rate method of bringing Islam and
mysticism into some kind of harmony has
commended itself to many centuries of
.Moslems, and bridges the gulf in a way
that many find satisfactory. On the
other hand, Sufism has saved Islam from
dry formalism. As Dr. Nicholson well
says : —
" Undoubtedly [the Sufis] have done p,
great work for islam. They have deepened
and enriched the lives of millions by ruth-
lessly stripping off the husk of religion and
insisting that its kernel must be sought, not
in any formal act, but in cultivation of
spiritual feelings and in purification of the
inward man. This was a legitimate and
most fruitful development of the Prophet's
teaching. But the Prophet was a strict
monotheist, while the Sufis, whatever they
may pretend or imagine, are theosophists,
pantheists, or monists."
great
He adds that " most of the
mediaeval Sufis lived saintly lives, dream
ing of God, intoxicated with God," and
he utterly repudiates, as " both super-
ficial and incorrect," Dr. Inge's remark
that they " appear, like true Asiatics, to
have attempted to give a sacramental and
symbolic character to the indulgence of
their passions." The erotic imagery of
the Sufi poets was adopted as the only
means of vividly interpreting mystical
experience. " Love is the essence of all
creeds," and only through the images of
human love could divine love be expressed.
" The love thus symbolized [adds Dr.
Nicholson] is the emotional element in
religion, the rapture of the seer, the courage
of the martyr, the faith of the saint, the only
basis of moral perfection and spiritual know-
ledge. Practically it is self-renunciation and
self-sacrifice, the giving up of all possessions
— wealth, honour, will, life, and whatever
else men value — for the sake of the Beloved
without any thought of reward."
So the saintly woman Rabi'a prayed a
thousand years ago : —
" O God, if I worship Thee in fear of Hell,
burn me in Hell ; and if I worship Thee in
hope of Paradise, exclude me from Paradise ;
but if I worship Thee for Thine own sake,
withhold not Thine everlasting Beauty."'
Dr. Nicholson has been engaged for
twenty years in collecting materials for
a great history of Oriental mysticism,
and this little book — the only adequate
introduction to the subject as yet pub-
lished in England — has profited by this
wealth ; for he is able throughout to let
the Moslem mystics speak for themselves.
Many of his most striking extracts will
be unfamiliar even to Orientalists, and
few, indeed, could understand the cryptic
utterances of Niffari without the trans-
lator's explanatory commentary. His
discussion of the Sufi theory of the
origin of evil is specially noteworthy,
and so is his chapter on The (Jnitive
State.'
Of Dr. Nicholson's learning nothing
need be said ; but the grace and
fidelity of his translations deserve
special praise. English readers inusl not
l)e deterred from a study of this brilliant
book by the frequent use of Arabic terms.
In philosophy and theology precision of
terminology is essential we wish this had
always been realized— and the Arabic
terms an- necessary to exact interpreta-
tion. All mystics will rear) with delight
this sympathetic exposition of a deeply
interesting branch of their religion.
4(U
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
Dozy's ' Histoire des Musulmans d'Es-
pagne,' which Mr. Stokes has translated
with notes, needs no criticism at this time.
It was published in 1861, and has tri-
umphantly faced the world of scholarship
for over half a century. It is beyond any
question a work of the highest authority,
based on an exhaustive study of the sources
then printed and in manuscript, and
written with fine historical insight and a
just sense of proportion. Dozy, in fact,
was one of the historians whose conception
of history-writing has recently been em-
phasized by Mr. George Trevelyan, to the
confusion of the academic dovecots.
Dutch as he was by birth, Dozy wrote in
French like the Frenchman he was by
descent, and the literary merits of his
work equal its profound learning. It is
a really fascinating book, and makes the
most brilliant and wonderful period of
Spanish history a living scene. No serious
attack on any of its positions has been
made in the past fifty years, and the
researches of more recent explorers in
Spanish records and Arabic texts have
produced little beyond a feAV verbal
corrections. Mr. Whishaw, indeed, in
his L Arabic Spain ' offered some criticisms
of Dozy's work which were not to be
ignored ; but the motive seems to have
been rather to rehabilitate Conde and
Gayangos, both of whom were disparaged
by Dozy with too much of the scholar's
acrimony, than to depose the great Dutch
historian from his acknowledged supre-
macy. There are matters, and even
periods, where Dozy needs to be supple-
mented and revised ; but, as a whole,
his history is a consummate work of art
as well as of learning.
It is curious that it should be trans-
lated only now into English ; though
some people will wonder why a French
book should be translated at all. The
justification, we think, lies in its estab-
lished position as the supreme authority
on its subject, and in the fact that English
people, whatever they may say, prefer
to read books in their own language^
They will unquestionably enjoy Mr.
Stokes's book. He has done his work
admirably, and no one who did not look
at the title-page would guess that the
book Avas a translation. It reads like an
original English composition in excellent
style. In other words, it is a free version
rather than a closely literal rendering ;
but, although here and there we miss a
little of the original, the translation
preserves the essential meaning, and loses
nothing of the scholarship. We are not
sure that we like the plan of " lumping "
Dozy's references to his Arabic autho-
rities together at the end of chapters ;
it makes verification onerous. On the
other hand, Mr. Stokes's additional notes
are often useful, though he does not
include the results of recent Spanish
researches on matters of detail. This
spirited translation is a worthy reproduc-
tion of a famous history.
Club Makers and Club Members. By
T. H. S. Escott. (T. Fisher Unwin,
Us. (id. net.)
Club life has attracted many pens, but
it still lacks its comprehensive historian.
Several individual institutions have fared
very well, notably White's at the hands of
Mr. Algernon Bourke. The subject as a
whole, however, has never received satis-
factor}' treatment, owing, no doubt, to its
vastness and seductiveness. Where is
authorship to begin 1 Primitive man had
his club, for the village community in
the earliest times had many of the essen-
tial features of sodality. Savage tribes
had, and still have, their clubs, in some
instances murder clubs. There are the
Greek and Roman types, to which Mr.
Escott duly alludes ; and there are the
mediaeval guilds, which he passes over in
silence. A Frazer, a Stubbs, a Macaulay,
and some modern man about town— Mr.
G. W. E. Russell, perhaps, with an auto-
cratic printer's reader at his elbow — will
have to enter into partnership before the
ideal book on clubland is produced. Even so,
the combination will have to be rigorously
admonished to take up their member as he
enters the October Club or the Athenaeum,
and to drop him as he starts homewards.
This difficulty — a serious one, it must be
confessed— has been too much for Mr.
Escott, who wanders off into biography,
political history, and kindred topics, until
his book resembles less a saunter along
Pall Mall than the aimless pilgrimage of
some countryman through Soho before its
maze had been pierced by modern
thoroughfares.
In his discursive way Mr. Escott
writes interestingly about Hoccleve's
Court of Good Company, the gatherings at
the Mermaid, the Apollo, and the Rota.
He brings original information to bear
upon the Civil Club, half tavern society,
half commercial " combine," which met
continuously in the City from its founda-
tion in 1669 to its final dinner in 1877.
These early associations, as Mr. Escott
notes, were migratory : they met at their
favourite eating-house or coffee-house,
and moved to other quarters when
attracted by better fare or accommodation.
The wits to whom Dryden discoursed at
Will's were a club to all intents and pur-
poses ; the Kit-Cat, with its excursions to
the Upper Flask at Hampstead and to
Jacob Tonson's house at Barn Elms —
now, though Mr. Escott does not tell us
so, the head-quarters of the RanelaghClub
— was a club both in fact and in name.
The evolution Avas as simple as Huxley
held the origin of species to have been.
The unfit— the bore and the rustic in-
truder— had to be eliminated ; a room
was therefore reserved for the elect at the
coffee - houses, and out of these modest
beginnings greAV the temples of luxury and
ease which we knoAV.
With Swift and Addison to guide him,
Mr. Escott keeps himself fairly well in
hand as he discourses on the Wednesday
Club, Avith Whiggism and banking as its
moti\res, and the October Club, where the
Tory squires forgathered under the fussy
direction of Mat Prior. His account of
the foundation of White's, however, is
confused, though Mr. Algernon Bourke
has clearly indicated the difference be-
tAveen the Old and the Young Club and
their relationship with Arthur's. ' The
Modern Club Model Created ' serA-es well
enough for a title to the chapter, but we
get too much about Horace Walpole and
Colley Cibber. Brooks's and Boodle's
come off better, and Mr. Escott is to be
congratulated on the skill with Avhich he
has constructed an adequate narrative
concerning the latter institution in spite
of its policy of silence.
The author draAvs a clear distinction
betAveen clubs of the earlier kind — tavern-
clubs, as he calls them — and clubs Avith
club-houses. " The " Club, founded by Dr.
Johnson, and Grillion's belong to the first
class. The second had, during the first
half of the nineteenth century, a good
example in the Alfred, Avith its queer
mixture of dandies and bishops. Then
we come to the Carlton, promoted by that
astutest of Whips, " Billy " Holmes, and
the Reform, with " Bear " Ellice as its
chief organizer. Mr. Escott imports much
oral tradition into his pages, and though
some of it may be legendary, it is all
amusing. We like the picture of Hudson,
the " Railway King," after fortune had
deserted him, still reigning in the Carlton
smoking-room, Avhere, as he used to boast,
not without pathos, " they have made me
their chairman." EAen better is the
story of Lord AbergaATenny stopping
Disraeli, arrayed in the flaming costume
which he imagined to be the attire of a
country gentleman, on the steps with
" Dizzy, this will neATer do. For Heaven's
sake go back to Curzon Street and
change ! " Many will learn for the first
time that the foundation of the Junior
Carlton was mainly due to Markham
Spofforth, of the firm of Baxter, Rose
& Norton, avIio secured Lord Derbj^'s
consent, with the proAdso of " the curtain
not drawing up until the house was full."
Cellars and kitchens contain no secrets
for Mr. Escott. We get much information
of the securing of fine vintages from Crock-
ford's sale and other sources. Those
illustrious chefs "Ude and Soyer make
their bow, and we are told that Col. Mure,
the historian, was wont to make presents
to the Athenaeum of Greek turkeys
fattened on the olives of Hymettus, for
he had acclimatized both on his Scottish
estate. But gastronomy is a lost art.
Though Mr. Escott's survey is wide, it
cannot be called complete. Among lite-
rary clubs Ave find no mention of the
Yorick, wdiich has a character of its own.
Sports and pastimes fare even worse ; the
Four-in-Hand and the Badminton are
included, but the Isthmian, the Sports' —
occupying a house where the Junior
Oxford and Cambridge, familiarly known
as the " Jock," carried on a brief exist-
ence— and the National Sporting Club are
omitted. The last is the more to be
regretted because the history of its
numerous predecessors in Covent Garden —
such as Evans's and Paddy Green's song
No. 4508, Marct 21, 1914
THE ATHEN.EU M
4(1.1
and supper rooms, and the FalstalT and
short-lived Xew clubs — was surely well
worth recovering.
Mr. Escott should have asked some
literary friend to read his proofs for
him. We should then have been spared
inadvertences like " Lord William Bus-
Bell " for William, Lord Russell ; " Lord "
Algernon Sidnev ; Carteret, " head of the
Exchequer " instead of Secretary of State ;
" the Duke of York, afterwards Wil-
liam IV. " ; " Conversation Sharpe " with
an c ; and many more. Latin and French
words have apparently been allowed to
take their chance, and the result is some-
times surprising.
Women** Workers in Seven Professions.
Edited by Edith J. Morley. ' (Rout-
ledge & Sons, 6s. net.)
There can be no hesitation in recom-
mending this book both to those who
desire to investigate the conditions of
women's public work in various directions
and to those who are hesitating in their
choice of a career. Prof. Edith Morley
is responsible for the editing of the various
essays, each comprising first-hand evi-
dence from those in a position to speak
authoritatively of the profession winch
they follow. Thus we find under the
heading ' Teaching Profession ' seven sepa-
rate essays dealing with different branches
of education by specialists in them. ' The
Medical Profession ' is treated by Dr.
Christine Murrell, with a subdivision
devoted to dentistry by Mrs. Eva Handley
Read. Under ' The Xursing Profession '
are no fewer than twelve essays describing
varieties of work embraced under this
title. The work of women as ; Sanitary
Inspectors and Health Visitors ' is in the
hands of Mrs. F. J. Green. Sections on
' Women in the Civil Service,' " Women
Clerks and Secretaries.' and ' Acting as
;• Profession for Women ' — the last by
Miss Lena Ashwell — are included, with
several tables, one of winch, showing the
cost and duration of education in arts
and science and the scholarships available
for women students at the various British
Universities is specially valuable.
As regards the genesis of the book, Prof.
Mi >rley, on behalf of the Studies Committee
of the Fabian Women's Group, writes : —
' The present economic position of women
bristles with anomalies. Tt is the outcome
of long ages of serfdom, when women toiled
continuously to produce wealth which, if
they were married, they could enjoy only at
the good pleasure of their lords—ages when
the work of most women was conditioned
and subordinated by male dominance. Set
in those days the working housewife com-
manded the consideration always conceded
to a bread-winner —even when dependent.
In modern times women's economic position
has been undermined by the helpless de-
pendenee engendered amongst the well-to-
do by " parasitism ' resulting from nineteenth-
tury Luxury. ... Now a new force is hi
work — woman- demand for freedom to
work and to choose her sphere of work, ;i-
weD as for the right to <l of what she
This book forms the lirstfruits of the
material accumulated by a group of
women of the Fabian Society who, some
six years ago, banded themselves to-
gether to unravel the tangled skein of
women's economic subjection, and dis-
cover how its knots were tied.
However different their outlook in
other ways, however dissimilar their work,
all who have contributed to the volume
insist, unanimously and strongly, on
two points — that ecpial pay for equal work
is not only a measure of justice to women,
but also imperative in the interests of men,
and that the attempt to enforce upon
professional women resignation on marriage
is economically unsound and racially
dangerous.
The chapters on ' Medicine and Den-
tistry ' may be construed as invitations to
the woman with some means of her own
to enter professions where she is likely to
find much personal satisfaction and valu-
able opportunities for public service.
Xursing in all its branches still suffers
economically from its development out of
the religious sisterhoods, and from the low
traditions associated with the Sairey Gamps
and Betsey Prigs ; also, perhaps even
mainly, from the difficulties under present
conditions of forming any strong trade
union for nurses. So far as women in the
Civil Service are concerned, the State is
far from being the model employer one
would fain imagine it to be, and it is not
surprising that few of the ablest and most
qualified women are attracted to enter
its service. Those responsible for the
essays dealing with it are at no pains to
conceal their opinions on the detrimental
effects of the political disfranchisement of
their sex. It remains, however, for Miss
Lena Ashwell to strike a note of unmis-
takable warning. Acting, she says, is
becoming a profession in which it is only
possible to survive if the worker has some
private means or a supplementary trade,
and she supports her statement by many
facts and figures.
The Life of Sir Frederick Weld, G.C.M.G.,
a Pioneer of Empire. By Alice, Lady
Lovat. (John Murray, 16s. net.)
The history of the Dominions has been
made so rapidly that many will be dis-
posed to ask who Sir Frederick Weld may
have been. Alice, Lady Lovat supplies
the answer in this unaffected biography,
which, based on his letters and journals,
tells the story of his nigh-minded career
just as it should be told. She duly pre-
faces it with an account of the old Roman
Catholic family, the Welds of Lulworth,
Chideock, and elsewhere, from which he
sprang. But as some of the genealogy
supplied is of the legendary kind, we are
rather surprised to find no mention of
Edward Weld, the first husband of Mrs.
Fitzherberl .
Frederick Weld's inclinations were for
the Army, but, as his cousin Lord Arundel]
of WardoUT shrewdly advised him, the
profession was too expensive lot one of
his prospects. He emigrated accordingly
to New Zealand in 1843 — if we read Lady
Lovat 's somewhat dateless narrative cor-
rectly— and entered into partnership with
his cousin Hugh Clifford and William
Vavasour, also of his religion. The trials
of the young- settlers were severe, but they
" won through.-' Floods, starvation, mos-
quitoes, disease among their sheep, and
the obstruct iveness of the natives, who
under the weak administration of Governor
Fitzroy had got out of hand, were light-
heartedly endured. They gained experi-
ence and turned over their capital. Re-
moval to a more suitable station gave
Weld some leisure, and we find him making
an expedition through unexplored terri-
tory to the famous Te Tarata terraces,
destroyed by the earthquake of 1880, and
even sailing to Hawaii to witness the effects
of the eruption of Mauna Loa.
Lady Lovat makes a great point of
Weld's refusal to join the nominated
Council when invited by Sir George Grey.
We consider that she exaggerates the
difference between the two, which was
one rather of degree than of kind. The
Governor was no enemy to representative
institutions, but he was cautious, and
Weld optimistic. The pair, at any rate,
worked loyally together after Weld, in
one of New Zealand's darkest hours, had
undertaken to form a Ministry. That
Government accomplished much within a
brief period. The capital was shifted from
Auckland to more accessible Wellington ;
order was introduced into financial chaos ;
and. above all, the "self-reliant" policy cf
depending on Colonial volunteers, not on
British regulars, who could not cope with
pahs and bush warfare, received a satis-
factory trial.
Weld was offered the Governorship of
Western Australia during a visit to Eng-
land in 1869 to recruit his health. He
proved himself the right man to put heart
into a derelict colony. In his tours of in-
spection he visited the scattered settle-
ments and patiently inquired into local
demands. The Forrest expedition opened
up communications with South Australia,
and a relaxation of the land laws opened
the way for railroads. By supporting the
mission of the Benedictine, Bishop Salvado,
he taught the colonists, who had previously
regarded the natives as wild beasts, to
dvat them with humanity. Before he
left Perth at the end of 1874, Weld had laid
the foundations of representative govern-
ment, but his letter to Lord Granville
seems to show that his enthusiasm tor
democracy had abated. The old convict
element complicated the problem, no
doubt.
The Governorship of Tasmania — his
" Capua," as he called it— limited the scope
of Weld's energies; still, he looked carefully
aiter the defence s. In L880 he was trans-
fer* d to the Straits Settlements. At this
point an excellent Preface by Sir Hugh
Clifford, the son of Weld's old friend, and
presenl Governor of the Gold Coast, admits
us to a dear conception of his qualities
as a ruler. He had his defects ; through
his high simplicity h< was a poor judge "I
men. though his association with officials
406
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
of exceptional ability prevented him from
making many mistakes. A statesman
rather than an administrator, he was in-
clined to neglect the Colony and to devote
his attention to the Native States. But
their future happened to be the question of
the hour, and it was Weld's wisdom to
perceive that the rigid system of a Crown
Colon}' would not serve ; so he set his
face against annexation, and made our
influence to be felt through British Resi-
dents. He did not live to see the federa-
tion of the Malay States ; none the less,
his seven years' work at Singapore enabled
that sj-stem to come into being.
WALTER SCOTT AND THE BORDER.
It was certainty an excellent idea to
follow the footsteps of Scott through the
scenes of his poems and novels as Mr.
Olcott lias done in ' The Country of Sir
Walter Scott.' Few writers have so con-
stantly or accurately described scenes of
natural beauty or historic interest, and the
author of the book before us rightly ob-
serves that very many of the scenes remain
exactly as Sir Walter described them. He
garners his impression into three excellent
sentences when he says : —
" The mountains and valleys, the rivers,
lakes, and waterfalls, the wild ruggedness
of tl e seaside cliffs, the quaint little old-
fashioned villages, the ruined castles and
abbeys, all brought back memories of the
romances which he had so charmingly set
among these scenes. It was actually like
living the Waverley novels to see them.
And in seeing them we came to know, on
intimate terms, Sir Walter himself ; to feel
the genial influence of his presence as if he
were a fellow traveller, and to love him as
his companions had done a century ago."
This is certainly the experience of every
one who has visited the same scenes in the
same spirit. No writer ever put more of
the scenery of his stories into himself, or
put more of himself into the scenery ; and
the impression is as vivid to-day as it was
a century ago.
We take the writer, from some allusions
to Colorado and Rhode Island, and from
the unpleasant phrase, " I mailed a photo-
graph," to be an American ; and if so,
he certainly offers an excellent example.
He is discriminating as well as enthusiastic,
elaborate without being prosy, quick at
seeing and noting, knowing what to look
for, and not content till he has found it.
He has covered a great extent of
country in his pious pursuit of his hero
and his hero's heroes, from Lerwick south-
wards as far as Scott went himself.
Briefly, what he has to tell — apart from
such places as Ashby - de - la - Zouch,
Woodstock, or Cumnor, or Kenilworth,
where one never quite feels that Scott is
the dominant spirit ; or Edinburgh, where
The Country of Sir Walter Scott. By Charles
S. Olcott, (Cassell & Co., 6s. net.)
Highways and Byvjays in the Border. By
Andrew and John Lang. With Illustra-
tions by Hugh Thomson. (Macmillan &
Co., 5s. net.)
the history is too vast to be limited even
to what was told of it by the Wizard of the
North — falls into two great main divisions,
which no lover of Scott to-day should be
happy till he has seen and studied. They
are the scenery of Loch Lomond and the
Trossachs, with the clachan of Aberfoyle,
Loch Achray, Loch Katrine, and Ellen's
Isle — the land par excellence of l The Lady
of the Lake ' and ' Rob Roy ' ; and the
valley of the Tweed, with the four magnifi-
cent Norman abbeys, Melrose and Dry-
burgh, Kelso and Jedburgh, the exquisite
beaut}^ of the river itself, and Abbotsford,
the most perfect example we know of a
great author's environment as he made
it for himself. In each of these Mr. Olcott
is fully at home. We only regret that he
did not dwell more particularly on the
exquisite beauty of Dryburgh — its posi-
tion ; the Tweed at the bend of the abbey ;
the ruins and their admirable keeping. A
word might have been spared for Fairy
Glen ; and Jedburgh is far more magnifi-
cent and interesting than a reader of
Mr. Olcott's book would guess. As for
Selkirk, the memory is too sad, as one
goes along the " Shirra's road," for one to
wish any more.
In the case of a book which should
certainly reach a second and cheaper
edition for frequent use, it is worth while
to notice a feAv points for alteration.
It is a pity to tell the story of the bears of
Bradwardine twice, and assign a different
origin to them each time, and to repeat
three times the record of the generosity of
Sir William Forbes. It is a curious way
to express the author's meaning to say
that " the best way to see the Trossachs
is to read ' The Lady of the Lake.' " It
was not Jacobeans (who would have been
rather out of date) who welcomed Prince
Charlie at Holyrood, but Jacobites. The
statement about Scott himself meeting
" an old veteran of the German wars,
Dalgetty," is at least ambiguous. Edgar
of Ravenswood was certainly not " killed
by a fall from his horse " (p. 228).
A pathetic interest attaches to ' Highways
and Byways in the Border,' for it includes
some of the last work of Andrew Lang.
It is a book he was peculiarly fitted to
complete, but the pen fell from his hand
when, as we understand, he had written
only some forty pages. To him, a son of
Selkirk, more, perhaps, than to any other
Borderer, every burn and stream, every
glen and hill of that pleasant land, was
full of ballad notes, history, and romance.
It is many a year since he wrote those
verses wherein he spoke of
Old songs that sung themselves to me,
Sweet through a boy"s day-dream.
But it was not alone in a boy's day-
dream that they sounded. To the end
they echoed and re-echoed in his heart,
and no other voice spoke to him so elo-
quently as that of Tweed. " When one
comes back to the Border," he wrote, after
a visit to famed Killarney, " there one finds
the same beauty one used to see in the face
of one's mother, or of one's old nurse."
It is finely said, and who can forget that
1 significant remark in the introduction to
Mr. Charles Murray's ' Hamewith ' ? "I
am never so happy as when I cross the
Tweed at Berwick from the South."
Lang's love of the Border hills, " the great
round - backed, kindly solemn hills of
Tweed, Yarrow, and Ettrick," his devotion
to the streams beside whose banks the
summers of his boyhood were spent, never
lessened with the passing years. In
prose and in verse they continually broke
out ; and we have yet to learn why he
sleeps his last long sleep at St. Andrews
instead of in his beloved Borderland. Did
he not write
My eradle-song, nor other hymn
I 'd choose, nor gentler requiem dear.
Than Tweed's, that through death's twilight dim
Mourned in the latest Minstrel's ear?
This, then, is a book with a double
interest — an interest for its subject, an
interest for what it contains of Andrew
Lang's latest writing. Mr. John Lang
modestly disclaims his inability to cope
with the theme on the lines which his
brother would doubtless have followed.
Andrew Lang's unrivalled knowledge of
" the memories, legends, ballads, and nature
of the Border" would, we think, have led
him to show various important events in a
light different from that in which Mr. John
Lang's less intimate acquaintance with the
past has enabled him to speak of them.
But on the whole, the book is an emi-
nently valuable contribution to the series
in which it appears.
How could it be otherwise in the hands
of any fairly competent writer ? For
here is a " land of romance," unrivalled
for its wealth of interest, from the time of
the building of the Roman Wall down-
wards. The saints ; the monks ; the
wizards ; the reivers ; the Covenanters ; the
battles ; the Border feuds ; the smugglers ;
the gipsies ; the expeditions to the Border
of the ill-fated Stuarts ; the " Flowers of
the Forest," all " wede awa' " at Flodden;
Yarrow, ballad-haunted, with its memories
of Scott and Hogg and Leyden and Chris-
topher North ; Ettrick, recalling Boston
of ' The Fourfold State ' ; Earlston, home
of the half -mythical Thomas the Rhymer ;
the Eildon Hills ; Cowdenknowes, with
its " bonnie, bonnie broom " of national
song ; Ashiestiel and Abbotsford and
" fair Melrose " ; the " glittering and
resolute streams of Tweed " ; Peebles,
celebrated in a poem by the Royal James —
what a country it is ! Between them the
brothers Lang realize it all for us in this
delightful volume.
Andrew Lang's part in the work might
have been definitely distinguished ; but
those who know his style will have little
difficulty in picking out his pages. Long
ago he deplored the incursion of the
"tripper" and the stinking motor-car
upon the silence and sweetness of " lone
St. Mary's," and here the protest is re-
iterated almost to tiresomeness. Indeed,
a finical reviewer would say that there
is altogether too much of protest in the
book: protest against the pollution of
the Border streams to the detriment of
the angler's interest ; protest against the
modern disregard of ancient historical
remains, which allows of such remains
No. 4508, March 8L 1914
THE A T II E N JE U M
407
ing carted away, and perhaps con-
verted into a "jerry" building. We
cordially agree in deploring all that, but
too much is made of it in this volume.
Otherwise we find it an eminently satis-
factory piece of work, and we hope it will
be largely read by holiday-makers and
others whose interests are in
Old, unhappy, Far-off things,
And battles long ago.
Mr. Hugh Thomson's illustrations, 150
or more, are all marked by his usual deli-
• artistry. They add a special charm
to the book.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Authorised Daily Prayer Book (Hebrew-Eng-
lish), Annotated Edition, with Historical and
Explanatory Notes, and Additional Matter,
compiled in accordance with the Plans of the
Rev. S. Singer by Israel Abrahams, cloth 3/0,
leather 5 Eyre Sc Spottiswoode
The notes of the present edition, by the
Reader in Rabbinic at Cambridge University, are
mainly devotional, but he his also given " some
account of the history and some indication of the
sources of the component parts of the liturgy."
Clark (Alb3rt C.)« The Primitive Text op the
Gospels axd Acts, 4/ net.
Oxford University Press
The author compares different MSS., and dis-
cusses interpolations and omissions.
Clayton (Rev. H. J.), Studies in the Roman
Controversy. 2 0 net. Robert Scott
A portion of this book is based on a course
of lectures delivered in Croydon last Lent, and
various chapters are reproduced from articles in
The National Church, English Church Review,
and The Croydon Guardian.
Craig (Rev. Robert), Apostolic Religious In-
struction, an Exposition of the First Chapter
of St. Paul's Letter to the Philippians, 0 /
Holden <fc Hardingham
A discussion of St. Paul's message to the early
Christians.
Harada (Tasuku), The Faith of Japan, 5/6 net.
Macmillan
Originally delivered in the form of lectures
at Hartford Theological Seminary. The writer's
object has been to interpret the spirit of old
Japanese faith to "fellow-Christians of another
race."
Modern Oxford Tracts : The .Mural Perfection
of our Lord Jesus Christ, by H. L. Goudge ;
The Solidarity' of the Faith, by Charles
Gore ; The Threefold Strand of Relief,
by Henry Scott Holland ; The RELATION OF the
English Church to the Non-Episcopal
Communions, by \V. J. Sparrow Simpson, Qd.
net each. Longmans
This series of tracts has resulted from the
discussions of a small Conference of Clergy who
met in Oxford " to consider a difficulty with
which some of them have had to deal extensively
in their mini-try.'
POETRY.
Bangs (John Kendrick), The Foothills of
Parnassus, 5 8 net. Macmillan
This collection of poems is divided under ile-
headings 'In Lyric Vein,' 'In Lighter Strain.'
and 'The Deeper Note.' Som« have already
I in Harper's, Mwuey's, and other
magazin
Bonn's Popular Library: Blake s POETICAL
Works, Henry Vauohan's Poetical Works,
Bmbrson's Pobtical Works, i net each. Hell
This edition of Blake contains the prefatory
memoir by Mr. \V. If. Rossetti ; and three poems
which on account of copyright were omitted from
the 187 I Aldine edition, of which this is a reprint,
are here included.
The Vanghan volume, also a reprint from the
Aldine edition, contains the- selec ion male by
If. P. I.yt...
The volume ofHSmerson contains the poems as
published in 1817, 1867, and 1870, with some
: tional pieces ; the text has been collated and
i ised by .Mr. George Sampson.
Cowling (George H.), A Yorkshire Tyke, Rustic
Tunes, mainly in the I >< >ii .- Mode, 1/6 net.
Grant Richards
A slight collection of verses in the Yorkshire
dialect, with a Preface by (he author.
Macmillan (Michael), The Bruce of Bannook-
burv, ;; li net. Stirling, ESneas Mackay
A translation into modern verse of the
greater portion of Harbour's • Bruce,' with an
Introduction and notes. The translat or his aimed
at a faithful and simple version of his original.
Plowman (Max), The Golden Heresy, 2/0 net.
The Author, 18, Fitzroy Street, W.
Some of the pieces in this volume are entitled
' The Crimson Poppies,' ' A Marriage Song,' ' The
Crazy Lad,' and ' Alary and Martha.'
Unconditioned Songs.
Melbourne, S. J. Endacott
A small collection of versas on love and life
in Australia.
PHILOSOPHY.
Carus (Paul), Nietzsche, and Other Exponents
of Individualism, 5/ net.
Open Court Publishing Co.
A study of Nietzsche's philosophy, with
chapters on ' The Overman,' ' Zarathustra,' Mr.
George Moore, ' Nietzsche's Disciples,' and ' The
Principle of Valuation.'
Plotinus, Select Works, Thomas Taylor's Trans-
lation, edited, with Preface and Bibliography,
by G, R. S. Mead, 1 / net. Bell
A new edition in " Bohn's Popular Library."
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Doheny (Michael), The Felon's Track ; or,
History of the Attempted Outbreak in
Ireland, 3/6 Dublin, M. H. Gill
This edition is reprinted from the original
edition, published in 1819 by W. H. Holbrooke in
New York. D'Arcy M'Gee's narrative of 1848
is included, ami Mr. Arthur Griffith has written
a Preface. There are also notes on the author's
contemporaries, an Index, and illustrations from
portraits.
Grisar (Hartmann), Luther, Authorized Trans-
lation from the German by E. M. Lamond,
edited by Luigi Cappadelta, 12/ net.
Kegan Paul
Vol. III. of this work. We noticed the first
volume on May 10, 1913.
Hooper (George), The Campaign of Sedan, the
Downfall of the Second Empire, August-
September, 1870, 1/ net. Bell
.V new edition in " Bohn's Popular Library."
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part IV..
Id. net.
This part contains a further instalment of Sir
Richard Temple's article on India.
James (Henry), Notes of a Son and Brother,
12/ Macmillan
The continuation of the author's auto-
biography.
Macaulay (Lord), Five Essays from the ' Ency-
clopedia Britannica,' " Bohn's Popular
Library," 1/ net. Bell
These biographies of Atterbury, Bunyan,
Goldsmith, Dr. Johnson, and Pitt were con-
tributed to the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica'
between the years 1853 and 1858. They are now
for the first time reprinted in separate form, and
are preceded by an Introduction by Mr. R. II.
Gretton.
Macbean (Lachlan), The Story of Pet Mar-
JORIE, 2/6 Simpkin & Marshall
Contains the complete story and the diaries
of Marjorie Fleming; also many illustrations and
facsimiles of her letters.
Mackenzie (Alexander), The History of the
Highland Clearances, 2 ti net.
Stirling, Eneas Mackay
A second edition, altered and revised, with a
new Introduction by Mr. Ian MacPherson.
Richardson (Mrs. Aubrey), The Doges op Venice,
12 (J net. Methuen
The author claims thai her book is " the liist
to tell the stories of the hundred and twenty
Drives of Venice consecutively ami in full series.
'I'lii- account is illusl ral ed.
Trelawny (Edward John;, Adventi res of a
Youngeb Son, 2 vols., " Bohn's Popular
Library," I < net each. Bell
This edition is reprinted from that of 1835,
ami contains an introduction by Mr. II. X.
Blailsford.
Tupper (Sir Charles), RECOLLECTIONS OF Sixty
Years, 16, net. Oassell
The author records the pail he has taken in
politics from the time when he gave his support
to tlw legislative union of the Maui mi.- Provinces
of " British North America." To the auto-
biography are added a Biographical Foreword
and Appendixes. The hook is illustrated.
Vlzetelly (Ernest Alfred), My Days of Adventure,
the fall of Prance, 1870-71, 7/tl net.
• 'hallo & Windus
This volume is largely autobiographical, and
records the author's experiences in Prance at tins
time of the Franco-German War.
Ward (Lester F.), Glimpses ok the Cosmos, a
Mental Autobiography: Vol. 1. Adolescence
to Manhood, 1858-1871 ; Vol. II. SCIENTIFIC
Career Inaugurated, 187S 1882; Vol. in.
Dynamic Sociology, 1882-1885, 10/0 net each.
Put nam
These volumes contain Dr. Ward's lesser
writings, arranged in chr< logical order, each
supplied with an account of the circumstances in
which it \\as written and published. Historical
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other excluded matter are introduced in their
proper place to carry out the biographical charac-
ter of the work. The author has also included a
Preface, ' History of the Present Work,' a ' Per-
sonal Remark,' and a few illustrations.
Wellesley Papers (The), The Like and Corre-
spondence of Richard Colley Wellesley,
Marquess Wellesley, 1700 1812, by the
Editor of ' The Windham Papers.' 2 vols'., 32/
Herbert .7 en kins
The editor of this hitherto unpublished corre-
spondence has devoted much space to Wellesley's
later years, and has selected " first, those letters
that throw light on his character and actions, and
second, those that supplement our knowledge of
affairs during the period of history that comes
within his lifetime." The volumes are illustrated
with portraits.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Bagley (Arthur L.), Walks and Scrambles in
the Highlands, 3/0 net. Skeffington
Certain of these chapters are reprinted from
The Cairngorm Club Journal, The Climbers' Club
Journal, and The Field. The illustrations are from
photographs.
Bickersteth (J. Burgon), The Land of Open
Doors, being Letters from Western Canada,
7/0 net. Wells Gardner
A description of the author's experiences in
North-Western Canada, with a Foreword by Earl
Grey. Most of the photographs with which the
book is illustrated have been taken by .Mr.
Bickersteth.
Pickthall (Marmaduke), With the Turk in War-
time, 5/ net. Dent
The author determined last year to investi-
gate the state of Turkey, as far as might be, from
a Turkish point of view. The results of his
travels, which appeared first as a, series of articles
in The New Age, are here collected.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Hamel (Gustav) and Turner (Charles C), Flying,
some Practical Experiences, 12/0 net.
Longmans
An account of flying at the present day, in
which the authors have tried to keep strictly to
the practical side of the subject.
SOCIOLOGY.
Bosanquet (Helen), Social Work in London,
1809 to 1012, a History of the Charity Organisa-
tion Society, 9/ net. John Murray
An account of the origin, internal develop-
ment, and activities of the Society.
ECONOMICS.
Rowntree (B. Seebohm), Tin: Way to [ndustrj \\.
Peace and THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT,
2 6 net. Fisher Unwin
Contains revised articles from The Daily
( 'hronicle, *vc.
Seager (Henry Rogers), Prtnod?lbs of Eco-
nomics, hi o lf'11
This is the fourth edition of the author s
' Introduction to Economics ' (1904), now pub-
lished under a new title " to conform to the u-
which has grown up of designating as Princip]
any treatise which covers the whole Held of eco-
nomics." The hook has been revised, several "i
the theoretical chaptera have been rewritten, and
new chaptei a inl reduced.
EDUCATION.
Batchelder (W. J.), Notes OS THE TEACHING OB
English, Part [I., 1/6 Macmillan
A handbook for teachers, containing chapl
on the use ol books, the management ol chool
libraries, the c lud of reading l< tad the
teaching of English composition.
Study (Ai of Education In Vermont, Parts I.
and II. New York Oity, Carnegie Foundation
Th,. report of a Commission appointed to
Inquire Into the educational system and condition
of the Stat.- of Vermont .
408
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
Ward (Florence Elizabeth), Tech Montessori
Method and the American School, 5/0 net.
Macmillan
The author gives her impressions "received
through an investigation of the Method at first
hand,'' and the results of some experiments made
among children at the Iowa State Teachers'
College. The book is illustrated with many
photographs.
PHILOLOGY.
Classical Review, March, 1/ net. John Murray
Includes ' Notes on the Agricola,' by Prof.
Eaverfield, showing how it is illustrated by recent
Romano - British discoveries ; further notes on
various words and passages, and several reviews,
headed by one on ' Some Mathematical Books.'
Prof. Gildersleeve's tribute to Robinson Ellis is
quoted from The American Journal of Philology ;
and Prof. E. V. Arnold sends a reply to a review
of ' Some Works of Syntax ' which appeared last
December.
Smyth (Austin), The Composition of the Iliad,
an Essay on a Numerical Law in its Structure,
6/ net. Longmans
The author's aim is "to demonstrate that
the Iliad of Homer at one time consisted of 13,500
lines, neither more nor less, divided into 45 sec-
tions of 300 verses each, with major divisions after
the 15th and 30th of these ; from which it follows
that the remaining 2,193 verses which appear in
our present texts are more recent additions, and
ought to be removed."
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Henley (W. E.), Views and Eeviews, Essays in
Appreciation, 5/ net. Nutt
A third edition. See Allien., Oct. 11, 1890,
p. 476.
Roberts (D. Lloyd), The Scientific Knowledge
OP Dante. Sherratt <!c Hughes
This lecture was delivered at the Victoria
University of Manchester before the Manchester
Dante Society.
Russell (Right Hon. G. W. E.), Selected Essays,
1/net. Dent
This collection includes ' Arnold as a Poet,'
' Twelfth Night,' ' Style,' and ' Despoiled Phrases.'
GAELIC.
Ancient Legends of the Scottish Gael : Gillie A'
Bhuidseir, The Wizard's Gillie, and Other
Tales, edited and translated by J. G. McKay,
2/6 net. St. Catherine Press
The translator has selected these tales from
the manuscript collections of the late J. P. Camp-
bell of Islay. The Gaelic original is given on the
left-hand page, with the English rendering oppo-
site. There are a few illustrations.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Gospel according to St. Matthew 'The), Pre-
liminary Edition, edited by the Rev. T.
Walker, 1 /6 Universitv Tutorial Press
This edition, intended primarily for pupils of
the ages of 11 to 14, contains an Introduction,
notes, plans, and maps.
Herbertson (A. J.), The Preliminary Geography,
" The Oxford Geographies," Vol. I., 1/6
Oxford University Press
A third edition, in which the text and diagrams
have been revised.
Sertum : a Garland of Prose Narratives
selected and edited by J. H. Fowler and
H. W. M. Parr : Book II. Nineteenth-Century
English Literature for Secondary Schools,
'm, , ,. Macmillan
Ihe selections are taken from Stanley, Froude,
Kinglake, and Thackeray, and the volume in-
cludes notes and questions and subjects suitable
for composition.
Siepmann's Advanced German Series : Prinz
Friedrich von Homburg, ein Schauspiel, von
Heinrich von Kleist, edited by G. F. Bridge, 2/6
t\t t. • ^ , Macmillan
Mr. Bridge has supplied this play with an
Introduction, including a life of the author
and notes. The general editor of the series has
prepared the Appendixes, comprising ' Words
and Phrases for Viva Voce Drill,' ' Sentences on
Syntax and Idioms,' and ' Passages for Transla-
tion into German.' He is also responsible for the
PhreL « APPendices ' (2/6 net) and a ' Word- and
Ihrase-Book for Home- Work ' (Qd.), issued bv
the same publishers. 7
FICTION.
Allatini (R.), Happy Ever After, 6/
Mills k Boon
This novel is mainly concerned with the
history of a girl who yearned for a love marriage,
but missed her chance through having written a
story which contained autobiographical details.
Arabian Nights' Entertainments (The), translated
by Edward William Lane, edited by Stanley
Lane-Poole, Vols. I. and II., "Bonn's Popular
Library," 1/ net each. Bell
This edition is based on that of 1859, but
contains the two additional stories of ' Aladdin '
and 'Ali Baba,' and Dr. Lane-Poole's Preface of
1906.
Baerlein (Henry), London Circus, 6/ Fifield
The adventures of a Syrian who comes to
England and marries a housemaid.
Bloundelle-Burton (John), Traitor and True,
Qd. Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Allien.,
July 21, 1906, p. 67.
Bohn's Popular Library : Poushkin's Prose
Tales, translated from the Russian by T.
Keane ; The Betrothed, by Alessandro
Manzoni, translated, 2 vols., 1/ net each. Bell
The first of these volumes includes transla-
tions of all Poushkin's complete prose stories.
The translation of Manzoni is a reprint of
that originally published in " Bohn's Novelists
Library."
Cameron (Mrs. Lovett), Midsummer Madness, Qd.
Long
A cheap reprint.
Conrad (Joseph), Lord Jim, 1 / net. Blackwood
A cheaper edition. See notice in Allien.,
Nov. 3, 1900, p. 576.
Dehan (Richard), The Cost of Wings, 6/
Heinemann
A collection of twenty-six short stories.
Ellis (Aleck T.), The Minotaur of Capri, 6/
Heath & Cranton
A love-story based upon fact, the scene
being laid in Rome and Capri during the later
life of the Emperor Tiberius.
Hocking (Joseph), An Enemy hath done This,
3/6 Ward & Lock
A romance of the West Country in the early
seventies. It tells of the unscrupulous methods
of the younger son of a Cornish family in becom-
ing possessed of the family inheritance. Through
his duplicity his eldest brother, a general, is
charged with treason, disgraced, and mysteriously
disappears. The hero, a doctor, meets with many
adventures before unravelling the plot and un-
masking the villain.
Hume (Fergus), The Turnpike House, Qd. Long
A cheap reprint.
Hyne (C. J. CutclifTe), Firemen Hot, 6/ Methuen
A collection of stories dealing with the
varied adventures of three marine firemen in
different parts of the world. Capt. Kettle also
reappears in this volume.
Kitty Bell the Orphan, possibly an Earlier Ver-
sion of Charlotte Bronte's ' Jane Eyre,' written
circa 1844, and published as the work of
Eugene Sue, 2/6 net. Pitman
In her Introduction Mrs. Ellis H. Chadwick
suggests that this story is an earlier version of
' Jane Eyre,' written probablv within the period
1842-5.
Lowndes (Mrs. Belloc), The End op her Honey-
moon, 6/ Methuen
A young couple are mysteriously parted on
their honeymoon in Paris, and the wife, who
makes unceasing efforts to find her husband, only
learns at the end of the book the true cause of
his disappearance. The story has already ap-
peared as a serial in a daily paper.
Lynegrove (R. C), Lotteries of Circumstance,
6/ Methuen
This story describes the matrimonial adven-
tures of two sisters belonging to the impover-
ished German aristocracy.
Marsh (Richard), Mrs. Musgrave and her
Husband, Qd. Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Atheiu,
July 27, 1895, p. 124.
Mathers (Helen), The Sin op Hagar, Qd. Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Athcn.,
June 13, 1896, p. 775.
Meade (L. T.), Drift, Id. net. Methuen
A cheap reprint, See notice in Alhen.,
March 22, 1902, p. 368.
Nemirovich-Danchenko, The Princes of the
Stock Exchange, translated from the Russian
by Dr. A. S. Rappoport, 6/
Holden <fc Hardingham
This novel describes the life and manners of
financiers on the Stock Exchange of St. Petersburg.
It is the first of this Russian novelist's writings to
be translated into English.
Oppenheim (E. Phillips), The Amazing Partner-
ship, 3/6 Cassell
The hero, reduced to severe straits of poverty,
is pushed suddenly into an adventure, and goes
into partnership with a mysterious woman in a
series of amazing exploits.
Orczy (Baroness), Unto Cesar, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
The hero, who witnesses the Crucifixion,
eventually becomes a Christian.
Parker (Sir Gilbert), The Seats of the Mighty,
Id. net. Nelson
A cheap reprint. See Alhen., May 30, 1896,
p. 710.
Praed (Mrs. Campbell), The Other Mrs. Jacob?,
Qd. Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Alhen.,
Aug. 29, 1903, p. 280.
Pratz Claire de), Pomm's Daughter, 6/
Hutchinson
Pomm is a retired naval officer, and adopts
a little girl who is suddenly left motherless. She
reforms his untidy habits and bullies him gener-
ally, to his complete satisfaction. Eventually
her real and long-lost father appears on the scene —
there was a mild mystery about her birth — and
she marries a rising young sculptor. The greater
part of the action takes place in Paris.
Roberts (Helen C), A Free Hand, 6/
Duckworth
The hero, who is the son of small shopkeepers
in Lewes, is launched, by the generosity of his
mother, on the career of a dentist. He marries
an actress, and the effects of the union upon his
life are considerable.
Savi (E. W.), Baba and the Black Sheep, 6/
Hurst <fc Blackett
The author describes Anglo-Indian life in
a very lonely part of India. The " Baba " is a
young English girl who inherits large estates
near the Ganges, and is regarded by the natives
as an arbitrator and magistrate. Fortune casts
her lot with that of the " Black Sheep," who has
the brand of Cain upon his forehead.
Stacpoole (H. de Vere), Father O'Flynn, 1/ net.
Hutchinson
An Irish love-story which illustrates the
important part played by the Irish priest in affairs
of to-day.
Trollope (Anthony), Doctor Thorne ; Framley
Parsonage ; Small House at Alllngton,
2 vols. ; The Last Chronicle of Barset,
2 vols., "Bohn's Popular Library," 1/ net.
Bell
Well-known stories among the latest in-
stalment of this Library.
Warden (Florence), Something in the City, Qd.
Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Allien.,
June 14, 1902, p. 749.
Wayfarers' Library (The) : 'Twixt La.nd and Sea,
by Joseph Conrad ; Under the Greenwood
Tree, by Thomas Hardy ; The Widow
Woman, by Charles Lee, 1/ net each. Dent
Three of the latest volumes in this Library.
Mr. Conrad's book first appeared in 1912.
White (Stewart Edward), Gold, Second Edition, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
A tale of the rush to the Californian gold-
fields in 1849.
Whitelaw (David), A Castle in Bohemia, 6/
Hodder <fc Stoughton
The adventure - loving hero of this novel
becomes implicated in the conspiracies of a secret
political society, which imposes upon him the
task of murdering one of its victims, a count who
happens to be the uncle of his fiancee.
Wyllarde (Dolf), It was the Time op Roses, 6/
Holden & Hardingham
Part of the scene of this story is laid in the
West Indies, where a French Creole flirt tries to
make the hero forget the girl he loves in England.
This novel has already appeared as a serial.
Yorke (Curtis), Delphine, Qd. Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Alhen.,
Feb. 13, 1904, p. 201.
No. 4508, March 21, 19U
THE ATHENAEUM
409
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Amateur Photographer and Photographic News,
E.MPiiu-: Number, 2d. Bazell& Watson
Notable articles are 'The Cost of Photo-
graphy,' by the Rev. A. !•'. .Murray ; - How to
Measure the " Pocus " of a Pens." by Mr. L. C.
Northgate : ami ' On Selling Prints to the Press,1
by Mr. J. T. Wilinot. The illustrations include
toll-page reproductions of photographs.
Open Court, March, 6rf.
Open Court Publishing Co.
In this month's issue Dr. Paul Carus continues
his paper on - The Portrayal ot Christ," Mr. Ernest
W. Clement writes mi ' The Last of the ShogunS,'
ami Mr. Philip E. B. Jourdain on ' Philosophy in
the Farm- Yard.'
Poetry and Drama, March, 2 6
Poetry Bookshop
Includes poetry by Mr. Maurice Hewlett
ami Mr. Godfrey Elton : ' The Repertory Theatre,'
by Mr. William Archer: and 'Reviewing: an
Unskilled Labour,' by Mr. Edward Thomas.
Symons's Meteorological Magazine, March, Id.
Stanford
Contains notes on ' The Weather of February,'
the Royal Meteorological Society, and 'Inter-
national Balloon Ascents ' also reviews and
correspondence.
GENERAL.
Bain (F. W.), Indian Stories : Vol. V. A
Draught of the Blub, translated from the
Original .Manuscript, 120 net per set of 10 vols.
Lee Warner
Another of Mr. Bain's Indian stories in the
" Riccardi Press Books. "
Banister <C. L.1, The Parson — in Town, Coun-
try, and Abroad, 2 6 net. Skeffington
Sketches of a parson's life, training, and work
in England and the Colonies.
Clergy List, PHI. Kelly's Directories
This directory includes lists of benefices
arranged under the rural deaneries, and lists of
private patrons.
Fellowship Books : Ln >ve, by Gilbert Cannan ;
The Meaning of Life, by W. L. Courtney ;
Nature, by W. H. Davies ; Trees, by Eleanor
Farjeon ; Flowers, by J. Foord ; and Poetry,
by Arthur Quiller-Couch, 2,' net each. Batsford
The latest in-talment of volumes in this
series.
Finot (Jean), The secret of Happiness, trans-
lated from the Tenth French Edition by Mary
J. Safford, 7 6 net. Putnam
The writer discusses the science of happiness
from various points of view.
Forsyth tthe late John), Scottish National
Readings, 2/6 net. Paisley, Gardner
A collection of prose and verse extracts for
recitations and readings.
Grane (William Leighton), The Passing of War,
a Study in Things that Make for Peace, 2/6 net.
MacmiLlan
A fourth and cheaper edition. See Athen.,
March 9, 1912, p. 273.
Jefferies Richard i, The Open Air, 1/ net. Dent
A new and popular edition of these essays.
London Jack), The Road, 1/ net. Mills & Boon
A collection of the author's reminiscences
and adventures in various parts of the world
which tii-t appeared in Phis.
New Zealand Official Year-Book, Pi 13, prepared
by Malcolm Fraser.
Wellington, X.Z.. John Mackay ;
London, Eyre & Spottiswoode
The twenty - second issue, including among
its special features an article on earthquakes in
New Zealand, by Mi. G. Hogben, and an account
Of the visit of H.M.S. New Zealand, by Mr. W.
K. Spen .
Talbot (Frederick A.i, Railway Wonders of the
World, Vol. ii.. 10 •; net. < ;,..,ii
A description of some of the famous railways
of the world. There are twelve coloured plate,
and many other illustration-.
Wilde Oscar), Selected Prose, 1/ net.
M'-thuen
A selection of the writer's prose, and two
hitheito unpublished letters to Mr. Robert I;
who contributes tie- Preface to this volume.
PAMPHLETS.
Alexander Leighi, I'm: Kings or Ltdia, UCD v
Rearh anoement ok BOKH Fragmknts IltOM
Nn oi.w- or DakaSi
Princeton CTniversity Press
This Btudy was presented to the Faculty of
Prin''' i niversity m candidacy for tie- di
of Doctor of Philosophy.
Coke (Hon. Henry), Our Schools and the BrjBLB,
1/ net. \. b. Humphreys
In this pamphlet tie- author discusses the
question " Should the Bible be taught in children's
schools ? "
Fussell (Joseph H.), Mrs. Annie Besant AND the
Lbadbbatbr Advice.
San Diego, Cal.. ' San Diego News '
A protest againsl Mrs. Besant's reinstatement
of Mr. Leadbeater in the Theosophical Society.
Jones (Griffith), New Work on the Welsh
CHURCH Hill Controversy : Disendowment,
Pacts not generally known by English and Welsh
People, .:</. St. Catherine Press
This paper is based on four articles which
appeared in The Westminster Review.
Pitiful Story (The) of the Performing Dog, by an
Ex-Trainer, edited by C. R. Johns, 2d.
Animals' Friend Society
This account of the manner in which perform-
ing animals are treated has been taken down from
the lips of a practical trainer.
SCIENCE.
Boulger (Prof.), British Flowering Plants,
Vol. I., illustrated by Mrs. Henry Perrin,
15 guineas per set, subscription price 12 guineas.
Quaritch
This work, which will be completed in four
volumes, contains 300 full-page coloured plates
from water-colour drawings by Mrs. Perrin. Prof.
Boulger has written an Introduction and detailed
descriptive notes to each plate. This edition is
limited to 1,000 copies.
Clark (Austin Hobart), Notes on some Speci-
mens of a Species of Onychophore (Oro-
peripatus corradoi) new to the fauna of
Panama.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
A description of four specimens now in the
United States National Museum.
Knowledge, Vol. XXXVI., 15/ net.
' Knowledge ' Publishing Co.
The bound volume for the year 1913.
Linton (Edwin), Notes on a Viviparous Dis-
TOME.
Washington, Government Printing Office
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the United
States National Museum.
Mearns (Edgar A.), Descriptions of Eight New
African Bulbuls.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
Descriptions of birds from the collections
made by the Childs Frick African Expedition
(1911—12), the Smithsonian African Expedition
(1909-10), and the Paul J. Rainey Expedition
(1911-12).
Radlkofer (Prof. Dr. L.), New Sapindacs.tj from
Panama and Costa Rica.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
A description of some species found in a collec-
tion of Sapindaceae which was made, chieflv by
Mr. H. Pittier, during 1905-12.
Urquhart (Alexander), Odd Hours with Nature,
5/ net. Fisher Unwin
These papers, dealing with various aspects of
Nature in each month, have already appeared in
The Dundee Advertiser. The numerous illustra-
tions are from photographs.
Wild Flowers as they Grow, photographed in
Colour direct from Nature by H. Essenhigh
Corke, with Descriptive Text by (i. Clarke
Nuttall, 5, net. Cassell
The Sixth Series, containing twenty-five
coloured plates and diagrams in the text.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Hrdlicka (Dr. Ales), ANTHROPOLOGICAL Work in
Peru in 1913, with Notes on the Pathology of
the Ancient Peruvians.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
An account of some ant bropological investiga-
tions made by tie' ant hoc in Peru during the early
part of 1913. There are illustrations from photo-
graphs.
FINE ARTS.
PiranesI, Selected Etchings, Series I., with an
Introduction by C. II. Reilly.
Technical Journals
Containing an appreciatory sketch by the
Roscoe Professor of Architecture at Liverpool Uni-
versity, and fifty plates.
Sumner (Heywood), Excavations on Rock-
rourne Down, II ami-shire, 2/ net.
Ohiswick Pre i
.. description of a Romano-British farm
settlement and the relics found in the excavation,
illustrated with plans and drawings.
MUSIC.
Bach (J. S.), <), Jbsu Christ, Thou Prince of
Peace, a Cantata for Soli, Chorus, and Orches-
tra, edited by John Pointer, English Version
by Paul England, 1/ Novello
Balrstow (Edward C), The Office for the Holy
Communion, set to Music in the Key of d, 1/6
Novello
Dew for the Flow'ret, Sons, Words by Thomas
Hood, Music by Marion Richardson, 1/(5 net.
Paterson
Hunting Chorus, Part Song, the Words by Sir
Walter Scott, the Music by Joseph Soar, 3*/.
Novello
Hurry (Jamieson B.), Sumer is icumen in, 2/(5
net. Novello
A second edition of the description of the
musical canon of this khik published at the
unveiling of a memorial tablet at Reading Abbev
in 1913.
Jessie's Dream, a Story of the Relief of
Pi cknow, the Words by Grace Campbell, the
Music by John Blockley, Qd. Novello
A song for children, arranged with actions
by Miss Ethel Dawson.
Mile (A) an' a Bittock, Scottish Song, Words by
R. L. Stevenson, Music by John Greenwood,
2/ net. Paterson
Novello's Octavo Anthems, No. 1013, Of the
Father's Love BEGOTTEN, Anthem for Christ-
mas (founded on an Ancient Melody) by Edward
C. Bairstow, Words translated from Pruden-
tius by Rev. J. M. Neale and Rev. Sir II. W.
Baker, 3d. Novello
Novello's Parish Choir Book : Magnificat and
Nunc Dimittis, set to Gregorian Tones : No. 6.
With Verses in Faux-Bourdon by Orlando
Gibbons (1583-1625), 3d. ; No. 7. With Verses
in Faux-Bourdon by William Whitbroke
(c. 1560) and Knight (c. 1560), 3d. ; and
No. 8. With Verses in Faux-Bourdon by an
Unknown Edwardine Composer (1517) ami
Thomas Causton (d. 1569), 2d., edited by
Francis Burgess and Royle Shore. Novello
Novello's Part-Song Book (Second Series) : No.
1269, Weep You no More, Music by Arthur
Somervell, 3d. ; No. 1285, Perfection (Sinfonia
Domestica Choralis), Music by A. C. Mackenzie
(Op. 77), 6rf. ; No. 1293, Sweet Day, so
Cool (Virtue), Words by George Herbert,
Music by David Stephen, 2d. Novello
Novello's Short Anthems, No. 218, O Saving
Victim. Short Unaccompanied Anthem for
Four Voices, composed bv Archibald W.
Wilson, lid. Novello
Orpheus (The), New Series, Four-Part Songs for
Men's Voices (unaccompanied) : No. 542,
Crossing the Bar, Words by Alfred, Lord
Tennyson, 2d. ; No. 543, Echoes, Words by
Thomas Moore, 2d. ; No. 544, Full Fathom
Five, Words by Shakespeare, from ' The
Tempest,' 3d. ; Music composed by Thomas
F. Dunhill. Novello
Pearce (Charles W.), Modern Academic Counter-
point, 5/ G. Schirmer
The writer begins his work with a discussion
of ' What Counterpoint Is.' Other chapters aro
on 'Counterpoint in the Ecclesiastical .Modes'
and ' The Tonality of the Old Church Modes.'
Rubinstein (Anton), The Cloud, Two-Part Song
for Female and Boys' Voices, 3d. Novello
Scottish Mezzo-Soprano Album, the Songs selected,
edited, and annotated by Donald Ross, tho
Accompaniments composed and revised by
Alfred Moffat, paper 2/ net, limp leather 4/ net.
Paterson
Mr. Ross has written historical and biographi-
cal notes to these SOngS, giving an account of their
origin and a sketch of their authors.
Short Settings of the Office for the Holy Com-
munion, including Uenedictcs and AGNUS
Dm, for Parochial ami General Use, edited by
Sir George 0. Martin: No. 51, in B Hat, by
llemy G. Ley, 1/ Novello
DRAMA.
Goethe, Faust, translated by Anna Swanwick,
" Bonn's Popular Librarj . 1 net. Bell
This Issue is edited, with Introduction and
Bibliography, by Prof. Karl Breul.
Harcourt (Cyril), A Place in the sin. 2/fl net.
Josepb \N iliion
Produced at theC dy Theatre las! year;
iee Athen., N"\ • 8, p. 586.
Sutro (Alfred), Tin: Two Vnnt i-. a Comedy in
POUT \e|s, paper 1 Ii net, e|,,||, 2/ DSt.
I nickworth
'lie- play, now being aeted at the St. .lam.
which we noticed last week.
410
THP: ATHENiEUM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
FOREIGN.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Hanotaux (Gabriel), La France en 1014, 1/
Paris, Nelson
A study of ' La France et la Royaute avant
Richelieu,' which includes chapters on ' L'Ordre
Social ' and ' Les Questions Religieuses.'
Memoires de Barthelemy, 1768-1819, publies par
Jacques de Dampierre, 7fr. 50.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
These reminiscences of a diplomatic career
are accompanied by a portrait.
Plutarque, Les Vies des Hommes illustres,
traduites du Grec par Amyot, Vol. II., Edition
Luteiia, lOd. Paris, Nelson
Contains an Introduction by M. Emile
Faguet, and a Glossary.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, 10 Mar?, lfr. 25.
Paris, ' Mercure de France '
Includes ' Le Rationalisme contre la Raison,'
by M. Jules de Gaultier ; ' Poemes,' by M. J.
Galzy ; and ' Toulon et la Flotte,' by M. Maurice
de Faramond.
GENERAL.
Stendhal : Vies de Haydn, de Mozart, et de
Metastase, " GSuvres Completes de Stendhal,"
publies sous la direction d'Edouard Champion.
Bibliographee Stendhaleenne, par Henri
Cordier, " 02uvres Completes de Stendhal."
La Vie Litteraire de Stendhal, par
Adolphe Paupe, " Bibliotheque Stendhalienne."
Paris, Champion
The first volume contains the text established
and annotated by M. Daniel Muller, and a Pre-
face by M. Romain Rolland.
The ' Bibliographie ' is divided into two parts
— ' GSuvres de Stendhal ' and ' Ouvrages et Articles
relatifs a Stendhal.' Facsimiles of the titles of
the original editions are included.
The ' Vie Litteraire ' includes chapters on
' Stendhal et 1'Histoire,' ' Une enigme Stend-
halienne,' and ' Stendhaliana.'
MUSIC.
Wyzewa (Teodor de), Beethoven et Wagner,
Essais d'Histoire et de Critique Musicales, 5fr.
Paris, Perrin
A new edition, with portraits and other illus-
trations.
INVIOLABLE.
When I hear men discoursing idle tilings,
Who "beauty and corruption" would
unite —
As who should say : " Now call we dark-
ness bright ! "
My wondering soul more passionately clings
To every image, every strain that sings
Of beauty — still, ah, still the world's
delight ! —
More valuing that bloom which knows not
blight,
To which no touch of Time defacement brings.
From rocky Chios, from sweet Avon's side,
From Athens, Sicily — our earth to bless —
From each dear Land where Joy hath
dwelt with Truth,
It comes adown Time's inexhausted tide
In myriad form, the ancient Loveliness,
Wearing its glory of immortal youth !
Florence Eari.e Coates.
BOOK SALE.
Messrs. Christie sold on Monday, the !)th
inst., the following books, the prope'rtv of Mr.
J. Griffith Dearden of Waloot Park, Stamford :
Eyton's Shropshire, 18?. Dallawav and Cart-
wright's Sussex, 3 vols., 2'.U. lbs. Daniell's
Voyage round Great Britain, 571. Killigrew's
Comedies and Tragedies, 1004, 2il. Nichols's
Leicestershire, 8 vols., (il)l.
CAMBRIDGE FINANCE.
The accounts of the Colleges are published
in the Reporter after being sent to the Vice-
Chancellor ; and those before me {Reporter,
March 4th, 1914) are called ' Abstracts of
Receipts and Expenditure for the Year
ending Michaelmas, 1912.' I confess that
I am the last person qualified to discuss
accounts, and if in my awkwardness I
cause any embarrassment, I must ask
for the indulgence granted to a little
child when he puts questions to his elders
on religious, moral, and social topics, the
inconvenience of which can only be forgiven
on the score of ignorance and inexperience.
I assume that these accounts are not only
accurate — for I never got so far as the
correct addition of money in my studies —
but also that their correctness is in all
cases vouched for by chartered accountants.
I hope this is the case, because Colleges ad-
minister their estates as public bodies, and
I am told that proficiency, even in the
exacter sciences, does not make a man an
auditor imless he has made accountancy
his special study.
Whatever the system of auditing adopted,
it cannot be uniform, for items under the
same heading do not always mean the same
thing. Trinity Hall, for example, has an
estate of 9,080/. or so to administer, and the
expenses of management are 33/. Downing
has about the saine amount of j)roperty
managed at a cost of 260/.; Sidney's charge
for administering over 15,000Z. is 953/.;
whilst Jesus spends just under 400/. on an
estate of over 13,000/. Caius devotes a
twenty-seventh of its income to its manage-
ment, King's a nineteenth, St. John's a
twenty-sixth, and Trinity about the same.
Of course, in some cases the estates are
widely scattered, whereas in others they are
in the vicinity of Cambridge ; but one
certainly gathers from the above figures
that College property is managed far more
cheaply than any other. If these figures
really represent the fact, I confess that they
dispel any traces of cynicism I may have
unwillingly have restrained as to human
disinterestedness ; and I am at a loss to
imagine how the solicitors, land agents,
surveyors, &c, whose business is with
Colleges, manage to exist. Perhaps they
are the secret benefactors of sound learning
and religious education. Certainly all critics
of College administration as cumbersome
and costly ought to be ready with abject
apologies.
' Establishment Charges ' present similar
anomalies. The highest is Trinity, with
its spacious grounds and large buildings.
2,082/. does not seem a large sum ; but it is
not easy to see why Jesus comes second
with 1,666/. True, the College stands in
its own fields and has extensive gardens, but
even then it is strange that it should exceed
the expenditure of St. John's by more than
400/. Caius comes next ; and Queens' spends
no less than 1,015/. In Peterhouse, St.
Catherine's, and Downing respectively the
cost is less than 400/. Is it possible that
under this item the same charges are meant
in all cases ?
The money distributed by the Colleges
among the Head and Fellows varies greatly :
Queens' gives only 1,091/., or about a seventh
of its revenues ; Emmanuel about one-
fourth ; Jesus and Corpus a third ; King's a
fifth ; Clare a fourth ; Trinity a sixth,
and so on. The poorest Colleges in this
respect seem to be Queens', Trinity Hall,
and Pembroke — that is, if the number of
Fellows be taken into account. It is very
difficult to generalize on these figures ; but
it may be freely asserted that in every single
case the Master and Fellows are paid with
due regard to economy, and that the days
of large and undeserved emoluments are
gone for ever.
As regards the gross incomes, Trinity
stands first with 79,263/., and St. Catherine's
and Magdalene last with a little under
6,500/. each. St. John's, King's, and Caius
have over 25,000/. a year; Clare, Emmanuel,
Christ's, and Sidney exceed 15,000/.; whilst
Jesus, Corpus, and Pembroke exceed 10,000/.
A considerable proportion of this income is
made by internal charges : room rents, fees
from residents and non-residents, and the
like. The external income of Trinity, for
example, is only 56,000/. or thereabouts. It
costs King's 2,413/. to maintain its beautiful
chapel service : more for the benefit of the
public, perchance, than of that College,
which has shown itself of late years con-
sistently more anxious for credit than emolu-
ment. Trinity is almost equally liberal in
this respect, the chapel charges, including
chaplains, being 2,271/. Were this analysis
to be pursued, I am under the impression
that the credit of the Colleges for adminis-
tering their funds wisely and generously
would stand higher than it does, and it
would be seen that they do a great deal
with comparatively little money — far less
than is popularly supposed.
A considerable sum has to be deducted
by way of contribution (which is exacted by
the Statutes of 1882) from each College to
the University. Trinity (in luding the capi-
tation tax) pays 5,475/., St. John's contribu-
tion is 2,079/., St. Catherine's 374/., and other
Colleges in proportion. The reserves of the
Colleges vary extraordinarily. Some, like
Pembroke, Trinity Hall, Jesus, and Christ's,
manage to carry very little forward. The
larger Colleges — Trinity, King's, and St.
John's— have considerable balances, as have
also Emmanuel and Sidney ; whilst poor
Colleges, like Peterhouse and Magdalene,
have a creditable sum in hand. Thus the
accounts reveal completely independent sys-
tems of finance in the different Colleges ; but
it may be pointed out that possibly I have
failed to understand the principles on
which any one of these accounts is con-
structed. I have already warned my readers
that I am no accountant.
The real matter of importance is, how-
ever, not the manner in which the accounts
are presented, but the management of the
College estates. That they are adminis-
tered honestly, but on the whole capably,
seems certain ; yet it is questionable whether
the system is in any case ideal. In existing
circumstances it is doubtful whether the
best course is to choose the Bursar from the
Fellows of a College. It does not seem to
be recognized that the administration of an
estate is now a business requiring very wide
special knowledge, and that a Bursar should
have been trained for his work. Success in
a Tripos, or even failure to secure a practice
at the Bar, does not naturally qualify a man
to deal with large and scattered estates
under the changing conditions of modern
life. One College has already moved in the
direction of appointing a professionally
trained Bursar, and others will probably
soon follow in its wake. Reformers are
loud in insisting that all the College estates
should be administered by a Commission,
but I am not certain that either the Colleges
or the properties would benefit by being
under a central office. A more ideal condi-
tion would be that each College should vie
with the others in making its estate a model
of good and liberal management. Hitherto
the Colleges have been hampered by a
system of leases and lack of capital, and it
has been necessary to grant building leases
in order to develope land which has become
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
411
more suitable for houses than as agricultural
property. But reoent legislation has taxed
such leases so heavily that it will be dis-
advantageous to grant thru, and the Col-
leges will have to do the development of their
lands themselves. As many of these are in
the neighbourhood of growing towns, the
need tor professional Bursars is pressing, and
it is desirable that the smaller Colleges, at
any rate, should combine to secure the
services of trained men whose whole time
can be devoted to the properties they ad-
. minister.
The ever - watchful Disney Professor has
done his best to thwart the plausible
action of the Medical School to obtain a
Government grant, and, though he has
failed by a narrow majority, he has at
least demonstrated the danger of allowing
the Government a pretext for interfering
with University education. It is fairly certain
that other schools will try to follow in the
steps of the Medical ; but should they do
so, they can hardly hope to get the doctors
from the hospitals to help them, as on the
present occasion. J.
INDIRECT PAYMENT.
A certain section of our daily press would
have us believe that the public shows an
extravagant delight at being vouchsafed a
fresh opportunity of hoodwinking itself. In
other words, if a larger sum of money for
an article can be extracted from it by an
indirect method, the public is frenzied with
joy because a smaller direct payment is
made. It is true that investigation has
led us to regard the said press as guilty of
considerable exaggeration, but the gulli-
bility of the public is, unfortunately, a fact
only too well accredited.
We learn that our own announcement
of the reduction of the price of The Times
to one penny, and the reason for it, has
been regarded as cryptic. It was, however,
a quotation from the announcement made
in The Daily Mail. We admit it was
in contrast to the articles on the subject
which appeared in other daily papers under
the same control. We were not able to
congratulate the public to the extent that at
least two of our contemporaries did, because
the change made must be regarded as a
matter of business, and business to-day gene-
rally means the employment of some method
by which a proprietary interest may obtain
for itself a larger sum of money than it has
hitherto done for supplying a certain article.
Though the case particularly under considera-
tion is no exception to the rule, we propose to
concern ourselves first with the possible ad-
vantages to the public.
Owing to the unique advertising re-
sources at the disposal of the Northcliffe
interests, there will undoubtedly be a
considerable number who will for the first
time learn that it is worth while to spend
a penny on their morning paper, instead
of a halfpenny, and those who do so will
no more be depriving themselves of any
of the necessities of life than that smaller
public which hitherto spent twopence. For
ourselves, we willingly paid the extra penny
when that was the only means by which
we could secure The Times Literary Supple-
ment, and we are well satisfied now that we
have a wide choice of newspapers for one
penny, and can devote the other to pur-
chasing the Supplement in question.
We see no special reason, however, to sym-
pathize with those on whose shoulders it is
proposed to place the burden of paying for
the reduction. We suppose nobody v. ill
deny that the section of the public from
whom it is hoped to obtain the difference
is made up largely of those whom advertising
leads to purchase, and who are often en-
ticed to possess themselves of articles of
which they have no real need. We certainly
have no wish to suggest that all advertising
is discreditable, though a self-respecting
advertiser woidd naturally only seek to
bring to the notice of the public an article,
the purchase of which would lead to mutual
advantage. We leave it to those who
purchase articles through advertisements to
decide for themselves the number of self-
respecting advertisers. Still, advertising
cannot be wholly discredited because of
some of its exponents. Where pos-
sible, the most profitable form of it
to all parties concerned is no doubt to
send to the prospective purchaser a genuine
sample of the goods. Such a method,
though possible in the case of many articles
of daily consumption — mental (as in the
case of daily papers) or physical (as in the
case of bread) — cannot be adopted with
articles like motor-cars. But we must not
pursue this aspect of the subject, as the
main purport of our argument is to drive
home the fact that every article exacts a
certain payment — either directly or in-
directly— for its production, and one of the
evils of our present system is that the
profit to the public of such payment de-
creases, the less direct it becomes.
To-day we have a cheap press — too cheap,
to our mind, because the public indirectly
pays too dearly for this specious cheapness.
In cases where the advertiser possesses
something resembling a social conscience he
adds the cost of advertisement to the more
or less adequate cost of labour spent in the
production of the article, and sells it to the
public at a price which recoups him for the
expenses he has incurred. In such cases
the public payment may be said to be in-
direct to the extent of one remove. Un-
fortunately, in many cases the payment is
further removed from directness. Such is
the case whenever an article is purchased
for a sum which covers inadequately the
real cost of production and advertisement.
Here the public pays an indirect price in a
different way, and much less profitably ;
the payment takes the form of taxation
enforced for the upkeep of poor - houses,
and prison and other infirmaries ; in
fact, in all outgoings which come under
the multiple heading of relief. A Socialist
was elaborately explaining the other day what
the Workmen's Compensation and Insurance
Acts were. Having listened to his harangue
with what patience could be commanded,
the present writer suggested that he had
entirely omitted one thing that such Acts
were — an acknowledgment of the under-
payment of manual workers.
One of the greatest evils of indirect under-
payment is that the article so purchased is
undervalued. It will be a matter for surprise
if The Times at a penny is not merely
scanned instead of being read intelli-
gently, and if copies of it do not go to in-
crease the litter of discarded matter in print.
Our readers' comment may well be: This
is all evident, too evident, but where lies
the remedy ? The remedy lies, to our think-
ing, in a better education of our social con-
science— one of the purposes towards which
all responsible journals ought to be working.
Governments to-day, being composed of men
who have, at least, more time for thoughl
than the majority, are becoming increasingly
aware of the evils attendant on the under-
payment of production, but instead of making
it their main purpose to educate tin- indi-
vidual, they Beek to set things right by
Acts of Parliament and the us- of coercion.
SHAKESPEARE AND ASBIES.
II.
The last implicit sign of the family posses-
sion of Asbies is preserved in a little book
among tho State Papers, April, 1580 (which
none of the Baconians appears to have noted ).
This is a list of " the (Gentlemen and Free-
holders of the County of Warwick." Among
these appear John Shakespeare of Stratford -
on-Avon (the name spelt so) and Thomas
Shakespeare of Rowington. In another list
the contracted form of the name is used.
But the freehold was slipping from him. He
could not find sufficient money to pay every-
thing at once. There is no doubt that his
son's impulsive marriage would increase his
money difficulties. So time passed on, and
he was fighting from hand to mouth until
on March 1st, 1587, Edmund Lambert died,
still holding Asbies. Though John Lambert,
the heir seems to have been offered the
money, he refused it and took possession.
He was not going to be bound by a mere
verbal promise of his father, even if it had
ever been made. There seem to have been
family councils, friendly, logical, and legal
pressure applied. John Lambert refused
to give up the desirable family property.
But a counter-proposition was made to him,
and under pressure, to secure peace, he seems
to have agreed on Sept. 26th, 1587, at tho
house of Anthony Ingram, gent., at Walford
Parva, to pay 20Z. more by instalments,
beginning on Nov. 18th, 1587. And again
the Shakespeares trusted a Lambert's word.
Now it cannot be too carefully considered
that it was the private discussions and deci-
sions about the return of Asbies that were
the deciding factors in William Shake-
speare's life. When he learnt that John
Lambert was determined not to give up
Asbies, he knew they could not go to common
law, having for testimony only the word of a
dead man. And therefore Shakespeare, already
the father of three children, felt that he must
make a career somewhere, and determined
on trying London. Why not ? Many of his
friends had gone there and had prospered.
His father would have the 40£. he was ready
to pay for Asbies. He would have introduc-
tions enough, and he probably reckoned on
the 20Z. that John Lambert was to pay to
make up the sale-value of Asbies to a more
just proportion as likely to come to himself.
We know that he suffered disillusionment ;
we know that John Lambert did not pay
that 20Z., denied even that he had promised
it ; and the next step taken was the com-
mencement of proceedings against him for
201. at common law. It is logically certain
that, however it might be entered in his
parents' names and his own, William Shake-
speare, as the heir-apparent, was a party
to the action — probably instructed the
attorneys, and did all thcpersonal duties
of a " complainant." And thus, by a
peculiar combination of circumstances,
the first time William Shakespeare's name
was written in London, the firs! time
it was spoken in London, was in the Law
Courts/ John Lambert had licence granted
him till the octaves of Michaelmas, L689
(Coram Rege Roll 131 1, f. 516, Mich. Term.
31-2 Eliz., Westminster). The case teaches
us certain details which have not yel been
made the most of, but it seems to have died,
possibly from lack of funds among the com
plainants. Lambert did not pay. And the
fierce fight with Fate which Shakespe
made took place during the next few \«;u
"There 's a divinity thai shapes our ends.
Fortune turned in time Shakespeare found
work at the theatre, seems to have been
liberally treated, though at first servitor or
apprentice, and soon hud a home in Bishops-
gate Street, on which he was asses- ed higher
412
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
than either of the Burbages. So it may
reasonably bo inferred he had his family
with him at least by 1594 for a time,
when after his ' Lxicrece ' had been
published, Southampton, then of age, be-
came liberal. Shakespeare never forgot
Asbies. So when he did prosper, he applied
for arms for his father, bought the best house
in Stratford for his wife, and got his father
and mother to have another fight for Asbies
— this time in a court in which he thought
he had a better chance of success. The
complaint and answer on Nov. 24th, 1597, of
John Shackespeare and Mary his wife have
been printed among special proceedings in
Chancery. Halliwell-Phillipps has them, and
also the decrees and orders, but the details
have not been worked out. Again John
Shakespeare committed an indiscretion.
Either his attorney mistook, or John,
thinking that William was putting himself
in power too much, had put forward a
second complaint in his own name only. Of
course Lambert complained of this, and
was supported. John had to withdraw one
of his complaints and pay the expenses of
both parties in it, and Lambert had per-
mission to change his commissioners if he
pleased. In Decrees and Orders, May 18th,
1598, John Lambert's counsel said that
John had exhibited a bill in the name of
himself and his wife, and then a bill in his
own name ; had taken out his commission,
but examined no witnesses (D. and O., A.
1598, Trim, 706). On June 27th they had
powers given to elect a commission to
examine witnesses, directed to Richard
Lane, John Combes, William Berry, and
John Warner, by the octaves of Michaelmas.
On July 6th, 1598 (B. Book, 133), a new com-
mission was appointed, and John Lambert
changed his commissioners, probably finding
those chosen first too much in favour of the
Shakespeares.
The interesting part in such cases is the
examination of witnesses. But the deposi-
tions have not been preserved. (I have
sought for them very carefully, both in
Stratford and P.R.O.) That they had been
taken, and had been in favour of the Shake-
speares, may be inferred by the entry : —
" John Shakespeere and Mary his wife :— Yf the
defendant shew no cause for stay of publication by
this day sennight then publication is granted "
(23rd Oct., Mich., 41 and 42 Eliz., D. and 0., B. 1599).
This is the last word concerning the case,
and we are left to surmise the sequel.
Whether John Lambert, finding himself about
to be beaten, put as a bar the Coram Rege
case and the Shakespeares' offer to accept
201. in lieu of the property, and acknow-
ledged his willingness to pay it now, or
whether the waning fortunes of the Essex
party withdrew what Court influence might
have come through the poet, we know not.
But we know that there was never more a
" Shakespeare of Asbies," and that even on
the death of his father in 1601 (curiously
enough, at the very time of the end of the
twenty-one years' lease he had drawn up
from 1580) William instituted no further
proceedings in his own name.
One point I should have noticed is that
the final concord which Edward Lambert
had drawn up in 1578, and had enrolled in
1579, was endorsed with the records of
fifteen proclamations. The first could only
have been at the Easter Assizes, 1581, at
Warwick, after the forfeiture of Michaelmas,
1580 ; it was repeated every year until
the Shakespeares began to take proceedings
in Chancery. It was stayed while the case
was running, and never resumed, for John
Lambert remained in possession at Asbies,
or on the land which once was called so.
Charlotte Carmichael Stopes.
DR. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP.
20, Broad Street, New York, March 3, 1914.
It was my privilege to meet the late Dr.
Jessopp first in April, 1896, when I was
residing in Birmingham as United States
Consul. I was president that year of the
Birmingham Dramatic and Literary Club,
and in making my programme for the Shake-
speare celebration of that year I was able to
bring as guests to my house and to the annual
meeting of the Club the late Thomas F.
Bayard, United States Ambassador to Lon-
don, and Dr. Jessopp. I had known the
former during many years of close associa-
tion, but had made the acquaintance of the
latter through his writings, and some result-
ing correspondence in respect to them.
The thing that interested me most was
the way that these two men met each other.
Almost of the same age, occupying entirely
different positions in a country with widely
sundered interests, both students of large
human conditions, I could but note with
pleasure how fortunate I had been in bring-
ing together two such guests. After dinner
and all the incidental ceremonies were over,
they settled down for the evening, and until
early in the morning, just as two boys might
have done. Their enjoyment of each other
was so keen that to be an observer and a
hearer was quite enough for me.
One of the things that interested me most
about Dr. Jessopp was the story, on this
occasion, he told me of his career as an
author. I knew he had been a schoolmaster
before he became a clergyman, but I was not
prepared to learn from his own lips, as I did,
that practically everything that he had
written for twenty years had been returned
to him. He told me that he had persisted
in sending his historical writings, which at
this time had acquired a large vogue, to
magazines and other periodicals almost
without number, with the result just men-
tioned, so that he was 56 years old before he
was finally able to get a hearing, except for
the reprint he had issued of Donne's ' Essays
in Divinity.' When recognition finally came
he was able to use his long-rejected work,
and thus to command the attention of the
public over a series of years.
I am inclined to think that his influence in
bringing the English-speaking people back
to a study of mediaeval conditions has never
been appreciated at its full value.
George F. Parker.
THE ETHICS OF A HALF-TRUTH.
You unwittingly raise what is really an
important point in literary ethics in your
review on the 7th inst. (360) of ' A Cavalry
Officer in the Corunna Campaign,' when you
note that the author
" is said, in the Introduction, to have been a son
of the third Earl of Aberdeen, and half-brother to
the Hon. W. Gordon, yet he is nowhere in the book
styled otherwise than Capt. Alexander Gordon.
Why his half-brother should be given the custom-
ary titular distinction of an earl's son and he should
be denied it is not apparent."
The real fact is that his mother was not
the Earl's countess.
Your wonder suggests that other readers
may be put to much trouble in trying to
verify the statement you quote. The whole
trouble arises, of course, from our national
dislike of illegitimacy. But I suggest that
the half-truth only kindles curiosity. The
question is one of much difficulty, and it
would be interesting to know whether there
is any consensus of opinion on the point.
J. M. Bulloch.
PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENTS.
Mr. Murray is about to publish a series
of letters written in 1794-6 by Morritt,
the friend of Scott, and the connoisseur
who, shortly after the Peninsular War,
brought to England the Rokeby
' Venus.' Morritt at the time of these
letters was in his earlier twenties, travel-
ling through Greece and Asia Minor, and
acquiring that direct knowledge of the
scene of the 'Iliad' which he turned to
good account in his controversy with
Jacob Bryant, who would have it that
Troy never existed at all.
Messrs. Chapman & Hall are publish-
ing shortly two new novels which promise
well : ' The Log of a Snob,' by Mr. Percy
Westerman, recounting the adventures of
an amateur yachtsman ; and ' The Wonder-
Worker,' a study of religious and social
life in a provincial town, by Mr. Vincent
Brown.
The same firm announce a book by
Mr. Wadham Peacock, entitled ' Albania,'
which deals with the history, politics,
customs, and scenery of the country.
Mr. Peacock, from his experience as
Consul, should have much to say that is
worth hearing.
Dr. J. G. Frazer has completed a third
edition, in two volumes, of his ' Adonis,
Attis, Osiris,' which forms Part IV. of
' The Golden Bough.' Dr. Frazer has also
prepared a volume containing ' A General
Index and Bibliography ' for the entire
' Golden Bough.' All three volumes will
be issued by Messrs. Macmillan shortly.
Dr. Bradley's Preface to the second
half of Vol. VIII. of ' The Oxford English
Dictionary,' which will be published next
week, announces that Mr. C. T. Onions will
edit independently the articles Su-Sz.
Mr. Onions has already served about
twenty years on the Dictionary, under
Sir James Murray and Dr. Bradley, and
has published, besides other works, ' The
Oxford Shakespeare Glossary.' The pre-
sent distribution of work among the four
editors is, in Vol. IX., S}j-Sq, Dr. Craigie ;
St, Dr. Bradley ; Su, Mr. Onions ; in
Vol. X. Tr, Sir James Murray.
The eight complete volumes of ' The
Oxford English Dictionary ' have dealt
with 182.017 main words, 48,634 subordi-
nate words, and 75,471 combinations,
illustrated by 1 ,298,136 quotations. With
Ti-Trahysh a beginning has been made of
the final volume.
The Manchester University Press
make the interesting announcement that
on March 31st they are publishing the
' Chronica Johannis de Reading et Ano-
nymi Cantuariensis,' edited, with an Intro-
duction and notes, by Prof. James Tait.
Although both these chronicles of the
reign of Edward III. are known to his-
torians, they have not previously been
printed in extenso. The importance of
Reading's chronicle as one of the sources
of the St. Albans chronicle of Thomas
Walsingham, and of the continuation of
the English ' Brut,' has for some time been
No 4508, March 21, 10U
THE ATHENiEUM
413
recognised, but the full extent of the
indebtedness of subsequent compilers to
it. and the value of the passages they
ignored, have not hitherto been appre-
ciated. The Canterbury chronicle has not
attracted the attention of any historian
since Wharton's time.
M bssrs. Longmans arc about to publish,
under the title of ' The Economic Organi-
sation of England : an Outline Bistory,'
the course of lectures lately delivered at
Hamburg by Prof. \Y. J. Ashley, at the
invitation of the authorities of the Colonial
Institute of that city. The purpose of the
volume is to give a rapid sketch of the
whole course of English economic develop-
ment, regarded especially from the point
of view of organization.
Mr. Martin Secker announces a
cheaper issue of Mr. Compton Mackenzie's
novel ' The Passionate Elopement/ The
book, witli a picture wrapper designed by
Mr. J. R. Mounsell. will be ready for the
Easter holidays.
Mr. Compton Mackenzie's health has
lately been so bad that, though Mr.
Secker expected until the last moment
to announce this spring the publication
of the second and final volume of ' Sinister
Street," it has been found necessary to
postpone the book until next September.
Mr. Mackenzie is at present living in the
South of Italy, where for the last six
months he has been completely incapaci-
tated from work. Mr. Martin Secker.
who is now staying with him, assures us
that, while there is no cause for real
anxiety, it is important that nothing
should interfere with what, it is hoped,
may prove a permanent cure.
The first article by Mr. Roosevelt on
his experiences as a ' Hunter-Xaturalist
in the Brazilian Wilderness ' will appear
in the April Scribner (due to-day), and
will be illustrated by Mr. Kermit Roose-
velt and other members of the expedition.
The Cornkill Magazine for April opens
with a poem, ' Narcissus,' by Mr. Robert
Bridge-, and concludes with ' Gerousios
Oinos." an unpublished poem by Browning.
In " Sixty Years in the Wilderness : Xear-
ing Jordan,' Sir Henry Lucy tells of the
earliest >( heme of ' Home Rule all Round,'
and of • Mr. Punch's Young Men,' and
gives the "sequence1 to the 'Idyll'
told last month, besides several extracts
from his diary of 1K<)2. In "His Last
Duty ' Col. Sir E. T. Thackeray narrates
the valiant service rendered by a native
officer. Col. C. E. Callwell writes on ' The
' entenary of Orthez and Toulouse.' Mr.
Frederic Barrison contributes an article
on Bath : and Miss Evelyn March Phillippe
some interesting ' Leaves from the .Note-
books of Lanoe Falconer.' In ' Knock-
maroon ' Miss W. M. Letts gives a picture
of a child's life in an old house near
Dublin. Irish also is 'The Gineral Man.'
a sketch by Mr. Alexis Roche. Short
ries are ' from an Islington Window.
Xo. III..' by Miss Betham-Edwarde ; and
■The Bowl of Roses,1 by .Mr. Newton
Ad i
ICitoartj (gossip.
Mr. Hugh Walpole gave an excellent
address on ' The Future of the Novel ' to
a full audience at the Women's Institute
on Monday last. He was both candid and
hopeful, and drew a much-needed distinction
between the commercial author and the
artist in romance or realism. With his
main comments on the criticism of to-day
we are in agreement, but we think there is
more independent and honest work in the
press than he indicated, though notices
influenced by other than literary considera-
tions are undoubtedly prevalent. Perhaps
such notices do not take in the wary reader,
but they serve to confuse his mind among
varying judgments, and he thus gives up
] laying any attention at all to criticism , and
relies on the verdict of a friend.
Visitors to the London Museum, which
is to be opened to the public on Monday
next, will be struck by the simplicity of
the arrangement, which is straightfor-
wardly chronological. The development
of the City of London is traced on the
ground-floor, beginning with weapons and
pottery belonging to Roman and Saxon
times. In the gold and silver room there
is an especially attractive collection of
early seventeenth-century jewellery found
in London in a wooden casket, and con-
sidered to be probably part of a jeweller's
stock ; the workmanship of this collec-
tion is beautiful.
Of special interest are the MSS. and
printed books, among which is a copy
of a charter of Henry III. granting a
house to St. Peter's, Westminster, " and
the monks there serving God," and a copy
of the St. Albans ' Chronicle,' printed by
Wynkyn de Worde in 1497. One of the
most valuable items in the Museum is
the Cromwellian collection of the late Sir
Richard Tangye. This includes an inter-
esting case of early newspapers, among
which are the Mercurius Melancholicus, or
Neives from Westminster and Other Parts,
of 1647, and The English Post of 1041,
which contains news from Truro of
' Turkish Pyrates." The personal relics
of Cromwell include various letters and
his family Bible, in which occur auto-
graphs of some of his relations ; there is
also a copy of his ' Soldier's Catechism.'
Among the china exhibits of the seven-
teenth century is some fine Lambeth
Delft, made in imitation of the Dutch
ware, and often ornamented by portraits
of Charles II. In the sections dealing
with tin- eighteenth and nineteenth cen-
turies, the cases of jewels, dresses, and
uniforms are especially noticeable ; and
of no small interest is the doll's house of
1740, the model of a typically Georgian
dwelling.
In the A ii in 1. 1 1 Report of the ( urators of
the Bodleian for M)l:$, which we have just
ived, attention is drawn to two special
features of the past year. The first is
the new Bodleian Statute in English, an
adaptation of theold Latin form, accepted
by Convocation Ias1 .May. The other is
the construction of the subway connecting
the Bodleian proper with the Camera to
facilitate the prompt delivery of books.
During the construction of the subway
two book-plates of Dr. Richard Rawlinson
[d. 1755), engraved on copper, were found
below the surface of the quadrangle.
The Report also contains lists of the
chief donations of MSS. and printed books.
We note among the chief purchases of
old printed books
"The Diverting Jumble: or, They shall be
saved. Being a Collection of Pamphlet*
which might have perished in Grocers,
Cheesemongers, and Chandlers Shops. By
Obadiah Bookworm." 2 vols. Lond., 1747.
A remarkably fine portrait of George
Eliot by Samuel Laurence is included in
Messrs. Sotheby's catalogue of a sale on
April 8th. This portrait belonged to
the late Mr. John Blackwood, her pub-
lisher, and an additional interest attaches
to it from the fact that, with the excep-
tion of the two portraits in the National
Portrait Gallery, it is the only capable
likeness of the great writer which is known
to exist.
The United States Government bas-
set on foot a search for old British ballads.
In the circular distributed to board-
school teachers and others who are to
make inquiry a list is given of 305 ballads
known to exist ; and of these 56, with divers
variations, have already been discovered.
The search is being pressed with some
degree of urgency, for remote corners,
in which till now traditions from the
earliest days of settlement have lingered,
are fast being invaded by modern agri-
culture and industry. Most of the ballads-
taken down come from the Southern Appa-
lachians, the wild and woody mountain
district which forms the hinterland of
Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and
Kentucky. Isolated Anglo-Saxon com-
munities dating from the primitive times
of occupation have maintained themselves
here for generations, having for neighbours,
in the days when the American colonies
were formed, squatters who belonged to
the poorer or less " desirable " class of
immigrant — pushed out of the more
prosperous lands, or seeking these wild
solitudes for their own sake. It is easy
to xmderstand that legends and ballads-
would have a better chance of survival
amid such surroundings, and in such a
population, than amid the main current of
American life, and that since that current
is about to swamp them, it is necessary
to make some haste in gathering this
little harvest.
Prof. J. P. Postdate is acting as
honorary editor of the Classical Section
of the Riccardi Press Books. The edition
of Csesar's ' Gallic War.' lately announced
(the. fifth of the series), will' be the first
volume prepared under his auspices.
Last Tbttbsday Messrs. Sangorski &
Butcllffe began an exhibition of their
bookbindings and illuminate d manuscripts
at L5, Poland Street. Oxford Street. \V.
The show will he open till next Thursday,
and includes examples of the restoration
and cleaning "t old books and MSS. as well
as elaborate binding.
414
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
SCIENCE
AN AMERICAN WORK ON
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
These two slender volumes on ' The Ele-
ments of Quantitative Chemical Analysis,'
are, as we learn from the Preface, a tran-
script of the lectures delivered fry the author
during sixteen years' teaching as Professor
of Chemistry in the University of Chicago.
They cannot be accused of cliff useness ; and
we fancy that they would be more easily
intelligible to one who had actually seen
the experiments with which they are
illustrated performed before his eyes than
they are to the reader who has to trust
for these either to his memory or the
instructions in small type here appended.
But the author is of opinion that analysis
cannot be intelligently pursued unless the
student has a grasp of first principles, and
he therefore begins with a discussion
of the theories of solution advanced by
Van't Huff, Arrhenius, and other lights
of modern science. This is very well
done, and his generalization that sub-
stances in dilute solutions behave, as
regards osmotic pressure and other matters,
much as if they were gases, leaves little to
be desired.
Whether a knowledge of such matters
is really of great importance to the student
who desires to practise analysis pro-
fessionally is another matter. We do not
find on looking through Dr. Stieglitz's
work that the practical methods he em-
ploys differ very materially from those
employed by his predecessors before the
new theories of solution were promulgated.
Precipitation, or, to put it more plainly,
the colour and appearance of the precipi-
tates formed by the addition of certain
tests to the solutions it is desired to ana-
lyze, make up, as ever, the staple of the
procedure adopted.
Apart from this, we have little but
praise for Dr. Stieglitz's book. His second
volume is in effect a laboratory manual,
thoughtfully interleaved with blank pages,
on which the student is presumably ex-
pected to make notes, and full of technical
hints, such as the hardly needed one that
" potassium chlorate can produce very
dangerous explosions with concentrated
sulphuric acid " ; but it is rather scrappy
in places, and the account of the spectro-
scope given early in the volume will
hardly be of much use to the student who
has not handled that instrument. The
'' Preliminary Examination " of the sub-
stance to be analyzed is delayed until
after the middle of the volume, instead
of being found, as might have been ex-
pected, at its beginning ; and one would
have liked to see a little more space
devoted to the technical art of the blow-
pipe. Yet the chapter on the analysis
The Elements of Qualitative Chemical
Analysis. By Julius Stieglitz. — Vol. I.
Parts I. and II. Fundamental Principles
and their Application. Vol. II. Parts III.
and IV. Laboratory Manual. (Bell & Sons,
6s. each vol.)
of substances " insoluble " in water, acids,
and aqua regia (is not aqua regla an acid ? )
is clear, if short, and the remarks on the
examination of silicates are well worth
reading. All necessary tables and even
laboratory instructions accompany the
book ; but, on the whole, we think it will
be of more use to refresh the memory of
those who have attended Dr. Stieglitz's
lectures than to students who have not
had that advantage.
SIR JOHN MURRAY.
Sir John Murray, the eminent oceano-
grapher, was killed on Monday last in a
motor accident near Kirkliston. He was
born at Coburg, Ontario, in 1841, and came
to Scotland at the age of 17 to study at the
University of Edinburgh. His work there
was of a miscellaneous order, including
literature under David Masson, and science
under Tait, Kelvin, and Clerk Maxwell.
In 1868 he visited Spitzbergen and the
neighbouring regions in a Peterhead whaler.
In 1871 and the following year he took part
in the work of organizing and equipping
the Challenger Expedition, upon which he
served, and with which his name will always
be connected. Sir Wyville Thomson was
chief of the scientific staff, but Murray had
charge of all the material collected during
the voyage. His own work was a study of
the deep-sea deposits, the vertebrates, pro-
tozoa, and pelagic organisms discovered.
The reports upon the collections occupied
many experts for a number of years, and
in 1882, upon the death of Sir Wyville
Thomson, Murray succeeded to the place
of director and editor of the Challenger
publications. He was joint author of the
narrative of the cruise and the account of
the deep-sea deposits, and sole author of
the two volumes which summarize the
results of the expedition. His disinterested
enthusiasm may be seen in the fact that
when, upon a disagreement arising, the
Treasury declined to make further contribu-
tion to the publication of the reports,
Murray paid many thousands ~oi pounds out
of his own pocket in order that the scheme
might be worthily carried out to the end.
He maintained at Edinburgh an oceanogra-
phical laboratory where the study of deep-
sea deposits was steadily pursued, samples
being sent to him from all over the world.
If none of his later work has quite the
glamour which hangs over the Challenger
Expedition, it was none the less abundant
and useful. He explored the Faroe Channel
in 1880 and 1882, and the coasts and lochs
of Scotland in 1883 and 1894. He estab-
lished marine laboratories on the Forth at
Granton, and at Milport on the Clyde. In
his investigation of the Scottish lochs he
was assisted by a number of younger men,
specialists in different departments, and the
work on the subject published through the
Royal Geographical Society is, perhaps, the
finest example of such an investigation in
the world. It was at his expense that a
careful geological and biological examination
of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean,
was carried out ; he obtained a lease of the
island from the British Government, and
formed a company to work the deposits of
phosphates there.
He served on the Scottish Fishery Board,
and was British delegate at the International
Fisheries Conference at Stockholm in 1899 ;
though, disapproving of the action of the
Government, he declined to serve in later
Conferences. He was an ardent supporter
of Antarctic exploration, and did much to
promote the National Antarctic Expedition.
A man of decided opinions and resolute
will, with some touch of brusqueness in
manner, he was at heart genial and sym-
pathetic, and untiringly generous towards
younger men.
SOCIETIES.
12.— Sir
Society of Antiquaries. — March
Hercules Kead, President, in the chair.
Lord Ferrers read a paper by the Rev. Roland
Borough on the Chapel of the Earl Ferrers at
Staunton Harold.
The chapel at Staunton Harold was built by Sir
Robert Shirley in 1653, and is therefore of great
interest as being one of the few churches built
during the Commonwealth. It stands close to
the house, and consists of chancel, nave, north
and south aisles, and tower at the west end.
The nave has a clerestory, and is separated from
the aisles by arcades of three bays. The nave
roof is nearly flat, and the others very low pitched.
Within, a fine screen of good Renaissance work
separates the nave from the tower, and supports
the organ gallery, while another of wrought iron
divides the nave from the chancel. The nave
contains good square pews with doors.
The chancel is on the same level as the nave,
but there is an ascent of three steps to the pres-
bytery. Until recently these steps were fitted
with movable kneeling - benches with flat tops,
permanently hung with houseling cloths of dark-
blue. or purple cloth. The original hangings and
cushions are still in use on the altar. The colour
of this hanging (or pall) is of a dark-red purple,
with heavy gold fringe. The fair linen cloth to the
altar is fringed all round, and besides the corporas
there is a long strip of old linen which seems to be
a survival of the early mediaeval type. The plate
is dated 1640, and is of silver gilt. It consists of
two candlesticks, an almsdish, two chalices with
covers, and two patens with stems and covers.
Until comparatively recently it was the custom
to place an Epistle and Gospel book at each end
of the altar respectively, which is a very interesting
survival of a primitive custom. It is also interest-
ing to note that the Bidding prayer has never been
discontinued, and that the separation of the sexes
is strictly adhered to. In fact, the whole chapel
and its services are a most interesting survival of
earlier customs and arrangements.
Mr. Reginald Smith described the fragments of
two cinerary urns from Deal exhibited by Mr.
Hazzledine Warren, who will present them to the
British Museum. They date from the Early
Iron Age ; and one with a fret and panel design
incised on it represents a Hallstatt tradition that
lingered on into the period of La Tdne. Examples
with dotted lines in Denmark and North Germany
are assigned to the early centimes of the Roman
Empire. Mr. Smith also commented on a gold
fragment exhibited by Mr. L. A. Lawrence. It
measures 1 inch in length, and is of butterfly form,
the front being ornamented with a serpentine;
design in filigree. It was found on the shore at
Selsey, but is not early British, like most gold
fragments found there. The work is Anglo-
Saxon, but not of the best period, and probably
belongs to the ninth century, when the art of the
Tara and Hunterston brooches had begun to
decline.
Mathematical. — March 12. — Prof. A. E. H.
Love, President, in the chair. — Messrs. J. Proudman
and Ch. Jordan were nominated for membership.
Prof. W. Burnside read a paper ' On the
Rational Solutions of the Equation x3 -\-y3 +23 =0
in Quadratic Fields.' It has long been known
that (except for the trivial solution x = — y, z=0)
Fermat's equation x3 -\-y3-{-z3 =0 has no solutions
in ordinary integers. It is proved here that if
X, y, z belong to a quadratic field, there is one
and only one new type of solution, and a general
algebraic solution is found ; an example is
x = l (9 + V5), y = i (9— n/5), z= - 6.
Prof. Harold Hilton read a joint paper by him-
self and Miss R. E. Colomb ' On Orthoptic and
Isoptic Loci of Plane Curves.' The Plucker
characteristic numbers are found for the orthoptic
and isoptic loci of a plane curve ; and certain
examples of specially interesting types are
completely worked out.
Mr. G. H. Hardy read a paper ' On the Roots
of Riemann's Zeta Function.' Since Riemann's
celebrated pa.per on prime numbers, many results
have been obtained as to the distribution of the
roots of the Zeta function. In this paper it is
proved that an infinity of such roots exist with
their real part equal to i ; according to Rie-
mann's famous conjecture, all the roots should
have this propert j .
No. 4508, March '21, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
415
Dr. T. J. I'A. Bromwich read a paper on
' Normal Co-ordinates in Dynamics.' An ex-
pression in the form of a oontonr- integral
is given t<> find the displacement of a
dynamical system, at any time, in terms
oi the initial displacements ami velocities;
the system is supposed to be performing small
oscillations, and to be subject to dissipative ami
-tat ie forces, in ami it ion to forces of I ho usual
conservative type. The extension to continuous
systems i- alsj considered: tha corr3?ponding
contour-integral can then be identified with the
infinite series usually adopted for the solution
. -. for example, in Fourier's problems in con-
duction of heat l. The contour - integral can.
however, he expressed in other forms which
seem more convenient for calculation in certain
problems.
Meteorological. — March is. — Mr. C. J. P.
Cave, President, in the chair. —Prof. A. C. Seward
gave a lecture on 'Climate as tested by Fossil Plants.'
The geographical distribution of plants during the
latter part of the Palseozoio era affords evidence of
the existence of two botanical provinces, the
northern province characterized by a luxuriant
flora living under conditions more genial than
those to which the poorer Mora of the southern
hemisphere was exposed A general survey of the
Jurassic flora of the world leads to the conclusion
that the climate was comparatively uniform, and
in Arctic and Antarctic regions much more genial
than at the present day. The fossil floras of more
recent geological periods furnish clear evidence of
subtropical conditions in Europe ; in later times
the occurrence of northern types in Britain heralds
the approach of the Glacial period, and in post-
glacial beds are found fragmentary remains of
immigrants from neighbouring floras which have
largely contributed to our present flora.
Alchemical. — March 13. — Mr. H. Stanley
Redgrove, Acting President, in the chair. — A
lecture was delivered by Mr. B. Ralph Row-
bottom dealing with the life, thought, and
influence of the English alchemist and philo-
sopher Roger Bacon. After stating that very
little was known of the early events in Roger
Bacon's life, the lecturer pointed out that two
of the factors which were potent in the forma-
tion of his original and pregnant philosophy were
his deep knowledge of mathematics, acquired
during his stay at Oxford, and his study, at a
slightly later period, of the best Arabic writers.
The fact was next emphasized that although
Roger Bacon was celebrated as an alchemist, his
great achievement was the creation of a system
t" be applied in the unravelling- of the laws of
nature, which was remarkably similar to what
we to-day call scientific method. The lecturer
proceeded to deal with several of Roger Bacon's
works, pointing out the extremely short time in
which the most important were written, and he
finally gave the coastructionof the ' Opus Majus '
in detail.
The lecture was followed by an animated dis-
cussion. The full text of the lecture and an
abstract of the discussion will be published in
the March number of the Society's Journal.
^rinuc (gossip.
51EETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Hon.
Institute of British Architects. 8.— 'On Borrowing in Archi-
tecture.' Mr. L. March Pbillit>i>a.
— 8ociety of Arts, s— 'Surface Combustion.' Lecture II., Dr.
W. A. Bone. (Howard Lecture.l
— Geographical. 8 30.— ' Lost Explorers of the Pacific' Mr. Basil
Thoin-<>ii.
Ti i>. Horticultural. 3.— 'The Pruning of Shrubs.' Mr. E. Beckett.
— Royal Institution. 3.—' Landscape and Natural Objects in
Classical Art: Early Greece and its Precursors.' Mr. A. H.
Smith.
— Colonial Institute, 4 —'The Empire and the Birth-Rate,' Dr.
C V. Iirys.Ule.
— Institutionof Civil Engineers. 8— '8ome Recent Developments
in Commercial Motor- Vehicles,' Mr. T. Clarkson ; 'Com-
parative Economics of Tramways and Railless Electric
Traction.' Mr T. Gribble.
— Anthropological Institute. 8 13.— 'Bellingshausen's Visit to
Ono i-Lau,' Sir E. Im Thurn.
Ifl Society of Art', i. 0— • Fashion in Art and Industrv,' Sir C.
Waldstein.
— Society of Literature. r..— ' Carmen Sylva,' Prof. Ge'othwohl.
— British Numismatic. 8.-' A Leader of a Forlorn Hope at 8t.
Sebastian. 1812. with some Notes on the 88th Foot and its
Medals.' Major Freer; 'The Gold Collars, Medals, and
Crosses granted to British Officers by the Portuguese for
Services in the Peninsular War,' Mr. C Winter.
— Geological. 8. -'The Composition of Rockallite,' Dr. H. 8.
W ithington.
Turin. Royal Institution. .:.— 'The ProgreM of Modern Eugenics:
in The First Decade. ISO! 11.' Dr. C. W. Haleet.y.
— Royal, ISO.— 'On the Nature of the Tubes in Marsupial
Enamel and its Bearing upon Enamel Development.' Mr
I II Mummery; 'Oxidation of Tluosulphate by '
Bacteria in Pure Culture.' Mr. W. T. Lockett ; 'The Pro-
duction of Antho.-y.nini and Anthocyanidlns, Mr. A. E.
rest : and other Papers.
— Institution of Electrical Engineers. -.—'Current Limiting
Reactances on Large Power Systems,' Messrs. K. M. Fayt
Hansen and J. S I
— Irish Literary, 8. — Annual Meeting.
— Society of Antiquaries,
— Victoria an 1 AP>ert Museum, 8 , _• Embroideries of the
Greek Islands. Mr A J. B Wace.
R yil Institution, t —'Improvements in Ling Distance
Telephony,' Prof I . A Fleming.
Royal Institution, 3.—' Recent Discoveries in Physical Science,'
lecture V . Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson.
Irish Literary. 8.— ' Irish Poeta since 1800,' Mr. H. A. Law.
I
f«.T
On Friday of lost week .Miss Annie Cannon
of the Harvard College Observatory was
made an honorary member of the Royal
Astronomical Society. This distinction was
conferred on Caroline Herschel. Mary ttomer-
ville, Agnes Clerke. and Mrs. Fleming,
who was also on the Harvard staff. Lady
Hugging is, at the present moment, at onco
the only other honorary member and the
only other lady belonging to the Society.
Miss Cannon lias done distinguished work
in the determination of star spectra, and lias
completed the classification of 150,000 stars
on this basis.
Prof. A. S. Eddixgtox, Plumian Pro-
fessor of Astronomy, has been appointed
Director of the Observatory at Cambridge.
The President and Council of the Royal
Society have appointed Sir Francis Hopwood
to succeed Sir Arthur Riicker on the General
Board and Executive Committee of the
Xational Physical Laboratory.
The Faraday Society will hold a
general discussion on " Optical Rotatory
Power " next Friday, in the rooms of the
Chemical Society, Burlington House. Prof.
Percy F. Frankland will preside, and the
meeting will be open to Fellows of the
Chemical Society and Members of the
Physical Society of London. Others de-
sirous of being present should apply to the
Secretary of the Faraday Society.
The programme includes papers by three
foreign professors, Dr. Hans Rupe (Basle),
Dr. H. Grossmann (Berlin), and Dr. Leo
Tschugaeff (St. Petersburg).
A collectiox of specimens relating to the
science of legal medicine has been formed
at the Medical School of University College
Hospital. These illustrate the effects of
poisons vipon the tissues, post-mortem
changes, gunshot wounds, and bloodstains ;
and also include several examples of extra-
ordinary injuries, such as the suit of clothes
worn by a labourer who was killed by light-
ning, showing the clean-cut hole, about
three inches in diameter, over the heart,
which was all the damage done to the clothes,
though the man's watch was fused ; and the
liver of the victim of a street accident, show-
ing that the liver is a brittle organ, capable
of being fractured.
Ox Tuesday last Prof. Karl Pearson gave
the concluding lecture of the public course on
the work of the Francis Galton Laboratory
for National Eugenics. The lecture dealt
with ' Some Recent Misinterpretations of the
Problem of Nature and Nurture,' and was,
in great part, a criticism of the views on the
relative importance of heredity and environ-
ment expressed by Prof. J. Arthur Thomson
and Major Leonard Darwin. The lecturer
ridiculed the suggestion of Prof. Thomson
that the limits of nurture had not yet been
discovered, that there were still " fallow
areas " in the brain. The remainder of the
lecture was occupied with an explanation
of the statistical methods employed by the
Laboratory, with the assort ion of the pre-
potency of heredity over environment, and
with a simple .statement of Galton's thesis
that "nature prevails over nurture," for
the benefit of those critics who, it was
alleged, regarded GaltOD as a great teacher,
hut did not take the trouble to find out w hat
he taught.
TiiK Social Research Prize of 100/. offered
through the Governors of the London School
of Economics by an anonymous donor has
been awarded to Mr. Reginald Vivian
Lennard for an essay on the question,
" Whether, and if so under what circum-
ees and to what extent, the agricultural
[ndustry,aa it is or as it might be carried on in
Great Britain, COOld afford higher wages to those
engaged in it."
The essay, considerably enlarged, has just
been published in hook-form by Messrs.
Maemillan.
The problem of the transmission of plague
has been considerably elucidated by dis-
coveries recently made at the Lister Instituto
by Mr. A. W. Bacot and Dr. C. J. Martin.
It has long been known that plague origin-
ates with rats, and is communicated to
human beings by the rat-flea ; but since
the germs of plague were never found
except in the lower tract of the alimentary
canal of the flea, while it was only the flea's
" pricker " and mandibles which came into
contact with human blood, the exact method
of the transmission remained a mystery.
It has now been found that the plague
bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea,
and forms there solid jelly-like masses which
block the entrance from the gullet to the
stomach. In a flea thus infected, the blood
which it sucks into the gullet can get no
further. Contaminated by the mass of
bacilli upon which it is driven, it is regurgi
tated, and it is thus that the blood of the rat
or the human being on which it is feeding
has the plague conveyed to it.
It seems that in Bombay, where plague
has long prevailed, a race of rats is emerging
which is resistant to the bacillus — offspring
of the strains which have survived outbreaks
of the epidemic through being naturally less
susceptible to infection. There is at least
a possibility that in course of time plague
may in this way disappear from India.
We were glad to see a gentleman who
describes himself as a "Landowner and
Naturalist " putting in a plea for our English
hedges against the dicta of the leading
article on ' Hedges ' in The Times of t he
10th inst. The writer of the article was of
opinion " that it is not easy to say anything
very convincing in defence of the English
hedge," and took it as settled that the
new ideal of the English cultivator is the
Canadian prairie."
As we are sadly aware, the only defence
of the hedge that will count as valid is the
proof that it is the right thing from the scien-
tific and commercial point of view. Ques-
tions of picturesqueness must not even be
mooted, except with a smile, by the attacking
side. So we are the more delighted to find
Sir Herewald Wake insisting that without
hedges isolation would bo impossible, and
foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax would
rage from one end of England to the other ;
and also that without our hedge timber,
summer drought would bo much more
formidable with us than it is now.
We may hesitate about making any
particular assertion on either of these points,
but on a third we are sure Sir Herewald
Wake is right. He says that the hedges are
the homes, not of the devastating sparrow,
hut of birds which are the farmers1 best
allies, and, moreover, that neither sparrows
— if, indeed, they live in hedges -nor rats
would tend to decrease through so small a
misfortune as the demolition of this habital ;
they would prove quite equal to the new
situation, and not a, detail of the prese.nl
relentless war upon them could, through the
destruction of the hedges, be omitted.
I'kok. W. M. Bayi.iss has in preparation
a hook entitled ' Principles <>t' General Phy-
siology,' which will he published by .Messrs.
Longmans. It will treat of the fundi
mental properties of animal and vegetable
cells and organisms, and special attention
will be given to phenomena which aro not
Usually explained in similar books.
416
THE ATHENyEUM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
FINE ARTS
HENRY HOLIDAY AND VINCENT
VAN GOGH.
It would be difficult to imagine a more
striking contrast than that afforded by the
two stories related in the books before us.
In his ' Reminiscences ' Mr. Holiday tells
us of the many things which have
gone to make up for him " a busy and
a happy life." Painting has apparently
never appeared to him as anything
particularly difficult or absorbing. He
has always conformed to the Victorian
standards of high art, and has painted
pseudo-classical pictures something like
,Sir Edward Poynter's, designed stain glass
windows something like Burne-Jones's,
and supplied the print shops with a Dante
'" subject picture " some way after Ros-
setti. He has thus consistently catered
with diligence for an existing market, and
has never lacked recognition or pecuniary
recompense. He gives us a description of
his method of painting an imaginative
picture : —
" I painted a picture this year of the
' Rhine-maidens,' from Wagner's ' Rheingold.'
For this purpose I modelled the three nymphs,
tinted them, and placed them in a large tank
with a plate-glass front, filled with water,
coloured transparent blue-green. I also
modelled rocks, and the effect was curiously
aiatural."
He does not reproduce a photograph of
the result.
In his life Mr. Holiday has always had
the respect for Victorian ideals that he
exhibits in his work ; and, although he
records the fact that on one occasion he
called a lady by her Christian name on the
first occasion when he met her, his conduct
appears to have been otherwise unim-
peachable. He has moved in the best
society. In Oxford he often called at tea-
time on Mark Pattison and his wife, and he
.supplies a list of the distinguished guests
at the house parties to which he has been
invited from time to time — lists which
read like the " Social and Personal "
column in a daily newspaper. He has
stayed at Muncaster Castle, and at Wilton
Mr. Arthur Balfour turned over the pages
for him while he played a slow move-
ment of a Beethoven sonata to the com-
pany. But duet-playing has been the
artist's favourite drawing-room accom-
plishment. He has played duets Avith
several titled ladies, and at home with his
wife he has, it appears, played a four-
handed arrangement of ' Die Meister-
singer ' about thirty-two times.
As behoves an Englishman of the cul-
tured classes. Mr. Holiday has done his
share of travel. He has visited America,
and in 1871 he went with Sir Norman
Reminiscences of my Life. By Henry
Holiday. (Heinemann, 16.s.)
Personal Recollections of Vincent van Gogh.
By Elizabeth Du Quesne van Gogh.
Translated by Katherine S. Dreier. (Lon-
don, Constable & Co. ; Boston, Houghton
Mifflin Co., 7s. 6d.)
Lockyer to Ceylon to make drawings of
the eclipse of the sun.
Such events belong to the prime of Mr.
Holiday's life. Of late years he has been
mainly interested in sociology. In 1889
the perusal of ' Looking Backward ' exer-
cised a profound influence on him ; he
agreed with the author that only by an
entire reconstitution of existing social
conditions could the ideal of Christian life
be accomplished. He visited Bellamy in
his " pretty white wooden house " in
Connecticut, and discussed his Utopian
scheme with him, and since then, with his
family, has in many ways endeavoured
to benefit humanity. They joined, for
example, the " Healthy and Artistic Dress
Union," and they have held numerous
meetings to discuss Women's Suffrage.
Mr. Holiday, though in favour of the move-
ment, does not approve of Mrs. Pank-
hurst's methods, and " has told her so."
Indeed, Mr. Holiday is not shy in
openly expressing his views. He indulges
in dogmatic judgments on his brothers of
the brush. Take, for example, his remarks
on the Post-Impressionists. After a visit
to the exhibition in the winter of 1910-11
at the Grafton Galleries, " the large
majority of the pictures " seemed to him
"the work of men who are as blind as
posts to all impressions of natural beauty."
He describes the work of the School as
" a revelation of incompetence, ignorance
and blindness." He adds : —
" There is one thing to which I am hostile,
and that is the attempt to pass off bad,
slovenly work under the cover of impudent
pretensions."
Now, among the pictures shown at the
Grafton Galleries Exhibition, upon an
isolated visit to which Mr. Holiday
apparently founds the criticisms quoted
above, were a number of works by Vincent
van Gogh, including the superb ' Orchard
in Provence ' (No. 49), and one of his most
famous still - life pieces, ' Les Soleils '
(No. 72). It is regrettable that the painter
of the tinted nymphs in their tank looking
so curiously natural did not regard these
and other works by this master a little
more attentively ; had he done so, he
would, we think, have admitted that Van
Gogh's eye was as sensitive to " impres-
sions of natural beauty " as his own.
The story of Van Gogh's life, as related
by his sister, is one of the most tragic in
art. In these ' Personal Recollections '
we read of Van Gogh in London, teaching
French and collecting overdue fees for
his employer from the poverty-stricken
parents of his pupils ; of Van Gogh preach-
ing the Gospel to the miners in the
Borinage, and nursing the sick, and
starving himself to give others bread;
and, finally, of Van Gogh the artist, im-
pelled by a burning desire to express the
beauty of the visible world, working from
sunrise to sunset beneath the blazing sun
of the South, with money only for the
barest necessities, without friends or
womanhood in his life, for he was too poor
and too engrossed in the task he had set
himself to be able to indulge in social
intercourse, travel or duets. It is a record
calculated to disturb self-complacency.
The Van Gogh letters from Aries should
be read in conjunction with this book.
The two together supply a complete pic-
ture of a noble man and deep-feeling
artist. No painter was ever more sincere
than Van Gogh. He was of the race of
the prophets. He painted as Savonarola
preached, at the dictates of an inner
necessity, with intense concentration and
with an absolute goal, and his work shows
this intensity and this singleness of pur-
pose. He was possessed of a great con-
viction, a burning faith, and the ardour of
his spirit consumed his body and his brain.
He ranks with those who have given their
lives for an ideal.
The translation is well done, reprodu-
cing the restrained but emotional charac-
ter of the original, and includes a sound,
though somewhat affected Foreword by
Mr. Arthur B. Davis.
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH
ARTISTS.
The first exhibition of this Society under
Mr." Brangwyn's presidency shows signs of a
certain awakening to livelier possibilities.
The movement is somewhat spasmodic, it is
true, as though the result of a conscious
determination to be vigorous ; but it is a
step in the right direction. By making a
special feature of bold, direct execution in
a semi-realistic vein the Society may again
have a function in the artistic life of the
country. With the tendency of advanced
artistic thought to-day to distrust profes-
sional accomplishment, there may be a place
for an exhibition which takes the opposite
view, and is a theatre for the display of
virtuosity.
This one fancies to be the programme of
the R.B.A. as indicated by its choice of Mr.
Brangwyn as President, his own contribu-
tion, The Bridge, Avignon (39), striking the
note of rhetorical flourish suitable for giving
confidence to his followers. It is obviously
handsome, if built on a series of well-worn
devices, culminating in an enormous black
frame, which is, perhaps, a presidential
prerogative. We hope that this is so, for
one black frame in the middle of a wall
looks magnificent, if properly utilized, as
with Mr. Brangwyn it is sure to be. An
exhibition in which any one may have
a black frame speedily becomes intoler-
able in its insistent competition. Mr.
Brangwyn's influence may also be seen in
Mr. W. Walcot's large etching, Antony in
Egypt (180) — better designed than anything
he has yet clone — and in the well-known litho-
graphs by Mr. Spencer Pryse (151-3),
shown here as a triptych. They hardly look
as if they were originally devised for such a
purpose, the right - hand panel, Workless
(151), being by far the best, and nowise
imj)roved by the neighbourhood of the others.
It is as good a poster of the naturalistic
order as has been done in England, and the
Independent Labour Party has, on the whole,
shown more aptitude for art patronage
than, say, the Government in commissioning
the decorations in the Palace of Westminster.
Mr. Alfred Hartley's Versailles (22) re-
sembles Mr. Brangwyn's picture in its ready
acceptance of an attractive architectural
theme, necessarily striking if painted simply
and boldly on so large a scale.
Other large canvases without the same
decorative excuse are contributed by Mr.
Young Hunter (245 and 303), whose vision
is that of an average magazine illustrator,
and by Mr. W. Murray Smith, who tries in
No. £508, March 21, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
417
The Bridge (4">) to carry out on a larger scale
a subject which he had already handled
admirably in little. It looks rather bald and
empty, and its special qualities of intimate
observation would no longer probably suffice,
even if they were pushed to the same degree
of intensity. This not being done, the same
artist- Piazzale Michelangiolo, Florence (34),
with its more modest and delicate workman-
ship, is evidently preferable. A little over-
suave and pretty in taste, its accomplishment
i- evident — the accomplishment of a slightly
self-conscious and dandified Corot. Mr.
Davis Hichter uses a simpler method of paint -
ing with a like superficial and sophisticated
cleverness in his flower-piece Anemone (19),
and more carefully in its clean definition in
Xo. o,">, Wharfside. Mr. E. Handley-Read's
Mother and Children, Zeeland (86), is also
noteworthy for its crisp, well-planned direct-
ness of statement. Such work is, perhaps, a
trifle uninspired, but these painters are
handy with their brushes, and know almost
too unquestioiungly what they are about.
Among the water-colours there is a larger
proportion of works of a like reasonable
efficiency. The most distinguished are those
by Mr. \Y. Blundell Thompson, of which
Xo. 145, The Wethcrsfield Road, is the best ;
but the drawings of Messrs. John Xickal (149
and 160), Charles Ince (134), Henry Butler
(131). A. H. Elphinstone (162), Harry Becker
(265), and W. T. M. Hawksworth (281) should
also be noticed.
Of the invited work by artists outside the
Society, Mr. James Pryde's Sinister Interior
(5) is the most noteworthy. It is soundly
constructed, from a technical j^oint of view,
though the artist's familiar type of design is
on this occasion disturbed bjr the fact that
the enormous doorway, seen apparently
broadside on to the spectator, has one
jamb set about six feet further into the
picture than the other. This gives it a
sudden twist, reminding us of Hogarth's
plate illustrating possible errors of perspec-
tive. Mr. Pryde's function appears to us to
lie in his respect for perspective, however
he may defy probabilities in the matter of
proportion.
OTHER EXHIBITIOXS.
The very latest developments of German
art maybe seen at the Twenty-One Gallery,
York Buildings, Adelphi, in the prints and
drawings of Messrs. Moriz Melzer, Kand-
inaky, Pechstein, and F. Marc, and others.
Mr. Wyndham Lewis contributes a note to
the catalogue in which discussion of the art
of wood-engraving (not pre-eminently as
shown in this exhibition) is conducted in a
characteristically explosive fashion, recalling
the progress of a motor bicycle. At first the
unaccustomed reader expects a bullet with
h report. On the walls are the same
modern abruptness and impatience, the
same apparent indifference as to whether
what is set down gets to the spectator or not ;
and it is not to be denied that these; qualities
have their attractive side, though th<>
cisely the qualities which a generation ago
the hall-mark of incapa-
city. We can now Bee that this was a mis-
take, though we may not all go BO far a- t<>
b impatience and chu atial
virtues. Among Mr. Melzer's coloured pic-
tures The White Horse (11) appears to us
the finest — a spacious, rather noble design.
Wide Horizons (8) recalls the rough sketches
■' Tintoretto. Mr. Bote's Maskenfest (in
folio) is magnificently luxurious in its riot
.•I richly varied proportion of
black and white. Mr. Marc is i
interesting when not too studiously imitative
of Japan<:-e models.
At the Galleries ot' Messrs. Goupil & Co.
the drawings by Signor Alberto Martini
belong to a slightly earlier phase of German
design, depending for their macabre sug-
gestiveness on very material devices: de-
tails of decomposition, the monstrous rever-
sion of mankind towards lower forms of life.
Signor Martini has certainly mastered the
fait that to us as vertebrates there is an
essential horridness in organisms lacking in
bone, in forms liable to unexpected jelly-
like swellings. Thus he again and again
achieves the disgustful with considerable
success. There are other drawings, such as
Xos. 69 and 102, which show imaginative
power outside this his favourite realm, and
throughout his work his tight, literal hand-
lino- is the efficient servant of his very
definite power of invention.
In the galleries adjoining, the exhibition
of the Black Frame Sketch Club illustrates
the objectionable effect, above referred to,
of such a method of presenting pictures.
Mr. J. H. Lobley's Winter Sunshine (57) is
the best exhibit. Mr. Frank Emanuel's
collection of etchings includes a graceful
little landscape, Cock-crow (5), as well as
some firmly drawn street scenes, such as La
vieille Boucherie (9).
At Messrs. Tooth's Gallery Mr. Isaac Israels
shows a collection of pictures not remarkable,
though some of them reveal a sound method
of noting a colour-scheme, witness Xo. 17,
Morning in the Park. His subjects have
not the sentimental attraction of his more
famous relative's themes, but they appear to
us more sincerely felt, and quite as well
painted.
At the Leicester Galleries Miss Winifred
Austen's water-colours of birds and beasts
are wonderfully clean and dexterous in
manipulation, but have the slightly dull
outlook which we associate with the artist
who uses stuffed specimens to fortify his
observation from life. Mr. Oliver Hall
exploits various romantic sites in a series
of brown landscapes, carefully designed in
detail, but lacking in breadth of vision.
Xo. 38, Interior of a Wood, is one of the best.
Jfine JUt Gossip.
The work of restoring the cuts made in
the Rokeby 'Venus' is proceeding satisfac-
torily, and it is said that it will only be
possible by very minute inspection to detect
the damaged parts. Meanwhile, a portion
of the National Gallery, though it is closed
to the general public, is being opened to
.-Indents.
Viscount Bryck has been appointed a
Trustee of the National Portrait Gallery in
the room of the late Lord Knutsford.
Pomney's portraits of Mr. and Mrs.
Jeremiah Milles, painted in 1780, and till
within the last few days in the possession of
representatives of the Milles family, have
just been acquired by Messrs. Walks of Pall
Mall. .Jeremiah Milles, a handsome man, in
an old-gold coat and knee-breeches, with a
red velvet cloak thrown over his shoulders,
stands in a landscape, holding a book in his
I'M hand. His wife is in white, with blue
Bash and red velvet cloak.
An exhibition of portraits, landscapes, and
water-colour drawings by Mrs. Marsh, .Mrs.
MacCormick, and Miss Clare Marsh was
opened last week in Dublin by sir Walter
Am troi . Mrs. M water-colour land-
scapes are, perhaps, the most Latere !
ue of tic- exhibit ion, which is of unusual
merit.
It is said that Millet's picture ' (Fdipus
taken down from the Tree ' has been sold by
Messrs. Cottier of Xcw York to a Canadian.
It was exhibited at the Salon of 1849, and
the story goes that Millet, being short of
canvases, painted it atop of a 'St. Jerome'
which was offered to the Salon in 1846, and
rejected.
Tut': Au.iki) Artists' Association will
hold their London Salon this year in June
instead of July, and at the Holland Park Hal!
instead of at the Albert Hall, the move
having been made in order to get the whole
exhibition upon one [eveL
The Art Workers' Guild, which has
been domiciled iu Clifford's Inn Hall for the
last seventeen years, is removing to its new
home at 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury, in
April, having acquired the remainder of the
lease — some 880 years — granted in Queen
Anne's reign to Sir G. Xathaniel Curzon.
The Guild, of which William Morris was once
a prominent member, will have its home in
the same square ha which he established his
first studio, and worked until the move was
made to Merton Abbey.
Mrs. Arthur Strong, Assistant Director
of the British School of Rome, has been
elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
Archaeological Institute of America. Mrs.
Strong recently delivered a course of lectures
at the American and Canadian centres of the
Institute. She is lecturing shortly at the
School on ' Great Works of Art in American
Museums ' (Xew York, Boston, Philadelphia).
The German Archaeological Institute
at Athens has been penetrating below tho
palace at Tiryns uncovered by Schliemann
and Dorpfeld, and has excavated, among
other habitations, a circular building about
fourteen metres in diameter, built before
1500 B.C., which is probably the most ancient
palace of the lords of Tiryns. A " beehive "
tomb in good preservation has also been
excavated ; it is, however, empty, and ap-
pears to have been used at some time during
the Roman Empire as an oil-mill.
Some years ago Prof. Percy Gardner wrote
a little work which he called ' A Grammar
of Greek Art.' Of this he has now prepared
a revised and much enlarged version, and
is about to issue it under the title of ' The
Principles of Greek Art.' The volume will
be included in Messrs. Macmillan's " Hand-
books of Archaeology and Antiquities," and
will be illustrated.
On Thursday next, at 8.30 P.M., Mr.
A. J. 13. Wace will lecture at the Victoria
and Albert Museum on ' Greek K i nbroideries,
their Origins and Uses ' ; and on Thursday,
April 2nd, at the same place and hour, .Mr.
A. F. Kendrick will lecture on 'Some
Sources of Modern Textile Design.' These
will be the last lectures of the current
session. It is hoped to arrange a fur:
series in October next.
The Houghton Mtjtixn Co. of Bo
and New York have become publishers for
the .Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. They
thus issue, inter alia, The I'm,/ Collectors'
Quarterly, which appears in February, April.
October', and December, and is edited |,\
Mr. FitzRoy < Harrington, who is Curator of the
Print Department of the Museum, and li •
tures on eiiL'ia\ ing at I Ian ard Uhi\ ersity.
On Tuesday last the names were pub-
lished of those w ho const it ute the Ad
Boards for England, Scotland, and Wal. .
which have now been formed b\ the I
miseioners of Works under the Ancient
Monument-. Consolidation and Amendmt
.\.t, 1913. Mr. Lionel Earle is chairman of
418
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
the English Board, and Lord Burghclere
represents on it the Royal Commission on
Historic Monuments ; Sir John Stirling-
Maxwell is chairman of the Scotch Board,
and Sir Herbert Maxwell representative of
the Royal Commission. Of the Welsh
Board the chairman is Sir E. Vincent Evans,
and the representative of the Royal Com-
mission, Lieut. -Col. W. E. LI. Morgan.
M. Maurice Barres is making determined
efforts to preserve the old churches of
France. These number about 80,000, and
only 2,000 of them have been counted as
historical monuments, and as such entitled
to preservation at the hands of the State.
On Thursday of last week M. Barres delivered
a vigorous address on the subject at the
Universite des Annales, pointing out that,
apart from religion, the callous indifference
of some of the communes to the con-
ditions of the churches was, from the
points of view of history, art, and morals.,
a thing grievously to be deplored.
On Saturday last the West Tower of the
Minster at Neuss, in Rhenish Prussia — the
Quirinus-Kirche, built in 1209, and one of
the best examples of Rhenish Gothic — was
burnt down, it is supposed by a short circuit
in the electric apparatus for ringing the bells.
The six o'clock Mass was being celebrated,
when suddenly there was a loud report, and
all the lights went out. The vergers, hasten-
ing to the tower, found the belfry blazing.
The local fire brigade had its steam hose
under repair, and could do little against the
flames. By the time the Diisseldorf brigade
came upon the scene, the roof of the nave
was beginning to catch fire from the showers
of sparks. The tower fell in, and the bells, with
a terrific crash, came down through the vault-
ing of the roof on to the organ. Fortunately,
after an hour's hard work, the roof of the nave
was saved, without having been greatly
injured, nor was the East Tower, on which is
the statue of the patron saint, much damaged,
nor any one of the treasures contained in
the Minster injured.
Messrs. MacLehose have nearly ready
' Heraldry in Scotland,' including a recen-
sion of the late George Seton's ' Law and
Practice of Heraldry in Scotland,' by Mr.
J. H. Stevenson, Unicorn Pursuivant. The
work, which occupies two volumes, and con-
tains upwards of 300 illustrations, was
originally designed as a new edition of Seton's
authoritative book, now out of print, but
the enlargements and alterations are so
extensive that it is virtually a new book.
It will be published in an ordinary form as
well as an edition de luxe, but both issues
are limited.
Jftitsual Gossip.
PICTURES AND DRAWINGS.
At Messrs. Christie's sale on Friday, the 13th
inst., N. de Largilliere's picture of the Duchesse
de Philaris, in yellow embroidered dress with
mauve scarf, fetched 301/. 10s. II. Aiken's
drawings, The Paces of the Horse (a set of six),
brought 117/. 12s., and Steeplechasing (a set of
four), 115/. 10s.
ENGRAVINGS AND ETCHINGS.
On Monday and Tuesday, the 9th and 10th
inst., Messrs. Sotheby sold the first portion of the
collection of engravings formed by the late Mr.
Edward J. Reiss, the chief prices being the follow-
ing : Sir R. Strange, after Van Dyck, King
Charles standing by his Horse, 75/. Nanteuil,
tinted drawing, a Portrait of Himself, 60/. Bur-
weiler, after Franz Hals, The Guitar Player, 70/.
On Thursday and Friday, the 12 th and 13th
inst., Messrs. Sotheby sold the more modern
portion of the same collection and other modern
.etchings and engravings, when Sir F. S. Hadcn's
Etudes a l'Eau-forte fetched 190/.
M. Alexander Scriabin's ' Prometheus '
(' The Poem of Fire ') was performed at the
Symphony Concert, Queen's Hall, last
Saturday afternoon, the composer playing
the difficult pianoforte part. Mention was
made of this work when it was produced
last year under the direction of Sir Henry J.
Wood, and we are still of opinion that the
composer's theosophical programme cannot
be expressed in musical terms. At any
rate, if he considers it essential to the under-
standing and appreciation of the music,
a detailed description from his pen, with
examples, would certainly be of considerable
help. To us the most interesting features
are the new scale, the harmonies, and the
orchestration, and of these M. Scriabin
himself, or some coming man, may make
more inspired use. Then again the piano-
forte part, though admirably rendered by
M. Scriabin, is disturbing. The tone of the
piano does not coalesce with those of the
other instruments. No orchestral work
with such high aims was ever written with
an important piano part.
The performance, under the direction of
Sir Henry J. Wood, was excellent ; and
whatever may be thought of the work, Sir
Henry deserves thanks for giving opportu-
nities of hearing what contemporaries are
doing, among whom M. Scriabin is promi-
nent. The composer also played at this
concert his early Pianoforte Concerto in
F sharp minor. It is the pleasant work of a
skilful pianist ; there are no signs of the
coming man ; in form it is classical. The
playing was notable for delicacy.
The programme of the sixth Philharmonic
Concert, at Queen's Hall on the 16th inst.,
began with Mendelssohn's ' Italian ' Sym-
phony, which has not been given at a Phil-
harmonic Concert since Sir Alexander Mac-
kenzie conducted it on November 4th, 1897,
the fiftieth anniversary of the composer's
death. When James Davidson heard of it
he exclaimed, " Art is dead ! " But a new
art had just arisen, which, after a long
struggle, conquered. Mendelssohn, who had
been overrated, became underrated. Party
spirit ran high for a time ; at the present
day juster views prevail. The ' Italian '
Symphony is not so characteristic as the
' Scotch ' ; anyhow, to ears accustomed to
Wagner and to much Russian music, in-
stinct with rhythmic life and colour, it no
longer makes the same appeal as formerly.
Moreover, it was followed by Strauss's
powerful ' Tod und Verklarung. ' Herr Men-
gelberg conducted the former work in fault-
less manner, but the latter with all sym-
pathy and enthusiasm.
In the second part of the programme
came two interesting works of Cesar
Franck the symphonic poem, ' Les Djinns '
and the Symphonic Variations, in both
of which the pianoforte part was played in
masterful style by M. Cortot, the eminent
French pianist. Between them was placed
Mr. Frank Bridge's ' Dance Poem,' given for
the first time under the direction of the
composer. He has talent, and the music
certainly shows skill, but for the most part
it did not seem in keeping either with the
general title or with the headings of the
various sections. Further, considered apart
from the poetic basis, it gave the impres-
sion of being made, not inspired.
The programme of the third Classical
Concert, at Bechstein Hall last Wednesday
evening, included no novelty ; moreover,
two of the three instrumental works were
of a light order. First came Beethoven's
Quartet in B flat, Op. 18, No. 6, and in the
writing, though we may miss the grand
style of a later period, we get the freshness
of youth, which, with all great composers,
soon fades. The rendering of it byj the
Celoso Quartet was excellent. Their pre-
cision is remarkable, though not of a mili-
tary kind ; their interpretation was full of
life and soul. Mozart's Quartet in d for
Flute (Mr. Albert Fransella) and Strings i>
a bright work, though it does not, like the
previous one, give glimpses of the coming
man. The four Geloso players had their
finest opportunity in the Debussy Quartet
in G minor, and of this they availed them-
selves to the full. Mr. Campbell Mclnnes
was heard in a not very characteristic song
by Schumann, and in two by Schubert, but
he was not at his best ; he seemed to sing
with difficulty, as if suffering from a cold.
Mr. Murray Davey, who sang so impres-
sively the small part of Titurel in the recent
' Parsifal ' performances at Co vent Garden,
gave an interesting song recital at the
JEolian Hall last Wednesday afternoon. He
opened with the two songs ' O Isis und
Osiris ' and ' In diesen heil'gen Hallen,' to
which justice can only be rendered by a
deep bass voice such as Mr. Davey possesses.
He afterwards sang Schubert's ' Der Tod
und das Madchen,' ending on the d an
octave lower than the one printed — an
improvement of which Schubert, no doubt,
would have approved. The singer's render-
ing of ' Der Doppelganger ' was dramatically
powerful.
Mr. Davey also sang two groups of
songs of his own composition, the first
consisting of three settings of seventeenth -
century poems by Herrick, John Dowland,
and John Attye. The music is simple and
quaint, though without being a mere imita-
tion of old style. The second, a French
group, were still more to our liking. There
is no straining after effect, and there are
no strange chords or puzzling rhythms, but
no lack of skill and thought. ' 11 etait une
Fois ' and ' Crapaud ' are very clever.
Both groups were ably accompanied by
Madame Poldowski, and between them Mr.
Davey sang some of her own delightful
songs.
The Sterling Mackinlay Operatic
Society will give performances of Paul
Lacome's romantic opera ' Ma Mie Rosette '
on Friday and Saturday in next week, at
King's Hall, King Street, Covent Garden.
The proceeds are to be handed to the Eton
Mission.
The grand season at Covent Garden opens
on April 20th and ends on July 27th.
There will be two cycles of the ' Ring '
(April 21st, 22nd, 25th, and 27th, and
May 4th, 5th, 7th, and 9th) ; and perform-
ances of ' Die Meistersinger ' and ' Parsifal,'
possibly also of ' Lohengrin.' They will all
be given under the direction of Herr Arthur
Nikisch and Mr. Albert Coates : the latter
during the recent German season proved his
mastery as a Wagner conductor. All works
named above will be sung in CJerman, and
without cuts.
Two novelties are announced : one by
Italo Montemezzi, entitled " L'Amore dei
tre re,' the other ' Francesca da Rimini,' by
Riccardo Zandonai, whose ' Conchita,' per-
formed at Covent Garden, though not alto-
gether successful, and to a considerable
extent on account of its libretto, gave
promise of something stronger. Both
novelties have won favour in Italy, and the
first also in America. There will also be
some interesting revivals: Mozart's ' Nozze
di Figaro,' Verdi's ' Un Ballo in Maschera.'
' Falstaff,' and ' Otello,' and Boito's ' Mefi-
stofele.'
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
THE ATIIENiEUM
419
Sib Joseph Beeoham announces a second
Beason of Russian opera at Drury Lane, to
open on .May 20, ami end on July 25;
and from the works promised it ought to
prove as interesting and exciting as that of
last year. The two operas of Moussorgsky
and the one by Kiniskydvorsakot'f will bo
repeated, and there will be four new:
■ A Night of -May' and ' The Golden Cock,'
by Rimsky-Korsakoff; 'Prince Igor,' by
Borodin; and "The Nightingale,' by Stra-
vinsky. ' The Golden Cock ' was the last
opera the composer wrote, and he died a few
days after its production at a private theatre
in Moscow. Stravinsky's is his latest work.
Rimsky-Korsakoff and Glasounov are said
to have completed ' Prince Igor ' after
Borodin's death in 1S87.
There will also be four new ballets:
Dr. Richard Strauss's 'The Legend of
Joseph,1 M. Maurice Ravel's ' Daphnis and
Chloe,' Rimsky-Korsakoff's ' Antar,' and
Steinberg's ' Midas.'
Madame Karsavina will return, also M.
Chaliapine. The conductors will be MM.
Thomas Beecham, Emil Cooper, and Leon
Steinberg mentioned above ; and for the
Ballet MM. Richard Strauss, Thomas
Beecham, Pierre Monteux, and Rene Baton.
The first performance of Herr Felix
Weingartner's new opera 'Cain and Abel'
will take place under his direction at
Darmstadt on May 17th.
Mr. Daniel Mayer announces a Beet-
hoven Festival, to be given at Queen's Hall,
April 20th to 25th. All the nine Symphonies
are to be performed, four of the five Piano-
forte Concertos, and the Concerto for the
Violin. There will also be vocal music, with
excellent songs. The London Symphony
Orchestra and the Leeds Philharmonic
Chorus (200 voices) are engaged. M.Henri
Verbrugghen will be the conductor.
Mr. J. W. Ivimey has been engaged by
the London County Council to stimulate
appreciation of music among the students.
His first lecture was given at Fulham.
The scheme of the forthcoming festival
at Torquay, mentioned last week, includes,
in addition to M. Stravinsky's Symphony,
an Orchestral Suite, ' The Pool/ by Mr.
G. H. Clutsam, and an orchestral work by
Mr. Percy Pitt. Messrs. Thomas Beecham,
Percy Grainger, Percy Pitt, and Basil
Hindenberg will be the conductors.
A German statistician lias calculated the
average length of the lives of musicians
during the period between January 1st,
1870, and December 31st, 1913, and he places
it at 61 years. The most interesting part
of his calculation is the fact that during
that period four centenarians passed away,
namely, Elise Farnesie, who died in 1884,
aged 105 ; Johann Christian Hilf, conductor
at Baden, aged 103; Manuel Garcia, in
his 102nd year ; and Benedetto 13azetti of
Turin. Only one of these seems to have
been of any note-.
Cuts have been made in Handel's 'Mes-
siah ' — and indeed in most, if not all, of his
oratorios — but an additional number by
another composer would, at any rate since
the days of Handel, when ' Israel □ Egypt '
was advertised as ''shortened and inter-
mixed with songs," seem to In- unique. An
instance, however, occurred at Bath at the
beginning of last century. Dr. Harrington
i-, well known as a leader of the Bath
Harmonic Society, of which he was first
president. He composed various
and a little sacred music. Among the latter
was a sacred dirge 'Eloi! or, the heath of
Christ.' It was written in 1800 "for the
solemn service of Passion Week " : moreover,
it was dedicated to Ceorge 111. The Doctor
showed it to Rauzzini — at whose house, by
the way, Haydn and Dr. Burney spent three
days in 1794 — who had it performed at his
concerts. Of this composition the following
occurs in a biographical sketch of Dr.
Harrington, signed Philo-Musicus," in the
third volume of The Bath and Bristol Maga-
zine for 1834 : —
"I believe that it was first performed in the
second part of the oratorio of the 'Messiah.' In
which situation it has always since been sun;;;
being considered, in Hath, at least, as admirably
calculated to till that place in the oratorio. It
has ever since been sung at the Abbey Church.''
This ' Eloi ! ' is inscribed on Dr. Harring-
ton's monument in that church. He was
70 years old when he wrote it. Dr. Burney
published a letter in one of the Bath papers,
which ends thus : — ■
" The singing together in prayer of supplica-
tion, fugue or imitation, are absolutely prohibited
by propriety and common sense. These observa-
tions are wholly avoided in the plain counter-
point of the sacred ' Eloi.' "
Grove's ' Dictionary ' mentions the Dirge,
but not the use made of it.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Sin.
Mux
Ties.
Wei>.
Concert, S.S0, Royal Albert Hall.
Sunday Conceit Society, 3.30, Queen's Hall.
Mary Tomlinson's Song Recital. 8.15. Bechstein Hall.
F. B. Ellis's Chamber Concert, 8 30, .Eolian Hall.
Oxford House Choral Society, 8.30, Queen's Hall.
Elena Gerhardt's Vocal Recital, 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
Bath Choir, 8.15, Queen's Hall.
Blanche Newcombe's Vocal Recital, 8 30, .Eoliau Hall.
Classical Concert Society, 3, Bechstein Hall.
— Henri Etlin's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15, Steinway Hall.
— Vera Brock's Orchestral Concert. 8.15, Queen's Hall.
— Helen Mott and Dorothea Webb's Sonata and Song Recital
8.15, Bechstein Hall.
Thuds. F. 8. Kelly's Concert. 3, ^Eolian Hall.
— Sascha ulbertson's Violin Recital, 3.15. Bechstein Hall.
— Jean Sterling Mackiulay's Song Recital. 3.30, Little Theatre.
— Royal Choral Society, 8 Royal Albert Hall.
— Tora Hwa6e's Pianoforte Recital, 8.30, .Loli.i n Hall.
Leo Ornstein's Pianoforte Recital of Futurist Music,
Stonway Hall.
F. B. Ellis's Concert of Modern Orchestral Music,
Queen's Hall.
JoBef Holbrooke's Concert, 8.30, Arts Centre.
Frederic Lamond's Pianoforte Recital, 3, Bechstein Hall.
Queen's Hall Orchestra, 3, Queen's Hall.
Fin.
Sat.
3.15,
8.15,
PURCELL'S MUSIC IN FRANCE.
In noticing a performance of Purcell's
' Golden Sonata ' given at the Paris Conser-
vatoire on February 25th, a paragraph of
' Musical Gossip ' in The Athenaeum of the
7th inst. remarks : —
" It was probably the first time that any work of
his [Purceil'sl has been produced in France— at
least in modern times."
This was far from being Purcell's first
introduction into France, as will be seen by
the following list of Jo's music which has been
produced in Paris by Mr. Arnold Dolmetseh :
The Toccata for harpsichord at a meeting of
the S.I.M. at the Bibliotheouo Xationale,
November, 1910, and at Mr. Dolmetseh s
concert, Salle Gaveau, April, Hill', when the
Violin Sonata was also played by the concert -
giver ; ' Fantazia upon One Note ' for 5 viols,
at a Masonic Society concert, January, 1913,
and at a concert of English Music of the Six-
teenth and Seventeenth Centuries at the
University Populaire, when; a. Prelude,
Ground, and Hornpipe for harpsichord were
also played, May, 1913 ; these three harpsi-
chord pieces wen repeated at a concert
(under .Mi-. Dolmetsch's direction) of the
('hauteurs de la Renaissance, June, 1913.
The Toccata and Ground were also both
played on two separate occasions at the
Sorbonne last January.
Beatrice Horne.
*** The paragraph alluded to was nol
written by OUT music critic, but was sent
by a French correspondent.
DRAMA
— ♦ —
The Comedies of Holberg. By Oscar James
Campbell. " Harvard Studies in Com-
parative Literature." (Cambridge. Mass.,
Harvard University Press ; London,
Milford, 105. 6d. net.)
Prof. Campbell's study of the sources of
Holberg's plays is the first book in the
English language to deal with this im-
portant dramatist. The Danish Baron's
influence never extended to England ;
his imitations of Moliere and his modifica-
tions of the commedia dell arte were
scarcely calculated to find favour in the
country of Congreve. Translators at all
times have fought shy of Holberg's works,
and, up to the present, only a few plays,
a little histor}^ and a satire, of all his
long list of compositions, have filtered
through into the English language. Suf-
fragists have yet to be made aecpuainted
with his case for the political enfranchise-
ment of women, written as long ago as
1722.
It was also in 1722 that it occurred to
Holberg that the only theatre in Copen-
hagen with the right to produce comedy
had to rely entirely upon translations
from the French, and he at once set to
work to write plays that should be Danish.
Five plays by him were written and pro-
duced the same year. For three years he
worked assiduously, until he was ex-
hausted by these and other labours.
Then the theatre failed, and no more
plays were needed. In 1750 lie once more
took up his pen to write for the theatre,
and wrote six phws in his old age.
The extent of Holberg's indebtedness to
Moliere has already been studied by A.
Legrelle in ' Holberg Considere comme
Imitateur de Moliere ' (1864). In the
opinion of Prof. Campbell, Legrelle exag-
gerated the similarities ; Holberg is alwaj's a
debtor, but Moliere is not the only lender.
Prof. Campbell has examined the fifty-five
comedies in Gherardi's collection, and
finds that Holberg had freely helped him-
self to these French modifications of
the original Italian commedia delV arte.
He points out the numerous recurrences
of the distinguishing features of the
commedia in Holberg's plays, showing
how he had introduced fresh modifications
to bring the original into sympathy with
the Danish character. The section of the
book dealing with this pari of the subject
impresses us as an admirably executed
piece of work. The author lias spared
himself no pains to study the plays which
Holberg. in his extensive travels, might
have seen and later used as models.
The same thoroughness i> applied to
• Holberg and English Literature ' — a
chapter that La of necessity largely con-
jectural. What plays were there to In-
seen during (he two years that Holberg
was at Oxford, and what did he think oJ
them I lb' himself says not a word on
the subject. Holberg probably saw the
original of one of his plays in the adven-
tures of Christopher Sly, and lie may. on
general principles, have been Influenced
4^0
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4508, March 21, 1914
by Farquhar. Essays in The Taller may
have given birth to one or two situations,
but the haul is minute, for so large a net
as the author has cast.
The humour of Holberg is either
satirical or made up from a recipe, and
to-day appears elementary and knock-
about. His Henrichs and Pernilles,
adapted from the Arlequin and Colum-
bine of the commedia delV arte, are
the sources of the fun. The Danish
peasant, man or woman, is presented
occasionally with realism. There is no
attempt made, as with the Elizabethans,
to dramatize well-known stories or his-
torical episodes. It is as an adapter of
foreign conventions that Holberg best
.shows his dramatic gift.
Dramatic doaatp.
' Helen of the High Hand ' is now
being preceded at the Vaudeville by ' The
Rest Cure,' a one-act play by G. E. Jennings,
remarkably well-knit in structure, and truly
■comical in effect. It represents the first
hour or so spent by a malade imaginaire in
a nursing home. Far from proving the
refuge which the overwrought author of
■vers libres is seeking, it turns out to be the
very antithesis of his or any one else's
dreams. Instead of quiet, there is an
unceasing, nerve-racking succession of
whistles, screeches, and bangs ; instead of
dainty food delicately served, tepid boiled
mutton and suet pudding ; instead of a
glowing fire noiselessly replenished by a
gloved hand, a sulky grate fed by a rattling
avalanche from a scuttle ; instead of the
cheerful society of a ministering angel,
there are two attendant fiends : Dark Cat,
whose conversation dwells lugubriously on
the imminent dissolution of the patient,
and Fair Cat, a typical minx. The " nervy "
author — -played to perfection by Mr. Otho
Stuart— is befriended by the maid-of-all-
work (Phyllis Stuckey), a'cute young person
who makes some cynical observations on the
raison d'etre of the nursing home. Laughter
is a fine tonic : every one who witnesses ' The
Rest Cure ' will have a plentiful dose of it.
Mr. Sutro's ' The Two Virtues ' is now
preceded at the St. James's by an amusing
trifle from the pen of Mr. Max Beerbohm
called ' A Social Success.' A young man
about town, anxious to escape the boredom
of multitudinous social engagements, cheats
at jooker, only to find that his friends,
instead of deserting him, rally to his side
in his supposed disgrace, assuring him that
" there are many worse things in the world
than cheating at cards." Mr. Reginald
Owen enacted the part of the blase young
man with ease and humour. Mr. Beer-
bohm's dialogue is often witty.
We were glad to notice that the elocution
of one or two of the characters in the longer
play showed improvement.
At Drury Lane the popular melodrama
' Sealed Orders ' resumed its run — inter-
rupted at Christmas by the pantomime —
on Thursday evening. There is no im-
portant alteration in the cast.
The "New Company" of the Abbey
Theatre, which has been formed under Lady
Gregory's management to carry on its work
during the absence of the First Company in
America, produced two new plays last week
in Dublin. ' The Orangeman,' by Mr.
St. John Ervine, is a humorous sketch of life
in the north of Ireland ; while in ' The Lord
Mayor ' Mr. Edward MacNulty has turned
to the untilled field of lower-class Dublin
life, and has gleaned therefrom a most
entertaining comedy. The plays were acted
with great spirit. Lady Gregory is to be
congratulated on her new venture.
The inauguration of the Burbage memorial,
announced in our last issue, duly took place
on Monday last, when, after a short service,
Sir George Alexander unveiled Mr. Ansell's
tablet, and said a few words commemorative
of the debt owed by the stage to James and
Richard Burbage. A seat has been erected
in the church garden, now a public open
space, as a further memorial of thesa fellow-
workers with Shakespeare.
To Correspondents— J. P. M.— H. G. R.— O. S.— M. S.
— R. A. S. J— Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 423.]
The Society's 100th Year.
TN 1914 the Society will complete its First Cen-
tury of Public Usefulness. Its past record
is in many respects unique, and those contem-
plating Life Assurance are invited to apply for
the Society's " 100th Year" Prospectus, which
contains full information regarding Actual
Results to Policyholders and the Outstanding
Advantages of Membership.
Scottish Widows' Fund,
The Largest Office for
Mutual Life Assurance in the United Kingdom,
Accumulated Funds: Claims Paid-
£21,500,000. £41,500,000.
The whole Profits are divided among the Policyholders.
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No. 4508, Makch 21, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
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SUPPLEMENT TO
THE ATHENAEUM
delating to XTvavel anb
No. 4508.
SATURDAY, MARCH 21, 191-t.
TRAVEL SUPPLEMENT.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
. 425
Travellers and their Books
Roi'M> the Mediterranean (/Egean Days ; Days
in Attica ; Roman Memories ; Desert and Water
Gardens of the Red Sea) 426—428
India and Australia (Thirty Years in Kashmir ;
Cathay and the Way Thither ; Reminiscences of
India and North Queensland ; The Ways of the
South Sea Savage ; Through the South Seas with
Jack London) 428—430
Africa (From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile ;
Through Jubaland to the Lorian Swamp ; among
the Primitive Bakongo ; The Conquest of the
Desert ; The Old Transport Road) . . . . 431—434
Mexico and South America (The Real Mexico ;
South America ; To the River Plate and Back)
434—435
From the Thames to the Netherlands ..
Walks in Rome
436
436
TRAVELLERS AXD THEIR BOOKS.
Dr. Johnson declared, in 1775, that
writers of travels were " more defective
than any other writers." A characteristic
reason for this was assigned in one of his
letters to Mrs. Thrale : " Those whose lot
it is to ramble can seldom write, and those
who know how to write very seldom
ramble. :' One may observe in passing
that this sweeping condemnation seems
to prove that Johnson had never dipped
into the pages of Hakluyt, which Froude
truly described as " the Prose Epic of
the modem English nation." Xo thing in
literature is more striking than the success
almost uniformly attained by the un-
known or forgotten authors of the English
voyages in vivifying their records.
'' In most cases the captain himself, or his
clerk or servant, or some unknown gentleman
volunteer sat down and chronicled the
voyage which he had shared ; and thus
inorganically arose a collection of writings
which, with all their simplicity, are for
nothing more striking than for the high
moral beauty, warmed with natural feeling,
which displays itself through all their pages."
We know no more charming books in
which to dip for recreation in an idle hour
than the thirty-two volumes in which the
enterprise of a modern publisher has repro-
duced the collections of Hakluyt and Pur-
chas. They show how well the traveller
may be inspired when he takes no account
of so-called " literary " artifice, but is
Content to follow the advice of Sidney's
muse : —
Look in thy heart and write.
The travellers of the eighteenth century,
however, of whom Johnson was evidently
thinking, had no such simple and adequate
machinery to content them, and their
readers were the sufferers. We cannot
resist I he pleasure of quoting the delightful
passage in which Johnson, in his ninety-
seventh ' Idler,' pokes fun at a kind of
traveller who is still occasionally to be
met with : —
" Of those who crowd the world with their
itineraries, some have no other purpose
than to describe the face of the country ;
those who sit idle at home, and are curious to
know what is done or suffered in distant
countries, may be informed by one of these
wanderers, that on a certain day he set out
early with the caravan, and in the first hour's
march saw, towards the south, a hill covered
with trees, then passed over a. stream, which
ran northward with a swift course, but which
is probably dry in the summer months ;
that an hour after he saw something to the
right, which looked at a distance like a
castle with towers, but which he discovered
afterwards to be a craggy rock ; that he
then entered a valley, in which he saw-
several trees tall and flourishing, watered by
a rivulet not marked in the maps, of which
he was not able to learn the name ; that the
road afterwards grew stony, and the country
uneven, where he observed among the hills
many hollows worn by torrents, and was
told that the road was passable only part of
the year ; that going on they found the
remains of a building, once, perhaps, a fort-
ress to secure the pass, or to restrain the
robbers, of which the present inhabitants
can give no other account than that it is
haunted by fairies ; that they went to dine
at the foot of a rock, and travelled the rest of
the day along the banks of a river, from
which the road turned aside towards evening,
and brought them within sight of a village,
which was once a considerable town, but
which afforded them neither good victuals
nor commodious lodging.
" Thus he conducts his reader through wet
and dry, over rough and smooth, without
incidents, without reflection ; and, if he
obtains his company for another day, will
dismiss him again at night, equally fatigued
with a like succession of rocks and streams,
mountains and ruins. This is the common
style of those sons of enterprise who visit
savage countries, and range through solitude
and desolation ; who pass a desert, and tell
that it is sandy ; who cross a valley, and find
that it is green .... He that reads these books
must consider his labour as its own reward ;
for he will find nothing on which attention
can fix, or which memory can retain."'
This amusing criticism is to-day appli-
cable only to a small percent age of
travellers. Mr. Kipling is not fond of the
globe-trotter who travels for days and
writes for weeks, the result being some-
times a book which could have been
spared. But on the whole the modern
traveller has freed himself from the re-
proach of dullness which was brought,
with some justice, against his eighteenth-
century predecessor. To any one who has
in the course of his business to glance
through the hooks published week by
week it is apparent thai hooks of travel
make the biggest heap after fiction, theo-
logy, and edueafiolllll wuiks. L'lie sur-
prising thing is that they keep up to so
high a standard of interest, as a glance
through the reviews in this Supplement will
illustrate. The world is so well known
nowadays that it seems difficult for
the average globe-trotter to write a book
about his experiences which has any real
justification for existing. So far as actual
descriptions of landscape and scenery, of
hills and cities, are concerned, this is true
enough. Most of the world has been
examined and described, mapped and
photographed, and reduced within the
limits of the adequately known. It is
only the exceptional traveller who has any-
thing new to tell under this head ; and
even in the books of a Scott or a Shackle-
ton it is rather the adventurous element,
the tale of hardships bravely borne or
resourcefully surmounted, than the merely
topographical element which attracts the
reader. The traveller who goes in search
of purely geographical knowledge is rare,
and those who still aspire to interest
the wrorld with a record of their journeys
must bear in mind Johnson's further
maxim : " He that wrould travel for the
entertainment of others should remember
that the great object of remark is human
life."
In the tantalizing fragment of what
should have been one of the greatest of
travel books Stevenson lays it down that
the traveller who wishes to have anything
noteworthy to tell must learn to rouse and
share the " sense of kinship " between him-
self and the denizens of other lands. The
ability to do this — not merely among the
Marqucsans or the Eskimo, but also in
Provence, the Engadine, or the Cumber-
land dales — is the one qualification that
makes travel pleasant at the time and
profitable in the retrospect. We do not
deny that a keen lover of scenery may
have a thoroughly delightful tour round
the world without ever speaking to a soul,
except a steward or a waiter ; as a race,
indeed, Englishmen are rather noto-
rious for " keeping themselves to them-
selves " when they travel. But the globe-
trotter who wants to write a hook about
his experiences will l>e prudent to keep his
ears open as well as his cms. and fill his
note-hook with conversations and human
impressions, rather than with word paint-
ings of sunsets and landscapes. Such B
hook as Mr. Stefansson. the young
Canadian explorer, has lately given US
about the Eskimo is worth a hundred of
the average records of travel, because onoe
for all it answers the questions thai we are
' inclined to ask ahout an exotic and
a
alien form
fansson is a
aL'f writer oi
of life. But then Mr. Ste-
professional whilst the aver-
B hook of travel is only <m
420
T HE A T H E N M U M
[Supplement, March 21, 1914
amateur. He devoted some five years
to living with the Eskimos like an
Eskimo, thus establishing that " sense
of kinship " mentioned by Stevenson
through which alone it is possible to get
at the heart of the life oi any race. It
would be unfair to ask every writer to
make similar sacrifices in devotion to an
idea ; but if any one wants the recipe for
writing a really notable travel-book, he
cannot do better than follow Mr. Ste-
fansson's lead.
Among books of travel, however, as in
most other departments of literature, it is
impossible to lay down any definite rules
for success. The writer's enthusiasm may
vary from the history of the past to the
developments of the future, from a chance
of getting killed to a chance of getting
statistics or orchids. Here, as elsewhere,
we are reduced to acknowledge with
Voltaire : —
Tous les genres sont bons, hors le genre ennuyeux.
The only unforgivable thing is to bore
your reader. As long as that is avoided
it is possible to write a successful book of
travel, even if your migration has never
been further than from the blue bed to
the brown, or (like Alphonse Karr's)
round the garden. We must not, of
course, be supposed to mean that it is
playing the game fairly to write about
Tibet without having, at least, made an
effort to get there, or to describe the
ascent of Chimborazo without ever having
left the base camp. We only mean that
the man who can see with his own eyes,
and has the gift of describing what he has
seen and felt in that indefinable but
easily recognized fashion which differen-
tiates literature from book-making, is the
best of travel-writers ; it really does not
matter very much where he goes. The
real classics in this branch of literature are
all " sentimental journeys," in which the
personality of the author is more impor-
tant than his route. Stevenson's ' Travels
with a Donkey ' and ' Inland Voyage,'
Mr. Morley Roberts's ' Western Avemus,'
Clarence King's ' Mountaineering in
the Sierra Nevada,' Whymper's 'Scram-
bles among the Alps,' and Mr. Hilaire
Belloc's ' Path to Rome ' hold a place in
our affections which is more enviable
than the respect we pay to Cook and
Anson, Stanley and Livingstone, Peary
and Nansen. But it must be acknow-
ledged that nothing is more pitiful than
the " sentimental journey " which is not
of the first class : in this respect it ranks
with poetry — it is either very good or
it is horrid. We seriously believe that a
hundred men could write a new ' Crossing
of Greenland ' or ' Through the Dark
Continent ' for one who could satisfy us
with a new ' Inland Voyage.' These
masterpieces are few and far between.
Let us be thankful that the publishing
season has introduced us to so many agree-
able travelling companions, whose books
are the best substitute for that modern
" magic carpet," a ticket round the world.
ROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN.
The first book before us, ' JEgenn Days,'
by Prof. Manatt, bears an attractive title.
Books of travel in Greece make up a
library in themselves, but, as most of them
are written by cultivated men and scholars,
there is generally merit in them. Yet it
is not given to many to attain even a
limited immortality. Curzon's ' Monas-
teries of the Levant ' is a book still valued
and read, and Dr. Mahaffy's ' Rambles '
are now appearing, though forty years old,
in a sixpenny American edition, which
the author probably regards with the same
feelings as Verdi's when he heard his " Ah !
che la morte," on a barrel-organ in the
street. But very possibly it is not the
best that have lasted. Prof. Manatt
quotes delightful things from Tournefort's
book published about 1700 ; yet how
many people have seen it ? Clarke's and
DodwelPs books have stores of infor-
mation, though now over a century old.
The fact is that Greece and its islands
are an inexhaustible mine of interest. Per-
haps the islands have received less than
their due share of attention, even since
Theodore Bent's careful book, which
Prof. Manatt never mentions ; and the
present study omits at least two islands or
groups of much importance — Milo and
Thera, the latter now known as Therasia,
which, with its sister Santorin, lies round
the crater of one of the largest volcanoes
in Europe. But to compass the whole
iEgean would require at least three
volumes on the present author's scale.
What we do regret keenly is that the
book contains no map of the zEgean or
of the separate islands described. These
would have been far more instructive
than the photographic views, which are
monotonous, and contain hardly anj^
distinctive features. And why not repro-
duce the Lion of Soulis (on Keos), which
few persons have seen, and which is
carved out of the live rock, like Thor-
waldsen's famous lion at Lucerne ?
We think the author more successful
when he is treating history and literature
than when he is describing nature. Pro-
bably he may not agree with us, but we
think that there are far too many descrip-
tions of scenery, which few readers have
the imagination to grasp, and the features
of the islands are, after all, homogeneous
in their varietjr. Even such a master as
Walter Scott can be tedious in his descrip-
tions of the Scotch highlands. When
Prof. Manatt comes to a chapter on
Chios he is first-rate, and so he is when
he is describing Dr. Dorpfeld's fascinating-
theory that Homer's Ithaca is really the
Leucas (or Leucadia) of histoiy. When
JEgean Days. By J. Irving Manatt. (John
Murray, 12s. net.)
Days in Attica. By Mrs. R. C. Bosanquet.
(Methuen & Co., Is. Qd. net.)
Roman Memories in the Landscape seen from
Capri. By Thomas Spencer Jerome.
(Mills & Boon, Is. M. net.)
Desert and Water Gardens of the Bed Sea. By
Cyril Crossland. (Cambridge University
Press, 10*. Qd. net.)
he tells us of his delightful expeditions
with that famous explorer, one cannot
but wonder why the latter has been silent
since he left Athens, and why we have not
heard his voice from his retreat in Ger-
many. We can hardly credit the whisper
that he is silenced by the disfavour of
certain gods of Berlin, to whom originality
not their own is said to cause annoyance.
Tantcene ccelestibus irce !
The author concludes his account of
Chios with a strong appeal against the
permitting of Turkey to reoccupy the
islands — especially this, the most valuable
of them, where a rich and peaceful popu-
lation were massacred with shocking
brutality or carried into slaverv bv the
Turks in 1822. The memory of those
horrors is still fresh on the island. But
the author, writing this part of his book
in 1912, does not anticipate another
danger, which is now far more serious —
the retaining of the islands near the
Asianic coast by Italy, who occupied
some of them, notably Rhodes, during
the war with Turkey, and is now
beginning to speak of the .Egean as
il nostro mare. It was so in the great days
of Venice, and the occupation of Chios by
Genoa for some centuries may be quoted
in favour of Italy, though Morosini's
crime in bombarding the Parthenon is
one which the civilized world can never
forgive .
These and many other such general
considerations are suggested by our
author's fascinating pages. If we allow
ourselves a criticism, and an anticipation
why the book may not last longer than its
ephemeral brethren, it is this : it seems
to have been composed at various times
— piecemeal, so to say. and put to-
gether without careful welding. It is not
the work of one jet, like the others Ave
have mentioned, and it is not the careful
construction of a student co-oixlinating
his materials. There are pages that are
already antiquated in the writer's view,
for they are followed by others telling us
so, and giving all the new information
that supersedes them. This is the case,
e.g., with the account of the poet Bacchy-
lides and with that of Ithaca. It may
no doubt be interesting to know the
state of the author's mind, and of his
knowledge, at various moments ; but it
prevents his book from being a work of
art, and it is only works of art in this
sense that endure. This is the reason
that the author's countryman Mr. Horton
has set down the experiences of a holi-
day residence in Argolis in a way superior
to the present work. The book on
Argolis Ave appreciated years ago in these
columns, and a handsome reprint shoAved
that our judgment had been endorsed.
Picturesqueness is not wanting in the
present writer, as Avhen he speaks of an
island village high aboA^e him as " looking
like a flock of seagulls lit on a beetling
cliff," but more artistic method is needed.
In his details the Professor is, of course,
trustworthy. He gives, hoAveA*er, too
much credit to Aldus, and speaks of him
as if he were the first or main printer of
Greek books. That is not so. Far finer
Supplement, March 21, 1914]
Til E A Til KX M r M
427
Greek books — e.g., the Florentine ' Homer1
and the Milanese ' [socrates ' — were printed
before Aldus (J488 and 14'.»:5 respectively),
ami if Aldus did anything for Creek
printing, he ruined it by taking four-
teenth-century MSS. tor his models, with
their ugly contractions, instead of the
far finer MSS. of the tenth century copied
by the earlier masters.
When our Professor gets to Lesbos
he is full and charming about Sappho,
and gives us the best renderings of tier
matchless fragments, all except the newest,
in which she speaks of one of her pupils
going to Sardis to shine as the moon among
the lesser lights, and turns aside for a
moment to an exquisite picture of dewy
summer night. His strong advocacy of
Sappho's morality as mistress of a high
school of the American fashion cannot
stand, we think, against such evidence
as this. No respectable Greek parents
of the sixth century B.C. would have had
their daughters so educated, and there was
only one way for a girl to shine as a moon
among the stars, either at Lesbos or at
Sardis.
It is impossible to do more than touch
these few points in a volume full of
suggestion., which often excites criticism.
We suppose that the title of ' Days in
Attica.' by Mrs. Bosancpaet. was fixed
too soon, or else the first sixty pages
are an afterthought (as the Irish would
say), for we begin with an excellent
account of Crete and its marvellous anti-
quities, prefaced by a short allocution
on Greek travel. We have not found the
details quite conformable to our ex-
perience. The author says the railway
stations are never crowded ; we have
found many, especially that at Athens,
encumbered with idlers and loafers. It
can hardly be different now. and, indeed,
the whole book shows traces of having
been composed a little while ago. There
is no allusion to the tremendous events
of the last two years. The author thinks
that fruit, vegetables, game. &c, which
are now scarce and dear at Athens, were
once plentiful. If so, it was certainly not
within the last fifty years, as sundry
travellers have told us. But though the
author has supplied a goodly list of books
in her Bibliography at the end of the
volume, there are some perhaps too
obvious works which she ignores. Among
them are Clarke's celebrate d ' Travels ' and
Prof. MahahVs ' Rambles and Studies.1
The latter would have told her that
the meadow of asphodel really means
a desert where nothing el grows;
that, according to Dorpfeld's measure-
ments, tin- theatre al Athens would nol
hold, even with gangways filled, more
than 15,000 : also that Plato never
that 30,000 citizens heard any play of
Agathon at a single perforn any
more than 60,000 Londoners ever heard
a play of Sha ire at the -tine per-
formance Yet it would be quite natural
t<> Bay — ■■ Shakespeare, w hose plays oo.immi
Londoners are familiar with " ; a in I this is
all that Plato said.
As we have said, there is such a
Library of books on Greece that a fierce
light beats upon any new treatment of
thi' great subject, and according as the
critic is intimate with this or that spot,
he can easily find fault with small imper-
fections. Thus the only objection which
other travellers have found to the pepper
trees, which ought to be by this time a
great ornament of Athens, is that the
owners of the houses hack off branches
whenever they like, and so mutilate them
shamefully. The want of firewood is,
of course, a crying evil in Greece, and the
people whom the author describes and
pictures as tarrying brushwood into
Athens are those who actually dig out
shrubs and the stumps of trees by the
nmls so as to make any new growth
impossible. This habit and that of allow-
ing Ylaeh shepherds to feed their flocks
on the young shoots that do escape are
rapidly making Greece a treeless country.
The traveller starting from Patras by
train along the Gulf of Corinth presently
passes through a tract of land preserved
by or for the Crown from such devastations,
and there he can see the variety and
splendour of the woods of Greece when
unharmed by man. The woods of Tatoi,
and the Royal Garden at Athens, of which
there is here a most delightful and
perfectly faithful description — these are
artificial improvements upon Nature,
yet not more beautiful. The author's
pages on this garden suggest to us that
her book is very much a book of sentiment,
and that is perhaps the essence of a good
book of travel. It must be sentimental,
or it will serve only the use of the moment,
not the pleasure of readers who are
educated. But the mixture of facts and
of sentiment in the right proportions is a
matter of great delicacy, and hence it is
that most authors miss perfection. To
our taste there is too much fanciful
writing hi the volume before us, with a
consentient looseness of epithets that seem
to a sober reader a defect in style. Thus
the form of the Parthenon is called pyra-
midal, and the Attic mountains, in spite
of their names, are made feminine for
effect's sake ; and we have " crystal gulfs
of air " and other phrases hard to realize.
But for all that the book is very good
reading; it contains a great deal of sound
information, and brings out all manner of
stray learning when one least expects it.
Thus the author quotes, from a recent dis-
cover}" in the Bodleian, (piaint, but shrewd
advices about the finding and treating
of antique marbles supplied to the Earl
of Arundel " by a certain William Petty."
We think that this must be the famous
Sir Win. Petty who afterwards pur-
chase d Lord Arundel's house and
garden in London, probably with it-
treasures. There can hardly have been
another man of the same name. ye1
hi- di si endanl and careful biographer.
I rd Fitzmaurice, knows nothing of this
Bide of Petty's agitata <l life. The fact
thai in L661 he gol leave of absence from
his college and went abroad (no one
knows whither) leaves room for our identi-
fication. With his other myriad ac-
complishments this astonishing man had
guessed where the besl things in Greece
should he looked lor — Olympia, Delphi,
Delos, Ephesus, Pergamum !
But if on such matters the author
cannot rival Petty, there is one aspect of
the hook in which her knowledge is not
only first hand, but also that of a sym-
pathetic observer : we mean the chapters
on the home life of the Greeks, and especi-
ally of the poor. When speaking of the
habits of the rich at Athens she does not
perhaps emphasize sufficiently the Southern
fashion of making the midday dejeuner
the state meal, and not the late dinner.
She might also have said a word about
the peculiarities of Greek cooking. We
make bold to add to her information that
the Greek mayonnaise of fish is the best of
the kind in Europe, probably owing to the
excellence of the olive oil of the country.
But here we arc transcending our modest
duty. When she conies to speak of the
peculiarities of the peasants and of the
servants with whom she had to deal, any
one who knows the Irish poor feels how
extraordinary the likeness is — this, too,
others have noted. We find the same
improvidence, the same optimism, the
same light regard for truth, the same
resourcefulness, the same loyalty. Here is
a profound sentence that fits cither race :
" No Greek servant ever fails to rise to an
emergency. He loves emergencies. It is
the daily round that gravels him." It is
an interesting problem whether nations
that have a contempt for truth also have
a dislike of it. We may infer from our
author that it is not so, and on such a
question she must be a first-rate authority.
Nothing can exceed the clearness and the
interest of these concluding chapters of
her book.
Mr. Jerome's ' Roman Memories in the
Landscape seen from Capri' is an instal-
ment, as he tells us, of a larger work on
the Julian-Claudian emperors, which he
hopes to publish this year. We are well
pleased at the prospect, for the book
before us is very good reading, and exactly
suited, as he argues, to the immense
body of Anglo-Saxon readers who are
neither learned nor conspicuously ignorant.
But even the learned have much to learn
from the author's worldly and non-pedan-
tic view of things.
The adventures of /Eneas, and the
character of the society he met on his
travels, as compared with the experi-
ences of Ulysses, are treated with great
good sense and humour. .Mr. Ji mine
is particularly severe regarding Virgil's
.Kneas. whom he regards as a prig and a
tool. An interesting problem to discuss
would have been the failure of Virgil,
like the failure of Euripides, to draw a male
hero. In the sister artfl the difficulty is
female portraiture, mid every one knows
how much easier it i- to pamt a atrong,
uL i- man than a beautiful woman. At
the same time. Mr. Jerome does not ade-
quately appreciate the greatness of Virgil
as an artist, even though he represents
\iiuu-t ii as listening to the 'Georgics' for
four days consecutively. When we w< re
428
THE A T II E N M U M
[SfPPLEMENT, MaKCII 21. 1014
young, we believed it was the ' /Eneid ' that
the poet recited, and of it only three
books (ii., iv., and vi.), in which he showed
both his perfect judgment and his con-
sideration for his audience.
The leading feature of Mr. Jerome's
studies is the critical estimation of the
scandal circulated about Roman emperors,
especially Tiberius and Nero. The former
case has long occupied the learned. There
was a German book thirty years ago
entitled ' Tiberius and Tacitus ' (we have
forgotten the author's name) in which
the great Emperor was rehabilitated, but
not in the ingenious way devised by Mr.
Jerome. He argues with much good sense
that the rumours spread about Tiberius
during his sulky retirement from public
affairs at Rhodes have been transferred
to a period thirty years later, when he
retired to Capri. At the former period
he was in middle life ; he had many
enemies in the imperial household who were
intriguing against him. Had it not been
for the early deaths of the Emperor's
grandsons, he would have been wholly
set aside. The scandals invented and
circulated by his unscrupulous enemies,
especially the ladies, were intended to
disgust Augustus with him, and get rid
of him. They have neither point nor
probability when brought against an old,
well-tried, competent emperor, except to
give the rhetorician Tacitus scope for his
masterly invective. Suetonius, a stupid
follower in the same track, has, by his
coarse exaggerations, set men thinking
about the evidence, and so he has
achieved what he least expected — the re-
habilitation of his victim and his own
discredit. We think that any one who
weighs the case, as Mr. Jerome has
done, will be satisfied that Tacitus did
the Emperor a shocking injustice, for
which he deserves severe censure . Whether
our author is equally fair to Quintilian,
whose great work ' The Institutes of
Oratory ' he calls a treatise ' On Lying
as a Fine Art, for the use of those
fully Conscious of their own Rectitude,'
is another question. We do not feel
sure that he has really studied
Quintilian' s book. But that Greek and
Latin rhetoric was regarded as the
art of persuasion is true. The means
taken to persuade the hearer or reader
may, of course, be either fair or foul.
In any case, one phrase about Tacitus,
that he is " exuberant in detail," is a
charge which that author, we think, would
have repudiated more angrily and justly
than that of garbling his facts.
We are not wholly at home with Mr.
Jerome's vocabulary, but the English
language is changing so rapidly that
judgments quickly become old-fashioned.
Nevertheless, we will remind him that an
apologia is not an apology in the modern
sense ; and question the use of gynophoby,
and some other unnecessary coinages.
It should be part of an author's art to
practise it within the limits which time
and use have consecrated. Even Phidias
was a greater artist because he designed
his groups for a pediment of a form pre-
sented to him, than if he had scorned all
limitations.
Among the sketches in this history
which only adopts its special Campanian
point of view so long as it suits the author's
fancy, we are particularly pleased with that
of Sylla, and indeeel the estimate of the
character of the early Romans. We find
also interesting cbtails on the building of
the great Roman roads which are wanting
in our ordinary histories. On the whole,
the style and treatment of the subject re-
mind us of the historico-journalistic work
of Signor Ferrero, except that Mr. Jerome
has a constant and most refreshing fund
of humour wholty lacking to the Italian
master. We commend the book before
us as not only instructive, but also very
good reading.
The author of ' Desert and Water Gar-
dens of the Red Sea ' dwelt for years in
one of the rare villages upon that
desolate and sparsely populated coast
which appertains to the Anglo -Egyptian
Sudan. It is a place of exile few would
covet ; yet Mr. Crossland, being gifted
with a healthy optimism and the turn
for scientific and artistic observation
which preserves a man's minel from sub-
jective vapours, finds in it decieled charms,
which he has succeeded in communicating
to his readers. If the coast is arid and
inhospitable, still it has its moments of
transcendent loveliness ; and beside it
there is everywhere the sea, which is as
full of life and vegetation as the land is
desolate : —
" There is nothing more fascinating than
the edge of a reef in the open sea, where
numbers of forms and their delightful group-
ings can be seen in succession, one below
another, till they become hazy, and gradually
lost in the blue depths, sixty to ninety feet
below us. There are precipices clothed with
a thick bush of spreading coral, some seeking
the light by reaching out to it horizontally,
others by growing upwards tree fashion,
what appear to be bare rocks turning out to
be massive colonies, as much alive as the
more plant-like forms ; caves, dark in
contrast to the bright corals that surround
their mouths, and the white shell-sand with
which they are floored. . . .Anemones of all
sizes and colours abound ; and flower-like
animals, the most beautiful of which are the
sensitive sea-worms, add colour even to the
corals. The gorgeous fish which lazily pass
in and out, as though flaunting their beauty,
have been described by every traveller.
The association between certain smaller
fish, crabs and other higher animals with
corals is remarkable. One sees, for instance,
a branched coral with a shoal of tiny green
fish hovering near, or in another case the fish
are banded vertically black and white.
Drop a pebble among them, and they
instantly disappear among the branches,
and if the coral is taken out of the water the
fish still cling to their refuge, and most of
them are captured with it. These are but
two examples of a whole world of life found
only among corals."
Mr. Crossland's work falls naturally
into two divisions, the first being con-
cerned with the land and its inhabitants,
the second with the sea and all its varied
life, especially the different corals and
their part in forming reefs and coral sand,
barriers, lagoons, boat-channels near the
shore, and all the other accidents of that
strange coast. As the result of first-hand
observation through a period of years by
one excellently equipped for such research,
this second part deserves the notice of
the expert ; while the author's evident
enthusiasm for his subject, combined with
his lucidity in explanation, is certain to
attract the general reader.
Mr. Crossland's all too brief account of
the folk-lore of the land he knows so well
would have been improved by some
acquaintance with Mohammedan tradition.
The reluctance here observed to killing
cats, for instance, which he regards as
" a relic of the ancient Egyptians' rever-
ence for these animals," is found through-
out the Muslim world, anel has its reason
in tradition {v. ' Folk-Lore of the Holy
Land,' by J. E. Hanauer, Sect. III. p. 265).
Also, the author's Arabic is not strong.
He writes " La Allah ill' Allah " (an
obvious truism) for the " La ilah ill'
Allah" of the Muslim creed; and his
translation of " Hu hayy kayyam " ("* He
is the Life, the Almighty") strikes us as
too free. When he names the saint whose
little shrine was once the only building
on the coast where now stands Port
Soudan, Shekh Barud, he gives every one
who speaks a word of Arabic to under-
stand L' Saint (or Old Man) Gunpowder " ;
but he himself translates the two words
later as " Saint Flea," Avhen we realize
that what he should have written and
heard was Shekh Burghut.
But these are trifling criticisms. We
have no serious fault to find with work at
once modest and valuable. The book is
illustrated with good photographs, and
provided with the necessary maps and
diagrams and a sufficient Index.
INDIA AND AUSTRALASIA.
' Thirty Years in Kashmir ' is com-
mended by the name of its author, Dr.
Arthur Neve. Many books about the
district and the countries under the sway
of its Maharaja have been supplied by
him and his indefatigable brother, Dr.
Ernest Neve. The former arrived at
Srinagar in 1882, the latter in 1886, as
medical missionaries, and both have since,
by their work, gained alike the con-
fidence of the people and the goodwill
of the ruler. Successive Residents,
representative of the Government of
Thirty Years in Kashmir. By Dr. Arthur
Neve. (Arnold, 12s. 6d. net.)
Cathay and the Way Thither, being a Collection
of Medieval Notices of China. Translated
and edited by Col. Sir Henry Yule.—
Vol. II. Odoric of Pordenone. New Edi-
tion by Henri Cordier. (Hakluyt Society.)
Reminiscences of India and North Queens-
land. 1857-1912. By Robert Gray. (Con-
stable & Co., 7s. 6rf. net.)
The Ways of the South Sea Savage. By
Robert W. Williamson. (Seeley, Service
& Co., 16s. net.)
Through the South Seas with Jack London.
By Martin Johnson. ( 'Werner Laurie,
10s. 6f/. net.)
SllTl.KMKM, M.VKC11 21, l!»U]
Til E ATM EN MV M
420
India, have borne testimony to the ex-
cellence of their labours, chiefly from the
medical point of view ; whilst the Royal
■■graphical Society has awarded the
■ Back Bequest " to Dr. Arthur in recog-
nition of important contributions to a
knowledge of the physical geography and
glaciology of the Himalaya. He now in
the volume before as describes the Punjab
in 1881, his journey to Kashmir, his
missionary companions, and the chief
events of his thirty years' experience. He
remarks with much truth that during that
time
" many things have changed, but not always
for the better; with the coming of the
locomotive and the introduction of Western
manufactures and education, some of the
stateliness, the grace, and the patriarchal
relation of the rulers towards the people
have faded.''
Of the Kashmiris the Doctor says with
justice that they have not the picturesque
aspect or nature of the Afghans, nor do
they command the respect which is ac-
corded to Sikhs or Punjabis. Yet he
does not despair of a bright future for
the race, since it has many attractive
qualities. The people are credited with
intelligence, quick wit. and artistic sense ;
and, though proverbially timid, they are
capable of courage and determination.
For example, in extinguishing a fire the
men worked like demons, defied danger,
and walked on the burning timbers with
bare feet.
In the course of the journeys many well-
known travellers were met. such as Dr. and
Mrs. Bullock Workman. Dr. T. Longstaff,
the Duke d'Abruzzi, and Dr. de Filippi,
whose great work describing the Duke's
expedition to Karakoram and Western
Himalaya was reviewed in The Athenaeum,
December 7th, 1012. This naturally adds
interest to a volume the author of which
is a born mountaineer, considering no
achievement quite equal to that of
reaching the top of some stiff and, if
ible, unclirnbed hill.
The book is, perhaps of necessity, a
little disjointed ; even the author's jour-
neys do not seem to follow the sequence
of date; and ancient stories, such as the
Sikh invasion of Ladak, are introduced.
-More care in proof-correcting should have
been taken, and it is disconcerting, to say
the least, to meet references in the text —
•■ photo," •' see illustration." " as shown
in the picture" — when there arc no
photographs, illustrations, or pictures
adjacent. The illustrations vary con-
siderably in merit. There is an Index,
but the sketch-map is inadequate even to
a reader familiar with the geography of
the country.
The original edition (l>s(jb) of 'Cathay
and the \\ ,, Thither,' by Sir Henry Yule,
having long been OUl of print, and being
practically unobtainable, the Hakluyl
Society has entrusted M. Henri Cordier,
the distinguished savant, with the p
paiation of a new edition. Following the
in he adopt. .I in the third edition of
Bfarco Polo, M. Cordier has bo largely
supplemented Yule's copious notes that
four volumes instead of two arc required.
Of these Vol. 11., describing the travels
of Friar Odoric of Pordenone, is now
issued, and will be followed by Vols. 111.
and IV.. Vol. 1. coming last ; conse-
quently detailed review will be deferred
till the book is complete, and for the
present a shorter notice will suffice.
Vol. 11., as now arranged, contains
biographical and historical notices of
Odoric with a list of MSS. of his narrative
so far as they are known. The travels
of the Friar follow, extending from Tre-
bizond to the city of Soldania, the sea
of sand, by Ormuz, to Tana in India.
Then he tells of the martyrdom of the
four friars, after their wonderful preserva-
tion from fire, and the signs and wonders
which followed ; how he took up their
bones humbly and devoutly, and the
marvels that were worked by their means.
Thence he proceeded to Malabar, Coro-
mandel, Java, and to the land called
Thalamasin, where he saw trees that yield
flour, arrows used in blowpipes, and
stones found in canes which make people
invulnerable. Of these he says : —
"And when their boys are still young
they take them and make a little cut in the
arm and insert one of these stones, to be a
safeguard against any wound by steel. . . .
And thus through the great virtue of those
stones the men who wear them become
potent in battle and great corsairs at sea."'
Next we read of Ceylon and its great
mountain on which Adam mourned ;
its precious stones, and the birds with
two heads. From Ce}don the Friar tra-
velled by sea to China, where he found
many cities, crowds of people, and abund-
ance of all things. At Kansan (Shensi ?)
he mentions great store of rhubarb, bene-
ficial alike to men and beasts. Thence
he visited Tibet, a great country where
dwelleth the Pope of the idolaters ; finally
returning from foreign parts to Udine, a
city of Friuli, whence " he passed tri-
umphantly from this world to the glories
of the blessed."
The volume is closed by the Latin text
of Odoric from a MS. in the Bibliotheque
Xationale, and an old Italian text in the
Biblioteca Palatina at Florence. It is
well turned out, the type both of text and
notes being good ; the illustrations appear
to be the same as in the original edition,
but the acknowledgment that they are
by Yule has been omitted on p. xii.
That should be supplied when Vol. I.
appears. Yule's map of Asia revised by
M. Cordier is to be found in a pocket.
'Geoffrey Hamlyn'in real life — that is
how one might describe Mr. Gray's ' Kcmi-
niscences of India and North Queensland.9
Those who know Kingsley's Australian
classic will realize that this is high praise.
Mr. Gray was a pioneer in Queens-
land, Where he decided t0 Settle on
retiring from the Army in 1863, much as
Major Buckley went to Australia alter
Waterloo. .Mr. (day has no literary pre-
tensions and his hook is very much what
we should expect "Busaco" Buckley to
have written, full of the humble details of
the settler's daily round. 'These are
only trivial incidents," he modestly says,
" and I only give them as instancing the
sort of life we used to lead on stations in
those days." Modern discoveries — espe-
cially the advent of the telephone and the
motor-car — have so entirely changed the
conditions of station life in Australia that
Mr. Gray's simple1 and veracious record
has an historical value which makes it
worthy of a permanent place on the
Australian bookshelf.
He arrived in Queensland four years
after that Colony had attained a
separate existence — up to 1851) it formed
the northern portion of New South
Wales — and he seems only just to
have retired from the active life of a
station owner. In his early days the
owner of a station had to be prepared to
turn his hand to anything, and work
harder than any of his men. In 1870,
for instance, when Mr. Gray wanted to
sell some bullocks to workers in the new
goldfields at Bavenswood, he had to drive
them down himself.
" In those days drovin<j; was done with a
few hands. Two men would frequently
take a mob of bullocks several hundred
miles, watching them turn about at night, a
pack-horse carrying their rations and blan-
kets, and a spare horse or two travelling with
the cattle. In this way the cattle became
accustomed to the men and horses. At night,
when the last beast had given the long pufT of
breath which denoted that he had lain down, I
used sometimes to dismount from my horse,
and putting the reins over the saddle so that
if the horse shook himself there would be but
little noise, I was soon asleep holding the
reins, almost in reach of the nearest bullock's
tail, knowing from experience that if any of
them made a move 1 should be awake at
once. In later years, however, a drover
would require a staff of men, including a cook,
a cart to carry tents, blankets and rations
.... and also would probably ask for a black
fellow to drive his spare horses."
Another vignette shows the settler try-
ing to save the lives of five thousand sheep
in a drought. The river was dried up, and
the sheep were in no condition to travel
forty miles to the nearest permanent
water-hole. So Mr. Cray, as a last resort,
began to prospect in the river-bed.
" We brought down to this place a few-
sheets of galvanized iron to form the sides of
a well, and after clearing away the d&bria of
leaves and sticks, wo soon found water, and,
as the sand was deep, it was evident we had
struck at last a good supply. Fortunately I
had in store a roll of canvas, almost twenty
yards in length, and whilst the well was in
progress, I procured saplings and nailed
them on to posts along the -and. and put the
canvas between the rails to form a trough,
placing saplings also above, where the
sheep's heads would come, to prevent them
from getting into the trough. Then placing
a forked pole upright at the well with a long
Sapling slung to the fork, to one (iid of which
b rope and bucket were attached, we had the
satisfaction of giving the sheen ■<■ good drink
early in the afternoon, and eeing I hem draw
out to feed afterwards. Then, with the object
mi |,ro\ iding a ■ o at< i- length of troughs,
( haihe Basse! and I felled a couple of hollow
which we found at a distance of over
half a mile. I I.l el was the (.art owner of
btle which were running with mine,
430
'V
LMIK ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, March 21, 1014
and he happened to turn up at this par-
ticular time. When the trees were on the
ground, with a crosscut saw we cut them half
through at intervals of about two feet, and
then with axes chopped off the upper side.
They were nearly full of earth brought in by
ants, and required considerable trimming
and cleaning out."
Like Robinson Crusoe with his canoe,
they then found a great difficulty in trans-
port. Only one horse was available to
pull.
" As the trough came forward one of us
continued inserting a roller ; and though
the progress was slow, and the halts were
many, the grand old horse responded to each
call as if he knew that the lives of the sheep
were dependent upon him. After one of our
frequent rests, my friend, having smoked a
pipe, seemed to take a more hopeful view of
the situation. ' Nelson never was beaten,'
he said as he got up, ' we will get the trough
in yet.' So we pegged away, gaining a few
feet at a time, and before dark we had those
two troughs alongside the completed well."
We would gladly quote some other of
Mr. Gray's " trivial incidents " : the bush
fire, the bushrangers, the fight with the
blacks — all our old friends from ' Geoffrey
Hamlyn ' are here. But we cannot do
better than commend his modest record
to readers, as a typical picture of the
strenuous backwood lives on which the
modern prosperity of the Empire is based.
' The Ways of the South Sea Savage '
is the story of a visit to one of the
backwaters of the world before the torren-
tial flood of human progress has over-
whelmed it in its seething vortex. The
path of those who " travel among the
living representatives of primitive races
of prehistoric times " is not along a bed of
roses. Mr. Williamson certainly possesses
the pluck, the pertinacity, and the deter-
mination necessary for such an under-
taking. Despite his " age, slender phy-
sique, and lack of experience " ; despite
ill-health, and the fact that for a consider-
able period he could scarely hobble, he
ventured — often a solitary white man —
among tribes who were "officially" can-
nibal till recently, and about whose pro-
pensity for human food there remains no
reasonable doubt.
The present volume will appeal espe-
cially to those interested in anthro-
pology. Of " adventure," in the sense of
thrilling episode, there is but little.
Minute and careful descriptions of the
habits of the people, their daily life, their
appearance, their feasts, their marriage
laws and ceremonies, their social organiza-
tion and beliefs, are rather what the author
has successfully attempted.
Starting from Sydney, Mr. Williamson
spent some weeks in the Solomon Islands,
principally among the quondam (?) head-
hunters of the Rubiana district of New
Georgia. Thence he proceeded to British
New Guinea, and, passing through the terri-
tories of the Mekeo people in lowlands by
the coast, and through the Kuni villages in
the hills, he eventually reached " the
ultimate objective of his expedition," the
country where dwell the cannibal Mafulu
tribes of the mountains. About the last
folk so little was previously known that
' the Avhole ethnological map had to
be filled in." In such circumstances we
can readily appreciate the difficulties and
misgivings as to possible misunderstand-
ings that must have oppressed the in-
vestigator when attempting to catechize
"a simple untutored savage .... whose
language, for one thing, is quite insuffi-
cient in its paucity of vocabulary to
express shades of meaning." But apart
from being " tormented by positive fear
in talking of things supernatural," he is,
as the author points out, not the only
person who would find it hard to say
precisely what he meant, for instance, by
his " soul.''
From the Western point of view, some
of these " simple savages " have singularly
unattractive ideas ; it horrifies us to think
of a mother killing her offspring in order
to suckle a pig, which, in certain parts,
is considered of greater value than an
infant. The " nut," however, exists.
Here is a picture of the Mekeo variety : —
" His body shines with the oily red paint
with which he has smeared it. . . .His black
frizzy hair has evidently received prolonged
attention. ,. .His perineal band (his only
wearing apparel) of bark cloth is immaculate
in neatness ; a fine necklace of beads round
his neck, cut shell ornaments .... on his arms,
and bands on his legs, below the knees,
render him a figure of beauty, which hardly
requires the hibiscus flower in his hair to
complete it. Pie is evidently paying court to
some girl. . . .therefore. . . .he must not bathe,
and must refrain from all food, except a
little roast vegetable taken with ginger in
the evening .... His tight belt proclaims the
empty stomach which his abstinence in-
volves."
While belief in the power — always
malevolent — of ghosts is an obsession of
their minds, dancing and gargantuan
feasting are the principal recreations of
the New Guinea peoples. Intoxicating
liquor apparently has not yet been
introduced.
With this pleasing information we must
regretfully leave the book, and its excellent
and curious photographs, to speak for
themselves.
Jack London has already published an
account of the much-advertised cruise
of the Snark among the islands of the
Pacific ; but there was plenty of room
for ' Through the South Seas with Jack
London,' a breezy and high-spirited book
on the same subject which has been written
by one of his adoring satellites. Mr.
Johnson tells us that he was only twenty
when he had the good luck to be selected
as one of the Snark's crew ; he had already,
however, contrived to make a trip from
Chicago to London and Brussels on the
sum of five and a half dollars, returning
with twenty-five cents to spare. So
when his application to join the cruise
was answered by a telegram saying,
"Can you cook?" he had no hesitation
in replying, " Sure. Try me " ; after
which he rushed off to a friend's restaurant
and proceeded to take a hasty lesson in
tho culinary art. Within ten days he
worked his way right through a cookery
book, though we gather from incidental
remarks that his practical success as a
cook was never very great. But as an
enthusiastic admirer he is perfect.
When he first made the acquaintance of
his employer he found Jack London exactly
the hero whom he had idealized from his
books : —
" Jack is just like a big schoolboy, good-
natured, frank, generous, and .Mrs. London
is just a grown-up schoolgirl. They are
good comrades, always helping each other
in their work."
Mr. Johnson and the novelist seem to
have made friends at once — a bond being
the fact that they had " snooped around "
much the same places in the East End
of London.
A most amusing account is given of the
building of the yacht, the Snark — only
it turned out to be a Boojum. Planned
to cost seven thousand dollars, it cost
thirty thousand : the English boat-builder's
mouth will water as he reads of the ten
men employed at a pound a day each on
the work. Even so, an outlay of over
6,000Z. on a 45-foot ketch seems rather high.
Of course, there was a seventy horse-
power auxiliary engine, and the only iron
used in construction was the best gal-
vanized iron. The worst thing was that
when this magnificent boat was finally
got to sea she leaked like a sieve ; and
as it had not occurred to any one to have
a trial trip, the consequences were very
near eclipsing the gaiety of nations.
None of the crew seems to have known
much about sailing, and the first experi-
ments were as unsuccessful as those of
the immortal Capt. Wicks on board the
Flying Scud : —
" Jack put the wheel hard down, and the
Snark never responded, but remained in the
trough. The ship alternately buried her
rails in the stiff sea. The mainsail was
flattened down, but without avail. Then
Bert tried slacking it off, but that had no
effect whatever. Hoping to bring her bow
up to the wind, they took in all canvas but
the storm trysail on the mizzen, but still the
Snark rolled in the trough. Jack declared
he had never heard of such a thing
before. ' And we must even lose faith in
the Snark's wonderful bow,' he said regret-
fully. ' It won't heave-to.' "
Unfortunately, .there was no Bellman on
board, and the ship was provisioned
chiefly with pepper and decaying cabbages.
If Mr. Johnson is accurate in his details,
we can only wonder that the Snark ever
saw land again. But it is just possible
that he exaggerates a trifle. Anyway,
his book is very entertaining, and he
rattles along pleasantly when he gets
to the islands, where he visited the
Marquesas — Herman Melville's Typee —
Tahiti, Hawaii, Samoa, and Fiji, besides
the Dangerous Archipelago and some of
the less-known islands. The whole thing
was a stupendous lark, and is told as such,
and the reader who takes it on these lines
will enjoy Mr. Johnson's book throughout.
Si iri.r.Mi.M, M \m n '21, 19U]
Til E ATHENAEUM
431
AFRICA.
In L907-8 Duke Adolf Friedrich of
Mecklenburg conducted an expedition to
Central Africa through the country be-
tween Lake Victoria and Lake Kiwu,
and its scientific results showed the gaps
existing in botanical and zoological know-
ledge concerning Central Africa, and led
to the larger expedition with which the
two handsome volumes entitled From
the Congo to the Niger and the Nile' are
concerned.
The Duke's party was well equipped,
and he obtained the services of scien-
tific men who had already travelled in
Africa, had prosecuted research in such
matters as sleeping-sickness, and were
competent entomologists. He was par-
ticularly fortunate in having with him
an artist so clever as Kerr lleims. the
reproduction of whose water - colour
sketches shows what great attention he
devoted to interesting details. Some of
Kerr Heims's pictures must, however,
have been done from the sketches or
photographs of others. They do not
represent things that the artist himself
saw. In addition to the coloured plates
there are some hundreds of the best
African photographs that have ever been
reproduced, and also crayon drawings by
Dr. Schultze which well depict types of
natives met when he was away from the
main body of German explorers.
The Duke's expedition was assisted by
the German Emperor, the German Colonial
Society, and others ; and it left Hamburg
in July, 1910. A start was made from
Lagos, and. after visits to the Cameroons,
to the Portuguese island of St. Thomas,
to Spanish Guinea, and to Libreville in
the French district, it went to Boma at
the mouth of the Congo. There the party
split up, and one section set out on a
geographical, botanical, and zoological
expedition through the unexplored part
of the South Cameroons. The main
body proceeded up the Congo and Ubangi
rivers, and spent some time in un-
explored country in the neighbourhood
of Libenge. From there the Duke's own
party visit* d the basins of the Gribingi
and Shari livers, pushed on to Lake Tchad,
and made a stay of some months in
B jirmi. A journey from the Shari to
the Nile, included in the original pro-
ame, was abandoned by the Duke
and Borne othere owing to political dis-
turbances which wen- at their height at
the moment when the Germans wished
m tht Congo to the Niger and tfu Nile :
1 ol i/t< German Central African
Expedition of L910 191 I. By Adolf Fried-
rich, Duke of Mecklenburg. 2 \<>\>.
(Duckworth cV Co., I/. 12«. pet.)
Through Jubaland to the Lorian Swamp. B
I. X. Dracopoli. (Seeley, Service & Co.
16a. uet.)
Among the PrimititM Bakongo. Bj John li.
\\ '. eks. Sa e publishers, 16». net. i
Tht Conquest of tht Desert. By William
donald. (Werner Laurie, 7*. M. n<
Old Transport Road. By Stanlej Portal
Hyatt. (M<h,
to pass through the disturbed regions.
Two members of the expedition, however,
decided to go on, and, by skirting the
disaffected area, they reached the Nile
without more trouble than was to be
expect ;(1.
One would gather from the title-page
that these volumes were by the Duke of
.Mecklenburg. The statement is a little
misleading, as His Highness contributes
only the Preface and three chapters
on the Lake Tchad district to the first
volume : while the remainder of the first
volume and the whole of the second are br-
others, who, however, from time to time
give quotations from the Duke's diary.
The main zoological work of the ex-
pedition was the investigation of the fauna
in the northern portion of the great
Equatorial primaeval forest, and of the
animal world inhabiting the adjoining
plains of the Sudan. But the party
concerned itself also with the collection
of ethnographical details of many of
the less-known tribes encountered. The
scientific information is here scattered
throughout two big volumes, but it will no
doubt be classified for use in Germany.
Great trouble was taken to secure new
flowers, and some of the botanical speci-
mens were obtained by means of field-
glasses and a rifle— that being the only
way to " gather " them from the tops of
trees when, with the aid of the glass,
they were discovered. From one district
alone the travellers dispatched thirty
large cases of ethnological, zoological,
and botanical specimens.
On the road to Lake Tchad and
among the Saras something was seen of
the Jundu ceremonies, regarded by the
natives as necessary to avert sickness and
ensure good harvests. The young men
who are to take part in these ceremonies
have to live away from their villages for
months, restricting themselves to a certain
diet, and avoiding the opposite sex. They
allow their hair to grow long ; paint their
bodies red, except the face, which is
white-washed ; and practise special songs
and dances. Women are never allowed
to assist at the festivities.
Of the Belgian Congo, the German
author responsible for this part of the
book says that every one sings the praise
of the new King of the Belgians, but the
writer significantly adds that it will be
time enough to discuss the promised
Congo reforms when they have become
an accomplished fact — " and this is still
a long way off."
The party saw a good deal of Bagirmi,
and from what we read it would appear
that medicines are as popular there as. to
judge From the advertisement columns of
some newspapers, they are in England.
The Germans were shown a love philtre,
composed of fruits and roots ; also a
remedy for dog-bites, which could at the
ami time give immunity from robbery.
The root of a tree us guaranteed to afford
protection from robbers and murderers;
while
"the 1 1 ■! t i \ ' men buy a powder which i
i to render faithless women virtuous;
it Lb extracted from the heart muscles of
certain animals, and is secretly introduced
into the lady's food.''
In the same district perfumes are
popular, but some may be used only by
Certain persons. The doctors in this
respect have a special privilege, and their
approach can be scented from a distance
There is also a drug which gives protection
from medical rivals, and is a safeguard
against the murderous attacks of jealous
colleagues ; while the skull of a hyena-dog
is a potent remedy for insanity.
The description of a visit to the Mang-
bettu tribe is by no means the least
valuable part of this work. Their chiei
is allowed by the Congo State to retain
great powers ; and the people, in spite of
cannibal tendencies, are highly cultivated,
as may be seen from sketches of their
sickles, bottles, pottery, wooden shoes,
lances, and arrow-heads.
At Bata in Spanish Guinea note is
made of the fact that the Spaniards
use the place mainly as a source for
obtaining labourers for their Fernando Po
plantations (which some members of the
German expedition afterwards visited),
and the methods employed by the
Spaniards are described as those of "a
modern slave-trade." The Sub-Governor
is said to receive no salary, but to be paid
so much per head for every " workman "
he supplies. In the interior of Bagirmi
the slave-trade still flourishes, and the
Duke writes that, although there are no
longer organized slave-hunts for adults,
children are kidnapped and find a ready
sale.
We dislike the general labour or
'"nigger" views held by most of the
members of this German expedition. J ti
one place the French Government are
blamed for the misconduct of natives.
We are told that
" physical punishment is no longer allowed,
although all experienced French officials
admit that this is the only effective means of
educating the negroes. . . .There is hardly
any institution so universal, and conse-
quently so desirable, among negroes as
physical punishment."
On the subject of bearers there were
constant troubles ; and the Duke himself
states that on one occasion he " ordered
the chief" to find men, "threatening
otherwise to attack the village. "
At another time four or five native
servants were bidden to push a hyena
into a cage, and it
"bit them so savagely that tiny had I" lef
go I then beat the men violently with
my hippopotamus hide whip, and forced
(hem lo lake hold."
These are the words of Hot Beims, the
artist of the expedition.
In Semio's country it was again diffi-
< ii It to obtain bearers ; but Capt. \on
Wi.sc und Kaiserswaldau "seized hold
nl six natives " and " fastened my Bix
prisoners [sic] with one rope. Alter tin
he made up his mind to " leave this inl
pitable country as rapidly a- possible '
and Inn i > on t<> the English disl rid ol
Bahr i I < fhazal. < ta a later occasion the
same writer actually boasts of the fad
that when a native guide, whom he had
432
THE ATHKN^UM
[Supplement, Maim h £1, 1914
"forced into " his service, led him astray,
he " punished him brutally."
Crumbling about the difficulties of ox-
transport is common to most African
travellers ; but the Duke of Mecklenburg
complains that French "humanity" for-
bids the employment of native carriers
in all districts where they can be replaced.
He exercises his sarcasm at the expense
of the French, and suggests that " perhaps
a happy day will yet dawn in Europe when
all manual labour will be forbidden for
humanitarian reasons ! "
Dr. Schubotz, who is responsible for
part of the second volume, shares the views
of his fellow-travellers on the subject of
natives. He expresses his anger that
blacks should refuse to act as carriers, but
confesses that " one could hardly blame
them, seeing that the money they earn
is of very little use to them." A little
later he complains that there were not
enough native soldiers to secure carriers
for him ; and of the Sara native he says
that he will only carry a tin-box " if he
knows that his refusal will result in
his hut being burned."
We have dealt at length with these
remarks about native labour. We do
not like the revelation of the way
in which the German expedition went to
work, and we are not surprised that it
had troubles. We remember the different
way in which Mr. E. D. Morel treated his
native carriers in Nigeria, and when we
read what he said of their devotion to him,
and note that at the end of a long journey
he was able to write " I have not had a
desertion," we confess that we think
travellers who treat their men " brutally,"
and then have difficulties, get pretty
much what they deserve.
The two volumes are handsomely got
up ; and we have noted only one or two
trifling misprints. In one part two spell-
ings for one people (Mangbettu and
Mangbatu) are given several times over ;
and elsewhere we think that the Duke's
valet is, by a slip, turned into a doctor.
In some districts the Maria-Theresa
thaler was a favourite coin ; but when
prices are stated in that money, the infor-
■ mation is rather wasted on English people.
Some of the illustrations are marked with
a mysterious cross — no doubt explained
in the German text, but here left as a
puzzle ; and we are told that a certain
picture adorns the cover of vol. ii., but
in our copy there is no trace of any illus-
tration.
Mr. Dracopoli has successfully accom-
plished a very difficult journey through
country mostly unvisited by Europeans,
and he has described it with a straight-
forward, graphic, and unpretending
pen in ' Through Jubaland to the Lorian
Swamp.' Without laborious attempts at
word - painting, he contrives to bring
before us the charm of the barra in
spots like Jana Nyeri and Rama Gudi
as vividly as the thorns, mud, sand,
mosquitoes, and various afflictions of other
places. Starting from Kismayu, he pursued
a somewhat circuitous course west and
then north to Jeldez, and then north- west
to the Lorian Swamp, then following the
Uaso Nyiro up to Meru, and reaching
Nairobi by way of Kenya. The journey
was only accomplished by taking a large
supply of water (ten iron tanks, carried by
five camels), as there were large stretches
of country without permanent wells, and
many of the rainpools were found to be
dry.
Mr. Dracopoli's chief preoccupation
was game — rather from the naturalist's
than the sportsman's point of view — and
he was fortunate in obtaining specimens
of several rare antelopes, especially the
Arrola, or " Hunter's Hartebeest." But
he also took a number of interesting
photographs, and mapped some hitherto
uncharted country, and has finally settled
the problem of the Uaso Nyiro, which,
he has ascertained, issues from the eastern
side of the Lorian Swamp, though it is
a permanent watercourse for only a few
miles. After this it is known as the
Lak Dera, and is dry, except during the
rains ; it seems to lose itself in the sand
near Afmadu, and never reaches the sea.
The people encountered were mostly
Somali and Galla — for the Bworan,
though they do not seem to be aware of the
fact, are Galla, and recognized as such
by the Kofira and Barareta Galla further
south. The " Tufi Boran," however,
who are found north and north-east of the
Lorian as far as Wajheir and Eilwak, can
hardly, as he himself points out, be genuine
Galla. Their use of bows and poisoned
arrows would by itself be a presumption
to the contrary ; and while the Wasanye
and Ariangulo, though speaking Galla,
never call themselves by that name, it
seems that the " helot races " in the
northern territories do not keep up the
distinction. We find Vannutelli and
Citerni (' L'Omo,' 1899) describing the
Bworana as divided into five " castes " :
the Bworana proper (or the "aristocracy),
the Gabra, Sakuye, Wata, and Tuntu.
The Wata are evidently the Wasanye
(who call themselves, and are called by
the Galla, Wat), and the Tuntu (Tumtu)
are the smiths, who form a separate caste
among the Galla as they do among the
Somali, under the name Tomal. These
last, by the by, are mentioned by Mr.
Dracopoli, but we think he has not quite
grasped the real state of things when he
says that they are outcasts who are com-
pelled to become ironworkers, whereas
it is because they are ironworkers that they
are outcasts. Paulitschke thinks that, ori-
ginally, the dangerous nature of the smiths'
trade, when carried on close to a number
of grass huts, led to their banishment
from the villages, and that, when the
reason for their seclusion was forgotten, it
was supposed to involve something mys-
terious and unholy. But one wonders if
this adequately explains the uncanny asso-
ciations of this craft all the world over.
It is not clear whether the Tomal and
the Tumtu are really of a different race
from their neighbours.
Mr. Dracopoli says that the Galla are
" locally known in Jubaland as the
Werdey " — a somewhat perplexing desig-
nation. Capt. Stigand says that " the
Galla on and near the Tana .... call
themselves ' Warde ' " ; but, so far as
our knowledge of them goes, they never
call themselves anything but " Orma,"
nor can we recall any word at all similar
to the above except the personal name
Worede, which is fairly common. But
the authors of ' L'Omo,' already quoted,
state that the Bworana speak of some
former inhabitants called Warda, who
excavated the remarkable wells referred
to by Mr. Dracopoli as attributed to the
mysterious Maanthinle.
When we say that we have read this
book almost at a sitting with the greatest
pleasure, we may perhaps be pardoned
a few criticisms of detail. We believe
the author is mistaken in thinking porce-
lain was ever manufactured at Lamu :
" Lamu china " was imported from Persia
and China during the Middle Ages, and
subsequently. Makuti are not " palm
fibre interwoven with reeds and branches,"
though their true nature is not apparent
at the first glance. " Borassa " should
be baraza ; the shiraa (the peculiar veil
of the Lamu women) is not quite correctly
described — it has two sticks only ; the
initials of " Bwana Reddie," the Pro-
vincial Commissioner, are C. S.,not A. T.;
and " Wiesman " is not the proper desig-
nation of the boat which plies between
Mombasa and Lamu. "Nahaban" occurs
twice over for Nabahan ; but for this
slip, we happen to know, the author is
not responsible.
It is certainty refreshing to meet with
a traveller whose porters, servants, and
guides were not without exception a
collection of reprobates and imbeciles, and
we gather that he must have the enviable
faculty of attracting to himself the right
sort of people. He not only passed
in peace through a country the inhabi-
tants of which are reputed anything but
£i;£€i<oi, but also nearly always succeeded in
making friends with them. The chapter
on camels and the hints on outfit are both
interesting and useful.
We end with an instructive quotation
on a different subject from any hitherto
touched on : —
" It is not for me to criticize the resources
of East Africa, or to speak of its commercial
prosperity ; I leave that to those far better
fitted than myself. But at the same time
I confess that I have been much amused by
the glowing and often exaggerated accounts
of the Protectorate that I have read in books
and magazines, and have often wondered at
the perverted ingenuity with which those
who had an axe to grind enlarged upon its
manifold advantages and glossed over its
somewhat obvious drawbacks."
Mi1. Weeks, in the course of some thirty
years spent on the Congo, has garnered a
vast amount of anthropological material,
some of which, dealing with the " Bangala "
tribes of the upper river, is contained in
his previous volume, ' Among Congo
Cannibals.' His present work, entitled
' Among the Primitive Bakongo,' describes
the customs and institutions of the
Bakongo, sometimes called " Fiote," the
inhabitants of the old " Kingdom of
Congo," whose paramount chief, or
Supplement, March 21, 1914]
THE ATTTKN.EUM
433
•• Ntotela," lives at Sao Salvador. The
actual extenl of this kingdom in the
time of the late ruler, Dom Pedro (or
EUelo), is Btated to he only that of " a
small English oounty," hut. nominally, it
was a territory larger than Wales.
The culture of these people presents
many interesting features. On the one
hand, we have customs and institutions
so far resembling those of other Bantu
tribes that they apparently owe nothing
to European influence, and. on the other,
distinct traces left by three hundred
years' contact with the Portuguese.
Among such indications we may note
that '" the cross (Ekuluzu — Cruz) is often
used as a charm, and the sign of the cross,
made by the naked finger, or with a piece
of chalk, is frequently employed in the
ceremonies of some cults of fetish men."
Chaps, iv. and v. contain a graphic and
racy account of the Dom Pedro aforesaid
(he' died in 1891), of whom Mr. Weeks
says. •" Personally I have none but pleasant
memories of him."
" In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
[it appears] there was a strong native
government that had its centre at Sao
Salvador, and its circumference touched
Kabinda in the north, Angola in the south,
the Sea in the west, and in the east it reached
nearly to Stanley Pool, and away towards
the Kasai."
This state, which broke up during the
eighteenth century, included the kingdom
of Luango, of which Mr. Dennett gives an
account in " At the Back of the Black
Man's Mind.' The hierarchy of chiefs
(their titles s-em to differ from those used
in Luango) is given in the fourth chapter,
and the sixth contains some interesting
notes on government and laws. One
point worth regard is that, when a serious
crime is committed, the law against that
crime is not only, in our sense, " broken,"
but has been rendered inoperative; '"it is
dead, and anarchy reigns until the law is
mend id, is brought back to life — i.e., until
the culprit who destroyed the law has paid
the fine." Hence- the utmost dispatch
is used in dealing with criminal cases.
New laws are rehearsed at the cross-roads,
where, too, the chief who performs this
ceremony invokes a curse on any who may
break the law. Cross-roads are of great
importance in Bantu custom, and the
above seems to come under the same
heading as other practices recordedfrom
East ami Central Africa ; but when we
find that the Bakongo bury suicides at the
cross-roads, and that persons Bupposed
to have been killed by the Xzaji fetish
('//., by lightning) ere not only so buried,
hat also have two stakes driven through
their bodies, one suspects some innltral ion
of European ideas. Chaps, xv. and xvi.
I with th<- Nclembo and Nkimba guilds
(which. t'i«- author tells as, have nothing
t'i do with either circumcision or puberty
rites. ;ls i- sometimes supposed); and
chap, xx., ' Black and Whit< Magic,'
merits careful study, especially in \i>u
of the chapter on Religious Beliefs' in
Mr. Weeks's former book.
We have touched on only a few of the
points discussed in this book, which we
heartily recommend to all students of
African ethnography. It is illustrated
with some excellent photographs. Those
facing pp. 52, 112. 160, and 222 deserve
special mention.
In his interesting volume entitled ' The
Conquest of the Desert,' Dr. Macdonald
sums up the results of his observations
during a recent trip through the " Great
Thirst Land." The Kalahari Desert,
which has long been known under that
unattractive description, was termed by
Moffat the missionary " the southern
Sahara," and it has man}' features in
common with the great desert of North
Africa. The numerous beds of dried-up
rivers which intersect it show that at one
time this district enjoyed a much larger
rainfall than is the case to-day ; but it is
suffering from progressive desiccation, and
its 120,000 square miles supported only a
few tribes of wandering bushmen till quite
recently. The average annual rainfall
does not exceed ten inches. Yet Dr.
Macdonald dedicates his book to " the
million settlers of to-morrow on the dry
and desert lands of South Africa," of
which the Kalahari includes the most
important tract. He gives us good reason
to believe with him that this is no merely
visionary projection into the future. We
all know, of course, that irrigation can
make the desert blossom like the rose ;
the immemorial experience of Egypt, and
the recent development of countries like the
Central Argentine, bear adequate witness
to that. But it would be impossible to
irrigate the whole of a vast desert like the
Kalahari, even if it is true that there is
an abundant supply of underground water
to be found by deep boring. It is to a
modem branch of agricultural science
known as '"dry farming" that Dr. Mac-
donald— who has made a special study of
this subject, and written on it a valuable
book, now in a second edition — looks for
the reclamation of the Kalahari.
In England — for meteorological reasons
— we are not practically interested in the
question of getting crops off land where the
annual rainfall is only a few inches. But
in the United States, where there are vast
regions in Utah and the neighbouring
states with a rainfall of fifteen inches or
less, dry farming has been practised for
many years. Within the last decade it
has been studied with the scientific
thoroughness which characterizes the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, and an inter-
national congress on the subject is now
held annually in some part of the West;
last year's by the way. was at Lethbridge,
in the Canadian province of Alberta, and
was attended by delegates from fifteen
nai ions.
Dry farming does not, of course, mean
farming without water; it may he <l
fined as the conservation of soil-moisture
during long periods of dry weather by
means of special tillage, together with the
growth of plants particularly fitted to resist
droughts. Dr. Macdonald ]> lints out tli.it
the essential principles of dry farming
were enunciate d by Jethro Tull, tin- cla
writer of English agriculture, nearly two
cent mics ago. As now extended in (he
experiments made at the Government Dry
Land Station at Lichtenburg, these prin-
ciples are eight in number : (1) deep
ploughing; (2) pure seed; ()5) thin seed-
ing ; (4) drilling ; (f>) frequent harrowing ;
(6) weedless lands ; (7) few varieties ;
(8) moisture - saving fallows. The last
principle is the most important of all,
since by its means the whole of the scanty
rainfall in an arid district is stored up in
the soil for the use of subsequent crops.
Dr. Macdonald gives an account and a
photograph of a splendid crop of durum
wheat on which not a drop of rain tell
from seedtime to harvest.
This is not the right place in which to
discuss dry farming further, but we strongly
commend Dr. Macdonald's instructive and
enthusiastic pages to all who wish to under-
stand a system which will add incalculably
to the food resources of the world and the
economic possibilities of our Empire.
The Romance of the Road calls perennially
to the heart of man, and of all roads there
is probably none comparable to that which
runs from the Cape to Egypt, and which
Mi'. Hyatt considers in ' The Old Transport
Road.' Here a sandy track, there super-
seded by the railway, next a respectable
accepted highway, here a mere native track
or hunter's path, or vanished altogether in
a chain of w-aterways that becomes a river,
it is still the same road that began, as
Mr. Hyatt well reminds us, " when the first
Dutchman left the shelter of the forts
at Capetown, and made his way to the
back of Table Mountain." To follow it
in the mind as it creeps slowly, stage by
stage, up the Hex River and over the
Karoo, across the great plateau, over the
drear desert of Bechuanaland, and —
rushing now — into and over the vast
rolling blue spaces of Rhodesia and on
into the darkness, and out again by
the lakes even to the Nile — here is a
noble exercise for the imagination.
Mr. Hyatt was surely fortunate in his
theme. " Erom the very first day I set
foot on it, the Road appealed to me as
nothing had ever done before, as nothing
has ever done since " ; and a boy of twenty,
with a two years' agreement as electrical
engineer to a Matabeleland mining com-
pany, he had but one thought — to get
through his time and " go on the Road."
It was .somewhere in late '99, we take
it, that his brother and he. aspiring
transport-riders, bought their first team
of sixteen oxen and a donkey wagon,
and. engaging "an alleged driver" and
" a. piccanini as voorlouper i.e., a small
black boy who runs at the head of the
team on the march and take- them to
water in camp -jolted out of ( }eelong
towards Bulawayo.
"Although i lie v. . i eason had begun,
i here had been no rain for "\ er a \\ eel., and
id. weal lief w as perfei t. Vfter supper, I
on .in u| a urned bucket an. I smoked
until Ion after e\ erj on< else had gone to
ileep. \ hundred feel up, t the
iit< b( lulden . almo Br .il></\ e me
a leopard wa ling j once or twice, from
i he open count rj outside i he k< pies, a lion
i. H ..| in abominable voice, driving the
434
THE A T TT E N M IT M
[Supplement, March 21, 1014
game down to his silent partner; whilst,
in the vlei, a hyaena was, as usual, cursing
the whole of living creation. And still it
was peaceful amongst those hills, and I
turned in at last beside the wagon, feeling
that, after all, it was a very good world,
that it was a splendid thing to be only
twenty-two and your own master."
This was a good beginning of Mr.
Hyatt's three years' experience of trans-
port-riding, and is an auspicious opening
to his book. Alas ! in neither case was,
or is, the promise sustained. He writes
from memory, and ten years after saying
farewell to the Road ; and, as he tells
us, " the worst of writing reminiscences
is that one is apt to get away from the
main subject." Mr. Hyatt wanders and
is difficult to follow, and the expert
Rhodesian who has known the country
before Mr. Hyatt's day and since is
apt to find himself lost on the veld of a
Matabeleland and a Mashonaland which
he somehow fails to recognize. To be
sure, Mr. Hyatt knew Rhodesia at its
worst — from the first December of the
South African War to some point in 1902
after Rhodes's death. He revisited the
country in 1904, when its fortunes touched
their lowest pitch, but on Rhodesia of to-
day his views strike us as misleading.
After leaving Geelong with donkey
wagon and oxen our author and his
brother made for the railhead, as it was
still for transport-riders, at Bulawayo : —
" Those were the great days of transport,
the good days .... Scores of wagons left the
town every day, loaded with stores of every
conceivable kind, from boilers weighing-
eight thousand pounds to parcels of
millinery. ' '
The outlook of the Hyatt brethren was
at first gloomy enough. Their plan was
plucky — "in the following February" to
" trek up to Fort Victoria in Mashonaland,
find a road down from there to the district
in which we had bought our cattle, and start
regularly as cattle-traders and transport-
riders, breaking in the pick of the oxen for
our own use, and selling the poor ones to the
butchers."
But their driver deserted them at Bula-
wayo for better employment under the
military authorities, whose generosity to
the natives in the matter of wages and
food Mr. Hyatt (in one of his numerous
digressions) denounces as iniquitous : —
" Yet [says Mr. Hyatt in an amazing
passage] the army officers were not wholly
to blame — in fact they were hardly to blame
at all. In Rhodesia they were practically
in the hands of the local authorities — at
least they had to look to the latter for
advics and information, and they were
deliberately led wrong. Too late they
realized that a very large proportion of the
Chartered Company's officials were really
working for the other side, that everything
had been planned to render the British
Army unpopular."
To this note in Mr. Hyatt's writing we
shall return. Meanwhile, let it be said
that a Basuto replaced the defaulting
driver, and proved a treasure.
The expedition began badly, with
much trouble in the black mud of
vleis, and Mr. Hyatt could see, can see,
in the high veld of Rhodesia naught but
" unutterable dreariness.'' This is not a
general opinion. But then at Victoria,
which he liked better, Mr. Hyatt tells us
gravely that the inhabitants so much dis-
liked to be called Colonists that,
" wherever it was possible, married men
arranged to have their children born outside
the British Colonies, so that they should not
be branded as Colonial-born. If a wife
could not actually go home, she was often
taken across the border, into Portuguese
territory. Personally I had the strongest
sympathy with this attitude."
We feel happier and less dubious and
unconvinced when Mr. Hyatt is describ-
ing the manners of goats, and, so far
as his confused literary manner and
habitual interruptions will let him, the
process of dealing with the natives for
cattle. Mr. Hyatt thinks nobly of goats,
antl in at least one relevant passage
deplores the
" ignorance which makes people in England
who own goats tether their unfortunate
victims out in all weathers. It may be
customary, I know, but having had a
thousand or so goats through my hands,
I do not hesitate to say that it is Hell for
the goats. And it is so utterly foolish, too,
for the goat loses condition through sheer
misery, and goes off milk."
Dealing in cattle was a slow business :
!C I have often had the discussion over
the price of an animal drag out from
sunrise till dusk." A patient student
may be interested in the chapter given to
this branch of commerce, and the chapter
following, entitled ' Our Cattle,' supplies
some pleasant reading. Biffel was the
pick of Mr. Hyatt's possessions, a better
bullock than Appel, Basket, Scotchman, or
Dudmaaker, though these were lusty
animals. The Basuto man loved Biffel
better than his wife at Bulawayo. A
habit of strolling towards strangers with
his head down was sometimes miscon-
strued, but was only friendly curiosity in
Biffel. Dudmaaker had the rare distinc-
tion of killing a lion, driving a horn right
into him and tossing him over the fence.
There are other incidents almost as
moving in Mr. Hyatt's full-fed pages, scraps
of information about savage man and
beast, and the pangs and raptures of
the Road ; but these call for some
sorting-out. The narrative is given any-
how — checked, dammed, and split up
by islands of disconnected experiences
and moralizing. The result seems less a
book than a number of disparate chapters
written after many days by a man of an
unequal memory, condemned to fill so
many pages and handicapped by need of
padding and a bias which is neither to
hold nor to bind. It is a pity, for with
restraint, order, and much elimination
Mr. Hyatt, in a third of his 300 pages,
might have given us a book on the Road
worth having. As it is, the effect he
leaves is of a kinema show, excellent in
parts, but blurred in exhibition, and in-
terrupted by the voice of an aggrieved
lecturer.
The vision on pp. 83-5 of dawn among
the kopjes and the awakened caravan is
admirably done. But such passages are
rare, or they are drowned in much in-
choate, unnecessary stuff , while the shadow
of the author too frequently obscures his
subject. We are told a great deal about
Mr. Hyatt, who appears almost a Byronic
figure. He has ' ' played at death ,' ' it seems,
not in Rhodesia only, but also in other parts
of the world, and " its fascination never
seemed to grow less. It is one of the two
or three things really worth doing." He
is " a very lonely man, one of the most
lonely men imaginable," having " known
the love of woman, and lost the woman I
loved " ; and though this disaster, he
intimates, has been remedied,
" when I have finished this book I would
give much for a drink of the Waters of
Lethe, so that I could face the future un-
trammelled by regrets."
Then Mr. Hyatt's grievances ! We
would fain be sympathetic, for obviously
Mr. Hyatt has been in sore, rough places,
and had at least his share of hardship and
ill-fortune. But an old public-school boy,
and one whose " ancestors were Robber
Barons of the most approved type — I
doubt if the people of the south of France
approved of them though," might surety
bear his ups and downs with less vitupera-
tion of the country in which he toiled
and that country's Government. Some
of the graver charges Ave must regard as
delusions.
MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICA.
' The Real Mexico : a Study on the
Spot,' by Mr. Hamilton Fyfe, does not
enter into competition with the numerous
volumes which have recently appeared.
Most of them devoted chapters to ancient
Mexico, the Spanish period, and a con-
sideration of past troubles. All these
things Mr. Fyfe wisely leaves aside ; and
he plunges at once into an account of
Mexico of to-day — or, at any rate, Mexico
of last October and November.
His " Real Mexico," so far as we under-
stand him, is a country of immense
resources and great natural wealth, which
would be one of the best places in the
world if it could ever secure a strong
and settled Government. But then in
Mexico nothing ever is settled. Even
battles are not finished, and, brutal and
fond of killing as the soldiers are, they
let the bugle be sounded when "it is
time for dinner." Fighting can wait, and
may begin again after dinner, unless in
the meantime the men have been bribed
to go over to the other side.
It is a land where
" dainty women talked unconcernedly about
peons hung on telegraph poles and the
' funny way ' in which soldiers spun round
when they were shot,"
and where genial Britons and Americans
approve of the execution of prisoners,
The Real Mexico : a Study on the Spot. By
H. Hamilton Fyfe. (Heinemann, 6s. net.)
South America. By W. H. Koebel. (A. &
C. Black, 7s. 6c/. net.)
To the River Plate and Back. By W. J.
Holland. (Putnam, 15s. net.)
Supplement, Mabch 21, 1914]
THE ATHENiUIM
4.'}.
and declare that " if the Mexicans would
only exterminate one another the country
would have a chance."
Mr. Fyfe estimates that 60,000 Mexicans
and 200 Americana have already been
killed in the present war ; and in parts
of the United States which lie next to
Mexico he found feeling bitter against
the inactivity of President Wilson (this
as long ago as last October), though in
other districts of the States Americans are
indifferent and *" densely ignorant about
Mexico."
The author saw a great deal of the
Mexicans, but confesses that he " came
away with his mind awhirl." and he found
all their habits so different from anything
known in Europe or the United States
that he thinks it impossible to apply to
Mexico, as President Wilson does,
" the same tests and the same standards
which obtain in countries where the idea of
self-government is a plant of mature growth."
To the position of the United States Mr.
Fyfe constantly returns. Once he quotes
an Englishman well known in Mexico,
who said : —
"' Mr. Wilson and Mr. Bryan accuse the
President of being responsible for one death.
They are responsible for thousands. But
for them the civil war would have ended
long ago " ;
and the comment on this is that " most
foreigners in Mexico share that English-
man's view."
A little later we are told that " all
blame the Washington Government. . . .
The Americans are loudest in their con-
demnation " of their own Government.
'" All say that if General Huerta had been
recognized by the United States, he would
have been able to suppress the revolution.''
Mr. Fyfe is not sure that this view is
right, and his chief reason for doubt is
that everywhere he found it believed
that the Federal officers are not trying
to end the war. From the highest to
the lowest they are declared to be
making money out of their commands
and to have no wish for peace. Mr.
Fyfe knows that this is a " monstrous
charge " to bring against an army, but
he finds it hard to escape from the con-
viction that there is truth in it.
Writing, of course, before the murder of
Mr. Benton, but after some 200 Americans
had been killed. Mr. Fyfe say 8 that it is
easy to bluff the Mexicans, and that, had
the United States been firm, their citizens
would not have been robbed and mur-
dered, and Mexico might be safe now for
foreigners. He thinks, however, that
the theory of the United States Govern-
ment is that "foreigners have no lights
in Mexico and ought not to expect pro-
tection " : a statement which hardly
does justice to the extremely difficult
position in which the Washington Govern-
ment is placed.
When Mr. Fyfe look-, ahead he suggests
that the only hope for any permanent
settlement lies in joint peaceable interven-
tion by the United States and the Great
Powers of Europe. To such intervention
he thinks Mexico would listen, though la-
shows that Mexicans are so ignorant
that they believe themselves sufficiently
strong to invade the United States. Mr.
Fyfe does not, however, explain what the
next step would be in this " peaceable
intervention if the Mexicans declined to
have anything to do with it, and we
doubt if the United States are likely to
welcome any sort of European inter-
vention.
Mr. KoebeFs ' South America,' though
it is interesting, can hardly be said
to fill a gap. Pie frankly states the
difficulty of putting into one volume
of handy size the history of so vast a
continent as that which gives the title to
this new work in " The Making of the
Xations *' Series ; but he has tried to
show us something of the authorities and
peoples of South America, rather than to
give a catalogue of Governors and Presi-
dents. He speaks only of the men who
have been most prominent in the affairs of
that continent, and he has avoided statis-
tics. History in this condensed fashion
can never be lively reading, and we think
that M. Garcia Calderon's book, from
which he occasionall}' quotes, is still
the better volume for those who want
a general short account of Latin America.
M. Calderon filled his book withi facts,
as Mi\ Koebel has rilled his, but the
former was successful in putting life
into his dry facts and figures ; and life is a
little lacking in the pages before us.
After some general chapters (good in
their way) on the pre-Spanish days, on
Columbus, the Spanish conquistadores,
the discovery of Brazil, and the conquest of
Peru, and after reviewing the colonization
of the South, and foreign raids on the
Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Mr.
Koebel gives detailed information with
regard to most of the colonies as they exist
to-day.
He points out that in the disturbed
days of Peru no single leader was left to
die a natural death ; and the history of
South America in general suggests that it
would have needed no great stretch of the
imagination to say much the same thing
about most of the neighbours of Peru.
Chile is, we think, the only country in
South America which can boast of having
had no revolution within the memory of
living men ; but even Chile had a civil
war only two-and-twenty years ago ;
while throughout the continent there are
innumerable instances of the method of
making history which consists in killing
one President in order to set up another in
his place.
.Mr. Koebel has collected some interest-
ing notes on the way in which the Spaniards
and the Portuguese treated their South
American possessions in their early colo-
nizing days, and he shows how the unfor-
tunate dweller in South America was not
allowed t'> bargain or haggle, but was
forced to take whatever was sent out at
the rate lixed in Europe; and how. in the
same fashion, he received for his exports
exactly what the people ;it home thought
fit to allow him. There is, of course, no
hint of party politics in Mr. Koebcl's
w citing, but his facts might be used for the
upsetting of some of the amazing fiscal
arguments which have been made to do
duty on party platforms in England during
the last few years.
The author seldom allows himself to
indulge in prophecy, but at the very end
of his story he does suggest that in Un-
less set tied states •■ the age of tranquillity is
now at hand " ; and he adds that, in his
opinion, " the South American tempera-
ment is, in itself, no more revolutionary
than any other." The argument is that,
when the material circumstances of any
state have been brought to resemble those
which prevail in Europe, the political
conditions in America and in Europe will
be alike. The difficulty with which the
more advanced republics have to contend
is not, he suggests, revolution, but rather
that the strife of to-day tends to contests
between labour and capital. Y\ e rail
attention to these views, but think Mr.
Koebcl's arguments would have carried
more weight if he had dealt also with the
part played in South America by the
policy which bears the name of President
Monroe. That doctrine is changing, and
has in very recent days passed from
the defensive to intervention and to
conquest ; and the people of South
America are alarmed at the interference of
the North in their affairs. Then, too, we
think that Mr. Koebel should have ex-
amined the rather embarrassing financial
conditions of some of the South American
states, and should have noted facts with
regard to what is called the Japanese
" invasion," a matter which interests
Brazil, Peru, and Chile. But, so far as
we remember, these matters (like the
Monroe doctrine) are not considered by
the author.
He has given us some most interesting
illustrations (without, in general, saying
whence they are derived) ; but his Index
is too incomplete to be praised.
An accurate description of Dr. Holland's
' To the River Plate and Back ' is afforded
by its sub-title, " The narrative of a
scientific mission to South America, with
observations upon things seen and sug-
gested."
The mission was for the installation in
the La Plata Museum of a replica of the
Diplodocus carnegiei. The narrative of
the voyage and the things that the author
saw in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina
reveals the evident personal charm of the
author, and is east in a vein of pleasing
discursiveness. !n his observations Dr.
Holland shows the effects of scientific
training, inasmuch as they consist almost
invariably of careful deductions from
accurately apprehended facts. In this
regard especially the book compares
favourably with a large number of other
works, the authors of which have -pent
but little time in the countries they
attempt to describe. Particularly in
all (and one could wish it had been
more) that he says ahout Argentina,
where he necessarily spent the neater
part of his time, the author show -. that .in
addition to his own keen observation, he
430
THE A T H E N M U M
[Supplement, March 21, 1914
lias exercised great selective care in regard
to the information offered him.
The whole book is eminently clear and
readable as well as informative. In the
first chapter Dr. Holland says that
' at this point the reader, unless he is
well versed in the recent progress of
palseontological research, may well ask,
k What is a Diplodocus ? '" After a
remark that if any one of the members of
the Geological Society of America should
chance upon this book (as they surely
all will) he is at liberty to omit the perusal
of what immediately follows, comes a
clear summary of all that is known about
" the beast which has made paleontology
popular."
In like manner the average reader will
find that, without conscious effort, he has
become intimate with, and interested in,
many things regarding which he may have
had but more or less vague ideas before :
with the vegetation, animals, insects, and
geological formations of various parts of
South America, and the numerous races
of men now seething towards adaptation
and homogeneity in Argentina and the
other Southern republics.
With regard to vegetation, it may be
remarked that, while, as Dr. Holland
says, " scores of European and North
American weeds have found congenial soil
in Argentina, and are apparently replacing
the native flora," the characteristics of
imported grasses have a strong tendencjr
to disappear in favour of those of the
surrounding native pasturage.
The author was fortunate in arriving
in Buenos Aires at the time of the great
annual cattle show, as to which he ob-
serves, " I doubt whether anywhere in the
world at the present time a more im-
pressive exhibition of this sort is to be
seen." Similar opinions are invariably
expressed by the many competent judges
from the Northern hemisphere who are to
be found each year at Palermo, the sub-
urban district in which the show is held.
Though the time at his disposal in the
intervals of the difficult and delicate work
of erecting the " Diplodocus " did not
permit of his seeing very much of the
'* camp," Dr. Holland describes a pleasant
trip among the picturesque and fertile
islands of the Parana, and a flying visit
to the sugar-fields of Tucuman.
Nearly everywhere he added something
to his entomological collection. He notes
that he saw only one snake (a harmless
one, which he caught and preserved) in
Argentina, and adds dryly, " It was a real
snake."
He gives an interesting account of what
probably is the true history of the reports
current a few years ago as to the existence
of a living mylodon in the southern
regions of Argentina, and was himself
lucky enough to be on the spot to verify
a discovery of great interest. This was
the finding of a piece of pottery em-
bedded in the matrix of the lower part
of the Middle Pampean beds near Mar del
Plata, and close to where Dr. Holland and
his party had just found the remains of
mylodon and megatherium. As to the
results of this discovery, the author, while
acknowledging that it suggests a whole
world of inquiries, gives it as his own
reasoned conclusion that
" the Middle Pampean is a Pleistocene forma-
tion, from a geological standpoint compara-
tively modern, possibly laid down not more
than fifty thousand years ago, and that man
was the contemporary of many of the strange
animals which tenanted South America at
that time."
Towards the end of the book Dr. Hol-
land says that he noted, " not without
surprise," that the Argentine press occa-
sionally expressed " a feeling of suspicion
and distrust as to the integrity of the pur-
poses of the citizens of the United States."
In reality, while Argentine commerce
does mistrust and fear anything which
appears to smack of the introduction of
" Trust " methods, the whole country
deeply and fiercely resents everything
resembling foreign interference with its
customs and institutions. There is no
more frankly severe critic of himself and
his country than the Argentine, and no
one is more restlessly anxious than he for
improvement and progress ; but he alone
must be his own critic, and the chooser of
the remedies for his own defects. His
fervent patriotism will not permit any one
else to dictate how he should put his house
in order, and he suspects the United States
of a desire to do so.
One slip may be noted, since it is
of frequent occurrence, not only in this
book, but also in others "treating of
South America, viz., the spelling of the
word " gaucho " as " gwacho."
The book is well got up, and, besides
reproductions of the author's colour-
sketches of sea scenes, includes many
good photographic and engraved illus-
trations. The frontispiece shows twelve
South American butterflies in their
natural colours. The back of the cover is
adorned with a typical mate cup and bom-
billa. The Index has been carefully com-
piled.
From the Thames to the Netherlands: a
Voyage in the Waterways of Zealand and
down the Belgian Coast. By Charles
Pears. (Chatto & Windus, 6s. net.)
To strike the happy medium in the writing
of a log is no easy task. There are logs
which are no more than inflated guide-
books, and there are others which treat
the incidents of the voyage with such an
ecstasy of technicalities that they become
wearisome even to the amateur sailor-man.
The ideal log should be guide, philosopher,
and friend, and if Mr. Pears does not
entirely reach the ideal, his lively pages at
any rate provide very pleasant reading.
Sometimes his style is inclined to become a
little florid, and sometimes he is, perhaps,
a little over-anxious to get the utmost out
of a situation or incident. But these are
small defects and may easily be forgiven.
The main point is that Mr. Pears
is able to hand on his enthusiasm to the
reader. His log is full of the salt of life
and the salt of the sea, and the lands-
man as well as the sailing -man will be
the better for reading it. Mr. Pears has
the true cruising spirit. In his first
chapter he tells us that his original inten-
tion was to sail for the North of England ,
and instead he found himself heading for
Holland. He gives a good enough reason
for his change of plans, but we suspect
that he might have changed them in
any case. To cruise in a small yacht with
a fixed time-table ahead is a fatal piece
of pedantry that generally leads to dis-
aster.
The present log is a companion work
to Mr. Pears 's earlier book, ' From the
Thames to the Seine,' in which he re-
counted his adventures in a four-tonner
along the coast of France. Now he is
off in a slightly larger boat, the Rose, a
sturdy square-sterned cutter of seven tons,
twenty-five feet long, and a trifle over nine
feet broad. We notice that Mr. Pears is
not what the shoregoing folk call " house
proud." He does not linger lovingly over
a minute description of all the trappings
of his craft. A few words of introduction,
and he is sailing away from Essex, with
only himself and his son (a boy of 14) to
make up the ship's company. The Rose
found the North .Sea in a stormy mood,
and before the shelter of Flushing was
reached she had lost her dinghy. From
Flushing she passed through the canal to
Veere, that fascinating little town whose
crumbling and deserted Groot Kerk alone
remains to recall the memory of what
was once a great and prosperous city.
Thence the Rose threaded her way
amongst the network of creeks, canals,
and estuaries that lie northward of the
island of Walcheren, returning home
bjr way of the French and Belgian ports.
Altogether it was a charming cruise over
waters that offer an endless variety of
sailing.
Mr. Pears is artist as well as author,
and the book is fully illustrated with
his sketches. We prefer the pictures in
monochrome to those in colours, but that,
probably, is because colour reproductions
on so small a scale do not do justice to the
originals.
Hare (Augustus J. C), Walks in Rome,
including Tivoli, Frascati, and Albano,
Twentieth Edition, edited by St. Clair
Baddeley, 10/6 net. Kegan Paul
The text of this excellent little handbook
remains practically that of the seventeenth
edition (published 1905). Students who
wish to be abreast of the latest discoveries
and " attributions " must, therefore, supple-
ment it by the papers which are constantly
issuing from the various schools and archaeo-
logical societies in Rome, and the more recent
reports of experts.
For the visitor who is neither anti-
quary nor classical scholar it remains an
admirable introduction to a field of observa-
tion in which the novice is apt to feel be-
wildered by the multitude as well as the
magnitude of the claims on his attention.
We observe with satisfaction that the
various plans scattered through the volume
have been brought up to date, showing the
new additions to our knowledge in the Forum
and elsewhere. Tbe fifty 1 hotographs,
though necessarily small in scale, are clear
and attractive.
J
THE ATHEN
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No. 4509
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THE HIBBERT JOURNAL.
A Quarterly Review of Religion, Theology,
and Philosophy.
APRIL NUMBER Ready on the 1st.
PRINCIPAL CONTENTS:
KIKUYU Very Rev. H. Hensley Henson
(Dean of Durham)
SACRAMENTS AND UNITY
Rev. R. H. Coats, M.A. B.D.
INSPIRATION W. Macneile Dixon
WHERE FAITH AND MORALITY MEET
John Jay Chapman
THE MIDDLE AGES, THE RENAISSANCE, AND
THK MODERN MIND Prof. Norman K. Smith
CRITICISM OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
The Head Master of Eton
THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW
Archibald Weir
THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHRIST
Prof. Benjamin B. Warfield
THE SUFFERING OF GOD Rev. B. H. Streeter
MECHANISM, INTELLIGENCE. AND LIFE
H. W. B. Joseph, M.A.
ONE AVENUE TO GOD: A TRANSCRIPT OF EX-
PERIENCE Rev. A. D. Martin
THE GREAT ALTERNATIVE Rev. Charles F Dole
ORDER AND UNREST Edith Hunter
DISCUSSIONS, SURVEYS, REVIEWS, &c.
Super-royal 8vo, sewed, 2s. 6d. net ; post free 2s. 9d .
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WILLIAMS & NORGATE,
14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.G.
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
T II E A T 1 1 E N M U M
441
SATURDAY, MARCH As', UUj.
CONTENTS. PAQK
Tub Wki.lesley Papeks 411
With the TURK in Waktime 442
The Reformation in Germany 443
Thk Koto's Council in England 413
B. L. S 444
Italian Yesterdays 445
The Rise ok tub Saracens 41'.
The Divine Comedy in English Verse .. ..440
Wild Gamb in Zambezi* 446
Books Published this Week (English, 447;
Foreign, 449).. _: 447—440
An Authors' Union; The shakespeares and
Stoke; Book Sale; Notes from oxford 449—450
Literary Gossip 451
science — The Practical Side of Aviation;
societies ; Meetings Next Week .. .. 452
Fine Arts— Cinei form Tahlets in the British
Museum; Edication in art; Exhibitions;
Engravings; GOSSIP 453-454
Music— Gossip; Performances Next Week .. 455
Drama -Studies in Stagecraft; Gossip .. 455—456
Index to Advertisers 456
LITERATURE
The Wellesley Papers. By the Editor of
' The Windham Papers.' 2 vols. (Her-
bert Jenkins, 1/. 12s.)
Masses of Welleslej papers have long
remained unexplored at the British
Museum, and it was high time that some
competent investigator should deal with
them. The editor of ' The Windham
Papers ' has obviously many qualifica-
tions for his task. He is well acquainted
with the politics of the last century and
a half, and knows a good deal of the social
ramifications of the period, about which he
often maintains a discreet and suggestive
nee. For the most part his annota-
tions are accurate and to the point,
though there are some mistakes (e.y., in
the title of Henry Wellesley's office at
Oxford) and unnecessary repetitions (such
the notes on Metcalfe, practically the
06 at a distance of ten pages), and a
fuller use of the literature of the time
would have made the present volumes
more interesting; but there is a good
1 that now appears in print for the
first time which we are glad to see.
The editor's aim has been first to
■ throw light on tin- character and
on- " of the Marques* Wellesley, and
ondly to "supplement our knowledge
<>f affairs during the period of history
that comes within his lifetime." The
ond aim is less successfully accom-
plished than the first, perhaps because
re is little in the papei - to add to our
knowledge. Nothing new is given about
India, the mosl important scene of
Well *ley's public sen ice ; nothing ab >ut
his embassy to Spain (in regard to
which Spanish documents might have
been consulted), which was an attractive
episode in his life ; very little about
his tenure of the Foreign Office from
1809 to 1812, though a considerable
number of extremely interesting and
outspoken letters from Canning find
a place in both volumes, which serve,
perhaps, rather to illustrate that states-
man's character, its buoyancy, its vehe-
mence, and its tendency to intrigue, than
to add to our knowledge of the politics
of those years. There is a good deal
that is new in the account of Wellesley's
futile efforts to form a Government in
1812, which failed, no doubt, partly in
consequence of his own autocratic attitude,
but also because Earl Grey and Lord
Grenville definitely refused to join him.
That autocratic temper was, indeed,
his political ruin. He had been spoilt by
India. He was of a much less adaptable
nature than even the Iron Duke. It is
generally thought that it is far more
difficult for one who lias held high military
rank to submit himself to the rough and
tumble of politics than it is for a high
Government official to do so. Several
Indian or Colonial Governors have re-
turned and risen to high posts in England,
though there are conspicuous instances of
failure. But the example of Wellesley
and Wellington looks the other way. The
third genius among the five brothers
took a different course, and achieved
high fame without any difficulty as Lord
Cowley and Ambassador at Paris. In
Ireland Wellesley was not a popular Lord-
Lieutenant ; his ostentatious manner was
the very thing that his fellow-countrymen
could not stomach. But he was a deter-
mined advocate of Catholic Emancipation,
and entertained distinctly " Liberal "
views on the matters which divided
parties. His two terms of service in Ire-
land showed him in a very sympathetic
light, but he was not properly supported
from home, and did not achieve much,
though his biographer Pearce not un-
fairly pointed to several works of public
utility for which he was responsible
during his first administration, which
ended at the beginning of 1828. He
served there again for a year in 1833, when
Charles Greville made the bitter comment
* it is a ridiculous appointment " and
•• the very worst they could hit on," a
severe judgment which he soon had reason
to withdraw. But Wellesley had no time in
1833 to achieve anything. He had before
this been Lord Steward of the Household,
and later under Melbourne he became
Lord Chamberlain, "rather than forgo
power altogether," says the i ditor of these
volumes rather too sharply. The truth
probably is that he needed all the money
he could get, and hoped that his long
and distinguished service might give him
influence quite apart from the office
uhi'h he actually held. Hut the editor's
further comment is doubtless true : —
"A perusal of the correspondence will
thai the reason for In- exclusion was
In- open contempt for liis colleagues, and his
dictatorial manner. When he wa at the
Foreign Office he did not deign t<> consull
the Cabinet. Perhaps only with Brougham,
many of whose letters are included in these
volumes, was it mure difficult to work."
In the last year of his life the Marquess
wrote a review of his services to the
Empire. They were indeed great — as
great, perhaps, as those of any other man
living at the time. It may certainly be
said that it was he who established our
power in India on a permanent basis,
and he who made the victories in the
Peninsula possible and hence ultimately
caused the downfall of Napoleon. But
he was not content with the achievements
which were genuinely his own, and was
always attributing to himself all that
was done by his subordinates or other
agents in the same field. There was
never a more conspicuous instance of
megalomania — a striking contrast to his
brother the Duke of Wellington. Samuel
Rogers said that Wellesley eared for
nothing but display, while Wellington
scorned it altogether — an exaggeration,
no doubt, but one not far from the
truth. Rogers, however, Avas quite ready
to be extremely polite to him, as was
another of his back-stabbing critics,
Creevey. But the Life is a disappointing
one to read, and Wellesley "s own dis-
satisfaction with his treatment was not
unnatural or unjustified. The end is
happier : —
" It is agreeable to be able to record that
in the evening of the life of Wellesley the
great work lie had done in India was fully
recognized, and substantial tribute paid to
him."
The character of the great Marquess
had conspicuous blemishes which it i-
impossible to excuse on the ground that
moral laxity was common in his da v.
But " noscitur a sociis," and no man could
be far below nobility of life who was the
friend of Pitt and Canning and Wilber-
force, who was so good a father and so
sincere and reverent (in spite of his lapses)
in his religion. The letters to and from
his friends are the pleasantest part of
these volumes. There is a most amusing
one to Lord Grenville, written from fort
William on November 18th, 1798, just
six months after his landing. (Morning-
ton's letter to Sir Alured Clarke, dated
Kedgeree, May Kith. 1798, still in MS.,
is before us as we write, composed in a
less pompous style than that which he
assumed a few years later.) A really
good letter from Wilberforce a year
later is worth reading. (Wellesley, by
the way. vigorously denounced the bile
of his old friend, when it appeared forty
years later, for "the shreds and patches
of morbid pietcutery in which the in-
judicious biographers have disfigured their
father.")
One letter of Pitt's is given. It
was written mi January 12th, 1808
immediately on the Viceroy's return.
Wellesley siw him on January Nth
for the 'last time. On the 12th he had
written quite 1 1 < > i n I u 1 1 \ : on the 23rd hi
Was dead. Wellesley's .sketch uf his
Friend [Quarterly Review, vol. Iviii.) i-
the most sincere and beautiful thing he
ever wrote. .\ contrast t.i the warmth
here displayed is the frigidity of the two
442
THE ATHENJEUM
rn
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
letters from Lady Mornington — the
'•mother of the Gracchi," as some one
rather ineptly called her — which may
account perhaps for some of the weak-
nesses of her children's characters.
The letters from Canning show genuine
friendship, continued when Wellington
was on bad terms first with one and
then with the other of the friends. The
imperious spirit of Richard Wellesley and
the dogged obstinacy of Arthur made their
relations, indeed, frequently of a very
difficult character ; but the editor of
these Papers probably does not know
how emphatic was the Marquess's
condemnation of his brother, revealed
on one occasion when he was in
Ireland, to his secretary, who has not long
passed away. Mr. Charles Gore, to whom
we refer, was after his service to Wellesley
attached for some years to Melbourne — a
strange change, in view of the bitter
animosity these two statesmen entertained
for each other.
Further letters show sides of Wellesley's
life not so well known. His son Henry
writes from the Lord Chancellor's living
of Dunsfold, announcing his engagement
to the daughter of the neighbouring
rector of Hascombe, and rejoicing in being
made a royal chaplain. There is at least
one letter from his elder son Richard, and
one or two from his daughter Hyacinthe,
Mrs. Littleton (the first Lady Hatherton).
There are several letters from or allusions
to the late Mr. Alfred Montgomery, and
to or from the Marquess's second wife, a
lady of much intelligence and charm.
But most frequent in later life are the
letters from Brougham (to whom Wel-
lesley dedicated his ' Primitise et Reli-
quiae '), which show that acid and venom-
ous personage in quite a pleasant light.
There is, in fact, a great deal of personal
interest in the volumes ; enough, we add,
to make us wonder whether there is not
much more in the mass of still unpublished
materials, and whether a larger biography
than has yet appeared might not be
desirable.
THE YOUNG TURKS.
Mr. Pickthall, who knows the Muslim
better than the Christian, contends in
' With the Turk in Wartime,' and with
much reason, that the Turks have never
had fair treatment at the hands of Europe,
because the old plundering, intolerant
Crusading spirit is still active, and the
average uninstructed Englishman —
amongst others — holds a Mohammedan to
be plain heathen writ large (because less
open to conversion), just as his fore-
fathers did tempore Ric. I. Christianity
once confused with its professors, it is an
easy leap to the fallacy that, because it is in
several respects a higher form of religion
than its chief theistic rival, therefore all
who profess and call themselves Christians,
even in the most formal, lifeless, and
ignorant acceptation of the term, are
necessarily superior to all Muslims. On
With the Turk in Wartime. By Marmaduke
Pickthall. (Dent & Sons, 5s. net.)
this theory the Turk is manifestly the
inferior of his rapacious Balkan neighbours.
But if we could imagine the respective
creeds interchanged, and the recent squalid
scramble to be one of sundry Muslim
bandits against a Christian Turkey, there
can be little doubt that the sympathy of
England would be all for the Turk. This
is Mr. PickthalTs view, and, unfortunately,
it is shared by the victims themselves.
" All Muslims hold it more or less, and
they are justified by the whole course of
recent history. . . .Our self -righteousness is
principally to blame for the horror which has
filled the East upon the recrudescence of the
wicked old crusading spirit in our midst,
duly reported by the Turkish and the Indian
press, at a time when Turkey was deserving
of all human pity. We had talked as if
fanaticism were extinct in England."
When his Turkish friends told him that
the British Government was " treacherous,
faithless, inconsistent," Mr. Pickthall
characteristically replied that
"our leaders are not always of the first
intelligence. They sometimes make mis-
takes, and dare not own them. Our people
are tenacious of old prejudices. We are,
upon the whole, a most unamiable nation,
composed of quite well-meaning individuals."
It is some consolation to find that the
Turks still appreciate individual English-
men, because they are better educators
than the French, and do not try to make
their pupils English ; whilst " we like the
Germans," said an intelligent Turk, with a
laugh.
" With a little practice and instruction they
make quite good Turks. But they are too
pervasive. We are much afraid of them,
desiring, as we do, to keep our country."
The object of this book, which describes
the author's impressions during his long
stay in Turkey last year, is to remove some
of the old prejudices of which we English
are so tenacious. He would, perhaps,
have been more successful if he had
written more temperately ; for, after all,
it was not fanatical Christianity in Sir
Edward Grey that dictated our recent
policy in the Balkan imbroglio, and there
were worse things to be guarded against
than even the treacherous and wholly
indefensible partition of European Turkey.
Much as the present reviewer likes and
honours the Muslim, whom he too has
known well, it must be confessed that the
Turk is not always compact of all the
virtues, though he is usually a very decent,
God-fearing, virtuous, and kindly human
being, much like other people, only, per-
haps, rather better. Mr. PickthalTs book
will do good if it brings this fact home
to English readers. He had exceptional
opportunities, and his long familiarity
with Syrians and Egyptians enabled him
to use these opportunities far better than
ordinary observers. He enjoyed the
unique advantage of being domiciled in
the house of a European Muslima, a lady
with a large Turkish acquaintance, and in
her garden, near the Asiatic coast of the
Sea of Marmara, he was privileged to
converse with numerous unveiled Turkish
ladies, who seem to have been almost
invariably young and beautiful. He pru-
dently induced his wife to join him after a
few weeks : but before she arrived he had
been welcomed by the Mohammedan ladies
with a friendly, unconventional cordiality
and entire absence of self-consciousness
which will be amazing to those who have
not watched the recent development of
Muslim society.
" I was [he says] admitted fully to a little
circle of advanced French-speaking Turks,
of which the ladies were permitted to adopt
me as a brother ; while the old-fashioned
men — the vast majority — assured me that
their wives and daughters were much looking
forward to my wife's arrival. Kind mes-
sages were sent me by women who would
have perished rather than be seen of me."
It must be added that this com-
paratively free intercourse would have
been impossible for a native. Mr. Pick-
thall tells of a lady who had been chatting
unveiled with him in Misket Hanum's
garden, but who immediately veiled and
withdrew when a Muslini youth came in
sight. " What nonsense it all is ! ':
grumbled the offended young man. " She
talks unveiled to you, a stranger, and hides
from me whom she has known a baby ! ':
One reason for this is that marriage be-
tween a Muslima and a Christian man is
strictly forbidden, and therefore the man
must not even think of her in that light ;
another is that Europeans are accustomed
to seeing women, and Turks are not, and
the degrees of self-control vary accordingly.
But even when " merry laughter " from
white-draped figures in the garden called
Mr. Pickthall from his retreat, and the
girls rebuked him for his " old-fashioned "
ideas and bade him " recognize the great
advance the Turks had made upon the
ways of my beloved Arabs," it is clear
that the innovation was still new enough
to carry " the flavour of an escapade," and
" the voices of the women died away as we
drew near the public road " ; though, for
that matter, no Turk will be seen abroad
with his womenfolk. The ' Impressions T
of Zeyneb Hanum, the twice desenchantee,
may have prepared some readers for Mr.
Pickthall's revelations of the liberty of
modern Turkish society, and not merely of
the French-speaking coterie which he first
met ; he not only confirms, but even en-
larges her views, and deliberately records
his judgment of Turkish women in these
uncompromising terms : '* I knew them to
be generally charming, trained to submis-
sion, yet high-spirited, and far less narrow-
minded than the women of the West."'
They are also " intensely patriotic, and.
as a rule, more energetic than the men."
We have dwelt long upon this side of
Mr. Pickthall's impressions, because the
higher - class women of the East are an
undiscovered country to most Europeans,
and wholly mistaken views prevail as to
their character, education, and social
position. The future of their nation lies
largefy in their hands, and it is encouraging
to hear so much to their credit. But the
greater part of this absorbing book con-
sists of conversations with Turks of all
conditions, from the famous Tal'at Bey
down to the mere lounger in the street or
the gardener of the author's hostess. He
went out with a strong distrust of the
Young Turkish party, and his earliest
No. 4501), March 28, 1914
THE AT1IENJEUM
443
acquaintances belong to their opponents,
the " Liberals " who followed old Kiainil
Pasha : hut he soon became an ardent
convert, and some of the liveliest passages
in his book describe the intense hostility
between the Unionists (or Committee of
Union and Progress party) and the Liberals
a- revealed in many controversies in the
Asiatic garden. He is, no doubt, right in
denouncing the rcactionarv attitude lately
lined by the so-called " Liberals,** who
are more intent on " securing their own
status as the ruling class " than on training
and educating the masses of what, being
Mohammedan, is essentially a democratic
iety ; but it is possible to overshoot
the mark in upholding the policy of the
Committee, and we confess we should
like to see the Young Turks cleared of
the charges brought against them in regard
to the disarming of Macedonia and the
suppression of the Albanians. It is sad,
indeed, to read the description of the
starved and broken condition of the
Turkish Army of the West on its return
to Asia after these exploits ; but it needs
more than showing the well-known defects
of the Albanians — the Irish of the Balkans
— to excuse Javid Pasha's admittedly
'" ruthless " campaign. "' Thank God,
Turkey is now quit of them," exclaims Mr.
Pickthall. and we cordially echo his thanks-
giving ; but wre wish the latest scenes of
Turkish intervention had been less bloody.
However, it is to be hoped that the
Young Turks have now realized the futility
of their centralized Ottomanizing policy.
At all events, the recent war has consider-
ably restricted their opportunities in this
direction ; but it is still more earnesth^
to be hoped that they will not try this
discredited policy on their Arab subjects.
Their chief objects, as Mr. Pickthall
urges, should now be education and the
training of the whole nation in local self-
ernment. Constitutions and magni-
loquent views bulk large in European
s, but what is really wanted is gradual
>rm. Mr. Pickthall is very hopeful.
The Turks, he says,
"p >ssess a gift of management, and are at
■ nt making giant strides towards that
' efficiency ' which Europeans generally deem
the highest good. They have accepted once
■ :1I the point of view of Europe, and are
_■ i\ 'iv effort to live up to it. All tiny ask
is leave to work out their own problems
and advance to modern progress in the way
" understand ... .Turkey is the present
head of a progressive movement extending
throughout Asia and North Africa. She is
one hope of the Islamic world....
Daring the -ix months 1 spent in Turkey it
>\ -ts my good fortune to know many of these
children of the new regime, or my outlook on
the future of that country find of El Islam
would not have been bo hopeful as i:
Strict Muslims without superstition, they are
wing up in love with duty, proud ol their
burden of responsibility, devoted to their
country beyond word-, tolerant of nil beliefs
that do not savour of sedition, thoughtful,
self-reliant, trustworthy. . . .To-day the land
is free and bent on pi d I find no
excuse for continued Bcorn of i'.
To many this will seem the language of
exaggeration ; but then Mr. Pickthall
know- and they do not. There lies the
different
The lit formation in (.lermany. By Henry
C. vedder. (Macmillan & Co., 12*. Bd.
net.)
Prof. Vedder "' frankly confesses " that
he is '* inspired by the older idea of history,
now unfashionable, of furnishing the
reader a logical clue to guide him through
the labyrinth of accumulated fact." Per-
haps the idea has not been so generally
abandoned as he thinks, and perhaps
also he has not quite succeeded in the
task which his publishers attribute to
him. of being the first writer " in the
English language, at least, to interpret
the religious struggle of the sixteenth
century in terms of economics." We do
not, indeed, find much originality in the
Professor's account of the Reformation,
though there is much painstaking study
of authorities (chiefly Luther's own writ-
ings) in his book. He might certainly
have remembered, by the way, that
Luther, whom he is always calling a
monk, was not a monk at all, nor were the
Franciscans and Dominicans monks either,
as he thinks. Stubbs would have taught
him that, and other matters, which might
have made him view the German Refor-
mation Avith more clarity.
• It is for no novelty of details, or even
of presentation, that we must look in
Prof. Vedder's book. It is rather for a
certain independence of judgment, meting
out justice to Pope and Emperor, Luther
and Erasmus, soldier and reformer —
a justice which is, on the whole, even-
handed. *' Was Erasmus right ? Was
Luther wrong ? We may answer both
of these questions affirmatively," says
Prof. Vedder ; but then he goes on to
show that he does not really mean to do
anything of the kind. One feels it would
do him good to read Dr. Hartmann
Grisar. His independent judgment needs
more facts to play upon than it has as
yet acquired. We may illustrate this by
briefly examining the conclusions in
which he sums up the results of his study.
He dwells upon the complexity of the
German Reformation, the fact that the
Latin nations rather than the German
originated the movement for reform, and
that in Germany itself it was the political
forces and social ferment rather than
religious fervour which carried it to
success. Yet the emphatically religious
side of the Reformation must not be
forgotten — the protest against formalism
and a sacerdotal system, the substitution
of personal responsibility and individual-
ism often quite unchecked. The in-
dividual played a great part. " Even the
hero-worship is just died by facts — thai is
to say, by part of the facts." Prof.
Vedder hud- ill the leaders a genius for
religion, a consistent seeking of simplicity.
and b firmer trust in < rod t ban I he
Catholic < 'lunch encouraged or even
permitted But with equal candour he
adds that " their great defect was that,
laving their emphasis chiefly on a right
relation between man and God, they
regarded a- fat less important a light
relation between man and man." Then
at last he states explicitly his economic
interpretation. The ethical teaching of
the Church made her the foe of capitalism :
"Capitalism needed a free hand if it was
to develop; therefore down with the
Church." Thus the cities approved the
reformers' action, and fought to get rid
of the monastic corporations which had
control of so much capital. The Refor-
mation was the triumph of the middle
class. This, by the way, is to some
extent true in Germany, but the re-
verse of the truth in France and in
Scotland. The knights and the peasants
suffered by the Reformation ; both in
fact, says Dr. Vedder, were ruined.
His views may be summarized thus.
The Reformation from several aspects
was a failure. It was a perversion of
the Renaissance ; if it freed the world
from tradition, it bound it (as Lessing said)
with the more intolerable yoke of the
letter. Its devotees followed Luther and
Calvin far more slavishly than Catholics
had followed Augustine and Jerome.
Its interpretation of Scripture was " freak-
ish and inconsistent," and " discredited
the movement with all thinking men."
It was incapable of understanding the
idea of a progressive revelation. Tims it
did little for religious liberty. Nor was
it a great ethical force. It never really
recovered the teaching of Jesus. It was
the Anabaptists who did that. One sees
where one is when one comes to this ; but
Prof. Vedder adds that the chief difference
between the Anabaptists and the Lutherans
is that the former failed, while the latter
succeeded .
What, then, is the result of it all ? The
opening of a Pandora box ; the creation
of a Frankenstein (so far as we under-
stand the Professor, he has made the old
mistake about the monster), and the pro-
duction and survival of a new spirit. So
the book is dedicated to the "Prophet of
a Xew Reformation."
In spite of these sparkling conclusions
the book has not a few merits, and the
appendixes, which give Luther. s theses,
TetzeFs statements and indulgences, and
the documents of different Councils, will
be distinctly useful to young student-.
The King's Council in England during
the Middle. Ages. By .lames Fosdick
Baldwin. (Oxford. Clarendon Press,
18*. net.)
WETTING in his Preface from memory,
Prof. Baldwin quotes a recent author as
saying "the history of the King's ( 'otineil
cannot be written.'* The actual remark
was quite different, but the volume before
us is a triumphant refutation of this par-
ticular proposition. In it the author has
given us a complete studj of the history
and operations of the King's ('oiineil
from its first appearance to the reign of
Henry VIII.; he has worked over all the
material collected and arranged by earlier
students, has even add' d to it by his own
arches, and has indicated new -unices
from which further information mav be
444
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
obtained. The book is one of the most
important constitutional studies of recent
years, suggestive and well informed, and
though it is not to be expected that its
conclusions will be accepted in their
entirety, it is one that will take a perma-
nent place in historical libraries.
The only recent work touching on the
history of the King's Council is one in
which, Prof. Baldwin says, " the editor
has not availed himself of the latest
information." We confess that, with the
exceptions noted above, we have been
unable to find in this work any information
bearing on the subject of the earlier
writer which was not referred to by him.
But as one chapter of this work is devoted
to a refutation of some views there put
forward, it may be worth while to examine
the point at some length. Prof. Baldwin
insists strongly on the essential unity
of the King's Council, and with great
justice ; Mr. Steele laid down a dis-
tinction, after a certain epoch, between the
ordinary Council and a Great Council.
The former works forward, and notes the
similarities : the latter finds in Stuart and
Tudor times two distinct bodies with
different functions, and, looking backward,
finds these differences in earlier meetings
of Councils. Prof. Baldwin looks for his
precedents to French constitutional
methods ; Mr. Steele finds his analogies
in Ireland and Scotland.
Now in Ireland the three bodies — the
King's Council, Great Councils, and Par-
liaments— undoubtedly existed in medi-
aeval times ; the Irish Modus Tenendi,
which Mr. Steele has printed in its entirety
for the first time, and authenticated so far
as to show that it was received by the
State as a genuine document, proves that
conclusively. In Scotland, the constitu-
tion of which was founded on English
models (though with a constant tendency
to diverge), the same three bodies existed :
the Secret Council, Conventions of Estates
(which were Great Councils), and Parlia-
ments. Of the three nations, the true
development of the King's Council can be
best observed in Ireland, for in England,
as in Scotland, its functions were often
overlaid by those of a Council of Regency.
In our country this was the case for large
portions of the reigns of Henry III.,
Edward II., Richard II., and Henry VI. ;
in Scotland from James I. to James VI.
the sovereign was nearly always a minor ;
while in Ireland the continuity of the
King's Council from its first formation
was unbroken, and its development pari
passu with that of England ensured by its
constant correspondence with the English
Chancery and Council. The indisputable
existence of a Great Council in Ireland
under the Plantagenets lends some support
to the statements of the English chancery
clerks of the time that such councils were
held in this country.
Against these statements Prof. Baldwin
properly points out that we have only one
oath for the King's Council, and that this
oath is the criterion which marks off a
Councillor from the ordinary person
called in to give advice. He also points
out that the records of these so-called
Great Councils are entered in the Privy
Council Registers, often without any dis-
tinction from ordinary meetings of the
Council. The first of these objections is
weighty, but the argument from silence is
inconclusive, and would often apply to
mediaeval meetings of Parliament ; the
second ignores the fact that Conventions of
Estates are entered in the Scottish Privy
Council Register, and Great Councils in the
Irish Privy Council Registers, as they occur
in order of date, mixed up with ordinary
Council meetings. We do not overlook
Prof. Baldwin's very pertinent point as to
the change in the mode of summons to
Councils, but it does not seem to us of
sufficient importance to justify the assump-
tion that these assemblies — which did
things that the King's Council did not feel
itself competent to do, which included
persons who were not members of the King's
Council, and which Avere called by the
chancery clerks of the time Great Councils
— should be denied a separate existence.
We should like to know from the author
what name he would give to the assembly
of 1496.
Prof. Baldwin's mistaken note on the
Modus Tenendi is due in part to his
excessive devotion to French critics and
French models for the Council, and partly
to his predecessor's method of merely
stating facts and expecting his readers to
draw the conclusions from them. The
Modus was obviously first drawn up for
use in Ireland ; the mention of proctors
for the clergy in Parliament, an institution
peculiar to Ireland, is sufficient to show this,
while the king's Serjeants were, norm-
ally, members of the King's Council there.
It is not impossible to assign an approxi-
mate date for its fabrication from the
quarrels with the Lieutenant of Ireland
as to his presence in Parliament during
the early years of Richard II. 's reign.
The earliest English form known is mani-
festly late in Richard's reign, as shown
by the mention of York as a city and
county with London (Hardy's text is
quite untrustworthy), and was probably
brought in as a weapon in the Parlia-
mentary struggles of the period, as the
traditions of the Tudor and Stuart Par-
liamentarians assert.
Retiirning to the main subject of the
book, we are glad to pay our tribute to
the way in which Prof. Baldwin has
handled the difficult questions of the
relationship of the Council to the Ex-
chequer, the Chancery, and Parliament.
Doubtless there are many enigmas for
future constitutional students to puzzle
over, whole tracts of the history of the
Council to be built up from scanty mate-
rials, and conclusions which need revision ;
but, all reservations made, the author has
mapped out a new and unfilled field in
masterly and complete outline. We note
the addition of an excellent Index and
some good facsimiles.
R. L. S. By Francis Watt. (Methuen &
Co., 6s. net.)
Of the making of books about Stevenson
there is literally no end. It shows, for one
thing, that the croakers who told us
some years ago that he was already a
spent force in literature were, to say the
least, somewhat out of their reckoning.
No doubt a considerable part of the
interest maintained in Stevenson is due
to the attractive personality of the man
himself. But there is something more
than that. As we said in reviewing the
four volumes of his ' Letters ' published
in 1911, Stevenson's appeal was essentially
aristocratic, to his fellow-craftsmen above
all, and after them to the small world
of real lovers of letters. To the end he
remained the cult of a select circle, and
will go on being so. His name and fame,
we can still affirm, " will no more die than
Spenser's."
Mr. Francis Watt's volume has some
defects of detail, especially in regard to
the topography of the Pentland district,
with which Stevenson's early life was
directly connected. Here Mr. Watt shows
himself rather casual than intimate. He
spells Caerketton without the first e, and
adds a superfluous i to Carnethy. The
lang whang of the Lanark Road he calls
the "eauld whang"; and the Buckstone,
familiar to Stevenson, is described as a
"rock," whereas it is simply a three-
or four - foot upright stone built into
a garden wall. The Kel - stane is spelt
" Kel- stain " ; but that may be a mis-
print, like "Ramsey" (of Ochtertyre)
for Ramsay (p. 150), and " Grindley " for
Grindlay (p. 196). What, however, is to
be said for the statement (p. 81) that
" not a stone remains " of Bavelaw
Castle ? The reviewer has passed the
Castle scores of times in Pentland tramps
during the last two years, and recently
has had the mortification of seeing
it "restored" in modern iconoclastic
fashion.
It is a pity that these and other slips
should have disfigured the book, but they
do not detract from its essential value as
a work which, for certain of its features,
must have a distinct place in Stevenson
literature. The author gives wisely little
more than an outline of Stevenson's
career, for its details are sufficiently
familiar. His plan (and he carries it out,
on the whole, very successfully and
judiciously) is to dissect the Stevenson
literary product, with a view to showing
its diverse artistic, human, and, so to
speak, geographical interests. Thus we
find Stevenson's Edinburgh — the real
Edinburgh — recalled and contrasted with
the Edinburgh of his works. The Pent-
lands again, with which Stevenson began
and (in ' Weir of Hermiston ') practically
ended his professional career, are studied in
the same way ; the Lothians too, about
which we hear a good deal in his books.
Similarly, we are taken with Stevenson to
England, to the Continent, to America,
and to the South Seas, the object in every
case being mainly to bring out the con-
nexion between the actual life and the
No. 4509, March 28, 19U
T H E A T II ENiEU M
44.1
writings. All this was worth doing, and
it is well done.
Further chapters treat, with insight and
sympathy, of Stevenson as letter - writer
and playwright ; of the women in his works
(an old question for discussion) ; and of
his religion. As regards the last - named
we do not wholly agree with Mr. Watt;
but the matter cannot be debated in a
review, and perhaps should not be debated
at all. at any rate without a clear under-
standing of what " religion " exactly
implies.
The book is furnished with a good Index,
and has for frontispiece a portrait of
Stevenson which will be new to many by
that distinguished photographer A. G.
Dew Smith.
Italian Yesterdays. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser.
(Hutchinson & Co., 16s. net.)
One is not surprised to read that Mis.
Fraser found it no easy matter to choose a
suitable title for her latest volume, seeing
that these " Italian Yesterdavs ' range
from Roniulus and Remus to her own
reminiscences. Yet the fact that even in
her day the Via Urbana, the street where
Tullia is said to have forced her charioteer
to drive over the dead body of her father,
Servius Tullius, was still known as the
Vicolo Scelerato, almost links the two
periods.
The first chapters are largely con-
cerned with the history of the early
Church in Italy and, above all, in
Rome, and therefore possess a unity of
their own. Our author tells us of the
martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, of
Oratian and Alaric, and gives good
ac-ounts of St. Cecilia and that unfortu-
nate mediaeval saint Eustochia, among
many other interesting stories. Mrs.
Fraser even provides a life of Count
M ttioli. who, she believes, was the Man
in the Iron Mask. Her last chapters
she devotes to Marco Polo, Carlo Zeno,
and other Venetian heroes, and she has
something to say of Verona and its
tyrants. But she might have included
among the many important events of
which the famous amphitheatre there has
been the scene, Eleonora Duse's perform-
ance of Juliet at the age of fourteen by
the light of a few lanterns, the first
artistic triumph of that great actress.
For all its variety, we doubt whether
this volume will enjoy the popularity of its
predecessors. Though Mrs. Fraser is too
■1 a story-teller ever to be anything
but eminently readable, it is only when
touched with the glamour of her own
in imories that these gleanings from
Italian history attain to the full life of
tiie earlier recollections of a diplomatist's
wife. For those who. like our author.
were so fortunate as to grow up amid all
that was best in the artistic and social
world of papal Rome, the Eternal City
lost something that can never be recovered
when it became the capital of the king-
dom of Italy. We get a glimpse of thi-
vanished world in tin- description of the
open table unci' kept in the Villa liorgl
or in the sight that met the « Mi
Fraser and her sister when their carriage
took a short cut across the open Campagna
to the appointed meeting-place for the
artists' festival on a brilliant morning in
May :—
" Suddenly, on the skyline of a. low ridge
just ahead of us. a towering ear moved into
view, drawn by four white oxen, whose
gilded horns were hung with wreaths of
roses. The heavy wheels were smothered in
roses too, scattering pink and white petals
as they revolved over the newly sprung
grass. The sides of the car were all of
fretted gold, catching the sun in a hundred
lovely scrolls and arabesques ; raised high
on a gold and ivory throne sate a Roman
emperor, his white robes covered with jewels,
the laurel-wreath on his brow .... Behind him
two black slaves held huge fans of white
feathers over his head to protect him from
the heat ; at his feet, on a swirl of panther-
skins, sate his favourite of the moment, a
beautiful little Greek woman, her golden
hair crowned with roses, her bare arms
covered with bracelets and gleaming like
marble in the sun, while a score or more of
lovely girls in classical draperies leaned over
the gilt balustrades that sank, tier below
tier, from the sides of the throne down to
the upper edge of the rose-wreathed wheels.
Black slaves in scarlet tunics led the oxen.'1
This was followed by a long procession
of cars nearby as splendid as the first, the
ox-drivers alone not being as motionless as
statues.
" It was a dream of Imperial times, too
surprising to be real, till, as the first car
passed close to us, one of the girls began to
laugh and flung a handful of rose-petals in
my face."'
It is this life of her own girlhood, when
energetic young ladies might climb to the
highest arch of the ruins of the Baths of
Caracalla and lie there basking in the sun on
a stone that rocked beneath them, which
Mrs. Fraser has done so much to recapture
for us in her writings on Italy, and the
pages she devotes to it here are far the best
in the book. The deseiiptions of the street
cries of Rome, of her birthday in her
beautiful home at the Villa Negroni
where the railway station now stands, of
the picnic parties at Egeria's Grotto, or of
the lonely villa with its wonderful nightin-
gales which she discovered far out in the
Campagna. have all the charm of her
earlier recollections. Interesting, too. are
the stories of her encounters with the wild
cattle and sheepdogs of the Campagna.
The writer was once informed on good
authority that the best way to quiet the
latter was to sit down (since that is the
position in which thej usually see their
masters) and pretend to throw stone- at
them. But he could never summon up
courage to try the experiment.
kull a- are .Mrs. Eraser's reminiscences,
.Marion Crawford could have added much
to what his sister has told us of the Italy of
his day had he lived to write his memoirs.
I hie is a Btory of his which is worth pre-
serving. One evening he was -landing by
the piano in a well-known Roman salon,
almost alone, listening to Liszt, who waa
playing quietly to himself. The other
guests were in the middle of the room
gathered round Mommsen, the lion of the
evening, lb- was disoussing Roman hi--
w ith < Iregoroi iua w ho rest mbled a
typical heavy Lutheran pastor in appear-
ance. Suddenly the argument grew heati d.
and as Crawford drew near he heard
the Voltaire-like Mnmmscn Hash out :
" Aber, Heir ( iregorovius. sind Sic schon
friiher in Bom gewesen '. ' Gregorovius,
who had spent nearly half his life in Home,
was completely reduced to silence.
Cambridge Medieval History. Planned by
J. B. Bury. Edited by H. M. Gwatkin
and J. P. Whitney. -Vol. II. Tfo Riai
of the Saracens and tin Foundation of the
Western Empire. With Volume of Maps.
(Cambridge University Press, 20s. net.)
An incidental remark of the editors, not
altogether justified, concerning the wholly
admirable chapter on Roman law, sent us
back to Gibbon, whose second period of
the ' Decline and Pall ' coincides almost
exactly with that covered by this volume.
The comparison between the two works,
overwhelming as are the difference- be-
tween them from the point of view of his-
torical scholarship, is not entirely in favour
of the new- as against the old. Xo one at
the present clay can hope to embrace the
whole field of historical study with suffi-
cient knowledge of its details to embark
on Gibbon's task, but we may regret the
loss of that unity of aim and treatment
and st}de which makes his great work one
of the classics of our literature. It is to
be hoped that the editors in future volumes
will expand the Preface, in which they give
a somewhat summary account of the book,
into a more connected study of the nature
of what was once called the philosophy
of history.
The observer usually finds in his >ub-
ject little more than what he brings to
its observation. An eighteenth -century
draughtsman saw and preserved the noble
proportions and sweep of Gothic archi-
tecture, but utterly ignored the myriad
beautiful details which are so great a. part
of our pleasure in the same building : the
student of history unconsciously selects
those aspects of the facts before him
which appeal to his personal predilections
and the general sentiment of hi- period.
( ribbon found his ideal in Augustan Rome
— a dream-city of marble and classicism,
an ideal strangely compounded of the toga
and the periwig, of Virgil and Lucretius
and of Malherbe and Corneille ; and he
SOUghl to discover how this ideal had
fallen to pieces and left the world in dark-
ness till the new dawn of the days ol the
Mc dici and the full sunlight <•! the age ol
Louis Quatorze. To him Byzantium was
the China of the West; the art and literature
of the Middle Ages, the formless babblings
of barbarians. Incapable himself of en-
thusiasm or belief, be saw and desci ibed in
the records of the past " little more than
the crimes, follies, and misfortunes ol
mankind."
To us. whose minds and literature .
saturate d w ith mi dissval influences, thi-^
standpoint i- entirely foreign. The con-
tinuity of history appears in another
a-peet than that in which Cibbon -aw it.
Byzantium, like China, has been redis-
446
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
covered. We recognize with gratitude
the part it played as the bulwark of
Christendom for seven centuries, and we
are beginning to appreciate its services
as a nursing mother to the arts in the
dark ages of European barbarism. Im-
perial Rome itself is as much an episode
in the history of civilization as its Eastern
sister ; Greek thoughts, Greek methods,
even in the full tide of the mediaeval
Renaissance, gave it its freshness and
strength as they move us to-day.
Thus the reader in this volume surveys
the welter of barbarism outside Byzan-
tium with an eye for the promise of the
new-ordered civilization which is to come,
and the shaping of the neAV poAvers that
are to contend with it. For the first time
the rise of Islam takes a place in the chain
of events, no longer an accident of the
appearance of the hero as prophet. For
the first time the spread of the Slav west-
ward and southward from his swampy
fastnesses is traced out, and the results
of modern linguistics pressed into service
in a history as fascinating as a novel.
For the first time the story of Visigoth
Spain is written for the general reader.
There is no period of history of which the
average student knows less than that
covered by this volume, or to which the
scholarship of the last twenty years has
contributed so much.
The book itself rarely falls below a high
level. Perhaps the general impression
left by the chapters on Byzantine history
is a little too sombre, too forgetful of the
services of that magnificent bureaucracy
which, in the face of enemies outside and
its emperors at home, held up the empire
for centuries from its fall ; perhaps we
might see an exaggerated Teutonism in a
section on Germanic Heathendom which is
devoted to Scandinavian mythologAr, and
does not mention the fact that the names
of the German deities in Germany are
most of them Celtic ; but differences of
view such as these are inevitable, and
serve but to bring into relief the excellence
of the important chapters.
The Bibliography runs to over 100
pages, and the atlas is indispensable.
The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri.
Translated by E. M. Shaw. (Constable
& Co., 85. Gd. net.)
The appearance of a new verse -translation
of the greatest Christian epic inevitably
suggests such questions as, For what class of
readers is it intended ? and, Does it possess
merit enough to make the labour of its
production worth while % The answer to
the second question is not easy in this
case, for it depends in some measure
on the answer to the first ; and on that
point the translator in her short Preface
fails to enlighten us. It can hardly be
meant for those who are unfamiliar with
the poem and cannot read it in the original,
for it does not contain a single note, nor
even any marginal identification of the
many personages whom Dante does not
expressly name. But if Ave may take it
as meant for those Avho have deeply
studied the poem, Ave are entitled to look
for a higher poetic standard than we
expect in a version like LongfelloAv's,
which from its wealth of illustrative
matter is evidently Avritten for the
beginner.
Mrs. Shaw tells us, strangely enough,
that " there was no labour in the pro-
ducing of it,"' though she admits a
certain amount in " the finishing and
perfecting " of the Averse. She means, we
presume, that it Avas a labour of love, and
its general character supports that ex-
planation. There is a smoothness in
the verse which in some passages rises
to dignity, and she understands the art
of A7arying the cadence of the sentences
so as to avoid stiffness. She is anxious to
keep close to the meaning, and in the
more scholastic discourses of the ' Para-
diso ' this effort — which is not always
successful — detracts from the quality of
the verse. She acknoAv ledges a deep debt
to Gary's translation, and we think that
she OAves as much to Longfellow's, though
she does not expressly admit it. Her
Aversion is not so literal as the latter, but it
is less uniformly prosaic ; and she has taken
much pains with the beautiful similes
with which the poem abounds. She
makes an unnecessary apology for not
attempting a rhymed translation. Pre-
vious efforts to render the poem in its
original terza rima have mostly been con-
spicuous failures, and this not so much
for Mrs. ShaAv's too comprehensive reason
that " English is not a rhyming language,"
as because it is far poorer in rhymes than
the more melodious Italian. The danger
of blank Averse is that it too easily sinks to
the level of prose, and Avhere the trans-
lator yields, as Mrs. ShaAV often does, to
the temptation of ending lines with rela-
tives, prepositions, auxiliary A^erbs, and
even conjunctions, the descent to prose
becomes rapid.
There are some mistakes which a
little competent advice might have pre-
vented, as errors of quantity, especially
in classical names : " Orpheus " is ex-
tended to three syllables, and " Sicheus "
contracted to two ; Avhile " Cai'na " — the
division in the ninth circle of the ' In-
ferno ' — is dissyllabic in one place and
trisyllabic in another. A more irritating
liberty is the dissyllabic A^alue sometimes
given to such Avords as " hour," " fire,"
" Avire," Avhere the metre requires it,
though they are often used properly as
monosyllables. In general, Mrs. ShaAV
avoids the snare of introducing otiose ad-
jectives or sentences on metrical grounds ;
but in Canto IV. of the ' Inferno ' the
allusion to Claudius Ptolemy the astro-
nomer is unfortunately amplified by the
Aveak line
Who knew to foster Alexandria,
which can only apply to a different ,
person, Ptolemy Philadelphus. Taken as
a Avhole, the translation is not Avithout
merit, though it has some serious defects.
Wild Game in Zambezia. By R. C. F.
Maugham. (John Murray, 12s. net.)
1 Mr. Maugham has most skilfully steered
a middle course between the Scylla of
mere big-game shooting "shop" and the
Chaiybdis of a scientific treatise. Those
acquaintc el Avith his previous work will not
be surprised to finel that he has produced
a volume Avhich proves both attractive
to the lay mind and valuable to the
sportsman. The treatment is pleasingly
unusual in two respects : technical terms
are entirely absent, and we have inter-
esting descriptions of the habits — not the
slaughter — of the countless animals, great
and small, that dAvell in mountain, sAvamp,
and jungle on either side of the great
Zambezi river.
The author denounces in forcible
language the wholesale butchery that has
wiped out entire families of African fauna.
Killing for killing's sake is an abomination,
and he is a powerful advocate of more
numerous and better -managed game re-
sents : —
' To my mind a game reserve should be
conducted more or less upon the lines of a
carefully tended botanical garden."
There are great possibilities about the neAV
sport that a few daring souls haA^e recently
indulged in. We can readily imagine that
in " hunting with a camera in place of a
rifle, the excitement and difficult}^ are
greater." After all, to quote Mr. Radclyffe
Dugmore, Avhose wonderful photographs
of Avild animals in their natural surround-
ings are still fresh in our memory, " the
life of any animal, be it bird or beast, is
far more interesting than its dead body."
A most informins: discussion on the
tsetse fly brings us to the A^arious methods
that have been suggested for eradicating
" sleeping-sickness." The author makes
out a good case against Dr. Warrington
Yorkes proposition that the main reser-
voir of infection for the parasite of this
fearful malady would be remoAred if the
African fauna, small and large, were
driven back (i.e. extirpated) from the
regions inhabited by man. Besieles point-
ing out the almost insuperable difficulties
of any attempt to do this effectively, Mr.
Maugham puts in a plea for the big game,
based on twenty years' experience and ob-
servation in fly-infested regions. There are
enormous tsetse - fly belts in Portuguese
East Africa where the pest has existed for
many years, but where there is " not the
smallest trace of game nor recollection of
its occurrence even among the more elderly
of the native inhabitants." What we
had been rudely told Avas '; pampered
softness" inclines us cordially to agree
with the advice to avoid " roughing
it " as far as possible. It is a relief to
find a writer who argues in faA^our of
comfort and decency in camp life on
grounds of health and expediency.
We leave ' Wild Game in Zambezia '
with reluctance. It takes a high place in
the literature of travel and wild life.
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
THE ATIIENiKlTM
447
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Alexander (A. B. D.), CHRISTIANITY and Ethics,
i 8 net. Duckworth
In the •• studios in Theology" Series. The
writer aims at presenting " a brief but compre-
hensive view of the Christian conception of the
moral life." There is a Bibliography, and the
i>ook is divided into four sections, entitled ' Postu-
lates,' ' Personality,' ' Character,' and ' Conduct.'
Barclay (Florence L.t, The Golden Censer. 1/6
net. Hodder & Stonghton
Eight short studies on intercessory prayer.
Eucken (Rudolf\ Cam We Still be Christians ?
Authorized Translation bv Lucv Judge Gibson,
3/6 net. Black
A consideration of the attitude to be adopted
regarding Christianity.
Field (Dorothy), The Religion of the Sikhs,
■• Tin Wisdom of the East Series," 2/ net.
John Murray
The author considers in turn the teaching of
the Sikh Gurus, the religious origins of Sikhism,
and the doctrines of the Sikhs, and in the last
chapter discusses the hymns from the Granth
sahib and the Granth of the Tenth Guru.
Patrick (John), Clement of Alexandria, 7 T>
net. Blackwood
The Croall Lecture for 1899-1900, with
Appendix and Bibliography. In preparing the
book for publication the writer has used O. Stahlin's
text of Clement's works.
Webster (F. S.), Trusting and Triumphing, 2/
net. R.T.S.
A collection of sermons.
Weinel (Heinrich) and Widgery (Alban G.), Jesus
in the Nineteenth Century and After,
10/6 net. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
A study, mainly historical, based on Dr.
NYeinel's "Jesus im 19 Jahrhundert,' and revised
and brought up to date.
LAW.
Hardy (G. L.), The Law and Practice of Bank-
ruptcy, 2/6 net. Effingham Wilson
A practical handbook dealing with Acts of
Parliament, Bankruptcy and other Rules, with
references to cases.
POETRY.
Courthope (W. J.), Selections from the Epi-
grams of M. Valerius Martiauis, translated
or imitated in English Verse, 3/6 net.
John Murray
Containing ' An Epistle of Thanks to the
Rev. H. Montague Butler, D.D., on receiving a
Copy of his Address (to the Classical Association)
" On the Value of Translations from the Classics," '
a ' Note on the Literary Character of the Flavian
Ages in Ancient Rome,' translations and imitations
Martial, printed with the originals, and notes
on the Latin.
Kennedy (James),
Poems, 4 /net.
A new edition.
Scottish and American
Oliphant & Anderson
Moore (T. Sturge), The Sea is Kind, 0/ net.
Grant Richards
Twenty-one of these poems have not been
printed before ; others have appeared in The
English Rerun:. The Neio Statesman, The Poetry
Review, and other papers.
Patterson (Clara Burdett), The Dryad, 3/6 net.
Constable
A long piece in blank verse.
Poet (The , Lightning of Rhythm and Rhvme,
Ming from Time to Time, Vol. 1. No. i, by
Paneumolpos, 3d.
Parnassus Press. 289, Regent St.
The author calls these pieces —none of which
i- longer than six lines — " Fireballs." They
include ' Seleos,' ' Pantheon,' ' Grandiloquence,'
and ' Idcolatry.'
Webster Alphonsus W.), Tin; EnwaKD Lxqht,
and Other VERSES, 2 >'< net. Headley
lUBoeUaneom verses, including ' Makei ol
Music,' ' Balm in Gilead,' ' \ School for Angels,'
and ' Venice, 1513.'
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Congress Library : A l.i.-v ok AXHRK as Doc-
iob w. Dtcmbtatioks i'hiviei, in loiij, pre-
l by Charles A. Flagg, 80c.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
1 ntainfng an alphabetic list of ti,
ted in 1912, rlawifflrd I - ibjecl Index,
and a list of Doctors, arranged under Dhiver-
sities.
English Catalogue of Books (The^ for 1913.
' Publishers' Circular '
This is the seventy-seventh issue of "The
English Catalogue,' anil contains (he t it les. under
authors or subjects, of books published last yen',
as well as some received ton [ate for inclusion in
the former issue.
Mash (Maurice H. B.). Cataloguing Codes, a.
Comparison of the "Cutter" and " A.L.A.
ami L.A." Rules, M. net. Stanley Paid
This paper is reprinted from T.'ie Librarian.
Peddie (R. A.), Conspectus Incunardxoruic:
Part 11. C— («, 1.")/ net. Grafton
An index catalogue of Qfteenth-century
books, with references to Haiti's ' Kepertorium,
Copinger's 'Supplement,' Proctor's ' Index,' Pelle-
chet's • Catalogue, Campbell's ' Annales,' and other
bibliographies.
PHILOSOPHY.
Wilson (Floyd B.), The Man of To-jiorrow :
HUMAN Evolution, impelling Man onward to
God-Consciousness, " The New Thought Li-
brary," 3/6 net. Rider
In his Prologue the author states that it is
his aim to " present what my studies and experi-
ences have taught me as to ways and methods of
using the Key to unlock the slumbering powers
within ourselves."
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Adams (Ephraim Douglass), The Power of
Ideals in American History, 5/ net.
Milford, for Yale University Press
The author discusses the basic principles of
American citizenship and the power of idealism in
American political life, and protests against the
materialistic conception of history for America.
Burns (William J.), The Masked War, the Story
of a Peril that threatened the United States,
by the Man who uncovered the Dynamite
Conspirators and sent them to Jail, 7/6 net.
Hodder <fc Stoughton
In this volume the author sets forth the evi-
dence he gathered against John J. McNamara,
James B. McNamara, and " those of the Inter-
national Bridge and Structural Iron Workers
who betrayed the workers of that union to the
Anarchists."
Butler (A. J.), Bahylon of Egypt, a Study in
the History of Old Cairo, 4/6 net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
In this monograph the author sets out to
prove " that for many centuries before the
conquest Babylon was the recognized name of a
town or city of great importance : that the term
was so understood at the time of the conquest :
and that this usage prevailed for some centuries
after the conquest."
Collectanea Franciscana, edited by A. G. Little,
M. R. James, H. M. Bannister.
Aberdeen University Pre.s
This is the fifth of the " Franciscan Studies "
published by the British Society, and contains a
study of ' Brother William of England ' and a
' Description of a Franciscan Manuscript,' by-
Mr. Little ; ' The Library of the Grey Friars of
Hereford,' by Dr. James ; ' A Short Notice of
some Manuscripts of the Cambridge Friars,' by
the Rev. H. M. Bannister ; and ' Records of the
Franciscan Province of England,' also by Mr.
Little. There are four reproductions from MBS.,
Addenda, and an Index.
Fleischmann (Hector), An Unknown Son of
Napoleon (Count Leon), translated by A. It.
Allinson, 10/6 net. Nash
A biography of Count LeYm, with Appendixes,
Index, and illustrations.
Hare (Christopher), Men and Women of the
Italian REFORMATION, 12/6 net. Stanley Paul
Biographical studies of some leading Italian
Protestants.
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part V.,
edited by Walter 1 1 utehinson, ~'l. net.
This part contains ;i further ins(;il m i^i I, of Sir
Richard Temple's article on India.
Lee (Elizabeth), Otjtda : A Memoir, 10/8 net.
Fisher I Ihwin
An account of the novelist's life and career,
told chiefly from her letters, with chapters on
Ouida as ciitic, novelist, hiimanil arian, and
social reformer.
Phillips (Walter Alison), Tim: CoNEBDBBATEON
Europe, 7 8 net. Longmans
six lectures delivered in the University
Schools, Oxford, on • a study of the Ruropean
Alliance, 1813 1823, as an Experiment in the
Internationa] Organization of Peat
Sandars (Mary F.), BONORS i": BALZAC, hi. Life
and Writings, •"- net. Stanley Paul
A reprint, with a new Introduction l>y
Dr. w. L. Courtney. See notice in Allen.,
kpril 22, 1005, p. 193.
Tilby (A. Wyatt), Soi IB Lb-RIOA, 1 isii L013, 7 .;
net. Constable
This is the sixth volume in the author's
series of "The English People Overseas," and
brings to a close tin; first part of his history,
which treats " in the main of the founding of the
English tyi f civilisation."
Tout (Prof. T. F.), THE PRESENT State of
Medi. kval Studies in Great Britain.
.Milford, for the British Academy
The Presidential Address delivered to the
Mediaeval Section of the Intermediate Historical
Congress in London last April. It is reprinted
from the Proceedings of the British Academy,
vol. vi.
Wertenbaker (Thomas J.), Virginia under the
Stuarts, 1607 1088, 6/6 net.
Milford, for Princeton University Press
A history of Virginia from the founding of
Jamestown to the Revolution of 1688.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Cox (J. Charles), Gloucestershire, " Little
Guides," 2/6 net. Methuen
In his Introduction the author deals generally
with such subjects as the physical features of
the county, its flora and fauna, history, worthies,
and antiquities, and then describes each parish
in alphabetical order. There are illustrations,
maps, plans, a. Bibliography, and an Index.
Terry (T. Philip), Terry's Japanese Empire,
including Korea anu Formosa, 21/ net.
Constable
A practical guide-book for travellers, giving
a detailed account of the country, and descriptions
of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the chief ocean
routes to Japan. The book is fully illustrated
with maps and plans.
SOCIOLOGY.
Jessopp (the late Augustus), England's Peas-
antry, and Other Essays, 7/6 net. Ohwin
Studies of rural life in Norfolk.
ECONOMICS.
Mallock (W. H.), Social Reform as related to
Realities and Delusions, an Examination of
the Increase and Distribution of Wealth from
1801 to 1910, 6/ John Murray
The author examines records relating to the
amount and distribution of incomes at the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century, and compares
them with recent statistics.
Smart (William), An Introduction to the
Theory of Value on the Lines of Menger,
Wieser, and Bohm-Bawerk, 1/6 net.
Macmillan
A third edition.
EDUCATION.
Perse Playbooks : No. 4, First-Fruits of the
Play Method in Prose, 3/ net.
Cambridge, Heffer
The book contains a Preface by Dr. \V. II. 1 >.
Rouse, an I an Essay on the Method by .Mi-. II.
Caldwell Cook, followed by examples of the boys'
work.
PHILOLOGY.
New English Dictionary: Shastri — Shyster, by
Henry Bradley, 5/ Oxford, Clarendon Press
Another section of Vol. VIII.
Soane (E. B.), Grammar of the Kurmanji ok
Kurdish Language, 8/6 net. Luzac
The sixth volume in the " Oriental Grammar
Series."
Wilde (Archer), Sounds and Sio.vs, ,i Criticism
of the Alphabet, with Suggestions for Reform,
1/6 net. Constable
The author discusses some reasons for reform
in spelling, type, and alphabet, and ftlso proposes
improvements in the two last-named, independ-
ent ly of spelling reform.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Arnold's Literary Reading-Books: MaBTBRFOLK,
Scenes from the Lives of Famous .Men, as
describi d by Great Writers, i 0
Short illustrated extracts.
Box (G. H.), Tin; SECOND BOOK OF Kivos. 1 Q
,,,.(. ( Cambridge inn ersity Press
Containing an Introduction on Hebrew
historical writings, the authorship, date, and
sources of - Kings, and the chronology; the
text of the Revised Version with foot-notes, and
an Index of Subji
Chaucer (Geoflreyi, P \in.i:\ii:\T 01 Foi I
edited b> < ■ VL. Drennan, 2 0
I Inivei jil y Tutoria I Pr<
The text, which follows in tie mini <i 94. -7
in ii, e Cambridge University library, accom-
panied by an Introduction, notes, and Glossary.
448
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
McKay (Herbert), A Child's Book of Arith-
metic, l()r/. Methuen
This book is intended for very young children,
and gives practical instructions on the subject
according to kindergarten methods. It is illus-
trated by Miss Lilian Fairweather.
Saintsbury (George), A First Book of English
Literature. 1/0 Maemillan
An outline of the development of English
literature from the earliest times to the end of
l,h»' nineteenth century. Appended to the text
arc an Abstract and Chronological Conspectus and
a Glossary of Technical Terms.
PSYCHOLOGY.
Fuller (Sir Bampfylde), Life and Human Nature,
'■)/ net. John Murray
This work is " an attempt to construct a
natural history — or science — of human nature by
tracing behaviour of mind or body to impulses
which actuate, more or less definitely, all living
creatures." The author reviews the material,
social, economic, and political development of
man, and considers the influence of race and
environment.
Mind at Work (The), edited by Geoffrey Rhodes,
3/6 net. Murby
A handbook of applied psychology, with
contributions by Dr. Charles Buttar, Mr. E. J.
Foley, and Prof. L. L. Bernard.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Peers (Edgar Allison), Elizabethan Drama and
its Mad Folk, the Harness Prize Essay for
1913, 3/6 net. Cambridge, Heffer
An essay on the presentation of madness in
English comedy and tragedy down to 1642.
Vaughan (C), The Influence of English
Poetry upon the Romantic Revival on the
Continent, 1/ net.
Milford, for the British Academy
The Warton Lecture on English Poetrv,
delivered last October. It is reprinted from the
Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. vi.
FICTION.
Allerton (Mark), The Girl on the Green, 6/
Methuen
See p. 474.
Cody (H. A.), The Chief of the Ranges, 6/
Hodder «fe Stoughton
See p. 470.
Crawford (Alexander), The Alias, 1/ net.
Blackwood
A cheap edition.
Edwardes (Tickner), Tansy, 6/ Hutchinson
A tale of village life in the South Downs.
Falconer (Lanoe), Mademoiselle Lye, 1/ net,
Unwin
The first volume in a cheap edition of the
"Pseudonym Library." See notice in Athm..
Nov. 8, 1890, p. 622.
Futrelle (Jacques), Blind Man's Buff, 2/ net,
Hodder & Stoughton
See p. 470.
Gould (Nat), A Gamble for Love, 6/ Long
The hero of this novel falls in love with the
beautiful widow of an American multi-million-
aire, but in order to prove hi; indifference to
her money he affects an attitude of coldn-ss, and
hazards great stakes to win her love. There are
several descriptions of horse-races, and a mystery
regarding the heroine's birth which is slowly
unravelled.
Harding (Mrs. Ambrose), A Daughter of De-
bate, 6/ Werner Laurie
A story of love and adventure in Dominica,
in which the question of " colour " is an important
element.
Havens (Munson), Old Valentines, a Love
Story, 2/6 net. Constable
A pretty tale, in which the hero and heroine
face poverty together, and eventuallv reach
prosperity.
Hayden (Eleanor G.), Love the Harper, 6s.
Smith & Elder
See p. 468.
Keith (Marian), The Pot o' Gold : at the End
of the Rainbow, 6/ Hodder & Stoughton
A story of some simple-hearted people,
mostly Scottish and Irish, living in a country
town in Canada.
Lepelletier (Edmond), Madame Sans-Gene, a
Romance founded on the Play by Sardou and
Moreau, translated from the French and edited
by J. A. J. de Vi liters. 1/6 net. Greening
One of the volumes in the " Lotus Library."
Locke (W. J.), The Fortunate Youth, 6/
John Lane
See p. 467.
Macnamara (Rachael S.), The Awakening, 6/
Jenkins
See p. 473.
Marks (Jeannette), Leviathan, the Record of a
Struggle and a Triumph, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
See p. 472.
Methley (Violet), The Loadstone, 6/
Hurst & Black ett
A story of adventurous and romantic life in
the days of Napoleon.
Norris (Kathleen), The Treasure. Maemillan
A study of an old-fashioned American matron
who resents the efficiency of her maid-of-all-work
— " the treasure," who is a graduate of domestic
economy — and is shocked by the frankness of her
daughter, who proposes to the man she loves.
Pearce (Charles E.), The Crimson Mascot, 6/
Stanley Paul
The story of the theft of a crimson pearl
and the murder of its owner.
Rita, Jill-All-Alone, 6/
See p. 468.
Stanley Paul
Salwey (Reginald E.), The Education of Oliver
Hyde, 6/ Digby & Long
See p. 473.
Straus (Ralph), The Orley Tradition, 6/
Methuen
See p. 465.
Tynan (Katharine), John Bulteel's Daughters,
6/ Smith & Elder
This story concerns the love-affairs of four
young women whose social position is endangered
by a quixotic action of their father before his
marriage.
Wallace (Edgar), Bosambo of the River, 6/
Ward & Lock
Mr. Wallace shows in this series of stories the
manifold difficulties, and activities of, one San-
ders, a Colonial Office Commissioner, while govern-
ing the various tribes under British protection on
the West Coast of Africa.
Wayside Neighbours, by the Author of ' Wayside
Lamps,' 2/6 net. Longmans
A collection of eleven stories, eight of which
are republished from The Treasury.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Boy's Own, April, Qd. 4, Bouverie Street
This number contains the first instalment of
a tale of the Malay Seas, entitled ' The Black
Pearl of Peihoo,' by Mr. S. Portal Hyatt. The
articles include ' Insect Photography,' by Mr.
Herbert Mace ; ' Lacrosse, and How to Play It,'
by Mr. J. S. Hutcheon ; and ' A Philanthropic
" Big Brother " : Mr. William Wheatley and his
Mission,' by Mr. G. A. Leask.
Champion, March, 3d. net. 21, Old Bailey
Includes ' School Songs of Shrewsbury,'
' All about Ferrets,' and ' Thackeray and Boys.'
Girl's Own Paper and Woman's Magazine, April,
Qd. 4, Bouverie Street
The items in this number include ' House-
hold Science in the Universities,' by Mrs. Smedley
Maclean ; ' Who 's Who among the Wild Flowers,'
by Mr. Henry Irving ; and ' The Problem of
Truth,' a short story by Miss Mary Heaton Vorse.
International Theosophical Chronicle, March, Qd.
net. 18, Bartlett's Bldgs.
Notable articles in this number are ' Peace
and War,' by Mr. John Morgan ; ' Parsifal and
the Drama,' by Mr. R. Machell ; and ' Theosophy,'
by Prof. Daniel de Lange.
Irish Review, March, Qd. net.
Dublin, 12, D'Olier Street ;
London, Simpkin & Marshall
The contents of this issue include an article
on the present political situation, entitled ' At
the Irish Junction,' by Mr. P. J. Sheridan ; an
"impression" of 'A New Poet,' Mr. Francis
Ledwidge, by Miss Lily Fogarty ; and verses by
Mr. Thomas MacDonagh, Sir Roger Casement,
and others.
Jewish Review, March, 1/6 net. Routledge
The articles in the present issue include
' The Progress of Education in Jewry,' by Mr.
Israel Cohen ; ' The Observance of the Sabbath
and the Festivals,' by Mr. J. Mann ; and ' Bacher :
a Personal Note,' by Mr. E. N. Adler.
London Quarterly Review, April, 2/6
C. H. Kelly
Notable papers in this number are ' The
Unity of the Human Race,' by Dr. A.
Caldecott ; ' Rabindranath Tagore,' by Mr. E. J.
Brailsford ; and ' Rajas and their Territories,' by
Saint Nihal Singh.
Modern Language Teaching, March, Qd. Black
Includes articles on ' The Germans and their
National Hero,' by Mr. M. Korner, and the
' Reform of English Spelling ' (concluded), by
Mr. C. S. Bremner ; also Correspondence, Reviews,
and Editorial Notes.
North American Review, March, 1/ net.
Heinemann
' Super-Democracy,' by Mr. B. I. Oilman ;
' Christianity and Christian Science,' by the Rev.
Randolph H. McKim ; ' The Sea in the Greek
Poets,' by Mr. W. Chase Greene ; and ' Some
Implications of Bergson's Philosophy,' by Miss
L. C. Willcox, are the most important items
this month.
Scribner's Magazine, April, 1 / Constable
Col. Roosevelt contributes the first two
chapters of ' A Hunter- Naturalist in the Brazilian
Wilderness,' illustrated by Mr. Kermit Roosevelt
and- other members of the expedition ; Mr.
George E. Woodberry writes of North Africa in
an article entitled ' On the Mat,' and Mr. H. G.
Dwight on ' Greek Feasts ' ; and there are other
articles, verses, and short stories.
Stitchery, a Quarterly Supplement to ' The
Girl's Own Paper and Woman's Magazine,'
No. 7, 3d. 4, Bouverie Street
An illustrated booklet giving patterns of
plain and fancy needlework, suggestions for
children's clothes, &c.
Sunday at Home, April, Qd. 4, Bouverie Street
The contents include articles on ' Christ in
the Home,' by the Rev. Harrington C. Lees, and
' The Earth Awakes,' by Mr. Thomas Cassels,
and the first two chapters of ' Harebell's Friend,'
a serial story by Miss Amy Le F'euvre.
Windsor Magazine, April, Qd. Ward & Lock
Offers stories by Sir H. Rider Haggard,
Miss S. Macnaughtan, and Mr. Eden Phillpotts ;
and articles on ' The Art of Val. C. Prinsep, R.A.,'
by Mr. Austin Chester, and ' The Public Record
Office,' by Mr. J. G. Black.
GENERAL.
Anecdotes of Pulpit and Parish, collected and
arranged by Arthur H. Engelbach, 3/6
Grant Richards
Anecdotes of well-known prelates and others,
with an Index.
Begbie (Harold), The Ordinary Man and the
Extraordinary Thing, 1/ net.
Hodder & Stoughton
A popular edition.
Caldecott (W. Shaw), Outline Lecture on
Herod's Temple of the New Testament, 1/
C. H. Kelly
This lecture is illustrated by a photograph of
the author's model of the Temple.
Catalogue of Valuable Books and Important
Illuminated and Other Manuscripts, 2/6
Sotheby
An illustrated catalogue. The sale will take
place on April 6th, 7th, and 8th.
PAMPHLETS.
Cantor (Charles), Parsifal, an Analysis and
some Thoughts on the Symbolism, 1/
Year-Book Press
A paper on the sources of ' Parsifal ' and its
allegorical significance.
Holland (Henry Scott), Unity in Diversity.
Oxford, Blackwell
A sermon preached at St. Mary's Church
before the University of Oxford last February.
Way of Unity and Peace (The), Id.
Smith & Elder
The purpose of this pamphlet is to appeal
to common sense in the present Irish crisis, and
to indicate the way to unity.
No. 4509, March 28, 1014
THE ATHENAEUM
449
SCIENCE.
Barrett-Hamilton (Gerald E. H.)( A BISTORT OF
BRITISH Mammals, Part XV.. 2 ti
Gurney & Jackson
1' ils with Rodents, ami is plentifully
illustrated.
The publishers announce that, owing to the
lamented death of Major Barrett-Hamilton,
Mi. .Mattin A. C. Hinton of the British .Museum
will complete the work. This section contains
an appreciation of Major Barrett-Hamilton.
Boutroux (Emile), Xvitkai. Law ix Science and
PHTL080PHY, 7 ti net. Nutt
An authorized translation by Mr. Fred
Roth well.
Crawford i David L.), A Contribution toward a
Monograph of thk Homopterous Insects
of the Family Delphacid.k of Xorth and
s rrit America.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
This paper is reprinted from the Proceedings
of the United States National Museum.
Fantham (H. B.) and Porter (Annie), Some
Minute Animal Parasites : or, Unseen
Foes in the Animal World, 5/ net.
Methuen
This book aims at giving a popular and
accurate account of some microscopic protozoal
organisms that produce disease in higher animals,
including man. It is illustrated by drawings
made from the atithor's own specimens.
Hilditch (T. P.), A Third Year Course of
ORGANIC Chemistry: the Heterocyclic Com-
pounds, Carbohydrates, and Terpenes, 6/
Methuen
This volume is a sequel to Dr. A. E. Dunstan's
' First Year ' and Mr. F. B. Thole's ' Second Year
Organic Chemistry.'
Horticultural Record (The), compiled by Reginald
Cory, 12 net. J. & A. Churchill
This volume contains over 180 coloured and
half-tone reproductions of some of the plants,
flowers, and rock gardens at the Royal Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition of 1912. These
plates are preceded by articles by Mr. H. R.
Darlington, Mr. James O'Brien, and others,
illustrating the progress of horticulture since the
Exhibition of 18G6.
Leith (C. K.), Structural Geology, 6/6 net.
Constable
A textbook for students. It is illustrated
with photographs and diagrams, and there is an
Index.
Levick iDr. G. Murray), Antarctic Penguins,
6/ net. Heinemann
An account of the habits of Antarctic pen-
guins by the zoologist to the Scott Expedition.
The illustrations from photographs are an impor-
tant feature of the book.
Proceedings of the Rhodesia Scientific Associa-
tion, Vol.. XII. Bulawayo, the Association
ntains papers read during 1912-13. These
include ' Some Ethnological Questions affecting
Rhodesia,' by the Rev. S. S. Dornan ; 'Social
Conditions of the Natives of Mashonaland,' by
Mr. F. W. T. Posselt ; and ' The Rise of the
Matabele,' by Mr. II. Marshall Hole. ^
Sage (Arthur R.) and Fretwell (Wm. E.), A$Text-
Book or Elementary Buildini. CONSTRUC-
TION, 3 r, net. Methuen
The aim of thus book is to give general ele-
mentary knowledge of the principles of building
• ruction.
Union of South Africa, Annt.u, Rkport of the
Department of Agriculture for the Pe-
riod 1912-13, 4/ Cape Town, ' Cape Tim* 9 '
A full and illustrated report.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Carpenter (Edward), [NTRRKRDIATB Ttpbs AMONG
PBnanVE Folk, a Study in Social Evolution,
4/6 net. Allen
A discussion of the intermediate types be-
tween the normal in. in ami the normal Woman.
The b<.ok i-> divided into two parts, 'The [nter-
mediate in the Oct vice of Religion ' and ' Tie;
Intermediate ..^ Warrior,' the former of which
was originally published in Prof. Stanley Sail's
American Journal of Religion* I'm i/rholog;/, .J une,
1911.
FINE ARTS
Catalogue of the Collection of Greek, Roman,
English, and Foreign Coins, &c, in Gold and
Silver, the PROPBBTT "i Ki.noai.i. IIazeuhnk,
1/ Sotheby
An illustrated i of a collection to be
sold on April 8ra\
Corot, Landscapes, Text by I). Oroal Thomson,
Part VI.. 2 (> net. ' ' The Studio ' Office
This number completes the series. It con-
tains plates in facsimile colours of "The Boat-
man,' " I'ne Soiree.' ' LagO di (Simla : Chevriere
au Hon! de I'Bau,' ' L'Ouragan,' and ' La Route
d'Arras.'
MUSIC.
Gibb (Marian P.), A Guide to the Chassevant
.Method of Education, 3/6 net. Heinemann
An explanation of Mile. Chassevant's system.
With this volume we have received ' Chassevant
Method of Musical Education. Solfege,' First
Course (1/6); Second Course (2/6); and Third
Course (3/), adapted by Miss Gibb.
DRAMA.
Cornford (F. M.), The Origin of Attic Comedy,
8/6 net. Arnold
The author's hypothesis is that the tradi-
tional " forms " — which are said by Aristotle
to be present in Attic Comedy at the date from
which the record of comic poets begins — still
traceable in the constant features of the Aristo-
phanic play, were inherited from a ritual drama,
the content of which can be reconstructed.
Murray (Gilbert), Andromache, a Play in Three
Acts, paper 1/ net, cloth 2/ net. Allen
A revised edition.
Tolstoy (Leo), Plays, translated by Louise and
Aylmer Maude, 5/ net. Constable
A complete edition, including the posthumous
plays. There are illustrations and a brief Preface.
Foreign.
FOREIGN.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Lettres et Documents pour servir a l'Histoire
de Joachim Murat, 1767-1815, publies par S.A.
le Prince Murat. VIII. Royaume de Naples
(9 Septembre, 1809—6 Aout, 1810), 7fr. 50.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
The eighth volume of the Murat Papers,
including illustrations, and an Introduction and
notes by M. Paul Le Rrethon.
Rambaud (Alfred) , Histoire de la Russie
depuis les Origines jusqu'a nos Jours, 6fr.
Paris, Hachette
A sixth edition, revised and brought up to
1913.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Table AIphab6tique de la Bibliographic de la
France, Annee 1913.
Paris, Cercle de la Librairie
Compiled from the Journal General de I Im-
primerie et de la Librairie.
PHILOLOGY.
Luick (Dr. Karl), Historische Grammatik der
Englisciien Sprache, 4m. Leipsi", Tauchnitz
The second part of this study.
Ovid, Metamorphoseon Libri XV. Lactanti
Placidi qui ijicttur Narhationes Fabu-
larum Ovidianarum, recensuit apparatu cri-
tico instruxit Hugo Magnus, 30m.
Berlin, Wcidmann
Includes a text of the ' Metamorphoses,'
with critical notes below, an Index of Names, and
three plates with reproductions of manuscripts.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Courbaud (Edmond), Horace, sa Vie et sa Pensee
& I'fipoque des Epitres, 3£r. 50. Paris, Hachette
A critical study of the flrst book of the
Epistles and its connexion with the poet's life.
GENERAL.
Annales de la Societ6 Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
v*ol. IX., 1913, lot'. Geneva, A, Julien
The Annals include several letters of RoUSSeau
and a Ribligraphy.
Frankfurter Bucherfreund, Neue Folga, Xr. I.,
6m. annually. Prankfurl a.M., Joseph Baer
An Illustrated catalogue including the
following divisions: Primitive Woodcuts and
Pageant .
Monnlot (Albert), LB Chime Kitiki. OHRZ i.i
J tii—. Sfr. 60. , Paris, Pierre TeqnJ
With a Preface by M. Edouard Drumont.
Schaukal (Richard), 7,v:\-\ ki.k \stkn kinks Zkit-
(,i.no--i.\ aus H Ufa Bubobbs Paptbren, 1m.
\I nnieh, Qeorg Midler
Studies on varied subjects of literary and
genera] Inten
AN AUTHORS' UNION.
22, Chepstow Villas, Bayswater, W., March 24, 191*.
In reply to Mr. Charles Garvice's letter
in your issue of the Nth inst., in which
lie maintains that 1, as a member of the
Society of Authors, should have communi-
cated with that Society before taking part
in the discussion re the above to which you
kindly opened your columns, I should like
to say that it ought to be possible to discuss
the difficulties and disabilities of authors
as craftsmen, and yet remain loyal to the
existing Society, which has done, and is
doing, so much for the dignity and independ-
ence of authorship as a profession.
With regard to the references made this
week in a contemporary, in which it is sug-
gested that the critical and the creative
faculties do not go together, I would respect-
fully submit that this is not wholly correct.
Every imaginative author, whether poet
or novelist, must perforce endeavour to
exercise the faculty of criticism and of
selection with regard to his own work
before submitting it to the public. More-
over, critics, like creators of literature, have
in some well-known instances had their
judgments reversed by that sternest critic
of us all, viz., Time.
For information as to the initial stages of
the discussion re an Authors' Union, I would
refer Mr. Garvice to the views of The Athe-
naeum of February ]4th and 2 1st.
W. J. Cameron.
THE SHAKESPEARES AND STOKE.
Leonard Stanley Vicarage, Stonehouse, Glos.
March 15, 1914.
Referring to the article in your issue of
March 14th, by Mrs. C. C. Stopes, on Shake-
speare and Asbies, it is curious that John
Shakespeare went all the way to Stoke-on-
Trent for a surety, and it suggests that the
Shakespeares had relations living in those
parts.
The great parish of Stoke comprised
within its limits, if I mistake no1, much of
the manor of Newcastle-under-Lyme.
It may interest Mrs. Stopes to know that
there was, in the late fourteenth century
and possibly earlier and later still, a family
of Shakespeare living in that manor. If
she will consult the Newcastle Manor Court
Rolls at the Record Oft ice she Mill find,
under 37 Edw. III., a " John Shakespere " on
the jury in that year, and that in the same
year a " William Shakespere " was essoined.
A " John Shakespere " occurs again in 17
Rich. II. I was searching those records
years ago for very different things, and
happened by chance to light on those names.
I have no doubt a search would reveal
other entries of the name. It would be a
singularly interesting thing if it could be
shown thai the Shakespeares of Stratford
came originally out of Staffordshire.
( 'll AKl.KS SWYNNKKTON.
HOOK SALE.
ON .Monday and Tuesday, the hith and J7th
inst., Messrs. Sotheby sol. I the library of the late
Mr. A. 15. Stewart of Kawrlille, GlaSgOW, the chief
prices being: Bannatyne club Publications,
182:t »i7, 134/. Gould, Birds "f Great Britain,
5 vols., 1st::, 81*. Holbein. Portraits of Illus-
trious Persons of the Court of Henry VIII., 17U2,
26Z. Bora B.V.M., Pranco-Flemish MS., 1 5 th
century, '■'■'>'. Euaitland Club Publications, 02
. lgso 50, us/. Charles tfathews, Memoirs,
r, \,,i .. extra-illustrated, 1889, 21/. sir Thomas
More, Works, 1667, 2 1/. I'yne. Ih Lay of the
Royal Residences, :: \.>l-., 1810, 261. Shake*
speare, Work . 1623, 1632, 1684, an. I L686, lirst
Four Polios, 1,2007. The total <"f Hie sals WS*
ti, 6«. 6d.
450
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
NOTES FROM OXFORD.
" O University Reform, what crimes are
committed in thy name ! " Such an excla-
mation will be found handy by all parties at
Oxford in view of recent events. The sup-
porters of the proposal to abolish the three
orders composing the Hebdomadal Council
are not unnaturally wroth with the pro-
fessoriate and its backers. Having toiled
for the best part of two years, they are
brought to naught by the adverse vote of
a narrow majority in Convocation. Now
Convocation represents that " last ditch "
in which it is seemly enough that an uncom-
promising opposition should die magnifi-
cently. But if when the routed foe, hurled
back from one position after another, rises
in restored and reinforced array out of the
ditch in question, so that it is filled to the
brim, not with their own slain bodies, but
with those of their triumphant pursuers,
then it is no wonder if the latter take it
somewhat hardly. To escape one's own
notice having been beaten — how can this
be a virtue in professors — in those whose
business and boast it is to know ? More-
over, Council had certainly done its best,
by the method of propounding alternative
resolutions, to ascertain what public opinion
demanded in regard to this matter, and
was in honour bound to bring forward pre-
cisely such a scheme as has now suffered
shipwreck. Statesmanship has not been
to blame, but simply the stubborn logic of
events.
The professors, on their side, say that
they may in principle claim, and do in fact
require, special representation in Council
as the official upholders of the cause of
learning, or — to put the same thing in
another way — of research. They suspect
the proposal to disfranchise them of being
no better than a specious attempt to sub-
ordinate the University, as focus and head-
quarters of the higher studies, to the system
of the Colleges, which are more directly
concerned with the teaching of youth.
Whether there was any conscious design
on the part of the abettors of the Bill to
strengthen College influence may be doubted.
On the other hand, academic liberals rallied
in considerable numbers to the support of
the professoriate because they feared lest
otherwise the ideal of what is termed "a
teaching University " should become all-in-
all. Undismayed by taunts to the effect
that they were pandering to vested interests,
that, in defiance of the spirit of democracy,
they were condemning the popular assembly
to consider legislation initiated by those
who were not its own nominees, and so
forth, they lent their aid to the professors,
lest the higher studies should become crys-
tallized in the form of curricula, lest learn-
ing should become identified with reading
for the Schools. There is room within the
University for a certain conflict of ideals.
As old Heraclitus says, opposite friction
keeps things together. Research and the
training of youth go hand in hand up to a
certain point ; but beyond that point
there is bound to be an incompatibility of
aims, since to prosecute research for its
own sake, and train others in the methods
of research, demands the special student ;
while for the purposes of general education,
such as a College seeks to provide, there is
needed a goodly number of cultivated men
of wide interests, ready to take an active
part in the moral and social life of the place.
The tutorial system for all good Oxford men
is a just source of pride. It could hardly be
bettered in their eyes, and for that very
reason is strong enough as it is. On the
other hand, a possible tyranny of professors
at Oxford is almost unthinkable, because in
existing conditions it taxes their utmost
endeavours to assert even a condominium
with the tutors. If the present struggle to
maintain their rights tends to augment their
corporate feeling, it will be all to the good.
They need to take counsel together, so as
to make sure that the interests of research
are worthily represented, and incidentally
to see that the drones occasionally to be
met with in every hive of learning are suit-
ably admonished, lest specific charges of
inefficiency be generalized to the prejudice
of the entire order.
Meanwhile, the six Heads of Houses find
themselves preserved by the wholesale
rejection of the statute, though the thought
that they should be disestablished caused
pain to few, and probably not even to them-
selves. The fact is that, for one reason or
another, there are not enough of them to
supply a succession of persons able and
ready to undertake the arduous work of
Council. It is to be hoped that a Bill will
promptly be introduced to cut down the
number of places reserved for them from
six to half that number, thus assigning nine
out of the available eighteen seats to those
who have braved the test of " free election."
It only remains to add in this context
that there is a sound psychological reason
why, if the highest dignitaries of the Uni-
versity are to be induced to serve on Council
in sufficient numbers, their path of entry
should be made smooth. If there is a
chance of the Head of a House being beaten
in open fight by a Junior Fellow, or of a
Professor succumbing to a Demonstrator,
the former, if endowed with the ordinary
human passions, will simply refuse to stand.
As Plato says in regard to a somewhat
similar case, a member of this select band,
having tasted how sweet and blessed his
treasure is, will prefer to watch the madness
of the many from afar, as one who takes
shelter beneath a wall on a stormy day,
unless, indeed, he be provided with a political
constitution suited to him. Well, the
requisite political constitution, as it turns
out, will be forthcoming at Oxford after all !
The other matter that has occupied our
legislators during this Term is the Reform
of Responsions. The new scheme was
criticized adversely in the last instalment
of these Notes from the standpoint of those
who do not believe in compiilsory Greek.
A great many amendments have been pro-
posed, but hardly any have been accepted.
One important modification, however, has
been introduced, consisting in the admission
of the principle of compensation. Hence-
forth the clever mathematician who is all-
but-Greekless may hope for mercy from his
examiners, if only the latter can decide
amongst themselves how many lines of the
' Hecuba ' wrong are equivalent to one
quadratic equation right. This will be all
the more possible because the examiners,
under the new plan, will be experts in school-
education, and some of them even Cam-
bridge men. The Masters of the Schools are
to be abolished, because those narrow-
minded dons looked no further than to the
needs of their own University. Who knows
whether sometimes they may not have
harboured the gross and sinister intent of
admitting a sufficiency of students — good,
bad, or indifferent — to enable the University
and the Colleges to pay their way ? But
now, in the interests of the schools, a
higher standard of attainment is to be
imposed on those who would qualify
for a University career. Regarded in them-
selves, it must be allowed, the new require-
ments embody a more liberal ideal of public-
school education. Somewhat harder mathe-
matics, classics perhaps a shade easier, and
at any rate less cumbered with pedantry,
English composition, and an extra subj( ■<
— such a system of tests would undoubtedly
foster and bring to light a genuine capacity
for higher studies in a way that Responsions
could never do. But how can the standard
be raised without lowering the number of
those who pass ? It is replied that, by
spreading the examination over two years
or more, and by catching the candidates
young (before the bloom of their classical
attainments has had time to wear off), the
ranks of the successful will positively be
swelled, and every College will be turning
away money from the door. Well, this may
be so, but if the prophets turn out to be
wrong, the University will have to pay the
piper. Meanwhile, outside the class of the
classically trained, there would seem to be
plenty of good material for the highest
education in mathematics and natural
science. Why limit ourselves then, except
for social reasons, to that one class ? In
this awkward question we have the rock
on which the present scheme will in all
probability split.
The Oxford Magazine has been gallantly
championing the cause of the Demonstrator.
It is certainly high time that the status and
emoluments of those who do yeoman service
in the scientific laboratories were sub-
stantially improved. The newly established
General Board of Faculties might well devote
immediate attention to the subject. It is
possible that, in regard to fees, the system
of profit-sharing in vogue in the various de-
partments does not represent all that could
be desired. For the rest, more fellowships
might be bestowed on the Museum, such a
reward being notably deserved by the De-
monstrator, who, by attention to a special
line of research, has won himself what
amounts to the position of an assistant
professor.
Oxford has long stood in need of an
Institute of Social and Political Studies,
and a satisfactory start has at length been
made in the foundation of Barnett House,
which commemorates the name of one
whose philanthropy marched hand in hand
with a scientific interest in the facts of social
life. The provisional Committee is engaged
in raising a maintenance fund, and its en-
deavours have already met with a consider-
able response. Oxford provides ideal
head-quarters for the study of social pro-
blems, being sufficiently in touch with great
men and great movements to warm the
heart, yet remote enough from the welter
of contemporary politics to keep the head
cool. Indeed, it is becoming one of the
leading functions of the University to enable
students of all nations to obtain insight into
the methods and ideals of this country,
which in so many respects is the political
laboratory of the world. Barnett House,
then, can hardly fail to have an interesting
future, and with proper support is likely to
develope into an important focus of Uni-
versity education.
This summer Exeter College will celebrate
the six hundredth anniversary of the founda-
tion of the College. To signalize the occa-
sion new windows have been inserted in
the College Hall in commemoration of
distinguished Exonians, past and present ;
while, if sufficient support is forthcoming
from old members, it is hoped that further
improvements may be carried out in respect
to the College buildings. The Rector of
the College, Dr. Farnell, is likewise preparing
a full Bibliography of the scientific and
literary works produced by the Fellows and
Tutors during the last half -century. Those
who are wont to declare that the academic
life is, under present conditions, incompatible
with research will, it is to be hoped, fail to
find their crucial instance here. M.
No. 4509, March 28, 1014
THE A TH KNiEUM
451
ffittnttg (Snssip.
The objects of the proposed School of
Imperial Studies deserve the attention and
support of students of history : but it
may be pointed out that Mr. Sidney Low
is under a misapprehension when he states
(as reported) that our Imperial archives
are left " almost untouched." and that it
remains for some future organization in
the University of London to indicate the
uses of this branch of our public records.
We should have thought it common know-
ledge that a great amount of skilled re-
search has been done in this direction, both
by official and unofficial agencies ; while
the outlying documents are being rapidly
accounted for by the Historical Manu-
scripts Commission, the Commission on
Public Records, and the forthcoming
' Bibliography of British History.'
Apart from the above agencies, many
foreign and colonial students, and those of
at least one college of London Universit3T,
have made extensive researches amongst
the Imperial sources, and to claim this
field of labour as virgin soil is scarcely
fair to the labourers concerned.
We have received from Mr. C. Arthur
Pearson. Hon. Treasurer of the National
Institute for the Blind, a letter containing
a very reasonable suggestion to which we
are glad to give publicity. A large number
of kindly persons undertake to write books
in Braille by hand for the use of the blind.
Many of the works selected for reproduction
thus are of general interest, and can only be
made in sufficient numbers by machinery,
so that their production by hand — a slow
and tedious process— is almost lost labour.
On the other hand, there is a small, but
often pressing demand on the part of
individual blind readers for special works
which would not command a large enough
sale to make their reproduction in Braille
by machinery worth while.
Mr. Pearson suggests that writers of
Braille should turn their attention to these,
and proposes to create a department at the
Institute with which blind students and
writers of Braille alike may communicate
— these to be told what works are required,
and those to state their wants in the way of
»ks.
Tht. building begun some ten years ago,
and completed at a co-t of 600,0002.,
d signed to hold the Academy of Sciences,
the University Library, and — more im-
portant than the.st — the Royal Library of
Berlin, was opened on the 22nd inst. It
Btands on the north side of Unter den
Linden, and that part of it dedicated to
the Royal Library is capable of accom-
modating 6,000,000 hook-. The Royal
Library had its beginning in the to asuri
from dissolved monasteries collected by
the Great Elector. First housed in the
Royal cast le, it was transferred in 1 780 to a
building opposite the Opera-House, where
Frederick the Great allowed the public
accss to it. and where it remained till it
was moved to it- present quarters. It
numbers more than one and a half million
volumi
M. Paul Deschanel has been elected
a member of the Academic dee Sciences
Morales et Politiqucs. The fact is worth
notice, for the President of the French
Chamber of Deputies has been a member
of the Academic Francaise since L899, and
it is not usual for one of the " Forty " to
become a candidate for a chair in another
academy, though the converse occurs
frequently.
The February number of The Russian
Review — published quarterly by the School
of Russian Studies in the University of
Liverpool — is decidedly worth attention
on the part of that increasing public
which acknowledges the fascination of
Russia. It contains an illuminating paper
on that very subject by Mr. Maurice
Baring ; discussions of the relations be-
tween England and Russia in early days
and in recent years ; the account of a
' Visit to a Settlement of Old Believers,'
by Mi-. W. J. Birkbeck ; and one or two
articles — such as Mr. George Calderon's
' The Tale of Sorrow ' and a translation
of M. V. G. Korolenko's ' The Old Bell-
ringer ' — which illustrate from the more
intimate side the life of the people. Mr.
Harold Williams's study of ' The Russian
Mohammedans ' and Anton Palme's ' Pro-
gress of Russian Studies in Germany ' are
also noticeable.
The April number of The Common-
wealth is of considerable and varied interest.
It has articles on the Free Church Council
at Norwich, Colliery Explosions, Nietzsche
and Eugenics, and Christianity and Social
Welfare in New Zealand. In all alike
appeal is made to those hidden sources of
noble impulse which we recently heard a
preacher, discoursing on ' The Futility of
the Faithful,' compare with reservoirs lying
unused because the machinery to draw
upon them has been misapplied or mislaid.
It seems worth while to draw the attention
of a wider circle of readers to our plain-
speaking, hard - hitting contemporary,
whose bete noire, we gather, is piety
divorced from practice.
Chambers's Journal for April has an
article on Queen Elena of Italy as "a
Royal Archaeologist," by Mr. L. A. M.
Pynsent ; a paper by Mr. F. G. Afialo
entitled " Thoughts of a Traveller ' ; and
one on ' The Plague in Scotland,' by
Mr. Louis A. Barbe. ' In Pilgrim Garb '
(suggested by Mr. Stephen Graham's late
work on Russian pilgrimages), 'Antarctica,'
' Nerves versus Happiness,' and ' Edu-
cation in Food Values,' ;m account of
methods adopted in the United States,
should be worth attention.
Harper's Magazine for April contains an
article entitled "What is Gravity?' by
Sir Oliver Lodge; a story by Mary lv
Wilkins (Airs. Freeman) called ' Daniel and
Little Han ' ; a paper on the Yucatan ruins,
by J)r. Ellsworth Huntington; and an
ly on ' Writing English,' by Mr. Henry
Seidel Canby. Madame de Hegermann-
Lindencrone writes on her ' First Visil to
the Court of Denmark,' and Mrs. Chapman
Catl has an article on A Survival of
Mai riarchv.'
Messrs. Smith & Elder are publishing
immediately, in two volumes, the late
Whitelaw Reid's ' American and English
Studies.' These include some of the
writer's more important discussions on
matters of public interest, and illustrate
both his purely intellectual outlook and
his point of view as a citizen.
Thk death is announced in Edinburgh, in
his 65th year, of Dr. David Patrick, editor
of " Chambers's Encyclopaedia,' the ' Cyclo-
paedia of Literature,' and other works.
For some months Dr. Patrick had been
unfit for duty, but the immediate cause of
death was pneumonia, to which he suc-
cumbed last Sunday. The son of the
Rev. Joseph Patrick, Free Church minister,
Ochiltree, Ayrshire, he was born at Loch-
winnoch in 1849, and educated at Ayr
Academy, under Dr. James Macdonald, and
Edinburgh University. He next passed to
New College, with a view of reading for the
ministry of the Free Church, and subse-
quently studied philosophy, history, and
theology at the Universities of Tubingen,
Leipsic, Berlin, and Gottingen. Owing
to conscientious scruples, he did not in
the end become a minister, but took up
literary work, doing articles for the ninth
edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica f
and for the ' Globe Encyclopaedia ' before
joining the literary staff of Messrs. W. & R.
Chambers, where he rose to be chief. He
came first as temporary assistant to Dr.
Findlater in 1874, then returned as locum
tcnens when the editor was ordered
abroad for his health, and later succeeded
him. He saw through the press the new
edition of w Chambers"s Encyclopaedia,' the
' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' the
■ Gazetteer of the World,' and the - Bio-
graphical Dictionary,' the last an excel-
lent book in which he had F. H. Groome
as a collaborator.
Dr. Patrick's vast stores of reading and
experience were cheerfully placed at the
service of his employers and colleagues.
He was indefatigable as a note taker, and
his reference copy of the ' Encyclopaedia '
is a mass of annotations culled from every
source. A laborious work was his transla-
tion for the Scottish History Society of
' Statuta Ecclesiae Scoticanae, 1225-1550. '
with illustrative notes. He had gathered
much out-of-the-way material regarding
the life and works of Burns, which,
however, he never published.
M. Charles Waddingtoh died last
week. Born at Milan in J SI <». he was a
teacher in several lycies, and a lecturer Eoi
some time at the LYole Xornialc before
he was appointed in 1879 to the Chair ol
Classical Philosophy at the Sorhonne. fa
L888 he was elected a member of the Aca-
demic deS Sciences Morales ct PolitiqUCS.
lie is best known as the author of ' Dels
Psychologie d'Aristote,' 'Ramus, sa Vie
et ses Opinions,' ' Essai de Logique,1 and
■ Aristote, ficrivainol Moraliste.'
\\'i; regref to learn of the death, in
his 84th year, of the distinguished
Provencal poet Frederic Mistral, which
took place on Wednesday lasl al Maillan
We shall publish a notice of his life and
W Ork next Week.
452
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
SCIENCE
THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF
AVIATION.
Heee we have a " practical " manual of
flying, in contradiction to the many vol-
umes that have been written on the theory
of the subject. It embraces the actual
•experiences of the authors, and for that
reason, perhaps, is likely to make a more
popular appeal than many of the works
•on aviation that have preceded it.
Mr. Gustav Hamel, particularly, is
known as an intrepid flier. Of his
authority to write on the subject there
•can be no question, and manjr who
have admired him in the distance
will be glad to make a closer ac-
quaintance with him through the medium
of the printed page.
They will enjoy their experience the
more because there is no suspicion of
boasting or vain-gloriousness in this enter-
taining book. The authors are frankly
fascinated with their subject, and they
write with the enthusiasm of devotees.
The " man in the street," who possesses
possibly no great desire to be among the
■conquerors of the air. will yet be curious to
know the sort of qualifications necessary
for the art. He will learn here that
" the extremely excitable man, who is never
in repose, will probably learn to fly easily, but
be has not the qualities to become a master.
His opposite, the very dull, listless, heavy
individual, will probably during his lesson
never show the slightest perturbation, and
will essay his first solo flight with perfect
apparent sang-froid. He is, however, quite
likely to smash his machine at this trial."
But these two types of men are both
-extremes, and not, we imagine, more
common among aviators than elsewhere.
The best age to learn to fly is, we are
told, from eighteen to thirty. The late
Mr. S. F. Cody, who started at the age of
forty-seven, was an exception to the
general rule. But, as in most other
sports, in order to excel one must begin
young.
Another matter that should prove of
peculiar interest to the average onlooker is
the question of the cause and prevention
of accidents. We learn that they are
largely due to carelessness, and the neglect
of trivial details.
" It cannot be too often laid down that
the best pilot is not he who exhibits great
audacity, but rather the man who makes
sure of his goal by preventing the possibility
of mishap. By vigilance on the part of all
■concerned flying can be made safe, even on
the machines of the present day."
This is mere common sense, and the
■deduction as to safety is comforting,
though it would seem to show that there
has been a good deal of fatal carelessness
in the past.
To those who see something more in the
future of aviation than the mere giving of
Flying, some Practical Experiences. By
Gustav Hamel and Charles C. Turner.
(Longmans & Co., 12s. Qd. net.)
exhibition flights, upside down or other-
wise, the chapter on ' The Aeroplane in
War ' should be attractive. The numerous
illustrations — many of them photographs
taken in mid-air of the panorama of city
or country - side below — are a decided
addition to the book.
SOCIETIES.
Bbttish Academy. — March 18. — Viscount
Bryce, President, in the chair. — Prof. Haverfield,
Fellow of the Academy, read his Annual Report
on ' Recent Discoveries in Roman Britain.'
The lecturer began by observing that an annual
report such as he had given for some years to the
Academy must necessarily sound like a chapter
from a narrative of which the preceding chapter
had been read a year ago, and the following one
could not be known till a twelvemonth hence.
Still, there seemed a demand for such a summary.
Abridgments and snippets were, indeed, generally
popular to-day. The past year had seen much
archaeological activity, which he described with
lantern illustrations. In the far North Dr.
Macdonald and himself had verified a Roman
encampment at Ythan Wells in North Aberdeen-
shire, almost in the latitude of Inverness ; at
some still doubtful date it had sheltered a largish
Roman force for a few days, and it was for the
nonce the " Furthest Known North " of the
Romans. On the Wall of Pius, between Forth
and Clyde, Dr. Macdonald had fixed the true
sites of three forts and the true line of the Wall
in some doubtful places ; he had also detected at
last the western terminus of these frontier works
near Old Kilpatrick ; while Mr. Miller of Glasgow
University had patiently excavated an interest-
ing fort at Balmuildy, just outside Glasgow.
The excavations at Corbridge, for the first time
since their beginning in 1907, had proved some-
what disappointing. But at Ambleside, at Slack
near Huddersfield, at Castell Collen near Llan-
drindod Wells, and at Gellygaer in Glamorgan, the
uncovering of four Roman forts had been com-
menced or continued, and good additions made
to our understanding of how the Romans con-
quered and held down the hill-tribes of Western
and Northern Britain. At Chester a graveyard
of the legionary fortress had been examined by
Prof. Newstead ; while eight miles away, at Holt,
Mr. Acton had further explored the kilns in which
the legion had made its tiles and pottery — kilns
of much technical interest and excellent pre-
servation. Not only did identically stamped
tiles occur at Chester and at Holt, but the Holt
pottery was found in Chester — for instance, in
the graveyard just explored.
To match these finds much had been yielded
by non-military settlements. Chief among these
was the country-town of Viroconium, or Wroxe-
ter, in Shropshire, where Mr. Bushe-Fox had
enjoyed a successful second season, finding in
particular the foundations of a temple of Italian
rather than British style, which was in use during
the second and third centuries. At Colchester,
the " Colonia " on the opposite side of Britain,
the striking ruin of the western or Balkerne gate
had been examined and planned by the Morant
Club. At Canterbury another mosaic fell to be
added to the evidence for this Romano-British
country-town. In London clearances for new
buildings connected with the G.P.O. had laid
bare rubbish-pits of Londinium, though, like many
London antiquities, they had gained scanty
attention. Few, even among London anti-
quaries, knew that little more than a year ago
the London Museum acquired a Roman pot
scratched with the ancient Roman name "Lon-
dinium." Less success had fallen to excavations
at Caerwent and Kenchester, but a word was due
to work by Mr. D. Atkinson, Research Fellow of
Reading College, at Lowbury. Here, on a hilltop
of the Berkshire Downs, overlooking the Thames
Valley, was a dwelling-place or refuge of Roman
Britons in the last days of the Empire, and close
by the burial-mound of a Saxon warrior.
In all this activity a pleasant feature was the
advance in provision of competent supervision.
It was to be feared that a few remains were even
still dug without proper direction, but they were
now very few indeed ; at Wroxeter and elsewhere
it was recognized that a large excavation needed
not one, but three or four men, to control the
digging and list the finds, and so forth. It was
pleasant, too, to see the Universities taking more
part ; at least five of the just-mentioned excava-
tions were supervised last year by young Oxford
graduates. This was good, both for the excava-
tions and for the Universities, which thus widened
their studies and came in closer touch with local
men and local interests.
The lecturer said he hoped to issue shortly, not a
mere sketch of the finds of 1913, but a detailed
account of the Roman inscriptions found in
Britain in that year, together with a summary of
all that had been published on Roman Britain
in the same period. No such summaries exist
at present, and he thought they might prove
useful in focussing knowledge of a scattered but
national subject.
Society of Axtiquaiues. — March 19. — The
Earl of Crawford, V.P., in the chair.
Mr. Charles ffoulkes read a paper on a carved
chest-front depicting incidents in the battle of
Courtrai, in the possession of the Warden of New
College, Oxford. The chest is of Flemish work-
manship of the early years of the fourteenth
century, and is therefore practically contemporary
with the incidents it depicts, the battle of Cour-
trai having taken place in 1302. The chest is
carved in panels, which represent among other
incidents the Flemish horsemen, headed by Gui
de Namur, the Flemish footmen carrying the gild
banners, two incidents in the battle itself, and what
is apparently a sortie from Courtrai and the
spoiling of the slain. The chest is, therefore, a
valuable record of the military equipment of the
early years of the fourteenth century, and is
unique in that it contains the only known repre-
sentation of the weapon used by the Flemish
burghers called the Godendag, or planron (l
picot. This weapon is a long, club-like implement
with a steel spike at the end. The only other
instance of it was on a wall-painting, now de-
stroyed, discovered at Ghent by M. Felix de Vigne,
and subsequently published by him ; but grave
doubts were thrown on M. de Vigne's accuracy
by Belgian archaeologists. The evidence of the
chest, however, goes far to prove that M. de
Vigne's representation of the wall-painting was
sound, and that he accurately represented this
interesting weapon.
The heraldry displayed by the mounted men
is somewhat difficult to elucidate, but the banners
of the trade gilds are clearly shown. From
these and other evidences there can be no doubt
that the chest -front represents the battle of
Courtrai, when the Flemish burghers, under
Gui de Namur and Pierre Conine, defeated the
French under the Comte d'Artois.
Historical. — March, 19. — Prof. Firth, Presi-
dent, in the chair. — A paper was read by Mr.
H. R. Tedder describing the plan and progress of
the ' Bibliography of British History, 1485-1911,'
which is being undertaken by a Joint Committee
of the Royal Historical Society and of American
scholars. The first of the three volumes is
approaching completion. — Mr. J. ('. Davies was
'elected a Fellow of the Society. — The death of
Dr. J. II. Wylie, the distinguished historian of
the reign of Henry IV., and a member of the
Council of the Royal Historical Society, was
referred to with regret.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Hon.
TUES
Jnsiitute of Actuaries. 5.— 'The Treatment of the Deprecia
tion in Assets due to an Enhanced Kate of Interest,' Mr.
K. R. Tilt.
Society of Arts, 8— 'Surface Combustion,' Lecture III., Prof.
W. A. Rone. (Howard Lecture )
Surveyors' Institution, 8. -' London before the Fire as referred
to in sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Literature,' Mr.
W. W. .lenkinson.
Boyal Institution, 3.— 'Landscape and Natural Objects in
Classical Art : (1) Later Greece and Rome.' Mr. A. H. Smith.
— Society of Arts, 4.30— 'The Oil Resources of the Empire,' Mr.
D. F. Mollwo Perkin. (Colonial Section )
Wkd. Archaeological Institute, 4 30. -'Nicholas Stone's School of
Fftigy- Workers,' 'Two Effigies attributed to Bernini,' and
'The Font in St. Bartholomew the Great, Smitbfield,' Dr.
A. c. Fryer.
— Entomological. 8.
— Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. — Discussion on 'Some
Recent Developments in Commercial Motor Vehicles,' and
'Comparative Economics of Tramways and Railless Electric
Traction '
— St. Paul's Ecclesiological, 8. -'Pages from my Scrapbook,' Rev.
H. B. Pim.
— Society of Arts, 8.— 'Sarawak,' Her Highness the Ranee.
Tiii-bs. Royal Institution, J.— 'The Progress of Modern Eugenics:
(2) Eugenics To-day : its Counterfeits, Powers and Problems,
Dr. C. W. Saleebv.
— Royal, 4.30. — ' Series Lines in Spark Spectra,' Prof. A.
Fowler. (Bakerian Lecture.)
— Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8.— 'The Signalling of a
Rapid Transit Railway,' Mr H. G. Brown.
— Chemical. 8 .30.— ' The System : Ethvl Ether — Water — Potas-
Bium Iodide-Mercuric Iodide.' Part 111., Mr. A.C. Dunning-
ham ; ' The Velocity of Saponification of Acjl Derivatives of
Phenols,' Part I., Messrs. H. McCombie and H. A.
Scarborough; 'A Geneial Method for the Preparation of
Glycxale and their Acetals,' Messrs. H. D. Dakin and H. W.
Dudley ; and other Papers.
— Society of Antiquaries. 8.30.
— Victoria and Albert Museum. 8.30.—' Some Sources of Modern
Textile Design,' Mr. A. F. Kendrick.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8.— 'Fast Stirlingshire Water-
works and a Note on Earthen Embankments,' Mr. 0. I.
Bell. (Students' Meeting.)
Boyal Institution, 9.-' Further Researches on Positive Rays,
Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson.
Royal Institution, 3.—' Recent Discoveries in Physical Science,
Lecture VI., Prof. Sir J. J. Thomson.
Fm.
Sat.
No. 4509, BIabch 28, 1914
TUP] ATHENiEUM
453
FINE ARTS
NEW CUNEIFORM TEXTS IX THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
This Supplement to the ' Catalogue of the
Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik
Collection of the British Museum '
represent- in effect the result of the
Museum's excavations upon the site of
Assur- bani- pals Palace at Kouyunjik
in 1903-5. They were carried on by Mr.
Leonard King, at iirst with only native
help, and during the last year in collabora-
tion with Mr. Campbell Thompson, and
resulted in the acquisition by the Museum
of more than 3,000 tablets. These are
here catalogued by their principal dis-
coverer, together with some others which
have either been obtained by purchase or
were left over uncatalogued from the
earlier excavations of Layard, George
Smith. Rassam, and Dr. Wallis Budge.
The same system has been pursued in this
volume as in the general ' Catalogue of the
Kouyunjik Collection,' published fifteen
years ago. and to this it forms a valuable
Supplement.
Among the new texts there is none,
perhaps, of first-rate importance, although
there will be many valuable to students, as
either confirming old readings or affording
support for new ones. The most generally
interesting is a new fragment of the Epic
of Gilgames, who is thought to be the Baby-
lonian prototype of the Greek Hercules.
It is in dramatic form, and opens with a
speech by some unnamed person to the
giant Gilgames when he has been wounded,
no doubt in his fight with the tyrant
Khumbaba. whose name constantly re-
appears in Asiatic legends even in Chris-
tian times. Gilgames is exhorted to
trust himself to the guidance of his half-
beast, half -man ally, Ea-bani or Enkidu,
that he may see him safe through the
cedar forest of Elam to the palace of the
Idess Xinsun, who will, it is suggested,
heal him of his wound. He accordingly
does so. and the pair find themselves in
the presence of Xinsun. when Gilgames
recounts to her their adventures, here
unfortunately broken away. When the
narrative is resumed, we find some one
(probably Xinsun) giving them advice,
and apparently stipulating that in return
therefor Gilgames shall come back and
help the speaker in some difficulty that
threatens her. Here the tablet again most
piovokingly breaks off, but we may hope
that some day fragments will turn up
t • complete the story.
There are other curious relics in this
put of the collection, including a Semitic
tablet in which Marduk or Merodach of
Babylon i- called 8ar a/pau, or Lord of the
Deep, a title which is generally confined
t i Ea. This shows a further progr*
towards the Byncretism or theocrasia which
led the later Babylonians to endeavour to
Catalogue of //<<■ Cuneifoi <n Tablets in the
Kouyunjik. Collection of the British Museum.
Supplement by L. W. King. (Longmans
A: Co., 1/. net.;
fuse their deities in the all-embracing per-
sonality of Marduk ; but a less advanced
stage of the process is here exemplified
by several earlier tablets wherein Ea is
himself spoken of as Enlil-banda or Mullil-
banda, meaning apparently " champion "
of Enlil, the Sumerian god whom the
Semites transformed into the " elder
Bel " or Bel of Nippur. There is also
mention in other tablets of the Sumerian
goddess Xin-lil, wife of Xergal, as " Lady
of Arbela," a title afterwards assigned to
the great goddess Ishtar, while Zarpanit,
the rather shadowy consort of Marduk, is
always described as " Lady of Babylon."
Among the further objects catalogued in
this Supplement is a curious imitation in
blundered hieroglyphs of a seal of Seti I.
by an Assyrian hand, which shows that
the forging of Egyptian antiquities is an
older crime than one had fancied.
The Supplement is executed with all the
care and accuracy which we are used to
associate with Mr. King's work, and will be
indispensable to every student of cunei-
form.
Education in Art. By Fred Burridge.
(L.C.C. Central School of Arts and
Crafts.)
This report of an address by the Head
Master of the Central School of Arts and
Crafts in Southampton Row will be read
with attention by all interested in the
present educational situation, and especi-
ally by those concerned with that par-
ticular branch of education relating to
the needs of artistic manufacture and
handicraft. The views put forward by
Mr. Burridge have no claim to be other
than his own private opinion, but we may
perhaps take it that what he thinks is not
beyond the possibility of being incor-
porated in the policy of the County Council
which he serves. Once more we find
foreshadowed the likelihood of the Day
Technical Schools being the beginnings
of a universal system of (possibly com-
pulsory) day school attendance to take
the place of the decaying system of ap-
prenticeship, Mr. Burridge humanely re-
cognizing that
" a boy who has worked all day should
afterwards have every encouragement and
facility for recreation ; it is unreasonable
to expect him to attend school in the even-
ing ; if he does, he is not in a condition to
benefit as he should, and he suffers in health."
As to this, the present reviewer has found
in his own considerable experience as a
teacher that nature to some extent
prompts young men wisely in this respect.
It is noticeable that there is a type
which almost immediately on leaving
school works hard at art in the evenings,
wins all the prizes, raising great hopes
in the breasts of those who always
expect genius to be precocious, and then
unaccountably, yet perhaps wisely, slows
down, either attending less or working
with greater economy of energy. There Lb
another type which, attending hardly
at all or els.- "slacking" in early youth,
comes bach later, full of unnecessary
repentance for wasted opportunities, and
thus towards middle life picks up a
belated education at least as complete
as that of the other. This is right
and proper, and we have little sympathy
with those who consider that public
money should only be spent in the art
training of Aery young craftsmen. The
wiser teachers have long recogni/.cd the
absurdity of driving boys already tired
with their day's work to overdo themselves.
Indeed, we can remember an industrious
student who was deliberately ordered
away for a year to kick his heels out of
doors. On his return he did in a month
all he would have done in that year.
" It is wonderful [says Mr. Burridge)
how many do voluntarily study, but because
the attendance is voluntary and almost
recreative, it is frequently desultory, and the
school is not in a position to enforce a
curriculum. . . .The greater proportion of the
students do not gain a disciplined educa-
tion."
In a large measure this is true, but per-
haps greater stress might have been laid
on the fact that the teacher is efficient
largely in proportion as he makes the
following out of his curriculum appear
recreative. Mr. Walter Sickert, perhaps
the most successful teacher of art under
the County Council, imposed his curri-
culum (not perhaps, in our own opinion,
quite a suitable one for County Council
schools, inasmuch as it prepared students
for what Mr. Burridge would term a " mori-
bund trade ") because, besides being an ex-
cellent teacher, he was a wit, a man of the
wrorld — almost a comedian — and attend-
ance at his classes was like belonging to
a good club.
It would be absurd to expect such
varied gifts of most of the teachers
employed at the salaries offered by
the L.C.C, but we think that too
much sarcasm has been levelled at the
attempt to make these evening schools
popular. To make them popular by the
negative process of allowing students to
do anything they like, however foolish, is
lamentable ; but they should have some
of the attractions of a club, and the
pursuit of art should retain some of the
elements of a '" lark," for only so can
students be retained long enough to give
to some of them " a disciplined educa-
tion." At an evening school student -
attend only two or three hours alter work
— say three nights a week. It is absurd
to expect a three years' course there to
produce results analogous to a three
years' course at the Royal Academy or
the Slade, where students have an eight-
hour day and complete leisure: hut if we
make suitable allowances for such pro-
portionate opportunities, there are evening
schools, we believe, in London which might
not fear such comparisons. Here one
is bound to go slower and !»■ more in-
dulgent to the persona] needs of students
whether in considering the immediate
demand- of " the trade "' (by no means
always those of ait) or in cone ding Mlh
thing to relaxation. Thus at the L.C.(
school in Boll Court there is each y
a play after the school supper, which
undoubtedly takes some of the energies
of certain students. It is not a serious
454
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
contribution to literature, but the stage-
management and costume-designing are
excellent, and it would be a narrow critic,
after all, who sees no relation between
these arts and those of the poster designer
and illustrator.
It is a sign also of the more liberal
attitude which is overtaking modem
critics of education that Mr. Burridge even
ventures to raise a defence for the teach-
ing of amateurs. Not so long ago this
was the point on which critics were
most intolerant. Yet in the reviewer's
experience of evening classes the most
brilliant student was an amateur; his
value as a pacemaker to two or three
generations of professional craftsmen was
•enormous. Here is another instance : a
man who was a clerk in a business
which failed, was left unemployed at an
age which for a clerk was almost hopeless.
He had built up a delicate and admirable
talent as a designer by study at evening
classes, and is a promising young artist,
'■ full of work," if somewhat underpaid.
It must be remembered that the diffi-
culty for the serious amateur who would
become a craftsman is not always that
he is deficient in technique, but sometimes
that his taste is a little too severe. The
winning over of the middleman and
employer, touched on by Mr. Burridge, is
probably the most difficult task of those
responsible for the management of the
County Council Schools. Indeed, it is
probably only if he can render services
in this direction that the " whole- time "
head master, with his high salary, is
entitled to exist. Hitherto, with all that
the County Councils have done for art —
and their work is considerable — there
has been a tendency to overpay a few
head masters, and so to underpay the
real teachers in the schools as to cramp
the impulse towards technical research
and experiment in teaching methods
which is inborn in the true teacher, and
the most hopeful element in the Council
Art Schools.
EXHIBITIONS.
In an age given to self-questioning as to
•direction in artistic matters, the greatest
success is still to the virtuoso who remains
conservative, absorbed in pushing actual
accomplishment on familiar lines to its
highest point of precision and certainty.
In this category Mr. Muirhead Bone (who is
showing his drawings of Italy, together with
certain new etchings, at the gallery of Messrs.
Colnaghi & Obach ) is clearly one of the ablest
men of our time. He has picked up some-
tiling from most modern architectural
draughtsmen, and in each case made it his
own. Thus in Nos. 10, 11, 14, 18, and 23
we are led to remember Mr. Brangwyn, but
without the reflection, which usually accom-
panies such recognition of influence, that
Mr. Brangwyn himself would have done these
things much better. It is so with the
influence of Mr. D. Y. Cameron, which one
might trace in Nos. 6, 17, and 20 — fine draw-
ings all of them — or with the sparkling
adaptation of the earlier manner of Mr.
Joseph Pennell shown in Nos. 12, 15, 21, and
46. In each instance the inspiration appears
as genuine and spontaneous as in the case of
the artists recalled by Mr. Bone, while the
■executive skill is almost greater. Other
artists may appeal to us as thinkers or
speculators who have enlarged the boundaries
of art ; he is pre-eminently an executant, a
man to whom the practice of drawing from
nature is a sufficient interest, but who
diligently searches the works of other
draughtsmen for hints which give him the
key to new themes, and make him free of new
subject-matter. No. 34, Passeggiata Archeo-
logica, shows a touch of invention recalling
those fictional " compositions of ruins "
which frequently turn up in the portfolios of
sketches left by eighteenth-century architects.
When he is prompted by no such reminis-
cences of previous art, Mr. Bone's impulse
is to an almost photographic literalism.
No. 31, The Pantheon, Rome, would have
delighted Ruskin. It is a kind of drawing
hardly feasible except with architectural
subjects, breaking down even on such a
work as the Theatre of Marcellus, Borne (37),
in which the broken forms of native rocks
piled on one another suffice to muddle the
design. Mr. Bone hesitates to try such a
meticulous method on pure landscape, and
in The Back of the Duomo, Orvieto (24), the con-
trast between the light method used for the
architecture and the freer execution in the
landscape foreground is a little sudden and
arbitrary. As a rule, the transition is better
managed, and is either between the per-
manent architectural features of a city and
the vague passing ghosts of the people
inhabiting it, or in landscape between the
serene distance and the more vaguely
apprehended foreground which impresses us
as we walk, blurring by our own motion the
nearer objects, and seeing the distance only
clearly through a haze of passing foreground.
At Messrs. Palser's Galleries in King
Street is a collection of early English water-
colour drawings, fairly representative in both
senses, inasmuch as it shows the school
in its power and in its frequent dullness. A
fine series of Cotmans (57, 59, 60, 61, 63,
and 65) are the gems of the collection, along
with an exceptional Turner, Malvern Abbey
(87), which shows him at the moment when
his power over his medium had reached its
maximum, yet before the display of elabora-
tion for its own sake had become an ob-
session. Girtin is represented by two draw-
ings of 1794 (85 and 89), which, curiously
enough, suggest that he had been lured a
little way on the same path of triviality
before he turned back to do so severe a
masterpiece as the street scene now showing
at Messrs. Agnew's. Interesting work by
Dayes (83), Muller (45), and T. Wheatley (24)
is also exhibited, but, as is usual on these
occasions, Cotman is supreme.
The decorations done at Sapphire Lodge,
Vincent Square, under the direction of Mr. A.
Randall Wells, which were on view last week,
show the somewhat luxurious and eclectic
taste which we connect with the Arts and
Crafts movement, and a similar inclination
to evoke vaguely historical associations.
The result, if not very robust, is sometimes
charming, as in the dining-room, with its
lighted corner cupboards full of china. The
principal feature of the decoration is the
revival of elegant craftsmanship in the paint-
ing of wooden furniture, a tradition delight-
fully maintained in England to the end of
the eighteenth century or a little later. In
the bedroom panels the floral designs are a
little over-lavish of detail and cloying, but
the whole work is full of ingenious and
amusing episodes.
ENGRAVINGS.
On Friday, the 20th host., Messrs. Sotheby sold
engravings, including a collection of ornamental de-
signs by Aldegrever, &c, 41 lots, 7657. 15s. Turner,
after East lake, Napoleon on board the Bellerophon,
51/. Ward, after Morland, The Thatcher, 861.
Jfttu JVrt (Bossip.
An exhibition of water-colours entitled
' Rustic Horse Life,' by Mr. N. H. J. Baird,
will be opened at the Carroll Gallery, George
Street, Hanover Square, on Monday next.
Twenty pastels by a Hungarian artist,
Charles de Belle, who has not hitherto ex-
hibited in London, will be shown at the same
time.
Mr. James Sant has resigned his
membership of the Royal Academy,
desiring to make room for an Associate to
become a full member. He is in his 94th
year, and has been an R.A. since 1869.
Notwithstanding his great age, Mr. Sant is
still at work, and hopes to continue exhibit-
ing in the Academy every year.
The Marchioness Arconati - Visconti
has given to the Louvre Museum her collec-
tions of paintings, sculptures, and furniture
belonging to the Middle Ages, the Renais-
sance, and the eighteenth century.
American ladies resident in England have
subscribed for the erection of a statue of
Chatham in the Capitol at Washington to
commemorate the centenary of peace be-
tween this kingdom and the United States.
It is to be the work of Mr. F. Derwent
Wood, and the artist's sketch-model of the
whole statue, with his study of the head,
will be exhibited in this year's Royal
Academy.
Mr. Lee Warner announces, on behalf
of the Medici Society, that two new volumes
from the Riccardi Press may be expected
about Easter. ' The Book of Genesis,' in
the Authorized Version, has ten water-
colour illustrations by Mr. F. Cayley Robin-
son ; and an edition of Csesar will be printed
from the new text prepared for the Clarendon
Press by Dr. T. Rice Holmes.
Mr. W. Russell Flint has just been
made an Associate of the Royal Water -
Colour Society. Mr. Flint has recently
returned from Sicily, where he has been at
work txpon a set of illustrations for ' Theo-
critus, Bion, and Moschus.' These draw-
ings will appear in the Riccardi Press
edition of Andrew Lang's version, which
will be published in the autumn.
Readers of Pepys will remember his
anxiety to possess a wine-cistern, and may
like to have their attention called to the
specimen, belonging to the Ashburnham
Collection, which was disposed of the other
day at Messrs. Christie's. This was a piece
of early Georgian work by Sleath, of oval
shape, 40 in. long by over 19 in. high, en-
graved with the arms of Crowley impaling
Gascoigne. Its date — 1720 — is of some
interest, as it has been stated that no wine-
cisterns (introduced from Italy in Charles I.'s
time) are of later date than Anne.
Goodrich House, Hatfield, as we
mentioned recently, is to become the
Hatfield Gallery of Antiques. It will be
opened in April with an exhibition of
early English furniture. The house is
named from Thomas Goodrich, Bishop of
Ely, Lord Chancellor, whose arms, quartered
with those of the diocese of Ely, are carved
on the east wall. The earliest reference to it
that has been discovered is in 1483, and in
1 605 the owner was Sir John Leake. During
the recent reconstruction of the property,
the workpeople found a number of coins,
also the remains of a timber building
that formerly stood on the site. A good
example of English domestic architecture of
its period, the house is in itself well worth
a visit.
No. 4509, Bjabch 28, 1914
THE ATHENJKUM
455
JKttstori (6ossip.
MlXE. Vera ]>ROCK gave an orchestral
( oncert on Wednesday evening at Queen's
Hall, when she played three pianoforte
concertos. The first was by Henselt in
f minor, a work merely written for a player
to exhibit his or her virtuosity. Mile. Brock
has a refined touch and excellent technique,
though her sense of rhythm is not strong :
this was especially noticeable in the Schu-
mann Concerto which followed. Moreover,
the reading of the first movement was cold.
Although the London Symphony Orchestra
«ih under M. Safonoff, the accompaniments
were too loud, and at times rough. It was
difficult for M. Safonoff to exert his full
power in the showy and shallow Henselt
music, but even in the interpretation of
Schumann he was not up to his usual
Btandard.
The whole of the concert of the Bach
Choir at Queen's Hall last Tuesday evening
was devoted to the music of the composer
whose name it bears. It opened with
the splendid ' Magnificat : in d. The choir
B tng well, and of the soloists, Misses
Rhoda von Glehn and Dilys Jones, and
Messrs. John Adams and Robert Radford,
the last named was the most convincing.
The London Symphony Orchestra was
playing under the direction of Dr. H. P.
Allen. He is a sound conductor, but
Bach's music wants a more soulful
rendering. Miss May Harrison gave an
excellent performance of the Violin Con-
certo in e, and the wonderful slow move-
ment evidently made a special appeal to
Dr. Allen, for he displayed more feeling here
than in the Mass. The Triple Concerto was
ably interpreted by Miss Fanny Davies,
Mi— May Harrison, and Mr. D. S. Wood
(flute).
Miss Winifred Holloway gave last
week at the Steinway Hall a recital which
included burlesques, parodies, and dialect
studies written and composed by herself,
French and English songs, and satires and
legends from the fifteenth century to the
eighteenth. In the first group of carols and
legends, which included ' Entre le Boeuf et
1 Ane Oris ' and ' Saint Joseph cherche logis
pour la Sainte Vierge,' Miss Hollow-ay's
renderings, though sadly interrupted by the
late entrance of some of the audience, were
interpreted in the proper " folk " fashion,
without undue elaboration, or insistence on
the dramatic element. The French songs
were, perhaps, the most successful items of
the programme, and showed much variety
and charm. Miss Holloways ingenuity and
humour were apparent in the selection of her
Own parodies and songs.
The -erics of Classical Concerts came
to a close last Wednesday afternoon. Miss
Muriel Foster sang Schumann s cycle, 'Frauen-
liebe und Leben,' and some Hugo Wolf
Lieder. Mr. Frank Bridge's excellent setting
"i 'The Londonderry Air," and Mr. Percy
unger's taking Irish reel, -.Molly on the
Shore,1 were played by the London String
Quartet. Brahma's Sextet for Strings,
Lorn given, represents him in his early
period, and it frankly shows the composers
By whom he was influenced. The autumn
scn'es of concerts ifl announced. They will
take place a1 Bechstein Hall every week,
from October 14th until December 16th,
alternately afternoon and evening.
Mb. l'. s. Kelly gave the firsl of two
concerts at the JSolian Ball on the 1 9th
iu.-t. Be began with Banders Suite in r
minor, one of that composer's beet, yet
seldom played. More might have been
made of Beethoven's early Sonata in a flat,
Op. 20. The Variations are pleasing, and
the ' Funeral March ' is true Beethoven ;
but the other two movements are inferior.
Mr. Kelly produced twenty-four " Mono-
graphs " of his own composition. The
number is alarming, but they are id! short,
and show taste and fair skill. What the
composer has to say is, however, not very
deep. There seems no good reason for
giving the whole set ; a few of them at a
time would, we believe, show to better
advantage.
Two of the three concerts announced by
Mr. F. B. Ellis have taken place. The first,
at Queen's Hall on the 20th inst., was
devoted to modern orchestral music. It
opened with Mr. Arnold Bax's 'Festival
Overture' — a bright, spirited, and well-
scored work. His four Orchestral Sketches
were also given, the two middle numbers for
the first time. The 'Dance in the Sun ' is
clever : it has vivid rhythms and effective
colouring, and the composer was wise in
stopping while interest was still fresh. Little
genre pieces of the kind soon lose their charm
if unduly prolonged. No. 3, ' In the Hills
of Home," also has its good points : expres-
sive themes — two of them traditional — and
delicate orchestration.
Mr. George Butterworth was represented
by ' A Shropshire Lad,' produced at the
last Leeds Festival, and an idyll, ' The
Banks of Green Willow,' the title being the
name of the first theme, which, like the third,
is traditional. The music is promising, but
the composer does not seem to have worked
up excellent thematic material so as to
produce gradation of interest. The rest
of the music in the first part consisted of a
curious symphonic poem by Dvorak, entitled
' Die Mittagshexe.' His clever hand can be
traced in the work, but it is programme-
music which, compared with what we have
heard since, sounds mild. All the numbers
mentioned were given under the direction
of Mr. Geoffrey Toye, a young conductor
who has temperament, vitality, and musical
understanding. He ought to do well. Mr.
F. B. Ellis conducted Strauss's ' Don Quix-
ote," of which he gave a sound and inter-
esting reading.
At the chamber concert at the iEolian
Hall on the following Monday the chief
item was a ' Phantasy Quintet ' for Strings
by Dr. Vaughan Williams. It is a clever
work without any display of learning. The
two middle movements are the most inter-
esting, yet the whole seems to have been
written by the composer for himself and
his art. The slow movement of calm,
ethereal character is most striking. It is
pure chamber music. This Quintet was
admirably interpreted by the London String
Quartet and Mr. James Lockyer (second
viola). M. Ricardo Vines-Roda, the pianist,
performed some elaborate Variations on a
fresh little theme by Rameau, composed
by M. Paul Dukas. His best playing,
however, was in the well-known ' Gaspare!
de la Nuit,' piano poems b\- M. Maurice
Ravel.
8ln.
Mm.
Ti n.
Wbd.
Tii i »
r.n.
8*7.
.11.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Concert, a .10. Royal Albert Hull.
Hiimlay Concert Society, 3.:K). yueen'n Hall.
Henry Perry'" Son* Recital, ::. Mleinwny Hall,
fjomlon Hymphony OrohestrH. &, l^ueenn Hull
Johanna Hermann ami IMwanl Lamhu Piano anil Souk
Recital B.W, !(•■• lintein Hall.
la Thomai'i Violin Recital. - 10, fiolian Halt
Parloviu. Recital of Kutftian HoeiO, : 10, Bteinwaj H;il
Oal.rtell" Valllnnn » Vocal Recital .1 Ki. HecliMeln Hall.
Royal Philharmonic Bocietr. R, Qaeeni II *ll
Howar.l Jonea'i Pianoforte Rental, -1 le. Bo h«tein Hall.
Victor Banham'i Bi Ital liollan Hall.
London Choral Society 'PaniUl/l Ball
Amy Ennr.on Heill'l Violin Recital, i IB, Bteinwae Hall.
Morvmv'i Pianoforte Recital. ■'< 16, JBolJan Hall.
Pta k B» banc* On beftral Be. i •• t > . n 10, Qoeeo'i Hall.
The Bach Choir ; Bach » Maw Id I minor, 7 JO, Wet minuter
Al,' ■
Theodore Beard'! Song R i. B*ch«t»lo Hall
Hhaplro tympbony On heetra, :. Qoeea'l Hall.
DRAMA
Studies in Stagecraft. By Clayton Hamil-
ton. (Grant Richards, 56". net.)
' Studies in Stagecraft ' is described
as a companion volume to the author's
■ Theory of the Theatre ' (reviewed in
The Alhenceum, Dec. 17th, 1910). The
description is in this case specially
accurate ; botli volumes consist of short
essays on dramatic subjects put to-
gether without any sequence, while the
author's scale of values expands and
contracts without apparent relation to
any fixed standards. Mr. Hamilton's
strongest point is his ability to start dis-
cussions. He seizes innumerable matters
of detail, over which he lingers, throwing
out hints, but seldom achieving a satis-
factory definiteness. He frequently says
something which leads us to expect that
we are at last coming to new and un-
explored territories. But these are the
moments when the clear streamlets of
Mr. Hamilton's originality suddenly dis-
appear in a misty sea of vague generaliza-
tions.
This is easily seen in the treatment
of production. Mr. Hamilton appears
to ask us to believe that the progress of
this side of stagecraft during the last
thirty years consists, first, in securing
the illusion of absolute realism, regardless
of expense, and, second, in the reduction
of expense. Xow while it may be true
to say that different producers, working
separately, have created these two forms
of effects, it is wide of the mark to write
as if Dr. Bernhardt and Gordon Craig
were followers of Mr. David Belasco, or
as if they had ever considered his work
either as a model or as raw material.
Neither Dr. Bernhardt nor Gordon Craig,
in point of fact, strives to produce the
illusion of realism. Moreover, there are
many plays in which complete illusi< n
is neither possible nor desirable ; surely
the best productions of ' Hamlet ' are
those in which a great deal is left to t he
imagination of the audience. If we seek
to know what Mr. Hamilton considers-
will be the future of production — and he
writes, he tells us, with reference to the
future — we learn little, except possibly
that the drama will be impressionist and
poetic.
The reviewer is inclined to believe
that the future of production lies in the
direction of a greater diversity — that
the time will come when the repertory
system will be applied to producers as it
is to-day to plays. When ' Hamlet ' is
produced on successive nights at the
same theatre by Gordon Craig. Dr. Rein-
hardt, .Mr. Barker, .Mr. Poel, and Sir
Herbert 'Tree, or by their successors, the
public will at last have an opportunity ol
realizing the enormous importance ol
production in the theatre. Cut il then all
efforts to oust one set oi coin cut ions at the
expense of another will be largely (utile.
Mr. Hamilton's discussions, though in-
complete, are sufficiently provocative ol
thought to be Well Worth reading.
456
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4509, March 28, 1914
Dramatic (lossip.
On Tuesday afternoon three one-act plays
■were presented at the Arts Centre, Mortimer
Street, under the auspices of the Actresses'
Franchise Club. Only one of them was
actively propagandist, but all three were
concerned with the Women's Movement.
It would be unfair to divulge the plot of
Mr. H. Vernon Carey's little piece ' Kindly
Flames.' It must suffice to say that a some-
what familiar opening is followed by an
ingenious surprise which extricates two of
the characters from a seemingly hopeless
tangle.
' Which ? ' by Evelyn Glover, concerns
the problem of the father who can see no
vocation for his daughter but the care of his
household or marriage, and the daughter
who holds more modern views. The author
has worked out the situation with consider-
q|-)]p skill
' The Suffragette,' by Mr. Alfred Bucklaw,
suffered rather from its air of propaganda,
but the muscular prowess of the heroine,
as practised on the other character in the
piece — a tall and belligerent tramp — caused
considerable amusement.
All three plays were competently acted ;
and, in addition to those mentioned, a
spirited monologue was given during the
afternoon by Miss Keith.
Only one of the five one-act plays pro-
duced on Wednesday afternoon at the
Pavilion rose above sheer banality, and even
that one — ' A Powerful Remedy,' by Kerry
Oordon — though it had its moments of
humour, was loosely put together, dealing
largely in the commonplace and artificial.
It seems extraordinary that the management
cannot discover pieces of more merit — or
even of less demerit — for production. There
must be many young writers who could do
better stuff, and would eagerly seize the
chance to get their plays produced.
At the Court Theatre, on Sunday evening,
the Play Actors are presenting ' The One
Thing Needful,' also a three-act comedy, by
Estelle Burney and Herbert Swears. It
will be preceded by a one-act play, ' On the
Road to Cork,' in which Mr.W. G. Fay will
take the principal part.
The Stage Players will present next
Friday afternoon, at the Ambassadors'
Theatre, a three-act comedy by A. Kenward
Matthews, called ' A Royal Chef.' Mr.
Ben Webster is to appear in the title-part.
' My Lady's Dress,' a new play in three
acts, by Mr. Edward Knoblauch, will be
produced by Messrs. Vedrenne and Eadie
at the Royalty Theatre on April 21st. Each
of the three acts is divided into three scenes.
Gladys Cooper and Mr. Dennis Eadie will
play the principal parts, and Mr. Edmund
Maurice will also have a prominent place in
the cast.
In order that the cast which acted
M. Brieux's ' Damaged Goods ' at the Little
Theatre may remain unchanged, it has been
decided to begin the further series of per-
formances of that play at the Court Theatre
on Tuesday next at 2.30, instead of on
Sunday, as originally announced. The other
performances will be on Tuesday, April 7th,
and on Sunday, April 19th, both at 8.30.
On the 16th inst. the members of the
Comit6 de Lecture of the Coined ie Francaise
decided to produce a play ent itled ' Les
Demoiselles Granger-Martin,' by Madame
Gabriel Mourey. This is the second play
by a woman which has been accepted by
the French national theatre since the begin-
ning of the year, Mile. Leneru's ' La
Triomphatrice ' being the other.
' Robert Frank,' the play with which
Dr. Sigurd Ibsen made his d6but, is shortly
to appear in an English translation.
Mr. Oswald Stoll has recently been
arguing that stage children may reasonably
be exempted from the operation of the
Children (Employment and School Attend-
ance) Bill, and Mr. Henry Arthur Jones
strongly supports him. Mr. Jones writes
from the point of view, first, of managers,
who will be exposed to the dislocating inter-
ference of education authorities ; and then
of the children themselves, to whom, he
thinks, will be done " a great indirect
injury.... by choking the formation of a
sound body of public opinion on matters
that greatly concern their nurture and well-
being." He goes, moreover, so far as to
say that " a stage without children. . . .tends
to the production of plays like the comedies
of the Restoration."
Apart from what children may see and hear
behind the scenes — which should not, how-
ever, be lightly dismissed as a negligible
danger — we are far from being convinced
that the stage offers them an environ-
ment physically and mentally wholesome.
There is something illogical, something
morally absurd, in injuring children, even if
it were but slightly, and encouraging their
employers in indifference to their welfare,
for the pretended purpose of enlightening
the humanity, and quickening the domestic
affections, of the rest of the public.
But the injuries inflicted can
reasonable citizen be regarded as
The physical wear and tear, both
business of acting itself and of the endur-
ance of unnatural conditions accompanying
it, is destructive. Again, children employed
on the stage become infected with the
vulgar affectations, craving for notoriety,
and distaste for whatever is not immediately
exciting which coarsen and blunt the minds
of so many of their seniors.
by no
slight.
of the
To Correspondents. — W. E. G. F.— D.— A. C. M.—
G Le G. N.— G. M.— Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
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THE ATHENAEUM
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Volume, contains, in addition to a great variety of similar Notes and
Replies, Articles of Interest on the following Subjects.
FIRST SELECTION.
HYMN0L0GY.
' Adeste Fideles,' its Origin — " And he was a Samaritan "
— " Oh ! the pilgrims of Zion " — ' Rock of Ages,' Latin
Version — ' Veni, Creator,' its Authorship — Leper Hymn-
Writer.
NURSERY RIMES.
" A frog he would a-wooing go " — " A shoulder of mutton
brought home from France " — " An old woman went to
market " — " Bell-horses, bell-horses, what time of day "
— " Good horses, bad horses " — " Goosey, goosey gander "
— " I had three sisters beyond the sea " — " King David
was King David " — " Lion and the unicorn " — " Little
Jack Horner " — " Lucy Locket " — " Mary, Mary, quite
contrary " — " Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John " —
" Nanny Natty Cote "— " Old King Cole "— " Old Mother
Hubbard "—" Old Wives of St. Ives "—" Robin a
Bobbin "— " She looked up, she looked down " — " There
was a man, a man indeed " — " Yankee Doodle went to
town."
PROVERBS AND PHRASES.
" A l'outrance " incorrect — " Sham Abraham " — " Ad
majorem Dei gloriam " — " All roads lead to Rome " —
" All the world and his wife " — " As deep as Garrick " —
" As merry as griggs " — " As the crow flies " — " As thick
as inkle-makers " — " At the back of beyond " — "Balance
of power " — " Before one can say Jack Robinson " —
" Birds of a feather flock together " — " Bombay duck " —
" Call a spade a spade " — " Cast not a clout till May be
out "— " Chops of the Channel "— " Cock-and-bull story "
— " Correct to a T "— " Coup de Jarnac "— " Cut his
stick "— " Cut the loss "— " Dark as black pigs "— " De
mortuis nil nisi bonum " — " Dish of tea " — " Dogmatism
is puppyism grown older " — " Drug in the market " —
" Entente cordiale " — " Et tu, Brute ! " — " Eternal
feminine " — " Every man has his price " — " Every mickle
makes a muckle " — " Facts are stubborn things " —
"Fate of the Tracys "—" Father of his Country"—
"February fill dyke "—" Feed the brute "—" First
catch your hare " — " Fortune favours fools " — " Fourth
estate " — " Get a wiggle on " — " Go anywhere and do
anything " — " God rest you merry " — " Going the round "
— " Honi soit qui mal y pense " — " Humanum est errare "
— " In puris naturalibus " — " Kick the bucket " — " Like
the curate's egg, good in parts " — " Lombard Street
to a China oraage " — " Lynch law " — " Man in the
moon " — " Man in the street "— " Month's mind "—
" Moral courage " — " Mors janua vitse " — " Mother of
dead dogs " — " Neither my eye nor my elbow " — " Never
Never Land " — " Never too late to mend " — " Nom de
guerre "— " Nom de plume "— " Nose of wax "— " O
dear no 1 " — " Old ewe dressed lamb fashion."
CHRISTIAN NAMES.
Brothers and Sisters bearing same Names — Brothers of tho
same Name — Women with Masculine Names — Acts of
.. the Apostles — Agnes and Anne temp. Shakespeare —
Armorel — Caroline and Charlotte — Corisande — Desmond
— Edmond and Edward — Ernisius — Haakon — Hamlet —
Pamela — Zirophceniza.
EPIGRAMS.
" Bells, bugs, and Christianity " — " Cane decane canis ;
sed ne cane " — Handel and Bononcini — " I am the Dean,
and this i3 Mrs. Liddell " — " I come first, my name is
Jowett " — " Invesi portum, spes et fortuna valete " —
" On nothing, Fanny, shall I write ? " — " Should a man
through all space to far galaxies travel " — " Thou hast
said that they say that I said " — Whewell.
EPITAPHIANA.
Admiral Christ — " Affliction sore " — " Anna Maria Ma-
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THE ATH KXiHIM
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FICTION SUPPLEMENT.
contents. pack
'Imk. Char.uikr and Tendency 01 Contemporary
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Anatoi.e France's New Novel 464
A Orocp of Seven fl'he Princes of the Stock
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Tales of the Wild (The Way of the Strong ; The
Reconnaissance ; The Chief of the Ranges ; The
City of Hope ; The Pathway ; The Rocks of Valpre)
470— 471
Ethical Problems (Time and Thomas Waring ; The
Way Home ; Fine Clay ; The Tresleys ; The Price
of Conquest ; On the Staircase ; The Pessimist ;
The Marriage Contract ; Leviathan ; The Sentence
Absolute) 471-472
social Comedy (The Cuckoo Lamb ; Simpson ; The
Tracy Tubbses ; Monksbridge ; The Making of
Blaise ; The Awakening ; It was the Time of Roses ;
Splendrum ; The Education of Oliver Hyde ; The
Girl on the Green) 473—474
short Stories (The Lost Road ; Firemen Hot ; Later
Litanies) .. 474
French Stories (L'E veil ; Marcelle the LovableJ .. 474
The Cost of Wings — Selected English Short
Stories .. _ 474
THE CHARACTER AND TENDENCY
OF CONTEMPORARY FICTION.
The critic wTho undertakes to summarize
the qualities, and indicate the tendencies,
of contemporary fiction has not an easy-
task. He can scarcely pretend to have
an exhaustive acquaintance with a branch
of literature so bewildering in extent and
variety. He must confess to the exercise
of selection, and own that any kind of
selection may involve omissions of capital
importance. Still, in the condition of
the English novel at the present time
there are several salient and peculiar
characteristics, which seem to point to
the possibility of a generalization neither
hopelessly vague nor hopelessly inept.
The "" average " novel, the mere lite-
rary narcotic, of one period is, of course,
very like that of another. It is only on
consideration of the comparatively small
output of really high artistic purpose
that one is compelled to ascribe to the
fiction of our day a definite character of its
own. Such consideration, however, does
convince us that the novel as treated at
present by such comparatively young
men as Mr. Wells, Mr. Bennett, and Mr.
Galsworthy, such positively young men
M Mr. Cannan and Mr. Walpole, has
certain general peculiarities both of
matter and manner which distinguish it
sharply from the English novel of any
previous period. Fiction at the present
moment exhibits a seriousness of aim,
a tendency to social criticism, a tentative-
ness of form, and a fusion of earlier
methods which all suggest that it is in
a transitional period. Many of its cha-
racteristics are the direct or indirect
result of the practice of the later Victorian
writers. It will be advantageous, there-
fore, to institute a comparison between
the fiction of to-day and the fiction (let
us sa}r) of twenty-five years ago.
In the last twenty years of the nine-
teenth century the English novel may
be divided into three main groups.
'• Realism " dominated one of these, and,
accepted as a condition by Mr. Hardy,
followed as an evangel by Mr. Moore,
was probably the most important and
fruitful force of the period. Romance had
still a masterly exponent in Meredith,
though his romantic view of life was
tempered by a keen critical faculty ;
and a powerful (if unorthodox) exponent
in Mi*. Kipling, whose supposed alliance
with " realism " was of the left hand only.
Meanwhile, with the work of Mrs. Hum-
phry Ward the novel was beginning to
claim for itself the right to criticize con-
temporary life, and to attempt the solution
of current " problems " — religious, social,
and ethical.
The fiction of our own day shows no
such definite cleavage, and is patient
of no such convenient classification. Its
leading examples combine the qualities of
all the three above divisions with certain
modifications of method, so that in the
work of most of the younger men we find
realism, romance, and criticism blended
into a new complex — one, by the way,
typical of the modem distaste for cate-
gorical thinking. Mr. Wells, for instance,
perhaps the most interesting and repre-
sentative of our living novelists, holds
equally of all three traditions. His mate-
rial is usually of a frankly " realistic "
nature ; but normal lower and middle-class
life appears to him as neither colourless
nor prosaic. It is, on the contrary,
instinct to his imagination with incalcu-
lable possibilities of romance and ad-
venture. He finds it v" not grey, but
golden." Moreover, he handles it with
none of the impersonal aloofness of the
academic realist. He is eager to gene-
ralize upon it, and subject it to criticism.
He has realized that " problems " are
an integral part of our mental outfit, and
he is curious to trace and depict their
formative influence upon character. He
differs, however, from the aforetime
" problem " novelist by a desire rather
to represent men and women as moulded
by the vexed questions of to-day than to
supply answers to the vexed questions
themselves, lie has modified the method
of Mrs. Ward as much as he has modified
the method of Meredith or Mr. Moore.
Mr. Arnold Bennett is a less, but hardly
less, marked example of similar tendencies.
He chronicles the detail of life as meticu-
lously, with as subdued an emphasis, as
the authors of ' .Jude the Obscure ' and
of ' A Mummer's Wife ' ; but his chro-
nicle is informed (;>- theirs are not) by a
sense of progress. The lives whose evolu-
tion he develops are chapters in a history
of civilization not planned or written
from the standpoint of the pessimist.
His men and women find their romance
in their advance to clearer apprehension
and stronger control of a world which
in the intimate conviction of their creator
is somehow good.
This fusion of method and critical
absorption in the conditions and forces
of modernity have produced valuable
work besides that of Mr. Wells and Mr.
Bennett. Under similar influences Mr.
Onions has analyzed with fine irony the
mind of the commercial and political
arriviste ; Mr. Galsworthy has given us
his studies of that curious increase of
sensibility and widening of imaginative
sympathy partially (but only partially)
expressed by the term " social conscience ";
Mr. E. M. Forster has exploited the
fundamental opposition between the per-
ceptive and imperceptive, the dynamic
and static temperaments, an opposition
immemorial, indeed, but only now begin-
ning to be estimated at its full importance.
We are not, let it be remembered, pro-
posing these writers for admiration as
possessors of unparalleled genius, or
assigning to their achievement a unique
value. We are concerned only to signalize
their break with Victorian categories of
method, and their closeness to contempo- '
rary life.
Ours is emphatically a day of profound
and rapid changes, mental and material,
and in a common sense of change and
the need of readjustment the group we
have selected as typical exhibits another
bond of union. Each member of it,
according to his idiosyncrasy, has been
impressed bj*- the alteration in thought
and the control over life wrought by the
last two decades. And this, it would
seem, will not be a diminishing force
in the future. The novel as a register
of change will in all likelihood increase
and multiply, and with its ever-widening
field of observation will come of necessity
developments and variations of form and
manner. Some of them are already ap-
parent. Mr. Wells, in his analysis of the
contemporary mind, as influenced by the
opening of huge vistas of progress, and
burdened with the task of constructive
thought, has been led to invent the
peculiar discursive and autobiographical
form of fiction which has given us ' Tono
Bungay,' 'The New Machiavelli." and
' The Passionate Friends.' Mr. Bennett,
proposing to himself the portrayal of men
and women very gradually brought into
touch with modernity, has found himself
obliged to dispense with " plot " (in the
accepted sense of the term), to trace the
growth of his characters from adolescence
far into middle age, and, transcending the
limits of the single book, to launch out
into the trilogy. In Mr. Galsworthy's
curious technique, with its perpetual
shifting of the centre of interest and its
(at first sight) irrelevant introduction of
purely occasional characters, we divine
the Compulsion laid upon him by his sense
o| the need for a liner and wider edge
to our more intimate personal and social
relationships. Mr. Onions. Mr. Forster.
464
T HE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, March 28, 1914
and Mr. Cannan, all in one way or another,
by their treatment of the fictional form,
express their conviction that the novel is
occupied with the assimilation of wholly
new material.
Whether these developments will so
affect the " kind " as eventually to
transform it into something utterly strange
is an interesting question, and one that
may well haunt readers of such books as
Mr. Wells's ' Passionate Friends ' or Mr.
Cannan's ' Old Mole.' Each book does
show a tendency to pass into a mere dis-
cussion, to extend the parabasis to the
extinction of the play. Neither was
published when, a few months ago, Prof.
Saintsbury raised the disquieting sugges-
tion that the English novel, like the English
poetic drama, may have completed its
full cycle, and already be on its way to
a natural death. But both might be held
to give that suggestion support. In its
period of adaptation to new circumstances
and new needs the novel is certainly
not immune from dangers. We must
not forget, however, that the element of
discourse has been inherent in much
of our best fiction since the days of
Fielding, and that a certain loss of balance
and proportion in its employment is not
necessarily a fatal symptom. Again, it is
hardly likely that the attention of nearly
all the more serious among our younger
writers can remain focussed, as it is to-
day, upon the social life and social ques-
tions of our own country. Since the
beginning of the century we have, as a
nation, been absorbed by self-criticism
and the attempt to re-orient ourselves
to new conditions. The novel has only
proved its adaptability and vitality by
reflecting the process. As our interests
change and widen, there seems no valid
reason to doubt that it will prove itself
capable of their assimilation and inter-
pretation. Its freedom of form, however,
and its critical spirit are likely to be
permanent, since they correspond to
the general trend of thought. Wayward
spirits, we devoutly hope, there will
always be to delight us with their fantasies
as we are delighted by Mr. Algernon
Blackwood or Mr. Temple Thurston ;
strong spirits to simplify and
recreate our vexed minds as they are
simplified and re-created by Mr. Conrad,
to whose genius, now at last, we hope,
recognized b}r a wider public, the stand-
point of this essay involves a grossly in-
adequate tribute.
But the main trend of the novel seems to
us to lie for many years ahead in the
direction we have indicated. On
the whole, there is little to regret in the
fact, if it prove one. Fiction may not,
indeed, prove, as Mr. Wells claims in a
recent pronouncement, the most potent
literary instrument for a necessary clari-
fication of our thought and extension and
deepening of our sympathies, but in wise
hands it should do very much for the
furtherance of those aims.
La Revoke des Anges. Par Anatole France.
(Paris, Calmann-Levy, 3fr. 50.)
This new novel of Anatole France will
not go far to conciliate those critics who
have found fault with the licence he
usually allows himself in treating of love
and religion, and those who are not pre-
pared to see these topics dealt with in
an ultra-Voltairian spirit would be well
advised not to attempt its perusal. The
author belongs to the class of Mr. Morley
Roberts's " religious atheists " to whom
all religions are of equal validity, and he
sees no reason why the mythology of one
of them should be more sheltered from
parody than another. In this novel he
has chosen to parody, not Christianity
indeed, but the popular mixture of Milton
and Gnosticism which treats of the
relationship of the fallen angels and the
Deity. He describes a blindly conservative
hierarchical heaven in which progress is
neither possible nor desired, and a world
in which the fallen angels have brought
about all human improvements by their
ceaseless struggle for betterment, till it
has, at its best, far passed the intellectual
level of the paradise of Milton. In this
world the guardian angels who enter
into the life of their charges may become
imbued with the spirit of revolt and fall
from their high position. The career of
such a one is here recounted.
The story opens in a large private
library in Paris, where the librarian has
elaborated a class catalogue of such
appalling complexity that he has effectu-
ally choked off all would-be borrowers, and
sits all day rejoicing over his well-filled
shelves. One morning, however, he finds
a heap of his most valuable treasures, which
he had left in their places the night before,
in disorder on the table ; and whatever
precautions he takes, the same thing
happens again and again. Soon he begins
to miss books and manuscripts altogether
from the library, and only after some
time are they found in the private rooms
of Maurice, the young heir of the family
which owns the library, who cannot be
suspected of reading them.
At last the mystery is revealed. One
afternoon, in Maurice's bachelor flat, a
handsome young man suddenly appears
to him and announces that he is his
guardian angel, that he has lost his faith,
and is about to organize a revolt among
the angels. The guardian spirit has
lately been reading all the literature of
the rabbis, of the East, of Greece and
Rome, and all philosophy, physics, geology,
and biology. Abdiel, who now takes the
name of Arcade on earth, has some
trouble in convincing Maurice that an
angel is capable of doing good or evil, and
only succeeds by dint of reciting a string
of authorities ranging from St. Jerome
to Bede. He has more trouble in proving
his identity to the lady who is break-
ing the Seventh Commandment when
he appears ; she cannot believe that
he belongs to " the ninth choir of the
third hierarchy " in the absence of wings,
or that he is pure spirit, since he has a
visible body. After Maurice has bought
him some second-hand clothes, Arcade
sallies out into Paris, and proceeds to
make the acquaintance of the other
fallen angels in that city, of whom, it
appears, there is a considerable number.
His search introduces him to strange
places and people : one of the angels is a
leading capitalist who sees his waj*- to a
profit in the supply of high explosives
for the revolt, and accordingly finances it ;
another is a gentle anarchist with a passion
for constructing bombs ; a third composes
comic operas, which are unsuccessful as
being too tuneful ; a fourth takes him
into the Russian and Polish colony, and
shows him the gardener Nectaire, who was
formerly the god Pan, from whom he
hears the history of human progress at
some length. Perhaps the most charming
incident is the description of the flute -
playing of Pan and its effect on Arcade
and his surroundings : —
" On croyait entendre a la fois le rossignol
et les Muses, toute la nature et tout 1'homme.
Et- le vieillard exposait, ordonnait, develop-
pait ses pensees en iin discours musical plena
de grace et d'audace. II disait l'amour,
la crainte, les vaines querelles, le rire vain-
queur, les tranquilles clartes de l'intelli-
gence, les fleches de l'esprit criblant de leurs
pointes d'or les monstres de l'lgnorance et
de la Haine. II disait aussi la Joie et la
Douleur penchant sur la terre leurs tetes
jumelles, et le Desir qui cree les mondes. . . .
" Une alouette, qui s'eveillait tout proche
dans un champ sablonneux, attiree par
ces sons nouveaux, s'eleva rapidement
dans l'air, s'y soutint quelques instants,
puis se lanca d'un trait sur le verger du
musicien. . . .Un petit lezard gris, s'etant
coule sur le seuil, y demeurait fascine, et
Ton eut pu voir, au grenier, la chauve-
souris .... a demi reveillee de son sommeil
hivernal, se balancer au rythme de la flute
inou'ie."
The book ends with the final preparations
for the revolt in heaven. Satan sees himself
sure of victory, and in a dream envisages
its consequences : how, enthroned as a
new deity, he will become the centre of a
new theology as despotic and unintelligent
as that against which he had warred.
The admirers of Anatole France will
find in this novel all his good qualities
and some of his weaknesses. His wit, his
humour, his amiable comprehension of
human frailty, his bitter scorn of
pretence, are all at their best ; his cha-
racters, even the slightest of them, are
alive and distinct ; the follies of the day
are caught on the wing, and transfixed with
delicate irony ; but his long relations are
as wearisome in this work as in ' LTle des
Pingouins.' The English reader need
only compare his account of the finding
of the body of Julia with that of Oscar
Wilde in ' The Truth of Masks ' to realize
the difference between the two masters
of style.
It would seem that there is a natural
length of story for Anatole France, and
that, when he is tempted to go beyond
it, his inspiration fails, and he produces
something which may or may not be
good, but is no longer distinctive, marked
with the touch which has made his fame.
Supplement, March 28, 1914]
THE ATHEN^U M
40;>
A GROUP OF SEVEN.
Fiction, as Mr. Gosse truly says, is no
longer the Cinderella of literature, nor
perhaps would George Eliot declare nowa-
days that she wrote " not mere novels,
but books.'' The truth is that the novel
has leapt so violently into popularity as
to have shouldered every other form of
literary activity except the memoir
into the background. The result of this
plethora in the fiction market has not been
altogether beneficial. It has tended to
stimulate invention and ingenuity at the
expense of style and imagination. The
average fiction of to-day has come to
obey, implicitly and mechanically, certain
specific canons of authorship, so broad
and well defined that there is little oppor-
tunity for it to run off the rails. But these
canons of psychology, idea, treatment,
and so on demand only a minimum of
talent. The convention is at once a
strict and a loose one. It must be obeyed,
but the tax of obedience is absurdly
easy of fulfilment. And the fact that
public taste is indiscriminate and criticism
lax and indulgent has greatly contributed
to force the novel down upon a bed too
comfortable for vitality.
These remarks are not so irrelevant
to the seven novels under consideration
as they sound. With one or two excep-
tions, themselves under the partial
tyranny of the convention, they illus-
trate the limitations we have indicated.
Danchenko's book, ' Princes of the Stock
Exchange," indifferently translated by Dr.
Rappoport, is a fantastic example of the
incongruity of the " happy ending." It
is a satire on the newly fledged Russian
plutocracy, illustrating the commercial-
ization of human values. Wives are
bought as well as shares, and it is a
sordid account of intrigue, treachery,
cynicism, and licence. It is interesting, but
utterly formless and chaotic. Danchenko
contrives to suggest that the heroine, wrho
sells herself in matrimony to the financier
Velinski to save her father, and in a
reaction against the infidelity of her lover,
has, owing to Velinski's indulgence, no
quite impossible future before her. It
is a grotesque desertion to the flag of
optimism.
' Oh, Mr. Bidgood ! ' does not even
struggle with the formal requirements of
an entertainment. Mr. Bidgood is the chief
The Princes of the Stock Exchange. By
Nemirovich-Danchenko. Translated from
the Russian by Dr. A. S. Rappoport.
(Holden & Hardingham, 6s.)
Oh, Mr. Bidgood I By Peter Blundell.
(John Lane, 6*. )
And Ajtervardu the Judgment. By Richard
Catt. (Chapman & Hall, 6«.)
Tin- Orley Tradition. By Ralph Straus.
(Methuen & Co., 6*.)
Tli'- King of Alaander. By James Elroy
Flecker. (Goechen, 6s.)
Cuddy Yarboroiirjh'8 Daughter. By Una L.
Silberrad. (Constable & Co., 6*.)
Thi; Folk of Furry Farm. By K. F. Purdon.
( Nisbel & Co., 6*.)
engineer of the Susan Dale, a ship which
is a kind of stage for the antics of a
number of farceurs — the captain, a couple
of adventurers, the owner, two philander-
ing girls, and others. The book adopts
throughout a tone of deliberate face-
tiousness, and is like a watered solution
of Mr. W. W. Jacobs without his spon-
taneity and rough characterization.
Mr. Catt's book is more complicated,
and even more unlike reality. ' And
Afterwards the Judgment ' is the story
of an infructuous marriage. The husband
resents his wife's inability to present
him with a son, and she suggests
to him the precedent of Abraham and
Hagar. A sentimental widow supplies
the necessary son, falls in love with a
hotel-keeper, but conceives herself un-
worthy of him. Meanwhile the wife
repents of the bargain, and at the same
time falls in love with an Italian artist.
So what could the superfluous husband
do but commit suicide, and pave the way
for the two idyllic marriages which take
place in the appropriate last chapter ?
The artificial conclusion is indeed well
adapted to the aimless and unnatural
elaboration of events, at odds with both
probability and sanity of attitude.
' The Orley Tradition,' though more
rational and transparent, is hardly supe-
rior to ' And Afterwards the Judgment.'
It concerns the fortunes of a u sprig of
the nobility," who, after what the author
conceives to be a rather disreputable
adherence to art and politics, returns to
the loftier traditions of golf, hunting, and
management of his estates. To make his
picture the more convincing, Mr. Straus
couples with the former pursuit an
adventuress, and with the latter a girl in
close association with " the stately homes
of England," whom the hero, finding her
to be of the same calibre as himself,
eventually marries. The partisanship of
the book should please the inhabitants
of the stately homes.
With 'The Orley Tradition' behind
us, we pass into the company of the
exceptions. The worst of it is that they
are exceptional only in patches ; they
are parti-coloured, tarred (one might
say) by originality, and feathered by
convention. ' The King of Alsander,' for
instance, displays a certain freshness
and individuality of treatment ; but its
foundations, like multitudes of other books
owning the same allegiance, rest firm-
based upon ' The Prisoner of Zenda.'
The grocer-boy who leaves his counter for
the strange and degenerate country of
Alsander becomes a member of a patriot
conspiracy, deposes the mad young king,
and, after battling with a counter-con-
spiracy of the reactionaries, marries the
glorious Princess [anthe and lives happily
ever afterwards: it is easy to recognize
the paternity of such a narrative. .Mr.
Flecker is, we think, for all the vigour
of his presentment, happiest in his digres
-inns, lb-re his irony, humour, and
lightness of touch have an admirable
playing-field. It is not a profound or a
searching humour, but it is vivacious and
well salted : —
" And criminals ? O we flog them still,
hut only the poor, violent, rough fellow who
does a bit of straightforward business. It is
that fat financier whose juicy back I want to
see streaked with red like a rasher of bacon ;
it is that ape-like vestryman, whose yells
would be music to my ears ; it is, above all,
the proprietor of pills that I would strap
down to his alliterative and appropriate post,
the pillory."
' Cuddy Yarborough's Daughter ' is a
sincere study of middle-class country life,
well flavoured with gentle observation and
unobtrusive satire. Its cardinal virtue is
unpretentiousness. The plot is of the
simplest — it is centred upon Countershell,
the home of the Yarboroughs, and as
soon as the daughter gets back there
with an appropriate husband, after dolor-
ous exile in other less agreeable places,
the book sinks naturally to its close.
Its atmosphere is one of kindliness
— a subdued fastidiousness of values —
which throws up the character of Maud,
the "daughter's" self-centred, casually
egotistical cousin, in strong and salient
relief. Otherwise the psychology pre-
serves a tranquil mean, harvesting a store
of minor treasures. Miss Silberrad, in-
deed, has sufficient parts to have made
her story more ambitious and less, if we
may use the word, crepuscular. A bolder
and more confident workmanship would
have easily snapped those fetters of con-
vention which, however lightly, she still
wears. As it is, the book is a sort of grey
monotone, charming in its way, but a
little insignificant.
To ' The Folk of Furry Farm ' Canon
Hannay writes an introduction, in which
he assures us that he knows exactly
what position Miss Purdon holds in the
history of the Irish literary revival. But,
as a matter of fact, he does not. He
fancies that no writer before Miss
Purdon has revealed the life of the
great central plain of Ireland, and he
will have it that her treatment is as unique
as her setting. What, then, of Mr. Padraic
Colum, who literally discovered the peoples
of Leinster ? and what of Miss Jane Barlow,
whose prose studies bear a far closer
affinity to Miss Purdon 's than does the
work of Mr. Standish O'Grady, " the
father of the whole movement " of prose
fiction, as Canon Hannay calls him ?
At any rate, whatever its origins, Miss
Purdon's book is delightful. It is not
so much a novel as a loose collection
of semi-detached short stories, over which
old Michael Heffernan, in quest of a
bride, presides like a choric emblem. In
its soft outlines and gentleness of atti-
tude the book has sympathies with that
of Miss Silberrad. Its triumph lies, how-
ever, not in characterization, but dialogue.
The characters, pleasant as they are, are
not well differentiated, and lack force and
initiative. What matters is not what
they are. but what they •'■ay. The whole
is written from the peasant outlook,
and in the peasant speech. What an
exquisite granary of phrases it is! phrases
8
400
T II E AT II ENiEU M
[Supplement, March 28, 1914
quickened by an alert and fecund ima-
gination, less sumptuous than Synge's,
but closer to the vital domesticities of
Ireland. Canon Hannay quotes, as a
description of a solitary dwelling, " There
wasn't a neighbour within the bawl of an
ass of it." There are hundreds like it.
Certainly, if Miss Purdon's figures do not
stand out brilliantly and vigorously from
her pages, their delicately humorous
language almost compensates for it.
SOCIAL STUDIES.
A Crooked M He. By Oliver Onions.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Nowadays, when so many persons are
convinced that it is their mission in life
to accelerate social reform, it is easy to
stigmatize" enthusiasm as mere love of
notoriety. Sympathy with others in fail-
ing health — mental or physical — is not
easy to the robust unless they are aided
by some similar experience. From the
tone of Mr. Onions's book, we should not
imagine that his mental equipoise had
ever been in danger. Not lacking in
caustic wit, he is lacking in that deeper
discernment which can only be expected
from those who perceive the sometimes
narrow boundary which divides the enthu-
siast and the fanatic from the crank
and the charlatan. We also miss that
good sense which would have shrunk
from crudely modelling the plot upon
contemporary affairs.
As types the characters are admirable ;
it is only in connecting them with their
too patent originals that we quarrel with
their presentment. The moneyed pro-
prietor of The Novum — well described
here by a practical old lady as having
" too much money and too little to do
— is engaged upon a biography of his wife,
a pseudo-artistic woman, who, having once
painted a picture which attracted some
notice, has casts of her own person displayed
about her house. The twin brother to the
irresponsible editor who decamps as soon
as the paper bears its Dead Sea fruit of
useless outrage on life, is also, unhappily,
possible to-day. More human, we are glad
to say, are the other husband and wife
who scorn the marriage rite in public,
though they have submitted to it in
private for the sake of their children.
Besides these we have the physical-culture
lady, who parades her knowledge of
biology even more openly than she
does her personal charms, and who in
dishabille makes one of a company who
blush at the purity of their own thoughts.
There are several more ; but we need
not further particularize, having said
enough, we hope, to send the reader to a
most entertaining book. Mr. Onions is a
real artist, and all his work is worth
attention, though, perhaps, he has hot yet
"found himself," as he will do.
Children of the Dead End. By Patrick
MacGill. (Herbert Jenkins, 6s.)
Had the sub-title of this book, ' The
Autobiography of a Navvy,' been more
literally true, we believe this book would
have secured greater attention, and been
more worthy of it even than it is.
A reader of fiction, when in doubt as
to whether part or a whole of it is real,
decides the question by asking himself
whether it is like what he knows of
" real " life. Unfortunately, so few of
the crowd of readers know anything about
the life this book deals with that the
majority of them will answer the question
in the negative, not (as they should) in
the affirmative.
It is a tale written to show that the
beasts of the fields are better tended
than some sons of men — especially if the
latter are the offspring of Irish parents
under the heel of the landlord and the
priest. Some of the passages will be
far too lurid for " respectable " people,
and the whole is full of rugged strength.
" Clever " people will find many " proofs "
of exaggeration — not so those who are
familiar with the seeming anomalies of
poverty. For example, the author gives
an instance of a navvy producing a
watch from a pocket otherwise empty.
Sympathetic study would soon reveal
the fact that a disposition to cling to the
comparatively useless is by no means
confined to the " idle rich." In spite
of industrial progresses by royalty, or
perhaps on account of their stage-manage-
ment, a real understanding between class
and class seems as difficult as ever, and
therefore we welcome such books as this.
So the World Wags. By Keble Howard.
(Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
This is a set of dialogues grouped under
headings : ' The World in Love,' 'The World
in Trouble,' ' The World Day by Day,' and
so on. The best of them are really good
— not less so than Keble Howard's readers
will have expected — so good, in fact, that
one is impelled to wonder how it comes
to pass that this amalgam of verve and
wit, this accuracy of ear and quickness
in catching the interplay between the
habitual set of a person's mind and its
superficial caprices, nevertheless seldom
rises quite into the region where it must
be taken seriously as art, and sometimes
flickers down into mere triviality.
It is partly, we think, a result of the
writer's too complete mastery of the
trick of the thing, and somewhat too long
practice in it, which seems to make him
able to satisfy himself with an exercise
of craft upon any and every suggestion,
no matter how hackneyed ; and partly a
tendency to attend too exclusively to
what one may call the more " niggling "
humours of modern life. Again, we miss
throughout the book any consciousness
of a background. This need hardly be
perceptible in each separate dialogue,
yet must surely disengage itself from the
work as a whole if it is to count as art.
Nevertheless, it is only fair to repeat that
the best of these sketches are really good.
A Girl's Marriage. By Agnes Gordon
Lennox. (John Lane, 6<s.)
Fay Beaumont, whose parents died
when she was very young, grew up in great
happiness with three elder brothers to
take care of her, and had reached the age
of 20 before any one of these thought of
marrying, and also without having herself
acquired even the faintest idea of what
marriage really is. When at length her
eldest brother took to himself a wife, she
was so greatly upset that she exacted
from the next brother — her favourite
among them — a promise that he would
never commit the like absurdity, but five
with her always. This promise he gave,
but afterwards fell in love, and such was
the honourable tenacity of the Beaumonts
in the matter of their word that Fay
realized there was only one way to deliver
him from his scruples : she herself must
marry. This — still in perfect ignorance —
she accordingly did, setting about the
preliminaries with an amazing prompti-
tude and straightforwardness. It need
hardly be said that her charms were
such that she had suitors — rejected, but
persevering — to choose from. It would be
unfair to unravel the plot further ; it
turns naturally on the calamities which
followed the young woman's rash step,
and on the process by which in time she
was converted into a most satisfactory
wife. She is a very nice girl, and the
book throughout is in excellent accord
with her, in that it is sufficiently direct
in regard to its main theme without being
either coarse or sentimental. The cha-
racters have some measure of life about
them, and here and there a scene proves
telling ; but the improbable is rather too
frequent and predominant a factor in the
sequence of incidents.
Man and Woman. By L. G. Moberly.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Among the legislation which the eruption
of militant Suffragism may call forth one
beneficent law might enact that no persons
should touch what has come to be
known as the " woman question " unless
they contribute to it something new
and vital in matter or treatment. Such
a law would have spared us from this
rather naive elaboration of Tennyson's
platitude
The woman's cause is man's, they rise or sink
Together.
The book's faults lie not in conception,
but in workmanship. Had its highest
been its general level, and had the crucial
instants risen in expression to their
intrinsic dignity, it would not have
merited the hero's stock condemnation
"sentimental." Of all the gifts and
graces by which a human being can live
in actual life, none is more elusive and
incommunicable than " charm," and upon
that the author relies for two of the
leading characters. In fiction only a
master craftsman can hope to convey it ;
so simple an artifice as calling a spinster
of 50 " Aunt Delight," and commenting
at length on her crown of white hair and
Supplement, Makch '2s, 1<>U"J
THE ATHKN.EUM
467
the beautiful soul in her blue eyes, proves
quite ineffective.
Similarly, the profound theory of the
salutary quality in Pain is " not a bow
for every man to shoot in."' Perhaps Miss
Moberly's failure to redeem her attempt
from an odd mixture of priggishness and
banality is, perhaps, explained by her use
of lines by a popular writer as headings
of chapters.
The descriptions suggest that a greater
success might have been achieved if the
author had not adopted the difficult
method of relation in the first person.
There are, too, fleeting gleams of wit
which should have, but somehow have
not. redeemed the book.
Garden Oofs. By Alice Herbert. (John
Lane, 6s.)
These are the reminiscences of a young
girl, beginning from her earliest days, con-
cerned, as the title suggests, with the sow-
ing of mildly " wild oats." They lead, how-
ever, to no serious results, and we leave
her happily settled as a wife and
mother. There is good material in the
book, but the earlier chapters grow
tedious, because they seem to be leading
up to something and merely telling inci-
dents by the way, whereas presently one
discovers that there is nothing to lead up
to, and the string of incidents is the story
itself.
The heroine is the daughter of a widower
who entrusts her to the care of two old
sisters, staunch " Plymouth Brethren " ;
later he marries again, and the girl is sent
for to live with him and her stepmother.
The stepmother's character is the most
attractive in the book, and rings truer
than much of the storv.
Phoebe Maroon. By Mary F. Raphael.
(Heath, Cranton & Ouseley, 65.)
Phoebe Maroon is an artist's model who
has sundry amatory adventures, not all
of them regularized by wisdom or con-
vention. Falling under the spell of an
artist who is married, but separated
from his wife owing to intemperance,
Phoebe lives with him for some time ; but
when the wife dies she refuses to marry
him, because she conceives that marriage
is a barrier to his advance in art.
Further developments we leave to the
reader. The character of Phcebe Maroon
is skilfully drawn, and not devoid of
charm ; in fact, the author is singularly
happy in her feminine types, and should
be able to write more arresting work.
IRELAND AND INDIA.
Tht Ulsterman : a Story of To-day. By
P. Frankfort Moore. (Hutchinson &
Co., 6s.)
These is plenty of good stuff in this
story, and the handling is, at any rate,
not that of the amateur. The grimmer,
more sordid side of the Ulster character,
and the play of forces which in greater
or lesser measure avail to break it down,
furnish the main subject. The dialogue
is not a little heavy, and the characters,
too, are heavily moulded. The writer
has felt the need of introducing some-
thing in the nature of gracefulness and
refinement, were it only to throw up the
ruggedness and vulgarity of the chief
personages ; but he has succeeded only
in contrasting these with stilted affecta-
tion and sentimentality. The incidents
are, for the most part, crudely imagined,
and follow on one another in a, so to
speak, inconsequential order. The plot
relates to the fortunes of a Mid-Antrim
millowner and his family, where the usual
differences between uneducated parents
and somewhat more educated offspring
are aggravated by the sons' relations with
the daughters of Catholic neighbours.
A little apart from this group is an Ulster
barrister, an Oxford man, upon whom
Mr. Moore has evidently lavished a good
deal of thought, and not without purpose,
for, on the whole, he forms the most
finished study in the book.
There are occasional happy turns in the
conversations and a good epigram or two
in the narrative ; and though some
of the humour is far from enlivening,
there are passages which, in this sense,
make good enough reading.
Burnt Flax. By Mrs. H. H. Penrose.
(Mills & Boon, 65.)
This is a tale of the doings of the Irish
Land League thirty years ago, and it says
much for Mrs. Penrose's tact in handling
her subject that, even at the present day,
when Ireland's rights and wrongs are the
subject of so much bitter controversy, no
one could accuse her of partisan feeling.
The political aspect is not allowed to pre-
dominate, but is simply a setting for a
tragic love-story. Praise and blame are
impartially distributed to landlords and
tenants ; obstinacy, ignorance, and folly
are shown on both sides, leading to the
disastrous results which are now a matter
of history.
Two characters in the story stand out
as possessed of more than usual merit :
Anastasia, a gentle peasant girl, and Timsy,
a " natural," but for all that a remarkably
sensible person. The story closes with
the death of these two, who fall victims
of the vengeance of the Land League ; and
this part is not without real pathos, the
more telling because it is restrained.
Baba and the Black Sheep. By E. W. Savi.
(Hurst & Blackett, 6s.)
The main interest of this story of life in
India centres in a girl who lives alone
on her estate on the borders of the Ganges.
We gather that the estate is of consider-
able size, and that she lives as a queen
among dependents who have known and
loved her from babyhood. On the other
side of the river lives the " black sheep."'
a man of good family, whose name is dis-
graced, and whose friends in the " Old
Country" consider him dead. For two
years these two remain unknown to each
other, and then the man saves the girl's
life, and she in .mot her way saves his.
Born and educated entirely in India, the
girl is looked down on by those who have
been " home," and her serious view of
her duties to her servants is ridiculed.
The u black sheep " is still fairly black
when we make his acquaintance, and very
uninviting is the description of his home.
He has a good friend, a rather colourless
person, who always does the right thing;
and the girl — on her side — has an appal-
lingly vulgar stepmother, who arrives
unexpectedly. The feature with which
most trouble has been taken is the descrip-
tion of Indian life. The Ganges is shown
to us in storm and in calm, but otherwise
the scenery is not very clearly drawn.
The writing and development of the tale
are straightforward and clear.
The Happy Hunting Ground. By Alice
Perrin. (Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Mrs. Perrin's novel deals with Anglo-
Indian life, a young wife's folly and
temptation, and her eventual recovery of
happiness. It is not a very strong story,
but it is pleasantly told, and some of the
characters are well drawn. Mrs. Perrin
has done better work in the past, and will
probably do better work in the future.
In the interval this book is readable — the
production of one who treats fiction
seriously.
Father O'Flynn. By H. de Vere Stacpoole.
(Hutchinson & Co., Is. net.)
Mr. Stacpoole's technical skill is great
enough to impart even to a baldly sensa-
tional and wholly incredible narrative a
certain attractiveness. His personages,
indeed, are little more than puppets,
yet they dance on their wires not only
amusingly, but also with some semblance
of spontaneity. It is, however, surely ex-
travagant to include, in one comparatively
brief story, an escape from a epiicksand
and another from a fall over a cliff,
illicit distillation, a secret staircase, sub-
terranean passages, a homicidal maniac,
and a conflagration, in addition to a
frustrated conspiracy against an un-
popular landlord. The next time Mr.
Stacpoole reviews his Irish material he will,
it is to be feared, find his stock running
a little short. The dedication of the
volume — " To Sir E. Carson and Mr. Red-
mond " — was a happy thought.
UNLIKELY STORIES.
The Fortunate Youth. By William J.
Locke. (John Lane, 6«.)
If Mr. Locke's story possessed credible
characters, and were not written through-
out in a high-pitched falsetto, it might
be a good novel, since its plot is both in-
genious and, with one glaring exception,
plausible. But not the besl will in the
world will .liable any intelligent reader
1 < > believe either in the young hero, who
rises from the position of a little male
Cinderella in a slum to that of a young
Tory statesman well in the running for
ministerial honours, or in the princess
whom he succeeds in marrying. Such a
408
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, Makca 28, 1914
story might carry conviction if its teller
plainly believed in it, and if the style had
that direct simplicity and that artful
choice of apparently trivial detail which.
in Defoe's hands, render so credible the
history of the visit paid to Mrs. Bargrave
by the apparition of Mrs. Veal. If, like
Mr. Locke, Defoe had assumed a manner
that invited us to observe his own clever-
ness, Mrs. Veal's ghost would have pos-
sessed no more authenticity than she of
Cock Lane.
It Will be All Right. By Tom Gallon.
(Hutchinson & Co., 6s.)
There is a certain attraction about the
underlying idea in the plot of this story ;
i.e., if you find yourself disappointed with
life as you have hitherto known it, con-
trive so to disappear that every one will
think you dead, and begin again with
a fresh identity.
This, at all events, was the plan that
Fergus Rowley tried, and though he
missed his first personality for a time,
he gradually developed a much finer one.
The wealth he had abandoned lured him
back to try to recover it, but, through
the cowardice of one man and the fraud
of another, he was forced to relinquish
all hope of regaining it, and having once
reconciled himself to the loss, he found
his new self. His nephew Clement, who
was thus suddenly raised from a City
clerkship with 26s. a week to an income
beyond his wildest dreams, had too vain
a nature to stand the test of prosperity.
He proceeded to spend wildly, and finally
abandoned his young wife for a worldly
woman who flattered his vanity. The
book closes with a prospect of reconcilia-
tion.
Dora, the wife, is scarcely a convincing
character, and had it not been for the
efforts of Fergus, we doubt if she could
have agreed with the author about the
final Tightness of all things. Mr. Gallon is,
however, a sentimentalist, and hardly a
severe student of human nature.
Curing Christopher. By Mrs. Horace
Tremlett. (John Lane, 6s.)
The theme of this story — the infatuation
of a mild and stupid married man for a
musical-comedy actress — does not appear
to us to possess any great interest. The
charm of the actress herself is not con-
vincing, and we are thus unable to enter
with sympathy into the clumsy subter-
fuges employed by the hero to deceive his
family. The author's workmanship is
good, and seems worthy of better material.
J ill- All- Alone. By Rita. (Stanley Paul &
Co., 6s.)
The young woman who gives her name
to the book is a foundling brought up by
an aged savant, who lives in a hermitage
buried deep in a forest. At the beginning
of the story he is found acting like a
mediaeval magician, in virtue of powers
which are supposed to have infused them-
selves into him in his long contact with
Nature. Nature is depicted according to
that idsa of Pan — half attractive, half
malignant — which has cropped up here
and there in recent novels. This aspect
of the world rather fades away as the
book proceeds. There are a wandering
youth who stays for a time at the
Hermitage, several gipsies, a villainous
baronet, and an unaccountable stranger
of great power and learning (nevertheless,
he commits himself to the statement that
there have been no female astronomers),
who comes and goes mysteriously, and
utters words of unfathomable profundity.
The good ones live on coarse oatmeal,
milk, and fruit, with lettuces and water
brought in a cut-glass jug. The beginning
and the end of the tale do not hang
together, and, though we spent some
time and pains over it, we do not know
what it is all about.
James Whitaker s Dukedom. By Edgar
Jepson. (Hutchinson & Co., 6s.)
James Whitakeb was trespassing in a
wood when he was suddenly confronted
by his double. The next instant the
double was struck by lightning, and
Whitaker promptly assumed the clothes
and position of the dead man, and figures
to the end of the story as the Duke of
Lan Chester, whose memory has been
affected by a stroke of lightning. His
adventures in his new capacity are but
mildly comic. Mr. Edgar Jepson leads
his impostor into so many stock situa-
tions, and leads him out again by such
extraordinarily improbable devices, that
we regard him in much the same light as
the invulnerable, and therefore unin-
teresting, hero of a penny novelette.
Everything turns out to the advantage of
James Whitaker : his wife takes an over-
dose of veronal, the Duke's brother and
only relative dies of apoplexy, and the
supposititious peer falls in love with and
marries the only witness of his usurpation.
His Great Adventure. By Robert Herrick.
(Mills & Boon, 6s.)
Fortune, after frowning on Edgar Brain -
ard from childhood to early manhood,
suddenly relented, and cast at his feet a
dying millionaire, who, with his latest
breath, made him guardian of bonds
valued at several million dollars. Pursued
by the millionaire's enemies, the hero
flees breathlessly from New York to San
Francisco, and thence wanders through
Arizona to Mexico, where he takes a
steamer leaving Vera Cruz for Havre.
Through a lucky breakdown of the
steamer, which baffles his enemies, Brahr
ard arrives safely in Paris and negotiates
his bonds. With the money thus ob-
tained he works a successful sulphur mine
in Arizona, and, failing to find any heir to
the dead man, uses the proceeds to found
a " People's Theatre," feeling that it is
his duty as trustee to allow the entire
community to enjoy the proceeds of his
trust. The fortunes of the theatre it would
not be fair to divulge. We will only remark
that the story depends more on its plot
than on its characters to hold the readei's
attention, though people who are tired
of the " temperamental " style of novel
may welcome this tale of American hustle
as a pleasant change.
Years oj Discretion. By Frederic and
Fannv Locke Hatton. (Maunsel & Co.,
6s.)
Skill, in reviewing nightmares or a gift
for appraising the literary value of de-
lirium is the kind of equipment required
for satisfactory estimation of this novel.
' Years of Discretion ' is a play turned
into a novel, and probably owes much of
its distracted impossibility to that fact.
The entertaining underlying idea seems to
us spoilt in the handling ; for even the
well-drawn picture of restless, wearying
frivolity at the beginning is defaced here
and there by a brutality so purposeless as
to degenerate into vulgarity. Moreover,
the end — the return to something like sense,
the awakening to " years of discretion " — is
marred by that sentimentalhVv which is the
stock-in-trade of inferior plays, and is
even less convincing in print than on the
stage.
Yet the literary style of the book is
above the average of ordinary novels, and
with all its impossible folly the delineation
of character leaves an impression of living
people. It is a curious performance, and
not quite a waste of power, since it
suggests that the authors could do far
better if they dropped extravaganza. As
it stands, it resembles the temporary in-
sanity of persons fundamentally sane, but
tricked into incredible capers by some
irresistible Puck.
COUNTRY LIFE.
Love the Harper. By Eleanor G. Hay den-
(Smith, Elder & Co., 6s.)
We expect this story will be popular, and,
in a quite worthy sense, it will be de-
servedly so. It conforms to the general
imaginative convention of the last century,
which allowed — nay, demanded — in the
story-teller, a willingness to launch out
into deep waters, and a refusal to do more
than pretend to plumb their depths. The
scene is laid in a village near the Downs —
in some place where orange lilies are to be
found flowering in the spring — and the
landscape is prettily, if somewhat obviously,
emphasized as a setting. The heroine is
a young woman who has made an un-
fortunate secret marriage, which her
villain of a husband before he departs
for Australia informs her, quite falsely,
is a bigamous one. For years, cast out
by her father, she keeps her secret
and endures shame, seeing her child by
stealth and earning bitter bread. When
her half-sister — who knows nothing of this
history — becomes mistress of the family
farm, better days begin, the hero arrives,
and the story is set in motion. The injured
wife goes to Queensland towards the end
of the story to nurse her husband on his
death-bed, and this gives an opportunity
Sutlkmknt, Makcii S8, U)W] Til K A T TT K X JK U M
400
for deftly worked-up pictures of the life
ami scenery there. An element of humour
— some of it genuinely amusing — is pro-
vided by two village oouples, of which
the one tends towards the pathetic and
the Other towards the farcical, both having
about them a touch of Dickensian Lo-
quacity. The faults of the hook are a
want of grasp of character, whence it
comes aboul that the people in it seem to
art at random, and without producing
conviction; and a want of proportion in
construction, whereby the more important
Boenes are slightly sketched in. and the
less important somewhat over-elaborated.
Its merits are pleasantness of style,
kindliness and w holesomeness of tone,
and something, too, of a distinct atmo-
sphere.
Palter and Clay. By Mrs. Stanley Wrench.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Ik we were asked to choose between Mrs.
Wrench's landscape and her portrait
studies, we should without hesitation
choose the former. A story of village life
in the Midlands affords many oppor-
tunities for depicting the beauties of
English scenery, and Mrs. Wrench avails
herself of them with an artist's hand.
The lives of her villagers, however,
in no way correspond to these innocent
and peaceful scenes. Passion, treachery,
and religious bigotry are the sources of
the trouble with which the story abounds.
Marah. whose name foreshadows her fate,
escapes at 17 from a brutal father by
marrying John Blunt, a man much her
senior in age. and her superior in educa-
tion. With him she lives happily for some
years, until his failing sight obliges him
to enlist the services of a secretary, Paul
Haddon, who arouses the unawakened
passion of Marah's nature. Blunt, on
becoming aware of this, goes off to Africa,
taking the secretary with him. The
voung man dies, and Blunt announces the
death as his own, and returns to the
village under the name of Paul Haddon,
wearing a black silk mask on the pretence
that half his face has been shot away by
savages. In an intricate series of love-
affairs this mask plays a tragic part, and
is much dwelt on as a symbol of the
concealments of men and women.
.1 Fret I hi ml. By Helen C. Roberts.
(Duckworth & Co., 6s.)
The tale is. in this case, a sheer contra-
diction of the title, which would have
been more aptly ' A Tied Hand.' The
picture of the chalk cliffs on the cover
also gives an idea of freedom painfully
at variance with the " cabin'd, cribb'd
confined ' life of the hero.
Appalled by the thought of being con-
demned to follow his father in the keep-
ing of a stationer's shop, the boy deter-
mines to tell his parent- of his desire for
Colonial life. His mother, however, fore-
stalls his outburst by informing him she has
saved money to put him into a profession.
Irresolute, and disliking to give pain to
his parents, he drifts into dentistry.
The one resolute action of his life is his
marriage ; but his wife, an actress, being
temperamentally unfitted to him, they
drift apart, and finally he divorces her.
The story has little to relieve it, but the
description of Brighton and Lewes and
the country round will appeal to those
familiar with the South Coast and the
Sussex Downs.
The Master of Merripit. By Eden Phill-
potts. (Ward, Lock & Co., 6s.)
Dartmoor — and especially the district
round Post bridge — is once more the scene
of Mr. Phillpotts's story; the time is
the age of highwaymen, and the capture of
two particularly terrible specimens, twin
brothers, is the main episode of the book.
There are also two rustic love-stories, and
enough is supplied in the way of incident
and local colour to sustain the reader's
interest and revive his knowledge of the
moor.
HISTORICAL FICTION.
The Way of Little Giddiiuj. By E. K.
Seth-Smith. (H. R. Allenson, 3s. Qd.)
At first sight a critic might demur to any
romance about Little Gidding, since a
parade of historical knowledge and an
affectation of seventeenth-century diction
might easily spoil so delicate a fragrance
as that which lingers round the Ferrars.
But the author has caught something of
the remote peace and serene confidence
which that withdrawn community pos-
sessed ; her effortless writing and un-
strained feeling just convey the quiet
strength of the family who, whatever
changes befall, must retain an abiding-
place in this country's chronicles. For
quite different reasons, it is as well that
people to-day should be reminded of the
faithfulness with which men and women
lived, prayed, and died for the Church ;
and as well that they should realize — as
they may all the more easily from the
book's restraint — what civil war actually
means.
The Great Attempt. By Frederick Arthur.
(John Murray, 6s.)
The author of this book writes a short, but
earnest Preface in which he sketches the
political situation which led up to the
rebellion of 1745, and hints mysteriously
that the events of that period may not
be without their lesson for our own day.
He then goes on to tell a quite good story
of " the cloak and rapier " order, with
any quantity of stirring incident, some
traditional love - making, and the usual
accompaniment of faithful servants, brutal
Hanoverians, and supernaturally cunning
Catholic priests. The historical novel of
this kind was lamed for life by Thackeray's
Esmond'; but it has contrived to hobble
along somewhere Dear the main movement
of fiction up to the present, ami will prob-
ably go on doing so for some time. Mr.
Arthur makes a mistake in speaking
of the .Jacobite cause as unpopular.
J'iom the days of ' Wavcrley the Young
Pretender has always been a fictional
success. How many novels have a Hano-
verian hero j Offhand, we can think of
very few.
Unto Cceaar. By Baroness Orozy.
(Hodder & Stoughton, 6s.)
Tins is the story of the conduct of a man
called Taurus Antinor Anglicanus, prefect
of Rome, and also a Christian, at a time
when a conspiracy threatened the life of
Caligula, and when, by accepting the offer
of the hand of the beautiful Augusta, Dea
Flavia, he might have made himself Caesar.
There is no need to take it seriously from
the point of view of history. The writer
depicts with an unsparing fullness many
gorgeous scenes, and her dramatis persona
deliver themselves of many lofty speeches.
Here and there are whiffs of atmosphere,
a real vision of a city, the sense of a crowd ,
but individual characterization, as well as
incident, is blurred and lost in the misty
outpourings of sentimentality.
The Sea Captain. By H. C. Bailey.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Mr. Bailey sets his story of love,
seafaring, and the rise to fortune of his
hero in the days of Elizabeth, and writes
it with plenty of vigour and imagination.
His Diccon Rymingtowne appears first as
a sort of village idiot and rather disreput-
able character, and goes through a wonder-
ful metamorphosis. The public that cares
for historical fiction will read the book.
with pleasure.
The Gales of Boom. By Rafael Sabatinf.
(Stanley Paul & Co., 6s.)
Readers who have followed the daring
exploits of the Scarlet Pimpernel, Beau
Brocade, and other heroes of romance
should find something to suit their tastes
in Mr. Sabatini's latest contribution to
historical fiction. He writes in a brisk and
vivacious manner. He is a cunning arti-
ficer of dramatic situations, and his charac-
ters in this instance, although sketched on
somewhat conventional lines, are distinctly
alive.
The scene of the plot is Georgian Eng-
land, the principal actor in the drama
being a soldier of fortune, who is employed
on a secret mission as a Jacobite agent.
With due regard to the encounters and
intrigues of the period, we must consider
some of his adventures as truly amazing.
CRIME AND ADVENTURE.
T/ir W a nd <><r' * Sccklace. By H. Rider
Haggard. (Cassell, 6s.)
In this book Sir II. Rider Haggard ha*
returned to the manner of his firs! ro-
mances. The chief character is a new
rendering of Allan QuatennaJn, and once
again 1 1 1 « - re-incarnation motif appears.
The wanderer is a Scandinavian who comes
to the Court of Irene and Constantine VII.
at Byzantium, and gives numerous ex-
hibitions of that invincible behaviour
which endears heroes to many youthful
470
THE ATHEN^UM
[Supi'LEM est, March 28, 1914
readers. Full-length portraits are given
of the ambitious Empress and her in-
effective son. The usual semi-occult strain
is introduced by such devices as dreams,
and a mysterious necklace. The author has
deliberately allowed an element of inco-
herence to enter the story. The wanderer
tells only parts of his tale through the
mediumship of a subsequent incarnation.
This too is reminiscent of some of the
early romances. The numerous admirers
of ' She ' will find much to their taste in
k The Wanderer's Necklace.'
The End of her Honeymoon. By Mrs.
Belloc Lowndes. (Methuen & Co., 6s.)
This is a pleasantly exciting story of the
possibilities and impossibilities of a man's
disappearance in Paris. On the whole, the
plot is neatly constructed, though it is hard
to believe that the stranded girl would
have blundered so completely over proving
her story. For instance, we have to wait
till the eighth chapter before she produces
the address of her old family lawyer, and
another five before we learn that she be-
thought herself of the Rouen hotel where
she had stayed with the lost husband ; while
the crucial fact that the carriage in which
they both drove away from the Gare Saint
Lazare was stopped by the police and that
their identity was noted — the fact which
would have prevented the mystery — is
not referred to again. Perhaps that is well,
for otherwise an eminently readable, even
absorbing, and easily written romance
would have been frustrated. It is a novel
of plot, scarcely at all of character. Only
absorption in the mystery could account
for the curiously abortive treatment of
Saigas, and the naive confidence shown in
the chattering Major Dallas of Scotland
Yard by the Prefect of the French police.
But all who value a couple of hours' re-
creation should be grateful to Mrs. Belloc
Lowndes.
Two Women. By Max Pemberton.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
This story tells of the escape from a Ger-
man fortress of one of the heroes, who has
been imprisoned on a charge of espionage ;
of the relations of the other, a dissolute
young peer, with a beautiful adventuress ;
and of the noble (though happily tempo-
rary) self-sacrifice of the second heroine.
The various elements in the tale are not
combined with any coherence, and in the
two chapters at the end which describe
separately the fates of the women we have
a clumsy method of winding up the double
theme. The book will probably please
many readers by virtue of its spice of
adventure — of the certainty from the first
that every character will meet in the end
with its due.
The Crimson Honeymoon. By Headon
Hill. (Ward, Lock & Co., 6s.)
A debonair villain ; a rising young bar-
rister ; an amiable and titled, if foolish
hero ; also corpses, racing cheats, blood
dripping from the ceiling on to the dinner-
table, and finally a death-trap in a cellar, to
be worked when, as the villain' s chauffeur
remarks, " the tide will commence to ebb
two hours after midnight, madame " — such
are some of the paraphernalia of this un-
qualified melodrama.
The Hidden Mask. By C. Guise Mitford-
(Stanley Paul & Co., 6s.)
Those who have no taste for murder
mysteries and thrilling situations should
not take up this novel, for if they do so,
they will probably find themselves com-
pelled against their inclination to read
it to the end. Highly fantastic and grue-
some, it does not exhibit any marked
degree of originality in its conception, nor
do the characters strike us as possessing
much individuality. But the author suc-
ceeds in stimulating our sense of expecta-
tion, and has woven an intricate plot.
Blind Man's Buff. By Jacques Futrelle.
(Hodder & Stoughton, 2s. net.)
This story of an American ignorant of
French searching for a defaulting bank
manager in Paris is comparatively short —
under 200 pages — and has not the inge-
nious elaboration of many detective tales of
to-day. The bank manager possesses a
daughter, who, as might be expected,
provides the love-interest. Jacques Fu-
trelle, however, wrote very much better
than the average purveyor of mystery.
This story of his has humour and vivid-
ness, though some of the Americanisms
will be beyond the average reader ; for
example, betting " ten dollars to a hole in
a pretzel." The book shows also vivid-
ness of an easier sort to understand in
such phrases as " Here and there across
the Seine some prodigal giant has flung
a handful of glittering stars in parallel
arches, and these are bridges." The
author was an artist in his way, and his
books are always pleasant reading.
TALES OF THE WILD.
The Way of the Strong. By Ridgwell
Cullum. (Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
This book opens amid one of those
wild and desolate scenes which Mr.
Cullum well knows how to impress on the
reader's imagination : it is the desert
heart of the Yukon in winter, " the great
white land, broken and torn " and silent.
A woman and the man she loves are facing
the perils of the winter trail, trying to
reach civilization in time for her child
to be born without shame. Later
we have equally striking descriptions of
wide cornfields in the heart of Canada,
and it is here the millionaire's luxurious
home is set.
The "strong man" is primaeval and
rough in character, unscrupulous and free
in his vengeance as in his generosity. At
first the greed of gain entirely possesses
him ; later in life his love for a woman
absorbs him as completely. The plot,
though in many respects skilfully con-
structed, is yet at its foundation' weak.
The woman travelling from the Yukon is
separated from her lover, reaches her
destination alone, and dies soon after
the child's birth. The story then turns
on the promise of her young sister, a girl
of 17, to bring this boy up as her own, and
to let it be supposed that he was born in
wedlock, and that she is a widow. That
a girl so young, loving her unfortunate
sister, and in the presence of death,
should be willing to promise this, is con-
ceivable ; what seems to us curious is that
after eighteen years, when she is about
to be married, she should tell the boy of
his unhappy birth, but yet allow him still
to believe that she is his mother. She
thus sacrifices herself to spare her sister's
memory, and breaks her promise in its
essential part. Upon this much that
follows depends, and it could only have
been made convincing if pity and love
for the memory of the dead mother had
been shown to have some remaining
power. But this is not the case.
There are many complications in which
Socialism and Labour unrest play some
part ; there are also many good situations
cleverly handled, and several interesting
characters besides those mentioned ; but
on the whole we think the book would
have been better had it been shorter.
The dialogue is in the strong Canadian
idiom, roughly picturesque, which the
author usually employs.
The Reconnaissance. By Gordon Gar-
diner. (Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
In this volume is presented the striking
paradox of a man who gains the Victoria
Cross through being a coward. As he
subsequently confesses, it was his over-
mastering fear of being left by himself
in the desolate veld, surrounded by
hostile and savage natives, that made
it possible for him to carry a wounded
comrade for twelve days over dangerous,
difficult country where the scarcity of
food was only equalled by the want
of water. The contrast between Capt.
Robertson, the rough frontier policeman,
and Bishop Raymond, the aristocratic
High Church African prelate, is one of the
best things in the book.
There are many good points about
Leslie, the V.C., but the presentment of
Mabel, the " principal lady," though it
contains some excellent material, occa-
sionally suffers from the weight of
" purple patches " and emotional treat-
ment. We like Lady Grace Whipham, a
fussy, but kindly old body with a passion
for effecting introductions.
The Chief of the Ranges. By H. A. Cody.
(Hodder & Stoughton, 6s.)
The story is somewhat fragmentary and
lacking in dramatic interest, yet the author
displays an intimate acquaintance with
Indian life and character. The book
deals with the adventures of Ouindia,
daughter of an Indian chief ; Natsate, her
lover ; and Roger Dean, an old trader of
the plains. Feuds between the Chilcot
and Ayana Indians are well portrayed, and
in his description of life in the Yukon
and the Canadian North-West the author
exhibits a practical acquaintance with his
subject.
Supplement, March 28, 1014]
THE A Til KN;E1'M
471
The City of Hope. By C. Fox Smith.
(Sidgwiek & Jackson, (is.)
Hope City is one of those curious products
of Western Canada that, when they are
oner started, spring into full life and
activity almost in a single night. When
we first see it in this story, however, il is
still only in the " plot " stage, despite the
more or less fraudulent attempts of real-
BState agents to foist land on to the public
at artificially inflated values. An English
solicitor sends out a son of roving disposi-
tion while the " slump." accentuated by
bad harvests, is at its worst, and the tale
turns on the hardships endured by the
youth and on his marriage with the charm-
ing daughter of a drunken scamp. With
considerable force the author shows that
" variety and adventure. . . .incident and
splendid freedom " are not the only as-
pects of life in West Canadian ' back
blocks " to be thought of : —
" People would do well to appreciate the
facts before they pitchfork their difficult
and wilful boys, those whom they have them-
selves shirked the unpleasantness of school-
ing, into the midst of the hardest and
bitterest school on earth. It is a mistake
too often and too fatally made to think that
the wilful and wayward w;ll be best mas-
t red by harshness."
The book carries one on to the end
without flagging. Perhaps the best piece
of characterization is that of the heroine's
degenerate father, who is well drawn.
The Pathivay. By Gertrude Page. (Ward,
Lock & Co., (is.)
Civen* a pair of lovers living near one
another in a country where convention is
practically non-existent, their tale of true
love threatens to run much too smoothly,
so that one can hardly blame the author
for the ruthless way in which she separates
them. The heroine, through a chain of
events which could have been easily
explained, is discovered by her lover at
lunch in the house of a rival, and this is
sufficient excuse for the hero to betake
himself to India without deigning to leave
an address or waiting to hear how she
came to accept the invitation. In his
absence the heroine — after some life-
fang on both Bides — becomes engaged to
a man of importance ; but even this rash
step did not alarm us. With a confidence
that was fully justified, we relied on the
author to bring back the impetuous Toby
in the nick of time- to stop their marriage.
Rhodesia is the country chosen as the
field of the drama, and the writer pays a
well-deserved tribute to the women en-
gaged in the task of building up a Still
young country, to their courageous
struggle with domestic difficulties, and
with the loneliness which many of them
feel aeut lv.
Th€ Rocks of Valpri. By Ethel M. Dell.
(Fisher Unwin, <>*.)
Tun easy simplicity with which this story
i- told is its chief merit ; its faults are
undue length and too numerous love-
aea. The heroine is a childish girl
who at seventeen meets a young French
soldier on the sands of Valpre. Her
character is clearly drawn : winsome,
sparkling, but unstable ; and when she
grows up and is married to a rather
Sternly truthful husband she goes wrong
through lack of truthfulness. The French-
man becomes her husband's friend and
secretary, and the whole story turns on
their former acquaintance and adventure
on the rocks. Here is the weakness of
the plot : too much mystery made of this
adventure, and no adequate reason shown
why the husband should not have heard
of it.
ETHICAL PROBLEMS.
Time and Thomas Waring : the Study c/
a Man. By Morley Roberts. (Eve-
lcigh Nash, 6s.)
It is with sincere pleasure that we wel-
come the appearance of a work which
brings Mr. Morley Roberts within the
small circle of fiction-writers who may be
looked to for a serious influence on the
thought of our times. The pleasure is
all the greater because it is unexpected.
Nothing in the author's later work had
prepared us for the kind of outlook on
life here revealed.
The writing of this book must have been
as bold an adventure on the part of Mr.
Roberts as it is a successful one ; it is
inconceivable that it can appeal with any
great force to the more youthful of his
accustomed audience. The reader must
have had some experience of life, some
schooling in pain, to appreciate the first-
hand quality of the observation it reveals,
the pressure of the problems set out in it
for solution. In stating them the author
has not overstrained his privilege as a
novelist to emphasize las situations.
Thomas Waring is an efficient and
successful worker. As a father he
has allowed a wall to grow between
him and his children ; as a man he
has insisted on the value of conventional
religion and morals for other people,
while taking his own way without
even formulating an excuse for himself.
His wife is a brilliant study of the way in
which a certain type of Englishwoman
stays outside her husband's real life, yet
persists in trying to dominate it; while
his daughter Joyce and Jennie Vale are
perfectly distinct and well-drawn types
of fine modern womanhood. The shock
which brings Waring s life to a sudden stop.
and forces him to reconsider his whole
relationship to his surroundings in the light
of fa-t approaching death — a very severe
operation —leads him to a readjustment of
values; In- perceives thai the only result
of one's life to be esteemed is not what one
does, hut how others have b en all'eH d
by it . and he Bets out to liquidal • his
responsibilities to hi- world by kindness
and tolerance, without reference to any
religious sanction. It is a simple solution,
and not a new one, hut it i- worked out
with great ability.
A finely conceived piece of imaginative
psychology is the account of the return
of consciousness to Thomas Waring after
his operation. Few or none, perhaps,
can pronounce on its objective truth, but
any one who has ever passed through a
midnight horror, and felt himself sus-
pended in a blank nothingness, with ages
between the human companionship that
lay behind him, and more ages to come
before the dawn, will feel that so it
must have been. Equally well observed,
too, is that metallic taste which often
accompanies weakness and pain, and that
sudden loud beating of the heart which
catches the attention at silent moments.
Yet, however harrowing the story, there
is nothing over-pressed in it, nothing
needless or inartistic.
The mere writing of the book is
masterly. Its first sentences — hard, clear,
almost abrupt, and hurried — put us at
once in harmony with the patient as he
comes into the operating-room which is to
be the theatre of the struggle for his life.
As the tension relaxes, the style becomes
easier ; and though Mr. Roberts never
becomes lyrical, he never fails to rise to
the demands of his situation, even at the
last, when Waring is bidding farewell to
the life he has to leave.
The Way Home. By Basil King.
(Methuen & Co., Gs.)
v The Way Home ' contains honest work
well done, and the author has a true
craftsman's care for his creation. Readers
who regret the facility of its popular view
of religion may still admit that it rises
above the rather dismal level of present-
day novels. If it does not carry en-
tire conviction, it awakens interest in
the characters, who are people, not
mere dummies, and it is well written.
Perhaps the early chapters, perhaps
even the whole book, would not have
been written had Romain Holland
never given the world ' Jean-Christophe ' ;
nevertheless, it is superior to some echoes
of that great work. The slow unfolding —
possibly a trifle too slow — of Charlie
Grace's character is more successful than
that of either of the women whose
fortunes are linked with his. About them
both is an uncertainty of intention, which
in one case amounts almost to a volte-
face. A pleasant humour belongs to the
sacristan, who, combining the licence
which s •ems the property of his voca-
tion with simple faith, relieves the
sombre painful atmosphere of the American
environment where money rules, where
Christianity suffers most at the hands of
its professors, and where the general
maxim i> presented as " Each lor himself,
and the devil take the hindmost.1 In
this depressing scene the two priests, and
particularly, through some subtle failure
m conception Mr Legrand, hardly lill
the pari- assigned them ; tiny contrive,
however, to avoid that deplorable de-
scent into cai ical ure w hich often offends
and outrages facl on the English
Mid in English fiction.
472
THE ATITENjEUM
[Supplement, March 28, 1914
Fine Clay. By Isabel C. Clarke. (Hut-
chinson & Co., 6s.)
The marriage, unwittingly, of a young and
romantic girl — a Roman Catholic — to a
divorce, and her break with him when she
discovers his duplicity, provide Miss Isabel
Clarke with an interesting theme for her
latest novel. Still further to complicate
matters, the husband, a younger son,
unexpectedly becomes heir to a title and
estates, but owing to a will, the terms of
which exclude Catholics, his son is
debarred from following him. He and his
young wife, however, both die early, and
a stern old grandfather tries hard to
bring up the boy — who is, of course, in
the eyes of the law, legitimate — as a
Protestant, but without success. Miss
Clarke has treated her subject ably, and
she has a quiet, easy style which makes
the reading of her book a pleasure, though
it is possible that her insistence on the
superiority of the Roman Catholic faith
is overdone.
The Tresleys. By Henry Cockburn.
(Melrose, 6s.)
The point of ethics raised in this novel is,
Should a man who has previous, but not
confidential information about an impend-
ing bank smash attempt to sell to the un-
suspecting public shares with an unlimited
liability attached to them ? Col. Tresley
says No, and as a consequence is utterly
ruined. These shares were part of a large
legacy that he had unexpectedly come in-
to : " Some malicious fairy might have
made it her gift, with trouble of mind and
material loss for its only results."
How his chivalrous conduct is regarded
by the various members of his family, and
their reception of a proposal to refund him
the generous portions that he had given
them outright immediately on coming into
his fortune, form the main subject-matter
of the subsequent pages.
Mr. Cockburn's first essay in fiction
promises well. There is a pleasing sim-
plicity and directness in his style ; he is
a keen observer of human nature, and, if
some of his characterization is a little too
much " on the surface," his meaning is
plain.
The Price of Conquest. By Ellen Ada
Smith. (John Long, 6s.)
The portrayal of genius in fiction is pro-
verbially difficult, and we rather feared for
Miss Smith when we found that she had
made both her hero and heroine brilliant
violinists. Fortunately, our fears are in
no way shared by the author herself, and
though she is no stylist, and is at times a
little inclined to flamboyancy — sentiment
and melodrama are by no means without
a place in the book — she carries us along
with so much energy and cheery opti-
mism that we almost forget her imperfec-
tions. She has the knack of telling a
story and compelling the reader's sym-
pathy for her characters. Towards the
end of the book, the emotions of a
great musician, whose wife — a former
pupil — is, as he thinks, outstripping him
in skill and popularity, are analyzed
with no little subtlety.
On the Staircase. By Frank Swinnerton.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
We are grateful to Mr. Swinnerton for his
selection of the raw material of ' On the
Staircase.' This novel presents a few
members of a class of English society
which novelists seldom depict. The in-
telligent clerk exists in large numbers ;
he has solid intellectual interests, he reads
such authors as Mr. A. C. Bradley, and
prefers good lasting works to the flashy
and ephemeral and much - advertised.
But because he is unostentatious and
writes little he is collectively unnoticed.
The affairs of two men of this class, and
of their sisters, occupy a large part of the
novel. The remainder is concerned with
the life, marriage, and death of Adrian
Velancourt, who stands on the margin
of this class. He is cast from a different
mould, or perhaps from a mould that
was a little twisted, and his hyperesthesia
leads to pain and death. With a con-
sideration of the ethics of his suicide the
book comes to an end.
The characters stand out from the first
with admirable distinctness, although the
author is inclined to play with the theme
of repulsion as a prelude to attraction
perhaps a little to excess. It is not al-
together easy to pin one's faith to a lady
who says to her lover, " Sometimes I
think you so objectionable that I wonder
to find myself talking to you," and shortly
afterwards asks him to repeat his pro-
posal to her. But these things may really
happen.
The Pessimist : a Confession. By A.
Newman. (Nutt, 6s.)
A preface of aphorisms printed in italics
is an unfortunate beginning for a novel,
hardly improved by the inclusion of such
a one as " Every artist is a slave ; but
there is an exquisite sweetness in his
servitude." We must frankly admit that
we are not acquainted with men of science,
bishops, or even — to use the author's
phrase — "a perfect gentleman," who
endeavour, like the characters in this
book, to sparkle into epigram every time
they open their mouths, and fail on every
occasion. As literature it is a failure,
as philosophy shallow, as religion nil ;
yet it purports to deal with all three.
It is not even thought out on its own
chosen lines ; for the author has invented
an epoch-making discovery which might
destroy the whole world by breaking a
jar of germs, and a little invention on his
part might have saved his logic, if not
the probability of things, by the additional
discovery of some sterilizing power.
The Marriage Contract. By Joseph Keat-
ing. (Hutchinson & Co., 6s.)
The most valuable idea in this interest-
ing story seems to us to be the author's
contention that sin is a disease of the soul,
and has the same pathological conse-
quences as disease of the body — i.e., the
sufferer must either recover or death
ensues. His argument is, therefore, that
the sinner, purified by the purgative of
suffering and repentance, is entitled to be
considered in as perfect health spiritually
as the sick man, after complete convales-
cence, has bodily.
Delia, a wife false to her marriage vows,
gets for the first time in her shallow life
a glimpse of something greater than she
has yet known when her husband refuses
to take the usual legal compensation for
his wrongs, but reinstalls her as mistress
of his home. Antony's conception of his
" marriage contract " did not include any
provision for release in the event of one
of the parties breaking faith ; wherein he
differed from Society in general, and his
Cousin Jane in particular, whose anxiety
to see the faithless Delia drink the cup
of humiliation to the dregs is true to
life. The book concludes with Antony's
successful attempt to L' hate the sin, but
love the sinner."
Mr. Keating seems to us, however, to
be on debatable ground when he makes
jealousy the root of Delia's renewed love
for her husband, and insists that it is the
essential mire from which the lily of
passion springs. Surely jealousy was
merely a bitter flavour added to her love,
which was really born of the vision of a
nobility she had not hitherto suspected.
As a whole, the book presents a large-
hearted view of humanity which should
make a wride appeal.
Leviathan. By Jeanne tte Marks. (Hodder
& Stoughton, 6s.)
A young professor in an American Univer-
sity who is about to be married has con-
tracted the opium habit. Conscious of his
weakness, the heroine of the story
decides to marry him, with the object of
devoting her life to his reclamation.
His reformation is at last attained, pre-
sumably through the medium of a number
of long and wearisome declamations,
more appropriate in a pamphlet than in
a novel. The author indulges in some
violent diatribes in conjunction with
statements that are grossly exaggerated ;
for instance, she writes : —
" Opium is the backbone of the Anglo-
Indian Government. In England itself there
is scarcely a family of any position that has
not its opium addicts. And because Eng-
land cannot do without it, the Anglo-Indian
Government has put it on record in decisions
that opium is a harmless stimulant, good for
all aaes, including babies, and that no home
is really home without it."'
This is a fair sample of the author's
propaganda.
We deprecate such wild statements,
and we can find nothing to commend in
the characteristics or stvle of the volume.
The Sentence Absolute. By Margaret Mac-
aulay. (Nisbet & Co., 6s.)
The ethical interest in this story lies
in the expiation of a wrong committed in
a moment of great temptation. The hero,
a young consulting engineer, overcome by
the pressure of Cambridge debts and the
importunities of moneylenders, accepts
the tender of a firm which carries with it a
Supplement, March 28, 1014] THE ATHENiEUM
473
heavy commission for bimself. His sin
finds him out. and the heroine is faced with
a problem whieh puts her love for him to
a severe test. With the somewhat harsh
ideals of extreme youth, she finds it
equally difficult to condone his fault, and
to realize the value of his subsequent
remorse and penance. The writer, who
possesses a simple, straightforward style,
lias created two attractive young people ;
if the mind of the heroine is somewhat
slow and unreceptive, it is doubtless due to
her conventional though pleasant, up-
bringing and surroundings.
SOCIAL COMEDY.
C.
The Cuckoo Lamb. Bv Horace W
Xewte. (Chatto & Windus, 65.)
Satire recoils on the satirist when it
condemns him to clog his narrative with
the sayings and unimportant doings of a
set of pseudo-artistic people whose silliness
lacks the charm of the comic. That is
the verdict which we feel bound to pass
on a considerable portion of this some-
times admirable story. Mr. Xewte has
for his heroine a country girl with an
aptitude for writing fiction, who, after
experience as a domestic servant, blossoms
under a pen-name into a novelist, and is
tempted to hide her plebeian past.
The first half of the book is distinguished
by a happy union of fancy and realism.
The indomitably imaginative girl with
her two sweethearts and disapproving
relatives, in a rural setting at once pretty
and horrid, is excellently visualized. The
way in which human vanity is pelted
through Mr. Xewte's pages by a catchword
taken from the door of a pretentiously
named villa pleases like an apt Leimotiv ;
and the picture he gives of the life off
duty of the draper's shopgirl who '* lives
in " is humorous and convincing. Satire
before it recoils on our author does good
service to his art, his exhibition of female
foibles being very amusing.
Simpson. By Elinor Mordaunt.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Tile author dedicates this book to lovers.
We hardly needed the hint to enable us
to foresee what would happen when the
h<ro and his friends started a bachelors'
club. Though the end appears inevitable,
the book is diversified by many ingeniously
devised incidents. Each man takes to
the club to avoid matrimony, and each
there meets his fate : some of them even
exile and death. The heir, himself, a
delightful character, drawn with sanity
and charm, has at once the most obvious
and the most happy lot apportioned to
him. The author writes pleasantly and
with restraint, and shows some power of
creating atmosphere in her descriptions of
the house with its gardens, whieh. as the
scene of events, plays an unusually promi-
nent part in the development of the tale.
The Tracy Tubbses. By Jessie Pope.
(Mills & Boon, 3.s\ (id.) '
It is difficult to realize that there are
people with leisure which they cannot
spend more satisfactorily to themselves
than in reading such unrelieved farce as
" The Tracy Tubbses.' The best which can
be said of it is that it is absolutely in-
nocuous ; the worst, perhaps, that it should
have been very much funnier if it was
to be done at all. That is not to say that
it is never funny — it is sometimes. To
be persistently funny is given to few of
us. Yet there is a public for a book
like this, which has no connexion with
literature, and possibly was not intended
to have any.
Monksbridge. By John Ayscough.
(Chatto & Windus, 6s.)
This is a study of characters, told mainly
by conversations. A family of four — the
mother, twin daughters, and a son — have a
little fortune and a house on the borders
of Wales left to them unexpectedly.
Here they meet a number of people, and
the first fourteen chapters are taken up
with the ' ' bright ' ' conversations by which
they all make acquaintance. There is so
much of this that it becomes tedious.
One of the sisters possesses a calcu-
lating and managing mind, and the rest of
the book is taken up with her influence
over her family , and over the nobility and
gentry of that part of the country. She
arranges excellent marriages for herself
and her mother, but her sister and brother
rebel against her plans for them. The best
things about the book are a few sudden,
vivid descriptions, of a person speaking
or of some little action, which set a whole
scene before our eyes in two or three words.
This clever trick of the author's — it
seems no more than that — is the only
thing which relieves the monotony of the
book.
The Making of Blaise. By A. S. Turber-
ville. (Sidgwick & Jackson, 6s.)
For a first novel this study of tempera-
mental effects holds considerable promise.
The major part of the story is concerned
with Blaise's father, who was the second
son of a narrow-minded father and a
mother whose more broad-minded per-
sonality had suffered eclipse at the hands
of her husband and elder son. Of Blaise
himself we leam little, as his young life
closes with the book. Of his mother we
should have welcomed a more detailed
account. The author, in fact, has pro-
d-iced half a dozen of what may be
likened to crayon portraits, all of which,
I) ing lifelike and conveying well-marked
traits, satisfy an artistic sense better than
tin curiosity which they arouse.
The, Awakening. By R. S. Maonamara.
(Herbert -Jenkins, 0s\)
To those who buy their hooks straight
off a stall the publisher's precis of the
.story on an outer oover has advantages.
An author searching for an unused de-
-criptive title deserves more sympathy
than blame if small success is obtained.
This tale, which deals with a beautiful
girl's first marriage to a sensualist who
is crippled by an accident, and closes with
her finding of a better mate, is smoothly
rather than stirringly written. The end
is abrupt and unsatisfactory, and leaves
the reader with the impression that the
number of words expected by a pub-
lisher had been attained sooner than the
author expected.
It was the Time of Roses. By Doff
Wyllarde. (Holden & Hardingham, 6s.)
This book is an early work of its author,
differing in no respect from many novels
produced by cleverish young women.
It possesses few of the characteristics,
either good or bad, that have secured
the success of her later books, and few
critics would discern in it, if published
without her name, the promise of much
force or talent. If Miss Wyllarde is
responsible for its publication in volume-
form (it has already appeared as a serial),
she has been somewhat inconsiderate of
her own reputation ; if she is not
responsible, she furnishes one more warn-
ing to young writers of the dangers
so which they expose themselves when
they sell their copyrights, instead of
selling only the right to publish for a
short term of years.
Splendrum. By Lindsay Bashford. (Chap-
man & Hall, 6s.)
Splendrum is a huge industry which is
upheld by the personality and business
capacity of its wealthy owner, and when
he becomes enfeebled by drink appears to
be on the verge of utter collapse. Splen-
drum, however, has a son — a failure at
school, despised by his singularly hard-
hearted father, as depicted at the begin-
ning of the story, an incompetent, if
attractive boy — who, bringing to bear the
capability which he has, after all, inherited,
and which we detected in the beginning in
the ease with which he drives his motor,
comes effectively to the rescue. It is a
fairly well told story, though the lengthy
speeches tempt the reader to skip, and it
is at no time easy to feel much interest in
the two girls who play a part in it.
The Education of Oliver Eya\ i. By Regi-
nald E. Salwey. (Digbv, Long & Co.,
6s.)
Mr. Salwey has the gift not only of being
able to make his characters live, but also
of placing them before his readers with
unmistakable clearness. In his latest
volume he has further succeeded in hitting
off the mean between plot and characteri-
zation. Both are well conceived and
carried out.
.Misguided maternal instinct procures a
change of babies at birth, and thereby a
young baronel . who proves to be an ait ist io
genius, is kept out of his rightful position
till manhood. The story deals with the
discovery of the fraud. We cannot help
liking Oliver, the innocent, " impostor,"
despite his faults; and the high-minded
tutor is a good study. The book itself
must introduce the others.
474
THE ATHEN^UM
[Supplement, March 28, 1914
The Girl on the Green. By Mark Allerton.
(Methuen & Co., 6s.)
Golf, the militant Suffragette, a girl's
college ideals, and love are the main
strands in the pleasant web of this tale.
The slight plot is quite workmanlike,
the character - drawing sufficient, the
humours happily enough conceived. The
qualities the book lacks are crispness,
neatness of finish, and wit ; or, as alter-
natives, rollicking fun and genuine
laughter. It is faintly infected with
seriousness.
SHORT STORIES.
The Lost Road. By Richard Harding
Davis. (Duckworth & Co., 6s.)
The seven short stories collected in this
volume are admirable specimens of the
better sort of magazine fiction, but they
lack the exuberant humour of Mr. Davis
at his best. Every one of them has for its
hero a sentimental American, who remains
the same man, although we find him under
seven different names in seven different
parts of the world. There is also a certain
monotony in the invariable surprise at the
end. Perhaps the best story is ' The God
of Coincidence,' in which the author
cheerfully abandons himself to humorous
improbabilities.
Firemen Hot. By C. J. Cutcliffe Iiyne.
(Methuen & Co., 65.)
The firemen are three — an Englishman, a
Scotchman, and a Yankee — who will not
ship except together. There is all the
abundance and precision in the use of
nautical or quasi-nautical terms, and in
the descriptions of a vessel's behaviour,
to which Mr. Hyne has accustomed his
readers, combined with that grim, devil-
may-care manliness which he has also the
trick of depicting trenchantly. These
things are good, yet not quite sufficient of
themselves for the making of satisfactory
short stories ; and as the other material
supplied here is slight, and somewhat
roughly thrown together, it cannot be said
that this collection is exactly of outstand-
ing merit. One or two Kettle yarns are
appended to it.
Later Litanies ; and Litanies of Life. By
Kathleen Watson. (Heinemann, 2s. 6d.
net.)
It is impossible to guess why the word
Litany should have been chosen for these
wordy, shallow, and sentimental laments.
We had thought the taste for self-centred
and feebly irreligious moanings had gone
with the passing of the century, so that
this book comes like something which is
born out of its right time, if indeed there
was ever a right time for such.
If the author desires to make a moving
recital out of exiguous materials, we
recommend to her careful study some
such consummate instance as Maupas-
sant's ' La Ficelle ' ; it will prove better
equipment for that most difficult among
hard achievements, the short story,
than a plenitude of sentiment and an
abundance of adjectives.
FRENCH STORIES.
L'Eveil. Par Maurice Deroure. (Paris,
Plon.)
This is, we gather, the first work of a
young author — a recruit, as he says, to
" la phalange qui prepare une nouvelle
renaissance." Of this renaissance much
has already been written. It is, in social
thought and in the individual conscious-
ness, the return to idealism and to faith ;
in literature it may be said to manifest
itself as the resurgence of the background —
of the whole as against the parts, and as a
study of the relation of individuals to that.
M. Deroure follows the prevailing tendency
in the new generation of writers to make
the ancient Catholic religion of France
the medium of contact between the indi-
vidual and the whole, and its laws the
means by which the claims of the whole
are asserted. To this he joins, more
explicitly than most, the claims of the
family.
The situation is simple and by no
means novel: a young man drawn into
a passion for a married woman. The
youth has been educated strictly,
and has sincerely responded to the
religious influences brought to bear on
him ; significantly these are Jansenist.
Once, tempted to the very verge of falling,
he is pulled back into safety by the direct
force of his religion, by the obligation to
perform his Easter duties. The second time
— and this is an instance of fine insight —
he is saved, after long strain, and at the
very moment of determination to yield,
by the flight of the woman. She had been
amused and attracted by the boy, in the
first instance at an hotel where, half in
vanity, half in conscientious resolution,
he had told the hotel-keeper, it being a
Friday, " Je veux un diner maigre."
She had ascertained that the estrangement
out of which he came back to her wasv
caused by his having " fait ses Paques."
She confesses by a hasty retreat that
there is something invincible which sepa-
rates them.
M. Deroure is wholly to be con-
gratulated on this first essay. Restraint,
delicacy of touch, felicity without un-
due exuberance in the invention of
detail, subtlety in the delineation of the
two principal characters, and steadiness in
progress towards the end proposed, amply
atone for the slight woodenness of the
minor characters.
Marcelle the Lovable. By Auguste Maquet.
(Greening & Co., 65.)
This is a version of ' Les Vertes-
Feuilles ' of Auguste Maquet, the col-
laborator with Dumas pere. The trans-
lator claims for the book that it " contains
a superb scoundrel and also the most
adorable young woman to be met in a
whole decade of French fiction." In its
English dress, which fits it none too well —
for in the later chapters the style halts
painfully in something which is neither
French nor English — the novel fails to
make so distinguished an impression. The
characters, with the exceptions of Count
Gilbert and Maitre Cornevin, labour under
a stiff unreality. The plot turns on a
complicated question of estate ownership
mingled with an illicit love. Some
of the sa3va indignatio expended on the
amorphous love-affair might have been
kept for the shady ways of the law and
the lover's share therein.
Dehan (Richard), The Cost of Wings, and
Other Stories, 6/ Heinemann
Twenty-six narratives are included in
this volume, which derives its title from a
story of an aviator. The author is up to date
in noting the pursuits and extravagances of
the time, and has a vein of cynicism which
is sometimes effective and sometimes merely
smart. Some of the stories are in Mr.
Kipling's vein, and imitate a less agreeable
side of his talent in such a phrase as " Han-
over-Squared into one flesh." Details of
dress and furniture are overdone. Apart
from a few poignant scenes between a man
and a woman, the volume is not distinguished'
work. The author appears to lack the zeal;
for concentration and selection of detail
which the short story demands.
Selected English Short Stories (XIX. Cen-
tury), with an Introduction by Hugh
Walker, 1/ net.
Oxford University Press^
This addition to the " World's Classics,"
Pocket Edition, is very welcome, for it
contains a great deal of good reading within
a small space, from Walter Scott to Hubert
Crackanthorpe, who died in 1896. The-
best work of the nineteenth century is well
represented, though the work of the living
is excluded. So we must suppose, though
we have found no note of the fact. Mr. H. S.
Milford has chosen the stories, but he and
Prof. Walker share a joint responsibility
for the whole book. The Introduction,,
which goes back as far as Genesis, spends,,
we think, too much time on origins before
coming to the short story proper. Prof.
Walker notes quite rightly the preponder-
ance of America in this volume, about one-
third of the tales being due to the United
States ; and even so, Mary Wilkins (still,.
happily, with us), the delicate work of
Aldrich, and some admirable writing by
Mark Twain have not found a place. The
Americans are likely to keep this pre-
eminence, for their magazines are much
better than ours.
Coming to details, we note at once Mr.
Milford's admirable taste in including ' The
Two Drovers ' as well as ' Wandering
Willie's Tale.' The latter can be compared
with ' Thrawn Janet,' which is given, as-
well as ' Markheim ' and ' Providence and
the Guitar.' Owners of copyrights have
also been generous regarding stories by
Richard Garnett, Gissing, and Mary Cole-
ridge ; all are striking, and will be new to-
many readers. ' The Witch Aunt,' by Lamb,,
and ' The Seven Poor Travellers ' hardly
seem to us to be short stories. We should have
preferred one of the stories from ' Pickwick '
— say, ' The Old Man's Tale of the Queer
Client.' Almost all the authors here have
established reputations ; and we think
research might have discovered an example
or two by comparatively unknown hands.
Prof. Walker speaks of the variety of the
collection, but we find in it one striking
omission : there is no story of English war,
colonizing, or adventure overseas. Was
there nothing worthy of the sort to be
found ? If it is indeed so, it was high time
for Mr. Kipling to arrive.
Supplement, Mabch 28, 1914]
Til E ATIIENJEUM
47;
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Pall Mall Gazette.—" Delightful romance. The author's humour
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Evening Standard. — "We read on and on with rejoicing interest.
Barney Bill is a character in whom Sterne might have had a finger.
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' The Trend ' is a fascinating romance telling of the discovery of
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EVENING STANDARD.— "A curiously in-
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GLOBE. — " It has a dignity and fineness that
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LIVERPOOL COURIER. — "Dangerously,
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Mr. F. G. Bettany, in the SUNDAY TIMES.
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A BROTHER OF QUEEN ALEXANDRA.
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By Capt. WALTER CHRISTMAS. 15s. net.
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TIMES.—" Readers will find a good deal to interest
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EVENING STANDARD.— "Now, at last, Kin^
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IN GREAT DEMAND
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FRANCIS JOSEPH
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STANDARD. -"Deals with a faednattag subject
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DAILY NEWS. — "A moet engroeelng book.
AN UNKNOWN SON
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I'Ursi Id i U "'•
TIMES "A dramatic Ntory of moving interest;
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476
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, March 28, 1914
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In this book Mr. Baring-Gould, who for so long has been famous, not only as a novelist,
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No. 4510, April 4, 1914
THE ATIIENiEUM
479
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race."- Times, February 1, 1913.
'BLACKWOOD'
"THE MOST
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APRIL
"'BLACKWOOD'
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YYITHOLT A
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contains
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II. Story of the Island.
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Musings Without Method:—
The Complacency of England — Cicis
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United States — An Imperial Force — Its
Discussion in the House of Lords— Citizen
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THE TRAFFIC IN WORN-OUT ENGLISH HORSES.
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OLIVER GOLDSMITH AS A MEDICAL MAN
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THE BATTLE-FIELD OF WATERLOO.
By Major T. Bridges. D.S.O.,
late Military Attache at Brussels.
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11Y
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ON THE MAT. (North Africa and the Desert.)
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NIGHT AND DAY. Sonnet. By C. A. Price
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SIR JOHN CHANDOS AND THE EARL OF PEM-
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WORSE THAN MARRIED.
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GREEK FEASTS. By H. D. Dwight
SPARKS OF THE WIRELESS. By Walters. Hiatt
ARTIST AND PUBLIC. By Kenyon Cox
HER FRIEND, SERGEANT JOHN.
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Edited hy the Rev. 8IR W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A. LL.D.
Contents
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SOME EMOTIONS AND A MORAL.
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A HUSBAND OF NO IMPORTANCE.
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No. 4510, April 4, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
4S1
SATURDAY, APRIL ;, 1914
CONTENTS. 1-ace
A Book Fair for London 181
The Lkdqbb Book of Vai.k Royai. Aiihey .. .. US
Dr. Jessoit's Last Kss.ws 183
Pryden and Sn.u i TCBI RY (Lectures on Dryilen ;
Shaftesbury's Second Characters) .." 4S3— 1S4
CANADIAN ElBCORnS sir Clnrles Tupper's Recol-
lections ; The Land of Open Doors) 485
Tub Golden TREASURY 485
vlzetelly's days of adventure 486
Calvin's Liie, Letters, and Work 486
The Spiritual Msssaob of Dantb 4S7
The Primitive Text of the Gospels 487
A History of Penal Methods 488
■88at9 presented to prof, rllxjeway .. .. 48!)
The Spiritual Drama in the Lite of Thackeray 489
FOlk-Ballads of Southern Europe 490
The Civil Service of Great Britain .. .. 491
The Port Books of Southampton 492
Dr. Rice Holmes s Edition ok C.esak .. ..492
Dodo the Second 493
Books Published this Week (English, 493 ; Foreign,
497) 493-497
Frederic Mistral; J. Payne Collier .. .. 497
Literary Gossip „ 498
Science— Gardening and the Garden (My Garden
in Spring ; Rock Gardening for Amateurs ; The
Week-End Gardener); Prehistoric Times and
Men of the Channel Islands; Societies;
Meetings Next Week ; Gossip .. .. 499-500
Fine Arts— Woman and Child in Art; Selected
Etchings dy Piranesi ; Exhibitions; Sir
H. von Herkomer ; Mr. Spencer Gore;
Gossip; Sale 501—502
Music— Gossip; Performances Next Week .. 503
Drama— Toistoy's Plays ; Gossip 504
Index to Advertisers 504
LITERATURE
A BOOK FAIR FOR LONDON.
Lessons from Lelpsic.
Time was when the chief markets of the
English booksellers were the great fairs,
such as that of Stourbridge, which con-
tinued its Booksellers' Row until wrell into
the eighteenth century. To-day the only
books to be seen at our country fairs are
the outcasts of literature — tattered tomes
that may or may not include one grain of
gold among the dreary waste of rubbish,
or new books that, falling still-born from
the press, have been scorned even by that
last hope of the unfortunates, the re-
mainder market.
Next month, however, London is to
have a Book Fair of its own — a sort of
ket edition of the historic fair held
every year at Leipsic. This it is pro-
d to hold on the occasion of the Print-
ing and Allied Trades' Exhibition, which
the Lord Mayor, also President elect
of the Institute of Printers and Kindred
Trades, will open at the Agricultural Jlall
on May 13th. Here it is hoped that pub-
lishers and booksellers will meet together
on a common platform, and discuse the
politics of their trade with something of the
informality which marked the old trade-
Bale dinners in the more leisurely days of
the past, when friendly gossip over the
nuts and wine helped to smooth away
many a business difficulty. That pleasanl
custom died out with B sntley's lasl sale in
I N,<8, and there is no intention. We beli jve,
of reviving it in any shape or form at the
forthcoming Book Pair in London, though
the Leipsic Fair would be anthinkabli
without its banquet on Cantate Sunday —
the fourth Sunday after Easter — in the
sumptuous House of (Jcrman Booksellers.
It may be doubted whether the feast of
reason and the flow of soul which may be
anticipated from the promised lectures
by " leading literary men and women " at
the Agricultural Hall will have the same
benignant effect as the generous flow of
more material things, but there should be
some compensation in the unique spec-
tacle of author, publisher, and bookseller
united for once to capture that unknown
quantity, the general public. On the
practical side, the bookseller will be
afforded an opportunity not only of
examining the stalls of the principal pub-
lishers, but also of following the life-story
of the book from the moment when the
written word is converted into type, to
the finishing touch in the bindery.
As it happens, the opening of this first
English Book Fair will coincide with the
holding of the International Exhibition of
the Book Industry and Graphic Arts,
which the King of Saxony is to inaugurate
on May 6th at Leipsic, which has been the
centre of the Continental book trade since
the middle of the eighteenth century.
The Exhibition, as well as the great annual
Book Fair, which begins three days later,
should serve as an object-lesson to English
visitors in the matter of trade organization.
One root cause of the decline of book-
selling as a profitable industry in this
country is the absence of any unifying
force to control the destinies of the trade
as a whole. The English book world has
been too long divided into independent
provinces, mutually distrustful, and jealous
lest the advancement of one should be made
at the expense of the others. Mistakes and
jealousies of this description are impossible
in the German book trade, the whole of
which is under the supreme control of one
responsible body, instead, as in our case,
of being governed by separate councils,
which never meet except in times of dire
necessity, and are naturally more con-
cerned writh their own interests than the
well-being of the trade at large. The
regulations of the Borsenverein are drawn
up with an eye to the welfare and interests
of every branch, and though possibly in
some respects too despotic for British
minds, they have succeeded in building up
a book trade which is the envy and
admiration of the world.
Recognizing as, we believe, no other
country has yet done, that the distribution
of books needs a highly specialized organi-
zation which shall, above all things, be
fully equipped with the latest literary
news, the Bdrsenverein publishes a daily
newspaper of its own, the Borsenblatt,
running from twenty-four to thirty-two
pages, and containing all the book an-
nouncements of the day. with notices and
bibliographical facts relating to foreign
publications, as well as German, and
articles of general trade interest. In this
way. and by means of weekly, monthly.
half-yearly and annual records, the German
bookseller is kepi regularly posted in the
multifarious publications in b manner
undreamt of in the English hook trade.
to give
We do not propose in this artielt
a detailed account of the rules and regula
tions of the ( terman organization. To speak
figuratively, the Bdrsenverein is the par-
liament of the trade, with committees to
deal with questions of the day and details
affecting the many-sided interests of its
various constituents. These include not
only the booksellers and publishers' union,
but also such affiliated societies as those
of the newsvendors, the printers, and the
paper-makers. Loyal obedience isexacted
in regard to the spirit as well as the letter
of the laws. Infringement involves ex-
pulsion, which virtually means extinction
in the trade. Even the author is
made to feel the influence of the all-
powerful Borsenverein, though we know-
nothing of the nature of the rules govern-
ing the relations between the publisher
and the man of letters. Our own mem be i s
of what has been called the obstetric
branch of literature might be predisposed
in favour of the German model if it
rendered impossible such inflated prices
as are commanded, for example, by
certain popular novelists ; while authors,
on the other hand, would have little
cause for complaint if such an organiza-
tion did away with the possibility of
injustice at the hands of the less reputable
members of the trade. Perhaps this
savours of the millennium, but neither
authors as a body nor publishers as a
body should have anj^thing to fear from
a government appointed to look after the
best interests of the book world as a
whole.
In addition to governing the politics of
the German trade, and settling such
details as the price of books and the
discount to be allowed to libraries, the
Borsenverein provides in its imposing
head - quarters in Leipsic offices for
the exchange of accounts. Here pub-
lishers and booksellers forgather with
their agents from all parts of Europe for
the great annual settlement on Cantate
Monday. The agent is an indispensable
factor in the German trade. Every
publisher and bookseller has one. and all
business is transacted through him. The
vast majority of these agents have their
offices at Leipsic, wdiere they are kept
supplied with the books issued by the
publishers for whom they act. They may
sell only to the booksellers, who, in their
turn, deal only with their agents — not
with the publishers direct. The first
thing a German bookseller does after
opening his letters in the morning is to
read his Bdrsi nhlull . and send off tin
regulation tickets to his agenl for the
books which appeal to him in the day's
information about new publications. These
books are dispatched at once by the
agent if they happen to be his own pub-
lisher's productions; it they are not his
publisher's, he sends the tickets to the
accredited representatives, who. needless
to say, do the same in return. Whenbooks
are paid for with ready money the book-
seller is allowed a small discount, other-
wise except in the case ,,i those works
which he is allowed to order on sale or
return— he is given credit until Cantate
482
m
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
Monday. Then be joins the great gather-
ing of the trade in the Buchhandlerhaus,
where all the agents are assembled in
alphabetical order, with little green tables
in front of them ; and the bookseller
goes from one to the other, settling his
yearly account and paying the agent his
apportioned commission. How much
money changes hands on this eventful
day it would be idle to speculate, but
some idea of the magnitude of the book
trade in Germany may be gathered from
the fact that the total number of publica-
tions in 1912 amounted to no fewer than
34,801, against the English total of
12.007. The statistics compiled in the
latest issue of the year-book published
by the Borsenverein show that the
number of firms connected with the trade
has grown during the last half -century
from 2,797 to 12,412.
There is associated with the Borsen-
verein, we believe, a school for apprentices
to the allied trades — one feature at least
which might be adopted over here,
where booksellers" assistants are nowadays
allowed, for the most part, to pick up
their knowledge in a sadly perfunctory
manner. As Mr. Joseph Shaylor says in
his ' Fascination of Books,' the book
trade has suffered especially from the
discontinuance of the old apprenticeship
system.
" I served with many boys of my day an
apprenticeship of seven years," he writes,
" and I do not consider a day of it was
misspent ; it taught me what little I know
of method, discipline, and general knowledge
of the bookselling trade, and I know I have
reason to be thankful for this business
training."
Another feature which might be adopted
with advantage is the exhibition at the
head-quarters of the industry of the latest
publications from the press. Here foreign
as well as German publishers may dis-
play their new books, and as the general
public has free access, the advantages
of publicity are obvious. America seems
to be realizing the possibilities of book
exhibitions at the present time, owing to
the enterprise of the Publishers' Co-
operative Bureau ; and some central dis-
play of the kind, as a regular and per-
manent feature, is an idea that might be
successfully adopted in London.
The German bookseller owes it to the
Borsenverein that he has not, like too
many of his English confreres, lost heart in
the struggle to retain his rightful place in
the world of letters. Happily there are
still booksellers in Britain who are an
honour to the great trade, but they are
steadily decreasing, and under the exist-
ing system they are not likely to have
many successors. The reason is not far to
seek. Bookselling pure and simple, as
organized in this country, holds out few
inducements to the right man — the man
who turns to it as much for the love of the
thing as to earn a living wage — and none
at all for the ambitious man of business.
Obviously this is almost as bad for the
publisher as for the bookseller, but the
obvious thing is too often the longest
neglected. Booksellers complain (not
without reason) that they are not suffi-
ciently recognized as an essential factor in
the trade. Publishers complain (also not
without reason) that booksellers are not
what they should be — that in too many
cases they are lamentably lacking in
enterprise. There is nothing new in the
suggestion that the German system should
be taken as our model in a complete recon-
struction of our own organization, but the
present occasion seems not inopportune for
bringing it forward as a serious proposition.
One thing, at least, is certain — the book
trade of Great Britain can never be all that
it might be so long as the existing hap-
hazard system of divided councils is
allowed to endure. It needs some
sort of benevolent autocracy, like the
Borsenverein adapted to British ideas, to
unite all the scattered forces connected
with the production and distribution of
books, and inspire that sense of mutual
dependence and loyalty which is the secret
of success in any great industry.
The Ledger-Book of Vale Royal Abbey.
Edited by John Brownbill. (Lancashire
and Cheshire Record Society.)
The Lancashire and Cheshire Record
Society have done good service to all who
are interested in monastic studies, as well
as to general historical students, by print-
ing ' The Ledger - Book of Vale Royal
Abbey.' The original Ledger- Book of this
once important Cistercian abbey, hidden
away in the glades of Delamere Forest,
was lost in comparatively recent years.
In 1062 it was at Sir Thomas Mainwaring's
at Peover. From it was made the tran-
script now at the British Museum among
the Harleian MSS. This transcript was
made in a rather careless style by Randle
Holme III., but a careful translation of it
has been produced by Miss Ethel Stokes,
and is here produced under competent
editorship.
The original book was begun in the
time of the fifth abbot, Peter, about 1338 ;
ind3ed, it seems probable that Peter was
himself the author or compiler. The plan
of it is set forth clearly in the title. It
was to be divided into three sections :
(1) a history of the abbots ; (2) an
account of the various pleadings, &c,
in which the abbey had been involved;
and (3) a collection of papal bulls confer-
ring special privileges upon the Cistercian
Order. The present volume does not con-
cern itself with the third division.
The first part is of much interest. It
appears from it that when the pages were
being penned some persons were living who
remembered the beginning of the build-
ing of the conventual church in 1277. The
writing was certainly after 1330, the year
when the conventual buildings were blessed,
but no other precise date occurs in this
section.
The foundation of the house in the
midst of a wild people — the actual site
had been the haunt of bandits and desper-
adoes— seems to have been unpopular
throughout the immediate district. The
bondmen of Darnhall were severely re-
stricted under the bailiffs of the Earls of
Chester, and, though discipline somewhat
relaxed under the milder sway of the
abbots, they not unnaturally continued
to make resolute struggles towards
enfranchisement. The section concerning
the customs of the bond-tenants of the
manor of Darnhall is striking. The citing
of a single paragraph will suffice to show
the almost abject position of these serfs : —
" When any one of them dieth the lord
shall have all the pigs of the deceased, all his
goats, all his mares at grass, and his horse
plso, if he had one for his personal use, all his
bees, all his bacon pigs, all his cloth of wool
and flax, and whatsoever can be found of
gold and silver. The lord also shall have
all his brass pots or pot, if he have one [but
who of these bond-tenants will have a brass
pot for cooking his food in ?], because at
their death the lord ought- to have all things
of metal. Abbot John [the second and
fourth abbots were both called John]
granted to them in full court that these
metal goods should be divided equally be-
tween the lord and the wife of the deceased
on the death of every one of them, but on
condition that they should buy themselves
brass pots."
It is satisfactory to find that the abbots
granted a considerable number of manu-
missions to their bondmen.
The fierceness of the surroundings of
these forest monks is illustrated by an
order directed by the King to R. de
Holand, his Justiciar of Chester, under
date of October 20th, 1320, to hold an
inquiry on the oath of honest and lawful
men as to who were the malefactors
" who villainously slew John de Boddeworth,
servant of our well-beloved in Christ, the
abbot of Vale Royal at Darnehale. and after-
wards cut off his head and carried it away
with them, and kicked that head with their
feet like a ball, and made their sport
therewith."
Amongst the appendixes, the most
valuable is that which deals with the build-
ing accounts between 1278 and 1281.
During the three years and part of a
fourth that Leonius, the son of Leonius,
was in charge of the works of the King at
Vale Royal, he received nearly 2,000/. The
wages varied according to the time of the
year, a higher rate being paid in the long
days of summer. The ordinary labourer
received from Sd. to 2d. a week ; but some
of the skilled artisans or craftsmen as
much as ZOd. Walter de Hereford, the
master of the works, had 2s. a day, equiva-
lent to about 700Z. a year at the present
time ; he is placed among the masons,
who were naturally the most important
class of the workmen. A curious custom
was maintained by which the employers
bought the tools of the workmen when
the latter came to work with them. Thus
on Sunday, July 10th, 1278, eleven
masons arrived carrying their tools with
them, to wit, twenty hatchets and forty-
eight irons for carving stone, and for
these they received 10s. The wages of
carpenters, sawyers, plasterers, masons,
quarriers, and smiths are all set forth
with much nicety, as well as those who
were diggers or other common work-
men.
No. 4") 10, Apkii. 4, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
483
England?* Peasantry, and Other Essays.
By Augustus Jessopp. (Fisher Unwin,
7a. (>'/. net.)
The essays put together in this volume,
which remained unpublished at the
author's death, are of unequal merit, as
usual in Buch posthumous collections,
■where the undiseriminating piety of the
survivors of great men of letters is apt to
place inchoate, uncorrected studies which
the author would surely not have pub-
lished in that state. We cannot think
that Dr. Jessopp would himself have
sanctioned the inclusion of a shapeless
fragment like ' The Lake-Dwellers ' in
any volume of his work ; while the
articles entitled ' Defence or Reform I '
and " Our Worn-Out Parsons,' though
interesting as considered judgments upon
questions of Church discipline, read rather
like notes prepared for public speaking.
But there is nothing here derogatory
to the author's fame ; on every page we
see the evidences of a balanced, learned
mind : and three at least among the
saays — ' A Country Parson in the
Eighteenth Century." ' The Elders of
Arcady.' and " St. William of Norwich ' —
are in Dr. Jessopp's finest manner. In
the first we have a description (based on
private correspondence of the period) of
clerical society in the district around
Sandringham in the first half of the
eighteenth centurv.
' The picture which Macaulay drew
[writes Dr. Jessopp] of the manners and life
of the country parsons during that dark time
when the people of England were painfully
and slowly recovering from the effects of the
Great Rebellion, and the social disorganiza-
tion that followed, is now generally acknow-
tedged to be full of exaggeration, not to say
of caricature ; but the mischievous effect
which that brilliant piece of writing has had
upon the half-informed public is chiefly to be
deplored in that whatever measure of truth
there may be in Macaulay's account of the
country clergy in the days of the later
Stuarts is commonly believed to be as true
of the country parsons in the days of the
first Georges."
In confutation of this common error
Dr. Jessopp shows that in one country
district at least the clergy were men of
• -ducation and some standing, and at-
tended to their duties. The Incumbent
"t Sandringham was at that time a stu-
dioufl gentleman : —
" At Castk Rising the rector for the past
thirty years or so was it, scholar and divine
some note in his day, one Elisha Smith,
M..-\.. a great writer of hooks and esteemed
ed personage \t Barpley there had
actually Keen three doctors of divinity in
-ion who held the benefice between
1706 and 1714. one of whom became a pre-
bendary of Bristol, and another ended as
I ''in of Durham."
Indeed, the country clergy of Nbrth-West
Norfolk at that period appear to have
i n more teamed and efficient than they
are tO-day . and it i- probable, as the
learned author suggests, that a district -.■
remote wot not exceptionally favoured.
In • St William of Norwich ' hi
• l -- opp. commenting upon the recent!}
discovered MB. <>f Thomas Monemub
with a gentle irony which is inimitable,
investigates the origin of the charges <>f
ritual murder brought against the .lews
so often in the Middle Ages. The story
would be truly funny were it not for all
the bloodshed it entailed.
"The story [groundless, as the author has
already demonstrated] of the hoy crucified
by the Jews at Norwich was the first of a
cycle of almost identical stories, which were
repeated from that time forward all over
Europe. . . .The story of St. William of Nor-
wich is the earliest, of them all, and I have
little doubt that before very long it will be
capable of something like demonstration that
it was the source and origin of them all . . . .
It must be remembered that the cult of a
new saint, with attractive features of its own
appealing strongly to the imagination of
mothers and children, would be sure to bring,
and did bring, a vast concourse of devotees
to Norwich, and that the offerings made at
the shrine woidd be very considerable in
amount ... .If at Bury the insolent Jews had
brought the Abbey to the very verge of in-
solvency, and were going in and out among
the monastic buildings as though they
belonged to them — and such was the case
during all those years when the St. William
craze at Norwich was at its height — what
would be easier than to fan the flame of
anti-Semitic hatred even by repeating and
circulating the Norwich story ? But would
it not be far better to find a boy saint of
their own ?. . . .Bury, too, found a boy saint
for herself — St. Robert the Martyr — and he,
too, wrought signs and wonders."
With regard to the real name of the
monkish author (a contemporary) of the
Legend of St. William, Thomas Mone-
mutensis or Monemetensis, hitherto trans-
lated Thomas Monmouth, Dr. Jessopp
makes a curious suggestion upon the
analogy of one John Capgrave, an Augus-
tinian friar at Lynn, who called himself
Johannes de Monumento Pileato.
" How if our Thomas [Dr. Jessopp asks
the reader] played a trick of the same kind,
and turned a patronymic which was Hill or
Craves or Mount into this Latin folly ? "
Of a boy who was healed at St. William's
tomb he writes : —
" His father brought him all the way from
Lincoln in a gig ! (How else am I to trans-
late ' a patre in vehiculo rotatili advehitur,
quod civeriam appellant ' ?) "
The narrative is a mine of erudition, and
as entertaining as the finest fiction.
But it is in ' The Elders of Arcady '
that we find the author at his very best
in his descriptions of old country neigh-
hours and their curious lore. To show
the worth of oral tradition to the antiquan .
Dr. Jessopp tells of two discoveries of his
own which are due entirely to his love
of talking to old village people. h\ one
case he learnt that the images upon the
rood -.screen of the chinch of kittle Frans-
ham had remained in situ till the second
decade of the nineteenth century from
an old labourer's remark : —
"'Many 'a tic- time I ba' rot in thej
'///'/ an i< l<< il i In images.
'You mean 'lie an&ela I suppose T '
[these W e|e Milder the roof j.
" • No, I don't mean the angels ! S'pose
I dunno a angel from a image '.'
" ' But where were the images '.' What
were they T. .. .What - the difference be-
tween an angel and an image ':
"' What 's the difference 1 \Vh\ el's
got wings, and a image has gol his close on.
And a angel ain't painted all manner o'
colours, and they images they was dressed in
red and green, and two on 'em was men, and
two was women .... Where ! Why, atop o'
the screen, o' courst. There was a kind of
balcony in front of 'em, and they stood
behind it ; and we boys we "d watch 'em,
Cause lots on 'em used to say they'd seen
'em move.1
There is much more to entertain the
reader : the magic house of Ihightmoie
Trollop which Dr. Jessopp regarded as
the original of Mr. Wemmick's " castle
down at Walworth ; the infant school of
Mrs. Skayce, a staunch Dissenter who
made her charges — of from 3 to G years
old — walk two miles to the Dereham
Chapel every Sunday morning, two and
two. and who " fared as if she was defy-
ing the gentlefolks with her ' Two and
two. children— two and two ! ' or the
sad fate of old X, who would " fight any
man for a tater."
We warmly recommend this last work
of one who, though he lived and died a
simple country parson, will rank among
the great Victorians.
DRYDEN AND SHAFTESBURY.
Verrall's ' Lectures on Dryden ' are
timely to-day. It has long been the
fashion to" decry that reach in the main
stream of English poetry which began
in a reaction against the school of
Donne, culminated in Pope, and finally
made way for the romantic revival
heralded by Burns. Dryden's work has
shared too much in the neglect due to
this prejudice, and it is consequently the
greater pleasure to read these essays,
the posthumous work of a scholar, an
original thinker, and a professed admirer
of his author.
On the subject of Dryden's life and
character Verrall is sympathetic and emi-
nently reasonable. He disposes easily of
the old ridiculous view of the poet as
a mean sycophant, leading " ;t life of
mendicancy and adulation." and turning
his coat whenever he thought it to his own
advantage to do so. Moreover, he dis-
poses of it without straining the facts or
putting impossible constructions on simple
actions. Dryden was a man of strong,
but not immutable convictions; in his
everyday life, in politics, in religion, and
even in criticism he was a creature of
the moment. If he held a view, he held
it strongly enough, and was always
ready with plenty of sound .sense to sup-
port it : but to-morrow or next \ ear
he mighl think differently. Why not 1
What blame is there if he followed the
stream at the Restoration, il he was
converted f<> the Roman Church, or it he
changed hi- opinions about rhymed tra-
gedy \ We are, on the contrary . de-
lighted to have both ' Religio Laici '
Lectures on Dryden, Bj A. W. Verrall.
(Cambridge University Press, Is. &d. net.)
Shaftesbury's Second Characters. Bj B. Rand.
(Same publishers, Is. <W. net.)
484
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4510, Apkil 4, 1914
and • The Hind and the Panther,' both
< Aurangzebe ' and v All for Love.'
DilTerent people are differently built,
and many estimable men have had more
changeable mental constitutions than
Dryden without ever being called in
question. No one is bound to be Milton,
as Verrall reasonably says.
But certainly the most valuable section
in the book is that which treats of the
Unities. This vexatious imbroglio, over
which Dryden and his contemporaries
were never tired of wrangling, is a tangle
of misconception and delusion that has
never before been satisfactorily unravelled.
Verrall has used his great knowledge of
Greek tragedy to good purpose in exposing
exhaustively and lucidly the various
underlying fallacies on which this moon-
shine battle depended ; and it is a service
to students of literature which should
assure for this book a place in all good
libraries.
So excellent is this chapter that we
regret the many interesting points on
which the write/ kept silence. His scope
was doubtless restricted by the form in
which his book was cast — that of a series
of lectures. Thus all the plays are ruled
out together, with the sole exception of
1 All for Love.' Thus, too, we find no
discussion of Dryden's merit as a prose
writer, or of the origin of the new move-
ment in poetry for which he stood sponsor.
Was it all French, or should we date it
from the appearance in 1642, before
Charles II. went on his travels, of Den-
ham's ' Cooper's Hill ' ? We should have
liked, too, to have some account of the
influence on Dryden of his immediate
predecessors of the school of Donne.
This influence was still strong in 1666, as
we may see from the often-quoted lines
in ' Annus Mirabilis,' describing an attack
on the Dutch East Indiamen sailing
home laden with spices : —
Some preciously by broken porcelain fall,
And some by aromatic splinters die.
These lines, with their charming " Chi-
noiserie," have long been a notorious
stumbling-block to the unpoetical.
" Who, in a sea-fight [says Macaulay],
ever thought of the price of the china which
beats out the brains of a sailor ; or of the
odour of the splinter which shatters his leg ? :'
Dryden, we may imagine, would have
been amused at this.
How will sweet Ovid's ghost be pleased to hear
His praise augmented by a British peer!
Verrall, curiously enough, takes a view
exactly opposite to Macaulay's. Far from
blaming Dryden for a failure in realism,
he finds in these lines a repulsive blunt-
ness of feeling and a morbid love of
horror which he ascribes partly to the
general barbarity of an age when traitors'
heads were still exposed on London
Bridge, and partly to ''an ungovemed
passionate curiosity for fact." It is
difficult to find an argument that might
reach those who can see any horror what-
ever in the passage ; but clearly, if any
" facts " were in question, they would
be facts about china and spices, not
about wounds and death. Macaulay sees
this, at any rate, clearly enough.
" Preciously and aromatic [he says] divert
our whole attention to themselves, and dis-
solve the image of the battle in a moment."
But Dryden was neither trying to
describe the nasty wounds caused by
broken fragments of a piece of porcelain,
nor attempting to produce a ' Battle of
the Lake Regillus.' He was, on the
contrary, Avriting poetry, and the " facts "
for which poets display an ungoverned
passionate curiosity are facts of a very
different order. What interested Dryden
was not wounds nor pieces of china, nor
yet the incongruous notion of wounds
caused by pieces of china, but something
double-distilled and essential, something
precipitated by his art out of a subtle
combination of images and sounds, of
ideas and suggestions of ideas. The
plain meaning of the words is among
these ingredients ; we could not appre-
ciate the poetry if we did not understand
their sense. But the value of the poetry
can no more be judged by the value of
the meaning than by the beauty of the
mere sound.
All this, no doubt, would be admitted
by everybody ; but that is not enough.
The good critic must also see and feel it.
There are many who read and enjoy
poetry ; the romance, the music of the
verse, the fine and appropriate diction,
most can delight in. But just this, the
very essence of a real poet's art, how few
there are who have eyes to see or ears
to hear ! Verrall, we fear, was not of
their number.
Consider, for another example, his
comparison of a passage from Dryden's
' State of Innocence,' the " tagged "
version of ' Paradise Lost,' with a parallel
passage from Milton's original. The lines
selected by Verrall are those describing
the vision of Death, and the comparison
is full of interest. Milton is describing a
lazar house : — ■
Demoniac frenzy, moping melancholy
And moonstruck madness, pining atrophy,
Marasmus and wide-wasting pestilence,
Dropsies, and asthmas, and joint-racking rheums —
Dire was the tossing, deep the groans ; Despair
Tended the sick busiest from couch to couch ;
And over them triumphant Death his dart
Shook, but delayed to strike.
Here is Dryden's view : —
Raphael. Behold of every age ; ripe manhood
see,
Decrepit years, and helpless infancy :
Those who, by lingering sickness, lose their
breath ;
And those who, by despair, suborn their death.
See yon mad fools, who for some trivial right,
For Jove, or for mistaken honour, fight :
See those, more mad, who throw their lives away
In needless Avars ; the stakes which monarchs lay,
When for each other's provinces they play.
Then, as if earth too narrow were for fate.
On open seas their quarrels they debate :
In hollow wood their iloating armies bear ;
And force imprison'd winds to bring them near.
This is excellent stuff ; and, although the
pause of suspense after the word " Shook "
in the first extract is in Milton's finest
manner, we should not seriously quarrel
with Verrall's decision in favour of
Dryden if his opinion were based on the
very real merits of Raphael's speech.
But what is his comment ? —
' In Milton's description there is too
much art, he overlays the horror. If we
ask which picture is the sadder, we must
answer, that it is surely Dryden's."
Here we have the same irrelevant pre-
occupation with the subject-matter. But
is it really possible that any one — is it
possible that Verrall — could ever actually
have thought that the merit of these lines
of Dryden lay in their being a com-
pendium of human folly and misery ?
What we admire is something very dif-
ferent. It is like watching from some
pleasant hill-top, through the clear, cool
light of morning in the remote plain and
on the sea beyond it, the futile but en-
thralling spectacle of a multitude of
small and busy creatures. Sad ? Why,
it is almost gay.
The section devoted to the Odes is
more satisfactory as poetical criticism,
and contains several interesting com-
parisons with other poets, as Cowley,
Gray, Collins, and Tennyson. Verrall
had evidently a keen appreciation of the
beauties of these poems. He remarks
repeatedly on the importance of the
adaptation of metrical emphasis to
the meaning, and is enthusiastic on the
success with which Dryden has produced
similar effects, by changes of metre, in
the two St. Cecilia's Day Odes. But
are not these effects a trifle too obvious
for the highest praise ? Dryden, like
" heavenly harmony," certainly runs
" through all the compass of the notes" ;
but does he not thump a little ? More
subtle effects of the same kind Verrall
seems to have missed, as, for instance,
where he blames Roscommon for metrical
laxity in the lines
Let free impartial men from Dryden learn
Mysterious secrets of high concern,
and suggests the insertion of " a " before
'' high." Had Roscommon written " af-
fairs " instead of " secrets," Verrall would
doubtless have made no difficulty ; but
the inverted accent gives point to
the line, and almost forces the reader to-
lower his voice and raise his eyebrows.
But though, as a poetical Mentor,
Verrall is hardly satisfactory, there is
much else of the highest interest in the
volume, which is a welcome, and in some
respects invaluable, addition to the litera-
ture of the subject.
Those who are interested in Shaftes-
bury's views on ^Esthetics may be grateful
to Mr. Rand for providing them with
further instruction in the volume entitled
' Shaftesbury's Second Characters.' At
his death Shaftesbury was preparing a
volume on this subject complementary
to his more ethical ' Characteristics/
but had completed only two of the four
sections which it was to comprise.
These two — the ' Letter on Design ' and
the ' Notion on the Historical Draught
of Hercules ' — were incorporated in the
later editions of the ' Characteristics ' ;
and of the other two, the first, an essay on
the picture of Cebes, was never written ;.
while for the last, a dissertation on Plastics,
he had compiled a fairly complete skeleton
of notes. These notes have been un-
earthed by Mr. Rand, who has thus been
enabled to give us an approximation to
the projected volume under Shaftesbury's.
intended title of ' Second Characters.'
No. 4510. April 4, 1014
THE A Til KN.EUM
485
Shaftesbury's view both of the plastic
arts and of poetry is that they are
simply means of giving information — very
Bnperior information, of course, hut still
just information. So, logically enough,
lie looks upon the art of painting as
exactly similar to the art of making pot-
hooks and hangers. There arc. according
to him, three kinds of Characters : First
Characters are purely symbolic, such as
our alphabet and the Arabic numerals :
Second Characters are copies of actual
subjects ; and Third Characters arc a
mixture of the other two. such as symbolic
pictures and Egyptian hieroglyphics. So.
moving along parallel lines, First Charac-
ters developed into poetry, and S.-cond
Characters into the plastic arts. The
merits of a picture depend very largely
on plastic truth, by which Shaftesbury
means (non obstante Mr. Rand's Introduc-
tion, as the noble author would have said,
a presentment, not of mere form or colour)
but of manners, character, passion, and
so on. Thus in a picture of the choice of
Hercules that hero's attitude to the fair
sex is to be shown by drawing him stand-
ing rather than sitting, " in regard to the
presence of t'.ie two goddesses." So it is
that Second Characters are moral.
The aesthetic speculations of a noble
virtuoso are readable enough if set out
in good eighteenth-century prose, but
when we have a mere bundle of notes they
become tedious. Yet there is a passage
or two where this compressed form seems
to possess a vigour of its own. Thus : —
"• Chief support of painting what ? Christ !
— Wretched model. Barbarian — Xo form,
no grace of shoulders, breast, no demarche,
air, majesty, grandeur, a lean uncomely pro-
portion and species, a mere Jew or Hebrew
(originally an ugly scabby people) both shape
and physique, with half beard peaked, not
one or the other."
Shaftesbury's full-dress style was too
genteel (to borrow Lamb's appropriate
epithet) to have retained the force of
feeling in these jottings.
CANADIAN RECORDS.
To the inquiring reader who desires to
!<arn something of modern Canada in the
course of a short reading it would not be
y to recommend anything more prac-
tically serviceable than the perusal of
these two books. Sir Charles Tupper'e
' Recollections ! really form a political
history of the Dominion since 1850 — since
a good many years before it became a
Dominion, that is. Mr. Bickersteth's vol-
ume, apart from its special interest as a
persona] record of present-day Anglican
mission work in British North America,
forms one of the truest and most graphic
'lire-, the reviewer has come across of
twentieth - century life and pioneering in
BecoOections of Sixty Years. By the Right
Hon. 8ir Charles Tapper. (Cassell <fc Co.,
lfts. net.)
TI'C 1/n, d of Opm 1 1 By J. Burgon
Bickersteth. (Wells Gardner ft Co.,
7s. 6-/. net.)
the Xorth-West. It is a book which
reflects great credit upon the author and
his fellow-workers, is vividly real and
actual, and forms a glowing tribute
to the bravery and the thoroughness of
our Church workers in Canada.
Sir Charles Tupper's ' Recollections '
take rank at once as political history.
Among living statesmen of the British
Empire this descendant of seventeenth-
century Puritan emigrants to New Eng-
land stands easily in the front rank, by
right of seniority and variety of experience.
He is now in his 93rd year ; his faculties
are unimpaired ; and much of his writing
in this volume is as full of fire and en-
thusiasm as were his political orations
of more than forty years ago, when he
played a leading part in the confederation
of those provinces which now form the
premier British Dominion.
* Next to Macdonald, the man who did
most to bring Canada into confederation
was Sir Charles Tupper." So said Sir
Wilfrid Laurier, a few years ago. in London.
Some would go even further, without
abating a jot of their respect for Sir John
A. Macdonald's memory ; for while that
most picturesque statesman's personality
dominated the foreground of Canadian
politics, in the days when " Canada " did
not include Nova Scotia or New Bruns-
wick, still less the great Pacific Province,
Sir Charles Tupper was accomplishing an
immense amount of quiet, but essential
work more or less in the background. In
breadth of outlook and imaginative fore-
sight no other Canadian statesman ex-
cels the author of this book. From his
own knowledge of Canadian politics and
affairs the reviewer has annotated a
dozen prophetic passages in Sir Charles's
speeches of thirty, forty, and even fifty
years ago, which time has tested during
the present century and proved true.
Sir Charles has always served high ends
with high honour. He is one who used
to think, and speak, and act " imperially '
long before that word became fashionable
among politicians of our race. Con-
federation, preferential trade, Empire
unity — he has served these ends inde-
fatigably. with all the enthusiasm and
eloquence of which he was capable, long
before they were ever mentioned in news-
papers. His services to his native Domi-
nion and to the British Empire have been
great ; and this comely volume of 400
pages forms a fitting crown to his labours.
The popular ex-Governor-General of
Canada, Earl Grey, was recently visiting
a house in Clasgow. A fellow-guest showed
him a letter just received from Mr. J. B.
Bickersteth. a lay missionary who with
other members of the Archbishops' Mis-
sion was courageously doing his best
to meet the spiritual requirements of
the settlers and the men engaged on the
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The
result may he stated in Kail (bey's own
words : —
" . . . .T W8S so impn ed and fascinated by
the letter that I begged to be included in the
list of those, wiio might share the pleasure
of reading future letters from tie- same pen.
That privilege was granted to me, and 1 can
honestly say that few pleasures enjoyed
during the year 1913 exceeded that of read-
ing these letters as they arrived."
The same pleasure is open now to all
who care to obtain Mr. Bickersteth's
excellently written and well - illust rated
volume, with its workmanlike Appendix
and Indexes. Great ly its pages tempt the
present reviewer to quotation, for scores of
them contain little bits of first-hand
observation, experience, ami descriptive
talk, put into words on the spot, and
illustrating in graphic fashion the homely
realities of Western Canadian life. Mr.
Bickersteth has the right spirit . and should
go far in his chosen work. Meanwhile, the
aims of that fine work may be practically
served by the production of so interesting
a book as this, which ought assuredly to
reach the hands of many who will be
proud and glad to help, according to their
ability, in the enlargement of service so
admirable.
The Golden Treasury of the Best Songs and
Lyrical Poems in the English Language.
Selected and arranged by Francis Turner
Palgrave, with Additional Poems, and
with Notes by C. B. Wheeler. (Oxford
University Press, 2s. 6d.)
Mr. Wheeler's notes to this enlarged
edition of ' The Golden Treasury ' are
intended for the schoolroom, and the
Preface, in which he expounds the aims
he has kept in view in his work, seems
to us sound — unless, perhaps, he is need-
lessly severe at times on actual exponents
or possible defenders of other and, we
must hold, inferior methods.
His conviction is that the love of poetry
begins with the recognition that poetry
has an intelligible meaning, or, at any
rate, that to foster and develope it we
must bring into relief the precise signific-
ance and intention of the poet's expression,
while leaving the essential flavour and
atmosphere of his work to speak, in their
own time, for themselves. " I have
never," he says. " met a boy who disliked
poetrj^ which he could understand " ; what
a boy dislikes and resents is the implica-
tion, with which poetry so often conies
to him, that here are all sorts of ethereal
charms and beauties which place him
under an obligation. A response is de-
manded from him. he docs not know what :
but he suspects that he will he in some
way judged wanting if he does not make
it, and the consequence is that he fights
shy of the provoking object, and that
the \ery thoughl of it fatigues him.
.Mi-. Wheeler indulges, therefore, in no
raptures ; he confines himself to elucida-
tion, sometimes also including common-
sense reflections upon the sentiments of
the poets when they become either ton
artificial or loo wild. Admirably adapted
for the purpose they are Intended to serve,
his notes will be read with pleasure, and
perhaps with profit, by many who no
longer read poetrj with a view to exami-
nations, it is delightful <o be assured;
486
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4510, Apkil 4, 1914
in a note on Gray, that " bird-catching
and bowling hoops are not sports greatly
affected at Eton to-day " ; and dry
humour of the same kind gives its salt
to many of Mr. Wheeler's remarks. He
sometimes shows himself an exacting
critic, as when he observes concerning
the song " When the lamp is shattered"
that "it is a pity that the require-
ments of metre made Shelley address
Love as ' thou ' (1. 21), ' you ' (1. 23), and
now again ' thee ' " ; and he is occa-
sionally obliged to confess his complete
divergence from the judgment of Palgrave.
He will be sure of general sympathy in his
note on John Collins,
" an actor of some repute in his day, who
published in 1804 a volume of poems entitled
' Scripscrapologia ' ; I presume that this
deplorable doggerel [the verses beginning
In the downhill of life, when I find I 'm declining]
which Palgrave terms a ' truly noble poem,'
is to be found there, but I have been unable
to find a copy of the book."
Mr. Wheeler's activities have included a
careful recension of the text, with restora-
tion of original readings in the by no means
infrequent cases where Palgrave stumbled
or thought fit to introduce improvements
of his own. Thus the lyric " 0 waly waly
up the bank " has
Wi' the green grass growing over me
for its last line in Palgrave 's text. Pal-
grave, no doubt, thought this more
decorous than the true reading —
For a maid again I '11 never be.
But Ave must wonder at the state of mind
of an editor who could contentedly sub-
stitute a pretty commonplace for the
bareness and bitterness of climax which
adds immeasurably to the strength of
the whole lament. Mr. Wheeler is under
no illusions as to the place which ' The
Golden Treasury ' holds among English
anthologies : —
" Unhappily [he writes] education does
not consist merely in the absorption of what
is beautiful, and from the educational point
of view Palgrave's selection is entitled to
the first place mainly because it includes
many pieces which are famous rather than
admirable, pieces which we should be
ashamed not to know, even if we do not take
any real delight in knowing them."
My Days of Adventure : the Fall of France,
1870-71. By Ernest Alfred Vizetelly.
(Chatto & Windus, 7s. 6d. net.)
This is a thoroughly readable and, more-
over, useful book by one who must surely
be, in length of service, the oldest of
English newspaper correspondents in
Paris, Mr. Vizetelly's experiences in this
capacity having begun in 1867, when as
a boy of 14 he made for The Illustrated
Times a sketch of the attempt to assassinate
the Tsar Alexander II. in the Bois de
Boulogne, an incident of which he was
an eye witness.
Long residence and varied experience
in France enable Mr. Vizetelly to write
with a good deal of authority on French
affairs, and it is interesting to find him
confirming the scepticism of one or two
sober thinkers as to the growth there of
an esprit nouveau and its influence on
the nation. Mr. Bodley was the first to
give expression to this scepticism, and
his opinion is strongly reinforced by some
remarks in the Introduction to this
volume.
" I do not know [writes the author] what
some journalists mean by what they call the
' New France.' To my thinking there is no
' New France ' at all."
This contention he supports by effective
instances drawn from his past and present
observations.
But this is by the way. The author
deals mainly with his own experiences in
Paris during the siege up to November,
1870, and his adventures during the rest
of the war, when, after obtaining a safe-
conduct to Versailles, he proceeded to
the West, and was with the army of
Chanzy at the series of combats known as
the Battle of Le Mans. This narrative is
of special importance because the valiant
struggle in the western district has been
less noticed by English military historians
than other operations of the war. Mr.
Vizetelly's account of this campaign is so
good that it ought to have been illustrated
by a map of the country in which it took
place. To serious readers this would
have been invaluable, and would have
corrected a few inaccuracies in the text.
For instance, when describing the march
of the Mobiles of Brittany from the
Sarthe into Loir-et-Cher, Mr. Vizetelly
speaks of Freteval as being " a couple of
miles " from Vendome, the real distance
being about seventeen kilometres.
On the whole, however, the book is
remarkably free from the mistakes which
often abound in volumes of reminiscences.
Here and there we have noted a slip,
such as the antedating of Corney Grain's
performances in London, and the in-
correct origin given for the name of the
" Rue du Dix Decembre." This street
was not " so called in memory of Napo-
leon's assumption of the Imperial dignity,"
but to commemorate his election as Presi-
dent of the Second Republic on Decem-
ber 10th, 1848. We also wish that the
author, instead of translating Albert
Millaud's " sprightly verse," had left it
in the witty French original.
But these are trifles, for the book is of
real value as an historical record, and is
lightened by a good many original and
hitherto unpublished anecdotes relating
to Emile Ollivier, Gambetta, and other
men who took leading parts in the great
drama of 1870. We hope that the author
will be encouraged to give to the public,
as he suggests, his recollections of the
Commune.
John Calvin : his Life, Letters, and Work.
By Hugh Y. Reyburn. (Hodder &
Stoughton, 10s. 6d. net.)
We have been waiting long for a full,
discriminating account, in our own lan-
guage, of the life and work of Calvin.
What we have needed is an accurate,
well-balanced biography, unadorned by
rhetoric and unspoilt by theological bias,
written by a scholar who deals only with
first-hand evidence, and know7s how to
use it fairly and fearlessly. The time is
opportune, since Herminjard and, most
of all, Doumergue have of late done for
Calvin what Brieger and Dr. Grisar in their
respective fashions have done for Martin
Luther. Mr. Reyburn's volume comes
near what we want, and that is saying
much, for few Scotsmen could be ideal
biographers of one who has so largely
moulded the traditions of their country.
Mr. Reyburn adds little to our know-
ledge of Calvin's early days, but by a
skilful use of his materials he recounts the
story of the student who, " at the price
of a weak stomach and broken health,
became one of the most accomplished
scholars of his time": how, after the
manner of his day, Calvin held benefices
as moderns hold scholarships ; how he
studied under Corderius, and won the
friendship of Olivetan and the Cops ; how
he was nicknamed " the accusative case "
for his industry and good behaviour ; how
the author of the ' Institutes ' and the
founder of the Jesuits were fellowr. students ;
how L'Estoile and Alciati, to his great
advantage, trained him for a profession he
did not follow ; and how from humanism
he advanced to reformation through his
devotion to Holy Scripture. He had to
flee from France and take refuge in Basel,
where he met Bullinger, with whom he was
associated in after years. It was in 1536
and in Basel that the first edition of the
' Institutes ' was published, and it served
as a manifesto of reformed doctrine. Its
dedication to the King of France has been
regarded as one of the three greatest
prefaces in literature, the two others
being those of Casaubon and De Thou.
The times needed a leader ; and, much
against his will, Calvin was the man. His
own words explain his position : —
" Whilst my one great object was to live
in seclusion without being known, God so
led me out through different turnings and
changes that He never permitted me to rest
in one place, until in spite of my natural
disposition He brought me forth into public
notice."
" Public notice '" became Avorldwide
fame, and Geneva was the scene of his
life - work. He went there expecting
to remain no more than one night,
but except for about, three years
(during which he was an exile " for con-
tempt of lawful authority ") he was in
Geneva till his death in 1564.
Calvin was a man of many parts, and
his work was manifold. He was from
first to last the leading minister of Geneva ;
he was the austere and zealous censor of
its public morals ; he was a diplomatist in
statecraft ; he superintended the education
No. 4510, April 4, 1014
THE A Til KX.KUM
-1ST
of Che young; at times he acted as critic
in art ami drama for his city; and. above
all. he was the recognized Leader of the
Reformed Churches of Europe. Though
tar from robust in health, ho left a record
i>i public service that makes one marvel
how much can be done in twenty-eight
years. He was constantly publishing
theological books. Almost all of his cum
troversies — and they were many — claimed
a treatise, oral Least a pamphlet. Mr. Hep-
burn mentions here and there in his narra-
tive the various commentaries onScripture
which Calvin wrote, but he has not made
enough of them. They have suffered
undeserved neglect, for most scholars have
passed them by. fearing lest they should
come upon mere reiteration of "Cal-
vinism *' ; yet in many ways they are
-till unsurpassed for skilful exegesis and
reasonable criticism. To any who think
of Calvin as merely the champion of
' predestination," his commentaries on
St. John anil the Psalms will bring en-
lightenment.
In a biography of Calvin one is apt to
concentrate attention on his Genevan
rule, his theocracy, or. as Mr. Reyburn has
aptly called it. his " bibliocraey." That is
reconstructed here by a copious use of
old and new materials, and we have the
satisfaction of reading an historical ac-
count which places the " Ordonnances "
in their proper context. In a chapter on
the political constitution of Geneva we are
reminded that there was municipal super-
vision of doctrine and morals before Calvin
made it famous ; and it was a direct
consequence of that constitution that
even- ecclesiastical question tended to
become civil, and vice versa. It was one of
Calvin's hardest battles to secure a dis-
tinction between the civil jurisdiction of the
State and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of
the Church, and he was often defeated. The
picture of a Genevan Council subservient
to the Reformer, and existing only to carry
out his religious whims, is unhistorical, and
to the last Calvin and the Council were
far from seeing eye to eye on matters of
policy. Some of the severest regulations
of civic life were framed when Calvin was an
exile in Strasburg ; and, once more, it was
not the Reformer, but the Council, who
ordained that a sermon should be preached
•very day in its churches.
But there is always the sorry story of
Bervetus to remind us that Calvin fully
shared the persecuting spirit of his daw
Rightly. Mr. Reyburn lays bare the whole
pitiful tale, and does not withhold his
censure. Too much has been made by
theologians of the extenuating circum-
oce8. In speaking of the last inter-
view between Servetus and the Reformer,
he says : —
Calvin does not appear well in this.
H.- own words are convincing proof of a
coldness and hardness 0f nature which, in the
sad circumstances, makes him peculiarly
unlovable."
Ameaux and Bolsec and Trolliet are
wit'' - • I alvin '• took himself and
his opinions too Beriously," and help u
understand how Baudoin would rather live
in hell with Beza than in heaven with
Calvin. But if Calvin had a genius for
making enemies, he had many friends, and
we find a pleasing narrative "I his good-
fellowship with Farel, Bullinger, Melanch-
thon. and other Reformers. Fewmenhad
more antipathies than Martin Luther, yet
in a letter he says of Cabin : '" Even if he
should call me a devil, I should recognize
him as an eminent servant of God."
It is impossible in a review such as this
to notice all the aspects of Calvin's work —
his conferences and controversies in regard
of the sacraments, his influence on Scot-
land, his ideal of University curricula,
the impetus he gave to missions (when the.
author noticed Loyola he should not
have forgotten Xavier), or his development
of sovereignty in theology to its logical
breaking-point. Each of these topics finds
competent treatment here.
We note the existence of a useful,
though meagre Index, and a list of autho-
rities which is not quite adequate. There
are a few slips, such as " Wishart " for
" Patrick Hamilton " on p. 31, but these
are unimportant. In one or two places
Mr. Rej-burn gives the impression that
his knowledge of the contemporary poli-
tical history of Europe is rather less than
his undoubted mastery of Calvin and
Calvinism.
The Spiritual Message of Dante. By the
Right Rev. W. Boyd Carpenter. (Wil-
liams & Xorgate, os. net.)
These lectures were originally delivered
at Harvard in 1904, in conformity with
the Noble Trust ; they were given with-
out manuscript, and are presented in this
volume as compilations from notes, not
as w'ritten lectures. Nevertheless, they
are distinguished by the author's well-
known eloquence, and display a keen
enthusiasm for the poet's work, together
with a deep insight into its true inter-
pretation. The Bishop states that " they
are not intended as a contribution to the
critical study of the ' Divina Commcdia,' '
but are '" simply thoughts on religious
experience as exemplified" in it. Yet,
although there is an occasional touch of
the homiletic style, the lectures are by
no means homiletic in form ; they are a
serious, and at times even a brilliant,
commentary on the spiritual meaning of
the greatest of Christian poems. As
such — in spite of the author's modest
disclaimer — they are of real value as
criticism to the reader who would study
it from a religious rather than a literary
standpoint. It contains moral as well as
intellectual difficulties, and these the
Bishop never shirks, but has always some-
thing illuminating to say upon each.
In his view Dante's supreme message
is that love is over all life. It is
■whispered" in Hell; it is implied in
the discipline of Purgatory; it is "the
perpetual song" of Paradise. The
difficulty here, of course, is to make
this mennagf fil in with the terrible retri-
butive justice of Hell and the hopel<
endless suffering of its inmates. The
Bishop admits that Dante was no uni-
versalist ; and he shows that the righteous-
ness which Hell exhibits as an inexorable
law is as the salt which alone could pre-
serve Love from corruption. But he points
to the inscription on Hell's Cab — where,
perhaps, " Love" is merely named as the
highest in the Trinity of God's supreme
attributes — and to -the thrill of Love"
caused by Christ's victory, which wrought
momentary ruin in Hell, as indications
that " Love " is only excluded from that
realm by the obstinate impenitence which
refuses to embrace and aeknow l< dge it.
On the classification of sins and the
order of their punishment in Hell and in
Purgatory he has many interesting re-
marks. He explains in a striking passage
the medial position in both realms of
the vice of " accidie." or brooding dis-
content : —
"It is tin; equinox of faults ;.... the
ecliptic line from the passions ot' the spirit to
the passions of a more material order passes
through the negative point where the fault
is slothful indifference."
The whole chapter on Purgatory is not
only charmingly written, but also full
of suggestive comment on the various
incidents that accompanied the ascent of
the Mount. Yet while, as a preface to the
previous chapter, the author has much
to say about ideas of retribution both
Christian and Pagan, he does not discuss
the question whether the mediaeval con-
ception of Purgatory is supported by
revelation. He notices one great con-
trast between Purgatory and Paradise
— that in the former there is " laborious
upward advance," while in the latter
there is constant progress without
effort ; the pilgrim has but to ' sur-
render himself to the great divine tide of
goodness which sets Godward."
The extracts given are mainly from
Longfellow's translation, but are some-
times from the original. The reading
"' Caino," which the Bishop adopts in
Canto V. 107 of the ' Inferno.' is surely
without authority. All Dante students
should be grateful for this delightful
volume, which treats high themes with
much discernment, yet with perfect sim-
plicity ; it is brightened by excellent
illustrations, some of which are repro-
duced from Lord Vernon's edition of the
" Inferno.'
The Primitive Text of the (;<>«/>< Is and Acts.
By Albert C.Clark. (Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 4.s. net.)
PBOF. Clark, passing from the text of
Cicero to that of the < rOSpels and Ad-,
deal- with the problem <»f omissions in
.MSS. Whenever there i- a comparison oi
two MSS. of different families, it is found
that one contains passages which arc UOl
included in the other ; and it i- necessary
to determine whether these passages are
genuine or SpunOUS. Omissions may he
due to what is known as UOmOBOtefcuton.
When a similar ending or a similar word
OCCUrs twice in a sentence, the cop\ i-t may
P&BS from the first to the second, omitting
488
T HE ATHENiEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
the words between them. As there is a
general recognition of homceoteleuton as a
reason for omissions, Prof. Clark has no
need to enumerate a multitude of examples
as arguments in favour of such recognition,
and he turns to omissions in MSS. which
are copies of unknown originals. He
affirms that it is reasonable to suppose
that omissions in a particular MS. may
represent a line or lines in an ancestor,
and he sets himself to find an objective
criterion which will hell) us to detect line-
omissions.
The test which he proposes is arith-
metical. He has observed while work-
ing at the text of Cicero that short
passages which have been suspected on the
ground of their omission by a MS. or
family of MSS. contain the same, or
nearly the same, number of letters, and he
concludes that a unit has been discovered
corresponding to a line in an ancestor. It
is pointed out that the number of letters
in a normal line is more or less of an aver-
age quantity. Prof. Clark shows that the
arithmetical test is of great value when
we are dealing with the longer passages
omitted by some MSS. If it is found that
one long passage is a multiple of another,
or that several are multiples of one unit,
the probability is that the unit corresponds
to some division, i.e., to a column or page
or folio, in the archetype.
Certain MSS. are subjected to a most
careful examination, and the conviction is
expressed by Prof. Clark that the principle
brevior lectio potior is false, that the Re-
vised Text cannot be accepted as final, and
that the " vagaries " of the Western text
are not due to wholesale interpolation.
He affirms very definitely in reference to
the New Testament MSS. that there has
been contraction and not expansion, and
that the primitive text, which is the
longest and not the shortest, is to be
found, not in the Vatican and Sinaitic MSS.
or in the majority of Greek MSS., but in the
Western family, i.e., in the ancient ver-
sions and the Codex Bezse (D). Further,
lie claims that, if his analysis is sound, we
are brought back to an archetype of the
four Gospels in book-form which cannot
be later than the middle of the second
century.
In illustration of the use of the arith-
metical test, a result of an examina-
tion of the MS. Sinaiticus (Syriac) may be
given. At the back of it' there is an
ancestor with an average of eleven letters
to the line, and the MS. itself shows very
significant omissions. There is one of 26*2
letters (Luke xxiii. 10-13), one of 132
(John xiv. 10-11), one of 128 (Matt. v. 30),
and one of 65 (Luke xii. 9) ; so again one
of 167 (Matt. vi. 5), and one of 83 (Matt, v.
47). Prof. Clark says he cannot insist too
strongly upon these figures, which he vieAvs
as the justification of his method. Un-
doubtedly the method cannot be rejected,
since the figures which are brought out by
it cannot always be due to accident ; and
Prof. Clark's book is an evidence of the
careful manner in which it may be applied.
It is significant that the use of the arith-
metical test has caused him to look with
favour on the Western text.
A History of Penal Methods : Criminals,
Witches, Lunatics. Bv George Ives.
(Stanley Paul & Co., 10s. 6d. net.)
To understand the object of punishment
it is necessary to acquire a knowledge of
its changing forms in different ages.
Though this volume is scarcely likely to
attain a permanent place in the growing
literature on the subject — it reads in some
parts too much like a laborious com-
pilation from an overcrowded notebook,
and in others too much like a rhetorical
utterance at a meeting of a discharged
prisoners' aid society — yet it contains a
large amount of material which the less
experienced student of penology may
regard as novel and interesting. The
various modes of punishment, from the
early practice of private vengeance to
the latest forms of cellular imprisonment,
are described with a considerable
show of detail, though not always in
strict historical sequence. Some of the
lesser penalties recorded by Mr. Ives —
" poetic punishments " he not inaptly
calls them— show that they knew un-
commonly well in the Middle Ages how
" to let the punishment fit the crime."
A fisherman, for instance, who had been
convicted of selling stale fish was paraded
through the streets with a collar of
stinking smelts slung over his shoulder ;
while a zealous advocate of the strict
principles of Judaism was ordered to be
fed in prison entirely on pork — a piece of
grim humour which, for aught we know,
may have been the origin of the modern
" hunger strike."
In one of the most interesting chapters in
the book the various forms of punitive
banishment, from outlawry to transporta-
tion, are chronicled. From 1618 — when the
shipping of convicts to Virginia became
customary — to 1867 — when the last ship-
load was sent to Western Australia —
an enormous number of English criminals
(probably about a quarter of a million)
left their country for their country's
good. Despite all the horrors which
came to be associated with it — horrors
which not even the vivid pens of such
novelists as Charles Reade and Marcus
Clarke could exaggerate — the system of
transportation was not without its merits.
It provided the Colonies with the labour
they required for their early develop-
ment, and it enabled the more deserving
of the convicts to regain their liberty and
become honest men. But eventually, as
transportation lost its original character,
the convict settlements in the Colonies —
such as that on Norfolk Island — came
to represent all that was harsh and
repulsive in penal methods.
' The guilt and stain round the rocks
of these dreadful prisons [writes Mr. Ives]
will hang and linger in the memory of
mankind till the ocean of time, which is
vaster than the Pacific, engulfs them, and
sweeps them, and us, away."
That is a specimen of the rhetorical style
in which too often in these 400 pages a
simple truth is stated.
Notwithstanding the barbarous bru-
talities of ancient punishments — notwith-
standing, too, all the filth and obscenities
of English gaols when prisoners were not
separated— Mr. Ives reserves his hardest
epithets for the penal methods of modern
times. It is the cellular system — " the
compound of monasticism and militar-
ism," as another writer has called it —
that excites his anger most. If the old
prisons, of which George Fox has left so
vivid and unprintable a description, were
hotbeds of disease and corruption, if
many of their unfortunate inmates were
heavily loaded with irons, and flogged
within an inch of their lives, they were
(according to Mr. Ives) preferable to the
" ghastly whited sepulchres which were
built in the nineteenth century." Not
even John Howard, who devoted his
life to reforming the old system, escapes
Mr. Ives's wrath. We are invited to
believe that
" he was more shocked at the irregularities
which he discovered behind prison walls
than at the actual misery which they
entailed,"
merely because, apparently, the famous
Puritan laboured, like Elizabeth Fry,
to introduce reforms which have resulted
in a system of which Mr. Ives disapproves.
The older penitentiary methods, with
their long periods of solitary confinement
and their degrading system of mechanical
labour, were, no doubt, scarcely more
humane than the frankly brutal methods
they superseded. The " treadmill " and
the " crank " were not much more
humanizing than the " cat-o'-nine-tails."
But more enlightened methods have
now been adopted, including those sanc-
tioned by the Prevention of Crime Act,
1908, of which, though it introduced the
important principle of preventive deten-
tion for habitual criminals, no mention,
strangely enough, is made in Mr. Ives's
pages.
The criticisms which he passes upon
the cellular system are too obviously
the outcome of his theories as to punish-
ment. He is, indeed, the theorist rather
than the historian, the sentimentalist
rather than the criminologist. He lavishes
his pity upon the criminal who spends his
nights in a cell from which he never
catches a glimpse of the moon — the
" cold silver sickle " is what, character-
istically, he calls it — but he gives not a
single thought to the unhappy person
whose eyesight the solitary captive may
have destroyed in a murderous assault.
He divides all crimes into two great
classes — crimes of circumstances and crimes
of impulse. In neither class, it would
seem, are the criminals personally to
blame, because
" one great group of offences arises from
the stress and pressure of environment ;
the other from some defect or abnormality
in the nerve-structure of the individual."
It is not surprising that Mr. Ives, bur-
dened with this theory, hastens to the
conclusion that " punishment is a sur-
vival of savagery," but it is a conclusion
the logical force of wrhich he would appear
to be unwilling to face. He realizes that
some delinquents guilty of anti-social
offences must be kept in confinement,,
No. 4ol0, April 4, 1914
THE A T H E N M U M
489
though lie desires that their period of
incarceration, which is to be remedial
rather than punitive, should be largely
devoted to the playing of chess, which
■■ teaches patienoe, combination, con-
Bequenoe." The vision of two hardened
burglars discussing the dashing tactics
of the King's Gambit does not readily
MOSS the mind. Mr. Ives realizes, too,
that there are certain types of criminals,
the degenerates whose diseased impulses
are incurable, with whom different mea-
sures must be taken. He would reform
them altogether : he would " painlessly
remove " these " hopeless people." How
long would it be before another sensitive
critic would arise who would proclaim
this "' painless removal " to be an illus-
tration of the truth of Mr. Ives's own
dictum that " punishment is a survival
of savagery" I
Essays and Studies presented to William
Rid-geway on his Sixtieth Birthday.
(Cambridge University Press, 11. 5s. net.)
The custom of presenting a well-known
scholar with a volume of essays upon some
suitable anniversary is commoner abroad
than in England. A sixtieth birthday,
however, seems an early date to choose for
what must be regarded, more or less, as a
memorial, since Prof. Ridgeway's activities
in Cambridge and his varied researches
are still carried on with undiminished
vigour. Such a volume must always
be somewhat miscellaneous in character,
because the contributors have different
views as to what is- suitable for the pur-
pose ; and the variety is increased in this
instance by the multifarious studies and
interests of the recipient, which have
induced a simdar character in the contribu-
tions of his colleagues and pupils. Xor is
the method of treatment less varied than
the subject - matter : at the one extreme
we have Prof. Pctrie's brief note on some
royal signets and Mr. Dawkins's publica-
tion of a re-cut Melian gem ; at the other
Mr. Stanley Cook's lengthy discussion on
" The Evolution and Survival of Primitive
Thought.
The ' Essays and Studies ' are divided
into three sections, entitled respectively
Classics and Ancient Archaeology,'
* Median al Literature and History, ' and
Anthropology and Comparative Reli-
gion.' The names of the contributors
suffice to guarantee the quality of the
work ; the matters with which they deal
arc in many cases so dctaUed or abstruse
that a complete review could only be
written by a commission of specialists.
Some of the contributors emphasize the
value of Prof. Ridge way's work in the
application of archaeology to the elucida-
tion or illustration of classical literature,
lint if one looks to the first section of this
book for examples of this method the
-nits an somewhat disappointing.
There are several literary articles, includ-
ing a sympathetic study by Prof. Conway
of the sixth book of the -Kneid,' and
others dealing with more minute points
of scholarship or criticism ; but these
illustrate rather the older kind of classical
studies in which arclueology had no place.
Miss Harrison's and Mr. Cornford's articles
both work out in detail the importance
of the seed-corn in the light of the
Mundus at Rome, and certain parts of
the Thesmophoria and the Eleusinian
mysteries, especially such as concern an
underground storehouse which is also
the scene of the mystic wedding. This
suggestion, as Mr. Comford points out,
was made by Mr. Warde Eowler in his
article on the Mundus. It is interesting to
find mythologists reverting to the notion,
long ago expressed by August Mommsen
in his ' Heortologie,' that such rites of
natural magic are not so much to be asso-
ciated with the actual processes of nature
as with human activities dependent upon
them. Miss Harrison starts from the
elucidation of a passage in Sophocles's
' Ichneutse,' which, she thinks, is derived
from an actual rite. Mr. Tillyard, in
publishing an interesting vase with Hera-
cles as a fisherman, seems to exaggerate
its importance as " being among the first
representations of Poseidon's trident that
exist " ; the black figured lecythi of this
type are not usually very early.
There is no lack of contributions in which
conjecture plays a predominant part.
Mr. Richmond gives a new scheme of
Palatine topography, which unfortunately
— or fortunate by — cannot be put to the
test of excavation, since his reconstruction
remains, for the most part, suspended in the
air. Mr. E. Harrison, too, has caught the
spirit of cheerful adventure when he sug-
gests the explanation of Jupiter Lapis as
8ta Xidwv, " a god begotten by a stone on a
preposition." Nor is Mr. A. B. Cook very
successful in his attempt to trace references
to the Argive cult of Hera in Aristo-
phanes's ' Birds.' Prof. R. C. Bosanquet in
a useful, but unpretentious contribution
corrects a common error by which square
spearbutts have often been mistaken for a
peculiar form of spear-head. But for the
most part the products of the Cambridge
school as here represented seem to show
ingenious theorizing, rather than any
great power of impartial weighing of
evidence, or that balance of mind which
the study of classics and archaeology alike
demands.
The anthropological contributions are,
however, more solid. Mr. Joyce on the
Weeping God, Dr. Myers on Examples
of Primitive Music, Mr. H. Balfour on
Kite Fishing, and Dr. Haddon on Out-
rigger Canoes, all record and classify a
large number of interesting facts. Prof.
Elliot Smith states at some length his
theory of the Egyptian Origin of Megalithic
Monuments, white a supplementary dis-
cussion as to their possible methods of
distribution is given by Dr. Rivers in
his paper on the Contact of Peoples. It is
impossible to discuss here these and many
other of the articles in the volume ; hut a
word must be added as to Dr. Fra/er's
characteristically tentative solution of the
problem of the serpent and the tree of lite.
Certainly any reader could find in so
varied a volume matter for interest or
criticism.
The Spiritual Drama in the Life of Thacke-
ray. By Nathaniel Wright Stephenson.
(Hodder & Stoughton, G.s\ net.)
Critical studies of novelists at work
winch expand into estimates of their
individual significance as men are always
interesting. At each stage of such dis-
cussion the whole theory of literary art, its
scope, its ultimate value, is really bound
to be challenged. Such challenge is to be
found almost in the first sentence of Prof.
X. W. Stephenson's essay on Thackeray,
where we are asked to take it for granted
that the novel, as the Victorian age knew
it, is dead and done with. This theory is
worked into the contention that Thackeray
is to be regarded as a writer who passed
through the gloom of a dense fatalism to a
reconcilement with human destiny ; that
first having vainly measured the wide
scheme he was observing by the foot-rule
of his own experience, he rectified those
impressions by degrees, till at last he
embodied them in achievements which
left him definitely " on the side of the
angels." Some of this may be true,
because none of it is entirely ne\V • an4
it affords an excellent text for a few
thoughts concerning the spiritual discern-
ment of Thackeray and others.
We imagine that few people who read
novels are able altogether to ignore the
fact that some sort of personality lurks
behind the most trivial performance in
fiction. We do not deny that the
overplus of novels in our day is an evil
of competitive pressure which we should
like to declare purposeless, if we did
not know for a fact that an unworthy
commercial purpose is at the back of it all.
But because we know this we must pro-
test against the whole of the nuisance
being referred to poor Queen Victoria,
whose reign left us a legacy of novels,
which is not a dead monument, indeed,
but rather a foundation on which much is
yet to be built. Again (and here once
more we are at variance with our author),
the spirit of to-day is apt to take too
much upon itself, prating of superficial
changes and stridently declaring, what
never can be true, that the depths of
humanity have altered too. True, myriads
of novels are published which might as
well have been suppressed. But out of
the mass there appear documents of the
highest value, for the best of them will
seem human when their ink has faded.
From the worst we know not what may
yet be extracted ; but this we do aver,
that even errant faculties often give
proof that they are following the gleam,
and so contributing to the " spiritual
drama " of mankind. Such views can
more effectualh he tested by considering
the work of a master.
Models, spiritual or practical, for the
novelisl of to-day are certainly needed,
audit some one has evolved ThaekeraCs
secret so ae to imparl it, shall we not all
be glad i bet us hear what the I'rofe-
basto say. The highway is spiritual. Along
this road passes Thackeray, through tin;
gloom of fatalism to felicity. Does he \
Such theories are ingenious enough.
490
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
Thackeray's work has run the gauntlet of
criticism through half a century. But before
one sets to work to ventilate some special
theory, one really must decide in one's
own mind from what standpoint the novel-
ist shall be regarded, and not one novelist,
but all novelists. The art of every novelist
is the same. It is to produce life as seen
through a temperament. If the tempera-
ment be a fool's, the result will be foolish.
But there is nothing like subjectivity for
confusing the issue. The main task of the
novelist was, is, and always will be ob-
jective. There are a good many facts
in Thackeray's own career, even in his
domestic experience, which are public
property. No doubt these coloured his
writing to a certain extent, for it remains
true of others than poets that " they
learn in suffering what they teach in
song." But if ever a novelist lived who
created a world of sentient beings out of
his own internal weal and woe, Thackeray
was not he.
What says Prof. Stephenson, however ?
He indicts Thackeray first, and then he
finds him " not guilty." We are not deal-
ing with our essayist in a spirit of raillery.
We are taking him au grand serieux. He
has built up a comely edifice, as spiritual
buildings must always be built up, by
the process of quiet, steady reasoning.
He takes Thackeray step by step,
first overshadowing him with the theory
— for it is nothing but a theory —
that the nineteenth century was " weary
and disillusioned," an idea "that helps to
vitiate much of the argument that follows ;
for one might just as plausibly assume
that the nineteenth century was particu-
larly energetic and venturesome. But
we dismiss this overshadowing from our
minds the more readily because we have to
pass forthwith into the deeper shadow of a
comparison with Dickens. We are old-
fashioned enough to think that " com-
parisons are odious." Stated very briefly,
Prof. Stephenson's idea comes to this : that
Thackeray, striving toward mastery of his
chosen craft, was very much scared by the
triumphs of another, for he " felt the
enormous popularity of Dickens more than
his worshippers like to admit." Having
advanced thus far, our critic expounds
his theory further, giving chapter and
verse, and taking his illustrations all the
way along from ' Barry Lyndon ' to ' Denis
Duval.'
' The Luck of Barry Lyndon ' was, we
learn, in the minor key, even the key of
depravity ; but before Thackeray had got
far with ' Vanity Fair,' which continued
' the mournful symphony," and was to
end in " a dead march," its tendency
despairing, its very conclusion " unmanly,"
the craftsman thought it well, for his own
and his public's sake, to take a hint from
Dickens. So we have a talking show-
man, " when we wish to come up square
against fact " ; and ' Vanity Fair ' itself
' is a ' good story,' a good story of the
school of Dickens." Nevertheless, there
is a buoyancy, even a beauty, which must
be explained away, since they play the
greatest havoc with the Stephensonian
theory of the spiritual doldrums. For
there are pictures, too, in ' Vanity Fair,'
and varieties of humour, and unexpected
twists of construction, and voices we
cannot resist ; in short, the certain stig-
mata of a masterpiece. All of them are due,
says Prof. Stephenson, not, be it noted, to
psychological power, objectively used, but
to " one of the most powerful stimu-
lants in the world," the " joy of the work-
ing." A different conclusion might have
been reached had the starting-point been
different. The " accession of spirits "
and so forth are verily there, because the
artist's capacity for enthusiasm was in-
herent. But Dickens need never have
been dragged across the trail. The books
we know would l,ave been just the same,
had Dickens ne^er existed. Thackeray
posed on occasion : in ' Vanity Fair ' the
pose is essentially artistic — a triumph,
by common consent. Beyond this, far
beyond the trickery of technique, was
his spiritual discernment of the fact
that this world is but a passing show.
That does not make life less real, but more
so, and from this basis Thackeraj7 saw
truth in a way which no theory of his com-
parative littleness or morbidity has been
able to discount. The themes varied, the
scenes varied also, and his characters
came vividly out of them ; for Thackeray
" saw life steadily and saw it whole " :
this not by fits and starts, but all the
time. k Vanity Fair ' is different from
' The Newcomes.' But truth is always
consistent.
If these ideas are even partially well-
founded, what becomes of the proposition
that, as the earlier novels showed but a
wanderer in the vale of mortified life, so,
the " first manner " being shed, a gradual
dawn enlightened the soul of William
Makepeace Thackeray ? It would be nearer
truth to say that all through his career the
versatility of an artist tended to the con-
quest of very divergent types and situa-
tions. Even a man who possesses but the
average of wits will refrain from confusing
his own experience or identity with the
larger life he means to chronicle. But
Prof. Stephenson, having proved to his own
satisfaction that Thackeray had a " first
manner," a " turning-point," a " re-
adjustment," thus providing room for
steps to be retraced — alleged to be accom-
plished in l Esmond ' — closes his argument
by fastening his transformation theory on
Ethel Newcome, through whom, he tries
to show, Thackeray proclaims a formal
recantation of his earlier devastating
philosophy. But the devastation has
come to exist since Thackeray laid down
his pen, in the professorial mind. We
cannot accept the idea, though we are
glad to have examined it. The objective
theory, wre still believe, holds the field
against all comers. The waste and the
prejudice, the toil and the conflict, the
subterfuge and the dissension, are part of
the human comedy that we see, no less
than the love and the laughter, and the
interwoven appeal to higher sense, which
hovers about us, not unheard. Thackeray
knew this, and the results of his know-
ledge, as it grew, he gave us, so that
a scholar could read on without his sense
of fitness being jarred, and a man of the
world could revel in their clear relation-
ship to perfectly familiar phenomena.
We need such witness to the things that
matter, even in our own time, and we shall
not despair of finding them anew among
novelists, if some talents seem to be
derelict almost before they are fully
launched. The value of such analysis as
this lies in the fact that suggestion is
always useful, if only as a corrective of
indifference — above all, of indifference to
the future of the novel.
Folk-Ballads of Southern Europe. Trans-
lated into English Verse b}- Sophie
Jewett. (Putnam's Sons, 6s. net.)
Miss Jewett has spread her net wide in
the collection before us, taking her speci-
mens not only from the French, the
Provencal, the Catalan, and the various
Italian dialects, but even from Roumania
and modern Greece. When possible, she
wisely prefers ballads of a generic cha-
racter, variations of which are to be found
in the North as well as in the languages
here represented. For the Piedmontese
she shows a special predibction, doubtless
due in some degree tj Count Nigra' s
admirable ' Canti Popolari del Piemonte,'
which is worthy to rank with Child's
classic work on the ballads of our own
country. Since her object is to provide
students of English ballads with specimens
from Southern Europe, it would not be
fair to lay stress on omissions. But in
the interesting Piedmontese ' Hero and
Leander,' Leander's lines,
I' avniria 'n po' pi sovens
S'a fussa nen del re vost pare,
are left out altogether in the translation ;
and there is nothing to indicate the
verses not included in the Sicilian l Scibilia
Nobili.'
Our author is most successful when she
uses a simple, short-lined metre, and
when the ballad is largely narrative, as in
' The Three Students of Toulouse ' or ' Fair
Jeanne ton.' In a genuine lyric like ' The
Ring.' found in Piedmontese and most
of the languages of Latin Europe, but
here given in a pretty Neapolitan " bar-
carola " version, beginning
Nucoppa la montagnella,
that might as it stands be the words of a
prize song at the Piedigrotta festival, she
fails to reproduce the lilt of the original.
Ballads concerning love and murder
form by far the largest group in the col-
lection. English and Scotch ballads are
at their best when dealing with suffering
and tragedy, but the famous Piedmontese
' Donna Lombarda,' founded on the story
of the Lombard Queen Rosamund, and
dating probably from the sixth century,
takes rank with the greatest of them,
and is adequately rendered here. ' The
Poisoned Lover ' recalls ' Lord Randal,'
but the lover makes his will in a dialogue
with his mother, as in ' Edward, Edward,'
though it cannot otherwise be com-
pared with that grim tragedy. Especially
noteworthy is the number of ballads
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
THE ATIIEN/EUM
491
dealing with the rape of a Christian wife
by a Moorish king and her rescue by her
husband, such as ' 11 Moro Saraoeno * or
* Soibilia Xobili.' a subject bound to bo
popular on the shores of the -Mediterranean.
Religious ballads arc of eourse. more
frequent and more varied in Roman
Catholic countries than in the North, and
Mi<s Jewett regretfully wonders how
many remains of sacred legend have
perished in the lands of Wyclif and Knox.
Eight of them are given here, the stories
often taking on a curious local colour,
a- in the Sicilian version of ' The Prodigal
Son.' Mary Magdalen, who is commonly
confused with the Samaritan Woman, was
a favourite theme. So also was the story
of Dives and Lazarus, for the ballad is
essentiallr democratic hi origin and svm-
pathy.
There is no genuine ghost-story among
the ballads of the supernatural before
u>. Indeed, they could almost be added
to the religious section, since they are
largely concerned with curses, or with
the pains of hell, like ' Count Arnold,'
which reads like a genuine English ballad
in Miss Jewett's rendering : —
What is it from your mouth blazing,
Arnold, my knight ?
What is it from your mouth blazing ?
Help, God of might !
Evil words that I have spoken,
Woman most true ;
Evil words that 1 have spoken;
Loyal a iv you.
Here, too, we find a touch of social
reform : —
"Tis because I paid bad wages,
Woman most true,
is the reason the Count gives for his
dwelling being deep in hell. ' The Voice
from Underground ' is the only Greek
ballad included, but its origin is un-
mistakable, though the translation, like
most of those in long-lined metres, is far
from happy. It breathes the true pagan
joy of the Greek in life, and sounds like a
b la ted echo from the Palatine Anthology :
But I suffer and am ashamed, and with great
pain I groan,
.us.- you have despised me, treading across
my grave.
IVrhaps I was not young, I too 1 Was I not
brave ?
M i\. I not walked, I too, by night under the
moon r
It seems a pity, however, to exclude
osibly humorous ballads altogether.
I •■ end' of the Catalan - Count (iari '
contains almost the only touch of real
humour in the volume.
The spread of education has sounded
the death -knell of ballad - making in
most parts of Europe ; but in Sicily and
ithern Italy something of the old
spirit remains. Few town- are without a
trino," or marionette theatre, though
the kmematograph is doubtless pressing it
hard; and hither the illiterate fisherman
or cartel-, whose children will satisfy
their thirst for adventure with the feuille-
- of cheap newspapers, still repairs
night after night to follow enthralled the
story of Charlemagne and his Paladin
bis father did before him. lb- finds bis
hero not in the soldier returning from
Tripoli, nor even in Garibaldi, but in the
brigand of the hour, such as the Calabrian
Musolino, whose enemies are his own
enemies, the policeman and the Govern-
ment. There are only five ballads of
prisoners in this volume, but ' I Fra
Diavoli ' is clearly of comparatively recent
Sicilian origin.
In her translations of the wild Rou-
manian folk - songs Miss Jewett is seen
at her best: in ' Bujor,' for instance,
which tells of that great brigand, the
champion of the poor, who perished on
the scaffold ; or in ' Shalga,' the heroic lay
of the mighty Amazon, warned by the
piping of one of her shepherds that they
have been attacked by bandits. The
story of her hastening to their rescue and
cutting off the head of the brigand chief
is full of fire and vigour in its English
dress. Less known is the fragment of
' The Little Lamb.' Yet there is real
poetry in the Roumanian shepherd's
prayer to be buried in the meadow —
Close beside my herd-hut small,
So I may stay near you all ;
Stay among my sheep, and still
Lie and listen underground
To my dogs upon the hill ....
Lambkin, no word shalt thou tell
In what wise my death befell ;
Say I wed a royal bride,
Wooed of all the world beside ;
Say that when our faith was given
A bright star fell out of Heaven :
Sun and moon stood holding there
A marriage-wreath above my hair ;
Mountains tall were priests to me ;
Guests were pine and alder-tree ;
Torches were the flaming stars,
Thousand birds my lute-players.
The volume is provided with a good
Introduction and notes. These are not
concerned with the interpretation of the
original text, which is printed beside the
English translations.
The Civil Service of Great Britain. By
Robert Moses. " Studies in History,
Economics, and Public Law." (New-
York, Columbia University ; London,
P. S. King & Son, 8s.)
The object of this essay is
" to present the steps in the reform of the
English Civil Service, with special emphasis
upon examinations, personnel, and prospects,
rather than upon organization, economy, and
conduct of business."
The author
" has had constantly in mind the
influence of the reformed English Civil
Service upon the Civil Service of the United
States."
Mr. Moses dates his historical survey
from the year 1853, which he calls the
Independence Year of the English Civil
Service. He includes quotations from
a large number of official documents,
and also from contemporary writers, includ-
ing Anthony Trollops and Charles Dickens,
whose merciless exposure of the evils of
patronage, in "The Three Clerks' and
' Little Dorrit ' respectively, did much, on
the popular side, to arouse the public
conscience to the evils of patronage in the
public service. In his description of
the steps taken to place the recruiting
of the Indian Civil Service on a basis of
"open competition," he pays a tittim.'
tribute to the invaluable contribution of
Maeaulav to the solution of that problem.
In regard to the question of the admission
of the native born to the Indian Civil
Service, -Mr. Moses is of opinion that.
' there are as many places open to them
now as they are reasonably capable of
tilling without endangering British pres-
tige."
There is evidence of careful research,
and the numerous quotations from official
and other sources are well chosen. The
book should appeal to a wider public even
than that large body of politicians, adminis-
trators, and schoolmasters who may fairly
be said to have a personal interest in the
question. We think with the author that
the problem is really one of education, and
we hope that he will be justified in his fore-
cast that the forthcoming report of Lord
MacDonnell's Commission will recommend
"free education from primary schools,
through the Universities, in liberal arts or
science, to be insured to every ambitious
and deserving pupil."
On the question of interchangeability
of Civil Service personnel, the author
agrees with Sir George Cornewall Lew is
that
" where a general superintendence is re-
quired and assistance can be obtained from
subordinates, and where the chief qualifica-
tions are judgment, sagacity, and enlightened
political opinions, such a change of office is
possible ; but as you descend in the official
scale the sjieciality of function increases."
This is a difficult question, but we do
not think the author intended that the
argument should be carried to its logical
conclusion, and we hope that the Royal
Commission will go as far as possible, not
only towards equalizing the pa\ and
conditions as between the different offices
of State, but also towards providing, as far
as possible, for a system of exchange of
officers of all ranks, to the lasting benefit,
we believe, of both State and servants.
Examples of fatuous questions set by
the early Civil Service examiners are given,
and though matters have improved since
those days, we have heard of cram-
ming for modern examinations, whereas
everything possible should be done to
base competitive examinations upon the
work actually done by the competitors at
their school or University. We are glad
that Mr. Moses emphasizes the fact that
the present Higher Division examination
continues to give an undue advantage to
students of Oxford. He thinks that the
Royal Commission will undoubtedly re-
commend "that this examination be
modified so as to attract more men from
the new l'ni\ersities." To the critics ol
competitive examination and there are
doubtless man} -we commend the quota-
tion (on p. 100) from John Stuart Mill,
who himself Bpenl the better pari of
his life as a Civil Servant, and in this
connexion we should like to quote an
early Secretary of the ci\il Service
( 'oinmission : —
"Feu persons now really believe thai
the friend- of competition rely upon H a- .m
infallible tesl of official aptitude, or a- any-
thing more than the beef available test....
The onlj question . . . .now i- a- to tie
492
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
extent to which the plan, thus generally
appreciated, should be adopted, and the
rate at which we should proceed in the work."
Lest we should be charged with an
attempt to reslay the slain, we hasten to
add that the numerous appointments at
short notice made necessary by the quick
growth of new Government departments,
in consequence of social legislation, has
laid us open to the risk of a return to the
evils of patronage, naked and unashamed.
We cannot be too careful to guard against
reaction of this kind, and the appointment
of Civil Servants without at least the inter-
vention of a Civil Service Committee of
Selection is, we think, highly repre-
hensible. The evil of patronage lives after,
and begets an evil brood in the form of
nepotism within the services.
An old-time Secretary to the Committee
of the Council of Education
" saw no reason why there should not be
open competition for the Lower Division,
but quite irrationally he thought open
competition inapplicable to the Higher
Division."
Tradition dies hard in the Board of Edu-
cation, for,
" strangely enough, this opinion prevails
even now in this Department, and has
staunch supporters in present and former
Secretaries."
The young men who are responsible for
the production of The Civilian, one of the
best known of the service organs, will be
interested to learn that " Washington
clerks are quite incapable of such a publi-
cation." On the much debated question
of the promotion of the Second Division
clerk, Mr. Moses is of opinion that the
ideas of these clerks' representatives
" of the fundamental constitution of offices,
promotions, &c, were not very valuable.
Only their specific complaints about
their own offices were worth having.
They all commented on their extraordinary
responsibilities .... and demanded higher pay
and quicker promotion."
He thinks, however, that the Royal
Commission will not do less than recom-
mend the abolition of the eight years'
rule in the case of promotion to the
Higher Division; that more staff posts
should be set aside for the Second
Division ; and that more opportunity
should be given in that Division to do
intellectual or original work, with recogni-
tion and reward for Second Division men
who become graduates, barristers, &c.
On the question of a strike the author
appears to think that " the organizations
of Civil Servants are more terrifying in
their hot-headed revolutionary youth than
in their mature and responsible develop-
ment." He wisely advocates full " recog-
nition " and discussion.
The chapter devoted to a comparison
between the Civil Services of England and
the United States is interesting and in-
forming : —
' The history of American reform is
chequered and spasmodic. The course of
English reform is remarkably steady and
uneventful It has the appearance of a
force moving irresistibly forward, and driving
patronage and incompetence before it
But reform in the United States has moved
forward slowly and painfully ; frequently it
has stopped entirely, and at times it has
actually been driven back."
We believe that further reform of the
American Civil Service is one of the tasks
to which President Woodrow Wilson has
set his hand, and students in this country
will watch his work with interest. It
appears that " there is more open compe-
tition in the United States than in Great
Britain," and that at present " 295,000
out of 391,000 federal employees are in the
classified list."
On the subject of rewards and decora-
tions the author is of opinion that
" in Europe titles and orders, and (in
Monarchies) the exaggerated respect paid
to Civil Servants as the visible symbols of
Royal power, attract the brains of these
countries into Government work in spite of
low salaries We must pay our officials
fair salaries, or else we shall not be able
to compete with private enterprise."
Publications of the Southampton Record
Society : The Port Books of Southamp-
ton. Transcribed and edited from the
MS. in the Audit House, with Notes,
Introduction, Glossarj^ &c., by Paul
Studer. (Southampton, Cox & Shar-
land, 15s. 9d. net.)
The Southampton Record Society is to
be congratulated on good work done and
doing. The publication of the ' Black
Book,' ' Oak Book,' and Court Leet
Records of Southampton has now been
followed by an edition of the ' Port
Books' for 1427-30. One would have
thought that a mere glance at such a docu-
ment as these Anglo-French accounts of
Robert Florys, the Water-Bailiff and Re-
ceiver of Petty Customs for Southampton,
would have sufficed to indicate their
worth both from an historical and a lin-
guistic point of view. But the worth of
Port Books has not been always so easily
recognized, and there was a tendency, if
we remember aright, even in responsible
quarters, to regard them not so long ago
as mere cumbersome rubbish, fit only to
be " scrapped " and " pulped." Yet these
lists of ships and their cargoes, the customs
they paid, the produce they brought, the
ports they hailed from, and the ports they
cleared for, are, when analyzed and co-
ordinated, the very stuff of which genuine
history is to be made. One can well
imagine the delight with which the
genius of a Macaulay or a Green would
have fastened upon such a piece of docu-
mentary evidence as this, and used it as
the foundation for a picture, not only of
the prosperity of the southern seaport,
but even of the whole seaborne trade of
England in the fifteenth century.
What is the life that these ' Port Books '
reveal ? It is but a few years since Harry
set out from the West Quay with the
flower of England to win the fair kingdom
of France : Agincourt has been fought and
won, but a ceaseless stream of knights
and nobles, and soldiers high and low,
is still passing through Hampton to the
seat of war. The captains and sailors,
who return to the port and squabble over
the anchorage dues and customs, have
many a tale to tell of fights with pirates,
of the war in France, and the dread
power of the French witch, Joan.
Nor was the trade of the prosperous port
confined to the coast of England and
Normandy and Bordeaux, or to the fleet
of the Southampton merchants. The
Easterlings, too, the Hanse merchants
from the Baltic and the North Sea, con-
gregated in the Solent, and their tiny
craft jostled the huge carracks from the
Mediterranean. For, through the mer-
chants of Venice, Florence, and Genoa,
Southampton had become one of the chief
emporiums of spices, wines, and all the
rich produce of the East.
With the plentiful assistance of so
careful an editor as Dr. Studer, the
recently appointed Taylorian Professor of
the Romance Language at Oxford, the
reader of Master Florys's Port Book can
quickly form an idea of the economic
status both of Southampton and England
in the fifteenth century. The learned
editor also draws attention to its value as
a treasure-house of that old French dialect
which had long flourished in Southampton,
but was now blending with the Saxon
speech and beginning to form the new,
homogeneous language of the English
people. We wonder, by the way, whether
the inexplicable word given as " preves "
on p. 12 (amongst a cargo of fruit) is
not a misreading for prunes. There is a
Breton word prev which Dr. Studer does
not appear to know — but it means a
" worm" !
C. lull Caesar is Commentarii Per urn, in
• Gallia Gestarum VII. A. Hirti Com-
mentarius VIII. Edited by T. Rice
Holmes. (Oxford, Clarendon Press,
8s. 6d. net.)
Dr. T. Rice Holmes, in his Preface,
quotes a sentence from a letter written in
1894 by Mommsen to Dr. Heinrich Meusel
on the subject of Caesar's ' Commentaries ' :
" The noble work deserves all the labour
that can be spent upon it. The enormous
difference between these ' Commentaries '
and everything else that is called Roman
History cannot be adequately realized."
This is a stirring and true remark, and
deserves to be considered by English
teachers of the ancient classics, especially
at this time. There is to-day something
of a " slump " in Caesar, and even where he
is read in schools there is an imperative
need of fresh and livelier and more pains-
taking methods. Certainly no teacher
who has failed to acquaint himself with
Dr. Rice Holmes's works is really fit to
teach Caesar to beginners.
It is a sound proposition that the
' Commentaries ' should be read rapidly
through at least once by the highest forms
in public schools ; there is plenty of room
for scholarship (e.g., some of those puzzling
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
THE ATHENiEU M
403
perfect subjunctives) in the interpretation
of the text, and for knowledge of Rinnan
history ; ami we get at least the starting-
points hu- most interesting discussions on
ethnological, social, political, ami religious
topics of several kinds. Sixth - form
boys. too. are of those who might be
tempted to make personal acquaintance
with the sites of Csesar's more important
military operations in Gaul, admirable
directions for reaching which are given
in an appendix of the present volume.
For younger pupils it is still necessary to
urge that teachers should put them in
possession of the general setting of Caesar's
writings before they proceed to a line-
by-line study of a few chapters ; and un-
doubtedly a simplified version of the
whole ' Gallic War ' read through with an
eve to unit\' of impression is much to be
preferred to the study of half a book.
The commentary on the eight books of
the ' Gallic War ' before us is adapted
for the use of teachers and senior pupils.
The notes are confined to explaining
( a'sar's text, and information which the
reader can easily acquire from the ordinary
sources is not supplied. Critical notes are
printed along with the others at the
foot of the text. It is now nearly three
years since the completion of the second
edition of ' Caesar's Conquest of Gaul ' ;
but all Caesarian literature that has ap-
peared in the interim has been considered
in the present commentary, and some few
modifications and additions made.
After a series of five sections deal-
ing with the circumstances of the
■writing of the ' Commentaries,' the text,
the credibility of Caesar's narrative, the
ethnology of Gaul, and the discovery
of Caesarian camps and earthworks, we
have some thirty pages of introduction
on Gaul as it had developed by Caesar's
davs. The commentarv is characteristic
of its author. It has the freshness of
first-hand topographical knowledge, of
the man who has been on the spot. It
finds the safest interpretation of Caesar's
language in all that is extant of that lan-
guage. It is very cautious in the accept-
ance of emendations. '" I never adopt,"
writes its author, " an emendation unless
it seems absolutely necessary." It puts
commentator and reader on terms of close
personal intimacy ; thus, after a suggested
translation of a word, we find : " Perhaps
you can think of a better word." It is
often caustic in its treatment of the
errors of previous commentators, and
poleon III. and Mommsen are treated
with some sarcasm. Generally incisive,
the notes often become enigmatic and
dogmatic in their tera a Thus on
vii. 3 we read. " quo dues not agree
with metre." This is provocative. \-
between the two views — whether quo
means "by which act" or goes with
re (by which custom | — many will
reasonably decide for the latter as being
better Latin. Tin- commentary, as is only
natural, ha- some obvious omission
FICTION.
Dodo (he Second. By E. P. Benson.
(Hodder & Stoughton, (is.)
In introducing us to the daughter of Dodo
by her second marriage Mr. Benson makes
possible the perpetuation in the direct
line of the woman whose charm so closely
approaches insolence. Those who appre-
ciate the type will be the more thankful,
as before the close of the book Dodo
and her daughter both make love matches.
Psychologically we should deem such
events '* out of the picture " ; at any
rate, they portend the making of saint
or devil. Through half of the present
work the two are merely unmoral, and, as
such, even though we may think im-
morality is to be deprecated in a world
suffering from the prevalence of im-
morality, they are distinctly entertaining.
Their dialogue is sprinkled with good
things. As a matter of fact the setting
of these gems often jars on our nerves as
badly as does the bad setting of real
jewellery on the nerves of one of Mr.
Benson's male characters. Their speech
is, however, self-revealing, and few7 novel-
ists nowadays can claim so much.
For instance, Dodo's daughter reveals
herself in the following remarks, which are,
as it happens, not quite up to date : —
" ' I do not mean that a man is not a gentle-
man becavise he is stupid, but I do mean
that quarterings cannot make him one.
The old idea is so obsolete, so Victorian, like
the old mahogany sideboards. Who cares
about a grandfather ? What does a grand-
father matter any more ? They used to say
' Move with The Times.'' Now we move
instead witli The Daily Mail.'' "
She is better in displaying the unima-
ginative mind of her mother's third
husband : —
" ' There was a clan, and we discovered h,
like Xewton and the orange.'
" ' Apple, surely,' said John.
" Nadine looked brilliantly round.
" ' I knew he would say that, whereas a
clansman would be content to understand
what I mean.' " . . . .
" ' Rut to bathe in the sea makes me think :
it gives me romance. Poor John, you never
get romance. You amass information, and
make a Blue Book.' "
Her dialogue, and that of the other
women for that matter, is best summed
up by one of the men : —
" ' What an extraordinary lot of words to
tell us that you are an intellectual egoist,'
he said. ' And you needn't have told us at
all. We all knew it.' "
The latter part of the book shows a
distinct change, and we are curious as to
the author's reason for it. Did his
well of smart things show a tendency
to become exhausted, or did he wish to
■ lire the attention of a public to whom
heroics and sentimentality arc a necessity (
Whatever determined the change, the
n suits are more than sufficiently amazing.
Dodo's daughter suddenly acquires tender-
ness. We an- treated to a greal storm
scene, followed hy a shipwreck and a
marvellous rescue, a sick-bed engagement,
two marriages, an attempted murder, and
the birth of a son to Dodo herself. All t his is
recounted in a " highfalutin " style which
makes us close the book with relief.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Campion (Edmund), Ten Reasons, proposed to
his Adversaries for Disputation in the Name of
the Faith, and presented to tin- Illustrious Mem-
bers of our Universities, " The Catholic Library,"
1/ net. B. Herder
This volume contains the original Latin text,
with a translation hy the Rev. .Joseph RickaDV,
and an historical Introduction by the Rev. John
1 1 ungerford Pollen.
Cheyne (Rev. T. K.), FRESH VOYAGES ox
Unfrequented Waters, 5/ net. Hlack
A continuation of earlier researches upon
the text and contents of the Old Testament.
Conybeare (Dr. F. C), Tin: Historical Christ,
8/6 net. Watt-
An investigation of the views of Mr. J. M.
Uobcrtson, Dr. A. Drews, and Prof. W . 1$.
Smith, which is intended " as a plea tor modera-
tion and c?ood .sense in dealing with the writings
of early Christianity."
Daily Texts for a Year, edited by G. F. Chambers,
(id. net. R.T.S.
The editor's Preface explains that this little
book was originally compiled about 1845 by the
daughter of a Vicar of Eastbourne.
Dendy (John), The Larger Life, a Way through
Experience towards the Truth. 'J. 6 net.
Essex Hall. Essex street. W.C.
A discussion of some fundamental principles
of religion and philosophy. The author does not
write for students, but for " the ordinary reader."
Girdlestone (R. B.), The Mission- of Christ
and the Title Deeds of Christianity. :: »> net.
Robert Scott
The author's aim is to prove the authen-
ticity of the books of the New Testament.
Robinson (Forbes), The Self- Limitation of the
Word of God as mand?ested in the Incarna-
tion, 3 /6 net. Longmans
An essay on ' The Evidential Value of O.T.
Prophecy ' is also included in this volume.
There is an Introductory Note by .Mr. Charles H.
Robinson.
Rolle (Richard), The Fhie of Love, and The
Mending of Life, edited and done into
Modern English by Prances M. M. Comper,
with an Introduction bv Evelyn Underbill,
3/6 net. Methuen
A modernized version of Richard Misyn's
fifteenth-century translations of ' De Incendio
Amoris ' and ' De Emendatione Vitae,1 wi itten
by Richard Rolle, who died at llanipole in 1349.
The Introduction deals with ' The Mysticism of
Richard Rolle.'
Skrine (Rev. J. H.), Eucharist and Bishop, 1/
net. Longmans
This pamphlet deals with certain questions
which have arisen out of the Kikuvu controversy.
Tait (Arthur J.), Christus Redemptor, Medita-
tions on 1 Corinthians i. 30, " Purple Series,"
1/6 net. Robert Scott
Five sermons delivered in St. Paul's Cathe-
dral.
Westcott (Frederick Brooke), A Letter ro Asia,
being a Paraphrase and Brief Exposition of
the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to t he Believers
at Colossae, 3/6 net. Macmillan
This paraphrase is not intended tor " prac-
tised scholars," but for "those who -till have
time and energy for ipiiet Uible study. There
is an historical Introduction, followed by a
commentary on the text of the Epistle. \t the
end of the volume the version of I'll l and the
author's paraphrase of the Epistle are printed
side by side.
POETRY.
Cole (T. W.), Quatrains, fid. net. Palmer
This booklet contains Bixtcen quatrains re*
printed from The Pall Wall Gazette and M orcetter
Herald. They include ' By the Hedgerow ,' 'A
.Ma > -da y in Tow n. a ml ' Pol -pi IU
Flowers from the Fatherland, transplanted Into
English Soil by \. M. Evere t, 8 8 aet.
M. i 'iloiiald
A selection of translation man poetry,
Including renderings of poems bj Heine, Fall
leben, Schiller, Goethe, and Kerm r.
Holley (Horace), CREATION, Posl I inp
Poem . I net. Fifleld
I collection of miscellaneous deluding
•In a Factory,' 'The Vision,1 'The Crowd/
' K\ e's Lament .' and ' Pilgrim.'
Keble (John), Tin: ciuo- 1 1 \n I net.
Milford
\ \ ohune In i be " vVoi m < , , Pocket
Edit ion.
404
THE ATHENilUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
Keble (John), The Christian Year, Lyra
Innocentium, and Other Poems, together
with lii.s Sermon on ' National Apostasy,'
1/6 net. Milford
In the " Oxford Edition of Standard Authors. '
Macaulay (Rose), The Two Blind Countries,
2/(i net. 8idgwick & Jackson
A collection of poems, many of which have
already appeared in The Saturday Westminster,
The Spectator, and The Cambridge Magazine.
The book includes ' Two Hymns for St. Andrew's
Day,' 'Trinity Sunday,' 'The City on the Lee
Shore,' and ' The Tramps' Highway.'
Oppenheim (Edwin), The Reverberate Hills,
3/6 net. Constable
The author writes ' To a Departing Swallow,'
' In the Pirwood,' and on ' Autumn,' ' Lac Tanay,'
' A Winter's Night in the Rhone Valley,' and
similar subjects.
Roberts (E. Cecil), Through Eyes of Youth,
2/6 net. James Clarke
This last volume of Mr. Roberts's poetry
includes ' Ode to Theocritus,' ' Clifton Church,'
' Habberley Valley,' and ' The Strike.'
Sackville (Lady Margaret), The Career briefly
set forth of Mr. Percy Prendergast, who
told the Truth, 1 / net. A. H. Stockwell
These verses tell how the truthful hero was
elected to Parliament, and finally appointed
Prime Minister. The illustrations are by Mr.
C. W. Ingram.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Book-Prices Current, Vol. XXVIII. Part II.,
25/6 per annum. Elliot Stock
A bi-monthly record of the prices at which
books have been sold at auction.
Catalogue of German, Dutch, and Flemish Illus-
trated Books, XV.-XVI. Centuries : Part I.
A-H, 3/ J. <fc J. Leigh ton
Includes descriptions of early books and
prints representative of illustration and decora-
tion in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the
Netherlands before the year 1601. All details of
the Catalogue are first-hand, and the sizes of
the cuts are given in millimetres, together with
collations of every item.
Icelandic Collection bequeathed by Willard Fiske,
Catalogue, compiled by Halldor Hermannsson,
$6 Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y.
An annotated Catalogue, arranged alpha-
betically under the names of authors, of some
9,700 volumes, comprising editions and transla-
tions of Old Icelandic and Old Norse tests, modern
Icelandic literature, commentaries and works on
the language, history, religion, and customs of the
Scandinavian nations. The Runic literature in
the Fiske Collection has not been included.
Slater (J. Herbert), Robert Louis Stevenson, a
Bibliography of his Complete Works, 2/6 net.
Bell
This volume is the first of a projected series
of handbooks for collectors, librarians, and
others who wish to trace the first and early edi-
tions of authors. The books here described are
arranged alphabetically according to the first
words of their titles, and notes are added giving
particulars of different issues or editions and the
auction prices.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Calendar of the Patent Rolls, preserved in the
Public Record Office: Edward III., Vol.
XV. a.d. 1370-1374, 15/ Stationery Office
Part of the series of Calendars of the Patent
Rolls from the reign of Edward I. to that of
Henry VII.
Chronica Johannis de Reading et Anonymi
Cantuariensis, 1346-1367, edited by James
Tait, 10/6 net. Manchester University Press
These two manuscripts are edited with Intro-
duction and notes ; the volume includes Addenda,
Corrigenda, Index, and facsimiles.
Couper (W. J.), The Millers of Haddington,
Dunbar, and Dunfermline, a Record of
Scottish Bookselling, 8/6 net. Fisher Unwin
This volume is offered as a contribution
towards the history of the book- trade of Scotland.
It is illustrated with plates and woodcuts in the
text, and concludes with a Bibliography of
' Books, &c, written or edited by the Millers
of Dunbar and Haddington,' ' The East Lothian
Press,' and ' The Dunfermline Press,' and an
Index.
Laurie (Lieut.-Col. George Brenton), History of
the Royal Irish Rifles, Ordinarv Edition
21/, Library Edition 30/ Gale&Polden
A history of the 83rd and 86th Regiments,
constituting since 1881 the 1st and 2nd Battalions
of the Royal Irish Rifles. Prof. Oman has con-
tributed a chapter dealing with the Peninsular
War. There are many illustrations, coloured
plates, and maps.
Lockhart's Life of Scott, abridged and edited by
O. Leon Reid, " Macmillan's Pocket Classics,"
1/net.
The editor has added a brief Preface, Intro-
duction, and a few notes.
Plowden (Alfred Chlchele), Grain or Chaff ?
the Autobiography of a Police Magistrate, 1/
net. Nelson
A cheap reprint. See notice in Athen.,
Dec. 12, 1003, p. 793.
Sabatini (Rafael), The Life of Cesare Borgia,
5/ net. Stanley Paul
A new edition in the " Essex Library."
Young (Norwood), Napoleon in Exile at Elba
(1814-1815), 21 / net. Stanley Paul
An account of Napoleon's year at Elba, with a
chapter on the iconography of the island by Mr.
A. M. Broadley, from whose collection of Napo-
leonic prints and caricatures the illustrations are
taken.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Carson (W. E.), Mexico, the Wonderland of the
South, 10/6 net. Macmillan
A revised edition, including among its new
features a summary of events in Mexico from the
accession of President Diaz in 1876 to the ad-
ministration of President Huerta in 1914, and a
chapter on the present political outlook.
Cox (J. Charles), Warwickshire, 2/6 net.
Methuen
In "The Little Guides" series, with twenty-
four illustrations from photographs, and six
maps and plans.
Enock (C. Reginald), Ecuador, its Ancient and
Modern History, Topography, and Natural
Resources, Industries, and Social Development,
" The South American Series," 10/6 Unwin
This book aims at presenting various aspects
of the country which will interest the trader,
traveller, and general reader alike. There are
many illustrations and two maps.
Freshfield (Douglas), Hannibal Once More*
5/ net. Arnold
The author endeavours to treat the classical
texts relating to Hannibal's passage of the Alps
from the point of view of an Alpine traveller and
topographer. The book includes maps and
illustrations.
Garnett (Lucy M. J.), Greece of the Hellenes,
6/ net. Pitman
Another volume in the " Countries and
Peoples Series."
Thring (Mrs. C. H. M.), The Trials and Plea-
sures of an Uncompleted Tour, edited by
C. H. M. T., 12/6 net. Simpkin & Marshall
The tour here described was begun by Mr.
and Mrs. Thring in August, 1911. They crossed
North America, and travelled in New Zealand,
Australia, Japan, and China. They then went
to Calcutta, visiting various places in North
India. Mrs. Thring died very suddenly at Agra,
and the book is compiled from her letters and
diary. It is fully illustrated with photographs.
SOCIOLOGY.
Indi-
Day (Henry C), Catholic Democracy
vidualism and Socialism, 6/ net.
Heath & Cranton
The author discusses the social teaching of
the Catholic Church, and compares it with that of
the new democracy. Cardinal Bourne has con-
tributed a brief Preface.
Gorham (Charles T.), Christianity and Civiliza-
tion, 9d. net. Watts
This little volume in "The Inquirer's Li-
brary " contains chapters on ' The Influence of
Religion upon Civilization,' ' The Reformation,'
and ' Christianity and Woman.' A Bibliography
is also included.
Seebohm (the late Frederic), Customary Acres
AND THEIR HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE, being a
Series of Unfinished Essays, 12/6 net. Longmans
These studies of the tribal and pastoral
conditions of landholding, and its development
into the open-field system of the village community,
are published by the author's son.Mr. Hugh E.
Seebohm, who writes a Preface.
ECONOMICS.
Guyot (Yves), Where and Why Public Owner-
ship has Failed, 6/6 net. Macmillan
The author discusses such subjects as
municipal activity, the housing of the working
classes, State insurance and employment, Govern-
ment monopolies, and State operation of railways,
his aim being to discover what reforms have been
accomplished in those cases where State owner-
ship and operation have been tried.
POLITICS.
Foster (Hon. George E.), Canadian Addresses,
edited by Arnold Winterbotham, 5/ net.
Jenkins
A number of addresses on ' Imperial Pre-
ference,' ' Naval Defence,' ' Reciprocity with the
United States,' ' Some Problems of Empire,' and
kindred subjects, with an introductory chapter
on Canada of to-day.
Land (The), the Report of the Land Enquiry
Committee : Vol. II. Urban, paper 1/ net,
cloth 2/ net. Hodder <te Stoughton
This volume embodies some of the results of
an inquiry made during 1912-13 by a small Com-
mittee appointed by the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer. It deals more particularly with urban
conditions, but " rating and taxation, the acquisi-
tion of land for public and private purposes, the
control of building areas, and, to a certain extent,
questions relating to tenure, are dealt with in
their rural aspects as well."
PHILOLOGY.
Pokorny (Julius), A Concise Old Irish Grammar
and Reader : Part I. Grammar, 5/ net.
Dublin, Hodges <fc Figgis
An easy introduction to the scientific study
of Old Irish, in which the writer acknowledges
his indebtedness to the grammars of Thurneysen
and Pedersen.
Wisdom (J. H.) and Murray (Marr), A Practical
Pocket Dictionary of the French and
English Languages ; A Practical Pocket
Dictionary of the German and English
Languages ; and A Practical Pocket Dic-
tionary of the Spanish and English Lan-
guages, 6d. net each. Melrose
-These little Dictionaries are intended pri-
marily for the use of travellers, and contain over
5,000 words in common use in each language.
They are printed in clear type, and measure
about 6i in. by 3 in.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Fansler (Dean Spruill), Chaucer and the Roman
de la Rose, 6 /6 net.
Milford, for Columbia University Press
This monograph deals with Chaucer's atti-
tude towards the ' Roman de la Rose,' and the
effect of the poem upon his literary production.
Well-known parallels are also discussed, and new
ones are presented. There are Appendixes and a
Bibliography.
Waterhouse (Gilbert), The Literary Relations
of England and Germany in the Seven-
teenth Century, 7/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
This monograph traces the literary relations
of England and Germany from the sixteenth to
the eighteenth century, and includes chapters on
' Early Travellers,' ' The Latin Novel,' ' Later
Satire,' and ' Milton in Germany.'
EDUCATION.
^Darroch (Alexander), Education and the New
Utilitarianism, and Other Educational
Addresses, 3/6 net. Longmans
These addresses, selected from a large
number delivered to various societies during the
past few years, deal with subjects of present-day
importance in the educational world. The book
includes chapters on ' Democracv and Education,
' The School and the State,' and ' Two Ideals of
the End of Woman's Education.'
Lyttelton (Edward), The Corner-Stone of
Education, an Essay on the Home Training
of Children, 5/ net. Putnam
The author's subject is the general moral
training of children in the home.
McKeever (William A.), Training the Girl, 6/6
Macmillan
This book is a companion volume to the
author's ' Training the Boy,' and deals in turn
with the industrial, social, vocational, and
" service " training of girls. It is fully illustrated
with photographs.
Montessori (Maria), Dr. Montessori's Own
Handbook, 3/6 net. Heinemann
Dr. Montessori here gives an account of her
method, and a description of the Montessori
apparatus. The book is illustrated. In a note
the author states that the present work is " the
only authentic manual of the Montessori method,"
and that the English translation has been autho-
rized by her.
School Review Monographs : No. V. Rating,
Pl\cinc, and Promoting of Teachers,
Educational Surveys, &c, 2/ net.
Cambridge Univ. Press, for Chicago Univ. Press
This number contains papers by Mr. Frank E.
Thompson, Mr. William H. Kilpatrick, Mr.
Edward C. Elliott, and others, presented for dis-
cussion at the meeting of the Society of College
Teachers of Education, Richmond, Virginia.
Xo. 4510, April 4, l!)14
THE A Til EN.EUM
40.")
Truelove (Mrs. Kateu DEMONSTRATIONS ON
[nfant Care fob ESldbh Girls, 8d. Bell
Descriptions of courses of lectures hold in
school. There is a Preface by Lady St. Eelier.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Blackie's New Systematic English Readers :
Second Reader, by Eleanor 1. Chambers, 1/;
Thiui> Reader, l 2
These two Readers are printed in good type,
and have coloured and other illustrations. The
'Third Reader' aims at teaching something of
English grammar and composition, and contains
the end about twenty pages of suggestions for
i< achers.
Britain and her Neighbours : Book I. Tales from
Far and Near, lOrf. ; Book II. Tales OP
Long Ago, 1/ Blackie
These two volumes contain simple stories
from the history of Great Britain and other
lands. They are printed in large, clear type, and
illustrated with sixteen coloured plates.
Butler (Joseph), Three Sehmo.ns ON HUMAN
Nature and a Dissertation dpon the
Nature of Virtue, edited bv W. It. .Matthews.
'• English Classics,'' 1/6 Bell
This edition, prepared to meet the require-
ments of the student of ethics, includes an Intro-
duction, analyses, and notes.
Dramatized Recitations, New
Short Historical Dramas i
or arranged by Harold Drum,
This volume contains
scenes from ' King John ' and
dramatized versions of stories
Philippa, the British slaves in
writer gives directions for act
that these recitations may be
history lessons.
and Old, being
x Rhyme, written
sd. Blackie
some abridged
; Henry VI..' and
of Canute, Queen
Rome, &C. The
ing, and suggests
used to illustrate
Far Afield, 1 0
One of the " Arnold's Literary Reading-
Book " Series, containing a selection of true
stories of travel, sport, and adventure in many
lands.
MacMunn i Norman), Differential Partner-
ship ; the Things about Us, and a Few
Others, I. and II., 8d. each. Bell
Books of easy French conversation on the
MacMunn Differential Partnership Method.
Rambler Travel Books : Africa, edited by
Lewis Marsh, 9d. Rlackie
This little book contains extracts from writ-
ings on Africa by well-known travellers, such as
Borrow, Mary Kingsley, Dr. Livingstone, and
Lord R. Churchill. It is illustrated with coloured
and other plates.
Rambles among our Industries : Iron and its
Iron Workers, by William J. Claxton, Qd.
Blackie
An account of the iron industry, illustrated
with coloured plates, photographs, and diagrams.
School and College Atlas (The), 3/6 net. Bacon
This atlas has been specially prepared to
• ■■•mply with the requirements of a recently
1 Memorandum by the Board of Education.
contains 103 full-page maps illustrating the
Relief of the Land, Distribution of Rainfall,
Variations of Temperature by Isothermal Lines,
Political Divisions, and Trade Routes.
Scott (Sir Walter), The Lord of the Isles,
edited by the Rev. F. Marshall, 1/6
G ge Gil!
This edition Ls intended mainly for students
preparing for the Oxford and Cambridge Locals
-ind similar- examinations. The fcexl is accom-
panied by an Introduction, including a Life of
•t, historical and geographical notes, maps,
a Glossary, and several selected examination
Shorter ^Eneid (Thei, selected and arranged, with
brief notes, by II. It. Hardy. 2 8 BelJ
In t lii.-, abbreviated edition of the '.linen!
many difficult p and lines do not appear,
as !>• in^r covered by a summary in
dish. There are a few notes and an Index,
Prof. II. E. Butler lias contributed the
P ■ I u • tad Introduction.
JUVENILE.
McMillan R. , Tin: DbbhH o* THE WORLD, 2/
net. Watts
A book for children, in which various scien-
tific subjects, sueh as 'The Earth's Motion,'
'The i.,-... of Gravitation,1 and 'Force and
Energy, are discussed in simple; language, and
illustrated by reproductions of diagrams and
drawings.
FICTION.
Arkwright (William), Tin: TREND, tl/ Lane
The study of the musical and artistic tem-
perament of a boy who is found singing in the
street, adopted, and given a training.
Benson (E. F.), Dodo THE SECOND, ti/
Hodder & Stoughton
See p. I!):?. i
BIyth (James), Napoleon Decrees, 6/ White
A story of a French spy sent by Napoleon
in the year 1804 for the purpose of making certain
observations on the East Coast, of England.
Through treachery and deceit he impersonates a
French count at the residence of a country squire.
The unsuspecting host extends to his visitor (who
apparently comes with the best credentials)
every hospitality. The spy, however, abuses
the kindness shown him by abducting the
daughter of the house and her friend, both of
whom are engaged to be married. The rest of
the story is a description of a chase, the rescue,
and the union of two pairs of lovers.
Bottome (Phyllis), Broken Music, 0/
Hutchinson
The hero, a young French baron, who was
left orphaned as a child, has been brought up by
a maiden aunt in an isolated village. At 20,
absolutely ignorant of the world, and cherishing
only the desire to become a great musician, he is
sent to Paris. There he comes under the spell
of two sirens, and suffers poignantly from sub-
sequent disillusionment.
Brady (Cyrus Townsend), The Fetters of Free-
dom , 6/ Hurst ic Blackett
St. Paul and Nero are prominent characters
in this story. The book is illustrated.
Buchanan (Meriel), Tama, 6/ Jenkins
A tale of Society life in Russia, mainly occu-
pied with the love-affairs of a young princess.
Cobb (Irvin S.), The Escape of Mr. Trimm, his
Plight, and Other Plights. 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
A collection of nine short stories.
Danby (Frank), Full Swing, 0/ Cassell
The hero fails in his " Little-Go " at Ox-
ford " because his heart was so full," and fights
through the Boer War. The story deals mainly
with his love-affairs and the incompatibility of
his own and his mother's temperament.
Gissing (George), The Private Papers of Henry
R yecroft, 1 / net. Constable
A cheap reprint. See notice in Allien.,
Feb. 21, 1903, p. 231.
Hornung (E. W.), A Thief in the Night, Last
Chronicles of Raffles, Id. net. Nelson
A cheap reprint.
Howell (C), Chester Chase. Digby & Long
The first chapter introduces a ''sanguinely
complexioned " hero and three heroines. At the
close he is exhibited as the lover discarded by
them all in turn; one of the ladies has become an
imprisoned Suffragette, another — just encountered
as a humble cottage maiden — the wife of( a
baronet, " necklaced, braceleted and tiarad."
Hume (Fergus), Not Wanted, 6/ White
The heroine suffers much from the hands of
her stepmother, and nearly sacrifices herself and
her fortune to a man she detests for the sake
of her father, whom she believes to be guilty of
murder.
Johnston (Mary), Sir Mortimer, 1/ net.
A cheap reprint.
Legge (Margaret), The Rehellion of Esther, 6/
Alston Rivers
The heroine, a promising novelist, escapes to
congenial surroundings in London from domestic
tyranny and unhappiness. she is faced by the
problem of a choice to be made between her love
for- a man. not morally free to marry, and her
mother's need for ber protection and sympathy
at home.
Le Queux 'William), Tin: M \ki:k of SECRETS, 0
Ward .V. Lock
In tin- train from Brighton to London the
hero encounters an eminent violinist who is
obsessed by a passion for goldfish : thereupon,
in hi- endeavours '■, solve tie- mystery surround-
ing the musician, the teller <>t the story is plunged
into -on ii- thrilling advent □
London (Jack), Tin: Hoi SB 0» Putin:. 1 / net.
Mills \ Boon
\ collection of short -tones Including
' Jack London by Himself.'
Constable
Sawkins (Mrs. Langfield), Tin: AoiTATOB in Pts-
QUI8B, t)/ Heath A (rantoii
The Scene of this story is laid in Ireland ill
the eighties of t he last century. The hero is
involved in the Fenian agitation.
Scannell (Florence), Cinderella's Bisters, 0/
Heath A (rant on
The stories of three girls who are u-wlia!
oppressed by their- fashionable mother.
Tynan (Katharine), A LITTLE RADIANT GlRL, ti/
Blackie
A story for girls, dealing with the lives of old
and honour-able families in England and Ireland.
Two of the principal characters are dealt with as
in I bins Andersen's ' Ugly Duckling,' and their
development is described.
Watson (Grant), Where Bonds auk Loosed, •;/
l Duckworth
A description of the life of an Englishman
in a very lonely part, of the Empire, where the
ordinary bonds of civilization do not hold good.
Westerman (Percy F.), The Log ok a Snob, <>/
Chapman A Hall
An account of the adventures oi an amateur
yachtsman.
Whiting (Mary Bradford), Mkkiel's Career, a
Tale of Literary Life in London, ti/ Blackie
The heroine, an over-confident, independent
girl of 18, finds herself in the somewhat ludicrous
position of editor of a girls' magazine, having no
knowledge of her- work, which is done by a capable
" sub." Her employer has engaged her solely
for the purpose of being able to advertise the
" youngest editress." The tale deals with
Meriel's gradual awakening to the fact that love
does count in the world, and that she herself
is not a great literary genius. The tale, which
should appeal to the " young person," is published
at a time of year when that class of public is too
much neglected by authors.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Antiquary, April, 6d. Elliot Stock
The articles in this issue include ' Allhallows-
the-More and its Sanctuary Ring,' by Mr. J.
Tavenor-Perry ; ' Dartford Town and Church,'
by Miss Mary P. A. Tench ; and ' Fragments of
Vestments of Bishop Walter de Cantelupe pre-
served at Worcester,' by Mr. George Bailey.
Blackwood's Magazine, April, 2 '6 Blackwood
Includes ' Sketched in War Time.' by a
Woman Red Cross Surgeon ; - The .New Road, by
Mr. Neil Munro : and ' Tyger Key.' by Mr.
Douglas G. Browne.
British Review. April, 1/ net.
Williams a Norgate
Mr. Burnell Payne writes an appreciation
of ' The Work of Mr. Belloc,' the Earl of Dunraven
discusses the Government's proposals, and Mr. E.
Boyd Barrett contributes a paper on ' How to
Complete One's Education.' Then- are verses
by Katharine Tynan. Mr. R. L. Gales, Lady
Ninian Crichton-Stuart, and others.
Champion, April, 3d. net. 21. Old Bailej
The articles include -Cricket in 1913 and
Prospects for the Coming Season,' by Mr. Cyril
Holland.
Connoisseur, April, 1/ net. J. T. II. Baily
This is>ue opens with an illustrated article by
Mr. 0. Reginald Grundy on Sir- Joseph Beecham's
collection of works by Turner, and Mr. Fred Roe
contributes an article with twelve fetches on
■ Some Forgotten Nook-: a Rambler's Itinerary.
Constructive Quarterly, March, :; net.
Oxford L'niversil \ Press
'The l'la.-e of Symbolism in Religion,' by
Bishop Gore; 'Education and Religion among
Working-Men,' by the Rev. William Temple;
and "The Nature of Divine Faith: a Catholic
Account,' by Prof. Michael tfaher are features of
this issue.
Contemporary Review, Afttit. 2 ii ,
• Contemporary Rei tew ' "•
si,- Joseph Compton-Ricketl contributes •>
paper on ' Tie Fortii I Bome Pule and ol
Dlster,' Mr. J. W. Greig discusses ' Some \ i
of Scottish lb,,,!.- Pule, '.,nd In. E.J. Dillon m
notes on foreign affair . ( »ther arte les are
'Florence Nightingal India.' by Sir William
Wedderbura ; The Suicide Club, bj Mi. \.
ItfacCullum Scot! ; and ' The Trouble in tie- New
Hebrides, bj the Pes. Dr. G Brown.
Cornhill Magazine. Mini . 1/ Smith A Elder
Includes \ bj Dr. Robert Bridges ;
• \n old Garden City : in Praise of Bath,
\l, . Predei le Hai ri ion • and ' The " GinereJ
Man. by Mr. alexia Rot be.
496
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
Fortnightly Review, April, 2/6
Chapman & Hall
'The Personality of Sir Edward Carson,' by
Mr. Edward Legge ; 'Letters by Carlyle to a
Fellow Student,' by Mr. Daniel Gorrie ; and
' The Jews as an Economic Force,' by Dr. M.
Epstein are notable features in this number.
Harper's Monthly Magazine, April, 1/ Harper
The articles in this issue include ' What is
Gravity?' by Sir Oliver Lodge; 'My First
Visit to the Court of Denmark,' by Madame de
Hegermann-Lindencrone ; and ' A Survival of
Matriarchy,' by Mrs. Carrie C. Catt. There are
short stories by Mr. Owen Oliver, Mrs. Mary
E. Wilkins Freeman, Mits Elizabeth Jordan, and
others.
Hibbert Journal, April, 2/6 net.
Williams & Norgate
Important features in this number are
* Kikuyu,' by Dean Henson ; ' The Middle Ages,
the Renaissance, and the Modern Mind,' by Prof.
Norman Kemp Smith ; ' Criticism of Public
Schools,' by the Head Master of Eton ; and ' The
Suffering of God,' by the Rev. B. H. Streeter.
Highway, April, Id.
Workers' Educational Association
This issue includes ' Our Educational Sys-
tem : the School Leaving Age,' by Mr. Arthur
Greenwood ; ' Poetry and the Worker : Brown-
ing,' by Mr. W. O. Stapledon ; and ' The Wonders
of Plant Life,' by Mr. T. W. Price. Notices of
Summer Schools and the Summer Meeting at
Cambridge are given.
Hungarian Spectator, 3d.
Budapest, Franklin Society
This paper contains editorial notes ; a review
of vol. vi. of the Hungarian Shakespeare Magazine,
by Dr. Hugo Latzko ; a ' Chapter of Hungarian
Literature,' by Mr. Arthur B. Yolland ; and an
article ' On Duelling.'
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, March,
2/6 The Society
Includes ' The Census of the Empire, 1911,'
by Sir J. A. Baines, and ' The Rate of Interest on
British and Foreign Investments,' by Mr. R. A.
Lehfeldt. Prof. F. Y. Edgeworth continues his
article ' On the Use of Analytical Geometry to
represent Certain Kinds of Statistics.'
Mariner's Mirror, April, 1/ net.
Society for Nautical Research
The articles in this month's number include
' Patience,' by Mr. Geoffrey Callender ; ' The
Model of the Hollandia of 1661-1683 ' (illus-
trated), by Mr. G. C. E. Crone ; and the fourth
part of ' Stem Ropes ' (illustrated), by Mr. H. H.
Brindley.
Munsey's Magazine, April, 6d. Munscy
Special features in this month's number
are a new novel by Sir Gilbert Parker entitled
\ on Never Know Your Luck ' ; short stories
by Mr. E. Phillips Oppenheim and Mr. Owen
Oliver ; and articles on ' The Feminist Movement
that Cashes In,' by Mr. Edward Hungerford,
and The Passing of the Old Indian,' by Mr.
John M. Oskison.
National Review, April, 2/6 net. 23, Ryder Street
Y\ e notice among the contents ' The True
Doctrine of National Defence,' by Earl Percv ;
( The Free Traders in 1014,' by Capt. Tryon ;
" Paper " Audiences,' by Mr. Philip E. Hubbard ;
and ' Some Little-Known Facts about Bugs,'
by Mr. Harold Russell.
Nineteenth Century and After, April, 2/6
Spottiswoode
rsotable articles in this number are ' A French
Ambassador's Impressions of England in the
\ear 1666,' by M. Jusserand ; 'The Traffic in
Worn-Out English Horses,' by Miss A. M. F.
Cole ; ' The Tyranny of Alcohol,' by Sir Harry H.
Johnston ; ' Roman Gardens of the Renaissance,'
by Mrs. Ady ; and ' Thoughts on Scholarships,'
by Prof. Marcus Hartog.
Occult Review, April, Id. net. Rider
The contents of this issue include articles
on ' Occultist and Mystic,' by Miss Lily Night-
ingale ; ' Theatrical Horoscopes,' by " Regulus " ;
and 'Facts and Hypotheses in Psychical Re-
search,' by Mr. H. S. Redgrove.
Round Table, No. 14, 2/6 Macmillan
This number opens with a discussion of
the Irish crisis. Other subjects are 'The
South African Strike,' 'The New Autocracy in
China, • The Kikuyu Controversy,' and ' Educa-
1 ion and the Working Class.'
Vineyard, April, M. net. Dent
Includes ' An Easter Rhyme,' by the Rev.
R. L. Gales ; ' Greensleeves,' by Katharine Tynan ;
•'"id ' The Dorneedy,' by the Cure' de Campagne.
World's Work, 1/ net. Heinemann
There are articles in this number on ' The
Greek Idea) in Physical Training,' by Mr. Caryl
Jordan ; ' The Countryside under Glass,' by
Home Counties ; and ' How it Feels to be Blind,'
by Mr. C. Arthur Pearson.
GENERAL.
Atkinson (Meredith), First Aid to Essay-
Writing, 3d. Workers' Educational Assoc.
A second edition.
Barrow (Sir John), The Mutiny op the
Bounty, 1/ net. Oxford University Press
In the " World's Classics," Pocket Edition,
with an Introduction by Admiral Sir Cyprian
Bridge.
Benson (Arthur Christopher), Where no Fear
Was, a Book about Fear, 6/ net.
Smith & Elder
The author discusses the subject of fear, its
power in general as well as over particular people,
such as Carlyle and Charlotte Bronte, and what,
if anything, one can do to resist it.
Bernhard-Smith, The Co sue Dictionary, 2/6
net. A. H. Stockwell
The writer's wit may be gauged from the
following examples : " Absence-of-mind, presence
of worry " ; " Fame, the loneliness of being known
to friends we do not know " ; " Strategy, sudden
diplomacy." The ' Dictionary ' is followed by
a ' List of Proper Names,' treated in similar
fashion.
Earle (Mrs. C. W.) and Case (Miss Ethel), Pot-
pourri mixed by Two, 7/6 net.
Smith & Elder
The collaborators write chiefly on gardens,
and include poems, recipes, and many illustra-
tions in their book.
Library of English Prose : England in the Six-
teenth Century, by Raphael Holinshed ;
The English Mail Coach, by Thomas de
Quincey ; Companions of Columbus, by Wash-
ington Irving, lOd. each. Blackie
Each of these volumes contains a short Intro-
duction.
Scout and Red Cross Motto Book, 1/ net. R.T.S.
A calendar with a motto and quotation for
each day of the year.
Sharpe (Ada M.), A Disturbed House and its
Relief, a Narrative of Certain Occurrences at
" Beth-Oni," Tackley, Oxon, 1905-8, 1/6 net.
Oxford, Parker ;
London, Simpkin & Marshall
The writer gives an account of her experi-
ences in a haunted house, and tells how after
three years the disturbances ceased through the
ministrations of priests.
Shawcross (Henry Douglas), Nature and the
Idealist, 5/ net. Sampson Low
A collection of essays and verses, with a
Prefatory Memoir of the author by "Felix."
Sleeman (Capt. J. L.), FmsT Principles of
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No 4510, Ami. 4, 1914
T II E ATHEN^UM
497
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DRAMA.
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FOREIGN.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
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This volume is composed of forty-eight
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LITERARY CRITICISM.
Duclaux (Madame Mary), Madame DE Sevignh,
" Bibliotheque Franchise," XVI J. Siecle, lfr. 50.
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ttody of the life and letters of Madame de
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GENERAL.
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REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Revue Critique, 25 Mass, lfr.
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Include Q ton Calmette,' by Groeclaude;
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FREDERTC MISTRAL.
By the death of Frederic Mistral on
March 2.">th Franco lias lost her greatest
poet — the man of whom Lamartine wrote
as though he were another Homer.
He died at the little village of Maillane, in
the Bouches du Rhone, at the foot of those
desolate - looking Alpilles which are seen
from I ho train when the traveller going South
lias passed Avignon. His father belonged to
Saint -Kemy. which -Mistral describes as the
*' nid de ma famille." and where one can still
see what, the poet called the "hotel des
Mistral de Romanin, connu sous le nom de
Palais de la Reine Jeanne."
In his ' Memoires et Recits ' Frederic
Mistral told us how his father, a well-to-do
farmer, came to marry the poor girl who
was the daughter of the Mayor of Maillane :
" Une annee, a la Saint- Jean, mattre Francois
Mistral etait au milieu de ses bles, qu'une troupe
de moissonneurs abattait h la faucille. Un
essaiin de glaneuses suivait les t&cherons et
ramassait les epis qui £chappait au rsiteau. Et
voila. que mon seigneur pere remarqua unejbelle
fille qui restait en arriere, comme si elle eiit eu
peur de glaner comme les autres. II s'avanca
pres d'elle et lui dit : —
" Mignonne, de qui es-tu ? Quel est ton
nom ?
" La jeune fille re'pondit : —
" .To suis la fille d'fitienne Poulinet, le maire
de Maillane. Mon nom est Delaide.
" Comment ! dit mon pere, la fille de Poulinet,
qui est le maire de Maillane, va glaner ?
" Maitre, re"pliqua-t-elle, nous sommes une
grosse famille : six filles et deux garc-ons, et notre
pere, quoiqu'il ait assez de bien, quand nous lui
demandons de quoi nous attifer, nous r^pond :
' Mes petites, si vous voulez de la parure. gagnez-
en.' Et voila pourquoi je suis venue glaner."
Six months later Francois Mistral and
Delaide were married, and as soon as Frederic,
the child of this marriage, was old enough,
he was sent to a school at Carpentras, where
Joseph Roumanille was an usher. Rouma-
nille encouraged the boy to write verse in that
Provencal language which Mistral knew
before he learnt French, and speaking of these
early attempts, Mistral in his ' Isclo d'Or '
says : —
" J'avais bien jusque-la. lu quelque peu de
provenQal, mais ce qui me rebutait, c' etait de voir
que notre langue etait/ employee en maniere de
derision. . . .Roumanille, le premier sur la rive
du Rhone, chantait dans une forme simple et
fraiche tous les sentiments du coeur. . . .Embrasds
tons deux du desir de relever le parler de nos
nitres, nous etudiflmes ensemble les vieux livres
provencaux et nous nous proposames de restaurcr
la langue selon ses traditions et caracteres nation-
aux ; ce qui s'est accompli depuis avec l'aide et le
bon vouloir de nos freres les felibres."
As soon as the schooldays were finished,
the lad returned to Maillane, and there
wrote his first poem, 'Li Meissoun.' !!<■
passed his examinations for the law, but
poetry had cast a spell over him, and he
never followed the letral profession.
In 1852 Roumanille drew together some
young writers in the Langue d'Oc, and, with
Mistrals help, published a collection of
poetry, ' Li Provencale,' which was the
beginning of the Provencal renaissance.
Mistral's father (of whom the son said that
in all his life he read only three books — the
Mew Testament, the • Imitation,' and ' Don
Quixote ' ) died in 1 855. and when t he family
property was divided, the paternal farm w out
to other members of the family. To
Frederic Mistral's lot fell the modest house
at Maillane, in which lie was to live for
sixty years, and in which he died.
In I s."> t Mistral, with Roumanille and other
Provencal poets, founded the Felibrige,
which had lor its aim the purification and
the restoration to literary use of the Pro-
vencal tongue. In 1856 they started the
annual ' Armana prom encau, and it has
appeared each
Mistral's ' Mireille ' was published in 1869,
and at once attracted the attention of Al-
phonse Daudel and others. Lamartine was
entirely charmed with it, and wrote to a
friend : —
" Bien n'avail encore- para de cette sev«
nationale, feconde, inimitable du Midi. II y a
une vertu dans !<■ soleil. J'ai tollement ei6
frappe' a I'espril el au ccaur que j'ecris on Ent.c-
tien sur ce poeme. Dites-la a M- Mistral. Oui,
depuia les Eomeridea de I'Archipel, un tel jet de
poesie primitive n'avaii pas coule."
In the essay which Lamartino named he
wrote :—
" TJn grand poete epique est nCI....ITn vrai
poete homerique dans ce temps-ci ; un poete n6,
comme les hommes de Deucalion, d'un cailloa
de la ('ran ; un poete primitif dans notre age de
decadence; un poete grec a Avignon ; un poete
quiereeune langue etunidiome, comme I'etrarque
a cr66 lit alien ; un poete qui dun patois vulgaire
fait un langage d'images et d'harmonie, raviasant
l'imagination et l'oreille."
In 1875 appeared ' Lis Isclo d'Or' ; then
' Nerto ' (1884), which the Academy crowned
as they had crowned ' Mireille.' Next came
the ' Reino Jano,' a dramatic work ; and in
1897 the ' Poeme du Rhone,' which describes
the former life of that river, and the legends
associated with its banks. After the publi-
cation of ' Nerto,' Mistral paid one of his rare
visits to Paris, but was soon tired of that city
and back at Maillane for work on his ' Lou
Tresor dou Felibrige,' the great dictionary of
the Langue d'Oc.
His whole life was devoted to the work of
making his native language into a living
literary tongue. He worked for forty years
at the ' Armana prouvencau ' ; he founded]
the Revue lelibreenne, and was chief editor of
the Aioli, which was started at Avignon in
1885. In Ids ' Tresor dot; Felibrige ' may be
found every word and phrase, every proverb,
every legend that he had gathered during the
journeys of a lifetime in Southern France,
while the variations of the Langue d'Oc are
minutely explained. In 1904 he was awarded
the Nobel prize for literature, and the money
helped him to improve that Museon Arlaten
where he collected many interesting relics of
Provencal art, and also, we must add, some
rubbish, and many very bad waxwork
figures.
Mistral's work was much read in Paris in
the French translations which he himself
published, but he was seldom seen in the
capital. At Aries he was always " Lou gran
maistre " with all classes. The people of
the old city were rightly proud of the man
who wore a hat which recalled " Buffalo
Bill," proud, too, of his statue in the little
" Place," though, as a work of art, it is one
o!' the worst erected in France.
He has been buried at his own village, in
the tomb which he had prepared during his
life. He directed that on it there should bo
no name, and only this epitaph : —
Non nobis Domine, non nobi«,
Bed nomini tuo
Eh l'io\ incin nosl ree
Di gloriam.
J. PAYNE COLLIER.
Department oi Justice, Washington, Maran 0, UH4.
Fob the purpose of an investigation of the
so-called c:> I oilier foi I desire to be
,,ui in communical ion w ith any member oi
Mr. John Payne < oilier - family. I' you
could give me the name and address I shall
l,r greatly obliged, and the information
which I might obtain mighl possiblj be of
. n ice. S. S. .\sini.M oh.
498
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
Xtferarj (Snsstp.
The Johnson Club dined yesterday
week, for the first time, at 17, Gough
Square, in the actual attic where the ' Dic-
tionary ' was made. Mr. Charles Hughes
read a highly interesting paper consisting
chiefly of unpublished letters from the
same stock which produced his ' Thraliana.'
Johnson was revealed as a writer of crisp
English, and a man of the world as well as
a scholar.
The house, which was in a ruinous con-
dition, has been well and temperately
restored bjr Mr. Cecil Harmsworth, who
intends in due time to hand it over to
trustees. Already the nucleus of a suit-
able collection of books, pictures, &c, is
assured, and it is hoped, as Mr. Harms-
worth well said, to make the place one for
cheerful resort rather than a dead museum.
Mr. Bodley writes : —
" The author of the paragraph in last
week's ' Literary Gossip ' apropos of the recent
election of a member of the French Academy
to the Academie des Sciences Morales et
Politiques is quite mistaken in saying that
' it is not usual for one of the Forty to be-
come a candidate for a chair in another
Academy.' On the contrary, there are many
such cases to be found in the ' Annuaire de
l'lnstitut.' I have not at hand the collection
of the ' Annuaire ' further back than my own
election ; but merely among Academicians
whom I have known personally there are the
following instances : — The Due de Broglie
was elected to the Academie Frangaise in
1862, and to the Academie des Sciences
Morales in 1895 ; the Due d'Aumale to the
Academie Frangaise in 1871, to the Academie
des Beaux-Arts in 1880, and to the Aca-
demie des Sciences Morales in 1889 ; M.
Gaston Boissier to the Academie Frangaise
in 1876, and to the Academie des Inscriptions
in 1886 ; Comte d'Haussonville to the Aca-
demie Frangaise in 1888, and to the Aca-
demie des Sciences Morales in 1904. The
reason why members of the French Academy
like to belong to other ' classes ' of the
Institute is that election to the Forty,
though a glittering distinction, has some-
times not much relation with the intellectual
attainments of the ' Immortal ' ; while
membership of one of the fovir other Aca-
demies is considered as a sure certificate
of some solid achievement."
Mrs. E. M. Shaw writes from Andover
House, Alderney, C.I. : —
"' Thank you for noticing my translation
of the ' Divina Commedia ' in The Athenaeum.
May I point out that such lines as
Of burning fire, blotted out the stars.
' Purgatorio,' Canto XVIII., p. 195.
and
Straight to the inward fire of the moon
'Purgatorio,' Canto IX., p. 160.
are not ten-, but nine-syllabled lines, and will
gain much by being so read ?
" I am sorry to add that I have not had
the advantage even of seeing Longfellow's
translation."
What is the difference between "ex-
penses " and " costs " ? It is, at any
rate, sufficient to carry with it the differ-
ence between success or failure in a
motion for an order of a Referee to be
made a rule of the High Court. In a
recent case in which the Commissioners of
Inland Revenue were concerned, a Referee
made an order that any " expenses "
incurred by the Commissioners should be
paid by the plaintiff, who appealed on
the ground that the " expenses " had not
been assessed by the Referee, and that
there was no machinery by which " ex-
penses " could be ascertained apart from
a Referee's finding.
Mr. Justice Scrutton upheld the appel-
lant. If " costs " had been the word
used, the motion would have succeeded,
for " costs " could be ascertained by
taxation by the Taxing Master, who,
however, had no jurisdiction to tax
" expenses." Nor had the Court any
power to send the order back to the
Referee for him to assess the amount of
the " expenses." Wherefore through this
lucky — or unlucky, if regarded from the
other party's point of view — substitution
of " expenses " for " costs " the motion
failed. No doubt the eagle eyes of the
compilers of the ' N.E.D.' have noticed
this ; if not, we commend it to their
attention.
The Twelfth Vacation Term for Biblical
Study will be held this year at Oxford
from July 25th to August 15th. The
subject which the entire series of lectures
is designed to illustrate is, ' The Vital
Relation of Personal Religion to the
Corporate Life of the Church.'
On Saturday last, at Bedford College,
Dr. Geraldine Hodgson, of Bristol Univer-
sity, gave a lecture to the Association of
University Women Teachers on ' English
Poetry in the Last Decade of the Nine-
teenth Century.' She dealt with the work
of Mr. William Watson, Lord de Tabley,
Francis Thompson, and Mrs. Meynell, and
also, somewhat more briefly, with that of
Mr. Rudyard Kipling and Ernest Dowson .
Her point — and she undoubtedly made
it — was that there was no justification for
the lamentations over the state of English
poetry which were heard rather frequently
before the present school of Georgian
verse had established itself. The relations
between the work of Francis Thompson
and that of Coventry Patmore furnished
one of the most telling pieces of discrimin-
ative criticism in the lecture, and an
enjoyable part of it was Dr. Hodgson's
reading of the verses chosen as illustration.
Lord Fitzmaurice writes to say that
the identification suggested in our Travel
Supplement of March 21st (p. 427) between
Petty the art-collector and Sir William
Petty the economist cannot be sustained.
The former was an older man considerablv.
He adds : —
" I have seen the papers in the Bodleian
relating to him. I was at first a good deal
puzzled by them. I think Charles I. employed
him to buy pictures on the Continent, and
there is a list of purchases. When my
ancestor left Oxford, it was to go to Ireland
to help the Commonwealth party to settle
the country, and he eventually took a leading
part in the famous Survey called the ' Down '
Survey, which is largely associated with his
name. He would, I am sure, have gladly
gone to Delos or Ephesus, but he had to be
content with Waterford."
Messrs. Sidgwick & Jackson are about
to issue in parts ' A Descriptive Catalogue
of the Library of Samuel Pepys.' The
first two parts contain the " Sea MSS.,"
catalogued by Dr. J. R. Tanner, of St.
John's College, Cambridge, and the early
printed books (to 1558), catalogued by
Mr. Gordon Duff. With the latter will be
issued a General Introduction, giving a
history and description of the Library.
The collection comprises some 3.000 vol-
umes, which, as is well known, were
bequeathed by Pepys to Magdalene Col-
lege, Cambridge, under such strict condi-
tions that the Library has always been,
and is, difficult of access to students.
Besides some 230 volumes of manuscripts
— which include not only the original
Diary itself, but also State Papers, and
Pepys's official correspondence as Secretary
to the Navy, and his collectanea on
naval subjects — the chief features of the
Librae are : the books from the early
English and foreign presses, including
several unique editions by Caxton and
others ; the Pepysian Ballads (1,800
broadsides) ; Elizabethan and Restoration
plays ; and several collections of contem-
porary topical literature.
We are only half-pleased to learn that
Mr.. Max Goschen is attempting to natura-
lize among us the yellow paper-covered
novel which has so long been dis-
tinctively French. The sight of it calls up
a train of vivid associations, which it is
something of a loss to have confused.
The world is so full of a number of colours
that it would surely be possible to pitch
on another equally successful one for
England. The particular book with which
this beginning is to be made is Mr. George
Willoughby's ' The Adventuress, and Other
Stories,' and it is to be sold for two shillings.
Not the least precious part of the lite-
rary inheritance of a nation is the work of
men who died before their prime. Its
very inconclusiveness appeals, not merely
or chiefly to the reader's sense of regret,
but rather to his constructive imagination.
Is there to be one more added to that
group apart whose leaders are Marlowe,
Keats, and Shelley, and which on its outer
circle includes Dowson, Richard Middle-
ton, and George Douglas ? The occasion
of the question is the fact that Stanley
Houghton's collected work is about to be
published. It runs to three volumes, and
comprises a good deal of dramatic work,
besides the two plays by which he is best
known, as well as articles contributed to
the press, and an unfinished novel. The
publishers are Messrs. Constable.
We regret to notice the death of Mr.
Oliphant Smeaton at Edinburgh last
Tuesday. He was a well-known journalist,
and editor of, and contributor to, various
series, including Gibbon in six volumes,
and a ' Life of Shakespeare ' in " Every-
man's Library." William Henry Oli-
phant Smeaton was the younger son of the
late Prof. George Smeaton, and was edu-
cated at the Royal High School and Edin-
burgh University. He went to New Zea-
land in 1878, engaged in scholastic work
there, and later did a good deal of journal-
istic work in Australia. On his return to
this country in 1893, he embarked upon a
strenuous literary career, besides lecturing
on the literature and history of Scotland.
No. 4510, April 4, L914
SCIENCE
GARDENING AND THE GARDEN.
There is always pleasure in reading of
the work of a happy man. and happy
Mr. Bowles, the author of ' My Garden
in Spring ' obviously is, even if we
cannot quite apply the same epithet to
his hook. In a curious limited way a
lover of nature, with an almost complete
indifference to art. he is fond of strange
and odd plants, a breeder of new varieties,
and. above all. a born collector. Some-
thing he can indeed see of the beauty
of a primula in the high Alps, but his
real joy is in getting the plant home
and making it grow, and grow well. A
gardener, in our own sense, he certainly is
not ; not the maker of a complete har-
monious whole, not one who must make
and make, and go on making toward per-
fection. As such he would not so well
have fitted into his ancient and somewhat
formless garden, of which the main
features were fixed, with a house ob-
viously ■• impracticable." We would not
have him different, for to the rest of us
such workers are almost indispensable.
What if he does ask us to read thirty-two
pages on the varieties of the crocus ? Xot
only has lie. as grower, the joy of his work,
breeding and feeding his rarities in their
glass frames, but also the result may be
fresh forms of beauty for the use of
untoiling others.
A^ for the book itself, it is full of informa-
tion concerning numl>erles species, varie-
ties, and oddities, made useful by a fairly
good Index, and enlivened here and there
by interesting notes on such various
mattei> as the use of an electrified sealing-
wax for transferring pollen, the evergreen
plants in Francis Bacon's winter garden,
the rat's of the self-adaptation of anti-
podal plants to our seasons, and the prob-
able original deflexion of the course of the
New River to avoid a line of yews. Among
other things there is mention of a Parlia-
mentary candidate who " promises 'em
anything — a shower of rain every night,
and a shower of manure on Sundays.''
The author himself alludes to his writing
as ■• prattle." The word is not, indeed,
altogether inapt, but we like his pleasing
good-nature lx-tter than such touches
as these, lb- will say. describing a flower,
that it "has a lingering taint of the
hue of jealousy," 1 talks of the
; proverbial acidity of the immature fruit
of the viii. Some of the coloured illus-
trations of flowers are very good.
Of Mr. Thomas's Rock Gardening for
Amateurs1 we can hardly speak too highly.
My Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles.
'('J'. C a E. I . Jack, 5*. net.)
Koch Gardening for Amateurs. By II. II.
I and S Arnott. a "* » — • - 1 1 a I -...
6s. net.)
Th. Week-End Gardener. By F. Badfield
Farthing. (Grant Richards, 'U. *>/. net.)
THE A T II E N M U M
499
From our own practical experience we can
say that it seems to contain all the inform-
ation that is needed by any one starting
such a garden. It is simply and plainly
written, without any exasperating padding;
the arrangement is excellent, and the
Index sufficient. Some of the coloured
photographs reproduced are surprisingly
effective.
A considerable improvement on the
ordinary weekly work-book is * The Week-
End Gardener.' The lists of plants for
various purposes, and the clear diagrams
explanatory of sundry horticultural pro-
cesses, are likely to be of considerable use
to the beginner. We would advise him,
however, in designing his garden, not to
form his taste on the photographs or
plans herein displayed.
Prehistoric Times and Men of the Channel
Islands. By Joseph Sinel. (Jersey,
J. T. Bigwood, 5s. net.)
" I am not writing [sa\s the author] for
the man of science, but simply for the
general intelligent public." Regarded as
a guide to the most recent archaeological
discoveries made in Jersey — the other
Channel Islands obtain but passing men-
tion— this little book could hardly be
bettered. " Quorum pars magna fui ! "
Mr. Sinel has a right to exclaim about
these interesting finds, of which so much
has lately been heard. Indeed, the tour-
ing archaeologist, who nowadays regards a
fortnight in the Channel Islands as essen-
tial to his notion of a liberal education, can
do no better than explore every corner of
these ancient haunts of man, with this
manual in his pocket, and, if possible, with
Mr. Sinel at his elbow. Dr. Keith, who
contributes a Foreword, has himself
enjoyed the experience. He recalls " the
hours spent in the well-appointed museum
of the Societe Jersiaise " ; and also the
" delightful .... occasions when, amid the
dunes and the strata sections, Mr. Sine]
showed me how lie had deciphered the
hieroglyphics in which are recorded the
events of far back times."
Mr. Sinel's aim throughout has been to
put on record his personal investigations
and the theories to which he has been led
thereby. He has done this, as he tells us,
"' without looking to previously expressed
opinions for guidance," and, he might have
added, without drawing on previous
records of observed fact. In a word, he
speaks on the strength of what he has seen
and handled, not of what he has read.
Consequently, the hook makes up in fresh-
cess and vital warmth for whatever it may
lack in completeness. The reader feels
himself to be face to face with a man who
has both delved and thought for himself,
and is still delving and thinking. Every
page perspires with the ardour of the chase.
We taste the pleasure of hunting the hare,
which every connoisseur knows to be
superior to that of pronouncing a funeral
oration over the poor beast's mortal
remains. Moreover, when an author
writes frankly in the Brsi person and 'I
not pose as the spokesman of the incor-
porated wisdom of mankind — or, let us
say, of the Societe .Jersiaise — it is open to
the most humble of us to contradict him,
if we choose to run the risks. Thus our
own copy teems with question marks
scrawled opposite Mr. Sinel's expressions
of opinion, and sometimes even over
against his statements of fact. Sooner or
later, however, we must in common fair-
ness undertake to thrash out these ques-
tions on the spot ; and then we shall have
to reckon with the Nemesis attendant on
those who beard the local expert in his
den.
As for the necessary drawbacks to the
personal method, the judicious man of
science — the " intelligent general public "
we leave to take care of itself, as some
how it always manages to do — will, of
course, need to study Mr. Sinel side by side
with the rest of the relevant authorities ;
not to speak of the first-hand work he must
do, both in the three excellent museums of
the Channel Islands — one in Jersey and two
in Guernsey — and likewise on and about
the various archaeological sites themselves.
In this way only can he view the progress
of local research in its historic perspective ;
for, as Mr. Sinel is perfectly ready to admit,
his handbook ignores, because it takes for
granted, the famous discoveries of past
generations, such as are most notably
associated with the Lukis family, whose
invaluable collections are enshrined in the
Lukis Museum of Guernsey, a sacred place
In the eyes of all true antiquaries. Or,
again, Mr. Sinel's account of the labours
and successes of himself and his familiars
is doubtless perfectly accurate so far as it
goes ; but he would be the first to allow
that it cannot be made the basis of an
impartial assignment of the credit due to
each and all of the many searchers whose
joint endeavours have proved so fruitfid.
In particular, wre think it a slip on his part
if he put forward a claim (qualified, it is
true, by an " I believe ") to priority as
regards the establishment of the palaeo-
lithic character of certain finds made in a
cave in Jersey in 1881. Others, in fact,
of whom no mention is made, were
in part responsible for the actual excava-
tion; and, so far as we are aware, no attri-
bution of the spoils to a palaeolithic
horizon was effectively made at the time,
nor for some thirty years afterwards. It
is possible, however, that we have mis-
understood Mr. Sinel. and that all he means
to say is that he helped to discover im-
plements which afterwards were proved
to be palaeoliths.
Some admirable maps, diagrams, and
illustrations accompany the book, which
is in this and all other respects a credit
to the printer. A few slips in the proof-
reading — meriodinalia (twice), cenma
iU \phoa (it was not quite so big as that),
and golf for golfi (natural enough in the
home of Vardon and Raj ) should be
corrected in a second edition, which is
sure to he required before long.
500
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
SOCIETIES.
Royal. — March 20. — Sir W. Crookes, President,
in the chair. — The following papers were read :
' On the Nature of the Tubes in Marsupial Enamel
.and its Bearing upon Enamel Development,'
by Mr. J. II. Mummery, in which the author
•endeavoured to show that the tubes are dentinal
lubes and not an enamel product, and that the
penetration of the dentinal fibril results from the
late and imperfect calcification of the cement
substance between the prisms, — ' Oxidation of
Thiosulphate by Certain Bacteria in Pure Culture,'
by Mr. W. T. Lockett,— - ' The Production of
Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins,' by Mr.
A. E. Everest, — and ' Variations in the Growth of
Adult Mammalian Tissue in Autogenous and
Homogenous Plasma,' by Mr. A. J. Walton.
He described the results of experiments performed
to obtain information as to the presence in plasma
•of substances inhibitory to the growth of tissue.
-Several tissues were used and several plasmata
were investigated. The first series of experiments
was conducted with a view to discovering if tissue
grew better in homogenous or autogenous plasma.
It was found that there was no direct variation,
but the cells grew better in some plasmata than
others. It also became evident that the power of
growth varied directly with the nature of the
plasmatic medium, and was independent of the
.cells used. Further experiments showed that
plasma contains both inhibitory and stimulating
substances to the growth of cells ; that the inhibi-
tory substances are destroyed by freezing the
plasma from one to three days, and that the
.stimulating substances are also destroyed when
the plasma is frozen for a period of six to
•eight days. — The remaining papers were: 'The
Decomposition of Formates by B. coli com-
munis ' "and ' The Enzymes which are con-
cerned in the Decomposition of Glucose and
Mannitol by B. coli communis,' by Mr. E. C.
■Grey, the object of the investigation being to
.determine how an organism which produced only
a trace of gas from a formate and no gas from
:glucose when acting on these separately was able
.to produce gas abundantly from a mixture of the
.two, — and ' Description of a Strain of Trypano-
soma brucei fi'om Zululand ' and ' The Trypano-
soma causing Disease in Man in Nyasaland :
Part III. Development in Glossina morsitans,'
-by Surgeon-General Sir D. Bruce, Major A. E.
Hamerton, Capt. D. P. Watson, and Lady Bruce.
Society of Antiquaries. — March 20. — Sir
Hercules Read, President, in the chair.
Mr. A. Bulleid read a paper on ' Romano-
British Potteries in Mid-Somerset.' The pot-
teries are situated in the Brue district, some eight
miles north-west of Glastonbury, and are dis-
tributed over a tract of peatland three miles in
length. They consist of numerous mounds
•containing fragments of pottery and briquetage
adjoining the sites of kilns. " These heaps of
pottery vary from 30 to 100 ft. in diameter, and
from 1 to 5 ft. in height. The types of pottery
are for the most part common to Roman sites
generally. The briquetage includes tiles and thin
bricks, bars and parts of seggars or ovens. From
the associated finds the potteries appear to have
been established before 230 a.d., and to have
flourished during the latter part of the Roman
occupation.
Mr. W. L. Hildburgh exhibited some sixteenth-
■century watering irons. The irons were of
Austrian, Bavarian, and Swiss origin, and were
used for producing thin, crisp cakes. They were
-all for secular, not for ecclesiastical use. The
•designs upon them were of various kinds, being
pictorial, heraldic, or conventional ; their inscrip-
tions were mottoes, or related to persons or to
religious matters, and often included the date of
manufacture. The plates were engraved, chased,
or stamped, or decorated by more than one of
these processes. Engraved or chased work
seemed to predominate amongst Germanic irons
of the sixteenth century, as opposed to the seem-
ing predominance of stamped work amongst
Italian irons of the same period. Renaissance
stamped irons of Germanic origin differed in
•character from the Italian.
Mr.W. de C. Prideaux exhibited a cast of the font
from Melbury Bubb, Dorset ; Canon Beanlands,
a copper gilt Elizabethan Communion cup ; Sir
•George Sitwell, an alabaster figure of St. John
Baptist ; and Mr. W. Page, a part of a bone pax
with the Crucifixion dating to the early part of the
fifteenth century.
British Numismatic— March 25.— Mr. Carlyon-
Britton, President, in the chair. — Mr. Leslie
■Thorns was elected a member. — The meeting had
been reserved for an exhibition of war medals, and
short papers upon them.
Major Freer read some notes on the 38th Foot
and its medals, including an interesting account
of the forlorn hope at St. Sebastian, 1812, from
letters written by his ancesior Lieut. George
Freer, who was one of its leaders. Major J. H.
Leslie supplemented these notes with extracts
from the diary of another officer who was an
eye-witness of" the storming of the • fort, these
notes curiously corroborating the details of the
story.
Mr. Charles Winter contributed ' The Gold
Collars, Medals, and Crosses granted to British
Officers by the Portuguese for Services in the
Peninsular War,' a paper which raised questions of
interest. It appeared that although these decora-
tions were awarded by the Portuguese, they were
to be made in England by, and at the expense of,
the recipient. The result was that many were
never taken up, and it was an open question
whether the gold collar of the Duke of Wellington,
which was supposed to have been a British
decoration, was not really one of the two collars
awarded by the Portuguese to British officers.
On the other hand, it was suspected that at least
one officer of junior rank assumed to himself the
star given only to commanding officers.
General Arbuthnot exhibited the remarkable
group of medals earned by his grandfather Lieut. -
General Sir Robert Arbuthnot, comprising the
K.C.B., the cross and star of the Portuguese
Order of the Tower and Sword, the gold cross
with bars for Toulouse, Nive, and Orthes, the
Portuguese Campaign medal, the Portuguese war
medal, and the Queen's medal with two bars, the
last proving that the gold cross should have borne
a fourth bar. — Dr. A. A. Payne showed four
examples of the Portuguese crosses and the
Brunton gold star. — Mr. S. M. Spink exhibited a
series of the medals of the Royal Irish Regiment,
accompanied by notes on its history. He also
showed the gold star and badge of the Order of the
Tower and Sword. — Mr. Frank Burton submitted
an original gorget and a photograph from the
portrait of the Colonel of the Notts Militia wearing
it* circa 1780. — Mr. E. E. Needes showed the group
of six orders and medals of Lieut. -Col. Robert
Nixon of the 28th Foot, which included the gold
medal for Egypt, 1801 ; also a large series of
medals awarded to the 77th Regiment. — Mr. T. R.
Mackenzie exhibited a group of three medals,
including that for the forlorn hope at St. Sebastian ;
and Mr. M. A. Jameson had sent from Canada the
North American Indian chief's medal, Treaty
No. 6, 1870, " Big Bear."
Royal Numismatic. — March 19. — Mr. Henry
Symonds, V.P., in the chair. — Sir Thomas H.
Elliot, Capt. J. S. Cameron, and Mr. Sidney W.
Grose were elected Fellows.
Mr. W. Gilbert exhibited an unpublished half-
penny token of George Smith of Smithfield.
Mr. H. B. Earle Fox read a paper on con-
temporary forgeries in the English coinage.
Contemporary forgeries went as far back as the
art of coinage itself ; in ancient times it was a
common practice for the authorities to issue a
certain proportion of plated coins and enforce
their currency to pay mint expenses. It was
impossible to forge the thin silver coins of the
Middle Ages by plating them, so that the usual
practice was to make them in debased metal.
The reader devoted special attention to the coins
of the Edwards, their forgeries and Continental
imitations ; the latter were of importance for
dating hoards. Mr. Earle Fox concluded his
paper with some remarks on modern forgeries
and the points usually overlooked by the forger.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence and Mr. Earle Fox exhibited
two series of forgeries in illustration of the paper.
1EETING3 NEXT WEEK.
Mox. Royal Institution, 5.— General Meeting.
— Society of Engineers, 7 30.— 'The Utilization of Solar Energy,'
Mr. A. 8. E. Ackermann.
— Aristotelian, 8.— Discussion on ' The Value of Logic'
— Institute of British Architects, 8.— 'Professional Practice and
Conduct,' Practice Standing Committee.
— Geographical, 8.30.
Tues. Asiatic, 4 —'The History and Evolution of the Dome in
Persia,' Mr. K. A. C. Creswell.
— Institution of Civil Engineers. 8.— 'The Transportation
Problem in Canada and Montreal Harbour,' Mr. F. W.
Cowie.
— Zoological, 8 30.
Wed. Astronomical, 5.
— Geological, 8.— 'The Evolution of the Essex River -System, and
its Relation to that of the Midlands,' Prof J. W. Gregory ;
'The Topaz bearing Rocks of Gunong Bakau (Federated
Malay States),' Mr. J. B. Scrivenor.
Arietta dassip.
March has gone out with the undesirable
notoriety of being — by a long way- — the
wettest March in London on record. The
average rainfall for the third month is
1*75 in. ; some years ago a rainfall of 3'69 in.
was the greatest known. This year the fall
has measured no less than 4*51 in.
By an Order in Council dated October
14th, 1913, the metric carat of 200 milli-
grams became on April 1st the legol
standard of weight for precious stones and
pearls, and thereby, for the first time, a
part of the metric system of weights and
measures becomes compulsory in this
country. This unit of weight has been
employed by jewellers, without direct legal
sanction, for some time.
Next Monday Mr. A. S. E. Ackermann
is to read a paper before the Society of
Engineers on ' The Utilization of Solar
Energy,' embodying the results of nearly
four years' work upon the problem of sun-
produced steam. Though many experi-
ments with sun-power have been made
during the last fifty years, this is the first
paper of its kind. The meeting is to be
held at the Institution of Electrical Engi-
neers.
In the ' Proceedings of Observatories '
included in the Annual Report of the Royal
Astronomical Society, we note the attention
paid at the Sydney Observatory to the
popular and educational aspect of astronomy.
The building is open on Monday afternoons
for the reception of visitors, who have also
been admitted on two or three evenings
every week. The evening visits have be-
come so popular that for lack of accommo-
dation names have to be sent in, and the
number attending limited. An electric lan-
tern has been installed, and discourses are
given, illustrated by slides.
The following lectures have been arranged
for at the Royal Institution after Easter :
Dr. Walter Wahl, two lectures on ' Problems
of Physical Chemistry ' : 1. ' Study of Matter
at High Pressures ' ; 2. ' Structure of
Matter at Low Temperatures ' (experi-
mentally illustrated). Prof. W. Bateson,
Fullerian Professor of Physiology, Royal
Institution, two lectures : 1. ' Double
Flowers ' ; 2. ' The Present State of Evolu-
tionary Theory.' Prof. D'Arcy W. Thomp-
son, two lectures on ' Natural History in the
Classics ' : 1. ' The Natural History of the
Poets — Homer, Virgil, and Aristophanes ' ;
2. ' The Natural History of Aristotle and of
Pliny.' Prof. A. Fowler, two lectures on
' Celestial Spectroscopy : Experimental In-
vestigations in connexion with the Spectra
of the Sun, Stars, and Comets.'
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. will publish
next Tuesday a translation by Mr. Montagu
Drummond of the fourth German edition of
Prof. Gottlieb Haberlandt's ' Physiological
Plant Anatomy,' a section of botanical
science which the author has made peculiarly
his own.
Mr. Dent is adding the autobiography of
Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. — the first woman
graduate in medicine (1849) — to his next
instalment of the " Everyman Series." It
was written at the request of Dr. Blackwell's
adopted daughter, Miss K. Barry, and was
issued by Messrs. Longmans in 1895 under
the title of ' Pioneer Work in opening the
Medical Profession for Women.' It has
long been out of print. A Bibliography
and supplementary chapter have been added,
and Mrs. Henry Fawcett has written an
Introduction.
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
THE ATHENE I'M
iOl
FINE ARTS
An Illustrated Catalogue of the Second
National Loan Exhibition. 1913-14:
Woman and Child in Art. Compiled by
Francis Howard. Preface by Robert
Ross. (Heinemann, 21. 2s. net.)
The reproductions of pictures which
illustrate this volume are creditably done,
• though once again we are reminded of the
vanity of reproducing in another medium
works which depend largely on the virtu-
osity of the painter in oils. The exhibition
contained a large proportion of English
works of the eighteenth century, and this
proportion is maintained in the illustra-
tions, and the lack, in the majority of
these, of any element of design severe
in the sense of tending towards formality
of statement gives them a look of slovenly
irregularity. In the painting this might
be excused by some, because such pursuit
of picturesque variety for its own sake
had sometimes the redeeming virtue of
seeming to arise from an easy, fluent hand-
ling of paint. Retained in a form which
does not urge any such defence, it seems
inexcusably trivial. Deliberate, clear de-
lineation, even if the painter's conception
of form be small, as with Terburg's
'Introduction' (LXIL), bears reflection in
a photographic process better than the
suave technical improvisation which played
so large a part in the craftsmanship of
the English portrait painters, for their
detail drawing is largely dictated by the
nature of the forms which come most
easily to the artist's habit of handling
paint. Their design has thus the merit
of being inherent in their medium — the
di -advantage of looking foolish when
divorced from it.
>ir Philip Sassoon's ' L'Odalisque a
l'Esclave : (LXXVIIa.) shows the charm
of Ingres's tight, impeccable draughts-
manship and well-considered placing of
every detail in a design — qualities which
in their value in whatever form they
are presented (the small attraction they
m to offer to the artists of the present
day can only be a passing phase). The
print shows also how much for once Ingres
may Lose by the absence of colour, with
it- power of subordinating some parte, and
throwing into importance other passages
of the composition. In presence of the
painting we were not quite so conscious of
the feeling that the musician is an absurdly
atimental lay figure.
Conscious sentimentality is the vice
which to the eyes of the modern painter,
damn- a Large number of the works
here commemorated, and although the
ral public are aoi bo resentful, we
believe that they do but Lag behind in
this respect, and what artists feel to-day
they will feel to-morrow — even more
intolerantly because they Lack the work-
man's respect for a bad job capably
done. It is thus quite likely thai thirty
yean hence the works of Reynolds and
his followers will !*• as much und'-r-
estimal id afi they are over-estimated to-
day in lay circles.
Selected Etchings by Pirancsi. With an
Introduction by C. H. Reilly. Series I.
(Technical Journals, Caxton House,
Westminster, 2s. bV.)
This series of reproductions is issued to
offer an opportunity of acquaintance with
Piranesi's work at a moderate price, Mr.
Reilly pointing out that not only the
originals, but even " Mr. Keith Young's
massive volume of reproductions," are
beyond the means of the ordinary practis-
ing architect. It might be suggested.
perhaps, that the scale of his own illus-
trations is almost too small to allow
satisfactory treatment of some of the
large architectural compositions, though
the selections from the ' Vasi, Candelabri,'
&c., are excellent.
Piranesi is too exclusively known,
among laymen at any rate, as the author
of the ' Carceri,' and it is certainly desir-
able to popularize also his magnificently
designed and severely drawn views of
then existing buildings. These cannot
but stimulate the imaginations of archi-
tects, though wre do not quite endorse
the suggestion that Roman architecture
is the one inevitable source and fountain-
head of inspiration by which modern
architecture is to be revived. Mr. Reilly's
analogy between our own time and the
latter half of the eighteenth century is
one that cannot be pushed far, the intro-
duction of steel structure being so funda-
mental an element as to differentiate at
once our difficulties from those of Robert
Adam and Chambers. In a sense, it
might be argued that, as architecture
becomes a mere facade masking the real
structure, there arises an opportunity for
making it an aerial fabric, a composition
expressing the abstract principles of
structure in terms not necessarily the same
as those actually employed in the building
itself. We have that tendency doubtless,
and the study of Piranesi's magnificent
designs, with their mastery of the rhe-
toric of the art of building, may serve to
make the work of its devotees more
eloquent and grandiose. But there re-
mains the more difficult way of devising an
architecture which shall not be a gilded
fairy mask, but a frank expression of the
play of forces actually at wrork, and, while
in this task we may be stimulated by
Piranesi's sense of structure, we are not
likely to find much literal prompting as
to ways and means. Thus to us far more
than to the architects of the eighteenth
century his example is, as Mr. Reilly puts
it, "' safe only in the hands of the dis-
cerning."
Stress is wisely laid on the difference
between the Roman impressions from
Piranesi's plates and the later ones
print) (1 by his son Francesco in Paris.
When .Mr. Reilly, writing of the artist's
youth, says. " In his early years he seems
to have been something of an enfant
prodigue, and is reported to have been
able to draw the architecture of Venice
.it the age of eight," we are Left in doubl
whether he thinks thai enfant prodigut
mean- an infant prodigy.
EXHIBITIONS.
Within his own chosen boundaries of
extreme conservatism Mr. A. W. Rich ifl a
most capable water-colour painter, and his
exhibition at the Baillie Gallery maintains
his high reputation. More vividly than
hitherto, we are struck with the advantage
he derives from his frequent use of "sugar
paper " or similar absorbent material. The/
very disadvantages of such a paper — the
difficulty the artist has in gauging preeisely
the tone at which a touch will dry out —
foree him to set his intervals more crisply,
to allow for infinitesimal modifications.
The result is that his work done under such
conditions has a boldness and decorative-
character which are usually lost when greater
intrinsic subtlety of modulation i.s attempted.
The large treatment of form and perfect
balance of his big drawing of The Valley of
the Swale (18) make it, on the whole, the
best thing in the collection. With less way
on its line, Corfe Castle (47) is, again, a fine
design of more static character ; while Rich-
mond Castle (17), for an enterprising colour-
scheme, deserves mention also as among
the outstanding exhibits. A Cheshire Manor-
House (33) is the most perfect example
possible of Mr. Rich's gift for fancying him-
self a contemporary of Cotman and carrying
on the saine tradition.
At the Fine Art Society's galleries Sir
William Blake Richmond's paintings of
Umbria and Assisi do not quite maintain the
quality of the similar show of landscapes
which attracted such favourable attention
a year or so ago. They tend to be cloying
in colour, and their realism lacks the touch
of classic restraint which, in the earlier
collection, evoked souvenirs of Giovanni
Costa. Nos. 14, 18, and 25 show a certain
acquaintance with modern ideas as to
lighting, and No. 69, Interior of a FortressT
S. Gregorio, is a careful study of a picturesque
motive.
In the gallery adjoining, Mr. Keith
Henderson deserves some credit, perhaps,
for having turned from the costumed
romanticism of his earlier manner to some
study of modern life. The change is
not quite whole-hearted, Mr. Henderson
being still inclined to regard the unusual
and improbable as the true material of the
imaginative painter, and to disdain the
typical as commonplace. His work thus
gives an impression of cleverness and
triviality. No. 18, Guillemots in Ulster, i.s
much the best, and, indeed, a spontaneous
sketch of much charm.
SIR H. VOX HERKOMER.
By the death on Tuesday last of Sir Efuberi
von Herkomer, the Royal Academy 1"
one of its most famous members. Horn in
1840, of poor but capable parents, Herkomer
lived to be the most successful portrait
painter of his day, and one of the n i< >--t
universally known, if not most universally
admired, artists He owed the lirst position
in large part to his native '_'ii't for getting
a likeness that fundamental necessity of
portrait lire, without which no artistic gifts
avail. He was quite tree from the vice of
prejudice as to how be should see the Face
thai came before him, and approached his
sitter with his mind that "carefully pre-
pared blank" which is as essential to the
portrait painter as to the cricketer about to
play a ball. His success in other branches of
art might be largelj traced to an interest in
his public which replaced interest in his
berial. No one had fewer technical scruples
than Herkomer. Technician he certainly
502
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
was in the sense of being tireless in experi-
ment, but always in the direction of extend-
ing the possibilities of this or that medium,
never of perfecting it. He regarded, indeed,
the public as his material, the instrument on
which he played, and he was indifferent to
paint or copper, stone or bronze, so long as
he produced an effect on the mind of the
beholders.
This is an attitude towards the artist's
problem which tends to be neglected to-day,
and cannot be regarded as entirely illegiti-
mate. On the other hand, it must be ad-
mitted that the habit of playing to an
uncultivated audience vulgarized instead of
polishing the art of the raw youth who
achieved fame at the very outset by the best
picture he ever painted. ' The Chelsea
Pensioners in Church,' tight and photo-
graphic as it may be, has a sincerity and
seriousness which place it far above his later
work, by which again and again he won the
general applause of an ignorant public —
applause rarely awarded even by the corre-
sponding public of a later day to the same
kind of art. We can thus hardly expect
that his will be an enduring reputation,
though he painted so many people of celeb-
rity that certain of his portraits will retain
an interest as documents.
The possibilities of the popular moving-
picture theatre naturally appealed to a man
of such extraordinary miscellaneous clever-
ness as Herkomer, and we do not doubt that
with his great physical vitality he would
have been as popular and successful in this
as in everything else he touched. ' The
Chelsea Pensioners in Church ' must be
accounted the high-water mark of his art,
and certain modelling reinforced with
enamels his lowest depths. That so much
energy and ability should not have resulted
in more work of permanent value only shows
the standard of taste for which he worked,
and faithfully represented within the limits
of the arts of painting, architecture, acting,
music, &c, practised by him. If he had had
the handling of Madame Tussaud's show,
he would have summed up even more com-
pletely the popular artistic ideals of his day.
MR. SPENCER GORE.
We much regret to have to record the
■death, at the early age of 35, of Mr. Spencer
Frederick Gore, the well-known painter.
He died at Richmond, on Friday last week,
of pneumonia after a few days' illness, just
before the general public became aware of
the appreciation which his very personal
and spontaneous art commanded from his
confreres of every school.
Gore received his artistic education at
the Slade School, and had sufficiently influ-
ential friends (he was a nephew of the
present Bishop of Oxford) to have won
early success ; but his idealistic nature, his
curiosity in the art of to-morrow rather
than the safe achievements of yesterday,
made him the born champion of every neg-
'ected talent. He thus became engaged in
devising means for displaying the work of
the younger artists of London — who mourn
the loss of a man of extraordinary public
utility, whose gaiety and natural disinter-
estedness made him the trusted inter-
mediary between men of every shade of
opinion.
His valuable work of organization did
not prevent him from doing a vast amount of
painting, and almost everything he did had
the hall-mark of complete sincerity united
to a flower-like delicacy of colour. His
work thus appears to us as likely to be
cherished as if it were the work of a great
artist — which Gore hardly was, and, indeed,
would have hated to be called. He had a
detestation of anything which pretended to
too much ; and we recall an occasion when,
on being asked, concerning a very ambitious
work, what he thought of 's " master-
piece," he replied, " I think it 's really awfully
good — for a masterpiece": surely one of
those profound truths only occurring to the
simple-minded.
A movement is on foot among Gore's
admirers to arrange a representative memo-
rial exhibition, and, pending the forma-
tion of a Committee, owners of pictures are
invited to communicate with Mr. A. B.
Clifton of the Carfax Gallery, who is giving
his services to organize it.
Jfitw ^rt Glossip.
Messrs. F. Etchells, G. Hamilton,
C. Nevinson, E. Wads worth, and Wynd ham
Lewis, together with other artists associated
in the production of the forthcoming Cubist
periodical Blast, have established a centre
at 38, Great Ormond Street, at which they
will hold Saturday afternoon receptions
similar to those of the late " Fitzroy Street "
group.
The April Burlington Magazine opens with
a reproduction of the newly discovered por-
trait of Giuliano de' Medici by Botticelli,
the appearance of which — itself un-
doubtedly the original — settles the disputed
claims of the version at Bergamo and that
at Berlin. A curious feature in the case is
the fact that both the copies — otherwise
exact in almost every particular — are re-
versed, having the head facing the
right, while in the original example it faces
the left.
On Monday next the North British
Academy of Arts (Newcastle-on-Tyne) will
open the eighth exhibition of its members'
works at the Crystal Palace Art Galleries,
Sydenham.
Dutch painters of the seventeenth cen-
tury, and their influence upon English
schools, were dealt with by Mr. Kaines
Smith in his second lecture at the National
Gallery on Wednesday. The ' Family Group '
of Franz Hals was first examined as exem-
plifying the artist's study of character
and the cool clearness of his work — a
characteristic common to Dutch pictures.
The gradual approach to Nature and the
growing love of landscape for its own sake
were shown in the work of the two Ruysdaels,
and the lecturer then passed on to Rem-
brandt and the work of his different periods.
He described the course of the painter's life
in its bearings on his work, and cited ' The
Woman Bathing ' as an example of his
return to his earlier rich style, to which
he brought the knowledge of life, the
steady craftsmanship and assured handling,
which were the fruit of his experience of
evil days.
These lectures, which are well attended,
should prove of great service to visitors ;
but the crowding-in of stray passers-by
made the lecturer occasionally difficult to
follow.
Mr. Harvey Hadden, who recently pre-
sented to the Victoria and Albert Museum
the Studley bowl, has added to this a gift
of no less importance for the study of English
silversmiths' art in the covered vase, silver
gilt, with a flask on either side, of the time
of Charles II., which was one of the finest
groups of English silver at the Ashburnham
sale. Such a gift is the more welcome
because the earlier work of English silver-
smiths is inadequately represented in the
national collection.
The Summer Meeting of the Royal
Archaeological Institute will be held at
Derby from Tuesday, July 14th, to AVednes-
day, July 22nd.
At the Septingentenary Celebration of
the birth of Roger Bacon, which it is pro-
posed to hold at Oxford on June 10th n xt,
a statue of the great mediaeval man of
science, by Mr. Hope Pinker, will be un-
veiled at the University Museum. A me-
morial volume of essays dealing with various
aspects of Roger Bacon's work, written by
specialists in the several branches of science
included, is to be issued and presented to
subscribers.
At Limnerslease, Compton, the home of
Mrs. G. F. Watts, in digging a trench in the
orchard the workpeople have discovered
foundations of Bargate stone, constructed
with the pink mortar which indicates
Roman work. It is thought that a Roman
villa occupied the spot.
A kindred find, yet more attractive, is
that of a square of Roman pavement,
tessellated in natural stone (blue lias, white
flint, and red brick), and very little defaced.
This was brought to light in Northgate
Street, Gloucester, in the course of building
operations, and the owners intend to have
it carefully preserved.
Daninos Pasha writes to The Times of
March 30th, claiming to have discovered the
site of the ancient city of Canopus — -the
predecessor of Alexandria — on the Bay of
Aboukir, and asking for support in further
excavation, which would, he believes, lay
bare buildings containing monuments, ob-
jects of antiquity, and historical documents,
preserved under a shroud of sand, much as
Pompeii with its treasures was preserved
beneath ashes. So far he has identified and
traced the site of the quay.
Messrs. Batsford will publish towards
the end of this month a book by Mr. A. E.
Richardson entitled ' Monumental Classic
Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland
during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries.' It is a study of English achieve-
ment in the matter of architecture which,
according to now prevalent opinion, dis-
covers in the work of Sir Christopher Wren
and the schools belonging to the same tradi-
tion the true line for development of the
art in the future.
Messrs. John Smith, of Glasgow, will
publish within a few days a work on
the Ruthwell and Bewcastle Crosses, by
Dr. King Hewison, who, urging the
tenth-century origin of these monuments,
goes somewhat further than supporters of
that opinion have hitherto gone, and ven-
tures to set out a theory that St. Dunstan
inspired their maker and possibly furnished
him with his design.
No. 16 of the Journal of the Imperial
Arts League, which is just out, contains a
report of the annual meeting in March ;
an article on ' Artificial Daylight ' ; another
on ' Idealism in Photography,' by Mr. W. J.
Day, dealing chiefly with effects of light ;
and further correspondence concerning the
question of a Minister of the Fine Arts.
In discussing the report the Chairman of
the Council referred to the quite inadequate
penalty of 101., the maximum for forging
signatures on works of art.
SALE.
In Messrs. Sotheby's sale on March 26th an
open-letter proof of the mezzotint of Lord New-
ton, by C. Turner after Raeburn, fetched 1201.
No. 4510, Apkml 4, 1014
THE ATIIKNiEUM
5( >3
JHusical (Bosstp.
Dk. Vavi;han Williams's ' London ' Sym-
phony, performed for the first time at
the second orchestra] concert given by Mr.
1\ B. Ellis at Queen's Hull on March 27th,
is the work of a musician who is ;i modem,
yet no iconoclast : he is for evolution, not
revolution. Some bold attempts are being
made by a few composers at the present
day to ignore all rules and forms, and simply
to write as they feeL Dr. Williams adopts
the old symphonic form, but in a modern
Spirit. His strong thematic material is well
able to bear the sound and clever develop-
ments to which it is subjected; whereas the
short phrases, or rather figures, which nowa-
days frequently do duty for themes, are not
interesting in themselves, so that even
clexer treatment of them is almost useless.
There is a true poetic spirit running through
this • London " Symphony. In harmony
we note some modern effects, but no per-
sistent use of chromatic chords, as if dia-
tonic harmony had lost its power. The
title of the work gives an idea of what was
passing in the composers mind when he was
writing, and it is not the only clue :
we hear the street-call of lavender-sellers,
and a street-tune as if played by a mouth-
gan. The latter, however, occurs in the
Scherzo, which is chiefly objective in
character ; the former mixes with other
thematic material: it is not a piece of
realism attracting notice on its own account.
The orchestration of the work is effective,
often quiet, and when powerful, never noisy.
Dr. Williams's Symphony is rather long —
it takes fifty minutes to perform — and the
final movement could, perhaps with advan-
tage, be slightly shortened It is not the
actual length of which we speak, but the
feeling that it i- not fully justified. Such,
at any rate, is our impression after a first
hearing. The rendering of the work under
the direction of Mr. Geoffrey Toye was
excellent.
The programme included a revised version
Of Mr. Frederick Delius's interesting, though
not altogether convincing, ' In a Summer
Garden.'
A fine performance was given of Brahms's
' Song of Destiny ' at the Symphony Concert
at Queen's Hall last Saturday afternoon.
The singing by the Sheffield Musical Union
was rich, firm, and expressive. Bach's
church cantata. ' Weinen, Klagen.' was also
well rendered bv the soloists, Miss Carrie
Tubb. Miss Phyllis Lett, and Mr. Herbert
Eeyner ; but Mr. Cwynne Daviess reading
of the tenor music was uncertain in tone and
phrasing. A concert-hall is not the right
place for Bach's church cantatas, and the
large choir (although the sinking was very
id), and the additional orchestral parts
which wen- written by Sir Henry .J. Wood,
were too ~trotiLr for Bach's music. The
concert ended with the Choral Symphony.
THE la-t concert of the present season of
the Royal Philharmonic Society took place
at Queen's Hall last Tuesday evening.
The]-, was no novelty, but the programme
included the ' Eroics ' Symphony, which,
if we mistake not, lien- Mengelberg con-
ducted for the first time in London. When
it was originally produced at Vienna com-
plaints wen- made about its length, and
this was felt all the more as it came fairly
late in tic programme Beethoven Bug-
i that it ought in future to he placed
at the beginning, so that players and lis-
teners might be fresh. It was thus placed
on Tuesday, and with good results. Herr
Mengelberg'e reading was full of vitality
and colour, and the opening Allegro was
given with splendid energy. The omission
of the repeat in so lone; a movement is most
reasonable. Beethoven may in some cases
have felt that the exposition being brief,
required repetition; but in more than one
instance he evidently merely followed
custom.
Mr. Frederic Lamond gave a brilliant
rendering of Tschaikowsky's B flat minor
Concerto, though the virtuosity at times
proved somewhat too prominent. Madame
Muriel Foster*s reading of Max Bruch's
scena, ' Aus der Tiefe des Grames,' was most
dramatic. After the concert Sir Alexander
Mackenzie presented her with the Gold
Medal of the Society. The final number in
the programme, Liszt's ' Les Preludes,' was
admirably rendered. As a vivid interpreter
of Liszt and. we may add, Strauss, Herr
Mengelberg is supreme.
We learn that Sir Henry J. Wood has
made arrangements with Prof. Wallace
Rimington to give a performance of Scria-
bin's ' Prometheus ' with the " Colour
Organ "' at a Symphony Concert early next
season. That work has been produced in
Russia and performed here — the last time,
indeed, with the composer taking part ; yet
a special feature of it, the simultaneous pro-
duction of colours as well as sounds, has
hitherto been omitted. The different colours
are indicated in the score by notes, for they
were evidently meant to be produced by a
keyboard similar to Prof. Rimington's
" Colour Organ." Whether this promised
performance will help towards a better
understanding of the music may be doubted,
but the double appeal to eye and ear cannot
fail to be interesting.
Herr Arnold Schonberg may be styled
a musician of the future, for, if ever his later
works become acceptable to the public, it
will scarcely be to the present generation.
M. Scriabin in a sense is also a futurist ;
but though his orchestral music is far more
intelligible than that of Herr Schonberg
it will have to become much more familia
before it can be calmly judged, to say
nothing of what he may still produce. Last
week M. Leo Ornstein, a Russian who is
nineteen, boldly announced a recital of
" Futurist Music." Anything more unlike
music, as we understand the term, it is
difficult to conceive. To judge from the
titles of his pieces, they are intended to
be of the programme-order. In one, ' Im-
pressions of Notre Dame,' we heard for
a moment the sound of bells, and the
imitation was clever. Bells in a cathe-
dral piece seemed in place, but similar
effects in other pieces were difficult to
explain. The moments in which there was
anything intelligible in M. Ornstcin's com-
positions were, indeed, few ; the rest was
wild scrambling, and not seldom uncom-
fortably noisy. There is no knowing what
M. Ornstein may do, but for the present we
can detect no sign of a coming man.
'Parsifal' was performed with certain
reasonable cuts by the London Choral
Society, under the direction of Mr. Arthur
Fagge, at Queen's Hall last Tuesday evening.
A concert performance! of the work is a bold
undertaking. .Mr. Kagge's intention, how-
ever, was no doubt to give those unacquainted
with it some idea of the music and text.
The excellent soloists were Mi-. John (oates
(Parsifal), Mr. Robert Radford (Gurnemanz),
Mr. Thorpe Hates (Am fort as), Mr. Dawson
Freer (Titurel), and Miss Carrie Tubb
(Kundry). There was some good singing
by the choir, especially at the close of the
first and beginning of the second act. The
voices from the Height were, however, not
always clear, and the bells were not satis-
factory. other shortcomings could be
named. But in view of the difficulties
against which all had to contend, Mr. Fagge
did well for his large and attentive audience-.
During the three Tenebrae offices of
Holy Week, on Wednesday, Thursday, and
Friday, Tallis's ' Lamentations ' have been
Sung ever since West minster Cathedral was
opened. This year there will be a change
on the Wednesday (April 8th), when will
be given an anonymous work of which
Dr. R. R. Terry, the organist and dire tor
of the music, found the manuscript parts
in the British Museum. They bear tic-
name of, and belonged to, Baron Luiuley,
who died in 1609. Dr. Terry regards the.
work as by one of the masters of the Tudor
period, and believes that the composer was
so well known that the scribe omitted to
mention him.
The two performances of Lacomo's ' Ma
Mie Rosette ' by the members of the Ster-
ling Mackinlay Operatic Society, at the
Comedy Theatre on the 27th and 28th of
last month, were another successful attempt
by Mr. Mackinlay to revive light operas of
the French School. Of the many excellent
works of the kind, 'Ma Mie Rosette' is a
good specimen. The performance, by mem-
bers of the Society who are still studying,
was most satisfactory. Some were naturally
better than others, but as a whole the opera
was played with care and in the right
spirit. The diction was unusually clear.
' Francesca da Rimini,' by Riccardo
Zandonai, one of the two novelties an-
nounced for the forthcoming season at
Covent Garden, was recently produced at
the Royal Theatre, Turin, and from all
accounts seems to be a stronger work than
'Conchita.'
Dr. Grattan Flood writes concerning
the Harington paragraph in The Athenceum
of March 21st, which appeared to him to
" insinuate " that Harington was buried
in Bath Abbey ; but it was only noted
that there was a tablet to his memory
in the Abbey. Dr. Flood names Kelston,
near Bath, as the place of burial ; and the
supplement to The Gentleman's Magazine
for 1816 (the year in which Harington
died), and the article 'Kelston' in 'The
Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and
Wales,' edited by J. H. F. Brabner, confirm
that statement. 'The Dictionary of Na-
tional Biography ' is mistaken in naming
Hath Abbey as the place of burial.
Tito Mattei, the composer of songs and
pianoforte pieces (of which " Non e ver "
and the Waltz were at one time very popu-
lar), died on Monday in his 7.5th year. He
settled in London in 1864. In easy, senti-
mental melodies such as that of ' Dear
Heart ' he won popularity in an earlier age.
THE death, at the age of 78, is recorded
of Marie Chassevant, whose method of
musical education has been explained by
Miss Marian P. Cibb in a work included in
our last week's list of new books. Marie
Chassevant, according to the obituary notice
in Le Menestrcl lot March 28th, developed a
scheme of teaching children by means of
pictures and stories suggested by Madame
I'apct larpent ier. In 1895 she began to teach
her method in the (Jeneva Conservatoire.
Bi
Mo».
Ti i
Wmv
PKKP0KMANCE8 NEXT WEEK.
Concert, 3 :i'i. Royal Albert Hull.
Hini'Uy Ooni - - Hall
Oj r ii si. . ,i t i c. ,im . ri <>f Own ' ompotlti'Hi.
nucha Culbartaon'i Violin ReciUl 8.10 Bechitelu Mull.
VI, In lie,,,, gong Rot II lllU Hall
Rrtkjn Htarr • Violin Hi ' 11*11
Willy v..ii Mm.M.t » V , ,1 B* 11*1. - IB, ,V;.,lun Hall
OrohMtrmJ 0 rt, I, Unam I n*H
K..y»l Choral Society, ' Mawlah,' 7. Iloy»l Albert Ilall.
H«« Tt-,| Oooovrti 7 3 (^ueen'i Hall.
504
THE ATHENtEUM
No. 4510, April 4, 1914
DRAMA
Plays. By Loo Tolstoy. Translated by
Louise and Aylmer Maude. Complete
Edition. (Constable & Co., 5s. net.)
The six plays contained in this volume
have already appeared in English, and
are all the plays of Tolstoy the world is
likely to see. Mr. Aylmer Maude told
us in a Preface to a volume of transla-
tions that Tolstoy wrote two early plays,
' The Nihilist ' and ' The Infected Family '
— the latter a farce — which are now in-
accessible. But whatever may be their
quality, they are scarcely likely to de-
throne ' The Power of Darkness,' the
one great play which lifts Tolstoy into
the ranks of the dramatists whose work
matters. In his essay ' What is Art ? '
he defined Art as
" a human activity, consisting in this, that
one man consciously, by means of certain
external signs, hands out to others feelings
he has lived through, and that other people
are infected by these feelings, and also
experience them."
' The Power of Darkness ' triumphantly
fulfils the requirements of this exacting
canon, and in doing so easily leaves the
other plays far behind. The singleness
of purpose necessitated by adherence to
the rule laid down is but slightly in evi-
dence in ' Fruits of Culture ' and ' The
Light shines in Darkness,' while ' The
Live Corpse ' may be almost said to sprawl.
This play contains six acts, and no fewer
than forty-three speaking parts, and the
action is in patches which remind us of the
unhappy chameleon in a well-known story
which, placed on a tartan plaid, attempted
to adjust itself to a changing environ-
ment. We can well understand why ' The
Live Corpse ' was published posthumously.
Tolstoy speaks most clearly in ' The
Light shines in Darkness.' Here we have
.a play in which the principal character
may be identified with the author, and
his trials must surely have suggested the
situations, which are not actually auto-
biographical. Sarintsov, interpreting the
■Gospels as Tolstoy interpreted them,
achieves nothing more than unhappiness
for himself and his family. There is some-
thing moving in this unfinished play ; it
reads as if Tolstoy had been preparing an
apology for his inability to make that
renunciation in which both his hopes and
fears were centred for many years. The
notes for the unwritten fifth act show that
he saw no alternative to a tragic ending.
What must have been his feelings with
regard to his own family to have caused
him to take such a view ! The didacti-
cism of the play is rendered doubly
effective by the straightforward portrayal
of Sarintsov' s opponents : the represen-
tatives of the world, the flesh, and the
Orthodox Church.
Elsewhere Tolstoy's didacticism is too
insistent to be successful. Thus the two
little plays, ' The First Distiller ' and ' The
Cause of it All,' are merely temperance
tracts, in which the action is so one-sided
that it is difficult to understand why a
dramatic form was chosen for them.
' The Cause of it All ' was privately pro-
duced by the Adelphi Play Society two
years ago, and struck the present reviewer
then as most unimpressive. ' Fruits of
Culture,' however, is true comedy. If it
fails to obtain appreciation from English
readers, we believe the reason will be the
remoteness of its laughable figures from
the society known best in this country.
The social satires of one country seldom
succeed in attracting cosmopolitan audi-
ences. We laugh at Monsieur Jourdain
because he is more than a Frenchman,
and every nation has its " Bourgeois
Gentilshommes." The doings of the
Moscow " bloods " who are ridiculed in
' Fruits of Culture ' seem too local to
attract wide attention.
It is easy to pick holes in Tolstoy,
whose inconsistencies have made his work
the bait of a thousand shallow critics.
We prefer to look at the man who was
so great as to override a mass of minor
defects ; who, speaking from afar and
in a little -known tongue, profoundly
influenced the thought of the whole
civilized world. These plays are valu-
able because they exhibit his mind at
work more clearly, perhaps, than his
long novels, where, all but unrestricted
by considerations of form and space, the
essential Tolstoy is sometimes lost from
our sight.
Dramatic (Hosstp.
The recent production at the Court
Theatre by the Play Actors of ' The One
Thing Needful ' was preceded by an amusing
curtain-raiser, ' On the Road to Cork,' by
Nora Robertson. Good work was done
by Mr. W. G. Fay ; and Gertrude Le Sage
as the honey-tongued and scheming Irish
bar-keeper was delightful.
The three-act comedy by Estelle Burney
and Herbert Swears which followed concerns
the son of a rich man who develops Socialistic
views, and is horrified to find that his father's
wealth is derived from the sale of quack
pills. He marries a working-girl, lives in
lodgings in Hornsey, and devotes his time
to denouncing the pills. The result of his
crusade on the business may be imagined
by all who possess a slightly more developed
sense of humour, and therefore of proportion,
than the hero himself. The play had its
incredible moments, and the number of
sudden happy endings was somewhat un-
convincing. It was well acted, and the per-
formances of Messrs. Fewlass Llewellyn and
J. Cooke Beresford were especially notable.
We must not forget the excellent Cockney
servant of Joan Blair. Mr. Henry Har-
greaves as the young hero gave a thought-
ful rendering of his part, but showed too
great an inclination to cling to his bowler
hat during an impassioned speech in the
drawing-room.
Miss Horniman begins her season at the
Coronet on Monday, the 20th. Her reper-
tory will include Mr. Galsworthy's ' The
Mob ' ; ' Consequences,' by H. F. Rubin-
stein ; ' Garside's Career,' by Harold Brig-
house ; and ' Love Cheats,' by Basil Dean.
' Justice ' and ' The Second Mrs. Tanqueray '
will also be played. ' The Mob,' which
was produced on Monday last at the Gaiety
Theatre, Manchester, deals with the South
African War, and met with a somewhat
mixed reception.
The Drama Society presented a triple
bill at the New Rehearsal Theatre, Maiden
Lane, on Tuesday afternoon. Mr. Rath-
mell Wilson has made capable translations
of Alfred de Musset's ' Un Caprice," Andre
Theuriet's ' Jean-Marie,' and ' Le Petit
Abbe,' by Henri Bocage and Armand Liorat.
In the first-named Lily Kerr carried off
the honours, giving just the right touch
of piquancy to the part of the good-natured
little chatterbox who effects a reconciliation
between a temporarily estranged husband
and wife. ' The Little Abbe ' is for
all practical purposes a monologue, and
Juliette Mylo enacted a difficult part with
no little skill. The tragedy of ' Jean-Marie '
provided the actors with their best oppor-
tunity of the afternoon. The part of the
elderly husband was sympathetically por-
trayed by Mr. Rathmell Wilson; and Mr.
Reginald Denham displayed considerable
dramatic power as the young sailor-lover,
who, given up for dead by his friends,
returns to find his sweetheart married. As
the young wife Winefride Borrow scarcely
rose to the occasion. Her performance
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' Diplomacy ' will probably be trans-
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We have to record the death of a
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No. 4511, April 11, 1914
SATURDAY, APRIL 11, 1914.
THE ATIIENjEUM
513
CONTENTS. PAOR
Problems or Rki.icion (Vit il Prolilenis of Religion :
The Practice oi Christianity ; What is the Qonpelf
9oom Alternatives to Jeans Christ ; Essays on
Faith and Immortality) 513—514
Old Testament Scholarship (Joshua ; The Poem of
Job) 515
CLEMENT AND NESTORIUS (Clement Of Alexandria:
Nestorius and his Place in the History of
Christian Doctrine i .. 516—517
01 IDA 517
Ox the Lett of a Throne 518
Social and CHRISTIAN Ideals (Social Idealism and
the Changine Theology ; The Socialized Con-
science ; Christianising the Social Order) .. .. 519
Theodore Roosevelt 520
Fellowship Books (The Meaning of Life ; Poetry;
Love ; Nature ; Trees ; Flowers) 521
■beats on Troth and reality 522
La Vili.e Convoitks (Salonika) 522
Notes of a son and Brother 523
Like ok Admiral sir Harry Rawson .. .. 524
Tub Brice ok Ban nock burn 524
Fiction (The Good Shepherd ; James) 525
Books Published this Week (English, 525 ; Foreign,
527) 525-527
The University ok Bristol, a Statement Re-
babding Certain Events; In Memory op
Goldsmith; 'The SPIRITUAL Drama in the
Like ok Thackeray'; The Odes ok Solomon ;
Magna Carta Commemoration .. .. 528—530
Literary Gossip 531
Science— Intermediate Types among Primitive
Folk; a Textbook ok Medical Entomology;
Societies; Meetings Next Week; Gossip .. 532
Fine Arts -Some Account ok Gothic Architec-
ture in Spain; Mural Painting in America;
Catalogue ok a collection of Paintings and
Art Objects; Exhibitions; The Leeds Art
Gallery; Gossip 533—535
Music— Gossip; Pekiormances Next Week 535—536
Drama - Three Irish Plays (The Bribe ; The
Revolutionist; Rope Enough) 536
Index to Advertisers 539
LITERATURE
PROBLEMS OF RELIGION.
In his Foreword the Bishop of St. Asaph's
declares that Mr. Cohu's treatment of the
' Vital Problems of Religion ' is new, and
shows soberness, courage, and knowledge ;
that his style is " singularly vivid and
original," and that there is not a dull page
in the book. That is high praise for any
volume dealing with the philosophy of
religion, but it is not much exaggerated.
In the author's words, his aim is
to examine, in the light of the best avail-
able modem thought, from whatever quarter
it may come, the vital problems underlying
our spiritual experience, and to see how far
such thought helps us to their answer."
In an introductory chapter the present
te of theological speculation and con-
troversy is reviewed, and something good
I about the prevailing " S. Thomas
scientific temper and method " of our age.
Vital ProbU ma of Religion. By the Rev. J. R.
Cohu. (Edinburgh, T. & T.Clark, 5s. net I
The Print;,, ,,i Christianity. By the Author
of • Pro Christo <-t Ecclesia.' (Macmillan
& Co., 4.v. ba\ net.)
What m the Chapelt or Redemption, a Study
in the Doctrine oj Atonement By .1. G.
Simpson. (Longmanfl dt Co., 2a. Qd. net.)
Some Ah, n, >it,,; j to Jeaua Christ: <i Com-
parotivt Study of Faiths in Divine Incarna-
tion. By John Leslie Johnston. (Same
publishers, 2s. 6d net.)
toys on Faith n,,<] Immortality. By ( teorge
Tyrrell. (Arnold, ~>*. net.)
I'»\ way of illustration, we are reminded
that such household words as the reign
of law, evolution, Bible criticism, were
terrors to the religious-minded of past
days; and we arc comforted by a
quotation of Westeott's words: "Let us
thank God that He has called us to unfold
a growing message, not to rehearse a
stereotyped tradition." The second chap-
ter, 'Through Nature to Nature's God,'
is largely a summary of a previous book
published by the author ; it is a
consideration of the two natural sources
of man's knowledge of God — nature and
the human heart. The British Associa-
tion Address of 1913, which is often
(piotcd throughout this book, is used to
put the hypothesis of spontaneous genera-
tion in its right place, though Mr. Cohu's
faith is robust enough to view with ecpia-
nimity the bridging of the gulf between
inorganic and organic life : " From a
religious point of view, the more simply
the whole thing is done, the more divine
does it become in our eyes." But he finds
within organisms a " mysterious psychic
energy," a creative, self -directing con-
sciousness, which with Prof. Church he
names " soul-directivity," and this he
calls the key of life evolution, thus making
the way plain to a spiritual interpretation
of matter. In another chapter this power
of self-determination is summoned to his
aid in a discussion of the freedom of the
will, and makes easj^ the usual idealist
doctrine on the subject. The problem of
evil has a chapter to itself, end the author
finds himself in harmony with Prof. Rash-
dall and many moderns in his belief that
" moral evil, or the pitting of man's self-
will against God's good will, is here as a
salutary instrument with a view to our
best good."
There is nothing startling in the
limitations which, in a further section,
are placed on Science. As the British
Association Address has put it: "No
ultimate explanation is ever attained by
science — proximate explanations only.''
Judgments of value are unknown by
science. In William James's words, " We
use Science, but we live by Religion." Mr.
Cohu rigidly attaches importance to our
religious conception of personality, for
through that lie proceeds to his final
statement of religious philosophy : —
"Our heart and mind and will |he says]
are the soul's faculties or channels of self-
expression. Our personality has an ideal
which it presents to us as a categorical
imperative."
Not the least interesting part of the
book has to do with our attitude to the
creeds of the Chureh. and the author
wisely reminds us of the two factors in all
confessions : the inner experience reflected
in the symbols, and the intellectual
expression of these in words and ideas of
their day. Our duty is to " individualize
the faith of our fathers."
We note at times considerable reitera-
tion and requotation, but the volume is
distinctly useful as a summary in lucid
form of the idealist faith in philosophy
and religion.
There are looks which, by their sustained
and inexorable logic, determine our out-
look on life ; and there are hooks which,
by their fresh and stimulating treatment,
urge us to form this outlook for our-
selves. Of this second and better class
is 'The Practice of Christianity.' It is a
well-considered examination of Christ's
teaching, not as it appears in ecclesias-
tical confessions, but as it bears upon
social problems ; and it is at once a
criticism and a challenge.
The book is made up of three parts,
which are happily named 'The Common-
wealth of God.' 'The City of Destruc-
tion,' and ' The Pilgrimage of the Soul ' ;
and each of these has several chapters for
its unfolding. In the first section are
discussed such subjects as godliness and
tradition, repentance, t lie regulative virtu. .
the Christian revelation, and the new-
earth. The Sermon on the Mount was
a criticism of the ideas and traditions of
its time, and " what startles us most in
examining the main notions He criticized
is that they belong to our own world
to-day." If we would practise Chris-
tianity, we must challenge our present
customs and opinions, which are marred
by the " ignorance " and " hardness of
heart " rebuked by Jesus in His gospel
of charit}r. " Man must repent of con-
nivance with, or resignation to. or making
the best of, evil," for the Kingdom of
God is within reach of all. Goodness
depends, not on the number and strength
of virtues, but on the " regulative insight
of loving-kindness." Mankind is free to
create for itself forms and environments,
and free also to destroy these. It is
God's will that the fortunes of every
member of the race should be inseparably
bound up with the race, and that " devia-
tion from the wholesome and right
should be a painful, disintegrating, cor-
porate process." Salvation is not some-
thing beyond the grave, something for
which a " negative morality, tinged with
a little altruism and a little repetition of
creeds," is fitting us ; it is here and now,
and, above all tilings, social.
Under the curious but suggestive title
'The City of Destruction' the author
examines the penal system, warfare,
thrift, poverty, competition, and material
welfare. His attitude is foreshadowed in
his previous statement of Christian truth.
He complains thai no other than the
penal method has ever been systematically
tried for the reform of offenders againsl
society: and he justly belittles the social
gain from punishment. In its place he
would put the " method of corporate
friendship.''
"Our social experience, when studied,
BeemS to show that our bonis command not
to judge criminals but to forgive them, had
much more common sense in it than we
have been inclined to BUppose.'
Rather than the spirit of war. which he
repudiates with all his heart, he would
have the will so to live that others shall
live also — a will which is no mere religious
aspiration, but "exemplified in every
really statesmanlike act in history.'' The
ideal thrift depends upon
514
T H E A T HENiEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
" the shuttered windows of our houses and
our hearts, upon our higher degree of
materia] privilege and our lack of sympa-
thetic imagination."
The Christian must ask whether de-
pendence on the " individual hoard " is
desirable or necessary. After a search-
ing examination of competition, fortune-
making, and the functions of the millionaire,
the conclusion is reached that the man
whose treasure is the universal welfare has
his heart in the Kingdom of Heaven.
The last part of the book, dealing with
the soul's pilgrimage, discusses our rela-
tions to God, to the body, to the family,
and to the world. These must be en-
nobled by the sanctifying power of love,
the supernatural and invincible power of
the Creator permeating the hearts of men.
We cannot dismiss the book as a message
of hard sayings. It is only by such
counsels as it offers that we may make
its ideals more real.
Canon Simpson's book ' What is the
Gospel ? or Redemption,' is the second
volume of " The Layman's Library,"
which " seeks to offer a religious ideal
which may satisfy both heart and mind " ;
and we are told that the volumes of the
Library are, in the main, an attempt to
build up a constructive religious ideal.
The attempt will be commended by
serious men who are perplexed by the
destructive tendencies of many modern
critics. But what satisfaction to heart
and mind will be found in Canon Simp-
son's statement that " it is with the
Cross of Christ, not with the teaching of
Jesus, that Christians are primarily con-
cerned " ? He proceeds to say that
" the purpose of the appeal to the New
Testament is not in the first instance to
reach the Jesus of history, but to confirm or
correct, as the case may be, the living voice
of the Church by comparison with the
apostolic message."
In the ideal which Canon Simpson attempts
to build the teaching of Jesus is not the
fact or thing of primary importance, and
apparently in our valuation of the New
Testament the apostolic message is to
rank higher than that teaching. Con-
structive thought will not be satisfied
with a subordination of the teaching of
Jesus to any other message, even though
it does admit, with Canon Simpson, that
the synoptic record, without such a com-
mentary as that given in the Fourth
Gospel, the Pauline Epistles, or the
Pentecostal preaching, is not the whole
" fact of Christ." A presentation of the
whole " fact of Christ " as a constructed
religious ideal does not necessarily involve
the subordination of the teaching of
Jesus, which is implied in the statement
that it is not with that teaching that
Christians are primarily concerned. Chris-
tians are concerned with the Cross of
Christ, but religious thought will examine
all interpretations of the fact of Christ's
death, and will judge them in the light
of the teaching of Jesus. What, for
instance, in reference to any theory of the
Atonement, is to be said of the beatitude,
' Blessed are the pure in heart : for they
shall see God " ? Religious thought will
have its questions and will seek for
answers ; and these questions will lead
to an examination of the words of Jesus.
But that examination must not be after
the fashion of Canon Simpson's exegesis
of the words spoken to the Apostle on
the road to Damascus, " I am Jesus the
Nazarene, whom thou persecutest," which
apparently are to be taken as meaning
that he had persecuted the Cross of Christ.
In the special study of the doctrine of
the Atonement Canon Simpson frankly
commits himself to the theory of sub-
stitution. We need not dispute, he says,
" whether the payment of debt is a literal
statement of what Christ did, or whether it
be merely a figure, so long as it is recognised
that He stood in our place and so became
our substitute."
Naturally, however, we do desire to know
how He stands in our place and becomes
our substitute. We are told that when
it is the Eternal Son who offers Himself
without spot to the Eternal Father, the
ethical objection to a propitiatory sacrifice
vanishes, and that there is no " trans-
action " to which God is a party, but a
" purification of sins " which takes place
within Himself. The idea of a purifica-
tion " within Himself " demands a clearer
exposition than that which Canon Simp-
son gives ; and an answer must be found
to the ethical objection — whatever its
value may be — to a propitiatory sacrifice,
that such a sacrifice implies that moral
obligations can be annulled, just as the
idea of the death of Christ as a payment
involves the further idea that moral
obligations can be transferred. It is
no answer to say with Canon Simpson
that
" when people glibly criticise the doctrine of
the Atonement on ethical grounds, we do
well to remind them that the preaching of
it involves the most tremendous moral appeal
that the mind of man can conceive. It is
nothing short of this, that the living God
has torn out His very heart in order to
redeem them."
The author calls attention to the final
chapter on ' Salvation in the Church '
as the climax of the book. His conception
of the Church is wide and liberal ; and one
function of the Church is suggested when
he says that " a narrow and undisciplined
individualism is the last description that
may appropriately be applied to the life
in God."
It is pointed out by Mr. Johnston in
' Some Alternatives to Jesus Christ,' an-
other volume of "The Layman's Library,"
that historical data make it likely that
the Buddhist, Hindu, and Shiah forms of
belief have in their later conditions been
affected by Christianity , and he shows that,
even independently of Christianity, the
line of development in the non-Christian
religions has been in the direction of a
faith in divine incarnation. Yet though
the " pagan Christs " of these religions,
such as Osiris or Mithras, were not his-
torical persons, the fact is of supreme
importance that their worshippers have
felt the need of an incarnation. A study
in comparative religion demonstrates that
men beyond the pale of Christianity have
been seeking after an incarnate God, and
an inquiry naturally follows regarding
the power of any religion to satisfy those
engaged in that search.
Mr. Johnston asserts that " it is plain
that, with the possible exception of Christ,
no human figure had actually appeared
in whom God had fulfilled what these
' prisoners of hope ' expected of Him."
Types of incarnation vary from the
Bearer of the Light of God to the
Express Image of His Person. The former
of these is a species of superprophet.
whose main work is to teach true ideas
about God, but who is himself only different
in degree from other " spirit-born " men :
while the latter is thought of as one who
in His own personality reveals what God is
in Himself. It is possible to show that in
the hope of later Israel alone there ap-
peared the presentation of a figure who, if
incarnate, would be verv God and verv
man ; and, as the pages of the New Testa-
ment reveal, Jesus claimed to fulfil that
hope. Christianity therefore, among the
religions of the world, makes the great
assertion that Christ is the true and only
incarnate One, who is God and man, and
as man reveals what God is.
Examining the distinctive character-
istics of Christian devotion to Christ, the
writer of this book selects as first
and most striking the " unswerving
insistence on the historicity of the facts,"
and as second " the uncompromising
claim to uniqueness and finality."
Thirdly, as is pointed out, it was
Christ's figure which inspired what has
always been another most striking feature
in His followers, viz., that " while wor-
shipping, they have yet aspired to imi-
tate." There may be no difference be-
tween the religious ideal presented in this
book and that set forth in the volume
' What is the Gospel ? ' but contrasts are
' suggested when, on the one hand, the
author of that volume asserts that " the
purpose of the appeal to the New Testa-
ment is not in the first instance to reach
the Jesus of history," and, on the other
hand, Mr. Johnston declares, in reference
to Christ's followers, that " it is the fulness
and richness of His life, presented to them
as a moral ideal which was lived before it
was preached, that they have felt drawing
them to Him."
Mr. Johnston, in the Preface to his book,
informs his readers that the book itself
makes no claim to finality or completeness,
and no pretence to expert knowledge in
most of the vast field on which it touches.
Those readers, however, will feel that a
most competent teacher is instructing
them, and demonstrating to them the
significance of the Incarnation in Christi-
anity, and also, through the Incarnation,
the supreme value of Christianity in con-
trast with other religions.
The author's name commends ' Essays
on Faith and Immortality,' for there
still lingers among us the personal
fascination which George Tyrrell exercised
in his lifetime, not only over his faithful
friends, but also over many who knew him
No. 4511, Apkil 11, 1914
THE ATIIENiEUM
La
* i -i
only from his hooks. The sincerity and
courage which, more than any high
intellectual power, were his truest cha-
racteristics make all that we know, ami all
that we can still learn, of him of deep
interest to thinking men. Many will feel
gratitude to Miss Pet re for giving us more
extracts from his notebooks and unpub-
lished material, more particularly from
that Journal, spiritual and philosophic,
in which he wrote down from time to time,
at less or greater length, the thoughts
which occurred to him on the deepest
problems of human existence. There is
nothing of system in this new volume,
though Miss Pet re thinks that the Journal
was intended (or rather that part of it
written in HK>4) as "' the incomplete
erne of a definite work, which might,
perhaps, have ultimately seen the light
as a treatise on the Doctrinal Authority
of Conscience."' But not enough is left, as
we see it now, to give us any idea of co-
herence in the thought or finality in the
•conclusion. It is as isolated fragments
that these essays must be received, and
- such they will be read with interest
and sympathy.
Miss Petre tells us that
•" the writer of the ' Journal ' of 1904
had undoubtedly set out chiefly to consider
the fundamental problem of faith ; but
day by day, as lie put down his thoughts,
the question of personality, and of personal
survival, seems to have appeared and re-
appeared, till quite a series of essays were
occupied, almost exclusively, with this
subject."
The essays themselves ': often express
a guess rather than a conviction ; they
are gropings, and not treatises." We
feel as we read the book that the can-
did and courageous inquirer offers few
decisions on which we may rely, but helps
us by his thought, again and again, to
reach further conclusions for ourselves.
Tyrrell had not reached the issue of his
own pursuit. Whether he had the mental
-trength to do so we cannot tell. Perhaps
his guesses at truth have greater value
than any achievement he could have
attained.
Among the striking savings with which
this volume abounds we select a few-.
Sometimes the thought is new; more
often, perhaps, it is the expression which
ifl vivid and helpful. Occasionally the
thought is obviously limited, more rarely
it seems almost deliberately perverse ; but
throughout it is eminently characteristic
of the writer. If it does not show us any-
thing new in Tyrrell, it shows him more
fully. Sere, then, are a few passages : —
'■ Let us return, then, to tin- primary datum
religion. Faith is not a blind unrelated
love <>r loyalty or devotion, neither is it
oked iii the first instance by any idea <>i
God, or oi Goodness, or of Right and Duty ;
these are hut attempted after-expieuuiona
object. What I really encounter u a
Certain ideal of conduct, that s«-<-ks to impose
■ If on me and to assume the control of
any action in each particular ca
Again, in the same essay on the autho-
rity of oonsoienoe : —
■" Revelation is a thing revealed ; the
object of my faith is not primarily a doctrine
or formulation, but a concrete fact, event,
manifestation; it is the power that reveals
itself in the workings of my conscience, or
in the lite, words and actions of .Jesus Christ,
or of the Church of His servants and saints.
It is a Word made flesh, a Life lived. Faith
is therefore a loyalty, a trust directed towards
my own conscience, towards Jesus Christ,
towards the Church: evoked by the spirit
(one and the same) that reveals itself in
them all."
There is a fine passage on ' The Unseen
World,' but it is too long to quote ;
another on the ' Domus Dei,' in which
he declares how little excommunication
would matter for those who are numbered
with " the truthful, the sincere, the Christ-
like " ; another on the effect of criticism
on the Roman doctrine about Mary ;
another a striking vindication, or rather
explanation, of the vindictive psalms. On
the other hand, we see, as we read these
most intimate thoughts, how extra-
ordinarily deficient so persistent a critic
was in the true critical spirit ; how he
became more and more academic as he
drew further away from the Catholic faith,
and, as he began to regard sin as merely a
stage in development, was less and less
in touch with the facts of life. Modern
destructive writers he seems to have
accepted without a thought of analyzing
their arguments — Schweitzer, for ex-
ample— with an absence of acuteness at
which one can only marvel. He had
come to believe that " Jesus Himself
never dreamed of founding a new religion,
or of seceding from Judaism," and that if
t: He had a theology at all, it was that of His
people, full of all the errors and limitations
which belong to every effort to bring the
Boundless within bounds " ; and when he
found a text that did not suit him, he dis-
missed it as " a curiously clumsy and un-
sympathetic interpolation of early eccle-
siasticism." It is with a feeling of sorrow
that one recognizes how even Tyrrell's
search for truth fell into arbitrary and
narrow ways.
Miss Petre prints ' A Perverted Devo-
tion/ the controversy concerning which
was a significant episode in the Life.
OLD TESTAMEXT SCHOLARSHIP.
Otjb examination of Mr. Holmes's work
on the Book of Joshua has led us to the
conclusion that, whilst he has in various
respects successfully combated the opinion
of those who upheld the superiority of
the Masoretic text to that which underlies
the Septuagint version, he has not suc-
ceeded equally well in bringing forward
convincing proof in favour of the pro-
position that the .Masoretic form of tin-
book represents a later text deliberately
altered ifom the more original one which
lay before the Greek translator or trans-
lators.
Joshua- ili'- Hebrew "'<</ Greek Texts. By
S. Holmes. (Cambridge University Pn
Is. net.)
The I'm in of Job. Translated in the Metre
of the Original by Edwin c King. (Same
publishers, 5*-)
Dillmann, with whom a number of
other scholars find themselves ill more
or less close agreement, based his argu-
ment in favour of the received Hebrew
text on a number of passages which
appeared to him to offer distinct evidence
of deliberate alteration made by the
Septuagint scribe. He admitted that in
a number of instances no decisive criteria
to the same effect can be detected, but
he held that we must in our judgment
of the doubtful cases be guided by the
certainty which, in his view, was obtain-
able in other parts of the book. Mr.
Holiness investigation, on the other hand,
tends to show that the supposed certainty
does not, as a matter of fact, exist, and
that therefore the entire argument in
support of the superiority of the Masoretic
text falls to the ground.
But what Mr. Holmes has not realized
is the fact that it is only in their character
as certainties that Dillmann's suppositions
may be said to have been destroyed, and
that as possibilities they still remain.
As the arguments by which our author
seeks to prove the correctness of his own
view are in their turn not convincing
enough to establish a certainty, but
compel only a contingent kind of assent,
we merely have one set of possibilities con-
fronting another set of possibilities. Mr.
Holmes, moreover, omits to acknowledge
that, besides the theory which regards the
Masoretic text as a deliberate late revision
of the Hebrew original from which the
Greek translation was made, there is
another which assumes the existence of
different recensions of the text. On the
latter viewr the Masoretic Hebrew may
be at least as old as the text used for the
Septuagint translation. Nor need, if this
be the case, either text be necessarily
regarded as generally superior to the
other, for each may be found to exhibit,
in different parts, considerable excellence.
But having thus expressed our opinion
on what we regard as the weakness of
Mr. Holmes's position, we must hasten
to add that, if his work fails as a vade-
mecum, it nevertheless retains value
as an effective stimulus to further in-
vestigation ; and regarding the publica-
tion from this point of view, we believe
that serious students will not be slow in
extending to it a cordial welcome.
Dr. King's metrical version of the Book
of Job is an interesting and, to a con-
siderable extent, attractive piece of work.
The error of imagining that ancient
Hebrew verse fell into line with the severe
scansion of (deck and Latin poetry is.
fortunately, no Longer prevalent. But it
would be equally erroneous to think thai
the rhythm employed by the Old Testa-
ment poets was not subject to laws capable
of being analyzed and formulated. A
mere glance at the general regularity
observable in the versification of a poem
like that of the Book of Job is Sufficient
to reveal the presence oi a fairly well
defined rhythmic principle by which
the poet was guided. The chief reason
why it is difficult to obtain acceptance
for any given theory of Hebrew prosody is
516
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4511, Apkil 11, 1914
our apparent inability to form a clear
conception of how the ancient Hebrews
vocalized and accentuated their speech in
either prose or verse. The Masoretic text
rests, indeed, on a fixed basis of both
vowel-points and accents ; but modern
writers are, unfortunately, distrustful of
the synagogal tradition thus handed
down to us, so that any theory of rhythmic
structure is bound to be largely based on
a special scheme of enunciation.
Dr. King is in agreement with the
general trend of recent opinion that
Hebrew rhythm " depends not on the
number of "syllables, but on the beat of
the accent*' ; but with reference to the
poem of Job it may be questioned whether
the uniform measure of three beats to
a line postulated for it can be accepted
as certain. The Masoretic accentuation,
which has, after all, from a free critical
standpoint, at least as much in its favour
as any other scheme of beats, frequently
shows a fourfold stress to a line, and
occasionally only two accents are assigned
to a verse unit ; and it seems clear that
the artistic effect of the Avhole would gain
rather than lose by the proper employ-
ment of variety in the rhythmic flow of the
dialogue. Dr. King is himself sometimes
forced to admit a line of four beats in his
English rendering ; but as this is very
rarely the case, the apparent need for
some variety of enunciation remains
unsatisfied.
In approaching the question as to the
poetic value of the new version, one is
certainly impressed with the adequacy
and effectiveness of a large number of
passages ; but, on the other hand, one
comes from time to time upon lines which
are disturbing and — to speak plainly —
unsatisfactory. One must suppose that
the accent assigned to the word " under-
standing " in
To Him belongs counsel and understanding
can be traced to a printer's error ; but it-
should surely have been possible to sub-
stitute better lines for, e.g. : —
May darkness deep-gloom defile it.
And criish the wicked instanter.
Efficiency driven quite from me.
The first of these lines would not be much
improved if a comma were placed after
" darkness " ; " instanter " might do in
a certain kind of light satiric verse, but
not in the poem of Job ; and " efficiency "
by no means expresses the meaning of
the original word, which is in the margin
of the Revised Version represented by
k" sound wisdom."
Another matter to be considered is
whether the translator has in difficult
cases succeeded in catching the exact
bearing of the argument. Much has, of
course, to be allowed for differences of
opinion ; but we should have thought
that there was no need for declaring the
first line out of place in
0 thou that tearest thy soul in thine anger,
Must for thy sake the earth be forsaken ?
And the rock be removed from its place ?
Dr. King has not recognized that, al-
though the line in question is in the
original grammatically in the third person,
it is Job who is addressed in it. It should
be added that in interpreting " the rock "
of the third line as " the Creator," Dr.
King appears to follow mediaeval Jewish
commentators ; but is there any need for
such an interpretation ?
CLEMENT AND NESTORIUS.
Prof. Patrick gives in his Croall Lecture
for 1899-1900 a biographical account of
Clement and an exhaustive analysis of his
teaching. Hundreds, or, more correctly,
thousands, of references to the text of
Clement show the care with which the work
has been conducted ; and it may be safely
said that there is in English no other such
minute examination of Clement's teaching.
Though the facts of Clement's life are
meagre, the portrait of the man, we are
told, stands out in his writings as that of
a singularly lovable personality.
" He gives the impression of a certain
intellectual naivete, combined with a moral
austerity. He has a lofty conception of the
function of the teacher, as well as of the duty
of the scholar."'
Till a few years ago the accepted order
of the writings was the Protrepticus, the
Peedagogus, and the Stromateis ; but that
order has been changed by what Dr. Har-
nack calls Wendland's " discovery."
According to Wendland, the order was
Protrepticus ; Stromateis, I —IV. ; Pseda-
gogus ; Stromateis, V.-VII. Prof. Patrick
asserts that Wendland's hypothesis
raises difficulties not less great than
the traditional view which it seeks to
supplant, and he devotes a note in an
Appendix to a proof of his assertion. Apart
altogether from his position as the first
systematic teacher of Christian doctrine
and the foremost champion of liberal
culture, Clement was, according to Prof.
Patrick, the most eloquent exponent in
his own age, and for many ages that
followed, of Christianity in common life.
Throughout his writings there is a great
show of learning, and one of his early
editors says that he quotes more than
three hundred authors, of whom otherwise
we know not the names, and is a treasure-
house, not only for theologians, but for
grammarians, historians, philosophers,
jurists, and physicians. Certain critics
have represented that show of learning as
an illusion, if not a fraud, since Clement
borrowed from Aristotle, Musonius, Aristo-
bulus, Favorinus, Plutarch, and Philo ;
but, meeting this charge, Prof. Patrick
points out that the inexhaustible fertility
with which Clement can suggest possible
interpretations of passages in the New
Testament indicates conclusively that
when he borrowed, it was not from intel-
lectual or imaginative poverty ; and,
further, that as he attached great value
to erudition as a charm to win Greek
Clement of Alexandria. By John Patrick.
"Croall Lecture for 1899-1900." (Black-
wood & Sons, 7s. 6c?. net.)
Nesforius and his Place in the History of
Christian Doctrine. By Friedri.h Loofs.
(Cambridge University Press, '.is. 6d. net.)
adherents to Christianity, a mere parade
of learning would not have served his
purpose. Whether he was ostentatious
or not in his display of learning, Clement
had a very clear aim in his teaching, and
the fulfilment of that aim gives him a
definite place in the history of Christian
thought. His was an age in which many
k* trembled for the ark of God," and would
not endanger the dignity of the Christian
faith by formulating it as a series of truths
related to one another or by relating it
to philosophy. To substitute, says Prof.
Patrick,
" a Christian gnosis for a heretical gnosis
might seem to some an indirect recognition
of a movement with which there could be no-
compromise ; the transformation of a here-
tical watchword, which had become an ortho-
dox byword, into a designation for the
highest Christian ideal, might seem a super-
fluous and confusing concession to the spirit
of the age."
Clement's ruling thought was not that
of a Christian theology, but of a Christian
philosophy, and Prof. Patrick claims for
him .that his originality did not lie in the
details which he borrowed, but in the
formulating of the unifying conception
which bound the scattered elements to-
gether, and in the width of outlook which
enabled him to co-ordinate all the mate-
rials. The unifying principle he found
in the doctrine of the Word through
whom there is order in the universe,
whose inspiration history reveals, and who,,
as incarnate, is the ideal of humanity and
the revelation of the close relation of the
divine and the human. The peculiar dis-
tinction of Clement is that he saw that it
was imperative for the Church, unless it
was to be stranded or submerged, to-
determine its relation to the intellectual
and moral forces that had moulded the
life of nations and individuals ; and it may
be said of him that he was " the first to-
see the necessity of formulating a Christian
theory of the universe, a Christian philo-
sophy of history, a Christian code of ethics. ,r
Prof. Patrick quotes the saying of the late
Prof. Overbeck, that the problem which
Clement raised and endeavoured to solve
in his writings is the most daring literary
undertaking in the history of the Church.
In the lecture dealing with the relation
of Christianity to Hellenic culture and
philosophy it is shown that Tatian and
Tertullian represented those who abjured
philosophy as the source of all heresies,
while Clement followed Justin Martyr in
regarding Christianity as the only true
and useful philosophy, in reading Chris-
tianity into Plato, and in taking all that
was akin to Christianity in Greek philo-
sophy as his own. Clement's attitude was
that of one who believed that a Chris-
tianity which could claim as its own all
that was true in the thought of the past
could alone face the future with confi-
dence ; and pointing out that the problem
of the Church to-day is, in loyalty to the
past, to adjust itself to the new forces in
thought, Prof. Patrick declares that it
will act wisely if it adopts the principles
underlying Clement's attitude. ' Intel-
lectual monasticism," he says, " is as bad
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
THE A Til EN^UM
517
for the Church as moral monasticism was
for the individual, and can only end in
lopsidedness of development or impover-
ishment."
Clement's teaohing in regard to the
Euoharist serves to show that he deserves
praise for his attitude to systematic
thought, rather than for clear and definite
statements of doctrine. Some have argued
that lie set forth the doctrine of the Heal
Presence, as it is now accepted by the
Roman Church : while others have main-
tained that his teaching is closely akin to
that of Zw iiiijli. or *' even might he e\-
pressed in the language of the apologist
of Quakerism." What may he said for
him is. as Prof. Patrick indicates, that lie
regarded the Eucharist as an ordinance
instituted by Christ ; that its method of
administration was determined by the
Church ; and that it becomes, when
received in faith, a means of spiritual
nourishment. ' The Ethics of Clement '
is the subject of a most interesting lecture,
and in it he is represented as using lan-
guage that suggests a Christian Socialism
when he enforced the duty of liberality
and denounced the extravagant fads of
the rich. It may be seen, however, that
he was vague in alleging that the vision of
God is the supreme felicity of the true
gnostic, since he did not clearly determine
what the vision is, and when, whether now
or in the future, men may see God.
The last lecture is devoted to Clement's
teaching in regard to the nature, inter-
pretation, and extent of Scripture, and
that teaching is important as bearing on
the recognition of books which are now
included in the Canon of the Xew Testa-
ment. Its significance, too. will be recog-
nized by the student who seeks to under-
stand the genesis and growth in the
Church of the belief in the inspiration of
the Xew Testament writings. Clement,
of course, accepted without hesitation the
theory of the inspiration of the Old
Testament : but in order not to contradict
that theory he advocated the allegorical
interpretation of passages making men-
tion of the hand and feet and mouth and
eyes of God. and of H is anger and threaten-
ing, and he held that God spake to men
a- they were able to hear.
If there is no originality in Clement's
ching regarding Scripture — indeed, if
there is no marked originality in his
thought — there remains his attitude to
philosophy, which places him in a unique
position in the history of the Church ; and
refore Prof. Patrick is to be praised
for giving us an admirable exposition of
hi- writings.
Four lecture- wen- delivered by Prof.
I. ■■(- ;>t fche University of London in
March. 1913 and have been published
under the title of Nestorius and
his Place in the History of Christian
1'" itrine ' It is admitted in the first
lecture that the -uojeet may seem at the
first glance to have little interest for
modern men ; but Nestorius, from the
tragedy of his life and the eminence of his
chief opponent, has a place in ecclesiastical
history, just a- hi- teaching, from the -tii
which it caused, must be considered in the
history of Christian doctrine.
Within the present generation atten-
tion has been drawn to Nestorius by
the rediscovery of his ' Book of Hera-
elides ' in a Syriac translation. In 1910
an edition of the Syriac text was pub-
lished, and at the same time a Krench
rendering. It may be conjectured, as
we are told, that the title is pseu-
donymous, and that it was devised by
an adherent of Nestorius to save his
master's apology from destruction. The
first part of this ' Book of Heraclides '
deals with heresies opposed to the Church,
while the second contains an attack on
the famous Cyril of Alexandria ; but the
book also throws light on the life and
teaching of Nestorius. The chief cause
of the opposition to Nestorius was his
refusal to give to Mary the title Oeotoko^.
This refusal was made apparent in his well-
known first sermon ; but it now appears
from the ' Book of Heraclides ' that there
was a time before the delivery of the
sermon when he declared that the terms
OeoroKos and dvOfHOTroTOKos, if rightly
understood, were not heretical, and when
also he recommended the term x^c-to-tokos.
His enemies, however, believed that in not
approving deoTOKos he was guilty of some
unnamed heresies ; and Prof. Loofs affirms
that, "* more than the heretic Nestorius,
the ' saint ' but really very unsaintly
Cyril is to be held responsible for the
Nestorian controversy. " Special refer-
ence is made to a letter which reveals
Cyril's bribes and intrigues, and Prof.
Loofs asks that this letter may be read by
anyone who holds that his judgment upon
Cyril is too harsh.
In his examination of the teaching of
Xestorius consideration is given by Prof.
Loofs to the conclusion of Prof. Bethune-
Baker that Nestorius * used the term
person (irpoawirov) to express that in which
both the Godhead and manhood of our
Lord were one." In opposition to this
conclusion we have the suggestion that,
while for our notion of person the main
thing is the oneness of the subject or of the
internal self, for Nestorius the main thing
in his notion of ivpouomov, according to the
etymology of the word and to the earlier
history of its meaning, was the external
undivided appearance. It is maintained
by Prof. Loofs that throughout the ' Book
of Heraclides ' the idea recurs again and
again that in Christ '"the manhood is the
-pua-wTTov of the Godhead, and the Godhead
the tt[)uitmtt<)v of the manhood " ; and he
proceeds to say that we can sympathize
with Xestorius when he took the Incar-
nation as meaning that in the person of
Jesus the Logos exhibited himself as
man. and " that the man of history was
the manifestation of the Logos in such a
way that he exhibited himself to us as the
eternal LogOS." We too. Prof. Loofs adds.
understand what Xestorius means when he
said thai the wpStronrov of the one is also
t hat of the other.
In the last lecture ;in an-ui r i- SOUght to
the question, Was Nestorius orthodox i
The commonplace answer is that he was
not orthodox, as was shown by the ana-
thema of the Third (Ecumenical Council :
hut Prof. Loots maintains that an (Ecu-
menical Council of Ephesus never existed,
and. after examining the decree of Chalce-
don and decisions of a later time, he con-
cludes, in opposition to Prof. Bethune-
Baker, that, measured by the standard of
Church orthodoxy. Xestorius must be re-
garded as a heretic The inquiry, how-
ever, is not ended with this judgment, and
evidence is adduced to establish the state-
ment that the doctrine of Nestorius has
more historical right than the Cyrillian
orthodoxy. Students interested in the
history of Christian doctrine will welcome
this volume, which reveals a lecturer who
is lucid in exposition, sober in judgment,
and intolerant only to an intolerant
saint.
Ouida : a Memoir. By Elizabeth Lee.
(Fisher Unwin, 10s. 6d. net.)
" Poor Ouida ! '' Few, we imagine, will
put down Miss Lee's judicious and well-
balanced memoir of that once popular
novelist without some such exclamation
as this, even though impatience be
mingled with pity for sorrows so much
of her own seeking. Success came early
to her, and the rewards of success in
ample wise. But those who do not know-
how sieve-like is the capacity for cash
in certain possessors of the artistic
temperament will read of Ouida's trials
with some little surprise, if not disgust.
It is a tale of alternating splash, display.
and impecuniosity. of money easily earned
and recklessly spent, of friends and pub-
lishers like the estimable Baron Tauchnitz.
milked with a frequency and fullness
which might make many an author's
mouth water. The money ( hiida extract* d
from the rich, whom she alternately aped.
abused, and borrowed from, would have
saved a legion of less-known artists from
starvation. It was all in vain. Extra-
vagance was in her blood. Extravagant
in her conception of immaculate heroes,
of utterly wicked or dreadfully virtuous
females ; extravagant in style and diction
and political abuse ; extravagant in her
devotion to animals, which rendered h< r
their slave as well as their champion.
Ouida did everything, except die. beyond
her means. One would like to believe
that her colossal vanity, fostered — a- the
editor shows— from her infancy, may
have wrapped her. as it were, in a mist.
and prevented her closing years from
being quite SO miserable as must othei
wise have been the case, when the nemesis
of frantic litigation, foolish pride, and
crude expenditure ended in that wretched
Odyssey of her- from hotel to hotel in
Florence, the while -he ted her troop- of
undisciplined dogs upon meals that had
been provided for herself by the kindn
of a friend.
It i> possible that all author-hip i> a
form of vanity, and that all author-
arc, to a certain extent. \ain : hut f< v. .
small or great, have equalled the Bupreme
literary egoism of Ouida. Her persistent
518
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
depreciation of her own age, country, and
fellow-craftsmen is the least pleasant
feature in a character, the attractive side
of which does not emerge very clearly
from this memoir. To this little woman
" with the clever, sinister face, and a
voice like a carving knife," as William
Allingham described her, ' Endymion '
seemed " very poor stuff " ; Wilde was
nothing more than a poseur and a pla-
giarist ; Tolstoy had not much intellect,
as was proved by his admiration of
Dickens ; Cecil Rhodes had little per-
spicacity. In short, much was to be made
of Ouida, for, as she wrote to Baron
Tauchnitz, " now George Eliot is gone
there is no one else who can write English."
Not content with this pre-eminence, she
seriously believed herself to be a potent
influence in European politics.
If we had to trace Ouida's literary
pedigree, we should say that she derived
from those masters of English fiction in
the flamboyant period, BulwerLytton and
Disraeli, and more nearly, perhaps, from
the almost forgotten author of ' Guy
Livingstone.' Like George Eliot, she had
a wonderful gift for absorbing the product
of the intelligence of those who sur-
rounded her. But as she never verified
her references, and wrote with a complete
nonchalance concerning places, countries,
and things she knew nothing whatever
about, she committed the innumerable
lapses which, together with a total lack of
a sense of humour, made her the prey
of the parodists, and shocked cultured
readers. These lapses, however, scarcely
detract from her stories as such, and
Ouida could tell a story. Who that has
read can ever forget the exuberant
vitality of her description of Cigarette's
ride, or the rush and movement of her
Grand National (however technically ab-
surd) in ' Under Two Flags ' ? It was
always easier to laugh at Ouida than
not to read her. Miss Lee does not, we
fancj^, appreciate the story-telling side
of Ouida's talent so much as we do. It
is a quality which will, we believe, carry
' Under Two Flags ' to a much riper
old age than ' In Maremma," which, on
purely artistic grounds, Miss Lee rightly
prefers. WTe are glad to see that Miss
Lee ranks high Ouida's charming short
stories, such as ' A Dog of Flanders ' or
' Two Little Wooden Shoes.' The latter
has always been a great favourite in
Italy, and is now, if gossip speak true,
shortly to form the libretto of an opera
for the second, or perhaps the third,
time. As a satirist of Society, Ouida is
at her best and truest when criticizing
the richards at a period when social and
political power in England was beginning
to pass from the old landed aristocracy
to the new plutocracy.
Ouida was justified in saying that the
' Massarenes ' is " brasse dans le vrai."
Such scenes as are there described are
being repeated and surpassed in London
Society to-day. But then, if you turn
to ' Humphry Clinker,' you find that
things were much the same in 1770, only
the pushing millionaires hailed, not from
America or South Africa, but from the
West Indies.
We are not inclined to rate Ouida's
critical essays so highly as Miss Lee does.
Truth to tell, Ouida was a terrible scold
on paper, violent in her abuse, ridiculous
in her prejudices, and frequently very
ill-informed as to her facts ; whilst any
judgment she might have had was liable
to be distorted by the King Charles's
Head of cruelty to animals, including
the muzzling order. In her essays, in-
deed, Ouida indulged to the full in what
she called v' the supreme joy of saying
the truth as one sees it " ; in her case,
unfortunately, this was usually an ill-
balanced view of events, literature, and
politics. It would have been better not
to reprint her echoes from the Kruger-
bought journals of the Pro-Boer Con-
tinental press such as this : —
" I am told that the Opposition dare not
attack Joe on account of the tripotages of
Asquith and Campbell-Bannerman."
Du reste, as Ouida would say, Miss Lee
has performed a very difficult task with
abilitv and tact.
On the Left of a Throne : a Personal Study
of James, Duke of Monmouth. By
Mrs. Evan Nepean. (John Lane.
10s. 6d. net.)
We have spent a good man}^ hours very
pleasantly, with the frequent tribute of a
respectful smile, in reading and re-
reading these brightly written and at-
tractively feminine pages. Mrs. Nepean
disclaims any idea of giving a complete
biography of Monmouth, and the reader
must therefore not expect to find in her
" study " any fact of importance regard-
ing him which is new to historical students.
Her positive design — in the working out
of Avhich she has been assisted by a
formidable company of eminent persons
— has been to give Monmouth wt fair play "
and " a run for his monej^ " ; and this she
does, not only as a devout worshipper of
the Stuarts, but also as a fond yet discri-
minating mother, who sometimes finds
her wayward child " adorable," and at
other times would like to " shake him for
his stupidity."'
Great as are the pleasure — and amuse-
ment— which we can promise her readers,
we feel sure that Mrs. Nepean has found
equal satisfaction for herself in the course
of her task. Her book is, indeed, a
revelation of herself as much as of
Monmouth. We seem to see her, not
labouring austerely at her desk, but
leaning back in a comfortable chair with
her feet on the fender stool, discoursing
out of her abundance to some eager and
not too critical friend, with the exclama-
tions, parentheses, sporting phrases, irre-
levancies, and feminine touches — " laugh-
ing till she cries " over things for which
we cannot raise a smile — which would
seem out of place if we regarded her book
as literature. Epithets come trippingly
to the tongue in the circumstances we
have imagined, and the English dictionary
must contain few applicable to her
subject which have not been brought
into service.
In an intimate causer ie of this kind we
scarcely expect a severe exercise of the
critical faculty, or a pedantic attention to'
accuracy ; and we therefore merely note
without comment that Mrs. Nepean ap-
pears to regard the so-called ' Memoirs '
of the Baronne d'Aulnoy — that " An-
thony Hamilton in petticoats " — (see The
Athenaeum for Aug. 16, 1913, p. 153)
as having authority ; does not wholly
reject the idea that Charles II. was
poisoned ; asserts that History has
" denied sincerity " to James II. ; more
than once describes William III. as a
" Dutchman " ; and does not tell us-
upon Avhat grounds she calls Dorothy
Sidney, Waller's Saccharissa, a " far-
sighted cat." For a long time we were
almost disappointed at not meeting
the contemptuous slap at the present
Government which experience has taught
us to expect in works of this class ; but
it duly appears near the top of p. 132.
It is in her treatment of Monmouth's
formal and loveless marriage — " the hand-
somest man of the day " with " the com-
paratively plain wife " ; in her story of
the genuine and most affecting devotion
of Monmouth and Henrietta Wentworth.
who " loved one another wrongly in the
right way " — a sketch drawn with true
Avomanly insight ; in her touching and
forcible description of the real dignity
of Monmouth's behaviour in the face of
death, so astonishingly inconsistent Avith
his bearing while life was still possible :
it is in these — though somewhat spun out
— that the reader will find profit no less-
than entertainment. As regards the final
scene, we feel that Mrs. Nepean would
have been even more effective had she
pressed the contrast by giving full play
to. the shame and disgust which, as a
" mother," she obviously feels, though it
is expressed in only a single parenthetical
exclamation, at Monmouth's craven aban-
donment to slaughter of the single-
minded Western folk who had trusted
him.
In her own fanciful way Mrs. Nepean
makes the most of the pocket-book
which Avas taken from Monmouth AArhen
he was dragged from his ditch, and which
she thus brings before our eyes : —
" The little slender volume, with its dark
leather coA'er, lies easily between the palms,
warm and smooth ; it has the feeling of a
handled book, one that has been a man's
intimate companion. In such a book there
is the quality of the right kind of dog !
It might have been drawn a moment ago
by fine ' Van Dyck ' fingers from a laced
coat, and handed over to the reader with
one of the charming smiles which we be-
grudge to the seventeenth century. Though
its clasps are broken and its edges stained,
the whole presents a Avonderful appearance
of youth not quite to be described. Could
Monmouth, the ever young, bequeath that
gift of la belle jeunesse to his inanimate
possessions ? . . . . This book has been wet
through. The sudden memory of a dripping
grey July morning and a broken man at
bay must be shut down as suddenly."
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
THE A T II E N JE U M
519
The portraiture in the book is profuse.
but not exhaustive. .Mrs. Xepean tells
us that she lias omitted some portraits
as being well known : but she has other
Sons. She leaves out. for instance,
the exquisite picture at Knebworth be-
cause she does not regard it as like .Mon-
mouth, while admitting that there is the
greatest dissimilarity among all the por-
traits, and at the same time that this
particular one is like the Montagu House
miniature of his mother. Had she also
the reason that it resembles Robert
Sidney, whose paternity — so probable to
us — she will have none of i Why does she
not give Sidney " fair play " and " a run
for his money " by including the Althorp
portrait '. Why. too, though much is
-aid of Monmouth's mother, is there no
picture of her, not even the beautiful one
from Knebworth ?
Mrs. Xepean has shown the greatest
industry in tracing the genealogies of
the Scott and Wentworth families, and has
given excellent character-sketches of Anne
Scott. Henrietta, and their respective
mothers. We must not forget to add
that she has adorned her book or rhapsody
— and we use the word " adorned "' ad-
visedly— with many graceful expressions
of her feelings in verse.
itself
a legac\
SOCIAL AXD CHRISTIAN IDEALS.
A democracy is the natural home of
Pragmatism. Where sovereignty resides
in the common people, and every exer-
cise of it reacts directly upon its pos-
sessors, it is quite natural that everything
should be judged by the touchstone of
results. Consequently the failure of the
Churches of the Ignited States to attune
the life of the country to the ethical
system of Christianity, and the gradual
alienation of the working-classes from
the religious bodies, have given rise to
great searching of heart among American
divines, and to the formation of a modern-
ist school of thought, of which Prof.
Smith is a brilliant, and Prof. Coffin a
more commonplace, exponent.
Prof. Smith, in ' Social Idealism and the
Changing Theology." sees only one hope
for the Church, and that hope lies in her
adoption of an intelligent, sympathetic,
and, above all, energetic attitude towards
the social problems of the age. The
strength of the Church is not in doctrine,
but in service. But though no other age
has produced such a maze of complicated
and urgent problems as the scientific,
industrial age in which we live, hardly
ever was the Church more apathetic to
the demands of the situation. Prof.
Smith attributes this to the fact that
accepted theology has not yet divested
Soci"I Idealism ",■'/ tin Changing Theology.
Bv Gerald Birney Smith. (Macmulan & < '<>■,
S . '"/. net.)
The Socialized Cot By Joseph Her-
ache] Coffin. (Baltimore, Warw ick & York.)
i /.- ing tht Social Order. By Walter
Rauachenbusch. (Macmillan A < '"., fy, <\<l.
net.)
of that other-worklliness which is
of the early Church. The earth
is mans home, and OUT task is to make
it a worthy home. Yet theChurch has no
large programme ; at the best it confines
itself to a moreor less weak distribution of
charity.
" But the modern mind [remarks Prof.
Smith] would rather do homage to a .lane
Addams directing the expenditure of a few
billion dollars with which to reconstruct
our slums and to provide medical ministry
and recreational opportunities for the chil-
dren who are now aged before their youth is
over. . . .To defraud men and women of their
rightful opportunities to achieve for them-
selves the things needful for a wholesome life,
and then to attempt to supply these needs
by some form of charity or benevolence,
is a distinctly unmoral proceeding."
In the Middle Ages the Church had its
finger upon every artery of human life
and experience. It controlled scholar-
ship, it pronounced the deciding word in
politics, it regulated many phases of
economic life. But one by one these
things have been snatched from its grip.
Scholarship, politics, industry, have all
been secularized, and the tendency now
is to secularize ethics. If the Church,
which should be the guardian of ethical
doctrine, remains passive in the face of
the moral problems created by our
industrial system, then those problems
will be attacked and solved without her
aid.
It is this secularization of the most
intimate sphere of Church work that
Prof. Smith fears, and to prevent it he
urges the adoption of a comprehensive
policy for social regeneration. We think
that we are not misinterpreting him
when we say that he, like Prof. Coffin,
would be inclined to lay greater stress
upon the regeneration of society than
on its regeneration by the Church.
Bagehot explained the English Constitu-
tion as the union of a dignified part, the
Crown, and an efficient part, the Cabinet.
The duty of the dignified part is to attract
reverence and loyalty ; that of the effi-
cient part to do the actual work. A
similar idea, though unrealized, seems to
lie at the back of this movement among
the Churches of the United States. The
religious part is to attract loyalty which
may be used in the actual work of social
regeneration.
.Much of the apathy of the modern
Church is certainly due to doubt, to in-
ability to believe the prescribed dogmas.
How can the clergyman or minister whose
own soul is full of doubts take a strong
line of aggression \ Prof. Smith well
explains the cause of this situation, and
suggests a remedy in the frank acceptance
of the historical method. The .Middle
Ages he regards as a period of tuition,
when the barbarian sat, at the foot of the
Church to receive the revealed wisdom
of antiquity. Since this wisdom was
so much superior to anything which the
Middle Ages could produce, it was natural
to appeal to it as to the best. and thus to
accept tradition as the guide of truth.
But science has enabled as to surpass the
wisdom of the ancients, and in the vigour
of our own Strength we should appeal, not
to tradition, but to reason. The Church,
however, has thus far judged critical work
in theology, not from the point of view ol
the soundness of its method, hut from
the point of view of its conformity with
Biblical doctrine. This attitude has given
rise, for instance, to attempts to reconcile
evolution with the hist chapter of Genesis,
which Prof. Smith discredits. He advo-
cates a whole-hearted acceptance of the
scientific method.
Prof. Smith's book shows power and
vitality. He has an excellent style,
and his outlook is strongly optimistic.
Scarcely so much can be said for Prof.
Coffin. His writing in 'The Socialized
Conscience' is somewhat heavy, and his
attitude less well-defined than that of
Prof. Smith. He presents the problems
of our social life but briefly, saying that
they may all be solved if we have the
knowledge how to solve them and the
goodwill to put that knowledge into effect.
But we scarcely needed a professor from
America to tell us that.
Two lecture courses provided the nucleus
for Prof. Ptauschenbusch's volume ' Chris-
tianising the Social Order," and the lec-
ture style is mainly retained, with the
result that the orderly arrangement
appropriate to works on sociological
questions is lost in well-meaning, but
discursive elocpuence of no permanent
value. Prof. Rauschenbusch's basis of
principles is not definite, and seems
occasionally contradictory ; he identifies
the moral sense of humanity with Chris-
tianity throughout the book, e.g. : —
" Christianising the social order means
bringing it into harmony with the ethical
convictions which we identify with Christ.
A fairly definite body of moral convictions
has taken shape in modern humanity. They
express our collective conscience, our work-
ing religion .... We demand that the moral
sense of humanity shall be put in control
and shall be allowed to reshape the institu-
tions of social life."
Again, with regard to Socialism Prof.
Kauschenbuseh seems undecided. He re-
gards it as i; one of the chief powers of
the coming age," and thinks that all
reformers must take leaves from the
Socialist book, yet elsewhere he says that
there
'"is no way of taking the wind out of the
sails of die Socialist ship except to aail
alongside of it in the same direction."
He confuses Socialism with the views of
individual Socialists ; the essential Social-
ism is economic, but he ascribes to it
atheism and theories of fr< e love and
deprecates its adherence to a materialistic
philosophy On account of its anticlerical-
ism, identifying that word with anti-
religion. The economic basis on which
Socialism builds is misundersl 1 '•»
imply that all life consists ot economics
with' no moral ideals, ye1 'he author
himself agrees that there must he a mate-
rial foundation when he remarks thai
the social order must Bupply men w ith
food, warmth, and comfort. Although he
520
T PI E A T HENiEUM
No. 4511, Apeil 11, 1914
wishes to eliminate profits and abolish
capitalism, his remedies and apprecia-
tions are directed towards social reform
rather than Socialism.
There is an evident wish to he fair
s'lown throughout the book, and common
s snse and eloquent pleading are mingled
with worn-out theories and doctrines.
Theodore Roosevelt : an Autobiography.
With Illustrations. (Macmillan & Co.,
10s. U. net.)
Despite a widespread opinion to the
contrary, Mr. Roosevelt would be the last
man to lay claim to special genius of any
sort. In the present book, in fact, he
explains somewhat fully, for the encour-
agement of others, that his success is
the result of purpose and painstaking in
the use of quite ordinary powers. This
exponent of the strenuous life did not even
make a good start physically, having been,
as babe and small boy, a precarious and
difficult weakling of the kind that the
straiter sect of the eugenists are believed
to regard as an untoward phenomenon.
He tells how his father (" the best
man I ever knew ") carried him about
the room at night, to give him ease
or keep him alive, and speaks of being
taken to live in this place and that
for a better chance of breathing. But
though the purpose and painstaking by
which he got over his earliest difficulties
were thus mainly exercised by others,
there was still enough left for him to
do before he made himself the man the
world knows. As he went on he dis-
covered no particular vocation for any one
of thoss healthful activities — from broncho
riding and big - game shooting to cow-
punching and prize-fighting — which con-
duced so notably in his case to that
"bodily vigor" now authoritatively pre-
scribed by him to all as a method of getting
" that vigor of soul without which the
vigor of the body counts for nothing." It
is not strictly accurate, perhaps, to name
prize-fighting as among the careers in
which he achieved success. That is rather
a discipline of which he has partaken than
a profession he has followed. But he tells
us so much about his boxing, and the men
of mighty prowess with whom he trained
(or, shall we say, took extra lessons ?), and
with whom he stood on terms of hearty
friendship, that we find it almost as diffi-
cult as he does to keep things separate.
Besides, he would be the last statesman in
America to claim to be a better man or
citizen than some of the prize-fighters he
lias known.
But success, after all, is not necessarily
an affair of special, and, so to say, sectional
faculty and endowment. It would seem that
there is something compelling in the total
personal result of qualities each individu-
ally common in its kind and degree.
There is genius — " or something very like
it" — in the power which some men
have to impress themselves on the world,
though their path through life may re-echo
with accusations of commonplaceness.
Finally, if it is characteristic of genius to
be like itself alone, then Mr. Roosevelt's
claim to the title is indisputable. There
is no mistaking him for another, though
people have once or twice mistaken what
he meant. His sign-manual is on all his
work, his indefeasible accent on every
word he utters. Were he to throw a stone
through a shop window at midnight, it
would be no use trying to prove that he
was at home in bed when that accident
happened.
Regarding the Autobiography before us,
then, the most adequate thing that can be
said in a sentence is, that it illustrates the
author's individuality and abundance in
a way which leaves nothing to be desired.
Half-way down the first page of the Fore-
word we are already in the thick of the
well-known Roosevelt testimony to the
claims of public duty and domestic virtue.
We would not be suspected to say this in
mockerv. Those who affect to resrard that
testimony humorously — and the homme
rnoyen litter aire, we are afraid, is apt to be
of the number — do not sufficiently bear in
mind that there are thousands of entirely
worthy people who feel that they are the
better for it, and still more that their
neighbours need it badly. As a manifesta-
tion of abundance, again, the book
commands our astonishment. Produced
rapidly as election literature, or else as
a means of working - off the surplus
energy which an unsatisfactory campaign
had failed to absorb, it runs to well over a
quarter of a million words, every one of
which is in a context vividty or strongly
written, and concerned with acts and actu-
alities, declarations and ideas, to which no
student of contemporary history can be
indifferent. Nor need one be a student
in order to enjoy and profit by this wealth
of discourse. For, apart from the fact
that much of the book appeals directly to
the universal human interest in personal
adventure and exploit, Mr. Roosevelt's
frequent expositions of his own moral and
political philosophy are always such as the
average honest citizen can understand and
respond to.
The account of his pedigree, relations,
and childhood should be of immediate
concern to these, but it has its perplex-
ities for the reader with a little history.
Ten years ago The Athenaeum queried the
statement that Mr. Roosevelt's uncle was
the builder of the Alabama. It is now
repeated, without limiting phrase, or the
slightest reference to Laird & Sons, and is
reinforced by the information that his
other uncle Bulloch was a midshipman on
board that questionable craft, and fired
the last gun in her battle with the Kear-
sarge. The worst of the laxity of the first
statement is that it hinders you from being
properly impressed by the second, and
may even (so subversive is the spirit of
doubt when once it enters) lead you to
wonder whether his dear Uncle Jimmy was
" a veritable Colonel Newcome " after all.
We are on surer ground in the chapter
entitled ' The Vigor of Life,' which gives
the history of his own conquest of vigour,
with valuable excursions by the way on
what to do in presence of a charging lion
or rhinoceros. Mr. Roosevelt has been
vigorous himself, and — as head of the New
York police, and later as President — a
cause of vigour in others. Thereby hang
some amusing tales, and such character-
istic avowals as {re a Y.M.C.A.), " I don't
like to see young Christians with shoulders
that slope like a champagne bottle." Nor
was this such irrelevant training for poli-
tical life as some might suppose. The
very next chapter is entitled * In Practical
Politics.' Aged 24, he is already a leading
member of the New York Legislature
(having, as was said, " broken into the
party organization with a jimmy "), and
prepares for business in committee on an
important occasion by quietly loosening
the leg of a broken chair, and " putting it
down beside me wiiere it was not visible,
but could be got at in a hurry if necessary."
The incident, be it said, generalizes one's
sense of a large section of this massive
and crowded volume. As member of
Assembly, as chief of police, as Governor
of his State, and as President of the Re-
public— phases of life and work each
treated with the anecdotic and declaratory
abundance " which is his " (to borrow a
favourite locution from these pages) — Mr.
Roosevelt seems to be always striving
honestly to make reason and righteousness
prevail, but to be doing so in a room where
a loose chair-leg is no irrelevant part of a
well-prepared argument. Concerning the
whole milieu of American political life as
here presented to us, the least uncivil
thing that can be said is that it probably
does not seem so comprehensively objec-
tionable to those whose native air it is.
Something also must be allowed for the
fact that the biography of a reformer is
not an account of his dealings with the
saints and the sages. But, to speak only
of the impression left in us, raffishness,
predaciousness, and acquired moral idiocy
(each in varying degrees) seem to charac-
terize a crowd of the denizens of that
jungle ; and the description, we are
afraid, applies not only to those against
whom, but also to some of those with
whom, Mr. Roosevelt has done his redoubt-
able day's work for his country. The
substantial value of the whole amount so
done cannot be intelligently questioned,
even by those who question most loudly
the delicatesse, as Whitman would say, of
some of his personal and political associa-
tions.
To these and other criticisms there are
excursive replies at frequent intervals, for,
of course, the book is as much an apologia
as an account. The apologia is generally
well made out, particularly in the case of
Mr. Roosevelt's action towards Colombia
in regard to Panama and the Canal zone.
His approval of the proposed tolls hardly
seems an issue of his own character, or in
keeping with his intelligence ; but at
least he Avould let the question go to
arbitration. Regarding his unlucky
declaration on the subject of a third-term
Presidency, his argument labours as it
does nowhere else. Clearly the declara-
tion was a rhetorical blunder, and was
made doubly binding by the perverse
emphasis which inserted the words " in no
No. 4511, April 11. 1914
THE AT II E N M U M
f>21
oircumstances whatever " while Leaving
out the aaving word " oonseoutive.1
Taking Mr. Roosevelt's present explanation
oi his meaning we can only say that his-
tory would be ransacked in vain for BUOh
another instance of a public declaration
carefully planned and badly drafted. But
if in this affair he made a big blunder, he
has made many better things that are
bigger still, just as that home-virtuous
passion of his which makes us smile, and
that faculty for unselect friendships which
perhaps makes others wee]), are small
matters when set beside the vigour and
directness of his intelligence.
Altogether the book is a real autobio-
graphy, being entirely like the writer of it.
It is plethoric with good matter. " always
interesting and often entertaining '* (like
the doings in the New York Legislature),
but by its very variety and abundance
baffling to a reviewer. That will not be
felt as a draw back by the reader at leisure,
to whom therefore the book is confidently
commended as a substantial possession.
imagine,
generation
FELLOWSHIP BOOKS.
The '" Fellowship Books "' are described
as " a new contribution by various
writers toward the expression of the
Human Ideal and Artistic Faith of our
own day."' and roughly, we
represent the ideas of the
now active in impressing itself on the
thought and art of the twentieth century.
The writers of the series differ con-
siderably in age and standpoint, and the
editor does not seem to have imposed
any limitations on their style and outlook.
This is, perhaps, wise ; still, it may seem
odd to some who despise Latin and Greek,
and know German to be a rare acquire-
ment, to find all three used for illustration
and ornament. The very variety of out-
look revealed is characteristic of the
present day. It is difficult to find com-
mon ground between the writers of these
books. Xot all of them believe in God,
and perhaps the most prominent feature
i- th<- use of mythology, old and new . We
note also an evident desire for distinction
in prose where the books are not the
work of pens already known for their
accomplishment. The manner of the mes-
'■n)s in some cases more important
than the matter. Yet there is no room
for writing off the point, since some
sixty pages of clear and comely print —
the average length of the books before as
— are not much for the discussion of BUCh
themes a- 'Love' and 'Nature.1 We
expect, then, a bare outline which is BUg-
"ive rather than satisfying.
We take firsl the two attempt- to bring
a little philosophy before the inexpert
FeUotoship Books : —
The Meaning of Life. ByW. L. Courtney,
Poetry. By Arthur Quiller-Couch.
/."■ ■ . By < lilbert * 'annan.
Satan. By William II. Davi< .
I ■ < 9. By Eleanor Farjeon.
1'1'nii , -. I'.v .1. Foord.
(B. T. Batsford, la. net each.)
public. .Mr. Courtney and Sir Quiller-
Couoh both offer a sound foundation for
further thought or research, instead of
trying to achieve that odd thing — an ency-
clopedic primer. Writing with ease and
grace, and avoiding the little demon of
Pedantry who whispers in so many
scholarly ears, both are lucid and attrac-
tive. .Mr. Courtney explains the main
cleavage between the rival systems of
.Materialism and Idealism, and. getting
away from that theoretical adhesion to
beliefs which renders the work of many
teachers ineffective, speaks in his own
person of the necessity for making up
one's mind on one's attitude to the Uni-
verse as one gets on in years. A man
ought, Mr. Courtney says. " to be able to
give an account of the faith which is in
him, based on and tested by his own
experience." The little book, admirably
free from dogmatism, examines some of
the fundamental beliefs involved in a
philosophic conception of the world of
good and evil, and decides in favour of
Dualism as against Monism. Mr. Court-
ney is fair to both sides in his argument,
and less open to attack than many writers
are who seek to summarize.
Sir Quiller-Couch deliberately sets aside
questions of technique and definition,
and, beginning with Plato, warns the
reader that he is going to be philosophic.
He shows that poetry is "an instrument
for reconciling man's inward harmony
with the great outer harmony of the
Universe," and, on the whole, the best
instrument in this imperfect world. The
claims of music are discussed in an inter-
esting passage, and several wrell-chosen
quotations show what poetry is, or should
be. The Professor is witty, and occa-
sionally, perhaps, led off his subject by
his wit ; but his little book is a success.
It would, however, be too much to expect,
that it will influence the large and increas-
ing class of persons who imagine poetry
to be merely a way of putting things
cleverly with the aid of rhymes and
a good vocabulary.
Mr. Caiman views 'Love' from the
point of view of a man, a conscious
artist who is always expressing himself,
and he traces with a good deal of force
and fervour the influence of married life,
children, friendship, and death. A born
romantic with a gift of imagination
beyond his fellows, and so not easily
understood, this man sees the path of
life as full of gold and dirt, and goes
through a series of crises till he acquires
the thing that sets him right with the
world. That is not religion, but humour.
Mx. Carman speaks bitterly of the humbug
of religion. Here and elsewhere he is. we
think, less than just. But his book is
finely written ; its scorn and its insighl
are alike memorable.
Mr. Davies gives a purely personal view
of " Nature." his own experiences when he
was inhabiting a lonely cottage in the
OOUntry, and — since in his earlier life he
had been incurious about bird, beast . and
flower — making a series of discoveries.
The book has all hifl gifts of direct i
and simplicity. He sees for himself, and
does not hesitate to tell us what he sees.
Thus, in spite of a host of poets, he speaks
of the "golden faces " of primroses; and
in spite of the world of today, he advises
authors to take a delight in solitude. This
would hardly suit the vast company of
them who live within the London cab
radius, and prate of Nature and the simple
life in the clubs, and incidentally arrange
for good notices of their books. Mr.
Davies delights in children, but is
obviouslv depressed by the scandal Society
talks :—
' I can't say thai I enjoy human society,
although I like to he thought well of. and to
leave a good impression wherever I go. It
•lives me greater joy to he alone in a meadow
than to l>e surrounded by my kind, even
when I know for certain that 1 am with truo
friends who are devoted to me."
Several charming little poems vary the
simple prose of this volume.
Miss Eleanor Farjeon is, alas ! anything
but simple on the subject of ' Trees.' She
begins by explaining : ' I know nothing
whatever about trees. If I did, I would
be writing of any other matter." She
talks of the pedantry of textbooks, and
goes on : —
"But when I speak of that I do not know,
I show my pedants a pair of heels. Perseus
sandalled, with a golden feather of fancy and
the blue wing of a dream ; and I rise wiiere
they cannot follow, way they their heads
never so wisely, sitting spectacled in a ditch.''
This sort of fantastic writing seems to us
unnatural, and we really cannot endorse
the easy paradox that any one who has
studied a subject has lost his power of
dealing with it imaginatively, or making
those discoveries about it which are
beyond, and possibly above, reason. Is
' The Woodlanders." for instance — the
first book we should think of, though it is
not mentioned here — less true to nature
and art because Mr. Hardy has studied
trees as few men have done before or
since ?
The book is largely occupied with
legendary stories of Chronos and Pan,
and others. We find also a comparison
between Shakespeare's garden and forest
comedies which is ingenious, but hardly
convincing ; and such comments on tree-
names as this : —
"Cypress is a veiled whisper, Elm a low,
full murmur; and if Acacia is the hush of
the wind. Sycamore is its wailing siL'h."
The present reviewer finds the book dis-
appointing, but perhaps he is disqualified
by pedantic Btudy, for his interest in the
subject once led to the suggestion, " Be
von in the timber trade, then I
In writing on " Flowers ' .1. Foord
seems to us too mannered in style, but
not to the extent revealed in the last book.
Early knowledge is commended of the
sort which is gained in the fields, for it
leads on to more. The generalizations
as to colour and habitat are usually
sound, though not true of all districts;
and in such advice as is L'lveu good ta-te
is shown. The attractions of old English
names and of (lowers ol the East an!
522
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
pleasantly dwelt on ; but we must object
to the statement that " milkwort, a little
Cruciferse, was the ' cross ' flower." Milk-
wort does not belong to the Cruciferse ;
it has an order to itself ; and is it correct
to speak of "a cross-bearing plants " ?
The violet of Athens was hardly, we think,
the one we know, but something more
substantial in size. The punning title
of Parkinson's famous book is long and
awkward to shorten, but we cannot call
it ' Paradisi,' leaving a friendless genitive
to stand by itself.
In the chapter ' Of our Own Flowers '
rosemary is included, with its use in
funerals and weddings, but the reason for
it is not explained. Ophelia and Perdita
give the right hint, for they both connect
it with remembrance. Parkinson even
tells us that the " oyle Chymically
drawne " from rosemary is used " to
strengthen the memory."
Essays on Truth and Reality. By F. H.
Bradley. (Oxford, Clarencion Press,
12s. Qd. net.)
Dr. Bradley for some years past has
enjoyed all the advantages and disadvan-
tages of being an established institution.
Any one can fling a stray stone at him
without doing him harm ; he is as far
beyond the reach of casual criticism as he
is beyond the need of casual praise. But
at the same time his position invites
organized attack, and against such attack
he has a wide area to defend ; a diligent
person can always be finding a fault here
and an obscurity there. He is therefore
constantly forced to reply without con-
sulting his own wishes, and to give to con-
troversy what is meant for mankind. But
what a pleasure it is to read even his most
controversial work ! What a relief to turn
to its severe concentration and scrupu-
lous honesty from those modern writers
who are topical at the expense of thorough-
ness, and attractive at the expense of
truth !
Only about a fifth part of this book is
absolutely new. Of the rest, one chapter
was published not long ago in The
Philosophical Review, one in the Pro-
ceedings of the Aristotelian Society, and
the others have appeared in Mind, with
two or three exceptions, within the last
five or six years, and are already known
to students of philosophy. Like the new
part, they are all illustrations of the
author's theory of ultimate Reality. Their
unity is unity of subject. They show Dr.
Bradley elucidating and restating such
parts of his earlier works as now
appear to himself in some way imperfect,
and at the same time replying to the
copious criticisms of his opponents. Of
substantial change there is very little,
though there is some shifting of emphasis.
The Pragmatist controversy takes up a
good deal of the book —more indeed, as Dr.
Bradley tells us, than its place in his
thoughts warrants ; but no one will regret
it. It is as good a basis of discussion as any
other, and one must begin somewhere.
It is interesting to see exactly how far
he goes in his attempt to find common
ground with the other side. In ' Co-
herence and Contradiction ' he definitely
says : " Those who teach the implication
of all sides of our being with and in what
we call thought, deny no doctrine held by
me." This is hardly the " intellectual-
ism " which is usually " cold." Again he
says : " The whole of our knowledge may
be said to depend upon immediate ex-
perience. At bottom the Real is what we
feel, and there is no reality outside of feel-
ing." Is this the bogy " rationalism " ?
These statements, it may be observed, are
not a revolution in idealism, though they
are as definitely a protest against an
undue abstraction on that side as are many
of the commonplaces of Pragmatist criti-
cism. Abstraction and false absolutism
on any side are the enemy, whether it be
the abstraction of change as real in itself
and unconditionally, or the apotheosis
of any other distinction within the whole,
to the degradation of other complementary
aspects of the same whole.
It only remains for us to express the
hope that the publication of this volume,
and the collection of other occasional
papers in the future, will remove Dr.
Bradley's objection to the reissue of those
earlier volumes which, as he now says, he
can no longer hope to rewrite.
La Ville Convoitee (Salonique). By P.
Risal. (Paris, Perrin & Cie., 3fr. 50.)
The antiquity of Salonika, its lovely situa-
tion, its long story of war and bloodshed,
the extraordinary multitude of races which
have coveted and seized it, only to relin-
quish it perforce a few years later, make
the title of this book an apt desciiption.
Called Thessalonica after a sister of
Alexander the Great, the place was, in
the Hellenistic period a centre of culture
and learning having come into existence
not much later than Epicurus and Zeno.
It possessed schools of medicine, law, and
military art when Western Europe was
in a state of untutored barbarism. Under
the Romans it continued to expand, for,
having once suppressed the spirit of revolt,
they exerted themselves to develope the
city's natural resources, and, what was
possibly equally important, they endowed
it with their own ideas of a civil code.
The government consisted of a senate,
headed by a proconsul, with the municipal
magistrates under him. Under this
orderly rule Thessalonica enjoyed peace
and prosperity for three hundred years, but
with the downfall of the Roman Empire
it entered on a never-ending struggle with
the hordes of barbarians which poured into
Europe from Asia.
It was while Thessalonica was still part
of the Roman Empire that St. Paul visited
it, in obedience to his vision of an appeal
from Macedonia. The Jewish element,
always strongly marked in the city, heard
him with alarm, but his proselytes among
the Greeks being numerous, the Christian
Church gained a footing it never lost, and
Thessalonica was eventually the means of
spreading Christianity far and wide.
Here it was that Theodosius signed the
edict which commanded all inhabitants
of the empire to adopt the religion of the
Galilean, and here, too, he ordered the
wholesale massacre which brought down
upon him the stern rebuke of Ambrose of
Milan.
The account of Salonika during the
Middle Ages is interesting, and expressed
with the clearness and terseness for which
French prose seems to have been specially
created. The following quotation might
almost be an indictment of modern social
conditions, yet it is a picture of society
at the close of the twelfth century: —
" Mais si une elite riche et elegante raene
une existence aisee et raffinee, 1' immense
majorite de la population, un monde chao
tique d'humbles artisans, de manoeuvres
fameliques, de marins braillards et degue-
nilles, de proletaires de tout ordre, d'oisifs
prompts a Femeute, vit dans line misere
epouvantable. Les nobles, les riches et
les ecclesiastiques sont pleins de morgue
et de cupidite. lis commettent, a regard de
cette populace, des injustices criantes et des
abus scandaleux .... lis exploitent cruelle-
ment les pauvres gens ; ils speculent sur leur
detresse lamentable, pretent a gros interets
aux malheureux agriculteurs, puis les pour-
suivent sans quartier, font main basse sur
les proprietes qui leur sont remises en gage.
.... Aussi, la haine des petits envers les
grands est-elle mal contenue, et deborde
souvent en clameurs, en imprecations et en
rixes .... Les usuriers continuent a depouiller
les artisans et surtout les cultivateurs.
Leurs mefaits iront en augmentant d'age
en age et la misere du peuple croitra jusqua'
la chute definitive du malheureux empire."
With the fall of the Byzantine Empire
Salonika entered on the cosmopolitan life
which is her characteristic to-day. Within
her Avails may be found colonies of Greeks,
Bulgarians, Slavs, Jews, and Italians,
along with the numberless fierce and
quarrelsome lesser nations which keep her
in a chronic state of violence and turmoil.
M. Risal deplores the fate which
threatens Salonika, independently of the
greed of surrounding nations. Miletus
and Ephesus already have then ports
blocked up by vast deposits of alluvial
soil brought down by the rivers on which
they stand. Salonika has a delta to
which the Vardar keeps adding at the
rate of fifty metres a year. Unless this
deposit is speedily checked, and the river
bed artificially deepened, the port will be
closed to all but the smallest vessels.
M. Risal writes at times like a
modern war correspondent (some of his
phrases are almost telegraphic in their
brevity), and with the certainty of one
who has seen for himself. He concludes
with a plea on behalf of the ruined peas-
antry of the district, whose emigration
would spell disaster to the " coveted
city."
No. 4511, April 11, 10U
THE A T H E N M U M
>23
Xofes of a Son and Brother. By Henry
James. (Macmillan & Co., 12s. net.)
1 \m fully aware as I go, I should men-
tion," writes Mr. James, opening the
eleventh of the thirteen chapters into
which this new instalment of his auto-
biography falls,
" of all that flows from the principle govern-
ing, l>y my measure, these recoveries ami
reflections — even to the effect, hoped for
at least, of Stringing their apparently dis-
persed and disordered parts upon a fine
silver thread ; none other than the principle
of response to a long-sought occasion, now
gratefully recognized, for making trial of
the recording and figuring act on behalf of
some case of the imaginative faculty under
cultivation." jj ^
He had been haunted, that is, by the idea
of portraying the growth of an artist's
mind — of accomplishing, perhaps, in prose,
and, as it were, for prose, what Words-
worth did in "The Prelude' for poetry.
But in what guise, in terms of what
personality, would the subject finally
embody itself to him ? Who would be
his hero ? Neither the mystery nor the
surprise of its solution can seem to others
quite so great as the author himself
found them to be : —
'" It happened for me that he was belatedly
to come, but that he was to turn up then in
a shape almost too familiar for recognition,
the shape of one of those residual substitutes
that engage doubting eyes the day after
the fair. He had been with me all the while,
and only too obscurely and intimately — I
had not found him in the market as an
exhibited and offered value. I had in a word
to draw him forth from within rather than
meet him in the world before me, and to
make him objective, in short, had to turn
nothing less than myself inside out."
The volume before us is as intricate in
it- design as are these sentences in which
the author's concealed purpose is un-
folded : and the number of readers who
could have arrived, without his help, at
a clear perception of its governing motive
i- we imagine, small. Few could have
disengaged his " silver thread," and for
this reason : Mr. James observes no dis-
tinction between the vital principles
implied in the imaginative development
he depicts and the evoking impression
or stimulative atmosphere by which that
development was occasioned and accom-
panied. His attention passes without
ck from central to subsidiary issues ;
whatever at any moment his focus and
centre may be, he is equally alive to its
circumference, and he loses no oppor-
tunity of reminding us how distracting,
how multifarious, are the claims of
Election. Moreover, if no distinction
is recognized between the unifying imagi-
nation and the contributory impressions,
one might say the same almost of the
impressions themselves and the underlying
it-, places, persons — "vessels of inti-
mations, in his characteristic phrase
Mr. James comments upon a complex
picture present to his mind's eye, and
not to our- ; and his method approaches
more nearly to a natural justification, or.
as -ome would -ay. exposure of the
philosophy of subjective idealism, than
that of any other writer. He covers in
this volume the ten or twelve years of his
passage from the boy to the man : yet
it is but occasionally that his pages give
OS the illusion of a direct experience of
the world in which his youth was passed.
We move among phantoms of comparison
and discrimination and inference, feeling
solid ground under us at such times only
as when some theme of inescapable
interest, such as the American Civil War,
the name of some writer or artist known
to fame, or, best of all, the numerous and
delightful quotations from the family
correspondence, throw the play of analysis
into accidental and temporary relief, and
give the allusions and asides their back-
ground.
It is not necessary to tell Mr. James's
many admirers how fine and how just the
inferences and discriminations are within
the severe limits to which his unique
sensibility consigns them. Yet it ought
to be admitted that their appeal implies
what Mr. James, more than all other living
authors, has the right to count upon —
the prepared mind, the listening and
attentive spirit, and, we should almost
say, the suspended judgment, which are
given to an acknowledged conqueror and
hero. The beaut}' of the English — when
it becomes beautiful — lies in its mingling
of conversational hesitancy, of a ser-
pentine and sinuous approach, with the
perfect address and, as it were, hawk-
like seizure of the quarry when that un-
suspected and unsuspecting object comes
finally into view. But the brief moments
of triumphant capture seem hardly to
justify the length of the preparatory
stalking, the meticulous survey of the
ground, the arduous climb ; and the
introduction — no doubt as a compensating
feature — of colloquial licences on the
printed page (a strange formal inform-
ality), brings with it some further dis-
advantage, often straining the language
for effects not pleasant in themselves,
yet certain to be imitated by hosts of
inferior writers.
To devoted students these ' Notes of
a Son and Brother ' will present them-
selves as a peculiarly characteristic and
peculiarly victorious display of the
master's power. For to the normal subtle-
ties of moral and social flavour, in the
delineation of which Mr. James has no
rival, there is here added a continuous
allowance for the variously operating
influences of the backward view, so that
what we have is. as it were, a study in
the perspectives of memory. Yet over
and above these sometimes unseizable
refinements, there is a direct appeal to
the simples! mind in the letters we have
already referred to. particularly in those
of Heni\ James, sen., of William James,
and of their relative, the beautiful and
intrepid Mary Temple. These, standing
out like mountain tops above the mist-
clad landscape through which recollec-
tion threads its way. are in themselves a
treasure Of great price; indeed. Mary
Temple's letters she died of consumption
in early womanhood, and We hear almo-t
her last words — convey more fully than
anything else the magical freshness and
candour of the whole circle. Where else,
we ask as we read them, have human
beings ever been SO good, so little restricted
by their goodness \
The vivacity and versatility of William
James have, of course, long endeared him
to a wide public ; it is a new and peculiar
pleasure to share these qualities in their
first bloom. II is powers as a draughtsman
(for he studied and expected to practise
both art and science before finally settling
to be a philosopher) were clearly of sur-
prising range. They furnish the volume
with half a dozen illustrations in various
styles, grave and gay, and all of extreme
interest. Mr. James himself describes his
brother's portrait in oils of Miss Katherine
Temple as
" a really mature, an almost masterly, piece
of painting, having, as has been happily
suggested to me, much the air of a character-
istic Manet " ;
and his reproduction of it fully bears out
this high praise.
To Henry James, sen., we feel ourselves
still more intimately drawn. His Lite-
rary Remains were published, his son
reminds us, at Boston in 1885, and we
have registered a vow to procure this
volume. By accident a Swedenborgian,
he was in essence a man of the rarest
spiritual perception and attainment, as
well as a master of style.
" Oh you man without a handle !
Shall one never be able to help himself out
of you according to his needs, and be de-
pendent only on your fitful tippings-up ? "
is his apostrophe to his near triend Emer-
son ; and what could be more apt ? In
a letter from Europe to the same friend
he writes : —
" Carlyle is the same old sausage, fizzing
and sputtering in his own grease, only
infinitely more unreconciled to the blest
Providence which guides human affairs.
He names God frequently and alludes to the
highest things as if they were realities, but
all only as for a picturesque effect, so com-
pletely does he seem to regard them as
habitually circumvented and st*t at nought
by the politicians."
To the writer the reality of these " highest
things " was the ever-present postulate
of life, and, when his shrewd perception
fails, it is only because he too readily
attributes his own spirituality to others.
To an inquirer into " psychic " mysteries,
then beginning to be heard of, he writes : —
" I haven t a doubt of a single experience
you allege.... I am persuaded now for a
long time of the truth of these phenomena,
and feel no inclination to dispute or dis-
parage them ; but at the same time I feel
to Buch a degree my own remoteness from
them thai I •"" sun- I could never gel any
personal contact with them. The state of
mind exposing <>ue to influences of this
nature, and which makes them beneficial
to it. i- a sceptical Btate ; and this I have
never known for a moment. Spiritual
existence lias always been more real to mo
(I was •join.' to say) than natural; and
when accordingly I am asked to believe in
the spiritual vi orld because m\ enst are
getting to reveal it. I feel as if the ground of
my conviction were going to be weakened
rather than strengthened.
524
THE ATHENJEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
In fact, religion, in its purest form of
diffused love and worship, was the house-
hold air of the James family, though
'' church ': was never heard of, and no
proselytizing word was ever said. Perhaps
the quality of enduring and mellowing
splendour in our great novelist's sestheti-
cism — a quality the more remarkable in
a faculty itself so unstable and frail — owes
even more than he is himself aware to the
angelic influences that surrounded him in
his vouth.
Life of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson.
By Geoffre}r Rawson. (Arnold,
12s. (id. net.)
When a little boy of not quite fourteen,
Harry Rawson found himself a naval
cadet on board the Calcutta, the flagship
of Sir Michael Seymour, then engaged in
settling a dispute between this country
and the Celestial Empire. In her, and
afterwards in other ships, he served in
Chinese waters for close on seven years,
returning to England as a lieutenant in
1864. Seven years later, at the age of 28,
he was a commander, and appointed to
the Hercules, which at that time was
looked on — more especially by the Navy —
pretty much as the Dreadnought was a few
years ago by the general public. Rawson
had grown considerably in years, in rank,
and, above all, in bulk from the little cadet
who, when in the Calcutta, had been,
perhaps, most useful as the saucy sou-
brette of amateur theatricals ; now, going
round his new ship, and making himself
acquainted with the ins and outs of her
lower regions, he attempted to pass through
the small door of a watertight compart-
ment. Finding that a little difficult, he
tried to go through sideways. That also
was difficult. " It ain't no use, sir," said
the petty officer in attendance; "you
'aven't got no feather-edge." It was not
that Rawson was then, or ever, unduly
corpulent : he was just a fairly big man of
thirteen or fourteen stone.
The commander of a battleship is,
perhaps, one of the hardest worked of
working-men, and it stands to Rawson 's
credit that he served through two
commissions in the Hercules, winning
golden opinions for his energy and tact
from those above him and from those
below. In 1877 he became captain —
flag-captain to Lord John Hay, then
appointed to command the Channel Fleet,
which early in the next year was sent
into the Mediterranean to strengthen the
hands of Sir Geoffrey Hornby in the Dar-
danelles. Not that it went there, but after
some time at Malta and Crete it went on
to Cyprus, of which island Rawson was
appointed the first governor till other
arrangements could be made. He held
the post for only a few weeks, being glad
to quit it and its many discomforts — " hot
winds, Oriental smeils, and mosquitoes,
sandflies, and ants."
In the Minotaur, as transport officer
in Egypt, and again as flag-captain
to Lord John Hay, then Commander-
in-Chief in the Mediterranean, he served
almost continuously for nearly nine
years. A spell in command of the
steam reserve at Devonport, followed by
another commission in the Mediterra-
nean, this time in independent command
of the Benbow, almost filled up the fifteen
years which it then took to reach flag
rank. He had actively served very nearly
the whole time, and had the reputation of
being a good officer with a special gift for
managing men, and a tact that would
prove equal to a very awkward position.
Of awkward positions he had enough
when appointed, in 1895, to command at
the Cape of Good Hope. He had almost
immediately to arrange a disputed suc-
cession in the chieftaincy of an East
African tribe which involved some displav
of military force. In the next year there
was a somewhat similar dispute as to the
throne of Zanzibar, and he found it
necessary to convince the self-proclaimed
Sultan that — in the words of Punch —
Rawson was one of the early birds, and
he, the Sultan, was one of the worms. It
was a sharp rebuke, sharply administered,
but probably saved some thousands of
lives which it might have cost to oust the
usurper if he had been given time to
establish himself. This affair was scarcely
settled before Rawson was called on to
direct a punitive expedition against Benin,
the City of Blood, the City of Abominations.
The mystery attached to this city, the
very position of which was not exactly
known, the resources of which were abso-
lutely unknown, increased the difficulty
of the task, the credit of its successful
issue. It was a piece of work such as
the Navy has often been called on to
perform, and has often performed, though
it takes men and officers far from their
ships and the sea — in this case even from
water. That was, indeed, the chief diffi-
culty. All the water for three days' con-
sumption had to be carried by men
marching under a tropical sun and by
difficult paths. The allowance had to be
limited to two quarts a man per diem,
and one quart for the carriers. But they
won through and burnt the town, destroy-
ing the sights and stenches of blood and
carnage which called aloud to high heaven.
Rawson had after this the command of
the Channel Fleet, and it was felt that the
highest service employments lay before
him — the command in the Mediterranean,
the command at Portsmouth or Devonport.
Still no one was surprised when he was
offered and accepted the civil post of
Governor of New South Wales. It was a
post requiring much tact rather than
much governance. For the latter there
was little scope, but for the former a great
deal, and he showed how happily con-
ceived had been his appointment. When,
after seven years of it, he finally bade
farewell to Australia, a local paper had a
long appreciation of him, from which we
may quote a few sentences : —
" Clever men have come and gone, with-
out having opportunity for doing aught for
or amongst us. Sir Harry did not wait for
opportunity, he sought it, and its name was
legion .... There have been Governors who,
as men, were the thinnest of shadows. The
Governor in them was so much in evidence
that the man was completely hidden ; but no
one will say that of Sir Harry Rawson. He
carried the dignity of his high office well —
so well that it enhanced him ; but he carried
it — it did not carry him. Such n en do
more to bind us to the throne than forty
fleets. Gentleness with strength, kindness,
courtesy, and patience — whatever we may
have expected, this is what we found, for
we have looked on the fac-e of a man."
Rawson did not long survive his home-
coming. He died within the year, on
November 3rd, 1910, two days before com-
pleting his 67th year.
The present biography, though it occa-
sionally strikes us as somewhat bald, and
jejune, is a not altogether unworthy
memorial of one who wras, as Lord John
Hay has put on record, " a great sailor
and a successful disciplinarian." and Avho
in civil life " displayed an ability which
will be borne witness to by thousands in
New South Wales."
The Brace of Bannockburn. Being a
Translation of the Greater Portion of
Barbour's ' Bruce ' by Michael Mac-
millan. (Stirling, Eneas Mackay,
3s. 6d. net.)
The manly single-mindedness of King
Robert the Bruce made his career un-
usually fit for metrical relation, and John
Barbour's poem, both by its subject and
its ease of manner, at once won public
approbation. It appeared in 1376, follow-
ing the accession of Robert II.. when the
humiliations of David II. were forgotten,
and the national cause after three-quarters
of a century of struggle was secure under
the Stuart dynasty. ' The Bruce ' held
thenceforward a place of acknowledged
authority and popularity, historical and
literary. The facts recorded were not
intricate. Truth in King Robert's case
Was neither obscure nor recondite ; the
theme was matter of battle rather than
matter of diplomacy. Barbour's knowr-
ledge comes mainly from the field ; his
narrative is not documented from chancery
records or charter chests. Its precise
source has been suspected to lie in some
lost French or Latin chanson or chronicle,
but the suggestion remains a speculation.
The story has something of the direct cut
and thrust of the sabre ; there are few —
though there are some — passes of the
rapier. Hence Barbour's merits are chiefly
those of a chronicler : in that aspect lies his
main, yet by no means his entire, literary
significance.
Dr. Michael Macmillan has versified
' The Bruce ' afresh as regards the story
story down to 1314, the year of Bannock-
burn, of which the sexcentenary cere-
monials of patriotism are no doubt im-
pending. The task of verbal rejuvenation
was not easy ; some critics might declare
the effort of translation unnecessary,
others impossible. In the present work
of facile and seldom forced versification
the rendering observes a close and linear
fidelity in sense to the original ; it never
swells into bombast, and it always seeks
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
r>2:>
the golden mean of an energetic simplicity.
a little undistinguished, perhaps, but still
harmonious with the verse oi which it
is a transposition. Barbour's style was
homely; he mounted Bruce, for the most
part, not on a charger, hut on a palfrey.
Dr. Macmillan's ambling rhyme does the
.same.
The lady disconcerted by
The devil's speech made do reply.
This is little worse than the original : —
The wit oonfusit wes, perfay,
And durst no inair ontill him say.
Notes and an Introduction favourably
estimate Barbour, his poem and his hero,
and point out numerous parallels, in Greek,
Latin, and other epics, to the adventures
of the Scottish warriors. The Bruce
story, transmuted into modern metre,
preserve- its inherent force, and in quali-
fied measure its power to please.
FICTION.
The Good Shepherd. By John Roland.
(Blackwood & Sons, 6s.)
Though there was. perhaps, no necessity
for the author of a novel to acquaint his
readers with his knowledge of pathology
and anatomy, it would be churlish to
cavil because such details have found
a place among much other matter far
more entertaining and interesting. Mr.
Roland has not only given us some fine
character-drawing, but has also passed on
to his readers an intimate know ledge and
understanding of a secluded Tyrolean
village and its community.
His hero is far from being an average
hero of romance. When we are intro-
duced to him he is a diffident, morbidly
introspective, lonely medical student.
This student has, however, within him
a desire for service he has only partially
realized. He is fortunate in so far
that, instead of being caught up in the
maelstrom of European civilization, and
anesthetizing himself by a round of more
or less useless activities and quite useless
distractions, he is driven to throw in
his lot with a community under con-
ditions that no fully qualified medical
practitioner will accept. Here, inrlu-
enced by a parish priest who is far
and away the best character in the book,
he learns not only to cease railing at his
fate, but even to rejoice in having been
called to the highest and humblest role
in life — that of an underpaid but beloved
servant of his fellow s.
There arc some lapses into mere senti-
mentality, especially towards the end,
which spoil the delineation of his cha-
racter. Not so that of the old priest to
whom we have alluded. The shrewd
common sense of this far from worldly
old man is most informing, and, withal.
wholly delightful.
\\«- are tempted to make quotations
concerning the authors opinions on
Roman Catholicism, the utility of village
" Mystery Plays," and conventional forms
of burial, as well as other matters where
an agreement would need qualification,
hut to do so would carry us far beyond
the space we can afford. The hook is
an excellent Easter sermon, provocative
of much thought.
James. By W. Dane Bank. (Sidgwick &
Jackson, 6s.)
The James of the title as a small
hoy plays for himself, not for his side.
Having strained the family resources to
the utmost in order to obtain the social
advantages of a boarding school, he
pushes himself to the front in sport and
work. At the close of a year there, he
easily obtains a job at eight shillings a
week in a firm of hatters in the North-
Country town of his birth ; but the pros-
pect of a mere three pounds ten a week as a
salaried servant offers no lure compared
with the brilliant future held out to a
clever bamboozler of a gullible public by
the sale of a much - advertised " hair
restorer." The great business built up
round " Superbo " is removed to the
metropolis. James becomes financially
interested in large " concerns," is returned
a member of Parliament in the Conserva-
tive interest, and then, when a crash
comes which might be expected to ruin
most men, James does what James would
do — extricates himself easily from the
debris, and proceeds to build a new edifice
of prosperity on the ruins. The recording-
angel would have to put it to James's credit
that he was above the grosser snares of
the flesh ; that he was generous within
certain well-calculated limits ; that he was,
also, up to a certain well-defined point, a
loving son and a devoted brother. But
he was ruthless in the pursuit of his own
advantage, full of ignoble ambitions, and
not over - punctilious in the matter of
veracity and fair dealing. Without malice
or flattery, the author has produced a
finished literary portrait which is com-
mended by many excellent qualities.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Blakiston (Rev. Alban), Thb Bible of To-dat,
'.'>. net. Cambridge University Press
In an introductory chapter the author dis-
cuses the question of the [aspiration <>f the Bible,
and then considers briefly the history of its
different hooks, ending with a discussion of the
religious affinities of Judaism and Christianity.
His aim throughout is to introduce students to
the historical method of study, and accordingly
a bibliography is appended to each chapter.
Book of Prayers for Boys, TOGETHER with Spec] \i.
Prayers ion the Holy Eucharist, compiled
by the Rev. 0. II. Blofeld, with a Preface by
the Rev. R. Linklater, 6d. ; with Collects, &c.,
I Mowbray
\ new edition.
Cr.ij^e (Gordon), Chubch and State a Theory
ami Practice, "The English Churchman's
Library," 1 ; ael . Mi >w bray
An account of tin' relation that has existed
between the Church and state in England.
Lacey (T. A.), CATHOLICITY, CONCIONBS \i>
Clerum, - 8 net . Mow bray
Pour lectures on 'The Word and tie' [dea,1
' The Organic Element, ' ' The Dogmatic Element,1
and 'The Element of Largeness,' which were
addressed to tin- clergy of Birmingham during
I. 'Hi last year. To these an- added a- Appen-
dixes twi. essays, entitled 'Cathedra Petri and
arus judical Orbis Terrarum.'
Wyatt (E. G. P.), The Eucharmtic PRAYER,
paper I net ; pa p< T 1 10a rd s. I 6 net. Mowbray
Tins is one of the " Prayer Book Revision
Pamphlets" published by the Alcuin Club.
The author discusses the question " whether it be
desirable that revision should take the direction
of approximai ion to t he Hoi nan Canon or not .
POETRY.
Bannatyne (Philip), A Satire ok Hades, 1/
Diane
A satire on modern manners, in which
Satan is comforted on the ground that "all 's
wrong with the world."
Open Door (The), 1/ Drane
This small anthology of prose and verse
has been compiled by the Rev. Lrthur Chambers
for those in trouble.
Rowley (Thomas), The Maid of .Malta, and
Other Poems, :f 6 Drane
'The Maid of .Malta' is a long narrative
piece recounting an old Legend of a Maltese girl
who was sold as a captive, but afterwards rescued
by her lover. A good many of the verses are
related to Malta, and there are others on incidents
in the Boer War.
Steven (Alexandsr G.), Wind on THE Woi.n.
2/6 net. Goschen
These verses include 'The Vision,' 'The
Faeries,' ' The Exile,' and ' The Toll of the South.'
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Stephen (Geo. A.), Guide to the Study of
Norwich, a Select Bibliography of the Principal
Books, Pamphlets, and Articles on Norwich
in the Norwich Public Library, Id.
Norwich. Public Library Committee
A classified list of books, pamphlets, and
articles selected to cover the most important
phases of the history of Norwich.
Wigan Public Libraries, Quarterly Record.
Wigan, P. Piatt
This number contains a further instalment
of the Catalogue of Wigan \uthors.aud classified
lists of additions to the Reference, Lending, and
Pembcrton Libraries.
PHILOSOPHY.
Meumann (E.), The Psychology of Learning,
an Experimental Investigation of the Economy
and Technique of Memory. 7/6 net. Ippleton
A translation from the third German edition
by Prof. John Wallace Baud of Clark University.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bassett (Arthur Tilney), The Like of the Right
Hon. John Edward Ellis, M.P., 7 <i net.
Macmillan
The author has been able to draw upon
materials which were collected by Mr. Joshua
Rowntree with a view to writing a memoir of his
brother-in-law for private circulation. Viscount
Bryce has contributed a Preface, and there are
a few illustrations from portraits.
Beard (Charles A.), Contemporary American
HISTORY, 1*77 1913, <> •> net. Macmillan
A guide to American politics during the las!
thirty-five years for the student and general
reader. At the end of the volume are an Ap-
pendix (giving statistics of Presidential elections
I'l-oiu is7<> to 1012), a Bibliography, and Index
Jourdan (George V.), The Movement towards
Catholic Reform in the Early Sixteenth
Century, 7 <> net. John Murray
A study of the religious movement during the
years 1496-1528. There are Appendixes and an
Index.
Masson (Davldi, Shakespeare Personally!
edited and arranged b\ Rosaline Masson, 6 net-
smith & Elder
These lectures on Shakespeare for i part
of a course delivered by the late Prof. Masson
during his tenure of tie- (hair of English Lite-
rature at Edinburgh University. The authors
aim was to show that "Shakespeare, anivo
as he was, Proteus-like as he was, ha. I his cha-
racteristics as other people have, did posse
physiognomy which was distinctly his own and
m , . .He else's.
Newton (Arthur Perclvah, Tin COLONI8INa
\, tin ii ess "' the English Pi ri i \n~. nut
,,,.(. Mill. .id. for Y.de I iu\ .r-it v I'
Concerns the last phase of the Elizabethan
struggle with Spun, and contains an Introduction
i,\ prof. < ho i' - M. kndrews.
Thaw (Evelvm, Tim: Sr..i:v OF my l.n i.. I net.
John Lon,'
\ i. . ii ,i ..f t he author's experien
520
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
Wheeler (Capt. Owen), The War Office Past
and Present, 12/0 net. Methuen
The author traces the development of the
War Olfice from Pre- Rest oration times, and gives
some account of the men who have been asso-
ciated with it. The book is illustrated by por-
traits and reproductions of old prints.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Braun (Ethel), The New Tripoli — and What I
Saw in the Hinterland, 10/6 net. Unwin
Impressions of modern Tripoli, with many
illustrations, and chapters on ' The Political
.Situation,' ' Improvements,' and ' The Berbers.'
Nicholson (Josiah Walker), History op Crosby
Garrett, Westmorland, 2/6
Kirkby Stephen, ,T. W. Braithwaite
A history of the manor of Crosby Garrett
in Westmorland, with local customs and legends.
The book includes a Foreword by Dr. Fother-
ingham.
Queen ' Newspaper Book of Travel, a Guide
to Home and Foreign Resorts, compiled by
the Travel Editor (M. Hornsby), 2/6 net.
' Field ' and ' Queen ' Office
This book, now in its eleventh year, contains
descriptions of over 2,000 holiday resorts in the
United Kingdom and abroad, and gives informa-
tion about railway communications, customs,
hotels, necessary outfits, &c. It is illustrated
with twenty-one maps and many illustrations.
SOCIOLOGY.
Cook (Alec), Our Prison System, 6/ Drane
An account of prison life and of the philan-
thropic work done by the Howard Association.
Sutherland (John), The Bonds op Society, 10/6
net. Heath «fc Cranton
Studies of art, sociology, industry, ethics,
and other subjects.
ECONOMICS.
Roth (H. Ling), The Genesis of Banking in
Halifax, with Side-Lights on Country
Banking, 10/6 net. Halifax, F. King
An account of the early history of banking
in Halifax from 1779. It is illustrated with
forty-three full-page collotype plates and one
copper-plate of local bank notes.
PHILOLOGY.
Swahili Hymn-Book (The). R.T.S.
A translation of a hymn-book into Swahili.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Alington (G. H.), Plays for Schools, 1/6 Bell
This little volume contains three two-act
plays, entitled ' Alexander the Great,' ' Queen
Bridget and the Dragon, "and ' The Magic Cigar.'
It is illustrated with four photographs of children
performing or rehearsing them.
Munro (James), A History of Great Britain :
I. The Shaping of the Nations, 55 b.c. to
1485 a.d., 1/6 Oliver & Boyd
The writer " attempts to treat within mode-
rate limits of space the history of both England
and Scotland," and although giving less attention
to foreign than to domestic policy, he " seeks to
keep the reader in touch with the leading move-
ments in the great world beyond Britain." The
book includes many illustrations.
Reynolds (J. B.), Asia, 1/4 A. & C. Black
This book; in the " Junior Regional Geo-
graphy" Series, has been written to suit the needs
of " the upper classes of Elementary Schools
and the lower and middle classes of Secondary
Schools."
Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel, edited by
T. T. Jeff ery, 1 /6 University Tutorial Press
The poem is printed with an Introduction,
notes, and a map showing Deloraine's ride.
FICTION.
Bank (W. Dane), James, 6/ Sidgwick & Jackson
See p. 525.
Bindloss (Harold), Thrice Armed, Id. net. Long
A cheap reprint.
Bodkin (M. McDonnell), The Test, 6/ Everett
In a London club the writer is told a thrilling
story of love and adventure by an American
acquaintance. During a subsequent journey in
America he hears the sequel, and assists at the
denouement.
Brown (Vincent), The Wonder-Worker, 6/
Chapman tt Hall
An old and beautiful-minded couple are
moved by a revivalist preacher to confess to
their children that they have never been legally
married. The news, being of great moment
to those concerned, causes revelations of cha-
racter which their previously equitable career
had rendered latent. The tale also introduces
us to an exemplary Suffragan Bishop and a
charwoman no less worthy of being imitated.
Browne (Isabel), The Life Story and Strange
Adventures of Maraquita de Solis, 6/
Drane
The half-Spanish heroine returns to England
on her father's death to live with her mother's
people. Before her marriage to the son of a
neighbour she becomes the victim of plots and
intrigues which involve her in some strange
adventures.
Chancellor (Olive), The Lady Gardener, a
Romance of Six Months, 6/ Drane
A wealthy bachelor advertises for a lady
gardener. As the applicant gives every satis-
faction, the conclusion is not unexpected.
Deans (F. Harris), Looking for Trouble, 6/
Blackwood
A humorous description of the writer's
experiences as a traveller.
Lorton (Lester), A Soldier's Honour, and The
Redemption of Humphrey Cunliffe, 6/
Drane
' A Soldier's Honour ' tells of a captain's
disgrace in India through the treachery of a
native servant and his eventual exculpation.
Mr. Lorton's other story describes the tribulations
of an Indian Civil Servant and his mystic
experiences after the death of his Eurasian wife.
Mackenzie (Compton), The Passionate Elope-
ment, 2/ net. Martin Seeker
A new and cheaper edition. See Athenaeum,
Feb. 4, 1911, p. 124.
Marshall (Gilliam), Wheels within Wheels, 6/
Drane
This story may be divided into two parts —
the unexpected and successful claim to an estate
by the son of an elder brother of the present
occupier, and the unravelling of a mystery con-
cerning the disappearance of a famous picture
belonging to the family.
Pitneld (Mrs. Ada), A Breath of Scandal, 6/
Gay <te Hancock
A romance of a young heiress who leaves
her guardians' home, and insists on seeing the
world, accompanied only by an old servant.
Roland (John), The Good Shepherd, 6/
Blackwood
See p. 525.
Rowlands (Erne Adelaide), The Price Paid, 6/
Chatto & Windus
This novel describes how an unscrupulous
adventurer takes advantage of a young girl's
love of romance and worldly innocence to entrap
her into a mock marriage. This is a source of
much unhappiness and humiliation when she
meets the man she really loves and eventually
marries.
Weedon (W. J.), In the Grip of a Demon, 6/
Drane
In giving assistance to an old gentleman
in the train the villain comes into contact with
his future wife ; and round their unfortunate
marriage a series of plots is elaborated by his
own and his confederates' greed for money.
Wentworth-James (Gertie de S.), The Devil's
Profession, 6/ Everett
The adventures of a lady shorthand-typist,
who finds that her work affects her eyesight. She
then enters the service of a medical man and
is employed in an asylum.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Army Review, April, 1/ Stationery Office
This issue includes articles on the ' Share of
General Staff in Preparation for War at Army
Head-quarters in India,' by Major-General A.
Hamilton Gordon ; ' Further Developments of
Military Aviation,' by Lieut.-Col. F. H. Sykes ; and
' Coast Defence,' by Brig.-General R. M. B. F.
Kelly. There are two Appendixes, maps, dia-
grams, and photographs.
Empire Review and Magazine, April, 1/ net.
Macmillan
Notable articles in this number are ' Old
French Canada : its " Habitants " and its
" Seigneurs," ' by Lady Jephson ; ' Australian
Trade - Unionism on the War - Path,' by Mr.
F. A. W. Gisborne ; and ' The Working of the
Education Act, 1902,' by Sir George Fordham.
English Review, April, 1/ net. H. E. Seagers i
Mr. Henry Newbolt contributes a paper on
' The Poets and their Friends,' Mr. James Stephens
writes ' An Essay in Cubes,' and ' Maxims and
Reflections ' are printed from the pen of Churton
Collins. There are verses by George Gissing,
Mr. Stephen Phillips, the late Mrs. T. H. Huxley,
and others.
Eugenics Review, April, 1/ net.
Eugenics Education Society
Includes ' Francis Galton,' by Sir Francis
Darwin, and ' A Contribution to the Biology of
Sex,' by Mr. Geoffrey Smith ; also reviews,
quarterly chronicle, correspondence, &c.
Geographical Journal, April, 2/
Royal Geographical Society
This number contains Mr. Kipling's paper on
' Some Aspects of Travel,' delivered before the
Society last February. Other papers are ' The
Evolution of a Capital : a Physiographic Study
of the Foundation of Canberra, Australia,' by
Mr. Griffith Taylor, and ' Relief in Cartography,'
by Capt. H. G. Lyons.
Illuminating Engineer, April, 1 /
Illuminating Engineering Pub. Co.
This issue includes the conclusion of the
discussion on ' The Lighting of Picture Galleries,'
opened by Prof. S. P. Thompson, and a paper on
' A Comparison of Estimated and Observed
Values of Illumination in some Lighting Instal-
lations,' by Mr. W. C. Clinton.
International Review of Missions, April, 2/6 net.
Milford
The contents include ' Present Possibilities
of Co-operation in the Mission Field,' by Mr. John
R. Mott ; ' The Position and Prospects of Con-
fucianism in China,' by Mr. P. J. Maclagan ; and
' The Ideal of Womanhood as a Factor in Mis-
sionary Work, IV.,' by Mr. Kheroth M. Bose.
Irish Book Lover, April, 2 /6 per annum. Salmond
This issue contains ' Recollections of Dow-
den,' by Mr. T. W. Rolleston, notices of the Irish
Literary Society, and notes on new books and
pamphlets.
Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series,
Vol. VI. Part V., and Vol. VII. Part II.
Liverpool, 21a, Alfred Street
The part of Vol. VI. contains the Index to the
Old Series and to Vol. VI. of the New Series, a
list of members, and accounts. The part of
Vol. VII. includes ' Notes on the Heron Pedi-
gree collected by the Rev. George Hall,' by Dr.
W. H. R. Rivers, and ' Die Zahlworter der
Zigeuner von Van in Ost-Armenien,' by Dr. C. F.
Lehmann-Haupt.
Librarian, April, Qd. net. Stanley Paul
Includes reports, reviews, and an article on
' Public Library Reform,' which is to be con-
tinued.
Library Assistant, April, 4/ annual.
Bath, Cedric Chivers
Includes an article on ' Committee Work,'
by Mr. William Law, proceedings of meetings
and various branches, and list of new members.
Monthly Musical Record, April, 3d.
1 8, Great Marlborough St.
This issue includes ' The Elements of Musical
Analysis,' by Prof. Frederick Niecks ; ' Frag-
ments of a Lecture,' by Mr. Cyril Scott ; and
,' Music in Paris,' by Mr. M.-D. Calvocoressi.
School World, April, 6d. Macmillan
This number includes articles on ' The Teach-
ing of Shakespeare in Public Schools,' by Mr.
S. P. B. Mais ; ' Homework in Secondary Schools,'
by Mr. P. Shaw Jeffrey ; and ' The Teaching
of Science,' by the Rev. Stuart Blof eld.
Science Progress in the Twentieth Century, April ,
5/ net. John Murray
There are papers in this number on
' Physics in 1913,' by Dr. E. N. da C. Andrade ;
' Prof. John Milne,' by Dr. Charles Davison ;
and ' The Corpus Luteum, its Structure and
Function,' by Dr. Charles H. O'Donoghue.
United Service Magazine, April, 2/ Clowes
Includes articles on ' Boat Actions and River
Fights,' by Commander E. Hamilton Currey ;
' The Infantry of the Special Reserve,' by Col.
Robert Holden Mackenzie ; and ' The Centenary
of Toulouse, April 10th, 1814-1914,' by Capt.
F. W. O. Maycock.
GENERAL.
Adam (Hargrave L.), Woman and Crime, 6/ net.
Werner Laurie
An account of women as criminals, organizers
of crime, and inciters to crime. There are
illustrations.
Dresser (Horatio W.), The Power of Silence,
an Interpretation of Life in its Relation to
Health and Happiness, " World Beautiful
Library," 1/ net, Gay & Hancock
A ninth edition.
Freud (Prof. Dr. Sigm.), On Dreams, only Autho-
rized English Translation, by M. D. Eder from
the Second German Edition, 3/6 net.
Heinemann
The translation has an Introduction by Dr.
W. Leslie Mackenzie.
No. 4511, April 11, 1014
THE A T H ENJiU M
>27
Laughton (A. M.I, Vutokian Ykak-Book. 1912-
1918. Melbourne, Albert J. Mullet t
The contents of this thirty-third issue
include information on ' Oonstitution and Govern-
ment,' - Municipal statistics," • Law and Crime,'
and • Social Condition.'
Le Gallienne (Rlchardi, Tin: BlGHWAT to Bappi-
NB88, Q net. Werner Laurie
This allegory is decorated with green trees
and hillocks i>y Mr. Berber! Deland Williams,
Legge (Major R. ¥.), Crini-: TO Pbomohon for
Officers in Subject (a), I. Regimental
DUTIES, 1 net. Gale & Polden
A fifth edition, revised and "corrected in
irdance with the latest editions ol the various
otlicial books and regulations."
Nation (W. H. C), BAD Old Times, some Leaves
from my Grandfather's Diary, 1/ Drane
A collection of historical anecdotes, chiefly
relating to the last century.
Pottle (Emery), My Friend is Dead, 3/6 net.
A. L. Humphreys
A study of friendship.
Society of Authors, Report of the Committee
of Management for the Year ending
December, 1013. Bradbury & Agnew
A report concerning the activities and ex-
penditure of the Society during last year.
Toynbee (Paget), Concise Dictionary of Proper
Names and Notable MATTERS in the Works
OF Dante, 7 (I net. Oxford. Clarendon Press
This is a condensed form of the author's
' Dictionary ' which was published in 1898. The
articles have been revised and some new ones
added, while controversial and other matter
bas been omitted.
Whiting (Lilian), The World Beautiful,
'• World Beautiful Library," 1/ net.
Gay <fc Hancock
The twentieth edition.
PAMPHLETS.
Welcker (Adair), How a Dead Man was drawn
from his Tomb and back AGAIN to Life.
Berks] y, California, Adair Welcker
A discussion of charlatanism.
SCIENCE.
Boulenger (G. A. and C. L.), Animal Life by the
Sea-Shore, -j net.
" Country Life ' Office
An illustrated manual in the " Country Life
Library " intended for the use of the amateur
naturalist at the seaside. The chapters were
originally written as a series of articles in Country
Life.
Donat (Joseph), The Freedom of Science, 10/
net. Joseph F. Wagner
An inquiry into the " onprepossession " of
modern science, translated from the revised
edition of the German original, with a special
preface for the English version by the author.
Ekblaw (K. J. T.), Farm Structures, 7/6 net.
Macmillan
A textbook on the construction of farm
buildings, illustrated with diagrams and plans.
Elgie (Joseph H.), The Stars Nioht by Night;
Being tin- Journal of a Star Gazer, 1/ Pearson
This cheap edition is based on the author's
' Night Skies of a Year.' It is illustrated with a
movable star chart and many diagrams.
Hobbs i William Herbert), Simple Directions for
the Determination ok the Common Minerals
and Rocks, I /net. Macmillan
This booklet is a reprint of a part of ' Earth
1 '■■ itures and their .Meaning,' published in 1012,
and is intended as a laboratory guide in general
geology.
FINE ART.
Burgess (F. W.), Chats on Old Copper and
Brass, ,5/ net Fisher Unwin
A history* of the subject, beginning with a
chapter on 'The Metal and its Alloys,' and in-
duaing studies of 'Church Brass-work.' 'Bells
and Bell-Metal Castings,1 ' Bnamels on Copper,'
and • Wrinkles for Collectors.' There are nume-
rous illustrations and a Glossary.
Egypt Exploration Fund, Graeco-Roman Branch :
I'm: OxYBHYNCHUe Papyri, Pari X., edited,
with Translations and Notes, by Bernard P.
fell and \> t bur 8. Hunt . 26
:',-, Great Russell Street, W .<'.
This volume contains 'Theological Frag-
ments,' ' Hem Classical Texts,' ' Bxtanl Classical
Luthors,' and Documents of the Roman and
Byzantine Periods.' The texts are followed by
tweh i Indexes oid six pi
somersetshlre Archaeological and Natural History
Society, 10/8 to Non-Members.
Taunton, Uarnicott A. l'eane
The Proceedings during the year 1013,
including ' A Supplement to t he Flora of Somerset ,'
by the ROY. ES. S. Marshall, accounts of meetings,
and descriptions of expeditions made by the
Societ y.
Westlake (H. F.l, St. Margaret's, Westminster,
the Church of the House of Commons, 7 (! net.
Smith it Elder
A history of the church, illustrated with
reproductions of old prints and photographs.
MUSIC.
Macpherson (Stewart) and Read (Ernest), Aural
Culture based dpon Musical Appreciation,
Part II., 3/6 net. Joseph Williams
This part of the work deals especially with
the factoi's of Time, Rhythm, and Pitch ; in
Section II. attention is drawn to the simple
underlying principles of musical structure or form.
Matthay (Tobias), Musical Interpretation, its
Laws and Principles, and their Application in
Teaching and Performing, 5/ net.
Joseph Williams
The writer's enunciation of his ideas on the
' Principles and Laws of Interpretation.' His
lectures covering this ground are here published
as originally delivered, with additional matter
in the form of notes.
Mearns (James), The Canticles of the Christian
Church, Eastern and Western, in Early
and Medieval Times, 6/ net.
Cambridge University Press
" An attempt to deal, in an uncontroversial
spirit, with a multitude of obscure and involved
questions, and to give, without an array of foot-
notes, the results of recent research." Part I.
deals with ' Greek and Eastern Canticles,' and
Part II. with ' Latin and Western Canticles.'
There is a list of plates in addition to Indexes and
supplemental notes.
DRAMA.
Bynner (Witter), Tiger, 1/ net. Rider
The story of a young girl who is trapped
into a house of ill-fame.
Davies (Hubert Henry), The Mollusc ; Lady
Epping's Lawsuit ; and A Single Max,
paper, I/O- ; cloth, 2/6 each. Heineinann
The production of ' The Mollusc ' was
noticed in The Athcncvum on October 26th, 1907,
p. 527 : ' Ladv Epping's Lawsuit ' on October
17th, 1908, p." 481 ; and ' A Single Man ' on
November 12th, 1010, p. 601.
George (W. L.), Dramatic Actualities, 2/ net.
Sidgwick <fc Jackson
These four essays, entitled ' Some Dramatic
Criteria,' ' Drama for the Common Man,' ' Plays
Unpleasant,' and ' Religious Drama,' are repro-
duced from The English Review, The Fortnight! u
Review, The Independent Theatre-Cher, and The
British Review.
Palmer (John), Over the Hills, a Comedy in
One Act, (>cl. net. Sidgwick Ai Jackson
A skit at the expense of a comfort-loving
man, who holds romantic views about "the
open road."
Scott-Maxwell (Mrs.), The Flash-Point, a Play
in Three Acts, 1 ti net. Sidgwick iV. Jackson
Another play dealing with the struggle
between the older and the younger generation.
The principal character is a young woman with
progressive views who is driven into taking an
extreme action by tin- sheer weight of the obliga-
tions imposed upon her by her family.
FOREIGN.
THEOLOGY.
Vernes (Maurice), Lbs EMPRUNT8 de la Bihi.e
BsbBAIqATB \r Gebc ET ai- Latin, 7fr. 50.
Paris, Leroux
The twenty-ninth volume of the " Biblio-
theijue .I,,- L'Ecole des Sautes Etudes."
PHILOSOPHY.
Jaeger (Werner Wllhelm), NbmesIOG von Kmi:-\.
"<in. Berlin, Weidmann
Studies on the .,f Neoplstonism and
it - beginning) in Posidonius,
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Correspondance du Due d'Aumale et de Cuvillier-
Fleury : IV. 1865-1871, Tir. 50. Paris, Plon
The fourth Volume ol these letters, with an
Introduction by .M. Id ne Yallery-Kadot and a
" portrait inedit."
Marcais (Georges), Les Arabics en Hekberie du
XIcauXIV"Sii':ci.i.. Paris, Leroux
Includes genealogical tallies and studies ol'
the 'Vie Economique des Arabes en Berberie,'
' Coup d'ceil d'Ensemble but cette Eistoire,' and
' Associations entre Arabea el Indigenes.'
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Hallays (Andre), De Bretaqne en Satntonge,
5fr. Paris, Perrin
An illustrated description of the country,
including chapters on ' Biadame de SeVigne' en
Bretagne,' ' Kontena v-le-Comte,' and ' La
Kochelle.'
FICTION.
Behaine (Rene), Les Survivants, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Grasset
The " histoire d'une societe."
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, 1C1 Avril, lfr. 2o.
Paris, ' Mercure de France '
Includes 'Visages (2* Serie) : V. Comtesse
de Noailles,' by M. Andre Rouveyre ; 'Philo-
sophic de la Danse,' by Mr. Havelock Ellis,
translated by M. Paul Dermee ; and ' Iliver,' by
M. Louis Mandin.
GENERAL.
Arabic Proverbs, collected by Mrs. A. P. Singer,
edited by Enno Littmann. Cairo, F. Diemer
The proverbs are here given in their original
form, with a translation and notes on their origin.
The Preface is by Dr. Enno Littmann
Marinetti (F. T.), Zang Tumb Tuuum, Adriano-
Poli, Ottobre, 1912, Parole in Liberta, 3 lire.
Milan, Corso Venezia, 61
One of the Edizioni Futuriste di " Poesia."
FINE ART.
Archiv fur Kunstgeschichte, herausgegeben von
Detlev Freiherrn von lladeln, Hermann Voss,
und Morton Bernath, l'art IV.
Leipsic, E. A. Seemann
Another part of this series of reproductions
of pictures.
Boccioni, Pittura Scultura Futuriste, 1 lire.
Milan. Corso Venezia, 01
In the Edizioni Futuriste di " Poesia," con
taining fifty-one reproductions of Futurist sculp-
ture.
Foucart (Paul), Les MystEBES d'Eleusis. lOfr.
Paris, Picard
In three divisions : ' Origine Egypt ienne des
Mysteres ' : ' Caracteres du Sacerdoee Kleusinien';
and 'Ceremonies Publiques et Kites Secrets des
Mysteres.'
Perrot (Georges) el Chipiez (Charles), ElSTOIBB
HE l'Art dans i.'Aniioi rn':. Tome X.. 30fr.
Paris. Bachette
Deals with ' La Grece Archaique ' ami ' La
Ceramique d'Athenes.' There are numerous
illustrations.
Trendelenburg (Adolf), Pausanias i\ Oltmpia,
3m. Berhn, Weidmann
Includes a map of ' Olympia in Rdmischer
Zeit.'
DRAMA.
Corneille (Pierre), Tin \ i i.i: < BOISI, \ ol. I .. I. '.lit ion
Lutetia, I0d, Nelson
Includes ' Le Cid,' ' Horace,' and ' Oinna,'
and a Preface bj M. Smile Faguet.
Lablche (Eugene), l.\ Oaonotte, i.i Aui
COMEDIES, I Vlmi
In the " Collection ' Including ' Les
Petite Oiseaux ' and • l. \n.ore de la Rue de
Lourcine.
Schmidt (Johannes E.), Shakespbabes DbamXN
isi. -I, in Si ii \i 9PIELBRBEBCTF, 1 mi.
lie, h ii. fin! Iloiui inn
Critical -i adies of the pi
528
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL : A
STATEMENT REGARDING CERTAIN
EVENTS.
By an Independent Inquirer.
1. In 1906 a Committee was appointed
by University College, Bristol, for the object
of establishing a University in Bristol.
Prof. R. P. Cowl, Professor of English Lan-
guage and Literature in the University
College, was appointed to act as Honorary
Organizing Secretary to the movement.
Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan (Professor of Psy-
chology) was then Principal of the Uni-
versity College, and was also a member of
the Committee referred to.
2. During the progress of the discussions
of the Committee, differences naturally arose
on many points. Among these, opinion was
divided on certain schemes for amalgamating
University College with the Merchant Ven-
turers Technical College, and, further, on
the status and tenure of the Professorships
of the proposed University.
3. In these discussions Prof. Cowl found
himself in opposition to the views held by
several members of the Committee.
4. The efforts of the Committee were
successful, and on May 24th, 1909, the
Charter founding the new University of
Bristol was granted.
5. In this Charter it was laid down by
Act of Parliament that the Professors and
teachers of University College, Bristol,
should be continued in their appointment as
far as possible without change in the new
University. Prof. Lloyd Morgan became
first Vice-Chancellor of the new University,
but resigned at the close of that session
(June, 1909). He remained, however, act-
ing Vice-Chancellor until the arrival of his
successor, Sir Isambard Owen, in October,
1909 ; and retained the Professorship of
Psychology at the new University.
6. The following is a.n abstract of the
Constitution of the new University : —
(a) His Majesty the King in Council
(represented by the Lord President of the
Council for the time being) exercises the
authority of Visitor.
(b) The Court is the Supreme Governing
Body of the University. It is presided over
by the Chancellor or a Pro -Chancellor : and
consists of between two and three hundred
members, of which a few are elected by the
lecturers and readers. The Court meets
once a year in the autumn term, to hear
the report of Council.
(c) The Council is presided over by a
special Chairman and contains thirty-three
members, including the Chancellor. The
Vice-Chancellor and six representatives of
the Senate are also members of the Council.
It generally meets several times during each
term.
{d} The Senate consists of the Professors of
the University (about twenty-five in number),
presided over by the Vice-Chancellor. It
also meets several times every term.
(e) The chief officers of the University are
the Chancellor and the Pro-Chancellors, all
of whom receive no salaries ; the Viee-
Chancellor, who is salaried : the Treasurer,
the Deans of the Faculties, and other
officials.
(/) The Convocation consists of practically
the whole staff and registered graduates
of the University, but does not include the
members of the Council as such. Its function
is by Statute to " discuss and pronounce an
opinion on any matters whatsoever relating
to the Council."
7. The first Session of the new University
of Bristol commenced in October, 1909,
and all the Professors of University College
were continued in it as laid down by the
Charter.
8. The new Vice-Chancellor (Sir Isambard
Owen), and also the former Vice-Chancellor
(Prof. Lloyd Morgan), were members of the
new Council. Prof. Cowl, still retaining the
Professorship of English Language aud
Literature, became a member of the Senate
in virtue of this office, and attended its
meetings throughout the Session.
9. In the meantime the Council had
appointed a Finance Sub-Committee to
consider the University funds. In May,
1910, this Finance Committee made a
recommendation to the effect that three
Professorships of the University should be
abolished and the appointments of their
holders terminated. These were the Pro-
fessorships of English Language and Lite-
rature, Classics, and Physiology. It was
proposed that new Chairs should be estab-
lished in their place.
] 0. The holders of the three Chairs referred
to were given to understand that the reason
for this departure was that the conduct of
their departments had not been considered
satisfactory.
11. According to Section 15, Paragraph 7,
and Section 17, Paragraph 10 of the Statutes
of the University, Professors can only be
dismissed or Chairs abolished by the Council
upon a report of the Senate.
12. The proposal of the Finance Com-
mittee was brought before the Senate of
the University, which resolved that in none
of the three cases should that recommenda-
tion be carried out.
13. Notwithstanding this resolution of
the Senate, the Council abolished the Chair
of English Language and Literature (Prof.
Cowl). But it did not accept the recom-
mendation of the Finance Committee re-
garding the two other Professorships (Classics
and Physiology).
14. After this event, Prof. Cowl was
advised to apply for the new Chair which
had been instituted in the place of the one
which he had held. He forwarded his
aj)p!ication, and the Senate sent forward his
name alone from a list of candidates to the
Council for acceptance. The Council ap-
pointed a Sub-Committee of its own members
to consider this matter. This Sub-Com-
mittee recommended another candidate,
namely, Prof. Skemp, and the Council —
ignoring the recommendation of the Senate
— adopted that of its Sub-Committee, and
appointed Prof. Skemp and not Prof. Cowl.
15. Shortly afterwards, in response to
objections which had been raised in the
Council, the Council instituted a new but
temporary Chair, to be called the Research
Chair of English — for two years only — at a
salary of 4001. a year, with no duties attached
and no senatorial status. It appointed Prof.
Cowl to this new Chair.
16. This Chair expired, as laid down, in
October, 1912, and Prof. Cowl consequently
ceased to have any further connexion with
the University of Bristol from that date.
17. With reference to 9 above, Prof.
Cowl was never called before that Finance
Committee nor before the Council either
before or after the said recommendations
were made or were considered. Letters
written in his favour by various persons and
forwarded to the Vice-Chancellor do not
appear to have been laid before the Council
either before or when it decided upon its
action in regard to the case.
18. Prof. Cowl has issued a brief state-
ment of his case containing letters testifying
to his efficiency as a scholar and as a teacher,
including one from Prof. Lloj^d Morgan,
dated February 12th, 1912, and offering to
do anything which would be of any assistance
to him if consulted with regard to his work
in Bristol. Prof. Morris Travers, F.R.S.,
Director of the Indian Institute of Science
and formerly Professor of Chemistry in
University College, Bristol, has written a
letter stating that Prof. Lloyd Morgan ad-
mitted in conversation with him that a
mistake had been made regarding Prof.
Cowl, and that the only reason for not re-
instating him was a financial one.
19. Fifteen senior students submitted a
memorial during 1910 to the Council testify-
ing to Prof. Cowl's efficiency as a teacher, and
various other students have written personal
letters on the subject. A second memorial
was addressed by these and other students
to the Visitor and to the Chancellor of the
University. Lastly, a Memorial, srgned by
a hundred and sixteen men a d women
of academic distinction from every Uni-
versity in the United Kingdom, praying for
a thorough inquiry into the case, has been
submitted to both the Visitor and the
Chancellor.
"20. On October 17th, 1912, the University
of Bristol, on the occasion of the installation
of its Chancellor, conferred 63 honorary
degrees. Of these no fewer than 13 were con-
ferred by the Council (in addition to two
previously conferred) upon members of its
own body — numbering 33, includine the
Chancellor. Five degrees were conferred
upon the then C hairman of Council and mem-
bers of his family. Also a considerable num-
ber were conferred on members of the City
Council and the Bristol Education Com-
mittee, who vote or recommend grants to
the University, and about one-third of the
total number to persons of no previous
high academic standing.
21. There followed much public criticism
of this list : first, with regard to the quali-
fications of the recipients and their rela-
tion to the conferring body, and secondly
with regard to the validity of the procedure
adopted by the Council. Regarding the
latter point, it is laid down in the Statutes
among the Powers of the Senate that it may
recommend to the Council names for honorary
degrees. The Senate recommended on this
occasion only 12 names for the honorary
degrees referred to, to which the Council after-
wards added the remainder — namely, 51 —
upon the recommendation of a sub-committee
of its own, to which were added the Deans
of the four Faculties of the University.
22. On October 24th a sjjecial meeting of
Convocation passed a resolution condemning
the indiscriminate award of honorary degrees
by the Council. On October 31st, at the
ordinary meeting of Convocation, the Vice-
Chancellor attempted to put forward a
motion rescinding the previous protest of the
Convocation ; which motion was vetoed by
the Chairman of Convocation. Convoca-
tion's protest was duly forwarded to the
Council, which appears to have taken no
action upon it.
23. On January 25th, 1913, the Bishop
of Bristol, a member of the Council of the
U/niversity, wrote to The Spectator in defence
of the Council's action, and complained of
the anonymity of most of the criticisms
which had appeared in the press. He said :
" I am prepared to welcome them, if only
they come accompanied by the names of
people we know."
24. On February 2nd there appeared in
The Observer a letter signed by Dr. M. A.
No. 4511, April 11, 1014
THE A Til KNiEUM
29
Gerothwohl, Litt.D.. Head of the French
Department in the University of Bristol and
Professor of Comparative Literature in the
Royal Society of Literature, London, ro-
sponding to 1 1 1 i ^ invitation of the Bishop,
and complaining of the degrees, and the
treatment of Convocation by officials, and
of the staff by the Council and by other
authorities.
25. On February 4th Dr. Gerothwohl
wrote to the Chairman of the Council,
requesting a hearing of the Council at its
meeting on February 7ih in order to consider
hi- complaints and suggestions for internal
reform. The Chairman did not acknow-
ledge the receipt of the letter, and sub-
sequently admitted that he did not lay it
before the Council-meeting referred to.
26. His
request lor a
hearing
being
ignored, Dr. Gerothwohl on March 8th
published his complaints in the press in
more specific form, including criticisms of
the Cowl case.
27 On March 10th the Senate, through
the Registrar, demanded an apology from
Dr. Gerothwohl, which he refused, on the
ground that his request for a hearing had
been ignored by the Council and its Chair-
nan.
28. On March 27th the Senate decided
by resolution to relieve Dr. Gerothwohl of all
active duties during the summer term, his
salary continuing to be paid as in the past.
This resolution was reported on the following
day to the Council, which confirmed it
" inierentially " by granting the necessary
fimds. As a consequence, on March 28th Dr.
Gerothwohl replied to the Registrar claiming
his statutory right of appearing before the
Council in person to protest against the
Senates resolution.
'_'.' On May 8th he appeared before the
Council and stated his objections to the
hit ion of the Senate. At this hearing
he petitioned the Council to join him in a
request to the A'isitor to institute an inquiry
into the whole matter of the complaints
reeardintr the conduct of the University.
The Council refused his request, and con-
firmed the action of the Senate. Incident-
ally during this hearing, the Chairman
admitted that he had not laid Dr. Geroth-
wohTs original letter of February 4th before
the Council on February 7th.
30. The Council having declined to refer
anything to the Visitor, on June 3rd Dr.
Gerothwohl petitioned him directly on the
matters in question.
31. On June 6th the Registrar informed
Dr. Gerothwohl that the Council at its
meeting on the previous day, having re-
ceived no recommendation from the Senate
for his reappointment as lecturer for the
session 1913-14, had accordingly not re-
appointed him. This apparently terminates
Dr. Gerothwohl's connexion with the Uni-
versity of Bristol.
32. On June 11th he was informed by the
rk of the Privy Council that the Visitor
declined to institute an inquiry and referred
him to th<- "machinery provided for thai
purpose by the Charter and Statute B.
33. On June 17th, 1913, the Dean of the
Faculty of Art- informed him thai In- had
I • -I. i. quested to convey to him on behalf of
hi- (Dr. Gerothwohl's) students the expres-
a <.i their warm appreciation of his work
and help. It would appear that this ex-
pression of the student- was originally
placed in the form of a memorial to he
;i<i< li > — < 'I to the Visitor, hut was not for-
v. arded by the Dean.
:;». On April 19th, 1913, there had ap-
I eared in The Standard a letter from Miss
Geraldine E. Hodgson, D.Litt., Head of
the Secondary Training I )epart inent and
Lecturer in Education in the University of
Bristol, as follows : —
Sir, — I notice in parliamentary reports, in
authorised statements, and I hear of its being
written and said in letters and conversations
thai there are practically no complaints of treat-
ment unusual in a university made by the mem-
bers of the staff of the University of Bristol.
We who know that .-mue members of that stall
have been thus treated .seem to he challenged
publicly by these statements and expressions of
opinion. I am not a new or young member of
the staff, and 1 have had wide and varied experi-
ence of the educational world since 1889, when
1 left Cambridge. I am extremely loth to write
to the Press, hut in the interests of public educa-
tion it seems inevitable now.
While it appeared to me, erroneously or cor-
rectly, thai 1 was the only person subjected to
these methods, 1 accepted it in silence, for I
thought it was probably a personal incompati-
bility; and 1 have always held that public
officials, while they are bound to work together
courteously anil honourably, are under no obliga-
tion whatever to " like " one another in the way
of friendship — " parce que e'etait lui, parce que
eYtait moi, as .Montaigne expressed the thing,
liut since 1910, especially, cases have increased
openly; cases which were, no doubt, in nearly
all instances, the fructification of the past years.
Four days after Prof. Gerothwohl's lirst letter
to The Observer a document was brought by a
member of the junior staff to my room for my
signature, which document regretted the " tone "
of Dr. Gerothwohl's remarks, and expressed satis-
faction with things as they are. I declined to
sign or support it in any way. On February 17th,
in The Bristol Times and Mirror, appeared a letter
from the chairman of council, announcing his
receipt of this document with forty-three signa-
tures of the junior staff, which, according to the
current calendar, numbered over 110. I wrote
that day to Mr. Fry, informing him that I had
from the first, " whenever a right and honest
opportunity occurred," openly protested against
Prof. Cowl's dismissal, and that I had " openly
sympathised most heartily " with the other two
professors who were attacked, and I added the
following sentence : " I possess letters and other
documentary evidence, including a diary, extend-
ing over many years, proving irrefragably the
long-continued attempts in this university by a
small number of persons — for what reason I
know not, I have never cared to find out — to
undermine my position and make it impossible."
I told him these facts made it impossible for me
to sign the document. I further said that had I
not a real regard and affection for the university
and its students I should have accepted Sir
Nathan Bodington's offer of a post at Leeds —
a far better post than the one I held at Bristol —
in 1905. Mr. Fry wrote for the names of the
" small number of persons," ignoring everything
else in my letter. I refused to give the names or
the documents, unless a formal public inquiry
be held, adding : " I wrote to inform you lest
you should feel aggrieved hereafter that I pro-
duced in public that of which I had not the
chivalry to inform you in private."
On March 19th the Vice-Chancellor wrote to
tell me thai the chairman hail forwarded copies
of my letters and his replies to the Senate, and
added : " I am desired by the Senate to say that
if you wish the matter inquired into and would
furnish the Senate with the necessary data, the
Senate will be ready to undertake an inquiry."
On Faster Monday 1 replied that the Senate appa-
rently misunderstood the reasons which led me
to write to .Mr. Fry, and I said : " 1 therefore do
not propose while I am a member of this university
to produce the evidence I possess, except for the
purposes of a judicial, public, and legal inquiry,
should that he ordered and held. For such I am
bound, in the interests of justice and in t hose of
university education in general, to produce, if it
Should he needed, (hat evidence, and to give
test imony on oat h."
The correspondence between myself and the
Senate is -till, I understand, proceeding. That
is to say, my last letter is awaiting the next
Senate meeting. 1 have, of course, copies of all
the letters I have written and the originals of all
I have received on these matters.
The above are all the material (acts which —
as I have declined to produce the evidence except
before a legal inquiry — I am willing to make
public. Put these, I consider, arc- called for bj
the- public statement- made so often a- In the
entiic contentment of the- staff. I should like
to emphasise the fact that I did what we have
been told Dr. Gerothwohl should have contented
himself wit h doing, viz., I wrote to I he ant hoi il let.
All I received was an offer of an inquiry by a body
upon which some of I hose who have attacked Some
of us sit — i.e., the doers of deed- were to he their
own judges, and, incidentally, mine, the victim.
It is not a very legal idea of justice. — I am, Sir,
5 i 'ins truly, •
(Signed) (i i:t: ai.dim: K. Hodgson
(D.Litt. Trin. Coll., Dublin, sometime Cob-
den Scholar of .Xcwnhain College, Cam-
bridge, head of (lie Secondary Training
Department ami Lecturer in Education
in university of Bristol).
35. All these events have; been frequently
discussed in the press, notably in letters by
Dr. Gerothwohl and in a statement issued
by the Vice-Chancellor (.May 14th; press,
May 19th, 1913). Many questions have
also been asked regarding them in the
House of Commons, and they were made tie
subject of a debate there on April 10th, 1913.
Lastly. Dr. T. R. Glover, Fellow of St. John's
College, Cambridge, and the official repre-
sentative of that University on the Court of
Bristol University, resigned his seat on that
body, and explained in The Western Daily
Press of May 3rd, 1913, that his reason for
this stej) was the Council's apparent opposi-
tion to the demand for an inquiry, and the
fact that he considered the University was
" under a cloud."
We, the undersigned, having read the
above report, and having also in mind
The questions asked in the spring of 1913
in the House of Commons,
The various further allegations against
the authorities of Bristol University made
in different quarters of the press, and
The insufficiency of such answers to these
as have been furnished by the Bristol autho-
rities both at the last meeting of the Court
and elsewhere,
Are of opinion that prima facie there is
cause why a public inquiry should he held
into the general administration of Bristol
University, and that such an inquiry is-
emphatically called for in the interests of
justice, of education, and of the mainten-
ance of a sound academic tradition through-
out the English Universities.
VV. M. Bayliss,
Professor of General Physiology in
University College, London.
C. H. Bryan
(replacing the words " a public
inquiry ': by " an inquiry ").
Edward Carson, K.C., M.P.
H. M. Cwatkix,
Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History. Cambridge ; Formerly
Gifford Lecturer, Edinburgh.
R. S. Hkatu,
Vice-Principal, University of Bir-
mingham,
Leonard Hill.
James M lcKinnon, Ph.D., I). I).,
Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, University of Edin-
burgh.
Jamks Hope Moultok, D.Lit.
(I.,, nil. I. Hon. D.lUKdin.).
Hon. D.CL. (Durham), Hon.
D.Theol. (Berlin).
Late Fellow of King's (allege,
Cambridge; Greenwood Pro-
fessor oj //• VU nistic Greek and
Indo-European Philology in
Mancht ster I diversity.
Ronald Ross.
130
THE ATHENvEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
IN MEMORY OF GOLDSMITH.
On Saturday last (April 4th), the day on
which Oliver Goldsmith died, a luncheon —
in the large room o£ Anderton's Hotel —
at which addresses to his memory were
delivered, was largely attended by the mem-
bers of the Irish Literary Society of London,
Mr. A. P. Graves being in the chair.
Mr. Richard Ashe King, author of perhaps
the most informing biography of Goldsmith
yet written, set himself to show that, though
a fool in the conduct of his personal affairs
(from his Trinity College days to his death),
the poet possessed intellectual qualities
with which he has never been fairly credited.
In proof of this the speaker pointed out
that, from the experience of national cha-
racter gained when wandering across the
Continent, Goldsmith had foretold the
French Revolution and the War of American
Independence, and had given further evi-
dence of political sagacity by diagnosing
that especial disease of the body politic,
agricultural depression, for which even now
we have not found a sufficient remedy.
Mr. Ashe King made short work of Bos-
well's and other contemporary Scotch
and English accounts of Goldsmith's failure
as a conversational humorist. He showed
that in a congenial atmosphere both in Ire-
land and Scotland Goldsmith had proved
excellent company, and gave delightful
experiences of his own of that matter-of-fact
attitude of the English and Scotch mind
which takes the jocosely irresponsible utter-
ances of Irishmen with laughable literalness.
Goldsmith, according to the " Jessamy
Bride," enjoyed making these hare-brained
deliverances without a smile on his face,
and so got the credit of being a fool when he
was making fools of his listeners.
Apart from this he was at the disadvantage
of a sensitive Celt when he has to meet con-
versationalists of the knock-me-down, auto-
cratic type of a Johnson or a Henley.
When he entered the ranks of Grub Street,
said Mr. King, Goldsmith became liable, but
never succumbed, to the three risks there
encountered — the tendency to vise a venal, a
sc urrilous, or an indecent pen. But, though
his poverty always was with him, he scorn-
fully rejected an offer to sell his literary
services to a clerical bidder; resisted the
natural temptation to retaliate on those
who attacked him venomously in the press;
and, though he associated with people with
whom Sterne and Cumberland would never
have been seen, preserved a purity in his
writings, both for the stage and the study,
without a parallel in his day.
Sir Ernest Clarke had some curiously
fresh contributions to make to the discussion
on Goldsmith's career. He referred to, and
indeed exhibited, a manuscript in the hand
of Bishop Percy which contained a short
autobiography of Goldsmith dictated by
him, and which formed a part of the mate-
rial that Dr. Johnson had purposed to use
for his never-written Life of Goldsmith.
Full particulars as to how this long-lost
document and others have been recovered
will be found in Sir Ernest's interesting article
on Goldsmith's medical career in the current
Nineteenth Century.
The speaker also proved himself a laborious
investigator into the history and character
of the Irish songs and airs referred to by
Goldsmith. One of these, ' Sally Salisbury,'
he finally ran down at Harvard University ;
and " Oh, dear, when shall I marry me ! "
winch was charmingly sung, after Sir
Ernest Clarke's interesting address was
over, to the air of ' Old Langolee,' by Mr.
Jerome Murphy, was thus again restored
to a long - sundered partnership by Sir
Ernest's enterprise.
Mr. Graves contributed to the proceedings
by referring to a paper read by his father,
the Bishop of Limerick, before the Philo-
sophies! Society of Trinity College, Dublin,
on Goldsmith's career there. This has never
been printed, and, though it is at present
mislaid, there is good hope of its being still
available for that purpose.
The Chairman expressed a strong desire
that a replica of Foley's fine statue of Gold-
smith, which stands in front of Trinity
College, should be set up within the pre-
cincts of the Temple, which were afterwards
visited by the luncheon party. G.
'THE SPIRITUAL DRAMA IN THE
LIFE OF THACKERAY.'
21, Parfiekl Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool.
The review of this book by The Athenaeum
is well to the point. May something more
be added to that end ?
Had Thackeray ever any " spiritual
drama " at all in his writings ? Such terms
are of our days, not his ; and he would have
been the first to laugh at them. He dealt
with character (a thing which is rare), and,
when he wished, wrote fine English. That
is his mighty all. No one of his time did
both of these things ; only one, George
Eliot, did the first of them to perfection.
To say that ' Barry Lyndon ' is in the
minor, and the conclusion of ' Vanity Fair '
in the major, key is wonderful. And to
suggest that a " talking showman " fresh
from Dickens had to be pressed into the
service to make a " happy ending " is even
more wonderful. The only talking showman
worth count in Dickens appeared after
Thackeray's death, and might be used to
prove an entirely opposite conclusion. In
which of Thackeray's great books is there
a " happy " conclusion ? In this, the idea
that ' Vanity Fair ' represents " first manner "
and ' Esmond ' a " turning-point " (in their
conclusions, I suppose) makes one wonder
if the two have ever been compared. Dobbin
— -mistaken to the end, as Thackeray owned
elsewhere — married Amelia, thoroughly
knowing her worth. The issue was a girl,
of whom Dobbin was " fonder than any-
thing in the world. . . .Fonder than he is of
me," his wife sighs. Between his fondness
for " little Janey " and his fondness for his
wife comes his fondness for his ' History of
the Punjaub.' Rebecca carries off the
honours of war. In ' Esmond ' the hero,
after adoring the daughter, marries her
mother — old enough to be his. Here, again,
a child — a girl — is born, and in his most
sentimental fashion Thackeray tells us that
" each parent loves her for her resemblance
to the other." To 'The Virginians' we
must turn for their creator's final opinion
of these three people. ' The Newcomes,'
it should be remembered, was badly broken
by Thackeray's temporary breakdown.
Ethel, of course, is fine, but where is her
implied happiness ? In being
" immensely fond of his little boy ; and a great
deal happier now than they would have been
had they married at first, when they took a
liking to each other as young people " ?
' The Virginians,' which, for all useful pur-
poses, finishes with his last great character
— Madame Bernstein — proves nothing.
' Lovel the Widower ' shows how his early
ideas of life were kept to the last: it is a
mere " sequel " of a youthful work. ' Philip '
is not a " happy " book ; and of ' Denis
Duval ' it is most unfair to say anything at
all. Surely to attempt to drag the great
Victorian in the same net as the present
Georgians is a hopeless endeavour.
In conclusion, may I add to your critic's
unspoken verdict, that the " enormous
popularity of Dickens " affected Thackeray
quite as much as Thackeray's power affected
Dickens (neither contributors nor contri-
butions in All the Year Round and House-
hold Words were on a par with CornhiU) ;
and that Thackeray's characters are so often
self -contradictory, and therefore lifelike, that
they simply defy any thesis that is built on
them. George Marshall.
THE ODES OF SOLOMON.
Cambridge, April 5, 1914.
Since the time that Dr. Rendel Harris dis-
covered the ' Odes of Solomon ' in a Syriac
MS. that had lain on his shelf for some years,
the ingenuity of many great scholars, such
as Harnack, Menzies, Harris himself, and
Bernard, has been much exercised to dis-
cover their j^robable author and date. I
have just " assisted " at a discovery which
seems to throw light on the subject. I am
editing the Syriac Commentaries of Ish'odad
of Merv (circa 850) on St. Paul's Epistles.
Yesterday I showed a sheet of my work to an
eminent scholar, Dr. Alphonse Mingana, late
of the Dominican Seminary at Mosul. His
attention was attracted by the following
statement on Ephesians v. 14 : —
" Awake thou thai deepest and arise from the dead,
&c, is said to one of the Believers who was at
Kphesus; because at that time there were many in
Ephesus, with different gifts of the Spirit ; and
they had this also, that they could make psxlms
and hymns like the Blessed David."
Dr. Mingana at once exclaimed, " Perhaps
they wrote the ' Odes of Solomon ' ! "r As
much of Ish'odad's Commentary is quoted
from Theodore of Mopsuestia (fourth cen-
tury), we at once looked in Dr. Swete's
edition, where we found : —
" Quidam dixerunt quoniam multae erant illo in
tempore gratise Spiritus quae dabantur illis ; daba-
tur etiam cum ceteris gratia ut et psalruos facerent,
sicuti et beato David ante Christi adventum id
tribui evenit."
If our surmise be correct, we hope that
both Drs. Harnack and Harris will find the
requirements of their theories fully met ;
and that even Drs. Menzies and Bernard will
see how natural it was for Ephesians to
write odes, which these gentlemen have all
affirmed to breathe the same atmosphere as
their divine contemporary, the Gospel of
1 St. John. It may also solve difficulties if we
recognize that the ' Odes ' are a collection of
spiritual songs by different writers, probably
none others than our old friends the Ephesian
Elders or Bishops.
Margaret D. Gibson.
MAGNA CARTA COMMEMORATION.
Royal Historical Society,
6 and 7, South Square, Gray's Inn, W.C.
The 700th anniversary of the grant of
Magna Carta occurs on June 15th, 1915.
The Royal Historical Society is organizing
a commemoration of an event of so much
importance in constitutional history, and has
invited English, American, and foreign
scholars, and others connected by their
family or official traditions with the Charter,
to form a General Committee. That Com-
mittee will appoint an Executive Committee
to supervise the necessary arrangements.
Viscount Bryce has consented to act as
Chairman of the General Committee. The
following have already given their names as
members : The Archbishop of Canterbury,
the Bishop of Bristol, Lord Fitzmaurice, Sir
Frederick Pollock, Sir James Ramsay, Sir
Frederick Kenyon, Sir H. Maxwell - Lyte,
Sir Adolphus Ward, Dr. Prothero, Prof.
Firth, Prof. Oman, Mr. Frederic Harrison,
Prof. Tout, M. Charles Bemont, and Prof.
Liebermann, with many others.
H. E. Malden, Hon. Sec.
No. 4511, Ai'Kii. 11, 11)14
ICitrrarn (Bnsstp.
Oub most grateful thanks are due to t he
contributors who have with one voice
generously and promptly responded to the
Editors recent letter. He only regrets
that lie is not able to reply to each and all
personally on behalf of Tht Athenaeum.
Thi: Associated Booksellers of Great
Britain and Ireland are to hold their
Annual Conference at Edinburgh, where
they will spend a crowded week-end from
June 5th to 8th. The President is
Mr. II. \V. Keay, ex-Mayor of Bourne-
mouth, and some of the London pub-
lishers have been invited to attend. The
programme includes a reception by the
Lord Provost and magistrates. The con-
ference will be held on Friday night and
on Saturday forenoon. In the afternoon
of Saturday a party will visit Swanston
Cottage, associated with the youth of
Stevenson, the present tenant of which,
Lord Guthrie, lias in his possession certain
Stevenson relics. Later there will be a
garden party at St. Leonards, the resi-
lience of Mr. T. A. Nelson, of Messrs. T.
Xelson & Sans. On Sunday morning
there will be special service in St. Giles's
Church. Monday will be occupied with
a motor tour to the Scott country. The
route to be followed is by Peebles, where
a halt will be made at the Chambers
Institution, founded by William Cham-
bers in 1859, and thence by the valley of
the Tweed to Selkirk. After dinner there
the party will visit Abbotsford. Melrose,
and Dryburgh, returning bv a different
route, by Earlston and Lauder, to Edin-
burgh, across the Lammermoors.
A rather amusing incident, illustrating
German methods, is reported in last
Monday's papers. Dr. Zepler. publisher
of Der Fffieweg, and Herr Schmidt, pub-
Usher of Die Tribune, have recently been
sentenced to six months' detention for
' Kronprinzenbeleidigung." The charge
the publication of what purported to
be the letter of a highborn and senti-
mental " Backfisch " on her return home
from school, travestying the terms in
which the "" Kronprinz " bade his " fare-
well to his regiment."' Dr. Zepler pleaded
that it was merely meant thereby to in-
sinuate that the " Kronprinz " need not
be taken all too seriously: and Berr
Schneidt pleaded that the satire was too
good not to be published. The question
to be decided was. Did the satire convey
an insult, or did it not '. For this expert
opinion was obtained — from the editor of
hustige Blatter, who gave it that the
satire was not insulting. Perhaps the
editor of Punch would like to take the
hint, and constitute himself, or permit
himself to be constituted, expert adviser
the Courts for the determination of
the legal gravity of jokes.
Ml-. \V. K. DlCKSON, Curator of the
A tes' Library, delivered on Friday,
the 3rd in-t. the sixth and lasi of the
Rhino! Lectures in Edinburgh on "The
Development of Writing and Printing in
Westei n Europe.' The lecture \\ a- specially
THE ATHENAEUM
531
on Printed Hooks, and the lecturer took
Occasion to mention that the Advocates'
Library possessed a fine copy of the
Mazarin Bible. He described the work
of the first Scottish printers, the
Aberdeen Breviary of 1510, Bellcnden's
' Chronicles of Scotland,' and the Bassan-
dyne Bible. The story was brought
down to the present, Mr. Dickson main-
taining that in the essentials of a well-
produced book the best Edinburgh printers
of to-day need not fear comparison with
those of any age or country.
The French correspondent who sent us
the paragraph concerning M. Deschanel's
recent election writes in reply to Mr.
Bodley's letter in our last issue : —
" I really do not see the point of Mr.
Bodley's protest. I did not say that mem-
bers of the French Academy never become
candidates for a chair in other Academies, but
simply that it is not usual for them to do so.
Xow Mr. Bodley with his list confirms my
assertion, since he has found only four
instances of the practice which I gave as
uncommon ; and among these those of the
Dues de Broglie and d'Aumale, for reasons
which are obvious, should, perhaps, not be
taken into account. It is quite probable that
a complete collection of the ' Annuaire de
l'lnstitut : might supply other names, but
the fact remains that at the time of M. Des-
chanel's election there was among the living
members of the Academie Fran9ai.se only
one writer — Comte d'Haussonville — who
' liked to belong ' to the Academie des
Sciences Morales et Politiques, and that the
last of the elections enumerated by Mr.
Bodley took place in 1904.
' I think, therefore, that I was jus-
tified in saving that the thing is not usual.
Besides, I merely expressed an opinion which
is pretty general in France. My fellow-
countrymen will not readily subscribe to
Mr. Bodley's appreciation of the respective
values of the different Academies. Though
they will now and then crack a joke at the
' old lady ' — because they cannot help
ridiculing precisely what they admire most —
French people are nevertheless perfectly
convinced that none of the other ' classes '
of the Inst it ut can equal in prestige the
Academie Frangaise, which is the most
ancient of them all ; so much so that the
word ' academieien ' is practically synony-
mous with ' membre de l'Academie Fran-
chise,' the members of the other Academies
being distinguished by the appellation of
' membre de l'lnstitut.' "
" Such an opinion may be open to dis-
cussion, but it is firmly established. And
that is the reason why the ' Immortal '
generally think that election to another
Academy cannot add to the distinction they
have already secured."'
Just as we go to press we learn with
regret of the death on Monday last of Mr.
Edward Marston in his 90th year. We
hope to say something next week of his
long career.
Mas. IIkm'Jktta Asm: Hixi.kv, the
daughter of I leni \ I leaf horn, of a Kentish
family near Maidstone, and the widow of
Thomas Henry Huxley, died on Sunday
lasi at Eastbourne in her 89th year. Her
most obvious claim to remembrance is,
no doubt, her husband's name: yet she
lived, so to put it. in her own right, and
accomplished work of her own somewhal
more fully than it 1- given to the wi\e- of
most great men to do. She had a some-
what strenuous and adventurous youth,
of which the outstanding features were
two years at Xeuwied, where she acquired
a thorough mastery of German, and
several years spent in Australia, where
she met the young zoologist on the Battle-
snake who. after eight years of anxious-
waiting, became her husband.
Her sound taste in literature, and. in
particular, her insistence on clearness of
Statement, were of real use to Huxley in
his scientific work ; and her mastery of
German was of considerable service in
the translation of special articles for
scientific reviews in days when that
language was, perhaps, less known to
the student of science than it is now.
She also made some excellent transla-
tions of German authors. The writing of
verse was one of her great pleasures, and
as recently as last summer she published
a volume of poems which, if it displays
some inexpertness in expression, reveals,
nevertheless, both emotion and philosophy.
Verses of hers, written only a few weeks ago,
appear in this month's English Review.
One of the best things she did is
the collection of ' Aphorisms and Re-
flections from the Writings of T. H.
Huxley.' The vivacity, singleness of aim,
sense of humour, and fortitude, which
endeared her in her closing years to a
large circle of friends, had made her at
once the inspiration and the mainstay of
her husband during the long period in
which, despite his pre-eminent and largely
recognized ability, fortune refused to
smile upon him.
On Thursday of last week Paul von
Hevse died at 'Munich. Half a Prussian
and half a Jew— not, it is true, in the very
first rank of the German writers of the
last century — he yet made to the litera-
ture of his country a distinctive contribu-
tion, and the recognition of his significance
abroad is attested by the award to him
in 1910 of the Nobel Prize. Bom m
1830, he was invited by King Max of
Bavaria in 1854 to come and live in
Munich, with a pension of 100/., in return
for which he was to take part in the
symposia for the discussion of art. litera-
ture, and history which it was the Kmgs
hobby to gather about him. Heyse and
his friend Gcibel brought into the genial
atmosphere surrounding these dilettanti
the keenness and sternness of then-
northern characters, and lleyse soon
became a leader among them. In ISM.
resenting treatment received by Ins
friends, he threw up his pension, but
continued to live at Munich.
Bis greal literary achievement IS the
short story, and it is no doubt partly the
manageableness of this form from the
student's point of view which has made h mi
better known among ourselves than many
of bis contemporaries. In some sense he
ma\ lie considered the ereatorof the form :
at any rate, he brought together into
conscious theory the principles upon
which, more or less unconsciously, the
master Btory tellers of the world h.
constructed t heir tales.
in
to
532
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
SCIENCE
Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk :
a Study in Social Evolution. By Ed-
ward Carpenter. (Allen & Co., 4s. 6d. net.)
'Trie author of this book admits frankly
that its title is open to criticism. The
expression " intermediate " appears to
have been adopted from a previous work
of his entitled ' The Intermediate Sex, a
Study of some Transitional Types of Men
and Women,' and it does not cover all
the human types dealt with in the volume.
Again, the expression " primitive folk " is
not applicable to early Greek and Japanese
civilization, with which he is largely con-
cerned.
The title, therefore, conveys little notion
•of the real contents of the book, which
deals mainly with certain institutions
affecting sexual relations that have existed
under various forms of civilization, and
traces their operation in the service of
religion and in war. Its argument is that
in every community, besides the quite
normal man and the quite normal woman,
there are men who resemble women, and
women who resemble men, and these are
thus " intermediates." On the other hand,
there are persons who manifest the
characters of their own sex in a more than
ordinary degree, and therefore cannot be
so defined, yet are affected by the like
abnormal sexual relations. It has thus
•come to pass that, among the North-
American Indians and other primitive
folk, persons addicted to practices con-
sidered by us revolting and actually
criminal become the prophets and priests
•of the community. With these functions
are associated those of the wizard and witch
doctor. Relieved from the active pur-
suits of fighting and the chase, and clothed
by superstition with mysterious powers
.and faculties, they have the leisure and the
opportunity for research in various direc-
tions, especially those which tend to
confirm the faith of the people in their
pretensions, and they become inventors in
.the arts and crafts. Mr. Carpenter suggests
that the blending in them of masculine and
feminine qualities, viewed in the light of
their religious functions, may have led to
the widespread attribution of an herma-
phrodite character to various deities.
The second part of the book deals with
the " intermediate " as a warrior, but,
according to the author's admission, is
wrongly so entitled, since it is what he
•calls the " supervirile " person, or the man
whose variation from the normal is in
the masculine direction, whom it mainly
affects. In support of his views on this
branch of his subject, he calls in aid
the custom of military comradeship
said to have existed among the Doric
race in ancient Greece. He argues at
some length that it was not inconsistent
with the high status then accorded to
women, and that it had a close relation
to civic life and to religion.
The subject is unsavoury, and the book
is hardly one for general reading ; but it
is written with dignity and propriety.
A Textbook of Medical Entomology. By
Walter Scott Patton and Francis W.
Cragg. (Christian Literature Society
for India, 1/. Is. net.)
Time was, and not so very long ago, when
there was no textbook upon the Inverte-
brata, and everything had to be learnt
from lectures. Then came Alleyne Nichol-
son's book, which was supplanted by
Huxley's Manual. Those who needed
more detailed knowledge were referred
to Bronn and Gegenbaur. A more exact
study of tropical medicine showed that
many diseases were causally connected
with insects, which acted as carriers and
transmitters. The phylum of arthropods,
of which insects form only a single
class, is so large, and contains such an
enormous variety of forms, that Dr.
Shipley, the Master of Christ's College,
Cambridge, states that at least seven-
eighths of the protoplasm existing on the
surface of the world is contained within
the skins of the individuals constituting
the Arthropoda.
It is no wonder, therefore, that Capt.
Patton and Capt. Cragg, of the Indian
Medical Service, have devoted nearly a
thousand quarto pages to the subject of
medical entomology, and have published
a work which is not only creditable to
themselves in the highest degree, but also
reflects honour upon the service to which
they belong. The book deals systemati-
cally and scientifically with the whole class
of insects. It shows how they may be
distinguished, how they breed, their
anatomy, their life-history, their bionomics
(a word which did not find its way into
the ' New English Dictionary,' but has
since been noted for inclusion), and the
dangers they cause. A mass of material
is collected which has been hitherto
available only in monographs and original
articles scattered throughout various
scientific periodicals. But the book is
far from being a mere resume of the work'
of others, because nearly every page
shows evidence of the authors' own
research, much of which has been done
at the King Institute of Preventive
Medicine, Guindy, Madras.
In dealing with the anatomy of the
Arthropoda a special description is always
given of the salivary glands. It is shown
that the inflammation which is so often
associated with the bites of the blood-
sucking species is due to the inoculation of
an irritant in the salivary secretion, and
not to the injury of the bite, but it is not
yet apparent what purpose is served by
this irritating property. The book con-
cludes with an interesting and suggestive
chapter on the means by which the para-
sites of the Invertebrata leave their hosts
and gain access to the tissues of the
Vertebrata, and there cause disease.
The work, which is profusely illustrated,
is primarily a laboratory guide . but it is too
big and heavy for convenient use. A
second edition will no doubt soon be
demanded, and it would be well if the
book could then be bound in two volumes
with flexible covers, the quarto size being
retained on account of the plates.
SOCIETIES.
Society of ANTIQUARIES. — April 2. — Sir Her-
cules Head, President, in the chair. — A report was
presented by Messrs. Reginald Smith and Dewey
on excavations carried out last year on behalf of
the British Museum and the Geological Survey.
At Swanscombe, Kent, the St. Acheul horizon
on the 100-foot terrace was identified by the dis-
covery of a number of twisted flint implements,
which supplemented the series already found.
At Ingress Vale, Greenhithe, the ",\ ell-known
shell-bed was reopened and yielded about 500 good
Hakes, but no implements, though many specimens
of St. Acheul type are known from the deposit.
The fauna represented in the bed contains several
species best known from the Pliocene (Forest-bed),
and the Hakes exactly correspond to those found
in the lowest gravel at Barnfield pit, a quarter of
a mile distant. The height above O.D. is the
same in both cases, and the deposits seem to be
the earliest of the 100-foot terrace. Another site
examined on the same terrace is at the north
end of Dartford Heath, where clay overlies the
gravel on the slope towards the Thames. This
clay has been considered to be the filling of an
ancient river, running approximately east and
west ; but, as no northern bank was found during
the excavations, it is suggested that the clay is
the latest member of the 100-foot terrace, and was
deposited by the Thames. Unrolled flint imple-
ments have been found in quantity, suggesting a
late St. Acheul or Le Moustier date for the clay-
deposit. — Flint implements illustrating the paper
were exhibited by the President, Messrs. Dewey,
Davis, and W. M. Newton, and Dr. Corner.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Wed.
Society of Literature, 5.15.—' The Idea of Comedy,' Lecture II,
Prof. W. L. Courtney.
— Meteorological, 7.30.— 'The Insect Pests of Wheat Crops,' Mr.
F. Enock.
Thuks. Viking, 8.30 —Presidential Address on 'Orkney and Shetland
Folk, 872-1350.'
.
The Summer Meeting of the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers will be held in
Paris this year, and will begin on Monday,
July 6th. The programme, as at present
arranged, includes the reading and discus-
sion of papers in the Theatre of the Societe
des Ingenieurs Civils on two days, and visits
to engineering works and places of interest
in Paris, and to locomotive, steel, and
textile works in Lille, Roubaix, Valenci-
ennes, &c. It is intended also to arrange
a view of the works in Le Havre.
Prof. J. W. Judd gave an interesting
account of the geology of Rockall at the
last meeting of the Geological Society.
Rockall lies in mid-Atlantic, 184 miles west
of St. Kilda — a rock only 100 yards in cir-
cumference, with a height of 70 feet — though
it has been rejjorted as a large island, and
even supposed to be the remains of Atlantis.
Its main interest is strictly geological, for it
contains rocks unrepresented in our own
islands analogous to those found in the
Christiania district in Norway, and consisting
essentially — as the microscope and chemical
analysis show — of quartz, albite, and the rare
soda-pyroxene aegirite. Specimens of the
rock are very difficult to obtain, since the
island, surrounded by a bank on which are
dangerous reefs, is for the most part in-
accessible. This circumstance gave occa-
sion to a quaint remark on the part of one of
the speakers in the discussion following Prof.
Judd"s paper. Recalling the fact that a
North-American liner ran on the island
some years ago, and was wrecked with loss of
life, he said, " Had there been any geologists
among the survivors, more specimens of the
rock might then have been obtained." That
might really have been as good as Brown-
ing's ' Grammarian,' who
Gave us the doctrine of the enclitic De,
Dead from the waist down.
Mrs. John Evershed of Kodaikanal, who
has done some good work on Southern stars,
is to publish early this month with Messrs.
Gall & Inglis a book on ' Dante and the Early
Astronomers.' The outcome of many years
special study, it traces out developments of
astronomy from the earliest times.
No. 4511, April 11, 19U
THE A T II E N M U M
>33
FINE ARTS
Some Account of Gothic Architecture in
Spain. By George Edmund Street.
2 vols. (Dent & Sons. (is', net.)
moral interest in the architecture of
Spain has been growing of recent years,
and it is natural that Street's book should
be reissued. It is now edited by Miss
Georgians Goddard King, with just the
'notes which it needed. The editor says
that it is one of those hooks which are
written for " those who think of going
somewhere and want to know what to
expect " : and she is right in saying that
neither Murray nor Baedeker, much
though they depend on Street, gives
quite what is needed.
Street, indeed, was one of those
architects (not very many) who can
write as well as design, and his book, is
better than his building. Much has been
discovered since his day. Especially in
regard to French influence on the archi-
t scture of Spain artists and historians —
of the latter Senor D. Rafael Altamira is
facile prince ps — have come near to a
final decision. But Street is not super-
seded. In regard to Moorish influence
(on which we await such an original and
exciting comment as may be expected
from the investigation of Commendatore
Rivoira) much remains to be discovered ;
and that undoubtedly is the weak point
of Street's book. Its limitations must
be recognized. It was ignorant of the
'" Primitives " ; and the recent exhibition
at the Grafton Gallery will not allow us
to forget how important and original was
their work. The editor, following up
hints of her author, says some good
things on the history of Spanish painting
before the sixteenth century. But of
course, that is not Gothic architecture ;
Street did not tie himself down at all
strictly. Another weakness, which the
editor has endeavoured to rectify, is the
extremely meagre reference Street made
to the earliest churches — those of Xarranco
and Santa Cristina de Lena, for instance.
An interesting editorial note makes it
clear that the writer has been to Oviedo
(though she does not describe the Camara
Santa) and Xarranco, which Street had
not ; but such a book as M. Marcel
Dieulafoy's shows how much both author
and editor need supplementing.
Excellently though the editor has
supplied corrections and additions to the
accounts of places which Street visited,
hie omissions for the most part remain; he
i- to !)'• lead for what he saw. not for any
general view of Spanish architecture. His
book is most entertaining and vigorous, for
he had something of the humour of Ford
and something of the vigour of Freeman.
Truly does the editor say that "' lie is never
dull, never irritating, never fretful; and
stimulating beyond the wont " ; and that
" he taught t<> Europe the gloria <>i Santiago ;
he teaches to every fellow-traveller his
bience with foreign ways and his entire
devol ion to exalted beauty."
We may add that the reprint is in two
light volumes most convenient to carry*
Mural Painting in America. By Edwin
H. Blashfield. (Batstord, 8s. Qd. net.)
Hkrk is a volume containing much sound
sense and a good deal of vague, well-
meaning eloquence. If the presence of
the latter element make Mr. Blashfield's
writing loose-fibred — fleshy rather than
nervous and forcible — the cause is pro-
bably to be found in the fact that much
of it was delivered in the form of lectures.
and the lecturer (to paraphrase one of our
author's own sayings) can go no faster
than the slowest of his audience. The
intellectual (dement in Mr. Blashfield's
work is thus necessarily watered down,
and the reader must be warned not to
look for technical instruction. There is
none, and, indeed, the " mural painting "
dealt with does not appear, as a rule, to
have been painted on walls, but on
canvas maroufie, after the modern French
fashion. There is no reference to the
revival of fresco even as a possi-
bility, and it is apparently assumed that
modern decoration is necessarily oil paint-
ing. Mr. Blashfield, indeed. making a defence
for the heavily loaded pigment of recent
fashion.
On the other hand, Ave find clue insist-
ence on the importance (obvious enough,
but as a rule, insufficiently recog-
nized) of " mutuality " both between
painter and architect, and between
the different painters employed in a
building. It is painters even more
than architects and public who need to
realize the value of discipline, and Mr.
Blashfield has several things to say of
practical value : as when he points out to
the architect that painting can hardly be
other than intrusive when it is confined
to a single great panel ; or when he insists
on the necessity of regarding the " flat
painting " of an interior at its due import-
ance ; or argues the vanity of competitive
personalities in a single scheme ; or, in
dealing with the different types of artists
available, points out, with regard to the
men who prepare their schemes well
beforehand, that while they are relatively
safe their inelasticity has to be reckoned
with in those crises which arise in the
carrying out of any important work. " By
the way," says the architect (p. 116) when
the artist has half finished his composition,
" they will have to set a ventilator in the
middle of your wall."'
The question of the co-operation of
painters is more urgent in America than
with us, because of the scale on which
commissions are given — a scale which
makes it impossible for one man to do
the entire work ; and while we regret that
nowhere does it seem possible to begin
the practice of mural painting on a
mod -i acale and at a modest price, we
cannot help admiring the enterprise "I
America in providing public patronage
for their painters. What will be the
result it is too early yet to say. hut in
no other country have artists the same
opportunity Mr. Blashfield argues
against the public taste for open competi-
tions, and deprecates the employment on
large Commissions of " the local man," or
any but men of established experience.
He argues plausibly, and we do not sus-
pect him of self-interest; but the illustra-
tions to his hook offer a fatal commentary
on his claim that the master-decorators of
America " have proved their ability to
lead." From the artistic point of view
it is difficult to avoid the conviction that.
perhaps with the exception of Fa Parge,
they have shown themselves deplorably
incompetent or deplorably uninspired, or
both. What is needed is a new set of
leaders, and there, as here, enormous
monumental undertakings might well be
postponed in favour of the decoration of
a large number of buildings of familiar use
— cafes and restaurants and the like —
in dealing with which the born decorator
might make himself known and wdn a
practical training. Some scheme of State
bounties to bear part of the expense of
such work woidd be the best means of
restoring painting to its proper place
in social life.
Catalogue of a Collection of Paintings and
some Art Objects. — Vol. I. Italian Paint-
ings, by Bernhard Berenson ; Vol. II.
Flemish and Dutch Paintings, by W. R.
Valentiner ; Vol. III. German, French,
Spanish, and English Paintings, and
Art Objects, by YV. R. Valentiner,
(Philadelphia, privately printed.)
The Catalogue before us is a really
important contribution to scientific art
criticism, for the collection, which num-
bers about eleven hundred pictures, con-
tains works by the great masters and the
petits maitres of many schools and epochs.
Indeed, from the study of this Catalogue
alone the student might form a very fair
idea of the general development of Euro-
pean art from the thirteenth century to
the beginning of the twentieth.
Some two hundred of the pictures are
modem. These consist mainly of the
Barbizon and Impressionist Schools ;
but there are also works by other
French painters : Delacroix, Puvis de
Chavannes, Courbet, Carriere, and
Besnard. We note moreover the names
of Matthew and Jacob Maris, Mauve.
Israels, Bocklin, Monticelli. Whistler, and
Sargent.
But the great bulk of the collection con-
sists of Old Masters. First there are the
Italian pictures, dealt with by Mr. Hern-
hard Berenson. His name is a sufficient
guarantee for the quality of the critical
work, and he has had here ample oppor-
tunity for a display of his knowledge
and intuition in matters of attribution.
The pictures arc of a high standard. We
have Sienese and Florentine primitives
and important works of the fifteenth
century : the ' Purification of the Virgin
(pt . 38), for example, by Benozzo < k>zzoli —
which is apparently part of the ' pn dells
to the altarpiece once in the chapel of the
Company of the Purification in Florence,
and now in the National Gallery is a
534
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
thoroughly characteristic painting. Re-
markable also for their direct conception
and unaffected execution are the four
parts of a predella by Botticelli (pt. 44-9).
There are many other Florentine works,
.and the outstanding feature of the Vene-
tian pictures is the ' Madonna ' by Gio-
vanni Bellini (pt. 105), one of the earliest
of his extant paintings, which, though far
inferior to his masterpieces in technical
.accomplishment, shows extreme delicacy
in the treatment of the hands and delight-
ful feeling throughout. There are also
pictures by Carpaccio and Cima da
■Conegliano, and portraits by Palma
Vecchio, Lotto, Titian, and Tintoretto.
JVIost of the other schools of Italy are Avell
represented, of special interest being the
two panels, ' St. John the Baptist ' and
L St. Peter,' by Cosimo Tura, and the
four examples of Luca Signorelli.
Mr. Valentiner has had a similarly
grateful task in writing on the Flemish
and Dutch pictures. These are, if any-
thing, even finer and more characteristic
than the Italian. Two important pic-
tures by Jan van Eyck, ' St. Francis
receiving the Stigmata ' — almost identical
with the picture in the Turin Gallery —
tind a portrait, first claim the critic's
attention. Then come splendid examples
of the art of Memling, Van der Weyden,
Dirck Bouts, and their schools. Here,
too, is an extremely attractive picture by
A Haarlem artist of the late fifteenth
century representing ' Scenes from the
Life of the Virgin.' Mr. Valentiner iden-
tifies the painter of this picture with the
artist of the ' Augustus and Sibyl ' (cata-
logued " Manner of Dirck Bouts ") in
■the Museum at Frankfort. He does not,
however, mention the ' Raising of Laza-
rus ' in the St. Carlos Museum, Mexico
(labelled "School of Dirck Bouts"),
which is undoubtedly also by the same
hand. These three pictures together
-create a new personality who was an
artist of great charm and skill. Patinir
and Mabuse are not seen at their best,
but the Rembrandt head (pt. 479)
would hold its own in any collection of
the master's works. There are also excel-
lent examples of Pieter de Hooch, Ver-
meer of Delft, Ruysdael, and Hobbema,
and a fine genre piece, ' The Fiddler,' by
Brouwer's talented pupil, Arent Diepraem,
which might have inspired a Goya or a
Manet.
The German, French, Spanish, and
English " Old Masters " are not quite of
the same standard. We must except the
portraits by Albrecht Diirer, the Master
of Moulins, Francois Clouet, Corneille de
Lyon, and the ' Peasant Girl ' by Chardin
— previously attributed to Frans Hals —
all of which are admirable in their respec-
tive styles. Of the Spanish pictures the
two works by El Greco appear the most
interesting, and of the English the sketches
by Constable.
In addition to the pictures, the collec-
tion comprises some sculptures and objets
(Tart of various periods, including works
by Houdon, Barye, and M. Rodin, and
Chinese bronzes and porcelains, rugs and
-textiles.
EXHIBITIONS.
The atmosphere of reminiscence, not in
itself disagreeable, which hangs over the
exhibition at the Chenil Gallery of the
drawings of Miss Edna Clarke-Hall rerriinds
us of the gulf which separates to-day, with
its cult of the drawing for its own sake,
from the time when artists did drawings as
a preparation for a more important work,
and did not always take the trouble to
preserve them after use. Clearly there is
something to be said for the modern way
of thinking ; yet we cannot forget that it was
under the earlier dispensation that the
drawings were done which were the models
inspiring — perhaps at one remove — artists
like Miss Hall, nor can we view without a
certain disquietude the progress of a career
which we looked upon as so promising ten
years ago, and which to-day is still promising,
but showing the same symptoms of riotous
sketching, and the absence of continuous
effort. These sketches vary considerably,
from drawings in the manner of some
Victorian illustrator like John Leech to
life-studies recalling the looser work of
Mr. William Orpen. Almost all have an
immediate suggestion of nature which
enlivens the equally strong reminiscence of
some other artist's work. Certain flower
studies, such as Nos. 28 and 39, seem the
most original ; but even in this department
there is another flower study, No. 53, which
by its resemblance to the Victorian Keepsake
album suggests a point of departure cer-
tainly greatly developed in the other two.
Even greater slightness marks some of
the water-colours of M. Henri Farge, whose
varied exhibition at the galleries of Messrs.
Goupil & Co. in Bedford Street deserves a
visit by reason of the charming person-
ality and distinguished sense of style it
reveals. Sometimes, it is trvie, there is
hardly anything on the paper, yet the sense
of the true classic use of water-colour is
invariably maintained, and always with
perfect sjsontaneity. To " place " M. Farge's
talent for those to whom it is unknown, we
should have to invoke the remembrance of
Girtin's architectural drawings on the one
hand, and the engravings of Kandinsky on
the other. The influence of Chinese tech-
nique on a European A'ision is also pro-
nounced. Two lie de- France landscapes (59
and 60) and a handsome Coliseum (73) are
among the gems of the collection.
Among the other exhibits, a full-length
portrait of a girl in fancy dress, Hippolyte (7),
is like an enlarged Watteau, and superior
to M. Farge's other and more definitely
Post-Impressionist oil paintings. It is full
of character and feminine charm. His at-
tempts at reviving the older traditions of
Venetian glasswork show a painter's sense
of the intrinsic beauty of what in trade
circles might perhaps be regarded as flaws
in manufacture. He has felt the subtle
qualities of certain large vessels of clear
glass, not quite clear, however, but slightly
milky with imprisoned bubbles, and avoiding
the machine-made regularity of surface
which might spoil the liquidity of the mate-
rial, while an ingenious use of quaintly
designed white porcelain with gold decora-
tion has the elegance of the best Renaissance
craftsmanship. Affiliation to past, with a
vivid sense of present, artistic influences
makes M. Farge, though he is by no means
a robust artist, a very interesting one.
At the Dore Gallery the paintings of Mr.
Charles Russell, the " Cowboy artist," show
the photographic cleverness of draughts-
manship typical of the modern illustrator,
and occasionally, as in No. 17, a touch of
character. For the most part, however.
" the West that has passed " appears much
as we find it in the picture theatre.
In the room adjoining, a show of the work of
a minor adherent of the Impressionist School,
the late F. S. Cordey, has sincerity, and
occasionally, as in the Passage a, Niveau (44),
some accomplishment akin to that of M.
Lucien Pissarro.
THE LEEDS ART GALLERY.
It is only since Mr. Frank Rutter took
over the directorship of the Leeds Art Gal-
lery that a review of a picture exhibition in
Leeds has been made possible.
The fine arrangement of the present
Spring Exhibition, with its 270 invited works
(the maze of the thousand-and-one has had
its day), engenders a state of mind that is
necessary to the proper appreciation of
pictures. An imposing group of paintings
by Mr. William Strang sounds the fullest
note in this exhibition. These paintings,
five in number, show a more masterly
completeness than any other group here.
The Masefield portrait lias an elemental
sweetness and dignity of design, a grace
and. composure eminently suited to the
subject. There is a sense of design in all
Mr. Strang's paintings, always mounting
toward a higher form, the colour insepar-
able from the pattern.
Mr. Strang's colour has developed a
personal note of great charm. The Milliner
is delicious in this respect, as are the two
landscapes, painted with a fullness and
with the compactness of form of a Cezanne.
Next in importance is the group of
paintings by Mr. P. Wilson Steer. These
pictures, covering a period of twenty-
five years, are to be taken as illustrative
of the growth of this distinguished painter.
The nude figure, which was painted in 1896,
is a grossly material essay on the lines of
Manet, and has a certain subtlety of
modelling. A garish painting of 1 894.
Children Running, has an artificial lumi-
nosity which appears all the more aggressive
when one turns to the exquisite passages of
colour in Children Paddling, painted about
the same time. The Golden Valley (1903)
is what we have come to look upon as a Steer.
In its expression of Nature and knowledge
of the play of light it puts Mr. Steer above
most of his fellows in this country.
Better than Bridgnorth and The Break-
water, two paintings in Mr. Steer's latest
manner, is the small painting of 1900, A
Woodland Scene, Knaresbro '. This land-
scape is full of quiet beauty, and is a masterly
achievement.
Mr. Gerald Kelly is represented by his
Alma de mi Alma, a portrait which exhibits
a rare sensitiveness of colour and sense of
restraint. The Vicar, another of his paint-
ings, is a somewhat exacting interior study.
Mr. Philip Connard shows The Little
Ballerina, strongly reminiscent of a picture
by Velasquez in composition, and some
invigorating landscapes which have in them
the soul and sentiment of fair weather.
The work of Mr. Walter Bayes has some
subtle significance. His paintings are satu-
rated with a strange and tranquil tone, and
their beautiful draughtsmanship greatly en-
hances their attraction.
The exhibition includes some impres-
sionistic studies by Mr. Walter Sickert, as
remarkable in their way as a Forain drawing.
Mr. Augustus John, Mr. J. D. Fergusson,
Mr. Muirhead Bone, Mr. W. Orpen, and
Mr. Albert Rothenstein are of the good
company. E. F.
No. 4511, April 11, 1014
T H E A T II E N M U Til
535
JFtttf Art (L>ossip.
Mb H. H. I. a Thangi i: is to hold his first
'■ one-man show " this month »it tin- Leicester
Galleries. It will occupy two rooms, and
consist of nearly fifty finished pictures.
Av official guide has been appointed to
conduct visitors round the National Gallery,
British Art, Millbank. The guide meets
those who have ticket- for the visit in the
Central Hall at LI. 30 a.m. on Tuesdays,
Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and at 2.! 30
p.m. every day. Bach visit will last about
an hour, and a definite weekly programme
has been arranged, which includes a "general
visil " for children upon the application of
head teachers of schools.
The Proceedings of the Somersetshire
Archaeological and Natural History Society
contain the report of a curious discovery
connected with the plan of Glastonbury
Abbey, worked out by Mr. F. Bligh Bond.
This is the use of the number 37 as a unit of
measurement, found sometimes in multiples,
and again fractionally. The recurrence
itself of the dimensions suggests that the
whole plan of the Abbey, including the
monastic buildings, might be found to rest on
a basis of commensurate squares. This is
not uncommon in mediaeval churches ; but
there would he something novel in the plan
being extended to the whole group of build-
ings. It is possible to show that the number
.'37 had a place of special importance in the
numerical symbolism of the earlier Christian,
and especially the Greek, schools, whose
mystical traditions influenced later builders.
But a theory of symbolism cannot well be
established till the actual standard of
measurement used by the masons has been
determined, and it is contended by some
authorities that 37 inches are the 36 inches
of the ordinary yard plus what was known
a- the poller interpositus, or " thumb-
breadth," which, as old documents attest, it
was a custom from the eleventh century to
the fifteenth to interpose between each yard
of land conveyed.
Mr. Murray's new announcements include
' Ancient and Medieval Indian Architecture,'
by Mr. E. B. Havell. who, completing his
survey of the subject, takes its history back
to the earliest times, and traces it down to
the Mohammedan conquest. The period
includes all the great sculpture of Mediaeval
India, which is not so well known as it ought
to be.
The death is announced at Seville of
Adolph F. A. Bandelier, the American
archaeologist, who had gone to Spain in
order to make researches for the completion
of his ■ Documentary History of the Rio
Grande Pueblos,' to" be published by the
Carnegie In-titution. Born at Berne,
in 1 >s to. be emigrated as a youth to
the United States, where he devoted him-
self to archsBologica] and ethnological work
amOng the Indians Of the South-Western
United States, Mexico, and South America,
and made himself one of the leading autho-
rities on the prehistoric civilization of
Arizona and New Mexico. Later he worked
in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. He showed
the falsity of various historical myths,
especially those concerning the Enca civiliza-
tion of Pern. He was a man of great
mental ability, which resisted unimpaired
the physical ailments of his later years. Hi
wide knowledge oi the earlier and contem-
porary Spanish authors on all the subjects
which he treated was united with a con-
siderable gift for historic criticism. As an
archaeologist he was remarkable for his
iry care in the description of his
finds.
/Husiral (Bosstp.
A lecture was delivered l>y Mrs. Franz
l.iehieh hefore the London Section of the
Incorporated Society of Musicians at the
Polytechnic Institute last Saturday after-
noon. Her suhject was "Modern Music
and the New in the Old." Much of what is
written at the present time is puzzling,
so that it was interesting to hear what she
hail tt) say concerning a suhject to which
she has devoted much time and thought.
In the days when the classics flourished,
objections were raised to the New in the
Old, but principally by theorists. Of the
false relations in the Introduction to
Mozart's Quartet in c (K. 46o) Sarti was
one of the loudest to complain ; and Berlioz
has told us how another theorist, Fetis,
not only found fault with certain passages,
hut even made corrections and printed
them. It has been stated again and again
that Beethoven's music was not appre-
ciated by the public of his day. His
Symphonies and Overtures, also his
chamber music, were constantly being
performed during his lifetime, not only in
Vienna, but also in England, France, Russia,
and throughout Germany. His works
showed, especially in earlier days, more of
the old than of the new. The forms used
by his predecessors were still in force,
though modified, and the rules of harmony
and part-writing handed down from the past
were generally respected.
The music of to-day, said Mrs. Liebich,
was accused of being revolutionary. It was
also spoken of as a New School, but she
declared that it had links with the past, and
was merely a further unfolding of Nature's
harmonies ; that old modes and Oriental
scales were being revived, and the diatonic
scale, a bar to progress, had been killed. There
is, of course, truth in what is said about the
scales, though the treatment of dissonances
as consonances, the determination to avoid
the old diatonic harmonies, prevalent in much
modern music, together with the frequent
abolition of the classical forms, cause the New
element to be vastly in excess of the Old.
Hence the difficulty of judging (or rather
appreciating) the New School is in some cases
very great ; moreover the rising generation
will enter into the spirit of it sooner than
those who have first to shake off old associa-
tions.
One thing is, however, pretty certain :
all that is now being produced will not
stand the test of time ; some of it is genuine,
some merely intended to mystify. The
public are too apt to consider what they
cannot understand as too deep for them.
The term " Music of the Future " was in
early days applied to the works of Wagner,
but in 1860 the famous " Declaration "
against the "New German School," signed
by Brahms, Joachim, Grimm, and Scholz,
was directed principally against Liszt and
his Symphonic Poems. The ' Faust ' Sym-
phony, composed between 1853 and 18o7,
although it retains more of the classical
symphonic form than Liszt's Tone-Poems,
clearly -hows that he was opening new
paths.
This work which has not been heard for
many years, was performed lasl Saturday
afternoon under the direction of Mr. Shapiro
at his concert in Queen's Hall. The
Conducting was good, though it showed no
enthusiasm. Mr. Shapiro must have fell
that the revival was not convincing
those present that a threat work had been
unjustly neglected. It interested some in
tint it was an e.uly step toward-, the Sym-
phonic Poems "i Strauss, who, whatever one
may think of the realism which prevails in
them, is stronger than Liszt in thematic
development and orchestration. ' Faust '
and ' Dante ' are the only symphonies Liszt
wrote; they are longer than the Symphonic
Poems, hut are. on the whole, (hill ; there
is a sense of effort in both. Liszt chose
suhject s which appealed to him, hut did
not fully inspire him. There are fine passages,
hut the interest is not sustained. Liszt as
pioneer is worthy of high praise. He felt
that there must he modification of the
classical forms and rules to suit the new
romantic spirit of his day, which was not
solely confined to the art of music. Beet-
hoven, a greater man than Liszt . although he
did not, like the latter, express his views by
writing, had already come to the same con-
clusion. Liszt, indeed, acknowledged in his
writings his indebtedness to Beethoven, also
to his contemporary Berlioz.
At Mr. Cyril Scott's concert of his own
compositions, at Bechstein Hall last
Monday evening, the programme opened
with a short, quaint piano solo ' In the
Temple of Memphis.' This was followed by
a Quintet for Strings and Pianoforte. In
the classical days the pianoforto was men-
tioned first in the titles ; duets for that
instrument with a violin were even called
" with an accompaniment," as in Beet-
hoven's Op. 30. The change is for the
better. Mr. Scott's Quintet is without
breaks between the movements, but that,
especially in his music, in which there is
often more head than heart, and in which
cadences are studiously avoided, seems an
unnecessary strain. Mendelssohn and Schu-
mann wrote symphonies without breaks,
but each movement came to a close ; their
aim, which even conductors disregard, was
evidently to prevent disturbance by applause.
The Quintet in question opens with fine
thematic material, and there are also
excellent passages in the course of the
work, but as a whole it is weakened by
rcmplissages. A forcible rendering of the
pianoforte part was given by the composer,
and he was ably supported by Lady Speyer
and Messrs. Maurice Sons, Lionel Tertis,
and Arnold Trowell. Some violin solos
were expressively played by Lady Speyer.
A ' Sonnet ' with sounds of " distant evening
bells" is most delicate. 'Cherry Ripe' is
simple and charming; while there is cha-
racter in Nos. 1 and 3 of the 'Tallahassee
Suite." Mr. Scott's gifts, so far as we know
him, are displayed at their best in works
of short compass.
Bach's b minor Mass was performed by
the Bach Choir under the direction of Dr.
H. P. Allen in Westminster Abbey on Friday
in last week. The choir and soloists sang
well, and Dr. Allen was successful in his
contrasts between the quick and joyful
numbers and those in a quiet vein. The
• Crucifixus ' and ' Et Incarnatus ' were
especially notable in a reverent and striking
performance.
MlSS Susan nk Mokvav, w hen she made
her debut in London a few seasons ago,
gave a delightful rendering of Liszt's diffi-
cult Sonata in b minor. She played il
again at her recital last Thursday week al
the .Kolian Hall, hut her reading was
laboured. The same thing wa- nliscrvable in
Schumann's ' Etudes S\ mphonii jues ' ; more-
over, the technique was not always clear.
In some Chopin solos she was far more
satisfactory; there was, indeed, charm and
simplicity in her plaj ing.
Is an interview w ith Dr. < reorg< Senschel in
la -i Sunday's Observer, the well-known Binger
and conductor is reported as suggesting thai
it would he a good thing if some patrons oi
53(3
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 45(1, April 11, 1914
\
music would found an institution which
would give a yearly scries of classical con-
certs, so that the growing generation could
hear the master works of the past. Beet-
hoven is well cared for : Sir Henry J. Wood
gives performances of the Symphonies during
his seasons of Symphony Concerts, and the
■complete cycle of nine, with the exception of
the choral part of the Ninth, every season of
the Promenade( loncerts; moreover, the Quar-
tets and Pianoforte Sonatas are constantly
to be heard. More, however, might be
done for Bach and Mozart. As regards
painting, masterpieces of the past can be seen
at the National Gallery, but, as remarked
by Dr. Henschel, " musical students find it
difficult to hear old master works of music,
for they are seldom played." But the scores
are in the British Museum, and those before
Mozart are so simple that students could
easily read them. Readers are not admitted,
it is true, to the British Museum until the
age of 21, but jjre-Mozartian scores would
not be much in request until student days
were over.
The orchestral suite 'The Pool,' Mr.
G. H. Clutsam's new work for next week's
musical festival at Torquay, is founded on a
ballet mimo-drama produced two years ago
at the Alhambra Theatre. It consists of
six numbers : ' Overturette,' ' Spinning-
Wheel,' ' Dance of Melisande,' ' Nocturne,'
* Stately Court Dance,' and ' Grotesque.'
Signor Puccini's ' Boh erne ' will be
given on the 20th inst., the opening night of
the season at Co vent Garden. Madame
Melba will impersonate Mimi, and Signor
Malatesta Rudoll'o. The orchestra will be
under the direction of Mr. Albert Coates.
There are four important festivals on the
Continent this year. The first is the one at
Bayreuth. ' Parsifal ' will be given seven
times, on July 23, Aug. 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 20 ;
two cycles of ' Der Ring des Nibelungen,' on
July 25, 26, 27, and 29," and Aug. 13, 14, 15,
and 17 ; and three performances of ' Der
Fliegende Hollander,' Aug. 5, 11, and 19.
At Munich sjieeial attention will be paid
to ' Parsifal,' of which there will be six
performances : July 31 (the opening day),
Aug. 10, 19, and 28, Sept. 7 and 15. Here, as
at Bayreuth, there will be two cycles of the
' Ring,' on Aug. 12, 13, 15, and 17, and
Aug. 31, Sept. 1, 3, and 5. ' Tristan und
Isolde ' and ' Die Meistersinger ' will each be
given three times : the former on Aug. 4 and
22, and Sept. 10, the latter on Aug. 5 and 23,
and Sept. 11. During the off nights perfor-
mances will ts>ke place, as in previous years,
of Mozart operas at the Residenz Theater :
' Figaro ' on Aug. 2 and 27 ; ' Die Ent-
fiihrung aus dem Serail ' on Aug. 6 and
Sept. 14 ; ' Don Giovanni ' on Aug. 9 and
Sept. 9 ; and ' Cosi fan Tutte ' on Aug. 24.
The two performances of ' Die Zauberflote '
on Aug. 9 and 29 will be given at the Royal
Court Theatre.
At Salzburg from Aug. 10 to 22 a festival
will be held in honour of Mozart, at which
three performances will be given of ' Don
Giovanni,' and two of 'Die Entfuhrung,'
under the direction of Herr Muck. There
will also be performances of two Masses, and
two concerts conducted by Herren Nikisch
and Muck. On Aug. 1 1 the inauguration of
the new Mozart-Haus will take place.
Finally, there is to be a Bach Festival
at Vienna from May 9 to 11, organized by
the Neue Bach Gesellschaft. The scheme
includes the ' John ' Passion, church can-
tatas, and chamber music.
DRAMA
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Bi'N. Sunday Concert Society 3 30. Queen's Hall.
Sat. M07. irt Society. 3. Portnian Rooms.
— New Symphony Orchestra, 3.15. Queen's Hall.
THREE IRISH PLAYS.
There is little in common between the
three plays before us except the bare fact
that their authors are Irishmen. But
they are fruit of the same tree ; had it not
been for the National Theatre Society of
Dublin, it is unlikely that they would have
been written. Even ' Rope Enough '
must be attributed to the same source ;
for, although the play deals with an
English Home Secretary amid English
surroundings, and with the problem of
capital punishment, it was the Abbey
Theatre, of which after the death of J. M.
Synge he became a director for a while,
that originally moved Mr. O'Riordan to
write drama. But there all the similarity
ends.
The first two acts of ' The Bribe ' are
closely knit and convincing. A Board of
Guardians has been advertising for a
Medical Officer. There are two applicants,
the less qualified of whom bribes the guar-
dians freely to secure his election. The
Board is evenly divided, and the Chairman
is won over, after a struggle, by a substan-
tial douceur, from his attitude of incor-
ruptible aloofness to the side of the less
capable candidate. In the third act comes
retribution. The Chairman's wife and
abettor is taken ill, and dies at the hands
of the new Medical Officer. The other
doctor is leaving the neighbourhood at the
moment, and is sent for. On his arrival
he can only say that had he been called in
earlier he could have saved the woman's
life. The last act, indeed, is more in the
nature of an appendix than of a climax,
and this discontinuity is not adequately
compensated by the clever craftsmanship
of the acts taken separately. The second
act, with the meeting of the Board of
Guardians, is specially worthy of praise.
The members are a somewhat disreputable
crew, but their individual differences are
excellently portrayed. There is more
humour and vigour in ' The Bribe ' than in
' The Shuiler's Child,' but, in our opinion,
Mr. O'Kelly's earlier play is the more
effective.
Mr. MacSwiney prefaces ' The Revolu-
tionist ' with a plea for the adoption of
French usage in the distinction of scenes,
believing that this would tend to eliminate
illogicalities and irrelevances. We doubt
if any such admirable result is to be
obtained merely by adherence to a routine
method. Certainly it has not given this
play the consecutiveness required of a
five-act tragedy. The action of ' The
Revolutionist ' may be described as inci-
dents in the life of Hugh O'Neill. The
bearer of this historic name is a young
The Bribe : a Play in Three Acts. By Seumas
O'Kelly. (Maunsel <fe Co., Is. net.)
The Reiiolutionist : a Play in Five Acts. By
Terence J. MacSwiney. (Same pub-
lishers, 2s. 6rf. net.)
Rope Enouah : a Play in Three Acts. By
Conal O'Riordan. (Same publishers,
2s. net.)
Irishman who, at some period when
a measure of Home Rule has been
vaguely indicated, sets out to overcome
those Nationalist malcontents who would
make their victory complete by Fenian
methods and secret societies. He puts
up a good fight, denouncing secrecy,
which " means men will go on making a
virtue of not professing openly what they
believe"; he founds a paper, opposes a
priest, falls in love, and dies of pneumonia,
complicated by overstrain. The unreality
of the background handicaps the charac-
ters' claims on the reader's sympathies ;
and a few short pieces of dialogue alone
evoke our admiration.
The moral of ' Rope Enough " is that
anybody, given the opportunities, may
become morally responsible for murder.
In this play the person upon whom this
truth forces itself is an Anglican bishop
vho sowed wild oats in his youth. But
the main thesis takes a long while to
emerge from the mass of epigrammatic
conversation and conflicts of opposing
ideals which practically fill the first and
second acts. Sometimes a derivation
from Mr. Shaw suggests itself, as in these
lines : —
Colonel. I defy you to prove from the Bible
that I ever did anything wrong.
Bishop. Before you attempt to under-
stand the Bible you must learn your Cate-
chism.
Colonel. O, bosh ! You talk to me as if I
were a little child.
Bishop. No, Colonel, I do not. I have not
for you so much respect.
The action revolves about the Bishop,
a brother of a new Home Secretary with
humanitarian views. When the former
returns to his family from his diocese of
Hippo, and learns that a woman, a close
friend of his brother's fiancee, has just been
sentenced to death for the murder of her
son, he has " no feeling in the matter," and
later admits that the judge in delivering
sentence " spoke in my name, and in the
name of every man, woman, and child
within the Christian community." Then
the blow is struck, and he realizes that
he is the father of the dead boy. His
behaviour subsequently is indicated rather
than presented. The play probably reads
better than it would act. The moral may
appear to some to be based on insufficient
evidence ; but the ensemble and the
characterization are undoubtedly good
examples of the dramatist's craft.
To Correspondents.— C. A. M. F.— B. S.— P. T. C—
M. M. H.-O. M —Received.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
Coriugendim.— P. 503, col. 2, 1. 15 from foot, for
"Tuesday" read Wednesday.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 539.]
rpHE ATHEN^UM.
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No. 4511, April 11, 1914 THE ATHEN7EUM 537
rom HODDER & STOUGHTON'S LIST.
THE BAIRD LECTURE. DR. J. A. M'CLYMONT'S NEW WORK.
NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM : Its History and Results.
By J. A. M'CLYMONT, D.D. Price 6s. net.
"We may say of it at once that it will take a worthy place among the Bain! Lectures. . There is a real understanding of the problem; and there is an unfolding of it
such a way as to carry the ordinary educated reader right on to his conclusions with unflagging interest... .A very interesting book from beginning to end."
Dundee Advertiser.
"Should be very useful to the lay inquirer— sketching the history of the New Testament criticism, vindicating its legitimacy, and going through the books in order,
.king account of the views of all the chief critics here and abroad."— Times.
"An excellent work, wise, sober, and well-informed.. . the main problems are treated with a sure hand, with wide knowledge of the literature, and with an adequate
sense of the importance of the issues." — Aberdeen Free Press.
CALVIN AND HIS TEACHING.
The "Times" reviews the Rev. Hugh Y. Reyburn's New Work.
JOHN CALVIN : His Life, Letters, and Work.
By the Rev. HUGH Y. REYBURN, B.D., Kirkintilloch.
Price 10s. 6d. net.
" It is easy for lesser men to point out the defects both in the character of Calvin and in the doctrines he taught Yet, when all is said, there remains the figure of a great
Christian thinker, inspired by lofty ideals, entirely free from personal ambition, careful only to teach the truth as he conceived it, and animated by a splendid zeal for the highest
welfare of his fellow. men. And Calvin was something more than a religious leader. He was a great social reformer As a protagonist in social reform and a great democratic
leader, Calvin acquires a new interest to-day. In these circumstances wo are glad to welcome any book which sets out to provide an impartial account of Calvin and his teaching ; and
if for no other reason that because it does this, Mr. Rey burn's work is entitled to our sympathetic attention.. ..He has provided a popularly written work in which the history is
presented in a well. arranged sequence and the doctrines of Calvin are simply expounded. Every page of bis work manifests his own interest in the question with which he is
coucerned. He is too much influenced by present-day thought to be a thoroughgoing advocate of Calvinism ; but he has too high a conception of the personal character, intellectual
power, and vigorous faith of the reformer to sink to the level of the mere critic."— Times.
THE TENTH EDITION OF DR. PATERSON SMYTH'S FAMOUS BOOK.
THE BISHOP OF LOXDOX, preaching at All Saints' Church, Fulham, spoke about Dr. Paterson Smyth's new book ' The Gospel of the Hereafter,'
tchkh, he said, for the first lime made the life beyond the grave so attractive as to be something which men and women could enjoy.
THE GOSPEL OF THE HEREAFTER.
By J. PATERSON SMYTH, B.D. LL.D. D.C.L.
Tenth Edition. Price 2s. 6d. net.
" I have just given away twenty copies of ' The Gospel of the Hereafter.' It has already comforted many stricken souls and taken away the fear of death from many."
The Bishop of London.
HODDER & STOUGHTON, PUBLISHERS, LONDON, E.C.
The Book Monthly
Edited by James Milne
Literary Editor of The "Daily Chronicle
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538
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
" That delightful repository of forgotten lore,
" Learned, Chatty, Useful." — Athenceum.
Notes and Queries.' "
Edinburgh Review, October, 1880.
Every Saturday, of any Bookseller or Newsagent in England, price id. ; or free by post to the Continent, Ahd.
NOTES AND QUERIES:
A Medium of Intercommunication for Literary Men and General Readers.
*
Subscription, 10.*. 3d. for Six Months ; 20s. 6d. for Twelve Months, including postage.
The TENTH SERIES of NOTES AND QUERIES, complete in
12 vols. (JANUARY, 1904, to DECEMBER, 1909), price 10s. 6d. each
Volume, contains, in addition to a great variety of similar Notes and
Replies, Articles of Interest on the following Subjects.
THIRD SELECTION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERARY HISTORY.
Key to ' Abbey of Kilkhampton ' — Academy of the
Muses, its History — Addison's Maternal Ancestry —
Abstemius in iEsop's Fables — Akenside's Birth — Errors
in Allot's ' England's Parnassus ' — ' Anecdotes of Polite
Literature ' and Horace Walpole — ' Arabian Nights,'
Edition with Vowel Points — Matthew Arnold's ' Church
of Brou ' — Stephen Austen, Bookseller of Newgate Street
— Parodies of Alfred Austin's Poems — " Author " used
for " Editor " — Authors and their First Books.
ECCLESI0L0GY AND THE BIBLE.
Premonstratensian Abbeys — Abbeys and Priories Confused
— Mitred Abbots — Funeral Garlands at Abbot's Ann —
Adam's Commemorative Pillars — Use of the Term "Aisle "
— Anchorites' Dens — Angels, their Division into Choirs
and Hierarchies — Apostles suffering from Toothache —
Archdeacons' Marks in Bedfordshire Church — Arms of
English Roman Catholic Bishops — Royal Arms in Churches
— Artahshashte for Artaxerxes in Barker's Bible — Chapel
of the Ascension, Oxford Road — Ascension Day Obser-
vance— Axholme Priory, its History.
HISTORY.
Abdul the Damned, Origin of the Appellation — Death
of Pope Adrian IV. — John Bright and the Cave of Adullam
— English and French Losses at Agincourt — Emperor
Akbar's Likeness — City Aldermen — Alexander the Great's
Wry Neck — Queen Alexandra's Surname — King Alfonso
and Queen Victoria of Spain — Anagrams on Pope Pius X.
— The House of Anjou — Queen Anne compared with
Jezebel — Anne of Austria, why so called — Comte d'An-
traigues murdered at Barnes — Error in Sir Edwin Arnold's
Memorial Inscription — Prince Arthur, and Window in
St. Margaret's, Westminster — Port Arthur, its Name —
Mrs. Charlotte Atkyns and Marie Antoinette — Western
Australia and the Fenians.
TAVERN SIGNS.
Bacchanals, or Bag-o' -Nails — Badger's Bush or Beggar's
Bush — Bombay Grab — Bonnie Cravat — Brokenselde —
Bull and Mouth — Case is Altered — Coal Hole, Strand —
Crooked Billet — Dog and Pot — D >n Saltero's, Chelsea —
Doves, Hammersmith Bridge — Essex Serpent — Four Alls
or Five Alls — Mourning Bush — Mourning Mitre — Old
Bell, Holborn Hill — Pestle and Mortar — Protector's
Head — Ram Jam — Red Lion, Henley-on-Thames — Salu-
tation, Billingsgate — Salutation and Cat — Saracen's Head
— Scole Inn, Norfolk — Ship Hotel, Greenwich — Sol's
Arms, Wych Street — Star and Garter, Pall Mall — Sun
and Anchor, Scotter — Three Cups — Vine, Highgate Road
— World Turned Upside Down.
QUOTATIONS.
" La vie est vaine " — " L'amour est l'histoire de la vie
des femmes " — " Les beaux esprits se rencontrent " —
" Love in phantastick triumph sat " — " Mon verre n'est
pas grand, mais je bois dans mon verre " — " Music of
the spheres " — " Needles and pins, needles and pins "
— " Nor think the doom. of man reversed for thee " — " O
for a booke and a shadie nooke ! " — " Oh tell me whence
Love cometh " — " On entre, on crie " — " Pay all their
debts with the roll of his drum " — " Pearls cannot equal the
whiteness of his teeth " — " Pitt had a great future behind
him " — " Plus je connais les hommes " — " Popery,
tyranny, and wooden shoes " — " Praises let Britons sing "
— " Prefaces to books are like signs to public-houses " —
" Quam nihil ad genium " — " Still like the hindmost
chariot wheel is cursed " — " Swayed by every wind that
blows " — " The East bowed low before the blast " —
k' The farmers of Aylesbury gathered to dine " — " The
fate of the Tracys " — " The hand that rocks the cradle "
-" The heart two chambers hath "— " The King of
France and forty thousand men
The toad beneath
the harrow knows " — 'c The virtue lies in the struggle " —
" The world 's a bubble " — " There are only two secrets
a man cannot keep " — " There is on earth a yet auguster
thing " — " Ther,e is so much good in the worst of us " —
" These are the Britons, a barbarous race " — " They say
that Avar is hell, a thing accurst " — " This too shall pass
away " — " Though lost to sight, to memory dear " — ■
" Tire le rideau, la farce est jouee " — " To see the children
sporting on the shore " — " Two men look out through
the same bars " — " Two shall be born a whole wide
world apart "— " Upon the hills of Breedon "— " Vivit
post funera virtus " — " Walking in style by the banks
of the Nile " — " Warm summer sun, shine friendly here "
— " What dire offence from am'rous causes springs " —
" Wherever God erects a house of prayer " — " With equal
good nature, good grace, and good looks."
MISCELLANEOUS.
Abbreviations — Initial Letters instead of Words — Acqua
Tofana, Composition of the Poison — Acre as a Measure of
Length — Yew Trees planted by Act of Parliament —
Adams's Museum, Kingsland Road — Aeroplanes and
early Flying Machines — " Angel " of an Inn — Animals,
their Immortality — Dead Animals exposed on Trees and
Walls — Apparitions — Apples, their Old Names — Army
Lists, their History — Army Regimental Marches — Army
Service Corps Nicknames — Athenian Fleet saved by a
Comma — Attorney-General to the Queen — Aurora Borealis
in Lincolnshire in 1640 — Autograph of Satan — Aviation.
Early Attempts.
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
No. 4511, April 11, 1014
T 11 E A T 11 E N M U M
139
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NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (April 11) CONTAINS—
NOTES : — Jack Cide, his Native Place and his Rebellion — Birmingham Statues and Memorials — Ellis
of New Bond Street — " Bore"— Southwark Bridge— Burton's Quotations from "Loechceus" —
Notes on Words for the ' N.E.D.'
QUERIES : — Doynell Family — Shakespeare and the Warwickshire Dialect — Queen Elizabeth and
Walsingham — 'Ethics of the Dust' — Author of Quotation Wanted— Arms of See of Lichfield —
Silk-Weaving — Bewickiana — Biographical Information Wanted — Pluralities — "Blizard" as
Surname — Goddard Dunning, Painter : Mellichamp, Painter— Carthagena Medal— Casuistry —
G. W. Curtis — Heraldic —Printers' Athenamm— ' The Fisher- Boy' — Bons Mots— Capt. John
Cameron, Northern Fencibles — Pumbersfelten — William Ive.
REPLIES :— Page Family— 'The Fray o' Hautwessell'— "Rucksack" or " Rucksack"— Botany—
William Hamilton Maxwell — Charles I. : Royalist Societies — Bishop Henry Gower — Tarring —
The Second Folio Shakespeare— Prints transferred to Glass — Passes to the London Parks —
Saffron Walden — Communion Table by Grinling Gibbons in St. Paul's— Sir R. L'Estrange's Poem
'The Loyal Prisoner' — Shilleto — Death Folk-lore — Ayloffe— Arthur Owen of Johnston, co.
Pembroke — Early Map of Ireland — The Taylor Sisters -The Great Eastern— Gladstone's
Involved Sentences — Voltaire on the Jewish People — "A fact is a lie and a half" — Moss, an
Actor— Major-General Miller — Rev. John Rigby, D.D. — Red Bull Theatre — Reversed Engravings
— Lombard Street Bankers— " Over end" = Straight up.
NOTES ON BOOKS : -" The People's Books "— ' The Manor Book of Ottery St. Mary.'
Booksellers' Catalogues.
LAST WEEK'S NUMBER (April 4) CONTAINS—
NOTES :— The Cold Harbour at Blackwall — Irish Family Histories — Isaac Taylor of Ross, Map-Maker
— The Place-Name "Barnet" — Napoleon and a Sea Captain at St. Helena — Rev. T. Gale:
Hurricane at Hornsea — The Advent of Scotsmen in England— English Canonized Saints — William
Mavor and Thomas Warton — Fifteenth-Century Lenten Recipe.
nUERIES :— P. A. Wilkinson, Gun-Maker— Turtle and Thunder— Turkey Company— Dr. John Rogers
— Sir Jacob Adolphus — Finds on Bookstalls — ' Napoleon dans l'Autre Monde' — Lieut. -Col.
Macpherson — Pierre des Maiseaux — Date Formuhe — iveSd^aro — Biographical Information — Law
Maxim — Author Wanted — Monuments to Hampshire Men — Butchers' Marks—" MacFarlan's
geese" — John Turnfen— " 0 God, I think again Thy thoughts "— " Quarrel d'Olman"—
Boranskill — Sir J. Dynham — Dr. H. Owen— Authors of Quotations Wanted — 'Aut Diabolus aut
Nihil' — Squire Everton — Pallavicini : Jaszben-nyi Mikliis— Saxon Tiles.
REPLIES: — Anna Trapnell — "Cest progrcs en spirale" — Orrok of Orrok— Sir S. Evance — Milton
Queries — Map of Ireland — Authors of Quotations — " Oiusins and half cousins" — Palmer's Royal
Mails— Gladstone's Involved Sentences — Parishes in Two Counties — Herodotus and Astronomic
Geography — Anthony Munday — Rhubarb — Oil Painting on Brass — Invention of the Interview —
Stock Exchange as "The House"— Altars— Chile versus Chili — Mrs. Behn's 'Emperor of the
Moon* — Heart- Burial— Octopus, Venus's Ear, and Whelk — " Not room enough to swing a cat"
— Duelling — " Startups End " — Royalist Societies—" Artigou " — Anglesey House— Casanova and
Hcnriette — English Shrines - Passes to London Parks— Jeremiah Horrocks — Birmingham
Statues — Corhn-shaped Chapels— Funeral Customs — Name James — "Billion," "Trillion."
NOTES ON BOOKS :— ' English History in Contemporary Poetry ' — Badsey Churchwardens' Accounts
— 'International Directory of Booksellers'—' Bibliography of English Mediaeval Economic
History' — Reviews and Magazines.
JOHN C. FRANCI8 and J. EDWARD FRANCI8,
Xoles and Queries Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. ; and of all Newsagents.
jjrobiu-ntt Snatitntions.
NEWSVENDORS' BENEVOLENT AND
PROVIDENT INSTITUTION.
Fouimed MM.
Funds exceed 31.0001.
Office: IS anil 16, Farrmguon Street, Loudon, EC.
The Right Hon. THE EA11L OF KO.HKBEKY, KG. K.T.
President :
Col. The Hon IIARRY I, W. LAWSON M.A. J. P. MP.
Treasurer :
THE LONDON COUNTY AND WESTM1N8TER BANK, Ltd.
OBJECTS— This Institution wan established in 1S39 in the City of
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THE
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NOTES AND QUERIES
For Nov. 10. 24. 1908; Jan. 5. Feb. 2, April 13. May 25, June S, Aug. 17,
Sept. 7. Nov. 16. Dec. 7, 1907; Jan. 4. March 7, April 25, June 13,
Aug. 8, Sept. 26, Oct. 17, Nov. 21. 1908 ; Jan. 23, Feb. 20, April 24,
July 24. 1909.
Price for the 23 Numbers, 7s. 6d. ; or free by post. 8s.
JOHN C. FRANCI8 and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,
Notes and Queries Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
— •—
PAO*
Authors' Agents 510
Casseli. <fe Co. .. ~ ~ 687
Catalogues 'l"
Educational 509
Eno's Fri it Salt 589
Francis & Co 518
gardeners' Chronic lb 6H
hoddf.r & stol'iiiiton 587
Lectures .. .. „
Macmii.i.an & Co Ill
Metiiuen & Co
Miscellaneous .. _ 509
Printers 510
Provident INSTITUTIONS - .. 689
Balm n auction oio
Sati rdav Review 610
Shipping - .. - .. .. 610
.Situations Vacant „ 609
Societies 509
Tl PI Writers, Ac 610
Wariiman 610
Warner MO
540
THE ATHENjEUM
No. 4511, April 11, 1914
The Medici Society has the honour to announce a MEDICI
PRINT, in the NATIONAL PORTRAIT SERIES, after the
Portrait of Emily Bronte
by Patrick Branwell Bronte I
lately acquired by the National Portrait Gallery.
fl^ This is the portrait of the Poetess and authoress of
' Wuthering Heights' which, with another group of the three
sisters, was painted by their unfortunate brother, Patrick
Branwell Bronte, as mentioned by Mrs. Gaskell in her
biography of Charlotte, and was entirely lost to sight until
accidentally rediscovered in Ireland only a few weeks ago.
She is shown at about the age of twenty-seven. The canvas
when found was folded into four, and had at some time been
roughly cut from the group of which it originally formed a part.
CThe Medici Society has been privileged to obtain negatives from the original, showing the portrait as it is now
preserved in the National Portrait Gallery — stretched and laid down on canvas, but without any other attempt at
" restoration " or repair. The Print is an exact facsimile, both as to size and colour. " The portrait, which reveals her when
at the height of her powers," says a writer in the Saturday Review, " has evoked the admiration of all who care for her work.
The painting has all the appearance of an old-world fresco, a peculiarly fitting background for the pale face and the wistful
eyes of one who, unflinching, met an early death."
#T The Medici Print, measuring 19 by 12 in. (colour surface), will be issued in a Limited Edition of 500 copies, price
^"» £1 5.y. net (to be raised on September 1st to .£1 js. 6d.). Its publication may be expected about July 1st. Orders
may now be placed at The Society's Galleries, where an early proof, imperfect in colouration, is now on view.
^T The above Print is added to the National Portrait Series of the Medici Prints, in which have been or will be published
^-L» the following famous Portraits :
LITERARY :
John Milton at. 10, after Janssen
(15*0
William Shakespeare, after an un-
known painter, Stratford -on- Avon
(15*-)
Thomas Carlyle, after Whistler
(17s. 6d.)
Horatio Nelson, after L. F. Abhott
ds*o
William Pitt, after Gainsborough
(IS*-)
King Henry VIII., after Holbein
{lis.)
William Wilberforce, after Lawrence
05*)
HISTORICAL :
Oliver Cromwell, after Lely
(12s. 6d.)
A Lady of the Court of Mary, Queen
of Scots, after Quesnel {Limited, 255. )
Elizabeth Fry, after G. Richmond
(IS*-)
Queen Elizabeth, after Zucchero
(215.)
In preparation :
Richard II., after Beauneveu
(2IJ-. 6d.)
George Washington, after G. Stuart
(15*)
Sir Walter Raleigh, after Zucchero
(155.)
The National Portrait Series is issued under the gracious Patronage of H.R.H. the Duchess of Connaught and, by
permission of the Trustees, under the General Editorship of C. J. Holmes, Director of the National Portrait Gallery. An
illustrated and annotated List of the Series will be sent post free on request.
f\ The Society's illustrated Prospectus and Catalogue of THE MEDICI PRINTS will be sent for
6d. post free ; or a Summary Catalogue 2d. post free. An Annotated List of New Prints, post free.
THE MEDICI SOCIETY, LTD.,
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Editorial Communications should be addressed to "THE EDITOR"— Advertisements and Business Letters to "THE ATHENJ3CM" OFFICE, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.0.
Published Weekly by Messrs. HORACE MARSHALL * SON, 125, Fleet Street, London, E.G., and Printed by J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Athenaeum Press, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.G.
Agenta for Scotland, Messrs. WILLIAM GREEN & SONS and JOHN MENZIES & CO., Ltd., Edinburgh. -Saturday, April 11. 1914.
THE ATHENE
Itrarnal nf (Sttgltslj ant. JFnrrign literature, %timaf t\jt jFt/te
No. 4512
SATURDAY, APRIL 18,
nstt
4 AY fi 1914
■MM
■ i _" air— '■' •'
Jlnnrnr.
CK
ENCE.
H A NEWSPAPER.
ICrrtuws.
ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN,
ALBEMARLE STREET, PICCADILLY, \V.
TUESDAY next. April 21. at 3 o'clock. WALTER WAHL. Esq,
PhD hi-: of Two Lectures ou PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY 1 ■ 'SITDY OF MATTE* AT HIGH PRESSURES.'
• -STRUCTURE OF MATTE* AT LOW TEMPERATURES '
i Experimentally Illustrated). Half a-Guinea the Course
THURSDAY, April ii. L«ture delayed until APRIL 80.
SATURDAY. April 45. at 3 o'clock. T. E. STANTON, Esq. D.Sc ,
Fintof Two Lectures ci -SIMILARITY OF MOTION IN FLUIDS.'
1) 'THE THEORY OF SIMILARITY OF MOTION IN FLUIDS
AND THE EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF ITS EXISTENCE.'
•_" THE GENERAL LAW OF SURFACE FRICTION IN FLUID
MOTION.' Haifa-Guinea.
Sut-scription lo all the Courses iu the Season. Two Guineas.
The FRIDAY EVENING DISCOURSE on APRIL 21 will be de-
livered by F. W DYSON. Esq . LL.D F.R.S. (The Astronomer Royal),
on 'THE STARS AROUND THE NORTH POLE.'
^orietus.
ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
(Incorporated by Royal Charter.)
An ORDINARY MEETING of the 80CIETY will be held on
THURSDAY, April 23. 1914. at 5 p.m. at V. SOl'TH SQUARE,
GRAYS INN. W.O.. when Mr J. E. MORRIS, D.Litt. FR.HistS..
will read his Paper on 'MOUNTED INFANTRY IN MEDI.EVAL
WARFARE. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANGLO-
SCOTTISH CAMPAIGNS.'
H. E. MALDEN, Hon. Secretary.
THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY.— A MEETING
of the Society will be held at UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. Gower
Street, W.C., on WEDNESDAY. April 22, at 8 ph.. when a LEC-
TURE on the 'FOLKLORE OF LOND IN,' illustrated by Lantern-
Slides, will be delivered by Mr. E. LOVETT.
F. A. MILNE. Secretary.
11. Old Square. Lincoln s Inn. April 14 1914.
THE Executive Committee of the SOCIETY
OF GENEALOGISTS OF LONDON desires to give notice that
on and after JUNE 1 next an ENTRANCE FEE of Haifa-Guinea
will be payahle by all candidates on election.— 227, Strand (by
Temple Bar-. W.C.
(Badjilntions.
AT the TWENTY-ONE GALLERY, Paintings
by J. KERR LAWSoN, and Etchings by EDGAR WILSON.
Daily 10.30 to 6, including Saturdays.
(^durational.
K
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
I N G ' S COLLEGE.
COMPLETE COURSES of STUDY are arranged in the following
Faculties for Degrees in the University of London. Students may
also oin for any of the subjects without taking the complete course.
Facilities for research are given.
FACULTY of ARTS, including Secondary Teachers' Training
Course. Day Training College, and Oriental Studies.
FACULTY of LAWS
FACULTY of 8CIKNCE — <ai Natural 8cience Division, fbj Medical
8cience Division, (C Bacteriological and Public Health Department.
FACULTY of ENGINEERING. -Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical
Engineering.
For full information apply THE SECRETARY', King's College,
Strand, London, W.C.
CRYSTAL PALACE SCHOOL OF PRACTI-
CAL ENGINEERING. Principal. J. W. WIISON. MICE.,
M I Mecfa E. -The NEW COURSE will COMMENCE on WEDNES-
DAY". April a*. New Students should attend at the School on the
Previous day. April as, between in a.m. and 1 p.m.. for Examination,
rospectus forwarded on application to THE REGISTRAR, 8chool
of Engineering. Crystal Palace, 8.E.
s
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under lion June 1. will be held on JULY 14 and Following Days.
Further information can 1« obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House. Sherborne, Dorset.
WEYBRIDGE LADIES' SCHOOL, SURREY.
— CouluU-d by Miss E DA WE*, M.A. D.Litt. lLondon).
The comfort* o' a refined borne. Thorough education on the principle
of a sound mind in a sound body. Preparation for Examinations if
desired French and Get nun a speciality. Large grounds, high and
healthy position.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Tamworth.—
Training for Home or Colonies. College Farm. 1.000 acres. Vet.
Bdence. Smiths' Work, i "arpentry. Riding and Shooting taught. Ideal
open air life for delicate Boys. Charges moderate. Get Prospectus.
MADAME AUBBRT8 AGENCY (est. 1880)
Keith House. 1X1135. REGENT STREET. W.. English and
roreign Oovern-Me<. Lady Professors, Teachers, ('haperoues Oka
pinions. Hecret.ries. H/svl-n. Introduced for Home and Abroad
ocnooli i recommended and prospectuses with full information gratis
on application personal or byletterl >l ,ori< requirements. Office
hours. 10-S ; Saturdays. 10- 1
I EDUCATION (choice of School* and Tutors
-i gratis1 Prospectus at Kngli.h and Continental Schools, and
of successful Army. ' nil Service, and University Tutors. «>-nt lr» .,(
ch>r.- ,,t of requirements '-. GRIFFITH! POWELL
SMITH * EAWt ETT. School Agents .established 13331, 31. L
Street, Strand. W.C. TeIephone-7721 Gerrard.
s
Situations Barant
UTH AFRICAN SCHOOL OF MINES
AND TECHNOLOGY, JOHANNESBURG.
CHAIR IN ACCOUNTING.
The Council of the South African School of Mines and Technology
invites applications for the newly instituted CHAIR IN ACCOUNT-
ING, founded by the Transvaal Society of Accountants. The appoint-
ment will be for 3 years, at a salary of 8502. per annum. 751 will be
allowed for travelling expenses, and half-salary will be paid from date
of sailing till arrival in Johannesburg.
Applications, stating age and accompanied by testimonials, should
be sent, on or before APRIL 30, to Messrs. CHALMERS, GUTHRIE
& CO., 9, Idol Lane, Loudon, EC, from whom further particulars
may be obtained. Before appointment, the. selected candidate will be
required to furnish a medical certificate of good health.
The appointment will be made so that the successful candidate may,
if possible, arrive in Johannesburg about mid-July; if that be
impossible, then early in 1915.
p LASGOW
ATHEN.EUM
COLLEGE.
COMMERCIAL
(Constituted a Central Institution under the 8cotch
Education Department.)
LECTURER IN FRENCH.
Applications are invited from Gentlemen qualified for the above
post, vacant through the death of M. Rohert-Tissot, M.A. (Oxon.j.
The classes meet in the Afternoon and Evening from September
to April, thus giving opportunity for Private Teaching as approved
by the Council.
Minimum salary 300?. per annum.
Applicants must have teaching experience and a University
degree.
Canvassing, either direct or indirect, will be a disqualification.
Forms of application and memorandum of particulars regarding
the post may be obtained from GEORGE P. LAIDLA W, M.A. B.Sc,
Director of Studies.
Forms must be returned along with one copy of three recent
testimonials not later than FRIDAY, May 8.
St. George's Place, Glasgow.
STUART S. FORSYTH, Secretary.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
CAMBRIDGE AND COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, CAMBRIDGE.
A MATHEMATICAL MISTRESS is required for September
next. Mixed Mathematics should be a strong subject, with practical
work. She will be required to help with the Science work. Salary
1301. a year (non-resident), or according to experience and qualifica-
tions. Forms of application may be obtained of the undersigned,
and should be returned on or before MAY 15, 1914.
AUSTIN KEEN, M.A. Education Secretary.
County Hall, Cambridge.
N
EWCASTLE - UPON - TYNE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
RUTHERFORD COLLEGE SECONDARY DAY 8CHOOL FOR
BOYS.
Head Master-Mr. J. B. GAUNT, B.A. B.8c.
WANTED, in 8EPTEMBER, a HIGHER GRADE FORM
MASTER for History and English. Salary 150« per annum, rising
by 10*. per annum to 2001 ; also a SENIOR FORM MASTER for
History, English, and Latin. Salary 1601., ribing by 101. per annum to
1801.
In fixing the commencing salaries, allowance will be made for
suitable experience and satisfactory service in other Secondary
Schools by reckoning three quarters of each completed year's previous
service, but omitting any fraction of a year below one half, and in no
case exceeding the maximum of the Committee's scale.
Application forms may be obtained by forwarding stamped
addressed foolscap envelope to THE SECRETARY, Education
Office, Northumberland Road. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Applications must be received not later than MAY 19, 1914.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
TUNBR1DGE WELLS AND 80UTHBOROUGH HIGHER
EDUCATION SUB-COMMITTEE.
COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, TUNBRIDGE WELL8.
WANTED, in SEPTEMBER: (II, a FORM MISTRESS, to teach
French throughout the School. (21 a FORM MISTRESS, to teach
English, with Junior French and Arithmetic as subsidiary subjects.
Salaries according to the Kent Education Committee's scale. Forms
of application and scale of salary may be obtained from Dr. J.
LISTER, Technical Institute. Tunbridge Wells. Applications should
be returned to Miss E. M. HUGHES. County School for Girls, Tun-
bridge Wells, as soon as possible. Canvassing will be considered a
disqualification.
By Order of the Committee.
FRAS. W. CROOK. Secretory.
Sessions House, Maidstone, April 3, 1914.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
ORAVESEND HIGHER EDUCATION SUBCOMMITTEE.
COUNTY SCHOOL FOB GIRLS.
HEAD MISTRESS HHjUIHBD In HE1TKMRER for the new
County School (the present mixed School will )>e divided Into two
separate Schools!. Cei.didates must be Gni.hrites of a British
University. end experienced In Secondary Bcbool wnik. Initial
salary not le*s tlmn 9001, per annum, according to qualifications and
cxjierience. with Inert tnents in accordance with the Committee's
., ,[.■
Forms of application and scale of salaries may be ol.taincl from
Mr. J. A. kiikton. Technical Infill -■ .... • i, to whom
applications ibonld lie sent not Istrr i)ihd noon ou MAY 18, 1914
Canvassing will he considered a illxunallfh ntlon
By Order of tin- Committee,
FHA-v W. CROOK. Secretary.
Sessions House, Maidstone, April 14, II k
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
KEIGHLEY TRADE AND GRAMMAR
SCHOOL.
WANTED, early in MAY next, an ASSISTANT MASTBR for the
English Department of the above named Secondary School. The
successful applicant, who must be a Graduate, will be ri quired to
teach Latin and English. Applications, with four copies of recent
testimonials, to be scut to the undesigned on or before APRIL 22,
1914 Salary 1801. per annum, rising, under satisfactory conditions of
service, by 10(. per annum to 2001. per annum 'I here is also an
opportunity for taking Evening Classes in the Technical 8chool,aud
for this work extra payment is made.
H. MIDGLEY, Secretary.
Education Offices. Cooke Street, Keighley.
April 9, 1914.
w
EST SUFFOLK EDUCATION COMMITTEE
COUNTY 8CHOOL (MIXEDi AND PUPIL TEACHER
CENTRE, BURY BT. EDMUNDS.
Applications are invited for the post of ASSISTANT MASTER.
Salary 150( , non-retident. Particulars and forms of application
which must be returned not later than APRIL 22, 1914, may be
obtained by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope to the
undersigned.
FRED. R. HUGHES, Secretary to the Committee.
WANTED. — A Gentleman for the position of
SECRETARY to a Literary and Educational Institution.
Must be of good education and address. Salary 2001., riBing to 250?.
List of duties supplied on application. Canvassing will disqualify.
Applications to be Bent in not later than APRIL 27. 194, endorsed
"Secretary, " and addressed to THE PRESIDENT, Lyceum, Oldham.
Situations Mantua.
THE former German Lecturer at Trinity College,
Dublin, and Queen's College. Lor don, is OPEN for ANOTHER
APPOINTMENT or Private Coaching.— Address Mr. HORRW1TZ,
29, Torrington Square, W.C.
TO PUBLISHERS.— POSITION DESIRED by
a GENTLEMAN with thorough practical knowledge of Printing,
Proof-reading, and Estimating, and *2A years' experience in the Office
of a well-known and old-established Literary Journal ANewsp<ptr
or Publisher's Office, where hie experience in Modern Fiction and the
Drama could be utilized, would be preferred. Fair knowledge of
Book-keeping and French.— Box 2044. Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's
Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
Jftisttllawous.
WANTED, temporary assistance of a Gentle-
man in copying and calling over MS. for press. Will be
wanted Five Days a Week from 10 to 1 o'clock. Must wiite neatly anil
clearly. Able to read Litin words and to write Greek words. — Apply
by letter to E. B. KNOBEL. 32, Tavistock Square. W.C.
WANTED a Lady or Gentleman with 250/. to
SOW. capital to finance the publication of a valuable and
much needed LITERARY YEARBOOK. The book would cover
new ground, and promises a remunerative financial return.— For
further particulars write Box 2045. Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's
BuildingB, Chancery Lane, London, EC.
TRANSLATIONS of Literary and Scientific
Works, Articles, PamphlefB. Ac. from German and French into
English iType-wrltten).— P. DC RING, 5fi, Feruleigh Road, Winch-
more Hill, London, N.
AUTHORS ! We act as Agents for the DiFposal
of STORIES. ARTICLES. PLAYS, and CINE1IA PLOTS.
The submission of M88. solicited.- O. F DAVIES. Limited .estab-
lished 1908), fi. York Buildings. Adelphi, London. Kindly note the
name (our own) and the address lour registered office).
POMPOSERS and SONG-WRITERS.— To place
\-> your work advantageously send It to the CAMBRIDGE MUSIC
AGENCY', the recognized medium between Publiidiers, Composers,
and Singers. Prospectus free.-8, Henrietta Street, W.C. Phone.
1648 O.rrar.l.
N
OTICE TO AUTHORS.— Writers who require
a.iy help or assistance in the sale of their works should 00m
munirute with Mr. HTaNHoI'F. W. RPRI80, Literary Consultant,
31 Charing Croat, Whitehall, s W For some jenr« Hon. Literary
Adviser to the Society of Women Journalists. Fees moderate.
AUTHORS WANTED, known and unknown,
to communicate. Every description of Lifemrv Work required
No fees whatever -Write for particular. PUBLISHER, IS8, Sell's
O Hires. Fleet SI ■ret. E.C Special ul trillion to New Writ.
A NT A RCTIC SOUVENIRS. Tim
l\ REMAINDER of ktM STAMPS lamed to the Lite C„,,t
srtiTT lire now obtainable at M tech with official guarantee —
THE 8 El RKTARY. 90, FArringdoo Hire, t, I c
rrilE SECRETARIAL BUREAU, 25, Queen
A mo - I. ,r. -I 'ii I I'.il, «»' M I or la Mini
PETHERBRIDQB IRal Pel Tripos). Official [ndexer to B.H.'i
..iii'l.t Prtveta I Ibrariet Catalogued end Arnti'pcd Reoeeri h
Work Foreign end English I reUrles end Indexere trained.
•THE TEl HNIOj if 1)1 IM'KXIM.; as. M. net. |*»t free.
542
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
HOUSE FOR SALE at a low price, North
Kensington main road, five minutes from Btation for City and
West-End shops and cabs. Kleven rooms, bath, 4c. Long Lease.—
HOUSE, care of Oliver, Stationer, High Street, Ealing, W.
FOREIGN STAMPS. —Wanted to buy Col-
lection untouched since 1885.— Box 2042, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, Loudon, E.C.
EARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens P(JRCHAaEI> at the BEST MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK & SON, Ltd., Medallists to H.M. the King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, London, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
^ales bjr Ruction.
THE JOHN ELIOT HODGK1N COLLECTIONS.
The famous Collections formed by that well-known Antiquary
and Collector, the late JOHN ELIOT HODGKIN, Esq.,
F.S.A. F.R.Hist S [sold by Order of the Executors).
MESSRS. SOTHEBY WILKINSON & HODGE
will SBLL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C., each Sale commencing at 1 o'clock precisely : —
On MONDAY, April 20, and the Following Day,
THE WORKS OF ART.
On WEDNESDAY, April 22, and the Following Day,
THE MEDALS AND TOKENS.
On WEDNESDAY. April 22, and the Following Two Days,
THE AUTOGRAPH LETTERS AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS.
On FRIDAY, April 24, THE ENGRAVINGS.
On MONDAY, April 27, and the Following Day,
THE TRADE CARDS, BOOK-PLATES, BROADSIDES.
Each portion of the Collection will be on view two days prior to the
Sale. Catalogues of each portion may be had. Illustrated Copies,
price Is. each, for the Works of Art, Medals, Engravings, and Trade
Cards, and 2s each for the Autographs.
Valuable Law Books, including the Professional Library of
a Barrister (retired).
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115. Chancery Lane. W.C., on
THURSDAY, April 23. at 1 o'clock, VALUABLE LAW BOOKS,
including the above Library and other Properties, comprising Two
complete Sets of the Law Reports from 1865 to 1913, also a Set of the
New Series from 1875 to 1913-a Set of Reports in the House of Lords,
and other Reports in Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, &c —
Seton's Forms of Judgments and other Modern Text Books ; also
Mahogany Tables, Bookcases, and other Office Furniture.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery L?ne, W.C., on
WEDNESDAY, April 29, and Two Following Days, VALUABLE
BOOKS, including a Library removed from an old Country House,
comprising Early Printed Books. Ben Jonson's Works, 2 vols.. 1616-31,
Gerarde's Herbal, 1633, Pyne's Horace, First Issue, 2 vols., 1733, The
Baskerville Press Addison, &c , 6 vols-, Pennant's London, with
Harding's Portraits, old morocco extra, 1814, and other Topographical
and Antiquarian Books, many in morocco and calf bindings— Surtees'
Analysis of the Hunting Field, First Edition, 1846 -Books with
Coloured Plates— Standard Works in General Literature, &c.
Catalogues on application.
Valtiable Books, including the Library of the late Mr.
JAMES HOLIDAY, of Ik, Southampton Street, Fitzroy
Square, W. ; also Libraries removed from Devonshire and
Yorkshire.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C., on THURSDAY
April 30 and Following Day, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely
VALUABLE BOOKS, including the above LIBRARIES, comprising
Standard Works in all Branches of Literature, including First
Editions of Dickens, Thackeray, Scott, Lamb, Lever, &c- Books with
Coloured Plates— Books on Architecture, the Fine Arts Sport
Travel, Early Printed Books, &c. Further particulars will be duly
announced.
MESSRS. CHRISTIE, M ANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St. James's
Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely : —
On MONDAY, April 20, OLD PICTURES, the
Property of a GENTLEMAN, and others.
On TUESDAY, April 21, ENGRAVINGS of
the EARLY ENGLISH SCHOOL.
On TUESDAY, April 21, and WEDNESDAY,
April 22, OLD ENGLISH SILVER PLATE, from various sources.
On THURSDAY, April 23, DECORATIVE
FURNITURE and PORCELAIN, the Property of A. A. WEBBE,
Esq , deceased, his Honour JUDGE 8NAGGK, deceased, and others.
On FRIDAY, April 24, ANCIENT and
MODERN PICTURE8.
s
TEVENS'S AUCTION
Established 1760.
Curiosities.
ROOMS.
TUESDA Y next, April VI, at half -past 12 o'clock.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.,
EGYPTIAN and other ANTIQUITIES-Coins -Ancient Stone Im-
plements found in Denmark— Roman Glass — choice Japanese Porcelain
— Lacquer, &c— old Sevres and other China-Cloisonne -Bronzes—
Satsuma and other Japanese Objects ; also Collections of Native and
other Weapons, &c.
On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.
WEDNESDA T next, April 22, at half -past 12 o'clock.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.,
PICTURES— Chinese and Japanese Jade and other Specimens ; also
the contents of Eleven Cases of Porcelain— Chinese Bronzes— Jade and
other pieces, received direct, to be sold without reserve.
On view two days prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on
application.
JUtljtrra' ^gfttts.
THE AUTHORS' ALLIANCE are prepared to
consider and place MSS. for early publication. Literary work of
all kinds dealt with by experts who place Authors' interest first.
Twenty years' experience.— 2, Clement's Inn, W.
MSS
literary.
PLACED BEFORE PUBLISHERS.
Fiction. Serious Works, Music, Drama, Collaboration,
Careful Revision and Proof-Reading, Research Work.
CHARLES A. PLATT, 60, 8tapleton Road, 8.W.
Jtatttr* Hhtbg anu Uotang.
TNSTRUCTIVE NATURE STUDY Cases and
*- Specimens for Class Work as supplied to Universities,
Colleges, Schools, &c.
Birds, Mammals, Crustaceans, Shells, Butterflies, &c,
carefully mounted for Painting Studies, School Museums.
Over 300,000 Specimens of British and Tropical
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
Lists from —
A. FORD, Naturalist, Stourfield, Bournemouth, Hants.
[Classified Advertisements, Magazines, &c,
continued p. 570.]
SALE.
THE COLLECTIONS OF
Alfred Bitter von Pfeiffer of Vienna
WILL BE SOLD BY AUCTION BY
C. G. BOERNER, Leipsic,
MAY 4 to 9, 1914.
1. LIBRARY.
Valuable Illustrated Books of the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Century.
2. COLLECTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
Copperplates of Old Masters— English and French Coloured Prints of the Eighteenth Century-
Collected Works of Engravers — Books of Original Drawings.
The richly Illustrated Catalogues, 2a. each, may be had of C. G. BOERNER,
26 1, Universitatsstrasse, Leipsic.
An Exhibition of the finest items of the Collection will be held at
the Hotel Cecil, London, on April 20 and 21, from 10 to 2 o'clock.
BLACKIE'S LIST.
THE GROUNDWORK OF BRITISH
HISTORY.
By GEORGE TOWNSEND -WARNER, M.A.,
Sometime Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge ; Master of
the Modern Side in Harrow School ; Author of ' A Brief
Survey of British History,' &c, and
C. H. K. MARTEN, M.A.,
Balliol College, Oxford ; Assistant Master at Eton College.
With Maps, Time Charts, and Pull Index. 764 pages,
super-crown 8vo, 6s. Also in Two Parts. 3s. 6d. each.
Also issued in Three Sections, 2s. 6d. each.
THE WARWICK SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by Prof. HERFORD, Litt.D.
The best and most widely used Edition of Shakespeare for
School purposes. Price Is. and Is. 6d.
BLACKIE'S ENGLISH TEXTS.
8d. each. Blue limp cloth covers. Over 100 Volumes. To
be used in correlation with the study of English
Literature and History.
BLACKIE'S
LONGER FRENCH TEXTS.
From Modern French Literature. Printed in large.clear type,
with Brief Notes, Exercises, Phrase-List, and Vocabulary.
Fcap. 8vo, 8d. each.
BLACKIE'S
LITTLE FRENCH CLASSICS.
Representing all important Frenjh Authors from Mon-
taigne to Bourget. Fcap. 8vo, 4d. each.
THE PLAIN-TEXT POETS.
A New Series, in which each Volume contains a repre-
sentative work, or selection from the work, of one of the
Poets. With an Introduction by a Teacher of experience
and position, but without further notes.
Fcap. 8vo, 6d. each.
BLACKIE'S GERMAN TEXTS.
A Series of interesting and characteristic selections from
standard German authors, carefully edited, with Bio-
graphical Sketch and short Explanatory Notes.
6d. each.
BLACKIE'S
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T II E A T H E N M U M
545
SATURDAY, APRIL IS, 1914,
CONTENTS. PAGE
EDUCATION in Tiikoky and PkaCTICB (From Locke
to M ontsaeori ; Dr. Montassori's Own Handbook;
The Kindergarten; What Children study; Your
Child To-diy and To-morrow; Problem of the
Continuation School ; Public Education in Ger-
many and the United States) 545—546
Alice Otti.f.y ok Worcester .. .. . . 516
Classical BTODIB9 (Magnus's Edition of Ovid's Meta-
morphoses ; The Composition of the Iliad ; Selec-
tions from Martial) 547-548
The New Tripoli 54$
Elizabeth and Mary Stuart 549
The Oxford Dictionary 550
An Unknown son ok Napoleon 551
Where No Fear Was 551
The Divine Riciit ok KINGS 552
Victorian Year-Book 552
Books Published this Week (English, 553 ; Foreign.
655) 553-555
Before the Cross; Mr. Edward Marston : Mr.
Walter G. Anderson; The National Union
of Teachers at Lowestoft: Changelings by
Request; The International Book - Trade
Exhibition; The Book Fair at Leipsic ; A
Prize and its Adjudicators; 'Roman Memo-
ries'; 'The Literary Year-Book' ; The Odes
of Solomon; Book sale 555—550
Publishers' announcements 659
Literary Gossip 560
Science— An Introduction to the Infinitesimal
Calculus; Two Books on Chemistry (Some
Fundamental Problems in Chemistry ; Chemistry
and its Borderland) ; Societies ; Meetings Next
Week; Gossip .. 561—563
Fine Arts— The Pigments and Mediums of the
Old M.asters ; Engravings ; Coins ; South Ken-
sington—Drawings and Paintings ; Gossip 563—564
Music— Musical Education (Aural Culture; The
Chassevant Method of Education): Music at
Torquay; Performances Next Week .. 565-566
Drama— Elizabethan Drama and its Mad Folk ;
'Pygmalion' ; Gossip 566—568
Index to Advertisers 570
LITERATURE
EDUCATION' IX THEORY AXD
PRACTICE.
THE MONTESSORI SYSTEM.
Thk first part of Dr. Boyd's volume,
1 From Locke to Montessori,' traces the
history of educational thought through
Locke, Pereira, Condillac, Rousseau,
Itard, and Seguin to Dr. Montessori, and
shows that, in ideas, the latest of prac-
tical reformers is but developing the prin-
ciples of the seventeenth-century philo-
-■•pher who declared that " there are
From Locke to Montessori : a Critical
Account of the Montessori Point of View.
By William Boyd. (Harrap, 2s. 6d. net.)
Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook. By Maria
IConteasori. (Heinemann, '.is. 6d. net.)
The Kindergarten : Reports of the Committee
of Nineteen on the Theory and Practice of
the Kindergarten. Authorized by the In-
ternational Kindergarten Union. (Harrap,
3*. M. net.)
What Children Study, and Why : a Discus-
of Educational Values in the Elemen-
tary Curriculum. By Charles B. Gilbert.
Same publishers, 3*. (id. net.)
Your ChUd To-day and To-morrow. By
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Foreword l>y Bishop John Vincent.
Illustrated. (Lippincott & Co., .",-. net.)
Tl" Problem of the Continuation School. By
EL lb Best and C. EL Ogden. P. - Bang
cv Son, 1*. net.)
blic Educati , and tht I rnited
States. By L. K. EOemm. (Han
os. net.)
possibly scarce two children who can
be conducted by the same met hod,"
and who saw that it was a wise
economy to let children learn subjects to
which they were inclined, and at the times
when they were so inclined. But it is no
defect in Dr. Montessori's system that it is
rather a continuation than a new depar-
ture. As Dr. Boyd says : —
" So far from this lack of originality being
a weakness of Montessori's case, it consti-
tutes its real strength. .. .Originality in
practical matters is more properly exhibited
in the discovery and elaboration of new
applications of principles already accepted
in their vague generality. The concrete
interpretation of an old idea in a new practice
or method is a genuine addition to the sum
of human wisdom."
The difference between the teaching of
Rousseau's imaginary ' Emile,' and that
of the little Italians in ' The Children's
House,' is, theoretically, almost non-
existent, but in fact there is all the differ-
ence between education for the few and
education for the many. In practice,
indeed, Madame Montessori triumphs, but
sometimes at the expense of her principles,
and Dr. Boyd, in the second part of his vol-
ume, lays a critical finger upon the discre-
pancies. Her pupils are not, in fact, left
entirely free ; guidance and control,
though unobtrusive, are not absent, and
the maxim, " Leave them to themselves,"
becomes, in action, " Leave them to them-
selves as much as possible."
' Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook ' con-
tains much the same material as did ' The
Montessori Method,' but in a clearer form,
although the translation is, as before,
somewhat clumsy, using such terms as
" didactic material " instead of educa-
tional apparatus. Even the warmest ad-
mirers of the earlier book had to admit
that there was in it some element of con-
fusion, and in particular some doubt as
to the limits of the teacher's functions.
It was not easy to find out whether
each child sought out for itself whatever
part it chose of the apparatus, or whether
each part was presented by the instruc-
tress at a period considered suitable.
The principle of liberty for the child was
made clear, but not the second principle,
now clearly enunciated, of organization of
work. '" The whole history of civiliza-
tion," says Dr. Montessori, " is a history
of successful attempts to organize work
and to obtain liberty," and experience in
the Children's Houses shows that, under
her combination of these principles, the
little citizens are calm, orderly, con-
tented, and extraordinarily aide to acquire
new powers. The continual movement
which is the main characteristic of the
young human being is to be not repressed,
but guided
"to those action-; towards which bis efforts
are actually tending. . . .Once a direction is
given to them, the child's movements are
made towards a definite end, so that he
himself grows quiel and contented, and
becomes an active worker, a being calm
and full of joy."
" 1 1 i- necessary for the teacher to guide
the child without letting him feel her
presence too much, so that she may be readj
to supply tin- desired hdp, but may never
be the obsta.de between the child and his
experience."
'The didactic material, in tact, docs not
offer to the child the ' content ' of tho mind,
but the order for that ' content.9
' 'The children have shown a love of work
which no one suspected to be in them,
and have attained a calm and an orderliness
in their movements which, surpassing the
limits of ' correctness,' have entered into
those of 'grace.' The spontaneous dis-
cipline, and the obedience which is mani-
fested throughout the whole class, constitute
the most striking result of our method."
Hitherto the published accounts of Mon-
tessori schools deal only with children of
tender age, and attentive readers have
found themselves wondering, as they
closed the books, what later development
lay before these children to whom com-
prehension had come so early and so
easily. Dr. Montessori's mind has been
busy with thoughts of the same nature.
" Our children [she says] must have a new-
kind of school for the acquisition of culture.
My experiments in the continuation of this
method for older children are already far
advanced."
All persons who care about education —
and who that thinks can fail to do so I —
will look eagerly for her report of these
experiments. It is a commonplace, alas !
that brilliant children become dullards
when they grow up, and overstraining of
youthful faculties has had in our experi-
ence disastrous results. We shall be glad
to know what the Montessori children do
when they enter the battle of life for
themselves, and have to fight with the
rest of the world. They seem, at any
rate, to be well equipped with a love of
work.
EARLY AND LATER TRAINING.
There is ground for the complaint that
literature, art, appeals to the imagination,
and genuine play are left out of the
Montessori scheme. From one point of
view this omission in the case of young
children is almost a relief. The senti-
mentality, the would-be symbolism, the
systematic make-believe of much that
goes by the name of kindergarten teaching-
are so enervating and remote from all
actuality that a return to the purely
concrete is wholesome and refreshing. At
least the .Montessori pupils do real things,
and do them for themselves. They are
back in that bracing Edgeworthian atmo-
sphere which makes the histories of
' Simple Susan ' and of ' Lazy Lawrence '
delightful to all normal children, and w Inch
made EdgeWOrthstOWD a place wherein
the numerous and cheerful progeny of a
theorist lather did not shed a tear once a
uiont h.
It would be unfair, however, to attribute
to the whole kindergarten inowment the
feebleness and inaccuracy thai character-
ize the first report in 'The kindergarten.'
This document, however, has received the
approbation of ten members a majority
— of a Committee appointed by the Inter-
national Kindergarten Union, and its tone
540
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
is that of authoritative exposition. In
style it is verbose and confused, and its
vocabulary includes such words as " capa-
citate," "k finitize," and " evaluate."
Clear definitions are lacking, and vague
terms such as " self-activity " appear
again and again. More than once the
author glides imperceptibly into the em-
ployment of an analogy as an argument,
and seems to give way to the American
taste for rhetoric. She writes, for in-
stance : —
"It is no chance connection which binds
the dome of our National Capitol to the
dome of heaven. Without that heavenly
dome the limit -transcending power to which
we give the holy name of freedom might
never have wakened in the human soul,
and without the awakening consciousness
of freedom men would never have known
the correlative idea of justice. The fore-
shortening of infinitude in the spherical
form of space is God's primal suggestion of
his own infinite being."
Yet Miss Susan Blow, who writes thus,
must be fully aware that there is no
'• dome of heaven," and that " the spherical
form of space " is but the illusion of the
circular human eyeball. Unfortunately,
fluffy rhetoric of this kind appears impres-
sive to the half-educated, and there will
be teachers of an inferior kind who
will pass on the supposed connexion be-
tween the " dome of heaven " and the
cupola at Washington. If the present-
ment here given of Froebel's aims and
methods could be accepted as just, it
would become the first duty of educational
reformers to sweep away kindergartens.
The ambiguous title ' What Children
Study, and Why,' covers an examination
into the value* of different educational
subjects. Most of the chapters are fair,
reasonable, and rather commonplace ;
but when he comes to English grammar,
Mr. Gilbert, although he quotes Mill's
warm appreciation of the study as a train-
ing in logic, seems to have no conception
of how a grammar lesson can be made both
to interest and to educate the thinking
power of any child old enough to under-
stand a sentence. He almost, indeed,
appears to confound grammar with inflec-
tion, and to forget that the laws of verbal
relation are immutable, whether they are
marked by changes of form or no.
Mrs. Gruenberg's little book about the
training of children in their homes, entitled
' Your Child To-day and To-morrow,' con-
ceals beneath a style at which an educated
reader must needs wince, and which does
not, it is devoutly to be hoped, really
represent the colloquialism of ordinary
American family life, a substratum of
excellent common-sense. In particular the
chapter headed ' Children's Gangs, Clubs,
and Friendships ' deserves to be read,
marked, and inwardly digested by every
parent of boys or girls. The boy, as Mrs.
Gruenberg points out, joins a group of
comrades not because he is wicked, or
ambitious to lead, or imitative of other
boys, but
" because it is his instinct to join with
others in carrying on the activities to which
other instincts drive him. If you stand in
the way of the gang, you are fighting against
one of the strongest forces in human nature."
The wise adult will endeavour not to
thwart, but rather to direct this natural
force, and to bring it into relation with
the interest and duties that survive into
adult life, so that the gang may insensibly
develope into a club. Too much direction,
however, may do almost as much harm
as total neglect.
" The great danger is that when adults
take a hand in these matters they fix their
attention upon the civic and moral virtues,
and overlook the instincts of activity and
sociability which call the gang into being,
and the club degenerates into a preachy
Sunday-school class."
The collaboration of an employer of
labour and the editor of The Cambridge
Magazine — each of whom had arrived by
independent personal investigation at con-
clusions almost identical— has produced in
' The Problem of the Continuation School '
a modest and inexpensive treatise likely
to be of great practical value. They recite,
in considerable detail, the various charac
teristics of Munich's vocational schools,
and add illustrations, from Dusseldorf and
elsewhere, of the judicious mixture of com-
pulsion and enticement presented to
German boys. They conclude — and few
persons intimately acquainted with the
problems of industrial employment will be
found to disagree — that trade schools
should teach in the daytime, should be
universal, should by degrees become com-
pulsory, and should be preceded in the
elementary school by the teaching of more
drawing than is generally given, and
some handwork during the last school
year. When, however, they suggest that
these vocational schools, being of a new
type, imply the need for a new controlling
authority, and propose the handing over
of them to the Board of Trade, they set
themselves in opposition to the helpful
theor\r that all State intervention in educa-
tion should come under one and the same
department. We cannot believe that the
admirable trade schools of the London
County Council would be improved by
transference to non-educational control.
The most interesting of Dr. Klemm's
forty-four disconnected essays on ' Public
Education in Germany and the United
States ' contains an account of that
remarkable movement in Berlin towards
open-air life which under municipal
guidance has led to the erection, in separate
garden patches, of thousands of temporary
summer dwellings, in which families spend
their leisure by day, and sometimes their
nights as well. The main defect of his
book lies in his firm conviction of the
inferiority of what he calls Li the feminine
mind." He bewails bitterly the preva-
lence of women teachers in American
public schools, and cites instances of un-
intelligent instruction which woidd be more
impressive if he had not incidentally men-
tioned that a majority of the teachers were
extremely young. Immaturity rather than
sex seems to be the true defect of many
American instructresses.
Alice Otlley, First Head-Mistress of the
Worcester High School for Girls, 1883-
1912. Compiled by Mary E. James.
(Longmans & Co., 6s. net.)
The decade between 1875 and 1885 saw
several important departures in the edu-
cation of Englishwomen. What was done
during those years has very largely deter-
mined what we see in action to-day. It
was of the essence of the undertaking that
women themselves should, as far as possible,
direct the course and initiate the detail,
as well as create the characteristic spirit
of the new movement. In the absence of
University tests, or the publicity given by
great organizations, these leaders had to
be sought in private life. One of the
remarkable features of the later nineteenth
century in England is the rise of a group
of women who, without the training which
is now supposed to be indispensable,
proved equal to starting the new move-
ment effectively on its way. Among these
women Alice Ottley has a foremost place :
first, because of her conspicuous ability
and of what it achieved ; and secondly,
because, somewhat more definitely than
most of them, she represented among her
compeers a distinct ideal in the matter
of the education of girls.
She was born at Acton in Suffolk in
1840, the fourth child of an unusualiy
large family. In 1850 her father, the
Rev. Lawrence Ottley, was appointed
Rector of Richmond in Yorkshire, the
place to which, in after years, she
always looked back as " home." Her
gift of motherliness drew upon her a
principal share in the bringing up of her
many younger brothers and sisters, one
or two of whom were specially her charge.
Upon her father's death in 1861 the family
moved to Hampstead, where, in order to
provide schooling for seven boys, Mrs.
Ottley received into her house a small
number of girls — of ages ranging
from about fifteen to twenty — to be
educated with her younger daughters.
The education thus given was under the
direction, and in great part actually the
work, of Alice, who spent upon it the next
twenty years of her life. She developed
here her rare gifts as a teacher, and availed
herself also most diligently of such oppor-
tunities for learning as London then
afforded women — in particular of the
lectures given at University College by the
generous band of professors -who had
formed the Educational Association for
Women.
In 1880 her work at Hampstead came
to an end, and she then joined a friend
who had a school of her own. Those who
knew her well greatly desired for her some
more ample scope. In 1877 she had been
asked to take charge of the Oxford High
School for a few weeks, its head mistress
being ordered instantly abroad, and this
episode had at length revealed, both to
herself and to others, something of the
range of her capacity. Short as was the
time during which she held the reins,
the school had felt her hand, and had
responded as to a fresh inspiriting touch.
No. 4510, Aikil 18, 1914
T H E A T II E Ni]UM
547
At length, in 1883, Canon Butler — later
Dean of Lincoln — summoned her urgently
t<> Worcester to be the maker of the High
School for Girls, which he was founding in
that city. It was there, at the age of 43,
that she took up what was to be the chief
work of her life — a work which she did not
lay down till 1912, a few weeks only before
her death. Her success was complete ;
indeed, the character of Worcester High
School — the Alice Ottley School, as it is
now called — is too well known for descrip-
tion to be necessary.
The secret of what she accomplished
lay in a peculiar manner within herself.
She possessed — to use the word literally —
an extraordinarily radiant personality.
" The story goes that at a dinner-party in
one of the canons' houses some twenty years
, the question was asked, ' Who is tho
most influential person in Worcester ? ' and
the answer, unhesitatingly given by each
and all of the mixed assembly, was ' Miss
Ottley.' "
Despite the fact that she came to take
an important share in educational work
outside her school, she would herself have
been amazed to hear this.
The deeper secret of that radiance itself
comes, perhaps, most nearly into sight in
the simple, unemphatic words quoted
here from a letter of hers to an " Old
Girl " whom ill-health had finally de-
barred from entering a Community : —
'* I am grieved for you, for I know well
^ hat this means ; for. you know, I went
through a similar experience.
" I think all you can do is to keep an
" elastic v. ill,' and to wait for the guidance
which is sure to come."
Her own call to the religious life had
been outwardly thwarted ; inwardly it
persisted and dominated her. The fact
of it lent her her joyful detachment,
her originality, her freedom from after-
thought, her tireless, selfless sympathy,
and her unflinching self -discipline. She
could not bear to hear teaching spoken of
a profession : in her eyes it was a voca-
tion ; and she differed from many of the
|* spirits finely touched" to these '"fine
i-sues " — who see in it primarily a vocation
to the service of man — in that for her it
was primarily a vocation to the service of
Cod.
No doubt it is by her shining goodness
that she will be best remembered, but, in
anyone less saintly, such intellectual ability
and such knowledge as were hers would
have counted as remarkable. She had a
ire of information upon many
subjects ; a strong mental grasp of any-
thing upon which she was occupied ; a
."larly appreciation of literature; and
no mean range of accomplishment in
it. and manual skill.
Nor was she less conspicuously endowed
with practical power-. She had excellent
judgment alike in the management of
affairs and the guidance of persons. She
had a <|iiiek eye for the difference between
the possible and the impossible, and for
the means proper to a given end : -he
knew when to wait and when to press on.
JSut the pj , of the school sufficiently
attests this side of her capability, as it
does also her special talents as a teacher
and a counsellor of individuals. Perhaps
no woman ever turned her own frequent
experience of sorrow to better account in
the service of other people. She retained
also to the end her love and understanding
of very little children, and her beautiful
skill in dealing with them.
The ideal towards which she drew the
school was a very definite one. It was
above all things religious, and, ad ma-
jorem Dei gloriam, it exacted the utmost
finish and perfection in all things small and
great. Her feeling for the worth of detail,
and her incessant care about it, wrere
among her marked peculiarities. There
was a fiery outspokenness in her dedica-
tion of everything and everybody under
her rule to God : " Our Lord Jesus Christ
is the Head Master of this school," she
was fond of saying.
Her spiritual counsels are amply illus-
trated here. They are those which come
naturally from an English Catholic, for
whom the Blessed Sacrament is the spiri-
tual centre of earthby life, and in so far
carry to those in agreement with her a
still undiminished force, though as to
phraseology and some minor matters
they appear touched now with something
of old-fashionedness. The difference be-
tween one generation and another may be
seen in the great part Tennyson and Keble
play in them, as well as in the curiously
restricted list of books recommended to
her girls, whether for devotional or for
other study.
Inevitably she encountered opposition
here and there, and it may be reckoned
one of the faults of the book before us
that virtually nothing is told us about this.
It is not really to Miss Ottley's advantage
that we see her here so exclusively from
the point of view of those with whom she
was in sympathy, and in particular of
those who owed her more than they could
ever repay. It would have been good to
have her as she appeared to her equals,
and to those whose educational ideals
clashed somewhat with hers. Again, we
are led to understand that — especially
when she was abroad — Miss Ottley's
impulsiveness and eager kindness led to
several delightful incidents, to many
original and charming actions. If it was
possible to gather up some of this material
— and, from what is said, we gather that
with patience and trouble it would have
been — we should gladly have forgone for
the sake of it Borne of the less character-
istic letters and discourses printed here,
and even some of the oft -repeated ex-
patiations on Miss < >ttley's sympathy and
spirituality : for in a biography, as else-
where. " actions speak louder than words."'
We would not. however, end on a note of
dispraise. Despite occasional diffuseness
and more frequent slightness, the writer
has succeeded in imparting to us. to Borne
considerable extent, the feeling of being
in the presence of a strong and real and
very human person, and in that com
mendation we have probably given her
the chief of what she desired.
CLASSICAL STUD IKS.
Til i: full and valuable critical edition which
Dr. Magnus has published of the ' Meta-
morphoses ' of Ovid is bound to super-
sede all others, and to remain the standard
work on the subject for a long time to
come. It contains a text, testimonia. the
variants of a great number of MSS.. and the
prose paraphrase {narrationes) of Lactan-
tius Placidus, also with apparatus criticus.
It is therefore an invaluable storehouse
of material for the Ovidian student. The
text itself is very conservative, and rightly
so in a book of this character, but the con-
jectures of scholars are quoted, and the
reader is generally left to form his own
opinion. We regret, however, to see the
hideous barbarism Progne standing there
unashamed, even when the first syllable is
short ; and conservatism surely goes too
far when it comes to printing
prominet inmodicum pro longa cuspide rostrum
at vi. 673, even though the antidote
" prse longa " is to be found at the foot of
the page. Why give the reader the trouble
of hunting for it ?
But these are trifles. As a rule, the
editor shows discrimination in his choice
of readings, and is not hampered, as his
predecessor Merkel was, by blind in-
fatuation for any particular MS. It may
be hoped that this work will promote the
study in England of a poem Avhich, despite
its rather absurd scheme, is full of charm-
ingly told stories, and the influence of
which upon English literature has been
very great.
Mr. Smyth's discovery concerning the
' Iliad ' may be briefly stated in his own
words : —
"The object of this essay is to demonstrate
that the Iliad of Homer at one time con-
sisted of 13,500 lines, neither more nor less,
divided into 45 sections of 300 verses each."
If we ask how this startling theory was
arrived at, we learn that it is based on
the fact that the first book falls naturally
into halves of 311 and 300 lines respec-
tively, and it is, of course, easy to reduce
the former half to 300 by a little judicious
excision. So far, so good. We next
proceeded to test the theory by looking at
the author's treatment of the twenty-
fourth book. We found that the theory
necessitated rejection of lines 362 468, the
scene between Priam and Hermes, which
contains some of the most touching and
exquisite poetry ever written on this earth.
And Mr. Smyth ventures to mention
(]>. 188) the venerable name of Procrustes '
We have tested his results in many other
places, and can only say that a more
/'. Ovidi Nasonis Metamorphoseon Libri .VI'.
Recensuit Apparatu Critico instriuril Hi; i
Magnus. (Berlin, Weidmann, 30m.)
The Composition of /I" Iliad: <n* Essay mi
a Numerical /.</"• "< its Structure. l->
Austin Smyth. (Longmans & Co., 6s.
net.)
Selections from the Epigrams oj M. Valerius
Martialis. Translated or imitated in
Engli 'i \ i rse by W. .). < lourt hope.
(John Murraj , •'!>. >>'/■ net.)
548
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
arbitrary and unsubstantial thesis was
never maintained even in the field of
Homeric criticism. It seems to us a pity
that a good scholar's time was not more
profitably employed.
Mr. Smyth is equally unsuccessful in
seeking to prove that the Odyssey was
composed in cantos of 450 lines, and that
the chronology of the Iliad falls into five
periods of exactly eleven days each. One
notes also, with (or perhaps without) sur-
prise, that he rejects the tenth Iliad
altogether, and accepts the whole of the
twenty-fourth Odyssey, with the exception
of one solitary line.
The prelude to Mr. Courthope's pleasant
little selection of translations from Martial
has a timely significance that tempts the
reviewer to say a word or two about it
before passing to the consideration of the
subject-matter proper. For here we have
a spirited defence of a dying cause by one
of the Old Guard of scholars, who views
with regretful concern the growing dis-
favour of the ancient classics, not only
in a hard mechanical world, but even in
Oxford — no longer, it would seem, a sure
city of refuge for lost causes. Mr. Court-
hope finds his motive and cue in the speech
delivered at Sheffield to the Classical
Association by the Master of Trinity.
There, as will be remembered, Dr. Butler
stated once more the case for the educative
importance of Greek and Roman literature
in general, and emphasized the " unique
and lasting value " of translation both
from and into prose and verse. It is, he
said, " an admirable and priceless training
which it would be at once a folly and a
calamity to destroy." No one who has
at heart the welfare of education in its
true sense will require any prompting to
utter a devout " Amen ! " to that ; and if
Mr. Courthope had been moved to support
Dr. Butler with reasons in a learned prose
essay, he could not have failed of a sym-
pathetic hearing. But he has done better.
He has given practical examples of a
beautiful and useful art, and such special
pleading as he has thought it necessary
to set down by way of preface he has
thrown into the form of a rhymed epistle
to the Master of Trinity. There, with the
point and polish of Pope, he sketches
allusively tc Rome's Imperial agony," but,
amid ruin, the ultimate triumph of her
culture over the Gothic conquerors : —
Where'er the soul of German Freedom thrived,
The buried life of Greece and Rome revived.
On stocks of Attic taste and Latin lore
The wild barbaric graft new offspring bore.
And so forward to the Renaissance, and
the deplorable reaction of the present day :
Not Bembo's art and imitative hand
Plutocracy's dire plague can now withstand ;
But, with the modern blood you would infuse,
You, like Erasmus, may preserve the Muse,
And though ungrateful Oxford spurn the Greek,
An English Plato may in Jowett speak.
Mr. Courthope touches the vital place
when he recalls the personal charm of
Dr. Butler's teaching in those old Harrow
days when the
. . . .scholars caught
The swift contagion of the classic thought.
It is by the teacher's inspiring power
that something may be saved from the
impending wreck of true scholarship. Dr.
Butler sees that sacrifices are inevitable,
but, if the original tongues cease in great
measure to be studied, he would advocate
the "judicious use of translations" as a
prominent part of all modern education.
Thus a hurrying century may, although
at second hand,
. . . .note how well the records of old wit
The various fortunes of our age befit.
In that couplet Mr. Courthope happily
describes Dr. Butler's lessons from the
fountain head. Fewer of this generation
will drink there, but even a translation
may serve what is, after all, the most
useful end of the ancient classics, that of
illustrating the new times by the light of
the old.
It is precisely this object that Mr.
Courthope has pursued in making these
versions of Martial, who is, as the trans-
lator remarks,
" of all the Flavian poets the most directly
representative of his society ; and as that
society had reached a stage of civilisation
at which individual self-consciousness came
into sharp collision with old custom and
belief, his epigrams often recall to the
modern reader moods of feeling with which
we ourselves are acquainted."
Martial, though hard enough, offers
certain facilities to the English translator.
The frequency of hendecasyllabics resolves
with comparative ease the vexed question
of an approximately corresponding form.
But there the battle is only begun. The
point, the condensation, and the finish
of the original call for a style that shall
be above all lucid and neat. It is to the
antithetic method of the eighteenth cen-
tury that we must look for a model. Here
it is that Mr. Courthope succeeds. He is
armed cap a pie, with the very English
his task requires. His is the temper that
recognizes our language as an instrument
of superb compass. Modern preciosity,
picking out and lingering over cherished
words and phrases for their own sake,
will not do here. All well-franked words
are admissible, so they be right. It is in
their very Tightness that the essence of the
style consists. The translations are not
always exactly literal, but they are the
just modern equivalent for the Roman
thought. So the version, as every good
rendering must, acquires a new life of its
own, and rises free from what is too often
the dead- weight of the original. Thus in
' Ad Silium ' (iv. 14) " ingenti ore "
becomes " mighty line," and " severitate,"
by a perfectly consistent licence, " stern
pen." If in the last four lines of the
same " madidos " be ignored (could
" sappy " have done the trick ?), that
does not spoil the light and facile turn of
the English : —
Nor frown, but leniently look
On the light jests of our poor book !
So might Catullus, as a friend
His ' Sparrow ' dare to Virgil send.
The deprecatory diminutive lurking in
" libellos " comes out well, if at some
expenditure of words.
' Ad Severum ' (v. 80) reappears as
' Friends' Corrections,' a little piece so
modern in its appeal to penmen that we
cannot forbear to quote it in full : —
" A spare half hour perhaps you '11 spend,
Severus, to oblige a friend,
In trimming up my trifling Muse ? "
' 'Tis hard one's holiday to lose ! "
" Still, as a friend, the loss excuse !
And if to yours you '11 add the sense
(Or is the thought sheer impudence ?)
Of learn'd Secundus, well I know
My book will to your kindness so
Par more than to the author owe ;
Secure that Sisyphus's fate
That lucky page can ne'er await,
Which, with Severus' friendly smile,
Has also felt Secundus' file."
Happy and appropriate freedom in
translation has seldom been better exem-
plified than in the equivalent of " Sed
numquid sumus improbi ? " — indeed, in
the whole playful fragment. Instances
might be multiplied ; and one is tempted
to hail Mr. Courthope as upio-ros, " most
Martial." The Latin text given is that of
the Corpus, but critical questions do not
here arise.
A final word must be spared for the
section of ' Imitations,' as distinguished
from translations proper. These excel in
sprightliness, and the ' Valediction to the
Book ' (iv. 91) closes on a topical note
that completes our realization of Martial
as a writer of " vers de societe." For
the well-known lines
Jam librarius hoc et ipse dicit :
Ohe jam satis est, ohe libelle,
reappear as
" Enough ! " John Murray cries, " Enough ! ,r
Delightful ; but we really cannot believe
it of Mr. Murray, and we hope that he
will soon persuade Mr. Courthope to
continue his lively services in the cause
of a so-called " dead " language.
The New Tripoli, and what I Saw in the
Hinterland. By Ethel Braun. (Fisher
Unwin, 10s. Qd. net.)
In ' The New Tripoli ' we feel that, pri-
marily, the author is returning thanks for
a most pleasant visit — first to the Italian
authorities who afforded her " every
facility," and after them to every one
who helped her to enjoy her stay. The
work is thus politely, cordially super-
ficial, and all unpleasant references are
avoided. For example, of the unpro-
voked and cruel raid upon a land whose
sole offence was to be ill-defended, which
shocked the civilized world two years ago,
we find no other mention than may be
discovered in the following sentence : —
" It strikes us as a very interesting page-
in the history of Tripoli that the Italians
should have returned to the possession of
this country in which the Romans have
left so many wonderful monuments."
Again, of the three days' massacre of
Tripoli the author writes : —
" It is unnecessary to dwell upon the story
of treachery and punishment ; rather let
No. 451-2, Apkil 18, 1014
THE ATHENAEUM
>40
us stop and pay a visit to the memorial
erected to the memory of the 93rd Infantry
And the 10th Artillery, built on the very
spot where they fought and Cell. ...They
show us a mosque here where those brave
bersaglieri were found crucified alive by the
Arabs after terrible tortures.'"
I uit story of the hading of some bersa-
eri crucified in a mosque seems very
strange to all who know the customs of
the Muslims. Had the men been found
impaled outside a mosque we should
have been more impressed with its veri-
similitude. That it should be given here
without the story of the massacre of
people who. whatever may have been
their attitude towards the invaders, were
at least defending their own country,
-hows the author's bias.
These, however, are questions of the past-
and they may well be buried if the future
of Italian Tripoli proves but half as bril-
liant as the author sees it. The most
interesting chapters in her book are those
concerned with the Italian projects of
.administration, exploitation, and reform.
We are glad to learn from an eyewitness
■of the excellent work that has been done,
in sanitation and police, by the Italians ;
and to be assured that the latter, in their
plans for the future, are showing due
consideration for the people and religion
of the conquered territory. The author
sees a
" elose analogy between the difficulties the
Italians have to face in the conduct of their
j lew colony and those with which we are
familiar in the administration of our own
Mussulman dependencies " ;
but the difference implied in the words
•" colony " and " dependencies " precludes
a "' close analogy,"' in our opinion. The
author would seem to claim some know-
ledge of, at any rate, colloquial Arabic ;
yet of the Arabic words and phrases
-which she quotes, it is no exaggeration
to say that nine out of ten are wrong in
- '/lie way or other. The Mohammedan
•creed is not " Allah il Allah ! Mohamed
rhazul il Allah/' - Beslemma " (bi
aldmah . we suppose) means not " Health
to you," but in safety. The salutation
used at funerals, here given as " Barca
tecum," is el bdgi fikum," and has a
different meaning from that adumbrated
by the author. Maktub means " It is
written," and is a common formula of
resignation ; the author writes of " sitting
down to contemplate Maktul) — the will
■of Allah ! ' But the gem of all is in the
final paragraph : —
" And we say goodbye to Tripoli, the city
which we have learnt to love, and whose
inge charm has stamped it indelibly on
our memory. Our visit is over. ' Ma-
feeeh ! '— • U ie ended.1 "
MafUh (a vulgar abbreviation of ma fihi
■I'm) means " There is nothing," and
sometimes used against demanders of
bakhshieih in the sense of ""I shall give
you nothing." In that case it may have
a flavour of finality, but it certainly does
not mean " h jg ended."
The book is illustrated with a number
of good photographs.
Elizabeth and Mary Stuart : the Begin-
ning of the, Feud. By Frank Arthur
Mumby. (Constable & Co., 10s. 6d. net.)
Mr. Mumby's latest step in the course of
his praiseworthy enterprise of showing to
readers of English history how it struck a
contemporary, and of supplying them with
a connected narrative illustrated by, and
largely composed of, published correspon-
dence of the time, is a brief one. It
covers only half-a-dozen years. But those
few years, 1559-1565, contain more of
romance, and were historically of more
crucial importance to England, than per-
haps any other period. When Mary I.
died it seemed as if the only question at
issue was whether England would remain
under the yoke of Spain or, with Scotland,
fall through Mary Stuart into the hands
of her champion, France. To borrow the
comparison of an astute agent in Flanders,
England was like a bone thrown between
two dogs. Still, the improbability of the
actual event astounds us as in Mr. Mum-
by's pages we once more watch Elizabeth
playing off one Catholic Power against
another, gradually establishing herself
securely on her throne and in the hearts
of her people, and saving her country
from foreign domination and the grasp of
Rome. To gain that end she had need of
consummate diplomacy and statesman-
ship. She proved herself a supreme
exponent of the " wait and see " policy, of
the art of " shelving business with fair
words," as the exasperated Spanish ambas-
sador described it.
She used all the weaknesses of a woman
to paralyse the strong. She made play
with every weapon in the female armoury
— vanity, passion, fickleness, cajolery,
caprice— to outwit the subtlest statesmen ;
to deceive the deceiver, and to dazzle the
craftiest calculators of Europe. Knowing
herself to be incapable of motherhood, and
determined to maintain that state of
single blessedness which from the first
she had declared " likes me best," she
turned to the advantage of England the
misfortune of England's Virgin Queen.
She revelled in her own cleverness ; so
that her changeableness made even her
faithful and clear-sighted Secretary, Cecil,
sick at heart. If he was puzzled by
her apparent inconsequence, how much
more were the keen diplomatists of the
wily Philip maddened and misled by this
troublesome baggage, as the Count de
Feria terms her, and by her c; blind and
bestial Councillors," with whom he could
make no headway! Luckily for England
and Elizabeth, there was. across the seas,
another sovereign equally, but less wisely,
enamoured of a policy of procrastination.
Had Philip acted with boldness and de-
cision, and struck whilst the French peril
was acute in Scotland : had lie accepted
the offers of the English Catholics, or
married his son Carlos to .Mary Stuart, or
made common cause with the Guises,
England, and possibly all Europe, might
have fallen into the hands of Spain. But
Philip doubted and tempori/.i d. whilst the
consolidation of England went, on. in spite
of the urgent warnings of his ambassadors
in those dispatches first used by Fronde,
and since rendered familiar to scholars
through Major Martin Hume's Calendar
of the Archives of Simaneas.
Mr. Mumby's book consists mainly, in-
deed, of selections from the well-known and
valuable series of State Papers — Foreign,
Venetian, Spanish, or Scottish — the (Veil
and Burghley Papers, and so forth, pub-
lished by H.M. Government. But he has
gone further afield than that, and when
dealing with the long intrigues between
Elizabeth and her sister, he refreshes that
oft-told tale by printing a hitherto unpub-
lished letter from the Ego ton MSS. at the
British Museum. His chief business, how-
ever, has been to supply the thread of
explanatory narrative needed to connect
the dispatches of the picked observers and
protagonists of events which were in-
tended to mould or to interpret them . This
task he performs exceedingly well, so that
his book combines all the fascination of
history with the charm of biography and
good letters. It brings out too, as only
the study of original authorities can do,
the ebb and flow of events as determined
by the change and stress of foreign affairs,
ignorance of which often renders history,
both ancient and modern, incomprehen-
sible to the outside observer.
It is not a very edifying spectacle to
which, pointing pole in hand, Mr. Mumby
directs our attention. But then politics
at first hand seldom are, and diplomacy
in the sixteenth century, newly inspired
by the precepts of Machiavelli, never.
Even so, it is a little amazing to find Eliza-
beth writing to Mary Stuart, with regard
to the slaughtering of the Huguenots:
" Pregnant women strangled, with the
sighs of infants at mothers' breasts, do not
stir me." One can imagine with what
delight Cobbett, writing his pamphleteer-
ing travesty of history on Bloody Elizabeth
and Good Queen Mary, would have seized
upon this callous confession to prove his
favourite thesis that Elizabeth was a
monster ! So, in fact, the sentence stands
in the ' Calendar of Scottish Papers.' But
it gives the exact opposite of the sense
of the original, which is correctly para-
phrased by Froude. Mr. Mumby makes
a tentative correction, but if he had con-
sulted the original at the Public Record
Office (S.P. Scotland, Elizabeth, vii.), he
would have found that the sentence in the
original is incontestably conditional : ' I
would pass over in silence the murders of
men. . . .if strangled women did not move
me," &C. We are bound to admit, how-
ever, that the editor of theScottish Papers
collected from the Public Record Office,
British .Museum, and elsewhere, did not
make the task of verification easier when
he omitted all references from hi- bonk.
The inconvenience and futility of that
method of calendaring may be commended
to the notice of those critics who incline to
think that some Calendars savour too much
,,!' the catalogue.
550
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
A New English Dictionary. — Shaslri-
Shyster. (Vol. VIII.) By Henry
Bradley. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 5s.)
The designation of a Hindu student
of religious lore and an American slang
term for a low-class lawyer, both of which
appear in the title of this enlarged
double section (160 pages), may suggest
at least an average amount of words
imported into our vocabulary from foreign
languages or local dialects ; whereas Dr.
Bradley draws attention in his prefatory
note to the fact that, in contrast with the
previous issues, " by far the greater part
of the section is occupied with words
which have come down from Old English,"
i.e., from Anglo-Saxon. This is due to
the initial sh- reducing the inclusion of
" words adopted or derived from Greek,
Latin, French, and Old Norse " to a very
small percentage of the average proportion,
the words " shrine " and " shrive " of
Latin origin being Old English. Though
'" shawm " and " shock " (= an encounter,
violent impact, &c.) and the allied verb
are from French, and have derivatives,
the words of French derivation in the
part before us do not occupy more than
two pages, .most of the remaining Galli-
cisms being words of unique, random
spelling, e.g., " shattow *: (= chateau),
" sheff onier," " shekyr " (— " chequer,"
sb . , in the sense ' ' table of the Exchequer " ) ,
" sheroot " — so spelt by Scott, ' St.
Ronan's,' chap, xv., end, 1824 — the quo-
tations for which had evidently not come
to hand when the ch- words were issued,
in 1889.
The first page presents as man}' as ten
additions to the corresponding portion
of other English dictionaries, not counting
dialectal uses or " shattow," among
these novelties being Carlyle's " shatter-
ment," T. Moore's " shatteringly," and
J. H. Stirling's " shatterer of the world,"
as a designation of Kant in The Fort-
nightly Review, October, 1867, p. 381,
rendering " The Alles-zermalmender ," ap-
plied, we are told, by M. Mendelssohn to
Kant, and rendered by De Quincey before
that date " world-shattering." The figu-
rative sense of " shave," " to practise
exaction or extortion upon," quoted as
early as Chaucer, appears in Latimer's
newly registered derivative " shavery,"
quoted from a passage which, we are told,
" refers to the avaricious oppression of
tenants," viz., " 1549. . . .' 1st Serm. bef.
Edw. VI.'. . . .All suche procedynges. . . .
do intend plainly, to make the yomanry
slauery, & the Cleargye shauery." The
succeeding quotation from Southey, in
which the application of a razor is meant,
seems to be a parody of the bishop's
jingle, thus—" 1838 ' Doctor,' cliii,
One colour is born to slavery abroad, and
one sex to shavery at home." Among
the many words which have not appeared
in previous dictionaries is " shear-legs "
— also spelt " sheer-legs," " A device. . . .
for raising heavy weights," as to which
we read : " 1900, Engineering Mag.,
xix. 675. At the Chicago yard there is
a steel sheer-legs 100 feet high and of
100 tons capacity " ; while Sir A. Quiller-
Couch is quoted for the verb " sherry "
=to supply with sherry, " 1909, ' True
Tilda,' xxi. 294, Nursed by a careful
butler. . . .a single bottle will sherry twelve
guests " ; and sibilant sounds are repre-
sented by " shish," " Also schisch," with
three quotations from 1881 to 1908, by
" shshsh," 1848, " shshshing," 1873. It
is hard to believe that " shiverer "=one
who trembles, first appeared in print
in 1883, and in Meredith.
There are no colossal articles in this
section, the longest, on " short," adj.,
quasi - sb., and sb., occupying about
sixteen columns ; but there are forty words
or more which occupy from a column and
a half to sixteen columns, or an average
of more than a page to a word, not to
mention many articles of about a column
in length. Reason for this is given in
the Note, namely, that most of the " words
which have come down from Old English
.... in the course of their long history, have
developed a multitude of senses, many of
Avhich have become obsolete." A good
example is the verb " shear," the article
on which extends to a page and rather
more than half a column. The earliest
use, apparently by more than two cen-
turies, is to cut "with a sharp instrument,"
e.g., sword, axe, sickle, from ' Beowulf ' ;
and there are a host of other meanings.
Hitherto the word has been treated as if
a pair of " shears " were its parents
instead of relatives, possibly collateral.
By the way, " Kelpuv, to shave," does
not give the earliest sense of the Greek
word, and is not even a certainly correct
rendering.
We accept with full confidence, after
careful examination of the subject, Dr.
Bradley's very modest statement that
" in most of the articles above referred
to " — which might be equivalent to " in
about three dozen articles " — " the ety-
mology of the words has been treated
with greater fullness or precision than in
previous Dictionaries." This claim to
superioritjr may be extended to most of
the etymology in the ' N.E.D.' We are
invited to notice the solution (" not
altogether certain") of the problem pre-
sented by the origin of the pronoun " she."
Nearly hah a column of very small type
establishes a strong probability for this
personal pronoun being " an altered form
of the O.E. fern. dem. pron. sio, seo. sie."
The origin of the verb "shiver"
(= tremble) is not clear in spite of its
careful and cautious treatment ; perhaps
the influence of ' ' shimmer ' ' and ' ' shudder ' '
(Middle-English " shod(d)re "), words of
similar meaning, as well as association
with " shake," helped to change ch- to sh-.
The derivation of " shock " (= collide)
from French " choquer " is made more
secure by the treatment of the obsolete
word " chock " in four distinct senses of
the verb " choquer " as a distinct word
from " shock," and furnishes an article
— in effect — which is omitted in its proper
place, though the cross-reference to
" shock " now retrieves it.
Students of English history will find
the articles on " sheriff " and its deri-
vatives and combinations and that on
the substantive " shire " very interesting
and instructive.
To the two quotations, about 1684
and 1726 by unknown authors, for " sheet "
meaning " a pamphlet " may be added
the interesting extract, with the house-
wifely addition " of paper," from Lady
Russell's letter to Dr. Fitzwilliam, April 1st,
1687, " There is a sheet of paper writ,
as the King hath said, by Dr. Burnet, to>
give reasons against taking away the test."
This Burnet did write the said " sheet,"
and in his ' Life and Death of Rochester,'
(1680), speaks thus of his subject's
schooldays, "Those shining parts, which
have since appeared with so much lustre,
began then to show themselves," the
phrase " shining parts " being quoted
in the 'N.E.D.' from The Spectator, 1711,
No. 73, while in its quotation dated
c. 1665, " Nor was his soul less shining in
honour," &c, " shining " is scarcely an
adjective. The instances of " make shift,"
ceasing at 1685, suggest that it became
" make a shift " before 1800, as " a shift "
only is cited later, viz., 1865, George Eliot,
1882, Stevenson ; whereas Lamb, Essays,
' Decay of Beggars,' yields " could have-
made shift with yet half of the body-
portion which was left him." For the
absolute use of " shock " (= cause sudden
nervous or mental disturbance) only
Belzoni (1820) is quoted, " [customs]
which shock at first sight"; Lamb, 'On
the Artificial Comedy,' wrote, " His first
appearance must shock and give horror,"
the context showing that the physical
sensibilities are to be disturbed before
the moral by the presentment of the
" downright revolting villain." Bumet,
in the above-mentioned ' Life,' has " the
showing of a trick," which may be accept-
able as illustrating the verbal substantive's
use in the seventeenth century. Probably
the lively " Who can have put up a
shyster [explained in a note as " A low
lawyer"] like that?" Stevenson and Os-
bou'rne. ' The Wrecker,' chap. ix. (1892),
would have been preferred by many to
Boothby's mere " The shvster lawyer "
(1902).
Bound up with the sheets before us are
the title-pages and prefaces to Vol. VIIL
and to the second part of Vol. VTII.,.
with Additions and Emendations pertain-
ing to the latter. Five paragraphs of this
supplementary matter concern shi-, sho-
words, the last, on the combination " shoe-
thong," being the most important, as it
consists of three quotations for the com-
bination " shoe-thong," one dated about
1000, the others about 1200. It is an
amusing illustration of the impossibility
of lexicography keeping pace with the
lavish growth of vocabularj^ that the
preface to S-Sh, edited by Dr. Bradley^
contains the derivative verb " re-subedit,"
apparently not yet manufactured when
Dr. Craigie edited Reserve-Ribaldry.
A further portion of Vol. X., by Sir
James Murray, from Trahysh, is to appear
I on July 1st.
No. 451-2, April 18, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
551
An Unknown Son of Napoleon. By
Hector Fleisohmann. (Eveleigh Nash,
108. 6d. not.)
Whatever may be thought of Count
Leon, this book about him by M. Hector
Fleischmann is the most complete record
that lias appeared, or is ever likely to
appear ; and it will be found, by any who
ire for Napoleonic literature, extremely
interesting from the first word to the last.
But the main facts are by no means new,
and most of them may be found elsewhere.
We are not sure if the author or his English
translator is responsible for the rather
misleading title, but we think it would have
been better to give the name of Count Leon
on the title-page, instead of putting it only
on the cover of the book. French writers,
some of whose works were published more
than eighty years ago, and from some of
whom 31. Fleiachmann quotes, have told
us a great deal about Count Leon ; and if
only the bare facts about the man were
wanted, they can be found, in a concise
and accurate form, in a recent English
work, Mr. Vizetelly's ' Court of the Tuile-
ries,' which was published in 1907.
Eleonore Denuelle de la Plaigne, the
mother of Count Leon (his name was
taken from the latter part of " Xapofe'cm "),
was born in 1787. She lived till 1868, and
her tomb maybe seen at PereLachaise. She
was at Madame Campan's famous board-
ing-school— where were also Bonaparte's
sisters — and, while she was there, met a
man named Revel, to whom at an early age
she was married. Two months after her
marriage Revel was arrested on a charge
of forgery, and sent to^prison. " Caroline
Murat. who had known Eleonore at school,
took pity on the young wife, and had her
to stay at her house. It was at the Murats'
house that Xapoleon met her. and induced
her to become his mistress.
Their son. whom Xapoleon always
acknowledged as his child, was born
December 13th, 1806, and lived till 1881,
and the only thing that can properly be
called '" unknown :' about him is the exact
spot of the pauper's grave, marked at the
time only by a wooden cross, in which he
was buried.
Revel, the first husband of Eleonore,
was fond of litigation, and for years carried
on lawsuits in his efforts to raise money.
After his time in prison and his divorce,
he attempted to get his ex-wife convicted
for bigamy, and even for " trigamy," and
this particular business dragged on for
years. Another of his many lawsuits was
brought against the child Leon, in dis-
owalof paternity — a case which was not
finally lost till 1822, by which time it had
cost the guardians of the boy a considerable
sum of money. But scamp as Revel
undoubtedly was, the reader of 31.
Flei.-ehmann's pages is tempted by the
author's harsh words to feel something
pretty much like sympathy for the unfor-
tunate wretch whose wife had been appro-
priated by Bonaparte. That Revel had
ability is clear, and that lie was persistenl
and ingenious in his attempts to gel money
is certain. At the end of all the miserable
business, after Napoleon's death, it is odd
to find Revel writing : —
•• 1 deserve to bo listened to. Napoleon
committed a crime when lie laid hands on my
wife. He was guilty of a fault when he for-
got me at his death, it is for his friends to
make good at once the crime and the fault,"
by cash down. The " peculator in every
regiment " (to quote one of M. Fleisch-
niann's descriptions) grumbled at having
been forgotten in the will which Xapoleon
made at St. Helena !
But Revel had drawn money regularly
from the guardians of Leon ; and, when the
son was about to come of age, Revel
feared that his pension might cease.
Leon, however, behaved well to the man
who had been his mother's first husband,
and made him an allowance of 2,400 francs,
which Revel enjoyed till he died in 1835.
Meneval, who knew all the facts con-
nected with the birth of the child, had
found Baron de Mauvieres (his father-in-
law) to act as guardian for the boy ; and
in 1812 Mauvieres appeared before the
Juge de Paix at the Mairie of the Second
Arrondissement, and stated that
" a child of the male sex, born of a father
now absent, and a certain Eleonore Denuelle,
was at the present moment at a boarding-
school, where ' an unknown individual ' had
hitherto provided for all his needs.... An
income was, at an early date, to be settled
on the said child. . . .The appointment of a
guardian was pressing ' in the mother's
absence, and even in view of the doubt they
were in as to her existence.' "
Eleonore had, as a fact, not disappeared
at all ; but Mauvieres was made guardian.
Xapoleon provided ample funds for the
boy, and full particulars of the moneys
given at this time and before 1815 have
been preserved. After Waterloo, and
before leaving Paris for ever, Napoleon
handed over a further 100,000 francs for
the benefit of Leon ; and we know of the
curious leave-taking at Malmaison, where
Xapoleon said good-bye to Leon, and also
to Madame Walewrska and his other
acknowledged child, the Comte Walewska
— the two elder, illegitimate, half-brothers
of the King of Rome. To Leon's mother
Xapoleon had paid large sums in cash, and
he gave her also a house in the Rue de la
Victoire.
When Xapoleon was at St. Helena, he
said "" I should not be sorry were my little
Leon to enter the magistracy " ; and
when he made his will he left him 300,000
francs, getting over the delicate epiestion
of relationship by referring to him in a
roundabout way as " the ward of Mene-
val's father-in-law."
Leon did not enter the magistracy, but
made a feeble attempt to follow the army
as a career. Trouble with his superiors
soon caused him to be suspended for two
months. He went to England to see
Joseph Bonaparte, who was there in exile,
and on him at first made a good impression,
He returned to Paris to live in very shady
circumstances with a fortuneteller; and
another visit to London to see .Joseph
Bonaparte only resulted in his being show n
the door.
Leon's remarkable facial resemblance to
Xapoleon has often been the Subject of
comment. But to call him "tall,"' and
then to say that he was "" five feet six at
least.'' seems somewhat of a contradic-
tion. According to Mr. Vi/.etellv. " his
origin was stamped upon his face, he was
physically the living portrait of the great
captain " ; but it may be added that the
illustrations of Count Leon in the present
work do not bear any si liking resemblance
to Xapoleon.
Leon was evidently a habitual gambler,
and no sooner had money than he lost it.
Masson thought that he had "" im certain
desordre mental.'" and stated that, when
he died, he was certainly " irresponsable."
If Masson is right, we can see one
reason for the miserable life of Leon. At
any rate his poverty was incurable, and he
became a mere writer of begging letters.
His habits may be judged by a letter to
General Gourgaud, dated February 7th,
1848, in which, writing from Paris, he says :
"Thank God, I have rented a room in the
Rue Joubert, at No. !», but it has been im-
possible for me to put a bed in it as yet, so as
to sleep there, for want of money. [ am
sleeping for the time in a miserable furnished
room at 20 sous a day, where I am very un-
comfortable."
Gourgaud sent him forty francs, and, as is
usual in such cases, received as his reward
a succession of begging letters.
The fresh information in the book comes
chiefly from the papers belonging to Baron
de Meneval, who is a descendant of Leon's
guardian, and who has allowed M. Fleisch-
mann to print new letters from the Meneval
archives.
The volume is attractive, and the trans-
lation has been well done.
Where No Fear Was. By Arthur Chris-
topher Benson. (Smith, Elder & Co.,
6s. net.)
Vividly conscious of the various bogies
which tortured the imagination of his
boyhood, and which have pursued him
through later years, Mr. Benson, in his
pensive, sermonizing way, recounts his
experiences for the benefit of similar
sufferers, with that naive, uncpiestioning
interest in his own sensations, and belief
in the helpful nature of his advice, which
have proved popular. He reflects that be
has "" always and invariably been ham-
pered and maimed by Pear,'' when he has
yielded to it, and that has been often.
He thinks that fear is the shadow in the
lives of many men and women, and
accordingly he has written a book ' to
track it to its lair, and to see what one
can do to resist it," maintaining the while
that unreasoning timidity can co-exisl
with courage and self control, in abnormal
temperaments, as we should be inclined to
add, like those of Dr. Johnson, < 'harlotte
Bronte, John Sterling, or Carlyle, whom
Mr. Benson uses to illustrate his theme.
Prohably a rational indulgence in some
out-of-door occupation, or one of those
games which .Mr. Benson thinks a
waste of time, would do more to banish
the chronic forebodings and futile worryings
552
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
over his weekly engagements, which dis-
tress him, than writing a book about them.
Or one touch of humour might save this
twentieth - century Hippias from the
hauntings of his own mind. But then
we should have been cheated of this deli-
cious reminiscence, intended apparently as
an example of the evil results that accrued
from the state of 'k atrocious terror of
everybody and everything " in which he
lived as a boy at school : —
" I had a wild idea of giving the maid
of my dormitory a kiss when I went away,
and I think she would have liked that. But
I did not dare to embrace her."
Mr. Benson is, no doubt, correct in
suggesting that many of the terrors of
childhood are derived from the ancient
experiences of the race, and represent the
old, and in some cases the outworn, need
of vigilance and wariness. Our instinctive
hatred of snakes, and a child's fear of the
dark and wild beasts, are, we should say,
exactly analogous to a tame horse's
ineradicable tendency to shy at the sight of
a fluttering piece of paper, or any sudden
movement at the side of the road sugges-
tive of the leap of a lurking beast of prey,
even though generations have passed since
its sires had anything of the sort to fear.
On the other hand, all civilized beings do
not lead cloistered lives in schools, col-
leges, and country rectories ; and we
cannot agree with Mr. Benson's monastic
view that under modern conditions we
have no longer need for courage, no longer
any occasion for returning a blow — that we
are no longer on what Mr. Micawber called
those glorious terms with our fellow-man
when we can punch his head if he offends
us ; but that all sense of insecurity and
precariousness in life is a figment of the
imagination, a mere inherited weakness.
In the past, Mr. Benson holds, fear has
played an enormous part in the progress
of the human race itself. He maintains
that man, though " by no means the best
equipped for life," has through his imagi-
nation raised himself to the top of creation,
because his inventiveness has been largely
developed by his terrors. It is rather
begging the question to call man a " very
weak, frail, and helpless animal," and
entirely to ignore the immense pull he
obtained over other forms of life when, by
assuming an upright gait, he freed his hands
for the struggle for existence. He was so
far much the best equipped for life. But,
if Mr. Benson has a fault, it is vagueness of
thought and vagueness of writing of this
kind. The sermonizing style has many
pitfalls, but it is something of a shock to
come across anything so bathetic as this
outside the first sermon of the curate (the
italics are our own) : —
" And I feel assured of this, that the one
universal and inevitable experience, known
to us as Death, must in reality be a verv
simple and even a natural affair/'
One wonders whether, as the result of
profound excogitation, Mr. Benson in his
next volume will arrive at the same im-
mensely reassuring view as to our being
born.
Mr. Benson's sympathies do not usually
extend beyond his own experiences. For
financial worries he has nothing but
contempt, although they are the most
real, the most common, and perhaps the
least selfish of the terrors that beset the
ordinary person, and even the man of
genius who is physically robust. Tenny-
son has written of " that eternal want of
pence." The dread of catching cold,
which leads a country parson of his ac-
quaintance always to put on his hat when
preparing for the great adventure of pass-
ing from one room to another, is the kind
of heroic agony of the imagination which
appears to appeal to him most forcibly,
and for which he prescribes, in a mildly
Maeterlinckian style, gentle Ruskinian
remedies of the spirit, bidding us to collect
a treasure of interests, and hopes, and
beautiful visions, and emotions to combat
such portending catastrophes, and to aim
at serenity.
The Divine Right of Kings. By John
Neville Figgis. (Cambridge University
Press, 6s. net.)
Dr. Figgis won the Prince Consort Prize
at Cambridge by an essay on the Divine
Right of Kings in 1892, and four years
later published it in an expanded form.
It has remained the best study of the
subject, brief though it is ; and he now
meets the demand for a new edition.
Following, as it seems to us, the brief
account of the meaning of the theory
given by S. R. Gardiner, who was the first
in modern days to vindicate its reasonable-
ness as a study, Dr. Figgis pointed out the
moral basis and the Aristotelian principle
on which it rested. He showed its his-
torical growth as a serviceable weapon,
first against imperial, and next against
democratic pretensions to omnipotence.
Then he traced the theory to its full
flower under the Stuarts in England
and the Bourbons in France. At last
he decently buried it under a conclusion
that its effects on politics were bene-
ficial, and that " it is well that most
men should regard resistance to laws,
however unjust, as practically prohibited
by the moral law." The sense of the
majesty of law and the duty of obedience,
which seemed to him at that time specially
to mark Englishmen, was, he believed,
" the priceless legacy bequeathed to our
own day by the believers in the Divine
Right of Kings."
The new edition finds its author in
somewhat of a different mind. He com-
plains that the main body of the book,
and even so comparatively recent a part
of it as the extremely interesting essay
on Erastus and Erastianism (reprinted
from The Journal of Theological Studies),
were " written beneath the shadow of
the Austinian idol." He has himself
abandoned Austin, to whom he traces
the prevalent doctrine of sovereignty : he
does not say, by the way, if he considers
that the doctrine of Hobbes must be
rejected with it. His own most recent
view was explained in his ' Churches in
the Modern State ' (see The Athenceum of
February 14th, p. 246), and we find little
of it in the present volume except in
regard to the Church, where it is sketched
in two papers, added in this edition, on the
Jus Divinum in 1646 and Bartolus. Each
of these advances (the former especially)
the contradictory view to Rousseau's as-
sertion of the individuality of sovereignty.
and pleads for inherent life, and hence a
certain real sovereignty, as belonging to
all associated bodies, from Churches to
trade unions.
Dr. Figgis tells us that he has done the
best that he could with the second edi-
tion ; but we much wish that he had been
able to enlarge, and in some places to
correct and revise, his early work. He
still refers to Mainwaring without ex-
plaining his views, but illustrates them
by telling us to take into account Laud's
" own opinions on the royal authority,"
and then omits to describe what these were.
He still quotes the veTse " They that resist
shall receive to themselves damnation."
as if the seventeenth-century writers in-
terpreted it, when applied to a royal
demand for money, as settling the
eternal state of the passive resister. We
should have been glad of a study of the
political theories of Luther, the omission
of which, as Dr. Figgis says, is the chief
defect of the book, and though we
welcome an Index, we confess to regret
that it omits the names of authors so
important in this connexion as Gierke,
Mainwaring, and Maitland.
Victorian Year-Book, 1912-13. By A. M.
Laughton. (Melbourne, Mullett.)
We have received the new issue of ' The
Victorian Year- Book,' edited again by the
Government Statist, Mr. Laughton, who is
to be congratulated on its accuracy. It
has long been known as one of the best
works of its kind, and it contains much
information which should be of use to
those in this country who wish to know
how far the interesting legislative experi-
ments of Australia may be said to have
succeeded or failed. Some of the new
features in this volume which deserve
attention are the Tables showing the
numbers of private dwellings, their weekly
rentals, and numbers of persons living in
houses built of stone, brick, wood, &c. ; a
statement of the rules by which the pro-
perty of persons dying intestate is dis-
tributed ; the rates of mortality in certain
towns ; and figures showing the assistance
rendered by public hospitals to people
living in different portions of the State.
The section relating to Defence has been
rewritten, and it now gives a clear account
of the steps which have been taken to
establish a Commonwealth fleet unit. It
also shows that Australia has started
factories for cordite, rifles, small arms, and
military harness, saddlery, and clothing.
The figures with regard to the move-
ment of the population show that since-
1891 290,000 people have emigrated from
Victoria to Western Australia, and though
Victoria also receives immigrants from.
Western Australia, her net loss to the
newer colony has been no fewer than
84,000 persons.
The book contains a very full Index
which is a model of its kind.
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
553
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Genner (E. E,), Thh Chubch in* the New TESTA-
ioenTi "Manuals tor Christian Thinkers," 1/
net. C. U. Kelly
A discussion of the principles of Church life
riven in the Now Testament.
Greater Men and Women (The) of the Bible,
edited by James Hastings: Vol. II. Mosas-
samson. in Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
The chief studies in tins volume arc of Moses,
Joshua, and Samson. A Bibliography is Included.
Gurnhill ;Rev. J.). The spiritual Philosophy as
AFFORDING A KEY TO THE SOLUTION OF SOME
OF THE PltOBlEMS OF EVOLUTION, 7,1) net.
Longmans
A sequel to tko author's ' Some Thoughts on
God.'
Hawkins (F. H.), Through Lands that "were
Dark. 6d. mi. L.M.S.
An illustrated record of a year's missionary
journey in Africa and Madagascar.
Madagascar for Christ, 0</. net. L.M.S.
Impressions of nine missionary visitors to
Madagascar, July to October. 1913, with a map
and Appendixes.
Muss-Arnolt (William), The Book of Common
Prayer among the Nations of the World,
7 6 net. S.P.C.K.
This history of translations of the Prayer-
Book of the Church of England and of the Pro-
testant Episcopal Church of America is a study
based mainly on the collection of Dr. Josiah
Henry Benton.
Salmon (George), The Infallibility- of the
Church. 2 0 not. John Murray
A fourth edition which is a reprint of the
second, without any alteration.
Tisdall (Rev. W. St. Clair), Great Truths Simply
Explained in the Light of Holy Scripture
and the Teaching of the Early Fathers,
paper 3d., cloth 1 maids 6d. Thynne
A second edition, containing a new chapter
on the Christian ministry and a few additional
paragraphs.
POETRY.
Bradford Rev. E. E.), In Quest of Love, and
Other Poems, 1 6 net. Kegan Paul
The author sings especially of love between
men and hoys. He also writes on ' Shake-
speare's Prince Arthur,' ' The Catholic Faith,'
' The Humour of Heaven,' and ' To a Morose
Puritan."
Ledoux Louis V. , The Shadow of .Etna. 5, not.
Putnam
This little volume contains ' Persephone :
a Masque,' and several short pieces, including
' Letters from Egypt.' "Slumber Song,' and 'A
Threnody : In Memory of the Destruction of
Messina by Earthquake.'
Maquaire Arthur), A Rhapsody for Lovers, 1/
net. Bickers
'• These bursts and these closes " are offered
to lovers. The decoration of the book is by Mr.
Lindsay Symington.
Meredith George , selected Poems, l net.
( 'onstable
A cheap reprint of the selection made by
Meredith. See notice in Athen., Oct. 2:?, 1897,
p. 560.
Norton Allen , Saloon Sonnets, with Sundry
Ei.t tini.s. $1.25. New Fork, Claire Marie
Tlo' first pari of this volume contains fifteen
nets, among which are 'Impressions of
ir Wilde.' 'Donald Evans: bis Tie.' and
'Vegetables.' The latter pari contains some
lyrical pieces, BUCfa as 'Shelley. J would have
walked with you.' shall we meet in London?'
aiol ' Paris ■ G irden.'
Osgood Irene and Wyndham (Horace), The
Winged Anthology, '.'> 8 net. Richmond
A collection of representative poems relating
to birds, butterflies, and moths, from 1536 to
1914. The volume include, 'The Darkling
Thrush,' by Mr. Thomas Hardy; 'Summer's
Queen.' by Dekker; ' Leucophaea,' by Mr. Selwyn
i -'<■■■ and 'Tli. Blackbird in Town,' by
Katharine Tynan.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Chelsea Public Library, QUARTERLY LIST, April.
The Library
Tie contents include I i — t — of additions to
the'Lem Reference Departments.
Hyett (Francis Adams) and Bazeley (Canon),
ChATTBRTONIANA, with numerous additions by
E. A. 11. Gloucester, John Bellows
A classified catalogue of books, pamphlets,
magazine articles, and other printed matter
relating to the life or works of Chatterton, or
to the Rowley controversy. Reprinted from 'The
Bibliographer's .Manual of Gloucestershire Lite-
ral ure
Newberry Library, REPORT of the Trustees for
THE YEAR 1913. Chicago
Containing the report of the Librarian
relating to the general administration of the
library and the activities of its several depart-
ments, statistics, lists of donors, and a statement
of expenditure.
Toronto Public Library, Thirtieth Annual
Report, for the Year 1913.
Toronto, Armac Press
Containing the reports of the Chairman of
the Board and the Chief Librarian, reports from
the various departments, statistical returns, and
financial and other statements.
Wigan Public Libraries, Quarterly Record,
October to December, 1913.
Wigan, R. Piatt
Includes classified lists of additions to the
Lending, Reference, and Pemberton Libraries.
PHILOSOPHY.
Malthus (T. R.), On the Principles of
Population, 2 vols., " Everyman's Library,"
1/ net each. Dent
With an Introduction by Mr. W. T. Layton.
Poincare (Henri), Science and Method, trans-
lated by Francis Maitland, 6/ net. Nelson
To this translation Mr. Bertrand Russell has
contributed an appreciatory Preface.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bickley (Francis), The Life of Matthew Prior,
7/6 net. Pitman
A biography of the poet, giving an account
of his relations with his eminent contemporaries.
Capes (Sister Mary Reginald), Richard of Wyche :
Labourer, Scholar, Bishop, and Saint (1197-
1253), 5/ net. Sands
A Life of St. Eichard, Bishop of Chichester,
with a description of his early and later surround-
ings and their influence upon him. The book is
illustrated.
Casserly (Major Gordon), Life in an Indian
Outpost, 12/6 net. Werner Laurie
A description of the life of an English officer
in a lonely hill-station, with chapters on sport.
There are illustrations from photographs.
Cibber (Colley), An Apology for his Life,
"Everyman's Library," 1/ net. Dent
The "volume includes Hazlitt's ' Apprecia-
tion ' and a Bibliography.
Everyman's Library : Pioneer Work for
WOMEN, by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell ; The
Oxford Reformers, by Frederic Seebohin,
1/ net each. Dent
Dr. Blackwell's book includes an Introduc-
tion by Mrs. Fawcett.
Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. XXXII. :
The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by
Emissaries of Spain during the Years
1772-1776, told in Despatches and Other,
Contemporary Documents, Vol. I., translated
into English by Bolton Glanvill Corney, 20/ net.
Quaritch
The editor has contributed an Introduction
and notes, and the volume is illustrated with
plates and chart--.
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part VI.,
edited by Walter Hutchinson, Id. net.
Hutchinson
This number contains the end of the article
on 'The Babylonian Nation' and the first instal.
ment of • The Hittites,' by Air. Leonard \V. King#
King (Hugh B.), A SHORT III -Tory OF FEUDAL-
ISM in Scotland, 3/6 net.
Glasgow, Hodge
A study of Scottish feudalism, with a criti-
cism of the Law of Casualties, and a chapter on
the Ancient and Later Constitutions "I Inde-
pendent Scotland.
Pipe Roll Society Publications: Vol. XXXIY.
The Great Roll of the Pipe tob the Thirty-
First Year or the Reion of Kim. Eenry
the Second, \.i>. i 184 i in">.
st . < 'at herine Press
These documents are here printed for the
Hit tune from the original in the custody of the
Master of the Rolls. Dr. .1. H. Hound
written an historical Introduction, and there an'
full Illdexe-.
Tedder (Henry R.), B. W. I!. NICHOLSON (Hod-
ley's Librarian 1882 1912): In Mhmoriam.
Aberdeen University Press
This paper was read at the annual meeting of
the Library Association at Bournemouth last
September. The writer's two aims are " to place
on record the services of .Mr. Nicholson in relation
to the lirsl organization of the Library Associa-
tion," and to present " a picture of a great libra-
rian and a man of line and striking personality."
Xenophon, Oyropjedia, "Everyman's Library,"
1/ net. Dent
The translation, by the late II. G. Dakyns,
his been revised by Miss P. M. Stawell.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Jarintzoff (Madame N.), Russia: the Country
of Extremes, 16/ net. sidgwick & Jackson
A study of modern Russia, with illustrations
from paintings, drawings, and photographs.
Mann (J. J.), Round the World in a Motor
Car, 10/6 net. Bell
An account of the author's tour in a 15-20
h.-p. six-cylinder Dclaunay-Belleville, with illus-
trations, chiefly from his own photographs. The
journey occupied twelve months, and the places
visited included Egypt, India, Australia, and
Canada.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Tucker (T. G.), Platform Monologues, 3/6
.Melbourne, Lothian
Six essays which have been delivered as
public addresses. " Their common object has
been to plead the cause of literary study at a
time when that study is being depreciated and
discouraged." They include ' The Supreme
Literary Gift,' ' The Making of a Shakespeare,'
and ' The Future of Poetry.'
Tucker (T. G.), Sappho, 2/6 Melbourne, Lothian
A lecture delivered before the Classical
Association of Victoria last year.
SOCIOLOGY.
Westermarck (Edward), Marriage Ceremonies
in Morocco, 12/ net. Macmillan
An account of the wedding ceremonies of the
Mohammedan natives of Morocco. The book is
provided with an Index of Arabic Words and a
General Index.
PSYCHOLOGY.
Shand (Alexander F.), The Foundations of
Character, 12/ net. Macmillan
An analysis of the tendencies of the funda-
mental emotions.
EDUCATION.
L.C.C. Trade and Technical Education in France
and Germany, 1/ L.C.C.
" Report by Education Officer submitting a
report by Mr. J. C. Smail, Organiser of Trade
Schools for Boys, on Trade and Technical Educa-
tion in France and Germany."
West (Michael), Education and Psychology,
5/ net. Longmans
A handbook of educational psychology,
" primarily intended for a larger public than the
school and the training college. It is therefore
made free from unnecessary technical terms and
discussions of subjects of purely professional
interest."
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Alcott (Louisa M.), Little Women, "Children's
Classics," or/. Macmillan
The story is adapted for children of eleven
to fourteen years.
Chambers's Practical Concentric Arithmetics, by
a Head Teacher, edited by W. Woodburn,
Book V., paper Id., cloth •"></.
Further exorcises in practical arithmetic.
Hearnshaw (F. J. C), A PiBST Hook ok ENGLISH
History, " Firsi Books of History," i 0
Macmillan
The author's aim is to give the most impor-
tant [acts of English history in the form of a con-
tinuous narrative for children who are just begin-
ning a systematic study of the subject. The text
is illustrated.
Keary (A. and E.i, THE GODS OF THE North,
" Children's Classics," '■'>[</. .Macmillan
Adapted for- children from nine to eleven
years from 'The Beroes of asgard.'
Moore (Rev. H. Kingsmlll), Iki-ii BlSTOBY for
Yorvo READERS, " In I BooltS of History,"
I ,, Macmillan
\ ketch of Irish history from the carlo I
times, told in simple language. There are illu -
trations in the text.
►" X A
554
THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
FICTION.
Buchanan (Meriel), Tania, a Russian Story, 0/
.Jenkins
The heroine breaks her engagement to her
phlegmatic fiance, and finds herself entrapped by
a former admirer. To free herself from the
latter she attempts to represent herself as com-
promised with her rejected lover. The ending is
happy.
Croker (B. M.), Lismoyle, an Experiment in
Ireland, 6/ Hutchinson
Two familiar types in fiction are here pre-
sented : the popular heiress who wearies of
Society life and wishes to be loved for herself,
and the stern, impecunious hero whose pride
rebels at marrying any one richer than himself.
Filippi (Rosina), The Heart op Monica, 3/6
Cassell
This novel, which was published anonymously
five years ago, is here reissued in a revised and
improved form.
Fletcher (J. S.), The Marriage Lines, 6/ Nash
The hero conceals his illegitimate birth from
honest fear that his intemperate half-brother
would be ruined by inheriting the property.
He marries his foster-sister, whose murder of an
old woman is described, and on his illegitimacy
becoming known the pair emigrate to Canada.
Graham (J. M.), The Land of the Lotus, 5/ net.
Bristol, Arrowsmith
London, Simpkin & Marshall
An illustrated record of travel and domestic
life in India.
Johnston (Mary), Audrey, 1 / net. Constable
A cheap reprint. See Allien., April 12,
1902, p. 463.
Littlestone (Gilbert), My Lady Bountiful, 6/
Ward & Lock
A country estate is in a precarious condition
due to the extravagance of the autocratic
owner, who sells gradually its valuable collection
of curios. The advent of an unconventional
niece from Australia causes a distinct change
and reformation in the life of the place and its
inhabitants.
Livesay (Jessie), Sink, Red Sun, 6/
Heath & Cranton
The heroine, for love of her sister, gives
what she imagines to be poison to her brutish
brother-in-law. Later she discloses her secret to
her husband, and in remorse takes the same pow-
der, thereupon discovering that it is harmless
and that her victim had died a natural death.
Many of the scenes are laid in India.
Marchmont (A. W.), The Heir to the Throne, 6/
Ward & Lock
The hero comes across a Hungarian
countess in mufti at Southampton, and his sub-
sequent relations with her are fraught with
danger and romantic episodes.
McGeoch (Daisy), Two Eyes of Grey, 6/ Cassell
A love-story written round the song ' Two
Eyes of Grey,' by the composer.
Murdoch (Gladys), Mistress Charity Godolphin,
6/ John Murray
An historical novel relating the adventures
of an officer who fought for the Duke of Mon-
mouth, and describing the privations and horrors
of war.
Philips (F. C. and A. T.), Judas, the Woman, 6/
Eveleigh Nash
The story of a beautiful adventuress, told in
the form of diaries written by her and two men
with whose lives her own is closely linked.
Richardson (Samuel), Pamela, 2 vols., " Every-
man's Library," 1/ each. Dent
With an Introduction by Prof. Saintsbury.
Robin (E. Gallienne), Perilous Seas, 3/6 net.
Washbourne
A tale of Catholics in the early years of the
French Revolution. Many of the scenes are
laid in Guernsey.
Snaith (J. C.)» Broke of Covenden, 6/ Constable
A revised edition. The novel was first
published in 1901.
Splinters, 6/ Hurst & Blackett
This novel contains a number of letters that
passed between a man and a woman who were
lovers, but who, through a misunderstanding,
had separated.
Warner (Anne), Sunshine Jane, the Story of a
Girl with a Novel Mission, 6/ R.T.S.
A book for girls. The heroine, whose dis-
position is described in the title, nurses an invalid
aunt in the country, and finds happiness while
she is trying to bring it into the lives of those
around her.
Westbrook (H. W.) and Grossmith (Laurence),
The Purple Progs, 6/ Heath & Cranton
A humorous romance dealing with the
married life of a middle-aged baronet and his
young wife. The husband, suspecting an intrigue
between his wife and a friend, writes, and reads
to the suspected couple, a novelette entitled
' The Purple Progs.' The reading of this fails
to disclose any duplicity, and there is a happy
ending. The illustrations are strains of " Futurist "
music.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Architectural Association Journal, April, Qd.
18, Tufton Street, Westminster, S.W.
The contents include papers on ' The Serious
Art of Thomas Rowlandson,' by Prof. Selwyn
Image, and ' Architecture and Environment,'
by Mr. W. S. Purchon.
Bird Notes and News, Spring Number.
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The chief item in this issue is a report of the
debate on the second reading of the Government
Plumage Bill, giving the division list.
Bulletin of the British Library of Political Science,
April, 1 / per annum.
London School of Economics
Includes a List of Recent Donors, and infor-
mation on Important Donations, Additions to
the Library, and New Publications.
Christian Service, Id. Partridge
Includes ' Daily Bible Reading for April,' by
the Rev. Dr. P. B. Meyer ; ' Self-Discipline in
National Life ' ; and ' Theology and the Church.'
Ecclesiastical Review, April, 15/ per annum.
Washbourne
Among the articles in the present number are
' The Breviary Hymns,' by the Rev. William L.
Hornsby ; ' The New Typical Edition of the
Roman Ritual,' by the Bishop of Covington,
Kentucky ; and ' Within my Parish : Notes from
the Day Book of a Deceased Parish Priest,'
edited by Dr. James Loomis.
Essex Review, April, 1 /6 net.
Simpkin & Marshall
Some of the articles in this issue are ' Walden
Abbey Advowsons,' by the Rev. A. Clark ;
' The Essex Melody and the Essex Harmony,'
by Mr. G. W. J. Potter ; and ' John Hall of
Wivenhoe : Historical Engraver to King George
the Third ' (illustrated), by Mr. H. W. Lewer.
Gallery of Fashion, April, 1 / net.
Manzi & Joyant
Includes articles on ' A Spring Pilgrimage,'
by Mr. Albert Plament, and ' Fashion and
Fashions,' by Miss Sybil de Lancey. The illus-
trations are a notable feature.
Land Union Journal, April, 3d. Land Union
Articles in this number include ' Influence
of Sport in Agricultural Districts,' ' Housing at
Rosyth,' and ' The Land Question ' (continued),
by Sir Graham Bower.
Old-Lore Miscellany of Orkney, Shetland, Caith-
ness, and Sutherland, Vol. VII. Part I., 2/6
'_j Viking Society
• The contents include further instalments of
Mr. John Firth's paper on ' An Orkney Township,'
and ' A Visit to Shetland in 1832,' from the
Journal of Dr. Edward Charlton.
With the Miscellany is issued the Annual
Report of the Council.
Science Progress, April, 5/ net. John Murray
This issue includes articles on ' Organic
Derivatives of Metals,' by Prof. G. T. Morgan ;
' Physics in 1913,' by Dr. E. N. da C. Andrade ;
and ' Prof. John Milne,' by Dr. C. Davison.
Scottish Historical Review, April, 2/6 net.
Glasgow, MacLehose
Sir Herbert Maxwell writes on ' The Battle
of Bannockburn,' and other articles are ' The
Principals of the University of Glasgow before the
Reformation,' by the Rev. Prof. James Cooper,
and ' Early University Institutions at St. Andrews
and Glasgow : a Comparative Study,' by Mr.
R. K. Hannay.
Town Planning Review, April, 2/6 net.
Liverpool University Press
The contents include Mr. John Burns's
address, delivered at the inaugural dinner of the
Town Planning Institute, and illustrated articles
on ' Roads and Streets,' by Mr. Raymond Unwin ;
' Civic Engineering,' by Mr. H. E. L. Martin ; and
' The Town^Planning Act,' by Mr. Patrick Aber-
crombie.
United Empire, April, 1/ net. Pitman
this issue includes ' Some Impressions of an
Empire Tour,' by Lord Emmott ; ' Commercial
Developments in the German Kamerun,' by
Major A. G. Leonard ; and ' Zanzibar and its
Possibilities,' by Mr. A. R. Galbraith.
Welsh Outlook, April, 3d.
Cardiff, ' Welsh Outlook ' Press
The articles in this number include ' Can we
Town-Plan the Valleys '1 ' by Mr. Raymond Unwin ;
' The Educational Outlook in Wales ' ; and the
second instalment of Prof. Gilbert Norwood's
' Present Renaissance of English Drama.' There
are verses in Welsh by Mr. W. J. Gruffydd, and
in English by Mr. Lascelles Abercrombie.
Women's Industrial News, April, 6d.
Women's Industrial Council
Includes articles on ' The Barmaid,' by Mrs.
Bernard Drake ; ' What 's Wrong with our Indus-
trial Legislation ? ' by L. Wyatt Papworth ;
and ' The Trade Boards : their Determinations to
Date,' by D. M. Zimmern.
JUVENILE.
Allen (Phoebe), " All Famous Fellows We,"
told by Certain Leading Residents of the
Kitchen Garden, Part III., 1/ net.
S. G. Madgwick
This little book gives some account of the
history of certain fruit trees, flowers, and vege-
tables, told in the form of conversations in the
kitchen garden.
Le Feuvre (Amy), Olive Tracy, 3/6 R.T.S.
A new edition.
Wood (Eric), The Boy Scouts' Roll of Honour,
3/8 net. Cassell
Stories of heroism on the part of Scouts, with
a Foreword by Sir Robert Baden-Powell. There
are illustrations.
GENERAL.
Glyn (Elinor), Letters to Caroline, 2/ net.
Duckworth
These letters, containing a godmother's
advice on all manner of subjects, are reproduced
from Nash's Magazine.
Gordon Memorial College at Khartoum, Report
and Accounts to 31st December, 1912.
Vickers
Includes accounts of work done during the
year in Research, the School of Engineering, and
Archaeology.
Hitching (Wilena), Baby Clothing on Health-
ful, Economical, and Original Lines, 2/6
net. Chambers
Miss Hitching gives directions for making
simple, comfortable garments which fasten in
front. The text is illustrated with photographs
and diagrams, and paper patterns are given
separately in an envelope. Sir James Crichton-
Browne has contributed an Introduction.
Hodgkin Collections, Catalogues of Autograph
Letters and Historical Documents, 2/ ;
Trade Cards, Book-Plates, Broadsides,
&c., 1/ Sotheby
These illustrated and descriptive catalogues
include collections of documents relating to
Samuel Pepys, the two Pretenders, and the
Chevalier d'Eon. There are also Early English
Newspapers, 1623-1728 ; German and other
Broadsides, 1480-1706; and Ballads, News-Sheets,
&c, illustrative of English history, 1553-1797.
The Autograph Letters, &c, are to be sold on the
22nd, 23rd, and 24th inst. ; and the Trade Card*,
&c, on the 27th and 28th inst.
Liverpool University, School of Local History and
Records, Annual Report for 1913.
Containing an account of the publications
and other work by members and students of the
School, a report of the educational work, and a
financial statement.
Modern Chesterfield (The), being a Serihs of
Letters from a Self-Made Baronet to his
Son. . . .incidentally there is sketched out
the Rise and Fall of the House of
Budgen, edited by Max Rittenberg, 3/6 net.
Hurst & Blackett
A satire on the methods of the halfpenny
press. The baronet is an unscrupulous business-
man, the chief proprietor of The Daily Truth,
a Liberal organ with the motto " The News that
Matters," and many minor papers.
Palmer (W. Scott), A Modern Mystic's Way,
2/6 net. Duckworth
A new edition.
Phyfe (William Henry P.), Eighteen Thousand
Words Often Mispronounced, 6/ net.
Putnam
This is a " revised, enlarged, and entirely re-
written " edition of the author's ' Twelve Thou-
sand Words Often Mispronounced.'
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
.)•>;)
Reid (Whltelaw), Amewh an asi> English
M'nui's 12 vols.. l."> net. Smith & Elder
In an Introduction, .Mr. Royal Cortissoz writes
thai these essays by the late author are " designed
to illustrate both his purely intellectua] habit and
his point of view as a citizen." The first volume
deals with government and education, and the
second with biography, history, and journalism.
Stebblng (William), Truths or Truisms, Part III.,
4/ net. Milford
A further series of essays, including ' If
Fame?' 'Shakespeare at Hornet' 'Literary Bio-
graphies,' ami ' Nerves.'
Wollaston (Tullie C), The Spirit of the Child,
5/ Melbourne, Lothian
Letters written to children by their father,
who has been ordered a sea voyage for his health.
In them he draws lessons from a flower, bird, tree,
and precious stone which are peculiar to Australia,
and there is some love-interest. The book is illus-
trated with coloured plates.
PAMPHLETS.
London County Council, Indication of Houses
of Historical Interest in London, Part
XXXIX., Id. P. 8. King
This part notes the commemoration of Arthur
Onslow at 20, Soho Square; Mrs. Gaskcll at 93,
Cheyne Walk; and Spencer Perceval at 59 and
60, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
Panama Canal Tolls, a Question of Honor.
Po r t la nd, O r egon
An address delivered before the Progressive
Business Men's Club of Portland, Oregon, and
also before the Current Events Class, by a Port-
land Merchant.
Toronto Housing Co., Ltd., First Annual Report,
1913, Better Housing in Canada, " The Ontario
Plan." Toronto, Parliament Buildings
This pamphlet contains the address of the
President, Mr. G. Frank Beer, reviewing the
work of the year, the housing propaganda of
the Company, a list of shareholders, and some
plans of cottage flats and houses.
SCIENCE.
Bolton (Gambier), Ghosts in Solid Form, an
Experimental Investigation of Certain Little-
Known Phenomena (Materialisations), 1/ net.
Eider
This little book contains the results of a
series of experiments, most of which were carried
out in the presence of the writer.
Haberlandt (Dr. G.), Physiological Plant
Anatomy, 25/ net. Macmillan
A translation from the fourth German edition
by Mr. Montagu Drummond. The book is
illustrated with nearly three hundred figures in
the text.
Lyell (Sir Charles), The Antiquity of Man,
" Everyman's Library," 1/ net. Dent
Includes an Introduction by Mr. R. H.
Rastall.
Sedgwick iS. N. , Seaside Wonders, and How
to Identify Them, 1/ net. C. H. Kelly
A small handbook for holiday-makers,
illustrated with sketches, photographs, and a
coloured plate.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. LXIII.
Xo. 3 : A New Ceratopsian Dinosaur from
the Upper Cretaceous of Montana, with
Note on Hypacrosaurus, by Charles W.
Gilmore. Washington, Smithsonian Inst.
The fossil remains described in this paper
were collected by the writer last summer while
\\ Miking under the auspices of the U.S. Geological
Survey on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in
North-Western Montana.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. LXIII.
No. 4 : On the Relationship of the Genus
Aulacocaiu'L's. with Description of a Now
Panamanian Species, by II. Pittier.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
A description of a new representative of
Aulacocarpos which tin- writer discovered during
Ms exploration of the forests of Eastern Panama
in 191 1. Jlis aim here is to prove that " Aulaco-
carpos is not a true Ifyztoid, but must be placed
among the Leptospermoid< »."
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. LXIII.
No. 5: I)i -i I'.n-i ions ,,r PrVB New Mamhai,-
from Panama, by B. A. Qoldman.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
The new specie hen described are Chiro-
in ilea panamnuti», Lonchophylia concava, Lutra
/■■ panda, Felis -pirrctisix. and Aoiue zonalit.
Watson (George W.), The Br/BXHBSfl Motor
Handbook, i ,»; i Oaesell
This handbook is based on a scries of lectures
given by the writer to the drivers of the Com-
mercial Koto* Dsera' Association last year, and
is illustrated with diagram-.
Zoological Society of London, Reports of the
Council and Auditors por the Vkak L913.
WaterlOW & Sons
The Report prepared for tin; annual general
meeting to be held on the 29th inst. It reviews
the scientific work of the Society during the year,
and reports on the development of the gar-dens
arid menagerie, giving a list of donors and dona-
tions.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Frazer (J. G.), The Golden Bough, a Study in
Magic and Religion : Part IV. Adonis, Attis,
Osiris, Studies in the History of Oriental
Religion, 2 vols., 20/ net. Macmillan
A third edition, revised and enlarged.
FINE ART.
Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report
of the Director-General of Archeology,
Part I., 1911-12, 2/3
Calcutta, Superintendent Govt. Printing
This part contains, besides other information,
an account of the most important achievements
of the Department during the year.
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Thirty-Eighth
Annual Report, for the Year 1913.
Boston, T. O. Metcalf
Containing the reports of the President,
Treasurer, and various Curators, lists of purchases,
donations and loans, and other matter.
Christie (Alex. H.), The Abbey of Dundrennan,
3/6 net. Dalbeattie, Thomas Fraser
A history of the Abbey from its founda-
tion in 1112, with a descriptive account of
the ruins, monuments, and memorials. There
are illustrations from photographs, pen-and-ink
drawings by the writer, and a ground-plan of the
Abbey.
Hodgkin Collections, Catalogues of the
Works of Art, and Commemorative Medaxs
and Seventeenth-Century Tokens, 1/ each.
Sotheby & Wilkinson
The Works of Art, to be sold on Monday and
Tues lay next, include pewter, glass, fans, and
furniture. Among the Medals, to be sold on
Wednesday and Thur.-day, are oval badges of
Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, and Prince
Rupert ; others relate to the struggle for naval
supremacy with the Dutch and French in the
time of the Commonwealth and Charles II.
Jones (Ronald P.), Nonconformist Church
Architecture. Lindsey Press
This volume attempts to reason out the
problem of modern church design as it presents
itself to Nonconformity. The writer bases his
conclusions on his observations of existing
churches.
London County Council Survey of London :
Vol. V. The Parish of St. Giles-in-the-
Fields, Part II., 21/
Spring Gardens, S.W., L.C.C.
The present volume completes the record
of the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. It con-
tains drawings, illustrations, and architectural
descriptions by Mr. W. Edward Riley, and is
edited, with historical notes, by Sir Laurence
Gomme.
Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State
ment, April, 2/ net. 2, Hinde Street, W.
Containing news of the Fund, notes and
queries, reviews, and articles, including ' The
Praises of the Land of Israel,' by Rabbi Joseph
the Scribe, and ' Jamnia during the Presidency
of Gamaliel II.,' by Archdeacon Dowling.
We have also received from the Fund its
Annual Report, including financial statements
and a list of subscriptions for last year.
Walters (H. B.), Catalogue of the Greek and
Roman Lamps in the British Museum, 18/6
net. The Mus sum
This illustrated Catalogue, which omits the
collections of a distinctively Christian character,
includes the Greek and Roman lamps in the
Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiqui-
ties, and those which are preserved in the Brit ish
Department as having been found in Britain.
DRAMA.
Boyer (Clarence Valentine), The Villain as
Hero in Elizabethan Tragedy, 6/
Pout ledge
In this essay tin- author attempts to line
back to Seneca tin' origin of plays iii which the
villain is hero. He also discusses the different
types of villains to be found in Elizabethan drama,
and considers the influence of Marina villi upon
t hem.
Buckingham (Duke of), The Rehearsal, edited
by Montague Summers, 7/8 net.
Btratford-on- A von, Shakespeare Head Press
The present text is reprinted from the third
edition of 1675, and is accompanied by an Intro-
duction of twenty-live pages, full notes, and an
Appendix.
Lawrence (D. H.), The Widowing of Mrs.
IIoi.koyd, a Drama in Three Acts, 8/6 net.
Duckworth
This play gives a picture of life in a coal-
miner's cottage. Mr. Edwin BjSrkman con-
tribute- an Introduction with a biographical
sketch of Mr. Lawrence and a brief appreciation
of his writings.
FOREIGN.
THEOLOGY.
Allier (Raoul), La COHPAGNIB or Thes-Kaint-
Sacrement in; i.'Ai Ti:i. a Toulouse : une
ESQUISSE DE son HisToihe, .'ill'.
Paris, ( 'hampion
An account of a secret religious society of
the seventeenth century.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Audouin (Edouard), Essaj sir l'Ahmee Koy.uk
au Temps de Phdlippe Augusts, 7fr.
Paris, Champion
A new edition, revised and enlarged.
Eliade (Pompiliu), La Roumanie ai; XIXe
Siecle : II. Les Triors Presidents Pleni-
potentiaires (1828-1834), 3fr. 50.
Paris, Ilachette
This history includes a Bibliography, and
sections on ' Les Circonstances Kxterieurcs ' and
' Les Gens et les Sentiments.'
Jagot (Henry), Les Originhs de la Guerre de
Vendee, 3fr. 50. Paris, Champion
An historical study in the " Bibliotheque de
la Revolution, de l'Empire, et de la Restauration."
Noblemaire (G. C), Histoike de la Maison des
Baux, 25fr. Paris, Champion
The history of a Provencal family, illustrated
with thirteen photographic plates and nine genea-
logical tables. The edition is limited to 300
copies, printed on papier de Holland ■ ran Gelder.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Rambeau (Prof. Dr. A.), Aus und Uber Ameiuka,
6m. Marburg, X. G. Elwert
The first series of " Studien fiber Amerikan-
ische Kultur."
PAMPHLETS.
Crisenoy (Carl de), Parsifal et la Critique.
Paris, 13, Hue Mechain
Reprinted from ' Entretiens Idcalistes.'
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Lefranc (Abel), Grands Kckivains Krancais de
la Renaissance, 7fr. 50. Paris, Champion
These studies include ' Le Roman d'Amour
de Clement Marot,' ' Marguerite de Navarre,' and
' .lean Calvin et le Texte Krancais de son " Insti-
tution Chretienne."
GENERAL.
Chenier (Andre), (Euvres Inedites, publiees
d'aprvs les Mamrsciits originaux par Abel
Lefranc, 7fr. 50. Paris, Champion
The volume contains an ' Essai sur les
Causes et les Effete de la Perfection et de la Deca-
dence des Lettres et des Arts,' an ' Apologie,'
and several fragments and notes. M. Lefranc
has contributed over thirty pages of prefatory
remarks.
Cruchet (Dr. Rene), Les Universites Alle-
MANDES AU XXc SlECLE, 4fr.
Paris, Armand Colin
An account of the origin, customs, and tradi-
tions of the Universities of Germany, with a
Preface by M. Carnille Jullian.
BEFORE THE CROSS.*
Come, ye Three, here see your King
His last woe accomplishing.
Poesy, once more unbind
Thy sad laurels : sec entwined
On His white brow, so marred and torn,
The sanguine-splendid crown of thorn.
Music, hark fch< u not alone
To His sad, Eis solemn tone;
Hear too His (horded triumph quel]
The rageful dissonance of Hell.
Picture, look beyond the cloud
Dark as any night . or shroud :
'I lion It see the pearl of Heaven's mite,
Flung open w ide, this King await.
Coine, ye 'I luce, here see your King
His last woe accomplishing.
<;. K08TBEVOB Hamilton.
* A s'qiiel In tlic lines 'Before the Cradle ' printed in
The Alhntoum of December '-'Till last.
556
THE ATHENvEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
MR. EDWARD MARSTON.
The well-known veteran of the publishing
trade, Mr. Edward Marston, passed pain-
lessly away last Monday week in his 90th
year. Of late he had been living retired in
a serene and cheerful old age. In 1904 he
published a volume ' After Work,' which
affords many interesting glimpses of his life.
Born in 1825 at Lydbury, he was the
son of a farmer, and always retained a
strong affection for country life. He was
educated at Lucton School, and began his
bookish experience in 1840. For four years
he was a sort of idle apprentice to a local
bookseller. After a brief stay with Messrs.
Willmer & Smith in the newspaper business
at Liverpool, he came to London in 1846,
and entered the house of Sampson Low,
who were then booksellers and ke2?t a circu-
lating library. In 1849 the latter was sold,
and Mr. Low established himself, with his
sons, in Fleet Street as a publisher. Mr.
Marston's long connexion with the firm
lasted till 1903. In 1852 he left it to orga-
nize the sale of English books in Australia,
but he returned in 1856 and became a
partner. His half - century of publishing
brought him into pleasant relations with a
host of writers. ' Lorna Doone,' refused
elsewhere, was one of the firm's greatest
successes, and Mr. Marston had much to
tell of Blackmore. Victor Hugo was auto-
cratic and lordly about the translation of
' Les Travailleurs de la Mer ' ; and from 1871
Jules Verne, in English, proved a mine of
delight to young people. From 1872 till
his death Stanley had cordial relations with
the firm. It published also a series of works
by William Black, and some of the earlier
novels of Mr. Hardy.
In publishing, as in other ways, Mr. Marston
was an optimist, but sensibly protested
against " gambling in futures " as unsound
business.
Mr. Marston wrote himself a number of
books which emphasize pleasantly his joy
in the open air. In ' How does it Feel to
Grow Old ? ' (1907) he confesses to restricted
hours of sleep modified by reading, but
declares himself still able to walk ten miles
a day and go a -fishing. Writing as the
Amateur Angler, he won the regard of
correspondents all over the world, and he
liked to discover parallels between himself
and Izaak Walton, for whose memory his
son, Mr. R. B. Marston, has done so much.
Both were born in the country ; both dwelt
in the purlieus of St, Dunstan's, Fleet
Street, for more than fifty years ; and both
were vestrymen of the same parish. Mr.
Marston paid two pilgrimages to the Walton
and Cotton Fishing House (not, by the by,
certainly connected with Walton), and
fished, like Piscator, in the Test, the Itchen,
and the Lea. ' An Amateur Angler's Days
in Dove Dale ' came out in 1884 ; and in 1903
• Thomas Ken and Izaak Walton ' followed
with enthusiasm the latest discoveries con-
cerning Walton and his family, such as his
connexion with Droxford. Mr. Marston's
earliest book, ' Frank's Ranch ; or, My
Holidays in the Rockies' (1881), went
through several editions.
Mr. Marston's long life was due partly,
perhaps, to his immunity from serious
illness, but also, we cannot doubt, largely
to that geniality and love of simple pleasures
in the open air which made him a real
counterpart of the author of ' The Compleat
Angler.'
MR. WALTER G. ANDERSON.
After a very short illness, which developed
into pleurisy and other complications, Mr.
"Walter Gowanlock Anderson, of the firm
of Messrs. Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier,
publishers, London and Edinburgh, and
Messrs. Anderson & Ferrier, bookbinders,
Edinburgh, died on the 9th host, at his
residence, 31, Drummond Place, Edinburgh,
in his 48th year. He was the elder son of
the late Robert Anderson, who for several
years represented one of the City Wards
in the Edinburgh Town Council. Coining
to the firm in 1885, he in 1893 joined
his father and the late John Scott Ferrier
as a partner. On the death of Mr. Ferrier
in 1910 he became senior partner.
In public life Mr. Anderson's activities
were many and various. In 1894 he was
admitted a member of the Edinburgh
Chamber of Commerce, and at the time of his
death he held the office of Treasurer of
that body. He was a very keen and active
worker for the National Book-Trade Pro-
vident Society, and was on the Committee
of the Board of Management. He had
of late been busy with the production of the
special Edinburgh number of The Rolarian
Magazine, published in America. This
number, which is designed to give pro-
minence to the industries of Edinburgh,
will be in the hands of the British public
in a few days.
Mr. Anderson filled a worthy place in his
church, business, and social relationships,
and widespread regret is felt at his untimely
death.
THE NATIONAL UNION OF TEACHERS
AT LOWESTOFT.
The Forty-Fifth Annual Conference of the
National Union of Teachers opened on
Monday last, at Lowestoft, when Mr.
W. B. Steer, of the Municipal Secondary
School, Derby, having been installed as
President, delivered the customary presi-
dential address. His subject was the
threatened dearth of teachers, a gloomy
prospect, of which the cause, as admitted by
the President of the Board of Education him-
self, was the present unattractiveness of the
teaching profession. This unattractiveness
was to be referred partly to the unsatisfactory
status of the elementary teacher, partly to
his, in many cases, most unsatisfactory
remuneration.
With regard to the latter point, Mr. Steer's
figures seem worth reproducing in full. He
said : —
'' There was one head master who received
more than 500/. a year, but there were two who
received less than 50/. There were 103 who
received more than 400/. a year, but 501 who
received less than 100?. There were 227 who
received more than 350/., but 2,153 who received
less than 120/. Similarly, while there were 79
head mistresses who received between 300?. and
350/. a year, there were three who received less
than 50/., and 1,162 who received less than 80/.
There were 275 who received more than 250/. a
year, but there were 2,876 who received less than
90/. If they added the 4,496 certificated class
masters who received less than 100/. a year, and
the 5,127 certificated class mistresses who received
less than 70/. a year, it would be obvious to the
most rigid economist that there were at least
14,650 fully qualified teachers serving to-day in
the nation's schools who could not be said to be
earning a living wage . . . .Those low salaries were
the main obstacles to the securing of a constant
supply of efficient teachers ; they had a most
depressing influence on the teaching profession,
and they seriously diminished its attractiveness
to potential recruits. The average salary of
146/. 3s. which the nation paid its certificated
masters, and of 101/. which it paid its certificated
mistresses, was absolutely and relatively inade-
quate— absolutely because it compelled the
teacher to live a narrower life both socially and
mentally than was good for the influence which
he was required to wield, and relatively because,
with equal capacity, a man could secure a much
better remuneration in other professions. The
potential recruits would not enter the teaching
profession until the nation could assure an
eventual salary of at least 200/. a year to every
man and 160/. to every woman, with higher
remuneration still in the event of a promotion
to a head-teachership."
Mr. Steer went on to assign eleven causes
as contributory to this undesirable state of
things, of which we may mention three in
particular as appearing to us fundamental :
the fact that the qualities which the
country demands from its teachers it does
not hold in real esteem ; the denial to
teachers of a share of the control of educa-
tion ; and the division of the profession of
education into watertight compartments.
He further urged that the pathway to all the
higher educational posts should be through
the school, and through the school alone ;
so that even to be Chief Insjjector of England
or Permanent Secretary of the Board of
Education should not be beyond the dreams
of a newly certificated teacher, and he
exhorted teachers to press for a fuller recogni-
tion of their right to act in an advisory
capacity to their education authorities,
since the presence of a teacher of sound
judgment would tend to rationalize many a
ciirriculum which sadly needed that reform.
He went on to deal with the position, laid
down by the Teachers' Registration Council,
that the proposed Teachers' Register should
eventually include none but those who had
passed through a successful academic career
in a training college, and who had also
shown themselves possessed of undoubted
skill in their work. Finally, he contended
that the Board of Education were both
actively and passively responsible for the
belittling of the teacher's certificate, and the
unsatisfactory status of teachers thereby
occasioned. They compelled intending
teachers to acquire that certificate, and then
detracted from its value by appointing to
inspectorships only those who had had
University training.
On Tuesday the questions of the pay of the
class teacher and the size of classes came
under discussion. Mr. J. T. Boulter, in
moving a resolution urging the Executive of
the Union to increased efforts with regard to
the matter of pay, declared that the majority
of local education authorities were not spend-
ing what they ought on salaries, though they
had the money, and said he desired to stir up
those which had no scale. The authorities
did not realize that teaching was a pro-
fession, and nowadays the possibility of
promotion from class teacher to head
teacher had almost disappeared. Mr. W. D.
Bentliff, speaking on the same lines, and
alluding to the concern expressed by the
Board of Education at the falling - off of
entrants into the teaching profession during
the last two or three years by about 50 per
cent, said that parents were becoming
anxious as to what were the prospects
in the way of salary for their children when
they should have reached the age of 30 or 40,
and that there were teachers in this country
at the present day who were actually looking
forward to pension day for an increase in
their means.
Miss H. L. Croxon moved, and Miss New
seconded, an amendment to delete the condi-
tion that " women teachers employed in
boys' schools should be remunerated at the
same rate as the men teachers in those
schools," on the ground that this would set
up a barrier against equal pay for all men
and all women which would never be broken
down. The amendment was lost on a show
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
THE A T H E N JR U M
;>.),
of hands, as was a Farther one to secure equal
pay for men and women.
On the problem of the size of classes, Mr.
C. T. Wing moved a resolution calling atten-
tion to the way in which many of the educa-
tion authorities are evading the spirit of the
regulations of the Board ot Education as to
the size of classes, ami Mr. Taylor, in second-
ing it. asked why a teacher of special sub-
jects might teach only eighteen or twenty-
five in a class, while a teacher <>f the ordinary
■curriculum might teach a class of sixty.
Wednesday was mainly occupied with
half-time labour, the aire of exemption, and
continuation classes, introduced by Mr.
Sharpies oi Manchester, who moved a
resolution
"That all regulations recognizing the half-
time system, labour examinations, and other
forms of early exemption from attendance at
Bchool should be abolished :
" That no child should be exempt from attend-
ing under the age of 11 :
That local authorities should be empowered
to make by-laws requiring the attendance of
children up to the age of 15 ;
" That all wage-earning work, and particularly
all street trailing, should be prohibited for all
children under 11, both in urban and rural
districts ; and
'* That a system of compulsory attendance at
continuation classes should be established for
children between the ages of 1 1 and 18 who
are not otherwise receiving a suitable education,
such a system to be accompanied by a statutory
limitation of the hours of child-labour."
In addressing the Conference upon the
resolution, lie urged that if half-time was
wanted, and he believed it to be a very
valuable principle, it should not be before the
of 14. He stated that 200,000 of the
500,000 children working for wages attended
school before, between, and after work, and
that it was the artisan who received good
wages who sent his children to the mill.
Miss Wood, who seconded the resolution,
referred to medical opinion on the effects of
.street trading and other wage-earning
occupations on schoolchildren, and, as an
illustration of the existence of other factors
than economic pressure in the problem, men-
tioned a family she knew of whose wages
amounted to 41. 6s. 6d., yet one of the
small children sold papers for sixteen hours
a week for 2s. Gd.
Mr. T. P. Sykes, speaking in support of an
amendment to Mr. Sharples's resolution, gave
details of the statistics of accidents to young
people in factories and workshops, stating
that in 1912 9.3 boys and 11 girls had lost
their lives by such accidents ; while in that
year 4.867 accidents in mines had happened
to children under 15 years of age, of whom
36 were killed. He said there were tens of
thousands of boys and girls at the present
day at work on dangerous machines which
ought not to be watched by young children.
CHANGELINGS BY REQUEST.
It is many years since politicians and
philanthropies (the two terms are not in-
variably synonymous) were first disturbed at
the overcrowding of cities, and the depletion
of rural district-, and began to bestir them-
selves in attempts to readjust matters. But
BO tar a- I am aware, these attempts, seldom
Successful, have always taken the form
of persuadin'_' or assisting full-grown men to
Settle on the land. And, from the nature oi
things, th • men who would be willing to be
transplanted would generally be those who
were failures in town life ; and failure m one
direction is certainly no encouragemeni to
hoj - in another.
One may well be surprised that no experi-
ments have been made in the direction ot
transplantation in boyhood ; more especially
in view of the success of such institutions as
Dr. Barnardo's, which export youngsters to
the Colonies with excellent results. Some-
thing might be done on these lines by training
suitable boys in such trades as carpentry,
baking, or smithy work, which are in neces-
sary demand in every village, and finding
them situations as apprentices when suffici-
ently trained. The object of this art icle, how-
ever, is to suggest a scheme by which this
transplantation would be automatic, effected
by impulses from within the subjects them
selves, which should surely be some augury
of success.
The scheme is based on the idea of taking
the town child while young, and, if he has any
natural tendencies in that direction, giving
him the opportunity of gaining a taste for
country life which will piovide him with new
ambitions, and will not improbably end in
his settling down in the country as soon as
lie is free to do so.
It will be said that this is already done by
fresh-air funds, various charitable societies,
and individual kindness. But (besides being
costly and limited by insufficient funds)
these efforts only give the town child a few-
hours, or, at the most, days, in the country.
He may decide that the country is a jolly
playground — though I have known of chil-
dren being bored to tears— but the very short-
ness of the time, together with the fact that
he is generally herded with his fellow-towns-
children, gives him no real insight into rural
life, and provides no hints that would be
helpful if he were to transplant himself
thither. His teacher, or whoever is in charge
of his party, may show him the difference
between wheat and barley, or primroses and
cowslips ; but is that knowledge likely to be
of any real value to him ?
The child is not a trained observer who
can watch and learn from the outside. To
discover the quality of country life, its
merits and drawbacks, he must live that life
himself as an integral part of the rural
community, for a period lozig enough for
him to be properly acclimatized. Otherwise,
in some cases a real talent for country life
will remain undiscovered, and in others an
imaginary bent will be acted on, with
inevitable failure. Your half-grown boy is,
how ever, very quickly adaptable ; a month
or two bears a far larger proportion to his
total experience than it does in the case of
grown men ; after three months he will be
as much at home in a place as if he had lived
there all his life.
Taking, then, this hypothesis, that a stay of,
perhaps, three months in the country, and as
an ordinary dweller there, at the age of 12 or
thereabouts, would lead those who are really
fitted for rural life to migrate to the country
when they are of age to support themselves ;
the next question is, how to put such a
theory into practice. The town child must
be so placed in the country that he shall have
to live the normal country life, not only for
pastimes and leisure, but more particularly
for work. it might be possible to find a,
certain number of villas families where a
tow n boy would be accepted as a paying guest ,
but who would pay V If the boy's parents,
either they or the paid hosts, or both,
would feel they had made a bad bargain ;
and if the State paid, that would mean
seriously heavier taxes tor the nation.
Hut Suppose the payment were not in
money, but in identical services! Why
should not All' Smith of Hoxton change
places tor a term with Georgie Farmer of
VViddicombe ? Apart from the expenses of
travelling, neither family would have to p.i\
a penny more than usual ; Alt' and Georgie
would exchange with each other their meal .
their sleeping-space, their household duties,
their little errands and utilities, their places
in school, and their playmates, on the first
day of a term ; and at the end of the term
Alt' would come back brow tier and sturdier,
with a working know ledge of rural lite, while
( reorgie would ret urn with a general sharpen-
ing-up of his wits, and would soon regain his
country tan. And eight years later Alt'
would be down in Widdieotnbe, starting a
revolution in farming methods with his
Cockney ingenuity, and perhaps wooing
Georgie Farmer's sister; while Georgie
would know enough of the reality of London
life to avoid trying his hick and looking for
golden pavements in the metropolis, unless
he were very sure of himself.
Nor should one overlook the general
improvement that might be expected in
manners and habits, not only in the children,
but in the parents also ; for the positions of
host and guest alike make us feel instinc-
tively that we must be on our best behaviour.
The mechanism of the scheme should
be very simple. Interchanges during the
board school terms would probably bo more
effective than during the holidays ; it is in
term time after all that a boy's life is fullest,
and that he comes into closest contact with
his fellows. During each term, then, the
parents of Board School children of the
selected age in town and village would be
asked whether they would care to exchange
children for the next term, with parents in
village or town respectively. The school
teachers, collaborating with the district
visitors, sanitaiy inspectors, or whatever
officials are best cognizant of the conditions
in the children's homes, would make out and
send in to head-quarters a list of those in
their school who were willing and likely
subjects for interchange, and whose parents
had fit homes to accommodate a child in
return. (It would not, for instance, be very
prudent to exchange a child from an exces-
sively drunken, squalid, or criminal home,
only to put a stranger's child into the same
environment.) The head-quarters clearing-
house could easily pair off the children ; the
only essential would be to interchange
children of the same standard of work, so
that they could take each other's places in
class. There would probably be need of
some territorial arrangement by counties or
districts, to save the children from unduly
long journeys ; and some consideration
might be possible for individual tastes, send-
ing a child to the family of a tinker or a
tailor, a fruit or cattle farmer, according to
his bent.
The railway expenses of the scheme should
not be great — if, indeed, the various railway
companies could not be persuaded to convey
the children gratis — as the average journey
of each child would probably be not more
than twenty miles, and this expense might
very reasonably be borne by the State. An
additional allowance of a pound or two for
each school should suffice.
There are, of course, many detail-; which
would have to bo settled —whether, for
instance, the arrangements for the whole
kingdom should be made from London, or
whether each district should have its own
exchange bureau, only sending up to London
in case it had a superfluity of tow n or country
boys who might be matched againsl some
districl of the other extreme; but these
details are not essential to the spirit of the
scheme, and may well be Left to the future.
The essence of the matter is to provide for
the interchange of children between town
and country homes ; nor i- there any reason
why these exchanges should be limited to
boys Only, thOUgh it WOUld probably be
prudent tO exchange boys only for bOJ !, and
girl i for girls.
It is not unlikely that in VOTy man;.
where the State had originally been respon-
558
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
sible for an interchange, the boys themselves,
or their parents, would be glad to repeat the
experiment subsequently ; and in this they
should meet with every encouragement, for
it would imply that the children were moving
towards the life for which their individu-
alities were best adapted.
Is it too much to hope that the State will
take up a scheme which, on the face of it,
promises, with very little trouble or expense,
alleviation, if not complete cure, for one of
our most pressing difficulties ?
G. B. Lee.
THE INTERNATIONAL BOOK-TRADE
EXHIBITION.
3 and 4, Paternoster Buildings, E.C.
April 7, 1914.
At the forthcoming International Book-
Trade Exhibition at Leipsic this summer
a section of the British department will be
devoted to a national loan exhibit of Illus-
trated and Children's Books. It has not
been difficult to arrange the more general
portion of this historical exhibit ; but the
subsection dealing with Children's Books
before 1826, with which I have the honour
to be entrusted, has a few gaps which it
is very desirable to fill, though private
collectors have kindly contributed enough
to form a representative exhibit. May I
beg the hospitality of your columns to ask
if any of your readers know of, and can lend
{for six months or so), copies of the works
on the subjoined list ? Probably few copies
of these books exist, and I know of no other
means than this of discovering their where-
abouts.
The Exhibitions Branch of the Board of
Trade (which has sole control of the British
section) will take full charge of any books
lent, and pay all carriage and insurance ;
acknowledgment of any loans will be made
in the Exhibition Catalogue. Books should
be sent to the Board of Trade ; but I should
be glad if lenders would first communicate
with me. Only those books and those
editions named are required.
F. J. Harvey Darton.
Winter Evening Entertainments. By Richard
Burton (i.e., Nathaniel Crouch). With woodcuts.
1737, or any earlier edition.
The Father's Blessing : Penn'd for the Instruc-
tion of his Children. By W. J., M.A. (Early
eighteenth century.) With woodcuts.
A Little Book for Little Children. By Thomas
White. The edition, undated, with Queen
Anne's portrait for frontispiece.
Any translation of Perrault's or Madame
d'Aulnoy's Fairy Tales published before 1750.
The Paients' Assistant (1796) and Moral Tales
(1801). By Maria Edgeworth.
Sandford and Merton. By Thomas Day.
Vol. I., 1783 ; Vol. IL, 1786 ; Vol. III., 1789.
The Fairchild Family. By Mrs. Sherwood.
Part I., 1818.
Grimm's German Popular Stories. Illustrated
by George Cruikshank. 1826.
THE BOOK FAIR AT LEIPSTC.
To one whose position has been that of an
interested and enforced constant spectator
for some years of the English book trade the
leading article in your issue of the 4th inst.
seems of such great possible utility that,
seeing the matter was not taken up in your
last issue, I venture to send a few comments.
In a day of specialization and organization
it is a curious anomaly to find a learned
trade so totally unorganized as to have
to rely for existence either on the busi-
ness methods of a very cute runner of a
dry-goods store or largely on what may be
termed side-shows. The prevalence of the
first method, if not already apparent, will
become painfully so if a stroll through the
business quarter of any town of considerable
size be taken, and evidence of the latter is
to be found in the streets of any small
provincial town. It is not therefore
necessary, in my opinion, to take up
your space otherwise than in seeking for the
cause and remedy for the existing state of
things.
Quite apart from the point of view of the
trade, I feel very strongly that the larger
interests of the general public are also at
stake. And my reasons are as follows : I
know there are associations of booksellers and
publishers, but I have yet to find that they
exercise any very beneficial control over the
trade. The general public can obtain
practically no guidance from bookseller,
publisher, or library, and little from reviews.
A few, like myself, know that a certain
bookseller is competent to recommend,
that the imprint of a certain publisher
means a certain standard, that a librarian
may be usefully consulted, even that a
review in a certain paper is unbiased by
hope of advertisements. But in each case
I feel that there is no unity ; my special
bookseller, publisher, library, or paper is
content to keep his individual name un-
tarnished, and makes but little effort to
secure the co-operation of his fellows.
Could not you do something towards
bringing together those who believe that
there exists among those connected with
letters a noblesse oblige to cry "Halt!"
to this increasing commercialization of an
honoured and historic calling ?
A great opportunity was lost when the
power of the press besan to pass from the
penny to halfpenny journalism. Instead of
guiding the taste of the multitude, and
raising it to a higher level, it proceeded to
lower its own tone, and give the public what
it wanted. Who will deny that some of the
best traditions of English journalism have
been sacrificed in this way on the altar of
circulation ? There were never so many axes
to grind in English journalism as at the
present day ; with the result that Fleet
Street is slipping deeper and deeper into the
melting-pot to make fresh axes for the big
battalions. To the credit of the book trade
be it recorded that it has adapted itself to the
age of cheapness with less ignoble ends in
view, as may be witnessed in the countless
number of popular series and reprints of
books of popular educational influence and
priceless worth. The danger in the case of
the book trade seems to me that many of the
excellent efforts in this direction are robbed
of the full measure of success which they
deserve by the suicidal competition of other
publishers. The pity of it is that this
competition is not always due to the inevit-
able keenness of trade rivalry, but too often
to a fatal lack of mutual confidence and
esprit de corps. If such a central govern-
ment as the writer of your article suggests
could succeed in restoring this confidence, not
only between bookseller and publisher, but
also between publisher and publisher, it
could hardly fail, in my opinion, to prove
of inestimable service to the whole trade.
A. M.
A PRIZE AND ITS ADJUDICATORS.
9, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C., April 6, 1914.
I desire to call the attention of your
readers to a matter of public interest in
connexion with the award of the valuable
" Swiney " Prize to the author of tli9 best
published work on Jurisprudence.
The award is made jointly by the Royal
Society of Arts and the Royal College of
Physicians.
In the Journal of the former body it was
announced last year that the award for the
year 1914 would be for General Jurispru-
dence, and that " any person desiring to
submit a work in competition should do so
by letter addressed to the Secretary " of the
Royal Society of Arts.
In June last I addressed a letter accord-
ingly, offering to submit my work entitled
' Law and Politics in the Middle Ages,' a new
edition of which was to be published in the
autumn of 1 9 1 3. The Secretary of the Royal
Society of Arts replied, promising to place
the book before the Committee for the award,,
and naming a date which permitted a copy
of the forthcoming edition to be sent.
The copy was sent in due course ; and on
January 23rd I was informed by letter of the
Secretary that the prize had been awarded
to another work. The copy submitted by
me accompanied this letter ; and I was about
to replace it on my shelves, when my atten-
tion was attracted to the fact that all the
leaves, with the exception of about 20 (out of
a total of 352 pages), remained uncut.
Deeming this fact to be somewhat of a
reflection on the excellent binding provided
by my publisher, Mr. Murray, I wrote to the
Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts,
suggesting that the invitation, which I have
quoted above hardly implied that the prize
would be awarded on the outward appearance
of the works submitted, and requesting to
be favoured with an explanation. A corre-
spondence followed (in regard to which I
desire to acknowledge the personal courtesy
of the Secretary of the Society) ; and after
the work had been returned for examination,
the official explanation was given that the
Council
" were satisfied that at least one of their Com-
mittee, a very high authority on all legal matters,
upon whose judgment the Committee specially
relied, bad stated that he was familiar with the
book, and the other members of the Committee
therefore considered it unnecessary to examine it
for themselves."
I venture to submit that this explanation
reveals a somewhat unsatisfactory method of
executing an important public trust. The
rewards of the study of jurisprudence are
few, and the number of works on the subject
is small. I have no means of knowing how
many works were submitted in the present
case ; but from my knowledge of the litera-
ture of the subject, I venture to think it
cannot have exceeded six. The object of
entrusting an award to a body of adjudi-
cators is, presumably, to ensure that the
award shall be based on a common decision,,
judicially arrived at, rather than upon
individual preferences or prejudices. With
regard to the merits or demerits of my book,.
I am not qualified to speak ; but I think I
shall hardly be accused of arrogance if I
claim that a work which, on its publication,,
received the honour of a long and laudatory
article in The Athenceum (which even ranked
it alongside the work of Prof. Maitland), which
was described by a Times reviewer as " one
of the most important on the subject which
have appeared for many years," and which
is prescribed as a textbook for advanced
students by several Universities in different
parts of the world — at least deserved to be
considered. I think I am also entitled to
doubt whether the familiarity even of the
one member of the Committee on whose
judgment the Committee apparently relied,
extended to the new edition of the book.
Perhaps I may be permitted to add that,
on the several occasions on which I have
served as an adjudicator in similar awards,
my colleagues and myself have invariably
assiuned, as a matter of course, that it was
our duty, each of us, to read the whole of
every work submitted. It is difficult, indeed,,
to imagine how, by any other method, real
justice can be done. Edward Jenks*
No. 4512, ArinL 18, 1014
THE ATHKNJEU M
■)■)
!)
• ROMAN MEMORIES.'
Villa OtstoUo, Capri, Italy, March '2S, 1914.
I rxobke thai the obscurity of my livn-
suage lias Led your most amiable reviewer of
4 Roman Memories ' (March 2lst, p. 427) to
suppose thai these brief and meagrely anno-
tated sketches are instalments of a forthcom-
ing treatise. This more pretentions work
could not admit as part of itself narratives so
imperfectly supplied with evidence, or refer-
ences thereto, as to leave a benevolent
reviewer in donbl about the author's having
studied Quint Mum's ' Centeel Art of Telling
Fibs ' before disparaging its devotion to
veracity — to resolve which doubts the
author provisionally submits the accompany-
ing pamphlets; or, as to fail to substantiate,
by such examples as the accounts of the
6iiicides of Libo, Silius, or Cremntius, the
charge impugned by the reviewer, that
Tacitus is indeed more " exuberant in
detail " about the prosecution of a single
noble than about all the alleged ravish-
ments and horrible, but unspecified fates
of so many anonymous aristocratic children
during the remarkable orgy of Tiberius on
Capri.
We all agree in deprecating the use of
neologisms, but difficulties arise from the
different decrees of readiness in various places
and classes to extend toleration or friend-
ship to verbal new-comers. The reviewer is
doubtless right in questioning gynophobia.
Literature is less hospitable to strangers
than is science, and English academic ortho-
doxy joins with race prejudice in declaring
that the selection of words because of their
scientific efficiency is obnoxious to the genius
of the language ('The King's English,' p. 25).
One point I hope my friendly critic will
reconsider. He reminds me " that an apo-
logia is not an apology in the modern sense,"
referring, I suppose, to my calling the Pre-
face an apologia, that is to say, a defence,
as I meant it to be. Xow, thanks to my
English censor jocorum, the perilous element
of humour has been not only recognized, but
also tolerated, and even commended by my
gentle critic. If, however, my prefatory
concession that the book falls short of per-
fection seems to him to import something in
the nature of an apology, then I fear that
our disagreement is in the incommensurable
valve-judgments of humour, rather than in
the reconcilable divergences of terminology.
With many thanks to my generous and
complimentary reviewer.
T. S. Jerome.
*** Mr. Jerome encloses papers writ ten by
him on ' The Orgy of Tiberius at Capri ' and
on 'The Tacitoan Tiberius: a Study of His-
toriographic Method.'
'THE LITERARY YEAR-BOOK.'
April'.), 1014.
Mv attention has been drawn to an
advertisement appearing on the front page
of The Athenaeum of 11th inst., under the
heading ' Miscellaneous,1 wherein the adver-
r seeks capital to finance the production of
a ' Literary Year-Book. ' To avoid mis-
apprehension in the minds of those who may
have Been this advertisement, I write to say
that it hae nothing to do with ' The Literary
Year-Book, ' oi which I have been editor and
proprietor since 1909, and which has been
published annually since 1897, and is now
published by Beath, Cranton A: Ouseley,
Ltd. I should be much obliged if you
would kindly give publicity in your next
issue to this disclaimer.
Basil Stewart.
THE ODES OF SOLOMON'.
I find that the chain of ovidonco for an
Kphesian origin of the Odes of Solomon is
stronger than I at first supposed (see last
week's Athenaeum, p. f>30). Besides the links
of Lsh'odad (ninth century) and Theodore
(fourth century), wo may add SeverianuS
(end of fourth century), who says (cf. Swete,
' Theodore,' p. 181, foot nolo) :
" Arise thou that steepest ff. is not found written
anywhere in the Old or New Testaments. What
is it then ? There was a gift at that time both of
prayer and psalms, the Spirit suggesting (1 Cor.
xiv. 15). It is therefore evident that what he
remembered {was in one of these spiritual psalms
or prayers " ;
and Origen (third century), who says (cf.
Swete, 'Theodore,' ibid.) :—
" Some other person says that the Apostle was
representing some of the things said through
the Spirit in order to turn to repentance."
Also the Apostle's own words in Eim. v. 1 9 :
" Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns
and spiritual songs, singing and making melody
in your heart to the Lord."
Compare the quotation in Eph. v. 14 —
" Wherefore it saith, Awake thou that sleepest,
and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give
thee light " —
with Ode 8 : I translate from the Syriac a
passage near its beginning : —
" To speak with watchfulness by His light.
Rise, and be raised, ye who for a time have been
laid low ; ye who were in silence [that is, dead],
speak ! since your mouth has been opened."
The likeness here to the first part of St.
Paul's quotation is sufficiently close. " Christ
shall give thee light " may be the Apostle's
own addition, or a transposition from the
first member of the sentence in the Ode ;
or possibly he was quoting from memory,
as he does in other places. In writing to
the Ephesians he undoubtedly uses expres-
sions he had used in his speech to their
Elders at Miletus ; in like manner he may
have been reminded of some of their own
verses. It is not likely that he had a copy
of them with him in his Roman prison. Dr.
Mingana's suggestion places the Odes before
the destruction of Jerusalem, and even
before the Gospels.
Makgabet D. Gibson.
BOOK SALE.
Messrs. Sotheby's last book sale before
Easter, held on Monday, the 6th inst., and the
two following days, included the property of
Messrs. II. W. F. Hunter Arundcll, E. Bromley
Martin, W. L. Turner, and Kendall Hazeldine
and Lady Ritchie, the chief lots being the follow-
ing : Horre B.V.M., printed by Hygman, 1517,
36/. ; another, French MS., with 12 miniatures,
C. 1450, 120/. ; another, with 15 miniatures,
r. 14S0, 25/.; another, Franco-Flemish, with
7 miniatures, 15th century, 281. \ another, with
\ miniatures, 30/.; another, printed by Kerver,
1507, lo/.; another, printed for Simon Vostre,
c. 1508, In/.-, another, printed by Pigouchet,
1198, 17o/. Walton and Cotton, Complete
Angler, 1008, 21/. Aiken, National Sports,
1825, 502. Houghton Gallery, 1788,202. Lorris et
De ftfeung, Roman de la Rose, French MB.,
llth century, Ml/.: another, 851. .Missal,
Italian MS., c. 1480, wilh a large Flemish full-
page painting inserted, 1002. Enchiridion Ecclesie
Sarum, printed al Paris, 1528, 202. Shakespeare,
Romeo and Juliet, m::7. 802. i Whole Contention,
1619, 502. j Two Noble Kinsmen, 1034, 382.;
Works, Third Polio, 1664, 802. Terence, Le
Grant Thereoe en Erancoyq, 1539, 332. a oollec-
i ion of 277 water-colour drawings ot Indian l>ir«|s,
animals, fishes, and Bowers by Lady GuiUira,
ism 5,842. Indulgence of Pope Innocent VIII.,
printed by Vvjnkyn de Worde, 1408, 692. j an-
other copy, 65*. A collection of 740 engravings
by French artists at the Court <>f l> mis XIV.,
902. Engravings after Sir T. Lawrence, 1835 10,
'Jul. Collections relating to Cent, 13 vols.,
1596 L828, 502, Seppelwhite, Cabinet Maker's
Guide, 1 ~'!\, 2"/. Lafontaine, Conti <l Nbuvellea
en Vers, 2 vols., 1762, lacking 12 plates, 25/. 10s
Buff on, Eistoire Naturelle dee Oiseaux, 0 vols.,
1770-84, 22/. Coryat, Crudities, 1611, 232-
Arnold's Croniele, ft 1505, 2n/. Chaucer, WorkeSi
15 12, 202. De Bry, Voyages to India, in Latin,
Parts I. to XII., I vols., [698-1628, 502. Prois-
s.ui, Cronycles, 1525, 21/. Rondelet, Bistoire
entiere des Poissons, 1558, 802. Waller, Poems,
1668, in a tine contemporary binding, 25/.
Richardson, 1'amela, I vols., 1741-2, 162. Lever,
A Kent in a Cloud, n.d., 21/. Kipling, Works,
27 vols., 18117-101 3, 202. 5«. Stevens,,,,, Works,
34 vols., 1891-1003, 58/. Sliellev, Queen Mai.,
1813, 100/. Lovelace, Lucasta, 1640, IW.
Dickens, Christmas ('and, 1844, an experimental
copy, 25/. Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrims
1S12, presentation copy from the author to
W. .1. Bankes, 562, Daniel, First Poure Bookes
of the Civile Wars, 1505, ll/. Greene, Euphues
his Censure to Philautus, 1587, 1002. Chapman,
Various Plays, 2 vols., 1605 54, 1402. Kate
Greenavvay, Hook of Games, n.d., with an original
drawing, 21/. Thackeray, Notes for the Pour
(ieorges, MS., partly autograph, 3052 : auto-
graph MS. of some unpublished travels, 85/.;
about 75 sketches to illustrate 'A Journey from
Cornhill to Cairo,' 400/. ; upwards of 150 drawings,
&c., sent to E. FitzGerald, 7302. S. Laurence,
Pencil Portrait of George Eliot, I860, 602. Eight
leaves from an illuminated MS. of the Apoca-
lypse, Anglo-French MS., llth century, 1502.
Robinson Crusoe, 1710, 85/. Surtees, Works,
1853-60, 20/. Dresser, Birds of Europe, 03
parts, 1871-06, 402. Gafurius, Theoricum Opus
Musicas Disciplinae, printed at Naples, 1180, 60/.
Kirbye, First Set of English Madrigalls, 6 parts,
1507, 402. Spenser, Faerie Queene, 2 vols.,
1590-96, 30/. Breviarium Romanum, French
MS., 15th century, bound by Derome le Jeune,
88/. Gould, Monograph of the Trochilidae,
5 vols., 1861,20/.; Mammals of Australia, 3 vols.,
1863, 23/. Hakluyt, Voyages, 1580, 312.
The total of the sale was 6,829/. 15s.
PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENTS.
The agitated readers of The Times who
are inundating that newspaper with
opinions and protests on the subject of
women's dress might make a note of a
book called ' Correct Dress,' which Messrs.
Harper are to publish within a few days.
It is the work of collaborators, among
whom we are only told the name of Jean
Worth of Paris. This should, however,
be sufficient to recommend it, particularly
to the feminine novelist.
It does not deal so much with the
fashions of the moment as with : the
great permanent principles of good taste
in dress." A hasty mental survey of the
varieties of dress peculiar to different
climes and ages and occasions arouses
some curiosity as to these " principles,"
especially in so far as they are supposed
to be permanent. We should not imagine
them to be numerous.
Mr. Milford of the Oxford University
Press will publish next week ' Sonic
Oxford Libraries,' by Mr. Strickland
Gibson, a little book mainly intended for
those who wish to learn more about the
older Oxford libraries than may be
gathered from hooks of reference or guide
books. The author describes the Bod-
leian, and the libraries of Merton, Corpus,
St. John's, Jesus College, Queen's, All
Souls, the Radcliffe Camera, &c. ; and
there are a dozen illustration-.
Du. Geoboe II w i:x Puts \m is well
known on both side- of 1 1 1 « - Atlantic .is
a publisher and a writer of hooks. Be
lias already written ' .Memories of my
South,' .i volume of reminiscences cover-
ing the years 1*11 66, and be proposes to
continue ins autobiography under the
l\
500
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
title of ' Memories of a Publisher,' giving
glimpses of his firm's relations with
notable writers. The interesting memoir
he published in 1912 of his father, George
Palmer Putnam, shows that there is an
abundant store of such material to draw
upon.
Messrs. Smtth & Elder are publishing
on May 1st Mr. G. W. E. Russell's bio-
graphy of the late Canon MacColl, ' Mal-
colm MacColl : Memoirs and Correspond-
ence.' The latter division includes letters
from Gladstone, Salisbury, Newman, Dol-
linger, and Church ; and the biographer
gives, in the form of a short note, the cir-
cumstances which brought Canon MacColl
into contact with each of his correspond-
ents.
The Scottish Historical Review for April
contains articles on Bannockburn by
Sir Herbert Maxwell ; on MS. and other
sources of the Constitution and Statutes
of Glasgow University, by Mr. R. K,
Hannay : and on the Pre-Reformation
Principals of that " College," by Prof.
Cooper. Mr. J. D. Mackie deals with a
pretended " will " of Queen Mary, and
Mrs. Stopes edits, from an Irish MS., a
high-pitched contemporary elegy on the
death of James VI.
The Edinburgh Review for April con-
tains an article by Mr. Edmund Gosse,
' A French Satirist in England ' ; a paper
by Dr. Marett, entitled ' Magic or Reli-
gion 1 ' a study of Carducci, by Mr. Orlo
Williams ; and an account, by Prof.
Hoops, of the ' Oxford Dictionary.' The
first place is given to the Dean of Durham's
discussion of ' The Issue of Kikuyu.' The
editor has a contribution on ' The Straggle
for Freedom,' and there is an article on
' The Significance of Kingship.'
Col. Roosevelt will continue the
narrative of his explorations in the
Brazilian wilderness in the May issue of
Scribner's Magazine with an article about
' A Jaguar Hunt on the Taquary ' ; and
Prof. George E. Woodberry concludes his
articles on ' North Africa and the Desert '
by describing his visit to Tripoli.
Chambers's Journal for May will include
' The Old Spanish Mines of Mexico,' by
Mr. W. N. Musgrave ; ' Hobart,' the
future deep-water port of the Australian
Commonwealth, by Mr. F. A. W. Gisborne ;
' Feudalism against Udalism ' ; ' The Re-
turn of the Birds,' by Miss G. Graham
Murray ; ' The Wane of Parliamentary
Customs,' by Mr. Michael MacDonagh ;
and ' Two Nineteenth-Century Types,' by
Mr. T. H. S. Escott.
The Review of Reviews announces a
book called ' Advertising and Progress,'
by Mr. E. S. Hole and Mr. John Hart.
It undertakes to say all that there is
to be said in favour of advertising, and
to prove that the cost of this uncon-
ventionalized public service, which has
certainly been open to much criticism,
is " immeasurably " exceeded by its ad-
vantages. A competent history or philo-
sophy of advertising is a real desideratum,
and, if these gentlemen have now furnished
one, we shall be duly interested and
appreciative.
Next Wednesday afternoon Sir
Sidney Lee is delivering the Aldred
Lecture before the Royal Society of Arts,
on ' Shakespeare's Life and Work.'
In the evening of the same day Mr. E.
Lovett is lecturing to the Folk-Lore
Society on the ' Folk-Lore of London,' at
University College, Gower Street. Mr.
Lovett's investigations show a permanence
of tradition which the average Londoner
would hardly believe possible.
On May 1st Mr. E. F. Benson will offer
to the Royal Institution ' A Criticism on
Critics,' which should be lively. Criti-
cism is often undertaken in too casual a
spirit, and the ordinary person has the
fond delusion that nothing is easier than
to " notice " a novel.
In the latest London University Gazette
we note two interesting series of lectures
to be given during the Summer Term.
One is a series of four lectures by Prof.
John Adams on ' The Art of Lecturing,'
which, to judge by what is set out in the
syllabus, will afford a most comprehen-
sive treatment of the subject. Thus, to
select a few items, Prof. Adams contrasts
lecturing with preaching and teaching ;
details the symptoms of, and remedies for,
inattention ; treats of the " ghostly audi-
ence " (by which, we conjecture, he means
people's memories or associations) ; and
estimates the relation between earnestness
and sincerity in the lecturer and the his-
trionic element.
The other is Mr. C. Delisle Burns's
course of six lectures on ' The Greek Gods,'
which begins on Friday next. The titles
are (1) ' General Features of Greek Reli-
gion,' (2) "The Elder Gods,' (3) L Pan,'
(4) 'Athena,' (5) 'Dionysus,' (6) 'The
Mysteries.' Athene is " the goddess of
city civilization and of consistent thought "
and '• the goddess of creative reason."
The Olympians, as such, are, it will be
seen, out of fashion.
On Tuesday of last week Mr. Nelson
Page, the American Ambassador at Rome,
communicated to the Shelley Association,
at their meeting there, the interesting
fact that he had seen a letter addressed
to Byron at Rome, to the care of the
banker Torlonia, who had forwarded it to
the poet at 66, Piazza di Spagna. It is
thus at last possible to identify the house
in which Byron stayed at Rome ; till
now it was only known that it was one of
those in the Piazza.
No. 66 — thus become suddenly inter-
esting— stands between the Via Condotti
and the Via Borgognona, almost opposite
the house which Keats occupied. It
remains externally much as it was in
1817, and fortune has accorded it the
rather appropriate distinction of being
the Roman domicile of the Society for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Mr. Grant Richards will preside at
Stationers' Hall, Ludgate Hill, on Friday
next, when Mr. Walter Raymond
will give a " Dramatic Lecture-Recital,"
entitled ' Humour and Pathos of English
Country Life,' on behalf of the National
Book Provident Society.
The Daily Herald is celebrating, beneath
the illumination afforded by a cluster of
shining names, and over the extent of
twenty-four pages, the second anniversary
of its emerging into existence. It is still
well within the time of life Avhen birth-
days count as really important events,
upon which hoary elders may reasonably
be expected to smile congratulation.
We do accordingly congratulate The
Daily Herald, and the more cordially
because it has had something of a tussle
with circumstances ; and if, as we are
glad to learn, it is now beginning to feel
the ground rather firmer beneath it,
pluck has had more to do with it
than luck.
Prof. Henri Bergson will deliver his-
first course of eleven Gifford Lectures at
Edinburgh University on Tuesdays and
Thursdays, beginning on the 21st inst.
His subject is ' The Problem of Per-
sonality.' Two of the lectures only will
be delivered in English.
Prof. Osborn Bergin will lecture
before the School of Irish Learning r
St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, this summer,
on ' Early Modern Irish, particularly
Bardic Poetry, its Language, Metres, and
Style.' The lectures will begin on Mon-
day, August 10th.
We regret to record the death of Mr.
Henry T. Cox, formerly librarian of the
Carlton Club. Mr. Cox, born in 1863, was
educated privately, and, after a short
service under the London School Board,
joined the staff of the London Library in
1883, remaining there until his appoint-
ment in 1895 as librarian to the Carlton
Club. This post he held until 1912, when
ill-health compelled him to relinquish it.
Mr. Cox compiled a catalogue of the library
of the Royal Asiatic Society, a catalogue
of the late Dean Bradley's collection of
pamphlets, and the first printed catalogue of
the Carlton Club Library, which, with the
aid and support of Sir Herbert Maxwell,
he signally improved ; and in conjunction
with his brother, head clerk of the London
Library, he drew up a catalogue of the
library of the Charity Organization
Society.
WTE are sorry to notice the death of Mr.
Hubert Bland, which occurred somewhat
suddenly on Wednesday last, though he
had been in failing health for some time.
Mr. Bland, who was 58, was well known for
his bright and earnest journalism. A
bank manager for some years, he later
became an ardent Socialist, and was one of
the founders of the Fabian Society. His
Fabian tracts, his weekly article in The
Manchester Sunday Chronicle, and his
occasional reviews elsewhere attracted
considerable attention.
Next week we shall pay special atten-
tion to Science, including a report of the
recent lectures by Miss Hoskyns-Abrahall
on ' Biology in Relation to Education.'
No. 4512, April 18, 1014
THE ATHENiEUM
.01
SCIENCE
An Introduction to the Infinitesimal Cal-
culus, with Application* to Mechanics and
Physics. By G. W. Caunt, (Oxford
University Press, 12s.)
It is sufficient to compare this book with
the standard English treatises of fifteen
years ago to realize the enormous advance
that has been made in the teaching of the
subject.
This change has been due to two causes.
In the first place, the rise of the philo-
sophic school has brought about a thorough
overhauling of the foundations, and.,
secondly, the comparatively recent ad-
vances in pedagogy have developed
methods of presentation suitable for the
average student. In most schools for-
merly (and in some still), elementary
algebra and geometry were simply
drammed into boys. Beyond that, they
got textbooks, and were told to work
at them. The explanations given in
these books were generally faulty, but the
examples were many. Hence the better
boys acquired a certain facility in the
subject, while the weaker ones did not
understand it at all. But even the
brighter students obtained only a mechan-
ical dexterity — they learnt to turn the
handle — and it is still said in Cambridge
of one such school that they get scholar-
ships, but not fellowships. As for the rest,
a differential coefficient remained for them
a symbol to be avoided.
Nowadays, all this is altered. It has
been demonstrated that the elements of
the calculus can be appreciated and used
by the average boy of fourteen. All that
is recpiired is careful treatment from the
beginning. Mr. Caunt is evidently one of
those who have applied these new ideas.
In this book he has developed the subject
in admirable fashion. It has been sug-
gested recently that integral calculus
should be taught before differential, but
.Mr. Caunt adheres to the old order. The
difference in difficulty of comprehension
i- BO small that the easier mechanical
manipulation, and wider range of applica-
tion, of differential calculus, leave it still,
we think, the prior claim.
Of course, before all, a thorough grasp
of the notion of a limit is required. Many
teacher- come to grief over this, but here it
i- treat* d clearly and accurately. »Some
stress (perhaps not enough) is laid on the
fact that the limit of series is not one of the
terms of the series.
After these ground-breaking chapters
come several others devoted to simple
applications to mechanics and physics, and
to maxima and minima. These should
stimulate the student's interest, and make
him regard the work as something more
than mere ju^ling with X and //.
Then we come to the chapter on ' [nte-
_ ition,' and here we mu-t profess dis-
zreement with the author. Of the
alternative definitions, he begins with that
which regards integration as the inverse od
differentiation. We consider it wiser to
introduce the idea of the limit of a sum
first, and then to show that it is equivalent
to the inverse problem.
Simple examples on this follow, and then
two chapters on the exponential functions
with a discussion of their convergency, one
on harder differentiation, and one on the
Mean Value Theorem. This virtually
completes the first part. The next 200
pages deal with various harder applications
in mechanics and physics.
The book is excellent, the examples being
plentiful and interesting, and the print-
ing and diagrams clear. It is one we
recommend in all confidence to teachers,
and especially to students working by
themselves.
TWO BOOKS OX CHEMISTRY.
Dr. Letts, who has been Professor of
Chemistry at Belfast since 1879, has
the advantage over younger men that
he is able to survey the advances in
science of the last decade from the
standpoint of those versed in what he
calls " the older chemistry/' This is
evident in ' Some Fundamental Problems
in Chemistry,' where he holds the balance
fairly true between undue attachment
to the earlier theories, and the idea
common in some quarters that the new
facts are in effect revolutionan\ He
discusses the change in scientific ideas
brought about by the discovery of
radio - activity, and shows, we think
clearly, that it is a necessary con-
sequence of the grouping of the ele-
ments known as the Periodic Law of
Mendeleeff. The greater part of the book
is taken up with the problems raised by
radium and its congeners, wherein Dr.
Letts appears as the enthusiastic cham-
pion of Sir William Ramsay, and his own
former pupil Prof. Norman Collie, with,
perhaps, some slight leaning against the
more mathematical school of Cambridge
physicists. Thus he thinks the transmuta-
tion of radium into helium is absolutely
proved by the experiments of Sir William
Ramsay and Mr. Soddy, and although he
does not absolutely vouch for the fact
that helium and neon are actually built
up within the tube in Messrs. Collie's
and Patterson's now famous experiments,
he says that his " accpiaintance with the
exceptional experimental skill " of the
former makes the suggestion that these
gases found their way in from extraneous
sources " practically impossible."
In these controversies the experimenters
named can be trusted to give a good ac-
count of themselves, even without Dr.
Letts's powerful support ; and in some "I
the matters arising out of them he makes
several valuable suggestions. Thus he
inquires whether there is not Borneo here in
existence a fifth halogen or salt-former in
addition to chlorine iodine, bromine, and
Si, mi I'liiiitmin n/fil l'fotilrni.1 in Ch. niixlijl,
oh/ and New. By E. A. Letts. (Con-
stable & Co., 18. 6d. net.)
Chemistry and its Borderland. By Alfred
W Stewart. (Longmans & Co., Ss. net.)
fluorine, and thinks it may be the body with
a supposed atomic weight of three which
Sir Joseph Thomson claims to have dis-
covered by his new method of analysis
with the positive ray. So, too, he remark-
that the slight radio-activity of potassium
and rubidium may be due to a new and
active element associated with them as
radium is with barium, lie also shows
himself fully alive to the problem raised
by the experience of Dr. Klasehner in l(J0Sr
when a cup of lead and paraffin containing
a mixture of mercuric chloride and ammo-
nium oxalate, placed near a bulb containing
a large quantity of radium bromide and.
hydrobromic acid, seemed to inhibit the
evolution of gas by the last-named mixture-
This experiment has since been repeated
several times by Sir William Ramsay and
Dr. Whytlaw Gray without producing
the same effect ; but it is evident, as Div
Letts hints, that if there exists in nature
any substance capable of retarding the
disintegration of the radium atom, all our
ideas on radio-activity may have to be
revised.
In more general matters, Dr. Letts-
contents himself with stating Prof. Bragg"s-
view that the X and Gamma rays are
due to streams of positive and negative
particles linked in " doublets," as an
alternative theory to the one which would
make them pulses in the ether, and he is-
evidently much attracted by the views of
the formation of elements in the sun and
hotter stars put forward by Sir Xorman
Lockyer and Prof. Svante Arrhenius. He
thinks that the assumption of Sir Joseph
Thomson and his school, that the negative
electron is the sole constituent of matter r
has been abandoned even by its principal
advocate ; and in this, as in other matters,
he seems to take a sound and conservative
line of thought.
We notice some slips here and there r
doubtless due to insufficient correction
of proofs, as where Pherecydes is spelt
" Pherekides," and phosphorus, " phos-
phorous." In quoting the supposed
opinions of Thales from Lewcs's 'History
of Philosophy,' Dr. Letts seems to be una-
ware that water was the origin of all things-
in the earliest cosmogonies of both Baby-
lonia and Egypt, and that Thales's dogma
to that effect was more likely to have had
a religious than a philosophical basis. So
too, the birth of alchemy, instead of being
" shrouded in obscurity,"' is plainly to be
attributed to the Coptic monks of the earl}
Christian centuries. But these are trifle*
in a readable and interesting volume.
'Chemistry and its Borderland' is a.
delightful book. In untcchnical langUS
and with hardly a diagram, Dr. Stewart
shows the way through physical chem
istry, " immuno-chemistry " — a horrible
woid — bio-chemistry, radio-chemistry, and
many other of the newest studies, with such
ease that the book is as interesting B4B
most novels, and the reader takes in
instruction without knowing that he is
being instructed. This Dr. Stewart docs
neither by gb ing mathematical expression
to his facts which is for most students to
repeal the cruelty of those old-world
schoolmasters who wrote their Creek
►02
THE ATHENtEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
grammars in Latin — nor by describing the
history of the discoveries he chronicles —
which is apt to be tedious — but by the free
use of analogy, which enables the reader to
picture to himself things unfamiliar to him
by means of those familiar. It may, of
course, be said that analogy is an imperfect
guide, and so it is ; but surely one must run
some risk if one is to get the picture into
the average reader's head at all.
Take as an instance Dr. Stewart's
account of the action of platinum in
a colloidal or very finely divided state
upon hydrogen peroxide, the decomposi-
tion of which it hastens enormously. He
says that this action can be inhibited by
the addition of prussic acid to the colloidal
solution, and notes that the ferment called
emulsin has the same action and is in-
hibited in the same way. In both cases
he merely remarks that the reagent is
poisoned or killed by the prussic acid,
and, although this is probably not what
really happens, the expression at once pro-
duces a lively picture in the reader's mind.
It may be doubted if pages of elaborate
explanation would do more. That
Dr. Stewart has the merit of being up-to-
date may be judged from his giving a
most readable and clear account of Prof.
Norman Collie's and Mr. Patterson's
experiments in the building up of helium
and neon atoms out of hydrogen and
electricity, which were not announced to
the Chemical Society till last June, and
which Prof. Collie introduced for the first
time to a popular audience in his Royal
Institution lecture of February last.
To this survey Dr. Stewart appends a
chapter on the ' Organization of Chemical
Research,' with a scheme for that end, and
the regulations of the Carnegie Trust (for
Scotland). The last may be of assist-
ance to the struggling student, who often
finds such information hard to come by.
As to Dr. Stewart's scheme, it is marked
by the strong common -sense which dis-
tinguishes the didactic part of his book,
and seems well calculated for its purpose ;
but to what good ? Did the want of such
training or assistance hinder the Curies
from discovering radium, Lord Rayleigh
from giving us argon, or Sir William Ram-
say from producing out of the atmosphere
helium, neon, and the other inert gases ?
and has Germany, where research is
organized, like most things German, on the
best lines imaginable, anything to show
against these ? It is true that Ave ought
to blush with Dr. Stewart that we have
as a nation allowed " the whole trade of
organic technical chemistry " to pass from
our hands into German ones, in spite
of Sir William Perkins's discovery of the
coal-tar products, which set the industry
on foot, having been made and worked
for the first time in this country. This,
however, was due not to our students' want
of training, but to the lack of enterprise in
our manufacturers, and it is therefore
industry rather than research which re-
quires organization. The Carnegie Trust
is another matter, and may be held to have
justified its existence by giving us Dr.
Stewart, himself a Carnegie Research
Pellow.
SOCIETIES.
Asiatic. — April 7. — Sir II. Mortimer Durand,
Director, in the chair.
Mr. K. A. C. Creswell read a paper on ' The
History and Evolution of the Dome in Persia.'
Persia, he said, had played a very important part
in the evolution of this form of roofing. In order
to illustrate his meaning, he first briefly reviewed
the dome in antiquity. There could be no doubt
as to the age of this form of roofing, as domes
existed in Egypt at least as early as the Tenth
Dynasty, as a model of a house found at Iiifeh
belonging to this period showed a terrace roof
with three little domes just emerging — a type
which may be seen in many parts of the Near
and Middle East at the present day. In Chaldea
the dome was known as early as 700 B.C., as may
be seen from Layard's slab, which shows domed
peasants' huts of the period. The lecturer said
that there was one feature common to all these
domes, viz., they were all small, and used in build-
ings of secondary importance. This was always
the case in Egypt, and even in Chaldea, where
the great palaces of Sargon and Sennacherib were
built without domes, the vault being adopted
instead. He suggested that this was due to the
absence of a satisfactory " pendentive," whereby
a dome could be set over a square chamber, an
essential device before the dome could be used
in complex buildings such as palaces. Without
it the use of the dome would be confined to
circular buildings such as granaries (as was the
case in Egypt), to the circular hot-chamber of
the bath (as at Pompeii), or to small huts (as
seen on Layard's slab ), where the transition from
the square to the circle was probably slurred over
— a thing that could not be risked on a large
scale). He therefore held that the Persians,
who were the first people to devise a satisfactory
pendentive, played for this reason a very im-
portant part in the evolution of domed construc-
tion, as they did for the East what the discovery
of the spherical pendentive did for the West,
raising the dome to the front rank as a method
of roofing. The earliest example of the use of
this device was, he said, the palace of Firuzabad,
which showed, for the first time, a really large
dome (45 ft.) set over a square space. This was
effected by means of a squinch, a device wholly
Persian, which here consisted of a series of con-
centric arches thrown across the angle, and
advancing one over the other, thus reducing the
square to an octagon, upon which it was easy to
set a dome. This palace was followed by Sar-
vistan, where, besides the three domes, there
were a series of piers and recesses which provided
abutment, thus avoiding the necessity or very
thick side-walls. It was chiefly on account of
this advanced planning that he reversed the
usual order, putting Sarvistan after Firuzabad,
which he would place before 230 a. d., and possibly
much earlier, owing to the Egyptian reed-cornice
over the door-frames. He added that all the
affinities of Firuzabad were with the past ;
whereas Sarvistan, in planning, was the proto-
type of buildings in Mesopotamia erected between
the sixth and ninth centuries.
He then discussed the origin of the dome.
Pointing out that domes were built by the most
primitive people all over the Near and Middle
East wherever wood was lacking, which is the
case in Eastern Persia especially, he concluded
that the dome was probably evolved in those
regions where the absence of wood forced its
invention ; and far from admitting a Mesopo-
tamian origin for the domes of Firuzabad and
Sarvistan, he considered them as a development
of indigenous construction. Lest an independent
origin for the dome should appear improbable,
he showed on the screen domes of sunburnt clay,
20 ft. in diameter and 30 ft. high, found by Miss
Macleod in the German Kameruns.
Coming to the Mohammedan period, he men-
tioned the dome of the Great Mosque at Kum,
built 878, as the earliest known to him. He then
showed the Kala-i-Sang of Kerman, said to be
the oldest building there. In the twelfth century
Sultan Sanjar (d. 1157) built his mausoleum at
Merv ; a view of the interior showed the squinch
pendentive, a feature, the lecturer said, that might
almost have been predicted with certainty.
He then showed the mausoleum of Mohamed
Khudabunda at Sultanieh, built about 1307,
which had, he said, the finest dome in Persia,
as it was 84 ft. in diameter and of very scientific
shape, its beautiful outline not being obscured by
the piling up of material on its haunches — an
ugly feature frequently found in Western domes.
This piling up of material was, he said, quite un-
necessary : for which statement he cited as his
authority, a paper by E. B. Denison, ' On the
Mathematical Theory of Domes,' Amongst the
interesting results arrived at in Mr. Denison's paper
was the conclusion that pointed domes were
superior to hemispherical ones — interesting, he
said, because most domes in the East were poinl ei I .
About 1400 A.D. a new type of dome appeared,
consisting of the former type covered over by a
slightly bulbous shell which was superimp^-' I
on it, leaving a large space between. This style
only appeared towards the end of Timur \s reign,
his earlier buildings not having this feature.
The mausoleum of his wife, Bibi Khanum, an 1
his own mausoleum, the Gur Amer, were the
first buildings in which it appears, after which
it soon became a constant feature in Persian archi-
tecture. Some writers ignored the problem, while
others had suggested an Indian origin ; but .is
those buildings which were standing in India at the
time of Timur of which remains have come down
to us (of which there are about seventeen) have
low domes built in horizontal courses, the lecturer
did not think this theory tenable. The suggestion
that the slightly swelling shape had constructive
advantages, and added to the stability of the
dome, he also disagreed with, as it was not borne
out by the laws of mechanics. In other words,
it could not have sprung from constructive
necessities in brick or stone. He said that when
this was the case with other features in archi-
tecture they generally turned out to be copies
of construction in wood, such as the Lycian tombs,
the mortised joints of the stone rail round the
Sanchi Tope, &c. He therefore concluded that
it was also the case with the domes of the Bib I
Khanum and the Gur Amer, the origin of which
he traced back to the Great Umayyad Mosque at
Damascus, which in Timur's time was double and
of irood, according to the description of Ibn
Jubair. Timur, he added, was at Damascus
over two months, and had ample opportunities
for being impressed by this building, which was
one of the Four Wonders of the World of mediaeval
Islam, and he undoubtedly had this dome in his
mind when he ordered the construction of the
Bibi KhanQm and the Gur Amer. That Timur,
strange as it may seem, did take a great interest
in architecture was, the lecturer said, a fact
mentioned by his biographer, Sharaf -ud-din
Ali, and other writers. He added that the dome
at Damascus and the dome of the Bibi Khanum
were of almost exactly the same diameter. After
the death of Timur this type of dome spread
over Khm-asan, being found at Meshed in 1418,
and at Herat c. 1500. In the sixteenth century it ap-
peared in India in the mausoleum of Humayun.
After 1700 it became more and more bulbous,
until it culminated at Shiraz during the last
century.
Persian domes were generally covered with
faience, but in the case of sacred shrines gilded
tiles were used, as may be seen at Meshed, Kum,
Najaf, and Kerbela.
Summing up, he divided Persian domes into
three groups : —
1. The pre-Mohammedan type of elliptical
shape.
2. Domes of the Mohammedan period down to
1400, the dome at Sultanieh being the finest
example.
3. The double dome, introduced by Timur after
his stay at Damascus, which culminated at Shiraz.
A discussion followed, in which Mr. Finn,
Mrs. Villiers-Stuart, Sir Henry Howorth, Mr. It. F.
Chisholm, and Cols. Plunkett and Sykes took part.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Mon.
Institute of British Architects, S. — ' Prof essional Practice,' Mr.
Max Clarke.
— Surveyors' Institution, 8.— 'Comments on the Land Enquiry
Committee's (Urbanl Conclusions,' Mr. Dawbarn Young.
Tuf.s. Horticultural, 3.—' The Probable Origin of Existing Flowering
Plants,' Kev. Prof. G. Henslow.
— Royal Institution, 3. — 'Problems of Physical Chemistry:
(1) Study of Matter at High Pressures,' Dr. W. Wahl.
— Statistical. 5.
— Musical Association. 5.15— 'Elizabethan Choirboy Play6 and
their Music,' Mr. G. E. P. Arkwright.
— Institution of Civil Engineers, 8.— Further Discussion on
'The Transportation Problem in Canada and Montreal
Harbour.'
— Zoological, 8.30.
Wed. Irish Literary, 4.30.—' The Clan Bard,' Miss E. Hull.
— Society of Arts, 4 30. — 'Shakespeare's Life and Work, Sir
Sidney Lee. (Aldred Lecture.!
— Society of Literature, 5.— 'The Native Literature of Christian
Kgypt,' Mr. S. Gaselee.
— Meteorological, 7.30.— 'Report on the Phenological Observa-
tions for 1913,' Messrs. J. E. Clark and K. H. Hooker ; "A
Small Anemometer for Tropical Use.' Mr. A J. Bamford.
— Faraday, 8. — 'Recording Pyrometers.' Mr. C. R. Darling;
Discussion on 'The Embrittling of Iron by Caustic Soda' ;
' Diffusion and Membrane Potentials,' Mr. E. B. B.
Prideaux ; and other Papers.
— Folk-Lore, 8.—' The Folk-Lore of London,' Mr. E. Lovett.
— British Numismatic, 8 30.
Thurs. Society of Arts, 4 30.— 'The Port and City of Bangoon,' Mr.
G. C. Buchanan.
— Geographical, 5.
— Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8— 'Electrification of
Railways as affected by Traffic Considerations,' Mr. H. W.
Firth.
Institution of Civil Engineers. 8.— Frame Thomson Lecture.
' Kngineering Contracts,' Mr. A. A. Hudson. (Students'
Meeting.)
Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 8.—' Application of
Electrical Driving to Kxisting Roller Mills,' Mr. L. Rothera.
Royal Institution, 9.—' The Stars round the Noi th Pole,'
Mr. F. W. Dyson.
Royal Institution, 3— 'Similarity of Motion in Fluids:
(1) The Theory of Similarity of Motion in Fluids and the
Experimental Proof of its Existence,' Dr. T. E. Stanton.
Fm.
Sat.
No. 451'3, Apbix 18. 1914
THE ATI! KNyEUM
563
9riena
Onvjstp.
Last wkkk brought to the world one of
those scientific discoveries which may.
without much exaggeration, be described
epoch-making, hike that of radium, it
\\.i» made by a woman, and in a laboratory
in Tims. Madame Victor Henri lias estab-
lished the tact that under the influence of
ultra-violet rays microbes may be modified
to a degree that is virtually equivalent to
transformation into a. new species. The
significance of this, not merely in medicine,
but also for biology in general, hardly needs
emphasizing.
()\ Tuesday next, at 3 o'clock Dr. Walter
Wahl will deliver the first of two lectures
at the Royal Institution on ' Prohlems of
Physical Chemistry,1 dealing with ' Study of
Matter at High Pressures ' ; and on Saturday
Dr. T. E. Stanton begins a course of two
lectures on ' Similarity of Motion in Fluids '
with ' The Theory of* Similarity of Motion
in Fluids and the Experimental Proof of its
Existence.' The Friday evening discourse
next week will be delivered by Dr. Frank
Watson Dyson (the Astronomer Royal), on
' The Stars round the Xorth Pole."
Dr. Barthe de Santjfort read a paper
before the Academy of Medicine at Paris on
Tuesday last, in which he gave details of
thirteen years' work in the treatment of gout,
rheumatism, ulcers, and sores by baths of
melted wax.
Dr. de Sandfort had been the physician in
charge of a thermal establishment in which
mud baths are given, and had conceived the
idea of there being some substance which
might be a substitute for mud, and also
mi'_rht render visits to a watering-place un-
necessary.
He began by the local use of mineral
waxes, which was attended with great success,
and after several years decided to try
whether complete immersion in a wax bath
was possible. He began by plunging himself
into a vat containing 300 litres of paraffin at
1303 — in the petrol refinery of M. Deutsch
de la Meurthe — and found that instead of
being cooked alive, he experienced no more
than a pleasant warmth. Since then he has
treated gouty and rheumatic patients with
complete wax baths, and with striking
SUCC.
I.v an interesting paper in The Geographical
• ■a!, Mr. Griffith Taylor discusses the
physiography of the territory chosen for the
new capital of the Australian Commonwealth
—Canberra. Large quantities of building
stone will naturally be required, and it is
fcory to learn that, in addition to those
advantages which determined its being
chosen, tin- capital area is supplied with
r.d types of rock which may he used as
building stones.
Mr. I-]. A. Fisher's paper on ' Science and
Modern Poetry ' in Science Pror/ress for
April winds up with a curious distinction
ctly the inverse of that which we should
have expected. We have long been looking
for the time when poetS WOuld take poSSefi ion
of science, much in the same way as they
have taken possession of. Bay, war; select
and adopt from it- vocabulary, and use
otitic ideas, both in imagery and in con-
struction, just a- they have used the vocabu-
lary and practices that belong to war. But
Mr. Fisher proposes thai science shall so ne-
how become a substitute for poetry, arguing
that
"science can play on the imagination ;iii'i emo-
tions of men t<> an > •• roely Inft rior m that
«.f poetry, and it Lb only by n doing thai science
become and remain ■ living thing, and of real
.••nil lasting interest to mankind."
e est >I< numstrandum.
FINE ARTS
The Pigments and Mali urns of the Old
Masters. By A. P. Laurie. (Mac-
millan & Co.", 8s. Grf. net.)
In dealing with Mr. Laurie's lectures at
the Royal Academy we complained of his
sacrificing that occasion to the mere ex-
position of means for testing the genuine-
ness of Old Masters. Such an objection,
valid when applied to lectures which were
intended for the instruction of practical
art students, does not, of course, hold
with regard to the present volume, any
chemist being entitled to turn his talents
in any direction that he chooses.
It is well, however, to make clear that
' The Pigments and Mediums of the Old
Masters ' are here discussed almost solely
with the object of providing means for
deciding when and by whom a picture
was painted. The question of how or
why is hardly touched upon. Mr. Laurie
has devised an apparatus like a cheese-
taster, consisting of a tiny hypodermic
needle, ground and sharpened so as to
take out a circular section from a picture.
He has a list of reagents suitable to dis-
criminate between pigments capable of
being confounded with one another, and
these tests are supplemented by the use
of a polarizing microscope.
" If oil of Cassia [says Mr. Laurie] is used
to mount a fragment, it will be found that
blue and green verditer and verdigris have
refractive indices below that of oil of Cassia,
while azurite and malachite have refractive
indices above, and can thus at once be dis-
tinguished."
Lastly, by the use of a camera fitted with
lenses for magnifying small passages of
brushwork, he compiles a dossier of ex-
amples of the handling of this or that
artist in a ready form for comparison.
The book embodies the result of a
certain course of inquiry on these lines, the
experiments being for the most part made
with certain illuminated manuscripts —
above all, the Court Rolls in the Record
Office — and the Venetian Ducali, which
have the advantage for the purpose
of being definitely dated. We thus
find a table of pigments arranged
chronologically to show the dates of
their introduction and their period of use
in various countries, together with in-
formation as to the pigments or media
used in certain pictures.
These experiments are obviously capable
of large extension, but readers will
gather that Mr. Laurie's book is invalu-
able to any one interested in testing bhe
authenticity of alleged Old Masters. It
may as cordially be recommended to the
other large class which is interested in
evading those tests. Already forgers are
careful to eschew Prussian blue in pictu
claiming a date before 1704; henceforth
they will be careful in selecting ultra
marine of good quality only for work- ol
the thirteenth century or later, and to
avoid blue verditer in the production of
Primitives. Any forger worth his salt
will be careful to use a mixture of verdigris
and ultramarine when he manufactures a
Watteau. Thus we shall very speedil\
be where we were. So long as what is
valuable in a picture is not its quality,
but its authenticity, commercial enter-
prise will produce something very like
authenticity.
We confess that inquiry into what
const it ides quality Of paint appears to us
a worthier subject for scientific inquiry, but
obviously, had Mr. Laurie occupied him-
self with that, his book could not have
claimed the attention of the two classes
to whom we recommend it. We cannot
help wondering, however, whether in such
capable hands the microscope would
throw any light on what really happens
in the way of the joining up of one film of
paint with another under various condi-
tions, or on the ultimate distribution of
the different elements in an emulsion after
long drying. Chap. X. is, from a practical
point of view, the most interesting part of
the book. In its touching on the evidence
for the use of an emulsion of egg or size
with oil varnish by Van Eyck, and in the
suggestion of a typical method of building
up a picture on a ground of size with a
final layer of oil and varnish, and an
intermediate layer of glue and varnish
having common elements enabling it to
bind both ways, we find a sympathy with
the technical problems of the painter too
valuable to be lost in mere archaeology.
We could have wished, in the interesting
notes on pigments, to find greater stress
laid on the white used. Artists would
like to know whether in earl}' tempera
pictures white lead was universally used,
and if so, why it has hardly ever
darkened, although the water - colour
heightening of drawings has constantly
deteriorated. We should have been
grateful, also (apropos of Mr. Laurie's
theory of the introduction of diluents
such as turpentine or petroleum as the
determining factor in the revolution of
methods of painting in the High-Renais-
sance), for authoritative information as
to the effect of the use of such diluents on
a film of paint laid by means of them.
ENGRAVINGS.
Messrs. Sotbxbt have recently sold the follow-
ing engravings: Agar, after Cosway, Mrs. Duff,
printed in colours, ■>-'■ Dickinson, after Rey-
Dolds, Mis. Pelham reeding Chickens, "J. Ail. ;
Elizabeth, Lady Taylor, I MM. V. Green, after
Reynolds, Mary Isabella, Duchess <'i Rutland,
962.; Anne, Viscountess Townshend, 2101 J. It
Smith, after Romney, Louisa, Ladj Btonnont,
851, c. Turner, after Eoppner, Miss ( bolmonde-
|,.\ . Kin/. : I ..' I \ Louisa M.iini'i . Tii/. T.
Watson, after Reynolds, Mrs. Hardinge, Ta/. ;
after Gardner, Mi . W ilbraham, printed in colours,
89*.
COINS.
on Friday, the 3rd Inst., Wesai - Bothobj K>ld
.., colle< 1 1 . . i ■ oi ' !" proper! | of \n. Kendall
[lazeldine, the chiei lot* being the Following :
KyracuHo, Dccadrachm, by BiuBnetos, 1121. ;
Man I. of England, Half-Angel in gold, 201. L0».
I.. Bpur-Ryal, 201. Cromwell, Fifty-
Shilling Piece, by Thomas Simon, 1666, \~>- The
total "i the sale «ras 9361.
564
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
SOUTH KENSINGTON: DRAWINGS
AND PAINTINGS.
The rehanging ( none too soon) of what
■was surely one of the dreariest of London's
waste spaces — the Water-Colour Galleries of
t lie Victoria and Albert Museum — has had a
perceptible effect in making the place look
Jess like a cemetery. We can recall few
influences more depressing than that of
rthese monuments of misplaced industry,
frequented only by a few copyists, victims of
ihe same vice ; one of whom we remember
perched on a high stool, diligently detailing
.a mountainous landscape with her right hand
-while a finger of the left, resting on the glass
-of the original work, kept her place as she
reproduced the peaks one by one. We no
longer feel that this type of person is the only
possible visitor to such a collection of work,
though if one approaches the exhibition, as
did the present writer, in the reverse of
•-chronological order, it seems at first sight
uninspiring enough. Wre believe the autho-
rities of the Museum have some thought of
-replacing some of the worst of the frames,
which certainly contribute something to the
g3neral discomfort. In the meantime,
■they have admirably pleaded the danger of
•exposing the entire collection permanently
to the light, and show only a part at a time,
.-and, by arranging the exhibits chronologi-
cally, have still further limited the display of
the worse periods, so that the better works
;are not so submerged in the flood of medio-
crity as heretofore.
On the other hand, the historical arrange-
ment makes clear how largely the story of
-water-colour painting in England has been
•one of degeneration. We plume ourselves
on our national art because, at the outset, we
had a few fine water-colour painters ; but our
supremacy is maintained by the exclusion
■from comparison of the nations who pre-
-eminently practised water-colour, i.e., those
•of the East. In the first room (82) are the
•exponents of the simpler technique, who
«oc-f asionally remind us of a possible kinship
•with Chinese art : artists like A. Cozens (10,
Landscape with Ruin), J. Robert Cozens (25,
'Tt mb of the Horatii and Curatii), and Samuel
Eieronymus Emm (20, Trees by the Thames
opposite Hammersmith), all of whom have
.•something of the nobility, the suave gravity,
which belongs to the classic use of water-
colour. Rowlandson and Dighton, and the
■&tk. hitectural draughtsmen of that time, have
^usually the saving virtue of the conventional
;art ist, that they would rather be formal than
picturesque; witness the fine Londonderry
<16) by William Pars, or the St. James's
Park (52) of Edward Dayes. The always
valuable qualities of clear statement and
"well-balanced arrangement are the rule in
these early works, wherein the function
■of colour is limited to the well-considered
■discrimination of a few main categories.
"Girtin almost remains in the same group
in his sober View on the Wharf e (15, Gallery
81), and Turner in his early work St. Albans
{ 1 9 ). With Cotman' s Fishing-Boat, however,
colour has become more complex — complex,
indeed, already beyond the capacity of any
lout a few to handle in a method calling for
•siijh prompt, precise action as is demanded
•of the water-colour painter. Cotman is
•al nost unerring, but for how many others
•does the structural unity of ordered distri-
bution become henceforth unattainable, to
tie replaced by a superficial unity of in-
.finitely subtle blendings of tone, a running
together of liquid pigment, or a hail of
impulsive strokes — by the parade of haste
.■and flurry. In De Wint is the beginning — so
discreet as to be almost an added charm — of
this policy. His fine Gloucester (104) shows
how little he needed to depend on the more
obvious attraction. With Miiller ( Venice,
109) and Pyne (Landscape, 108) it is
carried further, but still with sufficient tradi-
tion of the old method to save their works
from the parti -coloured muddle into which
English water-colour was to sink, and which
is fairly exhibited by the drawings of Callow,
which in Room 88 are far from represent-
ing him at his best.
Naturally it was in drawings of architec-
tural subjects that traces of the analogy
between the technical structure of the water-
colour and the actual structure of the scene
represented were longest maintained. The
architect , along expected lines, has done the
organization to some extent for the painter :
complexities of colour may here be more
readily reduced to rule. W'orks like the View
near the Palais Royal, Paris (57, Room 87), are
the most frequent successes during the hey-
day of British water-colour art, when unity
of plan was giving way to unity of surface.
That process was fairly complete when with
Walker (22 and 24) there comes the Pre-
Raphaelite repudiation of technical structure
as anything beyond an appalling sum in
simple addition of stroke to stroke. One
can just see how, by the decay of previous
traditions, this ideal also had the specious
appearance of being an advance. Not even
Madox Brown's intensity of observation can
make us suppose to-day that, technically, his
Elijah with the Widow's Son (54) is in kind
as good as a Cotman. By its refusal to pre-
tend to the same qualities, however, it is
vastly preferable to the usual water-colour
work of that time, which did pretend to them,
and falsely. Among minor works by rela-
tively unknown men we should note the
appearance at a comparatively late date of so
starkly direct a design as Richard Dadd's
Idleness (7, Room 88). With Melville and
his disciple James Herald we have work of
our own times, with an attempt, it is true, at
direct execution, though a little spasmodic
and superficial, yet, after all, superior to
much from the middle years.
In the Indian Section of the Museum the
collection of Indian paintings of the "New
Calcutta School " appears, if we are not mis-
taken, to consist of two elements : some seven-
teenth- and eighteenth-centu^ examples — -
of which the fine Farrukh-Sigar equestrian
portrait is the best — and a large number
of what we should assume to be con-
temporary works, perhaps done under the
influence of enthusiasts like Messrs. Havell
and Coomaraswamy, whose desire to promote
the development of Indian art on national
lines is well known, and has our considerable
sympathy. Except for an occasional credit-
able following of a refined, but slightly
colourless type of Indo-Persian portraiture,
few of these artists appear to have escaped
European influence ; and although their work
is based on Indian models, one feels that they
rarely make anything out of that influence
which is really fundamentally different from
what, say, Mr. Edmund Dulac might get
out of it. At the same time, some of the
pictures by Mr. Abanindro NathTagore show
great ability in their attempt to reconcile
the practice of East and West. Mr. Gogon-
endra NathTagore is more definitely Oriental,
but less personal, as if he belonged to the
category of everyday craftsmen, among
whom probably there is to be found the
greatest body of tradition. When, as occa-
sionally, the bolder school of design of the
Ajanta wall-paintings is the point of depar-
ture, one almost feels it to be as exotic an
influence upon the artists as it would be with
ourselves.
During his absence in Australia, Sir R. C.
Munro -Ferguson has lent eleven paintings to
the National Gallery of Scotland from his
house at Raith. Six of them are portraits
by Raeburn, three by Zoffany, one by an
unknown artist, and one a small landscape
by Gainsborough. In consequence of a
rearrangement of the National Portrait Gal-
lery, several portraits have also been trans-
ferred thither, including four Raeburns, so
that the room No. 1 on the British side has
been devoted to hanging these Raeburns and
others. A bronze bust by M. Rodin of W. E.
Henley is also on exhibition.
Mb. Tom Mostyn's " one-man " show at
the Grafton Galleries opens to-day. It
includes two canvases illustrative of the
Parsifal legend — ' The Garden of Enchant-
ment ' and ' The Garden of Desolation ' — ■
painted at the suggestion of Sir Claude
Phillips. None of the pictures has been
exhibited in London before, and many have
been lent by private owners.
The late Spencer Frederick Gore, whose
death, at the early age of 35 we noticed
in our issue of the 4th inst., has left a widow
and two children. We have received a letter,
signed by many names well known both in
art and literature, stating that it is pro-
posed to buy a representative canvas by him
for a public gallery, and to give the net
proceeds to Mrs. Gore, and inviting sub-
scriptions for this object. We are glad to be
able to give our readers the opportunity of
supporting this scheme. Cheques should be
sent to Mr. A. B. Clifton, 24, Burv Street,
St, James's, S.W.
The Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, for 1913,
shows that that institution has to congratu-
late itself on some important acquisitions.
Thus it has purchased Turner's ' Falls of the
Rhine at Schaffhausen ' ; has been presented
by a friend with a mastaba chamber from
Dr. Reisner's excavations in Egypt ; and has
acquired the Macomber collection of Chinese
pottery. Dr. Ross has given an early
Chinese stone figure in memory of M. Oka-
kura. In the Print Department the acces-
sions by gift, bequest, or transfer number
2,912, of which the chief is the Bullard
Bequest of 1,815 prints, including Mantegna's
' Battle of the Sea Gods,' 11 proofs of Hol-
bein's ' Dance of Death,' 34 woodcuts by
Albrecht Diirer, and 535 prints of Turner's
' Liber Studiorum.' This last forms the
most comprehensive set ever brought to-
gether.
Last Wednesday being the second anni-
versary of the loss of the Titanic, the cloister
erected at Godalming in memory of John
George Phillips, the chief wireless operator,
who was a native of the town, was unveiled
by Mr. St. Loe Strachey, High Sheriff of
Surrey. A memorial tablet occupies the
centre bay of the screen wall opposite the
entrance, with a blocked bay on either hand,
and two open arches right and left. The
screen wall is built with purple bricks, and on
the outside, between two buttresses, is a
covered seat under a pitched gable. The
covered walks are of heavy oak timbers and
posts, with projecting eaves, having eight
bays north and south. The main entrance
is on the west side. The exterior of the
cloister is plain, and intended to be covered
with creepers. The design is the work of
Mr. H. Thackeray Turner.
The Duke of Norfolk has been elected a
Vice-President of the Royal Society of Arts
in place of the late Sir Wrilliam Lee-Warner.
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
THE A Til EN /El' M
565
\Yk are glad to learn that the public are
responding with some alacrity to the appeal
of the Chapter of St. Paxil's Cathedral for
contributions towards the Preservation Fund.
The Clothworkers' Company have voted
1,0002., the Mercers' Company 500X, the
Vintners' Company 1061., and the Eccle-
siastical Commissioners have agreed to give
a tenth part of the money expended, up to
7. "00/. The total of the 'fund at present is
10.000/. This is, however, still far from
what is required, and tin- Chapter urge that
throughout the country those who are
anxious to see the Cathedral made secure, at
least against ordinary risk, should send in
their contributions as soon as possible.
Delay unduly prolonged may prove of
melancholy consequence, and the most
difficult and delicate of the necessary opera-
tions, that oi making safe the supports of
the dome, will alone be a very expensive
undertakirj
A eeplica of Bristol Castle — long
since destroyed — will be amongst the inter-
esting features of the Bristol International
Exhibition which opens on May 28th. The
castle was razed utterly to the ground by
order of Oliver Cromwell, and it is only after
arch in our national museums and the
Record Office that the architects of the
Exhibition have been able to " reconstruct "
the building. The structure, which is being
erected in the Exhibition grounds, will be
devoted to the accommodation of a loan
collection of relics of the Navy and Army.
A strong London Committee for securing
this collection has been formed — of which Sir
trge Frampton, Mr. "William Hole, Mr.
Guy Taking, and Mr. A. G. Temple, are
members, and Mr. ('. R. Chisman, and Mr.
F. A. Kincaid-Fergusson joint secretaries.
It has already been successful in securing
many objects of interest, and we are asked
to invite readers who may be in possession
of any such associated with the personnel of
the Navy and Army, past and present, and
are willing to contribute them towards the
collection, to communicate with any of the
above. The Committee meets at 61, Craven
House, Kingsway, AV.C.
The French Chamber of Deputies has
recently passed a Bill creating an office,
endowed with a special fund, for the preser-
vation and restoration of all monuments
of local interest. This office will be under
the control of the Ministry for Public
I -t ruction and Fine Arts, by which it
will be subsidized.
AVe have received the first number of a
little monthly publication, brought out in
glisfa and French, entitled Art in Europe,
and edited by Mr. Seymour de Ricci. "A
monthly paper,'' says the editor, in his pre-
liminary paragraphs on ' Our Aims and
Methods,' '" is in the position to combine
reliable information with scientific accu-
Theee matters are so nearly com-
1 'iued by the nature of things that it might be
thought that, so far as they are concerned,
the efforts of an editor were almost super-
fluous. However, the former at least, con-
veyed in short pithy paragraphs, and fetched
frorn sources not easily accessible, should be
widely welcome. 9 and collections fur-
nish the chief substance of the present num-
ber, of which the illustrations are good and
the English quaint.
Messrs. Cassell announce the issue in
fortnightly parts of 'Great Pictures by
( treat Painters,' which will present a hundred
masterpieces of various schools and conn trie-,
with notes by Mr. Arthur Fish. The picture*
will be leproduei-d l»y the latest colour pro-
■nd will be printed on canvas screen
paper in order to retain as far as possible
the glow and warmth of the originals.
MUSIC
MUSICAL EDUCATION.
Aura! Culture bated upon Musical Appre-
ciation. Bv Stewart Macpherson and
Ernest Read. Part II. (Joseph Wil-
liams, 3s. (id. net.)
A Guide to the Chasserant Method of Educa-
tion. By Marian P. Gibb. (Heine-
mann, '6s. 6d. net.)
To many musicians it may seem strange
that there is any necessity to emphasize
the fact that musical knowledge without
corresponding development of musical
perception is useless. At one time, if a
teacher, understanding its importance, hap-
pened to explain to a pupil what phrasing
meant, or spoke to him about form or
style, parents would at once remind him
that their child was not going to become
a professional musician or composer —
that he was merely to learn to play the
piano. The result was as unsatisfactory
as would be learning to read words with-
out knowledge of their meaning, connexion,
and relative importance. In early days,
in order to teach the piano to children,
the only qualification generally thought
necessary was a fair stock of patience.
There was no attempt made to interest
them in any way, or to induce them to
think and express their thoughts. If the
notes of a piece were correct as given in
the book, it was regarded as learnt ;
while other teachers who probably knew
better thought that sufficient for the time
being. Efforts are now being made to
train teachers in their business, and make
them understand that the right training of
children is a responsible yet delightful
occupation. It will take time to get rid
of the old methods, which easily led to
the prevalent and still-existing notion
that classical music, though clever, is dry.
This second part of Messrs. Stewart
Macpherson and Ernest Read's work on
' Aural Culture ' is, like Part I., solely a
" Guide to Teachers." To enter into its
details is not necessary. The authors are
men of wide knowledge and experience ;
moreover, they do not wish their Guide
to be regarded as setting forth any rigid
form of teaching.
Madame Chassevant is mentioned as
'• one of the first pioneers of what is now-
regarded as sound musical education," and
in this Guide we are constantly reminded
thai her method is of the right kind. One
point specially strikes us, namely, the im-
portance she attaches to ear- training. Her
firsl work on musical (ducat ion appeared in
I 872, and at that time ear-training was not
the burning question it is today: many
conscientious teachers had never thought
of it. and • learning music " was to most
pupils and then parents synonymous with
•• learning to play the piano." The points
of agreemenl between Madame Chs
vant's method and that of today are
numerous. Time and the idea of har-
mony are ingeniously taught by means of
stories and pictures.
A method may be good, but its suc-
cess depends alike on the personality of
the teacher and the capacity of the pupils.
The author justly remarks that " the best
teachers seldom take two classes in the
same way." If, therefore, the letter rather
than the spirit of the Chassevant method as
described by Miss Gibb is followed, the
result may prove disappointing. Of the
stories just mentioned we are told that
they are " merely suggestive." The great
feature is the appeal to the imagination
of children. Those engaged in teaching
may not agree with every detail in the
book, but all must admire the broad
lines on which the method is based.
Three Courses of Solfege on the Chasse-
vant Method, forming a series of studies-
and exercises (many of them folk-tunes of
various nationalities), have been prepared
by Miss Gibb. Each Course is published
separately, Is. <dd., 2s. M., and 3s-
respectively.
MUSIC AT TORQUAY.
Mr. Basil Hindenberg, who was
appointed municipal conductor at Tor-
quay in 1912, arranged a Wagner Festival
in the following year. The local orchestra
was reinforced by players from London,
and the scheme Avas carried out with
conspicuous success.
This year the orchestra is still largerr
including in all seventy members, and
the programmes offer works by various
composers, notably British. At the first
concert, Bach was represented by the short
' Brandenburg ' Concerto in G for Strings,
but with the exception of that and the
bright ' Carneval ' Overture by Dvorak,
the rest of the music was quite modern.
No slight to the classical and early ro-
mantic schools was intended. Mr. Hin-
denberg, at the ordinary concerts through-
out the season, is performing all manner
of works, from Bach to Brahms. The
programmes of the other two concerts,
on Thursday, were of the same kind ;
these, however, came too late for notice
this week. It is evidently intended to
give the Festival a special modern cha-
racter. The public, it is true, does not
fight shy of novelties, as in earlier
days ; yet the scheme implies a consider-
able amount of enterprise, and so far.
we are glad to find, the attendance bas
been large. Seaside resorts certain!}
want instruction in the art of music.
The endeavour of the municipal authori-
ties is evidently to make Torquay the
greatest musical centre in the We-t oi
England. They have built an excellent
concerl hall, in which there is Beating
accommodation for 1,800 persons. The
total income for the firsl year was over
16,0002. Thai amount did not cover the
but it included large initial e\pen
thai this year a much more favourable
report \t expected. There seems no reason
566
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
■why Torquay should not rival Bourne-
mouth in music. Mr. Hindenberg is an
intelligent conductor, and something of
an enthusiast.
The first concert last Wednesday after-
noon opened with Dvorak's bright ' Car-
neval ' Overture, after which came
Strauss's symphonic poem ' Till Eulen-
spiegel,' which was given under the direc-
tion of Mr. Thomas Beecham. This is
■one of Strauss's most genial works, and
therefore most suitable to present to an
audience, many of whom probably were
not acquainted with the music. The
rendering of it was remarkably good, both
in letter and in spirit. Among the few
great interpreters of Strauss's music Mr.
Beecham holds a high place. Many con-
ductors may know what they want, but
cannot convey it in the same magnetic
manner.
The novelty of the afternoon was an
orchestral suite, ' The Pool.' Mr. G. H.
Clutsam, the composer, has within recent
years had one opera produced at Covent
Garden, and another in Germany.
This suite is based on a mimo-
drama produced at the Alhambra in
London in 1912 ; the music, however, for
concert purposes has been considerably
altered. There are six sections, of which
the ' Dance of Melisande ' and ' Nocturne '
seem the most taking. The music is
natural, graceful, and effectively scored.
Mr. Hindenberg secured a successful
performance of it.
Mr. Josef Holbrooke was represented
by his Symphonic Variations on ' The
Girl I left behind Me,' a work in which
he has tried to appeal to the public by a
well-known melody and the introduction
of other national airs, and to musicians
by various contrapuntal devices and out-
of-the-way orchestration. The result can
scarcely be considered felicitous. An ex-
cerpt, ' Wavering Fires,' was also given
from his ' Children of Don,' the ungrateful
vocal part of which was sung with courage
by Mr. Mullings. Mr. Holbrooke is a
clever musician, but what he offered was
not of his best.
Miss Carrie Tubb was heard in the
closing scene from ' Salome.' Tiiere were
very good points in her singing, but the
performance did not produce the right
atmosphere. It may have been Miss
Tubb's first attempt, and as such deserves
a good word.
DRAMA
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Hon. CoDcert, 3.30, Royal Alhert Hall.
— Sunday Concert Society, 3 30, (Queen's Hall.
SI .—Sat. Royal Opera, Covent Garden.
Mox, Beethoven Festival, 3, Queen'** Hall.
— elicia Borelle's Violin Kecital, 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
T . Beethoven Festival, 8, Queen's Hall.
Wed. Beethoven Festival, 3, Queen's Hall.
— Ernst von Dohuanvi and Louis Pecskii's Pianoforte and
Violin Recital, 8 15. .Eolian Hall.
— Royal Amateur Orchestral Society, 8.30, Queen's Hall.
Thdr . Beethoven Festival. 8, Queen's Hall.
— Lily Foxon's Pianoforte Kecital, 8, Bechstein Hall.
m. Josef Holbrooke's Concert, 8.30, Alts Centre.
Thomas Perceval Fielden's Pianoforte Kecital, 3, Bechstein
Hall.
— Queen's Hall Orchestra, 3, Queen's Hall.
— Beethoven Festival, 8, Queen's Hall.
Elizabethan Drama and its Mad Folk :
the Harness Prize Essay for 1913.
By Edgar Allison Peers. (Cambridge,
Heffer & Sons, 8s. 6d. net.)
The distinction between the writers for
the theatre in Shakespeare's time and
those of to-day is that the former were
acknowledged poets. This did not infer
that they were necessarily to be regarded
as men of culture, since Elizabethan
poetry was the spontaneous expression
of the national mind, and language had
not yet become differentiated by the
speech of the artisan or of the tradesman
from that of the courtier. Whether it
was Spenser the laureate or Taylor the
Water-poet who wrote in verse, the
imagery and feeling which made it poetry
gave the writers little personal claim to
fame. Poetry, indeed, was the less valued
because all those who wrote plays made
use of it, and thus earned for themselves
the then unenviable position of " dra-
matic poets."
But the lesson which all dramatists
should take to heart is that drama which
is not also literature cannot last longer
than the age which it mirrors. Those
who may search through the plays of
T. W. Robertson or H. J. Byron two
hundred years hence, to discover what
were the writers' notions of that half-
developed creature the imbecile, will not
find a description to equal in felicity of
expression and accuracy of definition that
of Fletcher : —
I asked her questious, and she answered me
80 far from what she was, so childishly,
So sillily, as if she were a fool,
An innocent.
True it is that, whether we consider the
mad folk of the Elizabethan dramatists
as men and women or as puppets of a
playwright, they stand the test of a critical
examination even from a philosophical
standpoint. The minds of these " dra-
matic poets " were stamped on every line
they wrote. Their memories stored reali-
ties Avhich their imaginations idealized.
Thus they were word-painters of humanity,
as it appeared in their time. Now their
plays have become living repositories to
which the historian turns for information
as readily as he would throw open a
window to discover what is passing in the
street below.
Even objects which are commonplace
or repulsive came under the spell of the
Elizabethan poets. They put mad folk
in their plays, knowing that uncanny folk
aroused the spectator's interest and ex-
cited a new emotion. In this way
attention was more steadily fixed on
the beauty of a character influenced
by reason and moderation. Maniacs
in themselves are rarely tragic figures,
and critics may dispute for ever as
to the purposes they serve in drama.
But in reality the question depends upon
the skill shown in the construction of the
play, upon the dispositions of the charac-
ters, and upon the amount of thought and
observation revealed by the poet in de-
picting a madman. If, however, mad folk
are to be considered only as objects for
scientific observation, they fill no void
in the imagination. They resemble
rather some object of natural history
reproduced on an engraver's plate, some
anatomical specimen which excites no
general interest. To a medical expert on
matters dealing with the insane, such as
was Dr. Bucknill, mad folk were mad folk,
and nothing more ; they were but the
doctor's patients waiting to be examined
in his surgery. There they were re-
incarnated by Dr. Bucknill in Shake-
speare's characters, which then ceased to
be the creations of the poet's brain ; so
that we can say with Cardenes : —
. . . .doctor there your reading fails you.
Those who know something of the
dramatist's art and of his methods are
tempted to be satirical in their comments
on physicians who use plays to illustrate
what is immaterial to the playgoer, and,
in fact, of little consequence to any one
outside the medical profession. It may
have served their purpose, but it is the
great merit of the present volume that
it is written by one who takes stock of
his mad folk in a sane manner ; who
realizes that the sympathies to which
the poet appeals are not those of the
medical man, but of the general reader ;
of persons possessed not of technical
knowledge, but of ordinary everyday
intelligence. The interpretation of science
does not give an intimate sense of madness.
In this the imagination of the dramatist
is superior to that of the man of science,
because the former exercises his powers
of reason and intellect, while at the
same time portraying nature and passion.
As the author of this book realizes, it is not
Dr. Bucknill who can help the reader to
understand the tragedy of madness, but
the poet who spoke for Lear when the
blind Gloster wished to kiss his sovereign's
hand : —
Let me wipe it first : it smells of moitality ;
or in Lear's heartrending petition : —
Let me have surgeons,
I am cut to the brains.
We have no hesitation in saying that this
is quite the best book yet written upon a
subject which hitherto has not received
the attention it deserves. Moreover,
it is a work which should help the
general reader to appreciate the plays
of the Elizabethan dramatists, for in
the arrangement of the subject and in
its treatment there is no lack of interest.
Although we have refrained from pointing
out some instances where we differ in
opinion from the views of Mr. Peers, we
cannot avoid challenging the statement,
endorsed by Dr. Bradley, that not Lear,
but Goneril, Edmund, and Regan are the
leading characters in tlie play. They
are to the present reviewer but instruments
in Shakespeare's hands, the machinery he
employed to bring about the tragedy, which
consists in crushing out the heart, the
brain, and finally the life, of the strong,
unyielding, but lovable King Lear.
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
THE ATI! ENiEUM
567
<
PYGMALION AT Ills MAJESTY'S.
of
in
the
the
being
the portico
of St. Paul,
Mb. Shaw has proved himself more
adaptable to the environment of Sir
Herbert Tree than the acting
latter gentleman has to his part
play, though, at the risk of
derided aa easy jesters, we can only
describe modified Shaw as " shorn "
Shaw. From the standpoint of the ordi-
nary playgoer, however, the combination
of our most lavish actor-manager and
our greatest li\ ing satirist is all to the
good. It means that on the rise of
the curtain the audience is visibly trans-
ported half a mile to
of Inigo Jones's Church
Covent Garden, and made, at least in
Bympathy, uncomfortable by the realism
of the too familiar rain that is clearing
the roadway in a fashion to make even
an up-to-date road - sweeper look for
protection to his trade union. Shelter-
ing from the downpour is a company
mixed as is only possible between the
closing of the theatres and midnight :
two apparently derelict ladies, later
joined by a "nutty" cavalier who has
failed to find them any conveyance ; the
usual loafers : a rlower-girl (Mrs. Patrick
Campbell), the Galatea of the play; Col.
Pickering (Mr. Philip Merivale), an Anglo-
Indian interested in Indian dialects, who
has come home to meet a world-famous
professor of phonetics ; and that gentle-
man himself, in the person of Prof.
Higgins (Sir Herbert Tree), otherwise
Pygmalion. This last person — we care-
fully adopt a description which stands
for the non-recognition of womanly sen-
sibility — by making notes concerning
the accents of those around him arouses
an animosity like that Pickwick evoked
in the cabman. By way of reassuring
those about him he tells them not only
their suburban birthplaces, but also, in
the case of the Anglo-Indian, his public
school, university, and after-career, where-
dpon an introduction is accomplished.
The flower-girl, however, seeking a more
substantial salve to her feelings than
the boast that her accent could be so
altered as to enable her to pass for a
duchess, has so much coin flung around
her that she is able to avail herself of
the taxi that the " nut " has at last
procured for the ladies, who on the cessation
of the rain go off in search of a more
plebeian conveyance.
The next act finds Hig'_n'ns and Picker-
ing as bachelor cronies with like interests
installed in the Wimpole Street phonetic
laboratory of the former. To them enters
a much-suffering housekeeper, Sirs. Pearce,
a matronly characterization by Geraldine
OOiffe, to announce that the flower girl
insists on an interview. The Professor
citing fresh records, consents, and
- from her a take - it - or - lea
it offer of one -< r i i 1 1 i 1 1 -_r an hour for lessons
to improve her accent, in order that she
may set up as an indoor florist. She
n iturally accounts the sum handsome, as a
" pal " pays only eighteenpence for leas ms
in the French lan'_rna<_rc. The Professor
moved by the large proportion of her
income she is willing to expend — equal,
as he says, to a millionaire's (>(>/. — and
because he has wagered that he can in
a few months pass the flower-girl off as a
duchess, takes the trouble to overcome her
scruples to being cleaned, &o, and,
after a colloquy which is far too
long drawn out, persuades her to stop.
During the bath interlude her father,
a dustman, arrives, and we receive
his views on life and the " ginger " to be
got out of it bva member of the undeserv-
ing poor. His income is mostly derived
from "touching" people for money, and
though, being convinced of the honourablc-
ness of the Professor's intentions, he some-
what regrets that he cannot ask 50/. instead
of 5/., he makes good his claim to
that amount out of the transaction.
The Professor expressing a wish to make
it 10/., we get one of the most incisive
touches of the play. The dustman prefers
a "* fiver," which is the amount he can
" blue " with the greatest irresponsibility,
whereas 10/. might induce a feeling of
prudence. That one point alone might
well serve to unlock the understanding of
many who talk glibly, but ignorantly,
concerning the lack of thrift among the
poor.
The period which elapses between this
act and the next, when Eliza makes an
afternoon call on Higgins's mother, is
advisedly left undefined. Her pronuncia-
tion has been altered, but it is
now almost as stilted as her fund of
small talk, which is culled from such
sources as the meteorological reports.
As soon, however, as conversation flows
be3rond the weather, she astonishes
the assembled company by the use of
language vividly descriptive of occur-
rences common to her unreformed pho-
netic days and expletives common, thanks
to her intimacy with the Professor, to both
periods of her life. One expletive, which
many men share with the so-called lower
class, made quite a successfid stage debut,
though a young lady caller, who surmises
she has been treated to the latest Society
phrase and repeats the adjective when
she makes her exit, appears to have
shocked at least one of our sensitive eon-
temporaries. We admit that its senseless
repetition has often annoyed us, but we
consider Mr. Shaw's use of it as pointed
as was that of the bricklayer who, under
different conditions, after vainly trying
to explain the idea of the single vote, found
that the only way to the comprehension
of his mate was by placing the adjective
before the words " single vote " and
" Bingle man." If other justification for
the introduction is wanted, it may be
found in the fact that it enables the
a'-tors to give 8 revelation of their character
in the face of the unusual, which they
accomplish to the life. For instance, the
"nut, Freddy Eynsford-Hill, admirably
acted by Mr. Algernon Greig, whose
hilarity at the girl's anachronisms has
been hut ill-concealed, is flabbergasted;
while Carlotta Addison as his mother,
used to the conventional restrictions
imposed by respectable poverty, shudders
with shocked sensibility. After her callers
have all gone, Higgins s mother, recogniz-
ing the callous and ignorant* selfishness of
the male in pursuit of a comparatively
ephemeral purpose, gives vent to her
feelings in a repeated cry of " Oh, men ! ;'
which conveys a far more real, though
severely brief invective.
On the night of Eliza's successful im-
personation of a duchess Higgins is given
the chance of recognizing that he is dealing
with a human being, and not a mechanical
toy. Arriving home more than usually
weary, he misses one of Eliza's numerous
small attentions, and brings not only his
slippers hurtling at his head from the
hands of his pupil, but also some plain
speaking as to the dreariness of her future
outlook. This scene will no doubt,
during the run of the piece, afford
Mrs. Patrick Campbell the opportunity
for the display to the full of her gift for
tragedy. On the first night we missed
an expected intensity, though in the other
phases of the character she more than
fulfilled our expectations. Eliza, realiz-
ing the uselessness of expecting recognition
of her womanhood, leaves the house, and
is found the next morning at the house of
Higgins's mother.
Before she is called into the presence
of the distraught gentlemen who have
followed her thither, we are treated to
another scene with the dustman-father,
so well played by Mr. Edmund Gurney.
Transformed and greatly inconvenienced
by the possession of 3,000/. a year, he
comes to accuse Prof. Higgins of being
the cause of his having been made the
victim of a middle-class morality which
insists upon the marriage he is on his
way to take a principal's part in. After a
long life governed by few self-imposed
restraints, he dreads a future wherein he
is in turn to become the victim of the
touching-for-money process. The exposi-
tion of .Shavian views is here Mr. Gurney's
principal purpose, but we found ourselves
wishing for a greater retention of the
diction and characteristics which gave
so inimitable a touch to his first appear-
ance.
Had we left the theatre shortly after
the reappearance of Eliza, we should have
saved ourselves from listening to a good
deal of what seemed more or less nieanhi"-
■
less dialogue to the accompaniment of
(piite meaningless fist thumping on the
part of Sir Herbert Tree. We can only
hope that so well versed an actor will
agree to such mollification of exuberance
as will not obscure what is really an
admirable character study.
Eliza's future is left uncertain, Inn
the moral of the play is contained in the
Professor's query, " !)<> any of us under-
stand what we are doing, and should we do
it if we did ?" At leasl Mr. Shaw trio
to help us to understanding, and he can
hardly he blamed it most of the playgoing
public prefer the retention oi their own
self-sufficiency.
568
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4512, April 18, 1914
Dramatir (Sossip.
Geniality is the effect produced, at any
rate on the audience, by the mixture entitled
'Potash and Perlmiitter,' produced at the
■Queen's Theatre last Tuesday. The author,
Mr. Montague Glass, is to be greatly con-
gratulated on resuscitating the belief that
there still exists a large public which wants
light amusement, free from any underlying
innuendo. The protagonists are two Jewish
gentlemen, partners in a ladies' clothing
business. The soft manner of the one and
the exterior hardness of the other lead to a
constant bickering which is quite delightful,
because it is at once realized that nothing
"will ever shake the real respect each bears
for the other.
Those accidents which happen in the best
regulated office, such as the tout gaining
admission to the partners, and being mis-
taken for a multi-millionaire, add to the
gaiety of the piece. The pathos is just as
simply obtained by portraying the conjugal
love of one partner, and the other partner's
wooing of their head designer. For tragedy
the play relies on the arrest, on a capital
political charge, of a young Russian whom the
partners have befriended. From a capable
■cast Madeline Seymour stands out as the
firm's designer, but the American Yiddish
lingo and actions of the two partners as
presented by Messrs. Robert Leonard and
Augustus Yorke are the greatest attractions.
The piece is all the more refreshing in that
no reliance is placed on intricacy of plot.
We reproduce the following from a corre-
spondent aged 8 : —
" The play that is being performed in the Little
Theatre in London, namely ' Brer Rabbit and
Mr. Fox,' is very attractive to children of ages
■from 7 to 10. Uncle Remus tells the story very
well. Brer Rabbit is also very good ; he shows
great tact for his riding, because he rides Mr. Fox
(who is always on the watch for him) to the frolic
in Brer Rabbit's wood (the frolic has been ar-
ranged by Miss Meadows, who is one of the village
girls ). The dresses are very good ; they have
very nice and gay colours.
" In the first scene Uncle Remus, who seems full
of stories, and who is a nigger, explains a bit of
the story to two children, who sit either side of
him. After [he] is ended, the curtain is drawn up,
revealing to the audience Brer Rabbit's wood ;
the rabbit's burrow is at the back of the stage, it
is shaded by trees. Brer Rabbit and his friend
Brer Fox are discovered talking together to the
left of the stage.
" Brer Fox, who vows he will make a rabbit pie
of Brer Rabbit, gets a tar baby, which he sticks up
just beside the rabbit burrow; this is because he
thinks Brer Rabbit will touch this baby, and so
etick to the tar of which it is made. Brer Bear,
who is rather inquisitive, touches it, and imme-
diately gets stuck by his paw, but Brer Fox
•rescues ; but his fur is suddenly torn away, he
whimpers a little over it, but not for long." All
then go off into the wood. Then Brer Rabbit
■creeps out of his burrow ; he has long ears, brown
fur costume, and a little white tail. He sees the
baby, and begins to talk to it ; of course, it never
speaks ; then Brer Rabbit gets angry and strikes,
consequently he gets stuck by the arm of his coat.
Then Brer Fox and Brer Bear come in and
begin to laugh at him ; they decide to burn the
poor rabbit, but his kindred come out of the
burrow and take off his coat, therefore he is
released.
" At the biggening of each scene Uncle Remus
[tells] a little of the story ; after he has finished in
Scene If., the curtain is drawn up, revealing out-
side the house of Mr. Man (Mr. Man is a nigger
who lives in the wood). Miss Duck is discovered
washing clothes just outside the house; she has a
white head, large Happy wings, and a checked
apron.
" Jeanne (who is Mr. Man's daughter) is looking
out of the window. Just then Brer Rabbit enters ;
he tells Miss Goose that she better roost high that
evening, because Brer Fox whicjcs [!] to eat her.
So Miss Goose climbs a tree with the aid of Brer
Rabbit, who had been talking to her when Brer
Bear entered. Just then they hear Mr. Man
corning home, so Brer Bear goes off into the
wood, and Brer Rabbit hides himself by the side
of the house.
" The scenery is very good, but I think the
human faces could be more completely hidden
under the animal masks than they are."
The manuscript is evidently disjointed
and fragmentary ; there is much more
of it, but we have quoted sufficient to show
not only that Mrs. Percy Dearmer can
interest her audience while in the theatre,
but also that the interest remains after-
wards. We fully endorse the praise of
Mr. Frank G. Dunn as Uncle Remus, and
Fvelyn Althaus as Sindy Ann was most satis-
factory ; but the manner of Mr. Hayden Coffin,
though reminiscent of bygone nautical parts
in light opera, appeared to us out of place,
and we fear he was suffering from loss of
voice. The general effect was most com-
mendable, and the music and dancing
excellent. More than a score of animals
and human creatures unite to please young
and old. The antics of the former might be
increased. Mother Goose's waddling to
and fro and terrified cackling in the face
of danger were highly effective.
The idea of a Matinee Holiday Season
has our warmest support, and the present
writer would rather spend an afternoon with
a child at the Little Theatre than at any
other entertainment in London.
A new one-act play, ' Kinship,' by Mr. J.
Bernard MacCarthy, was produced last week
at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, by the new
company, and was followed by Lady Gre-
gory's amusing adaptation of Goldoni's
comedy ' Mirandolina,' in which Miss Carleen
Shedden acted with vivacity in the title-part.
Two new plays by Miss Annie Lloyd and
Mr. Cruise O'Brien were also given last
week at the Abbey Theatre by an amateur
company. ' Candidates.' by Mr. O'Brien, is
an entertaining comedy of the humours of an
Irish election ; while Miss Lloyd's play, ' A
Question of Honour,' showed considerable
talent in the handling of a difficult situation.
Both plays were excellently staged and
acted.
At the National Union of Teachers'
Conference at Lowestoft, which we notice
in another column, great success attended
the display of a kinematograph film
showing Dr. Montessori teaching in one
of her well-known " Children's Houses "
in Rome. Special matinees were arranged
by Messrs. Heinemann, the publishers, and
Messrs. Philip & Tacey, manufacturers of
the Montessori apparatus. In addition to
the film, a short account of the system was
given.
M. Andre Antoine has resigned the post
of Directeur of the Odeon. The reasons for
this decision are numerous ; but the chief
seems to be that M. Antoine fell a victim
to his too scrupulous artistic conceptions.
He maintained the principle that a play,
however short its run, should be produced
with the greatest luxury of costume and
scenery ; and he gave an average of more
than forty plays a year, some of them being
performed only once or twice. For the last
year or two he struggled with difficulties
which can easily be imagined, and quite
lately the Minister for Fine Arts had to help
by granting him an additional subsidy of
5,0001. But this proved insufficient, the
liabilities a.mounting to 12,000Z. It is
hoped that the Government will find a way
to save M. Antoine from the disgrace of
being declared insolvent.
To Correspondents. — I. T.— H. W. K.— F. J. H. D.—
C. C. S.— J. C. H.— Received.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 570.]
THE
Educational Times.
(Founded 1847.)
A Monthly Record of Secondary Education.
The Educational Times, while not
neglecting any phase of education, has for its
more immediate aim the promotion of solidarity
among Secondary Teachers in both Public and
Private Schools.
With that object in view, the Educational
Times endeavours to keep its readers fully
informed on important educational events and
movements.
Secondary Schoolmasters and Schoolmistresses
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The comforts ot a refined home. Thorough education on the principle
of a sound mini in a sound body. Preparation for Examinations if
desired. French and Germ iu a speciality. Large grounds, high and
healthy position.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Tamworth.—
Training for Home or Colonies. College Farm, 1,000 acres. Vet.
Science. Smiths' Work, Carpentry, Riding and Shooting taught. Ideal
open-air life for delicate Boys. Charges moderate. Get Prospectus.
MADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
Keith llon<e, in 1*5. REGENT STREET, W.. English and
Foreign Govern-mes. Lady Professors, Teachers. Chaperones. Com-
panions, Secret <rics. Renders. Introduced for Home and Abroad,
(«chools recomni'.nd-d and proi ik-ci uses with full information, gratis
on application (personal or by letter), stating requirements. Office
boars. 10-S ; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent 3627
EDUCATION (choice of SCHOOLS and TUTORS
gratis).
PROSPECTUSES of ENGLISH and CONTINENTAL SCHOOLS,
and of ARMY. CIVIL SERVICE, and UNIVERSITY TUTORS.
Sent free of charge! to Parents on receipt of requirements by
>.KI1 riTaS POWELL. SMITH 4 FAWCETT, 8chool Agents.
i:-tablished 1333.)
34, Bedford 8treet. Strand. Telephone, 7'ril Gerrard.
Situations tfarant.
NEWCASTLE - UPON - TYNE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
RUTHERFuRU 0O&US1 IBOOHDABY DAY 8CHOOL FOR
BOYS.
Head Muter— Mr. J. B. GAUNT, B.A. B.Sc.
WANTED it, SEPTEMBER, a HIGHER GRADE FORM
MASTER for History and English. Salary 1501 per annum, rising
by 101. per annum to jii'il ; alto a SENIOR FORM MASTER for
HUtory. English, and Latin. Salary INK., rising by 101. per annum to
bini th- commencing salaries, allowance will be made for
suitable experience and satisfactory service in other Secondary
Schools by re> k, nin2 three quarters of each completed year's previous
service, bat omittincr any friction of a year below one half, aud In no
case exceeding the mtximtnn of the '
Application forms may lie obtained by forwarding stamped
addressed foolscap envelope to THE SECRETARY. Education
Office. Nortl. ,'ii>., rlm.1 Road. Newcastle -unon-l vh<*
Application* mmt be received not later than MAY 19. 1914.
D
s.
a II
EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AND TE< 1INP AL ISSTRt < Tlo.N K'lR IRELAND
NAL Ml SUM Of I IBOI AND ART. IHBLI.V
1 '' , '-■ - %HT In the Irish An-.iquities
■ Airplications for nomination to soomnta at
n f,,r this post •hoillil l>e Slid I— Sid to THE
KETAHY. In re and Technical InstrnrUoD,
' I m whom forms of application
and further particulars can l« obtained. The latest date for
mg applications is MAY 11.
Apri.
G
LASGOW
ATHEN.KUM
COLLEGE.
COMMERCIAL
(Constituted a Central Institution under the Scotch
Education Department.)
LECTURER IN FRENCH.
Applications are invited from Gentlemen qualified for the above
post, vacant through the death of M. Robert-Tissot, M.A. (Oxon.).
The classes meet in the Afternoon and Evening from September
to April, thus giving opportunity for Private Teaching as approved
by the Couucil.
Minimum salary 3007. per annum.
Applicants must have teaching experience and a University
degree.
Canvassing, either direct or indirect, will be a disqualification.
Forms of application and memorandum of particulars regarding
the post may he obtained from GEORGE P. LAIDLAW, XI. A. B.Sc,
Director of Studies.
Forms must be returned along with one copy of three recent
testimonials not later than FRIDAY, May 8.
STUART S. FORSYTH, Secretary.
St. George's Place. Glasgow.
u
NIVERSITY OF DUBLIN.
TRINITY COLLEGE.
REID PROFESSORSHIP OF PENAL LEGISLATION.
CONSTITUTIONAL AND CRIMINAL LAW AND THE
LAW OF EVIDENCE.
Under the provisions of the Reid Trust, an Examination for the
above Professorship will be held in Trinity College on JUNE !), 1914,
and Two Following Days.
The Programme of the Examination, and information as to the
conditions of tenure, duties, and salary of the office, can be obtained
on application to THE REGISTRAR, Trinity College, Dublin.
B
RE WOOD GRAMMAR
STAFFORDSHIRE.
SCHOOL,
A HEAD MA8TER is REQUIRED for the above School, to enter
upon his duties after the Summer Vacation. 8alary 200i., with capitation
fees, amounting to 10"!. for the year 1913. Accommodation for thirty-
five Boarders in the Head Master's Hou6e. The School is in receipt
of grants from the Board of Education. There is an agricultural side,
maintained by special grants from the Staffordshire County Council,
great importance being attached to its efficiency. Candidates must be
Graduates of a University in the United Kingdom. Applications,
accompanied by copies of not more than three recent testimonials,
and. if desired, the names of referees, must be received, on or before
MAY' 15 next, by the undersigned, from whom further particulars
can be obtained.
FREDERICK T. LANGLEY, Clerk to the Governors.
79, Darlington Street, Wolverhampton.
April 21, 1914.
WATFORD BOYS' GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
APPOINTMENT OF HEAD MASTER.
The Governors invite applications for the appointment of HEAD
MASTER of the WATFORD BOYS' GRAMMAR SCHOOL (a
Secondary Day School). Salary ."lOOt.. rising by 251. a year to MOi.
The person appointed will be required to take up duties on
SEPTEMBER 14. 1914.
Applicants must be between the ages of 27 and 40. and must be
Graduates of a University in the United Kingdom.
The present number of Scholars is 310.
Full particulars of the appointment and printed form of applica-
tion, which alone can be received, may be obtained from the under-
signed on receipt of a stamped addressed foolscap envelope.
Application forms to be returned not later than MAY 30, 1914.
Canvassing a disqualification.
FREDERICK WILSON, Clerk to the Governors.
Watford Place, Watford, April 24, 1914.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
GRAVESEND HIGHER EDUCATION SUBCOMMITTEE.
COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
HEAD MISTRESS REQUIRED in SEPTEMBER for the new
County School Ithe present mixed School will be divided into two
separate Schools). Candidates must be Graduates of a Briti«)i
University, and experienced in Secondary School woi k. Initial
salary not less than 200i. per annum, according to qualifications and
experience, with increments in accordance with the Committee's
scale.
Forms of application and scale of salaries may lie obtained from
Mr. J. A STIRTON, Technical Institute, Gravcsend. to whom
applications should lie sent not later than noon on MAY 18, 1914.
Canvassing will tie considered a disqualification
By Order of the Committee.
ERAS W CROOK, Secretary.
Sessions House, Maidstone, April 14, 1914.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
ASHFoRD LOCAL HIGHER Klil'CATI'iN SC I; CUM MITTEE.
i :. i | m HOOl KM girls, asiikhrd.
WANTED IMMEDIATELY. in ASSISTANT MISTRESS.
,lly qualified In Fren -b Mathematics »nd gencial Krmli-li
Ixiui-r Forms a recommendation, Go<,.| sxportenos and
traiiii' il Initial snJary 1«I. per annum, rising, subji
►atndm tori mi i li I, by annual Increments to i ■• ■' per annum
Forms of application may be obtained from Mr W ■) BPICIR,
■ I i, Btreel Ashford, and should he c mpleted and returned,
,.r with tlim- n !-. «" "'"in »» poaalhle l
• • ... Mi-- DA\ KY. at i on Is too, i ollejs Road, Ulswottb,
Mlddli
Canvassing will Ik- considered a dl»qii«llficallnn-
Bj Order of the Comm
i it «.s \v ( ROOK, Si.i.tsry.
Sessions House. Maidstone. April II, 1914.
Yearly Subscription, free «5y p'ost^ Inland,
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The Publishers will be much obliged to
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obtaining copies of the paper.
THE ATHENiEUM is published on
FRIDAY MORNING at 8.30.
/BOUNTY BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND.
BEDE COLLEGIATE GIRLS' 80HOOL.
Head Mistress-Miss M. F. BOON. M.A.
WANTED, in SEPTEMBER, a SCIENCE MISTRESS (Chemistry.
Elementary Science, Botany). An Honours Degree or its equivalent
and good Secondary School experience essential. Needlework a
recommendation. Salary 100Z. to I BO J. according to scale; initial
amount dependent on qualifications.
Application form, which should be returned not later than MAY' 19,
and salary scale obtainable on sending stamped addressed envelope
to the undersigned. HERBERT REED, Secretary.
Education Department. IS, John Street, Sunderland.
April, 1914.
MANCHESTER HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
WANTED, for 8EPTEMBER, TWO ASSISTANT MISTRESSES
who must lie College Women. Salary according to scale. Pension
Fund. Posts vacant are:—
1. Mathematical Specialist to prepare for College Scholarship
Examinations High Honour Degree essential
2- Junior Geography Mistress. Must also be qualified to teach
either Mathematics, English, or French.
Apply to THE HEAD MISTRESS before Whitsuntide.
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THE AUTHORS' ALLIANCE arc prepared to
consider and plane MBS i-i early publloatlon utanr* i
all kinds di ilt nub b] SIperti Who plaM Aiithms' interest first.
Twenty years' experience i Clemen t'l Inn. w,
printers.
ATHEN.KCM PRES8.— JOHN EDWARD
FRANCIS Printer of the /tfAeno" ' and OsMrtse> Aft. li
C.MI'I EHTIMATESf.il all km, I. of liniiK. NEWS,
and PERIOD"! AL I'UIVII.M, -U, "
1 I I
kinds oi BOOK,
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574
T H E A T H E N M U M
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
^akr. bn Ruction.
7'I/tf JOi/iV ELIOT 110DGK1S COLLECTIONS.
The famous Collections formed bq that well-known Antiquary
and Collector, the late J J UN ELIOT UOOGKIN, Esq.,
F.S.A. F.R.Uist S (sold by Order of the Executors).
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.O., each Sale commencing at 1 o'clock precisely: —
On MONDAY, April 27, and the Following Day,
THE TRADE CARDS, BOOK-PLATES, BROADSIDES,
&c, including a large Collection of French Book-Plates, embodying
thesuptrb Collection of the MARQUIS DE 110/ IE KE3, and many
important examples from the Collection of the late BARON JEROME
PICHuN, &c.
On TUESDAY. May 12. and Three Following Days, and on
MONDAY, May IS, and Following Day, the
LIBRARY.
Each Portion of the Collection will be on view two days prior to the
Sale. Catalogues of each Portion may be had. Illustrated Copies,
price Is. each, for the Trade Cards, and 2s. 6<(. each for the Library.
Ancient and Modern Pictures and Drawings.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House. No 13, Wellington
Street, Strand. W.C, on WEDNESDAY, April 29. at 1 o'clock pre-
cis ly. ANCIENT and MODERN PICTURED and DRAWINGS, in
Water-Colours and Pastel, including the Property of LORD
GLANUSK; the Property of MAJOR-GENERAL STERLING, of
249, Knightsbridge, S.W.; the Property of LORD BRAY E. and other
Properties.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
Copies, containing 2 Plates, price Is. each.
Autograph Letters and Historical Documents.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. IS, Wellington
Street. 8trand, W.C, on THURSDAY, April 30, and Following Day,
at 1 oclck precisely. AUTOGRAPH LETTERS and HISTORICAL
DOCUMENT-*, the Property of Mrs. 8CHLOESSER, Admiral J. A.
BAKER of the Dell, Malvern Wells, and other Pr opeities.
May be viewed two days prior Catalogues may be had.
Modern Etchings, Engravings, Draivings, and Lithographs.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13. Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C , on FRIDAY, May 1, and MONDAY, May 4,
at 1 o'clock precisely, MODERN ETCHINGS, ENGRAVINGS,
DRAWINGS, and LITHOGRAPHS, comprising the Property of the
late ARTHUR BAKER, Esq. (sold by order of the Executors), and
other Properties.
May be viewed two davs prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
Copies, containing Two Plates, price Is. each.
Valuable Books, including Libraries removed from
Devonshire and Yorkshire.
PUTTIUK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on THURSDAY,
April 30, and Following Day, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock
precisfly, VALUABLE BOOKS, including the above Libraries, com
prising a Collection of Works on Dancing -Set of the Chemical
Society, and Archaeologia— Chamberlaine's Imitations of Original
Drawings by Holbein, First Edition — Books with Coloured Plates and
Sporting Books, including the Dance of Life, Life in London,
Analysis of the Hunting Field, Gambado, &c — First and Standard
Library Editions, Medical Works, and Books in all branches of
Literature.
Engravings, including the Property of the late W. H.
Taylor, Esq , of Gravelly Hill, Birmingham (sold by Order
of the Executors).
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on FRIDAY', May 1,
at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, ENGRAVINGS, com-
prising Fancy Subjects, Portraits. &c, the Property of a NOBLE-
MAN ; Caricatures, Naval and Military Subjects, Sporting, Hunting,
and Coaching Incidents, the Collection of Topography formed by the
late W. H. TAYLOR, Esq., of Gravelly Hill, Birmingham (sold by
Order of the Executors) ; Water-colour Drawings, the Property of a
LADY, removed from North London, and Modern Etchings and
Engravings.
MESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St. James's
Square:—
On MONDAY, April 27, at 1 o'clock precisely,
the REMAINING WORKS of the late J. H. F. BACON, Esq., A.R.A.
M.V.O., and PICTURES from other sources.
On MONDAY, April 27, at 2 o'clock precisely,
the CELLAR of WINES of WILLIAM JAMES, Esq., deceased, late
of West Dean Park, Chichester.
On TUESDAY, April 28, and Following Day,
at 1 o'clock precisely. OLD ENGLISH, CONTINENTAL and
ORIENTAL PORCELAIN from various sources, and PERSIAN
FAIENCE, the Property of a GENTLEMAN.
On THURSDAY, April 30, at 1 o'clock pre-
cisely, old ENGLISH SILVER PLATE, the Property of the late
PAUL BUTLER, Esq., and from various sources.
On FRIDAY, May 1, at 1 o'clock precisely,
MODERN PICTURES and DRAWINGS, the Property of the late
Mrs COTTIER.
Twelve Days' .Sale.
FAWSLEY PARK, DAVKSTRY, NORTHAMPTON-
SHIRE.
1$ miles from Charwelton, 5 miles from Woodford station
(Great Central Railivay).
MESSRS. CHANCELLOR & SONS will SELL
by AUCTION, on the Premises, at 1 o'clock each day, the
whole of the contents of this Historic \\ Mansion, iucluding
THE WELL-KNOWN LIBRARY,
containing about 10.000 volumes, including mmy nre folio works,
illustrated.
FlFrKENPH.SIXTEENTH.&SEVEVrEENTH-CENTURYB >OK9
Old Manuscripts Coloured and other Engravings and Colour Prints
by Bartolozzi Banbury, J R. Smith Cruik6hank, Hodgetts. Rey-
nolds. J. G. Murray, linjiire, Dunkeiton, Laudseer, W. Dickenson,
S. Cousins, W. Ward &c , Rowlandson. Cries of London.
On view April 30. May 1 and 2 Catalogues at the Mansion and of
the Auctioneers. Estate Offices, Staines, Middlesex; Ascot and
Sunmngdale, Berks
Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUOTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery L?ne, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, April 29, and Two Following Days, at 1 o'clock,
VALUABLE BOOKS, including a Library removed from an oil
Country House, and other Properties, comprising Incunabula, and
rare Eirly Printed Books, Ben Jonson's Works, 2 vols., 1616-31, Pyne's
Horace, First Dsue, 2 vols., 1733. The Baskerville Press Addison, &c ,
6 vols., Pennant's London, with Harding's Portraits, old morocco
extra, 1814, and other Topographical and Autiquarian Books, many in
morocco and calf bindings — Booth's Rough Notes on British Birds,
3 vols., and other Ornithological Works — Eden's State of the Poor,
3 vols., 1797-Daniell and Ward's Views in Hindostan, 1803. and other
Books with Coloured Plates— Surtecs' Analysis of the Hunting Field,
First Edition, 1846 -First Editions of Oscar Wilde and other Modern
Authors— Standard Works in General Literature, &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Rare Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY. May 13, and Two Following Days, A LIBRARY
FORMED DURING THE EARLY PART OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY (the Property of a LADY), comprising Fine Folio Archi-
tectural and Antiquarian RookB— Quarto Booksof Travel, some with
Coloured Plates — Bacon's Works, by Basil Montagu. 17 vols —Sets of
Spenser, Shakespeare, Pope. Congreve and Addison (Baskerville
Editions), Defoe, Sterne, &c. — The Elzevir Virgil, and other
Editions of the Classics— Grammont's Memoirs, with Portraits,
3 vols., and other Court Memoirs by Walpole, Buckingham, &c, in the
original cloth— Books on the French Revolution and Napoleon,
including the Table Alphabetique du Moniteur with the Portraits by
Levachez, 6 vols., and others in Euglish and French— French Illus-
trated Books, and Sets of the Writings of Le Sage, Rousseau, Saint
Simon. &c, the whole in fine condition and many in contemporary
calf, russia. or morocco bindings ; also rare First Editions of Modern
Authors, &'■
Catalogues on application.
A UTHORS' MSS. , NOVELS, STORIES.PL AYS,
i\ ESSAYS TYPE-WRITTEN with complete accuracy, 9d. per
1,000 words. Clear Carbon Copies guaranteed. References to well-
known Writers.— M. STUART, Allendale, Kymberley Road, Harrow.
T^YPE-WRITING, SHORTHAND, and all
I SECRETARIAL WORK.-Mrs. WALKER, 113, Elm Park
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TYPE-WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
ate (Classical Tripos, Girton College, Cambridge ; Intermediate
Arts. London) Research, Revision, fhorthand.— CAMBRIDGE
TYPE-WRITING AGENCY, 5, DUKE STREET, ADELPHI, W.C.
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MSS. OF ALL KINDS, 9d. per 1,000 words.
Carbon Copies, 3d. References to well-known Authors. Oxford
Higher Local.— M. KING, 24, Forest Road, Kew Gardens, S.W.
A UTHORS' MSS. accurately TYPE- WRITTEN.
£x. Id. 1,000 words. Testimonials. Carbon Copies. Duplicating
and Technical work.— Miss PURNELL, 6, Laurel Bank, Squires
Lane, Finchley, N.
A UTHORS' MSS. and TYPE-WRITING of
ioV every description accurately and promptly executed. Short-
hand Typists provided. Meeting*, Lectures, Sermons reported.—
METROPOLITAN TYPING OFFICE, 27, Chancery Lane. Tel.
Central 1565.
f ITERARYand SCIENTIFIC WORK TYPE-
LI WRITTEN with care and expedition. Authors' MSS. 9<i. per
1.000 words. Translations. Good testimonials.— Mis. FOWLER
SMITH, Cranford, Garden Village, Church End, Finchley, N.
%ir#z-WLxittx% for Hal*.
STANDARD TYPEWRITERS FROM £3.
We have some excellent second-hand, rebuilt,
and shop-soiled new machines, fully guaranteed.
Interchangeable type, automatic action, THE
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THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO., LTD.
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TYPE- WRITERS. -Latest Model No. 5 Oliver,
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visible writing, and guaranteed perfect condition.— G. A. REY-
NOLDS, 13, Delamere Road, Wimbledon, London.
statural IrtsioriT.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
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(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
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DEALERS IN RARE AND VALUABLE BOOKS.
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CATALOGUES sent post free to all parts of the World.
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BOOKS (over 1,000,000 volumes) on Literary,
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Second hand at half prices; New at 25 per cent discount. CATA-
LOGUES post free. State wants. Books sent on approvaL—W. & G.
FOYLE, 121-123, Charing Cross Road, London, W.C.
BERTRAM DOBELL,
SECOND-HAND BOOKSELLER and PUBLISHER,
77, Charing Cross Road. London, W.C.
A large Stock of Old and Rare Books in English Literature
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BOOKS. — ALL OUT-OF-PRINT and RARE
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finder extant. Please state wants and a6k for CATALOGUE. I make
a special feature of exchanging any Saleable Books for others selected
from my various liBts. Special list of 2,000 Books I particularly want
g>st free.-EDW. BAKER'S Great Bookshop. John Bright Street,
irmingham. Burke's Peerage, 1910. new, 158— Walpole's Letters,
Large Paper, 16 vols., 11. 108. Yeats, Collected Works, 8 vols., 31. 38.
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THE ATHENE II M
577
SATURDAY, APRIL «5, 19£f.
CONTENTS. r.viu?
MODERN Poetkv (The Horns of Taurus; The Sea ta
Kiiul : The Two Blind Countries ; New Numbers)
577
Mkmco, tiik Wosdkki im> ok the Soi in .. B78
Mr. Strket's Hssays 578
tbs fourfold gospi1 •''"'•,
JOHH Edward Kllis 580
Franciscan Studies 5*1
Greece 01 the Hellenes o
The Philistines .. _ &S-
Ll'THF.R 5S2
Canadian addresses 583
Trials and PlbaSURBS OF an I'm omim.eted Ten r 5S3
Fiction (The Highway to Happiness; The Ragged
Trousered Philanthropists) 581
Books Published this week (English, 5S5 ; Foreign,
538) 585—588
Another Dkbt OF John Shakespeare; Change-
LINGS HY BlOjUEST; Holiday (Poem by Frederick
Riven); Herod's Temple 588
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590—596
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Function ok the Blood ; Geology (structural
Geology; Waves of Sand and Snow) ; Electricity
and Physics (Photo-Electricity; A Text-Book
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LITERATURE
MODERN POETRY.
Mr. Fairfax, whose former work we
welcomed as above the ordinary, has
followed it up with ' The Horns of Taurus.'
To detect and visualize underlying signi-
ficances in Nature — as that word is gener-
ally understood by those whose profession
is to write, not poetry, but merely about
it — to say something new of a sunset,
something individual about the sea or the
stars, is to prove the sayer a poet — and a
p «et of potentialities. It is also proof
that such a one should not limit himself
to. these and kindred commonplaces, nor
should he indulge overmuch in that
personification of abstract, ideas" —
L i . • Death, Life. Laughter, and the
rest — which Wordsworth " utterly re-
jected "' — perhaps on grounds hardly ade-
quate— "' as an ordinary device to elevate
the style." The singer who can sin^ thus
well can also Bing better and to more
serious purpose.
The author can deal with sunsets and
i in the manner indicated; bu1 Ins
new volume carries with it a certain Bense
Homs »i Taurus. By J. Griffyth
Fairfax. (Smith, Elder* Co., 3*. <W. net.)
a is Kind. By T. Sturge .Moore.
(Granl Richards, to. net.)
7 o Blind Countries. By Rose Mac-
aulay. (Sidgwick <v Jackson, 2s. Od. net.)
New Numbers. V6L I. No. I. Februaryi
1914. (Ryton, Dj mock, Gloucester, 2*. 6d.l
7f. (!'/. ;.early.)
of disappointment in that his poetical
horizon does not seem to have appreciably
widened.
With few exceptions, his inspirations
are conventional, delicately, even delight-
fully expressed, but bearing on the surface
too close a kinship to the stock inspiration
of minor verse. His lyrics are dainty
(rilles — but trifles, and these are un-
satisfying when we feel, in the background.
the capacity for higher things. Word-
pictures, sensitive and noteworthy, are
abundant, such as : —
Counting those stars the spider Night bad caught
In the grey \veh she weave! h of her skill ;
or : —
A splendid city, like a splendid ship.
With all sail set against a western Sun,
Drives where t he gray plains lean and lift and dip,
And where the sea-winds chase, long shadows
run.
Such a pleasant piece of lightsomeness as
' A Little Song of Compensations,'
Would you were wise as you are sweet,
O little lips that smile so much,
Have such soft kisses to repeat
And mean so little ! Being such,
To blame the lightness of your touch
Were captious, dear, and indiscreet,
For Wisdom's lips smile not so much,
And wise, you would not be so sweet,
indicates the line of least resistance
which Mr. Fairfax seems to have chosen
for his muse. The poem called ' Deirdre,'
from the selection from ' The Troubled
Pool,' which forms the second section of
the book, suggests, however, a sterner
power which courts development. We
cpiote it in full : —
There is death beyond in the darkness.
If is feet move on the wind,
A deep grave dug in the darkness,
Death before and behind.
Soon shall the golden liair be rusted,
The red lips pale wherefore they lusted,
And the bright eyes be blind.
Long after, when all these lie sleeping,
Shall their tale be told over, weeping,
And their ways wake to mind.
There is life beyond even darkness,
His wings heat up the wind ;
Love and light beyond the darkness,
Before death and behind.
Mr. Sturge Moore's volume, ' The Sea is
Kind,' contains several poems from ' The
Vinedresser ' and ' The Little School '
which did not find a place in Mr. Sturge
Moore's Collected Poems' (1906), with
some that have not appeared in book-form
before.
On the whole, ' The Sea is Kind' presents
its author as a poet of far more moods than
' Collected Poems." The earlier volume
was entirely dominated by a single set of
ideas. It employed the wilder products
of Greek mythology, surrounding them
with a tissue woven of sensuous elements.
At times a gnarled harshness appeared to
creep into the expression, but on examina-
tion the unsightly protuberances would
discover themselves as condensed and
pregnant metaphors. From the more
recent poems of Mr. Sturge Moore these
characteristics are by no means absent,
but new notes are audible in his BOngS.
Thus 'Judith,1 to take .hi extreme instance,
is a ballad as far removed in mood
from ' The Centaur's Booty' or ' Theseue
Medea, and Lyrics ' as is well possible.
It begins : —
Wh.il have you in your apron wrapped ?
Four face is fell with fright ;
^ our shadow hurries to catch you up,
A. ross i lie blank moonlight.
Why is your maid BO white and w.m ?
What makes her BO alert ?
Why with her hands dues she fumble thus
And w i|>'- I hem en her skirt ?
The atmosphere is made tense by several
stanzas of such interrogative description
before the climax is reached with the
production of the head of Holof ernes.
The last two stanzas, in our opinion, suffer
slightly through the abandonment of the
stark and simple language of the rest of
the poem.
The poems from ' The Little School
also are an agreeable set-off to those in
Mr. Sturge Moore's neo-classic manner, and
will be the more appreciated as the little
volume in beautiful Eragny Press type, in
which they originally appeared, has been
out of print, we believe, for some years.
' Nursery Enactments,' ' Shoes and Stock-
ings Off,' and the two ' Lullabys' are of
great beauty, but it is not altogether a
childlike beauty; rather is it what an artist
might imagine about a child's feelings than
a child might feel for itself. Beauty, too.
of a serene and lofty type belongs to the
sonnet sequence ' The Deed,' and, of a less
restricted quality, to ' The Phantom of a
Rose,' an imaginative little essay, warm
with an exuberant vitality, on Nijinsky's
dance in ' Le Spectre de la Rose.' It has
not been given to many living poets to
achieve such success in such diverse
strains. But, after all, it is for subjects
suggested by Greek legend and poetry that
Mr. Sturge Moore seems to care most.
The dialogues between Menalcas and
Eucritos, telling the tale of a sea-nymph
come to earth, show the author at his best.
On these he has lavished his jewels.
Miss Rose Maeaulay's slender volume
of elusive poetry, which she calls The
Two Blind Countries,' is happily named.
In suggesting that her title stands for
Imagination and Reality, we interpret
somewhat crudely a message which is
wrapped and hidden and furtive. Bui
little less than this will emerge to the
sympathetic sense. Most men and women
must be conscious, when they think at
all. of an alienation from the materialistic
concept of existence to which the work-a-
day world as a whole seems committed.
Take the casual examples of a stock-
broker dreaming in his garden, or a
publisher drowning business cares — not
to suggest remorse — in a cabinet i
crystals. The parallels arc from our own
experience, and we introduce them he
cause .Miss Macaulay often comes down
to earth from her mystic cloudland, and
thus turns the paradox the other w.i
round.
It is the " alien " of the init ial poei I
who holds the dual field throughout this
little volume. There is illusion on either
side of him. Illusion and disillusion an
like genius and madness, near akin. ( )n< e
the poet sees this, yet chooses for the
nonce to play merely the onlooker's pan.
57<S
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4513, Apkil 25. 1914
there is a chance to stand on the border-
land and see beyond the border. This is
what is done here, and it is something of
an achievement. Coming down to earth,
by the way, does not mean calling a
spade a spade ; though this, of a rough
wayfarer, may be an exception to prove
a rule : —
Iligh above the road the wire makes a song,
To hush a drowsy tramp to sleep.
In the boot-strewn ditch he will perhaps sleep
long ;
Among jampots he may sleep deep.
This rash realism is good observation, if
as poetry a little perverse ; but it is
alive all the same. At the root of every-
thing you find, in Miss Macaulay's utter-
ance, Heaven as criterion and Earth as
test, and so come glimpses of concrete
things and actual places. There is Cam-
bridge, for instance. Cambridge has mys-
tery in the wind — for are not cities but
" thin veils woven of thought " 1 — and
at sight of a scarlet gown on Trinity
Sunday you can transmute the seen or the
unseen at will. Miss Macaulay's trans-
mutations will make themselves felt
beyond Cambridge. Her microscopic
sense is corrected by her telescopic range.
But we must get back to disillusion.
An occasional hint that we may " forget
the unforgettable " only lightens a little
the gloom sufficiently explained in such
titles as l Keyless,' ' The Devourers,'
' The Losers,' ' Emptiness,' ' On Crying
for the Moon.' All these pieces have a
strange power ; they draw us into dream-
land and leave us there adrift. Even
there, and in the other poems, we are face
to face with things of beauty which we
know well. Hopes even enter : —
God has made of the lilac's breath,
And the sweet of the clover,
A wine shall conquer death,
A honey for the lover.
We can emerge, too, for outside this
dreamland men's blood may yet be fired
wherever it is spring : —
Such quick fire is in youth
(And this youth knows, having no other learning)
That where it moves, in truth,
Its touch shall set the dead earth's soul a-burning.
We can honestly say that Miss Macaulay
has opened up in her " two blind coun-
tries " visions beyond normal sight, and
that through her command of imagery
and music she awakens those emotions
which in their turn will lull despair to
sleep.
'New Numbers' is the initial venture
of a periodical the aim of which is, we
presume, to provide our younger school
of singers with an opportunity of making
themselves heard. The contributors in
the present case are Mr. Wilfrid Wilson
Gibson, Mr. Rupert Brooke, Mr. Lascelles
Abercrombie, and Mr. John Drinkwater.
Mr. Gibson's ' Bloodybush Edge ' — a
species of " heart-to-heart chat " between
the village idiot and a London tramp at
a lonely spot on the Scottish border at
midnight — seeks to emulate Mr. Masefield
in his heroic endeavours to invest the
unlovely, sometimes the unsignificant, with
poetical glamour. The verse is not in-
effective ; often, indeed, it shows a vigour
of imagination that is noteworthy, as in
the lines : —
As (hough the great black hills against the sky
Had come alive about me in the night ;
And they were watching me ; as though I stood
Naked, in a big room, with blind men sitting,
Unseen, all round me, in the quiet darkness,
That was not dark to them ;
but we look for, and are entitled to, some-
thing more of a denouement.
The four sonnets by Mr. Brooke are
delicately moulded with much originality
of fancy and a satisfying mastery of his
medium ; while Mr. Abercrombie's con-
tribution, ' The Olympians '• — a poem
striking in conception, and abounding in
fine and suggestive imagery — has its
precise purport somewhat obscured by
a reference to the Crucifixion. Mr. Aber-
crombie, moreover, is a bigot in the
matter of spelling, and such words as
" talkt," " smackt," or " horrour " do
not enhance appreciably the beauty of a
page. Mr. John Drinkwater's five lyrics,
though somewhat slight, are a fitting com-
plement to a volume of exceptional
interest.
We trust that there is a future in store
for this enterprising little publication.
Mexico : the Wonderland of the South.
By W. E. Carson. (The Macmillan
Company, 10s. Qd. net.)
We are not sure, but presume that Mr.
Carson is a citizen of the United States.
He leaves his figures in dollars, and uses
some American spelling ; and when he
talks of " this country," we fancy that
he means America, not England. What
he promises us is a revised version of
the book which he published in 1909,
with some supplementary chapters in-
tended to explain what has happened
since the fall of Diaz and the accession
to power of Huerta. He claims to have
brought his facts up to date, and to
have made them " fresh, accurate, and
inclusive " ; but he has produced a dull
and heavy book which contains much
small talk and gives no clear view of the
Mexico of to-day. What we get is an
excellent account of certain towns in
Mexico, a good deal of ancient history
(given in many other books), and an
insufficient note of the movements and
changes of the last few years. But it is
a little absurd to talk of "the latest de-
velopments," and then to print statistics
for 1908.
Mr. Carson sits down to show us some-
thing of the brighter side of Mexico, but
we cannot agree with him when he
regards it as unfortunate that most of
the recent books on that country have
made us
" unduly familiar with such subjects as the
horrors of the peonage system, the corrup-
tion of the government, and the atrocities of
revolutionists."
These are surely the very things that
matter, and the more light that is thrown
on them the better the chance for some
reform.
The author points out that the Mexicans
are essentially Spanish, and that imitation
of Spain is noticeable in their habit of
procrastination. Time in Mexico is idled
away, and no man can be depended on to
keep an appointment, " punctuality being
regarded as the vice of a bore." Even the
newspapers are dilatory, and a Mexican
editor is reported as saying : —
L" < rood news is like good wine ; it improves-
with age. It is always better to hold news
over for a week. If it is true, we shall get
more facts, and if it proves to be false, why
should we print it ? "
When we look for Mr. Carson's views on
the future of Mexico we find this : — ■
" What Mexico needs is a strong central
government, headed by such a man as Lord
Kitchener, one of unblemished record, a
soldier, statesman, and administrator ; and
what Lord Kitchener accomplished in Egypt
might, to a great extent, be brought about
in Mexico. But as a Kitchener is not to be
found in Mexico to-day, the place must needs
be filled by a Mexican substitute, a man of
strong character, who understands his
countrymen, who has the confidence of the
army, and is able to restore order. . . .The
first step. . . .must be the suppression of the
present insurrections and the establishment
of peace."
This does not help us much ; but Mr.
Carson says of intervention that it would
probably mean that
" the Mexicans would stop fighting among
themselves, and unite to repel invasion.
As the revolutionists have done, they would
ignore the rules of civilized warfare ; and,
furthermore, owing to the mountainous
character of the country, and the vast
stretches of desert, it would be extremely
difficult to conduct a successful campaign.'
Like other recent writers, Mr. Carson
holds the view that, had the Huerta
administration obtained early recognition
from the United States, '* peace might
have been speedily re-established " ; and
then (writing, of course, before the latest
events) he says that
" as events are now shaping themselves it
would seem that the possibility of interven-
tion by the United States has constantly
become greater."
The United States has, indeed, at last
discovered what the rest of the world
knew long ago — that its policy of sitting
with folded hands is misunderstood in
Mexico. It is now announced that the
whole of the Atlantic fleet of the United
States has been ordered to Tampico, that
large numbers of marines have been sent
south, and that naval guns have been in
action at Vera Cruz. But we still doubt
whether President Huerta will be greatly
moved even if the United States should
bombard Tampico and other ports, and
destroy a certain amount of property —
belonging to citizens of the United States
and to other foreigners. If President
Wilson makes no formal declaration of
war. it is difficult to see how he can main-
tain an effective blockade against neutral
shipping. In the meantime there is serious
risk of a rising against foreigners in
Mexico City and other places.
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
THE A THE N;EUM
579
Some of Mr. Carson's information Btrikea
us as elementary — for instance, the state-
ment that •• geographically speaking
.Mexico is in North America." Some of it
is inaccurate, as when he speaks of Mexico
being "' well within the tropics." Be
states in one place that the Empress
Charlotte went mad after her husband's
death, but she became insane before the
Emperor w as shot.
Il is a pity that no map has Keen
provided.
l>n Money, and Other Essays. By G. S.
Street." (Constable & Co., 4s. 07/. net.)
It is something to the good that in these
days of haste the leisurely essayist is still
with us. One does not, however, expect
this suggestion to be swallowed all at
once. Even Mr. Street, we note, sounds
the conventional half apology when he
says that he treats things " as closely as
1 can. with my frailty of thought running
hither and thither."' But he is just as
conscious as we are of the greatness of the
boon, and proceeds with a certain con-
fidence to administer to a jaded generation
little sedatives for the nerves and little
" drops of comfort " for the brain. His
style is effervescent like a pick-me-up ;
he himself smiles with the benevolence of
a physician prescribing a timely tonic.
Not without reflection, evidently, has
the fragment on * Monev ' secured the
first place in his pages. Is that because
in a well-ordered procession that which is
of real consequence comes last \ " Money
talks," no doubt, in our day as it never
talked before, but all the same there are
some things still left which money cannot
buy. Here you may contrast the quaint
turns of thought which circle round the
control of cash and the fear of losing it,
with the grave and tender impulses that
belong to a name like George Wynd-
ham's. That tribute brings us up squarely
as it were with some of the pleasantest and
finest things of our time. Mere achieve-
ment seems to pass away — a sort of myth
— in the light of outstanding personality
and brilliancy of character. Thus, alter-
nately following the grave and the gay,
one may touch the bedrock of Mr. Street's
philosophy, especially as he has amused
himself in the interval with a fancy drawn
from the image of his own changing per-
sonality during a long spell of years.
Twenty-five met with thirty-five once
apOB a time; now that thirty-five is to
be interviewed by forty-five (with twenty-
five, again, for whip or chorus), what
does the world seem like '.
The world presented here, truly, is the
world very much as it must look to the
man in the train or the " tube.'' and very
unlike the world we feel to have been
rationed by older essayists. We do
not say that Mr. Street's range is incon-
siderable, but he does not crowd his p
with remote allusions ; he docs not ramify.
catalogue, or co-ordinate. He rambles
to and fro in scenes that are familiar to
the least travelled and the lea^t adven-
turous, and the highest compliment we
can pay to his art is to say that three
times out of four we find ourselves agreeing
with him. Genial he is. nearly always,
though a grievance crops up here and
there, and he nearly always gets home
with his dislikes. He flagellates some of
his creatures without mercy, and some of
them, like the slanderer, are by no means
creatures of the imagination. Lesser pests
are treated with a delightful humour : the
truculent people, for example. Who has
not wished that, as he goes abroad, some
people would stay indoors '. But they
are all over the place, these " dreadful
people," and they wear their aggressive-
ness, men and women, in all sorts of ways.
" One habit all these truculent creatures
have in common, that they look' with pro-
nounced hatred on the slightest departure
from the ordinary. If, for example, you like
the fresh air on your head and walk with
your hat in your hand, you might be a
naked savage for their amazement and
disgust, and you may hear them exchange
bitter comments on your absurdity. . . .1
said I should not feel justified in slaying them,
but if I had the secret power of inflicting a
sharp spasm of internal pain I doubt I should
use it sometimes. It would be a comfortable
thing, when one is met with an unprovoked
stare of surprise and contempt, to see the
starer and contemner double up and sud-
denly cry aloud."
So, to use his own phraseology, Mr.
Street treats his subjects as ': a bigot for
simplicity and lucidity " might be expected
to treat them ; and whilst his ideas never
lack suitable clothing, he has no affinity
with the crowd of writers whose chief
title to attention lies in their " beautiful
insistence on a world which does not
exist." On the other hand, the world at
our doors, which can never be too much
" with us," opens more temptingly for
exploration at the bidding of this cheery
guide.
The Fourfold Gospel. — Section IT. The
Beginning. By Edwin A. Abbott.
(Cambridge University Press, 12s. 6rf.
net.)
Ix the introductory volume which pre-
ceded this book Dr. Abbott suggested that
the author of the Fourth Gospel intervened,
though he did much more, " in behalf of
Mark, in order to explain harsh or obscure
Marcan expressions altered or omitted by
Luke (and sometimes by Matthew also).'"
'The Fourfold Gospel' deals with such
expressions and the corresponding inter-
ventions, and attempts are made to under-
stand the Johannine meaning and deter-
mine the Johannine motive. In an intro-
ductory chapter attention is drawn to the
fact that the local and temporal environ-
ment of the Evangelist probably modified
the form of the Johannine Cos pel ; and it
is pointed out that Kphe>us. from which
by tradition the Cospel emanated, was a
home of magic, and consequently in the
Church of EpheSUS there would he a ten
dency to turn the doctrines of Jesus into
magical prescriptions or charm-doctrines.
In such a city, Dr. Abbott says, " it might
be thoughl expedient to publish a Gospel
of Jesus Christ that might omit every one
of His acts of exorcism, and also every
reference to such acts." Further, in such
a city it might be deemed necessary to
anticipate and check a tendency to convert
God's attributes into angels, principalities,
or powers intervening between God and
men. Towards the end of the introduc-
tion Dr. Abbott maintains that the Fourth
Gospel often intervenes where the Three
Gospels differ in words, as though it said.
' I cannot tell you the words of Christ, but
I can tell you His mind, as it was revealed
to the disciple whom He loved " ; and he
goes so far as to say that the Evangelist,
if asked the question, " Who is your
Lord ? ' would perhaps have replied,
although the Lord was enthroned in his
heart, " Indeed, I cannot tell.''
The first chapter, bearing the title ' The
Beginning of the Gospel,' illustrates the
author's methods, and affords an example
of what he conceives to be the intervent ion
of the Fourth Gospel. The opening words of
Mark are " The beginning of the Gospel of
Jesus Christ," and the narrative proceeds
to give an account of the work of John the
Baptist. But Christians for the satisfac-
tion of their own thought, and for the
purpose of obtaining material for an answer
to opponents, would inquire what God
was doing for mankind before that begin-
ning. Matthew, after the record of the
preaching of John and the temptation in
the wilderness, tells that " from that time
Jesus began to preach " ; while Luke,
though showing elsewhere that Jesus
" was, when beginning, about thirty
years old," does not mention any definite
beginning of preaching. In answer to the
question, What preceded '"the beginning " '.
the most that can be said of the three
Evangelists is that Mark implies in the
reference to Isaiah the prophet that the
coming of John was foreordained ; that
Matthew, by referring to J)avi<l and
Abraham as Christ's ancestors, indicates
God's desire to make men righteous ; and
that Luke, in order to prove the fact of
that desire, connects it with the sending
of John the Baptist according to God's
special purpose. When John the Evange-
list intervened, he was able, by his words
about " the beginning," to answer minor
questions arising out of Mark, and. at tic
same time, to teach a doctrine of divine
development which was important for its
own sake. Nb extravagant demand is
made when we are asked to believe that
the writer of the Fourth Gospel wished
to avoid the sudden or arbitrary beginning
of the Gospel as represented by Mark, and
that the scheme of the world's redemption
required the beginning to be set in (•!• I
nity itself. Jesus was one w ith the Logos,
and the LogOS was with God from the
beginning.
Dealing with the Prologue to the
fourth Gospel, Dr. Abbott points out
that though lo\e is not mentioned till
toward the vw\ of the book, it is every-
where in the book. The writer of the
Gospel saw that , wore love nicntioned.it
would 1m- misunderstood and taken for
>80
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4513, April 2.",, 1914
ordinary love, and that it could not be
known except by knowing the Son. The
remarkable, but not convincing statement
is made that the author of the Gospel
would not be called John the son of
Zebedee, or by any proper name. John
as a proper name must be reserved for
the " man sent from God, whose name was
John," and who, though preparing the
way for the baptism from above, was him-
self from the earth. For the author it was
enough to be called " the disciple whom
Jesus loved," and so to show God's Only-
begotten that His disciples seeing Him saw
the Father.
The use of the term " Only-begotten "
leads to a suggestive exposition. It may
be felt by some that the introduction of
Monogenes, almost in the character of a
new god, hinders their appreciation of the
simple statement that " the Word became
flesh." It is to be remembered, however,
that the Evangelist was writing for edu-
cated people, and the term Monogenes
would convey a meaning spiritually valu-
able as a protest against philosophical
error. Plato in the ' Timaeus ' had intro-
duced Monogenes to the Greeks, and Cicero
in his translation of the ' Timaeus ' had
passed it on to the Romans ; but the Evan-
gelist would not apply the term to the
Cosmos, and would use it only for the
incarnate Son, " after whom Plato was
groping and feeling his way."
In the second chapter, ' John baptizing
the People,' reference is made to the rule
of ' ' Johannine non-intervention in matters
affecting John the Baptist ' ' ; and the
reference illustrates Dr. Abbott's acute
criticism. After showing that there are
differences between Mark and Matthew
on the one hand, and Luke on the other,
lie says that we cannot expect the Fourth
Evangelist to intervene here, as the details
are of no importance to him, since they
refer to the Baptist in his relation to the
people, and not to Jesus. The rule is,
then, that the Evangelist does not inter-
vene when the Baptist is brought into
connexion with the people, but only when
he is directly associated with Jesus.
Included in the volume are three impor-
tant Appendixes : Nazarene and Nazoraean;
the Disciple that was known unto the High
Priest ; and the Interpretation of Early
Christian Poetry. In each of these Appen-
dixes, as in the whole book, wide learning
and accurate scholarship are displayed ;
and praise will be given to Dr. Abbott even
by those who do not agree with all his
conclusions, and cannot follow him when,
for example, he identifies Judas Iscariot
with the disciple known to the High Priest.
This identification is not a novelty, and
Dr. Abbott does not content himself with
a mere statement or suggestion, but seeks
to adduce evidence from the text. Yet in
spite of the evidence nothing remains but
a conjecture that Judas was the disciple
who took Peter into the High Priest's
palace ; and against it may be placed
another conjecture — that Peter, after the
betraj^al of His Master, would not have
been led by Judas, but would have turned
from him in horror.
The Life of the Rt. Hon. John Edward
Ellis, 31. P. By Arthur Tilney Bassett.
(Macmillan & Co., 7*. (id. net.)
John Edward Ellis inherited from
generations of Quakers that sturdy inde-
pendence which, as Lord Bryce in an
admirable Preface points out, causes men
of the Ellis type who enter the House of
Commons to make their presence felt.
Since the death of John Bright the type
had been for many years represented in
the House by Ellis, and outside by the
late Dr. Spence Watson. In the opinion
of Lord Bryce the feature of Ellis which
stood out above all others was an un-
swerving loyalty to duty. He held
definite convictions, and felt bound to
stand by them.
' He was courageous by nature as well as
by training, always thinking for himself,
never afraid to withstand the multitude,
whatever might happen to himself ... .To
stand firm was his duty. That was enough. ' '
This biography by Mr. Arthur Tilney
Bassett is an amplification of a privately
circulated memoir by Joshua Rowntree
(sometime M.P. for Scarborough), Ellis's
brother-in-law, and throughout life his
closest political confidant. It gives the
reader an admirable idea of the man, even
though its pages are made needlessly
heavy by many solid extracts from
' Hansard.'
John Ellis gave up his chance of a
University education in order to travel
in America with his father, and his papers
appear to show that he never regretted
this decision. He began life as a Con-
servative, and in 1861 we find one of his
friends writing that he "is a sad Tory,
but I hope that age will convince him
that many of his opinions are not reason-
able." " Age " turned him into a sturdy
Liberal, and in later years he described
himself as "a Conservative by Nature,
and a Liberal by Grace." As to party
ties, his biographer says that, though he
was always in public life a member of a
party, he was " never a slave to party."
Perhaps the biographer is right, but many
of Ellis's friends counted him as a pretty
strong party Liberal. It is true that at
times he spoke against his party — for
instance, on matters connected with the
Navy. He was not a ' ' peace at any price ' '
Quaker, but was certainly a " Little
Navy " man. Yet, in spite of his views
on armaments, he managed to give steady
support to one party.
Another tiling connected with defence
has an interest derived from recent
troubles. There is a note that, at a
dinner at which Gladstone was present,
the conversation turned on militarism
and its tendency to demand more as
more was conceded. Gladstone turned
to Ellis, and, bringing down his hand on
the dinner-table with a force which made
everything shake, said : —
" The Services, Mr. Ellis, the Services. If
you throw the reins on the neck of the Ser-
vices, they will ride you to the devil."
Of Gladstone there is also this tale,
which we believe to be new : —
" At Reform Club lunched with G. W. E.
Russell. Expressed to him how well his
life of W. E. G. had been written. He said,
' Mr. G., when I went to him, said he would
not follow the example of Phillpotts, Bishop
of Exeter, and apply for an injunction in
Chancery against me, but that was all the
help he would give.' 'You must not be
hurt,' said Mr. G.,'at my saying I will not
read a line of it I never read anything
about myself if I can help it.' "
If Ellis is forgotten for other things,
the House of Commons will remember
that it was he who killed the Derby Day
adjournment ; and in his Diary for 1891
he noted : —
" My spirit was stirred within me at the
scandal of an adjournment for a horse race
after so many reminders in the House of the
uncertainty of life."
In the following year he led the opposition
to the adjournment and secured a ma-
jority, " thus ending the practice."
Unlike John Bright and at least one
other Quaker Privy Councillor, who were
relieved from the necessity of wearing
swords at levees, Ellis appears to have
borne that weapon, for it is noted that
at a meeting of the Civil List Committee,
which he attended in uniform, he laid
aside his sword " according to old rule."
He was among the regular attendants
at Westminster, and soon made himself
such a master of its complicated procedure
that Avhen, in 1895, a new Speaker had
to be elected, he notes that
" for an hour or so that office was within
my reach. Have never regretted my de-
cision, knowing my own limitations."
With him farming was for years a
passion, as may be seen by his remarks
on pedigree Guernsey cattle, and his
tabulated records of milk - yields. But
he had many interests in life, and one day
we find him at Eastbourne, whither he
had gone to watch the Salvation Army
riots ; at another time holding a Bible
class on sand-dunes, and afterwards listen-
ing to an eloquent sermon by a market
gardener.
On some points the book is curiously
reticent. There is, for instance, much
about the Jameson Raid, but not a single
hint as to what happened behind the
scenes on the Committee which inquired
into that business. Ellis and Labouchere
Avere put on that Committee as the
watchdogs of the Liberal party. We have
now had the Lives of both men, and they
have revealed nothing Avhatever of the
inner history of that affair. In Ellis's
story of the South African trouble there
is only one thing of real interest, and that
is in a private letter from Mr. Chamberlain,
dated October 14th, 1897, in which the
then Colonial Secretary Avrote : —
" Have you and others thought what
would be the consequences of driving Rhodes
to the wall ? If in his despair or desperation
he joined forces with the extreme Dutch
element and took advantage of the pre-
judices so easily roused against the ' unc-
tuous rectitude ' of a British Government,
we could hardly keep the Cape Colony with-
out a war. Is it worth Avhile to risk this for
the satisfaction of depriving Rhodes of his
barren honour of the Privy Councillorship? "
We have said that the book is somewhat
spoilt by its lengthy extracts from speeches.
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
THE ATHEN7KUM
iSl
Anotherdeleot La thai many of the extracts
from letters and diaries are extremely un-
important. The biographer has thought
it necessary, for instance, to inform us that
" one night lie elicited the acknowledg-
ment that a Clerk of the Peace at Sligo was
ignorant of the Jury Act which he was
bound to administer, and had been totally
■disregarding. "
■On another occasion Ellis
" lirought to light the fact that a hotel-
k( eper in Ireland had been lined 21. For dis-
playing the words ■ Cod Save Ireland.'
Such items, when collected in large
quantities, are tedious, and break the
thread of the story.
There arc few misprints ; but one name
on p. 123 is wrong ; and on p. 129 " Tired "
is, we fancy, a slip for Tried.
\
British Society of Franciscan Studies. —
Vol. V. Collectanea Franciscana I. Edi-
•derunt A. G. Little, M. R. James,
11. M. Bannister. (Aberdeen University
Press, 10^. 6c?. to Subscribers.)
Few people are aware, even among
enthusiastic readers of Franciscan litera-
ture, that one of the intimate companions
of the saint was a foreigner, and that
foreigner an Englishman, Brother William
of England. History is silent about him :
we do not know who he was in the great
world outside, or where he met the saint,
or how long he was his fellow. Long
after his death, when legends had clus-
tered thick round St. Francis, and had
made a list of twelve companions, like
the twelve Apostles of his Master, it was
said that one of them, too, was a traitor,
and that the unknown Englishman had
been called in to take his place. A slab
in the great church at Assisi covers his
remains, and there we read,
''Brother Elias — seeing that Brother Wil-
Jiam of England, layman, who had been
perfect in religion, being buried in the
basilica of St. Francis, was coruscating with
t miracles moved by zeal for St. Fran-
cis, went to his sepulchre and commanded
the dead man with much confidence and
faith not to darken the glory of the holy
her Francis. From that time he per-
formed no more miracles.'1
Brother William was one of the witnesses
for the Indulgence of the Portiuncula ;
he died in 12:52. and a relic of him was
preserved and shown to the faithful at
Assisi down to the end of the fourteenth
century.
There is. however, some remarkable
evidence of a connexion with England,
and even with one of its best-known men
of the time, which is brought forward by
Prof. Little in the volume before us. In
a chronicle written by Matthew Paris
tewhere between I2.'{<5 and 1250 he
gives an account of the Rule of the Friars
Minor a- approved by Honorius III. in
1221. In the margin of the manuscript
he give^ ., drawing of a friar with the
label ' Prater WiUelmus uacione Anglus
s >cius >ancti Francieci." The drawing
does not look like a portrait, though it i-,
most valuable as a note of the costume of
the first friars. Bid besides this, another
drawing of much greater artistic value
has come down to us through the hands
of Matthew Paris. In a manuscript of
additions to his Chronicle now in the
British Museum there is a beautiful
Italian drawing of the early thirteenth
century, representing our Lord among
the seven candlesticks of the Revelation,
holding up His right hand in blessing,
with the keys in His left. On one side is
the inscription : " Alpha et Omega vivens
in secula seculorum " ; on the other :
" Hoc opus fecit frater Willelmus de
ordine minorum socius beati Francisci,
Secundus in ordine ipso, conversacione
sanctus, nacione anglus " [i.e., This is the
work of Brother William of the Order of
Minors, the companion of St. Francis, second
in that order, holy in conversation, English
by birth].
The drawing is seemingly unknown to
students of early Italian art, and is evi-
clentlv an original, while it stands alone
as the work of an English artist of the
time.
Two other Franciscan drawings of great
interest are also reproduced in this article,
the first of five which go to make up a
valuable contribution to the history of
the early days of the Minorite Order.
Dr. James writes on the library of the
Grey Friars of Hereford with his usual
knowledge of such matters, which, how-
ever, Prof. Little has been able to supple-
ment in the case of the Lumley MSS.
in the British Museum. A notice of some
MSS. of the Cambridge Friars now in the
Vatican is written by the Rev. H. M.
Bannister. The main part of the book
is taken up by the description of an
important Franciscan manuscript recently
sold in London, which throws much light
on the Latin text of the * Fioretti ' and the
' Speculum Perfectionis.' Altogether, the
volume maintains the high level of scholar-
ship which distinguishes the British Society
of Franciscan Studies.
Greece of the Hellenes. By Lucy M. J.
Garnett. " Countries and Peoples
Series." (Pitman & Sons, 6-s. net.)
We think the editor of this series, who
has adopted the " France of the French '
formula, should have adhered to it, and
called the book ' (J recce of the Greeks,'
since the other suggests the people of
classical times, and that is exactly what
the author does not treat. So ' Turkey of
the Turks ' and ' Holland of the Hol-
landers ' are in judiciously changed in
other volumes into 'Turkey of the Otto
mans ' and ' Holland of the Dutch.' Thus
a taking formula has been spoilt. I5ut
apart from this trifle, the study of the
present (decks here presented to us is
exceedingly interesting and done by a
\ ery competent hand.
The Greeks of to-day an- getting - >me-
what tired of hearing the customary
laudations of their ancestor-, and were
delighted with a speaker at the Congress
of 1912 in Athens, who compared them
to a young man of his acquaintance
who. when he grew up and went into
society, was always met by the formula :
" Sir. I knew your grandfather ; he was
a very great man ; J hope," &c. The
young man complained that after hearing
this a do/en times he was getting bored
with his grandfather. Hence this hook
ought to content the new nation. It Bays
hardly a word about the old Hellene-
hut gives a full and mostly accurate
account of the present Greeks in many
aspects. All this is very well done, and
such pages as that on the making of
the sacred bread, on the word elements.
as used by St. Paul in the New Testa-
ment, which means " genii " or " spirits,"
are most instructive. The author is also
well versed in folk-lore, but does not
proceed to draw from such tales the
random conclusions we find in the
writings of many folk-lofiflti. She thinks
the character of the people can be inferred
from these stories, and gives several in-
stances of the high esteem in which
courteous manners and gratitude are
held in them. But surety there must be
others which imply savagery and cruelty
as common features in this people. Any
one who reads the history of the War of
Liberation (1821-9) cannot but find,
along with daring and heroism, the most
revolting cruelties to helpless prisoners,
and the doings of the Klephts fifty years
ago were stained with similar horrors.
To read the present book means the ignor-
ing of the darker side of the Greek cha-
racter. If this is a fault, it is at all events
the fault of a kindly author ; so we find
in her account of the Royal family and
of the chief politicians all the pleasant
features extolled, while there are no flaws
or crimes mentioned. Of course, no
author well known in Greece, and writing
of a people from whom she has received
kindness, could with decency adopt an\
other course, but the faults even of kings
and queens must ultimately be judged at
the bar of history.
Here and there we note omissions
which we regret. Thus regarding funeral
customs we should have been told that
the coffin is usually carried open, and
the cheeks and lips of the dead coloured
to represent life — a gruesome thing for
the foreigner to meet in the streets of
Athens. We are told that the Vlachs are
a Latin race, which they are not : and
we are not told that the reason for requir-
ing a quorum of more than half the House
of Parliament to pass a Hill is simply thai
with a single House without check a
minority might otherwise impose its will
on the whole people. We did not think
any one would describe the new Stadium
at Athens as "an enormous roofless
erection," any more than the open theatre
there. It i> quite new to us that Alex-
ander the Great should have completed
the drainage of bake Copais begun bj the
prehistoric Minyae. Nor have we ever
seen the flesh coloured marble for which
I 'a ids has from ancient times been famou- '
Apart from the^e curiosities, some of
which the author might either abandon or
582
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
vindicate in a new edition, we have found
the book excellent, and Ave congratulate
the author on having added to the myriad
works on Greece one that is unusually
clear and distinctive, and almost ignores
what is the leading feature in most of the
rest — classical Hellas.
The Philistines : their History and Civili-
zation. By R. A. Stewart Macalister.
The Schweich Lectures, 1911. (Milford,
2s.)
Prof. Macalister has done wisely in
recasting, for purposes of publication, the
three Schweich Lectures delivered by
him in 1911. Neither the time-limit
properly imposed on public lectures nor
the particular arrangement of the subject-
matter necessitated by a fixed number of
meetings can, as a rule, be made to tally
with the essential requirements of that
freedom of presentation which should
be conditioned only by the nature of the
theme and the mental characteristics of
the author. Another, though probably
subsidiary, consideration is to be found
in the fact that the mode of producing
a desired effect by means of the living
voice must be different from that of
effecting the same purpose through the
medium of the printed page. Anyhow,
the result as it now lies before us is
almost as admirable as could be wished,
and we have no hesitation in saying that
our author's monograph on the Philistines
is one of the finest works yet produced
under the auspices of the British Acaden^.
Several attempts have at different
times been made to unravel the origin
of the Philistines, but the right answer
to this important question appears to be
provided by three converging lines of
evidence, respectively derived from the
Biblical narrative, the Egyptian inscrip-
tions, and the treasures brought to light
by excavations in Crete. That the term
Keftiu of the Egyptian inscriptions stands
for Crete, or at least that it denotes " a
centre of distribution of the products of
Cretan civilization, and therefore a place
under tlie influence of Crete," is clear from
the identity in form of offerings made by
Keftian envoys to Pharaohs of the Eigh-
teenth Dynasty and of some of the
masterpieces of Minoan art ; but Keftiu is,
notwithstanding the absence of the final r,
probably the same as Caphtor, which,
according to Hebrew tradition, was the
original liome of the Philistines, so that
this point alone may be held to contain,
as it were, in a nutshell the solution of the
problem before us.
In an inscription of Ramessu TIL, pre-
served in the temple of Medinet Habu, we,
moreover, meet with the Pulasati, un-
doubtedly to be equated with the Philis-
tines, Avho, as members of a large body of
invaders coming from the north, Ave re
repulsed by the Egyptian forces shortly
after 1200 b.c. ; and the inference seems to
be well founded that the same Pulasati,
together with certain allied races, finding
themselves unable to gain a footing in
Egypt, settled not long after on the less
strenuously defended coast of Canaan.
The inscription referred to does not
mention Crete or neighbouring territory
as the original home of the Pulasati, but
there is the important fact that the plumed
head-dress worn bjr captives of that race,
as shown in the inscription of Medinet
Habu, is very similar to that depicted in
one of the graphic signs found on the
famous terra-cotta disk discovered in the
palace of Phsestus in Crete.
Another interesting argument may be
based on the fact that the best explanation
so far offered of the name Cherethites,
borne, amongst others, by a section of the
bodyguard of the early HebreAV kings, is
that it represents the Hebrew equivalent
of Kp-PjTes; and if the Pelethites men-
tioned by the side of the Cherethites were
— as appears likely — a body of Philistines
under a someAvhat modified form of the
name, it Avould, in the light of the other
extant eAudence, seem right to assume
that the Cherethites and Pelethites Avere
not only associated together as members
of a royal bodyguard, but Avere besides
closely allied by race or nationality. In a
somewhat venturesome effort at identifica-
tion, Prof. Macalister further thinks that
the Carites, avIio in three passages in the
Masoretic text of the Old Testament take
the place of Cherethites, Avere probably
none other than Carians originally hailing
from the south-western coast of Asia Minor.
The supposition, of course, is that they,
like several other races in that part of the
Avorld, had been dominated by Crete in the
prosperous period of its history. But be
this as it may, the main result as to the
identity or close association of the Philis-
tines with some branch or other of the
ancient Cretans seems to be as Avell estab-
lished as in the present state of knowledge
one can expect.
In full accord with this view are the facts
to be gathered from the interesting story
contained in the Golenischeff papyrus,
with which the second chapter of Prof.
Macalister's work begins. The first landing-
place of Wen-Amon, who about 1110 B.C.
Avas sent from Thebes to the Syrian coast
to buy timber for the construction of a
sacred barge for Amon-Ra, chief of the
gods, Avas a port named Dor, lying south
of the promontory of Carmel, Avhich was
inhabited by the Zakkala, a people ex-
pressly associated with the Pulasati in the
inscription of Medinet Habu already
referred to ; and a complete Adew of the
facts of the case warrants the classification
of this people as a branch of the Philistines,
or, at any rate, as a race closely allied to
them. Prof. Macalister further suggests
that the name of Zakar-Baal, prince of
By bios, AArho Avas subsequently visited by
Wen-Amon, is merely a faulty rendering,
by the ignorant Egyptian envoy, of a
designation meaning " Lord of the Zak-
kala." But the conjecture is probably of
too hazardous a character to justify the
assumption of Philistine domination OArer
Phoenicia which our author seeks to con-
nect with it.
The remaining sections of chap. ii. give
us a critical survey of the history of the
Philistines as delineated in the Old Testa-
ment ; and as a supplement to this part
may be regarded the excellent account
supplied in chap. hi. of their chief cities,
and the extension of Philistine rule over
neighbouring territories.
The fourth and last chapter deals with
the language of the Philistines, their
organization, their religion, and their place
in history and civilization. Very little
definite information is, unfortunately, to
be gathered about their language, though
Prof. Macalister holds that
" the close relationship of the Etruscans
to the Philistines suggests that the Etruscan
inscriptions may some time be found to
have a bearing on the problem."
What our author says on the other topics
named is also highly suggestive, and full
of interest. We do not, howeATer, think that
his proposal to derive alphabetical writing
from the forty-fiA^e signs of the Phaestus
disk will meet with much encouragement.
It does not, in fact, seem to us that Prof.
Macalister has on a number of points
escaped the temptation of OA^errating the
capabilities and influence of the people
whose history he has laid before us with
conspicuous learning and uniform clearness
of expression.
Luther. By Hartmann Grisar. Au-
thorized Translation from the German
by E. M. Lamond. Vol. III. (Kegan
Paul & Co., 12s. net.)
As the English translation of Dr. Grisar*s
Life of Luther proceeds — it will, it is now
announced, occupy six \Tolumes — its in-
terest increases. As we see the great
Reformer in the thick of his Avork and the
heyday of his life, the absorbing attrac-
tion of his personality takes hold of us
more and more strongly. His stupendous
force, his amazing vitality, his super-
human interest in life, impress themselves
upon us with redoubled effect. We find
him the most multiform, the most para-
doxical of men. No one else has seen this
so clearly, or expressed it so Avell, as
Adolf Hausrath, whom Dr. Grisar quotes
Avith a certain tepid appro\Tal : —
" The \-ery union, so characteristic of
him, of mother -wit and melancholy, is quite
peculiar. His wanton humour seems at
times to make a plaything of the Avhole
world, yet the next moment this seemingly
incurable humorist is oppressed with the
deepest melancholy, so that he knows not
what to do with himself. . . .In one corner
of his heart lurks a demon of defiance, who.,
when roused, carries away the submissive
monk to outbursts which he himself recog-
nizes as the work of some alien force,
stronger than his firmest resolutions He
Avas the greatest revolutionary of his age,
and yet he was a conservative theologian,
yea, conservative to obstinacy. . . .He in-
sisted at times upon the letter as though
the sanation of the entire Church depended
upon it, and yet we find him rejecting whole
books of the' Bible and denying their Apo-
stolic spirit. Reason appears to him as a
temptress from the regions of enchantment,
intellect as a mere rogue, Avho proves to
his own satisfaction just what he is desirous
of seeing pro\Ted, and yet, armed Avith this
same reason and intellect, Luther Avent out
No. 4513. April 18, 11)14
Til E A Til KN.-KUM
183
boldly into th< battle-fields of the prolonged
religious war." •' Luthers Leben,' iv. p. vii.
The inoonsistenoiea of Luther's cha-
ir arc a delight to Dr. Grisai in the
exposure of them. He clearly enjoys
dwelling on the black side — on the coarse
indecency, the Bavage violence, the reck-
ssness of his language : not in them-
Belves, of course, but as illustrations of
what seem to him almost the necessary
onsoquence of obstinate apostasy. There
is no doubt that in some respects he proves
his case to the hilt : there is not a trace
of exaggeration, the ipsissima verba are
appealed to as evidence. We need men-
tion as examples only two cases. The
first is the curious lack of "' zeal for
-mils " which marked the Protestant
Reformer. He seems to have wished
rather to confine his ministrations to
the religiously disposed than to attempt
the conversion of the ungodly. When
some one asked him how to behave
towards those who had never been to
church for twenty years, he answered :
" Let them go to the devil, and. when they
die, pitch them on the manure heap."
The other example is his attitude
towards marriage. The extraordinary
looseness with which he regarded the tie,
the facilities for divorce which he allowed,
the permission of polygamy, not only in
his writings, but also in one notorious
case, are probably to be explained by the
very definite view which he held upon
the institution. It was a matter for the
temporal authority, he stated several
times in his Table Talk, and expressed
in the treatise ' On the Babylonish Cap-
tivity of the Church ' thus : —
' The Sacrament Mas not Divinely in-
stituted, but one invented in the Church
by men led astray by their ignorance alike
Of tilings and of words." — See ' Luther's
Primary Works,' Wace and Buchheim, p.381.
It is certainly true that, as Dr. Grisar says,
" in speaking of sexual questions and of
matters connected with marriage, Luther
^ould adopt a tone calculated to make even
the plainest of plain speakers wince."
On the other hand, Dr. Grisar rightly
rejects the specific charges often advanced
against the Reformer's morals (in the
narrow sense of the word). He was self-
indulgent, no doubt ; but then he had
a theory that this was the way to conquer
melancholia.
A great part of this volume is taken
up with these '" glimpses of a Reformer's
morals. " More important perhaps, as
well as much pleasanter reading, are the
chapters in which Dr. Grisar deals with
Luther's political attitude and his idea of
the organization of a new Church. In L530
he signed a Becret memorandum declaring
the unlawfuli!' - of WSJ against the
Emperor on religion- grounds ; this was
published in 1531 by Cochheus. into whose
hands it had fallen. Within a few years
Luther entirely altered bis opinion.
The later part of the volume is con-
cerned with the relations between Luther
and Ifelanchthon. Dr. Grisar proves that
in essentials th<- latter was quite at
adi am - d " ae the former, and he tra
the growth of divergence between them,
showing how. for example. Melancht lion
gradually reached the Zwinglian doctrine
of the Communion. Between Zwingli
and Luther there was never any real
harmony of opinion, and the German
received the new a of the death of the Sw iss,
with Carlstadt and Pellicanus, on the
battle-field of Cappel, with something not
far removed from glee. Dr. Grisar deals
also with Luther's relations with Carl-
stadt, Sfthenk, Johann Agricola, Egranus,
Bugenhagen, and others, and carries the
story down to 1543.
The present volume, which is admirably
translated, deals rather with the moral,
social, and personal side of Luther's
career than with his theology.
Canadian Addresses. By the Hon. George
E. Foster. (Herbert Jenkins, 5s.)
The past decade has brought sensible
advancement for the people of Great
Britain in the matter of understanding
the politics, progress, and affairs generally
of their kinsfolk in the oversea portions
of the Empire. A good deal of this impor-
tant progress is due to the efforts as public
speakers of leading statesmen in the
Dominions. Such gatherings in England
as those of the Imperial Conference,
combined with the unofficial visits of
oversea politicians to the Mother Country
(which improved transport facilities have
made much more frequent than they used
to be), and the work of such bodies as the
Dominions Royal Commission, have served
to give our public in this country some
sense of personal acquaintance with the
men who shape the legislative develop-
ment of the different young nations
whose union forms our worldwide British
Commonwealth. Among these men, some
few are gifted with that power of oratory,
that notably articulate order of person-
ality, which enables individuals, here and
there, to school the thoughts of com-
munities, and to affect materially the
relationship existing between peoples sepa-
rated by wide seas. Mr. Alfred Deakin,
the ex-Prime Minister of Australia, and
"King Dick'' Seddon of New Zealand,
came into this category ; as does also, to
-Mine extent, that sturdy speaker, the
present Prime Minister of Canada. But,
upon the whole, the present reviewer is
inclined to assign first place, in this
particular direction, to the Canadian
.Minister of Trade and Commerce. .Mr.
»rge E. Foster, who during the past two
or three vears has. by his speeches alone.
played a really potent part in drawing
closer together the people of Australia,
New Zealand. Canada, and the .Mother
Country .
It ma\ be interesting to readers of Tht
A lh run- a in, to know that in Canada this
brilliant speaker has more than once been
compared with the late Sir Charles Dilke,
with reference both to his influence and
position in Parliament, and to his gifts
and personality. Certainly the SOOpe of
his knowledge is vcrywide. Intellectually,
he is a full man. It may be doubted
whether the I louse of Commons at Ottawa
numbers among its members any one of
riper and wider knowledge. His forceful
personality, despite a certain characteristic
coldness or austerity, secures the enthu-
siasm of his audiences, t hough he never, al
any time, panders to sentimentality or
Superficiality. Without descending to the
mawkish or merely emotional level o\
some speakers, his addresses are fre-
quently illumined by their real patriotism.
for these reasons we are sincerely glad
to welcome the modest little volume
(issued at a price that bring-; it easily
within the reach of most people) which
gives us ten of the noteworthy addresses
delivered during late years by Mr. Foster.
The book is described as edited by .Mr.
Arnold Winterbotham, and his task cannot
have been difficult, for Mr. Poster is a
finished speaker, from the reporter-'
standpoint as in other respects. The
little Introduction to the volume is not
a biographical study by its editor, but
an introduction to Canada and her affairs
and aims from the pen of .Mr. Foster
himself. This is much to the point ; but
the addition to the completed book of a
brief biographical study of Mr. Foster
would have been welcome, especially to
readers who have not followed his career.
But possibly Mr. Poster's modesty forbade
the undertaking, and it may be admitted
that his addresses speak eloquently for
him. They present the man and the
general trend of the workings of his busy
mind, though the reviewer is of opinion
that he has listened to finer and more
stirring speeches from Mr. Foster than
the best of those contained in this instruc-
tive little book.
The Trials and Pleasures of an Uncotn-
pleled Tour. By Mrs. C. 11. M. Thring.
(Simpkin & Marshall, 12«. ()d. net.)
Tins interesting book is pathetically
dedicated to the memory of " the bright-
est, most devoted and unselfish wife
that ever man possessed and lost.'' .Mrs.
Thring was well known as an American
actress, under the stage-name of " Anne
Caverly," who played "'character" parts
in the late Augustin Daly's company in
New York and throughout the United
States and Canada. She was descended
from a family of Puritan ministers in
Nova Scotia, and was popularly known
as -the Puritan actress.'' On her friend
Mi Daly's death she left the stage, and
a legacy from an aunt enabled her to
travel and study in England, Belgium,
Holland, and Paris. Wherever she went
her strong sense of humour and intense
sympathy with all types of mankind
qualities which are illustrated in every
page of this book won her the Friendship
and admiration of all with whom -he
became acquainted.
In 1908 -he married Mr. C H M
Thring. a nephew of the Famous Ibad
»,S4
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
Master of Uppingham, and in 11)11 the
couple, set out to make an extended
tour round the world : through America
and Canada, Australia and New Zealand,
Japan and China, Burma and India.
Mrs. Thring intended to write a book
describing this tour on her return to
England, and to that end kept full
diaries of her experiences. Unfortunately
her health was never strong ; the strain
of constant travelling and pleasurable
excitement did not improve it ; and in
February of last year she died quite sud-
denly at Agra, her illness being so brief
that her husband, who was away tiger-
shooting, was not able to return in time
to see her alive.
It would have been a great pity if the
impressions of so keen an observer and
en j oyer of life had been withheld from
the reader. Mr. Thring's pious task of
preserving them is for once more than
the inane munus which is usually all that
can be paid to the memory of the dead.
Out of the diaries left by his wife, and
the copious letters which she was in the
habit of writing to her friends at home,
he has made a very bright, unconven-
tional, and readable book, which will
keep green the memory of its accom-
plished author. As an example of Mrs.
Thring's natural skill in description we
may quote her notes of the sunsets on
the way from Sydney to Manila— sunsets
which are among the most wonderful
recollections of all voyages in tropical
seas, but are mighty difficult to put into
words. Mrs. Thring does this really well :
" Later a delicious shower, and then the
most wonderful sunset ... .The background
was green turquoise enamel, and on this, in
fantastic shapes, orange tones ; then, away
up to the zenith, opal. . . .The sea was a dead
grey, and so were all the heavens except the
sunset side/'
Again : —
" I first noticed the indigo blue of the sea
yesterday. The sea is not so ' sick ' as it
was going down the Pacific, and is more the
coloeir of the sea at Nice and Monte Carlo.
Also there is a wonderful turquoise colour
in the sky at sunset which I have never seen
before. One sees the greys and violets and
flaming orange near Honolulu, but this
turquoise is like enamel, clean and wonderful.
Dab great blotches of orange . . on it, and then
imagine wonderful dove-greys, with all the
tones of mauve and violet, and you will have
an idea of what we see at sunset here. One
forgets all the discomfort and the heat, and
does not mind if one will be kept awake by
it, for the sake of these experiences."
We regret that Mrs. Thring had not
time to try her hand at an account of
the Taj Mahal at Agra. That perfect
and exquisite dream in white marble is
almost beyond description : Mr. Kipling's
distant view in * Letters of Marque : is
probably the best attempt, but Mrs.
Thring might have come pretty near it.
Her Japanese diaries are charming, and
her account of the ordinary ups and
downs of the globe-trotter is always
vivacious.
FICTION.
The Highway to Happiness. By Richard
Le Gallienne. (Werner Laurie, 6s. net.)
Bv an easy method of allegory Mr. Le
Gallienne leads his reader to the conclu-
sion that devotion to self incapacitates a
man for the joy of conjugal love, infects
him witli the gloom of monomania, and
deprives him of hope. The principal cha-
racter is called Youth, and his companions
bear names equally candid and important.
Woman, in one form and another, is the
caxise of his degeneration and loss of
noble friendship.
Mr. Le Gallienne's well-known aptitude
for sensuously conveying to literature
the attractiveness of muliebrity is prettily
displayed in this allegory, although he
strictly favours propriety in his artistic
attitude towards the woman of undis-
criminating lust and the person whom he
enthrones as Queen Folly. He manifests
his sympathy for the slaves of Capital in
the horrible picturesqueness of his illus-
trations of the cost of fantastic luxun^.
Youth loses his soul in a wager against
" the lord of Gold," and it may be re-
marked that the meaning and effect of
this misfortune are not indicated with
sufficient clearness. The verses occasion-
ally to be found in the book are of un-
equal merit. A song of Hope to Youth
which made him forget " the face of her
who had promised him forgetfulness in
exchange for a kiss " (a damsel named
Suicide) is hardly good enough to be
recommended as a tonic for people medi-
tating self-destruction. Nevertheless, feli-
cities of phrase and tune are to be met
with here and there.
An unusual feature of the book is a
series of drawings by Mr. Herbert Deland
Williams, printed in green ink — partly
on the margins and partly under the
text, which inflexibly and ruthlessly occu-
pies precisely the space which would
belong to it without these " decorations."
As Mr. Williams, satisfied with maintain-
ing a sort of arboreal prettiness, has not
troubled to follow the local changes of the
allegory, he deserves less sympathy than
we should otherwise accord him.
The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists. By
Robert Tressall. (Grant Richards, 6s.)
The author of this book evidently set
out to write a Socialistic tract, but despite
such a handicap has produced a story of
vivid realism and grim humour concerning
the lives of some working-men who, with
himself, were associated with a firm of
house painters and decorators in a pro-
vincial town. In the course of a volume
extending to nearly 400 pages, he shows
us the sordid lives of these men, their
opinions of other sections of humanity,
their attitude towards politics in general,
and their vieAvs of Socialism in particular.
We follow the author with interest as
he faithfully records the hopes and fears
that animate his comrades, their fatalistic
philosophy of life, and their dull round of
toil, displayed in the Avorkshop and by
their relations with the " boss " and t he-
foreman, a Zolaesque character nick-
named " Old Misery." The struggle of
the women is also depicted, and the
tragedies of the children in homes where-
in security of work and low wages are an
ever-present problem for the strongest
to endure, and the weakest to abandon
in despair.
Easton, a fellow-worker of Tressall's.
arrives home dispirited and tired to find
the household budget disorganized by
the accumulation of debt resulting front
his periods of enforced unemployment.
His wife has struggled hard and bravely,
but the crisis has mastered all the
strategy of poverty, and she explains,
to Easton how matters stand. He listens.,
and then, in ignorance rather than anger,
taxes her with carelessness and neglect.
" The woman did not reply at once
She was bending down over the cradle
arranging the coverings which the restless
movements of the child had disordered.
She was crying silently, unnoticed by her
husband.
" For months past — in fact ever sine -
the -child was born — she had been ex-
isting without sufficient food. If Easton
was unemployed they had to stint them-
selves so as to avoid getting further into
debt than was absolutely necessary. When
he was working they had to go short in
order to pay what they owed; but of what
there was Easton himself, without knowing
it, always had the greater share. If he was
at work she would pack into his dinner
basket over-night the "best there was in the
house. When he was oxit of work she often
pretended, as she gave him his meals, that
she had had hers while he was out. And
all this time the baby was draining her life-
away, and her work was never done. She
felt very weak and weary as she crouchcel
over there, crying furtively and trying not
to let him see."
Then the man, still blind to the patient
heroism of his wife, again complains,
and the woman gives vent to her pent-up
despair : —
"'Oh, I am so tired — I am so tired.
I wish I could lie down somewhere anel
sleep and never wake up any more.' '
We wish that Miss Pope, into whose
hands, we learn, the manuscript of the
novel came, had bestowed more time and
care on it. She tells us in a short Preface
that
" it came from the pen of Robert Tressall,
house-painter and sign-writer, who recorded
his criticism of the present scheme of things,
until, wearv of the struggle, he slipped out
of it " ;
and that her task has been merely to cut
away superfluous matter and repetition.
She has not done either duty satisfac-
torily. Repetition has not only escaped
her pruning-knife, but there is also at
least one apparent hiatus which, rightly or
wrongly, Ave have debited her Avith. In
the interests of novel - readers to whom,
the subject is little known it ought, Ave
think, to have been explained that the
descriptions deal Avith men, masters, and
conditions of Avork and life far below the
average, and Ave feel a measure of sym-
pathy with the impatience that his
felloAv-Avorkers expressed at the author's,
No. 4513, April 25, 1014
THE ATHENiEUM
585
Socialistic discourses. There is a mea-
Bure oi truth in the latter'a contort
tion that they are ao< informed as to
the root-cause of poverty. The nearest
we get to it is that it is the outcome of
private monopoly. To-day it is too much
the fashion to shelter the individual
behind the system. It is at least open
question whether, if workers secured
control, there would be safety — security
of decent life and fair wages — in numbers
alone, and no one can be blamed for
questioning also whether the more edu-
cated working-man should not educate
his fellows better before the majority take
control.
Nevertheless, we commend this work
to the sociologist and the politician
alike : while the general reader will find
its pages a document of compelling
interest and tragic stress. It is a book
that by no means should be overlooked
or ignored.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Butler Fredrick W.)j Personality and Revela-
tion, a Statement of the Grounds of Christian
Certainty, 2 net. Cambridge, Heffer
The author's aim, is "to indicate' the main
lines of a defensive statement of the Christian
religion in view of modern knowledge."
Fosdick Harry Emerson), The Manhood of the
Master, l >; net.
Student Christian Movement
This little book, presenting a study of the
character of Christ, was originally prepared for
American students, and i~ now issued, with a few
alterations, for English readers. It is divided into
turns, with Daily Readings, and a 'Comment
for the Week ' for devotional reading, or discussion
in a •■ Bible study circle."
Mozley ij. K. . Christian Belief, FourAddr<
on the Christian View of find and the World.
with a Sermon entitled Tin: Gospel axj>
Theology, 1 net. Cambridge, Beffer
These four addresses, entitled. 'Creed and
.' • Jesus Christ,' ' God. sin. and Atonement,'
and • Tie- Christian Way.' were delivered in Pem-
broke t ..lie-,, chapel during the Michaelmas Term,
L913.
Pownall A. du T. , Elementary Bible Studies,
being -on,.. Notes on the Historical Hooks of
the ()!.! Testament, paper 6d. net. cloth 1 net.
Longmans
An elementary handbook prepared for the
use of candidate, fOP Church-work in the Colonies.
Simpson .\V. J. Sparrow), Tin: Catholic Con-
iTioN- os riu: Church, a Study of the Tradi-
tional idea of the Nature and Constitution of
the Church, " Library of Historic Theology,"
■' net Robert Scotl
'J he author first considers Christ's teaching
erninif the Kingdom of Heaven and the
wh. and then traces " the course of the
Catholic conception of the Church through a
development ol 1900 years," treating chiefly of
great writers of the primitive Church.
POETRY.
Cropper 'Margaret, Poems, paper I' net, cloth
1 ,; "•••• Elkin Mathews
•\ slight collection of v.?-.-.. including
- nigs in a Valley.' ' Deirdre on Ship-board,'
and ' At Tran • 1 i ■—an.' •
Cain and Loss, s Lyrical Narrattve, and Other
Verses, by E. K. v. 1 -; net.
st . Caf berine I '
ii and Loss,' the chief item in this small
TOhnne "i ....I- an experience of love,
',".".' w divided into many short pieces, such a-
' The Tryst,' • Renouncement,' and ' May-Time.'
Gilbert Bernard , Parjong Lays, 2 net.
Prank Palmer
1 b< we undei -t ind from the
Publisher - P • . been re< ited to, and
acclaimed by, local experts in village inns. There
are marginal decorations b; Mr. W. 8. Lear.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Congress Library, List op References on
Federal Control of Commerce and Cor-
porations: Special Aspects \m> Applica-
tions, com pile. I under the Direction ol Hermann
II. B. Meyer, 15c.
Washington, I '-"\ i . Print ing ( Ifilce
The first part of this ' l.i-t of References '
was published in March, 1913. The present part
deals with various special aspects of the subject,
ami is divided under the headings ' Regulation
of Interstate Commerce,' ' Industrial Corpora-
tions, Trusts,' and "Federal Anti-Trust Cases.'
Author and Subject Indexes are added.
Nottingham Library Bulletin, May, \<l.
Nottingham
Containing lists of new books added to the
Library, notices of new novels, and notes.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Baildon (W. Paley), BArLDON and the Baildons,
a Histor of a Yorkshire Manor and Family,
Vol. I. Privately printed
The firsl volume of a manorial and family
history, illustrated by numerous plates and
blocks in i he text.
Clan Campbell, Abstracts of Entries relating
to Campbells in the Sheriff Court Hooks
of Perthshire, and i.v the Particular
Registers of Hornings and Inhibitions
for that County, from the Campbell Collec-
tions formed by Sir Duncan Campbell of Barcal-
dine and Glenure, prepared and edited by the
Rev. Henry Paton. Edinburgh, Schulze
Mr. Paton contributes a brief Introduction.
and Indexes of Persons and Places are given.
Memories of John Westlake ii net.
smith & Elder
This is not a formal biography, but a collec-
tion of tributes from various friends of John
Westlake. including Mr. A. V. Dicey, Lord Court-
ney of Penwith, and Dr. J. X. Renter. There is
an introductory chapter by Mr. J. Fischer Wil-
liams, and the book is illustrated with port rails.
Morgan (Rev. J. Vyrnwy), The Philosophy of
Welsh History, 12/6 net. Lane
The author's purpose is " to dwell upon the
dramatic phases oi historical events and upon the
religious and sociological phenomena," and to
discuss the problems involved in the development
of the country.
Naval and Military Essays, "Cambridge Naval
and Military Series.'' 7 (i n.t.
Cambridge University Press
A collection of papers which were read in
I he Naval and Military Sect ion at t he Internal ional
Congress of Historical Studies last year. They
are edited by the general editors of the series.
Mr. Julian Corbet! and Col. II. .). Edwards, and
include contributions by sir .1. K. Laughton,
Mr. Corbett, Dr. .1. Holland Hose, and Prof.
C. W. C. Oman.
Omond (G. W. T.), The Lord Advocates ov
SCOTLAND: Second Series, 1834-188(1 21 int.
.Melrose
The writer's former work, published in 188:5.
traced the history of the office from the fifteenth
century to the passing of the Reform Hill. In
this volume he continues the story of the political
and Legal adventures of the Lord Vdvocates down
to the "Parliament of I 880.
Roscoe (E. S.i, Penn's Country, being Literary
and Historical Studies of the Country of Penn,
.Milton, Gray, Burke, and the Disraelis, 2/ii ml.
Longmans
A revised anil enlarged edition, containing
illustrations and a map.
Salazar (Fanny Zampini), M \i«.hi-:kit\ of Savoy,
First Queen or [tali : heb Ldte and Times,
10 <i net. Mills A Boon
\ study of the life of the Queen-Mother of
Italy, euimr special regard "to the protection
and incentive she has afforded to movements m
Italy affecting the condition of women in social,
economic, and educational fields." Mr. Richard
Bagot writ es a Preface, and there are illustrations.
Turquan 'Joseph) and D'Auriac iJuIes), A GREAT
Adventuress: Lady Hamilton wi> the
Revolution in Naples, 1763 1815, 12 <> net.
Jenkins
This edition has been translated from the
French by Miss Lilian Wiggins. There are many
illusl pat ion- from poi I rait s.
Worcester (Dean C), The Philippines, Past
and Present, 2 vols., 80 net. Mills,' Boon
An account of the past and present political
situation in the island -. with a description of their
climate, natural resources, and commercial possi-
bilities. The writer was a member of the U.8.
Philippine Commission (\x'.>'-> 1901), and since
1901 has been Secretary of the Interior to th<
Insular Government. The volume, are illus-
trated.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Maltland (Francis J. G.), CHILE, its Land AND
People, the History, Natural Features, De-
velopment, and Industrial Resources of a Great
South American Republic, 10/fl net.
Francis Grifflt b-
A survey of the country,
many ph. .t. igra phs.
Peacock (Wadhami, Albania,
State op Europe, 7 >> net.
The writer " deals with a phase in the history
of Ubania which is passing away.'' and gives a
illustrated with
THE FOUNDLDTO
Chapman & Hall
chap) or tot he consi. |. la I ion
new kingdom. The book
photographs.
Thomas 'Edward), l.\ Pursuit of Spring, 5/ net.
.Nelson
The author records a pilgrimage
to the Quantoci Hills in March and
are six mounted illustrations from
Mr. Lines! Ilaslehust.
White (Stewart Edward), AFRICAN
5 net.
A record of ( ravel a ml sport i
illustrations from photographs.
POLITICS.
'I
f the future of the
is illustrated with
from Condon
April. There
lira w ih'.;s by
Camp Fd&es,
Nelson
i Africa, wit h
ik Truth about Ulster,
Nash
Moore (F. Frankfort
7/6 net .
The writer records his memories of riots in
Belfast and other places, and bis impressions of
Ulster and Ulstermen. The book is illustrated
with photographs..
Stepankowsky (V.), Tin: Uissian Plot to Skizk
Galicia (Austrun Ruthenia), 6d. Hall
The writer's ami is " to arouse the attention
of Englishmen" to the "feverish preparations
on the pari of the Russians, and their renewed
determination to deal a violent blow to the cause
of the national revival " in Western Ruthenia.
Walling (William English), Progressivism — and
After, i> 6 net. Macmillan
The author discusses and criticizes progres-
sive movements, being mainly concerned with
their development in the United States.
SOCIOLOGY.
Chadwick (W. Edward), The Church, the State,
and THE Pool!, a Scries of Historical Sketches,
6, net. Robert Scott.
A discussi if the ways in which the Church
ami the State have attempted at various times to
deal with the problems of poverty.
ECONOMICS.
Hoag (Clarence Gilbert), A Theory of Interest,
ii 6 net. Macmillan
The author's aim is to present a solution of
the problem of interest.
Temple (Frederick), Interest, Gold, and Bank-
ing, a Dis,-,, iirse on Democratic Finance, Orf.
Effingham Wilson
An address dealing with the effect of usury
on societ y.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Bradley (William), Tin: Early Poems of Walter
Savage Landor, 2/6 net. Hugh Pees
This study of Landor's development and his
debt to .Milton has been submitted as a doctoral
thesis to the Faculty of Philosophy in the Wil-
helm's University of .Minister, Westphalia.
EDUCATION.
Leeds University, TENTH Report, 1912 13.
I Is, Jowet t & Sowry
Containing a report of the activities of the
various departments of the University, a list of
works, original papers, &c, published by its
members during the year 1912 IS, notices of
recent appointments gained bj students, and
other informal ion.
SCHOOL.
Brabant (H. S.), Test Papers on the \hmv
Mathematb m. Syllabus, I 6 net. Relfe
\ collection of papers ■■ designed to represent
the hauler tyj f questions set in the Lrmy
Exa tninal ions."
Dobbs (W. J.i, Answers to the Exebx [sbs in- \
School » Iourse in i .i ombtri . dd.
In Longmans' " Modem Math maticaJ
Series."
English Author Revision Card: SHAKESPEARE,
The Tempest, prepared for the Oxford and
Cambridge Local and the College of Preceptors'
Examinations, bj L P. Colman, 3d. Relfe
This eaid contains eighty quotations from
■The Tempest, ' and is intended to test pupils'
knowledge of the text. With ii ta providea^a
Ke\ .
580
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4513, April 2r>, 1914
French Unseens, Seniob Course, selected and
arranged by A. R. Florian, 1/6 Rivingtons
A hundred and fifty-one passages in prose
and verse from French writers, followed by an
Index of Authors.
Hodgson (Rev. H. J.), Practical Geometry for
Junior Examinations, 1/6 Relfe
A second edition.
Latin Vocabulary, Hd. net. Relfe
This little book consists of words and phrases
especially selected for the translation of Caisar
and for Latin prose composition. There are
Appendixes.
Maupassant (Guy de), Six Contes, edited by
Harold N. P. Sloman, 2/6 Oamb. Univ. Press
A volume in the Senior Group of the " Cam-
bridge Modern French Series." It contains the
stories ' Le Horla,' ' Le Trou,' ' Les Prisonniers,'
' Qui Sait ? ' ' Menuet,' and ' L'Aventure de
Walter Schnaffs,' which are edited with a brief
Introduction, exercises in the Direct Method, and
a " Lexique."
Minssen (B.), Single Term French Readers,
in Six Elementary Books of Graduated Diffi-
culty, Term III., 1/ Rivingtons
This little book contains a story rewritten
for beginners, " mainly founded " on part of
' Bertrand du Guesclin,' by Emile de Bonnechose,
followed by notes in French, exercises on ele-
mentary French grammar, and a French-English
Vocabulary.
Nicholls (Sophie M.), Scenic Studies op the
Bible Background, 3/6 net. Longmans
This book is written to supplement wall-
pictures of Palestine in a classroom. It is illus-
trated with photographs and maps ; there is a
Preface by Mrs. Bryant ; and Indexes of Geo-
graphical Subjects and Scripture References are
added.
Perrault (C), Contes des Fees, I. and II., 3d.
each. Relfe
The first booklet contains ' Les Fees ' and
' Cendrillon," and the second ' Le Petit Chaperon
Rouge ' and ' La Belle au Bois Dormant.' Each
has two black-and-white illustrations and a
Vocabulary.
Relfe Brothers' Junior Contour Atlas, 1/6 net.
There are thirty-six coloured plates, con-
taining, forty-nine maps and diagrams, and an
Index.
Soullier (G.), Easy French Phonetics, with
Reader and Exercises, 1/ Relfe
A systematic course of lessons in the pho-
netic method for beginners.
Soullier (G.), Simple Lessons on Free Composi-
tion in French, 1/4 Relfe
This book contains a series of exercises
written in simple French. Mr. J. Lift has
added an Introduction.
Spenser (Edmund), The Faerie Queene. Book II.,
edited by Lilian Winstanley, " Pitt Press
Series," 2/6 Cambridge University Press
In her Introduction Miss Winstanley' writes
an appreciation of ' The Faerie Queene/ a dis-
cussion of the literary sources of Book II., and
an essay on Spenser and Aristotle. She also con-
tributes about fifty pages of notes to the text.
Stinde (Julius), Die Familie Buchholz, edited
by G. H. Clarke, 2/6 Cambridge Univ. Press
A volume in the " Cambridge Modern German
Series," edited with exercises in the Direct Method,
and a German-English Vocabulary.
Taylor (W. R.), The Junior Geography and
Atlas, 1/6 Belfe
A second edition.
Taylor (W. R.), Old Testament History, 1/
Relfe
A brief sketch of Old Testament history for
the use of schools.
FICTION.
Adams (Arthur H.), The Knight op the Motor
Launch, 1/ Sydney, N.S.W., Bookstall Co.
A tale of love and adventure, followed by
two short stories, ' Honi Soit ' and ' A Rich Man
and Some Shells.' They are reproduced from
The Lone Hand and The Bulletin.
Bain (F. W.), Indian Stories : Vol. VI. An
Essence op the Dusk, translated from the
Original Manuscript, 120/ net per set of 10 vols.
Lee Warner
This story was first published in 1906.
Cullum (Ridgwell), The Compact, 2/ net.
Chapman & Hall
The story is written round the events which
followed the earlier Majuba incident, and led to
the establishment of the U\ o small republics of
Goshen and Stellaland. The " compact "
is one made between two men, by which the
affections of a woman are to be tested for a
year in order to discover which of the two — her
husband or the man he supposes his rival — she
prefers.
Findlater (Mary and Jane), Crossiuggs, Id. net.
Nelson
A cheap reprint. See notice in Athen.,
May 16, 1908, p. 600.
Grey (Lincoln), Sarah Midget, 6/ Methuen
A melodramatic story concerning a million-
aire emporium proprietor, who in the days when
he was a shop assistant had married little Sarah
Midget, and had later deserted her for a painted
lady. The son of the latter, while a student at
an Agricultural College, meets Sarah, and their
friendship develops without either realizing the
other's identity.
Heathcote (Millicent), Entertaining Jane, 6/
Mills & Boon
A story of a young girl who tries to earn her
living, first as a typist, and then as an entertainer
in a, hydro. When she is reduced to 5\d., and
is contemplating " sausage and mashed " as her
last meal on earth, the handsome, sunburnt
hero finds her in the nick of time, and takes
possession.
Litta (The Duke), Monsignor Villarosa, 6/
Fisher Unwin
The central figure is a Liberal Bishop of the
Roman Church, the publication of whose magnum
opus results in his condemnation to the severest
ecclesiastical punishment. A subsidary interest
concerns the remarriage of a divorcee loved by the
Bishop's nephew.
Lyall (Edna), Derrick Vaughan, Novelist, Id.
net. Methuen
A cheap reprint.
Maartens (Maarten), An Old Maid's Love;
God's Fool; The Greater Glory ; My Lady
Nobody; and Her Memory, 3/6 each.
Constable
Five volumes in a new uniform edition of
the novelist's works. They were noticed respec-
tively in The Athmceum on the following dates :
May 9, 1891, p. 601 ; Oct. 29, 1892, p. 585 ; Feb. 10,
1894, p. 176 ; June 29, 1895, p. 835 ; and Oct. 29,
1898, p. 604.
Mack (Louise : Mrs. Creed), The Music Makers,
the Love Story of a Woman Composer, 6/
Mills & Boon
The heroine, whose reputation as a composer
is already established, has accepted as her own
the opera of a poor and unsuccessful friend.
She intends to announce the authorship on the
first night of its performance, but he, hearing
accidentally of the work's production, believes
her guilty of theft, and it is long before the Iwo
are united. There are several subsidiary cha-
racters, whose affairs contribute to a complicated
plot. ri ^^ £
Meade (L. T.), The Wooing op Monica, 6d. Long
A cheap reprint. See notice in Athen.,
March 17, 1900, p. 330.
One Year of Pierrot, by the Mother of Pierrot, 6/
Putnams
A simple story told by an eighteen-year-old
mother, whose child is born some months after
the death of her husband. Pierrot, her son, only
lives one year, and during that time makes many
friendships.
Ruck (Berta : Mrs. Oliver Onions), His Official
Fiancee, 6/ Hutchinson
A story, told in the first person, of a girl
typist who became officially engaged to her
" governor " on the understanding that the ar-
rangement was to be broken off at the end of a
year.
Savile (Frank), The Red Wall, a Modern
Romance, 2/ net. Nelson
A novel dealing with the efforts of a European
Power to get a footing in the zone of the Panama
Canal.
Sinclair (May), The Judgment of Eve, 6/
Hutchinson
This volume contains a series of short stories
with morals. The narrative that gives the title
to the book is a study of a youn°' couple in
poor circumstances, and shows the difficulties of
their married life.
Tallentyre (S. G.), Matthew Hargreaves, 6/
Smith & Elder
A character-study of a City man of the last
century.
Travers (John), Second Nature, a Study in
Contrasts, 6/ Duckworth
The hero is left a fortune by his uncle on
condition that he marries, within a year, a woman
who has been sentenced to serve time in prison.
He eventually obeys the terms of the will, but,
as Society is shocked at his wife's manners, he
takes her to a lonely station on the Indian frontier.
Tressall (Robert), The Ragged Trousered
Philanthropists, 6/ Grant Richards
See p. 584.
Troubridge (Lady), This Man and this Woman,
6/ Eveleigh Nash
The author describes the unfortunate married
life of a young and irresponsible couple who belong
to modern society, but gives a happy ending to
her tale.
Winter (John Strange), The Countess of
Mountenoy, Qd. Long
A cheap reprint.
JUVENILE.
Elias (Frank), A Boy's Adventures in t e
South Seas ; or, With Williams to Erro-
MANGA, 2/ R.T.S.
A story in the " Brave Deeds " Series, with
a coloured frontispiece and other illustrations.
Le Feuvre (Amy), Bridget's Quarter Deck, 3/6
R.T.S.
A new issue.
Shaw (Gertrude), West Indian Fairy Tales,
2/6 net. Francis Griffiths
These fairy tales are told for children, and
are illustrated in black and white by Mr. H. J.
Stock.
Tate (Gertrude M.), Windflowers, Verses for
Young Children, Ad. Relfe
Simple pieces, such as ' Pussv Willow,'
'Brownies,' ' Good - Night,' and ' 5ly Dolly,'
printed in large type.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Alchemical Society Journal, March, 2/ net.
H. K. Lewis
■ This number contains a report of the eleventh
general meeting of the Society, a paper on Roger
Bacon by Mr. B. Ralph Rowbottom, with a
report of the discussion that followed it, and
reviews.
Baptist Historical Society Transactions, April,
2/6 Baptist Union
Containing articles on ' John Ward,' ' Two
Hardcastles, Presbyterian and Baptist,' ' Paul's
Alley, Barbican, 1695-1768,' ' Kentish Mis-
sionaries to Virginia, 1714,' and ' Theobalds and
Colonel Packer,' and notes.
Dublin Review, April, 5/6 net. Burns & Oates
Mgr. Barnes contributes an article entitled
' Martin Luther, Augustinian Friar.' The editor,
Mr. Wilfrid Ward, writes on ' A Visit to America,'
Sir H. E. H. Jerningham on ' Three Ambassadors
of the Victorian Age,' and Prof. T. M. Kettle on
' Labour and Civilization.'
English Historical Review, April, 5/
Longmans
The articles include ' The Strength of English
Armies in the Middle Ages,' by Sir J. II. Ramsay ;
' The Early Life of John de Vere, Thirteenth
Earl of Oxford,' by Miss Cora L. Scofield ; and
' Frederick the Great and England, 1758-1763,'
Part II., by Dr. J. Hollan 1 Rose.
Girl's Own Paper and Woman's Magazine, May,
6c7. 4, Bouverie St., E.G.
The present number includes ' The Begam
of Bhopal,' by Mary Frances Billington ; ' The
House that Juliet Built,' by Grace S. Richmond ;
and ' In the Merry Maytime,' by Maud Angell.
Imperial Institute Bulletin, Vol. XII. No. 1,
2/6 John Murray
This number contains reports of recent
investigations at the Imperial Institute, an article
by Mr. E. Leplae on ' Agriculture in the Belgian
Congo,' general notices 'respecting economic pro-
ducts and their development, a report of the
' Recent Progress in Agriculture and the Develop-
ment of Natural Resources,' and a general state-
ment and notes.
Indian Review, March, 8 annas.
Madras, G. A. Natesan
This number includes articles on ' American
Plans to Exclude Indians,' by Mr. Saint Nihal
Singh ; ' The Real and the Ideal,' by Dr. Rabin-
dranath Tagore ; ' The Late Lord Minto,' by
Mr. G. A. Natesan ; and ' Journalism for Young
Indians,' by Mr. A. J. Fraser Blair.
International Theosophical Chronicle, April, 6d.
net. 18. Baitlett's Buildings, E.C.
The contents include articles on ' Copan and
its Position in American History,' by Mr. William
E. Gates ; ' Rejuvenation in Art,' by Mr. R.
Mr.chell ; and ' Wild Flowers in Lomaland,' by
the Brownie Botany Class.
Journal of Theological Studies, April, 3/6 net.
Milford
Dr. W. Sanday contributes a brief tribute to
Baron Hermann von Soden. The papers include
' Von Soden's Text of the New Testament,' by
Mr. H. C. Hoskier ; ' The Work of Menezes on
the Malabar Liturgy,' by the Rev. R. H. Connolly ;
and ' The Patristic Testimonia of Timotheus
^Elurus,' by Mr. F. C. Conybeare.
No. 4513 April 25, 1914
THE ATIIENjEUM
587
Monist, \ri:u . J t> Open Court Publ. i\>.
The items include a second instalment ol
an article entitled 'On the Nature <>f Acquaint-
ance,' by Mr. Bertrand Russell : ' The Principles
Mechanics with Newton (1666-1679),' by Mr,
riu)i|> K. B. Jourdain : and ' Purposivenesa in
Nature and Life,' i>>* Mr. Edmund Noble.
North American Review, April, 1 net.
Hednemann
The editor, Mr. George Harvey, writes an
' Appeal to the Presidonl : To Save Mexico; to
e his Party : to Save Himself.' The articles
include ' Gold'win Smith: a Reminiscence,' by
Viscount Bryce : ' Government Railroads in
vi.' by Mr. Carrington Weems : and ' Twen-
tieth-Century Christianity,' by Bear-Admiral
A. T. M ihaii.
Open Court, April, 10c Open Court Publ. Co.
Mr. Paul Cams concludes his paper on 'The
Portrayal of Christ,' and also writes on 'The
Romance of a Tibetan Queen.' Other items are
' The Scientists,' by the late Henri Poincare, and
■ A New Co-operative Colony." by Mr. Hiram
Vrooman.
Pall Mall Magazine, Mat, lirf. not. Uiffe
This number celebrates the twenty-first
birthday of the magazine. Mr. Albert Kinross in
an article entitled 'Coming of Age' reviews its
history, and recalls the eminent writers and
artists who have contributed to it at various
times. Special features are short stories by
Mr. Compton Mackenzie. Mr. Morley Roberts,
George Birmingham, and others; an article,
'What You Will,' by Mr. Hilaire Belloc : and
s ' To a Child,' by Mr. Walter de la Mare.
Review of Reviews for Australasia, March, (></.
Melbourne, Swanston St.
The articles in this number include ' The
wn Prince of Germany." by Mr. A. G. Gardiner ;
' The Defence of Australia.' and ' The Position of
Indians within the Empire.' Other items are
' Leading Articles in the Reviews ' and ' History
of the Month in Caricature.'
Sunday at Home, May. M. 1, Bouverie St., E.C.
The contents include an article on Henry
Holiday, by Mr. Harry Cooper; 'A Fountain
under the Sea,' a story-sermon for children, by the
Rev. Stuart Robertson : and under the heading
'My Most Encouraging Experience' we have
some anecdotes by such people as Sir John Kirk,
Mr. Ilalliwell Sutcliffe, Prebendary Webb-Peploe,
Bishop Welldon, and others.
Theosophical Path, April, 1/
California, Point Lonia
Mr. H. Travers writes on ' Reincarnation,'
Mr. Percy Leonard on ' A Marvel of Motherhood :
■ Record of Observations on the Founding of a
Colony of Honey-Ants,' and Mr. Kenneth Morris
on ' The Drama in Wales.' The photographic
illustrations are a notable feature.
Yale Review, April, T.'c.
Yale Publishing Association
The present number contains articles by
Mr. Robert Derrick on ' The American Novel,'
Basanta Koomar Hoy on 'The Personality
of Tagore,' and Miss Helen McAfee on ' An .Ana-
tolian Journey,' A;c. There are verses by Mr.
John Erskine and Mr. Walter Peirce
GENERAL.
Advance Date Book, July, 1014, to .Jink. 1916,
1 8 Lecture Agency
A diary for public speakers and others who
obliged to make engagements some time in
incc.
City of London Year-Book and Civic Directory for
1914, 5/ net . Collingridge
V handbook giving fu'l information on the
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li includes list-, of membership of the City Guilds,
the new Committees of the Corporation and the
London County Council, and particulars of City
• ols.
Coutts iHenry T.>, LIBRARY Joke- \ni> JOTTINGS,
llection of Stories, partly Wise, bul mostly
Otl 2 8 net. fto'll
The author, who is President of the Library
• i.ition, has here collected humo-
■ incident! and anecdotes, many of which
re come under his notice during the course of
his professional dut i
India Office List for 191*, 10 Harrison
Containing n biographii .1 Record of Sen
of nam.-, in the Honoui i the
iiH-iiibers of the ,.. i ouncils and
Governor -G I uncU, and much other
information compiled from official i
In the Next World : ACTUAL Narratives OF
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES iiv Some who HAVE
PASSED OK, compiled and elucidated by A. 1'.
Sinnett, 1 ti net. Theosophical Publ. Co.
The writer says he has had favourable oppor-
tunities of "free speech with friends who have
passed over into the astral life," and her*' gives
" fragments of astral biography " which he has
reeefr ed.
James (A. F. Brodie), Nitrate Facts and
FIGURES, litll, 2/ti net. Mathioson
This booklet is in its eleventh year of issue.
It contains much statistical information for
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John Rylands Library, Manchester, A Brief His-
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its Contents, i>./. net.
Manchester University Press
This volume gives a sketch of the inception,
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Maxims from the Writings of Mgr. Benson, by the
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&C, 1/3 net. Washboume
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(he year, and are preceded by a brief Foreword
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" Cambridge Naval and Military Series," 10/6
net. Cambridge. University Press
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SCIENCE.
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Fisher Unwin
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Haeder (Herman), A Handrook on the Steam
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The fourth English edition, revised and
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Housden (C. E.), Riddle of Mars, the Planet,
3/6 net. Longmans
The writer, by an independent method, has
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with regard to the artificial nature of the canals
and oases of the planet.
Park (James), A Text-Rook of Geology, for
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Robson (Forster;, British Trees, and How to
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Smithsonian Institution, Opinions bendered ry
-rni; International Commission on Zoo-
logical Nomen< i a'ii it e. Washington
This pamphlet contains Opinions 57 t<> •)•"».
Smithsonian Institution, PROCEEDINGS of the
United States National Mi sbi u, Vol. 15.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
The scientific papers in tins volume include
'A Fossil Flower from the EJocene,' by Mr-.
Edward W. Berry ; ' Treeshrewa : an Account
of the Mammalian Family Tupaiidae,' by Mr.
Marcus Ward Lyon, inn. ; arid a ' Description of
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pelago,' by Mr. II. M. Smith.
Stelner 'Rudolph), An OUTLINE OF OCCULT
S( rENCB, ~ 8 ii'-'. Thee ophical I'm'. I. Society
An authorized translation From the fourth
odil ion.
Steiner (Rudolph*, Three Kssays on Uaeckbl
and K\km\, 8/8 net. Theosophical Publ. Sor.
\-i authorized translation from tie- German
of the three essays 'The Working of Karma.'
' Haeckel and his Opponents.' and " llaerkel.
" Riddle of the Universe," and Theosophy.'
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Geikie (James), Tin: ANTIQUITY ok Man in
Europe, 10/6 net. Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd
The Monroe Lectures lor 1918. The writer-
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the antiquity of man.'" The book has full-page
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Richardson (A. E.), Monumental Classic Archi-
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MUSIC.
Trotter (T. H. Yorke), The M akin-, of Musicians,
the Rhythmic Method of teaching Music, 3/8
net. Jenkins
Dr. Forke Trotter- hen- explains his system
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DRAMA.
Neave (Adam), Woman and SuPERWOMAN, a
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Francis < rriffiths
A satirical piece depicting a future slate of
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hand and enforce eugenic principles La extremi .
Ould (Hermon), BETWEEN SUNSEI IND DAWNi
a Play in Four Scenes, paper l oet, cloth 1/0
,,,.( . Sid:;w iclt & Jacl • •..
This play was produced by Mr. Norman
McKinnel at the Vaudeville Theatre lasl October.
Bee notice in Minn.. Noi . I. L013, p. 604.
Sapte (W.). Curtain Raisers \m> Sketch] .
Vols. Ill- and IV.. I re I ..oh. Griffiths
\-,,i. in. contains ' 'lie- ^.ctor,' ' Lea .hold
Marriage,' 'Harmony,' and ' Mortara ; or, The
I-,, i oned Chalice '; and VoL IV. ' Conway Chauf-
feur,' ' \m.i \i.in\ Sfeai . ' \n Lften □ 'all,'
a iid ■ Tie- I i. me •
Strlndberg (August', Plays, Vol. IV.. translated
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This volume contains' Swanwhite,' ' Advent,'
..iid • Tb.- storm," with .■ Foreword bj tie- ii i
latoi .
588
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
FOREIGN.
SOCIOLOGY.
Clasen (P. A.), Der Salutismus, cine sozial-
wissenschaftliche Monographic tibev General
Booth und seine Jleilsainiee.
Jena. Diederichs
A concise, but thorough and comprehensive
account of the origin, history, and theory of
the Salvation Army, considered from a socio-
logical point of view — a work which is rather a
handbook of facts than a discussion, yet expresses
some definite conclusions on the writer's part.
PHILOLOGY.
Abreu (J. Capistrano de), Ba-txa Hu-ni-ku-i,
a Lingua dos Caxinauas do Bio Ibuacu, Afllu-
ente do Muru Prefeitura de Tarauaca), 820
Bio de Janeiro, Leuzingcr
Grammar, texts, and vocabulary of the
Caxinauas
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mecheroutiette, " Constitutionnei. Ottoman,"
Avril. Paris, 115, Bue de la. Pompe
The articles include ' Le Comite Union et
Progres contre le Khalifat,' ' Les Beformes
Armeniennes,' and ' L'Usage du dernier Emprunt
et ses Consequences.'
Mercure de France, Aveii, 16, lfr. 25 net.
Paris, Bue de Conde
The articles in this issue include ' Frederic
Mistral, Poete et Patriote Provencal,' by M.
Ernest Gaubert ; and ' Scenes de la Vie Litteraire
a Paris,' by M. Andre Billy.
Revue Critique des Idees et des L'vres, Avril, lfr.
Paris, 155, Boulevard Saint-Germain
This number pays special " hommage a
Mistral " in five articles entitled ' Mistral Civilisa-
teur,' by M. Gabriel Boissy ; ' Mistral et le
Felibrige,' by M. Jean Marc Bernard ; ' Mistral
et l'Europe,' by M. Marcel Provence ; ' Le Beau
Linguiste,' by M. Jean Longnon ; and ' Les
Dernieres Fetes celebrees par Mistral,' by M.
Charles Benoit.
GENERAL.
Sammlung Alfred Ritter von Pfeiffer, Wien :
I. BlBLIOTHEK ; II. KUPFERSTICH, 2m.
Leipsic, Boerner
Two well-illustrated Catalogues which con-
tain numerous items of importance to be sold
from May 4th to 91 h.
ANOTHER DEBT OF JOHN
SHAKESPEARE.
Sinck my article on ' Shakespeare and
Asbies ' appeared (Athen., March 14 and 21)
I have had two communications about the
Shakespeares. The later, from Mr. Young,
seems to suggest another mysterious debt
of some John Shakespeare.
Henry Higford, gent., of Solihull, War-
wickshire, in his own person appeared on
the fourth day against John Shakysper,
formerly of Stratford-upon-Avon in county
Warwick, " whyttawer," and against John
Musshen, formerly of Walton Dobell in
said county, on the plea that each of them
should pay him 30/. which they owed him ;
and against John Wheler, formerly of
Stratford-on-Avon in said county, yeoman,
on the plea that lie should pay him 80s.
which lie owed him, and unjustly detained.
And if they did not come and pay, that
the Sheriff should bring their bodies here on
Easter Day in five weeks (Common Pleas
Roll 1313/ membrane 399, Easter, 15 Eliz.,
1573).
Now this was a " whyttawer nuper de
Stratford." Could this mean a leather-
dresser for making gloves ? Or could it
mean a leather-dresser for making shoes ?
Was it the John Shakespeare who went to
live in Clifford Chambers, and was confused
with our John by earlier writers ? And could
he be a relative of the John Shakespeare who
ran his race in Stratford as " corvizer "
from 1580 till 1592 ?
All these questions might be asked, as
well as the more important one : Is there
any reason to believe that the language at
that date could fit John, William Shake-
speare's father 1 I should be glad to know.
Charlotte C. Stopes.
CHANGELINGS BY REQUEST.
Mr. Lee, in his suggestive article with
the above heading in your last issue,
has undoubtedly glanced over the brim of
one of the stagnant pools that the present
stage of civilization is accountable for.
The 'cuteness of the city urchin reaches a
degree of pointless sharpness which is
appalling to those whose endeavour it is
to make him or her serviceable to the com-
munity. In the same way the knowledge
possessed by the village child is often too
much like a liquid in a bottle with so
small an aperture that its flow is impeded,
and for all practical purposes it might as
well be empty.
Mr. Lee suggests that exchange of environ-
ment will make for the greater mental and
physical health of both town and country
children, and I agree. But probably only
one who has actually tried a plan of the
sort knows how great the difficulties are.
If a start is to be made among our
board-school children, I may suggest that,
to avoid a failure which will discourage
further attempts, it will be necessary
to effect an exchange between a small
class in town and village, and this class
must be accompanied by its teachers —
the latter being chosen specially for the
breadth of their education. Without such
assistance the change in school and home
environment will merely mean for the
temperamentally retiring the very acme of
discomfort — a discomfort which will be
uselessly inflicted on others by those whose
temperament errs as much the opposite way.
In conclusion, may I urge that such
changes need not be confined to school-
children ? Those employers who are suffi-
ciently well circumstanced to reside many
miles from their places of business might
well agree to some amount of • disarrange-
ment, even to financial loss, such as neces-
sarily accompanies an exchange between city
and country employees, for they should be
more than compensated by the knowledge
that they will be enabling others " to live
more abundantlv." E.
HOLIDAY.
MISANTHROPE ? All, say not so,
Though I turn aside and go
From the highway's dust to hide
One day where the gods abide.
Better shall I live my life,
All the days amid the strife.
For this one day out of it,
Where men are not and birds flit ;
Better gauge what things are worth
Running after on this earth ;
Love my friends the more for these
Hours, forget mine enemies.
Here 's no strain and here 's no fret :
Here blue bell and violet,
Each itself and without hate
Of the other's hue or state.
Here "s the wind among the trees,
Symbol of Eternity's
Immemorial mystic sea
Round Time's islet where we be.
Frederick Niven.
HEROD'S TEMPLE.
Villa Marinucci, Pozzuoli, Italy.
The Athenamm of February 21st promises a
welcome to the communication of any mis-
understood or aggrieved author. Let me
avail myself of this permission to refer to the
notice of a volume by me, called ' Herod's
Temple,' in the same issue.
The reviewer begins his notice by referring
to some opinion as to another of my books,
published ten years ago, and entitled ' The
Tabernacle.' The matter in dispute then
was a purely technical one as to the interpre-
tation to be given to a single cuneiform
character found on a Babylonian tablet dis-
covered at Senkereh in 1850. Each side in
the controversy agreed that the ideograph
£lTTT£l (ammatu) stood originally for "cubit."
On one side its sense was limited to this
meaning ; while on my side it was con-
tended that the ideograph had, in
addition, a secondary and conventional
sense in which it stood for " and/' e.g.,
"three cubits four sossi" became "three
'and' four sossi," the word "cubit" being
understood. Having now two meanings,
the character was afterwards used in other
connexions, the sense of "cubit" being
dropped.
I am not able to refer afresh to Dr. Sayce,
who, I believe, is in the Sudan. But I think
that I would carry him with me in this his-
tory of the word. In the Preface to ' The
Tabernacle ' volume he represents the
original meaning of the word when parting
company with the author. But on p. 139
of the same book he allows that in later
Assyrian ^TTT^I sometimes has the mean-
ing of "«." or "and." As no date is given
to the Senkereh tablet, I accepted, and
still accept, this opinion as governing the
case. I used it as the equivalent of plus,
and as the character occurs twenty-five
times in Rawlinson's transcription of the
tablet, it may be seen how much depends
upon the meaning given to it. Both Rawlin-
son's transcription and my interpretation of
it I have published — -the former in a photo-
graph of his plate.
But this is not all. During the last ten
years a mass of architectural evidence has
been collected and published, in my three
subsequent books on the Temples of the
Jews, as to the existence, first in Babylon,
and then in Palestine, of a cubit of three
lengths, each with its own specific applica-
tion. To ensure this falling under the eye of
reviewers, an outline of the evidence was
given in the Preface to ' Herod's Temple,'
and an invitation thrown out to Biblical
archaeologists to examine it.
This evidence your reviewer passes by, and
contents himself with observing that the
introduction of a second cubit into the
specification of ' Herod's Temple ' confuses
the issue, and that in spite of the author's
" tone of certainty " " serious doubt " still
remains. That the Biblical cubit was of
more than a single length should not be open
to question. Ezekiel was a Jew who wrote
in Babylonia. He used a cubit of two
lengths, one of wh;ch was a palm-breadth
longer than the other. With his words let me
conclude. They a e taken from the A.V. :
" A measuring reed of six cubits, by the cubit
and an hand breadth " (Ezek. xl. 5). " The
cubit is a cubit and an hand breadth "
(Ezek. xliii. 13). Let these sentences dis-
count my reviewer's criticisms.
W. Shaw Caldecott.
*** We insert Mr. Caldecott's letter,
though we should have been glad if he had
been able to condense it.
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
THE ATITENjEUM
589
ICitrnirn (Bassip.
Db. GeoBOE Havf.n Pi CNAM, whose
autobiography we mentioned last week,
has just arrived from New fork on bis
annual visit to England. Be completed
his 70th year on April 2nd, and the occa-
sion was marked by a dinner at the
Century Club of New York, at which a
large circle of publishing and other friends
gathered to do him honour.
FOURTEEN little books, chiefly of Eliza-
bethan interest, are being lent by Dr.
K M. Cox to the London Library for
exhibition in the Reading-Room. Among
them are the only perfect copy known
of the 1596 edition of /Esop's ' Fables'
in English : one of the three perfect copies
known of Gabriel Harvey's " Pierce's
Supererogation, or a new Prayse of the
old Asse ' (1593) : and a copy of Cut-
wode's ' Caltha Poetarum, or the Bumble
Bee.' the poem which Archbishop Whit-
gift ordered to be burnt.
Ox Thursday next, at the Royal Insti-
tution. Dean Inge will deliver the first of
three lectures on ' The Last Chapter of
Greek Philosophy : Plotinus as Philosopher,
Religious Teacher, and Mystic.'
Xi.xt Tuesday, in the studio of
Leighton House. Mr. Sivori Levey will
give a reading of Browning's ' Saul,'
accompanied by original music on the
piano. The proceeds are to be devoted to
the establishment of a Browning Theatre
in London, under the auspices of the
Robert Browning Guild. .Mr. Levey will
also give renderings of some others of
Browning's poems.
The Times, in its last week's Literary
Supplement, printed matter of some
interest, hitherto unpublished, connected
with Keats. There are three poems by
him (hitherto unpublished), concerning
the intrinsic value of which no one is
likely t > be under any delusion : two very
interesting letters from Severn, written
t > Haslam on the journey to Italy — one
on board the Maria Crowther. the other
after the writer and Keats had landed at
pies : and two letters embodying con-
temporary ideas of Keats — one from
Richard Wbodhouse to Mary (Proglej '.):
other from John Taylor to his partner
Hew. giving the details of a lively con-
versation with Blackwood the publisher
on fche treatment meted out to Keats in
Blackwood's Magazine. All the letters
well worth having, and that of
em, written amid all the actual dis-
<• imfort and danger of storm and sea-
tnesa add good touches of
actuality to what we have been told of
Keats in that trying scene. Sir Sidney
1 Kin has provided the settin<_' for this
new matter, which i> derived from an
album and a collection of papers relating
t i Ke ,t- in the pooooooioD of Lord ( Irewe.
Th i ( iatalogneoi the Fawsley Park Bale,
which m to be held next month, describes
a number of carious item-. Among
them we notice a book of I li-torical
MSS.. being an Abstract of Observations
in the Parliament holden at Westminster,
October 27 December 1«>, 1601,' collected
by Heyward Towneshend; and two books
Of -MSS. by Sir Richard Knight lev.
member of Parliament from 1623 to 1640,
gi> ing accounts of proceedings in Parlia-
ment during that time. There are three
Nelson letters: one dateil from the "Vic-
tory at Sea. March loth, 1X<)5," recom-
mending ('apt. Layman to the protection
of the first Lord of the Admiralty .
another — also dated from the Victory —
written in April, 1804, to the Duke of
Clarence ; while the third, to the same
correspondent, is of 1795, from S. Fio-
renzo, asking for reinforcements.
Mr. H. G. Wells's new volume of
fiction, -The World Set Free,' will be
published by Messrs. Macmillan on May
8th. The book purports to give an ima-
ginary history of the world for the next
seventy or eighty years, presenting a great
conflict between the ancient traditions of
law and property and nationality, and the
gigantic and revolutionary possibilities of
science.
Mr. Murray announces that the next
volume of the " Wisdom of the East "
Series will be from the pen of Mr. Yone
Xoguchi, and will be on ' The Spirit of
Japanese Poetry.' It will contain many
renderings from Japanese poets, both
ancient and modern, and a chapter on the
X6. These " dances," or dramas, have
been both enthusiastically belauded and
somewhat contemptuously depreciated by
Western critics, and Mr. Noguchi's ex-
position of them may well be expected
with interest.
A volume dealing with ' Shakespeare's
Country,' from the pen of Archdeacon
Hutton. is about to be added to Messrs.
Macmillan's * Highways and Byways
Series." Mr. Edmund H. New has supplied
a large number of illustrations.
Mr. Elkin Mathews is about to pub-
lish * Florentine Vignettes.' being sonic
metrical letters of the late Vernon Arnold
Slade, edited by Wilfrid Thorley. The
editor is the author of the letters, which
are supposed to be from an art student
newly arrived amid the wonders of the
Tuscan capital.
Me. W. WaBDE FOWLEB is about to
issue, through Messrs. Macmillan. a new
study of Roman religion and life, which
is entitled " Roman Ideas of Deity in the
Last Century before the Christian Era,'
and consists of six lectures delivered in
Oxford for the Common University Fund.
Messes. Longmans are publishing next
month a life of Walt:' Bagehot by his
sister - in - law, Mis Russell Barrington.
The career of that brilliant writer ended
thirty-seven years ago. a space of time
during which most of those who were
closely associated with him have die. I. I'
appears that tin- letters be addressed
to correspondents have been mainly
destroyed, and lie himself preserved only
those he received from one or two of
his most intimate friends. Then thus
KHne imu-M.il difficulty in retrieving
materia] for a life of him, and we are glad
that the work has not been longer delayed.
MESSES. GeoEOE Piiii.ii> have in the
press for early publication a new work by
Sir Alexander llosic, formerly Commercial
Attache to the British Legation in China,
and British Delegate to the Shangai
International Opium Commission. It is
entitled ' On the Trail of the Opium
Poppy,' and will be issued in two volumes,
with illustrations and a map.
Mr. Samuel Rt/theefobd Crockett,
the novelist, has died suddenly at Avignon,
whither he had gone for the sake of his
health. He was born at Little Duchrae
Kirkcudbrightshire ; studied for four years
at Edinburgh University; and. as a youth
under 20, came to London to try his hand
at journalism. In this he was unsuccess-
ful, and, after an interval occupied by a
travelling tutorship, returned to Scotland,
where he settled down for some time as
minister of the Free Church at Penicuik,
and took to writing stories.
ilis material came, to begin with,
from a country and from people that lie
knew well — that belonged to him as he
to them ; hence his early books have a
welcome originality and freshness, and
it is not surprising that they gained for
him a large and eager circle of readers.
Thus encouraged, he plied his pen with a
diligence which, though it enabled him
to produce as many as 50 volumes in
21 years, must be regretted by his
more discerning admirers, since it put
upon his powers a strain to which
they were certainly not equal. He was
compelled to go further afield for material,
and in dealing with historical events,
and with scenes not radically familiar
to him, inevitably lost the truthfulness and
directness which had been his chief dis-
tinction, though he retained his verbal
dexterity and the knack of vivacity, and
was careful to keep them in play. In
virtue of these he remained to the end a
workmanlike and clever writer, and no
doubt he has to his credit a greater
number of hours of pleasure conferred
on his fellow-creatures i tan many novelists
of his generation.
Sir Edwin Duenino-Laweence died
on Tuesday last in Ins 78th year, after a
brief illness. Created a baronet in 1898,
he was member of Parliament for Truro
from 1895 to 1906. Ilis chief interest in
life, however, especially in his later years,
was the Bacon Shakespeare controversy
in which he espoused the Baconian Bide
with a vehemence which recalled methods
of controversy more usual among our
forefathers than at the present day.
He brought out in 1910 a book called
■ Bacon is Shakespeare,' and two years later
an abridgment of this called ' The Shake-
speare Myth,' which did. indeed, contain
some mythical matter, finally his beliel
became an obsession, and. unable to see
the conflicting evidence, he forced hie
views on all w ho would listen.
On: next ISBUe will contain an article
on Book-Trade Reform from the Bo<
seller's Point of View, to he followed bj
one on the Publisher's Point of View.
590
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
SCIENCE
BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO
EDUCATION.
A Course of Three Lectures given by Miss
Hoshyns-Abrahall at Crosby Hall, on
March 13th, 17th, and 20th, 1914.
[These lectures were illustrated by nearly two
hundred slides, and the omission of these has
necessitated some curtailment of the matter
which depended on them, and also some re-
arrangement.]
Lecture I.
PERSONA: THE MASK.
The Mask a Universal Idea.
The first aspect of the mask — and one
which it would be well to have in mind
throughout the lecture — is its frequent
use in ancient times, and in our own day
among savage peoples, in performances of
religious significance. Such performances,
as every one knows, are essentially dra-
matic. Tiiey develope in process of time,
on the one hand, into drama, as we under-
stand it among ourselves ; on the other,
into different rituals, the mask for various
reasons being often abandoned. It is
important to realize that the mask served
both to reveal and to conceal the character
of the being playing behind it, also
that much of what is effected on the
modern stage by means of curtains and
scene-shifting was originally effected by
a mere change of mask and attire.
Even the cursory inspection of a number
of masks belonging to different centuries
and different peoples will show how
striking is the resemblance between them.
Compare, for example, those used by the
Egyptians and Greeks, and those un-
earthed in Sardinia, with the masks of
the South Sea Islanders, or those from
Nigeria, of which Mr. Amaury Talbot gives
photographs in his recent book ' In the
Shadow of the Bush.'
It is not necessary to labour the point :
the use of the mask, and to a great extent
the form of the mask, are virtually uni-
versal throughout mankind. But when
we have affirmed that much, we have
stated good reason for suspecting that,
fundamentally, the use of the mask is bio-
logical— has a biological origin and a
biological import.
The very fact that the lines " All the
world 's a stage " have become so hack-
neyed witnesses to some general recogni-
tion that they are apt, that they represent
truth. But Shakespeare's intuition was
more profound and exact, and what he
says carries with it a more strict reality
of meaning than most of those who quote
the lines as metaphor or rhetoric have
any idea of Not only by its appearance
but mainly by its actions can we tell the
character of a living being. Quite literally,
when he has entered upon this world's
stage, " one man in his time pla}rs many
parts."
Diversity behind Unity.
We will consider first that aspect of
the subject which comes out in the study
of what is known as " multiple person-
ality " — a study which is exciting just
now a good deal of interest. It is con-
cerned with those human beings who, not
successively at different and separate
epochs of their lives, but in alternations
at short intervals within one period,
display markedly diverse — even, as we
should think, incompatible — characters.
With us the study is almost exclusively
pathological. Among the ancients — and
I mean by these the peoples unknown to
history whose science and traditions come
within our horizon most clearly through
the Orientals and Egyptians — multiple
personality was recognized as a normal
condition of human existence ; and I may
mention in passing the significant fact
that the Egyptians imputed at least ten
persons to every human being. From
the point of view of modern biological
science the problems of human personality
will, I believe, only be elucidated when
we get the co-operation of workers in
many fields of biology : bio-chemists, bio-
physicists, anthropologists, mathemati-
cians, linguists, poets, artists, andespecially
educationalists, alienists, and parents.
Meanwhile it is instructive to con-
sider what has been arrived at through
observation of disease, and I may remark
in passing that, from the point of view
of personality, I believe, "disease" has
meanings widely different from our current
associations with it.
Diversity as Shoivn Pathologically.
The chief authorities in the study of
multiple personality from the pathological
side are the French. We will take first the
conclusions of M. Ribot. M. Ribot assents
to the now familiar conception of the sub-
conscious, and takes consciousness to be
a state superadded to this, " which in no
way modifies physiological processes, but
which acts like a shadow opposite a body."
He affirms that unconscious phenomena
are purely physiological phenomena. M.
Richet in his work on Hypnotism has
shown that conscious personality may be
put to sleep ; more than that, it may be
transformed. Every remembrance of the
original personality may be effaced from
the memory and a fictitious personality
substituted.
This, I may mention at once, is a most
important consideration in education.
Substitution of personality — a fictitious
personality for that which is native and
fundamental — is one of the chief things
being effected more or less completely,
more or less permanently, by our modern
education. The child at school is one
person, the child at home is another ;
school-life over, there comes the great
question which is to dominate — the fic-
titious, imposed personality or the native
" home " personality, which has been,
during education, repressed and left un-
trained.
That personality which is conscious
takes for granted that certain activities
are peculiar to itself alone — that it is in
control of the whole being. But in per-
manent semi-somnambulism, which occurs
in many so-called " normal " persons,
there is an unconscious ego which watches,
contemplates, gives attention, reflects,
forms inferences, and, lastly, performs
acts, all unknown to the conscious ego.
M. Richet is of opinion
" that thought can be transmitted from one
brain to another without the intervention
of signs appreciable to our senses."
Of this I shall have more to say in the
second lecture. A line of investigation
which should illustrate that position
from another point of view is the one
followed by another Frenchman, Egger,
who is examining internal audition —
that is, hearing, not from the surrounding
world, but from an inner personality.
Research at, so to speak, the opposite
pole is being done by Espinas, also a
Frenchman, who is studying animal
communities — i.e., multiple personalities
in a more extensive form.
We may now briefly review some of the
data concerning multiple personality which
have been established by pathological
work. The first are manifested through
the phenomena of anaesthesia, which
forms a barrier between two conscious-
nesses when a portion of the body or
of -the skin becomes insensible to pain.
This insensibility may occur in small,
scattered patches. For example, a small
area in the palm of the hand may be
insensible to pain. Pins may be pushed
in — nothing is felt ; the skin may be
pinched or burnt — nothing is felt. But
if the operator advances to the edge of
the patch or passes it, the puncture or
the burn will cause acute pain. Or the
anaesthesia may affect a whole limb or
one-half of the body : on one side of a
vertical plane the head, trunk, arm, and
leg may be insensible, on the other pre-
serving normal sensibility. In cases where
for all practical purposes the whole body
is insensible it usually happens that one
side retains some very slight capacity for
sensation, as distinct from the other.
Suppose, now, a subject having the
right arm quite insensible, incapable of
feeling any pain ; a penholder is placed
in the insensible hand. It is taken for
granted that, when in health, the person
had been accustomed to writing. Thee37es
are blindfolded, or a screen of some kind
is placed between the eyes and the
hand, or the attention of the subject
engaged so completely towards the
other side that she does not see —
ex hypothesi, she cannot feel — what the
right hand is doing. What happens ?
After a little time the hand holding the
pen arranges itself for writing. You may
burn or puncture it, and it will feel no-
thing ; but, on the pen being put within
its hold, it sets itself to write.
What causes this ? It cannot be direct
nerve-stimulation. The writing is auto-
matic. It is common knowledge that
many normal individuals, as well as many
so-called hysterical individuals, can prac-
tise automatic writing. Whatever be the
guiding impulse in this, it is clear that
it operates internally by that within the
organism which, consciously or sub-
consciously, receives ideas.
But the converse also holds good. If
we cause certain movements in the in-
sensible part, we set up the corresponding
—
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
THE A Til KX;EUM
591
thoughts in the oonscioua personality.
Thus, to quote one or fcwo experiments,
the finger of a lady whoso hand was in-
sensible was moved twice up and down.
a screen being interposed between her
eyes and the action. She was asked :
•'What do you happen to be thinking
about ! " and replied : " I was thinking
ah >ut two." Unconscious of what had
been done to her hand, she was under the
impression that the thought was entirely
her own. Similarly coins were placed in
the palm of an insensible hand unperceived
i>y the subject, who, on being asked what
Bhe was thinking about, answered : ' I
was thinking of two or three pence."
\ ain, upon ten punctures being made in
a band which was insensible to pain, the
owner declared that the idea of the number
ten occupied her mind.
There are two points here to be observed:
first, the "" doubleness " of the conscious-
ness, the existence of a second " ego "
•which is able to count, to recognize objects.
and to perform complicated intellectual
acts ; and. secondly, the fact that the
separateness of the two consciousnesses
does not preclude intercommunication :
in some way they interact with one
another. An idea in the first conscious-
ness will initiate movement through the
ind consciousness, and a movement
set up by the second consciousness will
awaken an idea in the first.
Yet there may be curious limitations
and anomalies in this interaction between
the two. Thus M. Binet once trained
the affected hand of a person suffering
from anaesthesia to write the word
' Paris." This word would be repeated
era] times. Then the conscious person
- rcii nested to write the word "' Lon-
don." To the surprise of the subject
the pen would not ; it went on writing
Paris."
One may, perhaps, pause and reflect
what bearing this has on those impulses
aid- crime of different kinds which
we occasionally hear of as working them-
-xlves out to the horror of the conscious
first personality, who cannot control
them, and is hardly to be held responsible
for them. Yet we must not be too hasty
in drawing our conclusions here, for some
further light is thrown upon the question
yet another experiment. If you guide
the hand, insensible in anaesthesia, of a
person used to writing, to write a well-
known name, and omit a letter and spell
name wrongly, you can get the hand
to re peat the writing alone; but after a
time it will come to hesitate at the wrong
part, and finally omit the wrong letter
and insert the right one. Plainly the
oond consciousnee exercises some
im-a-sure of real control, contains some
element of what ma\ be called " guiding
thought."
Yet more interesting and significant.
perhaps, is the " doubleness " of our sight.
There are distinct kinds of visual centres
in the cerebral cortex : centres whicb are
in >nocular, which act when one eye alone
I- ojM-n ; and others binocular, which
act with both eyes. The right rye. we
\vill say, does not perceive •' certain colour
— violet. Open both eyes, and the colour
IS easily distinguished, and that though
the violet patch is not within the field of
sight of the left eye. By merely adding
the visual organ of the left eye to the right
eye, you have enabled the right eye to
see a colour it could not see before :
by superposition, as it were, a further
vision is attained. It is clear that the
conditions of binocular vision are distinct
from the conditions of monocular vision,
and it follows that at least two separate
consciousnesses act in normal vision, one
member of which is stronger visually and
of greater acuteness than the first.
Another set of experiments with regard
to vision is also instructive. Letters
were " printed " on a blackboard, and
the subject asked to copy them down.
He declared he could not do so because
he could not see the letters. Meanwhile
his hand had been put upon paper and
a pencil supplied, and he had written the
whole thing down correctly. The " ego ':
which looked at the blackboard and could
not see the letters was separate from that
which not only guided the hand in writing,
but also perceived the letters and copied
them. The subject was asked, since he
could not see letters, at any rate to copy
what he could see. He said he saw a zigzag,
and then, applying the volition of that ego
to the hand — which, left to itself, had
copied the letters correctly — he made a
zigzag.
All the evidence we have about it goes
to show that the second personality —
subconscious below consciousness — is
sleepless. It may increase its activities,
it may come to assume the initiative in
conduct and manage the whole body
instead of the first or conscious personality,
so that the first is deposed and practically
dies. Then, of course, Ave have the
inception of a new state, the rule of a new
king. This is, in truth, the basis of all
history : the deposition of one personality
by another which succeeds it. At critical
periods of life the character changes. A
part of memory may disappear. For
weeks or months of life a " second "
state, with memories of its own. may arise
and obliterate the character and memories
belonging to the first state. Then that
may stop, may be submerged, as the
first state and its memories return. The
' -econd " state in its turn is obliterated
from remembrance: the two "persons,"
with their appropriate memories and
characteristics, alternate with one an-
other: they are not co-existent, but
successive.
One clear conclusion may be drawn from
this body of facts which are absolutely
scientific and well proved: it is that
where consciousness is absent there is not
of necessity unconsciousness. When a
person appears to lie unconscious we bave
no reason whatever to asserl that he or
She is not and cannot lie conscious still
in another than the. to us. usual way;
in fact, probably with a greatl) extended
consciousness.
Man] people argue that the phenomena
we bave been considering may lie. or are
the product of suggestion." I may
mention that such a practical French
psychologist as Binet, from whose works I
have been quoting, will not hear of that
explanation. '* Suggestion " in his view
" is merely a makeshift, resorted to in order
to dispense people from the trouble of
carrying out more serious and delicate
investigations."
It is important to remember that we
all of us possess this second consciousness
— this double consciousness. No one is
without it. In some of us — more com-
monly in women — the second member is
strong; in others it is \er3r weak. Its
action may be observed to a certain
extent in quite ordinary occupations.
Take for example a German girl going
to school, and knitting as she goes.
She knits swiftly and accurately; she
talks to her companions ; she looks
about her ; she takes the right road ;
she walks along balancing her body. In
proportion as she is a well-trained, well-
braced girl she is unconscious of most of
these activities : of the knitting among
them. Her conversation with her com-
panion probably engages the greater part
of her first consciousness. Nor can we
suppose that below the first consciousness
the different " persons " which manage
those different simultaneous activities
are, what we should call, conscious of one
another.
The new scheme of dancing and exer-
cises which has been called " Eurhythmies "
is fundamentally an attempt to associate
the first consciousness — at any rate,
partially — with a number of actions which,
normally, are performed subconsciously,
and thereby to strain them, so to speak,
apart. In ordinary dancing there is in
reality a separate dance of head, trunk,
legs, arms; but a girl who was dancing,
if perfect in her dance, could hardly tell
you at a given moment what her legs
were doing. The separate persons co-
operating are subordinate to the first
or conscious personality, but, though not
obviously so, they ore separate none the
less.
Multiple personality may, however,
manifest itself in a more complicated way
than those we have hitherto been con-
sidering. There is a well-known case of
this, which is a sort of standard example,
and which, though much has already been
said about it, it will be useful to notice
afresh. It is that of Miss Beauchamp
— the name, I may remark, is a pseu-
donym—which has' been fully described
by Dr. Morton Prince.
In this lady the multiple personality.
normal throughout humanity, had w hat we
may call its factors so widely strained
apart, that it became disintegrated per
Bonality, the personality being broken up
into si\ distinct persons. \ow one. now
the other of these took the reins ; the
ruling person would lie changed from hour
to hour, and with each change came a
transformation alike of character and oi
memories. Three of these •■ persons " were
most distinctly marked, each having 1'
definite and recognizable views, trains of
thought, beliefs, ideals, tastes, babite,
592
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
acquisitions, experiences, and tempera-
ment. Each varied from the other two
and from the original Miss Beauchamp.
"Two," the writer of the account tells us,
"have no knowledge of each other, or of the
third, except such information as may be
obtained by inference, or second hand. In
the memory of each of these two there are
blanks corresponding with the time when
the others are in the flesh. Of a sudden one or
the other wakes up to find herself she knows
not where, and ignorant of what she has said
or done a moment before. Only one of the
three has knowledge of the lives of th3
others."
The personalities come and go in
kaleidoscopic succession — many changes
in twenty-four hours.
" So it happens that Miss Beauchamp, if
the name be used to designate several distinct
people, at one time says and does, and plans,
and arranges something to which a short
time before she most strongly objected,
indulges tastes which a moment before
would have been abhorrent to her ideals,
and undoes or destroys what she had just
laboriously planned and arranged."
A case of this kind should be called, in
Dr. Morton Prince's opinion, one not of
" multiple," but of " disintegrated per-
sonality, for each secondary personality
is a part only of a normal whole self."
Xo one of them embraces the whole
psychical life of the individual.
Consciousness being broken up,
" the conscious states that still persist,
synthetized among themselves, form a new
personality capable of independent activity.
This second personality may alternate with
the original undisintegrated personality
from time to time." There may be a
second simultaneously acting consciousness,
or subconsciousness.
By the disintegration, then, of the
original normal whole individual second-
ary personalities may be formed. It may
happen that such a secondary personality
never obtains complete independent exist-
ence, but only comes out of its shell,
definitely reveals itself, when the subject
goes into a " trance." The external life
of such a subordinate consciousness, tem-
porarily and incompletely independent, is
extremely restricted, and artificially in-
duced types of disintegration rareiy, if
ever, are sufficiently distinct to be iden-
tified as separate personalities. It is,
therefore, the more worth while to dwell
a little on the clearly identified person-
alities in Miss Beauchamp.
According to Dr. Prince's analysis the
three principal personalities might serve
as allegorical representatives of the
three great tendencies of man : they were
the " saint," the " woman," the " devil."
The " saint " — Miss Beauchamp in her
proper person, or Bl —
" personified those traits which expounders
of various religions, whether Christian,
Buddhist, Shinto, or Confucian, have held
up as the ideals of what human nature
ought to be.
To her mind selfishness, impatience,
rudeness, uncharitableness, a failure to tell
the truth or a suppression of half the truth,
were literally sins to be cast out by fasting,
vigils and prayer."
The " woman " — B4 — personified
" the frailties of temper, self-concentration,
ambition, and self-interest, which ordinarily
are the dominating factors of the average
human being. Her idea in life was to
accomplish her own ends, regardless of the
consequences to others, and of the means
employed."
B3 was '" Sally," the devil. She was
not so much an immoral devil as a mis-
chievous imp, " one of that kind which, we
might imagine, would take pleasure in
thwarting the aspirations of humanity.
To her pranks were largely due the moral
suffering which Bl endured, the social
difficulties which befell B4, and the trials
and tribulations which were the lot of
both."
Bl had the poorest health ; B3, " Sally,"
was a stranger to ache or pain ; B4, the
" idiot," so named by "Sally," was more
robust than Bl, and capable of mental
and physical exertion beyond Bl, but
she was not equal to " Sally."
With these facts in our minds, we may
turn now and ask, What of the body
which is the vehicle — the mask — for this
multiple consciousness or multiple per-
sonality ? Is there in it anything which
corresponds with, anything which in any
way explains or illuminates, that multi-
plicity ? What, again, has biology, the
science of living matter ' in general, to
say on the subject ?
Multiple Personality as a Biological
Phenomenon.
(a) Simultaneous.
I hope to show you that, biologically,
multiple personality can be readily ex-
plained. At the same time I would
remind you that the explanation it fur-
nishes, though a helpful one — and though
radically necessary if we are to go on and
try to understand further — is yet, so to
speak, an external one only. The ex-
planation from within is at present be-
yond us.
We Avill begin by considering living
matter in what, from our point of view, is
its very beginning. Prof. Lehmann af-
firms that there is no line to be drawn
between living and non-living matter.
I cannot here discuss his views as to that
point, but he has at any rate shown con-
clusively that all living things are crystals
in a colloid form, the difference between
the perfect crystal and the colloid being
that the former is symmetrical, while the
latter is not so. All living things are
colloid.
Another German worker, Prof.
Schroeder, has ascertained the fact that
in crystals, at different periods of their
existence, there are three different kinds
of movement : vertical, longitudinal, and
serpentine. This may recall to us the
characteristic scheme of muscular move-
ment, which is threefold — transverse,
longitudinal, and circular. Again, it has
been ascertained that crystals are com-
posed of molecules, and that the electro-
magnetic waves of the X-rays are
reflected from the invisible parallel planes
of atoms in the interior of a crystal.
Among the Mycetozoa, or what may be
termed the " slime-animals," there is a
form known as Badhamia utricular is. Its
of
a sort of slime
no definite shape,
appearance is that
(Plasmodium), with
which crawls on the surface of dead wood
or dead leaves, and may cover an area of
40-50 square inches.
It is endowed with rhythmic movement,
centripetal and centrifugal ; can advance
and retreat ; concentrate itself on its
food and digest it ; having eaten,
it rests, then expands, travels abroad,
secretes and excretes. Thus there are
definite resting, active, feeding states.
The resting state may be prolonged for
three or four years in times of drought,
when the whole creature retires into a
case or sclerotium and hibernates. Repro-
duction takes place by a certain portion of
the " slime " encysting to form spores
with cellulose cases ; the nuclei of the Plas-
modium in their so-called " spindle stage,"
in the process of karyokinesis for new
growth, are crystal-like in outline. The
Plasmodium has no definite organization
or separation into parts, but consists of a
fusion of amoebae. For the moment, how-
ever, what I chiefly want to emphasize
is the significance of this form as serving
to illustrate the present view of science
that between crystals and living matter
no hard-and-fast line can be drawn.
Our ideas about the importance of
structure are becoming somewhat modi-
fied. It was not long ago believed that
there could be no movement — i.e., volun-
tary movement — without some form of
nervous system. Xo nervous system has
been found in Badhamia. I believe
myself that response comes before the
nervous system — even, in a degree,
what we recognize as voluntary response ;
that it is, in action, independent of
protoplasm — merely acting through pro-
toplasm as it were.
What are we to say of Personality ?
Is the amoeba, the essential primordial
cell — the unit of the Badhamia Plasmo-
dium— the physiological unit of metazoic
life ? Prof. Haeckel has expressed the
opinion that where suck cells as amoebae
are built up into tissues — into bodies —
they have each a separate psychical entity,
a separate thinking part, a soul. Perhaps
also, from this point of view, the exquisite
beauty of the shapes of the cases which
innumerable unicellular organisms form
for themselves has not been sufficiently
considered. These marvellously perfect
structures are somehow the work of the
specks of protoplasm which inhabit them
— that is, they express or bear witness to
definite, real powers within that proto-
plasm ; they represent a satisfaction, an
attainment.
Let us consider for a moment one or
two of the simpler instances of organisms
made up of " persons " which, taken
separately, resemble amoeba. One of
the most beautiful is Volvox, l-50th in.
in diameter, a perfectly spherical sac,
the centre of which is occupied by a
glass-like substance (hyaline protoplasm),
while around it, enclosing the whole
ball, is a network formed of cells and
filaments. Each member of the net-
work projects into the water, through
the thin enclosing pellicle, two little
No. 4513, Aim;il -2), 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
503
filaments, whoso motion enables the l>all
as a whole to whirl through the water:
and each of these cells carries also a red
spot which, so far as can be made out.
responds to light— that is. is virtually
an eye. so that it may be said the creature
lias eyes all round it. It progresses with
a peculiar revolving movement — with
no jar. or shake, or shock. Frequently
the sphere contains several " daugh-
ter " spheres, derived from the net and
these again " granddaughter " spheres,
all embedded in the common jelly. At
the moment when a ■•daughter sphere '
is ready it floats out from the net : its
inner portion expands, the filaments
extend themselves, the eyes appear:
another '•person of persons" has arisen.
In the sexual generation there are in one
and the same sphere male and female
persons. The females are simply longer
than the members of the net, but as many
as 128 males may proceed from one
mother-cell. By the union of the male
and female " persons " and successive
division into 2. 4. 8, 16. and so on. a young
V >lvox arises.
From the present point of view the
ordinary classifications of biology are
not relevant, so that I may speak here —
as resembling Volvox for our purpose —
of an insect of which the great French
naturalist Fabre writes with extraordi-
nary enthusiasm. It is a little yellow
creature, parasitic on the terebinth tree,
which possesses neither father nor eggs.
All the individuals are mothers, and pro-
duce their living young in shape like their
own. To this end of reproduction. Fabre
says.
"' almost the whole of the maternal substance
i-< disintegrated and renewed, and con-
globated to form the ovarium.... a whole
world in formation, a nebulosity as of white
of egg, in which fresh centres of life are forni-
iir_r as the suns are condensed in the nebula?
of the heavens."
Take as another example a group of
animals — familiar, but for our present
inquiry very instructive, the Hydrozoa,
a form of which, Hydractinia echinata, is
found making a fleecy white network on
whelk shells. Up from the surface of the
net spring hollow stems, or " persons.''
having each a mouth and an alimentary
canal, all of which communicate with
one another and the network, and thus
procure and transmit food for the colony.
All these 'nutritive-persons' form the
asexual generation. From rudimentary
arsons " arise eggs. Here then are at
two kinds of "p ersons" — "sexual"
and •• asexual."
Take yet another group, the Siphono-
phora, representing freely swimming
Hydrozoa -tocks in which the " persons
have become more highly differentiated
and are modified for special functions.
In Physophora there are (I) a float, by
which the whole colony is buoyed in tin-
water; (2; Bwiinming bells, or " persons " ;
(•5) leaf-hl '■ persons " (4) feeding
" persons," armed with a battery of
thread cells; and then buds which are
not only ' jmt-ui- hut bearing the
potentiality of Incoming "" per-on> of
persons," are able to float off and start
a new organism which repeats that of the
parent.
In another allied form we have again
the float " person," the alimentary and
stinging ' persons," as also pumping
persons." The use of the word "' per-
son " for the particular organisms we
arc now considering is usual among
biologists in referring to these members
of colonies.
To those who may like to reflect on
instances of combinations of " persons "
kindred to these, I may suggest the
segmenting asexual " Person " the parent
form of "jelly-fish," with its series of
similar " persons " appearing together, like
an interval in music ; or others, such as the
■" sea-urchins." with successive *' per-
sons " as the notes in a melody. Mean-
while we may pass on to multiple per-
sonalities at a somewhat higher level,
so to speak, which also evolve from one
another according to different principles.
There are in the first place combinations
of " persons " — themselves multiple — in
an elongated series, of which any member
may be nipped off and presently reproduce
the whole series. A good instance of this
is the tapeworm, which may grow to a
length of 6 ft., the wrhole organization of
which consists of a series of like members
set end to end, each of the same length,
and provided with all that is necessary for
reproduction, and with the power of
growing any subordinate part rendered
necessary by its severance from the whole.
Potentially a multitude of *" persons,"
such as forms the whole, is contained
within each several part.
(b) Successive.
A deeply significant series of combina-
tions on a somewhat different principle
may, however, be illustrated by the
ant-lion. This insect lives in a hole
in sand, buried, with only its jaws
free. Creatures crawling along the sand
slide down- into the hole, and the ant-lion
grasps them in its jaws and devours
them. It is a carnivorous, voracious
animal. But the ant-lion is in reality a
larva ; the imago, the perfected form, is a
beautiful gauzy-winged fly which feeds
on nectar and floats in air. Nevertheless,
the •" person " of the fly is present within
the ant-lion.
Yet another type of what I have called
" a person of persons " is the hive. The
bees — the many " virgin " worker bees,
the drones, the single queen — arc persons
belonging to one whole, but not. like the
'persons' of Siphonophora, joined physi-
cally on to one visible stock. Yd they
work together as a single individual,
whereof the Queen is the riding personality.
We will next consider two well-known
forms, whose very familiarity may help
me to make my next point the more
clearly: the butterfly and the frog.
In both of these the change from one
personality— from one mask, we max aaj
to the next— is of a kind that we should
consider startling if we did not know it so
well as almost to think nothing of it.
Consider for a moment the inert <•<_'!.' :
the voracious caterpillar; the still chr\-
salis, never eating ; the butterfly. About
the chrysalis stage — in its withdrawal of
the creature from the outside world, in
its comparatively greater helplessness, in
the destruction and rebuilding of tissue
going on within it — there is something,
not identical with, but to a certain extent
analogous to, the states which we describe
as disease, illness. The same remark may
apply with greater force to the change
from the tadpole into the frog. The
tadpole undergoes this development at
the expense of what, viewed apart from
the end at which it arrives, could only be
considered serious illness. The whole
organism is disintegrated and built up
again. The tail is lost, absorbed by the
white blood corpuscles ; the gills are drawn
in and absorbed. Amid destruction here,
rearrangement there, preservation of old
tissues here, emergence of new characters
there — out of what we cannot but believe
must be discomfort, of what may be at
some moments acute suffering — at any
rate, out of a condition which has obvious
analogies with pathological conditions —
emerges the adult form, the final disposi-
tion of personality, the new " person " —
implicit once, now dominant. This ought
to suggest many lines of thought as to
the relation between the phenomena of
disease and its possible significance as
operating a change of personality : but
I cannot, in these lectures, go more fully
into it than this.
(c) Latent.
Yet another aspect of multiple person-
ality is illustrated by the axolotl. This
animal is an example of a form that, in
the conditions to which most of the indi-
viduals are subjected, never, properly
speaking, becomes adult. retaining
throughout life its gills, the marks of a
larval state. But Madame de Chauvin
succeeded in so altering the con-
ditions that from the ordinary axolotl
she produced in time the fully grown
axolotl, which turned out to be identical
with Amblystoma — a form once supposed
to be a distinct species. Now the point
to be observed is that the axolotl. the
quasi-larval form which has not arrived
at the true end of its term, yet reproduces
its kind.
Again, it constantly happens that one
among the many " persons " latent lie-
hind the general mask comes to the front,
is for a time manifest or even dominant,
then sinks hack into latency. Something
of this kind is the true explanation of the
remarkable changes which take place in
the progress towards adult life in. let us
say. birds, where often the downy chicks
are in almost every possible particular
widely different from the full-grown form.
But perhaps the most striking instance of
this among birds is the hoatzin, which
begins life, after batching out . by climbing
trees with a pair of hands. Full grown, it
Hies, and no longer OSes its hand-. Wecon-
sider this a modern survival from ancient
times; it is also w ort h while to look upon it
as evidence for the presence in that
organism indeed, in bird ola <>fa
i94
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
climbing " person " provided with hands
which, failing the right conditions for the
development of a flying "person" with
wings, might have established itself as the
predominant factor in the mask.
And now we descend somewhat deeper
into the mystery we are studying. The
mask, through which each being makes
itself perceived by and acts in the world
outside itself, includes a great number of
" persons " so differentiated in capacity
that, in the ordinary course of things, they
will never perform any but certain special
functions ; but it also includes — at any
rate, during the first stages of the develop-
ment of an organism — " persons " which
retain the potentiality of themselves
reproducing the whole organism and its
component persons.
We have abundant evidence of this
possibility, alike among fish, birds, and
mammals, in the formation of two embryos
in one ovum, and in so-called " monsters,"
many of which represent double embryos
attached together, one of which has domi-
nated, but insufficiently dominated, the
other.
Origination of Multiplicity in Personality.
The nearest we can get to the origin of
the separate persons is by a realization
of the way in which the ovum divides.
The division of the ovum is a very dif-
ferent matter — not in principle, but in
method — from the division of the amoeba.
The one divides simply, without compli-
cations ; the other division is attended with
numerous complications, more like the
division of Badhamia. The secret of
these lies in the nucleus of the ovum,
which includes a highly intricate network.
When division is about to take place
there form at the two poles of the nucleus
two starlike bodies — " centrosomes " —
which proceed to move rhythmically about
the nucleus in what Fol, the French savant,
has called " the dance of the centro-
somes." Indeed, the movement may
well remind one of the figures of a dance.
The two " stars," the " centrosomes,"
strain the protoplasm between them into
the form of a spindle or double pyramid;
and the nuclear network resolves itself into
chromosomes — thirty-two in the human
ovum. These chromosomes split longi-
tudinally, and each hah passes to either
pole of the spindle centring round its polar
star. Even while this is in progress the
division is accomplished. You have a sort
of dance, a rapid whirl — and there are two
' persons " where before there was one.
In that original one, the ovum, were
latent those two " persons " ; and in those
two " persons " — both together, and also,
if it so work out, separately — is the whole
human body, held together by the jelly-
like protoplasm.
Given its proper nourishment, each
species develops in its ovum its charac-
teristic number of chromosomes, and
those chromosomes arrange themselves
during division processes in sound-forms
which, to the ear which could hear, utter
a characteristic musical note. Each crea-
ture in the universe has, as it were, its
own keynote. As long as it maintains its
own keynote the body is in harmony ;
when it does not maintain it the body is
in disharmony. Harmony belongs, not
only to the great cosmos, but also to the
microcosm of each man's individual self.
Advance or degeneration may be brought
about by change of key.
The ovum divides into 2, 4, 8, 16, so
that you have at a given moment sixteen
ova — these are called " blastomeres " —
where originally there was one.
Biologists have taken ova thus sub-
divided— ova of fish, amphibia, and of
certain invertebrates, such as sea-urchins —
and have very gently shaken them so that
the blastomeres — two, or four, or eight,
or sixteen, as the case might be — which
naturally adhere together, have, without
injury, fallen quite apart. Up to sixteen
each blastomere has developed into a
separate living individual of its species ;
though, of course, the individuals become
smaller and weaker in proportion as the
original ovum was more or less advanced
in segmentation.
Now, if looking at, say, eight individuals
thus produced, we are really looking at one
ovum, on the other hand, looking at
one ovum, or a single individual who is
the entire outcome of one ovum, Ave are
looking at eight. And these eight, or it
may be sixteen, persons which have been
merged to compose the completed mask
are potentially themselves " persons of
persons."
It is a well-known fact that the embryos
of all vertebrates bear at certain stages of
development a most striking resemblance
to one another ; yet what we know as the
final outcome in the several species shows
wide diversities, greatly different appear-
ance and capacities. Where do the differ-
ences originate — I mean, the differences
in the vehicle itself, the mask or system of
outer persons ? It is due mainly to the
difference in the dominant ferments
characteristic of the different bodies.
If you could alter the dominant ferments,
you would alter the whole being — change
the key, as it were. What is the nature of
a ferment we can hardly be said to know,
nor are we exactly able to distinguish, in
isolation, one ferment from another. But
we know there are differences between
them from observation of the differences
in the effects they produce.
The Unifying Principle.
Yet again, as long ago as 1830 it was
known in this country that the blood is
a crystalline solution, and it is now matter
of common knowledge, which has reached
the popular press, that the blood of dif-
ferent species holds differently shaped
crystals in solution. The blood of the
bull has one form of crystal, that of the
guinea-pig another, the chimpanzee an-
other, man another — and so on. Each
single animal is Avhat it is by virtue of
its characteristic crystalline solution in
the blood and of its characteristic ferments.
When we look at other animals or other
races we are looking at crystalline solu-
tions of a different formation, and prob-
ably at ferments vibrating at a different
rate, from our own. The ferments are
determined by the nature of the chromo-
somes ; while the chromosomes first,
and then the characteristic crystal forma-
tion in the blood, combine together in
vibrating to give forth the characteristic
note of which I spoke just now.
In order that that note may be pure,
balanced, steady, there must be neither
contamination to set up destruction of
the blood and other tissues within, such as
occurs in many — and those the most
terrible — forms of disease, nor, especially
in youth, unfavourable pressure on the
organism as a whole from the outside
world. Surroundings influence the grow-
ing creature even more profoundly than
we are apt to think : they may help to
preserve that original note in its purity,
or they may wrest the vehicle, the instru-
ment, into such disharmony that the pure,
balanced note becomes impossible.
Range of Response to External World.
Now, this effect of surroundings implies
power of response on the part of the
organism. That to which a living thing
is completely inert will, on the whole,
have a negligible effect on it compared
with that to which it itself responds.
What, then, are we to say of the range of
response among ourselves ? Response is,
of course, principally mediated by our
senses — our normal senses, and determined
by their nature and range. For the
world as we now know it the principal
sense is sight. It is a pity that the sense
of hearing is not used and reckoned with
at least equally with sight, for it is in
reality the higher and more valuable sense
of the two. We have eleven and a half
octaves for hearing, and only one for
sight. Twelve vibrations a second is-
about the lowest rate of vibration which
will stimulate our auditory nerves, and
will convey to us a sensation perceived
as a deep bass sound. From sixteen up
to sixty thousand vibrations a second
will stimulate the ear. Then comes a
blank. Beyond about forty-five thousand
vibrations a second nothing affects-
us until the vibrations have been acceler-
ated to no fewer than 375 billions a second.
At that our eyes respond, and as ac-
celeration goes on they continue to respond
up to about 712 billions, which gives us
the range — the very tiny range — of norma!
sight. Think of what vast possibilities lie
between the fields of hearing and of vision,
and again beyond the utmost of our vision ,
and you can hardly help agreeing with me
that Ave hear almost nothing of what
there is to be heard, and as to sight are
almost in outer darkness.
Not only so, but let us consider what
is the course within the eye itself of those
vibrations, that light by which we see. It
passes first through the membrane called
the conjunctiva, which conveys the tears
all OA^er the eyes ; then through the
cornea, which is a structure of several
layers with lymph in the layers ; then past
the pupil, Avhich leads to the crystalline
lens — again a structure of layers ; then
through the vitreous humour ; and then
to the eight layers of cells of the retina,
with limiting membranes between. Then
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
Til E ATM KN.EUM
595
we are supposed to see. But light as it
passes through different media Buffers
refraction. Refraction takes place not
only in the world outside us. bul within
our own eyes, in the very process of the
entrance into them of the Light. There-
fore, so far as direct sight is concerned,
■we may be Baid to have no sight at all.
Yet more : lymph and blood, as we
noticed, tills in the spaces in the cornea
and the retina. But the nature of that
lymph is determined by the food we eat.
the life we live. The blood is a fluid
tissue in which Moat corpuscles, red and
white. The white are living, the red are
enclosed in a dead pellicle. Blood cells
are derived from the marrow and from
various glands of the body, and were
originally amceboid and nucleated. There-
fore the pellicle on the red blood corpuscles
in our body forms a dead screen between
us and reality, and obstructs our vision.
We flatter ourselves that we are in full
light : in reality we are looking mainly
at reflections of dead matter.
Time forbids our touching on the true
condition of hearing. It is enough for
the purpose of these lectures if we realize
that normal vision is so limited and
obstructed that, compared with full and
true seeing, it is hardly vision at all.
We are, indeed, like the
"captives chained in Plato's subterranean
cave with their backs to the light, so that
they see but the shadows of the objects
which pass behind them, and to these
shadows attribute a perfect reality."
Multiple Personality from the Point of
View of Education and Practical Life.
The mere existence of multiple per-
sonality is momentous from the point of
view of education, but from that point of
view perhaps even more momentous is
the incessant shifting which is going on —
the changes in the relations and domina-
tion of the different persons behind the
external mask, which are of the very
nee of growth. Every child you look
at is, beneath the visible skin, as it were
the scene of a constant movement and
interchange of parts. Thus, to take one
' example, in an early stage of develop-
ment the diaphragm is up near the neck.
Ajb growth proceeds it descends, altering its
angle also as it moves. During the same
period the glands are all altering ; some
arise (different persons with their differ-
ent ferments), and presently disappear.
Others establish themselves, but go
through different stages, and appear at
one time dominant, at another subordi-
nate, in relation to the whole. All the
characteristic behaviour of children, in
its liveliness and variety, is the outward
indication of t lie rise and activity of these
different persons. We need to watch
children very carefully in regard to tins,
noting the persons'* to be restrained
and those to !><• encouraged. Many a man
is a murderer because of the untoward
thwarting— or, on the other hand, it may
be because of the equally untoward liberty
of action — of an inner " person.'' Many
a poet never appears, many a genius w
flowers, because the " person within the
person " which carried the promise had
no opportunity for revealing himself.
In mentioning the butterfly and the
frog we touched very briefly on a possible
relation between all this shifting of per-
sons, these recurrent changes in the balance
of personality and disease. So far as we
ran see, so far as we can learn from the
highest ami most august traditions, suffer-
ing is a necessary factor in the change of
personality, and in so far as what we call
" disease " is that, it is not to be deplored,
but welcomed — it is not an evil, but a
good. But our trouble is that we con-
found two things under the one name
'" disease," under the one conception
*' disease." The first is that series of
wholesome, albeit amid modern conditions
often painful, changes which upset the
balance of personality only to restore it
in a higher mode. The second is that
miserable condition of real decay which is
brought about by poisons, dirt, dreadful
infections, destructive exertion, and which
obstructs our proper zigzag, or rather
spiral, course of change upon change.
We have lost the power of dis-
tinguishing the one from the other. We
either think of all suffering as in some
way blessed, or — the more common opinion
in our own time — we think of all suffering
as the accursed evidence of evil. In this
more almost than in any other matter we
show how far we are from ancient wisdom.
What we know to-day is but a crumb
from the rich man's table of the past.
Xo one need be in a hurry to boast that
he is the first, or second, or third to dis-
cover this or that. All the knowledge we
have to-day is derived from the ancients,
and they knew far more about how to
deal with the human body than any
living person to-day — except such as,
though they are there, we never hear or
see. And the ancient wisdom Avas all
bent on this — on such a right and salutary
control of the body that though, owing
to its instability, there might be suffering,
there should be no disease, as we com-
monly understand the word. If from
the very beginning we knew what we
ought to do, if we truly knew ourselves,
if from the very beginning each of us
were properly guided and trained up —
then, as the different natural crises of
life approached, we should know how to
act. It is the ignorance of what is
required at each different stage of life
which makes disease. And in spite of an
apparent advance in medical knowledge,
the modern tendency for both sexes, all
ages, all classes and dispositions, and all
races to do all the same things and live
in the same way, or at least aim at doing
so, is increasing our ignorance by blunting
what little intuition into our true nature
we have left.
The ancients had little occasion for
dealing with real disease. What they
had to supply was such habits of mind
and body, such knowledge, and such skill
;i~ would prove the right corrective, the
right steadying or guiding or stimulating
force required in periods of relative
instability. This demanded foresight on
the part of elders, since what ifl Deeded
dining a period of instability must be
acquired beforehand if it is to be of
service.
This indicates pretty completely the
scope of ancient therapeutics. Their me
thod was largely gymnastic — but rather
the dance than the sort of gymnastic
practices common in our time
They would never have recommended
these to the learner, as many of our
gymnastic experts do. by dwelling on
their effect in producing a fine bodily
shape. The first reference of ancient
gymnastics and ancient therapeutics was
to the world beyond this world. They
aimed at preserving, developing, correct-
ing the body to reach a condition which
would promote the progress of the soul
to the next stage, into the future state.
One of their principles was an equable
development ; thus they took care that
the clonic muscles were exercised as well
as the tonic muscles. In the more
vigorous '* tumbling " thus made possible
the blood flowed better, and, what was of
prime importance, the lymph separated.
They had little or nothing in the way
of apparatus. The gymnasts had all they
needed within themselves. The more
apparatus used — the bigger the buildings,
the more expensive the paraphernalia —
the more certain you may be the persons
have little in them.
They realized, as we have almost ceased
to realize, the direct action of true work
upon the worker. This was exemplified,
in a sense, in what we said earlier in the;
lecture of the effect of certain unconscious
actions or movements of the hand upon
the central personality. Occupations
which are both profitable external work
and at the same time favourable to the
development of the inner " person " are
handiworks like weaving and lace-making.
And these are more particularly happy in
their results if the individual comes to them
with a certain store of unconsciously
acquired familiarity, such as that of the
child who, from before it can remember,
watched its mother working, and followed
the delicate craftsmanship closely though
childishly.
In this way — and in view of a future
state — the occupations of so-called savages
are very greatly superior to the occupa-
tions of so-called civilized peoples. They
are happier also for the most part in their
surroundings, in that they are more often
carried on out of doors.
And savages have retained— what all
civilized peoples have lost — the true use
of the dance.
Even the poor and empty dancing of
the present daj is a good deal under
rated in regard to its value in education.
It is not sufficiently remembered that
movement in a beautiful rhythm never
tires the body. 1 ha\c known girls
dance lor 1 hours without a break and
say they were not a bit tired. So long
as' there is rhythm, and the rhythm i^
appropriate to the body, the body feels
no fatigue, or only after a most surprising
length ot exercise. Each several race has
Ik ow n characteristic rhythm.
596
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
Aristotle, we remember, put dancing
on the same level with poetry and
music. Lucian called it the science of
imitation and exhibition which explained
the conceptions of the mind, and certified
to the organs of sense things naturally
beyond their reach. To such a degree of
refinement was the dance carried that it
is said a Pythagorean could show the
whole system of his sect — and that was
an elaborate philosophy — more clearly in
the movements of a dance than in words.
It is hardly necessary to remind you of
the fact of the religious significance of
dancing, but it may be useful to remark
that that religious significance was most
intimately bound up with the development
— in their right sequence, towards their
proper end — of the persons within.
I have no time to describe even a few
of the very many varieties of the dance
practised by different peoples, and for
the most part true dances, effective for
their highest end, in proportion to the
distance between the dancers and the
Western civilized peoples. What I should
like to remark is that the different rhythms,
in so far as they are unspoilt, correspond
to the different natures of the people, and
that this again corresponds to the differ-
ence of their blood in microscopic detail.
The primitive peoples themselves, though
they would not express it in our terms,
know that the true characteristic rhythm
which belongs to each of them is deter-
mined by the blood of each.
In conclusion, we ask, " What of
character ? " What does character mean
in the face of this mask, its constant
changing, which covers so many obscure
yet vigorous persons, interacting and
struggling for mastery — having, some of
them, the right at certain periods, each
when its turn comes, to dominate the rest.
Some of this will become clearer in the
two other lectures. What I want to
emphasize here is the value of having a
certain set or order amid this multiplicity.
Instability is of the very essence of the
life of the growing child ; Ave shall seldom
be called upon to reinforce that side of its
development. But steadiness is harder
to get, and, besides, it must be a steadi-
ness which supports the dominance of
the highest " persons," and represses the
lower. It behoves those who have the
guardianship of a child to watcli and see
what "' persons " are emerging ; to spare,
or eradicate, or foster these according as
they severally tend to promote the child's
welfare beyond this world or not ; but
also, in so doing, to try to build up in
the relations of the " persons " to one
another a something of settled discipline,
a steadiness (as we called it before) ; in
fact, a character. For the value of cha-
racter— of the firm coherence together
and disciplined working together of good
powers in a personality — is that, in the
transition from one stage to another, more
and more is gained with less and less of
loss : not so many new beginnings need
be made, nor so great inward turmoil
endured ; and when this life is ended, and
the next begins, the inner being, which
drops the present mask, goes over more
sound and complete, more ready and
balanced, more humble because more wise,
into its new inheritance.
I would conclude with the prayer of
an ancient philosopher who knew more
than we know of the nature of men. He
knew the difficulties, the complexities, of
the human body. He knew the multi-
plicity of the " persons " within, and how
we can never be sure when the new
'" person " will appear, or what his nature
must be, or what Ave can do about him.
Every day he prayed thus : —
" O God, giA'e strength, and from strength
give discretion, and from discretion give
knowledge of truth, and from knowledge of
truth give love of the right, and from Jo\Te
of the right give loA'e of all things, and from
loAre of all things give lo\re of God."
(To be continued.)
REVIEWS.
Antarctic Penguins: a Study of their Social
Habits. By Dr. G. Murray Levick.
Illustrated. (Heinemann, 6s. net.)
Seldom has any form of bird life been
made the subject of more close and
sympathetic study than is devoted to the
Adelie penguin in this admirable A^olume.
The book is a marvel of cheapness, for the
illustrations alone, seArenty-five in number,
from photographs taken by the author,
are Avorth much more than its modest
price. The only criticism possible is that
they are not always AA*ell placed in the text.
But they are no mere embellishment to
the book ; they really " illustrate " it.
Dr. Levick spent a recent Avinter and
spring at Cape Adare in the neighbourhood
of one of the largest knoAArn rookeries of
the Adelies, which he estimated to contain
750.000 birds. All explorers speak of the
numerous " human traits " of this species,
which must haAre suggested to Anatole
France the idea of his extraordinary satire.
But Ave are sure that Dr. Levick would not
endorse the opinion of Mr. Murray, the
capable zoologist of the Shackleton expedi-
tion, that the Adelies " ha\Te no true social
instinct," and " are merely gregarious,"
with " no thought of the general good."
On the contrary, he tells us that parties
from the tAvo rookeries of Cape Adare and
Duke of York Island, twenty miles apart,
used early in the season to meet constantly
hah- way on the sea ice, though the
Adelie's range of vision cannot
exceed a mile. When their chicks
are so Avell groAvn that the efforts of
both parents are needed to provide them
Avith food, they are " pooled " in clumps
or " creches," under the charge of adult
birds, to protect them from skua-gulls
or other enemies in their parents' absence.
This startling fact was expressly noted by
Dr. Wilson ten years ago in ' The Voyage of
the Discovery.' Not only do they help
each other in this Avay, but they even take
their relaxations together, whether it be
in bathing, diving, climbing cliffs or bergs
(which they seem to do for amusement),
or taking " joy rides " in company on the
ice-floes which float past the rookery.
The " headers " Avhich they take from the
ice-foot, and the reverse process Avhen theAf
land on it Avith an upward leap of five feet
from the sea, are splendidly depicted in the
illustrations ; their apparent reluctance to
be the first to dive is explained by fear of
a lurking sea-leopard.
It is impossible to mention a tithe of
the interesting facts described in the
volume : the fights betAveen the gallant
young cocks. Avhen the hens often try
to separate them ; the depredations of
the skuas ; the dangers from snoAV and
rock slides; and the efforts made by
the old birds to teach the chicks to
swim. Dr. Levick even describes a
sort of military drill, which Avent on for
hours betAveen large bodies simultaneously
turning and marching — a relic, he thinks,
of the massing for the annual migration,
Avhen their Avings Avere adapted for flight.
He devotes only seATen pages to the large
Emperor penguin, of which his experience
AAras more limited. It has been Avrongly
described — notably by Mr. Bemacchi —
as "' a solitary bird " ; but this was before
the discoA^ery of the rookery at Cape
Crozier in 1902, Avhen, on the first visit
about 400, and on the second (not the first,
as stated by Dr. Levick) about 1,000,
Avere found congregated there. During
the retreat southAvard of his party under
Commander Campbell, after their adven-
turous Avinter in 1912, Dr. Levick noticed
" large gatherings " of Emperors, which
indicated other rookeries in the southern
part of McMurdo Sound.
We cannot praise too highly the patient
and careful observation Avhich is evident
in eA'ery page of this delightful book.
The Respiratory Function of the Blood.
By Joseph Barcroft. (Cambridge Uni-
ATersity Press, 185. net.)
This highly technical monograph upon
the respiratory function of the blood is
dedicated by the author to the Provost
and FelloAvs of King's College, Cambridge,
of which society he is a Fellow. The
primary object of Mr. Barcroft's work
Avas an endeaArour to ascertain the oxygen
pressure in the tissues, and determine
the means Avhereby the tissues obtain and
regulate their supply of oxygen. The
research Avas divided into three parts.
The first, which is introductory, was an
investigation to discoA7er whether haemo-
globin is always identical, or Avhether it
differs in different species, and eATen in
different individuals ; AA'hether the amount
of oxyhsemoglobin depends upon the
concentration of oxygen in a solution
containing oxygen, oxyhemoglobin, and
reduced haemoglobin ; and Avhether tem-
perature has any effect upon the affinity
of haemoglobin for ox3Tgen.
These important points having been
cleared up in relation to the carrying
medium of oxygen, the second part con-
siders the passage of oxygen to and from
the blood, and answers in the affirmative
the extremely interesting question whether
there is any metabolism of the blood itself.
The call of the various tissues for oxygen,
and the mechanism by which the call is
ansAvered and the supply regulated, are next
No. 4:>13, April 25, 19U
THE ATHENiEUM
597
considered, and these are followed by ex-
periments to -how the rate of oxidation and
reduction of the blood. The author then
discusses the mechanism by which the
blood acquires oxygen in the lungs, and
point- out the theories held respectively
by the Oxford and the Cambridge schools
lit physiology at the present time.
Part 111. deals with the dissociation
curve as an " indicator " of the * re-
action of the blood in man, and the
effects of rest, diet, exercise, and high
■altitudes, with and without exertion. This
tion forms the most interesting part
of the book to the general reader, and
amongst other things the author throws a
Dew light upon mountaineering acci-
dent-, which often seem inexplicable
when they occur to seasoned climbers.
In speaking of the effects of altitude on
the brain he says : —
' You are one person in one place, another
in another. At the Alta Vista, I became as
one incapable of arithmetic. At Col d'Olen
1 have heard two clever and distinguished
physiologists pause to discuss whether or
no four times eight made thirty -two. At
Johannesburg I have been told that a cricket
team representing England so lost their
nerve that they laughed like children with
quite trivial turns in the course of the game,
and fell an absurdly easy prey to their
v ith African opponents. At the Marghe-
rita hut I have seen one of the pleasant est
and most considerate of companions behave
as though he Mere suffering from alcoholic
ess in a mild degree. Y\1iat of the sur-
prise that comes to us when we hear of
cautious and skilful climbers losin»- their
lives doing extravagantly reckless things ?
Such incidents are caused by the little
recked of cerebral changes which appear
trom time to time as the incidents of life
at high altitudes. They are doubtless the
results of acid intoxication. The climber
depends for the most part on his cerebellum,
his cerebrum takes its chance and is little
considered. One day these psychological
changes, which, in my opinion, appear much
tier than cerebellar ones, such as defective
co-ordination and giddiness, or medullary
-. such as vomiting, will be studied for
their own sake."
The monograph is a sound piece of
malwork upon a difficult and obscure
part of physiology, and it serves to show
that the Cambridge school is as active and
as well able to hold its own as it was in the
days when Foster, Gaskell, and Langley
built it out of nothing.
GEOLOCY.
All textbooks of general geology must
I- say more or less about the struc-
tural features of rocks, but the usual
treatment of the subject is not. in the
opinion of Prof. Leith. by any means
adequate. He has. therefore, written for
student- • Structural Geology ' a rather full
exposition, dwelling specially on the sec-
ondary structures developed by movements
lured Geology. By < '. K. Leith,
(Constable <fc Co., 69. (if. net.)
Waves ></ Sand and Snow, and /!"■ Eddies
'■> Make T/iem. By Vaugban Cornish.
(Fisher Unwin, 10*. net.]
in the crust of the earth. Although such a
work may not be marked by much origin-
ality, it has. nevertheless, distinct value,
since it lays before us in a compact and
convenient form a mass of matter that
must otherw ise be sought in official reports
of geological surveys and the publications
of various scientific societies.
It is not difficult to trace in this work
the influence of the teaching of Prof, van
Hise, the distinguished geologist who
presides over the University of Wis-
consin, where the author holds the Chair
of Geology. This influence is notable in
the early chapters, relating to the fracture
and flowage of rocks. Most rocks near
the surface of the earth, when subjected
to sufficient stress, suffer rupture, with
production of joints and faults ; but it is
believed that at a great depth rocks
become deformed, not by fracture, but
by flow. Certain changes of a mechanical,
mineralogical, and chemical character are
brought about in the internal structure
of a deep-seated rock, whereby there is
produced in many cases a parallel arrange-
ment of the constituents, so that the
rock without loss of integrity may acquire
cleavage or schistosity, or perhaps even
a gneissic structure. The zone of flowage
characterized by such changes is not
limited to any definite depth in the
lithosphere, but varies in different rocks
and in the same rock under different
conditions, depth being only one factor in
determining such deformation.
Rock-folds are structures that claim a
good deal of attention in such a work as
Prof. Leith 's, and the study of folds and
faults leads naturally enough to that of
mountain ranges. Whatever may have
been the origin of these wrinkles on the
face of the earth, their shape has in most
cases been largely modified by differential
erosion, a fact on which many writers
have hardly laid sufficient emphasis, but
which the author is disposed to recognize.
In speculating on the origin of the grander
features of the surface, such structural
units as continental masses and ocean
basins, more frequent reference might
have been made to the views of Suess.
Prof. Leith holds that in most cases what
are regarded as the larger uplifts of the
surface are probably only apparent eleva-
tions. w* Earth movements are dominat-
ing v centripetal " ; the sinking of certain
segments of the earth causes a lowering
of sea-level, and as a consequence the
apparent rise of land. Whilst avoiding
direct discussion regarding the probable
origin of the earth, the author, in seeking
to explain the deformation of the crust,
is necessarily faced with two rival theories :
the old contractional hypothesis on the
one hand, and on the other the principle
of isostasy, which has been carefully worked
out in America. They arc not. however,
mutually exclusive, and the book makes
use of both.
Nearly twenty years ago Dr. Cornish
was led to take up the study of waves with
the view of comparing and co-ordinating
the various types of wave that may In-
formed in air, and water, and earth ; in the
atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithe -
sphere of our planet. For this general
study of the subject he suggested the
term " kumatology," and regarded it as
a branch of physical geography. With
remarkable persistence he has continued
this work, and, as his results have from
time to time been communicated to-
various scientific societies, and published
in their journals, they are fairly familiar
to the specialist. In ' Waves of Sand and
Snow, and the Eddies which Make Them '
he sets forth in detail his researches, so far
as they relate to undulations formed on
the surface of sand and snow. In order
to extend his knowledge of these super-
ficial corrugations, the author has visited
the desert dunes of Egypt, and the snow-
drifts of Canada in winter.
Probably the most characteristic feature-
of these researches is their quantitative
accuracy, wherever measurement is pos-
sible. It is this feature that shows Dr.
Cornish to be an observer imbued with a
truly scientific spirit. In cases where the
ordinary geographer would be satisfied
with merely vague estimates, he has sought
to introduce the exactitude of the physicist,-
and thus bring the phenomena within the
range of strictly scientific discussion. It
is notable that seolian sand waves, which
are formed as ridges and furrows trans-
versely to the direction of the wind, seem
to have the same average steepness, or
ratio of length to height, whether in a
desert in Egypt or on the coast of Dorset,,
the length being about eighteen times the
height ; and a like ratio appears to hold
with the small ripples that diversify the-
surface of large waves. To investigate
the conditions of rippling, recourse has been
had to experiments at a factory where the
sand - blast is used for engraving glass.
The author has not confined his attention*
to the corrugations on sand and snow due
to the action of the wind, but has also
made some interesting observations on
waves and ripples in the sands of streams
and estuaries, and on marine sandbanks,
where the subaqueous material requires
for its close examination an engineer of
rather amphibian habits. Dr. Cornishs-
work on current - mark and ripple-mark
will command the attention of the geo-
logist, who finds similar ridges and furrows
in old sandbanks and other deposits m
the sedimentary strata. In describing a
' mackerel sky," the author points out the-
curious fact that the true aerial ripple-
mark is better shown on a negative photo-
graph than on a positive print.
Photography has greatly aided Dr. Cor-
nish in recording the results of his investi-
gations. His attractive volume is illus-
trated by no fewer than eighty reproduc-
tions of photographs, among which are
some interesting views of mushroom-
shaped snow -caps crowning the stumps of
trees in the Selkirk Range, west of tl
Rocky Mountains.
598
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS.
Some sixteen, years ago it was discovered
that if ultra-violet light — that is to say,
light of shorter wave-length than the
visible spectrum — were allowed to fall
upon a negatively charged metal plate, it
lost its charge, and that, if uncharged,
it acquired a positive one. This, which is
sometimes called the " Hallwachs effect,"
from the name of one of its earliest investi-
gators, was found to depend very much
upon the cleanness of the metal used, while
it also appeared that a positively charged
plate lost none of its charge. From all
these facts it was deduced that what
really took place was an emission of nega-
tive electrons from the newly cleaned
surface, and this is the interpretation of
the phenomenon generally accepted by Sir
Joseph Thomson and other modern physi-
cists. Mr. Hughes, who is Assistant Pro-
fessor of Physics at the Rice Institute in
Texas, has put into book-form most of the
recent investigations into the matter, and,
as his volume ' Photo-Electricity ' forms
one of the useful tv Cambridge Physical
Series," we may suppose that it has received
the imprimatur of the Cavendish Labora-
tory.
The new facts imparted by it are interest-
ing, if not very numerous. Prof. Hughes
thinks that the effect of the light is to
ionize the atoms on the surface of the plate,
and thus cause them to emit electrons,
some of which get away into the surround-
ing atmosphere, while others remain.
Every substance, he seems to say, ex-
hibits this effect, but the wave-length at
which it begins varies with the substance.
For the alkali metals — potassium, sodium,
^vnd the like — this wave-length occurs
within the visible spectrum, and this
rather contradicts what he says later
about the " ionizing light " being " located
far in the ultra-violet. " The apparent
discrepancy is perhaps explainable, be-
cause the effect varies very much with the
medium in which the experiment is con-
ducted, gases like carbon dioxide and oxy-
gen proving powerful absorbents of the
ionizing light. That arsenic and selenium
should give off what Prof. Hughes calls
photo - electrons was, perhaps, to be
expected from the variable resistance of
the selenium " cell," but it is more sur-
prising to learn that dust-particles do the
same to an appreciable extent. So do ice
(but not water), the halogen salts of silver,
shellac, and fuchsine dye.
One of the best chapters in the book is
that dealing with fluorescent and phospho-
rescent substances, the difference between
the behaviour of the two being explained
by the author's hypothesis that in the
latter case the electrons emitted escape
Photo - Electricity. By Arthur Llewelyn
Hughes. "Cambridge Physical Series."
(Cambridge University Press, 6s. net. )
A Text-Booh of Physics, Electricity, and Mag-
netism.— Parts I. and II. Static Electricity
and Magnetism. By J. H. Poynting and
Sir J. J. Thomson. (Griffin & Co.,
105. 6d.)
beyond the sphere of influence of the
centre, and as an
" electron returns to a polarized centre, an
emission of light occurs whose period is deter-
mined by the disturbance produced as the
electron settles down to its equilibrium
position in the centre."
In fluorescent substances the electron, he
thinks, is disturbed, but does not escape
from the sphere of influence, a theory
which, whether well founded or not, is
highly ingenious.
On the vexed question of photo-electric
" fatigue," or the observed phenomenon
that metals exposed to ultra-violet light
soon lose their power of emitting electrons,
only to recover it after rest, Prof.
Hughes, we think wisely, says merely
that its cause is still obscure. He also
draws attention to the experiments of
Dember on the emission of positive rays as
well as of negative electrons by metals
exposed to ultra-violet light. It is hardly
the case, as he says, that " the existence
of a positive current (from an illuminated
plate) has never been suggested directly
or indirectly," because Dr. Gustave Le Bon
not only suggested, but even proved it by
his experiments published some ten years
ago. Prof. Hughes suggests that a mea-
surement of the ratio ejm for the positive
rays from different metallic surfaces should
tell us something about their origin.
There is, in fact, plenty of room left in the
field for other experimenters and writers
on' the subject.
It is something like fifteen years since
' A Text-Book of Physics, Electricity, and
Magnetism ' was promised, and it comes
almost as a shock to realize that it is
finished at last. The preceding volumes on
' The Properties of Matter,' l Heat,' and
' Sound ' were good in their way, and the
achievements of Sir Joseph Thomson and
Prof. Poynting in electricity and magnetism
led us to expect more than we find here.
The Preface tells us that
" the experiments are selected chiefly for
their value in establishing the fundamental
principles ; while the mathematical develop-
ment is only carried so far as is needed for the
account of the experiments described. The
aim is to build firmly the foundation on
which the mathematical theory may be
raised."
There are some mathematicians for
whom the subject of magnetism and elec-
tricity consists of a series of equations with
only the remotest connexion with real life.
Such students are rare nowadays, but to
those that remain the book may be useful
in indicating the experimental evidence
for the various theories put forward.
Again, there is the student who has been
taught the experimental side, but not the
theoretical ; to him also the book may be
useful. This criticism applies specially to
the earlier chapters in each section, which
show uncertainty as to how much should
be taken for granted. In chap, iii., for
instance (on the ' Inverse Square Law '),
the Potential is introduced without any
warning as a " useful quantity," and
then the authors find its character-
istic property, instead of proceeding
first from the idea of the work function.
Perhaps this method was considered too
advanced ; yet in the next chapter the
application of Green's theorem is used.
In the chapters on the ' Dielectric ' and
on w Crystalline Media ' the treatment i-
much freer, and, although occasionally
condensed, inspires confidence.
The second part (on Magnetism) is an
improvement on the earlier ; it is, perhaps,
on account of the renewed interest in the
origin of magnetism that the authors take
particular care in expounding the elemen-
tary phenomena and the deductions from
them. The chapter on Weber's Mole-
cular Hypothesis is very clear, and a brief
account is given of Langevin's " Mag-
neton " theorjr.
The succeeding four chapters are mainly
mathematical, and in them the conse-
quences of the inverse square law and the
forces on magnetized bodies are worked
out.
A fairly full description of the experi-
mental methods of measuring permeability
is given ; and the chapter on ' Para-
magnetic and Diamagnetic Substances '
will be found more satisfactory than in
most English textbooks.
A sketch of Gauss's theory of terres-
trial magnetism is included, also a short
account of the connexion between mag-
netism and light. No doubt this latter
subject and others that have been
treated cursorily here will be dealt with
more fully in the next volume, on ' Dy-
namic Electricity and Magnetism.' The
text embodies copious references to
original papers.
Natural Law in Science and Philosophy.
By Emile Boutroux. (Nutt, 7s. 6d. net.)
M. Boutroux discusses our ideas of what
are known as " natural laws " in order to
discover the relation these laws bear to
reality, and the position of the human
individual with regard to nature. His
ultimate aim is to attempt to decide
whether in the present state of natural
knowledge we may consider ourselves
possessed of any freedom of action or
of any reality as persons. His method
consists in an examination of the laws of
each division of science, as to their nature,
their objectivity, and their meaning. Pro-
ceeding on these lines, he makes a short sur-
vey of the laws of logic and mathematical,
mechanical, physical, and chemical laws —
and, passing on to the realm of life, dis-
cusses the nature and meaning of the
biological, psychological, and sociological
laws which appear to govern it.
Ancient philosophy was based upon a
dualism which prevented determinism
from becoming absolute, but the ten-
dency of modern science is to abolish this
duality. Mathematics imparts to science
necessity ; experience — empirical know-
ledge— imparts conformity with facts.
This, the author considers, is the root of
modern determinism.
" We believe everything to be necessarily
determined, because we believe everything,
in essence, to be mathematical. This belief
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
599
is the spring, manifest or unperceived, of
scientific investigation."
M. Boutroux. however, who is not a
believer in modern determinism, extricates
himself from this impasse. For, in his
opinion, there is a hierarchy of sciences
and a hierarchy of laws which we can
compare with one another, but cannot
blend into a single science of external
things and into a single law. A correct
idea of natural law, he says,
"' restores man to true self-possession, and
at the same time assures him that his free-
m may be efficacious and control phe-
nomena."
There is little certitude in such in-
quiries. We are no more able to answer
them now than we were twenty years
ago. when the lectures upon which this
volume is founded were delivered by the
author at the Sorbonne. They are beyond
the scope of science proper, and belong to
that ill-starred field of metaphysics in
which ©pinions vary according to the
bias of the individual and of the period.
In his Preface M. Boutroux puts the ques-
tion whether the idea of natural law is the
sune for the man of science as it is for the
philosopher. He attempts to define these
terms, and then advances the theory that
there is no absolute coincidence between
the laws of nature as science assumes
them to be and the laws of nature as they
really are. Possibly he is correct, but
he does not prove his thesis, which there-
fore remains a hypothesis.
Although his volume cannot be said to
add much to our knowledge, the discus-
sion is not without interest, and the
translator has provided a readable version
of the original.
J^rifrtre (fjossip.
At the Institution of Civil Engineers, at
jecial meeting to be held on Tuesday,
May 5th, Mr. Frederick William Lanchester
will give the James Forrest Lecture,
taking for his subject 'The Flying Machine
from an Engineering Standpoint.'
AMONG the ' Opinions rendered by the
International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature " (57 to 65, in the publica-
tion of the Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, for March) there is a rather
amusing one on the emendation of " Chaeme-
pelia " to Chamaepelia, Mr. \\\ E. Clyde
dd, who submitted the case lor opinion,
- obviously right in imputing the first
lling to inadvertence on the part of
Swainaon, who invented the word as a
rendering for " ground-dove." He used it,
atly, without citing the Englishname,
or giving any chie a^ to bis new word being
derived from the Greek, so that, as it was
pointed out, people unacquainted with
vernacular names might question
whether it were not based on some family
1 hremepeL He did, however, con
the lapeus calami, or printer's error, in
the Index to his 'Classification of Birds,1
1837.
The Commission, nevertheless, al first
cided that the derivation was not suffi
ciently "evident," and that therefore
the word should not be amended. The
voting showed such a variety of opinion,
and the view of the Secretary (against
emendation) was carried by so small a
majority, that it was considered necessary
to submit the question again to the Commis-
sion at the Monaco meeting. Hero several
votes were changed, and finally twelve Com-
missioners against seven expressed them-
selves in favour of emendation. So the
ground-dove is now, in the international
language of science, " Chamsepelia."
Mr. H. I). O'Neill bestows an alarming
piece of information on the public through
Monday's Times. Londoners during the
next few weeks are to experience an increas-
ing amount of bronchitic and catarrhal
irritation, and unless the children are kept
out of the parks and gardens they will
suffer severe post-nasal catarrh — in other
words, have tiresome colds in the head.
They are all invited to examine their
clothes carefully with magnifying glasses,
whereupon they will discover that they are
bestrewn with myriads of minute spicules
which, floating numberless in the air, have
also been breathed into the respiratory
system. Whence do these come ?
The culprit is no other than tho plane
tree, which has been so often unsuspectingly
praised for its friendliness to towns and
abundant, refreshing shade. It is just now
breaking up its fruit-balls, which fly off
in tufts that divide and subdivide till soon
they are nothing but an invisible, far-
spreading mass of these irritating spicules.
Mr. O'Neill says that the Germans have
recognized the " danger " attaching to
plane trees, and in some parts have forbidden
their being planted near schools. His sug-
gestion for London — where more and more
plane trees are being planted — is that the
fruit -crop should be picked before it is
ripe, or else that the trees should be sterilized.
The latest Bulletin of the Imperial
Institute has an interesting account of wild
silk from Mexico. This is said to be found
hanging on certain trees in the states of
Vera Cruz and Oaxaca, and to be used by
the Indians for making rope. It is of
good lustre and tolerable strength ; but
it is exceedingly difficult to comb and
irritating to the skin. These difficulties
make it improbable that this Mexican
silk will for some time have any commercial
value. It might be of interest to learn
whether the Indians who use it tolerate the
inconvenience of the irritating quality in it,
or do not feel it, or have found a means of
obviating it.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
M'.v
Ti i -.
Wi i.
Institute of Actuaries. : 5.—' Section 11 of the National Insur-
ance Act: some Other Features of Friendly Societies and
National Insurance, including a Note on the Proposed
Belgian National Insurance Act,' Mr E. It. Nathan.
Society of Arts, B.— 'Home Recent lieveloniuents In the
Ceramic Industry,' Mr. W. Burton. (Cantor Lecture.)
Boyal Institution. J.— ' Problems of Physical Chemistry:
1*21 Structure of Mutt'-rut Low Temperatniea,' J)r. \V. Wahl.
8ociety of Arts, 4 :i0. — ' The Adintniflttation of Imperial
Telegraphs,' Mr. e. Bright (Colonial Section.)
Institution ol civil Engineers, 8.— Annual General Meeting.
Anthroiwtlogical Institute, 8.1.").- 'Some Hopi Textiles from
the Pueblo of llano.' Miss B. F. M.-irrcco.
Geological. 8.—' On the Lower Jaw of an Anthropoid Ann
I lirjophh'-cusl frrni the Upper Miocene of l/ii.U [8paln),'
Dr. A. H. Woodward ; 'The Structure of the Carlisle Bolway
BaBin and the Ht'iuciioe of its I'ei iiii.in and Triassic Rocks.1
i . .1 W. Qrtgory.
— Society of lArts. 8.— 'The Need for Better Organization of
t i.onii'- and Industrial Resources,' Mi 0, K. Knock.
Tares. Royal Institution. :!. — 'The La*t< hnpter of Greek Philosophy :
PlotlntU as Fhibsopher, Religious Teacher, and Mystic,'
Lector'- I . Dean Inge.
— Boyal. LW.— 'On the Lack of Adaptation In the Triitlc!
and Podoetrmaceo.' Dr. J 0, Willis; 'On the Qenetloi of
Tetrnploid plants m Primula M Hi B, P Gregory;
'The Action at Certain Itiikh on the Isolated Minimi
Uterus' Mr J. a Sunn; 'The Presence ol Inorganic Iron
Coinp nods in tin- t hloroplasts of the Green Cells of Plants.
considered in relationship to Natural photo-synthesis and
she Origin of Life/ Pi I B afoore: and other Papers.
— I ri >- !■ Literary. 8.—' It I lih Museum, Mr.
B I '■'. i
I'm. Royal Institution. — .'. Annual Meeting- !". 'A Criticism on
Criti',.' Mr. El I.
Sir. Royal Institution. .'.. — ' HimiUrllv of Motion in Fluids: B) The
General Law of Surface Friction in Fluid Motion,' Dr.
T. E. Stanton.
FINE ARTS
The Bronze Age in Ireland. By George
Coffey. (Dublin, Hodges, Figgis & Co.,
6s. net.)
With this volume Mr. Coffey — who, we
regret to learn, has just retired on account
of ill-health from his curatorship at
the Dublin National Museum — completes
his trilogy on Irish antiquities. In 1909
he dealt with the latest phase in his
highly appreciated ' Guide to the Chris
tian Antiquities ' under his charge ; in
1912, under the title of ' New Grange
and other incised Tumuli in Ireland,'
he summarized the results of his re-
searches into the Neolithic monuments,
and traced what he considered to be
the influence of Crete and the ./Egean
upon the art of the West of Europe. His
present work links these extremes to-
gether, and describes the products of the
Bronze Age in Ireland from about 1800 to
350 B.C. This approximate chronology
does not greatly differ from that of Dr.
Montelius, except in dating the end of the
transitional copper period (also included
in this treatise), and consequently the
first bronze period, somewhat later ; but
Mr. Coffey offers it half reluctantly, since
dates are uncertain, and
" the succession of types is really of con-
siderably more importance. . . .as it enables
objects, finds, and interments to be arranged
in a progressive series, and shows the general
trend of advance and culture."'
The construction of such a series is
peculiarly difficult in Ireland by reason of
the general ignorance or carelessness of
excavators, who rarely recorded the asso-
ciated contents of a find. That Mr. Coffey
has succeeded so well in spite of this
obstacle is due partly to his complete
knowledge of the corresponding series in
other parts of Europe, and still more to
his trained eye for detail in decorative
development. Apart from this, his great
gift as an archaeologist is his steady
sobriety of judgment. He reads every-
thing, listens to all new theories, but
refuses to budge an inch from his facts, or
to strain his evidence by a hair's breadth.
No doubt theories and speculations are
much more exciting than proved facts,
but we consider that Mr. Coffey's cautious
reserve is one of the most encouraging
signs in recent archaeological work in Ire-
land, a land where there has been far too
much futile speculation. Indeed, then
are still people there who wish to dig for
the Ark of the Covenant in the Hill of
Tara. and it is lo he regretti d thai the Act
for the protection of the feeble-minded
does not extend to such visionaries, or
their congeners, the BO -called "British
Israelites" or seekers after the (happily)
Lu-t Tribes.
As in his ot her volumes, .Mr. < loffey aims
at concise inclusion. Everything <>f signi-
ficance relating to the subject is menl ioned,
Imt in die briefest possible terms. tttu
tli nts who wish to go further are referred
in foot-notes to the author's and other
archaeologists' papers contributed b
various. societies, insomuch that the present
000
THE ATHENJ^UM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
book is at once an epitome and a select
(bibliography. Another valuable and also
very attractive feature is the abundance
of illustrations. Basides eleven photo-
graphic plates, there are eighty-five ex-
quisite drawings, made directly from the
-objects, including many by Miss E. Barnes,
whose splendid drawing of the Tara brooch
in the Christian Antiquities ' Guide '
^evoked general admiration. In cases of
intricate and deep-cut designs, involving
awkward shadows, photographs cannot
compete with drawings such as these.
The large number of gold ornaments here
illustrated form the special characteristic
of the Bronze Age in Ireland. That
country was, in Mr. Coffey's phrase, " the
El Dorado of the western world " ; no
other land produced anything like its great
output of gold. Old Irish literature
abounds in references to gold ornaments
-and payments in gold by weight ; and the
.men of Leinster were called " Lagenians
of the gold," because most of it came from
the Wicklow mountains. It Avould seem
that Ireland even supplied Europe with
-ornaments of the precious metal : the
iGauls in Italy, we know, had a passion for
■gold tores ; and it is no wonder that the
Gaels came over to possess themselves of
vsuch treasures without the necessity of
purchase. They appear to have exhausted
the supply, for very little gold has been
discovered in Ireland since their arrival.
The workings in the " Golden Valley,"
•shortly before the Union, did not prove
remunerative ; and what gold there is in
Ireland in the present day is chiefly
iborrowed from England.
Oriental Rugs, Antique and Modern. By
Walter A. Hawley. (John Lane, 21. 2s.
net.)
Within the last fifteen years, the appre-
ciation, and in consequence the monetary
value, of antique rugs in this country has
<b3en increasing by leaps and bounds. Up
.to about 1900 it was possible, and, in fact,
jather easy, for the collector to satisfy his
acquisitiveness at a moderate expenditure.
About that time the colony of Armenian
and Turkish dealers in London began to
.assert itself, with the result that prices
immediately rose higher ; and now the best
specimens of these works of beauty and
utility are within the reach of those only
who have a well-lined purse. The London
.auction-rooms, in which in former days
bargains were frequently to be acquired,
are now practically taboo to the bargain-
seeker, the most dilapidated specimens
.readily realizing big prices.
The excellent work Mr. Hawley has
presented will have a stimulating effect
■on every collector who peruses it. He sets
out in a most interesting manner the
physical features and history of the rug-
producing lands, the materials and dyes
used in the manufacture, methods of
weaving, and the significance of the signs
and symbols employed. Lengthy chapters
appear on the rugs of Persia, Asia Minor,
ithe Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and
China, each chapter being subdivided
under headings of the principal rug-
producing towns and places of each
country. Persia, for instance, comprises
about thirty-two important rug-produc-
ing towns or districts. To each of these
is added a description of the people,
their customs and mode of life, and the
special characteristics of the rugs.
In the chapter devoted to ' Designs and
Symbols ' interesting reference is made
to the patterns of the Namazlik, or
prayer rug, and to the shape of the
arch, or mihrab, which is the principal
feature. For example, in Persian rugs
it is formed by gracefully curving lines,
and in others is of geometrical design.
The arch being a symbol of the mosque,
" at call for prayer the faithful Moslem
spreads his rug with arch directed towards
Mecca, and kneeling with the palms of his
hands at each side of the centre, he bows
his head till it touches the rug."'
As these are held sacred by the Moham-
medans of Persia and seldom sold, they
can only be actually distinguished from
those made for trading purposes " by
the well-worn nap showing where the
knees of father and son have often
pressed." Reference is also made to the
universal employment of the Swastika,
indicating abundance and fertility, and
the frequent use of the Tree of Life,
which has a religious significance amongst
many races.
It is useful to note that the size and
shape of the rug are indications of the
purpose to which it is assigned, e.g., the
large square centre-piece (the Khali) is
used to cover the centre of the assembly
hall, and the narrow strips (the Kenares)
are placed at the sides and ends for the
servants and less-honoured guests. Other
chapters on how to distinguish and pur-
chase rugs will be of great assistance to
the collector.
For the information of the uninitiated,
Mr. Hawley rightly points out
" that, however pleasing the design or ela-
borate the detail, it is principally in the
colouring that these rugs claim our interest
and admiration. The different shades
have different moods, expressing peace,
joy, pensiveness, sorrow, the deep meaning
of which the Oriental mind, with its subtle
and serious imagination, has grasped as has
none other."
In the highest grade of antique rug
we find, as in all real works of art, that
excellent combination of work for the
love of work and personal distinction in
handcraft which results in satisfaction
to its creator as well as its possessor.
With these happy conjunctions, and the
use of wool of the finest texture and
colours carefully derived from vegetable
and animal dyes, have been produced
those delightful tones which only time can
produce. Mr. Hawley gives expression
to this feeling Avhen he says : —
" There was a time when the Oriental had
not learned the meaning of tempus fug it or
seen the glitter of Western gold, when his
dyeing and weaving were proud callings
into which entered his deepest feelings."
IXTERXATIOXAL SOCIETY OF SCULP-
TORS, PAINTERS, AND GRAVERS.
SPRIXG EXHIBITION.
The sixteenth London Exhibition of the
" International " is one of the most inter-
esting of its recent shows, and although its
interest is virtually one of execution only,
positive achievement of any kind in painting
has always been so rare that there remains
an importance for the painter who proposes
no more than ''to do his job" — -the old
job — as well as possible. The international
character of the exhibition is not very
noticeable, though two large news by Heer
Breitner (31 and 73) look at first sight im-
portant, acquisitions : closer examination
reveals a looseness and vagueness of form
which reduces them to the rank of gigantic
sketches. It seems absurd that in The
Canal at Amsterdam (31) the foreshortened
boat — the one passage which might have
confirmed and clarified oxa conception of
the implied perspective of a picture which
otherwise consists of little more than an
" elevation " of houses seen broadside on
—should have been shirked as it has been.
The pictures, however, have a certain easily
maintained breadth of tone, and we so
rarely see a handsome mass of brown paint
in a really modern exhibition that it impresses
as almost in itself subtle.
The truth is, of course, that Heer Breitner
has used mainly the old earth colours —
matcliless in their natural beauty of pigment
— and used them at about their full strength.
The same is done, but done to a pitch of per-
fection only possible for a great virtuoso,
in the Interior (52) by Alfred Stevens. It
suffers from the obviously accidental, but
fundamental weakness of splitting into two
parts, the interior being painted in one
scheme of colour, the figure in another and
cooler one ; and even apart from this defect,
it is a loose and scattered design. The
scale of colours is perfectly chosen alike for
the harmony of their relation and for sug-
gestion of the qualities of the objects repre-
sented ; but these colours are used without
any high degree of economy in their dis-
tribution, so that we have a sense of repeti-
tions which are thoughtless and accidental —
the mere result of setting down literally the
arrangement of a given room. The use of
transparent and semi-transparent paint is
masterly : we see no such workmanship
to-day, though it may appear to the eye —
perhaps because our own habit of painting
runs in the opposite direction — a little over-
suave in its blending of tone with tone.
Dividing modern painting broadly into
two classes, one may say that in the deep-
toned painting with semi-transparent pig-
ment, practised till nearly the end of the
nineteenth century, to blend tones was easy,
to keep them steady and well divided in
orderly sequence more difficult : while with
the light-toned opaque painting of such a
typical modern executant as Mr. ( George
Lambert it is easy to keep the distinction
crisp between one tone and the next, and
difficult satisfactorily to unite them. To this
practical detail of his work Mr. Lambert, in
his large and handsome composition Import-
ant People (6-4), brings unusual skill and care.
Even so, his treatment of form would look
abrupt and "chippy" alongside of Stevens's
painting, and this not because his feeling for
form is less subtle (for, indeed, the Belgian
master could never handle a life -sized group
such as this without coming to grief), but be-
cause, his statement being made in open, clear
tones, any faults of design are clear and
evident also. These faults spring from the
old source which saps the foundation of much
modern | painting — the very sculpturesque
treatment of a design somewhat lacking in
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
THE ATHENiEU M
()01
sculpturesque qualities. Asa linear cartoon,
one ran imagine it to have held together
well enough ; even the fantastic packing
into the corner of the fragmenl of buff and
Bee is, from that point of view, quite success-
ful. When it oomee to the painting of the
picture, however, with Mr. Lambert's clear
and deliberate treatment of form, it becomes
evident that in this passage, while the tones
k- > | > their places for purposes Of representa-
tion, the planes do not exercise their func-
tion of having anything pertinent to say to
the main planes of the group. In the group
•itself, moreover, the very care with which
the figures are realized in the round makes
them — the central one in particular — over-
elaborate in detail for the plastic unity of
tin' group. This is a typical fault of the
Titianesque Old Masters, though somewhat.
minimized in their case by the heavy,
emphatic stain of local colour, which tended
to divide the figures more clearly into
Beparate silhouettes, the silhouette of a
figure Vicing obviously a simpler thing than
volume. By discarding the glamour of
glazes and scumbles the modern painter
challenges a more severe judgment of the
plastic hasis of his picture.
With all deductions, however, we must
do justice to Mr. Lambert's picture as a
irageous and direct piece of work :
itiful in colour, and containing in the
figure of the woman a passage of assured,
delicate painting such as we rarely see.
Our only anxiety is lest, tiring of this modern
painting in bald, opaque tones, artists should
retreat too soon, with their special lesson
unlearnt, to the older use of deep, transparent
colour — more exacting technically, but less
obviously exacting of unity in plastic con-
ception. Perhaps there is a sign already of
such a change of fashion in Mr. Eric Kenning-
ton's Costermonr/ers (3), a work which may
in part be traced to the example of Mr.
Strang's recent compilations of directly
d morcenux, but which is very largely
akin to the imitations of the English Pre-
Kaphaelites, such as we are accustomed to
.it the Royal Academy. Mr. Kennington
here shows himself one of the most capable
of recent arrivals on the artistic scene,
though with our knowledge of what has
followed similar debuts at Burlington House
we should hesitate to call him one of the
most promising. He is very skilful in the
combination of opaque and transparent
colour, though this, perhaps, presents a less
difficulty when object after object is fired
at the beholder, each with a violent realism
straining the full resources of the palette
that we can hardly help accepting them as
completely rounded, sharply individual enti-
ties. Moreover, in the modelling of cer-
tain individual heads there is a feeling for
■ idly lighted, massive surfaces which
for handsomeness and simplicity of
characterization also. Bui the picture, as a
whole, -hows the mos rushing indiffer-
ence to the relation of the differenl objects.
It is almost impossible to sort them out as
near or far, while the fighting seems neither
indoors nor out of door--, and lacks any
consistent plan. The hard, clearly defined
Outlines give a certain distinction to its
intensity of piecemeal realism.
Millais s well -known portrait of Mrs.
Heugl (61) has an even more intense power
realization and tar greater elasticity and
control of ensemble. On the other hand,
while humanly, as a i it has distinc-
tion, technically, as paint, it baa very
little. Rembrandt's work has rightly
en compared with it. for only in Etem-
ndt do we find a man with ^> e
ordinary a control of the resources of , Ins
Craft, and s, little respect fop their liter
logic. The portrait at the Grosvenor—
bewildering in its technical cleverness, yet
miscellaneous and lacking in economy — shows
this in a high degree. A passage like the
hand lying in the lady's lap makes a far
tiner picture than the work itself.
The artists already noticed suffice to
make the exhibition noteworthy, and we
can only briefly notice other important
exhibits, such as Mr. .lames I'ryde's accom-
plished treatment of one of his usual themes.
The Courtyard (1!)}. and Mr. Albert Hot hen-
stein's sound study The Hal (22), which we
seem to remember at the show of the Allied
Artists* Association.
Among the drawings should be men-
tioned those of Miss Svlvia Gosse f 177
and 181), Sir William Eden (17!) and 214),
and Mr. H. M. Livens ( 124). Mr. Strang's
Picnic (38) is, we trust, only a moment-
ary, though deplorable lapse ; Mr. Kelly's
Rosa Maria (40) a less obvious one, yet
the more disquieting in corroborating the
suggestion of not a few of the artist's
recent works — -that he is inclined to settle
down to portraiture akin to that of Mr. J. J.
Shannon.
THE GOUPIL GALLERY.
The Coral Necklace (40) by Mr. H. Oilman,
the Victoria Station (34) by Mr. CO inner, may
be taken as representing their respective
authors to most complete advantage. The
former is an admirably found arrangement,
a scheme justly observed, and set down with
an extreme force of colour which becomes
pleasantly united by the play of light on the
heavily corrugated surface of paint which in
this instance is, at its proper distance, excel-
lently suited to the scale of touch employed.
In Mr. Ginner's ' Victoria Station ' the colour-
scheme is more complex, the subdivisions of
colour more numerous, but their brilliant
division is secured in spite of an even heavier
impasto by each being inlaid like a smooth
solid bead against its neighbour. This picture
shows great resource in the play of colour
maintained through the deeper tones, and
a gift for design in the simple, yet in-
genious planning of its four main categories:
a pool of sunlight, a passage of reflected
sunlight, a stretch of shadowed objects in the
distance, and a foreground also in shadow.
Clayhidon (45) is another of his best works.
la the Catalogue Mr. Oinner reprints from
The New Age an article on Neo-Realism.
It consists mainly of the contention that
it is the intimate study of his immediate
surroundings which is the artist's only per-
manent inspiration. This for most artists
is probably largely true. He also runs
through history, begging the question that
the pictures which happen to attract his
own taste are those which pre-eminently
result from such first-hand study of Nature.
He lays down the rule as to technique that
"' it is only out of a sound and solid pigment
that good surface and variety can be got , and
durability in the ages to come." We are
not quite sure in this whether he does not
mean " sound " and " solid " to he taken as
interchangeable. We submit that they are
not. There is very solid painting which is
doubtfully sound : and, indeed, Mr. Oilman's
portrait of his Mother '•"■ ems to us
already declining from the brilliance of its
first aspect of a year or so back; while history
tells us that most of the sound painting of
tin- past has not l.een extraordinarily solid.
solidity appear- to the Neo-Realisl of
to-day. Also, in the caseof his own pictures,
it appears to us that Mr. Ginner uses his im-
pasto, not. a- does Mr. Gilman, to secure
variety, hut tor the ike of uniformity of
a quality for his purpose more
valuable. In Mr. Oilman's Warytj. (41) there
is so much varietj of surface that the
distinction of planes becomes drowned in a
foam of seething edges of paint.
Among the best of W p. ( Inman's other works
also are The Eating -1 louse (37); The Water-
jail. Norway (39), already noticed at the
recent exhibition of the London Oroup ; and
the intensely characteristic head, Mrs.
Broun (16). The delightful tinted drawing 8
of Mr. Ginner (10, 12), for pictures shown
in the gallery, are in some respects more
completely satisfactory than the works
t hemselves.
It cannot he denied that to pass from the
two Xeo- Realists to t he work, in an adjoining
room, of artists like Mr. .John Copley and
Miss Ethel Oabain, with their ambition of
freer and more inventive design, is to suffer
a slight sense of artificiality and pose. Yet
both have considerable ability in draughts-
manship : Mr. Copley most notably in
such characteristic illustration as The Cri-
minal Judge (in portfolio) ; Miss Oabain
in more intimate portraiture like Studies JI.
and IV. (125 and 127). The poses of
celebrated dancers seem to offer the least
inspiration of any of the subjects.
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
Mr. H. H. La Thangue's exhibition at the-
Leicester Gallery must be ranked as very
disappointing. His outlook is photographic,
his subjects seem to jostle their frames, and
his painting has not even the force of imi-
tative realism which it once possessed.
At the Grafton Oalleries the impulsive out -
put of Mr. Tom Mostyn suggests the value
of some power of self • criticism. He
is convinced of the paramount virtues of
improvisation, which Titian assured us
never leads to fine work-. In the case of
Mr. Mostyn, two canvases emerge as in some
sort justifying his practice, if they had no-
neighbours to denounce it. The Eye of the
Storm (7) is the most completely reputable
of his works : compactly designed, impressive,
and directly painted, recalling somewhat
the manner of Dupre. The ingenious and
fantastic use of paint in No. 17, Curiosity*
rises to a higher level, and is, indeed, most
original. Hero is a vision of uncanny
suggest iveness which Monticelli might have
been pleased to sign, though it has nothing
of his rather heavy and cloying atmosphere.
Its weakness is that it has a little of the
look of a vignette — a weakness general
throughout the exhibition of a man who
seems almost destitute of any sense of the
beauty of the geometric element in form.
In this instance the weird dancers have a
look of supernatural reality worths- of more
serious treat ment.
The other works are on a very different
plane, grading downwards to — anything
you phase. Strife (12) is among the better
ones, faintly Suggestive of Decamps, hut
much more unsteady and frayed.
At Messrs. Woolrieh'x galleries in South
Molton Street, .Mr. Charles Sykes exhibits
bronzes and pastels. Among the former
.1 Pagan Idyll (9) shows a certain attempt at
academic finish of surface; and among the
latter ('/>/anite (36) treats with attractive
impudence a motive of light gallantry.
Similar themes appear in many of the draw-
ings, yet we find little /.est or sparkle in.
any hut t his.
SALES.
<>x Friday, tin- 17tb Inst., at Me its. Christ I
,-i picture of the Netherlandish School, 'I be
Descent <.f the Holy Spirit,' fetched 294/.
tin Tuesday, tin- 21st Inst., Me i , Christie
in< hided in their sale of engravings the following :
Mi Jacob . after Reynolds, by .1. Spilsbury,
in i i id-, before any letters, 105/. Higglers
preparing for Market, and lie Postboy's Return,
after Morland, bj i». Onne, in colours, ill/. 16s.
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
fine Jltt dtossip.
The Trustees of the Whitechapel Art
Oajlery have decided to perpetuate the
memory of Canon Barnett by adding two
large frescoes to the entrance hall of the
< Jallery. These will be painted by Mr. II. F.
Garrett, and will relate to the Art Gallery
and the work of the Children's Country
Holiday Fund. A Memorial Tablet is also
included in the general scheme for the
decoration of the entrance hall by Mr. C. H.
Townsend, the architect of the Gallery. It
is hoped to make the hall a resting-place
for passers-by.
The estimated cost of the scheme is 750'.,
and towards this contributions will be
received by Mr. C. Campbell Ross, Secretary,
at the Gallery, High Street, E.
Next Friday Dr. Tancred Borenius will
begin his course of nine lectures on ' The
History of Italian Renaissance Painting1 at
the Slade School of Fine Art, University
College, London. The first lecture is on
Giotto.
R. writes : —
" The Spring Exhibition of Water-Colours
recently opened at the Manchester City Art
Gallery is exclusively devoted to water-colours
and pastels, over four hundred numbers being
entered in the catalogue. Notwithstanding the
width of range thus permitted, the collection is
not fully representative of the best contemporary
practice in these media. A show of contemporary
water-colours without Messrs. Francis E. James,
A. W. Kich, and J. S. Sargent is, however we cast
the parts, something like ' Hamlet ' minus the
Prince of Denmark, Horatio, and Laertes. We
-also miss Mr. Henry Tonks, Mr. 'Walter Bayes,
Mr. Cayley Robinson, and many of the more
gifted of our younger aquarellists.
" A group of six fine drawings by Mr. Wilson
Steer does much to maintain the interest of the
exhibition ; and good water-colours are also con-
tributed by Mr. Francis Dodd, Mr. Mark Fisher,
Mr. Hamilton Hay, Mr. A. J. Mavrogordato, and
M. Maurice Asselin, the only foreign exhibitor.
" The most interesting things in the pastel
room come from Messrs. J. R. K. Duff, George
Sheringham, and W. L. Rruckman, and Mrs. Esther
Sntro ; but here again we miss Mr. George Clausen,
Mr. Will Rothenstein, and other well-known
workers in pastel. Altogether the exhibition is
rather disappointing, and does not attain the high
standard which Manchester has set in the past."
The newly formed Pastel and Tempera
Society of Ireland is now holding its first
exhibition in Dublin. Amongst the ex-
hibitors are Mr. T. H. Nicolet, Miss May
Hamilton, Mr. James Ward, Miss Kathleen
Fox, and Mr. Oswald Reeves. The last
named shows amongst other decorative
designs one for a stage scene somewhat in
the manner of Gordon Craig. Mr. Crampton
Walker, the founder of the Society, has some
pleasant landscapes, and Mr. Dermod
O'Brien two interesting figure studies.
Three important pictures have just been
presented to the National Gallery of Ireland
by the new Director, Sir Hugh Lane. They
are ' The Vision of St. Francis,' by II Greco ;
a Portrait of a Lady, by Paul Veronese ;
and a decorative group of four figures in
a landscape, by Piazzetta, a little-known
seventeenth-century "painter, supposed to
have been the master of Tiepolo.
The portrait by Veronese is a beautiful
and dignified work, very delicate in tone.
The lady wears a red brocade dress and
pearls, and holds a glove in one hand.
The large group by Piazzetta is a brilliant
work, remarkable for its chiaroscuro, its
rich colour, and the Watteau-like grace of
the grouping. The Greco is a fine example
of this master's work.
MUSIC
BEETHOVEN FESTIVAL AT
QUEEN'S HALL.
The Festival which opened at Queen's
Hall last Monday afternoon, and which
ends this evening with the Choral Sym-
phony as chief attraction, offers a striking
contrast to the modern music which has
recently been given in this Hall. Those
who believe that Beethoven, at any
rate as a symphony composer, has never
been surpassed, are right ; others who
maintain that in symphonic music he is
unsurpassable may prove to be right. We
certainly have had ample experience of his
and other men's work. It will in a few
years be the centenary of Beethoven's
death, and since that event, though many
great and illustrious composers have
written symphonies, none is so powerful
as the c minor, or so romantic as the one
in A. There may be new masters, but
we cannot conceive of a time when Beet-
hoven will cease to impress the minds and
to touch the hearts of musicians.
For the moment, however, we are con-
cerned with the first two days of the
present festival. On Monday the Sym-
phonies in c and D were performed. Beet-
hoven imitated Mozart consciously in the
Bonn days, and later probably sub-
consciousby ; moreover, he was, of course,
influenced by the teaching and advice of
Haydn. These early Symphonies are at-
tractive as music, and of marked his-
torical value owing to the foreshadowings
of a riper period ; yet they can hardly
now excite strong interest. Mr. Henri
Verbrugghen, the Festival conductor, at
once proved that he is intimately ac-
quainted with the scores ; also that he
understands the art of conducting and
how to convey his ideas to the orchestra —
on this occasion the London Symphony
Orchestra. But in the performances there
were certain accents and quick tempi
which seemed as if he were t^dng to freshen
up music which he felt to be old. The
same thing happened on the second
evening, when he was engaged on the
' Eroica ' Symphony, a work which does
not stand in any need of extra polish. It
was really a remarkably fine performance —
fine in spirit as well as in letter. In the
slow movement, however, there were
occasionally slight over-markings. As
everything was so good, we came to the
conclusion that this was merely due to
Mr. Verbrugghen being over-anxious ; for
he was on his trial in a city in which
the best conductors (native and foreign)
are constantly appearing.
The pianist at the first concert wras Mr.
Frederic Lamond. His reputation as an
interpreter of Beethoven is certainly
great, but his rendering of much of the
solo part of the E flat Concerto was not
up to his highest standard. The actual
playing was good, yet there were times
when lie seemed to look on the orchestra
not as playing with him, but merely
accompanying him. The reading of the
slow movement, however, was impressive.
Herr Ernst Dohnanyi, who appeared
on the Tuesday, played in the first
two Concertos, which are seldom heard,
and did his part in a delightfully
unpretentious manner. The music is
pleasing, because it is thoroughly
honest, but, to judge from Beethoven a
remarks in a letter to a publisher, he
himself did not attach any particular
value to it.
THE TORQUAY FESTIVAL.
II.
M. Igor Stravinsky's Symphony in
e flat, No. 1, was the special feature of the
programme on the afternoon of Thurs-
day in last week. In these modem
times few composers write symphonies ;
most would probably regard the
writing of them as " une occupation
inutile." Mr. Hindenberg\ however — if it
was he who decided to give the one in
question — selected the work of a man whose
ballets are now attracting much notice,
and whose opera * Le Rossignol ' is about
to be produced at Drury Lane. The Sym-
phony, an early work, is said to have been
written eight years ago, and the composer
is now only a little over thirty ; the music
therefore belongs to the period during,
or soon after, his student daj^s at the
St. Petersburg Conservatoire. It would
be interesting to know whether the idea
of writing a symphony on classical
lines was Stravinsky's own idea, or was
suggested to him as the safest course by
Rimsky-Korsakoff , under whom he studied.
The thematic material, of old pattern,
in the first and last movements and in the
Scherzo is good, though not striking,
and the treatment of it formal, not
organic ; though the bright melodious
music hides to some extent its weakness.
None of the four movements, fortunately,
is unduly spun out, and that is an advan
tage. The ballets ' Petrouschka ' and
' L'Oiseau de Feu ' have shown us that
the composer can display his gifts far
better in a freer form. Mr. Hindenberg's
reading of the work was excellent.
Another novelty, the Suite de Ballet,
' Sakura,' by Mr. Percy Pitt, produced at
the final concert on Thursday evening, was
unfortunately presented with maimed rites.
The composer was unable to come as
announced ; moreover, the band parts
reached Torquay so late that the last two
sections could not be properly rehearsed,
and were consequently omitted. The
first three, if expressive, are somewhat
conventional. We shall no doubt soon
have an opportunity of hearing the com-
plete work in London.
Mr. Percy Grainger conducted his
' Colonial Song ' (the soprano and tenor
parts of which were sung by Miss Carrie
Tubb and Mr. Eisdell) and ' Molly on the
Shore.' Both have been heard in Lon-
don. The only difference here in the
second was the arrangement of the music
for full orchestra, instead of, as before,
only for strings. The effect is very
piquant ; the composer has made deft
use of the extra instruments for colour, so
that the light, winsome setting of the
folk-tune is not spoilt.
No. 4513. April 25, 1914
T II K A Til KNyTCUM
(;<>:*
Strauss was the most prominent name
on the programmes, and be was repre-
sented by 'Till Eulenspiegel,1 which was
given under the masterly, if at times some-
what demonstrative, guidance of Mr.
Thomas Beeoham, while 'Don Juan' and
'Tod und Verklarung ' wore performed
under the direction of Mr. Bindenberg, who
showed himself thoroughly acquainted
with these and other scores with which
he had to deal. His beat is clear, and
he is fortunate in having constant practice
In conducting, so that he can develops
the natural gifts which he undoubtedly
ssesses.
Mr. Percy Grainger played the solo part
of Mr. Frederick Delius's Pianoforte Con-
certo, and Miss Carrie Tubb sang the*" Mad
S ne " from Ambroise Thomas skilfully,
while her delivery of the " Salce " from
Verdi's ' Otello ' was specially notable for
lyrical charm and dramatic feeling.
The whole scheme of the festival was,
a- mentioned last week, modern, and the
ilt shows that the judgment of the
Festival Committee and conductor was
sound. Only works of moderate length
were selected ; rising English composers,
indeed, seem to have discovered that it is
not wise to be lengthy. The artistic suc-
— was great. Another festival next
year is already being discussed, and on a
larger scale.
iRusiral (Sossip.
The i ipera season opened at ( Sovent < 'arden
.Monday with a performance of Puccini's
' Boheme.' Madame Melba impersonated
Mimi, and though in the first act her singing
- a little lacking in life, she was quite
herself in the third act. Her voice is still
rich : and even if that were not the case, her
if interpretation and perfect produc-
tion of voice would not be affected. The able
_'••!• and actor Signor Giovanni Martinelli
appeared a- Rodolfo for the first time here.
The performance, generally, was good ; and
a notable feature was the spirited, and, as
iH- the singers, tactful, direction of
Mr. Albert Coat* - who as a Wagnerian
conductor gave groat satisfaction during
fehe recent German season.
< >n the following evening the first cycle
"The Ring' began. For ' Rheingold '
there was a fine < -•. Of the impersonations
Mich artists as haees (Alb -rich), Hans
ein (Mime), Madame Kirkbv Limn
cka), and the two giant- Paul Kniipfer
Johannes Fonss, it is sufficient to -.<\
tb it they were at their best. Loge is,
perhaps, the most difficult part in the piece,
and Ihrr Sembach's rendering i- interest-
appeared in that character a lew
go. Herr Arthur Nikisch was once
ii at the head of the orchestra : he
knows how at times to reveal its full Htrengt d.
and af Others how to make the music sound
almost a- at Bayreuth with the players
hidden.
In ■ Die Walkure,1 on Wednesday even-
ing, the temperamental acting ol Mile.
Maude I- Bieglinde deserves note ;
hut her \oice u.i- i,,,' fimte equal to some
the compost acting demands Herr
Cornelius was the Riegmund. Fr&ulein Ci-r-
trud Kappel ha- a good voice, and kno
how to use u ; o. this was largely owing h<-r
Brfinhilde.
Dr. Gxobos Hi.N-rm-.i. gives iii- farewell
recital a' Bechstein Hull on the 29th inst.
He will lie greatly missed, for since 1 S 7 7 .
when he made his debut here, t his worthy
artist has taken an active part in musical
life both in and outside London. In 1881
he established and conducted the London
Symphony Concerts, which lasted eleven
J t ars. 1 lis vocal recitals have always proved
sources of keen enjo\ nient.
S, v
Hon -
Mow.
TUKS.
Win.
Thcks
Fin.
PEKFOKMANCKS NEXT WKKK.
Concert. :: 30, Koyal Allien Hall.
Sat. HojaJ opera, i o\ent Garden.
Theodore liyard's Recital, :: IB, He. 1, stein Hall.
Mm i Hesa'a Pianoforte Recital, - 18, Bechetein Hall.
Winifred Christie's Pianoforte Kecital. 3.15. Bechttcin Hall.
Elena Uerliardfs Vocal Recital, 8.15, Hec lutein Ball
Irene Scliarrer's Orchestral Concert, 8 IE Oueen'a Hall
Phyllis Dnld Ktdner'a 'Cello Kecital, B SO Xolla.ii Hall.
Victor Boerrt '« Pianoforte Kecital, :i, Bechstein Hall
(Jeorge Heutchel'a Farewell Recital, B IS, Bechstein Hall.
Helen Sealj ami Poland Jackson'a Violin and Vocal Kecital,
3.80, .Koliau Hall.
Dva Hedmondt'a Vocal Recital. 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
Kva Rich'a ■'onij Kecital. g.18. Bechstein Hall.
Ethel Holiday and Alhert Sainnions'a Pianoforte and Violin
Recital, S .'!0 koliau Hall.
May and Beatrice Harrison's Violin and 'Cello Recital, 3.1.r>
Bechstein Hall.
Anton Maaskoft'i, Violin Kecital. 8-15, Bechstein Hall.
London Ballad Concert, .). Koyal Alliert Hall
Dorothy Grinstead's Pianoforte Kecital. :: IS, Bechstein Hall.
Heuriette Miclielson's Pianoforte Kecital. 8.15, .Eoliau Hall.
New Symphony Orchestra, 3 15, Queen's Hall.
DRAMA
'MY LADY'S DRESS' AT THE
ROYALTY.
We have to thank Mr. E. Knoblauch for
another novelty at the Royalty. ' Mile-
stones ' dealt with three distinctive stages
in recent times. ' My Lady's Dress,' which
was given last Tuesday, traces the making
of a silk dress. Though it is not so
well developed, the later idea seems to
have greater possibilities.
• My Lady's Dress ' has to rely on the
stuff that dreams are made of. A lady
having contracted a headache whilst pur-
chasing a fifty-guinea gown, in which she
means to ogle a prospective patron of
her husband's, takes a sleeping-draught
to ensure the rest necessary before the
evening fray. We see her moving in
a dream-trance with her husband through
various scenes connected with the making
of the gown. In the course of half
a dozen of these Gladys Cooper and
Mr. Dennis Eadie play as many parts in a
style which varies from what is not far
removed from mere buffoonery in a lace-
making Dutch scene to what reaches real
tragedy in the last scene. Did all the
scenes bear even comparison with the last,
the whole would have been a great play —
greatly acted. Indeed, we recognized
with real regret that convention would
insist on an awakening scene. When it
came it had one gem in it which made it
really significant. The tragic incidents of
my lady's dream are so vivid as to change
her ideas ; she not only proposes to her
husband that she should wear sonic other
dress, but even that, so soon as the post
he COVetfl has been attained, they should
turn their attention to helping others less
well circumstanced. Rarely, if ever, has
the fact that procrastination is the thief
of altruism been better exemplified.
There are other good points in the play,
but this is the best e \ pi eSSUlg as it does
the perpetual postponement of one's duty
to one's neighbour owing to the almost
universal wish to possess just one more
coveted thing.
'THE MOB' AT THE CORONET.
Monday night saw Mr. John Gals-
worthy's 'The Mob' produced, for the
first time in London, by Miss llorniman's
company at the Coronet Theatre.
It must be said at once that those who
expect a play comparable with 'Strife'
and • The Silver Box ' are likely to be
disappointed. It is not because the
theme is less good, but because the in-
terest remains latent, in the idea of the
play — never emerges into the play itself.
A man who has presumably hitherto been
a dependable party man— at the opening
of the piece he is an Under-Secretary wit h
a future— determines that his conscience
makes it necessary for him to denounce the
Covernment's prosecution of a small war.
In the first scene we listen to ex-
postulations from his relatives in the
army, and friends on the press; but ol
arguments such as might appeal to a
high-souled idealist there is none. These,
perhaps, were not to be expected, but
we had hoped for something of the sort .
since the action of the piece is placed in
the future. When, however, we were
treated — amid the solitude of a deserted
feast — to a rehearsal of the speech to be
made in the House of Commons, we were
amazed to find that the reformer relied
solehr on the free use of rhetoric for the
conversion of Parliament.
The next morning brought more talk
concerning the personal cost of his action,
and tangible evidence in the shape of
loss of position inside and outside the
House. One felt, in fact, a certain sym-
pathy with the indignation of relatives,
friends, and constituents against a man
who had apparently given little cause
hitherto for suspicion as to the " correct-
ness " of his attitude.
The next act furnishes a fresh surprise
— the high-souled patriot being caught
and stoned by a mob when he is escaping
by the stage door from a meeting he has
been addressing. A word of praise is due
to a hero-worshipping private secretary
(Mr. Eric Barber) for his acting in this
and other scenes. A meeting between
husband and wife follows, at which, after
ten years of married life with a man of
adamantine principle, she only seeks to
dissuade him from his course by alluding
to sentimental considerations, finally,
deserted by all but one servant, he meets
his deatli at the hands of a mob which
has broken into his palatial residence.
The curtain rises once again to show us a
statue erected in alter years to his memory,
a piece of irony like a circular saw
warranted to cut from whatever side it
is approached.
The play itself Failed to carry any eon
viction of reality or utility. .Mr. .Milton
Itosmer. however, gave a convincing
presentment of an obst mate self -ulliciency
which leaves no room either for sweet
reasonableness in argument or deep sym-
pathy with one's fellow men and their
stinted opportunities. Kither of tie i
virtues might have helped the politician a
cause more than the martyrdom after
which he M'ems to have hankeie I. Irene
004
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4513, April 25, 1914
Rooke, as his wife, was what we should
conceive a good woman to be who,
brought up in luxury, suddenly discovers
herself married to a stranger hampered by
n fanatical obsession of idealism concern-
ing one particular phase of political life.
The play is filled in with bits of mawkish
sentimentality and other incidents which
not so long ago- would have been con-
sidered in the light of encroachments on
East-End preserves.
Dramatic (gossip.
' Mam'selle Tralala,' taken from the
■German of Georg Okonkowski and Leo
Leipziger by Mr. Arthur Wimperis and Mr.
Hartley Carrick, with M. Jean Gilbert's
music, was presented last Thursday week by
Mr. Philip M. Faraday at the Lyric Theatre.
It has more of the atmosphere of the revue
■even than most musical plays. The plot is
just sufficient to keep matters going, and
there is a good supply of comic situations
throughout the three acts. The scenes are
laid in Paris, and the story concerns a lottery
-ticket and a little dressmaker.
The outstanding features in the piece
were the impersonations of Yvonne Arnaud
and Mr. James Blakeley. The former in
the title-part was charming. Although she
possesses a small voice, one is helped to
forget the fact by her artistic treatment
of it, and vivacious acting. The latter, who
-took the part of Bruno Richard, caused
plenty of fun in his difficult situations.
Mr. Charles Trevor also deserves praise for
bis acting as the lottery agent, which was
a, clever piece of work.
The music is light and tuneful, and the
chorus work is good, but at times somewhat
overbalanced by the volume of the orchestra.
An amusing one-act play dealing with life
in co. Antrim, ' The Cobbler,' by Mr. A.
Patrick Wilson, was produced last week at
the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. It was excellently
acted by the new company, being given
under the direction of the author, who him-
self took the part of the Cobbler.
Their Majesties the Kino and Queen
have signified their intention of being present
•at the special matinee in aid of the King
George's Pension Fund for Actors and
Actresses, to take place at His Majesty's
Theatre on Friday, May 22nd. The play
selected is ' The Silver King,' and the cast
includes many of the leading actors and
actresses of the day.
Mr. Cyril Maude is returning to London
shortly, and will produce on May 13th
' Grumpy,' a four - act detective play by
Messrs. Horace Hodges and T. Wigney
Percyval, which is having a successful run in
New York. Mr. Maude has secured a West
Fnd theatre, the name of which is not yet
announced.
' With her Husband's Permission,' a
one-act play by Mr. Herbert Jenkins the
publsher, is to be given at the Theatre
Royal, Bristol, on May 13th, in conjunction
with Mr. Masefield's ' Nan.' The produc-
tion is under the management of Muriel
Pratt, whose able acting in ' Hindle Wakes '
will be recalled by London playgoers. She
is playing the leading part, and the piece
will be seen later in the year at a West-end
theatre.
On May 3rd, at the Ambassadors'
Theatre, the Pioneer Players will give ' The
Patience of the Sea,' by Conal O'Riordan
(Norrsys Connell). The principal woman's
part is to be played by Gertrude Kingston,
who will ho supported by Mr. Harcourt
Williams, Mr. Basil Hallam, and Lilian
Tweed. There will he a public performance
on the afternoon of May 4th.
The sixth special matinee given under the
auspices of the West End Productions, at the
Pavilion on Wednesday afternoon, produced
a, programme more distinguished by quantity
than quality. It was difficult to discover
any justification for the performance of at
least five of the six one -act plays that made
up the long programme.
' The Temperament,' by Claire Thorpe ;
' The Fool,' by Norman P. Greig ; and
' Whispering Tongues,' by W. H. Abbot,
might possibly be worthy of production if
reconstructed by an expert, and acted by
competent players.
The fourth play, entitled ' Why She
Didn't Tell,' was a passable kind of sketch,
in which a husband suffering from heart
disease discovers that a man he formerly
regarded as a friend has contracted an illicit
admiration for his wife. The wife fails to
tell her husband, thinking that the shock
might prove fatal; but he rises totheoccasion,
and, finding his wife both loyal and guiltless,
apparently recovers his faith and his health
as well. In this sketch (we can call it nothing
more) there was some excellent acting by
Mr. Sydney Valentine as the husband, and
Dorothy Massingham as the wife.
' The Girl from Australia ' and ' A Captain
of Industry,' written respectively by Mrs.
E. H. Harris and William Margrie, require no
notice. An amusing little duologue entitled
' He and She,' in which Grace A'Hearn
and Mr. Roy Beard played with considerable
distinction, deserves a word of praise.
A correspondent writes : —
" While German critics, seeking for Quellcn,
have been attempting to trace affinities between
Mr. Shaw's ' Pygmalion ' and a play of Smollett,
a far more obvious source of inspiration has been
overlooked. Rousseau's little ' scene lyrique,'
' Pygmalion,' contains these lines (Pygmalion is
speaking) : —
' Je me suis trompe : j'ai voulu vous faire
nymphe, et je vous ai faite deesse.
' II te manque une ame : ta figure ne peut
s'en passer.'
" ' Pygmalion, ne fais plus des dieux, tu n'es
qu'un vulgaire artiste.'
" May we not believe that in Rousseau Mr.
Shaw found the kernel of his own play 'i "
To Correspondents.— C. C. S.— F. X.— J. T.— H. J. G. R.
— Received.
J. E. M — W. M. M. S.-Not suitable for us.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE
Authors' Agents 573
Catalogues 574
Educational 573
Rno's hruit Salt 606
Francis <fc Co ,. _ „ .. ..575
Gardeners' Chronicle 607
Laurie 605
Lockwood & Son 605
Ma<mili.an & Co. ~ 576
Magazini-s, &c 575
Miscellaneous 573
Natukai, History 574
Printers 573
Provident Institutions .. .. 574
Putn»m's sons 604
Rider & Son 676
Sales by Auction .. 574
Satukday Review 575
Shipping _ .. .. fiofi
Situations Vacant .. .. „ .. .. 573
Societies .. .. 573
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge .. 608
Times Book o.ub .. .. 575
Type-Writers for Sale 574
Type-Writing, &c. .. ..574
Unwin .. _ .576
G. P. Putnam' s Sons
THE CORNERSTONE
OF EDUCATION
An Essay on the Home Training of Chil-
dren. By Rev. The Hon. EDWARD
LYTTELTON, D.D. 5s. net.
" As the considered opinion of the Headmaster
of Eton, a statement which calls for the close
attention of all parents. It amounts to a demand
which it is dangerous for the nation to ignore."
Times.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS
JEFFERSON, 1743-1790
With an Introduction by P. L. FORD, and
a Foreword by G. H. PUTNAM, Litt.D.
6s. net.
THE BACKWARD CHILD
By BARBAKA S. MORGAN. Cloth, 5s. net.
It is a study of the psychology and treatment
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CAV0UR, AND THE MAKING OF
MODERN ITALY, 1810-1861
By PIETRO OR6I. Fully illustrated. 5s. net.
("Heroes of Nations" Series.)
" This wise and dependable introduction to the
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THE SCIENCE OF HAPPINESS
By JEAN FINOT. 7s. M net,
" Readers who do not know him in French
will be glad of this translation They will be
still more pleased when they read the book ; for
Mr. Finot is a stout optimist who sees happi-
ness as the true goal of social life and the basis
of morality." — Times.
CARMEN AND MR.
DRYASDUST
By HUMFREY JORDAN. 6s.
" A story about Cambridge, almost a scory
against Cambridge it hits Oxford as shrewdly."
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ONE YEAR OF PIERROT
By THE MOTHER OF PIERROT. 6s.
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SHEARS OF DELILAH
By VIRGINIA T. VAN DE WATER. With
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JAVA AND HER NEIGHBOURS
By ARTHUR S. WALCOTT With 48 Illus-
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LATIN SONGS
Ancient. Medieval, and Modern, with Music.
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24, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.
\o. 4513. April 25, 1914
Til E ATHENE U M
(JO .-j
WERNER LAURIE'S
NEW BOOKS.
LIFE IN AN INDIAN OUTPOST.
By MAJOR CASSERLY. Fully Illustrated.
Demy >vo, 12s. 6d. net.
This is a thrilling account of the life of an Indian Officer
in command of a native garrison in a small post on the
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and the book "ill appeal to all lovers of sport and daring.
THE HIGHWAYS TO HAPPINESS.
By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE. Illustrated.
Crown Bvo, 6s. net.
This is a very charming, delicate, and poetical allegory
descriptive of the journey of Youth along the Highway of
Life in search of Happiness.
"THE TOY AG 8 OF THE SN'AKK."
THROUGH THE SOUTH SEAS WITH
JACK LONDON.
By MA KTIN JOHNSON. 32 Plates. Illustrated
from Phorographs taken on the Cruise. Deiny 8vo,
10s. 6d. net.
A detailed and complete account giving the first real
insight into life aboard the Snark among the myriad islands
of the South Pacific.
"The book is vividly interesting. "—Observer.
HOW TO BECOME AN ALPINIST.
By F\ BURLINGHAM. 61 Pictures. 6s.net.
Abook which will give climbers the necessary information
as to setting about the pastime in a proper and workmanlike
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WOMAN AND CRIME.
By H. L ADAM. Fully Illustrated. 6s. net.
The work, which is by the author of 'The Story of Crime,'
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JUST PUBLISHED.
A Daughter
of Debate.
I'.Y
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Author of 'The Dominant Chord.'
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The terrible struggle of colour going on in
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AN
AMERICAN
GLOSSARY.
BY
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The Trustees of the Mary Ewart Trust Fund invite applications
from past or pre^nt members of Newnham College for a
TRAVELLING H HoLARtUlP of 1ML, for purposes of study, to
be awarded in June. 1
Application* must be sent, not later than JUNE 10, to Mm
CLOUGH. Newnham College, from whom all particulars can I*
obtained.
ROYAL HOLLOWAY C 0 L L K 1 1 1 1
IUNIVERHITV 01 bOHIl
Principal-Miu ■ 0 BIBOIHB, BA.
KNTRAN'E SCHOLARSHIPS- M,h'. IN ENTRANCE 8CHO-
LAKSHIPH. rromoOl to M and .everal BCRMAKIES of not more
than 101.. Unable for Three Years at th- College, will txi aw.nled on
the results of an Examination to l>e he'd fr I to JULY *
1C14. KuKiini»tW(i,i»r.i)l*l'.7- MU >. 1914. Tbe College pre-
paree Women Students for London Degr.es. Inclusive fee, 100J. a
year.
For Fovms of Entry and further particulars apply to THE
SECRETARY. Royal HoUoway College. EuglefMd Green Surrey.
MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, E.C— An
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, for Boye
under 14 on June 11, 1914. will be held on JUNE 30 and following
days.-For particulars apply to THE SECRETARY.
S
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY 14 and Following Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
WEYBRIDGE LADIES' SCHOOL, SURREY.
—Conducted by Miss E. DAWK8, M.A. D.Litt. (London).
The comforts ot a refined home. Thorough education on the principle
of a sound mind in a sound body. Preparation for Examinations if
desired. French and German a speciality. Large grounds, high and
healthy position.
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Tamworth.—
Training for Home or Colonies. College Farm, 1,000 acres. Vet.
Science, Smiths' Work, Carpentry, Riding and Shooting taught Ideal
open-air life for delicate Boys. Charges moderate. Get Prospectus.
MADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
Keith House. 133 135. REGENT STREET, W., English and
Foreign Governesses, Lady Professors, Teachers. Chaperones. Com-
panions, Secretaries. Readers, Introduced for Home and Abroad,
Schools recommended, and prospectuses with full information, gmtis
on application (personal or by letter), stating requirements. Office
hours, 10-5 ; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel- Regent 3627.
EDUCATION (choice of Schools and Tutors
gratis). Prospectuses of English and Continental Schools, and
of successful Army. Civil Service, and University Tutors, sent (free of
charge) on receipt of requirements by GRIFFITHS, POWELL,
SMITH A FAWCETT, School Agents (established 1833), 34, Bedford
Street, Strand, W.O. Telephone-7021 Gerrard.
^itnatiens ITarant.
B
REWOOD GRAMMAR
STAFFORDSHIRE.
SCHOOL,
A HEAD MASTER is REQUIRED for the above School, to enter
upon his duties after the Bummer Vacation. Salary 2001., with capitation
fees, amounting to 10T. for the year 1913. Accommodation for thirty-
five Boarders in the Head Master's House. The School is in receipt
of grants from the Board of Education. There is an agricultural side,
maintained by special grants from the Staffordshire County Council,
great importance being attached to its efficiency. Candidates mu«t be
Graduates of a University in the United Kingdom. Applications,
accompanied by copies of not more than three recent testimonials,
and. if desired, the names of referees, must be received, on or before
MAYT 15 next, by the undersigned, from whom further particulars
can be obtained.
FREDERICK T. LANGLEY, Clerk to the Governors.
79, Darlington Street, Wolverhampton.
April 21, 1914.
NE WCASTL E - UPON - TYNE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
RUTHERFORD COLLEGE SECONDARY DAY 8CHOOL FOR
BOYS.
Head Master-Mr. J. B. GAUNT, B.A. B.Sc.
WANTED, in SEPTEMBER, a HIGHER GRADE FORM
MASTER for History and English. Salary 1501 per annum, rising
by 10i. per annum to 2001.; alco a SENIOR FORM MASTER for
History, English, and Latin. Salary 1501., rising by 101. per annum to
1801.
In fixing the commencing salaries, allowance will be made for
suitable experience and satisfactory service in other Secondary
Schools by reckoning three quarters of each completed year's previous
service, but omitting any fraction of a year below one half, and in no
case exceeding the maximum of the Committee's scale.
Application forms may be obtained by forwarding stamped
addressed foolscap envelope to THE SECRETARY, Education
Office, Northumberland Road. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Applications must be received not later than MAY 19, 1914.
HU L M E HALL.
Residential Hostel in connexion with the
VICTORIA UNIVER8ITY OF MANCHESTER.
The Governors of Hulme Hall invite applications for the post of
WARDEN. The Warden mut-t l>e a member of the « hurch of
England, not necessarily In Holy Orders, and a Graduate of a
Univemity in the Unitecl Kingdom. He will lie required to reside
and begin his duties on October 1 next. 1 he commencing iMnend i»
4001. a year, with )*>ard and liouxe for the Warden and his family.
A pi'lications, stating aae and whether mulled, "iid eooompanfed by
not more than three teetlmoniabi and three referent •■*. should !>e sent
before JUNK (i to the I lerk at n. John llalton Street. Mauchester,
from whom further particulars may be obtained if desire 1
Dated litis SBth day ol April. 1914
STAFFORD TAYLOR, Clerk to the Governors.
pOUNTY
BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND.
BEDE COLLEGIATE GIRLS' SCHOOL.
Head Mbitrrns-MlM M K. BOON. M.A.
WANTED. in HEPTEMl;ER. a BCIISCI MHTKKHH |( l.emlntry.
DementAiy 0denoi i. An Hononri Degree or 111 rqulTml»nt
and g' od Secondary Hchool experience eeaentleJ. Needlework a
.rni-ridntion. Halm) 1001 to II0& according to scale; initial
amount d< pel dent on quallfb-ntlons.
A [.plication for in w hi' b IboaM be retimed not Inter than MAY 19,
and salary ocale obtainable 00 seodlDg »lemi ad envelop*
to the umler.iiM.nl ■ HkRHKKT KEED, Secretary.
Education Department. K, John Street. Sunderland
April 1914.
)y post, Inland,
£1 8s.; FoFfcign, fTlOs. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
The Publishers will be much obliged to
any reader who will acquaint them with
any difficulty that may be experienced in
obtaining copies of the paper.
THE ATHEN£JUM is published on
FRIDAY MORNING at 8.30.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
CAMBRIDGE AND COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, CAMBRIDGE.
A MATHEMATICAL M I8TRE88 is required for September
next. Mixed Mathematics should be a strong t-ut.ject. with practical
work. She will be required to help with the Science work. Halary
1301. a year (non-resident), or according to expeiience and qualifica-
tions. Forms of application may be obtained of the undersigned,
and should be returned on or before MAY 15, 1914
AUSTIN KEEN, M.A., Education Secretary.
County Hall, Cambridge.
c
O U N T Y
OF LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the following
positions vacant in September, 1914.
Candidates for these positions, with the exception of that of ART
MIf-TRESS, must have passed a Final Examination for a Degree held
by a recogniztd University. In special cases the Degree requirement
may be relaxed, provided the candidate is otherwise specially qualified.
The commencing salary, except where otherwise ttnted. is from 1201.
to 1701. a year, accoruing to previous experience, rising to 220J. by
yearly increments of 10'.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL. CHELSEA.
FORM MISTRESS, with special qualifications in Geography. Eco
nomics as a subsidiary subject desirable.
THE COUNTY 8ECONDARY SCHOOL, ELTHAM.
1. FORM MISTRESS, with special qualifications in Classics. Candi-
dates should have obtained Honours in a Final Examination for a
Degree held by a recognized University. Mathematics as a rubfiidiary
subject desirable.
2. FORM MI8TRE8S, especially qualified in Geography. Ele-
mentary Science, Nature Study, and Handwoik as subsidiary subjects
desirable. Gocd previous ex]>erience necessary in each case.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL, FPLHAM.
1. ASSISTANT MI8TRE8S. to teach Geography throughout the
School and assist with Junior Mathematics or English.
2. ASSISTANT MI8TRE88. to teach Classics up to the standard
required for University Scholarships I andidates should have
obtained Honours in a Final Examination for a Degree held by a
recognized University. History as a subsidiary subject desirablo.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL, KENTISH TOWN.
1. ASSISTANT MISTRESS, to teach German and French.
2. A8SISTANT MISTRESS, to teach Geography and History.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL. PLUMSTEAD.
JUNIOR FORM MISTRESS, specially qualified to teach Geography
and Mathematics. Ability to help in School games will be a
recommendation.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL. 8TREATHAM.
SENIOR MATHEMATICAL MISTRESS. Games desirable.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL. FULHAM.
ART MISTRESS. Good Secondary School experience with large
lasses essential. Salary 1801 fixed.
Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolncap envelope
to THE EDUCATION OFFICER, London County I oanoll, Education
i.ffices. Victoria Embankment. W.C. to whom they miint I*, retained
by 11 a.m. on MONDAl. May IS. A seiiarute form mu.t be used for
each apjiointment for which application li made, Kv.ry communica-
tion mutt be marked "II -t " on the envelope
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly. Will disqualify an applicant.
No candidate is eligible for appointment in h school of which a
relative is a member of the adfiforj Ban-Committee,
LAURENCE ()"MME. (lerk of the London IVuiity Council.
Education Office", Victoria Embankment, W.C.
April 24, 1914.
c
O U N T Y OF L O N I) O N.
The Lorulon Tnuiitv (V.iiih'H liiv.l»'p nppllriiiloiip for the poaitlon of
DISTRICT IN8PECTOH la Lbfl Bduoat i.i...r« I>f|*rlment.
HhIht) 400/ k jrar, ifxft'fr I'V ftnnn.i] n>« mm.- nt* . t S' I to 600) nyrnr.
TIm- pnrTton ■ppolntcd »ni )m* r* quired tofiva bfi *bob timi t" th«
dotlei of bU i 'ffloa coDtUilng ol the li tpecih n « f Pobllr FWaientary
li K\< niDtf IntUtDtoa, and othor educational h itltailona, urn.
to tiit- prrfotmoDO* ol inch of hat do tin n* mtj b# tntnittcd to him
1 lie In* pert 01 will bo rtqnlrr d to dot oU 1 wj I of bU tfno to Pby»loal
I'daoatiofi, hi" i matt, Iborrfofo, po»§e»i » peel* I qoell0e>i lofii for that
WOrt WOBMU Hrr tllflblt for Ihll n| I* li.tlin t.t < fft« lull of tlte
Cod art I ure ool prw Laded from »ppljlDf.
Au [loath m ni ^t be on rorma !■■ be obtained with i«rilrulnri of
I hf iij {x-li-i mriit by tendlnc a ■temped addreaaed loom ,
ti, id.- y\>\ i ATK'N orriCKB Lond ni.iv i . until Bd oration
■ '.iia Fmbaokmant, \\ r . to wbom t in > moet be returned
be u *w en M"M>aY, Maj Rretj Dommuoloailon moat
■>r Banked ' iii'i,M tetahip' on the rn*< '
t aovaadnif, eilhet dlreotly *>r jimIiih -tly. will .llp<,tiallfjr for
:tl |-/liit 11 • i>t
I.MHKM ■ OOH1IB. Clerk <f the London County Council.
BduoaUoo Ufflcet Victoria Kiul«nkiii< nt. W I
610
THE ATHENtEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
L1IGH SCHOOL FOR BOYS, CARDIFF.
WANTED in SEPTEM RER. SENIOR MODERN LANGUAGE
MASTER to teach French to the highest standard (Intermediate,
Civil Service. Scholarships. 4c.) and good Spanish or German.
Salary 175!.. rising hy 101. per annum to 2>0i. — Apply HEAD
MASTER.
C
IVIL SERVICE COMMISSION.
FORTHCOMING EX AMINATION.-.TONIOR APPOINTMENTS
in certain Departments (18 -19J), M AY 28.
The date specified is the latest at which applications can be
received. They must be made on forms to be obtained, with par-
ticulars, from THE SECRETARY, Civil Service Commission,
Burlington Gardens, London, W.
f ADY SECRETARY WANTED, for Con-
I_i fidential Post in large Newspaper Business. One with Jour-
nalistic experience preferred— Address, stating experience and salary
required, R.R., Box 2047, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, E.C.
Situations tiEatttoo.
GRADUATE OF GIRTON COLLEGE, Cam-
bridge (nlass II. Honours in two Triposes), Fluent French
Hchilar, with knowledge of Bibliography, Indexing, and Library
Work, seeks POST.-Apply Box 2049, Athenaeum Press, 11, Breams
Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, EC.
LADY SECRETARY.— Graduate Oxford.
Literary. Excellent general education ; fluent French and
German acquired abroad. Good Typewriting, Shorthand, and Book
keeping. Compete-it and responsible.— Box 2050, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, K.C.
JHisallatutms.
MANORIAL RECORDS.— Mr. NATHANIEL
J HONE, Author of the Manor and Manorial Records,
UNDERTAKES the TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION of
COURT ROLLS and other documents. Materials supplied for Family
and Local History.— Address 137, Hartswood Road, W.
TO AUTHORS.— Messrs. Digby, Long & Co.
(Publishers of 'The Author's Manual, '3s 61. net, Ninth Edition)
are prepared to consider MSS. in all Departments of Literature with
a view to Publication in Volume Form.— Address 16. Bouverie Street,
Fleet Street, London, E.C.
DRESDEN.— GERMAN LADY, with lovely
home, and easy access to this fine educational centre, is
desirous of receiving TWO or THREE ENGLISH GIRLS of about
16-20 years of age. 10i. monthly Excellent English references.—
Apply F.. B>x2043, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, E.C.
TO SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
ROOM-! of the ART-WORKERS' GUILD, recen' ly built, are to
be let for Meetings. Concerts, and Exhibitions. -Apply to SECRE-
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
VERY QUIET, bright UPPER PART of
' V PRIVATE HOUSE arranged as Flat. S rooms, bath every
convenience ; comfortably furnished. 1 min. Tube and District. No
children. 30s. to 35s weekly.— B., Box 2046. Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BE8T MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK 4 80N, Ltd., Medallists to H.M. the King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, Loudon, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
®tJp£-CMrit*rs for £aU.
STANDARD TYPEWRITERS FROM £3.
We have some excellent second-hand, rebuilt,
and shop-soiled new machines, fully guaranteed.
Interchangeable type, automatic action, THE
machine for professional and private use.
THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO., LTD.,
60, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.
TYPE- WRITERS. —Latest Model No. 5 Oliver,
Tabulator, Back Spacer, and all latest improvements. 10!.;
Model No. 3 Oliver, 61 ; Royal Standard, 11. ; Empire, 51. 10s. All
visible writing, and guaranteed perfect condition.— G. A. REY-
NOLDS, 13, Delamere Uoad, Wimbledon, London.
Natural Histarrj.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
NATURALISTS,
36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
(Five Doors from Charing Cross),
Keep in stock every description of
APPARATUS, CABINETS, BOOKS,
AND SPECIMENS FOR COLLECTORS.
PRICE LIST SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION.
®5pe-«riting, &c.
TYPE-WRITING, SHORTHAND, and all
SECRETARIAL WORK.-Mrs. WALKER, 113, Elm Park
Mansions, Chelsea. Telephone : 5128 Ken. Hours : 10-1 and 2-5,
Saturdays excepted. Apply Price List.
TYPE-WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
ate (Classical Tripos, Girton College, Cambridge ; Intermediate
Arts, London) Research, Revision, Shorthand.— CAMBRIDGE
TYPE WRITING AGENCY, 5, DUKE STREET, ADELPHI, W.C.
Telephone: 2308 City.
MSS. OF ALL KINDS, 9d. per 1,000 words.
Carbon Copies, 3d. References to well-known Authors. Oxford
Higher Local.— M. KING, 24, Forest Road, Kew Gardens, S.W.
AUTHORS' MSS. and TYPE-WRITING of
every description accurately and promptly executed. Short-
hand Typists provided. Meetings, Lectures, Sermons reported. —
METROPOLITAN TYPING OFFICE, 27, Chancery Lane. Tel.
Central 1565.
TYPING at home desired by well-educated,
qualified Lady. Excellent refs. From 8d. 1,000 words. French,
German copied.— E., 16, therington Road, Hanwell, W.
TRANSLATIONS of Literary and Scientific
Works, Articles, Pamphlets, 4c, from German and French into
English (Type-written).— P. DURING, 56, Fernleigh Koad, Winch-
more Hill, London, N.
A UTHORS' MSS. , NOVELS, STORIES.PL AYS,
X\ ESSAY8 TYPE-WRITTEN with complete accuracy, 9cf. per
1,000 words. Clear Carbon Copies guaranteed. References to well-
known Writers.— M. STUART, Allendale, Kymberley Road, Harrow.
HaUs bjr ^.urtton.
Modern Etchings, Engravings, Drawings, and Lithographs.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on MONDAY. May 4, at 1 o'clock precisely,
MODERN ETCHINGS, ENGRAVINGS, DRAWINGS, and LITHO-
GRAPHS.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
M
Valuable Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman Coins.
ESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, 8trand, W.C, on MONDAY, May 4. at 1 o'clock precisely, the
valuable COLLECTION of ANGLO SAXON and NORMAN COINS,
the Property of H. M. REYNOLDS. Esq., of Silver Birches, Kirkley
Park Road, 8outh Lowestoft; also a SMALL COLLECTION of
ROMAN COINS in Gold, silver, and Copper, the Property of
GENERAL ETTORE, of 11, Corso Italia, Rome — Numismatic
Books— Coin Cabinets.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies, containing two plates, price Is. each.
Antiquities.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C, on TUESDAY, May 5, at 1 o'clock precisely,
ANTIQUITIES, comprising Etruscan Objects, the Property of the
MARQUIS DECASTELTHOMOND and Mr. GEORGE B. MART-
Ancieut Egyptian Rings, Seals, Amulets, 4c— Roman and Phoenician
Glass— Greek Marbles and Roman Bronze Helmets, 4c.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
A Selected Portion of the Valuable Library of
Lieut.-Col. H. B. L. HUGHES.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will 8ELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C. on WEDNESDAY, May 6, at 1 o'clock precisely,
a Selected Portion of the valuable LIBRARY of Lieut.-Col. H. B. L
HUGHES, of Kinmel Park, Abergele, North Wales (sold with sanction
of the Court).
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
A Selected Portion of the Library of
C. E. S. CHAMBERS, Esq.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will 8ELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on THURSDAY, May 7, at 1 o'clock precisely, a
Select Portion of the LIBRARY and of a COLLECTION of AUTO-
GRAPH LETTERS, the Property of C E. 8. CHAMBERS, Esq., of
44, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
Japanese Colour Prints.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on THURSDAY, May 7. and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, JAPANESE COLOUR PRINTS, largely by Artists
of the best period.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
The well-known Collection of Wesleyana formed by the late
JOSEPH G. WRIGHT, Esq.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will 8ELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
8treet, Strand, W.C , on FRIDAY. May 8, at 1 o'clock precisely, the
well-known COLLECTION of WESLEYANA formed by the late
JOSEPH G. WRIGHT. Esq.
May be viewed two day prior. Catalogues may be had.
Miscellaneous Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane. W.C, on
TUESDAY, May 12, and Following Day. at 1 o'clock. MISCEL-
LANEOUS BOOKS, including the Property of the late LADY
GROVE (removed from Sydenham), by order of the Executors, com-
prising FitzQerald's Omar Khayyam. Second Edition, original
wrapper— First Editions of Victoiian Poets, 4c, some presentation
copies— The Cambridge Shakespeare, 9 vols., and other Libraiy
Editions of Standard Works-Cooke's Fungi, 8 vols.— Books of Travel
in America and Works relating to the Revolution— Autograph
Letters-Two Etchings by Whistler— Mezzotint Portraits. Engravings,
4c Also a Collection of Musical Scores by Handel, Haydn, Mozart,
Beethoven, 4c, mostly well bound, and a few Oil Portraits of
Musicians. Catalogues on application.
Rare Books— a Choice Collection of Fine Modern Books, <i-c
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C. on
WEDNESDAY, May 20, and Two Following Days, A LIBRARY
FORMED DURING THE EARLY PART OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY (the Property of aLADYl, comprising Folio Architectural
and Antiquarian Books— Bacon's Works, by Montagu, 17 vols.— Sets
of Spenser, Shakespeare. Pope, Congreve, and Addison (Baskerville
Editions), Defoe, Sterne, 4c —Court Memoirs- Books on the French
Revolution and Napoleon, the whole in fine condition and many in
contemporary calf or morocco bindings; also A CHOICE COLLEC-
TION OF FINE MODERN BOOKS, and other Properties, including
Burton's Arabian Nights, Original Edition, 16 vols.— The Hulh
Library, Large Paper, 29 vols.— Hakluyt Society. 32 vols., including
Y'ule's Cathay-Pepys's Diary, by Wheatley, Large Paper, 10 vols.—
Editions de Luxe of Kipling, Pater, Tennyson, Lamb, and others—
Ruskin's Works, Library Edition, 36 vols.— Original Issue of the
Germ-Ackermann's Microcosm. Original Edition, 3 vols.— Dickens's
Pickwick Papers, and Sponge's sporting Tour and Ask Mamma, by
Sur tees, in the original parts— Barham's Ingoldsby Legends, 3 vol6.,
and other rare First Editions of Thackeray, Dickens, Jefferies,
Kingsley, Swinburne, Lang, and other Modern Authors -Memorial
Edition of Meredith, 27 vols.— Books illustrated by Rackham—
Tomkinson's Japanese Collection, 2 vols., and other Books on
Japanese Art, 4c.
Catalogues on application.
M
ESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, 8t. James's
Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely.
On MONDAY, May 4, MODERN PICTURES
and" DRAWINGS, the Property of L. E CRAWFORD, Esq., and
others.
On TUESDAY, May 5, and Two Following
Days, the COLLECTION of DRESDEN PORCELAIN of H. J.
KING, Esq.
On FRIDAY, May 8, MODERN PICTURES
and DRAWINGS, the Property of the late Mrs. ALICE VENABLE3
BRUNTON, and others.
STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS.
Established 1760.)
Curiosities.
TUESDAY next, at half -past 12 o'clock.
PORCELAIN, LACQUER-WORK, SNUFF-
BOXES. NET8UKE8, being the FIRST PORTION of the COL-
LECTION formed by the late THOMA8 LAYTON, Esq., of Kew
Bridge, also Oriental Porcelain and Cloisonne— Native Curios— China
and Glass— Silver and Plated items — Ivory Carvings, and a variety
of interesting Curios.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL the above
Property by AUCTION, at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, W.C
On view day prior and morning of Sale
Important Seven Days' Sale.
"SUNDORNE CASTLE," SHREWSBURY,
About S miles from Shrewsbury Station.
AMPTON & SONS are instructed by
W. A L. FLETCHER, Esq., to 8ELL by AUCTION, on the
Premises, on TUESDAY, May 19, and Following Days, the CONTENTS
of the above MANSION, including
"THE VALUABLE LIBRARY OF 3,000 VOLUME8.
In all Classes of Literature, most expensively bound, and including
finest works on Ornithology. Architecture, Natural History, Old
English Dramatists, Poets and Essayists. French Authors— Books
with Coloured Plates Early Voyages and Travels, Scrap Books, Ac-
matchless set of Gould's Works on the Birds of Australia, Asia, New
Guinea, Great Britain, and Humming Birds, all complete with
Supplements— Piranesi's Veduti di Roma. Drake's Eboracum, Nash's
Mansions of England (Coloured Copy), Ornie's Field Sports, Daniel's
Views in India — Best Library Editions of Racine, Moliere,
Corneille, 4c.
Note.— The LIBRARY will be SOLD on the last two days, MAY
26 and 27.
Catalogues. Is. each, post free, or Books only free on application to
the AUCTIONEERS, 3, Cockspur Street, London, S.W.
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THE ATHENAEUM
018
Si TURDA Y, MA Y -2, 1914.
CONTENTS. PAGE
The War Okfice Past and Prksknt 613
shakespeare personally 614
The Corner Stone of Education 614
The Basis or Anglican Fellowship 615
South Africa, 1488-1818 616
Prok. Clark on Jurisprudence 616
Huntinc the Elephant in Africa 617
The Grain Trade in France 618
Letters to Caroline 61S
Books Published this Week- 619
Book-Trade Reform : The Bookseller's Point of
View ; Lost Argosies (Sonnet by Enid Dauncey) ;
Duty on Books in the United States ; The
Eliot Hodgkin Sale; A Laureate Poem by
SKKLTON - .. 623—625
Literary Gossip 625
B iknce— On Dreams; Biology in relation to
Education, Lecture IL ; Societies; Meetings
Next Week ; Gossip 626—630
Fine Arts — Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-
Raphaelite Brotherhood ; The Royal Aca-
demy ; Other Exhibitions; Loan Exhibition
of Etchings at Glasgow ; Gossip .. 630—633
Music — The Opera; Beethoven Festival at
Queen's Hall; Gossip; Performances Next
Week 633-634
Drama— The Clever Ones ; Account Rendered ;
The People's Theatre Movement ; Gossip 635—636
LITERATURE
The War Office Past and Present. By
Capt. Owen Wheeler. (Methuen & Co.,
12s. 6d. net.)
There was room for a history of
" a very slow office, an enormously expensive
office, a not very efficient office, and one in
which the Ministers intentions can be
absolutely negatived by all his sub-depart-
ments, and those of each of the sub-depart-
ments by every other."
The quotation is from Florence Nightingale ;
and though times have changed since she
wrote, we doubt whether in essentials the
War Office has changed with them.
The publishers of this volume claim
that it is the first comprehensive history
of the War Office, and Capt. Wheeler
explains that he has himself never served
in the Office, but believes that his " abso-
lute independence " makes up for any
deficiency caused by his being an " out-
-ider." The first part of the book does
not suffer from lack of Office experience,
but the latter chapters fall short of giving
that inside picture which was required.
For authorities up to the time of the
Peninsular War Capt. Wheeler has relied
gely on Mr. Bbrtescue's ' History of the
British Army.' J-'or the pre- Restoration
days he acknowledges his indebtedness to
the Calendar of State Papers and to Prof.
Firtlis 'Cromwell's Army,1 and he ap-
pears to have studied with great care
most of the official and private publica-
tions;
A chapter on the War Office in pre-
Restoration days makes it clear that
in those times there was no such thing.
But as far back as 1620 " there was some-
thing in the nature of a standing Council
or Committee of War," and even in
Commonwealth days there was a steady
adherence to the principle of a central
military authority closely in touch with
Parliament. It is, however, really with
the Restoration that the book begins. It
was not until the year of the Union of
England and Scotland that the military
establishments of the two countries were
made one ; and Ireland continued to have
its own military establishment until the
Union of 1801.
The author, himself a soldier, has no
prejudices in favour of or against civilian
control. In the course of his studies he
has seen the evils of military control, and
when he has to deal with political associa-
tions, he says that as a matter of historical
fact
" it would not be difficult to quote a good
many cases in which the army has probably
profited a good deal more by ' civilian inter-
ference ' tfian it would have done under a
purely military dispensation."
A chapter is devoted to the time when
the War Office was controlled by Frederick,
Duke of York, a period in which the author
has shown that
" corruption and loose notions of honour
flourished freely, in which political ani-
mosity led to personal attacks of almost
fantastic virulence, in which the lampooner
and caricaturist went to lengths which to
modern taste are often revolting."
The Duke of York's career was, it will
be remembered, interrupted by a scandal,
which Capt. Wheeler discusses at some
length — perhaps at too great length.
But it was necessary to speak of it, and the
chapter is at any rate not dull, as are
a good many parts of the book. The
traffic in commissions had assumed pro-
portions no one could now believe possible,
wrere it not for convincing evidence, of
which Capt. Wheeler produces samples.
The scandal was notorious, but the army
and the public stood it patiently until the
Duke of York's mistress, Mary Ann Clarke,
actually obtained for her footman a
lieutenant-colonel's commission in a regi-
ment serving in the West Indies.
Capt. Wheeler has something to say
about the linked-battalion system and the
localization of regiments, which he calls
the " third and supreme reform effected
by Mr. Card well." He is, of course, right
in saying that the reform, which came
from the civil side of the War Office, had a
marked effect upon the whole conduct of
the Office, lifted it to a higher level, and
won for it on all sides increased respect.
But, even if we admit that the linked-
battalion system has been a boon (and to
do that would be to disregard the interests
of India), the argument of the author is
curiously incomplete. He asks us to con-
trast the attitude of the public to Army
head-quarters at the close of the Crimean
War with the general satisfaction evoked
by the Egyptian expedition of 1SK2 ; and
we can only wonder why he stopped at
1SS2. and did not refer to the feeling of I he
public about the waste of money and the
distressing incompetence of the War Office
at the time of our recent South African
War.
We have found much of Capt. Wheeler's
book heavy ; but interspersed with what
is dull, there is much pleasant reading. It
is refreshing, for instance, to think that
once upon a time the Secretary of State
for War received only i)l/. D.s. per annum,
and that the stationery of the War Office
was all bought for 201. a year. Items of
that kind help us to endure many solid
pages which give little but the names of
undistinguished and unknown servants at
the Horse Guards and in Pall Mall. At
other times the author leaves the path he
set out to follow, and introduces odds and
ends which amuse, but slightly divert one
from the theme of the book.
Unfortunately, when he came to write on
recent years at the War Office, and especi-
ally on the Haldane era, Capt. Wheeler
found it impossible to set down a clear or
sufficiently detailed account of life inside
the walls of the new building in Whitehall,
and of the changes made by Lord Hal-
dane, and, in consequence, the last chap-
ters in the volume are unsatisfactory.
They tell us nothing that was not already
public. They will convey little or nothing
to the ordinary reader, and if any attempt
were to be made to deal with these latest
times, the changes should have been
described with more care and in more
detail.
We are very glad that Capt. Wheeler,
who is always most impartial, has drawn
attention to the way in which the staff of
the War Office is growing. He notes that
several new services have arisen of late
years, necessitating the formation of new
Directorates ; but he points out that,
while the establishment at head-quarters is
increasing somewhat rapidly, it should be
borne in mind that the numerical strength
of the regular army has been considerably
reduced in the last eight years, that the
special reserve is weaker than the old
militia, and that the County Associations
do the greater part of the work connected
with the Territorial force. Some answer
is needed to Capt. Wheeler's question,
" Where, then, is the need for all this
expansion at head -quarters ? '
Of small flaws we note that no sort of
credit is given to those Army reformers
outside Parliament, and in Parliament but
out of office, who, by their writings and
speeches, forced on the War Office reforms
which are discussed by Capt. Wheeler, and
for which the whole credit is given to
Royal Commissions and Committees, and
Secretaries of State, w ho often did nothing
more than accept the reforms unwillingly
and in response to pressure. Capt.
Wheeler is also inclined to he too kind to
his War .Ministers. We do not think
that many will agree with his praise of
the late Mr. Stanhope; and we are sure
that it is rash to describe Mr. Brodrick .i-
"one of the very hest War .Ministers the
country ever had.''
The Index is an unsatisfactory produc-
tion, as may be judged bythefacl that it
does not contain the name of Col. Seely,
who is many times spoken of in the book.
614
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
Shakespeare Personalty. By David Mas-
son. Edited and arranged by Rosaline
Masson. (Smith, Elder & Co., 6s. net.)
We are grateful to Miss Masson for giving
us the Shakespeare Lectures which for
thirty years formed part of her father's
professorial course at Edinburgh Uni-
versity. From 1865 to 1895, we learn,
he was constantly revising and adding to
them, and they are now published in
accordance with the wish he expressed
shortly before his death.
The six lectures occupy less than
240 pages of excellent print, which does
not seem a large allowance for a theme
of transcendent interest in which the
details are nothing like so clear or so
easily comprehensible as the average
reader supposes. To Milton especially
Masson devoted all his care and erudition.
He would not have claimed, we think, to
be a specialist on Shakespeare, and the
lectures are only a brief outline inciting
to further study. As such they are
highly suggestive as well as often eloquent,
and perhaps the better for being unen-
cumbered with the names of the numerous
biographers and commentators who have
made guesses, declared that this passage
or that certainly represents Shakespeare's
own views, discovered prototypes with
the eagerness of a devout Dickensian,
and generally added to the pile of infer-
ential biography. Some of these guides
are handicapped by their ignorance of
Elizabethan life, and it is well to empha-
size strongly the fact that our own times
are widely different. In view of ' Titus
Andronicus ' Masson might have explained
that the national temper in Shakespeare's
day was as prone to savagery as it now
is to sentimentality. The influence of
the audience on Shakespeare's art is
surely a matter of importance in consider-
ing the poet's personal ideas and wishes.
Why did the creator of Falstaff indulge
in so many sorry jests ? Why did he
who could write of the highest and the
lowest with such exquisite understanding
stoop to common coarseness ? Masson
supplies no answer to these queries ; yet
they must be answered when we ask
ourselves what sort of man Shakespeare
was.
We should have been glad, too, to
see a reference to that aspect of Shake-
speare which ' The Diary of Master
William Silence,' published after Masson
had resigned his chair at Edinburgh,
admirably illustrates. Shakespeare's
keenness " for the open air and country
sports is a trait sufficiently unusual in
men of letters. Walter Scott is the only
great example that occurs to us. He
won from his little son this explanation
of his reputation : " It 's commonly him
that sees the hare sitting." Young Eliza-
bethans innocent of literature may, one
thinks, have paid the same tribute to
Shakespeare. But fancy Milton inquir-
ing the price of bullocks at Stamford Fair,
or knowing that you cannot always judge
a deer by the antlers alone ! The " pecu-
niary prudence " which seems to shock
many in Shakespeare's case Scott could
not claim, but the attitude of both to
criticism was, perhaps, pretty nearly the
same — to laugh and make no other reply.
On Shakespeare in social life Masson
offers some highly interesting conclusions.
He credits him with habitual abstinence
from criticism of his contemporaries or of
public affairs. The one notable excep-
tion is the elaborate royal compliment in
' Henry VIII.,' and we certainly do
question " the amount of Shakespeare's
work in this historical play," though the
Professor declares it unnecessary to do so.
It is clear that Shakespeare was excellent
company, and that he saw and observed
all sorts of people. Here a further
deduction is discovered : —
" Shakespeare had from the first, from
natural fastidiousness of taste, and from
reflection on what he saw, taken up, for the
regulation of his own conduct, a decided
principle of non-Bohemianism. He would
be among the Bohemians ; he could not
help it ; he would enjoy their humours, mix
with them in their merry meetings, and even
like some of them much personally and
befriend them all he could ; but he could
not and would not, himself, be permanently
one of them."'
Of all this we cannot be sure. Of course,
Shakespeare did not remain a Bohemian ;
no Bohemian of sense does at the period
when, instead of being an ill-requited
artist, he can afford to live a decent life
of comfort. But in the early period when
Shakespeare had newly come to London
he surely had much to learn concerning
life and taste. This book, we are glad to
see, takes the Sonnets as records of things
which actually occurred. If that record
is true, we know that Shakespeare was
human — all too human, and played a
painful part in a sinister drama like that
Catullus rages over in his passionate
poetry.
The best part of these lectures, to our
mind, is the development of the theme
that certain ideas are so frequently or so
vividly insisted on in the plays that they
must be regarded as an essential part of
Shakespeare's philosophy. The study of
these Recurrences and Fervours leads to
some remarkable results, especially in
regard to that metaphysical quality of
Shakespeare's art which has not escaped
the attention of fine critics. Other great
writers have, and more definitely, this
deep sense of Death, Change, Mortality,
Time, but how many of them exhibit also
the play of delighted fancy, interest in
all the lore of the country as well as all
the hearts of men and women ?
When well-apparell'd April on the heel
Of limping winter treads,
Shakespeare is with us among the flowers ;
he does not make for the city, like
Socrates, because trees and fields have
nothing to teach him.
We are glad to see an Index, which adds
materially to the usefulness of the book.
The notes are scanty, and might have
given more hints of recent additions to
Shakespearian knowledge.
The Corner-Stone of Education : an Essay
on the Home Training of Children. By
Edward Lyttelton. (Putnam's Sons,
os. net.)
Mr. Lyttelton's book is a trumpet-call
to the parents of this age to recognize
that theirs is the prime responsibility in
the matter of the education of their
children. It rests with parents to implant
an ideal which can do battle with and
vanquish the life according to mere in-
clination, and they can do this effectively
by means of parental love and practical
example. By the time a boy has reached
his public or even his private school it
is too late to begin inculcating the ideal
of service to God and man, and parents
cannot reasonably throw the responsi-
bility for the success or failure of their
offspring on to the shoulders of the school-
master.
Such, in few words, is the drift of Mr.
Lyttelton's book. Whether this age stands
in special need of this lecture to parents
is probably an arguable question. On
the- whole, we incline to think that
parents of a century ago needed such a
vigorous reminder of their duty far more
than parents of to-day ; but this mav
be allowed to pass, as, in fact, Mr. Lyttel-
ton's warnings are of the kind that are
always needed. We advise parents to
read these pages, not because they make
altogether pleasant reading — they go too
straight to the mark of parental infirmities
not to cause some heart-searching — but
because the main steps in the argument
are just, and, as it is imperative to face
such facts, they will be led up to them
by one whose experience and study of
adolescent life make him a sympathetic
monitor.
We have certainly about us enough of
self-complacent, conventional, prosperous
men and women, and enough life-failures,
to justify the moral tightening-up which
is attempted in these pages. Perhaps the
most interesting, certainly the most easily
read, chapter in the book is that which
sketches some average types of failure ;
they are well done, and incidentally show
that Mr. Lyttelton has at least one good
novel in him if he could find time to write
it. He sketches some careers of men
who have started out in life without any
equipment for an ideal implanted at home,,
and who have gradually succumbed to>
selfishness either in the form of sensuality
or in the form of pride. These are careers-
too, which few who are not carefully trained
to observe would readily pronounce to be
failures.
In the next chapters we reach the base
of the Avhole matter, in the discussion
' Where is the Source of Virtue 1 ' Mr.
Lyttelton, with something of the fire
of a Bunyan, calls parents to hearken
more readily to the " Stern daughter
of the Voice of God." Recognizing fully
the mysteriousness of all goodness, he
lays down some tangible principles : —
at the bottom of character - decay lies
the master- vice of egoism ; every life
is a thrilling struggle between the two
allegiances, God and self ; the ultimate
No. 4514, May '2, 1914
THE A T II E NiEUM
615
issue (and this must not be judged
at the age of twenty or thirty, but of
fifty or sixty or seventy) is mostly deter-
mined by a self-committal, either to Cod
or self, which took place in childhood ;
later conversion by school life or personal
influence wears the aspect of a special
divine interposition ; the only antidote
to egoism is the firm implanting of the
sense of the unseen ideal in the earliest
years : —
" The method of so doing is for parents
to exhibit continually to the child a life
devoted not to self, but to the servico of
(!od (which inevitably takes the form of
labouring to increase the happiness of our
fellow men), combined with such teaching
-hall explain the motive of such a life
and its hope."
This is Mr. Lyttelton's message, and it is
one of profound national importance.
We cannot say that on the whole the
book makes attractive reading. It is
oast in a highly argumentative and dry
logical mould, and its excessive repetitions
are somewhat trying. There are many
blemishes of diction. To say that
the precepts of the Gospel '* are trotted
out at intervals " suggests flippancy ;
and we venture to enter a protest against
the use of such a word as " gutter-snipe "
in what is intended to be a colourless
way. This word can never be used with-
out a suggestion of contempt ; and, like
•' mob,"' in ninety-nine cases out of a
hundred it is misapplied. We should
prefer the omission of the word in all its
contexts in this work, e.g. pp. 30, 69, 100.
Again. " the mother in the slums " and
the parents of elementary-school children
are too often used by Mr. Lyttelton as
types of bad parenthood; and we fail to
see the humour of the possible identifica-
tion of the slum father with " a cat's-
meat man " (p. 47).
There are several misprints in these
pages, and several aberrations from gram-
mar. In the sentence at the top of p. 16
we can find no sense. The fallacious
Uing "foregoing" for forgoing finds a
place on p. 194. In a work of this calibre
such blemishes irritate ; we naturally
should wish so serious a lecture to be
- teres at que rotundus.
The Basis of Anglican Fellowship in Faith
and Organization. By Charles Gore.
Bishop of Oxford. (Mowbray & Co.,
fid. net.)
Tin: Bishop of Oxford's "pen Letter'
to his clergy is important chiefly owing to
the circumstances which have produced
it. It does not say positively anything
in' ire than Dr. Gore has said in times
past. Indeed, he admits this. The sub-
stance of the letter i- an expansion of the
three points which were taken up by the
Bishop in a letter written to The Times
during the height of the Kikuyu contro-
That substance U a- follow- The
English branch of the Churcli stands for a
certain definite position, and from three
aides within the Chnrofa that standpoint
is now threatened. That position is de-
fined by Dr. Gore as a liberal and Scrip-
tural Catholicism. In his judgment the
Church is committed to a continuity with
its past in doctrine and organization which
was repudiated by the majority of Con-
tinental Reformers. The essential necessity
of episcopacy is the cardinal instance of
this. In the same way the Church of
England stands committed to the ancient
Creeds in a way which few of the non-
episcopal bodies would allow. Yet she is
equally Protestant in her attitude towards
mediaeval accretions and Papalist auto-
cracy. This is substantially the Caroline
doctrine of the Ecclesia Anglicana, freed
from its Erastian affinities, and developed
in face of modern critical knowledge.
This we take Dr. Gore to regard as the
irreducible minimum of Anglicanism ;
and this is now threatened. On the one
hand — and this is far the most important
part of the letter — a certain group of
critical scholars, who cannot away with
the idea of miracle, have been asserting an
entire freedom for inquiry within the limits
of the Society, which, as the Bishop points
out, is fatal to the idea of any corporate
faith. It is obvious, if criticism is to be
entirely free, that office, and perhaps high
dignity, in the Church, may be conferred
not merely on a Christian who denies the
Virgin birth, but also on a follower of
Drews, who denies the whole Gospel
narrative. If a man is to be free to think
and say anything he pleases, and still be
counted a fit candidate for a bishopric,
there can be no corporate principles of any
kind at the back of the Churcli. Here we
think the Bishop is right. The Church
is a society, and it must have some mean-
ing, and therefore some limitations ; and
a man cannot be free while acting as an
officer of any society to take a line which
is opposed to its raison d'etre.
On the other hand, we think Dr. Gore
wrrong in laying such emphasis on the
cpuestion of sincerity. In regard to all
the formularies other than the Creeds
Dr. Gore seems to approve of the
modern view that all that is required for
sincerity is a general loyalty to the total
spirit of the Church. His adversaries are
certain to ask him how it is possible to
treat differently the details of the Creeds.
In the Eucharistic and Baptismal Services
statements are made about the Flood, and
the passage of the Red Sea, which, in the
form they are given, we suppose few
modern men would now accept — certainh
not Dr. Gore. If it is not essential to
sincerity to believe in the literal truth of
the one statement, why is disbelief in
the other a breach of personal honour '.
We are largely with Dr. Gore in his main
contention, but we think that he and
other- .ue ill-advised Who seek to preclude
discussion by raising the point of honour.
\W do not intend to imply that the Creeds
do not hold a very special position, as
expressions of the mind of the Church ; but
we wish that the Bishop had paid a little
more attention to the arguments of PrO-
• i Bethnne-Baker.
On the topic of episcopacy Dr. Gore
reiterate- his well-known views. On the
topic of Romanizing we wish that we could
hope for a good healing on the part of the
extremer section. But it is doubtful.
The Romanizing party in the Church —
we do not mean what is known as the
Catholic party, but a tiny section of it —
has gone further than even Dr. Gore sup-
poses ; and so far from wanting Roman
practices apart from the Papacy, it is now
openly crying out " Viva il Papa re!"
It rejects criticism, and seems to have
lost touch with realities. Yet it is so sure
of itself that we fear these warnings by
the Bishop (whom above all others it.
ought to follow) will fall upon deaf ears.
One practical point Dr. Gore argues.
He declares in regard to the non-natural
interpretation of the Creeds that the
tolerance of the English episcopate has
almost reached the point where it becomes
complicity. To purge themselves from
this charge, the Bishop not obscurely
suggests, a declaration of their own sense
is needful ; and he uses words which imply
that, unless some such declaration is
forthcoming, he will be driven to resign
his see.
We sincerely trust that this calamity
will be averted. The Bishop's zeal for
social reform, and his real sense of the
terrific evils of modern capitalism, make
him a tower of strength to all wrho are
hoping for a more sympathetic attitude
of the Church in these matters. Besides
this, in spite of his High Church opinions,
Dr. Gore is probably more popular with
Nonconformists than any other prelate
now on the bench. We see no object ion
to a declaration in the sense suggested by
Dr. Gore, provided it be confined to a
statement of the bishops' own interpreta-
tion, and perhaps of settled policy in
regard to ordination candidates. We do
not think it would be wise to raise the
question of sincerity, and we are glad to see
that Dr. Gore is opposed to any attempt
at prosecution.
This is all one can say here. Everybody
who is interested in religion should buy
the pamphlet. It costs but sixpence, and
is written with that grasp and lucidity
which are no less characteristic of Dr.
Gore's writings than their lack of graces
of stvle.
The English People Oversea*. — Vol. VI.
South Africa, 1486-1913. By A. Wvatt
Tilby. (Constable & Co.. Is. 6U net.)
A PICTURESQUELY, rather brilliant ly, w rit-
ten volume on ' South Africa. I Jsti L913,1
completes Mr. Wyatt Tilby's ' English
People Overseas.' Probably or internal
evidence is at fault Mr. Tilby has no
great first-hand knowledge of the country ;
but he has the "authorities" evidently
at his fingers" ends, and the library of .Mr.
Mendelssohn, the bibliographer of South
Africa, was in a good hour placed at his
disposal. Never was historian more meti-
culous in research. Me comes after Sir
Charles Lucas, and perhaps a ecu.- of
"short histories'' conveniently informing
and readable. Vet the excellent puipOM
to which he has read brings freshness to the
<>!(>
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
familiar narrative. In the account of the
beginnings quaint notes are struck out
of such early South African classics as
Mr. Ian Colvin's delightful ' Cape of Ad-
venture ' introduced to many English
readers. Janssen's battle with Baird in
1806 is given with spirit from Janssen's
own narrative, though beyond a reference
to the Reit Vlei we are given no inkling
where in the Cape the fight took place.
Slachter's Nek Mr. Tilby has apparently
got up for himself from the archives of
Mr. Leibbrandt, and he can quote a
British Chancellor of the Exchequer in
his place in the House of Commons,
a.d. 1819, on the amenity of the Cape
climate. Occasional slips of no great
consequence impress us from the author's
very mastery of detail. He omits to
mention that Britain gave up Java to the
Dutch in return for Cape Colony ; and
6,000,000i. , not 3,000,0002., was the sum
paid in settlement. Also, Mr. Tilby is
regrettably unsound upon Constantia, a
great wine in its day, much laid down
by Keith in his Scottish seat of Tulliallan,
presented to him for taking the Cape, and
fairly excellent in the cellars thereof to
this hour. On the other hand, the Boers
are treated handsomely in Mr. Tilby's
fourth chapter — nay, almost in the manner
of Gibbon : —
" The isolation of the settler in the interior
of Cape Colony from the moving tide of the
world's events and contemporary thought
was, perhaps, as much to blame for his heavy
lethargy as the coarse and too plentiful
cooking for his table. And in this respect
the South African farmer was indeed lonely ;
but he was contented to be lonely, to lie at
peace in a back-water of life, while others
more active, or at least more restless,
sought the main stream of human endeavour.
For if society was lacking in the remoter
districts of the Colony, the Cape Dutchman
showed little inclination to substitute the
silent company of literature for the social
intercourse which his solitary situation
forbade. .. .In general these men were
prosperous. Great wealth was not, indeed,
their portion. But most gained more than
a bare subsistence, and many were able
to spend their surplus in improving their
estates, and enlarging their great rambling
houses. Labour in the days of slaves and
paternal rule was cheap — the price of the
labourer was his cost ; and the Dutchman,
one of the most domestic of human animals,
often put his slaves to build, and spent
an admirable care on the decoration of his
home. The beauty of these old Dutch
houses in Cape Colony and their slumbrous
air of quiet ease spoke of a homely, happy
breed of men, who found their pleasures
with their family and serving -folk at home."
The description, with some allowance for
Mr. Tilby's majesty of phrase, is applicable
to the Dutch country gentleman of the
Cape Peninsula in old days, not, alas !
to the Cape farmer passim of any date.
But we like (in moods) an author who
is not afraid of a little fine writing. This
is how Mr. Tilby prefaces his account of
the English immigration, 1820-42 : —
' The thirty years after the close of the
Napoleonic wars in 1815 saw Britain faced
with a prolonged industrial and social crisis.
Many an honest man in those years found no
work to his hand ; many was without a roof
to his head, or a bed for his wife, or bread
for his child. Distrust of the present and
despair of the future drove hundreds to out-
rage and crime. Side by side with the
wealth that made the presence of poverty
more grim by contrast, utter destitution
stalked the land ; and so threatening was
the outlook at times, that thare were some
who even feared that nineteenth -century
England might suffer the fate of eighteenth-
century France, and see the very foundations
of society dissolve under the stress of those
for whom society seemed to have no
recognized place within its ranks."
Mr. Tilby likes to improve the occasion
here and elsewhere, and certain passages
in his history — not this — are coloured out
of verisimilitude. But it is an admirable
chapter which follows this induction.
Admirable, too, and informing are the
chapters on the development of the North,
on the history of missionary endeavour in
South Africa, and those tracing, with clear-
ness and substantial accuracy, that amaz-
ing course of events which led from the
Great Trek and the foundation of the
Boer Republics — by stages like the Boer
War of 1881, the establishment of the
gold industry in Witwatersrand, the
troubles of the Uitlanders and the Jameson
Raid, and the South African War — to the
reconstruction of South Africa under
Lord Milner's guidance, and the con-
summation of that Act of Union which,
following on the grant of responsible
government to the new colonies in flat
defiance of his policy, was nevertheless
the direct fruit of his labours. Mr. Tilby
praises, as well he may, the Lyttelton
Constitution for sound statecraft. The
Liberal Constitution, " judged by its
results, was, by accident or design, great
statesmanship." We welcome the qualify-
ing clauses. Adroitly enough, indeed, in
Mr. Tilby's phrase, " the paths of
liberty and party advantage were made to
coincide " the Transvaal, by the grant of
responsible government, being left to
settle the problem of Chinese labour —
nearly four years later there were still
6,516 indentured Chinamen on the Rand
— and the Imperial Government absolved
from its election promises. But so far
as the future of South Africa was con-
cerned the new Constitution was nothing
but a gamble. Three elements saved it
from the fate which is apt to attend
gambles : the excellence of the work of re-
construction, which General Botha admit-
ted in private was " too fine to destroy " ;
the personal characters, mutual sympathy,
and idealism of General Botha and Sir
Starr Jameson ; and that other legacy of
Lord Milner's to South Africa, the impulse
to Union, which his old pupils and lieu-
tenants, remaining in the country after
their chief's return home, carried to a
triumphant conclusion.
Of the permanent fruits of the Union
Mr. Tilby writes with a confident expec-
tation which we only hope will be justified.
We do not the less appreciate his chapters
on the Union — the best in his book —
because we remark on a tendency to
smooth over old difficulties, and to present
certain phases in a key of colour a little
more brilliant than the truth. Can it truly
be said that " Milner's honesty and that
of the Imperial Government in dealing
with these stubborn people" in 1902-6
" were not without effect," or that the
Boer generals (who had not put out a finger
to help) " prepared," after the final
rebuff from the Colonial Office to their
preposterous demands, " to organize their
own people in readiness for co-operation
with the British " % Mr. Tilby takes for
granted that Hertzogism is dead and
done with : —
" South Africa as a whole [he writes in
his concluding pages] now began to tarn
from the settled subject of Union to those
other issues of economics and industry and
agricultural or trade development, from,
which attention had been too long diverted
by the white men's quarrel."
The Union has, indeed, troubles on its
hands — the vexed problem of white labour,
not less troublous for the victories of
labour candidates at the recent elections ;
the vast and always gathering problem
of the black man — questions only to be
tackled successfully by a united nation,
South African, neither Dutch nor English.
History of Roman Private Law. — Part II.
Jurisprudence. 2 vols. By E. C. Clark.
(Cambridge University Press, 1Z. ls.net.)
It is eight years since Prof. Clark published
the first part of the ' History of Roman
Private Law,' of which these two volumes
are nominally the second. The large
enterprise on which he started is unfortu-
nately in some danger of not being
carried out.
" This work [he writes in a Prefatory
Note] was written as part of a History of
Roman Private Law, which I can scarcely
hope to complete, but for which I have been
collecting notes and other materials during
many years."
Though we hope that Prof. Clark, who
has given many proofs of his learning
and acuteness as a legal writer, will
succeed in carrying out his original plan,,
we regret that he has made the present
work a nominal part of it. It is an
independent work on jurisprudence, rather
than an instalment of a history of Roman
private law, and the misleading title
under which it is published may interfere
with a proper recognition, not only of
its scope, but also of its merits. It is
concerned not so much with the history
and influence of Roman law as with the
origin and domain of all law. The
development of custom into law, the re-
lations of law and morality, the functions
of Parliament, the influence of judicial
decisions, the nature of private property
— on all these matters, as on the Austinian
theorjr that law originated in a command
by a sovereign authority, Prof. Clark
makes an impressive use of his powers of
lucid exposition and penetrating criticism.
To the usual sources of law — custom, the
Legislature, and the Bench — he adds one
which has not always obtained the recog-
nition it deserves, and few passages in
these 800 pages are more instructive than
that in which he indicates the influence
which famous textbook writers have
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
THE A T II E N JE IT M
617
exercised in the domain of constitutional
and international law : —
"In Internal iomil Law the part of the
Text-book writer lias been, and still is.
infinitely more important than in National.
Between independent States there is, ex
hi/potfn^i. no Sovereign, and therefore no
overriding oroompeting legislation, statutory
or judicial. To tabulate precedents, which
could only be regarded as binding, on a pre-
sumption of consistency, upon the National
executive or judicative from which they pro-
i ceded ; principles, which had often to be
inferred trom agreements only valid between
the parties to them : to build together these
materials with a structure based on general
grounds of justice and humanity — this was
the noble work of Grotius and his successors :
iUid, until the middle of the last century, it
must be regarded as their work alone."
In the effect of the writings of great
jurists upon the modern rules of war is,
perhaps, most clearly to be perceived the
truth of the trite saying that " the pen
is mightier than the sword."
Some of the strong expressions of
opinion in these two volumes would
create an agreeable sense of novelty even
in an ordinary work on jurisprudence.
Prof. Clark strays not infrequently into
the well-trodden fields of current politics.
The constitution of the House of Lords,
the working of the Parliament Act, the
merits of the Referendum, the Irish
demand for Home Rule, the growth of the
Labour Party, the admission of women
to the franchise, and the incidence of the
income tax are among the highly con-
troversial subjects he discusses with the
vigour that usually belongs to the jurist
who turns politician. Occasionally he
would seem to refrain from carrying his
views to their logical conclusion : —
" Utopian as it may seem at present, I
still believe in the justice and wisdom of
making Income Tax payable, pro rata, by
every single voter, without either distinction
or allowance, down to a low minimum, and
on an assumed yearly value below that
minimum. Until which principle be estab-
lished, it is submitted that a double vote
ought to be given to every Income Tax
payer."
If a man who earns 2001. a year is entitled
to two votes as against a man who earns
but 1001. , how many votes ought a man
to have who pays income tax on 200,000Z. ?
This is an obvious problem which the
Professor, who is precise and resourceful
in dealing with purely juristic questions,
makes not the slightest attempt to solve.
He is on safer and more orthodox ground
when he criticizes the ambiguity of Acts
of Parliament. Prof. Clark, forgetting
that even in Cromwell's day the laws of
England were " an ungodly jumble," and
that the pernicious system of legislation
by reference is largely responsible for the
chaotic condition of the Statute Book,
is rather too ready to ascribe the imper-
fect phraseology of modern statutes to
the democratic form of government, but
in the main his criticism is sound as well
as interesting : —
"As wo look at the. yearly additions to
the English Statute Book, we must feel that
4-le.irness or consistency cannot be much
relied upon in direct legislation by a popular
assembly, with unlimited power of ' amend-
ment ' by individual legislators, the majority
of whom, though they may not treat every-
thing as a party question, are yet in the main
as ignorant of the general principles, notions,
and distinctions of Law as they are of
Political Economy. 1 fear it would be a
counsel of perfection to prescribe a study of
Jurisprudence as a panacea for this common
blemish in the more democratic Parliamen-
tary Legislatures. The main hope for
greater brevity, clearness, and consistency
lies, perhaps, in a greater appreciation and
use of expert committees."'
If ever the ordinary legislator is required
to begin a study of jurisprudence, he
could not, perhaps, do better than en-
deavour to make himself well acquainted
with this instructive and lucid work,
though neither its ill-chosen title nor
Prof. Clark's livel}'- allusions to the short-
comings of popular assemblies are calcu-
lated to encourage him to undertake the
task.
Hunting the Elephant in Africa, and Other
Recollections of Thirteen Years' Wander-
ings. By Capt. C. H. Stigand. (Mac-
millan & Co., 10s. Od. net.)
In the Introduction Col. Roosevelt bears
testhnony to the author's qualifications
for the task he has undertaken. Not
only is he one of the most noted African
sportsmen and travellers, he is also of
recognized rank as a naturalist ; conse-
quently, with the ample opportunities he
has enjoyed, his observations are entitled
to respect. Among other things he has
specially studied the intricate and vexed
question of " protective coloration " ;
his conclusions, agreeing generally as they
do with those of Mr. F. C. Selous, are com-
mended, whilst those scientific men who
hold other views are rebuked for following
a " fad which, for quite a time, carries
even sane men off their feet." Some species
are protective ly coloured ; some, notably
the smaller mammals and birds, doubt-
fully so ; others, including most big birds
and mammals, are certainly unprotected
by their coloration. These are the con-
clusions at which Col. Roosevelt has
arrived, and he claims Capt. Stigand as a
supporter.
That officer has in the course of his ser-
vice had many opportunities for the pur-
suit of big game in Africa, and has recorded
his opinion that the elephant surpasses all
other animals in affording sport. He
says : —
" There is something so fascinating and
absorbing about elephant hunting that those
who have done much of it can seldom take
interest again in any other form of sport ....
Everything else seems little and insignificant
by comparison."
He laments the lot of the hunter now
as contrasted with what it formerly was —
exorbitant and restrictive licences in place
of unlimited numbers and no licence.
Set, apart from the financial aspect of the
expeditions, We dO not see great cause of
complaint : unlimited slaughter in a fen
years of animals which take a great pari
of a century to mature is pool eoonomy,
and can have but one result.
The first expedition described was to
the Aberdare range, where the climate is
sometimes too cold to be pleasant. Thus,
when a good bull was being selected — one
of the two allowed by the licence — sleet,
which soon turned to hail, began to fall, and
became so severe that the sportsmen could
not stand up to it, but had to seek shelter
behind a tree. They were soon benumbed,
and on looking round saw two rhinos calmly
surveying the scene. One was fired at
with a Mannlicher, but reloading was pre-
vented by a big hailstone jamming the
breach ; fortunately Capt. Stigand's com-
panion finished off the rhino, and the other
one bolted. An elephant which had been
wounded was followed, but the hail
obliterated the tracks, and it was never
recovered. Another was lost for want of
time to follow it up, and apparently
through doubt as to which path it had
taken, for a Swahili offered the consolation,
" It was the two paths which defeated
the old hyaena," referring to the story that
in a moment of doubt the right legs of
the beast took the right-hand path, the
left legs the other, and so it split in two !
The power of tracking, that is, of follow-
ing game by its footprints or other traces
of its path, is much more developed in
Asia or Africa than with us ; indeed, in
Northern and Western India it was culti-
vated to an extraordinary perfection. The
tracker in old times was the most useful
person to catch a thief, or to follow stolen
animals, seldom failing, even though
footprints were much obliterated or con-
fused by crowds of the same animal having
passed the same route. The art is for
the most part lost, but still on occasion
great skill is shown. The author reports
that in Africa trackers vary greatly in
different localities : in one place they are
good, in another bad, and British East
Africa has the worst.
Of rhinoceros, Capt. Stigand says they
are generally killed easily, and that he is not
interested in shooting them ; yet he has
had a sufficiently exciting time with one.
Having fired and turned one from a charge,
he found another bearing down on him.
' There was no time to reload, so I tried
to jump out of his path, with the usual
result in thick stuff, that one tripped up.
He kicked me in passing, and then, with a
celerity surprising in so ponderous a creature,
he whipped round, and the next moment 1
felt myself soaring up skywards. 1 must
have gone some height, as my men on the
elephant track said thai they saw me over
the grass, which was ten or twelve feel high.
....Next I looked round for my rifle, and
espied it on the ground a little way off. I
picked it Up and examined it to see it it had
been injured. While doing this J suddenly
found that a finger nail had been torn on
and was bleeding. Directly I discovered it,
it became very peinful.
" Whilst examining this injury some of
my men appeared and uttered cries of
horror. I could not make out why they were
so concerned till I glanced at my chest and
saw thai my shirt had been ripped open
and was covered with blood, whilst there
was a tremendous gash in the left side of my
chest, just above the spot in which the heart
is popularly supposed to lx> situated. Small
bits ot mincemeat were also lying about on
my chest and dun .
018
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
Though thus dazed and damaged, he
walked to the nearest village, where he
dressed his wound and tried to sleep. An
Indian hospital assistant arrived on the
scene, skilfully stitched up the wound, and
in three weeks Capt. Stigand was able to
inarch 240 miles in ten days.
Next we have more elephant hunting,
and are then introduced to the buffalo.
The old question is raised which game is the
most dangerous : lion, elephant, rhino,
leopard, or buffalo. Capt. Stigand places
them in that order, but remarks that the
question is like asking whether steeple-
chasing or motor racing is the more
dangerous, and adds that personally he is
more afraid of the buffalo, because he has
not yet been mauled by one !
Chapters on lions, servants, curious
hunting incidents, camp hints, insects and
their mimicry, and protective coloration
follow, and all are good reading and worth
attention. The book is sufficiently illus-
trated, the type is good, and there is an
Index.
The History of the Grain Trade in France,
1400-1710. By Abbott Payson Usher.
(Oxford University Press ; Harvard
University Press, 8s. 6d. net.)
The enormous masses of documents
relating to the grain trade in France
which are to be found in the municipal
archives of the country are almost virgin
soil so far as economic history is con-
cerned. The multiplicity of sources and
the lack of obvious landmarks have made
Dr. Usher's task one of the greatest
difficulty. All endeavours to arrive at
generalizations are in vain before such
a complication of rival interests as the
grain trade presents. Province com-
petes with province for permission to
export ; city competes with city to obtain
the greatest benefit from one particular
area of supply.
The author devotes special attention
to two great cities and their areas of
supply. The cases of Paris and Lyons
present many striking differences. The
large Paris area, in the Upper Seine Valley,
could be relied upon to produce regularly
crops of the necessary size. At the worst,
the neighbouring areas of Rouen and
Orleans could be tapped. But Lyons
was in an altogether different position.
The narrow Rhone basin from which it
drew its grain was geographically isolated,
and the pressure of dearth was keenly
felt. Languedoc and Provence had to
be drawn upon, but this only meant a
redistribution of misery.
A relation of great interest is worked
out when Dr. Usher is dealing with the
regulation from Paris of the grain trade.
Even to-day, with all our Governmental
machinery, aspirations are almost as
difficult as ever to translate into legis-
lation. The theories of Colbert and those
incompletely developed views which were
later elaborated by the Physiocrats are
curiously reflected in the Edicts of the time.
Efforts to secure an adequate distribu-
tion led to some strange results. A
" Chambre d'Abondance " came into exist-
ence at Lyons in 1528, when a system of
municipal trading was initiated which out-
lasted the seventeenth century. But it
attempted to provide the inhabitants of
Lyons with grain under cost price, and
was by no means popular. The ex-
pedient which finally solved the problem of
the food supply of Paris was the simple
one of the wholesale market. Nicolas
Delamare, a Paris official, who appears
several times in the pages of this book,
was chiefly responsible for the innovation.
He seems to have been a pertinacious
person, with a sharp eye for engrossers.
He noticed the good effects of an open
wholesale market at Bray, and in 1709
started a more important market at
Vitry. This immediately allowed Paris
to benefit by the produce of Lorraine, and
secured the organization of the growers
on the Marne.
There is a certain lack of consecutive-
ness in Dr. Usher's treatment of the
subject, no doubt due to its diversities.
But he has clearly not spared himself
in the production of this substantial
chapter of the history of European trade —
a history that is as yet largely unwritten.
FICTION.
Letters to Caroline. By Elinor Glyn.
(Duckworth & Co., 2s. net.)
That numerous public which hangs expec-
tant on Mrs. Glyn's creations will, we
venture to think, acknowledge a slight
feeling of disappointment in her latest
departure. By previous experiences her
admirers have been led to associate her
name with the gay, the audacious — in fine,
with the " spicy " note in fiction. In the
present case their only compensation for
the absence of such attractions will be the
novelty of finding their author throughout
in a moralizing vein. The morality, it is
true, is of no lofty order, and cannot be
said to be even distantly tinged with
emotion. But these qualifications by no
means make against dullness — rather the
contrary ; and that unpardonable sin is
avoided, if avoide'd at all, only by the
narrowest possible margin.
Caroline is a girl of 17, an heiress, and
apparently an orphan, and the letters of
the title are addressed to her by her god-
mother, a circumstance giving rise to some
curious reflections. From Scripture, and
perhaps from personal observation, we
know that a friend may sometimes be
closer to us than a brother. But few value
the intercourse of friendship above that of
kindred as affording superior opportunities
for hearing uncomfortable truths about
ourselves. Yet in Mrs. Glyn's view it
would seem that the tie formed at the
baptismal font confers privileges in this
kind far surpassing those of blood relation-
ship. We are confident that if a mere
mother — much more a mere aunt — were
to express herself in the spirit of uncom-
promising candour which animates this
volume, a family feud of respectable
magnitude would be the result. As it is,
we are left wondering whether Caroline,
while ostensibly accepting her schooling
with grateful submission (she is even
" sweet enough " to ask for more !), is not
all the while determined that her first
action on acquiring a house of her own will
be to close its doors against the Mentor.
As specimens of godmotherly solicitude
we may mention three comments on the
poor girl's portrait (drawn at Paris by a
friend, and forwarded to the inexorable
critic in a spirit of pathetic confidence) :
" I must confess it shocks and disconcerts
me." "Her type is not distin-
guished." " Her style, I must frankly
say, is common." Or take this gracious
prediction, which for the younger lady
must have opened out an entrancing
prospect indeed : —
" If when I see you I perceive that, though
sweet and well educated, you are still of a
commonplace turn of mind, I shall desist
from teaching you to be a personage, but
encourage you to take sensible pleasure in
the thing suitable to your brain capacity."
Only a very exalted or very contempt-
ible character could endure such language
without resentment, and both these ex-
tremes Mrs. Glyn is, above all things,
anxious to deprecate for her goddaughter.
The inculcation of a golden, or at all events
a lucrative mediocrity, in action alike and
motive, is her avowed aim. Thus Caro-
line, if she draws an unlucky number in the
matrimonial lottery, must "be a noble
woman and do her duty," on the ground
that
"you will not always be young, and that
many years of your life will probably be passed
when the respect of the world, a good position,
and the material advantages will count more
than the romantic part of love.'''
(The italics here, and in many other
passages, are the author's.) She should
" remain faithful to her friends," subject
always to the consideration that " you will
be wise never to be drawn into a set one
iota lower than the one you wish to shine
in." When any " new thing is started,"
she is to reserve judgment till it is quite
clear whether the best people will adopt
it. For although,
"if a girl or woman is of a sufficiently
distinguished personality, and is endowed
with prestige and great social position, she
can start originalities herself if she pleases,"
it must already be painfully obvious to
the reader that none of these conditions
is fulfilled by poor Caroline.
Quaintest of all are the exhortations to
act as " the inspiration of some nice young
husband,^ in keeping before him his
obligations to his country. Perfect
grooming, and an accurate knowledge of
the social shibboleth, are scarcely— in the
absence of anything remotely approaching
an ideal — an adequate equipment for an
inspirer of noble deeds. For such a pur-
pose humanity turns rather to the dowdy
philanthropist, to the spectacled student,
to the hunger-striking Suffragette, to the
Ritualistic ascetic ; to those, in short,
whose outlook in this selfish world
extends beyond their own convenience
and advantage.
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
<;i9
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Book of Ruth (The), Unpointed Text, Second
Edition, !>(/. net. Manchester University Press
The text is printed without vowels, so that
tlie student may have practice in adding them, and
i> interleaved with blank pages for notes.
Hort (Fenton John Anthony), The Christian
Eccxbsia, a Course of Lectures on the Early
History and Early Conceptions of the
Ecclesia, and One Sbbmon, " Theological
Library," 1/ net. Maemillan
A new edition. See notice in Athen.,
July 17, 1S97, p. 94.
Illlngworth (J. R.), Christian Character,
being some Lectures on the Elements of
Christian Ethics, " Theological Library," 1/
net. .Maemillan
A cheap reprint. See notice in Athen.,
July 1, 1905, p. 11.
Kingsley (Charles), True Words for Brave
Men, " Theological Library," 1/ net.
Maemillan
A new edition.
Klrkpatrlck (Very Rev. A. F.), The Divine
Library of the Old Testament : its
Origin, Preservation, Inspiration, and
Permanent Value, Five Lectures, " Theo-
logical Library," 1/ net. Maemillan
A cheap reprint.
Legg (J. Wickhara), English Church Life from
the Restoration to the Tractarian Move-
ment, 12/6 net. Longmans
The author's aim is " to draw attention to
points that have been hitherto but little dealt
with by writers .... and especially to emphasize
the existence in the period of practices and ideas
in which it has been often assumed that the time
was most wanting."
Longman (Heber A.), The Religion of a Natu-
ralist, paper 1/ net; cloth 2/ net. Watts
The author, who was brought up as a Non-
conformist, '" after many years of thought and
study and a period of practical work as a natural-
ist, has gladly come to the emancipated position
of an Agnostic," and here describes the influences
which affected him during the period of mental
change.
Lucas (Bernard), Conversations with Christ,
a Biographical Study, 1/ net. Maemillan
A reprint in Messrs. Macmillan's " Theo-
logical Library."
McCabe (Joseph), The Religion of Sir Oliver
Lodge, 2/ net. Watts
This volume has been issued for the Rational-
ist Pi. - \~--ociation. The author examines and
criticizes the religious beliefs of Sir Oliver Lodge,
and incidentally expresses his own.
Mumford (A. H.), Hard Words, Practical Ex-
positions of some of the Diflicult Words of
Christ. 2/6 net. Pilgrim Press
The author has written this book primarily
for business men wiio teach in Sunday Schools.
Rattenbury (J. Ernest), The Twelve Studies in-
Apostolic Temperament, 3/6 net. C. H. Kelly
This volume is reprinted from verbatim
rts of fifteen sermons delivered on con-
secutive Sunday mornings, in Kings way Hall,
in the autumn of last
Robertson (John M.i, The I. hi: I'ii.oimm \..i; or
tfOHCUBB Damon. Conway, \ul. net. Watte
The Conway Memorial Lecture, delivered
eh at South Place Institute. With it
i- printed the Introductory Address of the Chair-
man, Mr. Bdward Clodd.
Seeklngs (Herbert S.), Tin: MEN or Tin. I'mi.ine
OlBt 1. 1.. :'. 'i net. 0. II. Kelly
Studies of the men who came into association
with St. Paid, arranged in groups under the
heading! 'The Distinguished, 'The Obscure,'
4 The Official,1 and ' The Unknown.'
Southwell (Ven. Robert), The Tun mphs over
Death, together with the Epistle to his Father,
the Letter to his Brother, the Letter to his
Cousin " W. K.," and A Soliloquy, edited from
the Manuscripts by John William Tiolman,
1/ net. Herder
Another volume In the " Qatholic Library."
In Appendixes the editor discusses the text of
4 The Triumphs over Death,' give- brief -ketches
•of Southwell pendente, and in parte
puta forward a new theory with regain to John
Trussoll and the authorship of Shak.
plays.
Temple (William), Tin: KINGDOM OF (ion, a
Course of Four Lectures, "Theological
Library," 1/ net. Maemillan
V new edition. See notice in Athen..
.May 18. 1912, p. 557.
Williams (Rev. T. Rhondda), Tin: Workino I-'aitii
ok A LIBERAL THEOLOGIAN, 5/ net.
Williams & Norgate
This book is " the outcome of honest theo-
logical thinking and of religious experience in a
strenuous life in the ministry of twenty-five
years."
Wilmshurst (Walter Leslie), CONTEMPLATIONS,
being Studies in Christian Mysticism, 3/6 net.
Wat kins
These essays are reproduced from The Seeker,
The Occult Review, and The Annals of Psychical
Science.
LAW.
Trial of John Alexander Dickman, edited by S. O-
Rowan-Hamilton, 5/ net. Hodge
A volume of the " Notable English Trials."
It is illustrated by five photographs and a map.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Catalogue of the Printed Books in the Library of
the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple,
alphabetically arranged, with an Index of
Subjects, by C. E. A. Redwell, 3 vols., to
Members, 5/ ; Non-Members, 10/
Vols. I. and II. contain a Catalogue arranged
alphabetically under the names of authors,
with a Preface by Mr. Bedwell, and Vol. III. the
Subject Index.
Gibson (Strickland), Some Oxford Libraries,
2/6 net. Milford
This little book gives a brief sketch of the
history, and a description of the contents, of
some of the older Oxford libraries — namely, the
Bodleian, Merton, Corpus, St. John's, Jesus College,
Queen's, All Souls, and the Radcliffe Camera.
There are twelve illustrations.
PHILOSOPHY.
Knox (Howard V.), The Philosophy of William
James, 1 / net. Constable
The writer gives a summary of William
James's philosophy by " stringing together his
own expositions of his most important doctrines,
with a minimum of explanatory comment."
Varisco (Bernardino), The Great Problems,
translated by R. C. Lodge, 10/6 George Allen
' I massimi Problemi ' was published in
Milan in 1910, and is the first of the author's
works to appear in an English form. The
translation includes the additions and alterations
made in the second edition.
POETRY.
Bouch (Thomas), Will o' the Wisp and the
Wandering Voice, 3/6 net. Smith <fc Elder
Some of these verses are hunting-songs,
and others are lyrics. The longest piece is
' Phaeton and Neaera,' in five cantos.
Catty (Charles Stratford), Poems and Legends,
5/ net. Smith tc Elder
This volume contains several " Legends of the
Gods of Greece ' in heroic couplets, a new render-
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Des Imagistes, an Anthology, 2/6 net.
Poetry Bookshop
This anthology includes pieces by Sir. Richard
Aldington, Mr. Ezra Pound, and Mr. Ford Madox
Mueller.
Florentine Vignettes, being some Metrical
Letters of the late Vernon Arnold Slade,
edited by Wilfrid Thorley, 2/6 net.
Klkiu .Mathews
Verses written in Florence dining the winter
of 1906-7.
Keats (John), Isabella, ob thb Pot of Basil, 9d*.
Oxford, < 'larendon Press
Sir Arthur Quiller-Oouch has written the
Introduction, and there are notes by Mr. M.
Robertson. The text of the poem is interleaved
with blank pages for notes by the reader.
Mosscockle Rita Francis;, POEMS, 5 net.
Flkm Mathews
\ collection of miscellaneous verses, Includ-
ing ' .\ star Reverie,' ' \ Coronation Ode, 1001,'
' Lose in the Glade,' and • The Service of tin.
King.' ' The Golden Quest,' ' Follow Ale,' and
some shorter pieces, which were originally pub-
ii bed bj M.- i . Kegan Paul, are reproduced,
Newman (John Henry), I'm: l>in:\M oi GHHONTCl -.
and Other Poems, l S net. Milford
In the " Oxford Edit ion of Standard Authi
Scott (A. Boyd), Tin: LoBD's MOTHER, Saint
Luke's Quest, a Dramatic Poem, 5/ net.
Constable
This book is divided into live parts, and
purports to record conversations held by St. Luke
with Antokus the Fruit -Seller, St. Thomas
DidymUS, ('Icon tile Physician, the Lady Joanna,
and St. James the Brother of Jesus. Each pari
has an introductory Preface.
Vale (Edmund), Elfin Cn \i s i s \m, Railway
Rhythms, paper 1/ net, cloth 1/6 net.
Flkin Mat hew s
These verses include 'The Child's Night-
mare,' 'The Spirit of Night,' and 'The ltoyal
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The Contemporary Review, The Westutinstt ,■
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Weber (Max), Cubist Poems, paper 1/ net,
cloth 1/6 net. Flkin Mathews
The pieces in this slight volume include
' The Eye Moment,' ' Timelessly More,' and
' The Rare Naked Tree.'
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers,
relating to the Negotiations between England
and Spain, preserved in the Archives at Vienna,
Brussels, Simancas, and Elsewhere: Vol.. X.
EnWABD VI., edited by Royall Tyler. Wyman
This volume in the Spanish series of State
Papers includes the years 1550, 1551, and 1552.
There is an historical Preface of over fifty pages
by the editor, and a General Index.
Dutt (Toru), a Sketch of her Life and an Ap-
preciation of her Works, " Hiographies of
Eminent Indians," 4 annas. Madras, Natcsan
A sketch of the brief career of the author of
' Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindusthan.'
Frank (Tenney), Roman Imperialism, 10/6 net.
Maemillan
The author's aim has been " to analyze. . . .
the precise influences that urged the Roman
republic toward territorial expansion."
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part VII.,
edited by Walter Hutchinson, Id. net.
Hutchinson
This number contains the conclusion of Mr.
Leonard W. King's article on ' The Hittites ' and
the first instalment of his ' The Assyrians.'
Law (Narendra Nath), Studies in Ancient
Hindu Polity (based on the Arthasastra of
Kautilya), Vol. I., 3/6 net. Longmans
A description of the civil government oi the
ancient Hindus as given in the Arthasastra of
Kautilya. Prof. Radhakumud Mookerji has
written an introductory essay on ' The Age and
Authenticity ' of that work.
Lybyer (Albert Howe), The Government ok the
Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman
the Magnificent, 8/6 net.
Milford, for Harvard Univ. Press
An historical study of the Ottoman Turks
in the time of their greatest power. It was
"originally prepared in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philo-
sophy in Harvard University.''
Melville (Lewis), The Berry Papers, being the
Correspondence, hitherto Unpublished, of Mary
and Agnes Rerry (1763-1852), 20/ net.
John Lane
The correspondence, now published for the
fust time, includes letters written by or addressed
to the Misses Berry. Maria Kdgeworth, Lord
I'almerston, Lady Charlotte Campbell, and
many others. The editor has written an
introductory chapter giving a brief Sketch
of the life of the two sisters up to the year
1790; "from that date the letters have I n al-
lowed, so far as possible, to carry on t he nan at Ive."
There are many illustrations.
M'Laren (Rev. Kenneth D.i, Memoib of THE
Very Reverend Prof. Charterib, l net.
Edinburgh, R. & R. Clark
\u appreciative sketch of the life and work
of Dr. Oharteris, with a Foreword by the Righl
Rev. A. Wallace Williamson.
Rose (Gina), Tin: Ueaitiii i. \k\uki.i.\ PbXFPS,
\m» Othbbs, :s ii net. Elliol Stock
Reminiscences >>f the author's friends and
acquaintances during si\t y >■
SaroJInl Naldu (Mrs. , v. Sketch oi SBB I. hi: \m>
w Lppbboiatiom ei- in is Works, " B
graphics of Eminent Indians," I nnn
\l..iii a . Mai
To this -ketch are added in an Suppendii
three speeches by Mis. Sarojini on tin- ' Personal
Element in Spiritual Life,' 'The Education of
Indian Women, .nnl True Hi ot hd hood.
620
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
Stanhope (Aubrey), On the Track of the Great,
Recollections of a " Special Correspondent,"
7/6 net. Eveleigh Nash
An account of the writer's experiences as a
" Special Correspondent " during more than a
quarter of a century of " almost unceasing activity
in four continents."
Tagore (Rabindranath), a Sketch of his Life
and an Appreciation of his Works, " Bio-
graphies of Eminent Indians," 4 annas.
Madras, Natesan
An appreciation of Dr. Tagore's work, con-
taining many extracts from his writings. At the
end is printed Mr. Ramsay MacDonald's descrip-
tion of the Bholpur School, which originally
appeared in The Daily Chronicle.
Thirty Years in Moukden, 1883-1913, being the
Experiences and Recollections of Dugald
Christie, edited by his Wife, 8/6 net.
Constable
This book gives the pergonal impressions of
a medical missionary of the United Free Church
of Scotland who went out to Manchuria in 1882.
Tillyard (E. M. W.), The Athenian Empire and
the Great Illusion, 1/ net.
Cambridge, Bowes & Bowes
This essay was awarded the prize offered
by the Garton Foundation to the Cambridge
University War and Peace Society for the year
1912-13.
Vassili (Count Paul), France from behind the
Veil, Fifty Years of Social and Political Life.
16/ net. Cassell
The author settled in Paris in 1868, having
been appointed secretary to the Russian embassy
there, and here records his reminiscences of men
of eminence in various spheres with whom he was
associated. The publishers have brought the
manuscript up to date with regard to certain
incidents which have occurred since the author's
death.
Woodburn (Rev. James Barkley), The Ulster
Scot, his History and Religion, 5/ net.
Allenson
A history of the Scoto-Irish people and the
Irish Presbyterian Church, illustrated with maps.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Bashford (H. H.), Vagabonds in Perigord, 4/6
net. Constable
An account of a walking tour.
Fraser (John Foster), The Amazing Argentine,
illustrated, 6/ Cassell
A survey of the conditions, resources, cha-
racteristics, development, prospects, and problems
of Argentina,.
Harris (John H.), Dawn in Darkest Africa,
with an Introduction by the Right Hon. the
Earl of Cromer, 6/ net. Smith & Elder
A popular illustrated edition. See notice
in Aihen., Jan. 11, 1913, p. 33.
Hutton (W. H.), Highways and Byways in
Shakespeare's Country, 5/ net. Macmillan
The author tells his readers in the Preface
that he has " known ' Shakespeare's country ' for
nearly forty years, and wandered about in it,
whenever he could, in many a holiday." The
book is illustrated by Mr. Edmund H. New, and
is provided with an Index and map.
Ridger (A. Loton), A Wanderer's Trail, being
a Faithful Record of Travel in Many Lands,
10/6 net. Grant Richards
The writer has travelled in America, in
Europe, in the Far East, and in Africa, and
here describes his experiences. There are illus-
trations from photographs.
Settlers' Guide, Greater Britain in 1914, a
Summary of the Opportunities offered by the
British Colonies to Settlers of all Classes, edited
by G. Gordon Brown and G. Noel Brown,
2/6 net. Simpkin & Marshall
A handbook giving much information for
emigrants to the Colonies. It is illustrated by
maps.
Whitman (Sidney), Turkish Memories, 7/6 net.
Heinemann
This book is the outcome of prolonged visits to
Asiatic Turkey during the years 1896 to 1908.
The author's aim is " to show by a recital of actual
experiences that the Mohammedan Turk .... is
far better than his repute."
Wylie (I. A. R.), Eight Years in Germany, 10/6
net. Mills & Boon
The author gives " the sincere impressions
and experiences of eight very happy years " in
Germany, and has "an instinctive sympathy "
with the people of that country. The book is
illustrated by photographs.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Cooper (Reginald Davey), Hunting and Hunted
in the Belgian Congo, edited by R. Keith
Johnston, 10/6 net. Smith & Elder
An account of the author's adventures as an
elephant hunter, illustrated by photographs.
SOCIOLOGY.
Advertising and Progress, a Defence by E. S.
Hole, and A Challenge by John Hart, 5/ net.
' Review of Reviews '
Two economic studies of advertising as a
social force. Mr. E. Osborne has written a
Preface.
POLITICS.
Dyson (Will), Cartoons, Id. net. ' Daily Herald '
This book contains forty cartoons, repro-
duced from The Daily Herald, dealing with
recent political, industrial, and Suffrage agitation.
Producers versus Parasites ; or, The British
Workman's Burden, 6d. net.
St. Catherine Press
A survey of modern political problems, illus-
trated by cartoons.
PHILOLOGY.
Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series : Vol. I.
A Catalogue of the Collection of Persian
Manuscripts, including also some Turkish
and Arabic, presented to the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New Y'ork, by Alexander
Smith Cochran, prepared and edited by A. V.
Williams Jackson and Abraham Ybhannan,
6/6 net.
Milford, for Columbia University Press
There are full descriptive and historical notes,
an Introduction, illustrations, and an Index.
Tyrrell (Robert Yelverton) and Purser (Louis
Claude), The Correspondence of M. Tullius
Cicero, arranged according to its Chrono-
logical Order, with a Revision of the Text, a
Commentary, Introductory Essays, and Ad-
denda, Vol. III., 12/ Longmans
A second and revised edition.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Charles Dickens : Extra Number of ' The
Bookman,' 5/ net. Hodder & Stoughton
The literary contents include articles
by Mr. G. K. Chesterton, Sir Robertson Nicoll,
Mr. William De Morgan, and Mr. Alfred Noyes,
and verses by Leigh Hunt, Bret Harte, Mr. William
Watson, and Swinburne. There are numerous
illustrations in colour and black and white from
drawings by well-known illustrators of Dickens's
works, such as Cruikshank, John Leech, Tenniel,
and Mr. Harry Furniss ; facsimiles, and reproduc-
tions of photographs.
Hubbell (Harry Mortimer), The Influence of
ISOCRATES ON ClCERO, DlONYSIUS, AND ARIS-
tides, 5/6 net.
Milford, for Y'ale University Press
A thesis presented to the Faculty of the
Graduate School of Y/ale University in candidacy
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Balzac (H. de), Le Cure de Village, edited by
Stanley L. Galpin, 3/6 net. Milford
The text is edited with an Introduction and
notes for use in schools or colleges.
Ceppi (Marc) and Rayment (Henry), Sentence
Expansion, leading to Free Composition
in French by the Direct Method, 1/ Bell
Containing a series of lessons in " sentence
expansion," with questions and exercises. At
the end of the book are extracts from the writings
of well-known French authors, which are in-
tended as exercises in analysis.
Goodacre (Herbert H.), Holmes (Edw. F.), Noble
(Charles F.)> and Steer (Percy), Bell's Outdoor
and Indoor Experimental Arithmetics,
3/6 net. Bell
This book comprises the five years' courses
for pupils in Standards III. to VII., together with
explanatory notes and illustrative plates.
Mathematical Papers for Admission into the
Royal Military Academy and the Royal
Military College, edited by R. M. Milne, 6/
Macmillan
These papers cover the period 1905-13.
Answers are given at the end of the book.
Selections from Classical German Literature,
from the Reformation to the Beginning
of the Nineteenth Century, by Klara
Hechtenberg Collitz, 7/6 net. Milford
Each extract is preceded by a brief sketch in
English of the author's life and writings ; and a
list of literary references and Indexes are added
at the end of the book. It is a continuation of
Dr. Collitz's ' Selections from Early German
Literature,' and is published in the " Oxford
German Series."
FICTION.
Arnold (Mrs. J. O.), Megan of the Dark Isle, 6/
Alston Rivers
The scenes of this novel are laid in the Isle of
Anglesey in the middle of the last century. It
deals mainly with people of the farmer class at a
time when local peculiarity and tradition had not
succumbed to easy access to an outside world.
Beresford (J. D.), The House in Demetrius
Road, 6/ Heinemann
Another detailed character-study by the
author of ' Jacob Stahl,' in which the ways of a
dipsomaniac are studied.
Birmingham (George A.), The Lost Tribes, 6/
Smith <Sc Elder
A tale of life in a remote village in the West of
Ireland. It humorously tells of the patriotism of
an Irish- American who had never lived in Ireland,
the life mission he bequeathed to his widow, and
the manner in which she carried out his request.
Blackmore (R. D.), Lorna Doone, 1/ net.
Milford
' Lorna Doone ' was published in the " World's
Classics " last year. This reissue has an Intro-
duction by Mr. T. Herbert Warren, to which is
prefixed a poem addressed by him to Blackmore
in 1896.
Booth (Oliver), The Adventures of Mr. Wel-
laby Johnson, 1/ net. Bristol, Arrowsmith
Various adventures of a commercial tra-
veller on his rounds for different employers. Illus-
trated by the Whitefriars Studio.
Chambers (R. W.), The Reckoning, 6d.
A cheap reprint.
Constable
Crippen (Layton), Clay and Fibe, 3/6 net.
Grant Richards
A survey of the defects that have accom-
panied progress and modern civilization.
Crockett (S. R.), Silver Sand, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
An historical romance of " the wonderful
youth of John Faa— most often called Silver Sand
— but by the grace of God, and the belting of King
James the Sexth and First, rightful Lord and Earl
of Little Egypt." The story is told by Nathan
Crogo, " Dominie in Leswalt," for " such as love
the Quaint and Humorsome." This, the last book
written by the author, is published a few days only
after his death.
Curtois (M. A.), The Story of a Circle, 6/
Methuen
A foolish young wife, with time on her hands
and with social ambitions, has the idea of starting
a " Circle for Psychical Experiments," which,
however, only meets once. The greater part of
the book describes the various professors of the
occult whom she calls to her aid ; their compli-
cated motives and relations pave the way to an
unconventional and tragic ending.
Dwyer (James Francis), The Spotted Panther, 6/
Melrose
The " Mission of Providence for us three " — Red
Templeton, Chieo Morgan, and the hero — who pass
through strange adventures among the Dyaks of
Borneo.
Garvice (Charles), The Woman's Way, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
The tale of a virtuous young man who even-
tually weds an equally virtuous young woman. A
wicked peer, a long-lost father, and other subsidiary
characters figure in the story.
Grimshaw (Beatrice), The Sorcerer's Stone, 6/
Hodder & Stoughton
This is a story relating the adventures of an
Englishman and his friend, a French nobleman
among one of the Papuan tribes on the New Guinea
coast. The interest in the story lies in the curiosity
of the Frenchman to witness a magic display by a
native sorcerer. Afterwards the two friends dis-
cover that the sorcerer has in his possession a
diamond of immense value, and this they deter-
mine to obtain at any price. After much adventure
the prize is secured.
Hanshew (T. W.), Cleek of Scotland Yard, 6/
Cassell
A series of detective stories linked together
in order to form a more or less connected narra-
tive. Cleek is an ex-cracksman who decides
to devote his energies to the elucidation of
mysterious crime, and the author provides the
familiar thick-headed friend to act as a foil to
the hero's brilliance.
No. 4514, Mat 2, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
(>21
Jessop ^George H.\ Dksmo.ni> O'Connor, the
Romance of an Irish Soldier, 6/ John Long
Tlif story of a wandering Irishman who
entered the service of France after tin- siege of
Limerick, and fought and loved in Flanders.
Kaye-Smith iSheila\ Thhkk .uiaixst thh: World.
6/ Chapman ft Hall
Exhibits the tragic fortunes ot an unlucky
family.
Keate (Edith M.>, A Oardkx ok THE (ions, 6/
Alston Rivers
A simple love-tale of a girl who wandered with
bet little brother into a beautiful garden, where she
made friends with a man of better birth than her-
self who was temporarily a cripple.
Knox (Marcus!, Im ' vtiation, 6/ Ashley
"It is perhaps as well to state that the
characters and motives for the actions in this story
arc taken from real life " (Author's note).
Describes the development and eventual renun-
ciation of worldly love on the part of a member of
the Order of Santa Croce for an English girl. The
scene is laid in a small Italian town.
Littlejohn (John), Shadows of the Past, a Modern
Romance, 6/ Chapman & Hall
A story of a man who is falsely accused of
murder, the problem being unravelled by a pro-
fessor of criminology.
Maartens (Maarten), The Sin of Joost Ave-
lixgh, a Dutch Story, 3/6 Constable
A revised edition. See notice in The Athe-
7}(€iim, Dec. 7, 1S89, p. 777.
Mackellar iDorothea1 and Bedford (Ruth), Two's
Company, 6/ Alston Rivers
The third party implied in the title of this novel
plays an important part in the story, which is
chiefly concerned with the love - affairs of an
Australian mining engineer.
Magnay .Sir William), The Price of Delusion,
»/ . Stanley Paul
A detective story concerning a young architect
whose employer is mysteriously murdered.
Maxwell (H.), The Beloved Premier, 6/
John Long
The author draws an imaginary picture of
England when the authorities governed with
such disinterestedness that " there was no out-
standing public question of any sort to be dealt
with," and " positively nothing for members to
do but draw their salaries."
Meredith (George), The Tracic Comedians, a
Study in a Weil-Known Story, 6d. Constable
A cheap reprint.
Mundy (Talboti, King Ho, 6/ Cassell
A novel about India, describing the training
and development of a young English ollicer under
the auspices of a native officer who extends to
the son the devotion he had for the father.
Treasure, two rival Rajahs, a Scotch missionary
and his daughter (who duly becomes engaged to
the young English officer) play their respective
parte in various scenes.
Neuman iB. Paul;, (hignktt Street, a Pro-
vided School, ti Smith .V Klder
Short stories "t s hool life.
O'Donovan (Gerald , Waiting, 6/ Macmillan
'I he trials and difficulties of a young Irish
ol-teacher who courts adversityby his an-
nisni t«. the clerical regime of ultra-Catholicism.
Oxenham iJohnt, Maid of the Mist, 6/
Hodder A; Stonghton
I nest.,: juple on a lonely island.
Playground (Thd, by the Author of '.Mastering
'■'lane-, A Mills 6c Boon
The author deals with the problem of a
ried couple whose interests are at variance.
In this case the man, who is devoted to the
cause of social reform, marries a celebrated
actress, and expects hex to give op all connexion
wit h the sts
Punshon <E. R. . Tin < kowning Olory, 0/
Hodder ft St ought on
\ story dealing with the London business
'ai-ers of two educated country girls. It
ribes Me- heroine's training in a stockbroker
office, and the successes and failures she experienced
in her financial and !ov. -affairs.
Rawson (Maud Stepney), THH Pbicelbbs THING'
,; Stanley Paul
Ihe "priceless thing" is a document con-
taining Shakesp* Igneture, the safety of
which can* ., j„.,.r I,,, ,,|, anxiety.
Ridge (W. Pett , - un to Hayxk, M.P., nd-
( 'on -t i hie
A cheap reprint. '
Russell (Lindsay), Tine Vkaks of Fohgkttinu,
0/ Ward ft Lock
A romance of Australian life which depicts
the betrayal and desertion of a young girl by a
priest, and her exertions to make a living for
herself and child. Eventually she comes into
a fortune and is loved unavailingly by a faithful
man. The priest who deceived her becomes
bishop of the diocese in which she lives. The
ending is tragic.
Shottland (Maxlme S.), The Iron Passport, 6/
Hammond
A story describing the plots of Russian
anarchists and the sufferings of prisoners in
Siberia. The heroine, who is a princess and an
anarchist, receives a passport from her cousin the
Tsar, which preserves her from arrest, in return
for a promise that his life shall be safe.
Skrlne (May T. H.), Bedesman i, 2/6 net.
Duckworth
The plot of this story is slight, and concerns
the career of a quarryman's son, who is enabled
through the help of an Oxford professor to gain
the education he requires.
Thompson (Maravene), The Woman's Law, 6/
Eveleigh Nash
The heroine, on discovering that her husband
is a murderer, helps him to escape for the sake
of their child's honour. She is fortunate in finding
in the streets of New York a man with a befogged
brain who is his double. The stranger is charged
with the crime, but acquitted on the ground of
insanity, and sent to an asylum. After some
months, though still suffering from complete
loss of memory, he recovers his reason, and is
anxious to make amends to the woman and boy
he thinks he has wronged.
Vallon (Walter Brugge i, That Strange Affair,
6/ Stanley Paul
An amateur detective story. A German
crossing over from America apparently meets with
foul play and disappears. The relations of the
murdered man place the case for investigation in
the hands of a fiiend — a detective — who satis-
factorily solves the mystery.
Warwick (Sidney), Conscience Money, 6/
Greening
A story of the varied career of a
young man who finds himself implicated in a
murder mystery, inherits and loses a fortune, and
becomes tne owner of a wonderful diamond.
Westcott (Arthur), The Sun God, 3/6
Heath & Cranton
A tale of the Roman Empire in the third
century. The love interest emphasises the trials
of the early Christians.
Willoughby (George), The Adventuress, and
Other Stories, 2/ net. Max Goschen
Fourteen realistic stories.
Wren I Perclval Christopher), Snake and Sword,
6 / Longmans
A story of a man who inherits an overwhelm-
ing fear of snakes. The scenes are laid chiefly in
India.
Wynne (May), The Silent Captain, 6/
Stanley Paul
One of the author's historical romances. The
"Silent Captain" is Cond6, and the story concerns
the strife between Catholic and Huguenot in
France during the sixteenth century.
2010, by the Author of ' The Adventures of John
Johns,' 6/ Werner Laurie
A novel of futurity, describing the invasion
of the West by the East and the ultimate victory
of tin- European race.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Bedrock, April, 2/0 net. Constable
The contents of this issue include ' The .Milk
Problem,' by Dr. J. J. Buchan ; ' The Evolution
of Mimetic Resemblance,' by Prof. E. B. I'oulton ;
and ' The Instruction of School Children in
Matters of Sex,' by Mrs. T. La Chard.
Blackwood's Magazine, May, 2 8 Blackwood
This number contains the first nine; chapters
of a new story, entitled ' Aladore,' by Mr. Henry
Newbolt. Other items arc 'A New .Method
with the Dry Ely,' by Mr. Horace Hutchinson ;
' " Scatty," tint story of a Perfect Gentleman,' by
Mi. Ian liny ; and ' The Early Victorians — and
After, by C. W. C.
Bodleian Quarterly Record, Vol. I. No. 1, M. net.
Oxford, Horace i [art
This journal is issued by tie- slalT of the
Library under tin- sanction of tie- Curators, and
is intended to appeal " to readrrs in the Library,
to Oxford residents, and to a wider literary
circle." The pie ent i me ivmtains ' Notes and
News,' a h^t <d recent accessions, notes on original
documents ill the Library, and a front i-»piec<: of
Sir Thomas Bodley.
British Review, .May, 1/ net.
Williams ,v Nbrgate
Notable items in this issue are ' The
National Important f Higher Scientific Edu-
cation,' by Principal Griffiths; ' Brian's
Battle,' by Mr. I'adraic Colum ; ami ' I'oets
as Patriots,' by Mr. Robert Lynd,
Chinese Review, Afbzl, 1/ net.
12, Billfleld Road, N.W.
The first number of a review, the aim
of which is " to give the Chinese view on ques-
tions of moment and interest." It includes
article's on ' The Bclipse of Young China,' bv
the editor; ' The Spirit, of the Chinese People,'
by Ku Hung .Mini,' ; and ' An Anglo-Chinese
Entente,' by .Mr. II. Wilson Harris.
Cornhill Magazine, May, 1/ Smith & Elder
This number opens with a hitherto unpub-
lished poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning,
addressed to Robert Lytton. Dr. A. E. Shipley
contributes a sketch of ' Sir John Murray, a Great
Oceanographer ' ; and other articles are 'Round
About the Marble Arch,' by Sir Algernon West,
and ' Charles Dickens and the Law,' by Sir
Edward Clarke.
Fortnightly Review, May. 2/8 Chapman & Hall
This number opens with a poem entitled
' Channel Firing,' by Mr. Thomas Hardy. Dr.
W. L. Courtney contributes the first instalment
of a paper on ' The Idea of Comedy ' ; and Mr.
Henry Newbolt writes on ' Futurism and Form
in Poetry,' and Mr. John F. Macdonald on
' English* Life and the English Stage: Pyg-
malion.'
Good European Point of View, issued by Thomas
Common, Easter, 3rf.
Edinburgh, 8, Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine
This " philosophical quarterly " was last
published in 1909. The new issue contains short
articles and notes, among which may be named
' Who is the Good Man ? ' and ' The Pons
Asinorum of Morals.'
Irish Review, April, Qd. net.
Dublin, ' Irish Review ' Publishing Co. ;
London, Simpkin & Marshall
Mr. Edward Martyn writes ' A Plea for the
Revival of the Irish Literary Theatre,' and Mr.
Justin Phillips on ' The Policy of " The Depart-
ment." ' The contents also include verses by
Mr. James Stephens, Mr. Thomas MacDonagh,
and Mr. Joseph Plunkett, and a short story by
Mr. Arthur Colet.
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, April, 6/ net.
Egypt Exploration Fund
The contents include papers on ' Papyri and
Papyrology,' by Prof. A. S. Hunt ; ' Some New
Examples of Egyptian Influence at Nineveh,' by
Mr. L. W. King ; and ' The Relations of iEgean
with Egyptian Art,* by Mr. II. R. Hall.
Modern Language Review, April, 4/ net.
Cambridge University Press
Notable articles in this issue are ' The " An-
cren Riwle " : II. The English Text,' by Mr.
G. C. Macaulay ; ' " Palamon and Arcitc " and
the " Knightes" Tale," ' by Mr. W. H. Williams;
and ' The " Battifolle " Letters sometimes attri-
buted to Dante,' by Mr. E. Moore.
Nineteenth Century and After, May, 2/6
Spottiswoode
Some of Hie articles in this issue are ' The
Appeal to the Nation,' by Prof. A. V. Dicey ;
' A New German Empire,' by M. Andre Geraud ;
' Oxygen and Cancer,' by Mr. Lionel Cre.sswell ;
and "' Addison in Ireland,' by the Rev. Robert
H. Murray. Mrs. W. K. Clifford contributes 'A
Woman Alone : a Modern Play.'
Quarterly Review, April, 6/ John Murray
The present issue includes articles on ' Milton
and Vaughan,' bv Miss Louise Imogen Ouiney ;
'The Letters of Thomas Gray,' by Mr. T. II.
Warren; 'The New (■'recce,' by Principal R. M.
Burrows; and 'Aircraft in War,' by Lieut.-Col.
F. II. Sykes.
Royal Astronomical Society, MONTHLY Notices,
M \it< ii. 2/6 W. Wesley
Includes ' The Terms in the Moon's Motion
depending on the Node ' and ' Perigee and
Eccentricity of the Moon, 1760 to 1901? by Dr.
Ernest W. Brown ; ' The Spectra of Hydrogen
and Helium,' bv Dr. .1. W. Nicholson ; and
' On the Total Light of the Stars,' by Dr. S.
( 'Im pman.
Scrlbner's Magazine, May, 1/ net. Constable
Col. Roosevelt continues his reminiscences of
hunting in BrasU in an article entitled ' \ Jaguar-
Hunt ou the Taquary.' other article, are
'Tripoli,' by Prof. (i. K. Woodbcrry; 'A New
field for Mountaineering,' l>y Miss Elizabeth
Parker; and 'The Light Cavalry of the Seas,'
by Lieut. -Commander Pratt Mannix.
622
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
Socialist Review, April, Gd. net.
Independent Labour Party
' The Socialist Movement,' by Mr. J. Bruce
Glasier ; ' The Pioneer of the I.L.P.,' by Mr.
Keir Hardie ; and ' The Fallacy of Over-
production,' by Mr. Percy Wallis, are features
of this issue.
Windsor Magazine, May, Gd. Ward & Lock
The short stories in this issue include ' The
Order of the Bath,' by Mr. Dornford Yates ;
' Our Colonel Newcorae,' by Mr. Paul Neuraan ;
and ' Aerial Manoeuvres,' by Miss Jessie Pope.
Among the illustrated articles are ' The Highway-
man in Tradition and in Fact,' by Mr. G. F.
Mowbray, and ' The Art of John Phillip, R.A.,'
by Mr. Austin Chester.
JUVENILE.
Green (Lincoln), Camp Cookery, a Book for Boy
Scouts, Gd. net. Stanley Paul
A small handbook giving directions for
cooking, simple recipes, and suggestions for home-
made appliances.
GENERAL.
Doyle (Arthur Conan), The Case op Oscar
Slater, Gd. Hodder & Stoughton
A third edition of this booklet, reissued in
view of the recent interest taken in the case.
Holmes (Oliver Wendell), The Autocrat op
the Breakfast-Table, edited by C. R.
Rounds, 1 / net.
This volume of Macmillan's " Pocket
Classics " is edited with a biographical sketch
of Holmes, a Bibliography, notes, and an Index.
Kaufman (Herbert), The Clock that Had No
Hands, and Nineteen Other Essays about
Advertising, 2/ net. Hodder & Stoughton
A collection of essays on the necessity of
advertising in order to attract trade, by an Ame-
rican writer.
Menzies (Mrs. Stuart), Love's Responsibilities,
6/ Holden & Hardingham
A collection of twelve essays on such subjects
as the duty of parents to their children, ' How
Men Love,' and ' Woman's Ways.'
Millar (Martha), Useful Hints on Sick Nursing
for the Home ; Useful Hints on Household
Management ; and Useful Hints on Health
and Habits for the Home, Gd. net each.
Blackie
Small handbooks containing much practical
information. Each has a coloured frontispiece.
Mookerji (Radhakumud), The Fundamental
Unity of India (from Hindu Sources), 3/6
Longmans
This essay is reproduced, with additions and
alterations, from The Modern Revieiv. Mr.
Ramsay MacDonald contributes an Introduction.
Palmer (William T.), Odd Yarns op English
Lakeland, Narratives of Romance, Mystery,
and Superstition told by the Dalesfolk, 2/6
ne,t- Skefflngton
This book contains many stories recording
old customs and superstitions which Mr.
Palmer has collected " over a long series of
years in all sorts of places in our land of dales
and lakes and fells." Mrs. Humphry Ward
contributes the Preface.
Pearson (Ada T.), A Handbook op Cookery for
School and Home, Gd. net. Blackie
A companion volume to those of Miss Millar
mentioned above. It contains, besides numerous
recipes, hints on marketing and cleaning, and a
chapter on invalid cookery. There is a coloured
frontispiece.
Pearson (Edith), Ideals and Realities, 2/6 net.
Washbourne
A collection of essays on ' Books,' ' Father
Ryan's Poems,' ' Sympathy,' and other subjects.
Rubber Facts and Figures, May, 1/
F. C. Mathieson
A small volume containing particulars of
Companies, Monthly Outputs, the Forward Sales
of 3011, &c.
PAMPHLETS.
Civil War and Party Lawyers, 2d.
' Farm and Home,' 63, Lincoln's Inn Fields
The writer — Mr. W. Robinson — having been
fined for neglecting to pay insurance contributions
for his employees, has here published his " honestly
felt opinion of the acts of our fatuous Govern-
ment and some of its members."
Fussell (Joesph H.), Mrs. Besant's Policy.
San Diego, Cal., ' San Diego News ' Press
The writer attacks Mrs. Besant's policy as
being inconsistent with her actions, and par-
ticularly blames her for her support of Mr. Lead-
beater, and her statements regarding Mrs.
Katherine Tingley.
Hull Museum Publications : Quarterly Record
of Additions, No3. XLVI. and XLVIL, edited
by Thomas Sheppard, Id. each.
Hull, the Museum
Two illustrated pamphlets, containing notes
on recent additions to the Museum, which are
reprinted from The Eastern Morning News.
Jones (H. Lee J.), National Health Insurance
and Character, a Grave, Wide-based Indict-
ment, Id.
Liverpool, 119 and 121, Limekiln Lane
A part of this pamphlet originally appeared
in letter form in The Liverpool Courier. It is
" mainly founded on extracts " from The Edin-
burgh Review of July, 1913.
Solly (J. Raymond), Notes and Reflections on
the Treatment of Stammering, Gd net.
Hugh Rees
A short essay on stammering by one who,
after suffering from that ailment for thirty years,
succeeded in curing himself.
SCIENCE.
Henderson (Junius) and Harrington (John Pea-
body), Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians.
Washington, Government Printing Office
This paper contains part of the results of
researches in New Mexico conducted by the
Bureau of American Ethnology and the School of
American Archaeology during 1910 and 1911,
and is published as Bulletin 56 of the former
institution.
Nuttall (G. Clarke), Wild Flowers as they
Grow, Seventh Series, 5/ net. Cassell
The illustrations from photographs in colour,
taken direct from nature by H. Essenhigh-
Corke, are an important feature of this work.
The text is also illustrated by diagrams, and to
it are added General and Classified Indexes.
Orton (J. Louis), Rational Hypnotism.
National Institute of Sciences
The writer gives a survey of the modern
history of hypnotism, and pleads for its adoption
as an educational adjunct.
Ostwald (Wilhelm), The Principles of Inor-
ganic Chemistry, translated with the Author's
Sanction by Alexander Findlay, 18/ net.
Macmillan
A fourth edition, revised in accordance with
the third German edition of 1912. The trans-
lator has revised the last chapter on radio-active
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with the present state of knowledge."
Saleeby (Caleb Williams), The Progress of
Eugenics, 5/ net. Cassell
This book is based on two courses of lectures,
one delivered before the National Council of Public
Morals and the other before the Royal Institution.
Spolia Zeylanica, edited by Joseph Pearson,
Vol. IX. Part XXXV. Colombo, H. C. Cottle
Dr. E. Bugnion contributes two articles
on ' LTmago de VEutermes lacustris de Ceylan '
and ' Eutermes hantance de Ceylan.' Dr. J.
Pearson writes on the ' Proposed Re-Classi-
fication of the Genera Miilleria and Holo-
thuria ' and on ' The Sub-genera Argiodia and
Actinopyga.' Capt. R. B. S. Sewell has a long
paper entitled ' Notes on the Surface Copepoda
of the Gulf of Mannar ' ; and there are reviews,
notes, and a report of the proceedings of the
Ceylon Natural History Society. The articles
are illustrated*
Thompson (H. Stuart), Flowering Plants of
the Riviera, a Descriptive Account of 1800
of the More Interesting Species, 10/6 net.
Longmans
Mr. A. G. Tansley contributes an Introduc-
tion on Riviera Vegetation, and the book is pro-
vided with a short Glossary of Botanical Terms
and an Index. There are coloured plates after
water-colour drawings by Mr. Clarence Bicknell
and reproductions of photographs by the author.
FINE ARTS.
Beautiful England : Bath and Wells, described
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Blackie
Each of these books is illustrated by twelve
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Beautiful Switzerland : Lausanne and its
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Containing twelve coloured plates and de-
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Catalogue of Modern Etchings, Engravings,
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Catalogue of Oriental, Egyptian, Greek, Roman,
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Catalogue of the Valuable Collection of Anglo-
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ties, 1/ Sotheby
An illustrated catalogue of coins to be sold
next Monday.
East (Sir Alfred), Brush and Pencil Notes in
Landscape, 10/6 net. Cassell
This volume contains a large number of
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the Alfred East Art Gallery, Kettering,' by Mr.
William Toynbee. The frontispiece is from a
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Gardner (Percy), The Principles of Greek Art»
10/ net. Macmillan
This work is an enlargement of the author's
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Two of the chapters are new, and the rest are
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History of the Society of Dilettanti, compiled by
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Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, April, 10 cents.
Boston, Massachusetts
It includes an illustrated article on the new
acquisitions of the Egyptian Department.
MUSIC.
Garcia (Gustave), A Guide to Solo Singing,
containing Full Instructions on Singing, with a
Detailed Analysis of some Well-Known Works
and Songs, 2/ Novello
The course here suggested is divided into
progressive chapters, each preceded by vocal
exercises.
Krall (Emil), The Future of Musicians, a Plea
for Organization, 1/ net. Bell
The author reviews " the economic position
of musicians in the general struggle for sub-
sistence," and proposes the formation of another
union for those in the musical profession.
Manchester Public Libraries : List of Glees,
Madrigals, Part-Songs, &c, in the Henry
Watson Music Library, compiled by J. A.
Cartledge. Manchester, the Library
This Catalogue of songs is divided into three
parts — for Mixed Voices, Male Voices, and Female
Voices — each part being arranged first under the
names of composers and editors, and then under
titles.
Stainer (John), The Music of the Bible, with
some Account of the Development of Modern
Musical Instruments from Ancient Types, 5/
net. Novello
This new issue has been edited with supple-
mentary notes and a preface by the Rev. F. W.
Galpin. There are also some new illustrations.
DRAMA.
Brieux, Damaged Goods, translated by John
Pollock, 1/ net. Fifield
This translation of ' Les A varies ' was pro-
duced at the Little Theatre last February (see
notice in The Athenmum, Feb. 21, p. 283). Mrs.
Bernard Shaw has written a Foreword giving the
history of the English version ; and that portion
of Mr. Shaw's Preface to ' Three Plays by Brieux '
(1911) which related to 'Damaged Goods' is
reprinted.
Layton (Frank G.), " Stephen Andrew," Philip's
Wife, a Play in Three Acts, 1/ net. Fifield
The subject of the piece is similar to that of
' Damaged Goods,' but it was written before the
author had heard of that play.
Schnitzler (Arthur), Playing with Love (Liebe-
lei), translated by P. Morton Shand, 2/6 net.
Gay & Hancock
The play is preceded by a Foreword and
' The Prologue to Anatol (Yesterday and To-day),'
translated from the German of Hugo von Hof-
mannsthal by Mr. Trevor Blakemore.
Vansittart (Robert), Dusk, 1/ Humphreys
(See p. 635.
Xo. 4514. May 2, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
623
BOOK-TRADE REFORM.
The Bookski.i.krs Point of Yikw.
It has not in the least surprised us that
while nearly every one concerned professes
to have read with the deepest interest the
article in The Athena um of April 4th on the
proposed regeneration of t lie Book Trade, no
two opinions agree as to the hest methods
of improvement. Many booksellers have
an uneasy feeling that the publishers regard
them as past praying for; most publishers
are eloquent on the intolerable nuisance of
conflicting interests among publishers and
booksellers alike ; but the vision of a revolu-
tion winch would place every branch of the
trade under one central government on the
I lexman model, and create confidence where
little confidence at present exists, is regarded
for the most part as too good to be realized.
Whole-hearted support, on the other hand,
comes from the well-informed author of
' The Bookshop ' article in The Glasgoxv
News, who writes : — •
" However drastic the change of our British
system, or lack of system, to the German method,
it would be worth attempting. Nothing could
be worse than the present state of bookselling in
this country."
If this be true at a period of national
prosperity, and in an age when there were
never so many books published since the
world began, it is surely time to rebuild the
whole trade on a new and worthy basis ; to
reorganize it so that all the disunited parts
work together for the common good, as
well as for their individual interests. Only
in this way will it be possible to retrieve
the existing situation, and rear a new race
of booksellers thoroughly trained in their
business, and sufficiently encouraged to be
enterprising. To-day, when towns without
number could be mentioned in which every
craft is worthily represented except book-
selling— and in the present article we
are particularly concerned with that aspect
of the problem — there is little but the love
of books to attract the right kind of man to
enter the trade.
Reorganization alone can mend matters
in this respect, and develope a keenness which
will see to it that all these untapped sources
of bookbuying, as well as the cities, shall
be properly worked. Even our cities are
far indeed from being all that they might
be as centres of bookbuying. Xo one would
seriously propose to adopt in its entirety
the perfect Bystem which is possible only
to a race such as the Germans, to whom
discipline and organization are as the very
breath of their nostrils; but it should not
be impossible, as suggested in our original
article, to find some profitable means of
adapting their model to suit the British
character. Mr. Joseph Shaylor, whose
opinion is entitled to every respect, believes
that the time has come to call a joint meet-
ing in which the various bodies should
!y ;inr| frankly discuss such a scheme
in all its beam .
Apropos of the previous remarks relating
to tin- old apprenticeship system, and the
d of proper training to-day, Mr. Shaylor
showed the writer the original documents
relating to the examination for booksellers'
assistants organized some years ago by the
Association of London Booksellers, when
Mr. Shaylor acted as one of the examiners,
and Sir Walter I;, sant distributed the prizes.
It is interesting to learn that the flflflifltanl
who took the first prize on that one and only
n of the kind now occupies a leading
place among the best-known booksellers in
the kingdom, but some of the examination
papers returned by other competitors wen'
more astonishing t ban praist wort by. Bacon's
'Essays' were credited to an Ancriean;
' The Christian Year " to Thomas a Kempis ;
'Paul and Virginia ' to Thackeray; ' Pamela '
to Lever: and 'The Kaerie Queene ' to
Herbert Spencer; while one reckless assis-
tant, asked to name a leading theological
book, gave ' Brown's Forty-Nine Articles.'
In one of his pleasant essaj s in ' The Fascina-
tion of Books,' Mr. Shaylor compares these
questions and answers with the examination
which Venetian booksellers were obliged to
pass by the laws of their own powerful guild
in the eighteenth century.
The following are some of the questions
which had to be answered in those days : —
Name the principal Saints and Fathers,
both Latin and Greek.
Name the principal expositors of Holy
Writ.
Xame the principal writers in Ecclesi-
astical History.
Xame the principal ancient writers on
Philosophy and History.
Also the principal poets, tragic as well
as comic, in Greek and Latin Literature.
Name the principal writers on the Pine
Arts : Painting, Scvdjiture, and Architecture,
Civil and Military.
Name the principal writers on Natural
History and Botany.
Imagine the consternation of the average
bookseller in England to-day if suddenly
confronted with a set of questions on the
above lines. Of course, no one expects
encyclopaedic knowledge of the kind in the
present multiplicity of books, but in view
of the haphazard system of training assistants
nowadays it is not surprising if expert know-
ledge in the trade is lamentably deficient.
This is not altogether the bookseller's fault.
He cannot afford to pay for fully qualified
assistance, and he needs more encourage-
ment than he receives at present to put his
own heart and soul into the business. That
at least seems to be the prevailing opinion
among those booksellers with whom we
have discussed the subject.
After hearing so much of the decay of the
bookseller, it is refreshing to receive an
optimistic note from Mr. A. Iredale, the
well - known bookseller of Torquaj% who
writes with forty years' experience : —
" The condition of the bookselling trade to-day
as compared with forty years ago is as light is to
darkness. The improvement has been brought
about mainly by means of the Associated Book-
sellers of Great Britain and Ireland, an institution
in the foundation of which I took an active part,
and which I continue earnestly to support. Now
booksellers are brought together in council and in
large numbers at the annual meetings, whereas
forty years ago there was no community of in-
terest, and no personal knowledge of each other.
The Association is in constant touch with the
publishers ; trade matters are discussed by pub-
lishers and the officials of *he Association, and
an excellent feeling exists between t lie two, all
tending to good. There is a better understanding,
abetter knowledge of the needs of each and of their
respective business standpoints. This is_a dis-
tinct fain.
" But I am desirous — and so are you — of seeing
this principle of unity between publisher and
bookseller st ill further extended, we are working
in this direction. We may learn something from
the German, and if the Bdrsenverein is not actually
our ideal, we may approach its constitution with
advantage to all concerned. The greatest prac-
tical gain that has accrued to bookseller and
publisher through the formation of the Book-
sellers' Association is the establishment of the
net system. Wo wish to see it still further ex-
tended. All these things mean protection, a word
perhaps not agreeable to all ears, but every pro-
fession and almost every trade accept it. Why
should we stand aloof '?
Ofber booksellers join in an urgent plea
for the extension of the net system. This
reform lias worked wonders in removing the
incubus of ruinous di-counts from the p ar-
ticular branches of literature affected suae
it- inauguration at the beginning of 1000;
but n i- urged that the time has arrived to
extend the system to the whole of fiction,
making 6.9. novels 4s. 6d. net, and so on;
as well as to all juvenile books, in the case
of which the trade has to face the abnormal
discount demands of educational authorities
and other institutions not always fairly
entitled to such reductions in price. Mr.
rleinemann and certain other publishers
have made bold experiments in the field of
fiction, but nothing of the kind is likely to
succeed without concerted action and the
support of the whole trade. Tho way in
which American publishers are spreading
tho net system over the bulk of fiction.
in order to strengthen the position of the
legitimate bookseller, is a precedent which
might possibly be followed with advantage
in this country.
A more stimulating move would be the
introduction of some standardized system
of relieving booksellers from time to time of
their derelict stock. Nothing is so depress-
ing to the keen book-lover as to find the
shelves of many bookshops overflowing,
not with the newest books, nor even with
tho standard works and classics that en-
joys for ever, but with the accumulated
failures of the last few years, and the serried
ranks of cheap reprints. There is much
to be said for the German system which
enables the bookseller to return or exchange
every year all unsold books ordered on that
understanding. It is this method which
largely accounts for the healthy, up-to-date
service in the German trade. Tho German
bookshop is alive all the time, and is suffi-
ciently remunerative to be run by the
ambitious man of business, as well as by the
bookworm. Isolated attempts have been
made to solve the problem of unsold stock
in the British trade, but in this, as in the
additional handicap of the remainder market,
there is no settled uniform policy among the
publishers. Booksellers themselves might
do much to relieve one another of their
surplus stock if they could organize some
workable means of intercommunication.
In a mild, ineffective way this is done
at the present time, but the problem needs
tackling on broad, comprehensive lines for
the benefit of the trade as a whole. Mr.
Wilson, of Messrs. Jones & Evans — one of
the ardent spirits of the trade — is in favour
of a great clearing-house for the regular
disposal of the stifling stock of unsold books.
He also agrees that publishers would find it
worth their while to combine with the book-
sellers in helping to relieve them of this
perpetual burden ; but the crying evil of
the trade, in his opinion, is the present
hurried method of "subscription." Books
are taken round by the publishers' travellers
often only a few days, sometimes only a
few hours, before publication, and in the
busy seasons of the year booksellers have
to decide practically at a moment's notice
for how many copies, if any, they wish to
"subscribe.'' If they d<> not order at once,
they lose discount afterwards. Xo other
i rade, it is objected, is compelled to purchase
its goods without having a reasonable
Opportunity of knowing what it is buying.
Publishers who complain that booksellers
light shy of so many new books do not fully
realize 'the bookseller's difficulty in this
respect, surrounded as he is with the object
lesson of Crowded Shelves of failures. Mr.
Wilson firmly believes that a round-table
conference on the subject would remove
many of the grievances which undoubtedly
exist in the trade at the present moment,
and increase thai mutual Confidence which is
, ential to the welfare of booksellers and
publishers alike.
Such, in bri( f. is i he case for i he book-
seller. \e\t week WB ho|.e to say something
from i he publisher's point of view.
624
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
LOST ARGOSIES.
The days of youth are sunk behind thee
now,
Galleons that sailed so proud and fair and
free
On far, dim stretches of life's stormy sea,
Laden with untold wealth from stern to prow :
Enchanted Pegasus, the Golden Bough,
The Magic Apples gathered on the shore
Of faery bays that thou shalt see no
more,
Youth's ecstasy and love's first, trembling
vow ....
"Gone! gone!" thy cry; "All, all for
ever lost ! "
And weeping, all regretfully dost try
To stretch thy finite senses for reply
To futile tasks of counting up the cost.
Weep not, for thou shalt see them by and
by
Sail into Port beneath a cloudless sky.
Enid Dauncey.
DUTY ON BOOKS IN THE UNITED
STATES.
Dr. George Haven Putnam, Secretary
of the American Publishers' Copyright
League, has found occasion for a report to
the members of the League, which is ex-
plained in a recent number of the (American)
Publishers' Weekly.
Mr. Putnam calls attention to a recent
ruling of the U.S. Treasury Department in
regard to the term " dutiable value," which,
if strictly carried out, must constitute a
serious interference with the importation of
editions of books brought over for publica-
tion in the United States. Publishers in
Great Britain have an interest — no less
direct than that of the importing publishers
in America — in any measure that may stand
in the way of the arrangements which have,
during the past years, been increasingly made
for the publication of books on " joint
account." Under such an arrangement, the
cost of production is divided between
the English and the American market, the
American publisher taking over for the
latter a substantial portion of the edition
printed, and sometimes as much as half
of it. This is practicable only when the
duty is assessed upon the actual manufac-
turing cost of the books as landed in New
York, or upon a dutiable value which is
substantially in line with the manufacturing
cost. In a letter from the Acting Secretary
of the Treasury, bearing date January 30th,
1914, the Department takes the ground that
the dutiable value for books shall be, not
the price paid by the importing publisher
for one thousand copies (more or less), but
the price at which quantities were sold at
wholesale in the "market of origin."
The Secretary states further that, if no
supplies of a book have as yet been sold in
the home market (as a matter of routine,
the American supply is, as a rule, delivered
in New York in advance of the date of
publication in London), the selling price in
London of a book of similar character and
compass shall be taken by the appraiser as
a guide in fixing the dutiable value.
Mr. Putnam points out that for an illus-
trated book published in London at 24s.,
the edition of which has been divided
between the English and the American
publisher, the actual manufacturing cost or
price paid for a supply of one thousand
copies more or less, landed in New York,
would be from 4s. up to 6s.
The price at which wholesale quantities
are sold in London would range from 18s.
down to 16s.
The requirement that the duty (now fixed
at 1 5 per cent ) shall be payable upon a valua-
tion for such a book of 16s. or 18s. would
render the importation unprofitable and
impracticable. A book upon which such
a cost has been j^laced cannot be handled in
the American market, in view of the outlays
for advertising, review copies, travelling
salesmen, &c, which have to be incurred
if it is to be published and effectively brought
to the attention of buyers throughout the
country.
The Treasury bases its contention on the
ground that books must receive the " same
treatment that is accorded other imported
merchandise," and the Secretary points out
that, according to the Customs regulations,
the dutiable value of other merchandise is
not the price paid by the importer, but the
price at which similar supplies are sold in
the market of origin. The Secretary fails
to accept the contention submitted by Mr.
Putnam (a contention which has been
emphasized from year to year for a long
period with the Customs authorities in New
York and elsewhere) that the purchase for
the American market of supplies of books
printed in England is made under conditions
that do not obtain in the case of other
merchandise.
An American importer, for instance, who
purchases in Bradford a supply of woollens,
pays in New York a duty on the actual
amount of his purchase invoice, because
the Bradford manufacturer is making sales
in the home market of similar supplies.
The fact that no sales of books in quantities
similar to those required by the American
importing publisher are made, or can be
made, puts (or ought to put) books in a class
different from wool or other imported
merchandise.
There is — and under the conditions of the
book trade there can be — no sale in the
British market of . 1,000 copies of a book
of which the first edition is, say, 2,000.
The sale by the London publisher to the
wholesale dealer ranges from 25 copies
down to 12 copies.
The sale to the American publisher, par-
ticularly if it be made to a firm which has
a branch house in London, is actually made
in London ; but the Secretary insists that,
if the sale has been made for export, it
cannot be accepted as the basis of dutiable
value. He takes the ground specifically that ,
if 12 copies of a book constitute the "usual
wholesale quantity," the price at which 12
copies are sold in London must constitute
the " value " for the assessment of duty in
New York.
The books chiefly in question are those
for which American copyright is not required.
They belong to the class of illustrated publi-
cations, and are largely technical in cha-
racter. They are books needed by American
instructors and students, and, in case the
book is not offered in an imported edition,
the demand must be supplied by the impor-
tation of a single copy or of small lots,
and the American student will be called
upon to pay a very much higher price for
his copy.
The business of publishing books for
"joint account " and in international series
is one of importance for the interests, not
only of the contributing authors and of the
publishers collaborating in such international
undertakings, but also of readers and
students throughout the world. When the
original cost, covering such items as the
payment for authorship, duty, illustrations,
&c, can be divided between several markets,
the cost of production and the final price to
the consumer are proportionately lessened.
It is this international business, of literary
and educational importance, the extension
and the continuance of which are now
threatened by a novel and narrow inter-
pretation, on the part of the United States
Treasury Department, of the provisions of
the Tariff Act concerning books.
Mr. Putnam emphasizes in his com-
munication to the members of the
Publishers' Copyright League the import-
ance, for the sake of American literary
and educational interests, of securing a
more equitable interpretation of the term
"dutiable value."
THE ELIOT HODGKIN SALE.
On Monday, April 20th, Messrs. Sothehy began
the sale of the late Mr. J. Eliot Hodgkin's collec-
tions. Of the Autograph Letters the most impor-
tant were the following : A contemporary copy of
Magna Carta, 50?. Henry VI., sign manual, 1470,
26?. Edward IV., signed letter to the Due de
Bourgogne, Aug. 7, 1480, 35?. Lucretia Borgia,
signed letter to Cardinal d'Este, Jan. 14, 1502,
24.51. Sir Thomas Bolevn, A.L.s. to Margaret
of Austria, Aug. 14, 1514, 47*. Henry VIII.,
signed letter to the same, Nov. 2, 151S, 24*. 10s. ;
another to the Cardinal of Ravenna, Jan. 18, 1529,
30/. Letter from the Principals of the University
of Wittenberg to Frederick, Elector of Saxony,
1547, 32?. Mary, Queen of Scots, six documents
indicating the exact places where she stayed,
1549-51, 4.21. ; signed letter to the Count Rhein-
grave respecting the restitution of Havre de Grace,
Sept. 21, 1563, 100?. Mary I., signed letter to the
Earl of Shrewsbury, June 1, 1557, 501. Catherine
dei Medici, signed letter to the Bishop of Limoges
respecting the Coronation of Charles IX., May 26,
1561, 501. Bernardin Bochetel, Bishop of Rennes,
signed letter to Charles IX., giving information
about Elizabeth, Marv, Queen of Scots, &■«.,
July 1, 1566, 52?. Marguerite de Valois, A.L.s. to
Henri IV., e. 1580, 21?. D'Alencon, A.L.s. to
Henri III., Nov. 8, 1581, 40?. 10s. Henri of Navarre
the oath he took with the Huguenots, May 24,
1581, 251. Ladv Arabella Stewart, A.L.s. to the
Countess of Shrewsbury, Feb. 8, 1587, 351. Eliza-
beth, L.s. to the Sheriff of Norfolk, Oct. 10, 1601,
261. ; L.s. to the Sheriff of Warwick, July 28,
1602, 321. Notification of the Virginia Company
soliciting subscriptions of 10,000?., Dec. 5, 1610,
59*. Eton School Bills of Con O'Neill, 1615-19,
35/. Inigo Jones. L.s. relating to the building of
the Banqueting Hall at Whitehall, July 15, 1620,
46?. Pepys, his copy of the oath which he took
as Younger Brother of Trinitv House, Feb. 15,
1661, 21?. ; A.L.s. to Sir B. Browne, Feb. 7, 1672,
24?. 10s. ; another to the Rev. John Hudson,
Sept. 20, 1702, 20?. 5s. Evelyn, A.L.s. to Pepys,
June 25, 1680, 20?. Oliver Cromwell, signed
document addressed to Capt. John Leveret,
Sept. 18, 1656, 49?. Sir Thomas Browne, signed
letter about the petrified bone of a fish, 20?.
Charles II., A.L.s., Oct. 8, 1676, to Sir William
Temple, 23?. Danby, 29 letters, including the
drafts of the two letters on which he was im-
peached, 1677-8, 65?. James Edward, the Old
Pretender, A.L.s., Jan. 22, 1716, to the Earl
of Panmure, 21?. Ormonde, a large collection
of documents relating to the wars in the Low
Countries, 1712, &c, 21?. 10s. Nelson, A.L.s.,
3 pp. 4to, to Lady Hamilton, Sept. 16, 1805, 210?.
A large collection of documents relating to the
Chevalier d'F^on, 170?. The total of the sale was
3,414?. 17s.
The Tokens and Medals, also sold last week,
realized 1,381?. 18s. ; and the Engravings,
1,087?. Is. 6rf.
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
025
A LAUREATE POEM BY SKELTON.
I FOfN'D this poem by Skolton (which I
believe to be as yet unpublished) many years
s ice when I was going through the Wardrobe
>iuits. I copied it for my own interest,
but, desiring to sh> it. among Skelton'8
works, I went through them in all the
• lit ions I could lay my hand on without
finding it. I showed it to Mr. Pollard,
who said he did not know it, and that
it would be wise to print it. I take
no responsibility further than that of an
accurate transcript and full reference, for
I know nothing of Skelton, but others
maybe able to add details.
[Without title. A Laudation of Henry VIII ]
(Miscel. Ace. Excheq., T. of R., 228.)
(" Out of Bl p. 1518, vol. 11.")
YThe Rose both white and rede "[Candida
In one Rose now dot lie grow : Punica,
Thus t ho row every stode fes.
There of the same dot he blow :
Grace the sede did sow :
England now gadder llowres
Exclude now all Dolowrs.
^Noble Henry the eight ^Nobilis
Thy loving souereine Lorde Henricus,
Of Kingis line moost straight &c.
His titill dothe Recorde :
For whome dothe well Acorde
Alexis yonge of Age
Adrastus wise and sage :
HAstrea Justice hight *|Sedibus
That from the Starry Sky etheriis,
Shall now come and do right : Arc;
This handled yere skantly
A man kowd not Aspy
That Right dwelt us Among
And yt was the more wronge.
^Right shall the foxes chare "Wrcebit
The wolves the hares also Vulpes,
That wrowghte have moche care &c.
And browght Englond in wo
They shall wirry no mo
Nor wrote the Rosary
By extort trechery.
UOf this our noble King fNe tanti
The law they shall not breke Regis,
They shall come to rekoning &c.
No man for them wil speke :
The pepil durst not crake
Theire grevis to complaine
They browghte them in soche paine :
^Therfor nomore they shall IfEcce
The commounes overbase platonis
That wont wee over all sella, ice.
Both Lorde and Knighte to face :
For now the yeris of grace
And welthe ar com agayne
That ruakcth England faine.
^Adonis of Ereshe colour « Kcdiit
Of youth.- tin' godely Hour jam
Our prince of bib honour Pulcer
Our |> hi. m, our succour Adonis,
Our King, our F'.uipcrour &c.
Our Priamus of Troy
Our wi-lth, our worldly joy :
^Upon us lie doth raigne ' \uglorum
That rnak< th «.ur hartis glad Radians,
As King mooetfl ■onecdne ic<-.
That cut Ku-lorid bad
Demure, sober, and sad
And Marti* lusty Knight
God BMW him in hiv right.
Amen.
Bien menaonient,
P« m- Lanrigernm Britomnn BkeKonida Vatenv
The allusion to the foxes and wolves now
departed seems to be applied to Einpson and
Dudley,* and helps to date this.
C. C. Stoj-i.s.
" Henry sneceedwt April 22nd, crowned Jane 21th, 1.109.
Kmpson and Dudley were at once arrested. The King
intended to spare their liven, l>ut such an outcry wan rained
against them, they were executed on August lHth, 1510.
littrarn (§0ssip.
The English Association is Holding
its summer meeting next Friday. Mr.
A. J. Balfour will deliver his Presidential
Address at Bedford College, Regent's
Park, at 5.30 p.m., and the annual dinner
will follow at the Cafe Monico at 7.30.
The American Ambassador and Mrs.
Flora Annie Steel will be the guests of
the Association, and Prof. W. McNeile
Dixon and Mr. John Buchan will also
speak.
Mr. W. H. Helm, whose lecture-recital
on Jane Austen we noticed with pleasure
last year, is discoursing in a similar style
on ' Charles Dickens and his Novels ' on
the evening of Tuesday, the 12th inst.. at
the Grafton Gallery. Tickets may be ob-
tained from Mr. Helm at 21, Brondesburv
Park, N.W.
The English Goethe Society an-
nounces a dinner at the Trocadero on the
20th inst. The President, Sir A. W. Ward,
will be in the chair, and Prince Lichnowsky ,
the German Ambassador, will be the guest
of honour. Tickets for the dinner may be
obtained from the Secretary of the Society
at 129, Adelaide Road, N.W.
Mr. Bernard Shaw will give an
address on ' The Press and the Public ' at
Kingsway Hall, Kingsway, next Tuesday,
at 8.30 p.m. Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb
will also speak. The Fabian Society,
which has assisted in the organization of
the meeting (held specially for The New
Statesman), has a limited number of
seats at its disposal, which may be had
free by applying to the Fabian Office,
3, Clement's Inn, Strand, W.C. Applica-
tions, which should be accompanied by a
stamped and directed envelope, will be
dealt with in the order of their receipt.
The Rev. Walter John Barton has
been appointed Head Master of Epsom
College. The post will become vacant at
the end of the Summer Term by the
resignation of the Rev. T. X. H. Smith-
Pearse, who has been Head Master for
twenty-five years.
At Oxford Mr. Barton took a " first "
both in Moderations and Literae Humani-
ores. For the past seven years he has
been an assistant master at Winchester
College, his old school, and for the last
four years lias been Recorder of the
Geographical Section of the British Asso-
ciation.
Messrs. Mac.mh.i.a.n & Co. will publish
shortly 'Mvsticism and the Creed,' by
the Rev. W.*F. Cobb, D.I). In the volume
new ground is broken in the interpretation
of the ('reed by the attempt to provide
for its articles a mystical base.
Tuk Cambridge I'niversity Press has
in preparation a 'Cambridge History of
American Literature,' which will deal
with the subject from Colonial times to
the present day, and will form two volumes
Supplementary (», and modelled upon.
The Cambridge History of English Lite-
rature.'
The editorship is being undertaken by
Profs. W. P. Trent, John Erskine, Carl
van Doren, and Stuart P. Sherman. The
chief American writers will be treated in
separate chapters, but emphasis will be
laid on the periods of transition and
development in American culture. The
relations between American and English
literature will be investigated in some
detail, and new material will be included
bearing on the attitude of Europe towards
American literature, as well as on the
influence of American writers abroad.
There will be an account of the types of
literature and modes of publication pecu-
liarly characteristic of America, such as
the short story and the popular magazine ;
of the newspaper press and of popular
education. The Bibliographical Appendix
which is to be supplied to each volume
is receiving particular attention.
Mr. Rabindranath Tagore is about to
issue with Messrs. Macmillan translations
into English of two of his plavs, under the
titles of ' Chitra ' and ' The Post Office.'
The Report of the Scottish Record
Society for last year shows that there has
been issued to subscribers the ' Register
of the Parish of Melrose, 1642-1820,'
edited by Mr. C. S. Romanes. This con-
tains baptisms, marriages, and proclama-
tions of marriages. Under the editorship
of Mr. F. J. Grant, the Parish Register of
Canongate has been continued. Mr. Wil-
liam Angus has edited the ' Protocol Book
of Gilbert Grote.' There are in prepara-
tion an Index to the Parish Register of
Melrose, by Mr. C. S. Romanes ; the
Parish Register of Dunfermline, by the
Rev. Henry Paton ; a continuation of the
Parish Register of Canongate, by Mr.
F. J. Grant ; and the Yester Inventory
of Writs, by Mr. Cleland Harvey. A new
departure by the Society is the copying of
some of the older inscriptions in St. Cuth-
bert's churchyard.
Those who are interested in education
may like to know that Messrs. Macmillan
are publishing an English edition, by
Mr. C. K. Ogden, of Dr. Georg Kerschen-
steiner's ' The Schools and the Nation.'
Lord Haldane has furnished an Introduc-
tion.
Dr. George Haven Pits wis ' .Memo-
ries of my Youth, 1844-1805, which we
mentioned recently, will include a record
of impressions of England in 1844, 1861,
and 1860 ; his experiences as a student in
Paris, Berlin, and Gdttingen ; and an
account of Service in the American Civil
War, extending from September. 1862, to
September, 1865, and covering campaigns
in Louisiana (including the Red River Ex-
pedition and work in the completing of
Col. Bailey's Dam), the campaign with
Sheridan in the \ alley of the Shenandoah,
and the decisive action at Cedar Creek.
There are also skei I Libby and
Danville prisons during the last year of
the war. and a supplementary chapter on
service in maintaining order in Savannah
after the war was ended, but before the
re establishment of civil government.
620
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
SCIENCE
On Dreams. By Prof. Dr. Sigm. Freud.
Only Authorized English Translation,
by M. D. Eder. (Heinemann, 3s. Qd. net.)
Prof. Freud is well known as a student
of those mental operations to which
physiologists and psychologists apply the
term " unconscious." The results of his
studies lead him to maintain the thesis
that no " unconscious " experience is
wholly lost. Many have sunk so deeply
into the mind as to have vanished from
ordinary memory, though they still remain
subconsciously, and in as organized and
real a form as if they were still a part
of the conscious personality. These sub-
conscious memories manifest themselves
physiologically in dreams ; pathologically
in the various baseless fears and obses-
sions which harass many nervous and
hysterical persons. Prof. Freud believes
that subconscious memories can be re-
gained by the method of " psycho-
analysis " with which his name is
specially identified. It consists in concen-
trating the mind upon the disturbing
factor, and communicating to the medical
attendant the ideas which then arise
successively. Prof. Freud maintains that
in this manner one link after another is
brought to mind until the original experi-
ence, which had been entirely forgotten,
comes again into distinct remembrance.
He claims, further, that when the original
cause of the unreasoning dread or obses-
sion is once made clear, the patient is
cured, for the whole mystery is finally
dispelled.
A similar method of psycho-analysis
can be applied to the interpretation of
dreams. These figments of the imagina-
tion he classifies as dreams which have a
meaning and are intelligible, the dreams
of children ; dreams which are coherent
and have a distinct meaning, like these,
but are irreconcilable with the mental
life of the dreamer ; and dreams
which are incoherent, complicated, and
meaningless — the majority. Prof. Freud
gives instances of each group, and seeks
to explain them ; but the results he reaches
are unconvincing to the Teutonic mind,
and seem hardly worth the trouble and
ingenuity he has expended. The book
is thus an introduction to, and a summary
of, Prof. Freud's large work on ' The
Interpretation of Dreams,' which was
recently noticed in our columns (The
Athenceum, April 19, 1913, p. 424.)
Dr. Eder has performed the work of trans-
lation faithfully, but, in spite of his skill,
the differences in manner, customs, and
idioms cause the translation to lose some
of the force of the original, whilst a sum-
mary has been made of a few sentences
which English opinion would not allow
to be translated in full. An interesting
essay on the author and his methods,
from the pen of Dr. Leslie Mackenzie,
forms an Introduction to the volume.
BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO
EDUCATION.
A Course of Three Lectures given by Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall at Crosby Hall, on
March 13th, 17th, and 20th, 1914.
[These Lectures twere* illustrated by nearly two
hundred slides, and the omission of these has
necessitated some curtailment of the matter
which depended on them, and also some re-
arrangement. The first Lecture appeared last
week.]
Lecture II.
PSYCHE: THE SOUL.
It has been asked, What exactly is
the aim of these lectures ? They are
given in the hope that they may
lead to some reconsideration, first, of
our present ideas and methods in educa-
tion ; secondly, of our treatment of
the suffering, more particularly of the
insane ; and thirdly, of our treatment of
the dead. There is in my opinion — and,
indeed, in that of many persons — much
that is radically wrong in all three of
these. The errors are due to ignorance
of biological facts, coupled with a lack of
imagination which involves a lack of what
may be called " constructive sympathy "
for others. I have no hesitation in saying
that if the aim of science were purely the
amelioration of the condition of humanity,
this would long before now have attained
to a high level of spiritual happiness.
Unfortunately, where science is con-
cerned, intellect is very commonly divorced
from heart.
The Relation to One Another of the Persons
behind the " Mask:'
We have seen that each human indi-
vidual— and, indeed, the greater number
of living things — consists of a number of
" persons " ; that these " persons " may
appear either successively, as do the notes
in a melody, or simultaneously, several
at different intervals being united as in
harmony ; and that all may come and
go behind a mask which gives but little
evidence of the changes taking place
behind it — changes which constitute trans-
formation, whether favourable or un-
favourable, of character. This last seems
to be our own case.
The ancients, long before the tune of
the Egyptians and even of the people of
Cnossus, were well acquainted with these
facts, and lived their lives and practised
their therapeutics with a definite view
to such a development of each individual
as should ensure that each "person" as
it advanced into prominence should have
its chance, and no more than its fitting
chance — the development of the different
characters being guided in strict accord-
ance with the ideal. Just as in a drama
the aim or tendency may be to promote
in the mind of the audience good or evil,
unworldliness or worldliness, elevation of
thought or its degradation, so it was with
ancient religion and therapeutics, and
the developing ego. Full instruction was
given, full preparation made, and the
right surroundings provided ; and then,
at a certain stage, when the decisive
moment came, the child or adolescent was
in a condition of equilibrium, and able to
make a definite choice between God and
Mammon. But this preparation of the
child necessitated a knowledge far beyond
our present ken : a knowledge of the
requisite pre-natal conditions in the
mother, and, after birth and during child-
hood, of the proper diet and exercises.
It required also a discerning eye to detect
as it arose the need for carefully calculated
manipulation, by which blood and lymph,
life - giving fluids, ferments, and secre-
tions— should be drawn off from any
" person " who might be absorbing too
much, and thereby arresting the growth
of another, possibly a higher, " person."
Our so-called normal sense-perception
is extremely limited. We hear more than
we see, but the range of our sight and
hearing together is only a very small
fraction of the Avhole range of vibrations.
Our vision in particular is through many
barriers, and those barriers are clogged
with impure lymph and red blood cor-
puscles, covered by a "dead" pellicle.
It is of great importance that we should
realize how confined and how imperfect
is normal vision.
With this imperfection in the matter of
sense-perception there is, as we have
seen, the possibility of the disintegration
of personality. The case of " Miss Beau-
champ " is not unique ; it is only pushed
to an extreme easier to observe than
most are. What caused the phenomenon
was a series of shocks following upon the-
strain of an unhappy childhood. In the-
environment of to-day, so relentless in its
unceasing and varied onslaughts upon
that vehicle of the human soul which we
have been considering as " the mask,"
thousands are being — not so conspicuously,
somewhat more subtly, but just as really
— shattered into separate fragments of
themselves, disintegrated.
Ancient Doctrine concerning the " Soul.''
It is not necessary to dwell on the fact
that the doctrine of the existence of an
immaterial and indestructible soul in
human beings has formed part of the
teaching of ancient philosophers. We
may for our present purpose generalize
the slightly varying accounts of it back
to a conception of the soul as an effluence
or emanation from the Divine Spirit, the
Eternal Essence, the Great Mother abso-
lute, self-sustaining and immortal. The
soul has two modes of action, centrifugal
and centripetal, causing a swing of action
and reaction, a swing between time and
eternity. A certain right kind and degree
of energy must be present if at either term
the soul is to displaj^ and use all its powers.
Aristotle, it will be remembered, held that
nothing is done without the soul, or psyche,
which to him appeared to be pre-eminently
practical in its tasks, presiding over all
the functions of the human frame : the
digestion of food, the circulation of the
blood, and the direction of all the various
actions of the body. He remarked that
though some were of opinion that fire was
the cause of nutrition and growth in
animals, it was so only in co-operation
with the psyche. Plato says with regard
No. 4")U, May 2, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
(527
to the psyche that there are some persons
\\ ho draw down to earth all heavenly and
invisible things. grasping with their
hands rocks and trunks of trees, maintain-
ing that nothing real exists but what
offers resistance and can be felt, holding
*• body "'and " existence'' to be synonymous ;
and when others say that something may
exist that is incorporeal, they pay no
heed to this, and will no longer listen to it.
Among many people the psyche is held
to be associated with different parts of
the body, or a series of souls is thought
to exist, one within the other.
Symbols of this idea are to be found in
various religions. Thus the ancient Assy-
rians represented it, for the teaching of
the people, by means of squares one within
the other, having the Great Mother, the
Dweller in the Innermost, in the last and
inmost of them. The Egyptians conveyed
the same idea by means of human forms :
Isis seated with Horus on her lap, and
bearing on her head a small female form
supporting a sphere. In Christian art
the analogue to this is the " Tree of Life,"
in front of which are St. Anne and the
Virgin and Child.
The '• Soul" in Modem Civilization.
Nature presents us with two different
-subjects of investigation : the external
universe and the internal perceptive
mind. All philosophy must be incom-
plete which does not embrace both these
spheres of research : both the macrocosm,
the external universe, and the rnicro-
•cosm, the internal universe. Each of us
has a cosmos which corresponds to the
workings of his or her own inner mind,
and apart from the perceiving mind there
i- — so the ancients taught — no cosmos.
Ho much is common-place ; what is not —
at least, for the current thought of the
present day — commonplace is the literal-
ness with which this was taken by the
ancient teachers, the closeness with which
in the practices of life they acted upon it.
The fundamental error of the present
day is the too exclusive preoccupation
with li objective " material phenomena
•of one or two kinds only. We have
rtain — all too narrow — ideas of Nature
and the place of man in Nature, and any
phenomenon which appears foreign to this
of ideas, yet which we cannot dismiss
in tola, we are apt to refer to imaginary
ises, being incapable of appreciating its
true nature and value.
litre the learned, in consequence of
their pn sporeesskms and prejudices, are
probably less capable of exercising a
■oond and impartial judgment than are
the unlearned, for to problems of the
doubtful sort we have in view they gener-
ally projwse an immediate dogmatic
■Oration, without giving themselves the
trouble of instituting an experimental
inquiry. Vet a new truth, once- rightly
apprehended, will throw light on all
department- of knowledge; it frequently
substitutes reality for illusion, and revi-.ii-
how different things are in nature from
what they appear to he in our preoon-
<ei\ ed -ystems.
According to the popular, the most
widely received, and most generally acted
upon teaching of to-day, whatever is not
manifest to the senses does not exist ;
and the senses by which *v reality " is
thus tested are normal senses. Verbally,
I am aware, a certain number of people
would dissent from this : my point is
that the general practices of society,
the current judgments, the education
given to children, and the treatment
of different forms of suffering and disease
more and more indicate that this is the
belief, or unbelief, that the mass of men
actually live by. It is reinforced by our
continually increasing control of the
" objective " material world ; and, I
suppose, hardly am^ one hearing of a
new mechanical invention pauses to ask
himself whether, by these multitudinous
externalizations of his powers, man is
really in himself advancing or profiting.
Yet, in the first place, it must be borne
in mind that it is by means of powers within
ourselves beyond those of our " normal "
senses that these very novelties and
advantages, which we come so to depend
on — so greatly, as I think, to overvalue —
have been obtained for us ; and, in the
second place, that there are people who, with
very inconsiderable external apparatus,
have, by retaining a fuller use of their
own powers, and by living according to
ancestral tradition, escaped many evils
to which we are a prey, and preserved
many good things which we have been
compelled to forgo. Take, for example,
the Botel Tobagans. These have no
machinery ; each person makes, more or
less, the few and simple things he uses ;
disease is unknown among them, and
happiness is general. Like them are the
Bubis, living in an island in the Gulf of
Guinea ; and others might be mentioned.
True, they are, from our point of
view, small and dwindling peoples ; that
does not affect my point — that they
are, individual for individual, living in
greater happiness, and, what is more,
exercising a wider range of internal
faculty, than the homme sensuel moyen of
Western civilization at the present day,
and that they are doing so by means of
the traditional wisdom of their ancestors.
Intuition.
By what means does this wisdom reach
them ? Partly, no doubt, by literal
tradition — by its direct and conscious
communication from one generation to
another ; but partly also by a more
universal method which operates through-
out the whole kingdom of life — by obe-
dience to the voice of the soul within, by
what, since the word lies ready to hand,
I will speak of as " intuition." It is by
the teaching of an inner voice, as distinct
from reasoning and conscious thought,
that the movements of the dance of life
are directed ; by obedience to it that
they are performed with success, and
result in growth, happiness, harmony.
It is this inner voice by which the filk-
uorm caterpillar is taught when the time
has come to leave eating, to spin the
OOOOOn, to lie inert and passive while the
inner change takes place. It is the inner
voice which prompts the chrysalis to
bestir itself at length, to split its case, and
to emerge, and which directs the motion
of the young moth as she gently raises
and stretches her yet feeble wings for
flight. Every living thing possesses this
' intuition " — this power of response to
an inner dictate which, on the whole,
makes at once for harmony and for de-
velopment.
Human beings living in " civilized "
conditions are, in respect to it, unfortu-
nate. The inner voice is " still " and
" small," and apt to be drowned in the
multitude of sense-impressions and fac-
titious cravings which " civilization " forces
upon us. Still, it is there ; and some of
us obey it better than others. To see its
absolutely direct working we must turn
to the simplest and least spoilt of creatures.
The beauty of its sound-forms is made
visible in the microscopic Radio laria, and
in the spirals of shells, in the flowers of
sea and land ; and its beauty, of another
order, may be traced in the habits and
works of undomesticated animals.
We have already seen something of its
human manifestation in the life of some
" savages." How far we, the civilized
peoples of the earth, have departed from
that happy closeness of obedience may
be seen in nothing better than in the
attitude common in the young people of
the present day. A savage girl or boy
would not for one moment assert his or
her opinion against that of their elders
or the tradition of their ancestors. Our
own girls and boys — and sometimes those
of what I may call the '* coarsest fibre " —
on the strength of a few snippets of science
and literature, learnt parrot-wise, think
themselves as good as Aristotle and
Shakespeare rolled into one. This temper
is so common, has so often been lamented,
that it has partly lost for us its signifi-
cance. It means a whole generation, a
whole race, impervious to the higher and
profounder tradition ; creating for itself
a superficially easier and more exciting,
but inwardly impoverishing — nay, de-
structive— tradition of even greater de-
pendence on the immediate and the
material.
Intuition in relation to Education.
Let me turn aside for a moment to say
that I am not about to advocate what
would be considered generally a more
careful education of children. Still less —
jar less — would I advocate any scheme
of education, pleasurable or otherwise,
which depends in any hut the slighted
degree upon apparatus invented ml hoc.
I could not exaggerate the strength of my
conviction that dependence upon expen
si\c external apparatus of itself marks a
scheme of education as radically, as
fatally unsound.
1 have before my mind's eye a little
scene which typifies the beginnings and
illustrates also in great part the course-
Of the ideal education. It is a scene at a
railway station in India. Unlike our
Stations il hai its platform on the level
of the ground. A young mother, with
028
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
her parcels and her baby, is waiting
for the train. The child is little cumbered
with clothing, and is free to move every
limb as it will. No one takes any par-
ticular notice of it. Suddenly the inner
vibration of the little being is answered
from without — in other words, the child's
attention, wandering vaguely, is attracted,
and responds. Immediately the babe
proceeds to crawl on all-fours in the direc-
tion indicated.
In this action the child unconsciously
makes clearer to itself something that
is growing within it. The great thing is
that it is unnoticed — free from the inhibi-
tive action of the adult eye, of the adult
cerebro - spinal system, since there is
nothing in the intuitive action which is
injurious or calls for interference, and
likely enough the mother, herself " intui-
tive," has the practical wisdom to avoid
interference — to realize value of move-
ment as a revealer. It is worth noticing
that the merely physiological effects of
the movement are most beneficial : the
growing limbs are stretched, the lymph
and the blood flow easily, and upon this
easy, unforced motion and gentle, unim-
peded flow depends security from many
troubles of growth.
Compare this simple little scene with
the circumstances of hundreds of
thousands of young children such as
this in our oAvn country. They are
at school ; they may play at intervals ;
but the play is not intuitive, it is
imposed and mainly automatic. The
Indian babe went on its own expedi-
tion, directed by intuition : a very
different affair from going on some one
else's expedition — a proceeding which
inhibits and eventually destroys intuition,
and which, further, has no effect in eliciting
or in controlling the " persons."
Intuition in relation to Occupation.
Another aspect of the working of intui-
tion is displayed in the occupations of
untaught, uncivilized women all the world
over. Tradition, combined with intui-
tion, guides as to what food to obtain
and how to prepare it. In this connexion
not nearly enough is made of the value of
the bodily movements required. All over
the world the pestle and mortar are found
as domestic implements. They are of
large size, and demand a certain, but yet
not too great, exertion of force. The
whole process of pounding the grain
not only serves to prepare the food for
the body, but also to prepare the body to
assimilate the food. The actions of rais-
ing the great wooden pestle, letting it
drop into the mortar, and twirling it
therein serve to develope arms and chest,
to produce an upright spine, to give
balance, and also to develope concentra-
tion.
There is, besides, a definite object set
before the worker, and that one of far-
reaching importance, as the daily food,
properly and carefully prepared, means
not only health from a superficial point of
view but intuition and the growth of
the soul and intuitive powers in her family.
Compare with this physical exercise in
vogue among ' primitive " peoples —
peoples of " lower culture " — the gym-
nastic exercises of our schools, where
self-development without an ideal is the
direct aim. The exercises have lost the
spiritual value of work done for others,
which in a double sense benefits the
worker.
It will be remembered that when dis-
cussing subconscious action we saw how
a finger which was itself in an insensible
condition, on being moved twice, produced
in the mind of the subject the idea of two.
Now we have to realize that number
and rhythm are inseparably connected :
they are in fact, at bottom, one and the
same thing. Who, then, shall say what
faculty for number and for artistic work
may be developing when the untaught,
unhindered Zulu babe crawls to a stone
and proceeds to dab mud on it to its
heart's content ?
We may see some of the outcome of
freedom in intuitive action — guided
indeed, by tradition — in the drawings
done by Eskimos (included in Dr. Rink's
account of these peoples), in the draw-
ings of Bushmen, in the exquisite pottery,
the fine spinning and weaving, and the
embroideries of " savage " women, and in
the art of the Orient.
All this intuitive work, be it noted, is
done without any technical schools and
with but little apparatus, for it would
seem that if " the soul needs no incen-
tive," it needs also but little external
visible apparatus.
The Sympathetic System.
We come now to consider what is the
physical instrument of " intuition." (I
may repeat that I use the word because
it is familiar and covers what I mean ;
not because I would limit " intuition " to
some form of seeing.) Upon what part
of the body do those influences play which
are perceived by " intuition " ? What is
the inner apparatus which, by its method
of reception and control of response,
determines for the subject the limits
and mode of intuition ? To this there
can be but one answer : nervous
system. During growth the sympathetic
system is the representative in the
" higher " animals of the primary form
of nervous system, and, being nearest,
alike in origin and in situation, to the
tissues themselves, is in immediate rela-
tion with their vital processes. It is,
further, distributed over the entire body.
Hence we find it in action at either pole
of sentient life. All the operations of the
viscera are carried on through its agency,
without consciousness of them in the
normal subject — in ' normal ' good
health ; on the other hand, it is associated
also with our strongest feelings. Tears
of joy or sorrow, the acceleration of the
heart-beat under the stress of emotion,
the trembling of the limbs in fright, the
flush of Avrath, the deadly sickness or
fainting on the reception of bad news, are
as much the affair of the sympathetic
system as the secretion of bile or the peri-
staltic action of the intestine.
It is here worth while to consider some-
what more closely the structure and func-
tions of this system, familiar though such an
outline will be to any student of physiology.
The normal unit of the nervous system is,
a ganglion cell, with a conducting cord and
a terminal cell or cells. These ganglion-
cells, in the vertebrate body, are for the
most part drawn together to form masses
of nervous tissue — the ganglia ; and the
main feature of the sympathetic system
is a double chain of these ganglia, extend-
ing from the skull down to the base of
the spine, one on each side of the verte-
bral column. In the cervical region seven
of the ganglia are fused into three. The
original chain of the sympathetic system
followed the segmentation of the body as
it would have been if it had not been
altered by the imposition of the cerebro-
spinal system ; but the upper members
of the chain have been made thus to
follow the tendency which is one of the
main characteristics of the cerebro-spinal
system — I mean, the tendency to pull or
contract upwards, without giving time
for the due development of the " persons "
as they appear. One may think of it as
resembling a ladder, drawn hurriedly up,
and throwing off any one who may chance
to be on the rungs affected. In contrast
with the sympathetic, the cerebro-spinal
system inhibits and controls. Except
within a certain narrow range, it exercises
over our present life and activities an
excess of inhibition. Civilized man has
become so content with the range allowed
him, so oblivious of possibilities beyond it,
that he hardly realizes these exist, and, if
they are brought to his notice, repudiates
the very notion of them with disgust.
The sympathetic system, on the other
hand, has large powers of initiation —
larger in the young than in the adult — and
is also the means of that rhythm in action
and habit which is a condition of health —
nay, of life itself — and seems to be also a
condition of intuition. It presides over
the life of the organs or "persons" in
the body, maintaining first and foremost
the rhythm of the viscera and the rhythm
of nutrition. Looked at from one point
of view, we are mainly a chain of ferments,
and the sympathetic system controls the
secretion of all the ferments and juices of
the body.
The sympathetic system, as we have
seen, consists primarily of a double chain
of ganglia or knots, but at intervals these
knots are drawn together to form four
large ganglia and great plexuses or net-
works of nerves. The places in which
these occur are (1) around the larynx
(pharyngeal) ; (2) by the heart and lungs
(cardiac) ; (3) behind the stomach (epi-
gastric or solar plexus) ; (4) in the pelvis
(generative, &c). In addition there is a
peculiar mechanism at the ends of the
nerves called the peripheral apparatus,
disturbance in which is revealed by indi-
gestion and similar discomforts. The solar,
epigastric, or " abdominal " brain consists
of a meshwork of nervous ganglia in two
main masses behind the stomach. The
mass to the left is more closely packed
than that to the right ; the shape of a
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
029
chemical retort, but solid. The right gan-
glion is less solid, flatter, wider, having
more the character of a network. Here, in
this " abdominal brain." we have the great
centre from which the rhythms of the
body arc maintained. Branches go from
it to the vascular system and to the
lymphatic system, passing along the walls
of the bloodvessels, dilating or contract-
ing these where necessary. They enter
. into all the hollow organs and vessels of
the body, directing the play of all the
movements therein, as in the viscera and
glands, and holding the balance between
the normal blood tissues and the sub-
stances to be excreted. Through this,
too. is mediated that change in the domin-
ance of ferments which takes place at
different ages in the individual. One set
of ferments dominates in infancy, another
in adolescence, another in old age ; the
secretion of these and their working belong
to the sympathetic system, centralized
with us principally in the '* abdominal
brain." The extraordinary ductless glands
come also in this category.
We shall view the sympathetic system
with the nearest imaginative approach
to truth if we think of it as a network
— such a network as that of Volvox,
which holds together the colonies of
the young ; or as the nuclear network
in the ovum, which holds suspended in
the chromosomes the ferments destined
in time to dominate the body. In think-
ing of it thus, however, we must not
forget the fact that the sympathetic
system is capable, on its own account, of
violent and of inhibitory action. In an
encounter with disease, or injurs', or
>ck it may manifest itself in movements,
in glandular activity, and in changes of
circulation of astonishing energy.
There is a tendency now in physiological
work somewhat to diminish the excessive,
the almost exclusive, importance imputed
t<> the cerebro-spinal system. The true
account of the matter would seem to be
that the sympathetic system must be
given freedom to develope during growth,
since it supplies the food, as it were, for
the developing cerebro-spinal centres.
Where its action is hurried or thwarted
ttain ferments are not given in proper
proportion, and hence certain intuitive
- are lost. The cerebro-spinal sys-
i. on the other hand, is the servant,
limited as to its powers, but in the world
we know it considerably to the fore ;
in fact, dominating the whole man more
than it should, inhibiting the proper
rhythms of the sympathetic system,
I producing a state like that in the
outer world when the stupid and ignorant
— who may be high in place — make laws
for those who are in reality better and
greater than themselves.
The " abdominal Krain " is larger in
the female than in the male, the female
having also more distinct ganglia and more
marked conducting cords. It will be
remembered that it controls nutrition:
hence it comes that, since in boys the
cranial brain grow- Easter than the
'" abdominal brain. ' boys suffer more
from malnutrition than girls, and more
often die young.
In the sympathetic system, then, we
get what, so far as we can see, is the point
— or, perhaps one should say, the area of
contact — between the physical tangible
bod}- of man and the invisible soul of
the world from which the human soul
comes. In its activities in this world —
externally — it operates largely by means
of the cerebro-spinal system and the sense-
organs which are attached to this. But
— and here we come upon considerations of
vast importance — it may act immediately.
It may act through sense-organs, without
the cerebro-spinal system ; it may act with-
out the use of the ordinary sense-organs.
It is well to realize that normal vision
is exceedingly limited ; but, having done
so, it is well to realize that in individual
cases these limits have been passed — i.e.,
that even for the same rigidly differen-
tiated cerebro-spinal system and sense-
organs there is a possible flexibility. Thus
there are recorded instances of persons who
possessed visual powers which, if not in
kind, yet in degree, much exceeded the
normal. The astronomer Prof. Heis
preferred to rely on his naked eye rather
than on a telescope. He published im-
portant books and monographs on astro-
nomy, and drew up star atlases and cata-
logues without the aid of any visual
apparatus other than his own eyes.
Valerius Maximus mentions the extra-
ordinarily long sight of a man called
Strabo, who, in the First Punic War, saw
and counted vessels sailing out of the
harbour of Carthage, distant 390 miles
from where he was. Julius Caesar seems
to have had something of the same sort
of faculty. There have been people who
could see the satellites of Jupiter.
This much may be the effect of better
or more delicate structure in the sense-
organ or the cerebral centre ; but the
following examples should probably be
referred to some intervention of intuition
proper — i.e., to some direct response to
stimulation in the sympathetic system.
There are persons, most commonly women,
who are able to perceive luminous emana-
tions proceeding from the human body
and surrounding it like a halo. It has
been proved that the emanations are
truly there, but they are so highly attenu-
ated that to " normal vision " they are
imperceptible. They are generally de-
scribed as being of an azure colour. From
mme parts of the body — as the hair, the
eyes, the palms of the hands, and especi-
ally the tips of the fingers — luminous
emanations are seen by such persons to
issue in regular streams. Similar phe-
nomena may be observed, by less extra-
ordinary visual acuteness, in the Arctic
regions, where the air is very dry and rare.
At Lisbon in the seventeenth century
there was a Spanish woman whose Bight
could penetrate the crust of the earth to
a considerable depth. She could also sec;
into the interior of the human body, per-
eeive the circulation of the blood and the
processes of digestion, and disooi erdises
which had escaped the observation of tin-
most al>l<- and experienced physicians.
This lady was pensioned and highly
honoured by the King of Portugal.
It must not be supposed that people
gifted with this faculty, or extension of
faculty, are necessarily weak and sickly.
There was a certain Swiss woman r
Catherine Beutler, stout and phlegmatic,
and all her life in the enjoyment of un-
interrupted good health. She could jeel
springs of water underground. Coal she
was sensible of at once by its taste, and
she measured and defined the principal
seams of any coal-bed to which she was
brought, and described their thickness.
In Maasmunster she once spent two
sleepless nights from being uncomfortably
aware of a salt deposit under the town.
She felt similar discomfort in the Grisons,
where she discovered a quicksilver mine.
Her sensations in these connexions were
usually in the soles of her feet and in the
tongue. She required no rod, but in
measuring a deposit beneath the surface
of the ground used a strip of whalebone
for readier definition. She could further
discover the existence and nature of
diseases, and cure them by the touch of
her hand or finger. She had this natural
gift always, but it showed itelf more
powerfully at some times than at others.
Her actions were, of course, ascribed to
the devil, and no doubt if she had lived a
little earlier she would have been burnt
as a witch.
To what exactly ought, then, her experi-
ences to be ascribed ? Obviously an ex-
haustive account of this is out of the
question, but it is of importance to realize
that the nervous system in the distri-
bution of its branches all over the body
bears at the end of these branches, not
only cells filled with solutions, but also
sense-organs, which — surprising as it may
seem to any one who hears it for the first
time — are capable indifferently of func-
tioning as eyes, ears, taste-organs, or
smell-organs, but are ultimately, and so
to speak essentially, organs of touch.
In shape these tactile cells or corpuscles
are like a grain of wheat, varying
from l-15th to l-10th of an inch in
length, and in breadth about l-20th
of an inch. In appearance they are
whitish and opaline, and each corpuscle
is supported on a slender stalk.
Watery fluid of the nature of lymph
bathes them and the adjacent tissues.
These tactile corpuscles are found on
every joint, at the ends of all our tingers-
and toes, and scattered in great numbers
over the skin, and that not only in the
outer layers, hut also in the inner ones, e\ en
in the delicate innermost layer or mucous
membrane. The body, as was indicated
above, is covered as with a net of sense-
organs, and the soul communicates, or
may communicate, with the external
world by means of movements in the net.
That we are in general BO little aware of
this conies partly from our concentrated
use of our two highly differentiated eyes,
and partly from a tendency to despise
feeling" and to neglect the " heart," —
i.e., the emotions and the sympathetic
system.
(To be continued.)
630
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
SOCIETIES.
Historical. — April 23. — Col. Lloyd, V.P., in
the chair. — The election was announced of Mr.
Charles Bellamy and Mr. P. C'nllen as Fellows.
A paper was read by Dr. J. E. Morris on
' Mounted Infantry in Mediaeval Warfare, with
■Special Iteference to Anglo-Scottish Campaigns.'
Dr. Morris pointed out that, apart from the dis-
mounting of men-at-arms to fight on foot, the
exigencies of Scottish guerrilla warfare led to the
employment, first of " hoblers " (light cavalry
from Ireland), to bring in intelligence, and force
the Scots to action ; and secondly of mounted
archers, so that the effective and offensive infantry
could be brought into play against an elusive
enemy.
Mathematical. — April 23. — Prof. A. E. H.
Love, President, in the chair. — Messrs. J. Proud-
man and Ch. Jordan were elected Members.
The President announced the death of Prof.
G. M. Minchin, and alluded to his services to
mathematics ; Prof. Minchin was a member of
the Society for nearly forty years.
Major P. A. MacMahon read the following
papers : (1) ' On a Modified Form of Pure Reci-
procants possessing the Property that the Alge-
braical Sum of the Coefficients is Zero ' ; (2) ' On
Lattice and Prime-lattice Permutations.' In the
first of these papers it was shown that, by modify-
ing the definition given by Sylvester for a Pure
Reciprocant, it is possible to obtain reciprocants
with the property stated in the title ; this pro-
perty is a familiar characteristic of invariants.
At the same time, the coefficients in the modified
form become considerably smaller, as a general
rule, than in the original form.
The second paper considered the problem of
finding the true (as distinguished from the crude)
generating functions, which give the number of
lattice-permutations of two letters, each repeated
a given number of times ; and it was pointed out
that the corresponding problems for three or more
letters appear to involve further difficulties, and
that these problems still remain for solution.
Major MacMahon answered various questions
asked by the President and other members.
British Numismatic. — April 22. — Mr. Carlyon-
Britton, President, in the chair. — Herr Maurits
Schulman of Amsterdam was elected a Member.
Mr. H. Alexander Parsons read a paper on
' Some Coins of Sigtuna in Sweden, inscribed
with the Names of iEthelred, Cnut, and Hartha-
cnut,' in which he showed, by the design, lettering,
and weight, that the pieces bearing the name of
^Ethelred were copies of the pennies of that Anglo-
Saxon king struck by a moneyer in Sigtuna under
Olaf, the contemporary Swedish prince. On
the other hand, the coins of the same mint
bearing the names of Cnut and Harthacnut were
noticeable for the regularity of their workmanship
and the purity of their inscriptions, which sug-
gested that they were not due to the mere copying
of Anglo-Saxon money, but that they were an
intentional issue by skilled moneyers acting
under definite instructions for the inscriptions
used. These, in the case of the coins of Cnut,
included the Swedish royal title ; and by close
reasoning based on contemporary and later
records the lecturer urged that the historical
silence of events in the summer of a.d. 1027
should be broken by the assumption that Cnut
reopened the campaign against Sweden, and
emerged therefrom a victor. Hence the issue of
the coins of Sigtuna bearing his name and that
of his son and successor. The coins referred to,
or their casts, with others for the purposes of
comparison, were exhibited by Mr. Parsons ; and
Mr. L. L. Fletcher showed the recent centenary
medal of Australia's first coinage, in 1813, de-
signed and issued by Mr. Alfred Chitty.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
MilN.
Tubs.
Royal Institution, S. — General Meeting.
9ociety of Engineers. 7.30.
Aristotelian, 8.— 'The Psychology of Dissociated Personality,
Dr. W. Leslie Mackenzie.
8ociety of Arts, 8— 'Some Recent Developments in the
Ceramic Industry,' Lecture II., Mr. W. Burton. (UaDtor
Lecture )
Surveyors' Institution, 8.— Resumed Discussion on ' Comments
on the Land Enquiry Committee's (Urban) Conclusions.'
Horticultural, 3 —'The Value to Gardens of some of Mr.
Wilson's Introductions from China,' Mr. W.J. Bean.
— Royal Institution, 3.—' Double Flowers,' Prof. W. Bateson.
— Zoological, 8 30.— 'The Manners and Customs of Adelie
Penguins.' Surgeon G. Murray Levick ; 'On Two New
Species of Tapeworms from the 8tomach and Small Intestine
of a Wallaby. Laf/orchentes conspicillatus, from Hermite
Island, Monte Bello Islands,' Mr. R. O. Lewis ; ' Diagnoses
of New Genera and Species of Zonitidas from Equatorial
Africa,' Mr. H. B. Preston.
— Institution of Civil Engineers, 9 — ' The Flying Machine from
an Engineering Standpoint,' Mr. F. W. Lanchester. (James
Forrest Lecture.)
« no. Archaeological Institute, 4.30.— 'Carvings of Mediaeval Musical
Instruments in Exeter Cathedral Church,' Miss E. K.
Pndeaux.
— Entomological, 8.
— Society of ArtB, 8.— 'Inexpensive Motoring,' Mr. A. L.
Clayden.
Turns. Royal Institution, 3. — ' The Last Chapter of Greek Philosophy :
Plotinus as Philosopher, Religious Teacher, and Mystic,'
Lecture II., Dean Inge.
— Royal, 4.30.— '8ome Calculations in illustration of Fourier's
Theorem,' and ' On the Theory of Long Waves and Bores,'
Lord Rayleigh ; ' On Protection from Lightning, and the
Range of Protection afforded by LightningKods,' Sir Joseph
Larmor and Mr. J. 8. B. Larmor ; ' The Flow in Metals
subjected to Large Constant Stresses, ' Mr. E. N. Da C.
Andrade ; and other Papers.
— Society of Arts, 4 30.—' The Punjab Canal Colonies,' Sir J. M
Dome. (Indian Section.)
Linnean, 8. — 'The Botany of the Utakwa Expedition in
Dutch New Guinea,' Mr. H. N. Ridley and others; 'The
Genus Lemseodiscus, F. M Oiler, 1862.' Mr. Geoffrey Smith ;
'The Botanic Gardens at Sibpur (Calcutta), and the Govern-
ment Cinchona Plantations,' Major Gage.
— Chemical, 8.30.— ' Researches on Santalin,' Part II., MesBrs.
J. C. Cain. J. L. 8imonsen, and C. Smith ; 'The Nature of
Molecular Association : its Relation to Chemical Combina-
tion,' Messrs. W. E. 8. Turner and S. English ; ' The Action
of Diastase on Starch Granules,' Messrs. J. L. Baker and
H. F. E. Hulton ; and other Papers.
— Bociety of Antiquaries, 8.30.
I'm. Astronomical, 5.
— English Association, 5 30.— Address by Mr. A. J. Balfour.
— Royal Institution, 9.—' Albinism in Men and Dogs,' Prof. K.
Pearson.
8at. Royal Institution, 3.— 'Bird Migration,' Lecture I., Prof. C. J.
Fatten.
§§tima dassip.
Mr. Stappers, a Belgian explorer, has
recently made soundings in Lake Tangan-
yika, establishing its depth at 4,425 ft.,
which is the greatest ascertained depth of
any such water, except Lake Baikal. Mr.
Stappers also discovered that the lake is
traversed from east to west by a ridge
varying in altitude above its bed from
400 ft. to 1,900 ft. This discovery supports
Livingstone's view that originally there
were two distinct lakes.
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology has
an interesting article by Mr. A. Lucas on
the mode in which natron — the natural soda
found in Egypt — was used in mummifica-
tion. The point in dispute among Egypto-
logists is whether the bath in which the
body was soaked before burial was ever a
solution of natron. Natron has been found
in vessels within tombs, as a deposit upon
mummies, also in body - wrapping cloths.
Herodotus and Diodorus both mention that
a body to be mummified was soaked for
seventy days in a solution of " natron," but
it has been doubted whether they meant
the substance now called by that name.
Natron, being a strong alkali, would, it
is contended, have disintegrated rather
than preserved the tissues, and have
rendered the body itself alkaline, whereas
the tissues of mummies are found to be acid.
Mr. Lucas, however, in the first place
notes that disintegration such as would be
expected is, as a matter of fact, found in
mummies, which in particular are deprived
of the epidermis.
Next, he has himself carried out experi-
ments with the bodies of fowls which go to
show that disintegration is greater in a solu-
tion of common salt (the alternative to
natron) than in natron. He accounts for
the acid reaction of the tissues by the fact
that the actual amount of natron absorbed
would be small ; that it would tend to be
reduced by the scrupulous washing which
took place before the body was wrapjaed
up ; and that what remained would dis-
appear in combination with the equivalent
amount of the fatty acids produced in the
body. Direct experiment upon tissues has
confirmed the theory of the use of natron —
at least, in a number of cases — and, it is
interesting to note, endorses the account
given by Herodotus of the treatment of the
bodv with resin before it was placed in the
bath.
By the death of Prof. Eduard Suess at
Vienna on Saturday last in his 83rd year, the
world loses a leading geologist. He made a
reputation as a young man by his scheme for
bringing water to Vienna. He is best known,
however, by his masterly studies of the
earth's crust, which, begun in ' Die Ent-
stehung der Alpen,' reached classic form in
his treatise ' Das Antlitz der Erde.'
FINE ARTS
Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood. By W. Holman-Hunt.
Second Edition. Revised from the
Author's Notes by M. E. H.-H. 2 vols.
(Chapman & Hall, 11. Is. net.)
When in January, 1906, we reviewed the
first edition of this work we welcomed it
as one of the most valuable contributions
to the history of nineteenth-century art
that had appeared. It was as interesting
as a story of adventure ; it told, indeed,
of an adventure, of a youth setting out
in search of an ideal which he pursued
single-mindedly throughout his life. Hol-
man-Hunt in his best work is not only a
great artist, but also an incarnation of the
English temperament in art. The didactic
purpose which informs and governs the
pictures he would have considered his
greatest fades away into the back of his
imagination when he is painting ' The
Hireling Shepherd ' or ' Strayed Sheep ' ;
but it is always present, even in his most
strenuous and downright assaults on the
lions in his path. It is the chief note of
this book, and it is characteristic of him,
that, though before its publication he had
given many years to its composition, he
continued to retouch it to the last.
This edition is in many respects new :
omissions of details are frequent, new
stories are told, and an enormous number
of illustrations have been added, so that
the work of Holman-Hunt and his friends
is almost completely before us. His views
on art are expressed at length, but are
hardly likely to meet acceptance to-day ;
it is the fate of elders to give good advice,
which is not taken. On one point he is
inflexible — the definition of Pre-Raphael-
itism. We are reminded of the aged
Scottish lady who limited the number
of the elect to herself and the minister,
and was " not so sure of the minister."
The world has, however, decided to give
the name of Pre-Raphaelitism to a move-
ment which included not only Holman-
Hunt and John Everett Millais, but
also Ford Madox Brown, Rossetti, Burne-
Jones, Morris, and others outside the fold.
It is a little hard on the inventor of
the title, and the first sufferer in the
fight, to see the banner snatched from
his hand and borne to victory by another
army in another cause. On the other
hand, if the author's contention prevailed,
the meaning of the term Pre-Raphaelitism
would be strangely limited, to something
approaching a synonym of Holman-
Huntism — a movement the effect of which
on the world of art has long died out.
Perhaps the author's greatest achievement
among his fellow-painters has been his
success in impressing the need for obtain-
ing pure and permanent pigments by
precept and example.
Among the new illustrations is one of
the famous series of cartoons of London
Society by Richard Doyle which ap-
peared in the early numbers of The Cornhill.
We have often regretted that no one,
before it was too late, had attempted to
No. 4514, May 2, 1014
THE ATHENAEUM
(131
identify this wonderful gallery of portraits
of the men of the fifties. The documents
contained in the Appendix are of varying
interest— some of them reprints of articles
or controversial, while others might have
been worked into the substance of the book
with advantage.
The editing is well and simply done,
and it is evident that no effort has been
-pared to make the book a worthy
. monument to its author.
THE ROYAL ACADEMY.
(First Notice.)
Visitors to the hundred and forty-sixth
exhibition of the Royal Academy will ox-
press once more their wonder at the un-
changeableness of an institution, a just
review of which, we are sometimes assured,
might be written without our taking the
trouble to visit it. Yet no one can fail to
that that marvellous compound, an
Academy Exhibition — a compound of many
and varied ingredients so closely packed
together that it must recall to the foreigner
our national dish " le plum-pudding" —
does, in fact, slowly change all the time.
The dominant flavour of any given year
i< never the same as that of ten years
before, though it was always present
in some degree in the ensemble. The one
-tant feature is the negative one
that there is never to be found in it any
fruit quite fresh from the tree. This
produces an effect of sameness, and tends
to reduce criticism to an inquiry into the
degree of preservation maintained by the
various familiar elements. The pioneer artist
has no place in these shows.
Some clearly become stale more rapidly
than others, and one of the few surprises
of recent years has been the comparative
stability of our interest in the work of certain
• he older Academicians. It is probable,
indeed, that the charming little landscape
by the veteran Mr. James Sant. The Druid's
Walk, Xorbury Pork, Surrey (420), and the
even more delightful small-scale portrait by
Mr. Storey, Edward Creasy, Architect and
(135), are early works; that of
Mr. Storey has strongly the look of
being contemporaneous with certain paint-
ing by the Belgian Alfred Stevens. Yet the
attractiveness of these pictures, together
with the relative complacency with which
Edward Poynter's Sea Bath (.'350) con-
fronts comparison with more recent arrivals
Burlington House, supplies food for
reflection.
While we may have some pictures at the
demy which are better than others,
then- is little to choose between the different
schools which, each arriving upon these
waIN a little alter their first zest is gone,
ha\ ly dominated the exhibitions.
• thing da- been learnt, or learnt with
more certainty, since the days when Sir
ir. I Poynter laid the foundations of his
art. but it is equally clear that the men who
have learnt it have — as a rule -forgotten
something else equally valuable, and his
■fully painted little picture has a lei-
ling of t be tranquillity
of the cool green shade of the hath bo
by no means without eharm. If we coin-
it with the earlier and finer work by
which he is represented al the Tate ' latlery —
well-known ' Vi-at to JSsCulapiuS ' — we
realize that in hi- abandonment , for purpo
of intimacy, of the safe traditional CIS
poses, the customary proportion of figures
and background, he reveals an innocence of
the art of space composition which the earlier
picture did not betray. His figures are
over-analyzed into mean and petty forms,
having no relation to the ample surfaces of
shadowed vaulting on which they are set,
and in this respect, in comparison with Mr.
Sims's Little Archer (349) alongside, the work
appears amateurish in design, for all its
delicacy of sentiment. This failure, how-
ever, is duo not to its academic qualities,
which wear well enough, but to its lack of
academic efficiency in one direction.
If we could compare the ' V.'sit to
iEsculapius ' with this, the best contribu-
tion of Mr. Sims to this year's Academy —
or, indeed, with any typical example of the
younger artist's experiments with classic
themes — we should realize the essential
similarity of the subject-matter of the two
artists. Each is interested in the contrast
between the compact elegance of line of
nude figures, and the spreading forms of
vegetation (the two typical characteristics of
animal and vegetable life) ; and we should
probably find Sir Edward's greater formalil y
of line and economy in the use of colour
more permanently satisfactory than the
loose picturesqueness of Mr. Sims, with his
lavish subdivision of colour into elements
often more numerous than he can use for
purposes of design. This little " Cupid "
picture is, in the latter respect, satisfactory,
and for that reason — in spite of a slight
mawkishness in the draughtsmanship re-
minding us of Bouguereau — it is much to be
preferred to his muddled Cage aux amours
(644), or his slippery and unsubstantial
Spring Song (156).
At his worst, however. Mr. Sims's triviality
is rather due to a weakness of judgment,
failing in control of a too facile hand, than to
any inherent incapacity to think in terms of
space. It may be argued that this makes
his almost invariable failure to achieve
dignity of space composition only the more
reprehensible. In Mr. F. C. Cowper's amaz-
ingly elaborate Lucretia Borgia reigns in the
Vatican in the Absence of the Pope Alex-
ander VI. (103) we have a subject, the
impressiveness of which depends on the clear
expression of certain large proportions in
space, handled by a man who has apparently
never studied the use of colour to such an end.
The Pre-Raphaelite method of piecing to-
gether an embroidery of " moreeaux," each
carefully painted one at a time, is in practice
only really applicable to subjects in which
the figures are spread out in facade in the
direction of the picture plane. When the
painter has to keep in touch with figure
behind figure at measurable distances of
space through a large range of recession, the
carpentry of the subject can only be main-
tained by the strenuous division of the tones
and colours of the design into certain struc-
tural categories, the proportions of which
constitute the draughtsmanship of the com-
position. .Mr. Cowper (almost inevitably
with his method of painting) has frittered
away these fundamental divisions as he
laboriously compiled his patchwork of
figures of different sizes, in each of which,
whether near or far off, the transition
between light, half-tone, and shadow is
rendered with the -ame de|j« ■>'■< care. In-
evitably we see not neai and distant figures,
but large and small ones, some of them
arbitrarily lighted in more brilliant fashion
than other-. The di\i-ion of the tones ol
red in the cardinal's robes has no consistent
reference to the typical changes of plane on
which it -ho ii Id be based, and thus the dsxker
red of the more distant robes suggi tsnot the
Same Stufl differently conditioned &S to the
lighting, but a different dye. Passages of
distant form constantly cling to passages of
t ho foreground without intervening space
and air; nor, we hasten to add, given the
subject and the method of the paintei, are
such defects in any way astonishing. In
a passage of simpler form on the vaults and
pendentives of the ceiling, which offers
less temptation to piecemeal elaboration,
we see tones finely and consistently used.
if wo regard this fragment as a picture in
itself.
Mr. Sargent s portrait of Mr. Henry Jam* 8
(343) offers another instance of a narrow
technique perfected for a special purpose, and
now stretched beyond its limits of applica-
bility. The few well-divided notes of colour
which, by answering to the few forceful planes
of the head of an obviously characteristic,
sitter, enabled Mr. Sargent to produce such
striking and picturesque portraits in the
past, were combined, as a rule, in a
compact and simple design not beyond
expression by means of direct painting
of no great technical complexity. The
subtle personality of Mr. James seems to
have evaded such summary treatment, and
the painter appears to have felt too much the
importance of the occasion not to face up
to the difficulties of adequate record. The
result is, we are assured, an excellent like-
ness, but it is indifferent painting. It is
heavy and laboured with retouchings, and
the colour is not complex enough in relation
to so elaborate a statement of form to be
plastically relevant — not simple enough to
retire to the humbler duty of tinting a
decent and respectable monochrome painting.
There must in painting be a certain analogy
between technique and subject-matter, and
Mr. Sargent's downright emphatic method
may suffice to render, " tant bien que ma I.
a headlong impulsive character, but for more
elaborate statement a more complex method
is needed, if that method is not to look over-
strained and laboured in its application. If
we look at such a preposterously elaborate
line as that between light and shadow down
the cheek of this portrait, we must feel that
it would more spontaneously have been
reached in two movements (one in intention),
and the perfect method of painting will be
analogous to the sequence of muscular action
in a limb, in which the effect of a few large
muscles giving the main direction of a move-
ment is carried on and given precision by the
many and smaller muscles towards the
extremity. In Mr. James's own style we
have an extraordinary instance of such
sustained continuity of direction. It uevei
seems to get such a "way"' on it as to escape
his control, or require that correction l>\
patching which with Mr. Sargent's portrait
mars the fluidity and perfect interdependence
of the whole. With a more obvious design.
the painter is more successful in his Lady
Roeksavage. (356), though, leaning so heavily
as it does on a stereotyped pattern of arti-
ficial portraiture of the Kneller type, its
vivacity looks Slightly fictitious. The direct
impulsive use of heavy paint appears more
legitimate in BUCh a landscape as Cy presses
and Pines (220), with its more direct in-
spiration from nature, and less deliberate
art itice.
The use of firniK toothed dry pigment
in Mr. Clausen's studj Primavera (161) is
beautiful. Thesuddenlj contrasted Blipperj
paint in such '-mall details a- the drapcr\
and flowers is, perh meuhat intrusive,
but. with the exception of the slightly senti-
mental I ll I I ..< • • I of t he head, t here
a flavour of cool austerity about the
irmance which makes it an unusually
■ ctable example of t he male a- admi ibl<
in t he Roj al Academy .
G32
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
No artist of our time has so strong a
•conviction as Mr. Sickert of the reality and
importance of the conditions of time and
place that give particularity to a scene. To
anany, indeed, the most important tilings of
life appear to be those that are constant,
a-eeurring in every age under various dis-
guises ; and there is a type of artist who
»regards it as his function to clear away those
disguises and paint the fundamentals only.
Mr. Sickert, while by no means blind to their
existence, would regard a bare statement of
the abstract elements of existence nrmch as
.an epicure would regard a plain roast without
sauce or other accessories. So far from
having any quarrel with the concrete
trivialities behind which reality lurks, the
mask is his subject, and for those who are
within a little of being his contemporaries to
visit a collection of his work like that at the
•Carfax Gallery is to be haunted by ghosts of
the past, the more fantastically unreal for
their convincing truthfulness. Only in Lon-
don of the immediate past could we find such
a type and setting as are commemorated
in Army ay id Navy, 2 1( which, we are happy to
see, has been acquired by the Contemporary
Art Society), a masterpiece of pomposity and
amusing egotism such as Mr. Sickert always
delights in. In his drawings, which are a
-true comedy of manners of his day, we feel
strongly the separate existence of each
personage, the limitations of personality
.against which the abstract thinker chafes
being to Mr. Sickert among the delightful
things of life as making for intensification.
In contrast to the modern movement
towards emancipation in every direction, here
is a man who hugs every one of his chains.
The selfishness and the ignorance, the narrow-
ness and the stupidity of mankind are the
anain springs of drama which he would not
lose for anything.
It is interesting to see so absorbed a stu-
dent of particular character taking up the
painting of landscape, which at first sight
•seems to involve the abnegation of his most
personal gift. The Elderbush (12) is a fine
•study of deep reverberating tones in which
the painter only is concerned. The large
picture of Le Vicux Colombier (22) is more
intimate in its choice of subject, an untidy
•debris of felled tree-trunks which, we feel,
have lain there so long that we have only to
move one to find a whole colony of insect
life beneath it. Petit Bois (3) is the best of
.all in its poignant expression of what, to the
town-dweller, is the desolating monotony and
loneliness of the woods in summer. The time
is near noon, and the high sun, breaking
through the tops of the trees, drops here and
there little pools of dazzling light, the fatigu-
ing sparkle of which has a hypnotizing effect.
We seem obliged to watch the just visible
(movement of the patch of light— movement
which is nevertheless so slow as to become ex-
.asperating in its insistence on the intermin-
able sameness of a summer day. We find a
subtle piquancy in the union of great struc-
tural beauty of pigment with this expression
•of disenchantment. The paradise to which
we have come for poetic refreshment is just
& lot of leaves with a pitiless sun on them.
An effect which, when handled by Mr. Sar-
gent and other painters in a generalized way,
becomes reduced to a logical interplay of
immaterial coloured reflections, is here
treated with more retention of the element
of local colour. It thus remains concrete,
and has the cold, forbidding look often found
in such a scene in spite of the sunny spangle of
light it offers when viewed impressionistic-
■&Uy by the specialized vision. How many
painters have seen it thus with a normal eye,
found it rather unpleasant, and assumed
another and more romantic manner of vision
as the only way in which it could be
" treated " ! Yet in Mr. Sickert's sincere
acceptance of the thing as it really struck him
there is flavour, and once more truthfulness
is justified by the result.
Mr. Edgar Wilson's etchings at the
" Twenty-One " Gallery are important in
proportion as they express more or less per-
fectly the " suburban " mind, ready to
interest itself contentedly in things not
intrinsically exciting, and sensitive to the
merest hint of external romance. In many
of these plates — The Wandle (11) is a good
instance — we are shown sluggish back-
waters wherein a glimpse of the masts of a
ship becomes a sensational episode, a symbol
of the world of adventure outside. One
fancies the artist, as in one of Maeterlinck's
plays, watching for a lifetime the boats go
and come, yet never shipping in one, his
mind sufficiently furnished with a vague sense
of the presence of an unknown world of
enchantment.
It is an odd juxtaposition to place
alongside of these plates the paintings
of Spain, Italy, and Africa by Mr. Kerr-
Lawson, who, actually travelling so much,
seems to find travel a somewhat common-
place business. In his careful studies in
neutral tones of single figures Mr. Kerr-
Lawson commands respect by a certain
reticence and severity, but his use of positive
colours in outdoor subjects cheapens his
work.
The exhibition of works by Futurist
painters at the Dore Gallery shows them
much as they were. Signor Balla, however,
has a design, Luminous Successions — Dis-
placements (39), of some beauty, and another,
lightly and adroitly drawn, which he calls
Walking Lines (43), which might have been
suggested by the crossing forms of water
ripples and their shadows and reflections upon
a river-bed beneath. This interest in one
linear pattern seen through another is, from
the practical point of view, the single fruitful
inspiration of the Italian Futurists, but it has
rarely resulted in such clarity as this. More
often it produces such a muddle as one might
expect to get by laying lace over lace. The
literary accompaniment to the catalogue
shows the usual paralysing profusion of
abstract nouns.
LOAN EXHIBITION OF ETCHINGS
AT GLASGOW.
The Corporation of Glasgow has organized
a remarkable loan exhibition of etchings
and engravings at the Kelvingrove Art
Gallery, with the object of arousing interest
in the subject, so that a section devoted to
black and white may be added to the
municipal collections. Seldom, if ever, has
such a collection of fine prints been shown
outside London, Oxford, and Cambridge.
No living etcher is represented. The Com-
mittee, guided by Mr. D. Y. Cameron and one
or two other well-known experts, have wisely
endeavoured to show somewhat fully the
achievement of the few masters, rather than
to illustrate the less-inspired efforts of many
second-rate artists. Drawing freely on a
number of rich collections, several of which
are in Glasgow and the West of Scotland,
the Committee have assembled a representa-
tive series of the plates of Diirer (23). Rem-
brandt (82), Meryon (29), Whistler (42),
Haden (12), and Legros (18) — the figures
in parentheses indicating the numbers of
prints by each artist that are on view.
Twenty-three other men are represented by
one or more well-chosen examples, making
a total of 271 prints, which are nearly all in
the finest condition, and have been admir-
ably mounted and catalogued. Such a col-
lection is the best introduction to the study
of etching that one could have.
Among the early pieces are a choice im-
pression of Schongauers Nativity ; the niello
of Orpheus; the Descent into Hell, which is
surely a school-piece, and not by Mantegna
himself, as the Catalogue suggests ; and a
fine example of Domenico Campagnola's
spirited Battle. The Dtirers, chiefly lent by
Mr. James Mann, are excellent. Notable
arc the superb prints of Adam and Eve and
the Great War-Horse ; a most delicate im-
pression of the Melencolia in which
Diirer sums up his art and his philosophy ;
a faultless proof of The Coat of Arms with a
Cock, formerly in the Holford Collection ;
the smaller Albrecht of Brandenburg, and the
rare Two Angels with the Sudarium. Diirer,
as engraver, eclipses all others, but it is
pleasant to see near his prints some capital
examples of H. S. Beham, including the
masterly little Melancholia, if only to be
reminded how high was the standard
of contemporary work which Diirer sur-
passed with ease. A good print of the
St. Catherine, usually assigned to Rubens,
and. certainly executed in his school, and
three rare and exquisite first states of Van
Dyck's artist heads, including his own,
herald the seventeenth century and Rem-
brandt.
The pre-eminence of Rembrandt among
etchers is not unfairly emphasized. The
eighty-two prints, representing nearly as
many different plates, reveal once more his
immense vitality, his mitiring search for new
effects, his skill of hand, and his boundless
humanity. The profound impression pro-
duced by the British Museum's exhaustive
exhibition of the etchings fifteen years ago
is confirmed by this collection, which includes
a fourth of Rembrandt's authentic works,
and nearly all the finest of them. Among
the choicest things may be noted the second
state of the Death of the Virgin, with a good
margin ; the rare second state of the Christ
at Emmaus of 1654 ; a very light early proof
of the Blindness of Tobit ; a first state of
Dr. Faustus ; a good fourth state of The
Three Crosses, with the grandiose chiaroscuro
that many admire, and a few, strangely
enough, condemn ; a fourth state of the
Ecce Homo, which as a composition was
afterwards improved ; a perfect first state,
very lightly printed, of The Hog ; and an
exquisite first state of the small Raising of
Lazarus. The landscapes also are especi-
ally well represented.
Passing by a few other Dutch prints and
a single Piranesi — from the Carceri, of
course — -we come to a small group of Goyas,
including a second state of The Bull-Fight
and some of the less horrible of the Caprichos.
Five of the rare dry-points of Andrew Geddes
are shown, including a first state of The
Artist's Mother, an attractive piece which
was his best work. There are also two of
Wilkie's slight but clever essays in the same
medium. Among half a dozen of Millet's
powerful but rather coarse plates are his
Going to Work, the painted version of which
belongs to Glasgow, and the Grande Bergere.
For students of Meryon the exhibition is
important, thanks to Mr. B. B. Macgeorge's
noted collection. For example, there are
the first five states of Le Stryge, as well as
the eighth ; in the first the tower and the
vampire figure are wanting. So, too, in the
very rare first state of VAbside de Notre
Dame, the right side of the cathedral is
elaborately finished, but the left side is
wanting, and there is no distance above the
bridge ; again, in the first state of Le Pont
au Change one sees nothing above the bridge.
No. 4514, May 3, 1014
THE ATHEN^UM
033
Clearly, the successive states of Meryon's
etohings illustrate better than in the oase of
most other etchers l>ot li his technical nut hod
and bis way of approaching a subject, which
was distinctly unusual, to say the least. A
very light trial proof of St. Eti-:>t)ic du Mont,
a tirst state of La Morgue, and a third
state of Le Pont Nettf on Japanese paper,
before letters, are remarkable. Beside these
Fortuity's graceful and clever pieces, such
a- A J>(H'l Arab, seem very conventional.
The long series of Whistlers is line in
Quality, and representative, of all his phases,
from the early Mere Gerard, Saveme, and
/. verdun, down to Nash's Fruit Shop and
The Smithy. Mr. Harrington's proof of
The Kitchen is exceptional in its beauty of
tone. The Thames and Venice sets are
nearly all shown, with some of the best of
the set of 1886. On the margin of the exqui-
site Nocturne : Palaces, belonging to Mr.
Andrew Roid, Whistler has noted some of
the newspaper criticisms, and also a letter
from P. G. Hamerton complaining that the
artist's reference to him as " a Mr. Hamer-
ton " was " a breach of ordinary good
manners in speaking of a well-known writer "
— the last four words being underlined with
ironic intent. The Seymour Hadens, all
lent by Dr. Naseby Harrington, include a
superb first state of Out of my Study Window,
and several interesting trial proofs of Sunset
on the Thames, Sunset in Ireland (without
the sun), and other well-known works.
Lastly, there is a very well-chosen set of
plates by Legros, including an early state of
/.'/ Mort du Vagabond and a good impression
of the delicate landscape Le Paysage aux
M vies, which shows the brighter side of
Legros's temperament.
As will be seen, the exhibition testifies
throughout to the discriminating taste of
its organizers. H.
Jfitu ^.rt (Gossip.
A loan exhibition of Indian paintings is
now being held at the Victoria and Albert
Museum, and will be open throughout this
month. It contains more than 200 examples
of the work of the New Calcutta School, lent
by the Indian Society of Oriental Art, and
other examples lent by Mr. Havell and Dr.
1 unaraswamy. One of the most striking
exhibits is the picture of King Asoka's
queen contemplating the destruction of her
husband's favourite Bodhi tree, painted by
Mr. Ahanindro Xath Tagore, and lent by
Queen Mary.
Two other artists represented here, Mr.
I>hwara Prasad and Mr. K. Venkatappa, are
descended from families of hereditary Court
painters. The former, we are told, was dis-
covered by Mr. Havell working as a designer
in Manchester piece goods for a European
firm in Calcutta.
It i~ proposed that this year's exhibition
of the Egypt Exploration Fund shall he
devoted entirely to the discoveries at
Antinoe, on the ground that they represent
with unusual completeness the daily Life
of the people in a Romano-Egyptian city.
()n<- find is an inscription commemorating
■.< Platonic philosopher who was one of the
mTor/iivoi (v t<;i MoiKTCM) aTt\i7<;, i.e., those
who as scholars secured free meals in the
Museum at Alexandria.
Sib Chasues akd Lady Waldstkts have
presented to the Pitzwilliam Museum, Cam-
bridge, two early water-colours bv Turner.
It will he remembered that Ruskui in ls»;i
anted the Pitzwilliam Museum with
twenty-five Turners belonging to all periods
of the paii, >rk.
Wk learn from The Cambridge Review that
the water-colours and sketches of Antarctic
scenes made by Dr. E. \. Wilson are to be
on view at the Museum of Areh:eoIogy and
Ethnology in Cambridge next Saturday.
The collection, which has already been
exhibited at the Alpine Galleries in London,
in Cheltenham, heeds, and elsewhere, is of
exceptional interest.
At the anniversary meeting of t ho Society
of Antiquaries on St. (I -ge's Day, April
23rd, the customary elections took place of
officers and Council for the ensuing year.
Sir Arthur John Evans was elected President ;
Mr. William Minot, Treasurer ; and Sir
Edward William Brabrook and Mr. Charles
Reed Peers were elected respectively Director
and Secret ary.
In The Quarterly Record of Additions, pub-
lished by the Hull Museum, there is an
illustration of an early inscribed brooch
which belongs, it is thought, to about 1400,
a period for which relics of this kind are not
common. It was found near Kirkella in
the course of excavation, together with a
quantity of pottery. It is of the annular
type, li in. in diameter, and bears an
inscription in Gothic characters, with a
" rose " between the words.
Mr. W. T. Oldrieve, principal architect
of H.M. Office of Works, Edinburgh, gave a
lecture to the Old Edinburgh Club on Thurs-
day in last week on King David's Tower
at Edinburgh Castle, with lantern illustra-
tion. The discovery of this Tower of 1.367
was the result of excavations begun in the
autumn of 1912 from the Half-Moon Battery.
Many curious articles were found in the
course of the excavations, and an ancient
well to the north of the Tower has been
surveyed.
A memorial wall-tablet to Dr. Alexander
Taylor-Innes, author of ' Law of Creeds in
Scotland ' and other works, was unveiled
last Saturdav in the church of St. Duthus,
Tain.
A commemorative tablet has been placed
in the Church of San Simone, Mantua, to
James Crichton of Eliock and Cluny, known
as the Admirable Crichton. Mr. Douglas
Crichton, the promoter of the memorial, has
for some years been engaged in writing a
work on the house of Crichton in all its
branches, and in hunting for materials has
made researches in State and other archives
regarding the careers of famous Scotsmen in
Italy in the sixteenth century.
Mr. Murray is publishing early this
month, under the title of 'The Inner Life of
the Royal Academy,' the reminiscences of
Mr. G. D. Leslie, R.A. Besides dealing with
some popular misconceptions in regard to
the work and usefulness of that institution,
the book gives racy details concerning the
artistic activities and friendships of the
author.
Mr. E. Harrison Barkkr has for some
time past been engaged upon a life of his
grandfather, Thomas Barker the painter,
who was born in 1709, and became known
by his picture ' The Woodman ' (engraved by
Bartolozzi) before he was twenty years of
age. fn 1826 he painted a fresco 30 ft. by
I 1 It., "The Massacre of the Seiotes,' on the
wall of bifl gallery at Bath, after the method
of the Italian masters a work which on
technical and ot her grounds is of considerable
interest. There are paintings by him in the
National Gallery, and in several other public
institutions. -Mr- E. Harrison Barker would
he grateful tor information respecting works
in provincial museums and private collec-
tions. This should he addressed to him at
LeTreport, Beine-Inferieure, Fran
MUSIC
— ♦ —
THE OPERA.
' Parsifal ' was given last Thursday
week at Covent Garden, when the pro-
tagonist u-as Berr Johannes Sembaoh. His
singing was good, though on the whole he-
was less impressive than Heir Heinrich Hen-
selt, who appeared at the first performance
of the recent German season. Frau
Pfeilschneider impersonated Kundry. She-
gave a less characteristic rendering of the
part than that of Mile. Eva von der
Osten ; but, although good in the short
scene with Klingsor, afterwards, in the
Magic Garden with Parsifal, she showed
coldness both in her voice and manner.
Herren Carel van Hulst and Paul Kniipfer
were both impressive : the former as
Amfortas, the other as Gurnemanz. Mr.
Albert Coates conducted with all care
and understanding.
It is a far cry from ' Parsifal ' to-
Signor Puccini's ' Manon Lescaut,' the
opera given on the following evenings
It is an early work, in which there
are foreshadowings of ' Tosca.' The
heroine — as, we suppose, Manon must be
called — is a selfish, heartless woman, and
the whole story is artificial. In the second
act the scene in Manon's room is in its-
theatrical way effective, while the strongly
realistic one at Havre is impressive. The
short Intermezzo which precedes was con-
ducted by Mr. Coates as if to the Italian
manner born ; it is a bit of genuine
Puccini music. There were two new
singers. Madame Bianca Bellincioni, who-
impersonated Manon, is the daughter of
Gemma Bellincioni, who was the originaF
Santuzza in ' Cavalleria Rusticana.' Of
her voice it is difficult to speak, for she
showed signs of being nervous. She is,
however, used to the stage. Signor Giulio
Crimi has a very good voice, but was, un-
fortunately, suffering from a severe cold.
The rest of the cast was more than
satisfactory.
The performance of the closing section
of the first cycle of ' Der Ring ' last Mon-
day was excellent. Herr Cornelius as
Siegfried more than maintained the repu-
tation he has already won. Equal praise
may be bestowed on Fraulein Gertrud
Kappel,\vho isoneof the best Briinnhildefl
on the stage at the present day. Miss
Maude Fay as Gutrunewas as sympathetic
as in 'Die Walkiire,' and her action was
appropriate. Hen- Kniipfer, the Hagen,
had not the repelling look and tone of
voice of some who take that part. The
orchestral playing, under the direction
of Herr Xikiscli. was magnificent.
Parsifal,' which is to be given this
evening, will be repeated on the 15th,
Isth. aiid 21 st of this month.
'La Boheme' was given on Tuesday
evening With Madame Bianca Bellincioni
as Minii. thus affording, it seemed, an
opportunity of judging her voice. 1 n-
fortunately, however, she had an apology
made for her. as she was Buffering from a
Severe cold; and the necessity for the
034
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
apology soon became evident. Signor Giu-
seppe Tacconi, a new-comer, took the part
of Rodolfo. His voice sounded unequal, but
he may appear in another opera to better
advantage. Mr. Albert Coates conducted.
A splendid performance was given of
' Die Meistersinger ' on Wednesday even-
ing. Herr Paul Bender as Sachs was
dignified, and his singing admirable.
Herr Johannes Sembach impersonated
Walther von Stolzing, and he, too, was
in fine voice. Though an experienced
actor, he did not in manner quite picture
the young and ardent knight. Fraulein
Greta Merren as Eva was very pleasing.
Her singing is good, and her diction par-
ticularly clear. In trying to make the
most of her part, she was inclined slightly
to overdo it. Herr Jan Hemsing as
Beckmesser deserves high commendation.
There was no tendency to make the part
comic. It would be impossible to over-
praise the orchestral playing under the
direction of Herr Nikisch.
BEETHOVEN FESTIVAL AT
QUEEN'S HALL.
II.
The remaining performances of this
Festival were as fine as those noticed last
week, but the three most notable during
the week were those of the ' Eroica ' and
the Eighth and Ninth Symphonies. Mr.
Verbrugghen has achieved success. He
is a skilled conductor, and he had the excel-
lent London Symphony Orchestra, which
was, of course, an immense help. But the
secret of the deep impression created was
the enthusiasm of Mr. Verbrugghen him-
self. Many masterly performances have
been given of Beethoven's Symphonies,
from the days when Dr. Richter was here
down to the present, and by conductors
who feel the importance and grandeur of
the music, but who are specially interested
in Wagner and still later composers.
Judging from what Mr. Verbrugghen has
achieved, we believe he has devoted him-
self specially to Beethoven. Art did not
end with Beethoven, but he was the
greatest master of the Classical School.
Concert-halls are larger than in Beet-
hoven's day, and therefore orchestras have
increased in size, but the additions have
been made principally in the strings.
Mr. Verbrugghen, however, also increased
the wind, and with good results. Beet-
hoven, by the way, in 1817, when the
London Philharmonic Society made him
an offer to come and conduct new works,
wrote to his friend Ries asking the
strength of the strings, and whether
there was single or double wind. It is,
therefore, most likely that, at the great
concert given at Vienna in 1813 for the
benefit of the soldiers wounded at the
Battle of Hanau, when the Symphony in a
was produced, Beethoven doubled the wind;
for his orchestra on that occasion num-
bered over a hundred, and among the
strings were many of the best players then
in Vienna.
The five Pianoforte Concertos were per-
formed last week, and the poetical render-
ing of the one in G, by Mr. Max Pauer, calls
for special note. The Third, in c minor,
is more interesting than the first two, but
it sounds old. These lesser works help,
however, the hearer to appreciate the
greater.
Beethoven's songs are not of special
interest. Excellent singers were, however,
engaged, Madame Tilly Koenen and Herren
Paul Reimers and Anton van Rooy. The
last named was unfortunately suffering
from a bad cold.
The Leeds Philharmonic Chorus (200
voices), which took part in the Choral
Symphony, attacked the trying vocal
music with courage and zest. They also
sang ' A Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage '
with good effect under the direction of
Mr. A. Fricker. Although dedicated to
Goethe, whom Beethoven admired, this
short composition is of small interest.
But there was little choice : Beethoven
wrote no short choral work of importance.
Mr. Daniel Mayer announced on the
last day that another Festival would take
place in April next year, to be devoted to
Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms. Mr. Van-
brugghen and the London Symphony
Orchestra have already been engaged.
Jltustral (Hassjp.
At the Symphony Concert last Saturday
afternoon at Queen's Hall the programme
consisted of standard works by Bach, Beet-
hoven, Schubert, and Wagner, ending with
Strauss's ' Don Juan.' But the special
item which drew an immense audience was
doubtless the Brahms Violin Concerto, with
Herr Kreisler as soloist. He has not been in
London for some time, and he is not yet an
artist who has to live on his reputation.
It was difficult to realize that the recital
given by Dr. George Henschel at Bechstein
Hall on Wednesday evening is to be regarded
as a farewell. For close upon forty years
the singer has been faithful to the highest
ideals of his art, and it was an interesting
fact that his programme on this occasion
began with an aria from Handel's ' Rinaldo,'
the first song in which an English audience
made acquaintance with Dr. Henschel's
art in the old St. James's Hall as long ago
as February, 1877. So finely was it sung
that one regretted the more that so sincere
an artist is at length to seek retirement.
On the other hand, it is well that he should
take leave of us before time has had its
inevitable effect upon his work. The power
and virility in his singing of an exacting
programme might have been envied by
many a younger artist, and even now, though
the voice naturally has lost something of its
resonance, few singers could approach in
truth and subtlety of feeling his treatment
of such songs as Schubert's ' Der Doppel-
ganger,' Rubinstein's beautiful ' Der Asra,'
and Loewe's protracted ballad of ' Archibald
Douglas.' Beethoven's ' Mit Madeln sich
vertragen,' too, was given with irresistible
gaiety, and in this, as in the other songs,
the singer accompanied himself with remark-
able skill. Several laurel wreaths and a lute
were handed up to Dr. Henschel, who, at
the end of the evening, acknowledged the
enthusiasm of his many admirers in a grace-
ful little speech of thanks.
Willy Ferrero, a conductor who is not
yet eight years old, has come to London, and
will give four concerts at the Royal Albert
Hall on the evenings of the 6th and 13th inst.,
and in the afternoons of the 9th and 16th.
The New Symphony Orchestra will play
under his direction works by Beethoven,
Wagner, Berlioz, Grieg, &c. The reports of
his wonderful gifts have raised high expec-
tations. On Tuesday afternoon he con-
ducted a programme of music at the
Royal Albert Hall at a reception specially
given in order to introduce him. It was
strange to see a small boy conducting with-
out book, indicating in the clearest manner
his intentions, and insisting on their being
carried out. The idea of his having been
coached in the art of conducting, or
taught certain things to say to the orchestra,
becomes untenable when once one sees him.
While he is conducting his face lights up in
an extraordinary manner, and the sponta-
neity and decision of his gestures are remark-
able. He never uses a score, for he cannot
read music. His powers of memory and
appreciation of music extend beyond those
of the best of musical prodigies.
Dr. R. Armstrong Jones, lecturing last
Tuesday to the Sociological Society on
' Genius and Insanity,' remarked that
in both " the perceptions were quicker
and the associations keener." He knew
a man who could recite 'The Decline
and Fall of the Roman Empire ' from cover
to cover, but " did not understand what he
dramatically recited." Willy Ferrero, how-
ever, seems to understand and feel what he is
conducting. It is sincerely to be hoped that
all care will be taken of so gifted a child.
Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch announces three
concerts of old music, to take place on the
5th, 13th, and 20th inst., in the New Hall of
the Art-Workers' Guild, Queen's Square,
Bloomsbury, at which English music of
the period 1550-1700 will be largely
represented. At the second, music will be
given for viols and violins by William Yong
from a unique copy at Upsala and a contem-
porary MS. in the possession of Mr. Dol-
metsch.
The Imperial Choir, two thousand in
number, will be heard at the Albert Hall on
the evening of the 14th inst. This notable
body of singers will appear under the direc-
tion of Dr. Charles Harriss, by whom it was
founded in 1909.
Senor Tomas Bret6n is one of the best-
known Spanish composers, and Director of
the Madrid Conservatoire. A symphonic
poem by his son, Sefior A. Bretdn, entitled
' Open Eyes,' after a romantic legend by
the Spanish poet Senor A. Becquer, has just
been produced at a Symphonic Orchestra
Concert at Madrid, and favourably received.
Miss Kathleen Schlesinger will deliver
a course of five lectures on ' Musical Instru-
ments : their Origin, Construction, and
Development,' in the University Buildings,
Imperial Institute Road, South Kensington,
on Tuesdays, May 5th, 12th, 19th, and
26th, and June 9th.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Six Special Concert. 3 30, Royal Albert Hall.
— Sunday Concert Society, 3.30. Queen 8 Hall,
Mux. -Sat Royal Opera. Covent Garden.
Won- Leila Doubleday's Violin Kecital. 8.30. Bechstein Hall.
— Mary Tracy's Aria and Song Kecital, 9. jEolian Hall.
Tees Winifred Purnell'e Pianoforte Recital. 3, Beehittin Hall.
— Ernest Groom's Vocal Recital, 3.15 ^olian Hall.
— Arthur Rubinstein's Pianoforte Recital. 8 15, Bechstein Hall.
— Malvina Shanklin's Song Becital, 8.15, .Slolian Hall
Wed Madame KiDg < lark's Vocal Recital, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
— London Trio, 3 30, J3olian Hall. ,
— Mary Bruce Brown's Scottish Concert, 8, Queen s Hall.
— Manorie Wigley's Pianoforte Recital, 8.16. -Eolian Hall.
— Willy Ferrero's Orchestral Conceit, 8.30, Royal Albert Hall.
Tuiiis. DohnAnyi aDd Mainardi's Pianoforte and Cello Recital, J.io
.Eoliau Hall. _ ,,
— Madame Albani's Evening Concert, 8.15 .Eolian Hall.
— Nora Moon's Vocal Recital, 8.1B, Bechstein Hall
Fin. Helga Petri's Song Recital, 3.15. Bechstein Hall.
— Kathleen Thomson's Pianoforte Becital, 8.30, Bechstein Hall.
Bat. Queen's Hall Orchestra, Endowment Fund Concert, 8, yueen s
Hall.
No. 4514, Mai 2, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
(135
DRAMA
•THE CLEVER OXES ' AT
WYNDHAM'S THEATRE.
Or the two plays by Mr. Sutro, "The Two
Virtaee ' at the St. James's and ' The
( fever Ones ' at Wyndham's, the latter,
produced on the night on which we went
to press last week, is in onr opinion by
far the better. Stage exaggeration of
adverse social conditions has, we hope,
been consistently deprecated by us. Here
we have the evils of these and other
exaggerations in life relentlessly mirrored.
The " clever ones *' are two sisters, one of
whom is the mother of a clever daughter.
The last named is bent upon carrying
forward to the next generation the
superficial cleverness of the mother, in-
tensified and even further divorced from
common sense or useful purpose.
The piece opens with a scene between
the would-be master of the house — played
by Mr. Edmund Gwenn in that inimitable
manner associated with him as the
originator of the " Twelve Pound Look "
— his wife, and her sister (Florence Hay-
don and Margaret Watson), consequent
upon the announcement of the daughter's
engagement to an artisan who, from the
ladies' point of view, has the somewhat
redeeming quality of being an Anarchist.
This distinction, however, carries with it
no salve to the temper of the merchant in
hops, who prides himself on the possession
<>f mental equilibrium while giving free
rein to his ungovernable temper. The
daughter on her appearance opposes
his browbeating methods with a self-
sufficiency which her father attributes to
her having been to Girton, instead of
recognizing that college life must not be
relied upon to eradicate earlier home
influences. The introduction of the son
with the announcement that he has found
a publisher for a book he has written
appears to have no other purpose than
to indict a system by which any fool can
get ink and paper misused by payment
to one among the many unworthy fol-
lowers of a trade which, above all others,
aid be confined to men of real edu-
bion. The episode is pointed, and so,
though it has no essential connexion with
the plot, we view it with satisfaction.
last new character in the act to
appear is Mr. Gerald du Maurier, as the
artisan and Anarchist lover. In his best
manner he treats us to an exposition of
bis principles. So well does he act the part
that we share to the full the surprise of the
father when, having i^ot rid of the others,
he is informed that his future son-in-law is
really quite a " respectable " member of
iety. who has adopted a pose because
nothing ordinary would win his daughter.
With the ■• mi ■ i •» ion of a plan of campaign
by these now united conspirators against
the extravagance of the women folk the
The next ad translates us to the top
floor in the Bethnal Green Road when- a
philosophic Anarchist attempts to live
according to his ideas of using as few
of this world's goods as possible, in order
not to deprive others who have more need
of them than he has. lu furtherance of
the plan to disgust bis fiancee with the
environment of social reform, the pseudo-
Anarchist exaggerates the disadvantages
of his friend the real Anarchist's apart-
ment, but has to play second riddle to the
said friend's daughter. We learn that
formerly there was a mutual attraction be-
tween these two. Why exactly the young
lady seeks to modify the plan of campaign
we did not discover, but when the ;> clever
ones " at length arrive the company is
motley enough, consisting, in addition
to those already mentioned, of a very real
paid agitator, a footman masquerading as
a rebel, and a charwoman (Mary Brough)
who submits under protest to shaking
hands all round and taking tea with the
company. The scene is distinctly enter-
taining, though its raison d'etre is not
convincing. The " clever ones " finally
decide to run a Hampstead Social Reform
League.
The piece closes with the downfall of
the League owing to lack of adherents,
the discovery of the true characters of
the deceiving ones, and a consequent
re-sorting of the engaged couples. Though
the play does not quite fulfil the promise
of the first act, it is nevertheless one not
to be missed by any who are able to find
in a concave mirror an exaggeration of
their own features. We have mentioned
only one or two actors, but the whole
of the cast is good.
'ACCOUNT RENDERED' AT THE
LITTLE THEATRE.
In a producer's Foreword to the play
presented at the Little Theatre on Friday
in last week we are informed by Mr. Kenelm
Foss, in reference to ' Account Rendered,'
that it demands " queer " treatment
because
" it is a satire not only on modern manners,
but upon the ancient situations of drawing-
room melodrama — because, in two words,
it is both whimsical and new."
If the producer's conception of " queer "
treatment merely comprises some garish
lighting effects playing on a suite of
" Futurist " draw ing-room furniture, deco-
rated in a startling shade of green, we
cannot see in what manner this serves
to dispel the depressing influence of a
dull and mechanical play. The story
is merely crude and improbable.
Lady Mary Burjoice is a clever and
ambitious woman whose husband occu-
pies a position in the Cabinet for no other
apparent reason than his irreproachable
manners and well-tailored suit. We arc
asked to believe thai his intelligence is of
so low an order that he is compelled to
look to his wife for political facts and
information, all of which he Could lia\ e
obtained from a competenl secretary or a
I trustworthy year book. Then Mr. Gershon,
M I'., a member of the Opposition, and
a person of noisy and offensive manners,
appears on the scene, ostensibly as a friend
of the family, but in reality as a secret
admirer of Lady Mary. Having supplied
her with some trivial and unconvincing
tacts relating to a railway contract, he
begins to levy blackmail in the approved
and melodramatic manner, but receives
no consideration in return.
Lady Mary, having picked his brains,
has no intention of compromising her repu-
tation by indulging in the vulgar liaison
which Gershon suggests, in the coarsest
possible terms, as the payment he requires.
Moreover, she loves her husband, and has
merely used Gershon as an auxiliary to
advance his career. Others drawn into
the vortex of her activities on the flaccid
Minister's behalf comprise a journalist,
who is content to receive a card for her
receptions as his reward, and a young
man in business who wants a Govern-
ment contract, but feels adequately paid
by her smiles. Of course, the catastrophe
occurs when Burjoice finds out the facts
through the instrumentality of Gershon,
who, in the one episode that is
dramatic, taxes the unhappy man with
carving his way to success through the
agency of other men's brains.
Mr. Robert Elson, the author of the
play, has completely failed to make
effective use of a theme capable of much
better treatment. Except here and there,
the dialogue is commonplace and dull,
and when humour scintillates it is the
humour of the obvious. We are willing
to concede the imbecility that characterizes
the average party politician, but we refuse
to believe that the types depicted by
Mr. Elson are more than mechanical
dummies.
In regard to the acting, Ruth Mackay
played the part of the ambitious wile
quite cleverly, and at moments with
some resemblance of reality. Mr. Thomas
Weguelin as the helpless — and, we may
add, hopeless — husband was good, and
played with considerable artistic restraint.
Mr. Roland Pertwec made a very pleasant
figure as a young man after a contract ; and
Mr. Fred Lewis was excellent as the
accommodating and impressionable Prime
Minister. Mr. James Carew played
the part of Gershon with a l-obustness
more suitable to the Lyceum than the
Little Theatre.
' Account Rendered ' was preceded by
' Dusk,' a Persian fantasy by Mr. Robert
Vansittart, and described in the pro-
gramme as " an attempt to recreate the
heady, woolly-outlined ecstasy of a hachish
dream. This somewhat pretentious little
piece concerns the drowning of a child bride
by her Persian husband because she had
cast eyesof favour upon a young European,
who. at the end of the sketch, explains
that the play is mereb a dream. With
Considerable compression and tin e\
elusion of much blank \cr>e Dusk
might be made an acceptable curtain
raiser. It is artistically mounted and
well played in particular, by Alice Bowe
as the child-bride.
636
THE ATHENilU M
No. 4514, May 2, 1914
THE PEOPLE'S THEATRE
MOVEMENT.
Under the auspices of a Provisional Com-
mittee which seeks to stimulate public
interest and support on behalf of a movement
to provide high-class drama for the working
■classes at cheap prices, a meeting was held at
Drury Lane Theatre on Friday afternoon
in last week. Sir William Treloar, who
presided, was supported amongst others by
Sir H. Beerbohm Tree, Sir George Alexander,
.Sir John Hare, Bishop Welldon, Mr. T. P.
■O'Connor, M.P., and Miss Bosina Filippi.
Sir Herbert Tree proposed "That the
People's Theatre be instituted on the basis of
& shilling subscription," which was seconded
by Mr. O'Connor. In the course of a brief
■speech Sir George Alexander suggested that
the People's Theatre Movement should be
linked up with the work of the National
.Sunday League, and intimated that, if Sun-
-day evening performances were given under
«uch auspices, the proposal would have the
•support of every actor and manager in Lon-
don. From this proposal Bishop Welldon
•dissented, emphasizing the necessh"y, from
every point of view, of maintaining a day
•of rest for the theatrical profession. Miss
Rosina Filippi, who may be regarded as the
pioneer of the movement in England, gave a
very interesting account of her performances
at the Royal Victoria Hall, where opera and
Shakespearian productions have been pro-
vided at cheap prices before large and
enthusiastic audiences of the working
•classes, who, we were informed, behaved
with remarkable propriety: let us hope, at
least, better than many habitues of West-
End stalls. The meeting resulted in a sum
of some 407. being promised or contributed
for the purpose named.
Unfortunately the general tenor of the
speeches seemed to serve the purpose of a
discursive review of the drama in general,
■with an altercation in regard to the Sunday
•opening of theatres, rather than any scheme
of practical significance for the particular
objects of the meeting. Any well-considered
scheme for democratizing the drama can,
if adequately supported, be made a potent
agency for educational progress. This being
•so, we regret that no representatives of
the working classes were on the platform
to speak on a subject that closely concerns
their own interests and outlook.
In regard to Sunday, Sir George Alexander
anay or may not accurately represent the views
of the managers in his statement, but we
think that he speaks with little or no authority
from those who minister to the art of the
theatre. In the present state of the English
■drama we are not particularly sanguine that
any material advancement of this project
will be derived from the leaders of the stage.
For instance, if our actor - managers are
sincerely anxious to make a dramatic appeal
to the intelligence of the workers, they might
initiate such an experiment at once by the
simple expedient of reducing the present
price of seats at certain performances.
While abnormal salaries are paid to " stars,"
■we fear this reform is not likely to be ad-
vanced, and consequently the People's
Theatre must look for support to those
whom it desires to serve. If the work-
ing classes demand good drama at a price
within their means, it should be possible to
suppiy it-
Dramatic (Hosstp.
At the King's Hall, Covent Garden, next
Friday, a performance will be given by the
Irish Workers' Dramatic Society, in aid of
Miss Delia Larkin's co-operative scheme for
the women workers of Dublin. In addition
to Mr. William Boyle's ' The Building Fund '
and Lady Gregory's ' The Workhouse Ward,'
the programme includes some Irish dances
and songs, and selections by Irish war pipers
in native costume. The subscription to the
Society is 6d. per annum, and the Hall being
unlicensed, tickets can only be purchased by
members. Further information can be ob-
tained of the Hon. Secretary, Miss S. Seruya,
21, Tudor Street, E.C. ; or of the Hon. Trea-
surer, Miss V. Tillard, care of I.W.F. Club,
9, Grafton Street, W.
At the Playhouse on Wednesday next
Marie Tempest will present ' The Wyn-
martens,' a new four-act piece by Mr.
Richard Powell. She 5s to play the part
of a young widow, and other members of
the cast include Mr. W. Graham Browne,
Mr. Franklin Dyall, Kate Serjeantson, and
Mr. O. B. Clarence.
The French season at the Ambassadors',
under the direction of MM. Gaston Mayer
and Maurice Froyez, begins on Monday,
the 11th inst. During the opening week
Jeanne Granier will appear in the
comedy ' Les Sonnettes,' which is to be
preceded by ' L'Attaque Nocturne,' from
the Grand Guignol. ' Plantons des Capu-
cines,' described as a " revuette," will follow.
A new comedy by Mr. H. V. Esmond,
called ' The Dangerous Age,' is promised for
Tuesday evening next at the Vaudeville.
A " Dramatic Charity Week " is to be
held at the Court Theatre during the last
week in this month, when the Countess of
Roden's company will present three plays :
' The Other John,' ' Cousin Kate,' and
' Capt. Drew on Leave.' Lady Marcia
Jocelyn is playing the chief feminine
parts. The performances are in aid of
various charitable institutions, and tickets
may be had until the 7th inst. from the
Countess of Roden, Tullymore Park, Bryans-
ford, co. Down ; after that date at the usual
London booking offices.
The Theatrical Garden Party this year
will be under the direction of Mr. Gerald
du Maurier and Mr. Anslow J. Austin (of
26, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn), to whom
all communications should be made. They
have prepared a little brochure giving
particulars of this popular fete, with a
detailed programme, for which >q 'plication
is invited.
Mr. William Greet, who died on Satur-
day last at the age of sixty-one, had a long
career as a theatrical manager. He started
by himself, but had for many years been in
partnership with Mr. E. C. Engelbach.
Success came to them abundantly when
they secured the Lyric Theatre after H. J.
Leslie gave it up. ' The Sign of the Cross '
at this house was the most lucrative of their
many ventures. Genial, energetic, and
modest, Mr. Greet will be missed by a host
of friends.
To Correspondents.— W. H. S. A.-F. H.— G. C—
J. F. B.— Received.
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pictures, &c.
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Outlook.— " Quire beautiful. Patty, unworldly and wistful, is like a little wildflower,
She made the world she lived in very fragrant."
Chignett Street.
The Lost Tribes.
Johnnie Maddison.
Tents of a Night.
From an Islington Window :
Pages of Reminiscent Romance. By M. BETHAM-EDWARDS.
They Who Question. (anonymous.
By B. PAUL NEUMAN.
By GEORGE A BIRMINGHAM.
By JOHN HASLETTE.
By MARY W. FINDLATER.
LONDON: SMITH, ELDER & CO., 15, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.
Editorial Communications should )>e addressed to "THE EDITOR "-Advertisements and Business Letters to "THE ATHENAEUM" OFFICE, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.G.
Published Weekly by Messrs. HORACE MARSHALL & SON, 125, Fleet Street, London, E.C.. and Printed by J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Athenamm Press, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
Agents for Scotland, Messrs. WILLIAM GREEN & SONS and JOHN MENZIES & CO., Ltd., Edinburgh.— Saturday, May 2, 1914.
THE ATHENE
Irarnal nf (Bitglislj att& Jnrngn ftifcratras, %timtz, t\jt JFi
No. 4515
SATURDAY, MAY 9, 1914.
h\
raiiw.
NCE.
AS A NKWSPAPEB
(Smtxtris.
ROYAL ALBERT HALL.
THURSDAY EVENING, May 14, at 8.
CONCERT
of
THE IMPERIAL CHOIR.
Conductor :
Dr. CHARLES HARRI8S.
TMPERIAL CHOIR. 2,000 Voices.
A- 'God Save the Kins' Klc.tr.
"Slake a Joyful Noise' Mackenzie.
THURSDAY, May 14. at S.
WILFRID VIRGO. ROYAL ALBERT HALL.
"O Vision Entrancing ' Goring Thomas.
'How Sweet the Moonlight Sleeps ' .. .. 8ullivan.
THURSDAY, May 14, at 8.
TMPERIAL CHOIR. 2,000 Voices.
A- ' The Silver Swan ' .. .. Orlando Gihbons.
'In the Merry Spring' Ravenscroft.
THURSDAY, May 14. at 8.
TIVADAR NACHEZ. ROYAL ALBERT HALL
Solo Violin.
'Concerto in A major' Nardini-Nacbez.
' Ballade and Polonaise ' Vieuxtemps.
1 MPERIAL CHOIR. 2,000 Voices.
J- ' Blest Pair of Sirens ' Parry.
'The Sands of Dee' Harriss.
THURSDAY. May 14. at 8.
ALYS GEAR. ROYAL ALBERT HALL.
' Lungi dal Caro Bene ' . . Secchi.
'Star Visino al Bell Idol che Sama' Rosa.
THURSDAY, May 14, at 8.
TMPERIAL CHOIR. 2,000 Voices.
JL ' Morning Song of Praise ' Max Bruch.
'Praise the Lord with Harp and Tongue' .. ..Handel.
CLARA BUTTERWORTH. Royal Albert Hall.
' Yissi d'arte ' .. Puccini.
'How Sweet the Moonlight' Sullivan.
At the Piano: At the Organ:
HAMILTON HAKTY. R. A. GREIR.
THURSDAY EVENING, May 14, at 8.
Tickets. 5».. 3«.. '2*. 6.1. ; Gallery la- at Box Office, Albert Hall ;
Novello's, ICO, V* ardour Street ; and usual Agents.
QUEEN'S HALL.
(8ole Lessees— Chappell A Co., Ltd.)
THE WILHKI Si SACHSE ORCHESTRA.
CONCERT. MAY 13, at 8 15.
Smetana's Bartered Bride Overture. Tschaikowsky's Symphony,
No. 4, F minor. Beethoven's Violin Concerto, Songs by Brahms,
Grieg, L Ronald, I olerilge Taylor, and Sullivan.
Vocalist— Walter hydk.
Solo-Violin-KRNA SCHULZ.
Tickets, 10*. «.. 7s. &/., 3s., and Is., at Queen's Hall Box Office.
^tttuvis.
ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN.
ALBEMARLE STREET, PICCADILLY, W.
THURSDAY next iMay 14', ac 3 o'clock. Prof. 8VANTE
AKRHENIUS, D.Sc. Hou. F.R.S., First of Three Lectures on
NTITY OF LAW8: IN GENERAL: AND BIOLOGICAL
i MLMISTRY.' iThe Tyndall Lectures.) Haifa-Guinea the Course.
Subscription to all the Courses in the Season Two Guineas.
Q
HA?
UEEN S HALL, LANGHAM PLACE, W.
(Sole Lessees— Messrs. Chappell A Co., Ltd)
FIVE LECTURES
by
Mrs. ANNIE BESANT
(President of the Theoeophical Society i.
Subject :
MYSTICISM.
OH SUNDAY E\ ENINGS:
THE MEANING AND METHOD OF MYSTICISM.
THI UuD-IDEA.
THE CHRIST-IDEA.
THE MAN IDEA.
INTERPRETATIONS.
At T i-.m.
Beats— Numbered and Reserred— 5s„ 3s., 2».
Admission — Is. and Of., end Free.
All applications for Tickets must be accompanied by stamped and
addressed envelop
Apply to the Theoeophical Publishing Society, 161, New Bond
Street. W ; The Theoeophical Society, 19 Tavistock Square. W.c. ;
The Order of the MUr in the East, 290, Regent Street, W. ; or The
Queen's Hall. Laughaui Place, W.
JUNE
17.
4.
n.
14.
Storirtus.
T
HE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
The ANNIVERSARY MKKTIRGoi the SOCIETY I or the election
of President u *c . will !«• held In the THEATRE
BCRI.IM.1-s GARDENS on MONDAY, May 19. at J r w , the
President In the ' hair.
The ASM Al. I'ISS'KR will lie held at the HOTEL M ETROPOLE
WHITEHALL ROOMS, at 7 30 r w for 1 r u
I. A .loll.NsTOl I „„ _ . .
II i, LYONN / Hon. Secretaries.
J S KEI.TIE. SecreUry.
Lowther Lodge, Kensington Gore, S.W.
Il
R
(Esbilritions.
OYAL ACADEMY. SUMMER EXHIBITION
Open 9 a.m. to 7 P.M. ; Thursdays. 9 a.m. to 10 P.H.
Admission Is. Catalogue Is.
SEASON TICKET 5s.
THE REMBRANDT GALLERY.
A Loan Collection of Etchings and Dry Points.
By Mr. MUIRHEAD BONE.
ROBERT DUNTHORNE, 5. Vigo Street. W.
(£ durational.
UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL.
rjiHE
WILLIAM NOBLE FELLOWSHIP.
Value 1501. Tenable for one year. The holder must engage in a
piece of research under the direction of the School of English Litera-
ture at the University. Applications, accompanied by published or
MS. work, and (unless graduates in Arts in the University of Liver-
pool) three names as references, to be forwarded before JUNE 1 to
the Registrar, from whom further particulars may be obtained.
EDWARD CAREY, Registrar.
N
E W N H A M
COLLEGE.
The Trustees of the Mary Ewart Trust Fund invite applications
from past or present members of Newnham College for a
TRAVELLING SCHOLARSHIP of 150!., for purposes of study, to
be awarded in June, 1914.
Applications must be sent, not later than JUNE 10, to MISS
CLOUGH, Newnham College, from whom all particulars can be
obtained.
MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, E.C.— An
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, for Boye
under 14 on June 11, 1914. will be held on JUNE 30 and following
days.-For particulars apply to THE SECRETARY.
s
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY 14 and Following Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
\TADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
i-'-l- Keith House. 133 135, REGENT STREET, W„ English and
Foreign Governesses, Lady Professors, Teachers. Chaperones. Com-
panions, Secretaries. Readers, Introduced for Home and Abroad,
Schools recommended, and prospectuses with full information, gratis
on application (personal or by letter), stating requirements. Office
hours, 10-5 ; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent 3627.
EDUCATION (choice of SCHOOLS and TUTORS
gratis).
PROSPECTUSES of ENGLISH and CONTINENTAL SCHOOLS.
and of ARMY, CIVIL SERVICE, and UNIVERSITY TUTORS.
8ent (free of charge) to Parents on receipt of requirements by
GRIFFITHS, POWELL. SMITH & FAWCETT, School Agents.
(Established 1833.)
34, Bedford Street. Strand. Telephone, 7021 Gerrard.
Situations Vacant.
WANTED. — PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
Applications are in vite.l for the post of PROFE380R OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE in the CENTRAL COLLEGE,
BANGALORE. SOUTHERN INDIA. The candidate selected for
the post will be on probation for three years, at the end of which
period the Government of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore will
be at liberty to terminate the contract. Car>did»tcs should be dis-
tinguished University men who have taken First Clas* Honours in
Classics and made a special study of English Language and Literature,
or tak*-n the, M.A. Degree with First Class Honours in English
Language and Literature in a Scottish or British University. Those
who have in addition received training in Theorv and Practice of
Teaching or have had experience of Professorial Teaching in a Uni-
versity College and are between Ml and 30 years of age will be preferred.
The successful candidate is expected to devote the whole of his time
in training students for the Uuiversity Intermediate, Pass and
Honours B.A. Degree Courses. The pay will be Ri. 500 a month, rising
by annual increments of Rs. r>0 to Rs. 1,000 a month. On confirmation,
leave and pension will be eccordlDg to the Mysore Service Regulations.
The Professor selected will be given a free single First Class passage
to India, also back to England, if the contract is terminated at the
end of the third year of service. Candidates should love educational
work iDWiig nauVee <>f I Ddta and be fond of outdoor games. Applica-
tion*, with onplef <>f testimonial*, will he received by the lnsi>ector-
Qenrral of BdnoaUon In Ifyeore. Bangalore, South India* up to
.JULY l.'. 1914 The Mlactod candidate will be expected to join du»y
as early as j>OBBiblu. M. H1IAMA R*o.
Enipeotor^Oeneial of Education in tfyiore,
April 15, 1'jU. Bangalore, South India.
HU L M K HAL L.
Residential Hostel in connexion with the
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY 01 MAM 'HESTER.
Tbs) Governor* of Hulinc Hull invite applications for the jiost of
Warden lb'- Warden most ba a member of the ihui.li <■<
England. DOt D*0*SS*rill 1" 1 1 • • 1 >' lildei-. and a Graduate of a
UnlVerMt) nit),.- United Kingdom. He will boraqulred to i
and begin his dntls* on OctobsT 1 next. Tbo oommenctDg stipend >«
4001 a jear. with )x>ard and DOOM f"r the Warden and bis family.
Applications, staling aire and wbeth'T married, an-! ■ ■•! 'v
not Dior* than t ),!>■•■ teatimonlala ai<d throe rwfOTODI M, should bi nrot
bsfor* .M'Ns '. to the i lark si B, John Daltoo Btraat, Manchester,
CrOB whom further particulars may bi obtained if <i>
listed this j-lh ,l.i> of April
HTAiT"KI) 1 AYLOK. Clerk to the Governors.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
THE ATHENAEUM is published on
FRIDAY MORNING at 8.30.
H
OME SCIENCE DEPARTMENT,
KINGS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
UNIVERSITY OP LONDON.
Applications are invited for the post of LE TURER IN PHYSICS.
The pt'St is for part time only, and is open to Men and Women. The-
Lecturer will be required in OCTOBER. 1914,
Applications, accompanied by not more than three testimonials or
references, Bhould he sent to THE SECRETARY, Home Science
Department. King's College for Women, Kensington Square, W., by
SATURDAY, May 23, from whom further particulars can be
obtained. .
HULL MUNICIPAL TRAINING COLLEGE
FOR MEN AND WOMEN.
REQUIRED, to take up duties about the beginning of SEPTEMBER
next, a LECTURER (Woman) in Botany. Nature Study, and Geo-
graphy; and a LECTURER (Man) in Mathematics and Method.
Other combinations and subjects may be considered.
Further particulars and application forms (to be returned not later
than MAY 30) may be obtained from
IVOR B. JOHN, M.A., Principal
BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.)
Regent's Park, N.W.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.
In consequence of the appointment of Mr T. L. Wren to lecture at
St. John's College. Cambridge, the Council will shortly proceed to
appoint an ASSISTANT LECTURER in the DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS.
The salary offered is 105!. a year, rising to 2001., non-resident. The
appointment is open to Men and Womeu equally.
Six printed or typed copies of applications, and of not more than
three recent testimonials, Bhould be sent not later than TUESDAY.
June 2, to the undersigned, from whom further particulars may be
obtained.
(Signed) ETHEL T. M. KNIGHT. Secretary of Council.
C
OUNTY OF LONDON.
The London County Council invite s applications for the position of
DISTRICT INSPECTOR in the Education Officer's Department.
Salary 400!. a year, rising by annual increments of '.»(. to 6001. a year.
The person appoints d will be r-quiied to give his whole time to the
duties of his Office, consisting of the icspeclion of Public Elementary
Schools, Evening Institutes, and other Educational Institutions, and
to the performance of such other duties as may be entrufittd to him.
The Inspector will be required to devote part of bis time to Physical
Education, and must, therefore, possess special qualifications for that
work. Women are eligible for this apiiointment Officials of the
Council are not precluded from spplying.
Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope
to the EDUCATION OFFICER. London County Council. Education
Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.t'., to whom they must be returned
by 11 am on MONDAY. May 25. 1914. Eveiy communication must
be marked " Inspectorship " on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify for
appointment.
LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices. Victoria Embankment, W.C.
J" EICESTER
MUNICIPAL
ART.
SCHOOL OF
WANTED, for SEPTEMBER 1. an INSTRUCTOR to teach
Architectural Design, History of Architecture, Building Construction,
and Furniture Design.
Candidates must be either Fellows or Associates of the Royal
Institute of British Architects. Practical knowledge of a Building
Craft would be a nc mmendation.
Commencing salary -200i. per annum.
Applications must be made on printed forms obtainable from the
Secretary, and be returned to him not later I ban M « V -Ji.
T. GROVES. Secretary.
GROVE PARK COUNTY SCHOOL,
WREXHAM.
A SENIOR MATHEMATICAL MASTER is REQUIRED, to take
up duties In SEPTEMBER
Honours degree and experience in teaching eesentlil.
Salary 1801.. rising by annual Increment! <>' i"' to -"Ji/.
Applications, stating nge. qualiili itlons, .'.- . together with testi-
monials, to be sent to Til E H KAli M A ST ER l>cfore M A Y 31.
SOUTHLANDS TRAINING COLLEGE,
liATTI'lt-KA.
Applicatloni are Invited for tha poaj o! reaidenl vihtkkss nf
METHOD, to enter upon dut» in BBPTEMBIOH nasi Hilary UM .
rlsinn to a maximum ot 2001 In annu il lm re nt- of ml For par
tlculan and form <>f application, apply TEU MMKETAin.
lli.inf.-rry Boad, Wertmlniter, s.w
ASWKSTRV PUBLIC LIBRARY.
The Oswestry Public I.lbrsn Committal require th» services of a
I IBRARIAH AM> OARBTABI B OR Ml -KIM J-.biry 10)
annum appolDtmi nl fr..n, .U'l.Y I, 101 1 A schedule ol dutlai, 4r .
end form "' application oan be obte I from the undersigned
Women an Ineligible i"i tbe appointment ' ani mall I 'be Members
,,! tbe Committee will dlequallf] an ippllcanl Appllaatlone, »nb
Limoniali and tbe name ol one person i" abom
,, r. ,, ,,. . i ,i, be in "le ii, um be in the bands ol tbe uudei
,.i before WRDNBHDAY, ««j ".:". 1014. Bnrelopai lonuiiilnK sppli
cations must be marked " Librarian."
i, v. | Ml III NGTt'N. Soli, it- r. Secretary to the Committee.
18. Arthur Street, Oswtitry.
642
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
WANTED in SEPTEMBER, for ten months,
ORGANIZING SECRETARY fjr the MANCHESTER,
SALFOKD anil DIBTKIOT WOMEN'S TRADES UNION COUNCIL.
Salary lot to WOl per an. .vim. according to experience.— Apply, with
testimonials (copies), before MAY 18, to Mrs. ALDRIDGE, 9, Albert
Square, Manchester.
WANTED, expert LADY STENOGRAPHER-
TYPIST, with Journalistic experience. A knowledge of
languages an advantage.— Apply (letter only) to THE EDITOR,
gardener)' Chronicle, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.
C
I V I L SERVICE COMMISSION.
FORTHCOMING EX AMINATION. -JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS
in certain Departments (18 -19|), MAY 28.
Ths date specified is the latest at which applications can be
received. They must be made on forms to be obtained, with par-
ticulars, from THE SECRETARY, Civil Service Commission,
Burlington Gardens, London, W.
MiudlBmonz.
LATIN AND MODERN LANGUAGES
(Spanish and Italian) for SPEAKING and EXAMS.-F.
T A VAN I, 172, Portsdown Road, W.
WANTED, a GENTLEMAN accustomed to
Fead and Revise for Publishers Scientific, Philosophical, and
Theological Works— Address Box 2053. Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's
Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
/GEOGRAPHY.— A Fellow of the Royal Geo-
" JC graphical Sooiety and Member of the Geogriphical Association,
experienced in teaching the subjsct on Modern Lines. COACHES
FOR EXAMINATIONS or visits Schools, in or near London, for
1 .ectures and Classes.— Apply Box 2052. Atheuteum Press, 11, Bream's
Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
A WELL-KNOWN PUBLISHING HOUSE
CX. REQUIRES PARTNER. One with ideas and practical know-
ledge of the business and some capital.- Write YHLDOG. Box 2055,
Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
M
ANORIAL RECORDS.— Mr. NATHANIEL
J HONE, Author of the Manor and Manorial Pecords.
UNDERTAKES the TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION of
COURT ROLLS andoth»r documents. Materials supplied for Family
and Local History— Address 137, Hartswcod Boad, W.
ADVERTISER, representing important Pub-
lishing Firms— Midland. North, Scotch, and Irish journeys —
•eiuld give profitable representation to one other firm of high standing.
commission and pirt expenses.-Rox 2051, Athenaeum Press, 11,
Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum and elsewhere on moderate terms. Excellent
testimonials. Typewriting— A. B., Box 1062. Athenaeum Press,
41, Bream's Buildings. Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
RESEARCH undertaken at the BRITISH
MUSEUM. Experience. Testimonials.-N. M., B>x 2051.
Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
A UTHORS' MSS. Criticized, Revised, and
XI. Prepared for Press. Type-writing at moderate rates by skilled
und educated Operators. Promptness, neatness, and accuracy
guaranteed.— C. M. DUNCAN, Grasmere, Grasmere Road, Purley,
Surrey.
T7ERY QUIET, bright UPPER PART of
V PRIVATE HOUSE arranged as Flat. 5 rooms, bath, every
convenience ; comfortably furnished. 1 mio. Tube and District. No
children. 30s to 35s weekly. — B., Box 2046. Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
MX) SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
L ROOMS of the ART-WORKERS' GUILD, recently built, are to
be let for Meetings, Concerts, and Exhibitions.— Apply to SECRE-
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Qieen Square, Bloomsbury.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BEST MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK & SON, Ltd.. Medallists to H.M. the King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, London, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
©npt-Mrittng, &c.
WPE- WRITING, SHORTHAND, and all
l SECRETARIAL WORK-Mrs. WALKER, 113, Elm Park
Mansions, Chelsea. Telephone : 512S Ken. Hours : 10-1 and 2-5
Saturdays excepted. Apply Price List.
TYPE-WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
ate (Classical Tripos. Girton College. Cambridge: Intermediate
Arts. London). Research, Revision, Shorthand. -CAMBRIDGE
TYPE-WRITING OFFICE, 5, DUKE STREET, ADELPHI, WC
Telephone : 2308 City.
MSS. OF ALL KINDS, 9d. per 1,000 words.
Carbon Copies, 3d. References to well known Authors Oxford
Higher Local.— M. KING, 24, Forest Road, Kew Gardens, S.W.
A UTHORS' MSS. and TYPE-WRITING of
XA_ every description accuntely and promptly executed. Short-
hand Typists provided. Meeting), Lectures, Sermons reported.—
METROPOLITAN TYPING OFFICE, 27, Chancery Lane. Tel.
Central 1565.
HPYPING at home desired by well-educated,
l qualified Lady. Excellent refs. From Sd. 1.000 words. French,
German copied.— E., 10, ( herington Road, Hanwell, W.
A UTHORS' MSS. , NOVELS, STORIES.PL A YS,
il ESSAY8 TYPE-WRITTEN with complete accuracy, 9d. per
1.000 words. Clear Carbon Copies guaranteed. References to well-
known Writers.— M. 8TUART, Allendale, Kymberley Road, Harrow.
>a!Us tin Jluction.
The SECOND PORTION of the Collection of Coins of
the late JO UN DUD MAN, Esq.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House. No. 13, Wellington
Street, strand, W.C, on MONDAY, May 11. and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, SECOND PORTION of the COLLECTION of
COINS of the late JOHN DUDMAN, Esq., 25, The Grange Drive,
Winchmore Hill, N. (sold by Order of the Executors).
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
THE J. E. HODGKIN COLLECTIONS.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand. W.C, on TUESDAY, May 12. and Three Following
Days, and on MONDAY, May 18, and Following Day. at 1 o'clock
precisely, the Valuable LIBRARY formed by the late JOHN ELIOT
HODGKIN, F.S.A. F.R.Hist Soc. (sold by Order of the Executors).
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies, containing 8 Plates, price 2s. Sd. each.
M
ESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St. James's
Square :—
On MONDAY, May 11, at 1 o'clock precisely,
Fine OLD PRINTS IN COLOURS.
On TUESDAY, May 12, and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, the COLLECTION of English, Continental, and
Oriental PORCELAIN, the Property of W. A. L. FLETCHER, Esq ,
D.S.O.
On WEDNESDAY, May 13, at about 2 o'clock
(after the Sale of the Collection of W. A. L. Fletcher, Esq., D.8.O.),
PORCELAIN and DECORATIVE FURNITURE, the Property of a
NOBLEMAN, and from various sources.
On Thursday, May 14, at 1 o'clock precisely,
GEORGIAN SILVER PLATE, being a PORTION of the COUTTS
HEIRLOOMS.
On FRIDAY, May 15, at 1 o'clock precisely,
PICTURES by OLD MASTERS, the Property of W. A. L. FLET-
CHER, Esq., D.S.O., and others.
On MONDAY, May 18, and Two Following
Days, and MONDAY, May 25, and Two Following Days, at 1 o'clock
precisely, the Important COLLECTION of EARLY ITALIAN
WORKS OF ART, of M. MAX LYON, of Paris.
Miscellaneous Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
TUESDAY, May 12 and Following Day, at 1 o'clock, MISCEL-
LANEOUS BOOK?, includii.g the Property of the late LADY
GROVE (removed from Sydenham), by order of the Executors, com-
prising Tennyson's Poems by Two Brothers, First Edition, and
FitzQerald's Omar Khayyam. Second Edition, both in the original
wrappers -First Editions of Victoiian Poets, &c , some presentation
copies— Cambridge Shakespeare, 9 vols., and other Library Editions
of Standard Works — Cooke's Fungi, 8 vols. — Books of Travel in
America and Works relating to the Revolution— also a Collection of
Music, comprising early Folio Scores by Handel, Corelli, Haydn,
Mozart, &c. bound by De Coverly, and a few Oil Portraits of
Musicians— Two Etchings by Seymour Haden— Mezzotint Portraits,
Engravings, &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Bare Books— a Choice Collection of Fine Modem Books, &c
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115 thancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, May 20, and Two Following Days, A LIBRARY
FORMED DURING THE EARLY PART OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY (the Property of a LADY), comprising Saxton's English
Atlas, Coloured Maps, 1573 — Folio Architectural and Antiquarian
Books— Bacon's Works, by Montagu, 17 vols — 8ets of Spenser, Shake-
speare. Pope, Congreve, and Addison (Baskerville Editions), Defoe,
Sterne, &c — Court Memoirs -Books on Napoleon, &c, the whole in
fine condition, mostly in calf or morocco bindings; also A CHOICE
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LITERATURE
XAPOLEOX AT ELBA.
Mr. Norwood Young's work on ' Napoleon
in Exile : Elba (1814-1815),' deals with
events which happened between the entry
of the Allies into Paris on March 31st,
1814, and the return from Elba on March
1st, 1815 ; and the author, in offering
the customary excuses for a new book,
explains that in his opinion the Elban
episode has not received the attention it
deserves. He has been allowed to use
some unpublished material collected by
the late Earl of Crawford, and he has
evidently obtained all the information
that could be got at Elba and Leghorn.
The result is a book closely packed with
is. They are trustworthy, but there
tot much that is new and, at the same
time, important. No work with Xapoleon
it- chief character is likely to be dull,
but Mr. Xorwood Young has not suc-
led in compiling a history that is
lively, though Mr. Rudolf Pickthall has
ently shown in ' The Comic Kingdom '
• humorous Bide of Napoleon in Elba.
None the less, we look forward with
■ n -t to the two volumes on St. Helena
which .Mr. Toting promises for the cen-
tenary of Waterloo.
The author's view is that during; the
fighting which took place immediately
before the Allies < ntered Pari- in 181 I
when it had become known to all the
world that the end was near, Napoleon
Nat i;ihn [1814 I'll.. B
Norwood Young. (81 Paul A < •>.
1/. Is. net.)
still assumed that *' it was ordained by
fate that he should emerge triumphant " ;
and Mr. Young argues that Xapoleon
never faced the situation, that he believed
no combination of Powers against him
could succeed : —
" The mere thought. .. .was an impiety.
The general Vulgar belief that lie was a god,
an instrument of destiny, had entered into
his Own brain."
It is from this standpoint that Napoleon
is viewed in the days immediately before
Elba and during his stay in that island.
Mr. Young retells the journey of the
fallen Emperor from Fontainebleau to
the coast, and he describes, in well-chosen
words, the hostile attitude of the crowds
and the fears of Xapoleon that he would
be murdered. The shouts of the threaten-
ing mob, the appearance of the disguised
Emperor, the discomforts of the flight —
all these things are set forth as well as
possible. One naturally thinks of the
triumphant return in March of the follow-
ing year, and it is difficult to realize the
almost miraculous change which occurred
in the space of a few months.
As soon as the Emperor was settled
in Elba, he showed his anxiety to obtain
news from France, and from time to time
there are notes of his exultation on hearing
that the Bourbons were not popular. He
had from the first an expectation of return
to power, and the only reports which
reached him from Paris were of a nature
well calculated to give him hope. Sir
Xeil Campbell was at Elba as " British
Resident " ; but he had no duties and
no powers, and wras, as Mr. Young puts
it, really a spy. Campbell was no match
for the Emperor, and, if he was not always
deceived, he, at any rate, played his cards
as though he were. Xapoleon had at his
orders the Inconstant, a war brig of 300
tons, and he sent that vessel on several
trips, ostensibly for cows, sheep, books,
and other things. Everybody except
Campbell had a pretty shrewrd suspicion
that the real object was to take emissaries
from Xapoleon to people with whom
he was in correspondence. But as late
as Xovember 12th, 1814, Campbell was
reporting to the British Government that,
if money matters were made smooth.
Xapoleon *' will pass the rest of his life "
in Elba " in tranquillity."
With these questions of finance Mr.
Young has dealt at length — indeed, at
inordinate length ; but the detailed ac-
counts of receipts and payments at Elba
which he reproduces bear him out when
he says that there was no very real
anxiety about finance, and that Xapoleon
knew this, and said bo himself afterwards
at St. Helena. Had he stayed in Elba,
Xapoleon would, it is true, soon have
been practically bankrupt ; but the short
DOSS of cash in some ways helped him in
the great business he had on hand.
Louis XVIII. had confiscated the Bona-
parte property in Prance, and had pled
him8elf to the Allies to pay certain sums
to Xapoleon and his family. He found
it convenienl to break his promise, and,
when reminded of it by Castlereagh, only
said that he would do something. Talley-
rand, for once, was more frank ; and, when
the Tsar complained that the French
were breaking their treaty obligations,
Talleyrand replied that there might be
" danger in furnishing the means of intrigue
to the persons \\ ho must be supposed to have
tendencies in that, direction."
The Allies clearly broke their treaty.
They broke it with regard to the pro-
perty of the Bonaparte family in France ;
they did not pay the pensions which were
owing ; they did not bestow the princi-
palities promised to Napoleon's son, and
they broke their pledges about the Empress
and her child. They conveniently forgot
the clause which secured to Bonaparte
the inviolability of Elba ; and when
Mr. Young considers these matters he
describes the action of Louis XVIII. as
" an attack upon Napoleon, and an act > f
war. He [Napoleon] was legally and morally
free to accept the challenge and to make
war on France in return."
Such dealings added to the unpopu-
larity of the new King and made French-
men sympathize with their fallen Emperor.
But Campbell did not appreciate the
position. He continued to report to his
Government that, if Xapoleon escaped,
it would be to land in Italy and raise
trouble there; and, when the time came,
Campbell was easily induced to be out
of the way at the moment when Xaj)oleon
meant to leave.
There are many little things of interest
in Mr. Young's book. There is, inci-
dentally, a capital account of the island
of Elba — an island even now rarely
visited by tourists, for whom its stormy
seas have apparently as little attraction
now as a hundred years ago. There is
a good description of Napoleon's arrival
in the island, and it is shown that when
he landed nothing had been prepared for
him. He had to lodge at the Town Hall,
but immediately set to wrork to find more
suitable residences. On his second day
in the island
" he was up at 4 A.M He told Pons that
he had many proofs that the dawn was the
time when the brain was most keen and
precise. Another advantage of early rising
was that it enabled him to escape the crowds.
He went ou foot for several hours beforu
breakfast, inspecting the forts and maga-
zines."
Mr. Young, perhaps, attaches too much
importance to the Memoirs of Pons. It
is true that at St. Helena Xapoleon said
that Pons alone knew the truth about his
plans, and that neither Bertrand nor
Drouol was in the secret of the return
from Elba. Hut. all the same, it is not
possible to believe implicitly in Pons, a
man too ready to swallow any stupid
tale. In his book Pons wrote as though
he considered Xapoleon to be a tender-
hearted man. essentially religious. But
he was writing with a purpose, and
did not always desire to -tale the truth :
and Campbell's reports gave an account
which should make any historian a little
shy of I'ons.
At the end of the book 18 a chapter on
' Iconography and other Side lights.' by
646
THE ATHEN^llM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
Mr. A. M. Broadley ; and one great charm
of Mr. Young's work is that it contains
hfty-one excellent illustrations, well repro-
duced from pictures and engravings in
the possession of Mr. Broadley. We have
noted a few misprints in names which
should be corrected in a new edition.
TWO POSTHUMOUS BOOKS.
The sudden death of Dr .Wylie immediately
after the publication of the first volume
of his ' Reign of Henry the Fifth ' will
be felt as a great loss by all students
who are acquainted with his work. Six-
teen years ago he completed his ' Reign
of Henry IV.' in four large volumes ;
and it may be hoped that he has left
material for at least another volume of
the work under notice. The amount of
reading and research revealed in the
notes to this volume can only be described
as stupendous ; yet the author shows by
his enthusiasm for his subject that to be
discursive is not necessarily to be dull.
But the question inevitably arises
whether it is possible for an historian to
be too well equipped for his task. Dr.
Wylie has accumulated a mass of mate-
rial so large that a lesser man would have
been completely " snowed under " by
it ; yet his methodical habit of mind has
enabled him to marshal it clearly and in
perfect order, though some details of his
arrangement may seem open to criticism.
We own to an opinion that the amount
of illustrative matter in the notes is
altogether excessive, and that it would
have been better to confine this depart-
ment rigidly to the citation of authorities.
But such a rule would have entailed the
suppression of a vast store of curious and
miscellaneous information — mostly un-
published— which has its value, though
in a history of a definite period much of
it seems out of place. Dr. Wylie's
method may be called microscopic : he
does not despise the veriest minutiae
of history ; and he cannot mention the
most insignificant individual without an
array of references, mostly from docu-
mentary sources, even to his private and
domestic affairs. Thus his history re-
sembles a map of some country on a
scale so prodigious that every bypath
finds accurate record, and even every tree.
The achievement of such a feat by a
single writer necessarily involves some
sacrifice of proportion, as one man's
vision is limited. In most of the arts
ancillary to " the fine art " of history he
is a master ; but in one that is highly
important — " the art of omitting" — he
is gravely deficient.
In nearly every chapter there is much,
not only in the notes, but also in the text,
which a more selective writer would have
The Reign of Henry the Fifth. — Vol. I.
1413-1415. By James Hamilton Wylie.
(Cambridge University Press, U. 5s. net.)
Customary Acres and their Historical Im-
portance: being a Series of Unfinished
Essays. By the late Frederic Seebohm.
(Longmans & Co., 12*. 6d. net.)
rejected as foreign to his purpose. For
instance, in the chapter on Ireland there
are details, most interesting and sug-
gestive, of two visits by foreigners to the
" Purgatory " called St. Patrick's Hole
on Lough Derg ; but neither of them
belongs to Dr. Wylie's period, the first
visit having been paid under Richard II.,
the second under Henry IV. In the
delightful chapter on the two religious
houses founded by Henry V. at Sheen and
Twickenham our historian is not satis-
fied with giving all particulars of the two
foundations. He must also relate all the
subsequent vicissitudes of the site at
Sheen, including the villa of Sir William
Temple, with notices of those more famous
inmates of his household, Swift and
Stella ; he gives, too, the later fortunes
of the community on the other side of the
river, both abroad and at home, down to
the present day. In his general narrative
Dr. Wylie evidently revels in episodes —
such as that of the astrologer Fusoris —
which certainly help to brighten his pages,
though they distract attention from the
main lines of his subject. As to the notes,
we should have advised the reader, at
a first reading, to skip them altogether,
if it were not that our author's fondness
for obsolete words — which even there are
not always explained — would then make
some of the text unintelligible.
But the book is a mine of information
on the social life of the time ; it deserves
not a mere cursory reading, but serious
and sustained study. Probably no his-
torian has made more fruitful use of
manuscript sources which are as yet un-
calendared ; while the author's work is as
remarkable for sound judgment as it is for
painstaking accuracy. He is as intimately
acquainted with foreign history as with
English ; and it is a necessary part of his
plan to give a graphic picture of the in-
ternal disorders of France before the
English invasion. He alludes only inci-
dentally to the Council of Constance, the
chief European incident of these two event-
ful years — perhaps because he had already
treated it at length in his Ford Lectures
at Oxford. But he has given us the full
story of the long and tortuous negotiations
with France, Avhich seem to have been
conducted, at least on the English side,
with no other object than to gain time.
The present volume takes us down to
the date of the final rupture, when Henry
sailed for Harfleur in July, 1415. The
character of the king, as drawn by Wylie,
is very much on familiar lines. But he
lays great stress on his " conversion," to
which he devotes a whole chapter. His
conclusion, after a careful survey of the
evidence, is that " the new king did really
turn away from his former self and from
the wild-headed promise of his greener
days," and that recent research tends to
establish even the Shakespearian story
of his robbing his own retainers when
Prince of Wales. But his conduct of the
French negotiations reveals a darker side
of his royal character scarcely noticed
by his clerical eulogists. Wylie describes
his simultaneous offers to Burgundy a3
" not merely steeped in prevarication and
duplicity, but charged with downright,
hard, official lies." In his dealing with
the Lollard rising of 1414 he showed great,
nerve at a critical moment ; but his new-
found piety made him leave the proceed-
ings against these fanatics too exclusively
to the bishops. Wylie takes a generous
view of the Lollards ; he emphasizes the-
fact that Sir John Oldcastle was " no
mere pestilent demagogue " plotting " to
pull down Church and throne " ; the
charges against him plainly show that
he was a sufferer for conscience' sake.
A statute of the Leicester Parliament
in 1414 respecting hospitals, or " Gods-
houses," gives occasion to a most learned
chapter on these institutions, in which
minute details are given of the Hotel
Dieu at Paris as typical of the rest.
A defect of this volume is that there is.
no list of authorities, and this is the more
unfortunate as Wylie's practice in the
notes is to refer to them merely by the
name of the author, Avithout specifying
the work. Perhaps this omission was to
have been remedied in a later A'olume -r
at any rate, the notes refer frequently to
appendixes which are not yet printed.
We sincerely hope that a further instal-
ment of the work may be practicable in
Avhich these will appear.
Any work of Frederic Seebohm com-
mands our respectful attention, and in the
highest degree the last of the series of
which ' The English Village Community *
Avas the first, for ' Customary Acres and
their Historical Importance,' a collection
of unfinished essays, represents the final
labours of one who has left a permanent
mark upon the study of economic history.
There must nearly always remain doubts as
to the wisdom of publishing a posthumous
and uncompleted book, and in this case it is
obvious that the author's purpose changed
Avith the progress of his inquiry, and time
was not given to him to remodel his work ;
but on the Avhole we believe that his
son is justified in placing these studies-
— incomplete and uneven as they are —
" within reach of any student of History
whose purpose they may serve."
Seebohm Avas evidently attracted by
the likenesses and differences in the
Ararious measures of land, both superficial
and linear, Avhich Avere found in these
islands in the mediaeval period, and in
part survived until comparatiA*ely recent
times. He believed, as Ave gather, that
an examination of such eA'idence as i»
available might lead to a fuller under-
standing of the history of agriculture and
agricultural organization ; that an inquiry
into the differing miles and differing acres
and their distribution over the country —
an inquiry which should extend to a
comparison of British land measures with
those of Northern France and the Medi-
terranean basin as a Avhole — might enable
us to penetrate to some extent the gloom
that envelopes the early economic history
of this country and Europe generally.
As he proceeded in the task he had set
himself, Seebohm appears to have been
led to the belief that " customary acres '"'
No. 4515, May 9, 1014
THE ATHENJEUM
047
— acres, that is. which differ in dimension
from the statute arre. and have had local
rec ignition from a remote period — were
the important element in his inquiry ;
that, in the words oi his introductory
chapter,
•• it may be possible with more or less success
to follow them [customary acres] back to
the central home from which the Celtic
n-ibcs or possibly earlier immigrants wan-
dered into the western extremities of Europe,
bringing with them as a part of their racial
possession whatever of civilisation they had
already attained to, whether derived from a
still earlier home, or gathered, since their
- •lenient in Central Europe, from the
cultural methods of the great corn-
wing regions of the nearer or farther
St."
But, as we have said, the author's
purpose changed while the work was
under his hand : the first two essays in
this volume were evidently written before
he conceived the thesis which is outlined
in his Introduction, and it is at times
difficult to trace a continuous and binding
idea linking in any very intimate connexion
the various sections of which the book is
composed. We have presented to us a
rather bewildering mass of evidence tracing
relations between the various linear and
superficial measures in use in modern and
ancient times, not only in these islands,
but also in France. Germany, Italy, the
Danube Valley, the Baltic region, in
Homeric Greece and ancient Egypt, in
Magna Graecia, in Spain ; but we get no
conclusion — nothing more than hints of
possible hypotheses. Of set purpose the
likenesses alone are put before us, and
we may use the evidence as we will.
" Had he [Seebohm] lived to go on with
this work, its final form would have been
very different.'' says the Preface; and
criticism is disarmed. We cannot pre-
tend that the book ranks with others of
the author's : some sections remain mere
groups of notes, and would have lost
nothing and gained in clearness by being
put into tabular form ; and only now and
in do we come across chapters that
would not in all probability have been
ttly altered or recast had the work of
final revision been possible. The first
>y — which seeks to trace a connexion
between the hide and the Celtic units of
tribute and food-rent — appears to us the
best in the volume ; and the brief essa)
which follows, a single chapter upon ' The
Old Britisli Mile,9 is attractively written
and suggestive; but no reader will find
the book easy to master, although a large
number of ingenious diagrams should be
a help to the understanding of the relations
between the many apparently independent
units of measurement examined in the
course of the inquiry.
We have already expressed our opinion
that the author's son was justified in
ing to the world these anfinished
lies " ju-t ;i- they are " ; and if we
have any criticism of his editing to make.
it is this, that when-, at i^ lather fre-
quently the case, precise references I i
authorities are wanting, they might have
i supplied.
THE ANCIENT EAST.
The title of Mr. Bates's essay 'The
Eastern Libyans' will be attractive to
the scholar. The Libyans in ancient
times played an important part in history,
and it looks as if their activity in this
respect were by no means exhausted.
When we first hear of them they were
wandering over the great desert which
forms the western flank of the Nile Valley,
whence they raided the cultivable belt in
much the same way as the Scottish High-
landers did the Lowlands ; and they seem
from the earliest times to have formed
settlements of their own in the midst of
their unwarlike neighbours. Nomadic in
their habits, and fighting men above all,
they made more than one organized attack
upon Egypt, and gradually became the
backbone of the mercenary army which
the Pharaohs of the New Empire formed
for the defence of their throne. Like mer-
cenaries in all ages, they soon began to
covet the position of their paymasters,
and when Egypt sank so low under the
rule of the feeble Ramessides as to be a
negligible quantity in Oriental politics,
they raised their leader, Sheshonq (the
Shishak of the Bible), to the throne. He
gave the Xear East an Egyptian master
for well-nigh the last time, and his conquest
of Jerusalem split the newly founded
Hebrew kingdom in two. When the Per-
sians took possession of Egypt the Libyan
soldiers formed their only dangerous
opponents, and not long after their sub-
jugation we hear of them furnishing,
after their manner, a large contingent
to the huge army of Xerxes. In the West
they repeated, in the countries which are
now Tripoli, Algeria, and Morocco, the
part acted by them in the Nile Valley ;
and it was to the valour of the Libyan
mercenaries, as Mr. Bates reminds us, that
Livy attributed the Carthaginian victory
at Cannae. Xor is the end yet. The
" Arabs " who are still opposing the
Italian conquest of the ancient kingdom
of Cyrene are the direct descendants of
those fair-haired Libyans who gave such
trouble to the sedentary Egyptians, and
it remains to be seen how modern Italy
will imitate her Roman ancestress in
bringing them under the yoke of European
civilization.
This people have, therefore, plenty of
interest for the student of modern times
as well as the archaeologist ; yet it is
astonishing how little is known about
them. Dr. Randall Macfver and the late
Anthony Wilkin did something to lighten
OUT darkness in their "Libyan .Votes';
and now Mr. Bates, a young American
scholar who has been working for many
years with Dr. I'eisner. has collected into
a fairly large quarto volume all. or nearly
all, that has been said about them by
those ancient and modern authors whose
writings will stand the test of criticism.
'l'li> Eastern Libyans: <<" Essay. By Oric
I : ■ . (M n illan <v I !o., -'. -■••. net.)
"Hebrew ">"/ Babylonian Traditions. By
Morris Jaetrow. "The Haskell Lectures.
(Fisher Unwin, Ids. (>>/. net.)
He is extremely well fitted for the task,
having studied the North Central African
races on the spot, besides having been lor
some time engaged in the Archaeological
Survey of Nubia, where the remains of
Libyan settlements are plentiful ; yet
even he is obliged to confess that the
origin of the Libyans is a problem still
unsolved. He gives many excellent
reasons for supposing that they were not
indigenous to Africa, but were themselves
invaders of " Nordic " blood, being per-
haps an overflow from a southward rush
of Europeans driven from their own
fatherland, like the Varangians of the
Middle Ages.
This is, it should be noted, mainly
conjecture. All that can be said with
certainty is that the Libyan race seem to
have extended from the Mediterranean to
the deserts north of the Sudan, and from
the Xile Valley to the Gulf of Gabes in
the French Protectorate of Tunis. On
the eastern part of this huge area the
thinness and sparseness of the population
probably kept their blood fairly pure.
In the western part they were so inter-
mingled with the Berbers that it is impos-
sible to separate them. We may, if we
like, declare that the Libyans are " proto-
Berbers " ; and it is certainly true, as
Mr. Bates points out, that Berber or proto-
Berber was the language of the whole of
Xorth Africa from the earliest times, and
that a Berber element is to be found even
in Egyptian. Yet this hardly takes us
further. Language, it is now generally
recognized, is no certain test of race ; and
Berber is neither Semitic, nor Mongoloid,
nor Aryan in its affinities. We can only
say with Mr. Bates that its origin is
unknown.
The Egyptian monuments, however,
which supply representations of the
Eastern Libyans — Mr. Bates seems to
use this adjective to distinguish those of
whom he writes from their kinsmen in
Morocco and on the Atlantic seaboard —
over a period of nearly two millennia, do
indicate racial characteristics which afford
us some sort of a clue. The Libyan
during the whole of this long period is
invariably portrayed as wearing feathers
in his hair and a peculiar loincloth or
girdle which takes the form of a puden-
dal sheath. The feathers, which appear
to be ostrich plumes like those worn
by the modern coster -girl, perhaps
mean nothing more than that their
wearers of choice frequented those lati-
tudes where the ostrich is to be found;
bill the sheath is also represented on a
few Cretan monuments, and is worn at
the present day by tribes on the Upper
Nile, such as the Dinkas and Shilhiks ;
by the inhabitants of German Togoland,
by the natives of New Caledonia and New
Guinea, and in a modified form by the
Zulus. Its only possible use is the pro-
tection of the wearer when making his
way through thorny bush or jungle, and
it therefore su<_rL'e--ts (|i;,t £ne Libyans,
before invading Egypt, dwelt in some
country having a more abundant vegeta-
tion than the sandy desert. Mr. Bates does
not. perhaps, make sufficient reference
648
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
to the fact that the carved slate plaques,
sometimes but wrongly called " palettes,"
which form the earliest historical records
of ancient Egypt, show the Pharaohs of
the earliest dynasties trampling on a race
thus clad ; but this is the only fault that
we can find with Avhat he says on the
subject.
The other Libyan characteristics which
he gives us are interesting, but do not
belong to the race exclusively. As he
says, the Libyan seems to have been
always one of the healthiest of mankind,
and "both Herodotus and Sallust bear
witness to the fact that disease, and
especially epidemic disease, seems to pass
him by. No Libyan inscriptions, says
Mr. Bates, are of earlier date than the
fourth century B.C. ; and these, contrary
to the usage of any other script, read
from below upward, and in almost every
direction other than that they might
have been expected to take. He gives
many instances of these characters, which
are for the most part rock-cut, and corrects
the readings of explorers not so well
informed as himself. He thinks it pos-
sible that the Libyans at an early stage
were matriarchal, which may possibly
be explained by the relative paucity of
women often found among nomads. Hos-
pitality was with them one of the most
important points of religion, and he
thinks that they worshipped their an-
cestors to an extent unknown among other
nations. The names of the Libyan gods
which he supplies, including " Ash " and
" Sinifere," seem rather unconvincing,
and the latter looks perilously like a cor-
ruption of the name of the Pharaoh of the
Fourth Dynasty called " Seneferu." Mr.
Bates duly calls attention to the fact that
the so-styled Ammon of the Oasis whose
oracle Alexander the Great consulted
was sometimes represented as a lump of
stone, in which he would see the " Tikanu "
or human sacrifice of the early Egyptians
wrapped in a skin. He shows, too, that
Neith of Sais, Avho has for long been
thought a Libyan goddess, can be fairly
identified with the Athena of those Au-
surians whom readers of Kingsley's ' Hy-
patia ' will remember as the terror of
the Pentapolis in the time of Synesius.
The Libyans, unlike the Egyptians, were
never circumcised.
Mr. Bates is always fair to his pre-
decessors, and provides at the end of
his book a bibliography, in which he
quotes with fine impartiality the works of
Renouf, Sir Gaston Maspero, and Dr.
Naville along with those of Dr. Erman
and Dr. Eduard Meyer. He accepts the
chronology of the last-named, apparently
out of loyalty to his fellow-countryman
Dr. Breasted, for whose learning he ex-
presses great and deserved admiration.
But he will have nothing to do with the
Pan-Semitism of the Berlin School which
would make Berber, together with Bi-
sharin, Bega, and other quasi -Egyptian
dialects, of Arabian extraction. His book
is written in excellent English, words here
and there like " mensual " and "rock-
glyphs " alone betraying a transatlantic
writer. It is also excellently illustrated
with about a dozen fine plates, besides
many figures in the text ; while a capital
map of North Africa in the cover, and
many others in the body of the work,
should be of great use to the reader.
We congratulate Mr. Bates on having
produced an admirable book, which will,
if we mistake not, for some time be the
classic on its subject.
Dr. Jastrow's new work on ' Hebrew
and Babylonian Traditions ' deserves a
particularly warm welcome from wide
circles of readers. Biblical archaeologists
have hitherto dwelt chiefly, and at times
even exclusively, on the close affinity
that undoubtedly exists between the
early Hebrew records and the Assyro-
Babylonian inscriptions ; but the special
characteristic of the series of lectures
which, "in an entirely revised and con-
siderably enlarged form," now lie before
us consists in the stress that is laid in
them on the marked divergences between
the final form assumed by the Hebrew
traditions, on the one hand, and the myths,
beliefs, and practices that were prevalent
in the Euphrates Valley on the other.
Starting from a common stock of
primitive religious and ethical ideas,
which apparently took their rise at
Eridu on the Persian Gulf, Palestinian
culture moved, indeed, for a time in
parallel lines with the civilization of the
Semitic races whose centres of activity
were nearer the original home whence
the ancestors of the Hebrews are believed
to have migrated about the beginning of
the second millennium B.C. ; but, as both
the literary presentation and the relative
influence of the two civilizations on
humanity in general clearly show, a
period came during which the higher
thought of the Hebrews took a course
which led ever further away from the
mainly materialistic ideals pursued by
their powerful neighbours on the east of
Palestine.
" Despite many features in common
[writes Dr. Jastrow], each of these civiliza-
tions went its own way, the one unfolding
great political strength, supported by an
elaborate military organization, and pro-
ducing, as outward expressions of this
strength, monuments of gigantic proportions,
• — temples and palaces filled with works of
art ; it built great cities, created an exten-
sive commerce, and made certain perma-
nent contributions to the thought and
achievements of mankind ; the other, with
little of outward display, politically insig-
nificant, working out its destiny with appa-
rently no thought of any extension of its
influence beyond narrow boundaries, yet
becoming one of the most potent factors
in the religious history of mankind."
On one point the passage just quoted
requires considerable qualification, the
universalism of the greater prophets hav-
ing acknowledged no boundaries, and
much less " narrow boundaries " ; but
that the contrast here drawn between
the two most famous ancient Semitic
civilizations is in the main correct no
one can doubt. This being so, the
question arises, What gave Hebrew de-
velopment the special impulse to move
in the direction that finally led to the
religious and ethical achievements which
have, together " with the heritage of
Greek and Roman " civilization, become
the basis of the highest culture for the
most influential part of humanity ?
Dr. Jastrow's answer is by no means
new, but its merit lies in the emphasis it
lays on the bearing of an obvious fact on
the historical differentiation between two
lines of development in the ancient
Semitic world, an emphasis which has-
become necessary as a counterbalance to
the theory of Pan-Babylonianism persist-
ently advocated of late years.
" The point of departure in the Hebrew
religion from that of the Semitic in general
[he writes] did not come until the rise of a
body of men who set up a new ideal of divine
government of the universe, and with it as.
a necessary corollary a new standard of
religious conduct. Throwing aside the bar-
riers of tribal limitations to the jurisdiction
of a deity, it was the Hebrew Prophets who
first prominently and emphatically brought
forth the view of a divine power conceived
in spiritual terms, who, in presiding over the
universe and in controlling the fates of
nations and individuals, acts from self-
imposed laws of righteousness tempered with
mercy."
In thus ascribing the starting-point of
the new development to the activity of
the prophets, Dr. Jastrow does not mean
to deny the existence of previous influ-
ences in the same direction. He, indeed,,
considers that, in a true sense, the higher
religious and ethical movement began
with Moses, who
" had invested the national Yahweh with
certain ethical traits. .. .which paved the
way for the fuller and more complete con-
ception of the Prophets of a power of uni-
versal sway " ;
but whilst in the time that passed between
Moses and the great literary prophets the
bulk of the nation appears to have-
often reverted to the materialistic prin-
ciples-of the majority of the Semites r
there set in, about the middle of the
eighth century B.C., a more consistent
and powerful influence in the direction of
ethical monotheism, which finally pro-
duced an absolute cleavage between the
ancient religions of the Euphrates Valley
and the Hebraism Avhich was to become^
the forerunner of Christianity.
We have purposely paid full attention
to the main purport and true raison d'etre
of Dr. Jastrow's book. He himself regards-
the careful and unbiased differentiation
between Hebraism and Babylonianism as
the soul (if we may here use the term)
which animates his work from the begin-
ning to the end, and it is only right that
an author's idea should be clearly reflected
in a review of his book. This central idea
the reader will find lucidly brought out
in much detail in each of the five chapters
which represent the Haskell Lectures
(dealing successively with the relations
between Hebrews and Babylonians, the
accounts of Creation, the Sabbath, life
after death, and the ethics of the two
civilizations), as well as in the equally
important Appendix, which includes a
complete account of the various Baby-
lonian narratives of the Deluge, partly
No. 4515, May 0, 1914
T H E A T II E N JR U M
(i-11)
based on a yet unpublished work of Dr.
Poebel dealing with the latest excavations
-it Nippur.
We have in our reading of the work
noted some points on whieh differences of
opinion may arise. Thus, for instance,
we think that, in view of what follows in
the same part of the book, the statement
on p. 25t). that in the entire course of
Assyro-Babylonian history the relation-
ship to the gods never rose " above a
materialistic level," can hardly be main-
tained without some substantial qualifica-
tion. It is. indeed, not necessary to deny
the presence of all higher striving among
the Babylonians and Assyrians in order
to bring out in proper relief the paramount
moral greatness of the Hebrew prophets.
The points to which exception may
justly be taken are. however, but few,
and they leave undiminished our high
appreciation of the work as a whole.
MEDIEVAL HISTORY.
Dr. Hemmeon's careful and scholarly
work on ; Burgage Tenure in Mediaeval
England ' is a welcome contribution to
the history of the mediaeval borougb. As
the title implies, it is concerned with the
economic and legal aspects of landholding,
and very rarely does the author step
beyond his limits. He even denies himself
the pleasure of discussing at any length
the origin of the peculiar features of the
tenure which lie is at pains to describe
in all its varieties. Such discussion is to
him " profitless ploughing of desert sands,"
■and the utmost he sets out to do in this
way is to try
"' to make it clear that the development of
feudalism in England was antedated by a
• em of landholding in the boroughs whieh
later was called the burgage tenure."
If Dr. Hemmeon does not cause us to
modify to any extent the general features
of the picture we had already formed of
landholding in the English mediaeval
borough, he enables us to fill in the
outline in the greatest detail. He brings
out forcibly the wide divergencies that
exist d between town and town, and
makes us realize with added clear-
ness how difficult it is to select any one
Pjaca as the typical borough of the
Middle Ages. [Miss Bateson's study upon
the • Laws of Breteuil ' comes in for severe
criticism ; but although some of her con-
Bvrgage Tenure in Mediaeval England. By
Blorley de Wolf Bammeon. (Milford, for
Harvard University I' . ba\ net.)
A Select Bibliography for the Study, Sources,
I Literature of English Mediaeval Eco-
nomic History. I tompiled by a Seminar of
the London School of Economics under the
ervifflon <>i Hubert Hall. (P. S. King
<V Son, fa net.)
Chronica Johannis de Beading <i Anonymi
'nut,,,,,,. ,,8L», 1346-1367. Edited, with
Introduction and Notes, by .James Ta.it.
(Manchester I faiversity Press, 10* (id. net.)
Ycor-Books of Richard II.: J J Hi, hard II.
A.D. 1388-1389. Edited tor the Ames
Foundation by George I'. I »■ , er. m .un-
l>rid. Etorvajd University Press; London,
-Milford, U. \s. net.)
elusions may need to be revised in detail
in the light of the facts adduced by Dr.
Hemmeon, we do not think that the
importance of Iter work is seriously
diminished. Just as the really valu-
able contribution to economic history
contained in Miss Bateson's brief essay
was her demonstration that we must look
to Normandy if we are to understand all
the influences which affected the boroughs
created hi England and the sister kingdoms
during the later Middle Ages, so the
general student, if not the specialist, may
be chiefly grateful to Dr. Hemmeon
for the suggestive manner in which he
has disclosed affinities between the older
boroughs of England and those of other
Germanic lands.
Except in the shortest chapter of his
book, the author confines himself to the
method of description and enumeration.
He groups under three chapters, each
appropriately subdivided, the facts he has
collected in regard to the incidents of
burgage tenure, burgage rents, and the
mobility of real property in the mediaeval
borough. But the method he adopts,
necessary and valuable as it is, has
inherent defects : the fatal dullness of
the catalogue is apt to creep in, particu-
larly when a work is devoted largely to
recording small divergences in detail. Dr.
Hemmeon is evidently well aware of this
danger, and endeavours, by quip and jest,
to enliven a journey which he fears may
be a little tedious. We are grateful to
him for his anxiety to keep us amused,
and Ave are not disposed to quarrel with
the plan he has adopted to accomplish
this end ; but his sprightliness occasion-
airy betrays him into unguarded phrases.
We may smile when he remarks upon
'; the well-known poetic grace and ro-
mantic nature of the mediaeval English
burgess " ; but we read only with regret
such comments as "The English burgess's
gift [of rents to religious foundations] was
commonly the outcome of credulity and
superstition," and " But for the fear of
death [on the part of burgesses] many
a monk might have been an honest
worker." Again, we fail to see how
an inquisition ad quod damnum could
'" awaken " " the conscience of the com-
munity," and more particularly in the
case quoted (p. 25), where (as Dr. Hem-
meon's authority would tell him) the
inquisition failed to reveal the fact that
a legitimate heir was alive, although
abroad, with the result' that a burgage
already in the king's hands as an escheat
was granted to a third party.
Some few points of detail call for
comment. Dr. Hemmeon apparently re-
ds forfeiture as including escheat
propter delictum tenentia, and this leads
him (in a number of cases where escheats
are so named) gravely to correct the texts
ho cites ", We would submit that in matters
of this kind it is the wiser course to follow
medieval practice, or at least, to refrain
from suggesting that mediaeval jurors and
clerks did not know the meaning of a term
with which they were entirely familiar.
Religioaut, a favourite word of Dr.
Hemmeon's, is not generally used to cover
secular clergy ; and we may point out
that the question whether a reltgiosus
" kept, his vows " or not would not affect
the possibility of his leaving heirs, as the
author seems to imply (p. 27). We
do not understand, since Dr. Hem-
meon is well acquainted with "Borough
Customs,' how he could come to write:
"Concerning freedom of devise.. . .Miss
Bateson seems to have known nothing
whatever" (p. 171). The proofs have
been read with care, but there are a fewr
slips : the twentj sixth year of King
Edward cannot be of Edward IV. (p. 23) ;
" juratores dicunt Henricus rex....dedit
. . . .terre" (p. 44 n.) cannot be construed,
and does not represent the text of the
Hundred Rolls ; " Torskey " (pp. 46, 1G3,
and Index) should be Torksey ; and
"• unfortuitous " (p. 1!)1) has escaped
correction.
But we do not want to end on a note
of criticism, and we would conclude by
commending this study to the regard of
all serious students of mediaeval economic
and legal history, and, if perchance our
words may weigh with them, also to
future writers of English towrn histories, for
whose predecessors Dr. Hemmeon has
a scornful contempt ; they will find for
their assistance a good Index and a
good Bibliography.
The ' Select Bibliography of English
Mediaeval Economic History ' before us will
lighten the labours of those concerned with
such studies, who, as Dr. Hemmeon's
and many kindred books bear witness, are
constantly growing in number. Nor will its
appeal be limited to students of economic
history, for the largest section of the book
(Part II.) gives in a hundred pages an
excellent, though necessarily brief, survey
of the records of England, her sister
kingdoms, and her Continental neighbours ;
considerable space in Part I. is also
devoted to records.
It is, perhaps, inevitable in works of this
kind that there should be one or two
strange omissions, and that the classifica-
tion should at times puzzle us ; here, for
example, we fail to find the Paston Letters,
and meet Miss Bateson's essay on ' The
Laws of Breteuil ' under ' The Law
Courts,' separated by more than thirty
pages from ' Borough Customs ' (correctly
placed under ' The Towns '). We do not
think it was altogether wise to retain in
Part III. (• Modern Works') the occasional
references to Continental literature dial-
ing with Continental subjects: as the
Preface states, "the select ion .... is not
exhaustive, and is even arbitrary," and
only the tact that the references included
were a pproximately representative would,
in our v Lew, entirely justif 3 their presence ;
hut no Btudenf who has read the prefatory
remarks will be misled. We are glad to
n,, i,- that this valuable addition to English
historical bibliographies concludes with an
exhaustive Index.
In theirFirsl Report the Royal Commis-
sion upon Public Records, in suggesting
thai the" Rolls Series " might be revived,
dnu attention to the many historical
texts of importance which have still to
650
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
be consulted in manuscript or in editions
of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies. The publication of two texts of
the former class, Reading's Chronicle and
another by an anonymous Canterbury
hand, serves to remind us that, so
long as that suggestion remains un-
fruitful, the enterprise of scholars and
learned societies will increase the number
of individual volumes which, valuable as
they may be, are yet edited upon no
general plan, and are for the most part
likely to be far less accessible than an
official series.
The first text which Prof. Tait now
supplies, and which he calls ' Chronicon
Johannis de Reading,' has, unlike that
which follows, been the subject of fre-
quent reference during the last fifty or
sixty years ; it is not a complete work,
but consists of the concluding portion of
a chronicle compiled at Westminster
ending in the year 1367. Reading, who
is first mentioned as a monk of West-
minster in 1339-40, and appears to have
died in 1368-9, in all probability took up
the pen c. 1366, and is responsible for the
entries for the years from 1346 onwards.
He was, therefore, contemporary with the
events he describes ; and his work,
although ill- written and ill-informed, and
largely reproduced by other writers whose
compilations are already in print and
well known, has yet sufficient value to
justify its publication. It is of interest
to notice that, while Reading's Chronicle
appears to have been used for the con-
tinuation of Higden*s ' Polychronicon,'
for the ' Chronicon Anglige,' and for other
related Latin chronicles, it formed also
one of the sources for the English ' Brut.'
The passages which are now printed for
the first time, although fairly considerable,
are of comparatively little importance ;
perhaps the most valuable information
contained in the new matter relates to a
few incidents in the municipal history of
London and the internal history of West-
minster Abbey.
The text which the editor entitles
' Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis ' is
the concluding part of a chronicle that
consists of the Latin ' Brut ' with a conti-
nuation down to the Battle of Najera ; no
entry before 1346 is here printed, and the
period represented is, therefore, the same
as that covered by Reading's Chronicle.
This second text is far the briefer and less
elaborate and its chief value lies in the fact
that from 1348 it is apparently indepen-
dent of any other chronicle. The author
seems to have been a monk of Christ
Church (although not, it would appear,
Stephen Birchington, as Wharton sup-
posed), and the fresh details of which he
puts us in possession relate principally to
events at Canterbury. His additions to
our knowledge are of no great moment,
but some items relating to the war with
France and his notice of the pestilence of
1361 are interesting.
The two texts contained in the volume
together extend to 129 pp., while the
Introduction and notes, both in smaller
type, extend to 91 and 143 pp. respec-
tively. We trust that we shall not be
thought hypercritical if we suggest that
the importance of the texts scarcely
justifies the elaborate treatment which
they have been accorded, and if we add
that, while the critical discussion and
annotation leave little or nothing to be
desired in the way of scholarship, we are
a little puzzled to know for whom the
notes are in all cases intended. We take
as an example the note upon Reading's
reference to Archbishop Islip's canon of
1362 regulating the stipends of chaplains.
The text reads : —
" Assignavitque idem archiepiscopus non
plus dari sacerdotibus pro annua pensione
quam lxvis. viiic?. ; quod plures iurari
coegit ac praedari " ;
and the editor, deeming this notice to be
"' so brief as to be misleading," attempts
in about 250 words to give an account of
the rise in clerical salaries after the Black
Death. But since Reading's statement,
in the almost identical words in which it
appears in other chronicles, has long been
in print, and since the whole question of
clerical stipends has been dealt with at
some considerable length by more than
one recent writer, a brief reference to
Wilkins's ' Concilia ' and possibly to the
Rolls of Parliament and the Statutes of
the Realm would surely have been suffi-
cient. As the note stands, it will give
no "further assistance to serious students
of ecclesiastical history, and in the rather
improbable circumstance of a young-
student having recourse to this volume
for the general history of the period, it
will certainly prove " so brief as to be
misleading." Before we leave the subject
of notes, we may remark that we do not
understand the statement at p. 333 that
there was an inquiry (in the year 1366)
" into the number of men it would be
possible to raise from lands held by
scutage, on a basis of one man per fifteen
librates," when the text reads " quod
quisque decern libras annui redditus valens
annuatim."
The book is well bound and handsomely
printed on good paper, and there is a full
Index, but the number of misprints
which have remained unnoticed in the
Corrigenda hardly reflects credit on a
University press. We may mention
" numerenter " (p. 82), " AnnoZ " (p. 89),
" transienque " (p. 121), " oecisa " (p. 152),
and " kwlendas " (p. 163). Our curiosity
being aroused by " Roet. Pari." on p. 311,
we found on collation that two errors
appeared in the brief passage taken from
the source indicated. Misprints of the
character we have noted unfortunately
shake our faith in the text before us when
we come to passages difficult or impossible
to construe, and Prof. Tait's work is too
good to be subjected to baseless suspicions.
The section of the Year - Books of
Richard II. edited by Mr. Deiser appears
in circumstances of special interest. The
reign of that king has the unique ill-
fortune of never having had any of its
Year-Books printed, either in old or new
editions. Accordingly, when America con-
templated making its first contribution
towards a complete modern edition of our
mediaeval law reports, for which Mait-
land put in so eloquent a plea, it natur-
ally chose this reign for its field of
work. An unhappy fortune, similar to
that which left others to carry out in
England the work which Maitland had
begun, deprived the American series of
its projector and organizer, the late
Prof. J. B. Ames of Harvard. His
untimely death retarded the production
of the work on which he was already
engaged ; but Mr. Deiser has now carried
out this stage of the undertaking, and the
" Ames Foundation " has appropriately
" made possible the appearance of this
volume."
We may congratulate Mr. Deiser on
having completed this arduous work on
scholarly lines, though it is never very
easy to take up a half - done task, and
there are obvious difficulties in editing
from Cambridge, Massachusetts, texts
derived frcm manuscripts which are
kept in England. Essentially the work
follows the methods first pursued by Mr.
L. 0. Pike, and afterwards given wider
currency by Maitland. The Introduction
has a touch of lightness and ease that
suggests Maitland himself; and Mr. G. J.
Turner has indicated the references to
the records of certain of the cases which
Mr. Deiser has caused to be transcribed.
The text and translation are cempetently
done, despite an occasional painful aberra-
tion like that which " extends " " pro-
fecturus in comitiva " to " prefectuius
in comititia," and translates it " because
he is a prefect in the service of " ! Occa-
sionally, too, a little more intrcductory
matter on the cases would have been
helpful ; and neither the Index nor the
lists of counsel, though accurate, seem quite
exhaustive. An interesting feature shew-
ing a development in legal history is the
fact that the first two cases reported were
argued in the Exchequer ; but by far the
greater part of the volume deals with
reports of cases heard in the Ccmmon
Bench.
The Life of Matthew Prior. By Francis
Bickley. (Pitman & Sons, Is. 6d. net.)
The record of a poet's life is generally a
dull affair : a tedious collection of triviali-
ties through which we struggle as a sort
of tribute to Culture. Could we see into
the minds of dead men as we see into our
own, no doubt the poet's walk round his
garden would be found as enthralling as
the general's survey of the field of battle ;
but it makes indifferent copy, ami;" few
indeed are the biographies of poets that
any one would either write or read for
their intrinsic interest.
The case of Matthew Prior provides a
notable exception. The everyday busi-
ness of his life was not the tour of his
garden, but the fulfilment of diplomatic
duties at the Hague or in Paris, at the
centre of the foreign policy of the period.
Nor was his own share an insignificant
one ; the historian cannot pass him by.
" Matt's peace," the popular name for
the Treaty of Utrecht, scarcely exagge-
rates the importance of the part he
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
T II EAT II E N JR U M
651
\
played in the negotiations. Born in the
lowest rank of life, he was employed as a
boy in a tavern which by good fortune
was frequented by the ^ its ; here Lord
I k>rse1 found him one day reading Horace,
-and generously undertook the charges of
his education. Prior's own talents did
the rest, and the poor joiner's son lived
to call the great Bolingbroke plain
" Harry." and to be a persona grata with
Louis XIV. With such materials Mr.
Bickley has written a biography that is
rea lable and informing, giving us a good
insight not only into Prior's capacity for
affairs and gay temperament, but also
int > his relation to the parties and politics
of those troubled times.
Hut Prior belongs rather to literature
than to history, and his verse is more to
the world than his share in the Treaty of
Utrecht. On this score Mr. Bickley,
per. laps, uses Matt a little unsympa-
thetically. He frankly tells us he dislikes
the eighteenth century. Prior might have
won a higher place, he thinks, " had he
not been born into the most sterile and
sophisticated age of English poetry."
This is a kind of criticism which has always
seemed to us to be futile. It is as though
we were to say of a cup of tea that it
would be better if it were a glass of
wine ; whereas the truth is, that though
we may well prefer wine to tea, yet there
is a time for both, and Ave should be very
sorry when teatime comes round to find,
instead of our Prior, some second-rate
Herrick.
In the case of Prior this talk of the
sterility and artificiality of the eighteenth
century is specially inept. For the work
he lives by — those score or so of lyrics,
light, witty, and of a delicate perfection
— give us the very essence of that
sophisticated and artificial age. Indeed,
for the man Matt to belong to the
eighteenth century was the greatest piece
of good fortune ; what sort of a figure
would he have cut as an Elizabethan
dramatist or a Lake poet ? The good
fortune is ours, too. Prior's longer and
more serious poems have not stood the
of time ; yet they contain passages
of merit, and were highly thought of in
their day. One of these, ' Henry and
Emma.' which Mr. Bickley declares to
be intolerable except to " keen amateurs
of the ludicrous," but which Horace
W Ijxde considered a masterpiece, is a
paraphrase of the celebrate:! ' Xut-Brown
M id.' The idea of improving older
poems by translating them into a more
" polite " style was popular in the eigli-
tei ith century, and amateurs of the
tndicrouB may be reminded thai Pope
ntemplated treating Milton in this
way.
"I hope," wrote Dr. Atterbury to him,
"you won't utterly forget whal passed in
th<- coach about * Samson Agonistes . . . .some
time <>r other I wish you would review and
polish that piece. .. ,i1 d< your fare
and is capable of being unproved, with Little
b ible, into B perfed model and standard
of tragic poetry— always allowing for its
b<ii g a story taken oul of the Bible."
The relation of ' Henry and Emma ' to
' The Xut-Brown Maid ' is much what we
should imagine from their titles ; but the
comparison is apt to make us underrate
Prior's work. The following passage may
stand for an example of his more serious
verse at its best : —
Thou, ere tlimi goest, unhappiesl of thy kind.
Must leave the habit and the sex behind.
\<> longer shall tby comelj tresses break
In flowing ringlets on I hy snowy neck :
Or --it behind thy head, an ample round,
In graceful braids with various ribbon bound :
No longer shall thy bodice, aptly laced,
From thy fidl bosom to thy slender waist.
Thai air and harmony of shape express,
Fine by degrees, and beautifully less :
Nor shall thy lower garments' artful plait,
From thy fair side dependent to thy feet,
Arm their chaste beauties with a modest pride,
And double every charm they seek to hide.
The ambrosial plenty of thy shining hair,
Cropt oft' and lost, scarce lower than thine ear
Shall stand uncouth : a horseman's coat shall hide
Thy taper shape, and comeliness of side :
The short trunk-hose shall show t hy foot and knee
Licentious, and to common eyesight free :
And, with a bolder stride and looser air,
Mingled with men, a man thou must appear.
This is far from intolerable. But, of
course, Prior owes his place among our
poets to his delightful " vers de societe "
— models of perfection which have been
often imitated, but never surpassed. Of
this kind of poetry Cowper has an excel-
lent passage, which is quoted by Mr.
Bickley : —
" Every man conversant with verse
writing knows, and knows by painful ex-
perience, that the familiar stjde is of all
styles the most difficult to succeed in. To
make verse speak the language of prose,
without being prosaic, to marshal the words
of it in such an order as they might naturally
take in falling from the lips of an extem-
porary speaker, yet without meanness,
harmoniously, elegant ly, and without seem-
ing to displace a syllable for the sake of the
rhyme, is one of the most arduous tasks a
poet can undertake. He that could accom-
plish this task was Prior ; and many have
imitated his excellence in this particular,
but the best copies have fallen far short
of the original.'" I j \
The last few words unfortunately apply
to the frontispiece of Mr. Bickley's book,
a piece of work unworthy of the volume.
Annotated Edition of the Authorised Daily
Prayer Book, with Historical and Ex-
planatory Notes, and Additional Matter.
Compiled, in accordance with the Plans
of the Rev. S. Singer, by Israel Abra-
hams. (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 3s. 6d.)
The Jewish Prayer Book has so far not
received from liturgiologists the attention
which it deserves. Even a superficial
acquaintance with its contents would
reveal the consistency of its structure, its
dignity of language, and the peculiar
fervour which characterizes it. But its
chief claim to recognition tests on its
value as a long piece of religious history.
It- beginnings date hack to the time when
Bacrificial worship was still offered in the
it Jerusalem Sanctuary. When the
city fell, and Judaism finally parted
company with the newly arisen Christian
('hutch, the central and most Bignificanl
portions of the Prayer Book were formu-
lated by way of definitely substituting
prayer for sacrifice. But the body of
doxologies, prayers, and hymne oon
staidly increased as time went on, s >
that in the Service Book as it now lies
before us synagogal compositions eighteen
or nineteen hundred years old arc found
almost side by side with pieces belonging
to the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth
centuries, whilst some Eastern forms of the
ritual include hymns of a still later period.
The spirit which finds eloquent expres-
sions in these Services exhibits a peculiar
combination of the purely national with
aspirations of the widest possible form of
prophetic universalism. Nor will the
liturgical investigator fail to recognize,
amidst much that is decidedly particularist
and occasionally even hostile, distinct
traces of close affinity with the Christian
ritual, thus clearly pointing back to the
tune when no impassable gulf was yet
fixed between the two religions.
The present edition contains t he Hebrew
text authorized for use in the United
Kingdom and all British possessions,
accompanied by the late Mr. S. Singer's
translation, both of which have been
several times reprinted ; and in addition
we now have for the first time a long
series of historical and explanatory notes,
amounting almost to a full commentary,
by Dr. Israel Abrahams.
The chief authority on which the
annotator relied for the notes was, as he
himself explains, the Hebrew Commentary
published in 1868 by S. Baer, a careful
scholar, who is pretty widely known as
the collaborator with Eranz Delitzsch
in the production of a Masoretic edition
of the text of the Old Testament. Dr.
Abrahams had, however, also some recent
researches into the history and develop-
ment of the Prayer Book before him. and
the result will no doubt prove very useful
and helpful to a wide circle of persons
approaching the subject from various
points of view.
By way of criticism, some few remarks
only need be offered in this place. Dr.
Abrahams appears hardly justified in
confidently assigning the substance of the
Prayer of Eighteen to the second century
B.C., the extant evidence seeming rather
to point to the latter part of the first
century a.d. as the time of its composi-
tion. The Gamaliel, moreover, whose
name is linked with the early history
of the prayer, was the second of that
name, and should have been so designated
in the not:-s. Misleading, and probably
due to inadvertence, is the statement
that ■•the reading of the Law, as intro-
duced by Ezra, became a regular Feature
of the service." We, as a matter o! fact,
only know that K/.ra read the Law to the
people, hut there are n<> details concern-
ing it which would justify the clause " as
int roduoed by Ezra."
Some other points might be men-
tioned, hut we will close \\ ith a reference
to the Famous hymn beginnii) " Adon
ohm." Dr. Abrahams L'i\cs the
rhythmic scheme of the poem on p. i\.
hut in the piece itself. ;is vocalized on
|). :{. the licences of enunciation which
the poet allowed himself ha\c been dJS-
trded, and as a consequence some of
1 he lines do not >can.
652
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
FICTION.
The World Set Free. By H. G. Wells.
(Macmillan & Co., 6s.)
Mr. Wells's new book can be classed
as fiction only in a limited sense ; it
is his latest Utopia, the confession of the
faith that is in him concerning the future
of mankind. All Utopias, since the first
of them, have been in the nature of
criticisms of existing society ; Mr. Wells
criticizes it for its waste of energy just
as a quarter of a century ago William
Morris attacked it for its waste of the
pleasure possible in work. Like Morris,
he sees that our modern society, as un-
stable as a muddy edd^y in a torrent, is
breaking clown from the sheer impossi-
bility of employing all its members in
the sole occupation which it recognizes
for them — the production of profit; and,
again like him, predicates a catastrophic
ending of the present state of affairs.
It is, we may remark, curious that none of
our seers has sufficient faith in the power
of ideas to believe that mankind as a whole
can ever be brought to reconsider its
position without some deus ex machina,
some unnecessary violence to bring it
to a halt on its way.
The catastrophe, in this case, only
slightly forestalls the inevitable break-
down of society owing to the enormous
simplification of production caused by the
disco very of the way in which the energy
of the atom can be made available, the
simultaneous depreciation of gold by
its manufacture as a by-product, and
the displacement of labour this simplifica-
tion entails. War is the only way in
which this human waste can be employed,
and when it comes, the new force liberated
is so potent for destruction that the
whole framework of society is dissolved,
and mankind is set free to build up a new
life for itself. The story of the conven-
tion of notables and ex-rulers who, with
real power in their hands for the first
time, embark on the task of reorganization,
forms an amusing interlude, with a
touch of melodrama in the fate of the king
who tried to profit by the opportunity of
the moment to make himself master of
the Avorld on the old lines.
It is, however, in the New World which
Mr. Wells brings before us that we are
most interested. We are afraid that it
cannot be described, like that of Morris,
as an epoch of rest. It is a scientific
paradise with dark hints of synthetic
foods, though its inhabitants, wonderful
to say, prefer for the present field-grown
vegetables, and Ave are not told that
meat is prohibited. Mr. Wells is well
disposed to art, without any real under-
standing of what art is. " The majority
of our people are artists," he says of his
new world, not realizing that the essential
quality of art lies not in what is done,
but how it is done, and that it is incon-
ceivable that a free man doing freely
chosen work for his own pleasure should
not show that pleasure in his work. We
have mistrusted Mr. Wells's views on the
arts since he proposed to substitute for one
of the most pleasant of them, building, a
machine squeezing walls out like paint
from a collapsible tube.
As his readers will readily surmise,
Mr. Wells attacks once more the sphinx
problem of civilization, the question of
the relation between men and women,
and incidentally of love. If we are
to take Karenin as his exponent, we
are to look forward to the abolition of
much that our poets and writers describe
as love, a mixed feeling which gets in the
way of rational human companionship
between men and women. It is the feeling
of possession — hardly separable in our
present conception of love from its other
relationships — which has to be eliminated
from it. Woman " must cease to be our
adventure — and come with us on our
adventures." It may be that when life
opens up more freely, the relative import-
ance of personal love will diminish, and
take its place among the elementals of life
without obtruding itself into the good-
comradeship of every day.
We remark with pleasure signs of a
greater attention to the prose rhythm of this
book— passages of high merit. The first
essential of a good prose style, at any rate
as long as thought is rigorously chained to
speech, is that it can be read aloud.
But every now and then the author's
vigilance has relaxed with unfortunate
results. Such a sentence as, ''It was
the first record of the first apparatus
heavier than air that ever maintained
itself in the air by mechanical force,"
should never have been written by any one
with an ear for the music of our language,
or a feeling for his craft.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Foster (A. E. Manning), Anglo-Catholicism,
" People's Books," fid. net. Jack
A study of the Anglo-Catholic movement,
with a brief Introduction by Dr. R. L. Langford-
James.
Fowler (W. Warde), Roman Ideas of Deity in
the Last Century before the Christian
Era, 5/ net. Macmillan
Lectures delivered in Oxford for the Common
University Fund.
Mothers' Union : Little Book of Prayers, Id.
Mowbray
A few prayers for the use of mothers on
various occasions.
Owen (D. C), The Infancy of Religion, " The
S. Deiniol's Series,"' 3/6 net. Milford
The author has examined the most primitive
and rudi7Xientary forms of religion in order to dis-
cover whether it " could legitimately be called
an instinct of human nature," and as a result of
his studies is " more convinced than ever of the
reality of the religious sense, and of the tenacity
of its hold upon primitive folk."
Thompson (T.), The Offices of Baptism and
Confirmation, " Cambridge Handbooks of
Liturgical Study," 6/ net.
Cambridge University Press
An account of the liturgical history of
baptism and confirmation, showing the develop-
ment of the services and the relation of various
rites to each other.
Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures :
The New Testament, Vol. III. : St. Paul's
Epistles to the Churches : Part II. The
First Epistle to the Corinthians, by the
Rev. Cuthbert Lattey, paper 1/ net, cloth 1/6
net. Longmans
Containing an historical Introduction, text,
foot-notes, and Appendixes.
Wood (Michael), The Life of Prayer, Qd. net.
Mowbray
A little book for devotional reading.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Catalogue of the Books and Manuscripts of
Robert Louis Stevenson, in the Library of
the late Harry Elktns Widener, with a
Memoir by A. S. W. Rosenbach.
Philadelphia, Privately Printed
This Catalogue "contains an almost complete
list of the first editions of the author's works."
It is illustrated with reproductions of title-pages,
autograph letters, &c, and Mr. Rosenbach con-
tributes an appreciation of H. E. Widener. The
edition is limited to one hundred and fifty copies,
for private circulation only.
Hodgkin (J. E.) Collections, Catalogue of the
Valuable Library, 2/6 Sotheby
An illustrated catalogue of the library, com-
prising illuminated and historical manuscripts,
early woodcut books, and examples of old stamped
bindings. The sale will take place on May 12th
to 15th inclusive, and May 18th and 19th.
PHILOSOPHY.
Alexander (S.), The Basis of Realism, 1/ net.
Milford
This paper is reproduced from vol. vi. of the
Proceedings of the British Academy.
Driesch (Hans), The Problem of Individuality,
a Course of Four Lectures delivered before the
University of London in October, 1913, 3/6 net,
Macmillan
The first two lectures form a brief revision of
the subject as treated by the author in his Gifford
Lectures on ' The Science and Philosophy of the
Organism ' ; in Lecture III., on ' The Logic of
Vitalism,' he develops his " general theory of
Becoming," and in the last lecture discusses the
problem of Monism.
Kant's Critique of Judgement, translated, with
Introduction and Notes, by J. H. Bernard,
10/ net. Macmillan
A second and revised edition.
Prince (Morton), The Unconscious, the Funda-
mentals of Human Personality, Normal and
Abnormal, 8/6 net. Macmillan
An introduction to abnormal psychology.
POETRY.
Abbott (W. H.), Vision, a Book of Lyrics,
2/6 net. Elkin Mathews-
This volume contains many sonnets : some
miscellaneous pieces, such as ' Convent Pictures*
and ' Song : Lisette ' ; and translations from Heine,
Albino, (Francis Edward), On Sorrow's Harp, 2/
net. Washbourne
Plaintive verses on ' Death's Whirlwind,'"
' Dumb Preachers,' ' The Problem of Evil,' &c.
Arensberg (Walter Conrad), Poems, $1 net.
Boston, Houghton-Mifflin Co,
A collection of miscellaneous verses, sonnets,
quatrains, and translations.
Brock (Blanche Adelaide), Bequeathed Mid-
Ocean, 3/6 net. John Long
A narrative piece written in heroic couplets.
Cadwaladr (J. J.), "Eos Gwalia," Songs for Music,
and Other Verses, 1 / Drane
Some patriotic pieces, such as ' An English
Toast,' ' The King,' ' Wake Up, England !' and!
other verses.
Cammell (Charles), Fafryland, 3/6 net.
Humphrey*
A long piece in three cantos : ' Faeries of the
Sea,' ' Faeries of the Forest,' and ' Elizabeth's
Faeryland.'
Gage (Gervais), From Far Lands, Poems of
North and South, 5/ Macmillan
In the earlier verses Mr. J. Laurence Rentout
records his life in North Ireland, England, and
Germany. The verses in the latter part of the
volume were written in Australia, " the Far Land
of his adoption."
Hardy (Blanche C), Artegal, a Drama ; Poems
and Ballads, 3/6 net. John Long
' Artegal,' a play of early Britain, is written
mainly in blank verse. Some of the short pieces-
are reproduced from The Westminster Gazette,
Vanity Fair, and other papers.
Moffatt (Warneford), New Canadian Poems, 2/$
net. Simpkin & Marshall
This volume contains many patriotic pieces,
as well as verses of personal experience and
reminiscence.
No. 4515, May 9. 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
653
Okelelgh (Credita>, V Wreath op ROSEMARY, OH
Melodies from Far Away, 1/ Drane
\ small collection of verses, including ' A
lUnu'li of White Violets.' • The White Lane, and
■ The Garden of Illusion.'
Roberts , Lloyd), Enoland ovek Seas, 2 t> net.
Blkin Mathews
\ small collection <>f verses, including ' The
Homesteader,' ' The Berry Pickers,' and ' The
- riot Trails.'
Safroni-Middleton (A.), A Vagabond's Philo-
sophy in Various .Moods,:; 6 net. Constable
Miscellaneous verses, including ' Songs of the
■onto Seas.'
Songs of the South : Choicb Selections from
Southern Poets from Colonial Times to the
Pbbsent Day. collected and edited by Jennie
Thornley Clarke, with an Appendix of Brief
Biographical Notes, and an Introduction by
Joel Chandler Harris. ."> net. Moling
A third and revised edition.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Allen (P. S.», The Age or Erasmus, Lectures de-
livered in the Universities of Oxford and London,
i! not. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Those lectures, when delivered in London,
were noticed briefly in The Athenaeum on Febru-
ary 11. p. 2112: February 21, p. 270 : February 28,
p. 318; .March 7. p. 345.
Barrington (Mrs. Russell), Life of Walter
Bagehot. 12 (i net. Longmans
An account of Bagehot's life and writings,
by hi- sister-in-law. There are portraits and
other illustrations in the book.
Clay (Rotha Maryi, The Hermits and Anchor-
ites of England, " The Antiquary's Books,"
7 6 not. flffethuen
A description of the daily life of " the lonely
dwellers in fen and forest, hillside and cliff,
cloister ami churchyard," and account of the
iniluence these men had on the community.
There are many illustrations.
Ditchfield (P. H.), London Survivals, a Record of
the Old Buildings and Associations of the City,
10; 6 net. Methuen
An account of the treasures of antiquity
which still survive in London, with over a hun-
dred illustrations by -Mr. E. L. Wratten.
Early English Text Society : The Coventry Leet
Book : OR, .Mayor's Register, containing the
Records of the City Court Leet or View of
Frankpledge, a.d. 1420-1555, with Divers
Other .Matters, transcribed and edited by .Mary
Dormer Harris, Part IV., 10/ Kegan Paul
Containing an Introduction, the remaining
part of the text, with foot-notes, Glossary, and
Index--.
Hall (Thornton^, Romances of the Peerage,
12 <i net. Holden & Hardingham
Including sketches of Barbara Villiers, Lady
Mary Wortley .Montagu, and Lord George Ben-
tinck. The book is illustrated with portraits.
Jerrold | Clare t, The .Story of Dorothy Jordan,
15 net. Nash
The author has examined documents regard-
ing Dorothy Jordan's parentage, her baptismal
name, and dates of birth and death, and claims
to have cleared away much of the mystery with
which lor name has previously been surrounded.
Lutzow Count , The Hussite Wars, 12/6 net.
Dent
This work may he regarded as a sequel to the
author's ' Life ami Times of Master John Bus ' ;
ds with " the lengthy wars in Bohemia and
the neighbouring countries that were the inevit-
able result of his unjust condemnation."
MacColl Malcolmi, Memoirs and Correspond*
v the Right Hon. George W. E.
Russell. io/8 net. Smith ft Elder
The Jo r portion of this book is given over
to the Memoir. The second part contains letters
from (-lad-tone. Lord Salisbury, Cardinal New-
man, and other well-known people, and short
introductory notes about the circumstances in
which (anon HacGoll became acquainted with
Ins various correspondent -.
Masson Rosaline , BoBHBri LOOIS STEVENSON,
id. net. Jack
A little memoir in " The People's Books."
Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and
Mam or i.i.ni Selection from hi Corre-
spondence, translated from the Original Latin.
together with Historical Introductions and
Notes, by | Harvey Robinson, with the
laboiation of Henry Winchester Rolfe,
7 <• ■ Pttt nam
A revised edition containing ,-i new chapter
on Petrarcii 8 ret.'
Putnam (George Haven), Memories of «v
Tooth, bstt 1865, 7/fl net. rut nam
The author records his student-days in
France and Germany, visits to England, and
active service in the Civil War. It is his purpose
to continue the story of his life in another volume,
under the title of ' Memories of a Publisher.'
Ragnau (Right Rev. Edmond Canon Hugues de),
The Vatican, the Center of Government of
the Catholic World, 16/ net. \ppleton
An examination of the constitution and
Organization of the Catholic Church and its
iniluence on modern civilization.
Review of Historical Publications relating to
Canada, edited by George M. Wrong, II. II.
Langton, and W.Stewart Wallace, Vol. XVIII.,
$1.50. Toronto, Glasgow iV Brook
Reviews of hooks on Canada published during
191.'?, classified under such headings as ' Canada's
Relations to the Empire' and 'Provincial and
Local History.'
Stanhope (Ghita), The Life of Charles, Third
Earl Stanhope, revised and completed by
G. P. Gooch, 10/ net. Longmans
This biography of the third Earl Stanhope
was begun by his great-groat -granddaughter.
After her death in 1012 Mr. Gooch undertook the
editing of the manuscript, and has contributed
several chapters.
Tchobanian (Archag), The People of Armenia :
their Past, their Culture, their .Future,
1/6 net. Dent
A translation of M. Tchobanian's lecture,
given in French, by Lieut. -Col. G. Marcar Gregory,
with an Introduction by Viscount Bryce.
Waddington (Mary King), My First Years as a
Frenchwoman, 10/0 net. Smith & Elder
Reminiscences of political and diplomatic
circles in Paris in the years immediately following
the Franco-German War.
Winstanley (L.), Tolstoy, " The People's Books,"
Qd. net. Jack
A sketch of Tolstoy's life and a description
and criticism of his waitings.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Baedeker (Karl), Russia, with Teheran, Port
Arthur, and Peking, Handbook for Travellers,
18/ net. Fisher Unwin
This handbook is illustrated with forty maps
and seventy-eight plans.
Bell (Alured Gray), The Beautiful Rio de
Janeiro, 42/ net. Heinemann
A description of the city, its architecture,
gardens, government, and various activities.
The book is illustrated by numerous reproductions
of paintings, caricatures, and photographs.
Fairford (Ford), Canada, " The People's Books,''
Orf. net. Jack
A brief account of the history, natural and
social conditions, products, and industries of
Canada.
Walcott (Arthur S.), Java and her Neighbours,
a Traveller's Notes in Java. Celebes, the
Moluccas, and Sumatra, 10/0 net. Putnam
An account of travels in the East Indies,
giving a sketch of the early history of the islands
and their present position under Dutch rule. The
book is illustrated with many photographs and a
map.
SOCIOLOGY.
Best (Harry), The Deaf : their Position in
Society and the Provision for their Educa-
tion in the United States, $2 net.
New York, Crowd 1
A study of the attitude of the State towards
the deaf in the United States.
Mecklin (John Moffatt), Democracy and Race
Friction, a Study in Social Ethics, 5/0 net.
Macmillan
A discussion of certain racial problems by
the Professor of Philosophy in the University
of Pittsburgh.
Munsterberg <Hugoi, PSYCHOLOGY and Social
Sanity, :>/ net. Fisher Unwin
A study of various problems in practical life
made from tin- psychological standpoint. The rob-
dealt with include Sex Education, Socialism,
Thought Transference, Advertising, and Naive
Psychology. The aim is to show that social diffi-
culties are dependent on mental conditions with
which modern psychology can oope,
Veblen (Thorstein, Tin: Instimt oi WORKMAN-
BHIP, 6/8 net. Macmillan
\ urvey of the correlation between industrial
custom and the other facts thai go to make op any
given phase of civilization. The analysis is I
on the materialistic assumptions of modern science,
and the subject is treated historically from primi-
tive technology to the maohine industry.
ECONOMICS.
Bilgram (Hugo) and Levy (Louis Edward), Tin:
Cause of Business Depressions as Dis-
closed by an Analysis of the Basic Prin-
ciples op Economics, 8 net. Lippincott
A study of the economic causes of industrial
depression.
POLITICS.
Stevens (E. J. C), ' Jest Evans," White and BLACK ,
an inquiry into South Africa's Creates! Pro-
blem, 0/ net. Simpkin ,V Marshall
A discussion of the colour question in South
Africa.
PHILOLOGY.
Aristophanes, The Acharnians, edited from the
MSS. and Other Original Sources by Richard
Thomas Elliott, 1 1/ net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
Containing an Introduction, revised text.
notes, and "excursuses upon Athena us's Text
of Aristophanes, the Papyrus Fragments of 'The
Acharnians,' and the Greek Dialects in Aristo-
phanes."
Philological Club of the University of North
Carolina : Studies ix Philology, Vol. XI.
Menasha Wisconsin, George Banta Pub. Co.
Contains ' The Shopheards Calender, II.,' by
Mr. Edwin Greenlaw: "The Celtic Origin of the
Lay of Yonec,' by Mr. T. P. Cross ; ' A Note on
Phormio,' by Mr. George Howe ; and ' Authorship
and Interpretation of the e\- rrjs fxoi'criKrjs itrropias,
by Mr. Wilbur II. Koyster.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Gratacap (L. P.), The Substance of Literature,
4/ net. Stevens & Brown
An essay dealing chiefly with " the influence
of the subject-matter of Sin, Ignorance, and
Misery in Literature."
Tillyard (H. J. W.), Greek Literature, "The
People's Hooks," 6d. net. Jack
An outline of ancient Greek literature. Each
chapter has a selected Bibliography, which " is
coniined to books needing no knowledge of Greek."
EDUCATION.
Anarchy or Order, Twelve Papers for the
Times, 1/ Duty and Discipline .Movement,
117, Victoria Street, S.W.
The various writers all urge the necessity for
discipline in training children.
Badley (J. H.), Co-Education in Practice, 1/
net. Cambridge, Heffer ;
London, Simpkin iV. -Marshall
This pamphlet contains the substance of an
address delivered to " The Heretics " in Cam-
bridge last February, with some additions and
three Appendixes.
MacMunn (Norman), A Path to Freedom in the
School, 2/ net. Bell
A discussion of the ' Theory of Child Fman-
cipation,' with a plea for a system of teaching in
partnership and the establishment of Common-
wealth schools.
Morgan (Barbara Spofford), The Backward
Child, a Study of the Psychology and Treat-
ment of Backwardness, ."> net. Putnam
A practical manual for teachers, with an
Introduction by -Miss Elizabeth F. I'arrell.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Carson (G. St. L.) and Smith (David Eugene), Ele-
ments of Aloerra, Part I., 3/ Ginn
This textbook is an introduction to Algebra,
and contains revision papers, a brief sketch of the
history of the subject, an. I Logarithmic Tables.
Here and There Stories: JUNIOR, CHILDREN of
Herb and There, 3d. : and Senior, Herb
and There in America, .v. .Macmillan
Paper-COVered Headers, with illustrations.
The latter contains extracts from Washington
Irving, Charles Kingsley, and other writers.
How and Why Stories: JUNIOR, CfflLDREN of
the Fields and W< s: Bow they Hunt
and Why THEY Hide, '■'•<!. : and Intermi. -
DiATB, The Magic Garden, by Elsie nioin-
lield, id. Macmillan
lllust rated Readei a In Nature study.
Isaiah XL.-LXVL, edited by Rev. W. A. L.
Blmslie and Rev. John Skinner, I »i net.
Cambridge University Press
Containing an historical introduction on the
traditional authorship, external and internal
evidence, and the teaching and religious value of
the book i a Chronological Table •, the text oi the
Revised Version, with foot-notes j and an index.
Then and Now Stories: JUNIOR, 0BTLDHBM OF
Thin and Now, 3d, : INTERMEDIATE, STORY-
TELLERS 01 THEN and Now. id. : and SENIOR,
i. ii i. an England Them and Now, ."></.
.Macmillan
Header- punted in cleat type and Illustrated.
654
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
John Long
FICTION.
Baker (C. P.), The Magic Tale of Harvanger
and YOLANDE, 0/ Mills & Boon
A fantastic tale of a youth of humble birth.
Whilst minding his father's cattle on the hills, he
meets on three occasions a stranger who inquires
the way to Scaur Gap — beyond which, he was told,
was to be found " the best thing in the world.'
On the death of his parents he determines to set
out on the same errand, and learn something of
the world.
Belloc (Hilaire), The Girondin, Id. net. Nelson
A cheap reprint.
Bindloss (Harold), Blake's Burden, 6/
Ward & Lock
The hero voluntarily bears the disgrace of
cowardice which his cousin incurred in a frontier
skirmish, and afterwards seeks his fortune in
Canada.
Cleeve (Lucas), His Italian Wife, Qd.
A cheap reprint.
Fiastri (Virginia Guicciardi), From Opposite
Shores, translated from the Italian by Helene
Antonelli, " Library of Translations," 6/
Goschen
This novel describes conflicting social and
clerical influences in the district of Reggio at the
close of the nineteenth and beginning of the
twentieth century.
Griffith (George), The World Masters, Qd.
John Long
A cheap reprint.
Henry-Ruffln (M. E.), The Shield of Silence,
5/6 New York, Benziger Bros.
The story of a crime told in confession to a
priest, who is, of course, bound to secrecy. Some
of the scenes are laid in the United States, and
others in Northern Spain.
Hillis (Newell Dwight), The Story of Ph^drus,
How we got the Greatest Book in the World,
5/6 net. Macmillan
A story of a Greek slave, Phgedrus, who came
under the influence of Christianity. There are
illuminations by Mr. George W. Bardwell.
Jones (Margam), Angels in Wales, 6/
John Long
A tale of Welsh life in the nineteenth century.
Kernahan (Mary), Dr. Ivor's Wife, 6/ Allen
In order to fulfil the terms of an old lady's will
and to secure thereby a fortune, a marriage of
convenience is arranged between an impecunious
schoolmistress and an embittered doctor. The
story shows the process by means of which his
chilled heart is thawed and her reil sentiments
fi nd expression.
MacLaren (Emily), The Web of Circumstance, a
Romance, 1 / net. Murray & Evenden
A story of ancient Rome.
Martindale (C. C), The Waters of Twilight-
3/6 net. Longmans
A study in religious faith by a Roman
Catholic priest. The principal characters are
Catholics, who only realize how much their creed
matters to them when confronted by difficult and
unforeseen situations.
Shaw (Capt. Frank H.), The Haven of Desire, 6/
Cassell
A story of adventures at sea concerning a
sailor who makes an unhappy marriage.
Shaw (M. H.), Eve and the Minister, 6/
Murray & Evenden
The love-story of a beautiful Society lady
and a Nonconformist minister.
Stevens (E. J. C), Leentas, a Tale of Love and
War, 6/ Allen
A story of the South African War, in which
the heroine disguises herself as a Boer in order to
take revenge on the man who wronged her sister.
Turner (G. Frederic), The Red Virgin, or The
Interregnum, 6/ Hodder & Stoughton
A second edition.
Vachell (Horace Annesley), Quinneys, 6/
John Murray
This novel tells the life-story of an antique
dealer. It shows how by honest dealing the
hero became a celebrity known to all the great art
collectors in both hemispheres. Blended with the
business part of the book are several love affairs.
Water (Virginia Terhune Van de), The Shears of
Delilah, 6/ Putnam
Ten short stories dealing with some of the
reasons for unhappy marriages.
Wells (H. G.), The World Set Free, 6/
Macmillan
See p. 652.
Westrup (William), The Toll, 6/
Hurst & Blackett
A story dealing with the gold mines of South
Africa — Johannesburg in particular " The Toll "
being the lives demanded by the mines for the
extraction of the precious metal. The inex-
pressible dreariness of the miner's lot is de-
picted, and the tragedy of two lives among the
many forms the substance of the story.
JUVENILE.
Quiller-Couch (Mabel), Cornwall's Wonderland,
3/6 net. Dent
A collection of legends and fairy-tales of
Cornwall which the author heard as a child.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Antiquary, May, Qd. Elliot Stock
The illustrated articles include ' Roman and
Other Triple Vases,' by Mr. Walter J. Kaye, and
' The Howes of the Manor of Scotter, in Lindsey,'
by Mr. T. B. F. Eminson.
Book Monthly, May, Qd. Cassell
Mr. Robb Lawson discusses the need of a
school for novelists, and Miss Eillen Alder exa-
mines ' The Welsh Story To-day.'
Britannic Review, May, 1/ net.
Eyre & Spottiswoode
Some of the items are ' The Menace of the
Anglo-Japanese Alliance,' by Dr. F. B. Vrooman ;
' The Georgian Bay Canal,' by Sir Robert Perks ;
and ' The Ideal Empire of our Time,' by Mr.
Richard Jebb.
Celtic Review, April, 2/6 net. Nutt
' Dan Cuimhne,' verses bv Mr. G. P. T.
MacRae ; ' The " Picti " and " Scotti " in the
Excidium Brittania?,' by the Rev. A. W. Wade-
Evans ; and ' Henry White — " Fionn," ' by
M. M.. are among the contents.
Connoisseur, May, 1/ net. Herbert Baily
Some of the features of this number are
' Staffordshire Pottery,' by Mr. C. Vernon, and
' On Making a Collection of Old Drawings,' by
Mr. H. S. Reitlinger.
Contemporary Review, May, 2/6
10, Adelphi Terrace, W.C.
' Frederic Mistral,' by Count de Soissons ;
' The Humanity of the Labour Exchanges,' by
Miss Constance Spender ; and ' The Badger,' by
Miss Frances Pitt, are among the contents.
Empire Review, May, 1/ net. Macmillan
The arti lei include ' Local Government,'
by Mr. H. D. Gregory ; ' Foreign Affairs and their
Lessons,' by " Diplomatist " ; and ' Tariff
Reform,' by Mr. J. C. Simpson.
English Review, May, 1/ net.
17-21, Tavistock Street, W.C.
Mr. Austin Harrison contributes " a Renais-
sance Masque " entitled ' King Carson ' ; Mr. L.
March Phillipps writes on ' Art and Life ' ; and
there are verses by Mr. John Helston and Mr.
H. G. Dwight.
Geographical Journal, May, 2/
Geographical Society
Containing ' The Sea-Route to Siberia,' by
Dr. Fridtjof Nansen and Mr. Jonas Lied ; ' A
Journey through Central Arabia,' by Capt. G.
Leachman, and other papers.
Highway, May, Id. Workers' Educational Assoc.
Includes an article by Mr. Arthur Green-
wood on technical education.
History, April-June, 1/ net.
89, Farringdon Street, E.C.
Includes ' Discoveries and Colonies of the
Scandinavians,' by Prof. Raymond Beazley, and
' Lollardy and the English Reformation,' by Mr.
Walter Ashley.
Irish Book Lover, May, 2/6 per ann. Salmond
Includes a summary of a discourse by Mr.
T. W. Rolleston on the Rev. John Gwynn's
' Book of Armagh,' and a memoir of T. D. Sulli-
van.
Librarian and Book World, Qd. net.
Stanley Paul
Includes an article on ' Public Library
Reform,' by Mr. Robert W. Parsons.
Library Assistant, May, 4/ per annum.
Stoke Newington Public Library
Containing ' Impressions of the Fourth
Easter School,' by Mr. Harry Grindle ; ' Par-
liamentary Commissions of Enquiry and their
Reports,' by Mr. C. H. R. Peach, and various
notices.
Mariner's Mirror, May, 1/ net.
Society for Nautical Research
In this issue Mr. H. II. Brindley continues
his paper on ' Stem Ropes,' and Mr. Douglas Owen
writes on ' The Devonport Figureheads.'
Modern Language Teaching, April, Qd. Black
' French Poetry,' by Mr. H. H. Whitehouse ;
' Modern Languages in Scotland,' by Miss Mary
Tweedie ; and ' Elocution and Voice Production,'
by Miss Margery Dale, are some of the features in
this number.
National Review, May, 2/6 net.
23, Ryder Street, S.W.
Mr. Austin Dobson writes an appreciation of
Aaron Hill, Mr. A. Maurice Low discusses Ameri-
can affairs, and Earl Percy has an article on ' The
" Pogrom " Plot.'
Occult Review, May, Id. net. Rider
Mr. Sax Rohmer writes on ' The Occult East,'
and Mr. Reginald B. Span on ' The Psychic Ex-
periments of Sir William Crookes.'
Royal Statistical Society Journal, April, 2/6
9, Adelphi Terrace, W.C.
Contains papers on ' The Sizes of Businesses,
Mainly in the Textile Industries,' by Prof. S. J.
Chapman and Mr. T. S. Ashton, and the ' Prices
of Commodities in 1913,' by Sir George Paish.
School World, May, Qd. Macmillan
Some of the items in this issue are ' The
Public-School Education of the Average Boy,' by
Mr. Cloudesley Brereton ; ' Plays for Villagers
and Others,' by Miss Fanny Johnson ; and ' Accu-
racy and the Direct Method,' by Mr. E. Creagh
Kittson.
United Empire, May, 1/ net. Pitman
Notable features are ' Development of
Agriculture in South Africa,' by Mr. D. H. Led-
ward, and ' The Empire and the Birth-Rate,'
by Dr. C. V. Drysdale.
War and Peace, May, 3d. Whitehall House, S.W.
This issue includes articles on Mexico, by
Norman Angell, and ' A Democratic Peace
Programme,' by Mr. Keir Hardie.
World's Work, May, 1 / net. Heinemann
Special features are ' Ceres, Rome,' by " Home
Counties"; 'The New France in Development,'
by Mr. J. J. Conway ; and ' A New Field for
Railway Conquest,' by Mr. F. A. Talbot.
GENERAL.
Bainbridge (Oliver), The Lesson of the Anglo-
American Peace Centenary, 2/6 net.
Heath & Cranton
This essay is followed by numerous con-
gratulatory messages from eminent men and
women of America, Great Britain, France, and
other countries.
Binnie-Clark (Georgina), Wheat and Woman,
6/ net. Heinemann
The author records her experiences in manag-
ing a small holding near Fort Qu'Appelle. There
are illustrations from photographs.
Brooke (Rev. C. W. A.), Modern Methods of
Parochial Organization, 3/6 net. Mowbray
A handbook recounting various methods of
organization in use in different parishes.
Brother Richard's Book-Shelf : No. 6, Visions
of the People, taken from Lamennais's
' Words of a Believer,' Id. Dent
Mr. Tom Bryan has written an Introduction,
and there is a brief Foreword by " Brother
Richard."
Ideals for Working Days, Thoughts from the
Works of the Most Rev. Randall Thomas
Davidson, D.D., Archbishop of Canterbury,
selected by E. E. M. 1/net Mowbray
One of the " Fleur-de-Lis Booklets," con-
taining extracts for each day of the year.
Pennsylvania Society Year-Book, 1914, edited by
Barr Ferree. New Y'ork, 249, West 13th Street
Containing a report of the proceedings of the
Society during the past year, and a summary of
contemporary patriotic and historical activity in
Pennsylvania.
Spiritual Healing, 1 / net. Macmillan
The report of a clerical and medical com-
mittee of inquiry into spiritual, faith, and mental
healing, containing the conclusions of the com-
mittee and a summary of evidence given by various
witnesses.
Taber (Edward Martin), Stowe Notes, Letters,
and Verses, 12/6 net. Bell
The author, who died in 1896 at the age of 33,
was obliged, on account of ill-health, to live for
many years a solitary life in Stowe in Northern
Vermont. This volume contains his notes, verses,
and literary fragments, and is illustrated by repro-
ductions of his sketches in oil and pencil. The
editor has added a few personal records and some
letters.
No. 4515. May 9. 1014
THE ATHENAEUM
(»;
).)
i
Thomas (W. Beach) and Collett (A. K.), Thh
ENGLISH Yi:\k: Si'iiim;. 10 t> net. .lack
After an introductory chapter on ' Spring,'
the letterpress is divided into sections entitled
March Calendar,' ' \pril Calendar,' ami 'May
Calendar.1 Mr. A. II. Patterson is responsible
for a few contributions. The book is illustrated
with reproductions in colour from the work of
Sir Alfred Bast, Charles Conder, Mr. Tom Mostyn,
and others: and there are drawings in the text by
Mi. V. \V. Seaby.
Viking Society for Northern Research, Saga Book,
Vol. VIII. Part I. The Society
Containing a report of the meetings of the
Society in 1912, and a number of papers, which
include ' Some Points of Resemblance between
Beowulf and the Qrettla (or Ci rot t is Saga),' by Mr.
Douglas Stedman, and ' A Map of Denmark,
l!»ini Years Old,' by Dr. Gudmund Schutte.
PAMPHLET.
Willis (Fred), The Ideals of Richard Jefferies,
3d. The Author, 23, Clifton SI reet, Swindon
This pamphlet contains a brief sketch of
the life and works of Richard Jefferies, a discus-
sion of his ideals, and a Bibliography.
SCIENCE.
Aflalo (F. G.), Birds ix the Calendar, 3/6 net.
Seeker
Sketches on birds appropriate to each month
of the year. They are reproduced from The
Outlook:
Allbutt (Sir Thomas Clifford), Palissy, Bacon,
AND THE KEVrVAL OF NATURAL SCIENCE, 1/ net.
Milford
This paper was read at the International
Historical Congress in April, 1013, and is repro-
duced from vol. vi. of the Prove d'ngs of the
British Academy.
Barger (George), The Simpler Natural Bases,
6/ net. Longmans
One of the series of " Monographs on Bio-
chemistry." It gives an account of " those basic
substances of animals and plants which are of
general biological interest." Special attention
has been given to the Bibliography, which con-
tains'over fortv pages, and extends to the autumn
of 1913.
Baxandall (F. E.), On the Enhanced Lines of
Manganese in the Spectrum of a An-
dromed.e. Astronomical Society
This paper is reprinted from the Monthly
Notices of the Boyal Astronomical Society.
Canada, Department of Marine and Fisheries,
Report of the Meteorological Service, for
the Year ended December 31st, 1910, 2 vols.
Ottawa
Containing an Introduction, detailed report,
and Appendix.
Cornish (C. J.), Life at the Zoo, Notes and
Traditions of the Regent's Park Gardens, 1/ net.
Nelson
Includes chapters on animal a>sthetics, dealing
with the sensibility of animals to beauty, scents,
and music. Part of the book is reproduced from
The Spectator.
Dickson <W. E. Carnegie), Bacteriology, Man's
Microbe Friends and Foes, "The People's
ks," r„l. net. Jack
This little book gives a brief account of the
history and present scope <>f the scientific study
of bacteria. It is illustrated by diagrams, and
there is a selected Bibliography at the end.
Eugenics Record Office, Bulletin No. 11, Reply
to tie- Criticism of Recent American Work by
Dr. Heron of the Galton Laboratory, by C. li.
Davenport and A. J. Rosanoff, 10 cents.
fold Spring Harbor
This booklet contains two papers entitled
' A I- n of thej Methods ami Results of Dr.
Heron's Critique,' by Mr. Davenport, and ' Men-
delism and Neuropathic Heredity,' by In.
■ ff.
Forsyth lA. R.j, LECTURES IVTKODUf Tory TO
the Theory of Functions of Two Complex
Variables, i<> net. Cambridge im v. Pre-,,
These lectures •■■■•!■ delivered before the
Pniv : -it >- of Calcutta last year.
Geological Society, Abstracts of the Proceed-
in,.-. No. 957, •!'/.
Tie- Society, Burlington House, w.
Containing summaries of papers on 'The
ntion of !,. | River-System, and it,
'ion to that of the Midlands,' by Dr. .1. W.
Gregory, and ' Tie- Topaz-bearing Bocks of
Gur tan,' by Mr. .J. B. Scrivenor, and of
the discussion which followed them.
Jones (Walter), NUCLEIC Acids : their CHEMICAL
Properties and Physiological Conduct,
3/t5 net. Longmans
One of the " Monographs on Biochemistry."
It includes Appendixes, a full Bibliography, and
Index.
Kaye (G. W. C), X Bays, an Introduction to the
Study of Rontgen Rays, ■*> net. Longmans
Tins handbook gives an account of some
methods and apparatus in use at the present time.
It is illustrated with diagrams and photographs.
Kippax (John R.l, The Call of the Stars, a
Popular Introduction to a Knowledge of the
Starry Skies, 10/6 net. Putnam
A non-technical description of the chief
stars and planets, with an account of the myths
and legends associated with them at various times.
It is illustrated by photographs, charts, and dia-
grams.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 62,
No. 2: Hydro mechanic EXPERIMENTS with
Plying Boat Hulls, by H. C. Richardson.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
A report of an investigation carried out at
the Model Basin, Washington Navy Yard. It is
illustrated with six plates.
Walpole-Bond (John), Field-Studies of some
Barer British Birds, 7/6 net. Witherby
The Preface st ites that practically all the
matter in these essays " comes from long, personal
observation and research." Some chapters are
reproduced, with alterations, from British Birds,
Country Life, and other magazines.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Hartland (Edwin Sidney), Ritual and Belief,
Studies in the History of Religion, 10/6 net.
Williams & Norgate
A series of essays on ' Learning to " Think
Black," ' ' The Relations of Religion and Magic,'
' The Boldness of the Celts,' ' The Haunted
Widow,' ' The Philosophy of Mourning Clothes,'
' The Rite at the Temple of Mylitta,' and ' The
Voice of the Stone of Destiny.'
Martin (Rev. E. Osborn), The Gods of India, a
Brief Description of their History, Character,
and Worship, 4/6 net. Dent
In two introductory chapters the author
discusses the development of Hindu mythology
and the Sacred Books of the Hindus, and then
passes on to a consideration of the chief Hindu
gods, classifying them under the three headings
' Vedic Deities,' ' Puranic Deities,' and ' Inferior
Deities.' The book is fully illustrated, and pro-
vided with an Index.
FINE ART.
Brown (Alice van Vechten) and Rankin (William),
A Short History of Italian Painting, 7 [6
Dent
A handbook for beginners. The more
technical matter has been confined to notes, and
there are many illustrations, a Bibliography, and
an Index.
Hewison (James King), The Runic Roods of
Buthwell and Bewcastle, with a Short
History of the Cross and Crucifix in Scotland,
20/ net. Glasgow, John Smith
After an introductory chapter on the Cross
and Crucifix in Scotland, the author gives a
history of the Buthwell Cross and Bewcastle
Obelisk, and an account of the inscriptions
and sculpture on the monuments. Thebookalso
contains the text of the Old English poem ' The
Dream of the Rood,' with a metrical translation.
There are many illustrations.
Hill (George Francis), Catalogue of the Greek
Coins OF PALESTINE (GALILEE, Samaria, and
Ji'Ii.ka), 30/ net. British Museum
The twenty-seventh volume of the 'Cata-
logue of Greek Coins in the British Museum,'
begun in 1873. It gives a description of all
the ancient coins issued in Palestine down to the
close of the Greek Imperial coinage under the
rule of TrebonianUS Callus and Volusianus, and
is illustrated with plates, a map, and a table of
the Hebrew alphabet. There are over a hundred
pages of Introduction and ten Indexes.
Johnson (George Lindsay), Photography in
Colours, a Text-Book for Amateurs and
st udents of Physics, 3/6 uet . Routle,
\ .loud edition, revised and brought up to
date, with additional chapters on ' Colour Print ing
from Single-Plate Transparencies' and 'The
Nat me .,i' Light and < lolour.'
Joyce (Thomas A.i, Mexican Archeology, an
introduction to the Archaeology of the Mexi< m
and Mayan Civilization* of Pr< Spanish America,
L2 8 mi . Lee Warner
An account of tie- life and culture of the
Mexican and Mayan peoples of pre-Spani I.
America, illustrated by maps, plat.-,, and numer-
ous drawings in t he test .
New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bulletin,
April, hi cents. The Museum
Containing an article entitled 'The Metro-
politan Museum's Growth loo Big for its Income,'
Notes on Recent Accessions, &c.
Pictures of 1014, 'Pali. Mali. GAZETTE ' EXTRA,
1/ net. Newton Street, llolborn. W.C.
Reproductions of some of the pictures in this
year's Royal Academy.
Royal Academy Pictures and Sculpture, PHI.
paper 3/ net, cloth ">/ net. Cassell
Reproductions of pictures and sculpture in t he
Academy this year, with a coloured frontispiece.
This work is also issued in live parts, Id. net each.
Soissons (Count de), The .Esthetic Purpose OP
Byzantine Architecture, and Other Essays,
12/6 net. Murray iV Kvenden
This volume contains, besides the opening
essay on Byzantine Architecture, a discussion of
the art of China and Japan, and appreciations . I
Ingres, Munch, Felicien Pops, 15 ecklin, Strains,
and Manet. .Mr. C. P. Hooch contributes a Proem.
MUSIC.
Bantock (Granville), A Pageant of Human Life,
Choral Suite for Male, Female, and Children's
Voices, the Words by Sir Thomas More (147S
1535), 1/6 Novello
Elgar (Edward), Give unto the Lord (Psalm
xxix.), Anthem for S., A.. T., B., with Accom-
paniment for Organ and Orchestra (Op. 7 1), 1 6
Novello
This piece has been composed for the Festival
of the Sons of the Clergy, St. Paul's Cathedral,
1914.
Elgar (Edward), Two Interludes from ' Fal-
staff,' Symphonic Study for Orchestra, 2/ net.
Novello
Latin Songs, Classical, Medieval, and Modern,
with Music, edited by Calvin S. Brown, 0/ net.
Putnam
A collection of Latin songs, including classical
lyrics, medifeval church hymns, carols, school
songs, lullabies, and translations of well-known
English and German pieces.
Novello Part-Song Book (Second Series): No.
1200, The World is Too Much with Ds,
the Words by Wordsworth, Music by Gran-
ville Bantock, 3d. ; No. 1297, The SHOWER,
from a Poem bv Henry Vaughan (1621—1695),
Music by Edward Elgar (Op. 71, No. I), id. ;
No. 1298, The Fountain, the Words from a
Poem by Henry Vaughan, Music by Edward
Elgar (Op. 71, No. 2), Qd. ; No. 1299, Death
on the Hills, adapted from the Russian of
Maikov by Rosa Newmarch, Music by Edward
Elgar (Op. 72), Qd. ; No. 1300, Love's Tem-
pest, adapted from the Russian of Maikov by
Rosa Newmarch, Music by Edward Elgar (Op.
73, No. 1), Qd. ; and No. 1301, SERENADE,
adapted from the Russian of Minsky by Rosa
Newmarch, Music by Edward Elgar (Op. 73,
No. 2), Qd. Novell,,
Organ Arrangements : No. 18, Adagio and
Allegro Spirttoso from a Clavier Sonata
by Balthasar Galuppi (170(5-1785), arranged
by Sir Frederick Bridge, 1/ Novello
Original Compositions for the Organ : No. I 13,
Postludium Festtvum, by Charles W. Pearce :
and No. Ill, GRAND Cikf.uk, by Claude E.
Cover, l , net each. Novell,.
Original Compositions for the Organ ( New Series ) :
No. 27, Twelve Miniatures, bv n. M. liiuu-,
3/ net; No. 28, TOCCATTNA, by W. G. Alcock,
1/0 net: and No. 29, ROMANCE IN A PLAT, by
II. Sandiford Turner, I;' net. Novell, >
Scott-Baker (H.), Mazurka fob Pianoforte
Solo, 2 net. Novello
Scott-Baker (H.)» Pantomime fob Pianoforte
Solo, 2, net. Novello
DRAMA.
Hankin (St. John), The Cassilis Engagement,
a Comedy in Four lets, paper I net, cloth
2/ net.
Seeker
This play was produced before the 81
Society at the Imperial Theatre in Febru
L007. ' See The Alhenceum, Feb. 16, L907, p. 207.
Hankin (St. John), The Chartti that began \i
Bomb, a Corned] [or Philanthropists, paper 1/
net, clot li - net . Seeker
This plaj was produced by Mr. Granville
Barker at the Court Theatre In October, 1006.
See The Ithenteum, Oct. 27, 1906, p. 524.
Hankin (St. John, THE RETURN OP THE PRO-
DIGAL, a C -,iv tor Fathei . paper I out,
cloth 2 net. Becker
Produced bj Sir. Granville Barker a( the
Court Theatre In September, phi;,. See The
Athena urn, Sept. 30, 1005.
656
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
FOREIGN.
THEOLOGY.
Scriptores Syri, Second Series, Vol. XCII. :
Expositio Officiorum Ecclesise Georgio Arbe-
lensi vulgo adscripta, II. Accedit Abraham Bar
Liphch Intcrpretatio Otficiorum, Textus, edited
by R. H.Connolly, 12fr. 75. Paris, J. Gabalda
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Journal G6neral de rimprimerie et de la Librairie :
TAULE SYSTEMATIC;!^ DE LA BlBLIOORAPHIE
de la France, Annee 1913.
Paris, 117, Boulevard Saint-Germain
A catalogue of books published last year,
classified according to their subjects.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Correspondance de Montesquieu, publiee par
Frangois Gebelin avec la Collaboration de
M. Andre Morize, Vol. I., 12fr. ; Vol. II., 16fr.
Paris, Champion
The correspondence is edited with an Intro-
duction, notes, Appendixes, and Index.
Kircheisen (Friedrich M.), Napoleon
LEBEN UNI) seine Zeit, Vol. III.
Muni
This volume begins with Napoleon
from Milan through Switzerland in 1797
with the Egyptian campaign of 1798-
archaeological researches to which it
author has taken great pains to sec
mentary evidence, and the best illusti
1. : SEIN
ch, Mii Her
's journey
, and ends
9 and the
led. The
ure docu-
ations.
Kircheisen (Gertrude), Napoleon und die Seinen.
Munich, Midler
A companion volume to that mentioned just
above, by Herr Kircheisen's wife, which fills out
the picture by a study of the private life of
Napoleon's family connexions. The volume,
though complete in itself, deals only with part of
the family. The author reserves for a second
volume Napoleon's sisters and their husbands,
and has already dealt in another book with Napo-
leon's wives. Here, then, we are concerned with
his mother and his brothers. Special care has
been taken with the illustrations.
La Fayette (Madame de), La Princesse de
Cleves, Lettres, Memoires, Edition Lutetia,
lOd. Nelson
This volume contains ' La Princesse de
Cleves,' ' La Comtesse de Tende,' a selection from
the letters and Memoires of Madame de La Fayette,
and an Introduction by M. J. Calvet.
Maybon (Albert), La Republique Chinoise,
3fr. 50. Paris, Colin
Soon after the proclamation of a republic in
China the author set out for the East to study
political tendencies in the more important centres
of the Chinese State. In this volume he describes
the chief events of the Revolution, and gives an
account of his own observations.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Loti (Pierre), Jerusalem, 1/ Nelson
A reprint in the " Collection Nelson."
SOCIOLOGY.
Jastrow (Morris), Jun., Babylonian-Assyrian
BlRTH-OMENS AND THEIR CULTURAL SIGNIFI-
CANCE, 3m. 20. Giessen, A. Topclmann
A study of some ancient superstitions.
Westermarck (Edward), Ceremonies and Be-
liefs CONNECTED WITH AGRICULTURE, CERTAIN
Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather
in Morocco.
Helsingfors, Akademiska Bokhandeln
A study of native ceremonies, the author's
aim being not merely to set forth the bare facts,
but " to discover the ideas underlying them."
PHILOLOGY.
Eitle (Hermann), Die Satzverknupfung bei
Chaucer, 5m. 80. Heidelberg, Carl Winter
This treatise has partly appeared as a
Tubingen dissertation. It ends with additions to
Matzner's ' English Grammar ' and the ' N.E.D.'
Muller (Engelbert), Englische Lautlehre nach
James Elphinston (1765, 1787, 1790), 7m. 20.
Heidelberg, Carl Winter
Elphinstone's works are here used to exhibit
the phonetics of the second half of the eighteenth
century in England. Numerous examples are
cited of his system of spelling.
Westermarck (Prof. Dr. Edward), Nomina im
Status Absolutus und Status Annexus
in der sudmarokkanischen berber-
SPRACHE.
Helsingfors, Akademiska Bokhandeln
An elaborate study with lists of words.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Barnouw (A. J.), Anglo-Saxon Christian
Poetry, translated by Louise Dudley.
The Hague, Nijhof'f
An address delivered at the opening of the
Lectures on English Language and Literature at
Leiden, in October, 1907.
Joubert, Textes choisis et commentes par
Victor Giraud, lfr. 50. Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A brief appreciation of Joubert, followed by
a selection from his correspondence and his
' Pensees, Maximes, et Essais.'
FICTION.
Formont (Maxime), La Danseuse.
Paris, Lemerre
A sketch of Roman life and luxury on the
Neapolitan coast in the days of Vi spasian.
Le Braz (Anatole), Paque d'Islande, 1/ Nelson
A cheap reprint.
Poltoratzky (Hermione), Cceurs Slaves, Un Ete
Russe, Leurs Femmes, Entre Serbes, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
In this volume Madame Poltoratzky gives a
picture of aristocratic circles and describes the
life of poor students in Russia. The setting of
the last story is in the Balkan Peninsula.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, 1 Mai, lfr. 50.
Paris, 26, Rue de Conde
We notice in thi; number ' La Jeunesse de
Juliette Drouet,"' by M. Louis Guimbaud ; ' Mes
Debuts d'Auteur Dramatique,' by M. Louis
Durnur ; and ' L' Affaire Lemire,' by M. Maurice
Lanoire.
Revue Critique des Id6es et des Livres, Avril, lfr.
Paris, 155, Boulevard Saint-Germain
The articles include ' L'Auteur du " Stabat
Mater,'' ' by M. Jean Longnon ; ' Maurice Barres
et les Eglises de France,' by M. Georges le Car-
donnel ; and ' Un Critique Radical-Socialiste de
la Democratie,' by M. Gilbert Maire.
Skirnir, 2 hefti. gRitstjori, Guo'm. Finnbogason
The contents include ' Nokkur oro' um
PjoStni og Pjc'/dsiSi Islendinga,' by Jonas Jonas-
son, and ' lTnga FolkiS og Atvinnuvegir Landsins,'
by Guo'm. Hannesson.
Vie des Lettres, Avril, 2fr. 50 ; abroad, 3fr.
Paris, Neuilly ; London, Erskine Macdonald
Notable papers arc ' Quelques Pensees sur
la Personnalite et les Ecrits d'Oscar Wilde,' by Dr.
Ernst Bendz, translated by M. Georges Bazile ;
' La Poesie nouvelle en Belgique,' by M. Maurice
Gauchez ; and ' Theatre experimental de Francois
de Curel,' by Mr. William Speth.
THE ELIOT HODGKIN SALE.
On Monday, April 27th, and the following day,
Messrs. Sotheby sold the trade cards, book-
plates, broadsides, &c, collected by the late John
Eliot Hodgkin. The chief lots were : An exten-
sive collection relating to tobacco, 92?. Three
book-plates of Samuel Pepys, 30/. Proclamation
to observe Fast Days, 1558-9, 38?. Pius V.,
broadside announcing the excommunication of
Queen Elizabeth, 1569, 317. Queen Elizabeth,
proclamation relating to P^ssex's rebellion, 1600,
43?. The official declaration of the Treaty of
Breda, between England and the United Nether-
lands, 1667, 56?. The total of the sale was
1,630?. 8s.
AUTOGRAPH LETTERS.
On Thursday, April 30th, and the following day,
the same firm sold autograph letters, &c, the most
important being : Garrick, A.L.s., June 3, 1770,
to Sicard, introducing Dr. Burney, 23?. ; another,
apparently to the same, Dec. 2, 1774, 32?. Beet-
hoven, A.L.s. to L. Schloesser, May 6, 1823,
21?. 10s. ; autograph MS. of the beginning of one
of the Scotch songs arranged by him in 1815, 25?.
Warner, autograph MS. of the end of the Prelude
to ' Tristan und Isolde,' 1860, 22?. TOs. Gabrielle
d'Estr^es, notarial act signed by her, 25Z. 10s.
Byron, autograph MS. about the allusion to Capel
Lofft in ' Hints from Horace,' line 734, 36?. A
large collection of letters relating to the French
Revolution, 3 vols., 34?. Nelson, A.L.s., July 29,
1801, to Lady Hamilton, apparently unpublished,
65?. Sir John Franklin, twenty-seven letters to
his niece Miss Kay, 27?. 10s. Thackeray, A.L.s.,
Feb. 25, 1859, to Thompson, 31?. ; another, n.d.,
about Charlotte and Werther, 36?. Burns,
autograph song with chorus and address to Robert
Cleghorn of Edinburgh, 150?. ; draft letter to
Miss Kennedy of Daljarroch, and some verses
called ' Brose and Butter,' 102?. The total of the
sale was 1,733?.
BOOK - TRADE REFORM.
The Publishers Point of View.
Probably no other profession in t lie world
has been so persistently reviled, or widely
misunderstood, as that of publishing. The
Barabbas legend has been worn threadbare,
but it still serves its unworthy turn at times,
and the author, especially the unsuccessful
author, is still ready to shake hands with the
discontented bookseller in agreeing that the
publisher is the natural enemy of both. It
would all be rather amusing, were it not
so serious and unjust. No reform worth
talking about will be possible until authors,
publishers, and booksellers alike have suffi-
cient faith in one another to discuss their
common interests without wondering all the
time whether one or the other, to speak
metaphorically, will stab him in the back at
the first opportunity. Hence the advan-
tage of some round-table conference or
central Board, at which all these conmonent
parts could be brought into closer touch than
is possible under the present system of
divided councils.
The popular conception of a publisher is
less libellous in the twentieth century than
in the days when Campbell drank Napoleon's
health because he had ordered one hapless
member of the trade to be shot. But it is
not much nearer to the truth when it imagines
him merely as a man who sits at his ease in
his chair, taking a manuscript from the author
in one hand, and passing it on to the printer
with the other, saying, "Print it " : then to
the binder, saying, " Bind it '" ; and leaving
them to do the rest until the day of publica-
tion arrives. In reality the very reverse is
the case. All the thousand and one details
connected with the art of book-making can
be settled by the publisher alone ; for the
printer and binder are content, for the most
part, simply to carry out instructions. It
was different in the early days of publishing,
when the printers had matters much their
own way, an advantage which they lost for
ever in the book wars of the seventeenth
century. The triumph of the publisher — or
stationer, as he was then called — is testified
in Roger L'Estrange's report to Charles II.
in 1663.
"To conclude [he wrote on that occasion], both
printers and stationers, under colour of offering a
service to the publique, do effectually but design
one upon another. The printers would beat down
the bookselling trade by managing the press as
themselves please, and by working upon their own
copies [copyrights]. The stationers, on the other
side, they would subject the printers to be absolutely
their slaves, which they have effected in a large
measure already, by so increasing the number, that
one half must either play the knave or starve."
The history of the book trade in this
country is one long record of conflicting
interests ; but though the publisher has
maintained his supremacy, it does not follow
that he can neglect the other branches of his
craft. The ideal publisher must be a master
printer and binder as well, and responsible
for all the technicalities which can make his
books a joy to look at, if not to read. Too
much of the detailed work which goes to
fashion a comely tome is lost on the average
critic as well as the average reader. The
public likes a book to be " pretty," but it has
little appreciation of the higher qualities of
sound workmanship.
It is argued for the publishers, in
view of the booksellers' complaint of the
hazardous nature of their business, and the
suggestion of some system of sale or return
on the German model, that, since specula-
tion is the very essence of their craft, it is
only fair that the bookseller should under-
take his share of the risk. Publishers, as
Scott wrote to Miss Seward over a hundred
No. 4515. May 9, 1914
THE ATIIENiEUM
657
yean ago, "are the onhj tradesmen in the
world who professedly, and by choice, deal
with what is called ' a pig in a poke ' " :
ami it i* doubt less the gambling element
which tempts so many men to enter a
business in which fortunes arc far harder to
win than most people imagine.
" A bookseller [added Scott in the same shrewd
letter] publishes twenty books, in hones of hitting
upon a good speculation, as a person buys a parcel
of shares in a lottery, in hopes of raining a prize.
Tims the road is open to all, and if the successful
candidate is a little fleeced, in order to form petty
prizes to console the losing adventurers, still the
cause of literature is benefited, since none is
excluded from the privilege of competition."
There is little danger to-day of the suc-
cessful candidate being fleeced for the
benefit of his brethren as well as of his
publishers. The shoe is rather on the
other foot. The successful candidates now
employ business men to keep up their
prices, and sell themselves to the highest
bidder: with the result that it is too often
the budding novelist, or the man of letters
struggling with the work of a lifetime, who
is fleeced, or rather underpaid, in order that
the publisher may head his list with the
crowning glory of a " best-seller."
This was one of the things which they
managed better in the book world of ancient
Rome, where, as Dr. Putnam tells us in his
interesting history of * Authors and their
Public in Ancient Times,' the first Pub-
lishers' Association was formed at the begin-
ning of the second century. Little is known
about this society, except that it was
organized by the leading publishers of Pome
"" for the better protection of their interests
in literary property, and that each member
bound himself not to interfere with the
undertakings of his fellow-members." Alas,
that this vital problem cannot be so amic-
ably settled to-day ! In an age of hustling
competition and dividends at all costs it
ms impossible to hope for any rules and
regulations that could be enforced in a
trade in which competition is increasingly
keen, and the interests at stake of the rival
houses altogether unequal.
That some modified scheme of " sale or
return " might be introduced is not outside
the range of practical politics, but the
general feeling appears to be that there is
more hope of relieving the booksellers of
their incubus of unsaleable stock by means
of their own clearing-house idea. Tt is
curious to learn that there was some system
of '"sale or return " in this country as long
ago as Caxton's day. This is shown by the
list of Thomas Hunte, stationer of the Uni-
versity of Oxford, printed by Mr. Madan .r
the end of his edition of the ' Day Book of
-John Dome.' The list is an inventory,
written on the flj-leaf of a French transla-
tion of Livy now in the Bodleian Library,
>rding the books received by Hunte in
the year 1483 from Joannes de Aquisgrano
I Peter Actors, the last of whom was
rWBlds appointed Stationer to Henry VI 1.
V tors and his partner appear to have been
wholesale booksellers from abroad, who
travelled about Kngland from fair to fair,
then thi- chief markets for hooks in this
country, and dealt with recognized stationers
on the system in Question. In the inventory
Hunte gives a written promise faithfully to
restore the books in due course or pay the
price affixed in the li-t.
To what extent the literary agent has been
responsible for the modern gulf between
authors and pub] i a matter that lies
outside our presenl scope ; but it is
incontrovertible that the old friendly
relationship, which not only oiled the wheels
of the book world in bygone davs. hut also
helped to inspire not a few of the living
masterpieces in the language, is becoming
more and more a thing of tin" past. An
author has a right to safeguard his interests,
but mere commercialism is a sorry substitute
for such historic friendships as those between
Byron and John .Murray 11., Thackeray and
George Smith, Maeaulav and the Longmans,
and so on. There are so many misunder-
standings to adjust in these relationships, so
many small, yet vexatious trade details
that seem to need standardizing, and
suggestions to discuss for the benefit of the
book world as a whole, that, in spite of the
obvious difficulties, we cannot help thinking
that some central governing Board, as
suggested in our original article on the
subject, on which every branch should be
represented, could hardly fail to justify its
existence, even though its achievements fell
far short of the German ideal.
Let us at least remove, if w^e can, the
canker of suspicion and disloyalty. Tradi-
tion dies hard in this most conservative of
nations, but publishers as a whole, however
keen and unscrupulous some of them may be
in competition among themselves, are pre-
pared to deal justly, even generously, with
their allies. Obviously, it is to their interest
both to support the bookseller to the best of
their ability, and to encourage the author to
stand by them. How easy it is to misjudge
in these matters was demonstrated the other
day in a letter from a bookseller to one of the
trade papers, complaining bitterly that in
the annual report of the Publishers' Associa-
tion the booksellers were dismissed in a few
lines, the insinuation being that these few
lines represented the proportionate amount of
interest taken in the welfare of the book-
sellers by the aristocrats of the trade. In
justice to the publishers in this connexion, it
is only fair to state as a fact that the affairs
of the booksellers, and questions affecting
their interests, brought to the notice of the
Association by their own Society, regularly
occupy at least half the time spent by the
publishers at their official meetings. The
complaint referred to is particularly un-
warranted during the present presidency of
Mr. James Blackwood, who not only has the
interests of the booksellers very much at
heart, but has also on occasion given up whole
days to personal investigations into purely
book - trade matters away from London.
Mr. Blackwood is addressing the Associated
Booksellers at Edinburgh on June 6th, when
it is hoped that the whole question of reform
will be discussed in a spirit worthy of a great
trade, and doubtless he will be able to say
something more definite than we have
succeeded in doing from the point of view
of the publisher.
*** The letter signed "One Keenly
Interested" is in type, but the Editor will
be glad if the writer will kindly send his
name in accordance with the rule of The
Athenaeum.
SW'AHILI AND ITS LITLRATIRE.
Miss Wkrnkk gave on Thursday after-
noon last at King's College, Strand, an
interesting lecture on the origin and use of
the Swahili language. Swahili is a real
language, not a mere hybrid jargon like
" Pidgin English," or the " Bangala which
has come into existence of late years on tho
Congo. I'.ot its position is somewhat pecu-
liar, it is a genuine Bantu language which
has incorporated a great many Arabic words,
and lost many of its characteristic flexions;
but then- is no Swahili tribe speaking it,
apart from the mixed nice descended from
Arab colonists and Bantu aborigines ; and it
did not exist before the Arabs had settled
on the coast. If native authorities can bo
trusted, and the poems attributed to Liongo
Fumo are genuine, it must have existed in
literary form as early as the thirteenth
century. The centre whence the Swahili
spread south seems to have been the baintt
archipelago, though there were independent
settlements. The language was at an early
date written in Arabic characters, and Arabic
rules of prosody were to a certain extent
introduced. A large number of poems have
come down to us in an archaic dialect (which,
however, resembles that still spoken at Lamu)
and in several rhymed met res which are
employed with good effect. Many of them
are paraphrases from Arabic originals (or,
possibly, free compositions on themes taken
from Arabia), such as those on Mohammed's
ascent into heaven, the death of Mohammed,
the story of Job, or of the hero Mikdad.
Utenzi is the name given to these poems,
which are either didactic or epic ; lyrics are
called Mashairi. Of these there is a great
variety, constantly being added to by popular
improvisations, which often keep to recog-
nized forms, though frequently quite free
in construction.
The capacity of Swahili as a literary lan-
guage ought not to be overlooked ; it is
largely understood by people of other tribes,
and Swahili books are in great demand
among, e.g., Pokomo and Griryama ( hristians ;
it thus forms a useful instrument of educa-
tion without involving the disuse of the
vernacular, and tends to reduce effort and
expense in schools.
Its utility for business is well known ; the
employment of Coast men as caravan
porters has carried it to Uganda, Nyasa, and
the Congo ; and its use as an official language
in the East Africa Protectorate (not Uganda)
is — at least provisionally — quite in accord-
ance with the fitness of things.
Of traditional stories and folk-tales a
good many collections have already been
made, both in English and German, but
much valuable matter still remains to be
gleaned.
ANOTHER DEBT OF JOHN
SHAKESPEARE.
Dullatur House, Hereford.
In reference to the note of Mrs. Stopes
tinder the above heading in The Athenaeum
for April 25th, may I venture to suggest
that the term " whittawer " following
John Shakespeare's name may be the
clerk of the Court's phonetic way of writing
" widower," just as he wrote " Shakysper
for " Shakespeare " ?
Your learned and enthusiastic corre-
spondent would know better than any one
else how far this would suit tho case of John
Shakespeare — ■'"our John," as ahe affection*
ately calls him — the father of William, who
married Mars- Anion, I behove in 1.157, and
who might be a widower in 1573, though it
is nowhere, 1 think, recorded thai h<- left his
shop in Stratford before his death, it is said,
in 1601.
Bui if this suggestion ""won't do,1 may I
venture on another? "Whittawer" might
he pure Warwickshire for "wit-ower
or " owner " ("ower " "owner"in these
paiis, ma far off), or "producer," or " be-
getter " [cerebri geniior, Latine).
This, I think, would " lit in " admirably
with tho learned lady's wcii-knowu theory,
Jons Hi t< iiivs.in.
658
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
litoarg (Snssip*
The inaugural lecture of the summer
term in the Department of Public Ad-
ministration at the London School of
Economics was delivered a few days
ago by Mr. Graham Wallas, who took as
his subject ' The Growth and Influence of
Political Science in America.' Comparing
the impressions received by him during
his recent journey in the United States
with those of previous visits, the lecturer
said that, to him, the most striking
development was the gradual supersession
of the " plain, honest man," of whom
Mr. William J. Bryan was a perfect
representative, by the " impenitent spe-
cialist " — to use Mr. Max Beerbohm's
phrase.
This new belief in specialism and the
authority of the expert had taken the
place of the belief in a national destiny.
Social problems, especially in the Eastern
States, were far too complex to be solved
by non-expert legislators on the general
principles laid down in the Constitution.
Perhaps the most significant fact of the
new regime was that at Harvard Uni-
versity, where students were allowed to
choose from an enormous number of
courses, and where there were no compul-
sory subjects set for Arts degrees, quite
half the students attended courses in socio-
logy, while classics and mathematics were
virtually left alone.
Dr. Oscar Levy informs us that, in view
of the seventieth anniversary of Friedrich
Nietzsche's birth, which falls on October
15th next, it is intended to raise a monu-
ment to his memory on the hill near
Weimar, in the neighbourhood of the
Nietzsche Archiv. A considerable fund
has already been collected for the purpose,
and any surplus that may accrue will be
used for the support of the Archiv, which
is under the guidance of Nietzsche's
sister.
Contributions should be forwarded to
Nietzsche's cousin, Dr. Richard Oehler,
the Librarian of Bonn University (70,
Konigstrasse, Bonn), or the Nietzsche
Monument Fund, care of London County
and Westminster Bank, 109-111, New
Oxford Street, W.
The Cambridge Review of this week notes
that the See of Bristol, from which Dr.
Browne has retired, passes to another
Cambridge man, Dr. Nickson. It adds
that the new Bishop 'w will have to walk
warily in relation with the Bristol Uni-
versity, where certain dissensions are but
recently composed." The composure is
possibly premature.
MM. Alfred Capus and Robert de
Flers have been elected General Editors
of the Figaro.
Frederic Mistral has bequeathed to
his native town his house, with all the
books and pictures which it contains, on
condition that, after his wife's death, it
shall be open to the public as a museum.
On April 26th the Souvenir Litteraire
met at Pere Lachaise to commemorate
the centenary of Louis Sebastien Mercier's
death. Mercier was a prolific writer, and a
sort of undeveloped genius. He tried his
pen in many literary genres — philosophy,
history, criticism, drama — pouring into
each the liberal effusion of a truly original
mind. His most characteristic works are
' L'An 2440,' a rambling, heterogeneous
composition, full of half-prophetic visions,
and ' Tableau de Paris,' which gives a
curious picture of Parisian manners. He
was above all an enthusiastic admirer of
Shakespeare, whom he strenuously put
forward as a dramatic model.
It is proposed to build a reading-room
and library at Bankfoot, Perthshire, in
memory of the poet Robert Nicoll, the
centenary of whose birth fell on the 7 th
of last January.
Last Tuesday the editor and directors
of The New Statesman met some of their
readers at the KingswayHall and addressed
them. The idea was good, but we cannot
commend those responsible for the way in
which it was carried out. If the utter-
ances of their pens were no weightier than
their speaking, our contemporary would
not serve its public so well as it does.
Even Mr. Shaw did not manage to convey
news to intelligent readers of the paper,
though he occasionally restated things in
a novel way.
Messrs. Smith & Elder will publish
on the 28th inst. ' From an Islington
Window : Pages of Reminiscent Romance,'
by Miss M. Betham-Edwards. Romance
is not exactly associated with the Isling-
ton of to-day, but the author deals with
the Early- and Mid- Victorian associations
of the district.
The Rev. H. S. Pelham, Domestic
Chaplain to the Bishop of Birmingham,
has written a little work which he has
entitled ' The Training of a Working Boy.'
The Bishop contributes a laudatory Fore-
word. Messrs. Macmillan will issue the
book on Tuesday next.
They will also publish shortly ' Restate-
ment and Reunion,' four essays by the
Rev. B. H. Streeter, the editor of ' Foun-
dations.' The aim of the book is to
show that the practical and intellectual
problems of to-day cannot be solved on the
old party lines, but only by a co-ordina-
tion of the best elements in the traditions
of the High, Evangelical, and Broad Church
schools. The observations on Reunion
were partly suggested by a study of mis-
sionary conditions during a recent visit
of the author to India. The Introduction
contains some comments on the Bishop of
Oxford's recent pronouncement.
Mr. Ian Colvtn, who is known to a wide
circle of readers as " I. C." of The Morning
Post, is publishing next Tuesday with
Messrs. Blackwood a book of light satirical
verse entitled 'iEsop in Politics.' Messrs.
Blackwood are also issuing at the same
time ' Heroines and Others,' another
collection of short stories by Mr. St. John
Lucas.
Mr. Raymond Paton, whose first novel,
' The Drummer of the Dawn,' was well
received, has written ' The Tale of Lai/
a fantasy which brings fairyland into
the heart of London, and once more
defends the wisdom and ideals of the child
against the dull common sense of its elders.
Messrs. Chapman & Hall are the pub-
lishers.
The same firm announce for early issue-
two stories by writers whose names are
new to print : ' The Road to Hillsbrow,'
by Miss Ellen Beaumont Loveday, ait
idyll of English family life ; and ' The
Anvil,' by Miss Lilith Hope, a study of a
girl's development.
Mr. Murray is publishing next week
' Cloudesley Tempest,' a novel of the Stock
Exchange, by Mr. E. H. Lacon Watson.
Mr. Murray's announcements include
' The Letters of John B. S. Morritt
of Rokeby,' the traveller and friend of
Scott, edited by Mr. G. E. Marindin;
and ' The Autobiography of S. S. McClure,'
the adventurous American publisher who
was the prototype of Stevenson's delight-
ful Pinkerton in ' The Wreckers.'
The volume of ' Collected Poems ' by
Mr. Norman Gale, which has been an-
nounced for some time, will be published
by Messrs. Macmillan on next Tuesday.
Casa Editrice Lapi, of Citta diCastellor
is publishing, as the first volume of a
series of " Documenti di Storia Letteraria
Italiana," ' Scenari delle Maschere in
Arcadia.' The scenarios are ' La Pazzia
di Filandro,' ' II gran Mago,' ' La Nave,'
' Li tre Satiri,' and ' L' Arcadia.' The
fundamental idea in each is a shipwreck
on a desert place where a magician reigns
supreme. According to the Fanfulla delta
Domenica, the editor — Signor Ferdinando
Neri — discusses in his Introduction the
possibility of their having been the source-
of Shakespeare's ' Tempest.'
The late Duke of Argyll was a man:
of considerable versatility with the pen.
A graceful writer of verse at his best, he-
published a good metrical version of the
Psalms in 1877. His historical work
shows, as a rule, sound judgment, but he
was careless in detail. His k Passages from
the Past ' (1907), and collection of ' Inti-
mate Society Letters ' (1910), contain good
things, but are defective in arrangement,,
and occasionally perverse in judgment.
Probably his literary gifts suffered from
his position as a statesman.
We are sorry to notice the death at,
Edinburgh on the 1st inst. of Mr. James
Cuthbert Hadden, aged 54. Mr. Hadden
served an apprenticeship as bookseller
with Messrs. A. & R. Milne, of Aberdeen,,
went to London, and was for a time with
Messrs. Routledge. On his return to
Scotland, he specialized in music, and was-
in turn organist in several Presbyterian
churches. He began also to contribute
to newspapers and periodicals, and wrote,
besides several little books on music,
some literary and historical biographies.
Mr. Hadden, who had been one of our
contributors for several years, and was
well equipped in Scottish history and
topography, had a nervous breakdown last
year from which he never fully recovered.
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
T H E A T H E Ni:UM
659
SCIENCE
\
The Golden Bough : a Study in Magic and
Religion. — Part IV. Adonis, Attis, Osiris.
By J. G. Frazer. 2 vols. (Macmillan &
Oo., 20s. net.)
These volumes form the fourth portion
of the third edition of Dr. Frazer's great
work. It comes later in time than the
.nth and concluding portion, which
was reviewed in The Athenceum of Jan. 3rd
last, but it had previously appeared as a
separate work, of which editions had been
published in 1906 and 1907. It shows
the advantage of the new method of
breaking up the subject into several
distinct treatises, instead of starting, as
previously, from the practice of the priests
of Aricia, and following out in succession
the lines of thought that ran in many
ways more or less directly from that
starting-point.
In the two volumes before us three
ancient myths, related to each other
as being Oriental in origin, are separately
considered, and other myths and practices
concerning them investigated hi the style
of which Dr. Frazer is the undisputed
master. In his Preface to the present
edition he defines in these words the
position to which his long and patient
research has led him : —
"' The longer I occupy myself with ques-
tions of ancient mythology the more diffi-
dent I become of success in dealing with
them, and I am apt to think that we who
spend our years in searching for solutions
of these insoluble problems are like Sisyphus
perpetually rolling his stone uphill only to
see it revolve again into the valley, or like
the daughters of Danaus doomed forever to
pour water into broken jars that can hold
no water. If we are taxed with wasting life
in seeking to know what can never be
known, and what, if it could be discovered,
would not be worth knowing, what can we
plead in our defence ? I fear, very little.
h pursuits can hardly be defended on
the ground of pure reason. We can only
say that something, we know not what,
drives us to attack the great enemy Ignor-
ance wherever we see him, and that if we
fail, as we probably shall, in our attack on
his entrenchments, it may be useless but
it is not inglorious to fall in leading a Forlorn
Hope."
Those who remember the issue of the
first edition of ' The Golden Bough,' and
the impulse which was given by it to the
study of comparative religion, will hardly
be prepared to agree with Dr. Frazer in
his disparaging estimate of the results
of the study to which he has devoted
marvellously industrious research, a vivid
scientific imagination, and a brilliant
faculty of eloquent exposition. It may
be that knowledge of absolute troth is
not attainable in regard to many of the
intimate relation- between belief and
custom that he has ingeniously suggeste I
and that such knowledge, if acquired,
would not be of more value to mankind
than the suggestion itself ; but the pro-
gress from c lition to edition of enlighten
ment on the mutual relations of magic
and religion, and the demonstration of the
virtual identity of religious ideas which
formed the theme of the first edition, and
is raised to a high power by the sixfold
evidences contained in this third edition,
are surely not forlorn hopes, but real
victories in the conflict with ignorance.
Upon the first of these questions Dr.
Frazer's conclusions may be briefly stated.
The great changes which annually pass
over the face of the earth are intimately
bound up with the life of man. At a
certain stage of development men seem
to have imagined that they could hasten
or retard the flight of the seasons by magic
art. The slow advance of knowledge
convinced the more thoughtful that some
mightier power than their own magical
rites wras at work. They pictured to
themselves growth and decay as effects of
the waxing or waning strength of gods
and goddesses. Thus the old magical
theory was supplemented by a religious
theory, for they still thought that by
magical rites the}* could aid the god who
was the principle of life in his struggle
with the opposing principle of death.
The ceremonies they observed Avere a
dramatic representation of the natural
processes they wished to facilitate ; for
magic is imitation. They set forth the
fruitful union of the powers of fertility,
the death of one of those powers, and his
resurrection. Thus a religious theory was
blended with a magical practice.
The myth of Adonis, whom Dr. Frazer
identifies with Tammuz, illustrates this.
He thinks it originated with the Sumerians
of Southern Babylonia. In the religious
literature of that country Tammuz appears
as the youthful spouse or lover of Ishtar,
the great mother goddess. Every year
Tammuz was believed to die, and every
year his divine mistress journeyed to the
gloomy subterranean world in quest of him.
During her absence life was threatened
with extinction. On her rescue from the
infernal regions all nature revived. In
Syria the story was further developed.
In Cyprus the worship of Aphrodite and
Adonis reached its height. It gave rise
to the strange customs which are recorded
by Herodotus as practised in Babylon, and
which find analogies in India among the
dancing girls dedicated to the service of the
temples, in West Africa among the Ewe-
speaking peoples of the Slave Coast, and
in Western Asia among the sacred wo-
men and men. It also gave rise to
the widespread belief that men and women
may be the sons and daughters of a deity.
either begotten by him when in human
form or when in the form of a serpent;
and to the co-related beliefs that births
of children are reincarnations of deceased
persons, and that stocks and stones have
procreal ive virtue.
The worship of Adonis at Byblus, in
Syria, led to the customs of sacrificing
the first-born, and of burning the chief
god of the city, and to the tradition that
Melearth, the T\rian Hercules, burnt
himself to death and rose again from the
dead. At Tarsus, in Cilieia, he bore the
name of Sandan. A famous llittite
Bculpture represents a procession, at the
head of which are three figures ; I ft.
Frazer conjectures that they represent a
divine Father, a divine Mother, and a
divine Son. The Father he identifies
with Baal, and the Son with the god
Sandan, who was burnt — either in the
person of a human representative (who
might be the son of the king) or (perhaps
in later years) in effigy — at Tarsus. He
finds in like manner at Olba, among
the ruins discovered by Mr. Theodore
Bent, a representation of two gods,
Father and Son, corresponding to the
Baal and Sandan of Tarsus.
In support of the theory that kings or
princes were formerly burnt to death at
Tarsus in the character of gods, he adduces
the story of Sardanapalus, or rather his
brother Shamashshumakin, burning him-
self, and that of the attempted burning
of Croesus, King of Syria, as seeming to
prove that in certain cases Oriental
monarchs deliberately chose to burn
themselves to death, and that such a
death was regarded as a kind of apotheosis.
He suggests that the custom of burning
a god may have had some relation to
volcanic phenomena, to earthquakes,
mephitic vapours, and other natural
features. The ritual and gardens of
Adonis are good evidence that he was a
deity of vegetation, and especially of the
corn.
The second part of the book — ' Attis ' —
relates to a deity who was to Phrygia what
Adonis was to Syria. Born of a virgin,
and killed, like Adonis, by a boar, accord-
ing to one version, or by his own act in
self -mutilation, according to another, he
was changed after death into a pine tree.
His death was celebrated by bloody
sacrifices, at which priestly eunuchs
officiated ; his resurrection by a joyous
festival of licence.
The part which the pine tree plays
in his worship identifies him as a tree-
spirit. His name signifies " father." Each
year his cruel death was re-enacted in the
person of a representative. Dr. Frazer
suggests that a reminiscence of the manner
in which these old representatives were
put to death may perhaps be preserved
in the story of Marsyas, hung on a
pine tree and flaj^ed by Apollo. From the
East these barbarous and cruel observ-
ances spread over the Roman Empire.
In Greek mythology they were not adopted,
and the nearest analogy to them is found
in the story of Hyacinth.
The third part of the book—' Osiris —
which occupies the whole of the second
volume, relates to the god whose death
and resurrection were annually celebrated
in ancient Egypt. He was the offspring
of an intrigue between the earth-god Beb
and the sky-goddess Nut, wife of the
SUn-god Eta, who declared with a curse
that she should be delivered of the child
in no month and no year. The curse was
fulfilled, and yet nullified, by his birth
on the first of the five additional days
inserted at the end of each year to make
a year Of :5<>5 days out of 12 months of
30 days each. The variations <>f the
Egyptian calendar arc not unlike th
ol the Mexican calendar. as expounded
by .Mrs. (not " .Miss ) Z. Xuttall (p. 29).
600
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
The Egyptian farmer had means of his
own to rectify the official calendar by
observing the rise and fall of the Nile, and
accordingly at the beginning of the rise
held a festival of Isis, believed to be
mourning for the lost Osiris. The time of
sowing the seed was a time of sorrow, which
Prof. Frazer considers to be as unreal as
that of the walrus for the oysters. The
joy of harvest, likewise, was concealed
under an air of dejection. Besides these
natural observances, there were the official
celebrations of the sufferings and death
of Osiris, in relation to which Prof. Frazer
gives an excellent account of the Feast of
All Souls as observed in many countries.
The death and resurrection of the god
identify him as a personification of the
corn, which dies and comes to life again
each year ; but he was also a tree-spirit, a
god of fertilitjr, and a ruler and judge of
the dead. His sister and wife Isis is more
difficult to understand. Dr. Frazer rejects
the theory that Osiris was the sun-god ;
and while he admits that in some respects
Adonis was looked upon as identified with
the moon, he considers that that was a
late development of the cult, due to
observations of the influence which the
waxing and waning moon was supposed
to exercise on growth. In Egypt the part
of Osiris was played by the King. While
Adonis and Attis were minor divinities
only, Osiris was the greatest and most
popular god of all Egypt ; but all three
represent the powers of fertility and especi-
ally of vegetation, and all undergo a death
and resurrection. The cult of all in-
cluded the idea of vicarious sacrifice —
it is expedient that one man die for the
people, that all the people perish not.
If some of the suggestions made
by the author are thought to be over-
ingenious, and not to be sufficiently
supported by the facts on which they are
based, the great multitude of those facts,
all tending to the same conclusion, must
make a great impression on every one
who studies writings so obviously candid,
fair-minded, and fruitful as those of Dr.
Frazer.
An Appendix supplies notes on Moloch
the king, the widowed Flamen, a charm
to protect a town, and some customs of
the Pelew Islanders.
BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO
EDUCATION. Bristol.
I have read the lectures by Miss Hoskyns-
Abrahall, as recorded in The Athenaeum,
with interest.
In speaking of the " Sympathetic Nervous
System," she says: "The abdominal brain is
larger in the female than in the male, the
female having also more distinct ganglia,
and more marked conducting cords."' She
goes on to explain that this accounts for more
boys suffering from malnutrition than girls,
and that boys more often die young.
It has appeared to me, in my experience,
that boys are more difficult to rear than girls ;
that the explanation advanced by Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall is in any case correct, I
am not prepared to admit.
I know of no anatomical authority for
her statement ; if there be, I should esteem
the reference a favour.
John Wm. Taylor, M.D.
BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO
EDUCATION.
A Course of Three Lectures given by Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall at Crosby Hall, on
March 13th, 17th, and 20lh, 1914.
[These Lectures were illustrated by nearly two
hundred slides, and the omission of these has
necessitated some curtailment of the matter
which depended on them, and also some re-
arrangement. Lecture I. was printed in 'The
Athenaeum ' for April 25th, and the first portion
of Lecture II. in last week's number.
Lecture II. (continued).
PSYCHE : THE SOUL.
Powers of Vision.
There are yet other factors which
determine the mode in which the soul
receives, as it were, into itself impressions
from the outside world, and we must con-
sider one or two of them for a few mo-
ments. We revert now to the eyes,
which are our usual organs of sight.
Human eyes have three lenses : a water
lens, a horny lens, and a vitreous or glass-
like lens. There are individuals who can so
control sight as to look through only one
lens, or only two, or, again, only through
the retina (the net) and its fluids. It is a
commonplace to say the eye brings with it
what it sees, but this is true in a far
more profound and exact sense than
people usually suppose. There is, for
example, an exact correspondence be-
tween the substances contained in the
eye and their rate of vibration, and that
which, outside us, we perceive as move-
ment. To us a sand-fall appears sta-
tionary, but if there were contained in one
of our lenses a solution of opiartz, Ave should
see the movement in it. Its stationary
appearance is the same in kind as the
stationary appearance of a waterfall
seen at a distance. Everything in reality
is in motion, and there may be a being to
whose ej'es, by the different correspond-
ence between their respective vibrations
and its own, sand appears to move faster
than water. It is found, moreover, that
drugs and abnormal secretions of the
body alter the solution in the water lens
and cause marked differences of vision,
as indeed, on the same principle, they also
cause marked differences in hearing,
touch, taste, and smell.
The easiest way in which to understand
the differences made by the relation to
one another of different rates of vibration
is, however, to consider how photographs
of a person in motion come out differently
according to the rates of movement of
the film and the person. If the film moves
very slowly, it will catch every movement
of the man's muscles, and in the resulting
photograph there will appear, not one
man, but many. Let the film move
more slowly still, and the form of a man
leaping as it usually appears to our limited
normal vision will appear in the photo-
graph as a wave with a wedge in its
trough.
I can but touch on it for a moment,
but nothing is more striking than the
witness of photography to the theory that
matter consists of waves within waves —
that we ourselves, physically, may be so
described.
Now, in the accounts we have of strange
things seen in visions it may very well be
that the secret of the wonder lies in some
change — acceleration or retardation — in
the vibrations and other movements
which are integral factors in all our seeing.
We see by means of a moving film. Just
as the celluloid film, consisting of particles
of dead organic matter, is carried past
the camera, so a film of matter, partly
dead and partljr living, caught in a net,
passes through the camera of our eye ;
and our vision is truly and exactly deter-
mined by the rate of its movement and
the nature of its substance. A person
sloAvly dying must, as the pulse-rate
alters, see differently from what he did
in health, and may likewise become
aware of what at this former rate was
invisible. It does not follow that con-
sciousness is lost, or even disturbed or
lessened. The soul may be as fully
" alive " as before ; may be seeing and
hearing things of which before it had no
cognizance.
Abnormal Perception and Movement.
If there is a range of perception possible
to us beyond our normal limited range —
possible, but not often or to many of us
matter of actual experience — there are
also ranges of action, and states of con-
sciousness or subconsciousness, which Ave
are capable of, yet seldom — most of us,
perhaps, ne\er — enter upon. Consider,
for example, somnambulism — a state,
in reality, of larger Avakefulness than is
our ordinary AAaking state, in Avhich, while
many of the ordinary functions of the
animal organization are suspended, the
mind is diATested of the common cares
and anxieties of the AATorld, and becomes
composed, serene, and cheerful ; while
the intellectual faculties, free and unfet-
tered, are exercised with an extraordinarA/
Angour and acuteness. The internal power
of vision is marvellously strengthened and
enlarged, and seems to be no longer con-
fined within the narroAV bounds of space
and time, nor beholds objects merely in
the usual superficial Avay, but penetrates
the shell of external nature and sees into
the life of things — through the inner
network of the lymph. This state pre-
sents three types : (1) Ordinary som-
nambulism, the result of some peculiar
predisposition of the nervous system ;
(2) somnambulism of " disease " — i.e., of
change of personality ; (3) ecstatic som-
nambulism, produced by high exaltation of
mind.
The somnambulist seems to the on-
looker to be in profound sleep. His eyes
are closed ; he may be pricked or struck,
and feel nothing ; he may have his eyes
forced open and not see, the most volatile
spirit presented to his nose and not
smell, a pistol fired off close to his ear and
not hear ; yet he will traverse the most
inaccessible places, perform most delicate
and difficult operations, intellectual and
mechanical, travel, and drive or ride
through croAvded streets, and all Avith a
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
001
degree oi freedom, a boldness and preci-
sion superior to what In- displays when
awake. It has been noticed that a
Bomnambulist generally accomplishes any-
thing he sets out to do.
The explanation of this is that, while
the head retains the powers of motion
and feeling, the faculties have passed
over to the sympathetic system, to the
'" abdominal brain." and by the change
the intellect has become clearer and
stronger. Among the Chinese and the
Burmese the abdomen is held to be the
Beat of the human understanding. The
Aztecs said to a person : " See that you
take my words and lay them up in your
heart, and write them on your bowels."
While this state lasts the soul is not to
be considered as necessarily attached to
any particular organ, but rather as dif-
fused throughout, the entire body, as is
the hyaline jelly throughout the Volvox
sphere, or the Plasmodium of Badhamia,
or the network of Hydrozoa ; though it
may be more or less concentrated in the
one ganglion, the solar plexus. The
ordinary senses being deadened, the irrit-
able solar plexus or the ganglia in the
pit of the heart take their place, and act
as projectors and receivers of all vibrations
and stimuli. Intuition dominates, and
all perception takes on the character of
feelintj. rather than that which distin-
guishes any of our differentiated sensations.
By the ganglia of the stomach persons
have heard voices even from the end of
a lone conductor, and speaking in the
lowest whisper, and also the ticking" of a
watch . They have seen — after the manner
of X-rays — through intervening obstacles.
They have the power of prevision and the
power to discover hidden things. They
have prescribed for themselves and other
people remedies in the way of herbs,
metals, and exercises. In one case a
letter was folded four times, enclosed in
a box. and held in a person's hand on the
Btomach of the somnambulist, who saw
the writing and read it. If different kinds
of food — cake, biscuits, fruit— were placed
in the same way on the stomach, the
te of them was immediately perceived
in the mouth ; if, however, they were
wrapped in silk, no taste was perceived.
An uneducated peasant girl, who had no
hearing by the ears, heard the lightest
whisper perfectly by the pit of the
stomach, the sole of the foot, the palm
of the hand, and along the sympathetic
nerve. When her eye- were bandaged, she
recognize 1 objects and colours placed on
the above-mentioned regions . she was
also able to describe things in the next
■m. in the street, beyond the town a1
enormous distant seen with the
eve-. She described diseased and healthy
in her own body and in other- in
Latin and in Italian, and in scientific
teems. Her eye- themselves developed
extraordinary sensitiveness : they became
like electrometers, tuning where the
sUghtesi friction produced electric tension.
I re have been in-' knees where -ight.
hearing, and smell have been transferred
from the usual organs to the fingers and
toes, or to the palms of the hands or soles
of the feet. A person has read with the
elbow, whilst using the other hand, and
at the same time conversing.
This unusual functioning of the sym-
pathetic ganglia and organs may, further,
take place, not in some subject whose
constitution is somewhat abnormal, but
in a normal person when exposed to great
danger or to terrible suffering. These
may have — perhaps always have in some
degree — the effect of changing and en-
larging the nature, of stimulating imagi-
nation and emotion to a height of which,
in the ordinary routine of civilized life,
we can form little conception. Routine,
in some respects beneficial, acts as a
lullaby which puts the higher powers to
sleep, and thereby tends to stunt the
whole personality.
It will be remembered how, at the time
of the earthquake at Messina, the Russian
sailors climbed walls like cats, brought
people down from houses in the most
hazardous ways, and did things which
no human being is supposed to be able
to do. I knew some girls in Bath who,
when the house they were in was on fire,
leapt from window-ledge to window-
ledge, 6 ft. apart, across a wide house-
front. Under ordinary conditions they
could not possibly have done this, but
in that agony of fear the soul came to
their aid and lifted them over the space ;
in fact, they flew.
This may seem a strange thing to say,
but it belongs to a region of human know-
ledge and experience not sufficiently
considered, and for that very reason
passing out of our reach, which was well
known to the ancients. One person — or
the soul when exerted as a whole — has
the power of self-projection, of flight.
Empedocles, Aristseus, and Pausanias may
be mentioned as witnesses to this having
been known ; and the legends of Buddhist
saints who, when their sanctity had
attained a certain high degree towards
perfection, could pass through the air
at will should not be taken as mere
fictions.
If projection, or flight, of this kind is
now to all intents and purposes unknown
among us, the less perfect action of the
soul, by which it passes to distant places
separate from the body, is relatively
common — more so, perhaps, than those
who have not attended to this phenomenon,
or who put a different interpretation upon
it, might admit. Certain Laplanders,
when travelling, can throw the body into
a state of unconsciousness, leave it, and
betake themselves to the dwelling of a
comrade's family, it may bo 300 miles
away, and bring him back news of them,
if he urgently desires it. The so-called
magician, after due preparation, falls
senseless to the ground, and remains
motionless, as if the soul had for ever
abandoned the body. After twenty-four
hours the SOul returns: the body awakes
as from profound slumber, the man
utters B deep-drawn Sigh, and then will
answer questions put to him, name and
describe the place- where he has been,
and give minute particulars of what he
has observed.
Instances of this kind might be multi-
plied indefinitely, and 1 have given this
one, not because it is in any way a novelty.
but because an example, even if well-
known, is better as illustration than a
statement.
Human Machinery and Loss of Balance.
But if over against the cerebro-spinali
system, or as the mediator of intuition,
the sympathetic system is to be regarded
as one, examined part by part it discovcrs-
itself as multiple and complex. In par-
ticular it is an adjustment of many vibra-
tions. Each organ and its ganglion lias
its own rate of rhythm, its own tempera-
ture, its own sphere of action, and its
dominant note. This means, as it is-
easy to see, a myriad possibilities of fine-
adjustment, and also, if there be anything
in the surroundings intolerable, a myriad
possibilities of misery and disorder. What-
ever civilized life may be for the cerebro-
spinal system, there can be no doubt that
for the sympathetic system it is so disas-
trous that we may wonder that any one-
retains any portion of the " sympathetic "
powers which properly belong to him.
We understand this as to sensitive-
apparatus. We have all heard how art
astronomer by mistake took his umbrella
into Greenwich Observatory, with the
result that, by the iron in the umbrella,
all the instruments were set ajar and-
would not work. We have all been told
that no one must go into the observatory
with a key in his pocket. When they
packed up the instruments and trans-
ported them to Scotland — to the outer-
most parts of it, where there is no disturb-
ance at all — the proceeding was regarded
as perfectly natural and proper.
It is far otherwise when it comes to-
considering the sensitive apparatus lodged
within the human frame. The number of
human beings who are undergoing torture-
in their innermost being because of jars,
noise, and stress and strain is enormous.
Not the slightest account is taken of it.
It is a very remarkable thing that, whereas
a mechanical invention which, however
otherwise convenient, actually necessi-
tated some degree of external maiming in.
those who used it. would stand little
chance of being adopted, no invention
which, by its jarring and noise, must
either deaden sensibility or rack it to-
agony is ever, on that score, hesitated
over for a moment. It is not offensive
nor, one may suppose, injurious, except
indirectly, to the eerehro spinal system
Therefore it is allowed to continue.
Those in whom the cerebrospinal system
dominates will find little difficulty in>
tolerating it ; those in whom the sympa-
thetic system is stronger may be driven
by it to distraction. Yet there can be
no doubt thai the latter are not <>f a lower
type than the former ; while the highest
type of all consists of those in whom the
two are most intimately connected.
It is not only by jars and outward
strains that the harmony of the sympa-
thetic system is affected ; of equal im-
portance is the question <>f food. Here-
6G2
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
one point to be considered is the possi-
bility, by diet, of giving undue pre-
ponderance to one factor in the sympa-
thetic system. The possible effect of the
foods to which by convention the general
population is restricted in limiting our
faculties, and also in promoting the excess
•of sexual impulse so marked among us,
•ought to be more closely — and, if I may
so put it, practically — considered than
it is. The diet of most people is a hap-
hazard mixture — different, too, in many
irespects from the diet of their ancestors.
Treatment of the Insane.
We come, now, to consider what
•exactly is involved in such a loss of
balance or harmony in the sympathetic
system as is not momentary, as does not
readjust itself again and again, after the
manner which constitutes a large part of
our daily difficulties of living, but remains.
Its aspect will be twofold : Avithin, great
suffering ; without, disability — a failure
to meet the demands of external life.
And the cause of the loss of balance needs
also to be accurately understood. It may
be not solely the destructive action of the
environment upon an exceptionally com-
plex, or weak, or sensitive organization ;
it may be disturbance caused by change
■of personality. To the rough-and-ready
judgment of the world the person appears
as insane, and is dealt with accordingly.
How is one to know what is happening ?
Fundamentally, though not solely, by intui-
tion. Only the most highly gifted in
respect of intuition ought to be allowed
to have anything to do with the insane,
and they ought, besides, to be possessed
of wide knowledge, of a wide outlook, and
large-heartedness — strong, but not un-
controlled emotion. That, on the whole,
the insane are not in the hands, or even
under the ultimate control, of persons of
this nature and capability needs, I fear,
no demonstration. There is plenty of
evidence to show that, if some of the
heads of asylums and the attendants they
-employ are well-meaning and skilful,
there are many who are mere money-
makers, many who are coarse and stupid
— more than might be supposed who are
•on occasion guilty of culpable neglect and
of what amounts to cruelty. Those who
can discriminate to any purpose between
forms of insanity of different origin — who
can discern between the patient who is
4o be helped to regain a foothold from
which he has slipped, and the one who is
to be helped to reach a foothold he has
never yet gained — are extremely few.
Indeed, the distinction as a mere possible
one has not presented itself at all to the
minds of most alienists.
Dr. Adolf Meyer, Professor of Psychiatry
at the Johns Hopkins University, writes
of the insane, whose disease he describes
as a disease of behaviour : —
" Certification to an asylum, an expression
whi?h carries humiliation to a patient and
adds insult to injury, often means carrying the
patient off to a remote asylum. . . .with the
inscription over the door ' Leave hope behind,
-all ye who enter here.' Helpfulness rather
than coercion must take the place of all
this. The urgent point is the creation of
different environments to meet the needs
of different persons, as the readjustments
may take days or weeks, months or years of
care and protection."
Helpfulness, however, and protection can-
not be expected wherever those in charge
of the patients, though called nurses, are
rough and ignorant beyond what would be
endured in an ordinary domestic servant.
One of the first conditions of improve-
ment would seem to be the revision of our
whole view of insanity : the recognition
of the diverse parts played in each sepa-
rate case by the cerebro-spinal and the
sympathetic systems, and a more exact
allowance for the effects of drugs and idio-
syncrasies connected with these with more
attention than is usually accorded to the
state of the bodily organs ; also a
realization of the fact that what appears
as madness may be, on the one hand, a
perfectly justified recoil of the whole
system from a scheme of life for which it
is desperately unfitted ; or, on the
other hand, a transition state from one
mode of personality to another, the
difficult emergence into a higher form of
being. In this connexion I would sug-
gest that those insane persons who mani-
fest— or in the onset of the disease have
manifested — a peculiar intolerance of
noise or a great desire for solitude should
be guarded and studied with a special and
hopeful care.
Not that we are to think of change from
one personality to another as necessarily
involving insanity or the risk of insanity,
though it does, perhaps, always involve
suffering.
Diet and the Use of Fast and Festival.
Every religion has taught that the mode
of life — clothing, diet, exercise, absence
or presence of excitement, regularity or
irregularity — makes a difference to the
soul. A part of ancient wisdom was to
know what foods were good for the soul
— that is to say, what foods would nourish
the body in such a way as to keep its
balance true. As long as the right
physiological balance of the body is
kept, the body is a vehicle in which,
through which, the soul can act. The
soul cannot act unless its vehicle is of such
a nature and in such a state as to yield to
intuition. The balance required is a
harmony between the ganglia and
" brains " of the body, between the two
great divisions of the circulatory system,
and between the ferments.
It is natural and inevitable that this
balance— supposing it to be attained —
should still from time to time be upset,
not only by external chance and change,
but also by development within, by
efforts and experiences of the soul. For
these emergencies the ancients had appro-
priate correctives, one of which, without
much knowledge of its origin or exact
use, has in a fashion persisted to our
own day — I mean, fasting.
It is worth reflecting upon that those
creatures which exist freely, independently,
in a larval state fast during the time of
metamorphosis. Hunger is Nature's me-
thod for accelerating metamorphosis.
The received connexion between fast
and festival is matter of common know-
ledge. We all of us know also that fasts,
even by the religious, are not as a rule
kept with anything like the strictness
which was once required. The fact is
that, in dwelling upon the fast rather as
an act of penitence than as a preparation,
current religious teaching has dropped out
one of the elements in the ancient theory
regarding it. The festival to which the
fast looked forward was not merely a
joyful occasion — the joy, of course, being
understood as of the highest kind — it was
also a tremendous effort : a sort of leap
of the soul one stage — if it might be —
further on. She might attempt this with
safety if she were strong enough ; she
would be strong enough if she could be
made pure enough. Part of her impurity
was the direct effect of clogging impurities
in her vehicle, the body ; of that much
she could be cleared by her own pains,
just as the skin can be cleansed by our
own pains in washing ; but in order
really — and not merely as it were conven-
tionally— to effect this, the fast had to be
properly managed and thorough, in a way
very unlike what is commonly practised
among us now. Nor was it matter of
indifference what was the food taken when
the festival-day arrived.
There is a good deal of unnecessary
alarm about the ill results of fasting.
One would have to know the constitution
and circumstances of any one to whom
one recommended an}7 severe measures of
the kind, but I may mention that I have
the pleasure of the acquaintance of a man
who from time to time has fasted — quite
strictly, except for drinking water — for
six weeks at a stretch. He describes the
result as like a new birth — so refreshed
he is, so full of vigour. Nor, after the
discomfort of the beginning, is he weak or
in pain during the continuance of the fast
itself. Far from that, he walks, rows,
fences, and thinks with an ease and energy
which surpass what he is capable of at
other times. He gets rid of accumulations
in the tissues of effete matters, and starts
afresh. At the end he has fruit juice and
a little barley-water.
The bearing of this, again, on the
treatment of insanity is obvious. In-
sanity may be brought about, is certainly
often increased, by overfeeding, even by
feeding at all. Nothing can be more
absurd than the forcible feeding resorted
to in lunatic asylums.
Besides what we may call " purifying "
or " corrective " discipline, the wisdom of
our ancestors recognized much that we
have lost sight of in the pursuit of
ideals. If we have whittled away much
of its meaning from the fast, we have also
shorn the festival of very much of its
glory and its magnificence. It is no
longer one particular movement in a
progress towards a definitely conceived
end, from which one must take care not
to fall back. Yet, for the welfare of the
No. 4515, M.u 9, 1914
T HE A T H E N M U M
663
1 1, nothing is more necessary than
unity and steadiness of aim : a definite
plan in accordance with which tin1 divers
persons are to be subordinated to one
another : a definite ideal towards which
their action and interaction are bent.
Ideals in Education.
The great defect of modern education
is that — except verbally, ami even so in
very vague and general terms — it has no
ideal. It does not aim definitely either
at " success " in this world or at '" attain-
ment " in the next. As aims the two are
incompatible, and. wavering between them,
it loses both. Still less, within one or the
other general aim. does it point the child
to a definite individual ideal for himself.
or put him on the track to discover it. It
is largely a haphazard sequence of oddly
ill-calculated occupations, directed by
persons who. brought up in similar condi-
tions themselves, are to a great extent
unaware how ineffective they are for the
true life of the child.
If what 1 have said so far is clear, it
will now be evident that, behind the
mask, and using the "" persons," severally
or together, as its agents and vehicle, is
the soul, which does not in this mortal
body come to the full fruition of its
powers, nor in civilized countries prospers
on the whole so well as in those where
the life of the people depends on the
sequential connexion of the cerebro-spinal
sympathetic systems.
8( " fETIES.
[BISH Texts. — April 30. — Annual Meeting. —
Mr. R. Flower in the chair. — The Hon. Secretary,
Mi.--; Rleanor Hull, read the Sixteenth Annual
Report, in which the completion by Miss Maura
Power of l)'-r edition of the Irish astronomical
I contained in MS. B. TI. i. in the Royal
Irish Academy's collection was announced.
This will form the Society's volume for 1912.
.\ second publication, also approaching com-
pletion, is the Rev. P. Power's edition of the Lives
St. Declan and St. Mochuda, two early Water-
lord saints, which form part of O'f'lery's collec-
tion of -tints' lives now deposited in the IJur-
lian Library in Brussels. This publication
will have special interest as being the first ap-
• of any part of these saints' lives in Irish.
The collection was made by Michael O'Cliiv
daring a hasty visit to Ireland about 1620. It
• th MSS. originally belonging to Father
•i Colgan, whose library, collected at Louvain,
afterward- deposited in BrOSSels. The
editor is adding an Introduction dealing with
as condil ions in Ireland.
The Rev. John MacErlean reported that he
hope, | to hive the Irish portion of his third
volume of Q'Bruadair's poems in the printer's
hands by the beginning of July : and among other
volumes now v. ell advanced are Mr.T.O'Donoghue'a
edition of the familj poems of the O'Neills of
dannaboy, and Mi-- E. Knott's edition of po
by the bard Teigue Dall O'Higgin. The fourth
and concluding volume of the Society's edition
of B History of Ireland,' containing the
ilogies and Indexes, edited by the Rev. 1'. S.
oeen. ha- gone i o pn
Thirty-six new members have joined during
the year. The sale of the Society's Irish diction
itinues to be Hteady, 200 copies of their
I >i<< ionary, and 80U copies of t heir -mailer
Dictionary, having been -old during the year.
The Hod. Treasurer 'Mr. s. Boyle) presented
the financial report and balance-sheet, which
showed that tin- finances of the Society were in
a Sat i-faetorv posit ion.
'I'lie following members of Council, retiring by
. v . re re-elected : Mi -. I: inks, Mr. P.
HacOonagh, and Mr. T. W. Rolleston. Mr. .F. (..
'» Keeffe wa- elected to fill ncj upon the
Council. The officers of the Society — Prof.
I' igl M President . Mi- I-:. Hull 'lion.
• , and Mr. S. Boyle (Hon. Treasurer) —
were re-elected for the ensuing year.
UXBTIKQS NKXT WKEK.
Hon, Royal Institution. 8.— 'Th« List rlmjiterof Greek Philosophy :
Plot in us hs I'hilosvplii'r. Keligious Teacher, ami Mystic.
Leotnro ill.. Dean lime.
— 8ociety of Engineers, 7.80.— Notes on the Water Supply of
Hreater New York.' Mr. W, T. Tuylor.
— 8ociety of Arts. B.— 'Some Recent Developments in the
Ceramic Industry,' Lecture 111.. Mr. \V. liuiton. (OtDtot
Lecture, i
— Geo.Kniphic.il, 8.80.— "The Comlition ami Prospects of the
Panama Canal,' Pr. Vnugliaii Cornish.
Tits. Royal institution. :: —"I he Present State of Evolutionary
Theory.' Proi. w. Bateson
— Asiatic. 4 —Annual UMtlog,
— Society of Arts, 4. 10.-' The Singing of Songs. OM and New :
Folk Bongs,' Mr. II. IMunket Greene. (Cobb Lecture. I
— Anthropological Institute, s i:>— ' Colourlilindness and Race,'
Dr. W. II. K. Rivers; 'standing Stones and Stone Circles
in Yorkshire.' Mr. A. L. Lewis
— Colonial Institute. aSO.— 'Newfoundland, the Oldest Part of
the Kmpire.' Sir E. Morris.
Wn>. Geological, 8. - ' The Scandinavian Diift of the Durham
Coast, and the General Glaciology of South-East Durham,'
Mr. C. T Trechmann ; 'On the Relationship of the Vredefort
Granite to the Witwatererand System.' Mr. P. W. Penny.
— Society of Arts. 8.— 'Glass - Painting In Meiliaval Times,'
Mr. J. A. Knowles.
Tin us. Royal Institution, 8.— 'Identity of Laws In General and
Biological Chemistry,' Lecture I , Prof. S. Anhenius.
— Royal. 4.30.— 'The Various Inclinations of the Electrical Axis
of the Human Heart: Part I a. The Normal Heart, KTects
of Respiration.' Dr. A. D. Waller ; 'On Fossil Plants showing
Structure from the Base of the VVaverley Shale of Kentucky,'
Dr. D. H. Scott and Prof. E. C. .leffrey ; 'The Controlling
Influence of Carbon Dioxide iu the Maturation, 1'ormai'cy.
and Germination of Seeds,' Part 11., Sir. Franklin Kidil ;
and other Papers.
— Society of Antiquaries, S :i0.
Flu. Royal Institution. !). — 'Plant Auimals : a Study in Pjm-
biotis,' Prof. F Keetile.
Sat. Royal Institution, 3.—' Bird Migration,' Lecture If., Prcf.
C. J. Patten.
FINE ARTS
Greek and Roman Sculpture. By A. Furt-
wangler and H. L. Urlichs. Translated
by Horace Taylor. (Dent & Sons,
7s. (id. net.)
Greek Sculpture and Modem Art. Two
Lectures delivered to the Students of
the Royal Academy of London by Sir
Charles Waldstein. (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 7s. Qd. net.)
The number of illustrated books on
ancient sculpture that have appeared
recently at a moderate price is a satisfac-
tory indication of the growing interest in
the subject. Furtwangler and Urlichs's
book contains sixty plates and seventy-
three smaller illustrations ; Sir Charles
Waldstein's has seventy-eight plates. All
alike are from process blocks, often some-
what spotty and unpleasant in texture,
but sufficing to give a very fair notion of
the statues they represent. Both series
are well selected, and give not only the
familiar statues that recur in all such
series, but also a certain number of less-
known works. The English book further
contains, for comparison, a few examples
of Michelangelo and M. Rodin.
Furtwiingler and Urlichs's volume has
been familiar for some time in its German
form ; it was an excellent notion to give
us an English translation of the new
German < dition. The book was originally
intended as a handy < dition, for less ad-
vanced or less wealthy students, of the
colossal and expensive Brunn-Bruck-
niann ' Denkmaler,' with its 600 or more
folio plates in photogravure. Its chief
value lay in the facl thai it made accessible
a brief and Buggestive study of a number
of the mosl representative examples of
ancient sculpture by the gr< <u -t master
of the history and criticism of ancient art
in our general ion : and this. too. in a form
which cm easily be appreciated even by
those who have no special know It dge of the
subject. Particular interest attaches to
some of the sections in which Furtwangler
has given an account of his own dis-
coveries or the. uii s. Bui it is significant
of the rapid progress of archaeological
study that even Burtwangler's colleague
thinks it necessary to admit the improb-
ability of some of these theories — notably
those as to the identification of the
Lemnian Athena and the colossi of
Monti Cavallo— and to suggest modifica-
tions in the arrangement of the ./Egina
pediments and the identification of the
subordinate figures in the Parthenon
])< dinients. However, the permanent value
of Furtwangler's criticisms is beyond such
details.
The translation reads well enough when
not dealing with technical matte) s;
but it is unfortunate that neither pub-
lisher nor translator seems to have realize d
that in order to translate such a book as
this some knowledge is required of the
subject with which it deals. The V( ry
first sentence offers an illustration of
this. It is absurd to talk about Myce-
naean art in Greece in "the twentieth
century B.C." Furtwangler, of course,
wrote "' im zweiten Jahrtause-nd." To
take another case of dating, how could
the Hera Barberini be " a copy made in
the second century B.C., probably for the
palace of a Roman noble " ? Here there is
even less excuse, for the German 1 as
" n. Chr." The head of Eubouleus is
said to have been set up " on a tray.''
apparently a reminiscence of Salome ; the
German is " Tischplatte." A strigil is
called a '"vessel"; and we hear of
the " varnished tone of the marble "
of the Hermes. Then there are such
illiterate forms as " acroteros," " Per-
gamean," "Naupacti" (for Naupactians) ;
while in Greek quotations there are on
p. 40 five misprints in two fines.
Aspasius's well-known gem figures as
the gem of Aspasia. But the most
incomprehensible of all is the descrip-
tion of Fig. 18 as " a contemporary east
from the Parthenon frieze. The whole
text requires careful revision by some one
with a competent knowk dge of Greek art.
If this were done, the book might lie
warmly re commended.
Sir Charles Waldstein's book consisl
apart from its illustrations, eif two lecturi 8
given to Royal Academy students on
the technique and subjects of aneie nt
sculpture. He is right in insisting on
the value of this study to modern artists,
especially at a time when the sanity and
harmony of which Creek art is ivpivsei la-
tive are in danger < >f being overwhelm d
in a riot of fantastic experiments; when
many artists and critics seem to think that
the only way to escape prettiness is ie>
avoid beauty ; and when, like the Athen ms
of a degenerate age, we spend our t ime in
nothing else but either to tell or t * > h ai
senile new thing." He staters his i
fairly and reasonably, and is ready to
recognize what is good in modern art as
well as in aneie nt ; and he ear. I ull\ gUfi ds
against the misunderstanding that, be-
cause he- urges ait strele nts " in till the in-
sel\e s w itlt the spirit which nio\e el I he'
Greek sculptors of old," he therefore want*
ihe m tei imitate classic an dels alter t he-
manner of Canova or Thoiwalda n. This
664
THE ATHENE UM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
very misunderstanding is emphasized in an
article published in The Times, which Sir
<Charles Waldstein reprints here in order to
re hut the charge more precisely. He does
well to insist on the principle that " the
rstudy of physiology must precede the
.-study of pathology, especially in art," and
his book may be recommended as an
antidote to many modern expressions of
artistic theory and practice.
Babylon of Egypt : a Study in the History of
Old Cairo. By A. J. Butler. (Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 4s. 6d. net.)
Babylon of Egypt has long been a
-problem that has divided the opinions
<of Orientalists. Quatremere, Amelineau,
<Casanova, Lane-Poole, Guest, Caetani,
have all had their say on it ; and now
Dr. Butler, who has already incidentally
^discussed it in his important works on
the ancient Coptic churches and the Arab
.conquest of Egypt — subjects he has made
peculiarly his own — has summed up the
■whole controversy and given his considered
judgment in a special monograph. Super-
ficial readers may think this a topographical
trifle. Most psople have never heard of
ithe Egyptian Babylon, though tourists to
•Cairo, with the help of Baedeker or Murray,
anay associate the name quite correctly
•with the old fortress lined with Coptic and
►Greek churches beside " Masr al-Atika."
But Babylon of Egypt was a word of
power in the Middle Ages. At a time
-when the name was well-nigh forgotten in
its own land, ' The Romance of Richard
•Coeur de Lion ' thus refers to Saladin's
ilight to Cairo : —
The cheff Sawdon off Hethenysse
To Babyloyne was flowen, I wysse;
.and various treaties and letters in the
.archives of Florence, edited by Amari fifty
years ago, frequently describe the famous
.Sultan as " King of Babilonia," and
mention a warehouse, a treaty, and a
patriarch of " Babilonia " in Egypt. It
rseems inqirobable that so high-sounding
.a title as " King of Babilonia " should
«dei ive from a mere fortress ; yet many
•scholars have restricted the name Babylon
to the old fortress built by Trajan, and
now known as Kasr ash-Shama', which
.contains the Coptic churches aforesaid.
'Others have argued that the name applies
strictly only to a vanished fort erected,
perhaps by Nebuchadnezzar (hence the
associated name), on a rocky height (ar-
Rasad) two kilometres from Kasr ash-
rShama'. So the questions are, Was
Babylon a city or a fortress, or both ?
;and if a fortress, which fortress ?
To answer them Dr. Butler has ran-
sacked the authorities from Diodorus
JSiculus, Strabo, Josephus, and Ptolemy
to John of Nikiu, Ibn 'Abd-al-Hakam, Ibn
Dukmak, and el-Makrizi — to select but a
■few of his sources. Throughout the ancient
■writers the tradition prevails of a Baby-
lonian invasion as the origin of the fort
.and name of Babylon, though they differ
in ascribing it either to Nebuchadnezzar or
Cambyses. Prof. Becker and M. Casa-
nova, it may be observed tin ugh Dr.
Butler does not allude to this etymology,
both agree that the " Babylon " is un-
doubtedly derived from an Egyptian name,
and that the obvious popular derivation
was due to Greek familiarity with the
name of the Chaldean city. But apart
from etymology, the fact that Babylon was
a city, not merely a fortress, is definitely
established by the citation from Ptolemy,
himself an Egyptian residing in Alex-
andria, to the effect that the canal (known
as the Amnis Traianus) " ran through the
city" — Hpiowv 7roAis 8i vys kou HajSuAwyos
TroAews Tpaiavbs 7TOTa/x6s pel (' GeOgr.,' iv. 5).
Babylon therefore, in pre-Arab times, was
both a town and a fortress, and the town,
as Dr. Butler shows by a long stream of
evidence, subsisted down to and after the
Arab conquest, and corresponded to the
alternative names Khemi and Misr. It
must have been an extensive city, for it
seems to have stretched from " Old Cairo "
across modern Cairo as far as Heliopolis.
We are bound to say that there is no evi-
dence of any such spacious city in the
chronicles of the Arab invasion ; but these
were written at a later date , and the rapid
disappearance of Eastern towns is well
known. The materials may have been
used in the construction of the buildings
of Cairo.
So much for the reality of the city of
Babylon. As to the fortress which gave it
its name, Dr. Butler holds that it was built
on the height ar-Rasad as a Babylonian
military settlement in the sixth century
B.C., but that, when Trajan wanted to
build his great fortress,
" he abandoned the site of the Persian fort
upon Ar Rasad and planted his citadel
upon the bank of the Nile, so as to secure an
unfailing water supply for the garrison and
free communication by river between the
garrison and the rest of Egypt ; and this
fortress was called the Castle of Babylon, or '
the Castle of Khemi, and the Arabic
form of the name was Kasr ash Shama'."
The objection to this very probable view
is that John of Nikiu, our earliest and best
authority for the Arab conquest, states
precisely that Trajan built his castle upon
the old foundations, but raised the circuit
walls and enlarged the other buildings of
the Babylonian fortress ; but in saying
this he was evidently thinking of Kasr
ash-Shama', and not the supposed Baby-
lonian fort on the mount of ar-Rasad, of
which no recognizable traces seem to have
remained at the time of the Arab conquest.
It is true there is a statement by el-
Kuda'i that the castle of Babylon stood on
a hill, and " a little of it remains in stone
at the extremity of the mount," and Ibn
Dukmak seems to confirm this. But
el-Kuda'i lived in the eleventh century,
and Ibn Dukmak in the fourteenth,
though they worked upon early sources.
The transfer of the name Babylon from an
abandoned fort to a new and formidable
castle seems natural enough, especially
since the name had long before been
extended from the fort to the adjacent
town. Then
" the name of Babylon, which the Arabs
found applied to the city otherwise called
Misr, was gradually displaced by the new
name Fustat of Arab [or rather Arabicized
Creek] origin ; and as the name Fustat
grew and prevailed to designate the city, so
the name Babylon fell into disfavour and
disuse, until at the time when the Arab
chronicles began to be written it had become
practically restricted to the fortress of Kasr
ash Shama', yet curiously prevailed in Europe
to denote the whole country of Egypt ....
Finally, even the limited use of the name
tended to disappear in Egypt in more modern
times, as the association of the term Babylon
with the fortress was weakened or severed ;
so that to-day it is ... . [only] in the little
Coptic convent called Dair Bablun, near the
southern gate of the fortress, that there
lingers the name of the great city which
succeeded Memphis as the capital of Middle
Egypt."
Dr. Butler presents his argument with
much learning and full references, and his
conclusions seem to us well founded. The
name Babylon was evidently employed
in a loose and double sense, and the dis-
crepancies of the various authorities are
due to the inherent difficulty of determin-
ing which sense is intended. Dr. Butler
has cleared up a very obscure subject, and
has added to his deservedly high reputa-
tion as the historian of the Muslim con-
quest of Egypt.
ROYAL ACADEMY.
(Second Xotice.)
The complaint we often hear, that there
is " nothing sensational " in an Academy
Exhibition, seems to us to imply a lack of
gratitude for the sincere mediocrity which
should be allowed its innings, and be sought
for diligently in a show which might have
been contrived to throw into relief its relative
respectability. In theory, of course, a
direct and forcible statement is better art
than one that is muddled and hesitating.
In practice, the discerning critic who knows
his Royal Academy knows that the way is
pretty effectually barred to forcible work
except such as deals with what by repetition
has become wearisome to painter and public
alike. The rather dull painter of vague
intention, on the other hand, does not
succeed in expressing himself with suffi-
cient force to shock any one, and thus often
gets his picture hung, and there is a mild
entertainment to be derived from guessing
at his state of mind — a state more interesting
and respectable than that revealed by the
more blatant pictures which make up the
bulk of the exhibition. To be half-conscious
is perhajas preferable to being self-conscious,
and our only regret is that this year the
stock of sincere painters of circumscribed
outlook seems to be drying up, and with it
one of the sources of innocent pleasure
offered by the Royal Academy.
We mentioned last week Mr. Sant's land-
scape The Druid's Walk (-420), and on a further
examination of the Academy we are disposed
to regard it as even more important than
it seemed at the outset in its union of
first-hand observation of nature with a
sound, structural use of paint. It is based
on a " recipe,"' doubtless, but a recipe
capable of considerable adaptation to fit the
artist's vision, which is probably modified
in its turn by his habitual method of painting.
The important point is that, however
habitual this union of method and thought,
Mr. Sant, at the time this picture was
painted, had still an interest in his work
keen enough to keep him absorbed. Like
executive tensity and thoroughness are to be
found in the admirable still life, La Poide au
No. 4515, Mai 9, 1914
THE A T II E N M U M
665
Pot (239), by M. Louis Alexandre. It has
not quite the rich virtuosity of a Chardin,
but it ia one of the most interesting paintings
in the Academy, and will repay examination,
while to some extern1 it baffles curiosity as
to why it was painted at all. M. Alexandre
Beems to have started with the intention of
producing a "dining-room piece," and to have
about it with that unreflecting naivete
ot" the countryman to whom a hen means
roast chicken just as obviously as a pig is
horn to make bacon. As the painting pro-
led, however, the plucked fowl beneath
the cold clarity of his artistic vision took
on a corpse-like gravity which deprives us
of any desire to dine off roast fowl, though
the artist, apparently unconscious of his
changed objective, has completed his gastro-
nomic invitation with punctilious care and
evident pleasure. There are plenty of
people, of course, capable of gentle elegiacs
at the sudden termination of a bird's life —
capable also of unctuous anticipation of a
meal of chicken ; but the temperament that
can give such full way to both emotions
simultaneously belongs to an as yet in-
articulate class, and the picture should be
tiled as a " memoire pour servir " for an
unpublished * Psychology of the Humane
Butcher.'
We regard as subconscious also the
melancholy of Miss Hilda Fearon"s Enchant-
ment (518), a group of children in a setting
of foliage painted with a cool directness
which has the one saving virtue that it
refuses the aid of cheap romanticism. As in
ML Alexandre's still life, the impersonal
attitude of the painter affects us more than
the conscious appeal to the emotions of the
shallow Academy picture. The simplicity
of Miss Fearon's work has great charm in
such surroundings, and may be compared
favourably with Mr. Sargent's handling of
a somewhat similar subject — Sketchers (29) —
with its over-emphasis of cloying colour.
Beside Miss Fearon's picture even Mr.
Clausen's large canvas In the Fields in
June (529), well designed as it is, looks
rather tinely staged than simply seen.
This may be due in part to the heavy
impasto, which, though used with great-
dexterity, seems in a work of such size
an unnecessary difficulty to assume, and
makes the picture look like a tour de force.
Mr. Mark Fisher's landscapes — A Farm
Moat (224) and Road, Bourne End (336)—
e the fine qualities of pictures in which
the painter has frankly got in difficulty
and sturdily fought his way out again
without quite knowing how. They are
almost over-riehly endowed with colour,
but Mr. Fisher has such resources as a
iirist that he can maintain a variety and
' which to some extent take the place
the broad planning in which Mr. Clausen,
with his more deliberate design, is evidently
his superior. Mr. Fisher has not for many
rs shown to SO much advantage as on
this occasion. The character and the par-
ting" of local colour in his cattle
an- quite admirable. His mind seems to be
a welter of rules of thumb and sound, strong
nd this year the instill^
dominab Both elements we feel to be the
Kperience, and his pictures have
the look ot having been lived; amid the
ion - of the Academy they are
immensely strenuous, and so we forgive, as
we might not elsewhere, a certain muddle-
headed neas which dull-- their energy by
■pating it in competitive side issues.
in I. ir cril icit ;n might be pa -l on
Mr. Lionel Bmythe's two pictures When
Asp-,.* Quiver (69) and Fruit <l Amour (II \)
ii which he does not show the grip on the
essentials of a scene that be sometin
The former, the better of the two. is some-
what small and scattered in design, and
the central tones of the colour-scheme,
charmingly rendered in the passage of
foliage and sky, are not quite forcible enough
to carry so violent an extreme as the blue
of the woman's scarf. The other picture
should have made tin1 better design, in the
sense that the larger figure offers ampler
forms for filling the frame than are to be
wrung from the somewhat meagre entities
of the smaller picture, unless the designer
recast his unit of detail more arbitrarily
than Mr. Smythe would care to do. But if
the larger figure offers obvious facilities,
it as obviously demands more severely that
the artist shall design his picture as a plastic
whole. This Mr. Smythe has not done, but
has, as it were, hung passages of careful
modelling over the surface of his canvas.
The element of Cubism in design has, indeed,
always been a difficulty with him, and his
most entirely successful works are those in
which the figures are small, slightly modelled
silhouettes, in themselves charming, but
having little function in the plastic ensemble
beyond that of measuring-posts, marking
off rhythmically the great horizontal sweep
of landscape. Among the water - colours
should be noticed a charming woodland by
Miss Minnie Smythe — Spring and Autumn
(95-4) — which strongly resembles her father's
work, having caught the secret whereby he
often annihilates modelling in the bloom
of a universal fairness.
Mr. Edward Stott may be classed with
Mr. Smythe as having somewhat similar
gifts and limitations. Perhaps even more
than Mr. Smythe he is uneasy with a canvas
well filled by its figures, and in his Mother-
hood (309) the fumbling over the surface
of forms, which with him takes the place
of structure, seems lacking in decision when,
as in this instance, the modelling of the
figures is the very basis of the scheme of
the picture. Occasionally in a picture by
Raphael the direction of lighting is no more
severely maintained than in this one by
Mr. Stott, but at least with Raphael there
is usually a linear design of obvious rhythm
well marked with firmly divided local colour.
Lacking this, Mr. Stott's picture depends too
completely on the sentiment with which
passages of detail are modelled, while the
vaguely apprehended scheme of lighting
leaves certain surfaces with a look of emitting
rather than reflecting light.
There is a suspicion of the same look in
Sir William Richmond's portrait of John
Selwyn Harvey, M.D. (193) ; but the stress-
ing of the light on the face, and the faco
alone, is so consistent as to be not unpleasant,
while the authority and .sensitiveness with
which the head is brushed, in make this one
of the best portraits in the Academy, some-
what recalling Carriere in its use of liquid
paint in an almost monochrome scheme.
It we compare it with the portraits by -Mr.
Orpen (384, 664, and 844), we realize that,
though in the hitter's work there is a trust-
worthy standard of efficiency up to a certain
point which Sir William Richmond hardly
attains, this particular portrait by the older
artist would make all Mr. Orpen's presenl
exhibits look common, even tin- liveliness
of the humorous Iluhanl Ii. /•' 'wlgc.r, Esg., of
Toronto (38 1 ), being more an affair of photo-
graphic imitation than is the case with the
Harvey portrait. There the vitality seems
inherent in the very Structure of the paint,
the modelling being don<- almost entirely by
weigh* of pamt, not by mixture of different
coloured pigment .
With Sir William Richmond and Mr.
Orpen and, indeed, almo i ily v. it b
the portrait painters asa class —we have left
the category of fumblers, and deal with the
self-confident painters of familiar themes
from familiar points of view. We hold nO'
brief for niuddleheadedness. as such, and
recognize that inevitably, with the develop-
ment of artistic education, what was instinc-
tive in one generation becomes self-conscious
and well-assured in the next, the zone of
subconscious activity moving on to other
Spheres. We do find, however, that tho
atmosphere of the Academy tends to breed,
a race of self-satisfied performers going:
through the same tricks with ever-increasing
glibness, and more and more approximate
success. It is melancholy to see Mr. Orpen,
t he young lion quite recent ly caged, already so
domesticated that he might have been " boon
in the ({aniens." Yet even his Right Hon.
Sir Edgar Speyer, Bt. (844), which is t he-
worst of his portraits, is capable by compari-
son with Mr. Henry's Mrs. Paget (528) or
his equally empty and larger canvas Spring-
(622). This latter is on no higher level as
an artistic composition than the average cover
of a popular magazine, while many of the
artists engaged in that branch of industry
have a greater gift for figure-drawing. In
another branch of painting ( Voices in the
Woodland, 263) Mr. Henry's former asso-
ciate, Mr. F. A. Hornel, seems sunk in as-
barren and perfunctory a form of self-
repetition. This familiar pattern of gals
and spangled branches has become weari^
some.
To revert to portraiture, we have in
Mr. Charles Shannon's The Embroidered
Shawl : Miss Miriam Levy (454), one of the
best of his recent efforts in this genre. Mr.
Lavery's enormous interior, The Studio of
the Painter (718), is inferior to his similar
Royal portrait of Jast year, the stiff, rather
conventional group of which had the advan-
tage from the mere fact of its formal arrange-
ment of making a single clearly definite unit
of form not too insufficient to furnish the vast
canvas. In the present instance, the four
personages of the central group make four
sejmrate individual figures which decline to
unite, and by their violent subdivisions
make the emptiness of the surrounding space-
— far less cleverly subdivided in this instance
than in last year's picture unfurnished and
barren.
With this portrait group we, in part,
leave the interest of pure portraiture for the
problems of large decorative! design, a de-
partment of painting singularly ill-repre-
sented in this year's Academy'. We miss
Mr. George Lambert badly with his often
spacious arrangement and handsome paint.
Mr. Brangwyn also is an absentee. A
pleasing, if slightly formless picture by Mr.
Gerald Moira, Hatching (102), is badly skied.
An eye hungry for space and capable pictorial
structure seizes with pleasure on the two
works by Mr. Munnings, A Chech by t'><
Cromlech (385) and Departure of the Hop-
pickers (659), both of which are refreshing
in their directness and force. Similar
qualities recommend Mi-. Leist - Rivals (587),
which recalls the slight vulgarity ot t.
and the soundness of method of Garrido.
'The shirking of the exact relation of the two
figures in space, and the relation of eith I
with the ground, reduce the unity "t
a rather robust design. Beneath it Mr.
Charles Shannon's group, Winter (59
looks weak with its claim to consideral ion as
a tone study, yet lack of close study of the
lighting It vaguely suggests a religious
subject, and when we look to the pictUTI
alongside, Tin Prophet's Paradise (58
by .Mr. Bchmalz, who also has painted
religious Subjects, we are start led to find t hat
one does not look enormously more impr
give than the other, the emphasis of Mr.
Bchmalz's hue giving his picture, indeed,
the advantage oi a o rtain \ ulgar idealism.
666
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
Mr. Greiffenhagen's decorative composi-
tion, Women by a Lake (450), has a well-
considered linear basis which enables it to
hold its own against any available rivals ;
but here again we have the repetition of a
design of which the artist himself seems by
now to have grown tired — too tired, it
seems to take the trouble to paint it with any
care. There can be few pictures even in the
Academy which are technically in a worse
state. Its darker tones are shiny with oil,
yet have not the transparency which is the
beauty of oil paint, being plastered opaquely
over other dark colour, and finally, appa-
rently after it was hung in the Academy, the
whole was endued with a thick coat of
varnish which, running down in streaks, has
settled into thick gummy beads at intervals
over the surface. There are passages of
modelling, notably in the torso of the figure
to the left, which are quite accomplished; but,
on the whole, we fear that in acquiring this
picture for the Chantrey Collection the
trustees have, as is often the case, arrived too
late, and that they would have done better
in buying one of Mr. Greiffenhagen's previous
■essays at a similar theme. On the other
hand, no one will begrudge the artist the
somewhat tardy recognition of his talent.
Among smaller works of decorative intention,
Mr. Lintott's Modo Crepuscolare (455)
shares, but to a more extreme degree, the
tendency of many of Mr. Sims's recent
works to drop into a loose and meaningless
generalization. To these men the use of the
nude and the habit of generalization, not in
the interests of character, but of rather vapid
grace, have been disastrous traps, except,
perhaps, in the matter of pecuniary success.
Miss Madeline McDonald's attempt at deco-
rative portraiture on a small scale is in one
instance — Mrs. Mostyn Lloyd (790) — rather
successful. Mr. Spencer Watson's larger
portrait, A Woman in Red (436), except for
its attempt at splendour of colouring, has
something of Herkomer's manner of linear
rather than plastic visualization without his
vulgarity.
Among the landscape painters Mr. D. Y.
Cameron follows the well-worn road to
success at the Academy, that of self-repeti-
tion, a course resulting in his case not in
vulgarity, but only in a slight thinning out
of his talent. His Ben Ledi : Early Spring
(750) is like many of his previous works,
but, perhaps, rather more empty of charac-
ter, rather more obvious in its device of
rhythmically repeated horizontals, yet its
blond and delicate coloration is a pleasant
change from the usual tonality of land-
scapes here. Mr. Hughes Stanton shows
himself the natural successor to Sir Alfred
East ; indeed, in the ease of the large Rich-
mond, Yorkshire (479), by the deceased
painter, momentary uncertainty as to which
of the two might be the author is quite con-
ceivable. Mr. Stanton's small Noon : Equi-
hen, France (465), is by far the best of his
exhibits on this scale. His work has none of
the embroidery which makes his larger
pictures look padded out to needless elabora-
tion, and he escapes the temptation to
embrace a wide angle of vision, such as that
which, in his Hampshire from the Surrey Hills
(681), taxes his powers of draughtsmanship
to the breaking -point. Mr. William Wells
in the Fields of Ballacallow (523) has a land-
scape of some serenity, but marred by certain
.small black accents which make it trivial, and
recall the work of the now almost forgotten
painter De Nittis. The August Gold of
Earth (493), by Miss Maud Clay, is a clear and
workmanlike development of a consistent
scheme of colour, spoilt by a cloying distance
which looks as if it could not possibly have
come from the same hand. Landscapes of
some ability are contributed by Miss Barbara
Chamier (The Dutch Garden at Kensington,
426), Miss Lily Blatherwick (White Mill,
Ayrshire 722), Mr. Robert Christie (The
Old Road 41), and Mr. Finlay Mackinnon
(Sunset over Loch Ewe 579).
Other paintings which deserve a passing
notice are Mr. Birley's large interior Room
at James Pryde's (477), Miss Clare Atwood's
Covent Garden (509), Mr. Lorimer's Any
Port in a Storm (644), and Mr. H. S. Tuke's
small full-length of Mrs. W. H. Humphris
(776), with its finished surface and delicate,
if somewhat small draughtsmanship. Mrs.
Laura Knight's March Many Weathers (701)
shows unusual sense of character but for
the commonplace figure of the child. Miss
Davison's Lace Fichu (699) is clumsy in
design, but shows some knowledge of colour,
as do also the Bathtime (451) of Miss
Amy K. Browning, and Winding Wool (843),
by Mr. Harold Harvey. The colossal por-
trait group by the late Sir Hubert von
Herkomer, The Managers and Directors of
the Firm of Fried. Krupp, Essen, Germany
(563), might almost have been noticed in
conjunction with M. Alexandre's elegy in a
poulterer's shop by reason of the naive
irony with which a large proportion of these
forgers of lethal weapons are represented as
of the most tender and almost lachrymose
benignity. Never have we seen such monu-
ments of philanthropy as in the leading
figures of the organization which sits like a
nightmare on the chest of Europe. Even
Mr. Shaw did not make the manager of his
armourer's firm of such sentimental bene-
volence as this. The picture is conceived
with the most complete innocence of any
attempt at constructing the group as a
whole, the artist being apparently too
bewildered at the odd series of surprises
presented by his sitters to do more than
jot them down without any attempt at
correlation or comparison. The result is
not a fine work of art, but it commands
credence for the absurdly unsuitable facts
it occasionally records.
The water-colours and black-and-white
drawings have been removed from their old
quarters in the South Galleries to Rooms X.
and XL, the result being a great gain to the
appearance of the former rooms, and a pro-
portionate deterioration in the latter The
water-colour exhibits are distinctly inferior
in standard to the oil paintings — the crowd
of tiny frames makes them look far worse.
In the hanging of these, and in their galleries
generally, the Academy would be wise to
follow the example of Mr. La Thangue in
Room IV. and admit fewer exhibits. The
days when it was essential for an artist's
welfare to be hung in the Academy are long
past, and probably the Academicians them-
selves would hardly wish them to return.
Mr. G. Barnes has a drawing of some hand-
someness as a colour-scheme, The King's
Daughter (1246).
The black-and-white section is of better
quality, but there is little of sufficiently out-
standing merit to deserve special notice.
Mr. Cameron's landscape drawings are as
good as those he has shown before, but no
better ; and Mr. Strang's Biblical subjects —
such as The Raising of Lazarus (1210) and
On the Road to Calvary (1224) — while
emerging from their surroundings by th^ir
freedom and vigour of design, tend to be
more theatrical in conception than of yore.
PAINTINGS AND DRAWINGS.
On Wednesday, April 29th, Messrs. Sotheby
held a sale of paintings and drawings, the chief
prices being the following : Van Orlay, Virgin
and Child, 1007. School of Botticelli, two figures
of boys, 115Z. Tintoretto, Portrait of a Young
Man, 250Z.
At Messrs. Christie's on the 1st inst. Corot's
' Road Scene, with two peasants,' fetched 283/. 10s.
MUSIC
— ♦ — ■
THE OPERA.
' The Ring ' and ' Die Meistersinger '
have recently been given at Covent
Garden — the one, perhaps, over-ripe, the
other, Wagner's sanest, ripest work. The
change yesterday week to the earlier
opera ' Lohengrin ' was striking. Though
in many respects delightful, it suffers from
such close juxtaposition, and we may also
say that it suffered in the performance.
Herr Nikisch was the conductor, yet there
was a lack of enthusiasm ; the choral
singing, too, was not immaculate. Miss
Maude Fay, who created such a good
impression in ' Die Walkure, ' impersonated
Elsa. She was not quite so natural, and
in the first act her singing was slightly
flat ; in the second, however, she was
very much better. Madame Matzenauer
made her debut as Ortrud, and one very
soon felt that she had strong dramatic
power, and was an experienced actress.
She has also a voice of wide range, well
suited to the part. With Herr August
Kiess as the Telramund the dramatic
first scene of the second act was unusually
effective. The diction of both was ex-
cellent.
Saturday evening was devoted to ' Par-
sifal,' and of all performances hitherto
this seemed the most impressive. The
work is as yet fresh, and the presence of
a new singer, Madame Matzenauer, as
Kundry, probably led to further
rehearsal. That reminds us that old
operas, like ' Elijah ' and ' Messiah '
at the festivals outside London, are
not, for lack generally of time, thoroughly
rehearsed. They are supposed to be
well known. This treatment may have
been the cause of the rough choral
singing in ' Lohengrin.' Madame Mat-
zenauer's fine contralto voice was
heard to full advantage in the second
act. When as Kundry she spoke to
Parsifal about his mother, her tones were
beautifully soft and liquid ; while after-
wards, when she perceived that all her
snares were in vain, she became highly
dramatic. The singing of the Flower
Maidens was more pleasant than on the
first occasion. Their music is extremely
intricate, but they sing now with more
confidence. Mr. Albert Coates was the
conductor, and the orchestra gave full
satisfaction. This was the first of the
three extra performances.
The second cycle of ' The Ring ' began
last Monday evening, under the direction
of Herr Arthur Nikisch. Mr. Robert
Parker impersonated Wotan, and that
was the only change in the cast from
the first performance this season. He is
a good singer, but was scarcely dignified
enough for Wotan. Herr Sembach's Loge
was a special feature of the evening.
An excellent performance was given of
' Die Walkure ' on the following night.
Madame Gertrud Kappel was again the
Briinnhilde. When she appeared in the
second act her singing was excellent,
yet one did not feel that she was the
Xo. 4515, May it, 1014
THE ATIIENiEUM
667
heroic Walkiire beloved of W'otan. In
the final act, however, when she arrives
with Sieglinde, and afterwards when
pleading with W'otan. she showed strength.
Mi-~< Maude Pay as Sieglinde created even
a better impression than at the first cycle ;
the part certainly suits her better than
that of Elsa. Mr. WhitehilTs words in the
- enewith Briinnhilde were not alwaysdis-
tinctly heard, but perhaps he did not care
to strain his voice, for the orchestra at
. certain moments was unusually loud. In
the third act he was admirable.
iHnstral (gossip.
\i Miss Mary Tracy's vocal recital at the
.in Hall last Monday evening all her
gs wire given with orchestral accompani-
ments. The one to Hugo Wolf's clever and
characteristic ' Die Zigeunerin ' was. we pre-
Burae, his own, but there was no special call
olour Schubert's simple pianoforte parts
to ' An die Mnsik ' and ' l)u bist die Run','
as Prof. Max Reger has done. Miss Tracy,
who has a flexible voice, was heard to best
advantage in lively songs such as Bach's
■ Patron, das macht der Wind,' and the
Wolf mentioned above; at other times
-he seemed to be singing rather than
interpreting. Sir Henry Wood, with the
-- stance of members of the Queen's Hall
Orchestra, introduced ' Two Portraits,' by
Part ok. a leading representative of the
young Hungarian school of music. Bartok
was born in 1881, and together with Zoltan
Kodaly, who is a year older, spent several
years searching after folk-songs. They found
in them great variety of rhythm, and the
influence (as in national songs of other
countries) of the modal scales of the Middle
-—characteristic features which the
are said to have eliminated, trans-
ming them into common time and into
symmetrical dances. Of these folk-songs
the two make much use in their composition.
The first piece, in fugal style, lacked indivi-
duality. Not so the second, in which rhythm
ami colour were prominent. It will well
i r rehearing. Xear t he end a sharp sevent h
the tonic was held on for a time. We
expected it would remain to the end, as
frequently dune with dissonances at the
day, but finally it moved quietly
Dp to the octave.
M \sti:k Wili.v I'krrero's first concert
k place at the Royal Albert Hall last
Wednesday evening, and we may note that
• proceeds will be given to the Chil-
dren'-, Hospital, Great Ormond Street, and
other charities. The child was a wonder at
-il. and still more so before the
public. In every work which he conducted
ight the true spirit of the music:
the life of the -William Tell' Overture; the
of the- Blgar 'Serenade BCaur-
esque, Op. 10, No. _' ; the dignity of Beet-
hoven's' Egmont ' ; and the brightness of the
Mendelssohn Scherzo from "A Midsummer
;ht's Dream.' There was no hard-and-
iii' thud, as ii he were making a show
of what he had learn' mechanically. He
- the various moods, and acts accord-
To our thinking, the most wonderful
ilxr was the ' Good Friday ' music from
1'arsii'al, on account of the polyphonic
tractor of tin and the strongly emo-
rial character of the music One little
. ore- sign of excitement or nervous-
w, would have been pardonable in
ing a child. Everything, howev r, was
<!one with the calm confidence of an experi-
enced adult conductor. Willy Pern i
gifts are abnormal, but the exercise of them
is to him apparently no strain, and he shows
how completely ho is enthralled by the
music.
Sir IIemiv .1. Wood has given his services
for the concert devoted to the Endowment
Fund of the Queen's Hall Orchestra, which
will take place at that Hall this afternoon.
Prof. Ernst von Dohnanyi will conduct his
Orchestral Suite in F sharp minor, and will
play also the solo part of Schumann's
Pianoforte Concerto, in addition, there will
be a group of orchestral pieces by Messrs.
Arnold Bax, Balfour Gardiner, and Percy
( Irainger.
At the forthcoming Festival of Empire,
announced last week in these columns, M.
Tivadar Nachez, the well-known violinist,
will introduce for the first time a Concerto for
violin, strings, and organ, which ho has
worked out from a " non-figured bass of
which he possesses Xardini's original MS."
Xext month the recently formed Gluck
Society will celebrate the bicentenary of
(Uuck's birth by giving three performances
of ' Orphee ' in the old theatre at Lauch-
stadt, near Halle, of which the annals date
from 1751.
The forthcoming Worcester Musical Fes-
tival, which will be held from September 6th
to 11th, will include new works by Mr. Ivor
Atkins (the Festival conductor), Dr. Walford
Davies, Mr. A. E. Brent Smith, and Dr.
Vaughan Williams. At the miscellaneous
concert on the Wednesday evening works
will be given by Sir Edward Elgar and MM.
Scriabin and Sibelius. Bach's Mass in B
minor, Verdi's ' Requiem,' and Part I. of
Haydn's ' Creation ' — also symphonies by
Mozart and Cesar Franck, and Strauss's
'Tod und Verklarung ' — are included in
the scheme, which, as usual, opens with
'Elijah ' and ends with ' The Messiah.'
Josef Tichatschek, the original Rienzi
and Tannhauser, in 1842 and 1845 respec-
tively, was born in 1807, and died in 1886.
His daughter, who died in 1912, bequeathed
to the Wagner Museum at Eisenach some
Wagner souvenirs, including letters and
documents. Between Dresden and Eisen-
ach, the strong box which contained them
was broken open, and certain autographs
were abstracted. The thieves, however, did
not take some Tichatschek letters, or copies
of letters and music by Wagner.
The increased public interest in Slavonic
music and the approaching Russian season
at Drury Lane are no doubt responsible
for 'The History of Russian Music,' by Mr.
Montagu-Nathan, which is announced for
immediate publication by Mr. William
Reeves. The volume gives an account of t he
rise and progress of the Russian school of
composers.
PERF.IHMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Six. Special Concert. 3.30. Royal Al'iert Hall.
— Buoday Concert Society, 3 30. liueen'8 Hall.
Mi>*.— H\t Royal Open, Oorent Qarden
Mos. Nora Hoon'i Vocal Recital, (. Becbatein Hall.
— London Brmphonj Orcheetra, 1 y.ie.,n'» Hall
— Kodolfa Lhomblno and Heinrlcb Fiedlers Vocal and Violin
Recital, U», B« lutein Hall.
Tii", Alexander Kaali'H Pianoforte Recital. 3. Queen'ii Hall.
— Patrick Kenny'. *mx Recital, :: I'., .Vidian Hall.
— Nikolai H..kc.l'.n ■ Violin Recital, I IB, Becbitalii Hall.
— Monique Poola'l Violin Recital. H IS, Btelnway Hall.
_ Handel Bociety M0. Queen'i Hall
— Kathleen 1'erk'n Bong Recital * :<o. ASolian Hall.
Wrn. Victoi BnMtt'l PUnoforte Re.it ,1, .: H.ih.tem Hall.
— Hubert BromlloWi '■ I, I II Solum Mall.
— M.ud <0> . I'laii'.furte Reciul. t 15, .1) ,lian Hall.
— Eva Eatnatina l.i imann'l Vocal Recital. Ml.'., BecliBteln
Hall
— Willieiui Bachae'i (ir.lie.tra. t II, Qaeen I Hall.
— Arnold Dolmetach'l 0 It, - 10, Olifford'l Inn
Kr.i-ler . Orcheetra! Uoncart I, Queen'i Hail
— v v., niie Aetruc'i Violin Recital. 3 II fiollan Hall.
— Lena K'mtorowltech'e Violin I Bechtteln HalL
— l<»i-v Kenned] . Violin R* ital, ' M iBollan Hall.
— Lil» Falrney an I Robert I'ltti Vocal Recital, i IS, Beclnteln
Hall.
— Lome Baactie'n Planofurt" ReOt .! - Inwey Ball.
— Htrnlllnu PWyera' Orel 1 1 .11
Adda and Jelly too aranrTi Orebeetral Conoerl BoUaa
ii
Fin. Vera I Boll •" " '"
_ Bocicte de» i • i. erta Fran ill - - Becbataln Hall.
8«t. Lamond il lelu Hall
— Moxart Society. I Portmao Roomi
— P.dltli Abraham'^ Violin Reciul. I II, .Kolian Hall.
DRAMA
(o.\si«:Qri-:xci<:s- at
CORONET.
THE
On Monday Miss I loriiiinan s company
from Manchester continued their season
at the Coronet Theatre with the metro-
politan production of ' Consequences,1 a
comedy in three acts by Mr. H. F. Rubin-
stein. Quite as good a title, we think,
would have been ' Origins,' for the play
rests upon the results of race and tempera-
ment, love of self and sport, and lack of
true religion. Rosalind Collins (Marie
Royter) is a young lady who thrives on
opposition and lives for thrills, come
whence they may. She is the daughter
of parents whose Christianity consists in
expressing their contempt for Jews, except
when business makes its expression in-
advisable. Benjamin Lipski, born of
parents who foster a similar contempt
with the transposition of Jew for Christian,
meets Rosalind at a Suffrage meeting, at
which his views on Suffrage and mixed
marriage change round. The first act takes
place in the Collinses' home, where the
Jew — after revelling for a short time in
the abuse of the girl's parents — is suddenly
welcomed as a prospective son-in-law
because he is discovered to be the son
of a wealthy client. Much the same
thing happens to the girl in the second
act when she determines to beard Israel
in its tent, though she has the additional
advantage in the eyes of her lover's
parents of having captained a famous
hockey team .
In the last act we are back under the
Collinses' roof, awaiting the arrival of
the pair, who have gone to the
registrar's. Here we felt a slight sense
of drag, which was, perhaps, due to the
contrast with the sparkling briskness
of the previous action. However, on the
arrival of the couple and the announce-
ment that they have not been married
all their zest having evaporated with the
lack of opposition on the part of theii
parents, the play swings to a successful
close.
We have dwelt on the main action ol
the play; but there are also side-lights
which serve to heighten the whole effect.
The author has chosen to present intricate
problems lightly, and he must not
complain if the public is inclined to
view his play with the eyes of Benjamin
Lipski s schoolboy brother. who is
frankly bored by sentiment, escapes
when tragedy threatens to become too
obvious to be ignored, but sees the
comicality of situations with a zest which
makes laughter irrepressible. After all.
cynicism presses hard on over . seriousness.
and kindly laughter has probably been a
greater foe tu the t l'.ti"'d ies which lie in
wait for those guilty of obsession. From
an excellent cast ue select Marie Roytei
Mr. Charles Bibby,and Mr. Borace Braham
for special praise.
008
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
Dramatic (gossip.
Tuesday evening saw the production of
' The Dangerous Age ' at the Vaudeville,
-with the author, Mr. H. V. Esmond, in the
principal man's part. Eva Moore is the lady
who succumbs to temptation at the dangerous
.ag> — that age when youth calls the more
insistently because middle age is upon us.
Retribution for the night spent with her
.lover before his departure for Africa comes
to her in the shape of an accident during
her absence to the younger of the boys who
Jiave lightened the days of her widowhood.
We shall not pursue the theme of the
:3tory at length, because it is not the play
that matters — it is the acting of it that is
important. In fact, had not the piece
bean redeemed by the actors we have men-
tioned, aided by the joie de vivre that
Mr. Reginald Grasdorff and Mr. Roy Royston
put into the boys1 parts, and the contrast
supplied by Mr. Leslie J. Banks, who acts
thJ blase Marquis of Murdon, the unreality
•of it must have forced itself on the
.•attention of the audience.
Excellent acting is needed to atone some-
what for the outrage of making an essen-
tially good woman consider selling herself
for the sake of a larger income than 500Z.,
deven though she has to educate her two
boys on it.
In spite of the credit due to Eva Moore
for the width of her range from blithesome -
aiess to tragedy, the most praiseworthy effort
-was that of Estelle Despa as the elder and
-rigidly moral sister.
On Tuesdav afternoon a matinee of
Mr. Thomas W. Broadhurst's 'The Holy
«City' took place at the Comedy Theatre.
Perhaps the first requisite of sacred
•drama is that reverent treatment should
be accorded, and without hesitation we
can say that the presentment was most
^seemly. A second consideration with many
-is that no liberty should be taken with
isueh details of the sacred story as are
.accorded general acceptation. Those who
hold such views will find much ground
for disapproval. We certainly think that
the scenes and sayings might have well
been arranged more along the lines of the
accepted order without detracting from a
scheme in other respects commendable.
The most striking thing to us was the
fact that the glorious partj^layed by women,
-especially in the later phases of Christ's life,
received for once something like adequate
expression. Even a decisive contrast with
the attitude of men was made. The acting
-on the whole was good, though the solemnity
•of the theme led to a certain amount of
attitudinizing.
Mr. Sydney Valentine as Judas and Nancy
Price as Mary Magdalene deserve a special
word of praise.
There will be a series of matinees of the
piece at the Haymarket, beginning next
Wednesday. It has been found necessary
to abandon the evening performances
previously announced, as several members of
the company are engaged for that period of
the day.
Mr. Harold Brighotjse's pathetic one-
.■act play ' Lonesome Like,' given for the
first time in London, preceded ' Conse-
quences ' at the Coronet. Mary Byron was
especially good as an old woman saved from
the workhouse by a man who asks her to
ti ke the place vacant by the death of his
bod-ridden mother. The man's part was
acted by Mr. Herbert Lomas far more
effectively than the Jew father in. the
longer play.
At the Arts Centre on Friday night in last
week the following three one-act plays were
presented for the first time : ' Beyond his
Power,' by C. M. Tucker ; ' (Setting Un-
compromised,' by Deborah Millom ; and
' The Model Wife,' by R. L'Archier. Only
the first of these plays calls for comment.
' Beyond his Power ' is an attempt to deal
with an aspect of marriage or rather a new
theory of marriage, in its relation to abstin-
ence on the one hand and prostitution on the
other. How far it is desirable for the stage
to deal with highly debatable questions of sex
relationship may be doubted, but, unless
such questions can be discussed with restraint
and logic, we consider the study a more
suitable place for their dissection. To a
certain extent, ' Beyond his Power ' was
convincing ; it was also well acted, and
admirably produced under the direction of
Marie Vantini.
At the Ambassadors' on Monday next
Jeanne Granier will appear in Henri Lave-
dan's ' La Rupture,' instead of in ' Les
Sonnettes,' as originally intended. The
latter piece is to be played during the week
following.
' Magic ' was revived at the Little Theatre
on Tuesday night, with the same cast as
before. The play was preceded by ' Dusk,'
by Mr. Robert Vansittart. Both plays have
already been noticed in The Atltenceum. The
former received praise in our issue for
November 15th, 1913, and the latter was
criticized in our last number.
In spite of the financial difficulties which
involved M. Antoine in failure, the candi-
dates for the post of " Directeur " of the
Odeon were numerous. The Minister for
Public Instruction and Fine Arts has finally
chosen M. Paul Gavault, who is well known
as a writer of light comedies.
On April 22nd and following day the
German Shakespeare-Gesellschaft assembled
at Weimar, and celebrated the fiftieth anni-
versary of its foundation. Members had
flocked from all parts of Germany, and there
were also several foreign delegates. Eng-
land was represented by Prof. I. Gollancz,
the United States by Prof. Schelling and Prof.
Shorey, and France by Dr. Jusserand, who,
being unable to attend in person, sent Prof.
Feuillerat as his deputy.
The celebrations were carried through in
a highly successful manner, being charac-
terized by that mixture of geniality and
scholarly earnestness which one often finds
in German meetings of the kind. The most
important features of the proceedings were,
besides the customary banquets and toasts,
a lecture by Prof. Koster on ' Die Einrich-
tung der Buhne zu Shakespeares Zeit ' ; a
performance of Elizabethan songs ; a recita-
tion of Shakespearian scenes by Mr. Hubert
Carter, of His Majesty's Theatre ; a learned
oration by the President, Prof. A. Brandl ;
and a performance of ' Richard III.,' with
Herr Mliller in the principal part. Several
scholars were made honorary associates of
the Society.
We regret that in our review of ' Eliza-
bethan Drama and its Mad Folk ' (published
by Messrs. Heffer of Cambridge), which
appeared on April 18th, the price was given
as 8s. 6d. net, mstead of 3s. 6d. net.
To Correspondents.— E. A. P.— C. C. S.— G. H.—
A. W.— V. H. F.— Received.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
We ctnnot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china,
pictures, &c.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 671.]
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THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
AN
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GLOSSARY.
BY
RICHARD H. THORNTON
In two volumes.
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England,' &c.
' The New Schoolmaster ' —
Secondary Education in
„ 31 Sociology
' An American Glossary ' is not a Slang
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specimens of vulgar diction. The illus-
trative quotations, which are accurately
dated, number 14,000; and of these more
than 11,000 belong to the period before
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or phrase which might be thought purely
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and, in places, as funny as a farce"
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(Scotsman). " It is an amazing collec-
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THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4515, May 9, 1914
Bradshaw's School Directory.
BRADSHAW'S SCHOOL DIRECTORY is published every month
in Bradshaw's Guide for Great Britain, and summaries are included
every month in Bradshaw's Continental Guide and Bradshaw's Man-
chester ABC Guide. These are publications used daily by thousands
of people throughout the whole of the United Kingdom, and the Continental
Bradshaw in addition is to be found in every pleasure resort and important
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THE MANAGER,
Bradshaw House, Surrey Street, Strand, London, W.C.
The following are some of the Schools included in the Directory : —
BOYS' SCHOOLS.
BEDFORD.— MODERN SCHOOL.
For Professional, Commercial Life, and Engineering. Fees from
50 gns. C. W. Kaye, M.A. Oxon.
BLACKHEATH.— CHRIST'S COLLEGE.
Preparation for the Universities or Commerce. Fees from £53.
A. C. Wire, B.A. F.R.G.S.
DOLLAR INSTITUTE, near Stirling.
Beautiful situation, bracing climate. Fees from £50.
EASTBOURNE.— ALDRO SCHOOL.
Preparation for Public Schools and Osborne. Playing ground, 5 acres.
Fees 100 gns. Rev. H. R. Browne, M.A.
ELLESMERE.— S. OSWALD'S.
Sound education at moderate fees. £30 a year.
FOLKESTONE.— FELTONFLEET.
In best part of Folkestone. Preparation for Public Schools and
Navy. Fees £80.
G. A. Nettleton, M.A. Oxon, and H. B. Jeffery,
B.A. Cantab.
HARROGATE.— PANNAL ASH COLLEGE.
11 acres of grounds. Thorough teaching. Fees from ,£42.
Walter S. Hill, F.R.G.S. F.R.Met.S.
RAMSGATE.— ST. LAURENCE COLLEGE.
A Church of England Public School. Fees £75.
Rev. E. C. Sherwood, M.A.
ST. BLAISE, near Neuchatel.— VILLA VERTE RIVE.
International College for Boys. Special attention to Modern
Languages. M. H. Montandon-Bruck.
SOUTHBOURNE-ON-SEA, near Bournemouth.— PEMBROKE LODGE.
Preparatory School, stands high in 4 acres of ground.
G. Meakin, M.A.
SOUTHPORT.— MODERN SCHOOL.
Classics, Languages, Commercial Subjects. Fees from 42 gns.
Major J. C. Underwood, A.C.P. F.R.G.S.
VILLENEUVE-MONTREUX.— CHELTONIA.
English Preparatory School. English Games and Winter Sports.
E. James Fox.
GIRLS' SCHOOLS.
BLACKHEATH, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee.— MODERN HIGH SCHOOL.
Modern Education and preparation for all Examinations.
Mrs. Thimann, L.L.A.
BRIGHTON. — WESTCO M BE.
Thorough Education by Graduates and'Trained Teachers.
The Misses Stevens.
BRIGHTON, Hove.— ADDISCOMBE COLLEGE.
Special attention to Music, Art, and Languages.
The Misses Cadwallader and Marsland.
BBQGES.— Mme. Burnier de Lutry, Quai St. Anne.
Old established Protestant School. Terms moderate.
DOLLAR INSTITUTE, near Stirling.
Beautiful situation, bracing climate.
Fees from £50.
EDINBURGH, Grange.— ST RATHE ARN COLLEGE.
Private School of Cookery, Housekeeping, &c, for the daughters of
Gentlemen. Miss Mitchell, First-class diplomee and medallist.
KING SO ATE, Thanet.— BRONDESBURY.
High-class School for Girls. Physical, Mental, and Moral Development
of each Pupil Studied.
Miss Galloway, Newnham College.
LAUSANNE.— LA BERGERONETTE.
Special facilities for Languages, Music, Art, &c. Fees from 70 gns.
Miss Nicholas.
LUGANO.
First-class Boarding School for Young Ladies. Well known, and
especially recommended for the teaching of languages.
Mile. J. M. Cunier.
OUCHY-LAUSANNE.— ROSENECK.
First-class Finishing School, Music, Painting, &c.
SEASCALE.-CALDER SCHOOL.
Efficient staff, including mistress for Gymnastics and Games. Depart-
ments for Junior and Senior Girls. Fees from £54.
The Misses Wilson, Newnham College, Cambridge,
and The Training College. Cambridge.
TORBAY, TORQUAY.— LAURISTON HALL SCHOOL.
Entire charge of children from abroad. Beautiful situation.
The Misses Viccars.
VEVEY.— LKS CHARMETTES.
On the Lake of Geneva. Agreeable family life. All educational
advantages. Fees £70.
Mile. Moulin, directrice diplomee.
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•
THE ATHENAEUM
Journal of (Bnglislj mb ^Fcrrign litoatiuT, ^rintn\ tljr JfwryVHs. #tustr rntft tire Drama*
UN 1 1914
No. 4516
,Om
SATURDAY, MAY 10, 19l\.%r«-
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ALBEMARLE STREET. W.
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it ERNSEY »ill )* read by Miss E. CAREY The paper will
be illustrated BJ Lantern-Blldea. F. A. MILNE.
11, Old Square, W c May 11. 1914.
V I K I N '■ SOCIETY
» FoR NORTHERN RESEARCH.
A MEETING m.ll 1* held at THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON,
at PRIMES GATE, SOOTH KENSINGTON, on FRIDAY.
May i: m The following pai>ers will l»e read :
1 ■ KUSSo (ioTHIC HIsTiRY. THE SOURCE OF EDDIC
MYTHOLOGY, by Mr. JOHN MARSHALL M A
■NORSK BHHOPS IN ORKNEY, by Or "LDrt KOLHRUD.
A JOHNSTON. Hon. Secretary.
9, Aahbnrnham Mansions. Chelsea. s.\V.
(Exhibitions.
ROYAL ACADEMY. BUMMER EXHIBITION
Open 9 a.w to 7 r w ; Thursdays, 9 t x. to 10 r at,
Adrru-- Datalogua la,
-f.\- 'N I I' KKT it.
G
OUPIL GALLERY EXHIBITIONS.
I. Paintings and Bron I -tern
" " leeapeeby HELENA GLEICHKN.
IIL Bronzes by KKNCK YRARYCZAB
Admiulon 1» from I', till 6.
WILLIAM MAR'.UANT a ^ent Street. 8.W.
N
Ovulational.
EWNHAM COLLEGE.
The Trustees of the Mary Ewart Trust Fund invite applications
from past or present members of Newnham College for a
TRAVELLING B HOI.ARSH1P of 150!., for purposes of study, to
be awarded in June. 1914.
applications must be sent, not later than JUNE 10, to MISS
CLOIJGH, Newnham College, from whom all particulars can be
obtained.
UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL.
rpHE
THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND OF TRAINING
FOR SOCIAL WORK.
Two SCHOLARSHIPS of the value of 50!. each, one for Men and
one for Women, are offered for the 8eShion 1914-1915. The holders
are expected to qualify for the Diploma of the School in the theory
aud practice of Social Work, and should, if possible, go into resi-
dence at the University Settlement for Men, or the Victoria
Settlement for Women. Preference will be giveu to Graduates of a
University, or those with some previous experience of Social Work.
MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, E.C.— An
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, for Boys
under 14 on June 11, 1914. will be held on JUNE 30 and following
days.-For particulars apply to THE SECRETARY.
S
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY 14 and Followiug Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
VTADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
L»-L Keith House. 133 135, REGENT STREET, W., English and
Foreign Governesses, Lady Professors, Teachers. Chaperoues Com-
panions, Secretaries, Readers, Introduced for Home and Abroad
Schools recommended, and prospectuses with full information, gratis
on application (personal or by letter), stating requirements.' Office
hours, 10-5 ; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent 3627.
EDUCATION (choice of Schools and Tutors
gratis). Prospectuses of English and Continental Schools, and
of successful Army. Civil Service, and University Tutors, sent Ifree of
charge! on receipt of requirements by GRIFFITHS, POWELL,
8MITH & FAWCETT. School Agents (established 1833), 34, Bedford
Street, Strand, W.C. Telephone -702 1 Gerrard.
Situations ITarant
WANTED. — PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
Applicationsareinvitetlfor the post of PR0FE38OR OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE in the CENTRAL COLLEGE.
BANGALORE. SOUTHERN INDIA. The candidate selected for
the post will be on probation f*>r three years, at the end of which
period the Government of His Highnesi the Maharaja of Mysore will
be at liberty to terminate the contract. Candidates hhould be dis-
tinguished University man who have taken First Clas* Honours in
Classics and made a special study of English Language and Literature,
or tak**n the M.A. Degree with First Cla*& Honours in English
Language and Literature In a Scottish or British University. Those
who have in addition received training in Theorv and Practice of
Tea» hing or have had experience of Professorial Teaching in a Uni-
versity College and are between 24 and 30 years of age will be preferred.
The successful candidate is expected to devote the whole of his time
in training students for the University Intermediate. Pass and
Honours I; A. Degree Courses. The pay will be Rs. 500 a month, rising
by annual increments of Ks. 50 to Rs. 1.001 a month. <>n confirmation.
ware and praafon «ill ba tooordiDg to the Mysore Service Regulations.
The Profottor selected will be given a free single First clasB passage
to India, also back to England, if tli* contract is terminated «t the
end of the third year of service. Candidates should love educational
work among natives of India and be fond of outdoor game*. Applica-
tions, with copies of testimonials, will be received hy the Inspector-
Qen*ral of Education In Mysore, Bangalore, South India, an to
JULY 15. 1914 The selected candidate will be expected to join duty
as early as iKjBuible. M rtHAMA RAO.
Inspector (Jeneral r.f Education in Mysore,
April 15. l'.iu. li;uipalora, South India.
u
NIVERSITY COLLEGE, GALWAY.
The Governing Body invite app'ieatlons for the following p, i,
instituted by •Statute, Statute III., University College, Galway,
mad- on MAY 1. IBM
PROFESSORSHIP OF COMMERCE ASH ACCOUNTANCY.
y DOl ATloN
BISTORT, with special reference to
lrii.li History.
PHILOSOPHY.
Tlie appolntmenU are made by tha Senate of t'i- Unirertlty from
' as prorldad by tha * inner
The at.|>ointmi-nt« are made DJ me sen
a li«i hiii.ni'tt.-.i by tba Qorerninf Body >
anil Statutes of the I'nlwT-itv end Colle
v sccomptnied by liftv copies of mob taatlmonlaui aa
candl tire to H.il, in it. will l„- received by tba Itrgintrar,
rray, up to JONB IS. I'm
The Profeeaon and Lactnrara appointed «i I to antat
on th.-ir dntlaa i-Hrli in 0 ToBBH
A|.|.ll'-atlon« will ba dealt with TOoieoi to tha poaatbla .ll»;illownnee
"lie in within tha limit "i time prsaoribad bf tha lii-h
-it i'i A' t „
Canilj.l..ie« ara lalarrad to tha xt-iime for Information on all
rn«tt»r- relating to tha a|>i*>iiitmenta. Coplea may he hail on
appUcatlon to _ „ „ ,
Till: II '.l-il!AK, Dnlvenity Colle/e, Oalway.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
Arrangements have now been completed
with Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son and Messrs.
Wyman & Sons whereby THE ATHENiEUM
may be obtained without difficulty from
the principal Railway Station Bookstalls.
THE ATHEN^UM is published
FRIDAY MORNING at 8.30.
on
TRINITY
COLLEGE, DUBLIN.
The Council invite applications for the newly founded LECKY
CHAIR OF MOIIKKN HISTORY. The appointment will be made
before the end of JUNE.
The salary offered (pending the realizition of the Lecky Estate) is
600J. per annum.
Candidates may send in a copy of any work or works they have
puhlUhed, as well as whatever other evidence of their qualifications
they may think desirable.
Applications must be sent in before JUNE 1.
Further particulars may be obtained from THE SECRETARY OF
THE COUNCIL, Trinity College, Dublin.
u
NIVERSITY COLLEGE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE.
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY.
READING.
The Council are about to appoint a PROFESSOR OF BOTANY.
Applications must be received by JUNE 8, 1914 -Particulars can be
obtained from THE REGISTRAR OF THE COLLEGE.
H
OME SCIENCE DEPARTMENT,
KING'S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
Applications are invited for the Post of LECTURER IN PHY8IC8.
The prst is for part time only, and is open to Men and Women. The
Lecturer will be required in cCTi'hER. I'm.
Applications, accompanied by not more than three testimonials or
references, should he sent to THE SECRETARY, Home Science
Department, King's College for Women, Kensington Square, W., by
SATURDAY, May '23, from whom further particulars can be
obtained.
H
ULL MUNICIPAL TRAINING COLLEGE
FOR MEN AND WOMEN.
REQUIRED, to take up duties about the beginningof 8EPTEMBER
next, a LECTURER IWomanl in Botany. Nature Study, and Geo-
graphy; and a LECTURER (Man) in Mathematics and Method.
Other combinations and subjects may be considere.l.
Further particulars and application forms ito be returned not later
than MAY HO) may be obtained from
IVOR B. JOHN, M.A., Principal.
u
NIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.
ASSISTANT LECTURESHIP IN CLA8SICS AND ANCIENT
HISTORY.
The Council invites applications for an ASSI8TANT LECTURE
SHU' IN CLASSICS AND ANCIENT HISTORY at a stipend of
IBM, tier annum, under the general direction of the Professors of
Classics and History. Duties to begin OCTOBER 8, 1914
Applications, with not less than three copies of testimonials,
RlimiM be lent before JUNE 90 to the undersigned, from whom
further particulars can be obtained.
GEO. H. HORLBY, Bacrabny.
B
EDFORD COLLEGK FOR WOMEN.
(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.)
Regent's Park, N . W.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.
In consequence of the appointment ol Mr T I. Wren to lecture at
St John's College, Camhlidga, the Council will -li'Tllv nro.ee, 1 to
appoint ! :... ASSISTANT LECTCUKIl in the 1 >EI>A UTM ENT OF
The .alary offered la IBM a year, rialna to aopt, non-resident. The
appointment la open to Man and Woman equally,
six printed or type,) copies of applications, and of not n ore than
three recent teatlmonlals, ahould haunt not later than TUESDAY.
ju, t„ the nndarllgned, from whom further particulate may be
obtained. (ffl|lltdj KT|i.:i, T M. |< N Id HT. Hecretary of Council.
CITY OF LEEDS TRAINING COLLEGE
FOB ELEMENTARY BOHOOL THAI HERS
RKODIHB hi SEPTEMBER, a LEOTDRBB IN EDUCATION
ANH HEAD IN THE DEPARTMBRT OF TEAUIERS FOR
I I'l'Klt STANDARDS iWomi
Idatei -b mid poeeea an II"- or it« equivalent, and
have had practical experience In i..i,n,.- rpeclal qualilleatioii. m
,nal r.\. holoay sre deeirabla
■II,.. I...U an t"l wool. I ba required to take up full duties In
~y I' II. M It Kit next, and may he ankcd to go into II idence.
Oommei f aalary 8001. per annuni
Api.li. -itioii. nhl'h mual n forms to be obtained from
the undersigned, should I ndoraed "Training Cnlbge and
forwarded to the Secretary for Edui itlon, Education Omoti Leeds.
notlat' _.
JAM K8 ORA 1 1 A M . Secretary for Education
Education Offices, Letd«.
674
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
EEDS BOYS' MODERN SCHOOL.
REQUIRED FOR SEPTEYtBER:-
(1) FORM MA8TER to 'each English to the Junior Forms. Salary
1*202.. rising by scale to 1901,
(2) ART MASTER. Salnrv 150?., rising by scale to 190!.
Applications, which must be made on forms obtainable from the
undersigned, should be indorsed "Boys' Modern School," and
returned to the undersigned not later than JUNE 1.
JAMES GRAHAM, Secretary for Education.
Education Offices, Leeds.
E
XETER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
SUMMER VACATION SCHOOL.
The Exeter Education Committee require the services of a LADY
DIRECTOR for the HUMMER VACATION 8CHOOL to be held in
Exeter from AUGUST 17 to 29. Preference will be given to candidates
having Kindergarten qualifications. The rate of payment will be
31. 3s. per week Applications, stating qualifications and experience,
should be forwarded to the undersigned at once.
H. ARMITAGE, Clerk to the Committee.
Education Offices. 39, Southernhay W., Exeter, May 8, 1914
MIDDLESEX EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
HARROW COUNTY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
The Governors of the above School require a HEAD MISTRESS,
to commence duties in SEPTEMBER next. New School buildings
are being erected to accommodate 300 Pupils. Candidates must be
Graduates of a University in the United Kingdom, or hold equiva-
lent qualifications. Commencing salary 300! per annum, rising by
two annual increments of 20!. and one of 10!. to a maximum of 350!.
per annum.
CanvassiLg will be treated as a disqualification. Application forms,
which must be returned not later than 10 a si on THURSDAY, the
28th instant, may be obtained from the undersigned upon the receipt
of a stamped addressed foolscap envelope.
B. 8. G 'TT, Middlesex Education Committee.
Guildhall, Westminster, S.W., May 13, 1914.
ORCESTER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
W
THE CITY OF WORCESTER SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
REQUIRED in SEPTEMBER next :-
(1) SENIOR SCIENCE MISTRESS. Salary 1101. to 130! (by yearly
increments of 101.). Subjects: Botany, Chemistry, and Physics.
Experience essential.
(2) ASSISTANT FORM MISTRESS. Salary 1002. Chief Subjects :
Nature Study, Geography, Elementary French, and English.
Applications, with copies of testimonials enclosed, should be made
by letter to the undersigned, on or before JUNE 5. Age, qualifica-
tions, and experience must be stated, and the names of three
referees given.
THOS. DUCKWORTH, Secretary for Higher Education.
Victoria Institute, Worcester.
T IVERPOOL EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
LIVERPOOL COLLEGIATE SCHOOL.
Applications are invited for the following Posts at the above-named
School vacant in September next : —
II) SPECIALIST IN CLASSICS, also qualified to teach English and
History. Honours Degree in Classics essential. Salary at the rate of
180!. per annum
(2) GENERAL FORM MASTER. Subjects, Classics and English.
Salary at the rate of 1501. per annum.
13) GENERAL FORM MASTER qualified to teach Mathematics,
French, English, and History. Salary at the rate of 1501. per annum.
(4) GENERAL F<JRM MASTER. Special subject Mathemuics,
al6o qualified to teach Junior French and English. Salary at the
rate of 1501. per annum.
The above appointments are subject to the provisions of the Liver-
pool Corporation (Superannuation! Act, 1913.
Forms of application and further particulars may be obtained from
JAMES G. LEGGE, Director of Education. 14, Sir Thomas Street,
Liverpool, with whom applications, accompanied by a letter of applica-
tion and copies of not less than three recent testimonials, must be
lodged not later than WEDNESDAY, May 27, 1914.
EDWARD R. PICKMERE,
Clerk to the Local Education Authority.
c
OUNTY BOROUGH OF BOOTLE.
EDUCATION COMMITTEE
SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
WANTED, in SEPTEMBER, an ASSISTANT MA8TER, to teach
English and Mathematics in Middle and Lower Forms. Degree
essential ; previous Secondary 8chool experience desired.
Silary 130! , rising to 1801. by yearly increments of 7!. 10s.
Application forms (which should be returned not later than
MAY 30) can be obtained from THE SECRETARY FOR EDUCA-
TION, Town Hall, Bootle, Lanes.
w
EST SUFFOLK EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
COUNTY 8CHOOL (MIXED) AND PUPIL TEACHER CENTRE,
BURY ST. EDMUNDS.
Applications are invited for the Post of ASSISTANT MASTER.
Salary 1501. non-resident. Particulars and forms of application,
which must be returned not later than JUNE 2. 1914, may be
obtained from the undersigned on receipt of a stamped and addressed
foolscap envelope
FRED. R. HUGHES. Secretary to the Committee.
G
OOLE
SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
WANTED, next SEPTEMBER a highly qualified and thoroughly
experienced EI^GLISH TEACHER as SENIOR MISTRESS at
•GoOLE MIXED SECONDARY SCHOOL. Salary 1901. per annum.
Application, on forms to be obtained from the undersigned, must
be sent in on or before JUNE 6 next to
W. T. SILVESTER, Clerk to the Governors.
10. Victoria Street, Goole.
LEICESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF
ART.
AVANTED, for SEPTEMBER 1. an INSTRUCTOR to teach
Architectural Design, History of Architecture, Building Construction,
and Furniture Design. Part time Day and Evening Classes.
Candidates must be either Fellows or Associates of the Royal
Institute of British Architects. Practical knowledge of a Building
Craft would be a rt commendation.
Commencing salary 2001. per annum.
Applications must be made on printed forms obtainable from the
Secretary, and be returned to him not later than MAY 26.
T. GROVES, Secretary.
IVIL SERVICE COMMISSION.
C
FORTHCOMING EX AMINATION. -JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS
in certain Departments (18 -19j), MAY 28.
The date specified is the latest at which applications can be
received. They must be made on forms to be obtained, with par-
ticulars, from THE SECRETARY, Civil Service Commission,
Burlington Gardens, London, W.
C
OUNTY OF LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the position of
DISTRICT INSPECTOR in the Education Officer's Department.
Salary 400!. a year, rising by annual increments of 251. to 800!. a year.
The person appointed will be required to give his whole time to the
Juries of his Office, consisting of the inspection of Public Elementary
Schools, Evening Institutes, and other Educational Institutions, and
to the performance of such other duties as may be entrusted to him.
The Inspector will be required to devote part of his time to Physical
Kducation, and must, therefore, possess fpecial qualifications for that
work. Women are eligible for this appointment. Officials of the
Council are not precluded from applying.
Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope
to the EDUCATION OFFICER. London County Council. Education
offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C, to whom they must be returned
by 11 a.m on MONDAY, May 25. 1914. Every communication must
be marked "Inspectorship" on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify for
appointment.
LAURENCE GOMME, Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.O.
c
OUNTY
O F
LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the under-
mentioned positions at SLOAN E SOHOOL. CHELSEA, a Secondary
School for Boys, to be opened in SEPTEMBER, 1914:—
(i) Full time ART MA8TER. Salary 2001 a year fixed. Candi-
dates must be qualified to teach all branches of Art customary in
Secondary Schools, in which they should have had experience. The
Master will be required to undertake some supervision duty.
(iil Full time MANUAL TRAINING INSTRUCTOR. Salary 100! ,
rising to 1751 by yearly increments of 51. The Master will be required
to give instruction in lower form Handicraft, Woodwork, and light
Metalwork, and to superintend the making of scientific apparatus,
besides undertaking some supervision duty. Experience of similar
work in Secondary Schools is desirable
Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a Btamped addressed foolscap envelope
to THE EDUCATION OFFICER, London County Council. Educa-
tion Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C., to whom they must be
returned by 11 a.m. on MONDAY, May 25, 1914. Every communi-
cation must be marked " H.4 " on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify for
appointment.
LAURENCE GOMME, flerkof the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C.
May 12 1914.
/CARDIFF HIGH SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
SENIOR MODERN LANGUAGE MASTERSHIP.
Intending applicants for this Post should apply for information to
the present holder, A. KIRSOH, 20, Dumfries Place, Cardiff-
O
SWESTRY PUBLIC LIBRARY.
The Oswestry Public Library Committee rrquire the services of a
LIBRARIAN AND CARETAKKR OF MUSEUM. Salary 1001 per
annum. Appointment from JULY 1. 1914. A schedule of duties, &c ,
and form of application can be obtained from the undersigned.
Women are ineligible for the appointment. Canvassing the Members
of the Committee will disqualify an applicant. Applications, with
three recent testimonials and the name of one person to whom
reference can be made, must be in the hands of the undersigned on
or before WEDNESDAY, May 20, 1914. Envelopes containing appli-
cations must be marked "Librarian."
G. W. FERRINGTON, Solicitor, Secretary to the Committee.
18, Arthur 8treet, Oswestry.
w
EST HARTLEPOOL PUBLIC LIBRARY.
WANTED, ASSISTANT (Male), in above Library. Sa'ary 751.,
increasing by 51. to 902. Experience in open access, and practical
knowledge of Classification and Cataloguing necessary.
Library Association Certificates recognized. — Applications, stating
age and qualifications, with copies of three recent testimonials, to
reach the undersigned on or before MAY 25, 1914.
J. A. LOUIS DOWNEY, Chief Librarian.
Situations Mant^tr.
COCIAL WORKER with 10 years' practical
^J experience of Social Work, regular contributor on social
questions to First Class Journals, wishes POST on Staff of Daily or
Weekly Paper or as Secretary to Public Man. Has wide connexions
and Special Knowledge of Continental Countries.
EXPERIENCED SECRETARY requires Post
(resident if London). Well-informed generally ; capable, respon-
sible work. Shorthand ; Type-writing ; Book-keeping. Would travel.
— Miss HUGHES, 41, Westgate, Chichester.
A
S ASSISTANT CURATOR or CUSTODIAN
in MUSEUM. Twelve years' experience in Cnrating, Registra-
tion, and other duties in large Provincial Museum. Energetic,
capable. Age 38. Married.— Address E., 49, Brocklehurst 8treet,
New Cross, London.
fiXistdlmuouz.
TRANSLATIONS.— Absolutely reliable Literary,
Scientific, and Press-work, from Russian, French, German,
Italian, by a professional Translator. Bibliographies compiled. —
Address A. I. 8., 16, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W.
MANORIAL RECORDS.— Mr. NATHANIEL
J HONE, Author of the Manor and Manorial Records,
UNDERTAKES the TRANSCRIPTION or TRANSLATION of
CO U RT RO LLS and other documents Materials supplied for Family
and Local History— Address 137, Hart6wood Road, W.
T ITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
i-i British Museum and elsewhere on moderate terms. Excellent
testimonials. Type-writing —A. B., Box 1062, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
T ITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
-LJ British Museum. Experience. Testimonials. — N. M., Box
1995, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.
A WELL -KNOWN PUBLISHING HOUSE
REQUIRES PARTNER. One with ideas and practical know-
ledge of the business and some capital. — Write YELDOG, Box 2055,
Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
pINEMA PICTURE STORIES for Disposal;
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The Synopses or Scenario submitted — CINES, Box 2056, Athenaeum
Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
TO AUTHORS.— A firm of Publishers will be
glad to hear from Writers who have one or two successful
Books to their credit but have not yet been largely advertised, with a
view to arranging contracts. Liberal advances would be made on
account of royalties.— Apply by letter to PUBLISHER, care of
Pool's, 92, Fleet Street, E.C.
A UTHORS' MSS. Criticized, Revised, and
-£"\_ Prepared for Press. Type-writing at moderate rates by skilled
and educated Operators. Promptness, neatness, and accuracy
guaranteed.— C. M. DUNCAN, Graemere, Grasmere Road, Purley,
Surrey.
s
IR WALTER SCOTT LETTERS.
FOR 8ALE, 89 letters from Sir Walter Scott to his Solicitor, in 8ir
Walter's own handwriting, referring among other things to the
arrangements about Napoleon and Woodstock and the failure of
MeBsrs. Constable; Memoranda on Book Publication in his own hand-
writing. 5 pages, undated ; 1\ pages additional notes : and 1 Proof-
Sheet of Napoleon, with corrections in 8ir Walter Scott's hand-
writing.—GIBSON, Monkwood, Colinton, Midlothian.
THE SECRETARIAL BUREAU, 25, Queen
Anne's Gate. 8t. James's Park, 8. W. Tel. : 5691 Victoria. Miss
PETHERBRIDGE (Nat. Sci. Tripos), Official Indexer to H.M.'s
Government. Private Libraries Catalogued and Arranged. Research
Work, Foreign and English. Private Secretaries and Indexers trained
•THE TECHNIQUE OF INDEXING,' 2g. 9d. net, post free.
TO SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
ROOMS of the ART-WORKER8' GUILD, recently built, are to
be let for Meetings, Concerts, and Exhibitions.— Apply to 8ECRE
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BE8T MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK & SON, Ltd., Medallists to H.M. the King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, Loudon, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
%p£-tEritittg, &r.
TYPE-WRITING.— AUTHORS' MSS.
1,000 words. Accuracy and Dispatch. — Miss E.
Sredina, 28, Alexandra Road, Kingston Hill, S.W.
Sd. per
RISDON,
TYPE-WRITING of every description carefully
and promptly executed at home. 8cl per 1 000. 15,000 6d. per 1,000.
Duplicating and Copying, Translations. Shorthand. Cambridge Local.
—Miss NANCY McFARLANE, 11, Palmeira Avenue, Westcliff, Essex.
TYPE-WRITING, Id. 1,000 words. Carbon
copy, 2d. 1,000. Circulars, 28. 100. Accuracy guaranteed. Over
100 testimonials.— CARR. 249a, Lower Clapton Road, N-E.
TYPE-WRiriNG MSS. Id. per 1,000. Novels.
Carbon Copies. Testimonials. Duplicating and Technical
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Finchley, N.
TYPE-WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
ate (Classical Tripos. Girton College, Cambridge; Intermediate
Arts, London) Research, Revision, Shorthand.— CAMBRIDGE
TYPE-WRITING OFFICE, 5, DUKE 8TKEET, ADELPHI, W.C.
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hand Typists provided. Meetings, Lectures, Sermons reported.—
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I
No. 4510, May U>, 1914
T II E ATH E N M U M
677
SATURDAY, MAY 10,
CONTENTS. l'.uiK
Ti rkisii Memories 677
Ocean Trading and Shipping 678
Malcolm Maccoll 67S
Thk Oxyrhtncuus Papyri oro
EniiiY vkaks in Derm any 630
The Tkitii about Ulster 6Si
, ciiii.e. Land and People csi
France from behind the Vkii 632
Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco 6ss
Albania, the Foundling state of Europe .. 634
David Lai.ng, his Life and Literary Work .. 631
Books Published this Week (BnglLan, 686 ; Foreign,
6S3) 635-6S8
Mr. Balfour on Argumentative Poetry ; Book-
Trade iuform : another Debt of John
Shakespeare ; Pauls - Wissowa's Encyclo-
pedia : ' Desert and Water Gardens of the
Red Ski' ; Book Sale 633—669
Literary Gossip coo
Bcixkce— Science and Method; Physiological
Plant Anatomy; Biology in Relation to
Education, Lecture hi. ; The abdominal
Brain: Dancers in Bird Life; The Royal
Society's conversazione ; Societies ; Meet-
ings Next Week 691— 69G
Fine Arts — Classic Arciiitecti re in Great
Britain and Ireland; Drawings; Current
Exhibitions 696—697
Music— Opera ; Musical Interpretation ; Gossip;
Performances Next Week 697—693
Drama — The Villain as Hero in ELIZABETHAN
Tragedy ; Gossip 699—700
Index to Advertisers 700
LITERATURE
Turkish Memories. By Sidney Whitman.
(W. Heinemann, 7s. 6d. net.)
The ' Turkish Memories ' of Mr. Sidney
Whitman cover the period from 1896 to
1908. In July of the former year he was
commissioned by the proprietor of The
o York Herald to represent that journal
in Constantinople for two months. The
proprietor,
" almost alone among newspaper magnates,
had the discernment to perceive that the
Armenian question was in the main a political
one, and that whatever might be the short-
comings of the Turkish Government and its
d administration, there was little or no
»n for assuming that the disturbances
i tbir source in religious fanaticism
directed against the Christian as such;
whilst evidence was accumulating that a
Armenian conspiracy, nurtured in
. and encouraged by the Noncon-
formist element in England, obscured the
ue, to which there were two sides.
Mr. Gordon Bennett saw tho chance of a
journalistic 'score' in giving the Turks an
portunity of making their own version of
things known to the world —a chance which
i been denied to them by the great English
apera,"
The Turks did not avail themselvt
the opportunity to any great extent :
they have always regarded journalistic
warfare as undignified ; but while in
Constantinople Mr. Whitman was an eye-
witness of the siege of the Imperial
Ottoman Bank and other incidents of the
so-called " massacre '' of Armenians in
the Turkish capital. He saw thai there
was more excuse for strong repressive
measures by the Turks than was com-
monly supposed in Europe and America,
and put the Turkish ease before the public
in The New York Herald— & piece of
simple justice SO unusual at the time that
he received for it the personal thanks of
Abdul Hamid II.
When war between Greece and Turkey
was seen to be inevitable, Mr. Whitman
went to Salonica to await events. All
who can recall the rumours which pre-
vailed in Western Europe at that time
will notice his comment that, " whatever
might be the forces at the disposal of
the Turks, Ananias with his hosts was on
the side of the Greeks." He went up to
Elassona just before the outbreak of
hostilities, and was received by Edhem
Pasha with great honour. Soon after his
return to Salonica he departed "in the
queerest company, for the vessel carried
sixteen hundred sheep and only one
passenger — myself," for Constantinople,
where he remained until the war was over.
In September of the same year (1897)
he was persuaded by Mr. Gordon Bennett
to accompany the late Dr. George H.
Hepworth, special correspondent of The
New York Herald, on a journey into
Eastern Anatolia to investigate the truth
concerning those atrocities which had
roused such indignation in the Western
world. It was
" a journey of exceptional interest owing
to the fact that the Sultan had hitherto
declined to allow any newspaper corre-
spondent whatsoever to traverse Armenia,
let alone to offer facilities for so doing."
Dr. Hepworth was suspected of being
a partisan of the Armenians. The Sultan,
therefore, insisted upon Mr. Whitman (of
whose fair judgment he had had experi-
ence) accompanying the expedition in
the Turkish interest. On that condition
only he was willing to afford facilities to
Mr. Gordon Bennett's envoy. With a
formidable Turkish escort Mr. Whitman
and Dr. Hepworth traversed Asia Minor
from Trebizond to Alexandretta, and
endured considerable hardship, as the
time was winter. They spent some days
at Erzeroum, Bitlis, and Diar-Bekir, and
did their best to learn the true condition
of the country, questioning every one with
whom they came in contact. It is no
reflection upon Mr. Whitman's candour or
his powers of observation to suggest, in
passing, that he learnt much less about
the people of the land than would a beggar
or a humble merchant travelling the same
road. "Facilities." as every Oriental
knows, are admirably calculated to pre-
veni research.
The first part of this very interesting
book contains the narrative of the author's
journeys and affairs in Turkey. The
second sets forth his views and impres-
sions. Both are worth reading, but the
aid is the more important, analyzing
it does tho cause of the disintegration
of the Ottoman Empire. The Turks are,
i fact, the besl race of people in the
Near Bast; and the present reviewer
quite agrees with Mr. Whitman that they
could easily work out their own salvation
if the Powers would let them. It is alfl I
true, as he repeatedly protests, that they
are not intolerant , and have never perse
cuted Christians for their faith. The
reason has been economic or political, and
such persecutions have been generally in
the nature of reprisals. The Turks haw
never been fanatical in the sense that
Eastern Christians have become fanatical
by foreign instigation. But there are
good and bad among them, as among
ourselves, and at the time of which our
author writes the bad was uppermost.
The whole administration was corrupt,
spies swarmed, and for a careless word a
Turk was liable to be put in prison,
exiled, stabbed, or poisoned. The tyrant
loved his country in a narrow way, and
was the champion of Islam against the
hordes of Europe. This alone endeared
him to a certain number of his people
who, even to this day, regret his yoke.
But all the while that Mr. Whitman was
in Turkey there was discontent among
the Muslims. Would anybody guess it
from these pages ? We think not. Here
Sultan Hamid figures as a potentate of
great benevolence, incapable of wishing
harm to any one ; his notorious favourite,
Arab Izzet Pasha, as a charming man of
the world. Every Turk and almost every
Arab has the manners of a gentleman,
and is probably at heart an honest man.
But Orientals succumb easily to the
temptations of environment and oppor-
tunity. Their saints and villains are not
clearly separated. The visitor is charmed
by both alike.
' Tn describing certain traits of Turkish
character [says Mr. Whitman in his Preface]
I have intentionally dwelt by preference on
those which are brightest, because prejudice
and detraction have created an impression
which calls for a correction of values. My
book therefore does not lay claim to judicial
impartiality."
It would, we think, have been much
better had it done so. Mr. Whitman's
championship of the late Sultan wins us
by its dash of chivalry, but the sally is of
doubtful service to the cause of Turkey,
since in his generous blindness to known
facts the author sometimes touches the
ridiculous : —
" He [Abdul Hamid 11.] had hardly o
to the throne when he decided to call a
Council of State to judge the conduct of
Midhat Pasha. .. .All the members but one
brought in a verdict of * Guilty.1 The single
dissentient vote was given by Kmin Bey, a
( Jerinan . ... 1 lis colleagues, m t heir dismay,
pointed to a curtain in the apartment and
endeavoured to convey t<> the recalcitrant
German that the Sultan was posted behind
it. Kmin Bey, however, remained firm,
for he belonged to the old school. . . .Evi
member of the Council received some m
of the Sultan's favour, but the highest <b •
t met ion of all was resen ed for Emm I '••
This instance of the Sultan's magna'
Dimity is given by Itself. Here is t hi-
story. .Midhat Pasha had offered Abdul
Hamid Klendi the throne on condition
that he swore to give a Constitution to
the Empire and abide by it. The prince
had taken the oath, ewn decreed the
Constitution, but afterwards repudiated
678
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4510, May 16, 1914
it. He caused Midhat Pasha to be kid-
napped and deported, and allured him to
return by divers promises in order that he
might persecute him ; and in the end
the greatest of Turkish patriots, whose
name had become a synonym for integrity
throughout the Empire, was strangled in
a prison in Arabia by the Sultan's orders,
and his head was sent to Yildiz in a box
labelled " Objet d'Art. Precieux." When
stating that the Tsar of Russia kept his
promise never to attack Turkey while
Abdul Hamid reigned, the author quite
forgets to mention the condition of that
promise — the suspension of the Constitu-
tion. We opine that the author has but
little Turkish and no Arabic, for his foot-
note on p. 63, " The term vilayet," &c.,is
inaccurate. His wish that England would
collaborate with Germany rather than
Russia in Near Eastern politics is that of
every friend of Turkey. We are glad to
note that he does justice to the Germans,
Avho have Avon the confidence of Turks
by honest means enough, and not by
fraud, as has been sometimes represented.
The Turks are hard to know. They do
not talk about themselves, and rather
snub the curiosity of Western journalists.
One may be sure that it was not as jour-
nalist but as gentleman that Mr. Whitman
was accepted by them as a friend.
" Mon cher, nous sommes un peuple
taciturne. Nous ne savons pas nous
defendre," said one of them when Mr.
Whitman' was deploring their neglect to
lay their case before the Western world.
In fact, a fine race is being hounded to
its death by Europe because it is too
proud to plead, and cannot beg.
Ocean Trading and Shipping. By Douglas
Owen. (Cambridge University Press,
10s. 6d. net.)
This, a volume in the new " Cambridge
Naval and Military Series," is a book of
very wide interest. Though, as is practi-
cally stated by its mode of publication,
addressed primarily to the officers of both
services, and especially those of the Navy,
with a view to helping them to a solution
of the mairy problems relating to naviga-
tion, salvage, and transport which may
be propounded to them in peace and still
more in Avar, it appeals also to every
ordinary reader who in any Avay realizes
the extent and importance of our sea-
borne commerce, or to whom the startling
Budget has brought home the need and
the cost of its defence and the constant care
required for its protection. This need, this
care, is, of course, no new thing. More
than a hundred years ago, during the
very time of the Napoleonic scare, it Avas
officially laid down as the most important
Avork of the Navy ; and quite recently
we have had a similar pronouncement
from the First Sea Lord of the Admiralty.
A book that aims at helping us better to
understand this gigantic business, its
methods and the eccentric language in
Avhich they are often concealed, must be
most Avelcome, and we receive it with
gratitude. Mr. Owen's ability as an inter-
preter and expounder is too well knoAvn
to render it necessary to dilate on the
general excellence of the Avay in which
he has performed his task, and Ave allow
ourselves only to regret an occasional
diffuseness as to extraneous or even
questionable matter which has led to a
a close compression in parts Avhere we
could very well have spared it.
It must, of course, be understood that
the book is not intended for experts,
for whom huge treatises on many of the
topics discussed might easily appear all
too small. It is avowedly elementary ;
it defines and explains terms which the
expert would call familiar, but Avhich
none the less are often sufficient to turn
the inquirer from his task. What, for
instance, is the " tonnage " of a ship ?
In the Navy the term has given way to
" displacement," Avhich is, at any rate,
simple and free from confusion, though
not applicable to merchant ships. But
" tonnage," the existing term, is, " even
in mercantile circles, by no means always
correctly apprehended," and that because
there are three if not more ways of
reckoning it. Mr. Owen explains these —
we are not going into them here — and,
further, also shows how harbour and
canal dues in different parts of the Avorld
have curiously affected the build and
carrying power of ships. Questions of
registration, of salvage and insurance in
peace and war, of load - line and the
Plimsoll Mark, of the ''Atlantic Combine,"
of the papers a ship must and ought to
haAre on board, and the changes which
modern conditions have brought about,
are all treated, Ave will not say sufficiently,
but intelligibly, and so as to quicken the
desire for more information and show where
and Iioav to look for it.
The question of contraband in Avar —
not by any means the simple thing that
it is often assumed to be — fills several
pages, which leave us aghast at our former
stupidity. A common idea among the
uninitiated is that it is the duty of a
neutral state to take all reasonable care
to prevent its subjects carrying contra-
band to either belligerent, or attempting
to break through a blockade. This, as
Mr. Owen shows, is erroneous ; they are
at perfect liberty, as far as their oavii
Government is concerned, to engage in
such trade, but it Avill not protect them in
it ; they follow it at their indiATidual risk.
Undoubtedly this is most often done
solely for their individual profit, but it
may also happen that restraint on the
trade Avould be as damaging to one enemy
as the fullest permission of it would be to
the other. Of this Mr. Owen gives an
easily comprehended example. There are,
he supposes, three states — A, B, and C.
Manufacturer.-; and traders of A haAre
long been in the habit of supplying B
with guns, arms, and military stores ;
B has come to depend on this supply,
and has no other available ; it manu-
factures none itself. B and C go to Avar.
What can A do ? If it supplies B Avith
arms, it is acting in a manner unfriendly
to C ; if at C's desire it stops the supply,
its action is unfriendly to B ; it ver}1-
properly does nothing, leaving C to
stop the trade if it can. This Avas
essentially the condition of the Southern-
States during the Civil War in America ;
they Avere virtually dependent on the
supplies brought in to them by the block-
ade runners, very much, of course, to-
their oavii profit.
Another point of vital importance is
that of food supply, Avhich might easily
become one of burning interest if Ave
should be unhappily engaged in war.
Mr. Owen thinks that what with shortage-
of supply, Avhat Avith panic and regrating —
which, he assumes, Avould be extensively
practised — the price of provisions would
be enormously increased, while the cessa-
tion, or comparative cessation, of the
influx of raw material for manufacture
Avould shut up great numbers of factories-
all over the country, and leave the Avork-
men unemployed and penniless. In the
failure of both raw material and food,
we should have an aggravated and en-
larged repetition of the worst form of the-
Irish famine of 1845-6 combined with the
Lancashire famine of 1862. We think
that in these gloomy anticipations Mr.
Owen is probably exaggerating. In our
opinion, the supply both of foodstuffs
and raAV materials held in the country
Avould be sufficient to tide OArer the feAv
Aveeks for which the uncertainty of ship-
owners would shut off supplies ; while as
to regrating, all history tells us that the
persons it has proved most fatal to are the
regrators. The practice is not, at this
moment, illegal, but it could and would
very quickly be made so, and the prohibi-
tion would be certainly enforced by alE
the majesty of the law.
Malcolm Maccoll : Memoirs and Corre-
spondence. Edited bv the Right Hon.
George W. E. Russell. (Smith, Elder
& Co., 10s. 6d. net.)
Mr. George Russell has Avith remark-
able skill Avorked together the letters and
some autobiographical material of Malcolm
Maccoll so as to make an extremely Advid
and accurate picture of the man. He
Avas, indeed, a unique figure in the society
of his time, and he has left no successor.
A political priest, a man with real religious
feeling and a considerable amount of
theological knoAvledge, he Avas first and
foremost one who delighted in part}7
warfare, in being " behind the scenes," in
influencing great men. He Avas a High-
lander of humble origin, perhaps a Jacobite
by ancestry, certainly half an Episcopalian
by birth. He became an Episcopalian by
conviction, and a Liberal by a curious
process Avhich it is not easy to define. He
was, the book shows, absolutely without
reticence or self-distrust or timidity in
his determination to play an important
part in life. By sheer " push " he thrust
himself into the acquaintance of the
leading statesmen of his day, and that
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
(579
acquaintance often turned into real friend-
ship, due to what Lady Frederick Caven-
dish calls "• his faithful, kind heart.'' and
what Mr. Drew commemorated when he
called him " one of the bravest and best
of friends, so loyal. SO simple-hearted, with
his strong and clear intellect, so affec-
tionate and unselfish in character."'
The mass of letters to personages in the
highest rank of politics shows him as in-
defatigable in work, fearless in under-
. taking anv sort of adventure, candidly
eager to be a person of importance him-
self, but more eager still about the causes
which he took to his heart. Xot many
men could eulogize Gladstone to his face
in the unblushing way he did, yet write
with an almost equal respect to Lord
Salisbury. It is impossible not to smile
at the way in which he declares to
their fathers the merits of Mr. Herbert
Gladstone and Lord Hugh Cecil, finding
a great future before the former, and
hoping that he may live to see the latter
the head of the Conservative party. Nor
is it possible to repress our surprise when
we find this most persistent of party writers
— in whose letters to public men there are
no traces of an ascetic tone — a journalist
making 1,000/. a year, contemplating
retirement into the Society of St. John
the Evangelist at Cowley when he was
66, and making a happy marriage when
he was 73. As a young man of 26 who
had disagreed with his bishop, he had no
hesitation in making himself known to
Cladstone, and as little when he was 54
in telling Lord Salisbury that lie had
known his great rival since he was a boy,
just as a year or two after he had been at
school at Glenalmond he wrote, to an
eminent person, of his master as " my
friend Mr. Bright." Gems of self-revela-
tion like these make the book sparkle on
almost every page.
( vnics may notice with equal interest the
zest Maccoll had for the study of patronage
questions, quite as much in the interests of
others as of himself. He was one of those
men to whom to have influence, and to
have it known that lie had it, was the
breath of life. Yet he was not a mere
Paul Pry. though Lord Salisbury evidently
was extremely afraid of his talents in that
direction ; he was a man of principle
and a very loyal friend, as no one whom
ui Church honoured with his intimacy
ild fail to be. On the ecclesiastical
side we find him a convinced " High
Churchman," but quite piteously insistent
that he was not a ** ritualist, " while he was
remely eager to secure the votes of that
tion for Gladstone. He found the
church atmosphere of Ripon verydepn -
in;/, and the absence of work in his city
pariah a great discouragement, but he
lined (after some scruples were sup-
pressed) both preferments. Mr. Russell
thinks that he was always a convinced
Liberal, and indeed he was often an extra-
ordinarily vehement partisan ; hut we
find him telling Lord Salisbury in L884
that it had always been his dream to
him at the head of a great party combining
elements in Conservatism and
Liberalism, and five years later he cried
out to the same statesman in favour of " a
moderate party avoiding all extremes."
Home Rule, however, was nut to be an
extreme, but a necessity ; but it might
be " on a large scale, embracing all the
Empire " ; and Mr. Russell ends a chapter
by telling us that he " was always the
most sanguine of Gladstonians."
It is not likely that Maccoll's published
work will survive. It was extremely
effective when it was written, from a party
point of view, whether it was about
politics, the Athanasian Creed, the Refor-
mation Settlement, or the Eastern Ques-
tion. The political secrets among which
he played are mostly of no interest now.
He did not always guard them very care-
fully, but he never sold them in any dis-
honest way. Certainly he was not guilty
of the baseness of selling the news of
Gladstone's fatal illness.
Mr. Russell, as we have said, has done
his work well, and given us a very clear
picture of his subject. He has, however,
printed too many letters, and the chapter
on Armenia is far too long and out of touch
with present questions. He has not been
able to keep his own King Charles's head,
Archbishop Tait, out of this memorial of
his friend ; and he prints quite unneces-
sarily a rather unkind letter about the
Bishop of Bath and Wells, and repeats, as
usual, considerable parts of his own works,
such as the letter of an angry clergyman
to Gladstone on his Affirmation Bill, with
that statesman's solemn comment, and
the description of Canon Maccoll from
' Collections and Recollections.' But we
must always pay for Mr. Russell's pleasant
company at his own price.
The Oxyrhynchns Papyri. Edited, with
Translations and Xotes, by Bernard
P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt.
Part X. (Egypt Exploration Fund,
11. 5s.)
The outcome of the prolonged researches
of Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt now amounts
to a veritable library. For in addition to
the series of volumes of which this is the
tenth, they have issued Hibeh papyri,
Tebtunis papyri, ' Fayyum Towns,' &c,
so that we look upon their labours as
something without parallel in modern
days. In addition to their own intrinsic
merit, they came at the right moment —
after the publication of the Petrie papyri
had given the first modern stimulus to
this new airl attractive field of work. We
are also gladdened by seeing Prof. Gren-
fell \s name reappearing on the title-page
of the present volume— a welcome promise
of his renewed usefulness.
Beginning, as usual, with theological
fragments, the editors give us scraps of
what appears to have been another un-
canonica] Gospel, in addition to 1 1 1 • » - • -
already known. Then- is little of special
interesl in tin- present text beyond that
fact, which again confirms the opening
words of St. Luke's GSospel, "' I'orasmuch
as many have taken in hand." &C.
Then; follow upon the fragments of the
new text some specimens of early copies
"I the canonical books — Psalms' lOpistle
ol St. .lames. &c — which tell us nothing
new. The one main fact, duly insisted
upon by the editors, here reappears again
and again. The habit among critics of
rejecting a variant because it is found only
in a late and otherwise inferior copy is not
a safe one. Both in these theological
and the classical fragments the readings of
late mediaeval MSS. are often found to
rest on a very old tradition, for they
existed in the copies of the third anil
fourth centuries.
The classical portion of the volume Is
far more interesting, especially because it
gives some new fragments of the incom-
parable Sappho. Scraps from Books I.
and 11. of her poems are presented to us.
They are, alas ! much battered and
mangled, and only from two or three can
we extract (not without the large assist-
ance of Prof, von Wilamowitz's imagina-
tion) some connected sense. Six stan/.as
which are fairly complete are skilfully
treated by Mr. J. M. Edmonds in the
current Classical Review. But even
these small materials confirm the verdict
of the ancients — that Sappho was the
best of all the lyric poets. One suggestion
we will make regarding the fifty or sixtv
fragments which have not yet been
brought together, despite the well-known
ingenuity of the editors and their col-
laborators. They should give us photo-
graphic plates of all these scraps, so that
we can see the edges of each, as well as
the extant letters. For it is only by
seeing whether these edges will fit to
others that we have any hope of progress-
ing further in the restoration of a con-
nected text. We speak from actual
experience. The mechanical fitting-in of
irregular edges has frequently led to the
perception that the texts of two pieces
were continuous. There is a fine piece
giving us the stately progress of Andro-
mache from her home to her marriage
with Hector, and this in a peculiar
fourteen-syllable metre splendidly adapted
to narrative. As to the rest, they are
all variations on the theme of TS/ows and
rio#os — topics decidedly unsuitable for
the education of respectable maidens, the
amazing avocation which German critics
have devised for Sappho.
The fragments of Alcssus which follow
are, as usual, not equal to those of Sappho
in merit. Though Horace's \ ersions would
give us an idea that he was fully as great,
his devotion to violent politics and to the
war of parties kept him from the higher
flights of lyric emotion, and made him
more the Byron than the Keats of his
age. Nevertheless, it is most tantalizing
to have so little preserved thai can be
understood, and we would gladly sacrifice
the fragments or the arguments of
Mcnander's play, and pieces of two of
these plays, to ha\ e work of t he golden a
No one. indeed, has suffered more in
reputation i>.\ recenl discoveries than the
darling of t he At t ic decadence.
There are other novelties in the volume,
notably a Chrestomathy of handy infor-
mation—for the mosl pari childish in its
680
THE ATHEN2EUM
No. 45 10, May 16, 1914
triviality, but containing a list of the
early librarians of the Museum at Alex-
andria. Here we find that a great puzzle
about the date of the tenure of Apollonius
(Rhodius) is solved by the news that there
were two librarians of this name (the second
called €i'3oy/oa^)os), who have been natur-
ally confused. The other curiosity in the
list, unfortunately imperfect, is that
under Euergetes II. (Physcon) this high
post was held by a lochagus — as if Sir F.
Kenyan were succeeded at the British
Museum by a lieutenant-colonel.
There are a good many passages re-
covered from known authors — Apollonius,
Thucydides, Plato, and even Cicero. In
no case is there anything important in the
way of various readings, so that we now
know for certain that in the Oxyrhynchus
of the second to the fourth centuries not
only did people read most of the great Greek
classics, but also these books were very
much as we now have them. We noted
above the support they give to readings
which were hitherto preserved only in
late and bad MSS., and therefore dis-
credited.
Among the new things — of which we
have some knowledge from previous dis-
coveries, and from Philo — is the account
of an embassy to Trajan from Alexandria,
to settle disputes between Alexandrians
and Jews. Each deputation is said to
have arrived carrjdng its own gods.
Sarapis afterwards appears as the Alex-
andrian god who actually perspires with
alarm when the Emperor turns upon his
followers. But in what form, the editors
justly wonder, did the Jews carry their
god with them ? It is probably a libel
on the part of the writer. But here, alas !
the papyrus fails us. The Emperor,
influenced beforehand (we are told) by
his wife Plotina, shows strong and even
unjust prejudice against the Alexandrians.
The document seems a counterblast to
similar accounts of embassies written
in the Jewish interest. Here the Jews
owe their advantage to unfairness or
partiality in the Imperial pair. It is
interesting to have a glimpse of the pam-
phlet literature of the first century, for,
of course, there were also Jewish accounts.
The Jews have never missed a chance
of using their literary facility to help them
in their business.
On the legal or official documents such
as affidavits, and on the private documents
— e.g., accounts, contracts, letters — we need
not say much. They are all of the Roman
period, and mostly from the time when
the bureaucracy of the Juggernaut empire
had crushed out the independent life of
all the provinces. Even the personal
letters in this collection seem incurably
dull. In the accounts and in the con-
tracts, especially marriage contracts, a
stray specialist may find things of interest.
In a good many of them there is an odd
word to add to the forthcoming edition of
Liddell and Scott's ' Lexicon.' But this
part of the book is mainly a monument of
the sleepless diligence and accuracy of
these wonderful labourers in a vineyard
of the most diverse qualities.
Eight Years in Germany. By I. A. R.
Wylie. (Mills & Boon, 10s. 6d. net.)
Miss Wvlie has written an interesting
book on Germany, a country which she
knows well. She gives us the impressions
and experiences of her eight years' resi-
dence, and in what she says there is much
by which English people may profit.
Her sympathy with Germans blinds her
a little, perhaps, to the real position and
strength of France, and makes her a little
deaf to anything that might be said on
our behalf about the difficulties which
confront us in our own dealings with
Prussia.
She believes that, in spite of the ap-
parent influx of wealth, " the grim stamp
of necessity is still visible on almost
every phase of German life " ; and adds
that forty-two years ago the German
was a poor man whose fight for existence
was made easier by the modesty of his
needs. But she goes on to say that
to-day the German is well-to-do — state-
ments in which there is a trace of contra-
diction. Of the cultured classes she
writes that their great inheritance is tra-
dition and birth, and that taken as a
whole they have been, and still are in
the vast majority of cases, poor. They
have despised money-making, and they
turn their backs on money-makers.
The author, who has seen a great deal
of the life of all classes, goes fully into the
question of money and how Germans look
on it. She gives many facts to prove her
case. Economy with them is a natural
thing, and she believes that " the German
does not disapprove of extravagance on
moral grounds — he simply does not care
for it." She tries to help her readers to
understand that success, and not money,
is the end and goal of the endeavours of
Germans. The passion for power and
work is born in them, and Miss Wylie
notes that business men who have more
money than they know what to do with
spend their lives in working at the busi-
nesses they have built up : a statement
which is perfectly true of Germans, but
equally true, we should have said, of
English people. She is on safer ground
when she shows that the man of leisure,
the man who has done nothing for the
state or community — a person only too
common here — is practically unknown in
the highest as well as in the lowest classes
in Germany, and that when he is met with
he is treated with contempt.
It is curious that the author, in speak-
ing of the way in which the German
spends his holidays, and showing that he
devotes his leisure to walking tours and
plays no games, should believe that a
German will not tell you how many miles
he has been, or the height of the moun-
tains he has climbed. The ordinary
Englishman is usually bored in the Alps
by the fact that every German insists on
informing his casual acquaintance of the
exact height of each mountain he has
climbed and the precise number of
minutes occupied in the ascent. Miss
Wylie writes : " All that interests him is
what he saw — the state of the country
and its beauty." We differ, and think
that English people will recall occasions-
when they have heard remarks about
food and where good beer might be
found.
Of the German army and the Zabern
trouble Miss Wylie has much to say. She
thinks that we " could have afforded to
sympathize ' ' with the Germans in their
Alsatian troubles. " Instead we insulted
the German army " ; and we are told
that Ave do not realize that the German
army is the German people. She thinks,
that in the Zabern business there were
English folk who, when they poured their
indignation over the officers concerned,
honestly thought that they were helping
to free the German people from a hated
military despotism, and that we imagined
we saw an Empire groaning under the heel
of a Prussian bully in uniform. English
sympathy may have been ill expressed —
possibly offensively expressed. But, none
the less, it remains true that Alsace does-
" groan " under Prussian rule, and that
Prussian officers are not popular in Alsace,,
and do not go out of their way to make
themselves loved in the conquered pro-
vinces. Miss Wylie writes : —
"Ask any member of a Krieger-Verein
what he thinks of the Zabern affair, and
he will grunt and tell you that the young
lieutenant should have hit harder."
We should not ourselves go to a member
of a Krieger-Verein to get an impartial
opinion on the matter. But Miss Wylie
thinks that
"when the young lieutenant .... drew his-
sword and struck the threatening cobbler,
there was no fear of personal injury to
actuate the impulse. Instinctively, for the
man's own sake as well as his own, he-
warded off a disaster which would have been,
irremediable. For, according to the law,,
had the cobbler once touched the uniform;,
the lieutenant would have had no further
option but to have run him through."
Miss Wylie has forgotten the admission
of the Military Court of Appeal that the
lieutenant was excited and " under the
impression that he had to fear attacks
everywhere," and that the lame oobbler
had " very likely " given no provocation,
whatever.
When Miss Wylie comes to deal with
the question of compulsory service she
writes without having thought out her
subject. She thinks that it would be-
nothing short of criminal to pit our
" untrained, undisciplined, physically unfit
bank-clerks " against " men trained and
disciplined and inspired by tradition."
She suggests that we should abolish our
" amateur troops with their amateur
inventors and take whatever consequences
ensue." She is one of those who have
no doubt that compulsory service is of
the utmost value to the people. She is
certain that " two years' hard physical
training and moral discipline" would be
good for us. But she never attempts to
face the question whether compulsory
service is suited to our needs, or whether
it is the most effective form of defence for
an island empire. Her views have been
No. 4510, Mav 16, 1914
THE A T H E N yE U M
681
" made in Germany," and she seems to
have forgotten that we have a fleet .
She interests us in her remarks about
the future form of government in Ger-
many. Recent storms have left the
present system unimpaired, but more
than one disaster lias been imminent,
and, after considering what a change
might mean. Miss Wylie writes that " if
it comes now, England will lose her one
serious rival in Europe."
The Truth about Ulster. By F. Frankfort
Moore. (Eveleigh Nash, 7a. G<7. net.)
' The Truth about Ulster ' is related by
Mr. Frankfort Moore in a series of anec-
dotes loosely hung together on a thread of
personal reminiscence. It is a little diffi-
cult after reading the book to discover
from what point of view the author regards
the present political situation. But if, as
we surmise, he is a sympathizer with the
Ulster " Die-hards," we fear that he has
not succeeded in strengthening their case,
but has rather offered to the ordinary
reader a fairly strong argument, from the
purely human point of view, in favour of
the extension to Ulster of the benefits
of the gentler civilization which prevails
over the rest of Ireland.
For, indeed, the Protestant Ulsterman,
a- depicted by Mr. Frankfort Moore's
realistic brush, is an object for pity rather
than admiration. One wonders, as one
turns the pages, whether the picture is not
overdrawn, for it seems hardly credible
that such an amazing mixture of ignorance,
bigotry, and uncouthness should have been
displayed by any considerable body of
English - speaking people in the last
quarter of the nineteenth century — the
period with which the author is chiefly
concerned.
The opening chapter takes us back to
the beginning of things in the days of the
Plantation of James I., " faithfully framed
on the lines of the Act of Settlement
formulated by Moses in respect of Pales-
tine," when the new colonists, like the
children of Israel in a similar case, failed
to carry out in its entirety the policy of
extermination then thought so desirable.
"The colonists of the Plantation wanted
their wood to be hewn and their water to be
drawn for them, therefore they spared a
sonable number of the original Irish. . . .
These survivors became as thorns in the flesh,
d so they have remained to the present
day. Ulster is still a colony in the midst of
the hostile people, who are always ready to
fling a faggot at the head of their task-
h r."
The situation in Ulster differs, there-
fore, in this important particular from the
•situation in the rest of Ireland. Unlike
the English and Scottish settlers in the
other three province-., who as often as not
have become " kindly Irish of the Irish,''
the Ulster planter has refused to assimilate
i th his neighbours, and still continues to
regard them as a subject race.
This attitude is emphasized by Mr.
nkfort Moore in numerous anecdotes.
Englishmen will read with amazement of
• unveiled contempt with which the
average Protestant Ulsterman regards " a
Catholic.'' His ability to discern one on
sight amounts to a sixth sense.
'I would say emphatically [says Mr.
Frankfort Moore] thai an Ulsterman would
have no difficulty in picking out of an ordi-
nary crowd those persons who are Roman
Catholics. U there aro throe Catholics in
a crowd numbering a hundred people of the
province whom he has never seen before,
lie will identify those three after a casual
glance."
Needless to say, the exercise of this
faculty of discernment, and of the curious
form of Ulster humour known as " Catholic
baiting," hardly tends to the breaking
down of barriers, and one learns Avithout
surprise that social intercourse between
Catholics and Protestants of the middle
class is practically unknown.
The energies of the Ulster Protestant
would appear to have been directed into
two channels, and two alone — money-
making and religion. The latter, a severe
form of Calvinism with a strong Old
Testament flavour, has led him to distrust
culture in any form.
" There are thousands of men and women
in the province who have never read a novel
or seen a play in a theatre,"
our author declares ; though when the
theatre was burnt, and plays were pro-
duced in a hall, the sensitive conscience of
the Ulsterman permitted him to attend
them. Xo bookshop existed in Belfast
until quite recently. There was, indeed, a
shop which sold books along with articles
of general utility, but even Mr. Frankfort
Moore's school-books had to be ordered
from London. The lighter sorts of litera-
ture were severely frowned upon, and
" whaling " was the punishment inflicted
on the sinful youth who ventured to read
anything more entertaining than the
works of A. L. 0. E. or Samuel Smiles.
This ceremony — in Presbyterian families
— took the form of a religious exercise ;
" it was opened with prayer, and closed
with thedoxology." Other offences against
the parental statutes were dealt with no
less summarily.
" I have known of boys of 17 being flogged
by their fathers for being a quarter of an
hour late in returning from no greater orgy
than a friendly tea."
"The cautious hospitalities of Ulster"
are the subject of some amusing comments
from Mr. Frankfort Moore. Like reading,
hospitality would seem to be a custom
" more honoured in the breach than the
observance" in the Xorth-Fast of Ireland.
The practice, indeed, is regarded as some-
what dangerous, only to be indulged in
when the reward is sure. But. as the
author observes, the Ulsterman regards
his province as the most civilized in [re-
land, and the hospitality to strangers
characteristic of the other three provinces
is the paramount virtue of most barbarous
races.
After looking at Mr. Frankfort .Moore's
picture of life and manners in Ulster, the
present reviewer is strengthened in the
conviction that 1 he path of progress lies
not in separation, hut in a (loser union
between Ulster and the resl of Ireland, if
that, indeed, is possible.
Chile : its Land and People. By Francis
J. G. Maitland. (Francis Griffiths,
10«. (V.)
Tin: opening of the Panama Canal is un-
questionably an event that must exercise
a great economic influence on the future of
the South American republics, and in a
Foreword to the hook the author advances
this laid as his justification for writing
what he modestly describes as an unpr< -
tentious volume. Unpretentious the book
certainly is, but that in no sense detracts
from its considerable interest, or from
the appeal it is likely to make to those who,
in the words of Viscount Bryce, recognize
that
" Chile, Argentina, and Brazil are already
potent factors in the economic world of tc-
day, and must become more and more sig-
nificant for the movements of commerce
everywhere."
Mr. Maitland writes with sympathy and
experience, and what he says is certain to
prove interesting, not only to the general
reader or the casual tourist, but also to
those who realize, even partially, the
commercial possibilities of this land of
illimitable resources.
Tracing the history of Chili under
Spanish rule, he follows with a vivid
account of the War of Independence and
the part played in this great struggle by
many distinguished men of British birth,
to whom the country of their adoption
owes a debt which one is glad to know is
not likely to be forgotten. The names
of General John McKenna, Bernardo
O'Higgins, and Lord Cochrane, Earl of
Dundonald, will always be associated in
Chilian history with the progress the
republic has achieved. Certainly in the
economic and political development of
modern Chili, England can claim to have
taken a pre-eminent part. So widely is
this fact recognized that the Chilians
often term themselves "the English of
the South.'' and evince their admiration
for English probity and commercial honour
by using the almost proverbial expression
"the word of an Englishman." Naturally
the author devotes considerable space to
a description of the great nitrate industry,
which provides the Chilian Government
with a yearly revenue of 6,000,000Z.,
and by the extent of its deposits— in one
district alone covering a quarter of a
million acres — assures the commercial
prosperity of the country.
Perhaps one of the most interesting
features in the book is an account of the
history and customs of Chili's aboriginal
inhabitants. Anthropologists have long
been at issue concerning the source ol
these primitive races, some contending
that they came from Brazil, while others
believe that their origin must be traced
to some of the islands that oiiee united
America with Asia ; hut the author con-
siders that any satisfactory elucidation
,,i the problem is unlikely. < »t ;» little-
known race, the VTaghans, who live within
the Antarctic Circle, he writes : —
"The people, who are rapidly dying out,
li\ e u| on the s< ashore a life of naked
682
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
misery. Without clothing, or weapons, or
utensils, without domestic animals of any
kind, except the dog, they roam from place
to place, existing upon shell-fish, sea-birds,
eggs, dead seals, or whatever other edibles
the flotsam of the sea or their little skill may
bring forth."
A primitive tribe, the Auracanian
Indians, occupy a prominent place in the
annals of Chili, and we heartily endorse
the author's hope that, before the inroads
of civilization improve them out of
existence, some effort may be made to
compile a record of their folk-lore and
traditions. If this is done, we believe
that much valuable insight will be afforded
into the history of the South American con-
tinent in the days before the Columbian
discovery. Of the Auracanians he
writes : —
" Although they are a dwindling people,
weakly men and women are almost unknown
amongst, them, owing to the custom of the
Auracanian women to leave their ' rucas '
shortly before the birth of their children, and
to live alone on the banks of an icy mountain
stream, until the little one arrives. The
child is no sooner born than the mother
plunges it into the icy cold water, and then,
wrapping a few rags about it, straps it on a
little board, which she slings across her
shoulders, and returns to her ' ruca.' "
Surely a natal ceremony of so drastic
a character that only the fittest survive !
In dealing Avith modern and contem-
porary Chili the book contains much
matter that is likely to appeal to the most
varied tastes, for the writer has not ignored
the fact that a book of travel should
embrace the widest interests. His de-
scription of the Andes, the principal cities,
and the life and customs of the Chilians,
not omitting a chapter dealing with art,
literature, and journalism, helps to make
up a work of vivid interest.
In one matter we are at variance with
the author, when he states, " Honesty has
always been the keynote of Chilian ad-
ministrators." As it happens, we know
that this conclusion does not coincide with
the experiences of many men who have
had business dealings with Chilian poli-
ticians and Government officials, and it is
probably a generalization that Mr. Mait-
land has not tested by sustained experi-
ence. On the other hand, we heartily
agree with him when he points the lessons
to be derived from the enormous expan-
sion in German and American trade,
which is slowly but surely overtaking
our own — due, as is rightly stated, to
the laxity of English commercial methods
and indifference to local conditions of trade.
A country with a climate ranging from
the tropical to the frigid, possessing every
natural advantage, growing almost all
kinds of fruit, abounding in virgin forests
and unexploited tracts of territory,
endowed, moreover, with enormous wealth
in mineral resources, Chili offers to English-
men with capital and enterprise a splendid
opportunity.
The book, which contains a useful map
and a few illustrations, would be improved
by an index ; but it is a useful record of
a country that deserves, and will surely
receive, greater European recognition than
it enjoys at present.
France from behind the Veil : Fifty
Years of Social and Political Life. By
Count Paul Vassili. (Cassell & Co.,
16s. net.)
This volume, in spite of a title which
suggests revelations, contains an immense
amount of gossip, interesting if trivial,
but little new matter of importance.
Some of the people who were living
when the author wrote have died since he
prepared his manuscript, and the pub-
lishers explain that they are responsible
for bringing it up to date, and for the
inclusion of one or two events which
happened in the current year.
Count Vassili — the name is, we are told,
pseudonymous — was appointed Secretary
to the Russian Embassy in Paris in
1868, and from that date he spent
nearly the whole of his official life in the
French capital, where he died. He had in
his time known nearly every one, and
seen much of French society, but wrote
as though the changes which had occurred
in his lifetime had all been for the worse.
The good manners of Frenchmen used to
be famous, but Count Vassili lived to say
that they " disappeared simultaneously
with the crinoline." He thought that
the American and Jewish elements had
invaded French society, and imported into
it not only their easy ways, but also an
independence of speech and action which
would have horrified people in earlier
times : —
' The refinement that was so essentially
a French characteristic has entirely dis-
appeared. Women have grown loud, and
men have become coarse ; girls have lost
their modesty, and boys are impertinent."
When the Count first went to Paris,
France was getting over her Mexican
troubles ; and the early part of his narra-
tive is naturally concerned with the life
of Napoleon III. and the Empress
Eugenie. A good many of his remarks
are too frank, and, as the Empress and
others concerned are still living, they
might, with advantage to the Count's
memory and every one concerned, have
been modified. But if, on the one hand,
the author is often too harsh in statements
about people, on the other hand he finds
many occasions to mention the kindness
of the Emperor and to allude to the
potent charm of the Empress— a charm
which was such as to make people forget
her weaknesses. Count Vassili never knew
the Emperor's most trusted advisers —
Fleury, Persigny, and Morny, and he
thinks that with their removal from the
political scene " the Empire lost its most
solid supports." When the Count writes
thus, it is necessary to qualify his
views and remember that these were the
men of whom the Emperor himself is
reported to have complained that he " had
to drag" them about "as a convict"
drags " chain and ball."
Speaking of the days before the storm
of 1870, the Count remarks that, after the
results of the Plebiscite of May, 1870,
had become known, he ventured to offer
the sovereign his congratulations on the
new triumph he had obtained. He states
that Louis Napoleon, though not usually
demonstrative, did not on that occasioni
attempt to hide his feelings, and said that
he
" had not only consolidated the dynasty,,
but also had done away with the legend that
represented him as desirous of a foreign war
in order to add to his prestige."
According to the author, the Emperor
added : —
" No one can say so at present, because,,
after France has so positively affirmed its-
allegiance to the Empire, it would be
madness for me to risk losing popularity
through a war which, even if victorious,,
would always materially impoverish the
country."
A few weeks later Count Vassili had to*
hurry back to Paris, and on his arrival
found war with Germany declared. On
reaching the capital on the evening of the
16th of July he was struck by the aspect
of the people Avho crowded the streets.
They were singing the ' Marsellaise,' and
presented an excited appearance. The
cafes were full, and from time to time
people would stand up and shout "A
Berlin ! ' ' All Paris seemed to him to have
gone mad. but already he noted that
remarks were heard hostile to the Em-
peror and the Government, who, it was
said,
" had not soon enough tried to avenge the
insult which France had received, but had
done their best to prevent the outbreak of
a war "
which was " indispensable to the dignity
and the greatness of the country."
At the Russian Embassy the Count
noted that consternation prevailed ; that
everybody agreed that anything more
foolish than the circumstances which led
to the war had never been seen ; and
that people were amazed at the weakness
displayed by the Government. He also
speaks of the disorderly attitude of the
troops Avhen starting for the frontier.
On the subject of the Hohenzolleni
candidature we notice the blame throAvn
on the Due de Gramont. The writer
reports that, when the first telegrams
from Berlin were received announcing
the candidature, the Duke immediately
sent them to the Emperor, though it was
in the middle of the night, and that in a
conversation with his soA^ereign he " in-
sisted on the affront such a candidature
represented to France " ; and it is
added, " Why it was an affront probably
the Duke himself could not have properly
explained." From Avhat he heard at
the time Count Vassili thinks that the
Empress, instead of, as is generally be-
lieved, having done all in her power to
decide Napoleon to declare Avar against
Prussia, " had been far from urging it " ;
but he adds that at this crisis of her life
the Empress " entirely lost her head."
Tiie author makes the curious statement
that before the first fighting the Empress
said to one of her familiar friends that
not merely in the case of victory, but also
in the case of a reverse, " the nation only
Avants to get rid of us."
Among the mass of gossip there is not
much else to notice ; but a remark about
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
083
the Franco- Russian alliance derives im-
portance from its source. The Count
says that when the Tsar visited Paris
in the time of President Fame, and the
French people gave themselves up to
joyous demonstrations such as the capital
bad not seen for many years, and talked
of '" one Alsace Franeaise." the only
pci-son who appeared unconscious of the
significance attributed to his visit was
Tsar himself : —
" Perhaps he knew that whatever people
might think, he was not going to risk the
life of even one of his soldiers in order to
tify the wild hatred of France against
his German neighbours."
The author's remarks about the action
of the Due d'Aumale in leaving Chantilly
to the French nation strike us as odd. He
--ays that
'" this alienation of the home of the Condes
. . . .made all realize that, whatever were
the qualities of the Due d'Aumale, they
were obscured by his unlimited selfishness."
He adds that France
"' also felt the degradation of this gift, and
did not hasten to reward the donor of it as
he had expected. She left him for some
m mths in Brussels, alone with the shame of
bis unworthy action,"
until Carnot repealed the decree of banish-
ment.
The author professes to have been a
lover of books, but his remarks on lite-
rature are poor, and the chapter on
" Literary Men of the Present Day ' is
badly named. It contains much about
writers who are gone, and some of the
remarks about those who are still living
are in poor taste. It is curious, too, that
among his ' Literary Men of the Present
Day ' we should find actresses such as
Sarah Bernhardt, Rejane, and Jane Hading.
Tiie criticism of authors he had known is
not helpful, and whoever edited the volume
should have seen that it was useless to
inform people that " Anatole France has
a fluent and correct French diction."
There are, however, some excellent
pages on the Commune and the troubles of
those days. Thiers gives this amusing
■explanation concerning some papers which
he had left in Paris when he went to
Versailles : —
" I had told everybody that they were of
«i most compromising nature for some of the
people actually in power, and for the pre-
tenders to the crown of this country.
Imagine how compromised I should have
en had it been found out that they were
merely tradesmen's bills ! "
We note also the author's remark that
"patriotism with Frenchmen is mostly a
question of words; it rarely goes beyond
phrases, full of enthusiasm, hut- devoid of
• aning."
We think that in speaking of the Due
de Moray and Count WaJewski it would
have been difficult to find a worse phrase
than that which designates them as
" high born."
Some of the French names in the book
are wrongly spelt every time they appeal ;
for example, that of Callilfet. Accents
are sparingly used, and once or twice the
printer seems to have made a hash of a
word.
Marrittge Ceremonies in Morocco. By
Edward Westermarck. (Macmillan &
Co., 12s. net.)
Prof. Westermarck defines this book
as a kind of apology for a serious omission
of which he was guilty when he wrote his
' History of Human Marriage.' That was
the first important work which he wrote
in English, and it was reviewed in The
Athena-urn more than twenty years ago.
In it he admitted that he devoted a short
chapter only to marriage ceremonies, and
almost entirely ignored their magical
significance. He has in the present book
amply remedied the defect (if it was one)
of the former work. Six years spent in
sociological research among the Moham-
medan natives of Morocco, and in the
patient investigation of the marriage
customs of the several tribes of Berber
and Arab origin, have enabled him, in a
volume of more than 400 pages, to furnish a
comprehensive and complete account of
those customs. He has made sixteen
journeys to Morocco, and has visited
many of the places and tribes mentioned
in the book. Where he has not visited
a tribe, he has obtained information from
native members of it, except in a few
cases expressly mentioned in the text.
The book is, therefore, one of original
research. The author has also sought to
discover the ideas underlying the various
ceremonies ; and in this respect he cautions
his readers against the tendency to
assume that, where similar ceremonies are
recorded of different peoples, the ideas
underlying them are necessarily similar.
He protests, too, against the notion that
the field anthropologist has done his
business when he has collected the facts,
and that he should leave to the arm-chair
anthropologist the duty of expounding
them. The explanations given by native
informants are essential parts of the
material which is to be collected.
The wedding ceremonies which Prof.
Westermarck describes are many of them
trivial, but they are not so considered by
the people themselves, and the reasons
assigned for them may appear to us to be
foolish, but are nevertheless potent.
Much formality attends the betrothal
and marriage contract. In Morocco it is
the universal rule that the parents of a
girl marry her without asking for her
consent. The actual proposal is made
generally by some influential man or by
friends who have been asked to act as
mediators. This indirect method of action
is common in many countries. In like
manner, a direct refusal will be avoided
b\ the fiction that the girl is about to marry
her cousin, " for the Moors prefer telling
an untruth to appearing uncivil." Nego-
tiations as to the dowry follow, if the
proposal is accepted. Ceremonial visits
then are made. After prayers on the
next Friday, devout wishes are ex-
pressed and presents exchanged. in the
evening a feast is given, after which
neg' dress up the young man as a
bride. No native explanation <>f this
custom has been given to Prof. Wester-
marck, and he inclines to accept
Mr. Crawley's theory that the dress of the
opposite sex is assumed to lessen the
sexual danger by wearing the same kind
of clothes as the "loved and dreaded''
person wears. If the proposal is refused,
and the man is very anxious for the mar-
riage, he appears to have a remedy in a
process of casting a spell upon the girl
which will keep her unmarried until it has
been removed by suitable ceremonies.
The practice of marrying a deceased
brother's widow is common, but not
universal. In some tribes a married
woman may leave her husband and
compel another man to marry her, without
further ceremony than taking hold of the
pole of his dwelling or turning round his
handmill. As this transfers to him the
conditional curse described in Prof. Wester-
marck's essay in the volume presented to
Sir E. B. Tylor, he cannot evade the obli-
gation, and the author knew an old man
of good family who had thus in the course
of his life been compelled to marry three
runaway wives.
The dowry is a necessary part of mar-
riage, and the bridegroom has many
ceremonies to go through before he can
fetcli his bride home. The bride also has
to submit to many observances pre-
paratory to the wedding. Both bride
and bridegroom are painted with henna,
to purify them and protect them from
evil influences ; for both are regarded as
holy, and held to be susceptible to harmful
magical forces or the influence of evil
spirits. The bride is further purified by
bathing or water-pouring. She is con-
fined in her house for two or three days
before the wedding.
The ceremonies at the fetching of the
bride vary somewhat among the tribe-.
Relatives or village - comrades of the
bridegroom take part in it. In country
places she is lifted by a relative on to the
animal which is to carry her to her new
home, and precautions are taken to
protect her against harmful influences
by the firing of guns and by loud music
and singing. A blanket or garment is
spread in front of her to prevent her
stepping on the ground or the threshold.
In many cases milk is sprinkled upon
her or offered to her to drink, that her
future may be white or lucky. A boy
sometimes rides behind her. that she may
become the mother of boys, and he rides
the animal back to the bride's place, SO
that it may not return with an empty
saddle.
The arrival and reception of the bride
are also attended with precautions against
her carrying evil to her new home. She
is taken three or seven times round the
bridegroom's house or tent, or round the
mosque of the village or the village itselt.
Bread and dried fruit are thrown over her.
Henna is offered to her. A short religious
rite is performed by her while still on the
animal.
Before (he bride ami bridegroom meei
to consummate the marriage much has to
be done to pxoteol them from the dangers
of which the atmosphere is full when he
enters the place where she is waiting for
him. He puts his right foot twioe over
684
THE ATHEN^U M
No. 4510, May 10, 1914
the threshold before he makes his entrance
by a third step. He has to make a slight
assault upon her with the flat of his sword,
or by beating, smacking, or kicking her.
She, on the other hand, assaults him
with her slipper, an object which has to do
with marriage ceremonies in many coun-
tries. They partake of food together.
Great importance is attached to tiie
virginity of the bride, and some indelicate
evidences of it are exhibited. The wed-
ding ceremonies, even after this, are not
over, but continue for a week or more ;
and for some time after they are con-
cluded the wife is subject to certain
restrictions. Ceremonial visits are to be
paid in due course to the Avife's parents ;
but the husband has to exercise much
reserve in his relations with the parents
and other members of his wife's family.
As to the origin of this slyness, Prof.
Westermarck recurs to the opinion ex-
pressed in his earlier works as to the
rationale of sexual aversion. He noticed
no special avoidance in the relations
between a wife and her parents-in-law.
Marriages are celebrated only on certain
days of the week, and do not take place
at certain periods. Prof. Westermarck 's
general conclusion, drawn from a great
variety of marriage ceremonies, is that
they spring from the consideration that
the parties are in danger and need special
protection. The ceremonies are only
executed in full tale where it is the first
marriage of the subject. That general
conclusion does not exclude the inference
that some ceremonies may have another
meaning, or even have no meaning. Some
appear to be intended to promote do-
mestic peace or fruitfulness.
Many of the ceremonies are strangely
similar to those adopted in other countries,
but there is great value in so thoughtful
and well-reasoned an analysis of the ideas
underlying them, and so authoritative
and exhaustive a description of the
observances themselves, as Prof. Wester-
marck has supplied.
Albania : the Foundling State of Europe.
Bv Wadham Peacock. (Chapman &
Hall, 7s. 6ci net.)
Coming so soon after the arrival in Albania
of the Mpret, from whom the Shkypetars
(:< the Sons of the Mountain Eagle ")
expect such great things, and at a moment
when the newly constituted state is con-
fronted by serious difficulties both in the
north and in the south, Mr. Peacock's
book is indeed timely. Of its interest
and value for English readers there can be
no doubt. The author writes with know-
ledge of his subject, acquired during a
lengthy residence at Scodra (as he tells us
Scutari should properly be called) and in
the course of journeys through the country ;
his touch is light, but sure ; he has a nicely
developed sense of humour, and if he shows
himself a frank pro-Albanian, that fact in
no wise detracts from the charm of his
book. In fact, it is a distinct advantage
to have the Albanian point of view set
clearly before us ; for the Albanians
themselves complain that they have been
unable to obtain a fair hearing in Europe,
and there are good reasons for believing
that they have solid grounds for their com-
plaint. Backward in letters and in all
the arts of diplomacy, the new state has
not known how to secure a " good press,"
like its more advanced neighbours ; and
simply because it has been so little known,
it has had comparatively few friends to
raise their voices on its behalf.
The first chapters of the book are given
up to the author's experiences in the early
days of his residence in the country, when
the Turk ruled, and not a few good stories
occur in them. One of these concerns a
certain Pasha who, " having spent three
years in London learning mining engineer-
ing,"' was, upon his return to Constanti-
nople, " promptly commissioned by the
Government to translate an English medi-
cal work on midwifery into Turkish."
Another is of " the consul who watched
over the interests of one of the great conti-
nental empires. . . .an amiable, shy man,"
who, having made up his mind to wed the
eldest daughter of his dragoman, hit upon
an extraordinary expedient for making his
desire known to the lady of his choice.
Without saying a word on the subject to
any one on the spot, he " sent in a formal
application to his chiefs for permission to
marry a girl with whom he had hardly
exchanged two words in his life " ; and
when the precious document arrived he
made his way to the dragoman's house,
" pulled the enclosure from his pocket, and
thrust it into the girl's hands, saying
simply, l Read it.' One agrees with Mr.
Peacock that this was, perhaps, the most
original proposal ever imagined. But
Albania was evidently full of strange
characters in those days, and, in spite of
the changes that are coming over it, it
seems likely to remain an original kind of
country for many years to come. More-
over, it is proof of the sjmipathetic spirit
in which the author has done his work
that the reader should find himself secretly
rejoicing that the inevitable changes
cannot well be brought about in a clay.
The Shkypetar may have his faults, but
he is very much a man.
The subject of the blood-feud receives
ample attention, and it is satisfactory to
learn that the custom is dying out, though
apparently but slowly. In studying the
subject one learns incidentally how the
prevalence of the custom affects the posi-
tion of Avoman in Albania.
These earlier chapters are marred, to
some extent, by repetitions, which are
doubtless due to their having been pub-
lished, in the first place, as articles in
ATarious reviews and magazines. Thus
one feels undue emphasis is lent to some
trivial details, such as the anger felt by the
Moslems at the sight of the Christians
smoking and eating during Ramadan, the
month of fasting. On the other hand,
the uninstructed reader may be puzzled
by finding two spellings for such Avords
as Kavasskhana (pp. 61 and 106), and
occasionally one does not feel quite
I sure Avhat period the author refers to in his
descriptions. Is Dervish Pasha's road, for
instance, still in the state in Avhich it is
described as being in the second chapter i
Details like these will doubtless be recon-
sidered in a second edition of the book
Avhich is almost certain to be required.
Naturally, Mr. Peacock has a good deaS
to say about the position of consuls in the
Near East, and Avhat he says is interesting,
and to the point. Well Avorth reading, too,
are his remarks upon the Latins, the Ortho-
dox, and the Moslems, Avhich AAre can only
refer to, and the chapter in which lie
tells ' The Story of Albania.' But, at
the present time at least, most read< r-
Avill find the fifteenth and sixteenth
chapters the most interesting in the book.
These deal with the delimitation of the
frontiers, concerning Avhich the information
given should be extremely useful, and the
iuture of the country. Mr. Peacock feels,
that a determined attempt is being made
to strangle the neAV state at its birth ; but
he has faith in the vitality of the Albanian
race, and is, upon the Avhole, fairly hopeful
as regards the country's future. But if
things are to go on as he hopes they will, he
thinks that Albania must be governed on
federal lines, which will give the freest scope
for the development of national character-
istics. He is of opinion that, if Albania
and Greece are to hold their OAvn against
the Slavs, they must become allies.
The illustrations are good, but it is a
pit}^ that not e\Ten a sketch map of the
county is included.
David Laing, LL.D. : a Memoir of his Life
and Literary Work. By Gilbert Goudie.
(Edinburgh, T. & A. Constable.)
David Laing Avas for forty-tAvo years
Librarian of the Signet Library in Edin-
burgh, in succession to Macvey Napier,
the editor of The Edinburgh Review. To
scholars that Library must always re-
call the memory of his name, and this
biography is a worthy and A\rell-Avritten
record of his career. It has been said that
to Avrite a life as it ought to be Avritten, it
should be done " A\iiile the memory of the
man himself is still vivid in the mind of
his biographer and of others." In the pre-
sent instance more than thirty years had
passed betAveen Laing's death and the
time Avhen the author was asked to write
his memoir. Fortunately, howeA^er, Mr.
Goudie had the priAnlege of Laing's
acquaintance, and retained a vivid impres-
sion of his personality ; and although the
undertaking of his biography was obviously
attended with difficulties, due to the lapse
of time and uncertainty as to the adequacy
of materials available, these difficulties
have been successfully surmounted, and
we have here a fine record of a scholar
who did much valuable work in the field
of Scottish literary antiquarianism. It is
not claimed for Laing that he was an
Admirable Crichton, but his learning and
his labours were of a solid, useful, and
enduring type. He was the recognized
guide and reserve force of the literary
clubs of his day, and by his own numerous
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
T HE A T II E N M U I\I
(>N.
issues and reprints he, to a largo extent,
anticipated the work of the Scottish Text
S Kjiety, the Scottish History Society, and
of others who have followed in his steps
in recent years, sometimes with scant
acknowledgment of indebtedness to him.
Mr. Goudie's biography is a model
of exhaustive research, notwithstanding
great difficulties caused by the vast
mass of material, including nearly 8,000
letters; the death of Laing's most inti-
mate friends : his partiality for writing
anonymously ; and the fact that many
documents in his hand, written on old
envelopes and scraps of paper, were
almost impossible to decipher. Xone of
Laing's many publications, more than 200
in number, would be ordinarily classed
as original work. He spent his long life in
the comparatively prosaic, but useful and
patriotic work of rescuing his country's
earlier literature from oblivion, and render-
ing it accessible in an accurate and con-
venient form, made intelligible and educa-
tive by the introductions, memoirs, notes,
glossaries, and indexes which he prepared,
or others under his direct supervision.
He deserved a substantial record, and no
one could have done it better than Mr.
Goudie has done. There is an ample
Index to the book.
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Apokrufa, Izifpndo Zekalendar Ezimis.weyo
(Lessons from the Apocrypha in the Zulu
Language), 1/ S.P.C.K.
Eook of Amos, with Notes by Ernest Arthur
Edghill. edited, with an Introduction, by G. A.
Cooke, " Westminster Commentaries," 6/
Methuen
After Mr. Edghill's death the work of editing
and revising this commentary was undertaken
by Dr. Cooke, who has added an Introduction.
Book of Common Prayer, Portions, together with
Hymn- and Addresses in Eskimo, by the
Rev. E. J. Peek ; also Eskimo Hymns, bv the
Rev. \V. (.. Walton, 1 /S S.PlC.K.
A new edition.
Clark (Henry W.), Liberal Orthodoxy, a His-
tarical Survey, 7 i» ,,et. Chapman & Hall
A study of the origin and development of
the movement. The Epilogue is largely repro-
duced from an article in The London Quarterly
ietc.
Cobb (W. F.),Mysti< ism and the Creed, 10/0 net.
Macmillan
A study of the content and meaning of the
Apostle.-' Cicd for those " who feel an imperative
necessity for reconciling somehow their thought
and their feeling in religion."
Evanelia Warana, the Story OS the Gospels,
by the Author of 'Charles Lowder,' in tin-
Dialect of Mukawa, Cape Vogel, Papua, 2 >'■
B.P.C.K.
Freeman 'Rev. George;, Authority, 2/8 net.
AUenson
The author claims that in the Anglican
Church alone can be found " complete, compre-
hensive, and inerranl authority."
Incwadl Yokut andaza e Bandhlenl, THE Book of
Common Praybb in the Zulu LANGUAGE, 1 2
8.P.C.K.
Jones (Rev. Maurice i, The New TESTAMENT in
thk Twentieth Can-war, a Survey of Recent
Chi al and Historical Criticism of the
New Testament, 10 net Macmillan
This work is divided int., fcwo . tie-
first containing a study of ' Christ in t he Twentiet b
Century,1 with additional chapters on 'St. Paul
and the Mystery Religions' and 'Tie- Langn
b N( !• lament/ and the second containing
a suncy of recenl literary and historical critii
of the New Testament.
Mlnamato ne Zwiyimbo, PORTIONS OF THH Moor
OP Common PRAYER, WITH PSALMS and
Hymns, i S.P.O.K.
A translation into Chiswina, the language of
Mashonaland.
Sanday (W.), BISHOP Gore's CHALLENGE to
Criticism, • ></. net. Longmans
A reply to the Bishop of Oxford's open letter
on the Basis of Anglican Fellowship.
Watson (Edward William), Tin: CHURCH of
England, " Home University Library." l; net.
.Williams .v Norgate
A brief account of (he development of the
Anglican Church from its foundation to the
present day.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Luzac's Oriental List and Book Review,
Vol. XXV. Nos. 1-2, (id.
Contains notices of new Oriental books;
alphabetical lists of such books published in
P^ngland, on the Continent, in the East, ami in
America ; and a list of periodicals devoted to
Eastern questions.
PHILOSOPHY.
Eucken (Rudolf), Collected Essays, edited and
translated by Meyrick Booth, 10/0 net.
Fisher Unwin
These essays treat of different subjects, but,
as the writer says, " give expression to a single
fundamental conviction, and are thus inwardly
joined." They include ' The Modern Man anil
Religion,' ' Goethe in his Relation to Philosophy,'
and ' The Problem of Immortality.'
Mills (Dr. James Porter), Knowledge is the
Door, a Forerunner, condensed and adapted
by C. F. S., 1/net. Fifield
This little book is an introduction to the
science of self-conscious existence, advocating a
system of spiritual and mental development.
POETRY.
Arkwright (B. H. G.), Rough Edges, 2/0 net.
Oxford, Blackwell
Some of the pieces are ' The Law,' ' Treasure
Trove,' ' Dust and Ashes,' and ' Dream-Child.'
Blocksidge (William), Moreton Miles.
Privately printed
A new impression of these verses, which
include ' My Love goes all in White,' ' Be thou
Grave or be thou Gay,' and ' All is Vanity, we
say.'
Chilig Takudh Tshal Zit, Hymns in Takudh
Language, composed and translated by the
Ven. Archdeacon McDonald, 1/ S.P.C.K.
A revised edition, containing some additional
hymns from the ' Hymnal Companion,' &c.
Cluster of Grapes (A), being the First Book of
an Anthology op Twentieth Century
Poetry, collated by Galloway Kyle, 3/6 net.
Erskine Macdonald
This anthology contains the work of living
writers, produced during the twentieth century.
The selections have been made by the authors
themselves.
Colvin (Ian D.), Maov in Politics, 2/0 net.
Blackwood
These modern fables in verse by I. C. of Tltc
Morning Post, are reproduced from that paper.
Emerson (Ralph Waldo), Poems, 1/0 net. Milford
In the Oxford edition of " .Standard Authors."
Gale (Norman), Collected Poems, 6/ net.
Macmillan
Collected poems from 'A Country Muse,'
' Orchard Bongs,' ' Bong in September,' and ' A
Book of Quatrains.'
Garth (Cecil), Tin-: SONG of the i-'ivi:, and OTHHB
POEHS, 1/ net. Elkin Mathews
The piece of tie- title contains songs which
" t he live " sang in t he praise of life before dying.
Other verses in this booklet ate ' Unequal Friend-
ship,' ' Luxury in Grief,' and ' Dead Ambitions.'
Glacomo (Salvatore dl), Tin: MONASTERY, AND
Other Poems, translated from the Neapolitan
by William de la Feld, .'f 0 net. Humphreys
The translator, whose native tongue is tne
idiom of the original, has written a brief Intro-
duction an. I a (••■. notes to these j ms. They
include ' Th.- Monastery.' 'The Blind of " Cara-
jio," ' 'The TreSSee of Caroline,' and - The
Black Gipsy.'
Goidie (v.), Ballads and Burdens, l ' net.
Fifield
.all collection of rerses, including ' Isobel,'
' Discord,' ' Motley,' and ' Tie- cloud ship.'
Hennell (T. B.,) Tin-: LORDS OF THE Kkstless
Sea, and Songs of Scotland, wrapper 1 / net,
cloth 1/6 net. Elkin Mathews
The ' Bongs of Scotland ' are clueily descrip
live. The other verses include ' The Passing of
the Year' and 'Gallant Gentlemen All. ft
number of pieces are reproduced from The
Literary Wort l, The Scottish Field, and other
papers.
Life's Testament, SONGS from ' Tin-: II11.1. of the
Seven ECHOES,' by \Y. B. Privately printed
Twenty short pieces and some prose extracts.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bouchier (E. B.), SPAIN UNDER tiii-: Roman
EMPIRE, ."> net. Oxford, Blackwell
The book is divided into three parts, giving
in turn an account of the history, a description of
the antiquities, and an outline of the literature of
Spain under the Roman Empire.
Fox (Arthur W.), Michael Servetus, Id.
British and Foreign Unitarian Association
A brief sketch of the life and leaching of
the sixteenth-century martyr.
Gibson (Rowland R.), Forces Mining and Undel-
mining China, 7,0 net. Melrose
A discussion of some industrial problems in
China which have arisen mainly since tin' revolu-
tion of 1911.
Gomme (Sir Laurence), London, 7/6 net.
Williams & Norgate
A study of London, in which the author
claims " to have discovered the great fact of
historical continuity, conscious and effective
continuity, underlying the main issues of London
life throughout all its changes." The book is
illustrated.
Hutchinson's History of the Nations, Part
VIII., edited by Walter Hutchinson, Id. net.
Containing the conclusion of Mr. Leonard W.
King's ' The Phoenicians and the Carthaginians,'
an article by him on ' The Phrygians, the Lydians,
and Other Nations of Asia Minor,' and the
beginning of Dr. MahalTy's paper on ' The Greeks.'
Moncrieff (A. R. Hope), A Book about Authors,
Reflections and Recollections of a Book-
wright, 10/ net. Black
Includes the writer's reminiscences of authors
during the last fifty years.
Philips (F. C), My Varied Life, 10/6 net.
Eveleigh Nash
The writer has had a varied career as an
officer in the army, an actor, barrister, and jour-
nalist, and in this volume gives his reminiscences
of the people with whom he has come into contact.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Bell (James Mackintosh), The Wilds of Maori-
land, 15/ Macmillan
The author was for six years Director lof
New Zealand's Geological Survey, and in this
volume gives an account of his travels in that
country, and a description of the scenery and of
the people. It is illustrated with coloured repro-
ductions from sketches by Mr. C. II. Eastlake,
photographs, and maps.
Chambers's Concise Gazetteer of the World,
Pronouncing, Topographical, Statistical, His-
torical, edited by David Patrick and William
Geddie, 0/ net.
A new edition, revised according to the latest
available census and statistical figures.
Handbook to Rome and its Environs, 2 1; net.
Ward .v Lock
A guidebook for tourists, illustrated by
numerous reproductions of photographs, maps,
and plans.
London and its Environs, a Pictorial IlND Dk-
SCREPnVE Gl mi:. I, net. Ward A; Lock
A revised edit ion, containing many maps
and plans and over one bundled 1II11-.1 rat ions.
Moore (Arthur), Tin: ORIENT EXPRESS, 7/fl net.
Constable
A record of the author's experiences in the
Bast, giving some account of recent history and
politics. Pari of tie- book is reproduced from
articles in The /'nuts. Tin- Contemporary Review,
'I'hr Edinburgh Review, and other papers.
Mothersole (Jessie), Tin: Isles OF SOTLLY, their
Story, their folk, and then- Flowei i, - 0 net.
H.T.S.
A cheaper edition, containing coloured illus-
I 1.1 1 1. .11- by t he aut hoi-.
Reyes (General Rafael 1, Tin: Two AMEBIC
translated from the Spanish, with Added Not<
by Leopold Grahams, I- '> net. Laurie
An account of tie- history, physical feat hi . ,
and industrial condition-, of the republics of the
two Americas, and a description of the character-
of tie- peoples. Tie- writer's object Is "to
strengthen the friendly relations of all the coun*
in- on 1 be American conl incnl ."
1
086
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
Woodroffe (Joseph F.)» The Upper Reaches of
the Amazon, 10/0 net. Methuen
An account of life in the Amazon forests and
rubber plantations. The book has illustrations.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Dunraven (Earl of), Canadian Nights,, 7 /0 net.
Smith & Elder
" Sketches and reminiscences of life and
sport in the Rockies, the Prairies, and the Cana-
dian woods."
SOCIOLOGY.
Picht (Dr. Werner), Toynbee Hall and the
English Settlement Movement, translated
from the German by Lilian A. Cowell, 3/6 net.
Bell
A revised edition.
ECONOMICS.
Croce (Benedetto), Historical Materialism and
the Economics of Karl Marx, translated by
C. M. Meredith, 5/ net. Howard Latimer
A collection of essays written on various
occasions " to make clear by philosophical
criticism the real purpose and value of Marx's
work." Mr. A. D. Lindsay contributes an Intro-
duction.
Loveday (A.), The History and Economics of
Indian Famines, 2/6 net. Bell
The author sketches the history of past
famines in India, considers the details of relief
organization and of works of protection against
droughts, and outlines some of the main agri-
cultural and industrial changes during the last
century. The book is based on an essay which
was awarded the Le Bas Prize in 1913.
PHILOLOGY.
Latin Verse (A Selection of), edited by the In-
structors in Latin, Williams College, 3/6 net.
Milford, for Yale University Press
An anthology of Latin poetry, " prepared
to meet the needs of the Freshman classes in
Williams College."
Russian Language, Manual, with Vocabulary
and List of Phrases, 1 /6 net. Fisher Unwin
Containing a grammar, list of phrases, and
a Vocabulary arranged alphabetically according
to the English words.
EDUCATION.
Kerschensteiner (Dr. Georg), The Schools and
the Nation, Authorized Translation by C. K.
Ogden, 6/ net. Macmillan
A series of essays on ' The Problem of
National Education,' ' The Reconstitution of the
Trade Schools in Munich,' ' The Training of
Teachers,' &c. Lord Haldane has contributed
the Introduction.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Boas (Mrs. F. S.), Rossetti and his Poetry,
" Poetry and Life Series," 1/ net. Harrap
An appreciation of the poet's personality and
writings.
Clutton-Brock (A.), William Morris, his Work
and Influence, " Home University Library,"
1/net. Williams & Norgate
A sketch of Morris's life, with an account of
his writings and a discussion of his influence.
Hadow (Grace E.), Chaucer and his Times,
" Home University Library," 1/ net.
Williams & Norgate
An account of Chaucer's life and writings,
with a chapter on his influence in English litera-
ture.
Lees (John), The German Lyric, 4/6 Dent
A history of the development of the lyric in
Germany. The work has grown out of lectures
given to the Graduation Class in Aberdeen Uni-
versity during the last ten years.
Richards (S. A.), Feminist Writers of the
Seventeenth Century, 5/ net. Nutt
This treatise, which gives special prominence
to the writings and influence of Francois Poulain
de la Barre, was approved for the degree of Master
of Arts in London University.
FICTION.
Abbott (Allen), The Theorist, " New Novelist
Library," 6/ Melrose
The " Theorist " is a mother who advo-
cates " advanced " views on love, but shrinks
from carrying them out in practice, and is scanda-
lized when her daughter does so.
Adair (Cecil), Roding Rectory, 0/ Stanley Paul
A story of country life, describing the social
and religious prejudices, gossip and scandal of
people distinguished as belonging to " church " or
" chapel."
Adair (Cecil), Under the Incense Trees, 6/
Stanley Paul
The heroine, on hearing that she will never
walk again, releases her lover, who marries and
disappears from her life. Years later, she meets
and becomes much attached to his daughter, and
is ultimately reunited to him.
Bailey (H. C), The Master of Gray, 6cZ.
Constable
A cheap reprint.
Benson (Arthur Christopher), Along the Road,
3/6 net. Smith & Elder
A third impression.
Calthrop (Dion Clayton), Breadandbutterflies,
6/ Mills & Boon
A collection of sketches.
Davies (Maria Thompson), Rose of Old Har-
peth, a New England Village Story, 6/ R.T.S.
A tale of a college girl who forgoes her
prospects to live with some old relatives in a quiet
country settlement.
Fletcher (J. S.), The Furnace of Youth, 1/ net.
Pearson
A cheap reprint.
Fraser (Mr. and Mrs. Hugh), The Bale-Fire, 6/
Hutchinson
The consequences of a marriage between a
young girl and an elderly widower, with but little
affection between them, are the subject of the
story, the " Bale - Fire " being the temptations
and difficulties which beset the wife.
Glass; (Montague), Potash and Perlmutter,
their Co-Partnership, Ventures, and
Adventures ; Abe and Mawruss, the Ad-
ventures of Potash and Perlmutter, 6/
each. Hodder & Stoughton
London has already made the acquaintance
of the continually bickering pair of wholesale
ready-made tailors named " Abe " Potash and
" Mawruss " Perlmutter in the play which has
their surnames for its title. These two books
consist of scarcely connected short stories dealing
with the ups and downs in business of the two
partners.
Graham (R. B. Cunninghame), Scottish Stories,
1/net. Duckworth
These sketches of Scottish life have appeared
in various books by Mr. Cunninghame Graham,
and are now published in collected form.
Graham (Winifred), A Strange Solution, 1/ net.
Pearson
A cheap reprint.
Harris-Burland (J. B.), The Curse of Cloud, 6/
Chapman & Hall
The effect of a curse pronounced on the
family of Cloud by monks, from whom their priory
had been wrested at the Reformation, is mingled
in this story with an intricate mystery and the
" course of true love."
Holme (Constance), The Lonely Plough, 6/
Mills & Boon
A tale, with a Westmorland setting, of a
land agent, his intercourse with the titled pro-
prietor and the people in the locality, and his love-
affairs.
Home, 6/ Fisher Unwin
A story illustrating the idea that wherever a
man's wanderings may take him, whether he
climbs to the heights or falls to the depths, in the
end the call of home must be answered and his
return welcomed.
Hume (Fergus), The Lost Parchment, 0/
Ward & Lock
A story of a murder mystery concerning a
clergyman who discovers in an old manuscript an
incomplete will.
Johnston (Mary), Lewis Rand, 1/ net. Constable
A cheap reprint. See notice in The Athenceum,
Oct. 31, 1908, p. 537.
Le Queux (William), The Hand of Allah, 6/
Cassell
Marjorie Colyer, an English girl, has a terrible
secret to conceal, and by reason of this is a
mystery to her friends. Her adventures, which
are mostly in Egypt, and the manner in which
the secret is revealed, form the substance of the
story.
Lucas (St. John), Heroines and Others, 6/
Blackwood
A collection of short stories and sketches.
MacDonald (Frank), Severed Strands, 6/
White
After the heroine's brother has been killed
while climbing in Switzerland with her lover, a
rejected suitor forces her hand by threatening to
bring an action for murder against his rival.
Marshall (Archibald), Richard Baldock, 6d.
A cheap reprint. Constable
Mordaunt (Eleanor), The Island, 6/ Heinemann
A collection of short stories, some of whicii
are reproduced from the Pall Mall Gazette, the
Bystander, and other papers.
Mother (A) in Exile, 6/ Everett
The heroine is an emotional Frenchwoman
whose temperament alienates her husband, a
Scottish officer in India. The book is written
in the form of an autobiography, addressed by
her to her only daughter, whose love has also been
estranged.
Newton (W. Douglas), The North Afire, a Picture
of What May Be, 2 / net Methuen
A presentment of what may happen in the
North of Ireland.
Parkes (Kineton), The Money Hunt, 6/
Holden & Hardingham
This story is described in the sub-title as
" A Comedy of Country Houses," and has for its
heroine a wealthy and attractive young lady
whose money is derived from the Potteries.
Re-Bartlett (Lucy), Transition, a Psychological
Romance, 6/ Longmans
The author presents people with mystical
powers, contrasting " their special views, special
feelings, special tensity and rapidity of psycho-
logical development," with the " stolid resistive-
ness of the ordinary type."
StancliiTe, An Astounding Golf Match, 6/
Methuen
Two friends, unable to decide by ordinary
means which is the better golfer, agree to play
a match of nine holes across country, each hole
to be on a different course. This naturally in-
volves them in a series of adventures, and the
author has provided, in addition, a love-interest.
Ten Famous Mystery Stories, told in Brief, 1/ net.
Pearson
Abbreviations of well-known stories such as
' The Woman in White,' ' The Murders in the
Rue Morgue,' and ' The Corsican Brothers.'
Vauriard (G. de), The Lily and the Rose, 6/
Alston Rivers
A romance of the child of an unhappy
marriage. The heroine, after the death of her
aunt with whom she had been living from child-
hood, returns to her mother-— an adventuress.
The varying fortunes of the girl during her
connexion with the unscrupulous partners of her
mother are portrayed.
JUVENILE.
Waggaman (Mary T.), The Ups and Downs of
Marjorie, 1 /6 New Yrork, Benziger Bros.
The story of a little girl who is taken out of
an asylum for orphans to wait on two maiden
ladies.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Alchemical Society Journal, April, 2/ net. Lewis
Containing a paper entitled ' Some Reflections
on " Basil Valentine," ' by Mr. P. Sinclair Wellby,
with an abstract of the discussion which followed
it, and reviews.
Author (The), 6d. Society of Authors
Containing notices regarding the activities
of the Society, ' U.S.A. Copyright Law Amend-
ment,' ' Paris Notes ' by Miss Alys Hallard, &c.
International Journal of Ethics, April, 2 /6 net.
Allen
Some of the features in this number are
' Ethics as a Science/ by Mr. Charles W. Super ;
' Intuition,' by Mr. A. Barratt Brown ; and
' Idealism and the Conception of Law in Morals,'
by Mr. N. C. Mukerji.
Journal of Genetics, April, 10/ net.
Cambridge University Press
The contents include a ' General Account of
Hybrid Bistoninse,' by Mr. J. W. H. Harrison
and Dr. L. Doncaster, and ' On the Relative
Lengths of the First and Second Toes of the
Human Foot, from the Point of View of Occur-
rence, Anatomy, and Heredity,' by Miss Onera
A. M. Hawkes.
New Numbers, Vol. I. No. 2, 2/6
Ryton, Dymock, Gloucester
The contributors to the second number of
'this periodical are again Mr. Lascelles Abei-
crombie, Mr. John Drinkwater, Mr. Rupert Brooke,
and Mr. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson. The first-named
has a play in two acts entitled ' The End of the
World.'
Seeker (The), May, 6d. Watkins
Includes ' The Pursuit of Truth,' by the late
Rev. G. W. Aden, and ' Mystical Experience,' by
Mr. W. L. Wilmshurst.
No. 451(5, May 16, 1914
THE A TH E N M U M
087
GENERAL.
Art and Craft of Letters (The) : Comedy, by John
Palmer ; S LURE, by Gilbert Caiman ; History,
1>>- R. H. Qretton ; and The Epic, by Lascellee
Abercromhie, 1/ net each. Martin Seeker
These are the first volumes in a new series.
It will contain essays liy modern writers treating
of the purposes of the art of letters and the
functions of their craft.
Carr (Madame M. A. Carlisle), Keep BREATHING :
Eow to Do It, and Why, _' ne . stock
A textbook on breathing in singing and
Bpe sch, set out in the form of question and
answer.
Chance Medley (A), being a Selection from 'Silk
and Stuff,' by " Junior Devil," 2/6 net.
Constable
A new issue.
Fragments of Old Letters, E. D. to E. D. W ., 1869-
1S02. 4,6 Dent
Extracts from letters by the late Prof.
Dow Jen to a pupil.
Hurst (J. W.), A Year in Chickendom, 2/6 net.
FifielJ
Notes from a diary, recording the writer's
manner of life ami work in rearing poultry.
Some portions of the book are reproJuceJ from
The Field anJ Fann Life.
Nettlefold (J. S.), Garden' Cities and Canals,
1/ net. St. Catherine Press
The author discusses the feasibility of crea-
ting more Garden Cities, and advocates inland
waterways as the best and cheapest means of
transit for British trade.
Nettlefold (J. S.), Practical Town Planning :
a Land and Housing Policy, 2/ net.
St. Catherine Press
A practical handbook on the preparation of
a town-planning scheme. The purely technical
matter has been put into appendixes, which
comprise nearly half the book.
Pelham (Rev. H. S.), The Training of a Working
Boy, 3,6 net. Macmillan
A book on the character and upbringing of
the working boy, appealing for the personal
service of public-school men in boys' clubs and
summer camps. There are illustrations from
photographs, and a Foreword by the Bishop of
Birmingham.
Pocket Asqulth (The), compiled by E. E. Morton,
paper 1/ net, cloth 2/ net. Milts & Boon
A collection of extracts from speeches by
Mr. Asquith.
Romanis (Jules), The Death of a Nobody,
translated by Desmond MacCarthy and Sydney
Waterlow, 1 6 net. Howard Latimer
A study of group consciousness and the
composite effect of individual sensory perceptions.
Street (G. S.), The Ghosts of Piccadilly, 1/ net.
Constable
A cheap reprint. See notice in The Athe-
naum, Nov. 2:;. L»07, p. 618.
Vontade Jacque), The English Soul, translated
by II. T. Porter, 6, net. Heinemann
A study of the salient features of the English
character.
Wilcox (Ella Wheeler), Cameos, 1/ net.
Gay k, Hancock
Slight sketches, mainly allegorical, relating
to " the Garden of Forgotten Things," " the
girl with a dream in her eyes," " the woman with
the soul of a rose," and various dim sorrows and
|oys,
PAMPHLETS.
Cook (Lady), formerly Tennessee Claflin, A DIS-
COURSE ON THE TRUE MEANING OP THE BD3LB,
Id. St. Clement's Press
A lecture delivered by Lady Cook at the
Institute of Science, Art, and Literature, Leeds,
in October, L912.
Cook (Lady, The Need of REVISING MORALS and
Laws, Id, [layman Ac Christy
A lecture delivered by Lady Cook at the
Royal Albert Sail in May, 1910.
Galsworthy 'John), Treatment or ACTUALS, 2d.
Animals' Friend Boc.
A speech delivered al the Kensington Town
Hall last December at a meeting to protesl againsl
to performing animn I-.
McDonnell 'Rev. Joseph), Scenes prom the
Passion, Id. lin, Irish M nger
A fourth edition.
Sanday (W.), The LlFB-WoBS OF SAMUEL EiOLLES
Driver, Od. net. Oxford, Clarendon Press
A sermon preached in Chris! Church Cathedra]
last March,
SCIENCE.
Clodd fEdward', The Childhood of the World,
b Simple Account of .Man's Origin and Early
History, I i> net. Macmillan
A new edition, rewritten and enlarge I.
Cole (Grenville A. J.), The Growth of Europe,
" Home University Library," 1 net.
Williams A Norgate
An account of the development of the surface
features of Europe, showing how its physical
structure influences present-day life. The book
is illustrated by diagrams and maps, and there
are a Bibliography, Glossary, and Index.
Crawfurd (Raymond), Plague and Pestilence
in Literature and Art, 12/6 net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
A discussion of the literary and artistic
associations of pestilence. It is based on the
Fit /.Patrick Lectures which the author delivered
before the Royal College of Physicians in 1912.
Galton (Francis), Hereditary Genius, an In-
quiry into its Laws and Consequences, 5/ net.
Macmillan
A reprint.
Geddes (Prof. Patrick) and Thomson (Prof. J.
Arthur), Sex, " Home University Library,"
1/ net. Williams & Norgate
After examining the objections to populariz-
ing the study of the subject and tracing the evo-
lution of sex characters, the authors discuss the
' Pros and Cons of Sex-Education,' ' Sex in
Society,' and ' Sex in Evolution.'
Elderton (W. Palin) and Fippard (Richard C),
The Construction of Mortality and Sick-
ness Tables, a Primer, 2/6 net. Black
A textbook for young actuarial students,
describing in non-technical terms the most recent
methods of constructing mortality and similar
tables.
Horner (Joseph G.), Practical Iron Founding,
5/ net. Whittaker
A fourth edition, revised and much enlarged.
Orr (M. A.), Mrs. John Evershed, Dante and
the Early Astronomers, 15/ net.
Gall <fc Inglis
The writer discusses Dante's astronomical
allusions and the views regarding them of his
comment a tors, and traces the evolution of medi-
aeval ideas of the universe from the specula-
tions of primitive man.
Tompkins (Engineer-Capt. A. E.), Marine Engi"
neering, a Textbook, 15/ net. Macmillan
A fourth edition, revised and enlarged.
Wright (W. B.), The Quaternary Ice Age, 17/
net. Macmillan
A study of glacial geology, illustrated with
diagrams, maps, and photographs.
FINE ARTS.
Bushnell (A.J. de Havilland), Storied Windows,
a Traveller's Introduction to the Study of
Old Church Glass, from the Twelfth Century to
the Renaissance, especially in France, 15/ net.
Blackwood
The author gives an account of the early
history of glass-making, and describes old church
windows which he himself has inspected. The
book is especially designed for the tourist who
wishes to know something of the subject before
he starts on his travels. There are numerous
illustrations.
Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove :
Loan Exhibition of Etchings and Engrav-
ings by the Great Masters, Id. Glasgow
Containing the speech delivered by Prof.
J. S. Phillimore at the opening of the exhibition
last April, a list of lenders, and a catalogue.
Laut (Agnes C), Through the Unknown
South-west, 7/6 net. (.rant Richards
A description of archaeological remains of
the stone Age in Western America. The book
is illustrated by photographs.
Leslie (George Dunlop), The Inner Life of the
ROYAL ACADEMY, with an Account of its
Schools and Exhibitions, principally in the
Reign of Queen Victoria) 1't <i net.
John Murray
An account of the history of the Royal
Academy, containing reminiscences of many <>r
its famous members. The author has made use
of the Annual Reports of the Lcademy and
books of reference in its library, but the greater
part of bis narrative is derived from his lather's
writings and his personal knowledge. There an
illusl rat ions.
Loew (E. A.), The Benrventan Script, a Bistory
of the South Italian .Minuscule, 21/
Oxford, Clarendon Tress
The author gives a history of the Bcneventan
or South Italian minuscule, and deals with
various problems which it presents. The text
is illustrated by facsimiles.
Palllser (Mrs. Bury), The China Collector's
Pocket Companion, 2 i> net. Sampson Low
A cheaper edition of this little manual of
marks and monograms on china.
Paris Salon, ILLUSTRATED Catalogue, 1914, 3/
Chatto <V Windus
Reproductions of paintings and sculpture
exhibited at the Paris Salon this year.
Victoria and Albert Museum, Review of THE
Principal Acquisitions, imy, 1/
Stationery Ofii< e
This work gives a description of the chief
additions to the Museum by gift, bequest, or
purchase, arranged in sections according to the
departments to which they belong. Each section
is prefaced by a general statement, written by the
officer in charge, and a review of the more im-
portant loans is added.
MUSIC.
Adam (Leon), Liselotte, a Villanelle, Song with
Pianoforte Accompaniment, Words by W.
Carpenter, 2/ net. Augener
Antclifle (Herbert), How to Pass Music Exami-
nations, the Successful Candidate, Words of
Advice, 1/ net. Augener
A little book for students and teachers,
giving practical hints on preparing for music
examinations.
Beringer's School of Easy Classics: No. 5137, Schu-
mann, 1/ net. Augener
Contains sixteen easy pieces for the piano,
arranged in progressive order, fingered and
revised by Mr. Oscar Bcringer.
Bohm (Carl), Country Scenes for the Piano-
forte : No. 7. In the Smithy ; No. 8, On
the Mountain, 1/6 net each. Augener
Carse (A. von Ahn), Progressive Duets for
Piano, Book II., 1/6 net. Augener
Farjeon (H.), Milkmaid's Song, for Piano, 1/6
net. Augener
Farjeon (H.), Twilight Pieces, 2/. Augener
Gurlitt (C), Summer Evening, for Piano, 1/6 net.
Augener
Hughes (Edwin), Songs of Pierrot, Voice and
Piano, Words by Bliss Carman, 2/ net.
Augener
Mackenzie (A. C), Rustic Scenes for Piano :
No. 1, Rustic Dance ; No. 2, Forester's
Song ; No. 3, Curfew ; No. 4, Harvest
Home, 1/6 net each. Augener
Pachulski (H.), Phantastische Marchen, Suite
for Piano, Op. 12, revised, phrased, and fingered
by O. Thinner, 1/6 net. Augener
Rees (Leonard), Stories of the Operas and the
Singers, Royal Opera, Covent Garden, Season
1914, (id. net. John Long
Containing synopses of the plots of the
operas, and short biographies of the chief artists.
It is illustrated by portraits.
Rummel (Walter Morse), Ten Songs for Chil-
dren, Young and Old, 3/ net. Augener
French and English words are given in these
songs.
Schafer (Christian), Melodious Arpeggio Studdhs
within the Compass of an Octave. Op. 89,
2/ net. Augener
Sieber (Ferdinand), Vocalises and Solfeggios
for Soprano or Tenor, newly edited by Edgar
T. Evetts, 1, net. Augener
Somervell (Arthur), CoNCERTSTUCK BOB VIOLIN
and Orchestra, 4/ net. Augener
Zilcher (Paul), Op. 119, In Autumn, Melodious
Pieces for Piano, 2/ net. Augener
DRAMA.
Flsk (May Isabel), Monologues wo Duologues,
2 6 net. French
Nme dramatic sketches, preceded by an
essay on ' The Art of Giving a Monologue.'
Moorman (F. W.), Tin: May Kino, a Play in
Three Ads, :; t; net. Constable
\ play dealing with early British Christians
at a time" when they had not wholly broken
away from t heir old customs.
Nettleton (George Henry), English DRAMA OF
•mi. Ri roRATiow wo Eighteenth CrntUry
( 1642 1780), >'• 0 net. .Macmillan
A bistorj of the developmeni of English
drama during the tune specified, with biblio-
graphical in 'lis and an I ndex.
688
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
FOREIGN.
PHILOSOPHY.
Wagner (Jean), La Religion de l'Ideal Moral,
Etude sur les Socie'tes de Culture Morale en
Angleterre. Lausanne, Th. Sack
The author first traces the development of
ethical societies in England, and then discusses
their doctrines.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Cornet (Capitaine), A la Conquete du Maroc
SUD AVEC LA COLONNE MANGIN.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A diary written by the author during the
campaign of 1^12—13, with a Preface by General
Charles Mangin. There are illustrations and a
map.
Lambeau (M. Lucien), Grenelle, Histoire des
Communes annexees a Paris en 1859.
Paris, Leroux
This monograph is published under the
auspices of the Conseil General. It has illustra-
tions from photographs, facsimiles of old prints,
and two coloured maps.
Reynaud (L.), Histoire Generale de l'Influ-
ence Francaise en Allemagne, 12fr.
Paris, Hachette
An essay on the influence and achievements
of French culture in Germany from the earliest
times.
PHILOLOGY.
Fonolexika Langenscheidt, Dictionnaire t>e
Pociie, Anglais-Franoais, par Henry Saber-
sky, Ifr. 50. Berlin, Schoneberg
An English-French dictionary containing
over five hundred pages. The pronunciation is
indicated according to the phonetic system of the
Toussaint-Langenscheidt method.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Loth (J.), Les Mabinogion du Livre Rouge de
Hergest, avec les Variantes du Livre
Blanc de Rhydderch, 2 vols.
Paris, Fontemoing
This translation from the Welsh, which was
published under a somewhat different title in
1889, has been entirely revised by an examination
of the variant readings of ' The White Book,'
corrected and enlarged. There are critical notes,
a long Introduction, Appendix, and Indexes.
FICTION.
Lhande (Pierre), Mikentchu.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A romance of the Basque country.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Art in Europe, May, lOd.
Paris, Imprimerie-Librairie de l'Art
Including a paper entitled ' Who shall
Defend the Buyer '; ' and notes on recent sales,
exhibitions, publications, &c.
Revue Historique, Mai-Juin, 6fr. Paris, Alcan
Some of the items in the present number are
' Les Lettres de Cachet en Provence dans les
Dernieres Annees de 1' Ancien Regime,' by M. Paul
Gaffarel ; ' La Renaissance de 1' Histoire Ancienne
en France au Milieu du XIXe Siecle,' by M. Louis
Halphen ; and ' La Suzerainete du Pape sur
Rome au XIII0 et XIVe Siecles,' by M. Alain de
Boiiard.
Science et la Vie, Mai, lfr.
Paris, 13, Rue d'Enghien
Including papers on ' La Cite Moderne,' by
M. Edouard Herriot, and ' Les Quadrupedes
Volants,' by M. Edmond Perrier.
GENERAL.
La Fontaine, Fables et Epitres, KM. Nelson
A volume in the " Edition Lutetia." M.
Emile Faguet has WTitten an Introduction.
Mosse (Fernand), La Laxdozla Saga, Legende
Historique Islandaise, 3fr. 50. Paris, Alcan
A translation from the Old Norse, with an
Introduction and notes.
PAMPHLET.
Loewenthal (Dr. Eduard), System des Natural-
istischen Transsoendentalismus, oder Die
menschliche Unsterblichkeit in NATURAL-
I8TISCHER BELEUCHTUNG UND BEGRUNDUNG.
Berlin, Dreyer
A fourth and newly revised edition of this
brief pamphlet.
FINE ART.
Clapp (Frederick Mortimer), Les Dessins de
Pontormo, 15fr. Paris, Champion
This ' Catalogue Raisonne des Dessins
attribues k Pontormo ' is preceded by a bio-
graphical sketch of the artist and a critical study
of his work. The book is illustrated with eight
plates.
Derudder (Gustave), Le Peintre Pierre de
Coninck et ses Amis, 1828-1910, 7fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
A biography of the painter and an apprecia-
tion of his work. The book is illustrated with
reproductions of his pictures.
MR. BALFOUR ON ARGUMENTATIVE
POETRY.
On Friday week last Mr. Balfour as Presi-
dent of the English Association delivered a
striking address, the subject of which was
suggested by Verrall's recently published
lectures on Dry den. He asked why Dryden,
a master of prose, chose verse as a vehicle
for a controversial pamphlet, ' The Hind and
the Panther.' Why, indeed, does anybody
use poetry, a form clearly much more diffi-
cult than prose ? The answer was that
poetry gives us an unaccountable pleasure
which we get from melody. Further, there
is the satisfaction of seeing a difficult thing
admirably done ; and thirdly, poetry justi-
fies, and even encourages, the use of orna-
ment and decoration, an enrichment which
would be superfluous and injurious in prose.
Drvden's fine passages in the poem above
referred to seem to arise out of the poem
naturally, like those of Lucretius. With
Pope it was otherwise ; in ' The Essay on
Man ' his purple passages come in rather
artificially ; he seems to be more interested
in the pearls which are strung upon the thread
than in the thread itself. What Pope cared
about was not the thing which had to be
illustrated, but the illustration which applied
to the thing. Another attribute of poetry
relevant to arguing in verse was its intensity,
the ]3ower of compression which it possesses
in a degree far exceeding prose in its most
ordinary and most approjoriate use. This
intensity was not generally realized, though
widely spread through literature, and widely
SDught by men of letters. Mere dilution
altered quality. The simplest method of
reaching this intensity was telegraphic con-
centration, possible in poetry in a manner
which would be intolerable in prose. Poets
have used and abused it. ' The Essay on
Man ' has obscure passages, because Pope
left out too much. Browning was even a
greater sinner in this respect. But for argu-
ment in verse this power of compression was
an asset to poets. No prose writer would
dare to use it. He has to explain his argu-
ment to a point which is immediately intelli-
gible to any ordinarily instructed reader, and
to that extent the poet has an advantage
over him.
Prose has other methods for gaining this
intensity, such as paradox, in which a whole
argument can be forcibly compressed until
it seems to have, and often has, a significance
which it would not have if it was expanded
at full length. Mr. Chesterton's use — and,
perhaps, occasional abuse — of paradox was
most instructive in this light. Pope's use of
epigram, current wherever English is spoken,
was similar.
Yet concentration was not the essence of
all good style, as Richardson showed, who
seemed deliberately never to concentrate on
anything. Jane Austen, too, who never
indulged in paradox, and was deliberately
sparing in epigram, had a style which did
produce this concentration. She worked by
means of innumerable small touches, but
each touch was concentrated. What can be
done in prose by these expedients is also
done, and to a greater extent, in poetry.
The last four lines of Keats's sonnet on
Chapman's Homer were examined, and it
was pointed out that poets had different
ways of achieving this emotional tension
at different periods, but none of the ways
was to be despised ; all were to be enjoyed.
Dryden's poem was remembered and
praised by men who neglected his learned
antagonists. ' The Essay on Man,' in spite
of all that has been said against it as a
poor rehash of Bolingbroke, who in his turn
was a poor rehash of Leibnitz, is also still
read with pleasure ; its couplets adorn our
perorations ; Dugald .Stewart, no mean
philosopher, praised it ; and it was, on
Mark Pattison's authority, the favourite
poem of Kant.
The conclusion was that the man who
argues in prose is forgotten, while the man
who argues in verse is remembered. No-
thing grows old more quickly than con-
troversy. These old controversies put in a
poem were really mummies, and the poem
was the aromatic spice which preserved them
from decay. The poem did not keep the
arguments alive. The poem kept itself
alive, and the arguments had to go with it,
like the fly in amber. It was the medium
in which the arguments of Pope and Dryden
were conveyed that kept them alive. There-
fore, on the whole, Mr. Balfour suggested
that any one who had an argument to pre-
sent to the public should present it in prose
rather than in verse.
Mr. Balfour's address, the many little
points of which it is impossible to give in a
summary, is particularly pertinent to-day,
when a mere long run of words seems to be
regarded by many speakers and writers as
adding force and thought to an argument.
He spoke of Richardson's case as rare, and
it is not one, we think, that in the interests
of art deserves to be widely followed. The
natural limits of the line in poetry are an
obvious aid to concentration — a fact which
is emphasized when we consider with
Hazlitt the exuberant prose style of some
great poets. The master of style, as Schiller
said, is known by what he wisely omits ;
and we recall Stevenson's dictum that " a
man who knew how to omit could make
an Iliad of a daily paper." Writing is
an art, and some people who have no
talent for it should not be encouraged to
pursue it in any form.
In the evening, at the dinner of the
Association, the American Ambassador sug-
gested that a young man who wanted to
write should pen a narrative of his own
life or any other subject at the rate of a
thousand words a day. Mr. Balfour in
responding said that English was abomin-
ably difficult. We have certainly, to use
his word, a " plethora, " of writing to-day,
and it seems to us that before any young
man sits down to write, he should know, or
seek to know, something about grammar
and composition, and have before him, as
Stevenson had, some real standard of
writing for comparison and emulation. The
amount of sloppy, formless, and unintelligible
English has increased of late years, and
ought to be diminished.
BOOK-TRADE REFORM.
4, Eardley Road, Streatham, May 8, 1914.
I have read with much pleasure the two
articles on the Bookselling Trade, and feel
sure that all its members will express their
great satisfaction and thanks to you for
having brought the subject up.
You mention that Mr. Shaylor years ago
instituted and conducted the examination
No. 4510, May 16, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
689
for booksellers' assistants; this was done
by biro alone, a very big undertaking for
which thanks should have been cordially
given. The two successful candidates were
.Mr. Ernest Cooper and Mr. Philip .Moore,
juul I have pleasure in informing you
that they were both taught their business
in the book department of the Army and
\ ivy Stores. These then young fellows
une most efficient after going " through
the mill." They had the very essentials that
have led them into positions which reflect
i' credit on them. If 1 may be allowed to
i especially applies to the winner of
'the first prize, to whom you allude.
The book trade is suffering from many so-
called evils that could be remedied by a
round-table conference. This I have tried to
bring about, but have been told by a member
of a publishing firm that " I 'm up against
a brick wall." Publishers are feeling the
pinch, and know quite as well as the book-
Beller that something should be done, and
there the matter ends. What is wanted
seems quite easy — for some leading spirit
to take the initiative and bring the much-
desired meeting of authors, publishers, and
booksellers to a conference. The publishers
" What are you going to talk about
if there is a meeting?"' Let a meeting be
called by the three presidents or their
secretaries, let them get in touch with each
other; something useful and no doubt bene-
ficial to all concerned would arise.
There never will be unity among publishers
and booksellers, because the publishers do
not know the booksellers, and if they could
only meet occasionally, perhaps a better
feeling might exist. S. Ctjndy.
ANOTHER DEBT OF JOHX
SHAKESPEARE.
Greystones, Weston-super-Mare, May 11, 1911.
The suggestions of your correspondent
last week in reference to the term " whit-
tawer " seem rather unnecessary.
The word is given in HalliweH"s ' Dic-
tionary of Archaic and Provincial Words '
as meaning " collar-maker,"' and anciently
as " one who dressed white leather." This
agrees with the ' X.E.D.' : see 'Tawer.'
Halliwell says the word is Northern, but it
is found as a description in numerous Bristol
wills and other documents of the fourteenth,
fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, with, no
doubt, the same meaning.
It occurs as a surname in Bristol in the
i' urteenth and fifteenth centuries.
T. W. Williams.
i ' AULY-WISSOWAS ENCYCLOPAEDIA.
The issue of Vol. VIII. of this great work
re-edited by Profs. Wissowa and Kroll
(Stuttgart, Mezlar), shows that it is pro-
gressing rapidly, and from this time onward
will do so even more, as a separate company
of editors are taking up the later letters of the
alphabet. But what we have is sufficient to
make it quite indispensable to every classical
scholar. Its interests are, of course, much
wider. Any intelligent person who wants to
1' irn all about the history of BUCh animals as
the dog, the horse, and the domi .wis
will find mines of information. In the
present volume the articles on ' Bund ' and
' Huhn ' are excellent specimens, and will
satisfy the wildest curiosity. To the classical
scholar this volume, which is filled by the
letter H, has peculiar attractions in compris-
ing Horner, Hesiod, Herondas, Horace ; to
the historian, Rieronymus (both him of
i rdia and the saint)". Perhaps the most
ample archaeological essays are those on
'Ifpus and 'Kraipai (roughly, priests and
prostitutes), in which there are even long
catalogues of the priests of Ptolemaic
Egypt, many of whom were eponymotta
(marking the year). The catalogue of the
names of the loose ladies will possibly attract
more readers. Tho outcome is that of the
.".on cited, all but 10 per cent have the
ordinary names of respectable women. The
list is, of course, incomplete. There is no
mention. e.</., of the young ladies educated
by Sappho, whom Prof, von Wilamowitz
has so rigorously rehabilitated that no Ger-
man philologist dare utter a whisper against
her. Yet the lady who was going from
Lesbos to shine as the moon among the lesser
lights might possibly have deserved a place.
We seem to find her counterpart a century
later in the lady who came to Plataea under
the protection of a Persian grandee killed
there. She throws herself at the feet of
Pausanias, but he, having no leisure for such
company, hands her over to the Ephors
present. She says she is daughter of a
respectable citizen at Kos, about which the
king seems a little sceptical. And when the
old gentlemen ask her where she will go,
she takes care to choose not Kos, but^gina,
then the home of much commerce and luxury.
The fact that she suppresses her name
excludes her from the present catalogue, but
is suggestive of her real antecedents. So
even after the exhaustive article before us
some room for additions seems to exist.
Turning to the Homer, we notice with
regret that Mr. Leafs important book came
too late for it, unless it be that it rather
belongs to the article ' Troja,' which is not
yet published. But on the actual poems,
especially regarding dialect and metre, we
have a fidl and reasonable essay giving us all
the newest discussions. The long-standing
problem of the apparent mixture of ^Eolic and
Ionic dialects is rehandled with great acute-
ness. The bold theory of August Fick — -
that the earlier ^Eohc version was trans-
formed into Ionic, leaving many of the older
forms, where the metre refused the change —
is controverted in detail, but shown to be
substantially sound. The yEolic forms are the
older, and have evidently been displaced in
myriad cases for the Ionic speech, which
invaded even Smyrna, an old iEolic home.
But the author (Prof. Witte) thinks that the
so-called epic dialect was really dominated
by the metre. As soon as that was fixed as
the correct form, all sorts of changes, even
illogical, were allowed to meet its require-
ments, and the later contributors to the
' Iliad ' probably composed in this deliber-
ately artificial speech.
We dare not allow ourselves to enter into
further details, as it would requiro another
volume almost as large as that before us to
discuss them. But we feel it our duty to
press upon the owners of all classical libraries,
whether colleges, schools, or individuals, that
there is no book of reference so complete as
this monument of German erudition. Nor is
it exclusively German. Well-known names
such as Montelius and Haverfield figure
in the list of contributors, which may fairly
l)> 'ailed European. J. P. M.
'DESERT AND WATER GARDENS OK
TIIK KKI) SKA.'
Domionab, Port Sudan, He<l Sea, April 12, 1014.
Tin: origin of my mistake iii the original
name of Port Sudan harbour, pointed out in
your review of my book ' Desert and W
Gardens of the Red Sea' on March 21st
(Supplement, p. 42S), may interest some of
your readers.
I followed the old Admiralty charts, which
give •• Mersa Sheikh Barud," imagining
"Barud" to bo a local softening of the
harsh Barghut. Like " overy one" else
" who speaks a word of Arabic," I knew
that Barud means gunpowder, but the
Admiralty charts seemed good authority.
Now fleas (barglt&t) do not flourish in the
Sudan ; they are said to be unable to stand
the heat; so that it seems likely lhat hmi'id
was writ i (Mi for baud (gnats).
I may add that no traditional reason for
the unluckincss of killing cats or kit tens is
known to the Kgvptians, Syrians, Arabians,
or Hamifcs whom I have questioned.
I share tho slip of writing the equivalent
for " There is no God but God " with one of
my clerks, who is a well-educated Sherif !
Through your reviewer, I enlightened him
as to the difference between the Alah and
Allah of the Greed. He wrote it in Arabic
as readily as one would expect, but so
deadening is habit that he could not explain
why the first alah has one letter Idm, the
second two. Cyril Grossland.
*** Old Admiralty charts are not always
good authority on Arabic place-names, be
it said, witli all due deference to Mr. Cross-
land. In the Persian Gulf, I am informed,
quite a number of " Ma Adri\s " were markc d
in old charts. Ma adri means "I do net
know."'
Mohammed tho Prophet loved cats. It
is related that, on one occasion, he cut off
the long sleeve of his robe rather than dis-
turb a cat which was asleep upon it. The
reason of his love, since everything must
have a reason for the Oriental, is thus
given. When a camel-driver, he was asleep
one day in the shade of some bushes in the
desert.
" A serpent came out of a hole, and would have
killed him had not a cat, which happened to
he prowling near, pounced on and destroyed it.
When the Prophet awoke he saw what had
happened, and, calling the cat to him, fondled and
blessed it. From thenceforth he was very fond
of cats."
The cat is a clean beast, and bears the
blessing and the seal of Solomon. If a cat
drinks from a vessel holding milk or water,
what remains after it has drunk is clean for
human use.
The difference between the meaning of tho
two words Halt (the initial hamzeh is male-
surah) and Allah of the Mohammedan creed
is exactly that between the meaning of
" god " with a small and " God " with a
capital a in English. The former has a
feminine ilahah and a plural dlihdt. The
latter lias no feminine and no plural. They
are separate words. I am surprised to learn
that any educated Muslim is ignorant of this
distinction. Your Hkvikwkk.
BOOK SALE.
On Wednesday and Thursday in last week
Messrs. Sotheby sold selected portions of the
libraries of Lieut.-Col. II. 15. L. Hindies and .Mr.
('. E. s. Chambers, the chief prices being : Arches-
ologia Cambrensis, 7 1 vols., 1848—1911, ">l/.
Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, 1- vols., 1854
l sin i, 2")/. 10a. Hadrian Society's Publications and
Registers, LOO vols., 1889 1910, 32Z. Pickering's
Aldine Edition of the English Poets, 53 vols.,
L831-53, 20/. Sully, Memoirs. I vols., extra-
illustrated, L761, 27/". Den Quixote, 1 vols., 1780,
33Z. 10*. New Testament in Wei h, I ."> < ; T , 5 1/.
Hack, Antiquities, :: vols., 1771. :;:;/. Sir K. ('.
Eoare, History of Wiltshire, <s vols., 1822 18, 2"'.
Kip, Nouvoau Theatre de la Grande Bretagne,
:s vols, in i. 17M 16, 282. 10«. Lafontaine,
Fables Choisies, 1 vols., 1756 '•'. bound in
contemporary French morocco, 290/. Dickens,
Sketches by Boz, 3 vols., 1888 7.2:./. J. H. Ji
Works, 27 vols., is in 7."., 21;/. Waverley, :; vols.,
1814, 301. K. L. Stevenson, Works, Edinburgh
Edition, SO vols., 1804 9, 56*. Surtees, Sporting
Novels, 9 vols., 1838-88, 961. Vanity Fair,
original 20 parts m 19, L848, 7!'/.
The total of the two sales was 2,4881.
690
THE ATHENvEUM
No. 4510, May 16, 1914
litoarg (Snssip-
From the Report of the Principal on the
Work of the University of London for
1913-14, which is published this week, we
gather that the total admissions by all
channels amounted to 3,852, as compared
with 4,047 in the past year, and the total
number of candidates for all examinations
was 11,920, as against 12,455.
This falling - off in numbers — most
marked in the case of Matriculation — is
found entirely among the entries outside
London (those from London itself having
increased), and is probably attributable to
the growing success of the younger Univer-
sities. Of the total of 1,807 candidates
for degrees, 900 were internal and 907
external. Last year, of 1,989 such
candidates, 983 were internal, and 1,006
external.
The total number of successful candi-
dates at all examinations was 6,343, and
the number of those who obtained degrees
and diplomas 1,301. The total number of
internal students is now 4,888, as against
4,664 last year.
The grant made by the London County
Council for the Higher Education of
Working People enabled the University
last year to increase the number of
Tutorial Classes, and there are at present
thirty of these connected with it, the total
number throughout the country being
about 144.
The scheme for the interchange of
students with foreign Universities con-
tinues to progress, and satisfactory ar-
rangements with this object have been
made with the Universities of Paris, Mont-
pellier, and Caen.
Sir Robert Baden-Powell sends us
an appeal on behalf of the Boy Scouts'
Endowment Fund, in which he puts
forcibly the annual cost of education and
of the crime and failure which follow it.
The movement is supported by all parties,
and its use at a critical period of life is
undeniable. On its educational side the
Vice-Chancellor of Leeds writes as follows :
" In a few years' time at latest, the nation
will have to grapple seriously with the
problem of continuation schools. But these
schools will have little power of attraction
and influence unless the young people who
attend them are actively interested in their
success. The experience of the Boy Scout
-Movement has shown what a valuable edu-
cational force lies in organized self-reliance
and disciplined esprit de corps. This force
must be utilized by the organizers of con-
tinuation schools in order that the young
people of the country may be actively
interested in the work and welfare of the
schools. Those, therefore, who now con-
tribute to the Boy Scouts' Endowment
Fund are not only enabling an admirable
movement to extend its usefulness, but will
also increase the store of educational ex-
perience to which the State may turn in a
lew years' time for guidance."
The annual statistical report of the
University of Edinburgh for 1912-13
shows that the total number of students
was 3,352. Of the total of 3,242 in the
winter session, 556 were women.
Mr. Richard C. E. Long writes : —
" In your review last week of ' The
Eastern Libyans : an Essay,' it is stated
that the Libyan inscriptions, ' contrary to
the usage of any other script,' read from
below upwards.
"In T. de Lacouperie's 'Beginnings of
Writing ' (London, 1894) there is a mention
of the writing of the Battaks of Sumatra
in vertical columns from below upwards ;
and in Bulletin 28 of the Bureau of American
Ethnology (Washington, 1904) is a transla-
tion of an article by Dr. E. Seler, in which
are several examples of Aztec picture-
writing, commencing at the bottom, and
read upwards. Even if the Aztec be not
considered a ' script,' the Battak alpha-
betical writing certainly is."
A medallion and tablet in memory of
Andrew Lang are to be erected on the east
wall of the reading-room of the Public
Library, Selkirk, his native place.
Dr. Rashdall has been appointed
Bampton Lecturer at Oxford for next year.
His subject will be ' The Doctrine of the
Atonement.'
Mr. Helm's lecture-recital on Dickens
last Tuesday was a decided success, and
ought tobe repeated elsewhere. He managed
to include a good deal of sound criticism
of Dickens's works, as well as the circum-
stances of his life, and the selection of
slides was particularly good. The repro-
ductions of the illustrations by Phiz
showed well that artist's happy sense of
detail, and there were others not commonly
seen, and apt to the occasion.
The vitality of Dickens's characters is ex-
traordinary, and was exhibited a day or
two ago by the space in the newspapers de-
voted to Mrs. Tice, an old lady who claimed
to be the prototype of Little Nell in ' The
Old Curiosity Shop.' The death of Mrs.
Tice probably removes the last of the
originals on whom Dickens relied, or is
said to have relied. Such associations are
clearly an asset for commerce, which is not
always too particular about accuracy.
We are not, however, so much surprised
at certain assumptions of Dickensian
interest, as at the absence of such claims
in places of public resort where they are
justified.
A Committee of the Burns Federation
Executive is preparing an album, with an
illuminated address of thanks, and sketches
by well-known Scottish artists, which will
be presented to Mr. John Gribbel of Phila-
delphia as a token of gratitude for his gift
of the Glenriddell MSS. of Burns to Scot-
land.
The Comtesse de Bremont will lecture
on ' Oscar Wilde and his Critics ' at the
Old Drury Club, 108, Long Acre, on
Wednesday next, at 8 o'clock. Mr.
Rathmell Wilson will be in the chair.
Visitors will be welcomed on presentation
of their cards.
Mr. Hartley Withers will publish
with Messrs. Smith & Elder on the 28th
inst. a book entitled ' Poverty and Waste.'
His object is to make some suggestions as
to what, if anything, may be done by the
ordinary private citizen towards helping
to bring about a better state of things in
the business affairs of the world.
Viscount Bryce has written an Intro-
duction to a volume entitled ' Travel and
Politics in Armenia,' by Mr. Noel Buxton ,
M.P., and the Rev. Harold Buxton, which
Messrs. Smith & Elder will have ready on
the 28th inst. The book includes chapters.
on ' Armenian History and Culture ' by
Mr. Aram Raffi, a map, and sixteen pages
of illustrations.
Messrs. Longmans inform us that
Comment and Criticism, a Cambridge
Quarterly Paper for the Discussion of
Current Religious and Theological Questions,
will in future be published by them. In
the next issue, ready in June, a new form
will be adopted, and the price will be 6d.
net.
Chambers's Journal for June will in-
clude articles on ' Student-Life in Russia/
' The Seafowl in the Fame Islands,'
' Seventeen Years among Queensland
Blacks,' and ' Some Inhabitants of Japan-
ese Gardens.'
The June number of The Constructive
Quarterly will include the following contri-
butions : ' The Religion of a Moving,
Changing World,' by Canon Scott Holland ;
' A Programme of Christian Conference,'
by Dr. W. H. Frere ; ' Unity in Scholar-
ship,' by Prof. Francis Brown ; ' Jeru-
salem, the Holy City,' by Prof. Deissmann ;
' The Churches and the Social Problem,'
by Mr. Philip Snowden ; and ' The Poet
of the Franciscan Movement : Fra Jaco-
pone da Todi,' by Mr. E. G. Gardner.
We are sorry to notice the death on
Saturday last, in his 49th year, of Mr.
Reginald Jaffray Lucas, who shot himself
when suffering from the depression and
pain caused by consumption. Mr. Lucas's
essays, ' Another Point of View,' and his
letters on life and literature, ' When all
the World is Young,' show a good deal of
taste and brightness, and an independent
outlook. His last book, a causerie on
things * in general from a well-bred point
of view, ' The Measure of our Thoughts,'
is decidedly entertaining.
Mr. Lucas was in Parliament from 1900
to 1906, and had some considerable suc-
cess in political biography, writing on
' George II. and his Ministers ' and on
' Colonel Saunderson, M.P.'
The death took place in Aberdeen on
Wednesday of Isabella Fyvie Mayo,
known in the sixties and seventies for her
stories under the name of Edward Garrett.
She was born December 10th, 1843, the
daughter of a London baker, and at the age
of 24 she entered upon a busy career of
authorship, writing for The Quiver, Sun-
day at Home, and Argosy, and publishing
her stories first in periodical form. Her
' Recollections ' were issued in 1910 by
Mr. John Murray, and include some
interesting details of her literary begin-
nings. She dates her literary success
from a review of her first book in our own
columns.
Next week we shall pay special atten-
tion to Fiction, also to Topography,
and we shall publish an article on ' The
Evolution of the Bookseller.'
No. 451(5, May 16, 1914
THE ATHEN^U M
691
SCIENCE
S ■ nci and Method. By Henri Poincare.
Translated by the Hon. Bertram! Rus-
sell. (Nelson & Sons, 6s. net.)
This is another translation of the late
Henri Poincare's book ot the same name,
which was included in Mr. Bruce Halsted's
• Foundations of Science,' reviewed by
• us on the 7th of February last (see
p. 206). It is distinguished from many
versions of scientific books that have lately
■come before us by being the production
of a gentleman who has for many years
been engaged in the same studies as its
author, and lias an excellent acquaintance
with both the French and English lan-
guages. Hence it is free from the slight
defects which we had to point out in Mr.
Halsted's work, and is as pleasant and
easy to read as it is informing.
This is more to the credit of the trans-
lator because a small but important
portion of the book is occupied with a
refutation of his own work. Mr. Bertrand
Russell, to whom we are indebted for the
present volume, is, according to M. Poin-
care, one of those mathematicians who
think that the logical elements of mathe-
matical reasoning can be disengaged and
isolated from the rest, and of their " new
Logics," as they are here called, Mr.
Russell's is, on the same authority,
the most interesting. It is, we are
told, " full of views that are original,
profound, and often very true," but it
errs in supposing that it and the works
of Mr. Hilbert and others have destroyed
the Kantian theory of mathematics, and
definitely decided the controversy between
Kant and Leibniz. Moreover, Mr. Rus-
sell's " logistic ;! has, teste M. Poincare,
destroyed the logistic of Signor Peano,
who has been fighting on the same side,
and whose " pasigraphy " aims at repre-
senting all mathematical expressions by
means of symbols. We should certainly
be doubly obliged to Mr. Russell were
this the case, for the symbols — of which a
specimen is here given — are most un-
couth in appearance, and mathematics
are sufficiently repellent, as M. Poincare
admits, to the majority of readers, with-
out making them more so. Mr. Russell,
with truly delicate reticence, makes no
answer to these attacks, but merely
remarks in his Preface that these criticisms
do not seem to him to be the best part of
If. Poincare's work, and that the latter
was already an old man when he became
aware of the existence of their subject.
He also thinks that M. Poincare was mis-
taken in supposing that any opposition
really exists between the " logisticians "
■nd the intuitionists. of whom Poincare
was the moel distinguished example.
This may be BO, and we are certainly
not going to take it upon ourselves to
decide between such adversaries, if adver-
saries they be. What one does notice,
however, is the large part intuition
evidently played in the discoveries of
Poincare. who was unable, as be tells us
here, to do a sum in Bimple addition cor-
rectly. This \\as no doubt due to no-
thing but want of practice; and his
account of the mental process by which
he arrived at some of his discoveries is
most interesting, while the part which he
assigns in them to the *' unconscious ego "
is a wholesome corrective to some mystical
and vague ideas on the subject now
current. On less debatable ground, such
as the application of mathematics —
especially the new mathematical physics
made necessary by modern views on the
constitution of matter — to astronomy, he
is extremely clear ; and he sums up the
whole matter when he says that the great
problem is the existence of the Milky
Way and its origin. In this, as in some
other matters, he says it is sufficient to
state the difficulty without attempting
to resolve it ; but his study of French
geodesy is extremely interesting for its
own sake, and shows what the State, when
intelligently directed, can do to help
forward science.
Physiological Plant Anatomy. By Dr.
G. Haberlandt. Translated from the
Fourth German Edition by Montagu
Drummond. Illustrated. (Macmillan &
Co., 11. 5s. net.)
The first edition of this book was pub-
lished in German in 1884, and since that
date, in its successively revised forms,
it has become one of the classics in
botanical science. Though we have waited
until now for its appearance in English,
the original has been used in the advanced
classes of all English-speaking Univer-
sities for years past, and the present
reviewer remembers the delight it gave
him when, as an advanced student, he
stumbled through its German pages.
Few other books have had the same
stimulating effect and educational value
for botanists.
It is difficult in these days, even in
England, where comparatively little has
been done in plant physiology, to realize
how recent is the science that treats of
tissues and their functions. Dr. Haber-
landt himself tells us that
" no methodical and exhaustive account of
the connection between the structure and
tli" functions of any tissue-system had been
written previous to the year 1874, when
Sehwendener publisher! his classical treatise
on ' The Mechanical Principles underlying
the Anatomical Structure of Monocotyledo-
noufl Plants.' "
Though Schwendener's pioneer work on
the one group of plants paved the way,
the original edition of the present work
was the first connected account of the
new science, which consists first in the
" recognition of the physiological functions
pertaining to the tissues of the plant, and to
the structural units, the cells,''
and
condly in the discovery of the connec-
tion that exists between the several func-
tions and the anatomical arrangements
required for their proper performance."
This the author designates an "explana-
tory science," because it describes the
adaptive features of the internal structure
of plants, " but is incapable of explaining
their origin, and indeed does not profess
to do so."
The value of experiment in such work
is insisted on, but not to the exclusion of
comparative anatomy. Wisely, stress is
laid on the several dangers of experiment-
ing, particularly by the method of extir-
pation of any given organ or tissue.
Owing to the faculty of " self -regulation "
inherent in complex organisms, the func-
tion under study may be transferred to
another set of tissues by the mutilated
individual ; and thus erroneous conclu-
sions have frequently been drawn by the
less careful of the now numerous investi-
gators in this field of research.
As the German school of botanists is
pre-eminent in plant physiology, so one
may consider the British pre-eminent in
phylogenetic comparative anatomy, this
being due largely to the direction given
to the trend of English thought by the
detailed study of the anatomy of the
extinct forms from the coal measures.
On the appearance of this book in English,
therefore, one is tempted to examine it
with a view to contrasting the two methods
of dealing with the details of plant struc-
ture. It is curious to observe how
remote from this line of English thought
this treatise is.
While mention is found in it of the
structure of plants ranging from algae to
angiosperms, the tissues and organs cha-
racteristic of the different grades of
families are never treated as such, nor
is mention made of the curiously stable
family characteristics in tissues in which
the physiological functions appear ahnost
identical. Nothing more humiliating to
the British school of morphological and
phylogenetic anatomists can be imagined,
and nothing more educational. But at
the same time one feels that possibly the
author of the German work does not
realize the full interest and significance of
the facts accumulated on this side of the
Channel. Take as an example the sec-
tion dealing with water-storing tracheides,
which, of course, in a comprehensive
book of the kind must be brief — only four
pages are allowed ; but such an interest-
ing phenomenon as the conversion of the
solid central mass of primary wood in
some of the fossil Lycopodineaj into water-
storing tracheides is not even mentioned.
In a review of a classic in an English
form, however, one must not forget
the translator's achievement, and in
the present instance we are glad to
find that the work has been admir-
ably performed. The paragraphs read
fluently and easily, and seldom remind
one that they are translations. On com-
paring the English with the German
original, we discover that to achieve
this result .Mr. Drummond has given us
rather a free rendering of the text, some-
times freer than seems quite accessary.
He has sometimes taken small liberties
which are improvements : for instance, in
the descriptions to the text-figures 33, .'57,
(IS, and !)'.». On. p. .'1<H>, on the other hand,
the translation of the word " Zell luinini
simply as '•cavities'' might leave some
readers in doubt .
692
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4516, May 16,
1914
BIOLOGY IN RELATION" TO
EDUCATION.
A Course of Three Lectures given by Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall at Crosby Hall, on
March 13th, 17th, and 20th, 1914.
[These Lectures were illustrated by nearly two
hundred slides, and the omission of these has
necessitated some curtailment of the matter
which depended on them, and also some re-
arrangement. Lecture I. was printed in 'The
Athenaeum ' for April 25th, and Lecture II. in
' The Athenaeum ' for the 2nd and 9th inst.]
Lecture III.
"MORS JANUA VLT.E."
Recapitulation.
We have now come to what is by far
the most difficult part of my task — diffi-
cult because of the shortness of the time
at my disposal, but especially because
my audience is composed of people who
differ widely in outlook and experience,
also in the degree of their acquaintance
with science. It will be necessary for
me to dwell at some length on certain
rather elementary scientific facts, because
if there is any one here who has not
completely grasped them, the whole
purport of what I have to say may be
unintelligible.
Let me begin by very briefty recapitu-
lating the former lectures. Our bodies
are masks. All the world over — both in
the past and at the present day among
primitive peoples — the mask is used to
teach this fact to the initiates. But not
only do we live behind a mask ; our being
is also, as it were, enclosed in a net. We
saw in the case of Volvox a creature —
perfect in its spherical form — enclosed in a
perfect net, of which every cell is a sense-
organ possessing by its filaments the power
of projection. We found the analogue of
this in our own sjTnpathetic system, which
encloses all the organs or " persons " in
our body somewhat as the net of Volvox
encloses the parthenogonidia or virgin
colonies waiting within it till they are
mature and can emerge into independent
life. We may think also of Siphonophora,
where more fully developed " persons "
are united into one, being suspended
from one pulsating float, and of a swarm
of bees, where the " persons," to our
eyes, are entirely separate, yet act as one
whole under any dominant ferment.
We also saw, in considering the relations
to one another of different vibrating
media, that sound — the perfect note of a
human voice — will produce certain forms ;
and it is more than a merely fanciful
expression to say that probably the forms
of living things on the earth are produced
by the earth's vibrations — that is, the
earth's voices. The more varied the
notes, the more complex or subtle the
figure ; contrast, for example, amoeba and
Siphonophora.
Sound Forms in relation to Life.
Every true form has its note ; every
note, being sounded, will write itself in
sand, lycopodium dust, or other material.
I believe we have here the true origin of
patterns on vases and other objects true
enough in form to give forth a note that
could write itself. The maker of the
vase drew upon it the visual form of its
own music. Possibly this further signi-
fied that the vessel should be used for
some particular liquid or other prepara-
tion. No doubt these fine scientific corre-
spondences were, from our point of view,
early lost ; still, some careful examination
of ancient vase-forms has led me to suspect
that the very earliest examples we have
were made and decorated on this principle.
Our body is a vase or vehicle, having
its note — or, rather, its complex of notes.
In order to grasp the plan of the
body from this point of view aright,
we must imagine a series of vases
one within the other ; all the vases
made of the same material, but each
having it finer than the last — a dis-
tillation, we may say, of clay. Each
vase would respond at the proper interval
to a note of one scale : the innermost
would give the key-note. Each would
correspond to a different colour in the
spectrum, vibrating to different waves ; the
innermost would vibrate to all, embrace
all. The outer vases might be strained
and shattered : it would be but to reveal
the inner ones ; and last, the innermost
one, vibrating with all the music of the
others, and brilliant with all the colours
of the others — perfect in itself, self-
luminous, but formless.
To our limited normal vision the ovum
appears a simple body ; in reality it con-
tains latent within itself a plurality of
worlds, spheres within spheres, the extent
of which, the beauty of which, depends
upon the powers and nature of the ovum.
The final harmony of these spheres will be
determined by the orderly succession in
the development of the divers ferments,
or notes at their right intervals. To our
limited vision — aided by extra lenses of
glass, quartz, and oil — the process appears
as the segmentation of the ovum — the seg-
ments extending in a spiral ascent rather
as smoke curls slowly skywards on a still
day. The spirals, coming to be flattened,
appear to us as layers of cells — for we
see only a portion of each movement.
Let us go back for a moment to con-
sider the sound-forms made in sand or
dust or on viscid films by a beautiful voice
such as that of the late Mrs. Watt Hughes.
In the case of sand the form of the
note itself is not visible to our eyes
— only the form of the boundary in the
sand which it makes for itself. The note
is not in the sand, but in the inter-
spaces. The note of our bodies is not in
the matter of which they are composed,
but in the interspaces, the openings of
the network. So the radiolarian is not
in the marvellously beautiful and sym-
metrical shell which it makes for itself —
though this is its truest expression — but
in the life-current streaming from the
protoplasmic nucleus within.
We accustom ourselves too much to
look at and think of the dead boundaries,
the heaped sand, so that the thing itself,
the life, escapes us. We tend to do this
because our moving film, on which the
images of all we see are recorded, is formed
mainly by the pellicles of the red blood
corpuscles — so few actively living cells
are to be found in the blood plasma —
pellicles which are dead or inert, and
therefore can only reflect pellicles or sur-
face films. We may be said to dwell on
and live for a surface film, and so miss all
the wonders and the beauty of the vision
of the inner life. Still, it is the case that
lycopodium dust, being finer than sand,
can be stirred by sound, can actually
receive form, and can, if the surroundings
are true and balanced, hold the vibration
true within itself.
Dormant Poicers of Response.
When thinking of life and living things
we ought to concentrate our attention on
the being as it is in itself, and in virtue of
properties really inherent in it, not on
externals. We may be surprised, if Ave
do so, at what reveals itself to us.
Prof. Becquerel, the great French physi-
cist, took seeds and put them into condi-
tions so highly abnormal that, if we
associate " lite " with some form of
motion among " molecules," or " elec-
trons," or " physiological units," it is
difficult to understand what translatory
form of motion could possibly be main-
tained in them. The seeds were wheat,
mustard, and lucerne. Becquerel per-
forated the seed-coats, dried the seeds in
a glass tube exhausted to O002 mm.
mercury, and kept them for a year. They
were then submitted for three weeks to
the temperature of liquid air (-190fc),
and for three days to that of liquid
hydrogen (-230°). After being sub-
sequently kept for some time in cotton-
wool at 28°, the seeds germinated in
a normal manner. Becquerel finds it
impossible to conceive of " life " under
the conditions to which these seeds were
subjected, and is of opinion that life can
be " interrupted completely " — not merely
slowed down — with no prejudice to its
resumption.
This has an important bearing on the
question of bodily death, as well as on
ancient views of death and the treatment of
the dead. What, however, I want chiefly
to emphasize here is that it shows at once
the independence of environment, and,
from another point of view, the dependence
on environment, of a living thing.
Withdrawn within itself, a living thing
may prove impervious to what we might
expect would have inflicted upon it the
last injuries, presenting to these a stolid,
inert resistance. It is a question worth
investigation whether some types of
mental defectives may not be acting in
this manner towards the environment
furnished by Western civilization, and
whether there are not many among the
insane who are in a like case. Such per-
sons have, indeed, an appearance of
living and moving in this world as we
know it : they may agitate themselves,
and constitute centres of disturbance in
it ; but their soul cannot be said to act here
or to live here ; if it is alive — as we have
No. 4510, Mat 16, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
093
reason to believe it is — it remains, rela-
tively to these surroundings, withdrawn
and inert. Such eases are not known
among simple peoples where each indi-
vidual follows closely the traditions of his
ancestors. Western civilization is reducing
the conditions of life more and more re-
lentlessly into one narrow scheme, which
allows of a smaller and smaller variety of
types existing in it in comfort or effective
activity : hence, unless some change takes
place, it is likely that more and more
individuals will show themselves unable
to tolerate what counts as normal exist-
ence, and will be withdrawn from real par-
ticipation in it, though they continue to
share in the external bodily life visible
around us, and though, also, it is impos-
sible to say that they arc " dead " — i.e.,
incapable of vital activity in a suitable
environment — any more than it was
possible to say that Becquerel's seeds
were dead.
If we reflect upon it, such an experi-
ment as that of Becquerel throws a some-
what startling new light upon the relation
of life to the form in which it dwells. It
should send us, I think, to consider more
closely certain familiar phenomena, first,
in the relations of different living organisms
to the external world ; and, secondly, in
the relations between what Ave may speak
of without more ado as the " soul " and
the "" body."
Relativity of Perception.
We perceive the external world as a
complex in which matter is presented to
us in four different states : solid, liquid,
gaseous, and what Sir William Crookes
has called " spirit " — i.e., an ultra-gaseous
state, of which he has said that
'; in studying this fourth state of matter we
S3em at length to have within our grasp, and
obedient to our control, t lie little individual
particles which constitute the physical basis
of the universe."
We seem, at first sight, able to draw a
pretty hard-and-fast distinction between
these states. The more carefully things
are studied, however, the more difficult
it appears to draw lines of demarcation
between them, so that at last, as Prof.
Judd has said of rocks, all things seem to
melt into one another by insensible
gradations.
If we ourselves had eyes constructed
on a different plan, it might easily be that
we shouidseeone another surrounded by a
mist of scraps of effluvia from ourselves :
tir^t from our clothes, then from our skin.
We might see nothing solid at all — only a
moving mass of atoms. If we looked at
the walls of the room, they too would have
lost their solidity, and the earth also, no
less, that we were walking on. Similarly,
it our tactile corpuscles were more acutely
perceptive, we should feel everything
moving under our feet — as in fact it is
moving. There would — to a higher degree
of sensibility than we are gifted with —
be no solids, but only liquids ; to a still
more highly sensitive being everything
would be gaseous. Thus we ourselves
make our world — I mean, in a strictly
physical sense.
There are differences in the animal
kingdom which must, I think, be taken to
indicate differences, though not always
mutually exclusive ones, in this respect.
We are accustomed to the idea — though,
we may not have grasped all its
significance — of water being to a fish what
air is to ourselves. I will not, therefore,
take any fish as an instance to illustrate
this relativity between a living organism
and the external world, but rather what,
perhaps, furnishes more extraordinary
ones — the burrowers, and especially the
mole.
The mole — of course, having air-breath-
ing lungs — is not quite so helpless, and is
not doomed to death, as an ordinary fish
is, when brought to the surface and into
the air, but so far as satisfactory living goes
it is not much better off. It is, as some
one has said, " as awkward and clumsy as
the sloth on level ground or the seal
ashore." For one thing it has no properly
functioning eyes. Such as it has are
under the skin. It sees by what in man
are called the corpora quadrigemina, situ-
ated below the occipital cortex, where are
our visual centres.
Leave, however, a mole to itself on the
surface of the ground, and immediately,
with extraordinary rapidity, it plunges
through the earth to its proper level. Its
dive downwards has the ease of a fish's
dive into water or a bird's movement in the
air ; and it is difficult to resist the con-
clusion that, to the mole, the surface earth
is not solid in the sense in which it is so
to us, and that it is its proper element
by reason of some relation between the
respective vibrations of the two which is
nearer those of a fish and Avater than,
say, our OAvn and those of solid earth.
DoAvn in the earth, mole-catchers tell us,
the mole works and rests by shifts of about
three hours, heedless of day and night ;
and the rapidity and skill with which it
moves and Avorks, eATen in comparatively
hard soil, certainly suggest again that,
to it, the earth appears more or less as
Avater does to the fish. Be it, however,
observed that it can also exist on the
surface, just as, conversely, there are
birds— those dwellers par excellence
above the surface of the solid earth —
AA'hich burrow.
In describing the mole I have stated in
passing Avhat it is that makes the difference,
not, of course, to the actual, but to the
perceived relations between an organism
and the external Avorld : it is the rate of
vibration. Now if, as Ave Baw just noAV,
an organism like a vase within a A'ase,
spheres within spheres, contains many
notes — though all belong to one chord,
and are subsumed in the central note of
all — it is the outermost ones whose vibra-
tions so long as they remain relatively dis-
connected from the centre Avill determine
its perception of — and in that degree
its relation to — the external world. We
will return to this later. We have
already seen that the different organs
of the body are maintained at differenl
temperatures and vibrate at different
rates. Let us, too, again remind ourselves
that the notc^ is not in the forms
which it Avrites on the sand, but in tl e
interspaces between these.
Sleep and Trance.
We must now consider for a little the
relation between soul and body. The
first thing to meet us here is the yet un-
explained mystery of sleep. It is easy
to understand that body and soul alike
might want rest ; it is not easy to see
why, for rest to be effective, it is necessary
to do more than shut off light or sound or
other sensation — necessary, as we say,
for the time to " lose consciousness."
Yet sleep seems clearly to be the result
at least in part, of external causes, of the
surrounding conditions, chief of which
for a majority of creatures would seem to
be the return to the earth of the currents
which floAv forth by day. Among animals
sleep is often brought on by unfavourable
circumstances : by drought, by excessive
cold or heat, or by insufficient or unsuitable
food. When some animals migrate, others
descend into the earth and sleep. Again,
sleep occurs at certain passages of deA'elop-
ment : I need hardly remind you of the
sleep of the chrysalis, or of amphibia when
passing from a larval state, or of snakes
Avhen changing their skins. We saAV in
an earlier lecture that this, too, depends,
though to common observation less evi-
dently, upon surrounding conditions : by
compelling a tadpole to remain in water
you may prevent its turning into a frog.
We must consider separately the sleep
from which the organism awakens to the
same existence from which it had sunk
away for a time, and the sleep which
covers an entrance into a neAV iorm
of life. The former may be deep and last
long. The hibernation of such animals
as the polar bear and different rodents is
a ready instance of this. During this
sleep they do not eat or drink, but lie as
in a trance. The body is nourished — and
in the case of a female with sucklings, nour-
ishes the young — with fat stored up in the
preAdous waking time. The number of
red corpuscles in the blood diminishes.
It is a state which bears more than a
superficial resemblance to what Ave call
" death."
Human beings — Avho, normally, have
no more than the short alternations of
night and day between sleep and waking
— -have been known to sink into long
trances — lasting weeks and months, or
even years. The longest trance 1 have
seen recorded lasted thirty-one years.
At the end of this kind of sleep, how-
ever prolonged, the creature generally
awakes into the same body as that in
which it slept ; perceives the world once
more through the same sense-organs;
acts in it again through the same faculties.
It is different with the other form of
sleej).
One always enters better into
subjeet if one goes over some Bcheme
details belonging to it, BO I will ask you
just cursorily to follow the metamor-
phosis of some one animal. We will take
the water-beetle.
a
of
694
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4516, May 16, 1914
The water-beetle as a larva is, as every
•one knows, very active and voracious,
.and roams about busily in the medium to
which it is first adjusted — water. At a
certain moment it is impelled to seek a
cave or hole in the bankside, lies down
there, and goes to sleep. Its sleep deepens
into a trance, which becomes cataleptic.
Its colour changes from dark to white :
the trance deepens and deepens : there
takes place — as to that outer mask beneatli
the guise of which it fell asleep — death.
When the external surroundings are pro-
pitious— right temperature, right baro-
metric pressure — there emerges a new
•creature from the mummy -like case,
which wings its flight into its proper
element — the watery vapour of the air.
It has died in one ;i person " : it has
•emerged into fresh life in another.
This brings us round again to where
we were before. It is when the right
temperature and right pressure are pre-
sent that the new creature enters effec-
tively upon its new life. The relation
within it of what we may still call " soul "
and ll body " is not perfected, does not
come to action, till, besides its own inner
readiness, there are also ready for it the
surroundings it requires. That vibration,
that voice, of the earth — out of the
•earth's many voices — to which its self
belongs, must call to it with its own note.
Just in the same way we saw the mole —
awkward, miserable, on the surface of the
ground — dive joyfully below, reach its
proper level, and become active and
.happy.
{To be continued.)
THE ABDOMINAL BRAIN.
In answer to the question of your corre-
spondent Dr. Taylor, I may quote the
following tliree passages from ' The Ab-
dominal and Pelvic Brain,' by Dr. Byron
Robinson (Hammond, Ind., Betz, 1907), a
•recognized authority on this subject: —
" After a large number of dissections on man
and animals I iind that the ganglionic system of
the female is larger and more marked than that of
the male. Females seem to have more distinct
ganglia and more marked conducting cords." —
P. 163.
" Man's cranial brain has grown relatively
faster than his abdominal brain, and I think man
suffers more from malnutrition than do the
Animals, so that he pays dearly for his superior
cranial power." — P. 164.
" Perhaps no animal suffers so much from
indigestion as man, and so far as I know he has
not only the smallest abdominal brain, but it is
attacked the most severely with disease." — P. 161.
From these the inference is clear that,
so far as modern investigation shows,
animals are somewhat better off than man
in respect of the abdominal brain, and that
women are somewhat better off than men ;
while, since the abdominal brain controls
digestion, girls have better chances of nutri-
tion than boys, and, in so far. from the first
a better prospect of life. This is, at any
rate, cne cause of the greater and more
-tenacious vitality of girl-babies.
W. Hoskyns-Abrahall.
DANGERS IN BIRD LIFE.
Saharanpur, U.P., India, April 13, 1914.
Owing to a mistake on the part of my
agents, the review of ' Glimpses of Indian
Birds,' which appeared in the issue of The
Athenaeum dated January 24th, has only
just reached me ; hence my delay in replying
to certain remarks in the review in question.
As regards my argument : —
" There are three critical stages in the life of
a bird — the time when it is defenceless in the egg,
the period it spends helpless in the nest, and the
two or three days that elapse after it leaves the
nest until its powers of flight are fully developed.
When once a little bird has survived these dan-
gerous periods, when it has reached the adult
stage, it is comparatively immune from death
until old age steals upon it. If zoologists would
perceive this obvious truth, there would be an
end to nine-tenths of the nonsense written about
protective colouring."
Your reviewer says that the above argument
" is quite fallacious in one important particular.
There is clearly a fourth period of extreme danger
in the life of a bird — that during which the duties
of incubation and rearing nestlings are performed.
It is precisely this factor, in the view of Dar-
winians, which has largely determined the duller
plumage of so many female birds. All the other
dangers that threaten the helpless young are
together less than the chance of sudden death
overtaking the mother."
I beg to differ from your reviewer. I
assert that my argument is not fallacious.
I maintain that the period during which the
duties of incubation and rearing nestlings
are carried on is not one of " extreme
danger," or even of unusual danger, to the
parent bird or birds.
I doubt whether any raptorial bird will,
in a state of nature, take an adult bird out of a
tree or bush, whether the bird be sitting in a
nest or not. Nearly all birds of prey take
their quarry when it is on the move ; a few
will seize it when on the ground or on water.
A bird is not exposed to greater danger
when sitting on the nest than when it is
perched for rest. As no bird spends the
whole day on the wing, it is obvious that
an incubating bird is not exposed to any
extreme or unusual danger. Crows, tree-
pies, and some other birds attack and devour
eggs and nestlings, but these do not take
adult birds. Thus the " fallacy " in my
argument exists only in the imagination of
your reviewer. His statement that this
fourth factor (which is purely imaginary) is
largely responsible for the duller plumage
of hen birds is an example of the way in
which modern zoologists make an assump-
tion which is not justified, treat this assump-
tion as a fact, and then proceed to build up
an hypothesis on it. The most showy bird
I know — the cock paradise flycatcher
(Terpsiphone paradisi) — incubates the eggs
in an open nest turn about with the hen.
As regards your reviewer's assertion, " In
the field of ornithology many would claim
that protective colouring plays an even larger
part in the three early stages described than
in the case of the adult," does he seriously
assert that eggs laid in open nests, as, for
example, the bright blue eggs of the hedge-
sparrow, are protectively coloured ? Or
does he imagine that the large red or yellow
gaping mouths of nestlings are examples of
protective colouring ? D. Dewar.
*** That Mr. Dewar should take excep-
tion to some of the criticisms I offered on his
book is hardly surprising, for he gave fair
warning in so many words that he should re-
gard any who differed from him as slavishly
adhering to theories long discredited.
The irony of the position from a personal
point of view is that, as one who has never
held any exaggerated respect for accepted
authorities, I now find myself on the side of
the angels, and compelled to fall back on the
orthodox in defence of conclusions which are
certainly not based on preconceived notions ;
if there has been any prejudice on my part,
the scales have naturally inclined against the
" books.'' Yet it is impossible to answer
Mr. Dewar without at every step traversing
the well-worn track. On the broad question
of the protective colouring of birds and their
adaptation to environment, I contend that
there is an overwhelming weight of evidence
against him. That striking and baffling
exceptions can be produced is undeniable,
and these have sometimes been explained
away with a superficial ingenuity which is
more damaging to a working hypothesis than
a frank recognition of the facts. In such
cases, however, it is fair to suggest that a
fuller investigation of all the circumstances
would point to one or other of the following
explanations : —
(1) The comparative immunity of the
particular species from danger owing to
the nature of its habits or environment, or
the absence of natural foes.
(2) Its failure to respond sufficiently
readily to altered conditions — a failure
which, if persisted in, will sooner or later
doom a species struggling for existence.
Opinions will always differ very widely as
to -whether a particular coloration is actually
an aid to concealment or the reverse ; it is
not the question of fact that it might appear,
for the effect on human vision is not the true
criterion. Be that as it may, it is no part of
the Darwinian doctrine to contend that the
necessity for protective colouring is equally
urgent for every bird and every egg. I do
not " seriously assert " that either the blue
eggs of the hedge-sparrow or the yellow
gaping mouths of nestlings (which serve a
very different purpose) are protectively
coloured ; but the admission is not very
damaging. In all cases where the eggs are
deposited in a comparatively bulky nest, open
or otherwise, the need of concealment, so far
as its contents are concerned, is transferred
to the nest itself, and to the parent bird
which tends it. When we come to ground-
building birds the whole conditions are
changed, and the need for protection of the
eggs themselves becomes obvious. Will Mr.
Dewar seriously assert that this need has not
been responded to by the processes of natural
selection ? He will hardly surprise me if he
does after the expression of his opinion that
the period of incubation and rearing nestlings
is not one of even unusual danger to the
parent bird. I should have imagined that
the numerous tragedies which take place
year after year in one's own garden would
show the true state of affairs. The list of
casualties would doubtless be even longer
but for the effective concealment of pro-
tective colouring. The danger is not from
raptorial birds, but from four-footed foes, for
man, of course, is to be left out of the reckon-
ing. When a bird perches casually for rest,
it can, and does, keep a wide look-out, and
does not linger a moment if danger threatens.
Everything is very different when it has a
nest. Most birds become far tamer and less
suspicious at this time, but when once danger
is suspected it is too late to take precautions :
the nest cannot be moved, and each time it
is approached the gauntlet has to be run.
Every one knows that parent birds will often
face terrible odds sooner than desert their
treasured nursery, and e^en when the coast
is clear each visit increases the risk of detec-
tion. Detection, if a cat is in question, will
mean the more than probable death of the
adult (for the cat can bide its time) ; if a
crow or magpie makes the discovery, it is the
family which will suffer. To my mind, this
period — about a month on an average — is
one of prolonged and imminent peril.
The Writer of the Review.
I
No. 451(5, May 10, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
695
THE ROYAL SOCIETY'S
CONVEBSAZIONE,
At the Royal Society on Wednesday night
the most popular of the exhibits was, perhaps,
that of Mr. C. W. Darling, who showed by
projection on a screen that when globules of
orthotoluidine were formed on the surface
of water, and a slightly larger globule of
dimethyl-aniline is added, it will " eat up "
and absorb the lesser globules by sending out
processes like an amoeba. After a certain
* amount of orthotoluidine has been thus
absorbed, the globule of dimethyl-aniline
reposes in an apparently replete condition in
the centre of the solution, but resumes its
ivity when a slightly different " food " is
introduced into it. Art ifieial cells formed by
heavy oils laid on a water surface in carefully
measured quantities, and resembling those
shown some years ago by Dr. Deane Butcher
in accordance with the researches of M.
Stephane Leduc (of Xantes), were also dis-
played by the same exhibitor.
Another instructive exhibit was that of
Prof. W. H. Bragg and his son Mr. Leonard
Bragg, of models showing the results of their
recent inquiry into the structure of crystals
a- exhibited by their diffraction of the X-rays.
That oi the diamond, as showing the arrange-
ment of the four carbon atoms in the shape of
a tetrahedron, was very clear and lifelike, as
was another which purported to explain the
similar behaviour under the rays of iron
pyrites and fluor-spar. This kind of inquiry
bids fair to introduce a new era in stereo-
chemistry, and the results as exhibited are
more com incing than diagrams.
In a room on the ground floor Prof.
Fleming exhibited a model designed to show
the laws of wave-motion by means of sta-
tionary vibrations in strings strained be-
tween a rotating disk and a slide-rest. The
loading of the strings at intervals with glass
beads produced similar effects to those of
loading coils, or wires carrying electric waves,
and were thus used to illustrate Prof. Flem-
ing's recent lecture on telephone improve-
ments at the Royal Institution.
Among the more practical, as opposed to
theoretical, apparatus exhibited was the
"' Caleometer ' of Prof. Leonard Hill and
Mr. Griffith, which, by means of a Wheatstone
bridge and an automatic rheostat, seeks to do
away with both '"stuffiness" and draughts
in a public building or factory. The bridge
so balanced that it approximately repre-
's the temperature of the human body.
An indicator like an ampere meter shows the
number of calories per minute that have to
be supplied to this to keep its temperature
Lstant, which ought, apparently, to be
about thirty. If the reading is steady, it is
! to indicate a too still and oppressive
atmosphere ; if it oscillates violently about a
high average, it is evidence of too rapid
cooling and draughts.
Another ingenious piece of apparatus was
that exhibited by the Cambridge Scientific
I rtmment Co. for investigating the stability
teroplanes. It is called " an Aerodynamic
mce," and was made to the design of the
National Physical Laboratory's staff for the
onautical Department of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology. In the
instrument shown, the model aeroplane, the
bility of which is to be measured, is fixed
on the top of a vertical shaft passing through
the underside of a wind-channel. It
claimed that it allows of the measurement of
the forces along three fixed rectangular axes
and of the three moments about these axes
for any angle of incidence of the wind on
the model. The model shown was a small
biplane; but as no wind -channel was attached,
one had to be content with a theoretical
demonstration of the value of the apparatus. I
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquaries. — May 7. — Sir Arthur
Evans, President, in the chair.
Prof. Haverfleld read a paper on the excava-
tions at Corbridge in L913. In comparison with
former years the excavations in 1913 were not so
productive as usual. A few buildings were un-
covered, one of them, which was long and narrow
with buttressed Avails, being probably a granary
or storehouse. The fixing of the line of the road
leading northwards out of the town was one
of the most important of the results of the year's
work. The most interesting discovery was a
broken altar with part of the dedication deae
Pantheae, which may be compared with other
altars found elsewhere with similar dedications,
e.g. deo pantheo siLVAXo. The dedicatory
inscription is on the front , and on each side are
carved figures, two wearing what are apparently
Phrygian caps. The lower part of the altar is
broken off, so that the inscription is incomplete.
Among the smaller finds were a bronze figure of
Mercury, a small unguent vase in the form of a
barbarian's head, and a gold necklace. Various
interesting architectural fragments were also
discovered.
Mr. Hamilton Thompson read a paper on the
' Visitations of Religious Houses by William
Alnwick, Bishop of Lincoln 1436-19.' The
records of Bishop Alnwick's visitations of the
religious houses of his diocese, contained in a paper
MS. of 133 foolscap leaves distinct from his
episcopal register, cover the period between the
end of 1437 and the summer of 1417. They
include detailed accounts of the visitation of
69 different foundations, viz., 10 houses of Bene-
dictine monks, 9 of Benedictine nuns, 7 of Cis-
tercian nuns, 30 of Austin canons, 4 of Austin nuns,
7 colleges of secular priests, and 2 hospitals. In
each case details are given of the process of visita-
tion, with the detecta or evidence disclosed by the
examination of individual members of a house.
In some instances the detecta are followed by a
summary of the comperta obtained from them,
and there are 31 sets of injunctions issued as a
result of as many visitations. Apart from the
minute information given by these documents
with regard to the internal life of the monasteries
and colleges visited by the bishop, they have
a peculiar value on account of the evidence which
they supply as to the method of composing in-
junctions. The injunctions in each case are rough
copies, carefully corrected and interlined with
direct reference to the detecta and comperta ; and
the examination of their text affords proof that
the injunctions frequently entered in episcopal
registers are not, according to the popular idea,
mere common forms, but documents involving
statements of historical fact.
Hellexic. — May 5. — Sir Arthur Evans in the
chair.
Prof. Ridgeway read a paper on ' The Early
Iron Age in the iEgean Area.' All archaeologists
up to 1896 held that the so-called Mycenaean or
Bronze Age culture had been brought in by some
invading people or foreign inlluence. He then
put forward the thesis that it had been evolved
in the iEgean basin by a race domiciled there
from the Neolithic period, a view since amply
substantiated, especially by Sir A. J. Evans's
grand discoveries at Cnossus, which he (Prof.
Ridgeway) had said would prove, if not the chief
focus, at least one of the chief foci of the iEgean
culture. Schliemann and the rest had identified
this Mycena'an culture with that of the Homeric
poems. But as in the latter iron was in general
use for weapons and implements, even for the
ploughshare, Prof. Ridgeway was led to the
conclusion that the tall, blond Acheans, or
Hellenes, with their practice of cremation, use of
iron weapons, round shields, brooches, so closely
resembling the culture of the Early Iron Age of
Central Europe and I'pper Italy, were a " Keltic "
(Teutonic) tribe, who according to their own
traditions had entered Greece, not all at once, but
somewhere about the fourteenth century B.C.,
.inil had made themselves lords of the indigenous
people. The latter were termed Pelasgians
by the Greeks themselves, though of course
there were many different tribal names, and
Borne tribes were more advanced than others.
He held that ibis autochthonous race of Greece
w.-is closely akin to the dark-complexioned
indigenous Thraeians, a view since substantiated
by our fuller knowledge of the prehistoric arche-
ology of Thrace and Thessaly. Messrs. Ware and
Thompson ('Prehistoric Thessaly,' pp. 260—63)
have disputed the Pelasgian theory on the
ground thai the early dweller-, in the Argolid, the
Minyana of Orchomenus, <ftc, have different
kinds of pottery, but their arguments would lead
to the conclusion that differences in primitive-
and local pottery denote not merely a tribal, but
a racial difference.
The two chief objections raised against his
(Prof. Ridgeway 's) view that the Homeric Acheans
were a fair-haired tribe who brought in the use
of iron brooches, round shields, practice of crema-
tion, and the Geometric or Dipylon style of orna-
ment, were (1) that there was no archaeological
evidence for the "overlap" of iron and bronze
weapons representing the Homeric poems, as the>
stand, and (2) that no trace of the Early Iron
Age culture had been found in Phthiotis, the-
home of the Acheans.
(1) Mr. Andrew Lang argued that there were
no swords or spears of iron in use in Homer
(although that metal was used for axes, knives,
arrows, plough), because the iron was too soft
for spears and swords, and his view was
adopted by Mr. T. W. Allen and by Messrs. Wace
and Thompson in a recent paper. Yet the-
swords and spears in the hall of Odysseus are
collectively termed " iron " (' Od.,' xvi. 29 1 ;
xix. 13). The line cannot be ejected as " in-
organic," as the whole machinery for the slaying
of the suitors depends upon it. Already East
Crete had shown iron and bronze swords in the
same tomb, though not with the same individual.
Prof. Ridgeway now exhibited a " find " from a
grave at Cnidus comprising six bronze javelin
heads (about 6 in. long), five of iron of like types,
a small iron knife, and a whetstone, iron rust stilt
adhering to the bronze specimens. Thus the same
individual had bronze and iron weapons at the-
same moment, confirming his (Prof. Ridgeway's)
argument for Homer. If the owner of these
javelins had slain a foe with one of his iron speci-
mens, there seems no reason to doubt that the
bard would have celebrated his exploit with t he-
conventional phrase that " he slew him with
the ruthless bronze." Thus, though muskets have
not been used by the British Army since the
Crimean War, instruction is still given in musketry,,
and there are still Grenadier Guards, thouuh
hand grenades have not been used since the
Peninsular War.
(2) Messrs. Wace and Thompson, having faikd
to find any Early Iron tumuli in Thessaly, in
their ' Prehistoric Thessaly ' equate the " local
Thessalian civilization, though by itself of
too low a type to fulfil Homeric requirements,"'
with the Homeric culture. Mr. T. W. Allen,,
following them, regards this as deadly to Prof
Ridgeway's theory. But local Greek archaeo-
logists had already noticed and partly in-
vestigated ten large tumuli at Ilalos in Phthiotis,
not far from the Spercheius, to which Achilles
dedicated his hair. Some of the objects were
already in the Halmyros Museum. Since then
Messrs. Wace and Thompson have excavated
one of these tumuli containing sixteen " pyres "
with cremated remains, iron spears, swords and
knives, brooches and pottery of simple Geometric
forms. The swords are of two varieties, and
belong to a general type spread over Central
Europe and Italy. They differ in some respects
from the Hallstatt and Glasinatz swords, but
their tendency to widen at the lower end, as
Messrs. Wace and Thompson point out, brings
them closer to the Danubian area than elsewhere.
Thus the Early Iron Age culture has been proved
for Phthiotis. But Messrs. Wace and Thompson,
who are committed to a Bronze Age period as the
background in Thessaly for Homer, try to differ-
entiate the Halos culture from that of Homer,
by stating (a) that no iron swords are in use in
Homer (which is contrary to the Homeric text
and to the evidence just given for the overlap
of iron and bronze in thecase of javelins), and ('>)
that whilst there are no urns at Halos, the burnt
bones are always placed in urns in Homer. From
the inurning of the bones of great nun like
Hector, they hastily assumed that ordinary folk
were similarly treated. Hut the burnt remains of
Elpenor (' Od.,' xii. 13—16) were simply laid
under a mound without any urn. Messrs. Wace
and Thompson suggest the ninth century B.C.
as the date, making it Middle Geometric. Tbeii
ground is that as there are iron swords, it i-
post-Homeric," but that assumption has been
disproved. Hut there arc two classes of pottery,
jugs with cutaway neck, and ring-Stemmed vases,
which belong to the Bronze Age, and which they
have to term "survivals." The presence of such
types rather suggests the period succeeding tin
Bronze Age, and thus points to at least B.C. 1000.
The brooches, though not of the earliest, types,
may well date from the same period, B.C. 1000.
They rely also on the occurrence of a bird and of
meander on the pottery. Hut, as animal form
an- already found on Bronze Age objects in the
Danubian area, and as meander is only a variety
of the zigzag, ami known at Sparta as early as
u.c. 860, tin- grounds for their dating seem quit*
690
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 451(5, May 16, 1914
insufficient, and there is no reason why the cemc-
fcery should not date from B.C. 1000. That it is
Achcan they seem to admit, for they say " that
it may perhaps be an Achcan burial in degenerate
or modified form. The position of Halos in
Aehaia Phthiotis makes this view seem plausible."
As their arguments for the later date do not hold,
we may conclude that the cemetery belongs not
merely to Acheans, but to Achcans of the Homeric
Age.
A set of objects from tombs of the Han dynasty,
illustrating the overlap of iron and bronze imple-
ments in China, and some Gaulish iron weapons
and a La Tene brooch from Ephesus, were also
shown.
Sir Henry Howorth, in remarking upon the
paper, drew attention to the important questions
arising from the traces of the Iron Age in the
island of Elba.
Sir Arthur Evans wholly differed from Prof.
Ridgeway as to the idea that the Iron Age civiliza-
tion had descended from the Hallstatt area into
Greece. A mass of parallel evidence showed,
in the Chairman's opinion, that the use of iron
began in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean
some two centuries at least before it was known
on the Middle Danube. In Sub-Minoan Crete its
beginnings could be traced as early as the twelfth
century B.C. It was known about the same
time in Greece and Cyprus. As regards the origin
of the Iron Age civilization in Greece, Prof. Ridge-
way's main theses reversed the currents of history.
Prof. Ridgeway replied that Sir Arthur Evans,
for the date of Hallstatt and the brooches, was
relying on the chronology of Montelius, which was
based on the assumption that the brooch had been
invented in Greece and gone north ; whereas, since
Prof. Ridgeway had shown that the brooch was
invented in the north and had come down from
the north, the chronology had to be revised and
the date of Hallstatt, &c, put back.
Society of Biblical Arch2eology. — May 13.
- — Dr. Gaster in the chair.
The Rev. W. T. Filter read a paper entitled
' The Names of the Confederates of Abraham and
of Melchizedek.' This was the continuation of a
paper by the same a.uthor on the other Amorite
personal names in Genesis (see Allien., Nov. 15,
1913). The author's conclusions were that the
names investigated, like those he had previously
discussed, were all Amorite of the Abrahamic
period.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
■Sis
Ties.
Wki).
'Tun.
Fiji.
Sat
Queen's Fall, 7.—' Mysticism : I. The Meaning and Method
of Mysticism,' Mrs. Annie Besant.
Geogr: phical, 3.— Annual Meeting.
fJ heos< phical, 3 —Annual Meeting.
Aristotelian, S.— 'The Notion of a Common Good,' Miss F. R.
shields.
Institute of British Architects, 8. — ' Beautiful London, and
th"? Aims of the London Society,' Mr T. R. Davison
Jewish Historical. 8 30.— 'The Purchase of Hebrew Books by
the Knglish Parliament in 1647,' IT. I. Abrahams and Mr. 1 I.
fayle ; 'tan a Jew be Lord Chancellor?' Mr. H. S. Q.
Henrique".
Royi.1 Institution, 3. — 'Natural History in the Classics:
I. 'J he Natural History of the Poets Homer, Virgil, and
Aristoi'banes,' Prof. D'Arcy W. Thfmpson.
Society of Arts, 4 30. — 'The Singing of Hongs, Old and New:
II. Classical eongs,' Mr. H. Plunket Greene. (Cobb
Lecture. )
Statistical, 5. — 'Suggestions for recording the Life-Hi6toryand
Family Connexions of Every Individual,' Mr. VV. Hazell.
Musical Association, 5.15. — 'Modern Harmonic Tendencies,'
Mr. VV. Denis Browne.
Zoological, 8 30 — ' Notes on the Circulatory System of
Elasmobranchs : I. The Venous System of the Dogfish
IScylliwm canicula),' IT. C. H. o'Donoghue; 'Scent-Organs
in I lichoptera,' Mr. B. F. Cumraings ; ' Notes on Plumage
Dcveb pment in the African Wood-Stork,' Mr. G Jennison ;
and other Papers.
Meteorological, 430.— 'The Reduction of Barometer Read-
irgs in Absolute Units, and a Ntw Form of Barometer
I ml.' Mr. K. Gold; 'A Cuban Kain Record and its
Application.' Mr. A. Hampton Brown.
University of London, 5. — 'An Introduction to the Study of
Colonial Law,' Lecture L, Dr. Henri Koliu.
Scciety of Literature, 5.15.— 'Chailutte Urontc!,' Lecture II.,
Pi of A. 0. Benson.
University of London, 5.30.— 'The Citizen and Strategy,'
iieut.-iol. W. K. Scharlieb
Folk-lore. S— 'The Chevauchee de St. Michel in the Island
of Gueri'Sey,' Miss E. Carey.
Microscopical, 8.
Society of Aris, 8.30.— 'The Channel Tunnel and its Early
History.' Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw.
3. Royal li stitntion, 3.— 'Identity of laws in General and
Biological Chemistry,' Lecture If., Prof. S. Arrhenius.
Royal, 4 30. -'On the Efiect of the Magneton in the Scatter-
ing of Ipha Rajs.' Prof. W. M. Hicks; 'Luminous Vapours
(list Ued from the Arc, with Applications to the Study of
Spectrum Series and their Origin,' Part I , Hon. R. J. Strutt ;
'On the Ionization of Gast s by Collision, and the Ionizing
Potential for Positive Ions and INegative Corpuscles,' Mr.
W. T. Pawlow : and other Papers.
Society of Arts, 4:i0.-'The Indian Census of Iflll : Ethno
graphv and Occupations,' Mr. E. A. Gait. (Indiau Section )
Geographical, 5.— 'The Gulf Stream,' Commander C. Hep-
woi t h
Chemical, 8.30 — 'lonizition and the Law of Mass Action:
Part III. Utilization of the Cosmic I'ata, and a New
Dilution Law,' Mr. VV. R. Bousfield ; 'The Influence of
Nitro-Groups on the Re-activity of Substituents in the
Benzene Nucleus,' Mr. J. Kenncr ; and other Papers.
Univeisity of London, 5 —'An Introduction to the Study of
• oloni.l Law,' Lecture II., Dr. Henri Rolin
Viking, 8.15. — 'Norse Bish'ps of Orkney,' Dr. Olaf Kolsrud.
Hojal Institution, 9. — ' The Mortuary Chapels of the Theban
Nobles,' Mr. R. Mond.
Royal Institution, 3— 'Fiords and their Origin: I. The
Nature and Distribution of Fiords,' Prof. I. W. Uregory.
FINE ARTS
Monumental Classic Architecture in Great
Britain and Ireland during the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries. By A. E.
Richardson. (Batsford, 41. 4s. net.)
Sir Gilbert Scott's abandonment of
Gothic for the new Foreign Office at the
behest of Palmerston was a fatal blow at
the Gothic Revival ; it has been said that
Scott killed the Revival, and that Street,
at the Law Courts, erected its monument,
The truth is that time alone will kill any
revival ; life moves on, and what was
natural to one century is unnatural,
illogical, and unsuited to a later one.
The age that cannot inspire and sup-
port its own arts is at fault somewhere.
On the other hand, any revival has
definite lessons for those who observe them,
and the stream now running vigorously
being Neo -Classic, some wish to believe
that we are where we were before the
Romantic movement of the middle of
the last century, as though the Gothic
Revival had never been.
A sign of the times is the appearance of
yet another of the handsome volumes
dealing with the history of architecture
from the firm of Batsford. Mr. Richard-
son's volume on k Monumental Classic
Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland
during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries ' may be said to complete the
survey of the Classic tradition in these
islands begun by Mr. Blomfield, Mr.
Gotch, and Messrs. Belcher and Macartney.
Mr. Richardson is well fitted for his task,
and it will be seen by those who study his
book how well he has achieved his object.
That object is to demonstrate the value
of Inigo Jones's revolution in English
architecture, and to prove the vitality of
the tradition initiated by him, founded by
Wren, and built up by a host of lesser
men working on continuously, even during
the period of the Gothic movement, down
to our own day.
In considering the history of architecture
the part played by the critic and by the
public should not be overlooked ; if the
critics of architecture understood more
about it, there would be less tendency to
jump from one extreme to another, and
a more shapely growth would be visible.
The more, therefore, the natural history
of architecture is understood, the better
will it be for its progress. Mr. Richardson
does good service by throwing light upon
the obscure phases of development during
the eighteenth century, though he is
somewhat blinded by his enthusiasm to
the larger issues of the future of archi-
tecture.
Mr. Richardson avoids many pitfalls by
dealing only with monumental architecture
— the very existence of which, apart from
mediaeval monuments, is often overlooked.
He writes vividly of the quality he
admires, and is reinforced by the splendour
of the illustrations upon which he draws.
" There is in monumental architecture an
indescribable austerity and remoteness, a
sense of reposeful dignity, a solidity, steadi-
ness, and simplicity of effect that impresses
the mind at once with the greatness of the
idea."
He goes on to show that the monuments
of antiquity — he might also have included
those of the Middle Ages — reveal the fore-
going attributes. He briefly examines
the architecture of Greece and Rome,
and its influence in the centuries under
discussion, and the genesis of modern
Classic in the Italian Renaissance. We
cannot, however, follow him when he
speaks of the " cold mysticism of Gothic
art."
Writing of the importance of fine plan-
ning on p. 85, he says that to a French
architect the academic values a plan pos-
sesses are dearer by far than the treatment
of elevations. At this time, when we are
looking across the Channel to the great
school founded by Colbert as a source of
inspiration and instruction, it is well to
remember that plamiing has been the
foundation of all monumental architecture.
It is in this that we have advanced in
later years.
Dealing with the work of Sir Charles
Barry, Mr. Richardson, the advocate of
the Neo-Greek style for modern archi-
tectural expression, makes a remarkable
admission. He is writing of the Houses of
Parliament, and says that " the plan is
a notable example of his [Sir Charles
Barry's] classic training"; and then
" that the whole structure is conceived in
a monumental spirit emancipated from
the pettiness of style." That, in brief, is
the key to advance. Neither Neo-Greek
nor Neo-Gothic is the way of salvation ;
rather we must interpret the spirit of the
ages, and leave the pettiness of style to
settle itself by the slow evolution of time ;
if we examine architecture with an open
mind, we shall find that the Classic spirit
breathes throughout the ages in the work
of Christian and pagan.
As a contribution to the history of art
Mr. Richardson's work ranks high : the
style is elevated, and the matter fills a
gap ; the system of classification and the
careful research in dark or forgotten
places are notable. The insistence on
the pliability of our Classic tradition, the
lifting of the old tyranny of the orders of
architecture, and the imaginative and
sympathetic outlook combine to make a
readable and valuable book which, as an
illustrated biographical record, is also
welcome.
DRAWINGS.
Messrs. Christie sold on Friday, the Sth inst.,
the following drawings : Birket Foster, A Fish
St all near the Rialto, Venice, 220?. 10s. J. Israels,
Scheveningen Beach, a group of fisherfolk and
children awaiting the arrival of two fishing-boats,
325?. 10s. 0. Fielding, Loch Lomond, peasants
and cattle on a road in the foreground, 315/.
J. M. W. Turner, Jerusalem, North-West View,
2cS3/. 10s.
No. 451(5, May 16, 1914
THE A T II E N M U M
097
CURRENT EXHIBITIONS.
The '* monster Olio of attractions " (to
use Stevenson's perfect phrase) which is
displayed at Burlington House has pre-
vented us from dealing with two exhibitions
which should have been noticed last week.
The hundred or more colour-prints by
Hirosliige shown at the Fine Art Society's
galleries worthily represent the artist whose
work is usually the first, along with that of
Hokusai, to attract the admiration of those
unaccustomed to Oriental pictures. With
the tendency of modern European painting
to recover touch with the East, many of
his designs now hardly look exotic to us.
Such subjects as tho Night Rain at Karasaki
(28) or the Ohashi Bridge (53), with the
river in yellow flood (from the " Hundred
Views of Yedo"), might almost have been
clone by a European of to-dajr, but for the
perfection with which extreme boldness of
execution is united to extraordinary delicacy
of perception. We can tmderstand, on a
view of the whole exhibition, how artists of
an earlier school, or the modern connoisseur
trained to their more severe taste, might find
Hiroshige's range of polychrome opulence a
falling-away from the purest canons of art.
T< • us, accustomed to more blatant deca-
dence, he still appears a raffine, and his
admirers are justified in enjoying without
reserve the richness of interest in the subject-
matter of a show which enhances so gener-
ously our sense of the excitement of life.
The charm of No. 78, Autumn : Morn on
the Tamayawa ; the romance of No. 91,
with its lantern-bearer crossing a bridge to
a mysterious wood darkened by rain ; the
dangerous adventure of No. 109, with its
plunging gorge ; and the fantastic grandeur
of the large snow-scene, Mountain and River
on the Kiso Road (39), offer entertainment
surely irresistible and sensational even to
t he public which is moved by kinemas. The
boldly designed Monkey Bridge at Kai (52)
is at once one of the most famous and one
of the rarest of Hiroshige's prints.
The Spring Exhibition at the Goupil
llery includes an excellent Harpignies,
Lc Soir (25); a good Corot, Ruines a Rome
(23), as well as another, Le Marais (10), of
the more popular type ; and an example of
the tough-fibred, expressive paint which
makes Dupre one of the most consistently
interesting of the Barbizon group. It is
noticeable that, whereas Monet (27) and
Sisley (31) are perfectly at ease in com-
parison with the work of that older school,
Le Sidaner (13) seems soft and lacking in
structure.
In comparison with the best work of
this century all these typically nineteenth-
century pictures might look 'a little dull
and stereotyped in their main design. They
Mould all, on the other hand, have a
subtlety of paint compared with which
Post-Impressionism is technically brutality.
We feel this monotonous harshness in the
■how at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, at
which the collection of examples of the
«t recent phases oi painting and
Ipture, while reflecting great credit on
tli<- energy and enterprise of its managers,
almost defies review. There are too many
rks, and almost all of them have been
already noticed in these columns, so that
the critic has the sense of being haunted by
the ghosts of his past judgments in fresh
surroundings, and, under stressor' fresh com-
parisons, asking to some extent for revision.
No court of appeal could get through such
accumulation of business. The princ
new exhibits are Mr. 8. Spencer's fay (368),
with some charm in its excellent use of
'• mpera among much unconvinced oil
painting ; Mr. Wyndham Lewis's Slow
Attack (25), which is very severely limited to a
geometric linear system, and almost destitute
nt any suggestion of depth, and so makes but
a narrow appeal ; and the stone head by
Modigliani (287), which is undeniably strik-
ing, though by means which appear obvious
when once announced.
The Irish landscapes by Mr. Robert
Gregory showing at the Chenil Gallery might
fitly find a place at Whitechapel, but in
these, as in Mr. Spencer's picture, there
remains over from the previous century some
ambition for the subtle modulation of pig-
ment. They have sometimes — as in No. 6,
Coole Lake ; No. 8, Orpheus ; or No. 24,
The Natural Bridge — an admirable decora-
tive sense which is of the future rather than
the past, and altogether the show is one of
considerable promise.
The Exhibition of the Society of Mural
Decorators and Painters in Tempera, at
the new Art Workers' Guild Hall, offers a
strange contrast to any of the shows we have
just been considering. There is hardly any
work for which we could not find a more or
less accurately dated source of inspiration in
the past. This in itself might not be harmful,
but that it seems the result of a timidity
which shrinks from losing hold of the one
sure clue of literal imitation. The stronger
work would probably look better in sur-
roundings where daintiness and a pretty
fancy were more at a premium. The
principal exhibitors are Mrs. Sargent Flor-
ence, Miss M. Lanchester, and Miss Jessie
Bayes, and Messrs. Aiming Bell, Gayley
Robinson, and Maxwell Armfield.
An exhibition containing so many fine
prints as are to be found at Messrs. Colnaghi
& Obach's galleries is always justifiable, but
so many shows of Legros's etchings have been
recently held that a detailed review is not
needed.
In a less degree the same might be said
of the extensive display of etchings by
Mr. Muirhead Bone at Mr. Dunthorne's
gallery. A wonderful executant, Mr. Bone
is infinitely patient, almost without loss of
suppleness. Yet in so large a collection we
do feel at the end a certain elaboration for
the sake of elaboration, so that sometimes,
in a trial proof like that for the Great Gantry,
Charing Cross Station (47), or even in the
virtually complete trial proof for Building
(36), we find a greater simplicity of state-
ment which might, with advantage, be the
rule rather than the exception. Mr. Muir-
head Bone has been a close student of many
artists, and ready to base his art at intervals
on many models. We are tempted to recom-
mend him in etching such a plate by Legros as
Les Bouleaux, Bord de VEau : Effct du Matin
(31), at Messrs. Obach's Gallery, as likely to
constitute a useful member in the series of
influences which has made his training as an
artist.
There are also two exhibitions of drawings :
those of Mr. Joseph Simpson at the Gamera
Club, and of Mr. E. J. Sullivan at the Oiirer
Gallery in Dover Street. Both collections
have considerable merit : the former in the
simplicity of vision which makes a drawing
plastically suggestive and completely of a
piece with a minimum of line ; the latter in
the invention and resource of method which
are brought to the business of dramatic yet
decorative illustration. The Dover Streel
show contains also a few small bronzes l>\
the well -known sculptor -Mr. (h'lhcrl Bayes.
Jn both these shows, again, there is a
considerable proportion of work which has
Keen previously exhibited; and perhaps this
La due to the idea thai the amateurs who come
to town to sec the Academy like their arl
well m:it ure<i and familiar.
MUSIC
OPERA.
The final sections of the second cycle of
' The Ring ' were given on Thursday and
Saturday in last week. Of ' Siegfried ' we
have only to note that Heir Cornelius
gave great satisfaction as singer and
actor, and if he showed slight signs of
fatigue at the end of the opening trying act,
that happens to most who undertake the
part. Herr Bechstein is the best Mime
on the stage. An excellent performance
was given of ' Gotterdammerung.'
Throughout this cycle Madame Gertrud
Kappel has more than confirmed the
good impression which she created during
the first. In ' Gotterdammerung ' she had
her most severe test, and stood it well.
No more need be said in praise of Herr
Arthur Nikisch.
The length of 'The Ring' does not
seem to interfere with its popularity,
and this is due to the wonderful things
in it. Wagner's lengths may not be
always " heavenly," but they act as foils
to the many passages in which his genius
is fully revealed.
The music at the Gala Festival at
Covent Garden on Monday evening in
honour of the King and Queen of Den-
mark was a success. The object, of course,
of selecting acts instead of a complete
work was to give a greater number of
artists the chance of appearing ; and by
taking two first acts and a fairly early
one from ' Aida,' the effect was not so
disjointed as it sometimes is on such
occasions. In the one from ' La Tosca '
Madame Edvina was excellent, also Signor
Martinelli as Cavaradossi, and both were
in fine voice. Signor Marcoux was an-
nounced to play Scarpia, but was suddenly
taken ill. Signor Scotti, who had arrived
in London that very day, undertook to be
his substitute ; his powerful rendering of
that part is well known. Signor Giorgio
Polacco acted ably as conductor. Next
came Madame Melba and Signor Martinelli
in the opening act of 'La Boheme.'
Madame Melba's Mimi is rightly regarded
as one of her most characteristic impersona-
tions, and on Monday she was in splendid
voice. With Signor Martinelli as Rodolfo
and Mr. Albert Coates as conductor success
was a foregone conclusion.
In Act II. sc. ii. of 'Aida' Madame
Destinn was Aida, Herr Sembach was
Badames, Madame Kirkby Lunn Amneris,
and Herr Arthur Nikisch conductor.
The last-named, as he proved at the
recent Leeds Festival, can do full justice
to Verdi as well as to Wagner.
An excellent performance was given on
Tuesday evening of ' Die .Meistersinger,"
but the special feature was 1 lie impersona-
tion of Hans Sachfl by Mr. Clarence White
hill. lie distinguished himseli' as Wotan
in • The Ring,1 and he is equally suc-
cessful in a part of very different
nature. lie acts it well : his singin g
alone would. ho\\e\er. ha\e made a
strong appeal.
098
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4510, May 10,
1914
Musical Interpretation : its Laws and
Principles, and their Application in
Teaching and Performiyuj. By Tobias
Matthay. The T.M.P.S. Edition.
(Joseph Williams, 5s. net.)
The author is well known as a pianoforte
teacher, and this book shows that he has
given much thought and time to the
subject. But although he deals with it
specially from the pianist's point of view,
his principles apply with equal force to
all other forms of musical interpretation.
We find many statements here so evident
that it does not seem worth while to make
them ; but the book was evolved from
lectures delivered to teachers and pupils,
and Mr. Matthay knows well that there are
faults and failings on both sides which
need pointing out. No true teacher can
read this work without feeling that the
writer is able and earnest.
The amount of dull pianoforte playing
about shows that the style of teaching has
been radically wrong. Of late a real
change for the better has set in, and this
book will greatly help to show that play-
ing without thinking is worse than useless.
There are some interesting remarks on
musical memory. Each note, each chord,
it is said, should suggest the next note or
•chord. Without such a chain of associa-
tion " you do not remember, and cannot
remember, any piece." The advice is
wise enough, though in some modern
music it would not be easy to follow.
We are reminded that musical memory
is a complex phenomenon, for if a passage
has been played often enough to impress
it upon our automatic centres, then, says
Mr. Matthay, " our fingers may be able
\to find the road automatically . " The help
thus derived may easily be felt if one
attempts to think out a piece away from
the keyboard. There majr come a pause,
but on trying to play it the fingers often
-seem of themselves to find the required
.note or notes. We ourselves are of opinion
that if, in addition to this help, one has
thought out the structure and phrasing of
the music, it has not to be, but is, learnt.
A large space in the book is devoted to
v The Element of Rubato.' The term is
properly described as giving extra time
to certain notes, and, to make up for
it by taking away time from others.
That was what composers of the past
understood by the term, but they insisted
•on the tempo of the movement being
.retained by the bass. Familiar and apt
quotations from Mozart and Chopin
could be given to prove this ; they
stated it in the plainest possible terms.
Mr. Matthay includes an accelerando
followed by a ritardando as an instance
■of Rubato, but this is a different means
of expression, and one in which the
tempo of the piece undergoes change.
We agree, of course, with all that is said
about accelerando and ritardando, and
about the frequent neglect of composers
to indicate the former sign; but what
advantage is there in classing this effect
under Rubato ?
A few words must be said about another
subject. " A child," says the author,
" must begin its musical experiences with
music of to-day, and not of yesterday,"
because " the average child cannot easily
learn to think in a past idiom until it has
had considerable experience of present-day
music." Some " few exceptional " chil-
dren, he believes, " are open to an appeal
from the classics, but one should be sure of
this before immersing them in an idiom far
removed from that natural to them." Is
it wise to be dogmatic on such a question ?
Moreover, it is a dangerous doctrine to
preach : in teaching children we are on
safe ground with Bach, Haydn, Mozart,
and Beethoven ; but present-day music
needs the test of time, and no one can
say how much of it will in the future be
accounted " classical."
Jltustral dosstp.
The Beecham season of Russian, German,
and English opera and ballet at Drury Lane
opens next Wednesday evening. Details
have ahead y been given of the works
announced. On the opening night will be
jserformed Strauss's ' Rosenkavalier,' a work
produced last year by Mr. Thomas Beecham
at Covent Garden. On Thursday will follow
Mozart's ' Die Zauberiiote,' which to many
will count as a novelty. Mr. Beecham will
conduct both works.
Mr. Arthur Hervey has written many
charming tone-poems or tone-pictures for
orchestra which have been given at various
provincial festivals, but ' Ilona,' produced
at the Royal Court Theatre under his direc-
tion last Tuesday afternoon, is, we believe,
his first attempt at an opera. The libretto
is by his wife, who has compressed a story
of love, passion, and death into one act.
Mr. Hervey's music is dramatic in character,
and modern in spirit, though not of an
aggressive kind. The scoring is excellent.
Messrs. Ivor Walters and Julien Henry, and
the Misses Bettina Freeman and Di Temple,
impersonated with success the dramatis
personam. This was the first of a series of
performances for the benefit of various
charities.
Herr Ernst von Dohnanyi is a com-
poser of interest, for his works show thought
and skill, and he has not, like some of his
contemporaries, broken with the past, yet
he is no slavish imitator. We do not con-
demn composers who are trying to extend
the boundaries of their art, but Herr Doh-
nanyi is able successfully to follow in the
footsteps of his great predecessors because
he has individuality. It is only when this
is lacking that forms are felt to be old. In
like manner the latest ideas with respect to
the art depend for their reception on the
degree in which the individuality of the
composer is felt. There is much talk now
about means, but it is the matter which
counts.
At the recital which Herr Dohnanyi gave
in conjunction with the 'cellist Signor Enrico
Mainardi at the ^Eolian Hall last Thursday
week, his early Sonata for the two instru-
ments, Op. 8, was performed. The inter-
pretation was excellent, for the composer
is a fine pianist, and the 'cellist plays with
understanding and sympathy. They were
also heard in Beethoven's Sonata in a,
Op. 69, of which a delightful reading was
given.
A concert was given by the pupils of
Madame Albani in the iEolian Hall on the
evening of the 7th inst. The advantages to
them of having instruction from one who
has distinguished herself in opera, oratorio,
and song are evident, and specimens were
furnished from these three branches of the
art. Excerpts from operas of Handel, Gluck,
Meyerbeer, and Gounod, and airs from ' The
Creation ' and ' Elijah,' were given. With
the change of fashion the dramatic cantata
has largely taken the place of oratorio in
London and other important centres, but
less in smaller places. Madame Albani is
one of the few singers who thoroughly under-
stand the style in which such music should
be interpreted. It has been said that
great artists seldom make good teachers.
But there are exceptions, and Madame
Albani's pupils showed that she is one of
them.
A performance of Mendelssohn's ' St.
Paul ' was given by the Handel Society on
Tuesday evening at Queen's Hall under the
direction of Dr. George Henschel. It has
not been heard for some time, and it is
hoped that interest in the oratorio will be
revived. We fear, however, that the work
has had its day. Some of the solos —
notably " O God, have mercy " — are among
the best that Mendelssohn wrote ; but even
if the music generally is, as some maintain,
better than that of ' Elijah,' the latter has
a dramatic story which renders it far more
interesting. Of the four soloists, Miss Phyllis
Lett and Mr. Gervase Elwes were very good.
The choir sang with energy, though not with
sufficient gradation of tone.
No fewer than thirteen competitors this
year have passed the preliminary examina-
tion at Paris for the "Prix de Rome," and
among them are two young girls — Mile.
Marie Guyot and Mile. Canal, both pupils
of M. Widor. Five of the male candidates
have also studied with him.
Madame Lillian Nordica (nee Norton),
the distinguished opera singer, passed away
last Sunday at Batavia( Java). She was born
at Farmington, Maine, in 1859. After
studying at Boston, and later in Italy, she
returned for a short time to America. Her
first appearance in England was at the
Cr3'stal Palace in 1878, and her de ut at
Covent Garden in 1887, and it was there
that she created the part of Zelica in Sir
Charles Villiers Stanford's 'The Veiled
Prophet ' in 1893. The following year she
sang Elsa in ' Lohengrin ' at Bayreuth.
Her voice was of beautiful quality, and her
style of interpretation denoted marked
intelligence. Madame Nordica retired from
public life in 1909.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Sun. Special Concert, 3.30, Royal Albert Hall.
Mon.-Sat. Royal Opera, Covent Garden.
Wei>.-Sat. Opera, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
Mom. Willy Lehmann's 'Cello Recital, 3, iEolian Hall.
— Vernon D'Amalle's Song Recital, 3 15. Bechsteiu Hall.
— Violet Evelyn's Recital. 3 30. Arts Centre.
— Leon Eustiatiou's Pianoforte Recital. 8 15, Bechsteiu Hall.
— Edith Elischer's Song Recital, 8 30, .Bolian Hall.
Tues. Eleanore Osborne and Thomas Farmer's Song Recital, 3 JSolian
Hall.
— Grace Thynne's Violin Recital, 3 15 Bechstein Hall.
— Alice Mandeville'e Hour of Music. 3 4-5, l.eigoton House.
— Madam** Larkcom's Vocil Recital. 8, .Eolian Hall.
— Arthur Rubinf-tein's Pianoforte Recital. 8.15. Bechsteiu Hall.
— Sydney Rosenbloom's Recital, 8.30, Steinway Hall.
Wed. Beatrice and Be6sie Griffiths's Concert. 3 15, JSolian Hall.
— Max Pauer's Pianoforte Recital. 3 15 Beclmtein Hall.
— Arnold Dolmetsch's Concert, 830, New Hall, Queen Square,
W.C.
Thurs. Helen Henschel's Vocal Recital, 3. Bechstein Hall.
— Donaldaand Isolde Menges's Concert. 3. Queen's Hall
— Dettmar and Otto Dressel's Violin aud Pianoforte Recital, 3.15,
j^oliao Hall.
— Madame King Clark and George Hamlin's Soug Recital. 8.15.
Bechstein Hall.
— Kathleen Mera and Handley-Davies's Vocal aud Violin Recital,
8.15, Steinway Hall.
Fki. Flora Woodman's Vocal Recital. 3 15, Bechstein Hall.
— Eva Katharina Lissmann's Vocal Recital, 8.15, Bechstein Hall
Sat. Parsifal Concert, 3, Queen's Hall.
— Khoda 8impson and Cecil Laws Violin and Pianoforte
Recital, 3.15, ;Eolian Hall.
No. 451(5, Mat 16, 1914
THE ATHENiEU M
699
DRAMA
The Villain as Hero in Elizabethan Tra-
/. By Clarence Valentine Buyer.
(Routledge & Sons, 6s.)
It is the object of this book to show that
the greatest villains in Elizabethan tra-
gedy were Machiavellians, and that many
oi them were not only heroic as criminals,
but were actually the protagonists of the
plays in which their crimes were repre-
Bented. Thus it follows that Aristotle's
dictum that the absolute villain is unfitted
to arouse tragic pleasure on the stage
cannot be accepted in regard to such
characters as Marlowe's Jew of Malta,
Shakespeare's Richard III., or in ' Mac-
beth.' We are told besides that the
origin of the plays in which the villain-
hero appears is due to Seneca ; then the
author attempts to differentiate among
the various types of villain-heroes pre-
sented by the Elizabethan dramatists ;
and finally he analyzes the nature of the
emotions aroused by these villain-heroes,
and points out what is necessary to stimu-
late pleasure in tragedy when the hero is
a villain.
There is a good deal of freshness shown
in the treatment of this subject, and a
thoroughness which is characteristic of
American scholarship. The writer is a
close reasoner, and the most interesting
part of the book is that which deals
with the elucidation of character, and
especially of Shakespearian character.
At the same time, without necessarily
challenging the arguments successfully
brought forward by Mr. Boyer, it is
possible to regard from another point of
view the development of the villain-hero
in Elizabethan drama.
Belief in the power of the Church to
overthrow the devil had been undermined
by the Reformation and thus other poten-
tial energies were let loose. Marlowe, self-
exalted with new aspirations and the
prospect of their achievement, thought no
good or evil influence could be beyond
man's reach, nor did he regard any law
of Aristotle or any book of Machiavelli as
the limit of man's endeavour. In fact, he
had only to endow the Lucifers, the Hycke-
v orners, and Jack Jugglers of his own
_re with dignified language and a soul
of daring in order to create his villain-
hero. Marlowe, indeed, did not seek to
imitate Machiavelli, but to outvie him,
• oid Englishmen, after thirty years' respite
from religious strife under Elizabeth's
ride, were able to turn to the stage and
learn from their dramatic poets the
mixed motives of righteousness, heroism,
and remorseless villainy which influenced
the conduct of those who aimed at con-
trolling the destinies of their fellow-men.
-Mi Boyer is apt to forget, however.
that Machiavellianism was not invented by
Machiavelli, and that it would be difficult
to assert with any certainty that Eli/.a-
than dramatists would have made
their villains different from what they were
had the writings of Machiavelli not been
accessible to them. For we an- not
necessarily called upon to admit that
certain characters are Machiavellian in
origin because experience has shown them
to be exceptional men who are intluenced
by mixed motives.
Moreover, in a book of this kind much
of the criticism expressed might be taken
for granted, were it not written in
order to correct the views of writers
who do not accept Mr. Boyer's opinion.
There can hardly be a volume published
bearing upon Shakespeare's plays which
does not necessitate the publishing of
another intended to modify its views.
Both books might claim the reader's atten-
tion for their merit, yet give information
about matters which lie outside the scope
of drama. If it was not Shakespeare's
way to preach about what he had written,
why should it be that of the commen-
tator ? Men who differ in their views
about the characters of their fellow-men
may be expected to differ about a Macbeth
or a Hamlet, and the characters in a play-
book give more scope for argument than
do those which are seen in the theatre.
As Mr. Boyer himself realizes : —
' When we are watching the play we
have no time for deliberation, emotion is
everything. Impressions are made instan-
taneously, and it is impressions that count
in a play."
Surely Shakespeare appreciated this fact,
and intended his audience to be content
with such emotions as he expected his
characters would arouse on the stage of
the Globe playhouse. For, after all, if
Shakespearian tragedy treats " of the
inter-relation of real character and situa-
tion, and thereby offers a profound criti-
cism of life," this criticism to some extent
is obtained by the reader independently
of Shakespeare the dramatist, and apart
from so much of his drama as is dependent
upon theatrical art.
For instance, the present reviewer does
not think that Mr. Boyer's able criticism
on Iago would have appealed to Shake-
speare. In the theatre the interest in
Iago is sustained by admiration for his
wonderful talent as an actor ; by his
ability to impersonate that type of indi-
vidual known as the " candid friend " —
a talent which found encouragement
from the credulity of his victims. Why,
then, discuss whether Iago is a man of
" motiveless malignity," or one \vrho is
instigated "by a desire for revenge " ?
He is but an artist in dissimulation who
has found a congenial instrument on
which to practise his art. Nor need we
forget that it was Shakespeare the play-
wright, and not Providence, who created
the ninepins which were to be set up in a
position most suitable for Iago to knock
them down. Then Hamlet, as a type of
avenger, does not claim our sympathy
' because he is good." but for being un-
fortunate in losing a noble father by
foul means, and in having a dishonoured
mother. Nor was his vengeance " void
of malice," since he sent Kosencrantz and
Guildenstern to their deaths. Neither, to
judge from a standard of real life, as Mr.
Boyer would have us do, can we hail
the advent of the upstart Fortinbras as
a harbinger of peace for Denmark.
Dramatic (Boasip.
' Tun WTOMABTENS,' by Mr. R. H. Powell,
for the production of which .Marie Tempest
was responsible at the Playhouse last Wednes-
day week, will not rank high. It is based on
the antagonism of the Dowager Countess of
Wynmarten to her widowed daughter-in-
law Kleanor; the other characters merely
serve the exigencies of the plot. There is
but a small supply of humour for comedy.
Kleanor, worried by scandal and misunder-
standing, determines to give the Dowager
something to make a fuss about. The arrival
of an old friend from India in the person of
Billy Carington (Mr. Graham Browne) makes
the way easy, and an. "evening out " is
arranged, finishing with a Covent Garden ball.
She gives directions that no one is to sit up,
leaves her doorkey, and cuts the wire of tin-
electric bell.
The subsequent difficulties canbe imagined,,
and almost lead to Billy's loss of an appoint-
ment, but Eleanor intervenes and all ends
well.
The play does not show Marie Tempest at
her best, although this is due more to the
part she fills than to her. Agnes Thomas as
the Dowager Countess, was sufficiently dis-
agreeable and disconcerting to everybodv.
As Billy Carington Mr. Browne made the
most of his scanty opportunities.
We omitted to notice last week the perfor-
mance at the Ambassadors' Theatre, where
'The Patience of the Sea,' by Mr. Conn I
O'Riordan, was given for the first time.
The story is of the slightest texture, and
concerns one Arnold Brown, a middle-aged
Socialist; his secretary Charles Deering, a
scatter-brained young fellow with free-
thinking ideas ; and a lady named Eva.
Mr. O'Riordan has written a conversa-
tional play strewn with clever epigrams
and marked by shrewd observation, but his
characters are not creatures of flesh and
blood — they are merely fantasies of a brilliant
imagination.
Gertrude Kingston played a difficult
part with resource and skill ; Mr. Harcourt
Williams gave a passable, but not convincing
study of Arnold Brown; and Mr. Basil
Hallam was quite good as the hapless
secret arj^.
Miss Horniman's Company are playing
' Garside's Career' at the Coronet Theatre
this week. If Labour candidates were as
patently out for self as the subject of .Mi-.
Harold Brighouse's play, and electors be-
stirred themselves as promptly as do these
stage exponents to rid themselves of a member
who neglects his duty to them, political life
would bo far healthier than it is. The p!a\
is, in fact, so unlike life that we need not
dissect it at length.
Mr. Horace Braham had the only possible
man's part as a fairly decent, it' rather
cynical, scion of the aristocracy. Beatrice
Terry, as his sister, was also good. Though
he is guilty of gross exaggeration all
round, the playwright knows his capitalist
class more intimately, we think, than he docs
the workers; at least, we hope it was
ignorance t hat was responsible for his naming
one of his puppets after a greatly respected
leader, now tar advanced in years. Mis.
Tapping and Irene Rooke played the working
Women's parts with some distinction. The
former was convincing as a proud, doting
mother, and the latter as the pseudo-hero's
3Weetheart would have been so, had the
creator oi her pari allowed it. The intui-
tion that her [over was less lilted than USUal
to sustain a popular SUCCeSfl should have
been expressed by trenchant criticism of him
in the Brsl act rather than in the last.
7(H)
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4516, May 16, 19H
Mrs. K. S. Townsend's translation of
Chekhov's ' Uncle Vanya ' was produced by
the St.w Society at the Aldwych Theatre
on Monday afternoon. Like 'The Throe
Sisters,* this play is a study in stagnation,
in which the fortunes of a group of cha-
racters are handled with Chekhov's peculiar
art. One shudders to think how a dramatist
of inferior technique would have dealt
with the subject ; in ' Uncle Vanya ' we are
acquainted with all the characters within
fifteen minutes of the rise of the curtain, and
the action is not allowed to flag for a moment.
The scene is laid at a Russian country
house, inhabited by an elderly retired pro-
fessor and some relatives. Gloom has
covered the minds of all who live there ;
the younger people believe that the fussy
hypochondriacal savant is the cause of it all.
There is a violent outburst on the part of
Uncle Vanya when the old man proposes
what is really a way out of the difficulty.
Finally the professor goes away with his wife.
Directly they have gone, the remaining rela-
tives realize that they are to be no happier
for his absence. They lack the essentials
•of happiness : there lies the tragedy of their
lives.
Mr. H. R. Hignett, Mr. Campbell Gullan,
and Gillian Scaife are to be congratulated on
the rendering of their respective parts.
Last Saturday Miss Delia Larkin's Irish
Workers' Drama' ic Company gave a per-
formance in the King's Hall, Covent Garden,
in aid of the " victimized women of Dublin."
In a varied entertainment of song and
■dance the jigs given by Master Leo and Miss
Mav Ryan were the best.
Mr. William Boyle's ' The Building Fund '
was enthusiastically received by an audience
among whom the Irish element was probably
in the ascendant. It is, perhaps, difficult
for an Englishman to appreciate the play :
what the present writer did appreciate was
the way in which the audience drank in
the Irish humour and lingo as though
slaking a long-endured thirst.
' Grumpy,' in which Mr. Cyril Maude and
Margery Maude are appearing at the New,
started its career on Wednesday evening.
We hope to notice it at length next week.
'The Melting-Pot' will be played for
the last time next Friday evening at the
Comedy, and its place will be taken on
Saturday by a new play by Mr. Zangwill,
called 'Plaster Saints.' The cast includes
Mr. Edward Sass, Mr. Clifton Alderson, Mr.
Harold Chapin, Grace Lane, Ernita Lascelles,
and Gillian Scaife.
The Irish Players, who have just
completed a successful visit to the United
States, are due to open their annual London
season at the Court Theatre on Monday,
.Time 1st. We are glad to see that the
company has sustained no notable loss— Sara
Allgood, who has been absent for some time,
now returning. During the season two new
plays will be produced. The first is a one-
act comedy by Lady Gregory called ' The
Wrens,' the main theme of which is the
passing of the Bill of Union, the scene being
laid in the old Parliament House in Dublin ;
and the other is ' The Supplanter,' a play
in three acts by Mr. J. Bernard McCarthy.
Other plays new to London will be given,
the more important being Ladv Gregory's
' The Canavans ' and Mr. T. C. Murray's
' Sovereign Love.'
The first performance of Mr. Jerome's
new comedy ' The Great Gamble ' is fixed
for Thursday evening next at the Hay-
market. Among those taking part will be
Mr. Leon Quartermaine, Mr. Stanley Cooke,
Mr. Edmund Maurice, Sarah Brooke, Cicely
Hamilton, and Jean Cadell.
The Drama Society will present at the
Ambassadors' Theatre on Tuesday after-
noon. May 26th, ' Dido and yEueas,' a new
play by Herr A. von Herder. The cast will
include Mr. Shayle Gardner, Mr. Gilbert
Hudson (who will produce the play under
the author's direction), Mr. Rathrnell Wilson,
Marie Vantini, Joan Carr, and Edyth Olive.
The last-named is playing Dido.
The entertainment given during this week
at the Ambassadors' Theatre, under the
direction of MM. Gaston Mayer and Maurice
Froyez, consists of Offenbach's operetta ' Les
Deux Aveugles ' ; two short plays of the kind
associated with the Grand Guignol per-
formances, but quite the reverse of " hor-
rors ' ' ; and an even shorter saynete, the gem
of the evening; concluding with a revuette,
of which the most interesting feature — a
shadow-play, ' Barbe Bleue,' produced and
effectively sung by Dr. Montoya — has been
transferred to the earlier part of the pro-
gramme.
Of the artists, Jeanne Granier was facile
princeps, and made a welcome appearance
in ' La Rupture,' a trifle by Henri Lavedan.
As the old love of a young gentleman now
anxious to be " on with the new," she
discourses all too briefly, but with the
shrewdness of her kind, on marriage as seen
from the coulisse. Even more welcome in
its delicious irony is the tiny dialogue ' Gros
Chagrins,' by Georges Courteline, in which
the incomparable artist, ably supported by
Marie Loure, bewails the conduct of an
unfaithful husband, though her grief by no
means absorbs all her attention.
Madame Granier's rentree is preceded by
' Attaque Nocturne,' by MM. de Lorde and
Masson-Forestier, which is played delight-
fully by M. Jean Dax and Marcelle Praince.
The attack is nothing more serious than a
black eye, administered in the course of duty
(and pleasure) by a tactful commissaire
smitten by beauty in distress.
Those who expected that the revuette, in
which M. Maurice Froyez himself has colla-
borated, would prove something fresher and
more dainty than the varieties of the sort
familiar to London music-halls must have
been sadly disappointed at an amateurish
production eked out with tinkling and
mostly hackneyed melodies, and chiefly
commended by pretty ladies. The revuette
is apparently to be retained in next week's
programme, when Jeanne Granier will
appear in ' Les Sonnettes,' and we hope it
may be improved.
The Theatrical Garden Party will be held
in the Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, on
Tuesday, June 23rd, instead of on Saturday,
the 27th, as previously announced.
To Correspondents.— G. M.— J. P. M.— C. B.— C. C. S.
— Received.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE
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Type-Writing, &c 674
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No. 4516, May 16, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
703
NOTES AND QUERIES.
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Landor's 'Imaginary Conversations': "Salomon" — "Nuts to" a Person — "Three blue
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by PROF. FLINDERS PETRIE
on tliis discovery will be given at
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. GOYVKK STREET. W.C..
at the
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL
EGYPT,
MAY », -J.30 i-M. ;
also on JUNE 10, 3 i\m.
Admission to any of these Lectures free, without Ticket.
IN
(Eiljilnttons.
T>OYAL
A CADE.MY.
SUMMER EXHIBITION
Open 9 a. 5i to" r.M
Thursdays, 9 am to 10 r H.
Admission Is Catalogue Is.
SEASON TICKET H
y ^ituatiens llarant.
| "WANTED. —PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
TT LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
Applications are invited tor the i>ost of PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE in the CENTRAL COLLEGE,
BANGALORE. SOUTHERN INDIA. The candidate selected for
the post will he on probation f r three years, at the end of which
period the Government of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore will
he at liberty to terminate the contract. Candidates should be dis-
tinguished University men who have taken First Class Honours in
Classics and made a special study of English Language and Literature,
or taken the M.A. Dfgree with First Class Honours in English
Language and Literature in a Scottish or British University. Those
who have in addition received training in Theory and Practice of
Teaching or have had experience of Professorial Teaching in a Uni-
versity College and are between 21 and 30 years of age will be preferred.
The successful candidate is expected to devote the whole of his time
In training students for the University Intermediate, Pass and
Honours BA. Degree Courses. The pay will be Rs. 500 a month, rising
by annual increments of Rs. 50 to Rs. 1.000 a month. On confirmation,
leave and pension will be according to the Mysore Service Regulations.
The Professor selected will be given a free single First Class passage
to India, also back to England, if the contract is terminated nt the
end of the third year of service. Candidates should love educational
work among natives of India and be fond of outdoor games. Applica-
tions, with copies of testimonials, will be received by the Inspector-
Heneral of Education in Mysore, Bangalore, South India, up to
JULY' 15, 1914. The selected candidate will be expected to join du'y
as early as possible. M. SHAM A RAO.
Inspector Central of Education in Mysore,
April 15, 1914. Bangalore, South India.
M
MASTERS.
ODERN DUTCH
Now open, a Collection of Pictures by the above.
The 104th Exhibition at the FRENCH GALLERY,
120, Pall Mall, 8.W.
A T the TWENTY-ONE GALLERY, Paintings
t\- hv J. KERR LAWSON, and Etchings by EDGAR WILSON.
Open till JUNE 11.
21, York Buildings, Adelphi, Strand.
G
OUPIL GALLERY" EXHIBITIONS.
I. Paintings and Bronzes by French Masters
II. Hunting Scenes and Landscapes by HELENA GLEICHEN.
ill. Bronzes by RENEE VRANYCZANY
Admission Is. from 10 till 6.
WILLIAM MARCHANT 4 CO.. 5, Regent Street. S.W.
C
HARLES JOHN COLLI N G S.
Hixty Landscapes and Decorative Panels.
" Hj.lendours of the Rockies and Selkirks. '
THE CARRoLL GALLERY. 10, George Street, Hanover 8quare, VT.
"No one has en finely understood the spirit of high mountains and
their waters. . . .Mr. Colli niM's work is a thing apart in modern water-
colour- It ha* magic."— Westminster Gtasette.
(^durational.
V" E W N H A M COLLEGE.
Th* Trustees of the Mary Ewart Trust Fund invite applications
from jiast or present memliers of Newnham College for a
TRAVELLING 8 H't.ARSHlP of 1501., for purposes of study, to
be awarded in June. 1914.
Applications must be sent, not later than JUNE 10, to MHS
I GH, Newnham College, from whom all particulars can be
obtained.
MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, E.C.— An
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION, for Boye
under 14 on June 11, 1914. will be held on JUNE SO and following
dajs.-For particulars apply to THE 8ECRETARY.
s
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boyi under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY' 14 and Following Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
BUSSAGE HOUSE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—
Principals -M IMS DOROTHEA BKALK. B.A.Lonl.. formerly
Head of the Stroud Hiirh School ; MISS JOHNSTON. Oxford Final
Honour*. Cambridge Teachers' Diploma New Hoarding School for
the Dvughters of Gentlemen will OPEN IN SEPTEMBER. High
anJ healthy sit* on Cotswolds Large garden. Definite Church
teaching. Prep for Exams Fees90I.— Prospectus apply SECRETARY.
\TADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880)
ii-*:„ Keith II REGENT STREET. W.. English and
l£V<Z *^f?eSS if1', Ko'r™'- Teachers. '( I, .. crones ( on,
£h£?.\-S^ reUn«-K<*;l«r». Introduced for Home and Abroad,
on vSlfn^ """"-"''"-l an-1 prospectuses with full information, gran
hSnrfiK "™11«™"»'1« t'^,'ft5*^,• •»*'">« requirements. Office
Boars. 10-5 ; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent V>r,
^utljors' ^grnts.
rFHF, AUTHORS' ALLIANCE are prepared to
.n i. .""••frier an.l ili- MSB. for early publication Literary wort of
ail kinds dealt with by exerts who place Authors' iuterest first.
Twenty years experience.-;*. Clement's Inn. W.
TTNIVERSITY
COLLEGE, GALWAY.
The Governing Body invite applications for the following Posts
instituted by a Statute, Statute III., University College, Galway,
mad« on MAY 1, 15)14 :—
PROFESSORSHIP OF COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTANCY.
EDUCATION.
HISTORY', with special reference to
Irish History.
PHILOSOPHY.
The appointments are made by the Senate of the University from
a list submitted by the Governing Body as provided by the Charter
and Statutes of the University and College.
Applications, accompinied by fifty copies of such testimonials as
candidates may desire to submit, will be received by the Registrar,
University College. Galway, up to JUNE 15, 1914.
The Professors and Lecturers appointed will be expected to enter
on their duties early in OCTOBER. 11114.
Applications will be dealt with subject to the possible disallowance
of Statute III. within the limit of time prescribed by the Irish
Universities Act, 1908.
Candidates are referreil to the Statute for information on all
matters relating to the appointments. Copies may be had on
application to
THE REGISTRAR, University College, Galway.
ARMSTRONG COLLEGE,
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
(In the University of Durham.)
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
The Council invites applications for the ASSISTANT LECTURE-
SHIP.
Salary 1501 . rising by annual increments of 10!. to 200!. per annum.
Candidates are requested to send four copies of their applications
and of not more than three testimonials before JUNE ti to
F. H. PRUEN, M.A., Secretary.
Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
ARMSTRONG COLLEGE,
A. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
(In the University of Durham )
FACULTY OF COMMERCE
The Council Invites applications for the LECTURESHIP IN
SPANISH. Salary 150!., rising by annual increments of 10!. to 2001.
per annum Preference will be given to a candidate who is able to
assist In the teaching of French or German.
Candidates are requested to 6end in eight copies of their applica-
tions, and of not more than three testimonials, before JUNE 6, 1914. to
F H. PRUEN, MA, Secretary.
Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
pITY OF LEEDS TRAINING COLLEGE
V^ FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS.
REQUIRED, in SEPTEMBER, a LECTURER IN EDUCATION
ANO HEAD IN THE DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS FOR
UPPER STANDARDS (Women).
Candidates should possess an Honours Degree or its equivalent and
have had practical experience in teaching. Special qualifications in
Edu< itional Psychology are desirable.
1 he Lad? appointed would be required to take up full duties in
SEPTEMBER next, and maybe asked to go Into residence.
Commencing salary 2001. i*r annum.
Applications, which must be made on forms to be obtained from the
undersigned, should ba endorsed "Training College," and forwarded
toTHE SECRETARY For EDUCATION. Education unices, Leeds,
not later than JUNK 10, 1914
JAMES GRAHAM. Secretary for Education.
Education Offices, Leeds.
B
EDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. i
Regent's Park, N.W.
DEPARTMENT 01 M A'l 'HEMATICS.
In consequeroe of the ■ppofntanent of Mr T. L. Wren to lecture at
Ht. John's College, Cambridge, tbe Council "ill shortly proceed to
appoint an ASSISTANT LECTURER in the DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMAI 108
The salary offered is I8M a year, rising to S00I , nonrisldeat Tho
appointment is open to Men and V. ,lly.
six printed or typed oopiet oi applications, and "f nol more than
three recent testimonials, should be sen! nol later than TUESDAY,
June.', to the undesigned, from whom further particulars may Ixi
(Slgnedl ETHEL T. Ml KNIGHT, Secretary of Council.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
Arrangements have now been completed
with Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son and Messrs.
Wyman & Sons whereby THE ATHEN^UM
may be obtained without difficulty from
the principal Railway Station Bookstalls.
THE ATHEN^UM is published on
FRIDAY MORNING at 8.30.
u
NIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.
ASSISTANT LECTURESHIP IN CLASSICS AND ANCIENT
HISTORY.
The Council invites applications for an ASSISTANT LECTURE
SHIP IN CLASSICS AND ANCIENT HISTORY at a stipend of
150!. per annum, under the general direction of the Professors of
Classics and History. Duties to begin OCTOBER 0. 1914
Applications, with not less than three copies of testimonials,
should be sent before JUNE 20 to the undersigned, from whom
further particulars can be obtained.
GEO. H. MORLEY, Secretary.
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD.
APPOINTMENT OF LECTURER IN PHILOSOPHY.
The Council are about to appoint a LECTURER in PHILOSOPHY.
Salary 300!. per annum.
Applications must be sent in by JUNE 9. Further particulars n:av
be obtained from W. M GIBBONS. Registrar.
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
A JUNIOR LECTURER (Man) is shortly to be appointed in the
Department. Salary 150!. per annum— Applications should reach
the undersigned, from whom further particulars may be obtained, by
SATURDAY. June 6. W. M. GIBBONS. Registrar.
HULL MUNICIPAL TRAINING COLLEGE
FOR MEN AND WOMEN.
REQUIRED, to take up duties about the beginning of SEPTEMBER
next, a LECTURER (Woman) in Botany. Nature Study, and Geo-
graphy; and a LECTURER (Man) in Mathematics and Method.
Other combinations and subjects may be considered.
Further particulars and application forms (to be returned not later
than MAY 301 may be obtained from
IVOR B. JOHN, M.A.. Principal.
/BOUNTY BOROUGH OF STOKE-ON-TRENT.
NEW CENTRAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
The Governors will shortly proceed to appoint a LECTURER IN
PHYSICS, salary 2601. rising to 3001. per annum, aud a LECTURER
IN CHEMISTRY, salary 20u!. per annum.
The Lecturer in Physics will be required to take charge of the
instruction in Applied Electricity. High University Honours will be
an indispensable qualification for both the positions. — Particulars and
forms of application can be obtained from i lie Clerk to the Governors,
Dr. W. LUDFORD FREEMAN, M.A., Town Hall, Hauler, Stoke-
on-Trent, and must be returned not later I ban JUNE 18, I'M!
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will be a disqualification.
COUNTY BOROUGH OF STOKE-ON-TRENT
EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
LONGTON HIGH SCHOOL.
ASSISTANT MISTRESS REQUIRED in SEPTEMBER next
qualified to tench Needlework, BingtDg, ami Drill. In addition to the
ordinary Form subjects. Degree desirable, also Training u
ence in a Secondary School. Ability to take part In the oirls Qamel
a qualification. ... «.
The lA>ngton High School is a Mixed Hecoc, Wry School of 130 Boys
and 120 Girls approved under the Board of Education,
Commencing salary iwl. per annum.
Forms of application (which should lie returned not later than
MAY -".i. 1914) may )k obtained on receipt of stamped addressed
envelope from . „ ,
W LUDFORD FREEMAN, M.A. Director of Education.
Education Offices, Town Hall, Hants*, Stoke -on Trent.
K
UNIVERSITY 0? LONDON.
I NO'S COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
DEPARTMENT Off HOUSEHOLD AND BOi IAI. SCIENCE
The Executive Ocmmlttee will shortly proceed to the appointment
of a WARDEN ol this Departm nl i tail ofl
JANUARY, 1918. Balarj 1001 The post will ultimately be redden.
Further particulars nl load (run Ihe SECRETARY I
THE HOUSEHOLD AND SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, by
whom applications mould ba received net later than JUNE 27 at
13, Kensington Pquare, w.
u
N1VKKSITY Ol' MANCHESTER.
The Council Is about fa ■ reader In mathematical
PHYSICS Stipend 8001 Applications, accompa I bj nan
three references, should lw sent bj JUNE to IHK SECRETARY
TO TBI BENATE. from whom lurther |*rllculars may be obtained
700
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
MIDDLESEX
HENDON COUNTY SCHOOL.
The Committee require the services of a HEAD MASTER for this
Mixed County School. The candidate appointed will he required to
commence duties in SEPTEMBER next. New School Buildings are
being erected to accommodate ;ino Pupils. Candidates must he
Graduates of a University in the United Kingdom. Salary 400!. per
annum, rising hy annual increments of '201. to 500?. per annum.
Canvassing will he treated as a disqualification. Application forms,
which must he returned Dot later than 10 am. on WEDNESDAY,
June 3, may he ohtained from the undersigned upon the receipt of a
stamped addressed foolscap envelope. B. S. GOTT.
Middlesex Education Committee, Guildhall, Westminster, S.W.
May 14, 1914.
T^GYPTIAN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.
WANTED, in OCTOBER, for Secondary Schools under the Ministry
of Education :
TEACHERS OF ENGLISH. Salary 295!. per annum (L.Eg 24 per
mensem), rising to 393!. per annum (L.Eg 32 per mensem), on pension-
able staff Allowance for passage out to Egypt.
SCIENCE MASTER. (Experimental Physics and Chemistry).
Appointment under contract Length of engagement, two years.
Salary 389!. per annum (L. Eg. 30 per mensem). Allowance for passage
out to Egypt and f<»r return at close of contract.
Candidates must he from about 24 to 30 years of age and unmarried.
Applicants must have taken a University Degree with Honours, and
have experience as teachers. Special training as teachers of Physical
Exercises will he a recommendation. Four lessons daily on an
average, Fridays only excepted. Summer vacation not less than two
months.
Inquiries for further information and for Application Forms should
he addressrd not later than JUNE 10. 1914, to J. W. CROWFOOT,
Esq., c/o The Director. The Kgyptian Educational Mission in Eng-
land, 28. Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. Selected can-
didates will be interviewed in London.
COUNTY BOROUGH OF BARROW-IN-
FCRNESS.
MUNICIPAL SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
WANTED, to commence duty in SEPTEMBER, a Graduate in
Arts as FORM MASTER, competent to teach French to Middle and
Lower Forms. Ability to teach German also considered a recom-
mendation.
A knowledge of modern methods of teaching Languages is
requisite, and candidates must be prepared to give assistance in
School Games and take general interest in the activities of school
life
8alary from 120!. per annum to 1801. per annum, according to
qualifications and experience.
Forms of application and scale of salaries may b9 ohtained from
the DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION, Town Hall, to whom applica-
tions, together with copies of not lees than three recent testimonials,
must be returned before JUNE 5.
By Order,
L. HEWLETT,
Town Clerk and Clerk to the Local Education Authority.
Town Hall, May 16, 1914.
yyORCESTER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
THE CITY OF WORCESTER SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
REQUIRED in SEPTEMBER next:-
(U SENIOR SCIENCE MISTRESS. Salary 110!. to 130! (by yearly
increments of 10!.). Subjects: Botany, Chemistry, and Physics.
Experience essential.
(21 ASSISTANT FOKM MISTRESS. Salary 100!. Chief Subjects :
Nature Study, Geography, Elementary French, and English.
Applications, with copies of testimonials enclosed, should he made
hy letter to the undersigned, on or before JUNE 5. Age, qualifica-
tions, and experience must be stated, and the names of three
referees given.
THOS. DUCKWORTH, Secretary for Higher Education.
Victoria Institute, Worcester.
D
URHAM COUNTY COUNCIL.
GIRLS' SECONDARY SCHOOL, DURHAM.
Head Mistress-Miss NORA NICK ALLS (Somerville College, Oxford).
SCIENCE MISTRESS REQUIRED in SEPTEMBER to teach
Chemistry and Physics to the standard of University Entrance
Scholarships. Good Science Degree and Secondary School experience
essential.
Completed applications must be received by first post on MON DAY,
June 8, 1914.
Halary according to County scale, particulars of which, together
with application form, will he furnished on receipt of stamped
addressed foolscap envelope.
Canvassing directly or indirectly, will disqualify.
J. A. L. KOBSON.
County Secretary for Higher Education.
Shire Hall, Durham, May 19. 1914.
X)ATLEY
EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
GIRLS' GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
Head Mistress-Miss D. L. BAKEWELL.
WANTED, on SEPTEMBER 17, 1914. a FORM MISTRESS,
specially qualified in Mathematics; l.itm or French (direct method)
as subsidiary subjects. Honours Degree and Secondary training or
experience essential. Salary 110!. per annum —Form of applicition
(which must be returned to me not later than JUNE 5, 1914) may be
obtaiued on receipt of a stamped addressed envelope from
G. K. H. DANBY, M.A. (Oxon), Director of Education.
Education Offices, Batley, May 19, 1914.
WEST SUFFOLK EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
COUNTY SCHOOL (MIXED) AND PUPIL TEACHER CENTRF
BURY ST. EDMUNDS.
Applications are invited for the Post of ASSISTANT MASTER.
Salary 150!. non-resident. Particulars and forms of application,
■which mu6t be returned not later than JUNE 2, 1914, may be
obtained from the undersigned on receipt of a stamped and addressed
foolscap envelope
FRED. R. HUGHES, Secretary to the Committee.
G
OOLE
SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
WANTED, next SEPTEMBER a highly qualified and thoroughly
experienced ENGLISH TEACHER as SENIOR MISTRESS at
GOOLE MIXED SECONDARY SCHOOL. Salary 190!. per annum
Application, on forms to be obtained from the undersigned must
be sent in on or before JUNE 6 n^xt to
„. . . „ w T- SILVESTER, Clerk to the Governors.
10. Victoria Street, Goole.
f ARGE BOOK-PUBLISHING FIRM require
XJ part services of TRAVELLER visiting India and the East.
Remuneration by Commission. -Apply Box 2057, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream s Buildings, Chancery Lane, Londou E C
LEICESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF
ART.
WANTED, for SEPTEMBER 1. an INSTRUCTOR to teach
Architectural Design, History of Architecture, Building Construction,
and Furniture Design. Part time Day and Evening Classes.
Candidates must he either Fellows or Associates of the Royal
Institute of British Architects. Practical knowledge of a Building
Craft would be a recommendation.
Commencing salary 200!. per annum.
Applications must be made on printed forms obtainable from the
Secretary, and be returned to him not later than M A Y 26.
T. GROVES, Secretary.
^ihtations t§tattt£&.
SOCIAL WORKER with 10 years' practical
experience of Social Work, regular contributor on social
questions to First Class Journals, wishes POST on Staff of Daily or
Weekly Paper or as Secretary to Public Man. Has wide connexions
and Special Knowledge of Continental Countries. — Box 2088,
Athenseum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.
i$tis«UatU0us.
GEOGRAPHY. — Fellow of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society, experienced in teaching the subject in
Girls' High Schools. COACHES FOR EXAMINATIONS or visits
Schools in or near London for Lectures or Classes. — Box 2059,
AthentEum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
TRANSLATIONS.— Absolutely reliable Literary,
Scientific, and Press-work, from Bussian, French, German,
Italian, by a professional Translator. Bibliographies compiled.—
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LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum. Experience. Testimonials. — N. II., Box
1995, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
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testimonials. Type-writing.— A. B., Box 1062, Athenaeum Press,
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TYPE-WRITING of every description carefully
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THE ATHENiEUM
707
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No. 4517, May 23, 1914
THE AT II E N M IT M
709
SATURDAY, MAY 93, 1911,.
CONTENTS, page
Pi.ues and their Interest 709
Highways and Byways in Shakespeare's Country 710
London and its Traditions (London; London
Survivals) 711
Old Yarns of English Lakeland 712
In Pursuit ok Spring 712
\ v .uionds in pkrigord - ..713
Charles Stewart Parnell 713
Books Pvulished this Week 715—719
Dr. Alois Wright; Tub Evolution of the Book-
seller ; Charles Trice Martin ; Another
])eht ok John Shakespeare ; The Eliot
Hodgkin Sale 719—720
Litsrary Gossip 721
n-K — Biology in Relation to Education,
Lecture III.; In Honour of Dr. Frazer;
- ieties; Meetings Next Week .. 722—723
Fine Arts — The Renaissance ok the Greek
Ideal; Pictures of the Venetian School;
Other Exhibitions; Gossip; Old Masters 724—725
Musk— Opera at Coyent Garden; Opera at
Drury Lane; Gossip; Performances Next
Week 726
Drama— Dramatic Actualities; Gossip .. 726—727
Index to Advertisers 728
rliTIOX SUPPLEMENT (with separate Contents)
733-744
LITERATURE
PLACES AND THEIR INTEREST.
One feature of interest in local history
is the variety of classification that can
be applied to it. It may be scientific
— in a sense — or artistic ; it may concern
city, town, or country-side. It may treat
of England and English aspects, or of
foreign lands, far or near. Again, it may
be approached from the point of view of
specialist — the archaeologist, architect,
or painter — or from the more general
ndpoint of the man who, without
taking some specific interest as his guide,
can find and convey to his readers pleasure
in his description of all that has pleased
him.
We may dismiss early the " scientific "
What we wish to convey by
applying the word " scientific " to a theme
which hardly seems to merit such qualilica-
i is the distinction between means
i end. incompleteness and finality,
ific " local topography is ex-
haustive, and concerned with concrete
facts rather than impressions.
chief example of this is the average
guide-book or pamphlet compiled in the
Publicity Office " of a railway company
or -mil- such organization. A district is
selected on account of the increase or
development of the passenger traffic in
bion. The towns and villages
i terein are surveyed, and then discui
and revealed in every aspect that can
possibly interest or attract the traveller,
actual or potential. The object of the
•• publicity " expert who compiles or edits
his pamphlet, or whatever it may be, is
simply and solely to persuade people to
go by the trains of his company to certain
stations ; he therefore sets before them
in attractive guise — sometimes monoton-
ously attractive — all the advantages of
the district he and his colleagues can see
or imagine, from mediaeval castles or
churches to modern allurements. In a
word, he exhausts his subject, and many
dislike and fear him, because he would
vulgarize some retreat, the main virtue
of which is that it remains unexploited.
The artistic point of view is the con-
verse of this, in that we apply thereto —
perhaps arbitrarily — the qualification
"absence of finality." How many a
book has been written on London, on the
South Downs, or, say, on the Trossachs !
Yet no one of them has said the last word.
There is always a place for a work on a
newr aspect, or for a fresh discovery of an
old one. Mr. Henry James discovers new
beauties in an old town, and the latest
revelation of London generally comes from
a foreigner. What will SignorD'Annunzio
see in it when he comes to live among
us ?
Here we find the ideal, the justification
for the artist, who cannot, moreover, lay
claim to the name except he recognize
that art is incomplete. For he selects
either an aspect or a point of view ; this
in itself leaves work for his fellow-artists,
contemporary or future. Also he must
not — nay, he cannot — say the last word
on his theme ; he must suggest, inspire,
create regret, longing, hope, excitement.
Last of all — and this brings us to our
word " exhaust " — he does not leave
his theme " tired." Herein he is in con-
trast to the '" publicity " expert.
A country-side that has been incor-
porated in one of those admirable, but
often annoying guide-books, is apt to seem
flat and stale ; the virtue, the old-fash-
ioned charm of primitive and spontaneous
welcome, the freshness and variety of
atmosphere and scenery — these are dead.
Wonderful indeed is the district that can
survive this treatment.
There are such. Certain Swiss moun-
tains so dominate us that we forget the
thousands who have gazed on them before
us, and have expressed, in phrase grave
or gay, banal or beautiful, the thoughts
inspired by their grandeur. Certain monu-
ments, too, arc in this sense immortal.
There are buildings in Venice of which
poets and stylists have told us what we
ought to feel and ought not to feel ; yet
we are not wholly converted by them,
nor can we avoid the record of our own
impressions.
Far up the Xile stand the Colossi of
Abou Simbel. The weary missionary
wrote years ago, Here it was that the
great Sesostris performed his sacrifices.'1
The Cook's tourisl will say something
equally futile next winter. Yet before
those great blind figures we experience
a thrill that no amount of silly writing
or weary reading can (heck or resist.
But the artist — we mean the writer
who can feel, in the artistic sense — will
aid us. He knows, or should know . w hat
to say and when to be silent. He has
the sympathy which enables him to
respect our imagination. In fact, he
does not describe — he indicates. He does
not define — he suggests. That is his duty.
We may be tired, but we must not be
satiated. We may know our subject
when we have read those books that
deserve to be read on it ; but our know-
ledge should be sufficient to show us that
we have yet to learn.
It is as well, perhaps, to add at this
point what should be a truism. The
writer, however valuable his impressions,
has no business to be careless about
his facts or his history, the reasonable
inferences derived from facts. A fort-
night ago we were commending to futuie
historians of English towns Dr. Hem-
meon's book on Burgage Tenure. The
local historian is too apt to shun any
real research, and often prefers to rely on
press cuttings in which the casual jour-
nalist repeats the errors of his predecessors.
Tradition is useful when carefully scru-
tinized, but its accretions, especially in
these days of hustling commercialism,
are apt to be worthless. The pushing
modern is as eager for a claim on benevo-
lence as the oldest inhabitant. In Ro-
chester we have met with a gentleman
who claimed to have been brought up as
a boy with Edwin Drood, and " knew him
well." He was easy to refute; but what
are we to say, for instance, of the servant
of Charles I. who expressly claims to have
been present with his master on the
scaffold, if a tombstone in Charing Church
is a veracious record \
Finally, the artist respects his subject.
Xot only wdll he do it justice, so far as
he may and in his own fashion, but he
will also gain for it that practical recogni-
tion and respect which ensure its pre-
servation. How many a building owes
its life and continued beauty and fitness
to the appreciation of those who can
comprehend it and convey its worth and
merit to their fellows ! .More than one
picturesque site has been saved from the
ravening '* man of business " who would
have outraged it and its surroundings.
Even such cities or counties as are in no
danger of destruction, but have suffered
from over-description, have by the aid of
the true artist received new proportions
and new aspects of beauty. Sympa-
thetically treated and with sane com-
prehending justice, they may once more
assert for the intelligent observer the
grandeur Or the delicacy that was -, ,
nearly destroyed by inflated praise or
commercializing banality.
In any such field of work the artist has
done, or can do. greal things, if in truth
he be artist. Bui fit, when we have read his
book, we have the feeling that all is said
and sped, that we never wish to see or
hear more of this town, that ri\er. this
country-side, or that seaboard, then is he
no artist, and the work is to do over
again.
710
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
Highways and Byivays in Shakespeare's
Country. By W. H. Hutton. (Mac
millan & Co., 5s. net.)
There are few people better able to write
a good boolc on kt Shakespeare's Country ''
than the Archdeacon of Northampton, for
the Midlands are to him familiar regions,
and he can be trusted to describe their
interesting buildings, to point out famous
battle-fields, and to ascribe the true value
to their most important legends and old
stories. His work has been done in a
thorough manner, and his volume is one
of the best of the " Highways and By-
ways Series." In spite of an output of
books on Stratford-on-Avon which sug-
gests that the Baconians have not yet
converted an unbelieving world, there was
room for a work in which Stratford is
naturally the centre of interest, but in
which parishes and places on the borders
of those other counties which are in-
extricably mixed up with Warwickshire
also receive notice.
Archdeacon Hutton offers us 450 closely
printed pages, in which he has packed an
immense amount of information. He has,
of course, been forced to pass quickly
by many pleasant places, knowing, as
lie says, that " Warwickshire and its
neighbours are too full of beauty and
of history for one book." But he has
omitted nothing important, he has
weighed all the authorities, especially
Dugdale, and has not spared himself the
trouble of correcting many errors in works
which are mere traps for the unwary.
About all that he writes there is a
delightful literary flavour. Drayton is
often aptly quoted, and so are many
other Warwickshire worthies. He brings
in one of the best things ever said in
French (by Rousseau, we think, though
he does not give the author) about the
delights of travelling on foot ; and when
we get to Solihull he reminds us of the
school which Jago immortalized, telling
us that Jago was there with Shenstone
" when they were boys, and the walls seemed
' awful ' to him . The building they were
taught in, where Dr. Johnson tried in vain
to be appointed master, and was refused
because he had the character of ' being a
very haughty, ill-natured gent,' "
lias now been reconstructed, but in the
district many fine old houses still exist ;
and when Ave move on to Hillfield Hall,
a little-known house, close to Solihull,
we are not allowed to miss the charm-
ing motto : " Hie hospites ; in caelo cives.
W. V. H. 1576."
In his description of churches Arch-
deacon Hutton seems to us singularly
happy. In a very few lines, and without
an unnecessary phrase, he sketches as
good a picture of each building as could
be desired. There is no padding ; but
we get all we want. The same may be
said of the way in which he speaks of
villages and their special claims to fame.
Their relics and legends are duly noted,
but no unnecessary strain is placed on
the reader's credulity. This, for instance,
of Long Compton shows what we mean : —
" In the village you will see a cottage in
which Dick Whittington is said to have been
born, but most likely was not. And then
you will look up Dugdale and find all sorts
of curious tales about this place. S. Au-
gustine is said to have been there to excom-
municate a man who would not pay tithes,
and a dead man had risen to tell the awful
fate which befell those who did not pay,
with many other mysterious and terrible
things. And also if you stay in the village
you are like to leam how long old super-
stitions have lingered there, of witches and
the evil eye — as at Tysoe, not far off."
Warwickshire has in recent years ac-
quired the disagreeable habit of keeping
its churches locked ; and from time to
time the author has to note of some
village church that he was " never able
to get in " ; and he aro vises our sympathy
when he adds that
" no doubt one could get in if one fetched
the key ; but one gets tired of getting people
up when one is an early caller."
The Archdeacon has, of course, studied
the battle-field of Edgehill thoroughly ;
and some of his little odds and ends bring
the battle vividly before our eyes.
Memories of the fight still remain ; and
descendants of the farmers of those days
are still living in the houses their ancestors
occupied on the day of the fight in 1642.
He quotes some tales from a writer who
says : —
" These anecdotes were told to the author
by a man over seventy, who heard it [sic]
from his grandmother, who lived to be over
ninety. She heard them from her grand-
father, who was a boy when the battle was
fought."
At Radway Church one may see the
tomb of Henry Kingsmill, who fell at
Edgehill, and we read again that
" the Radway church bells rang as the
King's troops rode by, and Jeremiah Hill,
the parson, read evensong to but a small
flock, little knowing that he would be turned
out of his benefice before long, yet live to
have his own again when the King and
Church came back in 1660."
At Radway, too, we see the house of
Sanderson Miller, where Fielding read
' Tom Jones ' in manuscript to the great
Pitt, George Lyttelton, and others.
When he gets to the western edge of
the Cotswolds the Archdeacon is very
much at home, and nothing could be
pleasanter than his remarks about the
wonderful views from Campden Hill and
from Broadway Tower. To him Campden
is the most beautiful town of its district,
and he shows us its four most noteworthy
things: its fifteenth - century church, its
almshouses, the remains of Baptist Hicks's
great buildings, and the village street
with its fine houses. " The beauty of
Campden "is, he says, that
" it has never been seriously marred.
Campden is not like Broadway, a village
made up to please modern taste, on the model
of the old houses, beautiful indeed, which
survive there ; it has never been taken in
hand by a benevolent landlord or an enter-
prising house agent " ;
and we agree that it remains " perhaps
the loveliest thing of its kind in England."
As we pass by Tysoe there is an in-
cidental remark about the rate of wrages —
almost the only thing of its kind in the
book — and it is worth noting that in
1823 farm labourers were being paid three
shillings a week, while " farmers were
making their fortunes."
The author always pleases us by the
faithful way in which he deals with
" restorers " of churches, and we hope
that some good may come from the words
of one who is an authority on ecclesiastical
buildings. To take one example at hazard,
it is noted that there are at Tredington
" some modern altar rails, of no special
excellence, for which the good eighteenth-
century ones have been absurdly moved to
the west end of the church. In the vestry, a
good medieval one, are the old altar table,
and also two parish chests, one medieval,
with the three locks for parson and church-
wardens, and another Jacobean, and also
a most valuable Jacobean chair which is
being allowed to perish from rot."
In Warwickshire Sir Gilbert Scott was
a busy man, doing in his day no little
harm. " He was let loose in these parts,"
and to his work the author is not more
unkind than is reasonable, but often the
best that he can say is that " the church
was restored not very cruelly by Sir
Gilbert Scott."
Of the famous Dr. Parr, who was Rector
of Hatton, the tale is told that a young
clergyman said to him, " Dr. Parr, let
you and me write a book," and received
the reply, " Yes, sir ; and if we put in it
all that I know and all that you don't
know, we '11 make a big one." Arch-
deacon Hutton certainly required no
assistance with his book. It is singularly
free from error. He appears to have
seen everything with his own eyes, and
he has recorded nearly everything that
any visitor to Shakespeare's country could
wish to know.
We confess, however, that it is some-
times, troublesome to find our way about,
and not easy to trace the author's
routes. A good map might have helped
us, but the one which alone is supplied
is too small to be of much use. The
Archdeacon, however, knows the difficulty
of giving directions, and says, for instance,
when at Kenilworth and before taking us
to Stoneleigh : —
" The way is not a very easy one, and
I do not propose to describe it. You must
use your map and your ears, and it is quite
possible that both will deceive you. But
somehow you will get there."
We have noted a few misprints, such
as one on p. 14 and another on p. 17.
Is not " Erlingham " on p. 100 a slip
for Arlingham ? On p. 298 the date given
as 1910 should be 1898 ; and on p. 365
we are referred back to p. 28, when, we
think, p. 27 was intended.
The charming illustrations by Mr-
E. H. New need no praise. They are an
agreeable change from the too familiar
" process " pictures. All are good ; and
if we said that scant justice had been done
to Guy's Cliff, Mr. New might reply that
he shares the author's opinion about the
" worse than Strawberry Hill gothic of
the west front " of that great house.
No. 4517, M.u 23, 19U
THE ATHENAEUM
711
LONDON AND ITS TRADITIONS.
Sib Laurence Gomme, by limiting the
title of his latest book to the one word
London, will confuse bibliographers, but
we see his point. The reason why the
•' iireutne>s that is London " has never
yet been realized by historian or citizen
— consciously at least, for we must
mark that all - important distinction — is
that the complex, various, and ever-
ohanging aspects of London absorb the
attention so entirely as to hide the unified
entity. It is to this entitv that the
author — a true expert in the subject which
he loves — has devoted himself ; nay
more, he lias "one bevond the entitv — he
has striven to explain the identity, the
expression of the personality, of London.
Such a task involves a study of the
continuity of London, and in his point
of view the author makes clear a pre-
dilection, which, we must confess, we
rind excessive. It may be expressed in
the one word, Rome.
Sir Laurence has it in his mind that the
spirit of Rome was the creative spirit of
London, and the key to her continuity
throughout her long history.
'"Locked up in this Roman city of
Augusta there are whole masses of con-
stitutional ceremony, laws, and practices,
which become London customs, London law.
and London usages during the long period
of history through which we are going to
work.''
The city government and indications
of a city state are, for bun, survivals
of the constitution
" directly inherited from Roman London,
applied by the city successors — English,
Xorman, modern, successors of the Romans
of London."
Such a view argues boldness, tenacious
idy, careful collection and interpretation
of evidence. In none of these does Sir
Laurence fail us or his subject ; indeed,
his chapter on Roman origins alone is a
notable piece of work ; he uses his
material with quiet and convincing skill.
Yet we are not convinced. We
I instinctively, when we consider the
)ject as a whole, that there is another
point of view of London, and that point of
w is greater than London, whether
•man, or Xorman, or modern ; it is no
less than England.
When we think of England, and of Lon-
don in conjunction with — let us say. in
interpretation of — England, we are struck
with one permanent feature apparent in
»11 the diversity of English history. We
will endeavour to set this forth.
-rland has passed through phase after
phase of division and unity, of strife and
progress ; to every phase London has
ponded. Before the Etonians came
England was divided among tri > .
London was a " place," nothing more — a
place, maybe, of considerable importance,
but only one among many places. When
tendon. By Sir Laurence Qomme. (Wil-
liams & Norgate, 7*. fid. net.)
London Survivals. By J'. H. Ditehfield
(Methuen & Co., 10*. 6'/. a
the Romans came the tribal regime was
succeeded by the inspiration of unity
for all the land, and London became the
chief city.
Then Rome departed. England was
once more divided ; London at once passed
into the shadow of anarchy, only to emerge
at the coming of Alfred, who conceived
England as a country, and the English as
a nation ; he " established " (we venture
this as the real translation of " instaura-
cione urbis," which the author reduces
to much less) London as the city of
England.
Again came division after Alfred, and
then union under William the Norman,
the only rival to London being Winchester.
London stood for one thing and one only,
the sovereignty of England as a whole ;
it was the heart of that sovereignty.
After William we find the changes and
chances of the Plantagenets, the autocracy
of the Tudors, the vanity of the Stuarts,
and at last the growth of " constitu-
tionalism " under the Hanoverians, and
we witness change after change in London
responding to these.
London soon put itself above even Win-
chester. Why ? Because under Rome,
Alfred, and William the sovereignty had
been established as a fact. But we see
London set against one king, pronouncing
for the other. Why ? Because that sove-
reignty, fact as it was, had not as yet
been denned ; perhaps the achievement of
the definition is yet to come.
Still, as a result of what we have seen,
London is established as the Temple, so
to speak, of this sovereignty of England ;
only inhabited, only living, when this
sovereignty is a reality — explained or
obscure, but real. As such, London,
whether by choice of site (as many
would argue) or by any other accident, is
greater and more permanent than all that
London has known ; it seems to be the
predestined capital of a united England.
As it were in spite of himself, the
author admits this when he speaks of
London as " always associated constitu-
tionally with the sovereign power."
The author has — as we imply — gone too
far in his emphasis on the origins of the
greatness of London. But in his treat-
ment of the city itself, its history, its plan
and demarcation, its internal and self-
governing constitution, he is admirable.
He gives us abundance of well-chosen
and instructive quotations. We view the
city, generation by generation, in many
aspects : its relics, its commerce, its
guilds, buildings, officials, customs, laws
— and all is set before us with the sure
hand of the artist who sees and knows
his subject. Xor is this a dry recital
of mere facts. \\'e have attractive touches
that revivify and humanize the past ages.
There is the Lambeth tapestry of Hero
and Leander, concerning which anil
another pattern showing Vulcan and
Venus the Countess of Rutland in 1670
receives the following details: —
"1 doubt you will hardly gebt Hero made
under 2~>s. per ell In lie well don. The
oilier I presume will come for 23a per elL
My Lady in hir letter ipeaka of Poynze, bul
take it of my Credditt he hath not one good
peiee df paint ing or desigue l>y him, besides a
deare prateing fellow- that knowes not what
good worke is."
At a much later date we read with
pleasure of the great success attained in
Regent's Park by the sowing of nine and
a half acres with a new root, the mangel-
wurzel, which brought in over (>()()/. net
profit in the year of Waterloo. Expansion
in Georgian days, too, produced the de-
velopment of great estates in a worthy
style : —
' This has given us one of the most beauti-
ful features of modern London, namely, the
squares as they aro called. The Bedford,
Grosvenor, Cadogan, Portman, Camden, and
other estates were laid out in no mean fashion.
There was no cramping, and there was design,
with the result that throughout London this
method has been to an extent adopted, and
has given to London no less than three
hundred and sixty-three of these beautiful
islets of green amidst the acreage of bricks."
The illustrations are well chosen, and
there is a useful, though by no means
exhaustive, Index.
The Rev. P. H. Ditchfield's 'London
Survivals ' is in the nature of a system-
atic tour through the City ; and we may
use the last word in its accepted sense,
as showing that the region west of Temple
Bar has but little attraction for the
author. Had he touched on Western
London in his researches, he would have
discovered that many a quiet Kensington
byway still deplores the German bands
the total disappearance of which he
assumes. He would also, we may pre-
sume, have made some mention of such
a relic as the hunting lodge of Henry VIII.,
now apparently doomed by the exploiter
of possible " building lots " ; nor are the
churches of that quarter wholly worthy of
omission.
However, the City itself affords no lack of
material for such a compilation ; and here
the author maps out his tour with much
care. He begins with the Roman remains,
and gives an outline of the course of the
Roman walls ; he mentions " London
Stone," the meeting-place, as we may
suppose, of the great roads, though he
omits these on the plea that space is
lacking where so much else awaits him.
But surely a page might have been devoted
to a brief summary of the roads, their
direction, their names — as preserved to-
day in Watling Street and Roman Road.
Xor is there any note of the Roman Bath,
still to be seen in the Strand.
The Tower, as is only light, has several
pages allotted to if. though Mr. Ditchtield
does not mention the palace building
known as the Queen's Gallery, extending
from the Wardrobe lo the Cradle Tower-..
and overlooking the Queen's Pleasaunce,
lb- might also have given some short
record of the accidents of flood and weak
foundations that delayed the erection oJ
St. Thomas's Tow er - accidents which,
according to the \ ersion of Matthew of
Paris, wen- no accidents, but protests on
the part of St. Thomas 6 Becket, a friend
of labour, who. in his ire at the miserable
wage paid to the builders, (lung dow n
712
T HE ATHENAEUM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
their building ! By an unfortunate mis-
print, Gundulf of Bee, also known as the
I milder of Mailing keep, is called " Gunulf"
on p. 31. Last of all, if we are not mis-
taken, the Outer Ward was not the result
of the military genius of Richard I., but
rather of the predatory tendencies of
Longchamps, who annexed much of the
land belonging to St. Katherine's and to
the Church of the Holy Trinity and East
Smithfield. The Tower might have been
a House of Parliament, had not the
Members been too wary to accept
Henry III.'s invitation to meet therein.
Mr. Ditchfield pays special attention
to Pre- and Post-Reformation churches,
and gives various interesting facts and
anecdotes thereon. In dealing with the
associations of St. Paul's Cross, he might
have mentioned that in the Wars of the
Roses preachers were put up at St. Paul's
Cross to preach the cause of Lancaster,
but were hooted by the mob. An admirer
of Sir Christopher Wren, Mr. Ditchfield
expatiates on that master's work, though
the quotation from Fergusson about St.
Stephen's, Walbrook, strikes us as un-
fortunate.
The Charterhouse receives a chapter to
itself, which should please those who
know and love that charming old building.
St. John's, Clerkenwell, is also deservedly
treated at length. The Inns of Court,
now vanishing one by one, receive faith-
ful record. The woolmen's couplet,
I thank God, and ever shal,
lb was the sheep that paid for all,
suggests the legends of the South Downs.
We think of Mr. Kipling's grim tale of
the primaeval shepherd-chief who sacri-
ficed his eye to gain knowledge of the
metal knife that should at last ensure the
safety of his sheepfolds.
The discipline of Staple Inn — the fine
frontage of which is still the glory of
Holborn — has much analogy to certain
unwritten laws that prevail in Oxford to
this day. The fine of a dozen of claret
imposed on those who were improperly
robed is practically a " sconce " — though,
if we are not mistaken, it is only in Mag-
dalen College that wine takes the place of
the more homely beer, or " Archdeacon,"
as the forfeit.
Mr. Ditchfield surely goes too far in say-
ing that Amyas Paulet suffered from the
" malice " of Wolsey in being imprisoned
for six years in the Temple. After all,
Paulet had put Wolsey in the stocks on
some trivial pretext — " set him by the
feet," as Cavendish has it.
Of Doctors' Commons Mr. Ditchfield
says nothing ; probably he does not
consider it an " institution." But surety,
if only for the sake of Spenlow & Jorkins,
and for its old-fashioned and peacefully
litigious aspect, it merited a passing word.
The City palaces and houses, the halls
of the great Companies, the signs of inns,
all receive due attention. For Sir Paul
Pindar, whose house in its latter days
bore the sign " Sir Paul Pindar — Wines
and Spirits," we find a parallel in Italy,
where many of the nobles in old days had
licence to sell wine " en gros et en detail." |
It is interesting to know that savages
were also called " green men." Perhaps
'" The Green Man," a frequent sign of
country taverns, is the male equivalent,
outside London, of " La Belle Sauvage."
The concluding chapter gives a general
survey of the river, and records the
request of the London merchants that,
if James I. did remove his Court, he would
please to leave the Thames behind him.
This story is also told of Queen Mary.
Mr. Ditchfield does not enlarge on the
vexed question of derivations, though so
far as he touches thereon he is sound.
The book on the whole is of distinct
and ample use for reference. It cannot
claim merit for its style, which approxi-
mates to that of the official " guide."
Such phrases as " We now pass on to "
abound, and distress the reader. Why,
also, should Mr. Ditchfield talk of
" Victoria the Good " ? The reputation
of the great Queen needs no outworn
Board School adjective.
The book has many admirable full-
plate and inset illustrations by Mr. E.
Wratten.
Odd Yarns of English Lakeland. By
William T. Palmer. (Skeffington &
Sons, 2s. 6d. net.)
The literature of Lakeland is large, and
though, since the days of the giants, few
dare write of it in verse, many visitors
feel called upon to record their apprecia-
tion of the lakes and mountains, or to air
their knowledge of history and literary
associations, in prose of varying merit.
The resident for the most part remains
singularly silent. He is as little inclined
to be expansive on paper as the Dales-
men are to offer the ready courtesy of
the Southerner or the deceptive sympathy
of the Celt to a casual tourist.
So it comes about that the modes of
life and habits of thought and types of
character of those who people the dales,
strong and noteworthy as they are, have
not received the attention they deserve
in print, for those who know their speech
and understand their Avays are not by
nature communicative themselves, and
those who do not can have nothing to
communicate. All the more cordial,
therefore, is our welcome to Mr. Palmer's
collection of yarns that he has heard
round the firesides of old Lakeland dwell-
ings, in the lanes or on the open fells,
and his record of memories of old customs
and superstitions, and of the parsons,
schools, and farmers of bygone days.
For, as Mrs. Humphry Ward remarks "in
her brief Preface, he is an observer who
has the Lakeland in his blood, and pos-
sesses the twin keys of sympathy and
natural kinship which unlock the secrets
of the dales and the lips of the Cumbrian
folk. The recollections of his informants
— they are a long-lived race, with the
prodigious memories of the unlettered —
go back to a hundred years ago, when
wheat was grown with profit upon the
most elevated farms, and the plough gave
employment to thrice the present popula-
tion ; when the mountains were an un-
walled and almost trackless waste, and
sheep were reared in a haphazard fashion
which gave ample scope to the activities-
of the professional sheep-stealer until
they were checked by the hangman's,
noose. One of the best yarns in the
book describes how the Dalesmen tracked
some of these gentry to their lair among
apparently inaccessible crags, and brought
them to their doom at the Assizes. They
were hung outside the county gaol, not
a little to the chagrin of the Dalesfolk,.
who would have preferred to fasten them
on the crags as a warning to other
would-be " night-shepherds."
Your North-CountrvTnan, as Mr. Palmer
observes, likes his evening yarns full of
blood and mystenr, and here — interspersed
with memories of courtships and cock-
fighting, and the old festivals made merry
with dancing and fiddling — is good mea-
sure of gruesome tales of "flays" and
" boggarts " and fearsome " faistrels," such
as thrill the Dalesman by his fireside on
Christmas Eve. Mr. Palmer has worked
up his yarns with care, and he is happy
in reproducing the dry, canny humour of
the Dalesfolk — humour often of the kind,
like so much Irish humour also, which
depends rather upon the listener's per-
ception of the incongruous than that of
the speaker.
A good example of this is a reminiscence
of days when Gretna Green was over-near
for young people in a hurry to trouble the
local parson much with marriage banns : —
" How did we get wed, thinks thou r
I asked old John, her father, whether it was-
to be the smithy or the kirk. But Mally's-
mother rapped out, ' I 've had three sisters
and two daughters wedded by the smith,
and it 's not taken well with any of them »
The priest must have a try with Mally.'- ?
In Pursuit of Spring. By Edward Thomas.
(Nelson & Sons, 5s. net.)
Mr. Thomas, like many another wise man,
knows that a bicycle is an excellent thing
to take for a walk in the county ; and
he has written a book describing how he
walked and rode from London to the
Quantock Hills one March in search of
the Spring, of which the town had heard
as yet only the faintest promise. The
impatient reader will probably think that
the author takes an unconscionable time
getting his ship under way, for fifty pages?
— a sixth of the book — must be swallowed
before he reaches Epsom. Thence he-
sauntered under the North Downs to-
Guildford, along the Hog's Back to Farn-
ham, down the Itchen towards Win-
chester, over the high lands of the Test
to Salisbury ; across the Plain to Brad-
ford, over the Mendips to Shepton Mallet,,
and then under the Mendips to Wells and
Glastonbury, along the ridge of the Polden
Hills to Bridgwater, and so up to the-
Quantocks and down to the sea. Not a
word of local history or of archaeological
fact or speculation, such as would have-
filled these pages had Mr. Belloc written
them, disturbs the even tenor of the
cyclist's thoughts along the Icknield Way.
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
713
floi the most part he is content to
narrate his trivial adventures on the
road, most of them without point or
interest except that they are the inci-
dents that do happen in such a case ;
perhaps, even so. the record of his teas
and lodgings will prove more amusing to
the author than the general public, many
of whom may probably be irritated by
Bach obiter dicta as this : —
"I did not stop at Shore, 'the prettiest
village in Surrey,' and I saw no reason why
it should not bear the title, or why it should
be any the better liked for it."'
This sort of thing does not enliven a
chronicle of small beer.
But luckily, if Mr. Thomas has nothing
to say of the history or archaeology which
attracts many, and can pass by Wilton
Place without a word of its marvellous
treasures of art and beauty, or of thanks
to the public spirit of the noble family
which throws them open to the world —
if he can travel over the Roman roads
without a hint of their past, and over
Salisbury Plain without a thought for
the Druids and their stones — he has a
liking for poets and a knowledge of
books, famous or obscure, which will
charm the literary reader. Box Hill
reminds him of Meredith ; Wilton breathes
to him of Sidney's " Arcadia ' ; Alresford
pond recalls George Wither; Farnham
reminds him of Bettesworth and Mr.
George Bourne's vivid record of that
unlettered, pagan English peasant's
thoughts and sayings in the latter half
of the nineteenth century.
When once he has arrived hi Dorset a
chapter on three Wessex poets — Stephen
Duck, William Barnes, and Thomas
Hardy — provides a pleasant interlude in
the diary of the traveller, to whom Wells
speaks not of mediaeval sculptors and
cathedral builders, but suggests a lengthy
appreciation of Mr. W. H. Hudson's
' Adventures among Birds,' because that
writer has remarked that Wells is the
only city wherein the green woodpecker
is to be heard. At Nether Stowey, of
course, where the author found at last
the Spring he had sought and the grave
of Winter, there is much to be said of
Coleridge, and Mr. Thomas says it well : —
" Coleridge loved equally mildness and
wildness, as 1 saw them on the one hand
in the warm red fields, the gorse smouldering
with bloom, the soft delicious greenery ot'
the banks; and on the other hand in the
stag's home, the dark, bleak ridges of
heather or pine, the deep-carved coombs.
Mild meekness, gentleness, softness,
made appeals both sensuous and spiritual
to the poet's chaste and voluptuous affec-
tions, and to something homely in him,
while his spirituality, responding to the
wildness, branched forth into metapir
and natural magic.''
Mi. Haslehust's half-dozen drawings
are bo good as to make us wish for more,
and are far more attractive than some of
the colour pieces by the same artist which
we have recently noticed.
Vagabonds in Perigord. By H. H. Bash-
ford. (Constable & Co., 4s. (id. net.)
Perigord is new ground for the pedes-
trian, and Mr. Bashford, walking there,
may claim the honours of a pioneer.
Prom the comic map at the beginning till
the end of the last chapter, when we learn
that one of Mr. Bashford's two com-
panions, Justin, is imaginary — we had
thought him much more real than So-
phronia — a sense of humorous adventure
animates his little book. Yet no adven-
ture worthy of the name is chronicled.
Although a walking tourist, the author
does not love the act of walking — on a
hot June day. His enthusiasm is for
meat and drink, and the repose in quiet
inns which crowns such labours. Places
of historic interest are visited, but their
history does not concern Mr. Bashford
otherwise than as a background to his
enjoyment of ' Perigord in Hay time ' : —
In Perigord in haytime
The larks they sing all day.
There are no city streets there
So bitter and so grey,
But there the folk are merry,
The low-browed oxen sway
In Perigord,
In haytime.
He is, in fact, in doggerel mood — the
mood for real enjoyment of a holiday ;
and that being so, it seems a pity that he
should have thought it necessary to make
a psychological study of the variations of
that mood and express them in the manner
of the most abstruse of problem novelists.
A less inflated style would better have
adorned the narrative, even where mock-
heroics are intended, as in the following : —
" And then, quite suddenly, like the first
cloud -flush upon an Arctic night, or a spray
of song heard unbelievably in some Saharan
wraste, there stole upon our senses the un-
mistakable, soft breath of strawberries. We
stopped short. We lifted our eyes. And we
perceived that the rain had ceased. . . .that
from a by-way between the vines upon our
left an old woman had taken the road in
front of us. "We could not see her face ; and
she had a kerchief tightly bound about her
head, but her back was the kindliest back in
Europe, and upon her arm she carried a
basket deliciously covered with a cloth.
We caught her up and bade her good even-
ing. Yes, they were strawberries.
The author indulges in some strange
and rather forced expressions in his book ;
but he has happy moments. Describing
the circle before a village inn at night,
he says : —
" Beyond this ring we could see an outer
one of lilllo-l'roek'd children. Listening like
mice, and drawn like moths from the dark-
ness."
He compares the River Dordogne at
Le Roc to a ripening maid.
•"still moving with the same youthful ges-
ture; and if the girl's feel in it went hidden
. . . .they were still irked a little bj her robes
ot' state.
Upon the whole, the merits of the little
work outweigh its defects, the latter being
all of affectation. .Mr. Bashford does
succeed in bringing to his reader some-
thing <>f the pleasant air of Perigord of
June. and. what is more, the sense jM
holiday.
Charles Stewart Parnell: his Love Story and
Political Life. By Catherine O'Shea.
2 vols. (Cassell & Co., U. Is. net.)
It is nearly twenty-three years since
Parnell died, and now his wife has given
to the public her story of his life, and many
of the most intimate letters which passed
between them, letters full of the "silly
sooth " of love and in no way different
from those of the ordinary lover.
In an early passage she falls foul of Mr.
William O'Brien for his conduct to Parnell,
attacking him for saying that Parnell was
one of Ireland's eternal failures. She has.
indeed, stated in an interview this week
that until Mr. O'Brien printed a letter
from her husband she had no idea of pub-
lishing these volumes. She suggests that
but for him the book would not have
appeared now ; though she had left
directions in her will that such letters of
Parnell as she had selected were to be
printed after her death.
The memoir begins with a criticism of
those statesmen and politicians who,
" knowing for ten years that Parnell was
my lover, had with the readiest tact and
utmost courtesy accepted the fact as making
a sure and safe channel of communicati< n
with him ; whom they knew as a force to 1 e
placated."'
It is true that the facts of the relation-
ship between Parnell and Mrs. O'Shea
were perfectly well known to Gladstone
and his colleagues, as they were to some
leading members of the Opposition, and
were talked of openly in the Liberal
Cabinet ; and we do not know who is likely
to defend the way in which both parties
treated with Parnell up to a point when
the relationship became public property,
and then suddenly threw him over in
deference to a general outcry.
The first hundred pages of this book are
concerned with the early days of Mrs.
O'Shea, and in them she gives a pleasant
picture of her life in England and in Spain.
It is not until we reach the thirteenth
chapter that we hud anything of public
interest. There is throughout the work
a great lack of dates, and when we read
of '" the following autumn " or of " that
winter," we often find it impossible to
do more than make a guess at the year
intended.
A note about Parnell seems to date the
first meeting with him as in 1880. Mrs.
O'Shea explains that soon alter an intro-
duction to him she had been walking in
the country near Brighton, had got very
wet, and was returning to Eltham by
train from Charing Cross. On the plat-
form in London she saw Parnell : —
•' As our eyes met he turned and walk< d
by my side. He did not speak", and I was
too tired to do bo, or to wonder at his being
there. He helped me into the tram and
siit down opposite me, and 1 was too ex-
hausted to care that he -aw n. e wet and dis-
hevelled. Then were others in the carriage.
1 leant back and closed my e\e-. and could
have slept hut that tin- little (lames deep
down in Parnell's eyes kept Bickering before
mine, though they were closed. 1 was very
cold : and I Fell t hat he took off hi- COat
and tucked it round me, but I would no1
714
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
open my eyes.... He crossed over to the
seat next to mine, and, leaning over me to
fold the coat more closely round my knees,
In whispered, ' I love you, I love you. Oh,
my dear, how I love you.' And I slipped
iir, hand into his, and knew I was not
afraid."
Iu November, 1880, Parnell's letters
show that lie was in constant communica-
tion with Mrs. O'Shea, and was often see-
ing her. Many of his letters now pub-
lic lied are dated from " Dublin " on days
when he was realty in London ; and it is
explained by Mrs. Parnell that some of
them, though headed " Dublin," were
written in London, and sent across to
Ireland to be posted, for the purpose of
throwing dust in the eyes of Capt. O'Shea ;
and some of these very private letters,
written at the end of 1880, and addressed
to Mrs. O'Shea, begin " My dearest wife."
She writes that in December, 1880,
" Parnell, now, always made my house
his headquarters in England, and on his
return from Ireland. . . .came down at once
as soon as he had ascertained that I was
alone."
The Government of the day had their
own reasons for watching Parnell, and
she says that " the detectives who were
employed to watch his comings and
goings " made it very difficult for him to
keep his movements secret. Parnell at
the time was expecting arrest on ac-
count of his work in Ireland, and she
shows that on one occasion in 1880, when
he had been warned that he might be
arrested at any moment on a charge of
sedition, he went to her house at
Eltham, and asked to be allowed to
hide for three weeks. In a house with
servants this seemed difficult ; but she
explains how she managed to hide him,
states that none of the servants knew
he was in the house, and that she herself
cooked his food, and took it up to him at
night in a room which she always kept
locked. " He spent the time very happily,
resting, writing ' seditious ' speeches for
future use, and reading ' Alice in Wonder-
land ' ' without discovering that it was
in the least amusing !
Of this man of mystery some tilings are
revealed about which the public had pre-
viously only been able to guess. He was
a man with many houses and many
addresses. He had a little house at
Brockley which he took in the name of
" Clement Porter," and furnished, and he
kept a man and his wife there to look after
him. Other houses were taken at East-
bourne, Brighton, and in London, in
some of which Parnell never stayed. He
I nl accustomed himself to the habit of
constantly using a name not his own, even
when there was no sort of reason for
f-?crecy. There is an instance of his
leaving his horse at a livery stable, giving
a name which occurred to him at the
moment, and then forgetting what name
he had used, and having trouble to get
back the animal.
Mrs. Parnell reports that once, when he
I ad been hiding in Paris, and had returned
to England, lie joined a Brighton train at
Clapham Junction, and in the train '* cut
off his beard with his pocket scissors " in
order to avoid recognition at Brighton.
He wrapped a muffler round his throat,
and looked so odd that when she met him
she hardly knew him ; and the people at
the hotel to which he went thought he
must have some infectious trouble, and
made difficulties about admitting the
gentleman who had given the name of
" Mr. Stewart."
Throughout the book we come on
trivial things about Parnell which show
the strange man he was. He had, for
instance, a horror of anything green —
a dislike which was awkward for the
leader of a Home Rule party. He be-
lieved that a carpet which had green in
it gave him sore throat. He threw a
diary of Mrs. O'Shea's on the fire because
it was bound in green. Another of his
oddities was that when eggs were sent
him as a present, he was suspicious that
they might contain poison. He said,
" They might be eggs, but then again
they might not," and he had them broken
in the garden, and then would worry lest
the dogs should eat them and be poisoned.
It is nothing new to be told that
Parnell would not open letters or answer
correspondence, and constantly failed to
keep appointments, even when he was an-
nounced as a chief speaker. Mrs. Parnell
often refers to the way in which he ignored
communications, and left her to open
his letters ; and she explains that once,
when she tried to get him to telegraph or
write to apologize for absence from a great
public gathering, he replied : —
" ' You do not learn the ethics of kingship,
Queenie. Never explain, never apologize,'
adding, with a laugh, ' I could never keep
my rabble together if I were not above the
human weakness of apology.' "
In 1881, we think (but dates are vague),
it is noted that Capt. O'Shea had suddenly
come to Eltham and found there a port-
manteau belonging to Parnell, which
caused a row. O'Shea left the house,
and declared that he would challenge
Parnell and shoot him. He sent The
O'Gorman Mahon to Parnell, but the
duel was not fought. A jjeace was
patched up between the 0 'Sheas, and the
author of the present book explains that
from the date of this quarrel " Parnell
and I were one, without further scruple,
without fear, without remorse."
The way in which Parnell and Mrs.
O'Shea wrote to one another under the
nose of O'Shea, the covering letters which
were written to be shown, and the pre-
cautions they took to prevent O'Shea
knowing what was going on, and to
' make an arrangement now for him to
keep away," are all revealed with amazing
frankness, and are not likely to make
any one think the better of Parnell. It
is, indeed, a curious thing that his widow
should have thought fit to let the public
read such letters as many which now
see the light for the first time.
Writing of the Phoenix Park murders,
the author describes how Parnell first
heard of them, and of the shock which
the news gave him. She states that
she had driven with him to Blackheath
Station, as he had to go to town to see
Davitt, who had just been released from
prison. At the station she asked Parnell
to get her a newspaper, and she waited
for it in the carriage. She saw him open
the paper to glance at the news before
he brought it to her. He told her after-
wards that he wanted to see what was
said of Davitt.
" He had now come to the top of the steps,,
and, as he suddenly stopped, I noticed a
curious rigidity about his arms — raised in
holding the newspaper open. He stood so
absolutely still that I was suddenly
frightened. . . .Then he came down the steps
to me and, pointing to the headline,
said, ' Look ! ' And I read, ' Murder of
Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr.
Burke ! ' "
She adds that
" his face was ashen, and he stared, frowning,
heavily. . . .unconsciously crushing the hand
I had' slipped into his until the rings I wore
cut and bruised my fingers."
Immediately after this, and after the-
Second Reading of the Arrears Bill had
been moved by Gladstone, Mrs. O'Shea
wrote to Gladstone expressing the wish
that he should see Parnell ; and she-
states that Gladstone declined to "do so
in 'private, though in public he was more
than ready to co-operate with Parnell."
Mrs. O'Shea suggested that she should
talk the matter over with Gladstone, and
she saw him at an hotel in London, and
afterwards had frequent meetings with
him.
" Parnell would sometimes write the rough-
draft of what he wished Gladstone to
know, or sometimes write what he had
to say in the form of a letter (often dating
it from my house !) ; but occasionally he
would do neither, as, on more than one
important occasion, he said, ' I don't trust
that Grand Old Spider farther than I can
see him.' "
In October-November, 1885, there was
trouble about finding a seat for O'Shea,
who was at loggerheads with the Na-
tionalists. Parnell did not appear anxious
to go out of his way to help O'Shea,
who had declined to take the Nationalist
pledge. Mrs. Parnell writes that
" I was very anxious that Willie should
remain in Parliament. Politics .... gave him
little time to come down to Eltham. When
he did so the perpetual watchfulness and
diplomacy I had to observe were extremely
irksome to me. Years of neglect, varied by
quarrels, had killed my love for him long
before I met Parnell, and since the February
of 1882 I could not bear to be near him."
February, 1882, was, it should be added,
the date of the birth of the child of which
Parnell was the father — a child who lived
for a few weeks only. In November, ;
1885, we find O'Shea writing to his
wife from Dublin, where he was unwell :
" I knew nothing about your political. . . .
arrangements. All I know is that I am not
going to lie [sic] in ditch. I have been
treated in blackguard fashion and I mean
to hit back. I have everything ready. . . •
It cannot hurt my friend [Chamberlain], and
it will send a blackguard's reputation with
his deluded countrymen into smithereens."
When it had been practically settled
that O'Shea should be a Liberal candidate
at Liverpool, with the support of Parnell,
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
THE ATIIENiKUM
71o
difficulties arose, and O'Sliea incensed the
Irish by talking of Parnell's " perfidy."
Ids. O'Shea describes how she tried to
arrange things through Lord Richard
(Jrosvenor, ami how that Liberal Whip
knew perfectly well why she did not live
■with her husband. Liverpool fell through,
and at last Parnell said : —
; It is no matter, Queenie, I was thinking
tliis afternoon that we are giving ourselves
much trouble about what really does not
concern us. I'll run him for Galway, and
1 "11 get him returned. I 11 force him down
their throats. .. .It will cost me the confi-
dence of the party, but that much he shall
have, and I shall be dono with his talk of
pledges."'
About the Home Rule negotiations of
January, 1886, of which we have already
had Labouchere's version, there are many
ietters from Parnell. but little that is
important or new. Of Labouchere the
writer remarks : —
" He had the habit of mixing his own opinions
with those of the person to whom he spoke
and delivering the mixture in public."
As to O'Shea, there is a definite state-
ment that Air. Chamberlain had promised
that he should be Chief Secretary for
Ireland, and the author notes that on
various occasions she had suggested to
Gladstone that O'Shea should be appointed
I nder-Secretary. Once she gives us an
excellent description of the perfect manner
in which Gladstone used to refuse appoint-
ments when personally asked for them.
Tiie statement that Mr. Chamberlain had
promised to get 0*Shea made Chief Secre-
tary may, perhaps, be receive! with some
hesitation, the more so as there was a
time in 1885 when (though nothing is said
of it in this book) Mr. Chamberlain pro-
p 'sed that Parnell himself should be
made Chief Secretary.
Of the Parnell Commission and Parnell's
short-lived triumph there is little that
need be said. We expected that Mrs.
Parnell would have made more of the dis-
comfiture of The Times, and the events
which led to Pigotts suicide. But
nothing really important is added to the
dramatic story which was told in the
Life of Labouchere. Mrs. Parnell, how-
ever, relates the circumstances in
Which Parnell first heard of the Pigott
letters. She passed him The Times.
He read it. made no remark until he had
finished breakfast, and then tossed the
piper to her, saying : —
" A ow for the assaying [some work on
which he was engaged]. I did not finish it!
Wouldn't you hid your head with shame
it your King were so stupid as that, my
Queen !
He continued his work, and left for the
H"iise of Commons, assuring her that
the Times was a paper of no particular
importance, after all " !
After the result of the Commission was
known. Parnell had a tremendous recep-
tion in the House, every section rising to
cheer him. Mrs. Parnell asked him If he
had not felt happy, but his reply was thai
they would all be at inv throat in a
week if they could."
We have commented on the lack of
dates, and their absence La made worse
by the plan on which the book is arranged.
One other defect is that here and there
we stumble on names which are either
wrong or need explanation. There is,
for instance, reference to a " Mr.
Tintern," who is called " one of the
Liberal agents." The name will, we
fancy, puzzle all who were in politics at
the time in question.
Of Parnell himself these words— which
he \ised to Mrs. O'Shea when the trouble
about the divorce became public — afford
as good an insight as anything in the
book : —
' There will be a howl, but it will be the
howling of hypocrites ; not altogether, for
some of these Irish fools are genuine in their
belief that forms and creeds can govern life
and men ; perhaps they are right so far as
they can experience life. But I am not as
they, for they are among the worlds children.
I am a man, and I have told these children
what they want, and they clamour for it.
If they will let me I will get it for them.
But if they turn from me, my Queen, it
matters not at all in the end. What the
ultimate government of Ireland will be is
settled, and it will be so, and what my share
in the work has been and is to be, also ....
We know nothing of how or why, but only
that we love one another, and that through
all the ages is the one fact that cannot be
forgotten nor put aside by us."
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Bennett (A. H.), Through an Anglican Sister-
hood to Rome, 4/6 net. Longmans
The author gives an account of her training
and experiences in an Anglican community, and
of her " slow journey to ' Rome.' " Sister
Scholastica M. Ewart has contributed the Preface.
Broeke (James ten), A Constructive Basis
for Theology, 10/ net. Macmillan
The author's aim is "to show that modern
as compared with ancient thought affords a
superior constructive basis for Christian faith."
Cameron (Rev. Allan), Great Men and Move-
ments of the Christian Church, 6/ net.
Paisley, Gardner
This survey extends from the second century
to the time of Knox. Tin? chapters were origin-
ally given as Sunday Evening Lectures to the
writer's congregation.
Chandler (Arthur), The Cult of the Passing
Moment, some Suggestions towards a Theory
of the Spiritual Life. :! li net. Methuen
The author defends the reality of spiritual
communion with God, and discusses the conditions
under which it- is possible.
Church (The), the People, and the Age, edited
by Robert Scott and George William Gilmore,
12/ net. Funk .V Wagnalls
This volume contains numerous contributions
from " leaders of thought in Europe and America "
on the question of tie- general indifference to the
claims of the Church and " t he basis Mid direct ion
for a fundamental theology." These are fol-
lowed by an Analysis and Summary by Prof.
('. A. Beckwith, and chapters on 'The Historic
Creeds,' the 'Established Forms for Reception
of Members,' and ' Forms for Reception of
Members suggested by Contributors.' There are
numerous illustrations from portrait .
Cunningham (W.i, Chuistianity ani> Eco-
nomic s hence, :: c net. Murray
A course of lectures on "the Influence of
Religious Conceptions upon the Historical De-
pment of Economic Doctrines and Theories,"
which were delivered at the London School of
Economic! last October.
Dahse 'Johannes!, \ PRBSH INVESTIGATION "i
■ ■I Genesis, a Sketch of a New
Hypothi to ■ " '"uni for the Pentateuch,
translated by I-'. E. Spencer, 64. 8.P.C.K.
Tli'- writer maintains thai he into
the historj of the text make for a variable:
in the synonyms for God and Jacob which de ti
the value of critical conclusions hitherto drawn
from t heir occurrence
Gem (Rev. S. Harvey), Tin; Mysticism of William
Law, a Study, 1/8 net. S.P.C.K.
A discussion of the mysticism expressed i'i
Law's writings.
Holmes (E. E.), Paradise, a Course <>f Addresses
on the State of the Faithful Departed, pap. r
1/ net, cloth 2/ net. Longmans
A second impression of these addresses,
reproduced from a portion of the writer's book
on ' Immortality.'
Jones (Rufus M.), Spiritual Reformers in the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth CENTURIES,
10/IS net. Macmillan
The history of the religious movement in
which Jacob Boehme took a prominent part.
Khan (Prof. Inayat), A Sufi Mbssaqbof Spiriti iL
Liberty, 2 >> net. Theosophical Publishing Soc.
An introduction to the study of Suflsm, with
a biographical sketch of the author.
Lay Views by Six Clergy, edited by the i:
H. B. Colchester, 3/6 net. Longmans
A collection of six essays by the Dean of
St. Pauls, the Rev. E. H. Pearce, and others,
dealing with such questions as the ' Decline in
Church-Going ' and ' The Place and Power 1 the
Layman.'
Longman (Sibyl) and Kirshbaum (Rev. S.),
Lessons on the Parish Church, 1/0 net.
Longmans
A little manual issued under the dire,
of the London Diocesan Sunday School Conned.
Part I., by .Miss Longman, contains ' Hymn Talks
for the Infant School,' and Part II., by Air.
Kirshbaum, ' Lessons for Older Classes.' The
Rev. II. A. Lester contributes ' Hints on the Use
of the Pictures,' and there are illustrations.
Marson (Charles L.), Cod's Co-operative Sockets »
Suggestions on the Strategy of the Church,
2/6 net. Longmans
The author deals with such questions as
' The Chinch and the Children,' ' The Church
and Social Problems,' and ' The Church and
Labour.'
Morris (Rev. W. S. H.), The Incarnation, C>d net.
S.P.C.K.
Three lectures which were delivered bi
the Summer School for Clergy at King's College,
Windsor, N.S., in 1913.
Prayers, by a Minister of Religion, " Unitarian
Penny Library," Id.
British and Foreign Unitarian Association
A small collection of short prayers.
St. Vincent of Lerins, The Commonttory, trans-
lated into English by T. Herbert Hindi, v,
" Early Church Classics," 2/ net. S.P.C.K.
Dr. Bindley has written an Introduction t >
his translation, and then- are Indexes.
Tapp (Sidney C.t, Sexology of the Bible, the
Pall and Redemption of Man a Matter of S. x.
Kansas (it y, .Miss.
This volume is intended as an introduction to
the author's ' The Truth about the Bible.'
Temple (William), Theology, the Science of
Religion, 3d. net. Oxford, Blackwell
A sermon preached at St. Mary's Church
before the University of Oxford last January.
Tertullian, On THE Testimony of the Soil, \n->
On -nil'; " Prescription " op Heretics,
translated into English by T. Herbert Bindley,
2/ net. S.P.C.K.
This little volume in the " Early Church
Classics'' contains a brief survey of tic life and
times of Tertullian, and short prefaces to both
t ranslations.
Thomas (W. H. Griffith), Soke TESTS OP Old
Testament Criticism, Id. R.T.S,
The author's aim is " to show how the ordi-
nary Christian man can test lern views • I the
Old' Testament Scriptures."
Whyte (G. Herbertl, l< Tin:— iv ANTI-ChriS-
tian, •'»/. net. Theosophical Publishing S
\ volume in t In- " Riddle of Life Series.
LAW.
Manorial Society's Publications, No. 8: \
simile Reproduction op the Ordei i
Keeping \ Court Lebt \m> Court B
th the Charges appertaining to the Same.
The Society, 1. Mitre Courl Bldgs., Ti mplo
Mr. Charles Greenwood, the Registrar ol the
Society, has contributed an Introductory essay.
B1BL10CRAPHY.
Norwich, \\.\r m. l.'i i il "i i'i' I'1 ] ""
LlBH \HY COMMTI i BE TO THE TOW n <'"' N
POH i in. "> i: IF. ENDING 318T M \n< H, 191 I.
.Norwich. GibbS A Wall, r
Containing a report <( the development i
the Library, a lis! of donors, and financial and
ot her stal ement • .
Wll
710
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
PHILOSOPHY.
Tillett (Alfred W.), Spencer's Synthetic Philo-
SOPHT, What it is All About, an Introduction
to 'Justice,' "The Most Important Part,"
5/ net. King
The writer discusses Spencer's aim, and
explains and defends his doctrines.
POETRY.
Frost (Robert), North of Boston, 3/6 net.
Nutt
A collection of narrative pieces dealing with
country life.
Gnomic Poetry in Anglo-Saxon, edited by Blanche
Colton Williams, $1.50 net.
New York, Columbia University Press
The Introduction contains a study of the
prevalence and significance of gnomic verse
throughout Anglo-Saxon poetry. The text is
editeil with notes and a glossary.
Law (R. H.), Moorland Sanctuary, and Other
Poems, wrapper 1/ net, cloth 1/6 net.
Elkin Mathews
A small collection of verses, chiefly on the
beauties of nature. Some of them are reprinted
from The Spectator and Lit rature.
Procter (Adelaide Anne), Legends and Lyrics,
together with a Chaplet of Verses, " Oxford
Edition of Standard Authors," 1/6 net.
Milford
The volume includes the appreciation by
Dickens, and is illustrated.
Rowbotham (John Frederick), The Epic of the
Empire. Thomas Cromwell
A metrical survey of the Colonial expansion of
Great Britain, " written to be the National Epic
Poem of Britain and the British Race " by " the
Modern Homer."
Ssymour (William K.), The Street of Dreams,
2/ net, John G. Wilson
A collection of verses, such as ' Villanelle of
Primroses,' ' Richard Middleton : In Memoriam,'
and ' The Earth-Trull,' many of which are re-
printed from The Odd Volume, The Westminster
Gazette, and other papers.
S tovgaard-Pedersen (Amy), Pagan, a Book of
Verse, 1/6 net, Fifield
These verses include ' The Babylonian
Woman,' ' Spring on Maggiore,' and ' Cathleen-ni-
Houlihan.'
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Downey (Edmund), The Story of Waterford,
from the Foundation of the City to the Middle
of the Eighteenth Century.
' Waterford News ' Printing Works
A history of the city of Waterford, illustrated
by reproductions of paintings, drawings, photo-
graphs, <fec. The author intends to continue his
narrative in a subsequent volume.
Kaiser's Heir (The), a Pen Portrait, 6/
Mills & Boon
A personal study of the German Crown
Prince.
Kennedy (W. P. M.), Parish Life under Queen
Elizabeth, an Introductory Study, " Catholic
Library," 1/ Herder
A sketch of Elizabethan life, showing how it
was affected by the Reformation.
Mavor (James), An Economic History of
Russia, 2 vols., 31/6 net. Dent
In the first volume the writer gives an account
of the development of the political forms of the
Russian State, with special reference to the rise
and fall of Bondage Right ; and in Vol. II. he
discusses the political and social revolutionary
movements of modern times.
Newman (Ernest), Wagner, as Man and Artist,
7/6 net. Dent
The author's aim has been, not to write a
formal biography of Wagner, but "to reconstruct
him as man and musician from his own letters,
his autobiography, the letters and reminiscences
of others, his prose works and his music."
Rankin (Lieut. -Col. Reginald), The Inner His-
tory of the Balkan War, 15/ net, Constable
The writer was Special War Correspondent
for The Times, and was with the Bulgarian
forces in 1912. His detailed account of the
recent war in the Balkans is illustrated by portraits
and maps.
Sister Henrietta, C.S.M. and A. A., Bloemfontein —
Kimberley, 1874-1911, edited by Dowager Lady
Loch and Miss Stockdale, 2/6 net. Longmans
A little memoir of Henrietta Stockdale, con-
taining a sketch of her early life by Miss Christine
Stockdale, an Appreciation by Lady Loch, ex-
tracts from her correspondence, her diary during
the war, and an account of ' Hospital Work in
Kimberley ' by one of her colleagues — Miss G. A.
Hodgson.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Brown (J. Macmillan), The Dutch East, Sketches
and Pictures, 10/6 net. Kegan Paul
A description of the scenery and peoples of
the Dutch East Indies, with the author's reflec-
tions on the history and possible future of the
islands. There are illustrations from photo-
graphs.
Hertfordshire Maps, a Descriptive Catalogue of
the Maps of the County, 1579-1900, Supple-
ment by Sir Herbert George Fordham.
Hertford, Stephen Austin
This Supplement to ' Hertfordshire Maps '
(1907) is reproduced from the Transactions of the
Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field
Club.
Holiday Resorts and Recommended Addresses at
Home and Abroad, May, 1/ net,
Francis Hodgson
Containing a list of addresses, British and
foreign, and other particulars about holiday
resorts, which have been prepared by a committee
appointed by the Council of the Teachers' Guild.
Igglesden (Charles), A Saunter through Kent
with Pen and Pencil, Vol. XL, 2/6
Ashford, ' Kentish Express '
In this volume the author describes the
antiquities, local traditions, and legends of
Nettlestead, Whitstable, Seasalter, Graveney,
Monks Horton, and Harrietsham. The illustra,-
tions are from sketches by Mr. X. Willis.
Lorimer (Norma), By the Waters of Germany,
12/6 net, Stanley Paul
An account of a summer holiday spent by
the writer with a German girl in the Black Forest.
Miss Lorimer describes the scenery and archi-
tecture, and records every penny they spent,
their total expenditure from London to Rothen-
burg and back being 14'. each. There are black-
and-white i'lustrations by Miss Margaret Thomas
and Miss Erna Michel, and a coloured frontispiece
from a painting by the former.
Wigram (Rev. W. A. and Edgar T. A.), The
Cradle of Mankind, Life in Eastern Kurdistan,
12/6 net. Black
A description of life in the Highlands of
Kurdistan. It is illustrated from sketches and
photographs by Mr. E. T. A. Wigram.
Young (Ernest), From Russia to Siam, with a
Voyage down the Danube, Sketches of Travel
in Many Lands, 10/6 net. Goschen
These descriptive sketches are reproduced
from The Fiell, Country Life, and The People's
Friend.
POLITICS.
Macdonald (J. A. Murray) and Charnwood (Lord),
The Federal Solution, 2/6 net.
Fisher Unwin
An examination of the problems of the
present political situation and the methods by
which they may be solved. A portion of Part I.,
by Mr. Macdonald, was published anonymously
last year under the title of ' The Constitutional
Crisis.' Part II. is by Lord Charnwood.
Williams (J. Fischer), Proportional Repre-
sentation and British Politics, 1/ net.
John Murray
The writer discusses the present system of
representation in Great Britain, and sets forth
a scheme for redistribution.
SOCIOLOGY.
Hartley (C. Gasquoine), Mrs. Walter M. Gallichan,
The Position of Woman in Primitive Society,
a Study of the Matriarchy, 3 /6 net.
Eveleigh Nash
This little book on the status and rights of the
mother in early times is an expansion of the
historical section dealing with " the Mother-age
civilisation " in the author's ' Truth about
Woman.'
ECONOMICS.
Brailsford (Henry Noel), The War of Steel and
Gold, a Study of the Armed Peace, 5/ net. Bell
A study of the relations of finance and
diplomacy in the struggle for balance of power
in Europe. The second part of the book is
constructive.
Gide (Charles), Political Economy, Authorized
Translation under the direction of Prof. William
Smart and Constance H. M. Archibald, 10/6 net.
Harrap
This translation is from the third edition
(1913) of the ' Cours d'Economie Politique,' which
has been revised and enlarged by the author.
National Guilds, an Inquiry into the Wage-
System and the Way Out, edited by A. R.
Orage, 5/ net. Bell
The writers maintain that the solution of the
economic problems of labour lies in the adoption
of National Industrial Guilds. The substance of
the book appeared serially in The Neic Age during
1912-13.
Tawney (R. H.), The Establishment of Minimum
Rates in the Chain-Making Industry under
the Trade Boards Act of 1909, 1/6 net. Bell
This is the first volume in a series of " Stui
in the Minimum Wage," published by the Ratan
Tata Foundation.
PHILOLOGY.
Caesar. Commentarii Rerum in Gallia Ges-
tarum VII., Accedit Auli Hirti Commev-
tarius, edited by T. Rice Holmes, 21/
Lee Warner
A volume in the " Scrip torum Classicorum
Bibliotheca Riccardiana." The edition is limited
to five hundred copies for sale.
Comprehensive Standard Dictionary of the English
Language, abridged from the New Standard
Dictionary by James C. Fernald, 4/ net.
Funk & Wagnalls
This is a revision of the original ' Compre-
hensive Standard Dictionary,' published in 1899.
It contains a hundred additional pages, while
the size of the page has been enlarged.
Tra La Jaro, Esperanta Lernolibro pob
. Komencantoj Ciulandaj, verkita de Lucv
E. Waddy, 1/0 net. Dent
A volume in Messrs. Dent's " Modern Lan-
guage Series."
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir
from the Thirteenth to the Beginning of
the Nineteenth Year of his Reign, trans-
lated by Alexander Rogers, edited by Henry
Beveridge, Vol. II. Asiatic Society
This volume, covering six years of Jahangir's
reign, completes Mr. Rogers's translation.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Noguchi (Yone), The Spirit of Japanese Poetry,
" Wisdom of the East Series," 2/ net, Murray
The substance of some of these essays has
been given in lectures before the Japan Society,
the Royal Asiatic Society, and the Quest Society.
The chapter on ' The Japanese Hokku Poetry
was delivered in the Hall of Magdalen College,
Oxford.
PSYCHOLOGY.
Brown (Warner), Habit Interference in
Sorting Cards, 50 cents.
Berkeley, University of California Press
A report of some card-sorting experiments
made in the Psychological Laboratory of the
University of California " to obtain light on the
subject of the mutual interference and re-enforce-
ment of antagonistic habits."
EDUCATION.
Chisholm (Catherine), The Medical Inspection
of Girls in Secondary Schools, 3/6
Longmans
Outlining the methods and aims of medical
inspection for the use of head mistresses and
authorities of secondary schools for girls. Miss
Sara A. Burstall writes the Preface.
Directory of Women Teachers, and Other
Women connected with Higher and Se-
condary Education, 1914, 7/6 net.
Year-Book Press
This reference book contains a Biographical
Directory, list of Secondary Schools, Universities,
&c, and much general information.
Manly (John M.) and Bailey (Eliza R.), Teachers'
Handbook to Lessons in Speaking and
Writing English, Sections I. and II., revised
and arranged for English Schools by Herbert
Leather, 3/6 net each. Heath
Containing graded lessons, with notes and
suggestions for the teacher.
Phillips Exeter Academy, Bulletin, April.
Exeter, New Hampshire, the Academy
Includes a memoir of Dr. H. Page Amen,
the late Principal of the Academy, and two
addresses delivered at his funeral.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Birkhead (Alice), Heroes of Modern Europe, 1/6
Harrap
An illustrated Reader, giving stories of Dante,
Luther, Henry of Navarre, Peter the Great, and
others.
No. 4517, Mu 23, 1014
THE ATHEN7EUM
717
Bryant (Rev. E. E.) and Lake (E. D. C), Ax El j ■:-
■bntary Latin Grahmar, i 6
Oxford University Press
The compilers' aim is to give "all theaccideace
which is necessary for the reading of an ordinary
Latin author." The Grammar is divided into
four stages, marked l>\- lines at the side of the
Chignell iN. J., and Paterson (W. E .), Arith-
metic, with or without Answers, t •>
Oxford, Clarendon Press
This work "attempts to place the subject-
matter of arithmetic before the average student
in a logical sequence, whilst reducing to a mini-
Bum the memorizing of rules." Special attention
has been given to the clearness and size of the
print.
Claxton (William J.), Journeys in Industrial
England, l Harrap
A description of some of the great industries
in England, illustrated by photographs.
Craveson iC. C.)> Lessons on the Kingdom of
Judab : Lessons on thh Kingdom ov Israel,
"Teachers and Taught Text-Books," 1/6 net
each. Headley Bros.
Two little books on Old Testament history,
arranged in the form of lessons.
Halstead i Frank |, Working Drawings for
t LBINET-MAKING Models, arranged for High
School Courses, 0 Heath
This hook contains over eighty plates in
cabinet-making, " arranged to cover the subject
from a practical point of view."
Heath's Modern French Grammar, by W. H.
Phaser ami .1. Squair, 3/
A textbook for lower forms, including oral
exercises and a vocabulary.
Hugo (Victon, Ink Insurrection a Paris,
edited by I". G. llarriman, 8<2. Harrap
An extract from ' Les Miserables.' with a
short Introduction in French, notes, exercises, and
vocabulary.
Jackson (C. S.) and Roberts (W. M.), A Book of
Elejikntary Mechanics, 3/6 Dent
. A textbook for young students, with exer-
3 and answers. The authors have omitted all
-iderations of motion in a circle, believing the
topic to be too hard for the beginner.
Livy, The Kevolt and Fall of Capua, being
Selections from Livy xxiii.-xxvi., edited bv
T. C. Weatherhead, 2/
Cambridge University Press
A volume in the " Cambridge Elementary
sics." The text is edited for beginners with
notes, an historical Introduction, chronology of
the Punic Wars, Index, and Vocabulary, and is
illustrated with maps.
Mackie iR. L.), The Story of King Robert the
BRUCE, 1 ti Harrap
The story of Bruce'e life is preceded by an
Introduction giving some account of his early
raphers. The book is illustrated bv Mr.
M. If. Williams.
Marlchal U. P. R.), French Essays and Essat-
Wkiiiv.. 1 La Composition Prancaise), 2/ Dent
In Part I. tin- author discusses the matter
: form of essaj -. giving easy examples ; Part II.
■ written entirely in French and contains extracts
1 French writers, followed by subjects for
tment, notes of explanation, and suggestions.
Murison (W.), Pre< IB-WRITING, Part I. 2/6 :
Part II. :; ; and Part III.. :; 6
< Cambridge I rnivereil y 1 '
Bach pari contains an Introduction on the
• ■• and practice of precis-writing, worked
aples, and exercises. The series is designed
to cov.-r a ■ (tending over two or three
rs.
Paterson W. E. and Taylor (E. O.), ELEMENTARY
Obombtry, Theoretical and Practical:
VoL L Triangles and Quadrilaterals, 1 9
Oxford, Clarendon Press
J his work has been designed as a continua-
tion of • \n Introduction to Geometry,' recently
published by the Clarendon Pn
Poetry for Boys, Belected by 8. Maxwell, 1 <;
Mills & Boon
An anthology for tin- me <-f schools, with
biographical no'
Richardson <W. Alfred., SURVEYING K)B 8) BOOLE
ssi. m ODTs, 1 1; Philip
\ ample textbook for boy--.
Terence, Phobmio, edited by John Bargeaunt, ■'.
ity Press
This edition in the " Pitt Press Series has an
Introduction, dealing with the comedy of intrigue
and the life and position of Tereni . notes, and
ibulary.
FICTION.
Applln (Arthur), FALLEN a.m.. no iHLEVBS, 6/
Ward .v. Lock
A mystery-story concerning a theft of jewels.
Applln (Arthur), Shop Girls, 6/ Mills & Boon
Tins story depicts the struggle for existence
of a provincial shop against an immense London
house which opens branches in the country.
Both the hero and heroine become the victims of
the hitter's sysl em.
Bain (F. W.), THE Indian Stories: Vol. VII.
An Incarnation ok the snow, translated
from the Original .Manuscript, " Kiceardi Press
Books," 120/ net per set of 10 vols. Lee Warner
This story was first published in 1908.
Chambers (Robert W.), Quick Action, 6/
Appleton
This novel consists of a series of romances.
The love-stories are amusingly described by a
countess who discovers them while m airing
scientific investigations iido the science of crystal-
gazing.
Couldrey (Oswald), The Mistaken Fury, and
Other Lapses, 3/6 net. Oxford, Blackwell
A collection of sketches, dedicated to those
" by whom the name of Greece is cherished with
something of the tenderness accorded to a religion,
learned in innocence, and something lost in later
strife."
Farmer (Geoffrey Norton), Quella, 6/
Alston Rivers
A mystery story concerning a wonderful drug,
the secret of which is known only to Quella. With
it he intends to poison the political leaders of
Europe and corupuer the world.
Fursdon (F. R. M.), The Story of Amanda, 6/
Simpkin <fe Marshall
In this novel the heroine rises from a slum
child to a position as the wife of an English
statesman.
Glanville (Ernest), The Inca's Treasure, Id. net.
Methuen
A cheap reprint. See notice in The Athc-
nceum, Oct. 18, DJ02, p. 510.
Gould (Nat), The King's Favourite, Qd. Long
A cheap reprint.
Hardy (George Webb), The Black Peril, 6/
Holden &c Hardingham
The author has laid the scenes of this
story in South Africa, and delivers through the
mouth of the hero his views on " colour," prison
discipline, and various social abuses.
Hope (Anthony), Tales of Two People, Id. net.
Xelson.
A cheap reprint. See notice in The Athe-
nceum, Oct. 12, 1907, p. d40.
Kernahan (Mrs. Coulson), The Chance Child, 6/
Everett
A novel of many human interests dealing
with society and the stage generally. The Jove-
interest is supplied by the hero, an artist and
writer, and the heroine, an American.
Lee (Vernon), Louis NoRBERT, a Twofold
Romance, 6/ John Lane
A "delightful siren of uncertain age" finds
on a sepulchral slab in the Campo Santo of Pisa
a seventeenth-century Inscription to one Louis
Xorbert, whose portrait hangs in the " Ghost's
room" of her home. She determines, with the
help of a young archaeologist, to find out his story.
Lockhart (Caroline), Tin. FULL of the Moon, 6/
Lippiiu oi 1
An American girl wishes to see more of life
before deciding aboul an offer of marriage which
ler family is anxious that she should accept.
Accordingly she lives for some time in Texas,
ami meets witli many adventures ; finally, how-
ever, returning to ler patient lover, who, except
for rescuing her on one or two occasions, has kepi
more ni- less in tie- background.
Loveday (Ellen Beaumonti, Tin; Road m Bxlls-
bbow, 6/ Chapman \ Sal]
Tin- Story is casl in London, and deals with
the struggles of a musical composer for public
recognition, and the manner in which two friends
a i<i him on t he road to sucee
Lutz (Grace Livingston Hill), Tin: BEST Man.
Lippineot t
Relates the adventures of a young member
of the American Secrei Service.
Marsh (Richard), Miss Abnott's Mabbiagb, • '.,/.
John Long
\ 1 leap reprint. See notice in The Athe-
na ■"". Lpril ::". 1904, p. '•'•'.
McEvoy (Chariest, PitivA 1 1. \11\n:-. 6 BvereW
\ di enptioii of the relationship between
jin. nts ami children of a middle-class suburban
family.
Meade (L. T.), 1 1 1:1; 11 lppy Face, 6/
Ward & Lock
The heroine's happiness is imperilled through
the sins of her mother, hut after many trying
experiences she becomes a " happy wife.
Mitchell (S. Weir), WE8TWAYS, 6/ Fisher Unwin
See p. 739.
Mordaunt (Eleanor), The Island, 6/
Heinemann
Short stories describing various aspects of
life on an island in the vicinity of -Madagascar.
Paton (Raymond), The Tale of Lal, a Fantasy,
0/ Chapman A Hall
Lal is the " Pleasant -Faced Lion" of Tra-
falgar Square, Who makes friends with two
children and shares with them many adventures.
Reaney (Mrs. G. S.), Poor Mrs. Eoerton, a
Study in Atmosphere, 2, net.
Heat h .V Cranton
The writer gives a picture of the life of a
small community of widowed ladies in reduced
circumstances. Mr. (i. W. E. Russell contributes
a Foreword.
Sherren (Wilkinson), The Marriage Tie, 6/
Grant Richards
The hero's views on social ethics and his
resolution to carry them out in marriage bring
him into conflict with his father, a rigid Methodist
of the old school.
Stewart (A. L.), The Maze, 6/ Long
The love story of a prima donna.
Sinclair (Upton), Sylvia, 6/ John Long
The love-story of a proud and strong-willed
beauty belonging to an aristocratic family of the
Southern States.
Stockton (Frank R.), Rudder Grange, 1/ net.
Dent
A new edition in the " Wayfarer's Library."
The illustrations are from drawings by Mr. C. E.
Brock.
Strindberg (August), Fair Haven and Foul
Strand, 6/ Werner Laurie
This novel contains three romances of a
German doctor. The scenes of the stories are
in various parts of Europe, chiefly Scandinavia.
The plots contain many intrigues and love-
a Hairs.
Warden (Florence), No. :i. The Square, 6rf. Long
A cheap reprint.
Watson (E. H. Lacon), Cloudesley Tempest, 6/
.John Murray
Exhibits the fortunate career of a scapegrace.
Wells (Carolyn), Anybody hit Anne, 6/
Lippincott
An American detective story.
Yorke (Curtis), MoLLlH DEVERLLL, Id. net. Long
A cheap reprint.
Zangwill (Israel), Children of the Ghetto, 1/
net . Dent
A new edition in the " Wayfarer's Library.'
JUVENILE.
Adcock (Marlon St. John), Mrs. Sidney H. Webb,
The Littlest One, 2/6 net. Harrap
Rhymes for children, illustrated in colour by
Miss Margaret W. Tarrant.
Coe (Fanny E.), Tin: BOOK OF STORIES for Tin;
Story-teller, 2/8 net. Harrap
A collection of stories from many source-.,
arranged under the headings ' Folk Tales,'
'Modern Fairy Tales,1 'Myths, and ' stones from
Real Life.'
Farmer (Florence V.)i MORE NATURE MYTHS, M.
I larrap
\ collection of myths drawn from European,
American, and Asiatic sources, and told for
children. Then- are illustrations by Mr. tf.
Jamil-son.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
American Historical Review, APRIL, .si
M iiiiiillali
'I in- contents of 1 his issue Include ' Tin- Corre-
spondence of Queen Elizabeth with the Russian
</u-. bj Mr. Inna Lubimenko ; ' \ Jamaioa
Slave Plantation,' bj Sir. 1 . B. Phillips; ami
■ Tie' Stages m tin- Social Hi torj "i Capitalism*'
lis Mr. Henri Pirenne.
Folk-Lore, Vol. XXIV. No. 1. ..
Sidgwick «V .lit. "ii
•Tie- Religion of Manipur,' by CoL .1. Shake-
spear, ami • Pokomo Folk-Lore,' by Miss Alice
\\ . 1 net . at e among 1 he oontenl -.
718
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
Folk-Lore, Vol. XXV. No. 1, 5/
Sidgwick & Jackson
This number includes Mr. R. B. Marett's
presidential address on ' Polk- Lore and Psycho-
logy ' ; ' The Influence of Environment upon the
Religious Ideas and Practices of the Aborigines of
Northern Asia,' by Mr. M. A. Czaplicka ; and
' The Holi : a Vernal Festival of the Hindus,'
by Mr. W. Crooke.
Guth Na Bliadhna, An Samhradh, 1/
Glasgow, Alexander Maclaren
The English features are ' Gaelic Drama,'
by the Hon. R. Erskine ; the first instalment of a
paper on ' The Present State of the Scots No-
bility'; and verses entitled ' Ancient History.'
Irish Review, May, Qd. Dublin, 12, D'Olier St.
' Criticism and Irish Poetry,' by Mr. Thomas
MacDonagh ; a report on ' The Connemara
Islands,' by Mrs. A. S. Green, Dr. Douglas Hyde,
and others ; and a story by Mr. W. M. Letts
appear in this issue.
Among the articles are ' Some Impressions
North American Review, May, 1/ net.
Heinemann
of Cuba,' by Mr. Sydney Brooks ; ' Portrait of a
Lady : Mrs. Pepys,' by Mr. Gamaliel Bradford ;
and ' Distrust of State Legislatures,' by Governor
Emmet O'Neal.
Political Quarterly, May, 3/ net. Milford
The articles include ' Municipal Government
in Manchester,' by Mr. E. D. Simon, and ' The
Present Law of Trade Disputes and Trade Unions,'
by Prof. W. M. Geldart.
Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices,
Vol. LXXIV. No. 6, 2/6 Wesley
Dr. J. W. Nicholson contributes a paper on
' The Constitution of Nebula; ' ; Mr. R. S. Capon
writes on ' Spectroscopic Binaries and the Velocity
of Light,' and Mr. W. S. Franks on ' Micrometrical
Measures of 360 Wide Double Stars.'
St. Nicholas, May, 1/ Warne
Among the items in this number are ' The
Game I Love,' by Mr. Francis Ouimet ; ' Garden-
Making and Some of the Garden Stories,' by Miss
Grace Tabor ; and ' The Men Who Do Things,'
by Mr. A. Russell Bond. There are many short
stories and verses.
Symons's Meteorological Magazine, May, id.
Stanford
Includes ' Articles on Weather in an Old
Gardener's Dictionary,' by Mr. A. E. Swinton ;
' First Impressions of an Indian Climate,' by
Mr. F. L. Halliwell ; and a table of rainfall for
April.
System, May, 1 / A. W. Shaw
This number contains an article on the
methods used by Sir Sam Fay in training men
for responsible positions on the railway. Other
items are ' How to Sell Goods in China,' by Mr.
Carl Crow, and ' Railway Rates and Charges,' by
Mr. Arthur Wort.
GENERAL.
Delano (Mrs. Danvers), The Ways of Society,
a Social Guide, 5/ net. Laurie
A book of etiquette for "social aspirants."
Dobson (Austin), Eighteenth Century Studies,
1/ net. Dent
A volume in the " Wayfarer's Library."
Gardiner (A. G.), Prophets, Priests, and Kings,
" Wayfarer's Library," 1/ net. Dent
These sketches, giving a " contemporaneous
impression of men and conditions," were origin-
ally published six years ago in The Daily News,
and later in a volume now, we believe, out of
print.
Goldsmith (Oliver), The Bee, and Other Essays,
together with the Life of Nash, 1/6 net.
Milford
A reprint in the " Oxford Edition of Stand-
ard Authors." The essays included are from
the second edition of 1766 and the edition of
1798, and there is a frontispiece from the portrait
by Reynolds.
Hardy (E. J.), Still Happy though Married, 6/
Fisher Unwin
A third impression. It was first published
last February.
Printers' Pie, 1914, edited by W. Hugh Spottis-
woode, 1/ net. ' Sphere ' and ' Tatler ' Office
Mr. Macdonald Hastings, Sir Henry Lucy,
Keble Howard, Mr. Walter Emanuel, Mr. John
Hassall, Mr. Rene Bull, Mr. Byam Shaw, and
many other writers and artists, have contributed
to this medley.
PAMPHLETS.
Burnett (J. Compton), Fifty Reasons for being
a Homoeopath, to which is added some Irre-
futable, Comparative, Statistical Proof thereof
by E. Petrie Hoyle, Id.
Homcepathic Publishing Co.
A popular edition.
Fuller (Capt. J. F. C), The Mobilization of a
Territorial Infantry Battalion, Qd.
Edinburgh, Andrew Brown
A paper proposing a " scheme for the embodi-
ment and mobilization of a Territorial infantry
battalion." It is reprinted from The Army
Review.
Legge (Major R. F.), Mainly about Discipline,
Qd. net. Gale & Polden
A pamphlet on the necessity of discipline in
military training, with an Introduction by
Major-General Sir Francis Lloyd.
Our National Flag, What It Is and What It Is
Not, by an Old Naval Officer, Id. S.P.C.K.
A brief sketch of the history of the Union
Jack in a cheaper edition. It is illustrated in
colours.
Reunion AH Round ; or, Jael's Hammer laid
ASIDE AND THE MlLK OF HUMAN KINDNESS
BEATEN UP INTO BUTTER AND SERV'D IN A
Lordly Dish, submitted to the Considera-
tion of the British Publick by their Humble
Servant, the Authour of ' Absolute and Abitof-
hell,' Qd. net. Samuel Gurney
This satirical pamphlet, described as being
" a plea for the inclusion within the Church of
England of all Mahometans, Jews, Buddhists,
Brahmins, Papists, and Atheists," is written in
the manner of Swift by the Rev. R. A. Knox,
and issued by the Society of SS. Peter and Paul.
Riley (W. E.), Chadwick Public Lectures on
Housing, Qd. ' The Builder '
A pamphlet containing three lectures on
' Unhealthy Areas,' ' Unhealthy Houses, Im-
provement Schemes, and Lodging-Houses,' and
' Cottage Estates.'
Wason (J. Cathcart), The Great Crisis. King
An address on the present political crisis,
given at the Women's Liberal Metropolitan Union
this month, with a Foreword by Mr. H. E. Duke.
SCIENCE.
Bowles (E. A.), My Garden in Summer, 5/ net.
Jack
A volume by the author of ' My Garden in
Spring,' describing the summer plants and flowers
in the same garden. The book is illustrated with
numerous plates in colour and half-tone.
Brooks (Robert Preston), The Agrarian Revolu-
tion in Georgia, 1865-1912, 40 cents.
Madison, Wisconsin
A thesis submitted to the University of Wis-
consin for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Burkhardt (Dr. Heinrich), Theory of Functions
of a Complex Variable, Authorized Transla-
tion from the Fourth German Edition by S. E.
Rasor, 12/6 net. Harrap
The translator has added exercises, a number
of figures, and some footnotes.
Busck (August), New Genera and Species of
MlCROLEPIDOPTERA FROM PANAMA.
Washington, Government Printing Office
This paper, describing material collected by
the writer while a member of the Smithsonian
Biological Survey of Panama, is reprinted from
the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum.
Crawford (J. C), Hymenoptera, Superfamilies
Apoidea and Chai.cidoidea of the Yale-
Dominican Expedition of 1913.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A description of material collected by Mr.
F. W. Foote. The paper is reprinted from the
Proceedings of the United States National
Museum.
Cropper (John Westray) and Drew (Aubrey
Howard), Researches into Induced Cell-
Reproduction in Amcebje, "John Howard
McFadden Researches, ' Vol. IV., 5/ net.
John Murray
A description of researches into the causa-
tion of cancer. Most of the illustrations are from
drawings by Miss M. Rhodes.
Dunlop (Col. H. C.) and Jackson (C. S.), Slide-
Rule Notes, 2/6 net. Longmans
This work " deals almost exclusively with
the ordinary 25cm. slide-rule, as designed by
Col. Mannheim." The material is based on a
pamphlet published by the authors in 1911,
which has been revised and enlarged with a new
chapter on logologarithmic scales.
Fleming (J. A.), The Wonders op Wireless
Telegraphy explained in Simple Terms
for the Non-Technical Reader, 3/6 net.
S.P.C.K.
A second and revised edition.
Galloway (T. W.), Biology of Sex for Parents
and Teachers, 2/ net. Heath
A discussion of the need for instructing chil-
dren in matters of sex.
Irish (An) Astronomical Tract, based in Part on
a Mediaeval Latin Version of a Work by Messa-
halah, edited by Maura Power, 10/6 net.
Irish Texts Society
The text has been edited, with a Preface,
translation, and Glossary, and is illustrated with
facsimiles and plates.
Macdonald (William), Makers of Modern
Agriculture, 2/6 net. Macmillan
Sketches of five men who have been pro mine n t
in the history of agriculture — Jethro Tull, Coke of
Norfolk, Arthur Young, John Sinclair, and Cyrus
H. McCormick.
Oberholser (Harry C), A Monograph of the
Genus Chordeiles Swainson, Type of a
New Family of Goatsuckers.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
One of the Bulletins of the Smithsonian
Institution. It has illustrations and maps.
Ogley (Daniel H.), Incandescent Electric
Lamps and their Application, 2/6 net.
Longmans
A little manual for the general reader. It is
illustrated by photographs and diagrams.
Owen (J. A.) and Boulger (G. S.), The Country
Month by Month, with Notes by the late
Lord Lilford, 2/6 net. Duckworth
A new edition, illustrated with coloured plates
and photographs.
Ruddock (E. Harris), The Homoeopathic Vade
Meccm of Modern Medicine and Surgery.
Homoeopathic Publishing Co.
This edition has been revised and largely
rewritten by Dr. C. E. Wheeler and Mr. J. Eadie,
the former being responsible for the Medical, the
latter for the Surgical section. The volume
includes a Clinical Directory, and new chapters on
' Serum,' ' Tropical Diseases,' &c.
Trimble (William J.), The Mining Advance into
the Inland Empire, a Comparative Study of
the Beginnings of the Mining Industry in
Idaho and Montana, Eastern Washington and
Oregon, and the Southern Interior of British
Columbia ; and of Institutions and Laws based
upon that Industry, 40 cents.
Madison, Wisconsin
A thesis submitted to the University of Wis-
consin for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Spirit-Psychometry and Trance Communications
by Unseen Agencies through a Welsh Woman
and Dr. T. D'Aute-Hooper, 3/6 net. Rider
This "book gives an account of some com-
munications made through the mediumship of a
Welsh woman of humble birth.
FINE ART.
Almack (Edward), Fine Old Bindings, with
Other Interesting Miscellanea in Edward
Almack's Library, 63/ net. Blades & East
This volume, containing descriptions of old
bindings in the author's library, is illustrated with
coloured plates, facsimiles, photographs, &c.
Only 200 copies of the work have been printed.
Punjab : Annual Progress Report of the
Superintendent, Hindu and Buddhist Monu-
ments, Northern Circle, for the Y"ear ending
31st March, 1913, Id.
Calcutta and London, Thacker
Containing Departmental Notes, a report on
the Preservation of Monuments, and Appendixes,
Davies (Randall), Six Centuries of Painting,
10/6 net. Jack
A general survey of the history of painting
from the time of Cimabue to the end of the nine-
teenth century. It is illustrated with mounted
reproductions in colour.
Simple Architecture : Our Cathedrals, Old
Churches, and Colleges, with a Few Sug-
gestions as to how best to appreciate their
Beauty and discover their Date and Charac-
teristics, edited by R. B., 1/ net.
Simpkin <fe Marshall
A new and revised edition of this little
handbook, which gives a vocabulary of the most
general terms used in architecture, and indicates
the prominent features of the different periods.
There are illustrations.
Visvakarma : Examples of Indian Architec-
ture, Sculpture, Painting, Handicraft,
chosen by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Part VII.
2/6 Luzac
Containing twelve plates illustrating Indian
sculpture.
No. 4517, May 23, 19U
THE ATHENiEUM
719
MUSIC.
Congress Library, Catalogue of Opera Li-
HRETTOS PRINTED BEFORE 1S00, in 2 Vols.,
prepared by Oscar George Theodore Sonneck,
$2 Washington, Govt. Printing Otlice
In Vol. I. the Catalogue is arranged alpha-
betically under titles. Vol. II. contains an
Author List, Composer List, and an Aria Index.
Keeping (Constance), £tu»e in E Flat for the
1'ianoforte, Op. 20, No. 1, 1/6 net.
Musical Exchange
Keeping (Constance), Idyll for the Pianoforte,
Op. 21, 1/6 net. .Musical Exchange
Stewart (Rev. G. Wauchope), Music in the
Church, 1/6 net.
Edinburgh, R. & R. Clark ;
London, A. & C. Black
A manual on the history and development of
Church music. Part of " The Guild Library."
DRAMA.
Redmond-Howard (L. G.) and Carson (Harry),
\n Irishman's Home ; or, The Crisis, a
Topical Play on the Ulster Question, 1/ net.
Simpkin & Marshall
The joint -authors of this play are respec-
tively the nephew of Mr. John Redmond and the
son of Sir Edward Carson, and in a ' Preface for
Politicians ' of nearly thirty pages they explain
that their purport, " which is essentially non-
partisan, is. . . .to portray as truly as possible the
psychology of the present situation in Ireland in
one dramatic crisis."
Shaw (Bernard), Misalliance, 6/ Constable
This volume contains ' Misalliance,' ' The
Dark Lady of the Sonnets,' and ' Fanny's First
Play.' The first named is preceded by a treatise
of over a hundred pages on ' Parents and Chil-
dren.' The two others have shorter Prefaces.
Tagore (Rabindranath), Chttra, 2/6 net.
Macmillan
A lyrical play in one act, based on a story
from the ' Mahabharata.' It was written about
twenty-five years ago, and issued in a limited
edition by the Indian Society last January.
See review in The Athenccum, Jan. 17, p. 99.
Wilde (Oscar), An Ideal Husband, 2/ net.
Methuen
A new acting version of Wilde's play, pro-
duced by Sir George Alexander at the St. James's
Theatre."
DR. ALDIS WRIGHT.
A full and busy life in the service of
scholarship was closed by the death of Wil-
liam Aldis Wright on Tuesday last. Born at
Beccles in 1831, and educated at the Gram-
mar School there, he entered Trinity College,
Cambridge, was elected a scholar of that
foundation in 1853, and was next year among
the Wranglers.
The Bible and English were, however, his
favourite studies, and it was as an English
scholar of singular precision and accuracy
that he made his name.
His first writings were contributions to
Smith's ' Dictionary of the Bible,' 1860-63.
He proved an indefatigable secret ary to the
Old Testament Revision Company from 1870
to 1885. 'The Bible Word-Book' he pub-
lished with J. Eastwood reached a second
edition in 1884. He edited a third edition of
Westcott\s ' History of the English Bible ' in
1005, and a commentary on the Book of Job
from a Hebrew MS. in the Cambridge Univer-
sity Library in the simc year.
In the sixties Dr. Wright made the
acquaintance of Alexander Macmillan, thru
a rising publisher in Cambridge, and the
result was that he edited several of Bacon's
works, and associated his name indelibly with
Shakespeare. In conjunction with W. Gr.
< lark he produced the Globe Edition, and
'hat 'Cambridge Shakespeare' in several
volumes which has since become a stan-
dard authority for commentators. A long
series of plays edited by Dr. Wright for
the Clarendon Press Series h;i
thumbed by generations of schoolboys.
I he comment supplied is always sound,
and strong on the philological side, but
would be regarded as a little meagre from
the modern point of view. Dr. Wright
left teachers to impart, or learners to discover,
their own views on Shakespeare's aesthetics.
Dr. Wright's special interest in philology was
shown by his joint editorship of The Journal
of Philology at its beginning in 1868. His
work in this department of learning includes
editions of ' The Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the
Manhode ' and ' Femina ' (Roxburghe Club),
and ' Generydes ' (Early English Text
Society).
To Dr. Wright we also owe the editing of
the works of his close friend and neighbour
in Suffolk, Edward FitzGerald. The Letters
and Literary Remains were treated by him
with all the care and knowledge of which he
was master, and his indignation was undis-
guised when less competent pens infringed
on his province and fell into error. It is a
great pity that he never wrote a Life of
FitzGerald.
The College of Trinity, in which, as he
wished, he lived and died, held always a fore-
most place in his thoughts, and he served it
for a long term of years as Librarian and Vice-
Master. A man of fine, somewhat austere
appearance, he was an admirable example
of dignity and authority surviving in an age
which makes too little of both. He could
bring dons to book as well as the thoughtless
undergraduate. Always formidable in his
gift of terse sarcasm, he did not seem easy of
access ; but he was full of kindliness and
generosity, and ready to help others when
he was busiest with his own work.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BOOK-
SELLER.
Some Emily Book Wars.
Every one who has had the hardihood to
explore the neglected history of bookselling
in this country — a history, as Mr. Birrell
has said, " which seems to lie choked in
mountains of dust which it would be suicidal
to disturb " — knows how difficult it is to
prevent the annals of the bookseller from
becoming merged and eventually lost in
those of the publisher. In the early history
of the book trade, indeed, it is impossible
to separate them. Caxton was publisher,
printer, and bookseller in one, and, as if
that were not sufficient, himself translated a
number of books for which he thought there
might be a popular demand. The evolu-
tion of the bookseller since Caxton's day has
been a slow, and not infrequently a painful,
process. There has been little internal peace
throughout the fluctuating fortunes of the
trade, and the present cry for reform is but
the echo of the discontent of preceding
generations. Lack of a governing body to
look after the interests of every branch
without fear or favour has been the root of
the evil from the beginning.
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
book wars broke out more bitter than any-
thing of the kind experienced in modern
times. The trouble in the earlier age \\;i
largely due to the invasion of Continental
printers and booksellers, who were specially
exempted from Richard HI. 's Act of L484for
regulating the trade of foreigners in this
country. England, it should be remem-
bered, lagged far behind the Continent
in the days when the new art of printing
was revolutionizing the book world, and
tor hah a century the trade was largely
monopolized by aliens, who not Only set up
their own presses here, but also made Eng-
land ■ < sort of dumping-ground for books
printed abroad. These were sold by their
travelling booksellers at such places as the
country fairs and St. Paul's Churchyard —
then the focus of the trade in England —
and helped to raise the native craftsmen's
wrath to a degree which reached its climax
in the "Evil May Day " of 1517, when the
French and Flemish quarters of London
were sacked.
In Great Eliza's reign came the parting
of the ways between the printer and the
bookseller-publisher, and the struggle for
the mastery which made the Stationers'
Company a hotbed of tyranny and mono-
poly. Privileges were granted for the sole
right to print and publish not only the
Bible and Prayer Book, but also most
other books in general demand ; with the
result that the less fortunate members of
the trade were forced into piracy and rebel-
lion. The complaint of the printers, who
had hitherto had matters much their own
way in the book world, now was that the
booksellers had secured so many of these
copyrights that they were left more or less
at their mercy. " The booksellers," wrote
Christopher Barker, the Queen's Printer, in
the report on the subject which we may be
permitted to quote from Prof. Arber's
privately printed ' Transcript of the Regis-
ters of the Stationers' Comj^any,'
" heing growen the greater and wealthier number,
have nowe many of the best Copies [copyrights]
and keepe no printing howse, but onlie paye for
the workmanship, and have the benefit, both of
the imprinting, and the sale of all ' Commentaries
of the Scriptures ' and (till of late years all Schoole
books, Dictionaries, Cronicles Histories) books
of Phisick, and infinite others .... I speake not
this (though it be very true) as wishing any
restraynt to Bookesellers, or Booke binders, but
that they may print and have printed for them
such good bookes as they can orderly procure :
for even some of them, though their skill be little
or nothing in the execution of the art, have more
judgement to governe, and other matters of
printing, than some Printers have ; but unless
some few printers be well-mayntayned it will
bring both the one and the other to confusion and
extreme povertye."
Authors' rights being then non-existent,
the unprivileged members of the trade
took to piracy, printing and selling any
likely manuscript that fell into their hands
— stage copies of Shakespeare's plays, for
example — and such copyrights of the mono-
polists as they dared to trade in. ' Tush,"
said John Wolfe, one of the ringleaders of
the revolt in this Elizabethan book war,
" Luther was but one man, and reformed all the
world for religion, and I am that one man,
that must and will reform the government of
this trade."
Wolfe, up to a point, succeeded, the
special commission appointed to inquire
into the matter leading to a compromise in
which the monopolists yielded up a con-
siderable number of their copyrights for the
benefit of their poorer brethren. The irony
of it was that when in due course this
doughty champion of freo trade joined the
ranks of the protectionists, and prospered
proportionately, he became as zealous as
any one in safeguarding the privileges that
fell his way.
Two great advantages which the book-
seller-publisher then held over the printer
wen; that it cost bun incomparably less
to start in business, and that he had not
to wait for oflieial permission to set tip a
printing establishment- the Govemmenl
keeping a strict eye on such dangerous
places ni those intolerant times. The book-
seller could begin with a stall in St. Paul >
Churchyard, beg, borrow, or steal some
likely " copy," gel it printed, and exchange
with the other members of the trade until
his stall WBfl Sufficiently stocked with the
popular books of the day. .Many an ap-
prentice made his bumble beginning in
iln way. That the custom continued
through the seventeenth e.-ntliry is proved
720
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
I
by John Dunton, " the crack-brained,
scribbling bookseller," as Isaac D'lsrae'i
called him, who tells us, in his ' Life and
Errors,' how, by exchanging through the
whole trade the first book he issued, he
succeeded in furnishing his shop with every
kind of work then saleable.
Outside London, except in the larger
towns, and such seats of learning as Oxford
and Cambridge, the sale of books was de-
pendent either upon the packman and the
great periodical fairs, or upon those trades-
men who contrived to add it to some less
speculative business. Poor George Miller,
whose Life has just been published by Mr.
Fisher Unwin, almost broke his heart over
the grocery department which alone made
it possible to continue his career as a Scottish
bookseller, as described in his own ' Latter
Struggles ' in 1833. The bookseller pure
and simple gradually separated from the
publisher as completely as he had separated
from the printer. The dividing line became
more and more marked as the great pub-
lishing houses of to-day built up their
historic connexions, and developed a busi-
ness which became highly specialized in every
department.
Most of the founders of our famous pub-
lishing houses began as booksellers. Thomas
Longman I. served his seven years' appren-
ticeship in a bookseller's shop in Lombard
Street before marrying his master's daughter
and buying the business of William Taylor,
the first publisher of ' Robinson Crusoe ' at
the signs of the " Ship " and " Black Swan "
in Paternoster Row. That was as long ago as
1724, and to this day the house of Longmans
stands on the same site, and bears as its
emblem the signs of the " Ship " and
" Swan." John Murra}^ I. started as a
bookseller and stationer in Fleet Street in
1 768, when he retired on half -paj^ as a
lieutenant of marines. It is curious to-day
to read the announcement which he printed
on his shop card at the time, to the effect
that he sold all new books and publications,
and fitted up
" Public and Private Libraries in the neatest
manner with Books of the choicest Editions, the
best Print, and the richest Bindings " ;
besides executing
" East India or foreign Commissions by an
assortment of Books and Stationery suited to the
Market or Purpose for which it is destined ; all
at the most reasonable rates."
George Smith I., father of the George Smith
of Cornhill, Thackeray, and 'D.N.B.'
fame, also embarked in a modest way as a
London bookseller and stationer before
launching out as a publisher with his partner
Alexander Elder close upon a hundred
years ago. The first William Blackwood
served his apprenticeship as a bookseller
in his native Edinburgh, and afterwards
made a reputation for himself on the anti-
quarian side, but was already established
as a publisher when the great days of Byron
and Scott arrived. So it was with Adam
Black, who, after serving his apprenticeship
in the same city, came to London, like so
many other bookselling Scotsmen, and
worked as an assistant at Lackington's
famous shop in Finsbury Square, " The
Temple of the Muses," then one of the sights
of London. So, too, it was with Daniel
Macmillan, Bentley, Chambers, and others
whose names were to become household
words. Daniel Macmillan was still serving
as a bookseller's assistant, earning 80Z. a
year, when he explained to his friend Mac-
Lehose — afterwards the founder of the
distinguished firm of publishers to the Uni-
versity of Glasgow — his lofty ideal of the
bookseller's calling : —
Bless your heart, MacLehose, you surely
never thought that you were merely working for
bread ! Don't you know that you are cultivating
good taste among the natives of Glasgow ; help-
ing to unfold a love of the beautiful among those
who are slaves to the useful, or what they call the
useful ?.... We booksellers, if we are faithful
to our task, are trying to destroy, and are helping
to destroy, all kinds of confusion, and are aiding
our great Taskmaster to reduce the world into
order and beauty and harmony."
That was an ideal which the founder of
the house of Macmillans kept in view
throughout his life, and it did not prevent
him from building up a flourishing business.
With the modern tendency to specializa-
tion, the production and distribution of
books have become two separate and dis-
tinct trades. The pity of it is that in
separating they had no governing body to
knit their interests closer together, and
inspire that sense of mutual confidence with-
out which men can never hope to be worth}'
of their high calling. Had there been some
central authority of the kind, the disastrous
custom of discounts which played havoc
with the trade throughout the nineteenth
century would never have been tolerated.
The net system has done a great deal to
save the situation, and both booksellers and
publishers now have their separate associa-
tions to safeguard their particular interests.
But there is still urgent need for reform
before the book trade can settle down into
the healthy state which can only proceed
from a. sound constitution. Let us echo the
words of the forerunners of the Stationers'
Company —
" the reputable men of the Craft of Writers of
Text-letters. .. .citizens of London, who were
wont to bind and sell books " —
when, more than five hundred years ago,
they prayed for authority to elect wardens
" diligently to oversee that good rule and govern-
ance is had and exercised by all folks of the same
trades in all works with the same trades pertaining,
to the praise and good fame of the loyal good men
of the same trades, and to the shame and blame
of the bad and disloyal men of the same."
It is worth remembering that the Mayor and
Aldermen granted the petition, " for the
reason that it concerned the common weal
and profit." The welfare of the book trade,
it need scarcely be added, is a matter of
even greater moment to the commonweal to-
day, when books play a part in the national
life undreamt of in the ages before the dawn
of printing.
CHARLES TRICE MARTIN.
The death of this well-known record
officer and antiquary will be regretted by
historical students, and by a large circle of
private friends. It will be recalled that Mr.
Martin retired from the Record Office on a
pension, after forty-five years' service, in 1 906.
For some years past his energies had been
confined to editing the publications of the
Pipe Roll Society ; but during the seventies
and eighties of the nineteenth cent vary, few
mediaeval scholars produced more varied and
important work. Apart from the editions
published in his name or prepared by him
for the Rolls Series of Chronicles and
Memorials, Mr. Martin produced or prepared
calendars or reports of several important
manuscript collections in private hands, and
he supplied the materials for more than one
private publication. He also contributed to
several learned periodicals.
Although his name was, perhaps, better
known in connexion with his private and
unofficial work, Mr. Martin had the privilege
of assisting Dr. James Gairdner for more
than twenty years in preparing the Calendar
of Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. As a
record officer his sound scholarship must
have been of the utmost service, as may be
inferred from the evidence published in the
First Report of the Royal Commission on
Public Records. For the student, Mr.
Martins name is more closely associated
with the revival of the study of palaeography
than with any other official or unofficial
undertaking. His editions of ' Wright's
Court Hand,' and his own ' Record Inter-
preter,' have been of the greatest assistance
to more than one generation of English
antiquaries.
ANOTHER DEBT OF JOHN
SHAKESPEARE.
It seems improbable that the word
" whyttawer " (white-tawyer) as applied to
John Shakespeare's calling is capable of
any other than the usual interpretation,
namely, one who dresses white leather with
alum, and I think Mrs. Stopes will find that
the leather thus tawed was used for gloves,
and not for shoes. Glove-skin is, appa-
rently, still tawed with alum and other
chemicals, and according to the ' English
Dialect Dictionary ' (s.v. ' White,' adj. 47)
the term " white-leather " is applied to
" horseskins, cured white and not tanned,
used for whipthongs, hedge -mittens, &c."
The so-called " Statutes "of Winchester,"
entered under the year 1473 in the ' Coventry
Leet Book ' (pp. 395-401 ; cf. ' Northamp-
ton Records,' i. 344-9), afford evidence as to
the way leather-workers were restricted in
the employment of their material. Thus
the " cordeners " or " corvisers " were com-
pelled to use only " good neats' leather
and calves' leather " in their shoemaking,
thoroughly tanned and curried, just the
kind of skins outside the white-tawyer' s
province, since his skill was only to be
exercised on that of sheep, goats, deer,
horse, and hound, varieties again the tanner
was forbidden to touch. In Coventry there
was a close connexion between the whit-
tawers and glovers, who walked together
in the Corpus Christi procession (' Leet
Book,' - p. 220). Altogether there seems-
no reason to doubt that the terms " whit-
tawer " and "glover" might present dif-
ferent aspects of the same occupation.
Mary Dormer Harris.
THE ELIOT HODGKIN SALE.
In the first four days of the sale by Messrs.
Sotheby of the library formed by the late Mr.
John Eliot Hodgkin the most important prices
were the following : Anthologia Epigrammatum
Grajcorum, 1494, 20Z. Celsus, De Re Medicina,
1478, 32Z. Cronica van Coellen, 1499, 31Z.
Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493, 24Z. A large collec-
tion of tracts and documents relating to coinage,
c. 1700, 25Z. Columna, Hypnerotomachia Poli-
phili, 1504, 58Z. Crescentius, In Commodum
Ruralium, n.d., c. 1495, 31Z. Dialogus Creaturaruin
Moralizatus, 1480, 60Z. Directorium Human*
Vitso, n.d., but 15th century, 34Z. Dupuiherbault,
Epistres et Evangiles, 2 vols., 1553, in an old
French binding, 20Z. Queen Elizabeth, New
Year's Gifts, a parchment roll, 1579, 46Z. A
collection of over 200 engravings of firework
displavs, c. 1592-1814, 50Z. Glahville, De Pro-
prietatibus Rerum, 1485, 30Z. Herodotus, 1502,
Erasmus's copy, 63Z. Lichtenberger, Pronosticatio
Latina, 1492. 56Z. Livy, Roman History, 1507,
26Z. Ludolphus de Saxonia, Vita Christi, 1499,
20Z. Macrobius, Expositio in Somnium Scipionis,
1472, 20Z. 10s. Mandeville, Travels, in German,
1484, 100Z. Defensorium Inviolate Virginitatis
Marie, n.d., but printed at Basle in the 15th
century, 25Z. Dat bok der mede-lydinghe
Marien, 1498, 66Z. Demosthenes, Orationes,
1504, 36Z. 10s. Homer, 1518, S2Z. Virgil, 1514,
53Z. The last three were Melanchthon's own
copies.
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
THE ATHENE UM
721
ICitrraru (6as5tp,
It may be of interest to historical
students to remember that an opportunity
exists of studying in print the character-
istics of such a princely register as that
recently discovered and identified by the
Deputy Keeper of the Public Records.
The work referred to is the well-known
Register of John of Gaunt, recently edited
for the Royal Historical Society by Mr. S.
Armitage-Smith. It may be further noted
that a full account of the parallel estab-
lishment of the Black Prince's brother
will be found in Mr. Armitage-Smith's
brilliant Life of the Duke of Lancaster and
King of Castillo, which is largely based upon
the Register in question. The latter is
not inferior in historical interest to any
similar document that has survived.
Many will sympathize with Mr. Oliver
Locker-Lampson's tilt this week in the
House of Commons against the traffic in
titles in the present age. Though, how-
ever, the traffic has reached blatant pro-
portions, it is not novel. In * Bleak
House ' (chap, xxxv.) the heroine ex-
plained to Miss Flite that
'; it was not the custom in England to
confer titles on men distinguished by peaceful
services, however good or great ; unless
occasionally, when they consisted of the
accumulation of some very large amount of
money."'
Miss Flite. being mad, expected to find
our nobility marked by distinction in art,
literature, or the public service.
A bibliography of all the books and
pamphlets that have been published in
England or America on various Danish
subjects, besides a list of translated Danish
works. some thousand in all. has just been
published by the Danish- American Society.
Mr. Guy Bickers, who has for some
years been general manager for Mr. Eve-
leigh Nash, is transferring his services to
Messrs. G. Bell & Sons, of which company
he will from July 1st become a director.
Mr. Kenneth Bell has resigned his
position in that firm in order to take up a
responsible post with Messrs. Ginn & Co.
of St. Martin's Street.
77<< 7 '.'///■ 9 of Monday last published two
nets by Keats which are new to print.
They were written on a blank page in the
edition of Keate's • Poems' published in
1817. and are entitled ' On Receiving a
Laurel ' Town from Leigh Hunt/ and ' To
the Ladies who saw me Crown'd.' Keats
did not publish them, it is suggested,
e afterward- became ashamed
of hi- crowning. Also they belong to the
experimental stage in his style represented
by ' Endymion,' when he was dissatisfied
with hi- work, and had not attained
the mastery of his later day-. Still, the
sonnets show as the great style in the
makiir_r. and the pregnant phrase which
Keats shares with Shakespeare.
We are -orry to find that la-t week, by
consulting a contemporary for the name
of an author needed under ' Book- Pub-
lished this Week.' we attributed the
novel ' Roding Rectory' to Cecil Adair.
The author is Mr. Archibald Marshall.
Messrs. Longmans are publishing
shortly ' The English Catholic Refugees
on the Continent, 1558-1795,' by the
Rev. Peter Guilday. This book follows
the fortunes of the first exiles — students
and professors of Oxford and Cambridge,
members of the religious Orders, and indi-
vidual lay men and women, who left
England shortly after the passing of the
Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy in
1559 — and describes the two centuries and
a half of absence which followed down to
the French Revolution, when the English
Catholic exiles returned to England.
The archives of Belgium, France, and
Spain have been carefully searched for
all traces of these refugees, and the volume
contains more than one hundred unpub-
lished documents. The Secret Archives
of the Vatican and the numerous collec-
tions of the Vatican Library are also exten-
sively used.
A work of a remarkable character,
which Messrs. Macmillan announce for
next Tuesday, is a volume containing the
impressions of a well-known and well-
educated India ruler, Xarayanrao Babasa-
heb, Chief of Ichalkaranji, during a tour
in Europe in 1913. The volume bears as
title ' Impressions of British Life and
Character,' and includes a laudatory
Introduction from the pen of Lord George
Hamilton.
Mr. W. B. Bryan will also issue next
Tuesday through Messrs. Macmillan the
first volume of an ambitious ' History
of the National Capital of the United
States.' In this instalment he deals with
the events of the years 1790 to 1814.
The Cornhill Magazine for June opens
with an unpublished poem by Mrs. Brown-
ing, written before her marriage : ' An
Epistle to a Canary," supposed to be
indited by her own pair of doves to Miss
Mitford's pet bird. Mr. Bernard Holland
contributes personal recollections of Alfred
Lyttelton. June 24th is the 600th anni-
versary of the battle of Bannockburn, the
history of which is retold by Sir Herbert
Maxwell. Sport is represented bjr Mr.
H. T. Sheringham's On a Little Chalk
Stream.' " With Mistral in Provence ' is
a personal reminiscence of the poet by the
Hon. Margaret Amherst, and "The Way
of the Legion ' a short story by Mr. Claude
E. Benson.
Harper's Maga:.itic for June will include
'Conquering the Greal Hose.' by Mrs.
Fanny B. Workman: 'Some Uses of
American Parties/ by Prof. W. M. Sloane ;
' The First Dictionary of Americanisms,'
by Prof. T. R. Lounsbury ; 'On Truly
11 ill ' a story by Mrs. hudonev ; and ' Pan.
a poem by Mr. Le < lallienne.
■ Yi si i Khan, the Rebel Command-
ant/ by Mr. S. C. Bill, which Messrs.
Longmans announce, is an attempt to
narrate from original sources the adven-
turous career and tragic fate of an Indian
soldier who was born a peasant, but trained
by ('live, and promoted to the highest rank
ever attained by one of the East India
Company's native officers. The conflict
with his mortal enemy the Xawab of
Arcot ruined him, but in Southern India
he is still remembered as a firm, wise, and
upright governor.
' Socialism : Promise or Menace ? '
by Mr. Morris Hillquit and Dr. John A.
Ryan, is a volume in which one author
attacks this system of government, while
the other advocates it. The volume will
be published by Messrs. Macmillan on
the 26th inst.
Mr. Richard Marsh has a long novel
coming from Messrs. Chatto & Windus
within the next few days. It is the story
of a beautiful girl who, b}' a series of extra-
ordinary accidents, is seriously incrimi-
nated in various strange disappearances
of valuable property. Her lovers, her
friends, her enemies, all are concerned in
the mystery, and by all she is held con-
demned. The book is entitled ' Margot —
and her Judges.'
The Ford Lectures on L The Place of
the Reign of Edward II. in English His-
tory,' delivered at Oxford in the Hilary
Term of 1913 by Prof. T. F. Tout, will be
published by the Manchester University
Press next Wednesday. In addition to-
expanding, and to a large extent rearrang-
ing, the lectures, Prof. Tout has included'
in tvvo appendixes the household ordi-
nances of Edward II., and a list of officials
under that king.
The edition of the writings of John.
Quincy Adams which is being prepared
by Mr. Worthington C. Ford, and pub-
lished by Messrs. Macmillan, will move a
step nearer completion with the issue of
Vol. III. on the 26th inst. The years
covered by this instalment are 1801 to-
1810.
We are sorry to notice the death on
Tuesday last of Mr. John W. Hales,
Emeritus Professor of English Literature
at King's College, London, at the age of
77. Mr. Hales was one of the famous
group at Christ's College, Cambridge,
which included Calverlev, Seelcv, and
Skeat. A master at Marlborough under
Bradley from 1860 for three years, he
found his chief work as a teacher and
examiner in English, lie was twice
Clark Lecturer at Trinity, Cambridge, on
English Literature, contributed several-
articles to the "Dictionary of National
Biography,1 and edited several English
classics. His notes on various literary
matters, partly from our own columns,
make an interesting volume entitled
■ Folia Literaria.'
M. I.kiin Skmii';. who died at Nice <>n
the (ith inst.. at the age of (i(i, was the
author of numerous monographs. He was
an indefatigable searcher of archives, and
COuld write with equal facility on the
Jansenists, the origins of the Concordat,
.1. <ln Bellay, or Lamartine. When bis
death occurred, he was collecting docu-
ments for a hook on .Massona.
~—
722
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
SCIENCE
BIOLOGY IN RELATION TO
EDUCATION.
A Course of Three Lectures given by Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall at Crosby Hall, on
March 13th, 17th, and 20th, 1914.
{These Lectures were Illustrated by nearly two
hundred slides, and the omission of these has
necessitated some curtailment o! the matter
which depended on them, and also some re-
arrangement. Lecture I. was printed in 'The
Athenaeum ' for April 25th ; Lecture II. in
' The Athenaeum ' for the 2nd and 9th inst. ;
and the first portion of Lecture III. in last
week's 'Athenaeum.']
Lecture III. (continued).
"MORS JANUA VIT.E."
The Significance of Pressure.
We have here arrived at one of the
most comprehensive and fundamental ideas
which science enables us to form of health.
It is a balance, or correspondence, of outer
and inner pressure. But where a being is
a complex of many " persons," it will
happen that health upon a given level is
possible only to one set of " persons," and
that the others suffer — are " in prison."
If the " persons " which are in health,
say, at the general level and pressure
of the prosent surface of the earth
predominate over the rest, the in-
dividual will be relatively well and
comfortable. If the others come to
preponderate, a change of some kind in
order to get a change of pressure may
become urgently necessary. It may be
sufficient only to change by migration on
the same level ; it may be necessary to
ascend — go up to a mountain top ; or,
it may be necessary to descend — to go
down into some depth within the earth ;
or, again, it may be necessary to alter
diet, to fast, to perform certain physical
exercises, or to work more subjectively
than objectively.
If the pressure and temperature in a
given area are altered, the condition of
every living thing within that area is
altered. The human body, as we have
seen, is never in one uniform condition of
temperature and pressure throughout. In
a rich personality these differences are
very nicely balanced, and therefore, if any
change occurs in the external or internal
pressure, a change — but a change of
many different degrees and complications
— will take place through the layers of
the body inwards to the innermost layer,
resulting in differences of temperature and
function. Wherever we find difference
of temperature, we should treat it as
an indication of difference of pressure
somewhere ; and it is necessary to keep
carefully before the mind that the differ-
ences of temperature in different parts
of the body are there also an indication
of corresponding differences of blood pres-
sure, and also of change in the blood itself.
Tuis difference of blood pressure is — not
solely, but to an important degree —
brought about by the fact that the
blood is not evenly distributed through-
out the body to its different organs
and parts. This is one of the causes of
that want of balance in the body which
we have already noted, and it is felt most
markedly in the capillaries.
In cases where, from bad circulation,
the pressure is injuriously uneven, it
may be remedied to a very considerable
extent by manipulation, gentle exercise,
baths, and so forth.
A few details as to differences of tem-
perature may make the matter more vivid.
The two sides of the heart differ in tem-
perature, and the temperature of the aorta,
again, is different from that of either.
The temperature in the liver is 39-7°
C, in the superior vena cava 3678°, in
the inferior vena cava 3811°, under the
tongue 37-19°, in the rectum 381°. The
average temperature of the blood is 39.
It will readily be understood that if one
part of the body — say, the liver — has an
enhanced temperature, all the rest of the
body is affected by it, the so-called
"normal" balance of "persons" being
altered and other " persons " coming into
power.
The temperature of the insane is usu-
ally very low— often only 30° to 31° C,
which is that of the bee ; and in cases of
dementia with paralysis, may be as low
as 27-5° C. In a drunken person the tem-
perature may sink to 24° C. Poisons —
chloroform, alcohol, digitalis, quinine,
aconite, muscarin, strychnine, nicotine,
hyoscyamus, haschish, opium, and many
others — may lower the temperature and
increase the blood pressure, or the reverse,
and also alter the blood itself.
I would entreat every one to pause over
these last statements. To say that the
insane, or those affected by drugs, have
a subnormal temperature is equivalent
to saying that they are living under a
different internal pressure. The first
measure towards cure would be to get the
right internal pressure for the new
"persons" arisen into dominance — not
necessarily evil " persons."
Diving : Alteration of External Pressure.
If, now, we would understand aright
the internal pressure of the body, we must
consider the effect upon it of differences of
pressure from without. The readiest way
to do this is to look into the phenomena of
diving. In various parts of the world
"savage" or "barbarous" peoples, with-
out any apparatus, dive for sponges and
pearls. In order to do this work,
clivers are generally trained to it from
earliest childhood. Mothers will hold
their children's heads under water to
practise them in endurance. In an island
off Japan the women do all the diving,
and can go as far as 130 ft. down to fish
up certain shells.
Now, when these naked divers dive,
they grasp a heavy stone with their
hands, or put their feet into a stirrup
attached to such a stone, and let its weight
take them down. A rope is tied to the
stone, and the diver may either be hauled
up by it or ascend by his own efforts.
Some of the deep-water divers put a
horn clip on the nose, an oiled wad in each
ear, and a bit of oiled sponge in the
mouth. Now this, of course, is essentially
exposing oneself to a sudden great change
of pressure. It can only be borne if the
diver is trained to it by short stages. Im-
prudent diving results in haemorrhage,
caused by the increase of pressure, fol-
lowed by decompression and other
maladies.
Fakirs perform a somewhat similar feat
when they allow themselves to be buried
in the earth — a sort of diving on land,
and it is interesting to notice that they
also stop up the nose, ears, and throat.
A fakir may remain buried alive as long
as six months.
For the diver in the sea the length of
time he remains below, as well as the
depth of the dive, is determined by
practice. All muscular exercise — except
climbing a ladder — is more difficult under
pressure.
The stopping of the ears is a good thing,
because the ear is particularly influenced
by pressure, and when, through the air
being compressed, the internal and ex-
ternal pressure are unequal, there is
great pain, and deafness may be caused.
The man holds his breath, keeps the
Eustachian tubes open by swallowing,
and then dives and stays down till he has
reached what he knows is his rupture-
point — a longer or shorter time according
to practice. If he goes on too long, he will
break a bloodvessel. A whale — one of
those animals which, alas ! are being killed
off the earth — goes down 100 fathoms or
more with one breath ; nobody knows
how it is done. It is rather interesting
in this connexion that whalebone was
used by the Swiss woman — as I told you
in the last lecture — for gauging the depth
of veins of metal in the earth. It would
seem that whalebone has a barometric
sensitiveness.
By deep breathing before the dive the
carbon-dioxide is expelled from the body
and the concentration reduced. Muscular
movement — so that it be not too violent
— helps in this. The breathing must be
moderately deep abdominal breathing.
Compression heats the air in the body,
renders it lighter for a given volume of
surrounding air, and gives it a certain
lifting value. Blood, we must remember,
is " spirituous " — i.e., full of air, and
carries gases dissolved in it. The blood-
serum, urine, and bile all yield air in
vacuo, and venous blood foams under the
air-pump to ten times its volume.
I may mention here, as another illus-
tration of effect of difference of pressure,
that practice in breathing rarefied air is
necessary. Death has sometimes occurred
in the diving-bell or in vacuo — not so
much from actual lack of air, as because
the air was too aetherial for the creature
breathing it. Animals will live under a
bell after a candle has gone out — that is
to say, are able to breathe finer air.
Among the ancients the women used
to fashion earthen pots, dive under them,
and practise breathing compressed air
in the pot — which may remind us of the
habits of the water-spider with its diving-
bell.
Compression causing heat, a sudden
expansion and release of pressure causes
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
THE A T PI E N M U M
723
cold. To restore warmth it is necessary.
not so much to supply warm food, cloth-
ing, or external applications, as to return
to the right level.
( 'ertain diseases caused by compression
— i.e., either by excess of blood pressure
or by change in barometric pressure — may
often be cured by recompression. The
disease is caused by a process analagous
to what happens to a diver who, on
ascending, is too abruptly decompressed ;
and death may occur unless recompression
is resorted to. This mode of cure was
practised in the case of many diseases by
the Etruscans.
Alteration of Internal Pressure.
Well. now. just as a diver exposes him-
self to external pressure when going down
into water, and stays below for a longer
or shorter space of time as he can, so a
thinker exposes himself to pressure —
only, it is internal pressure — when, with
attention fixed, and his powers of concen-
tration in fullest exercise, he plunges into
thought. We dive subjectively when we
think. We leave the " person" of limited
normal consciousness, and the mind
functions in other " persons " with wider
powers.
In deep thought the chest is held
motionless, and respiration gradually
ceases, so that the blood is prevented in
ts return to the heart. Hence there
arises internal congestion or an abundant
supply of blood to one set of organs or
" persons."' with an accompanying stimu-
lation of the ganglia and increased
functional activity of these. Unless this
internal pressure is properly regulated,
and the organs are sufficiently developed
by training to endure it, there will arise
a disturbance of balance between internal
and external pressure, and this will
affect the whole body.
With the young, thinking — this inner
" diving," with its fixed attention and
concentration — should be allowed only
in very short spells. Sighs from young
children indicate over - pressure. The
it intervals of mental work should
alternate with free, gentle play of a
dble kind calculated to reveal the
intuitive powers. This play — as we saw in
the effect of the action of an insensible
limb on its owner— will afford ideas for
the next " dive."'
Were all the children grouped together
in class or school of the same breed, the
times for concentration and for play
might be arranged to succeed one another
in a scheme more or less fixed, for breed
means certain limitations and condition-.
Bui nowadays our population is a mixed
one, and in the enormou- classes of our
elementary schools boys and girls of very
diverse quality are all huddled together.
(To be continued.)
* . *
** We propose next week to publish a
full account of b paper recently read by
l)r. Btfackerzie before the members of the
Aristotelian Society. This has been specially
I'f-pared for us by Mr. H. Wildon Carr,
Hon. Secretary of the Society. The subject,
' Dissociated Personality,' should appeal to
those interested in Miss Abrahall's lectures.
IN" HONOUR OF DR. FRAZER.
It has been suggested that the completion
of the third edition of ' The Golden Bough '
might givo tho many friends and admirers
of Dr. Frazer a fitting occasion for offering
him somo token in recognition of his great
services to learning.
It is proposed that a Frazer Fund for
Social Anthropology bo established to make
grants to travelling students of either sex,
whether connected with a University or not,
with a view to their investigating problems
in the culture and social organization of
primitive peoples, a department of anthro-
pology which Dr. Frazer has always been
eager to promote. This proposal affords
an opportunity to that wide public, both
at home and abroad, whose interest has been
stimulated by Dr. Frazer's work, to co-
operate in doing honour to a student whose
reputation is worldwide, and whose specula-
tions, founded on an immense accumulation
of facts, have affected the main current of
thought in several important subjects.
It is also proposed that, in order to secure
continuity of administration, the Fund be
held in trust by the University of Cambridge,
and that the grants from it be made by seven
managers, representing the various anthro-
pological schools of the country. Detailed
regulations will be submitted for approval to
a meeting of subscribers.
This scheme has already the support of
a representative list of eminent scholars
at home and abroad. It is a practical one
without the usual academic restrictions,
and should appeal to all who know Dr.
Frazer's unwearied zeal for research. Our
readers do not need to be told of the import-
ance we attach to Social Anthropology. The
proposal has our cordial support, and will,
we hope, meet with a response worthy of a
great scholar.
The Secretary and Treasurer is Mr. F. M.
Cornford, Trinity College, Cambridge. Con-
tributions to the Fund may be sent either
direct to him, or to the " Frazer Fund
Account," Messrs. Barclay & Co., Mortlock's
Bank, Cambridge.
S OCTET IKS.
11.
-Sir
Society of Antiquaries. — May
Arthur Evans, President, in the chair.
Mr. O. M. Dalton exhibited, on behalf of the
Marquess of Northampton, the Clephane horn.
The mediaeval oliphant known as the Clephane
horn was long preserved by the family of that
name at Carslogie Castle in Fife, and presumably
passed into the possession of the Marquesses of
Northampton alter the marriage of the second
Marquess with Miss Clephane in 1815. It Mas
published by Sir Walter Scott in his ' Border
Antiquities' in 1811; and was shown at the
Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition in 1857,
and at South Kensington in 1802. It has been
variously regarded as late-antique, Carolingian,
and Romanesque; but a comparison with other
oliphants, with designs in illuminated MBS., and
with frescoes seems to show that it should be
ascribed to the province of Byzantine art, and
that it probably belongs to the eleventh century.
Though considerably damaged, it is in some
respects tin- most remarkable of all known oli-
phants ; and its rich figure-decoration, illustrating
the contests of the amphitheatre, renders it of
exceptional importance to archaeology.
.Mr. <;. B. Grundy communicated a note on
'The So-called Ryknield or Biknild Street.'
This recorded the result of two excavations made
wit 1 1 a view of determining the course of the
Kikuild Street between Weston ;md the Koss
Way, along the line of the parish boundary in
Spring Hill Park, Chipping Campden. Two
sections were cut through wli.it was apparently
the agger. The ftrsl section revealed a layer of
Sags, underneath which was a layer- of heal en
earth. This excavation «;>- not conclusive,
although thi' struct nre discovered might be sus-
pected to be that of a road. The second section
was made ),, | I,,, north of the first, and resulted
in tie- discovery of a layer of small broken st<
and earth Superimposed upon a layer of lla^s,
with beaten earth beneath. The result of these
excavations goes to show that this is the actual
line of the road. The layer of small stones corre-
sponds to that found on the surface of Akernan
Street in Blenheim Park, ami although the
structure below is different! in the present in-
stance the layer of slabs seems to have been in-
tended to prevent the small surface stones being
trodden into the earth, ;ind the beaten earth to.
form a solid foundation for the road.
The President communicated -i note by Mr. E. 11.
Uinney on the discovery of Roman remains on the
Ermine Street, near Swindon.
Meteorological. — May 20. — Mr. 0. J. P-
Cave, President, in the chair.
Mr. E. (iold read a paper on ' The Reduction of
Barometer Readings in Absolute Units, and a New
Form of Barometer Card.'
Mr. A. Hampton Brown read a paper on ' A
Cuban Rain Record and its Application,' in which
he dealt, with the rainfall records of the Helen
College Observatory, Havana, for the period 185i>
to 1912, and gave particulars of the monthly,,
yearly, and seasonal rainfall. The average yearly
rainfall for the fifty years 1861-1910 is just under
50 in., but during the past fifteen years there has-
been a marked tendency to diminished amounts.
March is the driest month with P91 in., and
October the wettest with 6*92 in., followed closely
by June with 6'71 in. The most phenomenal
month was April, 1869, when 22'57 in. wasfre-
corded, falling on six days. On the other hand,
April, 1896, was entirely rainless. The rainfall
year can be divided into two seasons: a wet from
May to October, and a dry from November to-
April. During the former, 35'36 in., or 71 per
cent of the rain, falls, the remaining 14*60 in., or
29 per cent, being recorded in the dry months.
Theauthorhas endeavoured to trace the connexion,
between the wet season at Havana during May to
October, and the precipitation in South- West
England and South Wales during the three months
January to March following ; and he has found
that from 1878 onwards, when the first reports for
this country are available, an excess rainfall in
Havana during May to October was generally
followed by a deficient rainfall in South- West
England at the beginning of the next year, and
vice versa. There were many years where 1 he
application failed, but the general continuance of
the seesaw movement was so persistent that 't
could hardly be regarded as merely coincidental.
Mathematical. — May 11. — Prof. A. E. II.
Love, President, in the chair.
Prof. II. M. Macdonald read a paper on ' Diffrac-
tion by a Straight Kdge.' The paper began with
a short account of the history of the problem, and
of the methods used by Poincare^ Sommerfeld, and
others to attack it. It was then pointed out that
the known methods for finding a first approxima-
tion in the case of small wave-length suggest at
once suitable forms for the exact solution, and
that t he solution can t hen be completed by the aid
of the fundamental differential equation for wave-
propagation.
The Hon. II. F. Moulton read a paper on
'Quadratic Forms and Factorization of Num-
bers.' This paper sketched various methods
which would reduce the labour involved in the
factorization of large numbers.
The following papers were communicated by
title :' On the Reduction of Sets of Intervals,'
by Prof. W. H. Young and Mrs. Young ; ' Diffrac-
tion of Tidal Waves on Flat Rotating Sheets of
Water,' by .Mr. J. Proudman : ami ' On tire
Algebraic Theory of Modular Systems,' by Mr.
F. s. Macaulay.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK
Mun.
Win.
Geographic d. 3.— Anna*] Heating.
Society of Arts, i ;'i.— 'The Be mlo Development of Briti-l
Eaul Africa hi.. I Uganda, Major E. II. M. 1-eggett.
[Uolonlal Hection.)
Royal Institution, :!. — "Natural History in the Clasnics : II.
Tim Natural llimory of Ariiitotle ami of Pliny,' Prof.
n An-v w Tnompion.
Society of Art*. 4 30 The Singing of Hongs, ol.l and New :
III. Modern ttongi,' Mr. il. Plonket Sraana, (Cobb
Lecture
Anthropological Institute, 8 IS — ' The Kavha* of Asaain,' Mr.
J. E Friend Perelra.
Bocloly of Literature, .1 — 'George Orabbe,' Canon Foakei
.i.u tkao 11
— Geological. B— 'On the Development of Tragophylloet
lotcombt How.,' Mr 1. f Spain ; 'The Sequen 1 l*\.ui
at the North Head, Otago Harlwur. Dun. din,' I'rof. I'
Marshall.
— Booleti of Artn. x
— Iliitmh Numifmatlo, B —'Touch piecen and Maundy Mi
Mi" Helen Kaeiuhar.
Tut 11-. Koynl Institution. I.— 'Identity of I.nwi in General and
Biological lb -try. 1... tun- III, Prof. H. Arrhenlua.
(Tynd ill Lectun
— Iloyal. 130.— 'Stndletol Hie i'rnci-Mu-t operative in Solutions:
X x i X The DUtnrbance of the Banlllbrium in Holmloni- bi
••Hin.iig ami "Weak" Interfering aaente,' Prof, n I
innitrong and Hi 1 I Walker; 'On » T>pe reading
Optopta ,' Ml y R Kiiurnier ii'Albe; ami other PapeM.
— Hocf.ty ..I Anti-ii
Iti.yal Inltltntlon, B.— 'Plant Ant. .graphs and their Ken la
ti.uiH ' I'rnl .1 1
Koynl lin-tltutlon. .1 . — ' Fiorile and Ihelf Origin: II. Fiorde
and Earth Movement*,' I'rof .1 W. Gregory-
Fin.
8>r.
724
THE A T II E N M U M
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
FINE ARTS
The Renaissance of the Greek Ideal. By
Diana Watts. (Heinemann, 11. Is. net.)
Mrs. Watts has produced a very inter-
esting book alike from the point of
view of physical training, psychology, and
-of Greek art. Her main contention is
that the all-round perfection of the
Greeks in their best period was due to a
state of tension, primarily of the muscles
of the body, but reacting upon their intel-
lectual and spiritual life. We seem to
imply the same thing when we refer to a
high or low moral tone in common speech.
The most essential thing physically appears
to be the strengthening of the muscles
about the waist and the tension of the
midriff ; the author ingeniously suggests
that the Greeks themselves were conscious
of this when they made the 4>pevts
(not phrenes, as printed) the chief seat
of intellectual and spiritual activity.
A number of exercises are prescribed
which are calculated to give the desired
result, and these are reproduced in a
series of kinematograph pictures which
make it easy to follow the action
throughout. A still more remarkable
series of illustrations is produced by
affixing a small electric bulb to the toe of
the performer, and then photographing
her movements in a dark room from
.above. The result is a complicated and
beautiful series of geometrical figures
which show a wonderful precision of
.movement, and give a high notion of
the degree of conscious muscular control
which can be attained.
The application of a similar system to
the study of certain Greek athletic types
is attractive, though the author is in
•some cases led astray by an insufficient
.acquaintance with the archaeological data.
This is the more to be regretted since
the kinematographic reproductions of the
.action represented in sculpture by the
Discobolus and the Charioteer of the Capitol
.are most interesting ; and in the recon-
struction of the motions of some other
istatues there is much for archaeologists to
iearn. For example, it is well observed
that the setting of the left foot at right
angles to the direction of advance in the
fencer's lunge, as exemplified in the
Borghese Warrior and other statues, is
not, as often stated, to give a broader
l)asis, but because
" it is only by turning out the foot of that
tense vibrating leg that it can be held locked
in the hip, part of the spine, one with the
whole weight of the body."
Similarly, because the left foot of the
'Subiaco boy is not so turned, " the. posi-
tion is that of exhaustion, collapse."
Hence follows the true inference that no
.athletic feat is here represented. Whether
the suggestion that the statue represents
•Ganymede is right or not, the whole type
•of figure evidently suits such a character
•rather than an athlete. The author is
tiiot responsible for the attribution to
jVlyron of a post-Praxitelean work.
Other suggestions, however, cannot be
accepted. For example, Loewy's expla-
nation of the strange half-turns in archaic
statues and reliefs as an artistic device,
due to the piecing together of inconsis-
tent memory pictures, is criticized on the
ground that such turns are possible for
the highly trained body. But the photo-
graphs given to justify this criticism do
not bear it out. They show, indeed, that
it is possible to turn towards either side
with the feet in the same position ; but
the turn thus produced is gradual from
the feet to the shoulders, and helps to
prove that the sudden half-turn at the
waist is an impossibility. The treatment
of the Mattei Amazon shows careful study
of position, and is worthy of consideration ;
but no notice is taken of the theor}r that
she is not wounded at all, and has in her
hands, not a bow, but a spear used as a
jumping-pole. Mrs. Watts's doubt as to
the head shows her sense of fitness ; but
it is strange that she did not refer to any
catalogue, which would have told her
that the head belongs to a quite different
type. Again, it is very doubtful whether
the Heracles of the ^Egina pediment is
in any different position from the other
kneeling archers. To crouch down while
bending the bow, and to rise again after
discharging the arrow, may be a good
gymnastic exercise, but its use in war is
not obvious.
These defects are pointed out because
there is so much that is good in the book
that it is worth making better. Its
intention is admirable, not only in its
protest against " the hideous inroads
upon fine development made by heels,
hobbles, and similar atrocities," but also
in its advocacy of harmonious self-control
through skilfully directed training.
PICTURES OF THE VENETIAN
SCHOOL.
The little portrait head entitled The Young
Christ (6), and ascribed to Lorenzo Lotto, is
one of the first, pictures to catch the visitor's
eye in the exhibition at the Burlington Fine
Arts Club, and is, on the whole, the one he
will part from with most regret. The name of
Lotto does not usually call up workmanship
so close and fine, or paint so exquisitely laid.
The film of paint has almost the technical
beauty of Van Eyck\s method, and the
colour-scheme, with its rather flatter, milder
use of light and shade, is even better adapted
to utilize the decorative possibilities of the
technique employed. Earlier in date than
most of the pictures here, it represents, to
some extent, the union of Flemish workman-
ship and Italian taste, and is thus, in some
sort, exceptional. The usual result of the
meeting was that one element disintegrated
the other. The exhibition as a whole
displays the soj:>orific influence on Venetian
design of the introduction of oil painting.
The momentous and decisive action de-
manded by a quick - drying medium like
tempera trained a school of severe draughts-
men, who did not lose all their virtue by
contact with the oil medium. Giovanni Bellini
remains a monumental painter. The next
generation, largely lacking such a training,
is by comparison nerveless. The painter
was in such easv circumstances that he went
to sleep, though occasionally, as in the ca-o
of Giorgione, he had dreams.
This being the period illustrated, the
exhibition is a little dull. Lorenzo Lotto
(16, 25), in his more familiar and cloying
vein ; Sebastian del Piombo (2, 5, '.), and 27),
well - meaning, but hardly inspired ; Palma
Vecchio (13 and 32), using to the uttermost
the softening capacities of the new medium :
these are the principal attractions along with
Titian, shown in his slack days, or fol-
lowers inferior to himself in draughtsman-
ship. The interest thins out through the
work of the rather characterless Licinio,
down to the deplorable Judith with the Head
of Holofernes (30), contributed by Col. Sir
Audley W. Neeld, the sophisticated degene-
racy of which could only be adequately
denounced by a Ruskin. Its attribution to
Cariani by Mr. Berenson is the most severe
criticism we know of that painter. We can-
not quite agree either with the suggestion in
the catalogue that the Resurrection (School
of Giorgione, 3) is probably by the author of
the well-known Glasgow " Giorgione," 'The
Woman taken in Adultery.' The draughts-
manship in the latter work may be some-
what weak, but it is more capable, and, above
all, the designing of masses has more steadi-
ness and sureness than we find in this picture
of Mr. Benson's.
Of the Titians, several have been seen
quite recently in London galleries : The
Portrait of a Man (4), careful, but rather
wooden in drawing, and theGiacomo Doria (20),
at the Grafton four years ago ; the familiar
and rather undistinguished Holy Family
(22); and the severely wrought, but life-
less Daughter of Herodias (8), at the Academy
Winter Exhibitions. The last-named work,
cold and academic as it is, is one of the most
respectable pictures in the collection. It
has more style and dignity than the equally
accomplished Portrait of a Man (8) from
Hampton Court, the literal representation
of which foreshadows that element in
Velasquez which permitted his art to be called
" the beginning of photography." The much
damaged Laura di Dianti (31), lent by Sir
Frederick Cook, is more interesting; the de-
sign has considerable vivacity, though in this
and in The Story, of Lara, by Schiavone, we
are in a later period — indeed, well on the way
to the more dynamic art of Tintoret. They
do not suffice to disturb the atmosphere of
placid, self-satisfied maturity that pervades
the collection, the heavy soporific colours
of which give the lie to Kandinsky's classi-
fication of the primaries by their usual
effect on the nerves. In this easygoing
paradise all are sleepy alike, and vaguely
cheerful.
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
Tht: two thousand four hundred odd
exhibits of the first International Exhibition
of Humorous Art, at the Holland Park
Rink, reveal the scale on which this
industry is practised, and the number of
men engaged in it. Despite a certain num-
ber of exceptions, comparison between the
French, or even the German, work exhibited
and our own is not flattering to our national
vanity. With the Frenchmen some sort of
artistic training seems to have been the rule :
training in drawing, training also in the
grammar of convention, which saves them
from the vulgar naturalistic form of the
majority of our own humorous draughtsmen.
The old advertisement, " Have you a taste
for drawing? Then why not make a large
income at once ? " &c, would seem to
indicate the kind of education these unfor-
tunates have offered themselves, an educa-
tion from the first short-sighted, and aiming
only at immediate pecuniary results. All
No. 4517. May 23, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
725
but a few of the worst Frenchmen seem by
comparison monsters of disinterestedness
and of independence. Their work has some
elements of beauty, however ugly their types
may be. The show is too colossal for
detailed review, the more so as the cata-
logue only approximately corresponds to tho
picture^ on the walls, and is not itself con-
secutive.
The selected works by Modern Dutch
" Masters "' at the French Gallery are hardly
of the quality which calls for such a title.
They include a well-known example by
Jacob Maris, the large Near Utrecht (23),
dignified enough by rather obvious means.
The more restless superficial cleverness of
Willem Maris is displayed in two typical
canvases [22 and 25). J. H. Mastenbroek's
small picture A Summer Day (o~). has similar
qualities, but rather more freshness of
design, and a larger sense of pattern. W. B.
Tholen's Bathers (2), has a suavity like that
of Cazin, with rather more intimacy of
vision, and a less perfect technique.
At the Fine Art Society are the water-
colours of Mr. Matthew Hale, landscapes by
Mr. Harold Speed, and etchings by Mr.
William Walcot. Mr. Speed, like many
figure painters who practise landscape, is
quick to assimilate whatever is in the air,
but has little that is individual to contribute.
A modicum of research would be more truly
valuable than all this easy production. His
colour is. rather monotonously, milky. A
§ tsex Cornfield (19), the best of his pictures,
stands out as an exception with richer
tones and firmer design. Mr. Walcot's
etchings are none of them better than the
Antony in Egypt (8), already noticed at the
R.B.A. The Trojan Horse (14), is a typical
example of the work of an artist apparently
lacking in ballast, and prone to throw off,
without much thought, improvisations dis-
playing a rather barren cleverness.
The Baillie Gallery is occupied with the
slightest of sketches by Mrs. Cheston, and
Messrs. W. Kneen, and Fred Mayor ; not
very important, but to be preferred to the
fulsome colour and perpetual compromise
between literal realism and empty decorative
pattern of the watercolours which Mr. C. J.
Collings is showing at the Carroll Gallery.
We can only wonder when we are told that
these watercolours, which. except for a greater
cleanliness of execution, are just like many
other semi-amateur productions which fill
minor exhibitions, have in some quarters,
provoked comparisons with Cotman and
Hiroshige.
At the Fifth Exhibition of the Society of
Graver-Painters in Colour, Mr. E. L. La wren -
son has an admirable aquatint Gateway of the
House of Rabelais, Chinon (32), and there is
work by Messrs. Verpilleux (20), W. Monk
(31), and Douglas Almond (49), which is
lively if less ambitious in the study of the
distribution of colour.
The bronzes by Madame Renee Vranyczany
at the Goupi] Gallery are fairly good
students' studies of figures in violent action,
but are not distinctly sculpturesque in con-
ception.
The thirtieth annual exhibition of hand-
work arranged in the Albert Hall by the
Home Arts and Industries Association con-
tain-, as usual, a considerable quantity of
thoroughly good, well-designed work, to-
other with a much -mailer quantity of
rather trivial and commonplace articles.
There are, indeed, some things displayed
which should be seen by all persons interested
m the development of artistic industries in
this country.
3fiiu ]Vrt (Gossip.
Sir Charles Hercules Read, Keeper of
the British and Mediaeval Antiquities and
Ethnography in the British Museum, has
been appointed Munro Lecturer for 1915 by
the Edinburgh University Court.
It has been found necessary, owing to tho
illness of M. Steinlen. to postpone until
Tuesday next the exhibition of works by the
French draughtsman originally announced
to open at the Leicester Galleries last Thurs-
day. It is hoped that he will, by that time,
be well enough to come over from France.
The catalogue will contain a prefatory note
by Anatole France.
It is more than ten years since Mr. Murray
issued the first volume of the revised edition
of Crowe and Cavalcaselle's famous ' History
of Italy.' At last, after many difficulties and
delays, the completing volumes, V. and VI.,
are to appear this month.
The Oxford University Press has in
preparation an authorized translation of
Signor Rivoira's new book ' Architettura
Musulmana, sueOrigini e suo Sviluppo.' The
translator, Mr. G. McN. Rushforth, has had
the advantage of Signor Rivoira's revision.
All the illustrations included in the Italian
edition will appear in the translation.
Every one who knows the value of ' The
Index of Archaeological Papers,' which until
recently appeared annually, will be glad to
hear that Dr. William Martin has just
brought out the issue dealing with papers
published in 1909, and has that for 1910
ready for the press. If the scheme receives
sufficient support from the public, the inten-
tion is to bring the series up to date.
Applications for copies (Is. each) should b3
addressed to Dr. Martin, Society of
Antiquaries, Burlington House, W.
OLD MASTERS.
Some good prices were realized at Christie's
on Friday the 15th inst., a Hals fetching over
3,000*., and a Murillo over 2.400Z.
The following were the property of the late Miss
Isabel Mosley, of Thornhill, near Derby : Hals,
Juvenile Musicians, on the right a boy in brown
dress with a black cap, playing a violin, and behind
him another boy in purple costume and white ruff,
who turns his head to speak to a third youth
standing behind, 3,150Z. Jan Steen, The Twelfth
Night Feast, 346Z. 10s.
The following were the property of Mr. W. A. L.
Fletcher of Sundorne Castle, Shrewsbury : Murillo,
The Holy Family — St. Joseph standing on the
right, and seen in profile, holds ( he Infant Saviour
seated on his right arm ; the Child stretches forth
His right hand towards the Virgin, who, seated on
a chair with square posts, extends her arms to
receive Him, 2,415L Jan Steen, A Merry Party
in the Open Air, including in the centre a young
man, in a black dress, playing a fiddle, and looking
a1 an old man who sings from a music-book,
which he holds in his left hand, 1,1552.
The remainder were from various properties:
J. Flighmorc, .Mrs. Joshua Iremonger, in yellow
dress with white lace frills, standing in a land-
scape, and resting her arm on a stone ledge, .'578/.
1'. Mbreelse, A Prince of the Asturias, a young boy
in black dress embroidered with tcold, standing in
an apartment, and holding a golf-club and a ball,
."in I/. Reynolds, Mrs. Iremonger, in green dress,
trimmed with fur, a white lace kerchief round her
neck, jewelled earrings, 1201. I', de Eooghe, A
View in a Dutch Town, a canal running across
the foreground, with a peasant seen angling
from a punt, and conversing with a woman who
stands on the Dear bank, l,207Z. 10«. A. van der
Neer, A River Scene, Moonlight, showing a
church, buildings, and windmill on the further
bank : a horse tOWing a barge, and a man with a
dog, in the foreground, 504t. ; A Frozen River
Scene, Daylight, a wide river with sledges, and
numerous figures skating, 348Z. 10«. I'. Codde,
\ Family (■roup, an interior with a ea valier st anil-
ine, in the foreground : on bis right, five ladies ami
a gentleman ; on his left, two children near a
spinet, 3151. M. .1. Mierevelt, Countess Gonde-
mar, in black dress with large white ruff, and coral
bracelets, 588Z. Rubens, The Triumph of the
Eucharist , 315Z.
MUSIC
OPERA AT COVENT GARDEN.
Last Thursday week ' Aida ' was given;
at Covent Garden, witli Signor Caruso as-
Radames and Madame Emmy Destinn
in the title-part, and it is a work which
offers a fine test of the powers of the great
tenor. He was in better voice than last
year, and his rendering of the lyrical
portions was admirable. There was no
show, no straining after effect. The
question whether his voice has lost in
resonance since last year is not difficult to-
answer. There is a slight difference, but
on the right side. In comparison with
former years there has been a change :
the voice seems at times to have a baritone
rather than a tenor quality. As to
strength there may also be a slight differ-
ence, but some passages in ' Aida ' made
one feel doubtful whether this was the
case. And, after all, Caruso's fine quali-
ties as an artist are sufficiently great to*
make such a matter one of little import-
ance. He is still easily the best exponent
of Radames.
Madame Destinn, whose purity of into-
nation is well known, seemed at first not
to have proper control of her voice ; but
her splendid singing in the third act
showed that at first there was some
momentary trouble. It was also a triumph
for Signor Caruso, as well as for M. Dinlv
Gifiy (Amonasro). Those who heard this
act must have realized what is meant when
it is said of performers that they were not
assuming parts, but feeling themselves for
the time the real characters. Signor
Polacco conducted with all care and
enthusiasm.
On Friday evening there was an inter-
esting performance of ' La Tosca.' Signor
Caruso was very good in the first, and
excellent in the final act. Madame Claudia
Muzio, who took the place of Madame
Edvina, had already been heard in
' Manon Lescaut,' and confirmed the good
impression she then made. She sings and
acts well, though excitement at appearing
with Signor Caruso may have accounted
for her somewhat too demonstrative
acting.
On Saturday evening another perform-
ance of "Parsifal' was given. Mr. Clar-
ence Whitehill was convincing as Amfortas.
Madame Morena, the new Kundry, was
thoroughly good, though not particularly
impressive in the latter part of the Garden
Scene.
OPERA AT DRURY LANE.
Slit JOSEPB BEECHAM'S season, which
promises to he one of great interest.
opened at Drury Lane on Wednesday
evening with Dr. Richard Strauss-
• kosenkavalier.' the work of which Mr.
Thomas Beecham gave the first perform-
ance in England last year at Covent
Garden. There are weak points in the
libretto: the long opening scene with
Baroil <><•!,<. also the long lament of the
7 26
T H E A rF HEN^ U M
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
Marschallin, although the music is expres-
sive. Tlie second act begins well, and
the music is bright ; the comedy, how-
ever, soon degenerates into farce, and
with that change the music suffers.
Dr. Strauss, as not a little of his music
shows, is an admirer of Mozart, but
lacks that composer's light and wonderful
touches. But his music, if often too heavy
for the subject, offers much that is
musically and dramatically effective.
The performance was excellent. Ma-
dame Margarete Siems as the Marschallin
acted and sang with rare intelligence.
Madame Claire Dux was again an admir-
able Sophie. Miss Uhr, the new Octavian,
is a gifted singer and actress. Herr
Kniipfer's Baron Ochs showed skill and
judgment of a high order. Mr. Thomas
Beecham conducted excellently without
book.
Jltuaual Glossip.
The Wilhelm Sachse Oechestra at
''Queen's Hall, on the 13th inst., gave an
■ excellent performance of Tscha'ikowsky's
iFourth Symphony in f minor. It is pleasant
to hear this work, though the Fifth and
Sixth Symphonies are greater favourites.
The composer, however, evidently thought
highly of the Fourth, for he selected and
conducted it at the Philharmonic Concert
when he was in London for the last time
in 1893, the year in which he died. The
meritorious performance of Beethoven's
Violin Concerto by Miss Erna Schulz de-
serves record. Mr. Sachse has good reason
to be proud of his orchestra and of the
intelligence of the players, among whom, in
the strings, women outnumber the men.
At the concert given by Herr Kreisler,
at Queen's Hall, on the 14th inst., the pro-
gramme consisted of Concertos by Beet-
hoven and Sir Edward Elgar. Herr Kreis-
ler's reading of the former is notable for its
breadth and power, while he interprets Sir
Edward's work, which was dedicated to
him, with rare sympathy and skill. He
was at his best.
Mr. Frederic Lamond gave a Beethoven
Recital at the Bechstein Hall on the 16th
inst. He is one of the best interpreters
of that composer's music. He played the
Fantasia, Op. 77, and some of the Baga-
telles, Op. 119. They may be interesting
to some, though they are scarcely of suffi-
cient importance to appeal to the general
public.
The 2,000 members of the Imperial
Choir at the Royal Albert Hall, on the 14th
inst., under the direction of Dr. Charles
Harriss, sang with precision, spirit, and
intelligence Sir Alexander Mackenzie's
" Make a joyful noise," and such favourites
as Gibbons's ' The Silver Swan,' Ravens-
croft's ' In the Merry Spring,' and Dr.
Harriss's ' The Sands of Dee.' In memory
of the Duke of Argyll, the Earl of Minto,
and Lord Strathcona, the hymn " Jesu,
lover of my soul," was impressively sung.
At the concert of the Societe des Concerts
Francais at Bechstein Hall on the 15th iast.
the greater part of the programme was
taken up with folk - music. There was a
Suite Basque for flute and string quartet
by Charles Bordes, who was one of the
founders of the Paris Schola Cantorum,
and the music is based on folk-airs. Songs
from the Pays Basque Francais were also
charmingly sung by Mile. Helene M. Luquiens.
M. Vincent d'lndy, who was joint founder
with Bordes of the School mentioned, con-
tributed some ' Chansons populaires du
Vivarais,' a district in France noted for its
national music. All this music was
exceedingly interesting, but quite unlike
the modern music one is accustomed
to hear at these concerts. Bordes in
his suite has tried, and successfully, to
preserve the simplicity and quaintness of
the themes selected ; he does not develope
them on modern lines. The same can
be said of the accompaniments of the
' Vivarais Chansons ' ; M. d'lndy, one of the
most prominent of modern composers, was
not tempted to display his harmonic
skill. At the end of a very long programme
came his Suite in D, " dans le style ancien,"
for trumpet, flutes, and strings, and that,
published thirty years ago, was not repre-
sentative of the composer of to-day. M.
Fleury gave a delightful rendering of a
Sonata for flute by Michel Blavet, a little-
known composer of the first half of the
eighteenth century.
Mr. Arnold Dolmetsch's second con-
cert of his present series took place on the
evening of Wednesday, the 13th inst., at
the Hall of the Art-Workers' Guild, Queen
Square. The programmes are devoted to
old music, which is performed by Mr.
Dolmetsch and members of his family on
one or more of the following instruments :
recorder, viols, viola da gamba, virginals,
harpsichord, and clavichord. An evening
spent in listening to music of the seven-
teenth and eighteenth centuries thus inter-
preted helps one to feel that emotion can
be expressed, and beauty displayed, with-
out the larger means now in vogue. There
were short pieces, and a Sonata for two
violins, viola da gamba, and continuo by
William Young, the latter published as
early as 1653, the year in which Corelli was
born. Young's music in its breadth and
nobility renders him a worthy predecessor
of Bach. He was a member of the King's
band from 1661 to 1668. The University
Library of Upsala possesses twenty-one
sonatas of his.
Ernst von Schuch, whose serious illness
was recently mentioned, died on the 10th
inst. He was one of Germany's great con-
ductors. Born at Graz in 1847, he con-
ducted at various theatres between 1867
and 1872, but was called in the latter year
to Dresden, and in the following year was
named Court Capellmeister. In 1912 a
special concert was given to celebrate the
fortieth anniversary of his first appearance
at the Dresden Opera. Among those who
took part was Dr. Richard Strauss, whose
'Feuersnot' (1901), ' Elektra ' (1909), and
' Rcsmkavalier ' had all been produced
under Schuch's direction.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Sun.
Mon.
Mon.
Mon.
Special Concert, 3.30, Royal Albert Hall.
Sat. Royal Opera, Covent Garden.
Sit. (Friday excepted). Opera, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
Paul Kochanski's Sonata Recital, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
Joseph Turczynski's Pianoforte Kecital, 3.15. ^Eolian Hall.
London Symphony Orchestra, 8, Queen's Hall.
— Marc Meytschik's Pianoforte Recital, 8.15, Steinway Hall.
Ties. Max Pauer's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15. Bechstein Hall.
— Daisy Kennedy's Violin Recital. 5.30, JEM in Hall.
— Alfred von Fossard's Song Recital, 8 .15. .10 >lian Hall.
— Vivian Gosuell's Soug Recital, 8 15, Bechstein Hall.
Wed. Arnold Trowell's Cello Recital. 3, Bechstein Hall.
— Louis Edger's Pianoforte Recitil, 8.15, JEolian Hall.
— Anton Maaskofrs Violin Recital, 8 ]5. Bechstein Hall.
— Geertruida Vogel's Vocal Recital, 9. Music Studio.
Tucks. Nellie Chaplin's May Festival of Ancient Dances and Music,
2.30. Coronet Theatre.
— Nathalie Aktzery's Vocal Recital, S.15, Bechstein Hall.
— Louie Basche's Pianoforte Recital. 8 30, Steinway Hall.
Gertrude Lonsdale's Vocal Recital, 8.30, .ffiolian Hall.
Carmen Hill's Vocal Recital. 3 .rEolian Hall.
Rudolph Ganz s Pianoforte Recital. 3.15, Steinway Hall.
J ulia Uaroli's Vocal Recital, 8.80, jEilian Hall.
Josef Holbrooke's Concert, 8.30, Arts Centre.
Fm.
DRAMA
Dramatic Actualities. By W. L. George.
(Sidgwick & Jackson, 2s. net.)
In four vigorous chapters the author
examines the claims of those modern
plays of which most has been heard
during the last few years. He rests
wholly dissatisfied with the results of
his survey. He can see only a faddist-
ridden drama with no particular lesson
to teach, and guilty of ten crimes : —
" The shadowy plot, the play without a
climax, hypertrophy of the atmosphere,
sentiment (sometimes), garrulousness, the
exaggerated type, inveterate gloom (some-
times optimism), obscurity, length, and
shapeless purpose."
It would be easy to demonstrate that
these blemishes have prevailed at any
period of dramatic history that Mr.
George chooses to name. But this would
not quite meet his case, for he speaks
as .an '* ordinary man," and therefore
need not be expected to concern himself
much with details of structure. In
point of fact we cannot help feeling that
the '; ordinary man " who goes to thea-
tres is not fairly represented by Mr.
George. Indeed, it is open to doubt
whether any writer can uphold a claim to
represent the normal, for, psychologically,
a member of an audience is not an indi-
vidual in complete possession of his indi-
viduality. We may point out that, when
Mr. G. K. Chesterton appeared before the
Joint Select Committee on the Censorship
in 1909, he, too, professed to represent
the " ordinary man." It would be diffi-
cult to find two men differing more in
most points than Mr. George and Mr.
Chesterton. It is not the fault of the
" man in the street " — to give the same
typical individual his other title — that his
spokesmen differ, for he simply does not
exist. The average of a crowd is a psy-
chological conception, not a man. We
have insisted on this point because Mr.
George, arguing ad hominem, maintains
that, because some intellectual plays have
been commercial failures — not all, as he
seems to imagine — therefore they have
not been good enough for the " ordinary
man." He follows up this point by an
appeal to the " box-office test." The
truth is, however, that the public has no
definite criteria, and does not object
to novelties, as such. The box-office test
is inadequate because, as anybody with
practical experience of the theatre knows,
judicious advertising, a good cast, and
patience may turn a failure into a success
— at least, so far as attendance is concerned.
A point that should be borne in mind
when the success of plays is under dis-
cussion is the size of the theatre in which
they were performed. The long runs of
' Magic ' at the Little Theatre, and of
' Fanny's First Play ' at the Little and
the Kingsway, certainly gave a much
smaller public the opportunity of seeing
those plays than Avould have been the
case if they had been produced at full-
sized West-End theatres for runs that
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
727
Mr. George would not regard as par-
ticularly successful.
When the author drops his attempt at
representation, and discusses the case for
the ••unpleasant play" and "religious
drama," he is far more convincing. We
welcome his addition to the few volumes
of spirited criticism of modern drama.
dramatic (fiossip.
• (.Irumty,' by Mr. Horace Hodges and Mr.
T. Wigney Pereyval, produced at the New-
Theatre last week, with its tlirills of excite-
ment and sympathy, is essentially a play
written for amusement. The plot turns on
the robbery of a diamond and its recovery
through the finesse and skill of " Grumpy "
himself, a noted old criminal lawyer. A
mild love-interest, adequate to its environ-
in. nt, is afforded by the relations of Grumpy's
granddaughter and the young man who is
robbed of the diamond which Ms African
firm had entrusted to him for safe trans-
mission to England.
As is inevitable in such plays, the mechan-
ism is sometimes unduly obvious ; for
example, in the elaborate description of the
burglary, Jarvis, the " gent lemanly villain,"
goes to his valet and accomplice Keble.
Virginia's visit to Jarvis's flat is also a
forced and artificial episode. Equally a
certain "'staginess" is imposed upon Jarvis
himself, and, in a lesser degree, upon the
majority of the cast ; their limitations are
too clearly marked out by the exigencies
of the main theme.
That main theme is, of course, " Grumpy "
himself. His character is a combination of
the acumen that has terrified many an evil-
doer, and the irritability that is roused to a
momentary fever-heat by coffee too hot,
the complex impotence of Bradshaw, a
smoking chimney, or spilt cigarette ash or
soda-water, and as quickly dispelled by
the tact of his valet or the charm of his
granddaughter. The result is an admirable
opportunity for one of those pieces of
genre acting of which Mr. Cyril Maude
takes full and delightful advantage.
Mr. Montague Love as Jarvis and
Margery Maude as Virginia made the best
of their parts ; Mr. Combemere, as P^rnest
Heron, the hero of the diamond, was unneces-
sarily melodramatic. Mr. Lennox Pawle
was most convincing in minor details — an
important point — as the rascally-respectable
diamond-theft expert and Clapham house-
holder. Mr. Harwoodwas good as Ruddock.
Merridew (Mr. James Dale) and Susan
Maud Andrew) were far too "genteel" —
:h parts as those of footman and parlour-
maid are not difficult, but they do require
a certain degree of study.
W E have had to wait some time for a
woman to give us a play concerning one of her
who, married over a score of years, has
sought to ward off atrophy of intellect and
energy by running a business without her
husbands knowledge.
Our time of waiting has not, unhappily,
been used by Mrs. Alexander Gross to give
her piece ' Break the Walls Down,' produced
last Saturday at the Savoy, the revision of
winch it stands sorely in need. Such re-
vision might have eliminated that awful
w.»rd "Suffragette," which recurs about
half a dozen times within the first half-hour;
m. fact, the author, metaphorically, so
wipes the jaundiced eye of the average male
with it as to make unbiased vision on his
part an impossibility. We will thank all
concerned in the production at once; it is
not only gratifying, but also amusing, to those
who believo that unity of interest and ideals
between husband and wifo will, in the near
future, be as great a requirement as any
eugenic standard. Never before do we
remember being treated in ono play to so
good a series of small parts.
The faults of the play are in i' s construction
and unwarrantable arguing from the par-
ticular to the general. From what business
knowledge we ourselves possess, we should
say the experiences depicted by the author
are in most instances not only particular —
they are peculiar. In one point alone does
she confirm opinion, and that is as to the
lack of woman's breadth of view, which will
jjermit her to take advantage of those who
view secrecy concerning their sentiments and
wishes as an unnecessary complexity of
affairs. Our fear is that time, which may
alter this, may also bring with it all that
wiliness and clever selfishness which makes
business loathsome to a man who really
cares for his fellows.
Mk. Galsworthy's fine play ' Justice '
was revived at the Coronet Theatre on Mon-
day night by Miss Horniman's company
from Manchester. As the play was fully
reviewed in The Athenaeum of February 26th,
1910, the present performance calls for
only brief notice. This revival after four
years emphasizes the progress of humani-
tarianism in advance of the author's work.
For instance, the unhappy youth Falder
would in these days most probably receive
the benefit of the First Offenders' Act, or,
at the worst, be sent to Borstal for reforma-
tive treatment. And if Falder happened to
be a veteran in crime, stained with many
convictions, he might literally smoke the
pipe of peace under the shade of a comfort-
able bungalow at the pleasant retreat known
as Camp Hill in the Isle of Wight, an estab-
lishment which, of course, no person in
respectable society would refer to as a prison.
For this speeding-up [in criminal reform the
thanks of the community are in a measure
no doubt due to the lessons of Mr. Gals-
worthy's grim tragedy. The play was acted
with that distinction and skill one expects,
and usually obtains, from the capabls mem-
bers of Miss Horniman's company. Irene
Rooke in particular gave a most realistic and
restrained rendering of Rut h Honeywill ;
Mr. Lewin Mannering was admirable as the
judge ; and Mr. Milton Rosmer played the
defaulting: clerk with a sure conception of
what the character demanded.
A correspondent writes : —
" The revival of Mr. John Galsworthy's ' Justice'
for a week at the Coronet Theatre provides another
instance of the greater accessibility of the social
conscience to the dramatist's or the novelist's
expositions of evil things than to the more sub-
stantial, more complete, but less emotional
work of the statistician or the sociologist. The
great prison reformers, after all, are Dickens,
Dosloevsky, and Edmond de Goncourt, and it is
to the last of these that Mr. Galsworthy ap-
proaches nearest. ' La Fille Elisa ' was written,
we are told in the author's preface, to combat
the horrible Auburn Penitentiary 'silent sys-
tem.' Tin- heroine of this novel is a prostitute
by heredity and education, who commits a
murder under circumstances only made possible
by her profession. She receives a life sentence,
to be served under the 'silent system.' (ion-
court's study of the Bufferings and moral de-
terioration of the victims of this system is
terribly poignant .
" In" 1890 lie suggested to Jean Ajalberf tint
he should make a play in three acts out of
the novel, and sketched its outlines. This play
was written and performed -it the Theatre Libre
in the course of the same year, the title of the
novel being preserved. There is an extraordinary
parallelism between .Mr. Galsworthy's ' Justice '
and t he Goncourt - Ajalberf ' drame judiciaire.'
The second act of each play consists of a trial
' scene. Both open by a speech for the defence ;
but while Mr. Galsworthy gives us the entire
defence, the French play contains only the
concluding speeches, the sentence, and a cynical
survey of the journalists and others waiting in the
court while the jury is considering the verdict.
In both plays, again, the action of the third act
takes place inside the prison. Bv different
methods the same effects — melancholia and
hysteria — of compulsory silence and isolation are
indicated. But while in the case of Klisa there
is to be no release, in the case of Falder release
is merely an incomplete and temporary escape
from the machine. The system makes every
sentence a life sentence to a certain type of man ;
that is a point which Mr. Galsworthy has seen
more clearly than Goncourt, and which is de-
monstrated in the fourth act of ' Justice.' The
resemblance between the two plays is probably
merely due to coincidence; it is, however, so close
that, in a sense, each play may be regarded as a
criticism of the other.
Few revivals have been, to our mind,,
more opportune than Sir George Alexander's
at the St. James's of Oscar Wilde's ' An
Ideal Husband ' ; though we saw no recog-
nition of its opportuneness in the applause
which certain passages obtained from the
stalls — in fact, we imagined the author's
ghost marking with rueful cynicism the
advent of certain plaudits. We can almost
forgive Mr. Robert Ross's efforts to bring
bits of the play up to date, because he^has
so little succeeded. Old-fashioned some of
the dialogue may be, but we find it hard to
believe Mr. Ross when he tells us of Wilde's
wish to rewrite it for that reason. We
should rather say that it bore for the author
too many of the marks of a " potboiler."
The situations are hackneyed, much of the
dialogue is banal, yet through it all runs
a pathetic intuitive understanding of the
shallowness of men and affairs— an under-
standing warped by the sensuality in
Wilde which he derided so effectively in
others.
Scattered throughout the playare sentences
appreciative of the state of Society ;
to-day, unhappily, they are more to the
point than ever.
If political life was discreditable then,
it is more discreditable now ; if the power
of the purse was an end in itself then, so it
is now ; scandal was breath to the majority
of the daily press then, and to-day the
breath is even more polluted. Who then
possessed ideals healthy enough to support
the loss of public adulation and material
wealth? To-day such ideals maybe held by
a few, but they are not of those who have
public adulation joined to material wealth
to lose.
Sir George Alexander, in his own person
and by the general staging he has given the
play, raises its exotic atmosphere to the
highest tension. He is most ably assisted
by a cast which includes Phyllis Neilson-
Terry. Her personality cloaked the essen-
tial priggishness of the wife, and Mr. Arthur
Wontner did as much for the husband.
Hilda Moore's was the best bit of what
appeared to us real acting, though we must
wait to see her in other parts to be sure of
that.
A one-act play entitled 'Sparrows,' by
Mr. Frank H. .\lcllor, and described as
"an everyday tragedy," was given at the
Boudoir Theatre, Weal Kensington, on
Friday nighl in las! week, under tin- auspices
,,f the Black ('at Club. The theme of the
play deals with the tragedy <>t' a woman's
degradation, due to the pressuro of economic
circumstances, and is marked by a realism
quite devoid of exaggeration. With slighl
technical reconstruction 'Sparrows' should
prove a marked success, anil appeal to a
much wider public. It was acted by a
moderately capable cast, and admirably
produced —in view of somewhat cramped
conditions — by .Marie vantini.
728
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4517, May 23, 1914
A meritorious performance of ' As You
Like It ' was given at the Royal Victoria
Hall (the People's Theatre) on Monday
• evening. Frances Wetherall — especially
•happy in man's attire — made a spirited
Rosalind, Mr. William Stack a dashing
Orlando, and Mr. Shakespeare Stewart an
.amusing Touchstone. Mr. Graham Price
played well as Jaques ; and ' Under the
Greenwood Tree ' and ' Blow, Blow,' were
pleasingly sung by Mr. Leonard Lovesey as
Amiens. The elocution of some of the
minor members of the company was far
from perfect ; it should be remembered that
the " Old Vic " is a large theatre, and clear
• diction is essential.
The performance was preceded by a
short concert, the chief features of which
were the graceful dancing of Nancie Mercer,
;and some artistic singing by Mr. Peter
Grahame, the possessor of a well-trained
baritone voice. The opera season comes
•to a close next week, when ' Cavalleria
Rusticana ' will be presented on Thurs-
day and Saturday evenings. On Mon-
day and Wednesday ' Much Ado about
Nothing ' is to be given. The Annual Report
of the Hall has just been issued, and subscrip-
tions and donations towards the work will
ibe gladly received by the Manager, Lilian
Baylis.
' The Swineherd and the Princess,' a
fantasy by Alfred England and Otto David,
is being played for six nights only at the Court
Theatre, Mr. J. H. Brewer being responsible
for its production. As may be gathered
from the title, this is a fairy tale, and played
'.by every member of the cast in the real
fairy-tale style.
Out of an excellent cast we mention Mr.
Dennis Drew, whose original impersonation
•of the very absent-minded King, always in
search of a missing melody, was enjoyable,
.and made the more so by his efficient
singing. Muriel Henderson made a charming
Princess — at her best in coquettish moods,
. especially in the second act.
The Major Domo of Mr. J. H. Brewer
provided the comic element. Mr. Barry
Hilliard as the swineherd has all the attri-
butes necessary for a fairy-tale prince, and
makes good use of them.
The music by Carl St. Amory had several
•good numbers, though rather weak in the
first scene of the second act.
The principal changes in the second week's
programme of the French season at the
Ambassadors' Theatre are a very wise com-
pression of the revuette, ' Plantons les
•Gapucines,' and, more important, in the
place of ' La Rupture,' the inclusion of Meil-
hac and Halevy's one - act comedy ' Les
;Sonnettes.' This proved to be a somewhat
prolonged matrimonial squabble between
Augustine and Joseph, respectively femme
de chambre and valet in a household of the
•ancienne noblesse. Indignant at his flirta-
tions, Augustine keeps her spouse, loudly
complaining, locked out on the wrong side of
her door ; but admits him, and, after the
usual mutual recriminations and promises of
.-amendment, restores him to favour, on learn-
ing that, through his master's vagaries, he
will be required to leave her for an indefinite
period. As may be imagined, both plot and
treatment are somewhat antiquated. But
-Jeanne Granier was delightful as the femme
■de chambre, and M. Jean Dax worked even
harder to extract every atom of amuse nent
in the character of her husband. Jeanne
<Granier still appears in the delicious saynete
* Gros Chagrins,' repeated by request.
In aid of the Building and Endowment
Fund of the Girls' Public Day School Trust, a
performance of the ' Electra ' of Sophocles, in
English, will be given at the Scala on
June 10th, and repeated on the 19th. By
kind permission of Mr. Granville Bantock,
his music, written for the Creek performance
of the play in 1909, will be used.
The production is under the direction
of Elsie Fogerty, who is being assisted by
Ruby Cinner in the choric movements and
dances. Gertrude Kimpton will conduct
the music, and Mr. Philip Merivale will play
Orestes.
The Prix III mile -Augier, founded in order
to reward the author of the best play pro-
duced either at the Theatre Francais or the
Odeon, has been awarded by the French
Academy to Mile. Leneru for ' Les Aff ranchis. '
To Correspondents.— J. H.-F. W. R.— E. S.— T. M.—
J. C. C — Received.
No notice can be taken of anonymous communications.
We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
We do not undertake to give the value of books, china>
pictures, &c.
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734
T H E A T H E N M U M
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Supplement, May 23, 1 0 1 4]
TITK ATITEN.EUM
'3
i 30
FICTION SUPPLEMENT.
— • —
C0NTKNTS. PAGE
Prow. ms or Mfn and Women (Full Swing ; Maid
i.f the Mist; 1 lie Playground; Splinters; The
•Imminent cf E\e; The Ileatt of Monica; Judas
the Won an ; I lie Marriage Lines ; The Oyster) 735—730
STOtms ok the OUTLABDS (Where Bonds are
Loosed; Blake's Burdtn: Leentas ; Bosanibo of
the River; The Spotted Panther; The Red
Wall) 730-737
Talfs of Other Days (The Magic Tale of
Harvanger and Yolande ; 2010) .. .. 737—738
Social studies (Chignett Street; London Circus;
Matthew Hargreaves ; His Oiricial Fiancee; The
House in Demetrius Road ; The Theorist) .. 73S— 739
LOCAL Stidies (Wailirg; Limioyle; Megan of the
Daik Isle; Angels in Wales; Westways ; La
Vierge du Lac ; The North Afire ; Tansy) .. 739—740
Translations (The Death of a Xobody ; Shallow
Soil) 740
Fantasies (The Puiple Frogs ; The Beloved Premier ;
My Lady Bountiful ; The Day of Days) . . 740—741
Mysteries and Crimes (The Curse of Cloud; The
Price of Delusion ; That Strange Affair ; Cleek of
Scotland Yard ; Shadows of the Past) .. 741—742
Trials and Developments (Two's Company; Three
against the World ; Pomin's Daughter ; The
Wonder • Worker; Bedesman 4; The Music-
Makers) 742
Short Stories (Heroines, and Others ; The Shears
of Delilah ; The Adventuress) 742—743
Jt venile (A Little Radiant Girl ; More about
Froggie ; Cornwall's Wonderland) 743
History and Adventure (The Red Virgin ; Perilous
Seas) 743
PROBLEMS OF MEN AND WOMEN.
Full Swing. Bv Frank Danby. (Cassell
& Co., 6-s.)
This is a sufficiently clever study, so far
as it goes, of a woman who mars her own
life by her unduly narrow self-conscious-
ness, her lack of power to interpret her-
self, and her refusal to apprehend or ad-
mit the light and shade in the characters
and actions of those who surround her.
She suffers shipwreck repeatedly, emerging
shattered, but still pitifully courageous
and insistent on the ideal that governs her
whole life — that ideal wherein right and
wrong are colours as clear as black and
white, with no greys for indefinite, in-
decipherable shades in either.
She insists on marrying the wrong man ;
she fails to control her young step-sister,
and later her own son, whom she
never succeeds in understanding. Finally,
though all difficulties are successfully and
happily cleared up, luck rather than effort
must be praised for the solution.
In the book as a whole there is far too
much incident, a superfluity of detail and
intrigue. This excess lowers the book
from the standard it might possibly have
attained as a psychological study ; it
lessens the realism, infringes upon the
conviction. We feel that we are reading
a story put together with good technique,
but obviously written for its market ; the
human document becomes a palimpsest.
Incidentally, we wish to take exception
to the picture of Bkuthwavt Bird. That
picture is drawn from life, the life of one
who, for all his faults, was unquestionably
far more praiseworthy than the effigy
presented here. Certain obvious features
have been taken, not in their true light as
superficial, but as essential to the man ; and
the author is unfair in other ways. In
any rase, excess in portrayal is a mistake in
itself, an indication of lack of proportion ;
and lack of proportion is in some respects
evident in this book. The study of
a woman, intelligent, upright, con-
scientious, and deeply thoughtful for
others — oblivious, indeed, of her own self —
would have been sufficient to absorb the
whole main interest of the story. We can
see how such a one, in contact with a
father, a husband, a son, is fated to dis-
cover the dangers and the disillusions
inevitable in the conflict of theory and
practice.
Maid of the Mist. Bv John Oxenham.
(Hodder & Stoughton, 6s.)
Among stories which might be roughly
classified as " Adam and Eve fiction " Mr.
Oxenham's novel takes a fairly high place.
The juxtaposition of a marriageable
couple, unacquainted with each other, on
a "desert island" suggests to him the
usual embarrassments and courtesies, the
usual restraint and loving surrender.
Expectant of a discreet, yet fervid appeal
to his sympathy, the reader is not dis-
appointed ; but the novel is more than
a piquant dish, as its hero exhibits so
lofty an unselfishness before he leaves
populous England that it is impossible to
regard his unconventional happiness cyni-
cally. Mr. Oxenham excels in the glori-
fication of girlhood and the instinct for
mating: his heroine is constantly "The
Girl " (article and substantive both capi-
talized), and she is, on the whole, a charm-
ing and natural person.
The time of the story allows " The Girl "
to remember the French Revolution, she
being a niece of Louis XVI. The island
on which she and her lover dwell for more
than five years is Sable Island, notorious
once for wrecks. Mr. Oxenham makes
skilful use of the sinister weather asso-
ciated with it, and employs its wild birds
as a dreadful retinue of Nemesis when the
arch-villain of his story has sufficiently
alarmed the reader.
The Playground. By the Author of ' Mas-
tering Flame.' (Mills & Boon, 6s.)
We doubt whether the author of ' Master-
ing Flame ' and ' Ashes of Incense ' will
be wise to put the title of this book on
the cover of his next. In a superficial
way he deals with a problem which is the
cause of a great deal of domestic tragedy
in our day. A husband whose interests lie
largely in social reform marries a celebrated
actress whose whole being is absorbed by
the stage. Directly after marriage, and
before then; is any thought of chil-
dren, the husband expects his wife to
content herself with social flummery, and
in spite of his views of reform spends
money lavishly to -dine such empty-
headed contentment. A far from un-
usual and certainly not uninteresting set
of circumstances being thus presented, we
expected— as the event proved- too much
of the author. The working-out is along
lines which are conventional yet do not
strike us as convincing.
The book will, in fact, appeal more
readily to the average novel-reader's
intelligence than a perusal of the writer's
former work had led us to expect.
Splinters. (Hurst & Blaekctt, 6s.)
The sub-title of this novel describes it
as the *' life story of a woman and her
poet-lover, told by their letters." She
opens the tale with a letter which reveals
that they have been parted for some time,
owing to his discovery of a past infidelity
on her part. The poet replies, and a
renewal of correspondence results. We
learn that, just as they were on the eve
of marriage, he was called away to the
death-bed of a friend in Constantinople,
and during his absence of three weeks
she j'ielded to what she calls " the deadly
fascination of an old lover."
Considerably later she explains that,
owing to the action of the censor (the
Balkan War was proceeding at the time),
she received no communication from him
beyond the one telegram announcing
his return, but immediately discounts any
effort at justification of her lapse from
virtue by declaring that her trust in him
never failed. This inexplicable treachery
to what she subsequently realizes is the
best she has ever known is the cause of
much suffering to both : to him, because
he recognizes that only the spontaneous
effort of her individual will is of value, and
where love does not freely give he will
not compel ; to her, because, in spite of
his forgiveness, she discovers how difficult
it is to forgive herself.
Before, however, she arrives at such
sorrowful self-knowledge, we hear of her
travels in many places — Venice, Rome,
Cornwall, the Austrian Tyrol, and finally
London — while his letters are mostly
written on board a trawler working be-
tween Boston and Iceland, and his de-
scriptions of the lives and labour of the
trawler-men afford a welcome relief to
the self-torturing introspection of hers.
Naturally, in such a correspondence
there is ample opportunity for the revela-
tion of character, but while her letters show
first of all a self-conscious charm, his be-
tray a finely tempered mind of uncommon
magnanimity, wherein is no shadow of
priggishness. They are probably saved
from that pitfall by their humour, which
is abundant and spontaneous, and there
are many passages which prove his deep
insight and real sympathy. When she
reproaches him for passing judgment if
lie truly loves her, he asks : —
"How else ? hoes not the greatest love
the world has ever known sit in judgment
on i in' world ? Should I sit in judgment —
as you call it it' I <li<l not love ?. . . ,To con-
demn is not to hate, Blaine ! The condemna-
tion crucifies none so keenly as the judge."
Two specimens of his poems are en
closed in his letters, but we must frankly
confess to a feeliiiLr of bewilderment on
reading them. One of them deals with
a woman's attitude towards the de-
mands of a man. in such a manner that
9
730
THE A T IT E N M U M
[Supplement, May 23, 1914
it is not possible to tell whether the con-
fusion of thought is intentional — as depict-
ing the tangled workings of a woman's
mind — or the result of the writer's obvious
admiration for Browning, including his
occasional congestion of ideas. There is
also a fatal facility of alliteration which
defeats its own end by hindering instead
of helping the flow of the verse. None
the less, there are lines of real descriptive
beauty which cannot be ignored, and of
which Ave give a sample : —
Passing the sleeping stream whose ways of glass
Down-glimmered through the honeyed golden walls
Of dreaming gorse, I tread the drowsy ling
Where slumbering blooms lift languid lips to woo
The drunken bees that blunder in their way—
And now the heaven's blue beneath our feet
Lies like a cloud-flecked sea : the world retires
Hushed in a haze of heat : here then secure
From drone of noonbells and the valley's sloth
I dare the sun himself to show what fault
Or flaw he finds in all love's armoury :
And daring too the challenge of your eyes,
I fling the last least shimmering gauze aside
And come to prove and to be proved of you.
At the risk of being considered over-
severe, we must add that many of the
quotations used in these letters are either
inaccurate or ungrammatical, particularly
those given in French.
The Judgment of Eve. By May Sinclair.
(Hutchinson & Co., 6s.)
Miss Sinclair disarms her critics by
undertaking the work of criticism herself
in an introduction. She has some justi-
fication. She ought to know best what
her aim was, but we must decline to share
her preference for the ' Gift,' however
delicately subtle its penetration into a
woman's ways and motives. She is a
past mistress of innuendo ; but the dis-
sective psychology of this volume scarcely
reaches the brilliancy of which she showed
herself capable in ' The Divine Fire,' or
the tragic realism which held the attention
in ' The Combined Maze.'
Her quaint conceits are all her own, as
the following description of a young girl's
timidity will attest : —
" A little shy and difficult to approach,
Phoebe's mind, but he had found out what
it liked best, and it pleased him to see how
confidingly and delicately it, so to speak,
ate out of his hand."
' The Judgment of Eve ' is a relentless
description of a woman swamped by her
maternity, and contains a moral for those
who rashly add to the population of the
country, regardless of the drain it entails
on the vitality of its womanhood.
The Heart of Monica. By Rosina Filippi.
(Cassell & Co., 3s. Gd.j
Letters are not, perhaps, the safest or
happiest form of expression for a story ;
they are apt to exaggerate the impression
of length, sometimes of tedium, or else
to be too formal, dragged into harmony
with the style or subject, and so con-
trasting unfavourably with letters of real
life. In the book before us the impres-
sion of length is avoided : it is too swift
in its movement for fatigue. Without
sacrifice of stjde or undue emphasis of
detail, a pathetic story is told as it should
be told, with sincerity and those touches
of genuine humour at small things and joy
in beautiful things that light up the
dark places in life.
Judas the Woman. By F. C. and A. T.
Philips. (Eveleigh Nash, 6s.)
We cannot but condemn the tone of this
book, which is well and cleverly written by
a sure and light hand, but deplorable in
its condonation (we can choose no other
word) of issues that make not so much for
immorality as for absolute non-morality.
The writers — we can at least speak for
F. C. Philips — have already given us
excellent work of its kind : themes of
eminently human interest treated with
delicate sympathy and appropriate justice.
But in the present case we find no pro-
nounced trend of sympathy, or even pre-
dilection ; justice is not invited to the
field ; all we find is clever, light technique,
and a picturesque collation of incidents
unpardonable in themselves, and in no
way palliated by their sordid setting. The
book has already appeared in serial form,
and, if its character is due to that circum-
stance, affords one more instance of the
strange standards of public taste revealed
in the fiction chosen for weekly and daily
consumption.
The Marriage Lines. By J. S. Fletcher.
(Eveleigh Nash, 6s.)
A well-constructed and withal enter-
taining novel is more easy to recommend
on general grounds than one loosely knit,
but with greater excitement in it. Not
that the one under notice lacks dramatic
incident ; the scene of the murder of the
old hag who had overheard the father
tell of the illegitimacy of the first-born is
decidedly effective. The character of the
eldest son with his adherence to a sense of
duty — all the more rigid by reason of his
total lack of imagination — is good, but
then so are all the others. In fact, the
tale is an unpretentious and solid piece of
work which no one can read with anything
other than advantage.
The Oyster. By a Peer. (John Long, 6s.)
Disappointing in its opening pages, the
book reveals, after the first few chapters,
a genuine interest which develops well.
The theme is unusual, but simple. Esme
Carteret, the wife of a poor man, afraid
of the expense of maternity and all the
future it entails, transfers — at a price —
her son to her friend Denise, whose hus-
band desires and welcomes an heir as his
greatest treasure. The author shows the
effect that maternity— real in the case of
the one, assumed with the other — has on
the life and thought of the two women,
culminating in deceit, disillusion, and
tragedy.
The social atmosphere seems at the out-
set overladen, and there is a tendency to
crowd and confuse the incident. In a
word, the writer has to warm to his sub-
ject in his character-drawing and touches
the cliche at times. In his concentration
upon his theme, he has left his detail
unstudied, and then filled it in on conven-
tional lines.
STORIES OF THE OUTLANDS.
Where /lands are Loosed. By Crant Wat-
son. (Duckworth & Co., 6s.)
The author has produced an interesting
study of isolation and its effects on two
men and a woman. Sherwin, out of luck
in New Ireland, visits Kaimeru in the hope
of finding employment as a sheep-shearer.
By a chance meeting he picks up a job
on Kanna Island. The hospital on this
island, as well as that on Fenton Island —
two isolation centres for sick natives — are
under the charge of a drunken, incapable
doctor, who has to give place to a clever
and energetic successor. The latter suc-
ceeds in eliminating the influence of the two
resident nurses in favour of the far more
efficient Alice Desmond, a woman " with a
past." Then the isolation and the general
atmosphere of their environment begin
their deadly work on the young doctor
and his new matron.
Eager for reputation and research,
indignant at the neglect and carelessness
of- his predecessor, he comes gradually
under the influence of Alice Desmond,
whose natural instincts overpower her
better self. He struggles with furious
constancy against her wiles, and the affair
is complicated by the jealousy of Sherwin.
A species of duel between the men en-
sues ; the doctor is killed, and Sherwin
" annexes " Alice as the prize, with her
full acquiescence. The two remain con-
tent on Kanna Island, primitive man and
submissive mate.
Mr. Watson has evidently given much
careful study to his theme. He has a
curiously insistent, almost crude treat-
ment and style, emphasizing his points
as though he were anxious to drive them
fully home. In his descriptions of a
corner of the world that undoubtedly
lends itself to scenic treatment, he is,
perhaps, a little elaborate, though we
may, in justice, say that he is not laboured.
He has not the incisive rush that Ave find
in Jack London's stories of the South Seas ;
but he does his subject fair justice, and he
presents a picture that we can visualize,
even though it may not thrill. If this is a
first novel, it is one of considerable pro-
mise.
Blake's Burden. By Harold Bindloss.
(Ward, Lock & Co.', 6s.)
Mr. Bindloss, usually an efficient and
pleasing teller of stories, has given quite
a good account of himself in the present
case. The tale is sufficiently interesting,
and the setting, chiefly Canadian of the
wilds, lends itself to adequate description,
though without undue excitement. The
main point — the honour of the hero,
clouded by a misunderstanding as to
whether he or his cousin had been guilty
of cowardice in the face of an attack by
an Indian frontier tribe — is cleverly indi-
cated and, we must say, cleverly evaded,
in so far as the evidence for the hero is
overwhelming to readers of any discrimi-
nation : so much the better tribute to
the author's portrayal of those who do
and those who do not believe in his inno-
Supplement,
Mai 23,
mi ij
I'll E A Til ENJEUM
y\\
737
oence. It would be unfair to enter into
the details of his Belf-justifioation, but
we may say that they are sufficiently well
and naturally sel forth.
Leenta*. By E. J. C. Stevens. (Allen
& Co., 6s.)
Tins slight and ineffective story of South
African life in the days of the Boer War
is treated in a serio-comic mode, both of
style and thought, which is irritating. With
such rich material as the subject affords,
and the local knowledge the writer evi-
dently possesses, a far better book should
have resulted.
The one good passage is the trial of an
ajlishman who loses his memory from
ck, imagines himself to be a Boer, and
takes up arms against his country. We
must, however, hope that it is not a
recital of a real episode, but that the
officers — cold-blooded, obstinate to visit
w ith the severest penalty a more or less
technical offence, and in the face of the
Bl longest evidence for acquittal — arc fig-
ments of the imagination. Even so, this
presentment of British justice is distress-
ing.
Bosambo of the Hirer. B\ Edgar Wallace.
(Ward. Lock & Co.. 6«.)
This is a series of tales about various
African tribes, whose wars, intrigues, love-
affairs, and diplomatic relations with the
British Government form the subject-
matter. They are not arranged in the
order of their occurrence, which makes
things occasionally puzzling for the reader.
Bosambo, a native of the Kroo coast,
escapes from a penal settlement of the
Liberian Government, and by dint of a
certain forcefulness of character, mixed
with plenty of native guile, establishes
himself as king of the Ochori, one of the
tribes of the interior. Here he comes
under the jurisdiction of Sanders, the
English Commissioner.
-Mr. Wallace does not refrain from the
usual gibe — in his case quite good-natured
— at the short-sighted policy of the Home
' lOvernment compared with the wise
despotism of the man on the spot. One
of the tales, in fact, has as its subject
the criminal folly of some home official,
who, out of sheer slackness, allows an
Americanized native to assume the reins
of government, and interfere, to a
disastrous extent, with the harmony
which Sanders was labouring to pro-
duce. The latter, indeed, is the real
hero of the book, although Bosambo is a
strongly drawn figure in his cunning, his
agery, and his peculiar notions about
Christianity. The book contains much
native humour, and has a certain Biblical
simplicity of narrative.
The Spotted Panther. By James Francis
^ Dwyer. (Melrose, 6s.)
luosi; who have a taste for adventure
can indulge themselves to the full in the
293 pages of .Mr. Dwyer'e effervescent
Americanized English.
The three protagonists mee1 in an opium
den in Banjermassin, whence they rescue
a broken-down Englishman who in his
day had stolen from the Orang Bukkit
tribes the " Chalice of Everlasting Eire."
That inestimable treasure had been, so
repute said, stolen by Enrique de Cama,
who is dying in the Sea of China," and
had destined it for " my King Juam 11."
They are shown the wondrous Chalice,
the Holy Grail of the Far East, and are
told of an equally inestimable companion-
treasure, the Great Parong, the sword
with which Buddha
"'had severed the flaming wire which the
legions of sin had bound around the earth,
and had cut tin- star-; of the heavens into
their proper sizes before flinging them into
space."
Thanks to the aid of a damsel descended
from De Gama himself, their own strength
and resource, and, of course, the luck
that belongs to heroes of fiction, they
traverse fearful jungles infested with
orang - outangs, an appalling morass, a
river of mud, and kindred obstacles. The}'
steal the sword, and at once form a scheme
on sound business lines for exhibiting it
at ten rupees a head to the " four hundred
millions " of Buddhists and such in Asia.
Further details it would not be fair to
divulge.
The style of the book is somewhat
turgid and cheapened by repetitions, but
on the whole the recital of events is clear
and coherent, coupled now and again with
picturesque, if insufficiently pruned de-
scriptions of scenery, sunsets, and the like.
The writer, who evidently has some
knowledge of his ground, has sufficient
enthusiasm for his theme to avoid being
wearisome, and carries off the improba-
bilities of his stor}r.
The Red Wall. By Frank Savile. (Nel-
son & Sons, 2s.)
The book opens with a delightful and
exhilarating " row " between the citizens
of Panama and sundry American blue-
jackets, who (by a happy touch) emphasize
their thumps and thwacks by inspiring
phrases from ' Colloquial Spanish in a
.Month,' a guide which would evidently
repay perusal, to judge from one quotation
at least : " Give me the eyes, the toes,
the nose, and the back teeth of the shoe-
maker's cousin." So bellows one com-
batant, his arms working " with the
weight and rhythm of flails in autumn
harvest."
Adventures, with an exceedingly large
A, follow fast and furious. Revolution
organized by Teutonic duplicity and enter-
prise; capture and subsequent escape of
the Costanaguan President ; treachery,
met and defeated by deep subtlety ; battle,
murder, and Budderi death; earthquake,
flood, long-hidden secrets of Indian ritual
and worship— SUCh are among the com-
ponent parts of a work sufficient ly exciting
anyone. The hero and heroine save
cme another's lives at frequenl and well-
judged intervals, aided by the wholly
delightful \><>u Concepcion, the Porl
medical officer, who, almost alone among
his fellow -citizens, refuses to be bought by
Teutonic gold.
TALES OF OTHER DAYS.
The Magic Tale of Harvanger and Yolandc.
By G. P. Baker. (Mills & Boon, 6a.)
Mr. Baker makes a somewhat venturesome
experiment in entering the field of saga —
of adventure, rather, in periods and lands
undefined. We cannot read a chapter of
his book without thinking at once of
'The Glittering Plain,' and with that
masterpiece in our minds, we are the more
inclined to seize upon the least incon-
sistency of diction or treatment.
We do find such inconsistencies here
and there : the author makes his charac-
ters say, "' What wilt thou lay on " this
or that event ? Surely he had been better
advised to use the word " wager." Again,
in certain descriptions of scenery he
allows his own personality to appear in
undue prominence. The descriptions an;
admirable, but wholly modern, and there-
fore inconsistent in a work that should
read as though it were a rendering from
some ancient book. Mr. Baker seems to
have read his Malory, but to have departed
therefrom in his visions of the beautiful
in Nature.
But apart from these things we have a
somewhat striking story of distinct charm
and originality, the more pleasing in that
it transports us to the restful atmosphere
of " lands and days that never were."
The author understands the value of
clarity and simplicity, and the effective-
ness of " dark sayings " on the lips of
wise men : he observes mystery, but does
not deepen it to excess.
We may commend his shipmaster's
view of the sea as a teacher of " full
understanding" to men: —
"The land is firm and unchanging, but tin-
sea changeth from hour to hour, and is as a
living tiling to be watched and understood.
Those who are of the sea-folk are the best
of all men."
This falls into line with Mr. Kipling's
" brass-bound " man, and, for that matter,
with the delightful saying of Steven-
son's Lawless, that excellent old rogue,
who says : —
"There never yet was a had man who
was a good shipman ; none but the honest
and the bold can endure me this tossing of
a ship."
Silver Sand. By S. R. Crocket t . (1 [odder
& S to ugh ton, 68.)
Tins book, the last from Mr. Crockett's
pen, shows happily the gift he undoubtedly
essed of telling a good Scots story.
He knew and loved his Calloway, her
scenes and sites, her legends, her sore
trials anil stirring episodes. In the recital
of the doings of John Kaa he has be-
queathed to us an adequate presentment
of an interesting period. We have no
intention of forestalling the reader by any
description of the book | but wo feel sine
that those who ha\e followed all Mr.
Crockett has written will not find their
interest or admiration diminished by this
l.i I work.
There are, of course, limitations. The
Btyle especially in matter of simile, is
apt to become florid and unreal, and
738
THE ATHENAEUM
Supplement, May 23, 1914
the character-drawing is open to similar
reproach. Lilias, the fair lady whom
" Silver Sand " wins for his own at the last,
is too sprightly, too forward — as though
the writer were determined to justify his
opinion of her in every word she says.
But, on the whole, the characterization
of the different persons is clear, reasonably
shrewd, and lifelike. On small points Mr.
Crockett was careless. " The Park ways
are her ways, and no one else need apply,'''
does not strike us as a phrase for a seven-
teenth - century Galloway notable. We
cannot see why the " old dominie," of
all people, should speak of " Terance."
The reference to Naboth's widow puzzles
us in its connexion with Bathsheba.
On the other hand, we like the phrase
that describes the persecuted taking
their bread day by day, in uncertainty
and trembling, " from the hollow of God's
hand." On the humorous side, this
concerning baptism is good : —
"If the bairn greets, just whammle him
ower on his bit stammack. Maist of mine
got the water of reconciliation in the back o'
their necks, and feint a bit the waur were
they."
2010. By the Author of ' The Adventures
of John Johns.' (Werner Laurie, 6s.)
In this tale of the future men wear
whole-piece woollen clothing, and take for
their midday nourishment " two sticks of
concentrated Omnium, an electric calorifi-
cation with an instrument, and a glass
of water from a pure Bohemian spring."
An absolutely antediluvian span of life
and work is secured by such means.
Mental capacity is a mere drug in such a
market. Alexander Silson, for example,
the chief assistant of Caesar Brent (the pro-
tagonist of the book, and one of the two
surviving " Universals " — on that the
author does not enlighten us), has " mas-
tered science, although not more than
thirty," and possesses an " encyclopaedic
mind."
Incident of a rather specious and
factitious nature is plentiful. The book
opens with the bitter contest in which
Brent is involved because he desires to
apply a new process to the human brain,
whereby all the knowledge and experience
of the past can be imparted to unborn
posterity. A revolt is then threatened
from the Far West ; the negroes wish to
intermarry with the whites, and Caesar
Brent promptly applies a pigment which
disposes of the curse of colour.
The main theme, however, of the book
is the rising throughout " Dead Asia and
the murmuring East," engineered by a
talented and masterful, but Orientally
feminine leader. That danger is averted
by a timely comet, and the European race
emerges victorious and supreme ; the
" reign of lasting happiness " begins.
Interest is less conspicuous than incident,
as is often the case with such views of
futurity, of which, perhaps, the chief
merit is that they teach us contentment
— comparative, at least — with our own
generation.
SOCIAL STUDIES.
Chignett Street : a Provided School. By
B. Paul Neuman. (Smith, Elder & Co.,
6s. net.)
Mr. Neuman informs us in his Preface
that several of these short stories have
already appeared in The Westminster
Gazette, Pall Mall Magazine, &c. They
are, he also points out, the result of his
imj^ressions of Council School life and
manners. Here is the twofold explana-
tion of a certain lack of the spontaneous
force that was evident in ' Roddies.'
Mr. Neuman has checked the impulse,
apparent, however, in certain touches of
description and characterization, to let
himself go.
We find here sufficiently pleasing
sketches of his Council schools : boys,
masters, inspectors. Occasionally a
parent, and in one case a curate, are
decently sketched, sometimes placidly
and reasonably filled in, against that
exact, drab background which we expect
to contemplate, judging from the Intro-
duction. Of course, it may all be true ;
but we cannot wholly away with annoy-
ance and suspicion, especially after read-
ing just before the Introduction the vivid
lines on ' Bob of the Mews,' which begin : —
Father is trying to spot the winner,
Bess is washing, and that 's why Bob
Has got a penny to spend on his dinner.
In these lines we seem to see the genuine,
raw, and unadulterated reality which is
absent (or, should we say, scraped off by
a file ?) from these careful stories of the
Chignett Street school.
London Circus. By Henry Baerlein.
(Fifield, Qs.)
We should like to apply to this book the
word beloved of our Late Georgian fore-
fathers—" diverting." The author pre-
sents one personage after another quite
airily, pleasantly, naturally, yet in a
manner that bewilders while it amuses.
We feel rather in the position of one
who, waiting for the right number, has
to overhear other people's conversations
on the telephone.
Derunje, the agreeable and idealistic
young Syrian, whose great religious picture
excites all London (through the medium
of The Daily Lightning) ; Laura, his
housemaid-wife — a treasure of a wife and
a most attractive personality ; Mark
Sartorius, learned in penguins ; Shirley
Grice, art expert without experience ;
Sir Matthew Drane — all come and go in
front of us, and say many excellent and
witty words. We are taken to a Cabinet
meeting in one chapter, and we leave it
with the growing conviction that we have
been present at the " real thing " ; we
trust so, at least : it would be too terrible
to suppose it otherwise. Mr. Baerlein is
akin to Mr. Hilaire Belloc in his view of
politics.
We really owe it to our sense of grati-
tude to record one Brookfield story : —
" Did they expect me to resign the Censor-
ship and murmur, Domine, non dignus sum;
Lord, I am not Galsworthy ? "
We also give thanks for a variant of Gold-
smith's Pietro Perugino about Shirley
Grice, to whom had been explained the
terms " chiaroscuro," " Albert Cuyp," and
" impasto " : "On Monday afternoon he
started criticizing art."
We trust that Mr. Baerlein will not
make too many enemies by his use of
real names, though we may point out
that he should have said Grasso instead of
" Grassi " in the case of that eminent actor.
Mr. Baerlein has a pleasing trick of
unearthing similes from the antique, such
as the astronomer Cassini and the sidera
Lodoicea, named after the Roi Soleil —
" a new decoration conferred by the
Almighty on the Emperor " — and, even
better, Philonous, the subscriber to the
Journal de Bruxelles, who But it
is not fair to the author to quote over-
much ; let readers search for them-
selves.
Matthew Hargrcaves. By S. G. Tallen-
tyre. (Smith, Elder & Co., 6s.)
The type of man of whom Matthew Har-
greaves is an excellent example is a bond of
union between the grandchildren of those
whose forbears were City men — wholesale
merchants, a distinct line being drawn be-
tween themselves and retailers on the one
hand, and themselves and the professions
on the other. All in this wide circle have
had, in some instances still have, such re-
latives or memories of such relatives.
With sharp, sure strokes the man and his
times are outlined, a number of shrewd
sayings peppered here and there affording
a pleasant relief .
Matthew respected the conventions,
and had politesse de coeur to make amends
for his gruff ness. He loved children and
evaded barmaids. He would have agreed
that " the poor in a loomp " is bad,
but had his shirts made at home to relieve
his conscience after reading Hood's famous
poem. He was a man prone to attach
himself to immobile possessions, an attach-
ment which, as the author remarks, soon
renders a man immobile himself.
Our fathers have told us of the times
in which he lived — of the hatred of
:' mounseer," of the fear of ritual, of the
terrible patience in suffering one's own
afflictions and the afflictions of other people
which was characteristic of the period,
of the tedious monotony of the meat and
drink of the inns, and the almost incon-
ceivable desecration of the churches, the
self-complacency of the middle classes,
the " education " of the young ladies of
the period, and the suspicion with which
a woman of evident intelligence was
regarded.
Naturally such a man as Matthew Har-
greaves in choosing a wife takes one who
offers the balm of pleasant agreement with
all he says. There comes a time, however,
when he realizes what he has thereby lost.
In the manner in which he bears the
knowledge his sterling worth is displayed.
There are a few crudities of expression,
but the effective characterization makes
us forget them.
Supplement, May 23, lt)U]
TH K ATHKN /KUM
739
ffw Official Fiancee. By Berta Ruck
(Mrs. Oliver Onions). (Hutchinson
& Co., 05.)
To take a subject which might well be
thought threadbare, and to weave out of
it a readable tale, is in itself no mean
achievement, and that Mrs. Oliver Onions
has done. A girl, gently bred, but forced
to earn her living by type-writing, is
suddenly asked to act as the fiancee of
her wealthy employer. How she learnt
to see behind his office mask, and how he
learnt to appreciate her, is so cleverly
told that we really forget to question
why he should have found it necessary
to appear so disagreeable to his employees,
or why his employees should never have
suspected he might be quite human out
of office hours. The tale in itself is good,
and much good may come to some who
see the absurdity of a condition of things
which is too often excused on some silly
plea that " business is business."
The House in Demetrius Road. By J. 1).
Beresford. (Heinemann, 6s.)
Some compensation for having had a
knowledge of evil thrust upon one may
lie in the appreciation of its artistic
presentment by an author like Mr.
Beresford. The sense of tragedy brooding
over the abode of a dipsomaniac is
painfully conveyed to such a one. If
we have a criticism to make at all. it
is that the author insists on our taking
for granted the capabilities of those be-
neath the cloud, though they demonstrate
the contrary by many of their actions.
For instance, though the patient's secre-
tary is aware of the total reversal of
character which the craving for drink
will make in a man otherwise straight-
forward, he undertakes to spend the night
in the room of his employer, but is tricked
by the wiliness which has secreted flasks
of spirit among the bedclothes.
Such incidents are quite in keeping with
the guile of the one and the ordinary
mental calibre of the other ; the explana-
tion of the lack of foresight shown
lies perhaps in the numbing of faculty
which grips those who are fighting what
a in most cases a losing battle. This is
not one of the few cases of victory, and
the secretary and the patient's sister
blame themselves for the set-back of the
man because they gave way to their
affection for each other, instead of con-
centrating all their care on the subject
of their ministration. The mental and
physical struggle waged between their
care for the drunkard and their love for
each other is unerringly portrayed. The
result of the story is a strengthening of
the opinion that the disease is not one
for private treatment, and that, if it
)~ attempted, the harm done to the
custodians is more important than the
good accruing to the patient.
The Theorist. By Allen Abbott. (Melrose,
6s.)
The publisher, who makes himself re-
sponsible for a " New Novelist Library,''
would deserve more gratitude from the
public if he did not include in it
volumes cumbered with the faults of the
tyro. Surely any competent publisher's
reader could have indicated to Mr. Abbott
how to present his excellent matter in
more readable form. '* The Theorist " is
a mother who advocates " advanced "
views on love, but shrinks from putting
them in practice herself, and is scanda-
lized when her daughter does so. Her
selfishness rather than her theorizing is
responsible for her unhappiness, in the
same way that the altruism of her
daughter rather than her abandonment of
her mother's theories is responsible for
her happiness. Good material is spoilt
by the lack of a practised hand in the
" making up."
LOCAL STUDIES.
Waiting. By Gerald O'Donovan. (Mac-
millan & Co., 6s.)
We have here the tale of the struggle of
a talented and ambitious youth, the son
of an Irish peasant, against the almost
overpowering strength of prejudice and
priestly intrigue. Maurice Blake hopes to
gain, on his merits, the mastership of
Bourneen village school. He does gain
the post, but the deciding factor is the
heavy bribe given by his father to the
parish priest, Father James Mahon.
Unfortunately for his prospects, he falls
in love with a girl of a Protestant family,
and at once finds himself face to face with
the priestly ultimatum. No dispensation
can, or will, be allowed, though Maurice
pleads hard for it, even with the bishop of
the diocese. If the girl will not be con-
verted, Maurice must choose between her
and his career.
Choosing the girl, he at once loses his
school. His attempt to stand for Parlia-
ment is swiftly frustrated by an adroit
campaign wherein his marriage is held up
as no marriage, but a public scandal. The
blow falls, with equal severity and in-
justice, not only on him, but also on his
devoted friend and former schoolmaster,
Drisooll, who is refused absolution on his
death-bed for having sheltered the " guilty
couple." The book closes on a note of
hope for a fairer and less prejudiced future
for Maurice, and for Ireland in general.
The characters of Father James Mahon
and his satellites in intrigue, their methods,
conversation, and thoughts, are drawn
with such cold clarity and precision as to
suggest a thorough first-hand knowledge
on the part of the author. We cannot
disbelieve or modify what he gives us.
We can but hope that lie is presenting a
special case, an isolated instance, but the
entire lack of exaggeration, malevolence,
and (shall we Bay?) enthusiasm , is depressing
evidence for the reality of the picture.
The " mission " of the Seraphite Kath< i
in conjunction with Father Mahon — as
striking a chapter as any in the book —
speaks for itself.
Indeed, the strongest point in Mr.
O'Donovan is this calm and lifelike pre-
sentment of his figures. Equally quiet
and convincing is the delineation of the
stage scenery. Many passages and senti-
ments would lose their force, would seem
unduly poetic, even inflated, were they not
put into the mouths of the characters to
whom they are best suited. Imperson-
ality may have its dangers, but it docs
carry conviction when joined to studied
realism, and it permits a freedom of
expression which would miss its effect
otherwise.
Lismoyle : an Experiment in Ireland. By
B. M. Croker. (Hutchinson & Co., 6s.)
Mrs. Croker in this book makes no
pretence of writing anything more than
a simple, straightforward account of the
visit of an English society heiress to poor
relations in Ireland whom she had never
seen, and about whom she knew nothing.
She presents herself in the character of
a poor relation, and eventually decides to
reside altogether in her mother's country.
The story as a whole is interesting for its
clear and lifelike character-drawing. The
Irish atmosphere is well studied, and
enhances the other good qualities of the
book. The writing is occasionally loose,
and we think French phrases are over-
used.
Meejan of the Dark Isle. By Mrs. J. O.
Arnold. (Alston Rivers, 6s.)
In this interesting story of life in Angle-
sea during the fifties the characterization is
quiet and sound, and the general plan well
conceived and never unduly forced. The
author incorporates with some skill
extracts from the old Welsh legends, as
chronicled by her antiquarian hero David
Thelwall.
A most amusing and attractive cha-
racter is the old " wise woman," Mother
Glyn, who confronts and defeats the
Church on its own battle-ground, and
justifies palmistry and other sorceries
by apt quotations from Scripture.
Angels in Wales. By Margam Jones.
(John Long, 6s.)
Tms book, dealing as it does with the
religious and emotional side of Welsh
countrv-folk, and treated in a spirit con-
sistent therewith, is not likely to have more
than a limited appeal. As an evidently
faithful picture it will doubtless interest
those who know the country and the
people portrayed, but for the world at
large it has not that deeper, more huma-
nizing touch which alone can commend
a special subject, treated as such.
Westtoays. By S. Weir Mitchell. (Fisher
Unwin, 6s.)
Though the sub-title of this uovel, "A
Village Chronicle," is accurate, it is not by
any means exhaustive. The book con-
tains also many graphically narrated
incidents connected with the American
740
THE ATHENE UM
[Supplement, May 23, 11)14
Civil War, which did not touch directly
the village after which the book is named.
In addition, we have a convincing out-
line of how a " coddled " boy wins to
virility under the influence of a squire
who sets manly honour above life and
fortune. The narrative is set down with
a pleasing simplicity, though the book
need not have included so many small
repetitions.
La Vierge du Lac. Par Isabelle Kaiser.
(Paris, Perrin, 3fr. 50.)
This tale of a little valley in the Un-
terwalden concerns the draining of the
lake in its midst. It is characterized by
much imagination and a poetic style, but
it somehow falls short of conviction.
The life and ways of the villagers, their
manners and customs, fail to impress
themselves on us as inevitable in the sur-
roundings in which they are placed, and
at an early stage Ave become conscious of
the artificial element in their simplicity.
The North Afire. By W. Douglas Newton.
(Methuen & Co., 2s. net.)
We are not so much interested in the
sub-title of this book, ' A Picture of What
Maj' Be,' as in the author's perception of
what is, though his pictures of riot and
bloodshed are vivid enough to stir the
imagination of the most callous. Most
commendable are his biting remarks on
parliamentary loquacity, the question-
ableness of calling certain productions
" news "-papers, the Nemesis which some
employers in the North - East of Ireland
are likely to bring upon themselves by
their systematic underpayment of the
worker, and the position of privates
who cannot resign if Avar breaks out.
Even to-day there are people who will
learn for the first time through fiction
how Irish finance is behind a great deal
of Neo-Celtic ostensible sentiment.
There is, in fact, much that is note-
worthy in these 200 pages of large type
widely spaced, and no reader should
neglect them on the ground that they
offer insufficient measure.
village taxidermist, the narrator of the
tale. Though not likely to become a
Sussex classic, this novel should secure
many readers among those who are
interested in the country, its life, work,
and folk.
Tansy. By Tickner Edwardes. (Hutch-
inson & Co., 6s.)
Out of his abundance of country lore,
especially that which appertains to Sussex,
Mr. Edwardes has given us another enter-
taining and, withal, informing novel.
Incidentally it has a bearing on one of
the larger social problems of the day —
women's work. A girl born and brought
up practically in a sheepfold offers
herself, and is accepted, as shepherd on
the death of her father. This death
occurs on their arrival at a farm owned by
one of those patriarchs for which Sussex
is famous, and worked by his two sons.
Of widely differing temperaments, both
sons have experienced tragic love-affairs,
which do not, however, prevent them both
from falling in love with the shepherdess.
Recurring tragedy is avoided by the
capable and sympathetic understanding
of the parson's daughter, aided by the
TRANSLATIONS.
The Death of a Nobody. By Jules Bo-
mains. Translated by Desmond Mac-
Carthy and Sydney Waterlow. (How-
ard Latimer, 4s. tid.)
This is a rather unusual little work — a
study, not a " novel " in any sense. It
presents the effect of the outer world in
sensation upon a man. Awakening for
the first time to that kind of limited con-
sciousness that makes for wonder and
fear, he feels the immensity of the world
around and about him in opposition, even
antagonism, to his own insignificance.
He dies, and immediately after his death,
by a curious transference of technique and
thought, the effect of his personality (in
memory and suggestion) is shown as it
acts upon a variety of people : the con-
cierge who finds him dead in his room, the
little girls who collect money from the
other tenants of the house for his wreath,
his old father in Auvergne, the people
who take part in the funeral procession
that " resembled a fleet of boats with the
memory of the dead man wandering in and
out like a white swan."
The point of view is morbid perhaps,
but interesting as vivifying those small,
obscure corners of the mind on which
light is shed now and again by some
uncanny agency of sense-stimulus. We
are reminded of those passages in Mr.
Douglas's book ' The House with the
Green Shutters ' that deal with young
Gourlay, that martyr to a sensory per-
ceptiveness that was too strong for the
intellect. Mr. Douglas represented some-
thing of this strange frightening objec-
tivity of the outside but ever-imminent
world ; but he chose a special " subject,"
one who was peculiarly sensitive — from
his very weakness — to such influences. M.
Romains shows their effect on a multi-
tude of types, but he, too, prefers those
who by reason of their own personal
insignificance are also not exempt from
partial martyrdom in this respect. The
effect on the reader is, as one of the
translators (Mr. MacCarthy) says in his
Preface, " queer " ; it suggests even
something of what we may suppose to
pass in the mind of a Futurist who paints
his ideas into the objects he is looking at.
Whatever may be said — here, again,
we refer to the Preface — of the interest of
the " actions, lives, and deaths of indi-
viduals as moments in a great process,"
there is a difference between giving • the
objective aspect, as here, and the sub-
jective aspect of that process. On the
whole, it is surely individuality that is of
the greater interest ; the subjection of in-
dividuality to its environment suggests a
lower view of humanity — interesting, and
perhaps attractive, but hardly permanent
I in its value.
Shallow Soil. By Knut Hamsun. (Duck
worth & Co., 6s.)
The second novel of this Norwegian
writer to be translated into English deals
with a literary and political backwater
of Christiania society. While we admire
the skill with which a considerable and
diversified group of characters is pre-
sented, there is something, to our taste,
too deliberately artless about these people.
The dramatis personam act like children,
with a simplicity that does not become
them. Within the group a few romances
take place. The most convincing of these
is the reconciliation of a married couple
who had previously agreed to go their
separate ways, an episode which gains
immensely from its straightforward and
unsentimental handling. The parallel
story of the young and beautiful country
girl who is gradually taken away from her
fiance and corrupted b}? an unsuccessful
poet suffers from the .almost operatic
naivete of its development.
The translator, Mr. Carl Christian Hylle-
sted, has employed American idiom and
slang to an extent which makes the book
troublesome reading in places.
FANTASIES.
The Purple Frogs. By H. W. Westbrook
and Lawrence Grossmith. (Heath,
Cranton & Co., 6s.)
It would be unfair to do otherwise than
meet ' The Purple Frogs ' in the spirit of
solemn nonsense in which it is written,
and let us say in all seriousness that, as a
piece of fooling, it is truly excellent.
Vaughan, a butler with a taste for
invention, patents an indelible pencil
(and case) and a bottle-stopper, on which
he bestows the name of Hansard. As his
wages are insufficient to recoup him for
the cost of bringing these marvels before
an indifferent public, he hits on the idea
of increasing his income by a form of
blackmail. He has observed that all
travellers by sea are in the habit, when
suffering from the depression due to sea-
sickness, nervous terror, or attacks of
conscience, of enclosing words of confes-
sion and farewell in a bottle which they
then commit to the deep. But no sooner
are the travellers safely on shore again
than they repent of their rashness, and are
willing to pay handsomely to have their
communications returned intact. He
therefore establishes an agency for the col-
lection of these " Beached Bottles," and
reaps a rich harvest.
At this point his master, Isambard
Flanders, marries Cicely Ruffe, a girl much
younger than himself, while Vaughan
succumbs to the attractions of Stafford, her
maid. Soon after her marriage, Cicely
begins to fancy herself neglected, and
writes to Stephen, a young man of her
acquaintance, to meet her in Paris, in the
hope of enlisting his sympathy. During
the crossing the boat is held up in a dense
fog, and, believing that they may be run
down at any moment, Cicely writes a letter
Supplement, May 23, 1914]
THE ATTTENtEUM
741
to her husband, which she encloses in a
bottle and throws overboard. 'The bottle
is rescue I by one of Vaughan's agents,
who has set up in the blackmailing line on
his own account, and Cicely is thereupon
subjected to the usual "squeezing" pro-
ces Her husband's suspicions are
aroused by her uneasy manner and dis-
traught air. so, as a test, he writes a
novelette called ' The Purple Progs/
which he reads aloud to Cicely and Ste-
'phen. The result we leave to the reader
to discover, with the clue that both the
indelible pencil an I the Hansard stopper
play an important part in the affair.
This inner tale occupies half of the
book, and includes some absurd situa-
tions There are several illustrations
in the form of " Cubist " music, in
which the author professes to give us the
musical equivalent of such ideas as
" Long engagements are not to be tole-
rated," or '" He found three bottles on the
bookshelf."'
If we might venture a criticism, it
would be that, in our opinion, the waltz
which forms the Cubist statement of ' The
Purple Progs ' might, with advantage,
have been a one-step, as a more truthful de-
lineation of a frog's poetry of motion. We
note with pleasure, however, that in the
piece depicting the three bottles — which
is written in all the angularity of four-time
— the composer has been less influenced by
the intense threeness of the bottles than
by his rare appreciation of their " cubical "
contents.
The Beloved Premier. By H. Maxwell.
(John Long, 6s.)
Once again H. Maxwell shows his skill
in original plots. We like his present
book less than ' The Paramount Shop,"
but it is well written, and. once picked up,
is not easy to lay down.
" The Beloved Premier," Mr. Sloan, has
a twin brother who is a ticket-of-leave
man, really fond of prison, known to the
world as William Joseph Knowles, and so
like the Prime Minister that no one can
tell them apart. Ordering the head of
the Government to be locked up as the
convict, he himself plays the part of
Prime Minister. In that situation he
tries to dispense simple justice to all the
world, with the result that we are soon at
War with every Power, and are annexed
by Belgium.
It would be easy to pick holes in the
Bl >ry. In real life a Prime Minister, if he
faa not also Foreign Secretary, does not
deal with foreign affair- without consult-
ing the head of the Foreign Office. The
terms of the loan to Portugal are im-
possible. Prime .Ministers do not waste
their time in drafting Bills. The head of
Local Government Board is called the
President, not the Chairman. End© I
one could find numerous flaws of this
kind ; but it is always clear that the
author knows what he is writing about,
and in his broad farce the leading parte
played as they should be played. The
:y is interesting, and there is no need to
worry aboul its technical details.
My Lady Bountiful By Gilbert Little-
stone. (Ward. Lock iV ( !o.3 6s.)
We hesitate between two possibilities:
has Mr. Littlestone written what he
esteems to be a serious novel ? or has he
contemplated a subtle jape after the
manner of, say, 'The Green Carnation ' \
There are gleams of internal evidence
for both views, but perhaps we may pro-
nounce for the latter. In that case we
may say that the author should have
thrown his whole heart into the task. He
delights us with his young lady novelist
who writes her ten thousand words
between lunch and dinner, but he speaks
of her opening her " serviette " — and that
in a castle that contained (we must not
say " boasted ") a Saxon parlour wherein
was " a round oak gate-legged table at
which Richard of the Lion Heart had
frequently partaken of meat." The chate-
laine of the said castle disdains all vulgar
modernity, but is not above selling —
against all rules and regulations as to
heirlooms — the Warwick Cup (whereon the
King-Maker had scratched Iris monogram
and a doggerel verse), the Dirk Bouts
triptych, and other such priceless trifles
to purchasers who could afford the ten
thousand pounds or so necessary for
her income.
Had Mr. Littlestone been more careful
in his style and diction, he would have
converted us to ' The Green Carnation '
view, or to the other ; as it is, we are
left in doubt.
The Day of Days. By Louis J. Vance.
(Grant Richards, 6s.)
The author is wise to call this novel an
extravaganza, and thus to disarm ordi-
nary criticism, though the story is not
merely melodramatic absurdity. Its pur-
pose is deeper, and that is to hold up to
ridicule modern New York as it is chro-
nicled in the Yellow Press ; its portrayal
is ridiculously impossible. Mr. Vance
errs on the side of over-elaboration of these
absurdities, though he adds to the reader's
excitement and amusement.
We have rarely, if ever, read a book in
which such a variety of wild adventure
was crowded into a space of less than
twenty-four hours.
Though the unlimited use of American
slang may at times weary the reader,
the book is good enough to fill pleasantly
an idle period.
MYSTERIES AND CRIMES.
The Curse of Cloud. By .1. 15. ETarris-
Burland. (Chapman A' Hall, 6s.)
Mi;. HarRIS-BuRLAND has written another
of his mystery stories, wherein he depicts
the effect of a curse directed by monks at
the dissolution of the monasteries against a
sensitive man who is also a coward. The
curse forbids anj eldest a m from inherit
the land take!) from the Church, and at
Compton Ferrers, until the story opens
the curse has been fulfilled. The eldest
son disappears before his I 'a I her't de ith
and the reader is left in suspense as to
whether he is dead or alive until the con-
cluding chapters. There is an unneces-
sary and rather bewildering thickening of
the plot, and the. final elucidation of the
mystery appeals to us to be crude. The
characters are distinctive and clear-cut,
and the impression is left that, if Mr.
Harris-Burland were to devote some of
the thought excited in mere plot-making
to developing the personalities in the
story, he would produce work of value.
As far as his delineation of character goes
if is well done, but we are continually
brought to a stop after anticipating the
working out of environment on individuals,
and vice versa. We hope to see this
capacity more deeply exerted in succeed-
ing books. The novel before us will
provide a few hours of pleasant reading ;
for the events move quickly and are well
narrated.
The Price of Delusion. By Sir William
Magnay. (Stanley Paul & Co., 65.)
Here again is mystery, but in a more
rational and everyday atmosphere, and
treated in a sufficiently logical fashion.
The characters are nearer the normal
than usual in their speech and movement.
Even the incidents of the mystery itself
are reasonable and probable ; too much so,
perhaps !
We had hoped for some thrill greater
than that vouchsafed to us. At one time
arose the illuminating expectation that
the Home Office expert would turn out to
be the arch-criminal in subtle disguise ;
that the portrait painter might connive
with him, and perhaps betray him at the
conclusion : such hopes do arise in detective
stories, where both reader and author are
" out for " all the startling revelations
that can be crammed into 300 pages or
thereabouts. Sir William Magnay is, at
least, eminently readable, and approaches
life in his general treatment and character-
ization.
That Strange Affair. By Walter Briigge-
Vallon. (Stanley Paul & Co., 6s.)
The translator, Mr. Gregory Page, in
dedicating this " detective " work to
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, confesses that
his hero recalls Dr. Watson rather than
Sherlock Holmes, and we, too, have to
confess that his candour is amply justified.
This is the more regrettable in that we
only pardon Watson — the skilful por-
trayal of whose ineptitude is. perhaps,
even more pleasing than the recital of
Holmes's miracles— for his efficiency as
a foil fo his hero.
In fhc present story he is tin' foil to
stupidity even greater than his own.
The result is a rather unconvincing series
of ad\ entures.
Cletk of Scotland Van!. By T. \V. I Ian-
shew. (Cassell v\ Co., 6s.)
.Mu. ClBEK, on.- of those sensational
detectives who appear from time to time in
fiction of a certain class, elucidates one
complicated mystery after another, and at
i'ii- 1 1 - 1 his own mystery, which links him
742
THE ATIIENJEUM
[Supplement, May 23, 1914
to no tiling less than the crown of Maura-
vania, " dear land, dear country, mine
again ! " This crown he abdicates as
promptly as he had assumed it, preferring
Scotland Yard, with intervals of love in a
cottage.
The book is redolent with humour of the
cliche type, consisting chiefly of rather
forced Sam-Wellerisms on the part of the
faithful youth whom Mr. Cleek has saved
from a life of crime, and slang adjurations
tacked on to the sayings of Mr. Narkom,
the official detective — the Watson, rather,
to Cleek's Sherlock Holmes. We say this
advisedly, as at least two of the mysteries
suggest comparisons not favourable to the
present author. If he had been less anxious
to crowd all the puzzle-pieces of his various
crimes into so small a compass, the result
would have been better reading. But Mr.
Hanshew aimed at popular success, and
secured it.
Shadows of the Past. By John Littlejohn.
(Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
Detection, mysteries, and crimes by an
expert theorist, of a complex crime that
endangers the life of an innocent man
should apparently be the theme of this
book ; but we have too little of the
expert, and too much of the criminal
— the real criminals, that is, who involve
the guiltless hero in their snares.
For the rest, we find incident and excite-
ment to spare, even to a confusing, but
never wholly unreadable degree. With
more adherence to proportion the author
might have made a highly interesting book.
TRIALS AND DEVELOPMENTS.
Two 's Company. By Dorothea Mac-
kellar and Ruth Bedford. (Alston
Rivers, 6s.)
The study of the " human " boy is never
an easy undertaking, but it is here attacked
with courage, and carried out with good
measure of conviction. " Rags," ultra-
sensitive from neglect and cruel treatment,
rescued by Remington, whom he adores
but fears, until thorough understanding
between the two is achieved, is an attrac-
tive and sufficiently real young person.
Remington, at first stern and unyielding
in his standards of right and wrong, then
humanized by experience and the help of
" Rags' " friend, Viola Garrison, is also
well presented, though apt to moralize
overmuch concerning himself. Self-
analysis in the hands of any but the
greatest novelist is dangerous ; an effect
of artificiality is so soon induced, so
hardly dispelled.
Three against the World. By Sheila
Kaye-Smith. (Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
The disappearance of plot from contem-
porary fiction, recently lamented by Prof.
Saintsbury, is undoubtedly a distinguish-
ing feature of the work of the younger
generation of novelists. ' Three against
the World ' is a satisfactory specimen of
the modern method. There are several
characters, to all of whom are allotted
parts sufficiently extended to exhibit a
consistent and carefully worked-out dif-
ferentiation ; but of plot, in the commonly
accepted sense, there is little or none.
The ' three " are two brothers and a
sister who belong to an unlucky family.
In the first chapter the younger brother is
returning home from prison, where he has
been sent for the wrong sort of company-
promoting. In the course of the story he
is severely hit more than once, and his
sister's adventures end in more suffering,
while the other brother dies — somewhat
unnecessarily, in our opinion. The tra-
gedy is, however, by no means unrelieved.
A nice sense of humour accompanies the
recital of the doings of the family in
question, and an escape from past evils
is suggested at the end.
Pomm's Daughter. By Claire de Pratz.
(Hutchinson & Co., 6s.)
Though one cannot quite acquit the author
of a too liberal use of the sentimental,
this story of the adoption of a little girl
by a retired French naval officer, who lives
hi Paris, and spends his time in collecting
treasures from the bookstalls on the quays,
is not without a certain ingenuous charm.
The development of the young girl under
the care and tuition of her absent-minded,
but lovable old guardian is sketched with
considerable skill, and a pretty little love-
story is interwoven. Towards the end of
the book — the action of which, by the way,
takes place in the nineties — the solving of
a mild mystery concerning the heroine's
birth necessitates the shifting of the scene
from Paris to London, and the doings of
the little menage suddenly transported to
an English boarding-house are amusingly
described.
The Wonder-Worker . By Vincent Brown.
(Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
As in many instances on the stage and
in fiction, the wonder-worker is only
heard and not seen. His words cause
much searching of heart to a dear old
couple, whose mam sin seems to -have
been the secrecy in which they have
shrouded the fact of their children's
illegitimacy. On confession being made,
it becomes evident that the parents have
failed to transmit such a measure of
their own charity to their offspring as
will make them attempt to mitigate the
world's censure. Another well-drawn
character is a charwoman whom the
" Wonder- Worker " helps to conquer a
mania for drink ; but best of all, as an
example, is a bishop whose sympathy
with his fellows translates itself into so
many good works as to make pride and
good living impossible.
Bedesman 4. By Mary J. H. Skrine.
(Duckworth & Co., 2s. Qtd. net.)
This story is a rather ktyllic presentment
of the incipient career of a quarryman's
son, who attracts the notice and favour of
a professor from Oxford, and thereby gains
the education he requires. A momentary
crisis threatening cessation of his school
life is tided over by what strikes us as
rather obvious mechanism ; apparent
again, and perhaps unduly forced, in the
happy ending.
The descriptions of the country-side
and of school-life are picturesque and
sympathetic, but the story as a whole is
slight.
The Music-Makers. By Louise Mack.
(Mills & Boon, 6s.)
It did not need the final e of the Christian
name to indicate that this book was written
by a woman. The author literally revels
in descriptions of the garments which
clothe her creations. There is none of
those vaguely impressionistic effects
which a man would feel sufficient to set
forth the appearance of his heroines, but
details of material, cut, and finish in such
abundance as to satisfy the most exacting
of feminine readers.
The plot deals with matter sufficiently
out of the ordinary to carry on the interest,
in spite of the somewhat colourless
character-drawing.
Jess Levellier is the daughter of an
American millionaire, and has entered on
a successful musical career as a composer
in London. She befriends a poverty-
stricken young man, who turns out to be
a fellow-artist with an opera which no one
will look at. Intending to surprise him,
she uses her influence to have it anony-
mously produced, and it is hailed at once
as a masterpiece. Both public and
manager are firm in the belief that she is
the composer — a belief she tries to correct
on the " first night " by requesting Ferencz
Alwyn to come forward and acknowledge
the calls for " author." Alwyn, however,
having accidentally dropped in at a
rehearsal, is under the impression that
she has stolen the manuscript from him,
and does not wait to hear it produced.
Before the misunderstanding is cleared
up there are many dangers and matri-
monial pitfalls to be escaped. Numerous
other characters help to make the scene
of activity a crowded one.
SHORT STORIES.
Heroines, and Others. By St. John Lucas.
(Blackwood & Sons, 6s.)
Though each of the tales in this book
attains a high degree of merit, not one of
them strikes us as bearing on its face the
inevitability of the short story. In fact,
we suspect the first, ' Miss Amelia,' of hav-
ing its origin in the plot of a prospective
novel running to its hundreds of pages. ,
The author dallies with the solution, which
is a foregone conclusion for 50 pages,
and when it has occurred, and we feel at
last well started on the circumstances
arising from it, we find that the tale is
told. To our mind it is a tale with its
larger and better part left untold. The
second story, ' Maria,' is longer and
better, but the clue to the mystery of two
wasted lives is not entirely satisfying.
The shortest of all, ' The History of
Ridolfo,' is far and away the best. It
[Supplement, May 23, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
743
occupies only eight pages, but in those
eight pages egotistical obsession is born,
grows, and overthrows the reason of
the man that harbours it. We advise
readers to take the three remaining tales
before this one ; otherwise, owing to com-
parison, they will not enjoy them so much
as tliev ought.
The Shears of Delilah. By Virginia Ter-
lnme van tie Water. (Putnam, 6s.)
The author gives us storv after story of
people who, we must confess, are ex-
tremelv disagreeable. Thev delight in
misunderstanding and suspecting one an-
other, and they have a perfect talent for
launching unpleasant and undeserved accu-
sations. Indeed, we should be extremely
sorry to have to meet in the flesh the
'• Nagger," the husband of the Liar, or the
two children of the " successful,"' but un-
happy mother.
This is no reflection on the teller of the
stories, except so far as her choice of per-
sonages is concerned ; her technique and
realism, both excellent of their kind,
might equally well have been devoted to
types of a more lovable or at least amiable
nature.
The Adventuress, and Other Stories. By
George Willoughby. (Goschen, 2s. net.)
Of these fourteen " stories " three are
distinctly striking by reason of a certain
passionate crudity, a realism that gives
actual discomfort when we think that it
may mean reality. These three are ' Lily
May." " Life Wins/ and ' A Sea Captain '
— quick, cruel, sensational sketches that
evolve thoughts of pastel work : dark,
clouded backgrounds, now lit up by the
lurid gleams of the lowest life, now suf-
fused with a changing glow of luxury.
We would add the ' Watch Xight Service,'
did it not recall over-forcibly Mr. Wells's
4 Love and Mr. Lewisham."
* A London Dawn ' and the ' Psychology
of Fires ' are more in the nature of tours
de force : vivid in their way. but unreal,
showing too much composition in the
pastel. This defect is still more marked
in the descriptions of the Isle of Dogs and
Rosherville, and it reaches a climax in the
' Correspondence.'
Mr. Willoughby (are we right in the
sex ?) delights in his technique, which is
nearly, if not always, equalled by his
observation ; but it is our impression that
both will nm to seed if devoted overmuch
to sketches of this nature ; in a larger
theme these qualities would be kept
within bounds, and so be more effective.
He might try a wider and more complex
field. " The Adventuress." for example
(though its abrupt ending, evidently so
designed, is not devoid of cleverni
might be developed into a good novel.
JUVENILE.
Radiant Qirl. By
A Little Radiant Qirl. By Katharine
Tynan. (Blackie & Son, 6«.)
This book is evidently written for school-
girls in their teens. We rather suspeci
the modern schoolgirl has a secret pre-
ference for her brother's books of ad-
venture and travel ; the everyday life of
Francie Chevallier will appear to her a
pleasant, though scarcely enthralling
story.
We hear of Francie at school in Paris j
making many friends, then at home in
an English village, and finally earning her
own living in London. We would willingly
have heard less of the village period and
more of the London one, which is some-
what meagrely treated. The author occa-
sionally allows her feeling for poetic fancy
and wish to avoid the commonplace to
lead her into expressions which sound a
little peculiar.
Francie is a kind and warm-hearted girl,
but her charm is a little too much insisted
on. The other characters all have pretty
manners, and are irreproachably well-
connected.
More about Froggy. By Brenda. (R.T.S.,
2s.)
Froggy is already well known to a host
of readers, who will be glad to hear of
his further adventures up to manhood.
Brenda writes well and easily, supplying
the human touches which are particularly
desirable in stories destined to improve
the occasion. Some will think, perhaps,
that Froggy's loyalty and grit might
have met with more prolonged trials.
He has difficulties in the Home which
shelters him, and later on the seas, but
their timely disappearance suggests that
he is special!}- favoured by Providence.
Cornwall's Wonderland. By Mabel
Quiller-Couch. (Dent & Sons, 3s. Qd. net.)
The title of this collection of stories,
' Cornwall's Wonderland," suggests a tre-
sure-house filled with lore such as, perhaps,
no other corner of England could furnish.
The Phoenicians, the knights of Lyonesse,
the Spaniards of the Armada, the " stan-
naries " instinct with old-world custom
and character, the tradition that two of the
Apostles (St. Peter and St. Paul, if our
memory does not fail us) landed on the
Cornish coast as pioneers of Christianity —
from such sources alone we might have
expected much. The author doubtless
suffered from the constraint of space, and
perhaps from the fact that she was
writing for children ; but, those limita-
tions conceded, we still feel that her
treatment is slight and cursory. The
"Tristan and Isolde' story is, however,
well told, Malory being used with dis-
crimination and clearness.
The atmosphere of wild moorland and
rocky sea-coast, which might have been
more fully emphasized even for young
readers, is often obscured by unnecessary
descriptions of dress and decoration. Of
course, in telling a fairy story to a child,
detailed description is an essential; but
even in this there are hounds ; superfluity
of the tri\ ial. of parade, must be avoided.
The impression we have after reading this
book is that the author is not sufficiently
spontaneous for her audience, nor various
enough in her choice of the tales she sets
before them.
HISTORY AND ADVENTURE.
The Red Virgin. By C. Frederic Turner.
(Hodder & Stoughton, 6s.)
It is a pleasing surprise to find, in the case
of a prominently advertised novel, some
merit to correspond to the advertisement.
The merit hardly comes out where it might
be expected, but is, let us say, sufficiently
prominent elsewhere in the book to justify
this anomaly. The struggles and intrigues
for the Regency of 'Grimland " present
a wide scope for adventure and excite-
ment, plot and counterplot, espionage,
secret service, anarchy, and aristocracy
— indeed, almost every species of hazard
that can be imagined in such a connexion.
But the writer is one of those rather rare
story-tellers who have a sense of proportion
both in their facts and their style, and he
succeeds in making his characters, and the
events that await and befall them, suffi-
ciently reasonable and logical.
It is curious that the one character on
whom our attention should be concen-
trated— the Red Virgin herself — is of all
the least lifelike and probable. We have
the impression that she was the ground-
work of a book that has " written itself "
away from her. In a word, the book is
better, perhaps, than it was meant to be.
Two scenes are specially commendable :
the meeting of the spies in the council hall
of the " Rathesherren," and the fall of the
avalanche that retards the escape of the
villain and frustrates his plans. The
description, both of town and country, is
convincing ; indeed, it seems to betray the
land which the author has chosen as his
theatre.
Perilous Seas. Bv E. Gallienne Robin.
(R. & T. Washbourne, 3s. 6d. net.)
Mr. Robin endeavours to write a history
of the French Revolution, tell a story, and
present a treatise upon the Roman Catholic
faith — all in the same book. It is not an
" historical novel," except in respect
of treating an historical period ; the
characters play no part in the history
thereof ; they merely sit at home in
Guernsey and recount to each other the
doings in Paris, practically in the language
of Mr. Hilaire Belloc, as the author himself
explains in the Preface. As a history
lesson it is passable. As a tale the book
lacks warmth and interest. Mr. Robin
has not the art of presenting living and
feeling men and women. His people are
puppets who act and speak at his will ;
some of them are mere shadows. At
least (though he might have made
more of his local colouring) he succeeds in
presenting a fairly realistic picture of
Guernsey life, and he gives some account
of its ancient customs; but the book ;ts
a whole is no more than a chronicle of
events. Religion is a pervading influ-
ence. All the good people are Catholics,
and all the bad are Protestants : the mere
harmony of the heroine's voice when
repeating " Our Lady'' leads to con-
version; she is. in fact, a better
' missionary " than her author.
744
THE ATHENAEUM
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THE ATHEKZEUM
7«>
Journal of (Engltslj anh Jfnrrign literatim, ^titntz, t\jt ^Tmt'%xX^ JHtfsi| ?ttb t\)t Drama*
No. 4518
SATURDAY, MAY 30, 1914. sixpence.
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TUESDAY next. June 2. at 3 o'clock. Prof. A. FOWLER. F.R.8 ,
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Q
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SHALL INDIA BE A BUTTRESS OR A PERIL
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EXHIBITION OF MODERN FRENCH
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(F Durational.
WESTMINSTER SCHOOL— An EXAMINA-
TION to FILL UP VACANT SCHOLARSHIPS AND
EXHIBITIONS will be held on JUNK 24. 25, and 26, 1914.-For
i irticular* apply by letter to THE BURSAR, Little Dean's Yard,
Westminster.
MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, E.C.— An
ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATION for Boye
under 14 on June 11, 1914. will be held on JUNK 30 and following
days.-For particulars apply to THE SECRETARY.
S
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY 14 ami Following Days.
Further information can lie obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne. Dorset.
BUSSAGE HOUSE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—
Principals MISS DOROTHEA DKAI.K. B.A.Lond.. formerly
Head of lhe8troud Hiifh ■•chov.l ; MI8d JOHNSTON. Oxford M...1
Honours. Cambridge Te-ich-rs Diploma New Boarding Scho.l I .r
the Daughters of Sen tlemen will OPEN IN SEPTEMBER. High
and healthy site on Cotmroldi. Large garden. Definite Cbaroh
teaching. Prep for Exams. Fees*}!.— Prospectusapply SECRETARY.
AfADAME AUBERT8 AGENCY (est 1880),
pi ?,e,th Hou"" ''""''■ "'■OBHT STRKET. W. English and
roreign G l.ulj- I'rofi-ssors. Teachers. Chaperon el Com
panioos. Secretaries. Read-™. Introduced f->r Home and Abroad
ocnools recommended and prospectuses with full information, grntls
on application Ipersonal or by letter), stating requireineuU. Office
tours, 10-5 ; Saturdays. 10-1. Tel. Regent 3627.
U
Situations ^arant.
NIVERSITY OF LONDON.
The Senate invite applications for the post of UNIVERSITY'
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY tenable at the ROYAL HOLLO-
WAY COLLEGE. The post is open to Men and to Women, and the
salary will beCOOi. a year in the case of a Man. or in the case of a
Woman SOOi., together with board and furnished residence during
the College Terms. Applications (twelve copies), with the names of
not more than four references, must be received not later than the
first post on JUNE 13, 1914, by THE ACADEMIC RKGISTRAR,
University of London, South Kensington, S.W. , from whom further
particulars may be obtained. Testimonials are not required.
HENRY A. M1ERS, Principal.
r
NIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.
FACULTY OF SCIENCE.
PROFESSORSHIP OF PHY8ICS.
The Council of the University invites applications for the CHAIR
OF PHYSICS vacant by the death of Dr. J. H. Poynting, F.R.S.
The stipend offered is 7502. a year.
Applications may be accompanied by testimonials, references, or
other credentials, and should be received by the undersigned on or
before THURSDAY, October 15.
Further particulars may be obtained from
GEO. H. MORLEY, Secretary.
OF BIRMINGHAM.
TTNIVERSITY
ASSISTANT LECTURESHIP IN CLASSICS AND ANCIENT
HISTORY.
The Council invites applications for an ASSISTANT LECTURE
SHIP IN CLASSICS AND ANCIENT HI8TORY at a stipend of
150i. per annum, under the general direction of the Professors of
Classics and History. Duties to begin OCTOBER 6, 1914
Applications, with not less than three copies of testimonials,
should be sent before JUNE 20 to the undersigned, from whom
further particulars can be obtained.
GEO. H. MORLEY, Secretary.
TTNIVERSITY
OF MANCHESTER.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
(Primary Branch.)
The Council invite applications for the post of A8S1STANT
LECTURER AND DEMONSTRATOR IN EDUCATION (Man).
The duties will include the supervision of school practice, and ability
to undertake either the Physical Training of the men students or
Lectures on the History of Education will be a recommendation.—
Further particulars may be obtained from THE SECRETARY TO
THE SENATE, The University, Manchester, to whom applications
should be sent before JUNE 9.
u
NIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER.
The Council is about to appoint a READER in MATHEMATICAL
PHYSICS. Stipend 200! —Applications, accompanied by names of
three references, should be sent by JUNE 8 to THE SECRETARY
TO THE SENATE, frcm whom further particulars may be obtained.
T
HE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD.
APPOINTMENT OF LECTURER IN PHILOSOPHY.
The Council arc about to appoint a LECTURER in PHILOSOPHY'.
Salary 300(. per annum.
Applications must be sent in by JUNE 9. Further particulars may
be obtained from W. M. GIBBONS, Registrar.
UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD.
rriHE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
A JUNIOR LECTURER (Man) is shortly to be appointed in the
Department. Salary 150?. per annum.— Applications should reach
the undersigned, from whom further particulars may be obtained, by
SATURDAY, June fi. W. M. GIBBONS, Registrar.
ARMSTRONG COLLEGE,
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
(In the University of Durham.)
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
The Council invites applications for the A8SI8TANT LECTURE-
SHIP.
Salary 1501 . rising bv annual increments of 101. to '2001. per annum.
Candidates are requeMed to lend four copies of their applications
and of not more than three testimonials before JUNE li to
F. H. PRUEN, MA., Secretary.
Armstrong College, Newcastle upon Tyne.
E
GYPTIAN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.
WANTKh, in OCTOBER, for Secondary Schoole under the Ministry
of Education :
TBACBBRS OF BNGLI0H BeJan BBS ptr annum (L.Bg vi mi
menpeui1. rleJng to .'.v.'.i p«-r annum L Eg -pi men&enn, on pension-
ahle MaH Allowance foi pe it" Egypt.
BCIENOH MASTER (Experimental Phytice and Chemistry).
Appoint men t under contract Length < I ■ ■ia,.w» tn«nt, two *
HHinry MM. i>er annum [L, Eft. 80 par mrnieml. Allowance for pa usage
out to Egypt and f.-r return at cloee of contract.
' indraatai moat l»« fr< m ahout *1A to 30 year a of a rc and unman it -1
A H'lir-ante mii*t have taken a L'nmrnty Degree with Hononn
bare experience »* teat ban Hi*riai training as tenaben of Pbyeloal
Exerdaea will be a recommendation. Four leawr s dully on an
average, Fridays only excepted. Summer vacation not less than two
niont I
In-piirics for further Information and for Application Forum ihould
he addrewfd not Later than JURE 10, I9U, to J. \v 1 RoWFooT,
Ef-'i . c/o The Director, TIm FgypUan F»liH-»tional Ktealon In Fn«
land, *iH, Victoria Htret t, ITeatmlnatar, London, s.w. Select ad can
didateet will l*e interviewed iu London.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
QOUNTY BOROUGH OF STOKE-ON-TRENT.
NEW CENTRAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
The Governors will shortly proceed to appoint a LECTURER IN
PHYSICS, salary 'JDOi. lising to 300i. per annum, and a LECTURER
IN CHEMISTRY, Balary •2001. Per annum.
The Lecturer iu Physics will he r< quired to take charge of the
instruction in Applied Electricity. High University Honours will be
an indispensable qualification for both the positions.— Particulars and
forms of application can be obtained from the Clerk to the Governors
Dr. W. LUDFORD FREEMAN, M.A., Town Hall, Hanley. Stoke
on-Trent, and must be returned not later than JUNE 18, 1814.
Canvassing, either directly or lDclirectly, will be a disqualification.
C
OUNTY OF LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the under-
mentioned positions VACANT iu SEPTEMBEK, 1914.
THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL, BROCKLEY.
(il ASSISTANT MASTER especially qualified to teach Mathe-
matics. Candidates must have pass-d a Final Examination for a
Degree held by a recognized University, and must have Mathematical
qualifications of a high order for the purpose of preparing for Open
Scholarships. Commencing salary from 1501 to 2001. a year, according
to previous experience, rising to 3001. by yearly increments of 10!
(ii) Full time ART MASTER, at a fixed salary of BOO!, a year.
Candidates must be qualified to teach all branches of Art customary
in Secondary Schools, in which they should have had experience.
THE COUNTY 8ECONDARY SCHOOL, KENTISH TOWN.
(i) ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach German and French.
(ii) ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach Geography and History, who
should be specially qualified in Junior Form work.
Commencing salary 120!. to 170!. according to experience, rising to
220!. by yearly increments of 10!. Candidates must have passed a
Final Examination for a Degrte held by a recognized University. In
special cases the Degree requirement may be relaxed, provided a
candidate is otherwise specially qualified.
Applications must be on the forms to be obtained, with particulars
of the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope
to THE EDUCATION OFFK'EK, London • ounty Council. Educa-
tion Offices, Victoria Embankment. W.C., to whom they must be
returned by 11 a.m. on MONDAY', June 22. 1914. in the case of the
Brockley School, and JUNE 15, 1914, in the case of the Keutith Towu
School.
Every communication must be marked "H.4." on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, is a disqualification for
appointment. No candidate is eligible for appointment in a School
of which a relative is a member of the Advisory Sub-Committee.
LAURiNl E GOMME. Cleikif the London County Council.
Education Offices. Victoria Embankment, W.C.
May 25, 1914.
s
TROUD GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL.
HEAD MISTRESS RI QUIRED, early in SEPTEMBER, for the
above Secondary School. The School will accommodate about ion Girls,
and there are at present 95 Pupils The Mistress must be a Graduate
of some University in the United Kingdom, or have such other
equivalent qualification as may be approved b> the Board of Educa-
tion ; in the latter case she must satisfy the Governors that she has
for not less than five years efficiently conducted a School of a grade
not inferior to that fcr whl< h I be Strotd Girls' High School provides.
The Mistress will receive a salaiy of 240!. a year.
Applications, stating age and qualifications, with n pies of not more
than four recent testimonials and thn names of personal references,
to be made by JUNE 13 to the Clerk to the Governors, FREDK
WINTERBOTHAM, Solicitor. Stroud, Gloucestershire, from whom
further particulars may be obtained.
NORTHAMPTON SCHOOL OF ART.
The Education Committee invite applications for the appointment
of HKAI> MAST KK. Applicants .should he qualified as required hy
the Kegulation6 of the Board of Education, halary '.JOo/. per annum,
rising hy yearly increments of 102. to BffOt. per annum. He^anl
may be had to previous experience in fixing amount of oommandng
salary. Further particulars anil a form of implication may ho
obtained from tin* nnderefgned, with whom applications should he
lodged not later than JUNK 20, 19U.
8TEWABT BBATTir, Secretary to the (VmmiUee.
Borough Education Offices, 4. S' erllee' Street, Northampton.
May 28, lit 14.
B
INC LEY URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL.
TIOHKICAI ani> EVENING m iiools.
WANTED, on JULY I next, an ol.'ti AN l/.I NO MASTER to
take charge of a T" (mil 'I H< h,,i.| and Blgbl Eveoloff OoDtlnuAtfofl
li Salary 1801 a year A University Degree In Pi li ace and
experience In teaching and in Evening School «n ik seeantlal List of
duties u.ny be bad from Ihe undersigned, t<i rrbom •pplicaUoni Cy
letter', stating ape. Qnaiffloationf end experie and ooplei of two
recent testimonials, should n» delivered hi .1 1 '
ALFRED PLAIT", 'Ink to the Coun.il
Town Hall. Ilinvhy.
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EST SUFFOLK EDUCATION
00HM1TT1 r.
i "I NTY HCIIOOI. IMIXEDI AM> ITI'II, TEACHER t KNTItK
BURY HT EDMUNDS,
Aii'liratinns are Invited f..r Hi. Pod ol ASSISTANT WASTER,
H»l»rr IDOL nonresident. Particulars and forms of application,
which iu"-t be returned not later than JUNE 2, 1914 nnj !«•
obtained fr< m the undersigned on rei tint of a ntaiuned and addressed
foolscap envelope
FRED. R. IIUGHEH, Secretary to the Committee.
740
T H E ATHENilUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
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ORCKSTER EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
THE CITY OF WORCESTER SECONDARY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
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THUS. DUCKWORTH, Secretary for Higher Education.
Victoria Institute, Worcester.
COUNTY BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND.
BEDE COLLEGIATE SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
Head Master-Mr. G. T. FERGUSON. B. A. B.Sc. (Lond).
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J. LINDSAY, Town Clerk.
City Chambers, Glasgow, May 20, 1914.
OF
M
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The Libraries Committee of the Borough of Deptford invite applici-
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ARTHUR PURKIS, Town Clerk.
Town Hall, New Cross Road, S.E., Juue 2, 1914.
BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.)
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The Council will shortly proceed to appoint an ASSISTANT
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E. T. McKNIGHT, Secretary of Council.
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The Valuable Library removed from Stowlangto/t Hall,
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On THURSDAY, June 4, PORCELAIN, the
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On FRIDAY, June 5, MODERN PICTURES
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On view Monday prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on
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Important Japanese Colour Prints.
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Poems and Legends
BY
CHARLES STRATFORD CATTY
Crown 8vo, 5s. net.
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748
THE ATHENAEUM
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No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
49
5.4 TURD A Y, MA Y SO, 10 14.
CONTENTS. page
A Book a holt Authors 749
The 1'i.ster Scot 750
Irish Literary and MUSICAL Studies .. .. 750
Old Irish Grammar ami Header 75t
THE Royal Irish Rules 751
The Inner History ok the Balkan War .. .. ::>l
Life of Walter Bacehot „ 752
Lan dor's Early Poems 751
FICTION : Aspects of Italy (Louis Norbevt ; From
Opposite Shores) ; SOCIAL studies (Sword and
Cross; Sylvia); Adventures (The Haven of
Desire ; The Loadstone ; The Island) . . 754—755
Books Published this Week (English, 756 ;
Foreign. 75S) 756— 75S
The Thrush before Dawn ; The Discovery of
Isolde's Chapel ; Dublin Registers ; The
Odes ok solomon ; American Historical
Research ; Books in Belfast ; Addison's
Letters ; The Eliot Hoik; kin Sale .. 759—761
Literary Gossip 762
■Science — Biology in Relation to Education,
Lecture III. ; The Psychology ok Dissociated
Personality ; Societies ; Meetings Next
Week 763-767
Fise Arts — Palace and Mosque at Ukhaidir ;
The New English Art Club ; Other Exhibi-
tions ; Gossip ; Pictures and Drawings ;
Engravings - .. 767—769
Music — L'Amore dei Tre Re ; Opera at Drury
Lane; Gossip; Perpormances Next Week 770
Drama — Bernard Shaw's Plays and Prekaces ;
Plaster Saints ; 'Justice' and a Parallel ;
Gossip 771—772
Index to Advertisers 774
LITERATURE
-4 Book about Authors : Reflections and
Recollections of a Book-Wright. Bv
A. R. Hope Moncrieff. (A. & C. Black,
10s. net.)
Mr. Moncrieff might have entitled his
book * The Confessions of an Author.'
Sitting on the stool of repentance, he
frankly admits that, under his own name
and various aliases — chiefly that of Ascott
K. Hope — he has written and published
in the course of his shameless career no
fewer than two hundred books or more.
Prom first to last he must have shed as
much ink as there was in Falstaff's gross
b >dy.
" Now that I am somewhat turned out to
■grass [he writes] I can chew the cud of recol-
I ion that in one year, as author, editor,
translator, or contributor, I was concerned
with the preparation of a score of volumes.
In another year, I brought forth a dozen or
. all my own."
dy a prodigious record ! The only
use for its commemoration in this
jubilee volume — for his first book ap-
peared when he was in his 'teens, just,
fifty years ago — is that his experiences
may serve as an object lesson for some
literary aspirants eager to follow in his
footsteps. It is not encouraging to those
who fondly imagine that the modern
book market is pared with gold to learn
that, as a result of all Mr. Moncrieffs
labours, his literary income has not
averaged more than a beggarly hundred
guineas a year. This estimate^ too, does
not take into account the incidental
items of postage, stationery, and tra-
velling expenses connected with his work.
Happily for Mr. Moncrieff, he lias not been
wholly dependent upon his pen ; other-
wise he would not be so content with a
career which, as ho rather naively con-
fesses, if it has not led to fortune, has at
least kept him out of mischief. That
surely is a novel reason for praising the
author's calling, and it scarcel}'' weighs
against the cold logic of pounds, shillings,
and pence.
' A Book about Authors,' therefore, is
an excellent antidote to put into the
hands of those who may have been some-
what dazzled by Mr. Arnold Bennett's
estimate of the prizes to be won by the
successful novelist. Let it be admitted
that the literary life is delightful for those
who can afford to regard it as its own
reward, and profitable enough to the
comparative few who share its prizes ;
but it remains an incontrovertible fact
that, for the vast majority, it is harder
than ever to-day to live by books alone.
Mr. Moncrieff says there is reason to fear, as
was recently suggested in The Athenaeum,
that the novelists who command the
largest sales are fattening under the
present system at the expense of their
less successful fellows. To-day name
counts for practically everything both
with the general public and the trade,
and since the author with the largest
following demands a small fortune for
every book, the publisher pays that price,
and devotes to his work a proportionate
amount of attention, largely at the expense
of the great unknown.
Mr. Moncrieffs wrell-stored volume, plea-
santly written like all his books, reminds
us more of the elder D 'Israeli's ' Curiosi-
ties of Literature ' than of the conven-
tional literary autobiography. It is, in-
deed, a whole series of books in one,
including ' A Short History of Authors '
from Homer and the Sibyl to Dickens and
Thackeray ; a brief survey of publishing
through the ages, from the days of the
ancients upwards — with undue emphasis,
perhaps, on the black sheep of that much-
maligned flock ; and separate chapters
on the quarrels, anatomy, and trade of
authors, which appear in the main to
support Leslie Stephen's opinion that
•" Literature is, in all cases, a demoralizing
occupation," on account of its inevitable
publicity.
It is easy to be entertaining on the
subject of the petty quarrels of authors in
the history of every age of literature ; but
why do so many writers harp on this well-
worn topic ? The story of English author-
ship is as full of illustrious friendships as
of jealousies and squabbles-. When Mr.
Moncrieff'a book reaches the second edition
to which its undoubted merits entitle it,
wo hope that Ik; will do justice; to the
nobler as well as to the baser side of his
craft. The squabbles have generally been
among the lesser and noisier men. who
have made unscrupulous use of the
dangerous weapon ever ready to their
hand. In its highest development our
literary history is singularly rich in its
records of generous and lasting friend-
ships.
Shrewd as are most of Mr. Moncrieff'a
observations on the inner workings of
the book world, we do not think that
even the Authors' Society, however much
it may agree with his prejudices against
the wicked race of publishers, would
countenance his suggestion that writers
might co-operate with advantage and be-
come their own publishers. To begin
with, authors are notoriously the worst
business men in the world. Most of those
who have tried their inexperienced hands
at bringing their own literary offspring
into the world have soon been glad
enough to resign that task to the legiti-
mate midwife. It is true that Ruskin
succeeded in his pitched battle with the
trade, but Ruskin, it must be remem-
bered, was Ruskin, and he chose the
right man in George Allen to train into
his ideal publisher.
A whole chapter could be written on
the luckless experiments of other authors
in the same complicated craft. Mark
Twain thought he could revolutionize
ideas on the subject by " commission
publishing " on his own arbitrary linos.
" When I took up the publication of ;i
book [he once confessed], I called in a pub-
lisher, and said to him, ' I want you to pub-
lish this book along lines which I shall lay
down. I am the employer, you are the
employe. I am going to show you some new-
kinks in the publishing business. And I
want you to draw7 on me for money as yon
go along ' — which he did. He drew on me
for 5G,000 dollars. Then I asked him to
take the book and call it off ; but he refused
to do that."
A more desperate venture was that of
Robert Buchanan, whose turbulent spirit
raged and fumed against the world of
letters in general and publishers in par-
ticular. He had started publishing for
himself — with the inevitable results —
when he took Sir Walter Besant to task
for tempting the unenlightened to enter
the literary life.
"The very stones of the street cry out
and rebuke you. sir [he wrote], when you
invite the young awl unwary, and above all,
the honestly inspired, to enter the blood-
stained gates of this Inferno."
Although Mr. Moncrieff does not ful-
minate against the Literary life with
Buchanan's wild anathemas, or endorse
Charles Lamb's advice to Bernard Barton
— though lie quotes it — that he should
rather throw himself " slapdash headlong
on iron spikes " than give up a salaried
post for the uncertainties of letters,
his opinions of authors and their ways,
as well as of publishers as ho has
found them, cast but a murky light on
the inner world of books. True, he
Introduces a brighter illumination when
he declares at the end that, in spite of
all its drawbacks, in spite of all the pit-
falls with which he knows its path to be
strewn, he would choose no other calling
were he to start life afroh. Hut .Mi.
Moncrieff. be it repeated has never been
wholly dependent upon his pen. An in-
dependent income encourages the pursuit
of optimism.
750
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
The Ulster Scot : his History and Religion.
By James Barkley Woodburn. (II. R.
Allcnson, 5s. net.)
The Ulster man is in high fashion just
now, and we welcome a book written
about him by a great admirer of the type,
himself an Ulsterman, whose family have
long been honourably connected with Lon-
donderry. But how far even the London-
derry settlers can be called Scots is
another question. For there is no reason
why the London merchants who planted
that county should not have imported
Englishmen (not Scots). In fact, all
through Pynner's ' Survey ' — a work
which the author has apparently never seen,
though he quotes it once at second hand
— we find districts in every county allotted
to English undertakers, while others in
the same county are allotted to Scottish
undertakers, and not a few of the
occupiers are called British. Indeed,
the English element was originally just
as strong in Ulster as the Scottish,
and much of the complex character
of the population is to be attributed
to its mixture, not only with English,
but also with Irish natives. Here and
there the author speaks of the quickness
of the Celt as part of this character, but
from the tone of his book he surely does
not mean the influence of Irish native
mothers. There is no doubt, however,
that the type is distinct from the Scottish.
Any one who knows Belfast and Glasgow
well, knows the many contrasts between
them, and can easily distinguish the two
dialects, though the mere tourist thinks
them the same. It is, then, the mixture of
Lowland Scots {inland is what they are
called in one of the original documents
of the settlement) with English and native
Irish that produced that fine, sturdy, able,
but unlovely type which now dominates the
North-East of Ireland. The author gives
us a striking catalogue of the Ulster men
who have achieved success all over the
world. The six American Presidents may
have been of Scottish descent. It is not
so clear about the great Anglo-Indians,
such as John Nicholson, Avhose mother
only was a Scot, or about Lord Dufferin ;
and we feel sure that, as in the rest of
Ireland, so here the Anglo-Saxon element
was, after all, the real leaven that made
any part of Ireland great. The author
says that the Southern Irish, with all
their attractive features, have not the
faculty of commanding men. We pre-
sume he has forgotten Wellington, Wolse-
ley, and Lord Roberts, who, so far as they
are Irish, are not from Ulster. In the
present day we suppose no Irishman has
more influence abroad than Sir Thomas
Shaughnessy, the offspring of a Cork
father and a Kerry mother.
With these reservations and limitations,
the author has made a fine case for the
Ulster Protestant, whatever may be his
origin ; nor need we follow him into his
speculations that the north of every
country produces better men than the
south. We suggest to him to consider
the case of Scotland, which is within his
knowledge. For when we go into that
quality of the author, we find much to
criticize. He has worked from many
authorities, which lie enumerates, but
reading many books does not make an
historian. Thus he might have corrected
his notions about the Jesuits in Ireland
from Dr. Mahaffy's k Epoch of Irish
History,' which is not in his bibliography.
He might there have learnt that the
Jesuits only worked spasmodically in
Ireland, so long as they hoped to con-
quer England by the great Armada from
Spain. There was even a second Armada
wrecked off Ushant in 1597, in which
twenty-three Jesuits were drowned. But
they had proceeded in 1590 to reconquer
Ireland systematically with spiritual
weapons, and a wonderful work they
performed. He might also have learnt
in the same book that the real father
of the extremely Evangelical Church of
Ireland, of which Ussher and Bedell
were the most eminent members, was
Walter Travers, the first working Pro-
vost of Trinity College, who trained
Ussher and his fellow students. His then
famous ' Defence of Ecclesiastical Dis-
cipline ' was the backbone of the West-
minster Confession.
There are similar defects to be found
in Mr. Woodburn's learning. The -im-
migration of Scots into Ulster did
not begin in 1605, but long before.
He thinks that the absence of central
mountains in Ireland gave an enormous
advantage to the invader, as the natives
had no such refuge. We venture to think
that the great central bogs and forests
offered obstacles as serious as any moun-
tains. The chiefs of the days before the
Plantation of Ulster did not live in " stone
castles well adapted for defence." The
people never exported flax, but only
yarn made of flax, and that from early
days. A large part of the co. Monaghan
had been granted to Lord Essex and Lord
Blayney, not to Sir Arthur Chichester,
whose grants were out of the Plantation.
On this possibly the author has information
of which we are ignorant. Sir Algernon
Coote is at present called premier baronet
of Ireland, but Lord Valentia's baronetcy is
earlier, and he is strictly the premier. In
his account of the persecution of Pro-
testants under James II., Mr. Woodburn
makes no mention of the famous Act of
Attainder, which was worse than all the
rest put together. His want of a sense
of proportion is shown by his statement
that the siege of Deny was " one of the
most important sieges that has ever
been recorded in the pages of history."
By no means. Heroic and splendid as
was the defence of Deny, its fall would
not have seriously affected the great issue.
That was settled by the battle of the Boyne,
a little Armageddon in which all Europe
was engaged, and which was hailed with
delight by the Pope and the Emperor,
because it checkmated the ambition of
Louis XIV. Would either of them have
cared one straw about the fall of Derry ?
The author does not know that Francis
Hutcheson, the moral philosopher, was
allowed to teach in Dublin by the
liberality of Archbishop King. But he
is clearly not strong on Dublin. He puts
the origin of the College of Physicians
after that of the General Post Office. It
was founded by Charles II. and John
Stearne. He does not even enumerate
among his great Ulster men Ed. Hincks,
a Fellow of Trinity College and Rector of
Killyleagh, a pioneer both in Egyptian
and Assyrian archaeology, whose bust has
been recently set up outside the Cairo
Museum as one of the founders of these
great studies.
We might go on commenting on these
little defects, which show that the author
has not mastered his subject. Regarding
the history of the Presbyterian religion
in Ulster, we bow to him as a good autho-
rity. He tells, with a detail which does
not interest the world, of the various
controversies and squabbles among this
religious democracy, among whom the right
of private judgment was so fully asserted
that it was nearly impossible to attain
any large agreement. The general out-
come is very instructive, as showing
what the difficulties are of maintaining a
creed or confession of faith open to the
criticism of every independent thinker who.
if eloquent, can command a following.
The chapter on the Great Revival of
1859 is peculiarly interesting. A wave
of emotion swept through Ulster, with
physical paroxysms of those who were
affected, verv similar to what we read
of in the days of the preaching of
Wesley and Whitefield. It did not, how-
ever, reach the Roman Catholic at all,
and the Church people only to a small
degree. It filled the places of worship
of all the Dissenters, and even told upon
the fairs and markets, so that drink-
ing and swearing for a time almost
disappeared. But a Roman Catholic
farmer who criticized it with every sym-
pathy, and was. describing these wonderful
effects, added that he found the people still
" a bit sharp in matters of horseflesh'"' —
truly the last infirmity of noble minds.
Like most epidemics, the movement ceased
in less than two years, and had but little
permanent effect. Nor was it tree in the
height of the fever from disorders of
another kind among the people who
crowded to pious midnight orgies. But
we have said more than enough to show
both the merits and the defects of this
historv.
Irish Literary and Musical Studies. By
Alfred Perceval Graves. (Elkin
Mathews, 6s. net.)
The ' Studies ' contained in this volume
consist of revised versions of lectures,
articles, and introductions. The subjects
dealt with are sufficiently varied ; gener-
ally, they concern the men and the condi-
tions which, during the last century, pro-
duced the antecedents of the modern
Irish Literary Movement. Indeed, much
is due to Mangan, Ferguson, Le Fanu,
and Allingham from the Irish poets of the
present day. The very diversity of the
characteristics of this quartet is in its
way as important as the common national
appeal. Mangan in his " More or Less
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
751
Free"' versions from the Irish, and in his
" Oversettings " from the German — the
descriptions are those of his editor, Mr.
O Donoghue — found opportunities for the
employment of that strange and sedu-
lously cultivated gift of bringing an ener-
getic treatment into combination with a
depressing subject. Ferguson's stateliness
and Le Fanu's eerie descriptions were
valuable additions to the common stock,
to which, however, William Allingham —
the last of the four to die — made the
most varied contribution.
Mr. Graves's ' Studies ' enable us to
grasp the underlying unity of Irish poetry.
He approves of Matthew Arnold's phrase
in which the Celtic feeling for Nature is
described as " natural magic." At all
times Irish poets and romancers have
expressed themselves as if the super-
natural were indistinguishable from the
natural. They are thus unconscious Pan-
theists. The very earliest poem extant in
Irish, 'The Mystery of Anergin,' which,
Dr. Douglas Hyde says, may well contain
"the oldest surviving lines hi any ver-
nacular tongue in Europe except Greek,"
i^ Pantheistic : —
I am the wind which breathes upon the sea,
I am the wave of the ocean,
I am the murmur of the billows,
I am the ox of the seven combats,
I am the vulture upon the rocks, &e.
From ttiis to Fiona Macleod there is a
long road which, if boggy in places, has
no turnings. Apparent throughout is the
note of mysticism, that peculiar inspira-
tion of religious poetry which will not be
restrained by orthodoxy. Thus a hymn
of St. Ita (born a.d. 480) refers to the
Infant Saviour, who, it was believed,
abode in her cell at night. It is entitled
" Lsucan ' — translated as ' Jesukin ' — and
begins : —
Jesukin
Lives my little cell within ;
What were wealth of cleric high —
All is lie but Jesukin.
Nursling nurtured, as 'tis right —
Harbours here no servile spright —
Jean of the skies, who art
Next my heart thro' every night.
Here the original metre, assonances, and
internal rhymes have been preserved.
Three chapters are devoted to George
IV trie (1790-1866), artist, antiquary, and
•editor. Petrie's essay on the Irish
Pound Towers was his most important
u.>rk; it disposed of many picturesque
ories, and definitely established the
1 ristian and ecclesiastical origin of these
tntnuments. His antiquarian knowledge
was also put to good use when he was
pointed to the charge of the Topo-
phical Department of the Irish Ord-
aance Survey in 1833.
Though light of weight, Mr. Graves's
book bears the marks of forty years of
diligent labour among Irish texts. We
will only say that the erudition is of the
best kind — that is, entirely readable and
by no means a stranger to laughter; while
the purely reminiscent chapters, especially
that on Tennyson, show a happy per-
I mal touch.
A Concise Old Irish Grammar and Reader.
By Julius Pokorny. — Part I. Grammar.
(Dublin, Hodges, Figgis & Co.)
The author intends this book to serve as
an easy introduction to the scientific study
of Old Irish, by which is meant a study in
accordance with the established laws and
existing hypotheses of philologists. It is
assumed throughout that the student is
acquainted with a large series of technical
words, verbs, nouns, and adjectives.
The professor will no doubt familiarize
his class with these, but a brief glossary
would have enlarged the usefulness of
the book. Everything is avoided which
might make the subject interesting or
diminish the weight of hypothesis with
which it is burdened, but perhaps more
life may be given to it in the second part,
which is to contain representative ex-
amples of Old Irish prose and verse. No
definition of the term " Old Irish " is
supplied, but the language of the eighth and
ninth centuries is intended. Dr. Pokorny
thinks that, though glosses and scholia
form the chief remains of these remote
centuries, stories and poems transcribed
and altered in the later Middle Ages may
be put back into what was their original
text " with some certainty."
It is chiefly in the presence of a greater
number of traces of grammatical forms,
pointing to greater elaboration of such
forms in more remote times, that Old Irish
differs from Middle Irish, and that from
the Modern form of the language. The
vocabulary shows comparatively little
change. The hypothetical words, of
which there are many in this Grammar,
are introduced to explain the forms
which actually exist in Old Irish.
The Grammar includes the discussion
of Orthography, Phonology, and Acci-
dence, and the student is left to believe
what is dogmatically stated. An example
will illustrate the language used : — ■
*' Rounded Quality of Consonants in ' En-
clitic ' Syllables.
§61. In syllables following the accent
non-palatal or depalatalised (§ 65) labials and
gutturals take u colour before unstressed
vowels, followed by palatal consonants. In
the ninth century such u coloured con-
sonants become broad :
e.g. menmiun, later men/main (from postu-
lated menmeni, dat. sg. of menmai, ' mind ').
§ 02. Non-palatal or depalatalised con-
sonants take rounded quality before final (/)
u or unstressed vowels, followed by rounded
consonants :
e.g. dorus, 'door,' from postulated dlivor-
cstu ; ammus, 'attempt,' from postulated
inl/ned-tus.
In this way " quality may spread from
one syllable! to aiiot her :
e.g. merugud, 'going astray,' from Old
Celtic postulated merosagitus."
The booh may, perhaps, conic to be
used in the Old Irish class in the .National
University of Ireland, and those for
whom Zeuss's is too large a work may
learn some Old Irish from it. If examina-
tion questions are set from it, the Grammar
will easily become a "" cram " book, lad
this may no doubt lie prevented by a
skilful professor.
History of the Royal Irish Rifles. By
Lieut. - Col. George Brenton Laurie.
(Gale & Polden, 1/. Is.)
Lieut. -Col. Laurik has deserved well of
his corps. The task of compiling a regi-
mental history is no light one, and when,
as in the case of the book under notice, a
detailed account is given of every opera-
tion in which the regiment took part dur-
ing a period of 120 years, the magnitude
of the work must have called for an un-
usual amount of patience and industry.
The Royal Irish Rifles are, further, fortu-
nate in their historian, inasmuch as his
long service with the regiment (nearly
thirty years) has fitted him in a special
degree for the task he has undertaken
and carried through with admirable pre-
cision.
The 83rd and 80th Regiments of the
Line, now respectively the First and Second
Battalions of the Royal Irish Rifles, were
originally raised in 1793 : the first by
Major William Fitch, and the second bj
Major - General Cornelius Cuyler. The
83rd was recruited in Dublin, its first
barracks having been the old Custom
House at Essex Bridge. It took part in
active service for the first time in Jamaica,
where the regiment was employed in
suppressing a serious rising on the part
of the Maroons, and there lost its first
commanding officer, Col. Fitch, killed in
action. Since that time the 83rd has a
long record of service to its credit, but
perhaps its greatest achievement was that
of its Second Battalion at Ta la vera, on
July 28th, 1809, when, acting with the
61st Regiment in Cameron's Brigade, it
saved the day by its steady resistance to
the French advance, at the cost of 50 per
cent of its numbers.
A special chapter of the book, dealing
with the service of the Second Battalion
of the 83rd Regiment in the Peninsular
War, has been written by Prof. Oman,
and the following extract will have special
interest for students of musketry tactics
as used 100 years ago : —
" All through the Peninsular War the
one salient point that may be noted in the
contests between the British line and the
French 'column of divisions' was, that in
the duel of musketry the line was invincible.
A battalion of 600 men in the British order
could put every weapon in action with
effect. The same number in column of
double companies had only 1 ."50 men in its
two front ranks able to fire. The seven files
behind gave solidity to the mass, which
might impose on a weak or demoralized
enemy, but they could not use their muskets.
A steady enemy like the British, who refused
to be cowed, and fired low, invariably stopped
the advancing column by shooting down its
front ranks before it could approach near
enough to use (Ik; bayonet. The odds of
(iuo balls received against 130 returned were
too great."
At the storming of Badajoz, where, as
Prof. Oman says, 'the 3rd Division
achieved the impossible," the 83rd Regi
ment was well to the front, and had a
total of <i(.) casualties in the assault out of
4oo of all ranks engaged.
In L859, in view of its distinguished
record, and especially of its service during
'52
T H E A T HENiEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
the Indian Mutiny, the 83rd Regiment
received the special designation of the
" County of Dublin Regiment."
The 86th Regiment was originally re-
cruited at Shrewsbury, and was styled the
'Shropshire Volunteers"; but it was
ordered to Kilkenny in the first year of
its existence, and appears since then to
have drawn most of its recruits from
Ireland. In 1812 it became known as
the " Royal County Down Regiment."
Its first active service was in Egypt in
1801, when three companies of the regi-
ment performed the extraordinary feat
of marching 78 miles through the desert
— from Suez to El Hanka — in less than
forty-eight hours, with only three pints
of water per man and no food. A year
later it was ordered to India, where the
greater part of its service was to take
place. Among its many notable exploits
may be mentioned the dashing capture of
Bourbon in 1810, and the terrible storming
of Jhansi in 1858, in which the regiment
lost 79 of all ranks.
An interesting Appendix to one of the
chapters supplies a full report of the
proceedings at the trial by court-martial
of Tantia Topee, Nana Sahib's lieutenant,
who was captured and executed in 1859.
This document was presented to the
Royal Irish Rifles in 1905.
In 1881 the 83rd and 86th Regiments
were formed into the Royal Irish Rifles.
The Second Battalion served with great
distinction in the South African War.
A valuable chapter on ' Dress, Colours,
and Medals ' has been contributed by
Col. Haggard and Capt. Stevens, who are
to be congratulated on the careful atten-
tion to detail Avith which they have
treated their subject. The illustrations,
showing the regimental uniform at dif-
ferent periods, enhance the interest of
the work considerably.
The brief Foreword was written in 1913
by the veteran General Bradford, who
was then Colonel of the Regiment, at the
age of 98.
The Inner History of the Balkan War.
By Lieut. -Col. Reginald Rankin. (Con-
stable & Co., 15s. net.)
Eager partisans of one or other of the
Balkan peoples are prone to forget that
not one of those peoples, whatever its
veneer, has yet emerged completely from
the age of barbarism. Whether Christian
or Mohammedan, it makes no difference :
those races in their feuds and warfare
indulge light-heartedly in rape, in mutila-
tion, and in massacre, exactly as our
forbears did in Europe hi the Middle
Ages. A partisan of Balkan Christians
against Balkan Muslims would probably
be safe if he retorted charges of " atrocity ";
but to proclaim the Christians models
of restraint, while heaping accusations on
the Muslims, as does Col. Rankin, is
to confess to a superficial knowledge of
both peoples. The author loads the
Turks with all the blame for the mis-
government of Macedonia, a part of
which — if blame there must be — rests
surely with the Christian populations, for
ever seething with sedition and religious
feeling. It is a fact that almost all the
atrocities ever committed by the Turks
have been provoked, and in the nature of
reprisals or punishment.
A parallel might well be traced
between the position of the ruling
Turks of Abdul Hamid's day and that
of the Pope and his adherent cardinals
in the Italy of Csesar Borgia and
Savonarola. They were themselves above
the prejudices and excitements of the
vulgar, yet subservient to them in
some measure, being forced to use them
as pieces in the political game. In truth,
the Turks had little else to play with — at
any rate, in Macedonia. There human
life was altogether at a discount, the
most abominable cruelties were practised
almost daily — by Christians upon Muslims
and each other, no less than by the
ragged, ill-fed Turkish soldiers — and were
regarded by their perpetrators as good
practical jokes. The Young Turk move-
ment— representing the disgust of edu-
cated, thoughtful Muslims with this state
of things, and animated by a new ideal
of religious toleration — won the Christians
as by magic at the first, and retained them
for so long as these imagined that they
were going to have things entirely their
own way. The Christians accepted their
new rights, but wished at the same time
to keep those ancient privileges which
had been granted to them in lieu of civil
rights for their protection. The Young
Turks, angered by their attitude, became
uncompromising, and there was strife
once more. When Col. Rankin speaks
of the " intellectual Christianity " of the
Balkans, the present writer must confess
that he cannot follow him.
In treating of the causes of the Balkan
War, Col. Rankin pays no tribute even
of a mention to the diplomatic work of
Russia, so naively revealed by M. Miliu-
koff at Baku in April, 1913 — to the
bitter indignation of the Russian Mus-
lims. We wonder if the author is aware
that Miss Edith Durham, whom he
eulogizes (p. 163), returned her decoration
to the King of Montenegro in indignation
at the horrors she had seen committed by
his soldiery, and sanctioned by his generals.
" Harriet " (p. 95) is not " the Turkish
word for liberty." No such scene as
that described on p. 294 occurred hi Con-
stantinople during the war ; and in many
other instances the newspaper corre-
spondents — upon whose accounts the
author draws for his description of the
war from the Servian, Greek, Montenegrin,
and Turkish points of view — were evidently
writing from mere hearsay.
By far the most valuable and interesting
section of the book is concerned with Col.
Rankin's own experience as a war corre-
spondent with — or rather in the rear of —
the Bulgarian main army. Yet here also
he has dwelt too much upon atrocities for
one who must be well aware that the
British Government addressed a strong
remonstrance to Bulgaria upon that sub-
ject. If it is true that, in the words of
the Carnegie report, the " systematic
suppression " of the Muslims in the con-
quered territory was organized by the
" victorious populations," not by the
invading armies, it is no less true that
regular troops belonging to those armies
were at hand, and did not stop the orgy.
The fervour of the author's animosity
against the Turks — especially the Young
Turks — is disfiguring ; so much so that
one cannot help conjecturing that what
was " selfish greed " in the Young Turks,
when, hoping to save Adrianople, they
decided to prolong the Avar, Avould have
been the height of patriotism in Bul-
garians. As an example of a piece of
Christian mercy which would seem in-
human to the roughest Muslim, take the
following : —
" I saw two men with long hair floAving
o\er their shoulders marched rapidly through,
the street by guards with bayonets fixed,
and I called Jackson's attention to them.
" ' Those fellows are followers of Tolstoi,'
he said, 'and they go about preaching the-
wickedness of war. This town is und^r
military law, and those chaps will never see
another sunrise. They will be tried by
court-martial in barracks to-night, and they
haAren't got a eat-in-hell chance. Personally,'
finished up Jackson, ' I hate those fellows
that try to set people against defending their
country.' "
The work has many passages of interest,
but is so long as, in the end, to tax our
patience. Too much space is given to
purely journalistic information and hear-
say, too little to the author's own adven-
tures and experience. Photographs of
Balkan personages are included, and we
are glad to see an Index and good maps.
Life of Walter BageJiot. By Mrs. Russell
Barrington. (Longmans & Co., 12s. 6d.
net.)
" Nothing," wrote Walter Bagehot in
one of his essays, "is so transitory as^
second-class fame " ; and nothing, we
might add, is so tantalizing as the rise
of a reputation. In Mrs. Russell Barring-
ton's solid (but not too solid) Arolume of
narrative, analysis, and correspondence,
these questions are always haunting one
another : Is Bagehot's fame to be con-
sidered transitory ? or has he ascended
from the second class of reputations into
the first ? The student and the man of
affairs are already, we imagine, almost
disposed to concede the higher claim.
They must be differentiated in this matter
from the public at large, avIio may be
taken to have heard of Bagehot for the
first time but recently, when his writings
began to be included in " Libraries " of
the handiest shape. But the questions
suggested could not be settled by this
proof of popularity, nor yet by the pub-
lication of his complete Avorks in eight
stately volumes. The truth is that the
select few and the uninformed many have
alike been Avaiting for this biography.
Now that it is here we note some un-
common features which affect the bio-
grapher and affect her subject. Thirty-
seven years is a long time to have wraited,
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE A T H E N M U M
753
but the delay, no doubt, has its ad-
vantages. Unalloyed admiration for a
brother-in-law is in itself an unusual phe-
nomenon, and the author of this book
is an artist. These facts have been com-
bined for the pleasure of those who read,
for Mrs. Barrington has done excellent
work, and has risen to her unique oppor-
tunity.
It will be interesting to recall a few
of the simple details which receive illu-
mination in these pages, in order to
remind our readers of the gap that had
to be filled. Walter Bagehot was born
in 1826. Destined to make his mark as
a writer, he had this rare disqualification
for so adventurous a career — that his
nursery was in the lap of plenty. From
a very young man his fortunes were
wrapped up in those of a prosperous
country bank. Even in these days of
amalgamations, " Stuckey's " and Somer-
set still go together as naturally as chatter
and conjuring. Bagehot, to note another
suggest iye point, was lost to the older
Universities through the ecclesiastical
pedantry which frowned on Unitarians,
but his academic equipment was none the
less real. He learnt a good deal from
persistence in ordinary study, even if his
actual intellectual power was something
inherent. This raises once more a pro-
yoking question. Genius (with which
Mrs. Barrington credits her hero on almost
every page), whatever it may be and
whatever it may do, generally proves
itself by accommodation to circum-
stances. Who would expect the peculiar
brilliancy which the artistic temperament
cherishes from a man immersed from
morn till dewy eve in the formid-
able routine of banking \ If Bagehot
extracted the pith and the kernel from
these husks of life, he did a great thing.
The fact that he did this is common know-
ledge, but the way of doing it has, we
think, escaped observation ; or perhaps we
should rather say lias been hidden all
these years. It is given to Mrs. Barring-
ton to lift the veil. Take it for granted
that here we have a man of normal habits
and virtue. We can recite, perhaps, the
names of his successful works, and know-
well enough that we are never likely to find
in this world a more lucid, reasonable, and
practical account of the English Constitu-
tion than Bagehot's. ' Lombard Street,'
again, holds its own particular, if limited
field to this day, and is likely to hold
it. The praise of Bagehot's ' Economic
Studies ' can be lightly taken on the lips.
His excursions into criticism still make
delightful reading. And so on, till we
have marked with praise all, or nearly
all, his published work. But with all this
appreciation we have not got the man,
and that is precisely where this book
comes in.
To get the human touch, the thread
of Bagehot's life is best taken up at
some point which shows him in hifl
prime. When he was directing The Eco-
nomist or interviewing statesmen on
important questions, directing his bank,
or corresponding with Gladstone, the
idea of a sedate personage is doubtless
rightly in the ascendant. But all the
time there was really another man in being.
'" No attitude of moral thoughtfulness ever
extinguished the boy in Walter Bagehot."
He had ample reasons, it may be said, for
keeping those spirits up. His mother was
painfully, though intermittently afflicted.
This he always regarded as a very serious
matter, but the trouble might have been
a good deal worse. Few men, even in the
established ranks of fortunate society,
ever managed to cultivate a greater
variety of the charming things belonging
to the lighter side of life (though he never
could learn to dance). He was lucky
enough to possess charming homes both
in town and country, the companionship
of a loving wife and her relations, and
an ever-widening group of gifted friends,
with one or two, like Richard Holt Hutton,
equal for his sake to any test of devotion.
Naturally , therefore, Bagehot lived fully
the life of one to whom the gods had
been kind. " He had social imagination,"
says President Woodrow Wilson. ': For
minds with this gift of sight there is a
quick way opened to the heart of things."
This was seen not so much in his editor-
ship of a great financial organ, nor in the
superiority which thus captivated the
City, as in those circles which felt an
individual influence far more intensely
and intimately. He could talk well on
any subject, but he resolutely kept clear
of the snare of egoism. " He was never
guilty of a monologue."' His "' good
things " came out while he paced the
dining-room in Belgrave Street, or ran in
and out of The Spectator office, or carried
on correspondence with his friends. Mrs.
Barrington declares more than once the
impossibility of re-creating his wit as it
circled and scintillated.
" The charm of his funny sayings lay in
their unpremeditated quaintness, in their not
being made up. He knew- no more how his
wit came out than did those who enjoyed
it. It was inspired nonsense, and Walter's
nonsense would have satisfied Pitt, or any
other, fastidious in the art."
As a friend wrote thirty years after, re-
calling his whimsical ways : —
"I only remember distinctly our thing
that he told us: that he knew what a nul
felt like when it was going to be cracked,
as he once got his head caught between a
cart-shed and a lamp-post."
Even in these side-lights the motive
strength of an original mind is always
peeping out. Bagehot's individuality had
its own impatience, its own irritations.
He could not always suffer fools gladly.
To have many people about him he
thought a nuisance, reminding as in this
of Addison. Sociable though he was, he
refused to play the ubiquitous gadabout.
As he once wrote : —
"It is inconceivable to me to like to •■
many people and even to speak to them.
Every person you know is an intellectual
burden because you may see them again,
and musl be able to recognize them and be
willing to converse v. itli them."
But, as his biographer observes,
"to feel dull or even passive when he
was on the sceae was impossible. The
puzzling mixture in him of the boy, over-
flowing with high spirits, and the very wise
man, itself provoked a speculative kind of
amusement."
Such a combination of ideas and qualities
explains the position which Bagehot had
with his contemporaries, but it explains
something more. His generation lost very
little b}' his failure to get into Parliament,
and he lost less. His work really lay in
other fields, and the faculty which lie
possessed of being lovable was an asset,
the value of which cannot be over-
estimated; for love begets calm, and calm
creativeness, as he declared. When Prof.
A. V. Dicey observes that such a book as
Bagehot's * English Constitution '
"really fills one with despair, for he seems
to explain with perfect easo the kind of
things which one can, after the greatest
labour, only make clear (if at all) in language
so stiff and pedantic that it disgusts oneself
as much as it is likely to disgust one's
readers,"
the testimonial has only to be placed
side by side with what we see here of the
man to complete the mirror-like picture.
Bagehot never gave himself the airs of a
superior being. He had some aristo-
cratic leanings, no doubt, suitable to a
family found in Battle Roll. He delighted
in the comforts which money brings.
He had a distinct attitude towards
'• reality." His feeling as to the unreal
was not less defined, as is shown by his
contempt for the legal profession, which
he adopted and abandoned, either from
contempt for the artificialities of man-
made codes, or else (if the notion of
genius rules in his case) for some more
wayward reason. But banking was con-
crete, banking was necessary. It tallied
with the obvious needs of his day and
other days, and he could put its meaning
into words. His " sense of reality '
accepted it. He showed the world reasons
for its money creeds.
Bearing these things in mind, we do
not wonder altogether that even his
family were surprised at his greatness
when they lost him. He died at the
age of 51, and looking back at his
career from a new vantage-point, we
find ourselves wondering also, but rather
that this question of greatness should still
be al issue. To us he seems one of those
rare men who may safely command the
admiration of two contending parties.
To the practical-minded he brings a
gospel, but the idealist will not be the
worse if he frequently consults him.
Bagehol himself said that you generally
know a man less after reading his bio-
graphy. We cannot feel this here.
We have said little of the many figures,
famous in their time, who crowd these
es, but i hat is because Bagehol himself
holds the field. Into his story .Mrs. Har-
rington has woven some strongly coloured
topographical descriptions, and. though
She i> CareleS8 in small details, she holds
our attention throughout by her present-
ment of a picturesque and outstanding
personality. Bagehot must have been
that rare thing, an author as charming as
his writings.
7r>4
THE ATHENJEU M
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
LANDOR THE POET.
Though fifty years have almost gone by
since Landor died in Florence, there is
still no edition of his writings in prose
and verse which can be called even
reasonably complete. Nor have the com-
mentators given him anything like the
attention they devote to, and at times
thrust on, his better-known contem-
poraries. Had they done so, Mr. Bradley,
in taking his early poems as the subject
of a doctrinal thesis addressed to the
Faculty of Philosophy in a German Uni-
versity, could scarcely have hoped to
break new ground. As it is, however, he
is the explorer of an all but untrodden
region of literary criticism ; and, being
well equipped for the venture, he has lit
on discoveries which, if they leave the
general reader calm, certainly merit the
consideration of serious students.
The poems now examined comprise,
most of those published by Landor before
he betook himself, in 1808, to Spain,
and raised a troop of horse to fight the
French. That is to say, Mr. Bradley
deals with the rare volume issued in 1795 ;
with ' Gebir,' the first edition of which
appeared three years later ; with ' Poems
from the Arabic and Persian,' 1800 ;
' Poetry by the Author of Gebir,' 1802 ;
and l Simonidea,' 1806. Other poems
written during this period, but not printed
till long afterwards, are also, where expe-
dient, brought under view. One or two
more may have escaped Mr. Bradley's
search. Not long ago, for instance, the
Rev. Rashleigh Duke, Landor' s grand-
nephew, found at Tachbrook a poem of
over 130 lines entitled ' The Dun Cow :
an Hyper-Satirical Dialogue in Verse.'
This, printed in 1808, and till now un-
known to bibliographers, was Landor's
reply to l Guy's Porridge Pot,' a scurrilous
attack on his friend Dr. Parr, which is
sometimes, but of course wrongly, at-
tributed to the author of ' Gebir.'
But it is not with Landor in his satiric
mood that Mr. Bradley is mainly con-
cerned. What interests him is the de-
velopment of Landor's poetic gift, from
its expression in the juvenile and imita-
tive verses of his first printed volume
to the elevation reached in ' Gebir.'
Mr. Bradley rejects the theory which is
commonly accepted, that ' Gebir ' was
written before ' The Phocaeans.' Landor's
own words, he points out, seem to show
that the latter poem was begun soon after
he was sent down from Oxford — not from
Cambridge, as stated in ' The Encyclo-
paedia Britannica.' It was completed,
he thinks, so far as we have it, before the
young poet was attracted by the legend
of ancient Egypt to which Miss Rose
Aylmer drew his attention. This re-
arrangement of dates, if correct— and it is
strongly supported by internal evidence-
completely upsets the notion that Landor.
when he first went into print, did nothing
The Early Poems of Walter Savage Landor :
a Study of his Development and Debt to
Milton, By William Bradley. (Hugh
Rees,2s. Qd. net.) g
but '" play the sedulous ape " to Pope,
and that ' Gebir ' marked a sudden transi-
tion to blank verse under the influence of
Milton. Besides endeavouring to assign
to ' The Phocaeans ' its proper place in
the chronological order of Landor's poems,
Mr. Bradley rebuts the charge that its
obscurity must baffle the most tenacious
reader. References to the story as told
by Herodotus remove much of the mystery.
Further help may be found in ' Pericles
and Aspasia,' as Landor notes on a sheet
in his handwriting in the reviewer's pos-
session.
Coming to ' Gebir,' Mr. Bradley dis-
putes the proposition that its marked
superiority over the poems of 1795 is
wholly due to Landor's study of Milton.
It follows from what has already been
said that ' Gebir ' is more properly com-
pared with ' The Phocaeans ' in any
attempt to trace the growth of the poet's
mind before the close of the eighteenth
century. And in making the comparison
Mr. Bradley discerns other than Miltonic
influences. Deeper springs of emotion,
we are told, were set free by the spell of
Landor's love for his " gentle, young
lone," and amid the solitudes of Wales —
mountain nooks
Where, sheltered from the sun and breeze,
Lay Pindar and Thucydides.
It is suggested that he went to Tenby to
be near lone ; but as his cousin Charles
Norris, soldier and artist, lived there,
divers reasons may be conjectured. Such
speculations, however, are perhaps of less
importance than a right understanding
of the plot of ' Gebir.' Had Landor more
strictly followed the Arabian legend, he
would have represented his hero as one
of the shepherd kings, Hittite or Hyksos,
who invaded Egypt during the early
dynasties. But he preferred to bring the
invader from Baetic Spain, and even to
say, in defiance of Gibbon, that Gebir's
name is enshrined in Gibraltar. While
briefly indicating the new turn given to
the theme, Mr. Bradley is at more pains
to determine how far the workmanship
was affected by the books Landor read
when not wooing lone or walking in
Briton Ferry's oaken wood with " Rose
the first." Broadly stated, his conclusion
is that the general style of ' Gebir ' is that
of ' The Phocaeans ' modified by a closer
reading of Milton, whose influence, how-
ever, is chiefly to be seen in the relaxation
of an excessive tendency to compression
and abruptness.
Something is then said about : Chrysaor '
and the ' Poems from the Arabic and
Persian.' Regarding the latter as nothing
else than " a somewhat elaborate joke "
for the mystification of the learned,
Mr. Bradley infers that Landor by
this time had ceased to take the poetic
vocation seriously. " The first fresh
impulse to express himself in song-
had spent its force." But other inspira-
tion was to come which, if it allowed
Landor to speak of prose as his business,
and of poetry as only an amusement,
nevertheless impelled him to write dra-
matic poems like ' Count Julian ' and
idylls like the ' Hellenics."
FICTION.
ASPECTS OF ITALY.
Louis Norberl. By Vernon Lee. (John
Lane, 6s.)
May we suppose that this " Novel with
a Twofold Romance " is, as it were, a
mental relaxation after those many
volumes in which Vernon Lee has de-
veloped her conception of the Genius o$
Place and places % At least it suggest-
rest, or rather the fruitful devotion of
leisure hours.
An old, old story of one Louis Norbert.
a son of Louis XIV., and a niece of
Mazarin, slain by the secret agents of
Rome because he threatens the repose of
the great, is suspected, shaped, unearthed,
and finally revealed in its full coherence,
after many researches in libraries and
muniment rooms, public and private, by
the allied toil and imagination of a young
archaeologist and an English lady of
quality. That is the first fold, and the
study of the young student and his lady
the second, of this " Twofold Romance."
But the archaeologist is a somewhat
colourless being, a study of an ultra-
restrained type, and his patroness is of
a generation that has no longer a deep
appeal to us. Her judgments, fancies r
and comments on life in general, and her
attitude to her intellectual protege in
particular, are not what they assume
themselves to be — novel and modern.
She does earn our gratitude, however, by
one definition: "poor Isabella's worst,,
inexplicable feelings. They 're called
' Ahnungen,' and only Germans have
them." Scarcely less illuminating is the-
sentiment of the schoolgirl who asked for
all the sorrows of Werther in book-form.
It is somewhat of a shock to find more
than one lapse of style : " twigs brought
by rooks like one sees in church towers,"'
and " alongside of my bath-tub," are not
what we expect from one who has long
held up for our admiration the mirror of
artistic diction. Still, there is much that
attracts us in the way of phrase and
comment.
On the whole, Louis Norbert and his
doings are the real interest (we could,
perhaps, wish they were the sole interest)
of the book — sufficient in itself without
any setting.
From Opposite Shores. By Virginia Guic-
ciardi-Fiastri. Translated by Helene
Antonelli. (Max Goschen, 6s.)
A delicate and singularly lifelike study
is here presented of two aspects of pro-
vincial life in Northern Italy : Socialism
and the Church in subdued conflict with
one another. We see the respective ideals
of the two reflected in the various cha-
racters, drawn for us always with a quiet
and sure touch. Were the treatment less
excellent, this study would have failed of
its purpose, and would have seemed too
nebulous and slight, or else too highly
coloured to be credible. The publisher
has evidently a taste for the finesse of
literature, and has chosen a good example
of it.
No. 4518, May 30. 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
.).)
SOCIAL STUDIES.
•rd and Cross. By Silas K. Eocking.
(Stanley Paul & Co., 6s.)
Mr. Booking has undertaken a big prob-
lem in his novel ' Sword and Cross,'
by choosing as his twofold subject the
indefensibility of aggressive warfare be-
tween two so-called Christian nations, and
.the failure of the Church at large to keep
her hold upon the great mass of the work-
ing classes. The view recently ex-
pounded by Norman Angell that war is an
economic blunder, and its supposed bene-
fits non-existent in point of fact, Mr.
Hocking touches on but lightly, preferring
to deal with it from an ethical standpoint.
The questions he raises have troubled the
public conscience probably more severely
than the nation would be willing to admit,
with the recent South African War as an
object-lesson in the consequences which
attend the rousing of men's baser passions.
Apparently this novel was written while
that war was in progress, and now that
time has given us a clearer focus of cause
and effect, its publication is opportune,
and we recommend it to all who advocate
force as a means of settling disputes.
The mouthpiece of Mr. Hocking's argu-
ments is John Richmond, a young minister
who has just been appointed to his first
charge in a Congregational church in Ull-
chester. Richmond's predecessor was a
Dr. Deeping, a man who had contented
himself with abstract preaching of the
variety which aroused no one's conscience
to the idea that there was any relation
between ethical truth and practical fulfil-
ment. To a congregation containing
many wealthy people, upon whose favour
and liberality the church depends for
financial support. Richmond is a thorn
in the flesh. He gradually alienates the
influential members by his straightforward
advocacy of what he holds to be true,
whether it concerns the training of
children, social reform, or the duty of pre-
ving peace. His unpopularity grows,
until he feels his position impossible, and
forthwith resigns. His brief after-career
is that of a taxi-cab driver in London,
where an accident causes his death. A
love-story is included, but has no real
bearing on the purpose of the novel.
Mr. Hocking makes out a good case for
his opinions ; but we can hardly agree
that the small response to the Christian
teachings of the Church is entirely due to
the shirking of the clergy. On his own
showing those who profess to be church
members are at least as fully responsible.
The author would have been as effective
if in some of his arguments he had allowed
the facts to -peak for themselves, without
so much moralizing and repetition.
K ing-
ot' Harvard
Sylvia. By Upton Sinclair. (John
Long, 6.s.)~
Mr. Sinclair has constructed a story out
of a beautiful girl from an aristocratic
Southern state of America ; a deserving
young man whose father had been in
prison, and who himself 'jets drawn into
a scrape through the fault of another: and
picturesque, and,
realistic. But to
alien types and
be wholly con-
a multi-millionaire,
and elsew here.
Sylvia falls in love with the deserving
young man. but when his trouble comes
she is compelled by her family to throw
him aside without listening to his expla-
nations. It follows that she marries the
rich young man.
The novel is forcible
so far as we can judge,
English readers these
temperaments cannot
vincing. For example, we can understand
certain aspects and uses of wealth. It can
create palaces of luxury or peace ; it can
even relieve much human suffering. But
we are bewildered at the idea that un-
limited wealth — even when joined to con-
summate effulgence of personal and mental
charm, and allied to the highest " Knicker-
bocker '' descent — can exercise so com-
plete and hypnotic a domination over its
surroundings.
We are the less readily convinced
because in this case Mr. Sinclair has
entered a field unsuited to his best gifts.
' Sylvia ' as a story is undoubtedly far
more ably written and constructed than
many novels, but it does not show the
real strength of its author. We think of
those mighty steam-hammers that can
crush a mass of steel, but can also crack
a Avatch-glass — for the sake of display.
ADVENTURES.
The Haven of Desire. Bv Capt. Frank H.
Shaw. (Cassell & Co.,"' 6s.)
We congratulate Capt. Shaw on a striking
and admirable book. He knows the sea
in all its beauty and horror, and he knows
the life of those that go down to it in the
despised, hard-driven, hard-fighting mer-
chant " tramps." The sinking of the
Omadhaun, the passage of the Tetuan
across the Bay, the fight with the mur-
derous ex-stevedore, the rescue from the
raft, the Valparaiso catastrophe, the other
rescue in the final chapter — these are
thrilling, strong scenes, painted with a
brush that achieves vivid and impressive
breadth, yet with no omission or diminu-
tion of detail.
Mr. Joseph Conrad, a master of sea-
scenes (long neglected except b}' a small
and eclectic following, but now at last
accepted by a larger public), has given us
many notable studies of wonderful ocean
episodes and their effect upon those who
take part in them. But he limits himself
to his studies, concentrating within his
limits all his choice and force of words.
Capt. Shaw prefers a series of broader
pictures, coherent by reason of the story
t hat connects them.
To his story in itself we might take
exception were not the characters so
truly drawn, bo natural in their speech
and Consistent in their action. The
captains Of the Omadhaun and the
Tetuan, the two mates (naturally pro-
tagonists, but forced to extend their part
for the sake of 1 he lo\ e-intere.-t of
the book), the Scots chief engineer (far
Buperior to the average engine room Mac
of marine fiction) — these and certain
others are outstanding types. But they
should not have been drawn beyond the
environment of salt and storm that suits
them by the exigencies of the plot which
the author has apparently felt it his duty
to construct. His story is in itself suffi-
ciently consistent to need no such detrac-
tion, introduced (we suppose) from some
misconception of the demands of the
reading public.
The Loadstone. By Violet Methley.
(Hurst & Blackett, 6*.)
"" The last phase " of Xapoleon, dramatic
but sordid in the petty bickerings of an
unhappy household, would hardly seem
to present an attractive field for the
average novelist. Miss Methley has,
however, not feared to face the gloom of
St. Helena, and, within limits, she has
produced an instructive picture of the
household at Longwood, and has even
achieved for her hero heroic proportions.
Her writing is direct, and she has
some power of description. Her choice
of subject and her concise method are
well adapted to the incidents she relates.
There is, of course, only one theme for a
story of Longwood — a plot for Napoleon's
escape ; and ' The Loadstone ' does not
attempt to evade this. The plot is.
however, so involved in trickery and
complications that, like an old fashion
revived, it has an air of novelty. The
picture of the Emperor is impressive, and
the last scene in which we see him is
dramatically conceived. The hero at first
taxes our credibility ; but he develops the
taciturnity and character fitting to his
environment of adventure and suffering.
Miss Methley is, it need hardly be added,
a sympathizer with Xapoleon"s complaints.
The Island. By Eleanor Mordaunt.
(Heinemann, (is.)
The island scene of these sixteen short
stories is presumably in the vicinity of
Madagascar. The stories, which show
considerable versatility, are in some ease
fantastic, with a suggestion of mysticism
and strange folk-lore ; others ileal in a
whimsical and amusing manner with
the love episodes of callous young officers
and unsophisticated sugar planters. The
grosser aspects of life in a tropical climate,
as touched on by the author, are. to
speak frankly, unpleasant reading, onk
redeemed from the morbid by a certain
grim realism and sincerity of purpose.
The author has considerable facility
of expression, and some psychological
insight. She appears to be well ac-
quainted with her ground, and. in addi-
tion to her \ ivid descriptions of nature
and sceuery. she draws a, graphic picture
of the inconveniences and hardships of
existence in a tropical climate, where the
white man must unceasingly defend him
self against fever and disease. Unfor-
tunately, while her writing has much
vigour and vitality, it is often marred by
flamboyant phrases, and insistence on
trivialities.
756
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Biggs (C. R. Davey), How the Bible Grew:
Part I. The Law, 1/1
Oxford, Clarendon Press
A little book on the growth of the first six
books of (lie Old Testament, illustrated with
extracts from parallel sources.
Hudson (Egbert C), A Central African Parish,
1/net. Cambridge, Heffer
An account of missionary work in Central
Africa, with an Introduction by the Bishop of
Zanzibar. It is illustrated from photographs by
.Miss A. M. P. Dunn ; and Miss M. A. Andrews
contributes an Appendix.
Murray (George), Jesus and His Parables,
4 ,'6 net. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
In his interpretation of the Parables, the
author chiefly aims at bringing out their dramatic
and imaginative qualities, while " all balancing
of rival views — appropriate to a commentary —
is avoided."
Streeter (Burnett Hillman), Restatement and
RET7NION, a Study in First Principles, 2/6 net.
Macmillan
Four studies by the editor of ' Foundations '
on 'The Simplicity of Christianity,' 'Authority,
Reunion, and Truth.' ' What does the Church of
England Stand For '! ' and ' The Conception of the
One Church,' two of which are based on sermons
delivered to the University of Oxford.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Brighton Public Library, Museum, and Fine Art
Galleries : Catalogue op Documents and
Letters op Historical and Local Interest
lent by Alderman Charles Thomas-
Stanford.
A descriptive Catalogue, with an Introduction
and Index.
Catalogue of Drawings, Engravings, and Books*
collected and for Sale by William Ward, 6tL
Richmond, 2, Church Terrace
This Catalogue includes engravings after
Turner, sketches by Samuel Palmer, and some
rare books by Ruskin.
Catalogue of Early Works on English History,
Literature, and Science, offered by Wilfrid
M. Yoynich : Part I. A-E, 1/
68 and 70, Shaftesbury Avenue. W.
The Catalogue is arranged alphabetically
under the names of authors, and there is a Subject
Index.
PHILOSOPHY.
Sidgwick (Alfred), Elementary Logic, 3/0 net.
Cambridge University Press
A book for beginners, treating logic both
" as a carefully limited subject to get up for an
elementary examination, and as a free study of
some of the chief risks of error in reasoning."
POETRY.
Drama (Edith), Earth with her Bars, and
Other Poems, paper 1 / net, cloth 2/0 net.
Longmans
A number of short pieces, reprinted from
Country Life, The Westminster Gazeiti, and other
papers.
For Better, for Worse, and Other Poems, bv the
Author of ' Dove Sono,' &c, 2/ Reeves
' For Better, for Worse,' is a piece in over
seventy stanzas ; there are also a few sonnets and
short pieces. The book is illustrated with two
designs by Mr. G. D. Davison.
Mor (Evan), Neige d'Antan, 2/0 net.
Jones ,1- Evans
A small collection of verses on various sub-
jects, such as 'Autumn Leaves,' 'Silence,' and
' Rue St. Jacques.'
West (James Harcourt), Poems of Human
Progress, and Other Pieces, including One-
Hundred and Fifteen Sonnets. SI. 50 net.
Boston, Tufts College Press
This volume includes the contents of Mr.
Wesfs previous work ' The Ninth Paradise.'
Among the additional poems are ' The Bells of
Como ' and ' Heart of Youth.'
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Adams (John Quincy), Writings, edited bv
Worthington Chauncey Ford, Vol. III.. 15 net'.
_, Macmillan
Xms volume contains correspondence extend-
i1^nOVer the Period October, 1801, to December.
1810.
Brown (Frederick), China's Daysprino after
Thirty Years, 1 0/6 net.
Murray & Evenden
An account of the author's experiences in
the Boxer risings at the beginning of this century.
The Rev. T. A. Seed has contributed the Intro-
duction, and there are Forewords bv the late
Sir Roberl Hart and the Rev. F. B. Meyer. The
book is illustrated.
Bryan (Wilhelmus Bogart), A History of the
National Capital, from its Foundation
through the Period of the Adoption of the
Organic Act, Vol. I., 21/ net. Macmillan
A history of the city of Washington from
its foundation in 1790 to 1814.
Calendar of the Justiciary Rolls of Proceedings in
the Court of the Justiciar of Ireland, preserved
in the Public Record Office of Ireland: Edward I.
Part II., edited by James Mills, 15/
Stationery office
This volume, completing the calendar of
these rolls, covers the years 23-31 of the reign of
Edward I.
Cust (Albinia Lucy), Mrs. Wherry, Chronicles
of Erthig on the Dyke, 2 vols., 25/ net.
John Lane
A history of Erthig Hall, told from old docu-
ments and letters. The volumes are illustrated
with reproductions of portraits and photographs.
Fallows (J. A.), An Introduction to the Study
of the French Revolution, 1 /6 net.
Simpkin & Marshall
A sketch of the French Revolution, with a
Bibliography and Index.
Hamilton (Alexander), Jay (John), and Madison
(James), The Federalist, a Commentary on
the Constitution of the United States, edited
by Henry Cabot Lodge, 2/0 net. Fisher Unwin
These essays are reprinted from the original
text, with an Introduction by Mr. Lodge on their
authorship, Bibliography, and text. In the
Appendix are printed the Articles of Confedera-
tion and the Federal Constitution, as agreed upon
by the Convention of 1787.
Keats Letters, Papers, and Other Relics, edited by
George C. Williamson, together with Forewords
by Theodore Watts-Dunton, and an Introduc-
tion by IT. Buxton Forman, 63/ net. Lane
This volume contains fifty-eight collotype
facsimiles of the Keats MSS. bequeathed by
Sir Charles Dilke to the Hampstead Public
Library. The plates are accompanied by full
transcriptions and notes, and Dr. Williamson
also gives an account of the portraits of Keats,
illustrated with fourteen reproductions. The
edition for sale is limited to 320 copies.
Macalister (R. A. S.), Muiredach, Abbot of
MONASTERBOICE 890-923 A.D., HIS LlFE AND
Surroundings, 7/0 net.
Dublin, Hodges it Figgis
Three lectures on ' Muiredach's Europe,'
' Muiredach's Ireland,' and ' Muiredach's Monas-
terboice,' which were given last year at Alex-
andra College, Dublin, on the foundation in
memory of Margaret Stokes. There are illus-
trations.
Maxwell (Constantia), A Short History of
Ireland, 1/ net.
Dublin. Education Co. of Ireland
A brief sketch of Irish history, illustrated
with maps and plans. The author deals mainly
with political events.
Terry (Schuyler B.), The Financing of the
Hundred Years' War, 1337-1300, 0/ net.
Constable
An account of the various financial expedients
to which the ministers of Edward III. had resort
in order to meet the expenses of the war.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Cooper (Elizabeth), The Women of Egypt, 6/
Hurst & Blackett
An account of the customs and life of women
of various classes, both Egyptian and Bedouin.
The book is illustrated.
Joppen (Charles), Historical Atlas of India,
3/6 net. Longmans
A new pocket edition, comprising thirty-
three maps in all. three of which are new, and
notes on each.
Mace (Charles A.), Goode Olde Countree, 0/ net.
St. Catherine Press
This book deals mainly witli the Cotswold
country, and contains descriptions of places,
accounts of old games, legends, and customs, and
a chapter on ' Good Old English Talk.'
Meherban Narayanrao Babasaheb, Chief of Ichalka -
ranji, Impressions of British Life and Cha-
racter on the Occasion of a European-
Tour, 1913, 8/6 net. Macmillan
A record of the impressions of the writer on
a tour in Great Britain, including a few chapters
on his experiences in France, Switzerland, and
Italy. He writes for Indian rather than English
readers. Lord George Hamilton has contributed
an Introduction.
Smith (Bertram), Caravan Days, 5/ net. Nisbet
An account of a journey by caravan to John
o' Groat's, giving practical hints to would-be
caravanners. The book is illustrated with
photographs.
Tompkins (Herbert W.), Autolycus in Arcady,
3/0 net. Allen
These rambling sketches are " from the
Journal of a Wandering Bookman," set down on
a solitary walking-tour between Guildford and
New Romsey.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Duncan (George), Golf for Women, 3/0 net.
Werner Laurie
The author gives hints on how the various
shots should be played, and the text is illustrated
by photographs of well-known lady golfers,
showing their grips, stances, and swings.
SOCIOLOGY.
Creighton (Louise), The Social Disease, and
How to Fight It, a Rejoinder, 1/ net.
Longmans
A little book on the evils of social impurity,
written " in the hope that women at least may
be led to think wisely and widely on the whole
subject."
POLITICS.
Beard (Charles A. and Mary Ritter), American
Citizenship, 4/6 net. Macmillan
A book on civic government for use in schools.
Hill (R. A. P.), The British Revolution, 2/ net.
Cambridge University Press
An inquiry into the fundamental principles
of our national philosophy.
ECONOMICS.
Dahlinger (Charles W.), The New Agrarianism,
4/ net. Putnam
A survey of the causes of the present social
unrest, and discussion of measures for bringing
about better conditions in agriculture.
Taussig (F. W.), The Tariff History of the
United States, 6/ net. Putnam
A sixth edition, revised and brought up to
date. It contains an additional chapter on the
Tariff of 1913.
PHILOLOGY.
Clark (Clifford Pease), Numerical Phraseology
in Vergil. Princeton, N.J., Falcon Press
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Prince-
ton University in candidacy for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.
Macalister (R. A. Stewart), The Language of
THE NAWAR OR ZUTT, THE NOMAD SMITHS OF
Palestine, 5/ Quaritch
This book contains a Grammar of the Nawar
language, a collection of about a hundred Nuri
stories with translations, and a Vocabulary. It
appeared serially in the Journal of the Gypsy Lore
Society.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Harman (Edward George), Edmund Spenser
and the Impersonations of Francis Bacon,
16/ net. Constable
The author discusses the writings usually
ascribed to Spenser, Shakespeare, Sidney, Bacon,
Webbe, and other Elizabethans, and offers his
own theories as to their authorship. He is busy
with parallels, and points out, for instance,
" how closely Shakespeare seems to follow the
circumstances of Raleigh's courtship and marriage
in the play of ' Othello.' "
EDUCATION.
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching, Eighth Annual Report of the
President and of the Treasurer.
New York City, 576, Fifth Avenue
Containing a report of the development of
the educational work of the Foundation, a dis-
cussion of some current educational problems
such as the financial status of College teachers,
and the report of the Treasurer.
No. 4518. May 30, 1914
THE ATHENjEUM
757
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Arnold \E. C. , K'ky to ' Indexing and Precis
Writing fob Ctvtl Service Candidates,' by
T. Evan Jacob, 1 net. Macmillan
A booklet containing seventeen exercised.
Chaytor (H. J.) and Renault (E.), French Trans-
lation and Composition, 2/ Beinemann
This book contains extracts from well-known
French and English writers, one or more in each
language describing similar scenes, which by
comparison may prove helpful in translation ami
eomposit ion.
Here and There Stories : No. 2. Ships and Men*,
.'!/.; Xo. 3, .Man's Work, 3d.; and No. 7,
Holidays Here and There in the Home-
land. 4d. Macmillan
Small Readers, printed in large type and illus-
trated.
How and Why Stories : Xo. 0, Wind and
Weather. 4rf. : and Xo. 13, MADAM How
AND Lady Wht (abridged), by Charles Kingsley,
3d. Macmillan
Illustrated Readers.
FICTION.
Bryce (Mrs. Charles), Mrs. Vanderstein's
Jewels, 6/ Line
A detective story concerning the theft of
some priceless jewels and the murder of the owner.
Clark (Muriel), Sister Jefferies, 1/ net. Nisbet
The story of a young lady journalist whose
conscience prompts her to give up her prospects
ami lover on joining the Salvation Army.
Harraden (Beatrice), Ships that Pass in the
Night, 1 ■ net. Blackwood
A cheap edition. See notice in Allien.,
March 25, Is"::, p. 374.
Haslette John , Johnnie Maddison, 6/
Smith & Elder
The hero is faced with the question whether
he ought t" tell the heroine, who is engaged to
his friend, that the latter is a gambler and a
ne'er-do-well. The problem is complicated by
the fact that he himself is in love with the lady.
The scenes of the story are laid in South Africa.
Hill (Marion,, Scnrise Valley, 6/ Long
-V story of American country life, with an
energetic young schoolmistress as heroine.
Hocking (Silas K.), Sword and Cross, (i
Stanley Paul
S' • p. 755.
Hope i (Lililh), The Anvil. 0, Chapman & Hall
This novel records the career of a pleasure-
loving girl, half English, half Spanish, whose
ambition it i- to be as famous a dancer as her
er.
Hutten i Baroness von), Maria, 6/ Hutchinson
This volume is a sequel to ' Sharrow,' pub-
lished in the spring of 1912.
Kenyon (Edith C), Love's Triumph, 3d.
' Leisure Hour ' Office
The heroine, in the guise of a lady's help,
goes to live with her grandfather in order" to bring
about a reconciliation between him and her
mother.
Kenyon | Edith C. , Molly's Charm, 3d.
' Leisure Hour ' Office
The story of ;: young girl who agrees to live
with a wealthy and disagreeable uncle in order to
help her family.
Maartens uMaarten , A Question of Taste, 3/6
Constable
A new edition. See notice in Allien.,
May ] |. 1892, p 629.
Maartens ,Maarten , Some Women I have
Known. .'; 6 Constable
A lev. edition. See notice in Allien.,
Nov. 23, 1901, p. t;''7.
Marsh 'Richard , Margot— AND BBS Judges, 0
Chatto & Windus
The Btory of a young actress who is suspected
of having Stolen a pearl necklace and bank-notes.
Norris (W. E.), Barbara and Company, 6/
Constable
This novel tell- of the methods adopted by a
iety lady in furthering her- matchmaking and
other schemes foi the happiness of her fellow-
beings.
Old French Romances, done into English by
William Morris, with an Int rod net ion by Joseph
Jacobs, 2 >; net. Allen
A new edition. Morris's translation of these
fom- French romances was first published In
1896.
Patterson Joseph Medillj, REBELLION, 6/
Holden k. Hardingham
An Aineii-~.il, Btory of a woman who rebels
against life ■• i»h a drunken husband.
Pawlowska (Yoi), A Child Went Forth, "»/ net.
Duckworth
The record of a child's life, with its hopes,
fears, and emotions.
Queer Stories from 'Truth,' 1 ' Truth ' Office
The twentieth series.
Ramsey (M. C), The Doctor's Angel, 3d.
' Leisure Hour ' Office
The author records the struggles of a dour
Scotch doctor to bring up an unruly family after
his wile's death.
Steel (Flora Annie), Tin-: .Mercy of the Lord, 6/
Heinemann
A collection of short stories, the scenes of
which are laid in India and Scotland.
Vaizey (Mrs. George de Home), Grizel Married,
6/ Mills & Boon
The story of a woman who, after ten years
of married life, longs for romance.
Walker (B. H. M.), The Red Gate, 3d.
' Leisure Hour ' Office
A story of a family feud.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, Journal and Pro-
ceedings, Vol. VIII. Xo. 11 ; and Vol. IX.
Xos. 1-6. Calcutta, 1, Park Street
These volumes contain a report of the pro-
ceedings of the Society and papers contributed
by membei's.
Chinese Review, June, 1/ net.
42, Hillfield Road, X.W.
Includes ' The Spirit of the Chinese,' by Ku
Hung Ming ; ' The Xew Coinage Laws' by Dr.
Chin-tao Chen ; and ' International Aspects of
the Opium Question,' by Mr. J. G. Alexander.
Gypsy and Folk-Lore Gazette, Vol. II. Xo. 2, 5/
Gypsy- Arts and Curio Co.
Articles on ' Heinrich von Wlislocki,' by
Mr. David MacRitchie, and ' The Corsican Ven-
detta,' by Mr. W. Herbert Cox, are among the
contents.
International Theosophical Chronicle, May, 6d.
net. 18, Bartlett's Buildings
Some of the items in this issue are ' The
Founder of the Theosophical Movement,' ' Kathe-
rine Tingley's Appeal to abolish Capital Punish-
ment,' and ' A Vision of Space,' verses by Mr.
A. M. Prit chard.
Library, April, 3/ net. Moring
Dr. W. W. Greg writes on ' Bibliographical
and Textual Problems of the English Miracle
Cycles,' Miss Elizabeth Lee discusses ' Recent
Foreign Literature,' and Mr. J. B. Williams con-
tributes an article on ' Henry Cross-Grove,
Jacobite, Journalist, and Printer.'
Library Assistant, June.
Library Assistants' Association
Includes a paper on ' Municipal Librarian-
ship,' by Mr. William Wollitt, and the Xine-
teenth Annual Report of the Association.
My Garden, Illustrated, Xo. I., Qd. net. Keliher
Contains many illustrated articles on ' Rock
Garden Construction,' ' The Exhibiting of Sweet
Peas,' ' Summer Treatment of Roses,' &c, and
some coloured plates.
Royal Statistical Society Journal, May, 2/6
The Society, II, Adelphi Terrace, Strand
Mr. A. L. Bowley writes on the 'Rural
Population in England" and Wales'; Prof. F. Y.
Edgeworth continues his discission ' On the LTse
of Analytical Geometry to represent Certain Kinds
of Statistics'; and there are reviews and current
notes.
Theosophical Path, May. 1
Point Loma, California
The articles in this issue include ' Beaut y and
Impersonality.' by Mr. B. Travels; ' Theo-
sophical Concepts of Evolution,' by Mr. IT. Coryn ;
and • Alchemy. ' by Mr. H. T. Edge.
GENERAL.
Bunyan, Tin: PTLORIM'fl PROGRESS, Part I.,
edited, with Biographical Introduction and
Note-., by Edmund Venables, 'l 8
( txford, ( larendon Press
This issue is printed without change from
tie- second edition (1900), revised by Miss Mabel
Peacock, of (anon Venabli b'b complete edition of
'Tie- Pilgrim's Progress,' 'Grace Abounding,' &c.
Oston (M.i, <i> iii: Patients, 2 net.
Mm i.i j \ EN enden
\ second edit ion of these accounts of a medical
man's experieno
Rochdale Public Libraries, Art Gallery, and
Museum Committee, 1013—14, Forty-Third
Annual Report.
Containing reports on the development of
these institutions during the year; tables relating
to stock, issues, attendance of visitors, Arc; a list
of donors, and a statement of accounts.
Woollen Manufacture at Wellington, Somerset,
compiled from the Peeords of an Old Family
Business by Joseph Hoyland Fox, 7/6 net.
Humphreys
An account of the growth of an industry
carried on in the West of England by the same
family for nearly 250 years. It is illustrated with
facsimiles, reproductions of portraits, photo-
graphs, Ac.
PAMPHLETS.
Bell (Ernest), Ax After- Life for Animals, 2d.
' Animals' Friend ' Society
A pamphlet in which the author maintains
that the reasons which point to an after-life for
human beings also apply to animals.
Gwatkin (H. M.), The Bishop of Oxford's
OPEN Letter, an Open Letter in Reply, 3d.
Longmans
A further contribution to the Anglican con-
troversy.
SCIENCE.
Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathe-
matical Physics : Xo. 15, Complex Integra-
tion and Cauchy's Theorem, by G. N.
Watson, 3/ net. Cambridge University Press
The author's purpose is to collect " those
propositions which are employed in the course of
a rigorous proof of Cauchy's theorem, together
with a brief account of some of the applications
of the theorem to the evaluation of definite
integrals."
Carslaw (H. S.), The Teaching of Mathematics
in Australia. Sydney, Angus & Robertson
A report dealing with the teaching of mathe-
matics in the State High Schools, Technical Institu-
tions, Teachers' Colleges, Military and Naval
Colleges, and Universities of Australia. It was
presented to the International Commission on
the Teaching of Mathematics.
Cockerell (T. D. A.), Names applied to the
Xorth American Bees of the Genera
llthurgus, anthidium, and allies.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A paper reprinted from the Proceedings of
the United States Xational Museum.
Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium, Vol. 18, Part 2 : Xew or Xote-
worthy Plants from Colombia and Central
America, 4, by Henry Pittier.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
This paper is in continuation of a series by
Mr. Pittier dealing chiefly with Colombian and
Central American plants of econoiuic value, and
includes descriptions of two new species of
Brosimum and Spondias.
Dyar (Harrison G.), The Xoctuid Moths of the
Genera Palindia and Dyomyx.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
Descriptive notes on 103 species of Eulepi-
dotis and 20 of Dyomyx. The paper is reprinted
from the Proceedings of the United States Xational
Museum.
Gray (Francis W.), A Manual of Practical
Physical Chemistry*, 4/6 Macmillan
A practical handbook on laboratory work,
illustrated by diagrams.
Hobson (E. W.), John X.\riER and the Inven-
tion of Logarithms, 1014, 1/0 net.
Cambridge University Press
The author gives a brief summary of Napier's
lib', and considers in detail the methods by which
he arrived at his discovery.
MacMunn (C. A.), Spectrum Analysis applied
to Biology, and Medicine, 5/ net.
Longmans
This thesis baa been revised after Dr. Mac-
Mumi's death bj \h: .1. II. Milroy; ami Prof. F. W.
Gamble has contributed the Preface.
Moritz (Robert Edouard , M i:\ioit win. i \ Mathi:-
\i\tk\: OB, Tin Pilli.o.M vm's QUOTATION'-
Book, 12/8 net. Macmillan
A volume of quotations relating to mathe-
matics. They are classified under headings, and
in each case ihe reference is given,
Rathbun (Mary J. , New SPECIES OP CRABS of
thk Families Gbapstd* and OoYPODmat.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
The Bpeciea here described form part of the
collections obtained during the Philippine cruise
of the Fisheries' steamer Albatross in the yean
ldoT 10. The paper is reprinted from the
/',<» eedmga of the United Stales National
Museum.
758
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
Royal Society of London, Catalogue of Scien-
tific Papers, 1800-1900, Subject Index :
Vol. III. Physics, Part II., 15/ net.
Cambridge University Press
This part completes the Subject Index on
' Physics.' It deals with electricity and mag-
netism, and contains 23,300 entries.
Stanley (H.), Practical Applied Physics, 3/
Methuen
A textbook for second- and third- year engi-
neering students.
FINE ARTS.
Biblioteca Laurenziana, Reproductions from
Illuminated Manuscripts.
Florence, Do Marinis
A portfolio of fifty plates from MSS. in the
Medicean Laurent ian Library, with a Preface
and descriptive notes by Dr. Guido Biagi.
Bulley (Margaret H.), Ancient and Medieval
Art, a Short History, 5/ net. Methuen
A book for parents and teachers, containing
thirteen lessons on ancient, classic, and mediaeval
art, and an Introduction on the necessity for
teaching the history of art to children. There
are many illustrations and a coloured chart.
Conway (Sir Martin), The Sport of Collecting,
5/ net. Fisher Unwin
A record of the writer's experiences in collect-
ing pictures and objels d'art, ending with a
chapter on how he found a castle.
India : Progress Report of the Archaeologi-
cal Survey, Western Circle, for the Year
ending 31st March, 1913.
Government of Bombay
Including a report of the original research,
excavation, and conservation carried out by the
Survey during the year, an account of the
Tour Programme for 1913-14, and Appendixes.
National Art-Collections Fund, Tenth Annual
Report. Queen Anne's Chambers, Tothill St.
Containing a report of the Ninth Annual
Meeting, a complete list of acquisitions, descrip-
tive notes on those secured during 1913, and a
list of members.
St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, Memorials,
edited by Arthur Meredyth Burke, 42/ net.
Eyre & Spottiswoode
This volume contains a transcript of the
Parish Registers relating to christenings, mar-
riages, and burials from 1539 to 1660," and an
extensive Index. Dean Henson has written a
prefatory note, and there is an Introduction by
Mr. Burke. The volume is illustrated with
portraits.
Weaver (Lawrence), Small Country Houses,
their Repair and Enlargement, 15/ net.
' Country Life ' Office
This is a companion volume to the author's
' Small Country Houses of To-day,' and deals
with the treatment of old houses. The author
considers forty examples chosen from five cen-
turies of domestic architecture, and there are
nearly three hundred illustrations.
MUSIC.
Feis Ceoil Collection of Irish Airs hitherto Un-
published, edited by Arthur Darley and P. J.
MeCall, Vol. I., 2/6 net.
Dublin, Peis Ceoil Association
The editors have written an Introduction,
and give, with a few notes, the sources from
which the airs were obtained.
Newmarch (Rosa), The Russian Opera, 5/ net.
Herbert Jenkins
A study of the development of national opera
in Russia. Part of the work is based on lectures
read before the Musical Association of London
between the years 1900 and 1905.
Shaw (W. Warren), The Lost Vocal Art and
its Restoration, with Introduction by David
Bispham, 6/ net. Lippincott
The author advocates a revival of psycho-
logical principles of voice culture, and gives
practical exercises for the use of singers and
teachers.
DRAMA.
Carter (Huntly), The Theatre of Max Rein-
hardt, 7/6 net. Frank Cecil Palmer
A study of Max Reinhardt's development in
stagecraft and his influence on the modern
theatre. The book has illustrations.
Casson (T. E.), The Wise Kings of Borrowdale,
®d. Keswick, Bakewell
A little play of the men of Borrowdale,
" who were wiser than other men," and " desired
to keep the bird of Spring alwavs in their dale."
It is to be presented next month in the garden of
Greta Hall by members of Keswick School.
Euripides, The Alcestis, the Greek Text, with
English Verse Translation parallel by Sixth
Form Bovs of Bradlield College, 1/6 net.
Milford
This play is to be given at the Open-Air
Theatre of Bradfleld College next month.
Jennings (Gertrude), Four. One-Act Plays,
paper 1/6 net, cloth 2/ French
Four curtain - raisers — ' The Rest Cure,'
' Between the Soup and the Savoury,' ' The
Pros and Cons,' and ' Acid Drops ' — which have
all been produced at various times in London
theatres.
FOREIGN.
POETRY.
Dante Alighieri, La Divine Comedie, Le Pur-
gatoire, Traduction Nouvelle par Ernest de
Laminne, 7fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
The translation is printed with the original
text on the opposite page, and is annotated.
Sanini (Osvaldo), Io, 4 lire.
Turin, Societa Tipografico-Editrice Nazionale
The poems include treatments of nature,
philosophy, and personal themes.
PHILOSOPHY.
f
Epictete, La Traduction Francaise du Manuel
d'Epictete d'Andre de Rivaudeau au
XVP Siecle, publiee avec une Introduction
par L^ontine Zanta, 4fr. Paris, Champion
In Parts I. and II. the writer discusses the
Latin translations of the ' Manual ' of Epictetus
during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and
the French translations of the sixteenth century.
Part III. contains the text of Rivaudeau's version,
published in 1567, and his ' Observations. . . .sur
la Doctrine d'EpicOte.'
Zanta (Leontine), La Renaissance du Stoicisme
au XVP Siecle, 12fr. Paris, Champion
A history of the revival of the Stoic philo-
sophy in Europe in the sixteenth century.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Coynart (Ch. de), Le Chevalier he Folard
(1669-1752), 3fr. 50. Paris, Hachette
A biography of the Chevalier de Folard,
giving an account of the various campaigns in
which he distinguished himself.
Leclere (Adhemard), Histoire du Cambodge,
25fr. Paris, Geuthner
The author, who has lived in Cambodia for
twenty-five years, here records from legends,
ancient inscriptions, and documents its history
from the first century of our era.
Ligne (Prince de), Lettres a la Marquise he
Coigny, 3fr. 50. Paris, Champion
This volume in the Centenary Edition of the
works of the Prince de Ligne is published under
the auspices of the Cercle Archeologique d'Ath
et de la Region, and has a long Preface by M.
Henri Lebasteur.
Origines Diplomatiques (Les) de la Guerre de
1870-1871, Recueil de Documents publie
PAR LE MlNISTERE DES AFFAIRES EtRANGERES,
Vols. VII. and VIII. Paris, Picker
Vol. VII. covers the period September 1st,
1865, to March 14th, 1866 ; and Vol. VIII. con-
tinues the record to May 3rd, 1866.
Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Litteratursallskapet i
Finland : No. 114. Pehr Kalms Brev till
Samtida — I. Pehr Kalms Brev till C. F.
Mennander, utgivna av Otto E. A. Hjelt och
Alb. Hiistesko, 4fm. Helsingfors
A series of eighteenth-century letters.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Dalgado (Dr. D. G.), The Climate of Portugal,
and Notes on its Health Resorts, 10/6 net.
Lisbon, Academy of Sciences ;
London, H. K. Lewis
A book on the climatic geography of Portugal
as a whole, with brief descriptions of its chief
health resorts. It is illustrated with maps and
tables.
PHILOLOGY.
Kriiger (Dr. Gustav), Schwierigkeiten des
Englischen : Part II. Syntax, 13 m.
Dresden, C. A. Koch
A continuation of Dr. Kriiger's elaborate
dissection of the usage of English, with abundant
examples.
Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Litteratursallskapet i
Finland : No. 113. Studier i Nordisk Filo-
logi, utgivna genom Hugo Pipping, Vol. V.,
3kr. Helsingfors
This volume includes papers by Birger
Nerman, T. E. Karsten, and Hugo Pipping.
Studier i Modern Sprakvetenskap, utgivna av
Nyfilologiska Sallskapet, Vol. V., Okr."
Upsala, Almqvist & Wiksells
Including ' Carl Wahlund,' by P. A. Geijer ;
' Shakespeares Uttal,' by Dr. R. E. Zachrisson ;
and ' Om Swinburnes Liv och Diktning,' by A.
Malmstedt.
Valette (Marc de), L' Anglais par Vous-Meme,
Nouvelle Methode Pratique, avec Prononciation
figuree, 3/ Hachette
A grammar containing exercises and con-
versations.
Woodward (Ven. H. W.), Kitaita or Kisighau,
as Spoken on the Shambala Hills above
Bwiti. Berlin, Reiiner
This paper on the language of the Taita
settlers in German East Africa is reprinted from
the Zeitschrift fur Kolonialsprachen.
SOCIOLOGY.
Walter-London (H. A.), Die neuere englische
Sozialpolitik, 4m. Munich, R. Oldenbourg
This view of modern conceptions of social
legislation in England is commended by Mr.
Lloyd George in a Preface which is given in English
and German.
POLITICS.
Schultze (Dr. Ernst), Die politische Bildung
in England, lm. . Leipsic, Teubner
A lecture delivered at Dresden last November.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Olivero (Federico), Saggi di Letteratura
IfrGLESE. Bari, Laterza & Figli
Concerned chiefly with English poets from
Milton and Wordsworth to Mr. Watts-Dunton
and Mr. Arthur Symons. There are four articles
on Keats, also one of considerable length on Pater.
Reynier (Gustave), Le Roman Realiste au
XVII0 Siecle, 3fr. 50. Paris, Hachette
The writer gives an account of the develop-
ment of the realistic novel in Prance in the
seventeenth century, showing how much it was
influenced by the Picaresque novel.
FICTION.
Bangor (Noel), Le Sang Bleu, Scenes de la Vie
Hongroise, 3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
Sketches of Hungarian aristocratic society.
In a Foreword the author acknowledges that the
plot is founded on fact, and that he has known
several of the people who appear in his book.
Bordeaux (Henry), Nieve sobre las Huellas,
lfr. 25. Nelson
A translation into Spanish by Esau Revilla,
with an Introduction by Azorin.
Hudault (J.), Le Pavillon aux Livres, 3fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
A story of the chapel of the Chateau de
Guerneville, which in the eighteenth century was
transformed into a library, and of the man who,
two hundred years later, restored it to its original
purpose.
Mason (A. E. W.), L'Eau Vive, 1/ Nelson
A translation of ' Running Water.'
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, Mai 16, lfr. 25.
Paris, 26, Rue de Conde
The contents include ' Les Nouvelles Ten-
dances Europeennes,' by M. Paul Louis ; ' La
Prose Rythmee dans la " Revolte des Anges,"
by M. A.-Henri Becker : and verses by M. Emile
Verhaeren and M. Henry Derieux.
Revue Critique des Idees et des Livres, lfr.
Paris, 155, Boulevard Saint-Germain
' Les Contes de M. Jules Lemaitre,' by M.
Andre du Fresnois ; ' Chceurs,' by M. Lionel des
Rieux ; and ' A propos de la " Petite Scene " :
la Querelle des Comediens,' by M. Xavier de
Courville, are among the features of this number.
Revue de Hongrie, Mai 15, 2fr. 50.
Paris, Hachette
Some of the features of this number are
' La Cainpagne de Russie, 1812,' by the Com-
tesse Aimee Palffy-Daun, and ' La Renaissance
Francaise et les Chateaux de la Loire,' by M.
Zoltan Balint.
SCIENCE.
Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del
Peru : No. 80, Estadistica Minera del
Peru en 1912, by Carlos P. Jimenez. Lima
A summary with statistics.
FINE ARTS.
Annales du Musee Guimet : Archeologie du
Sud de l'Inde, 2 vols., 40fr. Paris, Geuthner
These two volumes deal in succession with
the architecture and iconography of South India.
They contain numerous illustrations from photo-
graphs and drawings.
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
7.")9
Contenau (Dr. G.), LA Mbssi Nuh BabylonI-
exxe, Etude d'Iconographie oomparee, Sir.
Paris, (<euthner
A discussion of the identity and origin <>''
this goddess, whoso type is present in the art of
Babylon and that of other ancient races.
Formige (M. Jules), Kemauques Diverses sun
LES TlIKATKES ROMAINS A PROPOS DE CEUX
d'Arles et d'Oram.e, lfr. 50.
Paris. Imprinierie Xationale
A volume in the " Memoires presentes par
divers Savants a I'Acad&nie dea Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres." It contains a description of the
t n o tlieatres and a discussion of the probable date
of their erection. It is illustrated with photo-
graphs, diagrams, and plans.
Maspero (C), Rvixes et Paysages d'Sgypte,
"fr. 50. Paris, Librairie Orientale et Americaine
A revised and enlarged edition.
Miiller (Dr. Ernst), Casaren-Portrats, 4m.
Bonn, Marcus <fc Weber
A brief monograph on portraits of the
Emperors of Rome, with illustrations.
Rodin (A.), Les Cathedrales de France.
Paris, Colin
ML Charles Morice has written an Introduction,
and the text is illustrated with a hundred plates.
MUSIC.
Vie Artistique, La Musique, Textes choisis et
ooiumentes par Henri de Curzon, lfr. 50.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
An inquiry into the relation between music
and literature, with a survey of the development
of the tragedie lyrique and opera-comique in
France during the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Each chapter contains extracts from
writings of the period.
DRAMA.
Houssaye (Henry), Le Dernier Jour de Napo-
leon A LA Maljlaisox (29 Juin, 1815), lfr.
Paris, Perrin
A tragedy in one act, with an appreciatory
Fi >i eword by M. Louis Sonolet.
Stahl (Ernest L.), Das Englische Theater im
19 JAHRHUNDERT, SEINE BilHNEKUNST UND
Literatur, 4m. 50. Munich, Oldenbourg
A survey of the dramatic changes of the last
century, giving special attention to methods of
production and to the great actors of the time.
THE THRUSH BEFORE DAWN.
A voice peals in this end of night
A phrase of notes resembling stars,
.Single and spiritual notes of light.
What call they at my window-bars ?
The South, the past, the day to be,
An ancient infelicity.
Darkling, deliberate, what sings
This wonderful one, alone, at peace ?
What wilder things than song, what things
Sweeter than youth, clearer than Greece,
Dearer than Italy, untold
Dolight, and freshness centuries old ?
And first first-loves, a multitude,
The exaltation of their pain ;
Ancestral childhood long renewed ;
And midnights of invisible rain ;
And gardens, gardens, night and day,
< hardens and childhood all the way.
What Middle Ages passionate,
O passionless voice ! What distant bells
Lodged in the hills, what palace state
Illyrian ! For it speaks, it tells,
Without desire, without dismay,
Some morrow and some yesterday.
All — natural things ! But more— whence came
This yet remoter mystery ?
How do these starry notes proclaim
A graver still divinity ?
This hope, this sanctity of fear ?
O innocent throat ! O human ear !
Alice Meynell.
THE DISCOVERY OF ISOLDES
CHAPEL.
Honour is due to Mr. Julian Moore that
he was one of the first to rediscover the
r/enius loci of Chapelizod. In an interesting
letter to The Athencevm, April 12th, 1902,
he pointed out that the grey-towered Pro-
testant church in the village owed its name
to the personal association of Isolde with
the locality.
It is a deplorable fact that during the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries all
the notable Irish writers who wrote about the
district — historians, novelists, antiquaries —
were invincibly ignorant of the tragic story
of Tristan and Isolde ; for this reason they
were unable to appreciate the topographical
significance, the romantic importance, of its
fascinating place-name.
Last year in The Athenaeum (February 1st,
1913) Mr. J. H. Moore, in an ingenious article
entitled ' The Historical Basis of Tristan
and Isolde,' took a step further, for he
attempted to prove that the present build-
ing is the identical chapel founded by Isolde.
The documents cited by Mr. Moore, corro-
borated by others, though doubtless he was
unable to consult them, go to prove that
the village dates from the first decades of
the seventeenth century, and that about the
same period the church was built as a
Viceregal chapel. The total absence of
tradition relating either to the chapel or
village explains the heedlessness of the
inhabitants, and warrants the rejection of
the assumption that the daughter of Gor-
mund was its founder. Isolde's Chapel had
to be sought elsewhere.
The first documentary proof of the exist-
ence of Chapel " Ysoude " is found in the
Vatican, dated 1212 (' Calender of Papal
Documents,' i. 36), where Pope Innocent III.
confirmed to the Hospitallers in Ireland the
possession of " Ysoude " : later, in October,
1229, the King granted to the Knight Hos-
pitallers the advowson of the King's vill
of Chapelizod (" Capella Isolde"). The
first recorded appointment was made on
August loth, 1228, when the King presented
the Justiciary's clerk, William de Rupe,
" to the vacant church of Chapel Isold."
In 1571 Dr. Hamner in his 'Chronicle of
Ireland ' records
" that Marc King of Cornwall, anno 459, married
with La bcl Isode, that built Isodes Chappel (or
(Jhappel Isode)."
Here the tradition, probably gleaned locally,
that Isolde built the chapel is first recorded.
In 1577 Stanihurst wrote: "There is a
village hard by Dublin called of the said
La Beale Isoud." Most important of all, in
the Dublin Regal Visitation of 1615 " Chap-
pel Isot " is described " ecclesia et cancella
bene. "
This provides a valuable item of identi-
fication: Isot's Chapel had a chancel. Up
to six years ago the church in Chapelizod
had no chancel ; the present chancel was
added in 1908. This valuable clue enabled
the writer to discover the little chancelled
chapel of Isolde. A paper on ' Ante-
Norman Churches in co. Dublin," written in
1892 by an eminent Irish antiquary, Mr.
\V. F. Wakeman, and published m the
Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries
of Ireland, directed him to an ancii m
ruined chapel near Palmer-ton. But not
till 1913, when he discovered the reference
to " Chappel Isot " in the Visitation of 161 5,
was this tiny oratory revealed as the cliapel
of Isolde, about a mile distant from the
modem village of Chapelizod, opposite
Knockmaroon, beautifully situated on the
southern bank of the LifTey. It stands in
the centre of tin ancient cemetery.
The dead of to-day mingle with the dust
of seven centuries; little shrines, sacred
emblems, and rude crosses decorate the
graves. The chapel is hid in a thicket of
greenery ; it is weighted with ivy, and
hedged about with trees: ash, palm, elder,
and oak. Mr. Wakeman drew attention to
a venerable yew tree that stood close to the
chapel.
" In Ireland [lie writes] the yew tree is almost
invariably styled 'palm,' and on Palm Sunday
the Roman Catholics usually attach a sprig of
yew to their bonnets and hats. That this tree
is coeval with the church there can be no doubt."
In all probability this yew tree w:as planted
by Isolde herself (Mr. Wakeman never
suspected the association). If, as he con-
jectures, this tree gave the name of Palmers-
ton to the townland, it may be regarded as
an evidence of the deep-rooted interest
taken locally in the great love-story.
Mr. Wakeman contributed a short account
of the chapel and the yew tree to The Illus-
trated London News, January 2.'lrd. 1864.
It is illustrated by engravings of both
church and tree from his sketches. The
yew tree was blown down in a violent
storm about the year 1884: for long it sup-
plied fuel for the villagers ; to-day not a
vestige remains. The ancient chapel con-
sists of a nave and chancel ; it is solidly
built with large stones, and the walls are
quite 3 ft. thick. The chancel appears
large. The chapel has a pathetic interest
if, as the writer surmises, it was built in a
season of disillusion and heartbreak — after
the marriage of Tristan with " Isoud of the
White Hands."
There are topographical evidences hi
support of this Palmerston field being the
site of the original chapel of Isolde and
the ancient vill of Chapelizod. Gormund's
Grange extended over a considerable portion
of co. Dublin. The Grange Castle, near
Clondalkin, is only a few miles distant. In
a thirteenth-century document is found a
reference to " Grange ville Palmeri with the
church there." Isolde selected a site on
her father's land, and — possibly with pious
intention — in close proximity to the Grange
town, where resided his tenant sand servants.
On all maps the manor of Chapelizod is
found on both banks of the Liftey. In the
twelfth century the vill and lands of Chapel-
izod were on the south side only. Early in
the thirteenth century there are documentary
proofs of its extension. On December 7tb,
1220, the King instructed his Justiciary
" that he had granted to Thomas Fitzadam the
land of Chapel Isold, but the Justiciary had
caused the land to be extended for 3o borates
and taken into the King's hand."
In May, 1225, the King commands
" to be extended, by oath of good and liege men
of the venue of Chapel Isold, the land ol that
chapel, and to cause Richard de Burgh to have
the land according to the extent."
Later a mandate is found to Thomas Fitz
Anthony
" to be answerable to Richard for I he rent , except-
ing the extent which the Etas caused to be made
of the lands ol Chapel Isold."
These documents convey that the Crown
extended the Royal manor- -that there was
a specific division of the two areas; and it
>, to conjecture that these extension
were on the opposite hank ol the Li (Toy,
parallel with the original territories on the
sout h side.
Richard de la Field was the earliest NTor
man holder of the original lands. The Ex-
chequer Rolls. 1383-4, show that the Barons
of the Exchequer seized one messuage and
one carucate of land in Chapelizod belonging
760
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
to the custos of the House of St. Lawrence.
This land was originally the property of
John de la Field, late lord of the manor of
< 'hapelisold, "and he had given it to a custos
to find a chaplain to celebrate divine service
there, and to sustain six lepers and six infirm
persons there." The Leper House of St.
Lawrence was situated on the southern
hank, and gave its name to the present
village of St. Lawrence, which is only divided
by the Liffey from the modern Chapelizod.
A later grant in the Patent Rolls by King
James I. to Sir John Davies, his Attorney-
General, definitely fixes the locality of the
original vill of Chapelizod. The grant
minutely details the property : —
" Three messuages in or near Chapel Izod, one
near the church stile, one near the mill, one near
the common bake house; one acre upon the lands
of Irish toun ; 2 acres on the east side of the old
wood called the Stucking," &c.
If the visitor to Palmerston, after passing
the Stewart Institute, once the residence of
the Temple family, takes the first turn to
the left (Mill Lane, as it is locally called), a
short walk downhill brings him to a small
detached village (the site of the original
vill of Chapelizod from the twelfth to the
seventeenth century), and a passage between
houses on the left leads him to the church
stile, by which he reaches the ancient
" Chappel Isot." On the eastern side of the
village the property belongs to Lord Iveagh.
The steward courteously conducted the
writer through the estate, and helped him
to identify some forgotten landmarks. A
curious rectangular building, with arched
openings level with the ground, attracted
notice. The custodian stated that it had
a tall chimney, which he removed many
years ago. Surely this was the common
bakehouse ? Irishtown was part of the
parish of Palmerston in the seventeenth
century, and Petty' s Survey Map shows
two mills here, marked " old." The " Stuck-
ing " and some other parcels " in and near
Chapelizod " detailed in the grant can be
identified, and conclusively demonstrate
that here — and nowhere else — stood the
vill and chapel founded by Isolde.
Yet another scrap of evidence. In a
lawsuit on April 12th, 1291, for the posses-
sion of 100 acres of land in Villa Palmeri,
in which the claim rested on proof of legiti-
macy, Alice the plaintiff swore that she
was the daughter of " one Isolda lawfully
married." The name Isoud in its many
variants originated with the amorous maiden
of the Tristan romances. When she met
Tristan she discarded her Irish agnomen,
and adopted the Norman name Isabella.
Tristan cunningly transposed it into " La
Belle Isoud." The earliest form is Isoud
or Isold, but the minstrel Tristan still toyed
pensively with the word till he found "the
final form in Isolda. There are many
instances of the name Isolda in Ireland
during the thirteenth century, but they can
all be traced to localities in which the first
Isolda dwelt.
To return to old Chapelizod : four great
mills stand derelict in Lord Iveagh's estate,
doleful monuments of the magnificent enter-
prise of Col. Lawrence, who established a
great textile industry in Chapelizod towards
the end of the seventeenth century. The
circumstances which brought about the
decline of the village and the transfer of its
name may be brief! y told. After eleven
years of increasing prosperity a jealous
Government checked the industries, and
withdrew the Army contracts. When the
new Viceregal church was built, the Pro-
testant gentry, for obvious reasons, elected
to patronize the State church. Pews were
eagerly sought, and Le Fanu tells us
" that they were distributed by a traditional
tenure among the families and dignitaries of the
town and vicinage."
It was established as the parish church, and
endowed with the parish name.
The growth of the new Chapelizod was
gradual, but its main development took
place during the latter half of the eighteenth
century, when it became, as described by
Le Fanu, " the gayest and prettiest of the
outpost villages near Dublin."
Isolde's own chapel was left derelict and
nameless ; it is marked " old chapel " in
the Down Survey Map, 1655. Its Catholic
worshippers had been ejected, and it was
abandoned by its Protestant congregation.
Situated out of the main avenue of traffic,
its name appropriated, its churchyard turned
into the common cemetery of the district,
hidden away in a grove of trees, and sha-
dowed by the overhanging branches of the
yew tree, its precious traditions died out,
and its romantic past was forgotten.
The extinction of other place-names
followed fast on its lamentable desertion.
From these traditions Dr. Hamner learnt
that Isolde built the chapel ; and Stanihurst
knew that she stood sponsor for the nomen-
clature of the village. Isolde was a Dublin
princess, a daughter of the Liffey ; no other
name was more honoured and beloved on its
banks. The Franchise Riders halted at
" Isold's Font," and climbed the " Hill of
Isold's Font." It was this spring which
gave the Phoenix Park its name, and at that
trysting-place the immortal lovers wetted
their burning lips with its clear, cool waters.
It may be well to explain how the Park
got its name from the font. When the
lands of Grange Gormund and Chapelizod
were purchased in the seventeenth century
for the Crown, it was officially decided that
the enclosed area — which was intended for
the preservation of game — -should be called
Kingsborough Park. At that time the
" Phoenix House " stood on the top of the
" Hill of Isold's Font." " Phoenix " was really
the English pronunciation and spelling of
two Irish words, florin uiscf (pronounced
" feenisk "), signifying clear water. " The
House of the Crystal Water " was properly
the name of the first Viceregal Lodge.
Even in its corrupt and misleading form,
all the King's edicts and all the King's men
coidd not change it. Isolde had baptized
and given the place a name, and destiny
had decreed that it should remain. The
spring has disappeared, but the writer was
able from old records to locate it, and its
position is now made public for the first
time. It is described as being " a bowshot
east of the hill, under a great hawthorn
tree." The place is marked out for the
seeker, for the house is called " Fountain
Lodge," though the person who named it
never heard of Isolde. An inhabitant
pointed out the spot where the sparkling
water gushed forth which gave the house
its name. Further east in the city walls
stood Isolda's Tower and Isolda's Gate.
In the Vale of Dublin Isolde's ruined
chantry remains, a lone witness to her fame
in the district.
W. A. Henderson.
DUBLIN REGISTERS.
The Parish Register Society of Dub-
lin has issued as its eleventh volume the
' Marriage Entries from the Registers of the
Parishes of St. Andrew, St. Anne, St. Audoen,
and St. Bride, Dublin, 1632-1800,' under the
capable editing of Mr. D. A. Chart, of the
Dublin Record Office, the scholarly author
of ' Ireland from the Union to Catholic
Emancipation,' and of the history of Dublin
in Messrs. Dent's series of " Historic Towns."
The plan of publishing the Marriages,
without waiting for the necessarily tedious
and costly printing of the baptisms and
burials, is an innovation in the method of
this Society much to be commended. A
large proportion of infants, especially in
Dublin and in an insanitary age, died soon
after baptism, and their records are a waste
of space. Nor are records of burials always
valuable, since it is not easy to prove, in the
absence of any contributory evidence, that
James Murphy was the James Murphy we
want. But marriages give two names,
which may serve to identify the persons,
and the registers often add the estate or
farm of the bridegroom, as well as the name
of the officiating clergyman, who is some-
times the local rector called to Dublin for
the purpose.
Genealogists therefore must wholly ap-
prove this new departure in the publications
of the Society. Mr. Chart has carefully
compared the registers, when there was
suspicion of carelessness, with the " Paro-
chial Returns " to the bishop's annual
visitations, preserved in the Record Office,
and has added from this source a supple-
mental list. He has also appended an
index of trades and professions, besides the
usual indexes of persons and places. St.
Bride's register from 1632 is very full of
interest, especially to historians of Huguenot
families; and those who just now are proud
of " the wearing of the green " will be
delighted to find Napper Tandy in 1791
in the peaceful character of churchwarden
of St. Bride's, along with John Theophilus
Boileau, the head of a famous and ancient
firm of chemists. Thev will also discover
the marriage on July 21st, 1785, of "Theo-
bald Wolfe Tone, esqr, and Martha Wither -
ington, Cony licence, by the ReV1 EdW1 Ryan,
curate."
Regimental historians will find many
entries of marriages of Dragoons, Dragoon
Guards, 11th, 19th, 40th, 42nd, 55th, 69th
Foot, &c. At the other extreme, St.
Audoen's register contains the entries of
marriages solemnized in the prison of
Newgate, in that parish.
We congratulate'the Society and Mr. Chart
on this exceptionally useful volume, which,
we hope, will lead more genealogists to join
a society which is doing admirable work
with totally incommensurate support. There
are only 82 subscribers — or rather 81, since
the death of Lady Elizabeth Cust ; and of
these nearly half consist of the Coimnittee
and public libraries in the United King-
dom and the United States — none in Canada
or Australia or South Africa. This in-
difference to valuable historical work is not
creditable.
THE ODES OF SOLOMON.
I have only just to-day (Maj' 12th) seen
the letter of Mrs. Gibson' in The Athenaeum
for April 18th, in which she seeks to confirm
the conjecture of Dr. Mingana and herself
that the Odes of Solomon are Ephesian in
origin. The passage to which she refers in
Theodore of Mopsuestia, and in Syriac
writers who borrow from him, with regard
to those in the early Church who had a
special gift of inspired song, and the sugges-
tion that the quotation in Eph. v. 14
("Awake, thou that sleepest," &c.) belongs
to a collection of such songs, are certainly
worthy of very careful attention. One's
first impulse is to say that, however nobly
we may think of Theodore (and who is there
1 that is at all acquainted with him that does
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
761
not think nobly of him ?), we must always
distinguish between Theodore as historian
and Theodore as exegete. It is, for instance,
a perfectly natural conclusion to draw from
the observed quotation of a spiritual ode in
the epistle to the Ephesians. that such an
ode had kinship with the " Psalms and
Hymns and Spiritual Odes " which the Apostle
wis commending in the immediate context.
That is mere exegesis. If, however. Theodore
luvs any other reason for the statement
which he makes as to early gifts of spiritual
song in the Church, beyond his not neces-
sarily illegitimate inference from the lan-
guage of the epistle, then we are indebted
to him for what may be an important his-
torical observation. Mrs. Gibson appears to
think (and Dr. Mingana is of the same mind)
that the historical interpretation of Theo-
dore's statement is necessitated by the fact
that the context of the fragment quoted in
Ephesians shows traces of parallelism with
the Odes of Solomon. If that is true, it is very
important. Certainly I am not disposed to
undervalue the coincidences in thought or
language which Mrs. Gibson adduces ; for
it is clear to me that there is another and
even more striking coincidence in the imme-
diate neighbourhood. It will be remembered
that the passage in Ephesians goes on
with an injunction to be " not unwise, but
wise." and to be " not unintelligent, but
cognizant of what is the will of the Lord " ;
and " not to be drunk with wine. . . .but to
be filled with the Spirit," after which comes
the reference to "Psalms and Hymns and
Spiritual Odes." Now let us read by the side
ot this passage some sentences from the
eleventh Ode of Solomon : —
" Speaking waters touched my lips from the
fountain of the Lord plenteously : and I drank
was inebriated with the living water that does
not die ; and my inebriation was not without
knowledge, for I forsook vanity,'- &c.
This passage contains exactly the matter
of the two inebriations contrasted by St. Paul,
and it actually makes the contrast,." ejecting,"
as Theodore says, " the hurtful intoxication,
and introducing the spiritual inebriation " ;
and this contrast is described as one between
'knowledge" and "the absence of know-
lodge," which is exactly what the writer is
emphasizing in Ephes. v. 1.3-17 (not unwise,
not unintelligent, not intoxicated). The very
same connexion between drunkenness and
unwisdom is in the thirty-eighth Ode, a very
different composition :—
"They invite many to the banquet and give
them to drink of the wine <ij their intoxication, and
remove their ivi&dom and their knowledge and make
them without intelligence."
the language of the Odes that may be
the key to the sequence in Ephesians.
I suggest, therefore, that Mrs. Gibson
should strengthen her argument by the
addition of the passage to which I have
referred; and as the whole matter requires
most careful consideration, and we can only
proceed, in the first instance, by way of
Hypothesis, I suggest that she should i_'o one
step further, and claim the Ephesian frag-
ment (•• Awake, thou that steepest") as
belonging to the missing second Ode of the
Solomonic collecti ,n.
The foregoing suggestion implies thai the
Odes are antecedent to the Kphesian letter;
for St. Paul is referring to collections of Odes,
and quoting an actual Ode ; and the priority
of the language of th- Odes, where all is an
orderly sequence oi thought, is m
to give continuity to the otherwise dis-
connected series of the Apostolic injunctions.
The Gibeon-Mingana hypothesis is now
before u~ in a form in which it should have a
careful examination, and where it should
secure, if such a result can bo attained, a
further confirmation.
Rendsl Habbis.
AMERICAN HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
Tin-: Eighth Annual Report of the energetic
Director of the Department of Historical
Research in tho Carnegie Institution at
Washington indicates considerable progress
with the important national enterprises
previously noticed in our columns. Dr.
Jameson's department is the veritable centre
of historical activity in a country which has
of late years devoted much attention to the
organization of historical research. Herein
it has been effectively supported by the
American Historical Association with its
admirable organ, The American Historical
Review. But the chief function of tho
official department at Washington has been
the preparation of reports on American and
foreign archives, and the publication of docu-
mentary texts. Besides these enterprises
the department has rendered invaluable
services to American students, both at home
and abroad. The list of reports on various
archives issued by the department during
the last ten years affords matter for sincere
congratulation to the Director. It should
be remembered, too, that English students
have benefited in an almost equal degree
with American visitors by the researches
which Dr. Jameson and his able staff have
carried out.
We note that the researches in the archives
of England, Scotland, and Ireland are
further described in his Report. These are
represented by the first volume of Prof.
Andrews's notable ' Guide to the American
State Papers ' in the Record Office, which
will be shortly followed by a companion
volume dealing with the departmental
records. The Minor London Archives have
been described in a previous publication.
In addition to the above, progress is re-
ported with researches in the archives of
Canada, Paris, Seville, Vienna, Salzburg,
and others in both Germany and Switzerland.
Miss Davenport's collection of American
treaties in European archives, and Mr.
Percival Xewton's description of the papers
of the Royal African Company at the Record
Office, may be noted as further undertakings
of great value and interest.
ROOKS IX BELFAST.
32, Elers Road, West Ealing, W.
' The Truth about Ulster ' is not so
excruciating as your reviewer thinks.
"No bookshop existed in Belfast until quite
recently. There was, indeed, a shop whieh sold
books along willi articles of general utility " —
which is, I surmise, a euphemism for
what is known to the initiated as li dry
good-. The latter statement is correct:
there was one draper who sold books. The
former statement — li Xo bookshop," &c. —
is of the purest imagination all compact.
In the nineties I knew the Belfast book-
shops well. William .Mullau sold (as he
had sold for probably half a cent urv) not hing
bm books, and as a retailer of exclusively
new general hooks was quite Up to London
level. There were at leasi lour other shops
with a good supply of new hooks, although
newspapers and note-paper (not "dry
Hoods ) were also "Id.
For second-hand books there were at one
time fi\. ol respectable size, in which,
apart from b few violins and pictui
nothing else was sold; while in an old street
there was a long row of stall-shops, exclu-
sively kept by bouquinistes in the most
forlorn oi which 1 remember picking up a
nice copy of the octavo edition of Thirlwall's
• Greece,1 at a price which I need not have
blushed to reveal to ma m&nagire.
Modern Ireland is no doubt, outside
Dublin, the purgatory of the bibliophile;
the fact that tho country never produced a
systematically issued second-hand cataloguo
is proof enough of that. But I have no
hesitation in Baying that at tho time I
mention there were more books, new and
second-hand, in Belfast than in the shops of
all the rest of Ireland, barring Dublin; and
as for two years I travelled through every
county in Ireland, and spent about a decade
each in Dublin, Belfast, and tho co. Cork,
I fe;'l justified in expressing an opinion.
H. M. Beatty.
*** Mr. Beatty is, 1 think, referring to a
later period than Mr. Frankfort Moore,
whose " recollections " begin in the early
sixties. In one passage Mr. Moore says : —
" Belfast has a population of close upon 400,000,
and it has had a University College of its own for
over sixty years; and yet for the twenty-five
years that I knew it there was not a bookseller's
shop in the whole of the city. I mean, of course,
a shop where one could be certain of finding a
new- book about which all England was talking —
a volume of travel, biography, or fiction. There
was one tradesman who made a small fortune by
the sale of defective editions or ' remainders ' of an
edition of a book that had not caught the public
taiiey, but even when I was buying my first
' Principia Latina ' or the ' Initia Greeca, these
books had to be ordered from Mr. Murray."
Later he adds : —
" If if had not been for them [books of strongly
marked religious tendency], the semi-bookseller
in Belfast would not have been able t<, subsist,
even with the adventitious aid of his wire croquet,
hoops and five ounce mallets which were sold at
the back of the shop."
I myself remember meeting a well-known
Irish poet after his first visit to Belfast — ■
in the late nineties, I think. " How did
you like the town ? " I asked him. " Well,"
he replied, " some time ago there were two
booksellers' shops in Belfast, but one was
destroyed bv tiro and has not been rebuilt
yet. That is Belfast."
I am glad to say that my own impressions
of Belfast— which are those of yesterday —
are more in accord with Mr. Beatty's descrip-
tion than with Mr. Frankfort Moore's.
Your Revteweb.
ADDISON'S LETTERS.
King's College, Strum), W.C., May 26, 1014.
I AM preparing a new edition of the Mis-
cellaneous Works of Joseph Addison (to bo
published by Messrs. Bell), and 1 am anxious
to make the collection of letters as complete
as possible. I should therefore be very
grateful if any of your readers would toll
me of any unpublished letters to or from
Addison which in iv be in the po • - ion of
public or private owners.
A. ('. < rUTHKELOH.
THE ELIOT IM>im,K!\ SALE.
The more important lots in the last two
days of the sale of the John Eliot EfodgUn
Librarj were: MBS. and ' ks relating t>>
Ireland's Shakespeare forgeries, in IV ImI a, \~'j:>-
1820, llii/. Spenser, Faerie Queene, 1590-06,
201. Taylor, The Needles Excellency, 1640,231.
Valerius Maximus, Pacta ot Dicta, 1471, l I/.
\ collection illustrative uf Vauxhall Gardens,
2 vols., L'U/. Visschcr, Atlas Minor, n.d., 21/.
\n Infallible Way i<, Contentment, 1688, in a
contemporary English needlework binding, 21 {. 10«.
The total of the sale of the library wb. 1,2011. I*.,
and the total of all the Bodgkin collections
13,1167. i».
702
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
litoarp ©asstp.
At the Royal Institution on June 12th
Mr. Walter Hines Page, the American
Ambassador, will lecture on ' Some Aspects
of the American Democracy.'
All lovers of scholarship and research
will welcome the promotion of Abbot
Gasquet to the Cardinalate. In acknow-
ledging the formal notice of his appoint-
ment, the Cardinal said he had received
the " immense honour," as Newman
called it, without having held the usual
positions leading to it. He added that
the last English monk to become a Cardinal
in curia was the confessor of Catherine of
Braganza, a Dominican.
Dr. D. W. Forrest of Edinburgh,
author of ' The Christ of History and
Experience,' has been appointed Professor
of Systematic Theology and Apologetics
in Glasgow College of the United Free
Church as successor to the late Prof. Orr.
A Conference is to be held at London
University on June 18th, 19th, and 20th,
under the auspices of a Committee of
Representatives of the Fabian Education
Group, the King Alfred School Society,
the Moral Education League, the National
Union of Teachers, the Ratan Tata
Foundation (London University), the
School Medical Officers' Association, the
Theosophical Society, the Theosophical
Educational Trust, and the Women's
Industrial Council.
Admission to the Conference will be free,
but accommodation can be reserved for
those who apply for tickets. Further par-
ticulars can be obtained from the Secre-
tary. Dr. L. Haden Guest, 16a. John
Street, Adelphi, W.C.
The latest house marked for its historical
interest by the London County Council is
that of Manning to the north-west of the
junction of Carlisle Place and Francis
Street, to which a leaden tablet has been
affixed this week.
It has been decided that Thiers's house
in the Place Saint-Georges, which was
bequeathed by Mile. Dosne to the Institut
de France, shall be open to visitors. The
library, containing 30,000 volumes, can also
be used by students holding a ticket
signed by two members of the Institut.
A collection of wall-papers of the
time of the Directory, Consulate, and
Empire is now on view at the Chateau de
la Malmaison. One of the most interest-
ing specimens in this curious exhibition
is the set known as the ' Campagnes des
Armees dltalie.'
The Dowden Collection of MSS., which
Messrs. Hodgson will sell on June 9th,
includes many interesting features. Among
the older MSS. is the original of the
" Conversion " of Sir Tobie Mathew, who
Mas a close friend of Bacon ; indeed,
Bacon himself referred to Mathew as his
- alter ego." The most important of the
modern autographs is the original holo-
graph of Swinburne's song ' On the
Union,' with several interesting auto-
graph letters, one of which contains a line
— as subsequently printed — in place of a
harsh expression in the original. There
are also five notable letters from Walt
Whitman, in which he explains to Dowden
at some length the ideals he aimed at in
his poems.
In the same week Messrs. Hodgson will
sell the library from Stowlangtoft Hall,
near Bury St. Edmunds. The library was
collected during the early part of the last
century, and contains many fine books.
It has revealed one find of the greatest
interest to collectors of early English
typography in a fine and perfect — but
quite unrecorded — copy of the ' Speculum
Christiani,' printed by the second printer
of London, William de Machlinia. As is
well known, the productions of his press
are extremely scarce, and offer some
points of interest. For instance, without
exception they are undated, and only in
four cases — the ' Speculum ' being one —
do they bear the printer's name. The
'Speculum Christiani' — a "medley," as
aptly described by Mr. Gordon Duff, of
" theological matter interspersed with
pieces of English poetry" — is printed in
the second and so-called " Holborn " type
used bv the printer, and it is usually dated
about 1484.
A gentleman bearing the same sur-
name has drawn our attention to the
fact that an e too many was used by us
in the title of ' Matthew Hargraves,' by
S. G. Tallentyre, reviewed in our last
issue.
Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton and
Mr. Dan Beard have accepted positions
as associate editors of Boy's Life, the
American Boj^ Scouts' monthly magazine.
Mr. C. K. Ogden has been engaged upon
an authorized English translation of Dr.
Hans Driesch's ' History and Theory of
Vitalism.' The volume is to be published
immediately by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
Messrs.. Macmillan & Co. will also
publish immediately the third volume of
the elaborately illustrated edition of
Macaulay's ' History of England ' which
has been prepared by Prof. C. H. Firth.
In 1903 Dr. Hermann Gollancz, Gold-
smid Professor of Hebrew at University
College, London, described in a brochure,
' Clavicula Salomonis,' his newly dis-
covered MS. of the Hebrew version of the
Book of Magic, which is supposed to have
served as the oracle of all sorcerers
throughout history. The Hebrew original
was till then thought to be lost. An
exact reproduction by collotype process
of this MS., with its numerous quaint
illustrations and diagrams, is about to be
published by the Oxford University Press,
and is furnished with an Introduction, in
which Prof. Gollancz gives, among other
details, characteristic specimens of the
conjurations and " practices " contained
in the volume, together with a literal
translation.
Mr. W. D. Ho wells is issuing a new
volume through Messrs. Harpers within
the next few days. It is entitled ' The
Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon,'
and is a humorous fantasy which shows
Shakespeare witnessing a pageant and
festivities in his own honour, and joking
with Bacon concerning the authorship of
the plays.
' Shelley, Poems selected and arranged
by T. J. Cobden-Sanderson,' will be pub-
lished at the Doves Press in June or July.
The book will be in small quarto, and the
poems will be arranged in five divisions,
representing the various emotions and
aspirations of the poet. Two hundred
copies will be printed on paper, and twelve
on vellum.
Dr. H. Montagu Butler, Master of
Trinity, is the author of a volume entitled
' Some Leisure Hours of a Long Life,' to
be published next week by Messrs. Bowes
& Bowes of Cambridge. It consists of
translations into Greek, Latin, and English
verse made from 1851 to 1914, composed
often on holiday and in many scenes.
Early in June Messrs. Constable will
publish a volume of collected essays,
entitled ' Theological Room,' by the Rev.
Hubert Handley, author of ' The Fatal
Opulence of Bishops,' the Hon. (Secretary
of the Declaration for Freedom in Biblical
Criticism which, in 1905, was signed by
1,725 Anglican clergy. The new volume
is a plea for Liberalism in the Church, and
simplicity in the national habits. The
Introduction deals with the recent resolu-
tion of Bishops concerning the Liberal
clergy. In Part II., which is practical,
the author reiterates his views on epis-
copal opulence.
The July number of The New Genealo-
gist will contain an article by Sir James
Ramsay, ' Notes on Early Ramsay Pedi-
grees.' It includes a revision of the
Dalhousie pedigree.
The firm of Max Goschen is publishing
next month ' The Caillaux Drama,' by
Mr. John N. Raphael ; and ' With
Wellington in the Pyrenees,' by Brigadier-
General F. C. Beatson.
Mr. William Moir Bryce, President of
the Old Edinburgh Club, has written a
monograph, which Messrs. Otto Schulze
& Co. will publish, on ' Holyrood, its
Palace and its Abbey,' with forty-seven
plates, some of which have not hitherto
been used in works of this kind.
Messrs. Methuen will publish in the
autumn a new volume of poems by Mr.
Alfred No yes.
' A Descriptive List of the Printed
Maps of Somersetshire, 1575-1914,'
with biographical notes and numerous
illustrations, has been compiled by Mr.
Thomas Chubb of the Map Room, British
Museum. The work is to be published
for subscribers hy the Somersetshire
Archaeological and Natural History So-
ciety. The subscriptions already received
have been so satisfactory that the List is
now in the press, and, it is hoped, will
be ready for issue shortly.
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
763
SCIENCE
BIOLOGY LN RELATION TO
EDUCATION.
.4 Course of Three Lectures given by Miss
Hoskyns-Abrahall at Crosby Hall, on
. March 13th, 17th, and 20th, 1914.
(These Lectures were Illustrated by nearly two
hundred slides, and the omission of these has
necessitated some curtailment of the matter
which depended on them, and also some re-
arrangement. Lecture I. was printed In ' The
Athenceum ■ for April 25th ; Lecture II. in
'The Athenaeum' for the 2nd and 9th inst. ;
and the earlier portion of Lecture III. in 'The
Athenaeum ' for the ltth and 23rd inst.]
Lecture III. {conchided).
■MORS JANUA YIT.E."
One curious development has occurred
from our unwise requirement of long con-
centration in the voung. We have seen
how the diver mitigates pressure by
blocking the passage of the nose. The
increase of adenoids since the whole
childish population went to school is
probably Nature's method of rendering
the overpressure less intolerable. We
do not. I believe, often enough consider
how far what we rightly, in itself, count
as a disease is a corrective of some
mistake of our own.
The best education for little children is
that given by savages — among whom they
imitate what their elders do ; and also
dance. In that way is insured — what,
again, is insufficiently attended to — the
proper circulation, not only of the blood,
but of the lymph.
But to return to this mental " diving."'
While thought is intense, deep breaths are
necessary to prevent displacement of
the heart, and the thinker swallows to
keep open the Eustachian tubes. As the
blood-pressure is altered by sudden ascents
and descents of the body in the external
World, so it is by sudden changes in mental
work. To concentrate means to alter the
blood-pressure — means it just as truly as
does climbing or descending a mountain.
Most workers know the sensations
which are signs of over-pressure : the
headache and migraine, the feeling of
tightness round the head, the numbness
of the chest and limbs, the tingling, and
" pins and needles." Where the internal
ssure is considerable, the handwriting
K apt to become wild and shaky : in fact,
a neat and tidy hand is no indication of
thought, rather the reverse
The voice of the diver, it may be
noticed, also alters under pressure ; ami
it may be that the nasal voice which is
common to-day among young people lias
its origin in the over-pressure caused
by too early concentration.
If. now. we inquire somewhat more
•closely as to the part of the vascular
tern on which the Over-pressure falls.
we shall find that it is not the arterial,
but the venous system, which is chiefly
affected. The arterial system, we may
• causes, the venous system endures,
the pressure, and it is the latter which
ministers to thought. The venous system
is so elastic that it can contain all the
blood in the body. Probably, in trance,
the greater part of the blood is held in
the venous system, and as in any case
it moves in the venous system much
more slowly than in the arterial, the blood
in trance hardly moves at all. The venous
system, then, becomes a great sinus —
bathing, as it were, the sympathetic,
nervous system, which, as we saw in the
last lecture, is that in our physical organi-
zation which is the recipient of or agent in
intuition.
The parallel between diving and con-
centration, seeing that it is not a metaphor,
but actual physical fact, works out also,
as we might expect, in what happens upon
release, upon decompression. If the con-
centration has been very intense and
the release is sudden, there may follow
aphasia and disorders of vision, clonic
spasms, tremors, or convulsions, uncon-
sciousness, congestion of the internal
organs, even paralysis or acute mania.
Headache and some slight dizziness must
be forms of discomfort known to most
people who think at all — on returning
from thought into the world around them.
Pressure as a Factor in Life of
Earlier Races.
Both in the relation of the individual
as a whole to the external world, and in
the relation within himself of soul and
body, it is clear that pressure, external
and internal, is a fact of vital importance.
That being so, we have some clue to
the instinct for dwelling in caves as
revealed by mankind. Cave-dwellers and
inhabitants of subterranean dwellings are
found in France, Russia, parts of Africa,
and parts of Asia and America : some
prefer a level nearer the centre of the
earth than the earth's surface ; some,
caves at considerable altitudes.
Life in caves means different surround-
ings from those at the earth's surface. It
is to be presumed that the people con-
cerned lived at this level because they
chose to do so ; because the majority of
the " persons " within them, or the
interior and greater "persons'' within
them, found themselves in such circum-
stances more at ease, more able to function
properly, than at the pressure and general
surroundings of the surface of the earth.
What sort of people were the cave-
dwellers ? We have not much detailed
knowledge of them. They have left
drawings which are well known for their
marvellous liveliness, truthfulness, and
accurate skill; and there is reason to
think that their paraphernalia and posses-
sions generally were ool numerous or
elaborate. This— which was once sup-
posed to indicate a low mental state —
may. I believe, quite as reasonably — nay.
more reasonably —be held to Indioate a
high one.
Tacitus relates how certain German
tribes lived underground — their dwellings
heaped over with cattle-dung to keep
them warm. In ancient Britain people
lived in pit-dwellings, Of which remains
have been found, for example, in Somersel
shire, and in caves, of which instances are
known in Nottinghamshire. In France
t lure are still people who live underground.
Their rock-dwellings are commodious and
dry : warm in winter, and cool in summer.
Among the most interesting of these are
the underground villages in Champagne,
to which one descends by steps cut in
stone, through an entrance hewn out in
a massive screen of chalk. Here are many
skilful contrivances for keeping out water,
and many ventilating shafts ; while the
rooms, with their shelves and cupboards,
are as convenient as those of ordinary
houses.
In Colorado there is a remarkable,
palace under a cliff, belonging to the so-
called " Stone Age," which is supposed to
have been inhabited by the earliest race
which populated America. Obviously the
pressure within the cliff differs from that
above it.
One may see to-day in the Mexican
underground dwellings the holes in the
rock which the " prehistoric " cave-
dwellers cut to hold the cedar-beams for
their balconies. These particular dwell-
ings are still inhabited, their inmates
ascending to the surface of the earth by
ladders. Outside is a large "sunhouse"
like an amphitheatre.
Among the Pueblos we have canons of
red sandstone where the vertical face of
the rock is riddled with human dwellings
— just as you may see the sides of a sand
quarry riddled with sand-martins' holes —
so thick that in some parts they look like
the cells of a honeycomb. The people
climbed up to them on long poles with
lateral projections, which served as the
rungs of a ladder. The natural cave
entrances were walled up with adobes,
having a small opening left as window
and door.
In Palestine there is a subterranean
labyrinth to which access is obtained by
a passage so small one hardly can creep
through it, which ends in a steep dry well
several feet deep, down which one has
to jump. Then one comes out into a
wide street with duellings on both sides,
where there are a market and a great hall
and shops, and the air is pleasant, and
not in the least difficult to breathe.
There are underground temples in
Thibet, and underground dwellings in
Moscow ; in fact, there is no quarter of
the world in which there are not the
remains of a former mode of life which
was adjusted to a different pressure — far
different " persons " from that to which
we are commonly adjusted.
Tombs.
One cannot think of underground
dwellings without passing on to the
thought of tombs. Just as we ourselves
live upon the surface of the earth under
the influence of sun and moon rather
than, as our remote ancestors seem to
have done, some little distance within it.
SO we bury our dead but a short way
beneath the surface: and though we may
raise elaborate memorials for our own
delectation above them, what we do for
7(U
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
the dead themselves would seem to the
mourners of ancient times as shallow and
insufficient as the depth of earth we give
them.
At Gezer there are intra-mural graves
within the city-walls — contrived like berths
in a ship's cabin, as the graves are in the
Catacombs. There are also graves sunk
in the floors of chambers or courts ; and
wells and shafts sunk into the ground
have been discovered with graves in them
at different depths — sometimes made in
the shape of conical chambers with stone
doors, which often had been broken open,
and found to contain food- vessels and
furniture.
Let me here recall to your memory the
Catacombs with their systems of corridors
and small chambers partially lighted by
shafts (luminaria) which open on to the
surface of the soil, to which, as they
were sometimes cut in rising ground, the
entrance might be in a hillside. There
were loculi or berths in which the dead
were laid, halls and chapels where worship
was offered and the dead were com-
memorated. You will understand that
for the moment we are not concerned
with what most vividly strikes the imagi-
nation in the Catacombs, but with the
fact that they are examples of a very
ancient method of burial.
Yet more interesting from our point of
view are the Etruscan tombs. At Castel
d'Azzo is a valley about a mile long, on
one side of which in the rock are doors
beautifully engraved, and beneath each
door, at a depth of some 6-8 ft., an open-
ing which leads to a tomb. Each tomb
contains one or more chambers, large and
small, and has a ledge all round it. The
body lies uncoffined. On the door are
inscribed the name and age of the
occupant, and on the wall inside is
an inscription in great letters a foot
long. The tomb-chamber has in it
vessels and furniture like the room of a
living person. In the tomb of a warrior
was found the terra-cotta image of an
infant in swaddling clothes. The funeral
obsequies of the warrior by whose corpse
it lay had been performed while he was
yet alive ; he may have been in a swoon
or trance. Infants never had funeral
honours, and the little figure was intended
as an emblem of the warrior's soul begin-
ning life anew in another " person " — new-
born.
On the walls of this tomb and of others
of its kind are paintings representing
dances, music, feasts, games, and races.
The countenances of the people depicted
are handsome ; they have peculiarly large
ej-es, and very long hands and feet. " Their
dress is rich and beautiful Avith fine
ornaments — the colours red and purple,
and, in the borders, gold. The feet are
shod with sandals or with buskins. Some
are playing on the double flute or the
lyre, others are dancing in an extravagant
manner somewhat like the dances of
Campanian peasants to-day. There are
chariot races, in which the horses are
shown in every form and position, and in
which figure also race-stands, numerous
competitors, nobles as spectators, judges,
prizes, and a crowd.*
Ancient Understanding of Death, and
Treatment of the Dead.
We return now to the diver. One of
the most striking characteristics of the
diving-bell or compression-chamber is its
silence. Not a whisper is to be heard
in it. Whatever is communicated by
another human being to the man within
can be done only by sight, by the reading
of pictures or letters, or by gesture. Is
it really conceivable that such infinite
pains, such a multitude of detailed, care-
fully contrived images, such minute pro-
vision for material needs, should have
been lavished on a tomb without a quite
definite theory as to the purpose they
were to serve — a theory based on some-
thing more solid and more compelling
than dreamy beliefs about what the shade
of the departed would want in the way
of shadowy equipment in a world of
shades ?
Tombs like this of the Etruscan warrior
were constructed, let me remind you, by a
people whose very art shows that they
could not have been wholly destitute of
science or of the scientific temper, and
still less destitute of what I may call culti-
vated common sense. Is it not then
probable that this Etruscan warrior's
tomb, and all others in principle like it,
were built as compression-chambers, as
places where the person entombed —
who must not so hastily be concluded to
be dead, for lying in that trance he might
be, in truth, more fully alive than ever
before — might find his soul helped over
a difficult and perilous stage of develop-
ment by means of the body being at
rest under the pressure which best suited
the condition of the highest and the most
suffering " persons " within it ?
It might be that the person entombed
was really dead : it was held more likely
that this was not so. And if he was still
living, though his life might have receded
into the innermost layers of his being,
and dropped some of those notes with
which hitherto it had responded to
" voices " from the earth, he would pre-
sently, at this new level, under the influ-
ence of this changed pressure, in a measure
revive — not so as to return, or in the least
desire to return, to his old life, but so as
to remain in wakeful peace in the chamber
prepared for him, until his soul, waiting
and in meditation, drew itself yet further
inwards. Perhaps then, in the next
change, it would draw to itself the last
that was spiritual in the body, and escape.
You will remember that we saw that the
note is not in the dust, but in the inter-
spaces.
As he rested there, the paintings which
surrounded him were designed for his
direction and instruction. His state, in
fact, might be compared with that of an
anchorite of the Middle Ages : immured
and dead to this world, his soul with its
* In the lectures as delivered, a large number of Egyptian
slides were shown, and details of the wall-painting briefly
explained. This part is omitted, as useless without the
pictures. The Etruscan warrior's tomb is, however, quite
sufficient for the purpose of the main argument.
gaze fixed upon another, and preparing
to escape to it.
There was yet another possibility, how-
ever. It might be that the entombed
warrior was still alive, even as regards
this world ; that if those " persons "
which have their being more obviously in
action here were for the time plunged
in helplessness, the central " persons "
were none the less still concerned with
this life, and ready, if the conditions were
made sufficiently favourable, to reanimate
the whole body again for ordinary earthly
uses. Then the change of pressure and
the influences from the earth would help
the so-called dead back to life again. The
ancients, that is to say, were well aware of
— and careful to try before they accounted
a person dead — the powerful curative
properties of the earth.
We need much to realize this. The
earth has a peculiarly invigorating and
restorative effect. We see this to some
extent in mud-baths and earth-baths.
We might guess it were it only from
observing the ways of birds, which have
" baths " in sand and dust. In the case
of gangrened wounds it has been found
that a little earth is efficacious in promot-
ing healthy action of the skin. In
modern times persons buried in earth
have been known to revive.
The invigorating power of the earth is,
again, peculiarly conspicuous in caves.
Caves are highly radio-active, and the
deeper they penetrate into the earth, the
more radio-active are they found to be.
The air in them is pure ; there are no
bacteria. The warmth renders clothing
superfluous, and since the traveller be-
comes more and more magnetic the longer
his stay, he becomes also less and less
hungr}-. Moreover, when the surface of
the earth is comparatively hot, a cave
remains cool — or what, in summer, is felt
as cool.
The ancients, then, before resorting to
the elaborate entombment of the Etruscan
warrior tried, I believe, expedients in
which the earth bore a great part. In
particular they calculated by the condi-
tion of the body the proper depth at
which the reputed dead should be buried.
Realizing that what to an inexperienced
eye was death might be in reality but a
temporary retreat of the soul — by reason
of disease — into some interior " persons,"
they did all they could to revive those
whom, in our careless haste, we should
bury without a moment's question. When
everything else had failed, they brought
them into the magnetic surroundings of
the tomb, where by music and by manipu-
lation thej'' tried yet again to discover
any life that might be left in them.
In particular the music of flutes was
found efficacious for this. Music stimu-
lates the heart, increases the rate of the
pulse, and stirs, by its direct action on
the spirit, the passions and emotions.
This the ancients knew well ; and it is
by a tradition from their wisdom that the
flute-player — the player of the instrument
which for this purpose was accounted
most powerful — appears in classical fune-
rals. The tomb-flutes bellowed, making
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
705
strange and powerful sounds, which aided
the tumult characteristic of a death-
ohambei among the ancient peoples.
Men and women in a state of frenzy.
tearing their hair, beating their breasts,
rolling on the ground, dashing their heads
on the floor, sobbed and groaned and
icked. while the blood flowed from
their cheeks torn by their nails. In the
midst lay the dead : bathed, anointed
with precious perfumes, clothed in a rich
robe, crowned with full-blown flowers,
raised on a high couch with pillows.
The din about him was not exactly
grief : it was the last call to him — as
powerful as human ingenuity could make
it — to come back if he could, if he wanted
to, if he still belonged to this life, if he
was still lingering on its brink, so that a
shock of pain or disgust or a loud noise
might rouse him and draw him in again.
T 1
It made sure — as sure as any one could —
that he should not be finally thrust out
from life and wake again — just too late.
His friends, too, did all they could :
embraced him, cried to him by familiar,
endearing names, appealed to his pity for
the forlorn state of those he left, reproached
him for deserting them, reminded him of
bis great deeds, and of all the pleasures
and advantages he lost by dying. Then
there was the " conclamation " — the great
shout of all these voices together to rouse
the spirit if it still slept : to keep it back
if it was but making to depart.
Xo doubt, though there was much that
was affecting in such a scene, there was
also much that was crude and displeasing
to our modern taste. My point is that it
showed a real care for the dead, and a
real understanding of what death is. And
1 also wish to emphasize the patience and
skill with which, till not a vestige of hope
remained, measures, especially manipula-
tion and other methods of applying or
striving to restore warmth, were taken.
It is. perhaps, not so generally known as
it should be that in a mammal, after
death . the temperature rises. This implies
that, for the time the high temperature
ts3 the innermost being is dominant.
This moment should be watched and
taken advantage of, and the heat kept in.
This will be especially marked in any case
where the patient has had spasms, such
as convulsions, or has undergone great
fatig
Again, the position of the body is of
greot importance: if the parts of the
body are drawn as close as may be to-
gether, the head and the limbs bent
towards each other, the heat is better
retained. Usually just the opposite is
done : at the moment when warmth might
still possibly avail, the body is extended
and the limbs stretched out. and thus the
heat lost. The ancienl practice was not
The body was carefully brought
'"'-'<■' h< to keep in what heat it had.
The tomb itself, as we have already
mentioned, was warm, strongly magnetic,
and radio-active. It was filled also with
magnetic people actively moving, because
a number of people alter the electrical
condition of the atmosphere, and it was
possible such alteration might be of
ser\ ice. Nor must it be forgotten that
rhythmical movement was tried — the
different forms of funeral dances —
because rhythm, as such, has a penetrative
quality.
This meant -what perhaps, in thinking
of ancient funeral rites, we do not suffi-
ciently do justice to — a great deal of
trouble. I suppose that an ancient Greek
or Roman — let alone an ancient Egyptian
— would be horrified at the summary
way in which we dispose of our dead.
Our shrinking from pain, and our loss of
sense for rites and ceremonies as expres-
sions of thought and emotion, have
brought us, especially in England, to an
ugly, heartless, ignorant treatment of the
dead.
Premature Burial.
Much of what I have been trying to
show with regard to the soul, and with
regard to the process by which it leaves
the body, is so foreign to the commonly
received idea of death that I can hardly
hope that, at a first hearing, it will have
much practical effect ; but at least, in
warning you and imploring you to guard
others against the dangers of being buried
before death has taken place, I am speak-
ing of what every one knows — of what
everyone ought, and must knowhe ought,
to take some trouble about.
It is not too much to say — and I say it
deliberately — that nearly every one is
buried alive. There is no certain sign of
death. Putrefaction — which is supposed
to be the incontestable proof of death —
may occur merely from a block in the
circulation of the blood, and be purely
local. There are certain diseases in which
a beginning of putrid decomposition takes
place in the living body, and it may be
in several parts of it ; and the patient
has even the smell of a corpse. The least
questionable proof is decomposition of
vital organs ; but this cannot be ascer-
tained except by opening the body, or by
an examination with X-rays. In how
many cases out of ten thousand is either
method adopted ?
Xo one is safe from being buried alive.
And, remember, no grave can be opened
without permission from the Home
Secretary — a permission which is not to
be had unless there is good reason to
suppose that the person in question has
been poisoned.
I would beg you to try for a moment to
imagine what it might be like — what it
has been like for many and many a man
and woman — to awake From a trance and
find yourself entombed ; or, perhaps, not
even to have to wake to that ghastly
knowledge, but to have had, throughout
all the process of preparation for burial,
perfect consciousness of yourself and of
what was taking place, without power to
lift an eyelid or make the faintest outward
sign of life. If we prepared ourselves
for death by that concentration, thai
inward "diving," by which, for example,
the fakir prepares for his living burial,
it might not be so terrible. Bui we go to
our death — most of OS — with DO proper
preparation for it. either as true death or
as a period of wait ing.
We must remember, too, that the mere
fact of being buried increases the possi-
bility of revival. The earth, as we have
said, invigorates and renews. Some time
ago in a village churchyard, where the
opening of the graves revealed that in
nearly every coffin there had been a
struggle, it was seen that the hair of some
of the buried had grown and their blood
had been renewed — evidence of the effect
upon them of the magnetism of the
earth.
Among the diseases or accidents which
are most likely to lead to premature
burial I may mention the following — the
list is one drawn up by a well-known
medical man — stroke by lightning, chloro-
form poisoning, asphyxia, convulsive mala-
dies, drowning, nervous shock from gun-
shot, electricity or other injuries, smother-
ing under snow, earth, grain, or in bed,
strangulation, epilepsy, mental and phy-
sical exhaustion, syncope, extreme heat
or cold, alcoholic intoxication, haemor-
rhage, suspended animation from mental
disorders, excessive emotion, fright, excite-
ment, apoplectic seizures, " heart failures,"
and all other cases of apparent death that
do not shoAv ample evidence of having
passed through disease of sufficient dura-
tion and severity to cause actual death.
In the name, not of common sense, but
of humanity, can we not do something to
bring about a better treatment of the
dead ? That the treatment of the dead
wras in ancient times so much wiser and
more humane comes, I believe, from the
fact that the builders of the tombs we
have been thinking of were nearer than
ourselves to matriarchal days — that is, to
an age when imagination and emotion
were both stronger than they are nowr
and when human life was not so power-
fully, and so almost solely, focussed upon
this world as it has since come to be.
Preparation for Death as a part of
Education .
We think of death as little as we can ;
we do little to prepare ourselves for it ;
still less, in planning the education of our
children, do we definitely make preparation
for death even a part of our general aim.
Yet this ought to be not merely a part,
but the whole aim of education— in the
sense that it is an aim which should em-
brace and give meaning to all other
subsidiary ones. We may say of every
child that is born, as of ourselves, that
we know only one thing for certain : that
he must die. It is cruel to bring children
up as if this world were everything, and
they and it destined to last together for
ever. It is cruel, too, to leave them.
when, as they must, they come to know
about death, with no teaching about it.
I do not mean that the thought of death
should be so impressed on a child that it
will mingle with everything he does. I do
mean that the thoughl of death should be
so constantly present to the teacher that
everything he teaches, and everything he
chooses for the child, should have a refer-
ence more Or less direct, as common
e dictates to preparat ion for it.
706
THE ATHENE UM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
I think that no one who has agreed
with what 1 have been urging will sup-
pose that death is a gloomy subject to
have in one's mind. On the contrary, for
those who have ordered their life — I would
emphasize here that it must be their
bodily life, no less than their spiritual life
— aright, death is " the gate of life " — the
entrance of the multiple note into the
great music of the universe.
But a first condition of this right order-
ing is a rediscovery, each for himself, of
the universe within man. With death
inevitably before us, the great majority
of us take no notice of it, but proceed to
study the external universe. We are
grown mad with our chase after a know-
ledge of external things and our eagerness
to be first in discoveries. As to that,
man's " discoveries " were all discovered
and forgotten again long ago. Those of
xis who are not taken up with this chase
are — many of us — absorbed in possessions,
in things which we cannot take with us,
and which are not, as we so easily deem
them, harmless, but full of death — real
death.
If only we could give up this foolish
interest-^-for its own sake — in this external,
material world, and use such knowledge of
it as we have already amassed — amply
sufficient for our purpose — for the direct
amelioration of the human lot — not in
•the sense of more material well-being,
though I admit that in many quarters that
is necessary too, but chiefly in the sense
•of what I may call a stricter, a more
real — if you will, a more scientific —
spirituality ! We might recover then
something of that ancient wisdom in the
strength of which our ancestors — in the
very far past— led lives that were beauti-
ful, harmonious, and really religious.
They believed in the spirit, and tried to
live in the spirit ; and they trained the
generation committed to their care as
we ought to tram our youth : to know
and realize that death is but a passage,
and to live in the light of that knowledge.
SOCIETIES.
The Psychology of Dissociated Personality.
We give below a report of Dr. W. Leslie Mac-
kenzie's paper read to the Aristotelian Society on
May 4th.
Since Dr. Pierre Janet in his ' Automatisme
Psychologique ' illustrated the formation of
artificial personalities, and showed how they are
■related to a whole world of minor dissociations,
■the study of disintegrated personality has gone
Tapidly forward. Drs. Janet and Raymond
showed how closely allied are the phenomena of
multiple personality to the neuroses and psycho-
iieuroses, hysterical contractures, automatic
•movements, obsessions and phobias of every
•variety. Binet, in his study of dual personality,
made us familiar with similar cases. But in the
•cases described by Janet and Binet alike, the
.analysis was largely conducted by familiar hyp-
notic processes. In the case of Sally Beauchamp
hypnotism doubtless played a part in the restora-
tion, but the clinical observations were elaborated
in such a way as to raise more points of theory than
the case was capable of determining. Recently, too,
we have been made more familiar with the methods
of Drs. Breuer, Freud, and Jung, in their extended
applications of psycho-analysis to the same types
of case as were formerly studied mainly by
hypnotic analysis. By psycho-analysis we are
kept nearer to the normal methods of psychology,
and, as the method has now been extensively
Applied to dreams as well as to forms of hysteria,
phobias, and other abnormal states, we are better
•enabled to correlate the phenomena of dissociated
personality with the minor dissociations of every-
day life. This is a great gain in method, for as
we all dream, and dream more or less constantly,
we are from day to day furnished with masses of
fresh material suitable for analysis.
The lecturer said that since his purpose was not
to describe, but to discuss, he would try to confine
himself to terms and doctrines where " criticism
of categories " ought to be of service. He had
kept to the term " dissociation " simply because
it was used by Dr. Morton Prince in his classical
description. Possibly it was not the best term ;
possibly there were other terms more exact.
Whether wo look on the process of mental growth
as a differentiation of a continuum along special
lines ending in sensation, perception, and the rest,
or think of it as an organized body of reactions
manifested through a highly integrated nervous
system, or, for the purpose of analysis, as a body of
relatively isolable sensations, emotions, memories,
&c, one presupposition is always present, namely,
that under the guise of Bergson's " elan vital," or
Bain's " spontaneity," or Stout's " conation," or
Schopenhauer's " will," the whole manifest
dream of life is, like the ship in ' The Ancient
Mariner,' " moved onward from beneath."
But to justify the term " dissociation " we may
say that, in the formation of a split personality,
what is gathered laboriously in the process of
experience under the guidance of the primary
laws of association (contiguity and similarity) is,
under some form of stress, broken up again and
scattered into functionally separate groups. If
the integrative process is legitimately called
association, the disintegrative is legitimately
called dissociation. But as, biologically, the
processes of anabolism and katabolism presuppose
a continuously living and developing organism,
so the processes of association and dissociation
presuppose a psycho-physical organism con-
tinuously active in acquiring and registering
experience. The lecturer emphasized the active
or conative side to meet the criticism that associa-
tion of " atomistic " mental elements is merely a
passive process. He pictured it rather as the
mode of organization followed by a psycho-
physical organism in the course of its growth,
adjustment, and perpetual readjustment to
environment.
That this is a legitimate working view of
association was shown by the facts that, by the
method of " free association," experiences long
forgotten can be readily recalled ; that in the
treatment of hysteria, and other psycho-neuroses,
accidental associations play an enormous part ;
and that the method of the stimulus word for dis-
covering and releasing " buried complexes," and
relating them to current consciousness, is one of
the most successful methods yet invented. To those
who are hypercritical about psychological " atom-
ism " it may be left to explain why so many float-
ing fragments of sensation, or emotion, have in
the first instance been lost, and now, frequently to
the surprise of the individuals themselves, can
be brought back to the upper levels of conscious-
ness.
How should we reconcile the admitted facts
with any theory of the unity of consciousness ?
Let us assume that every neuron group, to go no
further down, may have its functional isolated life
with its associated system of experiences (whether
we call these ideas, or merely nervous traces, or
dispositions). Let us assume that a minority of
the neuron groups are capable of carrying on the
daily life of the organism. However small may
be the neuron group, is it not the case that, always
and invariably, even at the moment of fainting,
the person subjectively feels himself " a sufficient
person " 'i Within a few seconds of death by
bleeding a patient had asked the lecturer, " Am
I dying ? " So far as one could infer, the whole
content of consciousness was reduced to the
lowest limit of interest in self ; a second later, the
eyes were closed, never to reopen. If this was
unity of consciousness, what meaning were we to
assign to the vast fields forgotten in that moment
of limited concentration ? What meaning were
we to assign to such unity itself 1J
In the common forms of dissociation, in tho
hysterias or other neuroses, memory blanks were
a striking feature. But, whatever the function
of amnesia in the different varieties of disinte-
grated personality, each system-group constituting
a personality had a memory of its own experi-
ence. In the Beauchamp group " all the person-
alities have extraordinarily accurate memories
for their own respective lives." Of course, in
this group the experiences remembered by the one
personality were largely, if not entirely, those for-
gotten by the other. The very accurate memories,
therefore, may be parallel to the cases described
by Binet or Janet, where facts apparently for-
gotten are shown, by automatic writing or ab-
straction, to be completely remembered. One
difficulty, of course, is that apparently, in the
Beauchamp group, such revelations of continuous
memory were made more or less spontaneously
But that the experiences between the personalities
were more or less interchangeable is shown by 1 1 j<-
fact that, by the process of " mind-fixing," B. IV.
was able to recall some of the experiences of B. I.,
and by the " vision " method " she occasionally
got at Sally's experiences," which were not recov i -
able by the method of abstraction.
The subject of amnesia and the part it plays in
the initiation of disintegrated personality would
require a discussion to itself. The term was, of
course, relative to the personal consciousness in
the ascendant at the time. It is only one factor
in the beginning of a new personality, which may
never be revealed until by accident or design it i-
systematically evoked. Doubtless, forms of am-
nesia in every variety are parts of us all ; but
they are only a name for complexes that have
dropped from the conscious to the unconscious
level, and, when the proper day comes, they may
emerge again into activity. (Freud's view seems
to imply that, at least in the unstable minds,
their activity never ceases even in the uncon-
scious.) Innumerable facts of observation and
experiment raise the question whether there is in
the strict sense any amnesia.
One point, however, it was important to note :
each of the Beauchamp personalities (one as much
as the other), and all the others the lecturer had
read of, make use of the whole body and its organs.
They each used the body differently, it is true ;
but the general organic basis seemed to be common
property. The dissociation always seems to pro-
suppose a heart that will go on beating and
maintaining the blood - pressure necessary for
conscious life. This fact, not to speak of the
organic sensations generally, seems to be a
necessary presupposition of any kind of conscious
unity whatever. This implies that " unity " in
the contents of consciousness may be a shifting
quantity ; " unity " of consciousness without
content is simply a logical standpoint. Is there
any need to assume a minimum inexpugnable
" core " of personality that never " goes out " ?
What is the value of such an assumption ? II,
as is plain, a point comes when personality does
" vanish," as under chloroform or ether, what is
the value of the core when there is no content of
consciousness at all ? Are we not reduced to
saying that the mental phenomena resume
normality when the physical organism is restored
to its normal ?
The lecturer said that there was almost no limit
to the particular puzzles of interpretation that
arise out of these broken personalities. He put
only one or two special questions.
1. Is there anything in the development of the
normal self that has not a parallel in the develop-
ment of these secondary selves ? What meaning
are we to assign to " self " in the two cases ?
2. Can a secondary self be said to have an
embryonic, a mature, and a fading stage, like the
normal self, which emerges into organization only
by minute stages ? If Freud's view of the per-
sistence of infantile experience ripening into
adult life be accepted, the secondary self at what-
ever stage of life it occurred would contain much
the same elements as the normal self.
3. If multiple personality be a fact, are we
obliged to sacrifice, for psychological purposes,
the category of " unity of consciousness," except
in the same purely relative sense as we speak of
the unity of the cerebrum or of the bodily organiz-
ation ? Is the relative unity of the psycho-
physical organism sufficient for the purposes of
psychology ? If it is, can we give any meta-
physical value to such a " unity of consciousness " ?
Is the value of the concept metaphysically
any more affected by the fact that a group of
" personalities " may develope within one body,
than it is by the fact that normally each body
may be assumed to have one personality ? In
other words, can any argument for " animism "
in Dr. McDougall's sense be based on the need for
such a category as " unity of consciousness " ?
•1. Do the facts of multiple personality logically
require us to decide in favour of one or other of
the two main views of the relation of mind and
body — -(a) parallelism ; (b) inter-actionism ? Are
these exclusive alternatives ?
5. Do the facts of multiple personality (e.g., the
Beauchamp group) require us to assume a memory
without a neural correlate ? What type of fact
necessitates this assumption ?
Dr. McDougall, in an earlyr paper, suggested
that certain facts pointed to the existence of a
memory unrelated to anything physical, and
carried the argument into much detail in ' Body
and Mind.' As an argument against the existence
of a particular structure or form of motion
parallel to a given thought, the lecturer could
understand the point ; but he was not clear as
to what a memory uncorrelated with matter was,
or how its existence was shown to be a probable
inference from accepted facts as to multiple
jiersonality.
■
No. 4518, May 30. 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
707
vki-totklt.vx. — May is. — Dr. G. Dawes llirk-.
President , in the chair.
Mi-s i". Rosamond Shields road a paper on
'The Notion of a Common Good.1 That the
I is common is an analytic proposition
epted by those yfho hold that there are
fundamental ethical concepts of an irreducible
nature; the objectivity of the good involves
this common character and transcendence of
private opinion. Two reasons why this truism
sometimes fails to find acceptance are : (1) Belief
that the good of different individuals is con-
flicting ; (2) Confusion of two distinct positions:
The good is common : (b) Whatever is, i-,
ii^ht. The source of the first error seems to lio
in confusion between " good " and "interest"
on the part of the individual, and in unwilling-
ss to admit that anything may be good which
offers little or no hedonistic advantage. Again,
Conflict of claims between individual and Society
does not necessarily destroy the validity of
common good ; neither claim may be fully
justified. Nor is it affected by the fact that all
_ »d has to be realized under conditions which
impose limitations, as well as afford opportuni-
ties. The principle of the common good is not
necessarily equivalent to optimism, nor to belief
in the value of any particular status quo ; its
chief use is as a criterion ; if any apparent good
cannot show itself to be common, its value must
be challenged. Nor does it lead to the Tolstoyan
extreme of non-resistance and passivity ; content
he good varies with circumstances. According
■ n>? view the common good is the goal, rather
than the presupposition of ethical endeavour,
with consequent denial of its a priori character ;
but what is, from a chronological standpoint,
conceived as goal, may be, logically, a necessary
implication throughout. The common good is
I not simply on the fact of the essential
sociality of men, but on the gradual incorpora-
tion of facts by reflection into an ideal. The
common good demands impartial acceptance of
vicariousness.
Dr. Dawes Hicks, in opening the discussion,
remarked that we were dealing with a problem as
old as Plato, and as much alive to-day as in his
time : the issue as to whether what we call " the
imething objective, something actual
to be apprehended, and to influence the individual
seiousness, or whether it is subjective in the
se that it arises in individual consciousness
self. The term "common" seems to intro-
duce a difficulty, for though it may be easy to
contrast the conception of general good with
individual interest, when we come to apply it
to communities themselves, it becomes im-
-ible, if not meaningless. If the statement
of T. II. Green, " God is all that the human spirit
c .11 ever hope to become," is the meaning of the
term " good," it makes the notion of the develop-
ment of humanity unreal, for all that is aimed
•'" exist s already.
Dr. Percy Sunn defended the notion of a
purely objective good in the realist sense given
to it in the works of Mr. Russell and Mr. .Moore. The
term" common "added to "good "appears difficult
to reconcile with this notion. If we recognize
tie- relationship of anybody to a good, it is
difficult to hold the doctrine' of its independent
objectivity.
Dr. Wildon Carr contended that, the difficulty
-■■ fiom the implication that what was good
n viewed as an individual whole must retain
: in all the parts into which it could
broken up in analysis. The good mi-lit be
such that to divide it is to destroy it, and in
this sen-e there was philosophical truth in the
. " There is none food save God."
Mr. Delisle Burns called attention to the
metaphysical as distinct from t he ethical aspect
of the question. What i, the essential oneness
hich you are pointing by tin* term " common " ?
I' this oneness is between two person-, their
com lined individuality destroys tie- definition.
The essential oneness is not between myself and
tie- good, but between my neighbour and
myself, and if the plurality i> gone, Here i« ,„,
meaning left for the term "common."
Zoological. —May 19.— Mr. R. if. Borne, v. -J*..
in t he chair.
Dr. C. II. O'Donoghui read a paper 'On the
\ ous System of the Dogfish.1 — Mr. B. I'.
read a paper, communicated by the
itary, on the 'Scent-Organs in Trichoptera,
in which he gave ,,n account of the remarkable
development ol the palpi of the firri maxilla m a
caddis-fly, aericottoma personatum. — Mr.
If. A. Baylis described a new species of cestodc
collected from an albatross | thtmu >l<n irrot
Dr. II. <». Forbes in Pern, and presented by
'Ion. _v ( . Rothschild to the British Museum.
— A paper on 'The Deinocephalia, an Order ol
imal-like Reptiles,' was read bv Mr. I». \|. 8.
Watson, in which the skull of a Tapinoccphaloid
was almost completely described. — Dr. R. ('. L.
Perkins sent a paper dealing with the species of
the ^eiuis Pa ra last or and some ot her 1 1 yiueiioptera
of the family Kumenid.-e. — Mr. George Jennison
contributed some notes on colour-development
in the Indian wood-stork (Pseudotanialua leuco-
cephalus).
A paper received from Dr. Ph. Lehrs, and
communicated by Dr. Boulenger, contained the
description of a new lizard from the Canary
Islands, recently discovered by Dr. Caesar Boettger
on Hierro.
HISTORICAL. — May 21. — Prof. Firth in the
chair.
Prof. Pollard read a most valuable paper on
' The Authenticity of the Journals of the Douse
of Lords.' The manuscript of the Journals of
the House of Lords dates from the year 1509,
and reposes at present at Westminster. It is,
however, in several respects unsat isfactory, and
offers many perplexing problems to the historian.
There is, for instance, some reason to believe that
the Lords kept a Journal before 1509, for not only
did Sir Robert Cotton aver that he had seen some
portion of the Lords' Journals for the Parliament
of 12 Henry VII., hut also the Lords' Journals
bear no internal evidence of having started in
1509, as the Commons' Journals do for 1517.
Further, there are several serious gaps in the
existing manuscript, due either to deliberate
mutilation, as Mail land suggested, or to the
ravages of time, as Prof. Pollard believes.
The main argument against the authenticity of
the existing manuscript is a statement made by
Paul Bowes in 1682. In that year Bowes pub-
lished a transcript of the Journals of the Lords,
which had been made by his uncle D'Ewes, who
was Clerk of the Parliaments in 1629. In the pre-
face to this publication Bowes makes the state-
ment that " the original manuscripts are not now
extant." The natural inference would be that at
some date between 1629 and 1682 the manuscripts
had been destroyed, probably in 1649, when the
House of Lords was abolished as a " dangerous
and useless " institution.
Then Prof. Pollard adduced a series of minute
ami scholarly arguments to show why he still
believed, in spiteof Bowes's statement, that the
existing manuscript is authentic. There is,
except for the gaps, an almost complete corre-
spondence between the manuscript and the
transcripts made by D'Ewes and Bowyer (Clerk
1610-21), ami the fact, for instance, that D'Ewes
used a manuscript without gaps for the session of
1550, whereas the present manuscript contains
i:aps, does not. show that D'Ewes used a different
manuscript from the existing one ; for the
physical nature of the gaps of 1559 shows that
they are merely the results of the ravages of time.
The whole of the long and detailed argument will
eventually be published in the Transactions of
the Society.
Prof. Pollard said that in pursuing the researches
preliminary to this paper, he had been scandalized
by the extraordinary divergences which exist
between the manuscript and the printed Journals,
and further, by the deplorable inexactitude of the
printed editions ol' all the earlier parliamentary
records — Journals, Rolls, and Statutes. Thus, for
instance, the session of 1558 is headed 1556 ; two
Hills of Henry VHI.'s reign are manufactured out
of one in the manuscript : the marginal notes of
i he eight eent b-cent ury clerks have been printed as
though part of the original records; where two
manuscripts existed, the editors made no attempt
to decide which was authentic, but simply
printed the longer. In any case it was sufficient ly
established that the editors of the eighteenth
century were not possessed of the critical faculty
necessary to sound historical study in the
twentieth. Parliament was Spending, said
Prof. Pollard, a great amount of money in pub-
lishing long series of Patent Rolls, which, after all,
mostly dealt with local details. \ el the condi-
tion of tie- records of tie- mother of Parliaments —
records unique in the history of the world — was bo
imperfect as to be a positive disgrace. Parlia-
ment OUght to undertake tin' work of issuing a
new and critical edition of its own records.
Ill tie- ensililiL; discussion the Chairman (I'lof.
Firth) and others expressed their concurrence in
1'iof. Pollard's conviction of tie- necessity for
urging t In- reissue of it - records upon Parli iment .
MEETINGS NKXT U'KKK
Wi i, Bortlenltniml, I— 'TrlMt/aft W, it DjkM
— I'nlrcraltr of London. :• .: i — 'Tlie Aeroplane in W*r,' Major
w a Braoofcot
— Knlr.moloirlral, H.
Tni.au.lhn idle* in toe Succlnlr Acid 8>rle» : P.irt I.
'Ill-, Chloride) "f succinic an-l Mali A >i.l* >n>l
tlieir Constitution,' Mr 0 F Morrell; Ihi Dilation
l.iini- i li,-< iiumaliilily of Uunnu* Mlxtun- Parti I
nml ll. Mrui< II. I*. Onward ud f Brtoilrj: a Oom
jArative Rtndyof tb« absorption soma Ownpoundi
of Pboapboroj Ar««nl<. antimony, and Blamolh: l'e
llmiuary Note. Mr. C. K. Cr . mMc ; and other I'aperi
FINE ARTS
Palace and Mosque at Ukhaidir : a Study
in Early Mohammadan Architecture. By
Gertrude Lowthian Bell. (Oxford.
Clarendon Press, 21. 2s. net.)
One of the most interesting passages iiv
Miss Bell's ' Amurath to Amurath ' was
her description of the ruined palace or
fortress of Ukhaidir in the Syrian Desert,
near the Euphrates, some four hours' ride
south-east from Kerbela. The name,
which means a "little green" or " dark-
coloured " place, is probably modern,
for it is not mentioned by any of the
early Arab geographers. Yet it seems
most improbable that a palace of such
extent and magnitude should have escaped
notice, especially since the geographers
record the names of various desert resorts-
of the Omayyad caliphs, and earlier stilL
of the Lakhmid princes, many of which
have disappeared. Miss Bell was for-
merly inclined to identify this mysterious
palace with Duma, near 'Ayn et-Tenir :
but she now gives the preference, tenta-
tively, to Kasr el-Mukatil, for which
there is much to be said ; only it amounts
really to an explanation of " ignotum per
ignotius," for we know nothing of Kasr
el-Mukatil, except that it was rebuilt by
Tsa, ben 'Ali, great-uncle of the Caliph
el-Mansur, in the eighth century, and
there is nothing to show that it was a^
great palace. As to the date of Ukhaidir.
Miss Bell relies partly on the evidences she
adduces from other Mohammedan build-
ings, and specially on her discovery of a
mihrdb, or niche indicating the Kibla or
direction of Mecca, in the annexed mosque ;
for mihrdbs, it is argued, were not intro-
duced into mosques, in imitation probably
of the Christian apse, till the end of the
iirst decade of the eighth century. Suit-
posing this to be admitted, and the
mosque and its niche to be contemporai \
with the palace, one would put the date
of Ukhaidir towards the close of the Omay-
yad, or the beginning of the 'Abbasid,
caliphate ; but by whom it was built is
still an unsolved problem.
The mystery of its origin and the desire
to correlate its architectural details with
other early monuments in the same
region led Miss Bell to make a second
visit to Ukhaidir in 1911, and to oarrj
OUt the minute survey which 18 recorded
and illustrated by over a hundred photo-
graphs and plans in the present elahoratt
volume. It is a hook intended for
students of Oriental architecture, and
Miss Bell is throughout severely technical,
and never allows herself to stray into
those vivid descriptions of manners and
records of Kastern chat which made
■ The Deserl and the Sown ' so fftfici
Dating. The learned and intricate chap-
ter on ' The Genesis of the Early Oriental
Palace1 is the most important part oi a
hook in which nothing is insignificant.
By comparing a considerable number of
768
T H E A T II E NiEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
early Mohammedan buildings with Sasa-
nian, Assyrian, and Hittite examples,
and with the Roman camp-fortresses of
Syria, Miss Bell is able to make out a
fairly consistent pedigree for such palaces
as Ukhaidir, and her wide and scholarly
generalizations form an exceedingly valu-
able addition to our knowledge of Eastern
architecture. That Ukhaidir is :' in
general terms the fortified counterpart "
of the palace of Khusrau at Kasr-i-
Shirin may be taken as proved by these
careful studies, of which the following
extract may serve as a brief example : —
" To sum up the conclusions reached with
regard to the origin of hirah and badiyah on
cither side of the desert. And first it is clear
that Ukhaidir stands in the closest relations
to the tSyrian group, not only in general
conception, hut in details of construction.
But Ukhaidir reflects the older Lakhmid
hirahs, those palaces which were supposed
to represent an army in battle with two
wings, and through them it re-echoes the
Sasanian palaces which were contemporary
with them. . . .Again, allowance must be
made for Byzantine influence in the Sasanian
palaces and the Lakhmid hirahs. Justinian
lent artificers to Khusrau : Khawarnaq was
built by a Greek. The intercourse, friendly
and unfriendly, between the Sasanian and
the Byzantine empires was unbroken ....
■Greek influence, as we know, did not begin
with Justinian. It began with a mightier
figure than that of the imperial lawgiver —
■with the mightiest of all, with Alexander.
I have already shown that the Mohammadan
Ifvvan took to itself a part of the Greek
peristyle. . . .The Greek peristyle exists in a
Parthian palace at Niffer and in Parthian
houses in Babylon. Hatra fronts the desert
with a Hellenistic facade ; so does Ctesiphon ;
it adorns the central court at Ukhaidir. But
that Byzantine or earlier Western influences
affected in any fundamental manner the
plan of the palace or hirah is not borne out
by this evidence. No fundamental change
-can be observed at any time, but on the
•contrary a steady continuous growth of
Oriental methods, on Oriental lines, and a
steady development based on developing
i <'eds, ceremonial and social."
We are not sure that all Miss Bell's
<• inclusions can be accepted ; to examine
fiem in detail would require a volume as
I irge as her own ; but there is no question
at all that she has greatly broadened our
knowledge of a little-explored subject,
and that she has supported most of her
arguments by a solid mass of monumental
evidence. Xo one will ever write in
future on the subject of the origins of
Mohammedan architecture without keep-
ing this volume at his hand. The long
eeries of plans and photographs, though
devoid of beauty or ornament, forms a
most useful collection of architectural
materials.
It would, perhaps, be advisable to add
a page of corrigenda to a book which
makes a point of exact scholarship.
' Djama'ah " should be Djum'ah ; " Qab-
bah," Qubbah ; " Ortukid " (to be con-
sistent), Urtuqid ; " ,Saffa/i " begins with
a sin, not a sad ; and " #asan Kaif " is
a rather bad mistake for Hisa Kaifa.
THE XEW ENGLISH ART CLUB.
Mr. Wilson Steer's return to something
like his old form is what principally dis-
tinguishes the fifty-first exhibition of this
society from its immediate predecessors.
The warm glow and the sensuous luxury
of A Summer Evening (196) thoroughly
represent the nature of Mr. Steer's most
notable artistic gift, and he is a painter who
depends more on his unmistakable natural
aptitudes than on the thought or training
he has brought to their development. He
has sometimes shown himself capable in the
past of a certain short-lived impulsive energy,
but the present languid, rather flaccid
composition would hardly suggest it. It
shows admirably, however, the more constant
element in his artistic temperament, Ms
power of basking unquestioning in the
pleasantness of nature. We have never
quite agreed with the more fervent of the
admirers immediately surrounding Mr. Steer,
to whom in their enthusiasm that power
appeared all- sufficing, and the very essence
of artistry ; but we agree much less with
the later phase of artistic opinion which
finds it an essentially contemptible quality
to be abolished from the face of the earth
as soon as possible. It is clear that this
picture is not in the least masculine, that
the form is vague and unstructural, and
that as a constant type of painting it would
never do. Since modern painting, however,
seems incapable of any attempt at balancing
the many conflicting demands of the human
soul, so that we are doomed to a series of
narrow ex parte statements, we accept with
gratitude the sympathy with one side — a
narrow side, doubtless — of life which Mr.
Steer expresses once more with his old
conviction.
The dislike of Mr. Steer's painting which
characterizes the younger generation of
artists reminds us of the indignation of an
industrious and energetic man who was
informed that an amiable parasite of his
acquaintance had just profited by a stroke of
unmerited good fortune. "Still," he said
with a sigh, " I wish there were more people
like in the world ; life wouldn't be so
infernally strenuous." Of a like utility
Mr. Steer's easy relaxation will appear
when his desperately serious successors
have no longer the gentle amenity of his
flattering art to relieve the cold earnestness
of their own pictures. We often hear of
forms " caressed " by the light, a phrase
of doubtful suitability when applied to
real light with its severe logic and perfect
impartiality. It applies admirably to Mr.
Steer's use of light ; he fondles and flatters
and tickles his surfaces till the picture seems
to purr like a cat in an ecstasy of epidermic
pleasure.
We realize how far we have travelled
from the " Steer " epoch when we see the
stark, almost forbidding aspect of the
late Spencer Gore's Richmond Houses (191)
alongside. Yet among artists more strictly
his contemporaries Core was one of the
most distinctively poetical painters — graceful
and delicate in sentiment, far removed from
anything like brutality. This picture, no
doubt, represents for him an extreme of
harshness, and it appears to us that certain
of the blues of the slate roofs show hardly
the careful comparison the artist would
have brought to bear had he lived to re-
consider the picture. But even so entirely
delightful a work as the Wood i>i Richmond
Park (185) — the lyricism of our later day — ■
would appear severely monumental beside
Mr. Steer's rhapsody. With Gore a rigid
method corrected extreme natural sensitive-
ness, and bred in him ultimately strength ; he
gained enormously by the training he put
himself through. With Mr. Steer technique
and temperament are alike pliant, and the
spectator to whom hardness of any sort is
repellent finds his the more sympathetic
vision.
It is by his refusal of a like pliancy that
Mr. Walter Sickert, Mr. Steer's contemporary
in years, finds himself artistically more at
home with the later generation. His
Ennui (164) is on a larger scale than he
has accustomed us to in recent years, and
perhaps on this account it is, we submit, a
picture a little between two kinds. We
know Mr. Sickert's smaller pictures — their
complex particularity of subject har-
moniously rendered by a technique in which
the blunt point of the artist's brush, as
strait ly hedged in with conditions as one
of his own homely characters, shows a
keen and business-like adaptability in meet-
ing every unexpected contingency. These
pictures had a basis of rigid convention
which separated them from Mr. Steer's
good-natured " art de plaire," yet the con-
vention was worked with an adroit oppor-
tunism hardly appropriate except in, dealing
as subject-matter with some form of
activity like our own civilization, which is
itself disturbed, complex, oiDportunist. More-
over, the opulent suggestiveness of Mr.
Sickert's facture, which makes it so full of
surprise and variety, desjnte its theoretic
simplicity, is largely dependent on the small
scale of the painting. Oil paint has a
certain "give" in it. It will, drag out
some way before breaking, stand out a
certain distance before falling by its own
weight, and a small stroke has thus a certain
range within which quality and variety of
touch are spontaneous, and, as it were,
organic in the material. By using large
brushes one may retain something of the
exacting demand on the touch which
ensures the interest of a tiny picture, but
one cannot indefinitely extend the resources
we have just described. The conflict be-
tween the dead weight of the molecules of
pigment and the elastic, sticky medium
ceases to contribute the look of life to the
surface of the picture, which is the virtue
of impasto painting.
The limitations of scale have usually
been recognized "instinctively by the best
painters, the recipe which advised " heroic "
subjects for large compositions, and small
canvases for familiar scenes, being itself
but the perversion of a truth based on
technics and philosophy. We recognize that,
divorced from the structure of the material
he is using, supersubtle variety of touch will,
with the painter on a large scale, seem
laboured, that intimate variety is the quality
of the painter in little, insistence on funda-
mental similarities, while the more conscious
use of repetition and ordered rhythm are
necessary to the more difficult art of the
painter of large decorations, who has no
longer the organic " feel of the paint " to
help him by analogy to maintain the
balance of the fluid and rigid elements in his
design. Hatching on an heroic scale— with
the painter of easel pictures adroit and re-
sourceful — becomes more formal ; opaque
and transparent paints are more consciously
distributed. A more generalized subject-
matter makes less demand on detailed
variety in form or colour.
Mr. Sickect has too much kinship with
the art of the past to ignore entirely these
considerations. Even the title ' Ennui '
gives a hint of the more generalized universal
theme, while in the great slow-falling line
of the woman leaning dejected on her elbows,
in the use of the essentially monotonous
circular form in table and glass, in the
monotony of colour and insistence on the
steady radiation of lighting from a single
lamp, there is a distinct tendency to abstract
No. 4518, May 30, 1014
T II E ATHENilUM
7<;«j
elements of general significance from a
composite scene. Yet Mr. Sickert is shy
of setting down his abstractions in anything
like a pure form. His line seems too com-
posite, his hatchings not formal enough,
and he uses an impasto which we think at
onto unnecessary and a little lifeless. How
much more vigorous and functional is the
excessive impasto of Mr. Milman (269), in
which you can almost hear the unctuous
suck of the paint as the heavily charged
brush springs from the canvas, dragging
out its sparkling filaments of paint behind
it. In a picture on this scale this shimmer
of accidental surface variety has — whether
the artist contemplates it or not — a very
dehnite part to play. In a picture the size
of .Mr. Sickert s it has not.
An eye for sound, ringing colour and
solid structure by planes gives undeniable
validity to Mr. Oilman's picture. Mr.
Henry Lamb's Islanders, Donegal (166),
lull of intelligence, sensitive, and ima-
ginative as it is, is vitiated by the one funda-
mental misfortune that the artist's eye seems
momentarily out of tune. The colour —
even in one or two passages the form — is
mawkish and false. It is a pity, for the
picture is painted with great care, and,
indeed, sincerity, but something like a
physical malaise seems to have warped it
from its maker's intentions just at the
moment of completion. His portrait (177)
is relatively free from this difficulty, but
has not quite the same interest. Unfortu-
nately, neither Mr. Lamb nor Mr. Mark
Mertler (Fruit Sorters, 271) quite succeeds
by the grave and reserved use of paint in
establishing himself as. a colourist. Mr. R.
Schwabe's Packed Herrings (231) is similarly
a little forbidding in colour, though the
movement of the group is well designed.
On the other hand, whatever reservations
we may make as to their method, which
appears to us to carry with it necessarily
great limitations, we cannot deny the title
of colourist to Mr. Oilman or M. Lucien
J'i^sarro (182 and 184), or to Miss H. R.
Middleton in her more serious moments (221 ).
Mr. W. B. Savage's La Corsa del Palio (222)
is well planned, but, from the difficulties of
distemper painting, heavy and without
finesse in execution. Mr. Oere's Quarry on
the Cotswolds (174), also tolerably designed,
suffers from the equal fault of being a little
too elegantly modulated where modulation
was hardly necessary. Mr. Brockhurst's By
the Stream (219) is quite masterly from a
technical point of view, but somewhat
lifeless in its original conception, a brilliant
example of academic 1 re-Rap haehtism, which
contrasts curiously with Mr. Tonks's The
Fortune-Teller — charming in its naivete.
Amongst the water-colours we noticed
the landscapes of Mr. Derwent Lees
(94, 9.5, 99 j ; the portrait studies by
-Mr. McEvoy (104, 107); and the laboured
academic joke, which shows, never-
theless, a distinguished taste in form,
Three Combats and a Time Keeper (46), by
Mr. O. Nelson. The last work is, so far as
our knowledge goes, bv a new-comer, as are
also the freshly inventive Sunset (34), by
Mr. Claughton Pellew ; the dainty Wa&
Fruits, by Mrs. Wilburn White (44) ; and
the still-life of Mr. G. L. Behrend (156), with
its sound methods.
Mr. Francis Dodd's etching George
insert, It. A. (15), represents that artist
in a pose which we recognize as cha-
racteristic, but which looks .somehow eon
strained, as if the sitter had taken it
up for the purposes of compact pattern.
Mr. Maxwell Armrield'a tempera painting
The Pink Cottage (226) is a work ot con-
siderable charm of design, very deftly
pain ted. j
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
Wb recognize the work of Mr. Wyudham
Tryon now showing at the Carfax Gallery
as that of an artist wo have previously
signalled out for praise in general exhibitions.
There is a great deal of difference between his
best tilings, such as Xos. 12. 14, 21, with their
delicately built-up structure, or the bold
essay in Pre-Raphaelite colour (43), and the
duller of the exhibits. He is an executant,
of some ability, given a theme for which
he has authority on which to base a colour-
scheme.
At the Leicester Galleries it is inevitable
that we compare the paintings of Corsica
by Mr. E. Yarrow Jones with the pictures
of similar subjects by Mr. La Thanguo
which occupied the room before them. Sir.
Jones gives the gist of his subject-matter
with far more directness than the Acade-
mician, and has a better gift for putting his
subject on the canvas with some idea of
space composition: see No. 31, From the
Maquis, for the latter quality, and In the
Orange Walk (29) as the most effective
example of the former. On the other hand,
his range is more limited than that of Mr.
La Thangue, and in fewer than forty pictures
he repeats himself noticeably.
M. Steinlen is one of the makers of modern
illustration in England as elsewhere, his
influence having been enormous through
the cheap prints of his drawings, eagerly
purchased by artists of all classes, many of
whom could not too well afford even the
few coppers they cost. We recall one of the
best -known of English illustrators who for
years, at the time when we first made his
acquaintance, had no other bed than a rug
and a large pile of copies of the Gil Bias
illustre. All British illustration has not in
quite so literal a sense been reared on Steinlen,
but he is too well known here for his exhibi-
tion at the Leicester Galleries to be in danger
of neglect or to call for detailed review, the
more so as it is the familiar prints, etchings,
dry-points, and, above all, lithographs, which
are of interest rather than the looser and
slighter charcoal sketches.
At Mr. Gutekunst's Gallery the prints —
mainly by French artists of the last century
— include a fine lithograph by Forain, Chez
rHuissier (8), Millet's Grande Bergere (16),
Rousseau's Chines de Roches (17), and
an unusually normal example (if we may
be pardoned the phrase) of Rhops, Les
Champs (32).
Signor Pilade Bertieri at the Dowdeswell
Gallery shows himself a portrait painter of
the type of Mr. J. J. Shannon, a half-length
portrait of his wife (43) being, on thewh.le,
the most lifelike.
At the Goupil Gallery there is on view, until
the Thursday of next week, an exhibition of
works by a large number of the better known
artists of the younger school in this country,
which are to be sold in order to create a
fund to defray the initial expenses of tho
Spencer (lore Memorial Exhibition, which
will take place in January under the auspices
Of the New Knglish Art Club. This interest-
ing collection will be sold by auction on
Friday next. We noto with pleasure that
all tho artists constituting what, without
offence, might bo termed the inner ring
of the "New English are taking an active
interest in this tribul ■ to the memory of
one who, if they had viewed his conduct
in a narrow and material spirit, might have
been regarded ;is a not over loyal member of
the Club. He was always inclined to int<
himself in the formation of new societies
which were possible ri\ ;i I s to it.
3finc Art (Gossip.
Tin: National Cai.i.krv of Ireland has
recently undergone a process of rearrange-
ment. Tho Spanish and French pictures
are now hung in a separate room, the walls
of which have been painted black with
excellent effect ; and two rooms formerly
occupied by the Milltown Collection have
been rehung with pictures of the Dutch
School. In the rooms devoted to the English
School there are several additions, tho most
noteworthy being four portraits, the gift
of Sir Hugh Lane. These are : a portrait
of a lady, in a landscape, by John Linnell :
a portrait of the artist's sister, by Sir David
Wilkie ; a portrait of the artist's mother, by
William Collins ; and a portrait of a young
girl by an unknown painter. A Holy Family
by Jordaens, which many years ago was
banished from the collection, has been
cleaned and rehung in one of the Flemish
rooms. It is a beautiful work, perhaps the
finest of the three examples of this master
in the Dublin gallery.
The annual exhibition of pictures by
members of the United Arts Club, Dublin,
is now on view in the club rooms. Amongst
the exhibitors are Mr. Dermod O'Brien, Mr.
Henry Moss, Mr. Gerald Wakeman, Miss
Tatlow, Miss May Guinness, and Mr.
Crampton Walker.
At a meeting of the Royal Irish Academy
held on the 25th inst., an interesting paper
was read by Prof. Macalister on ' The Neces-
sity for the Preparation of a Record of the
Ancient Monuments of Ireland,' in the
course of which he urged that a Royal Com-
mission be appointed to record the antiquities- "
existing in Ireland on similar lines to those
appointed five years ago for England,
Scotland, and Wales. It is estimated by
Prof. Macalister that there are 1,567 ancient
structures to the square mile in Irela:.d, as
against 1,326 in England, 569 in Scotland, and
1,421 in Wales.
Nothing is being done to protect these
Irish monuments, except in the case of a
small number vested in the Board of Works
and in County Councils, and nothing what-
ever to record them, the more important
work from the archaeologist's point of view.
PICTURES AND DRAWIXCiS.
Messrs. CHRISTIE sold on Friday, the 22nd
inst., the following pictures : J. F. Herring, Sen.,
Portrait of Lottery, with trainer and jockey, on a
racecourse, 315/. Madame Vigee Le Bran, Madame
Dugazon in (Ik; rdle of Nina, on la Folic pat
Amour, 420?. It. Brompton, Admiral Sir Charles
Saunders, holding a map of Quebec, 27:;/.
A pair of drawings by Wheal ley. The School
Door, and The Heturn from School, fetched 'Hill. Ids,
ENGRAVINGS.
Messrs. Christie's sale on Thursday, the 21st
Lust., included < he following engravings : —
After Morland : A Woman selling Fish, bv \\ .
Nutter, V.WI. 5s.
Alter Reynolds: Master Leicester Stanhope, by
Bartolozzi, 12(i/. 15*. Dr. Samuel Johnson, bv W .
Doughty, first Male, Ml/. 16*. Mrs. Mathew, bj
W'. Dickinson, firat published stale, 181/. 5s.
Lady Catherine l'elbam Clinton, bj -1. H. Smith,
first statej 7982. Mrs. Pelham feeding Chickens,
by W'. Dickinson, Ml/. Lady Elizabeth Compton,
by Green, first stale, 2:il/. Countess of Salisbury,
by (he same, flrat Btate, 27.;/. Lady Bampfylde,
byT. Watson, first published state, 231/. Ladies
Waldegrave, bj v. Green, in i Btate, 2r>i'/.
Duchess of Devonshire and Daughter, bv <..
Keating, 420/.
After Gainsborough: Duche of Devonshire,
by W . Barney, 577/. 10*.
By .1. K. Smith The Promenade at Carlton
Bouse, Oral state, 661/.
\ii.i i;.i tlake : Napoleon on the Belleropbon,
by c. Turner, prool before any letters, 152/. 5*.
Alter Constable: Tho Vale ol Dedham, bv
D. I. in;,-, first published slate, l«8/.
After Boppner: Sophia Wi item, bv J. i;.
Smith, 117/.
770
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
MUSIC
'L'AMORE DEI TRE RE.'
This opera, which was given in England
for the first time at Covent Garden on
Wednesday evening, is by a young Italian,
.Signor Italo Montemezzi, who has already
written three works for the stage, two of
which have been heard in Italy. The
libretto of the one in question is a tragic
poem by Signor Sem Benelli, and of a
very sombre cast.
Archibaldo, an old blind baron, is in
Jove with Fiora, the wife of Manfredo, his
son. She does not care for her husband,
but loves Avito, a former suitor. The
result of such a family discord is depressing.
Archibaldo, in a fit of anger, strangles
Fiora, and causes the deaths of Avito and
Manfredo. These two, baritone and tenor,
are stage figures of little interest. At one
moment Fiora hesitates between dut}^ and
inclination, but gives way to the latter ;
thus all hope of much-needed contrast is
lost.
It is strange that, after repeated warn-
ings of the bad effect of a dull book, a
rising composer should not have been
more careful. Signor Montemezzi's music
is not without promise. Some of his
writing in the love-scenes is good, and the
scoring is often excellent. He shows
•influences rather than individuality. The
first act is dull ; the second contains
promise for the future ; the third is melo-
dramatic.
An excellent performance Avas given,
with Signori Didur, F. Cigada, and G.
Crimi, and last, but not least, Madame
Edvina, as Archibaldo, Manfredo, Avito,
and Fiora respectively. Signor Roberto
Moranzoni, a new-comer, conducted well,
though at times the orchestra was rather
loud.
OPERA AT DRURY LANE.
On Thursday in last week Mozart's ' Die
Zauberflote ' was presented, and, though
there was a recent performance by the
Carl Rosa Company at the Marlborough
Theatre, it is many years since it was given
either at Covent Garden or Drury Lane.
It was Mozart's last opera, and contains
some of his finest music ; indeed, Beethoven
described it as the greatest of Mozart's
operas. The book, it is true, has lost
much of its meaning ; for the dramatis
personse were types of certain supporters
and enemies of the Freemasons, and such
allusions were at once understood by the
.audiences of Mozart's day. Certain tilings
■do appear strange in the libretto ; but it
is not so hopelessly confused as some
writers have stated. The music of the
comic parts of Papageno and Papagena is
certainly not on a level with the rest of the
composition ; but Mozart did not select the
libretto, and expressed doubt whether he
■could make a success of the opera. It
did succeed, but most likely by virtue
of those very comic parts of which Schick-
aneder the manager who acted them,
wrote the words, and even controlled
the music. The beauty, refinement, and
nobility of most of the numbers in the
work more than atone for any weakness.
The performance was remarkably good.
Madame Claire Dux, who had appeared
as Sophie in ' Rosenkavalier ' on the
previous night, impersonated Pamina,
and her rendering of the part was excep-
tionally fine. As mere singing it was
admirable in tone ; but the intelligence —
there was earnestness and warmth in her
delivery — added materially to the charm.
Madame Melitta Heim sang the two songs
of the Queen of Night with skill, though
scarcely with the desired brilliancy. She
may not have been in good voice. Herr
Hans Bechstein took the small part of
Monostatos, but it did not enable him to
show his gifts. Herr Kirchner Avas a good
Tamino. Mr. Beecham's conducting de-
serves the highest praise.
JJtnsical (Gossip.
The programme of the ninth London
Symphony Orchestra concert at Queen's
Hall last Monday evening opened with
Mendelssohn's ' Midsummer Night's Dream '
Overture, which was followed by Dr.
Richard Stranss's ' Don Quixote.' The
contrast between these two works is strong :
the one is notable for its clearness and charm ;
the other is intricate, and the passage in
which the composer tries to depict the
disorder of the knight's brain is a peculiar
and not very satisfying piece of real sm.
Fortunately, there are far better things in
the tone-poem.
M. Meytschik, a Russian pianist, gave the
first of two recitals at Steinway Hall last
Monday evening. He played two familiar
Sonatas : Beethoven in e, Op. 109, and
Chopin in b flat minor. His reading of the
former was very good, while in the latter
the tone was sometimes heavy. This, how-
ever, was caused by earnestness. His inter-
pretation of the music was the outcome of
deej) thought. There were little details to
which exception might be taken, but they
did not spoil the general conception of the
Sonatas, which was refined and poetical.
He also played with fine feeling some modern
Russian pieces. His technique is excellent.
The Directors of the Queen's Hall
Orchestra announce that Dr. Richard Strauss
has accepted an invitation to conduct a
Mozart-Strauss programme at Queen's Hall
on Friday evening, June 26th. All who
were present at the concert last season
when he conducted the ' Jupiter ' Sym-
phony were unanimous in describing it as a
unique performance. This time Dr. Strauss
has selected the G minor Symphony, and
of his own works ' Don Juan,' ' Tod und
Verklarung,' and ' Till Eulenspiegel. '
The first performance of Sir Alexander
Mackenzie's opera * The Cricket on the
Hearth,' libretto by Mr. Julian Sturgis,
founded on Dickens's story of the same
name, will be given early in June at the
Duke's Hall by the members of the operatic
class and orchestra of the Royal Academy
of Music. The Overture was played at the
Royal Philharmonic Society in 1902, under
the direction of the composer.
A Souvenir Record of the growth and
development of the Bournemouth Municipal
Orchestra during the twentv-one vears of
its existence (1893-1914) has been compiled
and edited by Mr. Had ley Watkins of
Bournemouth. It testifies to the energy
and enterprise of Mr. Dan Godfrey, who has
been municipal conductor from the beginning.
The list of standard pieces and of novelties
(British and foreign) performed is enormous.
Mr. Godfrey has always made a special
feature of native works, and is constantly
inviting the composers to conduct them.
The long list of their names is given in the
Record. It is interesting to note that
Bournemouth was the first British munici-
pality to establish a permanent orchestra ;
also that this spirited pioneer policy has
been followed in many places, the iatest,
we believe, being Torquaj'.
The application of Prof. Xiecks to the
Edinburgh University Court for permission
to retire from the Reid Chair of Music on an
allowance has been granted. He was ap-
pointed in 1891, after the resignation of Sir
Herbert Oakel >y in 1890.
A fkstival in celebration of the inaugura-
tion of th3 Moz.arthaus at Salzburg will be
held from the 12th to the 20th of next
August. Three orchestral concerts will be
given by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra :
two under Herr Arthur Xikisch, and one
under Dr. Muck. The programmes include
the three great Symphonies of 1787; also
Symphonies by Beethoven, Schubert, and
Bruckner (his ninth). There will also be a
special Mozart Chamber Concert. ' Don
Giovanni ' is to be performed three times,
and 'Die Entfuhrjng ' twice. Other works
by Mozart, Gluck, Brahms, &c., are in the
scheme. It will be a busy time at Mozart's
birthplace ; a id in addition to the music there
will be the attraction of the Mozarthaus with
its many relics (autograph letters and music,
&c.) of the composer.
The 25th of July next will be the cen-
tenary of the death of Charles Dibdin,
who will long be remembered for such songs
as ' Tom Bowling ' and ' The Jolly Young
Waterman.' His ballad operas and Table
Entertainments enjoyed great favour in his
day ; they are now out of date ; many,
however, of the sea songs, of which he wrote
both words and music, are still sung.
Dibdin and Dr. Arne were the two most
popular song composers of the second half
of the eighteenth century, though the latter
was of far higher standing as a musician.
They were acquainted with each other. It
is, by the way, curious that, when the piano-
forte was first used in public (May 16th,
1767) at Covent Garden as accompaniment
to the voice, Miss Brickler sang a favourite
song from Dr. Arne's ' Judith,' accom-
panied by Dibdin. In addition to words of
songs, opera books, and plays, Dibdin wrote
' A History of the Stage ' in five volumes, his
' Professional Life,' and a periodical called
The Bystander (1787).
The series of books known as " The
Musician's Library," issued jointly by Messrs.
Macmillan and Messrs. Stainer & Bell, is
about to receive an addition in the form of
a volume on ' Orchestration,' from the pen
of Mr. Cecil Forsyth. The authors aim is,
first, to describe our modern orchestral
instruments : where they sprang from, how
they developed, and what they are to-day ;
next, to trace the types of music which have
been reflected in these constructional changes,
and in especial i he types most familiar from
Beethoven's time to our own.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Mon.
Mon.—
Ties.
Wed.
Sat. Royal Opera, Covent Garden.
Fri. Opera. Theatre Koy*l, Drury Lane.
Sydney Rosen Mo m'« Recital. 3.15. Hteinway Hall.
Walter Rumruel '» Pianoforte Recital, :!, M >lian Hall.
— Dr. LierhnminVs song Recital, 3 30, Bechstein Hall.
— Don Luis FiKueras's Concert, 8 IS, .Eolian Hall.
— Paul lirap r's Song R-cital, 8.30, Bechstein Hall.
— Andre de Kibanpierre's Sonata Recital, 8.30, Steinway Hall.
1'iiuks. Madame Tetrazzini's Concert, 8, Royal Albert Hall
— London Symphony Orche-tra, 8.30, Queen's Hall.
Claude Pollard s Pianoforte Recital, 8.30, Bechstein Hall.
John Powell's Jianoforte Recital, 3, .1; >li an Hall.
Boris Hamhourg's Cello Recital, « 30, Bechstein Hall.
Clara Butt aud Kennerley Ruinford's Concert, 2.30, Roya
Albert Hall.
Rinil Mlynarskis Orchestral Concert, 3. Queen's Hall.
Benno Moiseiwitsch s Pianoforte Recital, 3, Bechstein Hall.
Fri.
Sat.
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
771
DRAMA
Misalliance, The. Dark Lady of ike Sounds,
and Fanny's Fir*! Play, with a Treatist
Parents and Children. Bv Bernard
Shaw. (Constable & Co., 6s.)
As the conversational qualities of Mr.
Shaw's plays had already, in sonic cases.
c »me to dominate their dramatic qualities.
B ■ now the plays themselves have degen-
erated into mere appendixes to their pre-
faces. Moral instruction is now a matter
for readers rather than for audiences.
" Misalliance ' has prefixed to it what its
author describes as a ' Treatise on Parents
and Children ' — which might equally well
have come before ' Fanny's First Play ' —
an extraordinarily vigorous and sustained
piece of writing, with no sign of Mr. Shaw's
ent and obvious efforts pour epater le
bourgeois. That the ' Treatise ' contains
a great deal which will come as a shock
to many readers is not a surprise. The
author has apparently set himself the
task of drafting the manifesto of that part
of the younger generation which craves
tor freedom to " live its own life." and by
the revolting vouns he will be the most
laimed.
Expressed as briefly as possible, Mr.
S iw's thesis is that the education of the
young, both at home and at school, is
at present primarily conducted with the
purpose of preventing children from being
troublesome to their parents and teachers ;
fiat its method is the use of force ; that its
principal result is a spurious docility.
which in the end produces
" not a self-reliant, free, fully-natured human
ig, but a grown-up schoolboy or school-
girl, capable of nothing in the way of origin-
ality or independent action except out-
bursts of naughtiness in the women and
blackguardism in the men."
makes natural relationships difficult, de-
praves the child's taste for art, and finally
makes it the prey of bullies, demagogues,
and its own lack of imagination. The
remedies suggested are comprehensive ;
they include the entire reconstruction of
iety, although Mr. Shaw refrains from
tually saying so, having already done
tins at length elsewhere. They also
demand communal responsibility for the
upkeep of children, and a "" Child's Magna
ta " to enable the young to do much as
they please, as the reward for having
undergone a certain minimum of instruc-
ts Thus Mr. Shaw suggests, in all
iousness, that if a child wants to go to
seaside it should be allowed to do so,
provided only that it understands enough
about money and arithmetic to buy itself
ui.vay ticket and get the right change.
'I he ideal to be aimed at is the propagation
of a spirit of liberty and self-dependence,
which is hardly to be achieved by camps
and Boy Scouts : —
' 'I lure is a movement for making our
British children into priggish little bare-
ted vagabonds, all talking like that born
George Borrow, and supposed to be
splendidly healthy because they would die it'
they slept in rooms with the windows shut.
or perhaps even with roots over their head-.
It would be easy, and possibly a source
of satisfaction to Mr. Shaw, to describe his
ideas as impracticable, Utopian, based on
an imperfect know ledge of human nature,
and so forth. Mr. Shaw's satisfaction
would arise from the simple retort he
would be able to make : —
* Then why do you regard a knowledge
and admiration of my schemes as a necessary
part of a gentleman's education ? I have
merely brought Aristotle's ' Politics ' up to
date, and you must be perfectly well aware
that there are few students of Greek, and
none of Political Science who are allowed to
escape that work. At the most. I have
introduced a few score obiter dicta."'
The " Treatise ' is, indeed, not to be
treated lightly. There are indictments
which all must admit to be true, even
cruelly true, such as this : —
" You are so careful of your boy's morals,
knowing how troublesome they may be, that
you keep him away from the Venus of Milo
only to find him in the arms of the scullery-
maid or someone much worse. You decide
that the Hermes of Praxiteles and Wagner's
Tristan are not suited for young girls ; and
your daughter marries somebody appallingly
unlike either Hermes or Tristan solely to
escape from your parental protection. You
have not stifled a single passion or averted
a single danger."
If there is an unnecessary bias in the
' Treatise,' it appears in Mr. Shaw's
reiterated denunciation of flogging, which
is certainly far less prevalent than he
would have us believe. All children, he
seems to think, are brought up by flogging,
and the fear of being flogged. No girls'
school, at any rate, is run on these lines.
The child spoilt by the absence of any
serious restraint or punishment is more
common in our experience nowadays.
After this tremendous preface ' Mis-
alliance ' conies as an anticlimax. The
characters are highly individualized, but
their interplay results only in conversa-
tion. No pretence is made that they are
to do anything but converse. "Let's
argue about something intellectual " is
one of the first things said, and " I suppose
there 's nothing more to be said " is one of
the last. The audience is not even allowed
intervals between acts ; for, fearing to
interrupt the conversation, Mr. Shaw has
made it continuous. Not even the action is
allowed to assume a dramatic complexion.
People throw themselves on the floor and
yell; fall out of an aeroplane; hide them-
selves, armed with a revolver, inside a
portable Turkish bath ; and smash crockery
and glass panes, for no assignable cause or
effect. These things are simply thrown
in to amuse, just as topical verses are
extemporized by music-hall comedians.
The elementary jest of making characters
mispronounce difficult names is imported
from 'Caesar and Cleopatra.9 We are
forced to smile, but with a distinct
weariness.
A fairly lengthy preface comes before
The Dark Lady of the S unlets.' Many
yean ago Mr. frank Harris wrote a play.
" Shakespeare and his Love,' which re-
mained unpublished and unacted for some
yean It fin! »W the light only on the
eve of the publication in a monthly maga-
zine, and the fin( performance, of Mr.
Shaw's little play, which, like it, makes
Mary Fitton the Dark Lady. Mr. Harris
employed the opportunity to write a pre-
face accusing Mr. Shaw, with considerable
heat, of the wholesale theft of his ideas
and discoveries concerning Mary Fitton.
In his own preface Mr. Shaw heaps coals
of fire upon the head of his accuser. He
describes him as having written " the best
book of his generation on Shakespear
pays a lengthy tribute to his critical
powers, and gives his source of informa-
tion as Thomas Tyler, a " specialist in
pessimism,'' who published a book in 1886,
alleging that the Dark Lady was Man
Fitton. Mr. Shaw, however, is not pre-
pared either to accept or deny this theory :
he merely makes use of it. Incidentally,
he makes criticisms of certain aspects of
Shakespeare's work which should clear
him from the consequences of the curious
attitude he saw fit to take up a few years
ago on the subject. The play itself is a
piece d'occasion, on which it is now un-
necessary to comment at length.
' Fanny's First Play,' with its rollicking
fun. its friendly skit at the expense of
contemporary dramatic criticism, and its
penetrating study of the inability of strict
conventionality to withstand the shock
of the entirely unexpected, is modestly
described in the briefest of prefaces as " a
potboiler." We wish that other artists
were able to boil the pot in the same
manner.
'PLASTER SAINTS' AT THE
COMEDY.
Mr. Zangwill, by his latest play
' Plaster Saints,' almost persuades us to
recommend him to revert, for a time at
least, to the platform and the pamphlet.
It is a most unwelcome change to be
bored by listening to one of Ins stage
sermons. We feel little doubt that Mr.
Edward Sass, who has been given the
chief part in last week's production at the
Comedy, must share much of the blame.
As a leading provincial minister, a plaster
saint whose protests are lengthy, casu-
istical, and futile, he conveyed a sen-'
of boredom across the footlights in
the very first act. It was therefore
doubly unfortunate to find him apparently
slumbering each time the curtain was
raised. As real gems can be made to
appear less radiant by a surrounding of
tinsel, so the good things in the play
sutler from their setting. The character
of the wife, who insists on adoring her
husband, was almost lost in a maze of
verbiage, though we oaughl the real glinl
when she told her husband she considered
it a duty to forgive. There was an over-
plenteous derision of theology and theo-
logians which almost lost to us the phrase
' You would take the moon out of hea\en
and make of it a church lamp." which
summarizes one of the most stultifying
tendencies of to-day -a desire to mate-
rialize the greatest spiritual truths.
We are glad to believe that even now.
when no cause is too sacred to be
advertised by banqueting, many will
appreciate 'he lady who could find no
772
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
pleasure in a garden party to advance a
crusade against white slavery.
Such were some of the good things.
As to the main doctrine of the play, we
grieve to find ourselves in disagreement
with one who has helped us afore-
time. Mr. Zangwill would apparently
have us believe that a sinner can best
help in the time of temptation. Rather
would we turn to a man of deep sympathy
one who recognizes that he himself has
escaped either because the temptation was
less for him than for his brother, or because
he had the good fortune to discover
better reasons for withstanding it. Again,
Mr. Zangwill would apparently urge that
secrecy has its uses. To our mind secrecy
in itself bears a condemnation of any
cause or person which relies upon it for
attainment.
With the failure of the principal male
part we would contrast the success in the
smallest achieved by Mr. H. K. Ayliff
as a manservant. Grace Lane had per-
haps the most difficult role as the minister's
wife, but, at least, tried to convince us.
Gillian Scaife does not lend herself to
grief ; we could only think of her in a
recent and more joyous impersonation.
Messrs. Clifton Alderson and Harold
Chapin, also Ernita Lascelles and Inez
Bensusan, as contrasting characters, helped
along a dragging play ; and Gwendoline
Hay as a beautiful and repentant " Lady
from London" reproduced adequately the
neurotic characteristics of her kind.
'JUSTICE' AND A PARALLEL.
May 25, 1914.
Since I gather from your correspondent's
letter, in your issue of the 23rd inst., that
the resemblance between my play ' Justice '
and Edmond de Goncourt's ' La Fille Elisa '
is really striking, it may be as well that I
should confirm your correspondent in his
surmise that the resemblance " is merely
due to coincidence." I am sending for
' La Fille Elisa,' of whose existence, I am
rather ashamed to say, I was not aware.
John Galsworthy.
*** Our correspondent's letter drew
attention to the resemblance between the
dramatized version of 'La Fille Elisa' and
' Justice ' ; the novel itself, he tells us, has
very little in common with Mr. Galsworthy's
play.
Dramatic (Sossip.
' The Great Gamble,' by Mr. Jerome K.
Jerome, was produced at the end of last
week at the Haymarket Theatre. The
ancient grove with its statue of Venus, the
tuneful piping of the love-god, an:l the two
human figure i who first occupied the stage,
seemed to presage a more or less idyllic
treatment of the intricate theme of love.
An unusually wayward fancy on the part
of the author, added to an all-pervading
belief that nobody past middle age is
capable of anything beyond silliness or
cynicism, determined otherwise. We are
more prepared to tender our thanks to
some of the actors in the play than to
the author of it. Especially we commend
Mr. Edmund Maurice as a Colonel whose sense
of chivalry has caused him to elope with
the supposedly unhappy wife of his friend,
only to find before the train has properly
cleared the metropolis that she has no use
for him as a permanent cavalier. Mr. Michael
Sherbrooke as a popinjay husband coveting
a mayoralty gives also a delightful pre-
sentment of an outraged husband.
' Dido and /Eneas,' a tragedy in four
acts, was presented by the Drama Society at
the Ambassadors' Theatre for a matinee on
T uesday. The work of the author, A. Von
Herder, is very uneven. Only occasionally
does the dialogue attain something approach-
ing grandeur, and sometimes its inadequacy
is appalling. A good level of artistry was
maintained by Edyth Olive as Dido and
Mr. Shayle Gardner as /Eneas, and the
staging achieved a most welcome simplicity.
We could not help regretting that so much
thought and talent had been lavished on a
play which is none too likely to be seen, again.
The amount of energy expended seemed
rather wasted, in view of th.3 better use to
which it might have been put. On the
other hand, it is well to remember how much
trouble is often lavished on productions
totally unworthy and futile.
On Monday, at the Court, the Irish
Players will present ' Kathleen Ni Houlihan '
and ' The Playboy of the Western World.'
These will be replaced on Thursday by
Mr. Bernard McCarthy's ' The Supplanter '
and Lady Gregory's ' The Rising of the
Moon.'
Mis? Horniman is producing 'Love
Cheats,' by Mr. Basil Dean, for the last week
of her season at the Coronet. The author
states that there is a certain similarity
between the plots of ' Love Cheats ' and
' Hindle Wakes,' but that the former was
written two years before the production of
the latter.
Mr. Bertram Forsyth, the author of
' The Shepherdess without a Heart,' will
produce on June 9th at the Little Theatre a
revue of past theatrical events entitled ' As
it Used to Be. ' The entertainment includes a
prologue, the last act of ' The Tragedy of
Douglas,' a scene from ' Hamlet ' as played
in 1760, and the first act of ' The Beggar's
Opera.' The scenic effects and costumes
are claimed to be exact reproductions of
the originals. Kean's sword will be one
of the properties used.
The Theatre du Vieux-Colombier gave
last week the first performance of ' Twelfth
Night.' As is usual in this small theatre,
the stage setting was of the simplest. All
the scenes in Olivia's house were performed
in a sort of large hall supplied with a few
properties. The other scenes were played
on the proscenium, a pink curtain and a
yell )w one indicating that the scenes took
place respectively in Orsino's palace or in
the open air. Monotony was avoided by
clever variations of light.
The Pioneer Players' last performances
this season will take place at the Little Theatre
on June 21st and 22nd, when three one-act
plays will be produced under the direction of
Edith Craig. These are ' Idle Women,' by
Magdalen Ponsonby, a skit on a feminine
committee ; ' The Level Crossing,' by Mrs.
Cohen, a tragedy ; and Mr. John R.
Raphael's ' Between Twelve and Three,' in
which Nancy Price is playing the leading
part. The matinee on June 22nd will be open
to the public, and tickets may be obtained
at 139, Long Acre, W.C.
We are glad to see that ' Mr. Wu ' has
reached its two hundredth performance at
the Strand Theatre.
To Correspondents.— J. C. B.— M. V.— J. C. C— A. B.
-Received.
[For Index to Advertisers see p. 774.1
3
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No. 4518, Mav 30, 1914
T H E A T H E NJEUM
* i
3
WARD, LOCK & CO.'S LIST
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THE PATHWAY m »»*"»)
Gertrude Page
" Asa writer of Colonial life Miss Page has no equal, and
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THE MASTER OF MERRIPIT
Eden Phillpotts
•' A rattling good tale which is likely to prove itself one
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THROUGH FOLLY'S MILL
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THE GOLDEN LADY
Bertram Atkey
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NUMBER 13
THE
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THE YEARS OF FORGETTING
(2nd Edition) Lindsay Russell
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Ac.
Dovercourt, Harwich, Ac.
Eastbourne, Seaford, &c.
Exeter and 8. E. Devon
Exmouth and District
Falmouth and S. Cornwall
Felixstowe and District
Filey, Flatnborouuh, Ac.
Folkestone, Sandgate, Ac.
Fowey and 8. Cornwall
Harrogate and District
Hastings, St. Leonards, Ac
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Valley
Herno Bay, Whitstable,
Ac.
Hythe, Littlestone, Ac.
Ilfracombe and N. Devon
Isle of Man
Isle of Wight
Lake District, The
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Littlehamptoo, Arundel,
Ac.
, Liverpool, Birkenhead, &c.
1 Llanririndod "Wells, Ac.
Llandudio :<nd N. Wales
Llangollen, Corwen, Bala,
Ac.
London and Environs
Looe and S. Cornwall
Lowestoft and District.
Lyme Regis and District
I Lynton and Lynmouth
1 Malvern and District
Margate, We.-tgate, Ac.
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Wales
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wall
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Devon
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Ripon and District.
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wall
Scarborough and District
Seaford, Lewes, <tc.
Seaton and District
Sheringham, ltuntou, Ac.
Sherwood Forest
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Devon
Southwold and District
Stratford-upon-Avon
Swanage, Corfe, &c.
Teignmouth and District
Tenby and South Wales
Thames, The
Torquay and District
Towyn, Aberdovey, Ac.
"Wales, North (If. Section)
Wales, North (S. Section)
Walen, South
"Warwick, Kenilworth, Ac.
Weston-super-Mare
; Weymouth and District
Whitby, Robin Hood's
Bay
Worcester and District
Worthing and South- West
Su^st-x
Wye Valley
Yarmouth and District
SCOTLAND.
Aberdeen, Deeside, Ac.
Edinburgh and District
Glasgow and the Clyde
Highlands, The
Inverness and the Northern
Highlands
Oban and the Western
Highlands
IRELAND.
Antrim (County), Ciiant's Dublin, Bray, Wicklow, Ac.
Causeway, Ac. „.„ . n ,. .„ ,
Belfast, Mourne Mountains, Killarnoy :m.l South Wert
&c. Ireland
Cork, Olengarilf. Ac Londonderry * Co. Done-
Donegal Highlands g'U
HALF-CROWN HANDBOOKS.
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British.
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774
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
pipping.
A " Midsummer " Cruise to
NORWAY.
THE P. & O. Company announce a
Thirteen-day Cruise from London on
the 13th June, to the Fjords by their
Australian mail steamer "MANTUA" a
recently constructed vessel of 11,500 tons.
The trip will include visits to the Hardanger
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and, as the cruise embraces midsummer day,
it will be made in almost continuous sun-
light so far as the Norwegian portion is
concerned.
The scenic grandeur of the Fjords and the
romance of their history combine to endow
Norway's waterways with a peculiar fascina-
tion ; and the observer, who, passing before
mile upon mile of this gorgeous panorama,
is conveyed on board a P. & 0. liner, with
all in the way of service, comfort and social
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fortunate indeed. Fares range from 12
to 25 guineas.
For an illustrated programme of this and
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or Australian ports, application should be
made at the Company's Offices, 122, Leaden-
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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
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Authors' Agents 746
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Bradshaw's School Directory 776
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Magazines and Periodicals 775
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THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (May 30) CONTAINS—
NOTES :—' The Times '—The Chronology of 'Tom Jones'— Poe : a Classical Reference— London Im-
provements—Macaulay Misquoted— English-speaking Cardinals— Lancashire Proverb.
QUERIES:— John Rush. Inspector-General of Regimental Hospitals— Duke of Wellington Medal-
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—"Miss Bridget Adair "— Cobbett at Worth, Sussex: Worth Families— Authors of Quotations
Wanted— Vineyard Congregational Church, Richmond— Rebellion of 1715 : Thomas Radcliffe—
Blind Members of Parliament — Rev. Richard Scott— Biographical Information Wanted-
Charles I.: John Lambert and Lieut. -Col. Cobbett— Heraldic-" Stile " = " Hill "— ' John
Gilpin ' in Latin Elegiacs— Kilgrimol Priory— Military Machines.
REPLIES : — Price and Whitchurch Families— Burton's Quotations from " Loechfeus "— Loch
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Upside Down — Last Criminals beheaded in Great Britain.
NOTES ON BOOKS :— ' The Hermits and Anchorites of England '—' A History of Leagram'—
'Penn's Country.'
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,
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Special attention will be devoted in next
week's 'Athenaeum to books relating to
PHILOSOPHY
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
THE ATHENE UM
775
Magazines and Periodicals.
" ' Blackwood's ' is an epitome in little of the
British Empire — a monthly reminder that its
boundaries are world-wide ; that it has been
won and kept by tno public-school pluck of our
soldiers and sailors ; that in warfare, literature,
and art it has a glorious history ; that its sons
have ever been travellers and sportsmen, and
that its politics have still a strong strain of
conservative Imperialism. Old as it is, ' Black-
wood's' shows no signs of becoming old-
fashioned, because it represents and appeals
to all that is best in the undying genius of the
race."— Times, February 1, 1913.
'BLACKWOOD'
"THE MOST
BRILLIANT
OF OLR
MAGAZINES."
JUNE
"'BLACKWOOD'
REMAINS
WITHOUT A
RIVAL."
contains
The Devil of the Waterfall.
By Lieut.-Col. J H. Patterson, D.S.O.
The Lighter Side of School Life.
1. The Head Master. By IAN HAY.
Anglesey Coastwise. By edmuxd vale.
The Fire-Ship. By david hannay.
Aladore. By henry newbolt.
The Ballad of the Matterhorn.
By C. FOX SMITH.
From the Outposts.
Four Annas Reward.
By HILTON BROWN.
A Yillage Squabble.
By Major E. F. KNOX.
Maguelone : A Forgotten Island City.
By LOUISA MELLOR.
The King's Messenger. By dowhill.
Musings Without Method —
Mr. Balfour's Oratory — Argument and Verse —
Hatred of the Past — The Common Malice against
Shakespeare — An Aristide.s of Poetry — The
Futurists and their Formula — ' The World Set
Free— Mr. Wells's Revolution.
THE TIMES OF INDIA says:
"Not to read 'Blackwood' in these
days is to miss incomparably the most
literary and the most interesting of the
monthly magazines."
THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.
J C M
•ix. <kf. net.
OCR £300.000 000 BUDGET. By L. G. < hlozza Money M P
THK tti'KKM, Hi't.CTION. By L-.nl I turn wood
THE UNIVERSITIES ASK THK NATION IN AM^RD a
AND ENGLAND. By Graham Walla*
THE SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANT F. OF NATCH E.
By Hir William Ilarrett, F.R.H.
IRRIGATION IN INDIA. By the Hon. Hir Lionel Jacob K I - I
HENRY BRA< KKNBCRY AND HIS BCBOOL
_._ By T. H. 8. Fscott.
MAKINGTHE I.A/.Y NIGGKR WORK By.Iohnll B
THE P08ITION OF THE LIBERAL < LEHGY
.... By Rev. J If, Thoni|*on.
MtTHsoFTHF. MF.DD INEMfN By Hon. Stephen I oUrtdn
LAND REFORM AND REGISTRATION OF TITLE
„„„ „ Br •' B. Hf-wart- Wallace.
THE EARLY PLAY .HOUSES AM) THK. DRAMA
___ _ By Wllberforoe JenklnnoD.
THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT IN Tl'HKK.\
_„ By Ellen D Ellis and Florence Palmer
fi'R„KKiN AFFAIRS. By Dr E J Dillon
LITERARY SUPPLEMENT
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
AND AFTER.
JCNE.
AN IDEAL ALLIANCE By Sir Banipfylde Fuller, K.C.8.I.
THE ARMY OP THE CNITED STATES By Sydney Brooks
IN THE RAPIDS By Sir nenry Blake. G.C.M.G
FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF FEDERALISM By Edgar Crammond
THE CASE FOR A NATIONAL MEDICAL SERVICE
By William A. Brend, M.B. B.Hc.,
Lecturer on Forensic Medicine, Charing Cros6 Hospital
ADDISON IN IRELAND : II.
By the Rev. Robert H. Murray, Litt.D.
THE JESUIT IN FACT AND IN FICTION
By Father Bernard Vaughan, S J.
SUNDAY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS By C. H. P. Mayo
'THE TYRANNY OF ALCOHOL : a Replv to Sir Harry Johnston
liy the Rev. H. K. Gamble
A NEW GERMAN EMPIRE: the Story of the Baghdad Railway.
(Concluded) By Andre Uiiraud
MRS. LARPENT AND THE FRENCH REFUGEES
By Rose M. Bradley
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON DISESTABLISHMENT AND
DISENDOWMENT IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND
By the Comtesse de Franqueville
THE SALON AND THE ROYAL ACADEMY
By H. HeathcoteStatham
POLICEWOMEN : (1) THEIR WORK IN AMERICA
By Lady Darwin
(21 THEIR WORK IN GERMANY
By Constance Tite
IN PURSUIT OF COURTESY By Evelyn MarchPhillipps
DEMOCRATIC FINANCE: (II THE B17DGET, GRADUATED
TAXATION. AND THE FRANCHISE. By Professor E. C.
Clark, Regius Professor of Civil Law, Cambridge.
(2) STRANGE REPORTS ! By E. M. Konstam
THE ARCH-DEPOPDLATOR OF THE HIGHLANDS
By W. H. Mallock
Loin km : Spottiswoode & Co., Ltd., 5, New Street 8quare.
THE LEADING CRITICAL WEEKLY.
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NOW READY FOR JCNE.
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THE CRITICAL PROBLEMS OF THE EPI8TLE TO THE
PHILIPPIAN8. By the Rev Pro! Kirsopp Lake. D.D.,
Leiden.
THE EXAMPLE OF CHRIST IN PRAYER. By the Right
Rev. .1. H. Bernard. D.D, Bishop of Ossnry.
•THANKWORTHY' GOODNESS. By the Rev. Prof. B. W.
BACON. D.D.. Yale University.
THE TOWER BUILDER AND THE KING . A SUOGB8TED
EXPOSITION OF LUKE XIV. 25-M By the Rev. Prof.
T. V. Moore, D.D., San Francisco Theological Seminary,
California.
STDDIF.S IN CHR18TIAN EHCHATOLOGY. 5. IMMOR-
TALITY. By the Rev. Prof. H. K. Mackintosh, II.PbJL D.D.
THE PAKABI.rf of THE PRODIGAL SON. By the Rev.
E. H. Askwith, D.D.
NOTES ON THE FOURTH GOSPEL: SABBATH CURE AT
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NAf'LES; CONTROVERSY AT FEAST OF DEDICATION.
By the Rev. Principal A. E Garvie. MA. D.D.
Titles, 0i n tents and Indexes for Volume VII.
HODDER & 8TOUGHTON. Publishers, London.
Readers of 'The Athk.vli m ' who desire
to master the questions at issue between
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should procure
The Commonwealth
FOR JUNE
and read "NOTES OF THE MONTH,"
by Henry Scott Holland, D.D. Litt.D.,
Regius Professor of Divinity and Canon
of Christ Church, ONford.
Summary : Dr. Sanday — No Judgment
of the Church — Old Testament and New —
i Prophecy and Fact — The Problem of Sug-
gestion— Through John to Jesus — Miracle
in its Scriptural Setting — Back to Scriptural
Presentation of Miracle — Supra and Contra
— The Moment at which we have arrived.
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TVMXSLKY'S FAMOUS COLLECTION OF
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sue
NOTES AND QUERIES
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77G
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4518, May 30, 1914
Bradshaw's School Directory.
BRADSHAW'S SCHOOL DIRECTORY is published every month in
Bradshaw's Guide for Great Britain, and summaries are included every
month in Bradshaw's Continental Guide and Bradshaw's Manchester
ABC Guide. These are publications used daily by thousands of people
throughout the whole of the United Kingdom, and the Continental
Bradshaw in addition is to be found in every pleasure resort and important
City in Europe. Inquiries as to the placing of pupils reach the Publishers
from all parts of the world, and the pupils in question are referred,
whenever suitable, to the Schools subscribing. No fees or commissions
are charged for the services rendered either to the inquirers or to the
schools where pupils may be placed. The publicity thus offered to schools
is genuine and widespread, and in relation to the prices charged cannot be
equalled. Principals of Schools are invited to apply for further details to
THE MANAGER,
Bradshaw House, Surrey Street, Strand, London, W.C.
The following are some of the Schools included in the Directory : —
BOYS' SCHOOLS.
BEDFORD.— MODERN SCHOOL.
For Professional, Commercial Life, and Engineering. Fees from
50 gns. C. W. Kaye, M.A. Oxon.
BLACKHEATH.— CHRIST'S COLLEGE.
Preparation for the Universities or Commerce. Fees from £53.
A. C. Wire, B.A. F.R.G.S.
DOLLAR INSTITUTE, near Stirling.
Beautiful situation, bracing climate. Fees from £50.
EASTBOURNE.— ALDRO SCHOOL.
Preparation for Public Schools and Osborne. Playing ground, 5 acres.
Fees 100 gns. Rev. H. R. Browne, M.A.
ELLESMERE.— S. OSWALD'S.
Sound education at moderate fees. £30 a year.
FOLKESTONE. — FELTONFLEET.
In best part of Folkestone. Preparation for Public Schools and
Navy. Fees £80.
G. A. Nettleton, M.A. Oxon, and H. B. Jeffery,
B.A. Cantab.
HARROGATE.— PANNAL ASH COLLEGE.
11 acres of grounds. Thorough teaching. Fees from £42.
Walter S. Hill, F.R.G.S. F.R.Met.S.
RAMSGATE.— ST. LAURENCE COLLEGE.
A Church of England Public School. Fees £75.
Rev. E. C. Sherwood, M.A.
BLAISE, near Neuchatel.— VILLA VERTE RIVE.
International College for Boys. Special attention to Modern
Languages. M. H. Montandon-Bruck.
SOUTHBOURNE-ON-SEA, near Bournemouth.— PEMBROKE LODGE.
Preparatory School, stands high in 4 acres of ground.
G. Meakin, M.A.
SOUTHPORT.— MODERN SCHOOL.
Classics, Languages, Commercial Subjects. Fees from 42 gns.
Major J. C. Underwood, A.C.P. F.R.G.S.
VILLENEUVE-MONTREUX.— CHELTONIA.
English Preparatory School. English Games and Winter Sports.
E. James Fox.
GIRLS' SCHOOLS.
BLACKHEATH, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee.— MODERN HIGH SCHOOL,
Modern Education and preparation for all Examinations.
Mrs. Thimann, L.L.A.
BRIGHTON. — WESTCO M BE.
Thorough Education by Graduates and Trained Teachers.
The Misses Stevens.
BRIGHTON, Hove.— ADDISCOMBE COLLEGE.
Special attention to Music, Art, and Languages.
The Misses Cadwallader and Marsland.
BRUGES. — Mme. Burnier de Lutry, Quai St. Anne.
Old established Protestant School. Terms moderate.
DOLLAR INSTITUTE, near Stirling.
Beautiful situation, bracing climate. Fees from £50.
EDINBURGH, Grange.— STRATHEARN COLLEGE.
Private School of Cookery, Housekeeping, &c, for the daughters of
Gentlemen. Miss Mitchell, First-class diplomee and medallist.
KINGSGATE, Thanet.— BRONDESBURY.
High-class School for Girls. Physical, Mental, and Moral Development
of each Pupil Studied.
Miss Galloway, Newnham College.
LAUSANNE.— LA BERGERONETTE.
Special facilities for Languages, Music, Art, &c. Fees from 70 gns.
Miss Nicholas.
LUGANO.
First-class Boarding School for Young Ladies. Well known, and
especially recommended for the teaching of languages.
Mile. J. M. Cunier.
OUCH Y-L AUSANNE. — ROS ENECK.
First-class Finishing School, Music, Painting, &c.
SEASCALE.-CALDER SCHOOL.
Efficient staff, including mistress for Gymnastics and Games. Depart-
ments for Junior and Senior Girls. Fees from £54.
The Misses Wilson, Newnham College, Cambridge,,
and The Training College, Cambridge.
TORBAY, TORQUAY.— LAURISTON HALL SCHOOL.
Entire charge of children from abroad. Beautiful situation.
The Misses Viccars.
VEVEY.— LES CHARMETTES.
On the Lake of Geneva. Agreeable family life. All educational
advantages. Fees £70.
Mile. Moulin, direetrice diplomee.
Editorial Communications should be addressed to "THE EDITOR"— Advertisements and Business Letters to "THE ATHEN.EUM" OFFICE, Bream's BuildiDgs, Chancery Lane, E.C
Published Weekly by Messrs. HORACE MARSHALL & SON 125, Fleet Street, London, E.C, and Printed by J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Athenaeum Press, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
Agents for Scotland, Messrs. WILLIAM GREEN & SONS and JOHN MENZIES & CO., Ltd., Edinburgh.— Saturday, May 30, 1914.
THE ATHEN^IpK
frrarnal nf CBnglisIj ttni JFnrngn literature, S>tm\tt, tp^tatj^g JB&sifaAti \\)t Dramn.
45: SATURDAY, J XK HC^^tUSl
^^V'^ PRICE
SIXPENCE.
REGISTERED AS A NEWSPAPER.
G
UILDHALL
LIBRARY.
The I.ir.K ^RY NEWSPVPER ROOM, and MUSEUM will be
CLOSED from MONDAY. June . to FRIDAY'. June V2. inclusive
Societies.
OYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Incorporated by Royal Charter. 1
An ORDIN VRY MKKTING of the SOCIETY will be held at
7 SOUTH SQUARE. GRAYS INN. \V.C. on THURSDAY. June IS.
at 5 P.M.. when Mr. R. C. FOWLER. M.A. F.S.A. F.R.Hist.S.. will
read a Paper on SOME MEDI.EVAL EXCOMMUNICATIONS."
H. E. MALDEN, Hon. Sec.
R
(BsljiLutions.
EXHIBITION 1914.
W ORSHIPFUL COMPANY
CARPENTERS.
OF
THE EXHIBITION OF WORKS IX WOOD AND
WOOD-CARVING
will be held at
CARPENTERS' HALL, LONDON,
from MONDAY, June 8 (5 p.m.) to SATURDAY, June 20
(inclusive).
From 11.30 a.m. to .30 p.m. each week day.
There will be an interesting
LOAN COLLECTION OF OLD FURNITURE,
CRAFTSMANSHIP, Ac,
Also on view.
Admission Free.
J>OYAL
A CADEMY.
SUMMER EXHIBITION
Open 9 am to 7 P.M.
Thursdays, 9 a.m. to 10 p m.
Admission 13. Catalogue 19.
SEASON TICKET 5s.
MODERN DUTCH MASTERS.
Now open, the 104th Exhibition at the
FRENCH GALLERY, 120, Pall Mall, S.W.
EXHIBITION OF MODERN FRENCH
ETCH INGS AND LITHOGRAPBS by GOYA, ROPH, FORAIN,
TOULOUSE HCTRF.C, COROT. MILLET. 4c. Now open at
Mr. R. GUTEKUNSTS. 10, Grafton Street, Bond 8treet, W. 10-«
Daily. Saturdays 10-1.
C6 Durational.
WESTMINSTER SCHOOL— An EXAMINA-
TION to FILL UP VACANT SCHOLARSHIPS AND
EXHIBITIONS will be held on JUNE 24. 25, and 26. 191-L-For
particulars apply by letter to THE BURSAR, Little Dean's Yard,
Westminster.
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
S
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY 14 and Following Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
MADAME AUBERT'S AGEXCY (est. 1880),
Keith House. 133 135. REGENT STREET, W., English and
Foreign Governesses. Lady Professors, Teachers. Chaperones. Com-
panions. Secret iries. Readers. Introduced for Home and Abroad,
Schools recommended, and prospectuses with full information, gratis
oo application personal or by letter), stating requirements. Office
boors. 10-5 : Saturdays. 10-1 Tel. Regent 3827
u
^itnatiens Unrant.
NIVERSITY OF LONDON.
The Senate invite applications for the Post of UNIVERSITY'
PR'iKE-^>K OF LATIN tenable at BEDFORD ' OLLEGE K<>K
WOMEN. The salary will be 6001. a year, and the post is open to
Men and Women equally
Application" together with copies of not more than Hire*
testimonials and the names of not more than three references (twelve
copies of all documents . must be received not later than On- fir.t
poet on HATCH DAY June JO. l'Ji4.hyTHK A' IDCMK RFGI8TR \H
University of London South Kensington . S W . from whom fun her
particulars may be obtained. HENKY A. MIEKS. Principal.
NIVERSITY OF LONDON.
U
The Senate invite applications for the po«t of UNIVERSITY
PRoFF.-i.SOK oF ( HEMIHTHY tenable at the ROYAL HOLLO
WAY COLLEGK. The post is open to Men and to Women, and the
■alary will he8O07. a year in the case of a Man. or in the case of a
Woman 500L. together with board and furnished residence during
the College Terms. Applications (twelve copies), with the nann-i of
not more than four references, mutt be rrceived not later than the
first post on JUNE I .:. 1914. by THE ACADEMIC Ks 9181 RAR.
University of London. South KenatngtsD. 8.W., from whom further
particulars may be obtained. Testimonial are not required.
HENRY A MIERS. Principal.
u
NIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.
FACULTY OF 8CIENCE.
PROFESSORSHIP OF PHYSICS.
The Council of the University invites applications for the CHAIR
OF PHYSICS vacant by tho death of Dr. J. H. Poynting, F.U.S.
The stipend offered is 7502. a year.
Applications may lie accompanied by testimonials, references, or
other credentials, and should be received by the undersigned on or
before THURSDAY. October 18.
Further particulars may be obtained from
GEO. H. MORLEY, Secretary.
-THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD.
APPOINTMENT OF LECTURER IN PHILOSOPHY.
The Council are about to appoint a LECTURER in PHILOSOPHY.
Salary 300!. per annum.
Applications must be sent in by JUNE 9. Further particulars may
be obtained from W. M. GIBBONS, Registrar.
UN
IVERSITY OF
OXFORD.
LECTURER IN FRENCH.
The Curators of the Taylor Institution will proceed, at the end of
June, to the election of a LECTURER IN FRENCH, to enter upon
his duties in Michaelmas Term, 1914. The appointment in the first
instance will be for three years, with an annual stipend of 180?.
inclusive of any fees paid for attendance at bis Lectures and Classes.
In addition to his statutory duties the Lecturer appointed may be
required to take the tutorial work of Honour Students not exceeding
twenty in number. For this work he will receive an extra payment
of 27. a Term for each Student assigned to him. The printed con-
ditions of the Lectureship may be obtained from THE SECRETARY
TO THE CURATORS, 119, Banbury Road, Oxford.
Applications, stating age and qualifications, accompanied by
testimonials, should be addressed to THE CURATORS, Taylor
Institution, Oxford, on or before WEDNE8DAY, June 17.
BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.
(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.)
REGENT'S PARK, N.W
Applications are invited for the following appointments :—
(1) A8SISTANT-LECTURER in the Department of ENGLISH
LITERATURE. Salary 1«57. per Session, rising to 2007.
(21 ASSISTANT-LECTURER iu the SM'oNDAKY TRAINING
DEPARTMENT (special subject required ('lassies or English). Salary
1657. per Session, rising to 200!.
18) ASSISTANT-LIBRARIAN. Salary S07. per Session.
Six copies of applications and of not more than three recent testi-
monials should lie sent not later than SATURDAY. June 20, to the
undersigned, from whom further particulars may be obtained.
E. T. MiKNIGHT, Secretary of Council.
CONSERVATORIUM OF MU8IC
N
EW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA.
Applications are invited from candidates qualified to fill the Post
of DIRECTOR OF THE CONSERVATORIUM OF MUSK' OF
NEW SOUTH WALES ito be established in Sydney under the
authority of the Hon. The Minister of Public Instruction). Candi-
dates must be thorough practical and theoretical Musicians, and
preference will be shown to those experienced in Orchestral and
Opera work. Evidence of age and of attainments and experience
must be submitted. Ability to teach in English indispensable. The
appointment will be in the first instance for a period of five years,
and the salary will be 1,2507. per annum. Cost of travelling up to
100?. will be allowed.
Further particulars may be obtained from the undersigned, by
whom applications, accompanied by four copies of each testimonial
submitted, will be reneivetl up to JUNE 30, 1914.
AGENT-GENERAL FOR NEW SOUTH WALES.
123, Cannon Street, London, B.C., June 3, 1914.
^NORTHAMPTON SCHOOL OF ART.
The Education Committee invite applications for the appointment
of HEAD MASTER. Applicants should be qualified as required by
the Regulations of the Board of Education. Salary 200*. per annum,
lising by yearly increments of 107. to 2001. per annum Regard
may be had to previous experience in fixing amount of commencing
salary. Further particulars and a form of application may he
obtained from the undersigned, with whom applications should be
lodged not later than JUNE 20. nil I.
8TEWART BEaTTIK. Secretary to the Committee.
Borough Education Offices. 4. Br, Giles' Street, Northampton.
May 28, 1914.
DINGLEY URBAN DISTRICT COUNCIL.
TECHNICAL AND EVENING SCHOOLS.
WANTED, on JULY 1 next, an ORGANIZING MASTER, to
take charge of a Technical School and Eight Evening Continuation
Schools. Salary UN. a year. A University Degree in Selene* and
exi*-ri«-nce in teaching and In Evening School wmk essential List of
duties may be had from the undersigned, to whom applications (by
letter1, stating age. qualifications, and exiwrience. and copies of two
recent testimonials, should b» delivered by JUNE B.
ALFRED PLATTS, cleik to the Council.
Town Hall, Bingley.
pOUNTY BOROUGH OF HUDDERSFIELD.
TECHNICAL COLLEGE.
Principal-.!. P HUDSON. M A I -
IN-TRf THK-i-i IN DRESSMAKING AND r-KKDLKWORK
requirrd lor SEPTEMBER. Sal.ry 1101 -For further partlcnUra
apply to T. THORP. Secretary.
rpHE HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, DERBY.
Owing to the resignation of tbi HEAD MIHTRF8H. the Governors
Invite application* for tba VAl MM V Candldatea must be member!
of the I nurch of England Forma of application and full particulars
may be obtained from T . WAl.ToN I Hose Hill Street, Derby.
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
COUNTY BOROUGH OF MERTHYR
TYDFIL.
CYFARTHFA CASTLE MUNICIPAL SECONDARY SCHOOL
FOR GIRLS.
WANTED, to commence duties in SEPTEMBER, a MISTRESS to
teach Commercial Subjects (including Shorthand and Type-writing).
Preference given to candidates with University training. Experience
of similar work in a recognized Secondary School essential. Initial
Balary 100!. to 120!. per annum, according to qualification and ex-
perience.
Application forms will be sent on receipt of a stamped addressed
foolscap envelope. KHY'S ELI AS, Director of Education.
Town Hall, Mertbyr Tydfil, May 30, 1914.
XT' AST SUFFOLK COUNTY EDUCATION
-L' COMMITTEE.
SIR JOHN LEMAN SCHOOL. BECCLES.
ASSISTANT MASTER required in the new Secondary 8chool after
the Summer holidays. Candidates should hold a University Degree
and be qualified to take Mathematics and Latin Ability to take
Physical Exercises will be an additional qualification.
Salary 1201.— 1507. accordirg to experience. Application to he made
on the prescribed Form 21. which will be forwarded on receipt of a
stamped addressed envelope by THE SECRETARY', Education
Office, County Hall, Ipswich.
C
OUNTY OF LONDON.
The London County Council invites applications for the position
of ASSISTANT MASTER to take Junior Form Work at STRAND
SCHOOL.
Candidates mu6t have obtained Honours in Mathematics or Classics
in a Final Examination for a Degree held by a recognized University,
and should have had considerable experience in 1 o»er Form work.
Knowledge of some branch of Natural History would be au additional
qualification. Games desirable.
Commencing salary, 1507 to 2007., according to previous experience,
rising to 3007. by yearly increments of 107.
Applications must be on formB to be obtained, with particulars of
the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope
to THE EDUCATION OFFICER. London County Council, Educa-
tion Offices, Victoria Embankment. W.O., to whom they must be
returned by 11 a.m. on SATURDAY. June 20, 1914. Every communi-
cation must be marked " H.4." on the envelope.
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify a candidate.
No candidate is eligible who is related to a member of the Advisory
Sub-Committee of the School.
LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment. W.C.
June 4, 1914.
G
O L
UNIVERSITY OF
D S M I T H S'
LONDON.
COLLEGE.
WANTED, in SEPTEMBER next in a full-lime TEACHFR
(Woman) of PHYSICAL TRAINING AND HYOIKNE on the
Women's side of the Training Department; (21 a part time (Two
Evenings a Week) TKAI HER OF HANDWORK. NATURE STUDY
4c, preparatory to the Higher Froebel Examination.
Particulars on application to THE WARDEN, Goldsmiths College,
New Cross, S.E.
c
OUNTY BOROUGH OF DERBY.
ART GALLERY AND MUSEUM.
APPOINTMENT OF CURATOR.
The Free Library, Museum, and Art Gallery Committe of Derbv
invite applications for the position of CURATOR OF THE ART
GALLERY AND MUSEUM. Salary 2(107. i er annum. Applications,
together with three recent testimonials, to be addressed to the < hair-
man. Free Library, Derby, not later than JUNE Hi next.
Particulars as to duties may be obtained on application.
R. B. CHAMBERS, chairman.
Free Library. Derby.
EEDS
PUBLIC
LIBRARIE
The Libraries and Arts ( l( mmittee are prepared to receive applica-
tion! for the appointment of a .lUNI'Ht ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN.
Salary S07 per annum. A knowledge of c.i ,|.,.wii-\ Dewei Cll
cation, and Public Library Method* essential. I eiD I "-given
to candidates possessing the Certificates of the Library .A
AppUoationa in writing, stMing sge, experience, nod qualifications,
si lompsnied by not more than three recent testimonials, endorsed
" I Ibrary Assistant, most be sent to the undersigned uot later than
SATURDAY. June'2n. 1914.
THOMAS W. HAND. City Librarian.
Public Library, deeds,
OLD-ESTABLISHED PUBLISHING FIRM
requires a PARTNER who ha» Initiative, practical knowledge
of Publishing, and some capital -Apply box 2062, Alhcuteuui Press,
ii. Bream i Buildings, ( banoery Lane, London, B.C
A PUBLISHER'S RKADKR is required by a
long-i linn. Musi have bad txperienos of Um work
and in- ailllng to give sfhols iino Apply, staling experience and
ns, also salary desired, to Box St, Atlieuieuin Press,
ll, Bream n Buildings, < banoerj I ana, London, E <
^ntljors' ^0mt5.
THi: AUTHORS' ALLIANCE aro prepared to
oonsedsr and plana M88. foi sari] publication l.lierary work of
all km. In dealt »i'li ''V sxperts nbo plans Authors' interest first.
Twenty years' experience, - i Clement s Inn. W.
778
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
iHtscdlatuotts.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum. Experience. Testimonials. — N. M., Box
1995, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum and elsewhere on moderate terms. Excellent
testimonials. Type-writing —A. B., Box 1062, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
SPEAKERS, LECTURERS, WRITERS are
offered EXPERT ASSISTANCE at moderate fees —Prospectus
post free on application to THE SECRETARY, London General
Information Service, 111, St. Stephen's House, Westminster, S.W.
AUTHORS' MSS. Criticized, Revised, and
Prepared for Press. Typewriting at moderate rates by skilled
and educated Operators. Promptness, neatness, and accuracy
fuaranteed.— C. M. DUNCAN, Grasmere, Grasmere Road, Purley,
urrey.
TO SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
ROOMS of the ART-WORKERS' GUILD, recenily built, are to
be let for Meetings, Concerts, and Exhibitions.— Apply to SECRE-
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
"DARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
L\< countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BEST MARKbT PRICES for
I'ash.— SPINK & SON, Ltd., Medallists to H.M. the King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, London, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
TYPE-WRITING of every description carefully
and promptly executed at home. 8d per 1000. 15,000 6d. per 1,000
Duplicating and Copying, Translations, Shorthand. Cambridge Local.
—Miss NANCY McFARLANE, 11, Palmeira Avenue, Weetcliff, Essex
TYPE- WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
ate (Classical Tripos, Girton College, Cambridge ; Intermediate
Arts. London). Research, Revision, Shorthand.-CAM BRIDGE
TVPE-WRITING OFFICE, 5, DDKE STREET, ADELPHI, W.C.
Telephone : 230S City.
MSS. OF ALL KINDS, M. per 1,000 words.
Carbon Copies, 3<2 References to well-known Authors Oxford
Higher Local.— M. KING, 24, Forest Road, iew Uurdeus, S. W.
AUTHORS' MSS. and TYPE-WRITING of
£"\ every description accurately and promptly executed. Short-
hand Typists provided. Meetings, Lectures, Sermons reported.—
METROPOLITAN TYPING OFFICE, 27, Chancery Lane. Tel.
Central 1565.
AUTHORS' MSS., NOVELS, STORIES.PLAYS,
ESSAYS TYPE-WRITTEN with complete accuracy, 9d. per
1,000 words. Clear Carbon Copies guaranteed. References to well-
known Writers.— M. STUART, Allendale, Kymberley Road, Harrow.
TYPE- WRITING.— AUTHORS' MSS. U. per
1,000 words. Accuracy and Dispatch. — Miss E. RISDON,
Sredina, 28. Alexandra Road, Kingston Hill, S.W.
^PYPING at home desired by well-educated,
L qualified Lady. Excellent refs. From id. 1,000 words. French,
German copied.— E., 16, Cherington Road, Hanwell, W.
TYPE - WRITING, SHORTHAND, and all
SECRETARIAL WORK. -Mrs. WALKER, 113, Elm Park
Mansions, Chelsea. Telephone: 5128 Ken. Hours: 10-1 and 2-5,
Saturdays excepted. Apply Price List.
TYPE-WRITING, M. 1,000 words. Over
10,000. 6<7. Carbon copy. Id. 1,000. Circulars, 2s. 100. Accuracy
guaranteed. Over 100 testimonials— KAYE, 107, Evering Road,
Stoke Newington, N.
rPYPE-WRlTING, including best paper, Id.
L 1,000; large orders, 6rf. Clear, even type; perfect accuracy,
punctuation, and arrangement. Payment only when entire satisfac-
tion given.— LEE, 29P, London Koad, Lowestoft.
dktaloimts.
M
A G G S BROS.,
109, Strand, London, W.O.
DEALERS IN RARE AND VALUABLE BOOKS,
PRINTS, AND AUTOGRAPHS.
CATALOGUES sent post free to all parts of the World.
Export orders solicited.
Telegraphic and Cable Address: "Bibliolite London."
Telephone : " Gerrard 4664."
FRANCIS EDWARDS,
Bookseller,
83, HIGH STREET, MARYLEBONE, W.
JUST READY:
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
which have been issued with
COLOURED AQUATINT PLATES,
Uncoloured Aquatints. Coloured Etchings, and Coloured Lithographs.
Post free on application.
BOOKS. — ALL OUT-OF-PRINT and RARE
BOOK8 on any subject SUPPLIED. The most expert Book-
finder extant. Please state wants and ask for CATALOGUE. I make
a special feature of exchanging any Saleable Books for others selected
from my various lists. Special lint of 2,000 Books I particularly want
post free.-EDW. BAKKR'S Great Bookshop, John Bright Street,
Birmingham. Burke's Peerage, 1910. new, 158— Walpole's Letters,
Large Paper, 16 vols., 11. 10s. Yeats, Collecte Works, 8 vols., 3i. 3«.
B
OWES & BOWE
Second- Hand Booksellers.
LIBRARIES VALUED OR PURCHASED.
Just ready, pp. 48, free on application.
CATALOGUE No. 385, SECOND-HAND BOOKS
IN VARIOns DEPARTMENTS OF LITERATURE, including
choicely printed works, limited editions, issues of notable
modern presses. Belles Lettres, illustrated books, and other
works classified under special heads.
1, TRINITY STREET, CAMBRIDGE.
ROOKS (over 1,000,000 volumes) on Literary,
Educational, Law, Medical, Technical, and all other subjects.
Second-hand at half prices ; New at 25 per cent discount. CATA-
LOGUES post free. State wants. Books sent on approval.— W. & G.
FOYLE, 121-123. Charing Cross Road, London, W.O.
talea btf Ruction.
MSS. and Autograph Letters of the late
EDWARD DOWDES, M.A. Litt.D.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
TUESDAY, June 9, at 1 o'clock, the above COLLECTION of
MANU8CRIPTS, SIGNED DOCUMENTS, AND AUTOGRAPH
LETTERS; also Original Sketches by George Cruikshank — rare
Early Editions of Burns's Poems, 4c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
The Valuable Library removed, from Stowlangtoft Hall,
Bury St. Edmunds (on the Sale nf the Estate), by Order
of ARTHUR MAITLAND WILSON, Esq.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C , on
WEDNESDAY, June 10, at 1 o'clock, the above VALUABLE
LIBRARY, comprising the very rare Speculum Christians, William
de Machlinia, circa 1483 — Melancthon's Own Copy of Erasmus, with
marginal notes, Basle 1518 -a beautiful set of Pickering's Edition of
Bacon, 17 vols., large paper, russia extra— Sterne's Tristram Shandy,
Sentimental Journey, 4c, First Fditions, 18 vols., contemporary
calf— British Essayists, 45 vols, blue straight - grain morocco — a
set of Speeches, 60 vols., uniform half calf — Topographical and
Antiquarian Works— Travel— Gould's Birds of Asia, 7 vols. — Selby's
Ornithology, 2 vols., folio, and Text — Elliot's Monograph of the
Pheasants, 2 vols., moroc:o extra— Aiken's Cockney's Shooting Season
in Suffolk, original wrapper — Surtees's Sponge's Sporting Tour,
First Edition, original part6, and many other rare books, the whole in
beautiful condition.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
The Modem Library of the late J. E. BENTLEY, Esq.,
removed from Hampstead.
VTESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
i-T-L AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
THURSDAY, June 11, at 1 o'clock, the above MODERN LIBRARY,
comprising Ackermann's Microcosm of London, Original Edition,
3 vols.— a Set of the Diirer Society's Publications, and other Books on
Art— Topography -Travel — Natural History— The Writings of Con-
temporary Poets and Essayists — First Editions, &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Law Books — Handsome Mahogany and Oak Bookcases,
and other Library Furniture
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms. 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
THURSDAY, June 18. at 1 o'clock, VAffUABLE LAW BOOKS,
comprising the Professional Library of Sir Arthur Moseley Channell,
and other Properties-also several HANDSOME MAHOGANY AND
OAK WINGED BOOKCASES, Writing Tables, and other Library
and Office Furniture.
Catalogues on application.
Works of Art.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House. No. 13. Wellington
Street Strand, W.C, on MONDAY, June 8. and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, WORKS of AKT, comprising the Property of Mrs.
LETCH WORTH, of St. John's Vicarage, Kingston-on-Thames; the
Property of Miss LILIAN OLSTON, of 16. Lowndes Square, S.W. ;
the Property of W. D. CRICK, Esq., of Northampton ; and other
Properties.
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
Books and Manuscripts.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON h HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13. Wellington
Street. Strand, W.C, on WEDNESDAY, June 10, and Two Following
Days, at 1 o'clock precisely, BOOKS and MANUSCRIPTS, comprising
the Pr^pertv of the late R. T. PORTER, Esq.. of Beckenham and
Rochester, Kent; the Property of A. CHRISTIE MILLER. Esq, of
Britwell Court, Burnham. Bucks ; the Property of J. E. B. COX Esq .
of Moxt Mount, Mill Hill, Middlesex; the Property of THOMAS
BLISS, Esq. (deceased I, of Conins«burgh, Montpelier Road, Ealing.W ;
the Property of the late J. F. KERRY, Esq., the Essex Naturalist;
the Property of AUGUSTUS ROCHE, Esq., M.P. ; and other
Properties
May be viewed two days prior. Catalogues may be had.
s
TEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS.
Established 1760.
TUESDA Y next, at half-past 12 o'clock.
Curiosities.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at his Rooms, 38. King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C, FLINT
and BONE IMPLEMENTS — Burmese Carvings — a Collection of
Japanese Sword Furniture — Canton Enamel — SaUuma Vases,
Bronzes, &c— Oil Paintings - Coloured and other Engravings — Pewter
and Plated Articles, &c. Also a choice Collection of about 100 lots of
Japanese Dwarf Trees, including Maples, Cedars, Pines, and other
varieties.
On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.
WEDNESDAY next, at half-past 12 o'clock.
Oriental Curiosities.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION
ANTIQUITIES and CURIOS from CHINA, consisting of richly
embroidered Mandarin Robes— Silver Ornaments -Snuff Bottles-
important Brass Drum taken at the Fall of the famous stronghold of
Chung Ngan Kuang— Bronzes, Jade, and other Vases— Coins— Swords
— Chinese Manuscripts and Books — Scrolls — Rhinoceros Hide —
Lacquer Ware— and other important items.
On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.
Engravings, including the Property of a Gentleman removed
from Hampshire.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester 8quare. W.C, on FRIDAY, June 12,
at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely. ENGRAVINGS as above, com-
prising Portraits in Mezzotint, Line, and Colours— F^ncy Subjects of
the Early English and French Schoi Is- Caricatures— Topography, Ac. ;
also Mrdern Etchings and Engravings, including Isle de la Cite—
Paris, by J. Whistler, a fine impression of the only state, very rare-
La Stryge, by C. Meryon. second state on Japan paper— others by and
after Samuel Palmer, Turner, Seymour Haden, Wilmore, Godall,
Gaujean. J. Jacquet, Mei6sonier, J. B. Pratt. H. 8. Bridgwater,
Sydney Wilson, and many others, mostly signed artist's proofs— and
Water-Colour Drawings and Paintings by well-known artists.
Baxter Colour Prints, including the Property of a well-
known Collector and from various sources.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON willSELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester 8quare, W.C, on TUESDAY.
June 23, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely. BAXTER COLOUR
PRINTS as above, comprising Portraits, Views, Needle Box Prints.
Book with Illustrations, Pocket Book Plates, Naval and Military
Scenes, &c. ; also a small Collection of Le Blond Colour Prints.
Engravings of the Early English School, including the
Property of a Gentleman removed from Hampshire, and
the Property of a well-known Collector removed from
Folkestone.
PUTTICK &SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on FRIDAY,
June 26. at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, FINE ENGRAVINGS
of the Early English and French Schools, as above, comprising
Portraits, Fancy Subjects, American, Colonial, and European Views,
&c.
Valuable Books, including the Library of the late Sir
HUBERT JERNINGHAM, K.C.M.G., removed from
Longridge Towers, Berwick-on-Tiveed.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, at the END OF
JUNE, VALUABLE BOOKS, including the above Library, further
particulars of which will be duly announced.
MESSRS. CHRISTIE, M ANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St.
James's Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely :—
On MONDAY, June 8, OLD PICTURES.
On TUESDAY, June 9, a CASKET of important
JEWEL*, the Property of a LADY, deceased, and JRWEL8, the
Property of Mrs. CHARLES WERTHEIMER. Lieut-Col. H. B L.
HUGHES, and others.
On WEDNESDAY, June 10, and Following
Day, a COLLECTION of PORCELAIN and FURNITURE, the
Property of a GENTLEMAN.
On FRIDAY, June 12, MODERN PICTURES
and COACHING and HUNTING PICTURES.
printers.
A THEN^UM PRESS.— JOHN EDWARD
J\. FRANCIS, Printer of the Athenaeum, Notes and Queries. 4c.. is
prepared to SUBMIT ESTIMATES for all kinds of BOOK, NEWS,
and PERIODICAL PRINTING— 13, Bream's Buildings. Chancery
Lane, E 0. v
DARLINGTON'S HANDBOOKS.
"Nothing better could be wished for."— British Weekly.
" Far suptrior to ordinary guides."— Daily Chronicle-
VISITORS TO LONDON (AND RESIDENTS)
SHOULD USE DARLINGTON'S
London and Environs.
By E. C. COOK & Sir Ed. T. COOK.
Fifth Edition, Revised, 6s.
30 Maps and Plans. 30 Illustrations.
"Very emphatically tops them all."— Daily Graphic.
" A brilliant book "— Times.
" Particularly good."— Academy.
"Best Handbook to London ever issued ."— Liverpool Daily Post.
100 Illustrations, Maps and Plans, 3s. 6d.
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THE ATHENAEUM
781
S.4 TURDA T, JUNE 6, 1914.
CONTENTS. PAOH
PRAGMATISM and the Ego (Pragmatism and Ideal-
ism : The Kgo and its Place in the World) .. 7si
MBCBANISN and Consciocsness (The Problem of
Individuality ; Mechanism, Life, and Personality ;
The Concept of Consciousness) . . . . 782 — 78.'!
Enc yci.op.f.dia ok the Philosophical Sciences .. 788
The Philosophy or Relic ion 784
KBATS Kei.ics at Uampstbad Tsl
The Ace ok Erasmus 785
The German Lykic 786
CL4Y and Firs 7S6
The staiesm Alfs Year-Book. 1911 787
Memories ok John Wkstlakk 787
The Gkekn Roads ok England 788
Fkom Russia to siam 78s
Pnii.ii's's My Varied Life 789
Mother Mabel Digby ~ 789
BOMANCI 01 THE Newfoundland Cariboc .. 790
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LITERATURE
PRAGMATISM AND THE EGO.
The title of Prof. Caldwell's book,
' Pragmatism and Idealism,' is attractive.
Pragmatism is many things to many men,
and all things to its enemies. Signor
Croce calls it " the school of the greatest
confusion," and it is certainly an accom-
modating doctrine, or shall we say a
many-sided one ? We have to-day really
not one Pragmatism, but several. The
Pragmatists are a band of condot fieri,
united in an offensive alliance against
Absolutism and Rationalism, rather than
a school ; and it is thought by some
that, having accomplished their original
object in some degree, they are even
now beginning to display the customary
<li-sidence of dissent, and departing on
their separate ways. This may or may
not be so ; in any case it does not
matter now. The important thing is that
in the past Pragmatism lias presented
an amazing variety of doctrine, and a
diversity which makes it very hard for
an ordinary person to get a complete or
connected notion of the ground which it
covers. Pierce's famous article will not
help him very much, nor even James's
California pamphlet. What he really
needs is a textbook like the volume
before us to supply him with a map and a
' Who s Who ' of Pragmatism.
Pragmatism and Idealism. By William
Caldwell. (A. & C. Black, 6*. net.)
The Ego and its Place in the World. Bv
Charles Cray Shaw. (Allen &• Co., 12*. 6d.
net.)
Prof. Caldwell, without doubt, has
written a very useful book, and as im-
partial a one as can be expected, short of a
miracle. The only danger is that such a
work makes it too easy for the blockhead
to live intellectually like a gentleman
without the sweat of the brow, and to
astonish his grandmother for weeks to-
gether with a knowledge of names and the
titles of books and articles from magazines.
This, however, is a danger which must be
faced, and we must be thankful that Prof.
Caldwell has made an enthusiastic study
of Pragmatism, and absorbed a good deal
of M. Bergson, without forgetting Kant,
or losing his respect for the distinction
between origin and validity. He finds it
necessary to harass Dr. Bosa liquet at
frequent intervals, to tear in minute frag-
ments the first volume of his Gilford Lec-
tures, and to crow not a little over Mr.
Bradley's concessions to Pragmatism. Yet
he does not forswear Idealism in every
shape and form. There is virtue in this.
No one, again, could be more sympathetic
towards James, but he lets it be clearly
seen that it is not necessary to subject
James to the methods of Aristotelian and
Biblical exegesis to find out that his
theories of knowledge and reality are
numerous and unsatisfactory, and that
his later doctrine of " radical empiricism "
— the discovery that
" the relations between things, conjunctive
as well as disjunctive, are just as much
matters of direct particular experience,
neither more nor less so, than the things
themselves " —
amounts almost to " a new Humism," an
attempt to explain knowdedge and ex-
perience without first principles, and a
philosophic felo-de-se.
Humanism, in the person of Dr. Schiller
among others, holds that the roots of meta-
physics lie in ethics, towards which the
intellectualist is a very Gallio. But Prof.
Caldwell points out the entirely unethical
character of many Pragmatist doctrines.
Xot a few of them tend to the view that
life is a series of adventures of one kind or
the other, in which the " tough-minded,"
to use James's own word, come off well by
themselves, and the others need some sort
of prop and stay — religion, for instance.
This is the philosophy of the picaro, or,
in a cruder form, the doctrine of " seeing
life " — a comfortable doctrine, but not
peculiarly ethical. Prof. Caldwell con-
demns the work of Dr. Dewey and Prof.
Tufts, as he does that of Dr. Bosanquet
also, because it presents no tolerable theory
of the distinct ion bet ween right and wrong.
Development, and liberation, and growth,
and fruitfulness, and experimentation may
lead anywhere; and the answer that any-
thing is moral which makes possible
" a transition from individualism to effi-
cient social personality " leaves the ques-
tion of the standard of efficiency unsolved,
and hardly hints at a solution. A good
deal of the trouble springs from the fact
that, when all is said, the psychology of
ethics is not the theory of ethics.
The chief defect of the book, it appears
to us. is its scanty treatment of the affilia-
tions of Pragmatism to older philosophies,
though there are plenty of sound observa-
tions upon its relation to Anglo-Hege-
lianism and Bergsonism. The chapter on
Pragmatism as the philosophy of America
we cannot commend. But as a whole
the book is a careful and competent
piece of work, showing considerable origin-
ality and freshness in its treatment of the
commonplaces of controversy. The notes
are not the least valuable part of it.
Mr. Shaw's book on ' The Ego and its
Place in the World ' is a more solid work
than most of its school. The egoistic
philosophers are, for the most part, better
at dogmatizing than at arguing. The
strength of Herr Stirner, for example, lies
far more in the skill and force with which
he elaborates the themes of self-affirmation
and revolt than in any metaphysical basi-.
Mr. Shaw, on the other hand, works up to
the egoistic conclusion by those means
which are at the disposal of the ordinary
philosopher. Hence the contrast between
" The Ego and his Own ' and ' The Ego and
its Place in the World.' How brisk and
cheerful is the one ! how sober and scho-
lastic the other ! Herr Stirner is a fanatic
so absorbed in his own ideas that when he
speaks he is merely musing aloud ; his
book has all the virtues and vices of a
soliloquy. Mr. Shaw is just as much in
earnest, but for his own satisfaction he
finds it necessary to state his case in a con-
secutive and orderly way, and with the
dignity which is usually considered proper
to philosophy. He is, moreover, as dis-
tinctly intellectualist in his habit of mind
as Herr Stirner is irrationalist.
His book is of prodigious length, and
the stages of the argument could not
be adequately summarized in less space
than an entire number of this journal.
Mr. Shaw's scrupulous honesty in referring
to their source those ideas which he has
borrowed or illustrated from obscure
predecessors — Scotus Erigena, Geulincx, or
another — should not blind the reader to
the originality of many of his speculations.
We must be content to indicate a few of
the main characteristics of his book in a
general way.
Its purpose is to show that, though " the
landscape as such is not a state of the soul,
nor is the world-whole at the bottom of the
ego's heart," the ultimate meaning of the
world is such as to render necessary the
participation of the self. Idealism, for
instance, fails because1 it casts doubt on the
reality of the world without creating a
belief in the self. It is to be noted that
Mr. Shaw's world, despite his egoism, is not
ego-centric ; hence his confident handling
of the problem of solipsism, and his escape
through activism from the moral Bolipsism
into which egoism may easily fall. The
basis of his system is the distinction of
three realms of being : appearance, which
is associated with the a-sthetic type of
inner life and the feeling of super-
abundance . activity, the ethical side of
man, witli which goes the feeling <>t
sufficiency ; and reality, the religious and
spiritual side, in which the feeling of want
leads from appearance and activity to
something beyond. Space he finds to be
782
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4519, Jink 6, 1914
phenomenalistic, while time Ls activistic,
and therefore endures through two stages
of reality, and gives way to eternity at the
third Thinghood is an active principle,
and reality the ability to have states On
such lines' he proceeds to examine all the
customary problems of metaphysics and
moulds them to fit into his egoistic scheme
with a very fair measure of success.
We wonder what will be the fate of this
book Probably it will attract less atten-
tion than it deserves, for the egoistic move-
ment has hitherto been literary and not
philosophical, and it squares but ill with
any of the dominant tendencies of abstract
thought. Mr. Shaw's style does not
recommend his work. It is pointed and
forcible only on occasions ; too often his
phrasing is' clumsy, and he is nearly as
diffuse as Dr. Rovce. One thing struck us
as remarkable in a philosopher who prac-
tises in America : he mentions Pragmatism
never, and James only once. The style of
James would have been a wonderful help
to him.
MECHANISM AND CONSCIOUSNESS.
The subject of ' The Problem of Individu-
ality,' which is a course of four lectures
delivered before the University of London
in October, 1913, is, as has been stated
by Prof. Driesch, one which seems to have
a' special fascination for English students
of philosophy. This is the more remark-
able since we are considered an essentially
practical people, and the problem of
individuality is not one that is ever likely
to receive a definite scientific solution.
The point at issue throughout is the
question whether the manifestations of
life can be sufficiently explained on the
theory of a machine, i.e., by a mechanical
conception of phenomena, or whether it
is necessary to postulate a further force,
superior to, and independent of, the
physico-chemical forces which govern the
rest of the Cosmos. It is, in fact, the old
question as to the existence of a special
vital force which differentiates living
protoplasm from all other forms of matter.
Of recent years, with increasing knowledge
of the causation of some of the phenomena
of life, the vitalistic hypothesis has been
pushed more and more into the back-
ground, one fact after another being found
to be explainable by the ordinary laws of
nature. Prof. Driesch, however, has been
a lifelong supporter of the vitalistic theory,
and in these lectures he follows out the
same lines of thought as in his Gifford
Lectures of 1907-8. It may be admitted
that on either hypothesis much remains
to be explained ; but whereas on the
mechanistic theory of life, so far as it goes,
we know something of the forces with
The Problem of Individuality : a Course of
Four Lectures delivered before the University
of London, October, 1913. By Hans
Driesch. (Macmil'an & Co., 3s. 6d. net.)
Mechanism, Life, and Personality. P>v J. S.
Haldane. (John Murray, 2s. 6c?. net.)
The Concept of Consciousness. By Edwin
B. Holt. (Allen & Co., 12s. 6d. net.)
which we are dealing, those who adopt a
vitalistic conception have to postulate a
force, sui generis, the existence and mode
of action of which are purely hypothetical.
In the first two lectures Prof. Driesch
reverts to the facts in support of his theory
derived from his biological researches into
the development of the embryo. These
are too technical for description here ; but
he argues that a " harmonious equi-
potential system " such as he has demon-
strated the blastula to be, in which " every
cell of the original system can play every
single role in morphogenesis," renders a
mechanical hypothesis as an embryo-
logical theory an absurdity. But he does
not criticize the experiments which suggest
that the formation of complete embryos
from fragments is due to the spherical form
which the fragments assume owing to the
surface-tension of the protoplasm. The
author is constrained by his line of argu-
ment to treat recent Mendelian researches
into the material conditions of inheritance
as comparatively unimportant : —
" If, now, we have said that, for very
important reasons, the egg cannot be regarded
as the bearer of an embryological machine,
that is as much as to say that all Mendelian
and cytological investigations about heredity,
irrespective of their great and undeniable
importance, yet cover but one half of the
field. Though there are material units,
transferred from one generation to the next
. . . .these material conditions are not the
main thing. Some agent that arranges is
required, and this arranging agent in inherit-
ance cannot be of a machine-like, physico-
chemical character."
There is some slight evidence, however,
that it is. It is true that in nearly all cases
the chemical substances carrying a cha-
racter have to be identified, also the
mechanism by which they give rise to the
character ; but in one or two instances this
has been tentatively done. The Professor
urges, further, that the individual " is the
sovereign of the results of his personal his-
tory " ; it seems more likely to the present
reviewer — and here opinions differ to a
marked degree — that he is the sum of
his " hereditary " history. How a man
acts, and what he does in given circum-
stances, depends more upon what he has
derived from his forbears than upon the
influence of environment upon himself.
Hence it does not seem correct to say that
;' in action nothing is fixed in the sense of
what fixation means in anything like a
machine." It is curious to notice that
Prof. Driesch puts aside, of set purpose,
any support that might be obtained for
his views from the psychical side of mental
phenomena, such as the work of the Society
for Psychical Research. He does not
think things are yet ripe for " theory."
On the other hand, it has always seemed
to the present writer that the emotional
and a?sthetic sides of life, when impartially
studied, almost demand a supernormal
explanation, or at least are a real stumb-
ling-block in the way of a mechanical one.
The last two lectures are chiefly con-
cerned with philosophical rather than
biological arguments in support of the
truth of vitalism. In the third the author
develops his general theory of Becoming,
as explained more fully in his ' Ordnungs-
lehre ' (1912); and the fourth is devoted
to a discussion of the problem of Monism.
His ultimate conclusion and final sentences
are worth quoting : —
" What is not a mere belief and not a
matter of feeling is the existence of factual
wholeness in Nature, the existence of some-
thing that is certainly more than a mere sum.
And to have proved this, and thus to have
given a sound foundation to all further
speculations about natural and metaphysical
wholeness, is the merit of vitalism."
We lay down this little volume with the
reflection that the problem of individuality
is still unsolved, but that Prof. Driesch is-
an illuminating and valued guide along
the road he has marked out for himself
as the best.
We are startled by the concluding
sentence of Prof. Haldane's ' Mechanism,
Life, and Personality ' : " This world, with
all that lies within it, is a spiritual'
world " ; for nothing, not even the pre-
ceding sentences, had prepared us for it.
The- four lectures here presented support
the theory that the mechanistic conception
of life is a delusion and they lead to the
idea of personality as " the great central
fact of the Universe." Starting from a
physiological basis, Dr. Haldane denies
that the latest theories tend to verify
mechanism, and remarks that
" it does not follow at all that because
physiology makes use of physical and
chemical knowledge and methods, it must
be no more than physics and chemistry."
The first lectures, dealing Avith biology
and physiology in their latest aspects, are
good, but the author is more expert in
science than in philosophy, and the
remaining lectures show this by a certain
vagueness and confused wording ; and his
definitions or descriptions scarcely express
his thought. The following —
" Personality is living, suffering, rejoicing,,
and working existence. This idea is clearly
embodied in the Christian conception of
God, and when we try to penetrate through,
the sensuous mist which blurs that concep-
tion, we can see that our discussion has
brought us very near to it " —
is an example ; nowhere else does he
mention the " Christian conception of
God " ; so we remain in the " sensuous
mist."
Here and there, however, illuminating
ideas, typical of modern philosophical
thought, gleam amidst the blur. We are-
told, for instance, that "the personality
of any individual is the spiritual inheritance
of ages," and
" just as the organism belongs to the species
and can only be understood as participating
in its life, so the individual person lives not
merely his own individual life, but the life of
the race."
The author recognizes that " the pro-
gress of philosophy has been as continuous
as the progress of science," and he adopts
from M. Bergson the theory that " the
sciences are built up on ideas which have
their roots in practical human needs.' r
However, the book is not arresting as a
whole, and chooses a devious way to*
No. 4519, June (5. 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
783
enunciate the doctrine that " personality
is the great central fact of the Universe."
Mr. Holt, it' we remember rightly, was
one of the live " New Realists " who issued
a collective manifesto not long ago in
The Journal of Philosophy and Scientific
Methods. His book on 'The Concept of
Consciousness,' though it was actually
written several years before, is quite in
the same spirit, though less careful and
guarded in its language, and hardly of
the same importance. It is a brisk and
pleasantly abusive piece of work, showing
■great vigour and independence of thought,
.and a considerable power of illustration
and exposition — such a work, in fact, as
the best of the younger American phi-
losophers have now accustomed the
world to expect of them. Mr. Holt
has all their scorn of idealism ;
K>me things really are mind, therefore all
things cannot be. And in the same way he
ia moved to describe the Cartesian theory
of knowledge as too ridiculous to be worthy
of mention. After this the more sober
kind of reader will be relieved to hear that
the influence of Prof. Royce is clearly dis-
cernible in the general drift of the book,
though not so strongly as the influence of
Prof. Munsterberg and William James. Mr.
Holt finds that the one universal substance
— if, indeed, it be substance — is " neutral " ;
"' the infinite mosaic of being " is neither
objective nor subjective, but it is neutral,
and
'• that thinking of ours which we call deduc-
tive, our coherent thinking, does but follow
alter the intrinsic activity of the neutral
•entities. They develope of their own motion
those portions of any system which we, in
our deductive thinking, call the logical con-
sequences.
It is interesting to see how greatly
deduction has risen in the world since the
days of Mill, when it was relegated almost
I ' the place of repetition and tautology, or
worse. In Mr. Holt's view, any true
-tern of being arises from a certain
Given consisting of terms and propositions,
which generate all other terms and pro-
dtions in the system, and the act by
which the mind explores those parts of
the system which follow from the Given
is called deduction.
Consciousness, the nominal subject of
this somewhat discursive treatise, is
simply
" a cpo <-tion of the infinite realm of
being, and a cross-section thai is defined
by the responses of a nervous organism."
These views are illustrated and ex-
pounded with great diligence, and their
ieral novelty is a sufficient excuse for
Mr. Holt's new terminology, though, like
most new terminologies, it naturally leases
on the reader's mind the impression that it
te round more difficulties than it gets
over. When all is -aid, the conclusions
are original enough to be into
and the hook stirs up the mind to think
aboul some of the theories which wc
unconsciously take for facts. That is
more than we can say of many books of
philosophy.
Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences,
By Arnold Ruge and Others. — Vol. I.
Logic. Translated by B. Ethel Meyer.
(Macmillan & Co., 7s. 6o\ net.)
It was once the opinion of many that the
purpose of logic is to make us logical —
in the plain man's sense of being tidy,
orderly, and consecutive in our mental
habits. If this view is still held, it is no
fault of the logicians, few of whom sup-
port it by their theory or exemplify it in
their practice. They have, perhaps, a
feeling that logic, unlike charity, should
not begin at home — for fear that it should
stay there. Certainly we might judge
from this book that the editors of the
' Encyclopaedia ' think so, for we never
saw a work which claimed to survey and
cover the ground of any science, philo-
sophical or otherwise, and was so lacking
in plan and structure. If the editor of
Mind were merely to print in a single
number of his journal contributions on
any logical subjects by half a dozen of
the best logicians he could get, they
would not form less of a unity than this.
We are inclined to think that a real
Encyclopaedia of Philosophy is impossible
unless it be the work of one man, as Hegel's
was, or of a body of persons holding similar
opinions, whereas in the volume before us
the contributors were surely chosen on the
principle that no two of them could pos-
sibly agree. Herr Ruge in his editorial
apology defends this on the ground that,
while unity a -parte subjecti is lost, the
unity of philosophy a parte objecti is
emphasized by the variety and divergence
of philosophers. In our early studies of
Roman history we heard of a man who
had each of his limbs tied to a chariot,
and then felt each chariot drive off a
different way ; but surely he did not feel
that his unity was being emphasized
thereby. More doubtful still is the editor's
plea that the choice of authors was in-
evitable, as being, in fact, the choice of
the present age. Why, in the first place,
should he accept its decision ? and how, in
the second place, does one become aware
of it ? Any one who is acquainted with
current English thought may well feel
that room might have been found for Dr.
Bosanquet or Dr. Schiller; and other-
names will suggest themselves to those
who are familiar with the work of other
nations.
We may say, however, thai our dis-
satisfaction with the structure of the hook
in no way lessens OUT appreciation of the
individual importance of the six essays
which it contains. Herr Windelband opens
the symposium with a critical survey of
logical principles which covers a good deal
of ground, anil lays proper stress upon
essentials. He looks at logic primarily
from tlii- side of Epistemology, and si
in the doctrine of Categories the climax
of logical theory. We like especially
his clear Btatement of the three kinds of
thought-relation between the particular
and tin- universal in the fundamental
forms of special science ; that for mathe-
matics it is a relation of magnitude, of
part and whole; for natural science the
particular- is explained when it is shown to
be a special case of the universal ; while
for the sciences of humanity the necessary
category is that of the concrete universal.
His obiter dicta, too, an; often good; as,
for instance, his remark that Pragmatism
with all its rhetoric has its home in a niche
at the entrance-porch of Logic — a sort
of Cerberus, we suppose, to frighten
mortals from the infernal regions of the
science.
Prof. Royce, who also writes upon the
principles, occupies rather more space to
rather less purpose. His treatment of
induction is the most interesting part
of his essay. Rejecting the Uniformity of
Nature and the Principle of Sufficient
Reason as inadequate, he follows Pierce's
view that generalization and " extra-
polation " are based on the presupposi-
tion that any finite facts — and so the
whole aggregate of them — have " some
definite constitution.'" Given this, we
can judge of the aggregate with proba-
bility from " a fair sample."
M. Couturat's essay sets forth the
principles of that form of Logic which is
often called symbolic or mathematical,
but which he prefers to call Algorithmic.
Logic or Logistic. The reviewer must
confess to a natural repugnance for
symbols, and was relieved to find himself
supported by Signor Croce in the succeed-
ing essay.
" It has long been our intention and habit
[says that philosopher] to express ourselves
decently and in a comprehensible manner.
The austerity of the new formulae frightens
us. We will leave it to a younger Mid
stronger generation to appreciate them."
' The Task of Logic,' by Signor Croce,
is a lively and diverting production, but
unfortunately so brief that the writer does
little more than indicate his doctrine of con-
cepts, and reject the views of his fellow -
contributors in detail : Logistic (as above),
formal and descriptive Logic, psycho-
logical Logic (which is so unwise as to let
go of fact and content itself with values),
and the Logic which sets store by the
Doctrine of Categories.
The rest of the volume is tilled by M.
Enriques's statement of the problems of
Logic in terms of Critical Positivism, and
by M. Losskij on ' The Transforma-
tion of the Concept of Consciousness in
Modern Epistemology, and its hearing on
Logic.' The one is a somewhat dry and
abbreviated presentation of a view which
claims to carry out in its true spiril the
programme laid down in Kant's 'Cri-
tique'; the other, a bolder and, we think.
more weighty piece of work, gives a very
acute analysis of the conception of
consciousness, and a valuable vindication
of i he axiom of Sufficient ' ■ i <>u ml under-
stood as ;i synthetical logical law.' The
esse} M a ^hole is worth the cloa
Btudy.
It remains to he said that the transla-
tion which in the case of the contributions
ot Signor Croce and M. Enriques could be
made Only from a Ccrinan rendering of
the originals, is uniformly excellent.
784
THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
The Philosophy of Religion. By George
Galloway. " International Theological
Library.'" (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark,
12s.)
It is many years since this volume of the
" International Theological Library " was
first advertised. Its writing was en-
trusted to the late Dr. Flint, but ill-health
prevented him from doing any part of the
work. The double task of preparing an
expert account of religious philosophy and
of wearing the mantle of an acknowledged
master of the subject was then assigned
to Dr. George Galloway. Without a
doubt it has been creditably performed,
though it was far from easy.
Had this volume appeared amongst
the first instalments of the " Theological
Library," it would have been widely
different. The last ten or twelve years
have made a change in the literature
of this science and its methods. The
influence of James, and the writings
of Prof. Eucken and M. Bergson, cannot
be ignored. But Dr. Galloway has been
a diligent reader of the latest books
published on his subject, and he has
followed a method of arrangement which
has given room for discussion of the
most recent theories. It is almost
unnecessary to say that the books referred
to in the text and those in the separate
Bibliography make an imposing list, for
the serious thinker on the philosophy of
religion has to master many volumes on
many subjects, and Dr. Galloway's range
of reading is uncommonly wide. As a
rule, one has to discover the school to
which a writer belongs by a careful reading
of his book, but our author in his Preface
is frank enough to admit that he is a
'• Personal Idealist," and that he has
learnt much from Lotze, Dr. Ward, and
Dr. Stout. But the significance of the
volume by no means rests on its evidence
of discipleship ; for Dr. Galloway can be
constructive and original, though he is at
his best when he is summing-up facts and
dispassionately weighing their importance.
He takes little for granted, and places
small stress upon traditions or revelation —
in fact, he is fair-minded and candid, and
does not stoop to make partisan points.
He does not relish idealism of the Hegelian
type, but he is not blind to the service
which it has rendered to religious philo-
sophy ; and if he has subjected to a
searching criticism the identification of
the Absolute and Deity, he also admits
that " a monadistic type of idealism re-
quires modifications" — in fact, in one
place he has not unsuccessfully improved
Lotzianism. In his own words : —
" A speculative theory of religion, must
be judged mainly by the fairness with which
it interprets, and the adequacy with which
it explains, the religious experience as a
whole."
Tested by this standard, Dr. Galloway's
book is a notable success, and he is to be
congratulated on writing a volume which
.should immediately take its place as an
authoritative exposition of the philosophy
of religion. He is more careful of his
philosophy than of his style. Yet atten-
tion to matter and form would have
lightened the task of mastering 600 pages
of by no means easy reading. Those who
wish to be read should make their writing
attractive. The public cannot be blamed
if they prefer what they can grasp without
pausing over difficult English.
The Introduction is one of the best
parts of the volume, and it consists of
sections on the growth of religious philo-
sophy, the problem and method, and the
relation of the science to philosophy and
to religion. In the body of the book
there are three main divisions : the first
discusses the nature and development of
religion ; the second, religious knowledge
and its validity ; and the third, the ulti-
mate truth of religion. It is impossible
to review in detail the points of Dr.
Galloway's argument, and we must select
interesting matters for comment. One is
struck time and again by his ability as a
psychologist. He is not an extremist or
a faddist, but he has a firm grasp of his
subject, and can sift and appraise evi-
dence.
" When we examine some of the theories
put forward to explain the psychical origin
of religion, we are struck by the defective
psychological analysis on which they pro-
ceed,"'
he says ; and he proceeds to make good
his contention by a criticism of several
accredited theories of the origin of religious
belief.
His first-hand knowledge is apparent
in his chapters on religious development
and religious knowledge. Dr. Galloway
has also the historical spirit in notable
measure, though many philosophers are
devoid of it, to their great disadvan-
tage ; and in his sections on tribal,
national, and universal religion gives
ample proof of this. It may be interest-
ing to give his definition of religion, not
because it is perfect or likely to become
famous, but because it is characteristic of
the book : sound and satisfactory, rather
than brilliant : —
" Man's faith in a power beyond himself
whereby he seeks to satisfy emotional needs
and gain stability of life, and which he
expresses in acts of worship and service."
In the third part of the book — the
ontological — we are in the realm of meta-
physic, and view once more the old
theistic arguments. It is hard to make
the bones live again, but Dr. Galloway
has much that is fresh to say before he
reaches his final statement of Deity as
personal and ethical, a Deity who alone
can fulfil the postulates needed to make
our experience coherent : "an ultimate
Ground of the world and an ultimate
Value."
When we have Siebeck and Haering,
and now Dr. Galloway, writing on religious
philosophy, we can look forward to theo-
logical speculation without fear.
KEATS RELICS AT HAMPSTEAD.
The handsome quarto which contains
facsimiles of the Dilke bequest to the
Hampstead Public Library, with ample
annotations and other pertinent matter,
is of particular interest to The Athenaeum.
For here, from the earliest days, the great-
ness of John Keats has been one of the
first articles of faith. C. W. Dilke, the
wise friend of many men of letters, and
an effective leader in the battle for truth
and sincerity in criticism, knew and loved
Keats. Dilke lived long enough to be a
real and abiding influence with his grand-
son, who to the end of his life scrutinized
with a jealous eye any criticism of the
poet, as if he were defending a well-loved
friend. In ' The Papers of a Critic ' (1875)
the younger man gathered the best
writings of the elder, adding a Memoir in
which the feeling peeps through the con-
ciseness and restraint. This excellent
book, though often used by serious
students of literature, is not known to the
average reader of to-day. The Memoir
opens with Keats, and prints several
letters which did not appear in Lord
Houghton's ' Life,' and were bequeathed
to Hampstead in 1911. This account
is even now worth reading for its personal
touches, and we mention it, as Mr. Buxton
Forman does not refer to it in his Intro-
duction.
Of course, he knows it (what does he
not know of the life and poems of Keats ?) •
and his admirable accuracy in detail and
research has made it easy to appreciate
this collection of relics. His handy edition
of Keats 's complete works in five volumes
(1900-1) should be in the hands of all
students of the poet.
Mr. Forman pays, in his Introduction,
an interesting tribute to Sir Charles's zeal
for letters. Not long before he died, one
of those snappy and superficial character-
studies Avhich are the delight of our
modern civilization explained, " He lives
only for politics." Nothing could be more
untrue. Sir Charles's taste for letters was-
always turning up in unexpected direc-
tions, and he had mastered many authors
outside politics, though he did not handle
their works like a book-lover. Mr. For-
man's account of the interview in which
he and Sir Charles went over the precious
Keats books and papers is characteristic
of the latter's direct methods : —
" Concerning one after another he put
the question — ■' Will you have this away ? '
Whenever the answer was — ' No, it will not
be necessary,' the book or document re-
mained upon the table. Whenever I re-
plied— ' Yes, if you please,' he turned half
round and threw the book, paper, or papers
on the carpet, between us and the door."
Mr. Forman adds that, unwilling himself
to lend his own treasures, he
" felt a very worm in view of the large and
confiding spirit in which this practical man
Keats Letters, Papers, and Other Relics.
Edited by George C. Williamson, together
with Forewords by Theodore Watts-
Dunton, and an Introduction by H.
Buxton Forman. (John Lane, 3/. 35. net.)
No. 4510, June (5, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
7.s
<«;>
of the world, who also revered Bleats and
really loved his own treasures, lenl quite a
mass of them to me to take away to my
house in St. John's Wood, then- to retain
them as long as I found it needful to do so."
Coming to details, we notice that Mr.
Formaii speaks of two copies of Lem-
priere : one in the Dilke bequest, and
another which, according to Andrew
Chatto's father, had Keats's autograph
on the title-page, but has not been heard
of recently. It is suggested that Keats
may well have had two copies of a book
he studied so carefully. The Beaumont
and Fletcher given by George Keats to his
brother is " incomplete as a book," but
" complete as a relic." Xot all the Dilke
relics of Keats are at Hampstead, as Mr.
Forman points out, but there is enough to
form a representative collection. Some
of our contemporaries have published
general remarks on Keats as a review of
this volume — a proceeding which may
suggest that the facsimiles are lacking in
interest in themselves. This is not so.
There are several long letters striking in
matter as well as manner.
In the first place, it is noteworthy that
the admirable reproductions reveal an
■excellent handwriting, though Keats is not
-always strong in spelling, and has an odd
way of dividing words in the middle.
The writing of any man of letters who has
achieved classic repute is commonly de-
scribed as beautiful, and often on inade-
cjuate grounds. Keats's contemporaries
Byron and Shelley wrote somewhat
shambling hands, fluent in the wrong
place. Keats keeps a good straight line,
writes clearly without flourishes, and — a
feat for a poet — is not indifferent to
punctuation. The earliest signature, in-
deed, of 1812, is full of flourishes, but is
probably the work of a schoolmaster, or,
it may be, an imitation of that master's
copperplate hand. Boys notoriously copy
the hand of their elders and pastors.
It is clear that Keats did not think it
''a baseness to write fair.'' In 1820 we
find him reproving Dilke for a hand which,
like his grandson's, was probably due to
the hurry imposed by a swift mind, and a
strong sense of the value of time : —
Y"u must improve in your penmanship ;
your writing is like the speaking of a child
of three years old, very understandable to
its father, hut to no one else. The worst is
it looks well no. that is not the wot
the worst is, it is worse than Bailey's.
Bailey's looks illegible, and may perchance
be read ; yours looks vi-ry legible, and may
perchance not he read.
There are no fewer than seventy-three
plates in this volume, and they show the
poet in many aspect — as annotating
Milton, penning original drafts of song and
ode, addressing his friends and his family,
^yhig bare his tortured heart to Fanny
Brawne, writing from Shanklin. Win-
chester, and • Cairn Something '' in Scot-
land, and composing with the aid of
Brown a comic letter The jokes, like
some of Shakespe ires, hardly seem super-
fine ; hut we can see. with much of the
laughter that might proceed from the
unlettered, a growing vein of philosophic
thought. In the long letter of May 3rd,
1818, to Reynolds from Teignmouth (not
given here). Keats reveals his insight into
.Milton and Wordsworth, and mytholo-
gizes human life in a style worthy of Plato.
Even within the limits of his brief life, he
was far more than the mere aesthete of
beauty. He believed in progress ; he
wished to get understanding ; he was
seeking for " the best metaphysical road."
That he learnt much in style from
Milton is a commonplace ; but the learning
itself was not commonplace. How many
bards, before his time and since, have been
taught nothing by that high style or those
delicious early poems which seem to claim
the adherent of religion as a deserter from
the haunts of Apollo \ Plate VII., which
has led to two misprints in the correspond-
ing text, " defeat" and " man" (p. 43),
shows how Keats underlined and annotated
* Paradise Lost,' and records his verdict
that two passages " of a very extraordinary
beauty " are " exclusively Miltonic with-
out the shadow of another mind, ancient
or modern.*' If Keats had read Virgil
with a mature eye, he might have recog-
nized the source of these beautiful passages,
and enjoyed them the more for being in
the great tradition. What he did with
the masters of poetry he knew was won-
derful, and might be profitably recalled
by those who rave about Shakespeare's
lack of education. Keats is with Shake-
speare, as Matthew Arnold said, and Mr.
Watts-Dunton in his all too brief ' Fore-
words ' endorses the verdict. He adds,
too, some highly interesting words by his
friend Rossetti on " the quality of finish
in poetic execution," and the mental
processes which precede it. How much
occult evolution has the poet gone through
before he takes pen in hand I Howr much
brainwork is left to the inspiration of the
moment or later revision I Swinburne,
we are told, was an improvisatore whose
hand always " swept from left to right,
fiery and final." But with Keats, as with
Milton and Tennyson, revision produced
those felicities which seem inevitable, once
conceived. His text is not overcharged
with quick-coming thoughts as Shake-
speare's sometimes is.
Besides the papers of Keats himself.
there are others which concern his
fortunes: a characteristic growl — "the
voice of busy common-sense" — from
his publishers about his first hook of
poems; letters from Charles Armitage
Brown, Leigh Hunt, and Mrs. (Jeorge
Keats ; and a facsimile of Barry ( 'ornwall s
elegy on the death of Keats.
Finally, Dr. Williamson has annotated
with exemplary care a remarkable collec-
tion of portraits of the poet. A busl
exhibited at the Academy in 1 S22 "has
been entirely lost sighl of." A drawing
made- by Severn of Keats at sea in his
berth reading, is also regarded as " irre-
trievably lost.' The posthumous por-
traits painted by Severn and others vary
considerably. Severn's memory was de-
fective, and doubtless he idealized the
features which he loved so well.
The Age of Erasmus. By P. S. Allen.
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, (i.s. net.)
The aim of these lectures, in the author's
words, is ' to present sketches of the
world through which Erasmus passed,
and to view it as it appeared to him and
to some of his contemporaries, famous or
obscure." Mr. Allen's name was assur-
ance that learning would not be wanting ;
this learning is borne with ease, and the
fear of an audience before his eyes has
doubtless contributed to the freshness
and attractiveness of his presentation. A
conscious forethought for his hearers'
comfort may be seen, we take it. in a
certain literary ailusiveness, by which
the more cultured ear might at times be
pleasantly reminded of Shakespeare. Mil-
ton, Tennyson, John Byrom, or Lewis
Carroll.
The first five lectures are chiefly con-
cerned with study, education, and the
religious life ; lectures six to nine describe
the general social condition of the period ;
in the tenth, certain differences between
the Italian and the Transalpine Renais-
sance are touched on, and the antagonism
of the Germans to the Italians represented
as preparing the ground for Luther. The
eleventh describes Erasmus's relations -
with the early Moravians.
Mr. Allen's opening words are of the
importance of biography for the study
of history ; and the final effect of the
book is to leave the reader not only with
a more lively picture of the period, but
also with a distinct impression of the
personality of some of those who assisted
at the new birth of learning, such as
Butzbach, Ellenbog. and Beat us Rhenanus.
Two of the most entertaining chapters
are the second and third, on Schools and
Monasteries. Those who know the quaint
Swiss-German autobiography of Thomas
Platter will be prepared for the appalling
difficulties under which knowledge was
pursued at the earlier stages. One's
scepticism always recurs at a school of
2,2(10 hoys (a loss of 20 by the plague
was as nothing) ; what have the modern
enthusiasts for the merits of Renaissance
methods to say to this '. Hut for Butz-
bach, eager to enter the religious life, and
sitting down to his elements as a grown
man, plenty of parallels could he found
in recent years among Welshmen who
felt called to the ministry.
We have an interesting sketch of some
of the mediaeval textbooks not extinct
in Erasmus's boyhood. The arrangement
of a dictionary by radicals however,
lasted longer than is here stated : it is
found. e.g., in the 174!) edition of l-'ahei -
• Thesaurus.1 In the third chapter full
justice is done to the more praisew ort hy
side "I monastic life. The picture and
characters cannot fail to recall some of the
quieter Boenes in ' The Cloister and the
Hearth ' that masterpiece by an ad-
mirer of Erasmus.
In the lecture on " l'i i\ ate Life and
Manners' the family ifl the chief Subject.
Some curious details of re marriage are
given ; hut can Mr. Mien be -enous
when he affirms thai
786
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4519, Ji-xe 6, 1914
" in Erasmus' day a marriage in which
neither side had previously [? contracted]
or did subsequently contract a similar rela-
tion, must have been quite exceptional" ?
though at a later date, to be sure, we
have it on Mr. Welter's authority that
" more widders is married than single
wimmen." But could there be a better
statement of the contrast between the
size of families and the high infant
mortality than : —
" Parents went on their May unthinking,
and content if from their annual harvest
an occasional son or daughter grew up to
bless them " ?
For Mr. Allen's purpose, selection was
obviously urgent ; but it is worth noting
that the everyday life of the time might
be illuminated by the records of medical
cases, such as the ' Observationes ' of
Felix Platter, town physician to Basel
at the end of the sixteenth century.
For the general reader, perhaps the
most amusing chapter is that on ' Pil-
grimages.' The bond of sympathy is felt
across the ages ; with tourists in Pales-
tine history must have been repeating
itself ever since. Each voyager will
recognize the elderly lady
" who ran hither and thither incessantly
about the ship, and was full of curiosity,
wanting to see and hear everything ; and
made herself hated exceedingly."
It must not be supposed that in matter
or comment Mr. Allen moves along a
beaten track. One can point to the
details on disputations in the chapter
about Universities, and to the acute
remarks on printing in chap. x. Through-
out we admire his wonderful command
of the literature of his subject ; his
familiarity with libraries ; and his know-
ledge of towns in Germany and the
Netherlands. It is rarely indeed that we
hesitate to accept his judgment ; but his
verdict (p. 116) that Erasmus's letters to
Batt " are remarkable reading and do
credit to both sides " will surely not, as
regards the second part, approve itself
to all.
In places, we have still on a second
reading stumbled at a word or phrase such
as " jeoparded " (p. 165), and " We need
not go back upon it [= apparently " return
to it"] here" (p. 252). Tacitus wrote
omne ignotum pro magnifico, not " mirifico "
(p. 12). On p. 47 we gather that " lucus
a non lucendo " is treated as a popular
modification of Balbi's words " per con-
trarium lucus dicitur a lucendo " ; but
" lucus a non lucendo " is found in the
Servian commentary on Virgil (' yEn.,' i.
22), with which, as well as with Isidorus
(' Origines,' xiv. 8), the passage of Papias
just before may be compared. On p. 153
'' the doctors could do nothing, except to
suggest that the foot should be taken off,"
does not agree with the original Latin :
and why should the printers confront us
with " Munster," " Schurer," " Tubingen,"
&c?
But these are trifles. Mr. Allen must
be held happy as a scholar who has found
his work betimes, and wrought at it
year after year with consistent achieve-
ment.
The German Lyric. By John Lees. (Dent
& Sons, 4s. 6d. net.)
Is it the case, as Dr. Lees contends, that
in this country German poetry is not
nearly so well known as French ? It is
true, of course, that French is studied to
a much greater extent than German, but,
so far as our own experience goes, we should
say that the majority of English people
who read French for their own pleasure
fight very shy of its verse ; whereas those
Avho are familiar with German do generally
read and like a certain section at least of
its poetry. Dr. Lees goes on to assert
that
" there are still, even among cultured people,
two fairly strong prejudices against the
German lyric. The one is that German
poetry is too sentimental ; the second that
the language is harsh and clumsy " ;
but surely the latter charge, at any rate,
is seldom made nowadays. Indeed, we
should rather be inclined to maintain that,
ever since Matthew Arnold's famous dis-
paragement of the French rhythms and
his ungrudging praise of the German as
exemplified in Heine, there has been a
tendency amongst us to emphasize the
excellence of German verse perhaps a
little unduly at the expense of French.
But however that may be, the merits of
the German lyric are indisputably great,
and a history of its development offers a
very attractive subject.
The scope of the present volume is
sufficiently indicated by Dr. Lees himself.
" Its primary object," he says, " is to
supply a lucid and concise guide to stu-
dents of German minor poetry," and that
object he has fairly enough attained.
His work is clear and well ordered ; it is
accurate and intelligent ; and the English
student who wishes to get a conspectus
of the history of the German lyric will
assuredly find it useful ; in fact, no other
book of the kind is available in our
language. But whether it is likely to
" serve a wider public," and appear suc-
cessfully to readers who are exempt from
academical influences, is doubtful. For
one thing, in aiming at conciseness it
inevitably becomes somewhat cramped :
most of the minor lyrists have to be
treated with a brevity that does not
admit of much more than a summary
statement of the broad facts about them,
and a rapid suggestion of the main quali-
ties of their work. For another thing,
Dr. Lees lacks the inspiring touch that
can make even such cursory criticism
vital and enjoyable. He writes soundly,
and what he says is generally to the
point ; his appreciations are honest and
sensible, and within their own limits
acceptable ; but they are seldom illu-
minating. He does not, we think, pre-
sent any aspect of his subject in a new-
light, or by virtue of the intensity of his
perception make the reader feel the justice
of his judgments, and thus his work,
regarded as a piece of literary criticism,
is of no special significance. But it is a
competent manual, and as such deserves
a welcome.
Clay and Fire. By Layton Grippen.
(Grant Richards, 3<s. 6d.)
In his Introduction Mr. Crippen premises
that " we who live now are very far from
God " — that we must look not to the new,
but to the old, must understand how
far we have fallen, " how little the de-
cantated progress of to-day is worth."
His book expresses his belief that
" these things, which now sadden us, when
viewed in a true light are found to take
their places in the appointed order, to be
part of the eternal Harmony."
This proportion is by no means observed
in the lengthy exposition of impatient
pessimism that ensues. The writer begins
by exhibiting his despair at the " Great
Paradox " that deterioration of soul and
body is the inevitable corollary of material
progress. This leads him to the theory
— apparently novel in his eyes — of a
" Golden Age," whereto he evokes ancient
Egypt. What preceded Menes I The age-
"before Death came forth" is his reply \.
and he takes Dr. Breasted to task for
assuming that those who wrote the
Pyramid texts had but lately emerged
from sheer barbarism.
If Dr. Breasted uses the word " lately "
in its commonly accepted sense, we agree
with Mr. Crippen ; but we base our
view on the discoveries at Abydos and
examples of pre-dynastic works of art
such as may be seen in the Cairo Museum
or (more conveniently) in the pages of
such works as M. Jean Capart's.
But, after all, time for ancient Egypt
is a negligible factor ; the four or five
centuries that separate one great period
from another are as so many generations
of later stages of the world's history. Dr.
Breasted's "lately" must be so elastic a
term as to cover the future awaiting re-
search experts at Memphis, through the-
Pyramid field, and elsewhere. Nor is the
" Golden Age " theory affected thereby.
What nation or generation of men has not
sighed for a " Golden Age " I It is but
the obverse of the medal of Hope, the
interior aspect of the lid that closed;
Pandora's box. The men of the past were,
inevitably, " nobler, wiser, nearer God,
than the men of to-day."
Mr. Crippen strikes angrily at Science-
He detests evolution ; Haeckel exaspe-
rates him ; Dr. Elliot Smith excites his-
utmost ridicule. He is provoked to think
that they and their likes should believe
in the non-divine origin of man, and
assert that soul is a development from
matter. But he is unguarded in his-
quotation from Rossetti — on the surface,
at least, of the words,
Thy soul I know not from thy body, nor
Thee from myself.
Art is, on the same reasoning, a lost art.
In the old days men had knowledge of
inspiration, of divine ecstasy : they felt the
" spark of the golden fire of God." Even
in Japan, within Mr. Crippen's memory,
Matsvri, ki-in, fu-in, bo-un, and kakoro-
muchi lived in and exalted the heart of
the craftsman. But all that is dead, or
nearly dead, to-day. The beauty of the
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
'87
past has given place to unspeakably
tasteless crudity, to Mr. Crippen's think-
ing.
Mr. Crippen adduces America as guilty
of a somewhat analogous crudity, shown
by certain pronouncements on the part
of up-to-date American preachers.
This exposition of pessimism concludes
with a survey of modern civilization,
■with its concomitants, excess of luxury.
corruption, fear of bodily pain and
spiritual damnation, race suicide — all em-
phasized by the writer from his own
special point of view, and leading up to
the one faint gleam of hope which, evi-
dently against his own will and better
judgment, he vouchsafes to his readers.
This gleam of hope is the possibility
that in our laborious and painful wheel of
life we are now reaching the nadir, the
turning-point of the circle. A new and
better day may dawn in some quarter of
the globe — in California, he presumes —
" that lovely country of sunshine, of
palms and orange groves, of vineyards and
flowers."
The final suggestion is that man joins
to his insatiable appetite for all that life
has to give — that is. the " clay " — a
yearning for the past, for " the effulgence
from the everlasting Light of which he
has a dim memory " — that is, the "•fire."
JS'mie in different ages have seen into the
future more clearly than their fellows,
have feared even worse descent of the
Boul ; but perhaps the worst has not
yet come. Man must pay for his soul's
descent, and must pay the full price.
In fact, the past was Heaven, the
present is Hell; the future may possibly
be Purgatory. That is the best that Mr.
Crippen can tell us.
Those who specialize in a point of view
fall into the vital danger of losing sight,
in their more or less comprehensive survey
the world from that point of view, of
details that might invalidate or upsel
ir creed. So it is with the writer of
Clay and Fire.' Xot only has he Losi
Bight in many cases of the precedent
examples of much that he deplores in
modernity, and assumes to be the out-
come of it, but he has also overlooked
entirely certain intrinsic and essential
laws of humanity. Humanity as such
never varies. Man himself, in body, in
mind, and in soul, is unchangeable. The
change is in his environment, his dis-
coveries of faculties latent in that and
in himself. It is not really change so
much as revelation and adjustment — or,
better, readjustment.
Wecannol say thai Mr. Layton Crippen
has contributed in any great degree either
the progress of humanity or to the
record of it-, pasl glories. His account
ot these is now and again picturesque
and, for thai reason, of some interest.
Indeed, the book would have been far
more valuable if the author had filled it
with descriptions of the-.- things, and
confined his remarks thereon and his
persona] opinions to a preface— ox perhaps
jan afterword.
The Statesman's Year-Book, 1914. Edited
by J. Scott Keltic, assisted by M.
Epstein. (Macmillan & Co., LOs. Qd.
net.)
Wi: have often received " The Statesman's
Year-Book ' at an earlier date than on the
present occasion, and hope that it is not
going to be allowed to come out late, as
until we get it we are always at a loss
for much of its useful information.
We have checked the book at many
places, and have found changes of
Cabinets, elections of Presidents, and so on,
duly noted. Under the heading of Egypt
we looked to see if the law which gave
that country a Parliament was properly
described, and have found a clear account
of the new system of Government. The
President of Peru who " assumed office "
after a revolution in April last is duly
named. The kingdom of Albania is
sufficiently described ; but, of course, it
was impossible to take note of the very
recent affair which resulted in the change
of a minister, and almost in the change of
a king. In the list of books on Albania
one of Miss Durham's volumes might have
been included. The changes in the govern-
ment of " United Nigeria," which came
into force this year, are all set out ; while
one of the new maps gives an excellent
picture of the alterations in the boundaries
of the Balkan States.
The finances of Ecuador are, no doubt,
puzzling ; but the figures given on p. 803
need further explanation. In each of
the most recent years it has been the habit
of this handbook to show expenditure and
revenue as exactly the same ; but we do
not believe that even in South America it is
possible for Chancellors of the Exchequer
to balance their accounts in this fashion.
Under the heading of France it has for
some years been said that the Chamber
of Deputies is elected by " universal
suffrage," when what is meant is manhood
suffrage.
When we turn to Mexico we arc dis-
satisfied with some parts of the text. We
know that it is difficult to get at the truth
about army figures, but the old informa-
tion, repeated year after year, is out of
date. We arc always told that " the war
strength is supposed to be s4.ono of all
ranks.'' W'e do not know the truth, hut
recent writers of authority have vouched
for the fact that these numbers in L913
were increased to loO.OOO.
Some of the little slips which we have
pointed out in previous criticisms remain
unaltered year after year. For instance,
on p. (.»'.)7 there is an old misprint in the
title <>f .Mr. Bent's hook. On p. 846
'St. Pierre " i> once more given as the
name of the French island of St. Pierre.
On p. 07 4 we -i ill find "' Konigreigh " for
" Konigreich." On p. 678 the mistake of
quoting the 1907 edition of Baedeker's
■ Eastern Alps1 is again made, when a
Liter one has long been available. On
p. 1093 the author of a hook on .Monte
negro i> still called k* Seymour," though
w e pointed out on a previous ocea-ion t hat
his name i, Mr Prancis S. Stevenson.
Memories of John Westlake. (Smith. Elder
& Co.. 6s. net.)
The subject of this little memoir, who
died on April 14th of last year, was horn
in 1828. lie received his early education
from his parents and at Lostwithiel
Grammar School. Entering Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 184(>, he became
sixth Wrangler and sixth Classic, and
was at an early age elected to a Trinity
Fellowship. The list of honours which ho
received later from learned bodies and
foreign Governments covers half a page.
In 1858 he published the first edition of
the book which brought him lasting fame,
and he was not only a great jurist, but
also a considerable practising lawyer.
John Westlake was a man of many sides,
who in his time played a leading part in
many movements. The volume before us,
which is not a formal biography, is
written (a good deal of it in French) by
several hands. The introductory portion
is by Mr. J. Fischer Williams. Mr. A. Y.
Dicey writes on ' His Book and his
Character,' the book being, of course,
Westlake's great work on ' Private Inter-
national Law.' Lord Courtney deals with
public affairs, and Mr. A. 0. Symonds
with the work of the Balkan Committee ;
while Prof. Ernest Xys contributes a
chapter on ' La Science du Droit des
Gens,' and Prof. Lapradelle speaks of
• L'GEuvre de John Westlake,' and M. Ed.
Rolin-Jaequcmvns gives some extracts
from an obituary notice which he printed
in a learned Belgian review.
Sir Charles Lucas tells us of Westlake's
connexion with the Working Men's Col-
lege, and shows how he took classes in
arithmetic, algebra, and trigonometry, and
devoted himself to the good of the students
as though he were their paid master.
Westlake only dropped out of the teaching
when public and professional calls on him
left no time for other work ; but he never
lost touch with the College, often gave
addresses and made speeches, was always
a member of the governing body and a
trustee, and no founder was more constant
in attendance at annual gatherings.
One of the earliest cases in which West-
lake was engaged was the famous one of
the Emperor of Austria V. Day and Kos-
suth, in which the Austrian Oovernmeiit
sued in our Courts to prevent KosMithand
his English printers from manufacturing
and issuing paper-money in the name of
the revolutionary Governmenl of Hun-
gary, Westlake being employed by the
popular side. Soon afterwards he WSfl
acting in another celebrated case -that of
Oolenso. who in earlier times had been his
t ulor.
International law. a- Westlake inter-
preted it. was the same for all nations
and he always protested against one
version oi it for the smaller ami another
tor the greater Powers. His interest in
the smaller nations was marked, and he
helped Finland and the Balkan countries
in a wa\ that will not soon be forgotten
in those land
788
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, JrxE 6, 1914
He was always strongly on the side
of Peace movements, and if his leaning
towards Peace and Arbitration is borne
in mind, it is the more interesting to find
that this great international laAvyer
" did not support the proposal for exempting
private property from capture by sea, partly
irom the belief that the proposal would
unduly weaken his country's power of
offence."
We trust that some who now suggest
that we should forgo rights which in
the past have proved invaluable to Great
Britain will remember what was the view
of such an authority as Westlake.
In these days of rush it is something
to be able to say, as is truly said of the
subject of this memoir, that,
" whatever the occasion, he never either
wrote or spoke with haste or superficiality ;
whatever he wrote bears the stamp of an intel-
lect accurate and profound. In all that he
wrote he put forward his full powers."'
One of his colleagues at the Hague Arbitra-
tion Court said of him : —
" C'etait mi de ces homines rares qui
cherchent la verite sans arriere-pensee et
qui cultivent la science pour en faire profiter
le genre humain "" ;
and Mr. A. V. Dicey writes : —
' The plain truth is that much as West-
lake achieved in his life — and he achieved
far more than most men — the man was
greater than the work which he so well per-
formed ; he was in his character, as in his
work, all of a piece. He attained to a kind
of noble simplicity, or simple nobleness."
The only fault that we have to find
with the memoir is that it is too brief, and
that the various authors often recount in
detail the same facts. A little editorial
supervision would have avoided some of
this repetition.
Three excellent portraits of John West-
lake and one of Mrs. Westlake add greatly
to the charm of this pleasant volume ;
and an Appendix supplies a list of West-
lake's Avritings, which fill eight pages.
The Green Roads of England. Bv R.
Hippisley Cox. (Methuen & ' Co.,
10s. 6d. net.)
Mr. Cox takes topography much more
seriously than the literary tourist. His
' Green Roads of England ' does not,
indeed, live up to its title by including a
survey of all the old trails in the country ;
but so far as it goes, it is a carefully
compiled catalogue of the grass-grown
roads and ancient earthworks in part of
the South- West of England. With the
aid of its excellent maps and numerous
plans, it will enable the wanderer in those
parts, if he has an archaeological turn, to
test Mr. Cox's theories, and perhaps to
formulate a new one for himself.
We have got long past the days when
all the earthworks on the .Southern
Downs were lumped together as Roman.
The vistas of time have been opened up
by the spade of the archaeologist and
the critical imagination of the biologist.
Neolithic man is no longer prehistoric.
He has written his records in the tumuli
and barrows and camps that are strewn
over the land, and Ave can predicate of
him that he worshipped the sun, studied
the heavens, believed in a life after
death, and knew the use of fire and
domesticated animals. Spadework may
add much to our knowledge ; but we
cannot regard as yet proven the main
thesis of Mr. Cox's work. Briefly, he
suggests that the earthworks of the Stone
Age, which are generally regarded as
isolated tribal strongholds and compounds
for guarding cattle in, were really part of
an organized Government, a series of hill-
forts arranged systematically along the
watersheds, connected by a fully developed
scheme of travel ways, and radiating from
A\Tebury, Avhere the great temple and the
artificial hill of Silbury seem to him to
indicate the central seat of government.
Mr. Cox is led to this conclusion by
observing that surviving ring-ramparts are
mostly to be found along the watersheds
on the high downs, Avhere the operations
of agriculture and advancing civilization
have naturally left them, and by ignoring
the significance of the very numerous
ring-ramparts in the lowlands which have
been ploughed up and built over and
lost or half-lost. It is true that the broad
trails, now grassed over, but still clearly
discernible in the down country by
reason of the fine, close turf, generally
follow the line of the hills. But this is
what would be expected in the days when
the ATalleys Avere impassable morasses, or
covered Avith dangerous forest-tangle. Mr.
Cox seems to us to bring no evidence of
any Aveight to support his theory of a
country occupied by a highly developed
civilization of Neolithic men, preserving
peace and exercising a Avide authority
through the land by virtue of their hill-
forts and watershed ways. He does not
make it clear how far this kingdom is
supposed to have extended ; but he
believes that the Green Roads terminated
at Ararious harbours, and linked up the
capital of A\rebury with the sea-borne
trade of Neolithic man. Thus he regards
Maiden Castle as a vast Avarehouse for
such commerce, and argues that its great
size destroys any idea of a merely trifling
trade. Its size is sufficiently accounted
for as the stronghold of a pit-dwelling,
pastoral people anxious to keep their
cattle secure. Men of the Stone Age were,
one would have thought, incapable ex
hypothesl of much commerce, for they
could have little to trade in but cattle,
flints, and stag-horns ; and it is curious
that no trace is left of the commodities
which the supposed fleet of Neolithic
dug-outs brought back across the seas in
return.
How fiightily Mr. Cox's imagination
carries him is shown when he comes to
Musbury and Hawkesdown. First he
postulates that prehistoric shipping might
have found a commodious harbour at the
mouth of the Axe, now silted up ; then
leaps to the conclusion that Hawkesdown
Camp and Musbury Castle were depots for
goods awaiting the convenience of pre-
historic shipping. Why Neolithic man
should have deposited his goods at Mus-
bury, two miles inland from Hawkesdown,
does not at all plainly appear. The fact
is there is nothing to differentiate Mus-
bury or HawkesdoAvn from Blackbury, or
scores of other " burys " among the Dorset-
shire hills.
Mr. Cox, we notice, regards King Arthur
as a strictly historical personage, and
argues that " the fact that he Avas buried
at Glastonbury is the best proof of his
having lived." But that fact is hardly
established by the statement of Giraldus
Cambrensis and the highly suspicious
Latin inscription he quotes. The earliest
mention of Arthur is, in fact, so late, and
the accounts of him are so contradictory,
that a scientific Avriter would hesitate
before assigning a local habitation to that
legendary hero with such certainty. Nor
would he, with Mr. Cox, describe the
neighbourhood of Glastonbury and Jack
Straw's Castle as " the cradle of the Anglo-
Saxon race." But if we cannot regard
Mr. Cox's hypotheses as established by the
evidence he produces, we have nothing
but praise for his lists of eartliAvorks and
roads, and the excellent maps and plans
which in themselves make his book
valuable.
From Russia to Siam, with a Voyage down
the Danube. By Ernest Young. (Max
Goschen, 10s. 6d. net.)
Mr. Ernest Young's book coArers far
more ground than his title suggests ; for in
addition to Russia, Siam, and the Danube,
he has something to saj^ of Holland,
Corsica, Germany, places " East of Suez,"
and Finland. The author has a pleasant
sense of humour, but, in spite of Avide
travel, he occasionally makes the common
mistake of talking of things in the country
Avhere he happens to be as though they
are peculiar to that land. Yet experience
of countries as near home as France and
Switzerland Avould haATe prevented him
from falling into this trap.
When he writes of Holland, he offers,
useful suggestions as to the best way of
seeing that country, and his ad\Tice is to
travel by water and carry a knapsack,
leaAdng heavier luggage at some spot Avhere
it may be found when necessary. On the
occasions when a boat is impossible, a
tram is recommended, and all the fares for
the journey which Mr. Young has sketched
are set out. But apart from these hints,
the reader will learn little or nothing of
Holland.
About Siam the author is amusing,
often at his own expense ; but of the
country itself he has not much to tell us-
that is valuable. There is nothing that is-
really new, and we gather that his Siamese
experiences are all some twenty years old.
In Corsica he cycled, and saw the A'arious-
houses in which Napoleon lived, and he
interests us in many of his remarks about
the island. His description of life in the
towns is not calculated to attract fastidious-
tourists ; and, according to him, the
system of drainage is so defective that it
is likely to dri\7e away all but the most
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
789
enthusiastic lovers of the quaint. We
note the suggestion of the American in
the statement that the smells of the
towns are such that they might almost
be phonographed.
One of the best parts of Mr. Young's
work is that devoted to an account of a
camping tour in the Black Forest, which
cost only rive pounds for nearly a month ;
ami it is good to read of the courtesy and
kindness which the campers received at
every place. The author was travelling
with some English boys, and he notes that
officials of all grades gave them a helping
hand. Mr. Young has, indeed, nothing
but good to say of the Germans, and ends
by declaring that in the Black Forest boys
do not throw stones and peasants do not
jeer, and that to be an Englishman in this
land of woods and streams is to be received
with open arms.
Some chapters on the Danube also
deserve praise, and those who do not know
that river might do worse than take Mr.
Young as their guide, and let him show
them what is worth seeing between Passau,
Linz. Vienna, and Budapest, and even
further down that great highway. The
author talks as one who enj'03's river
travel, even if on such a stream as the
Danube it is apt to be monotonous at
times. He points out that in foreign
lands there is no virtue in speed ; that the
Danube steamers may be slow, but are
fairly comfortable ; and he shows how
much we miss when we insist on express
trains.
At the end of the book are some chapters
on Finland which can be recommended
to those who want to leant what that
interesting country is. and what it offers
to students ; while there is comforting
information for those who wish to visit
it and may have been frightened
by the reports of other English writers.
The author in-i>ts that some of his country-
men who have talked of Finnish inns must
have been unfortunate in their experiences,
as he himself has found them clean, and,
if occasionally bare and unpretentious,
places of comparative luxury. We think,
however, that his later remarks about
food suggest that English travellers have,
to put it. mildly, some grounds for their
tales of Buffering.
My Varu d Life. By F. C. Philips,
leigh Nash, 10«. Gd. net.)
(Eve-
If Mr. Philips has failed to give us a book
of great literary distinction or remarkable
insight, he has certainly succeeded in pro-
viding an abundant and steady flow of
pleasant gossip, to which he has added a
liberal supply of excellent anecdotes; and
though their- i- nothing startlingly new in
his reminiscences, they are of sufficient
interest to afford pleasure to those who
would familiarize themselves with some
of the social and literary annals of the last
fifty years. In the respective capacities of
soldier, theatrical manager, journalist,
author, and barrister, In- has touched
many points <>f interest, and, unlike the
proverbial rolling stone, he appears to have
attained success, not merely in one, but
also in all his spheres of activity. After
serving for a brief period in the 2nd
Queen's Royals, he left the Army to enter
into theatrical management, and in this
particular province was associated with
several successful enterprises, not the least
being the production of the dramatized
version of his novel ' As in a Looking-
Glass,' a play which will always be asso-
ciated with the name of Mrs. Bernard
Beere. Naturally, a man of so many inter-
ests met many people of note, and his remi-
niscences of these are likely to make the
strongest appeal.
His brother, Col. George Philips, late
of the 4th (Queen's Own) Hussars, to whom
the book is dedicated, enjoyed the friend-
ship and esteem of Wolseley, and a
letter written to Col. Philips shortly
after Wolseley was made Commander-in-
Chief throws such an interesting side-light
on the late Field-Marshal's character
that we offer no excuse for reproducing
it:—
Commander-in-Chief,
War Office, London, S.W.
28. 1. '96.
My Dear Philips, — In the midst of all
the shams of the life T lead, surrounded by
the usual crowd of self-seekers who throng
the world, it is always pleasant to hear from
one who lives for others and for God.
Thoughts of you " almost persuaded me "
to try and follow your example, but I find a
hundred excuses for my own selfishness
and for following in the groove I have sought
to attain and at last received ; but T follow
it knowing the vanity and hollowness and
self-indulgence the life entails, and am
therefore all the greater sinner. My best
thanks for all your good wishes, and believe
me that I value the prayers of good men
beyond all the praise of those amongst whom
I live. Very sincerely yours.
Wolseley.
Deserting his theatrical career for the
legal profession, Mr. Philips soon found
abundant work on the South Wales Circuit,
but, acting on the advice of the late Sir
Robert Peel, he gave up active practice
at the Bar after a brief period, in order
to devote himself to literature and
journalism. His reminiscences of legal
luminaries, which comprise the greater
portion of his volume, are certainly an
entertaining feature of the book, and
some of his anecdotes will afford unalloyed
amusement to those who appreciate a good
story. In the days when Montagu Wil-
liams and Geoghegan were giants at the
Old Bailey, juries wen; less educated than
at the present time, and the perorations ()|
counsel appear to have been delivered
with the comfortable knowledge that
appeals might be a little visionary without
being ineffective : —
"' Gentlemen of th< jury,' Raid the counsel,
'as the L'reat poet heant ifully observed —
[ (In not at this moment recoiled the name
of the poet, nor what it was that he ob-
served ; but the moral is the same, and thit
is that you should acquit my unhappy
client, the prisoner at the Bar."
This verbiage appears to have been good
enough, for the prisoner was released.
The judicial decrees of those days.
according to Mr. Philips, were character-
ized by considerable brevity of language,
particularly in the case of Baron Martin,
who " never attempted to harrow a
prisoner's feelings." A prisoner was tried
for murder, and the Baron had summed
up to the jury in very adverse terms.
Apparently the jury took a somewhat
more merciful view than the judge.
' Preesoner at the Bar," said the old
Scotsman, " you 're the luckiest man I
iver cam across. Tak penal servitude
for life."
The author, in the evening of his days,
at the close of a career marked by wide
experience and varied, pursuits, now finds
peace in the shades of the Temple, and
thinks that '* a man who lives there and
cannot be happy and contented, does not
deserve to be happy and contented at all."
This is admirable philosophy, much in
accord with the pleasant tenor of a book
which, in spite of a lack of continuity or
cohesion, is of considerable human interest.
We are glad to see a useful and compre-
hensive index.
Mother Mabel Digby : a Biography of the
Superior General of the Society of the
Sacred Heart, 1835-1911. By Anne
Pollen. (John Murray, 12s. net.)
The biography of a religious must, in
many cases, make appeal only to that
somewhat restricted circle of persons who
care for the special aims and practices to
which its subject is devoted. That of
Mother Mabel Digby should, however,
interest a considerably wider public. In
the first place, the manner of her conver-
sion— while not unexampled, nor perhaps,
from the point of view of a nun of the
Sacred Heart, to be preferred as a grace
from God to many another less startling —
has in it those characteristics of the
mysterious and the dramatic which cannot
fail to set any one musing. Authenticated
as the story is, and, what is more, borne
out by further cognate experience in
Mother Digby' s subsequent life, it de-
serves to be included by the student of
religion in his dossier of evidence concern-
ing that department of human psychology.
No doubt his ingenuity will find a ready
enough explanation of it. In the second
place, it fell to this strong and remarkable
woman, as the youthful Mother Superior
of the house of the Sacred Heart at Mar-
moutier, to face the perils of war and
organize the care of the wounded while
the Germans were attacking the neigh-
bouring city of Tours ; and then, as
Superior General of the Order, in the open-
ing years of this century, to steady its
courage, direct its conduct, and safeguard
its VOWS, at the time when the French
Government carried through that scheme
of relentless persecution which ended in
the expulsion of the Congregations from
France.
She Came on both sides of good blood,
and no doubt exteriorly owed much to
this and to her early training. Perhaps
790
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
.she also owed something to the fact that,
as a girl, she had been a daring horse-
woman, and to the father who idolized
her, yet once found it in him to bring
the lash of his riding-whip stingingly
down upon her childish fingers because
she dared clutch at her pommel to
save herself from falling off her plung-
ing pony.
Her family had been living for several
years in France when in 1857 she entered
the novitiate of the Society of the Sacred
Heart. She became Mother Superior at
Marmoutierinl865; and in 1872, after the
sorrows of the war, and the still greater
sorrows of the Commune, was transferred
to the house at Roehampton, which she
governed until, in 1894, she was summoned
back to France as Assistant Superior
General. Perhaps the most important
public work she achieved during her tenure
of office at Roehampton was the founda-
tion of the Wandsworth Training College,
to provide Roman Catholic teachers able
to fulfil the demands of the Board of Edu-
cation for elementary schools. In her
plans for the extension, especially among
the poor of London, of the work of the
Society, she was necessarily brought
into frequent contact with Manning,
who, for some reason or other, showed
himself a fairly persistent opponent to
her activities.
In 1895 she was unanimously elected
Superior General, and thenceforth her life
was one of incessant and multiplied care
as well as of incessant travelling. The
Order has houses in many parts of the
Avorld, and the number was increased dur-
ing her tenure of office. There were com-
paratively few which she did not manage
to visit.
But the great work for which she will be
specially remembered was her leadership
of the Society during the years of crisis in
France. She carried out completely the
task then laid upon her. For each of the
fort}'-eight houses she was called upon to
close she founded another beyond the
borders of France, and not only secured for
each of the professed the continuance, in
its original conditions, of her life as a
religious, but also refused either to disband
the novices, or to send away postulants who
presented themselves. Her good judg-
ment, her foresight, her powers of
invention, and her unalterable serenity
proved equal to every demand upon
them.
That she achieved so much — nay,
merely that she lived to the age of 76 —
is a thing to be wondered at, since
her bodily health was of the frailest.
Again and again she was brought back
from the very threshold of death, and at
the times when she was reputed well and
going steadily about her business, she
was far more often than not enduring
pain which most people would have de-
scribed as excruciating. A splendid and
highly trained nurse, able to do anything
required of her at the most difficult
operations, she was held in peculiar esteem
by doctors, and they more than any one
else understood and marvelled at ber
capacity for enduring severe physical
suffering.
She was marked out for a leader by her
extraordinary power to sustain others, by
her keen intuitive sympathy, and her
excellent memory. It is clear, too, that
she had the peculiar gift of being able to
achieve much and bestow much in short
spaces of time. But she made great
demands on her daughters ; she would
endure no hankering after " petty com-
forts," and, what may often have been
more difficult to comply with, no shyness.
She spoke rather little, not so much in
specially memorable or fitting words as
with a singular quiet force, which carried
home all she said with unusual effective-
ness. A collection of sayings of hers —
some of them striking — is given at the end
of this book. Her practical wisdom and
knowledge of society and of affairs were
great ; her humour ready, her kindness
without end.
Where she was deficient appears to have
been in the direction of art and literature
— for which she had little feeling, and with
which she was little occupied. But if, as
Mr. Clive Bell would have us believe, art
is one mode of apprehension of the real,
and, functionally, interchangeable with
that sense by which the mystic apprehends,
then assuredly Mother Digby might with-
out privation forgo it. To the eyes of
those who lived close to her, her qualities
as an administrator, even as a Mother,
were lost in her sanctity. She died at the
new Motherhouse at Ixelles, near Brussels,
in May, 1911, and lies buried at Roe-
hampton.
We should have been glad to be able to
praise the workmanship of this book more
highly. Mere fine writing would, indeed,
have been emphatically out of place, yet
without falling into that it should have
been possible to handle in a more lively
and determined way the three or four
scenes in Mother Digby's life which are of
quite outstanding interest — such, for in-
stance, as that of her grave yet fiery pro-
test to the liquidators at Paris (tk Our rights
are imprescriptible ") : or the earlier story,
which it is only fair to say is somewhat
better done, of the rising of the Loire.
The account of the successive measures
taken b}^ the French Government is dull
and confused, and an adequate collected
statement of the Government's argument
is wanting, which, far from weakening,
would have defined and concentrated in
the reader's mind the case for the Congre-
gations.
Some of the matter included is unneces-
sary and trivial, and into several pages
there has crept what one may call a
triviality of tone. Yet in some sort the
reader's perception of these defects is a
tribute to good qualities in the work, since
it is a recognition of real greatness in
Mother Digby which leads him to wish
that her biography should be of corre-
sponding excellence.
The Romance of the Newfoundland Caribou :
an Intimate Account of the Life of the
Reindeer of North America. By A. A.
Radclyffe Dugmore. (Heinemann,
125. M. net.)
Mr. Radclyffe Dugmore, who has spent
nine consecutive seasons in Xewfoundland,
has in this book supplied a fairly exhaustive
account of the caribou (Rangifer terrce
novce), illustrated by photographs from
life, of varying artistic merit, but full of
interest when considered with the text.
Two of the illustrations (pp. 38 and 40)
are from paintings by the author, and
attest his ability with the brush ; it would
be difficult to convey a better impression
of travelling and migrating herds.
The book is divided into seven chapters,
in which are included a description of the
life and habits of the animal, its mating,
its migrations, and its relation to other
branches of the reindeer family. There is
also a useful short account of Xewfound-
land and its history, and advice as to
camping out ; and the game laws are
quoted in full. So in all respects except
one it is a useful guide for intending
visitors — the one drawback being its size
and weight, which must bav it when the
kit is slender. But that d feet is caused
by its greatest merits — large type, hand-
some margins, and lavish illustration.
The name caribou is doubtless of Indian
origin, and was used so long ago as 1609 ;
the life of this American reindeer is
divided into four periods, corresponding
with the seasons, and beginning with
summer late in June, when the young
are born. During the second period, as
the days shorten the animals reach their
highest development : the does fat, the
young still with their mothers, but able to
take care of themselves. This is the
mating season, and the time of the migra-
tion south. The third period, winter, is
that of hardship and trial, for the country
is covered with snow, and food is not
easily secured. The fourth, spring, is that
of hope ; the great herds break up, and
they return to their summer home.
The author has devoted himself more
to the camera than to the rifle, and he
justly remarks that stalking with the for-
mer is by far the more difficult. He has
admirably described his troubles in trying
to get a picture of two stags fighting,
divided as he was between the desire to see
the fight to a finish, and the wish to secure
a photograph. The click of the camera
set the herd scampering, and ended the
fight, which is portrayed at p. 68. We
can well believe that there is marvellous
pleasure in watching wild animals, free
from suspicion, behaving naturally.
Shooting, in this book, takes a secondary
place, and, we are told, must be done
decently , giving the animal a fair chance ;
the most deadly weapons must be avoided,
otherwise killing is no longer sport. It may
be so with caribou, but scarcely with wild
deer, goats, and sheep. A safer rule is
that, when the sportsman goes out to kill,
his weapon and ammunition should be the
most effective, which in the long run are
the most humane.
No. 4519, June 6, 1014
THE ATIIENiEUM
791
FICTION.
Tin Quick and tin Dead. By Edwin
Pugh. (Chapman & Hall, fo.)
MORE than one subject of real and serious
interest receives attention in these pages,
yet to the author's credit be it said that the
book offers excellent entertainment. Hav-
ing perused some pages which reveal a fish-
ing village in process of becoming a seaside
resort, and its fisher-folk and visitors — a
description which would have pleased us
with its Dickensian flavour if the author
had been more sparing in his adjectives
— we are led on to consider the ques-
tion of heredity in relation to marriage.
So warily lias the author introduced the
subject that his readers will be taken un-
awares. For some time we are merely
puzzled by the divagations of Mr. Pugh's
heroine in the course of her engagement
and subsequent marriage to the young-
engineer who has come to work out
her father's scheme of a harbour for the
town. When we find her unpleasantly
dominated by men whose artistry is
of the neurotic order, and learn that it
is a stepmother who ministers to her
with loving care, we get an inkling of
the ultimate tragedy.
Mr. Pugh has a second and hardly less
interesting string to his contrast of the
practical and artistic temperaments. The
young engineer, having in the course of a
cpiarrel inadvertently caused the death
of an essayist whom he regarded as a
rival in love, finds himself appointed the
dead man's literary executor. Filled with
loathing at the unhealthy undercurrent
that pervades the man's work, he is
agonized to find the dead hand exercising
an ever-increasing influence over his wife.
Constrained by the fear that his refusal
may be misinterpreted, he agrees (as
literary executor) to the publication of
a book of which he heartily disapproves.
His wife thinks it great, and he hates and
despises it. Painfully we watch his futile
endeavour to win back her affection by
material gifts. Inevitably the culminating
tragedy closes in. and. like one of Shake-
speare's plays, the book ends because
there is no one left to continue the action.
It would not be difficult to rind other
faults than the one we have alluded to —
for instance, the lack of sequence in time
i- annoying; but we much prefer to ac-
knowledge that Mr. Pugh has treated
matters of real moment with an artistic
skill which makes criticism of detail
unimportant.
A Mother in Exile. (Everett, 6s.)
This book is an autobiography embodied
in letters written for her daughter by a
mother "exiled" from her husband and
children ; and the first question prompted is
whether it is a true record of actual men
and women, or a story with incidents
arranged to fit various characters, drawn
partly from life. On the whole, the former
hypothesis seems t-i fit the internal evi-
dence better. Nothing save life — stranger
than fiction because less artistic — could
give such a paradox as Allan Montr
hidebound by mean and disagreeable con-
ventions ; and his wife. " faite toute d'une
Seule piece." sacrificing everything for
love. Love of what \ Of love itself
iather than of him or any man '. She
is one of those rare and poignant types
whose sad record, surprising and wounding
beyond imagination, may be found in
some faded yellow packet of letters,
unearthed by chance for the pity and
wonder of those who read them.
Being, on this hypothesis, a real person,
and of a certain definite generation of
thought, she is consistent in many respects.
We select one ; it may seem petty criti-
cism, but it has a clear and real rela-
tion to certain truths of life. She finds
constantly aid and expression for her
thoughts in the quotation of poets and
thinkers, and in sayings trite in them-
selves— French now and again, but more
often German.
We may seem to cavil at such German
quotations. In a story, a work of art as
such, they would be inexcusable, quite
unnecessary to self-expression ; the heart
should surely hammer and hew out of
the rough mass of its own suffering the
spontaneous and natural expression of
that suffering. But the reality of life
does show that the thoughts of others,
even in alien speech, have their value —
even the more trite thoughts, not neces-
sarily those that embody the true magic.
It is as though men or women, who by
much knowledge of life have become
atrophied to speech, are glad, relieved,
to find some simple saying, or quiet,
restful verse, the very commonplace of
which sums up their feelings. A young
man may revel in Shelley and his like,
seeking their atmospheric beauty for his
ideals ; an older man, knowdng the ideal,
is content with a far simpler expression of
reality.
Again, life-portraiture would certainly
explain in this book the inconsistencies
and incoherences of events and periods ;
these are confusing at times, and puzzling,
but as the natural confidences of a woman
to her letters— those letters that she
loves as she could not love the living
recipients of them — they are normal, and
fully explain her own thought and the
manner of its movements.
Such a record as that of the ' Mother
in Fxile ' cannot, however, make any
great appeal under its guise of fiction.
As fiction pure and simple, a diary or a
series of letters cannot well have a uni-
versal interest : the art employed must
become too evident, must obscure the
persona] note which alone has weight.
That note, unless we can identify it with
some real person, loses its force : it is.
in fact, a battle between artistic diction
and portrayal of temperament ; and the
result can only be a Pyrrhic victory for
the one or the other. Perhaps the final
note of the book as a whole i> the ex-
pression Of the last two lines of tin
quoted as a Preface : —
And love — it wa« the i»--t <>t them,
And sleep worth all the reel of them.
These two lines are the account of , may-
be one-halt of the work of humanity.
Sunrise Valley. By Marion Hill. (John
Long, <),s\)
Kate Douglas Wiggin must indeed look
to her laurels. Here is a book with all
the sweetness we have learnt to expect
from her. but far less cloying. True. Miss
Hill's chief characters are rather impos-
sible people. Her heroine, who goes to
take charge of a country school, is no
doubt extremely clever and charming,
but. had she been our responsibility, we
should have considered a good slapping
more beneficial than any kissing. The
hero also is very wonderful — but, alas !
he knew it, and there was no one to tell
him what an unfortunate effect the know-
ledge had on his manners. Much may.
however, be forgiven to a man who is
striving against odds to make some use
of what he owns, while many of those
he comes in contact with are wasting what
ought to be other people's substance. The
secondary characters are, in fact, the
best, because they have not so much
annoying confidence in themselves. Still,
the book has many shrewd and kindly
things in it, and the descriptions of the
country and country - folk are really
alluring.
Margot — and her Judges. Bv Richard
Marsh. (Chatto & Windus, 6s.)
Mr. Marsh would apparently claim our
sympathy for a girl who feels outraged
because a mass of circumstantial evidence
makes people regard her as a liar and
a thief. Had we any evidence of her
having ever proved herself the contrary,
or of ever having been worth a pinch of
salt, we might have discovered some
sympathy with her. As it is. we think
she only got what she deserved, and when,
at the end, she permitted her lover to
befriend her, much more than she deserved.
The book is unfortunately worse than
simply absurd ; it is harmful, in the sense
that it may give renewed currency to
ideas which we had trusted were on their
way to oblivion.
Desmond O'Connor. By George H. Jessop.
(John Long, fi.s'.)
Tin; sequence of adventures in this book-
is sufficiently vivid, and is put together
with lucidity and some spirit. J 'he history
(of Flanders in 1708) is not unduly empha-
sized. We do not meet with those ex-
tremes of excitement and instruction with
which Mr. llenty used to delight or ruffle
boyish imaginations (happily the chapters
alternated, and so it was quite easy to
know when to "skip") : but \\c are not
wholly disappointed in some of the epi-
sodes : an escape by canal from BlUg<
a ferocious defence of a woodcutter's hut
against w hole legions of foemen. and a duel
at the end where the villain tumbles off a
balconj just as he is going to " pink " the
hero.
The speech of the faithful Irish sergeant
is overloaded with conventional brogue:
we have met those rlibernicisms often
before in these heroic environments We
iiiu-1 protest, by the way. against " saber-
ing" ; such spelling, even if justifiable on
other grounds, does not look well.
792
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Garvie (Rev. Alfred E.), The Joy of Finding ; or,
God's Humanity and Man's Inhumanity to
Man, " Short Course Series," 2/ net.
Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
A study of the teaching of the parable of the
Prodigal Son.
Maud (John P.), Bishop of Kensington, Life for
Every Man, 2/6 net. Wells Gardner
Addresses given at Great St. Mary's Church
during a mission to the und rgraduates of (. am-
bridge University.
Zenos (Andrew C), The Son of Man, Studies in
the Gospel of Mark, " Short Course Series," 2/
Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark
Eight essays on various aspects of the
character and work of Christ.
LAW.
Dicey (A. V.), Lectures on the Relation
between Law and Opinion in England
DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, 10/6 net.
Macmillan
A second edition, containing a new Introduc-
tion, in which the author traces " the rapid
changes in English law and in English legislative
opinion which have marked the early years of the
twentieth century." See notice in Athen., July 1,
1905, p. 5.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Bibliographical Society of America, Papers,
edited by Adolf C. von Noe : Vol. VII., 1912-13,
Nos. 3-4.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Includes a paper on ' The Sulzberger Collec-
tion of Soncino Books in the Library of the
Jewish Seminary,' by Mr. Max Radin ; and notes
and news of the Society.
Boston Public Library, Sixty-Second Annual
Report, 1913-14.
Containing the reports of the Trustees,
Examining Committee, and Librarian. There are
illustrations.
English Catalogue of Books, 1801-1836, edited
and compiled by Robert Alexander Peddie and
Quintin Waddington, 105/ net.
Sampson Low
This volume completes the series published
by Messrs. Sampson Low, and has been compiled
from various editions of the London Catalogue, the
British Museum Catalogue, old trade catalogues,
and other sources.
National Library of Wales, A Bibliography of
Robert Owen, the Socialist, 1771-1858, 1/
net. Aberystwyth
Including lists of writings by Owen, books
and pamphlets relating to him, and prints and
portraits.
PHILOSOPHY.
Stebbing (L. Susan), Pragmatism and French
Voluntarism, 2/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
A thesis with " especial reference to the
notion of truth in the development of French
Philosophy from Maine de Biran to Professor
Bergson." It has been approved for the degree
of Master of Arts in London University.
POETRY.
Butler (Henry Montagu), Some Leisure Hours
of a Long Life, Translations into Greek, Latin,
and English Verse, 7 /6 net.
Cambridge, Bowes & Bowes
The contents are mainly sacred in character,
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Scriptures, hymns, and collects. The book is
described by the author as "a Chapter. .. .in
a fragmentary and very incomplete Autobio-
graphy," throwing light "on the leisure hours of
a long and busy life."
Crashaw (Richard), The Religious Poems, with
an Introductory Study by R. A. Eric Shepherd,
1/ net. Herder
A volume in the " Catholic Library."
Earls (Michael), Ballads of Childhood, $1
New York, Benziger
A collection of verses for and about children.
Esdaile (Katharine A.), Lux Juventutis, a Book
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Short pieces, including verses on love and
nature, and translations.
Gregory (Padric), Modern Anglo-Irish Verse,
6 / net . Nutt
An anthology selected from the work of
living Irish poets.
Rice (Cale Young), At the World's Heart, 5/
net. Hodder & Stoughton
There are pieces which reflect the writer's
experiences in Eastern countries, love-songs, and
miscellaneous verses.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bridges (John Henry), The Life and Work of
Roger Bacon, edited, with Additional Notes
and Tables, by H. Gordon Jones, 3/ net.
Williams & Norgate
A new edition of Dr. Bridge's Introduction
to his edition of the ' Opus Majus,' published at
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Cofley (Diarmid), O'Neill and Ormond, a Chapter
in Irish History, 6/ net. Maunsel
A history of the Irish Rebellion of 1641,
and the Cromwellian Conquest.
Durham (M. Edith), The Struggle for Scutari
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An account of the main events of the Balkan
War, recording the author's experiences while
doing relief work. The book is illustrated with
her photographs and sketches.
Jervis-Waldy (W. T.), From Eight to Eighty,
the Life of a Crimean and Indian Mutiny
Veteran, 4/6 net. Harrison
An autobiography, recording some famous
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Keppel (Frederick Paul), Columbia, 6/6 net.
Milford
A history of Columbia University, illustrated
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King (Wilson), Chronicles of Three Free
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Dent
An account of the development of three
Free Cities of Northern Germany, with an Intro-
duction by Dr. J. P. Mahaffy. There are many
illustrations, including some reproductions in
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Lee (Richard Henry), Letters, collected and
edited bv James Curtis Ballagh : Vol. II. 1779-
1794, 10/6 net. Macmillan
Containing over 290 letters written during
the last fifteen years of Lee's life.
Letters of Edward Dowden and his Correspondents,
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Masson (Flora), Robert Boyle, a Biography,
7/6 net. Constable
An account of the life and work of the
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Montague (VioletteM.),THE Celebrated Madame
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The author has based this biography mainly
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An account of the events which led up to
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Sandys (Sir John Edwin), Roger Bacon, 1/ net.
Milford
A brief sketch of Bacon's life, and some
account of his works.
Statesman's Year-Book, 1914, edited by J. Scott
Kcltie, assisted by M. Epstein, 10/6 net.
Macmillan
For notice see p. 787.
Tout (T. F.), The Place of the Reign of Ed-
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Sherratt & Hughes
This book is an expansion of the Ford
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Weigall (Arthur E. P. Brome), The Life and
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Study in the Origin of the Roman Empire, 16/
net. Blackwood
A study of the character of Cleopatra and
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GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
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An account of recent travels in Russian and
Turkish Armenia, reprinted from articles ia
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Cox (R. Hippisley), The Green Roads of Eng-
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For notice see p. 788.
New Map of the Balkan Peninsula, with Adja-
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This map has been compiled under the direc-
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It may also be obtained in sheet for 3/
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Webster (F. A. M.), The Evolution of the
Olympic Games, 1829 b.c-1914 a.d., 6/ net.
Heath & Cranton
Mr. Webster gives some account of the
ancient Olympic games, and describes the growth
of the modern movement which has usurped
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and' an Introduction respectively, and there are
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POLITICS.
Bizzell (William Bennett), Judicial Interpre-
tation of Political Theory-, 6/ net.
Putnam
This is " a study in the relation of the Courts
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Woodburn (James Albert), Political Parties
and Party Problems in the United States,
10/6 net. .Putnam
A second edition, revised and enlarged.
ECONOMICS.
Ketkar (Shridhar V.), An Essay on Indian
Economics, Ire. 8an.
Calcutta, Thacker <5c Spink
A study of economic problems in relation to
the political, social, and linguistic conditions of
India.
Schreiner (Olive), Woman and Labour, 2/ net.
« Fisher Unwin
A popular edition. See notice in Athen.,
Aug. 19, 1911, p. 214.
Withers (Hartley), Poverty and Waste, 3/6 net,
Smith & Elder
The author's aim is to show how close is the
relation between poverty and waste, and point
out ways in which private citizens may help to
better social conditions.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Jonson(Ben) on Shakespeare's Sonnets, an Exposi-
tion in English, by J. M., 1/ net.
Sherratt & Hughes
An examination of Jonson's lines to Shake-
speare in the First Folio. The greater part of
the booklet is reprinted from ' Shakespeare Self-
Revealed.'
EDUCATION.
Craik (Sir Henry), The State in its Relation
to Education, 3/6 Macmillan
A third edition.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Black's School Geography : Geographical Pic-
tures from Photographs, edited by S. M.
Nicholls, Series II., Packets Nos. 1 and 2, 6d.
each.
This series illustrates movements of the
earth's crust. Each packet contains six pictures.
Ceppi (Marc), Renard le Fripon, 1/ Arnold
A sequel to ' Les Aventures de Maitre
Renard.' It is written in simple French, printed
in large, clear type, and illustrated. A Vocabu-
lary is included.
Grenville (L. W.), Key to Hall's School Alge-
bra, 6/ Macmillan
A key to the examples set in Parts II. and
III.
No. 4519, June 6, 1014
T IT E ATHENiEU M
793
Klelst (Helnrlch von), Prinz Fhihpkh ii vros
HOMBUBG, ein Srhauspiel. edited l»>" Qeorge
Merrick Baker, " Oxford German Series," 8/
net. Milford
The play is provided with an Introduction
giving a sketch oi deist's life; notes, which
include a brief synopsis of the contents of each
ad ; and a Vocabulary.
Munro (James), A History op Great BRITAIN i
Part I., 1/8 Oliver & Boyd
An account of the chief events of Rngliah
and Scottish history from the time of the Roman
invasion to the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
There are many illustrations from paintings,
photographs, <vc, and maps.
Sand (George), Francois le Champi, edited by
Colbert Searles, "Oxford French Series," 3/ net.
Milford
The text is edited with an Introduction,
notes, ami Vocabulary.
Stanley (H.), PRELIMINARY Practical Science,
1 ii Methuen
A textbook dealing with some fundamental
principles in physical science. It is illustrated
with diagrams.
FICTION.
Betham-Edwards (M.), From ax Islington" Win-
dow, 6/ Smith & Elder
This volume contains a series of stories —
pathetic and humorous. The writer chronicles
impressions of her neighbours as seeu from windows
during the Mid- Victorian period.
Birmingham (George A.), The Red Hand of
Ulster, 1 net. Smith A: Elder
A new edition.
Dickinson (Evelyn), One Man's Way. 6 Allen
The hero, who begins life as a fashionable
country doctor, and attains eminence as a
specialist in London, has a calm professional
manner which hides his strong passions. The
author describes his relations with various women,
including his wife, who dies half-way through
Ihe book.
Doyle (Sir Arthur Conan), The Lost World. 3/6
Smith & Elder
A new ed'tion.
Gibbs (A. Hamilton), The Hour of Conflict. G,'
Stanley Paul
Episodes of romance, attempted suicide,
rescue, and happy reunion.
Nlven (Frederick), Justice of the Peace, 6/
Nash
A study in the clash of temperament between
a mother and her son, who chooses the profession
of an artist in preference to working in his father's
business.
Pugh (E.), The Quick and the Dead. 6
Chapman & Hall
See p. 791.
Ryley (C. L.), The Voice on the Beach, 5/ net.
Xutt
Ten short stories of the supernatural. That
which gives it-- title to the volume concerns
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of a drowned sailor shall haunt the seashore
until his body is recovered and re reives Christian
burial in consecrated ground.
Tynan (Katharine), A Shameful Inheritam e,
6/ Cassell
The story of a boy whose life was over-
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Warden (Florence), Lady Ursula's Husband,
6/ Ward & bock
\ story dealing with the reformation of a
• k.
Wentworth 'Patricia), Simon Beriot, 6/
Melrose
The love-story of a young man who revolts
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■ father, and struggles to earn his living in
London.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
American Oxonian, Vol. I. No. 1, •> per annum.
Bloomingxon, India as
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ober. The present issue include-, 'Oxford's
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Mr. F. J. vVylie.
Blackwood's Magazine, Jim:, l' S
'The Devil of the Waterfall. ' bv Lieut. -Col.
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Life: I. The Headmaster, by Mr. Ian Hay;
and ' Maguelone : a Forgotten [stand City,' by
Miss Louisa Mellor, arc included in the contents.
Britannic Review, June, 1 net.
Byre iV Spot t iswoode
The articles include 'An Empire Mark of
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British Review, Jink. 1 net.
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•The Radical Party of America,' by Mr. A.
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Connoisseur, June, 1 net.
35^-39, MaddoxSL, W.
The articles in this issue include ' Linthorpe :
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' From Piano to Piano-Flayer,' by Mr. George
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Contemporary Review, Jfne, 2/6
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'Our £200,000,000 Budget,' by Mr. ( 'hiozza
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Country Life, Simmer Number, 1/
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tions from x^botographs.
Empire Review and Magazine, June, 1/ net.
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Sir Clement Kinloch-Cooke writes an appre-
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' Juvenile Emigrants in Canada.'
Harper's Magazine, June, 1/
The contents include ' The First Dictionary
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by Madame de Hegermann Lindencrone ; and
' Pan, a Poem,' by Mr. Richard Le Gallienne.
Irish Book Lover, June, 2/6 per annum.
Salmond
An appreciation of Joseph Brenan and 'The
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Mariner's Mirror, June, 1/ net. Hammond
Including ' Patience,' bv Mr. L. G. Can*
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Arenhold.
Nineteenth Century and After, June, 2/6
Spott iswoode
Sir Bampfylde Fuller writes on 'An Ideal
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Occult Review, June, Id. net. Rider
Some of the features are ' Investigations in
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Poetry Review, June, 6d. net.
in. Feat Ihi stone Buildings, Holborn
This number includes 'The Homer of the
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School World, JUNE, <>'/. Macmillan
This issue contains papers on ' The Certificate
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by Miss H. L. Powell, and ' Accuracy and the
Direct Method.' by Mr. E. Creagh Kittson.
United Service Magazine, June, l' Clowes
Include-, • A Study in Defensive War.' by
Major (■. W. Redway, ami ' Signalling in the
German Army,' by Mr. R. Raven-Hart.
Vineyard, June, <'"/. net. Dent
Among the articles are The I la ml. and Home-
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Country Sayings,' by the Rev. It. I.. Gales,
World's Work, June, I net. Qeinemann
Some of the articles in the present number
are ' Out of Ireland, a lYophet.' • The Fates ami
.Mr. Balfour.' 'The Moving Picture Teacher,' and
living the Servant Problem.'
JUVENILE.
Le Feuvre lAmyi, A DAUGHTER OS IHE Sea, 3 '■
K.T.s.
A new edit ion.
Page (Alice M.i, (iici.v BEAD in Seabcb >•> \
Mother, -j. «; R.T.8.
The story of a stolen child. It is illustrated
in colour.
GENERAL.
Gaskell (Lady C. Milnes), Friends BOUND THE
Wrbktn, it/ net. Smith te Elder
\ hook of pleasant gOSSip, garden lore, and
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There are illustrations.
Gwynn (Stephen), Tin; Pair BILLS OF IRELAND,
2,i> net. Maunsel
A new edition. There are coloured and
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Sepher Maphteah Shelomo (Book of the Key op
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Helirew MS. in the possession of Dr. Hermann
Gollancz. It is now reproduced for the first time,
with an Introduction by him. Only 300 copies
have been issued.
Trew (M. F.), Notions about Nations, a Fsychi-
cal Geography, 2/6 net. Cambridge, Better
Nonsense rhymes, written as "a gentle
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trated by Mr. W. U. Toy.
Whelpley (James Davenport), American Public
Opinion, 7/6 net. Chapman & Hall
The author's aim is " to interpret American
opinion upon certain large or more or less inter-
national questions." Many of the chapters are
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Where shall We Live ? A Guide to the Choicest
Residential Districts round London, 3d.
net. Homeland Association
A popular edition of ' Where to Live round
London.'
SCIENCE.
Enriques (Federigo), Problems of Science,
Authorized Translation by Katharine Royce,
10/ net. Open Court Publishing Co.
A survey of scientific methodology, with an
Introductory Note by Prof. Josiah Royce.
Freud (Prof. Dr. Sigmund), Psychopathology of
Everyday Life, Authorized English Edition,
with Introduction by A. A. Brill. 1 l! 6 net.
Fisher Unwin
A study of the complex problems of human
behaviour. The book is translated from the
fourth German edition.
Godfrey (Walter H.), Gardens in the Making, 5/
net. Batsford
This book deals with the craft of designing
and laying-out gardens. The Letterpress is illus-
trated from drawings by the author ami Mi-. E. L.
Wratten.
Ingham (A. E.), Gearing, a Practical Treatise,
5/ net. Methuen
The author discusses the general scientific
principles relating to gears and their application,
and describes the most approved methods of
solving problems associated with them. The
text is illustrated with tables, chart-. and dia-
grams.
Marvels of Insect Life, Fart 1.. edited by Edward
Step, Id. net. Hutchinson
This work, which will be completed in about
twenty-four fortnightly parts, describes in non-
scientific language the structure and habits of
insects. It has numerous illu-t l at ion- and a
coloured frontispiece.
Thompson (Joseph C), The VARIATIONS i:x-
hiiutkd hy Thahnofhis Ordinoides (Bated
AND GERARD), a Garter-Snake inhabiting the
Sausalito Peninsula, California.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A paper reprinted from the Proceedings of
the United States .National Vluseum.
Walcott (Charles D.), Cambrian Geology \m>
Paleontology: II. No. 13; and ill. No. 1.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
The former paper contain- a classification
ami description of the Dikelocephalus and other
genera of the Dikelocepha Ii n.-i . The other
includes the Introduction to 'The Cambrian
Faunas of China,' published by the Carnegie
Institution of Washington last year, and here
reprinted with Blighl addition-. Both papers
are [litis! rate, I.
FINE ART.
Gray (Harold St. Georgei, 1'iini [NT! BUJ REPORT
o.\ the Excavations at Mai ururi RnroWi
DOR4 mi iii:. 1913.
Don heater, ' Dorse! Count] Chronicle '
This report is reprinted from tie Proceedings
of the Done! Natural Bistory and \ nl npiai 1.01
Field flub.
794
THE ATHEN^SUM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
Hough (Walter), Culture of the Ancient
Pueblos of the Upper Gila River Region,
New Mexico and Arizona.
Washington, Government Printing Office
A report of the investigation of ruins under-
taken by the second Museum-Gates Expedition.
See p, 801.
Young (Hayward), Short Cuts to Sketching,
edited by Flora Klickmann, 5/ net. R.T.S.
A series of articles giving suggestions on
sketching to beginners. They are reprinted from
The Girl's Own Paptr and Woman's Magazine,
and are illustrated with reproductions of drawings
and paintings by Mr. Young.
DRAMA.
Bunston (Anna), Jephthah's Daughter, 3/6 net.
Erskine Macdonald
A play in five acts, written in blank verse.
FOREIGN.
Chateaubriand, Atala, Rene, Le Dernier
Abencerage, IQd. Nelson
A volume, including the essay on Shake-
speare, in the " Edition Lutetia." M. Emile
Faguet contributes an Introduction.
Gall (August Freiherrn von), Der Hebraische
Pentateuch der Samaritaner, 28m.
Giessen, Topelmann
The first part of a work on which the editor
has spent twenty years of careful work. It
appears in quarto form, and includes Prolego-
mena, facsimiles, and the text of Genesis, with
abundant notes beneath it. The whole is to be
complete in five parts.
SONNET.
When these tired eyes are closed in that
long sleejD
Which is the deepest and the last of all,
Shroud not my limbs with purple funeral
pall,
Nor mock my rest with vainest prayers, nor
weep,
But take my ashes where the sunshine plays
In dewy meadows splashed with gold and
white,
And there, when stars peep from black
pools by night,
Let the wind scatter them. And on the days
You wander by those meadow pools again,
Think of me as I then shall be, a part
Of earth — naught else. And if you see
the red
Of western skies, or feel the clean soft rain,
Or smell the flowers I loved, then let your
heart
Beat fast for me, and I shall not be dead,
Thomas Moult.
CHAUCER AND WESTMINSTER
ABBEY.
Muniments Room, Westminster Abliey,
May 29, 1914.
The huge Chartulary of Westminster
Abbey known as Domesday was compiled
in the reign of Edward II., between a.d.
1307 and 1327. It contains transcripts of
hundreds of deeds relating to the various
Abbey manors throughout England, of
which the original documents have almost
without exception been since lost or stolen.
Under the heading of ' Hertfordshire :
Ash well Manor,' are two deeds containing
the earliest mention yet found of the poet
Chaucer's connexion with the Abbey. They
are of the year 1306, and relate to liis grand-
father, Robert le Chaucer (or Chaufecire,
as the name is usually spelt), and his grand-
mother, Mary Heyroun. The text of these
interesting and important charters is given
below : —
Rubric.
Quietaclamatio Roberti dicti le Chauser de
Londone et Marie vxoris sue de tota dote eiusdem
Marie in Essewelle. Nouerint vniuersi ad quos
presentes littere peruenerint quod nos Robertus
uictus le Chauser de London et Maria vxor mea
remisimus et quietumelamauimus Domino Waltero
Pei gracia abbati Westmonasteriensi et eiusdem
loci conuentui totum jus clamium et exaccionem
que habuimus uel habere potuimus uel poterimus
inperpetmim racionc dotis predicte Marie que
quondam fuit vxor Johannis Heyron de Londone
quondam viri ipsius Marie de omnibus terris et
tenementis que fuerunt predicti Johannis Heyron
in Aschewelle. Ita videlicet quod nos predicti
Robertus et Maria nee aliquis per nos nee nomine
nostro uel alteram nostrorum in predictis tene-
mentis nomine dotis ipsius Marie aliquo jure uel
clamij alterius tituli decetero exigere clamare uel
vendicare poterimus inperpetuum. In cuius rei
testimonium huic presenti quieteclamancie apud
Assewelle sigilla nostra apposuimus die sancte
Margarete virginis Anno regni regis Edwardi
filii regis Henrici tricesimo quarto in presencia
Willelmi de Lyre Roberti de Raukedich Willelmi
de Stanton Roberti de prat is Johanni filii Thome
Ricardi Ottewyet Philippi filii Thome et aliorum.
Rubric.
Quietaclamantio Petri filii Willelmi de Han-
cestre de vno messuagio cum omnibus terris et
tenementis et gardinis ad illud pertinentibus
Omnibus Christi fidelibus presens scriptum
visuris uel audituris petrus filius Willelmi de
Hancestre salutem in domino. Noueritis me pro
me et heredibus meis remisisse et omnino quietum-
clamasse Waltero dei gracia abbati Wesmonasteri-
ensi et eiusdem loci conuentui et eorum success-
oribus totum jus et clamium quod habui uel
aliquo modo habere potui in toto illo mesuagio
cum gardinis et omnibus terris et tenementis ad
predictum mesuagium pertinentibus in villa de
Assewelle. Ilia videlicet tenementa que quon-
dam fuerunt Rogeri de aqua susspensi et que
tenementa quondam Johannes Heron de Lon-
done tenuit ex dimissione eiusdem Rogeri et que
idem Johannes Heron sursumreddidit in manus
domini in plena curia de Assewelle secundum
consuetudinem manorij ad opus meum. Ita
videlicet quod necego predictus Petrus nee heredes
mei nee aliquis nomine nostro quicquam juris uel
clamij decetero exigere vendicare uel clamare
poterimus inperpetuum occasione illius reddi-
cionis seu aliquo alio modo neque in dominico
neque in servicio. In cuius rei testimonum
presenti scripto sigillum meum apposui. Hiis
testibus Domino Johanne vicario de Essewelle
Ricardo de Standone Willelmo de Stantone Gal-
frido Pikeroun Gerino de sancto Egidio Gamelo
de Ware Willelmo de Lyre Johanne le Jeofne
Johanne de Stanes Ricardo de Raukediche
Sansone le clerc Roberto atte Made et aliis.
Edward J. L. Scott, D.Litt.Oxon.,
Keeper of the Abbey Muniments. ,
JOHN PEPYS, THE FATHER OF THE
DIARIST, AND ST. BRIDE'S.
You will need no apology from me for
venturing to give to the numerous lovers of
Pepys the following facts, which have not,
so far as I am aware, been made public
before, although the existence of part of them
was indicated some years ago.
We know from his petition to the Mer-
chant Taylors' to be admitted a freeman
(' Pepysiana,' p. 15) that John Pepys, the
father of the diarist, had lived, as apprentice
and master man, in St. Bride's Churchyard
for thirty-six years, at the time he made the
application, that is since he was a boy of 13.
He married in 1626, when he was 24, and his
first child was born in 1627. Of his six sons
and five daughters, in the registers of St.
Bride's I have found the entries of all their
baptisms but one, that of John the youngest ;
and there also will be found the entries of
the burials of seven of them, three sons and
four daughters.
Any doubt which may have existed as to
the fact of Samuel Pepys having been born
at his father's house in St. Bride's Churchyard
may, I think, be set aside after examination
of the registers. The regularity with which
the registrations follow the dates of the
births of his brothers and sisters given by
Pepys in the Diary (vol. iv. p. 320, Wheatley)
is strong presumptive evidence that all were
born there ; seventeen days is the longest
interval between any of the births and bap-
tisms, and in Samuel's case the interval is
only eight days.
The entries are as follows : —
1627, Aug. 1. Mary d. of John Pepes wyef
Margaret.
1628, Oct. 5. Paulina d. of James [sic] Pep' <
wyef Margaret .
1630, Apr. 9. Hester d. to John wyef Margaret
Peapes.
1631 [/2] Jan. 19. John s. to John Peapes wyef
Margaret.
1632 [/3] Mar. 3. Samuell s. to John Peapis
wyef Margaret.
1631, June 25 Thomas s. to John Peapes wife
Margaret.
1635, Sept. 3. Sarah d. to John Peapes wife
Margaret.
1637, May 8. Jacob s. to John Peapes wife
Margaret.
1638, Nov. 27. Robert s. to John Peyps wife
Margaritt.
1640, Nov. 5. Paulina d. to John Peepes wyef
Margaret.
The forename James given in the second
entry is, of course, a clerical error for John.
Of the baptism of John, the youngest son,,
the second to receive that name, I have so-
far been unable to find the entry.
Then turning to the burials, we find the
following entries, which show that all of the
diarist's brothers and sisters did not die in
infancy, as has been supposed : —
1631, Nov. 23. Hester d. to John Pepys [19J
months].
1632, May 10. Pallina d. to John Peypys [3J
years].
1637, Dec. 15. Jacob s. to John Peapys [T
months].
1640, May 10. John s. to John Peepes [8 years
and 4 months].
1610, Dec. 14. Mary d. to John Peepes [13
years].
1641, June 9. Sara d. to'John Peepes f5f years].
Of the burial of Robert, stated to have-
died young (Diarjr, vol. i. p. xvii, Wheatley),
I have at pi esent failed to find the record ;
he may, of course, have died away from
home — at Brampton or elsewhere. Then,
after many years, we find the entry relating
to Thomas, whose death and burial arfr
related in the Diary : —
1663(74], March 18. Mr. Thomas Pepyes.
We may note the influence of the rising
Navy official in the prefix " Mr.," which is-
not given to any other of the entries.
As well as the above members of the family y
there are the following entries referring to-
the household :—
1641, Nov. 26. Barbara Williams servant tc-
Mr. Peapes.
1644, Sept. 18. Margarett, Peeps lodger.
(Plague.)
which are of interest as showing something
of his social condition.
Besides the registers, other books in the-
same place furnish information about John
Pepys. In 1645 we find him making request
to the vestry to be allowed to move a
" partition " in the churchyard standing
before his house, " for the better benefitt of
his light." After viewing it, the vestry
decided to allow him to move it " further in
two yards, provided that he would be at the
charge of paving that ground," and putting
grates to the window for " feare of dainger
to children." This proves that his house
actually abutted on the churchyard, and was
not only nominally situated there. The
exact location of the house will, however,.
I fear, never be determined ; much altera-
tion has been made in the neighbourhood,
and one possible source of information which
might have given valuable clues is not avail-
able : the rate-books do not go back so far
as the period of his occupation.
In July, 1649, "Mr. John Peapes was
chosen scavenger for the year ensueinge."
(The scavenger was the officer appointed by
the parish to be responsible for the cleansing
of the streets, &c.) In the following Sep-
tember we have further reference to this
appointment, which I transcribe in full, the
side-note being " 1649. 18 Sept. Mr. Peaj es.
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
79:,
fines for scavenger and all other parish
offices " : —
\l ilii- Vc-trie llio ci>inttee of Yestiie appointed
to treat with Mr. Peapes lately chosen scavenger
for the year ensueiuge concerninge liis ffine for 1 hut
pine and all other parish offices if hee bee pleased!
made their report thai they had spoken with him
to whom hee declared thai hee conceived hee had
received sum.' affront att St. Sepulchre's his vote
being denyed him in choice of publique offices
tor the cittie being hee was no (freeman thereof
a- was alleged and therefore could not be com-
pelled to hear any publique otliee of I ho eittie,
yott because hee would not hee accounted a
Refractory neighbour in doeing something for the
palish, hee would freely give f> pounds to the
poore of the place in respect of all offices, all w1'1'
and other things being considered if they thought
tin the churchwardens should receive of him the
I pounds wch they did accordingly. And this
Ve-trie upon that report did approve of what the
said com"" had done therin and ordered that hee
ibould bee for the same discharged from the said
otliee of scavenger and all other parish offices."
And the receipt of the fine appears : —
1649, 13 Sept. Hoc'1 of Mr. Peapes his fine for
all offices. 005 . 00 . 00.
Tins incident may probably have had
something to do with his petition to the
Merchant Taylors' to be admitted a free-
man of the Company, for it was but a few
months after that his application was made.
After the lapse of some years, we find him
again elected to a parish office, of which the
following is the record : —
ItioS, 1 t Apt-ill. John Peepes chose sydesman
for the year ensueinge.
I am much indebted to the courtesy
of Mr. A. \V. Peart, the Parish Clerk of
St. Bride's, who has most kindly granted me
facilities for consulting the parish records,
and given me his assistance in making the
search. Walter H. Whttear.
EDMUND BURKES LETTERS.
1, Rutl mil House, 53, Charleville Road,
West Kensinpton, W.,
June 1, 1914.
I am engaged in the preparation of a
definitive edition of the correspondence of
Edmund Burke, and seek the hospitality of
your columns in order to ask any of your
readers who possess original letters kindly
to communicate with me.
Lewis Melville.
BOOK SALE.
-Its. SOTHEBY'S book sales last week
I ided the libraries of the late ('apt. Douglas
I the late Mr. A. J. K irkpat rick, and the
perty of the Rev. Stopford A. Brooke, the
chief prices being: Berain, Ornemens, 106
plates, c. 1674, 15/. Cauvet, Recueil d'Ornemens,
1777, 17/. Cuvillies, Architecture, r. 1770, 120/.
Heppelwhite, Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's
fe, 178!', 21/. Le Pautre, CEuvres d'Archi-
ture, '■> vols., n.d., TIL 10«. J. A. Meissonier,
c. 1730, 115/. XoufTorgo, Kecueil 616-
utaire d'Architecture, 8 vols, in 1, 1757-68,
-'!/. Combe, Three Tours of Dr. Syntax, '■'< vols.,
1812-21, 32/. 10s. Dance of Life, 1817, 37/.
of Death, 1811 15, 50i. Dickon-, Post-
lnifnA»n i> . t * i. . i>:..i — :..i- /'i.. i. i we "7 !•*
ts in 2 vols., I8:',i; 7. 2'.'/. Shakespeare,
:ks, 7 vols., 170H In. 35/. Suite.-. Ilandl.v
' ss, 1854, 12/. VVestmacott, English Spy, 21
parts in 2 vols., 1825-6, 115/.: another copy,
• ". Ackerniann, Microcosm of London, 3 vols.,
I/. Don Quixote, 1 vols., 1818, exlla-
illnstrated, 25/. Inland. Life of Napoleon Bona-
parte, | \.,|-., lsi':i s. t.",/. Dncrest, .Memoirs of
Km pre--, Josephine, 2 vol-., extra-illustrated,
I, 35/. In,. .Mile. i|e Mont p.n-iii. Memoirs,
!«., extra-illustrated, 1848,242. 10«. Steven-
son, Works, Edinburgh Edition, 31 vol-.. 1804 '■>,
52/. Chodowiecki, a collection of 535 engravii
-•>'. Ihk. Girtin, Twenty of the most picturesque
'■s of Paris. 1803, 20/. I'iian.-i, Vedute <li
Roma, Va-i, \c., i \,,i-.. ]77!>, fee., 18/.
Xitmtqj (Scsstp,
Me. John Gbtjbbel of Philadelphia lias
agreed to proposals for the custody of the
Glenriddeli Bums MSS., which he pre-
sented to the Scottish nation. A trust is
to he formed consisting of three members :
the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, the Lord
Provost of Glasgow, and Lord Roseberv.
The manuscripts are to be deposited for
alternate periods of rive years in Edin-
burgh and Glasgow until Scotland has a
National Library. When such a library
exists, it is to become sole trustee and
ultimate depository of the MSS.
The first volume of the new edition of
Dr. Hugh Scott's * Fasti Ecclesiae Scoti-
canae," edited by the Rev. W. S. Crockett,
was laid on the table at the recent Church
of Scotland General Assembly. Dr. Wal-
lace Williamson explained that it was the
work of the Committee in charge to bring
the ' Fasti ' fully up to date, so that,
when completed, it would embrace the
biography of every minister of the Church
of Scotland from the time of the Reforma-
tion.
A correspondent writes : —
' Your review of the last book on Landor
reminds me of what has never been published
—his remark that he would whip his son
if he did not write better verse than Horace — ■
as told me by my father, who met the poet
at Llanfairynghornwy Rectory, Anglesey.'1
This is quite in Landor' s vein. " Mine
were always the best," he remarked com-
placently of his Latin verses at Rugby,
and they seem to have condoned a good
deal of his impertinence in school.
Dr. Moxtessori is proposing to visit
England in October in order to give a
series of lectures and a short course with
practical demonstrations for parents and
teachers. This course will be designed to
throw further light on the Montessori
Method, particularly with relation to its
employment in this country ; and pro-
spective students and others interested
should apply to C. A. Bang. 20, Bedford
Street. Strand, W.C., for further par-
ticulars.
The Academie des Sciences has elected
Mr. J. Loeb, of the Rockefeller Institute,
Xew York, to succeed the late Lord
Avebury as a corresponding member.
The Academie Francaise and the Aca-
demic des Sciences .Morales et Politiques
will he represented at Oxford, on the
occasion of the Bacon Commemoration,
by M. le Comte d'Haussonville.
Tin; Prix .Jean Raynaud, which is
given for the work most remarkable tor
originality, has been awarded to Prof.
Joseph Bedier, of the College de France,
lor his • Legendes epiques : recherches
but la formation des Chansons de Geste.'
This prize, of the value of 10,000 francs, is
one ot the most important of those dis-
tributed by the Academic Francaise.
Mi:. George Watson, of the staff of the
Oxford Dictionary, has for some years
past been collecting and noting the errors
in Sir Walter Scott's writings. To the
Transactions of the Hawick Archaeological
Society ho has contributed a paper on the
' Literary Blunders of the Author of
\\ averley.' To The Border Magazine for
June, 1012, he contributed a paper on
Scott's misuse of words, owing to failure
of memory or otherwise ; and a second in-
stalment will shortly appear on the same
subject in this periodical.
Messrs. Macmillax are publishing next
week a short work l>v the Rev. X. S.
Talbot, entitled ' The Mind of the Dis-
ciples,' in which the writer sets forth so
much of the historical foundation of
Christianity as is at once essential for
those who are bound to teach and explain
the Christian religion, and not disallowed
by modern criticism.
The author of -Night Thoughts" has
hitherto been without any such biography
as the exhaustive methods of the present
day have led us to consider satisfactory.
Whether the world has lost much by this
we shall presently know, for Mr. Henry ( '.
Shelley has had access to material hitherto
out of reach, and is about to issue what
his publishers, Messrs. Pitman, call a
" full-dress " portrait of Edward Young.
'* Full-length " is perhaps what was in-
tended, but unless the new letters differ
markedly from Young's other productions,
they are probably equally well summed
up by the former word.
Messrs. Macmillax are publishing
next week for Mr. J. A. Hobson a book
entitled " Work and Wealth : a Human
Valuation.' His purpose is to present a
full and formal exposure of the inhumanity
and vital waste of modern industry by
the close application of the best-approved
formulas of individual and social welfare,
and to indicate the most hopeful measures
of remedy for a society sufficiently in-
telligent, courageous, and self-governing
to apply them.
Messrs. Macmillan will also issue next
week a novel by a new writer — Mr. Herbert
Harrison — entitled ' A Lad of Kent.'
' The Oxford Survey of the British
Empire ' is to be published this month
by the Oxford University Press. This
elaborate work is a description of the
Empire and its constituent territories in
their geographical, economic adminis-
trative, and social aspects at the present
tunc. It will be issued in six octavo
volumes, the last of which will be occupied
by a general survey. There will he 210
reproductions of photographs, 27 coloured
maps, and lit.'} figures in the text. The
'Survey' has been edited by Prof. A. •).
Herbertson and Mr. 0. -I. R. Hbwarth,
Assistant Secretary of the British Associa-
tion, in collaboration with 73 contributors.
Wi: are sorrv to notice (lie death of Sir
Douglas Straight on Thursday last. Born
in 1S44. he made his way at the Bar at an
early age, and, after a period in Parliament
and as an Indian judge, took up the
editorship of Tht Pail MaUGazetk in L896
a- a temporary duty, hut retained it for
thirteen years. Sir Douglas was hardly
a greal editor, but he was a man accom-
plished in many ways, and so genial as to
win the regard of all who knew him.
790
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
SCIENCE
— • —
THE X-RAYS AGAIN.
Dr. Kaye tells us in the Preface to
his ' Introduction to the Study of
Rontgen Rays ' that this is not a treatise
on the rays, but an attempt to give " a
notion of the historical trend of events "
from Prof. Rontgen's discovery in
1805 clown to the end of last year,
and we gather, further, that it is
particularly addressed to the medical
profession. Yet we do not find in it
much that is historical. There is, on the
other hand, a good deal that is practical,
and on the whole we think a medical man
with an elementary knowledge of elec-
tricity would be able to glean from it
what apparatus he should use or avoid
in working with the X-rays. That most
of the contrivances here recommended
are English, and that little notice is taken
of the work of French or German manu-
facturers, is perhaps natural.
With this limitation the book is singu-
larly complete. In practical matters Dr.
Kaye supplies many useful hints, as
when he tells us that in radiographic
work "' the kidneys, which are in continual
periodic motion," can be " temporarily
arrested " by pressing a lead tube tightly
on to the abdomen. With regard to the
use of bismuth for obtaining radio-
graphs of the intestines in action also,
he warns the practitioner that the
" pronounced and very soft secondary
rays " that bismuth emits may have an
injurious effect on the patient. He re-
commends, too, the taking of " plastic "
prints of radiographs, which — to judge
from the specimen reproduced in his
book — give a stereoscopic effect without
the taking of two pictures. As to the
curative use of the rays, he lays down
that, although they have been success-
fully employed in cases of rodent ulcer,
they do not effect a cure for malignant
tumours and large cancerous growths.
He declares that, unlike ultra-violet light,
they have little or no action on bacteria,
and cannot be employed to destroy them.
At the same time he quotes with approval
Prof. Bragg's contention that the X-ray
owes all its activity to the electrons it
produces when suddenly stopped by the
body against which it strikes, and that
therefore its only curative action must
arise from its transformation into what
he calls "corpuscular" rays and the
absorption of these last. As corpus-
cular or cathode rays can be produced by
other means, and without the risk of
dermatitis and other dangers arising from
the use of the X-rays, it would seem to
follow that in his view the main use of the
latter in medicine will be confined in the
near future to radiography.
As to the nature of the rays themselves,
he thinks that the controversy regarding
them has been set at rest by the discovery
that they can be reflected and diffracted
X-Rays : an Introduction to the Study of
Rontgen Rays. By G-. W. Kaye. (Long-
mans & Co., 5s. net.)
by crystals, and that there can remain
" scarcely any doubt " that they are in
fact ultra-violet light of extremely short
wave-lengths. He even assumes these
wave-lengths to be of the order of the
diameter of the atom. Yet it is evident
that this does not satisfy all the conditions,
for immediately afterwards he notes that
the X-rays behave more like rifle bullets
than waves, and that they seem to
be made up of " streams of discrete
entities." He quotes, therefore, Sir
Joseph Thomson's idea that the ether has
a fibrous structure, and that individual
light- waves are not continuous, but corre-
spond to "a collection of wires along
which the various disturbances travel."
But this only gets him into further diffi-
culties, and he has to confess in the end
that the problem of the nature of the X-
ray cannot yet be dismissed. We think
he would get over some of the trouble by
frankly accepting Prof. Bragg' s theory of
the X-ray as a stream of doublets con-
sisting of positive and negative particles
neutralizing each other. He admits that
this theory has led to a successful fore-
cast and explanation of the transfers of
energy between the cathode rays and
the X-rays, and we believe that in time
it will serve to explain the other phe-
nomena involved. The main difficulty is,
perhaps, the unwillingness of English, and
especially Cambridge, mathematicians to
give up the ether - pulse theory set on
foot by Stokes soon after Dr. Rontgen's
discovery was first made known.
Dr. Kaye's book is a model of com-
pression.
A Text-Book of Geology. By James Park.
(Griffin & Co., 15s. net.) '
This textbook has been written by a
professor in New Zealand with the view,
primarily, of meeting the requirements of
students of mining, agriculture, and engi-
neering. While, therefore, it covers the
ground usually traversed in manuals of
general geology — forming, indeed, an
excellent introduction to the science — it
is distinguished by giving special promi-
nence to the economic bearings of the
subject. Thus it describes briefly the
way in which metallic minerals occur in
veins and other deposits ; it explains the
nature and mode of occurrence of the
various kinds of mineral fuel ; it touches
on the question of underground water
supply and artesian wells ; and it does
not omit the elements of field geology
and geological surveying. It is essentially
a solid, practical book, an expansion of
the author's lectures at the University of
Otago, and the student who is entering
on the study of geology will find that
Prof. Park offers much wholesome advice.
As a notable feature in the work, it may
be mentioned that each chapter is brought
to a close with a neat summary of its
contents.
One of the best chapters in the volume
is that which deals with the formation
of joints and faults in rocks — a subject
which is often not without difficulty to
the elementary student, and which is
here treated in a clear and comprehensive
manner, with excellent illustrations. The
genesis of ore-deposits is another subject
of supreme interest to the mining geologist,
and one that offers a wide field for specu-
lation. If we assume that the ores have
been carried in solution, it becomes a
question whether they have been con-
veyed by magmatic waters rising from
below, or meteoric waters descending from
above, or circulating waters from neigh-
bouring rocks. Perhaps each mode of
migration may have operated in different
cases. In discussing the ultimate origin
of the ores, Prof. Park inclines to what has
been called the " ascensional theory," and
assumes that the minerals have been
brought up, directly or indirectly, from
deep-seated sources in igneous magmas.
The rival theory of " lateral secretion "
supposes that the metalliferous contents
of mineral veins have been dissolved out
of the surrounding rocks ; but although
this view has been elaborated with much
ingenuity by distinguished chemists, it
seems hardly adequate to explain the
origin of certain of the larger ore-bodies.
At the same time, it maybe recognized as
a means of concentrating and enriching
many ores, though even here the primary
origin of the metallic minerals may prob-
ably be referred to igneous sources.
That Prof. Park has been mindful of
recent views on geological and petro-
graphical subjects is illustrated by his
remarks on the Pacific and Atlantic types
of igneous rocks, which meet in New
Zealand. It is now generally held that
the Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous
rocks admit of arrangement in two great
groups, known from their composition as
the alkalic and calcic types, and that these
have a distinctive geographical distribu-
tion, being representative respectively of
two vast petrographical provinces or
regions of related rocks — the Atlantic
and the Pacific. The former type is held
by Suess to be associated with subsidence
of parts of the earth's crust, consequent
on the radial contraction of the cooling
globe ; whilst the latter is connected
rather with orogenetic folding, brought
about by lateral compression. In New
Zealand the Pacific or calcic type might
fairly be expected to occur, and as a
matter of fact it is represented in many
parts of the North Island ; but, rather
curiousty, the tAVO groups are associated
in the small petrographical province of
Otago Peninsula, on the east coast of the
South Island.
Many of the illustrations in this volume
relate to New Zealand, and the local
character thus given to parts of the book
is a rather refreshing novelty to the
English reader. Others are taken from
the publications of the Geological Survey
of the United States, whilst others again
are old friends derived from Phillips s
1 Manual.' It is perhaps by an over-
sight that the figure of Pterygotus given
on p. 281 reappears on p. 339, and again
on plate xxxi. There is a Bibliography,
which will assist the student who desires
to extend his reading ; and the excellent
Index occupies forty pages.
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
797
PROF. KULPE OX PSYCHOLOGY AND
ESTHETICS.
The authorities of Bedford College for
Women deserve warm eulogies for their
enterprise in inviting Dr. Oswald Kulpe,
Professor oi Philosophy in the University of
.Munich, to give a set of three lectures on
• Psychologic und Aesthetik,' which were
delivered last week on Monday. Wednesday,
and Friday, in the Hall of the College. The
audience was surprisingly numerous, in view
both of the subject and of the fact that
the lectures were given in German, and Prof.
Kiilpe met with an enthusiastic welcome.
The first lecture bore a general introduc-
tory character. The Professor dealt in it
with the position of aesthetics in a general
5tem of sciences, and particularly with its
flat ion to philosophy and psychology.
Grouping the sciences according to their
objects and their points of view as expressed
in their methods of procedure, he pointed out
that aesthetics overlaps (as indeed all sciences
are bound to overlap) with others, especially
with psychology on the one side, and with
philosophical theories on the other. All the
same, aesthetics retains its character as an
independent science, owing to the special
esthetic point of departure of its research,
and the aesthetically normative outlook
which dominates it. The old-standing pre-
tensions of philosophy to absorb aesthetics as
a branch of its studies — one almost feels
tempted to add with a certain dog-in-the-
manger attitude of mind — based partly upon
some vagueness as to the particular aim of
aesthetics, and partly upon the unwitting
use of psychological analysis by meta-
physicians, met with a refreshing protest
on the part of Prof. Kiilpe. Philosophy has
no direct concern with aesthetics, in so far as
the latter is a study of aesthetic facts, except
at one point where their respective domains
touch; namely, where aesthetic research
issues into a general philosophical discus-
n of values, to which it can contribute,
in its turn, a not inconsiderable share. The
counterpart to these philosophical ambitions
is the similarly uncompromising claim often
a Ivanced by psychology to annex aesthetics
a province of its own. According to Prof.
Kulpe. whose views are shared, I believe,
by a growing number of aestheticians, this
demand cannot be legitimately sustained.
The psychological claim has, indeed, a
prima facie validity, since aesthetics is
extensively concerned with mental facts
and psychical processes. The opposition to
it is mainly based upon the fact that
•hetic research deals only with mental
processes and states in so tar as thej- are
connected with the peculiarly (esthetic
questions of appreciation and artistic
creation — questions foreign, in their distinct-
58 from other psychical processes, to the
>"■ of psychology as such.
All the same, there naturally is a large
percentage of Mich facts which in their
psychological aspect form part of that
. <• borderland between aesthetics and
psychology which can be cultivated with
equal success by both sciences. The failure
of a purely psychological treatment of
• problems is. perhaps, most evident
in the discussions of aesthetic values. Psy-
chology is jusl as powerless to initiate or
support any such notion of aesthetic values
ethics and religion have been in the past
in their attempts to impose their values upon
Psychology is even less able to
do so, since it has, as positive science, no
concern with the normative outlook of
eeethetii -. As psychological facts, " norms "
and "values" fall, ot COUTSe, within the
provnv i psychology, but as criteria of
evaluation they belong to aesthetics alone.
This led the lecturer to give an admirable
summary of the intricate tend which raged
for a long time between the supporters of
"normative" and "positive" aesthetics,
between the " psychologists " and the
" antipsychologists " in aesthetic research.
Discussing the views of Meumann, and
especially of Volkelt, he was led to the con-
clusion that even the attempt of the latter
to formulate " norms on a purely psycho-
logical analysis of the aesthetic state proved
unsatisfactory in the last resort; and he
proceeded to sketch what he conceived to be
the only feasible means of arriving at a valua-
tion of aesthetic impressions, without having
recourse to the method of superimposing
either ethical or metaphysical values upon
aesthetics, viz., by trying to discover regular
correspondences between the nature of
aesthetic states and the nature of the objects
inducing them, on the principle which he
described as that of the " adequacy of the
impression to the object.'.'
In the second lecture Prof. Kiilpe dealt
more in detail with the importance which
psychology has acquired, and is entitled to
claim, in relation to aesthetics. Perhaps the
greatest debt of gratitude of aesthetics is
due to psychology for having inculcated the
value of a definite and steadily pursued
method. It is method which, after all,
distinguishes aesthetics from the sometimes
brilliant and profound, but fundamentally
barren aphoristic habits of criticism and of
writers on art. It is this methodical research
which has made it possible to accumulate
slowly a common and steadily growing stock
of knowledge, accessible to all and verifiable
by all, as the foundation of a science in the
full sense of the term. After a short descrip-
tion of the various methods employed by
aesthetics, and largely borrowed from psycho-
logical precedent, the lecturer devoted the
rest of the hour to the discussion of certain
problems of aesthetics and the contributions
by psychology to their solution. They were
the problems presented by the object of
aesthetic appreciation, and by the subjective
states involved in aesthetic effects, both
intimately connected according to the for-
mula which he suggested, that aesthetic effect
is the function of the object and of the
subjective states induced by it.
That even the nature of the object depends
largely upon the manner in which we appre-
hend it accounts for the wide fluctuations of
impressions which we actually find in our
experiences with art. " There is nothing
beautiful or ugly, but thinking makes it so.
as Prof. Kiilpe said. Foremost among the
problems of the subjective state as affecting
the conception and very meaning of the
object, he discussed the importance of the
" initial adaptation " of the subject to an
Besthetic effect. The beauty of an object
depends, as he, pointed out, upon an ade-
quate Bewusstseins-EinsleUit h </ being reached
by the subject, i.e., an adaptation adequate
to the intentions and peculiarities of the
object to be appreciated. After a long total
aeglecl of this important "gate" to the
aesthetic state, a, beginning of its experi-
mental investigation has at last been made
by the contributions of Bullough and
Geiger. Other interesting suggestions for
experimental work on it were made by Prof.
Kulpe concerning the latency or actuality,
spontaneity or induced nature, of such
adaptations.
Psychological investigation has further
a oew light upon the traditional demand
made upon aesthetic objects to he concrete,
imaged, and non-abstract. Since the time
ot Kant, and even since the middle of the
eighteenth century, the view has been held.
for instance, that the effects of poetry are '
necessarily based upon the images evoked
by it. Recent experiments have, however,
cast doubts on this stock idea, of aesthetic
theory, and have shown that a largo number
of aesthetic effects (including poetical impres-
sions) do not depend upon their Lmagxl
character, but may l>e produced quite as
much by non-imaged ideas, imageless mean-
ings, or abstract knowledge of fact.
A similar revision of accepted notions of
the object of a>st hetic impressions has affected
the old-fashioned privilege of the " higher
senses as "aesthetic senses"' par excellence,
Guyau already had claimed that the distinc-
tion was invalid, and recent experimental
work by Miss L. Martin has gone to show
that reproduced sensations of the " lower "
senses are capable of enhancing, if not of
primarily constituting, aesthetic objects.
The intricate progress of modern aesthetic
research was happily illustrated by Prof.
Kiilpe in the analysis of the so-called
" direct " and " associative " or " relative "
factors of the aesthetic impression. Sug-
gested at first by Fechner, their analysis,
especially that of the relative factor, repre-
sents a very considerable advance in our
knowledge, due largely to the greater
accuracy and minuteness of psychological
discrimination, and its emphasis of the
functional interdependence, as against the
atomistic isolation, of psychical states.
With the help of lantern-slides of well-
known classical and modern works, the
lecturer illustrated the meaning and function
of the reproductive, animistic, active, sym-
bolic, teleological, and reactive strands
entering into the complex web of the relative
factor.
Lastly, in a short discussion of the theory
of aesthetic illusion, he explained its inade-
quacy as a description of the aesthetic state
in view of the irrelevancy of the distinction
between appearance and reality from the
aesthetic point of view — an irrelevance first
pointed out by Lord Karnes in the eighteenth
century in his theory of " ideal presence."
The third lecture was concerned with the
discussion of the aesthetic state from the point
of view of its psychological analysis. The
lecturer passed in review the modern results
in this direction, and explained the phases
which have come to be regarded as distinct,
though interdependent within this state of
aesthetic appreciation.
Under the name of "contemplation*' he
discussed the initial phase of the aesthetic
state, including the adaptation previously
mentioned. Comprising the mere intel-
lectual apprehension of the " meaning " of
the object, the combined effects of the
" direct ' factor of line, colour, shape, or
composition, and of the "relative" factors
of the knowledge about the object, the con-
templation presents problems largely iden-
tical with those of perception as investi-
gated by general psychology. Interesting
differences bet ween persons, due to differ-
ences either of adaptation or of response to
the significance of the object, have been
brought to light by recent experiments.
In particular, the tests with varied time-
exposures undertaken by Dessoir, Kiilpe.
and Miss von Kitook offered valuable
Suggest ions.
'I he second phase is well known under t he
name of " empathy " (Einfuhlung). Most ..i
the researches of the last twenty years have
been concentrated upon it, and our detailed
knowledge of it is one of the most valuable
advances in the study of aesthetics. By
"empathy" is meant the projection of
inner. Specially emotional, states into t ho
object, endowing it with the appearance
of an inner life of its own — an emotional
798
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
content and expression. Passing from " ob-
jective " empathy, the mere cognitive appre-
hension of the temperament, mood, and
expression, say, of a portrait, to the " sub-
jective " empathy, viz., an actual participa-
i ion of the spectator in such states, empathy
presents a variety of forms and phases
w liich analysis has tried to separate and
distinguish. Especially the psychical me-
chanism by which empathy is brought
about has attracted attention in recent
years. Probably no other aesthetic problem
has led to so much discussion and controversy
as this. It is summarized both in the large
work of Volkelt and in a report presented
by Geiger at the Fourth Congress for Ex-
perimental Psychology, and suggests that
almost endless varieties of empathy exist,
habitual to differently constituted persons.
This variability is further increased by
the freedom of the aesthetic state from
practical needs and consequences, which
admits of a far wider range of empathy
into emotions and moods than actual
experience does. " Our determinability,"
said Prof. Kiilpe, " is far greater than our
determination," thus allowing an aesthetic
realization of emotional states far more
varied than those of actual practical life of
the individual person. This would seem to
represent one of the most valuable functions
of art, namely, that of mediating experiences
ordinarily unattainable. The systematic in-
vestigation of the different forms of empathy
was pointed to by Prof. Kiilpe as an impera-
tive necessity for further research. What
in the meantime, however, appears as certain
is that the importance given to empathy as
the central fact of aesthetic appreciation —
as, for instance, by Th. Lipps — is much
exaggerated.
Concerning the next aspect of apprecia-
tion— our feelings of " participation " and
-of value, i.e., of our personal sympathy or
antipathy towards the object and its emo-
tional content — very little is so far known.
That " enjoyment " and " value " are not
necessarily identical, that we may be cozi-
scious of the inferiority of a work which we
nevertheless enjoy, has been pointed out by
•Geiger, and is a matter of general experience.
This question might, indeed, prove a fertile
subject for experiments ; the little that is
known concerning these processes is mainly
■due to tests carried out in former years,
though not with this particular object in
view.
The same uncertainty — due to a lack of
•evidence — is attached to our knowledge of
the processes involved in aesthetic judg-
ments. Prof. Kiilpe distinguished between
judgments upon each of the phases of the
aesthetic state, viz., judgments of the under-
standing of the objective features, judg-
ments of the reaction produced, judgments
of taste — i.e., of pleasure and displeasure,
and judgments of value.
Lastly, as one of the most comprehensive
and as yet practically unexplored problems,
he described " aesthetic receptivity." It is,
of course, well known that people differ
■considerably in their sensibility to aesthetic
effects. But no accurate information is
available on the different forms of recep-
tivity or on any correlations between it and
other temperamental features. It is obvious
that differences in sensibility must exist in
respect of each of the phases of the aesthetic
state — of empathy, participation, taste, and
judgment ; but nothing is known of the
peculiarities of such differences, of their
bearing upon individual appreciation as a
whole, or of the extent to which they influ-
ence individual behaviour and reaction to
aesthetic stimulation. This varying recep-
tivity offers unquestionably the most ex-
haustive explanation of varieties of taste
in matters of art. And these varieties,
their dependence upon personal factors and
the freedom of their individualism, appear as
one of the most marked characteristics of
aesthetic experience. Contrasted with the
consolidation of experience in matters of
truth, moral conduct, and social life, into
Logic and Science, Ethics and Law, this
individualism marks a place apart from all
these for art and art-experience, and causes
the common identification of Truth, Good-
ness, and Beauty to appear as but pompous
nonsense.
In his happy response to the vote of
thanks proposed by Prof. Hobhouse, and
seconded by Prof. Dawes Hicks, Prof.
Kiilpe remarked that the presentation in this
country of some of the results of German
aesthetic research was, after all, but a
tribute of gratitude for benefits formerly
received. For the England of the eighteenth
century was the birthplace of modern
psychological aesthetics, which affected so
profoundly the German literature and cul-
ture ol that time. It is, indeed, an almost
pathetic reflection that in this country of
Shaftesbury and Burke, Hutcheson and
Lord Karnes, hardly one in a hundred edu-
cated j>ersons knows even the very meaning
of the word " ^Esthetics," and this in spite
of the labours of so illustrious a psychologist
as Prof. James Sully, or of so distinguished
an historian of the subject as Dr. Bosanquet.
E. B.
SOCIETIES.
Bputish Academy. — May 27. — Lord Bryce,
President, in the chair.
Sir John Sandys, Fellow of the Academy,
read a paper on ' Roger Bacon, 1214-1914.'
After a summary account of his works, the paper
dealt with Roger Bacon's relations to (1) Lite-
rature and Language : Hebrew and Arabic ;
the Latin grammarians and Latin poets ; Cicero
and Seneca ; Greek grammar ; Plato's ' Phaedo ' ;
Aristotle's ' Organon,' ' Physics,' ' De Caelo '
(Spain and India), ' De Generatione et Corrup-
tione, Meteorologica ' (the Milky Way), ' De
Anima ' (the velocity of light), ' De Somno et
Vigilia,' ' Historia Animalium,' ' De Sensu et
Sensato,' ' Metaphysics,' and ' Ethics ' ; Bacon's
indirect knowledge of the ' Politics,' ' Rhetoric,'
and ' Poetic ' ; and the fortunes of Aristotle in
the University of Paris, 1210-54.
(2) The Sciences : theology, philosophy,
mathematics, geography, astronomy, physics,
optics, chemistry, experimental science, and
moral philosophy. Bacon " came very near to a
satisfactory theory of scientific method." While
he was familiar with each of the several sciences,
he was conscious of their mutual interdependence,
as parts of one great whole. In the fourth chapter
of his ' Opus Tertium ' he tells us that " all the
sciences are connected, and foster one another
with mutual aid. They are like parts of the
same whole, every one of which accomplishes its
own work, not for itself alone, but for the others
also."
Sir John Rhys, Fellow of the Academy, read
a paper on ' Gleanings in the Italian Field of
Celtic Epigraphy.' He said that that field was a
little wider than that of last year's paper, which
was headed ' The Celtic Inscriptions of Cisalpine
Gaul,' for this time he wished to include a group
of very curious monuments from the valley of the
river Magra, anciently " Macra," in that part of
Liguria which is in the Riviera di Levante. The
monuments number fourteen, and three seem
to have been inscribed, of which one has a legible
inscription and is now preserved in the Civic
Museum at Genoa. Most of the others are in the
Spezia Museum, the energetic director of which,
Dr. Ubaldo Mazzini, was the excavator of no less
than nine of them. He published his accounts
of them all in 1908 and 1909, in the Giomale
Sioriro e Letterario della Liguria (anno ix.) and in
the Bullettino di Paleetnologia Italiana (for 1910)
respectively. They have recently been the
subject of important articles in the Revue
(Jeltique by Prof. Vendryes of the Sorbonne and
M. H. Hubert of the National Museum at the
Chateau St. Germain. The author of the paper
was principally concerned with the inscription and
the alphabet in which it is written. He gave an
interpretation of the legend differing from j>re-
vious ones, and remarked that , in a field where
such a vast deal is at present only tentative, the
hope of arriving at permanent results depends
largely on its attracting more workers.
Early in September last the Professor called
on the well-known f'omo archaeologist (av.
Giussani, who gave him the last archaeological
news, namely, that of the discovery of a Celtic
tombstone at a place called Banco, in the previous
July. Banco is in the hills to the north of the
Tresa, the wild stream which empties the wah i-
of the Lake of Lugano into Lago Maggi'
From Lugano he found the pleasantest way of
getting there was to take the recently finished
electric railway, and to go by it as tar in tin:
direction of Ponte-Tresa as a station called
Magliaso, near the shore of the Lake of Lugano,
and at Magliaso to get into a postal vehicle
which goes up the hills to a place called Novafiirio.
This he did, but when the road to Novaggio
twisted round to the right he got out and walked
straight up until he came to a path which he was
recommended to take on the right, and which
led him past some peasants engaged in carrying
home a late crop of hay. This made him speculate
on the race to which they might possibly belong.
Among other things, he and his companion v
much interested in the appearance of the strength
which the women displayed, for they would kneel
on the ground with a sort of tall creel on the
shoulders of each, like the inverted cone bask.i-
which one sees on the backs of chiffoniers in the
streets of Paris. They remained kneeling until
huge loads had been piled on their backs, and
then they would get up on their feet slowly and
irresistibly, as if their lower limbs had tendons of
very steel. Such men as were to be seen engaged
in the loading were too old or too young to bear
the burdens with which the women walked away
with admirable steadiness. That peasantry, he
thinks, possibly represents an early population
which may have never been disturbed wholesale
in those difficult hills. From the harvest scene
to the village of Banco proved about a. quarter
of an hour's walk, and the examination of the
inscribed stone did not take long, for it turned
out to be a fragment measuring in length about
71 centimetres, which seemed to be less than
half of the stone before it was broken — it is hoped
the bigger piece may yet he found. What re-
mains of the inscription consists of perfectly
plain Etruscan letters, reading from right to
left, conforming completely with the longer
Lugano formula, and ending with the word pala,
meaning " a burial plot or grave.'' Returning
leisurely on foot to Magliaso and enjoying the
rough scenery of the glen of the Magliasina, he
could from several points on the road identify the
village of Aranno, where he had been in 1912 to
see fragments of Celtic inscriptions. So he felt
doubly assured that he was, epigraphically speak-
ing, not outside the district of Lugano when
visiting Banco. '
But the joy of his inscriptional quest was his
identifying the vessel which announces in most
ancient Gaulish a present of " Naxian wine to
Latumaros and his wife Saponta." It is in the
Bianchetti Collection at Ornavasso ; but the
year before he had accidentally failed to find it,
which marred his happiness, though he found
another with words saying " A feast for Amaseos, '
which the original discoverer had failed to read
or interpret.
Royal Numismatic. — May 21. — Sir Henry H.
Howorth, President, in the chair. — The Rev.
Edward H. Sydenham was elected a Fellow.
Exhibitions : By Mr. H. B. Earle Fox, an
unpublished copper coin of the Achaean League
of Psophis. By Mr. Percy H. Webb, three copper
coins of Constantine 1. (rev., altar, sapient,
principis ; Mars holding trophy, fundat pacis ;
two Victories, r., gloria perpet.). By Sir
Arthur J. Evans, a didrachm of Tarentum from
a die altered by the introduction of a small
pegasus, the symbol of a new magistrate ; a
didrachm of Metapontum with inscription OATA
behind head ; a tetradrachm of Katane, with
signature of Procles beneath the head of Apollo,
of which only one other is known (in the Luynes
Collection) ; and a tetradrachm of Syracuse with
the large head and H, probably the signature of
Kimon, forming with the reverse type a com-
bination unknown to Tudeer.
Mr. G. F. Hill read a paper on ' Greek Coins
recently acquired by the British Museum.' Among
the most notable pieces were three coins of Melos
from the recent find with reverses, four-spoked
wheel, triskeles, and crescent ; an electrum coin
of Ionia, with obv. Pegasus, rev. two incuse
squares ; a copper coin of Praxippos, King of
Lapethus (Cyprus) ; a tetradrachm of Timarchus,
the usurper who ruled in Babylon in 162 B.C., of
which only two other specimens are known ; and
a tridrachm of the Barcid coinage of Carthago
Nova.
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
799
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Jl >v Institute of Aitmries. .">.— Annus! Meeting.
— Ari«toteli.m. 8.—' The Treatment of History by Philosophers,'
Mr. 1) Morrison.
Ti>~. Koyal Institution. 3.— Celestial Spectroscopy,' Lecture II.
Prof. A. Fowler.
— Zoologic.il. !< 30.— ' A Report on the Fauua of the Monte Bsllo
Island*,' Mr. P. I> Moutague; 'Cephalopoda from the Monte
Bello Islands,' Mr. Q I' Rohson ; 'Stalk-eyed Crustaceans
colltv'ed at the Monte Bello Islands. Miss M. J. Rathbun ;
and other Papers.
— Geographical, S.45.— 'The Australian Antarctic Expedition.'
Iir. I>. Mawson.
Wi i>. Archaeological Institute. -I 30.-' A Settlement of the Hanseatic
Lesgue at Bergen in Norway. l)r P Norman.
— Geoloaical. S.-'The Geology and Glaciation of the Antarctic
Regions, Dr. I'. Mawson.
v Koy»l Institution, .;-' Faraday and the Foundations of
Electrical Engineering.' Lecture II.. Prof. 8. P. Thompson.
— Faraday. 8.— Presidential Address on ' Advances iu the Metal-
lurgy of Iron and Steel.
Fin. Astronomical, 5*
— Royal Institution. 9 — 'Some Aspects of the American Demo-
cracy Mr W IJ. Page.
Sn Royal Institution. "—'Studies on Expression iu Art: II.
Right Expression in Modern Conditions,' Mr. Sigismund
Goetze.
$ricna (Sosstp.
The terrible catastrophe on Friday in last
week on the St. Lawrence seems to indicate
the futility of the various improvements in
construction regarded as safeguards in big
liners. The Empress of Ireland, rammed
in a fog by the Storstad, a collier of com-
paratively insignificant size, sank in a few
minutes, her engines being put out of action.
Science at least was responsible for
material assistance in the shape of wireless
telegraphy. There was just time to send
cue message which brought up two vessels
to the rescue. Otherwise the appalling loss
of life — over 1,000 — might have been still
heavier.
The accident seems the more strange
because the Storstad was sighted two miles
away and signals were exchanged. But
we must wait for the Committee of Inquiry
to sift the variety of evidence already
offered by the captains of the two ships.
On Thursday next the Croonian Lecture.
she Royal Society, will be delivered by
Prof. E. B. Wilson of Columbia University.
<>n ' The Bearing of Cytological Research on
Heredity.'
Next Fridaj evening Dr. Mawson is to
his first public lecture on his Antarctic-
expedition, at the Queen's Hall. It will be
illustrated by lantern-slides and kinemato-
>h films. Sir George Reid will preside.
A " gigantic Country Fair " is to be
held at the Botanical Gardens next Friday
and Saturday, being " a prodigious attempt
on the part of " Our Dumb Friends' League "
to acquire 5.000Z. wherewith to replenish a
scanty treasury. The examples of the work
of the League given in the notice sent
rid to the press— in which all "sym-
pathy that savours of sentimentality" is
emphatically disclaimed are not without
interest from the general social point of
view. We hear oi free ambulances, an
Animals' Hospital, shelters, and lethal
chamber- ; and a drivers' and horsekeepers'
branch to supply oatmeal and water for
horses during the summer, loincloths for
the winter, and trace-horses tor steep hills
activities which, no doubt, will dwindle as
time goes on, and the motor drives the
horse off steep hills and levels alike. This
much is well, and better -till is "assisting
all pom- people with their animals '; but
the " rewarding all who perform deeds on
behalf of animals'" -o in-, ethically, a
doubtful proceeding.
It is curious that the study of the phe-
nomenon of '"multiple personality" offered
to our readers in the report of Miss I fo.-kyns-
Abrahall's recenl lectures at Crosby Hall
should have been followed so promptly by
triking exhibition ot the phenomenon in
actual lite, which has been commented upon
at length in the press. A girl of 22, em-
ployed a- goven in a family at Hove,
received letters of a most offensively libel-
lous type, which she gave reasons for sup-
posing to have been written by an elderly
officer — a. man of ability, much respected
by his acquaintance — who, with his family
occupied a "flat," or division, of the same
house. Not the least curious part of the
affair, in view of the real truth, is the tart
that she not only concocted and worked
out her plot with skill, but also gave such a
rational and persuasive account of the
grounds for her suspicions as entirely to con-
vince a well-known firm of local solicitors and
the local magistrates of their credibility. It
was not until the man she had accused had had
the unpleasant experience of being remanded
without bail that the truth came to light,
and the girl was discovered to be the victim
of dissociation of personality — a state funda-
mentally the same as that described by
Miss Hoskyns-Abrahall.
It is natural, in the first instance, to dwell
on the disastrous nature and the horrifying
possibilities of this morbid condition, as well
as to point out examples of it — identical or
cognate — in history and in legend ; and this
journalists have not been slow to do.
But — for the non-scientific observer — the
descriptive side of the matter is hardly so
important as the question how far both edu-
cation and the general plan of modern life
tend to promote dissociation. It can ha.rdly
be doubted that the writer in Wednesday's
Times, who maintains that the best way to
avoid obsessions is to hold oneself open to a
multitude of suggestions, is perfectly right ;
and he who avoids obsessions avoids a main
opportunity of dissociation. But in a
society where division of labour and the
severance between home life and work are
continually on the increase ; where different
standards of morality are — tacitly, if not
openly — allowed to be applicable by one
individual to his different spheres of activity,
or his relations with different sets of people ;
and where there is a notable absence of
any one central idea or belief to which
life as a whole is referred, it would seem
that the general pressure of circumstance
makes more and more in the direction of
dissociation, and is intensified rather than
diminished by the monotonous, though
fairly numerous devices by which we seek to
escape it.
It is a question whether the systematic
separation of a child's school and home life
may not be equivalent to the thin end of
the wedge, and it is worth reflecting on the
fact — often humorously noted — that many
children are good at school and naughty at
home, or vice versa. At any rate, it would
seem that from this danger of the dissocia-
tion of personality, together with the corre-
sponding insight it affords into the richness
Of potentiality in each individual, there
should be drawn a body of principles in the
light of which much of our educational
practice, and not a little modern educational
theory, would have to he thoroughly revised.
The Annual Report of the Sanitary Com-
missioner to the Government of India for
1012 i-. a- usual, full of interesting matter,
and its general purport may be described as
encouraging. The Report relates only to
the part of India administered by the
British, which in the year under notice
contained in round numbers a population of
238,661,346. The births during the year
hed a total of 9,296,296, and the deaths
7,090,991, tho former being at the rate
<,f 38*96 per 1,000, linsl 38*04 for
the <>i the previous quinquennial
period, and the latter falling from 34*28 hi
the preceding five years to 29*71 in 1912.
Madras has the lowest death-rate, and the
Central Provinces the highest ; the greatest '
increase in population is recorded in the
Punjab and the United Provinces, while in
Bombay the births and deaths almost
equalize each other. Of all the causes of
mortality, plague is the one which shows
the most marked decrease as compared with
the previous year, the totals being 263,937,
as against 7*13,582. Fevers account for the
greatest number of deat lis in India, but even
with these the figures fell from 4,207,356
in 1!)11 to 3,936,085 in 1912. On the other
hand, deaths from cholera increased from
354,005 in 1911 to 407,7(5!) in 1912, and those
from small pox from ;18,;">35 to 89,357. Hut
in, these cases, as in others, the fractional
increase in view of the growth of the popu-
lation, was small. The diminution in
plague was specially notable in Bombay, one
of the chief plague centres of former years.
There are five Colleges affording a course
of instruction for medical degrees, and a
sixth is proposed for Lahore. The number
of women students is steadily increasing, but
the accommodation of the Colleges is not
equal to the demands upon them. Of ">44
applicants in 1912 to the Calcutta College.
only 153 could be admitted. The Indian
Research Fund has published during the
last two years a Journal edited by the
Director-General of the Indian Medical
Service and the Sanitary Commissioner, which
meets a real wTant, and has been accorded a
gratifying reception on all hands.
The death is announced of Prof. George
Dean, who had occupied the Chair of Patho-
logy in Aberdeen University for about six
years. After being for nine years bacterio-
logist in charge of the Serum Department of
the Lister Institute of Preventive Medic a u\
h3 was appointed in 1906 Chief Bacteriologist
at the Lister Institute. He was a Lecturer
on Bacteriology in London University.
FINE ARTS
MORE ANTIQUITIES FROM ABYDOS.
The Thirty-Fifth Memoir of the Egypt
Exploration Fund, which is the third
devoted to ' The Cemeteries of Abj'dos,'
serves to show how valuable a site for
excavation Abydos still is, and how
inexhaustible is the stock of antiquities
to be found there. The most important
of the present finds — or, at any rate,
those to which Mr. Peet. the chief
author of the present volume, gives
the most important place in it — are-
certain jars of coarse pottery, about two
feet high, supported on fire-bricks, and
built into the ground under a mud roof,
evidently with the purpose ot applying
fire underneath. These, which Mr. Peel
calls grain kilns, were, according to him,
used for the purpose of drying grain,
cither for storage, or to make it easier to
grind. In proof of this, he cites the evi-
dence of " Lumps of carbonized organic
matter'' found among the sand in small
Cups placed in the pointed base of the jars,
which turn out on analysis to contain
grains of common wheat. On the whole,
i he hypothesis seems well founded; but
it is difficult to see why the Egyptians
should have thought it necessary to use
lire —and fire at a low heat, as Mr. Peet-
The Cemeteries of Abydos. Part 111. 1912-
1913. Bj T. Eric Peel and \\ . L S..
Loat. (Egypt Exploration Fund, 1/. ">*.)
800
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, June C, 1914
shows — for the parching of grain, when the
fierce midday sun would have done all the
parching wanted without expenditure of
fuel. Nor do Mr. Peet's reasons for
supposing the practice to have been pre-
dynastic and to have disappeared with
the First Dynasty seem convincing. The
■custom of calling everything pre-dynastic
that is found on sites barren of inscriptions
has surely gone far enough, and there
is really no test by which early dynastic
objects and their predecessors in date
can be distinguished.
For our own part, we should say that
Mr. Peet's greatest find was a new, or
nearly new, form of burial under large
inverted pots. This seems to be asso-
ciated with fair closeness with the Second
.and Third Dynasties, and to form a link
between the contracted or ■" crouched "
burials of very early times, and the ex-
tended burials in coffins found under the
Fifth and Sixth. Those at Abydos seem
to have been mainly of children, but
that adults were thus buried appears
from instances occurring at El Kab and
Regagneh, the first of these containing
a seal of King Sneferu. As this king
was probably one of the last of the
Third Dynasty, the burials in question
•cannot be before that period, although
they may be a great deal later. Mr.
Peet may be right in supposing that
this form of burial does not extend later
than the Fourth Dynasty ; but it should
be noted that Prof. Garstang found on
.another site at Abydos very rich burials
in wooden coffins, with skeletons having
& small beautifully glazed red shallow dish
inverted over the centre of the body.
These coffins were dated by a cylinder of
Pepi II. found in one of them, and the
■dish may well have been a ceremonial
survival of the older custom.
Among the other objects found during
Mr. Peet's excavation were a clay figure of
& dancing girl bending backward till her
body makes an inverted arch of which her
feet and her hair are the two bases, a lime-
st me triad of a mother and her two sons,
and some stelas with suten dy hotep for-
mulas to L' Osiris, Lord of Abydos, and
Apuat, Lord of the Sacred Land." The
names of the dead seem to belong to the
Twelfth Dynasty, and the inscription,
therefore, shows that by this time there
was no trace left of the identification of
Osiris with Apuat, which some have
thought likely.
Mr. Loafs fine series of ibis mummies
in pots, with elaborate and sometimes
beautiful binding in coloured linen,
should not be forgotten, and do much
to give interest to this volume. The
hieroglyphic inscriptions are translated by
Dr. Alan Gardiner, who insists on spelling
the well-known names of Sebekhotep and
Apuat "Sebk-hotp" and " Upwawet " ;
the Coptic by Sir Herbert Thompson;
.and a useful new feature is the list of
museums among which the different
objects found have been distributed.
Altogether the volume is worthy even
of the high standard of the Egypt Ex-
ploration Fund.
The Landscapes of Corot. By D. Croal
Thomson. Parts V. and VI. ('Studio'
Office, 2s. 6d. net each.)
The ' Souvenir dTtalie, Castel Gandolfo,'
Plate XXI. of Part V., with its cool
tonality and draughtsmanship somewhat
more compact than usual, makes one of
the best prints of this series. In Part VI.
there is also a plate, ' Route d'Arras,
Village de Sin-le-noble,' near Douai,
which has some charm, though it is in
deliberate compositions like the former
that Corot's design best survives transla-
tion into another medium. It is pictures of
the latter type, however, which have made
Corot the most imitated of artists, the
father of half the landscapes we have seen
in popular picture exhibitions of the last
twenty years. In the ' Route d'Arras,' or
'The Boatman,' Plate XXVI., and, indeed,
in most of the subjects selected, we see
the artist's familiar tricks for adapting
a naturalistic landscape into the semblance
of design by an even distribution of small
shimmering detail — tricks which have
now been so generally assimilated that
it would not surprise us to see in con-
temporary shows the counterparts of
any of these compositions, as they are
displayed here. The cpxality of Corot's
actual paint has not, of course, been
acquired to the same extent. Plate
XXVII. is perhaps as good an example
as any of the degree to which Corot's
serenity is the result of gently whittling
down sharp contrasts, till an even ripple
of very quiet vibration pervades the whole
picture.
When one reviews the contents of
the complete series, one realizes the need
of a Post-Impressionist movement to
break the somnolence of this somewhat
negative and mechanical harmony — the
result of a gift for taming Nature for the
purposes of art. We are familiar with
the work of popular illustrators who
secure a certain suavity of tjrpe and
expression in the hands they draw by the
simple expedient of making every feature
rather smaller than it appears in nature,
so that, instead of combining vigorously
in the only way possible for forms of
that character, they float inertly side by
side in a sea of vacant space. There is
something analogous to this in Corot's
treatment of landscape, and the resultant
watering - down of characteristics has
contributed not a little to the popularity
of his work with that large section of the
public whose paradise is a place of easy
relations.
The text of these last numbers is mainly
biographical, and Corot's uneventful career
is of interest principally as showing that his
importance was under-estimated by his
contemporaries. It is probably a little
over-estimated to-day, if we take prices
as a measure of esteem. The younger
generation of painters, it is true, render
him scant homage, his refined mastery
of the technics of painting being a virtue
which hardly appeals to a school distrustful
of accomplishment as a thing dulling the
edge of impulse. It is the day of raw
talents now.
SCULPTURE AT THE
ACADEMY.
ROYAL
A momentary pause in the stream of
other exhibitions enables us briefly to review
the sculpture at the Royal Academy. To
achieve even that implies a prolonged study
of the exhibits, for it is undeniable that the
initial impression is one of a show of works
all by the same hand, none of which has a
greater claim to consideration than its neigh-
bour. The sculpture is more crowded and
worse arranged than usual, and before so
large an annual crop of commonplace busts,
all executed in the same way, it would at
first appear that the preferable ones were
simply those in which the artist had rather
better luck in his model. Compared with
the more recent developments in the art
shown in the work of Messrs. Epstein,
Brzeska, Modigliani, and Gill, even the A. G.
Ross, Esq., of Mr. John Tweed (2047) does
not appear very different from the others,
except in so far as it shows a more individual
head. In part, doubtless, this is a mistaken
impression. To the critic who had suffered
a long course of the Academy, Mr. Epstein
and his friends would have the same aspect
of close family likeness. Between the
impressionistic statement of Mr. Tweed and
the rather tighter method of the older
Academicians there is not, however, any
fundamental difference of eoncej)tion as to
the function of sculpture. Both aim at more
or less literal representation, though Mr.
Tweed would rather appeal to the sense
of sight, the Academicians to that of
touch. Perhaps Sir George Frampton in
the extreme smoothness of Sir Arthur
Liberty (2159) — which recalls certain early
German painting of the period of Quentin
Matsys — passes the usual ideal of reproducing
identically the degree of relief of nature, and
by modelling his detail in low relief makes a
concession to the eye as definite as does Mr.
Tweed with his slightly broken and " atmo-
spheric " surface. Here Sir George renders
a shrewd and characteristic head far more
successfully than when dealing with an
equally picturesque type in Sir Nathaniel
Dunlop (2072). Both artists are frankly
realistic, but the former gains by his greater
tact, not in the reading of character, but in
use of his material.
This, for an artist, is the more important
point. To produce a bust which as
character appears comic is frequently by
the layman regarded as a crime which
definitely abolishes the sculptor ; yet, after
all, since sculpture is one of the liberal profes-
sions, a satiric view of mankind remains for
him a possible one. Moreover, the heroic
type of one age becomes the burlesque of the
next, and vice versa. With much of the
portrait sculpture at the Royal Academy
the psychologic condition of the artist is one
of the most interesting questions which arise,
and amongst such works Mr. Pomeroy's
statue of Earl Curzon of Kedleston (2008)
might be singled out as a perfect and typical
instance of a perennial enigma. W. E.
Henley once recalled an occasion when
Stevenson's approach was greeted by a
mocking spirit with the exclamation, " Here
comes the gifted boy." Did Mr. Pomeroy,
we wonder, when he designed this Prince of
Ruritania and pattern of schoolgirls' heroes,
intend a similar gibe ? or is he gravely rebuk-
ing the scepticism of an age which looks
askance at the perfectly noble type, and
demands always some admixture of baser
clay ? We incline, though somewhat
dubiously, to the latter opinion. Probably
idealism in the Royal Academy is still a
simplification on the lines of the Victorian
young lady's novelette. Capt. Cook (2015),
No. 4519, Juke 6, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
801
by Sir Thomas Brock and oven Robert
Burns (2018), by Mr. F. W. Doyle-Jones
show distinot tendencies to revert to that
early abstraction — the "good boy'' of the
Sunday-school book. Yet it is hardly for us
to say that future generations will smile at
them' as we do. Perhaps it is by insistence
on the principle of "keeping our stations,''
current in those earlier days, that Sir
Thomas Brock has sternly cast Mr. Gordoii
JSdfridge (2157) as a shopwalker rather than
as the heroic reformer which, we are daily
assured, he is.
When we come to ideal figures, the choice
of a model is not of such paramount import-
ance, because, however photographic the
artist's vision, questions of treatment are
bound to be more important. Yet the ele-
ment of subject-matter enters to a degree
in our judgment of Mr. Nicholson Babb's
Phryne before her Judges (2011), in which he
has chosen to design the figure of a hard,
businesslike woman, who. nevertheless,
would probably be more attractive to many
than the soft and sentimental type chosen for
the Dawn (2025) of Mr. Charles Hartwell.
Crispness, freshness of impulse, which we
should have looked upon as qualities charac-
teristic of Dawn, are conspicuovisly absent in
this figure — certainly sleepy enough in an
artistic sense — who languidly stretches her
vaguely rounded limbs. The purchase of
this work for the Chantrey Collection is in
accord with the traditions of the past, but
the statue cannot be said to represent either
its author or modern sculpture in general at
other than a low ebb. The use of drapery
and the treatment of details like the feet
are " monumentally unmonumental.'' As
solutions of the perennial problem of making
decorative statues with none but a vague
significance (suitable for use at exhibitions
like those at Earl's Court), Mr. Albert Toft's
The Bather (2014), and, still more, Mr. Broad-
bent's Genius of the Garden (2029), are more
satisfactory ; while in a vein of more inti-
mate prettiness Mr. Charles Rutland's Youth,
Time, Immortality (2200), is to be preferred.
Here the head has a certain charm, and, as
all too rarely at Burlington House, the
marble is of a texture tolerably suited to the
design. Two small reliefs — The Mourners, by
Mr. Gilbert Ledward (2063), and Cathal and
the. Woodfolk, by Mr. Sargeant Jagger (2073)
— have the same gift for careful exploitation
of well-worn motives. With Mr. Jagger the
gift is the more noticeable, but the inspira-
tion more completely rhetorical.
Mr. Albert Hodges work, Scene from Tarn
o' Shanter (2051) and The Plough (2245), has
of late years increasingly suffered from the
latter defect. He has still decision of hand,
and a sense of stone as a material unique in
Burlington House, but his designs approxi-
mate to academic exercises.
Among the smaller works, the bird studies
by Mr. Krieger (2044, 2099, 21.12) recall
certain later phases of realistic Japanese
metal-work, while Mr. F. M. Bose deserves
special mention for his little bronze Boy in
Pain '2167), a well observed, vivacious
figure on a suitably modest scale. Mr.
Havard Thomas's Thyrsis (2185) was noticed
at length last year. It appears in very clean
bronze, which will look better out of doors
than here, where it reflects such violently
different lights and darks. Mr. Thomas
deserves credit for being almost the only
culptor who faces the test of a
clean surface of metal. In the present
instance, however, his bronze, somewhat
mechanically tooled in a horizontal direct ion,
- nor quite th<- perfection of thai "i
the ' Lycidas.'
.V the premises oi Messrs. Harrod,
Brornpton Road, the work of the veteran
sculptor StephanSinding is amply displayed.
It is very similar to the average exhibit
at the Royal Academy, except that it
shows slightly more enterprise in the
naturalism of the stibject-matter.
fine ]bt flkssip.
At the Little Theatre on the 23rd inst.
Mrs. Roger Watts is g'ving a lecture with
demonstrations concerning the method of
physical culture and ideal of life put forward
in her book * The Renaissance of the Greek
Ideal,' which we reviewed a fortnight ago.
An exhibition of modern and antique
embroideries at the Library Hall, High
Street, Walthamstow, will be opened by the
Ranee of Sarawak on Friday, the 19th inst.
Bulletin 87, published by the United
States National Museum, consists of an
account by Mr. Walter Hough of the ' Culture
of the Ancient Pueblos of the Upper Gila
River Region, New Mexico and Arizona.'
The details of pottery given in this mono-
graph are worth careful attention, illustrating
as they do both the expressiveness and
delicacy of the forms employed, and the
effective, though often highly bizarre, prin-
ciples of decorative design. The most inter-
esting thing, however, about the latter is
the method of convention. There is a bowl
decorated with a background of black and
white checker, diminishing by a curiously
skilful scheme towards the centre, having
on it a design of three plain lobes, bordered
with black lines, which terminate at the inner
angles in whorls. This is a plumage motive
which, the writer tells us, may be taken for
a " three-bird convention." Two other
curious conventions illustrated here are
that for a bird sitting, and that for a moun-
tain lion, where the figure is reduced to
straight lines, with a form of double fret
as convention for the head and the feet
set as if in perspective. The sculpture is
slenderly illustrated, but there are some
characteristic carvings of birds on the heads
of ceremonial staffs which are decidedly
interesting, as is also the painted bird
offering — here reproduced in colour — found
in Bear Creek cave, which, in brilliant and
most effectively combined colours laid on
two crossed strips of wood, is taken to repre-
sent a woodpecker in flight.
In Messrs. Sotheby's sale of engravings
last week the portrait of Sir Walter Scott
by C. Turner after Raeburn fetched 707.
We are sorry to notice the death of Mr.
Edward Dillon, a distinguished connoisseur
in. art, and a leading member of the Burling-
ton Fine Arts Club. The high standard
of the Club's shows and catalogues owed
much to his care. Mr. Dillon wrote an
excellent book on ' Glass,' an elaborate
monograph on ' Rubens,' and a little book
on the ' Arts of Japan,' where he lived for
some time before coming to London. A
man of retiring manners, he was much
liked by all who knew him.
M. lli.NRr Roxjjon, Permanent Secretary
of the Academy of Fine Arts, died on Monday
last. Born in 1'aris in 1853, M. Koujon,
besides his artistic interests and his official
services to the Fine Arts in fiance, had been
a member of the Ministry of Public Instruc-
tion, political secretary t<> more than one
French statesman, arid private secretary
to M. Jules Ferry. He was the author of
■ Miremonde,' a novel crowned by the French
Academy, and of a work entitled ' An milieu
des Homines," as well as a frequent con-
tributor to periodit pecially on matters
connected with art.
MUSIC
OPERA AT DRURY LANE.
When Moussorgski's ' Boris Godounov T
was produced during the Russian season
at Drury Lane last year, surprise was
expressed that a Avork of such importance
and interest should have been so long in
finding its way to this country. We are
accustomed to regard Wagner as the
most powerful dramatic composer of the
second half of the nineteenth century,
and during that period only a few of his
contemporaries — Verdi among the number
— had a chance of distinguishing them-
selves. While, however, Wagner was
proclaiming his theories and producing
his earlier operas — ' The Flying Dutch-
man,' ' Tannhauser,' and ' Lohengrin ' —
a group of young Russian composers —
Glinka, Dargominsk}^, Moussorgski, Rim-
sky-Korsakoff, and a few more — were
establishing a school of their own ; but
their works, in the overthrowing of
conventions, showed a similarity to
Wagner's, probably due to some extent
to his influence, though in other respects
they were radically different. Of those
named, Glinka was the founder, and
his ' Life for the Tsar ' was given in
Italian at Co vent Garden in 1887,
also in the same year in Russian at the
theatre in Great Queen Street. Rubin-
stein's ' Demon ' and Tschai'kowsky's ' Eu-
gene Oniegin ' have also been heard in
London ; neither composer, however, be-
longed to the special school of which we
are speaking.
The success of ' Boris Godounov ' waa
not ephemeral. It was performed again
at Drury Lane last Saturday evening,
and proved no less impressive. M. Chalia-
pine's wonderful acting and singing were
notable for their total absence of anything
approaching to sensationalism. His power
was not merely felt at certain high moments
of the tragedy, but even so long as he was
on the stage. M. Rogdiestwensky as the
False Dimitri was excellent, while the scene
at the inn, with Mile. Nicolaiewa, and
MM. Belianin and Ernst, the two vaga-
bond monks, a characteristic Russian
cabaret picture, was most effective. The
whole performance was remarkably good.
The choral singing was splendid, and the
importance assigned to the chorus is a
striking feature of the work. It plays
a real part in the action, and this fact
gives unusual life to the piece. This
feature is all the more welcome because
Wagner in his later works, with the one
exception of * Gdtterdammerung,' virtu-
ally abolished the chorus. Moussorgski
treats it. one might say, as the ehiel
persona dramatis. It stands for the popu-
lace itself; it is no Italian opera chorus
standing in a row and, while singing,
delaying the action, as was the case in
the BelEni-Donizetti type of opera which,
when Boris' appeared, was still in vogue.
The music is another prominent ele-
ment. Wagner certainly did not mean
to make his music the most attractive
element of his later works ; nevertheless,
802
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
it lias proved so. Torn away from its
context with the dramas, it has been for
years a powerful magnet in the concert-
room. The Russians seem to have ob-
tained just the right kind of balance.
Their music is always interesting ; away
from the stage, most of it would be
meaningless. Of those who contributed
to the artistic success of the performance
last Saturday, M. Emile Cooper and his
fine orchestra must not be forgotten.
On Wednesday evening Rimsky-Korsa-
koff's ' Ivan le Terrible ' was given.
This music-drama differs in some respects
from ' Boris Godounov.' There is plenty
of nature in both, but more art in
' Ivan.' We do not say this at all by way
of depreciation. The folk-element is not
thrown into the background, but felt
throughout the work. Rimsky -Korsakoff
died only six years ago, and was ac-
quainted with the great modern orchestral
works ; moreover, he had a natural genius
for orchestration. The way in which he
blends the new with the old is wonderful ;
•of that the first tableau of the second act
gives striking evidence. A second hearing
of the work increases our interest in the
drama and our admiration for its com-
poser.
The performance was excellent, and
M. Chaliapine was exceptionally impres-
sive. His singing and declamation are
perfect, and his acting is masterly.
OPERA AT COVENT GARDEN.
• Un Ballo in Maschera,' Verdi's
delightful opera, was performed last
Thursday week at Co vent Garden. The
principal parts were taken by Mile.
Destinn and Signor Caruso, and both sang
admirably. The latter, as previously noted,
in his appearances earlier in the season
was not altogether convincing ; on this
occasion, however, he was quite in the
vein, and the Ricardo music — so ably
written for the voice — evidently inspired
him. At one moment there was loud
applause, which, though resented by some,
was continued in the hopes of an encore.
Signor Caruso, however, plainly showed
that he did not intend to comply with the
request. If all great artists would only
follow this praiseworthy example, there
would soon be an end to such untimely
interruptions. Mile. Alice Zeppilli was
very good in the florid Page music.
Madame Berat impersonated Ulrica, and
sang well, though the music does not quite
suit her voice. Signor Polacco conducted
with ability.
On the following Monday M. Saint-
Saens's * Samson et Dalila ' was given.
That work has become a favourite, and
the music, if it does not reach high in-
spiration, shows consummate art ; the
composer achieves simplicity without a
touch of the commonplace. In the first
:act the voices of Madame Kirkby Limn
and of M. Franz were not in the best
order, but their duet in the second act
was rendered with dramatic power. M.
Dinh Gilly was most impressive as the
High Priest. Signor Polacco's conducting
was good, though at times too energetic.
Mr. Sydney Rosenbloom played Beet-
hoven's Sonata in e at his pianoforte recital
last Tuesday afternoon at Steinway Hail,
but there was not sufficient poetry in the
reading, and in saying this we refer specially
to the Variations. The rendering of Schu-
mann's ' Etudes Symphoniques ' which fol-
lowed lacked warmth, breadth, and clear-
ness ; as regards the last two qualities the
pianist was heavily handicapped by the
speed at which he took many of the Etudes.
It must not be inferred that Mr. Rosen -
bloom is an unsatisfactory player. On the
contrary, he has good command of the key-
board and a pleasant touch, and was heard
to advantage in his own cleverly written
and refined Scherzo in b flat minor.
Complaint is often made of pianoforte
recitals which are more or less of a stereo-
typed order. M. Walter M. Rummel's
programme of his recital at the iEolian Hall
on Wednesday was, however, of a new
kind. It consisted of two duets for two
pianofortes : Mozart in d, and Brahms's
Variations on a theme by Haydn ; and
in these he was assisted by Madame
Chaigneau-Rummel. The arrangement of
the latter work is by Brahms him-
self, but part of its charm — orchestral
colour — is, of course, lost. There was also
a group of Debussy solos, and of that com-
poser's music M. Rummel is an able and
sympathetic interpreter. He also played
the seldom-heard Schumann, ' Humoreske,'
Op. 20, a work of inordinate length. As a
piece of programme music, it probably had
a meaning for Schumann ; as abstract
music, it is loose in structure and too unequal
in merit to sustain interest to the end.
Moreover, the rendering of it was of too
modern a character.
A course of lectures (with illustrations)
by Mr. Edwin Evans on some of the Russian
operas and ballets to be given during the
Beecham season at Drury Lane began last
Thursday at the Aldwych Theatre. The
second, on the 11th inst., will be devoted to
Rimsky-Korsakoff s ' Coq d'Or, ' Midas,'
and ' Papillons ' ; and the third, on the
16th, to Stravinsky's ' Le Rossignol ' and
Rimsky-Korsakoff 's ' Nuit de Mai.'
M. Emil Mlynarski announces three
interesting orchestral concerts with the
London Sjrmphony Orchestra at Queen's
Hall. The first takes place this afternoon,
when the programme will be devoted to M. A.
Glazounov. It will include his Symphony,
No. 8 (Op. 83), a new Pianoforte Concerto
(Op. 92), a Violin Concerto (Op. 82), and
' Stenka Razin,' a Symphonic Poem (Op. 13).
At the second, on the 18th inst. (evening),
will be performed three works by Russian
composers, two of which are new to Lon*
don : a Symphony, Op. 17 ('In Memoriam'),
by A. Wischnegradski, and a sketch for
orchestra, ' The Enchanted Kingdom,' by N.
Tcherepnine. In the second part Polish
music will be represented by M. Pade-
rewski's 'Polish Fantasy' for Piano and
Orchestra (soloist M. E. Schelling) and
M. M. Karlowicz's ' Lithuanian Rhapsody.'
On the 24th inst. (evening) there will be
Polish, Russian, and Bohemian music, a
Suite (Op. 9) by S. Stojowski being the only
novelty.
The Fifth Congress of the International
Music Society is taking place in Paris this
week and will continue until Wednesday
next. The sche;i:e includes the production
of Monsigny's opera ' Les Aveux Discrets,'
and a concert of chamber music of the
eighteenth century given in the Oalerie des
( J laces at Versailles.
Madame Labori (ne'e Okey) was in former
days an excellent pianist, and the compos* i
of a sonata for violin and pianoforte, also
some refined pianoforte pieces. A lyric
drama in two acts from her pen has jual
been produced at the Paris Theatre-Lvrique
(Gaite). It is entitled ' Yato.' The libretto
is by MM. Henri Cain and Louis Payen.
Le Menestrel of May 30th describes the music
as clear, elegant, and emotional.
The centenary of the death of Abbe
Vogler, a curious figure in the musical world,
occurred on the 6th of last month. His
music is now forgotten, though his name
lives in Browning's fine poem, but in his day
he had a good reputation as organist,
theorist, and teacher. Among his pupils
were Weber and Meyerbeer. He came to
London in 1790, and gave successful organ
performances at the Pantheon ; and paid
homage to Handel by composing an organ
fugue on the themes of the ' Hallelujah '
Chorus.
' MUSICAL INTERPRETATION.'
While thanking you for your very kind
review of my ' Musical Interpretation ' in
your issue of May 16th, may I be allowed to
point out a rather serious error ?
Your reviewer quite misrepresents me in
saying : —
" Mr. Matthay includes an accelerando followed
by a ritardo as an instance of Rubato, but this is
a different means of expression, and one in which
the tempo of the piece undergoes change."
What I have said is the very opposite !
For on pp. 60-62 I insist that if constantly
recurring true ritardos or accelerandos ara
employed in a continuously built-up com-
position, this tends to break it up. And on
p. 71 I point out that many composers have
often marked a ritardo, when in reality they
have meant a large swing of Rubato, the
ritardo noted in their text forming but
the swinging back of the rhythm after a
previous, but by them unnoted, accelerando,
and thus forming a true Rubato, without
any break of continuity in tempo. I should
feel obliged if you could find room for this
correction. ' Tobias Matthay.
*** The quotation from Schumann's
' Carneval ' on p. 71 of Mr. Matthay 's book
is given as an example of " inverted rubato."
It begins, to quote Mr. Matthay' s words,
with " a pushing-on or hurrying the time."
Hence there is change of tempo, and another
when " we must follow up by retarding the
subsequent notes of the phrase." Mr.
Matthay properly marks this natural push-
ing-on and retarding by a " poco accel." and
" rit." ; but what I still maintain is that such
means of expression is not in any sense a
Rubato as understood by Mozart and Chopin.
The Reviewer.
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK.
Sis. Special Concert, 8.30, Royal Albert Hall,
Mox.-Sat. Royal Opera, Covent Garden.
Mdn.-Fhi. Opera, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
Mon.-Fki. Mackenzie's 'Cricket on the Hearth.' Duke's Hall.
Mox. Alexia Bassian, Adelina de Lara, aud Kreisler s Concert, 3,
Queen's Hall.
— Eileen Nicolls s Vocal Recital, 3, .Eolian Hall.
— TJlick Brown's Song Recital, 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
— London Symphony Orchestra, S. Queeu's Hall.
— Felia Dorio's Evening Concert, 8.15. Bechstein Hall
Tens. Julia and Steffi Goldner's Pianoforte and Harp Recital,
Steinway Hall.
— Jacques Thibaud's Violin Recital, 3, Bechstein Hall.
— Elena Gerhardt's Vocal Recital, S 15, Bechstein Hall.
— Brabazon Lowther's Song Recital, 8.15. Julian Hall.
Wed. Mrs. Aylmer Jones's Morning Concert, 3 15. Arts Centre,
— London String Quartet, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
— London Trio, 8.30, iEolian Hall. „
— Marc Meytschik s Pianoforte Recital, 8.15, Steinway Hall.
— Mary Zimmer's Violin Recital, 8 30. ^Eolian Hall.
Tiilrs. Lula Myf zGmeiner's Vocal Recital, 3.15, Bechstein Hall
— Walter Scott's Pianoforte Recital. 8.15. Bechstein Hall.
— Campbell Mclnnes's Vocal Recital. 8.30, ^Eolian Hall.
Fri. Trio de LuUce, 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
— Jean Waterston's Vocal Recital, 8.15, jEolian Hall.
Sat. Paul Kochanski and Arthur Rubinstein's Sonata Recital, J,
Bechstein Hall.
— Mozart Society, 3, Portman Rooms. ..
— Polyxena Fletcher and Marie Motto's Pianoforte and v loun
Recital, 3.15, .Solian Hall.
— Pachmann's Pianoforte Recital, 3.15, Queen's Hall.
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
803
DRAMA
The Origin of Attic Comedi/. By F. M.
( omford. (Arnold, 8.?. 6W.)
MR. CORKFORD is already known to us.
and has been reviewed in these columns
as the author of a very ingenious, though
not perhaps very convincing, essay on
Thucydides. He has since joined the
goodly company of the speculators on
primitive religion as expressed in its
fantastic survivals, and now offers a
theory on the origin of Greek comedy.
The writers of his school are Miss Jane
Harrison. Mr. A. B. Cook, and. above all,
Dr. J. G. Frazer, -whose ' Golden Bough '
is the Testament of this new creed.
Recently they have got a great stimulus,
if they wanted one. from the rude festivals
Messrs. Dawkins and Wace have found
among the mountaineers of Thessaly
and Thrace. They call it a Fertility
I "una. in which the death and resur-
rection of the year are symbolized by per-
sonages, and after a conflict in which
one of them dies and rises again, there
i- a rude marriage scene, with its physical
side accentuated by the accompaniment
of a phallic chorus. This is the scheme
into which our author fits the comedies
of Aristophanes, showing that there are
k figures, stock masks, stock devices,
which are all survivals of the old Fertility
Drama, or mummery, common among
the rude peasants in Greece, probably since
-Hellenic days. For Ave are also con-
fronted with analogous mummeries among
all manner of savages, which indicate
primitive cults.
We have already spoken in these pages
of the loose logic shown in some of these
speculations: cf. the doubtful psychology
of reducing the many varieties of primitive
religion to two or three elements. It is
only fifty years since similar simplifica-
tions of the Greek epic poems were just
as fashionable. According to Max Mi'iller
and his school, the phenomena of the
dawn, the rising and setting sun, and the
victory of night followed by a resurrection
lay. were enough to account for all the
richness of Homer's story. Mythology
- only •• a disease of language." Because,
''i.. the word Helen corresponded in
ind to the Sanskrit Sarama, she could
not be a real person ; the whole war of
Troy was a mere personification of the
play of Nature's forces. This idea has
ranished into smoke long ago. The
y of the 'Iliad' represents human
history, and Mr. Leaf has even shown that
the war of Troy had a commercial basis —
the struggle to keep a trade route open !
This remarkable Umschwung in Homeric
criticism might serve as a warning to
the modern mythology
Mr. Cornford knows well, and tells us
in one of his best pages, that his analyses
Of the survival of the Fertility Drama do
QOl for a moment touch the genius and
brilliancy of its finished outcome in
Aristophanes. But in fitting the various
rxes into his frame he is, we think, too
free and easy with his secondary characters,
his sudden transformations of a character
into its opposite with almost Hegelian
facility, his striving to fit every feature
into the Procrustean bed of theory.
We readily admit that there is some
ground for his hypothesis, and more for
this reason than any other, that all Greek
art developed in an orderly way from
historical antecedents; that no artists were
ever more bound by precedent and autho-
rity ; that any originality which meant
a break with the past was despised. The
an tod id act, the so-called genius of modern
times who springs up without a school
and affects to follow no teacher, was by
them neglected. Even as Phidias was
content to take the triangle of his pediment
as the necessary boundary of his great
groups in action, so Aristophanes may
have been quite content to end his play
with a merry and licentious marriage
feast without seeking for an original ending.
Yet even here Mr. Cornford's analysis of
the plays shows considerable variety. Still
less are we satisfied that the Agon, or
contest of two characters, representing
opposing principles, requires any remoter
origin than the talkative and litigious
nature of the Athenian people, who loved
this kind of thing in the courts and in
the market-place. It might as well be
argued that the pleading and counter-
pleading of the principal characters in
Euripides's plays points back to some
early origin, and perhaps Mr. Cornford
or his school would declare that it is so.
To us it is enough that the litigious
temper of the audience liked this kind
of intellectual display. It is well that the
orations of Demosthenes have a firm
historic basis, for had they not we can
easily conceive the conflict ' De Corona '
masquerading as the survival of an old
ritual about a garland that had lost its
value, and the absurd goal for so great
a contest.
With this school that explains every-
thing from one source the origin of
Tragedy cannot be separated from that
of Comedy, and accordingly Mr. Cornford
tells us, in italics, that '- Tragedy is the
exceptional phenomenon that calls for some
special explanation." Of course, it must
come out of the same ritual drama as
Comedy, but its peculiarities are such
that not even a supple folk-lorist can
twist himself out of the puzzle. Mr. Corn-
ford tells us that Prof. Gilbert Murray has
begun to solve the question in a brief essay
in Miss Harrison's ' Themis,' yet there
ought to have lain before him a remark-
able book, a new book by a remarkable
author, discussing this very question
from the aspect of the ritual drama.
How did he escape noticing Prof.
Ridgeway's ' Origin of Trag< dy,' pro-
duced in his own University four years
ago? Prof. Kidgeway even starts from
the same modern phenomena, the rude
plays in Thrace, which he describes at
full length, and goes on to place the origin
of Tragedy, and not either in the worship
of Dionysus, a later deity, or in any
importation from Doric societies. But
lie refers it to another ritual, that of the
worship at the tombs of heroes or ancestors,
and shows, exactly as Mr. Cornford does
in Comedy, the stock features in tragedy
which seem to be survivals of its prehistoric
condition. It is not our business now to
go further into Prof. Ridgeway's book,
but we think that the ignoring "of it is a
blemish in the work before us.
Regarding stock masks the author has
many clever things to say, but he goes not
far enough or too far. He believes that
certain typical forms, the emaciated
philosopher or the learned doctor, were
taken bodily from the mimes of
Epicharmus by the Attic comedy. But
except that he thinks the Pythagorean
ascetics offered a convenient type to
Epicharmus, lie does not analyze that
Sicilian mime any further. Why should
Epicharmus have been more original than
Cratinus ? When he goes on to tell us
that the Socrates and Euripides who ap-
peared on the stage of Aristophanes were
hidden behind character masks which did
not, and were not intended to, represent
their features, he goes beyond all the
probabilities of the case. We do not be-
lieve that any Attic audience would have
tolerated an elaborate parody of a figure
familiar in the streets of Athens under
a guise that spoilt its verisimilitude
at every turn. And so of Euripides.
The mask may well have been in-
tended to disguise the actor, but
surely was intended to suggest the
object of a personal lampoon. Mr. Corn-
ford's evasion from the instance of Cleon
and what is said of his mask by the poet
seems more ingenious than convincing,
and the allusions in the ' Apologia ' of
Plato show that the ' Clouds ' was a
personal attack on Socrates, and not
merely on the type of pale ascetic
philosophy.
On all these difficult literary questions
the author shows his usual acuteness and
resource, and he does well in supplying
constant quotations from the Greek texts
in his foot-notes. His book is excellent
reading, the more so as the reader is often
tempted to quarrel with him. This is
the " general point " we make on his
book, to use his own phrase. A point
may be singular or particular (one of
many), but how can it be general '. But
this is a lesson of common logic, a science
not in fashion nowadays.
' PLASTER SAINTS.'
June 3, 1914.
Is The Allu an urn also among the Philis-
tines ? Its review of ' Plaster Saints,' with
the assumption that the dramatis! is respon-
sible for the motives and arguments <>i' his
characters, seems t<> me utterly unworthy of
our leading literary organ. Egotism might.
of course, lead me to a mistaken view of my
own share in the production Ht the Comedy
Theatre— though in the opinion of some of
my most eminent emit em] >oraries ' Plaster
Saints' is my best and most absorbing play;
but when you write thai .Miss Gillian
Senile "does not lend herself to grief," then
I know your criticism is unjust, for is not
th<' la>t part .Miss Senile has played the most
tragic figure in Tchekov's Unole Vanya,'
804
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4519, June 6, 1914
and has not her impersonation been ac-
claimed as a masterpiece of acting by the
■entire British press '!
Israel Zangwill.
%* Our critic may have erred in not
considering Mr. Zangwill's characterization
more from the point of abstract creation,
though we are sure he would gladly have
done so if it would have helped him to more
favourable comment. We cannot, however,
acknowledge any injustice intentional or
unintentional in, his views. It was not pos-
sible for him to go to the matinee perfor-
mance of Tchekov's ' Uncle Vanya,' and he
could not therefore speak of Miss Scaife's
performance in that piece.
Bramatic (iossip.
' Love Cheats,' with which Miss Horni-
man's company has occupied the stage of
the Coronet Theatre this week, is announced
as a " modern " play by Mr. Basil Dean. The
theme of a townsman on a holiday seducing
a fisherman's daughter and offering money
as compensation might as well — or as un-
fortunately— be called novel as "modern."
The treatment has little of originality either.
The play was far too long-drawn-out, and
•obvious points for pauses in the action were
passed over in favour of others which
were annoying in their lack of appropriate-
ness. Irene Rooke gave a clever study of
a girl vaguely desiring things denied to
those in her position. Hilda Bruce-Potter
had too contradictory a character-study to
enable her to be convincing : a mother,
sympathetic, but entirely without anything
approaching maternal intuition. Something
of the same contradiction was apparent in
the seducer, played by Mr. Milton Rosmer.
After behaviour as callous as it was imbecile,
he gave signs of sound sense and some
decent feeling, which seemed almost to
betoken a dissociated personality. The other
male characters were more credible, and
wire well acted, and we have again to thank
Mr. Horace Braham for a very clever bit of
work.
We note with pleasure that H. F. Rubin-
stein's ' Consequences ' is to fill the bill at
the Coronet during the extra week that Miss
Hornimans company will be there. Our
appreciation of that play will be found in
our issue of May 9th.
During the first week of their season
at the Court Theatre, the Irish Players
have given four performances of Mr.
Yeats' s ' Kathleen Ni Houlihan ' and J. M.
Synge's ' The Playboy of the Western
World.' Both plays are difficult, demand-
ing a perfect sympathy between actors and
audience which, we felt, was hardly granted
adequately. The " mystic touch " of Sara
Allgood's Kathleen hesitated at the foot-
lights and impinged lightly upon the
emotions of the audience, although we can
imagine no one better qualified to fill the
part. In 'The Playboy,' a cast differing in
some important respects from that which
appeared before at the Court. The actors
succeeded perfectly in preserving a balance
between the tragic and the comic elements
of the play ; Mr. Arthur Sinclair, if our
memory is not at fault, has added a good
deal of " business " to his original Michael
James Flaherty, and Eithne Magee's Pegeen
Mike is a shade weaker than Maire O'Neill's.
But the whole production, was well worthy
of the Abbey Theatre Company.
Robert Marshall's ' Duke of Killie-
crankie ' was revived at the Playhouse
last Wednesday night. Marie Tempest,
who takes Eva Moore's place as Lady
Henrietta, is also responsible for the pro-
duction, which preserves most of the
features we appreciated at the end of
January, 1904, when the play was first
produced. The cast is almost identical
with the original exponents, and Mr.
Weedon Grossmith shows no falling-off in
the principal part.
The Clobe and Queen's theatres have
been acquired by Mr. Alfred Butt.
Mr. Israel Zangwill's comedy ' Plaster
Saints,' the production of which at the
Comedy was noticed by us last week, is to
be published immediately in volume form
by Mr. Heinemann.
On Friday week last ' Macbeth,' trans-
lated into French verse and prose by M.
Jean Richepin, was produced at the Comedie
Francaise. Madame Bartet played Lady
Macbeth, M. Paul Mounet Macbeth, and
M. Mounet-Sully Duncan. The translator
has made a serious effort to follow the text
faithfully, but he has omitted several of
the warlike episodes. The staging and
costumes were impressive, but a little
incoherent.
On the same day Lady Gregory's ' The
Gaol Gate ' was also produced in Paris —
at the Theatre Idealiste. The play was
translated by M. Claude Vareze.
The Adelphi will reopen earlv in June
with 'The Belle of Bond Street,' a
musical play from New York, in which
place it has had a successful run.
Sir George Alexander has accepted for
production in the early autumn a four- act
play called ' Those Who Sit in Judgment,'
by Mrs. J. T. Grein.
Mr. Rabindranath Tagore is about to
issue through Messrs. Macmillan an English
translation of his play ' The King of the
Dark Chamber.'
The death of Mr. Laurence Irving, who
was drowned in the terrible catastrophe of
the Empress of Ireland, and was last seen
making heroic efforts to save his wife, is a
great loss to the stage. The younger son of
Henry Irving, he started on the stage in Mr.
F. R. Benson's company in 1891. Later he
was with Toole, and took parts on tour in
popular plays.
His ' Peter the Great,' written tor his
father at the Lyceum (1898), was a piece of
high aims and considerable promise. His
other original plays made no great mark,
except ' The Unwritten Law," produced at
the Garrick in 1910. He won success as Iago
in ' Othello ' at His Majesty's (1912). and of
late years had developed into a thoughtful
actor of considerable power. His finished
performance in ' Typhoon,' of which he was
part author, was generally recognized as
masterly last year in London.
His wife (Mabel Hackney) made her first
appearance at the St. James's in * The
Masqueraders ' (1895), and played subse-
quently with Charles Warner and Mr. F. R.
Benson, also with Irving, taking the place of
Ellen Terry as his leading lady, both in
England and America. She figured frequently
in her husband's plays.
One of her best perform ances was as Alice
Maitland in ' The Yoysey Inheritance ' (1905).
A clever actress, she was apt to over-empha-
size her parts. She was, however, at her
best in difficult scenes, such as that in
' Typhoon ' where she goads the hero to the
point of strangling her.
W.
-E. S.-B.-
To Correspondents.— A. M.— H. A.
W. D. B.— Received.
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We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
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1!
No. 4519, Jink 6, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
SI
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" That delightful kepository of forgotten lore, ' Notes and Queries.' "
li Learned, Chatty, Useful." — Athenaeum. Edinburgh Review, October, 1880.
Every Saturday, of any Bookseller or Newsagent in England, price id. ; or free by post to the Continent, i\d.
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The TENTH SERIES of NOTES AND QUERIES (complete in
Twelve Volumes, JANUARY, 1904, to DECEMBER, 1909, price 10s. 6d.
each Volume with Index ; General Index to the Twelve Volumes,
10s. 6d.) contains, in addition to a great variety of similar Notes and
Replies, Articles of Interest on the following Subjects.
FIFTH SELECTION.
PHILOLOGY, GRAMMAR, AND ETYMOLOGY.
" Antiquarian " v. " Antiquary " — " Aposta mated " — •
" Ataman " and " Hetman," the Titles differentiated
— "Aviation," its Derivation — "Awaitful" — "Ayesha,"
its Pronunciation — Aztec Names, their Pronunciation —
" Bacon," its Etymology — " Badger," its Etymology —
" Banana," its Etymology — " Barracoon " — " Barrage "
—" Barrar "—" Barrow "—" Battels," Use of the Word
in 1574 — " Bayonet " — " Belappit " — " Benny " —
" Beside " : " Besides," their Meanings—" Betherai," its
Etymologv— " Biddy," its Derivation—" Bilker " in 1717
— " Bladder " and " Blather "— " Bloom " in Iron Manu-
facture— " Boast " — " Bobbery " — " Bobby Dazzler "
— Bonfires or Bonefires — " Bosh," Origin of the Word
— Bough-pots — " Bridge?," its Derivation — " Bring," its
Archaic Use — Earlv British Names, their Interpretation
— "Britisher," Us3 of the Word — " Brooch " or
" Broach " — " Brock " for Badger — " Broom-squire " —
"Brumby," Australian Wild Horse — "Butcher," its
Pronunciation.
ECCLESIOLOGY AND THE BIBLE.
Banns and Lameness — " Sal et saliva " in Baptism —
Baptismal Robe — -Baptist Confessions of Faith — Bark-
ing Abbey and William the Conqueror — Clergyman with
Battledore in the Pulpit — Bayham Abbey — Beating the
Bounds — Thomas a Bucket's Martyrdom — Bed3's Trans-
lation of the Fourth Gospel — Detached Belfries — Dead
Bell : Passing Bell — Bell-ringing at Weddings — Bible :
" Bewray " in the Revised Version ; St. Paul's " Slow-
bellies " ; ' Let the dead bury their dead " ; " Syco-
Silk first Mentioned; Thumb
Christ " — Bidding Prayer at
English Bishop to Marry — •
their Signatures ; Fourteen
; their Starves — Arms of
Bishops — Archbishop Black-
burne's Grave — Blandina, Martyr - Saint — Book of
Common Prayer : " Ashes to ashes " ; Copy with
Shakespeare's Autograph ; Origin of Marriage Service —
Bibliography of Brasses — Brasses at the Bodleian —
Breviary or Missal — -Briefs for Greek Christians — Burial :
Half within and half without a Church ; with the Face
Uncovered — Suicides buried in Open Fields — Noncon-
formist Burial-grounds.
more " or " Sycamore :
Bible ; " Knave of Jesus
Oxford University — First
Bishops : Punctuation of
consecrated at one Time
English Roman Catholic
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERARY HISTORY.
Francis Bacon, " The world's a bubble " — Bacon and
Ben Jonson — Giorgio Baffo's Poems — Barham a Cardinal
of St. Paul's — J. M. Barrie and Kensington Gardens —
Beldornie Press — William Bennet's ' King of the Peak '
— Sir Walter Besant : Pronunciation of his Name —
• — Bevis of Southampton — William Blake and Coleridge
— Private Reprint of Blake's ' Songs ' — Remarkable
Cancels in Dr. Bliss's Edition of Wood's ' Athenae Oxoni-
ensis ' — Earliest Book Auctions — Lines on Book-Borrow-
ing and Book-Stealing — British Provincial Book-Trade —
Books sold by the Ton — Cure for Mildew in Books — First
Books of Authors — Bookseller's Motto — Bibliography of
Books?lling and Publishing — Borrow's ' Turkish Jester '
— Bradley's ' Highways and Byways in South Wales ' —
' Bradshaw's Railway Time Tables' — " Breese " in
' Hudibras ' — Anthony Brewer's ' Lovesick King ' —
Errors in Cobham Brewer's ' Phrase and , Fable ' —
Brightwell's Tennyson Concordance — British Museum
Catalogues — John Britton's Shakespeare Memorial Pro-
ject— Siirley Brooks and Du Maurier — Elizabeth Barrett
Browning, Centenary Celebration — Robert Browning and
Wordsworth, Literary Parallel — Passages in Browning's
Poems — Burns : English Commentators ; " Her prentice
hand " ; Letters to George Thomson — Robert Burton :
Errors in Shilleto's Edition ; Meswinde the Fair — Byron :
called " the Pilgrim of Eternity " ; Passages in ' Don
Juan ' and ' Childe Harold.'
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
Academy of Ancient Music, its Foundation — Actors
whipped at Newcastle — Burial-places of Notable Actresses
— Prince Albert as Musical Composer — G. Almar, Play-
wright and Actor — Ancient Concert Society — Mrs. Ark-
wright's Setting of ' The Pirate's Farewell ' — Folk-lore
Medicine in Beaumont and Fletcher — ' The Beauty of
Buttermere,' Sadler's Wells Play — Earliest Theatrical
Benefits — John Bland, Edinburgh Actor-Manager — Dr.
Burney's ' History of Music ' — Alexander Campbell, Sir
Walter Scott's Music Master — Carini's Book on Theatre-
building — George Colman as Censor of Plays — Children of
the Chapel Royal — Chetwood's ' General History of the
Stage ' — Three Choir Festival, Early Notices — ' Christmas
Boys,' Mumming Play — Church Music in Country Dis-
tricts— Musical Services on Church Towers — Musical Com-
posers as Pianists — Minuet named after Lady Coventry.
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane. London, E.C.
No. 4519, June (i, 19U
THE ATHENAEUM
807
pipping.
A " Midsummer M Cruise to
NORWAY.
THE P. & O. Company announce a
Thirteen-day Cruise from London on
the 13th June, to the Fjords by their
Australian mail steamer "MANTUA" a
recently constructed vessel of 11,500 tons.
The trip will include visits to the Hardanger
Fjord, Bergen, the Sogne, Nord and Stor
Fjords, and the Molde and Romsdal Fjords,
and, as the cruise embraces midsummer day,
it will be made in almost continuous sun-
light so far as the Norwegian portion is
concerned.
The scenic grandeur of the Fjords and the
romance of their history combine to endow
Norway's waterways with a peculiar fascina-
tion ; and the observer, who, passing before
mile upon mile of this gorgeous panorama,
is conveyed on board a P. & 0. liner, with
all in the way of service, comfort and social
enjoyment which the phrase implies, is
fortunate indeed. Fares range from 12
to 25 guineas.
For an illustrated programme of this and
other cruises, or for passage rates to Eastern
or Australian ports, application should be
made at the Company's Offices, 122, Leaden-
hall Street. E.C., or Northumberland
Avenue, W.C., London.
The Royal Surgical Aid
Society.
Chief Office :
SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET, E.C.
Patron— HIS MAJESTY THE KING.
President— The Right Hon.
THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, P.C. G.C.M.G. K.T.
Chairman and Treasurer— SAMUEL WATSON, Esq.
The Society was established in 1862 to supply
SPINAL SUPPORTS, LEO INSTRUMENTS,
TRUSSES, ELASTIC STOCKINGS,
ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, &c.
Since the commencement of the Society it has
supplied over
800,000 APPLIANCES TO THE POOR.
Annual Subscription of 10s. 6d., or Life Subscription
of £5 5s., entitles to Two Recommendations per
Annum, the number of Letters increasing in propor-
tion to the amount of Contribution.
Subscriptions, Donations, and Legacies
are earnestly solicited,
and will be thankfully received by the Bankers,
Messrs. BARCLAY & CO., Ltd., 19. Fleet Street, or
by the Secretary, at the Offices of the Society.
EICHARD C. TRESIDDER, Secretary.
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CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY,
35, John Street, Bedford Row, London, W.C.
NOTES AND QUERIES.
THIS WEEK'S NUMBER (June 6) CONTAINS—
NOTES : — Bishop Jewel's Library — " Rumford " Chimney— Webster : a Question of Authorship —
" Garrett Johnson, Tomb- Maker " — " Shipshape and Bristol fashion " — Christ Hospital— Richard
Johnson's Epitaph — Governor Eyre : Bishop Westcott — New Allusion to Shakespeare —
"Sterling."
QUERIES: — Burnap alias Burnett — Navy Arms in Soho— Christopher Columbus: his Nationality
and Religion — Staffordshire Poets — "At that" — De Tavarez of Bayonne — Capt. Richard
Peehell— Old Etonians — "Henry Hase " — Addison's Letters — Privy Councillors — Dubber
Family of Gloucestershire — Biographical Information Wanted — Threefold Twist in Turning :
Stethoscope — Malcolm Stodart — Author of Quotation Wanted — ' Anecdotes of some Distin-
guished Persons ' — Oxford Coptic Dictionary — ' Bon Gaultier ' Ballads and Kenny Meadows —
Folkard, Animal Painter — "Egoism" v. "Egotism" — Alexander Smith's ' Dreamthorp ' —
Colour-Printing c. 1820.
REPLIES :— Hautville Family— Cromwell's Illegitimate Daughter, Mrs. Hartop— " Billion,"
"Trillion" — Lombard Street Bankers: Sir Stephen Evance — Hydon's Ball, Surrey — Old
Etonians — Sir Richard Birnie— Joseph Branwell — Parish Registers — "Bushel and Strike" —
G. Quenton — Centenary of the Cigar — "Trod" — A Book of Fables — General Beatson -Feast
of Shells— Grimol— Age of Country Bridges — " Blizard " as a Surname — Missionary Ship Duff
— Dr. John Samuel Phene — Casanova and Henriette. ,
NOTES ON BOOKS :—' Coroners' Rolls of the City of London'— 'The Bodleian Quarterly Record
— Reviews and Magazines. '
LAST WEEK'S NUMBER (May 30) CONTAINS:—
NOTES: — ' The Times '—The Chronology of 'Tom Jones' — Poe: a Classical Reference— London Im-
provements— Macaulay Misquoted— English-speaking Cardinals — Lancashire Proverb
QUERIES:— John Rush, Inspector-General of Regimental Hospitals— Duke of Wellington Medal-
Clack Surname— Whitby's Library of London Books— Rawdon Family — 'Chevy Chace ' Parody
—"Miss Bridget Adair '"—Cobbett at Worth, Sussex: Worth Families— Authors of Quotations
Wanted — Vineyard Congregational Church, Richmond — Rebellion of 1715 : Thomas Radcliffe —
Blind Members of Parliament— Rev. Richard Scott— Biographical Information Wanted —
Charles I.: John Lambert and Lieut. -Col. Cobbett— Heraldic-" Stile " = " Hill "—'John
Gilpin' in Latin Elegiacs Kilgrimol Priory — Military Machines.
REPLIES : — Price and Whitchurch Families— Burton's Quotations from " Loeohseus " — Loch
Chesney— Octopus, Venus's Ear, and Whelk— Old Etonians— Sir John Sackfylde— William
Quipp— George Bruce—" Maggs"— John Douglas Hallett— Pallavicini— " Plowden "—Liverpool
Reminiscences— Lord Wellesley's Issue— Brutton : the Earl of Cardigan— Moira Jewel—
" Vossioner "—Parry Broadhead— " Blizard " Surname— Birmingham Statues and .Memorials-
John Swinfen— Wildgoose-Khoja Hussein— Humphrey Cotes and Savage Barrell— Napoleon
Upside Down — Last Criminals beheaded in Great Britain.
NOTES ON BOOKS :—' The Hermits and Anchorites of England '—' A History of Leagram '—
'Penn's Country.'
JOHN C. FRANCIS and J. EDWARD FRANCIS,
Notes and Queries Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C; and of all Newsagents.
Special attention will be devoted in next
week's ' Athenaeum' to books relating to
POLITICAL ECONOMY
808 THE ATHENE UM No, 4519, June 6, 1914
THE
Gardeners' Chronicle
IS THE
3
D. Leading Horticultural
Weekly. Journai in the World
AND THE
Recognized Paper for Kt^
Professional Gardeners
Yearly. Post free.
THE
Calendar of Garden Operations
IS THE
NEW EDITION
most useful Handbook
ost ree oq. ^or Amateur Gardeners
Catalogue of Horticultural Books
Post free on receipt of post card.
41, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.
Editorial Communications should be addressed to "THE EDITOR"— Advertisements and Business Letters to "THE ATHENjEUM" OFFICE, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.G.
Published Weekly by Messrs. HORACE MARSHALL & SON, 125, Fleet Street, London, E.C., and Printed by J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Athenaeum Press, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.G.
Agents for Scotland, Messrs. WILLIAM QREEN & SONS and JOHN MENZIES & CO., Ltd., Edinburgh.— Saturday, June 6, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
z*f
f rrantal nf (Bnglislj att& JFamgn literature, %>tiz\m, tbe JFhte
:
No. 4520
SATURDAY, JUNE 13, 1914,
^rts, Jltusit antr the Drama.
PRICK
SIXPENCE.
RKOISTKK-KD AS A NK VVSPAPER
-
ICc rturcs.
Q
UEEN'S HALL,
UNQBAM PLA< E, W.
SOLE LESSEES-ME39RS. CHAPPELL 4 CO.. LTD.
LECTURE BY
MRS. ANNIE BESANT.
THURSDAY, June 18, at 8.30 p.m.
'WHY WE BELIEVE IN THE COMING OF A
WORLD TEACHER.'
Tickets :
Numbered, 5«., as., and 2*. Unreserved, Is. and 6d.
Apply to
THE THEOSOPBICAL PUBLISHING SOCIETY,
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or the Queen's Hall, W.
U
NIVERSITY OF LONDON.
An \DV VNCED LECTURE, entitled WHERE WOMEN RULE :
THE M \TKIARi HALSYSTEM OF THE NAIRS IN MALABAR,
will be given by Sir CHETTUR SANKARAN NAIR. (' I.E.. »t the
LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS. Clare Market. W.C.. on
WEDNESDAY, Jane 21, at S p.m. Admission free, without ticket.
P. J. HARTOG, Academic Registrar.
.EOLIAN HALL. NEW BOND STREET.
THE HON. STEPHEN COLERIDGE will
LEi TCRE in the above Hall on THE GLORY OF ENGLISH
PROSE, on THURSDAY AFTERNOON, June IS. at 3 30. Tickets
ion. 6d. and 5J . from the Hall and usual Agents, and from The
Lecture Agency. L»d.
Noddies.
THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY.— The CONCLUD-
ING MEETING of the SESSION will be held at UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE. Gower Street. W.C.. on WEDNESDAY. June 17, at 8 p a.,
when a Paper entitled 'ROUMANIAN POPULAR TALES AND
LEGENDS OF BIRDS. BEASTS. AND INSECTS' will be read by
Dr. GASTER. F. A. MILNE. Secretary.
11, Old Square. Lincoln s InD, W.c.
(Bsrjilutions.
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ACADEMY.
SUMMER EXHIBITION
Open 9 am- to 7 p.m
Thursdays, 9 a.m. to 10 p m.
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SEASON TICKET 5s.
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OUPIL GALLERY EXHIBITIONS.
STATUETTES in 8ilver, Bronze, and Wood by E. 0. DE
ROSALES
P0RTRAIT8 and GROUPS of Horses in Bronze by HERBERT
HA8KLTISK
Water-colours of INDIA by 8. FYZEERAHAMIN.
Admission In. from 10 till 6. Saturdays 10 till 1.
WILLIAM MARi'HANT 4 CO.. 5, Regent Street, 8.W.
T
HE
NEW ENGLISH ART CLUB.
EXHIBITION of MODERN PICTURES.
6a. Suffolk Street. Pall Mall. S.W.
OPEN DAILY from 10 a m. to 6 p.m. Admission Is.
SEVENTH
LONDON
SALON
of the Allied Artists' Association
HOLLAND PARK RINK, W.
Art Activities from Twenty-Four Countries.
Daily 10— tj. Thursdays 10— 10. Admission 1*.
(£ Durational.
WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.— An EXAMINA-
TION to FILL UP VACANT SCHOLARSHIPS AND
EXHIBITIONS will be held on JUNK 24. 25, and 2>S, 1914.— Wat
particulars apply by letter to THE BURSAR. Little Dean's Yard,
Westminster.
s
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
An EXAMINATION for ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1, will be held on JULY 14 and Following Da)*.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House, Sherborne, Dorset.
MADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
Keith House. 133 13.1. REGENT STREET, W. English and
Foreign Uov-rri-ww, Lady Professors. Teachers. Chaperones Com
panions. Secretaries. Readers. Introduced for Home arid Abroad
Schools recommMid-l and prospectuses with full information, gratis
on application personal or by letterl. staling requirements. Office
boon, vy-i; Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent Via.
1HE UNIVERSITY OF
SESSION 1914-VS.
r IVERPOOL.
The AUTUMN TERM BEGINS on THURSDAY. October 8, 1914.
Prospectuses and full particulars of the following may be obtained
on application to THE REQISTRAR :-»
JOINT BOARD MATRICULATION EXAMINATION.
FACULTIES OF ARTS, 8CIENC0, MEDICINE, LA-vV, AND
ENGINEERING.
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIC DESIGN.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
INSTITUTE OF ARCH.EOLOGY.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
UNIVERSITY TRAINING COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION BOARD.
SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND OF TRAINING FOR
80CIAL WORK.
SCHOOL OF LOCAL HISTORY AND RECORDS.
SCHOOL OF RUSSIAN STUDIES.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMIC SURGERY.
SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE.
SCHOOL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE.
SCHOOL OF DENTAL SURGERY.
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY.
DEPARTMENTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND EXPERI-
MENTAL MEDICINE.
EVENING LECTURE8 AND LABORATORY INSTRUCTION.
FELLOWSHIPS, SCHOLARSHIPS, STUDENTSHIPS, EXHI-
BITIONS, SPECIAL GRANTS AND PRIZES.
HALLS OF RESIDENCE.
UNIVERSITY CALENDAR. Price 18. ; post free, Is. 4<C
TJ
Situations ^arant.
NIVERSITY OF LONDON.
The Senate invite applications for the Post of UNIVERSITY
PROFESSOR OF LATIN tenable at BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR
WOMEN. The salary will be 6001. a year, and the post is open to
Men and Women equally.
Applications, together with copies of not more than three
testimonials and the names of not more than three references (twelve
copies of all documents), must be received not later than the first
poston8ATURDAV. June 20, 1914, by THE ACADEMIC REGISTRAR,
University of London. South Kensington, S.W., from whom further
particulars may be obtained. HENRY A. MIER8, Principal.
U
NIVERSITY OF LONDON.
The Senate invite applications for the part-time Post of UNIVER-
SITY PROFESSOR OF TOWN PLANNING tenableat UNIVERSITY
COLLEGK. The salary will be 4001. a year. The Engineering aspects
of Town Planning are dealt with by the Chadwick Professor of
Municipal Engineering.
Applications (twelve copies), together with the names of not more
than four references, must be received not later than by first post on
MONDAY. June 22, 1914, by THE ACADEMIC REGISTRAR, Uni-
versity of London, South Kensington, 8.W., from whom further
particulars may be obtained. Testimonials are not required.
HENRY A. MIERS. Principal.
U
NIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.
FACULTY OF SCIENCE.
PROFESSORSHIP OF PHYSICS.
The Council of the University invites applications for the CnAIR
OF PHYSICS vacant by the death of Dr. J. H. Poyuting, F.R.S.
The stipend offered is 7501. a year.
Applications may be accomnanied by testimonials, references, or
other credentials, and should be received by the undersigned on or
before THURSDAY. October 15.
Further particulars may be obtained from
GEO. H. MORLEY, Secretary.
U
NIVERSITY OF
OXFORD.
LECTURER IN FRENCH.
The Curators of the Taylor Institution will proceed, at the end of
June, to the election of a LECTURER IN FRENCH, to enter upon
his duties in Michaelmas Term, 1914. The appointment in the first
instance will be for three years, with an annual stipend of 180/.
inclusive of any fees paid for attendance at his Lectures arid Clashes.
In addition to his statutory duties the Lecturer appointed may be
required to take the tutorial work of Honour Students not exceeding
twenty in number. For this work he will receive an extra payment
of 21. a Term for each Student assigned to him The printed con-
ditions of the Lectureship may be obtained from THE SECRETARY
TO THE CURATORS, 119, Banbury Road. Oxford.
Applications, stating age and qualifications, accompanied by
testimonials, should lie addressed to THE CURATORS, Taylor
Institution, Oxford, on or before WEDNESDAY, June 17.
CON8ERVATORIUM OF MUSK'
N
EW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA.
Applications »re invited from candidates qualified to fill tlin Pout
of MRK1TOR Of TH1 loNMKRVATolllUM oF MUH|<' OF
NEW MOUTH WALKH ito »>o establish..! in Hydn«*y OLOdftr the
authority of the Hon. The UIduTUt of Public butmeuoDl. - indi
da t«> i must be thorough practical and th<-'>r>-t nil MuricUDf, ami
preference will t>e shown to those experienced in Orchestral and
<>jH-ra work. Kvidciif-*: of age ami of attainment*! and exix-i
mutt b* submitted. Ability to tea* h in Knglihl. Ind.niHMiHahU*. The
■ppototnmt will be in the first Instance for a period of five jears,
Hnd the salary will be l.'i'Af. per annum. Cost of travelling up to
Lfttf. will h« allow * I
Further particulars may be obtained from the undersigned, by
whom applications, h< oo iirmnhd by four copies of each testimonial
submitted, will I*- re. . Jrd up to JUNK 30, 1914.
AGBNT-QEftBRAL .FOR NKW HoUTH WALES.
US, * annon 8treet, 1 ondou. R.4 . .June :i. 10] L
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
JJNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN.
CHAIR OF CHEMISTRY.
The CHAIR OF CHEMISTRY in this University in the patronage
£.' lhl. Cp'^'V Court will becc me VACANT by the retiral of
Prof. F. R Japp on SEPTEMBER 30 next-Applications for the
office, together with sixteen copies of testimonials Ishould the candi-
date think fit to submit anyi, are to be lodged with THE SECRE-
TARY OF THE COURT on or before JULY 1
, .. , DONALDSON ROSE THOM. Secretary.
University of Aberdeen. June, 1914. . '
BEDFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.)
REGENTS PARK, N.W
Applications are invited for the following appointments:—
(1) A89I8TANT-LECTURER in the Department of ENGLI8H
LITERATURE. Salary 165!. per Session, rising to 2001. I'"UL,,Btl
(21 ASSISTANT- LECTURER in the SECONDARY TRAINING
DEPARTMENT (special subject required Classics or English) Salary
165! per Session, rising to 2001. '
(SI ASSISTANT-LIBRARIAN. Salary SOI. per Session
Six copies of applications and of not more than three recent teiti-
monials should be sent not later than SATURDAY. June 20 to the
undersigned, from whom further particulars may be obtained
E. T. McKNIGHT, Secretary of Council.
ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE.
(University of London.)
ENGLEFIELD GREEN, SURREY.
DEPARTMENT OF PHY8IC3.
Applications are invited for the Post of RESIDENT DEMON-
STRATOR in PHY81CS. The post is open to Women only Three
copies of applications, accompanied by three copies of not more than
three recent testimonials or references, i-hould be sent by WEDN 1 S.
DAY June 24, 1914, to THE PRINCIPAL, from whom all particulars
may be obtained.
COUNTY BOROUGH OF SALFORD
EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
A CHIEF LECTURER AND HEAD OF THE ELECTRIC VL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF THE ROYAL TFCHNl \L
INSTITUTE is REQUIRED. Commencing salary ^-Particulars
and form of application I to be returned by JUNE 201 from DIRECTOR
OF EDUCATION, Education Office. Salford. '™»»"w»n
J^EVON COUNTY EDUCATION COMMITTEE
T^Dt.?,m°To Committee invite applications for the appointment of
INSPECTOR.
Salary 2401., rising to 300?. per annum.
Age limits 30 to 45.
All applications to be received by JUNE 27. 1914.
For full particulars and forms of application apply to THE
SECRETARY. County Education Office. Exeter.
TPSWICH MUNICIPAL SECONDARY
-I- SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
Head Master-Mr. POLLARD WILKINSON. B.A. B.Sc. F.R.A.S.
An ASSISTANT MASTER. Grade A. is REQUIRED, to com-
mence duties in SEPTEMBER next. Scale of Salaries: Grade A
1251 . rising by 101. per annum to 175'. ; Grade B. 1501. to 200/. :
Grade C, 1751. to 225*. A Graduate with good qualifications in Eng-
lish is desired. Physical Exercises a recommendation. Canvassing
is prohibited.
The School is an Endowed School under a scheme of the Board of
Education. Number of boys on roll 404. The ap|>ointinent will be
made by the Governors on the recommendation of the Head Master
A copy of the Conditions of Appointment will be sent with the
Form of Application. Applications must be made on the prescribed
Form Ifor which apply at once), and he delivered to the undersigned
not later than JUNE 24,
GEORGE BILLAM. Secretary to the Governors
Tower House, Tower 8treet, Ipswich, June 8, IN 1.
EAST SUFFOLK COUNTY EDUCATION
COMMITTEE
8TOWMARKET COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL.
REQUIRED an ASSISTANT MASTER (Graduate) qualified to
teach Geography and Botany on modern Una*, to < .unmence duties on
SEPTEMBER ii Ability to teach Swedish Drill a recommendation.
Commencing salary 1901, to IBOL, according to experience, in accor-
dance with the Committee's scale. Candidates must have had
experience in Secondary School work.
Applications on the luaauilbad Form 23. a copy of which will be
forwarded on receipt of a stamped addressed envelope, to lie sent to
the undersigned before JUNE lit.
W. K WATK1NS. ( 1,-rk to the Governors
Education Office, County Hall, Ipswich. June S, Pi] I
COUNTY BOROICH OF MERTHYR
TV li KM,.
CYFARTIIKA cABTLK MUNICIPAL SECONDARY SCHOOL
FOR QIBtf.
WANTED, to commence duties In SEPTEMBER, a MISTRESS to
teach Commercial Subjects .In. lulling Short band and Ty|n- writing..
Pi, I, i,i.. .• riven to I udM ltd with I'ihvi i.iij training. Experience
,.f similar w..rk In a HOOgnlnd Secondary S. bool essential. Initial
salary 1'ml. to 1201. per annum, according to qualification and ex.
[M-rlence.
Application forms will lie sent on i.,, ,pt ,,f a stamped addressed
foolscap, in, 1. p. It II VH El, IAS. Director of Education.
Town Hall, Merthyr Tydfil, May 30. 1914.
810
T HE A T H E N M U M
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
c
OUNTY OF LONDON.
~"fh» London County Council invites applications for the following
positions in 8econdiry Schools. The candidates appointed will he re-
quired to start work if possible in SEPTEMBER, 1914, but in any case
not later thin JANUARY, 191')
lo) AS8I8TANr MI8TRES8E8.
SaUry 120!. to 170!. a year, according to previous experience, rising
to 2201 hy annual increments of in;.
( andidates must have passed a Final Examination for a Degree held
by a recognized University, and have had experience in Secondary
Schols.
Hi THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL, PLUM8TEAD.
ASSISTANT MI8TRE8S to teach French and German. The
Degree qualification may be relaxid if the candidate is otherwise
specially qualified,
12) THE COUNTY 8FC0NDARY SCHOOL, 80UTH HACKNEY.
ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach German and either History or
Mathematics.
lo) A8SISTANT MASTER
Salary 1501. to 200!. a year, according to previous experience, rising
to 300!. by annual increments of 10!. Candidates should generally
have passed a Final Examination for a Degree held hy a recognized
University, but this qualification may be relaxed provided a candidate
is otherwise specially qualified.
8LOANE SCHOOL, CHELSEA.
ASSISTANT MASTER to teach French, with ability to assist with
German or English. Secondary School experience desirable.
(«) DRILL MISTRESSES.
Candidates must be capable of giving instructions in Gymnastics
and also in Games and Dances.
lit FULL TIME. Salary 130?. a year fixed.
I. THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL, FULHAM.
•_>. THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL. PLUM8TEAD.
(ii) PART TIME.
1. THE COUNTY SECONDARY SCHOOL, KENTISH TOWN, for
not more than fifteen hours' work a week. Salary 48. an hour, for
actual work done.
Applications must be on forms (a separate form being used for each
appointment I to be obtained, with particulars of the appointment, by
sending a stamped addressed foolsctp envelope to THK EDUCATION
OFFICWR, London County Council, Education Offices, Victoria
Embankment, W.<\, to whom they muBt be returned by 11 a.m. on
WEDNESDAV, June 24. 1914. Every communication must be
unrked " H.4." on the envelope.
(Unvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify a candidate.
No candidate who is a relative of a member of the advisory Sub-Com-
mittee of the School for which application is made is eligible for
appointment.
LAURENCE QiJlME, Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C.
June, 1914.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE EDUCATION
COMMITTEE.
CAMBRIDGE AND COUNTY SCHOOL FOR BOYS.
A MASTER for FRENCH will be REQUIRED on the staff of the
above School, to commence duties on SEPTEMBER 21, 1914. Salary
160!. per annum, non-resident, rising by increments of 101- to 200!.
Applications to be sent on or before JULY 1 to
AUSTIN KEEN, M.A., Education Secretary.
County Hall, Cambridge.
HEREFORDSHIRE LOCAL EDUCATION
AUTHORITY.
HEREFORD HIGH 8CHOOL FOR GIRL8.
The Governors invite applications for the Poet of Head Mistress of
the above School, which will be opened in JANUARY, 1915. Accom-
modation 226. Salary 250!. per annum, together with a Capitation Fee
of 1!. for each scholar over the first 75. Applicants must possess a
Degree from a British University or its equivalent. Twelve copies of
each application, which should include copies of not more than three
recent testimonials, should be sent to the undersigned not later than
JULY 1, 1914. JOHN WILTSHIRE, Clerk to the Governors.
8hirehall, Hereford, June 10, 1914.
B
ATLEY EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
GIRLS GRAMMAR 8CHOOL.
Head Mistress— Miss D. L. BAKEWELL.
WANTED, onSEPTEMBER 17. 1914. a FORM MI8TRE8S specially
qualified iu English; Good French (direct method) and Scripture as
subsidiary subjects. Honours Degree and Secondary Training or
experience essential. Salary 120!. per annum. Form of application
(which must be returned to me not later than June 18, 19141 may be
obtained on receipt of a stamped addressed envelope from
G. R. H. DANBY, M.A. (Oxonl, Director of Education.
Education Offices, Batley, June 4, 1914.
K
ENT EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
COUNTY SCHOOL, CHATHAM.
WANTED, in SEPTEMBER, an ASSISTANT MI8TRESS with
University 1'egree. training, and experience. Subjects: Mathema-
tics and English in Middle School. Latin on Modern lines a recom-
mendation. Salary 120!. per annum, rising according to the County
Scale to 170Z. per annum.
Forms of application and scale of salaries may be obtained from
Mr. R. L. WILLS. 2, Military Road, Chatham, and should be
returned to the Head Mistress, Miss 0. WAKEMAN, County
School for Girls, Chatham, not later than JUNE 22.
Canvassing will he considered a disqualification.
By Order of the Committee.
FRA8. W. CROOK, Secretary.
Sessions House, Maidstone, June 8, 1914.
G
OSPORT AND ALVERSTOKE SECONDARY
SCHOOL.
An ASSI8TANT MISTRESS is REQUIRED specially qualified to
teach Physical Exercises.
Salary : initial salary, 100!.-125!., rising to 160!. 170! per annum
Further particulars may be obtained from THE HEAD M.V8TER,
to whom applications should be addressed not later than WEDNES-
DAY, July 1, 1914.
High Street, Gosport.
T EEDS
PUBLIC
LIBRARIES.
The Libraries and Arts Ommittee are prepared to receive applica-
tions for the appointment of a JUNIOR ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN.
Salary 80!. per annum. A knowledge of Cataloguing. Dewey Classifi-
cition.and Public Library Methods essential. Preference will be given
to candidates possessing the Certificates of the Libraiy Association.
Applications in writing, stating age, experience, and qualifications,
accompanied by not more than three recent testimonials, endorsed
ori.^.T Assistant," must be sent to the undersigned not later than
SATURDAY, June 20, 1914.
„ ... T.u , , THOMA8 W. HAND, City Librarian
Public Library, Leeds.
A PERMANENT OPENING will shortly occur
with a LONDON PUBLI8HER for an ASSISTANT, Male or
Female. Essentials : good Stenoorapher and Typist, some knowledge
of Pictures (Old Masters especially), and modern Reproduction, Card
Indexing, and Accounts. Desiderata: ability to read French and
German. Salary according to qualifications.— Apply in own hand-
writing to A< '( 'OUNT8, care of May 4 Williams, 160, Piccadilly.
filiations Mtant^o.
LADY, with German, French and English
Shorthand, used to Research work, seeks P08ITION with a
Literary Man.
Address, SECRETARY, 182, Walm Lane, Cricklewood, N.W.
A ROMAN LADY desires post as SECRETARY,
COMPANION, or TEACHER in JCLY for Three Months.
Is extremely cultured and capable. Knows English and French. ( 'an
be highly recommended— Write Mrs. S. B-, 145, Victoria Street, 8. W.
ART TEACHER SEEKS ENGAGEMENT in
Art or Secondary School. Six years Art School experience.
Art Class Teachers' Certificate.— Apply Miss HODGES, Drayton
House, Sheriugham.
iltisttUatttous.
ENGLISH GENTLEWOMAN — nine years'
residence in Germany, Cologne, Munich, 4c— seeks TRANS-
LATING work. German into English or vice versa.— Reply MISS
SHARP, Villa Halm. ReiDach, Baeeland, Switzerland.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum and elsewhere on moderate terms. Excellent
testimonials. Typewriting— A. B., Box 1062, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C-
AUTHORS' MSS. Criticized, Revised, and
J- y~ Prepared for Press. Type-writing at moderate rates by skilled
and educated Operators. Promptness, neatness, and accuracy
guaranteed.— C. M. DUNCAN, Grasmere, Grasmere Road, Purley,
Surrey
SOUND I N VEST M ENT. — 5 per cent Debentures
of 100!. each in a business established 50 years and registered as
a Limited Liability Company for 18 years. Good dividends paid on
Ordinary and Preference shares yearly without exception. Facilities
given for investigation. Applications will be received for 10 000!.
Debenturesatpar. -Particulars may be obtained from Mr. WILLIAM
W ATKINS, chartered Secretary, 62, London Wall, B.C.
TO LET for Three Months, from middle or end
of June, thoroughly WELL-FURNISHED FLAT-3 bedrooms,
2 reception, kitchen, bath, gas stove, electric light, porter.—::, Rugby
Mansions. Addison Bridge. Write or call 11-4.
TO SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
ROOM8 of the ART-WORKER8' GUILD, recenily built, are to
be let for Meetings, Concerts, and Exhibitions.— Apply to SECRE-
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BEST MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK 4 SON, Ltd.. Medallists to H.M. the King. 17 and 18
Piccadilly, Loudon, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
*a)Us bg ^ttrtt0tt.
Baxter Colour Prints, including the Property of a ivcll-
known Collector and from various sources.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on TUESDW
June 23, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, BAXTER COLOUR
PR1N1S as above.
Engravings of the Early English School, including the
Property of a Gentleman lemoved from Hampshire; the
Property of a well-knotvn Collector removed from Folke-
stone ; and the Property of the late Rev. A.COOPER of
20, Chesham Place, Brighton.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C. on FRIDAY
June 26, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, FIN B ENGRAVINGS
OF THE EARLY ENGLISH AND FRENCH SCHOOLS as above
comprising Portraits, Fancy Subjects, American, Colonial, and
European Views; also WATER-COLOUR DRAWINGS by N.
Pocock, Cleveley, 4c, including Two Portraits of Keats by J. Severn.
Valuable Books, including the Library of the late Sir
HUBERT JERNINGHAM, K.C.M.G., removed from
Longridge Towers, Berwickon-Tweed ; the Musical Li-
brary of the late SAMUEL REA Y, Esq., Mug. Bac., efcc.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House. 47, Leicester Square, W.C, at the END OF
JUNE, VALUABLE BuoKS, iucluding the above Libraries further
particulars of which will be duly announced.
MESSRS. CHRISTIE, M ANSON & WOODS
. respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St. James's
Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely :—
On MONDAY, June 15, OLD ENGLISH
SILVER PLATE, the Property of the late J. H. JACOBY. Esq., and
from various sources ; and a set of twelve Elizabethan Apostle Spoons
the Property of Sir JOSEPH TICHBORNE, Bart.
On TUESDAY, June 16, ENGRAVINGS of
the EARLY ENGLISH SCHOOL.
On WEDNESDAY, June 17. fine TAPESTRY,
FRENCH FURNITURE, and PORCELAIN.
On THURSDAY, June 18, OLD ENGLISH
SILVER PLATE, the Property of the late W. O. DANCKWERTS
Esq., K.C, the late Mrs. ALICE VENABLES BRUNTON, and others.
On FRIDAY, June 19, MODERN PICTURES
and DRAWINGS
Anglo- Kaxon and English Coins, the Property of G. J.
BASCOM, Esq., of New York.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HOD< I E
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, 8trand. W.C.. on MONDAY, June 16, and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, the Important and Valuable COLLECTION OF
ANGLO-SAXON and ENGLISH COINS, including a fine Series of
English Copper, Tin, and Bronze Coins, the Property of GEORGE
JONATHAN BASCOM, Esq., F.R.N. 8., New York city, N.Y., U.8.A
May be viewed. Illustrated Catalogues containing 6 plates may be
had, price 2s. 6<f. each.
Bookg and Manuscriptg.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House. No. 13. Wellington
8treet, Strand, W.C, on MONDAY, June 15, and Following Day, at
1 o'clock precisely, BOOK8 AND MANUSCRIPTS.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
Engravings, Drawings, and Etchings.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House. No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on WEDNESDAY, June 17th. and Following
Day. at 1 o'clock precisely, ENGRAVINGS. DRAWINGS, and
ETCHING8, comprising the Property of THOMA8 WAY, Esq.. and
of a PRIVATE COLLECTOR.
May be viewed 2 days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies containing 2 plates, price Is. each.
Valuable Books and Manuscripts.
\ I ESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
iTjl will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on FRIDAY, June 19th, at 1 o'clock precisely.
Rare and Valuable BOOKS and Important ILLUMINATED and
HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS: AUTOGRAPH LETTERS and
MANU8CRIPTS OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE, the Property of Mrs.
NICHOLL8, 4c.
May be viewed 2 days prior. Catalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies containing 3 plates, price is. each.
Miscellaneous Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C. on
TUESDAY, June 16, and Following Day. at 1 o'clock. MIS
CELLANEOU8 BOOKS in Various Branches of Literature, comprising
Folio illustrated Books— Topographical and Antiquarian Works-
Rare Pamphlets relating to America, including Dalrymple's Plan for
Promoting the Fur-Trade, 1789— Works in Old English Literature-
Books wilh Coloured Plates— First Editions— A 8etof Valpy's Delph'n
Classics, 158 vols., 4c ; also Recent Publications from a REVIEW En,'S
LIBRARY— Remainders. 4c
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Valuable Law Books, including the Professional Library of
Sir ARTHUR MOxELEY C HAS NELL ; also Handsome
Mahogany and Oak Bookcases, and other Library and Office
Furniture.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms. 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
THURSDAY, June 18, at 1 o'clock, VALUABLE LAW BOOKS,
comprising the above Library and other Properties, including Two
Complete Sets of the Law Reports to 1914, another Set from 1865 to 1907.
and the First Series complete (formerly the Property of the late
BARON CHANNELLi-Law Journal Reports, from 1861 to 1914—
Folio and Black-Letter Reports— Selden Society's Publications, 28 vols.,
Modern Text-Books, 4c; also HANDSOME MAHOGANY AND
OAK BOOKCASES, Writing Tables, and other Library and Office
Furniture.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
Rare and Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY. June 24. at <1 o'clock, RARE AND VALUABLE
BOOKS, including Incunabula and other Early Printed Books from
theGeiman and Italiau Presses, some with Woodcuts— A set of the
Huth Library, 29 vols. — Bullen's Old English Plays. 7 vols.— Dodsley's
Old English Plays. 15 vols. -Dickens's Pickwick Papers. First Edition,
in the original parts— Thackeray's Vanity Fair. Pendennis, 4c, First
Editions, 6 vols., morocco extra— The YViitings of Oscar Wilde, First
Editions, 22 vols , uniform half morocco, 4c
Catalogues on application
The Valuable Library of the late Dr. WILLIAM FRANCIS,
F.L.S., removed from the Manor House, Richmond.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115. Chancery Lane. W.C, on
THUR8DAY, June 25, and Following Day, the above VALUABLE
LIBRARY, compiising Rare Books in 16th and 17th Century Literature
— Alford's Briefe Instruction to learne the Lute, 1568— Shelton's
Don Quixote, first part, 1612-First Editions of Milton a Paradise Lost,
1669, and Paradise Regained, 1671 — Grimm's Kinder und Haus
Marchen, with Cruikshank's Plates, first issue, 1823-6-A Collection of
Books in Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Literature, writings of the Anglo-
Norman Poets, Troubadours, 4c, formed by RICHARD TAYLOR in
the early part of the 19th Century— Baber's Edition of the Codex
Alexandrinu6, printed on vellum, Ovols., 4c, also NATURAL HIS-
TORY BOOKS, iucluding a fine copy of Dresser's Birds of Europe,
9 vols., morocco— Puller's Birds of New Zealand, 2 vols.— Books on
Entomology— Curtis's Flora Londineusis, coloured, 5 vols., 1S17-2S—
Kingsborough's Antiquities of Mexico, 4c
Catalogues on application.
By instructions from Capt. A. C. M. LESLIE.
SLINDON HOUSE, ARUNDEL, SUSSEX.
The whole of the exceedingly Valuable FURNITURE AND WORKS
OF ART, including valuable and rare Specimens of Chippendale,
Sheraton, Hepplewhite, Early English, French, Flemish, and
Lacquer, in Cabinets, Escritoires, Commode, Tables, Screens, 4c ,
Couches, Settees, Easy Arm and Occasional Chairs— SET OF
3 RARE BRISTOL VASES- English and Oriental Porcelain and
Delft— Louis XV. Bracket, Grandfather, Parliament, and other
Clocks-THE COLLECTION OF OIL PAINTINGS BY OLD
MA8TERS-Tinted Engravings. 4c.-2.000 Volumes of Bound
Books— the Bedroom Appointments complete and all Domestic
Utensils. 4c— MESSRS
OSBORN & MERCER will SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, on JUNE 22. S3, 24, 25, 29, and 30, 1914.
Illustrated Catalogues us. each) can be obtained of the Auctioneers.
Offices : 28i>, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly. London, W.
[Classified Advertisements continued p. 838.]
No. 45-20, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
811
Mr. John Lanes New Publications
BY THE AUTHOR OF 'FOUNDATIONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY'
IMMANUEL KANT:
A STUDY AND A COMPARISON WITH GOETHE, LEONARDO DA VINCI, BRUNO,
PLATO, AND DESCARTES
By HOUSTON STEWART CHAMBERLAIN. Authorized Translation from the German by LORD
REDESDALE.G.C.V.O. K.C.B., &c. With an Introduction by THE TRANSLATOR. In 2 vols.
With S Portraits. Demy 8vo, 25s. net.
QUOTATIONS FROM THE TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION.
" Have we Britons, too, not some small hereditary share in the legacy which Kant has left the world ?
True he was the son of a humble saddler of Kiinigsberg — Kiinigsberg where he was born and educated,
and which he never left during the long eighty years of his life, not even for a butterfly's summer
holiday. But that saddler was a Scot by origin.
" Immanuel Kant, as Chamberlain shows him to us, is a wonderful and an engaging personality — perhaps
the sun in heaven has never shone upon a stranger being than the Scottish-German Kiinigsberg
professor.
" Little short of miraculous were Kant's grip and persistence His physical courage was no less than
his moral courage. Fear was unknown to him.
"It is well that the latest, and by no means the least, tribute to this gigantic intellect should have
been paid by an Englishman, albeit he has chosen the German language as the vehicle for his thought.
" For the exactness of the translation I can offer the security of Mr. Chamberlain himself."
THE TRANSLATION OF THIS FASCINATING WORK HAS BEEN UNDERTAKEN
BY LORD REDESDALE AS A LABOUR OF LOVE.
THE WORKS OF JOHN HOPPNER, R.A.
By WILLIAM McKAY and W. ROBERTS. Imperial 4to (loin, by lliin.). With Photogravure
Plates, the majority of which are taken from pictures never before reproduced, and a Frontispiece
Printed in Colours from the Photogravure Plate. 500 copies only printed. With Supplement.
57. os. net. The Supplement, specially prepared by Mr. ROBERTS, and containing 6 extra Illustra-
tions, may be obtained separately, price 11. Is. net.
THE KEATS LETTERS, PAPERS, AND
OTHER RELICS
FORMING THE DILKE BEQUEST IN THE HAMPSTEAD PUBLIC LIBRARY
Reproduced in 58 Collotype Facsimiles. Edited, with full Transcriptions and Notes, by GEORGE
C. WILLIAMSON, Litt.U., together with Forewords by THEODORE WATTS-DUNTON, an
Introduction by H. BUXTON-FORMAN, C.B., and an Account by the Editor of the Portraits of
Keats with 14 Reproductions. Crown folio(15 in. by 11 in). Limited to 320 numbered copies. 3/. 3s. net.
READY ON THURSDAY, JUNE 18th, PRICE 2s. 6d. NET
BLAST
A NEW ILLUSTRATED QUARTERLY
Edited by Wyndham Lewis
THE MANIFESTO OF THE VORTICISTS. THE ENGLISH PARALLEL MOVE-
MENT To err, is.\l AM) EXPRESSIONISM. I MAC ISM IX POETRY. DEATH
BLOW TO IMPRESSIONISM AND FUTURISM AM) ALL THE REFUSE OF .V.I //■'
IENCE. WITH AUTISTIC (TWENTY) AND LITERARY CONTRIBUTIONS BY
LAI BENCE ATKINSON, QAUDIER-BRZESKA, JACOB EPSTEIN, FREDERICK
LT' HELLS, CUTHBERT HAMILTON, FORI) MADoX HUEFFER, EZRA
Torsi), WILLIAM ROBERTS, EDWARD WADSWORTH, REBECCA WEST,
WYNDHAM LEWIS.
THE SPIRIT AM) PURPOSE OF THE ARTS AND LITERATURE OF TO-DAY
EXPRESSED IX BLAST. XO PERIODICAL SINCE THE FAMOUS FELLOW BOOK
HAS SO COMPREHENDED THE ARTISTIC MOVEMENT OF ITS DECADE. THE
ARTISTIC SPIRIT OF THE E2GHTEEN-NTNETTES WAS THE YELLOW BOOK
THK ARTI8TK SPIRIT OF TO-DAY is BLAST.
JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD, LONDON, W.
THE ESSAYS
OF ALICE
M E Y N E L L
MESSRS. BURNS & OATES publish on
JUNE 15 THK ESSAYS OF ALICE MEV-
NELL, in one volume, collected and selected
from the Author's five previously published books
of Essays, which are out of print. This is uniform
with THE COLLFCTF.D POETRY OF ALICE
MF.YNFLL, published last year and now in its
eighth thousand. Imperial 161110, finely printed on
mould-made paper, with a frontispiece in photo-
gravure after Piranesi, and bound in buckram gilt,
5s. net.
There is also an edition on large hand-math paper,
limited lo 250 numbered copies, price 10s. (id. net.
0
0
POEMS BY
KATHARINE
TYNAN
ON JUNE 29 will be published THE FLOWER
OF PEACE, a Collection of the Religious
Poetry of Katharine Tynan. One beautiful
volume, fcap. 8vo, hand-set, and printed upon
Dutch hand-made paper, with a frontispiece in
photogravure after Giotto. Pound in real parchment,
with a Seventeenth-century design in gold. 5s.
net.
A detailed prospectus of the above two books is 1:
teady and will be sent post jree on demand.
0
0
THE WORKS OF
FRANCIS
THOMPSON
THE COLLECTED WORKS. Definitive
edition, in three volumes, demy 8vo. Edited
by the poet's Literary Executor, and contain-
ing much important new matter. Volumes I. and
II. the Poetry, volume III. the Prose. With
portraits in photogravure. Buckram, bevelled
boards, gilt, 6s. net' each. Sold singly.
THE SELECTED POEMS. One volume, crown
Xvo, with portrait in photogravure, buckram gilt,
5*. net.
Till-: HOUNDOF HEAVEN is issued separately.
Piinted in red and black, with a portrait. Japon
vellum wrappers, is. net. Velvel call, 5s. net.
SHELLEY: An Essay. With an introduction by
rge Wyndham. I rown 8vo, buckram gilt,
2s. Od. net.
BURNS & OATES LTD,
28 ORCHARD ST., W.
812
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
Macmillan's New Books.
H. G. WELLS'S
New Story,
The World Set Free
A Story of Mankind. 6s.
Globe.—" This is Mr. Wells at his best.
When he chooses, there is no man living
who can bring to bear so much really
scientific imagination on the future of man-
kind as Mr. Wells."
BY AUTHOR OF 'FATHER RALPH.'
U/nUiMn. % GERALD
Waiting. O'DONCVAN. 6s.
A Lad of Kent. By Herbert
HARRISON. Illustrated. Cr. 8vo, 6s.
%* A story of adventure.
VOL. III. JUST PUBLISHED.
Macau lay's History of
England. Illustrated Edi-
tion. Edited by C. H. FIRTH, M.A.
With 900 Illustrations, including 44 in
Colour, and Photogravure Portrait. In
6 vols. (Published Quarterly.) Super-
royal 8vo. Vols. I., II., and III.,
10s. 6d. net each.
Daily News. — " This is a great edition of
a great book. We do not know of any
more nobly illustrated history in the Eng-
lish language."
The Statesman's Year=
Book. Statistical and Historical
Annual of the States of the World for
the Year 1914. Edited by J. SCOTT
KELTIE, LL.D. With Maps. Crown
8vo, 10s. 6d. net.
The Wilds of Maoriland.
By JAMES MACKINTOSH BELL,
M.A. Ph.D., Fellow of the Geological
Society, &c. With 8 Plates in Colour,
many other Illustrations in Black-and-
White, and several Maps. 8vo, 15s.
Standard. — " Lovers of nature in every
clime will be delighted by Mr. Bell's book.
Its colour-pictures are beautifully repro-
duced, and altogether it is the most attrac-
tive work of its kind dealing with New
Zealand that we have yet seen If there
is any better informed or more readable
description of the Dominion the reviewer
does not know it."
The Quaternary Ice Age.
By W. B. WRIGHT, of the Geological
Survey of Ireland. Illustrated. 8vo,
17s. net.
Spectator. — "This learned volume repre-
sents the study of a lifetime The general
reader with a bent for science will welcome
this well-arranged and lucid treatise."
Orchestration. By cecil
FORSYTH, M.A. 8vo, 21s. net.
%* Being a New Volume of "The
Musician's Library." which is issued in con-
junction with Messrs. Stainer & Bell, Ltd.
RABINDRANATH TAQORE.
The King of
Chamber, a piay.
DRANATH TAGORE.
4s. Qd. net.
the Dark
By RABIN-
Crown 8vo,
Some Leisure Hours of a
Long Life. Translations into Greek,
Latin, and English Verse from 1850 to
1914. By HENRY MONTAGU
BUTLER, D.D., Master of Trinity
College. Cambridge. With Portrait.
Crown 8vo, 7s. Qd. net.
MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd., London.
WILLIAMS & N0RGATES
ANNOUNCEMENTS.
LONDON
By Sir LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A.
A volume of absorbing and abiding interest by
the eminent authority on London History.
Now Ready, in 1 vol., demy 8vo, with a large
number of Illustrations, and 24 Plates reproduced
by photogravure, 7s. Qd. net.
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No. 4520, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
813
SATUEDAY, JUNE IS, 19 1 4.
CONTENTS.
PACE
Some Aspects or tub growth ok National and
Local Kxpbnditure 813
The Land : Notes and Inquiries (Kconomic Notes
on English Agricultural Wages ; The Ownership,
Tenure, anil Taxation of Land : some Facts, Fal-
lacies, anil Proposals relating Thereto ; The Land :
the Report of the Land Enquiry Committee :
Vol. II. Urban) 811—815
FORKUiN VlBWS (Political Economy ; Where and Why
Public Ownership has Failed ; The Economic
Synthesis : a Study of Laws of Income) .. 81 3— SIC
MODERN Idfas (National Guilds: an Inquiry into
the Wage System and the Way Out ; Cletr Think-
ing : or. An Englishman's Creed ; The Dangers of
Democracy : Studies in the Economic Questions
of the Day) 817—818
History (Social Work in London, 1S69-1912 : a History
of the Charity Organisation Society ; An Economic
Hi.-tory of Russia) 818—819
Two American Sociologists (Psychology and Social
Sanity ; The Theory of Social Revolutions) 819-820
BUG en ;ics and Sex (The Progress of Eugenics ; Sex) 820— 821
Early Memories 821
Bound the world in a Motor Car 822
Concise Dictionary of Proper Names and
Notaulk Matters in the Works oi Dante .. 823
Fiction (One Man's Way; Justice of the Peace;
Simon Heriot ; Grizel Married) 823
Books Published this WEEK(English,S24 ; Foreign,
826) 824—827
Theodore Watts-Dunton ; Sir William Anson ;
Did Jonson write a Third 'Ode to Himself"?
American Historical Association: London
Head-^carters; Books in Belfast .. 827—828
Literary Gossip 829
Science— scientific Farming: Greater Profits
from Land ; The Antiquity of Man in Europe :
bei.m; the Monro Lectures, 1913; Societies;
Meetings Next Week 830—831
Fine Arts— Six Centuries ok Painting ; A Short
History ok Italian Painting; Exhibition;
Gossip 832—834
Music— Opera at Drury Lane; Gossip; Perfor-
mances Next Week 834—835
Drama— The Irish Players; Gossip .. .. 835—836
Index to Advertisers 836
LITERATURE
SOME ASPECTS OF THE GROWTH
OF NATIONAL AXD LOCAL
EXPENDITURE .
When considering the power of a nation
to bear increased taxation, we must bring
into view the changes in the number of
persons on whom the taxes fall, and in
their incomes. In any broad view we
should think of income, not in terms of
money, but of the goods and services
purchasable by it ; but, since it is ex-
tremely difficult to make any definite
measurement of the change of purchasing
power, it is best to select for comparison
dates at which the level of prices was the
ae. Sauerbeck's index number, repre-
iting the general change of prices of
unmanufactured food and materials, was
the same in 1881 and 1913, having fallen
and risen 2s per cenl in the interval ; and,
if we may balance increased productive
•efficiency against increased cost of ser-
rices, we can assume that the purchasing
power of money was approximately the
same al these dates.
During these thirty-two years, the
_rregate of the annual incomes of the
inhabitants of the United Kingdom is esti-
mated to have increased by 900,000,0001.
or 1,000,000,000. Of this sum about two-
fifths would be necessary to provide for
the increase of papulation at an unchanged
standard of living. The remainder lias
been available for raising that standard,
or for saving or wasting, or spending in
common. In 1881 about 105,000,0001.,
and in 1913 about 255,000,000 was paid
in rates and taxes. These sums being
subtracted, there remains an increment of
400.000. 000/. for the raising of the standard
of individual expenditure sufficient for a
30 per cent increase. In other words, if
the whole of rates and taxes were simply
wasted, average expenditure would still
have risen in thirty-two years by nearly
one-third. The great part, if not the
whole of this gain, is found, if we are
allowing for the recent rise in prices, to
have taken place before 1900, and since
that date the increase in taxation has been
sufficient to neutralize further advance.
Thus, while real wages have been nearly
stationary, the advantage of higher profits
has probably been negatived by the rise in
prices and in taxes. The question remains
whether the increased burdens have fallen
on the more progressive incomes.
If, then, we take an historical view, we
need not doubt that the new scale of
common expenditure can be afforded
\>x the nation as a whole, without lowering
the average level of personal expenditure ;
but since the various classes of income
(wages, rents, profits, and fixed money
incomes) have grown at unequal rates and
at different dates, it has been difficult
to collect the enhanced sum without
injury to any class ; and it must be doubt-
ful whether the alteration of the relation
between direct and indirect taxation,
the methods of graduation and differentia-
tion, and the institution of new taxes on
property and income, have combined to
place the burden only where it could be
borne. The present effort to meet the
latest increase in expenditure at the cost
of a very limited number of the wealthy is
perhaps justifiable, on the ground that
taxation of any other kind might set back
the standard obtained by classes whose
pressing wants are still imperfectly satis-
fied.
The total sum withdrawn in rates and
taxes from individual spending is allotted
to many purposes, among which five
classes may be distinguished. Nearly one-
third of the whole is used for the Army
and Navy, and is thus removed from any
economic end, except to the extent that
the arts of peace may be helped by inven-
tions made primarily for war. A second
part, the magnitude of which is difficult
to estimate, is spent as organized charity
— in poor relief, maintenance of asylums.
old age pensions, &c. — and keeps alive
persons whose services, in most cases.
have no longer any economic value. The
scales of expenditure for defence and for
charity are not determined by economic
considerations. A third part, about one-
tenth of the whole, is devoted to interest
on and repayment of debt, and is mainly
a simple transference from one group of
citizens to another. A fourth class eon-
Bists of expenditure on those objects w hich
a civilized community deals with corpo
rately, Buch as government, justice, order.
sanitation, and upkeep of roads. Tl
expenses increase as population becomes
congested, but there is ill general little
serious objection to meeting them. The
fifth class, which cannot be completely dis-
tinguished from the second or the fourth,
contains expenditure made with the in-
tention of improving the efficiency of the
ji< rsonnel of the nation or of the develop-
ing its resources. Here are included
education, insurance against sickness or
unemployment (so far as they are national
charges), housing and improvement schemes
(so far as they do not pay for themselves).
and the various objects on which the new
development grants are spent. These
will be justified if two conditions are
fulfilled: (1) that the part regarded as
capital expenditure yields in the long
run more than the same sums invested
privately or (as in the case of education)
makes good deficiencies which private
expenditure would leave ; (2) that the
general balance between consumption and
saving is not altered by spending too much
for future generations at the expense of
the present. Since the nation, as an
organization, is a trustee for the future,
it is bound to divert some funds from
present to future needs.
This is not the place to discuss the
incidence of taxation, or the ability of
the civil and local services to administer
its yield, or the political intentions which
determine its amount and nature ; but
some questions of a purely economic
nature arise. Does any part of taxation
result in a transference of money from
one group of people to another \ For
example, are rents and profits taxed to
subsidize wages ? To some extent t:iis
is a question of definition. If all rates or
taxes were removed from the wage-
earning class, except those for local ex-
penditure of direct use to them, the
immediate effect would be the same as a
rise of real wages, but nothing would
actually be transferred to them. The
amount actually paid by the working-
class as a whole could obviously be spent
on them without transference from a richer
class; but there would be transference
from those wage-earners who paid to those
others who benefited. At present there
are several grants which only jusl escape
this criticism (insurance, housing, pensions,
feeding of children) ; but perhaps no
certain case can yet be made out . A- soon
as any one class is favoured on account of
the nature of its employment, dangerous
tendencies are set up. Nevertheless, ex-
penditure which preserves a worker in
health and strength may easily pay for
itself ; but it ought strictly to
Chargeable to the person who reap- the
benefit .
A second question is. How would the
money be used if not paid in rates or taxes !
If it is withdrawn from immediate con-
sumption by the rich, the effeel is that
there are. for example, more builder- of
men ol war. and more providers of food
for the pooi-. and fewer builders of motor
ears, fewer footmen and waiters. If it is
withdrawn from investment, then-
fewer persons producing capital goods to
aid future production, W bile it the money is
814
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4520, Jim; 13, 1914
wisely spent (in the fifth class enumerated
above), there are more people building
.schools, more training the young, and
more developing resources whose yield is
too remote to attract the individual
investor. There is no method of deter-
mining how much would be saved and
how much spent if an all-wise autocrat
governed the allotment, nor do we know
at all certainly, how much is invested at
present; but it must remain doubtful
whether any government can hold or
redress the balance. If the combined
wisdom of the nation is greater than the
total of the wisdom of its members, and if
it can be made available, there is a case
for corporate action in capital expenditure.
If, on the other hand, money is with-
drawn from investment and spent in
immediate consumption by specially
favoured classes, future produce will be
less, the demand for labour will be cur-
tailed, and real wages will be checked.
These distinctions are hard to draw even
in theory, and it is evident that the path
of reform by corporate expenditure is
beset with difficulties, and needs great
discretion on the part of those who would
tread it safely.
THE LAND : NOTES AND INQUIRIES-
The application of economic and historical
tests to current proposals for dealing
with agricultural problems distinguishes
the two first books before us. Both authors
are content to write in a judicial capacity,
and to call upon the plethora of recent
works on the land for evidence, instead
of adding to the already superabundant
mass.
Mr. Reginald Lennard in his ' Economic
Notes ' confines his attention to the con-
sequences of the establishment of legal
minimum agricultural wage rates. In
order to do this, he first examines local
differences of wages. Why is it that the
wages paid in one county may vary
considerably from those in the next, after
payments in kind, &c, have all been
allowed for ? Toa certain extent it is true
to say that the less-paid labour is less
efficient. Mr. Lennard finds that, after
a few recent studies of the life of the
agricultural labourer, it is impossible to
dismiss the conclusion that, in some
counties at least, inefficiency is simply
a result of underfeeding, which a higher
wage might remedy. He then turns to
the consideration of the effects of a rise
in agricultural wages upon unemploy-
ment. He finds that a reduction in
the volume of agricultural employment is
an inevitable consequence of a minimum
Economic Notes on English Agricultural
Wages. By Reginald Lennard. (Mac-
millan, 5s. net.)
The Ownership, Tenure, and Taxation of
Land : some Facts, Fallacies, and Pro-
posals relating Thereto. By Sir Thomas
P. Whittaker. (Same publishers, 12s. net. )
The Land : the Report of the Land Enquiry
Committee. — Vol. II. Urban. (Hodder &
Stoughton, Is. net.)
wage while cultivation is carried on as
at present. Authority after authority
is quoted to the effect that much, if
not most, land is under - cultivated,
and that up-to-date methods are not in
general favour. To a certain extent this
backwardness is remediable by State
action, as the example of Belgium has
shown, and to that extent unemployment
may be prevented by the reabsorption of
those displaced by minimum - wage legis-
lation. Security of tenure to good farmers
and the development of small holdings
are also shown to exert an influence in the
direction of keeping men on the land, and
so counteracting unemployment. Lastly,
Mr. Lennard pleads for care lest the dis-
placed men should be the old men, and
suggests that a lower rate should be fixed
for those over 50 or 55. The book is
thoughtful and dispassionate, and written
by a man who, wearing a cloak of many
academic quotations, is obviously no
townsman in his heart.
Sir Thomas Whittaker, in his book on
' The Ownership, Tenure, and Taxation of
Land,' offers an encyclopaedic survey of
problems, but pays special attention to
the Single Tax. Although this project
has evoked many attentions, these have
more often taken the form of imprecation
than of reasoned argument. The author
assails the doctrine of Henry George from
many sides, and, in the reviewer's opinion,
with complete success. He quotes freely
from economists and theorists, but we seem
to notice a general inclination to segre-
gate their utterances, and use them merely
as interesting exhibits. He seldom pits
an economist against the object of his
attack ; he prefers to argue from facts.
Thus he meets the contention that the
price of building land would be reduced
if land values were taxed by estimating
the actual proportions of a few working-
class rents which represent the cost of
the land on which the houses in question
are situated. The conclusion is that,
if the land had cost nothing at all, the
rents could have been reduced in those
cases by hardly more than 2d. a week.
This figure , which strikes us as exception-
ally low, has been calculated from interest
at 4 per cent on 400L, the price per acre.
The author applies a form of reasoning
in his criticism of land - taxers which is
common, but, Ave think, largely futile.
The collection of mutually contradictory
statements made by one's opponents leads
nowhere, particularly when the author does
not mention the statements with which
he is quarrelling. Again, the failure of
the late Joseph Fels's experiment at
Mayland, Essex, although frequently ad-
duced as evidence of the weakness of his
views, proves nothing. Eels was mistaken
when he thought that town labourers could
learn to support themselves on small hold-
ings within a year, and he was misguided
in his belief that the heavy clay soil of
Mayland was suitable for the purpose . But
the Single Tax can be resisted on entirely
different grounds.
In discussing grants-in-aid, Sir Thomas
1 Whittaker suggests the establishment of a
National Local Taxation Fund from which
payments should be made to local authori'
ties towards the cost of " onerous "
services. He, however, goes no further
than to propose that the cost of Educa-
tion and the Poor Law should be more
evenly distributed than at present. He
omits from consideration the fact that
grants-in-aid from the National Ex-
chequer can be made conditional on the
efficiency of the services supplied by the
local authorities, as is already the case
with Police grants. Education is at the
present day subsidized by the Govern-
ment in an unsatisfactory manner, and no
definite standard of efficiency is demanded
in return. Housing, especially in rural
districts, and public health might well
be controlled more strictly from White-
hall. Although the author deprecates
the payment of larger sums in grants-in-
aid by the Treasury, in viewr of the alL-
round increases in the national outlay,,
we cannot help thinking that increases-
in this class of expenditure have at least
as much to recommend them as in any
other.
A proposal which Sir Thomas strongly
favours is the limited rate on land
values, similar to that recommended
by the Minority Report of the Royal
Commission on Local Taxation, 1901.
The 1909 Budget has removed the diffi-
culty of valuation which made such a
rate an impossibility at the time the
suggestion was brought forwrard. The
main argument of the author is that the
rate would fall " directly, immediately,
and obviously upon the class of persons
upon whom it really falls now." But we
are convinced that other advantages
would follow than the mere demonstra-
tion that the site -owner, not the occupier,,
indirectly pays the rates, or, at least, a
substantial proportion of them.
This is a most valuable work. There
is no other to-day which deals with the
whole body of land questions from so-
many different angles or so thoroughly.
The second and final part of the ' Report
of the Land Enquiry Committee ' is, like-
the first, a model of its kind ; it exhibits
those qualities of research, arrangement,,
and impartiality without which any fruit-
ful sociological study must be an impos-
sibility.
Finding that the supply of small houses-
fit for habitation is inadequate, the Com-
mittee deals with the problem of planning
the provision of the necessary number.
It is common to look to local authorities:
to undertake this duty , but Ave would point
out that, in spite of all that we hear of
municipal housing, and in spite, too, of
the great extension of it Avhich has been a
consequence of the Housing and Townr-
Planning Act of 1909, the number of
publicly owned houses under 201. in
annual A^alue is only a quarter per cent
of the total. The- Committee looks for-
Avarel to a considerable growth of municipal,
housing, but,
" after full allowance is made for this, it
may safely be assumed that,, for a long time-
No. 4520, Jink 13, 1914
THE ATHKN^IUM
81.
jo oome, the great bulk of new dwellings
will be provided by private and co-operative
enterprise in one form or another."
This being the case, it is curious to find
that the Committee recommends
■"that it shall be a statutory duty resting
upon all local authorities to see that ade-
quate and sanitary housing accommodation
is available for the working-class population
employed, or reasonably likely to be per-
manently resident, within their area."
It is suggested that a rate on the site
values of undeveloped land would bring
more land into the market, and that
cheap facilities for transit would further
increase the available building areas ;
but even so, and with grants-in-aid from
the Government, it is doubtful if South-
wark and Bermondsey, for example, could
be made into satisfactory districts — from
a sanitary point of view — within a life-
time. The task is enormous. We full\r
agree with the Committee's proposals to
■enable local authorities to anticipate the
demands of a growing population by
acquiring land in advance ; but the
present reviewer, who spent some years
in one of London's slum areas, is not
iguine as to the practicability of adding
t i the responsibilities of the Borough
< >uncil in question.
The acquisition of land for building
p lrposes opens up a thorny array of
problems. In the first place, local au-
thorities wishing to buy are generally
regarded as fair game by the owners ;
•and numbers of illustrations are given in
the * Report ' of the excessive prices de-
manded. Compulsory powers exist, but
it is expensive to put them into operation.
It is therefore recommended that the
Order of a Government Department
>uld be substituted for the present
arrangements. The Judicial Land Com-
missioners promised by the Government
are to act as the tribunal for assessing
payments. The same body is to fix
terms for the compulsory acquisition of
-ements and wayleaves for any purpose
by private individuals, especially in the
interests of mining and quarrying.
The " Keport ' next proceeds to an
i initiation of the different forms of
land tenure and the relations of landlord
and tenant. Copyhold tenure is con-
demned, and Lord Haldane's Real Pro-
perty Bill of last session for its abolition
iccepted with a few qualifications. The
it leasehold system is severely criti-
cized ; the existing powers of lessors are
to be restrained by the Commissioners
whenever they are exercised contrary to
the public interest.
The final section of the : Report ' deals
with Rating. The principal recommenda-
tion is that
"all future increases in local expenditure
that are chargeable on the rat"s should \>>-
met by a ran- on 3ite values,"
a proposal which is discountenanced by
majority of the recent Departmental
iiimittec on Local Taxation, and which
differs in some important respects from
the recommendations of the minority.
Barry in the ' Keport ' a proposal is
made which, though apparently unrelated
to the housing question, is now coming
to be recognized as a sine qua non of any
scheme of social reform. There is little
to be gained by the provision of decent
houses for men who cannot pay the rent
for them.
" We therefore recommend that the
Government shall take means to ensure
that within a short and defined period a
minimum wage slndl be fixed for all low-
paid wage-earners."
Furthermore, the Committee lays down
the requirement that the minimum fixed
for men of normal ability
" must be at least the sum necessary to
maintain a family of moderate size in a state
of physical efficiency and to enable them to
pay an economic or commercial rent for a
sanitary dwelling."
The decencies of life should be a matter
above party ; we therefore hope the
Government will not let this admirable
scheme become a derelict, like many
other plans of its kind.
FOREIGN VIEWS.
The ; Cours d'Economie Politique,' by M.
Charles Gide, has long been known and
valued by students of economic science.
The style in which it is written is a model
of clear and objective exposition. It is
based throughout on a wide and exact
erudition, which is, moreover, lightly
borne. The interest of the work, too, is
as great as its competence. For in our
author's hands the "" dismal science "
gains in lightness and in concreteness
from the number and variety of facts
cited in illustration, gathered from a
multitude of widely separated sources,
ranging from the Almanach of the Basel
Mission to the regulations of the Corpora-
tion of Glasgow'.
M. Gide approaches his subject without
prejudice, and has no thesis to defend.
He is no apologist for the existing social
order or any of its proposed substitutes.
Hence it is impossible to classify him
among any of the exclusive schools of
economists. He never forgets, and will not
permit us to forget, that a single economic
phenomenon may be the effect of many
co-operating causes. He therefore opposes
any artificial simplification of the problems
of political economy, whether in the form
of the dogmas of the classical School or the
large generalizations of Collectivism. We
may notice, for example, his treatment
of the conception of value. There are
those who assert that value is determined
by subjective utility. We measure the
Political Economy. By Charles Gide.
Authorized translation from the Third
Edition (1913) of th<- '(our- d Economic
Politique,1 l<\ Constance II. M. Archibald.
(Harrap & Co., L0«. 6<f. net.)
Where and Why Public Ownership has Failed.
By Yves Guyot. (Macmillan & Co.,
6*. Od.)
The Economic Synthesis : a Study of Laws of
Income. By Achille Loria. Translated
from the Italian by M. Eden Paul (Allen
a Co., iOs. ti'A net.)
value of any article of commerce by its
desirability in the eyes of the purchaser as
shown in the sacrifice which he is willing
to make to obtain it. On the other hand,
many economists, including those of
schools so diverse as the Classical and
the Socialist, assert that value is deter-
mined by the labour either of production
or reproduction. M. Gide, however, refuses
to choose between these rival theories.
If value is determined by utility, the
final utility of any object of commerce
is determined by its scarcity, which in
turn is determined by the labour of pro-
duction or reproduction. Between utility
and cost of production " value comes
and goes like a shuttlecock between two
battledores."
Similarly on the question of Free Trade,
the attitude of M. Gide is not likely to
satisfy dogmatists on either side. He
states the advantages and disadvantages
both of Free Trade and of Protection
with admirable impartiality. Ultimately,
he inclines to the belief that economic
progress is less dependent on either of
these policies than is commonly supposed,
and is due rather to commercial capacity,
education, geographical situation, and
natural resources.
In his attitude to the social problem.
M. Gide is equally cautious and reserved.
No more than any other economist of our
time does he defend the inequalities which
result from the competitive system. To
reduce these inequalities he apparently
looks most to the extension of the co-
operative movement, both in consumption
and in production. We regret that we
cannot altogether share his optimism.
On the one hand, at the present rate of
progress this policy would take too long
to produce any noticeable effect. On
the other, while co-operative societies
have done much to reduce prices and
raise the quality of goods by eliminating
the middleman, many societies in their
thirst for dividends have abandoned the
true co-operative idea and have become
indistinguishable from capitalist trading
societies. In the sphere of production,
moreover, co-operation has scarcely as yet
won its spurs in the open market. In
our search, therefore, for a remedy for
existing inequalities, it may be wiser to
look to an extension of the function of
the State in the sphere of distribution,
an extension to which M. Gide is wholly
favourable.
This English translation has been
thoroughly well done by .Miss Archibald.
Naturally enough, she has sometime- been
betrayed into Gallicisms, and her render-
ing of technical terms is not always happy.
But, if something of the verve and neatness
of the original is lost, its meaning has
always been interpreted with lucidity and
fidelity. It is scarcely to be expected
that this tendering will ever take the
place among English students which
the ('our- d ivouomie Politique* holds
among the corresponding class in France,
since it demands a knowledge, of French
conditions, history, politics, and law
which lew possess. fet, used in
816
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
conjunction with our English textbooks,
it will serve to correct the insularities
of our thinking.
The views of M. Y\es Guyot on the
questions ' Where and Why Public Owner-
ship has Failed ' lead to a book that will
promote much controversy, and may, in-
cidentally, serve as a useful tract on
behalf of the forces opposed to the theories
of Collectivism. M. Guyot is a rigid indi-
vidualist and an uncompromising apostle
of Free Trade, and in this latest work he has
drawn up a formidable indictment against
municipal and national undertakings that
is supported by an array of statistical
illustrations almost bewildering in range
and origin.
His work is divided into four parts, or
books, and opens with a number of con-
structive definitions that serve as a foun-
dation for the author's general deductions.
In the second part M. Guyot gives us an
exhaustive list of experiments in Govern-
ment and municipal ownership dealing
with railroads, gas, electricity, tramways,
and the housing of the working classes,
his particular aim in this portion of the
volume being to show the financial results,
and in Book III. the administrative con-
sequences that he attributes to the inter-
vention of the State in the domain of
economics.
In the latter part of his work his con-
clusions are summarized, and these may
be best indicated by his own words when
he states : —
(1) "Public monopolies kill the spirit
of initiative by destroying competition. The
ultimate result is fatal industrial lethargy."
(2) " Public opinion emphasizes the special
demands of the community, rather than
fundamental necessities, and provides oppor-
tunities for nepotism, graft, and corruption."
Much as the general reader may be
impressed with the force and vigour of the
author's arguments — advanced, of course,
from an individualistic point of view, that
admits of no elasticity or compromise —
many will be disinclined to accept his
general conclusions as a gospel of finality.
Industrial undertakings worked by govern-
ments and municipalities are so limited
in scope and so young in development
that the time is too early to pronounce
anything like an enduring judgment on
them. Though the record of experimental
nationalization of public utilities — a very
different matter from collective or co-
operative ownership — may, to some extent,
be marked with failures, on the other
hand, the principle involved has been
generally accepted as a fundamental
necessity, both of social and political
progress. In stating that " neither na-
tional nor local government should attempt
that which can be done by individuals,"
M. Guyot rules out of all consideration the
comprehensive interests of the community
in favour of the economic freedom of
individuals to impose private monopoly in
preference to any system approximating
to an ultimate ideal of real national
ownership. How far the interference of
the State in the economic evolution of the
nation can be carried out without the
disintegration of the social order is a
problem to be decided by statesmen, that
is, if economic law is to be controlled by
the force of moral authority, and be sub-
servient to the general interests of all
classes in the community. The industrious
application of M. Guyot to statistical
arguments, solely used to point out the
mistakes incidental to municipal and
national ownership, has led him to adopt
an attitude of absorption in the economic
view of a problem which has other and
more vital aspects. Thus his treatment
of the question affords no help to the
sociologist, but is merely a frank con-
cession to the philosophy of the counting-
house. He would have us accept his
dictum that, when Parliamentary Govern-
ment is not confined to what he terms
" the fundamental duties of a State,"
it is paving the way for anarchy. Surely
it will be conceded that, if the fundamental
duties of a State must only comprise
legislative enactments that are built on
economic theories of rigid individualism,
then all hope of social order based upon
social reorganization is at an end, and
anarchy becomes a more probable con-
summation.
By the adoption of an elastic system
that combines individual service with
collective aims we shall probably realize
the happy medium that is desirable both
for the citizen and the State. In the
meantime, despite all M. Guyot's strictures,
some regularization of monopolies must
and will be effected by a form of State or
municipal control. We agree with many
of his deductions, particularly when he
limits his conclusions to obvious facts,
as, for instance, " Neither States nor
municipalities should attempt tasks speci-
ally adapted to individual efforts," to
which we add that the individual efforts
should be regulated in accordance with
public welfare. Again we admit the
strength of much that M. Guyot says
concerning the corruption and inefficiency
of movements identified with public
ownership or control, but it would be a
simple task to present an indictment of
individual monopoly equally as convincing
and more damaging than M. Guyot's
charges against collective effort. He ap-
pears to us to lay far too much stress
upon the economic waste of bureaucracy
instead of dealing with the relentless fact
that everything must be paid for by
individual service applied to collective
ends. The book is written in that delight-
fully clear style — essentially French —
which distinguishes the work of the famous
author, and might well serve as a model for
writers on political economy. The whole
arrangement of the subjects is consecutive
and logical, and the value of the volume
is enhanced by an excellent Index.
Although Prof. Loria's reputation as an
economist is Avell over thirty years old, he
is in this country known only by the
translations of a few relatively unimpor-
tant works on various aspects of Socialism.
' La Sintesi Economica,' first published
in 1909, contains many original ideas,
expressed with an exhilarating disregard of
orthodox opinion. In the course of this
substantial work Prof. Loria trails his coat
before the feet of virtually every economist
who has ever expressed views on the sub-
ject of income and its distribution. The
main thesis of the book is that economic
science is now sufficiently advanced to
permit the formulation of a general law
of social stability. Economic and his-
torical research directed, however un-
consciously, towards this end, first studied
the bundle of phenomena which enter into
the conception of rent. The next stage of
progress in economics elucidated the nature
of profits. The third and final stage
explains what income is. As social sta-
bility directly depends upon the distribu-
tion of income, it is at last possible to
come to a general conclusion. Prof.
Loria traces the unstable equilibrium of
our social order to what he terms " the
coercive association of labour," due to the
internal struggles and readjustments of
capitalism. He sees the omens of the
future order of things in the extraordinary
developments to-day of voluntary organ-
ization, especially of the spontaneous
associations of labour. Indeed, he goes
so far as to say : —
" To-day, it is true, all such phenomena
are no more than exceptional and sporadic ;
but they possess a high symptomatic value,
as heralds of a new era, or as precursors of
that spontaneous association of labour which
will be the fundamental economic institution
of the coming centuries."
What Prof. Loria calls " final equilibrium "
appears to be identical with the Syndic-
alist state.
The chapter on ' The Distribution of
Income ' is undoubtedly the most stimu-
lating in the book. He deals graphically
with the different forms taken by the
" struggle between incomes." The con-
tention that, on the Avhole, incomes and
deserts are bound together receives a
lengthy and detailed examination, and is
condemned entirely. Admirers of Prof.
Smart's views may be recommended to
read this chapter. The chapters on the
Determination, Forms, and Kinds of In-
come are on relatively orthodox lines,
although on matters of definition the
author agrees with few of the recognized
authorities. Occasional foot-notes con-
taining the names of, perhaps, a dozen
opponents of any particular view of Prof.
Loria's are, indeed, among the most en-
livening features of the book.
It is, however, with Prof. Irving Fisher
that the author seems to have most
differences of opinion. Prof. Fisher, for
example, regards a life annuity as income :
Prof. Loria regards as income that part
only which may be taken as an ordinary
profit on invested capital, considering
the remainder as capital. He also falls
foul of Prof. Fisher's distinction between
realized and earned income, and so on.
We welcome this work as containing the
sort of generalization which economic
science appears to us to need. Analysis
has by this time been carried far enough
to justify a deliberate effort at synthesis.
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
817
MODERN IDEAS.
We have travelled far since Carlyle
thundered forth his warnings that the
existence of society depended upon solv-
ing the problem of the organization of
labour, and with the wider recognition of
this fact has come a clearer perception
of its complexity. When Carlyle was
'writing 'Past and Present.' and even
twenty years later when Ruskin was
writing ' Unto This Last.' the organization
of labour to higher social ends implied
something of benevolent autocracy in
individual employers and the State. Even
with the rise of a Socialist party, it was
the State and the Municipality — cap-
tured to that end — which were to re-
organize industry in the interests of the
wage-earner. The ideas of co-operative
production, profit-sharing, co-partnership,
were soon regarded as old-fashioned, out
of date. The thing was still to be done
from above — by power and authority.
Syndicalism came as a reaction, startling
in its repudiation of all Collectivist doc-
trine and traditions, as well as of common
Socialist policy. Nothing was to be done
by law or by authority ; everything by the
direct action of the associated workmen
themselves. The New Age writers — who
have produced, under the editorship of
Mr. Orage, the work before us on ' National
Guilds ' — enter on a radical revision both
of analytic and constructive economics,
seeking the base of our social problems,
and propounding a solution by means of
Guilds of Industry which, under the
aegis of the State, shall yet be in the hands
of the whole of those actually concerned
in the necessary work of that industry,
whether as managers, clerks, mechanics,
labourers, &c. By this means it is pro-
posed to eliminate rent, profit, interest,
u-eless competition, and many other
sources of waste, and to secure the ends
generally aimed at by Socialism.
The first part of the book is devoted to
an analysis of productive methods, which
are found entirely uneconomic so far as
they are based on the wage-system — here
led • Wagery." Wages is the price
paid for the commodity called " Labour."
The conception of Labour as a mere
nmodity is fatal to the emancipation of
the worker. A new one is consequently
needed. It should be conceived as
sanctified human effort, replete with the
personality of the worker, dignified in its
social ends, and given directly to organized
society. The raising of wages is a futile
policy so long as labour remains a mere
commodity sold outright in the market.
Political reforms are to-day similarly
National Guilds: nn Inquiry into the Wage
System and the Way Out. Edited by
A. R. Orage. (George Bell, 5*. net.)
Clear Thinking : or, An Englishman's Cried.
By L. Cecil Smith. (Sir Isaac Pitman
& Sons, 3s. 6d. net.)
The Dingers of Democrat •// : Studies in tlie
Economic Questions of th<- l)<tij. By the
late Thomas Bfaekay. Edited, with an
Introduction, by Sir Arthur Clay. (John
Murray, 6*.)
useless. Economic power must precede
political power. The workers must rely
on the trade unions, not on the Labour
Party.
The conclusion of the authors, then, is
that the wage-system is the root of indus-
trial evils, and that no reconstruction,
whether by Collectivism or otherwise,
can avail if the wage-system remains.
Therefore (they say) the wage-system
must be '* smashed," swept away into
limbo. To this end the trade unions
must become ** blackleg-proof " by special
efforts to increase their membership.
Parliament being of little or no use so
long as the workers remain wage-slaves,
the funds now lavished on political action
must be spent on sweeping every grade
of worker into the trade-union net, and
the trade unions themselves must coalesce
into industrial unions — the nucleus of the
future Guilds. When the rank and file
of the workers are masters of the supply
of labour in their respective industries,
they will be in a position to dictate
terms, not in the shape of some modifica-
tion of hours or wages, but for the purpose
of transferring the ownership and control
of the industry into the hands of a joint
partnership of the State and the new
Guild, the present receivers of rent and
dividends being pensioned off or otherwise
compensated, short of becoming a per-
petual charge on the community.
The eighteen chapters which constitute
the second part of the book are devoted
to the constructive side of the subject,
the industries most susceptible of such
organization, the approaches towards it
which already exist, the effect on educa-
tion, art, and all forms of culture, and
upon invention — the writers advancing
many facts and contentions to show that
invention would be immensely stimulated
and inventors far better treated. The
financial basis of the guilds, their district
and national organization, foreign trade
and international relations generally are
also explored, and some useful Appendixes
outline the probable developments in
certain industries — e.g., ' Towards a
National Railway Guild,' by a railway
expert.
Those who are seeking light on the
baffling problems of industry can hardly
fail to find this book highly stimulating
and suggestive. We are glad to find that
it includes an exhaustive and well-con-
ceived Index.
Mr. Cecil Smith calls his book 'Clear
Thinking.' Such thinking implies, or
should imply, the faculty of arriving at
conclusions drawn from clear premises,
and, if Mr. Smith's premises are often de-
batable, he manifestly succeeds in establish-
ing the fact that clear thought is a necessary
antecedent to the conception or perform-
ance of public duty. Though he has
written on such varied subjects as Educa-
tion, Syndicalism, Feminism, and Tariffs,
the principal articles of his creed are a
belief in Imperialism and in Hereditary
Monarchy, the method he adopts in his
general treatment of subjects being to
illustrate the antithesis between the
Natural ami the Artificial in politics.
Judging by existing examples, we think
it would be difficult to establish a
definite or convincing line of demarca-
tion. It is, perhaps, in the field of
domestic politics that the author sug-
gests the highest ideals, particularly in
regard to the problems of Peasant Pro-
prietorship and Industrial Co-operation,
concerning which he sketches a sound
and constructive scheme well deserving of
attention. Referring to the " professional
politician," the author is unsparing in
his condemnation, but he fails to explain
in what manner or in what hands the
process of Government is likely to become
wholly altruistic. After all, perhaps,
what the country really suffers from is
not so much the professional as the unpro-
fessional legislator — the man who lacks
administrative training, sociological know-
ledge, and intellectual capacity, the man
who is merely an accident of the caucus.
The author has written a book largely
characterized by clear ideas and reasoning,
but in summarizing his conclusions he
frankly reveals his partisan point of view,
He dreams of " The All-for-England-
and-Empire League " or " The New Tory
Imperialists," the members of which must
pledge themselves to oppose Radicalism.
We have heard this kind of political
philosophy before in the polemical atmo-
sphere of contested elections, and, when
Mr. Smith has discovered the essential
difference of principle, if any, that divides
the parties he condemns or praises, he will
probably give us a more informing and
sounder volume.
Sir Arthur Clay's Introduction to the late
Mr. Mackay's ' Studies in the Economic
Questions of the Day,' shows an inade-
quate comprehension of present problems,
for he pictures an England where wealth
is widely distributed, and where all the
well-to-do seem bent on ruining them-
selves for the sake of the poor ! The
pages of almost any Socialist organ would
have informed him that there is a dis-
tinction between bureaucracy and State
Socialism, and that the National Insur-
ance Act was condemned by Socialists
as strongly as by himself. To make the
excuse that the present Government " is
as irresistible morally as it is physically "
rather gives away the principles of those
who offer it. One sentence in the Intro-
duction has our entire approval : —
"Any attempt to deal with social ques-
tions scientifically by the light of experi-
ence and the Lessons of the past is repugnant
to members of both the great political parties,
who feel thai the result might very probably
be the condemnation of a policy which now
provides them with a popular platform and
a means of bidding against their rivals for
popularity."
The essays selected from Mr. Mackay's
writings are interesting as landmarks,
but their place is in the nineteenth
century. It is late in the day to quote
Spencer's philosophy as a guide in eco-
nomies: or to repeat, with approval, the
idea that working men have more to tear
from gambling and drinking than from
818
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
all the capitalists ; or to .say that " women
wage-earners are not the helpless victims
of economic forces as is sometimes alleged."
The essays offer a one - sided view,
and many statistics ; they show dispro-
portion in the arrangement of material,
and no sign of a wide grasp of modern
tendencies. To speak of the " notorious
Kerr Bebel," and " the crudities of Marx,"
and of Parnell as being v" by no means
able," savours of the atmosphere of party
politics. We are informed that " Social-
ism is Protection" (in trade), and that
the " Socialist ideal is based entirely on
force."
The first essay on the ' Methods of the
New Trade Unionism ' practically con-
tains the main line of thought ; through-
out there is a retrograde tendency, and
we could wish for more consideration of
real human needs and less distrust of
human nature. The effect of the book is
negative.
HISTORY.
Mrs. Bosanquet has Avritten a ' History
of the Charity Organisation Society,' a
body which has done useful work, but
hardly attracted the popular imagination.
Its energies may be illustrated by a typical
case. During the South African War the
distribution of the funds collected for keep-
ing up the homes of the reservists devolved
mainly on the Soldiers' and Sailors'
Families Association. The members were
so inexperienced in social investigation
that they did not know how to ascertain
whether applicants for relief were indeed
relatives of reservists or not. Hence they
secured the co-operation of the Charity
Organisation Society, the District Com-
mittees of which, at a prodigious cost of
time and money, made a thorough
study of no fewer than 2,257 cases in two
and a half months. Their researches
naturally involved the rejection of spu-
rious claims for assistance. The Daily
Chronicle commented adversely on the
Society ; but they quietly proceeded
with their task, until the Associa-
tion, alarmed at the odium which the
incpiiries had aroused, resolved to ad-
minister the funds without external aid.
That series of incidents forms a minia-
ture history of the Society. They have
such a well-disciplined corps of experts in
applied sociology at their command that
they can always meet exceptional distress ;
but they have seldom accomplished the
work of relief without creating misunder-
standings as to their intentions. They
have been as efficient, indeed, as science
could make them, but they have been
deficient, perhaps, in the kind of know-
ledge that arises from imagination, and
results in tact. These characteristics are
faithfully reflected in Mrs. Bosanquet's
Social Work in London, 1 869-1912 : a His-
tory of the Charity Organisation Society.
By Helen Bosanquet. (John Murrav,
8s. net.)
An Economic History of Russia. By James
Mavor. 2 vols. (Dent & Sons, li." 11*. 6(7.
net.)
book, which consists for the most part
of extracts from the Reports of the
Society and Parliamentary Bills. It is
dull reading, and one turns with relief to
a biographical chapter on ' Some Past
Workers,' only to find that it is a collection
of obituary notices from The Charity
Organisation Review and the Annual
Reports.
By way of contrast the book reminds
one of ' Notes of a Son and Brother,'
and the reader wonders how much he
would have known about William and
Henry James if that narrative had been
a record of incontrovertible facts. We
doubt if any one who does not belong to
the Charity Organisation Society will
derive much knowledge of it from Dr.
Bosanquet's well-selected quotations. But
persistent study will show the outsider
that almost every movement which has
made for social advance in England
within the last hah - century owes its
origin or its competence, or both, to
Mr. C. S. Loch and his predecessors and
co-workers. The more is the pity that
they have not studied the impression
which their proceedings make on the
people at large. Owing to their scorn of
the dramatic presentation of truth, which
they describe as " sensationalism," their
firm-based sociology has been less effec-
tive than that of organizers like General
Booth and Sir Robert Baden-Powell.
The Society might surely find a via media
between academicism and popular senti-
mentality in sociological propagandism.
No work previously published in the
English language on Russia has been on
such an extensive scale as Prof. Mavor' s
' Economic History.' The author follows
his Russian sources with some closeness,
but also uses to advantage his own ob-
servation. The ground covered is enormous.
After a brief survey of social Russia before
the reign of Peter the Great, we enter
upon a long study of the extensive reforms
initiated by that monarch, which leads
the way to a consideration of the life of
the serfs, and the efforts made to improve
their condition before the Emancipation
of 1861. By that date the revolutionary
movement had already come into being,
and the rest of the work largely consists
in describing its course up to the great
outburst of 1905-7. In the latter part
we read less of the actual economic
evolution of the country than, perhaps,
we might expect, nor are the sections
dealing with Siberia and the position
of the Jews at all complete. But, on the
other hand, the 1,200 pp. before us con-
tain much that will be new to most
students of Russian affairs.
In the year of the death of Louis XV.
a series of riots in France might have
served as auguries of the coming Revolu-
tion. During the same year, in somewhat
similar circumstances, the first significant
popular outbreak was taking place in
Russia. Emilian Pugachev, a Cossack of
the Don, succeeded in raising large armies
among the disaffected peasantry, and for
a whole year waged a guerilla war in the
south-eastern provinces. Although the
romantic element in human nature was
largely responsible for the support he
received — for Pugachev gave himself out
to be Peter III., who had died in 1762,
after the shortest of reigns — the revolt
must be regarded as essentially economic-
in its origin, and due mainly to the con-
tinual demands imposed on the serfs,
Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, travellin-i
in the province of Samara exactly <i
century after the rising had been sup-
pressed, found that the memory of Puga-
chev Avas still fresh in the minds of the
peasants.
Yet at the date of that journey Emanci-
pation had already been an established
fact for a decade. Serfdom had left
traces which to this day are far from
obliterated. The peasants' strikes of 1905
were all but spontaneous ; they were the
direct consequences of their hardships.
The Law of November 9th, 1906, which
virtually established individual property
in land, has not helped the peasant
appreciably.
The most striking difference betweea
the economics of Eastern and Western
Europe lies, perhaps, not so much in the
difficulties encountered as in the attitude
adopted towards the remedies proposed
for them. While land nationalization
is hopefully regarded by many in this
country as a part, at any rate, of the solu-
tion of the rural problem, in Russia the
State is already a huge landowner. While
Socialists here clamour for the nationaliza-
tion of industries, in Russia the State was
the original capitalist, and is to-day one
of the largest employers of labour — in its
mines and factories, and on its railways.
The factories established by Peter the
Great early in the eighteenth century were,
literally, workhouses. The labour was
supplied by serfs, criminals, and a few
Avage-earners, who Avere for all practical
purposes enslaved by virtue of a ukase of
1736. Skilled labour naturally Avas scarce.
These facts did not alloAV the reArolu-
tionists of 1824-5, 1830, and 1848-50 to
regard State OAvnership in the light of a
solution ; democracy Avas therefore placed
on their programmes before economic
reforms. It is significant that the petition
which Gapon attempted to lay before the
Tsar on that fatal day in January, 1905,
contained a demand — placed first among
the " Measures against the oppression of
labour " — for the abolition of the factory
inspectorships. It Avas belieAred, says
Prof. Mavor, that the factory inspectors
faA'oured the employers. Here, again,,
the point of vieAV is the reverse of that we
recognize in this country.
One of the strangest features of the
reATolutionary moA'ement hi recent years
has been the number of people who played
the " double game " ; the agent 'provoca-
teur has never been so much in evidence
as in Russia. Whether Gapon himself
belonged to this category has neArer been
completely elucidated. Concerning Azev
there can be no doubt ; this man actually
appears to haATe " proAroked " more assas-
sinations of high officials in his double
capacity than he did AA'hile he Avas a mere
militant revolutionist. The part played
No. 4520, Jink 13, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
819
by Zubatov in building' up a bogus Labour
movement in Moscow under police super-
vision was ovon more patent. The mur-
derer of Stolypin was in the pay of the
police, and similar examples of double-
dealing might be cited. This curious
psychological trait illustrates the ever-
mging perplexity of Russian polities.
We notice a few errors of dating :
Si pniak died in 1S94, not in 1897, and
Dostoevsky in 1881. Pobedonestsev died
in 1907, but from vol. ii. p. 135 it would
appear that he is still alive. These, how-
ever, are trifles in a work which bears the
obvious marks of painstaking research.
We trust that its bulk will not deter those
interested in Russian problems from
reading it.
TWO AMERICAN SOCIOLOGISTS.
A certain" superficiality of treatment is
discernible in the method of dealing with
various questions adopted by Prof. Miin-
Bterberg in his ' Psychology and Social
Sanity,' and we feel that he argues
rather with the view of proving his point
than with the disinterested intent of
reaching an unbiased decision. A psycho-
logical survey of matters immediately
concerning present-day society, such as
Sex Education. Socialism. Thought Trans-
ference, Advertising, the Jury System, and
other kindred subjects, should, however,
balance the pros and cons impartially,
after a due consideration of all the
factors involved. Prof. Munsterberg
sometimes adopts the expedient of com-
bating the mistakes, or the imaginary
programme of his opponent, and partially
ignoring the real issue. This method is
specially noticeable in the first chapter,
that on ' Sex Education/ where the
author assumes much that its advocates
do not propose, and refuses to recognize
their best efforts. Curiously enough, he
also speaks as though, without definite
instruction, youth would not meditate
On the facts of birth, nor obtain any
knowledge thereon. His own conception
of sex is scarcely one we should care to
endorse, and his adviec to one who has the
care of young people declares it : —
"He will point to those hidden natural-
istic realities as something not over-important,
but as something which a cli-an. hoy and
t-'irl do not ask about, and with which only
the imagination of bad companions is
engaged. An instinctive indifference and
aversion to the contact with anything low
I impure can easily be developed in every
healthy child amid clean surroundings [the
italics are ours]."
Prof. Munsterberg's faith in human nature
u limited, and his prophecies are start-
ling. He says : —
"'The hope thai men will become sexually
abstinent outside married life is fanta
and the book of history ought not to have
been written in vain.... If we proceed in
that rapid rhythm with which we have
Psychology and Social Sanity. By Hugo
Munsterberg. (Fisher liiwin, 5s. net.)
The Theory of Social Revolutions. J»y I .rooks
Adams. (The Macmillan Co., ."Jv. <></. net.)
changed in the last ten years, ten years
hence we may have substituted the influ-
ence of mistresses tor the influence of
Tammany grafters, and twenty years hence
a Madame Pompadour may be dwelling
not far from the White House and controlling
the fate of the nation with her small hands."
Sex education, according to him,
*' means to fill the atmosphere in which the
growing adolescent moves with sultry ideas.
it means to distort the view of the social
surroundings, it means to stir up the sexual
desires, and to teach children how to in-
dulge in them without immediate punish-
ment."
A psychologist should be cognizant of
the fact that a sane reply to questions
Which inevitably arise in the child mind
will satisfy and prevent unhealthy brood-
ing, and thus will induce a normal attitude
to what should be treated with due rever-
ence, but not shrouded in unnatural
mystery.
The chapter on ' Socialism ' exhibits the
same tendency to disregard the explicit
aim of Socialists, also to ignore many
existing facts in industrialism. What
poverty means is seemingly unknown to
Prof Munsterberg, for he makes the amaz-
ing statement that the " man with fifty-
thousand-dollar expenditure " feels the
same dissatisfaction at not possessing
what the multi-millionaire enjoys as the
working man with a bare subsistence does
at not possessing the rudiments of comfort.
In fact he believes that " there are end-
lessly more working men with a comfort-
able income than ever before," and that the
labourer " has essentially the same found-
ation of education " as his employer.
Prof. Munsterberg appears to cherish
the impression that human minds and
motives are to-day what they have been
for the last five thousand years. This
implies a social stagnation that would rob
all pioneers of hope of it, were it true.
We have treated these two chapters in
some detail, as they are the first, and
more argumentative than the others which
follow : but in all we detect a reactionary
tendency, and a flavour of fifty years ago ;
and in most some factor of importance is
omitted in the discussion, and thus the
conclusion is vitiated. In the chapter on
' The Mind of the Juryman,' for instance,
the process of estimating and comparing
the numbers of dots on sheets of paper is
taken as analogous with that of judging
human motives and actions, witli all their
complexity and movement. This point
fairly illustrates the kind of psychology
practised by the author; it is mechanical,
and not sufficiently elastic for a mobile
and. as yet, not fully understood entity
like the human mind.
The work is well written, in a style
superior to many American publications.
and is of interest as indicating a type of
mind which is. perhaps, increasing to-day.
.Mr. Adams in ' The Theory of Social
Revolutions1 [aits forward the suggestion
that a social revolution occurs every
three generations; but he is inclined
to judge society in a rigid manner by
looking upon it as " a Living organism
working mechanically, like any other
organism,*' and he speaks of what " Pro-
vidence intended " for humanity. The
laws and institutions of nations, he believes,
are only fitted to new conditions by those
' painful and conscious efforts we call
revolutions." This is the result of regard-
ing civilization as " nearly synonymous
with order."' and omitting the idea of
gradual progress in social evolution. The
study of history he considers to be not a
practical study, though it may teach some
useful lessons, one of which is the mechan-
ical idea that,
" if men move in a given direction, they do
so in obedience to an impulsion as automatic
as is the impulsion of gravitation."
Throughout the book the author insists on
the importance of law, and over-empha-
sizes its influence. Thus he says, " I fix the
moment of flux, as I am apt to do, by a
lawsuit." But no lasting theory of society
can rest on living facts which does not
regard human civilization as a growing
creative evolution, and the following re-
marks do not carry us far : —
" Yet if society be, as I assume it to be,
an organism operating on mechanical prin-
ciples, we may perhaps, by pondering upon
history, learn enough of those principles to
enable us to view, more intelligently than
we otherwise should, the social phenomena
about us."
The italics in both quotations are ours.
His second theory is that the extreme
complexity of modern industrial condi-
tions is " beyond the compass of the
capitalistic mind," and he regards the
American courts as not competent or
impartial enough to deal with such
conditions. The " clothing of the judi-
ciary with political functions " has not
been successful, and in two chapters
crammed with instances Mr. Adams seeks
to prove this. The scathing indictment
of the capitalist rule is made in no personal
spirit, as is shown by his remark that
" neither capitalists nor lawyers are neces-
sarily, or even probably, other than con-
scientious men. What they do is to think
with specialised minds, and ... .apparent ly
modern society, if it is to cohere, must have
a high order of generalising mind— a mind
which can grasp a multitude of complex
relations — but this is a mind which can. at
best, only be produced in small quantity
and at high cost."
The third point that can be discovered
in the book is that it is necessary for the
ruling class to accept reforms in time, and
SO prevenl their own downfall : —
" Unless capital can. in the immediate
future, generate an intellectual energy,
beyond the sphere of its specialised calling,
very much in excess of any intellectual
energy of which it has hitherto given promise,
and unless it can besides rise to ;m appre-
ciation of diverse social conditions, as \\ < 1 1
as to a level of political sagacity, far higher
than it has attained within recent years, its
relative p(.wer in the community must de-
cline."
In a lengthy sketch of the French Revo-
lution Mr. Adams shows the fate of those
who do not adapt themselves to new
conditions when necessary; but he draws
no comparisons, and. though interesting
820
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
as an historical account, the sketch
scarcely justifies its insertion.
The first chapter on ' The Collapse of
Capitalistic Government ' and the third on
'American Courts as Legislative Chambers '
are good, and give the gist of the book.
The work expresses the American in-
terest in social phenomena, but it gives
no definite proposals for the amelioration
of a society under the thumb of the
capitalist.
EUGENICS AND SEX.
Dr. Saleeby's book on ' The Progress
of Eugenics ' is essentially modern. The
twentieth century will be called upon
to acclaim much progress and many
" reforms " certainly unexpected by the
nineteenth, but nothing can excel hi
importance the business of reaching a
real basis of problems and building
thereon. An attempt in this direction is
the growing science of Eugenics, which
begins its researches with the two germ-
cells that develope into a body, and
desires to neglect no influence, material
or spiritual, that will affect that body
during life ; in this way Eugenics aims
at preparing a fit dwelling-place for the
soul. The point of importance is that
the foundation, the material basis, is not
neglected. Allied to the science of Eu-
genics is the subject of sex, and here,
again, the twentieth century seems likely
to establish an attitude unknown in the
nineteenth except to the very few. Beyond
the half -defiant, open expressions of some
young reformers, whose diatribes are often
born of ill-digested knowledge divorced
from experience, there is a steadily grow-
ing tendency to discuss sex-subjects sanely.
This tendency is evinced in the discussions
regarding sex-instruction in schools, dis-
cussions which are taking form in
suggestions and a syllabus by the Moral
Education League. The number of books
on sex-subjects issued within the last few
years also indicates the healthier point of
view.
There is but a hazy conception in the
mind of the general public as to what the
term " Eugenics " denotes, and vague
notions of " the methods of the stud-
farm," enforced celibacy, marriages ar-
ranged by red tape, &c, are apt to domi-
nate the average reader. Dr. Saleeby's
book is primarily suitable for the inter-
ested inquirer, and forms a good intro-
ductory manual, giving a plain interpre-
tation of common-sense Eugenics. He is
careful to explain what Eugenics is not,
though the advocacy of much that he
denounces is pressed by some " who call
themselves Eugenists."
According to Dr. Saleeby, the real
Eugenists believe that " the ' soul of all
improvement is the improvement of the
soul," that,
" since individuals are mortal, the quality
and quantity of parenthood are the domi-
The Progress of Eugenics. By C. W. Saleebv.
(Cassell & Co., 5s. net.)
Sex. By J. W. Thompson and R. Gedde?.
"Home University Library."
nant factors in the destiny of any people ;
that the culture of the racial life is the vital
industry of mankind. ... lhat every child
who comes into the world should be planned,
desired, and loved in anticipation; that the
function of government is the production
and recognition of human worth, and the
extirpation of human unworth ; and to
these incomparable ends. . . .all forces of
man and of nature, spiritual and material,
must be made subservient."'
The author thinks the difference between
Eugenists and all other people lies in the
fact that the former recognize the factor of
nature or heredity, as well as the factor
of nurture or environment, in the making
of human beings, and insist that to
" nurtural" eugenics must be added natural
eugenics ; but they do not grade the
importance severally of nature and nur-
ture. He realizes that the difficulties are
many and deep-seated in the working of
this youngest of the sciences, and that it
must encounter human instincts and pre-
judices, including " the great fact of
love." He believes love to be a friend of
Eugenics, and thinks we must
" search out and destroy all those heathen
deities, such as Mammon, Bacchus, and
Priapus, which are apt to pervert it, and
make it useless for the eugenic cause."
Dr. Saleeby dissociates himself from
some of the theories of Prof. Karl Pearson,
notably his assertions as to the genetics of
tuberculosis, and his conclusion that,
" for a constant environment, the higher
the infantile death-rate, the more resistant
will be the surviving child-population."
He also advocates the Mendelian school
as against the biometricians, and accepts
a modified view of Darwinism.
Galton's early definition of Eugenics —
wherein he included the influences that
develope the qualities of the race as well
as those which improve the inborn quali-
ties— is the one adopted and exemplified
in this book, and Dr. Saleeby discusses
eugenic nurture from the expectant mother
to the period of adolescence and the
housing problem. He may, perhaps, attach
overmuch importance to the erection of
model dwellings by a few landlords, and
give too high a place to the Mental
Deficiency Act, which he regards as pro-
viding " the right care " of the feeble-
minded adolescent ; but in general his
aim is to present the whole of the
problem in due perspective, though it is
soon seen that the foundations of Eugenics
must be as wide as science itself, and must
include anthropology, genetics, medical
sciences, dietetics, civics, and sociology.
With regard to parenthood, Dr. Saleeby
distinguishes between the right to live
and the right to be a parent, also be-
tween marriage and parenthood. What
Eugenics is concerned with is the latter.
:' Expectant motherhood should and must
be the first charge upon the resources of
any nation," he claims ; but he does not
limit parenthood to the mother, for he
deprecates the so-called endowment of
motherhood as a proposal to " serve
motherhood by discharging fatherhood
from its duties " ; for the essence of
marriage as a social institution is that it
provides common parental care for the
offspring. In the author's picturesque
phrase, " the child is the growing-point
of the future," though adults at this
hour " rule the world and determine its
destiny."
The permanent value of the book would
have been much enhanced by a more
dignified style : several passages savour
of mere journalism, and are unworthy
of a serious subject.
Mr. Thompson and Mr. Geddes in their
volume on ' Sex ' in the " Home University
Library " explain their purpose thus : —
" There is too much mystery about the
life - journey, from its origins and at its
climax — mists dark and unwholesome favour-
ing errors of judgment and errors of conduct,
and of the ever brightening lights of science,
there can be few better uses than here and
there to guide the wayfarer, even though
they may not serve to clear all the mists
away."
In this light the authors meet the objec-
tions of those to whom the study of sex —
either because they have no hold of
scientific analysis, are loth to dig at " the
roots of the Mystic Rose," or are fearful
of arousing a morbid self-consciousness —
is repugnant. Of the three paths of
investigation — the historical, the anthropo-
logical, and the biological — the last, sup-
plemented by psychological and social
interpretation, is chosen. Then follows
a chapter in which the steps of the evolu-
tionary ladder, the differences as well as
the resemblances between man and the
animals, are traced, in a manner which
brings the subject well within the com-
prehension even of those unversed in
scientific phraseology. The authors ad-
here to the thesis set forth in ' The Evolu-
tion of Sex,' that the deep constitutional
difference between the male and female
organism is due to an initial difference
in the balance of chemical changes —
a subject which was vividly handled
in ' Biology in Relation to Education.'
The " growing pains " attendant on ado-
lescence are wisely discussed, and counsel
given which parents would do well to
assimilate thoroughly. ' Falling in Love '
is a sub-heading which evokes one of the
frequent warm-hearted passages which
lifts this book far above the dusty
atmosphere of pedantry, and make it
a valuable possession. The most scrupu-
lous care, we should add, is taken to avoid
giving unnecessary offence. The chapter
headed ' Corruptio Optimi Pessima' is ad-
mirably balanced and sane. There is, as
the authors truly say, no evidence that
scientific treatises have supplied the appro-
priate stimulus to vice. They depict it,
as does the best drama, as anything but a
path of roses.
The problem of sex-education is ap-
proached, with due moderation and re-
cognition of the impossibility of giving a
dogmatic answer as to whether it is desir-
able to instruct young people in reference
to the facts of sex. Since even a tiny
link in the chain of experiment is of some
value, the reviewer notes that quite
pathetic gratitude was exhibited by a large
No. 4520, June 13. 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
821
gathering of the mothers of the elder girls
when the lady managers of a South Coast
school recently held a meeting to help the
mothers with advice on this matter.
The authors are emphatic in maintain-
ing that in such instruction as is given —
whether direct or indirect, through hygiene
or Nature study, whether given by the
parent or the head of the school, by the
Bcience teacher or by lending booklets —
care must be taken not to anticipate
interest ; but there is surely also some-
thing to be said for those who think that
children should hear of these things
before they have any emotional significance
for them, rather than after.
It is not surprising in such a book on
such a subject to find a reference to the
risk that the increasing personal and
political freedom of women may lead them
to attempt to " force the pace " of moral
evolution : the authors are too clear-
sighted to mistake the mainspring of the
Woman's Movement, which undoubtedly
lies here. But the key which controls it
B racial wellbeing, and in this the biologist
and the woman have a common interest.
The serious difficulties that confront us
in the alleged relatively great infertibty
of types and stocks of high intellectual
and social efficiency — sometimes regarded
as " the nemesis of higher education and
of individualism generally " — are con-
sidered, but no mention is made of a
contributory cause — the economically un-
sound and unjust tendency in many
salaried professions to enforce upon women
resignation on marriage. Cases, for in-
stance, have been known when the de-
mand that a doctor shall retire on mar-
riage has led to a decision against matri-
mony. It is a general rule throughout
the Civil Service that a woman must
retire on marriage., with the result that
of these women of selected health and
intellect only 9 per cent, according to
statistics published, leave annually to get
married. Miss Clementina Black puts the
annual marriage rate among women in
the Post Office at 2—3 per cent.
It would have been strange if the
authors had let slip an opportunity for a
tilt at present cherished school and uni-
versity arrangements. Coupled, however,
with the suggestion that Estimation v.
Examination should be the slogan of
revolt is much sound advice to parents as
to the paramount importance of sleep
and nutrition. We cannot quite follow
the desire expressed that boys may be
made more courageous and girls more
gentle — cannot Nature be trusted to see
to that ! — but think the time is ripe for
what the authors call ** the next step " —
boys also more gentle, girls more coura-
geous, too.
In conclusion, we hope that amongst the
valuable publications in the " Home
University Library" this, with its
admirable lucidity, its delightful ease of
style, and its broad human interest, may
find its way all over the countrv.
Early Memories. Bv Henry Cabot Lodge.
(Constable & Co., 129. 6d. net.)
Mr. Lodgk's Preface to these ' Memories '
is a defence of writing them, and adduces
the sanction of high authorities as well
as his own sense of a sufficient reason for
the act. This last serves his turn best,
we think, if only because it leaves other
people free to think or do as they please.
Herr Sauerteig's impressive assertion that
" the life, even of the meanest man, is a
Poem, perfect in all manner of Aristotelean
requisites," &c, seems to impose a heavy
obligation on the serious reading public,
and might, if attempts were made to
enforce it, provoke a revolutionary recon-
sideration of the status of Poetry among
the arts. Even Sir Leslie Stephen's
dictum that " no autobiography is dull "
can only be taken to refer to the auto-
biographies which have been found read-
able. Its fault is that, if it does not, like
the Sauerteig pronouncement, impose a
sort of moral obligation to read every
autobiograplw respectfully unless we
would be considered frivolous, it does hold
out a promise of entertainment that will
not always be made good. Wherefore
we think Mr. Lodge would have done well
to stop short of citing Sir Leslie, and to
be content with his own simple view,
that a man writes his autobiography
because he likes to talk about himself, the
satisfaction not being diminished by
" the inexorable necessity of seeming to
talk about other people." Nor, let us
add, should that inexorable necessity be
grudgingly submitted to. For it may
even happen that the talk about other
people is what chiefly keeps the labour
of self-love from being lost on the world.
Here, for instance, the amount of actual
autobiography is small, and the interest
of that small amount is fairly thin. There
is a pedigree, as in so many American
biographies, which has you back in Tudor
and even in Plantagenet England almost
before you have had time to say Boston.
We even gather that the Lodges " call
cousins " with Chaucer through the
mediation of the Rev. Francis Higginson,
first minister of the first church of
Salem, Mass. Mr. Lodge, however,
unlike his kinsman and fellow-senator,
Mr. Hoar, who pointed it out to him —
lays no store by the connexion. The
maternal Cabots, again, are of Jersey-
Xorman descent, with Italian and other
branches. In general history they are
represented by the navigators, but more
importantly in New England history by
the writer's great-grandfather, that George
Cabot who led the Federalist party after
Hamilton's decease and presided over the
Hartford Convention. This relationship
carries more significance than appears on
the surface. Politically, the Federalists
doubtless had hold of as large a morsel
of the truth as the Democrats of their
day. But morally and temperamentally
they were people lacking in generosity and
expansiveness, and more prone to bo
actuated by apprehensions and dislikes
than by enthusiasms and sympathies.
The Party had gone, or had disguised
itself (as people in the South averred),
long before Mr. Lodge was born. But
the narrow, inherently middle-class type,
with a bias towards apprehensions and
dislikes, remained, and was especially
endemic in New England.
Mr. Lodge's account of the Boston of
his boyhood (he was born in 1850) is
lacking in broad social characterization,
but it contains some pen-portraits which
would be interesting were the subjects
better known or more important. One
early recollection which is well rendered
is almost a contribution to history : the
glimpse of Charles Sumner standing up
in his carriage to receive the greetings
of Boston shortly after the assault made
upon him in the Senate. Another episode
was the kidnapping from school of Allen
Rice, in later years proprietor of The North
American Review. It was the occasion
of a famous lawsuit, in which the author,
having been an unobserved witness of
the capture and abduction, gave evidence,
and came off with great credit, to say
nothing of a gold watch (" an English
Frodsham with a hunting case ") from
his father, and a seal ring from the father
of the stolen Allen.
These are the only incidents that stand
out from the rather flat record of the
author's boyhood, which resembles that of
his Harvard days in being concerned more
with his amusements than with his mental
life. In consequence, we learn a good
deal about the plays and players of that
time and place, besides getting glimpses
of some artists of less local and fugitive
renown. For instance, the dramatic read-
ing of Fanny Kemble is admiringly re-
called and well described, while Dickens's
reading of his own work is praised with
more discrimination than many will like :
" You never forgot for a moment that
Mrs. Kemble was a lady. You were haunted
by a suspicion that Dickens was not quite a
gentleman."
It sounds unpleasant ; but, to do Mr.
Lodge justice, it must be taken with the
entire context, which places it beyond
doubt that here, at any rate, no deep
disparagement is intended, and that he
is as full of the right faith and love as
any reasonable Dickensian could require.
It is only Mr. Lodge's intellectual pro-
venance— the caste milieu of New England
— which makes him a little more appre-
hensive of faults in the matter of per-
sonal form than an English aristocrat
would be.
We wish it were as easy to avoid severe
judgment of Mr. Lodge's general references
to this country, but he has made it im-
]K>ssible. He tells us (or rather his readers,
who, in the first instance, are Americans)
that as a small hoy he had " a wholly
vague, but none the less deep-rooted
hostility to England.-' The feeling, he
says, was traditional and in the air, " but
I am sure that I derived mine from my
father." We take leave to consider the
fact a blot on the generally admirable
character of that father as it is revealed
in this book. No satisfactory reason for
822
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
it is shown. The war of 1812, to which
reference is made, will not serve. For the
wrongs were all the other way on that
occasion. In leaping on the back of
England when she was left to grapple
alone with the all-conquering Corsican
the United States were striking a dan-
gerous blow at human freedom. The
fires of Moscow averted the full con-
sequences of that mischief ; but it is
none the less true, as a recent American
historian has said, that
,: England's cause was the cause of mankind,
and from 1812 to 1815 the United States
fought on the wrong side."
As to the " contemptuous abuse heaped
on us by her writers " (another of the
things which seem to have rankled in his
father) , Ave fancy there was a pretty active
and equal interchange of these favours,
but we should have thought that wise
men took little interest and no part in
them. England's attitude at the time
of the Civil War intensified, we are told,
this feeling in father and son. But, as the
father died in 1862, the son must answer
alone for the store of rancour towards
this country which he seems to have
laid up in those years. It is likely to last
his time, without serving his country.
It gives to many of his pages such a dis-
agreeable, and to some even a repulsive,
character, that we, being ourselves tho-
roughgoing admirers of his country and
her people, would not wish his book to
be read by any Englishman who has not
already a confirmed goodwill to America.
That Mr. Lodge actually means to be so
offensive to British (and Canadian) readers
as he really is we find it difficult to
believe. We are fain to recall his own
explanation of the debauches of oratorical
bitterness in which Charles Sumner was
wont to indulge, while thinking that he
was only being reasonably frank or
even strikingly moderate. It was, his
friend gives us to suppose, because
Sumner's peculiar general state of mind,
his inability to place himself at another
person's standpoint, and his organic lack
of a sense of humour, kept him from
realizing the force and character of the
things he was saying as they Avould be
felt by other people.
This reminds us that we have left our-
selves no space to discuss the " talk
about other people." As we hinted, it is
this that gives the book its best hold on
existence. The people being nearly all
fellow-countrymen and friends, the talk
is genial, and shows the author in a differ-
ent mood from that which possesses him
when his thoughts are of England and
Englishmen in the mass. Mr. Lodge is
a good observer and a good depicter of
figure and character, and even within the
short period covered by these ' Memories '
could count a large acquaintance among
jnen of local and wider celebrity. Amongst
the latter were the historians Bancroft,
Motley, and Parkman, and the men of
philosophy and letters Emerson, Long-
fellow, Howells, and Aldrich. His re-
miniscences of each of these are Avell
rendered and worth having, though yet
higher value belongs to the pages devoted
to such men as the inexhaustibly witty
Secretary Evarts, the bookish, humorous,
and epigrammatic Francis E. Parker, and
others whose excellence was of a more
serious cast. A considerable chapter which
compares the past with the present shows
more readiness to apprehend impending
ruin in several departments (including
those of literature and good manners) than
seems seasonable at 64, unless one were
born predisposed to the mood. Let us
hope, however, that when Mr. Lodge con-
tinues his l Memories,' which here stop
when he is leisurely starting in life at the
age of 25-30, he will resume his retrospect
and pen in some calm Indian Summer of
the mind, with more sense of the afternoon
and less of the evening, and so may even
find some streaks of sunlight, pleasant to
look upon, resting somewhere on the
name of England.
Round the World in a Motor Car. By
J. J. Mann. (Bell & Sons, 10s. 6d. net.)
Whilst Ave have no wish to discourage
motorists from giving their attention to
this book, it is only fair to state that the
car plays but a subsidiary part in Mr.
Mann's narrative of his journey to Aus-
tralia via the East, and home again across
British North America. The publishers
announce that the A^olume should appeal
" particularly to the motorist." The re-
vieAver would say that it should appeal to
most lovers of simple, chatty chronicles
of modern travel, and only incidentally to
the motorist. For the average reader,
avIio Avould be bored by more or less
technical dissertations upon motors and
motoring, this will probably be an advan-
tage. In any case, it is a fact that the
author, beyond a brief introductory de-
scription of the simple contriArance for
slinging and hoisting his car on board
steamships (which figures in an Intro-
ductory Note), tells us little or nothing
about his motoring, a good deal about the
many ships which carried him over dif-
ferent stages of his journey, and much
of his impressions of peoples and places
visited. We think the book might easily
have been improved by the introduction
of more descriptive notes dealing with
actual road travel, and this none the less
because it might haA^e involved the dele-
tion of some of the author's more obvious
reflections regarding life on passenger
steamers, and the appearance of places so
Avell knoAvn as Cairo, Bombay, Rangoon,
and the like.
With the exception of the frontispiece,
which is a reproduction in colour of the
author's motor-car as foreground to a
view of the capital city of NeAV South
Wales, the numerous illustrations from
photographs are quite interesting. Mr.
Mann's car Avas of comparatively small
poAver — a 15-20 h.p. six-cylinder machine,
of 27 h.p. by R.A.C. rating. Apparently
it served its OAvner well upon many
kinds of roads and in varying climates.
But enthusiasts will say that the tour was
hardly a test of mechanical endurance
when they read such passages as these : —
"It is possible to motor from Adelaide
to Melbourne, but one has to cross the
ninety-mile desert, which is a large area of
land, covered with soft shifting sand, Avhich
is blown about by the wind, and in Avhich
the wheels of an automobile are likely to
sink sometimes to the hub. . . .We decided
to put our Delaunay-BelleArille on the
P. & O. steamer at Adelaide, and proceed
to Melbourne in that manner, a three days'
journey. .. .It is possible to motor from
Melbourne to Sydney — some thousand miles
— but there are bad places to negotiate,
and, unless one is wanting a noA^el experience,
it would perhaps be better to put the motor
on the boat and ha\Te it deli\7ered in Sydney."
As a matter of fact, the road betAveen
Sydney and Melbourne presents few diffi-
culties to the experienced driATer, and par-
ticularly in springtime offers a delightful
little easygoing Aveek's tour. But the
country districts of Australia as a whole
are apt to tax both the resisting poAvers of
a car's mechanism and the endurance of
a driver pretty severely — a fact which
makes it the more remarkable that even
the cheapest kinds of American machines
stand the work they are given in Australia
so well as they do.
Mr. Mann's book has a good deal of
charm of a simple sort, and this is due in
no small measure to his innocence, from
a literary point of view, and the youthful
freshness, not to say naivete, of his out-
look upon men and things. He sometimes
achieves without conscious effort an effect
which such artists as Stevenson haA'e
striven with endless cunning to produce :
the description of quite familiar things as
though they Avere sights never seen before.
He describes Avith high-spirited gusto,
and one can imagine his letters home
from foreign parts being the delight of a
large circle of the comparatively un-
travelled. Not all his information Avould
pass the test of statistical examination.
He Avrites, for example, of the city of
Winnipeg as being " situated on a vast
plain at the foot of the Rocky Mountains " !
We have noted many another equally
guileless remark. He comes on some
trifling characteristic of life in a port he
visits, and roundly calls it " Australian "
or " Indian," as the case may be. Some
of his references to foreign languages are
delightful. Thus :—
" The traveller quickly learns that piggy-
plan-plan means ' go slow,' and la casse
means ' go fast,' &c. ; though even these
magic Malay words are Greek to many
coolies."'
Again, in Egypt, more magical words
are discovered : —
'• ' Imshi ' means ' go away,' 'be oft.
' Mafeesh ' means ' I have nothing.' ' Moos-
house ' means ' I don't want anything.' And
they all three mean that you are not a
tourist and that you may know Arabic, and
that you may liA^e in Cairo, and that it is
waste of time following you."
The closing touches here are typical of
many in this book, and they lose nothing
from the fact that their humour is often
unconscious. It is a cheery, entertaining
production, and should have, as we haAre
hinted, a considerable audience, not
necessarily devoted to motor-cars.
No. 45-20, Jink 13, 1014
THE A T H E N JR U M
823
Concise Dictionary of Proper Names and
Notable Matters in the Works of Dante.
I i\ Paget Tovnbee. (Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 7s. 6d. net.)
This work is offered as a useful handbook
to students and readers of Dante in place
of the larger Dictionary, winch has for
some time been out of print. By a very
convenient arrangement, it is uniform in
size and price with the Oxford edition of
the complete works of Dante. We presume
that this means that the larger volume is
not to be reprinted, which there are good
reasons for regretting. It has long been
recognized as an indispensable aid to
serious Dante study, and it is one of the
few dictionaries which are not merely
works ot reference, but can also be read
with pleasure for their own sake. In time
we might have hoped for a cheaper edi-
tion which would have involved no
sacrifice of illustrative matter. Dr. Toyn-
bee warns us in his Preface that such
sacrifice was inevitable in the present
volume : and we fear that for this reason,
while ■" no less useful than its prede-
asor," it will be found much less in-
teresting.
The long extracts from Villain and
other chroniclers and commentators are
necessarily omitted ; but the promise in
the Preface of substituting references,
which would have been some compensa-
tion, is not fulfilled— at least, in many
instances. Even a fact so illuminating
as Chaucer's adaptation in the ' Second
Nonnes Tale ' of St. Bernard's Invocation
to the Virgin is suppressed ; and some
valuable features in the ' Notable .Matters,'
as the general scheme of the ' Paradiso,'
are unfortunately omitted. About fortv
of the articles on ' Notable Matters ' have
disappeared : but only one of these—
that on the ' Processione Mistica ' — is of
capital importance. Its absence, how-
ever, is a serious loss ; and we fail to
understand why Dr. Tovnbee should class
the interpretation of one of the most diffi-
cult parts of the ' Commedia : as " con-
troversial matter.'' Xo doubt there has
been much difference of opinion as to
details, but the recording of such difference
•seems a most useful function of a Dante
Dictionary ; and though some of the
details may he found in other articles, it
was a gain to have them marshalled with
the full).— and lucidity of the larger
Dictionary. If Dr. Tovnbee should be
disposed to plead the limits of space, we
can only say that a plain statement in
the Preface of hi- principles of reference
would have enabled him to dispense with
a large number of cross-references which
at present Beem of little use.
Hie • Dictionary ' ha- been carefully
revised throughout, and there are some
indications of change of view, but the
aons for BtiCa change, together with
other critical questions, appear to he
excluded ,,- 'controversial matter."
While con-trained t'> make these -mall
criticisms, we cordially welcome the book
a- containing, in a cheap and compacl
form, the greater part of the matter
comprised in the larger work.
FICTION.
One Mans Way. By Evelyn Dickinson.
(George Allen, (>.•>•.)
As a study this book reaches, in places,
excellence. The men and women are
forcibly drawn, but without exaggeration,
clearly and consistently represented. But
the book, on the whole, gives an impres-
sion— a very strong impression — of un-
evenness. This is due to the insistence of
the author on the *' story " side of it. The
first few pages, for example, lead us to
expect the utmost banality ; all this
disappears as soon as she really " warms
to work,'" and gets into close touch with
the psychology of her personages.
The curious poisoning theme — inter-
esting in itself — is overdone, and the final
episode where it is worked in with the
death of one of the characters seems to
sIioav too much mechanism. The inci-
dents again are, perhaps, too numerous
to preserve the balance of the whole ; but
in themselves they are striking and
well told. The description of the sea-
earthquake in the Red Sea is particularly
vivid. There are many clever touches and
phrases. *' All science is Pickwickian,"
would surely please Mr. Bernard Shaw ;
and " cigars and Russia leather, and not
too strong," is a good rendering of " odora
virum vis " (if we may adapt the cpiotation) .
The Old Bailey trial of the woman poisoner
is also well told. In fact, Miss Dickinson
has certainly drawn her incidents, and
probably her characters, from life, and
with great care. Had she observed the
proportion of things with more strenuous
attention, she might have achieved a really
notable work.
Justice of the Peace. By Frederick Xiven.
(Eveleigh Xash.)
The fact that we are at times by no
means at one with the author does
not detract from the merit of his
work. He has depicted sympathetically
— and, we should say, from a fund of
direct knowdedge — the friendly relation-
ship between a Glasgow merchant and a
son who, wishing to fall in with his
parent's desire that he should take up
his business — feels the call of art too
insistently, and succeeds ultimately in
gaining not only his father's consent,
but also his good will in his career. The
mulish obduracy of his other parent is ex-
ceedingly well conveyed, though we may
differ from Mr. Xiven in thinking that
she had some justification for her dislike
of certain phases in her son's life. There
are one or two minor details in which, we
Suspect, the author's pen has run away
with him. Were hor-e-t rains still in use
in progressive Glasgow when motor-buses
had ceased to be anomalies in more con-
Bervative London, and is not a mention ol
window-smashing spinsters a forecast of
events? Cattish, moreover, are usually
credited with useful functions, though, no
doubt — like everything else in life — they
somet imes misuse them.
Simon Heriot. By Patricia Went w orth.
(Andrew Melrose, (>*.)
Tins book was good enough to arouse
our curiosity as to the reason of its being
written. We should have dismissed at
once the idea that it is a tribute to
art had we Overlooked the Preface, which
explains that the author is responsible for
her chapter-headings. However, after a
momentary doubt, we looked elsewhere.
Was the book written to advance Christian
Science I If so. the preparation through
three hundred pages was as inadequate
as the thirty at the end. which deal
with a cure effected by faith from injur}
to heart and limb in a railway accident.
More likely that was adopted as the way
to the happy ending what had begun to
look impossible. Finally, we decided
that it was a character-study, somewhat
marred by the author's introduction of
her views on religion and social reform.
We do not say that these views are
lacking in soundness any more than the
characterization ; the fault lies in the
mixing of the two. For her apt similes
at any rate the author deserves high
praise.
Grizel Married. By Mrs. George de Home
Vaizey. (Mills & Boon, 6s.)
At the outset this study of certain men
and women is a little tame in its move-
ment, and confused in its introduction
of various characters who seem vague at
first appearance. Reading in a prefatory
note that one of the principal characters
has been the subject of a former novel,
we feel a tinge of resentment, of fear, that
that other novel has annexed the chief
interest.
But as the study develops it offers a
series of portraits well and carefully done.
The incidents of the story are slight, but
sufficiently marked to justify and explain
the continuous development of the whole.
and it is an additional merit that they
seem natural, thanks to the treatment.
A ceiling crumbles and threatens to spoil
a dinner-party, but the episode is so well
related as to provoke all possible amuse-
ment without the slightest incitement to
disbelief or mockery. Another occurrence
— all but a tragedy in its consequences —
would have been a melodramatic absurdity
in less skilful hands. In tact, the author
has a distinctly artistic sense of proportion.
The minor characters are even better
than the principals. In particular the
.Mattison family stand out well — four
admirable portraits. The Vicar's wife is
also excellently sketched. We note many
Subtle and essentially feminine touches.
Lovers of sensation or intensified psy-
chology will probably find little enough
in the book, but those who ha\ e a taste
for delicate and accurate workmanship
w ill find it worth reading
We. ourselves, frankly own that we
prefer a carefully w oiked-out study to a
hurried collection of sensational incidents.
even if the former be slight and the latter
exciting.
824
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
— • —
THEOLOGY.
Burkitt (F. Crawford), Jewish and Christian
Apocalypses, 8/ net. Milford
The three Schweich Lectures for 1913, with
Appendixes and Index.
Creencias Antiguas y Conocimientos Nuevos, por
el Reverendo C. L. Drawbridge, 1/ S.P.C.K.
A translation into Spanish of ' Old Beliefs
;md New Knowledge.'
Forms of Prayer Authorised for Use in Church on
the Day Appointed for Humble Prayer and
Intercession, in Conection with the Proposal for
the Disestablishment and Disendowment of
the Church in Wales, Id. net, 1/3 per 50.
S.P.C.K.
This leaflet contains collects from the Com-
munion Service and special prayers to be used
this week.
Gayford (S.), Actual Sin, " Modern Oxford
Tracts," 6d. net. Longmans
A discussion of sin in relation to Christian
belief, and of the modern attitude towards it.
Kidd (J.), How Can I be Sure that I am a
Catholic ? 6d. net. Longmans
One of the " Modern Oxford Tracts."
Langdon (S.), Tammuz and Ishtar, a Monograph
upon Babylonian Religion and Theology, 10/6
net. Oxford, Clarendon 1 ress
A study of the Babylonian cult, containing
extracts translated from the Tammuz Liturgies
and the Arbela Oracles.
McClure (Edmund), Modern Substitutes for
Traditional Christianity, 2/6 net. S.P.C.K.
A second edition, containing a new chapter on
1 Modernism and Traditional Christianity.'
McDowall (Stewart A.), Evolution and the
Need op Atonement, 4/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
A second and enlarged edition. The author
has added to his discussion of original sin and
treats more fully the problem of pain. A new
chapter has been inserted on the theory of the
Atonement.
Milner (Rev. G. E. J.), Plain Notes on the
Holy Communion, " Churchman's Penny
Library." Mowbray
An annotated edition of the Communion
Service, with Appendixes.
Neligan (Right Rev. Moore Richard), The Church-
man as Priest, 6d. net. Mowbray
A little book containing three " instructions,"
entitled ' Priesthood of the Body,' ' Sacrificing
Priests,' and ' Serving Priests,' and'in an Appendix
a form for the Order of Confirmation, as use 1 in
the Diocese of Auckland during the writer's term
in that See.
Oraciones (Las) de la Familia por una Semana,
UN Manual, compilado de Diversos Fuentes en
Ingles, y publicado para Jorge Pitman, London,
Qd. S.P.C.K.
A little book containing family prayers in
Spanish, translated by Canon E. B. Trotter for
the use of English heads of households having
Spanish servants.
Porque Nosotros los Chrlstianos Creemos en Cristo,
Resumen de las Conferences de Bampton,
por el Reverendisimo Obispo Gore, condensadas
para Uso Popular por el Reverendo T. C. Fry,
2/ S.P.C.K.
A Spanish edition of Bishop Gore's Bampton
Lectures on ' Why we Christians believe in
Christ,' abridged for popular use.
Pullan (Rev. Leighton), The Infallibility of
our Lord, " Modern Oxford Tracts," 6d. net.
Longmans
A discussion of the infallibility of Christ's
teaching.
Randolph (Rev. B. W.), The Holy Trinity,
" Churchman's Penny Library." Mowbray
A small devotional book.
Shaw (J. M.), Christianity as Religion and
Life, 2/ net. Edinburgh, Clark
Four lectures which were delivered last
March on the Pollok Memorial Foundation at
Pine Hill Presbyterian College, Halifax, Nova
»cotia.
Surat Sambeyang, 2/6 S.P.C.K.
The Book of Common Prayer and hymns of
the Sea Dyak Mission.
Thomas (Rev. W. H. Griffith), The Prayers
of St. Paul, " Short Course Series," 2/ net.
. . . Edinburgh, Clark
A series of nine sermons, based on St. Paul's
personal expressions of prayer and thanksgiving
Whitham (A. R.), Is the Bible Trustworthy ?
" Modern Oxford Tracts," 6d. net. Longmans
The author's purpose is to prove " the general
trustworthiness of the Bible as the record of
God's historic revelation, and as the guide to
man's salvation."
Wood (Michael), Thoughts on Confirmation,
(id. Mowbray
A devotional booklet for those who are pre-
paring for Confirmation.
LAW.
Emery (H. C), Partnership, 5/ net. Wilson
A manual on the law and practice of Partner-
ship and Limited Partnership, including the
text of the Acts of 1890 and 1907 relating to the
subject.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Wigan Public Libraries, Quarterly Record,
Vol. II., No. 15. Wigan, R. Piatt
Containing the conclusion of the ' Wigan
Local Catalogue ' from R to the end, and classified
lists of additions to the Reference, Lending, and
Pemberton Libraries.
PHILOSOPHY.
Broad (C. D.), Perception, Physics, and Reality,
an Inquiry into the Information that Physical
Science can Supply about the Real, 10/ net.
Cambridge University Press
The writer's aim is " to discover how much
natural science can actually tell us about the
nature of reality, and what kind of assumptions
it has to make before we can be sure that it tells
us anything."
Glover (William), Know your Own Mind, a
Little Book of Practical Psychology, 2/ net.
Cambridge University Press
A manual for general readers dealing with
first principles and their practical application.
Jevons (F. B.), Philosophy: What is It? 1/6
net. Cambridge University Press
Five lectures on the nature of philosophy,
given to a branch of the Workers' Educational
Association. They are written in non-technical
language.
Johnstone (James), The Philosophy of Biology,
9/ net. Cambridge University Press
The writer describes his work as an " at-
tempt to understand the descriptions of the
science in the light of its later investigations."
POETRY.
Beowulf, a Metrical Translation into Modern
English by John It. Clark Hall, 2/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
The author's aim is to preserve the rhythm
of the original, and at the same time to make
the rendering attractive to persons unfamiliar
with Old English verse. There is a brief Introduc-
tion.
Boccaccio's Olympia, edited, with an English
Rendering, by Israel Gollancz, boards 6/ net,
vellum 12/6 net. Chatto & Windus
The Latin original and English translation
are printed on opposite pages, with red lettering
and wide margins. Prof. Gollancz adds a Post-
script, in which he discusses the debt of the
author of the ' Pearl ' to Boccaccio. This edi-
tion is limited to 500 copies for sale.
Book of Ballads, Old and New, selected by Adam
L. Gowans, Qd. Gowans & Gray
An anthology containing fifty old ballads,
and fifty modern ones from the writings of
Cowper, Southey, Wordsworth, Scott, and others.
Crabbe (George), Poetical Works, edited by
A. J. Carlyle and R. M. Carlyle, " Oxford Edi-
tions of Standard Authors," 1/6 net. Milford
This volume includes the posthumous tales
and ' Juvenilia ' and ' Occasional Poems,' repro-
duced from the edition of 1834. The poems are
arranged in chronological order, and there is an
Introduction by the editor's.
Haworth (Edwin P.), Sunshine and Roses, §1.25
Kansas City, Rockhill Art Publisher
A collection of songs and short pieces on per-
sonal themes, making an appeal to the sentiment.
There are marginal decorations and a frontispiece.
Patterson (J. E.), The Sea's Anthology, cloth
2/ net, leather 3/ net. Heinemann
The selection is made from poems of the
earliest times down to the middle of the nine-
teenth century, and is edited with notes, Preface,
Introduction, and Appendix.
Pratt (Tinsley), Wayfaring Ballads and Songs,
paper 1 / net, cloth 1 /6 net. Mathews
A small volume, containing ' Narrative
Ballads,' ' Songs of the Open Air,' ' Songs of the
Past,' and miscellaneous pieces, several of which
are reproduced from The Manchester Quarterly
1 and other papers.
Sharland (Rose E.), Ballads of Old Bristol,
1/net. Bristol, Arrowsmith
Ballads celebrating, for the most part,
events, places, and people associated in history
with the city of Bristol.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bellot (Hugh H. L.), The Temple, " Little Guides "
Series, 2/6 net. Methuen
This little book is in part an abridgment
of the author's 'The Inner and Middle Temple.'
It is illustrated with drawings in the text by
Miss Wylie, photographs, and a plan.
Bryce (William Moir), Holyrood, its Palace
and its Abbey, an Historical Appreciation,
2/6 net. Edinburgh, Schulze
An account of the chief events associated
with the royal palace of Edinburgh, illustrated
with over thirty plates.
History of Northumberland, issued under the
Direction of the Northumberland County His-
tory Committee : Vol. X. The Parish of
Corbridge, by H. H. E. Craster, 31/6 net.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Reid
This volume includes the results of excava-
tions carried out in the district since 1906 under
the superintendence of Mr. W. H. Knowles. In
the form of a Supplement Prof. Haverfield con-
tributes a chapter on the ' Roman Remains in
Corbridge Parish.' The book is illustrated with
a map, plates, plans, &c, and contains three
pedigrees printed on folding linen sheets.
Holland (A. W.), Germany, " The Making of the
Nations " Series, 7/6 net. Black
An account of the development of the
German nation from the earliest times to the
present day, illustrated with photographs, maps,
and plans.
Lawyers' London Temple (The), Its True Origin
and Real Meaning, a Brief Treatise dedicated
to Gentlemen learned in Equity, 1 / W. Stewart
A booklet on the foundation and history of
the Temple.
Macaulay (Lord), The History of England
from the Accession of James the Second,
edited by Charles Harding Firth, Vol. III.,
10/6 net. Macmillan
This volume covers the period from 1688 to
1689. As in the two former ones, the illustrations
are an important feature.
Morritt (John B. S.) of Rokeby, Letters descrip-
tive of Journeys in Europe and Asia Minor
in the Years 1794-1796, edited by G. E.
Marindin, 10/6 net. John Murray
These letters by the friend of Scott give an
account of a journey to Constantinople at the
time of the French Revolution and Polish Insur-
rection, and a description of famous sites and
archaeological remains in Greece and Asia Minor.
Nicolson (John), Arthur Anderson, a Founder
of the P. and O. Co., 2/ net. Paisley. Gardner
A sketch of the life of Anderson, who began
life as a " beach-boy " in the Shetland Islands,
and ultimately became a founder of the P. and O.
Co., and a member of Parliament.
Pride (David), Reminiscences of a Country
Doctor, 1840-1914, 4/ net. Paisley, Gardner
A record of the writer's memories, which go
back to the Bread Riots in Glasgow of 1S48.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Dickinson (Duncan), Through Spain, 7/6 net.
Methuen
An account of a journey through Spain from
St. Petersburg by way of Paris, illustrated with
photographs and a map.
Hecht (Henry J.), The Motor Routes of Ger-
many, edited by Gordon Home, 5 net. Black
A practical handbook for motorists. It gives
descriptions of routes through North-Eastern
France and Holland to the Rhine, the Moselle, the
Black Forest, the Thuringian Forest, the Taunus,
and Bavaria. Distances are given and hotels
recommended, and the text is illustrated with
reproductions in colour, plans, and maps.
Marcuse (Walter D.), Through Western Mada-
gascar in Quest of the Golden Bean, 7/6 net.
Hurst Ac Blackett
The author describes the general character-
istics of the south-western portion of the island,
and gives an account of the cultivation of the
Madagascar butter-bean, the raising of cattle and
gathering of rubber, with notes on the fauna and
flora. The book is illustrated.
Philip (J. B.), Holidays in Sweden, 6/ net.
Skeffington
An account of travels in Sweden, with chap-
ters on the economic conditions, national charac-
teristics, and customs of the people. The book
is illustrated with photographs.
No. 45-20, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
825
Switzerland, Revisited n\ A. S. FOBBBST and
Henry Baggb, l' not. Griffiths
A recital of the adventures of an artist and
an author in Switzerland, illustrated by tin- former.
POLITICS.
Haig (J. C), The Federal Solution : How it
has Worked Elsewhere, 6d. net. Griffiths
A discussion on the working of the federal
system in Canada, the United States, Australia,
Switzerland, and Germany.
National Political League, Third ANNUAL Report.
14, St. James's Street . S.W.
This report gives an account of the activities
Ol this non-party association in " furthering neces-
sary reform, to give expression to the interests
and political aspirations of women." It includes
a financial statement and a list of members and
subscribers.
ECONOMICS.
Hobson (J. A.), Work and Wealth, a Human
Valuation, 8 ti net. Macmillan
The writer's purpose is " to present a full
and formal exposure of the inhumanity and vital
waste of modern industry by the close application
of the best-approved formulas of individual and
social welfare."
PHILOLOGY.
Angus (James Stout), A Glossary of the Shet-
land Dialect, 4/6 net. Paisley, Gardner
In this vocabulary the author indicates the
common pronunciation, and gives quotations of
colloquial phrases to show the idioms of the
vernacular speech. At the end of the book there
is a list of phrases and maxims.
Passy (Paul), The Sounds of the French Lan-
guage, their Formation, Combination, and
Representation, translated, with Special
Texts for English-Speaking Students, by D. L.
Savory and D. Jones, 2/6
Oxford, Clarendon Press
A second and revised edition. See notice in
The Allien., Sept. 14, 1907, p. 299.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Curie (Richard), Joseph Conrad, a Study, 7/6
net. Kegan Paul
A study of Mr. Conrad's writings " written
both for the students of his work and for those
who know nothing about it."
Lamb (Walter R. M.), Clio Enthroned, a Study
of Prose-Form in Thucydides, 10/ net.
Cambridge University Press
The author examines the literary influences
under which Thucydides wrote his history, and
studies " his aim and method of setting the Muse
of history upon her rightful throne."
Sampson (Alden), Studies in Milton, and An
Essay on Poetry, 8/ net. John Murray
Containing three essays, entitled ' From
" Lycidas " to •Paradise Lost,"' 'Milton's
Confession of Faith,' and ' Certain Aspects of
the Poetic Genius,' and Appendixes.
Smith (H. F. Russell), Harrington and his
' Oceana, a Study of a Seventeenth-Century
Utopia and its Influence in America, 6/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
The writer gives an account of Harrington's
life and the origin and history of his political
ideas. He then discusses how they affected
English thought, and traces the influence of
' Oceana ' upon American political institutions
and the theories of the French Revolution.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Lamb, Talks pbob Shakespeare (Second Series),
edited by A. K. Weekes, 1/4
University Tutorial Press
An edition with notes and a general Introduc-
tion, designed for junior and middle forms.
Pine (H.), English Composition, a Systematic
Course for Use in Schools, I'll
Ralph A Holland
A book for teachers, in which the writer pays
special attention to tie- construction of complex
sentences. Dr. F. II. Hayward contribute, ;,
Preface.
The exercises and instructions mav be bought
separately in two parts at «;<7. each.
Regional Geography of the Six Continents :
Book I. Europe, by Ellis W. Beaton, 1/
Ralph ,\. BoHand
The series is complementary to tin- author's
4 Comparative Geography of the" Six Continents.'
Mr. S. R. Haselhurst contributes exercises and
questions on the text, a sketch-map, and atlas.
There are many diagrams and maps.
Robertson (J. Logie), Nature in Books, a Literary
Introduction to Natural Science, 2/ Oxford
The writer's aim is " to attract the young
mind to the scientific study of Nature by the
presentation of facts in a literary or at least
picturesque manner," and he quotes frequently
from descriptive passages in the works of Shake-
speare, Wordsworth, Gilbert White, and others.
Explanatory Notes and Exercises are given.
Swalne (G. R.), Environment, a Natural Geo-
graphy, 1/9 Ralph it Holland
A textbook of scientific geography, in which
the author has taken for his subject ' The Influ-
ence of Environment on Man.' There are illus-
trations and maps.
Weekley (Ernest), The School French Grammar,
2/6 University Tutorial Press
This book is a separate issue of the portion
dealing with grammar in Prof. Weekley's ' Matricu
lation French Course.'
Woolf (E. Alec), La Guerre de Cent Ans, 1/6 net.
Dent
A sketch of the Hundred Years' War, written
in French, and supplied with foot-notes, ques-
tions, exercises, and a resume. There are illus-
trations.
FICTION.
Becke (Louis), Edward Barry, South Sea
Pearler, Id. net. Nelson
A new edition. See notice in The Aihen.,
Nov. 24, 1900, p. 681.
Bedford (H. Louisa), The Ventures of Hope, 6/
R.T.S.
A story of the ups and downs of a family
under the guidance of an elder sister.
Bordeaux (Henry), The Fear of Living, Au-
thorized English Version, by Ruth Helen
Davis, 6/ Dent
This translation of ' La Peur de Vivre ' is
published, with a Foreword, by M. Rene Doumic,
and a Preface by the author.
Christina (S. M.), Lord Clandonnell, 2/
Washbourne
A mid-Victorian romance of the North of
Ireland. The writer records the changes in the
religious beliefs of the Clandonnell family of
Castle Dysart, Donegal.
Craik (Dinah Maria), John Halifax, Gentle-
man, 1/6 net. Milford
A volume in the " Oxford Edition of Stan-
dard Authors," with illustrations by Mr. Warwick
Goble.
Foster (Maximilian), The Whistling Man, 6/
Appleton
A romance of Wall Street.
Fletcher (J. S.), The Three Days' Terror, Qd.
Long
A new edition. See notice in The Aiken.,
April 27, 1901, p. 525.
Francis (M. E.), Our Alty, Id. net. Long
A cheap reprint.
Groves (Freda Mary), My Lady Rosia, 3/6 net.
Washbourne
An historical romance of the fourteenth
century. The hero has many adventures in
London, Avignon, and Sussex.
Harrison (Herbert), A Lad of Kent, 6/
Macmillan
A story of adventure in the time of smuggling,
sheep-stealing, and the press-gang.
Harrison (Marie), The Woman Alone, 6/
Bolden <V Qardingham
A study of a lady doctor whose instincts
led her to seek motherhood without marriage.
Lelghton (Marie C), The Silver Stair, 0/
Ward k. Lock
A stiiiy concerning the love -affairs of a
Society woman and her fugitive brother.
Mathers (Helen), Tin-; Juoolbb and the Soul,
6rf. I-i<->ng
A new edition.
Munro (Nell), The New ROAD, >'< Blackwood
A romance of the Western Highlands,
dealing with the historical period between the
risings of 1715 and 1715. The author describee
tie- making of the great road into the heart of the
Highlands.
Thurstan (Frederic), Tin: RoKANCBS <>r \\n,-i-
Ka. ti Griffith
\ ttOiy "f ancient Kgyjit at the close of the
Eighteenth Dynast y.
Willis (W.N.), Tin: LxfbofLbna, •> <.ni of London
Town, 1 / let . I>>ne;
This account of a girl's life is told in die
first person "as a serious warning to ignorant
and perhaps innocent girls."
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archaeological Journal,
Vol. XX. No. 1, 1 ti Reading, Slaughter
This number includes the first Instalment of
Mr. Charles E. Keyser's paper entitled '.Notes
on the Churches of Stamford-in-the-Vale. Hat lord
and Shellingford, and the Chapels of Goosey and
Baulking,' which is illustrated with sixteen photo-
graphic plates.
Comment and Criticism, Vol. II. No. 1, (><7. net.
Longmans
Mr. W. Spens writes on 'The (reeds and
Current Controversies,' the Rev. J. K. Mo/.lcy on
' the Atonement,' and there are other articles
and reviews.
Constructive Quarterly, June, 3/ net. Milford
Canon Scott Holland contributes a paper on
' The Religion of a Moving, Changing World,'
Father Puller discusses ' The Eastern Orthodox
and the Anglican Communions.' and Dr. J.
Augustin Leger writes on ' Wesley's Place in
Catholic Thought.'
Cornhill Magazine, June, 1/ Smith 6c Elder
Some of the features of the present number are
' With Mistral in Provence,' by the Hon. Margaret
Amherst, an appreciation of Alfred Lyttelton by
Mr. Bernard Holland, and a hitherto unpublished
poem, entitled ' An Epistle to a Canary,' by Mrs.
Browning.
Dickensian, June, 3d. Chapman & Hall
Mr. F. Gordon Roe contributes ' Some
Remarks upon the Copperlield Controversy ' ; Mr.
G. Bernard Shaw writes a short paper ' On
Dickens ' ; and Mr. W. T. Freemantle gives an
account of Dickens's visits to Sheffield.
Geographical Journal, June, 2/
Royal Geographical Society
Includes ' Antarctica and Some of its Pro-
blems,' by Prof. T. W. Edgeworth David; ' The
Lake System of Westralia,' by Prof. J. W.
Gregory ; and ' The Indo-Russian Triangulation
Connection,' by Lieut. Kenneth Mason.
Librarian and Book World, June, (id. net.
Stanley Paul
In this number Mr. Robert W. Parsons
concludes his paper on ' Public Library Reform,'
and further additions are made to Mr. A. J.
Hawkes's annotated and classified catalogue of
' Best Books.'
Monthly Musical Record, June. 3d.
18, Great Marlborough Street, W.
Prof. Frederick Niecks writes on ' The
Twentieth-Century Music School,' and Mr. D. C.
Parker has an article on - The Spanish Revival.'
National Review, June, 2/0 net. 23, Ryder St.
Includes ' (iermany and Ourselves,' by Capt.
Bertrand Stewart; 'The Territorial Army in
History,' by Earl Percy ; and ' Pond Insects,' by
Miss Frances Pitt.
Open Court, June, ('»</. ' Open Court ' Publ. Co.
Some of the items are ' The Survivals of
Personality,' by Mr. Charles 11. Chase ; ' Mysti-
cism and Immortality,' by Dr. Paul Cams ; and
'The Boldest of the English Philosophers,' by
M. Jourdain.
Pedigree Register, June, 2/0 net. Sherwood
This number includes the pedigree of the
Clarke family ; a reprint of notes made in 1705-0
by the parish clerk in the register books of
Beaulieu, CO. Southampton ; and other matter.
Russian Review, .May, 2/6 Nelson
' The Revival of Political Thought in Poland,'
by Mr. Zygmunt Balicki ; 'Correspondence of
Count Hey den,' by .Mr. Dmitry Shipoi ; and
• Russian Literature since Chekhov,' by M. .lean
d'Auvcrgnc, are features of the present number.
United Empire, Jim:, l/net. Pitman
"The Timber Resources of the Empire,' by
Dr. J. Watson GriCC : * A Wit to King Solomon's
.Mines,' by Mrs. Archibald Colquhoun; and
'German Colonies, 1JJ12-1013,' by Mr. Louis
Hamilton, are among the contents.
JUVENILE.
Life and Adventures of Lady Anne, the Little
Pedlar, by the Author of ' The Blue Silk Work-
bag,' ' Ilaicourt Family,' Ac. I 8 net.
Mow br.i y
\ new edition <>f this story, which was pub-
lished in 1N2I> "to show tie- melancholy and
forlorn state of children who are deprived of the
care and support of parents and kind friends."
In her brief Introduction Miss Wordsworth
describi - it .is " //,, most popular book that can
be i-ead at a ' Mothers' Meeting.'
826
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, Jixe 13, 1914
GENERAL.
Belloc (Hilaire), The Four Men, a Farrago, 1/
net. Nelson
A new edition.
Carpenter (Edward), Love's Coming-of-Age, 1/
net. Mcthuen
A new edition.
Chelsea, Annual Report of the Committee for
Public Libraries and Museums, 1913-11.
Pite & Thynne
An illustrated report, including a list of
donors, tables, and financial statement.
Corbett-Smith (A.), The Problem of the Nations,
1/0 net. John Bale
This book deals with the " causes, symptoms,
and effects of sexual disease, and the education
of the individual therein."
Foot (Lieut. P. B.), Training of the Terri-
torial Scout, 1/6 net. Gale & Polden
A little handbook setting forth a course of
instruction in scouting.
Routledge's New Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage, edited by C. Weatherly, 3/6
A work based partly on Webster's Dictionary
and containing over one thousand pages. The
Appendixes include lists of abbreviations, foreign
words and phrases, weights, measures, &c.
Rowsell (Rev. Herbert), Divorce and Re-
marriage, 6d. net. Stock
A discussion of the attitude of the Church
towards divorced persons who wish to marry
again.
Social Guide, 1014, edited by Mrs. Hugh Adams
and Edith A. Browne. Black
A handbook giving information regarding
social functions of the year, sports, the regulations
for Their Majesties' Courts, &c.
PAMPHLETS.
Eucken (Rudolf), The Transient and the
Permanent in Christianity, translated by
W. Tudor Jones, Id. Lindsey Press
This address was prepared for the British
and Foreign Unitarian Association, and its purpose
is to show that " a universal Christianity is pos-
sible only if a differentiation be made between the
transient and the permanent elements within the
Christian religion."
Fedortchouk (Yaroslavl, Memorandum on the
Ukrainian Question in its National Aspects,
1 / Griffiths
This pamphlet has been compiled on behalf
of the " Cercle des Ukrainiens," Paris, and the
" Ukraine Committee," London, and is issued
simultaneously in English and French. The first
part sets forth the claims of the Ukrainian edu-
cated classes, and the second gives an explana-
tory memorandum of the question.
Tremenheere (Rev. G. H.), The Athanasian
Creed, 2d. Mowbray
A defence of the Creed, in reply to recent
correspondence in The Times.
Wiener (Harold M.), The Pentateuchal Text,
a Reply to Dr. Skinner, Gd. net. Elliot Stock
A reprint from the ' Bibliotheca Sacra.'
SCIENCE.
Dyar (Harrison G.), Report on the Lepidoptera
of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of
the Panama Canal.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A paper dealing with the so-called Macro-
lepidoptera, collected mainly by Mr. August
Busk. It is reprinted from the Proceedings of
the United States National Museum.
Rathbun (Mary J.), New Genera and Species
of American Brachyrhynchous Crabs.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A paper reprinted from the Proceedings of
the United States National Museum, and illus-
trated with diagrams and plates.
FINE ART.
Allan (John), Catalogue of the Coins of the
Gupta Dynasties and of Sasanka, King of
Gauda. British Museum
In his Introduction Mr. Allan discusses the
history, chronology, and metrology of these
coins, their types, and the legends associated
with them. In the description of the coins, the
*ize in inches and tenths, and the weight in
English grains, are given. The Catalogue is illus-
trated with twenty -four plates.
Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits, pre-
served in the Department of Prints and
Drawings in the British Museum, by Free-
man O'Donoghue, Vol. IV., 22/6 net.
British Museum
This volume includes the letters S-Z, and is
arranged according to the same general principles
as the previous volumes, the first of which was
published in 1908. Sec notice in The Aihen.,
Sept. 5, 1908, p. 275.
Catalogue of the Important and Valuable Collection
of Anglo-Saxon and English Coins, including a
fine Series of English Copper, Tin, and Bronze
Coins, the Property of George Jonathan Bascom,
2/6 Sotheby
An illustrated, descriptive catalogue. The
sale will take place on June 15th and 16th.
Day (Lewis F.) and Buckle (Mary), Art in Needle-
work, a Book about Embroidery, 5/ net.
Batsford
A fourth, revised edition.
Gordon (E. O.), Prehistoric London, its Mounds
and Circles, 10/6 net. Elliot Stock
A study of the ancient monuments and other
remains of London which afford evidence of its
religion and civilization in pre-Christian times.
The Rev. John Griffith contributes the Appen-
dixes, and there are many illustrations.
Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stelae, &c, in
the British Museum, Part V. British Museum
This part contains fifty plates, being copies
of funerary stelae and other inscribed monuments
dating from the eleventh to the middle of the
Eighteenth Dynasty. The drawings have been
made bv Mr. E. J. Lambert, and the inscriptions
copied by Mr. H. R. Hall.
Johns (C. H. W.), Survey of Recent Assyrio-
logy, Part III., 1/6 net. Edinburgh, Schulze
This survey covers the years 1910-13, and
includes an Index of Authors.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Vol. IX., No. 5,
10c. New York
Including short illustrated papers on ' The
Bequest of John L. Cadwalader,' ' A Late Egyp-
tian Sarcophagus,' and ' A Panel by Sano di
Pietro.'
Richards (Fred), Rome ; and Venice, 1 / net each.
Black
Two sketch-books, each containing twenty-
four reproductions of pencil drawings by Mr.
Richards.
Weber (F. Parkes), Aspects of Death in Art
and Epigram, illustrated especially by Medals,
Engraved Gems, Jewels, Ivories, Antique
Pottery, &c. 10/6 net. Fisher Unwin
A second edition, revised and much enlarged.
MUSIC.
Bowie (Percy), Cradle Song (What Does Little
Birdie Say 'i), the words by Tennyson, 1/6 net.
Novello
Carse (A. von Ahn), The Voyage of Love, Song-
Cycle, the words by Harold Simpson, 2/6 net.
Novello
Forsyth (Cecil), Orchestration, " Musician's
Library," 21/ net. Macmillan
The writer describes the modern orchestral
instruments, and traces their development and
constructional changes, and the types of music
which these have reflected, particularly since
Beethoven's time.
Handel (G. F.), Sonata in a for Violin and
Pianoforte, Op. 1, No. 3, the Pianoforte
Accompaniment (arranged from the original
figured bass), the Moods of Expression, and the
Violin Bowing and Fingering by C. Egerton
Lowe, 1/6 net. Novello
Harty (Hamilton), The Rann of Wandering,
Song, the Words by Padraic Colum, 2/ net.
Novello
Johnson (Noel), The Glory of the Morn, Song,
the Words by Marshall Roberts, 2/ net. Novello
Original Compositions for the Organ (New Series),
No. 31 : Festal Prelude, Composed by Thomas
F. Dunhill, 1/6 net. Novello
Sharp (Cecil J.) and Butterworth (George), The
Morris Book, Part V. Novello
The authors describe twenty-one dances " as
performed by the Morris Men of England," and
in the Introduction discuss their aesthetic value
and origin.
Sharp (Cecil J.) and Butterworth (George), Morris
Dance Tunes, collected from traditional
sources and arranged with Pianoforte Accom-
paniment, Sets IX. and X., 2/ net each. Novello
These tunes are issued to accompany ' The
Morris Book,' Part V., mentioned above.
Wells (H. Wharton), A Summer Song, Four-part
Song for A. T. B. B., words by Sir William J.
Lancaster, 3d. Novello
Wilson (C. Whitaker), For Your Dreaming, Song,
the Lyric by G. Douglas Furber, 2/ net. ; The
Hunting Squire, Song, the words by Edward
Teschemacher, 2/net. Novello
DRAMA.
Bagge (Henry) and Milburn (Hartley), The
Truth for an Hour, a Comedy in One Act, 6d.
net. Griffiths
The hero, a member of Parliament, makes a
bet with his friend that he will speak the truth
for an hour.
Brighouse (Harold), Lonesome-Like, " Reper-
tory Plays " Series, 6d. net. Gowans <t Gray
A play in one act, which was first produced
by the Glasgow Repertory Company in Februarv,
1911.
Carroll (John S.), The Looms of the Gods, 3/6-
net. Constable
A poetic play based on the Platonic myth of
Er, the Pamphylian soldier who revived on his
funeral pyre and related his vision of the Under-
world.
Chapin (Harold), The Dumb and the Blind,
" Repertory Plays " Series, 6d. net.
Gowans & Gray
A one-act play produced by the Scottish
Repertory Theatre Company in Glasgow in
November, 1911, and afterwards in London,
Colquhoun (Donald), Jean, " Repertory Plays '*
Series, Qd. net. Gowans & Gray
A Scottish play produced at the Royalty
Theatre, Glasgow, in May, 1910.
Down (Oliphant), The Maker of Dreams, a
Fantasy in One Act, "Repertory Plays"
Series, 6d. net. Gowans & Gray
This little play was produced at the Vaude-
ville Theatre in August, 1912. See notice in The
Athen., Sept. 7, 1912, p. 255.
Stephens (Walter), Charley's Uncle, a Farcical
Comedy in Three Acts, 1/6 net, Griffith*
Concerns an impecunious young man who,
disguising himself as his uncle, marries the
latter's fiancee, a wealthy heiress.
Tagore (Rabindranath), The King of the Dark
Chamber, 4/6 net. Macmillan
This play has been translated into English
by the author.
FOREIGN.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Omont (M. H.), ,Recherches sur la Biblio-
theque de l'Eglise Cathedrale de Beau-
VAIS, 3fr. 80. Paris, Imprimerie Nationale
Containing three studies on ' L'Ancienne
Bibliotheque,' ' Les Manuscrits. .. .pendant le
Moyen Age,' and ' Dispersion des Manuscrits,*
with eight Appendixes.
PHILOSOPHY.
Vesper (Noel), Anticipations A une Morale df
Risque, 3fr. 50 Paris, Perrin
Contains ' La Morale de l'lnvention,' ' La
Theologie du Risque,' and ' La Malleabilite du
Monde.' M. Jules Bois contributes a Preface. '
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Apponyi (Comte Rodolphe), Journal, Vingt-Cinq
Ans a Paris (1826-1850), publie par Ernest
Daudet : Vol. III. 1835-1843, 7fr. 50
Pai'is, Plon-Nourrit
A second edition.
Claretie (Jules), La Vie a Paris, 1911-1912-1913,.
3fr. 50. Paris, Fasquelle-
This is the twenty-first volume of ' La Vie-
a Paris,' containing the last of Jules Claretie's
weekly causeries in the Temps, which were-
begun in 1880. It is published with a Preface by
his son, M. Georges Claretie.
Coynart (Ch. de), Le Chevalier de Folard-
(1669-1752), 3fr. 50 Paris, Hachette
M. de Coynart sketches a portrait of the
scholar and courtier of Savoy, and describes the-
famous campaigns in which he took part.
Fain (Baron), Souvenirs de la Campagne de:
France (Manuscrit de 1814), 3fr. 50.
Paris, Perrin
A new edition, with a Preface by M. G.
Lenotre. There are foot-notes and illustrations.
Halphen (Louis), L'Histoire en France depuis
Cents Ans, 3fr. Paris, Colin
In the Preface the author describes his aim
as being " seulement de marquer les grandes
directions du travail accompli par nos historiens-
et 1' evolution de leurs method es."
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
827
Madelin (Louis), Daxto.v, Tfr. 50
Paris. Hachette
A study of the great Revolutionist i" the
•collection " Figures clu Passed" There are illus-
t rations.
Mlgnet (F. A. M.), Ilisr. >ikk DB i.a REVOLUTION
1'kvvcaisk DBPtJia L789 jusqu'bn 1814,2 vols.
1/ each. Nelson
.V cheap reprint.
Waddlngton (Henry), LA GuBBKE DB Nicer Ans,
Bjstoire Diplomatique et Militaire. Tonic V.
Paris. Firmin-Didot
The present volume covers the period fr m
the Battle of Vandavachy to the Siege of Schweid-
nitz. It is illustrated with four maps.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Association Normande pour prevenir les Accidents
du Travail, Bit.i.ktin Tki.mkstkikl. .Mai.
Rouen, 8t>. Hue Ganterie
Includes a report of the meeting of the
Association held last April.
ECONOMICS.
Pasquet (D.), Loxures et les Ocvriers de
Loxdres, 12fr. Paris, Colin
A study of the influence of the geographical,
historical, and economic conditions of London
upon ite working-class population.
BELLES LETTRES.
Jbsen (Henrik), (Ei-vres Completes, traduites
par P. G. la Chesnais : Tome Premier. (Euvres
de Grlmstad (1817-1850), lOfr. net,
Paiis, Nouvelle Revue Franc.ai.se
This volume contains ' Poeines.' the frag-
ment ' Lc Prisonnier d'Akershus,' and ' Catilina,'
im Introduction on ' La Litterature et la Societe
en Norvege vers 1850,' an account of Ibsen's
life up to 1850, Appendixes and notes. The work
"will be completed in seventeen volumes.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Rocheblave (S.), Le Gout ex France, Les Arts
et les Lettres de 1600 a 1900, Ifr. Paris, Colin
A study of the evolution of French taste in
•art and literature during three centuries. It is
illustrated with sixt-een plates.
FICTION.
Foulet (Lucien), Le Roman de Menard, 13fr.
Paris. Champion
A study of the origin and authorship of the
* Roman.'
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, lr J tin, lfr. 25 net.
Paris, 26, Rue de Conde
Some of the items in this number are ' Un
Romancier Realiste : ('. F. Ramuz,' by M. Jean
Choux ; ' De Geneve Francai.se a Geneve Suisse,'
by M. Edouard Chapuisat ; and ' Bolivar :
Aspects de son Genie,' by M. R. Blanco-Fombona.
GENERAL.
Adunanza Solenne del 14 Aprile, 1011,'tenuta
nelP Aula Magna della R. Universita di Palermo
Resoconto compilato per cura del Segretario
del Comitato Locale, Dr. .Uichele de Franchis.
Palermo
Contains six addresses and a poem celebrat-
ing the thirtieth anniversary of the foundation
of the Circolo Matematico of Palermo, and the
«ervices of its founder, Prof. G. B. Guccia. A
reproduction of the medal struck for the occasion
and a record of the letters and telegrams received
are added.
PAMPHLET.
Schtltte iGudmund/, Pax-Gebxanibm and Den-
k&bk (Altyskeme og Danmark).
Copenhagen, Sagerup
This pamphlet i- "a pictorial and carto-
phic supplement to the volume published last
year by tie- 'Society of 17th January, 1008,' as
an answer- to Pan-German calumnies ag..
Denmark." It is written in Danish and English.
FINE ARTS.
Duportal (Mile. Jeanne, Etude bub lbs Ltvbes \
nOUBES, feditea en France de 1601 a I860, 25fr.
Paris, < hampion
A study of the illustrations in books pub-
lished in France during the lir-t ~i\ty years OX tie-
•nteenth century, with an account of the
di -igners and engravers. The book is illustrated
■with forty-live- reproductions of old engravings.
Marestaing (Pierrei, Lbs fioBlTUBBS Koyi-ti-
■BBBfl BX I. ANTKe'ITK OLASSIQUB, Tli. 60
Paris, Paul Geuthner
A monograph on the evolution of letters and
writing in ancient times.
THEODORE WATTS-DUNTON.
\\v. much regret to hear of the death of
Mr. Watts-Dunton. He had been in poor
health for Bome time, and on Saturday after-
noon last passed peacefully away in his
sleep. Ho had readied the patriarchal
age of 82, and survived most of his contem-
poraries and friends. He spoke more than
once in recent years of looking down an
Appian Way of tombs, but his wide and keen
interest in life was unabated, and lie was
always ready to welcome a new reputation
in letters. He made a happy marriage in
1905 with Miss Clara Reich, whom he had
known from girlhood.
Theodore Watts (he added his mother's
nameof Dunton in 1897), was born at St. Ives,
Huntingdon, in 1832. As a small boy, he
went to a school at Cambridge, and there as
well as later at home, he laid the foundations
of his singularly wide range of knowledge.
His father had a passion for science, par-
ticularly geology and geography, and at one
time he proposed to be a naturalist. His
interest in nature and country life — beyond
that of most poets and critics — left a strong
mark on his verse, and late in life he was
ready to discuss the science of Darwin no
less than the philosophy of Plato, or the
poetry of Shakespeare. Country life brought
him to a fruitful acquaintance with gip-
sies before he was articled to his father
as a solicitor. He practised for a time in
London, but already he had begun to write
poetry, and to take a keen interest in art,
music, and letters, and to exercise those
great gifts for friendship which would alone
have made him a name.
Literature and friendship were henceforth
the two main interests of his life. A man of
the kindliest and most generous nature, he
was always ready to sacrifice himself where
a friend was concerned. The world knows of
his tireless devotion to Rossetti and Swin-
burne, but many a lesser man owed his
beginnings, or encouragement in times of
difficulty to his pen. He was singularly
free from jealousy, and he never used his
intimacy with the eminent as a means of
writing the sort of gossip about them which
the world loves, and which like De Quincey's
account of the Lake Poets, is more personal
than friendly. " On ne doit jamais ecrire que
de ce qu'on aime," as Renan said, and it
is quite possible to be vivid without being
spiteful. Mr. Watts-Dunton's memoirs of his
dead friends in our own columns show this.
It was in The Athenceum, after a short
period on The Examiner, under the editor-
ship of Minto, that he made his reputation,
though he did not sign his articles, and never,
in spite of repeated requests, gathered them
into a volume. Such a reticence seems
strange to an age which believes, above all
things, in personal advertisement. Hut
careless as Mr. Watts-Dunton was about tie-
recognition of his work, it attracted tin-
widest attention, and it brought him the
admiration of many younger men who im-
bibed his principles, and in their turn, enun-
ciated views now so Long established that
they seem commonplaces.
As for tin- matter and maimer of these
criticisms, Mr. •James Douglas in his hook on
Mr. Watts-Dunton as poet. Novelist, and
Critic, says happily thai they have "the
persona] magic of the living voice." Their
writer was a remarkable talker, and there is
a good deal Of BpontaneOUS charm ill his criti-
cism, with some of the ebullition natural to
talk. It was often unbusinesslike re> iewing,
as he himself admitted, the book heing the peg
on which weighty things were hung. Mi.
Watts-Dunton was concerned with first prin-
ciples, with meditating Oil literary art and its
laws, with a range of illustration and com-
parison beyond the average reviewer. How
much more profitable this was for every one
except, perhaps, the author under treatment,
we nvi'd scarcely affirm. But Mr. Watts-
Dunton did not hesitate to speak plainly on
the greatness of work which was compara-
tively unknown, such as thai of Meredith in
earlier days, and he laid his opinion on a
(inner basis than the brilliant advocate; who
has the art of discovering genius just because
the world neglects it. As a critic of funda-
mental tilings, .Mr. Watts-Dunton was of the
lineage of Coleridge, reminding us in his range
from the East to German, and from Greece to
modern science of that strangely divagating
mind. A little more philosophical generaliza-
tion, and a good deal less about the personali-
ties of authors would do no harm to English
criticism to-day. The best of Watts-Dun-
ton's work is unassailable because it goes
deeper than literary fashion or the pre-
judices of taste. His masterly article on
' Poetry ' in ' The Encyclopaedia Britannica '
has retained its place throughout the years,
and we hope that its republication will not
be delayed by his death. ' The Renascence
of Wonder,' the phrase he invented to
indicate " a great revived movement of the
soul of man, after a long period of prosaic
acceptance in all things, including literat inl-
and art,'" is a happy piece of literary short-
hand, but was overrated as a shibboleth at
the time of its appearance. There is mor i
in that definition of Zoroaster which Mr.
Watts-Dunton often quoted and explained.
" Poetry is apparent pictures of unappareni
realities."
When Mr. Watts-Dunton at last, at the
age of 68, published his romance ' Aylwin,' he
showed that critics were not always failures
in literature. The success of the book was
immediate and overwhelming, and edition
has followed edition. It has a striking
metaphysical side as well as passion, an
exposition seldom attempted of the influence
of Romany blood on its possessors and then-
surroundings, and a portrayal also novel
of the Cymric side of the Celtic character.
Perhaps for the ordinary reader the fine
descriptions of Welsh scenery and some
admirable portraits derived from well-known
prototypes were more potent attractions.
The style is a little Early Victorian in its
slow movement, though there are admirable
touches of humour. Of the two heroines
Sinfi Level], the gipsy girl, is the more
attractive, and the reader cannot share tin-
critic's regret that, like some of Scott s
wild characters, she has insisted on her way
with the author, and somewhat dislocate I
the structure of tin- book. Mr. Watts-
Dunton was at his host whenever he was
dealing with the Romany, and his introduc-
tions to Rorrow's books make us regret
that he did not find time to write at large
on a subject no One understood better than
I,,-.
Another novel of his, dealing with Hun-
garian life anil entitled ' Carniola,' was
finished some time since, hut his zeal for
revision prevented him from publishing it.
Rossetti acclaimed Mr. Wat t -Dunton as
••the most original sonnet-writer living,''
and in this form hifl work has a charm and an
effectiveness which an- all his own. Close-
packed with thought over-packed, per-
haps, sometimes his Inst sonnets have that
Subtle, fine, intangible something which is
poet ry.
In '• Tin- Commg of Love,' the mosl con-
siderable in length of his poems, some of
these Bonnets are introduced and inter-
mingled with lyrical poems in various
measures often of notable ingenuity -and
there are aome highly interesting experi-
ments in homelj realism, partly written in
828
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
gipsy dialect. An attempt was made here,
with (he aid of numerous descriptive head-
ings, to unite the form of the novel with that
of the poem, but the result was not suffi-
ciently coherent. Mr. Watts-Dunton got
nearer to success than the author of ' Aurora
Leigh," but, if both hold their place in
English verse, it will be in spite of rather
than on account of their form.
With all his cosmopolitan culture Mr.
Watts-Dunton was thoroughly English, and
his ' Jubilee Greeting at Spithead to the
Men of Greater Britain ' is one of the few
patriotic pieces worthy of the subject. His
sympathy with Shakespeare, on whom he
wrote some fine criticism, and his imaginative
power are well shown in ' Christmas at the
Mermaid.'
Tennyson, Rossetti, Swinburne, Meredith,
Borrow — a crowd of shining names illu-
minate the career of Watts-Dunton. He
was the last of those great Victorians to
whom the present world owes more than it
is aware. He lived on to see the twentieth
century, and was untouched by its groping
pessimism, its denial of beauty and order.
Full of years he has left us, but he was to
the end as one loved by the gods, young
and vigorous in spirit.
SIR WILLIAM ANSON.
Sir William Anson, Warden of All Souls
College, Oxford, died on Thursday of last
week, after a brief illness, at the age of 71.
A Sussex man by birth, educated at Eton
and Balliol, he was Vinerian Reader in
English Law from 1874 to 1881, and had
been Warden of All Souls since the latter
date. Since 1899 he had been Member of
Parliament for Oxford University. His
literary works, so well known as authorities
on their subject that it is barely necessary
to mention them, are ' Principles of the
English Law of Contract ' and ' Law and
Custom of the Constitution.' From 1902 to
1905 he was Parliamentary Secretary to the
Board of Education. Fully as well worth
remembering are the offices he filled in local
administration — serving, for example, as
Alderman of the City of Oxford 1892-6,
and as Chairman of Quarter Sessions for
Oxfordshire 1894.
His gifts were such as could more ad-
vantageously display themselves in academic
organization and the management of local
affairs than amid the conditions which now
prevail in Parliament. It is Oxford which
will longest keep the memory of his capacity
for affairs, his tact in the management of
men, his sound judgment, and his skill in the
guidance of controversy. He was a reformer
in practice and a Conservative by tempera-
ment, and the skill with which he directed
the fortunes and development of All Souls,
as well as his influence on the University as
a whole, came doubtless from some special
felicity in the combination in his case.
Those who knew him as a friend have much
to say of the charm and kindness and humour
which, at first sight, were half-concealed
beneath a somewhat shy and shrinking
demeanour. Those who worked with him
knew his punctuality and precision, his
readiness in every business with some
positive contribution, and mastery of
detail.
To his will to serve, his high conception
of duty, and the range of his knowledge
and activity, the work he has done itself
bears sufficient witness. He will doubtless
be more missed, and prove more difficult
to replace, than many a man whose part in
life has been what is called more dramatic.
DID JONSON WRITE A THIRD 'ODE
TO HIMSELF ' ?
On f. 237 of MS. Harl. 4064 occurs the
following poem : — ■
Ode
If men and tymes were now
of that true face
as when they both were great, and both knew how
that ffortune to embrace
by Cherishing the spirits, that gave their greatnes
grace
I then would rayse my notes
Loud to the wondring throng
and better blazon them then all their Coats
that were the happy subiect of my song.
But Clownish pride hath got
so much the start
of Civill vertue, that he now is not
nor can be of desert
That hath not Courtly impudence enough to laugh
at Arte
whilst like a blaze of strawe
he dyes wth an ill sent
To every sence, and scorne to those that saw
how soone wlh a selfe tickling he was spent.
Breake then thy quills, blot out
thie long watch'd verse
And rather to the ffyer, then to the rout
theire labor'd tunes reherse
whose ayre will sooner Hell, then their dull sences
peirce
Thou that dost spend thie dayes
to get thee a leane face
and come forth worthy Ivy or the bayes
and in this age, canst hope no other grace.
Yet since the bright and wise
Minerva deignes
uppon so humbled earth to cast her eyes
wee '11 rip our ritchest veynes
and once more strike the Eare of tyme wth those
fresh straynes
as shall besides delight
and Cuning of their ground
give cause to some of wonder, some despight
but unto more despaire to ymitate their sound.
Throw holy virgen then
thy Christall sheild
About this He and charme the round, as when
thou mad'st it fin] open feild
The rebell Gyants stoupe, and Gorgon envy yeild :
Canst [Cast] reverence if not feare
throughout their generall brests
And by their taking let it once appeare
who worthie come, who not, to be witts Pallace
guestfs].
Can these lines be conclusively proved to
be Jonson's ? If not, his authorship can be
made probable in a very high degree. In
the first place, any one who knows Jonson
at all well will forthwith admit that, if they
were not written by him, they were at least
written in his manner. They are clearly in
his style. In the second, any such person
will admit that these are distinctly Jonsonian
ideas — ideas to which he has frequently
given expression, and which accurately
represent his attitude toward himself and
his public. Thirdly, what other poet would
have been likely to write such a piece ?
Fourthly, Jonson wrote, as your readers are
well aware, two ' Odes to Himself ' closely
paralleling this in thought, and one of them
— the ode on the occasion of ' The New Inn '
■ — much like this in stanzaic structure.
Fifthly, in each case Jonson begins by
attacking those who are not favourable to
him, and ends by promising to write addi-
tional poems to shame his censurers. Sixthly,
this piece conforms to Jonson's inveterate
habit of borrowing from his own produc-
tions. With lines 19-21, 24-7, 32-6 of the
poem above compare the following extracts
from the ' Apologetical Dialogue ' affixed to
' The Poetaster ' : —
O, this would make a learned and liberal soul
To rive his stained quill up to the back,
And damn his long-watched labours to the fire.
I that spend half my nights and all my days
Here in a cell, to get a dark pale face,
To come forth worthy ivy or the bays,
And in this age can hope no other grace.
Once I '11 say
To strike the ear of time in those fresh strains
As shall, beside the cunning of the ground,
Give cause to some of wonder, some despite,
And more despair, to imitate their sound.
Seventhly, this poem occurs in the MS.
immediately after the ' Ode to Himself '
printed in ' Underwoods ' (No. xli.). Eighthly,
in this last - mentioned poem Jonson also
quotes from the same ' Apologetical Dia-
logue.' William Dinsmore Briggs.
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIA-
TION : LONDON HEAD-QUARTERS.
For some years past the institution of an
American historical students' bureau in
London has been contemplated by several
influential scholars " on the other side."
This has now been established under the
title of a London Head -quarters of the
American Historical Association. Temporary
rooms in Holborn have been secured, and
these will be opened on June 15th by the
American Ambassador in the presence of
Viscount Bryce, the first Chairman of the
Head- quarters. There will be a Committee
of senior students, with Dr. Frances Daven-
port as Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. Percivai
Newton as Hon. Secretary. Mr. Hubert
Hall will act as Vice-Chairman.
The affairs of the London Head- quarters
will be under the control of a Committee of
the American Historical Association, which
is now the largest and most active historical
society of our own time. It is hoped that
before long the American students, like the
members of the English Historical Associa-
tion, will be able to find accommodation in
the premises of the Royal Historical Society.
Amongst those already at work on London
archives may be mentioned Prof. C. H.
Hull, Mr. G. L. Beer, and Miss Scofield,
besides Dr. Wallace, who is always with
us. Prof. Osgood and other well-known
scholars will arrive during the summer.
BOOKS IN BELFAST.
Ken sal Lodge, N.W.
Your reviewer's assertion (May 30th)
that Mr. Frankfort Moore's remarks apply
to an earlier period than Mr. Beatty's only
makes matters worse. When Mr. Moore was
a schoolboy in Belfast in " the sixties "
there were at least five good booksellers'
shops where he could have bought his books,
even as his schoolfellows did. There was
Wm. Mullan in Donegal Place, who had a
branch publishing house at 4, Paternoster
Square, and published the works of Prof.
Freeman, Edward Jenkins, and others ; John
Henderson of Castle Place, who published
editions of Burns, Wilson, and Tannahill ;
opposite him Christopher Aitchison, a
scholar and bibliographer, who compiled
' The Irish Librarian,' a work in five folio
MS. volumes, now in the National Library
of Ireland, Dublin ; Wm. Henry Greer, a
cultured gentleman, in the High Street,
almost opposite Mr. Moore's own door; and
round the corner, in Victoria Street, Mr.
James Reed, poet and printer and book-
seller too. To me it is extraordinary how
Mr. Moore can have forgotten all these.
Mr. Beatty errs in saying " the country
never produced a systematically issued
second-hand catalogue." Carson's ' Biblio-
theca Hibernica ' was for years the best
compiled second - hand catalogue on the
market. Clery's, Hindi's, and O'Donog-
hue's existed for years, and to-day few pro-
vincial catalogues can compare with those
issued regularly by Hodges & Figgis and
Hanna & Neale of Dublin, Massey of Cork,,
and Taggart of Belfast.
Editor ' Irish Book Lover.'
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
Xitn-aru ©nssip.
Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace is
among those who are to receive the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Glasgow
University on Commemoration Dav, June
23rd.
The seventh Erewhon dinner will take
place at the Holborn Restaurant on
Friday. Jury 3rd. Ladies are to be
included, and the date has been fixed by
Mrs. Bernard Shaw. who. with her hus-
band, intends to be present.
On Wednesday last the birth of Roger
Bacon in 1214 was commemorated at
Oxford by the unveiling of a marble statue
in the University Museum and various
addresses. There was also an exhibition
of Bacon MSS. at the Bodleian. The
statue, which is the work of Mr. Herbert
Pinker, was unveiled by Sir Archibald
Geikie. Bacon is shown at full length in
the habit of a Franciscan friar, holding in
hLs hands an astrolabe.
Ax Educational Conference, organ-
ized by a committee drawn from a number
of well-known societies, is to meet during
the last three days of next week at London
University. South Kensington. Its general
purport is ' Next Steps in Educational
Progress,3 and this is to be elucidated by
papers on the functions of the School
Clinic ; Children's eyesight and books ;
sex instruction ; training of the emotions
and aesthetic faculty ; civics ; the training
of the adolescent ; and several other
subjects. The readers of papers are, for
the most part, well known to those
interested in education.
An exhibition to illustrate modern
methods of teaching history is to form a
feature of the Conversazione which, on
July 1st. will close the Session at King's
College. The exhibition will be kept
open on July 2nd and 3rd from 5 to 8 p.m.,
and on July 4th from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., and
on these three days admission will be
free, and teachers will be invited to listen
to addresses on aspects of the teaching
of history by Trof. J. W. Adamson, Prof.
I . J. C. Hearnshaw. Mr. A. P. Xewton,
and Mr. A. A. Cook.
Mr. Collison Morley writes : —
' Your Gossip last week on Landor as a
writer of Latin verso reminds me of a story
which has never been printed. Soon after
the death of her husband, Marion Craw-
ford's mother was spending the summer
near Siena, where Landor used to visit her
nearly every day. When she asked him
what lif had been doing, he invariably
answered that he had been writing Latin
verse. She was very much afraid of the
terrible old man, but one day summoned up
courage to ask him why he did not write
English instead of Latin. ' Madam.' was
the reply, ' I am sure of my Latin.'
In correction of the opening statement
contained in the report of Prof. Kiilpo's
lectures on ' Psychologie and /Esthetik.'
given in our la-t i-sue, the authorities of
Bedford College ask us to state that the
lectures were delivered at the invitation
of the Senate of the University of London.
under the seheme for advanced lectures in
the Faculty of Arts.
The Grand-Duke Michel Michailo-
witch has presented to the Institut de
Fiance several manuscripts by Sainte-
Beuve and Merimee. These documents
will form an addition to the collection
known as the Spoelberch de Lovenjoul
MSS., preserved at Chantilly.
The works of Prof. Bergson have been
put upon the Index — on the ground, it
is said, that their plausibility is not less
dangerous than frank materialism.
Mr. S. Richard Fuller gave an elo-
quent address on ' Cleopatra and her
Children ' at the Lyceum Club on June
10th. The manner was of more interest
than the matter, for he showed a fine
sense of words, and read his paper with
much feeling.
Messrs. Putnam have in hand ' Judicial
Interpretation of Political Theory,' by
Dr. W. B. Bizzell, a study in the relation
of the Courts to the American party
system ; and a new edition of ' Political
Parties and Party Problems in the United
States,' by Prof. James A. Woodburn. The
latter book has been not only thoroughly
revised, but also enlarged, in order to
give space to the recent development
in American party histor}\
Messrs. Const aele are about to pub-
lish a political novel entitled ' Tributaries,'
the work of a well-known author, who, in
order to express more freely his views on
politics, religion, and other engrossing
subjects, has chosen, in this case, to be
anonymous. The central theme of the
story is the life of a man of humble origin,
a dissenter in religion, and an ultra-
radical in politics, who rises to fame and
Cabinet rank, and subsequently — it is
said — discovers the part that " tributaries,'
i.e., sex, class, hindrances, and money,
play in life. It is claimed for the book
that it is not only a thorough-going study
of modern politics and of the various
schools of religious thought, but also an
entertaining story, so that both the serious
and the frivolous may be expected to like
it.
Messrs. Duckworth are about to
publish a work by Dr. Wu, entitled
' America and the Americans from a
Chinese Point of View.' On the face of it
this is rather a promising enterprize.
We are afraid that Dr. Wu hardly repre-
sents the ancient, traditional fossilized
Chinese whom we used to learn about
in our childhood, and whose criticism
of America would have been delightful
as a meeting of extremes. He has been
popular in American society. Still, we
trust that the accommodation which
made him so is only superficial, and that
he will turn out to be a genuinely Chinese
critic of the most ebullient portion of the
Western world.
Tin: Commitiki; OF THE BbttISB A< \-
Dio.Mv. which is undertaking, with the
help of a Parliamentary grant in aid.
the publication of a series of ' Records of
the Social and Economic History of
England and Wales,' will shortly issue
their first volume, the 'Survey of the
Honour of Denbigh, 1334,' edited by Prof.
YinogradofT (who is Director of Publica-
tions) and Mr. Frank Morgan. The
series will bear the imprint of Mr. Hum-
phrey Milford, publisher to the British
Academy ; and it is proposed, as far as-
possible, to bring out three volumes every
two years. The Black Book of St.
Augustine, Canterbury, will probably be
the second work published.
To the series of " Schools of Philo-
sophy," edited by Sir Henry Jones, and
published by Messrs. Macmiuan, is about
to be added a work from the pen of
Prof. John Burnet on * Greek Philosophv —
Part I. Thales to Plato.'
Mr. Graham Wallas, author of Human
Nature in Politics,' is publishing a new
work called ' The Great Society.' By
this term he means social organization
on the scale made possible by modern
mechanical inventions ; and he is attempt-
ing a psychological study of the conditions
of success in such an organization. The-
book will be issued by Messrs. Macmillan
on June 19th.
The ninth and last volume of Sir James-
Balfour Paul's v Scots Peerage ' is now
completed, and will be published imme-
diately. It contains 170 pages of Addenda
et Corrigenda — new information which
has come to light since the publication of
the previous volumes. An elaborate index,
the work of Mrs. Margaret Stuart, ex-
tends to 748 pages, and contains between
forty and fifty thousand names, all of
which are sufficiently described to enable
them to be identified individually.
Dr. W. W. Tulloch is engaged on a
book to be called ' The Compleat Scots-
man.' He hopes to tell all the well-
known Scots stories and many others-
hardly known at all.
The 1914-15 volume of ' Who's Who in
America,' an invaluable work of reference
first published in 1899, is to be issued
in this country by Messrs. Stanley Paul.
It contains nearly 3,000 pages, and in-
cludes 20,000 men and women.
Messrs. Harrison & Sons will publish
an international Peerage, to be called k The
Titled Nobility of Furope,' compiled by
the Marquis de Ruvignv. It will be issued
hereafter annually in December. The
historical notice and all titles will be given
in English, but biographical details will
usually be in the language of the family
to which they refer.
We are sorry to notice the death .of
Jules Troubat, Sainte- Heme's last secre-
tary. He was born in 1836, and had known
the literary world of the Second Krnpire
intimately. The greater part of his works-
are devoted to the author of the ' ( auseries
du Lundi.' He edited, for instance,
Sainte- I'.euve's ' Correspondance,' the un-
finished book on Proudhon, a series of
uncollected articles, and ' Les Chroniques-
I'arisienncs.' He also published under
his own name ' Souvenirs et Indiscretions,'
" Souvenirs du Dernier Secretaire de
Sainte- lieuve.' and ' Sainte- Beuve intimo
et familier.'
830
THE ATHEN2EUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
SCIENCE
SCIENTIFIC FARMING.
* Greater Profits from Land ' should
attract attention. A fundamentally
important question (underlying social
reform) is the relation of the food supply
to the needs of the population of to-day
and of the future. It has been variously
answered. On the one hand, we have
the almost universally accepted belief
that the world's food supply would be
ample for the needs of its inhabitants
if it were only properly distributed,
and the assertions of Prince Kropotkin
as to the possibilities of agricultural
development ; on the other, the Mal-
thusian-Darwinian doctrine, which teaches
us that human life, like that of the
lower animals, continually increases
with, and presses upon, the food supply ;
the statistical investigations of M. G.
Hardy, who has demonstrated that the
world's food supply, even if ideally dis-
tributed, would only provide a ration of
proteid equal to two-thirds of that re-
quired for physiological efficiency, and
the warnings of Prof. Crookes and Prof.
Dixon as to the growing scarcity of fer-
tilizing material and the prospect of its
early exhaustion. When we turn to
agricultural experts themselves the case
is little better. Many agricultural chem-
ists tell us that ordinary soil contains
sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus, and po-
tassium to allow full crops to be taken
from it for many decades without re-
fertilization ; while practice, backed by
more recent scientific investigation, shows
that these constituents appear to become
available only at an extremely slow rate,
and that one gets very little out of the
soil, after a few years of working, in
excess of what one puts in as manure.
The comparatively few experimental farms
which have been started appear frequently
to have given misleading results, because
they were too far detached from practical
considerations ; while, on the other hand,
the practical farmer has frequently con-
demned valuable fertilizers as useless
because he has employed them without
sufficient scientific knowledge.
Few people have apparently done so
much to evolve order out of this chaos as
the writer of this book, and, although some
of his conclusions are already incorporated
in standard agricultural treatises, a
study of his volume will well repay the
practical, trained agriculturist. It con-
tains a most painstaking and laboriously
compiled record of the experiments carried
out between 1895 and 1903 on Lord Rose-
bery's farm at Dalmeny, started on the
Greater Profits from Land : The Secret of
Successful Farming : A Practical Treatise
■on the Land, and an Exposition of Agri-
cultural Research, including a Complete
Report of the Dalmeny Experiments, with
Scales of Unexhausted Manurial Values
applicable to Various Systems of Farming,
<bc. By A. L. Drysdale. (Edinburgh,
The Edina Publishing Co.; London, Fisher
Unwin, 10s. net.)
basis of the " new soil science " of bio-
logical chemistry inaugurated by Hunter
and McAlpine in 1879.
Mr. Drysdale in an interesting in-
troductory chapter sketches the history
of scientific agricultural development,
showing the impetus given to it from the
chemical side by Liebig in 1841, and
the rise of experimental research. His
criticisms of the Rothamsted and other
experimental farms are extremely drastic,
and will no doubt receive attention from
their upholders, but it must be said that
they are worthy of full consideration,
and that he makes out a very good case
for the methods followed at Dalmeny.
He credits Messrs. Hunter and McAlpine
with having made by 1880 the following
important discoveries : (a) The existence
of bacteria in the nodules of the legu-
minosae with a power of absorbing
nitrogen from the air ; (6) the various
kinds of bacteria engaged in the work of
nitrification ; (c) the necessity for lime
as an adjunct to bacteriological action ;
{d) the prevention of this action by excess
of lime ; (e) the formation by lime in
the surface soil of insoluble silicates ;
(/) the production by nitrifying bacteria
of carbonic acid which must be removed
by drainage.
The great importance of these points
is now acknowledged by agricultural
experts, although credit for them is
frequently given to other workers. Mr.
Drysdale claims for his experimental
farm at Dalmeny, not only that it was
founded with this " new soil science " as
a basis, but also that it was the first to
unite scientific with practical agricultural
considerations.
It is impossible to follow the great
number of experiments with various
fertilizers carried out by the author, but
a glance at the book will satisfy any one
of the advantage of studying it. From
a number of experiments with mixtures
of various kinds the author deduces by a
process of elimination the results of each
constituent, these being completely set
forth in a long series of tables.
It may, perhaps, be urged that it
would have been better to express more
of the quantities in weights rather
than in pounds, shillings, and pence, in
these days of varying prices. It is un-
fortunate, also, that no mention is made
of two important modern electrically pro-
duced " artificials " — calcium nitrate and
calcium cyanide — which have the ad-
vantage of combining nitrogen and lime.
Probably Mr. Drysdale' s experiments
were completed before the advent of
these fertilizers. Nor do we find much
consideration of the important question
of sub-soiling and weathering, or the
effect of free carbon such as is found in
soot or nitrolin. But we must be grateful
to the author for the work he has done.
His book should give a considerable
impetus to agricultural science — not least
in the controversy which it seems likely
to provoke. If by following out his
directions others are able systematically
to obtain results as good as his, the era
of profitable farming is at hand.
The Antiquity of Man in Europe : being
the Munro Lectures, 1913. By James
Geikie. (Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd ;
London, Gurney & Jackson, 10<s. Qd. net.)
Whatever the archaeologist and the
anthropologist may have to say about
the antiquity of man, it is after all the
geologist, and he alone, who has a right
to speak when it comes to a question of
probable dates. Not that the geologist
possesses any general chronometer whereby
he can register the flux of time in
terms of our ordinary units. When lie
unearths a stone implement, it is not to be
expected that he should estimate its age in
years, or thousands of years ; but he
has a chronology all his own which enables
him in many cases to fix its relative age.
This, however, is no easy matter. It
depends on such data as the nature and
superposition of the neighbouring deposits,
and the character of any associated
remains of plant and animal life. It is
believed by most authorities that pre-
historic man probably lived through a
long succession of climatic changes, but
this conclusion is based on evidence of a
complicated character, to be interpreted
only by one who has specially studied
the later periods of geological history.
Prof. James Geikie is weH known as
having been for many years an enthu-
siastic student of the sequence of geo-
graphical and climatic changes during the
Pleistocene period, and any work from
his pen on man's antiquity should com-
mand immediate attention.
Although he tells the familiar story of
early man as revealed in cave-deposits
and river-drifts with much mastery of
detail, it is not this that gives individuality
to his present work ; it is the relation of
man to the Great Ice Age that forms its
central theme. Glacial geology is a sub-
ject bristling with difficulties, but Prof.
Geikie has never hesitated to handle it
with much boldness. Even those who
find themselves unable to accept all his
conclusions will admire his ingenuity and
industry in seeking to trace a chrono-
logical sequence in the glacial and inter-
glacial deposits of this part of the world.
It is believed that the Glacial period, so
far from having been a long uninterrupted
time of arctic severity, was subject to
important fluctuations of temperature ;
and a study of the organic relics from
glacial deposits has led certain observers
to conclude that the rigorous conditions
were so far ameliorated from time to
time that glacial and genial climates may
have alternated. Prof. Geikie recognizes
a succession of no fewer than six glacial
stages separated by five interglacial epi-
sodes, and for these successive periods he
proposed, some twenty years ago, a
nomenclature, which with some modi-
fication he follows in these lectures.
It becomes a question of supreme
interest to ascertain at which of these
climatic stages man made his first appear-
ance in Europe. Prof. Geikie believes
that the oldest human remains yet dis-
covered on the Continent may be referred
No. 4520, June 13. 1014
THE ATHENiEUM
831
to the epoch that he calls t ho Nbrfolkian,
or First Interglacial epoch. It is to this
stage that he is disposed to assign the
famous mandible of simian type, with
human teeth, found a few years ago near
Heidelberg. The Piltdown skull, about
which so much has lately been written, is
probably as old as the Heidelberg speci-
men, perhaps even older, but still early
Pleistocene. Prof. Geikie's First Inter-
glacial epoch coincides with that of the
Norfolk Forest-Bed series, which, in the
opinion of many geologists, fits in between
the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. The
recent discovery of flints presumably
worked by man under the Red Crag of
Suffolk should carry his antiquity far
back into the Pliocene age — a conclusion
which, the author admits, is probable, but
to which, with the evidence before him
at the time of the lectures, be hesitated to
give unqualified assent.
The Chellean stage of culture, followed
by the Acheulian, he places in the Second
Interglacial epoch, now known as the
Tyrolian epoch, though formerly called
by him the Helvetian. Interglacial con-
ditions, after having prevailed for a pro-
tracted period, gradually gave way to a
revival of glacial conditions, culminating
in the Polonian or Third Glacial epoch.
This period, notwithstanding its severe
climate, appears, in the author's view,
to have witnessed the advent of the
Mousterian culture, which extended into
the following Diirntenian or Third Inter-
glacial epoch. The Aurignacian. the Solu-
trean, and the Magdalenian men were
•dated with the Fourth Glacial epoch,
known as the Mecklenburgian. when at
length the palaeolithic age came to a
close.
It has always seemed strange to those
who believe in the gradual evolution of
culture that there should be apparently
an abrupt break in prehistoric chronology
between the early stone-using age and
the later stone age. Many attempts have
been made to span the gap. Certain
implements, for instance, have been called
mesolithic on the assumption that they
arc intermediate between palaeoliths and
neoliths. The late Prof. Piette described
many years ago some prehistoric deposits
that he considered transitional in this
respect, and since these occurred near
Ma- d'Azil, at the foot of the Pyrenees,
the stage of culture which they were
supposed to represent has been termed
A/.ilian. The author, however, hesitates
to accept this view of their age, and
holds that the hiatus has not yet been
bridged.
Whatever view may be taken of Prof.
Geikie's ingenious rendering of a com-
plicated chronology, it will be admitted
that his Munro Lectures are a valuable
contribution to anthropological geology.
They are admirably written, well printed
in bold type, and amply supplied with
illustrations. Among these are four
coloured maps showing Europe during
successive glacial and interglacial epochs.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquaries. — May 28. — sir
Arthur Evans, President, in the chair.
.Mr. A. L. Radford, exhibited some panels
of English regal heraldic >,'lass. .Most of it,
was of the period of King Henry VIII., and
showed the arms of thai king; of Edward VI. as
Prince of Wales ; and of Queen Jane Seymour,
and also a panel with tile badge of the latter.
Most of the shields are surrounded with wreaths
of foliage or of classical designs, all of exception-
ally line execution. Another panel was made up
of quarries with K crowned and the hoar's head,
the badge of Richard III.
Mr, J. P. Bushe-Fox road a paper on the recent
excavations at Hengistbury Head, Hants.
Hengistbury Head is situated to the east of
Bournemouth, and south of Christchurch Har-
bour. In prehistoric times if had been converted
into a promontory fort by the throwing up of large
earthworks. The area actually explored amounted
to about forty-two acres. Throe barrows, two of
them 100 feet in diameter, were also dug: these
yielded some fine examples of Bronze Age pottery.
With one of the burials was an incense cup, a
bronze and amber pendant, some amber beads,
and two gold bosses. The settlement was situated
on a gently sloping tract of land bordering the
harbour, on the north side of the Head. The
inhabitants lived in huts composed of wattle and
daub, with clay and gravel lloors. There was
evidence of working in gold, silver, bronze, iron,
glass, and Kimmeridge shale. The presence of
loom weights and spindle whorls shows that they
knew the art of weaving. They also appear to
have minted coins to a large extent, over 4,000
gold, silver, and bronze examples being found, as
well as metal in the crude state. The greater
part of the coins were British, with a sprinkling of
Gaulish and Channel Islands examples ; many of
them were new types. A large number were of a
typo that has only once been found before, and in
tlie same locality. Those were all in mint condi-
tion, and appeared to have never been in circula-
tion. About 100 Roman coins were found in
connexion with these British examples. The
latest of these belonged to the reign of Antoninus
Pius of the middle of the second century a.d.
That British coins should have been minted in the
second century A.D. is of extreme interest, as it
shows that the inhabitants of this part of the
island, at any rate, had been little affected by
the Roman occupation that began nearly a
hundred years before.
.Many small objects were also met with, includ-
ing a bracelet of thick twisted gold wire, part of a
gold torque, many brooches and other articles of
different metals, also glass beads and bracelets of
different colours.
The occupation of the site must have begun
at an early period, as a large number of flints were
discovered, most of them belonging to the Neo-
lithic period. The latest objects found may be
placed in the fourth century a.d.
It has been very difficult to fill the gap between
the end of the Bronze Age and the period imme-
diately preceding the Roman period in this island.
The excavations at Hengistbury have added
considerably to our knowledge in this respect.
This period has been divided into two sections
on the Continent, which have been named after
sites where a large number of objects have been
found, viz., Hallstatt, in the Austrian Tyrol (800
to 400 B.C.), and La Tene in Switzerland (too
B.C. to the Koman period). At Hengistbury a
complete series of pottery, including the Hallstatt
and La Tene periods, has been found. Many of
the Hengistbury types have direct parallels in
such places as the Armorican peninsular, the
Valley of the Aisne, Bavaria, and the south-west
of France and the Pyrenees. Their prototypes
may, in many instances, be traced back to the
niyro-Italic people) who inhabited the north of
Italy and the lands north of the Adriatic.
The" Hengistbury examples include some fine
specimens of tlie pedestal ;md cordoned urns, as
well as pottery decorated with running scrolls, the
Greek 6e< and crave patterns.
British .Vi MhM.mc. — May 27. — Mr. Garlyon-
Britton, President, in the chair. — Major John
Henry Leslie and Mr. Charles Henry Seathcote
Were elected members.
Mi™ Helen Farquhar read a paper, illustrated
by lantern-slides, on ' Touchpieces, in which,
after passing in review the evidence concerning
"the royal ceremony of healing" in Median u
and Tudor time-,, die produced new mailer from
contemporary manuscripts relating to the rite aa
practised by the Stuarts, she proved thai a
brass medalet ordered in L635 from the chief-
graver at Ihi' Tower was not, as had lately been
Believed, a substitute for the gold angel of
Charles I., hut was a pass (or tally) given to the
patient by the surgeon-in-chief to ensure; his
admission to the King's presence, and to Certify
that he was a sufferer from I he disease known as
"the King's Evil." Miss ETarquhar thus re-
moved the mistaken impression thai Charles I.
resorted to a token of base metal as a. touch-
piece whilst the mint in London was still available
for the production of (he gold coin : and she
instanced in corroboration the fact, now known,
that angels were there coined until the actual
outbreak of the civil War. she also drew atten-
tion to certain documents which showed that
suggestions were made for reducing the Weight
of t lie gold touchpieces, which had been substituted
for ( he coinage of angels under ( Iharles 1 1., because
of the great numbers resorting to that King to he
touched. Although the suggestions were in. I
then accepted, the reduction was made in the
following reign; and later, in the days of his
poverty in exile, James II. was further com-
pelled to substitute silver for the traditional gold
piece.
Amongst the exhibitions were a series of touch-
pieces, by Miss Farquhar, and of angels from the
reign of Henry VI. to that of Charles I. by the
President. Three specimens of the- medalet, or
pass, of 1635 were shown by Miss Farquhar, Mr.
Henry Symonds, and Mr. J. O. Manton. Its
device was : obverse, the Hand of Providence
issuing from the clouds over the heads of four
men below ; legend, he tovched [them ; reverse,
Rose and thistle beneath a royal crown ; legend,
AND THEY WEAKE HEALED. Mr. Lawrence
showed part of a set of silver counters illustrating
the cries of London tradesmen.
Linnean. — June 4. — Prof. E. B. Poullmi,
President, in the chair. The President announced
that he had appointed the following to be Vice-
Presidents during the? ensuing year : — Prof. W. A.
Herdman, Prof. E. A. Minchin, Mr. Horace W.
Monckton, and Mr. H. X. Ridley.
The Rev. George Henslow gave an address on
' Darwin's Alternative Explanation of the Origin
of Species, ivithout the .Means of Natural Selec-
tion.'
Mr. Guy C. Etobson gave an abstract of his
paper, ' On a Collection of Land and Freshwatei
Gastropods from Madagascar, with Descriptions of
a new Genus and new Species. The affinities of
the species examined were found to he mainly
Oriental and not African.
Mr. James Lomax exhibited series of sections of
t he ent ire vertical thickness of a scam of coal, also
shown by photographs of sections in the lantern.
Prof. H. H. W. Pearson contributed a paper,
'Notes on the Morphology of Certain Structures
concerned in Reproduction in the Genus Gne&um.'
Tins account was of an investigation of (1) Andro-
gynous and Pseudoandrogynous spil.es of Onetum
(Inemon; (2) The young embryosac of O. afri<,i-
num.
The last paper was by Prof. C. Chilton on ' lh In,
a Subantarctic Genua of Terrestrial Crustacea.'
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK
Ten.
Wed.
Tin ii*
Horticultural, ".—'Certain Aspects of Plants in Relation to
their Environment. Prof .1 B Parmer.
Palestine Exploration Fund, 8.30. „,.,_.
Asiatic, 4.— ' On Central \sian Studies. Mr 8 Wn.
Statistical, n. — ' Economic Reluions of tlie British Mid
German Umpires. Mr K. Crainniood.
Anthropoloui.il Institute, 8.18. — 'The Cheddar Man. a
Skeleton of late Palaeolithic Arc. Profs. C. (i Hehgnnnu
and P G. Parsons.
Colonial Institute. B.80.— 'The Early History of the East
African Coast. Mr R. 0. P. Maugham.
Metei.roloui.il I '■'■" —'The Kainfallof the Southern Pennines.
Mr B c Wallis; The Relation between Wind Direction
and Kainiail. Mr H G liartlctt. ....
University of Ijondon. B.80.— ' \pproach Marches, Lieut < ol.
Neill Malcolm
Folk Lore, n —■ Roumanian Popular Tales and Legend of
Birds, Beasts, and Inserts 1 >r Haider
Royal I ::n — "I'rypanosonie Diseases of Domestic Animal' in
Nyasalau.l : Part III. Development in Qlottina moTtltant :
Tryimnosomes found In wild '. litems and wild
Game in the ' Fly Belt ' of the Upper Shire Valley; the
Food of Qloutna mortitani; infe.tivity ot (Tic
iiiornif.ii.il in NyiiHaland during I'.i-j ami OI3, Sing lien.
HrD Bruce, MsJ \. E Hunatoo l .pi D.P Watson and
Lady Bruce ; ' On the Relation between tie- Thymus anil the
Generative Organs, and on the Influence of these Organs
uiwn Growth Messrs. I. T. Hainan mid F II. A Marshall;
'Tin Vapour Pressure Hypothesis of contraction of Striated
Mus.l. Mr II B Itoaf ; and other Papers.
Geographical. ■>. . __ . __
Chemical 8.30 —'Nitrogenous Constituents of Hops. Hi,
A i haston (hapniau; The Isomerism of the Oxlmes:
Part IV The constitution of the A' methyl Ethers of Ihc
Aldoxinies and the Absorption Spectra of Oximes. I heir
Sodium Salts snd Mcthvl Elhers Mr 0. L Brady; "i he
Wet Oxidation of Metals : Part III The Corrosion of I e»d.
Messrs. B. L«nil.ert and H. E. Cullls ; Studies in the
Camphaiie 8erie« : Part XXXV Isomeric Hydrazoximis of
Camphoruulnone and some Derivatives of Amlnocamphor.
Messrs. M. O. Porster and E. Kunz ; and other Papers.
832
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
FINE ARTS
SSix Centuries of Painting. By Randall
Davies. (T. C. & E. C. Jack, 10s. 6d.
net.)
Tub title of this work brings home to us
the brevity of the history of European
painting. We may ourselves witness half
.a century of artistic activity, and there are
but twelve of such periods included in this
•chronicle. It is a reflection which revives
-our sense of our own potentialities : the
contemporary painter and, in hardly less
■degree, his patron are seen in something
like their true importance. The book
would have gained in utility if some such
practical moral had been more obviously
traceable as arising from the perusal of
the many scores, if not hundreds, of brief
biographies of which it is made up. If the
biographical form does not bring home to
us the value of the individual artist, and
the importance of supporting him, it has,
indeed, few merits to put against its dis-
advantages. Doubtless, it is difficult to
interest the general public for whom Mr.
Davies is writing in the art of painting,
rather than in the personalities of the
Artists ; but to embark upon and drop
picturesque personalities, at the rate
sometimes of two in a page, implies a loss
-of continuity just as tiresome as technical
explanations, and, perhaps, less useful.
'The traditional gossip about artists, with
which this type of popular history is full,
is surely trivial and, when delivered in this
scattered form, is not attractive.
As a purveyor of gossip of such a kind,
with a running commentary of casual
■criticism, Mr. Davies is more careful and
exact than many of his predecessors. He
is modestly inclined to quote other people's
opinions on, and even descriptions of,
pictures rather than give his own,
■&\ erring that " in some cases a dead lion
is decidedly better than a live dog."
■S')me of his " lions " roar gently enough,
as when, for the space of twenty-seven lines,
he quotes " Smith " in a descriptive
in .'■entory of the subject-matter of a
Wouwerman which is hanging at Hert-
ford House for any Londoner to see if he
pleases. In an historian who devotes
nineteen lines in all to Vermeer, and four-
teen and thirteen respectively to Chardin
.and Cotman, and cuts out the brothers
Le Nain altogether, this seems an excessive
deference to Smith's power of cataloguing.
'The quotation of published opinions of
a known picture at various dates is, how-
ever, sometimes of interest when used to
mark the changes taste undergoes. Mr.
Davies publishes a curious extract (p. 107)
from a letter from the Countess of Carlisle,
in which she says : —
" I saw the gallery at Castle Howard in
1850. The three Maries (Caracci) was then
regarded as one of the great pictures of the
world, and they told the story of how Lord
< 'arlisle and Lord Ellesmere and Lord •,
who shared the Paris Purchases (after the
Peace of 1815) between them, had to cast
lots for this, because it was thought to be
•worth more than all the rest of the spoil."
Mr. Davies deprecates criticism by
admitting that his work may appear
" imperfect or ill-proportioned to the
specialist of any particular school." For
our own part, we are far from complaining
if he occasionally gives more attention to
these parts of his subject which he is best
qualified to write about. To our regret
we find him hardly ever guilty of a definite
personal contribution, vanishing, indeed, so
completely behind respectable authorities
that his book is almost an example of
how by much reading one may become a
writer. We look in vain for any reversals
of judgments. Even his statement (p. 306)
that Turner " would be included by any-
one in a list of twenty, or, perhaps, a dozen
of the greatest painters of the world," is
less a revision of accepted opinion than a
failure to recognize that in some quarters
there has been a revision ; and such little
generalization as serves to bind together
his array of biography and " sale room "
information is of the customary and rather
obvious order. The " revolt " of nine-
teenth-century painting, the corrupting
effect of Italian ideals on northern painters
from Mabuse onwards, &c, are all gone
through once more with a stolid devotion
to duty which suggests that Mr. Davies
is writing a primer to enable students to
pass some of the examinations in art
adumbrated by the University of London.
Perhaps, from the standard of a University
examiner, we should find too much stress
laid on Rubens as a profound student of
classical art. Surely he treated it much
as the elder Dumas treated history, and
was accordingly not hampered, as were
others who approached it with less know-
ledge of their own requirements and less
impudence in selection. If our suggestion
of the function of the book is justified, it
will be amusing to see the candidates for
examination cheerily declaring the Royal
Academy to be the enemy of art in
England, or being plucked for their ignor-
ance of historic fact.
The fifty coloured illustrations are of
the usual type, making tolerable prints in
inverse ratio to their degree of resemblance
to the picture : Botticelli's ' Nativity '
from the National Gallery (Plate IV.) is
one of the most successful.
A Short History of Italian Painting. By
Alice van Vechten Brown and William
Rankin. (J. M. Dent, 7s. 6d. net.)
The authors of this book have endea-
voured to compile
" a guide to the study of Italian painting
sufficiently clear and detailed for the be-
ginner, and yet embodjnng the results of
modern criticism."
They may fairly claim to have achieved
this ; the book is simply written, well
illustrated, and embodies the now gener-
ally accepted judgments on the various
artists and their schools. As is truly
observed in the preface, these judgments
are now quite other than they were forty
years ago. The pre-eminence of Raphael
and Michangelo, so long unquestioned, is
now no longer assumed. They share
their fame to-day with the masters of the
other Italian cities, and are often dis-
paraged in favour of artists previously
almost unknown. Ruskin, in spite of his
pomposity and unscientific methods, ren-
dered invaluable services to art criticism
in drawing attention to the great beauty
of primitive painting, and the glories of the
School of Venice. His work, and that of
subsequent critics, have established a
tradition which it is as anarchistic to
question to-day, as it was to maintain it
fifty years ago.
Stated briefly, the present tradition is
this : primitive painters — notably those of
Florence and Siena — are held to be good ;
so also are the painters of the Renaissance
in all the cities. After the middle of the
sixteenth century, all Italian painting is
held to be bad ; a slight exception being
sometimes made for the eighteenth century
painters of Venice, Guardi and Canaletto,
these artists being, however, treated as
" modern." The critics arrive at these
general results by various routes, accord-
ing to their personal tastes and tempera-
ments. Some base their admiration for
the primitives on their obvious religious
enthusiasm and sincerity, and they apply
this, with some stretch of imagination, to
the painters of the Renaissance ; others
discourse of their rhythm and sense of
dignity, others of their childlike love of
nature, of their search for the naturalistic,
or of their qualities of imagination. Miss
van Vechten Brown and Mr. William
Rankin do not state definitely how they
arrive at the accepted judgments, nor is it,
perhaps, necessary in a book of these
dimensions that they should do so. They
are on the sale side, the side of the official
critics of the moment, and they have not
set out to do more than put forward the
tradition in a concise form.
What is yet to be written is a history of
Italian art from {lie painter's point of
view, Avhere painting shall be considered
essentially as such. Here we should see
Italian art continually torn between two
ideals ; on the one hand, the men who
regarded painting primarily as the cover-
ing of a space with beautiful surfaces and
rare colours ; on the other, the men who
regarded it primarily as a means of
imitating the appearance of natural pheno-
mena. In Florence and Siena the primi-
tives, in Venice the great painters of the
Renaissance, belonged to the first class.
From this point of view, we put together
such artists as Duccio, Simone Martini,
Fra Angelico, Carpaccio, Titian, Veronese,
and Tintoretto — to take names at random
— and, on the other side, we group as
painters with the imitative ideal such men
as Giovanni Bellini, Rafael, and Michel-
angelo. Occasionally, isolated artists occur
who do not fit into these categories. We
find, for example, Botticelli, with a
morbid love of line ; and Leonardo, with
a morbid love of light and shade ; but
these are the two main channels of Italian
painting. There is great beauty in the
actual texture of painting by the " decora-
tive " artists, a beauty analogous to the
beauty of porcelain or embroidery ; some-
times it is delicate and finely wrought, as
in the primitives of Florence and Siena ;
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
833
Bometimea it is sumptuous, as in the
Venetian masters ; and this beauty is
absent from the work of the " naturalists."
From this point of view, certain of the
eclectics — Caravaggio and Guercino, for
example — carry on the decorative tradi-
tion. Their colour, it is true, is heavy, and
the forced light and shade a less pleasing
convention than the earlier one of diffused
light ; but both these artists handled
paint as painters rejoicing in their medium,
and they often achieve an agreeable and
intelligently varied surface.
The authors of this history appear
inclined to imagine that all the Italian
painters, from Cimabue to Canaletto, were
striving continually towards the " natural-
istic." They frequently employ phrases
such as art *' freeing itself " from con-
ventions. This is as fundamentally false
as to suppose that Chinese artists or
Japanese were striving to become natural-
istic. The naturalistic ideal in painting —
the ideal which would be fulfilled by colour
photography — is a specifically European
one, limited to a certain section of Euro-
pean painters, and, in the case of Italy, to
a certain number only of her painters.
The book is well arranged, although the
dividing of the Renaissance period into
four sections : the Proto-Renaissance,
Early Renaissance, Renaissance, and High
Renaissance — seems unnecessarily aca-
demic ; and there is an excellent bib-
liography, as well as a useful index to
painters and their works.
MR. LAVERY'S RETROSPECTIVE
EXHIBITION.
The collection of works at the Grosvenor
Gallery is one of which it is peculiarly diffi-
cult to make a just estimate. We would not
fall into the vulgar error of depreciating Mr.
Lavery just because he is successful, and
there are certain of his smaller works, like
The River GOO) or the Japanese Switzerland
(97) of last year, which are gracefully
designed and painter- like in handling, and
clearly indicate an eye for colour; while his
large Royal Portrait Group (1), also of last
year, confirms, on a second view, our first
good opinion of it. It is, perhaps, the best
of the artist's compositions, instead of one
of his worst, as one might expect. On the
other hand, there is much dull painting in the
show — Mrs. Harry Wallis (98) is a typical
example — and if a deputation of unsuccessful
painters should represent that this man, who
has made a fortune out of his art, has done
nothing which might not be paralleled from
the output of such of his confreres as have
failed to make a hare living, the conscientious
critic could hardly differ. He might defen-
sively urge that the element of chance could
no more be eliminated from this phase of
human activity than from any other, and
that if one refused to recognize the talents
favoured by fortune it would only mean thai
no artists would emerge at all. Yet at
bottom we must recognize that the tendency
of appreciation to fasten on the painter
rath'-r thin the picture exaggerates such
favouritism, and thai Mr. Lavery's extra-
ordinary success illustrates th>- natural law,
'* To him that hath shall be given." For the
unfortunate, the harshness of this law is
usually palliated by another almost as
general, hy which success is paid for by rapid
deterioration. Mr. Lavery seems largely to
have escaped this as yet ; indeed, as will be
seen, we have cited two of his pictures of last
year as among his best work. To a reviewer
of his career as here set forth there seems
to be throughout an unsensational, but
recognizable advance in artistic power.
There are several examples of Mr. Lavery's
earliest style of smooth, rather tight painting
with the square brushes then in fashion in
Paris studios. A Tennis Party (71), from
the Munich Neue Pinakothek, is the best
known, and shows the gawky angularity and
indifference to spacing which Mr. Lavery was
so slow to shake off. It shows also, however,
a certain attention (rather of the nature of a
timidit}') to quality of paint which he was
also soon to shake off, though it survives
sometimes in smaller works, developing in
the Interior (50) to a subtlety somewhat
reminiscent of Alfred Stevens. Alice Read-
ing (40) is another example of admirably
artistic genre painting, disturbed only by
certain sporadic outbursts of irrelevant
impasto. In these works we have the
Whistlerian use of muffled colour, owing its
beauty to the fact that each stroke places a
simple body of paint of one colour over a
ground of a slightly different hue which it
does not entirely conceal. This delicate con-
flict is the life of the pigment, and we can re-
member, many years ago now, the appearance
at the Academy of the canvas here shown
under the title of The Sisters (78), which, for
all its large scale, had something of the same
interest of technical structure. It no
longer possesses that interest ; the upper
part of the picture, with the further of the
girls, which we remember as of the lightest
texture, almost a glaze, and which furnished
an admirable foil for the graceful figure in
the foreground, has been repainted in
opaque pigment, closing the pores of the
canvas, and making something like a wall
in which the principal figure is buried.
There are very few of Mr. Lavery's larger
works which do not suffer from his peculiarly
degraded use of paint : the plastering of a
coat of opaque paint of neutral hue over an
already heady body of pigment of almost the
same colour. The tooth of the first system
of brush strokes contradicts that which over-
lays it. As a material, the substance of the
picture becomes heavy, despite the parade
of a rapid and fluent hand. One of the most
obvious instances is to be found in the oft-
exhibited Equestrienne (94), wherein the
light, direct painting of the horse denounces
the oil -caked clay of the heavier passages of
the jDicture.
As a fashionable portrait painter Mr.
Lavery had one great gift. His taste, to a
large extent, coincided with that of his
contemporaries. His taste in beauty is for
the kind sometimes called " thoroughbred,"
a type of creature hard and thin, and
inclined to be restless in its movements. He
is happiest in his profiles, as in Princess
Aaye (12), or the Lady in Mack (18), from
t he Royal National Gallery, Berlin, or in' The
Sisters' already cited, the difficulties of
modelling a face seen from the front and
Securing a likeness remaining always some-
what formidable. To deal with these diffi-
culties, he relies largely on a tremendous
emphasis on the oval contour of a woman's
The exhibition is, on the whole,
amply representative, though we recall, in
addition to the two hen-, a third. Bridge at
Oris (shown al the Academy about 1890),
which a memory, perhaps, of a flattering sort
records as one of the artist's besl works.
Jfiiu $>xt (Sossip.
At the Little Gallery in Great Marlborough
Street Mr Albert Lipczinski shows work
much influenced by Mr. Augustus John in
his many phases. Spital Park (12), a small
landscape, well constructed of simple ele-
ments, is much the best of the paintings ;
while among the drawings the most aca-
demic are the best, such as Study in a
Mirror (38), or Greyhounds (49), which are
like those of Mr. John in his early " Rubens "
maimer. The portrait sketch Vernie (41) is
also delicate.
At the Baillie Gallery the most striking
contributions, but also the slightest, are
those of the four French aquarellistes in the
end room. MM. Henri Doucet, Marcel
Fournier, Paul Ernile Pissarro, and Ludovic
Rodo. All have something definite to say
•on occasion, and a deft, yet modest way of
saying nothing in particular at other times.
The romantic composition Douarnenez (20),
by M. Fournier ; the Labourage Riec (25)
of M. Rodo (the most vigorous of the quartet) ;
and the snow scene, L'Epte Eragny (45) of
M. Pissarro, may be mentioned as the best
of these attractive sketches,
At the Fine Art Society's Galleries the-
work of the artists of the Gazette du Bon Ton
(published in London by Mr. Heinemann)
reaches a considerable level of distinction,
the most famous of them, M. Leon Bakstr
being far surpassed in artistic quality by
many of his confreres. The work of MM.
Georges Barbier and Maurice Tacquoy
deserves special notice. We wish the paper
every success. It remains to bo seen whether
artistic simplicity will convert ostentatious
luxury, or luxury corrupt the artists.
Sir Hugh Lane, Director of the National
Gallery of Ireland, has just presented a
further gift of valuable pictures to the
gallery. Foremost among these is an im-
portant work by Gainsborough, ' Tho Game-
keeper,' a large landscape with figures in the
manner of Teniers. This picture, which
was formerly in the Rev. H. S. Trimmer's
collection, belongs to the painter's middle
period when he had attained complete
mastery over his material. It is a fine addi-
tion to the two examples of Gainsborough
already in the collection.
The head of a man by Jacopo da Ponte
(' II Bassano '), also presented by Sir Hugh
Lane, is in all probability a portrait of the
painter. It represents a man of middle ago,
with a beard.
Three French pictures are included in this
generous gift. Two are still life pieces by
Alexandre Francois Desportes, the well-
known painter of hunt inu scenes and animals,
who was Court painter to Louis X I V. in
treatment these two pictures of game, bird-,
and fruit suggest the influence of the Flem-
ings, hut the line of departure is shown in
the simplification of the background and
the elegance of t he design. The third French
picture, a portrait of Madame LflBtitia
Bonaparte, by Mile NTanine Vallain, is by a
little-known painter of the school of David.
The portrait is an interesting acquisition
both from the historical point of view and
as a characteristic example of the neo-
classical period. The recenl purchases for
the collection include tWO pictures Of special
interest a work of the Ferrarese school,
and a Spanish picture long known as ' The
Robinson Velasquez.1 The former, by Maz-
zolini (or Mazzolino) di Ferrara is a large
canvas representing Pharaoh and his hosts
in the Red Sea. Full of dramatic incident
and vivid with rich hues, this brilliant ex-
ample of Ferrarese quattro-centist art is ;v
834
THE ATHENiiUM
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
welcome addition to the early Italian
pictures in the collection. The ' Jael and
Si sera ' which was exhibited as a Velasquez
ni the Spanish Exhibition in the New
Gallery in 1896. and which then belonged
to Sir J. ('. Robinson, is now attributed to
Jacinto Geronimo da Espinosa, who was
horn in Valencia in 1600. The work is finely
conceived, the stately figure of Jael being
(specially notable, while the painting of the
armour is exceptionally good.
A remarkable discovery has been, made
by the new Director in the cellars of the
gallery of a fine portrait by Vandyke. This
work, which was purchased in 1866 from the
Northwich collection, seems to have lain
tneglected for nearly half a century. It is a
portrait of a young man with long hair,
pointed beard, and wearing a lace collar.
The best experts agree that it is a genuine
early Vandyke of the Flemish period, and the
gallery is to be congratulated on bringing it
to light.
The Civic Exhibition to be opened in
Dublin next month will include a special
section dealing with the antiquarian and
historical associations of Dublin. The ex-
hibits will include paintings and views
of old Dublin, specimens of Irish-made
silver, ornamental metal work, municipal
plate, and other objects bearing upon the
municipal life and industries of Dublin.
Mr. W. G. Strickland is in charge of the
section.
A memorial statue to the late Lord
Justice Fitzgibbon, by Mr. Albert Bruce
Joy, has been placed in St. Patrick's Cathe-
dral, Dublin.
At a meeting of the Royal Commission on
Historical Monuments (England), held on
Wednesday last, it was announced that the
first volume dealing with Essex would be
published in the autumn. It was also
announced that the experiment would be
made of compiling the next two volumes
simultaneously.
The system of piecemeal publication
which prevails in Germany is not re-
garded with favour in this country, and has
its disadvantages.
A new illustrated quarterly called Blast,
edited by Mr. Wyndham Lewis, is to make its
appearance on Thursday next. The Bodley
Head, acting the part of iEolus, is to let it
out, and, to judge from the prospectus we
have received, has had the fateful bag tam-
pered with in the legendary way, for there
seem to be a great number of " blasts "
about simultaneously to issue forth. Fortu-
nately, the atmosphere is deep, as well as
wide, and we should not wonder if it turns
out that the discomforts of a hurricane are
avoided by the fast that some of them fly
a long way over people's heads.
The collection bequeathed by M. de
C'amondo to the Louvre is now open. It
contains, besides fine specimens of Japanese
art and masterpieces of the eighteenth cen-
tury (Falconet's ' Pendule desTrois Graces,'
being among these), a great number of
pictures by modern artists, such as Cezanne,
Renoir, Claude, Monet, Degas, Manet,
Toulouse-Lautrec, and Sisley.
The death is announced of M. Gabriel
Ferrier, the painter. He was born at Nimss
in 1847, studied with Pils and Hebert, and
obtained the Prix de Roms in 1872. His
pictures, now, perhaps, not well known, but
not deficient in charm, include ' Scene de
l'lnquisition en Espagne,' ' L'Ecole arabe,'
and ' Le Printemps.' Of late years he had
been successful as a portrait painter.
MUSIC
♦
OPERA AT DRURY LANE.
Sir Joseph Beecham is adhering, as he
did last year, to the programme he first
issued. One night, however, was left
open, and then (May 30th) Mozart's ' Die
Zauberflote ' was repeated. There was a
new Queen of Night, namely, Madame
Frieda Hempel, of whose success in
' Rosenkavalier ' mention lias already
been made. In ' Die Zauberflote ' it was
principally as a coloratura singer that she
could be judged, and even then her voice
was not quite in as good order as it was
in the Strauss opera. The delivery of her
two songs was, however, very clear,
except the highest note in the second,
which was a shade flat : a small short-
coming of that kind is, indeed, only named
to justify our statement about the con-
dition of her voice on this particular
evening. Mr. Frederick Ranalow assumed
the part of Papageno, and was very good
both as singer and actor. The part is
not easy, and he never let the comic ele-
ment degenerate into farce.
Last Monday evening Borodin's * Prince
Igor ' was presented for the first time,
not only at Drury Lane, but also outside
Russia. It is not easy to judge a work
of this kind definitely after a first hearing.
One thing, however, is certain : the com-
poser who wrote the Konehakovna Cava-
tina and the admirable Polovtsienne Dances
based on Tatar folk-tunes was a genius.
He however left only a vocal score ; but
certain portions were arranged for orches-
tra by Rimsky-Korsakoff, and others
by Glazounov. The Overture, it is stated,
was not even put on paper in any form
by Borodin, but Glazounov — who had
heard it many times played by the com-
poser— wrote it out from memory. It is
fortunate that it was even thus preserved.
The music, bright and well scored, though
somewhat formal, is largely based on
themes or figures from the opera. Rimsky-
Korsakoff, as we know, had a special gift
for scoring. Some of it is delightful,
though occasionally the brass seemed to us
to spoil the na'ioete of the music. The short
phrases, which are often repeated (though
on different degrees), and which occur, for
instance, in the opening choruses, give
the music a certain rudimentary character.
That, together with music typically folk-
like, as in the admirable second act, is
refreshing after the developments in
Wagner's ' Ring,' which, if wonderful in
their way, are very elaborate. Through-
out ' Prince Igor ' one is fascinated by the
freshness and naturalness of the music ;
and we say once again that we find in
these Russian operas most interesting
attempts at music-drama, from which
present-day composers can learn much.
The performance of the Avork was
very fine. Madame Kousnetzoff imper-
sonated Princess Yaroslavna, and her
rendering of i- Where have ye fled, ye
happier days ? " was most artistic : this
lament, by the way, is a true bit of
Russian music. Madame Petrenko's Cava-
tina, when seated among the Polovet
Maidens, is exquisitely delicate, and was
beautifully sung. M. Chaliapine as Prince
Galitzky lias a fine part, and, certainly
made the most of it. MM. Charonoff and
Nicholas Andreev, the two Goudok players,
Avere admirable in the delightful scene at
the opening of the first act. The whole
thing — the gestures and singing of the
crowd — was a piece of character-singing
and acting which is surely only possible to
a company of Russians. M. Paul Andreev
was excellent as Igor. M. Leon Steinberg
conducted in a firm, spirited manner. The
music being familiar to him, he was able
to present it with the right colour and
character. The orchestral playing was
magnificent.
The following evening was devoted to
ballets. Two, ' Thamar ' and ' Scheher-
azade,' effectively presented, were old
favourites. ' Daphnis et Chloe,' by M.
Maurice Ravel, was the novelty. Incidents
in the idyll of that name suggested the
stage action to M. Fokine. Though the
ballet is a trifle too long, the music is
delightful, and notable for delicate fancy
and colouring. M. Ravel, in his instru-
mental works, often seems to be — and,
indeed, probably is — working to some
picture in his mind — but, he does not offer
any clue. In the present instance, the
reason for every change was perfectly
clear. The ballet itself is interesting, and
might almost be called an opera -ballet. It
was beautifully mounted, and admirably
performed, Chloe and Daphnis being
impersonated by the excellent artists
Madame Tamar Karsavina and M. Michel
Fokine.
Jltitsiral (Jlflsstp.
Madame Tetrazzini justified to the full
the enthusiasm of her audience at theRoj'al
Albert Hall on Thursday night (June 4th).
" Ah ! Fors e mi,'' Eckert's echo song,
David's ' My soli ' couplets, and several
encores were given with that brilliant
technique with which her name is associated,
and were marked, moreover, by unusual
beauty and clarity of tone. Admirable
assistance was given by Mesdames Ada
Crossley, Helen Blain, Isolde Menges, Mar-
jorie Wigley, and Messrs. Robert Radford
and Ben Davies. We may, perhaps, give
special commendation to Madame Ada
Crossley for the perfect enunciation and
restraint of tone by which she enhances
expression and emotion to the fullest
extent.
Madame Clara Butt and Mr. Kenner-
ley Rumford gave a concert at the Royal
Albert Hall last Saturday afternoon, their
first public appearance since their return
from a long and successful tour round the
world. Madame Butt sang " O Don Fatale "
from Verdi"s ' Don Carlos,' the old Breton
' Angelus,' and Brahms' s ' Me in Madel hat
einen Rosenmund,' while her fine rendering
of Beethoven's ' Creation's Hymn ' led to an
encore. The same composer's ' In questa
Tomba,' though so different hi mood, was
equally well rendered. Mr. Rumford's
deliver}7 of a favourite Strauss Lied was
notable both as singing and interpretation.
M. Jacques Thibaud, the excellent French
violinist, gave a recital at Bechstein Hall on
Tuesday afternoon. We have often referred
to the unsatisfactory effect of violin con-
certos with pianoforte accompaniments. For
No. 4520, June 13, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
835
i
one number of a programme it would soarcely
be worth while to engage art orchestra. M.
Thibaud, who performed M. Nachez's Con-
certo in a minor, had, however, the aceoin-
panfment played by a double string quartet
and organ, a fair, and on this occasion
satisfactory compromise. It also served for
the Bach Concerto in u. M. Thibaud's
programme included Chausson's delightful
' nceri for violin, piano (M. Georges de
Lausnay), and string Quartet (Op. 21).
M. Camtltbbi of the Theatre des Champs
Elysees, Paris, appeared here as conductor
for the first time at a concert at the Queen's
Hall on the 4th inst. He is able and intelli-
gent, and with the assistance of the London
Symphony Orchestra, interpreted some Wag-
ner excerpts. His programme included a
cleverly written Overture, the thematic
material of which consisted of three cha-
racteristic Greek popular themes. Miss
Florence Macbeth, who recently made her
debut in London, sang the Mad Scene from
' Lucia," with clear voice, and excellent skill.
There is good promise for her future.
The Loxdox Strixg Quartet (Messrs. E.
Summons. W. I'etre, W. Warner, and C.
Warwick-Evans), was the first to play Herr
Arnold Schonberg's sextet in England,
music which was sane and interesting.
About the same time the Five Orches-
tral Pieces were given at Queen's Hall, a
later work, which proved a mass of discord
and dullness. Last Wednesday afternoon
the same body of players performed, also for
the first time, a quartet with two vocal solos
forming part of the last two movements,
by the same composer, Op. 10. All the
music up to. and including the first
vocal solo was rambling, and what some
musicians, not having futurist ears, might
consider ugly. The connexion between the
vocal solos, which were interpreted skilfully
by Miss Carrie Tubb, and the instrumental
portion was not evident. The music of
the second solo is. in places, clearer than
the first, and fairly impressive.
( harpextier's ' Louise,' which was given
at Covent Garden on the 10th inst., is one of
the few modern works in which the action on
the stage is so interesting that at first the
music docs not attract sufficient attention.
As, however, the opera becomes familiar, the
great skill, and one may even add, inspiration
oft he music are recognized. The performance
was very good. Madame Edvina and M.
Franz were excellent as Louise and Julien ;
while M. Aquistapaca impersonated the
lather with good ability, and Madame Berat
t he mother par excellence. The clever second
act was effective ; and there was enough light
to see what was taking place on the stage. M.
Dua was a very good Pape d*-^ Fous. Signor
Polacco is a spirited eonduetor, though at
times he does not sufficiently consider the
gers.
Sin Alkx \\i)KK Mackenzie's opera, ' The
Cricket on the Hearth,' was produced last
urday afternoon at the Royal Academy
of Music by the members of the operatic
• lass and by the college orchestra, the com-
poser conducting. Every one knows
Dickens's story of Dot and John, SO that
there is no need to tell the plot. Sir
Alexander has written music quite in keeping
with the subject, ;ind provided accompani-
ments which show both good taste and
knowledge, and therefore deserves praise,
verture is very bright. Of the
boIos may be mentioned as refined speci-
mens, the ' Lullaby1 in the first act, the
blind girl's song, and of concerted music the
trio in the Final of Ad I. The rendering
of the work was excellent. It was repeate I
Oil the first five days of the following wet
Sin,
Mok.-
Hok.-
Hoir.
TtK-
Wn>.
Tm-U!
Fiti.
Sat.
PKRFORM \NCKS NEXT WEEK.
Special Concert. 8.30. Royal Albert Hall.
•8 v i Royal Opera. I ovent Garden
■Fm. Opera. Theatre Royal. Drury Line.
Nora ami Frederica eouway 8 Dramatic ami Musical Recital.
:. Steinway Hall.
Bratiazon Lowther a Song Recital. 'Mr), .Eolian Hall.
Hegedus b Violin Recital. 3.15, Bechstein Hall.
London Symphony Orchestra, 8. Queens Hall.
Florence Shees Evening Concert 8 IB, Stein way Hall.
Blueliell Kleim'a Concert of her own compositions, 8.15,
Bechsteiu Hall.
Frieda von Vukovie's Song Recital. 8.15, Bechsteiu Hall.
Gabriel Fauie and Robert Lortat Festival Recital . 8. IB, -Eolian
Hall.
Eva K. Lissmann and Gerhard Jekeliuss Brahms Recital,
S. IH. Bechsteiu Hall.
Thomas Dunhill chamber Concert. 8.15. 8teinway Hall.
York Bowen and Sylvia York Bowen's Pianoforte and Song
Recital. 8.16. .Eolian Hall.
Fanny Daviess Pianoforte Recital, :!. .Eolian Hall.
Mary O Sullivan s Song Recital. 5.30. -Eolian Hall.
Anton MaaskofTs Violin Recital. 8.15. Bechstein Hall.
Ursula Nettleships Vocal Recital, 8.30, .Eolian Hall
. Katie Bacon s Pianoforte Recital. 3.15. Steinway Hall.
Elly Heschelin and M. GrigorowitBch's Pianoforte and Violin
Recital. 8. IB, Bechstein Hall.
Agnes Nicholls's Recital, 8.30 Bechstein Hall.
Winifred Smith's Violin Recital. 8.30. Steinway Hall.
Francesco Vigliani's Violin Recital. 8. SO. .Eolian Hall.
Frieda Hempel's Orchestral Concert. 3, Queen's Hall.
Emma Barnett's Pianoforte Recital, 3. Steinway Hall.
Gabriel Fauri and Robert Lortat Festival Recital, 3.15. .Eolian
Hall.
Maud Pargeter. Doris oldroyd, and Ethel Martin s Trio Con-
cert. 8.15, Bechstein Hall.
Alma Gluck s Song Recital. 3.15, Queen's Hall.
Whitney Mockbridgea Vocal Recital, 3.30, .Eolian Hall.
DRAMA
THE IRISH PLAYERS.
There are the makings of a dramatist
in Mr. J. Bernard McCarthy, whose play
* The Supplanter ' the Irish Players pro-
duced last week at the Court, and who,
we learn, is a postman. The piece has
a simple directness which is refreshing,
and apart from one disturbing jar in the
mechanism — which might, by the way,
easily have been avoided — it ran smoothly
to the final curtain. Here and there,
moreover, there was a hint of that poetry
of diction which is Synge's chief charm.
Although, baldly stated, the plot may
sound somewhat ghastly, there is nothing
repulsive in the play. It is a careful study
of a situation in itself neither impossible
nor improbable. Briefly, a lad has worked
hard after his father's death to improve
his mother's farm. Some years later,
when the fruits of his toil are beginning to
show themselves, she marries, in spite of
his bitter protest, a man whom every one
except herself knows to be a dissipated
scoundrel. In a few months the farm is
on the way to ruin, and the unhappy wife
is in addition constantly harassed by the
ever-increasing hatred between her quick-
tempered son and Iter drunken husband.
At last, stung to hot-headed rage by the
theft of his savings, the young fellow
shoots his brutal stepfather, and the
curtain goes down on his rushing back
to the house pursued by the shouts of
the mob.
The acting was worthy of the traditions
of the company. Mr. Sydney J. Morgan
made a sinister figure of the stepfather;
the right touch of impetuosity and honest
anger was given to the son by Mr. Fred
0 'Donovan ; and Eileen O'Doherty pre
-«nted a polished character-study in the
tragic part of the wife. The acting of
Mr. Philip Guiry and Fithne Magee as a
pair of lovers— though the writing of the
love scenes was not strong — and of Ann
Coppinger as an amusingly garrulous old
body was on a correspondingly high level.
The piece was followed by Lady Gre-
gory's delightful little comedy ' The
I : ingot' the Moon,' in which t he inimitable
Mr. Arthur Sinclair as the Seigeant of
police and Mr. J. M. Kerrigan as the
Ballad Singer gave of their best .
The one-act play ' Sovereign Love ' by
Mr.T. C. Murray, produced for the first time
in London at the beginning of the present
week, is a sketch, a study of a certain phase
of Irish peasant life, rather than a drama
in any ordinarily accepted sense. Its
theme resolves itself into the sale of a
farmer's daughter to the highest bidder.
In no sense farcical, though making for
laughter by reason of the shrewd, crude,
businesslike cynicism of the match-
makers on both sides, it is also in no sense
tragic ; the instinctive search for a high
price outweighs the chance of sorrowing
for love disappointed. The girl herself,
looking forward with anxiety to her
chance of settlement in life, is furious at
losing the first offer ; yet we can foresee
her acquiescence in the alternative
that comes from the higher bid of a
" returned Yank " : he, for all his acquired
sense of business, is but a babe in the
hands of the girl's father.
The treatment is excellent and con-
vincing, wholly devoid of pretension or
cliche ; the people before us are actual
living beings, not problem-puppets. Mr,
Murray does not attempt to improve
upon life or nature. For these reasons
the play should be difficult acting for
" professionals," but it brings out in
full force the qualities of the Irish
Players. Their business is to present to
us types of whom they have their own
national and intimate knowledge ; and
they do this successfully and spontaneously:
the latter qualification applies here far
more than in Mr. Murray's other play,
' Maurice Harte,' that followed ' Sove-
reign Love.' The problem is, of course,
obvious in ' Maurice Harte.' The actors
are no longer representing ; they are
interpreting. Even this is not beyond
them : they are excellent, but, in a way,
they are taken beyond the natural sphere
of their talents. This reasserted itself,
however, in the last "item," Lady Gre-
gory's delightful farce ' Spreading the
News,' where one and all let themselves
go in the sheer natural riot of the episode.
Mr. O'Rourkc deserves praise tor his
quiet, but convincing realism ; first of
all as Tom Daly in "Sovereign Love' —
here he seems to be the broker for the
marriage (a species of Irish version of
the Breton Bazvalan '.) — and then Lit
the part of Owen Harte.
Mr. Arthur Sinclair has a distinct gift
all his own of immobility Of body and face
that served him royally, not only for the
tragedy of ' .Maurice Harte.' whose fathei
he represents, but also for the fun of
Bart ley Fallon in " Spreading the News.'
Eithne .Magee was admirable as Mrs.
Fallon; also Kathleen DlOgO as the
vindictive scandal - tongued Mrs. Tuny
in the same play. But it is ahno-t
Unfair to single OUl one or another when
all were excellent. To actors who know
how to be natural versatility is easy: they
have studied the many characters whom
they have to represent rather than the
one special mode to which they might
adapt all representation.
836
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4520, June 18, 1914
Dramatic (Bossip.
In ' As It Used To Be ' at the Little
Theatre we found both instruction and
amusement. The theatre of the eighteenth
and early nineteenth centuries was the
subject : a series of scenes in which im-
personators of Garrick, Kemble, Mrs. Siddons
and the " Infant Roscius " each performed
•one of their principal parts, was loosely
strung together, while an " atmosphere "
was suggested by the presence of an orange -
girl who at times broke forth into " Who '11
buy my sweet China oranges ? " a " Royal
Personage " and his suite, who were con-
ducted to their seats by Kemble, and various
fashionable ladies and gentlemen who sat
■on the stage, annoying Garrick extremely,
and were at last driven off by him. A
harpsichord, originally bought by Napoleon
for Marie Louise, and a few stage properties
of historical interest also aided in the illusion.
The last act of Home's ' Douglas ' was
the first of the reconstructed scenes. Delia
Pointer, representing the " Infant Roscius "
.as Norval and Marjorie Patterson repre-
senting Mrs. Siddons as Lady Randolph
.acted their parts with absolute seriousness,
in the declamatory manner which by no
means died out with Garrick. Mr. Bertram
Forsyth as Kemble's Randolph attitudinized
like a pantomime pirate, and so introduced
an element of burlesque into a performance
•of which the audience was ready to see the
amusing side. Delia Pointer must be
specially commended for her excellently
sustained heroics.
Then followed part of the graveyard scene
from ' Romeo and Juliet,' in which that
•eccentric amateur " Romeo " Coates was
impersonated by Mr. Nigel Playfair. Here
burlesque was permissible, and Mr. Playfair
made the most of his opportunities, in a
performance strikingly like his recent Bottom.
Incongruity often passes well enough for
real fun, as it certainly did in this case.
While Paris acted, Romeo paid attentions
to the orange -girl. When Romeo had taken
poison, he stood about waiting for Bal-
thasar to bring in a mattress before collaps-
ing ! The closet scene from Garrick's
Hamlet, acted by Mr. Bertram Forsyth, was
•a more serious affair : the more natural
style of acting introduced by Garrick made
Mr. Forsyth's impersonation contrast cor-
rectly with his Kemble. In this scene
the cross-talk between the playgoers on the
stage, the adoration of the women, and the
jealousy of the men provided an amusing
setting. Mr. Stafford Hilliard's Ghost was
■a great success. A word of praise must be
added for his rendering of a bored stage-
hand, whose duties range from the control
of the harpsichord player to the filling of
subordinate parts.
The piece de resistance of the evening,
however, was the second act of ' The Beggar's
Opera,' with which the performance con-
cluded. Here were no attempts at burlesque,
and Gay's lines seemed extraordinarily
modern. Hannah Jones was admirable as
Mrs. Peachum, and Evangeline Hilliard did
well as an ingenue Polly. But we could
not help wishing for a reproduction of
Hogarth's picture, with the Duke of Bolton
in a side-box on his knees before the all-
conquering Lavinia Fenton.
An experiment, which deserves the sup-
port of those interested in English dramatic
literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centimes, was successfully concluded on
Tuesday evening last, when a company of
amateur players — under the style of "*The
Venturers " — gave their second presentation
of Dryden's ' All for Love ' at the small
Cosmopolis Theatre in Holborn. The aim
of the promoters was to present plays
of " some significance in dramatic lite-
rature," which are not otherwise to be seen
in actual performance, their first season
including the old morality play ' A Looking
Glass for London,' Addison's ' The Drummer,'
and Dryden's masterpiece in tragedy. The
support so far accorded has encouraged
Mr. Otto Sallmann — the moving spirit of
the company — to look forward to a more
extended plan next autumn, and he will be
glad to receive at 4, Caithness Road, West
Kensington, any suggestions as to plays
suitable for production.
If Mr. Felix North has written his play
' Compensation,' produced at the Court
Theatre for a series of performances ex-
tending from last Tuesday to next Friday,
with a view to presenting some definite
point of view, we can only say that we
have quite missed it. The key may be in
the title ; if so, it has failed to fit the lock of
our understanding. Though the author
seemed to us so inconclusive, the actors did
their best to prevent puzzledom becoming
boredom. Mr. Cowley Wright, whether he
meant to or not, convinced us afresh that a
genius let loose among more ordinary mortals
plays an amount of havoc which has little
compensation in usefulness, especially if he
has a somewhat neurotic temperament.
Dora Harker ably presented a sister who has
rendered herself almost invertebrate by
merging her identity in that of her brother.
Mr. Fred Lewis got a good deal of fun out of
the part of a rotund lover, and Frances Dill
played with some power the type of woman
who is a little too willing to prove her love
by suffering martyrdom.
On Wednesday evening next Mr. Frede-
rick Harrison will present at the Haymarket
'Driven,' a new four-act play by Mr. E.
Temple Thurston.
On June 17th and 20th the Dunmow
Players will produce ' The Furriner,' a play
in the Essex dialect by S. L. Bensusan.
The performance will be given in the Barn
Theatre, Little Easton, under the auspices of
the Dunmow and District Progressive Club.
The protagonist is Father William, a non-
agenarian worthy, familiar to readers of the
author's sketches of rural life in Essex. The
scenery is by Mr. Bernhard Sickert and Mr.
Ralph Houghton. The cast includes Lady
Mercy Greville and Mr. H. Cranmer-Byng.
Philologically, the play is of considerable
interest, as it puts on record turns of speech
that are passing away. Most remarkable is
a highly condensed form of the conditional
sentence, e.g., " Did, I'd have went."
To Correspondents.— H. C— E. B.— E. D— Received.
M. D. — Anonymous abuse without argument is not
convincing.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
PAGE
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WANTED in SEPTEMBER for the MERTHYR
TYDFIL (Dual) INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL a MASTER to
teach Classics and English. A good Degree and good experience
essential. Salary 1601., rising to 2001.— Apply HEAD MA8TER.
FGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.
WANTED, in OCTOBER, for SECONDARY SCH00L8 under
the MINISTRY OF EDUCATION :-
TEACHER8 OF ENGLISH. Salary 2951. per annum lL.Fg24
per mensem), rising to 3931. per annum ll,.Kg.32 per mensem', on
pensionable staff. Allowance for passage out to Egypt.
SCIENCE MASTER. (Experimental Physics and Chemistry.)
Appointment uoder contract. Length of engagement, two years.
Salary 3691. per annum (L.Eg.30 per menseml. Allowance for passage
out to Egypt anil for return at close of contract.
Candidates must be from about 24 to 30 years of age, and unmarried.
Applicants must have taken a University Degree wiih Honours, and
have experience as Teachers. Special training as teachers of Physical
Training will be a recommendation. Four Lessons Dailv. on an
average, Fridays only excepted. Summer vacation not less than two
months.
Applications should be addressed, not later than JULY 4, 1914 to
A. H. 8HARMAN, Esq.. care of The Director, the Egyptian' Educa-
tional Mission in England, 28. Victoria Street, Westminster. London,
S.W, from whom further information and copies of the application
form may be obtained. Selected candidates will be inte: viewed in
London.
VACANCY for an ASSISTANT - MISTRESS
V at the HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. PRETORIA.
The High c.>mmissioner for the Union of South Africa requires an
ASSISTANT- MISTRESS for the HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
AT PRETORIA.
The appointment will be to Grade B of the Transvaal classification
for High Schools. The salary is 2801., rising by annual increments of
101. to 3001. a year.
The Mistress may be required to be resident, and in this case she
will be provided with board at a moderate charge. The type of
Mistress, the special qualifications desired, and the duties to be
performed are as follows:—
MIDDLE SCHOOL FORM MISTRESS, teaching Elementary
Practical Physics and Chemistry. The Mistress will also take Geo-
graphy throughout I he School. She should be a B.Sc. with Geographical
training, and should have experience iu teaching Practical Science
and the charge of a Science room.
Applications should be submitted as soon as possible, in covers
marked "C.A.'to THE SECRETARY, Hoard of Education, White
hall. London, s.w. Boottl&n candidates should apply to THE
SECRETARY, Scoich Education Department, Whitehall, London,
S.W. The selected candidate will be required to take up duty at
Pretoria as soon as ix>ssible.
c
0 U N T Y
O F
LONDON.
The London County Council Invites applications for the following
positions vacant as from BEPTBMBBR m-xt : —
II) VISITING TEACHER of AIO HITF.cri'RAL DRAWING \NI>
BUILDING nONSTRtOriONS at the I ' C BAMMERUMITH
school OF ARTS AND CRAFTS. Urn* Grove, Shepherd's Bush, w
The person ap|K>inted must havs bad prarrlons taacnlng"ozperl*nor,
and will la; required for Two Evening i \\ t « k. at a Ice of in.*, ij,f. an
Attendance.
(8| VISITING TEACHER of I. IKE DRAWING and \N\T".MYat
thel.ee PUTNEY SCHOOL OF ART for Three Evening, a Week,
at a fee of 12s. 6,/. an Attendance
It) VISITING TEACHER of LETTERING \M> ILLUMINATING
at the L.C.C e|. \p|l \M BOHoOL OF Mil. Fdgi-ley Hoail. S.W.,
For One Branlng a Week, at a fas of 10, 3d an tttradano*.
Lpplloations must in- on forms to be obi dned, wiih parUcnlarsof the
iijipoiiitin'-ni. bj sending; a stamped addressid foolaasp envelops to
TOE MM \TI"N OFFICER Loodo iitl Cnini-ll. E.lo
offices, \ i. iii. Bmbankn t \v C t<> whom thai mnal be retained
bj ii \m mi SATURDAY, Jnne FT, 1911 lw> i rmmnnlOBtton
most be marked " T i on the snn lops
Canvassing elthei directly or Indirectly, w ill ,1 i--iui. lify nn n],|>li< ml
I, \l K em E OOM ME, Clerk of the London county I onneU,
Education offices Victoria Embankment, w <
B
IKKKNHKAI) EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
OOUKi il giki B BKi "M'AHY BCHOOI
Held Mistress-Miss A. F. EDWARDS
wanted in BBPTBMBBB next, in sxpsrleaosd ENGLISH
MISTRESS. Malar] I irdlnf lallBeatlons and
spplloatlon, whlth ihonld be rstnmed bj
.11 IA : maybe had from lb Furtbel particulars may
... I from the 111- II) MISTH
• uivassing will lie oonsldered a disquallflcatlnn
ROBERT T JONI8, Seer.'
Eilu'-ation I)ti*rtineiii. Town Hall, Birkenhead
June 1 1,,
842
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
BOYS' INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL,
ABEKI'AKE, SOUTH WALES.
An ASS18TANT MA8TEK will be REQUIRED NEXT TERM to
li.ke chargBof tlieCjinmercinl department, of the School. He must
he well qualified to tench Book keeping. Shorthand, Typewriting, and
office Routine, and should he prepared to teach in addition one or
more of the subjects of the usual school curriculum. Preference will
he given to a candidate with experience of teaching.
Initial salary offered 130J.-150I., non-resident, according to qualifica-
tions and experience. __,— ,,,,.,,.,. »
Further particulars may be had from the HEAD MAS1EK, to
whom applications, with copies of testimonials, should be forwarded
not later than 30th instant.
POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF ART,
J_ REGENT STREET.
The Post of MODELLING MASTER will be VACANT in SEPTEM-
BER next. _,.
Salary 150J., rising to 2002. per annum. Good Modelling from Life
and Design essential.
Applications with conies of testimonials should be sent to
DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION, The Polytechnic, 309, Regent Street,
not later than J U LY 3.
nOAN SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, GREENWICH.
SENIOR MATHEMATICAL MISTRESS REQUIRED SEPTEM-
BER Honours Degree, training and experience desirable. Salary,
non-resident, WI.-150?., rising by 1M. annual increments to 0201.—
Apply, before JULY 1, to the HEAD MISTRESS.
^ituati0its Mantafc.
AS CUSTODIAN, or Assistant to Curator, in
Museum, or any position of trust. Twelve years' unimpeachable
references. Experienced. Age 38. Married. — C, 49, Broeklehurst
Street, New<'ross, London.
iRtsttllatttous.
T ITERARY RESEARCH undertaken on
l-J moderate terms by a writer of numerous articles. Excellent
testimonials. — X. Y.. Box 2064, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's
Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
A UTHORS' MSS. Criticized, Revised, and
_Z X. Prepared for Press. Type-writing at moderate rates by skilled
and educated Operators. Promptness, neatness, and accuracy
guaranteed.— C. M. DUNCAN, Grasmere, Grasmere Road, Purley,
Surrey
THE SECRETARIAL BUREAU, 25, Queen
Anne's Gate, St. James's Park, S.W. Tel.: 5691 Victoria. Miss
PETHERBRIDGE (Nat Sci. Tripos), Official Indexer to H.M.'s
Government. Private Libraries Catalogued and Arranged. Research
Work, Foreign and English. Private Secretaries and Iudexers trained
•THE TECHNIQUE OF INDEXING,' 2s. 9d. net, post free.
N
OTICE OF REMOVAL.
JAMES BAIN, Bookseller, of 14, Charles Street. Haymarket, S.W.,
and formerly of No. 1, Haymarket, S.W., begs to give notice that,
owing to his leafe expiring at Midsummer and the fact that his
present premises are about to be pulled down, he is REMOVING on
JUNE 27 to larger and more convenient premises at
NO. 14, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND, W.C.
TO LET for Three Months, from middle or end
of June, thoroughly WELL-FURNISHED FLAT-3 bedrooms,
2 reception, kitchen, bath, gas stove, electric light, porter.— 3, Rugby
Mansions, Addison Bridge. Write or call 11-4.
TO SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
ROOMS of the ART-WORKERS' GUILD, recently built, are to
be let for Meetings, Concrts, and Exhibitions.— Apply to SECRE-
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
FOR SALE, PORTRAIT of the Duke of
Marlborough and the Emperor Ferdinand of Austria, both in
Armour and Wig, and others. Best offer.— H. S., 154, Adelaide Road,
LondoD, N.W.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BEST MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK & 80N, Ltd., Medallists to H.M. the King. 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, London, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
^afes btf Ruction.
Valuable Silver, Furniture, and Works of Art.
VfESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
lT_L will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13. Wellington
Street, Strand. W.C, on MONDAY, June 22, and Following Day,
at 1 o'clock precisely, valuable WORKS OF ART, comprising the
Property of Major Sir MATTHEW WILSON, Bt., M.P., of Eshton
Hall, Gargrave, Yorks ; of M. K. M. POWHR, Esq., of Aston C'jurt
Ross, Herefordshire; of the Right Hon. the EARL OF MORAY • of
J. O. PELTON, Esq. of Croydon; of Mrs. BRIDGE; of the Right
Hon. the EARL OF NORTHESK; and other Properties.
May be viewed. Catalogues miy be had. Illustrated copies, con-
taining 5 Plates, price Is. lid. each.
Roman and English Coins, Ac.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13. Wellinston
Street, Strand, W.C, on WEDNESDAY, June 24, and Following Day
at 1 o'clock precisely, ROMAN AND ENGLISH ClINS; ENGLISH
SILVER CROWNS, th* Property of Mrs. STAC BY of Norwich- a
small LIBRARY of NUMISMATIC BOOKS, from the Collection of
the late Ca.pt. R. J. D. DOUGLAS, R.N. ; and other Properties.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
A Selected Portion of the renoioned Library of the
Right Hon. the EARL OF PEMBROKE.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will 8ELL by AUCTION, unless previously disposed of by
private treaty, at their House, No. 13, Wellington Street, Strand W ('
onoTHP?1DAT' JlJn? 25' and Following Day, at 1 o'clock p'e'ciselv,'
a Selected Portion of the renowned LIBRARY at WILTON HOUSE
8AL1SRURY. the Property of the Right Hon. the EARL OF PEM-
BROKE, consisting of the Illuminated Manuscripts, Block Books
and magnificent E*rly Printed Books, collected by Thomas Earl of
Pembroke 1650-1733, and catalogued by Dr. Dampier, Bishop of
Ely, in 1776.
May be viewed two days prior. ( 'atalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies, containing 8 Plates, price 28. 6d. each.
Two Valuable Illuminated Manuscripts, the Property of
H. YATES THOMPSON, Esq.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, No. 13, Wellington
Street, Strand, W.C, on THURSDAY, June 25, immediately after
the conclusion of the first day's sale of the Pembroke Collection,
provided that Collection is sold by public auction, TWO VALUABLE
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS, the Property of H. YATES
THOMPSON, Esq.
May be viewed two days prior. ( 'atalogues may be had. Illustrated
copies, containing 4 Plates, price is. each.
Baxter Colour Prints, including the Property of a well-
known Collector, and from various sources.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on TUESDAY,
June 23, at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, BAXTER COLOUR
PRI N T«J, as above,
Valuable Books, Manuscripts, and Autograph Letters, in-
cluding a Portion of the Mimical Library of the late
SAMUEL REAY, Esq., Mus.Bac. Oxon, and from
various sources.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on THURSDAY,
June 25, at 10 minutes pa6t 1 o'clock precisely, VALUABLE BOOKS,
MANUSCRIPTS, &c, including the above Library, comprising rare
Books on Music -Books with Coloured Plates— First Editions of
Modern Authors, &c— Rare Proclamations— Autograph Letters, in-
cluding James I., Montesquieu, David Garrick, Thomas Gray,
Lafayette, Washington, Marat, Napoleon I., Nelson, Byron's original
Note for Marino Faliero, George III., Scott, &c.
Engravings, including the Property of the late Rev. A.
COOPER, of 20, Chesham Place, Brighton (sold by Order
of the Executors) ; of a Gentleman, removed from Hamp-
shire; of a well-known Collector, removed from Folkestone ;
and various sources.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, on FRIDAY, June 26,
at ten minutes past 1 o'clock precisely, ENGRAVINGS, comprising
fancy subjects of the Early English and French 8chools, including
La Reunion des Paisirs, by Janinet, after Le Clerc, a brilliant
impression of the first stite, before all letters, aquatint, in colours —
The Promenade in St. James's Park, by Soiron, after E. Dayes, in
colours— An Airing in Hyde Park, by Gaugain, after the same— Girl
and Pitcher and Fruit Girl, by Eginton, after Wheatley, in colours,
&c — Portraits in mezzotint, line, and stipple including Pompone de
Bellievre, by R. Nanteuil, after Lebrun, second state — Elizabeth,
Consort of Alexander I., by C. Turner, after Monier, a fine impression,
mezzotint, in colours— Lord Robert Manners, by W. Dickinson,
mezzotint, first state— The Alpine Traveller (Miss St. Clair), by
J. Ward, after Northcote, mezzotint, in colours, first state -subjects
after Morland, including The Hard Bargain, by W. Ward, and
Rustic Conversation, by S. W. Reynolds, mezzotints, in colours, fine
impressions— Louisa, by Gaugain — Ovals, in colours, a pair— Rest from
Labour, by T. Burke— Turnpike Gate, by W. Ward, a brilliant
impression, mezzotint, and many others— rare American, Colonial,
and European Views, and Water-colour Drawings, including an
interesting portrait of Keats, by J. Severn— others by and after
T. AUom, G. Elgood, Nicholas Pocock, ('apt. Brenton, Cleveley, J.
Downman, Carl Vernet, and many others.
Valuable Books, including the Library of the late Sir
HUBERT JERNINGHAM, K.C.M.G., removed from
Longridae Towers, Berwick-on-Tweed.
PUTTICK & SIMPSON will SELL by AUCTION
at their House, 47, Leicester Square, W.C, EARLY IN JULY,
VALUABLE BOOKS, including the above Library.
Catalogues in preparation.
Rare and Valuable Books.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W C, on
WEDNESDAY, June 24, at 1 o'clock, RARE AND VALUABLE
BOOKS, including Incunabula and other Early Printed Books from
the German and Italian Presses, some with Woodcuts— Hilsey's
Primer, black letter, 1539 — a fine copy of Jugge's Edition of
the New Testament, 1565— Shelton's Don Quixote, 2 vols., 1620,
and other Old English Books— A Set of the Huth Library, 29 vols.—
Bullen's Old Plays, 7 vols., and English Dramatists, 16 vols. —
Dodsley's Old Plays, by Hazlitt, 15 vols.— Dickens's Pickwick Papers,
First Edition, in the original parts— Thackeray's Vanity Fair, Pen-
dennis, &c, First Editions, 6 vols., morocco extra— Presentation Copies
of Carlyle's Sartor Resartus, and Dodgson's Sylvie and Bruno. 2 vols.
—The Writings of Oscar Wilde, First Editions, 22 vols , uniform half
morocco, &c. To be viewed and Catalogues had.
The Valuable Library of thelate Dr. WILLI AM FRANCIS,
F.L.S., removed from the Manor House, Richmond.
MESSRS. HODGSON & CO. will SELL by
AUCTION, at their Rooms, 115, Chancery Lane, W.C, on
THUR8DAY, June 25, and Following Day, the above VALUABLE
LIBRARY, comprising Rare Books in 16th and 17th Century Literature
— Le Roy's Briefe Instruction to learue the Lute, 1568— Shelton's
Don Quixote, first part, 1612— Thornley's Daphnis and Chloe, 1657 —
First Edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, 1669-Grimm's Kinder und
Haus Marchen, first issue, 1823-6 -Thackeray's Vanity Fair in parts,
with wrappers— A Collection of Books in Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and
Icelandic Literature, formed by RICHARD TAYLOR, F.8 A. (1781-
1858)-Baber's Edition of the Codex Alexandrinus, printed on vellum,
6 vols., &c, also NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS, including a fine
copy of Dresser's Birds of Europe, 9 vols., morocco— Buller's Birds
of New Zealand, 2 vols.— Books on Entomology— Curtis's Flora Lon-
dinensis, coloured. 5 vols., 1817-28 — Kingsborough's Antiquities of
Mexico, &c. To which are added other Properties, including Booth's
Rough Notes on British Birds, 3 vols., and other Natural History
Books— Library Sets of Standard Authors, &c.
To be viewed and Catalogues had.
MESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully uive notice that they will hold the following
SALES hy AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St. James's
Square, the Sales commencing at 1 o'clock precisely : —
On MONDAY, June 22, and Three Following
Days, the NORTHWICK COLLECTION OF EIGHTEENTH-
CENTURY ENGRAVINGS.
On WEDNESDAY, June 24, JEWELS, the
Property of Her Grace. LILY, DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH,
deceased, and from various sources.
On FRIDAY, June 26, Important PICTURES
bv OLD MASTERS and WORKS of the EARLY BRITISH
SCHOOLS, the Property of A. M. GRENFELL, Esq., and others.
STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS.
Established 1760.
Curiosities.
TUESDAY, June 23, at half-past 12 o'clock.
Mr. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION,
at his Rooms. 38, King Street, Coven t Garden, London, W.C, a
magnificent NEW ZEALAND FEATHER BOX, two HAN IS, TEKI,
&c. — Indian and Chinese Bronzes, Pictures, &c. — Two Chinese Jade
Necklaces— Flint Implements — Marble Groups and FigureB-Guus
and Native Weapons— Japanese Curios, and Miscellaneous Items.
On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.
Classified Advertisements continued pp. 866, 867.
Messrs. JOHN LONG
have published this week
TWO IMPORTANT NEW NOVELS.
1. LAW THE WRECKER
6s.
By CHARLES IGGLESDEN,
Author of 'Clouds,' &c.
2. THE RED WEDDING
6s.
By E. SCOTT GILLIES,
Author of 'A Spark on Steel,' &c.
John Long's Popular Novels
NB- — These Novels are among
the successes of the season, and
are all in 2nd Editions except
' Sunrise Valley,' which has
reached FOUR Editions in as
many weeks, and bids fair to
outrival its predecessor 'The
Lureof Crooning Water,' which
ran into 13 Editions.
THE NOVEL ALL ENGLAND IS READING
SUNRISE VALLEY
By MARION HILL.
4th Edition.
6s.
SOME EARLY REYIEWS.
Evening Standard. — "'Sunrise Valley' is by
the author of that ' best seller ' of last year, ' The
Lure of Crooning Water.' It will probably sell as
well. There is no reason why it should not."
Pall Mall Gazette. — " We have read every word
with keen enjoyment."
Glasgow News. — "Miss Hill has followed that
success ' The Lure of Crooning Water ' with a
work which will add to her literary laurels."
By D. H. Dennis, author of ' Cross Roads,' &c.
THE WIDOW OF GLOANE 6s.
By Henry Bruce, author of ' The Eurasian,' &c.
THE RESIDENCY 6s.
By Nat Gould, author of ' A Fortune
at Stake,' &c.
A GAMBLE FOR LOVE 6s.
By George H. Jessop, author of
' His American Wife,' &c.
DESMOND O'CONNOR
6s.
By A. L. Stewart, a promising new Author.
THE MAZE 6s.
JOHN LONG, LTD.,
12, 13, 14, Morris St., Haymarket, London.
No. 45t?l, Jr\E 20, 19U
THE ATHENAEUM
843
Sampson Low, Marston & Co.s List
A Lincolnshire Hardy
A delightful New Romance by a New Writer
[Ready June 20.
GREYLAKE OF MALLERBY
A Romance of Lincolnshire
By W. L. CRIBB.
Coloured Frontispiece and Wrapper, by C. E. BROCK, the well-known illustrator of ' The Broad Highway.'
Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s.
Amongst the upstanding features of this powerful novel are clear-cut characterization, fidelity to
truth, rich and onforoed humour, sense of reality, and altogether it will be found a fine and commanding
study of a little-known people, and one of those books which the reader is impelled to finish at one sitting.
A remarkable Romance that will arouse serious discussion
[Ready June 29.
THE LURE OF ISLAM A Romance
By C. PROWSE.
Illustrated by Miss RUTH PROWSE.
Coloured Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s. [Nearly ready.
A half-caste cab-driver is the prime mover in this startling tragedy, though behind him is the
sinister figure and powerful personality of his uncle the cab owner. Ida, an attractive, wayward,
strong-souled girl is seduced from Christianity to Mohammedanism by reason of her marriage to the
handsome cab-driving rascal. The horrors of her practical slavery drives the girl nearly mad. Needless
to say, the author intends throughout the novel to show the danger of mixed marriages between white
women and Malay men.
Two Large Editions are on order for Australia and South Africa.
A stirring and engrossing drama, with the county
of Gloucestershire as the scene of operations
THE UJlIjANJDEKS A Romance of Gloucestershire
By WALTER BAMFYLDE.
With Coloured Frontispiece and Cap. Crown 8vo, cloth boards, gilt, 6s. {2nd Impression.
" ' The Uplanders ' is strong in many of the qualities that go to make a good novel, and those
who relish a good love-story will find it here." — Gloucester Journal.
" Mr. Bamfylde has an artistic eye, and has staged his book with dramatic effect together with a
fund of humour. It is a long time since we read such a healthy, breezy and engrossing book."
Bristol Times.
If you want to read clean, sweet, entertaining stories buy
JEFFERY FARNOL'S GREAT WORKS
THE BROAD HIGHWAY
THE AMATEUR GENTLEMAN
THE MONEY MOON
THE HONOURABLE MR. TAWNISH
2Jst Edition 6s.
60th Thousand 6s.
7th Edition 6s.
2nd Edition net 6s.
DESERVEDLY POPULAR FICTION
A love-story of singular power and delicacy
MARTHE Reginald Nye
A Novel, far above the average in style, theme, and general quality
ID ONI A : A Romance of Old London Arthur F. Wallis
Universally agreed as THE solution
A GREAT MYSTERY SOLVED
A Solution to the Mystery of Edwin Drood.
WELLS GARDNER, DARTON & CO.,
Gillan Vase (2nd Ed.)
6s.
6s.
6s.
L,TD.
Dorothea Fairbridge at her very best
THAT WHICH HATH BEEN : A Tale of Old Capetown
Dorothea Fairbridgi: 6s.
Boer and Englishman graphically described
MAJOR GREVILLE, V.C. Senator Munnik of South Africa
(2nd Ed.) 6s.
A pleasantly written Romance by a most capable writer
THE FAIREST OF THE STUARTS W. B. Mtlbchbebsi 6s.
An unusually fine Novel
THE MESH John Haslettk, Author of 'Desmond Uourkc '
London: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON Cs CO., Ltd.
6s.
THIRD EDITION IN THE PRESS.
THE LAND OF OPEN
DOORS.
Experiences of Pioneer Work in
North West Canada.
By J. BURGON BICKERSTETH.
With Preface by the Right Hon. EARL GREY.
Illustrated. 7s. 6d. net.
"Mr. Bickersteth is to be congratulated upon
his rich experience, and upon his power of convey-
ing it vividly to his readers. Certainly he has
produced a remarkable book." — Times.
A BISHOP AMONGST
BANANAS:
or, Work and Experiences in a
Unique Diocese
By the Right Rev. HERBERT BURY, D.D.,
Formerly Bishop of British Honduras and Central
America,
now Bishop of Northern and Central Europe.
With numerous Illustrations from Photographs
taken on the spot. Crown 8vo, 6s.
SEAMANSHIP FOR
SCOUTS.
By W. H. STUART GARNETT.
Full}' illustrated, 120 pages, cloth limp, 6d. net ;
cloth boards, 1s. net.
Starting with the scout ashore learning knots
for his tenderfoot tests, the volume gives practical
details how to swim, to row, and to sail ; how to
handle a fore-and-aft sailing vessel, and do all the
things he need do to take command of a scouts'
training-ship (except keep scouts in order) ; how
to find his way at sea by chart, and lead, and
compass, and that most mysterious business of
taking the sun and reading the clock-face of the
universe ; and lastly, right away beyond the
duties and knowledge of the ordinary ship's cap-
tain, how to take lunars.
" A book which everybody should read, whether
he is a Scout or not, and it is as admirably and
lucidly written as it is comprehensive in the infor-
mation which it conveys. Every young yachts-
man desirous of knowing about seamanship and
navigation would profit by a perusal of this ex-
cellent manual." — Daily Telegraph.
A STORY OF LIFE IN" A CARAVAN.
THE SLOWCOACH.
By E. V. LUCAS.
Illustrated in Colours by M. V. WHEELHOUSH.
Cloth, 6s.
"A most delightful story this, and we recom-
mend it with all our heart." — Sptctator.
BOOK OF DISCOVERIES.
By JOHN MASEFIELD.
Illustrated by GORDON BROWNE, R.I.
Printed on superfine paper,
cloth, gilt top, *i by 5J, 6s.
" It contains ■ wraith of information on all sorts
of subjects that the buy wants to know about. It
is inched a delightful volume" — Truth,
" A delightful book that will go straight to the
heart of every true boy." Tn
WELLS GARDNER, DARTON <t CO.. Ltd.,
:\ and 4, Paternoster Buildings, London
844
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
Macmillan's New Books.
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No. 4521. June 20, 1914
THE ATIIENyEUM
845
SATURDAY, JUNE JO, 1914.
CONTENTS. PAGE
i.mma in Various Lights (impressions of British
Life anil Character on the Occasion of a European
Tour, 1913 ; Life in an Indian Outpost ; Sport and
Folk-loie in the Himalaya; War and Sport in
India. 18034 : an Officer's Diary) .. .. 845—847
IN SUNSK Land (Morocco ; Morocco the Piquant) 817—818
Canadian Nights, heinc; sketches and Reminis-
cences oe Like and Sport in the Rockies,
the praikies, and the canadian woods .. 848
The Near East (The Struggle for Scutaii ; The
Orient Express) 819—850
African Camt Fires - _ 85°
A Wanderers Trail: iif.im; a FAITHFUL Record
ok Travel in Manv Lands 851
Friends Round the Wrekin 852
By the Waters ok Germany 852
Books Publishes this Week 853—855
Note on a Passage in Shelley's ' Ode to Liberty ' ;
The Belfast Booksellers; Irish Book Cata-
logues „ .. 855—857
Sales 857
Literary Gossip _ ..857
Science — The Riddle ok Mars the Planet;
Societies; Meetings Next Week .. 858
Fine Arts— Cartoons ; EXHIBITIONS: The Roman
Charity; Dr. Barclay Head ; Sales.. 859-861
Music— 'Ls Cow d'Ok'; Gossip; Performances
Next Week 862—863
Drama— The 'Alcestis' at Bradkield; Gossip
863— S64
Index to Advertisers 866
LITERATURE
INDIA IN VARIOUS LIGHTS.
Is many current comments on the
problems of India it is too readily assumed
that, whatever may be the feeling among
the masses of the people, the men of
higher education who have learnt our
tongue are united in political conceptions
and aspirations in relation to British rule.
The other day a contemporary dwelt on
the emergence of "a new university
caste " spread all over India, and said
that there was a groAving alienation
between its members and the British
officials. The Chief of Ichalkaranji's 'Im-
pressions of British Life and Character'
comes as an opportune reminder that such
generalizations are too sweeping, and leave
■out of account some influential factors.
A generation has gone by since the late Sir
I' hard Temple carefully analyzed the
• iments of the people towards our rule,
but two at least of his classifications — the
princes and chiefs as " actively loyal,"
Impressions of British Life and Character on
the Occasion of a European Tour, 1013.
By Meherban Narayanrao Babaeaheb,
Chief of Ichalkaranji. (Macmillan & Co.,
Hi. 6d. net.)
Life in an Indian Outpost. ]'>y Major
ion ('asscrly. (T. Werner J auric,
12*. 64. net.)
Sport (ti'il Folk-lore in the Himalaya. By
(apt. H. L. Haughton. (Arnold, 12*. 6d.
net.)
War and Sport in India, 1802-6 : an Offlct fe
Diary. (Heath, ( ranton 6: Ouselev, 15».
net.)
and the landed aristocracy as " largely
loyal, but some the reverse " — still hold
good. We have in the author of this
thoughtful work a representative of both
these orders. He is at once the chief of
a native state in the Southern Mahratta
Country, covering some 240 square miles,
and a landowner in British territory, w ho
has for some fourteen years represented
the sirdars (large landowners) of the
Deccan in the Bombay Legislature. He
is a high-caste Mahratta Brahman, and
so belongs to a community which little
more than a century since was.replacing
the Moguls as the predominant power in
India when it was checked and over-
thrown by the establishment of British
supremacy.
This fact, as Lord George Hamilton
says in a striking Preface, gives special
force to the opinions he holds
" that, notwithstanding the objections and
prejudice which undoubtedly exist in many
parts of India [in none, it may be added,
more intensely than in the Deccan] against
British rule as now established, the future
well-being of the country depends upon
the continuance of the strength of that
authority."
This cordial acceptance of the British
connexion has in it no element of blind
subserviency. Again and again the Baba-
saheb indicates directions in which he
looks for extensions of the ordered liberty
and progress which our rule has brought
with it, and suggests adaptations to his
native land of institutions and systems
he saw here. His ideal for his country
is that of self-reliance, attained by the
gift to its sons of a constantly increasing
share in administrative responsibilities.
The broad main conclusion he draws from
his eager and discriminating observations
in Britain, which he has visited for the
first time now he is in the mid-stream of
life, is that, under our benign rule, India
can work out her own salvation. Unlike
the ordinary run of the" university caste,"
he recognizes that this salvation is not
only, or indeed chiefly, political : —
" Along with social and political problems
we must also try to grapple with great
economic, commercial, industrial, educa-
tional, and hygienic questions. . . .We must
learn the habits of industry and perseverance
and cultivate courage and commercial and
political morality in our undertakings. Wo
must develope character and patriotism
before we can hope to rise again in the
estimation of the world.''
It is clear that in the new India for
which he yearns — the " red-letter day "
when her people will be " public-spirited
enough to be prepared, if need be, to
suffer ignominy in promoting. . . .the weal
of the community " — the Chief would
carefully conserve the better traditions of
Hindustan. He can write with apprecia-
tion of Christian worship and philanthropy
in this country and of its missionary
activities in India, without relinquishing
his orthodox Brahmanism. The close at-
tention he paid to educational institutions
here served to deepen his conviction thai
it has been a deplorable mistake for OUT
educational system in India to leave her
youth '" without any regard for the
religion and traditions of their people."
He has in this opinion the support of such
eminent observers as Sir ( leorge Birdwood,
who recently drew attention to
" the terrible effect of our godless system of
public education on the Hindus, in destroy-
ing their faith in their own religion, without
substituting any other in its place."
But the Babasaheb does not show how
this unhappy state of things can be
remedied without infringement in India
of the principle of religious neutrality,
which is a cardinal point of British policy.
There, as in this country, the State gives
grants-in-aid to private institutions on a
denominational basis, if they conform to
certain standards. This does not satisfy
the Chief, who says there is not sufficient
public spirit in India for such institutions
to be widely spread, and that no general
advance can be looked for without the
initiative and support of Government. He
docs not effectively meet the real difficulties
of the question, and he has to confess that
educated sentiment in Western India is
unsympathetic. He might well have am-
plified this chapter by discussing the alter-
native of moral teaching on an undog-
matic basis, in which some progress has
been made. But his opinions, as they
stand, are entitled to consideration, though
they may not bring us much nearer to
the solution of an educational problem
justly described last year by the Govern-
ment of India as " unquestionably the
most important " of the time.
A feature of the '* impressions " which
reminds us how much more closely the
Indian aristocracy is in touch with the
people than the town-dwelling lawyer-
politician who claims to speak for them, is
the Chief's keen and practical interest in
agricultural conditions. He knows, like
others of his class, how closely the welfare
of his country is bound up in the cultiva-
tion of the soil, by which three-fourths
of its vast population is supported. An
earlier literary enterprise of his was to
translate and publish in Mahratti a work
on ' Rural Economy in the Deccan ' by
the Bombay Director of Agriculture : and
a few years ago he presided at a provincia I
conference on agriculture. In Devonshire
he visited farms, and discussed with their
occupants as he walked round the fields
questions of cultivation and stock-produc-
tion. To the Royal Agricultural Society's
Show at Bristol last year he devotes the
greater part of a chapter. In Ireland he
made a careful study of the agrarian
co-operative movement, and he discusses
the bearing of its success there on the
expansion of rural credit in India on the
co-operative basis introduced under Gov-
ernment auspices a decade a;_r<>. and satis-
factorily applied in Ichalkaranji. It was
stated in the recent decennial Indian
Report to Parliament that "the move-
ment has as yet touched only the fringe of
the \ast population concerned," and the
Chief tells us that, before there can he
great progress, his countrymen " imi-l
largely cultivate the businesslike habits
and communal spirit of the British race. "
It is this constant application of new
experiences in an unfamiliar environment
«S46
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
to the life and thought of his beloved
Motherland which gives these well-written
" impressions " their chief value. The
Babasaheb saw and inquired diligently,
not for mere pleasure or idle curiosity,
but mainly for the patriotic purpose of
helping forward the amelioration of his
country.
Considered apart from their bearing on
Indian problems, his musings on our ways,
habits, and institutions are of profound
interest. They are marked by discrimina-
tion and impartiality, and there is no
venom in the sting of his occasional satiric
touches. If the English love of self-
depreciation leads some readers to a sense
of disappointment because he does not
deal out the lash in vigorous fashion, they
may be reminded that he came to learn,
not to sit in judgment, and that the
innate courtesy of the cultured Oriental
is seen to perfection in the best type of
Brahman. Here and there the " impres-
sions " savour somewhat of the guide-
book, owing to being written more for
the author's own countrymen than for
ourselves ; but he seldom ends with mere
description. Almost invariably he com-
ments pertinently on what he has seen.
This is the most arresting and valuable
book of its kind since the late Mr. Mala-
bari, the social reformer, gave us his ' An
Indian Eye on English Life ' more than
twenty years ago.
The North-East frontier of India is so
little known in comparison with the North-
West that any information about it is
welcome, and a good deal, pleasantly con-
veyed, will be found in Major Casserly's
' Life in an Indian Outpost.' He is well
qualified for the task he has undertaken,
having no small powers of observation and
description, as well as experience of travel
in many countries.
The particular place to which he, with
two hundred men of the 120th Rajputana
Infantry was sent, was as he spells it,
Buxa Duar. The latter word is more
familiar as Dooar, connected with tea
plantations, and is the Sanskrit diodr, a
door, gateway, or passage.
The Bhutan Dwars were ceded to the
British Government at the end of 1865, an
allowance in lieu being paid to the Raja of
Bhutan. They were divided into Eastern
and Western, the Baxa being one of the
latter group, and are the gates or passages
into Bhutan. The Baxa Dwar is practi-
cally on the Bhutan frontier, north of Kuch
Behar, the Maharaja of which was well
known in London society, and was most
hospitable at his capital, the Maharani
being a daughter of Babii Keshab Chandra
Sen, free from the ordinary trammels of
caste. Darjiling and Nepal lie to the
north-west. That should suffice to in-
dicate the place— a strange one, surely, to
select for men from Bombay : it has a
heavy rainfall, luxuriant vegetation, and,
like similar parts of the terai, is at certain
seasons unhealthy. The author describes
it as a deep horseshoe among the moun-
tains, nearly two thousand feet above the
plains ; a clearing in the jungle with a few
bungalows, dominated by a conical peak,
four thousand feet higher, from which two
wooded spurs run down, bearing three
white square towers.
" Behind us, on a long mound, were
fortified barracks with loopholed walls.
These formed the fort ; and this was Buxa
Duar. We had reached our destination."
Unlike the officers he relieved, Major
Casserly greatly admired Baxa Dwar, and
had sanguine hopes of its capabilities in
the way of sport. These were in a measure
realized, the game varying from rogue
elephants to snipe. The loneliness of the
place was relieved in different ways. Soon
after arrival the detachment was inspected
by Brigadier-General Hamilton Bower,
well known as a traveller, who tracked
the murderer of Dalgleish to Samarkand.
He afterwards wrote an excellent descrip-
tion of travel, ' Across Tibet ' (Athen.,
August 18th, 1894), and more recently he
earned fame as the commander of the
successful expedition against the Abors.
At Baxa, as is not always the case, in-
spector and inspected got on famously ;
they talked of travel, and many other
things, and parted with regret.
The next event was a Durbar held by
the Political officer, at which the subsidy
was to be paid to a representative of the
Bhutan Government : the ceremony is
well described in chap. iv. Chaps, v. to
viii. are devoted to sport, a remarkable
hunt and chase after a rogue elephant being
recorded.
" But the fact remained that with ten
solid bullets from my heavy rifle, and seven
from the Lee-Enfields, the brute still lived
to mock us, and to do worse."
He throve on the bullets and resumed
his evil ways. It is difficult to reconcile
such a tale with Neumann's experience
related in ' Elephant Hunting in East
Equatorial Africa ' (Athen., April 9th,
1898). Here extraordinary slaughter is
recorded often with the "303 bullet, one
shot sufficing.
Other chapters tell of forest fires, the
palace at Kuch Behar, a soldier who shot
his sergeant, and Darjiling ; all are good
of their kind, though occasionally senti-
ments are expressed which scarcely coin-
cide with the democratic ideas of to-day.
The volume is illustrated from photo-
graphs, has good type, and, for its size, is
not heavy in hand.
' Sport and Eolk-lore in the Himalaya,'
an excellent blend of matter in which the
legends of Kashmir occupy the larger
space, will be warmly welcomed by
j^oung sportsmen, who may learn much
from its pages, and by veterans, to whom
it will recall past pleasure. Its author,
Capt. H. L. Haughton of the 36th Sikhs,
is the son of Lieut. -Col. John Haughton,
who commanded that regiment and was
killed in the Tirah Afridi Expedition, 1898,
and whose life by Major A. C. Yate was
published in 1900. In our review of it
(Athen., January 5th, 1901) attention
was invited to the close connexion of the
Haughtons with the East India Company,
and to the services of John Colpoys
Haughton, whose defence of Charikar,
and escape with Eldred Pottinger to
Kabul in 1841 are graphically and accu-
rately described by Mrs. Diver in her recent
book, ' The Judgment of the Sword '
(Athen., Nov. 29th, 1913). The spirit of
adventure is inherited by Capt. Haughton,
who delights in sport and travel, and has-
enlivened his book by tales gathered from
shikaris and others.
As to sport, there is much about bears,
black and red ; they are evidently more
valued now than of old, when they were
plentiful, and were not fired at by expe-
rienced sportsmen, except on return from
stalking higher game. Indeed, they were
scarcely considered game, though, when
nothing better was to be had, much amuse-
ment was got among them. For they are
comical creatures ; if a number of them
were out feeding on a clearing, and a shot
was fired, one might roll over, but the
others sat up as if to inquire, Whence comes
this disturbance ? The bear that was hit,
if not disabled, would probably, after-
mature consideration, attack his nearest
neighbour as responsible for the injury.
Then we are introduced to the small and
big game of Kashmir and its dependencit s.
ibex and markhor ranking highest. The
discussion of the markhor, literally " snake-
eater," includes an interesting dissertation
on the question whether this goat does
eat snakes, and on the bezoar stone .
pa zahr, or antidote for poison, which is-
sometimes found in it and in other
animals.
As to legends, nearly every valley has-
its own, whilst
" Gilgit is, indeed, a mine of folk-lore gems ;
some pure fairy tales, others equally fabulous,,
but based upon some old historical fact,,
religious belief, or local custom of actual
occurrence. We have the snakes guarding
the coral tree on the summit of Nanga Parbat,.
a quaint parallel with the Kashmiri story of
the snake on the Kaji Nag, whose mate
lived on Nanga Parbat."
There are also many tales of Alexander
the Great, zu-l-karnain, Lord of Two Horns,
i.e. of the east and west, and some ex-
planation of how he got the title. How
when dying he consoled his mother is.
satisfactorily explained.
Trout fishing, formerly unknown in
Kashmir, is described ; evidently good
sport is to be had in some of the streams,
and further details of the introduction and
welfare of the trout would have been
acceptable. The game laws for 1913-14
of the Jammu and Kashmir State are
recorded in an Appendix ; there is an In-
dex, and the illustrations are pleasing.
The Diary (1802-6) of Lieut. Pester,.
H.E.I.C.S., edited by Mr. J. A. Devenish,
a descendant, has special interest for at
least two reasons : first, because of the
light thrown on the campaigns under
General (afterwards Lord) Lake ; and
secondly, because it is a rich mine of
Anglo - Indian words and expressions,
which would have greatly rejoiced the
lamented Sir H. Yule, and added
materially to the interest of his Glossary
by reason of the apt quotations in which
it abounds. The editor of the Diary,
having been engineer to the State of
No. 4521, Jink '30, 1914
T HE ATHENiEUM
847
Bhartpur, has the advantage of ac-
quaintance with the region in which the
- nes arc laid.
The times were those of Lord Welleslcy
as Governor-General, with his Commander-
in-Chief Lake, and Arthur Wellesley in the
field against the Maharatta power. The
question of dealing with the Maharattas
was probably the most difficult the
Governor-General had to solve. He de-
"sired to conquer all Sindhia's dominions
between the Ganges and Jumna, not solely
to weaken the Maharajas power, but
mainly to exclude the French, who by
entering his service obtained a footing in
that rich country not compatible with
British interests. Perron, " a man of
plain sense, of no talent, but a brave
soldier." according to De Boigne, was the
general who opposed Lake at Aligarh ; he
was succeeded by Bourquin, who com-
manded the Maharattas at Delhi ; Lake
<l feated them in turn, took Agra, and at
Laswari finally captured or destroyed
Sindhia's French contingents. So far his
successes fairly equalled those of Arthur
WVUesley further south ; but at Bhartpur
Lake "' blundered terribly,"' according to
younger general. The verdict is just.
His methods were the ways of Lord Gough,
rather than those of the Duke of Welling-
ton. General Lake was a Guardsman, a
sportsman, and a dandy, who spent his
money freely, and took the field with every
possible comfort and convenience, keeping
a luxurious table, and an ample supply of
good wine. The entries in the Diary fully
attest this, and though modem practice is
towards the other extreme, it may reason-
ably be questioned whether it is always
better. At any rate, Lake's troops had
most severe trials of hard fighting in
extreme heat, and as a rule responded to
them well.
The first entry in the Diary is dated
! ekoabad, August 28th, 1802, and relates
that, in consequence of the refractory
conduct of some zemindars, Lieut. Pester
with his grenadiers was sent to restore
order. We learn how he marched thirty-
two miles through dirt, mire, and water,
and found the enemy in a village from
which an insulting message was sent —
how next day he took and destroyed the
place, returning to Shekoabad on the 30th.
'; Not a man of us had taken our clothes
off since the 28th in the morning, nor had I
Hosed my eyes since that time. .. .In the
ning I dined at Plumer's, where there
Mas a large party, and as soon as t lie cloth
was removed I fell asleep in my chair and
Blept undisturbed till nearly eleven o'clock,
r which I took my bottle of claret and
returned in my palanquin."
These adventures were relieved by
-porting excursions, for on November 30th,
Q< ar Etah, Pester, with his friend Cumber-
_ . killed twenty-three couple of snipe.
eight teal, and three ducks — no mean bag
if flint guns were used. He records that,
this being St. Andrew's Day. all the Scots-
men in camp were invited to dinner.
'" We paid them the compliment of pushing
the bottle handsomely, and the whole party
was pretty high when we separated at one
in the morning/'
On another festive occasion it is stated
that a party of sixteen accounted for
'" three dozen and a half of claret, and
proportionable quantity of Madeira — every
one sang his song, and this was as gay an
r\ ening and terminated as pleasantly as any
I ever passed in my life."
The allowance of wine does not fail on the
score of liberality.
So the Diary runs on : sometimes hard
fighting, as at Aligarh, Delhi, Deeg, and
Bhartpur ; at other times pigsticking,
shooting, and fishing are described, always
in a bright and interesting way. Many
curious facts are noted ; for example,
Rs. 400 are stated to be equal to 50/.
The author's share or part of it in the Agra
prize money, Rs. 4,240, was put in the 8 per
cent loan : exchange and interest now
alike unattainable. The Commander-in-
Chief's share amounted to 44,000?., and he
" declared he had been upwards of forty
years a soldier and never touched prize
money till this campaign."
The battle of Assaye, and even Trafalgar
and the death of Nelson, are incidentally
mentioned, news of the latter having been
received at sea off the coast of Africa on
June 2nd, 1806 ; so there is no lack of
variety in Lieut. Pester's record. Very
often his spelling of native words is
most remarkable ; thus Connor, for
khana= dinner ; Colla Nuddy, for Kala
Xaddi = black river ; Tauge for Taj ;
Gollaum Cawdor for Gholam Kadir ;
Jummer Musjeed, and so on, most of his
names, though curious, being recognizable ;
but what are " pufters " ? At p. 75 it is
said that
" Doveton shot an immense quantity of
ortolans this forenoon, on which and some
snipe and pufters (a delicious dish) we had
a sumptuous tiffin."
There are some eccentricities of printing :
on p. 109, line 25 is a repetition of line 24 ;
whilst at p. 283 the final five lines have had
a remarkable shuffle. All the words are
there, but it is a puzzle to set them in
their proper places. The maps are rather
sketchy: whether they are supplied by the
author or the editor is not clear. We
are glad to see an Index of persons, and
another of places.
IX SUNSET LAND.
Other lands have doubtless elicited finer
tributes, and most of them can boast a
literature more extensive ; but it may be
doubted if any country in the world has
aroused more enthusiasm in the breasts of
its visitors and travellers, than has the
enigmatic Moghreh el-Acksa . tin; western-
most outpost of the world of Islam. Des-
pite the international treaties and punitive
expeditions of recent years, and despite
the fact that such ports as Tangier are now
admittedly Kuropeanized (and so finally
debased in Muslim eyes), Morocco, as a
whole, remains very largely impervious
Morocco. By Pierre Loti. (T. Werner
Laurie, la. •;-/. net.)
Morocco il" Piquant. Bj George E. Holt.
| II- iiiemaim, 09. net.)
to the influences of modernism, the
last of the strongholds of barbaric medi-
an alisni to withstand and defy the per-
vasive challenges of modern civilization.
Within sight of Europe, the people of this
strange land cling still, to the usages, not
merely of the Middle Ages, but of the
period of Mohammed's life in this world.
These considerations alone — and there are
others — would suffice to give Al Moghreb
fascination for most of the Europeans w ho
visit it, and to account for the enthusiasm
displayed in the records of those who write
about their travels.
The reviewer has one fault to find with
' Morocco,' a rendering of the work of
the distinguished Frenchman who writes
as Pierre Loti. There is no date in it
to show when the volume was pro-
duced, and, what is more important,
there is no note of any sort to explain when
the original was penned, or where, or by
whom originally published ; or whether
the present translation is, or is not, put
forward with the author's sanction. The
reviewer believes it to be a version of
the author's ' Au Maroc,' published in
1890 ; but such facts should be clearly
stated.
In the matter of the book itself, apart
from a few weaknesses of translation,
there is little ground for fault-finding, and
much for praise and admiration. It is
rather a wonder that " Pierre Loti " has
not written more than he has about
Morocco, for his style lends itself to im-
pressionistic descriptions of Sunset Land.
It fits the barbaric blend of melancholy
and rapture, squalor and splendour, dignity
and brutalit}', pastoral peacefulness and
bloody tyranny, which is the land of the
Moors. One does not go to Pierre Loti for
statistical information ; neither, if he be
well-advised, will the student turn to this
volume in quest of precise facts of
any kind, since we could point to in-
accuracies, great and small, in every one
of the chapters. But these inaccuracies
really do not matter. The French writer
gives quite wrong names to all maimer
of things and people in Morocco ; but
who would blame him for that, when he
sees the things and the people themseh 68,
with such delightful clearness as to make
one perfectly indifferent in the matter of
their names ? It is true, the translator
might easily have spared us such out-
landish renderings of ancient plarr-names
as Czar-el-Kebir. Any method of trans-
literation known to the reviewer — even
the Spanish — would be better than that
adopted, because it would give some in-
dication to the untravelled reader of the
pronunciation of the name. Here and
there too, are descriptive phrases m
which the translator must be at fault.
There are words which stand out like a
patch of sacking in a silken robe, by
reason of their harsh inappropriatenesa t.i
the reel of the richly intricate pattern ot
this author's descriptive style. But, in
the whole gaily coloured fabric the number
of these patches is small.
The book, which is beautifully illus-
trated from drawings in colour, and from
photographs, records a journey made by
848
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
the author in the year 1889, from Tangier
to the court of the Moorish Sultan at
Fez, as one of the members of a French
diplomatic mission. Pierre Loti was then
still on the enthusiastic side of forty ;
and the reader reaps the benefit of his
comparatively youthful zest in a thousand
waj's. The description of his brief sojourn
in Fez, separated from his companions of
the mission, and dressed as a Moor, glee-
fully saturating himself, so far as he might,
in the customs and traditions of the
ancient capital, make delightful reading.
In his few weeks of Moorish travel and
observation, he succeeded in securing
a vivid impression of the real spirit
of the country and its people. His
generalizations are remarkably sound, and
so the effect of his picture is astonish-
ingly true. This is the outstanding fact
about the book ; this it is that gives it
real value, and is, in a sense, a tribute
to the power of literature. It is interest-
ing too, to note, from the first two pages,
how the author's landing in Morocco
affected him. The spell, even of Euro-
peanized Tangier, must be arresting, for
there is hardly a book written about
Morocco by a foreigner which in its
opening pages does not contain some
remark similar to this at the beginning of
Pierre Loti's work : —
" I experience, as I land to-day on this
quay of Tangier in the bright noon sun-
shine, a sense of translation into anterior
times. How far away all at once seem the
Spain in which I was this morning, the rail-
way, the swift, comfortable steamboat, the
epoch in which I thought I lived."
A few years ago, by the way, another
firm of London publishers produced a
handsomely illustrated volume called
' Morocco,' and written by Mr. S. L.
Bensusan.
'Morocco the Piquant,' which is the
title chosen by Mr. George Edmund Holt,
reminds the reviewer of an occasion,
many years ago, upon which he was
privileged to escort a German visitor — a
learned professor — upon a first visit to
Westminster Abbey. The visit ended,
the professor was asked how the Abbey
had impressed him. He replied thought-
fully, but with emphasis, that he found it,
' Ver' neat." Knowledge of our island
tongue was not the professor's strong point,
but no doubt in his own mind, he attached
some perfectly satisfactory and applic-
able significance to the adjective " neat,"
just as Mr. Holt probably does to his
" piquant." It is, perhaps, a little hard
on Mr. Holt to read his naive and cheery
description of Morocco with Pierre
Loti's book close at hand ; for, while the
one is a delight from the literary stand-
point, the other is rather pleasing in the
sense that the letters of an enthusiastic,
but unliterary friend, Avritten during
holiday travel, may be pleasing. One
gathers that Mr. Holt spent some half
dozen years in Tangier as American " Vice
and Deputy Consul-Generai " there ; and,
if he has not made any very exhaustive
study of Morocco and its people, at least,
his observation, so far as it has carried him,
has been of a genial and kindly sort.
Clearly, the country has not found him
unresponsive. Thus, in his opening para-
graph one finds the familiar tribute to its
spell : —
" During the two hours occupied in cross-
ing from Gibraltar to Tangier one passes
from the twentieth century to the tenth,
from West to East, from present to past ....
We are in a new world, a new humanity.
One plunges blindly into the midst of a
civilization which has not changed percept-
ibly si ice the days of Moses."
Mr. Holt has a cheerful, animated style,
and writes in excellent spirits. He is able
too, to convey much of his good humour
to the reader, because his writing dis-
closes a genial and kindly nature. But,
to be frank, one must admit that his style
is but little suited to the task of depicting
Moorish life and manners. Morocco, des-
pite its blue skies and sunshine, is essen-
tially sombre, its charm is a melancholy
one ; the spirit brooding over its fatalistic
people is a tragic spirit ; its beauty lies in
its ruins, and it is a land of ruins. Mr.
Holt writes in this way : —
" There are two documents which the
Moors value above all other earthly posses-
sions : their ' protection ' papers .... and
the title desds to their real estate. Marriage
licences, bills of sale for black or white
slaves, bills payable and accounts receiv-
able, wills and love-letters all take seats in
the gallery. For the other two is the
parquet circle reserved."
But, if Mr. Holt is rather frequently
facetious, he is as frequently shrewd. If
he will permit us to say so, he does not
really know his Morocco, or its people ;
but he has brought much common sense
to bear, and this with his sympathetic
disposition has led him to several con-
clusions which are worth noting. For
example, he remarks that during his stay
in Morocco he has never heard of a
case of suicide. Neither has the reviewer
in the course of a knowledge of the
country extending over many years.
This really is a notable fact, and is
worth bearing in mind in considering a
passage in Mr. Holt's book like the fol-
lowing ; —
" To understand why the Moor prefers
the crude wooden plough, hewn from the
crotch of a tree, to those of iron and steel
which civilization offers him ; to compre-
hend why the Moroccan native would
rather drive his camel or mule through a
stream than over a bridge, is, to the Christian
foreigner, more difficult than to realize that
he is looked upon by the ignorant Moor
as a victim of circumstances, as a sacrifice
to a civilization that leaves him time neither
for thought, kindness, nor religious reflec-
tion, and which drives him to ignore his
gods, such as they may be."
The author need not have specified the
" ignorant " Moor ; for his perfectly
justifiable statement would apply equally
well, and, perhaps, even more certainly,
to the Moor of culture and refinement.
We need these reminders of the penalties
of our boasted civilization, which is ever
urging us to some new distraction.
Canadian Nights, being Sketches and
Reminiscences of Life and Sport in the
Rockies, the Prairies, and the Canadian
Woods. By the Earl of Dunraven.
(Smith Elder & Co., 7s. 6d. net.)
There are a variety of ways in which
Lord Dunraven's book differs from the
average run of new publications, and, for
most readers, the differences are all in
favour of ' Canadian Nights.' It has un-
deniable charm. There is a certain elusive
fascination about it, rather difficult to
understand, and impossible to define. It
is real and unstrained, leisurely, and
remarkably full of the atmosphere of the
woods, the mountains, the prairies, lakes,
and rivers of North America. There is not
the smallest suggestion in its pages of
professional book-making. That accounts
for one part of its charm. It is desultory,
reflectively reminiscent, and withal, full of
enthusiasm and sincere love of the wilder
side of nature. In short, it is an eminently
readable volume, happily free alike from
errors of taste and dull passages.
The author has cast his reminiscences in
the form of narratives told over the camp
fire by a cultured Englishman, who chose
to desert what we call civilization, and to
live, very much as an Indian or white
trapper lives in the wilderness. One is
not quite sure whether this voluntary
exile from the resorts of men is to be
regarded seriously as a real person. But,
as his death is referred to in a moving
passage at the end of the book, the
reviewer inclines to look upon " Willie
Whisper " (so the natives called him) as a
real person, who did genuinely play his
part in the author's experiences. The
point is of no great importance, except
that, if there never was a Willie Whisper
in the flesh, the stories here attributed to
him form a remarkable tribute to the
imagination and the skill of the Earl of
Dunraven. But, though every one of the
experiences here recorded were given to
the author in the course of camp fire talk,
it still would have been impossible for him
to produce this book, unless he had felt to
the full the fascination of the hunter's life
in the wilderness. In this connexion
the "hunter" does not indicate the
gentleman who measures his success or
failure by the size of his bag, and boasts
cheerfully of the extravagant number of
heads he has lain low. The sort of hunter
we mean is the man who finds the keenest
delight in pitting his wits and endurance
against those of a wild creature, and
defeating it in the struggle for mastery,
after, it may be, three or four daj^s of
almost unceasing effort and exposure..
This type of hunter finds little or no
gratification in the kind of day's sport
which includes luncheon in a marquee,
stools for his support while he shoots, and
attendants to load and carry his guns.
The author's stories are told in the-
Canadian woods, but they embrace ex-
periences to the southward of the Canadian
frontier, and one of the best of them
records a hunting trip in one of the great
" parks " of Colorado, under the guidance
of Buffalo Bill (subsequently known to-
No. 4521, Ji-ne 20, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
849
fame outside hunting circles), and Texas
Jack. Of this part of America it is said : —
•' Among all the states and territories that
lie wholly or partially within the borders of
this vast upheaved region, there is none, so
tar as 1 am aware, more favoured by Nature,
and at the same time, more accessible to man,
than Colorado. It is easily reached from all
the great cities of the Eastern States; its
aery is varied, beautiful, grand, and even
magnificent. Crystal streams of pure,
wholesome water rush down the hill-sides,
play at hide and seek in the woods, and
wander deviously tlirough the parks. The
climate is health-giving — -unsurpassed as, I
believe, anywhere — giving to the jaded
spirit, the unstrung nerves, and weakened
body a stimulant, a tone, and a vigour that
can only be appreciated by those who have
bad the good fortune to travel or reside in
that region... .Where you find lofty moun-
tains, foothills, plain, valley, forest, and quick
Bowing stream, in a southern latitude, you
have in combination all that can gratify the
scientific student, as well as all that can
content the eye of man in the way of scener\\"
Elsewhere surprise is expressed that
Newfoundland is not more visited than
it is by Englishmen, since it is the
nearest and most accessible of British
colonies, and offers a splendid field for
true sport and exploration. But, upon
the whole, one gathers that the warmest
place in the author" s heart is reserved for
the Canadian lakes and woods, as happy
hunting grounds, and the best of all fields
for the genuine amateur of the enthralling
art of stalking
The three hundred pages of this
modestly written book (which contains no
illustrations), may have the effect of
attracting more sporting visitors to the
great British dominion than a dozen more
pretentious works produced with that
specific purpose in view.
THE XEAR EAST.
'The Struggle for Scutari' stands
out above its fellows. Plenty of books
have now been written on the subject
of the Balkan War, but almost all of
them have dealt in hearsay, preconceived
opinions, and vain theories. The authors
had seen practically nothing of the
actual fighting, and had no previous
knowledge of the people and conditions
of the country. The Balkan Christians,
being Christians, were, for most of them,
superior upon the face of it to Balkan
Muslims, and the evidences of material
progress to be found among them were
taken to denote high moral qualities — a
confusion of ideas extremely common
among Englishmen. Judging an alien
people by themselves, they declared them
to be quite incapable of savage conduct.
Miss Durham saw the actual warfare of
the Montenegrins, and with all the weight
of her unique experience of Balkan
methods she denounces it as " bestial.''
Tfie Struggle for Scutari. By M. Edith
Duiham. (Arnold, 14*. net.)
The Orient Express. By Arthur Moore.
(Constable & Co., 7*. (>/. net.)
Sympathizing as she does with the Alba-
nian mountaineers, she has no prejudice
in favour of the Turks. The first part of
her book, in fact, describes the hurtling
villages, the deaths from starvation and
exposure, and the general misery caused
by the Young Turk attempt to " Otto-
manize " Albania by main force. She
knows a bad thing when she sees it, but
retains her mental balance, and does not
use the bad thing to excuse a worse. The
ways of Javid Pasha's army were dis-
tinctly bad, but the ways of Montenegrin
Serbs were worse a hundred times.
" Professor Kovachevitch, teacher of
French and German at the Gymnasium at
Podgoritza, was anxious that I should employ
him as assistant in any corresponding work
I might do. Being lame, he was not liable
for active service.
" ' Soon,' said he, ' you will see the noses
come in. We shall not leave many a Turk
with a nose.' ' If you do any such swinery,"
said I, ' you will rightly lose all European
sympathy.'
" He was very angry. ' It is our old
national custom,' he declared ; ' how can a
soldier prove his heroism to his commander
if he does not bring in noses ? Of course
we shall cut noses ; we always have.'
" He had travelled considerably, and been
in English employ in Egypt."
" Flames leapt up from vladnje and
vranje. The soldiers had set fire to them.
The little crowd of Montenegrins rejoiced.
I exclaimed — for I knew only too well the
horror of burnt homesteads — and remem-
bered, too, Montenegro's loud indignation
at ' Turkish savagery ' last year. But an
old woman cried : ' Burn ! Let them burn !
I am very glad.' And all said : ' They are
Moslems. Let them burn ! ' "
" I drove to Tuzi with a busload of
various necessities. Little white rags flew
from sticks on many a house, and chalked
crosses on the doors ajipealed for mercy.
We reported ourselves and went straight
to the military hospit 1. . . .The hospital was
crammed with wounded Xizams (Turkish
regulars) and was foodless and waterless.
The engineer went off to fetch a busload of
water in cans from the river. I remained
to clean up. . . .The Turkish doc. or, furious,
d< manded in broken German proper treat-
ment for his wounded, and refused to help,
saying he was not now responsible. . . .He
then saw I really wanted to help and put
on some orderlies to work also. The engineer
brought bread and water, and we made some
sort of order in the place. I had till then
been too busy to investigate the actual
wounded. The doctor now pointed out
eight men with bandages round their faces,
close and flat. There was no nose or lip.
lie imitated slicing. 'Look! Montenegrin
work ! ' Eight men, not ol herw ise wounded,
had been deliberately Caught and mutilated.
Kovachevit ch's words had come true."
•' We held about 140 patients, and as fast
i hey were fit they were replaced by
others, [ncidentally I learnt a lot about
the war, for I had a great number of men
through my hands. They all gloried in
their bestiality and related in detail their
nose-cutting exploits, imitated the impaling
of ;i Turk upon a bayonet, and the slicing
off of bis nose and upper lip, and the Bhouted
advice to the still Living man 'Go home
and -how- your wives how- pretty you are I
All, with very few exceptions, had taken
An old man of seventy had only
taken two, but excused bimseli on the
ground of having fallen ill at the beginning.
His son, with the Podgoritza army, had,
he said, done very well though, and SO
won Id he, God willing, so soon as he was well."
"A Servian Officer turned up at the
dinner-table and related, with glee, the
valorous deeds of the Serbs. 'We have,'
he boasted, 'annihilated the Ljuma tribe.'
lie described wholesale slaughter of men,
women, and children, and the burning of the
villages. The Montenegrins chuckled as
they gobbled their dinners. 'Why did
you do this V ' 1 asked at last. 'When I
was there the people received me very well.1
There was a shout of laughter. ' Go there
and look for your dear friends. You won t
find a single one. When the land is ours
there will be no Moslem problem."
In view of the uphill work for the
relief of suffering — work of a most repul-
sive kind — which Miss Durham did un-
ceasingly in the midst of horrors and
filth unspeakable, it is a marvel that she
kept her senses, let alone her temper, as
she did. There is not an angry judgment
in the book. No doubt her sense of
humour saved her. As she says, "a
sense of humour is after all life's
chief disinfectant." It certainly has kept
the present work, with all its horrid
detail, clean and healthy. Her gift of
humour and objective vision, without
which no one can deal justly with an
alien race, pervades the book. She shows
the comic side of the campaign : the
white horse, the banner and the band
kept always ready for the King's triumphal
entry into Scutari, which the Monte-
negrins were incapable of taking by
assault ; the vicissitudes of Montenegrin
high officials ; and the royal family, for
ever dashing up in motor-cars and laugh-
ing heartily, treating the ghastly business
as a picnic.
" Halfway I met the royal motor-car. . . .
and out they all jumped. 'This,' cried
one of the royal ladies, ' is your celebrated
horse ! We have heard all about it !
'Very good horse, your Royal Hig'aiess,"
said I. ' I bought him in Tuzi.' ' What I '
cried she, ' you bought it ? ' ' Twelve pound
Turk, Madam.' 'Oh!' she cried, deeply
disappointed, ' we thought you took it.
That you went straight to Tuzi and took
a horse from the Turks.' ' I took nothing
at Tuzi, your Royal Highness,' Baid 1. I
might have added, ' I was the only one that
did." But Koyal personages are unaccus-
tomed to the chill truth."
It is a book to scare the souls of all the
time-servers, for it is absolutely fearli
and straightforward. The name of the
Turkish commandant of Scutari \
Hasan (not Huseyn) Hi/a. and the Turkish
Minister of the interior mentioned in the
first part of the book repeatedly as Kajji
Avdil Is Eajji Aadil Bey. The aut] it
has no good word to say for the frontiers
of the new Albanian state as settled by
the Powers, "without considering the
ethnographic quest ion." The line has been
drawn between villages and their pasture
lands, " between large districts and Hair
Only market town." Ibr word 0D such
has more weight than that of any oth< C
English person. Ber book is no mere
logue of horrors: it is Balkan war — a
convincing and DlOSt t !'• i i«l ian t satire On
the Powers of Europe.
850
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
Mr. Moore, the author of ' The Orient
Express,' though lie lias been a jour-
nalist, is delightfully free from the con-
ventions and pomposities, the mental
cliches, one associates with modern jour-
nalism. His soul is all his own.
" A poor man cannot afford to travel
for years in the East and keep his impres-
sions to himself," he tells the reader
frankly in his Preface to ' The Orient
Express.'
" He must find an excuse for his wander-
ings, and he must find some one benevolent
enough to pay his expenses. For me, the
solution has generally been in journalism,
which lias the added advantage that it some-
times brings experiences which a millionaire
might seek in vain."
Among such experiences must certainly
be reckoned that of leading troops in
battle, enjoyed by Mr. Moore in Persia
upon more than one occasion, notably
during the siege of Tabriz, when he and
his friend Mr. Baskerville, an American,
were moved to take an active part in the
defence.
"Asa demonstration of sympathy with a
town in evil plight on the part of two Euro-
peans— an American is a ' European ' in
Persia — our action produced an undoubted
effect. There was an immediate rally to the
barricades."
This, however, may (though Mr. Moore is
far too modest to suggest it) have been
due to the fact that the " two Europeans "
possessed more courage and initiative than
all the Persians put together. Mr. Basker-
ville lost his life in the last sortie.
" The Persians have jjlaced a white cross
over his grave, and on it is written : ' Greater
love hath no man than this, that he lay
down his life for his friends.' The general
verdict was that he had thrown away his
life, but the conclusion is, perhaps, hasty.
In Tehran they still sell his photograph in the
street. His name, at least, is not forgotten
in Persia, and there are many who feel his
influence."
Mr. Moore's account of that last fight
reminds one of Count Gobineau's inimit-
able : Guerre des Turcomans ' : —
" Somewhat to my surprise the whole of
my three hundred and fifty men turned up
at the rendezvous. . . .When my command
got to the enemy's barricades it had dwindled
to twenty-seven The system of natural
selection worked always with admirable
automatic precision, and this residuum of
the more resolute cheerfully opened fire, and
almost immediately rushed the enemy's
position."'
Elsewhere the author gives it as his
deliberate opinion that there are not
more than two thousand brave men in
Northern Persia. His humour plays im-
partially upon the gaiety and tragedy,
the villainy and human kindness, inextric-
ably interwoven in the brightly coloured,
queerly patterned, but, in point of fact,
quite homely fabric which is Persian life.
Further, he can bring a scene before the
reader clearly : —
" All through that night the desert road
rang with the sweet music of camel-bells.
The Eastern world was awake, and long pro-
cessions of pilgrims, come from far, filed
slowly on their way to Kum....Up long
single files of hundreds of slow-paced, soft-
footed camels I rode, and it seemed that
they would never end. Sometimes the full
chorus of the bells, filling all the air, would
die away ; but no sooner was it lost than the
first faint tinkle of another caravan approach-
ing made itself heard, until once more the
night was ringing with the melodj^, and the
swaying, shadowy shapes drew near."
In the author's Macedonian and Alba-
nian reminiscences we miss the magic of
his Persian pictures. Politics here come
into the foreground. Mr. Moore, with his
experience, is able to appreciate the
Oriental aspect of the Balkan problem,
while remaining " a good European," as
he claims to be. He has no prejudices
that Ave can discover, nor any reverence
for those popular half-truths which form
the gospel of the ordinary journalist.
He knows that a half-truth is twice a lie.
" It may be true [he writes], as many con-
stantly assert, that the East loves a despot,
but if so, the fact has not come under my
observation, and I do not know what is the
evidence for this unnatural and inherently
improbable taste."
Again : —
" The public loves a scapegoat, and it is
the fashion to vilify the Young Turks, and to
call high-minded and patriotic men, such as
Enver Bey and the late Shevket Pasha,
adventurers. . . .Few, however, consider
whether in reality success was ever possible
to them."
He scoffs with perfect justice at the
notion, prevalent of late,
" that the Young Turks had ruined a very
flourishing institution — the Turkish Empire
as governed by that sagacious statesman,
Abdul Hamid ! "
His account of the Chatalja campaign,
derived from the Bulgarian general staff,
is highly interesting, but will seem a little
strange to those who know that the
Turkish forces which resisted the Bul-
garians at Lule Burgas were at about
60 per cent of their nominal strength, and
still in process of recruiting, and that the
Bulgarians were severely beaten at Cha-
talja in November, 1912. In enumerating
the causes of the Turkish defeat, he has
omitted the disbanding of 120,000 vete-
rans just before the war on the assurance
of the Powers that no attack on Turkey
was intended or would be permitted.
That assurance would not have deceived
the Turkish nationalists, but it deceived
the cosmopolitan party then in power,
which had every reason to regard itself
as in a special sense protected by the
Powers.
Mr. Moore's very interesting account of
a tour which he made in Albania just
after the Constitution had been proclaimed
has peculiar value at a moment when the
problem of Albania occupies the world at
large.
We commend his book to all who prize
mature opinions, modest judgments, and
the grace of humour.
African Camp Fires. By Stewart Edward
White. (Xelson & Sons, 5s. net.)
Mr. White's name recalls the Rocky
Mountains and the Indian trail ; but he
seems to have followed the example set by
others of his countrymen, and sought in
Africa the game which is disappearing
from his native wilds. We own to a
certain prejudice against the average East
African sporting chronicle, made up of
slaughter (or disappointment), abuse of
natives (especially porters), dull jokes, and
a few inaccurate remarks about the Masai ;
but Mr. White has brought a freshness of
observation and a keenness of interest to
his task which, together with a wholesome
sense of humour, make his book very good
reading.
Apart from the show places — Kenya,
and Kilimanjaro, Lake Naivasha and the
Rift Valley — it may emphatically be said
of East Africa that " you must love it if
to you it shall seem worthy of vour love."
Mr. White sIioavs all the dispositions for
doing so, and is quite ready to appreciate
the good points of Swahili, Kikuyu,
Masai, and eArery one else.
The shooting described Avas done in
several different places : in the Shimba
hills (by the by, the map which forms the
" end-papers " is misleading in represent-
ing them to the north of Mombasa), on the
Kapti Plains, up the TsaA^o, on the
Laikipia Escarpment, and in the Rift
Valley. Except as regards lions (con-
cerning which no one need as yet have
any compunction), it AAras done AA'ith
discrimination, and confined to specimens
of the rarer animals, and Avhat Avas needed
for the food of the party. Of lions the
bag was not enormous, in ATieAv of the
numbers existing in the country. A party
of fifteen Avas seen, and unsuccessfully
stalked on one occasion. Another sight—
of those which remain in the memory for
a lifetime — belongs to the country near the
Southern Guaso Nyiro : —
" At the top of that rise I lay still in
astonishment. Before me marched solemnly
an unbroken single file of game, reaching
literally to my limit of vision in both direc-
tions. They came over the land swell a mile
to my left, and they were disappearing OAer
another land swell a mile and a half to my
right. It was rigidly single file except for
the young ; the nose of one beast fairly
touching the tail of the one ahead, and it
plodded along at a businesslike walk. There
Avere but three species represented : the gnu,
the zebra, and the hartebeeste. I did not
see the head of the procession, for it had gone
from sight before I arriA*ed ; nor did I eA'er
see the tail of it either, for the safari appear-
ing inopportunely broke its continuance.
But I saAv two miles and a half, solid, of big
game. It was a great and formal trek,
probably to neAV pastures."
We own to some perplexity as to the
" Swanee " River, a tributary of the Tsavo,
of which the source was explored. Possibly
the printers, avIio elseAvhere ha\-e achieved
some curious rarice lectiones, have thus
maltreated the name of the Seri, flowing
from Kilimanjaro into the TsaA70. " Lu-
cania" (p. 207) also looks curious.
Another puzzling sentence occurs on
p. 93 : " He was pure Swahili, though of
No. 45-21, June 20, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
851
the savage branch of that race, and had
none of the negro type of countenance."
What is Mr. White's definition of a
Swahili ?
'The chapter on the Masai, though it
makes no claim to be exhaustive or to
pr» sent fresh facts, forms an interesting
'>rd of first-hand impressions. We
think it is a mistake to say that the Masai
n. er slaughter cattle for food. Mr.
Ho'.lis (see "The Masai." pp. 202. 317)
distinctly records this as being done by the
warriors while living in the manyat, not at
the kraal itself, however, but at a specially
structed slaughter-house in the woods,
where they stayed till all the meat was
eat an. "They never remain for two
months together without slaughtering.
Whenever the old men. the women, and the
hoys " — who. as a rule, live on milk — " are
able to do so. they likewise eat meat." It
is aided, however, that " the Masai elders
do not slaughter their cattle without good
cause, and a man who is very fond of meat
is called a Dorobo.*' In this the Masai
differ from the Oalla . who not only eat beef
when so disposed, but also do a consider-
•abb business in selling cattle to the Shehri
butchers on the coast.
As to the peculiar institution of the
ma.iyal, however it may have originated,
we do not feel satisfied that Mr. White is
correct in assigning as a reason for its
existence the fact that
" t'ie righting strengtli of the tribe must
be kept up, and by the young and vigorous
-t k. On the other hand, every man of
m litary age must be foot free to serve in the
-taut wars and forays.''
As no children were supposed to be born in
the warrior's kraal (see Hollis, p. 311), this
can scarcely have been the intention.
It was inevitable that many Swahili
words should occur in a book of this sort ;
equally inevitable, perhaps (as the author
betrays no acquaintance with Steere's
Handbook,' and seems to have picked up
hi- talk orally), that it should be spelt,
more or less, after the fashion of the Cook
and Mungo Park epoch, though even so,
it is frequently far from representing the
pronunciation. Thus we have '" seemee-
lay " (simila), " kanzua " {kanzu), " fice "
(/' •"•■''), • n'grooui ": [nguruufe), " Monum-
wezi " {Mnyamwezi), and "monuome,"
gi\en on p. 255 as the equivalent for
buck, which we have failed to identify.
It cannot surely be intended for nyama.
It is rather startling to read that " Bags ! '
is vernacular for "it is finished,"' till one
lizes that it is a printer's error for Bass
(more usually bast). " Memba Sasa," who
figures largely and very creditably in this
history, has an impossible name; but
itambo Sasa (which may be freely ren-
dered, " Xow we're in for it ! ") is common
enough. " Bwana Kingozi" does not,
ami cannot mean " the master with the
heard." Kinno-:i means • little skin."'
Finally, Baganda, Wakamba, &<•., are
plurals, not singularsj
Among the gems of the book are the
ription of the two Babus at Taavo
Bridge Station, and the chapter on the
-s— six of them, and each one a delighl .
es] ecially " Wayward " and " Oirlie."
being a Faithful
Many Lands. By
(Grant Richards,
-4 Wanih rer's Trail :
Record of Travel in
A. Loton Ridger.
10s. (i(/. net.)
If the author ever comes to devote him-
self to writing as a means of livelihood,
he ma}' regret the prodigal generosity
with which he has utilized the material
at his disposal in preparing this book.
He certainly will not be likelv to give
away again between the covers of a single
volume so much as he gives here. As a
traveller he covers more ground than
man}r writers do in half a dozen volumes.
Mr. Ridger (who evidently still has
youth on his side) was moved by the
wander-spirit in his twenty-first year to
set out upon travels which occupied him
just seven years. As a lad he was enlarg-
ing one day, in conversation with a London
merchant, upon his desire to " go abroad,"'
'" Then why the devil don't you go 1 '
said the merchant. A little crestfallen,
the would-be traveller explained his diffi-
culties, including lack of funds. " My
boy, if you Avant to go abroad and see the
world — go ! Ship in the first tramp you
can find, bound anywhere. That is the
only way to see the world." These words
made so deep an impression upon oar
author that, within a month, his kit was
packed, his farewells said, and he found
himself journeying down to Cardiff, there
to join a tramp steamer bound round the
Horn for San Francisco — the route taken
by many seekers after adventure for their
first journey into the outside world. This
particular adventurer was armed with a
few more or less useless letters of intro-
duction, 101. in money, and a plentiful
supply of that hopeful energy which still
is, happily, an English characteristic.
Wireless telegraphy and compulsory
education are not incompatible with the
development of precisely the same keen
appetite for wandering and new experi-
ences in strange lands which in bygone
years sent our Elizabethan ancestors
cruising over all the Seven Seas in quest
of fortune and adventure. As Mr. Kipling
says,
For to admire an' for to see,
For to be'old this world so wide —
It never done no good to me,
But I can't drop it if I tried !
The probabilities are that the author
of this book would find it easy to moralize
at some length upon this verse. But
fortunately for his readers he is more
given to straightforward narrative than
to sermonizing, though here and there he
has yielded to the natural desire to round
off a moral drawn from one or other of
his singularly varied experiences.
Having made his way to San Francisco,
where he arrived after the earthquake,
the author tried earning his living in dif-
ferent parte of the North American
continent: as counter-hand in a cigar
Store, worker in lumber camps, a layer of
cement side-walks, deck-hand on river
Steamers, and in Other (rays. Then came
an adventurous voyage across the Pacific
to Honolulu, and thence to the bar Blast
in a veritable coffin ship. Of the E
.Mi. Ridger >aw a good deal from the
white worker's standpoint, and his lack
of capital undoubtedly helped him to
many interesting experiences of a kind
that would hardly have come his way it
his pockets had been better lined. He
taught English in Japanese schools, and
he tested the extreme economy of lodging
in monasteries. He tried a rather excit ing
sort of journalism in Korea, and came to
the conclusion that the establishment of
Japanese influence there was a tolerably
tyrannical business. He visited many
famous landmarks of the Russo-Japanese
War, and saw aspects of Chinese life
which are hidden from the moneyed globe-
trotter, before working his way back again
to America, by the Suez Canal and the
Atlantic this time.
A brief glimpse of England intervened
before our wanderer took up his kit once
more and journeyed to South Africa. Here
he tried most of the obvious forms of
wage-earning, and learnt a good deal of
mining on the Rand, relinquishing this
after a time to make a long trek across
the Kalahari Desert into Central Africa
in quest of native labour for the mines.
This accomplished, he responded once
more to the call of the Orient, and from
India worked his way through Burma,
and thence to the Malays and the Far
East once more, where he gave some
attention to rubber cultivation and other
tropical industries before finally turning
his face homeward and bringing an end
to his tramping. This is but a rough out-
line of the scope of his travels.
As a writer Mr. Ridger possesses the
outstanding merits of simplicity, straight-
forwardness, sincerity, and the desire to
describe and record faithfully. If he
wisely makes no pretence to literary
graces, his Avriting is free from gaudy
passages and " padding," being unpre-
tentious and frankly colloquial.
Of the first ship in which he travelled
he says : —
" I was surprised to find that all the crew
and firemen were Chinese. This 1 have
found to be the case with nearly every
freighter in which I have since sailed, Ji
seems a pity."
It does. But the fact is somewhat re-
markable. The reviewer has found with
regret that the majority of the crews of
tramp steamers Hying our flag are Dagoes,
" Squareheads," or men of colour ; but to
find "all the crew and firemen'' Chinese
is not a typical experience.
The author occasionally does himself
injustice in his choice of phrases. His
prejudices are not really violent, but he
sometime- uses words which make them
appear so. For example, in the following-
passage he describes as "an ungrateful
cur " a man w ho might conceivably be a
thoroughly good fellow, thougb possibly
a little whimsical and indiscreet. It ifi
perfectly true that the man who is for
e\cr railing againsl the country which
shelters him and gives him prosperity is
b graceless fellow, but it would Burely be
possible for a Briton sojourning in America
to seek to make British patriots of his
children, even to the point of eccentricity,
without thereby Bhowing himself a cur."
852
THE A T II E N M U M
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
" The type of Englishman who, though he
has made America his home and makes his
living from that country, is yet always
belittling the place in which he lives is
unpopular, and most deservedly so. An
instance I have in mind is the case of one
Englishman, long resident in California,
who wrapped every child of his at its birth
in a, Union Jack. Such a type of man
both England and America can well do
without ! In his own eyes he may be a
patriot in exile ; in mine he is an un-
grateful cur. Another type, and perhaps
an even more despicable one, is represented
by the Englishman who takes out his
' first ' papers whilst in America, and on the
slightest opportunity will avail himself of
American protection. In different sur-
roundings he is a loyal Britisher and the
first one to damn the Yanks. With such a
type also both countries can well dispense."
Wisely, the author recommends a con-
siderable measure of adaptability to young
Englishmen settling oversea. But the
reviewer will not readily forget the em-
phatic words of a Canadian Minister of
the Interior, who told him that for the
development of a certain province in the
Dominion he wanted British farmers and
farm-workers, who would bring their
home-trained methods to Canada and
stick to them. It was not by imitating
all those among whom they settled in
oversea lands that our forefathers built
up our worldwide prestige. Rather, it
was by means of a judicious process of
selection, combined with an inflexible
determination to hold to and even enforce
the adoption of certain methods and
principles essentially British. The man
who too slavishly does in Rome as Romans
do is apt to find — in the tropics, for
example — that he speedily declines upon
standards greatly lower than those of his
native land.
It is interesting to note that in all his
wanderings the author found that the
best type of British subject he met was
the Scot, and the least admirable the
Australian : —
" I can only conclude that the home
training of the one is the best, and of the
other, the worst. I must confess I never
met in all my wanderings an Australian I
could really trust. I hope one day Fate
will give me the opportunity of meeting the
real Australian."
The reviewer hopes so too, for in
England, in the Antipodes, and in North
America he has met and known Aus-
tralians, cultured and unlearned, who
were alike worthy of trust, esteem, and
affection ; whilst in Australia itself he
has found the general level of intelligence
and kindness markedly higher than it is
in some other parts of the British world,
although the extremes of intellectual
ability and culture may not be very well
represented in that country. The sub-
merged sections of our Old World com-
munities have no equivalent in Aus-
tralasia, even in the disappearing larrikin
class.
Altogether, Mr. Ridger's work is one
of exceptional interest. It should win the
large circle of readers which it deserves.
It is well supplied with reproductions of
photographs.
By the Waters of Germany. By Norma
Lorimer. (Stanley Paul & Co., 12s. 6d.
net.)
' By the Waters of Germany ' is some-
what of a misnomer for a very pleasant
book of travel which has little or nothing
to do with rivers. Indeed, some of the
streams by which the author wandered
are hardly noticeable in the life of the
towns with which her book deals. Miss
Lorimer is probably not responsible for
the statement on the cover of the book
which tells the hesitating purchaser that
the places with Avhich the inside of the
volume is concerned are " fine old towns
of the Black Forest " ; but whoever
penned those words should have first
looked at a map of Germany.
Mr. Douglas Sladen has written a
charming Preface for this interesting
work, and he bids us notice for how little
money a delightful holiday may be taken
in Germany. On 141. apiece Miss Lorimer
and her companion made a considerable
tour, and were always contented and
cheerful. The author tells how the money
was disbursed, and gives useful advice as
to inns ; but with all her hints we doubt
if many who try to follow in her footsteps
will be able to make their money last as
she did.
Starting from London, Miss Lorimer
and her friend reached Cologne, as most
people do ; but then got off the beaten
track, and saw Nordeck, Marburg (an
interesting town where Luther held his
amous conference on the Holy Eucharist) ,
and Karlsruhe, Frauenalb and Herrenalb,
before going on to Strasburg. Frankfort,
Stuttgart, and Nuremberg were all visited,
and are well described ; but the place
which — Ave think, rightly — pleased them
above all others was the little Availed toAvn
of Rothenburg-on-the-Tauber, which de-
serves all the praise allotted to it, even if
its discoATery by Americans is beginning to
spoil its old-Avorld charm. The scenery
and the old Alsatian and BaA^arian
architecture are Avell brought before us.
Stress is laid on the fascination of Stras-
burg, '; the pathetically beautiful capital
of forlorn Alsace," and Ave Avelcome an
excursion which takes us to Freudenstadt
to see the friezes of its church. We are
surprised that Miss Lorimer did not dis-
coAer a tiny Availed town — extremely good
in its way, but with little accommodation
for travellers — which lies not \Tery far
from Rothenburg. At each spot, how-
ever, the traATellers appear to have seen
nearly everything worth visiting, and the
author's German companion soon initiated
her into the mysteries of German thrift.
Most of the illustrations are good ;
and the thread of a love-story which runs
through the chapters is so slight that it
seldom interferes with the real pleasure
to be derived from the notes of an obser-
vant traveller.
Friends Round the Wrekin. By Lady C.
Milnes Gaskell. (Smith, Elder & Co.,
9,s. net.)
Looking forth upon the Avorld around her
from the ancient laAvns and quaintly
clipped yews about the ruined Abbey of
Wenlock, Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell
has composed for her readers a delightful
potpourri from a Shropshire garden. It
is compounded of talks about the birds
and books and dogs and floAvers that
surround her, and, best of all, of the
tales for Aveekdays and stories for the
sabbath recounted to her by the " proper
Shropshire " folk. Much of the country
lore so gathered and recorded is interest-
ing, full of the old superstitions and the
love of romance which dies so hard, in
spite of education and motor-cars. These
Shropshire tales haATe often a touch of
imagination and a quality all their own.
Take, for instance, the narrative of the old
man who lost his reason after a vision of
mermaids by Bomere Pool, and who grazed
for seven years on the grass, ate green
apples, and lay like a swine in a pigsty,
until a known witch cured him with sun-
floAver seed.
" ' Were you unhappy during those seAren
years,' he was asked. ' Nay, nay ! ' said
the old man. ' 'Tis only when you 've lost
yovir reason that you knows really what
happiness be.' "
It would have been interesting to com-
pare notes with Nebuchadnezzar. In her
library, Lady Catherine flits from Piers
Plowman to Mrs. Fitzherbert, and from
Caractacus to BenboAv. The stories of
Caractacus and Dick Whittington have
been told as Avell before ; and the brief
account of Benbow's last fight is crammed
with inaccuracies. It did not, for instance,
take place in 1701, nor off the Spanish
coast on the way to the West Indies, as a
reference to ' The Dictionary of National
Biography ' or ' The Calendar of Colonial
Papers ' would quickly demonstrate. Nor
can one be contented with Lady Catherine's
appreciation of a near neighbour of hers,
Lord Herbert of Cherbury, since his
poetry is not even mentioned. Churton
Collins was, we believe, the first to point
out that, besides being the author of ' De
Veritate ' and other prose works to which
justice has long been done, Lord Herbert
Avas a poet Avho certainly anticipated some
of Tennyson's most beautiful effects in the
' In Memoriam ' metre. But the Shrop-
shire talk of the old Shropshire folk
" round the Wrekin " is good, and next to
that the author's talk about birds. We
knoAV, indeed, of other spots where the
peregrine falcon nests in England besides
Edge Hill ; but we are ready, as a rule, to
acknoAvledge the inferiority of our nature
and experience in the presence of one so>
happily constituted as Lady Catherine.
For she aATers that she loATes the raucous
cry of a corn-crake on a hot summer night.
It has " a certain use in the Avorld, no
doubt," but it never occurred to us as
possible to love it. ' Friends Round the
Wrekin ' Avill give pleasure to many readers
Avho enjoy a real country mixture.
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
853
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
— -• —
THEOLOGY.
Barrett (Michael, Footprints of the Ancient
Scottish ChTTBCH, t> net. Sands
A study of the cathedrals, collegiate churches,
holy wells, and other remains of the p;v- Reforma-
tion period in Scotland. The substance of the
1 k is reprinted from articles in the American
'holic Quarterly Review and the Ave Maria.
Book ol Genesis, .">2/6 Lee Warner
The version here printed is that of the
authorized text : there are coloured illustrations
from drawings by Mr. F. Cayley Robinson. The
edition is limited to 500 copies.
Coptic Martyrdoms, &c, in the Dialect ol Upper
Egypt, edited, with BJnglinh Translations, by
E. A. Wallis Budge, 17 0 net. Brit. Bfus.
This volume contains " the Coptic texts,
with translations, of an interesting and important
scries of ten Martyrdoms. Lives of great Ascetics,
Discourses on Asceticism, and the History of
Abbat6n, the Angel of Death. A.C.." written in the
dialect of Upper Egypt. Dr. Wallis Budge has
written a Preface and Introduction, and there
are thirty-two facsimile plates.
Talbot (Neville S.), The Mind of the Disciples,
:: 1 J net. MacMillan
An investigation of the question how far the
minds of the disciples " coloured or even invented"
the portrait they have given of Christ.
Tatlow (Tissington), Missionary Vocation and
the Declaration- of the Student Volunteer
Missionary Union, 3d. net.
student Christian Movement
A pamphlet for students who feel that they
have a delinite call to be missionaries.
Woods (Edward EL), Thoughts on the Atone-
ment, fid. net. Student Christian Movement
Three articles which are reproduced with
revision from The Stu It- at Movement.
LAW.
Bentham's Theory of Legislation, being Principes
de Legislation and Trades de Legislation,
Civile et Penale, translated and edited from
the French of Etienne Dumont by Charles
Milner Atkinson, Vol. I., i ; Vol.' II. 4/6 ;
8 vols, 8 Milford
The volumes are eiited with foot-not as and an
Introduction.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Catalogue of Rare and Valuable Books and Impor-
tant Illuminated and Historical Manuscripts, 1/
Sotheby iv. Wilkinson
The Catalogue comprises illuminated Books
of Hours of the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-
turies; a first edition of Edward III. (1596); a
copy of the Kilmarnock Edition of Burns's
' Poems ' ; and autograph letters of Charlotte
Bronte. The sale took place yesterday.
Catalogue of a Selected Portion of the Renowned
Library at Wilton House, Salisbury, the Pro-
perty of the Right Hon. the Earl of Pembroke,
2/6 Sotheby & Wilkinson
An illustrated catalogue of illuminated
manuscripts, block books, and early printed
books, which were collected by Thomas, Earl of
Pembroke. 1656-1733. They' will be sold by
auction fin June 25th and 26th.
Catalogue of Two Valuable Illuminated Manu-
scripts, tie' Property of Harry V;iiis Thompson,
1/ Sotheby & Wilkinson
This ('.:• gives detailed d escri pt ions of
a fifteenth-century French Hook of Hours and a
thirteenth-century ' Biblia Sacra Latina,' and is
illustrated. The sale will take place on June 25th.
POETRY.
Cherry (Mary G.), Lyrics or the Open, 2/6 net.
Elkin .Mathews
Verses about tie- beauties of nature, love,
and other themes. A number of them describe
places abroad, and there are some 'Songa in
Scotland.'
Jangles of Jazed, 1
Rickinson, 3-4, Qt. Winchester St., E.C.
Miscellaneous rhymes, including ' A Hymn
for St. Mammon's May. ' Wheat and Tares,' \
Philistine Sermon.' and ' Tie- Broken Idol.'
Lawless (Emily, Tin: Inw.ikn wsi.e Ebbttagh,
and Other Pot Privately printed
. Truslove ,v I l.i r
These are the last of Miss Lawleos's po
and were revised shortly before her death. Mi
Edith Sichel writes an appreciation of bee work
in the Preface.
Poems from Beyond, by the Author of ' Nature's
Way,' 1 net. W. II. Smith
These verses are supposed to he the expres-
sion of a dead man on witnessing the behaviour
of bis relatives and others who live with nil thought
of death.
Shepherd Tale (A), and Other Verses, by (i. E. P. X.
2/ net. Mowbray
This little volume includes Christmas carols,
hymns, short religious pieces, and verses on
'Spring,' ' Yellow-Hammers,' "My Love,' &C.
Sterling (Robert W.), The Burial of Sophocles,
1/ net. Oxford, Blackwell
The Newdigate Prize Poem for 1914.
PHILOSOPHY.
Driesch (Hans), The History and Theory op
Vitalism, authorized translation by C. K.
Ogden, 5/ net. Macmillan
The second portion of this book, dealing with
the logical foundations of vitalism, lias been
partly rewritten by the author for the English
translation.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Annual Register, a Review of Public Events
at Home and Abroad for the Year 1913,
New Series, 18/ Longmans
Gives a survey of English, foreign, and
Colonial history during the year, a chronicle of
the chief events, retrospects of the year's litera-
ture, science, art, drama, and music, obituaries,
and an Index.
Barron (Evan Macleod), The Scottish War of
Independence, a Critical Study, 16/ net.
Nisbet
The author's sympathies are Scottish and
Highland, and he emphasizes the part played by
the north of Celtic Scotland in the War. The book
is reproduced in a revised form from articles in
the Invemes-i Courier.
Brandes (George), Friedrich Nietzsche, trans-
lated from the Danish by A. G. Chater, 6/ net.
Heinemann
Contains four studies of Nietzsche, and the
correspondence from 1887 to 1889 between him and
Dr. Brandes.
Browne (Francis Fisher), The Every-day Life of
Abraham Lincoln, 8/ net. John Murray
A second edition, revised by the author
shortly before his death last year.
Cowan (Andrew Reid), Master-Clues in Wtorld
History, 5/ net. Longmans
A study of the main movements in human
progress.
Cramb (J. A.), Germany and England, 2/6 net.
John Murray
Lectures on the origin of the hostility between
the two countries, emphasizing the need in
Englishmen of a better understanding of the
aims and ideals of Germany. They were given at
Queen's College last year, and have been repro-
duced from Mr. Crumb's "partial reconstruction"
and the notes of one of his hearers. Dr. A. C.
Bradley contributes a Preface.
De Kay (John), Dictators of Mexico, the Land
where Hope Marches with Despair, 2/(5 net.
Effingham Wilson
Mr. de Kay, who has had fifteen years ex-
perience of Mexico, and has been associated with
General Diaz and General Huerta, here discusses
the problems of the present situation in the
Republic.
Hill (David Jayne), A History of Diplomacy in
the International Development of Europe,
Vol. III. The Diplomacy of the Age of
Absolutism, 21/ net. Longmans
A study of European diplomacy after the
Peace of Westphalia till the end of the Russo-
Turkish war in 1775.
Julian (Hester), Memorials of Henry Formes
Julian, 8/ net. Griffin
A biography of the well - known mining
engineer and metallurgist, who travelled widely
and died in t he Titanic disaster.
Leyland (John), Tin: EtOTAL NAVY, rra Imm -
Boroa in English History and is tin; Gbowth
OF Empire, 1/ net. Cambridge Qniv. Puss
A sketch of tin- nature and development of
the British navy, touching on its administration,
notable ships, men, and events oi nival history,
and the Conditions of naval life.
Mackay (William), DbqUHABT and Ci.i.nmoiu-
ToN, Olden Times in a Highland Parish, 10/
Inverness, ' Mori hern Chronicle
\ second and revised edition. Bee notice
in Athen., Aug. 25, 1894, p. 21*.
Park Hall, Oswestry, Shropshire.
Knight, Frank a; Put !•■>
Giving historical and general notes of this
sixteen! h-eent my mansion, which was liuill
during the reign of Elizabeth by Thomas Powell
of Whittingloii. There are illustrations of t he
exterior and interior, and a plan of the estate.
It will be offered by auction next month by tin-
direction of the executors of the late Mis. c. \.
Corrie.
Pearson (Karl), The Like, Letters, and Labours
of Francis (Jalto.n, Vol. I.. 21/ net.
Cambridge University Press
In the present volume the narrative is con-
tinued down to Gabon's marriage in L853. It
is illustrated with numerous portraits, photo-
graphs, and facsimile reproductions of letters and
sketches.
Rapson (E. J.), Ancient India, from the Earliest
Times to the First Century A.D., 3/ net.
Cambridge University Press
A sketch of the history of the nations of
ancient India, describing their chief religious and
social systems. There are illustrations and two
maps, and a short bibliography and notes on the
ancient geography are added.
Shelley (Henry C), The Life and Letters of
Edward Young, 12/6 net. Pitman
In his biography of the author of ' Night
Thoughts,' Mr. Shelley has made use of recently
discovered letters, as well as unpublished docu-
ments in the British Museum and Bodleian
Library, and has included many extracts from
Young's work as a satirist and dramatist. The
book is illustrated.
Ships and Shipping, 2 vols., 1/ net each. Nelson
These two volumes in " Nelson's Encyclo-
paedic Library" contain articles on the history
of the development of shipbuilding, navigation,
ship insurance, marine surveying, &c. The con-
tributors include Mr. E. Keble Chatterton,
Prof. J. J. WTelch, and Mr. Douglas Owen.
Trial of Mary Blandy, edited by William Rough -
ead, 5/ net. Hodge
A volume in the " Notable Trials Series." It
includes a long Introduction by Mr. Roughead,
and is illustrated with many portraits of Mary
Blandy. The Appendixes include a' Bibliography
of the Case,' by Mr. Horace Bleackley.
Vaka (Demetra), A Child of the Orient, 7/6 nel .
Lane
This book gives the recollections of a Greek
girl brought up in a Turkish home, and records
her experiences in America.
Victoria History of the Counties of England :
Surrey, edited by 11. E. Maiden, Index.
Constable
The Index to the four volumes allotted to
Surrey. The last appeared in 1912, and was
reviewed in The Athenaeum on Jan. 4, 1913, p. 5.
Ward (Maisie), S. Bernardino : the People's
Preacher, " the Catholic Library," 1/ net.
Herder
A sketch of the chief events, in the life of the
saint, including three of his sermons.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Baring (Hon. Maurice), The Mainsprinos <>\-
Russia, 2/ net. Nelson
The author discusses various aspects of
Russian life, the manner in which the nobility
^n<[ the peasant live, the Government, church,
education, and justice in Russia.
Berlin and Environs, " Grieben's Guide Hooks,'*
1/8 net. Williams & Norgat S
A fourth edition, illustrated with three maps.
Brussels and Antwerp,.! 1*11.1 nil Guide,"Grieben's
Guide Hooks," liinet. Williams & Norgate
A second edition, containing four folding
maps.
Cox (J. Charles), Oambbidgbshibb, 8/8 net.
Methuen
This is the eighth volume in the series of
'•Little Guides" that has come from Dr. COX.
It gives descriptive notes on each parish, arranged
alphabetically, and 1- Illustrated with photo-
graphs, maps, and plans.
Dreiser (Theodore), A TbavbllbB \t FOBTY,
12 i; net. I Irani Richard a
An account of an American author's visit to
England and his SUOSequeul travels in Prance,
Italy, Germany, and Eolland. The illustrations
an- from drawings by Sir. W. Slackens.
Holt (George Edmund), MoBOOOO, the Piquant ;
on. Lot in si nrsBT Lahd, >>, net, Qememann
POT not ice see p. H 1H.
Lotl (Pierre), U0BO4 1 0, 7/8 net. Werner Laurie
1 or notice see p. Wi.
854
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, Juke 20, 1914
Oxford Survey of the British Empire : Vol. I. The
British Isles, Mediterranean Possessions ;
Vol. II. Asia ; Vol. III. Africa ; Vol. IV.
Australasia; Vol. V. America; and Vol.
VI. General Survey, edited by A. J. Herbert-
son and O. J. R. Howaith, 6 vols., 70/ net, or
14/ net each. Oxford, Clarendon Press
The object of the series is " to furnish a
survey of the British Empire and its constituent
parts in their geographical and allied aspects,
together with their economic, administrative, and
social conditions, at the present time." Vol. VI.
includes a general historical summary. The work
is illustrated with photographic plates, coloured
maps, and maps and diagrams in the text.
Stott (M. D.), The Real Algeria, 10/6 net.
Hurst & Blackett
An account of a trip along the coast of Algeria
and south to Biskra. It is illustrated from photo-
graphs by the author.
Weaver (Emily P.), Canada and the British
Immigrant, 3/6 net. R.T.S.
The writer gives a description of the con-
ditions of the different provinces, with some
account of their history, and discusses the oppor-
tunities Canada offers to British immigrants.
Much practical information is supplied, and the
book is illustrated with coloured plates from
drawings by Mr. H. Copping, photographs, and a
map.
Williams (Egerton R.), Lombard Towns of
Italy, or the Cities of Ancient Lombardy,
7/6 net. Smith & Elder
This is a companion volume to the author's
1 Hill Towns of Italy ' and ' Plain Towns of
Italy,' the purpose of the writer being " to write
upon the most interesting cities and towns of
Italy outside of the half-dozen commonly visited
by travellers in making the ' grand tour.' " There
are many illustrations and a map.
SPORTS AND PASTIMES.
Harris (Lord) and Ashley-Cooper (F. S.), Lord's
and the M.C.C., 31/6 net.
London and Counties Press Assoc.
This work has been written to commemorate
the centenary of the present ground of the
Marylebone ( ricket Club. It is a " Cricket
Chronicle of 137 Years," and is based on the
official records of the Club.
Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane contributes an
Introduction, and the book is illustrated with
reproductions of paintings, engravings, and photo-
graphs.
SOCIOLOGY.
Rivers (W. H. R.) Kinship and Social Organisa-
tion, 2/6 net. Constable
Three lectures, delivered at the London
School of Economics last May. They are based
on material gained in the Percy Sladen Trust
Expedition to Melanesia, 1908.
POLITICS.
Primrose League Election Guide, edited by G. A-
Arbuthnot, 1/ net. Nash
This little book explains the principles and
aspirations of the Primrose League, and gives
advice to members on such matters as canvassing,
organizing meetings, and preparing for an election.
It includes an Introduction by Lord Curzon, and
a paper on ' The Land Question,' by Mr. Walter
Long.
ECO NOMICS.
Ashley (William James), The Economic Organisa-
tion of England, an Outline History, 2/6 net.
Longmans
These lectures on English economic history
were delivered at the Colonial Institute of Ham-
burg in December, 1912.
Hobson (C. K.), The Export of Capital.
. . Constable
This thesis, which has been approved for
the degree of Doctor of Science in London
University, treats the subject from the analytic
and historical standpoint, the last two chapters
being devoted to some statistical aspects.
Kirkaldy (A. W.), Economics and Syndicalism,
1 / net • Cambridge University Press
A study of some important problems which
are the outcome of the present economic situation.
Marriott (J. A. R.), The English Land System,
a Sketch of its Historical Evolution in its
Bearing upon National Wealth and National
Welfare, 3/6 net. John Murray
The historical portions of this book are based
on academic lectures. Much of it is reproduced, in
a revised and enlarged form, from articles in The
Fortnightly Review.
Russell (Charles E. B.), Social Problems of the
North, 2/ net. Mowbray
This book deals with such problems as
'blind-alley" employments, housing, and gam-
bling.
Wallas (Graham), The Great Society, a Psycho-
logical Analysis, 10/ net. Macmillan
The author describes his work as " an analysis
of the general social organisation of a large modern
state, which has turned, at times, into an argu-
ment against certain forms of twentieth-century
anti-intellectualism. ' '
PHILOLOGY.
Clark (Albert C), Recent Developments in
Textual Criticism, 1/ net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
An inaugural lecture delivered before the
Cniversity of Oxford on June 6th.
Harrison (Henry), Surnames of the United
Kingdom, a Concise Etymological Dictionary,
Vol. II. Part IX. The Eaton Press
This part comprises surnames from Rumboll
to Sebright.
EDUCATION.
Legge (J. G.), The Thinking Hand, or Practical
Education in the Elementary School, 8/6
net. Macmillan
An account of the movement towards the
introduction of manual work in elementary
schools. The writer deals in particular with the
schools of Liverpool, and his text is illustrated
with over two hundred photographs.
Mackinder (H. J.), The Teaching of Geography
and History, a Study in Method, 1/ net.
George Philip
A practical handbook for teachers, forming
a commentary on the author's series of " Ele-
mentary Studies in Geography and History."
Paterson (A.), The Edge worths, a Study of
Later Eighteenth-Century Education, 1/6
University Tutorial Press
The writer examines the educational prin-
ciples of Miss Edgeworth and her father, and con-
siders the influence on them of Locke and Rousseau.
SCHOOL BOOKS.
Bayliss (R. Wyke), A First School Calculus,
4/6 Arnold
A textbook for beginners, based on the
author's experience in teaching the subject.
Mackinder (H. J.), Our Island History, an
Elementary Study in History, 2/ George Philip
Mr. Mackinder has enlarged his series of
" Elementary Studies in Geography " by includ-
ing text-books on history, feeling that the two
subjects are inseparable. The present book is
for children of 9 or 10 years, and has many illus-
trations and sketch maps.
Mackinder (H. J.), The Modern British State.
an Introduction to the Study of Civics, 1/6
Philip & Son
This textbook is the sixth volume in Mr.
Mackinder's series of " Elementary Studies in
Geography and History," and is for children of
abcut 14 years of age.
FICTION.
Askew (Alice and Claude), Freedom, 6/
Hurst <fc Blackett
The story of a girl — the daughter of wealthy
parents — who becomes discontented with her
life of idleness, surrounded by luxury and con-
ventionalism. The writers describe how, with
the help of a bachelor girl friend, she gains her
" freedom."
Cleveland (John), Hustler Paul, 6/
Sidgwick & Jackson
A tale dealing with a great newspaper swindle.
Dalrymple (Leona), Diane of the Green Van,
6/ Mills & Boon
This novel contains the chronicles of many
love-affairs, and describes numerous adventures
in the wilds and cities of the United States.
Dix (Beulah Marie), Little Faithful, 6/
Mills & Boon
A story picturing the " making " of a German
officer dismissed from the army, and drifting to
the United States, there finding after many
trials the best that life has to offer.
Fielding-Hal! (H.), Love's Legend. Constable
A psychological study of a love episode.
Findlater (Jane Helen), The Green Graves of
Balgowrie, Id. net. Methuen
A cheap reprint. See notice in Athen.,
May 30, 1896, p. 712.
Forman (Justus Miles), The Six Rubies, 3/6
Ward & Lock
The six rubies — a family heirloom — are
stolen, and the hero's adventures in recovering
them one by one make up the story.
Garnett (Mrs. R. S.), The Infamous John Friend,
Id. net. Nelson
A cheap reprint.
Gorky (Maxim), Tales of Two Countries, 6/
Werner Laurie
Containing a collection of tales of Italy and
Russia.
('rant Richards
Joyce (James), Dubliners, 3/6
For notice see p. 875.
Leesom (Maude), The Step Sister, 6/ Blackie
A simple homely narrative which to some
may provide restful reading. The story tells
of the " Mouse's " introduction by her mother's
second marriage to the family of a suburban
doctor, of her gradual settling in there, and of her
later life, when wealth comes her way.
Lynn (Margaret), A Stepdaughter of the
Praibie, 6/ Macmillan
A collection of short stories, most of which
are reprinted from The Atlantic Monthly.
Norris (Frank), Vandover and the Brute, 6/
Heinemann
A posthumous work.
Tynan (Katharine), Lovers' Meetings, 6/
Werner Laurie
A series of short stories.
Wadsley (Olive), Reality, 6/ Cassell
The heroine, who at 18 was married to an old
man whom she loathed, makes a second unfor-
tunate match with a vain and selfish musician,
whom she loved in ignorance of his true nature.
White (Fred M.), The House of Mammon, 6/
Ward & Lock
Another of Mr. White's mixtures of melo-
drama and love, at the end of which the villain
of the piece meets with a deserv • 1 . but unpleasant
death, and two sets of wedding bells ring down
the curtain.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Journal of English Studies, June, 1/ net.
Horace Marshall
The contents include ' Edward Young's
Conjectures on Original Composition,' by Prof.
E. J. Morley ; ' Composition in the Sixth Form,'
by Mr. E. Sinclair Park ; and ' Children's Acting,'
by Miss Amice Macdonell.
Review of Reviews for Australasia, May, 6rf.
Melbourne, John Osborne
The articles include ' The Premier's Con-
ference, 1914,' by Mr. Richard Hain, and ' The
Brisbane Bowls Carnival,' by Mr. Louis Waxman.
Scottish Review, Summer, 1914, 1/ net.
Oliver & Boyd
Some of the articles in this number are ' The
Scottish Small Landholders Amending Bill,' by
Mr. J. M. Hogge ; ' Traces of the Celt in the
Lowlands,' by Mr. Robert S. Rait ; and ' The Two
Cultures,' by Mr. R. Erskine.
JUVENILE.
Woodward (Marcus), In Nature's Ways, a Book
for all Young Lovers of Nature, being an Intro-
duction to Gilbert White's ' Natural History of
Selborne,' 2/ net. Pearson
The volume contains a selection of extracts
from the ' Natural History,' with " a simple
running commentary of notes and explanations."
There are pen-and-ink illustrations by Mr. J. A.
Shepherd.
GENERAL.
Ashton-under-Lyne Public Free Library, Twen-
tieth Annual Report, 1914. The Library
The report of the librarian, giving information
regarding issue of books, subscriptions, exhibitions,
expenditure, &c.
Bacon (Roger), Essays, contributed by Various
Writers on the Occasion of the Commemoration
of the Seventh Centenarv of his Birth, collected
and edited by A. G. Little, 16/ net.
Oxford, Clarendon Press
Containing contributions from Mr. A. G.
Little, Dr. Ludwig Baur, M. Francois Picavet,
and other scholars, and a list of Roger Bacon's
works and those attributed to him.
Browne (Septimus Ellerton) and Smythe (Anthony
Penn), Essays in Edification, 2/6 net. Nutt
Mr. Browne and Mr. Smythe treat in rhyme
and prose respectively of the " philosophy of
' Things in General ' with Pedagogics as the
practical application thereof."
No. 45*21, June 20, 1914
THE ATHEN/EU M
*;,;-,
Deighton (Howard), An EVERYDAY QuXDH boh I in:
SECRETARY. ...OVA LOOTED Company. L' ii not.
Effingham Wilson
A second revised edition, including tin- pro-
visions <>f the Companies Acts, 1908 ami 1918.
<Gerrard (Thomas J.), A Chai.i.kxcse to the Timk-
Spikit. .-> net. Washbourne
The author's aim is " to promote the conflict
>f the >pint oi Catholicism with the rime-spirit of
the twentieth century," and he considers such
subjects as eugenics, economic reform, art, and
music in their recent developments.
Hopkinson (Arthur W.), Healthful Salvation,
six Essays in Continuation of ' Saving Health,'
1/ net. Slierratt & Hughes
BSBays on ' Mental Science,' ' Discipline,'
'Sorrow," Marriage,' •.Meditation,' and' Ecstasy.'
Livingstone College Year-Book, ts,/.
Livingstone College, Loyton, E.
Includes the Annual Report of the College,
i review of recent progress in tropical medicine,
and a record of the work of former students.
Meyneli (Alice), ESSAYS, 5/ net. Burns & Oates
Most of these essays are selected from ' The
Rhythm of Life,' and other collections of Mrs.
Meynell's essays. Those " here for the first time
put into a book " are ' The Seventeenth Century,'
" Prue,' ' Mrs. Johnson,' and ' Madame Roland.'
Procter (Henry R.), The Making of Leather,
1 net. Cambridge University Press
A sketch of the history of the manufacture,
ith an account of the methods and principles of
' inning.
Smithsonian Publications available for Distribu-
tion, April 26, 1914, Classified List.
Washington, Smithsonian Institution
A classiiied list of serial publications, reports,
Ac
Span (Reginald B.), Things that have Hap-
pened being Personal Experiences in the
Borderland, (id. net. Theosophical Publ. Soc.
An account of the writer's experiences of
ghosts and other spiritual phenomena.
Sykes (M. C), Why Early Death ? ChL net.
St. Catherine Press
A little book giving practical advice on how
to keep healthy.
PAMPHLETS.
Bain (James Leith Macbeth), The Barefoot
League. 64. Theosophical Publ. Soc.
A little pamphlet "on the virtues and
delights of barefoot walking."
CM (T. P.), North and South in National
W'"fiK. Id. Irish Tech. Instruction Assoc.
This address was given to the Irish Technical
Congress held at Killarney last May.
Hills (J. W.), Ashley (Prof. W. J.), and Woods
(Maurice), Industrial Unrest, a Practical
Solution, 6rf. net. John Murray
The report of the Unionist Social Reform
•Committee, including an Introduction.
-Seaver (George), The Dionysus Cult in its
Relation to CHRISTIANITY, as seen in the
Bacchae of Euripides, 6rf. net.
Theosophical Publ. Society
This paper is reproduced in an enlarged form
•from an article in The Theoaophist.
SCIENCE.
•Cantrill (T. C), Coal Mining, 1/ net.
( ambridge University Press
A short account of the principles and methods
mining, tracing the development of the
industry from its earliest beginnings. Tin; book
'•i illustrated.
Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and
Burma, edited by A. E. Shipley, assisted by
Guy a. K. Marshall : Orthoptbra (Agridi-
id.e), by W. F. Kirl.y. Taylor & Frantic
The task of completing the manuscript after
Mr. Kirby's death was undertaken by Mr. Charles
O. Waterhou-e. whose work includes "the com-
pilation of Keys to tie- genera in all the later
uhfamilies, as well as specific Keys for num. a
genera." There are illustrations and diagrams.
•Geological Survey of India, Memoir-, v.,,.. XL.,
Part II.. I Kegan Paul
Contains a paper entitled 'The Petroleum
of Assam and Bengal,' by Mr. I-:. II.
Pa scoe.
Geological Survey of India, Records, Vol.
\uv. Part I.. I rupee. Cegan Paul
Contains a general report of the Geological
Survey of India for last year, by Dr. II. II. Bayaeu ;
\ Carbonaceous Aerolite from Rajputana,' by
Dr. W. A. K. Christie; ami • Notes on the Value
if Nummulites ;.^ Zone Fossils,' l<y Mr. '-. De p.
Cotl
Gilbert (Charles H.), Two OoTTOZD FISHES from
MONTEREY Hay, California.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
A short paper describing the new species
Bnophrys Taurinus and the Orthonopias Triads,
and reprinted from the Proceedings of the Dinted
States National Museum.
Koehler (Rene), A Contribution to the Study-
op Ophtubans OP the Cnited Statics Na-
tional Museum.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
The collection of Ophiurans here described
have come chiefly from the Caribbean Sea, and
include both littoral and deep-sea forms. It con-
tains 12(1 species, of which twenty-four are new.
The monograph is illustrated "with eighteen
plates.
Ridgway (Robert), Birds op North and Middle
America, a Descriptive Catalogue, Part VI.
Washington, Govt. Printing OITice
The present volume contains descriptions of
the Picariso, comprising twelve families. It is
illustrated with drawings by Miss Ruth G.
Collet te.
Sampson (R. A.), The Sun, 1/ net.
Cambridge University Press
An account for the general reader of " the
present position of fact and theory relating to
the Sun," illustrated with diagrams.
Silberstein (L.), The Theory op Relativity-, 10/
net. Macmillan
This work is partly based on a course of
lectures delivered bv the author at University
College, London, 1912-13. The writer deals
only with the most important problems, and
traces " the connexion of the modern theory with
the theories and ideas that preceded it."
Thomson (Sir J. J.), The Atomic Theory-, 1/6
net. Oxford, Clarendon Press
The Romanes Lecture, delivered in the
Sheldonian Theatre on June 10th.
Williams (M. H.), Bell (Julia), and Pearson (Karl),
A Statistical Study of Oral Temperatures
in School Children, with Special Reference' to
Parental, Environmental, and Class Differences,
6/ net. Dulau
A volume of the " Studies in National
Deterioration," issued among the Research
Memoirs of the Drapers' Company.
FINE ART.
Catalogue of Valuable Silver, Miniatures, Furni-
ture, Porcelain, and Works of Art, including
the Properties of Major Sir Matthew Wilson,
the Earl of Moray, and Other Properties, 1/6
Sotheby & Wilkinson
A descriptive and illustrated Catalogue of
works of art to be sold by auction on June 22nd
and 23rd.
Day (Lewis F.), Lettering in Ornament, an
Inquiry into the Decorative Use of Lettering,
Past, Present, and Possible, 5/ net. Batsford
A second, revised edition, including a few
additional illustrations.
Fitzwilliam Museum Syndicate, Annual Report
for the Year 1913.
Includes notes on the Marlay bequest and
recent accessions, with a list of donations and
purchases.
MUSIC.
Davidson (Gladys), Stories from Wagner's
OPBBAS, 1' net. Werner Laurie
The stories are preceded by a brief bio-
graphical sketch of Wagner-, and there is a frontis-
piece.
Davies (H. Walford), Fair and Fair, Part Song,
Words l.v George Peele (1558 P-1697), set t,,
Music, Op. I". No. 1, 3d. Riorden
Davies (H. Walford), Love is a Torment, and
Love's Tranquilitt, Two Quartets for- Pour
Voices, with Pianoforte Accompaniment, Op.
41. Nob. l and 2. S'/. Riorden
Davies IH. Walford), MAGDALEN AT Michael's
Gate, Words by Henry Cingsley, set as a
Part Song for Four Voices, with Pianoforte
Accompaniment, Op. 11. No. ■'!. 8d. Riorden
Davies (H. Walford', RHYTHM in CHURCH, an
I ay, <></. net. Riorden
ThlS essay is founded upon a lecture given In
the Royal College of Organists in June, 1913.
Davies (H. Walford), She ts not I'mh to Out-
ward View, Words by Hartley Coleridge, Bel
t.. Mu-ic as a Four -Fart Song, Op. 10, No. 3, 3d.
Riorden
Davies (H. Walfordi, Sis., in- PRAISES, Fail
Song, Words by Fletcher (1678 1625), set to
Music, op. 10, No. 2, :;,/. Riorden
Davies <H. Walfordi, Tin: CLOUD, Words from tie'
Poem by Shelley, sel to Music as ■< Part-Song
with Pianoforte Accompaniment, i<l. Riorden
Davies (H. Walford), The Seven VIRGINS, a
Carol, AnonymOUS Words, set (o Music for
Four Voices, Op. 10, \o. i, |,/. Itiorden
Davies (H. Walford), THESE Sweeter far THAN
I, II. IKS ARE, Fart Song, Anonymous Words, set
to Music |or Chorus and Four Soloi8t8, Op. 89,
iui. net; Tonic Sol-fa Edition, Id. Riorden
FOREIGN.
POETRY.
Blonay (Baronne M. de), La SOURCE F i i:i:\hlle,
Poesies, 3fr. •"><>. Paris, Sansot
Includes • I Vie re Mai in ale,' ' Reve print auicr,'
' Jardin en Provence,' ' Pitie,' &c.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
La Bruyere, Textes Cikhsis bjt Comhentes, par
FmiJc Magne, lfr. •"><». Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A study of the life and personality of the
seventeenth-century moralist. ' Les < 'ar act el ■• «'
and the ' Dialogues posthumes sur Le Quietisme '
are included.
Pasquet (D.), Ess.u si it i.es ORIGINBS de la
Chamrre des Communes, 5fr.
Paris, Armand Colin
A study of the origin and development of
the House of Commons in the t hirteeni h and four-
teenth centuries.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Vaillat (Leandre), Le Cceur et La Croix de
Savoie, 3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
The writer describes Chambery, the capital
of the ancient province, and the mountainous
valleys of the Maurienne and the Tarentai»e.
FICTION.
Baulu (Marguerite), L'Ahbaye des Dunes. Roman,
3fr. 50. Paris. Plon-Nourrit
A study of the struggle of the hero, a farmer,
against heavy charges on his estate, domestic
troubles, and other misfortunes.
Yver (Colette), Comment s'en Vont les r fines,
1/ N.lson
A cheap reprint.
MAGAZINE.
Revue Critique des Idees et des Livres, in Juin, lfr.
Paris, ].").",. Boulevard Saint-Germain
' Notes pour le Centenaire de 1811.' by M. de
Roux ; ' Les Poetes et le Nec-Classicisme,' by
M. Henri Clouard. and ' Les ('as de Conscience de
Barthelemy,' by M. Francois Renie are features
of this issue.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Roger (Noelle), La Route de l' Orient, 3fr. 50
Paris, Perrin
The writer, who has been attached to scientific
expeditions in the Balkan Peninsula, has made
a special study of the racial differences of the
inhabitants, and here records his impressions
of the various types. The hook is illustrated with
photographs.
NOTE ON A PASSAGE IN" SHELLEY'S
'ODE TO LIBERTY.'
The Doves Press, April, 1914.
It may be of interest to students of
Shelley to have their attention once more
called to the obscure construction at the ciu\
of tho thirteenth stanza of the ' Odo to
Liberty.' My own has recently been called
to it ill tin- course of my work on the text,
and I have a solution to off er which seems to
meet the difficulties of the case. The
pa ago iu question, is referred to in (he
following terms by t he late Mr. Swinburne : —
"There are ai leasi two passages (here we an
concerned with one only) in the Ode to Liberty
where either the meaning or the reading is dubious
and debateable. In the thirteenth Btanza, having
ribed ond< r the splendid symbol of a summon
sen! from Vesuvius to Etna across the volcanic
islets of Stromboll —the JSolian isles of old — how
Spain calls England, by example of revolution,
to rivalry of resurrection— in 1820, be it observed
— I he poet bids the f wo nations, ' twins of a single
destiny,1 appeal to the • come. So Ear
[continues Mr. Swinburne] ill i-> plain sailing.
Then we run upon what seems a sudden shoal
or bidden reef . What does this mean 7 —
fmpresi u from a Heal,
All J • have thought and lone I Time cannot ilare conceal.
856
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
The construction is at once loose and intricate ;
the sentence; indeed limps on both feet ; but I am
not sure that here is not rather oversight than
corruption. The sense at starting is clearly :
' Impress us with all ye have thought and done,
which time cannot dare conceal ' ; or, ' Let all
ye have thought and done impress us,' and so
forth. The construction runs wild and falls to
pieces. We found and we must leave it patch-
work ; for no violence of alteration, were such
permissible, could force it into coherence."
The difficulty, however, it seems to me, is
not the construction of the passage " im-
press us," and so forth, by itself ; but its
interpretation in relation to the preceding
sentence. To whom does " ye " in the last
line refer ? Apparently to the " twins
of a single destiny," Spain and Eng-
land. But it is impossible that the poet
— Shelley, be it observed — should appeal to
Spain and England to " impress us from
seal, all they had thought and done."
Spain, the historical protagonist of tyranny,
the champion of the Papacy, the author
of the Inquisition ! Impossible ! And
yet that, at first sight, would appear to
be the grammatical construction. Thus,
writing in 1870, Mr. W. M. Rossetti con-
strues the passage to mean : — -
" Do thou impress us living Spaniards and
Englishmen, as if from a seal, O thou all that
Spain and England have thought and done
worthily in time ! Time cannot dare to conceal
that I "
It is true that Mr. Rossetti qualifies the
''all" with "worthily"; but "worthily"
is not in the text as it stands. On the other
hand, Mr. Forman, writing in 1876, identifies
"ye" with "Republicanism in America,"
p. definite entity which nowhere appears in
the text. Thus,
" To me," he writes, " the Poet seems to invoke
England and Spain to rise together and appeal
to the future of Republican America, to impress
on them, as from a seal, all that had been and
should be thought and done by Republicanism in
America ; and that invocation," he continues, " is
supported by the simple proposition that time
cannot dare conceal anything."
Here, whilst seeking by the introduction of
" American Republicanism " to avoid the
invocation to Spain and England to impress
us with all they had thought and done, Mr.
Forman does violence to the text in several
other respects: (1) He translates "the
eternal years enthroned before us in the dim
West " into " the future of Republicanism
in America " ; (2) He extends and alters " all
that ye have thoitght and done " into " all
that has been and should be thought and
done by Republicanism in America " ;
finally, Mr. Forman changes " lis from a
seal " into " as from a seal," and " Time
cannot dare conceal " into " Time cannot
dare conceal anything."
My own interpretation, forced upon me
by the impossibility of identifying " ye "
with Spain and England, does no violence,
and introduces no new subject. It is that
" ye " refers not to " Spain and England,"
or by implication to " Republicanism in
America " ; but simply to " the eternal
years " in the preceding sentence ; that
" us," both in " enthroned before us," and
" impress us from a seal," is not " England
and Spain," or " us living Spaniards and
Englishmen," but simply us, the people, or
world at large, on whose behalf " the voice "
is speaking ; and, finally, that the entire
passage, " impress us from a seal all ye have
thought and done," is simply the matter of
the " appeal " which the " twins of a single
destiny " are invited by " the voice " to
make " to the eternal years enthroned before
us in the dim West." ' And I submit that the
meaning as here explained, may be made
•apparent by the simple expedient of mentally
supplying the words " say to them " before
" impress," or alternatively, by putting
" impress us from a seal all ye have thought
and done " in quotes, thus : — ■
Twins of a single destiny ! appeal
To the eternal years enthroned before us
In the dim West ; " Impress us, from a seal,
All ye have thought and done ! " Time cannot dare conceal
" The eternal years enthroned before us in
the dim West," I understand to mean not
" the years to come " of Swinburne, but the
years of revolution already accomplished " in
the West," eternal by virtue of their eternal
content, achieved revolution, fixed and un-
changeable, enthroned and matter for a
" seal " ; and, in illustration of the imagery,
I would refer to the companion lines in
' Hellas,' which are as follows : —
But Greece and her foundations are
Built below the tide of war,
Based on the crystalline sea
Of thought and its eternity ;
Her citizens, imperial spirits.
Rule the Present from the Past,
On all the world of men inherits
Their seal is set.
The twinship of Spain and England may
be either the twinship of each, or the twin-
ship of the two ; the twinship of each in
respect of its twofold character, European
and American, or of the two in respect of
their similarity in being, each, both Euro-
pean and American ; bitt whatever the
twinship may be, the " destiny " is single — ■
Liberty ! T. J. Cobden-Sanderson.
THE BELFAST BOOKSELLERS.
In my book ' The Truth about Ulster ' I
wrote : —
"For the twenty-five years that I knew it
[Belfast] there was not a bookseller's shop in the
whole of the city — I mean, of course, a shop where
one could be certain of finding a new book about
which all England was talking — a volume of travel,
biography, or fiction."
Some one wrote to The Athenceum a week
or two ago suggesting that I had not stated
what was true, and now the editor of
The Irish Book Lover goes so far as to give
the names of Belfast booksellers in the
seventies and eighties to prove how grossly
inaccurate was my assertion, adding that it
is extraordinary how I could have forgotten
them. It so happens, however, that I have
not forgotten them ; the more I remember
them, the more emphatic I am inclined to
make my assertion that in Belast there was
no bookseller's shop " where one could be
certain of finding a new book about which
all England was talking."
Only two of the names mentioned by
your correspondent can be taken with any
measure of seriousness ; but let me go
through the list seriatim. William Mullan
was the tradesman who I said had made a
small fortune out of publishers' " remain-
ders " and defective editions. He was one
of the earliest discount booksellers in the
Kingdom, and as such I still think of him
with respect, for he enabled me to buy the
cheap editions of the Standard Poets pub-
lished by Milner & Sowerby of Halifax
when I was a boy ; but when I inquired of
him in my adolescence for a book called
' Idylls of the King,' I found that I had gone
too far : he had never heard of the work.
He was certainly not the bookseller of my
definition quoted above.
Regarding the " branch publishing house
at Paternoster Square " referred to by your
correspondent — fancy a London " branch "
to a Belfast publishing house ! — I happen
to know a good deal. It was started by
the ambitious son of William Mullan ; and
Edward Jenkins, who had married a Belfast
lady, induced the firm to give him a commis-
sion for two or three novels which they pub-
lished with disastrous results to themselves.
A compilation called an ' Elocutionist ' fol-
lowed, and, I think, about half-a-dozen
other works. These transactions, however,
made such an inroad upon the modest
fortune of the elder Mullan that the " London
branch " was quickly lopped off. So much
for the Mullans.
John Henderson was a printer and photo-
grapher. His shop was made attractive
through being looked after by his comely
daughters. They were almost exclusively
newsagents. Their counter was littered
with The Family Herald, The London
Journal, and such-like entrancing periodicals
of the seventies, and their shelves were
laden with yellow backs and green covers.
There was not a book in their premises that
was priced over half-a-crown.
Now comes the only name of a real book-
seller in the list. Christopher Aitchison was
undoubtedly a man of literary taste and
ability. He tried to inculcate at least a
curiosity respecting current literature among
his fellow-townsmen, but he left the town
before he had ruined himself, and found a
more appreciative clientele in Edinburgh.
I frequently ordered new books from him,
but I always had to wait for them. He
smiled sadly when I asked him why he
did not stock them. His " fancy trade "
enabled him to keep his shop open. But
even this remunerative branch of the busi-
ness did not serve his successor, and the
shop was closed.
Henry Greer was an interesting old
gentleman in High Street — a relic of the
days when Belfast was a place of some
culture and reading. It was through him
that my first ' Principia ' was ordered, and
through him and his son (who succeeded
him) I got my Athenceum for several years —
only one other copy came to the town. I
repeat that he did not stock even so popular
a schoolbook as Smith's ' Principia.' His
son had been for a long time in Hachette's
Paris house, and had a thorough knowledge
of the trade. When he returned to Belfast
he obtained a knowledge of the town as well.
Even his " fancy goods " and a larger shop
did not prevent the shutters from being put
up permanently after a year or two.
The last name on your correspondent's
list, coupled with the word " poet," brings
back to me many amusing recollections.
James Reed had a small corner shop with
a hand-printing press. He was a compositor
by trade, and could turn out a black-
bordered, highly sepulchral memorial card
with the best. It was, I fancy, the demand
for an appropriate verse for his sorrowing
clients that forced him into the perilous
paths of poetry. His doggerel was quite
down to the level of the requirements of the
deeply embossed memorial card of the third-
class lodging-house. But a poet who is a
printer as well has a " pull " (in at least a
technical sense) over one who is not fortu-
nate enough to combine the trades : he can
appear in print when he pleases ; and it
pleased Mr. Reed to do so pretty frequently.
The most popular " pull " from his galley
was a " poem " on a railway accident
which had happened on a Sunday. He
attributed the disaster to a desire on the
part of Providence to protest against travel-
ling on the Sabbath Day ; so that Mr. Reed
was a man of piety as well as of printing and
poetry. But he certainly never came within
miles of being the bookseller of my definition.
WThy does your correspondent not give
further examples of the prosperity of book-
selling in Belfast ? He has omitted son :.e
names of quite as great respectability as any
of the five with which I have dealt. What
about Mr. McComb, who actually published
two volumes of " poetry " ? He was surely
as much a bookseller as any of the others,
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
THE ATHENiEUM
857
and he was also Lioenaed to celebrate mar-
riagea a delightful and inspiring branch of
hi* business; for he could nearly always
Bell a Family Bible to tho newly wed, and
90 impart a sort of religions flavour to the
secular ceremony. Why did your corre-
spondent not mention the name of Phillips
of Bridge Street, who had a shop lined with
books, some of them running to as high a,
figure as is. iv/. j I believe that all the
liters wen- paid in full, though the shop
remained open tor several years.
With the question of the : econd-hand
booksellers I have nothing to do. I clearly
defined what I meant by the designation
" bookseller " when I made my original
statement in "The Truth about Ulster,1 and
the accuracy of that statement remains
unshaken and incapable of being shaken.
F. Frankfort Moore.
IRISH BOOK CATALOGUES.
32, Elers Road. West Ealing, W.
June 17, 1914.
The Editor of The Irish Book Lover mis-
understands my reference to Irish book cata-
logues. I said that they were not " syste-
matically issued." Within the past three
months. I have received six catalogues from
Edinburgh, five from Tunbridge Wells, four
from one bookseller in Leyton, three from
one in Exeter, and so on. I wrote for the
four Irish catalogues specially named by the
Editor. One has not arrived ; one is dated
1910 ; one is dated 1912, with a supple-
mentary leaflet of 1913. Messrs. Hanna &
Xeale sent an interesting catalogue of the
late Dr. Joyce's books, dated April last ;
but between it and its predecessor was a
gap of six months. I fear that a " systematic-
ally issued " catalogue is still to s?ek. Cannot
The Irish. Book Lover use its influence ?
H. M. Beatty.
SALES.
The sale by Messrs. Hodgson, on June 0th, of
the MSS. ami Autographs collected by Dowden
included the following: The Original Conversion
of Sir Tob'e Matthew, 151. 10*. Note-Books and
Diaries of Isaac Reed, 26/. Two A.L.S. from the
Earl of Orrery referring to Swift and Johnson,
14/. 10*. Two Ms. Memorandum Books of
George Crabbe, 11'. Original Sonnet of Words-
worth, 14 lines, 301. Five A.lhS. of Robert
Browning, 122. 10». Original .Vs. of Swinburne's
- - on " The Onion," 401. ; two A.L.s. from
the same, 1"/. 5s. Original Poem by Walt
Whitman, with an autograph letter, 12/. 10«.
The same sale also included a collect ion of Original
Bket< hesofOeorgi Cnrikshank, which realized ■107.
On Wednesday and Thursday in last week
M — re. ! .' dgs □ ~"ld the library removed from
Btowlangtofl Hall, the following being the more
important, lots: Elliot's Monograph of the
Pheasants, - vol-., lo/. Gould's Birds of Asia,
in part-. 331. A series of the Zoological Society's
Pi and Transactions between is Is and
1870, :M;l. IQ8. Aiken's Cockneys Shooting
in Suffolk, I'M. Sponge's Sporting Tour,
by Surtees, in the original parts, 192. Stan
Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey, &c.,
21 vols., Pirsl Editions, 302. \0e. A set "of the
original numbers of The Spectator, 1711-12,
18/. 10«. Ferguson's British Essayists, 10 vols.,
old ne 102. Via. Bacon's Works, by
Montagu, 17 vols., large paper, 02. A set of
Speech) . 80 vols., 191. <>M Engravings of
Venice, in 2 vols., 282. 10a. Melanchthon's Copy
of Erasmus on Suetonius, 152. The highest price
in the Bale traa reached by a perfect copy of the
'Speculum Christiani,' printed by Machlinia in
lis:;, 1382. The total realized for the l"»7 lots
was 1.27s/. ] -
Ox Wednesday, June 10th, and the two follow-
ing day-, M< 9 theby heir! ., sale of hook-, of
which the most important were the following:
ocer, Work-. ls:n;. Eehnscott Press Edition,
862. Pope, Works, 1717, .J. W. Croker - copy, 832.
\ i ollection of ;dl the Drama! ic Pi - published
in the Reign of Kins George III., formed by
Horace Walp le, 58 vols., 17',' -:>.",, 21"/.
Hutmint ffinssip.
1\ view of the extension dining recent
years of the activities of the Society of
Authors, in future it will be known as the
Incorporated Society of Authors, Play-
wrights, and Composers. Its address re-
mains as before, No. I, Central Buildings,
Tothill Street, Westminster. SAY.
A " Constant Reader " writes to
point out that the reviewer of ' Sex ' in
the '" Home University Library " did not
speak of Prof. J. Arthur Thomson and
Prof. Patrick Geddes. The former is the
well-known Professor of Natural History
at Aberdeen, and the latter of Botany at
St. Andrews. We merely reply that all
professors do not care to be called pro-
fessors, and that some of them have been
called v" Mr." for the last twenty years in
The Athenceum without apparently being
aggrieved. Such honours seem to ns
excessively emphasized in this present
world of personal advertisement. The
two professors were not, we presume,
officially representing their respective
faculties when they wrote this book. We
add that -t A Constant Reader " breaks
a rule which should be perfectly well
known by giving no name and a vague
address.
A correspondent writes : —
"The brief notice of theCorbridge volume
of ' The History of Northumberland,' printed
by you on June 13th, does less than full
justic ■ to two good woikers. The ' excava-
tions carried out since 1906 ' have bean under
the superintendence of Mr. R. H. Forster, and
the Roman remains thus discovered, together
with other Roman remains of the neighbour-
hood, are sketched in the ' Supplement '
which your reviewer notes. The rest (six-
sevenths) of the volume contains a detailed
history of the Corbridge district, by Mr. H.
( raster, Fellow of All Souls, and is (as far as
I can judge) an unusually able and scientific
contribution to local history, with much new
and valuable matter."
The retirement of Mr. A. H. Gilkes
from the head mastership of Dulwich is
announced. The " old man," as he is
affectionately termed by Allevnians, has
been in authority for twenty-nine years,
and under his rule the school has main-
tained a remarkable level of efficiency
alike in work and games.
Pbof. Donald MacKinnon, who was
appointed to the Celtic Chair at Edin-
burgh University in ISS2, is to retire on
September 30th. Be acted as Secretary
of a Commission appointed to issue ,i
revised translation of the Gaelic Bible,
and has made many contributions to
Celtic literature.
Mi:. Jambs Pun is removing next week
to Larger and more convenient premises at
No. I 1. King William Street. Strand. W.C .
close to the National ( lallery, upon the site
of which — next the .Mews Gate in Castle
Street, St. Martin's" — his bookselling
business was originally founded nearly
a hundred years ago.
MB88B8. Smith ft Eldeb announce a
novel, entitled They who Question,' by
a writer who i-- well known, but in 1 1 1 i --
instance chooses to be anonymous. He-
deals with the problem of suffering, andJ
the solutions of it offered in different
religious theories.
Mb. John Oxkmiam published a small
volume of poems, ' Bees in Amber,9 last
September through Messrs. Chatto &
Windus. It is already in a fourteenth
edition, a fact which should encourage
the aspiring poet of to-day. The public
is not so blind to merit as it is sometimes,
thought to be.
The English Association has in pre-
paration a volume entitled ' The Year's;
Work in English Studies.' It is being
edited by Sir Sidney Lee, and will be
published by the Oxford University Press-
next .January. It is designed to supply
a comprehensive record of pertinent Eng-
lish work which has been clone at home
and abroad during the year ending
approximately on October 31st, 1914.
It will be divided into a scries of sections,
each of which will be edited by an expert.
Under the title ' The Flower of Peace '
a collection of the religious poetry of
Mrs. Katharine Tynan will be published
by Messrs. Burns & Gates on June 29th.
The CornhiU Magazine for July opens
with a new serial, * Two Sinners,' by -Mrs.
D. G. Ritchie. Sir Henry Lucy, con-
turning his ' Sixty Years in the Wilder-
ness,' writes of old Parliamentary hands
from Sir William Harcourt to Joseph
Cowen, and from " Jemmy " Lowther to
Sir John Gorst. ' A True Dream ' is an
unpublished poem written by Mrs. Brown-
ing in 1833. 'The Beauty of Age,' by
Mr. A. C. Benson, is an address delivered
before the Society for the Protection of
Ancient Buildings. ' From a Roman.
Palace; by the Marchesa Peruzzi de'
Medici, daughter of Julian Story, tells
of the circle that met in her father's-
studio, with anecdotes of Hans Andersen
and Browning. ' The Illustrious ( iarrison,'
by Col. MacMunn. is the story of Sale's
Brigade at Jellala bad, and "Cardinal Hem-
bo and his Villa ' a study from the Italian
Renaissance by Mrs. Julia Cartwright.
Dr. Stephen Paget begins a series of article*
on parenthood, under the title of ' The New
Parents' Assistant.* 'By the Wayside'
is a group of little essays and impressions
by Mr. G. F. Bradby, and ' Pride of
Service ' a short story by Mr. B »yd < 'able.
The magazine concludes with a letter to-
the editor from Mr. Hesketh Priohard on
the fact that the Grey Seals (Protection)
P>ill has passed into law as the result of an
article in The CornhiU.
Mb. BBNNET P>i ku.I'.ii. who died on
Wednesday last, was well known as war
correspondenl of The Daily Telegraph.
The son of a Glasgow builder, he emigrated
to America, and risked his life several
times as fl - ildier of the South in the war.
A man of remarkable strength and pluck,
he figured in many campaigns from the
time of Aiabi's rebellion to that of the
O-Japanese war. lie was an effective
journalist, but had no particular know-
ledge of the problems of war.
Next week we are paying Bpecial atten-
tion to book- on education.
858
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
SCIENCE
The Riddle of Mars the Planet. By C. E.
Housden. (Longmans & Co., 3s. Gd.
net.)
This book is written to prove the possi-
bility of the water supply on the planet
Mars as imagined by Prof. Percival
Lowell. It will be remembered that
certain markings are seen on the surface
of the planet Mars to which many years
ago the name of "canals" was given —
perhaps rather unfortunately, as there was
then no suggestion that they are actual
waterways — and that the actual ob-
jectivity of these as the fine straight lines
depicted by some observers has been called
in question.
With this controversy we are not
now concerned. A main fact about
Mars that is beyond dispute is that
there are white caps around the poles
which form, disperse, and re-form periodic-
ally, and after careful study of the surface
of the planet under perfect conditions
at Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S., Prof. Lowell
concluded that the visibility of the canals
depends on these periodic changes, and
hence argued in his book ' Mars and its
Canals ' that there are inhabitants on
Mars in a high state of civilization ; that
the only water they have comes from the
melting of the polar snows; and that the
•canals and circular patches (oases) that
he saw on the surface of the planet formed
•an artificial system designed to bring
water from the poles to the equator of
the planet, which is necessary for the
•existence of the supposed inhabitants.
Mr. Housden, the author of the book
now before us, an engineer who has had
considerable experience in irrigation works
in Australia, shows how such works could
be carried out on the planet Mars. The
solution of the problem is a system of
pumping stations which force water
•through underground pipes, the " canals "
not being actual waterways, but these
and the oases are apparently the ocular
•evidence of vegetation around the pipes
and pumping-stations. This description
may seem to ascribe the book to the
Jules Verne type, but the author intends
it to be taken seriously, and having worked
out the problem as an engineer, arrives
at a scheme which, he says, would be seen
by us exactly in agreement with what
is seen. Hence he concludes that "there
can be no reasonable doubt that there
is to-day a system of irrigation in actual
operation on our neighbouring planet."
The argument does not appear con-
clusive. The central fact in the question
is the existence of water on the planet, and
the evidence for this is conflicting. The
late Prof. Russel Wallace in his book
' Is Mars Habitable ? ' — a question to
which he gave a negative answer — raised
the objection to Lowell's hypothesis that
the Martian efforts would be defeated by
-evaporation, if the canals were open, and
Mr. Housden has overcome this objection
by laying his pipes underground. The
book, in fact, may be considered as an
answer to another criticism made by
Wallace, that the engineering feat would
be too great for any but a dense and
intelligent population, and from this point
of view it may be considered a reasonable
contribution to the Martian problem.
SOCIETIES.
Meteorological. — June 11th. — Mr. C. J. P.
Cave, President, in the chair.
Mr. B. C. Wallis read a paper on ' The Rainfall
of the Southern Pennines.' This inquiry had been
undertaken with a view to finding a scientific
justification of the claim made for the wetness and
humidity of Lancashire as suiting the manufacture
of cotton. The distribution of the rainfall of the
Pennine district may be summarized by saying
that the west is wetter than the east on the whole
and as a rule, although the difference between the
two areas is least marked during the dry season
from March to May. In June and July, however,
the lowland of 1 he Trent and Ouse valleys receives
a relative excess of rainfall, which is compensated
by the relative dryness in December and January.
The uplands are absolutely wetter than the
neighbouring lowlands, and the western slopes are
wetter than the eastern ; but the difference in
rainfall between upland and lowland is least
marked during the warm weather, and most
marked during the cold weather. Throughout
the whole district, on the average, the rainfall
decreases in intensity from January until April,
increases from April to August, shows a drop in
relative quantity for September, rises to a maxi-
mum in October, and then declines until Decem-
ber. The local relief of the Pennine uplift gives
the cotton towns their characteristic climate, and
is the dominant factor which has made Lancashire
supreme in the cotton industry.
Mr. H. J. Bartlett read a paper on ' The Relation
between Wind Direction and Rainfall.' This was
a discussion of wind and rain records at the four
observatories of Valencia, Aberdeen, Falmouth,
and Kew for the ten-year period 1901—10. It
was shown that a large proportion of the total
rain falls with winds in the south-east and south-
west quadrants, except in the case of Aberdeen,
where the amount in the north-west quadrant is
relatively high. The greatest amounts at Kew
and Falmouth occur with a south-west wind,
respectively 22 and 28 per cent. At Aberdeen
the south-east wind brings the highest amount,
20 per cent ; while Valencia receives 30 per cent
with south, 20 per cent with south-east, and 15 per
cent with the south-west wind during the year.
At each observatory there are two months during
the year when the proportion of rain occurring
normally in one or more quadrant diminishes
considerably. For Valencia, Falmouth, and Kew,
this feature is strongly marked in June and
September ; while for Aberdeen, where it is less
obvious, the months are May and November.
Mr. E. H. Chapman also read a paper on
' Barometer Changes and Rainfall : a Statistical
Study.'
Aristotelian. — June 8th. — Prof. G. Dawes
Hicks, President, in the chair. Mr. Adam Rankine
and Miss Mary Fletcher were elected members.
Mr. David Morrison read a paper on ' The Treat-
ment of History by Philosophers.'
Can historical process be adequately ex-
plained by principles which have sufficed for the
explanation of the processes of inanimate nature ?
or, if it cannot, are we compelled to question
whether, after all, mechanical principles suffice,
even for the explanation of the world of nature ?
In any consideration of final cause in history we
are compelled to face the question of the nature of
time and its relation to ultimate reality, and we are
forced back to the source and primary meaning of
causality as we find it in ourselves as active or
efficient. A use of the principle of causality,
applicable to most scientific investigations,
seems not strictly acceptable when we deal
with human causes, unless it can admit spon-
taneity or individual activity as a fact. The
question of the freedom of the human will is thus
quite a real question for anyone writing a philo-
sophy of history, and so also is the question of the
reality of time. If time is unreal, then what we
see in history may, indeed, be the fragmentary
presentation of something eternally perfect ; but
it may give us only glimpses of an ultimate chaos.
If time is real, the end is not yet attained, and
seems, indeed, never completely attainable, and
that to some people appears an insuperable objec-
tion. But the thing must be one way or the other.
The relation of these two views of the nature of
time to the philosophy of history, was illustrated
at length by comparison of the theories of Dr.
Bosanquet, M. Bergson, and Prof. Varisco. It
was shown that for all these writers, history
presents philosophy with problems which cannot
simply be ignored, problems connected with such
concepts as efficient and final cause, finite person-
ality and value, and with questions as to the
reality of time, the nature of real possibilities, the
relation of mind and body, and the relation of
mechanism and teleology. The contest is ulti-
mately between spontaneity or individual activity,
and the scientific concept of inert matter as a
constant quantity. We cannot decide the ulti-
mate essence of value without deciding the signi-
ficance we are to give to feeling. The distinction of
selves is not overcome, even in our highest
emotional experience, although that may give
rise to osmotic processes among selves, and it is
doubtful if even the most rapt mystic would be
satisfied, if the value he realizes in his love of God
were preserved as another's, and not as his
experience. In history we lay our count with
nothing short of the whole world, and this world
has produced those highest emotional experiences
which alone have rendered tolerable for us much
else that it has produced.
Without the existence of that great scale passing
from simple human happiness to supreme exalta-
tion of soul, should we ever have spoken of value as
something actually existing in the world ?
The President, in opening the discussion, said
that he considered that much injustice had been
done to the school of writers who follow Mr.
Bradley and Mr. Bosanquet in representing their
doctrine as one of the unreality of time. They
did not declare that time is unreal, but that it is
not ultimate in the sense that it contains reality ;
reality contains it, it is one of the features con-
tained in the absolute. He illustrated this in
calling attention to the importance attributed by
them to historical development, and more
particularly, to the contention of Mr. Bosanquet,
that real value resides in what is universal, and
that there is no value in psychological states as
such, but only in so far as they are mental states,
cognizant of what is of universal significance.
This view had been even more strikingly illus-
trated recently in the works of the Indian mystic,
Tagore.
Dr. Wolf held that the philosophical historian
approached his problem in a more proper spirit
when he tried to determine the kind of value his-
tory has, rather than what he would like it to
have.
Mr. Mead said that \i we take history in block, it
is impossible to find meaning in it. If a philo-
sopher is going to consider any scientific matter, he
will surely have to dissociate fact from allegation
and unproved theory. Looking at history in this
way, we see it as a mixture of fact and unproved
theory, and we can hardly imagine meaning to
run through both. This is the distinction that
modern historians are seeking to establish between
Geschichte and Storicismus.
Mr. Carr emphasized the tendency in each of the
three philosophers discussed in the paper to
insist on the impossibility of cutting universals,
values, spiritual reality of every kind, free from
their attachment to scientific reality. However
important the value we give to conscious experi-
ence, however vastly the spiritual overflows the
material and temporal, it is in indissoluble rela-
tion with it, and we can give no meaning to life
or mind entirely detached from the materialism
or mechanism of nature. Mr. Tudor Jones, Mr.
Worsley, and Mr. Shelton also spoke, and Mr.
Morrison replied.
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK
Royal Institute of Biitish Architects, 8.— Presentation of the
Royal Gold Medal.
Geographical, 8.30. -' Exploration in the unknown Brahma-
putra Kegion on the North-Eastern Frontier of India,'
(.apt. P. M. Bailey.
Asiatic, 4.
Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 4.30 — ' A Mnl-
SixteenthCentury Panorama of Rome, by Anton Van Den
Wyngaerdeof Brussels,' Mr. W. St. Clair Baddeley.
British Academy, 9.-' " Hamlet and Orestes, a study in
traditional types,' Mr. Gilbert Murray.
Geological, 8.-1- 'The Trilobite Fauna of the Abbey Shales
near Hartshill,' Mr. V. C. Illing ; 2. ' Notes on the Trilobite
Fauna of the Middle Cambrian of the St. Judwal's Pen
insula (Carnarvonshire!, ' Mr. T. C. Nicholas.
Thlbs. Royal, 4.30.— 'Note on Mr. Mallock's Observations on Inter-
mittent Vision,' Prof. S P. Thompson; 'The Variation of
Electrical Potential across a Semipermeable Membrane,
Prof. F. G. Donnan and Mr. G. M. Green; 'On the Potential
of Ellipsoidal Bodies and the Figures of Equilibrium of
Rotating Liquid Masses,' J. H.Jeans; 'The Twentv-seven-
Day Period in Magnetic Phenomena,' I)r C. Chrce; and
other Papers
Mom.
Tlf.s.
Wf.d.
No. 45-21, June 20, 1914
THE ATHENiEU M
s;,!»
FINE ARTS
Cartoon*. Bv Will Dyson.
Herald ' Office. Id. net'.)
(; Daily
Mr. Dyson has the advantage over most
other English cartoonists of being able
to say what he means without mincing
matters, and his public rather like him
the better for it. Sincerity breeds a more
vigorous draughtsmanship than results
from the decorous academic exercises
which in most papers enliven politics,
but at the same time make of them an
unreal game. With Mr. Dyson we feel
that he has a belief in the paramount
importance of the great conflict between
capital and labour, which is almost always
his subject. We do not quarrel with him
for depicting it in somewhat melodramatic
fashion, or for casting Ins workman always
a- the patient hero ; the capitalist as an
odious monster, branded with the name
of Fat."" Broad effects are. perhaps,
necessary to convey general truths, and
the virtues of some employers may well
appear irrelevant detail to the critic of a
item. Yet in the desire to get a hideous
figure to stand for a hideous thing there
i> danger that the cartoonist may mislead
the workman as to who is the prime mover
among his enemies. Doubtless there is
a class of wealthy people addicted to gross
physical indulgence. Perhaps a more real
prompter to that competition in elaborate
living which rests on sweated labour is of
another character — and sex. One of Mr.
Dyson's most effective tricks for demand-
ing sympathy is to show us the sweated
woman ; but to be just he should have
given as much prominence to woman
a- a sweater also. Smart, attractive,
multiple in her needs, she must be
shown as she is for the working classes
to decide whether she is worth her cost
or no.
It would surely mean no great lapse
from partisanship to admit that the toiler
bleeds not that certain people should over-
eat themselves, hut that in every class
of society there should be maintained a
perpetual pretence of being wealthier than
one's neighbours. Vulgar display is a more
real enemy than sensual indulgence. This
shallow peacock variety may be more
difficult to personify, but in the inter
of truth it is always worth the effort.
Mr. Dyson's satire could hardly, how*
■ . be thus re lire (ted without a certain
purging of his art. His drawing at
present has too much swagger and osten-
tation of cleverness to make it a fit vehicle
for flagellating the -rice of vulgar display.
A- a matter of fact his nouveau riche,
both as to type and accessories, is drawn
with more knowledge than his rather con-
ventional workpeople. We would point out
however that the Pra Angelico Madonna
(which hangs over the arm-chair where
Fat " reclines and uses the patent
"blood transmitter" at the expense of
the little seamstress) i-> wrongly framed.
Even if we suppose, as i- probable, that it
is a sham Kra Angelico, the dealer would
have presented it in a more plausible
setting. Its presence there testifies to the
artist's conviction that the rich man's
interest in Art is humbug, rather than
implies any admission that culture as well
as "Fat" comes from the sweated
workers.
Throughout these spirited cartoons, in
fact, suggest that the " mammon "
attacked is something of a stuffed dummy,
put up to take blows which should be
shared bv others.
ALLIED ARTISTS' ASSOCIATION AT
HOLLAND PARK HALL.
In their seventh exhibition the English
" Independents :' look like rounding a
difficult corner and emerging as a society
with a function recognizable by the general
public. Holland Park Hall in June is a
much more feasible proposition than the
Albert Hall in July ; the number of works
is now no greater than at the Academy, and
the conditions of light and atmosphere
under which they are seen are more tolerable.
Let it be once established that the few who
are interested in the work of artists, regard-
less of their reputations, are in the habit of
visiting the Allied Artists' show, and the
congestion of aspirants desiring to exhibit
at Burlington House will cease.
At Holland Park Hall any temptation
to defer to existing prejudices for the
sake of gaining admission is removed.
An object-lesson in the advantages of this
liberty is furnished by the thre3 paintings,
which we do not offer as works of genius,
exhibited by Mr. Fred Hebner (419-21).
The two smaller pictures represent complete
innocence restrained by a vague sense of
what is customary ; they might have been
sent to the Academy, and even conceivably
hung. They are entirely dull. The larger,
Ma/raden Rock on tlie Durham Coast (419),
on the other hand, shows an equal inno-
cence quite unrestrained by any pre-
occupation of what is suitable for an exhibi-
tion. The elaborate sky is silly, but the sea
and sands, for all the ignorance they display,
are rendered with considerable imaginative
power. It is hardly conceivable, however,
that such a work could even have been sent
to an exhibition the pictures in which had
to pass u jury.
.More self-conscious, we fancy, is the
simplicity of Mr. (JeofTrey All'ree\s 7m-
preynability (773), which in its obvious way,
by the kind of sensationalism which might
appeal to a child, is the most striking design
in the show. The device of stressing the
movement of the leaping stag by the strong
diagonal movement of the clouds may be
called cheap, bul aever did a creature
bound to safety with such inspiriting vigour.
The thing is irresistible, and the most jaded
eye kindles at the sight of it, accepting the
infantile treatment of the huntsmen in
gilded outline of indifferent draughtsman-
ship as pari of the game, and. indeed, serving
its function somehow not ill. In painting
of such lively and spontaneous invention
art retains some of t he elements of "' a lark,"
as if done by a brilliantly gifted Bchoolboy,
and bo rue a feature m modern painting
deserves generous appreciation. With .Mr.
Hammond Smith's Transition (620) we an
u reminded of a schoolboj a choolboy
with more traces of schooling than are
discernible in Mr. Alfree, bul of a preter-
natural solemnity which yel does not by ; i r i >
means preclude the suspicion Of a tongue
in the cheek. In this queer composition of
figures e|earl\ and decisively drawn the
artist tries (o take the measure of his public
rather than gives us his own. In In-
Decorative Landscape (522), with its cleverly
characterized figures of st udied uusuitaliilit \ .
he is again only showing us something to see
how we take it. and keeping his real self
reserved and apart. His Looe Pool (621) is
more like what other people might do, but
also, we think, more like what it is natural
for him to do if he had no sophisticated
public to consider. Influenced, like Mr.
Hammond Smith, by her environment, but
inclined to take its prevailing .standards
much more seriously. Miss Nina Hamn-tt.
in her Figure Composition (592), shows some
talent for literal painting, and an extreme
unwillingness to exercise it without a
laborious and, to our mind, pointless dis-
tortion. When departure from the normal
becomes obligatory, it is a tyranny just as
deadening as was the old demand for photo-
graphic exactness.
Still, regarding the exhibition as an occa-
sion for the discovery of talents which have
hardly revealed themselves elsewhere, we
must recognize that there has come into
existence a whole school of art students
— pupils, for the most part, either of Mr.
Sickert at Rowlandson House or of the late
Spencer Gore and Mr. Harold Gilman at
Westminster — who constitute the largest
body of definitely capable students in London
at the present day. They have, as a rule,
been taught to see colour — though hardly to
design in it. Every generation has some
such line of specialized effort, and the one now
under consideration, while at present it is
rather narrow, is undoubtedly attractive.
Whether in each individual case the small,
but undoubted measure of performance also
indicates promise it is too soon to say.
What is a sound basis for one talent to form
upon is cramping to another. We register
a host of more or less creditable pupils,
among whose work we specially noticed the
nude studies of Miss Violet Smith (306) and
Miss V. M. Powell (418); the Westminstei
Tower and the Window (398) of Miss Ellen
Nicholson; Home Industry (94) by Mr. 13.
Fiennes-Chnton ; The Interior ((562) by Mrs.
R. Peto ; and The Striped Blouse (95) by Miss
Adeline C'arrington. Miss Godwin (121-3)
is a rather more strident painter in the same
vein. Mr. Potter (726-8), Mr. Ogilvie (240 42),
Miss Hilda Trevelyan (388), and Miss Dorothy
Willis (portrait, 810) are more intimate. .Mi-
Trevelyan's delicate talent disengaging itself
somewhat from the others as ha\ bag a more
distinctively nineteenth-century flavour, a
use of paint less sure, but aiming at greater
subtlety than the others. Miss Gosse lias
previously shown painting of the school
we are now dealing with, but we have
always felt that as a paint er she had tumbled
into the wrong Bet. The paintings Bhe
shows here (:!:;i 3) tend to less elaborate
colour analysis than sometiim-. and are to
that extent better, bul still not comparable
with the two delightful drawings ol still life
(1259 and L260), in which she displays an
b tonishing and delicate virtuosity. A graver
and more -'-\ereiy economic use of colour
is to be the natural one for her torn-
j i' lament.
The presence Of these and many other
similar pictures testifies to the extent ol th<
influence of the realistic wing of the " Camden
Town QrOUp,' the original members of w huh
are mot ol them represented. Three works
by the late Spencer Gore (A, B, and < '. hung
on a special screen) remind u- by their
blend ol Literal tiruthfulness and imaginative
sympathy of the services rendered to thi
- tj by the man who painted I hem.
860
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
1 1 is temperament, at once homely and adven-
i iiious, made him the inspiration of the band
of artists who founded this show, the princi-
pal experiment in artistic politics of recent
years. Of the other members of this group,
Mr. Charles (Jinner makes the most notable
advance in his Clerlcenwell (83) a charming
scheme of mild colour, surprising for those
who remember his work of half-a-dozen years
back. The technique is restrained and
•dignified, the vision somewhat recalling
Canal etto. Mr. Malcolm Drummond has a
portrait (135), while Messrs. Pissarro (33-5)
and Oilman (107-9) show work which is
adequate, but reveals them in no new light.
The Cubist and Futurist Group have not
brought with them a train of camp followers
as have the Realists. Mr. Nevinson, whose
work most closely resembles that of the
Italian painters who originally claimed
th i title of Futurist, has a large canvas :
.Syncopation (64), which is blatant, but cap-
able ; and, after all, when we call it blatant,
we probably imply qualities which its author
"would regard as virtues. We confess to
preferring Mr. Ernest Wadsworth's con-
tributions, the smaller one in particular
•on account of its greater refin ment of colour.
Mr. Nevinson jostles us with miscellaneous
appeals to the eye, so studiously unassorted
in kind as to be as disturbing as possible.
He evidently does it on purpose, and its
-effect is certainly like that of modern city life
in making continuous thought difficult. Mr.
Wadsworth is not i i this sense so com-
pletely Futurist. His Caprice (114) has
•order and clarity. He takes certain strong
•contrasts of form (we are quite unable to
say why he chooses the forms he does rather
than others), and proceeds, by breaking them
■up and quartering them one against the
■other, to diminish the force of his main
contrasts, while, pari passu, he intensifies the
accompanying contrasts of colour, and so
g ves a vaguely symbolical sense of com-
1 ''nsation, as when two opposing forces
i .sutralize one another and heat is generated
1 y the impact. Mr. Wyndham Lewis
- — The Night Attack (1547) — shows less beauty
of colour than Mr. Wadsworth, but an even
more delicate sense of proportion as he
works out in detail the meeting of the various
•episodes in his elaborate design with due
rogard to the claims of each. It may even
bo that the title is not on this occasion
purely obscurantist, but is an indication
•of the rigid Kriegspiel in which con-
flicting demands are not compromised
" a l'aimable," but firmly maintained, till
a just result is reached. It is as satisfying
certain inborn tastes for such abstract
justice that these pictures give pleasure to
minds of a certain type. Even Mr. Nevin-
:son's hymn to the modern spirit appeals
to us as sympathetic in comparison with
Mr. Phelan Gibb's Picture (115), which can
only be likened to the aimless pieces of
translucent enamel (like jam tarts) which
a few years back used to be made by would-
be artistic ladies of utterly untrained, mind.
After all, Mr. Nevinson remains masculine,
comparing, indeed, favourably in this re-
spect with many of his Latin forerunners.
His picture expresses very well the popidar
•conception of what an attack by militant
Suffragists looks like.
To continue our review of the more
modern spirits in painting, Mr. Karl Hage-
dorn (314-16) uses the Post-Impressionists'
clear open colour for purposes akin to that
•of the wall-paper designer. We lament our
failure to sea anything of importance in
the contributions of Herr Kandinsky. The
smallest alone (No. 1560) shows, in a dis-
integrated form, some evidence of past
.accomplishment.
Foreign contributions of a less recent
couche are the figure pictures, somewhat in
the manner of Aman-Jean (614-15), of
M. Le Serrec de Kervily, pleasing in a slightly
sickly artificial way ; the Menzel-like Cor-
ridor in the Uffizi (651), by Herr Ismael
Gentz. From Holland comes Miss Murchison
with her solid studies of heads ( 642-3 > —
descended surely from Garrido — an artist
new to London, so far as we know, as are
also Mr. F. Porter, The Blue Corner (558), and
Mr. David Sassoon, whose Washing Clothes
on the Seine (298), slight as it is, undeniably
captures a mood of nature.
Among other features of an exhibition
richer in surprises than the older estab-
lished shows, Mr. Cooper's romantic landscape
etching Sunshine (836), Mr. Walter Taylor's
decorative conception of Brighton Pier
(1189), the oddly methodical sufficiency of
Mr. Chisholm's almost colourless rendering
of sunlight (1177 and 1178), and the eye for
a striking landscape subject shown by Mr.
Allinson in Snow (586), deserve special
mention. Among the sculpture M. Zadkin's
Holy Family (1352) is the most expressive
work along with two portrait heads (1363
and 1365), which are the best items in the
very unequal exhibits of Madame M.
Steinthal. The fitting up of Mr. Roger
Fry's Omega Lounge is something of a dis-
apjiointment. The colour is sickly, com-
pared with the ringing force of certain
curtains showing at Whitechapel, but there
is a useful black-and-white floor-cloth which
should be in considerable demand.
OTHER EXHIBITIONS.
We have preferred to notice the London
Salon at some length, rather than labour in
detail through a show like that of the Royal
Society of Portrait Painters, the dullness of
which is only in part accounted for by the
fact that most of its more prominent mem-
bers also belong to one or more of the other
dujilicate societies of portrait painters at
present in existence in London. This one
seems to vis the least satisfactory of them.
The one outstanding feature of the show is
Mr. Orpen's Miss Muriel Wilson (41), which
looks like an exceedingly popular portrait,
yet, on the whole, owes its attraction to such
legitimate means as careful design, brilliant
pitch, and an even standard of finish. In
its present surroundings it looks eminently
workmanlike.
At the Goupil Gallery, the paintings illus-
trating Indian life by S. Fyzee-Rahamin
show some trace of native tradition, but a
large tincture of European influence which
leads to vague compromise. In the exhibi-
tion of bronzes adjoining this show, the
equestrian groups and portraits by Mr.
Herbert Hazeltine are carefully and honestly
done, with some knowledge of horses.
M. E. O. de Rosales with his statuettes
of dancers and kindred themes handles
subject-matter rather more malleable, to
which we are accustomed to apply rather
more severe standards. He maintains a high
superficial finish in his bronze, which is so
far good ; but his figures are modelled with
less feeling for structure than the similar
ones recently shown in these galleries by
Renee Vranyczany.
At the Leicester Galleries the black-and-
white artist, " Alastair," shows a further
selection of his technically accomplished, bitt
intellectually rather idle imitations of
Beardsley. They are best when, as in Apis
(8), the embroidery is kept within bounds,
and a ieasonable mass of flat colour is main-
tained.
AMERICAN PAINTING AT SHEPHERD'S
BUSH.
The British portion of the Fine Art
Section at the " White City," while rather
better hung than the exhibition at Burling-
ton House, resembles it too closely to call
for reconsideration of familiar features. A
small element of retrospective work, in-
cluding Aiillais's Sir Isumbras, a large
single figure study by Albert Moore, and
landscapes by Buxton Knight, Cecil Law-
son, and William Stott of Oldham slightly
raises the standard of the show, but hardly
affects its character.
The American section will arouse greater
curiosity because it seems inevitable that
a country which is wealthy and so — com-
paratively— lavish in patronage, should
sooner or later produce an art of some
importance. This expectation may, how-
ever, prove illusory, for there has often been
patronage without art, though we are ready
to admit there can hardly be art without
patronage. Apparent exceptions to this
latter rule will prove on examination to be
merely instances in which one person doubled
the parts of artist and patron, spending his
own money on his own work. This being
the case, it is to the public interest that talent
and patronage should be evenly distributed.
In England we believe that without being
in the least redundant the former exists
somewhat in excess of the latter. The
present exhibition might drop us a hint as to
whether in America patronage is so far in
excess of talent as to justify a wholesale
emigration of British painters.
If we were to limit ourselves to com-
parison between the American and the
British works showing at Shepherd's Bush,
there can be little doubt that, while the
English collection is more various in cha-
racter, the American pictures have, on the
whole, more freshness and painter-like
quality. It will be a surprise to most to
find certain familiar names in this section
rather than our own. Mr. Epstein, Mr.
Muhrman — even Mrs. Sargant Florence are,
it appears, Americans — and, unkindest cut
of all, Mr. Mark Fisher, most typical of
English painters even to his faults, belongs
to them by the letter of th^ law, though
no one with any sense of national character
could press the claim for a moment. These
artists hold their own among their com-
patriots at least as well as we are accus-
tomed to fin 1 them doing at the NewT English,
the International or the London Group shows
(Mrs. Sargant Flore ce, in particular, has
never been displayed to such advantage
as here with her Cartoons for a Fresco, 476).
Edwin Abbey's well-known Duke of Gloucester
and the Lady Anne (354), Mr. Sargent's
group of water-colours of the familiar type
(450-61) will pay, on longer acquaintance,
the penalty for too obvious smartness
imposed on them in the first instance by
severe judges. Messrs. J. W. Alexander,
William Chase, and Alexander Harrison are
less constant visitors than these, but by no
means tmknown to London exhibitions.
The first is represented by a mans por-
trait (180), in which the character-drawing
not being allied to any massive pictorial
structure looks like photography of a
rather more linear kind, and by a lady's
portrait (155), which has pictorial structure
only of the rather shallow sort, which hardly
approaches character delineation. Mr. Chase
is represented principally by two still life
studies (135 and 205) cleverly painted, but
somewhat formless, and over soft in blending
of tone with tone. We might set against
them without fear for our national prestige
the work, say, of Messrs. George Lambert
No. 4521, June 20, 1014
T UK AT IT E N M U M
861
and Nicholson respectively, while Mr. Harri-
son's Silting Sun might be fairly paralleled
by soine similar work by Mr. Moffat Lindner.
Among such of the exhibitors as are
virtually unknown in England, we find
quite a number of clear, brilliantly coloured
landscapes of genuine charm, but rather
shallow content, which might l>e ranked
with the work of one of the Less well known.
but tolerably capable members of the
Camden Town group — Mr. Batcliffe. Among
these are the Laurel (118) of Mr. E. F. Kook
and The Garden by the Hirer (120), by Mr.
E. AV. Bedfield, the One O'clock (127) of Mr.
Robert Spencer, and the June Morning (154),
by Mr. L. Ochtman. Mr. t'hilde Hassam's
well-known impressions from nature (184-6
and 188) do not greatly differ from these in
quality, though they show a greater variety of
subject-matter. Mr. Metcalf (116) is a
little more naive ; Mr. W. Garber shows a
more definitely poetic sense, more power of
decoration, even a slightly more sustained
creative power in May Day (160), which is
the best work of its kind in the show. We
should have to imagine the late Spencer
Gore with a touch of Mr. Tonks's Pre-
Raphaelite daintiness of detail to find
an English parallel. A similar combination
of qualities with different subject-matter,
though with less seriousness than we find
in either of the English artists whose names
we have evoked occurs in the works of Mr.
Frieseke, of which In the Boudoir (273) is
the best. Indeed, the only exhibitor for
whom we might find a difficulty in fitting a
worthy partner in such a rough-and-ready
international tourney is Mr. W. T. Dannat.
His still life (216) and Portraitoj the Marquis
de la Vega (217) show a painting of powerful
fibre full of character. It is of the very
best nineteenth-century tradition. His other
two exhibits suggest a possible descent from
Ribot ; they are powerful, yet a little cheap.
If they were all, we might pair him off with
Mr. Peploe.
Thus we might continue, and indeed.
when we think of the combined resources
of the Xew English, the International, and
the London Group we have no difficulty in
forming an ideal exhibition representing
modern English painting which would be
superior to this which comes to us from
America
When we look at the present British show
at Shepherd's Bush, however, which is quite
good as we can usually get for such
official occasions, we realize the executive
difficulty of making such a collection. Only
one who knows artistic America thoroughly
could say how much of the more vital and
less official painting failed to find a place
in the show and. after ail. our neglected
geniuses will be wise to assure themselves
on this point before booking their pa.-sui«'
across the Atlanl ic.
THE ROMAN CHARITY.
Cam any of your readers well informed
on art matters say what has become of a
once famous painting by Tintoretto 7 It is
ntioned in tin- old catalogues of pictures
at Windsor Castle; but, so far as I can
rtain, is no' there now. It was entitled
'The Roman Charity,1 and represented a
woman giving juck to an old man. ll is,
1 believe, a rather important specimen oi
the art of the great Venetian painter, and 1
fee] certain that other readers of The Athe-
■ in. interested in art, besides myself',
would be glad to know more about its
history and present whereabout-.
[1 is, moreover, always interesting to
has become ol .ti treasures thai
one formed part of our chief collectio
and to know whether they iir,. permanently
lost to us or can still be seen in England or
elsewhere.
I will myself take any opportunity that
may offer of acquiring further information
if I can do so, and will write again if I get
a clue before any other correspondent deals
with the subject, or 1 may be able, later,
to supplement any information you may be
able to publish. EDWARD (.Icthrik.
DR. BARCLAY HEAD.
Barclay Head was one of the rare and
happy men who seem to have been born to
do a particular piece of work in the world,
and to do it admirably. Most people will
think of ancient numismatics as a small field
of specialist study, almost as a refuge of
dilettantism. They will admire the exquisite
productions of the mint of Cyzicus or
Syracuse, and pass them by. But Head saw
that coins cire serious historical monuments,
that they contain in a nutshell the whole
history of the cities which issued them, and
that by an intensive and comparative study
of them ancient history can be made real
and living.
He entered the Department of Coins in
the British Museum in 1864, and about
1870 was set by the Keeper of Coins, R. S.
Poole, to work on the newly planned Cata-
logue of Greek Coins, of which the first
volume appeared in 1873 and the twenty-
seventh in 1914. Every scientific specialist
knows that compiling catalogues is the best
of all training. The work of cataloguing
thoroughly suited Head. He had unlimited
patience, an excellent talent for comparison,
a sense of style in art, and a great love
of historic research. The preliminary work
in preparing the Catalogue of the Coins
of Sicily gave him his opportunity. The
beauty of Sicilian coins, and their value to
Greek mythology, had long been recognized ;
but no one had yet worked out their value
as historic documents on the political and
commercial history of the island. Brandis
and Mommsen had seen the lacuna, but
their pupils had as yet done little to fill it.
Head's paper on the Coinage of Syracuse,
published in 1874, was but 80 pages long,
but it revealed a true historic method applied
for the first time to the whole of the coinage
of an ancient city. Its value was imme-
diately recognized abroad : the French
Academy crowned it, and the University of
Heidelberg bestowed a Doctorate on the
writer. From this time Head's task lay
clear before him : to treat other series of
Greek coins by the same mo! hod which had
been successful in the case of Syracuse, arid
so by degrees to make numismatics not a
morass, but a cultivated field with paths in
all directions. Hence came the great ' His-
toria Xumortim ' published by the Oxford
University Press in 1887, of which a new
edition came out in 1911. It has enjoyed
the honour of being translated into modem
Greek, and has become an invaluable book
of reference! to all who have worked upon
Greek history. English historical writers
generally find much of their material in
German books; but in the matter of
numismatics Head turned the tallies, lie
won the rare distinction of being a Corre-
sponding Member of the Academies both of
France and Prussia. A Doctorate at Oxford
came appropriately, though somewhat [ate
What kind of reputation he had acquired
throughout Europe wa be I shown when
he retired from the British Museum. A
volume of numismatic papers then pub-
Lished in his honour contained contributions
from almost all the authorities on ancienl
numismatics. Of the thirty contributors,
ten wrote in German, Ave in French, one in
Italian, and one in Creek. It wa-, an
oecumenical offering, and the day onwhioh
Sir .John Kvans, in the name of the sub-
scribers, presented the first copy of t he-
book to him was a fitting consummation
of his career. The \olinne was well en-
titled 'Corolla Xumisinatiea.' Barclay Head
was Keeper of the Department of Coins and
Medals from 1893 till 1906. lie was al o
joint editor of The Numismatic Chronicle
from 1869 to 1910.
In England there is not much endowment
of research ; but the British Museum serves,
in fact, as a great institution for the purpO i .
The Museum never fostered a better example
of research than Head. In character he
was the typical student of the sort at his
best : sweet-tempered, of infinite patience,.
perfectly free alike from self-assertion and
from jealousy of his colleague's. He was
always ready to retract on Monday a view
published on Saturday, if good cause were
shown. He always weighed iti even balance
his own published opinions and those of
others ; yet his mind was so well poised and
cautious that ho seldom had to retract.
More than a specialist he was not ; probably
he never published a line on any subject but
numismatics ; yet so blameless a career, and
a success within its own limits so complete,
can seldom have been exhibited in any
count rv.
SALES.
Some good prices were realized .it Bfessrs.
Christie's on Friday, the 12th inst. The following
were the chief items: — Pictures: II. Aiken,
Coaching Scenes : Incidents on the Ko id (a set of
four), 609?.; Fox-IIunting (a set of four), 42a/.
C. Cooper Henderson, The London and Louth
Coach, and The London and Leeds Coach (a pair),
6307., Coaching Scenes (a pair), 357/. ; The
London and Leeds Coach, and The London and
Dover Coach (a pair), 411/. ; The London and
Devonport Mail (a pair), 283/. 10*. : The London
and Hull Coach, and Through the Turnpike :
Night (a pair), 2715/. ; The London and Devon-
port Coach, and The London and Yeovil Coacb
(a pair), 120/. ; The London and Louth Mail (a
pair), 588/. ; The London, Exeter, and Yeovil
Coach, and The London and Hull Coach (a pair),
567/., The London, Norwich, and Ipswich
Coach, and The London and Louth Coach,
passing the Return .Mail: Xight (a pair), 420/.
J. F. Herring, Sen., Hunting Scenes (a pair), 50 I/. :
Portrait of John Mytton, mounted on a bay
hunter, 201/. J. Pollard, The Peacock Inn, 315/. ;
Going to Newmarket, 082/. lo.v. : The (ioodwoo I
Cup, 1833, and The Derby, 1833 (a pair), 546/.
J. N. Sartorius, Hunting Scenes (a lei of four):
The Covert Side, Coing into Covert, 1'nll Cry,
and The Death, 1,365/. ; Huntsmen and Hound-
Breaking Cover, i'2a/. 10s. D. Wolfltenholme,
Outside the Crown Inn, 231/.: Mr. Payne's
Foxhounds (a set of three): The (feet, Pull
c.y, and The Death, 252/. R. P. Bonington,
Vue dans les Environs de Dieppe, 6042, II.
Harpignies, Twilight, 71 l/. Ch. Jacque, La Bergere,
1,312/. hu. : L'Abreuvoir, a shepherd, in a blue
Id. iu-.\ bringing his flock down to drink, 840/.
B. Co-way, Portrait of Maria Conway, in white
muslin dress, with pale blue sash, 735/. I'. Nasmybh.
A Rough Road, two pea-ants conversing on a
road to the right : a i I in the foreground;
sandhill beyond, 231/. j \ I! n I by a Stream,
with a watermill among trees, 338/. Petei
Graham, The Sea-Bird's Resting-Place, 388/. 10«.
Th. Rousseau, Springtime, a stream running
through a Hal pasture, with a pea-ant -woni m
and aome cattle near a rustic bridge in the fore-
ground; farm buildings in the distance, 525/.
.1 . n. t '. Corot, L'Ouragan, a landscape, with a
(lump of tall trees on the left : a peasant in red
coal on the right : buildings in the middle
distance: Btorn et, 840/. N. Diaz, Le
ui. 2'." I/, w . Mm-. In the Pasture, a black
and while row, standing in a pasture, near .-one
reed ,262/. \. Mauve, Tending Cattle, a peasant -
woman, m grey blouse, -tiiped -kilt ami blui
apron, hading two row- aCTO I lie dunes, 300/.
I irawing : B. G. E. Degas, Jl Ballel Girl, 357/.
The total of the sale exceeded 24,000/.
< In TlH day, t he 16th int.. at a -ale , ,f en_T t\ -
i.\ the -Hie- firm The Counte ol Harrington,
..n. i So- .1. Reynolds, by V. Green (firs! tate),
retched 252/. ; and The Mont hs.after w. Hamilton,
by Bartolozzi and Gardiner (Februarj and
. punted in colour-, 202/. 10*.
862
THE ATHENtEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
MUSIC
'LE COQ D'OR.'
Sir Joseph Beecham lias introduced
during the past and the present season
operas by the remarkable composers who
were inspired by Glinka, the founder of the
modern national school of Russia, and those
interested in the period would certainly
have liked to hear Glinka's two operas,
' The Life for the Tsar ' and ' Russian
and Lindmilla,' especially the latter, in
which Stassof saw " the mature expression
of Glinka's inspiration." Again, the part
played by Rimsky-Korsakoff in the new
movement was very striking. He revised
and re-scored works by Dargomijsky,
Borodin, and Moussorgsky, but in addi-
tion he himself composed no fewer than
fifteen operas. Last year, and again re-
cently, his first, ' Ivan le Terrible,' was
given. This was produced in 1873 ; but
Ave have only heard it as arranged in 1878,
and remodelled in 1895. Last Monday
•evening his last work for the stage —
written shortly before his death in 1908 —
was produced at Drury Lane. With all
that he wrote in the interim we are unac-
quainted. ' Le Coq d'Or,' though a clever
and curious work, cannot represent his
latest stage of development as regards
opera. This is not said by way of com-
plaint, but merely to show that what we
have heard is not sufficient to enable us to
follow what we may, perhaps, roughly call
the rise and decline of the Nationalist
School. For the moment Ave have only to
feel grateful for what Sir Joseph Beecham
has offered us.
The libretto by V. Bielsky of ' Le Coq
d'Or ' is based on a poem by Pouschkin.
The former in his Preface to the score notes
that the poem, " its apparent simplicity
notwithstanding, is impregnated with some
peculiar mystery." In the Prologue, indeed,
the Astrologer says : " The tale 's not
true, but there \s a hint in it." There Avas
undoubtedly some hidden meaning, else
it Avould not have incurred the dis-
pleasure of the censor, avIio A'etoed
its performance at the Imperial Opera-
House of Moscow. It was only produced,
after Rimsky-Korsakoff 's death, at a
private theatre in Moscoav. There is
plenty of " hidden meaning " in the
poem of ' The Ring,' but the Avork can be,
and is, enjoyed without any thought of
what is called its philosophy. In like
manner ' Le Coq d'Or ' may be enjoyed,
for the music is delightfully pleasant and
simple, revealing here and there traces
of the influence of Wagner and Strauss ;
while the scoring shows the hand of a
master of orchestration, especially in soft
passages. The pictures on the stage in
the details of costumes, groupings, and
processions are wonderful. Dancing is
a special feature. In Act II. the
Queen of Shemakhan sings and dances
to fascinate old King Dodon, and in this
part Madame Tamar Karsavina displayed
to the full her gifts for dancing. Cuts
were made in the first act, and perhaps
even here, though not specially in the
dancing, excisions would not be out
of place. The performance was ex-
cellent, but in a humorous and fantastic
piece brevity is an advantage, and
in other operas Avhich have been given
the frequency Avith which cuts have
been made shows a tendency on the
part of Russian composers to give too
much. Had ' Boris Godounov ' been
given in full, its length Avould have been
inordinate. ' Le Coq d'Or ' is styled an
" opera-ballet." King Dodon, the Queen,
and the Astrologer act in dumb show,
the music assigned to them being sung by
singers placed on either side of the stage.
The effect is curious and not wholly satis-
factory. Mile. Dobrowolska sang the
florid music of the Queen Avith wonderful
facility, while the high tenor voice of M.
AltcheAvsky exactly suited the Astrologer's
music.
The whole performance Avas of the best,
and M. Emile Cooper proved himself
again a first-rate conductor.
JiUtatcal (Bossip.
' Otello ' was performed yesterday week
at Covent Garden, when the able artists
M. Franz and Signor Scotti impersonated
Otello and Iago respectively. Desdemona
was taken for the first time by Mile. Claudia
Muzio, and with very fair success. She
seems to have natural gifts as an actress,
and her style of singing is good, though her
production of tone is as yet unequal ; time
and further study will, however, strengthen
and improve her voice.
Two interesting revivals are promised :
Mozart's ' Figaro ' and ' Don Juan,' which
still flourish. Of all the operas of the
middle of the second half of the eighteenth
century only these two and Gluck's ' Orphee '
are, we believe, in the regular repertory of
the principal opera - houses. A re\~ival of
Boito's ' Mefistofele ' is also promised, and
the production of Zandonai's ' Francesca da
Rimini.'
M. Paderewski was the pianist at the
concert of the London Symphony Orchestra
last Monday evening, and he stands quite
apart in point of touch and interpreta-
tion. On the evening in question he gave a
fine performance of his early Concerto in a
(Op. 17). His rendering of the Romance was
most delicate, while his delivery of the final
movement was strong and brilliant. The
programme included Mozart's Symphony
in g minor and Sir Edward Elgar's ' Enigma '
Variations, of which the orchestra under
Herr Nikisch gave a specially finished and
sympathetic performance.
M. Vladimir de Pachmann gave a
recital at Queen's Hall last Saturday after-
noon. The eminent pianist's growing habit
of talking to the public and to himself,
e\Ten while he is playing, does not im-
proA^e the performance; there were, indeed,
moments in which even the technique
suffered. Fortunately, such lapses were few.
M. Pachmann enjoys the proud position of
being one of the most interesting interpreters
of Chopin's music, for his sympathetic touch
and, as a rule, clear and commanding tech-
nique enable him to give full attention to
the spiritual side of the music. His pro-
gramme Avas not entirely devoted to Chopin,
but it is in this composer's works that he is
at his best.
M. Gabriel Faure, the well-known
French musician, in early days studied with
M. Saint-Saens. In 1870 he became Maitre-
de-Chapelle of the Madeleine, and in the
same year Professor of Composition at the
Paris Conservatoire. As composer he has
written a symphony and a piano quintet,
but he is principally known by his many
songs and pianoforte pieces. In 1905 he
succeeded Theodore Dubois as Director of the
Paris Conservatoire. Last Tuesday after-
noon the first of three concerts constituting
a Faure-Lortat Festival took place at the
yEolian Hall. M. Lortat, known here as
an excellent pianist, has undertaken to play
during this series the whole of M. Faure's
compositions for the pianoforte. The con-
certed music and songs in the three pro-
grammes are also from his pen : a scheme
which scarcely seems wise either from a
practical or an artistic point of A-iew.
His rendering on Tuesday of two Xoc-
turnes, an Impromptu, and other pieces shows
that he is fully able to do justice to music
which is both cleA-er and refined. The
programme included the Sonata in a, with
Lady Speyer as violinist, and the composer
himself at the piano ; and with such
interpreters success was a foregone con-
clusion. M. Faure also accompanied four
Melodies sung with earnestness by Miss
Germaine Sanderson. M. Lortat's brief
introductory lecture on the Avorks to be
given was much appreciated.
M. Emil Mlynarski's second orchestral
concert of Slavonic composers at Queen's
Hall last Wednesday evening was interesting.
It opened with a symphony ( ' In Memoriam ' )
by M. A. Wisclmegradski, a natiA-e of St.
Petersburg, born in 1867. In the selection of
folk or folk-like themes his music resembles
that of the composers Avhose works are being
given at Drury Lane. He, howeA'er, respects
— and, perhaps, too much — classical form ;
the thematic material seem? to require a
freer treatment. Of the four moA'ements,
the plaintive ' Elegy ' and the exciting
Finale seem the best. If not a great work,
it is a praiseworthy ■one.
The other novelty Avas a Lithuanian
Rhapsody in A minor, Op. 11, bjr M. Miecz-
slaw Karlowicz, in which the thematic
material, consisting of folk-songs, the orche-
stral colouring, and striking contrasts are
effective. But the first part, with its
constant repetition of one short theme,
seems too long. It is, however, a work
which deserves a second hearing.
Both these novelties were admirably per-
formed under M. Mlynarski's direction.
M. Ernest Schelling, the distinguished
pianist, played Rimsky-Korsakoffs Con-
certo in c sharp minor. This work is
entirely on Liszt lines, i.e., has no break and
offers one principal theme throughout.
The pianoforte part is brilliant, and so were
the orchestral accompaniments.
In the coda there is a fierce struggle, as if
for victory .between pianoforte and orchestra ;
but it ends in a dead heat. The music, if
showy, is never \-ulgar.
Miss FannyDaa-ies, the well-known English
pianist, ga\'e her only recital last Wednesday
afternoon. She first played three Preludes
and Fugues from the ' Wohltemperirtes
Clavier.' They were carefully and correctly
rendered, though, to our thinking, somewhat
coldly. Even in BeethoA'en's Sonata in e,
Op. i 09, the pianist was not at her best. As
a pupil and friend of Madame Schumann,
she gaA^e a poetical reading of Schu-
mann's ' Humoreske.' On Miss Davies has
No. 45-21, June 20, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
863
descended x ho mantle of he' teach r, and
M tdame Schumann was certainly an inspired
interpreter of her husband's music. On the
00 cert programme was a story explaining
one section of tin* ' Himioreske.' told to her
by Madame Schumann, and we have always
thought that, it' the programme of the whole
work were known, its length would be loss
felt.
At the Queen's Hall next Tuesday the
Swedish National Choir. of 16<> picked voic «,
is making its firs' appearanoa in London.
Mr. C!. Hultquis' will conduct, and the
soloists will be Mr. A. Wallgran (baritone)
and Dr. S. Hybbinette (tenor).
At the.Eolian Hall next Wednesday after-
noon there will be a recital of song by Mr.
1 ttrev Gwyther. The programme will be
a repetition oi that given on May 26:h. Mr.
Frederic Austin will accompany the songs,
and Miss Myra Hess will play solos at the
piano.
The programme of the next season at
La Scala. Milan, will include two works bjr
Mascagni : ' Faidadel Comtine ' and 'L'Ado
doletta.'
THERE will be high festival shortly at
Geneva, which is about to celebrate the
100th anniversary of its entry into the Swiss
( onfederation, of which it is the 22nd
and last canton. A poem entitled 'The
June Festival." by MM. Baud-Bovy and
Malsch, has been set to music by M. Jaques-
Dalcroze. A special theatre, with a stage
capable of holding 1,500 persons, has been
erected on one of the quays facing Mont
Blanc.
The festival performances this year at
the historic theatre of Lauchstadt are now
taking place (June 19th, 20th, and 21st) with
(duck's " Orfeo ed Euridice ' according to the
original manuscript vised at the perform-
ances at Vienna in 1762. When that opera
was given at Paris twelve years laer, the
part of Orfeo, as is well known, was trans-
•d for Legros. and throughout the work
other changes were made in the music.
The Orfeo C'atala is making its ap-
pearance at the Albert Hall next Wed-
nesday. The special aim of this choral
society from Barcelona is to perform popular,
also sacred music. Its conductor is Senor
Lluis Millet, by whom it was founded in
1891. The number of members is at present
four hundred.
Frauleix Marie Wieck, the sister of
1 ra Schumann, has received from the
King of Saxony the title of " Professor of
Music." The honour comes a little late
for one who has professed music for nearly
three-quarters of a century. Mile. Wieck
L now 82 years old and. we regret to say,
nearly blind. She made her debut as a
pianist as long ago as ]*J3.
PERFuRMAN' H NEXT WEEK.
Pint. Special Concert. B \"ien Hall.
Rojal Opera, Oorent Garden.
M -Svr 'Miera. Theatre Royal. Drury Lane.
Mo*. Max Paner'i Pianoforte Recital, I r>, Beehfteia Hall
— Gabriel Faure anl Rob«rt liOrt.it PattlraJ. :: 18, X.Aia.a Hall
— I-on.i™ H-.ai|»li m Orebeetn, -. Q leen - li.ill
— flpanith Concert °'<>rf*j< ,1,1, i norm, » Royal Albert Hall
— GwenhfMa Birkett > i -llo K-'-it,l. - !;■ • itteia Hall
— ' irlton l;rougli a Vocal Keci Han Hall.
Tif- Silomon 8 Orchestral ' leen'l Hall
— fira.nl Moraine Concert. 3 Hoy»l Albert Hall
— Irene Guilbert • Recital. 3 15. Bechatein Hall
— Ralph W. Parkera Pianofort.- Recital, S 13 .Kolian Hall
— Sw.,li.(, Nationil i boir. ' IS, Queen . HhII
— Wmiire.l Hi' kvl.rne an. I (irace Smiths Hong ami Pianoforte
BedU V. ,lian Hall.
I«un Van Heas Hong Recital tein Hall
Pachmann < Pianoforte Recital, i 15, Queen'. I
Rpaniah ■ ,n.-rt ■ ' rf ^o < itala chorus, h. Roval \lb-rt Hall.
— Emil Mylnaraki ( On li~.tr.il <<m.-rt. « Q.ieen'a l|.,ii
Tin n«. Ma Dnirnruwl s Hong Re. ital :: lull.
— Orchestral i oncert in aid of the Us.ly Workers Clnb. 3 r.
Q.ieen a Halt
— Acta l* Marchant an. I John Wilruots 8ong anil Pianoforte
Hall.
Julian <ii— . 3 Q.ieen's Hall
Tirette Guilbert s Kecital. 3 13. Bechnteln Hall.
Wla.llmir I -rniko" H„U
Lenki \ kI» - - ; - ,.-, !;..,(., t..i„ Hall
eaataSTejkoTikaa Pianoforte Recital. 9 15, .Kolian Hall.
Htrauis ' oncert. 1 30. Queen ■ Hall
Brabazon Lowther i Hong Recital. 3 If, .Kolian Hall.
V.
I I
I
DRAMA
THE 'ALCESTIS' AT BRADFIELD.
The month of June in 'The Earthly
Paradise ' introduces • Tin' Love of Alcestis,'
Morris's brief version of the Gr >ek story, and
it was through a country in many ways
resembling that he describes that bands of
Lou 'oners have been carried of late to see
the "Alcestis" performed by the Bradfield
boys.
"The rustling boughs, the twitter of the birds "
were a more agreeable accompaniment to
the play than the street noises which
penetrate into London theatres. On Tuesday
last at any rate the moderu nuisance of
the photographer did not intervene after
the trumpet and Greek call to attention,
and the whole performance went without
a hitch.
Great credit is due to the trainer of
the boys The elocution throughout was
clear and easily audible. The evolutions of
the Chorus, well led by P. H. Cox, were well
designed and carried out ; but, as a whole,
they seemed to produce a less volume of
sound than usual. As is well known, the
play on examination proves to be much more
subtle than the simple tale of a life for a life
told by Morris, but the pathos was effectively
emphasized by the funeral procession of
Alcestis, which was certainly one of the
most striking things we have seen at Brad-
field of recent years.
Alcestis (W. L. Mortimer) was gracious in
appearance ; but hardly, we thought, pale
enough, though a lady who in her sinking
state is able to deliver an elaborate speech of
forty-five lines must have had some con-
siderable reserve of strength. Admetus
(L. St. J. de Moubray), had an imgrateful
part to play. He was admirably got up, and
in an unequal performance better in dignity
than in emotion. The serving-maid of
H. H. W. Watling showed great promise,
and we hope to see him again in a more
extended part. The best acting was his,
and that of E. B. Brooke who doubled the
parts of Death and Pheres. Pheres, indeed,
in his scolding dialogue with Admetus,
supplied the most effective talk and
action of the day. Death, too, was a
quaint and sinister figure, like some infernal
bird.
F. J. Hollowell, in a real lion's skin, filled
out the part of Heracles well, and avoided
the temptation of overdoing the bluff, comic
relief. Is this stupid demigod a caricature
of the Greek athlete ? If so, he provides
food for thought on the part of those
who regard our English schools mainly
as nurseries of fine specialized animals,
trained at an early age to achieve sporting
" records."'
Bradfield, with its liberal curriculum has.
ne dies-; to say, no such ideas, and a pleasant
feature of the performance was the music
provided by hoys, instead of the usual pro-
fessionals from town, the lyres and flutes
being from time to time supplemented bj
clear-voiced choristers in the neighbouring
trees. The play was sufficient to show the
vitality of the Greek drama, for it mad- an
impression, even on Greekless readers. A
whole drama thus given without Cuts i-
much more satisfactory than the crowd of
hackneyed extracts in various languages
which forms the usual school entertainment.
Dramatic (Gossip.
The Ir.sh Players concluded last week's
performances with 'Mixed Marriage,' bj
St. John <;. Irvine, the aim of which is
to point out some of the serious results of
religious bigotry, both individually and
generally. The acting was excellent all
through; Mr. Arthur Sinclair as John
Rainsy, who would rather see riot and blood-
shed than be turned from his prejudices;,
and Sara Allgood as Mrs. Rainey, possessed
of more wisdom than her husband, deservi
special praise.
The play was preceded l>v had v Gregory's
comedy. • The Workhouse Ward'.' in which
the wordy warfare between the two garrulous
old men was highly effective. Both plays
have been noticed previously by us.
'The Cobbles,' a one-acl play by Mr.
A. Patrick Wilson, and -The Canavans.' by
Lady Gregory, were produce 1 at the begin-
ning of this week for the first time in
London.
The first of these two is of the slightest —
a mere disquisition (and uninteresting at
that) on the merits of education and the
value of good-conduct prizes. The only
particle of real amusemen is afforded by
th> winner of the prize that has been the
cause of the discussion: he comes in with
torn clothes and a black eye, after trouncing
a school fellow who had jeered at him for hi-
" good conduct."
The acting was very fair so far as the
players had any chance of showing their
talents. The author himself played the
part of the Cobbler, and Mr. Sydney Morgan
did what he could with the pari of a plough-
man who conducts most o the " education
conference." Mr. (or Master ?) Felix Hughes
was excellent as the schoolboy.
' The Canavans,' which appears to dis-
appoint most critics, is, after all, no more
than a burlesque, a fantasy giving oppor-
tunity for some amusing language and
admirable acting on the part of Mr. Arthui
Sinclair and Mr. Philip (iuiry. The former
is a miller of Elizabethan times, nominated
as Mayor of Scarlana. While he is d. -bat-
ing whether to accep the post and turn
"Queen's man," or to ke p faithful to th
""wild men" of th • district, his brothei
appears, a deserter from the Queen's army.
The capture of th' two as rebels by their
own cousin (an officer at the Castle of
Scartana), their imprisonment and escape,
and the subsequent meeting of both brothers
and their cousin under the miller's own roof,
provide ample amusement -how and in
what form it would he unfair to re]
in detail. Wo only remark that the
chanting of an Elizabethan "Sonnet" to>
the tune of the British Grenadiers i
sample of the paradoxical character of th
whole piece.
All the performers were good, though for
once Mr. Sydney Morgan seemed to let
himself be overcome by the majesty of his
soldier-like moustaohios and the necessity
ii assuming a courtly accent.
'The Rising of the Moon' was given
an extra to supplement an otherwise slight
programme.
\s is the way with many writer ..,
books and plays in this centurj of baste,
Mr. Thurston in ' Driven ' produced at
the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, last Wednes-
day, has shirked the ultimate burdens of
realism. He has chosen a life-like story,
acted by life-like people, but he admits
two notaiiK unreal episodes of characfc r.
True, the play without these would have
8G4
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
■ended abruptly, or else would have been
produced to an inordinate length.
In treating what he calls somewhat
artificially " a man's work, his career,"
Mr. Thurston has taken a conventional point
•of view. The sacrifice to that work or
career, however important (and in the
present case the importance hardly exists),
of the remaining happiness of a woman
whom the doctors have doomed to death
with'n two years is the dubious point.
Mr. Thurston is " found out " and ruth-
lessly condemned in the very acting of h:s
play. Admirable for the most part, Mr.
Aubrey Smith and Mr. Owen Nares hesitated,
temporized by exaggeration, when they
found themselves confronted with un-
realities.
Alexandra Carlisle, as the young wife
•condemned, resolute to enjoy what is
left to her, neglected by her husband, then
■casting off her would-be lover, regaining at
the last her lease of life and her husband,
reaLzes to the full the admirable part allotted
to her, sparing us no fragment of the inten-
sity, yet never over-emphasizing it. Her
acting throughout the final scene was a real
triumph.
To sum up, Mr. Thurston may have
made a play occasionally "theatrical," but
it is never " stagey." It is intense, with
scarcely a shade of relief from the tension.
One touch is cleverly introduced at the
very end, and both actors and audience
responded to it at once. But " high pres-
sure" was prevalent.
Elsie Fogebty is to be congratulated
■ on her production of the ' Electra ' of So-
phocles in English at the Scala Theatre
■ on Tuesday, June 16th. The performaTice
-was organized by the East Putney High
School in aid of the Building Fund of the
Girls' Public Day School Trust. The group-
ing of the chorus was excellent, and the
arrangement of the stage, with steps leading
to the palace gates, was effective in giving
dignity to the chief actors. The heaviest
burden ell on Aileen Wyse, who as
Electra played with some passion and
admirable restraint. Her voice was musical,
but occasionally overpowered by the orche-
stra. Mr. Phillip Merivale looked a fine
figure as Orestes, and Mary Ross-Shore
entered with spirit into the character of
Clytsemnestra. There was a small chorus of
graceful maidens, who gave a pleasing render-
ing of Mr. Granville Bantock's music.
The triple programme provided by the
Play Actors at the Court Theatre last
Monday was an excellent finish to their
present season. Mr. Noel Carter's fantasy,
' Hilarion,' may be said to touch upon the
psychology of laughter. An imbecile, though
by no means witless, tranrp surprises a couple
in illicit love-making. Apparently he has
but one emotional outlet — laughter; but the
tears in it due to conventional inanity are
so suggestive that the lady dismisses her
lover with that sort of laugh which is
nearest akin to a sob.
Amy Ravencroft managed the composite
effect well, and Mr. H. K. Ayliff was the
making of a name-part which could easily
have been marred.
Lieut. Holme's comedy, ' High Tea,'
sent us away from the theatre in an alto-
gether merry mood — a merriment, albeit,
so sound and wholesome as to be a natural,
and therefore useful, contrast to the intense
seriousness underlying Mr. Harold Chapin's
' Every Man for his Own.' With many a
subtly deft touch the author of this last
play reveals the hopeless condition of the
workers under a system in which competi-
tion, far from urging them to better work,
sets them unconsciously at each others'
throats while the capitalist increases his pile.
The play was worthy of the acting. The
author at very short notice ably took
the part of the virile worker who, having
lad his eyes opened, is full of anger at
the stupidity of his fellows. Blanch Stanley
was inimitable as an extraordinarily shrewd
workman's wife with an underlying kindliness
as beautiful as it was rugged.
If we single out one more character for
mention, we must add that the whole cast
was excellent. Mr. Hugh Tabberer as an
entirely well - meaning, wholly irresponsible
father ought to get the lesson home to the
workers — if they ever see the play. This is
the sort of thing that should be put on by
those responsible for the Peoples' Theatre.
' The Furriner,' a play by Mr. S. L.
Bensusan in three acts, was produced on
Wednesday last at the Barn Theatre, Easton
Park, Essex. It is chiefly as a record of
a vanish ng idiom that it is valuable ; for it
makes no pretence to cumulative dramatic
effect. But its five simple scenes, illustrating
the rustic cackle of the bourg of Maychester,
afford a pleasant three hours' traffic. The
plot, a rather frail entity, turns on the
suspicious doings of " The Furriner," an
innocent and retiring stranger whom the
villagers suspect of being concerned in a
murder. Much pungent talk, racy of the
soil, goes to the recounting of this mystery
that is none, and the chief burden is borne
by Father William, whose zeal as amateur
detective inveigles the local constable into
" making a case of it," to that officer's horrid
discomfiture.
The cast includes many rural types, well
and faithfully studied. Ephraim, the carrier,
who is also preacher of the Peculiar People,
looks like a transcript from life. He makes
good sport with his fervent anti -Popish
bigotry, not untouched with Jesuitical
casuistry, when he finds Scriptural precedent
to justify Mrs. Silver, the charwoman, in
attending the Ritualis:ic rector's tea-meeting
as well as the ministrations of the Peculiar.
The company of enthusiastic volunteers
acted with a fervent appreciation of local
foibles. The honours of the stage were with
Father William, who was entirely natural and
convincing. A pretty sub -plot, original in
motive, but insufficiently elaborated, pre-
sented the severance of two lovers, country
lad and town lass, because the girl could not
see the beauty of life in the open spaces,
which the young man, a finer type of rustic,
!ov d with the passion of an inarticulate
roet. On revisal — and the play will benefit
by judicious pruning here and extensive
there — Mr. Bensusan may turn this side of
the interest to more advantage.
Owing to the pressure of work entailed
by the production of two matinees of
' Electra ' at the Scala Theatre, it has been
found necessary to postpone the first per-
formance of ' La Dame Aux Camelias,* until
Monday.
The festival which will be given at His
Majesty's Theatre two years hence in
celebration of the tercentenary of Shake-
speare's death, will consist mainly of a cycle
of the chronicle plays, beginning with ' King
John,' and ending with 'King Henry VIII. '
It is hoped to make this tribute to Shake-
speare's memory world-wide, and to include
Shakespearian actors from France, Germany,
Italy, and America.
To Correspondents. —J. B. B.— L. R. F.— w. B.—
G. Le G. N. — Received.
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We cannot undertake to reply to inquiries concerning the
appearance of reviews of books.
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THE ATHENJEUM
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868
THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4521, June 20, 1914
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SUPPLEMENT TO
THE ATHENAEUM
IRelating to jfiction.
No. 4521
SATURDAY, JUNE 20, 1914.
FICTION SUPPLEMENT.
CONTEXTS. PAGE
Social Sti pies (Quinneys ; Shop Girls ; The Marriage
Tie ; This Man ami this Woman ; Roding Rectory ;
Entertaining Jane ; Fair Haven and Foul Strand ;
The Money Hunt ; Private Affairs; Barbara and
Company ; Transition : a Psychological Romance)
869—870
Trials and Developments (A Child went Forth;
The Anvil ; The Lily and the Rose ; A Shameful
Inheritance ; The Hour of Conflict ; A Woman of
To-day ; The Maze ; The Crowning Glory ; Rose
of Old Harpeth ; Broke of Covenden ; Johnnie
M&ddison) 871—872
Romance and Fancy (The Lost Tiibes; Madcap;
Maria ; Cap'n Dan's Daughter ; A Gamble for
Love ; Under the Incense Trees ; Cloudesley
Tempest) 872— S73
.stories oi the OtTLANns (A Daughter of Debate;
Home) .. 873— 874
SOUTH Africa (The Black Peril ; The Toll) .. ..874
History and Advemire (A Lad of Kent; Rung
Ho !; Snake and Sword) 874
Short Stories (Dnbliaen ; Quick Action ; The Mercy
of the Lord) . . . . 875
Crimes and Mysteries (Quella; The Best Man;
Conscience Money ; Fallen Among Thieves ; The
Lost Parchment ; Anybody but Anne ; The Opal
Pini 875—876
Juvenile (The Tale of Lai ; A Boy's Adventures in
the South Seas) . . . . 876
SOCIAL STUDIES.
Quinneys. By H. A. Vachell. (John
Murray. 6s.)
In the character of Joe Quinney, dealer
in antiques, Mr. Vachell has selected a
curious object of study, and one somewhat
out of the ordinary run of portraits in
fiction.
The son of a curio dealer and, as the
<>1 icning chapter tells us, heir to the
business, Quinney learnt early in life that
few people can distinguish between the
genuine and the .spurious, and set himself
to become an expert. Unlike his father,
who had merely thought of his collections
in terms of profit, Quinney possessed an
inborn feeling for beauty and a hatred of
rubbish. His instinctive genius for selec-
tion was equally marked in his choice of
a wife. Susan was a woman both of
charm and sense, with a natural detesta-
tion of her husband's absorption in his
" sticks and -tones."
Quinney, however, was not destined to
become, as at one time seemed likely,
merely an inhuman devotee of the antique
so long as his daughter Posy was then; —
a presence that had no intention of being
put by. Like her mother, she preferred
" persons " to " things/1 but, unlike her.
she possessed sufficient force of character
to make her father respect her attitude.
To him she was the gem of his collection,
and happily for both he makes this dis-
covery in time to prevent Posy mistaking
a sentimental attraction for a romantic
affection.
In opening her eyes to the true nature
of the scamp who has taken her fancy,
Quinney finds out that his curios, after all,
! rank second to his wife and daughter.
Mr. Vachell has really no one but himself
to blame if, after the uncanny knowledge
he displays of the " fakes " and dodges
in the antique dealer's trade, he finds him-
self deluged with rjetitions for advice and
assistance from those who would like to
feel sure that this time they have got hold
of " a good thing." He claims for his
book that it is a " veracious chronicle " —
a claim which the reviewer, not an expert
in old china and furniture, does not dis-
pute. Mr .x Vachell has certainly earned the
thanks of the public for enlightening their
ignorance in so thoroughly readable a way.
Shop Girls. By Arthur Applin. (Mills
& Boon, 65.)
Mr. Applin has written a remarkably
clever, but extremely improbable story.
We like everything but the conclusion,
which is so unconvincing that it mars
what otherwise might have been an admir-
able book. The principal character is a
Mr. Lobb, a superman of commerce and
the new universal provider, who regards
both the world and its workers as so much
raw material designed to contribute to
his power and wealth. In the great
emporium wiiere he rules like an absolute
monarch he treats his staff as an engineer
treats a complicated piece of machinery.
His philosophy elevates order to a divine
science, while he regards humanity as a
kind of superfluous abstraction. Lobb is
the apotheosis of success, the commercial
melting-pot which eats up life like a
destroying pestilence. Into the vortex
of the stores comes a girl who refuses to
bow to his will, and then, when we prepare
for what should be the logical ending, the
book disappoints as.
The Marriage Tie. By Wilkinson Sherren. ;
(( rrant Richards, 6*.)
Tin; author has less to relate about
marriage than the title indicates, for the
story primarily concerns Tellson's Print-
ing Works, their Puritan proprietor, and
his two sons : the one a bully, who drives
the workmen into revolt ; and the other
a dreamer of dreams, and in man\ respects
an "unmitigated ass"; and, lastly, a
young lady who has progressive opinions,
and w as born out of wedlock.
These ingredients — with illegitimacy
1 to the fore lead to a somewhat preten-
tious and unconvincing story in which,
after quite unnecessary delay, the heroine
marries the priggish younger brother. The
book is redeemed by some admirable poli-
tical philosophy as to the relations of
master and man, and an excellent account
of a contested provincial election. We
question, however, the taste of introducing
contemporary personages into a work of
fiction, also the pen-picture of the National
Liberal Club. Mr. Sherren's characters
are not true to life, and his story, as a
story, is dull. But his description of the
printer's craft and the running of the
works is evidently drawn from technical
knowledge.
We presume that Mr. Sherren can and
will do much better work, if only he
can learn to bring his fiction up to the
level of his knowledge of certain aspects
of life.
This Man and this Woman. By Lady
Troubridge. (Eveleigh Nash, 65.)
Here we have a picture of London
Society of an entirely unconvincing
nature. The atmosphere is correct,
the speech of the characters reasonably
faultless, but their deeds are unreal and
indefinite. We seem to be watching a
set of actors who, wrord-perfect and well
trained, are presenting a somewhat colour-
less play. The majority of them have
titles — which is a useful feature in the
modern fiction market — but they have
very little temperament. We are re-
minded of a phrase applied by a French
art critic to a jest of Whistler's : ' Une
frequentation casaniere et Active des
Puissances."
Boding Rectory. By Archibald Marshall.
(Stanley Paul & Co., 6s.)
Life in a small country town, especially
as viewed in the conflicting interests of
church and chapel, is Mr. Marshall's
theme. He holds the balance fairly
between the two, since, if his saintly Non-
conformist is some way above the comfort-
able Elector, their wives reduce the
difference. The story concerns two scan-
dals of illegitimate birth. The introduc-
tion of the second comes on us rather
suddenly more than half-way through the
book, and changes the centre of interest
to the rectory. .Near the end a marriage,
combining the rival religious interests, in
in prospect, but .Mr. Marshall, with the
restraint of an aiti>t. prefers to leave the.
proposal ami acceptance to lie guessed
by the reader, and shifts the interest to
another character.
Touches of observation and character
in the book are abundant, but Mr. Mar-
Bhall's deliberate methods are apt to
870
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, June 20, 1914
clog his narrative and, perhaps, to leave
him insufficient room to develope his
material. Thus the fortunes of the pair
concerned in the first scandal are not
developed, as one might expect.
Mr. Marshall has given us, at any rate,
striking portraits of the hard, dissenting
tradesman and of the fussy Church-
woman, who is full of good works and
gossip, but lacks charity.
Entertaining Jane. By Millicent Heath-
cote. (Mills & Boon, 6s.)
" Entertaining Jane " meets the right
man by accident when visiting London
in search of a place as companion. Destiny,
not content with depriving her of the
said place, whisks her away from him and
into a hydro, where she has to entertain
the guests. Only after many trials and
difficulties does she come into her own
again, and find happiness in wedlock.
The diverse incidents and accidents are
well recounted, and the atmosphere of
the hydro is vividly portrayed in all its
middle-class distastefulness. Emotion —
or rather emotionalism — is apt to prevail,
but is, on the whole, sufficiently counter-
acted by amusement.
Fair Haven and Foul Strand. By August
Strindberg. (T. Werner Laurie, 6s.)
In the interests of Scandinavia, it is to be
profoundly hoped that the unhappy men
and women in this volume by August
Strindberg do not by any means represent
the average Swede and Norwegian. The
misery they endure from their lack of one
great guiding principle, and the misery
they cause by their unreasoning and un-
reasonable sensitiveness and extraordin-
ary egotism, must be read to be realized.
Strindberg depicts happiness in married
life as a vain delusion, or of so extremely
perishable a nature that it never outlasts
the honeymoon. The comradeship which
one would expect to follow on the decay
of passion between true lovers is, in his
opinion, not possible between a man and
a woman — it must either be hatred or
love, or rather both at once. It is this
constant attraction and repulsion of the
sexes which gives him the theme for his
argument, and with the egotistical types
he selects the repulsion is the more lasting
force.
There is no common ground of mutual
interests, tasks, mental or moral outlook
between his couples ; we always see
antagonistic beings united by a bond
which they do not understand, and which
galls them beyond endurance whenever it
imposes the slightest restraint upon " the
struggle of the ego for self-justification."
The reason alleged by one of his characters
for this wretched state of affairs is that
" the unhappiness in most marriages arises
from the fact that people persuade the
married pair that they will find absolute
happiness in marriage, whereas happiness is
not to be found in life at all."
Nor does friendship supply here any
good reason for greater hopefulness. A
noteworthy fact is the hostile attitude
assumed by all those who, before the
marriage of a couple, were apparently
good friends to them, but who, on the
first hint that all was not going smoothly,
turned the cold shoulder, and did not
attempt to conceal their sneers. One
wonders if Strindberg ever experienced
from a friend of either sex the charity
that hopeth and endurethall things, for no
steadfast friendship or self-sacrificing love
lightens the gloom of his pages.
At the same time, we must recollect
that analysis, even destructive, is an
instinct inbred in the Scandinavian school.
Ibsen was always pulling life to pieces to
see what it was made of — much as a child
analyzes a watch. The results of such
over-manipulation naturally invite dis-
aster.
The Money Hunt. By Kineton Parkes.
(Holden & Hardingham, 6s.)
This slight, chatty, but not unpleas-
ing sketch of social life in a Midland
county has but little incident or actual
" movement " ; we cannot, indeed, call
the book a story so much as a series of
sketches of various characters — a port-
folio, as it were, of sketches drawn in
a country house. The sketch of Lord
Courtville — "undersized and overexer-
cised," kept to a strict, dull regime of
temperance and physical development by
his mother and his valet — is quite good.
We are not — indeed, we do not feel
that we need be — convinced, or thrilled,
or " improved," but the " portfolio " is
quite worth turning over during an idle
hour. The author should not, however,
tell us at such length exactly what wines,
beers, and spirituous liquors his various
personages imbibe at this or that hour
of the day. It is unnecessary, and sug-
gestive of the record of the publican's
score against his clients.
Private Affairs. By Charles McEvoy.
(Everett, 6s.)
The author has selected an unconvincing
theme, and the end of it brings his penalty.
He " presents " — we may safely use the
theatrical word — a middle-class damsel of
the Further Bayswater region as leaping
to fame and 40Z. a week in a great theatre,
then meeting a noble lord whom she
ought to marry but does not owing to
an " amourette " with his impresario.
This theatrical debut is taken for
granted in most airy fashion ; and the love-
episode with the young man is treated
most casually. It is apparently quite a
harmless affair, but the author leaves it
open for the reader to make any inference.
He might just as well have been clear on
the point.
The best part of the book is the analysis
of the girl's own family. This shows
insight and careful study. Mr. McEvoy
knows how to draw a portrait, but he
takes unconscionable liberties with his
background and setting. To go back to
an ancient guide, had he studied his
Quintilian, particularly the passage
about " dispositio et inventio," he
might have produced a book worth read-
ing and even re-reading.
Barbara & Company. By W. E. Norris.
(Constable & Co., 6s.) '
In a world-weary kind of way, as of an
onlooker at life and lost youth, the bio-
grapher of Barbara tells of her match-
making efforts on behalf of her young
friends. Barbara is an unmarried lady in
society, whose own romance was spoilt in
youth by the death of her lover, but whose
sympathy for all lovers induces her to
help on as many marriages as seem to her
to be blocked by irate parents, lack of
means, or misunderstandings between the
interesting pair. None of the stories calls
for any comment, as they are all of a
commonplace description, nor does the
figure of Uncle Richard, a drunken
ne'er-do-well, on whom Barbara bestows
both time and money, strike us as im-
pressive.
Transition : a Psychological Romance.
By Lucv Re-Bartlett. (Longmans
& Co.)
The author is happy hi her treatment of
perhaps the most prominent — and cer-
tainly most criticized — movement of the
present day. She is delicate and restrained,
and where she might have depicted only
fanaticism she succeeds in maintaining an
atmosphere of calm reason. She suggests
in a convincing maimer the spiritual force
which is the driving power behind a
great movement. The characters reflect
her point of view, and support her con-
demnation of the popular idea that the
disciples of extraordinary causes (Militant
Suffragism in this case) are necessarily
extraordinary in their daily lives. They
are pictured as sane people, devoid of
eccentricities, but with creeds formed by
the workings of the " spirit of a new age "
and the comprehension of truths not
grasped by a previous generation.
The book is described as a " psycho-
logical romance." In its entirety it
justifies its claim to that title, but it is
to be deplored that the author occasionally
lapses into phraseology reminiscent of
cheap textbooks upon psychology. It is
the subtle portraying of emotion, and the
insight into spiritual workings which
make the work " psychological," not the
phrases. The author herself in the Pre-
face forestalls the inevitable criticism of
the book by saying that
" alongside of my myst cal people are needed
characters of a different type to bring in the
necessary light and shade, and make the
story seem the real life which it is."
It is a book full of stimulating food for
thought, which people of varying shades
of opinion will find free from offence.
Supplement, June 20, 1914]
THE ATH E N JR U M
-S71
TRIALS AND DEVELOPMENTS.
^4 Child >(•>)>( Forth. By Yoi Pawlowska.
(Duckworth & Co., 5a. net.)
This is the record of a child's life and
impressions, written by one who has either
\ ivid recollections of her own childhood
or a fine gift for reading the heart and
mind of a child. The tale opens with the
birth of Anna, a little Hungarian girl, in
a remote Hungarian village. Her father
and mother belonged to the ruling class,
but Anna loves, and is beloved, by the
peasant people. Her father wishes her
to grow up fearless and steady of nerve,
so has her framed as much like a boy as
possible, which accords well with Anna's
love of wandering and capacity for getting
into scrapes. We read of life in a moun-
tain village ; the gipsy dances, fairs, and
harvest festivals ; visits to old women,
and early days at school — all presented as
they appear to a child of warm imagina-
tion and quick sympathies, with the super-
stition and legendary lore of a wild race
at the back of her mind.
Strange customs and beliefs crop up
occasionally, some of which Anna dis-
covers to be false for herself ; as, for
instance, when her nurse tells her that
M if one child jumps over another, the one
that is jumped over will never grow."
Anna puts this to the test by jumping
three times in rapid succession over her
baby brother, and is able to report to a
sympathetic listener that her nurse was
quite wrong, as John continues to grow
and flourish.
A circumstance which bears witness to
the love of home among these primitive
people occurs when Anna is being sent
away to school in England. Just as she
is leaving. Maria, the cook, rushes forward
and puts into Annas hand " a very small
blue linen bag. * I forgot to give you this
List night. It is Hungarian earth, to be
put into your coffin in case you die in a
strange land.'
Children will enjoy this story of a Hun-
garian child. They will not fail to appre-
ciate the humanity of it. as well as the
simplicity of its telling.
The Anvil. Bv Lilith Hope. (Chapman
& Hall, 6a.
In a book which deserves credit for the
clever character-drawing of its women,
and a steady march of events which do not
step outside the bounds of probability,
the author traces the development of Lola.
a girl of mixed Spanish and English an-
cestry. Her beauty and talent for dancing
are the means by which she hopes to gain
the wealth and ease she longs for, but her
coquetry and love of admiration lead her
into trouble. When at last she falls in
love in grim earnest, her past flirtations
insist on their day of reckoning, and the
cousin who has up till then befriended her
feels obliged to send her back to the con-
vent of her schooldays. Instead of re-
turning to the care of the nuns, however,
Lola a>ks help of a girl friend who is
managere>>: of a school of languages in
Germany. This young woman. Bee Lamb,
is outspoken in her condemnation of Lola's
behaviour, but. nevertheless, invites her
to come out to Berlin and earn her own
living as assistant mistress.
Under Bee's sturdy and sympathetic
influence Lola's better nature develops
with rapid strides.
The chapters dealing with the girl's
struggles against German bureaucracy are
full of interest, and not less so is the
recital of Lola's solitary light for existence
in Berlin after Bee leaves to be married,
concluding with her dramatic escape from
the snares of a White Slaver.
The contrast in the characters of Bee
and Lola, both in their way sharp of tongue,
but full of grit in an emergency, is well
done. The villain, too, is drawn in a way
which thoroughly convinces one of his
meanness and vindictiveness ; but, with
this exception, the other masculine figures
are somewhat vague in their outline, Lola's
lover being little more than a dummy.
Th e Lily and the Rose . By G . De Va u v ia rd .
(Alston Rivers, 6s.)
The dominating character in this story is
Lesbia, an up-to-date " Lady Hamilton "
— the embodiment of that lady's charming
seductiveness and lack of restraint. She
lives with her old mother in a tobacco
shop in Long Acre. Eunice, the daughter
of her unhappy early marriage with a
ne'er-do-well, had been given to a strait-
laced aunt to bring up. Through the
death of her aunt Eunice is cast upon the
world, and by an extraordinary freak of
fortune finds herself reunited to her
mother, whose monetary affairs are in
desperate straits. To remedy this Lesbia.
in partnership with a shady Count of
unspeakable extraction, turns her house
into a fashionable gambling saloon. The
contrast between the soulless, artificial
beauty and her innocent, lovable little
daughter, and their intercourse with
various men, who visit Lesbia from love
or inquisitivcness, afford matter for a
lengthy plot full of interest.
A Shameful Inheritance. Bv Katharine
Tynan. (Cassell & Co., 6a.)
The author can always be depended
upon to make out the best possible case
for an erring human being : in this instance
Millie Luttrell. a young married woman
who steals the sapphire necklace of a
friend to pay her gambling debts.
The sympathy which the author would
fain arouse for a woman who. in spite of
the early picture of her heart lessness and
frivolity, is later represented as a pattern
of maternal devotion, is somewhat nullified
bv the ueedlessness of her self-effacement.
Her friends, with the exception of her
brother-in-law . were prepared to forgive
and forget everything. Indeed, they
appear to show an indulgence which in
one respect was not entirely fortunate.
One cannot escape the conviction that
Millie obtained a certain amount of
satisfaction out of her Self-imposed
martyrdom, and that, like the majority
of self-constituted martyrs, she was ;i
coward at heart, choosing rather to
select her own punishment than to bear
the humiliation of forgiveness from her
friends.
The Hour of Conflict. Bv A. Hamilton
Gibbs. (Stanley Paul & Co.. 6a.)
Mr. GlBBS has— shall we say? — wasted
a good deal of intelligent and realistic-
observation on an inadequate story.
He has studied his characters well : they
are sufficiently ably drawn, they speak
and act as they should, but they do not
do anything. In the words of Mr. Raven-
hill :—
" Your 'ands is right and your feet is right .
but your faces haint got that look of melan-
choly the corpse's friends ud look for, and
the corpse 'isself ave a right to expect."
The story of a girl seduced, her sup-
posed suicide, the obsession of her lover
to such a point that eventually he tries
to kill himself, then (finding her alive)
marries her — that is very well in its way.
as a story ; it could easily be put into,
say, ten thousand words. But the very
careful studv of the man and the girl
and the many other characters who
appear, takes away the proportion and
leads us to expect more.
We mention this because it seems to
us to be a deplorable tendency of to-day
to leave work unfinished. The average
novelist — and how vast in quantity is
that average ! — thinks that either a story
or a study can suffice, forgets that the
two should be combined. It means
work — hard work in plenty, but why not
face that l Novel-writing should be an
art ; why reduce it to a mere trick '.
A Woman of To-Day . By M. L. Nutt.
Mrs. Nutt's study of the temperament
of a modern thinking woman is so good
that we are tempted to wonder whether
she has not built even better than she is
aware of. We are led to think ><<
by such phrases as "Like all men
before him, he had denied woman an
individual mind and soul," which shows
her incapable of employing as judicial a
temper when speaking of men as she
does when speaking of women. Of the
latter sex she depicts ably the awaken
ing spirit, and shows how the modern
woman, while capable of establishing a
balance between heart and head, is still
apt to have that balance rudely disturbed
by very insufficient causes. We shall not
attempt to give any further idea of the
story hut only add that all thinking readers
will find much to appreciate in it.
The Maze. By A. L. Stewart. (John
Long. 6a.)
If one can accept improbability and an
extra long arm of coincidence in the
framework of a novel, this one will
serve t<> while away a passing hour. It
concerns the love-story of a prima donna
who marries her protege, a young violinist.
«S72
THE A T H E N M U M
[Supplement, Jine 20, 1914
The inevitable clash of interests and out-
look, due in this case to the mating of May
and December, helps to unfold a not un-
interesting story. At least the conclusion
is satisfactory, if not logical. In writing
of music the author's judgments appear
to us to lack discrimination ; for instance,
we are told that " the opera ' Louise ' is
second to none for sheer human feeling
and interest."
The Crowning Glory. By E. R. Punshon.
(Hodcler & Stoughton, 6s.)
This is mainly a delineation of three
widely differing characters. Sophia Ree,
a typist in a stockbroker's office, is pro-
moted— by the author — to the position of
one of the largest shareholders in a com-
pany that is "booming" rubber, to the
chagrin of her employers, who are horrified
at the idea of a woman achieving such
eminence. But she justifies herself — even
after her marriage — by plunging even
more heavily on the Stock Exchange, in
the hope of rivalling men in the search for
millions. She succeeds, only to lose the
more heavily ; but her adventures and
general activity of mind are interesting
reading.
The second character, Gladys Hilton,
her friend, is a girl with few ideas in her
head, but a reputation for cleverness
from her ability to speak French and
German ; this reputation leads her to
attend Woman's Suffrage meetings. But
it is no more than reputation. The real
facts of life are too much for her, and she
meets with one mishap after another :
she is actually selling bootlaces on the
Embankment, when a former lover (re-
jected on the score of the humdrum
prospects he offered) comes to her rescue.
The third character, Sophia's twin
sister Judith, plays a somewhat puzzling
part, psychic and spectral ; at any rate,
she intervenes on one occasion in the
manner of an " astral body " ex machina,
and thereby prevents a tragedy. The
author leaves all solution and explanation
to the reader, but does certainly succeed
in conveying the impression of the atmo-
sphere in which he is dealing.
The three girl characters are adequately
portrayed ; but Ave are left to wonder how
far " The Crowning Glory " is supposed
to have been achieved by each of them.
iJo-se of Old Harpeth. By Maria Thompson
Davies. (R.T.S., 65.)
A simple, unambitious story of a college
girl who forgoes prospects and ambition
to return to an American old-world
settlement occupied chiefly by her aged
relatives, most of whom are in financial
straits. An eleventh-hour rescue of the
old folk from ruin by a young mining
surveyor introduces a charming love-
story.
The author has not striven after elabora-
tion of effects. The simple, unenterprising
•end which she set out to attain she has
achieved, and she has succeeded in
investing the story with homely humour
and sentiment.
Broke of Covenden. By J. C. Snaith.
(Constable & Co., 6s.)
Whatever of excision or of addition has
gone to the reissuing of this work, which
was first published in 1906, Ave have no
hesitation in acclaiming its appearance.
Unless it has been much remodelled, Ave
should say it is more in date to-day than
it ever Avas before, recording as it does the
life-story of a Victorian squire Avho Avas a
human survival of feudalism and Avhom
Fate had to break because he Avould not
bend. We must at once recommend any
reader to reserve all but the first page of the
Preface for after-consumption — if consume
it he or she must. If the Olympian gods
did laugh, as the author suggests, at the
tragedy that came of a man failing to
recognize the mutability of earthly things,
then they were not so much Avorth scarify-
ing as are Shavian audiences. Even human
creatures are learning that to sneer is the
mark of a degradation far beloAv the level
of the four-footed animal, while sympathy
is an attribute of the highest. But enough
of the Preface ! it is the book that matters.
It is not too much to say that in far-off
days students in search of records deal-
ing with Avhat is particularly a transitional
period— the early tAventieth century —
will read this book with at least some of
the gusto with which Ave to-day turn
baok to Dickens. It would take us far
too long to note in detail the many
things to which our appreciation is due,
but Ave must remark on the author's
intuitive faculty for appreciating human
frailties and the grandeur Avhich refuses
submission so long. Since the picture of
the old industrial order in Mr. Galsworthy's
' Strife ' Ave have had no such portrait of
a social survival. The breaking away from
the squire of his son and youngest daughter,
and the staunch support of his remaining
four daughter retainers, are admirable.
Best of all is the delineation of the wife,
though a woman so sane as toA7alue poAver
" less as a mere possession than for what
it could do," might get beyond the ATerdict,
"If ever Avomen cease to be patient then
Avill perish the only hope remaining to the
Avorld." The ending, Ave regret to say, is
given up to mere sentimentalism, and the
last chapters, with the Preface, make the
novel over long.
Johnnie Maddison. By John Haslette.
(Smith, Elder & Co./ 6s.)
It was fortunate for Molly Hatherell, the
heroine of this romance, that her Avedding
was twice postponed, as the first delay
Avas not sufficient to open her e}Tes to
the true character of her lukewarm
lover. The problem which faced her
friends was whether or not it Avas their
duty to enlighten her on the subject of
his gambling propensities ; but with one
exception they decided to conceal it, in
the hope that matrimony Avould Avork his
reformation. The one man Avhose anxiety
for her future happiness conquers his
reluctance to " split " on a comrade is
Johnnie Maddison, a character- sketch on
which the author has bestOAved great care,
Avith good results. Complications are
introduced by the fact that Maddison also
loves the girl, and realizes that his
motives are likely to be misconstrued.
As might have been expected, Molly
indignantly refuses to hear anything
against her lover, and not till he is con-
victed of misappropriating his empkn'er's
money to pay his debts is the truth forced
home upon her.
With Johnnie's assistance the defaulter
escapes, both from the police and from
the hands of enemies who haA^e a grudge
to settle with him, and Avho thereupon
Avreak their revenge on Maddison for his
interference with their plans. As may be
surmised, the conclusion holds out hope
of a third attempt at a wedding, with a
change of bridegroom.
Though Mr. Haslette has not attempted
anything A*ery ambitious in ' Johnnie
Maddison,' he has successfully drawn a
group of pleasant portraits, and given a
reasonable air to the incidents connected
with them. The plot is laid among the
plateaux of South America, amid an
atmosphere of mule-tracks, adobe huts,
scrub, and mountain scenery.
ROMANCE AND FANCY.
The Lost Tribes. By George A. Birming-
ham. (Smith, Elder & Co., 6s. )
It is part of the author's satire against
the commonly conceived nature of the
Irish to present them in his books as
intensely serious in character, incapable of
seeing the humorous side of the Avell-
meaning reformer Avhose blundering
schemes usually form the subject-matter
of his novels.
The reformer in this case is an American
AvidoAv, who comes OA"er to Ireland with
the intention of making acquaintance with
some relatives ofy her husband, and un-
earthing if possible some data for his
belief that Ireland is the home of the Lost
Tribes of Israel.
She finds a brother-in-law and a niece
in the peaceful, not to say indolent
village of Druminawona, and her first
sight of some of the inhabitants confirms
her in her suppositions about their Israelit-
ish descent. Her plan for " speeding up "
DruminaAvona takes the form of an
endeavour to get up a Miracle play, a
scheme in which she enlists the unwilling
support of her easygoing brother-in-law,
Mervyn, and the parish priest. Father
Roche, Avho thinks he sees in it a way of
inducing some much-needed dollars to
pour into the A'illage.
As her plans unfold, both clergymen
get alarmed at the thought of what their
bishops Avill say, and endeaAOur by
many laughable expedients to divert her
mind, but without much success. At last,
the energetic widow herself begins to see
the hopelessness of trying to instil energy
into a nation of such born " slackers," and
devotes her attention instead to the matri-
monial future of Delia, her niece, the
results in this case amply rewarding her
efforts.
The matter-of-fact love-affairs of Onny
Delia's handmaiden should dispel any
Supplement, June 20, 1914]
T 1 1 E A T H E N M U 31
,S7:{
Bering illusions as to the romantic'
mysticism which many consider the natural
heritage of the untutored Celt, George A.
Birmingham's way of making fun of
such believers is so genial and good-
natured that they will not be able to
refrain from joining in the laugh against
themselves.
Madcap. By George Gibb. (Appletons.)
Mr. Gibb traces the transition of an
American — Dollar Girl, shall we say '.
from the wearisome complexity of
wealthy life to the simplicity of Nature,
Arcadian journeys and doings and feelings.
She meets with the one man who offers
this entire change from her life. The
difference, and the excellence of it, are
brought home to her in the gay surround-
ings of New York, in the Eure and Oise
-country-side, and finally in New York
the city, and she chooses his life in pre-
ference to the fevered luxury that seemed
to be her normal destiny.
Mr. Gibb is an artist in every way.
His characters are consistent in their
speech and action, and his descriptions are
admirable. In a few strokes he gives
the feeling that a sunset or a charming
a-pect of wood or field or river can inspire
in an acute and sympathetic observer.
But, the whole book through, we feel
that we are reading an idyll, not a story
of life. We cannot visualize without a
twinge the casual, idle life — " amateur,"
•even in its most strenuous moments —
of these overwhelmingly wealthy and
luxurious personages. Hermia, the " mad-
cap " heroine, may well find delight and
rest in her pastoral tour ; it is simply
A question of momentary dissatisfaction
with her other life, a sense of the fascinat-
ing novelty of simple surroundings.
Her emotions, and the emotions of the
■other characters as they occur, are as
the fine robes that an actor puts on,
wears with conviction on the boards,
and doffs without a sigh. People in that
position can so easily afford to have what-
ever emotions they like, glad or sad ;
but the recital of these only serves to
mark the difference between emotion and
feeling, between life as it is lived and life
worth the living — or else life that has to
be lived. It is as though we listened to
the loves and losses of a butterfly.
Much as we may admire Mr. Gibb's
realism, we cannot but contrast its
picturescpue light-heartedness with the
many sterner pictures this world offers of
reality.
Maria. By Baroness von Hutten.
(Hutchinson & Co., fo.)
This book may. perhaps, be also called
idyllic; at least, it is a study of the im-
probable, so coloured as to resemble
-ihility. The Anglo - German prince
Mho loves a fair maiden (like King Cophe-
tua, except that she i< not a beggar) and
is forced to renounce her by the exigencies
of high politics that bestow apon him the
crown ofSarmania, has figured many times
in fiction. More actuality is essayed in
the portrayal of her father, hcloved of
many famous poets and great men, all of
whom are called by their real names.
The various situations and develop-
ments are well carried off, because
Baroness von Hutten possesses excellent
technique: she is a practised writer, and
knows how to make her characters talk
and behave. She has a keen eye for the
avoidance of solecisms and barbarisms,
and a fluent pen for episodes humorous or
impressive, likewise an expert sense of
social atmosphere. But her technique is,
as a rule, too apparent ; there is too much
evidence of plan and purpose in the book,
and so the story itself fails on the whole to
convince us.
Cap'n Dan's Daughter. By Joseph C.
Lincoln. (Appletons, 6s.)
• Cap'n Dan's Daughter ' is one of those
pleasant, detached romances in which
some American writers are such adepts.
Cap'n Dan, a retired seafaring man of
simple tastes, inherits a fine legacy, and
his wife's social ambitions involve him
in all the discomfort of a sojourn in a
large town. The eventual disillusion that
sends her and him back to the seaside
village where they had lived for many
contented 3rears is well worked out, and
the many characters who play their parts
therein are drawn with a light and agree-
able touch and with evident accuracy.
The result is an amusing picture of
certain phases of American life, town and
provincial.
A Gamble for Love. By Xat Gould.
(John Long, 65.)
Nat Gould is the Dumas Pere of the race-
course— for quantity, if not for quality
of production. He has his own recipe,
as for this or that world-renowned sauce,
' borne with the British flag through
distant lands," and the result is very much
the same. A beauteous lady, millions of
money, a virtuous young racing man, one
or two villains, and, of course, a menagerie
full of race-horses, are the ingredients to
be mixed and served.
There are bad people, unduly aesthetic
in their tastes, who would substitute for
'" serve " Edward Lear's " throw out of
the window " ; but, after all, Nat Gould
is always thoroughly healthy reading, and
Ik; certainly knows how to describe a race.
Here he gives us four, which is good
measure ; but in other respects he is
tamer than usual: the villains do not
really do anything. They ought to have
carried off the lovely lady, drugged the
hero, and "nobbled" at least two race-
horses : if we arc to have excitement let
us have it iu abundance. Mr. Gould docs
not give us our money's worth.
Under I lie Inctnst Trees. l»v Cecil Adair.
(Stanley Paul & Co.. 8».)
Those who have a taste for Ouida —
stripped of incident or impossibilities,
toned down to a mere continuity of florid
description and talk — may find Borne
pleasure in Mr. Adair's work. His cha-
racter! and their achievements — their talk
of achievements, rather — are as tame as
can be. Mr. Adair is a devout follower
of the rule " ne pueros coram populo
.Medea trucidet." and the consequence is
an unchanging presentment of " rapture —
by threes ! ' as soft as anything Kate
Nickleby ever read to Mis. Wititterly.
Mr. Adair has a sense of style and a
command of language and image. Why
does he not make more use of these '.
He might have saved the book, made it
readable, and even interesting. Evenafew
*' Ouida-esque " absurdities would have
been welcome as foil to the languid ideal-
ism relentlessly imposed and adhered to
throughout.
Cloudesley Tempest. By E. H. Lacon
Watson. (John Murray, 6«.)
We do not, of course, really approve of
a careless, lazy young man who gets out
of one scrape into another, and in the end
congratulates himself that, had it not
been for these scrapes, he would not have
married a beautiful maiden and obtained
a fortune. But we do like to read about
him, especially when the tale is told as
breezily as the present is.
Neither do we approve of a sweet girl
and a beautiful-minded widow giving
themselves so much trouble over the
said scapegrace — still, they all obtained
ultimate happiness, and we have had a lot
of pleasure in reading of how they did so
and no novel really needs more justifica-
tion.
STORIES OF THE OUTLANDS.
.4 Daughter of Debate. By Mrs. Ambrose
Harding. (Werner Laurie, 66'.)
The "' Daughter of Debate " is one Alice
Ashton, niece of the administrator of
Dominica. She justifies the title applied
to her on the score of her zeal for improving
and raising the natives. This zeal, so
the author assures us. Alice posses8<
and her general conversation seems to
support the view, in the ahsence of other
evidence. A similar vagueness is ap-
parent in the " rendering" of Dr. Hamp-
ton, the ambitious native who engineers
a rebellion : he does not seem quite to
know his own mind. Mis. Harding is ill-
served by the characters she create-.
Her own criticisms of the native mind are
interesting and often illuminating, hut
the discourses thereon which she puts into
the mouths of the various personages
who are supposed to interpret her views
are pedantic in the extreme, redolent
of the worst cliches of the platform
speaker, more wearisome than the mo-.f
ample periods of a Government report.
Had she cultivated dialogue as it is
really spoken, anil characterization of
people who. if imaginary, might just as
well lie realistic .1- not. Mrs. Barding
might have given as a readable and con-
vincing hook; for her views and senti-
ments are sane and dignified in them-
selves, and her observation in some cases
is not without depth. The character of
Zillah.for example, is life-like and reason-
able.
-S74
THE ATHENAEUM
[Supplement, June 2<>, 1914
Home. By Anon. (Fisher Unwin, 65.)
Ill-judged marriages are not easily
handled without fatal lapses into melo-
drama ; those who avoid such lapses
merit praise, as does the anonymous
writer in the present case.
The young couple here depicted find
out their mistake after two years : the
wife sets forth to join a friend of her
husband who has captured her affections.
She changes her mind, however, and
returns, only to find her home deserted.
Her husband has gone away and left no
trace.
We find him again, in Brazil, married
to a girl he meets there. His wife's lover
appears on the scene, and recounts the
tragedy of the home broken up. But the
husband's new home is also broken up by
a sudden flood. He returns after many
wanderings to his wife and first love, and
the two begin life afresh.
The lover is also changed by illness and
much roving through distant lands, and
lie also seeks and finds peace in home-life
and the love that comes into it.
The story, if occasionally somewhat
strong to the taste, shows knowledge and
study of human nature. As a first novel,
it is worthy of high commendation.
SOUTH AFRICA.
solution. He considers with reticence
and restraint one phase of the racial
question that may be new to those who
have not lived abroad, but is tragically
familiar to the man on the spot.
Mr. Hardy has made, we think, a
mistake in adopting fiction as the frame-
work for information that has quite
sufficient interest in itself.
The Black Peril. By George Webb Hardy.
(Holden & Hardingham, (5s.)
Mr. Hardy went to South Africa to
investigate a problem which statesmen
both at home and in the dominions must
soon learn to regard as vital, and calling
for the most scientific treatment. The
relations between the black and white
races are outlined and dissected by him
in plain and outspoken words. He de-
scribes, with knowledge drawn from actual
experience on the spot, the atmosphere
of an illimitable land highly charged with
racial passions and prejudices, where
savage nature still dwarfs civilization,
and primitive man is in conflict with
ordered progress. How this problem of
the mingling of white with black is to be
solved the author does not tell us ; he
portrays the evils, but does not present
a comprehensive solution for them.
In any case, he has contributed to the
discussion of this weighty matter much
useful knowledge and insight, which is
likely to be valuable in directing atten-
tion to a problem that politicians both
in England and the Colonies appa-
rently prefer to ignore. The Bishop of
Oxford in a recent speech indicated,
perhaps correctly, the attitude of our
legislators towards the colour problem : —
" Statesmen are afraid. They do not know
what to make of the Black Peril, and the
Nationalist movement in China, India, and
Africa. They cannot repudiate it. Where
is it going to lead to ? What is it going to
mean ? "
Mr. Hardy is of opinion that any fusion
between black and white races is an
impossible ideal, but he makes it clear
that it is the European who has created
the problem and is responsible for its
The Toll. Bv William Westrup. (Hurst
& Blackett, 6s.)
Mr. Westrup gives such a picture of
mining life in South Africa as may well
make those interested therein pause and
consider whether the gold extracted is
worth the heavy toll on human life.
Below ground the white man is con-
fronted with the ever-present fear of
phthisis. Once its grip is on him he must
abandon his work instantly or succumb
to the disease : few have the courage to
make such sacrifice of their material
prospects. For the native miner pneu-
monia is an equally deadly foe. Life is
of so little account that no note is taken
of the many victims.
Above ground is a mere waste blighted
by the blinding white dust from the
mines ; here and there are the rough
dwellings of the miners. Only in the
drinking saloons is some semblance of the
Life Social. Men laugh and swear with
the seal of death set clear for all to read
upon their faces. Who will be taken next ?
But what matters that ? ' A man cannot
choose or forsake his job when starvation
pushes him on.
Nor is sickness the only agent of star-
vation. The Labour Unions exact blind
obedience, and the Union leaders are
ready to call out their men without
thought of the consequences : the dignity
of labour being considered of more im-
portance than the death of the labourer.
A love-story woven into this gloomy
texture gives a few moments of bright-
ness ; but here also tragedy supervenes,
and the dread phthisis ruins the home and
slays the two who have fought for it so
hard.
A lighter vein is struck in the picture of
a Johannesburg Jew money-lender and
his two witty and fascinating daughters.
But that is a mere episode in the sadness
and pity of the whole.
Mr. Westrup has written a powerful
book. His descriptive force and realism
bring home to us the fateful greed of the
mines and the cost of the treasures they
vield so hardlv.
HISTORY AND ADVENTURE-
A Lad of Kent. By Herbert Harrison.
(Macmillan & Co., 6s.)
Mr. Harrison has chosen as his scene
Folkestone ; as his period the days
between Trafalgar and Waterloo, when
the French chasse-maree, the Revenue
cutter, and the smugglers' luggers ranged
the Channel, and the press-gang infested
the coast towns.
He supplies full measure of adventures,
both serious and comic, deftlv inter-
mingled, and he introduces to us a-
variegated crowd of most life-like and
interesting personages, who play vivid
parts in a vivid and convincing manner.
The youth who is the centre-piece of the
story is, perforce, more colourless than
his fellows, in that he is made to speak in-
the first person — a guarantee, by the way,
that he is destined to emerge safely from
his many perils and trials. His com-
panion, Monty, precocious in speech bnt
resourceful in action, is a most pleasant
individual, and their pompous preceptor.
Mr. Farmiloe, alias " Whiskers," is an
excellent character both in himself and
in his portraiture.
Mr. Harrison is happy in his avoidance-
of the self-conscious and stilted heroics
that so often characterize the style of
" adventure " stories. Every one talks-
quite naturally, and many a good saying
is hit out, like the sparks from flints, in
the contact of the lowly, but keen wits of,
the sea-coast folk. We select the phrase
about William's beloved trumpet for the
use of those who are plagued by amateur
lovers of that instrument : " When you
blows upon it, 'tis like to nothing else on
earth than the grandfather of Balaam's
ass braying before a thunderstorm. Out
you go ! " We congratulate the author
on an excellent and stirring tale of a most
interesting epoch.
Rung Ho! Bv Talbot Mundv. (CasseB
& Co., 6s.)
This is an exciting story of Indian lifer
the action of which takes place in Raj-
putana at the time of the Mutiny. The-
author does not neglect any of the oppor-
tunities so dramatic a period offers for
adventure. The main attraction is the-
plot, not the delineation of character.
The narrative is not happy in the
opening chapters, but once well started
it never loses coherency and interest.
However widely scattered the characters,,
their actions are never irrelevant to the-
main issue, and the whole is worked out
to a satisfying and probable conclusion.
While characterization is not the chief
merit of the book, the people are suffi-
ciently alive and real to play their parts. -
The heroine is the least successful por-
trait ; we are not told enough about her.
She is the daughter of a Scotch missionary-
stationed in Howrah City, and to perform
the part allotted to her she must have-
possessed a character worth describing.
The rest are just such as are essential to-
a vigorous romance of the East. The-
virility and determination of the hero-
suggests a Kipling creation, and, indeed,
the whole book breathes a Kipling atmo-
sphere.
Snake and Sivord. By P. C. Wren.
(Longmans & Co., 6s.)
' Snake and Sword ' is really quite a*
thrilling a tale as the name suggests. -
The snake and the sword form two antago-
nistic forces in the personality of the hero,
who rejoices in the somewhat ominous,,
but appropriate name of Damocles, com-
monly called '" Dam."' The sight of at.
Supplement, Jink '20, 1914]
T II E A T II E N M IT M
875
snake affects him so strongly that he falls
into a state of abject terror, and is. in fact.
for the time being practically mad. Fortu-
nately, 1 lam has a saving grace in the shape
of a hereditary tendency to courage — if
we may ><> describe it. The fear of the
snake is due to pre-natal influence, and
the plot turns on the war waged between
this latter ami the hereditary courage.
The story — almost startling in its ab-
ruptness— Opens in India, where we find
the father of the hero. Col. de Warrenne,
pinning his Victoria Cross to the night-
dress of his dying wife. Without delay
we are whisked off to England, where we
are introduced in due course to the
heroine. Lucille is boyish, slangy, and
charming ; in fact, an altogether like-
able young lady. The chapters dealing
with the childhood of Dam and Lucille
are full of a delightful humour which is
ahnost reminiscent of ' Stalky & Co.' The
book is rich in a variety of incident, and
it is difficult to say whether Mr. Wren
excels most in describing a small boy who
is exceedingly " cheeky" to an old and
serious-minded gardener, a love-scene be-
tween two up-to-date young people,
or a boxing match between an artillery
corporal and a trooper. Concerning this
match, Mr. Wren is quite mistaken in
labelling it "Of no interest to Women
nor Modem civilized Men." There is not
a chapter in the book which is lacking in
interest either to one or the other.
SHORT STORIES.
Dubliners. By James Joyce.
(Grant
Richards. 3<s. 6d.)
Me. George Moore says in his ' Confes-
sions,' if our memory does not deceive us,
that when he and a certain French writer
are dead no more " naturalistic " novels
will be written. Whether this is one of
his characteristic outbursts of candour as
to his and his friend's abilities, or merely
a statement to the effect that novelists
as a whole have no taste for such writing,
we need not discuss. But we can frankly
say that Mr. Joyce's work affords a distinct
contradiction of the saying.
The fifteen short stories here given under
the collective title of ' Dubliners ' are
nothing if not naturalistic In some
ways, indeed, they are unduly so : at
least three would have been better
buried in oblivion. Life has so much
that is beautiful, interesting, educative,
amusing, that we do not readily pardon
those who insist upon its more sordid and
baser aspects. The condemnation is the
greater if their skill is of any high degree,
since in that case they might use it to
better purpose.
Mr. .Joyce undoubtedly possesses great
skill both of observation and of technique.
He has humour, as is shown by the sketch
of Mrs. Kearney and her views on religion,
her faith " bounded by her kitchen, hut if
8he was put to it. she could believe a ho in
the banshee and in the Holy Gh He
lias also know ledge of the beauty of words,
of mental landscapes (if we may use such
a phrase) : the last page of the final story
is full evidence thereto. His characteriza-
tion is exact: speaking with reserve ;>s
to the conditions of certain sides of the
social life of Dublin, we should say that
it is beyond criticism. All the personages
are living realities.
But Mr. Joyce has his own specialized
outlook on life — on that life in particular ;
and here we may, perhaps, find the
explanation of much that displeases and
that puzzles us. That outlook is evi-
dently sombre : he is struck by certain
types, certain scenes, by the dark shadows
of a low street or the lurid flare of an
ignoble tavern, and he reproduces these
in crude, strong sketches scarcely relieved
by the least touch of joy or repose. Again,
his outlook is self-centred, absorbed in
itself rather ; he ends his sketch abruptly
time after time, satisfied with what he
has clone, brushing aside any intention of
explaining what is set down or supple-
menting what is omitted.
All the stories are worth reading for the
work that is in them, for the pictures
they present ; the best are undoubtedly
the last four, especially ' Ivy Day in the
Committee Room.' The last of all,
' The Dead,' far longer than the rest,
and tinged with a softer tone of pathos
and sympathy, leads us to hope that
Mr. Joyce may attempt larger and broader
work, in which the necessity of asserting
the proportions of life may compel him
to enlarge his outlook and eliminate
such scenes and details as can only shock,
without in any useful way impressing or
elevating, the reader.
Quick Action. By Robert W. Chambers.
(Appletons, 6s.)
Mr. Chambers seems to have set himself
the task of making the highly improbable
appear not only possible, but perfectly
usual. He strings together a series of
tales which have love at first sight as
their common denominator. But not
content with such " quick action," he
goes on to make his couples confess their
feelings within a few minutes of their
meeting, and marries them right off
with lightning-like celerity. The different
stories are told by a crystal-gazer to a
group of her admirers as being truthful
accounts of what she sees happening in
the crystal. Each story as it is related
is well picked to pieces by her audience,
which makes us suppose that Mr. Chambers
is in reality satirizing modern American
fiction. The love-affairs are all staged in
Florida, and the tropical setting is so
brilliant that it conveys an atmosphere
of fairyland where the incredible is the
normal.
We select as one of the most amusing
the story of George Z.Green, who, within
ten minutes of complaining that he
had never encountered the romance that
novelists were always describing, becon
deeply interested in an unknown girl
whom he sees in tears leaving the house
of a clair. oyante.
The book contain- numerous attractive
illustrations in pen and ink by Mr. Kdinund
Frederick.
The Mercy of the Lord. By Flora Annie
Steel. (Heinemann, 6a.)
Tins is not a novel, but a collection of
twenty-four short tales, the first of which
supplies the entire title. Once again Mrs.
Steel is on Indian ground, and gives us an
abundant sense of Oriental atmosphere,
and of the contrasts between the native
mind and that of the dominant alien race.
She has also the rare quality of taking us
out of humdrum civilization into a region
where time and reality seem mere con-
ventions.
The best of the stories — those dealing
with Indian servants are all admirable —
are first-rate, but some will be difficult for
the ordinary reader to understand, and the
critic will note that Mrs. Steel does not
always work with that economy of material
which the short story at its best demands.
Her transitions are abrupt, and her style
is occasionally careless. The second sen-
tence in the book reads thus : —
" The cause of which being an equally
transient admiration lor a good little Eura-
sian girl fresh from her convent."
We must protest against such English as
this, particularly since Mrs. Steel has no
need to attempt vividness in this cheap
wa}^. She makes, it may be noted, no
concessions to popular sentimentalism.
More than one of her stories represents
death as the mercy of the Lord.
CRIMES AND MYSTERIES.
Quella. By Geoffrey Norton Farmer.
(Alston Rivers, 6.s.)
Signor Quella discovers a drug that has
so lasting and pernicious a hold over all
who taste it as to enslave them for life to
his will. He creates a vast organization
whereby this drug, disseminated through
the world in the food of restaurants and
hotels, is to render him absolute master
of the globe. For what purpose the
author does not explain.
Reginald Carr, the hero of the tale,
finds an antidote only to lose it. but
matters are set right by the death of
Quella and the destruction of his stores
of the drug.
The idea is certainly ingenious and
original, and Mr. Farmer has made of it
a spirited story. Bui it can only be taken
as a species of extravaganza — of much
the same nature as Sir .\. ('onan Doyle's
Lost World.' Indeed, the notion oc-
curred to us while reading -and we pre-
sent it for what it is worth to both ant hoi-
— that a collaboration might have been
very effective. Sir A. Conan Doyle's
wild beasts and Mr. Farmer's wild drug
might have been happily combined :
yon invent your tableland and your pre-
(or post-) historic animal- to live thereon,
and. when you or your readers are tired
of them, you relegate them deftly to the
p heap by means of your patent new-
poison.
87G
THE ATHENiEUM
[Supplement, June 20, 1914
The Best Man. By Grace Livingstone
Hill Lutz. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
This is a book which may well serve to
while away the tedium of a long railway
journey, but those into whose hands it
falls must not imagine they are going to
read a conventional detective story. The
author exhibits as great a contempt for
the commonplace as she does for the
probable. The surprising adventures of
her hero, a young and energetic member
of the Secret Service Staff in Washington,
succeed each other with the feverish
rapidity of a " thrilling " and complex
cinematograph play.
In disgrace, and hotly pursued by a
combination of swell mobsmen from
whom he has recovered a stolen Govern-
ment document " of national importance,"
the hapless youth finds himself at the door
of a church. He is promptly dragged
inside, and while under the impression
that he is being mistaken for the best man
he is, malgre lui, married to a charming
lady. The wedding party take him for
the real bridegroom, who, however, does
not appear until long after the conclusion
of the ceremony. This is naturally a
prelude to further exciting episodes, and
an imbroglio which is not unravelled
until the final chapter.
Notwithstanding its manifest absurdity,
the story is amusing, but it would be
more so were it not over-charged with a
sentimentality which suggests that the
author wishes to be taken seriously.
Conscience Honey. By Sidney Warwick.
(Greening & Co., 6s.)
Mr. Warwick piles on the agony — gives
us murder, diamond robber}7, swell mobs-
men, " fences," aeroplanes, secret passages,
in fact everything he can think of to ensure
mystery and horror. He is quite as
successful as need be in his efforts. The
story moves rapidly from one thrill to
another, and holds the attention through-
out. It should suit the cinematograph-
goer quite well — better, perhaps, than the
reader : the whole book would readily
fall into the necessary successive scenes —
" reels," Ave believe, is the correct term.
Indeed, the actions of the various per-
sonages are far better than their speech,
and so the effect of the whole, depicted
on the film, should be distinctly telling.
Fallen Among Thieves. By Arthur Applin .
(Ward, Lock & Co., 6s.)"
We might call Mr. Applin's sensations
social rather than criminal. He takes
us into high circles and a fashionable
atmosphere. The motive of the story
is the control acquired by a blackmailing
thief over a weak girl. By means of
subtle drugs he makes his victim steal
various jewels. At the last he is found
out, and the girl is rescued from his
clutches by the hero, who duly marries
her.
Except for its sensations, the book is
of no particular value ; the writing is
conventional and casual and loose in
style. Why should the author say
" forbode " instead of foreboded; "fait
vos jeux " instead of jaites voire jeu ? And
why talk about a waiter " mixing "
drinks ? That expression, beloved of
many a lady novelist, does so inevitably
suggest that sugar or powder or some-
thing is poured into the whisky and soda
and then stirred with a spoon.
The Lost Parchment. By Fergus Hume.
(Ward, Lock& Co., 6s.)
A schoolboy reading the title and the
name of the author will surely exclaim
" Good old Fergus Hume ; more hansom
cabs ! " He will be quite correct in his
attitude, for Mr. Hume has given us just
what might be expected.
We have no hansom cabs in the book —
only one motor-car ; but that car manages
to slay the villain in the last act. We have
a will that disinherits the righteous hero,
but is proved to be a forgery executed by
the erring clergjonan antiquary ; and we
have the beauteous damsel who cleaves
to her beloved in spite of all the world
may say. In fact, there are all the
elements of the " good old " mystery-
sensation tale.
It is quite a good story of its kind, con-
ventional enough in style and in the
speech of the characters, but never drag-
ging in its movement. Nor is the mystery
unnecessarily obscure or complex, as is
sometimes the case in such tales. Sus-
picion falls, like Mr. Punch's stick, on
the shoulders of almost all the characters,
one after the other, but everything is
cleared up at the end, and the final scene
is "according to Cocker." Mr. Fergus
Hume is sure to find many interested
readers.
Anybody but Anne. By Carolyn Wells.
(J. B. Lippincott Company, 65.)
This is an American detective story, in
which we are introduced to Fleming Stone,
who is called in to disentangle the mystery
of a murder which has baffled the efforts
of all others to find the culprit. The
finger of suspicion points at various people
in turn, but each of them proves his
innocence. At last the criminal is traced,
and all ends in the usual happy and con-
ventional manner. Miss Wells has written
a capital story, and has displayed con-
siderable skill in sustaining the interest
until the climax is revealed.
The Opal Pin. By Rufus Gillmore.
(Appletons, 6s.)
Of the two male protagonists one has a
title thrust upon him, the other assumes
it, and is found out at the end. Jewels
are stolen off and on throughout the book,
but apparently are restored to their
owners ; at any rate, no cases ever come
into court. Also an opal pin, bearing ill-
luck with it, makes fitful appearances.
The book is slight and not particularly
probable or realistic. It might in better
hands have been made into a good mystery-
story, and the opal pin into a fine centre-
piece. The main figures attempt to be
life-like, but do not succeed ; had they been
more melodramatic or even shadowy,,
with the addition of a " sleuth-hound "
or two, the result would have been much
more striking and the atmosphere of the
"detective" story far more evident.
JUVENILE.
The Tale of Lai. By Raymond Paton.
(Chapman & Hall, 6s.)
The author has made out a distinctly
good scheme for an extravaganza to
please the taste of the young. He brings
to life one of the lions of Trafalgar Square
— a benevolent lion who arranges his-
torical pageants and fairy scenes for the
benefit of two children. He then intro-
duces a writer (" a nawthor," as Kipps
would have said), and the said writer's
patron, a lord mayor, and brings them into
relation with the lion, likewise the Temple
Bar griffin. Finally he introduces a law-
suit in which all the characters appear,,
after the manner of the classic trial in
' Alice in Wonderland.'
To our thinking — though, perhaps, very
young readers may take a different view
— the book is spoilt by its unrelieved and
pedantic jocosity. The humour is too
intentional, obvious, and heavy. We see-
" For Children Only " written in large
letters on every page. We may (as we
suggest) be totally wrong in our view,
but we seem to remember the unfailing
delight of sundry versions of Grimm,
Hans Andersen, Struwwelpeter, not to
mention Lewis Carroll's two master-
pieces, wherein the humour is absolutely
spontaneous when present, and is never
worked up specially for the occasion by
those " juvenile " phrases that only occur
to a certain typevof ultra-grown-up mind.
We cannot but think that Mr. Paton
might have produced a far more f ascinating
book if he had spared some of the labour
which is evident all through.
By the way, Mr. Paton, when explain-
ing (in the lawsuit scene) the component
elements of " dogsnose," ought to have
remembered how perfectly it has been
defined by a great master of fiction :
" Warm porter, moist sugar, gin. and
nutmeg (a groan, and * So it is,' from an
elderly female)." Was there any need
to improve upon Dickens ? For that
matter, was there any need for the law-
suit scene at all ? It is unreal and rather
dull.
A Boy's Adventures in the South Seas..
By Frank Elias. (R.T.S., 2s.)
The young hero of this story has plenty
of adventures, clearly and reasonably
chronicled ; and the whole is sufficiently
free from the didactic or sermonizing
touch. But somehow the book as a whole
fails to thrill, and there is a woeful absence
of real movement, of that tense atmosphere-
which alone can carry off such a recital.
Boys brought up on Stevenson or eveii
Henty will hardly be roused to enthu-
I siasm, we fear, bjr Mr. Elias.
rJ-
THE ATHEN^UM
11)
lonntal of (BngHslj attb JFnmgn literature, §$timtz, tlje $iw Arts, jttusir itnb j@ Drama,
No. 4522
SATURDAY, JUNE
5 27, 1914.
14 19I4PRICR :
/> SIXPENCE.
RKCISTKKKI") AS A NKWSPAPER
(Exhibition!
R
OYAL
ACADEMY,
SUMMER EXHIBITION
Open 1> a.m. to 7 1* m
Thursdays, 9 am to 10 i" m.
Admission Is Catalogue 18.
SEASON TICKET 5s.
GOUPIL CxALLERY EXHIBITIONS.
STATUETTES in Silver. Bronze, and Wood by
E 0. DE ROSALKS.
PORTRAITS and Groups of Horses in Bronze by HERBERT
HASHLTINE.
INDIAN PICTURES by 8. FYZEE-RAHAMIN.
Admission 1«. From 10 till 6. Saturdays. 10 till 1.
WILLIAM MARCHANT & 00.. 5. Regent Street, S.W.
(durational.
HERBORNE SCHOOL.
s
An EXAMINATION for ENTR\NCE SCHOLARSHIPS, open to
Boys under 14 on June 1. will be held on JULY 14 and Following Days.
Further information can be obtained from THE HEAD MASTER,
School House. Sherborne, Dorset.
\TADAME AUBERT'S AGENCY (est. 1880),
'-'-a. Keith House. 133135. REGENT STREET, W.. English and
Foreign Governesses. Lady Professors. Teachers. Chaperones Com-
panions, Secretaries. Readers. Introduced for Home and Abroad.
Schools recommended and prospectuses with full information, gratis
pn application ipersonal or by letter), stating requirements. Office
hours, 10-5 ,• Saturdays, 10-1. Tel. Regent 3627.
EDUCATION (choice of Schools and Tutors
gratis'. Prospectuses of English and Continental 8chools. and
of successful Army. Civil Service, and University Tutors, sent (free of
. hargel on receipt of requirements by GRIFFITHS, POWELL.
SMITH & FAWCETT. School Agents (established 1833), 34. Bedford
• treet. Strand, W.C Telephone-7021 Gerrard.
Situations ITarant.
riOUNTY BOROUGH OF HUDDERSFIELD.
TECHNICAL COLLEGE
Priocipal-J. F. HUDSON. MA B.Sc.
Applications are invited for the Position of L1DY LECTURER
in ENGLI8H and SUPERVISOR OF WOMEN STUDENTS at a
commencing salary of 175!. per annum. Further particulars on
application to T. THORP. Secretary.
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOUTH WALES
AND MONMOUTHSHIRE.
COLEG PRIFATHROFAOL DEHEUDIR CYMRU A MYNWY.
The Council of the College invites applications for the Post of
SE< OHD ASSISTANT LECTURER in the Departments for the
Training of Men Teachers for Elementary and Secondary Schools.
Further particulars may be obtained from the undersigned, by whom
applications, with testimonials iwhioh need not be piloted), must be
received on or before SATURDAY, July 11, 1914.
D. J. A. BROWN, Registrar.
Cardiff. June 17. 1914.
COUNTY COUNCIL OF THE WEST RIDING
OF YORK8HIRE.
BINGI.EY TRAINING COLLEGE.
Principal-Miss H. M. WODEHOUSE. M.A. D Phil
The West Riding Education Committee invite applications for the
Post of LK.CT'KK.K IN OE<>«NAPHY AND NATURE STUDY at
the BINGLRY TRAINING COLLEGE for a period of one year
only, commencing in SEPTEMBER m-xt Candidate" must be
Women. Last date for the receipt of applications : JULY 10.
Further nirticularsand forms of spplicttion miy be obtained from
THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Secondary Branch'. County
Hall. Wakefield
T
HE QUEENS UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST.
The 8enate of the University has resolved to appoint a PROFESSOR
Of EDUCATION, to enter upon his duties on OCTOBER I
The salary attach) d co the office is BOO/ per annum, with a supplement
and certain benefits under the pension scheme.
Full information as to remuneration and terms of appointment may
be obtained from JOHN M. FINNEGAN, Secretary.
N B— Direct or indirect canvassing of Individual Senators or
Curators will be considered a disqualification.
u
N I V K R S I T Y OF A B E R D E E N.
APPOINTMENT OF EXAMINERS
The University Court will, at ■ Heating in JULY, proceed to
appoint an ADDITION*!. EX WINER in each of the following
subjects: —
MKNTW. PHILOSOPHY.
ENOI.I-ll LAN0OAQI AND LITERATURE
(3. poi-ITK \I. m OHOMT.
. QtOLOGY
MATHnfATIOS AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
16) MATERIA MIDIl \
(7. P\THOI,OQY.
-i RSI I'.Y
I'lVIMTY.
Applications, ilong with sixteen copies of t. sllrnoni i's should the
candidate think fit to submit any), should he Iodized with the
SECRETARY on or before JULI a.
DONALDSON ROSE TUOM Secretary of the University.
June. 1911.
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF WALES,
ABERYSTWYTH.
ALEXANDRA HALL OF RESIDENCE FOR WOMEN STUDENTS.
APPOINTMENT OF LADY WARDEN.
The Council of the College invites applications for the Post of
LADY WARDEN OP THE HOSTEL FOR WOMEN STUDENTS.
The salary offered is 2001. per annum, payable terminally, together
with hoard and residence at the hostel.
Applications, which must be received not later thin JULY 17. 1914.
should he forwarded to the undersigned from whom further particu-
lars of the appointment may be obtained.
Canvassing will be considered a ground for disqualification.
J. DAVIEB, MA.. Registrar.
E
GYPTIAN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION.
WANTED, in OCTOBER, for the KHEDIVIAL TRAINING
COLLEGE. CAIRO, under the Ministry of Education :—
LECTURER IN SCIENCE i Experimental Physics and Chemistry i.
Salary 430(. per annum (L.Eg.35 per mensem i. rising to 554;, (L.Eg^'i
per mensem! on pensionable staff. Allowance for passage out to
Egvpt.
Candidates must be under SB years of age. Applicants must have
taken a University Degree with Honours, and have experience as
Teachers. Four lessons daily, on an average, Fridays only excepted.
Summer vacation not less than two months
Applications should be addressed not later than JULY 1.1, 1914. to
A. H. 8HARMAN, Esq., care of The Director, The Egyptian Educa-
tional Mission in England. 29, Victoria Street, Westminster,
London, S W.. from whom further information and copies of the
application form may be obtained. Selected candidates will be
interviewed in London.
E
GYPTIAN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION.
WANTED, in OCTOBER, for the KHEDIVIAL TRAINING
COLLEGE, CAIRO, under the Ministry of Education :—
TEACHER OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES (Swedish System).
Appointment under contract. Length of engagement two years.
Salary 369Z. per annum (L.Eg.30 per mensemi. Allowance for pissage
to Egypt and for return at close of contract.
Applicants must be from about 24 to 30 years of age and unmarried.
They must have bad certified training in a course of Swedish Gymnas-
tics, and have had experience in teaching in a School. Preference
will be given to applicants who have also a University Degree. Daily
work, Fridays only excepted. Summer vacation not less than
two months.
Applications should be addressed, not later than JULY 13, 1911. to
A H. SHARMAN, Fsq.. care of The Director. Egyptian Education
Mission in England. 2»s, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. ,
from whom further information and copies of the application form
may be obtained. Selected candidates will be interviewed in London.
E
GYPTIAN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.
WANTED, in OCTOBER, for 8ECONDARY SCHOOLS under
the MINISTRY OF EDUCATION :-
TEACHERS OF ENGLISH. Salary 295?. per annum (L.Eg.24
]>er mensem), rising to 3931. per annum (L.Eg.32 per mensem), on
pensionable staff. Allowance for passage out to Egypt.
SCIENCE MASTER. (Experimental Physics and Chemistry.)
Appointment under contract. Length of engagement, two years.
Salary 3691. per annum (L.Eg 30 permenseml. Allowance for passage
out to Egypt and for return at close of contract.
Candidates must he from about 24 to 30 years of age, and unmarried.
Applicants must have taken a University Degree with Honours, and
have experience as Teachers. 8pecial training as teachers of Physical
Training will be a recommendation. Four Lessons Daily, on an
average. Fridays only excepted. Summer vacation not less than two
months
Applications should be addressed, not later than JULY 4, 1914, to
A. H. SHARMAN, Esq , care of The Director, the Egyptian Educa-
tional Mission in England. 2S, Victoria Street, Westminster, London,
8.W., from whom further information and copies of the application
form may he obtained. Selected candidates will be interviewed in
London.
VACANCY for an INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS
V under the CEYLON EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.
The Secretary of State for the Colonies requires an INSPECTOR
OF schools for service under the Ceylon Education Department.
Salary 5001., rising by annual increments of 25?. to 6001. Candidates
must be Graduates in Honours of a British University, and qualified
to inspect and examine higher work in English Subjects and Classics
in Secondary English Schools. The officer api>oin ted will be entitled to
leave of absence and pension under the regulations of Government
service in Ceylon, anil will be expected to assume duties at the
beginning of OCTOBER. Applications should be submitted before
JULY 14. in covers marked c A .to THE SK< RETUtY, Board of
Education. WhiH-hall, London, 8.W
B0 'TTISH CANDIDATES should apply to THE SECRETARY.
Scotch Education Department, Whitehall. London, S.W.
B
OYS'
INTERMEDIATE
AfiERDAKE, SOUTH WW, EM
SCHOOL,
An A8SI8TANT MASTER will >..- REQUIRED NEXT TERM to
take chartc* of tin* 0 KDflMrofal DtpartiD0nt ol tbfl BobooL He muni,
be well gwllfitd to t*S»cb Rook- keeping. (Shorthand, Typ**- writing, ami
Office RouUdi. mi'I iboald b-a prepared to taoch in addition oni or
mori of tb« Bu..je. ti of tbfl uniial pobool euirtculam. Preference will
>><- (/ivn to a candidate with experience of teaching
Initial wnUry offered LS0Z. low., BOO r» Nid.-nt. according to qualifica-
tion* and (*x|i**rl*-i - I
Further particolan may bt bad from Iba HK\i> UA8TBB, to
whom application"*:, with copies of testimonials, nhould Imj forwarded
not later than SOth initant.
B
IRKKNHKAI) EDUCATION COMMIT'! K I ■:.
( oI'M II, QIRU SECONDARY W BOOL,
M.-lr.M-Ml«s A. ■ EDWARDS
WANTED, in BKPTMfBH next, an exi* ri.-ii. ■ -d ■SOLISH
MISTRESS. Salary i ■■•■ling to quallflcatlnni and
Forms of application, which should be r'-turmd by
.11. I. Y i may bs had from it Further particulars may
lined from ii,.- II K ID MI8TRI --
* m vesting will red a disqualification
ROBERT T JONES, Secretary.
Education Department. Town Hall, Birkenhead.
June PI. 1814.
—
Yearly Subscription, free by post, Inland,
£1 8s.; Foreign, £1 10s. 6d. Entered at the
New York Post Office as Second Class matter.
Q 0 U N T Y _0_F LONDON.
„rTli.eHli,LTTvV.our^y^;^sil..i',ivit'evapnlicationfl ,or the positions
of ASSISTANT MI8TRESSES at the County Secondary School
Sydenham :—
nil ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach ( Imsmcs and English
I'" ASSISTANT MISTRESS to ten. h History- subsidiary subject
(c) ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach English-subsidiary subject
xj i b i o ry .
Candidates must have obtained Honours in a final examination for
a Degree held by a recognized University, and must have had good
Secondary School experience. Ability to take part in games will be
an additional recommendation. Any of these Mistresses may lie
required to give part of her time to the Count v Secondary School
Forest Hill, which is under the same Head Mistress and is to be
amalgamated with the County Secondary School, S)denham.
Applications are also invited for the position of—
(dl ASSISTANT MISTRESS at the COI'NTY SKCONDVRY
SCHOOL. CLAPHAM. especially qualified to teach English Ability
to teach History would be an additional qualification. Candidates
must have obtained Honours in English in a final examination for a
Degree held by a recognized University.
In each case the commencing salary will be from 120? to 1701
according to previous experience, rising to 2201 by yearly increments
of 10J. Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with par-
ticulars of the appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap
envelope to THE EDUCATION OFFICKR, Undon Cjunty Council
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.c . to whom they must
be returned by 11 am. on THURSDAY, July 9, 1914, in the case of
(a), (6), and (ci.and July 10 in the case of !</). Every communication
must be marked "H.4. on the envelope
Canvassing, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify for ap-
pointment. No relative of a member of the Advisory Sub-Com-
mittee of the School is eligible.
LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices. Victoria Embankment, W.C.
c
OUNTY OF LONDON
The London County Council invites applications from iiersons
desirous of having their NAMES PLACED on t lie PANEL of
approved LECTURERS in ENGLISH LITERATURK to Classes
held in Evening Institutes and other Institutions. Candidates
should be prepared to deliver Courses of about twenty five lectures
accompanied by Class Instruction, on one or more of the following
periods of English Literature :— I. Shakespeare. II. Cavalier anc'
Puritan Literature. III. The literature of the Eighteenth Century
IV. The Period of the Romantic Revival. V. Aspects of Victorian
Literature (to the death of Tennyson). VI. Modern English Litera-
ture (beginning, ibroadly speaking, with Meredith and Hardy, and
with poets later than Swinburne and Morrisi.
The remuneration of Lecturers at Evening Institutes is 10«. W. an
evening of) about two hours. The remuneration ;of Lecturers at
other Institutions is 1?. an evening, but candidates must be qualified
to deliver Courses of an advanced type on one or more of the periods
mentioned above, or on other literary subjects. In each case the
remuneration mentioned will cover the correction of any homework
that may be necessary.
Applications must be on forms to be obtained, with particulars of the
appointment, by sending a stamped addressed foolscap envelope to
THE EDUCATION OFFICER, London County Council, Education
Offices, Victoria Embankment. W.C, to whom tluv most be returned
by M am MONDAY. July Ii, 1914. Every communication must be
marked " T.ii " on the envelope.
Cinvassiug, either directly or indirectly, will disqualify an
applicant.
LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk of the London County Council.
Education Offices, Victoria Embankment, W.C.
w
EST LEEDS HIGH SCHOOL.
REQUIRED, for SEPTEMBER. HISTORY MASTER. University
Degree with Honours in History essential. Commencing salary 1J50I.
per annum.
Applications, which must be made on forms to be obtained from
the undersigned, should he forwarded to tin- undersigned AT ONCE.
JAM KB (iRAHAM. Secretary lor Education.
Education Offices, Calverley Street. Leeds.
pOUNTY BOROUGH OF SUNDERLAND.
BEDE COLLEGIATE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
Il.nd Mistress-Miss U. K. BOOH, M I
APPOINTMENT OF JUNIOR MISTRESS.
wanted, in September, \ MI8TBK88 rpeetalli trained for
Lower School Woik Oood experience in this part of a Secondary
School essential. Initial salary I1M
Salt] iCIon form, which inoaUJ be returned a*
quickly ai possible, obtainable on sendlna itamprd envelo|>e to the
undersigned HERBERT HEED. Secretary.
h.i o< at ion Department, IS, John street. Sunderland
June. I'll I
VAST HAM TECHNICAL COLLEGE.
SECOND \RY HIlool, rOB HOYS AND GIRIJI.
Tha OommitUe torlU appj I t I oi ASMBTAHT
MISTRESS in ii bore School. Preference »>ll l»- given to a
rtlty Graduate who has had aperient eln ■ Secondary School.
The Hutrea will hi reqnlred to teach English, French, aud
Blnglng and be prepared to take an Interest In the Bt hool Games.
Duties to commence on he IT KM HER i
i immencing sal ei annum.
Form- of application are to be obtained from THE PRINCIPAL.
Technical College, East Hun. E. to whom they must lie returned on
or beton ' I I
878
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
Situations WLmttb.
COLONIAL BARRISTER, 28 years of age,
speaking Italian. French, Spanish, desires SECRETARYSHIP
or LITERARY POST.- Address BARRISTER, 111, Sda. Ittorri,
Mi' in i Malta.
jHtsaUatuous.
PUBLISHING.— An opportunity occurs, in an
Old-Established and well known Firm of Publishers, for the
services of a Gentleman accustomed to the business ; one with influence
among Religious Authors preferred. Possible partnership to suitable
applicant. - MEN'IOR Box 2065, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's
Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.c.
UNIVERSITY MAN undertakes LITERARY
RESEARCH at the British Museum. French, Jtalinn,
Spanish. Portuguese.— Box 2066, Athenaeum Press, 11, Bream's
Buildings, Chancery Lane, Loudon, E.G.
LITERARY RESEARCH undertaken at the
British Museum and elsewhere on moderate terms. Excellent
testimonials. Typewriting— A. B., Box 1062, Athenaeum Press,
11, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.
AUTHORS' MSS. Criticized, Revised, and
Prepared for Press. Typewriting at moderate rates by skilled
and educated Operators. Promptness, neatness, and accuracy
guaranteed.— 0. M. DUNCAN, Grasmere, Grasmere Road, Purley,
Surrey
NOTICE TO AUTHORS.— In cases of doubt
and difficulty about literary work or sales. Authors should
communicate with Mr. STANBOPE W. 8PRIGG. Literary Con-
sultant. 31, Charing Cross, Whitehall. S.W. Full information given
as to the best channels of publication and most suitable markets.
Fees moderate. For some years Hon. Literary Adviser to the Society
of Women Journalits.
fPO BOOK COLLECTORS.— Advertiser has a
I few Fir6t and other good Editions of English Literature to sell
cheaply. Gray. Dickens, Bunyau's Grace Abounding. 16*0, &c. List
on application.— A. A., care of Dawson's, 121, Cannon Street, K.C.
N
OTICE OF REMOVAL.
JAMES BAIN, Bookseller, of 14, Charles Street. Haymarket, S.W..
and formerly of No. 1, Haymarket, S.W., begs to give notice that,
• wing to his lea'e expiring at Midsummer and the fact th«t bis
present premises are about to be pulled down, he is REMOVING on
JUNE 27 to larger and more convenient premises at
NO. 14, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND, W.C.
OFFER WANTED for several rare EGYPTIAN
ANTIQUE NECKLACES of Gold, Pearl, Carnelian, Amethyst,
and Amazon Stones. All in perfect condition and of different types.
Also Alabaster Vases and some beautiful Scarabs. The whole
Collection dates from 1500 B.c.
Address Box 3572, care of Smith's, 10, High Holborn, W.C.
TO LET for Three Months, from middle or end
of June, thoroughly WELL-FURNISHED FLAT-3 bedrooms,
2 reception, kitchen, bath, gas stove, electric light, porter.— 3, Rugby
Mansions, Addison Bridge. Write or call 11-4.
TO SOCIETIES.— The HALL (42 by 28) and
ROOMS of the ART-WORKERS' GUILD, recently built, are to
be let for Meetings, Concerts, and Exhibitions.— Apply to SECRE-
TARY, A.W.G., 6, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
RARE COINS and MEDALS of all periods and
countries valued or catalogued. Also Collections or Single
Specimens PURCHASED at the BEST MARKET PRICES for
Cash.— SPINK 4 SON, Ltd., Medallists to H.M. the King, 17 and 18,
Piccadilly, London, W. (close to Piccadilly Circus).
®iipj>-Mrtitng, &t.
MSS. OF ALL KINDS, 9ci. per 1,000 words.
Carbon Copies, 3d. References to well-known Authors Oxford
Higher Local.— M. KING, 24, Forest Road, Kew GardeuB, S.W.
AUTHORS' MSS. and TYPE-WRITING of
t\. every description accurately and promptly executed. Short-
hand Typists provided. Meetings, Lectures, Sermons reported.—
METRi POLITAN TYPING OFFICE 27. Chancery Lane. Tel.
Central 1565.
A UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES.PLAYS,
•Cl ESSAYS TYPE-WRITTEN with complete accuracy, 9d. per
1,000 words. Clear Carbon Copies guaranteed. References to well-
known Writers.— M. STUART. Allendale, Kymberley Road, Harrow.
TYPING at home desired by well-educated,
qualified Lady. Excellent refs. From 8d. 1,000 words. French,
German copied.— E., 16, Cheriugton Road, Hanwell, W.
'fYPE . WRITING, SHORTHAND, and all
l SECRETARIAL WORK.-Mrs. WALKER, 113, Elm Park
Mansions, Chelsea. Telephone : 5128 Ken. Hours : 10-1 and 2-5,
Saturdays excepted. Apply Price List.
Cktalogiua.
A NTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER, issuing fre-
XX quent CATALOGUES (sent post free I of OLD, SCARCE, and
CURIOUS BOOKS, will be glad of addresses of Booklovers tergo
Bookbuyersl.— MORTON, 1, Duke Street, Brighton.
AUTHORS' MSS., NOVELS, SERMONS,
PLAYS, and all kinds of TYPE-WRITING executed promptly
and accurately, 7d. per 1,000 words, Carbons 2d.-A. M. P., 66,
Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, N
AUTHORS' MSS., Literary and Scientific,
•n: typed by experienced Lady. British Museum reader. Research
work and Copying undertaken. Terms moderate.— Miss CHANOT, 17,
Priory Gardens, Highgate, N.
^TYPE-WRITING undertaken by Woman Gradu-
» . ate (Classical Tripos, Girton College, Cambridge: Intermediate
£vd'c A?J. £?,[;„ Kjfearch. Revision, Short hand. -CAM BRIDGE
Tde dion£%0S I" ' 5' DCKE 8TKEET- ADELPHI, W.C.
J^IRST EDITIONS OF MODERN AUTHORS,
1 including Dickens, Thackeray I ever. Ainsworth ; Books illus-
tnii,ed by G. and R. Cruikshank. Phiz, Rowlandson, Leech, 4c. The
largest and choicest Collection offered for Sale in the World. OATA-
CoGUCS issued and sent jior-t free on application. Boohs bought.—
WALTER T. HPENCEK. 27-, New Oxford Street, London, W.C.
BOOKS.— CATALOGUE of VALUABLE and
INTERESTING BOOKS, being Selections from several well-
known Libraries, post free. Customers' lists of desiderata solicited —
R. ATKINSON, 97, Sunderland Road, Forest Hill, London; Tele-
phone 1642 Sydenham.
BOOKS. — ALL OUT-OF-PRINT and RARE
BOOKS on any subject SUPPLIED. The most expert Book-
finder extant. Please state wants and ask for CATALOGUE. I make
a special feature of exchanging any Saleable Books for others selected
from my various lists. Special list of 2,000 Books I particularly want
post free.-EDW. BAKER'S Great Bookshop, John Bright Street,
Birmingham. Burke's Peerage, 1910, new, 158— Walpole's Letters,
Large Paper, 16 vols., 11. 10s. Yeats, Collected Works, 8 vols., 3i. 38.
Jlxttljora' JVgnits.
rPHE AUTHORS' ALLIANCE are prepared to
-L consider and place MSS. for early publication Literary work of
all kinds dealt with by experts who place Authois' interest first.
Twenty years' experience.— 2, Clement's Inn, W.
M
HaUa lrg ^ttrtion.
ESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, No. 13, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C,
on MONDAY, June 29, and Four Following Days,
at 1 o'clock precisely,
The SECOND PORTION of
the magnificent COLLECTION of ENGRAVINGS,
the Property of ARCHIBALD C \MERON NORMAN, Esq.,
of Bromley Common.
On TUESDAY, June 30, and Two Following Days,
at 1 o'clock precisely,
VALUABLE BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS,
including
the Property of the late W. D. CRICK. Esq.. of Northampton;
the Property of Miss FANCOUKT, of 107, The Vale, Acton, W.
the Property of a LADY, and other Properties.
May be viewed. Catalogues may be had.
THE HUTH LIBRARY.
The Collection of Printed Books ant Illuminated
Manuscripts.
MESSRS. SOTHEBY, WILKINSON & HODGE
will SELL by AUCTION,
at their House, No. 13, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C,
on TUESDAY, July 7. and Three Following Days,
at 1 o'clock preciselv,
The FOURTH PORTION of the COLLECTION of
PRINTED BOOKS AND ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS
formed by BENRY HUTH, Esq.,
and since maintained and augmented by his Son,
ALFRED H. HUTH, Esq.. of Fosbury Manor, Wiltshire,
comprising the letters I, J, K, L
May be viewed two days prior.
Catalogues may be had, price 6d. each. Illustrated copies, con-
taining 6 Plates, price 2s. 6d. each.
MESSRS. CHRISTIE, MANSON & WOODS
respectfully give notice that they will hold the following
SALES by AUCTION, at their Great Rooms, King Street, St.
James's Square : —
On MONDAY, June 29, at 2 o'clock precisely,
WINES and CIGARS.
On TUESDAY, June 30, at 1 o'clock precisely,
MODERN ETCHINGS and ENGRAVINGS.
On WEDNESDAY, July 1. at 1 o'clock pre-
cisely, fine ENGLI8H SILVER PLATE, the Property of Col. R. W.
CHANDOS POLE.
On THURSDAY, July 2, at 1 o'clock precisely,
OLD ENGLISH FURNITURE AND PORCELAIN, the Property of
Lady ANNA CHANDOS POLE, deceased, and Porcelain from various
sources.
On FRIDAY. July 3, at 1 o'clock precisely,
MODERN PICTURES AND DRAWINGS of the Continental
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No. 45-22, Jink 27, 1914
THE ATIIENjEUM
ssi
SATURDAY, JUNE 97, 1914.
CONTENTS.
l'AC.E
New Kxi-kkimknts in EDUCATION (The Future of
K.hn.uion ; A Path to Freedom in the School ;
The Play Method to Prose) SSI— 8S2
Roman Imi-iuu.u ism 888
A Batch ok School Books (Picture History and
Composition ; Harrap'a Dramatic History ; Bell's
Reading Books ; Brief History of English Litera-
ture) 8S3
Gkeek Inscriptions 883
French Lira and tub State (The Caillaux Drama ;
The Fear of Living) 8S1
Joseph Conrad : a Study 885
The Achaknians ok Aristophanes .. . .. 885
Fiction (Love's legend ; Tales of Two Countries ;
Hustler Paul ; Vandover and the Brute ; Tents of
a Night) -. .. S86
Books Pi ulisiied this Week (English, 887 ; Foreign.
890) 887—890
Notes from Oxford; The Editio Princeps ok
the 'Qcf.stio de Ayi a et Terra' ; The Next
Steps in Educational Progress; Cambridge
Notes; Public Morals and Public Health;
Royal Commission on Public Records; The
Belkast Booksellers ; The Original ok
'HUDIBBAS' ; A Correction ; Book Sales 891—895
Literary Gossip .. .. _ 896
Science— Robert Boyle ; Memorials of II. Forbes
Julias ; The Nature ok the X - Rays ;
Societies; Meetings Next Week ; Gossip
897—898
Fine Arts — Mexican Arch.eology ; Current
Exhibitions; The 'Roman Charity'; The
Northwick Engravings; The Bascom Coin
Sale; Other Sales; Gossip .. .. 899-901
Music— Wagner as Man and Artist; Opera at
Drury Lane; The Orkeo Catala ; Gossip;
Performances Next Week .. .. 901—903
Drama— Chapman's Plays and Poems ; Gossip „ 903
Index to Advertisers 904
LITERATURE
NEW EXPERIMENTS IN
EDUCATION.
Published opinion hostile to our present
system of primary teaching continues to
increase. ' The Future of Education/ the
latest indictment, comes from within, its
author having been through the mill him-
self, and risen to the position of head
teacher. Mr. Egerton is a severe critic,
both of the system and those who ad-
minister it. We can only hope, so lurid
is the picture that he draws of primary-
school masters, that he was, as his friends
have told him, unusually unfortunate in his
personal experiences of the class. But as
tn the system he has no doubts and no
compunctions. He insists that, for the
sake of the public weal, a move should be
made without delay. Herein he does but
echo the demands of other recent writers
(m this subject, such as Messrs. Holmes.
King-Harman, Welpton. and Ashbee ; but
The Future of Education. By I". Clemenl C.
Egerton. (Bell A Son-. 3*. ba. net.)
A I 'mh to freedom in the School. By
Norman MacMunn.
/Same publishers, 2s. net.)
/■ . Playbooks. No. J- First-Fruits of tl"'
Play Method in I 'roue. With a Preface by
W. TL I). Rouse, and an Essay on the
Method by TL Caldwell Cook. (Cam-
bridge, He-tier & .Sons, 3*. net.)
as their appeals do not seem as yet to
have effected much, and as his charge is
expressed in even more forcible language
than theirs, we deem it advisable bo give
it all the publicity we can : —
' Year after year goes by [he writes], and
the State still Leaves the youth of the nation
helpless, and lays the foundations of its own
downfall. Jt actually delivers our young
boys and girls over to all the evils of un-
employment. Our elementary schools do
nothing to prepare for the work of life.
They turn out our young people without
initiative, throw them upon the world, and
then leave them to their fate."
What is wanted is an education at once
humanizing and vocational, and to devise
such a training should not pass the wit of
man. Mr. Egerton furnishes some inter-
esting facts of what is being done else-
where. The city of Munich is a bright
example. Thirty-eight technical schools
have been established there in the last
dozen years, and in consequence the evils
of unemployment and a plethora of un-
skilled labour have steadily decreased.
The kingdom of Wurttemberg possesses
over 250 industrial schools in its towns and
villages, including many devoted to the
study of agriculture, such as are adum-
brated in ' The Hamptonshire Experiment.'
They are managed, we read, by practical
committees of employers, business men,
and workmen, and the community takes
the utmost pride in them. It is earnestly
to be hoped that, when Parliament gets to
grips with the question of remoulding our
national education, all parties wall com-
bine in a task, the successful achievement
of which is vital to our national well-
being and security.
Though mainly concerned with primary
schools, Mr. Egerton offers also some
suggestive comments on secondary educa-
tion. There, also, he looks for and desires
change. The old idea of the boy as a
piece of metal to be hammered on the
scholastic anvil into whatever shape the
wielder of the hammer chooses has got
to go ; it is discredited by our increased
knowledge of the physical and mental
perils that beset the period of adolescence.
The Montessori leaven is at work, and the
old truth is rediscovered that true ecluca-
tion consists in growth on the pupil's part,
and in guidance — not manufacture or
mere repression — on the teacher's.
'A Path to Freedom in the School' is
yet another example of the unrest which
is prevalent in the educational as in
other spheres. Many self-styled reformers
are in nine-tenths of their suggestions
merely destructive. With Mr. MacMunn
it is otherwise. Latest and most sweep-
ing of revolutionaries, he. builds a new
fabric on the ground which he has
cleared. He has tested his theories in an
actual school, and has achieved remark-
able results : and he has composed and
printed handbooks— and will print more
by the use of which other teachers may
benefit. It is quite possible thai the
changes be has initiated may alter the
whole face of education, for he has the true
enthusiast's belief in his cause. That c
i- freedom in the BChool.
Mr. MacMunn is employed in secondary
teaching, and to secondary schools in the
first instance, though doubtless to primary
as well, he desires to see the principles of
Dr. Montessori applied. They have been so
applied, he fells us. in the Dorset " Little
Commonwealth " for young delinquents,
and with marked success. An interesting
account, by the way, of this experiment,
which is approaching the close of its first
year's trial, is contained in Mr. Egerton's
book just noticed. The " Little Com-
monwealth " is self-governing ; and Mr.
MacMunn has granted self-government
within the four walls of his own class-room.
There the subjects of study are, indeed,
determined by the master ; but the
amount of time to be devoted to each by
the several learners is determined by their
individual choice. By a system of part-
nership work, superseding collective teach-
ing by the master, the boys largely teach
each other. The master becomes a modify-
ing and directing, but never a repressive
influence. Repression is. to Mr. MacMunn,
the enemy. So it is to many others.
parents and teachers. Let us hear Mr.
MacMunn about the parents : —
" Some [he writes] are in revolt through
over-pressure, some tlirongh bad teaching,
some through excess of subjects, some
through the uniformity of the idea-less
type produced by our schools [un-idead
boys, in fact, to match Dr. Johnson's " un-
idead girls "] ; some have themselves em-
braced the full theory of the auto-education
of the child, either (in rare and happy cases)
through their own discovery, or by recent
conversion to the doctrines of Dr. .Montes-
sori."
Mr. MacMunn has surrendered the right
to punish, and finds himself justified by
results. He has seen indifference, dis-
taste for work, weariness, and surliness —
symptoms familiar, alas ! to most school-
masters— vanish as if by magic. The boys
become more forbearing to one another,
more tolerant of oddities. From such will
arise, it may be, the schoolmasters of the
future. Then we may get a school where
"a boy can be prepared for every imagin-
able vocation, from that of backwoodsman
to that of ( 'ourt jioci ."
It all sounds like a dream; it sounds
too good to be true. But Mr. MacMunn is
absolutely confident of the dream's realiza-
tion. He deserves, emphatically, a hear-
ing, and we shall await with interest the
adoption of his system in other educational
institutions.
The volume of ' first Fruits of tin
Play Method in Prose' as applied a) the
Perse School is so persuasive at once in its
statement of educational theory, and in its
examples of the theory in action, that we
have been tempted to confess ourselves
wholly won over. There emerges from it
as a clearly established fact that boys may
be trained to perceive with sensitiveni
and originality, and to take a natural and
anselfconscious pleasure in communicating
their perceptions in artistic form, by the
age of 13. The presumption is t hat we are
all born poets, and that the normal pro
cesses of education too often smother t la-
vital power which they should educe.
8<S2
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
Had such a study as the following been
translated from the Japanese or Hindu-
stani, the world would have been reading
it:—
" The Nightingale.
" Softly we close the door, and turn the
key. We tread noiselessly along the little
path, close to the hedge, to the little fir and
beech copse at the end of the lane. Last
evening the nightingale sang in the coppice,
and we go again to hear it.
" At last we come to the mossy stile and
listen — ' Jug, jug, jug, -jug, tereu, tereu,'
floats from a tiny larch. There is a rustle,
and the little songster goes to seek his
mate and nest. Happily we return home,
for we have heard the nightingale/'
It is, in fact, the work of an English boy,
aged 12-8 ; and a half-dozen others in
Class II. B. at the Perse School produce
work quite as convincing, and nearly, if
not quite, as good. No reason appears
why, having discovered in themselves this
faculty and interest, they should lose
either, and no doubt is expressed that the
principles here so fruitfully applied to the
study of English composition will work
out to equivalent results in other subjects.
Mr. Caldwell Cook, who sets forth in a
lengthy introduction the ideas which have
guided him in the experiment, and the
methods to which his experience has
gradually led him , speaks disparagingly of
the Montessori system ; yet we do not
think his achievement could be described
better than by saying that he has applied
to advanced stages of education the
principle of personal discovery, which
Madame Montessori applies to its initial
stage. He foresees a time when what he
calls her " absurd material " will suffocate
her system's " meagre positive side " — in
fact, when her system will become a system
merely. But he must be aware that,
except in so far as a system is associated
with material of some kind, it is intrans-
missible ; while, when it is so associated,
there will always be a danger of its being,
in course of transmission, divorced from
the spirit intended to inform it. Mr.
Cook himself will have to reckon with this
problem. He is living in a glorious
present ; for the future of his movement
Ave feel some concern.
The term " play," as he defines it,
includes and subsumes what is ordinarily
called work. He believes it possible to
lead the minds of the young along the
roads they are required to traverse, and so
to maintain their interest in the successive
stages of the journey that the information
essential to their equipment as travellers
will be assimilated incidentally, as an
obvious means to continuously more
engrossing ends. Nothing is to be merely
learnt ; learning is to present itself from
the first in its true colours, as an instru-
ment of actim, and all that is known is to
be a li\ ing influence in the memory by its
association with the concrete appropriate
real.
Perhaps difficulty may arise in the long
run from the fact that the activities into
which boys naturally enter, and by means
of which they incline to express themselves,
are not necessarily relevant or conform-
able to every branch of study, and that the
imaginative dramatization of the thing —
introduced to give reality to it — may end,
in consequence, in a kind of sentimental-
ization. To a certain extent, from evi-
dence in the volume before us, we should
suspect that this difficulty had already
made its appearance at the Perse School.
Mediaevalism is, of course, readily redu-
cible to a game ; the human mind had,
in mediaeval times, an innate affinity for
romantic illusions, and it is obvious that
heraldry, falconry, hunting, castles, and
the knights who created them, afford
endless material for play- work, with much
valuable knowledge of English or other
traditions accruing by the way. But the
mediaeval period has no preponderating
historical importance, and it is hard to see
how, under Mr. Cook's system, it can fail
to become a standard and type.
Briefly, the danger seems to the
present reviewer to be this : that the
realities he would introduce into school
life are at best passable substitutes only
for the genuine thing — they remain at
bottom shams. Nothing, we agree, is
more educative than vital action — than
experience, in a word. Yet may there not
be more experience, because more accord-
ance Avith fact, in admitting yourself a
twentieth - century schoolboy, and so
learning Latin, an alien tongue, with some
drudgery and dislike, than in figuring
yourself a Roman legionary, making
Caesar's bridges, and fighting his wars 1
The educative value of action must surely
be lacking in this, because, after all, true
action itself is lacking. The flavour of a
pretence hangs over the Avhole perform-
ance, and, though we may have picked up
the technical terms of Avarfare very easily
while playing at campaigns, our concep-
tion of any actual campaign is as likely as
not to have been distorted and falsified.
" Work " has at least this advantage over
play, that it makes no pretences and
nourishes no illusions. With all its mono-
tonies, and with the many meaningless
encumbrances which pioneers like Mr.
Cook will help us to get rid of, it is a
genuine experience, a solid stage in the
development of the soul.
Roman Imperialism. By Tenney Frank.
(Macmillan & Co., 10s. Qd. net.)
There is such a constant stream of
volumes on Roman history issuing from
the press that, although they discuss widely
different phases of that history, and are
mostly Avritten by competent people, a re-
viewer who receives a neAv book on the sub-
ject cannot but be affected with a certain
impatience at the prospect of going over
the field again. All the more grateful is the
surprise of stumbling upon a treatment so
fresh, convincing, and learned, that the im-
patience makes place for veritable grati-
tude. Here is an author living in the
midst of Pennsylvania, teaching Latin to
ladies, who has, nevertheless, a great
library at his command, and who has
sifted the wheat from the chaff with extra-
ordinary success.
Prof. Frank takes for his task the rise
and growth of the notions of Empire
among the Romans, and gives us only
such things as serve for his special
purpose. There are no digressions in the
book, no unnecessary details ; and so
he is able to offer a complete survey
of the groAvth of the Empire from the
beginnings of Rome to Julius Caesar. The
chapter (xvii.) on this great man's youth,
development, and ultimate sovereignty, is
one of the best we have e\rer read, and
any one who chooses to read it first will not
fail to study the Avhole \rolume Avith care.
The next most distinctive chapter (xiv.),
Avhich is, indeed, on the main thesis of
the book, deals with the commercialism of
the ancient Romans as a factor in their ideas
of expansion. The author will haA^e none
of it till the days of Caius Gracchus. The
notions we have adopted from Mommsen
of the early commercial activity of the
Romans, the importance of the Tiber and
of Ostia as its port, and the significance
of the early treaties Avith Carthage — all
this he explodes. The original Latin
settlers were not sea-going. Ostia was-
among the latest places of importance ; the
treaty with Carthage was one made by a
great naval and commercial poAver for its-
OAvn adATantage Avith non-trading people.
Still further, the whole idea that the
normal condition of civilized neighbour
polities is a state of war, and aggressive
Avar as the rule, he refutes by pointing at
the outset to the solemn Lex fetialis,
which sIioavs that the appeal to force was
not for aggrandizement, but only to repel
injustice. HoweA^er often this great prin-
ciple may have been violated in later days,
the old tradition alwaA^s had its influence.
EAren to-day the ambages that surround
declarations of war point to the surviAal
of the old idea, not to take up arms till the
adversary is convicted of violating the law
of nations which commands peace among
neighbours.
Starting from these premises, the sena-
torial goAernment of Rome was through-
out cautious, restricted, timid of large
consequences. Then came a time when
expansion meant the acquisition of king-
doms, and that of a standing army, with a
general avIio, if successful, at once became
a danger to the State. It was the demo-
cratic party and their leaders that were
always the expansionists : first for the
glamour of it, which dazzles the mind of
the ignorant and the man thoughtless of
consequences ; next for the profit of it,
as successful leaders did not scruple to
divide the plunder of nations among their
folloAvers.
What is neAvest in this book is that the
author repudiates the received notion of
the guilty greed of the Romans as mer-
chants, the notion that Avholesale traders
among Patricians or Equites caused the
destruction of Carthage, of Corinth, and
of the trade of Rhodes by their com-
mercial jealousy, just as the jealousy
of rich English merchants ruined Irish
trades one after the other in the eighteenth
century. He shows Avith ample learning
that no early evidence we possess has any
statement of such an influence ; he says
that the OArer-sea merchants of Italy
were not Romans, but southern Italians
No. 452-2, June 27, 19U
THE ATHEN^UM
883
OrTGieeka from the coast cities. He shows
that there were very tew Romans settled
at Delos, though many Italians. Ee
maintains that among t lie 80,000 Italians
massacred in Asia Minor by order of
Mithridates there were few Romans,
though this event was after the fatal
policy of Cains Gracchus, by whose
influence the tax farmers of Asia became
the scourge of that and other provinces.
Their commercialism proved, indeed, the
crime and the bane of Roman expansion.
The worst promoter of these publican i was
the very successful soldier, but grossly
incompetent politician, Pompey, mis-
called the Great.
These are the main topics of this admir-
able book. We have not space to enlarge
upon special pages, such as that which
shows that the modern panacea for all
sorts of abuses — representative government
— was not«a practical solution, even if the
sovereign people had chosen to give away
their precious prerogative. We note
also good observations on the stupidity
of the Greeks when they acquired an
empire, as compared with the Romans,
who felt from, the outset that making new
subjects mere taxpayers for the good of
the sovereign city was to lay the founda-
tion for discontent and revolt.
We differ from Prof. Frank so rarely
that it is worth mentioning an instance.
He regards Attains III. as a despot who
owned Pergamum, as well as the inland
of the kingdom of Pergamum. which had
been Persian Crown property, and thinks he
had a right t,o bequeath it all as his private
property to Rome. We hold a different
view. Xo Hellenistic king would or could
(in theory) own and bequeath an autono-
mous Greek polity. Attains was owner of
the non-Greek part of his kingdom ; to
Pergamum he was a benefactor or saviour,
no doubt an adviser who could not be
gainsaid, but outside the constitution, and
only influencing it indirectly by having his
nominees elected as its annual officers. It
is therefore quite possible that Attains
bequeathed his private property to Rome
in order to save the liberties of Pergamum
from being infringed.
As to the form of the book, we find the
practice of giving suggestive headings to
the chapters very commendable, but we
should have preferred to see the learned
yet brief notes and references under the
text, and not relegated to the end of each
chapter. This position the author might
well have filled by giving the recently found
texts of inscriptions which he has gathered
from periodicals to be had at Bryn Mawr,
but in few European places of learning.
We find the style of the book good and
clear: it would be more attractive but
for the occurrence of odd words which
puzzle the reader. Such are " viritane. '
and 'Catalytic," and we do not like
'Teutoni" or '■ Rapheia," any more than
•appointee," "motivation/' olMi na-
tionalistic," or " senatorial " as a sub-
stantive. If such words and uses of words
are American, they may be justified as
such, but we do not regard them as good
English.
A BATCH OF SCHOOL-BOOKS.
'" Pl.rs ca change, plus o'est la memo
chose.'' This melancholy conclusion,
which occurred to many reviewers of
school-books in the past, is not so widely
justified to-day.
The growing tendency to vitalize history,
and to present the great personages and
important events as something more than
stereotyped figureheads and uninteresting
incidents, is giving rise to more and more
intelligent literature on the subject. We
have two excellent examples before us in
' Picture History,' by Mr. G. H. Reed, and
the ' Teachers' Handbook to Dramatic
History,' by Mr. F. E. Melton.
The object of the first of these little
works is the creation of a correct atmo-
sphere by means of illustrations and re-
productions of famous pictures. The
pupils select, in school or at home, a pic-
ture, and, by means of an index or books
recommended and studied, write notes on
it, describing the people portrayed, their
customs, their dress and appearance, and
their conversation so far as it may be
imagined. They are thus stimulated to
realize for themselves that history is more
than a mere mass of dates and names,
with conventional opinions on these to
be learnt by rote.
The Dramatic Handbook embodies this
same principle carried even further. From
sketches — preferably by a clever teacher
on a blackboard — the child reconstructs
actual scenes ; he is encouraged to im-
provise appropriate costumes, to make
models out of anything that comes to
hand, of weapons, armour, implements,
and whatever fits these scenes. For
example, brown holland deftly stained
with ink makes first-rate chain armour ;
and a red window-blind borrowed from a
neighbour is a fine cloak for the king.
The pupil and his comrades work out and
note down conversations to suit the scenes,
and the result is an almost impromptu
series of historical charades, which (to
judge from the experience of teachers who
have tried the method) are educative as
well as amusing.
The little book on " Argyllshire and
Buteshire ' by Mr. Peter Macnair is brightly
written and illustrated, including not only
geology and architecture, but also a list of
famous men. Among the illustrations is
the facsimile of a letter from Charles II.
to the first Marquis of Argyll. At the
end are diagrams which show vividly
details of population and crops.
The fashion of to-day is to make stories
of every kind — even the delicate work
Picture History and Oompoaition. By G. II
Reed. Teachers' Edition. (Harrap St Co.,
Is. 6'/. net.)
Horrap's Dramatic History. By V. E. Melton.
Teachers' Bandbook. {2b. id. net.)
ArgyUshin and Buteshire. Bj Peter Macnair.
(Cambridge (Jniversil Pri . I 6 net.)
/;. // s Beading Books. The Last Days of r<>m-
peii. Tht Tower of London. Adapted for
i -" in Schools. ( Is. eaeh.)
I Brief History oj Hnqlish Lil<ruturc. By
E. M. Tappan. (Harrap A Co., 2s. 84.)
nf .lane .Austen — into reading books for
Schools. The idea does not please us.
because we think the books would be much
better read in the form in which their
authors conceived them, even if their
perusal was put off to a more mature age.
The school summary, treated as a task
book, will spoil the later enjoyment of the
real novel.
However, if such things must be done,
they are well enough managed in Messrs.
Bell's Reading Books. ' The Last Days of
Pompeii' and ' The Tower of London ' are.
perhaps, a bit heavy in their original form
for the modern boy, and the adaptations
offered here are more palatable and well
printed. Mr. Paul Hardy, who supplies
the illustrations for both, is best in scenes
of action.
' A Brief History of English Literature '
is as satisfactory as could be hoped. It is
well illustrated, and the writer shows a
genuine keenness in her appreciation,
selecting, as a rule, apt quotations. Still,
we cannot help feeling that on so small a
scale justice cannot be done to the merits
of many a great writer. Even where
there are clear and interesting reasons
for the emergence of an author from the
crowd of his contemporaries, they are not
always stated. The inclusion of American
prose and poetry is welcome, and we are
glad to see a good Index.
I riser ipt tones Graecae. Collegit Otto Kern.
(Bonn, Marcus & Weber, (is. net.)
This selection of photographs of curious or
famous Greek (even Cypriot) inscriptions
is published in usum scholar um. If this
means that schoolboys are to study them
we can say at once that the earlier speci-
mens will prove wholly unintelligible.
Even where the photographs are clear,
which is not always the case, the archaic
alphabets are so difficult that only a
trained scholar can decipher them, and,
if in any of our public schools a sixth-
form boy were to have recourse to his
class-master, we do not think he would
gain much. For how few of our first-
class University men have studied this
difficult epigraphy! The proper help
would be a transliteration of each text,
with a short commentary: but this the
editors have not vouchsafed. We are
referred to the C.I.G. or the I.G., or the
Athen. Milt., or Pauly-Wissowa's great
• Encyklopadie,' or other such publica-
tions, for our information. Such things
may be under every boy's hand at Bonn,
<>]• other German University town: bul
how can he find them in this country?
and if he does, he must have the mastery
at least of French and German, no1 to
say of modern Greek. A knowledge of
German is not to be taken for granted
in England, and possibly the number of
copies of Wissowa's ' Enevklopadie.' an
indispensable book to any real scholar,
now in this country is not, great.
Excellent as this book may be, both in
itfl selections and its references to the
best sources, it does not seem to us a
884
THE A T H E N M U M
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
practical book for this country. For
any school-book of the kind, besides the
omission of the difficult and doubtful texts,
and the Cypriot, we should have in a
second part some pictures of early papyri,
for papyrology should not be a science
distinct from epigraphy, but both only
branches of the same learning. We now
have from Egypt ample specimens of
Greek writing, both for literary and for
everyday purposes — so much so that a
hand of the third century B.C. is recog-
nizable at first sight to the expert. In
the Herculanean papyri there are evi-
dently some of the second, and many
of the first B.C., so that we can see that
the writing of Greek in Egypt did not
differ materially from that elsewhere.
A study of these handwritings, along
with the lapidary specimens from the
same centuries, would be exceedingly
interesting, and would tend to bring life
into the Hellenic teaching of our schools
and colleges. Even in the book before
us there are many long texts in minute
characters, which are interesting to any
schoolboy of intelligence, as showing how
the Greeks managed without printing to
publish what every citizen might like
to know. But these texts, when reduced
to the size of a quarto page, are often
so minute that it requires very good sight
to make them out. Another kind of
stimulant might have been added — we
mean one or two examples of the way in
which a great epigraphist, such as Adolf
Wilhelm, handles the fragments of a
broken, imperfect text, and puts them
together with a divining skill which fills
the ordinary student with astonishment,
and perhaps with envy. At first such a
restoration seems wild conjecture, but
gradually, as the Professor expounds his
reasons, it all becomes clear.
With these reservations we give our
hearty commendation to the scholarship
of this volume ; it is edited by first-rate
scholars, and to the advanced student
it will act as a powerful stimulus to
learn more of a fascinating science.
FRENCH LIFE AND THE STATE.
For those who wish to have under their
hands the story of the Caillaux episode,
the Agadir incident, and the Rochette
affair, Mr. Raphael has put together in
' The Caillaux Drama ' a useful book of
reference, in which he furnishes all the
information they may require. He points
out that the peculiar conditions of
French law admit of a publicity which,
if attempted in our own country, would
involve various pains and penalties ; and
he emphasizes the French custom of
discussing with the utmost freedom cases
which are still sub judice.
Apart from the natural instinct fostered
by our own customs in this country, and
making for reticence on such matters, we
feel that it is not yet the moment to
The Caillaux Drama. By John N. Raphael.
(Max Goschen, 16s. net.)
The Fear of Living. By Henry Bordeaux.
Translated by Ruth Helen Davies. (Dent
& Sons, 6s.)
review a case the issue of which it is not
possible to foresee. But we cannot avoid
being impressed with certain larger issues
and aspects of French national life to
which this whole incident bears striking
testimony. Whether it came from the
French Revolution or existed beforehand,
one great feature stands out in France —
the respect for, or rather the acknowledg-
ment of, caste and hierarchy. We see
caste throughout France. The aristocrat —
whether of the old regime, retiring within
himself, taking little or no part in con-
temporary affairs, or of the new type,
a prominent figure before the world,
socially or otherwise — is a being above
all others, marked off from his fellow -men.
The middle class, professional and bour-
geois, is again marked off, wholly separate
in thought, in aims, in essence, as are the
peasant class and the artisan class. The
dominance of caste is paramount. For
hierarchy we have the official, and here,
even if we substitute the word "grade"
for "caste," the demarcation is startling
in its prominence : first of all between the
fonclionnaire and the non fonctionnaire,
and then between the fonctionnaire and
his superior or inferior. Indeed, for the
country as a whole, UEtat looms enormous,
not as a detached entity, or as a soul that
permeates the whole life of the nation, but
rather as something mysteriously sepa-
rate from, yet controlling the whole nation.
We are reminded of the position of the
Church in the Middle Ages. The chef de
bureau, the adjoint, the redacteur, the cadre,
the dossier, and other such terms are as
so many special words in a specialized
vocabulary, are copied, with almost reli-
gious fervour, by lesser institutions which
imitate the State. Last of all, the formal
attitude of the State, and its speech on
the lips of its officials, are something
almost apart from humanity.
Yet officialism does not conceal or
distort their humanity. We have in
this Caillaux drama a story that amazes
us, for the very reason that all these
people, highly placed though they be,
are yet absolutely human. The finan-
cier, the Minister, the editor, the
lawyer, evident chiefs of the State in
their respective spheres, demonstrate
in the raw the full working of their
most human feelings and passions in
terms absolutely comprehensible to the
man in the street. We feel that, whatever
opinion their compatriots may have had
as to the ethics of the protagonists, they
could, at least, fully understand every
word spoken, every action performed. It
was not as though a veil were lifted, show-
ing the hitherto incomprehensible. It was
rather apparent that these protagonists
were throughout men and women like any
other men and women, and behaving as
such, in spite of positions which might
seem to have placed them above ordinary
human weaknesses.
From such a view we may well sup-
pose that even this drama, with all
that it discloses to shock us, presents a
country and a people that have not for-
gotten how to live and to feel naturally.
We may lament the lowering of ideals, the
arousing of fierce passions that lead to
unworthy acts ; but we see that those who
figure throughout the episode, and those
others who have the high control of the
national destinies, are actual men in whom
weakness can be understood, not statues,
admired as such, until some catastrophe
reveals the feet of clay, and menaces not
only the downfall of the idols, but also
the confusion, and perhaps the ruin, of the
worshippers.
Another aspect of the life of France
is presented in M. Henry Bordeaux's
' La Peur de Vivre.' He emphasizes
it in his preface rather than in the book
itself. In that preface he condemns
those of his fellow-countrymen who shirk
the burden of life, who will not face
its facts and its fears, who allow them-
selves to be " chloroformed morally irk
preparation for the operation of the Fates."
He indicates what seems to .him the
sterilizing influence of the State : " France
is a country where one sows functionaries
and reaps taxes," said Goncourt, whom
he quotes ; the Civil Code is not an
encouragement to large families.
Probably if the State did not loom so
largely above the life of France, if it were
abstract as well as detached, people would
not be impelled to separate the nation
from the home. If they felt the State to
be wholly outside their lives and their
control, they would go on living as
though it did not exist, regarding it as
something which can be ignored when it
does not actually force its interference
within the home. Or again, if people felt
that they were the State, the Nation,
they would be more spontaneous in sharing
the burdens of their country.
Actually, they are in a dilemma ; they
try to live a twofold life, national and
private, and in the confusion the private
life suffers. M. Bordeaux shows this
by contrast. He depicts an old woman
who has not feared to let her husband
sacrifice his health and his fortune
to the demands of honour and the
welfare of his neighbours. She has not
feared to bring forth a large family, nor
does she fear to let them go forth into
the wide world for the work they seek ;
she gives her blessing, her encouragement,
her consolation, and remains to suffer the
fullness of her isolation, secure in the con-
sciousness that she has met life bravely, and
can wait fearlessly for death. M. Bordeaux
gives a thoroughly realistic and sympa-
thetic picture of her life and surroundings,
her rich neighbours scornful of her poverty,
but envious of the glory of her hero-son ;
and the chapter wherein the local authori-
ties shirk the proper delivery of the official
condoleances for his death is a striking
piece of portraiture.
But the whole aim of the novelist —
the more effective in that he does not
blazon it on evety page — is to show to
all his compatriots what a poor thing is
this fear of life, and how far greater it
is, with all its sorrows and trials, than
all those passing interests and phases that
may seem to check it or trick it, when
in reality they should be but a part of it..
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
THE A T II E N AZ U M
88;
Joseph Conrad: a Study. By Richard
Curie. (Regan Paul & Co., 7s. 6& net.)
Wb are glad to see the first mono-
graph on Joseph Conrad, and wish we
could say in the same breath that, it was
worthy of its theme. Far from being that.
the book is manifestly unworthy of its
author. We do not know how it can have
come about that Mr. Curie, a critic of wide
reading, in modern literature at least, and
of a judgment acute and not untrained,
should have been content to offer a tribute
so slipshod to a genius so mature. It is,
no doubt, a difficult task to write un-
affectedly of a living author. But the
difficulty is at its minimum when the
author moves his critic to a genuine and
justifiable enthusiasm, and when that
critic is aware that the best judges of
literature are waiting to hear such an
enthusiasm accurately and adequately
expressed. Mr. Curie had these advan-
tages, and it devolved upon him to re-
member not only what was due to Mr.
Conrad and Mr. Conrad's admirers, but
a Is,) what was due to criticism itself.
Curiously enough, he harps on the absence
of an English tradition in fiction, and
formulates his appreciations with the help
of copious reference to the great French
and Russian novelists. He claims that
Mr. Conrad is the first English novelist who
definitely enters the European tradition,
and suggests that English readers will for
that reason never place him among their
cherished masters. He even dedicates his
book to a French novelist and critic. M.
Constantin Photiades. Yet it seems not
to have occurred to him that he exhibits
to a grotesque degree in his own work the
insularities he complains of as character-
istic of our literary atmosphere, counting,
as it were, on his readers' tolerance in him-
self of the very qualities which he con-
demns in them. In his critical attack he
is spasmodic, discursive, and redundant ;
in his style, conversational and. at the
same time, stumbling.
Criticism, after all. is itself an art. The
notion that you can transfer your impres-
sions to the reader's mind by assuring him
that you " do really think " this, or you
think one does feel" that, or that he
must read your chapters in their order, or
that you are sorry or glad to find that you
are saying again what you have said
already— all this, we feel sure, is insularity
run riot. Mr. Curie has. perhaps, been
misled by the fact that French critics
isionally use certain informalities a
means to the concealment of t heir architec-
ture, thus giving a hind of aerial finish to
the solid work. When informality con-
ceals nothing, its Virtue is not apparent.
We emphasize these shortcomings be-
cause they have made it impossible to
read with pleasure a book which, neverthe-
less, contains much just perception and
discrimination, and a well founded if
vaguely formulated estimate of Mr. Con-
rad's place in literature. If Mr. Curie had
had patience to introduce order into his
impressions, and to express them in
coherent language, his study might have
been both illuminating and delightful.
His most sustained effort is to communicate
the secret of the atmosphere in Mr. ( onrad's
work, and this is how he sets about it : —
"Conrad is one of the great masters of
atmosphere thai t hing so hard to define and
so easy to perceive. For atmosphere is not
simply a background, it is an essence vitally
affecting the spirit of a work. When we Bay
that Velasquez is a master of light or Rem-
brandt a master of shadow, we have some-
thing in mind more complex than mere light
or shadow. For atmosphere is, at once, the
unconscious touchstone of personality and a.
self-conscious effort to create a definite
illusion. Think, for instance, of the poetry
of Walt Whitman — a most impressive
example. Indeed atmosphere ] ermeates a
work by the sheer might of imagination.
And it is of both these conceptions 1 am
thinking when I say that Conrad is one
of the great masters of atmosphere. His
personality is for ever radiating itself
through his work ; and, as for his conscious
creation of an atmosphere, it can either be
a description of natural phenomena thrown
upon the scene of a trojnc setting to heighten
the sense of beauty or corruption, or it can
be a brooding spirit filling with terror, with
pity, or with delight the whole nervous
energy of a story.'
How the mind gropes here amid the
crowd of half-formed notions ! Atmo-
sphere is now an essence, now a touch-
stone, now an effort, now an effluence of
sheer might. No distinction is held be-
tween the aim of the artist and his product,
nor between this and the reader's percep-
tion of it ; and when, in the last sentence,
we turn from the abstract to the concrete,
the confusion grows.
We proceed without warning from the
atmosphere of character to the atmo-
sphere of the tropics, and to the ques-
tion whether Mr. Conrad does not give
England a tropical atmosphere ; while the
elaborate treatment of the atmosphere of
the sea (illustrated by well-chosen extracts)
culminates in the astonishing observation,
" But, of course, we must remember that
Conrad has an intimate feeling for the sea
which must be accepted as such."' It
must, indeed.
It would have been a pleasure to take
this as an opportunity for the discussion of
Mr. Conrad's work at large, with reference,
in particular, to such questions as the rela-
tion in him of the spirit of romance to the
spirit of realism, a theme on which Mr.
('uric has many musings. It is. however,
these very musings which, instead of
stimulating us, have diverted us from the
track. The sea. and England as mistress
of the sea, were the greal dream of Mr.
Conrad's youth a dream in which he
persisted until, changing into experience,
it made him a citizen of the world. Ik
in the mere outline of his story, we find
that counterpoise of romance and reality
which we look for in the artistic tempera
ment in its Largest manifestations. There
-'•'•in some irrelevance in discussing the
irony the sardonic humour, the pessimism,
the materialism Of a poet Who has sur-
rendered himself to the final teste oi
life at its rudest it - empt iest it - ii
tumultuous, and has emerged a man.
His philosophy is best summarized in
that accomplishment itself.
The Achantians of Aristophanes. lOdited
from the MSS. and other Original
Sources by Richard Thomas Elliott.
(Oxford, Clarendon Tress. 14s. net.)
It is somewhat disquieting for Greek
scholars to learn that no full collation of
any one manuscript of the ' Aeharnians '
has ever been made from the original ; if
even the famous Ravennas has been
inadequately explored, what can we think
of the fate of the rest I Mr. Elliott has
set himself to do away with this reproach ;
he has collated all the fourteen extant MSS.
of the play — a work of great labour, and
certainly a most praiseworthy enterprise.
But the results are hardly adequate to the
toil expended ; it docs not appear that the
new evidence enables us to restore a single
line, or puts us in a better position for
deciding what leading to choose in any
disputed case. What is more serious is
that Mr. Elliott's accuracy is not altogether
above suspicion. He is very severe on Mr.
Starkie, and sets out in parallel columns
in his Introduction the critical notes of his
own and his predecessor's editions on lines
784-802. At 790, Mr. Starkie reports the
Ravennas as reading towtcS, Mr. Elliott
TtovT(t>. Now any one who will look at the
facsimile will see that the reading is neither
the one nor the other, but rcourw. On
802 and 80S Mr. Elliott's Soi'and ns (both
implied by his silence) should be&uand-ra.
Mint and cummin, no doubt, but it is on the
strength of this sort of thing that Mr. Elliott
criticizes others. We do not deny that his
collation is much fuller and more accurate
than any other ; but either the facsimile
of the Ravennas is bewitched, or else his
statements about these minutiae cannot be
accepted with unquestioning faith.
His own treatment of the text is marked
generally by much common sense. He
speaks with justifiable tartness of the
reckless flood of emendations poured out
by certain scholars ; but his own tendency
is towards the opposite extreme : he is too
apt to defend bad Greek and nonsense by
dogmatic assertions, as at '.V.is, .ids. 849.
His emendations of 645 and 1151 ignore
the metre, and an observation on p. 240
reveals a belief that a dactyl is permissible
in the fourth foot of an iambic trimeter.
Hut, as a rule, his judgment is pretty
sound on textual questions.
We are inclined to think that the
excursus on (deck dialects is the most
valuable part of the whole work. Here
Mr. Elliott attains more definite results
than elsewhere, and hi- common sense i.s
especially refreshing when he deals with
those scholars who think thai Aristophanes
would write provincial dialects with the
particularity of an Klli> or a Skeat.
( 'learly we must allow lor the possibility
of mistake- and careii on t he part
of the poet. Further, it is not a- it we
knew the Correct forms always OUTSelveS,
b i that we may easily make things wo]
Many of the changes introduced by
modern e litors into the corrupt and dim*
cult Megarian scene were introduced with-
out sufficient knowledge of the Bfegarian
dialect, and are often wrong in con-
sequence.
886
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
FICTION.
Love's Legend. By H. Fielding Hall.
(Constable & Co., 10s. net.)
The author has taken to heart the maxim
of his own Preface, that there are some
few in this world who seek below the
surface, who have " faint glimpses of the
hidden bases of the world," who feel those
things that can never be defined because
of their essence — they lie beneath all
definition.
Here and there, in fiction of the more
psychological kind, we are shown the inner
mechanism of the lives of men and women
in contact Avith one another ; but that
mechanism is obscured by the changing
symbolism of their outer life ; the image
is hidden by the lacquer and the gilding.
At most we perceive the use of the
machinery in certain circumstances, just
as we see it, for that matter, in ordinary
life in the newspapers. But even here
what a demarcation there is ! Reality in
humanity is, in great measure, cut off from
us by a veil of convention. A setting of
nature far off, vast in its workings, com-
pelling realit}*- in those human beings Avho
wonder at that vastness, carries convic-
tion with it. Mr. Fielding Hall has
chosen that setting with wisdom. The
men and women who move therein cannot
escape from the reality of themselves, so
they give free speech to their own inner-
most thoughts, which extend to the whole
of life as it really is. This is especially the
case with the one man and the one woman
who work out for themselves their relation
to one another as man and wife. They
have to face the problem, and they do face
it. They are not allowed even the
slenderest barrier that the customs of
social life might erect between them and
the deeper facts of married life.
In his treatment the author is as fearless
as in the choice of his subject ; but his
realization of the beauty and nobility of
his theme raises his language above the
possibility of offence. The book may be
called naturalistic, but belongs to the
higher naturalism. He describes the
woman, for example (the "heroine" we
should say, were we speaking of ordinary
fiction), as her own mate would, in the
searching, tender phrases that a lover of
great painting might apply to some familiar
and well- loved " primitive " ; he is fear-
less for mind and body alike ; and at the
end, through their knowledge of both, his
man and his woman strike out for them-
selves their own maxims of antagonism
and union.
The author has his views, trenchant,
shrewd, humorous, of the outer world :
the woman who " went about the world
holding her spiritual nose to keep out evil
■savours " ; the Burmese girl who had the
• nobility of a rising flame," while her
mother, prematurely old, as are Eastern
women, was a " djdng ember " : the man
who tried to play whist, but " would break
any one's heart at any game."
Even those who^ prefer to solve the
riddle of existence by epigram and paradox
may well find for themselves the freshness
of thought in this legend of love. There
are still corners of the earth, recesses in
life, where the fairy-tales that answer all
riddles may gain belief and remove blind-
ness.
Tales of Two Countries. By Maxim Gorky.
(Werner Laurie, 6s.)
The poet of old insisted that no amount of
travel can afford escape from one's own
soul ; but at least travel appears to
afford some degree of restfulness, some
slackening in the flight attempted. In his
Italian scenes Maxim Gorky pauses to
admire and examine minute details, the
slow-changing lights and shadows of the
sea, the hillsides, the town — " a solid wall
of buildings which reflect the sunlight, and
look as if they were carved out of ivory."
Or else he studies the types — those that
come before his eye, and those of whom he
has heard ; and he devotes quiet and full
attention to his portraiture. He pictures
for us the toilers in the Simplon Tunnel
meeting at the last from either end, in
spite of the mountain " which might have
crushed us puny little things all at once,
had it but known how ! "
He relates the story of pauper lovers in
a village, triumphant over fatigue and
penury ; and here he allows himself
genuine pleasure untinged by any sorrow
or complaint. He chronicles many an
episode of life in a country strange to him
with a faithfulness almost impassive at
times, as of the student absorbed for the
moment in a book that he will forget a
little later in the presence of other ideals.
These studies are — so we must suppose —
his diagnosis of scenes and types in a land
wholly opposed in character to his own.
Even though his compatriots make their
appearance in one of these Italian sketches,
they are but passing figures against a back-
ground stranger, wider, and, for the
moment, far more interesting than them-
selves.
The other stories he calls " Russian
tales " : we might call them " humor-
esques," or even (without much exaggera-
tion) arabesques ; they are instinct with
a restless, fantastic, sardonic bitterness,
ill concealed by the wit that prevails in
the characterization ; they are grim, dis-
turbing, rancorous. Life is in turn por-
tra}Ted and parodied with phrases that
move to laughter, yet sting : for example,
love in one tale to the pessimist professor
(who " like all pessimists suffered from
indigestion ") is " the iron cage of inevit-
able duties, entered for the sake of a piece
of cheese." A poet, in another tale,
writes sombre thoughts that drive a
youth to suicide, but sells them to an
editor for sixteen copecks a line.
No one, of whatever type, escapes the
lash that flies with indiscriminate swift-
ness from one shoulder to another. But,
perhaps, the whole series can be summed
up in the final tale, in which a small boy
tells his elders that he has " really guessed
why a new man cannot be created."
Hustler Paul. By J. Cleveland. (Sidg-
wick & Jackson, 6s.)
" One must live " is the reason early given
by the hero of this romance for various-
more or less discreditable means of exist-
ence. We are not surprised, therefore,,
when we find him, after a hasty marriage^
selling himself to the devil in the shape
of a millionaire newspaper proprietor for
a large sum of money. So cleverly does
Mr. Cleveland work out the detail of a
gigantic fraud on the public by which a
newspaper "scoop" is brought off, that
we lose none of our interest though we are
behind the scenes from start to finish.
The rascality in the book is, we are glad
to believe, enormously exaggerated, but
we are sorry to say that the gullibility and
stupidity of the public are not. The writer
somewhat spoils his excellent character-
ization by commenting on it. By cutting
out repetitions the book would have been
shortened advantageously, but much pro-
fitable food for reflection is supplied.
Vandover and the Brute. By Frank Norris.
(Heinemann, 6s.)
The publication of this posthumous work
is a matter for great regret. It was
written nearly twenty years ago, and the
Foreword supplied by the author's brother
contains much evidence, we think, that,
had the writer had the chance of revising
it for publication, excesses of repetition
and detail as unsavoury as unnecessary
would have been avoided.
As a story of degeneration it might
have had its uses as a deterrent in
certain quarters, were it not for passages
which, we fear, will merely pander to-
any incipient depravity of mind. It is
a strange jumble of calloAv work mixed
with strongly portrayed incidents — that
of a shipwreck being especially good.
We would venture to suggest to those
concerned in the present issue of the book
that this edition should be reserved for
fellow-craftsmen, who may at least learn
from it things to be avoided, and that a
fresh version, edited and revised for the
general public, should be published.
Tents of a Night. Bv Mary Findlater..
(Smith, Elder & Co., 6s.)
This tale is concerned with a young
woman who managed to crowd more
futile discontent into her life even than
the average person living under affluent
conditions. The ostensible reason for her
discontent was that a man she took a
fancy to was not silly enough to link his
lot with hers. After more than two-
hundred pages, in the reading of which we
persevered, hoping that this parasitic fool
would be brought to her right senses by
being obliged to make an attempt to be
worth her salt, the author raises our hopes
by placing her in a quicksand. Unfortun-
ately, she is hauled out, and we follow her
meandering through another fifty pages,
in which we are told that she became less
of a burden to herself, though we have
but little evidence that she was less o£
a burden to those around her.
Quotations from guide-books and mis*-
quotations from hymn books do not help
to make the book more pleasing.
No.
4522, June
27, 1914
THE ATHENJEUM
887
BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS WEEK.
THEOLOGY.
Benson (Monsignor Robert Hugh), Lourdbs,
' Tin' Catholic Library," l aet. Herder
The pages of this hook were written six
years ago, but the author has since had his belief
in the miracles confirmed by a meeting with "a
nous French Sciential -to whom we owe one
if the greatest discoveries of recent years."
Batler (Joseph). Fifteen Sermons preached at
thk Rolls Chapel, and a Dissertation upon
tmk Nature op Virtue, edited by W. R.
-Matthews. 3 (i Bell
Mr. Matthews has edited Bishop Butler's
sermons, with an [ntroduction and notes, and
has written an analysis of each.
Handley (Hubert), THEOLOGICAL Room :
Gathered Papers, 3 8 net. Constable
The hook is divided into Cart I.. Theological,
and Pari II.. Practical, and consists of papers
and letters reprinted from The Nineteenth
Century, The Hxbbert Journal, The Contemporary
Review, The Guardian, &c., and addresses de-
livered to Church Congresses and Conferences.
Hodges (George), The Year op Grace : Advent
to Trinity; Trinity to Advent, 5/6 net
each. New York, Macmillan Company
New edition.
Mills (James Porter), Inspiration : thk Great
Within. 2 not. Fifield
A collection of Sunday addresses on spiritual
meditation.
•Shearer (John), Christianity with Nature, 1/
net. Bennett
The author's object in writing this treatise
is mainly to obviate what has seemed to him
ha:-sh, unnecessary, and incorrect preaching, "and
to point out that there must really be a difference
in the position of ancient and of modern people ;
that there has been a distinct progression in the
position of man."
■Shimmin (Francis Neil), Permanent Values of
Religion, 2/6 Hammond
The sixteenth Hartley Lecture.
Skinner (Rev. John), The Divine Names in
I .enesis, 6/ Hodder & Stoughton
Mainly a reprint of six articles which ap-
peared in The Expositor last year.
Toilinton (R. B.l, Clement of Alexandria : a
study in Christian Liberalism, 2 vols.,
21/net. Williams & Norgate
Besides attempting to give a detailed pre-
sentation of Clement and his times, the author
ha> aimed at enabling the modern reader to gather
from his writings all that is of value for modern
conditions.
Waie (Henry i, Some Questions of the Day,
National, Ecclesiastical, and Belhhous,
- ond Series. 1012-13, 3 6 net. Thynne
This.- papers, dealing with some present
difficulties in the Church and State, arc reprinted
fro ii T/«< Record.
Watson (Albert D.), The Sovereignty op
Character, l 6 net. Macmillan
Lessons in the life of Jesus.
PHILOSOPHY.
Burnet John , Greek Philosophy, Part I.,
•• The Schools of Philosophy Series," in net.
Macmillan
A history of Greek philosophy from Thales
to Plato.
Chamberlain (Houston Stewarti, Emmanuel Kant,
a Study and a Comparison with Goethe, Leo-
nardo da Vinci, Bruno. Plato, and Descartes,
Authorized Translation from the German by
Lord Redesdale, 2 vols., 2.V net. Lane
\ comparison of the philosophy of Kant
with thai of live oiler thinkers, and an analysis
■it tie: methods of each.
Stacpoole iH. de Verei, Tin: Xi:w Optimism, :: 0
n< Lane
The author Beta forth his philosophy of life
in t he form of a conversation with a " charming
and elegant woman.''
POETRY.
Crowther (C. R.i, The Brood OP LIGHT, 1 | net.
Killed
A lout,' poem of a philosophical nature,
■divided into two parts.
Deene (Ella), In the Silence, 1 ' net. Pifleld
Venes on such subjects as ' My Ladye's
•Garden,' ' Judas,' ' Love's Tryst,' ,v.
De la Caumont-Force (William), CONTEMPLATIONS,
- <> net. ( lonstable
Worship of His Lady.' ■ Music Dies Not.'
'An Old Fountain,' are among the titles of the
poems in t his slender volume.
Freshlleld (Douglas W.), Into the Hills, .V net.
Arnold
Sonnets, rhymes, and light piece.
Hay (Binnie), Titine : a Dream Romance, 2 6
net. Edinburgh, Andrew Elliot
Upwards of a score of verses written in
memory of a litt le girl.
O'Sullivan (Seumas), An Epilogue to the
Praise oe Angus, and Other Poems, 2/6 net.
Maunsel
Among the "other poems " an- "The Bag-
man,' ' The Rainbow,' ' Rain,' and ' At the Con-
cert.
Oxford Poetry, edited by G. D. H. C, G. P. 1).,
and VY. S. V., 3 6 aet. Oxford, Blackwell
Second impression. For notice see The
Athenceum, Nov. 29, L013, p. 040.
Senior (Walter Stanley), PiSGAH ; or, The Choice,
1/net. Oxford, Blackwell
The Triennial Prize Poem on a Sacred Subject
in Oxford University.
Watt (Hansard), Back Numbers, 2/6 net.
Cassell
A collection of humorous verse, some of which
has appeared in Punch. There are illustrations
by Lady Sybil Grant.
Wilcox (Ella Wheeler), Poems op Problems, 3 6
net. Gay & Hancock
The problems touched on in these poems —
many of which, however, are not. concerned with
problems — include love, jealousy, divorce, the
unmarried mother, &C.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Ballard (Adolphus), The English Bouocoh in
the Twelfth Century, 3/6 net.
Cambridge University Press
Two lectures delivered in the Examination
Schools, Oxford, on October 22nd and 29th, 1913.
Conybeare (Edward), Alfred in the Chro-
niclers. I ti net. Cambridge, Heller
A second edition, revised in the light of
twentieth-century contributions to Alfredian
biography.
Ferrero (Guglielmol, LNCIENT Rome AND Modern-
America, a Comparative Study of Morals and
.Manners. 8/6 net. Putnam
These essays, in which a comparison is nude
between ancient Europe and modern America,
are reprinted from Hearst's Ma<juzui'\
Fleischmann (Hector), Pauline Bonaparte and
her Lovers, as revealed by Contemporary
Witnesses, by her own Love-Let ters. and by
the Anti-Napoleonic Pamphleteers, 12 ii net.
La ne
\n authorized translation of the story of the
career of Napoleon's sister.
Firth (C. H.), Tin; Study of Modern History in
Great Britain. <></. net. Milford
A paper read at the International Historical
Congress. April 3rd) 1913.
France (Anatole), On Like and LETTERS, a
Translation by A. \Y. Evans, Second Series,
i; Lane
A translation of ' La Vie Lit I era ire.' ;, series
of articles which were published in Li Temps
a bout I wo years ago.
McCabe (Joseph), GEORGB Bernard Shaw, 7 6
,,.t. Kegan Paul,
An addition to the 'Studies of Living
Writers " Series.
Morris (John E.i, BANNOCR3URN, •"> net.
Cambridge University P
A number of photographs are Included in
this monograph, the author of which aims at
presenting the English point of view.
Neuman (A. R.i, l>R. BARNARDO AS I Knew Him.
1 J 1,,-t . < 'oust a ble
in no sense a formal biography of Dr.
Barnardo. The author describes his little boos
;,-, "an attempt to ^ri\e some idea of what he
was to one who shared with many others of the
^t ail' tie- privilege of working with him."
Plckard-Cambrldge lA. W.i, DEMOSTHENES IND
the Last Days op Greek Prbbdoh, 384
::22 B.C., •">,' net. Put nam
\ volume In the " Heroes of the Nations
Illustrated with maps and photographs.
Records of Knowle, collected by T. W. Downing,
30/ net. SteT ens <v Brown
A collection of all the known records of a
Warwickshire village. It includes the Parish
Registers IV 1682 to 1812, with an Index, thi
Churchwardens' Accounts, and the muni nts of
the Dean and chapter of Westminster relating to
the .Manor of Knowle. It is illustrated with
photographs and a plan of the church.
Walters (E. W.i, The Energy op Love, a Memoir
of the Rev. W. D. Walters. 2 6 net. KeUy
A biography of a well-known Wesleyan
minister, who for many years was Secretarj of
the West London Mission.
Watt (James Crabb), The Mearns op old. a
History of Kincardine from the Earliest Times
to the Seventeenth Century, 21/ net.
Kdinburuh, I lodge
An account of the history, traditions, monu-
ments, and language of one of the provinces of
ancient Scotland.
Younger (W. R.), A SUMMARY OP Chiron's HIS-
TORY op Rome, 2/6 net. Humphreys
The author has preserved, as far as possible,
the order and act ual words of t he original.
GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL.
Australia (Map of), 21, : mounted on cloth, with
rollers, 25/ ; with spring roller and backboard,
105/ Bacon
This map, in four sheets, is constructed on
Clarke's Perspective Projection, the scale being
1:2,500,000, or 39"5 miles to an inch. Ii is
coloured in tints, and goldfields, steamship routes.
telegraph lines, &c, are indicated. There ere inset
maps of Tasmania and Papua.
Bacon's Excelsior School Map of the United
States, 1")
This map is constructed on a conical projec-
tion. The coastline, rivers, and lakes are printed
in blue, and the town names in black, the capita]
of each stale being distinguished in a special
manner. Railways and sea routes, with distances
and destinations, are indicated in red.
Craufurd (W. D.) and Manton (E. and E. A.),
Peeps into Picardy. :s h net. Simpkin
For convenience the authors have followed
the chief railway route, and the book is divided
into sections corresponding to the four natural
divisions of the old province. There are numerous
illustrations.
Fountain (Paul), The River Amazon prom its
Sources TO the Sea, Hi ii net. Constable
Covers the same ground as the author's
former book on South America, but the material
is almost ent irely new.
Homeland Handbooks (The) : No. 83, Falmouth,
Truro, and the River Pal, by J. Lee Osborn,
Ik/, net. Homeland Association
The Ordnance map, photographs, and details
of walks in the neighbourhood, here given, should
prove useful to the visitor.
Palmer (Howard), Mountaineering and Ex-
ploration in the Ski. kirk-, a Record "I
Pioneer Work among the Canadian Alps,
1908 12. 21 net Putnam
.Mr. Calmer has mapped out about 300 square
miles of the Northern Selkirks, and climbed about
forty of its most prominent mountains, including
the loftiest peak, which had not previously been
conquered. The book is [Illustrated with photo-
graphs taken during his expedition-.
Saunders (Charles Francis), Cnder the Sey in
California, t 6 net. Grant Richards
a description of travel in the lesser-known
parts of California, illustrated with photographs.
Tlngfang (Dr. Wui, LMRRICA wo thi: iMBBICANS
i ro.m \ Chinese Point op View, 7 8
I luck w oil h
\ record of the impressions America made
upon the author while i,e was Chinese Minister ,i
Washington.
BELLES-LETTRES.
Buck (Mitchell S. i, syrinx : PASTELS Ol BELLA
■1.25. New fork, Claire Marie
Twenty live prose I in-. ' ' Circe.' ' Can,
• The Epicure,' ' bsl«n,' an- a few of the titles.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
BJbrkman (Edwin), VOICES OP To-EOBROW,
Critical studies of tin- New spirit in Literature,
n,.t. Grant Richards
Studies of the work of SI li I id belL'. Hjol'll-oll.
oissiie.'. M. Berg on. Mi-. Wharton, and other
modern writers.
Malr (G. H.), Modern ENGLISH LITERATURE
i ro\i Chai i i.r to i be Present Day, 6 net.
Williams \ Norgate
\n expansion of the volumi 'Modern
English Literature' which the author wrote two
years ago for the " II. .ne University Library.''
888
THE ATHENHUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
Thomson (J. A. K.), Studies in the Odyssey,
7/0 net. Oxford, Clarendon Press
The author investigates the origins of the
Homeric poems, dealing largely with questions of
mythology and religion.
POLITICS.
Beard (Charles A.), American Government and
Politics, 9/ net. New York, Macmillan Co.
New and revised edition.
Brown (John Calvin), The Ccre for Poverty-,
5/ net. Stanley Paul
Claims to be "a clear account of how the
present burdens of taxation, high prices, and low
wages can be changed to individual and national
prosperity." The author, an American, advocates
the formation of a new Protection and Federation
party.
Independent Labour Party, Report op the
Coming-of-Age Conference, held at Bradford,
April, 1914. I.L.P.
Local Rating : More Government Officials,
Gd. net. P. S. King
A pamphlet embodying the conclusions of a
body of surveyors who have examined the pro-
posal of the Departmental Committee on Local
Taxation — adopted by Mr. Lloyd George in his
Budget speech— that all assessments for rating
should be made in future not by the local Assess-
ment Committees, but by the Valuation Staff of the
Inland Revenue Department.
ECONOMICS.
Levine (Louis), Syndicalism in France, with an
Introduction by Prof. Franklin H. Giddings,
7/6 net. King
A second, revised edition.
SOCIOLOGY.
Bulkley (M. E.), The Feeding of School Chil-
dren, 3/6 net. Bell
The object of the monograph is to describe
what provision is being made by local education
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the general community. It is complementary to
Mr. Greenwood's ' Health and Physique of School
Children,' also published under the auspices of the
Ratan Tata Foundation.
Economic Foundations of the Women's Movement
(The), by M. A., 2d. Fabian Society
The author considers that the demand of
the nineteenth-century women for emancipation
arose from the altered economic position of the
family caused by the use of machinery ; she
points out that these changes involved one set of
women in exploitation and another in parasitism,
and insists that the necessary rearrangement
can only come when all women are able to work
under reasonable conditions suitable to their
womanhood, secured for them by an enlightened
community in such a way that they are not cut
off from the normal feminine experiences of
marriage and maternity. These conditions, the
author declares, can only be secured by a. wide
Socialism.
Hillquit (Morris) and Ryan (John A.), Socialisms
Promise or Menace ? 5/6 net. Macmillan
The chapters which constitute this book
originally appeared in seven consecutive issues of
Everybody's Magazine. Slight revisions have been
made for book form.
Key (Ellen), The Renaissance of Motherhood>
translated from the Swedish by Anna E. B-
Fries, 5/ net. Putnam
The author proposes the study of eugenics,
a year's preparation for motherhood in the form
of social service, and a State subsidy for mothers
as means of evoking a renaissance of motherhood.
Russell (Charles E. B.), Social Problems of the
North, " Christian Social Union Handbooks,"
2/ net. Mowbray
An endeavour to sketch certain aspects of
the life of the workers of the North of England,
more particularly of those who dwell in its great
manufacturing centres.
EDUCATION.
Egerton (F. Clement C), The Future of Educa-
tion, 3/6 net. Bell
See p. 881.
Farrington (Frederic Ernest), Commercial Educa-
tion in Germany, 5/ net. Macmillan
A study of the development of the system of
vocational schools in Germany.
McMurry (F. M.), Elementary School
Standards : Instruction, Course of Study,
Supervision, 3/6 net. Harrap
An attempt to estimate the quality of the
teaching and the course of study in the elementary
schools of New York. Originally a report, the
book has been revised in form, and to a slight
degree in substance.
Melton (Fred. E.), Teachers' Handbook to
Harrap's Dramatic History, 2/6 net.
Sec p. 883.
SCHOOL-BOOKS.
Ainsworth (Harrison), The Tower of London, 1/
Bell
See p. 883.
Arthur (Henrietta M.), A Primer of Practice
on the Four French Conjugations, Gd. net.
Bell
Arranged in simple style for beginners.
Auzas (Auguste), Les Poetes Francais du XIXb
Siecle, 1800-1885, Etude Prosodique et Litte-
raire, 3/6 Oxford, Clarendon Press
Intended for the higher classes of secondary
schools. The poems are preceded by biographical
notices, and there are also notes on the text.
Baker (W. M.) and Bourne (A. A.), Arithmetic,
2 vols., 2/ each. Bell
Second edition.
Bell's Sixpenny English Texts : The Pilgrim's
Progress ; Poems lby Gray and Cowpek ;
Hawthorne's Wonder Book and Tangle-
wood Tales ; Selections from Pope ;
Poems by Longfellow ; Plutarch's Dtves
of Themistokles, Perikles, and Alkibi-
ades ; and Gibbon's Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire. Chaps. I. -III.
Davison (Charles), Mathematical Problem
Papers for Secondary Schools, 2/6 Bell
Intended for use in the middle and some of
the upper classes of a secondary school, the ques-
tions being confined to Arithmetic, plane and solid
geometry, and elementary algebra and trigo-
nometry.
Fawdry (R. C), Statics, Part I., 2/6 Bell
The two parts of this work, when complete,
will form an introductory course suitable for
those reading for the Army, and also for engineer-
ing students.
Freeman (H.), Arithmetic, 2/6 Bell
The chief object of this book is to present
in a clear and concise form an Arithmetic which,
although consisting mainly of examples, will
contain just sufficient bookwork to be of use to a
pupil when in difficulty.
French (Allen), The Beginner's Garden Book,
a Textbook for the Upper Grammar Grades,
4/6 net. Macmillan
A handbook on school and home gardening
for children, with suggestions on indoor experi-
ments for teachers. It is illustrated with photo-
graphs and diagrams.
Kingsley (C), Hereward the Wake, 1/
One of Messrs. Bell's " Reading Books,"
with illustrations by Mr. Paul Hardy.
Lytton (Lord), The Last Days of Pompeii, 1/
Bell
See p. 833.
Macmillan's Sentence Building, a Graduated
Course of Lessons in Synthetic English,
by Richard Wilson : Pupil's Companion :
Books I. and II., 4<7. each ; Books III. and IV.,
5d. each ; Books V. and VI., Gd. each.
Issued in clear type with illustrations.
Macnair (Peter), Argyllshire and Buteshire,
1 /6 net. Cambridge Universitv Press
See p. 883.
Marichal (J. P. R.), Primer of French Litera-
ture and History, 2/ Dent
M. Marichal aims at providing for beginners
an accurate and concise survey of the more im-
portant currents and groups in French literature
viewed in connexion with the corresponding main
facts of history.
Martineau (Harriet), The Settlers at Home, 1/
One of Messrs. Bell's " Reading Books,"
with illustrations by Mr. Paul Hardy.
Merimee (Prosper), Coi.omba, edited by A. H.
Smith, 2/ Bell
Printed in large type with notes, questions,
and vocabulary.
Milne (J. Mathewson), Tests in French Com-
position and Grammar, Gd. Harrap
Formed from material used in classes pre-
paring for the Intermediate Certificate of the
Scotch Education Department.
Newbigin (Marion (I.), The British Emplre
beyond the Seas, an Introduction to World
Geography, 3/6 Bell
A systematic account on up-to-date lines.
Nicolson (D. B.), A Handbook of English, 1/6
net. Cambridge University Press
An outline of a course in Junior and Inter-
mediate English. The author aims at com-
prehensiveness and brevity.
Normans in England (1066-1154), compiled by
A. E. Bland, 1/net. Bell
One of the hnglish History Source Books.
O'Grady (Hardress), Reading Aloud and Lite-
rary Appreciation, 2/ net. Bell
Deals with the physiology of the organs of
speech.
Old Christmas, and Selections from the Sketch
Book, (Jd. Dent
Selections from Washington Irving.
Pons Tironum, quem fecerunt R. B. Appleton
et W. H. S. Jones, 1/ Bell
Some thirty pages of easy Latin on various
phases of Roman life.
Reed (G. H.), Teachers' Handbook to Picture
History and Composition, 1/6 net. Harrap
See p. 883.
Rhyming Thirds, Story in Verse and Prose by
the Boys of IIIa and IHb, edited by W. L.
Paine, 1/ net. Bell
The work of pupils about thirteen on the
average.
Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Julius Cjesar,
edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Rev.
J. C. Scrimgeour, 3/ Macmillan
A fully equipped edition.
Tappan (E. M.), A Brief History of English
Literature, 2/6 Harrap
See p. 883.
Westell (W. P.), Bird Studies in Twenty-Four
Lessons. Cambridge University Pr. ss
This book belongs to " The Cambridge Nature
Study Series," and is an attempt to show how the
practical study of birds can be organized both in
and out of school hours. The lessons are arranged
according to the seasons, and have already been
tested by the author in his own classes. Line
drawings are provided by Mr. C. F. Newall.
York and Lancaster (1399-1485), compiled by
W. Garmon Jones, 1/ net. Bell
Another of the English History Source
Books.
FICTION.
Barrett (Alfred Wilson), The Silver King, 6/
Everett
Founded on the well-known play.
Bronson (Edgar Beecher), The Vanguard, 6/
Hodder <to Stoughton
A tale of the Mexican frontier half a century
ago.
Bruce (Henry), The Residency, 6/ Long
The heroine of this novel is a beautiful
Eurasian who, after twenty -two years of sheltered
life in England, returns to India, and forms a
passionate attachment for a native of rank.
Callaghan (Stella), Jacynth, 6/ Constable
Jacynthwas "pretty, very, very pretty," and
extremely foolish ; indeed, she rather resembled
the hapless Dora of Dickens, except that she did
not meet an early death. Two men fell in love
with her. One she flirted with, and the other
she married. The conclusion is somewhat enig-
matical.
Cameron (Mrs. Lovett), Bitter Fruit, C>d. Long
Popular edition.
Capes (Bernard), The Story of Fifine, 6/
Constable
Relates the life and conversations of a man
and a woman who were forced to keep company
in romantic circumstances.
Cross (Victoria), Life of my Heart, 1 / net. Long
Popular edition.
Dawe (Carlton), The Crackswoman, 6/
Ward & Lock
The heroine is a species of feminine Raffles,
with the added advantage that she sings brilliantly.
Love and repentance, however, fall to her lot
before the end of the book.
Dawson Scott (C. A.), The Caddis-Worm, 6/
Hurst & Blackett
This novel tells of episodes in the lives of the
masterful Richard Blake, the child of an illicit
passion, and of his wife .
Dennis (D. H.), The Widow of Gloane, 6/ Long
The heroine takes a second husband, but the
marriage is not a success, and they part. Eventu-
ally, however, the author brings them together
again.
Findlater (Mary), Tents of a Night, 6/
Smith & Elder
See p. 886.
Gallon (Tom), Memory Corner, 7(7. net. Long
Popular edition.
Gerard (Dorothea), A Glorious Lie, Id. net. Long
Popular edition.
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
880
Gillies (E. Scott), Tin: Bed Wkddino. ti Long
A stiiiy Of love and jealousy during one of
the stormiest periods of Scottish history. It
tells of the fierce feuds between two powerful
Highland clans.
Gull (C. Rangen, The Harvest of Lovb, (></. Long
Popular edition.
Indian Stories (The) of F. W. Bain: Vol. VIII.
A .Mini: of Faults, " Riccardi Press Hooks,"
132 (! per set of 11 vols. Lee Warner
Mllligan (Alice and W. H.), sons of THE Sua
Kings. 0 net. Longmans
A romantic tale of ancient Iceland.
Palmer (Frederick), The Last Shot, ti
Chapman iV Sail
A study of warfare between two European
nations under modern conditions. Numerous and
minute descriptions of sanguinary encounters are
varied bya love interest. The author writes from
his experiences in the Russo-Japanese War and
the recent Balkan campaigns.
Phillpotts Eden), The Judge's Chair, 6/
John Murray
A -.ries of short stories of the villagers round
about Dartmoor, told by an old inhabitant of the
country-side.
St. Michael (Elizabeth), Burnt Offerings, 6/
Allen
This novel chronicles the life-story of a love-
child, the daughter of an English artist and a
Japanese niousme.
Satchell (William), The Greenstone Door, 6/
Sidgwick A: Jackson
A tale of the Maori War, the hero being an
English lad brought up amongst the Maoris.
Sirrah, Slaves of the Links. 2, net.
Birmingham. Cornish Bros.
A more or less humorous " golf comedy."
Thurston (E. Temple), Thirteen, 2/ net.
Chapman A: Hall
A cheaper edition.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Chinese Review, 1 net. 12. Hillfield Road, N.W
The editor leads off in this, the third, number
with two articles — ' The New Outlook in China'
and ' Oriental Emigration.' Miss J. Kong-Sing
writes on ' Thing-. English from a Chinese
Woman's Point of View,' and Mr. Ku Hung Ming
continues his paper on ' The Spirit of the Chinese
People.'
International Theosophical Chronicle, June, 6d.
net. Bartlett's Buildings. B.C.
An account of a Reception of Veterans of the
American Civil War at the International Theo-
sophical head-quarters at Point Loma, Cali-
fornia, on May 7th, occupies the place of honour
in this number. Some other items are ' Peace or
War,' by Mi. s. Paul ; ' An Honest Man.' by
R. M. ; and 'My Song,' a poem by Mr. 11. P.
Spofford.
Modern Language Teaching, June, (>d. Black
In 'Standard English and it.-- Varieties'
Prof. II. C. Wyld discusses Mr. Montgomery's
article in the February number. Other articles are
' Spelling Reform,' by Mr. Et. A. Williams, and
' Le frane.ii- commercial en Angleterre,' byM. B.
Renault.
Pall Mall Magazine, July, 6d. net.
2D, Tudor Street. B.C.
Fiction preponderates in this number, the
chief item being another of Mr. G. K. Chester-
ton's ' Bathes Brown ' stories. Mr. C. (i. D.
Roberts continue- his ' When Earth was Young' ;
and other contributors include Marjorie Pickthall,
and Katharine Tynan.
Poetry and Drama, June, 2 0 net.
35, I levonBhire st peel . W.C.
The tii-t part of an article 'On Impres-
sionism,'by Mr. Ford Madox IlucfTer. is included;
Anna Wiekham, Mr. Maurice- Hewlett, Mr. John
Gould Fletcher, and Mr. Francis Macnamara
d poem-: drama is represented by a Bcene
entitled ' Helen.' by Mr. K. St orcr : and the
u-ual review of new Look- chronicles current
literary developments in Prance, Germany, and
America, as well a- m England.
Popular Mechanics Magazine, JULY, 16 cent,.
( Ihicago, Michigan Avenue
\\ . an informed on the cover of t Ins magazine
tiiit it i-, ■written go you can understand it."
The content- aie mainly a wealth of photographs
accompanied by short paragraph-. There
one or two pract ical art ii
Quest, July, 2 6 Wat km,
Among the principal contents of this
are ' Tie- Soul in Plato and Bergson,' by Prof.
W. 1:. 1; G on; 'Tip- Persian Mystics'
Attitude to' Prayer,' by Mr. II. I». Graves Law:
and ' Swedenborg'a Theology,' by Mr. J. Howard
Spaldintr.
Round Table, Jink, 2/6 Ma. smillan
Priority in this number is given to an article
on • Naval Policy and the Pacific Question.' Other
articles include 'South African Constitutionalism,'
The Budget,' 'From Bradford to the Curragh,'
and ■ Royal Governors.'
JUVENILE.
Birkhead (Alice), Marie Antoinette, 1 ti net.
Ilarrap
A biographical study in twenty-two chapters,
with nine illustrations.
Chaplin (Alethea), A Treasury of Verse for
Little Ones, 2/6 net. Ilarrap
A pleasant little book of verse for children,
with an attractive coloured frontispiece.
Gilbert (Henry), The Conquerors of MEXICO,
3/0" net. Hurra p
A companion volume to ' The Conquerors of
Peru.' The author has relied for his facts mainly
upon Preseott s 'Conquest of Mexico,' but has
retold the story in narrative fashion. Mr. 11.
Thomas Maybank contributes sixteen full-page
illustrations.
Marshall (Beatrice), Sir Walter Raleigh, 1/0
net. Harrap
Passes in review Raleigh's eventful career.
from its dazzling opening to its tragic end. Nine
illustrations and a list of ' Books Consulted ' are
included.
Turnbull (Verney Cameron), Stories from
Browning, 5, net. Harrap
The object of the author has been, not to
add another to the many expositionsof Browning
undertaken for the benefit of the adult, but to
persuade younger folk to read the poet for them-
selves, lie is presented as neither singer nor
preacher, but merely as a teller of tales, the poems
here retold having been chosen solely for their
vivid narrative interest. A short biographical
sketch is followed by selections under the various
headings : ' Classic Tales,' ' Knights and Ladies."
' Peasant Tales,' ' Legends of the Ideal,' - Legends
of the Faith.' ' Tragedies,' and ' Stories of Animals.'
GENERAL.
Arnold (Matthew), Essays, "Oxford Edition of
standard Authors," 1/6 net. Milford
Containing 'Essays in Criticism,' reprinted
from the second edition of 1809 ; ' On Translating
Homer,' and live essays hitherto uncollected.
Browne (Edward G.), The Press\\nd Poetry of
Modern Persia, partly based on the Manu-
script Work of Mnz.'i Muhammad 'Ali Kliui
•■ Tarbiyat " of Tabriz, 12/ net.
Cambridge University Press
The first part of the book is a translation of
a Persian treatise containing a list of Persian
newspapers, with particulars concerning each,
a Preface and an introduction. Prof. Browne has
added some explanatory foot-notes. The second
part contains a selection of political and patriotic
poetry, which is a feature of the Persian press.
There are illustrations.
De Selincourt (Hugh), Pride of Body, 1/ net.
St. Cat berine Press
A little book on physical exercise, chiefly
consisting of some articles which appeared in The
Daily Mail.
Druery (Charles T.), 'I'm: Pio's Talk, a GoBLTN
Story: and Other Recitations, 6, net.
Elliot Stock
Facetious verses which seem more suitable
for reading than tor reciting. The abundant play
on words - tor Which the author has lather a neat
turn would probably be lost on any hut an
exceptionally sharp audience.
Hutton (Edward), ENGLAND of my Heart :
Spring, 5 net. Dent
Mr. Button describes Kent, Sussex, and
Hampshire in Bpringtime. The work i- to he
Completed in tin more \0I111
Ketcham (Victor Alvin), The Tim ory and
Practice of Abgumentatiom and Debate,
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[ntended to furnish the -indent with prac-
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tion of oral and written argumei,
Rathburn /Richardi, RBPOBT on 1111: Pboo
wd Condition OP THE I'm TB D STATES N \-
•1 [OH \i. Ml BE1 U 1 01: -i 111: Yi.w: ENDING
Jim. 30, L013.
Washington, Govt. Printing Office
Vital Issues In Christian Science, 1" ''< net.
But nam
This book, prepared by the New Fork City
Christian Science institute, 1- a record of the
l controversy which arose between the Directoi of
the .Mother Church, the First Church of Christ.
Scientist, Boston. Massachusetts, and .son f
the Trustees, including .Mrs. Augusta B. Stetson,
and practitioners of the First Church of Christ,
Scientist, .New York City. It includes some fac-
simile letters of .Mis. Eddy.
Wayfarers' Library (The) : Southwabd Ho! and
other Essays, by Holbrook Jackson ; Db
OMNIBUS, by Barry Pain ; QUO Vadis ? trans-
lated by c. .1. Hogarth ; The Lilac sun-
lioNNET, by s. |{. Crockett : St. Ives, by R. L.
Stevenson. 1 net each. I lent
Reprints i if popula r woi k-.
Whitwell (Richardi, The Gold ok Dawn, i ti net.
Fifleld
Thoughts and musings on ' Experience,'
' Love and Sacrifice,' ' Faith and Vision, &c.
Williams (Rev. Geo. H.), Cabeebs POB 01 R SONS,
•") net. Black
Fourth edition, revised and enlarged.
PAMPHLETS.
Lytton (Earl ofi, The Pobtuguese Amnesty, Qd.
UpcottGill
This pamphlet contains Lord Lytton's
criticism of the Portuguese Amnesty Bill ; ' Some
Account of the British National Protest,' com-
piled for the Protest Committee : and a verbatim
report of the speeches made at the Protest .Meeting
held la-t February.
Mudie (Mary), The Woman's Pabt in Peasant
Life, Id. I lent
An address given before the Peasant Arts
Fellowship, .March 11th, 1914.
Oil Facts and Figures, 1 .Mat hieson
Gives details (in tabular form) of oil drilling
and producing companies.
SCIENCE.
Cantrill (T. C), Coal .Mi.MNo. 1 net.
Cambridge University Press
A sketch of the principles of coal mining,
intended for the general leader.
Clarke (H. T.), An Intboduction to the Study
of Organic Chemistby, 6 i> Longmans
A textbook written to meet the requirements
of the new syllabus (1!H2) of the lower examina-
tion in organic chemistry of the Board of Educa-
tion Examinations in Science and Technology,
and the .Medical Examinations in organic che-
mistry.
Lincolnshire Naturalists' Union, Transactions,
1913. Lincoln. City and County .Museum
Contains among other things the Presidential
Address, 'The Migration of Birds as observed in
Lincolnshire.'
Livingston (George), Field Chop Production,
0/ net . Macmillan
An elementary textbook tor use in Agricultural
School- and ( olleges. H isjllust rated with photo-
graphs and diagrams.
Marshall (Edward Shearburn), A SUPPLEMENT to
the Flora ok Somerset, t 0 net.
Taunton. Somerset -hire At (Ideological Soc.
A record of various additions and corrections
since the publication of Mr. Murray's book some
eighteen years ago.
Price (Edward W.), Tin: EsSENi i: OP LSTBONOMY,
Things K\ei\ One should Know about the
Sun. .M and Stars, '■'•<< net. Putnam
This textbook avoids technical terms, and
gives in a concise form the most important facts
of astronomy. A Chronological Table and anno-
tated Bibliography are added. The book is illus-
trated with photographs and diagrams.
Stopes (Marie C.i, A New Abaucabioxylom from
New Zealand.
An offprint from toL cxviiL of the Annals
of Botany. The fossil differs greatly from the
hitherto recorded Araucarians of the same
region, and has well-defined growth-rings, which
.,!,. baken i" be evidence of well-marked seasons
in the New Zealand oi I be .M id-Cn t .,, , . >u , period.
Thompson i A. W. H.i, A New ANALYSIS OV PLANE
Geometry, Ftnitb and im i ihi.stial, with
Nu Kius Examples, 7 uel ,
( lambridge l oiversitj Bress
This book i- Intended to present a method
which tie- author descril ea as original. He claims
novelty for some of the theorems, most of the
general result* in the example,, and the treatment
,.t t be trigonometric functions.
Thompson (Sllvanus P.), THE ROSE OP THE WrNDS,
the Origin and Development of the Compass-
Card, I net. Milford
\ paper read at the International lli-torical
Congo ■ - . \pi d 5th, 1918.
890
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
ANTHROPOLOGY.
Spencer (Baldwin), Native Tribes of the
Northern Territory of Australia, 21/ net.
Macmillan
The author, who was sent to the Northern
Territory by the Commonwealth Government as
Special Commissioner for Aboriginals, here pre-
sents the scientific results of his work, and describes
the customs, organization, and beliefs of the
natives of that region.
Tremearne (Major A. J. N.), The Ban of the
Bori, Demons and Demon-Dancing in West
and North Africa, 2 1 / net . Heath & Cranton
An account of the beliefs and customs of
the Hausa, relating to magic and religion. The
book is illustrated with photographs and figures
in the text.
FINE ART.
Banker's Pie, Cartoons by Caractacus, 1/ net.
Sherratt & Hughes
Sixty-three " humorous and topical cartoons."
Book of Kells (The), described by Sir Edward
Sullivan, paper 10/6, cloth 12/6' The Studio'
The aim of this volume is to supplement in
colour what has already been accomplished by
ordinary photography and monochrome, and to
add a rmw value to previous efforts with the
assistance of the most recent methods and pro-
cesses of polychromatic photography and colour-
printing.
Chaffers (William), The New Collector's Hand-
book of Marks and Monograms on Pottery
anu Porcelain of the Renaissance and
Modern Periods, 6/6 net. Reeves & Turner
A new edition, revised and considerably aug-
mented by Frederick Litchfield.
Crowe (J. A.) and Cavalcaselle (G. B.), A History
of Painting in Italy, Vols. V. and VI.,
edited by Tancred Borenius, 21/ net each.
John Murray
Vol. V. deals with the Umbrian and Sienese
Masters of the Fifteenth Century, and Vol. VI.
with the Sienese and Florentine Masters of the
Sixteenth Century. Both have numerous illus-
trations.
Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. II. Part 2, edited and
translated by Don Martino de Zilva Wickre-
masinghe, 5/ net. Milford
Lithic and other inscriptions of Ceylon.
Kermode (P. M. C.) and Herdman (W. A.), Manks
Antiquities. Liverpool Univ. Press
Second edition, revised.
Scott (Geoffrey), The Architecture of Human-
ism, a Study in the History of Taste, 7/6 net-
Constable
An attempt " to trace the natural history of
our opinions [on architecture], to discover how far
upon their own premisses they are true or false,
and to explain why, when false, they have yet
remained plausible, powerful, and, to many minds,
convincing."
MUSIC.
Forth (Rev. T. Francis), The Sanctity of Church
Music, 2/6 net, Bennett
A brief sketch of the history and development
of church music. A few chapters are reproduced I
from The Church Times, The Precentor, and
The Sign.
Holly (The) and the Ivy, Traditional Carol,
arranged by H. Walford Davies, Id. Riorden
Shahinda (Begum Fyzee-Rahamin), Indian Music.
Marchant
A little book on the history, construction,
and spirit of the music of ancient India, illus-
trated by the author.
DRAMA.
Bridge (F. Maynard), The Bey of Bamra, fld. net,
Year-Book Press
A farcical comedy.
Buckley (Reginald R.), Arthur of Britain, 5/
net- Williams & Norgate
A drama based upon national legends. A
special theatre is to be built at Glastonbury for
its adequate production.
FitzMaurice (George), Five Plays, 3/6 net.
Maunsel
The Country Dressmaker,' ' The Pie-Dish,'
The Magic Glasses,' ' The Dandy Dolls,' and
The Moonlighter.' The first three have been
performed by the Irish Players.
Sproston (S.), Midsummer Fairies, 6d. net.
Year-Book Press
A fantastic sketch in two scenes.
Sproston (S.), The Pudding made of Plum, 6d.
net- Year-Book Press
A Christmas play for children.
Sproston (S.), The Sword in the Stone, 9d. net.
Year-Book Press
„J A little play based on the Arthurian legend.
FOREIGN.
THEOLOGY.
Capelle (Paul), Le Texte du Psautier Latin en
Afrique, " ( ollectanea Biblica Latina,"
Vol. IV., 8 lire. Rome, F. Pustet
M. Capelle has aimed at supplying the need
for a history of the African text.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Trois Mois a Paris lors du Mariage de l'Empereur
Napoleon Ir et de l'Archiduchesse Marie-
Louise, public par le Baron de Mitis et le Comte
de Pimodan, 7fr. 50. Plon-Nourrit
The reminiscences and impressions of Prince
Charles of Clary-et-Aldringen, as recorded in a
journal which he kept while on a diplomatic
mission in Paris in 1810.
PHILOLOGY.
Grasserie (Raoul de la), Du Verbs comme Gene-
RATEUR DES AUTRES PARTIES DU DlSCOURS, du
Ph6nomene au Noumene, 20fr.
Paris, Maisonneuve
In this thesis the author sets out to prove
that in general the different parts of speech have
their origin in the verb.
LITERARY CRITICISM.
Bellessort (Andr6), Sur les Grands Chemins de
la Poesie Classique, 3fr. 50. Paris, Perrin
Studies of Ronsard, Corneille, La Fontaine,
Racine, and Boileau.
Ronsard (Pierre de), Testes choisis et com-
mences par Pierre Villey, 1 fr. 50.
Paris, Plon-Nourrit
A study of the life and literary achievement
of Ronsard, interspersed with extracts from his
writings, for which the edition of 1587 has been
used.
REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES.
Mercure de France, 16 Juin, lfr. 25.
Paris, 26, Rue de Conde
' Jehan Rictus ' is the subject of the first article,
an appreciation in which the poet is exhorted,
not only to maintain his position as " vengeur
de la misere publique," but also to continue the
task begun in ' Conseils ' of inspiring a high
ideal of moral and physical cleanliness. ' Home
Rule et la Politique Anglaise ' is discussed at
some length by Jean Malye ; Isabelle Rimbaud
writes on ' Rimbaud Mystique : les " Illumina-
tions " et la " Chasse Spirituelle " ' ; and the
customary review of art and science follows.
FINE ART.
Thieme (Ulrich) and Becker (Felix), Allgemeines
Lexikon der Bildenden Kunstler von der
Antike bis zur Gegenwart : Vol. X.
Dubolon-Erlwein, 32m. Leipsic, Seeman
The articles are copiously annotated with
references to authorities at the end, and cover a
wide range. We find, for instance, an account of
such modern sculptors as Mr. Epstein.
MUSIC.
Saint-Saens (Camille), Au Courant de la Vie,
7fr. 50. Paris, Dorbon-Aine
A collection of musical studies and " sou-
venirs," including ' Liszt Pianiste,' ' Le Metro-
nome,' ' Helene,' and ' Impressions d'Amerique.'
DRAMA.
Benavente (Jacinto), Teatro, 1/ Nelson
This volume contains three plays : ' Los
Intereses Creados,' ' Al Natural,' and ' Rosas de
Otono,' which have been produced in Spain in
1907, 1903, and 1905 respectively. Gregorio
Martinez Sierra contributes an Introduction.
THE EDITIO PRINCEPS OF THE
' QU^STIO DE AQUA ET TERRA.'
Fiveways, Burnhani, Bucks, June 19, 1914.
In The Athenceum for July 8th, 1905, I
drew attention to the discovery of a seventh
copy of this exceedingly rare book, six
copies of which had previously been regis-
tered by myself and by Mr. T. W. Koch in
The Athtnceum for October 16th and
November 13th, 1897. I have now to
record the discovery of an eighth copy,
which figures in the catalogue of Sig. Leo
Olschki of Florence. It was from Sig.
Olschki that the late Dr. Garnett, as Keeper
of Printed Books, purchased, for the sum of
500 francs (201. ), the copy now in the British
Museum. For the present copy the price
asked is 3,000 francs (120/.).
Paget Toynbee.
NOTES FROM OXFORD.
Once more the battle of the reform of
Responsions has been fought — and lost.
One is genuinely sorry for Council. They
must be feeling well-nigh inclined to resign
in a body. Accepting all too loyally the
verdict of Convocation that compulsory
Greek must stand,' and taking it for granted,
as well indeed they might, that our pre-
sent entrance examination is thoroughly
unsatisfactory, they proceeded to think out
a scheme according to which at any rate
one class of schoolboy — namely, the classic-
ally trained product of the public school —
would be tested in the results of his ordinary
work, and so relieved from the hateful
necessity of " cramming." But after devot-
ing much time and ingenuity to the introduc-
tion of amending clauses, Congregation has
finally, by a three-to-two majority, rejected
the bill in toto. Disappointed and baffled
though they be, Council must set to work to
discover a new way out of the difficulty. It
is what they are there for.
The measure was defeated by a coalition
formed of conservatives fearful of taking
risks, whether educational or financial, and
of extreme reformers who will not be put
off with anything short of optional Greek,
and have all along regarded the present
proposals as at bottom a mere Greek-saving
device. It was obvious, too, that the
smaller Colleges were up in arms. For if,
as was likely enough, the immediate effect
of the experiment would be to some extent
to deplete the University, they, and not the
rich and fashionable Colleges, would have
to pay the piper. After all, whether the
examination were really to be made harder
or not, it was plain that, since, in addition
to mathematics of the same standard as
before, and Greek and Latin supplemented
with subject-matter questions on prepared
books, there was to be English composition
and an additional subject, it would certainly
seem harder in the eyes of the average boy.
Would the head masters, who were so ready
to pronounce their benediction upon the
bill, stir a finger to interfere with a move-
ment along the line of least resistance on
the part of the average schoolboy in ques-
tion ? Oxford has thrown its Scholarship
system into chaos in order to please the
head masters, and the head masters in
response have pleased themselves. Besides,
it is not exclusively in the direction of the
public schools that the University must
look for fresh blood and fresh ideas. Rather
it must get into closer touch with the whole
body of the secondary schools of the country,
many of which are given up entirely to the
teaching of " modern " subjects. Let the
principle of compensation, on which Con-
gregation insisted when amending the \)ve-
sent measure, be so applied that it may be
possible for candidates in our entrance
examination to offer the proofs of a good
general education, either in classical sub-
jects or in modern subjects; nothing more
being required of them except some rela-
tively slight acquaintance with a subject
belonging to the other department — say,
elementary mathematics in the one case,
and Latin in the other. We want, not
fewer students, but a great many more ;
and the many more will be ready enough to
come to Oxford, if only we meet them half-
way.
One hears that next Term it will be pro-
posed to reform the constitution of Council
according to the plan which last Term's
discussions clearly showed to command
most favour. That is to say, the six Pro-
fessors will retain the seats for wThich their
order so fiercely and successfully fought,
while the Heads of Houses will be reduced
No. 4522, June 27, 19U
THE ATHEN^UM
891
to three ; so thai nine instc.nl of six places
will l>c available For representatives of Con-
gregation. It will be surprising it' such a
Boheme tails to go through consensu omnium
Another reform, however, of a far more
contentious kind impends. The time is
ri|>o for a reopening of the question of degrees
for women. One cannot see how at this
time of day the very reasonable claim of the
women students to enjoy titular degrees as
a reward for work done under the same
conditions as are proscribed for men can
be denied. The opposition, however, will
doubtless indulge iii their accustomed vati-
cinations concerning " the thin end of the
wedge.*' It will he pointed out that, if
degrees for women as for men are to depend
on residence, the women's Colleges will
sooner or later aspire to take rank side by
side with the men's Colleges in the constitu-
tion of the University. The reply to this
surely is that the University, by insisting
on the registration of women students, has
already admitted the principle of a resi-
dential qualification : so that it would be
altogether anomalous if degrees were awarded
without reference to residence on the part
of women candidates. For the rest, the
University has by this time had enough
experience of the women's Colleges to know
that in advancing their claims they have
always shown the utmost moderation ;
and have trusted, in order to win academic
support, not to political intrigue, hut solely
to sound educational work designed to show
what women are capable of in the way of
higher study and research
Many rumours are afloat in regard to
possible aspirants to the office of Univer-
sity Burgess, but only one thing is certain.
namely, that no one can hope to display
such ideal fitness for the post as did the
late Warden of All Souls. Every Oxford
man. whatever his politics, was proud to
be represented by one who so perfectly
understood and. as it were, embodied the
spirit of Oxford. But there is no need to
say more about our common loss. The public
man apart, there is no one who knew Anson
in a private capacity who ^has not a wise
word or a friendly act to place to his credit.
Afl for the vacant seat, it seems a great pity
that it cannot be arranged between the
representatives of the two chief political
parties that there should always be one
< Conservative and one Liberal — not a Liberal
Unionist, but a supporter of the Liberal
Government holding office together. If
there were no longer any party advantage
to be reaped from the abolition of the
academic seats, but. on the contrary, some-
thing to be gained by their retention, we
might hope to preserve our franchise, and
the cause of education would not lack its
champions. As it i-. the University Bur-
gesses, when next they make a round of
call- among the Colleges, a- it is their
• •fnl custom to do. may as well put
I'. I'.< '. on t h< IT card-.
Young Oxford with some benevolent
seniors standing by to render first aid —
i- bent on proving that it is sprung From
the loins of a nation of shopkeepers. As the
man -aid in the Examination Schools, the
co-operative principle, as applied to dis-
tribution, means that, if a man will onl\
spend enough, he can live for nothing on
the profits. Since there is comfort in the
protasis of such a proposition, whatever
he the precise way in which the apodosis
may work out. our rising scholar- and
already risen " blues ' an- enthusiastically
taking part in a business enterprise which
will, at any rate, have the sound educational
• t of impressing on them the meaning
of "discount for cash.'' SupIv Jowetl
would have smiled on such a venture, if it
be true that once in Balliol Chapel he gave
forth the text •"The liberal man deviseth
liberal things.'' and proceeded : " My sermon
falls naturally under two heads : firstly.
pay ready money ; secondly, keep an
account-book." For the rest, certain of the
Oxford tradesmen would seem to be not
over-pleased at the latest academic experi-
ment in the way of applied science. For
one1 thing, they regard it as something of a
slur on their particular version of the credit
system. There is more to be said for the
argument that it would be an unfair form
of competition if- as happily does not seem
to be the case — the undergraduate shop-
keeper were to purvey his wart's at purely
philanthropic prices, handing on to his long-
suffering parent the duty of meeting the
eventual deficit. As for the College Bursars,
whose trade in biscuits and marmalade is
rumoured to be sorely hit, there is no evi-
dence that their serenity is perceptibly
abated ; and it may be that these gentlemen
rely on the maxim that there are more ways
than one of shearing a sheep.
Xor is social science to be limited to this
single manifestation of its interest in present-
day affairs. Barnett House, which Lord
Bryce recently declared open amid the
plaudits of an assembly which filled the
spacious Hall of Balliol, is to provide a
home for political and social studies, some
of which at least will be concerned with
modem questions of administration and
reform ; while, as it were in order to correct
any " idiocentric " bias that might thereby
be given to the pursuit of truth, the depart-
ment of Social Anthropology has its head-
quarters in the same building, prepared to
discuss in the light of a worldwide experience
whether senicide or the Insurance Act fur-
nishes a better means to the same end. In this
context it should gratefully be mentioned
that the Drapers Company has enabled
Social Anthropology comfortably, and even
magnificently, to establish itself by means
of a handsome grant. The Company, it is
understood, was moved to such a step by
the fact that not only are a large number
of students being attracted to the subject,
but also a considerable proportion of these
consists of officers of the public service
whose duties bring them into contact with
peoples of the lower culture in various parts
of the British Empire. It is to be hoped
that endowments on a scale of similar
liberality will be forthcoming for the mani-
fold other interests which Harnett House
represents. Oxford stands sufficiently far
back out of the dust and welter of the world
to afford the student of politics the calm
needed for a dispassionate survey of the
relevant facts, yet sufficiently near for the
concentration of attention on live problems
and real issues. .Men arid women interested
in social science are being drawn from every
part of the world towards England, and
towards Oxford in particular, and so long,
of course, as they are sound on tvittu>
there i- a concerted effort being made to
give t hem w hat t hey want.
Afl his contribution to the commemoration
of the Sescentenary of his College, the
Rector of Exeter has published a biblio-
graphy «>f the literary and scientific work
produced by the Fellows and Tutors in
recent times. It is lather remarkable that
the entries under twenty-four names should
extend to nearly three tunes as man} closely
printed pages; though, to he -ore. all
cannot boast quite 30 many publications
.1 Sir Edwin Raj Lankester, Sir William
Ramsay, Prof. Holland, and Dr. Banday.
Hut such a record is enough to prove that.
in the Hectors words, "a College in Oxford
1- an organization For learning as For educa-
tion.'' He points out, too, that it has been
the tradition at Exeter that
" the teacher in College should have some leisure
to he devoted to the advance of learning, and that
his energies should not he exhausted, as may
easily happen in our modern academic life, by
excessive tuitional work."
Those who complain of the sterility of
Oxford will henceforth run the risk of being
asked whether they have read through the-.
thoiisand-and-odd books and papers pro-
duced by one not very populous Common
Room, and if not, why not '( ML,
THE NEXT STEPS IX EDUCATIONAL
PROORESS.
Mrs. Besant, in opening the Conference
held on the 18th, H)th, and 20th inst. at
tiie University of London to consider the
subject of the next steps in educational
progress, contrasted the now passing con-
ception of the child's mind as an empty
vessel into which it was the teacher's duty
to pour as many facts as possible with the
more modern idea that the aim of education
should be to draw out from the child's mind,
as from an El Dorado, its latent gold.
Urged thereto, perhaps, by the natural
tendency to preach moderation when enthu-
siasm for a new idea is running rife, Mrs.
Besant had something to say in support of
a theory of mental scaffolding, as exemplified
in the Indian youth who is taught formulas
which he is not expected to understand, or,
it might be added, in the English youth who
grapples with dead languages as a discipline
of the mind. There is much to support
the idea that in something of the -a me way
that we give a dog a bone to sharpen his
teeth upon, or use gymnastic exercise to
develope muscle, so the mind of the youig
should he stimulated by mental exercise,
rather than left to wander along easy paths
requiring no such effort.
It would seem that there can he nothing
to commend the Indian custom of placing
a number of classes in one room, but in
practice it develops a power of close con-
centration amid distractions which is of real
value. No such mitigation attends the evil
of the terrible overworking of childhood in
the East, which has resulted in the growing
up of a generation old before it is young, the
strain in early youth being such that after
the age of 40, when those of English birth
show their greatest mental vigour, the brain
cannot receive a new idea.
•Schools for Mothers,'' which many,
including Mrs. Besant, would have estab-
lished as a definite part of the educational
scheme, is a popular cry nowadaj s : hut the
idea ,,f t|,e prospective mother surrounded
n,,t only bj conditions of health, but also of
beauty, is something which those who know
her present environment can scarcely visu-
alize.
A strong plea for recognition of the Faol
thai the whole adult life depends on the
nourishing and development of the bod \
during earls years, thai if this is neglected
the nervous Bystem risks chronic debility,
and that, white study and health clash,
stud] must give way, led Mrs. Besant on to
look' forward to the day when Education,
instead of being regarded as the step-child
.,1 the Legislature, would be honoured
the eldest Bon.
The paper on ' Scl 1 Clinics,' by Dr.
Lewi- Crutch-hank of the Scotch Education
Department, followed in natural sequence
the President's opening remark-. Paren-
thetieallj il may he noted that, though
times, owing to individual method- ol
treatment, the Conference seemed to suffer
892
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
from that lack of co -relation which it
constantly deplored in the departments it
was engaged in criticizing, a study of the
syllabus in its entirety reveals its careful
synthesis. After tracing the development
of the school clinic from its experimental
stage in 1907, and its record as an existing
establishment, and by the aid of a wall
diagram showing its possibilities as a centre
of school health administration where accu-
rate diagnosis, skilled treatment, and effec-
tive supervision could be obtained, Dr.
Cruickshank stated that, as the result of
an inquiry into the working of the clinics,
of eighty replies received, only two were un-
favourable. One revived the idea of the
weakening of parental responsibility, and
the other submitted that in rural areas
the school clinic was an impracticability.
Dr. Haden Guest, Assistant School Doctor,
L.C.C., who followed Dr. Cruickshank, would
have the school clinic so linked up, not only
with the child of school-age, but also with
mothers, babies, young people, the middle-
aged, and even old-age pensioners, that the
whole nation should benefit by it. He re-
garded the educative aspect of the school
clinic with enthusiasm. Parents, especially
mothers — to whom the very word "molar"
conveys nothing until it is shown in close
relation to little Willie's mouth — take a real
interest in hitherto unrealized factors in the
preservation of health when brought under
the influence of the clinic. Sometimes, it is
true, queer notions are disseminated. It was
puzzling to find in one London district that
infantile diarrhoea was being carefully treated
by a course of hard-boiled egg, till it was
discovered that a misunderstanding had
occurred at the clinic between doctor and
parent.
In the consideration of School Clinics it is
difficult to keep within a strictly limited
area of discussion. The clinic is a search-
light thrown on social conditions, for in
case after case which is brought in a true
diagnosis would refer the disease to the
root-cause — poverty, a fact which statistics
now being collated will demonstrate with
irrefutable logic.
We fear that many of our readers pay
scant attention to the causes underlying
what is here called poverty, and do not
attempt, as they should, to apportion
responsibility for it. First, the old idea
that a high birth-rate was a national
necessity pandered to sensuality ; and it
must not be forgotten that before the
days of compulsory education and Children's
Employment Acts very young children
brought money to the family coffers.
It was as little recognized then by their
parents that their employment depressed
the wages of adults as to - day it is
recognized by trade unionists that the
under-payment of women has the same
tendency. The main responsibility for this
lies, in our opinion, with those employers
who, brought up in comparatively affluent
circumstances, were given the opportunity
to recognize economic truths, and in most
instances, blinded by selfishness, refused to
do so. To-day the lower artisan class are
slow to recognize that there is not now the
excuse there was aforetime to look upon
children as financial assets, and are also slow
to curb appetites unhealthily excited. The
greatest evil, however, still lies in the action
of those who give members of the working-
classes excuse for neglecting parental respon-
sibility by spending money on luxuries, while
people in their employ have not sufficient for
necessities. At last members of the Govern-
ment are making a feeble attempt to shift
some of the evil burden on to the right
shoulders, though it is still the community
as a whole which is taxed to make good the
deficiencies of our captains of labour — e.g., in
the matter of the feeding of schoolchildren,
referred to later in this article.
Whatever his political views, the doctor
cannot help being a propagandist of change
leading to social movement of a revolutionary
character : he gets past economics, and has
to deal with human realities. So do the
school teachers. One of them, a representa-
tive from Bradford, while entirely approving
the steps already taken by progressive muni-
cipalities to secure inspection, and in some
cases treatment of disease, appealed for
greater consideration for the mester, as one
not to be ignored in his own school by a
visiting medical officer — too often a man
inclined to regard himself as exclusively the
dominant power in the situation. He was
also opposed to the tendency to segregate
the backward, the deficient, and all who
deviate from the normal in special schools,
urging that the teacher looked forward to
the day when the ordinary school buildings
would be sufficiently well planned and
equipped to meet the needs of all. With
painful evidence of the half-time system
constantly before him, the Bradford school-
master forcibly urged that the medical
officer should follow the boys and girls into
the factories.
At this point of the discussion, and fre-
quently during the Conference, the necessity
of the constant co-operation of the teacher
in all schemes of social beneficence where
children are concerned was manifest, though
naturally there were expressions of protest
against the burden of clerical work involved.
Yet the impression remains that what money
could not buy the fine social sympathy of
the teacher will provide. Like other experts,
he is sensitive to criticism of his work by
people outside his own profession, especially
when such criticism falls wide of the
mark.
At the close of a paper by Dr. N. Bishop
Harman on ' Vision as affected by Type in
School-Books ' a warm protest was made
against his assertion that the blackboard
is badly used if used at all, and his implica-
tion that in infants' schools books too often
take the place of the lips of a live teacher.
Of much interest as a review of the art and
craft of handwriting and printing, his
paper, except in relation to manual train-
ing, added little to the elucidation of
Next Steps in Educational Progress. All
will agree that small type is pernicious in its
effects on the immature human eye ; that,
if half-time on physical exercise is bad,
whole time on reading and writing is worse ;
and that common sense should prevent the
issue of the Bible in one volume for school-
children : these things range themselves
with scores of others as instances in which
our knowledge is in advance of our
practice. There is much to be said in sup-
port of Dr. Harman's plea that, just as in
the girls' schools sewing supplies an oppor-
tunity for joint work on the part of teachers
and pupils, so in the boys' school manual
training might, if the now very nearly
complete divorce between the more literary
side of the curriculum and handicraft could
be avoided. This, of course, would be only
possible where the craft is being taught
solely for its educational, not its vocational
value.
A detailed account of the working of the
Act for the Feeding of Necessitous School-
children in Bradford was given by Miss
Marion Cuff. It is sometimes objected not
only that parental responsibility is weakened
by " school feeding," but also that bene-
ficial results to the children are not apparent.
Mr. Douglas Pepler, Principal Organizer,
Children's Care Committees, writes : —
" When school meals have been provided for any
length of time, no one can point to any improve-
ment in the condition of the children."
It would be interesting to know whether
the phrase " any length of time " covers
the school holidays or not, as Miss Cuff
produced evidence as to substantial im-
provement resulting from continuous feed-
ing, but stated that retrograde conditions
were to be seen where meals, given during
term-time, had been dropped during holi-
days. In the latter case the children under
observation compared unfavourably with
those who had received no benefit of the
kind. The time-limit operated to prevent
the discussion on this paper travelling
beyond the consideration of local conditions
in Bradford and Birmingham. This is the
more to be regretted as, along the lines of
the provision of meals for the children of
those parents who wish to pay for them, many
see possibilities of a lightening of the burden
which at present crushes the home-maker
to the ground. This inarticulate being is
only very slowly beginning to find a vocabu-
lary in which to express herself. She does
not attend Conferences, and the best of
social reformers are apt to forget her exist-
ence. Yet she is an essential factor in the
situation. All those who advocate measures
for the better " mothering " of the children
of the poor must ultimately concern them-
selves with her. Unfortunately for this
generation, the position of working-class
mothers has been allowed to sink below the
standard of dignity now secured to the
meanest man. This outrageous state of
affairs must be rectified before anything
can be done.
German experience in Waldschule afforded
valuable comparative data for Dr. J. Kerr,
Research Officer, L.C.C., in his excellent
study of ' Ventilation and Open-Air Schools,'
which emphasized again and again the
importance of good nutrition during the
first dozen years of the child's life.
" Whatever it may be, in whatever form it exists,
whether customs, habits, or ideas, social, educa-
tional, or administrative methods, religious or
economic doctrines — whatever tends to hinder
good feeding, good ventilation, good exercise, and
rest in the growing child is a thing to be removed
and destroyed from amongst us."
With this stress on nutrition the afternoon
session closed. It is only in retrospect that
one realizes that an evening session might
well have been devoted to the consideration
of the conditions necessary for ensuring
sound and healthy sleep — a scarcely less
important factor in the health of children.
Indeed, in the opinion of some school
medical officers, malnutrition is as much
due to lack of sleep as lack of food.
That sexual shocks of any kind may
have a most serious and lasting effect on
a child's mental development was main-
tained by Dr. Letitia Fairfield, Assistant
School Medical Inspector. L.C.C.. in her
careful paper on ' Instruction in regard to
Sex,' and was strikingly confirmed by
Prof. W. Brown in a study of ' Freud's
Views of the Emotional Life,' in which he
elucidated his theory of psycho-analysis
and of dreams as a symptom of repressed
desire. That hysteria is sometimes a symp-
tom of repression of instinct in childhood
he illustrated by the case of a lady who
found herself unable to take anything to
drink. By his method this was traced to a
nearly forgotten incident in childhood, when
fear of her governess restrained her from
protest when a dog lapped water from the
glass out of which she had to drink. As
soon as the incident was recalled to mind,
the hysteria was dispelled. Other illustra-
tions were advanced to show that forgotten
instances of wishes repressed in childhood
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
THE ATHEN^UM
KM
found later expression in emotional abnor-
malities.
Dr. Fairfield in her widely tolerant and
wisely outspoken paper urged that the real
objeel of sex-instruction should surely be
to produce a more reasonable and wholesome
attitude towards sex in the adult. The
public press is so corrupt with false modesty
tint there is ample reason for prompt and
energetic action.
"In the present state of things questions in-
vulving sex do not get a fair chance of public dis-
cussion : the disputants cannot even see each other
through the murky atmosphere of shame, suspicion,
and prejudice."
The most important " next step " in eduoa-
d is to clear the air and prevent the
gathering of fog.
Dr. F. H. Hayward, Inspector of Schools,
spoke all too briefly on 'The Training of the
I-' mot ions and /Esthetic Faculty,' pleading
mainly for the elimination of all physical
and mental obstructions to the intro-
duction of beauty. First acquaintance
with a literary masterpiece, for example,
should come, not tlirough the printed page,
but through the human voice ; a fine
musical study should not be heard only
after a Doh Me Soh struggle — in fine, a
beautiful first impression should be definitely
aimed at.
.Mr. Bernard Shaw, who led the discussion
which followed this and Dr. Fairfield's paper,
deplored the advocacy by schoolmasters of
rigorous physical activities as a means of
keeping boys out of harm. Were those
types of men most closely identified with
much physical exercise the most continent,
the most delicate in mind ? He deprecated
the ideas surrounding the phrase "the
dangerous age." If we realized, or realiz-
ing were dismayed by, the dangers that
might arise from it, no teacher would under-
take to teach a child to read, and no child
would attempt to learn. All increase of
knowledge brings an increase of danger.
Bousseau on the subject under consideration
.said : —
"A total ignorance of certain things were perhaps
the most to be wished ; but they should learn
betimes what it is impossible always to conceal
from them : either their curiosity should not be at
all excited, or it should be satisfied before the time
of danger."
There is, after all, very little more to be said.
.Mr. Shaw, with most of us, would not
necessarily " let sleeping dogs lie. They
don't lie — it s the parents who do the
lying." He would advocate the giving of sex-
instruction before the subject had any emo-
tional significance for the child. To speak
•of the subject during adolescence, when an
ii .(comparable modesty is almost always
present, is to do violence to a deeply
rooted instinct. The parent, he declared, is
not fit to dictate to teachers in this
matter, and the teachers for their part
should be reassured as to the comparative
hannlef of verbal indecencies. Advo-
cating thus a measure of Bex-instruction in
pre-adolescence, he viewed the subsequent
years as a period during which, in tin- fine
arts of music, painting, and poetry, the emo-
tional life which reaches its full fruition in
the mysteries of love and sex, should find
helps to growth and development. Dhfor-
tunately, doubtless owing to exigencies of
time, no reference was marie to the expen-
se of Sweden and ot her countries v, here i'
lifts for some yean I" I D the practice for
sexual hygiene to be taught in girls' schools
by women doctors, and in boys schools by
men doctors.
Sir Jolui Cockbum, presiding over the
session devoted to 'Civics, compared the
immediate aims and objects of the Fabians
■with those of the Theoaopbj ' , » aching even
beyond this and other worlds, yet both
united in their mutual interest in the oduca-
t ion of the human young. In this synl het ic
age, when the individual is considered not
only in his individual capacity, but also in
his relation to the social structure, care in
criticism is needed, lest it should seem that,
because we have more or less dear ideas as
to what *' next steps " should be taken,
therefore all those which have led us so far
on the way have been in a mistaken direc-
tion. With a jocose reference to the
Solomon's-rod folk. Sir John bade the Con-
ference remember that of wisdom the great
sago said : " Her ways are ways of pleasant-
ness : all her paths are peace."
Two governing ideas should animate the
ideal of education according to Prof. J. H.
Muirhead's paper on ' Civics ' : fullness of
life, the smaller self of the individual leading
to the larger self of the community ; and
individuality, the ability to perform a par-
ticular function satisfactorily. The ideal
of citizenship should bo the meeting-point
of these two ideas. Just as the task of
statesmanship in the United States is to
make diverse alien factors into an American
nation, so it is the task of teachers to
develope in coming generations a sense
of social solidarity. The practical difficulty
confronting them in elementary schools is to
measure how much the boy, for instance, of
13 can appreciate the ideas connoted by the
term " Civics." Probably only by teaching
the social value of the father's trade or of
the home, the local parks, baths, or museums,
can the foundation be laid for work
which strictly could only be adequately
attempted — and then only by well-endowed
teachers — when the children passed to higher,
continuation, and technical schools. The
public-school training which fosters a certain
chic spirit in its own establisliment is dis-
appointing in its extra-mural results. The
young fellow who will give himself con-
siderable trouble to organize one or other of
the various school activities ceases more
often than ever to contemplate the idea of
public work in the wider life of after school-
days, and seems too readily content with an
entirely negative standard of virtue.
After Mr. Cloudesley Brereton had read
his paper on ' The Training of the Future
Citizen in Civics,' which followed closely the
lines laid down by Prof. Muirhead, urging
the stimulation of the interest, imagination,
and emotion of children primarily by
means of local patriotism, several speakers
joined in the discussion, including Mrs.
Brydges Adams and Miss Ethel Carnie.
It was pointed out that the "•religious"
difficulty of to-day will be as nothing com-
pared with the controversy which the
inclusion of Civics in the curriculum will
involve, and that an awakened democracy
will not accept as in the past teaching
reflect ing t he \ 16WS and ideals of " capitalist
Universities. How far these imphed stric-
tures were intended to apply to those new
provincial Universities where there are
already courses in social study, including
visits to various institutions and practical
work therein, is not quite cl< ar. All
will agree, however, with Prof. Muirhead
that what is wanted is noi eviscerated or
ih ccated paragraphs of textbooks en
Civics, hut direct touch on the one hand
with the ideas of gn al writers, and
on the other with the concrete problems of
modern life visible infield and factory, in the
mean Streets ami mean li\> oi 90 man\ oi
t heir inhabitant
On Saturday the Bubjecl i"> di on ion
were (Ij .Mental Types, rl, The Method ol
Mental Growth, (•'!] The Status "I the
•-her. (4) The Relation Oi the Curriculum
to Industrial Conditions; and i! must be
admitted that the amount of light and sug-
gestion thrown on these topics was com-
paratively small.
Mrs. Besant, who spoke on 'The Method
of Mental Growth,' did not diverge from the
lines of conventional theory, and several of
her remarks ■■.</., that change of occupa-
tion is rest are now platitudinous. She
advocated the strengthening of attention
and the cultivation of the power of observa-
tion during the first seven years of life, and
would make the child commit to meinor\
statements of facts which \\<re not under-
stood. This would induce an offort to
understand later on. and would thus exercise
the mind of the child. I!ut there is
danger that the young mind will form the
habit of accepting formulas with no desire
to verify them, in the second sta<;e (years
7-14) the lecturer recommended the teaching
of relations -e.g., t he tracing of such relation-
ships as that which Darwin traced hetween
the humble bee and field-mice. She would
teach facts about geography and history,
and cause poetry to be learnt ; but though
she urged the stimulation of the imagination,
the only reason given for the learning of
poetry was that it was easier than prose on
account of the lines and rhymes. The
memory rather than the imagination was
emphasized. Yet one of the grave faults of
education is its over-estimation of memory
work. But there was excellent point
in the remark, " Make channels for right
emotion before the emotion comes"; in
this way, when the being is flooded with
new feelings at puberty, the passages
towards noble and self - sacrificing ideal-
are already formed. A trust in human
nature too seldom seen among teachers was
evinced by Mrs. Besant s belief that the
young are more moved by the unselfish than
the selfish, by the noble than the low.
She urged the study during the critical years
of life of all that evoked the reasoning
powers; such subjects as logic, mathe-
matics, and science were good. Only after
the age of 14 should there he any specializa-
tion. She wished young people to be
convinced that ' all live by law in the
mental and moral sphere as well as in the
physical."
Mr. Winch said that the educational
problem could not be settled by influences
from other sciences; hut this rather Limits
the scope and absorbing power of that
true educative process which the future will
regard as the right of everj child. hike
philosophy, education should Beize and use
the content of the whole universe o! know-
ledge to soke its problems, SO wide and far-
reaching in time. His other points, that
the making of t he child depended on heredity,
social surroundings, and school, are obvious.
But experiments which he mentioned re-
garding the age of starting school were of
interest ; it would appear that no advan-
tage IS gained l>\ sending children to aohool
before t he age of live.
The discussion on 'The Statu- of the
Teacher1 was more fruitful in suggestions.
Dr. Hayward brought forward some of the
ideas expounded in his recent honk, and
advised the interchange of posts to prevent
the almost inevitable staleness which came
with a 1 1 let ime spent in the same occupation.
He also considered that the number of
officials should be increased, their records •>'
observations, &c., kept and published. His
remarks evident!} proceeded from a candid
and philosophic mind, and, though mter-
change would mean more administrative
work, it would certainly tend to enlarge the
teachers knowledge of affairs. The narrow-
ot interests in the teacher, profession
not adequately faced in the discussion.
and no empha-i- u.i- put upon the tact thai
894
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
a teacher, in order to be more than a
trainer of intellect, must be a citizen in
spirit, and must have more than academic
qualifications.
Mr. Arundale insisted that the personality
of the teacher was the predominant element
in education. If so, it would be well to
point out to intending teachers, espe-
cially in training colleges, not only how
to give their own personalities freer play
than is usually allowed by our examination
system, but also how to guide (not suppress,
as is too usual) the personalities of their
charges. Unless a central aim is adopted,
to which all difficulties and questions
must bow, the criterion of school rules,
social conventions, or examination require-
ments must remain. Not one speaker
suggested that the next step in educational
progress should be the elucidation and
formulation of such an aim.
Mrs. Dice said that the teacher's was a
calling which was solving the problem of
how to provide an educated democracy.
She believed that a University education
should be compulsory for every teacher,
and that the Government should be respon-
sible for finding employment and for the
conditions of employment. She gave some
appalling statistics of the salaries of women
supplementary teachers, 857 of whom are
receiving less than 251. yearly for full-time
work, while over a thousand receive less
than 351. This question of supplementary
teachers whose qualifications are of a low
standard is serious.
In the discussion sustained by the teachers
in the audience some speakers resented the
implication that staleness was the result of
many years' teaching, evidently overlooking
the fact that those present were the ones
keen about their work, and the great majo-
rity were not like them. The suggestion
made by a parent of a Sabbatical year — to
be spent in travelling and visits to other
schools— would greatly minimize the loss
of freshness that is so disastrous to the
taught. But the persons who can get such
a change are few in any profession.
Mr. John Russell pointed out that the
status of the teacher rested on the status of
education in the country, and the question
of wages was connected with that of the
wages of all workers. He infused a breath
of the outside world into the problems of the
class-room.
Some extracts from a paper by Dr. O'Brien
Harris on ' The Relation of the Curriculum
to Industrial Conditions ' were read in her
absence, wherein she remarked that the
English elementary school was practic-
ally the freest in the world in its curriculum.
This is true, and in pleasing contrast to the
practice of many secondary schools ; it is a
pity that more head teachers do not avail
themselves of the liberty of action allowed
to them.
Miss Clementina Black hoped that teachers
would resist any endeavour to introduce
vocational training into the elementary
schools ; it was impossible to make first-
rate workers out of the uneducated. But
she thought nothing was so encouraging as
the work of the day Trade Schools in London,
and she would like to see more of them
established, especially for girls. There was
a tendency to think that the industrial
life of a girl did not much matter ; but it
was very important that girls should not
be left out. They should have their fair
share, and be on the same level as the boys.
But it must not be forgotten that the
future of each sex is, in the majority of
cases, different, and that it is the more
difficult task of the two to train girls so
as to prepare both the majority who marry,
and the minoritv who do not.
CAMBRIDGE NOTES.
A Cambridge May Term marked by
perfect weather is a rarity, and we have
certainly had one : perhaps because we
have been honoured by two royal visits.
The King came at the beginning of Term to
open the new buildings of the Leys School ;
and Prince Arthur of Connaught followed
at the end to receive an honorary degree,
on the occasion of the opening of the
Physiological Laboratory, for which the
University have to thank the Drapers
Company. We have also had the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury in the University
pulpit ; so the great have not neglected us.
Two reports have appeared which will be
of importance in the future. The Syndicate
appointed to draw up a scheme for the
new non-sectarian degrees in Divinity have
issued their recommendations, as also has
the body entrusted with the revision of the
Previous Examination. Both these reports
will be seriously discussed next Term. As
regards the degrees in Divinity, the main
principles are that they shall be conferred
only after an adequate test that the recipients
know something of the study of Divinity,
so as to prevent the possibility of a man
becoming a B.D. and D.D. on a learned
thesis which, though worthy of a degree,
does not necessarily show that the possessor
is able to deal with theological problems
from the standpoint of a scholar. The award
of the degrees will not, as hitherto, be left to
the Divinity Professors, but to the special
board, controlled, as the degrees of D.Sc.
and Litt.D. are, by the General Board. It is,
perhaps, a matter for regret that the Regius
Professor will not be so much in touch with
the candidates as hitherto, but as he will
certainly have a considerable voice in the
matter, this is more of seeming than real
importance.
The report on the Previous Examination
naturally raises the whole question of com-
pulsory Greek. It is a good thing that it
does not also advocate the abolition of com-
pulsory Latin, as in that case the scheme
would inevitably have been wrecked.
Whether it will be so next Term is doubtful.
My own impression is that the opposition
has weakened in the last few years, as many
who regret that Greek should no longer
form part of a University education are
beginning to see that this is now not a
matter of practical politics.
The Term has otherwise been rather un-
eventful in regard to questions of educa-
tional policy, although the two proposed
changes bid fair to alter fundamentally the
old conception of the position of Cambridge.
The Tripos lists furnish some food for
thought, especially the press comments upon
them. In the first place, the Mathematical
Tripos is scarcely understood, nor can any
one not in touch with Cambridge comprehend
it. Now that the Senior Wrangler and the
old ordo senioritatis is abolished, one Wrangler
seems to the outsider as good as another ;
and Mr. Brown of Corpus, about whom
there is something conspicuous — either be-
cause he was a " blue " or is a " black," or
was educated somewhere or not educated at
all — is heartily congratulated on his posi-
tion in a special paragraph. But poor
Brown is really bitterly disappointed at
the result. No b appears after his name,
whereas he hoped for a, 6*, and thus, instead
of being among the most distinguished
Wranglers, he is not even distinguished.
What b means I do not know. The rote
appended states that "it is attached to
those candidates who have satisfied the
Moderators in Section B " ; but only mathe-
maticians know what Section B is. Really,
there are three classes among the Wranglers :
the 6*, the b, and those who have no mark
at all. The standard of the first class must
vary greatly in different Triposes. In
Part II. of the Mathematical Tripos there
are 25 Wranglers to some 34 in the lower
classes ; but this is natural, as the Tripos
has been pretty well weeded out by Part I.
In Classics, Part I., there were 19 first classes
and about 66 others. In Natural Science,
Part I., there were 40 first classes out of 130
candidates; in History, Part I., 11 out of
141. Thus the honour of a first must mean
a very different thing in different subjects.
The papers noted that the small schools
scored heavily in the scientific, and the
public schools in the literary, subjects.
To turn to lighter subjects, in cricket
Cambridge does not appear to be doing very
well with twelve " blues " available, and it
is open to doubt whether it is playing quite
the game to include Mr. Mulholland in the
team, because, though he is technically
entitled to represent his University against
Oxford, it is more than four years since he
came into residence. Some people say that
he ought to retire, but I do not know enough
about the matter to give my opinion on
what seems to be a delicate point.
Jesus finished head of the river, Pembroke,
who went up two places, never getting a
chance of trying their fortune with them.
In the past forty years only four clubs — >
Jesus, Trinity I. and III., and the Hall — ■
have been head, and it would be popular
if another club won the coveted place.
Even if Jesus were to go down next year, it
will be to a boat which has adopted their
methods. It is satisfactory to see so many
crews from Cambridge at Henley this year.
The ' University Calendar ' is about to
appear under the auspices of the Univer-
sity, and not, as hitherto, as a private enter-
prise. It will be in two volumes, the
permanent element, old Tripos lists, &c.,.
being in the first, and the more variable in
the second. It promises to be very good
reading, as it will be supplemented with,
much interesting information. A little more
annotation has for some years been desirable.
On the historical side we should be glad to
see a record of such yinstitut ions as Ten- Year-
Men, Scarlet Day at Stourbridge Fair, and
the Tripos Verses.
In the Birthday Honours list we are glad
to see the name of J. G. Frazer. He is the
recipient of a knighthood — among those who
have unsuccessfully fought elections or done
other jiublic services apparently as impor-
tant as making British scholarship famous
throughout Europe by the publication of a
' Golden Bough.' J.
PUBLIC MORALS AND PUBLIC
HEALTH.
The subject of the International Aboli-
tionist Federation Conference, held at South-
sea from the 15th to the 18th inst., to con-
sider the relation between morals and health,
was ' A Constructive Policy,' involving the
reduction of public immorality and the
resultant diseases. The keynote of the
whole was "Liberty with Responsibility"?
and advocacy of an equal moral standard,
based on justice, occupied a foremost place
in the deliberations.
At a large meeting of welcome the Bishop
of Winchester made a notable declaration
of the importance of dealing with moral
evil by moral forces, not by material
means. Everyone wished to protect the
young from the deadly evil of impurity,,
and from the train of evils, moral and
physical, that sprang from it. The whole
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
895
subject, he saiil, becomes ever more com-
plex. The action taken must grow in-
creasingly scientific ; it must include those
economic forces of irregular employment
ami low wages and the like, which counted
for so much in the matter: it must bring
together more adequate and searching know-
ledge, and it must co-ordinate moral and
physical resources.
The Conference opened with a series of
tributes to the devoted service of the late
lames Stuart, who for fourteen years had
been President of the Federation, and who,
with Mrs. Josephine Butler, had been one
of its founders.
The Presidency was rilled by the unan-
imous election of M. Yves Guyot, the dis-
tinguished French economist. Special men-
tion was made of his labours for the cause,
particularly the fact that] he was one of
the earlj* martyrs of the movement, as
nearly forty years ago he suffered six months'
imprisonment in Paris for his outspoken
-criticism of the Regulation system.
The discussion on the Progressive Reduc-
tion of Public Immorality was divided into
two sections : the Responsibility of Law-
Makers, and the Responsibility of Local
Authorities. Papers were read on the
former by Mr. J. Bronson Reynolds, of New
York, and on the second by Councillor
Dawson of Hull. Speaking with a wide
experience, they agreed on many special
points, e.g., in condemnation of the segre-
gated vice districts.
On the utility of the employment of
women police they were equally agreed, as
was also Fran Scheven, speaking later from
her German experience. Women police, it
was explained, could not be substituted for
policemen, but, properly trained, they could
•support the work of the police, and do work
•of a character which men cannot do.
The third day's discussion was on the
Responsibility of the State towards the
Reduction of Venereal Diseases. This was
-a ''doctors' day,"' and produced some
remarkable papers.
Dr. Skinner dealt with diseases in the
British Army. He showed how disease had
been reduced during recent years, particu-
larly by improved methods of diagnosis and
treatment, and partly by the improved moral
tone of the soldier, which was due to the
improvement of his social conditions, the
provision of rational amusement and recrea-
tion, and the example of sobriety set by his
officers. From this Army experience many
valuable lessons could be learnt for use among
the civilian population. Disease was sufli-
•cientlv prevalent to demand immediate
measures, which should include a personal
purity crusade and efficient early treatment.
The latter was of the greatest importance,
and should be fostered, as in the Army, by
persuading sufferers not to delay. At the
Sheffield Hospital an out-patients1 depart-
ment had been opened in the evening, so
that workmen could secure treatment with-
out sacrifice of time and wages.
A1 Sheffield University a successful course
of lectures on these diseases and their
treatment had just been completed tor
•qualified medical men. .More education for
the general public was suggested, particu-
larly among certain classes, such as school
teachers and health visitors.
Like the lawyers, the doctors were
practically unanimous. They strongly urged
early and adequate treatment of all suff< n
The first necessity u.i- to take care of the
sick, and at as early a stage as possible.
The aims of public health were described
first, a correct diagnosis ; and, secondly, the
isolation and extraction of every focus of
infection. Modern discoveries have put
these aims practically within the reach of
every practitioner and every patient.
The result of an inquiry among the
thirty-two nations represented at the Inter-
national Bureau of Public Hygiene demon-
strated beyond the possibility of doubt that
early treatment (without notification) is
much better adapted to check the spread of
disease than any compulsory measure.
Dr. Helen Wilson, winding up the dis-
cussion, said that in the long run there was
no real divergence between the teaching of
true hygiene and true morality, and, if their
ideas appeared to conflict, there was some-
thing wrong with one or the other, or
perhaps with both. The idea that hygiene
was promoted by the regulation of prosti-
tution was now as obsolete as the belief
that it was somehow in the interests of
morality to allow venereal diseases to
flourish unchecked. It must be remem-
bered that hygiene was made for man, not
man for hygiene.
ROYAL COMMISSION ON PUBLIC
RECORDS.
The Second Report of the Royal Com-
mission on Public Records, dealing with the
documents in the immediate custody of
the Courts of Justice; Registries, and Public
Departments or Institutions, has been signed,
and will be presented in due course. The
appendixes, comprising the reports of the
Commission on the various departmental
collections, together with descriptive matter,
correspondence, and the minutes of evidence,
are nearly ready for press.
Some progress has already been made
with the last subject of inquiry referred to
the Commission, namely, the condition and
disposal of local records of a public nature
in England and Wales. The Commissioners
are authorized by the terms of their Royal
Warrant to make individual inspections of
local records of a public nature, a term which
cannot be readily defined.
It is proposed that the Commission
should proceed by way of personal and
individual inspection of local archives rather
than by taking evidence or issuing schedules
of questions. The latter method was adopted
by the Departmental Committee, but proved
ineffectual. At the same time, the Com-
mission wishes it to be known that all
communications addressed to the Secre-
tary on the subject of the custody of
local records will receive proper attention,
provided that the statements made are
specific and properly authenticated. Th ■
offices of the Commission are at Scotland
House. Westminster.
THK BELFAST BOOKSELLERS.
I)evon«hire Club, St. James's, S.W.
.tune 19, 1014.
I RKAD with interest in your last issue.
Mr. Frankfort Moore's letter on the above
subject. 1 lived in Belfast in the seventies,
and went to school there. My lather got
The Athenaewm regularly. I wonder if his
was t he "• only one ot her Copy to which Mr.
Moore refers. I also got my first ' Principia '
and ' I nit in ' there from Mullan's. He kept
them in stock. I knew Mullan's. and
Greer's, and Aitchison's, but I do not
remember Henderson's clearly, and I do not
remember Reed's at all Still, Belfast was
not a literary place. Th'- local new-pa;
then called H 'The Northern Athen
piece of self-appreciation which alwi
highly amused every one who was not a
native. W. M. Crook.
THE ORIGINAL ok HUDIBRAS.'
In a copy of the 1684 edition of Butler's
■ HudibraS ' I find the following MS. note : —
1711.
"This Poem (an Original in its Kind, highly
valued by All who have any Taste of Witt & Uood
s.nse i was writt by Mr Sam, Butler — It has been
a Question wher S' Henry RosetoeU of Devonshire,
or 8* Sam. I. iil.t' of Bedfordshire, was intended by
ll uiiiiiriiss but I have been lately assured & there
are some Passages in y Poem, y' seem to c.flrm
y same, y* in y P'son of Hudibrass lie intended
S" Henry RoseweU into whose Companj Be falling
accidentally in London He was bo much taken
with Him at lirst Sight, as something new, &
out of y Way, \' insinuating Bimsell into his
Favr lie was [lever fro Him fee three Months, in
which Time He stndyd y" .Man .fc his Manners,
w'1' He has justly, as well as ingeniously described
— M1 Bromley's Remark written in His Eudibrass
in Baginton-Library."
This passage may, perhaps, be of interest
to readers of the poem, and may be com-
pared with Mr. E. Goose's remarks on the
subject ('Diet. Nat. Biog.,' viii. 75). He
states that Sir Samuel Luke
" sat for th," character of Budibras,
A knight as errant as e'er was ;
but some of the touches are said to he studied
from another puritan employer of Butler's, Sir
Henry Rosewell of Ford Abbey in Devonshire."
JIknkv Clarke.
A CORRECTION.
9, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, S.W.
June 20, 1914.
It has been pointed out to me by members
of the family that, by stat ing in my ' Reminis-
cences ' that " Lord Pet re was excom-
municated by the late Cardinal Vaughan,
when Bishop of Salford, I throw some post-
humous discredit upon Monsiguore William
Joseph, Lord Petre, who was the last man
in the world likely to come under any such
ecclesiastical fulmination. My remarks did
not apply to the dead peer. I shall be much
obliged to you if you can publish this note.
H. M. HYNDMAN.
BOOK SALES.
Ix Messrs. Sotheby's two book sales last week,
held on the 15th and 16th and the 18th inst.
respectively, the following were the most impor-
tant lets : Meredit h, Works, 35 \ els., tiist edit ions,
185(5-91, 212. Sevigne, Lett res, lti vols., 1862-
LS7(i, extra - illustrated, 262. Molinier, Mo-
bilier Royal Francais, 1 vols.. L902, 20*. Oriental
Ceramic Art. IS'. 17, 51/. Smollett, Adventures of
Sir Launcelot Greaves, l vols., 17t>:_'. 'I'll. Eyton,
Antiquities of Shropshire, 1- vols., I85d tin,
■I'll. 10s. Utrecht Missal, illuminated MS., 15th
century, 432. Ben Jonson, Works, 'i vols, in 1,
1616-40, '-VM. Moliere, Le Sicilien, 1668, 342.
Memoranda relating to the Society <>f friends,
chiefly written by Rebekah Butterfleld, lt>71-
1744, 202. Bora B.V.M. ad Csum Romanum,
French illuminated MS., ir.lh century, 3001. j
another, Paris Dse, l lih century, 2062. : another,
Roman Dse, 402. j another, French Use, 15th
16th century, bound in the style of Clovis Eve,
2502. Three tracts printed bj Franklin, 1744 5,
662. Raigne of King Edward III., 1598, 12"/.
\i-, Moiiendi, printed at Leipsic, c. 1406 8, 602.
Buch der Knnsi, lugsburg, 1477, 1952. Bibbs
s ,, , , Latina, Flemish illuminated MS., I \ols..
15th century, 1802. Weigel, Eabitua Precipu-
orum Populorum, L">77, :t.V. Missal, for the use
of the Church in Majorca, printed by Qiunta in
Venice, 1506, 3702. Mozarabic Missal, printed at
Toledo, 1500, 2602. feudal Revenues of Ireland,
MS. in Latin, I vols., 1622 3, 602.
Lmong the autograph MSB. and other relics of
the Brontes the following were the most notable :
Charlotte, Exercise Book, 1848, 362.) another
:;i/. Draft "f the fragment called ' Emi
Nov. 127. 1853, 1052. The Poetaster, Vol. II.
only, June 8, 1880, TH. Btorj beginning "There
once a lii i le girl," n.d., 222. The Young Men's
Magazine, Second Series, ^ug. 13, ls::o, 282.
\ Book of Rhymes, Dec. 17, 1829, 342. P., em
beginning " Be saw my heart's woe, discerned
my soul's anguish, n.d., 202. 10». \ birchwood
rocking-chair, 222. ; an ebonized \\ I arm-chair,
252. j and a small mahogan) side-table, 282a,
all i hree " ied by her at ll.i wort b.
The total of the two sales was 5,1602. 0*. 6d.l
896
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
literary ©nsstp.
The list of honours published at the
beginning of this week includes knight-
hoods for Dr. Frazer, Mr. W. H. St. John
Hope, Dr. Mawson, and Mr. George
Henschel. Otherwise, it is the usual
tribute to commerce and politics.
We regret to learn that Sir James
Murray, whose next instalment of ' The
Oxford English Dictionary ' (the double
section, Traik to Trinity) is announced for
the 30th inst., was seized with serious ill-
ness after attending the Dictionary Even-
ing of the Philological Society in London
on Friday, the 5th inst. It is hoped that
he is now hi the way of recovery, but he
will not for some time be able to attend
to or answer any communications.
The Twenty-First Annual Meeting of
the Navy Records Society will be held
at the Royal United Service Institution,
Whitehall, on the afternoon of Tuesday
next.
Messrs. Methuen write to point out
that Mr. Oxenham's volume of poems,
' Bees in Amber,' the success of which we
noted last week, is published by them, not
by Messrs. Chatto & Windus.
The Annual General Meeting of the
Canterbury and York Society will be held
in the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries
at Burlington House, on Thursday,
July 9th, at 5 p.m. The activities of the
Society have been well maintained during
the past year, its issues having included
parts of the Episcopal Registers of the
dioceses of Carlisle, Lincoln, Hereford, and
Winchester. Progress has also been made
in preliminary work on the Registers of
the dioceses of Canterbury, London,
Rochester, and Salisbury. The member-
ship is, however, smaller than might be
desired ; if it Avere increased, the rate of
publication could be considerabty accele-
rated.
The Curators of Patronage at Edin-
burgh University are open to receive
applications for the chair of Prof. Mac-
kinnon (whose retirement we mentioned
last week) up to Monday, July 13th.
Applications, together with eight copies
of testimonials, must be lodged with the
Secretary to the Curators, Mr. A. B.
Fleming, 4, Albyn Place, Edinburgh, on
or before that date.
The Tripos lists at Cambridge show, as
usual, more First Classes in Science than in
any other course of study. Women have
beaten men in gaining distinction in
mediaeval and modern languages.
It is pleasant to see Mr. G. K. M. Butler,
the son of the Master of Trinity, repeating
his brother's successes with a First in
History after a First in Classics, and the
Gladstone Prize, which, however, he
divides with two other candidates.
Examination papers are often enter-
taining, and often, too, one element in
the amusement they afford is a percep-
tion of the contrast between the vastness
of the questions suggested and the narrow-
ness of the resources from which they
will have to be answered. We have
before us the papers recently set at
the Preliminary Examination for Ele-
mentary School Teachers' Certificate.
The History questions show this contrast
strikingly. They are above the average
in general interest, but it would take a
wise and learned person to write more
than two or three banal sentences upon
most of them, unless, indeed, he were at
liberty as an alternative to write a small
book. For instance : —
" Explain the circumstances that lead [sic]
up to the execution of Sir Thomas More.
How far do you think that Henry's action
can be justified either on religious or political
grounds ? "
or
" Write notes on one of the following : — ■
" (a) Roads and communications in Saxon
times, in the later Middle Ages, and in the
eighteenth century.
" (b) The three-field system and its aboli-
tion.
" (c) Popular amusements in the Middle
Ages or in the reign of James I.
" (d) The main changes in architecture,
both ecclesiastical and domestic, during the
sixteenth century.'1
This is pretty good for a Preliminary
Examination.
The English Literature questions, among
verse quotations to be commented on in
a manner to show knowledge of the poem,
include a stanza of the ' Rubaiyat.' It
seems to us a very open question whether
there is any sense in giving Omar Khay-
yam to these young students to read.
That poet is at once somewhat enervating
and too exotic, unless we may suppose
that our youthful geniuses have hit on a
mystic meaning unknown to many adult
readers of FitzGerald's poem.
In the autumn will be published the
story of the adventures of Capt. Scott,
to which Sir J. M. Barrie will contribute
a prefatory chapter, while Charles Turley,
the author of ' Godfrey Marten, Schoolboy,'
will retell simply, and as far as possible in
Capt. Scott's own words, the tale of the
Discovery and the Terra Nova. The book
is being written at the instance of Lady
Scott, and will be published by Messrs.
Smith & Elder.
Miss Winifred Holt, the American
representative at the International Con-
ference of Workers for the Blind, has
written a Life of Henry Fawcett, which
Messrs. Constable will shortly publish
under the title ' A Beacon for the Blind.'
Viscount Bryce has added an Introduc-
tion to it, and we understand that the
word kl blind " in the title is to be taken
in something of a Maeterlinckian sense.
Miss Holt some years ago gave up her
work as a sculptor to devote herself to
the blind, and started in rooms in her own
home the New York Association for
the Blind. The Association then com-
manded capital to the amount of only
$400 (and these borrowed) ; it now
possesses, free from debt, a model " Light-
house," or head- quarters, a model work-
| shop, a Vacation Home, and an endow-
I merit fund which reaches nearly $300,000.
It is proposed to issue in October next
the first number of a quarterly review to be
entitled The New Edinburgh Magazine : a
University and Oily Review, designed to
link together the members of the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh. The editor is Mr.
James Munro, and Prof. Sir Edward
Schafer will contribute a paper on ' Some
Useful Adjuncts to a University Educa-
tion.' Other papers promised are ' Ger-
man and British Universities,' by the Rev.
R. V. Holt ; ' The Relations of University
and City,' by Prof. Cecil Wylde ; and
' Recent Developments in Medicine,' by
Dr. J. G. Comrie. Prof. Baldwin Brown
and Dr. Schlapp will write on the beauty
and archaeological interest of Edinburgh ;
and Mr. George Kitchin on Edinburgh as
a literary centre. Prof. Seth is to supply
a note on Prof. Campbell Fraser.
"We find in ancient civilizations many
phenomena that [to-day are specialities of
American Society, phenomena to be sought
in vain in European civilization."
This, is a dictum of Prof. Ferrero's, from
a book of his to be published imme-
diately by Messrs. Putnam, entitled
' Ancient Rome and Modern America.' It
will be interesting to see exactly how this
somewhat sweeping statement is justified.
The death is announced of Mr. Samuel
Cowan, for forty years editor of The
Perthshire Advertiser, and author of several
historical works, including ' The Royal
House of Stuart,' ' Life of Queen Mar-
garet,' and ' Three Celtic Earldoms,' and a
volume of personal interest, ' Humorous
Episodes of a Retired Publisher.'
On Sunday last the Baroness von
Suttner died at Vienna at the age of 71.
Born at Prague, the daughter of Franz,
Graf von Kinsky, an Austrian general,
she married in 1876 Baron von Suttner,
who shared her literary tastes and capa-
city. She was a great traveller, and spent
nine years with her husband in the Cau-
casus. The determining influence of her
life was, however, furnished by the war
of 1866 and the Bosnian campaign of 1878.
These drove her to a detestation of war
which inspired first her well-known book
k Die Waffen nieder ! ' with its sequel
' Marthas Kinder,' and then the work
by which she was most widely known,
the foundation of the Austrian Peace
Society, and the long series of writings
and speeches by which she strenuously
set forth the horrors and the uselessness
of war, and urged the possibility — the
moral necessity — of peace. She was a
member of the Advisory Council of the
Carnegie Peace Foundation and Vice-
President of the International Peace
Bureau, and in 1905 Avas awarded the
Nobel Prize.
Besides the novels mentioned, she pro-
duced near a score of others, as well as
sketches, essays, and reports. It may
well be that little or nothing of what she
wrote will survive independently ; it
will, nevertheless, certainly in great mea-
sure survive through the influence it
exercised on public opinion in her own
country and generation.
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
T II E ATIIKN/1UIM
897
SCIENCE
Robert Boyle: a Biography. By Flora
Masson. (Constable & Co., 7s. b'/. net.)
Miss Masson's Life of Robert Boyle, the
discoverer of " Boyle's Law.'' adds yet
another authority to the list of books
which must be consulted by the historian
who writes that account of " the Invisible
College " which has been long overdue—
the college or association which was the
germ of the Royal Society, and of which
Boyle was one of the earliest members.
Miss Masson not only gives an excellent
biography of Robert Boyle, but she also
writes of his wonderful father — Richard
Boyle, the great Earl of Cork — one of
Elizabeth's soldier statesmen and mer-
chant adventurers, the second son of a
widow in straitened circumstances, who
made his own way in Ireland, and so
married his children that they became
members oi the great houses of the
Howards, the Xevilles, the Cecils, the Clif-
fords, and. in the next generation, the
Devonshires and the Hydes. It is true
that the weddings were usually solemnized
between mere children, the bridegroom
afterwards going abroad with his tutor,
the bride going to live with her new family,
and that they often turned out unhappily.
But the alliance remained, and Robert
Boyle lived his placid life without dis-
turbance, for he had powerful friends at
the Court <>f Charles I., under the ( lommon-
wealth. at the Restoration, and again
when religious troubles under James II.
wrecked the careers of equally distin-
guished Fellows of the Royal Society.
His interests centred in science, and
his career, as described by Miss Masson,
who does not forget to introduce his
acquaintance with Milton, is inextricably
bound up with the early history of the
Royal Society, of which lie was President
m 1680-81. ' >f his life there is but little
to tell. From Eton he went to (Jeneva.
and from Geneva to London. He lived
for a time at Stalbridge in Dorset after
the death of his father, moved to Oxford.
and in his old age returned to London.
where he died in 1691. Miss Masson
has not. however, contented herself with
a dry statement of facts. She has woven
a lively and convincing picture of the
stirring times in which he lived; of the
straggle with Strafford and the Irish
Rebellion which nearly wrecked the great
Earl : of the varying fortunes oJ the family,
now enormously wealthy, and again almost
in poverty, yet again able to lend to
kirn.'-. The canvas is well filled, and w ben
the spectator has finished the book he
will find that he has gained much sound
knowledge of history with a minimum of
effort Mi-- Ma-son. too. has provided
an excellent Index. The portrait of the
II' ii. Robert Boyle, which form- the
frontispiece, is copied from Kerseboom's
picture in the rooms of the Royal Society.
It show- him 8S B delicate and handsome
man. lovable and gentle, the dears
Squire."' a- he remained always to his
ni©
Mi mortals oi Henry Forbes Julian. Written
and edited by his Wife. Hester Julian.
(Griffin & Co., 6a. net.)
It was in the autumn of L902 that Miss
Hester Pengelly, a daughter of the famous
geologist of Torquay, whose name is
inseparably associated with the explora-
tion of Kent's Cavern, became the wife of
Henry Forbes Julian. As a mining and
metallurgical engineer .Mr. Julian had
occasion to travel professionally in many
parts of the world, and it was during a
voyage across the Atlantic in 1912, as
one of the ill-fated passengers on the
Titanic, that his active life came, with
terrible suddenness, to a close. The
widow had many years previously been
the biographer of her distinguished father,
and now, after recovery from the illness
consequent on her bereavement, she has
written this volume as an affectionate
tribute to the memory of her husband.
Forbes Julian went to South Africa
as a young man. and was fortunately
there when the early development of the
goldfields offered great opportunities to
an industrious man with scientific train-
ing. It became necessary to secure the
most advantageous methods for the re-
duction of the ores, and it was in work
on this subject that he made his mark.
Having studied chemistry in Manchester,
he applied himself quietly, but persever-
ingly, to research, and when the method
of extracting the gold by means of
cyanide solutions was introduced, he did
much to assist in putting the new process
on a firm industrial basis. Some of his
most useful researches were undertaken
to ascertain the effect of various oxidizing
agents in influencing the dissolution of the
metal. He became a patentee of certain
improvements, and at a later date was
joint author of an excellent technological
treatise entitled ' Cyaniding Gold and
Silver Ores.'
Always fond of travel, be made a
rather extensive journey in the Upper
Zambezi Basin, and was one of the
earliest Europeans to visit the Victoria
Falls. It appears that he succeeded in
acquiring valuable concessions from cer-
tain native chiefs in the Barotse district,
and drew up a report on its natural
resources, but his project for its com-
mercial development uever reached matu-
rity.
The story of Forbes Julian's life, as
recorded in this volume, leaves <>n the
mind of the reader the picture of a quiet,
unassuming man of engaging personality,
sound in judgment and strict m integrity,
who centred his energy on a special field
of technical inquiry, and whose Bteady
persistency of purpose— probably due to
the Scottish element in his ancestry —
enabled him to achieve success where a
man of more brilliant parts might have
failed. Hi- prof essional advice on certain
questions of metallurgy came to he widely
sought, while his high standard of oha-
ter gave weight to hi- opinions, and he
Was thus led to \i-it many mining cento
in Europe, the United States and Mexico,
as well as in South Africa.
Whenever possible, he was accompanied
iii his travels by his devoted wife, and
sonic of the most interesting parts of this
volume have been compiled from her
journals. With much taste for science,
acquired from her father and promoted
by her husband, .Mrs. Forbes Julian took
great interest in Hie British Association.
and at its annual meetings, as well as at
her home in Torquay, came into relation
with an exceptionally large circle of dis-
tinguished men of science. The last
chapter of her volume contains extracts-
from a remarkable collection of letters of
condolence that she received on the occa-
sion of her husband's death.
THE NATURE OF THE X-RAYS.
In your notice of my book on X-rays (in
your is-uc of June 6th) your reviewer rai
one point to which L wish to draw attention.
It is well known that one of ill • outstand-
ing difficult ics, if in >t I he greatest, in mod< CD
physics is the nature and mechanism of
radiation. The problem of reconciling the
wave-nature of heat, light, X-rays, Arc, with
their peculiar concentrated energy-distribu-
tion, is one which is attracting at cut ion
from physicists and mathematicians of the
highest standing, not only in this country,
hut throughout Europe.
To meet the difficulty various " quantum "
theories have been proposed; and in the
case of the X-rays. Prof. Bragg was Led some
years ago to regard the rays as identical
with "neutral-corpuscles." The conception
was simple, and had its advantages, but its-
complete inadequacy to explain the recent
work on the diffraction of X-ravs by crystal-
left Prof. Bragg no option but to abandon
the theory, which he accordingly did. nearly
two years ago.
I am writing to remark on the extreme
isolation of your reviewer in his advocacy <>i
this defunct theory of Prof. Hragg's. If
your reviewer will honour me by reading
chap. xii. of my book on X-rays and
crystals he will. I hope, get a notion of the
work which led Prof. Bragg not only to drop
his earlier ideas, but to go over completely
to the "enemy." It is. indeed, largely due
to the recent wonderful "spectroscopic"
researches of Prof. Bragg himself that the
X-rav s have nov. definitely taken their pi
among the vast family of electromagnetic
radiat ions.
The difficulty which remains in the prob-
lem of the nature of the X-ray a is merely
thai which all classes <>t electromagnetic
w.ive- present. <•■ W. < '. Kvyk.
%* I read before reviewing, not only
chap. xii. but t he re-t of I >r. Kave's
teres! ing book. En chap. \hi.. on ' 'I he
\.ii ure .a' the X-Rays, he recalls" a few of
the responsible suggestions a- t<> it thus
"Rontgen, Boltzmann, and others regarded the
i i\ - as longitudinal ether- ^ ibrationsof short period
and ureal wave length Miohelaon suggested that
BUiotgen-rays were etber vortices : Utokes pat for-
ward i theorj <>t irregular pulses in the ether : audi
finally many phyricx *tn, including at oik timt Ron
him tif and mort recently Pro) Brayy, inclined to
tin in a- thai tht ram wen fiiyfUn of material
particle* which nuemhled itronyly and wen possibly
mi , ,', ,n ii (hough electrically tuutral form oJ 'I"
/mi i n' cathodt rayi my italic
Att> r t in- statemenl ot \\ hat he • ■■ ma to
consider the " final or last-made Buggesl ion
to their nature, he goes on to affirm
that
''there iroeh i»- any < t< >n I >t oow tlmt
\ rayi arc identical "itli intra \i"li-t li^lit <>t
898
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
extremely short wave-lengths; wave-lengths in
fact of the order of the diameter of the atom " ;
a: id immediately after says : —
" Yet it is not quite all plain sailing, for while it
seems certain from the extreme precision observed
in the reflection experiments that X-rays are
regular light waves and occur in trains of great
length, yet the difficulty is that in many of their
properties the rays behave strangely like streams of
discrete entities, the effects of which are localized in
space in much the same way as are the effects of
'■iilv Indicts'" (my italics).
From the last two passages quoted, I
fancied that Dr. Kaye considered some
doubt on the subject still permissible, and
that those misguided persons who still clung
to Prof. Bragg's theory set out above might
• do so without incurring his condemnation.
In this I may have been wrong, but are not
his own expressions partly to blame for my
•error ?
For the rest, I have not yet seen, in print
any formal withdrawal by Prof. Bragg of his
view that the X-rays are streams of particles.
It is true that at his recent lecture at the
Royal Institution he used expressions which
suggested that he as well as others had been
in error as to the view they had formerly
taken of the nature of the rays. But this is
very far from a recantation in form ; and
these are not matters where we can yet be
compelled -all to think alike. It is even
possible that my " isolation " in the matter
.may not be so " extreme " as Dr. Kaye says.
Your Reviewer.
SOCIETIES.
Society of Antiquaries. — June 18. — Sir
Arthur Evans, President, in the chair.
Mr. Mervyn Macartney read a paper on ' New
Facts relating to the Foundations and Construc-
tion of St. Paul's Cathedral and their Bearing
on the Statements in the " Parentalia." The
paper dealt with contemporary investigations of
the soil during the rebuilding of the Cathedral,
and also with recent excavations. Some inter-
esting objects have been discovered, and
our knowledge of the foundations of the old
■Cathedral has been increased, but doubts are
cast on the correctness of data given in the
' Parentalia.' The careful search through the
Cathedral Account -Books, and the examination
of the walls and core of the building, have brought
imany important facts to light, both as to materials
and construction.
Mr. Reginald Smith read a paper on ' Irish
Brooches of Five Centuries,' embodying a scheme
for arranging in chronological order the penannular
brooches found in Ireland and occasionally else-
where. The type of brooch with a pin working
as a hoop in the form of an incomplete ring is
known in the pre-Boman period of Britain and
the La Tene period abroad, but the particular
variety that served as a prototype for the Irish
series is well represented in Britain, and may be
called the " Welsh " type, as it has been found
in Wales, and seems to have been worn by the
Romanized Britons of the fifth century. A
series of lantern-slides and photographs was
shown to illustrate the development of this type
to its highest point in the eighth century, and its
decline in the Viking period under Oriental influ-
ences. The Tara and Hunterston brooches,
together with a fine specimen in the British Museum
from Lord Londesborough's collection, may be
placed in the eighth century, as they are related
in style to the Lindisfarne Gospels* (about 700)
and the Book of Kells. A later stage is marked
by the find at Croy, Inverness, dated by a coin
of Coenwulf of Mercia (about 820) ; and the series
from Rogart, Sutherlandshire, seems to date
about 800. There are a few other landmarks,
such as the brooch in the Trewhiddle hoard (before
875) ; and the Viking forms are dated more or less
precisely by the brooches and fragments in the
•Goldsborough and Cuerdale hoards (early tenth
century). A study of the largest collections
brings to light a sequence both in form and
-decoration, and shows the development of the
penannular brooch from the sixth to the tenth
century, which is reflected to some extent in the
Irish illuminated MSS.
Mathematical. — June 11. — Prof. A. E. H.
Love, President, in the chair.
The President announced the award of the
De Morgan Medal to Prof. Sir Joseph Larmor for
his researches in mathematical physics ; the
medal will be presented at the annual meeting
of the Society (November 13th).
Mr. G. H. Hardy communicated some theorems
due to Mr. S. Ramanujan : these theorems are
of interest as having been discovered in part by
intuition, without Mr. Ramanujan's being aware
of previous results of a similar character. These
new results depend, however, on two assertions
of algebraical identities which have not as yet
been proved, although considerable evidence has
been accumulated in support of their truth.
Assuming these identities, Mr. Ramanujan has
proved a number of striking theorems of very
varied types.
Prof. E. W. Hobson communicated [his paper,
' Theorems relating to Functions defined im-
plicitly, with Applications to the Calculus of
Variations.' The object of the paper was to give a
general method of establishing the existence
of a field of extremals, in Weierstrass's treatment
of the Calculus of Variations.
Lieut. -Col. Cunningham communicated an
announcement by Mr. R. E. Powers (sent by
cable) that the Mersenne's number 2107 - 1 is
prime, in contradiction to Mersenne's own
assertion.
The following papers were communicated by
title from the chair : ' Proof of the general Borel-
Tauber Theorem,' by Messrs. G. H. Hardy and
J. E. Littlewood ; ' A Problem of Diophantine
Approximation,' by Mr. R. H. Fowler ; ' On the
Differentiation of a Surface-Integral at a Point
of Infinity,' by Mr. J. G. Leathern ; and ' Free
and Forced Longitudinal Tidal Motion in a
Lake,' by Mr. J. Proudman.
MEETINGS next week.
Tcks. Boman, 4.30.— ' A Mid-Sixteenth-Oentury Panorama of Rome
by Anton van den Wyngaerde of Brussels,' Mr. W. St. Clair
Baddeley.
Wkd. Archaeological Institute, 4.30.—' Indications of Earthworks in
Ashdown Forest,' Mr. Gordon Home; 'Further Examples
of English Mediaeval Alabaster- Work,' Dr. P. Nelson.
Turns. Geographicil, n.—'Lithological Map of the British Isles,' Mr.
A. G. Ogilvie.
— English Goethe, 8.30.—' Ziige aua Goethe s ministeriellen
Tiitigkeit,' Dr. Hugo Mayer.
£fc«na gossip.
A meeting of the Women's Industrial
Council was held on Tuesday afternoon at
the house of Mrs. W. R. Malcolm, 1, Princes
Gardens, W. Lady Emmott presided, and
addresses upon the work of the Council's
Nursery Training School were given by Mrs.
Alys Russell, who is acquainted with one of
the present students ; Dr. Eric Pritchard,
who has been the school's medical adviser
from the day of its opening ; and Mr. Tom
Lloyd, whose child is being tended by a nurse
trained in it. More girls than can be received
are seeking admission, and employers are
applying for more than ten times as many
nursemaids as can be trained. The Council
is therefore anxious to remove the school
from its present quarters at 4, King Edward's
Road, Hackney, to larger premises in some
rather more accessible neighbourhood, and
is asking for donations and subscriptions
that may enable it to do so. We are glad to
give publicity to this endeavour, not only in
the interests of the children of whom the
nursemaids in the first instance take charge,
but yet more in the interests of the young
women themselves and their families and
friends.
We remind our readers of the joint session
of the Aristotelian Society, the British
Psychological Society, and the Mind Associa-
tion, which takes place next Saturday and
Sunday at Durham. Discussions will be
held on ' The Role of Repression in For-
getting ' and ' The Status of Sense Data,' and
Prof. S. Alexander will deal with ' Freedom.'
The designs for th? new St. Paul's Bridge
have been on view in St. Paul's Churchyard
this week, including the efforts of three
prize-winners. They are more satisfactory
on the engineering side than on the archi-
tectural.
Science Progress for July begins with an
editorial on Irrationalism, in which it is
argued that many persons who are entirely
sane as regards the ordinary occurrences
of life are yet unable to reason accurately
regarding matters outside them. The scien-
tific articles deal with the Temperature of
Mars, the Birthtime of the World, Sea
Fisheries, and the curious subject of Coloured
Thinking. A technical article on the Photo-
graphic and Mechanical Processes in the
Reproduction of Illustrations, by Mr. R.
Steele, should be of use to writers of illus-
trated books.
At the annual meeting of the Society of
Arts, on Wednesday last, a new by-law was
adopted authorizing Members of the Society
to call themselves Fellows. Since its founda-
tion in. 1754 the Society has consisted of
Members only ; but, as most of the younger
Societies use the term " Fellow," it has been
deemed advisable to follow their practice.
The "F.S.A.," however, will hardly escape
confusion with the Antiquaries.
Mr. Chancellor is presenting to the
House of Commons a Bill for the entire
abolition of vivisection : —
"It shall not be lawful [the Bill recites] to
subject any animal to vivisection, that is to say,
to perform on any live animal, with or without
anaesthetics, any experiment or demonstration or
inoculation of a nature to give pain or suffering,
either directly or in its after effects,"
for any scientific purpose. Entry on warrant
by justice is to be enjoined wherever reason-
able suspicion arises that vivisection is
going on.
It is not difficult to forecast the lines of
argument on either side. Somebody is sure
to remind us that it is illogical to make all
this fuss about vivisection and inoculation
while we rather encourage than condone the
cruelties incident to otter - hunting and
beagling. Much will be made on the one
side of the greatness, and on the other of the
futility, of what the surgeon has learnt
through vivisection. However it may go,
it seems to us entirely wholesome that there
should exist a strong resentment in the
public conscience against the ruthless use of
animals even for the benefit of humanity.
Prof. Alfred Lacroix, of the Musee
d'Histoire Naturelle, has been elected by
the Academie des Sciences " Secretaire Per-
petuel " for Natural Sciences.
A ' Bibliograph'e Methodique des Livres
de Medecine : Chirurgie, Pharmacie, Scie.ices,
1900-15,' is to appear in Par's next
September. It promises to be thoroughly
revised and up -to date.
Mr. John McFarlane, of the University
of Manchester, is about to publish with
Messrs. Pitman a work on economic
geography. The increasing interest in geo-
graphy as an educational subject is among
the best of modern pedagogical developments,
and a good book on its economic aspects
will undoubtedly be a real service to
education.
The centenary of the discjvery of
electro-magnetism by the Danish Professor
H. C. Oersted, in 1820, will be celebrated
in various waj^s in Copenhagen, a committee
having been formed to arrange for inter-
national congresses, as well as a scientific
exhibition.
No. 4522, June 07, 1914
THE ATHENjEUM
899
FINE ARTS
Mexican Archaeology: on Introduction to
the Archceology of the Mexican rind Mayan
Civilizations of Pre-Spanish America.
By Thomas A. Joyce. (Leo Warner,
IlV Qd. net.)
This book belongs to the excellent series
of " Handbooks to Ancient Civilizations "
brought out by the Medici Society, a
scries to which the author contributed in
1912 a volume on South American Archae-
ology. In 384 pages, with more than a
hundred illustrations, he seeks here to
summarize the extent of our knowledge
concerning the life and culture of the
Mexican and Mayan peoples of pre-Spanish
America. The book makes a clear-cut
division between the areas occupied by
the two peoples, the first half dealing
wholly with the Mexican area, to the
north and west of Tehuantepec ; the
second with the Mayan, mainly to the
south and east of that isthmus. Mr.
Joyce admits that from the chronological
and cultural points of view the Mayan
should have come first, but adopts a
contrary arrangement because a knowledge
of Mexican civilization supplies the
greater part of the material for the
interpretation of Mayan archaeology.
Though this reason may be sound, it
need not bind a reviewer, and we pro-
pose to adopt the order of time rather
than that of the author. He states as one
consideration that led him to undertake
the work the fact, which cannot be
denied, but is to be regretted, that English-
men, who have done so much in the past
Eoi Americanist studies, have sadly fallen
back of late years, and have been sur-
passed by German investigators. It may
be hoped that the book will serve as a
stimulus to English scholars to renew their
exertions in this field.
In an appendix to the volume Mr.
Joyce has arranged in tabular form a
provisional scheme of dating, which can.
of course, only be taken as approximate.
The dates suggested by him are derived
from the monuments, and go as far back as
the thirteenth cycle of the long count,
equivalent in European dating to 3(>43
years B.C. The dates corresponding to
traditional events begin with the migra-
tion of the Tutul-Xiu from Nbnoual,
which i< timed to have started at 16] A.D.
The immigrants hear of Cbichen Itza. and
settle there about 49(>. Though that
settlement is said to have been destroyed
in 015. some oi tin- architectural remains
there are among the finest of those now-
extant. Here are buildings which give
evidence of successive additions to the
original structure, a remarkable edifice
called the Castello, erected on a graduated
pyramid of great height, and other
remains. Mr. Joyce distributes them
into three, or possibly four, periods; the
earliest represented by mounds distin-
guished by a date in the long COUnt, and
the later ones by the buildings we have
mentioned. The immigrants had wan-
dered back to Ghiohen ltza about 970,
ami again established themselves there.
About 989 the}' founded I'xmal. Chichen
ltza. was again depopulated about 11 ST.
A party of the Xiu, wishing in the six-
teenth century to perform certain cere-
monies at their old home there, asked and
obtained leave to pass through hostile
territory, but were enticed into a building
and massacred. Meanwhile the Spaniards
had appeared in the country, and native
history had reached its close.
Our know ledge of the history and beliefs
of the Quiche people is mainly derived
from the ' Popol Vuh,' a record of their
traditions, of which we possess only a late
transcript that may not be altogether
trustworthy. Their myth of their own
origin is that the gods after having
created first the earth added the
animals, and also created men, first from
clay and then from wood, but destroj'ed
both for their want of intelligence.
Finally, in a fourth creation, they fashioned
four men out of maize, of whom the first
three were ancestors of the several Quiche
tribes, and the fourth had no descendants.
In the meantime men had passed through
many experiences from the jealousy of
their creators, who found the creatures they
had made too perfect. The principal god
of the Quiche is represented by the fea-
thered snake. They believed also in
many supernatural beings, who mostly
delighted in mischief. Mr. Joyce gives an
excellent abridgment of the cosmogony
of the 'Popol Vuh,' which presents many
curious features. There is the tradition
of a great deluge, of a virgin birth, and
other elements which may possibly be
due to the imagination of the transcriber,
but are more likely to be evidences of the
uniform working of the human mind
when engaged in the development of
religious ideas.
The author next discusses the Mayan
calendar, which affords the material for
his suggestions as to dates, and which
determined the times of the several
festivals. The calendar, which noted
the changes of the agricultural year,
and the religious observances necessary
to promote fertility and avert disaster,
gave great influence to the priests of the
country. Among the Quiche, the theory
of the close relation of their ancestors
to the creating gods led to the chiefs
being looked upon as interpreters of the
will of those gods. Whether human
sacrifices were offered in early times is a
question -Mi'. Joyce is not prepared to settle.
Me thinks that the negative evidence
afforded by Mayan sculptures BufficeS to
show that the practice was exceptional,
if it existed at all. A wall-painting at
Chichen ltza seems to picture a human
sacrifice, but it is on a late building.
Though survivals of the ancient worship
may he traced in present-day observances,
.Mr. Joyce is undoubtedly liu'ht when he
says that, the student of folkdore who
desires to collect these relics of a Former
religion must unite in an unusual degree
ranee and patience, and must be
prepared to devote considerable time lo
the work.
The little that is known of the social
systems of the Maya, their migrations
and trade, their weapons and their wars,
is ably summarized. The sculptures and
the manuscripts or codices alTord more-
indications of their costumes, their daily
life, and crafts. They had gold and
copper, hut were practically living in the
Stone Age, and their implements present
very curious forms, of which examples
found in British Honduras may he seen
at the British Museum. A line painted
vase representing a visit paid to a chief by
an inferior, is figured in a folding plate.
and is an excellent specimen of Mayan
art. That is a subject upon which further
investigation and classification are much
to be desired.
The magnificent architectural remains
on the Mayan area, many of them hidden
in almost impenetrable forests and in
districts sparsely inhabited or subject
only to savage races, could not be dealt
with adequately in a single chapter of
36 pages only; but Mr. Joyce has discussed
the ruins as fully as the space at his
disposal would admit, and has furnished
an interesting account of some of their
principal features, with appropriate illus-
trations. As to the superficial similarity
between the Mayan buildings and those
of South-East Asia, close analysis serves
largely to diminish the effect of it; and
similarity of ornament means little unless
it can be shown to arise from similarity
of the thought that inspired it.
The subject of the first portion of the
work, Mexican archaeology, is treated in
an equally satisfactory manner. Here
there is more material for the tribal his-
tory ; and the manuscripts supply figures
of the numerous gods which were wor-
shipped by the several tribes. They ah i
give evidence of the savage rites which
accompanied that worship in the form of
human sacrifice, and in some cases with
cruel torture. In this connexion the
complications of the calendar and the
various periodical feasts are considered.
The system of writing, the functions of
the priests, the practice of medicine, and
the ceremonies of burial are briefly de-
scribed. A summary account is given
of the social organization of the Mexicans,
their weapons, and the development of
trade and the administration of justice
anion- them. Specimens oi stone and
Obsidian instruments from the rich collec-
tions of the British Museum, and other
objects illustrating the crafts, dress, and
daily life of the Mc\icans. are figured ai I
described. Someof the more striking archi-
tectural remains and typical specimens oi
the pottery complete the picture of the
civilization existing in Mexico before its
COnquesl by the Spaniards, w hicli Mi-.
Joyce set himself to give.
A lu ict bibliographj would have added to
the usefulness of the booh. It is true, as
Mr. Joyce sa\s. that such a list may
he found elsewhere; but the literature
concerned with .Mexico is so exten-
sive that a summary account of the
Special WOrkE Oil Which he has relied for
the collection of his material- would h
been of advantage to the reader. At
900
THE ATHEN^UM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
any rate, we may say with confidence that
Mr. Joyce has used well his special
opportunities for the study of his subject,
and has produced a volume of great value
.and interest.
CURRENT EXHIBITIONS.
Of the two etchers now showing at the
Dowdeswell Galleries, Mr. Ernest S. Lumsden
is an example of the safe accomplishment
and not very inspired vision common
among English exponents of the art. Mr.
Clifford Addams has a talent of more definite
•character, and is, indeed, one of the most
interesting etchers recently introduced to our
notice. Mes Enfants dans mon Atelier (13)
may serve to cast a light on the kind of
inspiration we find in these prints. A pile of
chairs and a table-cloth are doing duty for —
.a stage coach, perhaps, or something, at any
rate, out of the magical world of story-telling;
and there is apparently a ferocious attack
by bandits going forward, into which the
•children fling themselves heartily. Their
.father has a like talent for playing at romance,
throwing over the actualities of his subject-
matter the glamour of historic and artistic
association. St. Martin's Lane (27) is not
very like St. Martin's Lane, but is magnifi-
cently full of colour and varied life. So also
Gambia s Cafe, Venice (30), and the Doorway,
B. Gregorio (9), hardly convince us as repre-
sentations of these places as they are, but
are lavishly and luxuriously expressive of the
artist's view of them. Mr.' Addams has the
gift of fantasy, but gives us, perhaps, more
than is usual even with romanticists the
sense that drawing is for him histrionic.
We might cite the furious wealth of sparkling
detail in A Soho Alley (46), the swaggering
picturesqueness of Staple Yard, Philadelphia
(31), or the silence of dead water in An
Obscure Turning, Venice (22), as indicating
his variety. The flamboyant, shoddy
.magnificence of Wagner's Garden, Venice
( >0), looks like a humorous recognition in
•another artist of a weakness of taste he
.himself shares.
At Messrs. Connell's Galleries, Miss Kathe-
i'ine Cameron also exhibits etchings, together
with certain water-colours which have much
of the breadth of draughtsmanship of the
work of her more famous brother. Her use
•of colour, on the other hand, is far less
distinguished, and in No. 6 particularly this
spoils a good design. She appears conscious
•of this tendency to gaudiness, and sometimes,
as in No. 7, uses a dark-toned paper to
■counteract it. The device does not, how-
ever, serve instead of a fine colour-sense.
In No. 15 a bold decorative panel, Cycla-
■men, she scores a success which is not
repeated in the pendent Delphinium (19).
All her still life has a certain boldness and
accomplishment : it is the sort of work that
.gets medals.
If we could select the most capable from
Mr. A. Birck's water-colours of Algeria (at
the Fine Art Society's Galleries), we should
find the same telling display of confident
ability. No one could say, from such land-
scapes as Nos. 1, 7, 15, 23, 31, or 40, that
the artist was incompetent, though it is
somewhat puzzling to find a man with
such command of his materials, and so
fit tie wish to use them for purposes of
beauty of the finer kind. His interiors
and figure painting are so inferior as to
suggest the presence behind his landscape
practice of some unknown original artist,
•of whom he is the faithful copyist.
At the Carfax Gallery, Mr. Lucien Pissarro
is well represented by a series of landscapes,
of which Pine Wood, Chipp rfield (33), is
perhaps the most attractive in its evocation
of a romantic subject by very simple means.
Of the other exhibitors, Miss Diana White
and Mr. J. B. Manson are closely related to
him artistically. The former is best in such
a dignified treatment of still life as The Yellow
Plaque (34). Mr. Manson's Rhododendron
Wood (15) and Spring, Torrington (16), are
a great improvement on his earlier work,
which is shown also in its welter of bright
colours resulting in tameness (1 and 41, for
example). He appears to be emerging into
a use of colour more constructive and
scientific. Mr. Milne and Mr. Squire are
somewhat different. Mr. Milne reveals,
indeed, little talent for realism. Painting
from nature only fidgets a certain natural
instinct for decoration, which shows itself in
No. 32. Mr. Squire has on occasion a great
gift as colourist, fresh, clear, and inventive, as
in A Bunch of Flowers (39), variedly rich and
observant in Clayheaps (23). Altogether, it
is a modest, but admirable little exhibition.
The Summer Exhibition of the Goupil
Gallery is a lively and attractive show in
which almost all the pictures are painted
with apparent ease and pleasure. In some
instances (the graceful fantasies of Mr. J. W.
Morrice — 17, 38, and 40 — may be taken as
not unfavourable examples) this fluency is
purchased at the expense of extreme slight-
ness of subject-matter ; but Mr. P. W. Steer
is represented by a work of unusual solidity,
Carmina (18), a harmony in rose reds and
browns, well orchestrated on a sufficient
plastic basis. His Portrait (30), with its
rather laboured head, lays claim to similar
quality, but has not the elastic and natural
structure of the former picture. Both
canvases date, we fancy, about a dozen years
back. Mr. Brangwyn's Market - Place,
Bruges (29), is one of the best of his recent
paintings ; and there is an oil painting by
Conder, Brighton Front (23), which is
uniquely successful in the vein of relatively
full realism in which he challenged com-
parisons, as a rule disastrously, with Whistler.
Here for once he is almost masculine, and
the attempt at closer rendering of natural
effect has not hampered his ingenuity in
devising a colour-scheme rich in variety, yet
simple in effect. Spencer Gore's Mornington
Crescent (5) has also great refinement.
On the other hand, Mr. Nicholson's
contributions (22, 24, 26, and 28), clever
as they are, have not quite the definitive
Tightness he sometimes attains in his
happiest moments, and the decisive method
thus looks a little imposed upon his subject-
matter, rather than arising naturally from
it. Mrs. Nicholson approaches her husband's
accomplishment less nearly than on certain
previous occasions in her somewhat wooden
Portrait Heads (34 and 36). When the
stylistic use of flat tones of colour is, as in
these works, only approximately suggestive
of nature, such typical nineteenth-century
painters as Buxton Knight (32 and 33) and
Bonvin (39), with their more laborious broken
colour, become formidable neighbours.
At the Chenil Gallery, Mr. David Bomberg
shows a considerable number of works, some
of which, such as Nos. 9, 25, 26, 33, 36, or 44,
confirm our opinion, already more than once
expressed, of his considerable abilities. To
our own taste he would have been more
interesting had he been a little less successful
in adapting himself to the latest fashions.
His work looks as if he were somewhat
feverishly conscious of his public, yet,
unfortunately, failed to have any respect for
it.
THE 'ROMAN CHARITY.'
The picture ' Roman Charity,' by Tinto-
retto, is at the present time on exhibition at
the Sicilian Galleries, Southampton Row,
W.C., where it may be seen free of charge by
all who are interested. The facts I have been
able to substantiate in relation to its
history are not many, but certainly sufficient
to attest the genuine character of the
work. Formerly the property of George IV.,
it was sold by him to a wealthy stockbroker,
and at his death it passed into the possession
of his daughter. In 1896 the picture became
the subject of litigation, but I am unable
to deal with its history since that date. Sir
Richard Holmes, Librarian at Windsor
Castle, referred to this special painting as
" a great and fine work," and remarked on
" its history and importance.'' The subject-
matter of the picture, from which no doubt
Byron derived his inspiration, is fully
treated in stanzas 150 and 151 of ' Childe
Harold's Pilgrimage.' From careful inspec-
tion and examination of the painting, I
should judge it to be one of the finest ex-
amples of Tintoretto's work in existence.
H. Vernon Carey.
It may interest Mr. Guthrie to know that
the ' Roman Charity,' by Tintoretto, is
now on view at the Sicilian Art Gallery,
Sicilian Avenue, Bloomsbury Square, W.C.
It was sold by one of the Georges for 30,000Z.
many years ago, and is once more in the
market.
This picture was the subject of much
litigation a few years back, but its genuine-
ness was confirmed by the late Sir Richard
Holmes.
William Hamilton Gregory.
A painting the subject of which is as
described by your correspondent hangs (or
did hang) in one of the small rooms in
Hampton Court Palace. Was it removed
there from Windsor ? A copy is to be seen
at Arbury Hall, Warwickshire.
Jennett Humphreys.
I thank you for the publication of my
letter on Tintoretto's great painting, which,
as I anticipated, has led to further informa-
tion. It is, indeed, a noble work, and quite
comes up to the idea I had formed. It is a
matter of public interest that any work by
one of the world's great painters should,
when once it has been acquired by the
nation, not be lost sight of. It is not,
perhaps, essential that every such work
should be purchased for the nation, or even
retained in the collection in which it has
once been (although in this case one may-
wonder why the eighteenth-century authori-
ties parted with this example of Venetian
art). But it is essential to the completeness
of our art knowledge that a record should be
kept of where such works go to, and how
and where they can be seen. Indeed, it
might be as well if, in the case of pictures
once thought important enough to be
exhibited in the nation's great galleries,
private purchasers were made to sign an
undertaking that they would allow the
public, or art critics and art students at
least, to view these pictures under certain
specified conditions, say, once a year or
on certain specified days.
The world's great work belongs to the
world, and should be its inalienable heritage.
I thank you for the information con-
veyed in the letter you were kind enough
to let me see before publishing it, and thus
for the knowledge that has enabled me to see
the picture. Edward Guthrie.
** * We thank further correspondents for
letters.
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
THE ATHENAEUM
001
FINE ART SALES.
THK NORTHWICK BNGRAV1NQS.
Thb collection of engravings Conned by .lolm.
Lord Northwick, in the first hall of the last
century, has been sold this week by Messrs.
Christ io. The prints had remained in folios
since they were collected, and were generally in
fine con lit ion. Many were from the collection
of sir Thomas Lawrence, and stamped with
his mark. The sale will be notable for the
fact that a first state of Valentine Green's ' Lady
Betty Dehne and Children.' after Reynolds,
realized 1,8371. LOs., the highest price yet given
at auction for an engraving. Prices of other
important lots in the first three days follow : —
After Reynolds : Lady Bampfylde, by T-
Watson, first published state, 120/. Hon. Mrs-
Beresford. with the Marchioness Townshend and
Mrs. Gardiner, by V. Green, first state, 204Z. 16s.
Mrs. Caraac, by J. R. Smith, first published state,
1,050/. Lady Elizabeth Compton, by V. Green,
first state. L'32/. Diana, Viscountess Crosbie, by
W. Dickinson, first state, 60:?/. The Brothers
Gawler ('Schoolboys'), by J. R. Smith, first
published state. :i2.">/. 10s. Jane, Duchess of
Cordon, by \Y. Dickinson, first state, 2ti2Z. 10s.
Lady Jane Ilalliday. by V. Green, first state, 588/.
Mrs. Hardinge, by T. Watson, first published state,
262Z. 10.*. Miss Frances Harris, by J. Grozer,
first state, before any letters, 3041. 10s. Lady
Harriet Herbert, by V. Green, second state, with
the publication line, 152/. 5s. Lady Caroline
Howard, by the same, first state, '28:?/. 10s.
Hon. Frances Ingram, by J. R. Smith, first state,
173/. 5s. Miss Jacobs, by J. Spilsbury, proof
before any letters, before the plate was cleaned,
102/. 15s. Miss Frances Kemble, in black dress,
by J. Jon.-, first state, '52/. 5s. Lady Louisa
Manuel's, by V. Green, first state. 162/. Mrs.
Mathew, by \V. Dickinson, first published state,
\2<il. Mrs. Pelham feeding Chickens, by the
same, fine impression of the only state, 4203.
Lady Caroline Price, by J. Jones, first state, 180/.
Isabella, Duchess of Rutland, by V. Green, first
state, 756/. Col. Tarleton, bv J. R. Smith, first
state, 257/. 5s. The Ladies Waldegrave, by
V. Green, first state, 367/. 10s.
THE BASCOM COIN" SALE.
Ox Monday, the 15th inst., and the following
day, Messrs. Sotheby sold the collection of Anglo-
Saxon and English coins formed by Mr. G. J.
Bascom of New York, the chief lots beintj : —
Pennies: Mercia, Cyriethryth, 706, 25/. 10s.;
Wiglaf, area 830, believed to be a unique variety,
100/. ; Beormvulf, 823-5. 30/. Kent, Ecghbert,
765-91, one of four specimens known, -18/. 10s. ;
Baldred, 806-25, Canterbury Penny, only one
other specimen known, 75Z. ; Jaenberht, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, 766-00, 35/. East Anglia,
-Ethelstan 1., 828—37, only four other specimens
known, 26/. St. Martin of Lincoln, a very
scarce coin, 70J. Ms. Xorthumbria, Styca of
Bcgfrith, 670-85, 25/. ; Eanred, Archbishop of
Fork, 807-H, Penny. 20/. 10s.: Sihtric, 021-6,
Penny, believed to be unique, 38/. 10s. Wessex,
Kcghbeort, 8<>2-3s, IVnny, 287. in*. Henry IV.
of England, London Farthing, said to be unique,
21/. 5.v. Henry VII., third coinage, Septim
Shilling, 35/. Edward II.. London Penny,
reign type, "."</. Mary I.. Sola Half-Groat,
211. 10«. Elizabeth, Three-Fartbings, London
mint, 1563, 25/.
The total of the sale was 1,570/. 6s.
OTIIKR SALES.
At Messrs. Christie's on Friday, the 10th inst.,
De Wint's drawing of Eenilworth, with cattle
and sheep in the foreground, fetched 210Z. ;
R. W. Leader's picture On the Thames,
3267. 10».
At Mi Sotheby's sale of engravings on
Wednesday, the 17th inst ., and the following day,
the most important lots were: Jones, after
Romney, Edmund Burke, 98f. Cousins, after
rence, Master Lambton, 1301. Lucas, after
Constable, The Lock, 80Z. ; The Cornfield, 1021. ;
The vale of Dedham, 921. Knight, after Opie,
The Tired Soldier, and The Elopement, a pair,
printed in colours, 707.
fint Art (BoBsip.
Tin. latest Journal of the Royal Institute of
British Architects gives the text of a paper up.
' Beautiful London,' recently read before the
Institute by Mr. Rallies Davison. In the
discussion which followed, We were interested
to see that Sir Aston Webb emphasized a point
which, it' minor, is yet of some aesthetic
importance — the architecture of shop-fronts.
He contended with reason that Regent
Street, now rebuilding, must not have the
continuous glass fronts which many trades-
men have persuaded themselves are essential
for their interests, regardless of t he effect on
a great street, when towering buildings are
made to look as if they were supported on
nothing but sheets of plate-glass. Several
large shops have recently been built with
piers — a plan which not only adds to the
dignity of the appearance of the street, but
is also more favourable than the use of
continuous sheets of glass to the good display
of wares.
Something might, we think, be learnt by
the citizens of London as to this latter art.
We share the wonder of a German savant
who recently visited us — expecting much in
the way of our native feeling for beauty —
at the hideousness of most shop-windows.
It must argue some real defect when, quite
needlessly, people invent and repeat such
ugly arrangements as those presented by the
great majority of shops, or make such
incongruous combinations as the bunches of
Madonna lilies or chrysanthemums one often
sees set up in the midst of crowded bales of
drab and grej^ cloth in tailors' windows.
Before shopkeepers build with an eye to the
street as a whole, they might, perhaps, be
induced to dress their windows from that
point of view. As it is, the humble green-
grocer is in many streets the most valuable
citizen in helping to beautify his town.
Xo. 17 of The Journal of the Imperial Arts
League has, as usual, some interesting
articles and letters. ' Vox Populi — at
Chelsea ' deals sarcastically with the wisdom
of the Borough Council in matters of art.
Mr. R. R, Tatlock considers ' The Artificial
Lighting of Pictures ' in a practical spirit ;
and Mr. Harold Speed's paper on ' Arl
and the Representation of Visual Nature,'
though loosely written, is enlightening.
From the notes we gather that the United
States admit original paintings, drawings,
&c, free of duty, while the Australian
Customs impose a duty. The League has
joined Australian artists in protesting against
this.
It is proposed to erect a monument to the
memory of Marie Bashkirtseff at Xice. A
committee has been formed for the purpose,
and M. Michel de Tarnowslcy has undertaken
to execute the work.
THE Dublin Museum has recently acquired
an interesting collection of gold objects,
consisting <>f a torque, a bracelet, two pins,
the model of a shield, and five small models
of flat axe-. These objects, which were
found in the neighbourhood of Strangford
Lough, belong to one of the later periods of
the Bronze Age.
M. I'kytki. ha- bequeathed to the Louvre
twenty pictures chosen among the best in Ins
collection. Portraits of J. F. Millet by him-
seit; of Alphonse Daudet and In-, daughter,
byCarriere; of King Edward Vll.as Prince
of Wales, by Bastien-Lepage ; and ' Allee
d'Arbres a i'Automne, 63 Sisley, form
the most noteworthy pari of this valuable
gift.
MUSIC
— ♦ —
Wagner as Man and Artist. By Ernest
Newman. (Dent & Sons, 7*. 6d. net.)
In this interesting book the author has
tried to reconstruct Wagner as man and
musician from his own letters, bis auto-
biography, the let teis and reminiscences of
Others, his prose works, and his musi ;
and this is an excellent way of studying
him. Letters which at the time fchcy
were written were only meant for t
persons to whom they were addressed are
specially useful as testimony. An auto-
biography may not be always sincere,
and Wagner's, only when compared with
the othcrsources named, becomes valuable
in revealing the real man. We are told
that Wagner had a complex character —
varying from saint to sinner; and, since
his chief biographers have been inclined
to hide his faults, Mr. Newman can
scarcely be blamed for showing his mean
behaviour, his distortions, subterfuges, and
even, as in the case of Minna, falsehoods.
Yet it seems a pity, now that his works
are classic, to recall faults which in most
cases arose from a highly excitable and
moody nature. Macau lay, when men-
tioning facts in Clive's life which in
ordinary men would be strongly con-
demned, remarked that great men must
not be judged by the ordinary standard.
In the section on ' The Artist in Theory .
Mr. Newman speaks of the poetic spirit in
Beethoven, of which that composer was
" only dimly conscious, but which Wagner
from the beginning saw to be inherent
in him." We, however, believe that
Beethoven was fully aware of it, and, in
some instances, named the poetic basis.
Schindler, long before Wagner, felt
that there were meanings in many of
Beethoven's works.
Mr. Newman's statement that " giants
like Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart are seen
to be loaded with chains of their own and
their fellows' forging" is strong. They
found the restraint useful, and Beethoven,
with whom we are here specially concerned,
frequently loosened his chains, if he never
shook them off.
Again, speaking of
"the efforts made in OUT nun day by tin
carrying over of themes from one movement
to another, as in Cesar Kranck's Sonata lot
violill and piano,"
the author remarks that
"in apiece of ostensibly abstract music th
recurrence simply puzzles us [and adds:.
No satisfactory answer can be given
except in terms of a programme to the
question why a theme that has apparently
Berved its purpose should I"- resuscitated by
the composer ;ll ;l l;l t r|- StagB, ill preleroli' ,■
to t he invent ion of a fresh 1 heme.
We cannot see anything puzzling in this.
It was done to promote unity, and date-
not from " OUT own day,' but from the
seventeenth century ; moreover, Beethoven
made prominent use of it .
Wagner [we read | was uncomfortable
until he had made everything visible
thai formerly had been left to the
imagination." We certainly agree with
902
THE ATHENiEUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
the author that he would have done
better to repose faith in the imagina-
tion of his audience, and omit many
doubtful things — such, for instance,
as the dragon in 'Siegfried.' Several
instances, however, are mentioned in
which Wagner's practice was inconsistent
with his theory : he objected to instru-
mental music which required a pro-
gramme to convey its meaning — i.e., to
symphonic poems. So Mr. Newman de-
clares that the k Tannhauser ' and other
overtures of Wagner are, in fact, " artistic
solecisms." At a first performance of the
overture just mentioned, the music cannot,
of course, convey its meaning to an
audience any more clearly than ' Ein
Heldenleben ' without a literary explana-
tion of its contents. But at all subsequent
performances the meaning would be clear ;
and many, even at a first hearing, would
have previously discovered, by examining
the vocal scores, that the overtures were
epitomes of the operas. Mr. Newman
considers, and not without reason, that
such overtures are irrational ; the operatic
overture in fact " is now virtually
abolished." Beethoven's ' Leonore,' No. 3
Overture, is certainly an anti- climax,
while the themes in Wagner's ' Meister-
singer ' Overture are heard so often in the
course of the work that the overture
seems unnecessary. In a concert-room it
is most effective, and even as abstract
music has compelling power.
Mr. Newman's book is ably written,
and calculated to stimulate thought.
OPERA AT DRURY LANE.
M. Igor Stravinsky's opera-ballet,
' Le Rossignol,' was produced at Drury
Lane on Thursday evening in last week.
His ' Petrouchka,' when first produced
at Co vent Garden, seemed to mark him as
the coming man among modern com-
posers. The rhythmic life, the masterly
orchestration, the spontaneity of the
music, and the congruency of tone and
action were the strong points in this all
too brief masterpiece. In the ' Sacre du
Prin temps ' he created a strange, though
not a strong impression. Andersen's tale
•of ' The Nightingale,' on which the new
Avork is based, seemed to suggest expressive
and beautiful music. The realism on the
stage and in the orchestra during the scene
in the palace of the Chinese Emperor was
certainly clever, and the scene was wonder-
fully attractive. But the singing of the
' Nightingale " proved disappointing. It
was declared by the Chamberlain to be
marvellous, and by the courtiers to be
beautiful ; to us, however, it appeared to
be lacking in inspiration ; moreover, the
singer, Mile. Aurelia Dobrowolska, who
stood in the orchestra with her back to the
stage, was uncertain, and not always quite
in tune. But the illusion, especially in the
opening scene, was spoilt by the fact that
she was visible, and by the "flute notes also
doing duty for the bird. The prelude and
the fisherman's music were reasonable, but
later the composer seemed principally
occupied in making experiments in orches-
tration. We respect M. Stravinsky be-
cause, as we noted above, he has displayed
power ; but this ballet does not strike us
as a step in advance. ' Petrouchka ' was
natural, this is artificial. M. Emile Cooper
conducted most skilfully.
' Midas,' which followed, is a mytho-
logical comedy by M. Michel Fokine, with
music by M. Maximilien Steinberg, who
conducted. The comedy was at times
too much like farce, and the music, if
sound and intelligible, was not particularly
characteristic. Madame Tamar Karsa-
vina's dancing was very graceful.
Dr. Strauss's ballet, ' La Legende de
Joseph,' was produced last Tuesday even-
ing. The first thing that strikes one is the
simplicity of the music. Here and there
are sounds which remind one of ' Salome ' ;
but apart from these there is nothing likely
to arouse discussion. The composer has
already attempted in his * Rosenkavalier '
to write in a simpler style, and the present
work is a further step in the same direc-
tion. This simplicity is pleasant, but
whether it is natural or assumed may be
doubted. The ballet is based on the story,
or, as it is called, the legend, of Joseph
and Potiphar's wife as related in the Old
Testament. Herr Hugo von Hofmanns-
thal has retained the Bible names and the
story, but the period is that of the Re-
naissance in Italy. This is a permissible
transposition, since the characters are said
to be symbolical ; the names then ought also
to have been changed. The spectacle on the
stage is sumptuous, and will, we believe,
attract — at any rate at first — more than
the music. The part of Potiphar's wife
was played in an impassioned manner by
Madame Karsavina. M. Leonide Mias-
sine, the young dancer who impersonated
Joseph, is clever and dignified.
The performance under the direction of
Dr. Strauss was exceedingly fine, and the
light scoring of the music accompanying
the dances is as striking as its diatonic
character. It was undoubtedly a success.
Dr. Strauss must know that, as regards the
great public, simplicity in art makes a
stronger appeal than the highest display
of skill. It is difficult to be simple and
interesting ; but the symphonic poems
' Tod und Verkliirung ' and ' Don Juan '
show that he can overcome that difficulty.
THE ORFEO CATALA.
The Orfeo Catala, a choral society
founded at Barcelona in 1891, gave the
first of three concerts at the Royal Albert
Hall last Saturday afternoon. It was
specially organized by Senor Lluis Millet,
the conductor, to revive interest in the
folk-songs and old sacred music. The
programme of this first concert included
some popular Catalan songs, and
choral pieces by modern musicians, not-
ably Millet's ' Christmas Song,' and the
' Elegia Eterna ' by Granados, a composer,
by the way, of considerable merit. In the
last-named the solo part was sung by
Madame Maria Barrientos, who has a
beautiful soprano voice : her production
of tone is very smooth, and in high notes
perfectly steady. The women of the
excellent choir sing with expression, and
in soft passages with marked purity and
delicacy of tone ; the basses are slightly
better than the tenors. Senor Millet
conducts with power and judgment. The
Mendelssohn Concerto was well rendered
by Senor Manen, and Madame Barrientos
sang with skill the Mad Scene from ' Ham-
let.' A selection of sacred music from
some of the great Spanish masters of the
sixteenth century would, however, have
been more welcome.
Jltuatral dcssip.
When ' Pelleas et Melisande ' was pro-
duced at Paris twelve years ago, an early
notice in an English musical paper spoke
of it as having met with a " very qualified "
success. That was true, and the work
aroused much discussion when first heard
here. But Covent Garden has persevered in
repeating it ; and now the dream-like stage
pictures, together with the atmospheric
music, are duly appreciated by serious
musicians. It is scarcely likely, however,
that the work will ever become a popular
success. An excellent performance was
given at Covent Garden last Wednesday
evening. Madame Edvina was again a
delightful Melisande, and M. Maguenat's
conception of Pelleas was highly poetical.
M. Bourbon was originally announced for the
part of Golaud, but it was taken by M.
Dufranne. The latter is an able artist,
notable, like M. Maguenat, for clear diction,
but his voice was rather heavy. Signor
Polacco's fine conducting deserves note.
There will be an extra performance of
' Tosca ' on Monday, in which Signor Caruso
will appear for the last time. ' Don Gio-
vanni ' is announced for Thursday, and
' Figaro ' is promised.
On Wednesday evening M. Emil Mlynarski
gave the third and last of his orchestral
concerts at Queen's Hall. Poland was repre-
sented by M. Sigismond Stojowsky. whose
Suite in e flat was heard here for the first
time. The composer was trained at the
Paris Conservatoire, but in the ' Intermede
Polonais ' and ' Reverie" Cracovienne ' sec-
tions there are Slavonic rhythms and tonality.
Western influence, however, is felt. The
music is attractive, also the orchestral
colouring. Other and pleasing novelties — a
' Romance ' by K. Szymanowski and a
' Polish Dance ' by R. Statkowski — were
well rendered by M. Paul Kochanski.
The final appearance for the season of
Madame Tetrazzini, which took place last
Tuesday at the Albert Hall, deserves mention,
if only for the sake of two items : Tschai-
kowsky's ' Francesca da Rimini,' finely
handled by M. Nikisch, notably the Andante
Cantabile, in which the solo instruments gave
admirable expression to the rhythmic beauty
of their themes; and ' Voi che sapete,' given
by Madame Tetrazzini as an encore. Her
rendering of that exquisite song — now old,
but ever new to those who know where
beauty lies — ■ surely proves that, even
apart from her technique, visible in such
numbers (world-worn in their agility) as
' Caro Nome ' and ' La Canzon quest ' e
ch'ogni,' her voice would have been wonderful
among many for its clarity and variety of
tone. The Mozart air, as she sang it, cer-
tainly took all the colour out of the
Meyerbeer that preceded it — which is as it
should be.
Master Solomon, when he made his
debut at the age of 8 two years ago, was
certainly a child of great promise. Last
Tuesday he gave another orchestral concert
No. 4522, June '27, 1014
THE ATHEN M U M
9(M
at Queen's Ball, and bis performances of
Brahms's D minor Concerto and of Liszt's
Hungarian Rhapsody for piano and orchestra
proved that he has been under wise guidance,
ami that he is no ordinary prodigy. His
playing, though wonderful, is not uncanny,
and, his powers not being fully developed,
he may do still better. He seems -thanks
to his teacher to be escaping the danger of
being made a show.
A matin kk will be given on Tuesday,
July 7th, at Bechstein Hall, to provide a
fund for Mr. ('. Karlyle, who, through
ill-health, is unable to attend to his pro-
fessional duties. Mi-s Emmy Destinn,
Madame Amies Nicholls, t ho Misses Harrison.
MM. Dinh Gilly, Bogea Oumiroff, Arthur
Rubinstein, and Hamilton Harty. and other
artists are giving their services. Mr. Karlyle
i- well known as a musician.
The Royal Irish Academy of Music,
which held its annual meeting last week in
Dublin, is in need of a larger building in
which to carry on its work. The progress of
the institution and consequent overcrowding
were dwelt on in the report of the Governors,
as was also the need for a large concert-hall
fcv Dublin.
The season of the Theatre des Champs
Elysees came to a close with a performance
of the first act of ' Tristan,9 followed by
the second act of 'II Barbiere,' a
juxtaposition which, at any rate, offered a
striking contrast. Le Meneatrel last week
quoted a notice of ' II Barbiere ' from the
pen of Augustin Thierry in 1819, only three
years after its production at Rome, in which
he describes it as a mixture of styles : —
" the fluctuating character of Scotch melody, the
dryness of French airs, the fracas of (German
harmony, and occasionally some phrases in Italian
style, but badly developed."
Thierry at the time contributed the theatrical
fueilleion to the Censeur europeen.
Francois Philidor was celebrated for
his skill at chess, but he was also a composer
of operas, though the latter, successful in
lu's day, are little known even by name.
One, however, has been revived at Paris by
anjamateur " Societedu dix-huitieme Sieele,"
namely, "Tom Jones. : produced in 1765.
The libretto, based on Fielding's novel, was
lull that the opera failed. The composer,
however, had the book revised by Sedaine,
and a year later the opera wa.s given with
complete success. Le Menestrel of the 20th
inst., referring to the revival, describes the
opera as a chef-d'oeuvre, and regrets that
" the name of Philidor should be quite for-
gotten by our theatres."
Dr. Ethel Smyth's opera ' Der Wald,'
produced at Covent Garden some years
back, is to be given at Munich next February;
while a new opera from her pen, 'The
Boatswain's .Mate,' will be produced shortly
in Germany, probably at Frankfurt.
SC!
Mi
H
Hi
Ti > -.
V.
Tin n-
1
PERFORM WES NEXT WEEK.
Hpecia Concert. I ::\ Royal \ll,ert Hall.
-8at. Royal Opera, ('orent Garden.
>l>era. Theatre Royal. Drury Lane.
Empress of Ireland Memorial ' boesrt, ;, Royal \U,ert Hall.
Fotwrto BUaUa't Concert, I 15, Mteinway Hall.
Katie Bacon's Pianoforte H total. 8.15. Hteinway Hall
Harah Penning ami a.oni< ( -rrie i Violin and Pianoforte
R" ital. « 13. lEolian Hall.
Juliette Autran'i Vocal R.- it. I - M, Be. lutein Hall.
Percy Grainger's Pianoforte Baeftal BolUn Hall
Yvette Gullbert's Rental ! 15, Beclmt. in Mill
Hans Eliell's Pianoforte Medial, t i , Becnateia II ill.
Society of Women Musicians. 8.30, /holian II ill
Bertram Binyon's Vocal Krcital. :i 1.' Saltan Hall
Marjirie A'lim. Pianoforte Re, Ital I t. |„ Hall.
Solomon s Orchestral Concert, - Qoata I Ball
Tara Wallace and HariU Benaton • Violin and Pianoforte
ReciUl.S.lS. Beclnt.:!!. Hall
Daisy Kennedy • Violin Recital .730. E.lian Ball
Nina Phocaas \octl Reciul. 1 15, BaehaUfal Hall.
Margaret Wild and Herlwrt Fryers Hong and Pianoforte
Recital. SI', ^olian Hall
Alfred Kaatners Harp Recital. " 15, Lelghton House.
DRAMA
The Plays and Poems of George Chapman.
Edited with Introductions and Notes by
Thomas Marc Parrott. Vol. II. (Rout-
ledge & Sons, (is.)
Prof. Parrott lias now published the
second volume of his edition of Chapman,
which, we venture to think, will for some
time remain our first authority. Like
its predecessor, it is remarkable for its
thoroughness and critical sanity. We
think it deserved a larger form and more
generous type, and that the publishers
would have been well advised to spread
the crowded matter (vol. ii. has 911
pages) over a larger number of volumes.
Footnotes in "ruby" should be left for
Bradshaw or Whitaker.
The volume reprints the seven accepted
comedies and the masque of the Middle
Temple and Lincoln's Inn ; and by its
addition of ' Eastward Ho,' ' The Bali,'
and ' Sir Giles Goosecap,' raises some
fresh points in the determination of the
Chapman canon. The discussion of these
three plays — perhaps the most interesting
portion of the book — can be referred to
here only in very general terms. Mr.
Parrott's arguments rest on a long series
of details which cannot be stated within
narrower limits than the editor has im-
posed upon himself.
The ascription of ' Sir Giles Goosecap '
to Chapman is now made with some con-
fidence. Since the time when Mr. Bullen
included it in his ' Old English Plays,' and
stated his difficulties in fixing the author-
ship, several suggestions have been made
in favour of Chapman, but no body of
argument so complete as Mr. Parrott's has
appeared before. And if it be admitted,
with the editor, that the evidence is
mainly based on ''* parallels, repetitions,
similarities of expression, and analogous
situations to his undoubted works," it
is too extensive and clear to be brushed
aside. These have a textual value of
quite another kind than that which is
offered by David Masson in his Shake-
spearian "' recurrences " in the recently
published posthumous volume on ' Shake-
speare Personally. ' Eastward Ho ' pre-
sents a different problem — the reappor-
tioning of shares in a collaborated piece.
Mr. Parrott thinks that a truer alloca-
tion " is quite possible," and he makes
out a plausible case for his own arrange-
ment. He is, perhaps, too dogmatic
when he tells us that it " seems to me
ascertain as things of this sort can be."
Students engaged in this detective work,
especially among the Elizabethans, know
what this •• can be " mean.. • The Ball '
is rightly included (if only in courtesy to
the ascription on the title-page <»f the first
issue), though the editor shows that the
early reference to Chapman was a stupid
(rather than a wicked) printer's act, and
that there are cogent reasons for describ-
ing the play as the "sole and unaided
work of Shirley."
As in bis fiiBi volume, Mr. Parrotl
supplements bis discussion of the author-
ship and bibliography of each of the plays
with many pages of notes, for which the
general reader will be grateful. They
give us the impression that he has
resisted the temptation to pedantic irrele-
vance. The note Oil " draw you up in a
basket" (p. 807), in ' Widow's Tears,' I.
i. 7(>. might have had a reference to ' The
Miller's Tale,' especially as Mr. Parrott
has been at pains to show, justly, how
much Chapman was indebted to Chaucer
(p. 894). To say that Petroniua was
translated " by Mr. Addison " is, though
a title -page truth, an unwelcome en-
couragement to the popular heresy that
associates the book with the co-editor of
The Spectator.
We hope Mr. Parrott will give us the
third and concluding volume without
delay, and with it his general introduction.
Dramatic (5ossip.
Three one-act plays were given on Mon-
day at a matinee at the Little Theatre. The
first, 'The Duel' an adaptation from
Guy de Maupassant depicts a man BO
afraid of people learning of the fear into
which the chance of death throws him that.
putting a pistol behind bis hack, he shoot--
himself. The acting of Mr. E. Harcourt
Williams in the principal part was too
elaborate to be natural.
Mrs. Herbert Cohen's 'The bevel Cross-
ing," which followed, is deficient in con-
struction. It touches on the callous-
ness of railway oflicials. The recital on the
stage of accounts of incidents before the
opening of the piece might be avoided by
a note on the programme, if it cannot be
more artistically done. The action, however.
provided an excellent opportunity for a
feminine presentment of what love mean*
to most women, and was sufficiently con-
vincing to make the play by no means
welcome to the average male. Elaine
Sleddall and Mr. J. Fisher White played
excellent ly the parts of a man and wife
joined toget her only \>\ a marriage service.
Those who stayed for Magdalen Pon-
sonby's 'Idle Women,' a study in futility,
had a measure of reward for patience
outraged by a most dilatory management.
Into a life in which all is \anit\ a fresh
sensation has been dragged by the introd
tion of a small boy, supposed to be the fore-
runner of a new religion. After a capital
scene, in which a committee is got together
to run the new-comer, he is introduced, but
by announcing in Cockney language thai he
is about to disgorge the dainties with which
he has been fed, reveals himself as no
further from the Bast than the Bast-End.
The Futurist furniture, and other evident
of jaded appetites, helped a aketch of con-
siderable merit, t hough some o l i In- audienC
could have given points to the otherwi
capable actors in I he mat ter of hats.
Di'i!i\c the second pari of la^t week
the Irish Players presented at the Couri
Theatre 'The Wrens,' a new one-acl plaj
l.\ Ladj Gregory, and 'The Eloquent
Dempsy, l».\ Mr. William Boyle. The
former is ;i little episode of the passing
of the i mi. ii Bill through the Irish Parlia-
ment: while it i in its last tages, 1 he men-
servants "i tome lords amuse themaeh
by getting a ballad inger and his wife to
sing against one another. Bo intent are
thi \ upon the political songs of the pair.
and upon inducing the lin-band to take the
pledge, thai one of the men forgets to call
904
THE ATHENAEUM
No. 4522, June 27, 1914
his master to take part in the division, and
the Bill is carried by a majority of one.
While the dialogue has all the raciness we
have learnt to expect in Lady Gregory's
I days, her impartiality towards her cha-
racters' politics deprives ' Tho Wrens ' of
impressiveness. The dramatic possibilities
of the occasion are deliberately restrained.
The acting was uniformly excellent.
' Tho Eloquent Dempsy ' is farce, and
sufficiently thin farce. Mr. J. M. Kerrigan
and Sara Allgood as the unprincipled
publican and his wife worked hard and
with great success.
The same Players opened the fourth
w ek of thir London season on Monday
with ' Birthright,' a tragedy in two acts,
by Mr. T. C. Murray, and 'The Building
Fund,' a comedy in three acts, by Mr.
William Boyle. The acting was excellent
all through, though Eileen O'Doherty as
Maura Morrissey in ' Birthright,' and Mr.
Arthur Sinclair as Shaun Grogan and Sara
ADgood as Mrs. Grogan in 'The Building
Fund,' were specially good. The northern
a 'cent conspicuous in ' The Birthright ' did
not seem, however, 1o fit the s:ene laid down
for it. Both plays have been noticed
previously by us.
The English translation of ' La Dame aux
Camelias ' produced at the Scala Theatre
last Monday has been well done by T. de
Nicolini, if not with literary distinction, at
least without sacrifice of the essential
points of the text. Had the producers
displayed the same artistic scruples, we should
probably have been spared aPost-Impression-
lst setting, and a Marguerite Gautier in
Paquin frocks. In a play essentially
French, where the mise en scene helps to
create the right atmosphere, it seems both
foolish and superfluous to modernize the
author's conceptions. In any case, the
attempt to do so at the Scala Theatre on
Monday night was far from satisfactory.
Granted the difficulties an English cast has
in imparting a Gallic touch to an anglicized
version of a French play, the results in
this particular case were more diverting
than convincing. One great compensation
remained, and that was the acting of Lydia
Yavorska. In every respect her interpreta-
tion of the consumptive courtesan was real,
and essentially feminine.
Mr. Ambrose Flower as Armand Duval
failed to respond to the demands of the
character. Mr. Fred Lewis as the sculptor
St. Gaudens had few opportunities in a part
for which he seemed unfitted. Mr. Franklyn
Dyall was responsible for a dignified and
praiseworthy rendering of Georges Duval.
Facing advertisements of The Cornhill
seventeenth number and ' Framley Par-
sonage ' in two volumes, " illustrated by
Mr. J. E. Millais, R.A.," we read our notice
of ' A Scrap of Paper ' in 1861. The critic
remarks that
"the billet, under its new form, goes through the
usual adventures, and in the hands of Mr. and
Mrs. Wigan, Mr. Emery, and Miss Herbert, loses
none of the point to which we have been
accustomed."
Mutatis mutandis, we may apply the same
criticism to the performance of the ' Scrap
cf Paper ' this week at the Criterion Theatre.
Even greater credit is due for so vivid a
reproduction of a bygone age — we can call
it no less, now that the crinoline is as dead
4 so we hope) as the Queen Anne hoop.
Nancy Price was especially excellent in her
delicate reproduction of the details of that
epoch, as was Mr. Jack Hobbs in his vivacious
and natural rendering of a part that might
well have baffled many a young actor. The
rest of the cast satisfied in full the demands
of a play that, in spite of its age, still pleases
in its admirable construction and amusing
complexity, as fresh to-day as when it left
Sardou's hand.
Perhaps it is fairest to take the works
presented by the Stage Players at the
Court Theatre as dress rehearsals for
reality ; at any rate, there was much
of the embryo still inherent and evident.
'The Gate in the Wall,' by Mr. Jack
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The tragic love-development is far too
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PART SONGS, for Treble and Alto Voices.
8taff Sol-fa
How merrily we live [s.s.A.]
The World's Wanderers Is s.A.)
The Nymph's Fawn Is. s. a) ..
The Skylark (s.A. I ..
A Farewell (s.s.A ) . .
Lullaby (s.s.a.)
Spring (s s.a.)
Love will find out the way (s.s.a.
Moonlight (s.a.)
Autumn (s.a.)
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The SoDg of the Cuckoo is. ms.)
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Dream Pedlary
Spring (s.s.a.)
Autumn (s.s.a.)
Near an Ancient Hostelrie Is. sa,) .. i
A Garden by the Sea Is. a. I ..
To Sleep (s.s.)
O diviner air (s.s.a.)
Content (s.s.a.)
I've been roaming (s.s.a.) ..
Love is a sickness (s. jis.)
The Stars (s.s.a.)
Morning Hong (s.a.)..
Song of the Scythes (s.s.a.) ..
As it fell upon a day (s. ms. or c.)
with Violin Obbligato
Tn Grotto Cool (s.ms.)
L»dy Moon (s.s.a.) ..
Weep ye no more (s.s.a.)
The Fairies (s.s.a.) ..
Sacred Rounds aod Canons (s.s a.)
[First Set.]
The Radiant Mom of Spring (s.s.A
A Welcome to Morn (s.s.) ..
Early Spring (s.s.a.)
. . Michael Este
.Ernest Walker
.. Charles Wood
Richard H. Wall hew
. . Percy C. Buck
C. Bradley Rootham
. Harvey Grace
Alan Gray
Richard H. Wallhew
Edmund Rogers
Net.
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Bernard JohDSon
Alfred Redhead
. . James K. Dear
. . Percy C. Buck
A . Madley Richardson
..B. Luard-Selhy
M.S.Smith
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Bernard Johnson
. . E. T. Sweeting
Bernard Johnson
Arr. from Schumann
Sydney H. Nicholson
H. Hudson
Leonard W. Hemmana
M. Saumarez Hmith
Edgar L. Baintou
L. Robinson
Arr. by G. von Hoist
. .Cliffe Forrester
H. Ernest Hunt
G. C. Young
The Quest Soprano Solo and Chorus, s.s.a.) C^B;<Rootham
Hush Song (s.s.a.) ..
Full Fathom Five ..
Two Eastern Pictures (s.s.a.) . .»
Hark to the Merry Birds (s.s.A.)
See how the morning smiles (s.a.) ..
The Song of the Bell (s.a.) ..
Never seek to tell thy love (s.s.a.) ..
Fairy Dawn (s.s a. a.)
Fairy Noon (s.s. a. a.)
Fairy Night (s.s. a. a.)
Three Irish Melodies (s s.a. a.)
Pastoral (s.s.a)
There was once a dear little mouse (s.m.s.)
Just Like Love (s.s.A.)
Cowslips. Two-part song (s.ms )
Lullaby (s s.)
Daffodils (s.s.a)
Sacred Rounds and Canons, 2nd set (s.s.a. m s )
Arr. by G. von Hoist
White Steeds of the Sea Bar. Solo. (s.s. a. a )
J. W. G. Hathaway
Tn the Heart of a Dreaming Rose (s.s.a ) „
Lullaby Land (s.s. a. a.)
Happy Maidens We (s. MS. or c.)
The Morn of St. Valeutiue's (s MS. or c)
The Brook and the Wave (s s.a.)
The Carrion Crow (s.s.a. )
Mazirvan, the Magician (s.s.a.)
Grey (s. ms. or a.)
The Silent Town (s.a.)
UNISON SONGS.
(With Staff and Sol-fa Notations Combined.)
A. w. Pollitt lid
G. M. Palmer
..Louis Hamand
G. von Hoist
Arthur G. Phear
. . John Ireland
F. Wadley
. A. W. Pollitt
. . C. V. Stanford
. Cecil Forsyth
G. von Hoist
A. Hollins
B. Johnson
P.. T. Sweeting
C. V. Stanford
Harvey Grace
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id
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What does Little Birdie Say
Music, When Soft Voices Die
Where the Bee Sucks
1/ord of Heaven and Earth . .
The Fountain
Gentle Spring
To Blossoms
The Invitation
The Bonny Blue Handkercher
Little Boy Blue
Lady- Bird, Lady-Bird
Wee Willie Winkie
Hungarian Gipsy Song
The Golden Farmer
The Curfew
Bed in Summer
A Little Hush Song
Baby Joan ..
SEND FOR COMPLETE CATALOGUES.
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J. W. G. Hathaway
. " Dorothy Hill
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