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INDIA   MITI.KMKM   to  Till:    A  I  111  N   ITM  w.ll.  tfe  U    1.    I  1»U 


THE 


ATHENAEUM 


JOURNAL 


OF 


LITIEATURE,  SCIENCE,  THE  FINE  ARTS, 
MUSIC,  AND  THE  DRAMA. 


JANUARY   TO   JUNE, 


1914. 


3 


/ 


U 


LONDON: 


PUBLISH] 


- 


m;D  by  john  bdwabd  pbancis,  \  i  n  in  bum  press,  bbkam'8  mi  [ldhtos,  i  bam  i.i;y  lab 

BY  MESSRS.  BORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON,  125,  FLEET  STREET,  I 

SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  AND  NEWSMEN  IN  TOWN  AND  OOUNTRY. 
AGENTS  FoixTLAND,  MESSRS.  WILLIAM  GREEN  ft  BOOT  AND  JOHN  MENZD  i,  LTD.,  EDINBURGH 


MI )(('(  <  XIV. 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  A.1BES&VM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  29,  1914 

h 

1  -i 


INDEX     OF     CONTENTS. 


JANUARY      TO      JUNE,     1914. 


[Besides  the  usual  author-entries  for  works  of  all  descriptions,  Fiction,  Poetry,  &c,  will  be  found  under  the  first  word  of  the  title  (A,  An,  and  The- 
excepted)  ;  other  books,  and  Societies  and  Institutions,  are  indexed  under  their  principal  subject.    Titles  are  sometimes  abbreviated  to  economize  space  .J 


Abbott  (A.),  The  Theorist,  739 

Abbott  (E.  A.),  The  Fourfold  Gospel,  Sect.  II.,  579 

Abdominal  Brain,  660,  694 

Abrahams  (I.),  Jewish  Prayer-Book,  651 

Abydos,  The  Cemeteries  of,  by  Peet  and  Loat,  799 

Account  Rendered,  by  P.  Elson,  635 

Acid  Drops,  by  G.  E.  Jennings,  352 

Adair  (Cecil),  Under  the  Incense  Trees,  873 

Adam  (Madame),  Chretienne.  43 

Adams  (Brooks ),  The  1  heory  of  Social  Revolutions, 

819 
Addams  (Clifford),  etchings,  900 
Adler  (F.),  Life  and  Destiny,  1S4 
Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris,  by  J.  G.  Frazer,  659 
Adventuress,  The,  by  G.  Willoughby,  743 
Ady  (Cecilia  M.),  Pius  II.,  374 
iEgean  Days,  by  J.  Irving  Manatt,  426 
Africa  :    A.  in  Transformation,  by  Maclean — The 
Bonds  of  A.,  by  Eetcher,  121  ;  The  Voice  of  A., 
by  Frobenius,  121,  165  ;    South  A.,  by  Tilby, 
615  ;    Hunting  the  Elephant  in  A.,  by  Stigand, 
617 
African,    German    Central,    Expedition,    by    the 

Duke  of  Mecklenburg,  431 
African,  South,  Scene,  by  Violet  R.  Markham,  121 
African  Camp  Fires,  by  S.  E.  White,  850 
Afterwards  the  Judgment,  by  R.  Catt,  465 
Agricultural  Wages,  by  R.  Lennard,  814 

A  Kempis  (Thomas),  tr.  frae  Latin  intil  Scots,  270 

Alastair,  works  in  black  and  white,  860 

Albani  (Madame),  pupils'  concert,  698 

Albania,  by  Wadham  Peacock,  684 

Albanie  et  Napoleon,  by  A.  Boppe,  31 

Alcestis  at  Bradfield,  863 

Alchemical  Society,  95,  415 

Allen  (P.  S.),  The  Age  of  Erasmus,  232,  276,  318, 

345,  785 

Allen  (R.),  Missionary  Principles,  269 

Allerton  (M.),  The  Girl  on  the  Green,  474 

Allied  Artists'  Association,  859 

Allinson  (A.),  pictures,  348 

America  :     South    A.,    by    Koebel,    434  ;     Mural 

Painting    in    A.,    by    Blashfield,    533  ;     Public 

Education  in  Germany  and  the  United  States, 

545  ;  Duty  on  Books  in  the  United  States,  624  ; 

Political  Science  in  A.,  by  Wallas,  658 
American  Ideals,  by  H.  W.  Mabie,  1S3 
American  Painting  at  Shepherd's  Bush,  860 
Amore   dei   Tre    Re,    by  Italo   Montemezzi,  first 

production  in  England,  770 
Analecta  Bollandiana,  Vol.  XXXII. ,  38 
Anatomy  of  Truth,  The,  by  F.  H.  Capron,  269 
Ancient  Monuments  Act,  1913,  Advisory  Boards, 

417 
Anderson  (W.  G.),  publisher,  death,  556 
Andrews  ^harlton),  The  Drama  To-day,  239 
Angels  in  Wales,  by  Margam  Jones,  739 
Angeren  (A.  D.  van),  etchings,  141 
Animal  Painters,  Society  of,  71 
Alison  (Sir  W.),  death,  828 

Antarctic  Penguins,  by  Dr.  G.  Murray  Levick,  596 
Anthologie  des    Lyriques  allemands,    ed.    by  H. 

Guilbeaux.  198 
Anthropological  Institute,  Annual  Meeting,  166 
Antliropologv  of  the  Greeks,  bv  E.  E.  Sikes,  384 
Antiquaries/Society  of,  166,  206,  233,  278,  319, 

346,  114,  452,  500,  532  ;    Anniversary  Meeting, 
633  ;  695, 723, 831,  898 

Antoine    (A.),    resignation    as    Directeur  of    the 

Od£on,  568 
Anvil,  The,  by  Lilith  Hope,  871 
Anybody  but  Anne,  by  Carolyn  Wells,  876 
-  »T)0stolat    d'un     Pretre    Lorrain,    by    Fiel     and 

^rriere,  38 

'in  (A.),  Rags,  351  ;    Shop  Girls,  869  ;   Fallen 

long  Thieve    s7ti 

oology,  Biblical,  .Society  of,  234,  696 

aa>ology,  Mexican,  by  T.  A.  Joyce,  899 


Archaeology  of  the  Old  Testament,  by  Naville,  268 

Archer  (Mr.  W.)  at  the  Moral  Education  League, 
231 

Architecture  :  Baroque  A.,  by  Shaw,  69  ;  Intro- 
duction to  English  Church  A.,  by  Bond,  96, 
141,  170  ;  Gothic  A.  in  Spain,  by  Street,  533  ; 
Monumental  Classic  A.,  by  Richardson,  696  ; 
Mohammedan  A.,  by  Bell,  767 

Argyll  (Duke  of),  death,  658 

Argyllshire  and  Buteshire,  by  P.  Macnair,  883 

Aristophanes's  Acharnians,  performance  at 
Oxford,  324  ;    ed.  Elliott,  885 

Aristotelian  Society,  18,  347  ;  Dr.  W.  Leslie 
Mackenzie  on  the  Psychology  of  Dissociated 
Personality,  766  ;  Miss  F.  R.  Shields  on  the 
Notion  of  a  Common  Good,  767  ;  Mr.  D.  Morri- 
son on  the  Treatment  of  History  by  Philo- 
sophers, 858 

Armstrong  (E.  C.  R.),  Irish  Seal-Matrices  and 
Seals,  320 

Arnold  (Mrs.  J.  O.),  Megan  of  the  Dark  Isle,  739 

Arnott  (S.),  Rock  Gardening  for  Amateurs,  499 

Art :  A.,  by  Bell,  280  ;  A.  and  Common  Sense, 
by  Cortissoz — A.  in  Flanders,  by  Rooses,  386  ; 
Education  in  A.,  by  Burridge,  453  ;  Greek 
Sculpture  and  Modern  A.,  by  Waldstein,  663 

Arthur  (F.),  The  Great  Attempt,  469 

Art  in  Europe,  No.  I.,  565 

Artists,  Irish  Dictionary  of,  by  W.  G.  Strickland, 
321 

Ashbee  (C.  R.),  The  Hamptonshire  Experiment  in 
Education,  337 

Asiatic  Society,  Sir  C.  J.  Lyall  on  Old  Arabian 
Poetry,  95  ;  Mr.  K.  A.  C.  Creswell  on  the  Dome 
in  Persia,  562 

As  It  Used  to  Be,  836 

Assistant  Masters  in  Secondary  Schools,  Annual 
Meeting,  62 

Astronomical  Society :  Miss  Annie  Cannon  an 
honorary  member,  415 

Athens  :  Plans  for  the  beaut ification  of  A.,  282  ; 
A.  and  its  Monuments,  by  Weller,  348 

Atlantis,  by  Gerhart  Hauptmann,  59 

Attack,  The,  by  G.  Egerton,  72 

Attaque  Nocturne,  by  De  Lorde  and  Masson- 
Forestier,  700 

Attica,  Davs  in,  bv  Mrs.  R.  C.  Bosanquet,  426 

Attic  Comedy,  Origin  of,  by  F.  M.  Cornford,  803 

Aural  Culture,  by  S.  Macpherson  and  E.  Read,  565 

Austen  (Winifred),  water-colours,  417 

Australia  :  The  Commonwealth  of  A.,  by  Wise,  8  ; 
List  of  the  Birds  of  A.,  by  Mathews,  346 

Australian  Commonwealth,  Making  of,  by  B,  R. 
Wise,  8 

Austrian  Officer  at  Work  and  at  Play,  bv  Dorothea 
Gerard,  361 

Austria  of  the  Austrians  and  Hungary  of  the 
Hungarians,  86 

Authors,  A  Book  about,  by  A.  R.  Hope  Mon- 
crieff,  749 

Authors'  Union,  An,  344,  383,  449 

Autograph  Letters,  sales,  310,  624,  656 

Aviation,  The  Practical  Side  of,  452 

Awakening,  The,  bv  R.  S.  Macnamara,  473 

Axon  (W.  E.  A.),  death,  92 

Ayscough  (J.),  Monksbridge,  473 

B 

Baba  and  the  Black  Sheep,  by  E.  W.  Savi,  467 
Babasaheb    (Meherban  Naravanrao),  Impressions 

of  British  Life,  845 
Babylon  of  Egypt,  by  A.  J.  Butler,  664 
Bach  Chamber  Concerts,  171,  323 
Bach  Choir  concert,  455 

Bach's  B  minor  Mass  at  Westminster  Abbey,  535 
Backhouse  (E.),  Annals  and  Memoirs  of  the  Court 

of  Peking,  189 
Bacon  (J.  H.  F.),  A.R.A.,  M.V.O.,  death,  169 
Bacon  (Roger):   Sir  J.    Sandys  on  R.    B.,    798; 

commemoration,  829 


Badger,  Life  and  Habits,  by  Blakeborough  and 
Pease,  384 

Baerlein  (H.),  LondorCkcus,  738 

Bagehot  (Walter),  Lib,  by  Mrs.  Russell  Barring- 
ton,  752 

Bailey  (H.  C),  The  Sa  Captain,  469 

Baker  (E.  C.  Stuart), Indian  Pigeons  and  Doves,. 
319 

Baker  (G.  P.),  The  Mgic  Tale  of  Harvanger  and 
Yolande,  737 

Bakongo,  Among  thePrimiitive,  by  J.  H.  Weeks, 
431 

Balder  the  Beautifully  J.  G.  Frazer,  5 

Baldwin  (J.  Fosdick),iing's  Council  in  the  Middle- 
Ages,  443 

Balfour  (A.  J.)  as  lieologian,  230  ;  on  Argu- 
mentative Poetry,  88 

Balkan  War  :  InnerHistory  of  the  B.  W.,  by 
Rankin,  752  ;  Th  Struggle  for  Scutari,  by 
Durham — The  Oriat  Expiess,  by  Moore,  849 

Ball  (C.  J.),  Chinese  ad  Sumerian,  189 

Ballad  of  Men,  A,  byV.  Blane,.221 

Balzac  (Honore  de)  :B-,  by  F.  Brunetiere — Pera 
Goriot,  42 

Bandelier  (A.  F.  A.),rcha?ologist,  death,  535 

Bank  (W.  Dane),  Jaies,  525 

Banks  (J.  S.),  The  boks  of  the  New  Testament,. 
246 

Banville  (T.  de),  Baldes,  tr.  Strong,. 53.  93 

Barbara  <fc  Companyby  W.  E.  Norris,  870 

Barber  (Frederic),  A  Service  des  Rois  et  de  la. 
Revolution,  38 

Barbour  (Sir  D.l,  Iiluence  of  the  Gold  Supply 
on  Prices,  181 

Barcroft  (J.),  Respiitory  Function  of  the  Blood, 
596 

Barker  (E.  P.),  Romof  the  Pilgrims  and  Martvrs,. 
168 

Baroque  Architectui,  by  M.  Shaw  Briggs,  69 

Barrington  (Mrs.  Ruell),  Life  of  Walter  Bagehot,. 
752 

Barry  (J.  A.),  South ea  Shipmates,  199 

Bartolus  of  Sassoferto,  by  C.  N.  S.  Woolf,  373 

Bartram  (G.),  The  let  English,  377 

Bascom  Coin  sale,  9'| 


Bashford  (H.  H.),  V 
Bashford  (Lindsay 
Basis  of  Anglican  F< 
Bassett  (A.  Tilney), 
Bates  (O.),  The  Eas 
Bates-Batcheller  (T 
Bateson  (W.),  Prob 
Batten  (L.  W.),  Ezi 
Baudiss  (F.  de),  tea 
Bauer  (M.),  etching: 


fabonds  in  Perigord,  713 
.plendrum,  473 
iowship,  by  Bishop  Gore,  615- 

t.  Hon.  J.  E.  Ellis,  580 

n  Libyans,  647,  690 

Rojal  Spain  of  To-day,  196. 
as  of  Genetics,  94 
and  Nehemiah,  250 
or,  death,  137 
Ml 


■j  1 


h  and  the  Church,  270 

linor  Poems,  193 

)ld  Testament  and  Archseo- 


Beatty  (H.  M.)  on  jnoks  in  Belfast,  761  ;    Irish 

Book  Catalogues, 
Beattys  (H.  H.),  Sn 
Beaumont  (Joseph) 
Bedale  (C.  L.),  Th 

logy,  246 
Bedesman  4,  by  Ma 
Bedford  (Ruth),  Tv 
Beerbohm  (Max),  A 
Beethoven  Festival 
Beethoven's  Christ 


J.  H.  Skrine,  742 
's  Company,  742 
cial  Success,  420 
02,  634 

am  Oelberge,  239,  282 
Before  the  Cross,  poll,  by  C.  Rostrevor  Hamilton,. 
555 

g,  copvright  case,  240 
836 
828,  856,  895 

in  Portuguese  Literature — 
ituguese,  129 


Beggar  Girl  s  Wedo  p 

Beggar's  Opera,  Th 

Belfast,  Books  in,  ri ., 

Bell  (A.F.G.).Stud 
Poems  from  the  1 

Bell  (Clive),  Art,  2b 

Bell  (Gertrude  LoML|ian),  Palace  and  Mosque  at 
Ukhaidir,  767 

Bell's  Reading  Bou,:    The  Last  Days  of  Pom- 
peii—The Tower. (London,  883 

Beloved  Premier,  TVj  by  H.  Maxwell,  741 

Benett  (Newton),  ilr.-tvings,  236 


-SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHEX.EUM  witn  No.  4531,  Aug.  i'\  1914 

Janiary  to  June  1914  INDEX 


OF    CONTENTS 


in 


Benamozegh  (E.),  Israel  et  rHumanite,  38 
Benham  (Victor  .  pianoforte  recital]  282 

aett  (E.  N.),  Problems  of  Village  Life,  ISO 

Bennett  (F.),  Forty  Yean  in  Brazil,  o^'.< 

Benson  (A.  C.l,  Whore  No  Fear  W.i-.  ."'.".1 

Benson  (K.  P.)i  Dodo  the  Second,  ASS 

Benson  (R.  II. \  Initiation,  225 

Bensusan  (S.  L.),  The  Furriner,  864 

Berenson  (B.),  Catalogue  of  Paintings,  Vol.  I.,  533 

Beresford  (J.  D.),  The  House  in  Demetrius  Koad, 
739 
-rson  (Prof.),  works  put  on  the  Index,  S29 

Uergstrom  (Eljalinar),  Danish  dramatist,  death,  504 

Berlin,  Royal  Library  of,  c>l 

Bernardino  (S.)  of  Siena,  by  A.  G.  Ferrers 
Howell,  374 

.Berry  (I<a  Duehesse  de\  by  E.  Dejean,  35 

Rertieri  (Pilade),  portrait  painter,  exhibition,  769 

.'!«  rtillon  (A.),  criminologist,  death,  279,  320 

Bertin  (Rose),  by  Entile  Langlade,  360 

Besnier  (M.),  Loxique  de  Geographie  Ancienne,  40 

I  test  (Pi.  II.),  Problem  of  the  Continuation  School, 
515 

Man,  The,  bv  Grace  Livingstone  Hill  Lutz, 
876 

Beyond  bis  Power,  by  0.  M.  Tucker,  668 

Bible  :  Studies  in  New  Testament  Thought,  by 
Cunningham — The  Old  Testament  and  Archae- 
ology, by  Bedale — The  Books  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, by  Banks — The  Latest  Light  on  B. 
Lands,  by  Handcock,  246  ;  The  Faith  of  the 
Old  Testament,  by  Nairne — The  Layman's  Old 
Testament,  ed.  Clazebrook — The  Religious  Ideas 
of  the  Old  Testament,  by  Robinson — The 
Literature  of  the  Old  Testament,  by  Moore — 
Ezra  and  Neheiniah,  by  Batten,  250  ;  The  Last 
Discourse  and  Prayer  of  our  Lord,  by  Swete — 
The  Eschatology  of  Jesus,  by  Jackson,  252  ; 
Archaeolosrv  of  the  Old  Testament,  bv  Naville — 
The  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  by  Buchanan,  268  ; 
Lights  on  the  Four  Gospels,  by  Lewis,  269  ; 
New  Testament,  Authorised  Version  Corrected 
— The  New  Testament,  tr.  Moffatt,  270  ; 
Primitive  Text  of  Gospels  and  Acts,  by  Clark, 
4S7  ;  Joshua,  by  Holmes — The  Poem  of  Job, 
by  King,  515  ;  The  Fourfold  Gospel,  Section  II., 
by  Abbott,  579 

Bibiiographv  of  Mediaeval  Historv,  649 

Bibliotheque  Hachette,  43 

Bickersteth  (J.  B.),  Land  of  Open  Doors,  485 

Bicklev  (F.),  Life  of  Matthew  Prior,  650 

Bindioss  (H.),  Blake's  Burden,  736 

Biology  in  Relation  to  Education,  590,  626,  660, 
692,  722,  763 

Birck  (A .),  water-colours  of  Algeria,  900 

Birds  :  Glimpses  of  Indian  B.,  by  Dewar,  138, 
694  ;   B.  of  Australia,  by  Mathews,  346 

Birmingham  (G.  A.),  General  John  Regan,  240  ; 
IrishmeD  All,  304  ;   The  Lost  Tribes,  872 

Birth-rate,  Fall  in,  279 

Birthright,  bv  T.  C.  Murrav,  904 

Bjomson  (B.j,  A  King,  391 

Black  Frame  Sketch  Club,  exhibition,  417 

Black  Ivorv  and  White,  bv  H.  C.  Jackson,  195 

Black  Peril,  The,  by  G.  Webb  Hardy,  S74 

Black  Prince  register,  721 

Blackwood  (A.),  Ten-Minute  Stories,  377 

Blair  (Robert),  knighted,  16 

Blake  (W.),  exhibition  at  Manchester,  209 

Blakeborough  (J.  Fairfax),  Life  and  Habits  of 
the  Badger,  384 

Blakes  Burden,  by  H.  Bindioss,  730 

Bland  (Hubert:,  journalist,  death,  500 

Bland  (J.  O.  P.),  Annals  and  Memoirs  of  the 
Court  of  Peking,  189 

Blane  (W.),  A  Ballad  of  Men,  221 

Blashfield  (E.  H.),  Mural  Painting  in  America,  533 

Bliard  <P.),  Conventionnels  Regicides,  31 

Blind  Fiddler's  Dog,  10 

Blind  Man's  Buff,  bv  Jacques  Futrelle,  470 

Bloem  (\V.),  The  Iron  Year,  267 

Blundell  (P.),  Oh,  .Mr.  Bidgood  !    405 

Blunt  (R.  ,  In  Cheyne  Walk  and  Thereabout,  196 

Boanerges,  by  Rendel  Harris,  68 

.BodleL-in,  Annual  Report,   113 

Bodleian  Music,  Early,  by  E.  W.  B.  Nicholson,  389 

Bodley  (J.  E.  C.),  L'Age  Mfecanique,  43;  on 
Encyclopa;ilia  Britannica,  275  ;  on  French 
Academy  election,  4!'« 

Romberg  (David  i,  exhibition,  900 

Bond  (F.  ,  English  Church  Architecture,  96,  141, 
170 

Bone  (Muirhead),  exhibition,  454  ;   etchings,  097 

Bonnault  d'Honet  (Viscountess  dej,  by  Father 
Stanislaus,  1  '.»T 

"Bonney  (T.  G. ),  Present  Relations  of  Science  and 
Religion,  246 

Bonnier  (C).  Monographic  du  Mensonge,  38 

Bontoux  (G.),  Louis  Veuillot,  38 

Book  Catalogues,  Irish,  867 
:  Fair  at  Leipsic,  658 

Book  Fair  for  London,  A,  481 

Books,  Dutv  on,  in  the  United  Stat'-s,  021 

Book  sales,  16,  135,  204,  2S1,  810,  382,  410,  11', 
559,  689,  720,  701,  796,  B67, 


Book  Sales  of  B'l:;,  1 1,  t;:> 
Bookseller,  The  Evolution  of  the,  719 
Books  of  1918,  10 

Book-Trade  Exhibition,  International,  568 
Book-Trade  Reform  :     Bookseller's  Point   of  View, 

6S8  :    Publisher's  Point  of  View,  668  ;   n.ss 
Boppe  (A.),  L'Albanie  et  Napoleon,  81 
Bordeaux  (ID,  La  Croisee  des  Chemins,   12  ;    The 

Fear  of  Living,  SSI 
Borgia  (Cesare),  by  W.  Harrison  Woodward,  :!7  I 
Boris  Godounov,  by  Moussorgski,  Sol 
Borodin's  Prince  Igor,  834 

Borwick  (L.),  pianoforte  recitals.  212,  823,  350 
Bosambo  of  the  River,  by  E.  Wallace,  7:(7 
Bosanquet  (Helen),  Social  Work  in  London,  818 
Bosanquet  (Mrs.  R.  c.),  Days  in  Attica,  120 
Bossuet,ed.  Bremond,  11 
Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Ik-port.  ■>>>  I 
Boughton  (J.  W.),  theatre  manager,  death,  144 
Bourne  (R.  S.),  Youth  and  Life,  123 
Bournemouth     Municipal      Orchestra,      souvenir 

Record,  770 
Boutroux    (111.),    Natural    Law    in    Science    and 

Philosophy,  598 
Bowles  (E.  A.),  My  Garden  in  Spring,  499 
Boyd  (W.),  From  Locke  to  Montessori,  545 
Bover  (C.  V.),  The  Villain  as  Hero  in  Elizabethan 

Tragedy,  699 
Bovle  (Robert),  bv  Flora  Masson,  897 
Boyle  (W.),  The  Building  Fund,  700,  904;    The 

Eloquent  Dempsy,  903 
Boy's,  A,  Adventures  in  the  South  Seas,  by  F. 

Elias,  870 
Bradley  (F.  H.),  Essays  on  Truth  and  Reality,  522 
Bradlev  (H.),  New  English  Dictionarv,  Shastri- 

Shyster,  550 
Bradlev  (W.),  Earlv  Poems  of  W.  S.  Landor,  754 
Braun  (Ethel),  The  New  Tripoli,  548 
Brazil,  Forty  Years  in,  by  F.  Bennett,  333 
Breakspear  (Nicholas),  by  H.  K.  Mann,  363 
Break  the  Walls  Down,  by  Mrs.  A.  Gross,  727 
Brenda,  More  about  Froggy,  743 
Brer  Rabbit,  568 

Bribe,  The,  by  Seumas  O'Kelly,  536 
Bridges  (C),  Poems  in  Five  Phases,  221 
Brieux  (M.),  Damaged  Goods,  283 
Briggs  (M.  Shaw),  Baroque  Architecture,  09 
Briggs    (W.    Dinsmore),    Marlowe's    Edward    II., 

350  ;    on   Did    Jonson   write  a  Third    Ode    to 

Himself  ?  828 
Brighouse   (H.),  Lonesome  Like,  668  ;    Garside's 

Career,  669 
Brighton,  Modern  Art  Exhibition  at,  97 
Bristol,  The  L'niversity  of,  Statement  regarding 

Certain  Events,  528 
British   Academy :     Prof.   S.    Alexander   on    the 

Basis   of    Realism,    206  ;     Prof.    Haverfield    on 

Recent    Discoveries    in    Roman    Britain,    452  ; 

Sir  J.  Sandvs  on  Roger  Bacon — Sir  J.  Rhvs  on 

Italian  Field  of  Celtic  Epigraphy-,  798 
British  Artists,  Royal  Society  of,  exhibition,  416 
British  Chaplain  in  Paris,  18*01-2,  ed.  Broadley,  8 
British  Museum  :    Print  Room  acquisitions,  98 
Broadhurst  (T.  W.),  The  Holy  City,  668 
Broadsides,  Chapbooks,  and  Garlands,  10 
Broadway  Jones,  by  G.  M.  Cohan,  212 
Brock  (Vera),  orchestral  concert,  455 
Broke  of  Covenden,  bv  J.  C.  Snaith,  872 
Bromby  (H.  Bodley),  by  J.  II.  B.  Mace,  270 
Brontes,  In  the  Footsteps  of  the,  by  Mrs.  Chad- 
wick,  154 
Bronze  Age  in  Ireland,  by  G.  Coffey,  599 
Brown    (Alice    van    Vechten),    Short    IIistoryr   of 

Italian  Painting,  832 
Brown  (J.  Duff),  librarian,  death,  345 
Brown  (Marv  E.),  Dedications,  225 
Brown  (V.),  The  Wonder- Worker,  742 
Brownbill  (J.),  Ledger-Book  of  Vale  Royal  Abbey, 

482 
Browne  (B.),  Conquest  of  Mount  McKinley,  233 
Browne  (E.j,  Phiz  and  Dickens,  150 
Browning  and  his  Poetry,  by  E.  Rhys,  375 
Bruce  of  Bannockburn,  by  M.  Macmillan,  524 
Briigge-Vallon  (W.)»  That  Strange  Affair,  711 
Brunetiere  (F.),  Honorc  de  Balzac,  42 
Brussels  Quartet,  concert,  350 
Buchanan  (E.  S.),  'I')'-  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  208 
Bueklaw  (A.),  The  Suffragette,  466 
Building  Fund,  The,  b%  W.  Boyle,  700,  904 

Bulloch  (J.  M.)  on  the  Ethics  Of  a  Half-Truth.  412 

Billow  (Prince  B.  von),  Imperial  Germany,  222 

Burbage  memorial,  120 

Burgage     Tenure     in     Mediaeval     England,     by 

Hemmeon,  8 19 
Burleigh  (Bennet),  war  correspondent,  death,  867 
Burma,  A  Civil  Servant  in,  by  Sir  H.  T.  White,  158 
Bnmey  (Bstelle  ■  The  One  Thing  Needful,  "<"  > 
Burney  (Margaret  .  death,  1  13 

Burns.  COS!   >dy  of  <■].  nriddell  MSS.,   , 

Burns'  Ni'bt  Concert,  171 

Burnt  Flax,  by  Mrs.  II.  II.  Penrose,  W7 

Bnrridge  (F.),  Education  in  Ait,  158 

Bnrtt-Davy  (.1.  .  Mai/.'-,  277 

Butler  '  \.  -I.  .  Babylon  of  Egypt,  • 

Butler  (s.  ,  Hadibras,  original  of,  - 


Butler  Librarj  Bale, 

Butt  (Clara) and  Eennerley  Rumford,'oonoert| 

Byron's  residence  at  Rome  identified,  ■■ 


t'ahen  (L.),  Lea  Querellea  Religien  1     s.m>  Louis 

XV.,  89 
('aillaux  Drama,  The,  by  .1.  .\.  Raphael,  884 
Caldecotf  i\\ .  Shav.  ,  Herod's  Temple,  268,  588 
Caldwell  (W.),  Pragmatism  and  idealism,  Tsi 
Calvin  (John),  by  11.  \ .  Rej  burn,  1-0 
Cambridge  Finance,  110 
Cambridge  Mediaeval  History,  Vol.  II.,  146 
Cambridge  Notes,  89 1 

Cambridge  Tripos  list-,  896 
Camden  Town  Group,  paintings,  281 

Cameron  (  Kat  herine  i,  etchings,  900 

Cameron  (W.  J.)  on  an  Authors'  I  oion,  844,  140 

Camilieri  (M.)  as  conductor,  886 

Campbell  (O.  J.),  The  Comedies  of  Bolberg,  419 

Cainsix  Art  Club,  exhibition,  281 

Canada  :    Histoire  du  c.,  Vol.  I.,  by  Qarneau, 
Recollections  of   Sixty     Years,    b\      Tupper — 
The  Land  of  Open  Doors, by  Bickersteth,  185 

Canadian  Addresses,  by  Hon.  <•.  E.  Foster,  688 

Canadian  Nights,  by  the  Earl  of  Dunravon,  s|s 

Cancer  Research  Laboratories,  69,  96 

Canavans,  The,  by  Lad>  On-gory,  St;:; 

Candidates,  bv  Cruise  O'Brien,  568 

Caiman  (E.).  Wealth,  181 

Cannan  (G.),  Old   Mole,   11;  Old   Mole's   Novel, 
131 ;   Love,  521 

Canopus,  site  discovered,  502 

Canterbury  and   York  Society,   Annual   Meeting, 
896 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  Observatory,  by  sir  I».  QUI, 
139 

Cap'n  Dan's  Daughter,  bv  J.  C.  Lincoln,  878 

Capron  (F.  ID,  The  Anatomy  of  Truth,  269 

Carey  (II.  Vernon),  Kindly  Flames,  466 

Carfax  Gallery,  exhibition,  900 

Caribou,    Newfoundland,    Romance  of,   by   A.   A. 
Radclyffe  Dugmoiv,  790 

Carpenter  (K.),  Intermediate  Tvpes  among  Primi- 
tive Folk,  532 

Carpenter    (Bishop    W.    Boyd),     The    spiritual 
Message  of  Dante,  187 

Carrick  (ID,  Mam'selle  Tralala,  004 

Carruthers  (D.),  Unknown  Mongolia,  180 

Carson  (W.  E.),  Mexico,  578 

Carter  (F.),  etchings,  141 

Carter  (G.  R.),  The  Tendency  towards   industrial 
Combination,  179 

Carter  (Noel),  Hilarion,  864 

Cartoons,  by  Will  Dyson,  859 

Cartwright  (Julia),  Christina  of  Denmark,  30<l 

Casserlv  (Major  Gordon),  Life  in  an  Indian  Out- 
post ,'81 5 

Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  Paintings  and  some 
Art  Objects,  533 

Cathay  and  the   Way  Thither,  ed.   Yule,  A  el.  II. 
428" 

Cat!  (R.)i  And  Afterwards  the  Judgment,  466 

Caunl   (C   W.),  An   Introduction    to    the    infin- 
itesimal Calculus,  ."»oi 

Cavalrv  Officer  in  Corunns   Campaign,  by  Capt. 
Gordon.  369,  112 

favour  and  Modem  Italy,  by  Pietro  Orea,  336 

Cazamian    (L.),    Etudes    de    Psychologie    Littc- 
raire.   12 

Cecil,  The  House  of,  bv  (i.  Ravenscroff    Dennis, 

:;r,7 

Cellier  (P.  A.),  conductor,  death.  .2 

Censorship:   Mr.  G.  8.  Btreel    appointed  an  Ex- 
aminer of  Plays,  20 

Cervantes    (Miguel    do    Saavedra,    by  j.   l-itz- 
maurice-Kelly,  58 

C'esl  la  Vie,  by  Gaumenl  and  04,  IS 

Iwii  k   Mrs.),  I"  >'"•  Footsteps  of  the  Bronl 
154 

Ohaemepelia  of  Cinamajpelia  ?   599 

Challenger  Society,  207 

Chambers  I  R.  w  .  •  Quick   VctioD,  s,., 

Champion  (P.).  Franj  oia  Villoi 

Chance.  b\   .1.  Conrad.  >s 

Changelings  bv  Requi 

Channel   Islands:     L'Archipel  de  I,    M  ,  .  be,  by 
valiaux,  II 

Channel   Inlands,  IV  la    torfc  Times  all. I   Ml  D  Ol,  DJ 

.1.  Sinel,  199 
Chantilly  In  History  and    \.t.  bj   L.  M.  I 

pin  (H.  .  Dronpingthe  Baby,  21 
for  his  Own,  864 
Chapman    (G.  ,    I  Fairotti 

Vol.  IL. 

Cbaul >     0 

'l'"  t.  s's  . 

Charlca  Quint,    Hisl  ' 

Morel-1  si    ■•  10 
Chai  ,, 


IV 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  29,  1914 

THE     ATHEN^UM  January  to  June  1914 


Chassevant  Method  of  Education,  by  M.  P.  Gibb, 

565 
Chateaubriand,  Correspondance,  Vol.  III.,  34 

Chaucer  and  Westminster  Abbey,  794 

Chekhov  (A.),  "Uncle  Vanya,  700 

Chelsea  :  Greatest  House  at  Chelsey,  by  R.  Davies, 

196 
Chelsea  Artists  at  Bradford,  349 
Cheltnam  (Mrs.),  daughter  of  Leigh  Hunt,  death, 

276 
Chemical  Analysis,  by  Julius  Stieglitz,  414 
Chemistry  :     A   New   Era   in   C,   by   Jones,   94  ; 

Some  Fundamental  Problems  in  C,  by  Letts — 

C.  and  its  Borderland,  bv  Stewart,  561 
Chesterton  (G.  K.),  The  Plying  Inn,  130 
Cheyne  Walk  and  Thereabout,  bv  R.  Blunt,  196 
Chief  of  the  Ranges,  The,  by  H.  A.  Cody,  470 
Chignett  Street,  by  B.  Paul  Neuman,  738 
Children  of  the  Dead  End,  by  P.  MacGill,  466 
Children  on  the  stage,  456 
Children's  Theatre,  19 

Child  went  Forth,  A,  bv  Yoi  Pawlowska,  871 
Chile,  by  F.  J.  G.  Maitland,  681 
China  :    A  Naturalist  in  Western  C,  by  Wilson, 

189 
China  :   La  Chine  en  Revolution,  by  Rottach,  40 
Chinese  and  Sumerian,  by  C.  J.  Ball,  189 
Chitra,  by  Rabindranath  Tagore,  99 
Cholmeley     (R.     F.),    Secondary     Education    in 

England,  107 
Christianity,  The  Practice  of,  513 
Christian  Truth,  Studies  in,  by  H.  R.  Mackintosh, 

246 
Christina  of  Denmark,  by  Julia  Cartwright,  360 
Chronica  Johannis  de  Reading,  ed.  Tait,  649 
Churches  in  the  Modern  State,  by  J.  N.  Figgis,  246 
Church  in  Rome  in  First  Century,  by  G.  Edmund- 
son,  126 
Church  of  England,  Intellectual  Condition,  268 
City  of  Hope,  The,  by  C.  Fox  Smith,  471 
Civil  Service  of  Great  Britain,  by  R.  Moses,  491 
Clara  Florise,  by  G.  Moore,  352 
Claretie  (Jules),  death,  13 
Clark  (A.  C),  Primitive  Text  of  Gospels  and  Acts, 

487 
Clark  (A.  J.),  Mine  Own,  123 
Clark   (E.   C),    Roman   Private    Law  :  Part    II., 

Jurisprudence,  616 
Clarke  (Col.  A.  Ross),  geodesist,  death,  279 
Clarke  (Sir  Edward),  New  Testament    Corrected, 

270 
Clarke  (Isabel  C),  Fine  Clay,  472 
Clarke-Hall  (Edna),  drawings,  534 
Classical  Association,  114 
Classical  Concert  Society,  349,  389,  418,  455 
Claudel  (P.),  L'Echange,  172 
Clay  and  Fire,  by  Layton  Crippen,  786 
Clear  Thinking,  by  L.  Cecil  Smith,  817 
Cleek  of  Scotland  Yard,  by  T.  W.  Hanshew,  741 
Clemenceau  (G.),  Dans  les  Champs  du  Pouvoir,  39 
Clementis  (Muzio)  Leben,  by  M.  Unger,  19 
Clement  of  Alexandria,  by  J.  Patrick,  516 
Cleveland  (J.),  Hustler  Paul,  886 
Clever  Ones,  by  A.  Sutro,  635 

Cloudesley  Tempest,  by  E.  H.  Lacon  Watson,  873 
Club    Makers   and   Club   Members,   by   T.    H.   S. 

Escott,  404 
Coates    (Florence  Earle),   Inviolable,  sonnet,  410 
Cobbler,  The,  by  A.  P.  Wilson,  604,  863 
Cobden-Sanderson  (T.  J.)  on  Passage  in  Shelley's 

'  Ode  to  Liberty,'  855 
Cock  (Miss  J.  A.  Hornblowerl,  M.D.,  death,  235 
Cockburn  (H.),  The  Tresleys,  472 
Cockney  at  Home,  by  Edwin  Pugh,  199 
Cockyolly  Bird,  The,  by  Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer,  20 
Cody  (H.  A.),  The  Chief  of  the  Ranges,  470 
Coffey  (G.),  Bronze  Age  in  Ireland,  599 
Coffin  (J.  Herschel),  The  Socialized  Conscience,  519 
Cohan  (G.  M.),  Broadwav  Jones,  212 
Cohen  (Mrs.  H.),  The  Level  Crossing,  903 
Cohu  (J.  R.),  Vital  Problems  of  Religion,  513 
Coin  sales,  170,  563,  901 
Cole  (G.  H.  D.),  The  World  of  Labour,  178 
Coleridge  and  Wordsworth,  by  Prof.  Knight,  56 
Collection  Gallia,  43 
Collier  (J.  Payne),  his  family,  497 
Collings  (C.  J.),  water-colours,  725 
Collings  (Right  Hon.  Jesse),  Rural  Britain,  308 
Collison-Morley  (L.)  on  Sterne  in  Italy,  66 
Colour-Etchings,  exhibition,  322 
Comic  Kingdom,  The,  by  R.  Pickthall,  267 
Commons    (John  R.),  Labor  and  Administration, 

183 
Common-Sense  in  Law,  by  P.  Vinogradoff,  224 
Compensation,  by  Felix  North,  S36 
Compulsory  Arbitration,  by  W.  F.  Hamilton,  184 
Contjo  to  the  Niger,  bv  the  Duke  of  Mecklenburg, 

431 
Connell  (Norreys),  Thank  Your  Ladyship,  283 
Conquest  of  the  Desert,  by  W.  Macdonald,  431 
Conrad  (Joseph)  :  Chance,  88  ;    J.  C,  by  R.  Curie, 

885 
Conscience  Money,  by  S.  Warwick,  876 
Consciousness,  Concept  of,  by  E.  B.  Bolt,  782 
Consequences,  by  H.  F.  Rubinstein,  667 


Continuation   School,   Problem  of,   by   Best  and 

Ogden,  545 
Conventionnels  Regicides,  by  P.  Blaird,  31 
Cook  (II.  Caldwell),  Perse  Play  Method  in  Prose, 

881 
Co-operative  Review,  The  Case  for  a,  275 
Co-partnership  and  Profit-sharing,  by  A.  Williams, 

179 
Copley  (J.),  exhibition,  601 
Coq  d'Or,  Le,  by  Rimskv-Korsakoff,  862 
Cordey  (F.  S.),  exhibition,  534 
Cordier  (H),  Odoric  of  Pordenone,  428 
Cornford  (F.  M.),  Origin  of  Attic  Comedy,  803 
Cornish  (V.),  Waves  of  Sand  and  Snow,  597 
Cornwall's  Wonderland,  by  Mabel  Quiller-Couch, 

743 
Corot,  by  E.  Moreau-Nelaton,  45  ;   Landscapes  of, 

by  D.  Croal  Thomson,  800 
Corsica:  La  Corse,  by  A.  Quantin,  44 
Cortissoz  (Royal),  Art  and  Common  Sense,  386 
Cost  of  Wings,  The,  by  R.  Dehan,  474 
Cotswolds,  A  Corner  of  the,  by  M.  Sturge  Gretton, 

262 
Cournot  (A.),  Souvenirs  (1760-1860),  34 
Courteline  (G.),  Gros  Chagrins,  700 
Courthope    (W.    J.),    Selections    from    Epigrams 

of  Martial,  547 
Courtney   (W.    L.),   The    Idea   of   Comedy,   284  ; 

The  Meaning  of  Life,  521 
Court  of  Arches,  Sir  Lewis  Dibdin  on,  93 
Courtship  of  Animals,  by  W.  P.  Pycraft,  17 
Cowan  (S.),  author,  death,  896 
Cox  (H.  T.),  librarian,  death,  560 
Cox  (R.  Hippisley),  Green  Roads  of  England,  788 
Cragg  (F.  W.),  Medical  Entomology,  532 
Craigie  (W.  A.),  New  English  Dictionary,  Sorrow- 
Speech,  83 
Crashaw's  Versification,  66 

Credit  System,  by  W.  G.  Langworthy  Taylor,  181 
Crichton,  The  Admirable,  commemorative  tablet, 

633 
Cricket    on    the   Hearth,   The,   opera   by  Sir   A. 

Mackenzie,  835 
Crimson  Honeymoon,  The,  by  Headon  Hill,  470 
Crippen  (Layton),  Clay  and  Fire,  786 
Croce  (B.),  Philosophy  of  the  Practical,  87 
Crockett    (S.    R.),    novelist,    death,    589  ;     Silver 

Sand, 737 
Croker  (B.  M.),  Lismoyle,  739 
Crook  (W.  M.)  on  Belfast  Booksellers,  895 
Crooked  Mile,  A,  by  Oliver  Onions,  466 
Crossland  (C),  Desert  and  Water  Gardens  of  the 

Red  Sea,  426,  689 
Crowning  Glory,  The,  by  E.  R.  Punshon,  872 
Cuckoo  Lamb,  The,  by  H.  W.  C.  Newte,  473 
Cuddy  Yarborough's   Daughter,  by  Una  I;.  Sil- 

berrad,  465 
Cullum  (Ridgwell),  The  Way  of  the  Strong,  470 
Cundy  (S.)  on  Book-Trade  Reform,  688 
Cuneiform   Tablets   in   the   British    Museum,   by 

L.  W.  King,  453 
Cunningham  (B.  K.)»  Studies  in  New  Testament 

Thought,  246 
Curing  Christopher,  by  Mrs.  H.  Tremlett,  468 
Curie  (R.),  Joseph  Conrad,  885 
Curse  of  Cloud,  The,  by  J.  B.  Harris-Burland,  741 
Customary  Acres,  by  F.  Seebohm,  646 


D 


Daalhoff  (H.  A.  van),  paintings,  237 

Damaged  Goods,  by  M.  Brieux,  283 

Dame  aux  Camellias,  tr.  Nicolini,  904 

Danby  (Frank),  Full  Swing,  735 

Dance  of  Death,  The,  by  W.  Kienzl,  production 
at  Liverpool,  170 

Dangerous  Age,  The,  by  H.  V.  Pismond,  668 

Danielou  (C),  Etudes  Contemporaines,  39 

Danish  bibliography,  721 

Dante  Alighieri :  Divine  Comedy,  tr.  Shaw,  446, 
498  ;  The  Spiritual  Message  of  Dante,  by 
Carpenter,  487  ;  Dictionary  of  Proper  Names 
and  Notable  Matters  in  Dante,  by  Toynbee, 
823  ;  Editio  Princeps  of  the  Quflestio  de  Aqua 
et  Terra,  890 

Darling  of  the  Gods,  The,  143 

Daughter  of  Debate,  A,  by  Mrs.  A.  Harding,  873 

Daughters  of  Ishmael,  by  A.  D'Este-Scott,  352 

Dauncey  (Enid),  Lost  Argosies,  624 

Davenport  (H.  J.),  Economics  of  Enterprise,  181 

Davey  (Murray),  song  recital,  418 

David  (O.),  The  Swineherd  and  the  Princess,  728 

Davies  (Fanny),  pianoforte  recital,  802 

Davies  (Maria  Thompson),  Hose  of  Old  Harpeth, 
872 

Davies  (Oliver),  Staffordshire,  10 

Davies  (Randall),  Greatest  House  at  Chelsey, 
196  ;  Six  Centuries  of  Painting,  832 

Davies  (W.  H.),  Nature,  521 

Davis  (R.  Harding),  The  Last  Road,  474 

Day  of  Days,  The,  by  L.  J.  Vance,  741 

Dayrell-Reed  (T.),  pictures,  348 

Days  of  Adventure,  My,  by  E.  A.  Vizetelly,  486 


Dean  (Basil),  Love  Cheats,  804 

Dean  (Pror.  G.),  bacteriologist,  death,  799 

Dearmer  (Mrs.  Percy),  The  Cockyolly  Bird,  20 

Dearworthv,  16 

Deatli  and  the  Life  Beyond,  by  F.  C.  Spurr,  209 

Death  of  a  Nobody,  The,  by  Jules  Romains,  740 

Dedications,  by  Mary  E.  Brown,  225 

Debussy's  Pelleas  et  Melisande,  902 

Deep  Sea,  by  F.  B.  Young,  227 

Dehan  (R.),  The  Cost  of  Wings,  474 

Deiser  (G.  F.),  Y'ear-Books  of  Richard  II.,  1388- 

1389,  649 
Dejean  (E.),  La  Duchesse  de  Berry,  35 
Dell  (Ethel  M.),  The  Rocks  of  Valpre\  471 
Democracy,  Dangers  of,  by  T.  Mackay,  817 
Democracy  in  New  Zealand,  by  Andre  Siegfried,. 

183 
De  Morgan  (W.),  When  Ghost  Meets  Ghost,  226 
Dennis    (G.    Ravenscroft),    The    House   of    Cecil,. 

357 
D^roulede  (Paul),  death,  203 
Deroure  (M.),  L'Eveil,  474 
Desert  and  Water  Gardens  of  the   Red  Sea,  by 

C.  Crossland,  426,  689 
Desmond  O'Connor,  by  G.  H.  Jessop,  791 
D'Este-Scott  (A.),  Daughters  of  Ishmael,  352 
Deux  Aveugles,  Les,  by  Offenbach,  700 
De  Vauviard  (G.),  The  Lily  and  the  Rose,  871 
Dewar  (D.),  Glimpses  of  Indian  Birds,  138,  694 
Dewey  (Admiral  George),  Autobiography,  359 
Dewhurst  (Wynford),  pictures,  209 
Dickens    (C.)  :     The    trial   of    John    Jasper,    72; 

Memories  of  C.  D.,  by  Fitzgerald — Phiz  and  D., 

by   Browne,    156  ;     Mr.    Helm's   lecture-recital 

on  D.,  690 
Dickinson  (Evelyn),  One  Man's  Way,  823 
Dictionary  :    New  English  D.,  Sorrow-Speech,  cd. 

Craigie," 83  ;   Shastri-Shyster,  ed.  Bradley,  550 
Dictionary  of  Irish  Artists,  by  Strickland,  321 
Dictionary  of  Proper  Names  and  Notable  Matters 

in  Dante,  by  Toynbee,  823 
Diderot  (Didier-Pierre),  by  Marcel,  39 
Dido  and  iEneas,  by  A.  von  Herder,  772 
Digby  (Mother  Mabel),  by  Anne  Pollen,  789 
Dillon  (Edward),  connoisseur  in  art,  death,  801 
District  Visitor,  The,  by  R.  Middleton,  352 
Ditchfield  (P.  H.),  London  Survivals,  711 
Divine   Right  of    Kings,   The,   by   J.   N.   Figgis,. 

552 
Dodd  (A.  F.),  Early  English  Social  History,  109 
Dodo  the  Second,  by  E.  F.  Benson,  493 
Dohnanyi   (Prof.  E.  von),  pianoforte  recitals,  99,. 

698 
Dolmetsch  (Arnold),  concert,  726 
Domingo  (R.),  Bull-fighting  pictures,  388 
Dostoevskv  (Fyodor),  The  Possessed,  89 
Dowden  (E.),  Poems,  263 
Dozy  (R.),  Spanish  Islam,  403 
Dracopoli  (I.  N.),  Through  Jubaland  to  the  Lorian 

Swamp,  431 
Draeseke  (Felix),  musician,  death,  19  . 

Drama,  Elizabethan,  and  its  Mad  Folk,  by  E.  A- 

Peers,  566,  668 
Dramatic  Actualities,  by  W.  L.  George,  726 
Drama  To-day,  by  Charlton  Andrews,  239 
Drawings,  sales,  418,  666,  696,  769 
Dreams,  by  Prof.  Sigm.  Freud,  626 
Driesch  (Hans),  Problem  of  Individuality,  782 
Driven,  by  E.  Temple  Thurston,  863 
Driver  (Canon  S.  R.),  death,  344 
Dropping  the  Baby,  by  H.  Chapin,  283 
Druce  (G.  Claridge),  The  Morisonian  Herbarium,. 

346 
Dryden  :  Lectures  on  D.,  by  A.  W.  Verrall,  4S3  ; 

All  for  Love,  836 
Drvsdale    (A.    L.),    Greater    Profits    from    Land,. 

830 
Drysdale  (C.  V.),  Small  Family  System,  182 
Dublin,  exhibition  of  portraits,  &c,  417 
Dubliners,  by  J.  Joyce,  875 
Dublin  Museum  additions,  901 
Dublin  Registers,  760 

Duchess  of  Wrexe,  The,  by  H.  Walpole,  226 
Duel,  The,  by  Guv  de  Maupassant,  903 
Duffs,  The  Book  of  the,  by  Alistair  and  Henrietta- 

Tayler,  357 
Dugmore    (A.    A.    Radclyffe),    Romance    of    the- 

Newfoundiand  Caribou,  790 
Duke  of  Killicrankie,  by  R.  Marshall,  80-4 
Dumouriez,  Le  G£ne>al,  by  P.  de  Saint- Andr£,  31 
Duncan  (J.),  Applied  Mechanics,  109 
Duncan  (Sir  John),  journalist,  death,  137 
Dunn  sale,  231 

Dunraven  (Earl  of),  Canadian  Nights,  848 
Durham  (M.  Edith),  The  Struggle  for  Scutari,  849 
Durigo  (Bona  K.),  vocal  recital,  323 
Durning-Lawrence  (Sir  Edwin),  Baconian,  death,. 

589 
Dusk,  by  R.  Vansittart,  635 
Dutch  Masters  at  the  French  Gallery,  725 
Dutch  Painters  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Mr- 

Kaines  Smith  on,  502 
Dutch  Pictures  at  Messrs.  Goupil's,  209 
Dwyer  (J.  F.),  The  Spotted  Panther,  737 
Dyson  (Will),  Cartoons,  859  1 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHEX.Kl'M  with  No.  (Ml,  Aim.  89,   19H 

January  to  June  1914  INDEX 


OF     CONT E X  T S 


I   *1  (Sir  A.',  memorial  exhibition,  236,  282 
Economic  History  of  Russia,  by  J.  Mavor,  818 
Economic  Notes  \<n  English  Agricultural  Wages, 

by  H.  Leonard,  Si  1 
Economic  Synthesis,  The,  by  Achille  Loria,  815 
Economics  :     E.   of   Enterprise,  by    Davenport — 
[introduction   to    E.   for   Indian  Students,  by 
Moreland,  181 
Edinburgh   University,  annual  statistical  report, 

690 
Edition  Lutetia,  13 
Edmundson     (G.)«     Church    in     Rome     in    First 

Century,  126 
Education:  Bead  Masters'  Conference,  l.">  ; 
Assistant  Masters  in  Secondary  Schools,  82  : 
L.C.f .  Teachers'  Conference,  63,  118  :  English 
E.  in  the  Seething-Pot,  lo.">  ;  The  Case  for  Co-E., 
by  Grant  and  Hodgson,  106,  136  :  A  National 
System  of  E-.  by  Whitehouse — Secondary  E. 
in  England,  by  Cholmeley,  1(»7  ;  Outlines  of  E. 
in  England,  by  Jackson — What  is  E.  ?  by 
Loathes,  108 ;  The  Purpose  of  E..  by  Pitt, 
110;  Incorporated  Association  of  Head  Mas- 
ters, 110  j  .Mr.  W.  Archer  at  the  Moral  E. 
League,  231  :  A  llistorv  o£  E.,  bv  Graves — 
A  Cyclopedia  of  E.,  VoL  V.,  201  ;  The  Hanvp- 
tonshire  Experiment  in  E.,  by  Ashbee,  337  ; 
E.  in  Theory  and  1'raetice — Public  E.  in  Ger- 
many and  the  United  States,  by-  Klemm,  545  ; 
Chassevant  .Method  of  E.,  by-  Gibb,  505  ; 
Biology  in  Relation  to  E.,  bv  Hoskvns-Abrahall, 
590,  626,  660,  892,  722  :  The  Corner-Stone  of 
E.,  by  Lyttelton,  014  ;  The  Future  of  E.,  by 
Egerton,  881 
Educational  Associations,  Conference  of,  62,  111 
Educational  Conference,  112 
Educational  Progress,  The  Next  Steps  in,  801 
Education  of  Oliver  Hyde,  The,  bv  K.  E.  Sahvey, 

473 
Edwardes  (Tickner\  Tansv,  740 
Edwards  (Jack),  The  Gate  in  the  Wall,  904 
Egerton   (F.  C.   C),  The    Future    of    Education, 

881 
Egerton  (G.),  The  Attack,  72 
Eg    .  The.  and  its  Place  in  the  World,  by  C.  G. 

Shaw,  781 
Egypt  :    E.  in  Transition,  by  Low,  222  ;   Babvlon 

of  E..  by  Butler.  664 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  exhibition.  633 
Egyptian  Scarabs,  Vol.  I.,  by  H.  R.  Hall,  198 
Elder  (J.  R.  .  The  Highland  Host  of  1678,  374 
Elementary  School  Teachers'  Certificate,  Prelimi- 
nary Examination  papers,  896 
Elgood  (Mr.  .  Bower-drawings,  236 
Elias  (F. ),  A  Boy's  Adventures  in  the  South  Seas, 

876 
Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart,  by  F.  A.  Mumby,  549 
Elizabethan  Drama  and  its  Mad  Folk,  by  E.  A. 

Peers,  566,  668 
Elizabethan  Tragedy,  The  Villain  as  Hero  in,  by 

C.  V.  Boyer,  099 
Elleiman  (W.),  The  Region  of  Lutanv,  221 
Ellis  (F.  B.),  concerts,  455,  503 
Ellis  (Bight  Hon.  J.  E.  .  by  A.Tilney  Bassett,580 
Eloquent  Dempsy,  The,  by  W.  Boyle,  903 
Els  on  (R.)>  Account  Rendered,  835 
Empress  of  Ireland,  its  sinking,  790,  Sol 
Encyclopasdia  of  Religion,  Vol,  VI..  264 
Encyclopaedia     of     the     Philosophical     Sciences, 

VoL  I..  783 
End   of   her     Honeymoon,   The,   by   Mrs.    Belloc 

Lowndes,  t7o 
Enghien  (Ducd'  ,  Correspondance  du,  Vol.  IV.,  31 
Engineers,  Sociel  y  of,  207 

England,  The  Green    Roads  of,  by  R.  n.  Cn\,  788 
England   (A.),  The  Swineherd  and  the  Princess, 

728 
England's  Peasantry,  by  Augustus  Jessopp,   ls"> 
English  Association,  Annual  Meeting,  115;  Essays 

and  Studies,  1"  . 
English  Church  Services  in  Rome,  92 

lish  Education  in  the  Seething-Pot,  105 
English  Literature,  by  E.  M.  Tappan,  883 
English  Renderings  of  French  Poetry,  13 
Engravings,  Bales,  209,  349,  118,  154,502,563,601, 

769,  861,  901 
Entertaining  Jane,  by  Millicenl  Heathcote,  870 
Entomology,  Medical,  by  Patton  and  Cragg,  '>'■'<- 
Erasmus,  'I  he  Age  of,  by  P.  8.  Allen,  232,  276,  -Is. 

346, 
Ervine    (St.    John    <>.  ,    Tie-    Orangeman,     120; 
Mixed  Man 
latology  of  Jesus,  by  If.  Latimer  Jackson,  -'<- 
Escott  (T.  If.  S.  .  <l'ih  Makers  and  Club  Members, 

lot 

abe  'I*.  .  Preferences,  S  I 
Eskimo,  My  Life  with,  by  Vilhjalmur  Stefan 

"j7 
Esl<  !■  |  E.  Bentou!   on  the  <  '  hre 

Review,  275 

ad    ll.  v.  .  The  Dangerous   I 


Esmonin  (K.),  La  Taille  en  Normandie  au  Temps 

de  Colbert,  ll 
Espitalier  |  \.  <.  Vers  Brumaire,  31 
Espril   Public  dans  la  Meurthe,  by   R.  Renin,  31 
Essais  de  Critique  Dramatique,  by  K.  Franchetti, 

Hi 
Essays:     E.    on    Faith    and     Immortality,    by 

Tyrrell,  513;     E.  on  Truth  and   Reality,   bj 

Bradley,  :>22 
Essays  and  Studies,  English  Association,  157 
Bstaunie  (E.)>  Les  Choses  voient,  12 
Estey  (J.  A.i.  Revolutionary  Syndicalism,  17s 
Etchings,  Loan  Exhibition  at  Glasgow,  682 
Etchings,  sales,  1 18 

Etchings  at   .Messrs.  Council's,  281 

Etchings  by  Piranesi,  introd.  Reilly,  .">i>i 
Ethics  of  a  Half-Truth,  112 

Etudes  de  Psychologic  Littoraire,  by  Cazamian,  12 
Eugenics,  The  Progress  of,  by  C.  W.  Saleeby,  820 
Eugenics  Education :   Galton  Lecture,  27s 
Euripides:    [phigenie  en  Tauride,  ed.   Weil,    11; 

Trojan  Women,  2  In 
Every  Man  for  his  Own,  by  II.  Clmpin,  801 
Expenditure,  National  and  Local,  813 


Faguet    (E),    Petite    Histoire    de    la    Litterature 

Franca  i.-e.  12 
Fairfax  (J.  Griffyth),  The  Horns  of  Taurus,  577 
Fair  Haven  and  Foul  Strand,  by  A.  Strindberg, 

870 
Faith  and  Reality,  by  J.  IL  Stowell,  2  16,  310 
Fallen  among  Thieves,  liv  A.  Applin,  876 
Fancies,  Fashions,  and  Fads,  by  R.  Nevill,  372 
Panton  (G.),  Abel.  13 
Faral    (E.),    Recherches   sur   Contes   et    Romans 

Courtois,  36 
Farge  (H.  I,  water-colours,  531 
Farjeon  (Eleanor),  Trees,  521 
Farmer  (Geoffrey  Norton),  Quella,  875 
Farming,  British,  Pilgrimage  of,  by  A.  D.  Hall, 

180 
Farming,  Successful,  by  A.  L.  Drysdale,  830 
Farthing  (F.  II.),  The  Week-End  Gardener,  4  99 
Fasti  Ecclesiae  Scoticanae,  Vol.  I.,  bv  Dr.  II.  Scott, 

795 
Father  in  God,  W.  West  Jones,  by  Wood,  159 
Father  O'Flvnn,  by  H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole,  107 
Faulds  (H.)  on  Finger-Prints,  320 
Faure  (A.),  Justin  Pinard,  43 
Faure  (Gabriel).  Festival,  862 
Fawkes  (A.),  Studies  in  Modernism,  2  10 
Fear  of  Living,  The,  by  II.  Bordeaux,  884 
Fegdal  (C),  Lcs  Vieilles  Enseignes  de  Paris,  l"> 
Fellowship  Books,  521 
Fergusson  (J.  D. ),  exhibition,  322 
Ferrero    (Willy),   bov    conductor,   at    the    Royal 

Albert  Hall,* 634,  667 
Ferrier  (G. ),  painter,  death,  83  1 
Ferry    (M.),    Servitude    et    Grandeur    Ecclesias- 

tiques,  43 
Feuulerat  (A.)  on  French  Literature  in  1918,  29 
Fiction,  Character  and  Tendency  of,  463 
Fiessinger  (Dr.  C),  La  Formation  des  Caracteres, 

35 
Figgis  (Darrell),  Jacob  Elthorne,  160 
Figgis  (J.  X. ),  Churches  in  the  Modern  state,  2  16  ; 

The  Divine  Right  of  Kings,  552 
Filippi  (Rosina  ,  The  Heart  of  Monica,  736 
Film  Censors,  British  Board,  Report,  284 
Findlater  (Mary),  Tents  of  a  Night,  886 
Fine-  \rt  Society,  exhibit  ion, 
Fine  Clay,  by  Isabel  C.  Clarke,  472 
Finger- Prints,  :'.2o 

Firemen  Hot.  by  C.  J.  Cutcliffe  Hyne,  17  1 
Fitzgerald  (P.),  Memories  of  Charles  Dickens,  158 
Fitzherberi  (Madame)  el  Georges  IV.,  by  Wilkins, 

40 
Fitzmaurice-Eelly    (J.),     Litterature     Bspagnole, 

:'.7  :      Miguel     de     Cervantes     Saavedra, 

Oxford  Rook  of  Spanish  Verse,  12  I 
Fit  /.william  Museum,  addition-,  533 
Flanders,  ari  in,  by  Max  Rooses,  888 

Iter    i.  Elroj  ,  The  King  of  Usander,  166 
Fleischmann  Ml.  .   \n  Unknown  Son  of  Napoleon, 

5.-.  1 
Fletcher  [J.  8.),  The  Marriage  Lim    .  788 
Flinl  i  Russell  209 

Florilegio  di  <  anti  Toscani,  by  Gi  ■  ■  e   w  ><i  ick, 

375 

521 

Flying,  Some  Prad  ical  Experiences,  byHameland 

Turner,  \~>- 
Flying  Inn,  The.  by  G.  K.  Chesterton,  180 
Fokine    Vf.  .  tfida   .  802 
Folk-Ballads  of  Southern  Europe,  tr. 
Folk-  Lore  8  .   \  rmu  .1  Meet  jng,  _' .  8 

Folk-Mll*ic,   and    Shil. 

Folk  oi  l 

l       ■  d  -.1.  .  I  'lowi  i   .  521 
Dui  d 

Ron 


Forman  (H.  Buxton   on  Vfi  .  \\  illiani  Mom..  204 
Formal  ion  des  <  lara<  t  ere  .  by  Dr.  <     i 
Fortunate  't  outh,  The.  bj  W.  J.  Lock  , 
Foster  i  Hon.  (..  E.  .  <  'anadian    \.i 
Foundations  of  Science,  b)   ll.  Poincare,  : 
France  :     Religious    \i  t    In    F.  of  t  be  Thirty  nth 

Century,  0>  Male,  18;   F..el  Rome,  bj  Madeliu, 

89  ;     Lea  Men  eiilea  de  la   1'..  bj   Qi  10  ; 

Grain   Trade    in    !•'..    bj    I  »her,   818;    l.  from 

behind  the  Veil,  by  Vassili,  682 
France  (Anatole  .  I  ■  i  R6\  olte  d<      Ingi    .  16  i 
Franchettl  1 1  .  .   i      da  de  Critique  Dramatique  . 

Franciscan  Poets  in  Italy,  bj  i'.  Oianam,  874 
Franciscan  Studies,  Collectanea  L,  581 
Francis  Joseph,  Emperor,  Life,  bj  I'.  Dribble, 
Frank  (Tennej  ,  Roman  Imperialism,  882 
Craser  i. Mis.  ii. ..  Italian  Yesterdays,  145 
Fraser  (Loval  |,  The  Wind,  10 
Eraser  (J.  G.),  The  (.olden  Bough;    Raider  the 
Beautiful,  ■")  i    Idonis,  Attis,  Osiris,  859  ;  To  the 
Author  of  'The   Golden  Bough,'  bj  Meed.  18; 
Psyche's  Task,  84  :    Proposed  Frazer  Fund 
Social  Anthropology,  '-'.:■.  knighted,  898 
Free  Hand,  a,  by  Helen  c.  Robi  rt  s,  U 
French  Academy,  electiona  to,  27o,  151,  198,  531 
French  aquarellistes  at  the  Baillie  Gallery, 
French  civilization,  by  A.  L.  Ouerard,  191 
French  Literature  in  1913,  29 
Freud  (Prof.  Sigm.  I,  On  Dreams,  826 

Friday  Club,  exhibition.  2M 

Friends   Round  the   Wrekin,  by  Lad)   C.  MUnes 

Gaskell,  852 
Frobenius  (L.),  The  Voice  of  Africa,  121,  Ll 
From   Opposite  shores,   by   Virginia    Guicciardi- 

Fiasi  n,  75  I 
Full  Swing,  by  Frank  Danby,  '■ 
Funck-Brentano  (Frante),  Lea  Brigandai  13 
Furness  (II.  If.  I,  Cymbeline,  390 
Furriner,  The,  bye.  L.  Bensusan,  864 
Furtwanglex  (A.),  Greek  and   Roman  Sculpture, 

663 
FutreUe  (Jacques),  Blind  Man-  Buff,  !7o 

Futurist  Music,  recital  by  I Ornstein,  5 

Futurist  Painters  af  the  Dore  Gallery,  i 
Fyfe(H.  Hamilton),  The  Real  Mexico,  134 
Fynes-Clinton    (O.    II.  >,    Welsh    Vocabularj     of 

Bangor,  194 
Fyzee-Rahamin  (S.)«  picturea  of  Indian  lifi  . 


Gabain  (Ethel),  exhibition.  801 
Gabory  (E.),  Napoleon  el  la  Vendee,  33 
Gala  Festival  at  Covenl  Garden,  007 
Gallon  (Tom  .  It  Will  be  All  Right,  168 
Gallowai  (G.)f  Philosophy  of  ReUKion,  784 
Galsworthy  (J.),  The  Mob,  603  ;   Justii  e,  7j7.  7TJ 
Gambier-Parry  (M.),  Madame  Necker,  U 
Gamble  for  Love,  A,  b>-  Nat  Gould,  - 
Gardening,  Rock,  for  Amateurs,  by  Thoi 

Arnott,  199 
Garden  in  spring.  My,  by  F.  A.  Howl.-.  I 
Garden  Oats,  by  Alice  Berber! .  167 
Gardiner  (Gordon),  The  Reconnaissance,  170 
Garland  <>f  New  Songs,  in 
Garnet!  (Lucy  M.  J.  .  Greece  of  the  Hellenes, 
Garrick's  Hamlet ,  836 
Garside's  Career,  bj   II.  Brighous<  . 
Garvice  (C.  I  on  an  Authors'  l  'nion, 
Gaskell    (Lad)    <  .    Milni         I  ind    the 

w  rekin,  852 
Gasquet  (Abbot),  made  Cardinal,  762 
Gate  in  the  Wall,  The-,  bj  Jai  k  Bdwai 
<.aie,  i  B.),  The  Poor  Little  Rii  h  Girl,  - 
Gates  of  Doom,  The,  by  Rafael  Sabatini,  I 
( .  i nit  Ler  (  Raul  |,  Lea  Maladies  S  1 1 

Gazette  du  Ron  Ton,  artists,  i  xhibil  ioi  ,  s 
Oeddi  8«  x.  820 

Geikie  (J.),   kntdquity  of  Man  In  l 
Geloso  Quartet,  170 
Genee  (Prof .  R.),  8hakesp<  mm.  death, 
General  John  Regan,  b\  (..   \.  Birmingham,  21 
Genet  [i    .Problem      if,  bj   W.  I 
Geology:    Structui    I  G.,  bj   Lcith,  697  ;     \    I 
G  .  b     Park 


I  >•  M  >K     0|      1  I  .,     O  '.       I     .M    K  .      . 

elllcl    OpUl    I,    bj    J.    P.    C.    H     all. 

,\  .  L.  .  I  'i  on  ttii    Ictualll 
(..  ph  H  i     \\  .18] 

t,h«>a),  The  A  0  ■   w  ■ 

and    at     P 

nan    \n    d  the   I  ;  '  ■ 

■  ■         in  Lyric,  The,  bj   i .  i 

nan    si, 

!  I 

Vol.  I  . 

i 
i:-  i 

lion    in    ' 


in. 


VI 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHENJEUM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  29,  1914 

THE     ATHENAEUM  January  to  June  1914 


Gibb  (G.),  Madcap,  873 

Gibb    (Marion  P.),    The    Cbassevant    Method     of 

Education,  565 
Gibbs  (A.  Hamilton),  The  Hour  of  Conflict,  871 
Gibson  (Margaret  D.)    on  the  Odes  of  Solomon, 

530    559 
Gide  (C.),  Political  Economy,  815 
Gilbert  (0.  B.),  What  Children  Study,  and  Why, 

545 
Gill  (Sir  D.),  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Observatory, 

139  ;    death,  167 
Gill  (Eric),  Sculpture,  97 
Gillmore  (Rufus),  The  Opal  Pin,  876 
Oilman  (H.),  exhibition,  601 
Ginner  (C),  exhibition,  601 
Ginsburg  (Dr.  C.  D.),  Hebraist,  death,  381 
Girl  on  the  Green,  The,  by  M.  Allerton,  474 
Girl's  Marriage,  A,  by  Agnes  Gordon  Lennox,  466 
Girl  who  Didn't,  The,  20 
Glass  (M.),  Potash  and  Perlmutter,  568 
Glastonbury  Abbey,  discovery  at,  535 
Glazebrook   (M.    G.),    Layman's    Old   Testament, 

250 
Glossary  of  Tudor  and  Stuart  Words,  by  W.  W. 

Skeat,  307 
Glover  (Evelyn),  Which  ?  456 
Gluck's  Orfeo  ed  Euridice,  863 
Glyn  (Elinor),  Letters  to  Caroline,  618 
Gobert  (G.),  Dans  un  Pays  Bilingue,  41 
Goble  (Warwick),  illustrations,  97 
Goethe  Society,  English,  347 
Gogh    (Vincent    van),    Recollections,    by    E.    Du 

Quesne  van  Gogh,  416 
Golden  Bough,  The,  by  J.  G.  Frazer,  5,  659 
Golden  Treasury  of  Songs,  ed.  Wheeler,  485 
Goldsmith,  In  Memory  of,  530 
Gold  Supply,  Influence  of,  by  Sir  D.  Barbour,  181 
Gomme  (Sir  L.),  London,  711 
Good  Shepherd,  The,  by  J.  Roland,  525 
Gordon    (Capt.),    A   Cavalry    Officer   in    Corunna 

Campaign,  359,  412 
Gordons,  A  Captain  of  the,  359 
Gore  (Bishop),  statue  at  Birmingham,  388  ;    The 

Basis  of  Anglican  Fellowship,  615 
Gore  (Spencer),  painter,  death,  502,  564  ;    Memo- 
rial, exhibition  for,  769 
Gorky  (Maxim),  Tales  of  Two  Countries,  886 
Gospel  Story  in  Art,  by  J.  La  Farge,  208 
Gothic  Architecture  in  Spain,  by  G.  E.  Street,  533 
Goudie  (G.),  David  Laing,  LL.D.,  684 
Gould  (Nat),  A  Gamble  for  Love,  873 
Gouldsbury   (Cullen),   More   Rhodesian   Rhymes, 

221 
Goupil  Gallery :  Spring  Exhibition,  697 ;  Summer 

Exhibition,  900 
Goya  (Francisco),  by  H.  Stokes,  140 
Grafton  Group  at  Alpine  Club  Gallery,  70 
Granger  (E.),  Petite  Histoire  Universelle,  39 
Grain  Trade  in  France,  by  A.  P.  Usher,  618 
Grammont  (M.),  Le  Vers  Francais,  38 
Grant  (O),  The  Case  for  Co-Education,  106, 135 
Graphic  Statics,  by  J.  T.  Wight,  109 
Graver-Painters  in  Colour,  exhibition,  725 
Graves  (A.  P.),  Irish  Literary  and  Musical  Studies, 

750 
Graves  (F.  P.),  A  History  of  Education,  261 
Gray    (R.),    Reminiscences   of   India   and    North 

Queensland,  428 
Great  Attempt,  The,  by  F.  Arthur,  469 
Great  Gamble,  The,  by  Jerome  K.  Jerome,  772 
Greece  of  the  Hellenes,  by  Lucy  M.  J.  Garnett,  581 
Greek  and  Roman  Sculpture,  by  A.  Furtwangler 

and  H.  L.  Urlichs,  663 
Greek  Ideal,  Renaissance  of  the,  by  Diana  Watts, 

724 
Greeks,  Anthropology  of  the,  by  E.  E.  Sikes,  384 
Greek    Sculpture    and    Modern    Art,    by    Sir    C. 

Waldstein,  663 
Green  (Richard),  actor,  death,  144 
Greene  (Plunket),  song  recital,  390 
Green  Roads  of  England,  by  R.  Hippisley  Cox, 

788 
Greet  (William),  theatrical  manager,  death,  636 
Gregory  (Lady),  Our  Irish  Theatre,  324  ;  Mirando- 
lina,  568  ;    The  Gaol  Gate  in  Paris,  804  ;    The 
Rising  of  the  Moon,  835,  863  ;    Spreading  the 
News,     835  ;       The     Workhouse     Ward — The 
Canavans,  863  ;    The  Wrens,  903 
Gregory  (R.),  Irish  landscapes,  697 
Grenfell   (B.   P.),   Oxyrhynchus  Papyri,   Part  X., 

679 
Gretton  (M.  Sturge),  A  Corner  of  the  Cotswolds, 

262 
Gribble  (F.),  Life  of  Emperor  Francis  Joseph,  360 
Grisar  (Hartmann),  Luther,  Vol.  III.,  582 
Griswold  (Putnam),  bass  singer,  death,  350 
Grizel  Married,  by  Mrs.  G.  de  Home  Vaizey,  823 
Gros  Chagrins,  by  G.  Courteline,  700 
Gross  (Mrs.  A.),  Break  the  Walls  Down,  727 
Grossmith  (L.),  The  Purple  Frogs,  740 
Gruenberg  (S.  M.),  Your  Child  To-day  and  To- 
morrow, 545 
Grumpy,  by  Hodges  and  Percyval,  727 
Guebriant  (Marechal  de),  by  Noailles,  40 


Guerard  (A.  L.),  French  Civilization,  191 
Guicciardi-Fiastri      (Virginia),      From      Opposite 

Shores,  754 
Guilbeaux    (H.),    Anthologie    des    Lyriques    alle- 

mands,  198 
Giinther  (Dr.  A.  C),  naturalist,  death,  207 
Guyot  (Yves),  Public  Ownership,  815 


H 

Haberlandt  (Dr.  G.),  Physiological  Plant  Anatomy, 

691 
Hackney   (Mabel),    Mrs.  Laurence   Irving,  death, 

804 
Hadden  (J.  Cuthbert),    author,  death,  658 
Hadrian  IV.,  Pope,  by  H.  K.  Mann,  363 
Haggard   (Sir  H.   Rider),   The  Wanderer's  Neck- 
lace, 469 
Haldane  (J.  S.),  Mechanism,  Life,  and  Personality, 

782 
Hale  (Matthew),  water-colours,  725 
Hales  (Prof.  J.  W.),  death,  721 
Halevy  (L.),  Les  Sonnettes,  728 
Hall  (A.  D.),  Pilgrimage  of  British  Farming,  180 
Hall  (H.  Fielding),  Love's  Legend,  886 
Hall  (H.  R.),  Egyptian  Scarabs,  Vol.  I.,  198 
Hallays  (Andre),  Paris,  39 
Hamel  (G.),  Flying,  Some  Practical  Experiences, 

452 
Hamilton  (Clayton),  Studies  in  Stagecraft,  455 
Hamilton    (G.    Rostrevor),    on   Dearworthy,    16  ; 

Before  the  Cross,  poem,  555 
Hamilton  (W.  F.),  Compulsory  Arbitration,  184 
Hamptonshire     Experiment    in     Education,     bv 

C.  R.  Ashbee,  337 
Hamsun  (Knut),  Shallow  Soil,  740 
Handcock  (P.  S.  P.),  Latest  Light  on  Bible  Lands, 

246 
Handel's  Messiah  and  Harington's  Eloi !    419,  503 
Handicapping    of    the    First-born,    by    Prof.    K. 

Pearson,  385 
Hanshew  (T.  W.),  Cleek  of  Scotland  Yard,  741 
Happy  Hunting  Ground,  The,   by  Alice  Perrin, 

467 
Hapsburg  Monarchy,  by  H.  Wickham  Steed,  9 
Harben  (H.  D.),  The  Rural  Problem,  180 
Harcourt  (Cyril),  A  Pair  of  Silk  Stockings,  324 
Harding  (Mrs.  A.),  A  Daughter  of  Debate,  873 
Hardy  (G.  Webb),  The  Black  Peril,  874 
Hare  (A.  J.  C),  Walks  in  Rome,  ed.  Baddeley,  436 
Hare  (Bishop),  Life,  by  M.  A.  De  Wolfe  Howe, 

127 
Harrap's  Dramatic  History,  by  F.  E.  Melton,  883 
Harris  (Mary  Dormer)  on  Another  Debt  of  John 

Shakespeare,  720 
Harris  (Rendel),  Boanerges,  68  ;    on  the  Odes  of 

Solomon,  760 
Harris-Burland  (J.  B.),  The  Curse  of  Cloud,  741 
Harrison  (H.),  A  Lad  of  Kent,  874 
Harvanger  and  Yolande,  The  Magic  Tale  of,  by 

G.  P.  Baker,  737 
Haskin  (F.  J.),  The  Panama  Canal,  370 
Haslette  (J.),  Johnnie  Maddison,  872 
Hatton  (F.  and  F.  L.),  Years  of  Discretion,  468 
Haughton  (Capt.  H.  L.),  Sport  and  Folk-lore  in  the 

Himalaya,  845 
Hauptmann  (Gerhart),  Atlantis,  59 
Haussonville   (Comte   d'),    Ombres   Francaises   et 

Visions  Anglaises,  44 
Haven  of  Desire,  The,  by  Capt.  F.  H.  Shaw,  755 
Haverfield  (F.),  Ancient  Town  Planning,  56 
Hawley  (W.  A.),  Oriental  Rugs,  600 
Hayden  (Eleanor  G.),  Love  the  Harper,  468 
Hayward  (Rachel),  Letters  from  La-bas,  227 
Hazeltine  (H.),  bronzes,  860 
Head  (Dr.  Barclay),  numismatist,  death,  861 
Head     Masters,     Incorporated     Association     of, 

Annual  Meeting,  110 
Head  Masters'  Conference,  15 
Heart  of  Monica,  The,  bv  Rosina  Filippi,  736 
Heat  and  Cold,  Prof.  C.  F.  Jenkin  on.  385 
Heathcote  (Millicent),  Entertaining  Jane,  870 
Hebrew  and  Babylonian  Traditions,  by  M.  Jastrow, 

647 
Hebrew  and  Jewish  History,  tr.  Mercer,  338 
Helen  with  the  High  Hand,  by  R.  Pryce,  283 
Hellenic  Society,  234  ;    Prof.  Ridgeway    on   the 

Early  Iron  Age  in  the  ^Egean  Area,  695 
Hemmeon  (Morley  de  Wolf),  Burgage  Tenure  in 

Mediaeval  England,  649 
Henderson  (Keith),  pictures,  501 
Henderson  (W.  A.)    on  the  Discovery  of  Isolde's 

Chapel,  759 
Hengelmiiller     (Baron),     Hungary's     Fight     for 

National  Existence,  86 
Henry  V.,  Vol.  I.,  by  J.  H.  Wylie,  646 
Henry  (Prince)  the  Navigator,  by  J.  P.  Oliveira 

Martins,  360 
Henry  (F.),  Amoretti  d'Edmund  Spenser,  37 
Henschel      (Dr.    George),    farewell    recital,    634  ; 

knighted,  896 
Herbert  (Alice),  Garden  Oats,  467 
Herder  (A.  von),  Dido  and  iEneas,  772 


Herkomer  (Sir  Hubert  von),  death,  501 

Herod's  Temple,  by  W.  Shaw  Caldecott,  268,  588 

Heroines  and  Others,  by  St.  John  Lucas,  742 

Herrick  (R.),  His  Great  Adventure,  468 

Hervey  (A.),  Ilona,  698 

Hewlett  (M.)»  The  Ladies'  Comedy,  212 

Heyse  (Paul  von),  author,  death,  531 

Hibernian  Academy,  exhibition,  349 

Hidden  Mask,  The,  by  C.  Guise  Mitford,  470 

Highland  Host,  The,  of  1678,  by  J.  R.  Elder,  374 

High  Tea,  by  Lieut.  Holme,  864 

Highways  and  Byways  in  the  Border,  by  A.  and 

J.  Lang,  406 
Highways  and  Bywavs  in  Shakespeare's  Country, 

by  W.  H.  Hutton,*710 
Highway  to  Happiness,  The,  by  R.  Le  Gallienne, 

584 
Hilarion,  by  Noel  Carter,  864 
Hill  (Headon),  The  Crimson  Honeymoon,  470 
Hill  (Marion),  Sunrise  Valley,  791 
Hill  (R.  A.  P.),  The  Interregnum,  246 
Himalaya,  Sport  and  Folk-lore  in,  by  Capt.  H.  L. 

Haughton,  845 
Hiroshige,  colour-prints,  697 
His  Great  Adventure,  bv  R.  Herrick,  468 
His  Official  Fiancee,  by  Berta  Ruck,  739 
Historical  Association  at  Bristol,  116 
Historical  Society,    140  ;  -Annul  Meeting,  319  ; 
452,  630  ;   Prof.  Pollard  on  the  Authenticity  of 
the  Journals  of  the  House  of  Lords,  767 
History  :    Mediaeval  H.,  Bibliography  of,  649 
Hocking  (Silas  K.),  Sword  and  Cross,  755 
Hodsres  (H.),  Grumpy,  727 
Hodgkin  (Eliot)  sale,  624,  656,  720,  761 
Hodgson  (Geraldine  E.)  on    an  Authors'  Union, 

383  ;   Poetry  in  the  Last  Decade,  498 
Hodgson    (N.),   The   Case  for  Co-Education,    106, 

135 
Hodgson  (Ralph),  A  Song— The  Bull— Eve— The 

Song  of  Honour — The  Mystery,  10 
Holberg,  The  Comedies  of,  by  O.  J.  Campbell,  419 
Holbrooke  (Josef),  concert,  350 
Holiday,  poem  by  F.  Niven,  588 
Holiday  (H.),  Reminiscences  of  my  Life,  416 
Holland  (W.  J.),  To  the  River  Plate  and  Back,  434 
Holloway  (Winifred),  recital,  455 
Holman-Hunt  (W.),  Pre-Raphaelitism,  630 
Holme  (Lieut.),  High  Tea,  864 
Holmes  (S.),  Joshua,  515 
Holmes    (T.    Rice),   Julius    Caesar,    Commentarii, 

VII.,  VIII.,  492 
Holt  (E.  B.),  Concept  of  Consciousness,  782 
Holt  (G.  E.),  Morocco  the  Piquant,  847 
Holv  Citv,  The,  by  T.  W.  Broadhurst,  668 
Home,   874 

Home  (John),  Douglas,  836 
Home  Arts  and  Industries  Association,  exhibition, 

725 
Honeywood  (Richard),  The  Robin's  Song,  10 
Hope  (Lilith),  The  Anvil,  871 
Hope,  (W.  H.  St.  John),  Knighted,  896 
Hopkirk  (A.  F.)  on  Influenza,  17 
Horace,  Odes,  tr.  Taylor,  266 
Home   (Beatrice)   on  Purcell's   Music   in  France, 

419 
Horns  of  Taurus,  by  J.  G.  Fairfax,  577 
Hoskyns-Abrahall  (Miss  W.),  Biology  in  Relation 
to  Education,  590,  626,  660,  692,  722,  763  ;    on 
the  Abdominal  Brain,  694 
Hour  of  Conflict,  The,  by  A.  Hamilton  Gibbs,  871 
Housden  (C.  E.),  The  Riddle  of  Mars  the  Planet, 

858 
House  in  Demetrius  Road,  The,  by  J.  D.  Beres- 

ford,  739 
Howard  (C),  English    Travellers  ofj  the  Renais- 
sance, 127 
Howard  (F.),  Woman  and  Child  in  Art,  501 
Howard  (Keble),  So  the  World  Wags,  466 
Howard  (Newman),  Collected  Poems,  125 
Howe  (M.  A.  De  Wolfe),  Life  of  Bishop  Hare,    127 
Howell  (A.  G.  Ferrers),  S.  Bernardino  of  Siena, 

374 
Hudibras,  The  Original  of,  895 

Hudson  (W.    H.),   Representative  Passages  from 
English  Literature,  108  ;   WTordsworth  and  his 
Poetry — Schiller  and  his  Poetry,  375 
Hueffer  (Ford  Madox),  Henry  James,  88 
Hughes  (A.  Llewelyn),  Photo-Electricity,  598 
Hume  (Fergus),  The  Lost  Parchment,  876 
Humorous  Art,  International  Exhibition,  724 
Hungary  :   Austria  of  the  Austrians  and  H.  of  the 
Hungarians — H.'s    Fight    for    National  Exist- 
ence, by  Hengelmiiller,  86 
Hunt  (A- "SO,  Oxyrhynchus  Papyri,  Part  X.,  679 
Hunting  the  Elephant  in  Africa,  by  Capt.  C.  H. 

Stigand,  617 
Hustler  Paul,  by  J.  Cleveland,  886 
Hutchinson  (J.)  on  Another  Debt  of  John  Shake- 
speare, 657 
Hutten  (Baroness  von),  Maria,  873 
Hutton    (W.    H.),    Highways    and    Byways    in 

Shakespeare's  Country,  710 
Huxley  (Mrs.  H.  A.),  death,  531 
Hyatt  (Stanley  Portal),  The  Old  Transport  Road, 
431 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHEX.EUM  with  No.  4;>31,  Aur.  29,  1914 

Jamakv  to  June  1914  INDEX 


OF    CONTENTS 


VII 


Hvder  (J.),  Land  Nationalization,  180,  231,  21 
Hvndman  (H.  M.  1,  Heniinisccnces,  895 
Hyne  (C.  J.  Cutcliffe),  Firemen  Hot,  474 


I 


Ideal  Husband,  An,  by  Oscar  Wilde,  727 
1  lie  Women,  by  Magdalen  Ponsonby,  908 

ialee  (It.),  paintings,  888 

Iliad:   Miss,  ed.  Van  Leenwen.Vol.  II..  108;  The 

Composition  of  the  I.,  by  Smyth,  517 
Ilona,  by  A.  llorvey.  698 
Imperial   Arts    League   Journal,   No.    XV.,    142  ; 

No.  XVI.,  602  :    No'.  XVII..  901 
Imperial  Choir  at  the  Albert  Hall,  720 
Impressions     of     British     Life,     by      Meherban 

Xarayanrao  Babasaheb,  846 
Index  of  Arcbaaological  Papers  in  1009,  725 
India:    1.  of  To-dav,  bv  Me\scv-Thompson,  7; 
Records   of  the   Survey   of   1.,"  Vol.    III.,   207; 
Our  Task  in  L,  by  Lucas,  2  Hi  ;    Reminiscences 
of  I.   and   North   Queensland,   by    Gray,   428; 
Report   of   Sanitary    Commissioner    of    I.    for 
1912,  799  ;   War  and  Sport  in  I.,  845 
Indian  Birds,  Glimpses  of,  by  D.  Dewar,  138,  094 
Indian    Outpost,    Life   in   an,    by  Major   Gordon 

Casserly,  845 
Indian  Pigeons  and  Doves,  by  E.  C.Stuart  Baker 

319 
.Indirect  Payment,  411 

Individuality,  Problem  of,  by  Hans  Driesch,  782 
Industrial  Combination,  by  G.  R.  Carter,  179 
Infant  Mortality  in  a  Manufacturing  Town,  320 
Iniinitesimal  Calculus,   An    Introduction   to   the, 

by  G.  W.  Caunt,  501 
Imluenza,  17 

Inge  (C),  Square  Pegs,  160 
Inheritance  Factor  in  Insanity,  347 
Initiation,  by  R.  H.  Benson,  225 
Inscriptiones  Graecae,  ed.  Kern,  883 
Insurance  and  the  State,  by  W.  F.  Gephart,  181 
Intermediate  Types  among  Primitive  Folk,  by  E. 

Carpenter,  532 
International  Society  of  Sculptors,  Painters,  and 

Gravers,  Spring  Exhibition,  600 
Interregnum,  The,  by  R.  A.  P.  Hill,  246 
Inviolable,  poem  by  Florence  Earle  Coates,  410 
Ireland  :    The  Bronze  Age  in  I.,  by  Coffey,  599  ; 
Water-Colour  Societv   of     I.,   322    ;     National 
Gallery  of  I.,    322,  602,  769,  833  ;  Pastel  and 
Tempera  Societv  of  I.,  602  ;   Books  in  I.,  761, 
s28,  856,  895  ;   Record   of  the  Ancient  Monu- 
ments of  I.,  769 
Irish,  Old,  Grammar  and  Reader,  by  J.  Pokorny, 

Part  I.,  751 
Irish  Academy  of  Music,  Annual  Meeting,  903 
Irish  Artists,  Dictionary  of,  by  W.  G.  Strickland, 

321 
Irish  Book  Catalogues,  857 
Irish    Literary    and    Musical    Studies,    by   A.    P. 

Graves,  750 
Iri-h  Literary  Renaissance,  303 
Irishmen  All,  by  G.  A.  Birmingham,  304 
Irish   Rifles,    Royal,    by    Lieut. -Col.    G.    Brenton 

Laurie,  751 
Irish  Seal-Matrices  and  Seals,  by  E.  C.  R.  Arm- 
strong, 320 
Irish  Texts  Society,  Annual  Meeting,  663 
Irish  Theatre,  Our,  bv  Ladv  Gregorv,  324 
Irish  Witchcraft,  bv  St.  J.  D.  Seymour,  305 
In.n  Year,  The,  by  Walter  Bloem,  207 
Irving  (Laurence),  actor,  death,  804 
I '•I  am  :      The     Mystics    of    I.,    by    Nicholson  — 

Spanish  I.,  by  Dozy,   103 
I-    ind,  The,  by  Eleanor  Mordaunt,  755 
Isolde's  Chapel,  The  Discovery  of,  759 
Israel  et  l'Humanite,  by  Benamozegh,  38 
Israels  (Isaac),  pictures,  417 
Italian   Painting,   by  A.   van  V.   Brown  and   W. 

Rankin,  832 
Italian  Yesterdays,  by  Mrs.  H.  Fraser,  1 1 J 
It  Happened  in  Egypt,  by  C.  N.  and  A.  If.  Wil- 
liamson, 131 
It  was  the  Time  of  Roses,  by  Dolf  Wvllarde,  173 
It  will  be  All  Bight,  by  Tom  Gallon,  168 
Ives  (G.),  A  History  of  Penal  Methods,  488 


Jackson  (C),  Outlines  of  Education  in  England, 

108 
Jackson  (IT.  0.),  Hlaok  Ivory  and  White,  196 
Jackson  (II.  Latimer),  Escnatology  of  Jesus,  252 
Jacob  Btthorne,  bv  Darrell  Figgis,  160 
•lad  Journal,  bv  J.  Mitchel,  9 
James,  by  W.  Dane  Hank.  525 
James   (Henry),    by    Ford    Madox    Huefler,   88; 

Not<--  of  b  Son  and  Brother,  523 
James  (Mary  E.),  Alice  Ofctley,  546 
James  whitaker'fl  Dukedom,  by  B.  Jepson,  II 
Japanese  Bcroctm  a<  Suffolk  Streel  ftalh-ri 
Japan's  Inheritance,  by  Mitford,  12!» 


Jastrow  (M.).  Hebrew  and  Babylonian  Traditions, 

(117 
Jean-Marie,  by  Rathmell  Wilson,  504 
Jordan  (Prof.  0.  P.)  on  Heal  and  Gold,  886 

Jenks  (!•:.)  on  a   Prize  and  its  Adjudicators,  568 
Jennings    (ti.    E.),    Acid    Drops,    352  ;     The    Hest 

Cure,  4i;<> 
Jepson  (B.),  James  Whitaker's  Dukedom,  468 
Jerebtzova  (.Madam,'   Anna),  song  recital,  99 
Jerome  (Jerome  K.).  The  Great  (iambic,  772 
Jerome  (T.  Spencer),  Roman  Memories,  I2t'>,  559 
Jessop  (G.  II.).  Desmond  O'Connor,  791 
Jessopp    (Canon    Augustus),    death,    274,    412  ; 

England's  Peasantry,  488 
Jesus  :   The  Esohatology  of  J.,  by  n.  L.  Jackson, 
252  ;    Some  Alternatives  to  Jesus  Christ ,  by  .1. 
L.  Johnston,  513 
Jewett  (Sophie),  Folk-Ballads  of  Southern  Europe, 

490 
Jewish  Prayer  Book,  ed.  I.  Abrahams,  651 
Jill-All-Alone,  by  Rita,  468 
Joachimsthal  (Prof.),  surgeon,  death,  347 
Johnnie  Maddison,  by  J.  Haslette,  872 
Johnson  (M.),  Through  the  South  Seas  with  Jack 

London,  428 
Johnson  Club  at  17,  Gough  Square,  498 
Johnston    (J.    L.),    Some    Alternatives    to    Jesus 

Christ,  513 
Jones  (Rev.  B.  O.),  Slogger  Williams,  death,  165 
Jones  (E.  Yarrow),  paintings  of  Corsica,  769 
Jones  (H.  C),  A  New  Era  in  Chemistry,  94 
Jones  (Margam),  Angels  in  Wales,  73!) 
Jones  (R.),  Nature  and  First  Principle  of  Taxa- 
tion, 181 
Jones  (W.  \V.),  Episcopate  of,  by  M.  H.  M.  Wood, 

159 
Jonson  (Pen),  Third  Ode  to  Himself,  828 
Joyce  (J.),  Dubliners,  875 

Joyce  (Dr.  P.  Weston),  Irish  antiquary,  death,  67 
Joyce  (T.  A.),  Mexican  Archaeology,  899 
Jubaland  to  the  Lorian  Swamp,  by  I.  N.  Dracopoli, 

431' 
Judas  the  Woman,  by  F.  C.  and  \.  T.  Philips,  736 
Judgment  of  Eve,  The,  by  May  Sinclair,  730 
Julian  (Henry  Forbes),  Memorials  of,  897 
Julius     Caesar,     Commentarii     VII.,     VIII.,     ed. 

Holmes,  492 
Jurisprudence,  by  E.  C.  Clark,  616 
Justice,  by  J.  Galsworthy,  727,  772 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  by  F.  Niven,  823 


K 


Kagoshima  earthquakes,  235 

Kaiser  (Isabelle),  La  Vierge  du  Lac,  740 

Kashmir,  Thirty  Years  in,  by  Dr.  A.  Neve,  428 

Kathleen  Ni  Houlihan,  by  W.  B.  Yeats,  S04 

Kaye  (G.  W.),  X-Rays,  796,  897 

Kave-Smith   (Sheila),   Three   against   the   World, 

742 
KeatiDg  (J.),  Peggy  and  her  Husband,  352  ;    The 

Marriage  Contract,  472 
Keats  (J),  unpublished  poems  by,  589  ;    two  new 

sonnets  by,  721  ;    Letters,  &C,  ed.  Williamson, 

784 
Keddie  (Henrietta),  author,  death,  93 
Kelly  (F.  S.),  concert,  455 
Kennedy  (H.  A.  A.),  St.  Paul  and  the  Mystery- 

Kcligions,  254 
Kennedy  (Marion  Grace),  educationist,  death,  92 
Kerr-Lawson  (Mr.),  paintings,  632 
Kienzl  (W.),  The   Dance  of  Death,  production  at 

Liverpool,  1 7u 
Kindergarten,  The,  Reports,  545 
Kindly  Flames,  by  H.  Vmion  (any,  466 
Kindred  and  Clan,  by  Bertha  Suites  J'hillpotts, 

55 
Kinematograph  al  baths,  393 
King,  A,  by  H.  Hjornson,  3!>1 
King  (Baragwanath),   Kmdish    Riviera, 
Kine  (Basil),  The  Way  Home.  171 
King  (I-:.  G.  ,  The  Poem  of  Job,  515 

King    (L.    W.),   Cuneiform   Tablets    in    Hie    British 

Museum,    153 
King  of  Alaander,  The,  by  J.  Elroy  Flecker,  166 
King  of  il"'  -lew  s,  sacred  play,  284 
King's  Council  in  the  .Middle   kgi    .  I  j   J.  Fo  dick 

lialdv. in,  1 v.\ 
Kinship,  by  J.  B.  MacCarthy,  668 
Kipling  (Budyard)  on  Borne    kspects  of  Travel, 

276 
Kismet,  by  B.  Knoblauch,  391 
Klenun  (L.  R.  .  Public  Education  In  Germany  and 

the  i  nit'  'l  81  .)•  i,  646 
Knighl  (Prof.  .  Coleridge  and  Wordsworth,  56 
Klinger  |  P.  M  '        ddo,  12 

Knoblauch  (B.  .  Kismet,  391  \    M>   Ladj      Di 

Koebel  (W.  II.  ,  South    \' 
Kreisler  (Hen  .  ■  ono  rl .  726 
Kropotkinc 
I'Anarchie,  11 


Kuipe  (Prof,    "ii  P  ■■•  bolt 

829 
Kumasi,  bowl  from,  7 1 
Kunz  ((i.  l  .  .  i  oi  Loi      i         of  Pn 

196 


Labor!  (Madame  I,  Sato,  802 

Labour  :    The   W  olid  Of  L.,  by  C.I.-.   17s  ;     I,,  and 

Administ  ral  ion,  by  * ommona,  I 
Laooms  (P.  .  Ma  Mi,"  Rosette,  603 
Ladies'  Comedy,  The,  bj  M.  Bewlett,  212 
Lad  of  Kent,  A,  by  1 1.  Harrison,  s7 1 
Lactone*   (P.),    Panegyristes  de    Louit    \\  L,  81] 

Millei  ..\  e,  12 
Lady,  A,  and  her  Husband,  ).\    limber  Beeves, 

309 
Ladj  Hound ful,  Mv,  by  I  '•■  Littlestone,  7 1 1 
Lady  of  Leisure,  A,  by  Ethel  Bidgwick, 
La  Faroe  (J.  I,  The  Gospel  Story  in   \rt.  208 
Laing  (David  .  I.L.H..  i>>  (.    Goudie,  684 
Lakeland,  English,  Odd  Yarns  of,  bj  W.  T.  Pal 

712 
Lamb  (0.),  I'.lia — Last  i    lays,  ed.  Thompson,  108 
Lamond  (F.),  Beethoven  recital,  726 
Lancianl    (H.i    on    Rome    of   the    Pilgrims    and 

Martyrs,   168 

Land:    L.  Nationalization,  by  Byder,  180,  I    i. 

275;    The   L.,    Report   of  Committee,   VoL   L, 

180;    Vol.   II.,  814;    Ownership,  Tenure,  and 

Taxation  of   L.,   by   Whittaker,   sl  1  ;    Ornate* 

Profits  from  L.,  by  Drysdale,  830 
Land  of  Open  Doors,  by  J.  B.  Bickersteth,  186 
Land  of  Promise,  by  somerset  Maugham,  351 
Landor  (W.  8.),   Early   Poems,  by   W.   Bradley, 

751,  796,  829 
Lang  (A.),  memorial  slab  to.  164 
Lang  (A.  and   J.),   Highways  and    Hvv.avs   in   the 

Border,   lot; 
Langlade  (Smile),  Rose  Bertin,  860 
Langue  fitrusque,  by  J.  .Martha.   II 
Last  Discourse  of  our  Lord,  by  Bwete,  252 
Last  English,  The,  by  O.  Bartraiu,  377 
Last  Road,  The,  by  B.  Hardin-'  Davis,  174 
Later  Litanies,  by  Kathleen  Wat -on,  474 
La  Thangue  (II.  EL),  exhibition.  601 
Latin,  Quantity  and  Accent  ill,  by  1'.  W.  W( 

away,  107 
Laughton  (A.  M.),  Victorian  Year-Book,  652 
Laurie  (A.  P.),  Pigments  of  the  Old  Masters,  503 
Laurie    (Lieut.-CoL    G.    Brenton  ,    Royal    Irish 

Rifles,  751 
Lauzun,  by  Due  de  la  Force. 
Lavedan  (II. >,  La  Rupture,  700 
Lavery  (J.),  Retrospective  Exhibition, 
Lavigerie  (Cardinal)  et  son  Action  Politique,  by 

Tournier,  40 

Lease,  999-year,  in  I ,  134,  310,  845 

Leathes  (Stanlev),  What  is  Education  i  1    - 

Leclere  (T.),  Hubert  Robert,  15 

Ledger-Eook  of  Vale  Royal  Abbey,  ed.  Brownbill, 

182 
Lee  (Elizabeth),  Ouida,  517 
Lee  (G.  B.)  on  Changelinga  by  Request 

1 (Vernon  i,  Louis  Xorbert,  75  1 

Leeds  Art  Gallery,  Spring  Exhibition,  584 
Leentas,  by  E.  J.  0.  Stevens,  7:;7 
Lees  (J.),  The  German  Lyric, 

I. \\  arner  (Sir  W.  ,  death.  135 

Left  of  a  Throne,  On  the,  by  Mi   .  1.  ' 

I,    Gallienne  (R.  .  The  Lorn  lj   D  -1  ;   The 

Bighway  to  Bappiness,  58  I 
ndre  i  Dr.  ft.  P.  .Yunnan,  I  l 
Legros's  etchings,  697 
l.eith  (('.  K.  ,  Structural  < 
Lennard  <  R.  .    Economic   Nob  :'  Agrt« 

cultural  Wages,  Bl  I 
Lennox  i  kgnea  Oordoi 
Leroux  (J.  .  Leon  Ch  itry,  Institul 
Lesbia'a  Sparrow  • 
l.e  Sueur  (Gordon  .  Cecil  Rhodi    .  0 
Letcher  (O.  .  The  Bond    ol    '••        •  121 
Lei  ters  from  La-bas,  by  R  u  bel  M 
L,  i :  i   troline,  by  Elinor  Gl;  i  ,  818 

\.  ,  Fund  on.  nt  d  Probli  ■  try, 

Levaillanl  (M.  ,  Les  P 

Level  l  '•  'I  be,  bj   Mi   .  H 

i  than,  b\  Ji  annette  M 

Dr.  <■•   Mnn 

Lewi  bl  on  tl 

TV    of     Ml 

i  .         iU  yndh 
i 

Itobta 

Lib 

Lighti  ,    ^-, 

i 

■ 
Llnni 


VIII 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  29,  1914 


January  to  June  1914 


Lismoyle,  by  B.  M.  Croker,  739 

Liszt's  Faust  Symphony,  535 

Literary  Year- Hook,  The,  559 

Literature  Espagnole,  by  J.  Fitzrnaurice-Kelly, 

37 
Little  Abbe,  The,  by  Rathmell  Wilson,  504 
Littlojolm  (J.),  Shadows  of  the  Past,  742 
Little  K  uli  int  Girl,  bv  Katharine  Tynan,  743 
Littlestone  (G.),  My  Lady  Bountiful,  741 
Livens  (II.  M".),  water-colours,  236 
Lloyd  (Annie),  A  Question  of  Honour,  568 
Loadstone,  The,  by  Violet  Methley,  755 
Loat  (VV.  L.  S.),  The  Cemeteries  of  Abydos,  799 
Locke  (W.  J.),  The  Fortunate  Youth,  407 
Lodge  (II.  Cabot),  Early  Memories,  821 
London:   L.,  by  (Jomme — L.  Survivals,  by  Ditch- 
field,  711  ;     Beautiful  L.,  Mr.  Raffles  Davison 
on, 901 
London  (Jack),  The  Valley  of  the  Moon,  11 
London  Choral  Society,  239,  282,  503 
London  Circus,  by  H.  Baerlein,  738 
London  County  Council  coat  and  crest,  323 
London  County  Council  Teachers'  Conference,  03, 

113 
London  Group,  exhibition,  387 
London    Head-Quarters    of    American    Historical 

Association,  828 
London  Museum  opened,  413 
London  String  Quartet,  835 
London  Symphony  Orchestra,  concerts,  238,  770, 

862 
London  University  Report,  690 
Lonely  Dancer,  The,  by  R.  Le  Gallienne,  221 
Lonesome  Like,  bv  H.  Brighouse,  068 
Loofs  (F.),  Nestorius,  516 
Lorde  (M.  de),  Attaque  Nocturne,  700 
Lord  Mayor,  The,  by  E.  MacNulty,  420 
Loria  (Achille),  The  Economic  Synthesis,  815 
Lorimer  (Norma),  By  the  Waters  of  Germany,  852 
Lorrain  (Jean),  Tres  Russe,  43 
Lortat  Festival,  862 

Lost  Argosies,  poem  by  Enid  Dauncey,  624 
Lost  Parchment,  The,  bv  Fergus  Hume,  876 
Lost  Tribes,  The,  by  G.  A.  Birmingham,  872 
Lot-Borodine  (M.),  Le  Roman  Idyllique  au  Moyen 

Age,  42 
Loti  (Pierre),  Morocco,  847 
Louis  Norbert,  by  Vernon  Lee,  754 
Louvre,    M.    de    Camondo's    bequest,    834  ;     M. 

Peytel's  bequest,  901 
Lovat  (Alice,  Lady),  Life  of  Sir  F.  Weld,  405 
Love,  by  Gilbert  Cannan,  521 
Love  Cheats,  by  Basil  Dean,  804 
Love's  Legend,  by  H.  Fielding  Hall,  886 
Love  the  Harper,  by  Eleanor  G.  Hayden,  468 
Low  (Ivy),  The  Questing  Beaat,  131 
Low  (S.),  Egypt  in  Transition,  222 
Lowndes  (Mrs.  Belloc),  The  End  of  her  Honey- 
moon, 470 
Luard  (L.  D.),  pictures,  236 
Lucas  (B.),  Our  Task  in  India,  246 
Lucas  (R.  J.),  author,  death,  690 
Lucas  (St.  John), Heroines,  and  Others,  742 
Lumsden  (E.  S.),  etchings,  900 
Lund  (T.  W.  M.),  A  Sower  Went  Forth,  271 
Luther,  by  Hartmann  Grisar,  Vol.  III.,  582 
Lutz  (Grace  Livingstone  Hill),  The  Best  Man,  876 
Lyric,  The  German,  by  J.  Lees,  786 
Lyrical  Poems,  by  T.  MacDonagh,  305 
Lyttelton  (E.),  Corner-Stone  of  Education,  614 
Lytton   (Lady  Constance),  Prisons  and  Prisoners, 
376 

M 

Mabie  (H.  W.),  American  Ideals,  183 
Macalister  (R.  A.  Stewart),  The  Philistines,  582 
Macaulay  (Margaret),  The  Sentence  Absolute,  472 
Macaulay   (Rose),  The  Making  of  a  Bigot,  377  ; 

The  Two  Blind  Countries,  577 
McBey  (J.),  water-colours,  236 
MacCarthy  (J.  B.),  Kinship,  568  ;  The  Supplanter, 

835 
McClintock  (Mrs.),  water-colours,  388 
Maccoll  (Malcolm),  ed.  G.  W.  E.  Russell,  678 
Macdonagh  (M.),  The  Speaker  of  the  House,  369 
MacDonagh  (T.),  Lyrical  Poems,  305 
Macdonald  (R.  J.),  The  Social  Unrest,  184 
Macdonald  (\Y.),  Conquest  of  the  Desert,  431 
Mace  (J.  H.  B.),  H.  Bodley  Bromby,  270 
McEvov  (C),  Private  Affairs,  870 
Macfall  (H.),  The  Splendid  Wayfaring,  140 
MacGill  (P.),  Children  of  the  Dead  End,  466 
MacHugh  (R.  J.),  Modern  Mexico,  333 
Mack  (Louise),  The  Music-Makers,  742 
Mackay  (T.),  Dangers  of  Democracy,  817 
Mackellar  (Dorothea),  Two  's  Company,  742 
Mackenzie  (Sir  A.),  The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  835 
Mackintosh  (H.  R.),  Studies  in  Christian  Truth,  246 
Mackirdy's  Weekly,  No.  I.,  165 
Maclean  (N.),  Africa  in  Transformation,  121 
Ma.cmillan  (M.),  Bruce  of  Bannockburn,  524 
MacMtmn  (N.),  A  Path  to  Freedom  in  the  School, 

881 
Macnair  (P.),  Argyllshire  and  Buteshire,  883 


Macnamara  (R.  &.),  The  Awakening,  473 
MacNulty  (E.),  The  Lord  Major,  420 
Macpherson  (S.),  Aural  Culture,  565 
MacSwiney  (T.  J.),  The  Revolutionist,  536 
Madagascar  :    Les  Hain-Teny  Merinas,  ed.  Paul- 

han,  38 
Madcap,  by  G.  Gibb,  873 
Madelin  (Louis),  France  et  Rome,  39 
Mad    Folk,    Elizabethan    Drama   and,   by   E.   A. 

Peers,  566,  068 
Magna  Carta  Commemoration,  530 
Magna  y  (Sir  W.),  The  Price  of  Delusion,  741 
Maid  of  the  Mist,  by  J.  Oxenham,  735 
Mainardi  (E.),  'cello  recital,  698 
Maitland  (F.  J.  G.),  Chile,  681 
Maize,  by  J.  Burtt-Davy,  277 
Making  of  a  Bigot,  The,  by  Rose  Macaulav,  377 
Making  of  Blaise,  The,  by  A.  S.  Turberville,  473 
Male  (E.),  Religious  Art  in  France,  18 
Malta,  The  Odd  Man  in,  by  J.  Wignacourt,  370 
Ma  Mie  Rosette,  by  Lacome,  503 
Mam'selle    Tralala,    by    A.     Winiperis    and     H. 

Carrick,  604 
Man,  by  Marie  C.  Stopes,  335 
Man,  Antiquity  of,  in  Europe,  by  J.  Geikie,  830 
Man  and  Woman,  by  L.  G.  Moberly,  466 
Manatt  (J.  Irving),  -ZEgean  Days,  426 
Manchester  City  Art  Gallery,  602 
Mann  (H.  K.),  Nicholas  Breakspear,  363 
Mann  (J.  J.),  Round  the  World  in  a  Motor  Car,  822 
Manuals  for  Christian  Thinkers,  246 
Man  Upstairs,  The,  by  P.  G.  Wodehouse,  131 
Manuscript  sales,  310,  857 
Maquet  (Auguste),  Marceile  the  Lovable,  474 
Marcel  (Chanoine),  Le  Frere  de  Diderot,  39 
Marceile  the  Lovable,  bv  Auguste  Maquet,  474 
Mare  (Walter  de  la),  The  Old  Men,  10 
Marett  (R.  R.),  The  Threshold  of  Religion,  337 
Margot — and  her  Judges,  by  R.  Marsh,  791 
Maria,  by  Baroness  von  Hutten,  873 
Maritime  Enterprise,  by  J.  A.  Williamson,  339 
Markham  (V.  R.),  South  Amcan  Scent,  121 
Marks  (Jeannette,)  Leviathan,  472 
Marlowe's  Edward  II.,  by  W.  Dinsmore  Briggs,  350 
Marriage  Ceremonies  in  Morocco,  by  E.  Wester- 

marck,  683 
Marriage  Contract,  The,  by  J.  Keating,  472 
Marriage  Lines,  The,  by  J."  S.  Fletcher,  736 
Marriage  of  Kitty,  The,  324 
Marriage  Tie,  The,  by  W.  Sherren,  869 
Marsh  (R.),  Margot — and  her  Judges,  791 
Marshall  (A.),  Roding  Rectory,  869 
Marshall    (G.)    on    Shakespeare    and    Folk-Music, 

238  ;     The    Spiritual    Drama    in     the    Life    oi 

Thackeray,  530 
Marshall  (R.),  Duke  of  Killicrankie,  804 
Mars  the  Planet,  The  Riddle  of,  bv  C.  E.  Housden, 

858 
Marston  (E.),  publisher,  death,  531,  556 
Martha  (J.),  La  Langue  Etrusque,  41 
Martial,  Selections  from  Epigrams,  tr.  Courthope, 

547 
Martin  (C.  Trice),  antiquary,  death,  720 
Martin  (P.  F.),  Maximilian  in  Mexico,  263 
Martini  (Alberto),  drawings,  417 
Martins    (J.    P.    Oliveira),    The    Golden    Age    of 

Prince  Henry  the  Navigator,  360 
Mary-Girl,  by  Mrs.  Hope  Merrick,  99 
Masson  (D.),  Shakespeare  Personally,  614 
Masson  (Flora),  Robert  Boyle,  897 
Masson-Forestier  (M.),  Attaque  Nocturne,  700 
Master  of  Merripit,  The,  by  Eden  Phillpotts,  469 
Mastery,  No.  I.,  164 

Mathematical  Society,  206,  278,  414,  630,  723,  898 
Mathews  (G.  M.),  Birds  of  Australia,  346 
Mathiez    (Albert),    Les    Grandes    Journees    de    la 

Constituante,  40 
Mattei  (Tito),  composer,  death,  503 
Matthay  (T.j,  Musical  Interpretation,  698,  802 
Matthew  Hargraves,  by  S.  G.  Tallentyre,  738 
Maturin  (C.  R.),  his  letters,  164 
Maugham  (R.  C.  F.),  Wild  Game  m  Zambesia,  446 
Maugham  (Somerset),  Land  of  Promise,  351 
Maupassant  (Guy  de),  The  Duel,  903 
Maurice  Harte,  by  T.  C.  Murray,  835 
Mavor  (J.),  Economic  History  of  Russia,  818 
Mawrson  (Dr.  Douglas),  knighted,  890 
Maximilian  in  Mexico,  by  P.  F.  Martin,  263 
Maxwell  (II.),  The  Beloved  Premier,  741 
Mayo  (Isabella  Fyvie),  author,  death,  690 
Maze,  The,  by  A.  L.  Stewart,  871 
Meaning  of  Life,  by  W.  L.  Courtney,  521 
Mechanics,  Applied,  by  J.  Duncan,  109 
Mechanism,    Life,    and    Personality,    by    J.    S. 

Haldane,  782 
Mecklenburg  (Duke  of),  Congo  to  the  Niger,  431 
Medal  sales,  237 
Mediaeval     England,     Burgage     Tenure     in,     by 

Hemmeon,  649 
Medical  Entomology,  by  Pa.tton  and  Cragg,  532 
Medicine,  Society  of,  Historical  Section,  166 
Medicis  (Catherine  de)  et  Coligny,  by  Boule,  39 
Mediaeval  History,  Bibliography  of,  649 
Megan  of  the  Dark  Isle,  by  Mrs.  J.  O.  Arnold,  739 


Mehul's  Joseph,  210 

Meilhac  (II.),  Les  Sonnettes,  728 

Mellor  (F.  R.),  Sparrows,  727 

Melting-Pot,  The,  by  I.  Zangwill,  171,  240,  391 

Melton  (F.  E.),  Harrap's  Dramatic  History,  883 

Members  One  of  Another,  by  Nowell  Smith,  256 

Men  and  Matters,  by  Wilfrid  Ward,  371 

Mendelssohn's  St.  Paul,  698 

Mercer  (S.  A.  B.),  Hebrew  and  Jewish  History,  338 

Mercier  (L.  S.),  centenary,  658 

Mercy  of  the  Lord,  The,  by  Flora  Annie  Steel,  875 

Merionethshire,  by  A.  Morris,  109 

Merrick  (Mrs.  Hope),  Mary-Girl,  99 

Merrie  (J.),  publisher  of  'Punch,'  death,  276 

Meteorological   Society :     Annual    Meeting,    139  ;. 

415,  723, 858 
Meteorological  statistics  for  1913,  69 
Methley  (Vioiet),  The  Loadstone,  755 
Mexican  Archaeology,  by  T.  A.  Joyce,  899 
Mexico  :     Maximilian    in    M.,    bv    Martin,    263  y 

Modern  M.,  by  MacHugh,  333*:    The  Real  M.,. 

by  Fyfe,  434  ;   M.,  by  Carson,  578 
Meynell  (Alice),  The  Thrush  before  Dawn,  poem,. 

759 
Meynell  (Viola),  Modern  Lovers,  59 
Meysey-Thompson  (E.  C),  Tndia  or  To-day,  7 
Meytschik  (M.),  piano  recital,  770 
Microbes,  their  modification,  563 
Middleton  (R.),  The  District  Visitor,  352 
Midhurst  Grammar  School,  by  E.  F.  Row,  110 
Mille  (Pierre),  Paraboles  et  Diversions,  44 
Millet  (R.),  La  Conquete  du  Maroc,  40 
Millevoye  (1782-1816),  by  P.  Ladoue,  42 
Mine  Own,  by  A.  J.  Clark,  123 
Mirandolina,  by  Lady  Gregory,  568 
Misalliance,  &c,  by  Bernard  Shaw,  771 
Missionary  Principles,  by  R.  Allen,  269 
Mistral    (F.),    Provencal   poet,   death,    451,   497  ;. 

bequest,  658 
Mitchel  {J.),  Jail  Journal,  9 
Mitchell    (Dr.    Silas    Weir),    writer,    death,    07  ^ 

Westways,  739 
Mitford  (C.  Guise),  The  Hidden  Mask,  470 
Mitford  (E.  Bruce),  Japan's  Inheritance,  129 
Mixed  Marriage,  by  St.  John  G.  Ervine,  863 
Mlynarski  (E.),  orchestral  concerts,  S62,  902 
Mob,  The,  by  J.  Galsworthy,  603 
Moberly  (L.  G.),  Man  and  Woman,  466 
Modernism,  Studies  in,  by  A.  Fawkes,  246 
Modern  Language  Association,  115 
Modern  Lovers,  by  Viola  Meynell,  59 
Modern  Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  236 
Moffatt  (J.),  The  New  Testament,  a  New  Transla- 
tion, 270 
Mohammedan  Architecture,  by  Gertrude  Lowthian 

Bell,  767 
Moncrieff  (A.  R.  Hope),  A  Book  about  Authors,  749 
Money,  and  Other  Essays,  by  G.  S.  Street,  579 
Money  Hunt,  The,  by  Kineton  Parkes,  870 
Mongolia,  Unknown,  by  D.  Carruthers,  189 
Monksbridge,  by  J.  Ayscough,  473 
Monmouth  (James    Duke  of),  by  Mrs.  E.  Nepean,. 

518 
Montemezzi    (Italo),   L'Amore    dei  Tre    Re,   first 

production  in  England,  770 
Montessori  :    M.  Schools,  by  White,  110  ;    From 

Locke  to  M.,  by  Boyd — Dr.  M.'s  Own  Hand- 
book, 545 
Moore  (A.),  The  Orient  Express,  849 
Moore  (F.  Frankfort),  The  Ulsterman,  467  ;    The 

Truth  about  Ulster,  681,  761,  828,  856 
Moore  (G.),  Clara  Florise,  352 

Moore  (G.  F.),  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament,  250 
Moore  (T.  Sturge),  The  Sea  is  Kind,  577 
Mordaunt  (Eleanor),  The  Island,  755 
Mordaunt  (Elinor),  Simpson,  473 
More  about  Froggy,  by  Brenda,  743 
Moreau-Nelaton  (E.),  Corot,  45 
Moreland  (W.  H.),  Economics  for  Indian  Students,. 

181 
Morel-Fa  tio     (A.),     Historiographie    de    Charles- 
Quint,  Part  L,  40 
More  Rhodesian  Rhymes,  by  Cullen  Gouldsbury^ 

221 
Morgan  (J.),  The  Life  Work  of  E.  A.  Moseley,  154 
Morisonian   Herbarium,  by  S.   H.   Vines  and   G» 

Claridge  Druce,  346 
Morley    (Edith    J.),    Women    Workers    in    Seven 

Professions,  405 
Morley  (Viscount),  Notes  on  Politics  and  Historyy 

192 
Morocco  :   La  Conquete  du  Maroc,  by  Millet,  40 
Morocco  :    Marriage  Ceremonies  in  M.,  by  Wester- 

marck,  683  ;    M.,  by  Loti — M.  the  Piquant,  by 

Holt,  847 
Morris  (Mrs.  William),  death,  165,  204 
Morvay  (Susanne),  pianoforte  recital,  535 
Moseley  (E.  A.),  Life  Work  of,  by  J.  Morgan,  154 
Moses  (R.),  Civil  Service  of  Great  Britain,  491 
Mostyn  (Tom),  pictures,  601 
Mother  in  Exile,  A,  791 
Moult  (Thomas),  Sonnet,  794 

Mount  McKinley,  Conquest  of,  by  B.  Browne,  233 
Moussorgski's  Boris  Godounov,  801 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHEX.EUM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  -20,  1914 

January  to  Jim:  1914  INDEX 


OF     CONTENTS 


IX 


Mowat  (R.  B.)i  The  Wars  of  the  Rosas,  -65 

Mogul's  Die  ZauberflOte,  77o.  834 

Multiple  Personality  at  Hove,  799 

Muniby  (F.  A.  .  Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart,  JH1 

Mundy  (Talbot  .  Rung  1L>  I   874 

Munsterberg  (H.  ,  Psychology  and  Social  Sanity, 

819 
Muntz  (W.  S.  .    Rome,  St.   Paul,  ami  the   Early 

Church,  _■">  t 
Mural    Decorators    and    Painters    in    Tempera, 

exhibit  ion,  697 
Murat,  Lettri  -  el  Documents,  N'ol.  VII.,  33 
Murray  (Sir  ,1.  ,  oceanographer,  death,  114 
Murray  (T.  C.  .  Sovereign  Love — Maurice  Harte, 

835  ':    Birthright,  904 
Murseli  (Arthur),  Memories  of  my  Life,  304 
Music  :    Arnold   SchSnberg  and    Post-Impression- 
ism  iu   M..   1  12  :    The   New  Shakespeare   M.  at 
the  Savoy,  210,  237  :  Shakespeare  ami  Folk-M., 
238  :    Early  Bodleian  M..  by  Nicholson,  389  ; 
.Modern  M.  and  the  New  in  the  Old,  by  Liebich, 
Porouay  Festival,  565,  002 
Musical  Education,  Vacation  Conference  on,  116 
Musical  Interpretation,  by  T.  Matthay,  098,  802 
Music  Pure.  The,  by  G.  15.  Shaw,  172 
Musicians,    Incorporated    Society,    Annual    Con- 
ference. 71 
Music-Makers,  The,  by  Louise  Mack,  742 
My  Lady's  Dress,  by  E.  Knoblauch,  (H>3 
Mysticisme  et  Domination,  by  1".  s0illiere,  35 
Mystics  of  Islam,  by  It.  A.  Nicholson,  403 


N 

Nairn  •  (A.  .  Faith  of  the  Old  Testament,  250 

Nanking,  demolition  of  wall-.  388 

Nansen  (Dr.)  on   Air  Temperature  in  the   Kara 

9     .  320 
Napoleon  :     N.   and  the   French   Revolution,  31  ; 
N.  et  la  Vendee,  by  Gabory,  33  ;    N.,  the  Last 
Phase  but  Two,  by  Pickthall,  267  ;    X.  at  Bay, 
by  Pet  re,   372  :     An    Unknown  Son  of  N.,  by 
Fleischmann.  551  :  N.  in  Exile,  by  Voung,  645 
National  Gallery,  Rokeby  Venus  injured,  388,  417 
National  Gallery  of  British  Art,  official  gmde,  535 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland,  additions,  322,  602, 
833  :    Sir  Hugh  Lane  director,  340  ;    rearrange- 
ment, 1 
National  Guilds,  ed.  Orage,  SI" 
National  Loan  Exhibition  Catalogue,  501 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  acquisitions,  08 
National  Portrait  Society,  322 

National  Union  of  Teachers  at  Lowestoft,  550,  568 
Natron  in  mummification,  630 
Naturalist  in  Western  China,  by  E.  n.  Wilson,  180 
Natural  Law  in  Science    and    Philosophy,  by  E. 

Boutroux,  598 
Nature,  by  W.  H.  Davies,  521 
Nature  aiid  Nurture,  Prof.  K.  Pearson  on,  415 
Naville  (H.  .  Archaeology  of  the  Old  Testament,  268 
Necker  (Madame  ,  by  M.  Gambier-Parry,  6 
Nemirovich-Danchenko,    Princes     of     the    Stock 

Exchange,  105 
Nepean  (Mrs.  K.  .  On  the  Left  of  a  Throne,  518 
N,-torius,  by  F.  Loofs,  510 
Neohuijs  |  Ubert  .  artist,  death,  237 
Neuman  (B.  Paul),  Chignett  Street,  738 
Neve  (Dr.  A.  ,  Thirty  Vears  in  Kashmir,  428 
Nevill  (R.  .  Fancies,  Fashions,  and  Fads,  372 
Newborough  (Lady),  Memoirs,  155 
New  English  Art  Club,  fifty-first  exhibition,  768 
New     English     Dictionary:     Sorrow-Speech,     cd. 

Craigie,  83  :   Shastri-Shyster,  ed.  Bradley,  550 
Newfoundland    Caribou,    Romance   of,   by   A.    A. 

Radclyffe  Dugmore,  790 
New  Guinea,  In  Far,  by  II.  Newton,  193 
Newman  (A.  ,  The  Pessimist,  172 
Newman  (E.  .  Wagner  as  Man  ami  Artist,  901 
Newman  (P.  II.,  on  ' Parsifal '  and  its  Reception, 

New  Numbers,  No.  I.,  577 

Newte  (II.  W.  C.  ,  The  t'u'koo  Lamb,  473 

New  Testament.     See  Bible. 

Newton  (II.  ,  In  Far  New  Guinea,  193 

Newton      W.    Douglas),    War,    207  ;     The    North 

Afire,  740 
Nicholson  (F.  W.  B.  ,  Early  Bodleian  Mu 
Nicholson  (R.  A,  ,  The  Mystics  oJ  Islam,  103 
Nicolini(T.de  .  La  Dame  aux  Cameiias,  904 
Nigeria,  Southern,  New  Plant-,  from,  277 
Niven   (F.  .  Holiday,   poem,    588;    Justice   of  the 

Peace,  >-  '. 
Nogucl  .  .  Throueh  the  Torii,  10!) 

Nollekens  ind  his  Time,,  71 

-dies  (Vie,,, ut.-  de),  Marechal  de  Guebriant,  10 
Nordics  (Madame  ,  opera  Binger,  death,  I 
Norfolk  Families,  bj  W.  Bye,  364 
Norrte  (P.  ,  Vandoverand  the  Brute,  888 
W.  B.  .  Barb  '    impanj  ,  870 

North  (Felix  .  Compensation,  836 
North  Afire,  The,  by  W.  D.  Newton,  740 
Northumberland,  by  S.  P.  Haselhurst,  109 
X   ti  bwick  Bngraf  injj  ,901 

Note.,  ot     -         id  Brother,  by  II.  Jai 


Notes    on    Polities    and    History,    by    Viscount 
Morley,  192 

Novel,  The  Future  of  the,  Mr.  II.  YYalpole  on,   11- 

Nukariya  (K.),  Religion  of  the  Samurai,  15.") 
Numismatic  Society,   British,   100,  319,  500,  880, 

83] 
Numismatic  Society,  Royal,  is,  139,  319,  600,  798 
Nutt  (M.  L.),  A  Woman  of  To-day,  871 

O 

O'Brien  (Cruise),  Candidates,  568 

Ocean  Trading  and  Shipping,  by  D.  Owen,  678 

Odd  Yarns  of  English  Lakeland,  by  Wi  T.  Palmer, 

712 
Odes  of  Solomon,  The,  530,  559,  700 
O'Donovan  (Gerald),  Waiting,  739 

Odoric  ot  Pordenone,  ed.  Coidler,   I2S 

Offenbach's  Les  Deux  Aveugles,  7(10 

Ogden     (C.     K.),    Problem    of    the    Continuation 

School,  545 
Oh,  Mr.  Bidgood  !  by  P.  Blundell,  166 
O'Kellv  (Seumas),  The  Bribe,  530 
Oleott  (C.  S.i,  The  Countrj  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  406 
Old  Mole,  by  ti.  Caiman,  11 
Old  Mole's  Novel,  131 
Old  Testament.     See  Bible. 
Oniond  (R.  T.),  meteorologist,  death,  207 
Once  upon  a  Time,  by  H.  B.  Marriott  Watson,  339 
One  Good  Turn,  212 

One  Kind  and  Another,  by  Barry  Pain,  199 
One  Man's  Way,  by  Evelyn  Dickinson,  323 
One  Thing  Needful,  The,  by  Burnev  and  Swears, 

504 
Onions  (Oliver),  A  Crooked  Mile,  466 
On  the  Road  to  Cork,  by  Nora  Robertson,  504 
On  the  Staircase,  by  F.  Swinnerton,  172 
Opal  Pin,  The,  by  Rufus  Gillmore,  876 
Opera  at  Covent  Garden  :    Parsifal,  210,  238,  390, 
633,    666,    725  ;     Joseph,    210  ;     Tristan    and 
Isolde,  238  ;    Die  Walkure,  323,  603,  666  ;    Die 
Meistersinger,    323,    340,    634,    697  ;     Bohemc, 
603,   633;     Rheingold,    603;     Manon   Lescaut, 
633  ;    Gotterdammerung,  633,  697  ;    Lohengrin, 
666  ;  Siegfried,  697  ;  Gala  Festival,  097  ;  Aida— 
La    Tosca,   725 ;    L'Amore    dei    Tre    Re,    770  ; 
Ballo    in    Maschera — Samson    et    Dalila,    802  ; 
Louise,  835  ;   Otello,  862  ;   Pelleas  et  Melisande, 
902 
Opera  at  Drury  Lane  :    Roscnkavalier,  725  ;    Die 
Zauberflote,  770,  834  ;    Boris  Godounov,  801  ; 
Ivan  le  Terrible,  802  ;    Prince  Igor,  834  ;    Le 
Coq    d'Or,     862  ;      Le     Rossignol — Midas — La 
Legende  de  Joseph,  902 
Orage  (A.  R.),  National  Guilds,  817 
Orangeman,  The,  by  St.  John  Ervine,  420 
Orczy  (Baroness),  Fnto  Caesar,  409 
Orfeo  Catala  concerts,  902 
Oriana  Madrigal  Societv,  concert,  390 
Oriental  Rugs,  by  W.  A.  Hawley,  600 
Orient  Express,  The,  by  A.  Moore,  819 
O'Riordan    (Conal),    Rope    Enough,    536  ;     The 

Patience  of  the  Sea,  699 
Orley  Tradition,  The,  by  R.  Straus,  465 
Ornstein  (Leo),  recital  of  Futurist  Music,  503 
Orpen  (W\),  Portfolio  of  Drawings,  235 
Orsi  (Pietro),  Cavour  and  Modern  Italy,  330 
O'Shea  (Katherine),  Charles  Stewart  Parnell,  713 
Otter-Barry  (Capt.  R.  B.),  With  the  Russians  in 

Mongolia,  335 
Ottley  (Alice),  by  Mary  E.  James,  546 
Ouida,  by  Elizabeth  Lee,  517 

Ovid,  Metamorphoseon,  Libri  XV.,  ed.  Magnus,  5  17 
Owen  (D.),  Ocean  Trading  and  Shipping,  678 
Oxenham  (J.),  Maid  of  the  Mist,  735 
Oxford,  Notes  from,  150.  S!io 
Oxvrhvnchus    Papyri,    ed.     Grenfell     and     Hunt. 

Part  X.,  679 
Ovster,  The,  by  a  Peer,  736 
Ozanam  (F.),  Franciscan  Poets  in  Italy.  ::7  t 


Pachmann  (Vladimir  de).  pianoforte  recital,  862 
Page  (Gertrude),  The  Pathway,  171 

[Barry),  One  Kind  and  Another,  199 
Painter-Etchers  and  Engravers,  exhibition,  281 

1 '., inters  in  Water  Colours,  Society  of,  70 
Painting:   Six  Centuries  of  P.,  by  Davie,     Short 
History  of  Italian  P.,  by   Brown  and    Rankin, 

832 
Painting,  Mural,  in  America,  by  F.  II.  Blashfleld, 

Paintings,  Catalogue  "f.  Vol.  I.  by   P.   Beren 
Vote.  1 1,  and  III.  bj  W.  K.  Valentiner,  5:::: 

Pair  of  Silk  Stoi  kings,  A,  bj  Cyril  ll  ircourt,  32  I 

Palace   and    Vfosque   of    Ukhaidir,    bj    Gertrudi 
I.      •  BeU,  7.-.T 

Palmer  (W.  T.),  Odd    '  !l  Lakeland, 

712 

I,  The,  by  I'.  .1.  II a-km.  ::.o 

\\  l..  b>   P.  I.    Low  ■  31 
Paphnul  in-. 
Pariah  and  Brahmin,  by  A.  Philip 


Parte:     British  Chaplain  in  P.,  1801-2,  8;   ''••  bj 

Hallays,  89  ;     Lea  \  ieilli      En  .:.......    p.,  hi 

Pegdal,  15  ;   The  Little   English  r. 

inaugurated,  ",2  l 
Pat  k  (J.  i.  Text-Book  "t  Geology  •  "'■"'' 
Parker  (G.  P.)  on  Dr.  Augustu     I        pp,  1 12 
Parkes  (Kineton),  The  Money  Hunt.  StO 
Parnell  (Charles  Stewart),  by   Catherine  0  - 

718 
Parrot!    (T.    if.),    Plays   and    Poems   "f    G 

Chapman,  Vol.  II.,  '.mi;; 
Parsifal:    at   Covent  Garden,  210,  _■- 

725  ;    London  Choral  Sociei  y  performani 
Paste]  and  Tempera  Sociei  >  of  Ireland,  802 
Pastor  Puturus,  by  J.  II.  Skrine,  225 
Path,  A.  to  Free,!. mi  in  the  School,  by  N.  Mac- 

Munn,  881 

Pathway,  The,  by  Gertrude  Page,   171 
Patience  of  the  Sea.  The.  by  ( '.  (>  Ki,,r,|  an.  I 

Paton  (  Raymond),  The  Tale  of  Lai,  876 

Patrick  (Dr.  David),  author,  death,   LSI 

Patrick  (J.),  Clement  ot'  Alexandria,  616 
Patton  (W.  8.),  Medical  Entomology,  632 
Paul  (St.)  :   The  Teachings  of  P.  m  Terms  of  tie- 
Present     Day,     by     Ramsay      St.     P.     an,!     t  he 

Mystery-Religions,  by  Kennedy     Rome,  St.  P., 

and  the-  Early  Church,  by  Muntz,  25  1 
Paulv-Wissowa's  Encyclopaedia,  VoL  VIII.,  Qi 
Pawlowska  (Yol),  A  Child  went    Forth.  871 
Peacock  (Wadham),  Albania.  684 
Pears  (('.).  Thames  t,.  the  Netherlands,  136 
Pearson   (Prof.    K.i   on   Graduated   Character  ot 

Mental  Defect,  231;    on  Handicapping  "f  the 

First-born,  385  ;   Nature  and  Nurture,  116 
Pearson  Library  sale.  204 
Pease  (Sir  A.  E.),  Life  and  Habits  of  the  Badger, 

384 
Peers  (E.   A.),   Elizabethan  Drama   and    its    Mad 

Folk.  566,  (Wis 
Peet  (T.  E.),  The  Cemeteries  of  Ale, 
Peggy  and  her  Husband,  by  .1.  Keating,  862 
Peking,  Annals  and  Memoir-  of  the  Court  "f.  bj 

Backhouse  and  Bland.  189 
Pelleas  et  Melisande.  902 
Pemberton  (Max),  Two  Women,  170 
Penal  Methods,  A  Historyof,  by  c.  Ives,  I 
Penguins,  Antarctic,  by  Dr.  G.  Murray  l.e\  ick, 
Pennell    of    the    Afghan    Frontier,    by    Alice     M. 

Pennell,  363 
Penrose  (Mrs.  H.  II.),  Burnt  Flax,  167 
People's  Theatre  Movement,  636 
Peploe  (S.  J.),  pictures,  388 
Pepys  (John)  and  St.  Bride's.  70  t 
Percyval  (T.  Wigney),  Grumpy.  727 
Perigord,  Vagabonds  in.  by  II.  II.  Bashford,  713 
Perilous  Seas,  by  E.  Galtienne  Robin,  743 
Perrin  (Alice),  The  Happy  Hunting  Ground,  '■'■ 
Perrin  (R.),  L'Esprit  Public  dans  la  Meurthi  .     1 
Perry-Ayscough  (II.  G.  C.)>  With  the  Russia) 

Mongolia,  336 
Perse  Plav  Method  in  Prose,  by  II.  Caldwell  <  ■  *^- 

881 
Pessimist,  The,  by  A.  Newman,  172 
Peter  Pan.  19 

Pctre  (F.  Loraine),  Napoleon  at  Bay,  372 
Petty,  art -collector,  his  identity,  198 
Philharmonic   Society   Concerts,    143,    32         19, 

lis.  503 
Philidor  (F.),  Tom  Tones,  903 

Philips  (A.'.  Pariah  and   Brahmin.  220 

Philips  (P.  C),  My  Varied  Life,  780 

Philips  (P.  C.  and  A.  T.  ,  .In, I..-  :!■■■  Woman, 

Philistines,  The,  by  R.  A.  Stewart  Macali 

Phillpotts  (Berths  Surtees  ,  Kindred  and.  I 

Phillpotta  (Eden  .  The  Master  of  Merripit, 

Philological  Society,  96,  2:!:: 

Philosophical  Sciences,  Encyclopasdla  of,  V( 

7s:; 
Philosophy  of  Religion,  bj  G.  Gallov    :■ .  <»4 
Philosophy  of  the  Pra<  tical,  bj  B.  «  •  >cc,8i 
Phiz  and  Dickens,  by  E.  Browne,  166 
Phoebe  Maroon,  by  Mary  P.  Rapha*  1.  167 
Photo-Electricity,  by  A.  Llewelyn  llm 
Physics,  Text-Book  of,  Pari     L,  II.i  '•>   " 

and  Thomson, 
Physiologii  al  PI  int    Anatomy,  bj    Dr.  G.  b 

Lt,  691 
Pickthall  (M.  .  w  Ith  the  Turk  In  w 

Pickthall  I  R.  .  The  C ic  Kinj 

Pii  1  lire     Hi  torj     and    Comp  " 

P. 
Picture 

81,  01  1 
Pi--. 

Bak  r,  319 

,  L'nen  p 
Pirai 

[I.,        1        lia  M.  A. 
I»lac(      ,1.  !  '  ■ 

I'l.nt      Vl 

I'll!:' 


.1.        P. 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHENvEUM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  29  1914 

THE     ATHEN^UM  January  to  June  1914 


Plants,  New,  from  Southern  Nigeria,  277 
Piaster  Saints,  by  I.  Zangwill,  771,  803 
Plate,  River,  and  Back,  by  W.  J.  Holland,  434 
Playboy,  The,  of  the   Western  World,  by  J.  M. 

Synge,  804 
PUyground,  The,  735 
Plowdens,  Chicheley,  Records  of  the,  by  W.  F.  C. 

Chichele.y  Plowden,  357 
Poams  in  Five  Phases,  by  0.  Bridges,  221 
Poetry,  by  Quiller-Couch,  521 

Poetry,  Argumentative,  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour  on,  688 
Poetry  and  Life  Series,  375 
Poincare  (H.),  The  Foundations  of  Science,  206  ; 

Science  and  Method,  691 
Pokorny   (J.),    Old   Irish   Grammar  and   Reader, 

Part  I.,  751 
Political  Economy,  by  C.  Gide,  815 
Political  Quarterly,  No.  I.,  232 
■  Political  Science  in  America,  Graham  Wallas  on, 

058 
Pollak  (R.),  concert,  212 
Pollen  (Anne),  Mother  Mabel  Digby,  789 
Pomm's  Daughter,  by  Claire  de  Pratz,  742 
Ponsonby  (Magdalen),  Idle  Women,  903 
Poor  Little  Rich  Girl,  The,  by  E.  Gates,  20 
Pope  (Jessie),  The  Tracy  Tubbses,  473 
Portrait  Painters,  Royal  Society  of,  860 
Portuguese,  Poems  from  the,  tr.  A.  F.  G.  Bell,  129 
Portuguese  Literature,   Studies  in,  by  A.   F.   G. 

Bell,  129 
Possessed,  The,  by  Fyodor  Dostoevsky,  89 
Poster,  The  Modern,  169 
Post-Impressionism  at  Whitechapel  Art  Gallery, 

097 
Post  Office  London  Directory,  67 
Potash  and  Perlmutter,  by  M.  Glass,  568 
Potter  and  Clay,  by  Mrs.  Stanley  Wrench,  469 
Pottery,  Ancient,  of  New  Mexico,  801 
Poulaine  (Jean  de  la),  Par  l'Energie,  44 
Powell  (R.  II.),  The  Wynmartens,  699 
:Poynting  (J.  H.),  Text-Book  of  Physics,  Parts  I., 

II.,  598 
Pragmatism  and  Idealism,  by  W.  Caldwell,  781 
Pratz  (Claire  de),  Pomm's  Daughter,  742 
Precious  Stones,  Curious  Lore  of,  by  G.  F.  Kunz, 

196 
Preferences,  by  P.  Escoube,  84 
Prehistoric    Times    and     Men    of    the     Channel 

Islands,  by  J.  Sinel,  499 
Pre-Raphaelitism,  by  W.  Holman-Hunt,  630 
Pressense  (p.  de),  journalist,  death,  135 
Price  (Nancv),  Vagabond's  Way,  335 
Price  of  Conquest,  The,  by  Ellen  Ada  Smith,  472 
Price  of  Delusion,  The,  by  Sir  W.  Magnay,  741 
Princes  of  the  Stock  Exchange,  by  Nemirovich- 
Danchenko,  465 
Printing  in  Western  Europe,  W.  K.  Dickson  on, 

531 
Prints  at  Mr.  Gutekunst's  Gallery,  769 
Prior  (Matthew),  Life,  by  F.  Bickley,  650 
Prisons  and  Prisoners,  by  Lady  Constance  Lytton, 

376 
Private  Affairs,  by  C.  McEvoy,  870 
Prize,  A,  and  its  Adjudicators,  558 
Problems  of  Village  Life,  by  E.  N.  Bennett,  180 
Propertv,  its  Duties  and  Rights,  157 
Pryce  (R.),  Helen  with  the  High  Hand,  283 
Psyche's  Task,  by  J.  G.  Frazer,  84 
Psychology  and  ^Esthetics,  Prof.  Kiilpe  on,  797, 

S29 
Psychologv  and   Social  Sanity,  by  H.   Munster- 

berg,  819 
Public  Morals  and  Public  Health,  894 
Public  Ownership,  Where  and  Why  it  has  Failed, 

by  Yves  Guyot,  815 
Public  Records,  Royal  Commission  on,  895 
Puccini's  Boh  erne,  603,  633  ;  Manon  Lescaut,  633  ; 

Tosca   725 
Pugh    (E.),    The    Cockney   at    Home,    199  ;     The 

Quick  and  the  Dead,  791 
Pugno  ^Ralph),  pianist,  death,  72,  171 
.  Punshon  (E.  R.),  The  Crowning  Glory,  872 
Purcell's    Golden   Sonata   in   Paris,    350  ;     Music 

in  France,  419 
Purdon  (K.  F.),  The  Folk  of  Furry  Farm,  465 
Puritans  in  Power,  by  G.  B.  Tatham,  85 
Purple  Frogs,  The,  by  Westbrook  and  Grossmith, 

740 
Purple  Mists,  by  F.  E.  Mills  Young,  160 
Purpose,  The,  by  H.  Wales,  123 
Pyeraft  (W.  P.),  Courtship  of  Animals,  17 
Pygmalion,  by  G.  B.  Shaw,  567,  604 


Quantin  (Albert),  La  Corse,  44 

Queen's  Players  in  1636,  143 

Q.uella,  by  Geoffrey  Norton  Farmer,  875 

Questing  Beast,  The,  by  Ivy  Low,  131 

Question  of  Honour,  A,  by  Annie  Lloyd,  568 

Quick  Action,  by  R.  W.  Chambers,  875 

Quick  and  the  Dead,  The,  by  E.  Pugh,  791 

Quiller-Couch  (Sir  A.),  Poetry,  521 

Quiller-Couch  (Mabel),  Cornwall's  Wonderland,  743 

Quinneys,  by  H.  A.  Vachell,  869 


R 

Ragged    Trousered   Philanthropists,    The,    by   R. 

Tressall,  584 
Rags,  by  A.  Applin,  351 
Rahab,  by  K.  Foss,  212 
Rainfall  of  wettest  March,  500 
Ramsay  (Sir  W.  M.),  The  Teaching  of  Paul,  254 
Rand  (B.),  Shaftesbury's  Second  Characters,  483 
Rankin    (Lieut.-Col.    R.),    Inner    History    of   the 

Balkan  War,  752 
Rankin  (W.),  Short  History  of  Italian  Painting, 

832 
Raphael  (J.  N.),  The  Caillaux  Drama,  884 
Raphael  (Mary  F.),  Phoebe  Maroon,  467 
Rauschenbusch    (W.),    Christianising    the    Social 

Order,  519 
Raven    (Alice),    Extracts    from    the    Chronicles 

illustrating  English  History,  109 
Rawson  (Admiral  Sir  Harry),  Life,  by  G.  Rawson, 

524 
Read  (E.),  Aural  Culture,  565 
Rearing  an  Imperial  Race,  ed.  Hecht,  110 
Re-Bartlett  (Lucy),  Transition,  870 
Recherches  sur  Contes  et  Romans  Courtois,  by 

E.  Faral,  36 
Reconnaissance,  The,  by  Gordon  Gardiner,  470 
Red  Sea,   Desert  and  Water  Gardens  of,  by  C. 

Crossland,  426,  689 
Red  Virgin,  The,  by  C.  F.  Turner,  743 
Red  Wall,  The,  by  F.  Savile,  737 
Reed  (G.  H.),  Picture  History  and  Composition, 

883 
Reeves  (Amber),  A  Lady  and  her  Husband,  309 
Reeves  (M.  S.  Pember),  Round  about  a  Pound  a 

Week,  182 
Reformation  in  Germany,  The,  by  H.  C.  Vedder, 

443 
Region  of  Lutany,  The,  by  W.  Ellerman,  221 
Religion,  Encyclopaedia  of,  Vol.  VI.,  264 
Religion,  Vital  Problems  of,  by  J.  R.  Cohu,  513 
Religion  of  the  Samurai,  by  K.  Nukariya,  155 
Religious  Art  in  France,  by  E.  Male,  18 
Respiratory  Function  of  the  Blood,  by  J.  Bar- 
croft,  596 
Rest  Cure,  The,  by  G.  E.  Jennings,  420 
Revolte  des  Anges,  by  Anatole  France,  464 
Revolutionist,  The,  by  T.  J.  MacSwiney,  536 
Reyburn  (H.  Y.),  John  Calvin,  486 
Reynaud  (L.),  Influence  francaise  en  Allemagne, 

Vol.  I.,  40 
Rhodes  (Cecil),  by  Gordon  Le  Sueur,  6 
Rhys  (E.),  Browning  and  his  Poetry,  375 
Rich  (A.  W.),  water-colours,  501 
Richard  II.,  Year-Books,  1388-1389,  ed.  Deiser, 

649 
Richardson   (A.   E.),   Monumental   Classic  Archi- 
tecture, 696 
Richmond  (Sir  W.  B.),  paintings  of  Umbria,  501 
Richter  (L.  M.),  Chantilly  in  History  and  Art,  58 
Ridger  (A.  Loton),  A  Wanderer's  Trail,  851 
Ridgeway  (W.),  Essays  and  Studies  presented  to, 

489 
Rimsky- Korsakoff's  Ivan  le  Terrible,  802,  862 
Risal  (P.),  La  Ville  Convoitee,  522 
Rising    of    the    Moon,    The,    by    Lady    Gregory, 

835,  863 
Rita,  Jill-All-Alone,  468 
Rivington  (W.  J.),  publisher,  death,  318 
Robert  (Hubert),  by  T.  Leclere,  45 
Roberts  (Helen  O),  A  Free  Hand,  469 
Roberts  (Morley),  Time  and  Thomas  Waring,  471 
Robertson  (Nora),  On  the  Road  to  Cork,  504 
Robin  (E.  Gallienne),  Perilous  Seas,  743 
Robinson  (Eloise),  Minor  Poems  of  Joseph  Beau- 
mont, 193 
Robinson    (H.    W.),   Religious   Ideas   of   the   Old 

Testament,  250 
Rochebrune    (Madame    A.    de),    Le    Calvaire    de 

1'  Islam,  43 
Rockall  Geology,  Prof.  J.  W.  Judd  on,  523 
Rocks  of  Valpre,  The,  by  Ethel  M.  Dell,  471 
Roding  Rectory,  by  A.  Marshall,  869 
Rokebv  Venus  attacked  by  Suffragette,  388,  417 
Roland  (J.),  The  Good  Shepherd,  525 
Romains  (Jules),  The  Death  of  a  Nobody,  740 
Romance  of  Names,  The,  by  E.  Weekley,  153 
Roman  Charity,  Tintoretto's,  861,  900 
Roman  Imperialism,  by  Tenney  Frank,  882 
Roman  Memories,  by  T.  Spencer  Jerome,  426,  559 
Roman  Private  Law,  Part  II.,  by  E.  C.  Clark,  616 
Rome  :     La  R.  du  Cceur,  by  Subercaseaux,  41  ; 

archaeological    discoveries   at,    71;    R.    of    the 

Pilgrims    and    Martyrs,    by   Barker,   168;     R., 

St.    Paul,    and    the' Early   Church,   by   Muntz, 

254  ;   Walks  in  R.,  by  Hare,  436 
Roos  (H.),  Souvenirs  d'un  Medecin,  1812,  31 
Rooses  (Max),  Art  in  Flanders,  386 
Roosevelt  (Theodore),  Autobiography,  520 
Rope  Enough,  by  Conal  O'Riordan,  536 
Rosales  (E.  O.  de),  bronzes,  860 
Rosenbloom  (S.),  pianoforte  recital,  802 
Rose  of  Old  Harpeth,  by  Maria  Thompson  Davies, 

872 


Rossini's  II  Barbiere,  903 

Roujon  (H.),  writer  on  art,  death,  801 

Round  about  a  Pound  a  Week,  by  M.  S.  Pember 

Reeves,  182 
Round  the  World  in  a  Motor  Car,  bv  J.  J.  Mann, 

822 
Row  (E.  F.),  Midhurst  Grammar  School,  110 
Rowan-Robinson   (Major  H.),   The   Campaign  of 

Liao-Yang,  338 
Royal    Academy    Exhibition,     The,     631,     664  ; 

Sculpture  at,  800 
Royal  Society,  167,  500  ;    Conversazione,  695 
Royds  (T.  F.),  Virgil,  108 
Rubinstein  (H.  F.),  Consequences,  667 
Ruck  (Berta),  His  Official  Fiancee,  739 
Rugs,  Oriental,  by  W.  A.  Hawley,  600 
Rumford  (Kennerley)  and  Clara  Butt,  concert,  834 
Rummel  (W.  M.),  pianoforte  recital,  802 
Rung  Ho  !    by  Talbot  Mundy,  874 
Rupture,  La,  by  H.  Lavedan,  700 
Rural  Britain,  by  Jesse  Codings,  308 
Rural  Problem,  The,  by  H.  D.  Harben,  180 
Russell  (C.),  Cowbov-artist,  exhibition,  534 
Russell  (G.  W.  E.),  Malcolm  Maccoll,  678 
Russia  :    R.  of  the  Russians,  by  Williams,  373  ; 

From  R.  to  Siam,  by  Young,  788  ;    Economic 

History  of  R„  by  Mavor,  818 
Russian      Ballets  :        Thamar  —  Scheherazade — 

Daphnis  et  Chloe,  834 ;   La  Legende  de  Joseph, 

902 
Russians   in   Mongolia,   With   the,   by   H.    G.   C. 

Perry -Ayscough  and  Capt.  R.  B.  Otter-Barry, 

335 
Rutherford  (Prof.  Ernest),  knighted,  16 
Rye  (W.),  Norfolk  Families,  364 


Sabatihi  (Rafael),  The  Gates  of  Doom,  469 

Sachse  (W.)  Orchestra,  concert,  726 

Sadler    (M.    E.)    on    English    Education    in    the 

Seething-Pot,  105 
Saint-Andre  (P.  de),  Le  General  Dumouriez,  31 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  Preservation  Fund,  565 
Saint-Saens's  Timbre  d' Argent  at  Brussels,  390  ; 

Samson  et  Dalila,  802 
Sakurashima  eruption,  235 

Saleeby  (C.  W.),  The  Progress  of  Eugenics,  820 
Salonica,  La  Ville  Convoitee,  by  P.  Risal,  522 
Salwey  (R.  E.),  The  Education  of  Oliver  Hyde,  473 
Sant  (J.),  resignation  as  R.A.,  454 
Saracens,  The  Rise  of  the,  445 
Sarawak  (Ranee  of),  My  Life  in  Sarawak,  10 
Sardou  (V.),  A  Scrap  of  Paper,  904 
Savi  (E.  W.),  Baba  and  the  Black  Sheep,  467 
Savile  (F.),  The  Red  Wall,  737 
Schiller  and  his  Poetry,  by  W.  H.  Hudson,  375 
Schonberg  (A.),  and  Post-Impressionism  in  Music, 

142,  171 ;   Quartet,  835 
Schoolmaster,  The  New,  106 
School  of  Imperial  Studies,  451 
Schroder  (J.),  concert,  389 
Schuch  (E.  von),  conductor,  death,  726 
Schure  (Edouard),  by  Roux  and  Vevssie,  42 
Schwab  (M.),  Manuscrit  Hebreu  No.  1408,  41 
Science  :     The   Foundations   of   S.,   by  Poincare, 

206 ;    Present  Relations  of  S.  and  Religion,  by 

Bonney,  246  ;   S.  and  Method,  by  Poincare,  691 
Scott  (Cyril),  concert,  535 
Scott   (E.   J.   L.)   on   Chaucer  and   Westminster 

Abbey,  794 
Scott  (G.  Digby),  The  Stones  of  Bray,  305 
Scott  (Dr.  H.),  Fasti  Ecclesiee  Scoticana?,  Vol.  I., 

795 
Scott  (Sir  W.),  Guv  Mannering,  ed.  Winch,  109  ; 

The   Country   of   Sir   W.    S.,   by    Olcott,    406  ; 

Literary  Blunders  in  S.'s  writings.  795 
Scottish  Record  Society  Report,  625 
Scrap  of  Paper,  A,  by  Sardou,  904 
Scriabin's  Prometheus,  418 
Sculpteurs    Romains,    Voyage    au   Pays    des,    by 

Forel,  46 
Sculpture  :    Greek  and  Roman  S.,  by  Furtwangler 

and    Urlichs — Greek   S.    and   Modern    Art,    by 

Waldstein,  663  ;   S.  at  the  Roval  Academy,  800 
Scutari,  The  Struggle  for,  by  M.  Edith  Durham, 

849 
Seabrooke  (Elliott),  pictures,  209 
Sea,  The,  is  Kind,  by  T.  Sturge  Moore,  577 
Sea  Captain,  The,  bv  H.  C.  Bailev,  469 
Seal-Matrices  and  Seals,  Irish,  by  E.  C.  R.  Arm- 
strong, 320 
Seaman  (Owen),  knighted,  16 
Seche  (Leon),  historian,  death,  721 
Seebohm  (F.),  Customary  Acres,  646 
Seilliere  (E.),  Mysticisme  et  Domination,  35 
Seismologv,  Modern,  bv  G.  W.  WTalker.  166 
Selincourt  (Basil  de),  Walt  Whitman,  334 
Sentence  Absolute,  The,  by  Margaret  Macaulay, 

472 
Seth-Smith  (E.  K.),  The  Wavof  Little  Gidding,  469 
Sex,  by  J.  W.  Thompson  and  R.  Geddes,  820 
Seymour  (St.  J.  D.),  Irish  Witchcraft,  305 
Shadows  of  the  Past,  by  J.  Little  John,  742 


SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHEN.EIM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  20,  1911 

Januab*   ro  Jume  1914  INDEX 


OF     CONTENTS 


xr 


Shaftesbury's  Second  Characters,  by  B.  Band,  188 
Shakespeare  :   Poel  a  now  stage  version  of  Hamlel . 
171  ;   A  Midsummer  Nights  Dream  Music,  210, 
2:!7  :    S.  and   Polk-Music,  238  ;    A  Midsummer 
Night's    Dream   at  the  Savoy,   889  ;    8.   ami 
Asbies,  3S1,  111  :  Variorum  Edition.  Cymbeline, 
ed.  Furness,  390  ;  Sbakeapeares  and  stoke,  449  ; 
Another  Debt  of  John  s..  688,  657,  889,  720  ; 
S.   Personallv.    by   Masson,   614;     German  S. 
Gesellschaft,  fiftieth  anniversary,   008;    High- 
ways and  Byways  in  S.'s  Country,  by  Ilutton, 
7 lit  ;    As  You  Like  It.  at  Boyal  Victoria  Hall, 
72-  ■   Twelfth  Night  in  Paris,  772  ;   Macbeth  in 
Paris,  804  :    Borneo  and  Juliet,  and    "  Homo 
Coates,  886 
Shallow  Soil,  bv  Knut  Hamsun.  .10 
shameful  Inheritance,  A,  by  Catharine  Tynan,  S71 
Shapiro  it..  H.)i  concert,  533 
Sharp  (Cecil)  on    the    New  Shakespeare  Music  at 

the  Savoy,  210 
Shaw  (C.  G.),  The  Ego  and  its  Place  in  the  World, 

781 
Shaw  (E.  M.)i  Divine  Comedy  of  Dante.  410.  498 
Shaw  (Capt.  E.  II.),  The  Haven  of  Desire,  755 
Shaw  (C.   B.)i  The  Music  Cure.  172  ;    Pygmalion, 

507,  604  :   Misalliance,  Sec.,  771 
Shears  of  Delilah,  The,  by  Virginia  Terhune  van 

de  Water,  7  L3 
Shelley  s  Ode  to  Liberty.  S55 
Shepherdless  Sheep,  by  Essex  Smith,  309 
Sherreu  (W.)«  The  Marriage  Tie,  869 
shop  Girls,  by  A.  Applin,  869 
Shore  (W.  Teignmouth),  John  Woolman,  127 
short    Stories.    Selected  English,  171 
Siam  :    Le  Grand-Due  Boris  de  Russie  aux  Fetes 

du  Siam.  by  Schoeck,  40 
Sickert  (W.)i  'exhibition,  632 
Sidgwick  i  Ethel  i.  A  Lady  of  Leisure.  220 
Sierfried  (A.),  Democracy  in  New  Zealand,  183 
Sikes  iE.  E.  I,  Anthropology  of  the  Greeks,  384 
Silberrad(Una  L.),  Cuddy  Yarborough's  Daughter, 

465 
Silver  Sand,  by  S.  P..  Crockett,  737 
Simon  Heriot.  by  Patricia  Wentworth,  823 
Simpson,  by  Elinor  Mordaunt,  473 
Simpson  (J.),  drawings,  097 
Simpson  (J.  G.),  What  is  the  Gospel  ?  513 
Sinclair  (May),  The  Judgment  of  Eve,  736 
Sinclair  ( Upton),  Sylvia,  755 
Sinel    (J.),    Prehistoric    Times    and    Men    of    the 

Channel  Islands.  499 
Skeat   (W.    W.)>    Glossary   of   Tudor   and   Stuart 

Words,  307 
Skelton  (J.^.  A  Laureate  Poem  by,  625 
Skrine  (J.  H.).  Pastor  Futurus,  225 
Skrine  (Mary  J.  H.),  Bedesman  4.  742 
Slater  (J.  H.")  on  Book  Sales  of  1913,  14,  65 
Sleeping  Beaut  v  at  Drury  Lane,  19 
Small  Family  System,  by  C.  V.  Drysdale,  182 
Smeaton  (Oliphant),  journalist,  death,  498 
Smith  (C.  Fox),  The  City  of  Hope,  471 
Smith  (D.l.  Cn written  Savings  of  our  Lord,  252 
Smith  (Ellen  Ada),  The  Price  of  Conquest,  472 
Smith  (Essex  i.  Shepherdless  Sheep,  309 
Smith  (G.  B.i.  Social  Idealism  and  the  Changing 

Theologv.  519 
Smith  (L.  Cecil),  Clear  Thinking,  817 
Smith  (Noweli).  Members  One  of  Ajiother,  256 
Smith  and  the  Church,  by  H.  H.  Beattys,  270 
Smyth  (A.  .  The  Composition  of  the  Iliad,  547 
Snaith  (J.  C  I,  Broke  of  Covenden,  872 
Snake  and  Sword,  by  P.  C  Wren,  874 
Social   Idealism  and  the  Changing  Theology,  by 

G.  15.  Smith.  519 
Socialized  Conscience,  by  J.  Herschel  Coffin,  519 
Social  Order.  Christianising  the,  by  W.  Kauschen- 

busch,  519 
Social    Revolutions,   The    Theorv   of,    bv   Brooks 
Adams,  819 

-  ialSuccec  Max Beerbohm,  420 
Social  Unrest           I  unsay  J.  Macdonald,  181 

B      al  Work  in  London,  by  Helen  Bosanquet,  818 
Society  dee  Concerts  Prancais,  143,  323, 

726 
9  >ciology  :    Recalling  the  Obvious,  177 

:  II.  von ,i.  deal h.  1  '■'>' 
Solomon  (Master),  orchestral  concert,  902 
Sonnet,  by  Thomas  Moult,  7i.il 
B   anetl  •-.  L  -.  by  Meflhac  and  Hale'vy,  728 
Sophocles  in  English  Verse,  by  A.  S.  way,  206 
Sophocles  -  I'.1     tra  in  English,  864 

-  the  World  Wags,  by  Keble  Howard,  466 
Souday  (P.  .  Le*  Livres  du  Temps,  12 
Souths!!  (J.  P.  C),  Geometrical  Optics,  l 

tthampton,  Fori  Books  of ,  ed.  Studer,  192 
South  Seas,  Through,  with  2   •  Is   London,  by  M. 

Johnson,  128 
South  Sea  Savage,  Ways  of,  by  It.  W.  Williamson, 

128 
South  Sea  Shipmates,  by  J.   \.  Barry,  199 
Souvenirs  dun  Meoecin,  1812,  by  II.  Roos,  31 
Soven  .  by  T.  « '.  Murray,  835 

B  ruville  (E.  .  M   -  Souvenirs  Maritimes,  (0 
Sower,  A.  Went  Forth,  by  T.  W.  M.  Lund,  271 


Spain:    Royal  S.  of  To-day,  by  Bates-Batoheller, 

196;   Gothic  Architecture  in  S.,  by  Street,  5 
Spanish  :    Littcrature  Espagnole,  by  Eitzmauiice- 

Kelly,  81 
Spanish  Islam,  by  R.  Dozy,  403 
Spanish  Verse,  Oxford  Book  of,  by  J.  Fitzinaurice- 

Kelly,  124 
Sparrows,  by  F.  R.  Mellor,  727 

Speaker  of  the  House,  The,  by  M.  Maodonagh,  309 
Speed  (Harold),  landscapes,  725 
Spenser  (Edmund),  Amoretti,  tr.  Henry,  37 
Splendid  Wayfaring,  The,  by  II.  Macfall,  140 
Splendrum,  by  Lindsay  Bashford,  173 
Splinters,  735 
Sport:     S.    and    Folk-lore    in    the    Himalaya,    by 

Haughton — War  and  S.  in  India,  8  15 
Spotted  Panther,  The,  by  J.  P.  Dwyer,  737 
Spreading  the  News,  by  Lady  Gregory,  835 
Spring,  In  Pursuit  of,  by  E.  Thomas,  712 
Spring  Announcements,  291,  311 
Spurr  (F.  G),  Death  and  the  Life  Beyond,  269 
Square  Pegs,  by  C.  Inge,  100 
Stacpoole  (II.  de  V.),  Poems  of  Francois  Villon, 

53  ;   Father  O'Flynn,  467 
Stagecraft,  Studies  in,  by  Clayton  Uamilton,  455 
Stanhope  (Lady  Hester),  Life  and  Letters,  306 
Stanislaus     (Father),    Viscountess    de    Bonnault 

d'Houet,  197 
Statesman's  Vear-Book,  787 

Steed   (H.   Wickham),  The  Ilapsburg  Monarchy, 
9;    To   the    Author    of    'The   Golden    Bough,' 
sonnet,  13 
Steel  (Flora  Annie),  The  Mercy  of  the  Lord,  875 
Stefansson  ( Vilbjalmur),  My  Life  with  the  Eskimo, 

57 
Steinlen  (M.),  exhibition,  769 
Stephens  (James),  Five  New  Poems,  10 
Stephenson  (N.  W.),  The  Spiritual  Drama  in  the 

Life  of  Thackeray,  489,  530 
Sterne  in  Italy,  66 
Stevens  (E.  J.  C),  Leentas,  737 
Stevenson  (R.  L.),  by  F.  Watt,  444 
Stevenson  (Mrs.  R.  L.),  death,  310 
Stewart  (A.  L.),  The  Maze,  871 
Stewart  (A.  W.),  Chemistry  and  its  Borderland, 

561 
Stieglitz  (Julius),  Chemical  Analysis,  414 
Stigand  (Capt.  C.  H.),  Hunting  the  Elephant  in 

Africa,  617 
Stockley  (W.  F.  P.)  on  Crashaw's  Versification,  66 
Stokes  (H.),  Francisco  Goya,  140 
Stones  of  Bray,  The,  by  G.  Digby  Scott,  305 
Stopes   (Mrs.   C.   C.)   on    the  Queen's  Players  in 
1636,  143  ;    Shakespeare  and  Asbies,  381,  411  ; 
Another    Debt    of    John    Shakespeare,     588  ; 
A  Laureate  Poem  by  Skelton,  625 
Stopes  (Marie  C),  Man,  335 
Stowell  (J.  H.),  Faith  and  Reality,  246,  310 
Straight  (Sir  Douglas),  journalist,  death,  795 
Strang  (Ian),  exhibition,  236 
Straus  (R.),  The  Orley  Tradition,  465 
Strauss \s    Rosenkavalier,    725  ;     La    Legende    de 

Joseph,  902 
Stravinsky's  Le  Rossignol,  902 
Street  (G.E.),  Gothic  Architecture  in  Spain,  533 
Street  (G.  S.),  Money,  and  Other  Essays,  579 
Strickland  (W.  G.),  A  Dictionary  of  Irish  Artists, 

321 
Strindberg    (A.),    Fair  Haven    and   Foul   Strand, 

870 
Strong  (A.  T.),  Ballades  of  T.  de  Banville,  53,  93 
Studer  (P.),  Port  Books  of  Southampton,  492 
Studley  Bowl  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum, 

209 
Sudermann  (H.),   Die   Lobgesange   des  Claudian, 

172 
Suess  (Eduard).  geologist,  death.  630 
Suffield  (Lord),  My  Memories,  371 
Suffragette,  The,  by  A.  Bucklaw,  158 
Sullivan  (E.  J.),  drawings,  697 
Summer.  HI 

Sunrise  Valley,  by  Marion  Hill.  701 
Supplanter,  The,  by  J.  Bernard  McCarthy,  885 
Sutro  (A.),  The  Two  Virtues.  392;    The  Clever 

One-,  635 
Suttner  (Baroness  von),  founder  of  the  Austrian 

Peace  Soeiet  v,  deal  li.  s'-""> 
Swahili   and  its  Literature,  Mi~-  E.  Werner  on, 

657 
Swears  (ID.  The  One  Thing  Needful,  504 
Swete  'if.  is. >.  The  Last  Discoui    i  and  Prayer  of 

OUT  Lord.  252 

Swineherd  and  the  Princess,   by   A.  England  and 

and  o.  David,  728 
Swinnerton  (P.),  On  the  Staircase,  172 
Sword  and  Cross,  by  Silas  K.  Socking,  755 
Swynnerton  (C.J  on  the  -  '  stoke, 

1 19 
Svl.  Is,  601 

Svivi  i.  by  i  pi  on  Sinclair,  755 
phony  I  282,  349,  li 

i:.  -...bit ionary,  by  J.   \.  I    I     ,178 
i.    m.  .    The    PI  f   the    Western 

'World. 


Tagore  (Babindranath),  Chiti  i 

Tail  (J. ),  Chronica  Jobannis  de  Readii 

Tale  ,,i  I .. i ] .  The,  bj   Raj  in. .nd  Paton,  - 
Tales  <>f  Two  Countries,  by  Maxim  Gorky,  880 

Tallent  vie  (S.  O.I.  Matthew  II.. 

Tanganj  Lka,  Lake,  it-  depth,  l 

Tansy,  i>>  Tickner  Edwardes,  7  in 

Tappan  (B.  M.»,  English  Literature,  883 

Tatham  (G.  ID,  Puritans  In  Power, 

Taxation,    Nature    ami    Kirsl     Principle,    by    K. 

.lone..    L81 

Tayler  (Alistair  and  Henrietta),  The  Book  of  the 
Duffs,  357 

Taylor  (  A.   L.I.  The  Odes  of  Horace,  288 

Taylor  (J.  W.)  on  Abdominal  Brain,  680 
Taylor  (W.  G.  Langworthy),  Credil  System,  181 
Teachers,  National  Union  of, al  Lowestoft,! 
Ten-Minute  stories,  by  A.  Blackwood,  877 
Tenniel  (Sir  John),  death,  :::;;;.  349 
Tents  of  a  Night,  bj  Warj  Pindlater,  888 
Terhune   \,-n   de   Water  (Virginia),  The  Shears  of 

Dehlah.  743 
Term,  of  Surrender,  by  Louis  Tracy,  181 
Tetra/./.ini  (.Madame),  concert,  834,  902 
Thackeray,  spiritual    Drams   In  the   Life  of, 

X.  W.  Stephenson,  489,  530 
Than,.-,  to  the  Netherlands,  by  C.  Pears,  I 
Thank  Your  Ladyship,  by  Norrt  ys  Connell, 
That  Strange  Affair,  by  W.  Brugge-Vallon,  711 
Theatre,  Our  Irish,  by  Lady  Gregory,  324 
Theology  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  2l."> 
Theorist'.  The,  by  A.  Abbott,  739  ' 
Thibaud  (Jacques),  violinist,  recital,  834 
This  Man  and  this  Woman,  by  Lady  Troubrid 

869 
Thomas  (Brandon),  actor,  death,  904 
Thomas  (I--,.).  In  Pursuit  of  Spring,  712 
Thomas  (U.  II.),  Bock  Gardening  tor  Amateur-, 

499 
Thompson    (A.    ID    on    English   Church   Arcbi* 

tectme.    111.    170 

Thompson  (J.  W.),  Sex,  820 

Thomson  (D.  Croal),  Landscapes  of  Corot,  800 

Thomson    (Sir    J.    J.),    Text-Book    of    Phyi 

Parts  I..  II.,  598 
Thorley  (W.)  on  English  Benderings  of  French 

PoetVy.   13 

Three  against  the  World,  by  sheila  Eaye-Smith, 

742 
Threshold  of  Beligion,  The.  by  It.  It.  Mar.  tt,  I 
Thring  (Mrs.  C.  II.  M.j.  Trials  and  Pleasures  of 

an  uncompleted  Tom.  583 
Through  the  Torii,  by  Xbne  Noguchi,  199 
Thrush  before  Dawn,  The,  poem    by  Alice  31. y- 

nell,  759 
Thurston  (E.  Temple),  Driven. 
Tichatschek  (J.),  Wagner  Bouvenirs,  I 
Tilby  (A.  Wyatt  ).  South  Africa.  615 
Time  and  Thomas  Waring,  by  Morley  Roberta,  171 
Tintoretto's  The  Roman  Chanty,  861,  '•""l 
Tinworth  (G.)i  panel  to  commemorate, 
Toll,  The.  l,\  W.  Westrup,  81  I 
Tolstoy  (Leo),  Play-,  t  r.  Man  le,  504 
Torquay  Musical  Festival,  565,  602 
Town-Planning,  Ancient,  by  P.  Haverfleld, 
Toynbee  (Paget),  Dictionary  of  Nam.-  in   D 

823;  on  Quastio  de  Aqua  el  Terra,  890 
Tracy  (Louis),  The  Terms  "f  Surrendt  r,  131 
Tracy  i  Mary),  rocal  recital,  I 
Tracv  Tubbse-.  The.  by  Jessie  Pope,  I 
Trade  Disputes  and  Unemployment  In 
Transition,  by  Lucy  Re-Bartlett,  870 
Transport    Road,   The    Old,    by    -  I 

Hyatt,  bfl 
Travellers,    English,    of    the    !!•  i  •   bj    I 

Howard,  127 
Traveller-  and  their  Books,  12  i 
Trees,  by  Elean.  >n,  521 

Treml(  tt  (Mrs.  H.),  Curini   Chrinl 
Treslevs,  The,  i  s   EL  <  o<  kl  urn,  M 
Tressall    (It.).    The    R 

tie  -I 

1. 1  iia   and    Plea 
i,\  Mrs.  <  •  II.  M.  Tie 
ngle  <  Hub,  •  s  hibil  Ion, 
Trine  .  R.  \V.  .  V   •■    Uinei      nt  of  Life.  181 
Tripoli,  The  N  Hrnun, 

i 

Til',    le    1       C.  3L),  1 

Tupp 
Turbcrvillo     \.  S. 

Tui  L-  iii  ■  ' 

Turkish  M.  n 

.    I 

I  \\  arrack 

I 


\  . 


XII 


THE 


Two  in  the  Wilderness,  by  Stanley  Washburn,  310 

Two  \s  Company,  by  Mackellar  and  Bedford,  712 

Two  Thousand  and  Ten,  738 

Two  Virtues,  The,  by  A.  Sutro,  392 

Two  Women,  by  Max  Pemberton,  470 

Tynan  (Katharine),  A  Little  Radiant  Girl,  743; 

A  Shameful  Inheritance,  871 
Tyrrell  (G.),  Essays  on  Faith  and  Immortality,  513 
Tytler  (Sarah),  author,  death,  93 

U 

Ulster,  The  Truth  about,  by  P.  Frankfort  Moore, 

081,  701,  828,  850 
Ulsterman,  The,  by  P.  Frankfort  Moore,  407 
Ulster  Scot,  The,  by  J.  Barkley  Woodburn,  750 
Un  Caprice,  by  Rathmell  Wilson,  504 
Uncle  Vanya,  by  Chekhov,  700 
Under  the  incense  Trees,  by  Cecil  Adair,  873 
Unemployment,  by  A.  C.  Pigou,  224 
Unfinished  Song,  An,  by  Mrs.  Ghosal,  59 
Unger  (M.),  Muzio  dementis  Leben,  19 
United  Arts  Club,  Dublin,  exhibition,  709 
•United   States  :     Public   Education   in    Germany 

and  the   U.S.,   545  ;    Duty  on    Books    in    the 

U.S.,  624.     See  also  America. 
Unto  Caesar,  by  Baroness  Orczy,  409 
Unwritten  Sayings  of  our  Lord,  by  D.  Smith,  252 
Urlichs  (H.  L.),  Greek  and  Roman  Sculpture,  663 
Urquhart  (Murray),  nanels,  209 
Usher  (A.  P.),  Grain  Trade  in  France,  618 


Vachell  (EL  A.),  Quinneys,  869 
Vacuum  Flask,  its  coming  of  age,  168 
Vagabonds  in  Perigord,  by  Bashford,  713 
Vagabond's  Way,  by  Nancy  Price,  335 
Vaizey  (Mrs.  G.  de  Home),  Grizel  Married,  823 
Valentiner  (W.  R.),  Catalogue  of  Paintings,  Vols. 

II.  and  III.,  533 
Vallaux  (G),  Archipel  de  la  Manche,  41 
Valley  of  the  Moon,  The,  by  Jack  London,  11 
Vance  (L.  J.),  The  Day  of  Days,  741 
Vandover  and  the  Brute,  by  F.  Norris,  886 
Vansittart  (R.),  Dusk,  635 
Vasari  Society's  Publications,  208 
Vassili  (Count  P.),  France  from  behind  the  Veil,  082 
Vedder  (H.  G),  The  Reformation  in  Germany,  443 
Venetian  School  Pictures  at  the  Burlington  Fine- 
Arts  Club,  724 
Verbrugghen      (IL),      conductor      at     Beethoven 

Festival,  602,  634 
Verdi's  Aida,  725  ;    Un  Ballo  in  Maschera,  802  ; 

Otello,  862 
Verrall  (A.  W.),  Lectures  on  Dryden,  483 
Vers  Brumaire,  by  A.  Espitalier,  31 
Veuillot  (Louis),  by  Bontoux,  38 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,   new  scheme,    98  ; 

Studley  Bowl   presented,   209  ;     Drawings   and 

Paintings — Indian  Paintings,  564 
Victorian  Year-Book,  by  A.  M.  Laughton,  552 
Vieilles  Enseignes  de  Paris,  by  C.  Fegdal,  45 
Vierge  du  Lac,  La,  by  Isabelle  Kaiser,  740 
Vigny  (A.  de),  Cinq-Mars — Servitude  et  Grandeur 

Militaires,  44 
Villalin,  The,  as  Hero  in  Elizabethan  Tragedy,  by 

C.W.  Boyer,  699 
Ville  Convoitee.  La,  bv  P.  Risal,  522 
Villetard  (P.),  Le  Droit  d'aimer,  43 
Villon    (Francois),    by   P.    Champion — Poems    of, 

tr.  Stacpoole,  53 
Vines  (S.  H.),  The  Morisonian  Herbarium,  346 
Vinogradoff  (P.).  Common-Sense  in  Law,  224 
Virgil,  bv  T.  F.  Royds,  108 
Vizetelly  (E.  A.),  My  Days  of  Adventure,  480 
Vogler  (Abbe),  centenary,  802 
Voltaire,  Correspondance  de  (1726-9),  36 
Voyage  an  Pavs  des  Sculpteurs  Romains,  by  A. 

Forel,  46 
Vranyczany  (Madame  Rende),  bronzes,  725 

w 

Waddington  (C),  author,  death,  451 

Wagner  (R.),  Parsifal,  210,  238,  239,  390,  503, 
603,  666,  725  ;  Tristan  and  Isolde,  238,  903  ; 
Die  Walkiire,  323,  003,  666  ;  Die  Meistcr- 
sineer,  323,  349,  634,  697  ;  Rheingold,  603, 
666  ;  Gotterdammerung,  633,  697  ;  Lohengrin, 
666  ;  Siegfried,  697  ;  W.  as  Man  and  Artist,  by 
Newman,  901 


.mTTnXTT,       SUPPLEMENT  to  THE  ATHEN^UM  with  No.  4531,  Aug.  29,  1914 

ATHEN^UM January  to  June  1914 


Waiting,  by  Gerald  O'Donovan,  739 

Wake  (H.  T.),  antiquarv,  death,  71 

Walcot  (W.),  etchings.  725 

Waldstein  (Sir  C),  Greek  Sculpture  and  Modern 

Art,  663 
Wales  (Hubert),  The  Purpose,  123 
Walker  (G.  W.),  Modern  Seismology,  166 
Wallace  (E.),  Bosambo  of  the  River,  737 
Wallis,  Les  lies,  by  Mgr.  Blanc,  40 
Walpole  (Horace),  letters  discovered,  383 
Walpole  (Hugh),  The  Duchess  of  Wrexe,  226 
Wanderer's     Necklace,    The,    by    Sir     H.     Rider 

Haggard,  469 
Wanderer's  Trail,  A,  by  A.  Loton  Ridger,  851 
War,  by  W.  Douglas  Newton,  267 
War  and  Sport  in  India,  845 
Ward  (Wilfrid),  Men  and  Matters,  371 
War  Office,  Past  and  Present,  by  Capt.  O.  Wheeler, 

613 
Warrack  (G.),  Florilegio  di  Canti  Toscani,  375 
Wars  of  the  Roses,  The,  by  R.  B.  Mowat,  265 
Warwick  (S.),  Conscience  Money,  876 
Washburn  (Stanley),  Two  in  the  Wilderness,  310 
Water-Colours  at  Messrs.  Agnew's,  321 
Water-Colours  at  Messrs.  Palser's,  454 
Watson  (E.  H.  Lacon),  Cloudesley  Tempest,  873 
Watson  (Grant),  Where  Bonds  are  Loosed,  736 
Watson  (H.  B.  Marriott),  Once  upon  a  Time,  839 
Watson  (Kathleen),  Later  Litanies,  474 
Watt  (F.),  R.L.S.,  444 

Watts  (Diana),  Renaissance  of  the  Greek  Ideal,  724 
Watts-Dunton  (Theodore),  death,  827 
Waves  of  Sand  and  Snow,  by  V.  Cornish,  597 
Wax  halhs,  cure  for  gout,  563 
Way  (A.  S.),  Sophocles  in  English  Verse,  260 
Way  florae,  The,  bv  Basil  King,  471 
Way  of  Little  Gidd'ing,  The,  by  E.  K.  Seth-Sinith, 

409 
Way  of  the  Strong,  The,  by  Ridgwell  Cullum,  470 
Wealth,  by  E.  Cannan,  181 

Week-End  Gardener,  The,  by  F.  H.  Farthing,  499 
Weekley  (E.),  The  Romance  of  Names,  153 
Weeks  (J.  H.),  Among  the  Primitive  Bakongo,  431 
Weld  (Sir  F.),  Life,  by  Alice,  Lady  Lovat,  405 
Weller  (C.  Heald),  Athens  and  its  Monuments,  348 
Wellesley  Papers,  The,  441 
Wells  (A.  Randall),  decorations,  451 
Wells  (Garolvn),  Anvbodv  but  Anne.  876 
Wells  (H.  G.),  The  World  Set  Free,  652 
Welsh  Law,  Medieval,  Glossary,  by  T.  Lewis,  194 
Welsh  Vocabulary  of  Bangor,  by  O.  H.  Fvnes- 

Clinton,  194 
Wentworth  (Patricia),  Simon  Heriot,  823 
Werner  (Miss  E.)  on  Swahili  and  its  Literature,  657 
Westaway  (F.  W.),  Quantity  and  Accent  in  Latin, 

107 
Westbrook  (H.  W.),  The  Purple  Frogs,  740 
Westermarck      (E.),      Marriage     Ceremonies      in 

Morocco,  683 
Westlake  (John),  Memories  of,  787 
Westrap  (W.),  The  Toll,  874 
Westways,  bv  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  739 
What  Children  Study,  and  Why,  by  C.  B.  Gilbert. 

545 
What  is  the  Gospel  ?   by  J.  G.  Simpson,  513 
Wheeler  (Capt.  O.),  War  Office,  Past  and  Present, 

613 
When  Ghost  Meets  Ghost,  by  De  Morgan,  226 
Where  Bonds  are  Loosed,  by  Grant  Watson,  736 
Where  No  Fear  Was,  by  A.  C.  Benson,  551 
Where  the  Rainbow  Ends,  72 
Which  ?    bv  Evelvn  Glover,  456 
White  (Sir  H.  T.),  A  Civil  Servant  in  Burma,  158 
White  (Jessie),  Montessori  Schools,  110 
White  (S.  E.),  African  Camp  Fires,  850 
Whitear  (W.  II.)  on  John  Pepys  and  St.  Bride's, 

794 
Whitehouse  (J.  H.),  A  National  System  of  Educa- 
tion, 107 
Whitman  (Sidney),  Turkish  Memories,  677 
Whitman  (Walt),  by  Basil  de  Selincourt,  334 
Whittaker   (Sir  T.   P.),   Ownership,   Tenure,   and 

Taxation  of  Land,  814 
Why  She  Didn't  Tell,  604 
Whvte  (H.),  Fionn,  Celtic  scholar,  death,  16 
Wight  (J.  T.),  Elementary  Graphic  Statics,  109 
Wignacourt  (J.),  The  Odd  Man  in  Malta,  370 
Wild  Game  in  Zambesia,  bv  R.  C.  F.  Maugham,  446 
Wilde  (Oscar),  An  Ideal  Husband,  727 


Williams  (A.),  Co-partnership  and  Profit-sharing, 
Williams  (H.  Whitmore),  Russia  of  the  Russians, 

Williams  (T.  W.)  on  Another  Debt  of  John  Shake- 
speare, 689 

Williams  (Vaughan),  London  Symphonv,  503 

Williamson  (C.  N.  and  A.  M.),  It  Happened  in 
Egypt,  131 

Williamson  (G.  C),  Keats,  Letters,  &c,  784 

Williamson  (J.  A.),  Maritime  Enterprise,  339 

Williamson  (R.  W),  Ways  of  the  South  Sea 
Savage,  428 

Willoughby  (G.),  The  Adventuress,  743 

Wilson  (A.  P.),  The  Cobbler,  604,  863 

Wilson  (Edgar),  etchings,  632 

Wilson  (Ernest  H.),  A  Naturalist  in  Western  China, 

Wilson     (Rathmell),     Un     Caprice— The     Little 

Abbe — Jean-Marie,  504 
Wimperis  (A.),  Mam'selle  Tralala,  604 
Wise    (B.    R.),    Making   of    Australian    Common- 
wealth— Commonwealth  of  Australia,  8 
Witchcraft,  Irish,  by  St.  J.  D.  Sevmour,  305 
Wodehouse  (P.  G.),  The  Man  Upstairs,  101 
Wolfe  (General),  unpublished  letters,  67 
Woman  and  Child  in  Art,  by  F.  Howard,  501 
Woman  of  To-day,  by  M.  L.  Nutt,  871 
Women's  International  Art  Club,  348 
Women  Workers  in  Seven  Professions,  ed.  Edith 

J.  Morlev,  405 
Wonder- Worker,  The,  bv  V.  Brown,  742 
Wood  (M.  H.  M.),  Episcopate  of  W.  West  Jones, 

159 
Woodburn  (J.  Barkley),  The  Ulster  Scot,  750 
Woodward  (H.  Bolingbroke),  geologist,  death,  235 
Woodward  (W.  Harrison),  Cesare  Borgia,  374 
Woolf  (C.  N.  S.),  Bartolus  of  Sassoferrato,  373 
Woolman  (John),  by  W.  Teignmouth  Shore,  127 
Wordsworth:    Concordances  to  W..  105;    W.  and 

his  Poetry,  by  W.  H.  Hudson,  375 
Workhouse  Ward,  The,  bv  Lady  Gregory,  863 
World  Set  Free,  The,  bv  H.  G.  Wells,  652 
Wren  (P.  C),  Snake  and  Sword,  874 
Wrench  (Mrs.  Stanley),  Potter  and  Clav,  469 
Wrens,  The,  bv  Ladv  Gregory,  903 
Wright  (Dr.  Aldis),  death,  719 
Wylie  (I.  A.  R.),  Eight  Years  in  Germany,  680 
Wylie     (J.     Hamilton),     historian,     death,     344  ; 

Henry  V.,  Vol.  I.,  646 
Wyllarde  (Dolf ),  It  was  the  Time  of  Roses,  173 
Wynmartens,  The,  by  R.  H.  Powell,  699 


X-Rays,  by  G.  W.  Kaye,  796,  897 


Yato,  by  Madame  Labori,  802 

Year-Book  of  Social  Progress,  184 

Years  of  Discretion,  bv  F.  and  F.  L.  Hatton,  468 

Yeats  (Jack  B.),  Life  in  the  West  of  Ireland,  322 

Yeats  (W.  B.),  Kathleen  Ni  Houlihan,  804 

Young  (E.),  From  Russia  to  Siam,  788 

Young  (F.  B.),  Deep  Sea,  227 

Young  (F.  E.  Mills),  The  Purple  Mists,  160 

Young  (N.),  Napoleon  in  Exile,  645 

Your   Child    To-day   and   To-morrow,    by   S.    M. 

Gruenberg,  545 
Youth  and  Life,  bv  R.  S.  Bourne.  123 
Yule  (Col.  Sir  H.)|  Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither, 

Vol.  II.,  428 
Yunnan,  by  Dr.  A.  F.  Legendre,  44 


Zambesia,  Wild  Game  in,  by  R.  C.  F.  Maugham, 

446 
Zangwill   (I.),   The  Melting-Pot,   171,   240,    391; 

Plaster  Saints,  771,  803 
Zoological  Society,  231;    Death-rate  of  animals  in 

1913,  279,  767 
Zubeir  Pasha,  Slaver  and  Sultan,  by  Jackson,  195 
Zubiaurre  (Valentine),  composer,  death.  143 


THE  ATHENJEUM-      ■? 


Imtrmd  of  CBnnlisb  an&  3forrign  Kitttstmt,  Sismtt,  tlje  Jinc  ^rts.  Mwsit  aftft  ffor  Brmrnr.  / 

v/-  y 


No.  4497 


SATURDAY,     JANUARY     3,     1!H4, 


Bttil 
SIXPENCE. 
REGISTERED  AN    \   NEWSPAPI  R 


ICfcturts. 

MUSEUM        LECTURES. 
Mr     BANISTER  FLETCHKR.     F.R.I.B.A      Author  of  'A 
History  of  Architecture  on  the  <>>mp«r^Te  M.Ul0i  tajdn. «^UT« 

of  University  Extension  Lectures  on    ROMAN   AK(  HlTLllURb. 

a!  the  British  Museum,  on  THURSDAY,  J-«»'»'Jn,y?';l,       ,  •  , 

The  Course  at  the   VICTORIA    AN1>    ALBERT  MUSEUM,  which 

beainaoa   MONPAV.  January  12.  B  P.M..  includes  Eight  Lectures  on 

1.1SH     RENAISSANCE.    ELIZABETHAN.  JACOBEAN,    and 

GTh? Kctures  are  illustrated  by  special  Lantern-Slides  and  Models, 
and  the  Museum  Exhibits  are  visited. -Full  particulars  from  1HH 
BBC.,  10,  Woburn  Square.  London. 


T 


HE       MATHEMATICAL       ASSOCIATION. 

^The     ANNUAL    MEETING    will    be    held    on     WEDNE8DAY, 

January  7.  ISM,  at    the  LONDON    DAY    TRAINING    COLLEGE, 

HAMPTON  ROW.  LONDON,  W.C.,  at  11  a.m.  and  2  p.m. 

11  a.m.  •  The  Setting  Out  of  Certain  Easy  Cubics,'  by  Mr.  R.  W.  K. 
EDWARDS.  'Practical  Mathematics  at  School.'  by  Prof .  J.  E.  A. 
sT  EGG  ALL.     'The  Public  Schools  Committee's  Report.' 

Tm.  BUSINESS  MEETING  2-30  p.m.  'The  Use  of  Mathe- 
matics.' by  Sir  GEORGE  GRKKNHILL.  'Graphs  and  their  Uses,'  by 
Mr-  G  ST.  L.  CAR80N.  'Principia  Atmospherica,'  by  Dr.  W.  N. 
-HAW.  F.R.8.,  Director  of  the  Meteorological  Office.    Tea. 


(Bxlribitions. 


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FACULTY  of  SCIENCE.— la)  Natural  Science  Division,  (b)  Medical 
ision,  ic)  Bacteriological  and  Public  Health  Department. 

PAI  ULTY  of  ENGINEERING. -Civil.  Mechanical,  and  Electrical 
Hn.nneering. 

For  full  information  apply  THE  SECRETARY,  King's  College, 
Strand.  London,  W.C. 


K 


UNIVERSITY  OF   LONDON. 

IXG'S  COLLEGE. 


DEPARTMF.NT   FOR    TRAINING    TEACHERS 
FOR  SECONDARY   SCHOOLS. 

Theory.    Practice,    and  History  of  Education— J.    W.    ADAM80N- 
B  A..  Professor  of  Education  I  Head  of  the  Department'. 
.-.■  — W.  BROWN,  MA.  Lecturer. 
The  Course.  whi<-h   include*  Practical  Work  In  Secondary  Schools, 
ill    orer    one  academical    year.    Iieginning    in     OCTOBER    or 
IAMUARY     It  i-  suitable  forth  m  who  are  preparing  to  take  the 
Teacher-    Iiii.loma  of  the  University  of  Ixuidon 

The  fee  i-  201.  for  the  year,  if  paid  In  adv. no  e,  or  Right  Guinea*  per 
Term  (Three Term*  in  the  yean.  TWO  SCHOLARSHIPS  oi  •  |  each 
for  One  Year.  teomUe  from  September  SO,  191  i  ire  offi  red  to  suitable 
Uandi  i  I, o   ire  Graduates  of  ;i  British  University. 

Application  should  be  made  to  Prof.  ADAMSON.  King's  Colleee, 
Strand,  w  i 


pRYSTAL  PALACE  SCHOOL  OF  PRACTICAL 

\J     ENGINEERING     -    Principal.    .J      W.     WILSON,     M. I.C.I. 
C  COURSE  "i  1  '  "MM  KM  i:  on  WKD 
January  7.    New  student*  should  attend  at  the  School  on  tli 
..  between  10  a  y.  and  1  r  >i     for  Examination  —  ProapeotOJ 
forwarded     on     application     to     THE     REGISTRAR.    School     of 
-'.  Crystal  Palace.  8  E. 

WEYBRIDGB  LADIES  SCHOOL  BURRBY- 
-Conducted  by   Mi>«    E     DAWE8,    M  A      D.Utl       l^ndoni- 
imforta  of  a  refined  home     Thorough  education  on  the  principle 
•f  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body.     Prep  i ration"  for  Examination  if 
ranch  and  German  a  speciality.     Large    grounds:   high 
iltl.y  position. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm,  1,000  acres.  Vet. 
Science.  Smiths'  Work.  Cari-entry.  Riding  ami  Shooting  OMlght,  ItUaJ 
open-air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  SCHOOLS  and  TUTORS 
gratis). 
PROSPECTUSES  of    ENGLISH    and    CONTINENTAL   SCHOOLS. 

and  of  ARMY.  CIVIL  SERVICE,  and  UNIVERSITY  TUTORS. 

Sent    (free    of   charge)    to    Parents    on    receipt  of    requirements   bv 

GRIFF1TH8,  POWELL.  SMITH  4    l'AWCETT,  School  Agents. 

(Established  I833J 
34,  Bedford  Street.  8trand.  Telephone,  TO'Jl  (ierrard. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133135,  REGENT  STREET.  W„  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses.  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones.  Com- 
panions. Secretaries.  Readers,  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information  gratis 
on  application  (personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.    Tel.  Regent  3627. 


T 


Situations  ITarant. 

UNIVERSITY    OF     LIVERPOOL. 

FACULTY  OF  ART8. 
CHAIR  OF  MODERN  HISTORY. 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  this  Chair.  8alary«0f)'.  Duties 
to  begin  OCTOBER  1,  1914.  Applications,  together  with  the  names 
of  three  persons  to  whom  reference  may  be  made  anil  (if  the 
candidate  so  desires)  twelve  copies  of  testimonials,  should  lie  for- 
warded to  the  undersigned  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  IB,  1!)14. 
Original  documents  should  not  be  forwarded.  Women  are  eligible  for 
any  office  in  the  University.  EDWARD  CAREY.  Registrar. 

TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,   SOUTHAMPTON. 

Principal-ALEX.  HILL.  M. A.  M.I).  F.R.C.8.  (sometime  Master  of 
Downing  College.  Cambridge). 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  posts  : 

PROFESSOR  OF  THE  ROMANCE  LANGUAGES,  stipend  300!. 

LECTURER  IN  GERM  AN.  stipend  HiO'. 

LECTURER  IN  MATHEMATICS,  stipend  160?. 

All  officers  of  the  College  are  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  the 
Superannuation  and  Insurance  scheme  for  Universities. 

Applications,  with  or  without  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  THE 
REGISTRAR. 

MANCHESTER  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

The  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  DIRECTOR  OF 
EDUCATION  ;  commencing  salary  1,0001.  per  annum.  Forms  of 
application  maybe  obtained  from  THE  ACCOUNTANT,  Education 
Offices,  and  must  be  returned— on  or  before  MONDAY,  January  '-'ii. 
1914— to  THE  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
Education  Offices.  Dear-sgate.  Manchester.  Canvassing  members  of 
the  Committee,  directly  or  indirectly,  is  strictly  prohibited. 

December  24,  1913. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  TWO  ENGLISH 
MISTRESSES    TO    THE    TRAN8VAAL. 

The  Education  Department  of  the  Transvaal  requires  ENGLISH 
MISTRESSES  for  the  GIRLS'  HIGH  SCHOOLS  at  PRETORIA  and 
JOHANNESBURG 

The  appointments  are  to  Grade  A  of  the  Transvaal  Ulasaifioatlon  for 
High  Schools,  and  the  salaries  are  '«»/..  rising  by  annual  increments  of 
15f.  to  4351.  a  year. 

The  qualifications  required  for  Grade  A  ittsts  are  :— 

(II  University  Degree,  or  other  evidence  of  the  necessary  academic 
qualifications :  and 

(2)  The  Transvaal  Teachers'  Second  Class  Certificate  or  other 
evidence  of  the  necessary  professional  qualifications  ;  and 

(31  Four  years'  experience,  of  which  half  at  least  must  have  been 
gained  in  Secondary  School*. 

As  the  teachers  may  be  called  upon  to  assume  general  direction  oi 
the  teaching  of  English  in  the  Schools,  it  is  essential  that  they  ihould 
have  had  extensive  and  successful  teaching  experience.  Candidate! 
with  qualifications  in  Phonetics  and  Elocution  will  lie  preferred 

Candidates  should  submit  their  applications  in  ooren  marked 
"CA  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Board  of  Education.  Whitehall, 
London.  8.W.  Scottish  candidates  should  apply  to  THE  HEORE 
TARY  Scotch  Education  Department,  Whitehall.  London.  S  W. 
The  candidate  selected  for  JohanneabUi  g  will  lie  require, [  to  take  up 
duty  as  soon  as  can  conveniently  l,e  arranged,  and  the  candidate 
tad  for  Pretoria  on  or  aliout  APRIL  10.  1914. 

p  0    D   N   T  Y        OF        L   O   N    I)   O   N. 

The  London  County  Council  Invite*  applications  forth*  position  of 
assistant  MISTRESS   d    the   OOONTi   BEOONDARi   BCHOOL 
KENTISH  Town,  to  devote  half  ber  tune  to  teaching  I 
and  Games,  and  half  her  I  line  to  general  subjects,  with  ps 
German 

rising  to  ifol.  by  annual  increments  of  8 

Application!  moat  l n  form-  to  b*  obtained,  with  parte  ul 

the  appointment,  by  sending 

HE  EDUCATION    OFFICER,    London  Co 
tion   Office!     Vlctorii    Embankment,   W.O..  to  «!. 
returned  l.y' 1 1    *x  on   THURSDAY,  Jannmrj 
munleation  muat  be  marked '*  B    I    on  the  envelop* 

raaalng.  either  .lit..   Ij  or  Indirect}!,  will  be  bald  to  be  a  dli- 
qualifli-atlon  for  appointmcnl       :.  who  i-    , 

member  of  tba  Advisory  Sub  Committee  of  the  School  Will 
for  appointment  ....  , 

LAURENCE  GoMME    Clerk  of  the  London  I  >' 

Education'  ■  na  Embankment.  Vj  i 

■ 


"POYAL  COLONIAL    IN8TITUTE.  -  RK 

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LITERARY  RESEARCH  underUken  at  the 
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testimonials.  Typewriting  —A.  B.  lu>x  1062,  Alhenaviin  Pre**, 
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TNVALID  GENTLEMAN  WANTEI).     I   niti 

A     cated  Nurse's  (married)  home.     West  End  experiene   ,ii.i 
monials.     Every  care.     Beautiful,  healthy  country  ;  atTOB  mil- - 
sea.       Only  one  taken. -Mrs.    CAMPION,    l.ynlou.   Victoria    Road. 
Woodbridge. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or   catalogued.      Also    Collection*    oi    Rineje 
Specimens    PURCHASED   at    the    BEST     MARKET     PRU  I 
Ca*h.— SPINK  A  SON,  Ltd..  Hedaillatl  to  H  H    the  Km.,  II  and  18, 
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with  Coloured  Plate*— Book*  on  Architecture,  the  Kin*   Ar 

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at  )ii-  Boon 

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WEDNI 

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(  hlna.    .»•'•  i 

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Til  E     A  THENCE  I'M 


No.  441)7,  J  ax.  3,   1914 


Catalogues. 


L, 


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A  large   Stock    of    Old  and    Rare    Rooks  in     English   Literature, 
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[Classified  Advertisements  continued  p.  22.] 
MODERN    DECORATIVE   ART. 

THE     ASHNUR     GALERIE, 

211,  Boulevard  Raspail,  Paris, 

Begs  to  announce  its 

PERMANENT  EXHIBITION  OF 
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who  devotes  himself  to  obtaining  publicity  for  foreign 
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and  Literary  Property. 

Address,  FRANCOIS  SANT'  ANDREA, 

21,  rue  Louis  Morard    Paris,  14c. 


"  '  Blackwood's  '  is  an  epitome  in  little  of  the 
British  Empire^a  monthly  reminder  that  its 
boundaries  are  world-wide  ;  that  it  has  been 
won  and  kept  by  the  public-school  pluck  of  our 
soldiers  and  sailors;  that  in  warfare,  literature, 
and  art  it  has  a  glorious  history;  that  its  sons 
have  ever  been  travellers  and  sportsmen,  and 
that  its  politics  have  still  a  strong  strain  of 
conservative  Imperialism.  Old  as  it  is,  '  Black- 
wood's '  shows  no  signs  of  becoming  old- 
fashioned,  because  it  represents  and  appeals 
to  all  that  is  best  in  the  undying  genius  of  the 
race."— Times,  Feb.  1,  1913. 

'BLACKWOOD' 


'THE  MOST 
BRILLIANT 
OF  OUR 
MAGAZINES." 

JANUARY 


"'BLACKWOOD' 
REMAINS 
WITHOUT  A 
RIVAL." 

contains 


French  CiYil  and  Military  Aviation 

in    1913.  By  T.  F.  Farman. 

The  Lady  in  the  Blue  Yeil. 

By  A.  M.  SCO'lT-MONCRIEl-1'. 

Beaten  Tracts. 


By  Neil  Munko. 


The  New  Road. 

Chatham. 

From  the  Outposts:— 

Hans  across  the  Border. 

By  Lieut. -Col.  G.  F.  MacMunn,  D.S.O. 

The  Passing  of  Mogul  Mackenzie. 

By  Arthur  Hunt  Chute. 

A  Muse  in  Danger. 

General  Sir  Alexander  Taylor,  G.C.B. 

By  Major-General  G.  K.  Scott-Mo\criefk, 

C.B.  C.I.K. 

Musings  without  Method:— 

A  New  Kind  of  Poetry— The  Government's  Great 
Achievement. 

THE  TIMES  OF  INDIA  says:- 

"  Not  to  read  «  Blackwood '  in  these 
days  is  to  miss  incomparably  the  most 
literary  and  the  most  interesting  of 
the  monthly  magazines." 


CORNHILL 


For  JANUARY. 


Contents. 


One  Shilling. 


THE   EARLIEST    POEMS    OF    ROBERT  BROWNING  (with 
two  unpublished  poems).    By  Bertram  Dobell. 

THE  L08T  TRIBES.    By  George  A.  Birmingham. 

MISS  GASKELL.    By  Bishop  Welldon. 

AE  BLYTHE  YULE  NICHT.    By  Jane  H.  Fiudlater. 

AGREAT  UNPROFESSIONAL  SOLDIER:  General  Wadsworth. 
By  Gen.  Sir  Neville  G.  Lyttelton,  G.C.B. 

THFroJdshamHEMMED    IN    BY    THE    SPEiRS-     By  Bishop 
JACK  AND  JILL :  a  Theme  with  Variations.     By  C.  A.  Vince. 
GRAND-ADNTS.    By  W.  M.  Letts. 

TH  Jud£  Pa?ry.  THE  L°3T  G°hV    BALL'      By  Hie  Honour 
SIXSirHeEn*yRLucy.  THE  WILDERNEaa  =  Nearing  Jordan.    By 
8PRAGGES  CANYON.    By  Horace  A.  Vachell. 
London :  SMITH,  ELDER  ft  CO.,  15.  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


THE 

NINETEENTH  CENTURY 

AND   AFTER 

For  JANUARY  commences  a  New  Volume, 
and  contains  Contributions  by 

J.  A.  R.  MARRIOTT. 

The  Constitution  in  .suspense 

D.  C.  LATHBURY. 

Compromise  or  Dissolution. 

Sir  HARRY  H.  JOHNSTON,  G.C.M.G. 

K.C.B  Germany  and  Alsace-Lorraine- 

The  late  Sir  CHARLES  DILKE,  Bart. 

Recollections  of  the  War  of  1870  and  the  Commune. 

Major-General 

Sir  WILLIAM  G.  KNOX,  K.C.B. 

1!)14 — The  Sword  of  Peace. 

Lieut.-Colonel  ALSAGER  POLLOCK. 

Our  Perishing  Army. 

ALEXANDER  CARLYLE. 

Eight  New  Love  Letters  of  Jane  Welsh. 

J.   W.   ROBERTSON-SCOTT  lB^uUah 

Tiberius  Gracchus  and  his  Judges. 

Mrs.  ARCHIBALD  COLQUHOUN. 

Woman  and  Morality. 

The  Rev.  CYRIL  W.  EMMET. 

The  Teaching  of  the  Historic  Christ :  our  Know- 
ledge of  it  and  its  Interpretation. 

FRANCIS  McCULLAGH. 

Portugal :  the  Nightmare  Republic. 

STEPHEN  GWYNN,  MP. 

The  Irish  Gentry. 

Sir  ERNEST  CLARKE. 

David  Garrick  and  Junius. 
DARRELL    FIGGIS.         Some  Recent  Poetry. 

JOHN  HOWARD  McFADDEN. 

A  Layman's  Views  on  Medical  Research. 

S.  M.  MITRA. 

South  Africa  and  the  British  Taxpayer  :  A  British 
Indian  View. 

Admiral  the  Hon. 

Sir  EDMUND  R  FREMANTLE,  G.C.B. 

The  Channel  Tunnel  Once  More. 
London:  Spottiswoode  &  Co.,  Ltd., 5,  New  St.  Square. 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

Prioe2s.6d.net.  JANUARY.  1914.  PriceSs.ijd.net. 

EIGHT  YEARS  OF  LIBERAL  IMPERIALISM. 

By  Sir  Edward  T.  Cook. 

THE  URBAN  LAND  POLICY.  By  H.  G.  Chancellor.  M  P 

PRESIDENT  WILSON'S  LATIN-AMERICAN  POLICY. 

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l!>14 


T  ii  E    a  tii  i:  x  .v:r  m 


SATf/lDAY,  JANUARYS, 


CONTKNT^.  PAGB 

The  (;oldk\  Boi'cii -       ..  •"> 

M.ll'tllE   NKl  kek         -  6 

Cecil  Rhodes 6 

India  op  today        r 

The  Australian  Commonwealth        s 

A  British  CbaplaIM  in  Paris  i\  i>oi 8 

MiiciiKis  Jam.  .Ioi  knal 9 

1'iik  Hai-siu  Rfl    Monarchy 9 

Broapsihes,  Chapbooks,  \m>  Garlands      ..        ..  10 

My  Lite  in  SARAWAK           10 

The  Valley  of  the  Moon-        11 

v)ld  Mole         n 

Books  Pi/hi. ished  this  Webk 12 

■Em.lish  Renderings  ok  French  Poetry  ;  To 
i he  Acthor  of  'The  Golden  Bough';  Jules 
ci.arf.tik;  The  Hook  SALES  ok  1013;  The 
Head  MASTERS' CONFERENCE  ;  "  DEARWORTHY  "  ; 

Book  sale 13—16 

Literary  Gossip        .        ..  16 

Science— The  Courtship  ok  Animals;  Influ- 
enza;  societies;   Meetings  Next  Week       17— is 

Fine    Arts  -  Hei  igious    Art    in    France    ok   the 

Thirteenth  Centi  ry  ;   Gossip      IS 

Music— Muzio  Clementis  Lehen  ;  Gossip:  Per- 
formances Next  Week        lo 

Drama— Children's  Plats ;   Gossip    ..        ..         10— -10 


LITERATURE 


Tht  <:ohlni  Bough.  Third  Edition.— Part 
VUL.  Balder  the  Beautiful,  the  Fire- 
Festivcds  of  Europe  and  the  Doctrine  of 
the  External  Soul.  Bv  J.  G.  Frazer. 
2  vols.     (Macniillan  &  Co.,  20/  net.) 

A  re  Maria  !  With  these  words — repre- 
senting the  burden  of  the  Angelus,  which 
to-day  the  church  bells  of  Ariccia  whisper 
over  the  woods  of  Xemi,  where  once  the 
death  and  resurrection  of  a  divine  per- 
sonage of  cruder  type  were  bloodily 
enacted — is  brought  to  its  close  the  final 
chapter  of  the  new  ;  Golden  Bough  '  ; 
and  we  may  almost  overhear  in  the  pious 
exclamation  that  sigh  of  thankfulness  with 
which  its  author  must  have  laid  down 
his  trusty  pen.  Xot  that  he  would  here- 
with claim  to  be  granted  an  honourable 
discharge — rude  donari — at  the  hands  of 
his  audience,  which  is  to  say,  of  the  whole 
literary  world. 

1  I  am  hopeful  that  I  may  not  now  be 
taking  a  final  leave  of  my  indulgent*  readers, 
but  that,  as  I  am  sensible  of  little  abate- 
ment in  my  bodily  strength,  and  of  none  in 
my  ardour  for  study,  they  v  ill  bear  with 
me  yet  a  while  if  1  should  attempt  to  enter- 
tain them  with  fresh  subjects  of  laughter 
and  tears  drawn  from  the  comedy  and  the 
'•■•ly  of  man's  endless  quest  after  happi- 
ness and  truth.'' 

I'  is  do  stumbling  and  broken-winded 
athlete  who  struggles  home  in  this 
Marathon  race,  but  a  champion  in 
full  training  who,  as  soon  as  he  has 
broken  the  tape,  strolls  placidly  of! 
to  enter  for  the  next  event.  Such 
tirelessness  is  surely  the  greatest  gift  of 
J  he  gods  ;    and  we  may  be  certain  that  it 


is  vouchsafed  to  none  but  those  rare 
spirits  who,  identifying  self  whollj  with 
some  noble  and  enduring  w  ork,  are  thereby 

themselves  made  noble  and  enduring. 

In  this  final  instalment,  width  cor- 
responds to  the  fourth  chapter  of  the 
previous  edition,  we  are  brought  directly 
to  grips  with  the  problem  which  gives  its 
title    to    the    whole     work.      The    (iolden 


King 


Bough,  it  is  argued,  over  which  the 
of  the  Wood  at  Xemi  kept  his  anxious 
guard,  was  no  other  than  a  branch  of 
mistletoe  growing  on  an  oak  within  the 
sacred  grove.  If  so,  the  Arician  priest, 
whose  life  was  in  peril  the  moment  that 
the  fatal  branch  had  been  plucked,  might 
plausibly  be  compared  with  the  Norse 
god  Balder,  who,  according  to  the 
myth,  died  of  a  stroke  of  mistletoe,  when 
nothing  else  on  earth  or  in  heaven  had 
power  to  wound  him.  Dr.  Frazer  has 
brought  the  pair  of  them  within  the  scope 
of  one  general  hypothesis  by  supposing 
each  to  be  in  some  sort  a  personification 
of  the  sacred  oak — the  mistletoe,  in  its 
turn,  embodying  their  "  external  soul," 
or,  in  other  words,  constituting  a  kind  of 
spiritual  strong-box  wherein,  so  long  as 
the  receptacle  remained  intact,  the  life 
of  the  sacred  being  could  lie  snug  and 
secure  beyond  the  reach  of  harm. 

But  before  Balder  appears  on  the  scene, 
a  hundred  pages  of  miscellaneous  matter 
have  to  be  traversed  ;  and,  had  not  the 
reader  by  this  time  become  inured  to 
following  Dr.  Frazer  through  the  mazes 
of  this  most  stupendous  of  Scots  reels, 
the  opening  steps  of  the  last  figure  might 
well  throw  his  brain  into  a  whirl.  A 
discpuisition  turning  largely  on  the  dis- 
abilities of  woman  is,  on  the  face  of  it, 
neither  here  nor  there  so  far  as  Balder  is 
concerned  ;  nor  is  a  clue  to  the  motive 
of  this  discursiveness — not  to  say  down- 
right excursiveness — of  his  supplied  in 
so  many  words  by  Dr.  Frazer  himself. 
We  are  left  to  surmise,  at  our  own  risk, 
that  the  insulation  of  persons  in  a  state 
of  taboo — which  insulation  may  even 
take  the  form  of  suspension  between  earth 
and  heaven,  so  that  neither  earth  nor 
heaven  may  be  polluted,  or,  conversely, 
may  drain  the  holiness  away  from  the 
sacred  being — is  somehow  reflected  in  the 
position  of  the  mistletoe  hung  between 
heaven  and  earth  ;  so  that  no  more 
appropriate  receptacle  could  be  found 
for  the  safe  storage  of  divine  energy. 
lie  this  the  implied  moral  of  this  par- 
ticular parcel  of  facts  or  not,  the  truth 
would   seem    to    be   that    Dr.    Fra/.er's   real 

interest  scarcely  lies  in  the  task  of  wea\  ing 
a  continuous  and  close  knit  argument. 
In  the  Preface  he  tells  us  in  effect  thai  bo 
long  as  he  is  free  to  hang  his  collections 
of  facts  on  convenient  pegs,  relevance 
to  a  given  theory  may  be  left  to  take  its 
chance. 

Moreover,  it  appears  thai  even  Balder 
himself,  or.  again,  his  Roman  counterpart, 
is  merely  such  a  peg  :  — 

•  Though   I   am  now   l<  a  than  i  \  i  r  di 
d  to  lay  weight  on  i  he  analogy  betw  • 
the  Italian  priest  and  the  Norse  god,  I  I 
allowed  it   to  -'and  tx  it   furni  :"     me 

h  ith  a  pretext   for  di  .'  not   only  the 


■■<  n.  ml    question    of    the   external    soul    in 
popular    super  i  ii  ion,    bul     also    the    I 
festivals  of  Europe,  since  Bre  played  a  p 
i>oi  i:  in  the  myth  of  I  ladder  and  in  i  he  m  ual 
"i    the    Arician    grove.     Thus    Balder    th< 
Beautiful  in  mj   hand-  is  little  more  than  a 
stalking-horse    to    carry    i»u    heavj    paoli 
loads  of  facts.     And  what   is  true  "i   Balder 
applies  equally  to  the  priest   of  Kemi  him 
Self,   the-   nominal   Ihto  of    the    long    tragedy 
of    human    folly    and    suffering    which    I 

unrolled    itself    before    the    reader-    of    th( 
Volumes,    and    on    which    the   curtain    i-    n..u 

about  to  fill.  lb-,  too,  for  all  the  quaint 
garb  he  wears  and  the  gravity  with  which 

he  stalks  acid--,  i  he  stage,  is  merely  a  pupj 
and  it    is  time  to  uuina-k  him  before  laying 
him  up  in  the  box." 

The  secret  is  out.  Will  the  judicious 
reader  thereupon  exclaim  that  he  has  b»  D 
sorely  hoodwinked  '.  Not  so,  because  the 
indcterniinateiiess  of  the  primitive  mind, 
the  freakislmess  of  a  fancy  controlled  onlj 

by  the  casual  exigencies  oi  a  life  that  begs 
its    bread    of    circumstance,    requires    in 

such  a  treatise  as  shall  do  it  justice 
some  relaxation  of  the  logical  canon- 
which  ci\  ili/.ed  men  apply  to  one  anothei  - 
thoughts  and  thoughtful  action-  The 
categories  we  invent  for  the  benefil  oi  the 
savage  must  have  sonic  elasticity.  BOme 
play,  about  them.  His  dream  may  be 
nonsense,  but.  if  translated  into  such  terms 
as  would  suit  a  dogmatic  theology,  it 
becomes  at  least  twice  as  nonsensical. 
Evidently,  then,  the  further  he  went  the 
more  clearly  was  this  need  of  flexible 
standards,  of  a  "  ruler  of  lead,"  borne  in 
upon  Dr.  Frazer.  The  latest  touches  ol 
his  pen  have  served  mainly  to  blur  the 

edges    of    his    former    delineation-    of    thi- 

and  that  belief  belonging  to  what  we  maj 

call  the  resurrection  cycle.  The  follow  in. 
paragraph,  for  instance,  sounds  .i  new 
note  of  caution  : — 

"The  priest  of  Aricia.  if  I  am  right,  wt 
one  of  those  -acred  beings  or  human  divi- 
nities on  whose  life  the  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity and  even  the  course  of  nature  in 
general  are  believed  to  be  intimately  de- 
pendent.     It     does     not      appear     that      the 

subjects  or  worshippers  of  such  a  spiritual 
potentate    form     to    themselves    anj     in 
dear   notion    of   the   exact    relationship    in 
which  they  stand  to  him  :    probably  their 
ideas  on  the  point  are  \  ague  and  fluct  uati 
and  we  should  en-  if  we  attempted  i"  d<  I 
tin      relationship     with     logical     pr»    ision. 
All  that  the  people  know ,  or  rather  imagin<  . 
is    that     somehow     they    themselves,    their 

cattle,     and     their     CTO]  I) 

hound   up  with   their  <h\  ine  being,     o  i 

ording  a-  he  is  well  or  ill  the  community 
is  Ic  ih  h>    or  -i  ikly,   t  he   flo<  k-  and 
thrive    or    languish    with    disease,    and    the 
fields  yield  an  abundant  or  a  -  ant}  harvi 

Hence,   even    in    regard    to    two   main 
points  on  which  Dr.  Frazer  conf< 
change  of  mind,  we  need  to  main'    n 
generous  laxity  of  vietn  rach  as  will  enable 
the    old    intei  pretation    to    plaj    doul 
w ith   the   net* ,  to  into   I 

ground     yei    to    imp 
oi    meaning   to  1  I  <  ompl<         l  to 

,,i    th<  -■■    point  -    i'  1  ' 

In    .    II      III,    idellt.llb,       II-  >t  1     .    d        t 
|i.|   III'    ll\      .C-UIIll    d     ' 

and  the  pi  '"•■  ""      ,;  l!'''  '    "" 

in  vest  ig  ii  ion  "  •  hai 


6 


THE     ATH  ENyEUM 


No.  4497,  Jan.  3,   1914 


a  legendary  and  a  purely  mythical  figure, 
between  the  indistinct  memory  of  a  living 
man  and  the  anthropomorphic  projection 
of  a  ritual  drama.  Other  analogues,  too, 
such  as  the  Persian  hero  Isfendiyar  and 
various  "  African  Balders,"  all  of  whom 
alike  can  only  be  killed  by  some  in- 
significant weapon,  have  the  same  am- 
biguous character  of  historico-mythic  per- 
sonages, with  the  historical  side,  perhaps — 
as  Dr.  Frazer  now  tends  to  believe — pre- 
vailing. The  fact  remains  that,  since  a 
king,  living  or  dead,  can  play  the  wonder- 
worker in  respect  to  the  crops  and  any 
other  interest  of  the  communit}7,  the 
kingship  motif  is  pretty  sure  to  turn  up 
in  any  ritual  having  a  like  intention, 
whether  it  happened  to  start  with  a  king 
in   it   or   not. 

The  other  point  is  concerned  with  the 
meaning  of  the  fire-festivals  of  Europe.  Are 
they  primarily  designed  to  renew  the  power 
of  the  sun  ?     Or  is  their  main  object  to 
purify,  by  burning  up  the  mystic  evils  that 
society  has  contracted  ?     Dr.  Frazer  once 
voted  for  the  solar  theory,  herein  bowing  to 
the  great  authority  of  Mannhardt,  and  he 
still  puts  forth  his  strength  to  make  this 
view  as  plausible  as  he  can.     Dr.  Wester- 
marck,  however,  has  led  him  to  conclude 
that  the  popular  belief  that  there  is  no 
better  cure  for  witchcraft  than  the  faggot 
underlies    these    practices    to    no    small 
extent.     Surely,   however,   it  is  simplest 
of  all  to  admit  that  both  the  sun-charm 
and  the  witches'  purge  have  been  carried 
out  by  means  of  fire  both  in  Europe  and 
in  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  that  the  two 
ritual  plots,  if  brought  into  juxtaposition 
by  culture-contact  in  any  of  its  mjTiad 
forms,  would  commingle    and    propagate 
equivocal  effects. 

In  fine,  it  must  remain  the  great  achieve- 
ment of  l  The  Golden  Bough  '  to  have 
resolutely  collected  and  classified  a  vast 
mass  of  apparently  heterogeneous  material, 
not  in  order  to  support  the  pretensions  of 
some  one  abstract  explanation,  some 
"key  to  all  mythologies."'  but  rather  so 
as  to  transmit  a  concrete  impression  of 
an  epoch  of  the  human  mind,  when  the 
twilight  and  mists  of  morning  shed 
looming  shapes  and  flickering  half-lights 
about  the  path  of  our  scarcely  awakened 
race.  No  wonder  that  to  such  purblind 
eyes  men  appeared  as  trees,  and  trees  as 
men — Balder  the  Beautiful  as  the  mystic 
oak,  and  the  oak  as  Balder.  For  the  rest, 
if  to-day  a  saner  outlook  upon  the  world 
prevails — if  the  process,  symbolized  by  the 
story  of  the  Golden  Bough,  of  a  mental 
life  carried  forward  from  strength  to 
strength  by  ruthless  elimination  of  the 
obsolete,  has  at  length  carried  us  forward 
into  broad  daylight — it  is  because  there 
have  been  in  every  age  men  of  the  stamp 
of  Dr.  Frazer,  who  put  more  into  the  day's 
work  than  is  sufficient  for  the  day,  so  that 
later  generations  are  enriched  by  the 
increment. 


Madame  Necker :  her  Family  and  Tier 
Friends.  Bv  Mark  Gambier  -  Parry. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons,  12/6  net.) 

Louise  Suzanne  Curchod  will  probably 
be  remembered  by  more  English  readers 
as  the  rejected  of  Gibbon  than  as  the 
devoted  wife  of  Necker,  or  even  the  mother 
of  Madame  de  Stael.  But  if  her  person- 
ality has  been  somewhat  overshadowed  by 
that  of  her  daughter,  it  was  none  the  less  a 
remarkable  one  ;  and  if  only  on  account  of 
her  salon  she  was  well  worth  a  biography. 
Mr.  Gambier-Parry,  if  sometimes  a  little 
careless  in  his  composition  and  not  con- 
cerned about  taking  original  views,  has 
written  an  unpretentious  volume,  based 
on  the  best  available  authorities,  and  con- 
taining a  good  deal  of  information  set 
forth  in  readable  style.  He  makes,  some 
may  think,  rather  too  free  use  of  the  old- 
fashioned  method  of  stringing  together 
short  biographies  of  the  personages  of  his 
story  ;  yet  there  is  at  least  something  to 
be  said  for  the  practice.  The  notes  may 
be  commended  for  their  accuracy  and 
terseness ;  the  format  and  illustrations 
are  all  that  could  be  desired. 

It  was  probably  well  for  both  parties 
that  Suzanne  Curchod  and  Edward  Gibbon 
were  never  married.   As  things  turned  out, 
they  formed  a  solid  friendship  from  which 
Necker  was  by  no  means  excluded.     Al- 
though the  future  historian  would  certainly, 
according  to  present-day    standards,  ap- 
pear to  have  treated  the  lady  lightly  in 
the  early  days,  the  author  has  failed  to 
remark    that    she    herself    had    no    great 
scruples    about    having    more    than    one 
string  to   her   bow.       But   the    marriage 
with  Necker  Avas  a  timely  and  an   ideal 
union.     Although  Gibbon  came  to  appre- 
ciate  the   husband   almost   as   highly  as 
the  wife,  he  affected  to  be  piqued  when, 
during    the    visit    of    the    newly    married 
couple  to  London,  Necker,   after  supper, 
went    to    bed    and    left    him    alone    with 
Madame  :  "  What  an  impertinent  security  ! 
It  is  making  an  old  lover  of  mighty  little 
consequence  !  " 

Madame  Necker  as  salonniere  differed  a 
good  deal  from  the  rest.  She  was  better 
educated,  but  less  original,  than  Mesdames 
Geoffrin  and  du  Deffand,  and  on  religious 
subjects  she  was  more  conservative, 
despite  her  friendship  with  Voltaire,  whose 
statue  she  promoted  during  his  lifetime. 
She  was  almost  morbidly  introspective, 
and,  as  De  Chastellux's  story  betrayed, 
did  not  disdain  elaborately  to  prepare  her 
conversational  openings.  Necker,  though 
affecting  to  be  somewhat  bored  at  the 
Friday  seances,  probably  found  them 
useful  for  the  advancement  of  his  political 
career.  That  career,  as  detailed  here, 
only  confirms  the  old  conclusion  that 
integrity  and  financial  ability  were  in- 
sufficient equipment  for  the  guidance  of  a 
revolution.  Even  of  his  pre-revolutionary 
days  Taine  shrewdly  remarks  that  the 
Controller-General  acquired  more  credit 
and  popularity  by  a  sumptuous  supper, 
"  avec  opera  serieux  et  opera  bouffon," 
than  by  all  his  financial  operations.  We 
are  given  some  welcome  glimpses  of  the 


childhood  and  early  life  of  Madame  de 
Stael,  her  father's  indulgence  to  some 
extent  mitigating  the  rigour  of  her 
mother's  educational  system.  Madame 
de  Genlis  was  doubtless  right  in  her 
strictures  about  the  undesirability  of  the 
precocious  Germaine  being  allowed  to 
converse  about  love  and  the  passions  with 
the  wits  of  the  salon. 


Cecil  Rhodes,  the  Man  and  his  Work.  By 
Gordon  Le  Sueur.  (John  Murray,  12/ 
net.) 

A  complete  Life  of  Cecil  Rhodes  is  yet 
to  be  written,  but  monographs  accumulate, 
and  therewithal  no  doubt  the  materials 
of  the  appropriate  biographer,  when — if 
ever — he   is   evolved.     The    study   under 
review  is  by  Mr.  Le  Sueur,  one  of  Rhodes's 
private  secretaries,  whose  aim  is  modest. 
Finding  the   "  real  Rhodes  "  less  in  the 
volunteered     biography     of     Sir     Lewis 
Mitchell    and    in    the    volumes  of  other 
commentators  than  in  the  article  '  Rhodes  ' 
in  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography/ 
Mr.  Le  Sueur  is  "  simply  endeavouring  to 
convey  an  impression  of  the  man  and  his 
work,  formed  from  what  I  knew  of  him." 
If    certain    features     of     his     subject 
may  seem  to  some  of  Rhodes's  friends  to 
be  in  effect  exaggerated  at  the  expense  of 
others,  yet  an  impression  is  formed  which 
is  lifelike.      We   may  not  discover  from 
these  pages  how  or  why  it  was  that  Rhodes 
did   certain   great   things,   but   the    least 
sympathetic  reader  will  not  deny  that  a 
great    creature,     an    extraordinary    per- 
sonality is  revealed  here.     And,  granting 
Rhodes's   eminence    and   importance,  we 
find  set  down  concerning  him  a  hundred 
and  one  of  those  intimate  details  of  which 
the  world — sometimes  shamefacedly,  some- 
times boldly,  and  defending  its  curiosity — 
has  commonly  been  avid  where  a  character 
or  a  career  has  captured  its  interest  and 
curiosity.     Thus   you   read   that   Rhodes 
was  left-handed,  that  the  little  finger  of  his 
right  hand  bent  at  the   middle  knuckle 
so  that  he  could  not  straighten  it,  and  that 
he  was  sensitive  about  that  little  finger,, 
keeping  his  right  hand  covered  from  photo- 
graphers.    You  read  how,  when  dressed 
for  dinner,  he 

"  invariably  wore  a  black  waistcoat,  and  as 
a  rule  displayed  two  or  three  inches  of  white 
shirt  front  between  the  bottom  of  the  waist- 
coat and  top  of  the  trousers." 

You  hear  that  he  was  a  valiant  trencher- 
man, liking  on  the  veldt  to  get  the  joint 
in  front  of  him  and  cut  off  great  hunks  of 
meat  ;   that  when  he  drank  champagne  he- 
preferred  it  in  a  tumbler ;  and  that  when 
he  smoked    cigarettes  he  disliked  to  use- 
a    match,    preferring    to    light    a    fresh 
cigarette  at  the  stump  of  the  one  he  had 
finished.     On  the  veldt  he  shaves  regularly 
every  morning  ;    then  solemnly  walks  off 
and  buries  the   paper  he  had  wiped  his 
razor  on.     A  maker  of  Empire,   he  has 
no    bump    of    locality,    and    is    haunted 
with  a  fear  of  losing  himself  on  the  veldt. 
During   the   heat  of   the   day,   when   on 
trek,   he   spends   the   halt   under   a   tree 
reading,  and  his  favourite  Gibbon  being 


No.  4497.  .I\\.   3,    191-1 


Til  K     AT  II  K\  .Ell  M 


too  heavy  to  pack,  the  companions  of  his 
journey   are     Marcus   Aurehus  and    Plu- 
tarch's '  Lives '  in  pockel  volumes,  with  a 
single  larger  book— a  volume  usually  of 
Jowett's  '  Plato.'     He  will  not  eat  alone; 
and  while    at    meat   in    the    Matoppos   his 
dining-hut   must    have   no   Bides,    its   roof 
being  Supported  by  hare  poles  so  that    he 
may  view   the  scenery  all  round.    Kummel 
lie    likes,    but  not.  .Air.  Le  Sueur  is  careful 
to  state,  in  any  excess  by  South  African 
standards,  hating  the   practice  of    ••nip- 
ping" :   while  tea.  to  please  him.  must  be 
"very: strong — almost  black."     His  clothes 
are  so  old  that  a  favourite  coat,  being  sent 
to  the  tailor   to    be   cleaned   and  mended, 
is  promptly  returned  ;    the    tailor  regrets 
that  "  all  he  can  do  with  the  garment  is 
to  make  a  new  eoat  to  match  the  buttons  "  ! 
Yet  with  much  personal  untidiness  goes 
a   contrary  instinct  which  makes  Rhodes 
pick  up  and  conceal  the  match  or  cigar- 
end  which  a  visitor  has  thrown  on  the 
verandah. 

All  this,  with  a  fresh  instance  to  every 
page,  is  enough  and  to  spare  concerning 
his  personal  habits.  In  action  and  in 
his  table-talk  are  other  minor  revelations 
of  traits  less  superficial.  His  patriotism 
is  seen  to  be  innate  and  thoroughgoing. 


unt  ll  some  one 


Keeping  a  journal  or  commonplace  book, 
he  writes   in   it  :     "  Ask  any  man   what 
nationality  lie  would  prefer  to  be  [sic],  and 
ninety-nine  out  of  a  hundred  would  tell 
you  that  they  would  prefer  to  be  English- 
men."    Equally     boyish,     too,     but     an 
effect  no  doubt  in  part  of  the  irritability 
caused  by  a  diseased  heart,  is  his  affecta- 
tion  of   hardness   and   a   brutal   manner. 
Days  after  he  has  rejected  the  suit  of  a 
poor  woman  on  behalf  of  herself  and  her 
husband,     and     has     marched    indignant 
from  the  room,  he  is  haunted  by  some 
detail  of  her  story  ;    inquires  anxiously  of 
his   secretary   whether   he   has   not   done 
something  "  off  his  own  bat  "  to  relieve 
her  situation,  and    is    thankful  to    hear 
that  this  has  been  done  against  his  own 
orders.     He     flies     out    on     occasion     at 
secretaries  and  servants,  yet  he  is  marked- 
ly  sensitive   about   the   feelings,   on   the  j 
question  of  colour,  of  his  half-caste  valet.  ! 
The  incarnation  of  frankness  by  nature,  he 
attempts   a   ponderous   finesse,   screening 
himself   (as  when  he  fails  to  keep  social 
engagements)  behind  his  secretaries  ;    and 
elsewhere  taking  to   himself    airs  of   the 
diplomatic   and   the   disingenuous,   which 
are  merely  boyish,  and  which  only  a  school- 
master would  soberly  censure,     ilis  talk 
is  at  times  of  an  extraordinary  shrewdness 
and   insight ;     at   other   times   he    states 
that  two  and  two  make  four  '   with  an 
air  of  conveying  startling  new  facts  to  his 
listeners."     His  physical  likeness  to  cer- 
tain   Roman  emperors   is   actual   and  un- 
deniable ;      but     he     is     horrified     when 
compared      in     appearance      with      Nero, 
retry    believes     himself    to    resemble 
Hadrian,    and     is     caught    by    a    friend 
stroking  his  nose  before  "a  portrait" — 
.Mr.    Le    Sueur    means    a    bust — of    that 
emperor.     He  sees  himself  lees  as  a   man 
of  action   than   as   a    master  of  epigram, 
and  his  intimates  Lrnn  when,  a  refractory 
epigram  having  missed  fire  at  luncheon  or 


dinner,  he  repeats  it  ag 
"  takes  notice." 

Such  is  "  the  Old  .Man,"  as  Mr.  Le 
Sueur  and  other  young  men  his  colleagues 
called  him  in  life,  and  as  he  now  de- 
scribes him.  That  was  the  name  by 
whioh  Rhodes  was  known  to  certain  of  his 
more  youthful  intimates,  and  it  may 
well  stand  for  the  side  of  him  which   .Mr. 

Le  Sueur  affectionately  portrays.   Jn  Eng- 
land we  should  look  askance  at  a  private 
secretary  to  a  statesman  who  should  sit 
down,    years    after    their    association,   to 
record    "  anything    he    knows   of    interest 
to    the    public"    and    "to    present"    his 
chief  "  as  a  human  document."     Rut  the 
cases  of  a  British  statesman  and  his  secre- 
tary and  of  Rhodes  and  the  "  bodyguard  " 
are   not   analogous.     "  Bodyguard  "    was 
the  name  given  to  the  succession  of  young 
nun — all     Colonial     born,     and     in     Mr. 
Le  Sueur's  case,  as  in  that  of  Mr.  Jourdan, 
Dutch    as  well — who    at    different    times 
were     attached     to    Rhodes     less,    per- 
haps,   as    secretaries    than    as    congenial 
company — manly,     useful,      "  all-round  " 
A.D.C.'s,  suitable  for  rough  wear  and  for 
South  Africa.     They  were  excellent  young 
men,  good  at  many  things,  and  not  least 
at   being  able   to  endure,  along  with  an 
immense  amount  of  kindness  from  their 
chief,  a  certain  measure  of  rough  handling, 
which   they  never   misunderstood   or  re- 
sented.    Secretaries    in    the    home    sense 
thev    were    not.     Loaded    with    benefits, 


Bj         E.      C       Me\ 

(Smith,  Elder  i   • 


fagged  at  times  severely,  and  at  times 
stormed  at,  they  enjoyed  rough  and  smooth 
with  royal  equanimity,  and  took  their 
revenge  in  chaff,  or  were  comforted  with 
princely  indulgences.  Probably  it  is  true 
of  a  personality  like  that  of  Rhodes 
that  his  intimates  grasped  and  appreciated 
him  according  to  their  scope.  The  side 
shown  by  Mr.  Le  Sueur  was  not  the  most 
august  part  of  Rhodes,  but  we  shall  be 
greatly  surprised  if  his  revelations  bring 
to  the  Colossus  the  faintest  discredit  with 
any  one  fit  to  be  outside  the  walls  of  an 
asylum. 

There  are  indiscretions  and  a  number  of 
petty  inaccuracies  ;  here  and  there  the 
"  withers  "  of  living  persons  too  candidly 
discussed  may  not  unnaturally  be"  wrung." 
faults  of  taste  must  be  admitted  ;  and 
the  arrangement  of  the  book  leaves  some- 
thing to  desire. 

Other  private  secretaries  are  not  invited 
to  follow  this  example.  Set  in  his  in- 
discretions lies  Mr.  Le  Sueur's  chief  value. 
The  small-beer  he  deliberately  presses  on 
us — apologizing  if  he  shall  seem  to  have 
ventured  too  far  from  his  barrel  -enables 
us    to  visualize  the  man.      It  is  a  finer 

tribute   to    Rhodes    which    paints    in    (and 

even    exaggerates)    the    warts,  and   still 

regards  the  sitter  with  undiminished 
rapture,  than  one  which  would  obliterate 
these    roughnesses.     It    is    impossible    to 

withstand    the     weight     of     testimony     to 

Khodes's  essential  "  decency  "  (in  the 
schoolboy's  word)  which  the  more  re- 
sponsible of  bis  contemporaries  accumu- 
late. That  sober  U  stimony  is  i><  i 
countersigned  by  a  less  reverent  and 
sedate,  but  a  sincere  devotion  and  hero 
worship. 


India  <>i  To  rfni/. 
Thompson  Ml'. 
6/  net.) 

Mr  Meysey-Thompson  has  visited  India, 

and  appears  to  have  formed  his  views  "ii 

the  information  of  one  class  of  men.     All 

they    told    him    is    put    down   as   though    it 

wen  the  whole  truth,  and  as  though  thi 
were  nothing  to  be  said  on  any  other  side. 

We  are  informed  that  "  no  reform  should 
be    attempted     which     could     impair    the 

utility  of  the  Indian  ('nil  Service,1    and 

this  is  said  in  a  solemn  way,  as  though  it 
were  a  point  on  which  men  differed.  The 
author  proceeds  to  belabour  Lord   Morlev 

and  the  Liberal  <  lovernmenl .  and  to  praise 
everything   that    Lord   Curzon   did.  in   a 

style  that  becomes  tedious.  Party  attack 
was    to    be    looked    for.    hut     it    doe.-    not 

strengthen  Mr.  Meysey-Thompson's  argu- 
ments, and  bis  criticism  is  not  of  a  well- 
reasoned  kind.  It  may  or  may  not  be 
true  that  "the  whole  of  Britain  across 
the  seas  looks  with  expectation  for  the 
consolidation  of  the  Imperial  system,  by 
a  Central  Council  on  a  common  com- 
mercial basis";  but,  if  true,  we  wish  Mr. 
Meysey-Thompson  had  thought  out  the 
place  of  India  in  any  such  "common 
commercial"  scheme,  and  had  explained 
what  he  thought  that  place  should  b« 

Much  of  the  early  part  of  the  hook  can 

be    skipped    with    advantage,    for    Mr. 

Meysey-Thompson's  pen  does  not  lend 
itself  to  descriptions  of  scenery,  and  his 
history  of  Delhi  and  other  places  is 
familiar  from  other  hooks.  The  old  story 
of  the  Mutiny  and  of  the  greased  cart- 
ridges is  set  forth  as  though  it  were 
something  novel.  This  we  could  forgive, 
but  there  are  worse  faults.  Many  oi  the 
facts  which  should  have  been  up  to 
date  are  stale.  One  instance  is  sufficient. 
The  Indian  census  of  I'.tlll  is  used,  and 
we  are  twice  told  that  it  is  the  latesl 
available;  but  that  for  1911  has  been 
published. 

Mr.   Meysey  -  Thompson    is    nol    only 
behind  the  time,  hut  also  unfair.     When 

he   talks  of   the   trade    figures  of    India    he 

takes    the    "ten    years    of    Conservative 

rule     at     home     in    which     fell     the     wise 

and  statesmanlike  administration ol  Lord 
Curzon,"  and.  by  picking  oul  those  y< 
he  proves  to  his  own  satisfaction  that  the 
volume  of  trade  increaa  d  "  till,  in  1906 

it  reached  "    226     million     pounds.      Why 

(IOCS      he      Seleet       t!|o>e      \eaiS    |        \Vll\ 

take   the   following  five,   when   the   total 

reached   i2'.><>   millions   sterling  1    This   is 

Put    one  example   ol    the    wa\    in    «  1 

has  huilt  up  his  case. 

It  iscurioua  too  thai  in  a  I k  <<n  In 

a  book  which  profi  sses  to  d<  al  with  nib 

oi    taxation    and    the       drain 
wealth,"   uol    a    word    is   said   about  th«- 
arnn    and    the   immense   Bum    which   wo 
make  India   paj    for  it.     Throughou(   I 
pag<  h       British    and 
axe    hotly    attacked       but    to    saj    tl 
what     we    do    to    mitigate    famim 
■•  practical   reful  ition      oi    th«  ir  - 
futile  Btyle  "f  argumi  at. 


8 


T  II  K     AT  II  ENiEUM 


No.  4497,  Jan.  3,  1914 


The  Making  of  the  Australian  Common- 
wealth,  1889-1900.  By  Bernliard  Ring- 
rose  Wise.     (Longmans  &  Co.,  7/6  net.) 

The  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  By  the 
Hon.  Bernhard  R.  Wise.  Second  Edi- 
tion.    (Pitman  &  Sons,  7/6  net.) 

The  Hon.  B.  R.  Wise,  who  has  been  twice 
Attorney-General  of  New  South  Wales, 
and  himself  one  of  the  delegates  from 
that  colony  to  the  Australian  Federal 
Convention,  has  done  well  to  reissue  his 
book  on  Australia,  and  write  the  story 
of  the  making  of  the  Commonwealth, 
for,  as  a  colleague  of  Sir  Henry  Parkes, 
he  was  much  behind  the  scenes,  and  in  a 
position  to  give  us  new  information  and 
to  collect  facts  which  had  hitherto  been 
lost  in  the  daily  press  and  in  Colonial 
Hansards. 

The  originating  motives  of  Federation 
were  well  set  out  by  an  Australian  corre- 
spondent of  The  Times  in  an  article 
published  in  the  course  of  last  year. 
They  were  three  in  number — the  wish 
that  a  single  voice  should  represent 
Australian  feeling  to  Imperial  statesmen, 
the  need  for  a  single  system  of  defence, 
and  the  irritation  caused  by  border 
Custom-houses.  In  his  new  work  Mr. 
Wise  has  no  occasion  to  go  back  to .  the 
ancient  history  of  the  federal  move- 
ment, and  we  do  not  think  he  refers  to 
the  fact  that  in  1849  Lord  Grey  called 
for  a  report  about  the  government  of 
Australia,  which  proved  to  be  much  in 
advance  of  its  time,  and  is  even  to-day 
an  interesting  document.  That  report 
never  thought  of  defence,  but  it  foresaw 
grave  inconvenience  from  tariffs,  and 
recommended  one  tariff  common  to  the 
whole  of  Australia,  and  it  definitely 
advocated  a  federal  Australia. 

Mr.  Wise  begins  forty  years  later, 
with  the  Tenterfield  speech  of  Sir  Henry 
Parkes,  made  in  October,  1889,  after 
Parkes's  preliminary  attempts  to  bring  in 
the  other  colonies  had  met  with  nothing 
save  discouragement.  The  Tenterfield 
speech  concluded  with  the  statement : 
'"  The  thing  will  have  to  be  done,  and  to 
put  it  off  will  only  make  the  difficulties 
greater."  Parkes  was  sneered  at  by 
many  men,  but,  when  one  looks  back 
at  what  he  did,  it  is  not  possible  to  dis- 
agree with  Mr.  Wise  in  thinking  that,  had 
Union  been  delayed  for  another  ten  years, 
it  could  not  have  been  accomplished, 
except  under  the  pressure  of  some  great 
trouble. 

Tariff  was  always  one  of  the  two  great 
difficulties ;  and  we  are  glad  that  Mr. 
Wise  has  explained  with  much  clearness 
how  this  problem  of  finance,  which  the 
Convention  of  1897-8  found  almost  in- 
soluble, was  easily  solved  by  the  framers  of 
the  Bill  of  1891.  That  Bill  did  not  pass, 
but  Sir  Henry  Parkes  prophesied  truly 
when  he  described  it  as  "a  document 
which  will  be  remembered  as  long  as 
Australia  and  the  English  language  en- 
dure." 

We  are  pleased  to  note  the  praise 
awarded  to  two  men  whosework  for  Federa- 


tion is  apt  to  be  forgotten  :  Mr.  Macrossan 
(who  died  while  the  Convention  of  1891 
was  sitting)  and  Mr.  A.  I.  Clarke  ;  and 
if  Mr.  Reid's  action  is  often  severely 
treated,  the  criticism  by  Mr.  Wise  is 
always  in  good  taste,  and  some  of  Mr. 
Reid's  retorts  to  opponents  will  give  as 
much  pleasure  to  his  enemies  as  to  his 
friends.  At  one  meeting  an  interjector 
called  out  "  Double-faced,"  and  Avhen 
Mr.  Reid  had  carefully  fixed  his  eyeglass, 
he  said  :  "  Look  at  him  !  I  am  sure  he 
has  not  got  two  faces ;  for,  if  he  had,  he 
would  have  left  that  one  at  home  !  " 
At  another  gathering  when  he  rose  to 
speak  he  was  greeted  with  organized 
bellowing.  Waiting  only  until  the  crowd 
paused  for  breath,  he  said  :  "  Well !  I 
only  called  you  '  Gentlemen  '  !  " 

Mr.  Wise's  new  book  contains  all  the  facts 
that  are  needed  for  a  proper  understanding 
of  the  making  of  the  Commonwealth ; 
and,  in  his  concluding  words,  he  gives 
it  as  his  belief  that  if  the  new  Parliament 
has  not  fulfilled  all  expectations,  it  is 
superior  to  the  legislative  bodies  of  the 
individual  States.  Its  usefulness  has 
been  impaired  by  what  Mr.  Wise  calls 
unexpected  decisions  of  the  High  Court ; 
and  if  there  are  defects  in  the  Constitu- 
tion, he  thinks  that  they  can  be  remedied 
by  an  extension  of  federal  powers,  to- 
gether with  increased  powers  of  local 
government  and  the  subdivision  of  the 
larger  States. 

In  many  respects  Mr.  Wise  has  brought 
up  to  date  his  other  volume,  which  we 
noticed  at  length  in  The  Athenazum  of 
May  22nd,  1909;  but  things  move  so 
rapidly  in  Australia  that  some  of  his 
figures  (those,  for  instance,  which  deal 
with  defence)  have  become  out  of  date 
even  while  the  book  was  in  the  printer's 
hands.  Our  English  House  of  Commons 
constantly  quotes  the  experimental  legis- 
lation of  Australia,  and  there  has,  in 
recent  years,  been  no  falling  off  in  the 
boldness  of  the  schemes  put  forward  in 
the  continent  of  the  Southern  seas. 
"  The  plentiful  lack  of  knowledge  about 
Australia  "  justifies  Mr.  Wise's  book,  and 
he  does  well  to  tell  his  English  readers 
many  things  which  they  ought  to  know, 
but  of  which,  as  a  fact,  they  have  no 
knowledge.  In  some  shrewd  remarks  about 
class  antagonism  the  marked  differences 
between  Australia  and  the  United  States 
are  clearly  explained.  Mr.  Wise  shows  that 
the  motto  of  Australian  supporters  of 
reform  might  almost  be  "to  make  Aus- 
tralia everything  that  America  is  not  " — 
so  strenuous  in  Australia  is  the  struggle 
against  the  power  of  wealth,  and  so  well 
have  the  Australians  learnt  the  lessons 
taught  by  the  disclosures  of  social  anarchy 
in  the  United  States.  The  book  which 
stands  second  in  our  heading  contains 
many  statistics  and  much  dull,  useful 
information,  but  it  is  enlivened  with 
tales  such  as  that  of  the  Australian  boy 
who  declared  in  London  that  the  Presby- 
terian Church  at  Ballarat  was  finer  than 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  and  Mr.  Wise  con-  i 
fesses  that  this  boy  is  of  a  type  not  entirely  i 
imaginary.  ' 


The  Journal  of  a  British  Chaplain  in 
Paris  during  the  Peace  Negotiations  of 
1801-2.  Edited  by  A.  M.  Broadley. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) 

The  Rev.  Dawson  Warren,  born  in  1770, 
went  with  his  brother-in-law,  Francis- 
Jackson,  our  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  to- 
Paris  in  November,  1801,  and  this  most 
interesting  diary  which  he  kept  there  is- 
now  published  for  the  first  time.  Mr. 
Warren  came  home  before  the  Jackson 
mission  was  at  an  end,  but  some  extracts 
from  the  diary  of  George  Jackson,  the 
younger  brother  of  our  Minister,  bring  the 
story  down  to  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of 
Amiens  ;  and  George  Jackson's  journal 
is  the  best  part  of  the  book,  but  his  diaries 
have  been  public  since  1872. 

Dawson  Warren  was  nominally  Chaplain 
to  his  brother-in-law,  but  his  duties  were 
light,  and,  fortunately  for  his  readers,  he 
devoted  his  time  to  seeing  all  the  life  of 
Paris  that  he  could.  He  thanks  God  that 
he  is  "  still  a  native  of  England  and  never 
likely  to  be  a  citizen  of  the  French  Re- 
public "  ;  but  he  enjoyed  himself  so  much 
in  Paris  that  in  his  oid  age  his  conscience 
reproached  him,  and  he  questioned  whether 
he  ought  to  have  been  so  gay. 

In  the  early  days  of  his  visit  we  get 
this  sketch  of  Bonaparte  : — 

"  There  is  nothing  remarkable  to  describe. 
The  great  soul  of .  .  .  .the  Conqueror  of  Italy,, 
and  the  terror  of  a  great  part  of  Europe, 
is  lodged  in  a  small  light  body  about  five 
feet  four  inches  high." 

Bonaparte's  dress  is  described  in  detail, 
and  then  the  Chaplain  adds  : — 

"  His  countenance  appeared  to  be  thinr 
sallow  and  unhealthy.  The  lightening  [sic} 
of  his  eye  which  is  so  often  talked  of  was 
not  then  flashing,  nor  was  there  any  thing 
in  his  appearance  which  would  have  led  me- 
to  suppose  that  he  was  any  thing  more  than 
an  attorney's  clerk." 

But  elsewhere  Warren  notes  that  Napo- 
leon was  already  being  called  "  His  ConI 
sular  Majesty,"  on  account  of  his  rega- 
state.  Dawson  Warren  was  taken  by 
Francis  Jackson  to  the  Tuileries,  and  went 
in  the  full  canonicals  of  an  Anglican  divine. 
At  a  moment  when  religion  and  the  Deit\r 
were  abolished  by  legal  decree,  he  natur- 
ally attracted  attention.  When  he  was- 
introduced  to  the  First  Consul,  Bonaparte 
looked  at  him  and  at  once  asked  what  his 
dress  was.  Bonaparte  next  inquired  if 
he  were  a  bishop,  and,  Warren's  French 
being  bad,  the  reply  was  "  Pas  encore." 

Those  who  still  take  an  interest  in 
Latude's  escape  from  the  Bastille  will; 
find  some  new  information  in  this  diarj\ 
Warren's  French-master  had  a  wife  who 
had  picked  up  a  letter  from  Latude,  and 
had  helped  Latude,  after  his  first  escape 
and  recapture,  to  obtain  his  release  ;  and 
Warren  saw  all  Latude's  ladders  and 
instruments,  and  made  sketches  of  them, 
which  are  reproduced. 

Here  and  there  the  diary  throws  light 
on  the  difficulties  of  travel  in  France  in 
those  days.  In  December,  1801,  note  is 
made  that  Lord  Arthur  Somerset,  just 
arrived  from   Bordeaux,   had  found   the 


No.4497,  Jan.  3,   1014 


'I1 11  E     A  Til  K\  .KU.M 


roads  so  bad  that  he  could  seldom  pro- 
oeed  at  more  than  two  miles  an  hour,  and 
near  Angouleme  he  had  passed  the  dili- 
gence, which  was  being  dragged  by  four 
oxen  and  eight  horses. 

Warren  occasionally  breaks  into  French, 
and  his  editor  has  apparently  preferred 

not  to  correct  him  in  any  way.  The 
results  are  sometimes  amusing  and  some- 
times irritating  ;  and  throughout  the 
book  accents  have  been  left  to  take  care 
of  themselves.  It  might  have  been  better 
to  correct  obvious  slips. 

Mr.  Broadley  has  supplied  some  good 
illustrations  from  his  collection  of  old 
prints,  but  the  inscription  under  one  is 
puzzling.     The  picture  is  said  to  represent 

Dessein's  Hotel,  Paris,  where  the 
members  of  the  Jackson  Mission  staved 
13-14  Nov.,  1807."  We  suppose  that 
1807  is  a  mistake  for  1801  ;  and  we  imagine 
that  '*  Paris  "  is  a  slip  for  Calais.  There 
is  a  note  by  the  editor  to  say  that  Sterne 
stayed  at  the  hotel  and  made  it  famous. 
It  was  at  Dessein's  at  Calais  that 
"Sterne  stayed  ;  and  in  '  The  Sentimental 
-Journey  '  when  he  readied  Paris  he  went 
to  what  he  calls  the  "  Hotel  de  Modene." 


(Fisher 


Jail  Journal.     By  John  Mitchel. 
Unwin,  6/  net.) 

Tins  is  the  Journal  of  John  Mitchel,  the 
great  Irish  rebel,  a  man  similar  in 
intellect  and  character  to  Kossuth  and 
Mazzini,  but  dowered  with  all  that  racial 
perversity  which  is  so  perplexing  to  the 
Saxon.  The  Journal  was  for  the  most 
part  written  while  Mitchel  was  '"  prisoner 
in  the  hands  of  the  English  " — that  is  to 
say,  whilst  serving  a  sentence  of  fourteen 
years'  transportation  for  preaching  what 
in  later  days  became  known  as  Agrarian- 
ism.  His  policy  fell  at  the  time  on 
stony  soil,  but  thirty  years  later  was  car- 
ried out  by  Parnell  and  the  Land  League. 
"  Keep  a  grip  of  your  homesteads,"  was 
the  phrase  in  which  Parnell  summed  up 
Mitchel's  policy.  Rightly  or  wrongly,  the 
•events  which  accompanied  the  famines  of 
1846-7  led  the  Irish  leaders  to  believe 
that  the  English  Government  was  deli- 
berately playing  for  the  reduction  of  the 
Celtic  population  of  Ireland  by  starvation 
or  emigration.  Out  of  the  bitterness  of 
despair,  and  over  the  grave  of  O'Connell, 
John  Mitchel's  new  agrarian  policy  was 
born  and  preached  with  all  his  force  and 
fire.  A  needlessly  terrified  Government 
seized  and  hurried  him  to  trial,  at  the 
hands  of  a  packed  jury,  with  an  assured 
verdict  and  sentence  of  transportation. 

The  Journal  bt  Lrin-  OH  -May  27th,  1848, 
the  very  day  of  Mitchel's  conviction 
and  sentence  ;  continues  throughout  five 
years  of  transportation  from  Ireland  to 
Bermuda,  Bermuda  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  thence  to  Van  Diemen's  Land  : 
and  concludes  with  two  years  of  freedom 
in  Xew  York  and  Paris  after  hi-  escape 
from  Van  Diemen's  Land.  It  was  in  1  >>-">  * 
the  second  of  these  latter  years,  that  the 
-Journal  was  published    in    Bfitchel's    first 


Xew  York  paper  The  Citizen,  and  the 
present  volume  is  almost  an  exact  repro- 
duction of  the  Journal  as  it  then  appeared. 
It  is  a  remarkable  document,  not  only  in 
its  subject-matter,  but  also  in  its  natural 
rhetoric  which  is  terse  beyond  the  culti- 
vated simplicity  of  more  studied  writers. 

Dramatic  opening  passages  swiftly  de- 
scribe his  sentence  ;  the  haste  to  load  him 
with  chains  and  hurry  him  into  a  closed 
van  filled  with  armed  police  ;  confused 
orders  and  counter-orders,  the  van  driven 
off  at  a  furious  pace  to  North  Wall. 
dragoons  with  drawn  sabres  surrounding 
it,  the  naked  swords  of  the  carbineers 
keeping  an  avenue  through  dense 
crowds  of  silent  and  sullen  men.  From 
that  opening  the  Journal  holds  the 
reader,  whether  willingly  or  unwillingly. 
Mitchel's  satire  is  as  fierce  as  cold  steel,  as 
when  he  apologizes  for  "  the  Barbarian 
Celtic  nature  ever  revolting,  in  its  sense- 
less, driftless  way,  against  the  genius  of 
British  civilisation,"  or  tells  a  tale  of  the 
various  convict  settlements  suggested  for 
him  in  the  Pacific,  the  West  Indies, 
Australasia — anywhere  far  from  Ireland. 
They  have  these  settlements  everywhere, 
reflects  Mitchel,  '*  for  on  British  felony  the 
sun  never  sets."  Much  of  the  Journal  is 
given  to  closely  woven  descriptions  of  the 
everyday  details  of  his  life,  often  written 
impersonally,  as  when  he  describes  the 
effects  of  solitary  confinement  with  a 
terrible  simplicity.  Conversations  with 
governors,  naval  and  military  officers — all 
with  whom  he  came  in  contact — often 
give  striking  pictures  of  a  day  close  to  our 
own  in  years,  yet  so  remote  in  spirit  and 
atmosphere  that  they  read  like  chronicles 
from  another  world. 

Through  all,  the  prisoner's  one  pre- 
occupation is  his  famine-stricken  country, 
her  shepherdless  people,  her  doubtful 
future.  The  irony  springs  from  the 
bitterness  of  a  large  spirit  ;  the  rhetoric  is 
that  of  a  cultivated  mind  overcharged 
with  thought  and  feeling  ;  the  satire  is 
never  directed  against  individuals,  and 
there  is  never  a  trace  of  any  sense  of 
personal  injury,  petty  persecutions  being 
passed  over  with  a  half-humorous  disdain. 
The  lasting  impression  of  the  writer  left 
by  the  Journal  is  of  one  large  in  outlook, 
strong  and  self-possessed,  inspired  by  a 
pure  passion  against  injustice,  yet  withal 
ever  serene  in  the  possession  of  a  free  sold 
and  a  stubborn  will. 

We  have  to  remark,  as  a  somewhat 
strange  omission  on  the  part  of  the 
publishers,  that  we  find  no  exact  bio- 
graphical    note    covering    the    principal 

events  of  John  Mitchel's  life.     The  general 

leader  will  not   have  gone  far  in  the  hook 

before    he    is    likely    to    seek    so further 

information  about  its  writer — amid   what 
Scenes  he  was  born  and   brought    u|i.  what 

manner  of  women  were  his  mother  and  his 
w  ife,  and  where  and  how  his  later  da}  a  w 
spent.     There  are  several  pages  ol  useful 
biographical  detail--  of  In-  oontemporari 
but  from  am  thing  appearing  in  the  volum< 
we  doubt  if  a  reader  could  readily  gather 

even  the  age  of  .Mitchel  ,it    the   time  of  his 

t  ransportal  ion. 


The  Hapsburg  Monarchy.  By  Henry  Wick- 
ham  Steed.      (Constable  _  ('o.,  7,(»  n-  t   i 

That  section  of  the  British  public  which 
takes  a  regular  interest  in  foreign  affairs 
will  be  quick  to  recognize  that  at   last  a 

book  on  Austria  has  been  written  which 
is    eminently   readable,   and    at    the   same 

time  gives  first-hand  information  on  the 
complex  problems  of  the  Hapsburg  mon- 
archy. Mr.  Steed  (who  was  latch  corre- 
spondent of  The  '/'inns  in  Vienna)  has 
written  a  work  which  bears  on  every  p 
the  stamp  of  authority,  and  .shows  un- 
usual powers  of  observation.  Books  on 
Austria  usually  oner  a  scries  of  general 
impressions,  or  BOOH  lose  their  way  in  a 
maze  of  statistics  ;  they  tell  us  too  much 
of  the  disruptive  forces  in  the  Empire, 
they  point  out  the  obvious  weaknesses  of 
the    fabric;     but     they  offer    us    little,    if 

anything,  by  way  of  explaining  what  are 

the  forces  that  work  for  stability,  and, 
in  spite  of  the  cynical  prophecies  to 
the  contrary  of  outside  observers  from 
Napoleon  to  (dad-tone,  hold  that  fabric 
together. 

Mr.  Steed  gives  but  few  personal 
impressions,  and  spares  us  the  usual 
columns  of  national  statistics.  He  sketches 
the  functions,  and.  above  all.  describes  the 
powerful  influence,  of  the  monarchy  and 
the  State  before  he  attempts  to  enter 
into  the  racial  animosities  of  the  people, 
or  to  estimate  their  disintegrating  influ- 
ence. In  his  Introduction  we  find  the 
following  significant  observations  : — 

"Parliament  is  no  sufficient  safeguard; 
for  parliaments  can  be  bought,  influenced, 
or  gerrymandered  into  conscious  or  inad- 
vertent alliance  with  the  economic  prill 
of  the  world.  One  of  the  reasons  lor  the 
popularity  and  prestige  of  the  Austrian 
Emperor  among  his  subjects  is  his  entire 
freedom  from  personal  interest  in  economic 
concerns.  ...  Next  in  importance  to  Crown 
stand  the  institutions  of  State,  the  Army, 
Church,  die  Police,  the  Bureaucracy." 

In  short,  it  is  the  Crown.  '"  whose  functions 
must  be  expressed  in  terms  of  dynamics, 
not  of  statics."  that  is  responsible  for  the 
continuance    of    the    Empire,    and    that 

1ms     the     real     control     of     it-     de-tin 

Austria  is  ruled  by  the  Emperor,  and 
"the  constitution  is  a  respectable  cloak 

for    the     nakedness    of     bureaucratic    and 

Imperial  absolution."     Mr.  St,,  d  pi ds 

to  examine  the  Dual  Settlement  which  was 
accorded  to  the  Huii_.iii.iti-  after  Sadowa, 

and  which  became  firmly  establish!  d  after 
Sedan,  because  the  French  defeat  i'  le- 
gated the  Austrian  policj  "t  revenge  t.. 
The  limbo  of  hope-  onfulfihV  d.  Mi  s'>  i  d 
not  -hare  the  opinion  that  Beusl  - 
compromise  will  be  the  rock  on  which  the 

Bhip  Of  State  Will  be  wicked  alter  the  death 

of  the  present  Emperor     <  »n  the  contrai 
the   days   of   Magyar   intolerance   app< 
to  be  numb  n  d       Bo  long  ago       is,J'  in 
an  article  in  the  R*  ■  »■   ■ 
M     ,|,     Laveleye    pointed    out    that    I 
Hungarians    appn  •  iat<  d    nothing    which 
was  not  i  onformable  to  then  own  d< 
tbey  are   blind   to  everything  that    runi 
contrary  to  them     Thej  have  not  tab  n 
the  warning.    The  Slai  -  lemi  m-  on  I 


10 


THE     ATIIEX.EUM 


\<>.  4497,  .Jan.  3,   1914 


southern  bank  of  the  Drave  are  in  open 
revolt,  and  so  far  from  being  in  a  position 
to  dictate  terms  to  Austria,  they  have 
now  to  fight  for  their  own  existence. 

The  chapter  on  Austrian  foreign  policy 
at  the  end  is  also  important.  It  sheds  a 
strong  light  on  the  involved  methods 
employed  by  Baron  Aerenthal  to  achieve 
his  ends,  and  gives  valuable  information 
about  the  realities  of  the  long  rivalry 
between  him  and  M.  Isvolsky,  which 
terminated  in  a  long  press-campaign  and 
the  Friedjung  trial.  Mr.  Steed  ends  by 
explaining  what  Austria  has  to  fear  from 
Germany,  Russia,  and  the  South  Slav 
States,  and  thinks  the  Hapsburg  dynasty, 
if  it  wishes  to  retain  the  power  it  has 
hitherto  wielded,  should 

"  rise  superior  to  the  lower  expediency  repre- 
sented by  the  line  of  least  resistance,  and 
comprehend  the  perennial  efficiency  of  the 
higher  expediency  represented  by  the  prin- 
ciple of  Justice." 


BROADSIDES,  CHAPBOOKS,  AND 
GARLANDS. 

An  age  that  will  not  rely  upon  its  own 
resources    betrays     its     lack    of    inspira- 
tion.    Certainly    if    literature,    and    par- 
ticularly poetry,  is  not  stamped  with  the 
"  form  and  pressure  "  of  the  time,  it  is 
not  likely  to  survive  it.     The  artist  may 
be  disgusted  with  the  period  in  which  he 
happens  to  be  born — and  a  good  many 
are,  with  very  good  reason — but  he  will 
not  make  the  utterance  of  his  disgust  in 
terms  of  literature  any  the  more  effective 
by  hiding  among  the  shibboleths  and  ruins 
of  an  epoch  of  his  forefathers.     Of  course, 
there  are  occasions  when  the  impulse  of 
one  age  is  the  aspiration  of  another  ;   but 
then    there    is    a    certain    coincidence    of 
values,    a    parallelism    of    spiritual    and 
intellectual    attitude.     The    Renaissance, 
for  instance,  looked  back  to  the  classics, 
because  it  found  in  them  a  means  towards 
that  artistic   liberty,  or,  as  we  might  call 
it  nowadays,  "  vitalism,''  which  was  the 
most   important   idea   it   had    to   deliver. 
It  is  only  when  the  faith  and  vitality  of  a 
period  are  on  the  ebb  that  its  retrospective 
experiments  are   merely  sterile   and   imi- 
tative. 

It  is  for  this  reason  that  we  are  in- 
clined to  be  sceptical  over  the  revival  of 
ehapbooks  and  broadsides  which  a  group 
of    modern    poets — two     of    them    with 

Broadsidks. — The  Old  Men.  By  Walter  de 
la  Mare. — The  Wind.  By  Lovat  Eraser. 
— The  Robin's  Song.  By  Richard  Honey- 
wood. — The  Blind  Fiddler's  Dog. — A  Song. 
By  Ralph  Hodgson. — -Staffordshire.  By 
Oliver  Davies. — Summer.  2d.  each  plain  ; 
■id.  coloiired. 

Chapbooks. — Five  New  Poems.  By  James 
Stephens. — The  Bull.  By  Ralph  Hodgson. 
— Eve,  and  Other  Poems.  Same  author. 
M.  each  :  and  Large  Paper,  2/6.  —  The 
Song  of  Honour.  By  Ralph  Hodgson. — 
The  Mystery,  and  Other  Poems.  Same 
author.     6d.  each. 

Garlands. — A  Garland  of  Neiv  Songs.  By 
L.  F.     Ad.  plain  ;    6c?.  coloured. 

(Flying  Fame,  45,  Roland  Gardens,  W 


notable  reputations — have  initiated.  Their 
enterprise    is,   we    suppose,    but   another 
symptom  of  the  pursuit  of  the  picturesque, 
which   is   the   fashion   to-day,    and  was, 
though  in  a  different  form,  in  the  days  of 
Anne  Radcliffe,  Macpherson,  Chatterton, 
and    Walpole.     What    possible     aesthetic 
ideal  purpose  is  served  by  this  reproduc- 
tion of  a  convention    happily  adaptable 
to    the    atmosphere    and    conditions    of 
Elizabethan    literature,    but    fallen    into 
merited     desuetude     in     the     eighteenth 
century  ?     The  lyrics  and  ballads  them- 
selves which  are  published   in   this   form 
are  not  in  the  least  reminiscent  of  any 
period    but    our    own,    and    Mr.    Lovat 
Fraser's    sketches,    though    old-fashioned 
by   Futurist   and    Cubist   standards,    are 
certainly  not  archaic.     Neither  do  twen- 
tieth-century methods  of  book-production 
favour  such  imitations  of  a  more  primitive 
craftsmanship.     A   comparison   with   the 
work  of  the  Kelmscott  Press  would  be 
quite    irrelevant.     Morris's    illuminations 
are  a  triumph,  not  of  the  initiative  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  but  of  the  most  elaborate 
resources  of  modern  craft.     And  the  old 
broadsides  and  chapbooks  are    simple  not 
because  they  are  beautiful,  but  because 
the    contemporary   means   of   publication 
had  not  reached  any   but  a  crude  stage 
of     development,     and      moreover,     the 
publishers    of    this    kind   of    work    had 
far   more    limited    resources    than   those 
whose      business     dealt     with     a     more 
ambitious  and  lucrative  output. 

There  is,  in  fact,  nothing  "  old- 
world  "  about  these  modern  "  broadsides 
chapbooks,  and  garlands,"  any  more 
than  there  was  about  Walpole's  Gothic 
castle  at  Strawberry  Hill.  They  are 
purelv  and  simply  an  affectation,  a  modish 
exercise  in  the  sham  antique.  At  any 
rate,  whatever  can  be  said  on  their  behalf, 
the  originators  of  the  device  have  adopted 
a  clumsy  compromise.  If  they  desired 
to  do  the  thing  thoroughly,  why  not — to 
use  a  vulgarism — have  "  gone  the  whole 
hog,"  and  made  the  printing  of  these 
single  sheets  and  blue,  magenta,  and 
yellow  paper  volumes,  and  the  style  and 
composition  of  the  verses,  as  antiquarian 
as  the  format  ?  As  it  is,  they  have  not 
succeeded  more  than  the  furniture  dealer 
who  appends  a  1013  label  to  an  imitation 
Chippendale. 

The  contents  of  these  volumes  are  almost 
as  disappointing  as  their  equipment. 
Mr.  Stephens's  Five  Poems  are,  for 
him,  quite  commonplace.  They  have  but 
little  of  the  originality,  the  delicacy  and 
fertility  of  imagination,  the  vigour  and 
independence,  which  we  have  learnt  to 
expect  from  him.  Mr.  Ralph  Hodgson 
has  done  most  of  the  rest.  He  has  a 
nimble  fancy  and  a  competent  technique, 
but  is  far  too  liable  to  force  the  note  of 
simplicity  outrageously.  Also  he  is  prone 
to  elaborate  ideas  beyond  the  measure 
appropriate  to  them.  The  result  is  that 
his  achievement  has  an  appearance  of 
poverty  that  is  perhaps  unjust  to  it. 

The  piece  of  prose  and  the  half-dozen 
poems  printed  on  the  broadsides  are  rather 
negative,  except  for  an  exquisite  lyric — 
'  The  Old  Men,'  by  Mr.  de  la  Mare— which 


is  perfect  in  the  identity  of  thought  and 
emotion  with  their  rhythmic  expression  : — 

And  one  with  a  lanthorn  draws  near, 

At  clash  with  the  moon  in  our  eyes  : 

"  Where  art  thou  ?  "  he  asks  :       I  am  here  !  " 

One  by  one  we  arise, 

And  none  lifts  a  hand  to  withhold 

A  friend  from  the  touch  of  that  foe  : 

Heart  cries  unto  heart,  "  Thou  art  old  !  " 

Yet  reluctant  we  go. 

This  dirge  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  the 
author  of  '  The  Listeners.' 


My  Life  in  Sarawak.     Bv  the  Ranee  of 
Sarawak.     (Methuen  &"Co.,  12/6  net.) 

In  that  very  entertaining  work,  '  Who  's- 
Who,'  the  brief  biography  of  the  Rajah 
Mudah  of  Sarawak  ends  with  these  signi- 
ficant words,  "  understands  the  manage- 
ment of  natives."  One  observes  that 
this  useful  accomplishment  is  heredi- 
tary when  one  reads  the  modest  and 
delightful  autobiography  which  has  come 
from  the  pen  of  the  Ranee  of  Sarawak 
(Lady  Brooke).  In  view  of  the  unique 
position  held  by  the  second  English  ruler 
of  Sarawak,  it  must  have  seemed  a  some- 
what risky  experiment  to  take  an  average 
"  unidea'd  girl  "  out  to  play  her  part  as- 
practically  the  sole  representative  of 
English  womanhood  in  that  country- 
The  young  Ranee — as  she  observes  with 
charming  frankness  in  looking  back  to- 
ner girlhood — had  no  special  training  to- 
fit  her  for  a  delicate  position  : — 

"  I  had  received  the  limited  education 
given  to  girls  in  that  mid-Victorian  period  ^ 
I  had  been  taught  music,  dancing,  and  could 
speak  two  or  three  European  languages  r 
but,  as  regards  the  important  tilings  in  life., 
these  had  never  been  thought  of  conse- 
quence to  my  education." 

She  was  seasick  all  the  way  out,  and  when, 
she  landed  at  Singapore  she  simply  hated 
"  the  damp  clammy  feel  of  those  equa- 
torial regions  " — wherein  any  one  who- 
has  been  to  Singapore  can  sympathize 
with  her.  Reading  between  the  lines, 
one  may  perceive  that  the  English  officer 
who  came  across  from  Sarawak  to  meet 
the  Rajah  and  his  bride  was  dubious 
about  the  success  of  the  experiment  : — 

"  As  we  three  sat  on  deck,  I  thought  they 
were  the  most  silent  pair  I  had  ever  come 
across.  I  wanted  to  know  about  the  country,, 
and  asked  questions,  but  no  satisfactory 
answer  could  be  obtained,  and  I  was  gently 
made  to  understand  that  I  had  better  find1 
out  things  for  myself." 

Fortunately,  the  young  Ranee  had  the 
right  spirit  for  such  an  adventure — the 
spirit  which  enabled  her  brother,  Mr. 
Harry  de  Windt,  to  make  a  success 
of  Ins  various  explorations  among  wild 
folk.  Her  girlish  education  had  the 
qualities  of  its  defects  ;  there  was  no  pre- 
conceived idea  in  her  mind  as  to  the  atti- 
tude which  she  must  adopt  towards  her 
new  subjects. 

"  The  extraordinary  idea  which  English 
people  entertain  as  to  an  insuperable 
bar  existing  between  the  white  and  coloured 
races,  even  in  those  days  of  my  youth, 
appeared  to  me  to  be  absurd  and  nonsensical. 
Here  were  these  people,  with  hardly  any 
ideas  of  the  ways  of  Europeans,  who  came 


No.  4497,  Jan 


15)14 


T  II  E     AT  II  i:  X  .El'  M 


11 


to  me  as  though  they  were  my  own  brothers 
-and  sisters. ...  L  suppose  they  saw  how 
ready  1  was  to  oare  for  them  and  consider 
them  A-s  members  of  my  family." 

The  Ranee's  account  of  the  interview  at 
which  she  first  made  acquaintance  with 
the  wives  of  her  husband's  ministers  and 

officials  is  very  amusing.  '  I  feel  sure." 
-he  told  her  pilots.  "•  if  women  are  friends 
to  one  another,  they  can  never  feel  lonely 
in  any  country."  We  must  quote  the 
.  reply  of  Datu  Esa,  the  Prime  .Minister's 
wife,  to  whose  memory  the  hook  is  dedi- 
cated : — 

'"  Rajah  Ranee,  you  are  our  father,  our 
mother,  and  our  grandmother.  We  intend 
to  take  care  of  you  and  to  cherish  you,  but 
-don't  forget  that  you  are  very  young,  and 
that  you  know  nothing,  so  we  look  upon 
you  as  our  child.  When  the  Rajah  is  away, 
-as  I  am  the  oldest  woman  here,  I  will  look 
after  you.  There  is  one  thing  you  must  not 
<lo  :  I  have  heard  of  Englishwomen  taking 
the  hands  of  gentlemen  by  the  roadside. 
Xow,  Rajah  Ranee,  you  must  not  do  that, 
and  when  you  are  sad  you  must  come  to 
rue,  and  I  will  help  to  lighten  your  heart." 

It  is  no  wonder  that  the  young  Ranee 
speedily  lost  her  home-sickness,  and  threw 
herself  heart  and  soul  into  the  social  side 
•of  her  husband's  work.  Her  pleasant 
pages  give  a  vivid  and  picturesque  account 
■of  life  in  Sarawak,  and  describe  the 
■characteristics  of  both  Malays  and  Dyaks 
with  the  knowledge  that  is  only  born  of 
sympathy. 

Although  Sarawak  is  a  household  word 
\\  ith  us,  few  people  really  know  much 
about  the  wonderful  and  unselfish  work 
which  was  initiated  by  Sir  James  Brooke 
in  1841,  and  has  been  carried  on  with 
unflinching  devotion  by  his  successor, 
tie  present  Rajah,  and  those  on  whom 
the  actual  details  of  government  have 
devolved  in  later  years.  The  history  of 
the  Brooke  rigime  was  lately  written, 
indeed,  in  "  The  White  Rajahs  of  Sara- 
wak,' but  most  readers  of  the  Ranee's 
autobiography  will  be  grateful  for  the 
historical  note  with  which  it  is  prefaced. 
Sir  Frank  Swettenham,  who  probably 
knows  the  .Malay  better  than  any  other 
white  man.  comments  on  the  duty  which 
is  involved  by  his  ready  and  unquestion- 
ing acceptance  of  white  rule  : — 

"  To  betray  Malays  is  like  taking  a  mean 
advantage  of  a  blind  man  who  has  put  his 
hand  in  yours,  in  the  firm  belief  that  he  is 
safe  in  bis  blind  trust  of  you." 

The  essential  principle  of  Brooke  ride  in 
Sarawak  has  been  "  to  live  with  the 
people,  to  make  their  happiness  the  first 
■  msideration,  and  to  refuse  wealth  at 
their  expense."  Mr.  Alleyne  Ireland,  in 
tie  course  of  his  critical  examination  of 
tropical  administrations,  gave  the  palm 
l  Sarawak  for  its  "  abundant  indica- 
tions of  good  government."  The  secret 
«if  success  in  this  difficult  task  is  twofold  : 
the  Brookes  were  honest,  and  they  wen 
-  .  mpathetic.  Sir  James  Brooke  was 
trained  in  the  school  of  the  Lawrences 
to  know  that  "  force,  though  rare,  is  yel 
far,  far  less  ran-  than  love. "  If*-  wanted 
to  rule  Sarawak  for  the  good  of  its  people 
— at  least,  his  own  ambition  was  satisfied 
by  the  success  of  his  civilizing  work  : 


"If  it  please  God,"  he  wrote,  "to  permit 
me  to  give  a  stamp  to  tins  country  which 

shall   last    after    I   am   no   more,    1    shall   have 

lived  a  life  which  emperors  might  em  \ . 

This  he  most  effectually  did;  but  it  is 
worth  while  to  remember  that  he  could 
not  have  done  it  by  the  mere  force  of 
honesty  and  determination  —  sympathy 
was  also  necessary.  The  Malay,  as  Sir 
Frank  Swettenham  says. 

"is  humble  about  his  own  capacity  to 
organize  and  endeavour,  to  frame  a  scheme 

of  righteous  government  and  to  ensue  it. 
He  will,  if  properly  approached  and  con- 
siderately   handled    by    Europeans,    be   the 

first  to  admit  that  they  understand  t lie 
business  better,  that-  they  are  more  trust- 
worthy in  matters  of  justice  and  money, 
and  that  they  have  a  conception  of  duty, 
of  method,  and  especially  a  power  of  con- 
tinuous application  to  work  which  is  foreign 
and  irksome — indeed,  well-nigh  impossible — 
to  him." 

The  methods  which  in  some  parts  of  our 
tropical  empire  are  said  to  have  given 
our  administrators  Temple's  reputation 
— "  a  beast,  but  a  just  beast  " — would 
not  have  done  in  Sarawak.  We  are 
grateful  to  the  Ranee  for  giving  us 
many  charming  glimpses  of  a  beneficent 
rule. 


FICTION. 


The  Valley  of  the  Moon.     By  Jack  London. 
(Mills  &  Boon,  6/) 

A  seasonable  belief  that  the  first  novel 
received  for  1914  was  an  average  specimen 
of  the  coming  output  would  enable  us  to 
wish  our  fellow-reviewers  a  "  Happy  Xew 
Year  "  with  some  hopefulness  of  fulfilment . 
The  story  is  that  of  a  working-class  couple 
ideally  mated.  Before  their  marriage  he 
is  a  prizefighter,  and  she  is  a  laundry-hand. 
An  appalling  picture  of  the  life  she  escapes 
by  wedlock  is  given,  as  well  as  more  than 
one  vivid  description  of  his  competence 
in  the  ring.  She  is  possessed  of  that  mar- 
vellous strength  of  sacrifice  on  behalf  of 
her  man  which  can  only  be  properly 
appreciated,  perhaps,  by  those  who  have 
experienced  it.  He  has  the  gentleness 
which  goes  with  strength  under  control, 
though  he  all  but  loses  it  when  his 
temper  is  upset  by  a  strike  of  team- 
sters, his  mates  in  a  calling  which  he 
follows  after  his  marriage.  -Their  flight 
from  the  sordid  struggle  of  the  town  to 
the  open  solves  the  struggle  of  existence 
for  them,  and,  further,  makes  the  oppor- 
tunity somewhat  too  obviously  for  a 
display  of  much  agricultural  lore  in  an 
atmosphere  the  sweetness  of  which  becomes 
cloying  towards  the  end  of  the  tale. 

the     narrative     is     written     breezily 
throughout,  though  the  author's  handling 

of  the  bellows  has  not    been  sufficiently 

masked.  He  has,  perhaps,  more  scorn 
for,  than  sympathy  with,  the  petti- 
ness   with    which    lie    is    obliged    to   endow 

many  of  his  puppets  in  order  that   they 

maybe  true  to  life.  The  individualism  of 
Socialists,  and  the  trickery  by  which  even 

the  well-intentioned  are  content  t.,  earn 
a  In  tng, are, after  all.  bul  the  natural  con- 
comitants of  an  environment  in  which  the 


breadth    of     outlook     is    lacking     to    make 
'Waste   not,   want    not.''  a    w  orld  ma  \im. 

Tin'  tale,  which  is  essentially    American, 

may  not  appeal  to  all  English  readers   but 

though  the  conditions  varj    in  different 

lands,      the     author      has      grasped      the 
essential  traits  of  humanity  in  its  present 

stage  nt   development    and  such   under- 

standing    being    a    necessary    preliminary 
to  further  advance,  any  one  who  helps  us 

to  it  deserves  our  t hank-. 


Old  Muh.     By  Gilbert  Cannan.     (Martin 

Seeker.  6«.) 

Mr.  Cannan's  new    novel   is  perplexing 

As  to  plot,  it  is  not  marked  by  originality . 
though  that,  we  must  admit,  is  not  the 
aim  of  Mr.  Caiman's  school.  Old  Mole  is 
a  middle-aged  schoolmaster  who.  misted 

from  his  career  bj  a  rather  farcical  W  aiidal. 
joins  (in  company  with  the  girl  who  has 
compromised  him)  a  troupe  of  travelling 
players.  After  an  interval  he  marries  her, 
comes  into  a  fortune  by  the  successful 
production  of  a  comedy  he  ha-  taken  in 
exchange  for  an  apparent l\  hopeless  debt, 
becomes  her  ""  social  appendage  a-  Bhe 
rises  towards  the  to])  of  her  profession,  and 
eventually  leaves  her  some  time  after  he 
is  assured  of  her  passion  for  an  "Id  pu]  il 
of  his  own. 

With  a  story  of  this  kind  ra 
or  failure  must  obviously  depend  upon 
narrative  power  and  characterization, 
and  in  both  these  respects  Mr.  Cannan 
leaves  us  not,  indeed,  unadinii  imr,  but 
unsatisfied.  His  narration,  when  he  con- 
descends to  narrate,  is  always  excellent. 
Nothing,  for  instance,  could  be  bett<  c 
than  his  account  of  the  Copases  and  their 
Theatre  Hoval.  of  Old  Mole's  courtship, 
and  his  earlier  misunderstandings  with  his 
wife.  But  he  narrates  too  little  and. 
unluckily,  in  his  complex  analyses  of  old 
Mole's  spiritual  and  passionate  e>.  pencil  • 
he  loses  his  grasp  of  the  character.  We 
are  not  here  pleading  for  consistent  The 
least,  imaginative  and  least  erratic  of  men 
are  in  sheer  right  of  their  hunianif\  in- 
consistent ;  but  the  most  imaginative 
and  most  erratic  are  somehow  congruous. 
old  Mole  does  not  strike  us  as  congruous 

at  all.    In  the  course  of  the  honk  he  is  half- 

a  -do/.en  different  people,  most  "t  them 
mutually  incompatible ;  and  all  too  open 
he  is  Mr.  Caiman  criticizing  England  and 
her  institutions.  <  tften  it  is  Bound  criti- 
cism, more  often  il   18  clever,  but  it  -Id.  m 

helps  us  to  realize  Mr.  <  fennan  -  h<  ro. 

Set  old  Mole  is  the  book      I       rest  <•> 
the  characters  (Matilda,  his  wife,  perha 

excepted)   are   onh    "t    '"'•  "  -'    ■'•y  ,( 

ivaet    upon   him        The   pitj    "t    this 

great*  ,-  m   \  iew    ol    Mi-  Cannan      | 
si<m    <>f    great    qualities   -humoui 
and    point    of   view.     "  Lea  an 
l.s  anoiens,  el  nous  Bomn 
jourd  Fun.     he  qu<  ,,!''  M 

delivt  i'    of  hi-  mind.     Mi 

little    over  i  onac we  feel     ol    w 

d'aujourd'kui     b  ' 

eager  to  find  a  \  ••'  •',l  ll  e 

method  "• 

have    aomethi] 

youtl  U*" 


12 


Til  E     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4407,  Jan.  3,   1914 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Church  Congress,  The  Official  Report,  edited 
by  the  Rev.  C.  Dunkley,  10/0  net.  Allen 

'  A  report  of  the  Church  Congress  held  at 
Southampton  last  September  and  October,  in 
which  the  sermons,  papers,  addresses,  and  im- 
promptu speeches  are  published  verbatim. 

Paficha  Sila  :  the  Five  Precepts,  the  Bhikkhu 
Silacara. 

Adyar,  Madras,  Theosophical  Publishing  House 
An  exposition,  of  the  precepts  of  good  conduct 
laid   down  by  Buddha  as  a  guidance  to  his  fol 
lowers. 

Ruysbroeck  (Jan  van),  The  Book  of  the  Twelve 
Beguines,  translated  from  the  Flemish  by  John 
Francis,   with   an  Introduction  and  Notes. 

Watkins 
The  translator  has  not  reproduced  the  rhymed 
verse  where  it  occurs  in  the  Flemish,  his  aim  being 
to  give  an  accurate  rendering  rather  than  a 
paraphrase.  In  the  division  of  chapters  he  has 
followed  the  numeration  of  Surius. 

POETRY. 

Biair  (Wilfrid),  Sa  Muse  b' amuse.  3/0  net. 

Oxford,  Blackwell 
A    collection    of    humorous    verses,    most    of 
which    are    reprinted    from    Punch,    The    West- 
minster Gazette,  The  Isis,  and  other  papers. 

Carswell  (Isabel  M.),  Marjory  May.  More  Verses, 
1  /0  Gowans  &  Gray 

Tragic  rhymes  for  small  people,  showing  the 
dreadful  consequences  of  being  naughty.  Some 
of  the  verses  are  reproduced  from  The  Glasgoic 
Herald  and  The  Glasgoic  News. 

Henderson  (Janet  E.),  The  Doctor's  Ride,  and 
Other  Poems,  3/0  net.  Edinburgh,  Douglas 

A  book  of  verse,  containing  narrative,  love, 
religious.,  and  nature  pieces. 

Lane  (S.  F.  B.),  Svold,  a  Norse  Sea  Battle,  2/0 
net.  Nutt 

A  long  narrative  piece  in  blank  verse  describ- 
ing  the   battle   in   which    Olaf   Tryggvason   fell, 
with  an  historical  Introduction  and  notes 
Poems  from  the  Portuguese,  translated  bv  Aubrev 
F.  G.  Bell,  3/0  net.  Oxford,  Blackwcil 

Translations  of  Portuguese  lyrics,  ranging 
from  the  thirteenth  century  to  the  present  time. 
The  Portuguese  text  is  printed  on  the  left-hand 
page. 

Rudland  (E.  M.),  Poems,  together  with  Bal- 
lads of  Old  Birmingham,  New  Series,  1/0  net. 

Nutt 

A  book  of  verses  on  many  themes,  including 

fairies,  love,  Francis  Thompson,  and  Mary,  Queen 

of  Scots.     The  ballads  of  local  patriotism   have 

explanatory  notes. 

PHILOSOPHY. 
Bourne  (Randolph  S.),  Youth  and  Life,  6/  net. 

Constable 
Studies    in    psychology    and    religion.     The 
titles  of  some  of  these  essays  are   '  The  Life  of 
Irony,'  '  The  Mystic  turned  Radical,'  '  The  Dodg- 
ing of  Pressures,'  and  '  A  Philosophy  of  Handicap.' 

Hueffer  (Ford  Madox),  Henry  James,  a  Critical 
Study,  7/0  net.  Seeker 

An  appreciation   of   Mr.    James's   work   and 

methods. 

HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY. 

McKechnie  (William  Sharp),  Magna  Carta,  a 
Commentary  on  the  Great  Charter  of  King 
John,  with  an  Historical  Introduction,  Second 
Edition.  Glasgow,  MacLehose 

A  revised  edition,  largely  rewritten,  incor- 
porating the  results  of  recent  discussion  and 
research  on  Magna  Carta.  For  review  see  Athen., 
April  15,  1905,  p.  458. 

Ozanam  (Frederick),  The  Franciscan  Poets  in 
Italy  of  the  Thirteenth  Century,  trans- 
lated and  annotated  by  A.  E.  Nellen  and  N.  C. 
Craig,  0/  net.  Nutt 

An  account  of  the  Franciscan  movement  in 

Italy,    with    illustrations,    notes,    Index,    and    an 

Introduction  by  Miss  Nellen. 

Woolf  (Cecil  N.  Sidney),  Bartolus  of  Sasso- 
ferrato  :  his  Position  in  the  History  of 
Medieval  Political  Thought. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
This   monograph  was    awarded   the  Thirlwall 
Prize  in  1913.    The  author  has  included  a  Biblio- 
graphy,   Summary   of    the   Contents,  Appendixes, 
and  an  Index. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  TRAVEL. 

Kellner  (L.),  Arnold  (Madame  Paula),  and  Delisle 
(Arthur  L.),  Austria  of  the  Austrians  and 
Hungary  of  the  Hungarians,  "  Countries 
and  Peoples  Series,"  0/  net.  Pitman 

Each  section  gives  full  information  concern- 
ing the  politics,  industries,  and  arts  of  the  country 
with  which  it  deals,  and  is  i'lustrated. 

Schultze   (Dr.   A.),  The   Sultanate   of  Borni  • 

translated    from    the    German    by     P.     Askel1 

Benton,  7/0  net.  Milford 

A  monograph  on  the  history,  geography,  and 

present    commercial    condition    of    Bornu,    with 

maps    and    Appendixes.      All    but    one    of    the 

latter  have  been    added    by  the    translator,  and 

refer  chiefly  to  British  Bornu. 

POLITICS. 

Maura  and  his  R<">le  in  Spanish  Politics,  Synthetic 
and  Documental  Exposition  of  the  Ideas  and 
Work  of  the  Conservative  Leader,  by  an 
Impartial  Spectator,  English  Edition. 

Madrid,  Imprenta  Alemana.  Fuencarral,  137 
This  pamphlet  contains   a   defence  of    Senor 
Maura's  policy  against  the  attacks  of  the  Repub- 
lican and  Liberal  press. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Merrill  (William  A.),  The  Archetype  of  Lu- 
cretius. 

Berkeley,  University  of  California  Press 
A  paper  on  Lachmann's  hypothesis  concern- 
ing   the    lost    archetype    of    Lucretius,    included 
among  the  "  University  of  California  Publications 
in  Classical  Philology  " 

LITERARY   CRITICISM. 

Bell  (Aubrey  F.  G.),  Studies  in  Portuguese 
Literature,  0/  net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

This  does  not  profess  to  be  a  complete  history 
of  Portuguese  literature,  nor  does  the  author 
lay  claim  to  original  research.  The  studies  range 
from  King  Diniz  to  living  novelists  and  poets. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Cambridge  County  Geographies  :  Merionethshire, 
by  A.  Morris  ;  Northumberland,  by  S.  Rennie 
Haselhurst,  1/6  each. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

Each  gives  an  account  of  the  history,  natural 

conditions,  industries,  and  antiquities  of  the  county 

with  which  it  deals,  and  is  illustrated  with  maps 

and  photographs. 

Clarke  (G.  H.)  and  Murray  (C.  J.),  A  Grammar  of 
the  German  Language,  Second  Edition,  5/ 

Cambridge  University  Press 
This    textbook    has    been    revised,   and    some 
corrections  have  been  made. 

Walters  (W.  C.  Flamstead)  and  Conway  (R.  S.), 

Limen,   a  First  Latin  Book,   Fourth   Edition, 

3/  John  Murray 

A   revised    edition,    with   a   few   changes   in 

terminology. 

Wyatt  (A.  J.)  and  Goggin  (S.  E.),  An  Anthology 

of  English  Verse  for  Use  in  Schools  and 

Colleges,    with    Introduction    and    Glossary, 

Second  Edition,  2/6      University  Tutorial  Press 

A  revised  and  enlarged  edition  to  which  some 

short  extracts  have  been  added  from  the  work  of 

poets  of  the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

FICTION. 

Barry  (John  Arthur),  South  Sea  Shipmates,  0/ 

Werner  Laurie 
A    series    of    short    stories    dealing  with   the 
exciting  adventures  of   two  Australian    sailormen 
in  Southern  waters. 

Blyth  (James),  Faith  and  Unfaith,  0/  Long 
The  story  of  a  young  married  couple  whose 
happiness  is  almost  marred  by  the  religious  doubts 
of  the  husband  and  the  intrigues  of  a  self-seeking 
girl  who  visits  them. 

Bosanquet  (Edmund),  Mary's  Marriage.  6/ 

Long 
Mary  is  a  young  widow  who  is  willing  to 
carry  out  her  husband's  last  wish  by  marrying 
the  successor  to  his  title  for  the  sake  of  the 
estate,  but  a  fortnight  before  the  projected 
marriage  a  young  Irishman  upsets  her  plans 
and  wins  her  heart. 

Cannan  (Gilbert),  Old  Mole,  being  the  Surprising 
Adventures  in  England  of  Herbert  Jocelyn 
Beenham,  M.A.,  sometime  Sixth-Form  Master 
at  Thrigsby  Grammar  School  in  the  County  of 
Lancaster,  0/  Seeker 

See  review,  p.  11. 


Ghosal  (Srimati  Svarna  Kumari  Devi,  Mrs.),  An 
Unfinished  Song,  3/6  Werner  Laurie 

A  study  of  a  modern  Hindu  girl  belonging  to- 
the  Reformed  Party  of  Bengal.      This  is  the  first 
book  that  Mrs.  Ghosal,  the  sister  of  Mr.  Rabin- 
dranath  Tagore,  has  published  in  English.    Ther 
is  a  Biographical  Introduction  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Lang. 

Hauptmann  (G.),  Atlantis,  6/         Werner  Lauri 
A  translation  from  the  German  by  Adele  an 
Thomas  Seltzer. 

Hyatt  (Stanley  Portal),  The  Way  of  the  Car- 
dines,  0/  Werner  Laurie- 
The  hero  tries  without  success  to  persuade  the 
British  Government  to  annex  and  fortify  an  island 
of  strategical  importance  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
Disgusted  by  the  Cabinet's  lethargy,  he  undertakes 
the  task  himself,  but,  after  carrying  out  his  project,. 
is  officially  ejected. 

London  (Jack),  The  Valley  of  the  Moon,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon* 
See  review,  p.  11. 

Perrin  (Alice),  Late  in  Life,  Id.  net.         Methuen. 
A  notice  of  this  novel  appeared  in  The  Athen., 
June  13,  1896,  p.  775. 

JUVENILE. 

Jones  (Theodore  F.  T.),  A  Boy's  Travels  in 
Many  Lands,  a  Book  for  Boys  by  a  Boy,  2/ 
net.  St.  Catherine  Press 

An  account  of  a  boy's  travels  in  the  East,, 
illustrated  with  photographs. 
Lotus  Leaves  for  the  Young  :  No.  1.  Legends  and 
Tales,  by  Annie  Besant,  1/6 
Adyar,  Madras,  Theosophical  Publishing  House 
This  slender  volume  contains  a  few  legends- 
from    ancient    Greece   and    Hindustan,    with   the 
stories  of  Rosetta  and  the  Wandering  Jew,  told 
in  order  to  inspire  the  young  to  heroic  action. 

REVIEWS  AND  MAGAZINES. 

Alchemical   Society,   Journal,   Vol.  II.  Part  8,. 

2/  net.  H.  K.  Lewis 

Containing   a   report  of    the   eighth   general 

meeting  of  the  Society,  a  paper  on  '  Alchemy  in> 

China,'  by  Prof.  Herbert  Chatley,  and  reviews. 

Army  Review,  January,  1/         Stationery  Office 

There  are  two  articles  on  the  Balkan  War — 

'  Adrianople  and  its  Capture  '  and  '  The  Success- 

of  the  Greek  Army.'     Other  articles  of  interest 

are  '  The  Egyptian  Army  Camel  Corps,'  by  Capt. 

Earl   Percy,  and    'Some    Aspects  of    Abyssinia,' 

by   Capt.  H.    H.    Kelly.     There   are   illustrations 

from  photographs,  maps  and  diagrams. 

Folk-Lore,  Vol.  XNIV.  No.  3,  5/  to  non-Members. 

Sidgwick  &  Jackson 
Besides  collectanea,  correspondence,  and  re- 
views, this  number  contains  the  minutes  of 
meetings  of  the  Folk-Lore  Society  held  in 
May  and  June  last  year,  and  papers  on  'The 
Poetry  of  the  Kiwai  Papuans,'  by  Dr.  G.  Landt- 
man,  and  '  The  Ceremonial  Customs  of  the 
British  Gipsies,'  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Thompson. 

Hibbert  Journal,  January,  2/6  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
Notable  articles  in  this  number  are  '  Eu- 
genics and  Politics,'  by  Mr.  F.  C.  S.  Schiller  ? 
'  The  Scottish  Church  Question.'  by  Sheriff  R.  L. 
Orr  ;  '  Syndicalism  in  France,  and  its  Relation  to> 
the  Philosophy  of  Bergson,'  by  the  Rev.  T. 
Rhondda  Williams ;  and  '  The  Johannine  Apoca- 
lypse,' by  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Symes. 

International  Review  of  Missions,  January,  2/6- 
net.  Milford 

Eighty  pages  are  devoted  to  '  A  Missionary 
Survey  of'  the  Year  1913.'  Other  articles  are 
'  A  Tour  of  Enquiry  into  the  Education  of  Women 
and  Girls  in  India,'  by  Miss  Eleanor  McDougaU 
and  '  Gitanjali  :  an  Appreciation,'  by  Mr.  K.  J. 
Saunders. 

London  Quarterly  Review,  January,  2/6 

C.  H.  Kelly 
Principal  Forsyth  writes  on  '  The  Man  and 
the  Message ' ;  Dr.  "Banks  on  '  Augustine  as  seen 
in  bis  Letters ';  Mr.  T.  H.  S.  Kscott  on  'The 
Vicissitudes  of  the  English  Novel ' ;  and  there  are 
other  articles,  notes,  and  reviews. 

Poetry  and  Drama,  Vol.  I.  No.  4,  2/6  net. 

Poetry  Bookshop 

This    issue    contains   many   new   poems,    by 

Mr.  Bridges.  Mr.  Hardy,  Mr.  Davies,  and  others, 

and    Lord  Dunsany's  play  '  The  Golden   Doom,' 

■Resides  articles  and  reviews. 

Quest,  January,  2/6  net.  Watkins 

The  contents  include  articles  on  '  Bergson'& 
Biology,'  by  Prof.  J.  A.  Thomson  ;  '  The  Sub- 
conscious,' by  Dr.  J.  H.  Hyslop  ;  and  '  The 
Gnosis  in  Early  Christendom,'  by  Mr.  G.  R.  S. 
Mead  ;  verses  entitled  '  Dynamic  Love,'  by  Mis& 
Evelyn  Underhill  ;  and  '  The  Mystical  Union  of 
Earth  and  Heaven,'  by  Mr.  Cloudesley  Brereton. 


No.  4497,  -Ian.  3,   L914 


TH  K     A  T  11  K  N  -K  I    M 


L3 


DIRECTORIES. 

Banking  Almanac  and  Directory,  1914,  edited  bj 
Sir  K.  U.  Lnglia  Palgrave,  l">    net,       Waterlow 
.V  reference  book  lor  business  men,  contain- 
ing    information     regarding     private     and     joint- 
stork  banks  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  Colonial 
and  foreign  banks,  with  other  matter. 
Catholic    Directory,    Ecclesiastical    Register,    and 
Almanac,  1914,  1  6  int.  BurnsdsOates 

The  niw  matter  in  the  present  issue  includes 
•  list  of  London  Hospitals  and  the  Missions  from 
■which  they  arc  attended,  and  some  facts  concern* 
ing  the  Catholic  martyrs  who  died  in  England 
daring  1535  1681.  The  map  of  Catholic  Dioceses 
and  Missions  of  England  and  Wales  lias  been 
reinstated. 

Howe's  Classified  Directory  to  the  Metropolitan 
Charities,  1914,  1/  Longmans 

A  handbook  containing  information  with 
regard  to  Metropolitan  charitable  institutions, 
with  a  list  of  charities  in  England  and  Wales  in 
the  Appendix. 

GENERAL. 

Besant  Annie),  Superhuman  Men  in  History 
and  in  Religion,  2/  net 

Theosophical  Publishing  Society 
*mx  lectures  which  were  delivered  in  London 
and  Stockholm  in  June  last  year. 

Essays  and  Studies  presented  to  William  Ridge- 
way  on  his  Sixtieth  Birthday,  edited  by  K.  C. 
Quiggin,  2."> 'net.  Cambridge  Univ.  Press 

\  miscellany  of  papers  on  the  classics, 
ancient  arelueology,  mediaeval  literature  and 
history,  anthropology,  and  comparative  religion, 
presented  by  Prof.  Bidgeway's  friends  to  cele- 
brate his  sixtieth  birthday  last  August.  There 
are  many  illustrations. 

Jinarajadasa    (C),    Flowers    and    Gardens    (A 

Dream  Structure).  1 

Adyar.  Madras,  Theosophical  Publishing  House 
A  dream  of  a  L'topian  country  engaged  in 
child  and  flower  culture,  and  governed  by  "  Gar- 
deners "  who  radiate  power,  wisdom,  and  love. 
The  aim  of  the  little  book  is  to  show  that  men 
need  to  be  treated,  not  as  bodies,  but  as  souls, 
and  should  be  taught  to  live  and  "  grow  as 
flowers  grow."' 

Life  at  Phillips  Exeter,  Bulletin  of  the  Phillips 
Exeter  Academy,  Vol.  IX.  No.  '.i. 

Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  the  Academy 
This    Bulletin    presents    a   statement    of   the 
educational  policy  and  activities  of  the  Academy, 
and  has  illustrations  from  photographs. 

Martin  (Eva  M .),  The  Secret  of  a  Star,  3/ 
Adyar.  Madras,  Theosophical  Publishing  House 
A  fantastic  allegory  in  which  the  god  Hermes 
plays  an  important  part. 

Pennington  (Patience),  A  Woman  Rice  Planter. 
•s  6  net.  Macmillan 

Au  account  of  a  woman's  experiences  on  a 
rice  plantation  in  South  Carolina,  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  Mr.  Owen  Wister  and  illustrations. 

Salvation  Army  Year-Book,  1914,  edited  by  Cob 
Theodore  Kitching. 

Salvation  Army  Book  Department 
A  book  of  reference  giving  an  account  of 
various  features  of  the  work  of  the  Salvation 
Army  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  abroad. 
General  BramweU  Booth  has  contributed  an 
article,  '  A  Call  for  Officers,'  and  there  are  a  few 
illustrations. 

Sharp  (Henry  A.),  The  Croydon  Colliers,  an 

Old  Local  Industry,  '.id.  '  Norwood  News  ' 

An  account  of  the  industry  formerly  pursued 

by    charcoal-burners    in    the    neighbourhood    of 

<  roydon. 

Trinda  flvoni,  Experience  TEACHES  some 
Advice  to  Youths,  and  Incidentally  to  Young 
Women,  as  to  their  Careers  in  Life,  with  Note-. 
on  Various  Social  and  Commercial  Problems, 
2  <",  net.  sinipkin  .v  Marshall 

The   author   writes   on    school,    business,    and 

married  life,  on  recreation  and  "  things  in  general." 

Ward  (Bro.  Arthur;,  MASONIC  SYMBOLISM  AND 
THE  Mystic  Way.  a  Series  of  Papers  on  the 
True  Secrets  anil  the  Lost  Word.  2/8  net. 

Theosophical  Publishing  Society 
These  papers  are  addressed  to  Masons,  and 
the  use  of  initials  and  blanks  make,  them  unin- 
telligible to  those  who  are  not    initiated   in  the 

Ma-one-  ritual. 

Wilson    B.  H.),  Light  in  Gbby  CORNERS,  1     net. 

Foulii 
Intimate  talks   to   women,   with    illustrations 
i  many  sources     tie-   Bible,  the  life   oi 
Helen  Keller,  and  the  legend  of  the  Bound  Table, 
with   •  l    '..sold  by  the  Bev.  John  Kelman. 


Wood  (Ernest),  Concentration,  a  Practical 
Course,  •  >'/. 

Adyar,  Madras,  Theosophical  Publishing  House 
In    ties    booklet     the    author    puts    forward    a 
course  of   practices   in   concentration  and   medita- 
tion.    It    is   warmly    recommended    in   a  foreword 
by  Mrs.   Besant. 

SCIENCE. 
Lowson's  Text-Book  of  Botany,  Indian   EDITION' 
adapted  by  M.  Willis,  with  a  Preface  by  J.  c- 
Willis,  "  University  Tutorial  Series,''  ti  t; 

Clive 

Mrs.  Willis  has  adapted  Mr.  Lowson's  text- 
book to  the  requirements  of  Indian  students, 
substituting  plants  found  in  India  for  those  in 
the  text  which  would  be  unfamiliar  to  Indian 
readers. 

Royds  (T.Fletcher),  Tin:  BEASTS,  BIRDS,  and  Bees 
of  Virc.il,  o7°  net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

A  commentary  on  the  /.oology,  ornithology, 
and  entomology  contained  in  the  '  Georgics,' 
designed  for  the  use  of  naturalist  sand  higher  forms 
at  public  schools.  Mr.  Warde  Fowler  has  written 
a  Preface. 

Zwanziger  (Dr.),  The  Animal  Kingdom,  trans- 
lated from  the  Original  German  Text  1>\  Gerard 
K.   Gude,   8/(>   net.  S.P.C.K. 

This  book  is  intended  for  young  people,  and 

contains   descriptions    of    typical    representatives 

of  the  more  important    families  of  animals,  which 

are  illustrated  with  coloured  plates. 

FINE   ARTS. 
Calvert   (Edward),  Ten   Spikitcal  Desions,   en- 
larged   from    the    Proofs    of    the    Originals    on 
Copper,  Wood,  and  Stone,  1827-1831. 

Portland  Maine,  T.  B.  Mosher 
The  reproductions  of  these  engravings  are 
mounted  on  rough  blue  paper,  and  are  preceded 
by  'A  Brief  Notice  of  Edward  Calvert,'  by  Mr. 
Herbert  P.  Home,  reprinted  from  The  Century 
Guild  Hobby  Horse;  extracts  from  The  Alhe- 
nceum,  and  passages  from  Calvert's  '  Memoirs.' 
Only  100  copies  are  issued. 

MUSIC. 
Manchester   Public   Libraries,   List   of   Composi- 
tions for  the   Organ  and    Harmonium  in 
the  Henry  Watson  Music  Library,  compiled 
by  John  F.  llussell. 

Manchester,  Henry  Watson  Music  Library 
A    catalogue,    including    recent    additions    to 
the  library,  for  the  use  of  borrowers. 
Wagner  (Richard),  Musical  Dramas  :  Siegfried, 
.">      net;     TwniGHT    of    the    Gods.    .-,,■    net; 
Parsifal,  4/  net.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel 

The  vocal  score  of  these  three  operas  is  by 
llerr  Otto  Singer,  and  the  English  translation 
by  Mr.  Ernest  Newman.  Each  has  an  Introduc- 
tion by  Herr  Carl  Waack. 

DRAMA. 

Gregory  (Lady),  Our  Irish  Theatre,  a  Chapter  of 

Autobiography,   5/   net.  Putnam 

A   history   of   the   Irish   dramatic    movement, 
with  a   few  illustrations. 
Vidler  (Edward  A.),  Tin:  Bosk  op  Ravenna. 

Melbourne.  C.  Robertson 
A  tragedy  concerning  Paolo  and    Francesca, 

written     in      blank     \  ei>e.      The     decorations     are 

by  Mr.  Walter  Seed. 

Who  's  Who  in  the  Theatre,  a  Biographical  Record 
of  the  Contemporary  Stage)  compiled  and  edited 

by  John    Parker.  7  6  net  .  Pitman 

"The   chief  new    feature    is   a    list    of   notable 

plays  and  revivals  produced  in  London  from  the 

earliest  tines,  which  has  been  compiled  from  Mr. 
Parker's  '  Dictionary  of  the  Theatre.' 

ENGLISH   RENDERINGS   OF  FRENCB 
POETRY. 

Chapelles-Bourbon,  par  La  lloussaye,  Seine-et  Marne. 

1  am  preparing  an  anthology  of  English 
renderings  from  French  poetry,  so  as  to 
give  (as  for  as  is  possible  bj  translation) 
a  complete  and  adequate  presentation  oi 
the  finest  lyrical  work  produced  bj  our 
Gallic  neighbours  down  to  the  year  1900. 

May  I,  by  your  court*  that   I  shall 

be  grateful  to  those  lovers  of  French  letters 
wlio  may  can-  to   help  mo   by   submitting 
versions  I     These    w  ill    be    copied    and    ce 
t  limed  to  then-  am  at 

Tin-    French    original    should    accompany 
the  rendering,  and  dale  of  birth  ami  death 
oi   the  author  be  given,  mile-,  tie-  writ 
work  i-  ii  "Hi  standing  celebrit  y  a     to 

render  it  i  a  ilj  • ble  tor  referent  i  . 

Wn.i  uin  Thorj  i. v. 


TO  Till':  Al  THOfl  OF  '  THE  GOLDEN 
BOUGH  o\  THE  COMPLETION  01 
THE    FINAL    EDITION. 

Tin:  Sowing  pen  is  stayed,    'lie  Bfidni 

Flame 
Flickers  Lnquirj  :    "  tun  this  be  '  The  End 
Shall  the  brave  Eyes  that  towards  the-  pa 

bend— 

Halt-closed    as    though    to    shun    the    f-'luro   of 

Fame  ; 

Shall   they   that    scanned   <  OCh   bud  and   tw'ifi 

1 1  in t  come 
To   enrich   tin-    Bough    each  of   its   lei 

that  send 
Their  glowing  rays  into   the    Dark   and    lend 

A  golden  Lustre  to  a  golden  name. — 
Forgo  my  light  '.'     Am  I  to  burn  no  more. 
NO  longer  to  illume  the  Work  that  grew 
Full  three-ond-twenty  years  until  it  drew 

The  secret  BOUl  from  m\  th  and  BOVage  lo* 

"  Burn  on,  bright  Flame,"  the  humid  I 

reply, 
"Nor  fear' to  burn,  though   Daylight  flush 

thesky."  !••  W.  Btb  d 


JULES    CLARETIE 

Whkn    the    news    of    the    death    of    Jules 

Claretie  became  known  in  Pans,  one  ot  his 

literary  friends  said  :  — 

"Notre   grande   famille   du   journalisme   riant 

,1,.  perdre  un   manic.     Kile   nerd   aussi   quelqui 
chose  de  plus  :    un  honune  de  Men,  un  homme  He 

cour.'' 

Claretie    died    on    December    23rd    at    tie 

age  of  73,  and  in  him  France  has  tost 
of  her  best-known  literary  figures.     To  h.<v< 

been  head  of  tin-  Theatre  Franca. s  lor  mark 
thirty  years  was  enough  to  have  made  any 
man  notable;  but  eve.,  before  he  occupied 
that  post  he  had  made  a  reputation  m  several 
other  walks  of  life. 

Ho  was  born  at  Limoges  on  December  3rd, 
1840  and  was  educated  at  the  Bonapartt 
Lyceum  in  Pari-.  Literature  was  his  first 
profession,  as  it  was  his  last.  In  hw  young 
days  he  wrote  for  many  French  and  Belgian 
papers,  Including  the  Figaro  and  the  Jnde- 
Uuhnre  Edge.  The  tr  ubles  of  1866  took 
hi,,,  to  Italv  as  a  war  correspondent,  and  m 
ISO.")  and  1868  he  found  troubles  nearer  a 
home  raised  by  the  lectures  which  he  had 
delivered  in  Pan-. 

In      1870     be     WOS     dramatic     critic 
V Opinion  Nationale,  and  in  the  same  j 
he  again   ected   a-   a    war  correspondent— 

this  time  with  the  French  urm>    at    -Mel/. 

After  Sedan  Gombetta  made  him  B< 
tary  of  the  Commission  on  tie-  papers  ol  toe 
Imperial    family ;     and    he    al-..    organized 
libraries  and   lecture   halls   m   each   "t    <"•' 
twenty  orrondii  omenta  ol  Pat 

In  1870  he  was  for  a  Bhort  time  in  com 
mand  of  tie-  second  battalion  ol  the  volun- 
teers of  the  National  Guard,  .md  h.~  experi- 
ences were  afterwards  related  in  tw  »  voluj 
He      e,.    in.,  i    of  the  fighting  around   I  an 
and  a-  a„  officer  ...  th-  frtafl 
uith  the  aid.  de-camp  ol  th-  (  rown  I  ru 

of  Prussia  for  the  re v  .1  ol  the  dead  a 

the  battle-field  of  Buaem 

h,  ISTI  he  mdidatc  in  ih«  I  >• 

menl  of  Hauli-Vieim-.  but  w  ■  •-  »  • 

He  nev.  rwnrd     triod   I 

men.,    but    devoted    I 

and  to  the  writing  oi  I *  K*T»bl. 

[n  the  days  when  ,,   u...  .i.o  to  how 

RepubUcon  vi 

| 
I,  ,      iimmer,   and    his   retiren  ont    from 


14 


Til  E     A  Til  ENiEUM 


No.  4497,  Jan. 


11)14 


theatre — which  had  been  talked  of  for 
years— was  carried  into  effect  a  few  months 
before  he  died. 

He  crammed  an  enormous  mass  of  work 
into  a  life  which  barely  exceeded  the  allotted 
"  three  score  years  and  ten."  It  is  hard  to 
realize  that  as  long  ago  as  1862  he  had 
published  his  first  novel,  and  that  when  he 
was  26  a  book  called  '  Un  Assassin '  (after- 
wards republished  under  the  title  of  '  Robert 
Burat  ')  had  attracted  favourable  attention. 
His  '  Histoire  des  Derniers  Montagnards,' 
issued  about  the  same  time,  drew  from  no 
less  a  critic  than  Michel  et  the  remark, 
"  Ce  livre  m'a  fait  frissonner  " — a  commenda- 
tion which  ensured  the  immediate  success 
of  the  young  writer. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academie 
Francaise  in  1889,  and  his  literary  output 
was  immense.  His  own  writings  fill  many 
shelves,  and  the  list  of  his  publications 
covers  pages  in  a  library  catalogue.  His 
friend  M.  Henri  Roujon,  in  a  charming 
article  in  Le  Temps,  has  dealt  with  some  of 
the  work  of  this  novelist,  dramatic  author, 
historian,  and  critic  ;  and  of  M.  Claretie's 
'  Le  Drapeau  '  he  has  said  that  it  deserves 
to  be  read  aloud  every  year  to  all  the  school- 
children of  France.  Claretie's  articles  in 
the  newspapers  were  known  to  every 
Frenchman,  and  his  light  touch  gained  him 
masses  of  readers.  Perhaps  nothing  that 
he  has  written  is  destined  to  live,  and  it  is 
as  head  of  the  house  of  Moliere  that  he  is 
likely  to  be  longest  remembered. 

He  was  45  years  old  when,  in  1885,  he 
became  Director  of  the  Theatre  Francais. 
The  difficulties  of  the  head  of  a  national 
theatre  in  the  capital  of  a  country  like  France 
can  easily  be  imagined.  It  has  been  stated 
that  when  he  first  entered  on  his  work  at  the 
Comedie  Francaise,  Alexandre  Dumas  said 
to  him  : — 

"  N'oublioz  pas,  mon  cher,  que  tout  ici  est 
d'eloupe,  avec  des  amours-propres  qui  prennent 
feu  comrne  les  decors  non  ignifug£s.  N'oubliez 
pas  que  ce  qui  vous  parait  etre  au  loin  un  petit 
nuage  rose  peut  se  changer  brusquement  en 
bourrasque.  Jtappelez-vous  encore  ceci  :  vous 
oroyez  vous  appuyer  sur  une  colonnette  de  marbre  ; 
vous  vous  y  appuyez  ;  e'est  du  carton  ou  e'est 
du  sable." 

Troubles  came  soon  enough,  and  it  was 
not  long  before  Claretie  counted  as  many 
enemies  in  France  as  there  were  incom- 
petent or  unfortunate  authors.  He  dealt 
kindly  with  them,  as  may  be  seen  by  a 
remark  addressed  to  him  by  M.  Richepin 
on  Claretie's  promotion  in  the  Legion  of 
Honour  : — 

"  Je  ne  sais,  s'il  faut  vous  appliquer  la  m6taphore 
d 'usage  :  la  main  de  fer  dans  un  gant  de  velours. 
Je  dis  tout  bonnement  que  votre  main  £tait  la 
main  loyale  d'un  ami." 

In  England  he  had  many  friends,  and 
some  dated  from  the  time  when,  in  1893, 
he  brought  the  Comedie  Francaise  to  London 
— an  occasion  when  our  old  friend  and 
dramatic  critic,  Joseph  Knight,  was  much 
in  evidence,  as  he  had  been  when  the  com- 
pany paid  its  first  visit  to  London  during 
the  Siege  of  Paris  in  1870 — a  visit  which  was 
chiefly  due  to  Knight's  own  efforts. 

Those  who  were  fortunate  enough  to  be 
of  Claretie's  friends  will  remember  pleasant 
hours  spent  in  his  box  at  his  theatre,  which 
he  placed  freely  at  their  disposal.  They 
will  appreciate  the  words  M.  Roujon  has 
used  of  him:  "Bonte,  incorrigible  bonte, 
bonte  encore,  bonte  toujours";  and  they 
will  not  forget  that  "  Pardonner,  oublier,  no 
point  hair,  e'etait  plus  fort  que  lui.  II  etait 
bon." 


THE    BOOK    SALES    OF    1913. 
Part  I. 

If  we  assume  the  truth  of  the  doc- 
trine of  Averages,  the  book  sales  of  the 
year  that  has  just  come  to  its  close  will  be 
remembered  as  being  in  the  aggregate  the 
most  important  that  have  so  far  been  chro- 
nicled among  us.  Nearly  seventy  high-class 
libraries  or  collections  of  books  were  dis- 
persed, and  these  realized  a  grand  total  of 
about  200,000/.,  a  sum  never  before  equalled 
in  a  corresponding  period  in  this  country. 
In  this  estimate  no  account  is  taken  of 
numerous  small  and  unimportant  sales 
which  have  been  held  from  time  to  time. 
Taking  those  of  the  higher  class — upon 
which  alone  implicit  reliance  can  be  placed — ■ 
we  find  that  the  average  sum  realized  per 
lot  in  the  auctioneers'  catalogues  works  out 
at  51.  0s.  8d.,  the  nearest  approach  to  it 
being  51.  0s.  2d.  in  1912,  and  the  next  highest 
41.  4s.  2d.  in  1907,  when  the  important 
libraries  of  Mr.  van  Antwerp,  Mr.  S.  M. 
Samuel,  and  Sir  Henry  Mildmay,  as  well  as  a 
number  of  notable  miscellaneous  collections, 
were  brought  to  the  hammer. 

This  system  of  surveying  the  year's 
activities  by  means  of  a  contrast  of  average 
prices  can  only  be  made  practically  useful 
when  it  is  based  upon  the  results  of  a  series 
of  years,  and  the  longer  the  series,  the  more 
likely  are  the  results  to  reflect  the  compara- 
tive degree  of  importance  attained  at  any 
particular  period  of  time.  Some  authorities 
decry  averages  as  disclosing  nothing,  or,  in 
the  alternative,  anything  which  the  com- 
piler wishes  to  prove,  but  they  would  seem 
to  be  incontrovertible  when  based  on  con- 
tinuous records.  These  date  from  1893, 
when  an  average  sum  of  11.  6s.  Id.  was  regis- 
tered, the  amount  gradually  increasing  to 
21.  19s.  5d.  in  1899,  but  falling  at  the  time 
of  the  Boer  War,  recovering  to  31.  Is.  lOd. 
immediately  after  its  conclusion,  and  then, 
with  a  short  interval  of  quiescence,  attribut- 
able no  doubt  to  a  species  of  "  wait-and-see  " 
policy  very  natural  in  the  circumstances, 
forging  ahead  until  it  has  at  length  reached 
the  highest  point  so  far  recorded. 

All  this  proves  that  in  times  of  national 
stress  valuable  books,  like  many  other 
things,  are  held  back  on  account  of  the  pre- 
vailing unrest  and  uncertainty,  though  this 
does  not  affect  the  average  to  the  extent 
that  might  be  supposed  on  a  superficial 
view  of  the  situation.  Rather  does  it 
explain  the  reasons  that  regulate  its  fluctua- 
tions, for  all  kinds  of  books,  valuable  or  the 
reverse,  are  brought  into  the  calculation, 
which  in  time  works  out  to  a  dead  level, 
and  then  it  is  found  that  the  tendency  of 
the  best  among  them  is  to  increase  in  value 
rather  than  the  reverse. 

Of  late  this  has  been  very  noticeable,  not 
only  in  the  case  of  the  Huth  Library,  which 
has  been  dispersed  as  far  as  the  letter 
"'  H,"  but  also  in  every  other  direction  as 
well.  Given  a  book  of  some  degree  of 
rarity  and  of  a  very  desirable  kind,  its  price 
in  the  market  is,  as  a  rule,  increasing.  That 
is  because  it  is  wanted  by  many  collectors, 
some  of  whom  do  not  seem  to  care  much 
what  they  pay.  This  is  more  particularly 
the  case  with  regard  to  manuscripts,  books 
possessing  a  personal  interest,  and  those 
"  presentation  copies  "  which  have  at  some 
time  or  other  been  given  away  by  their 
authors  or  others  who,  like  them,  had  at- 
tained an  exceptionally  high  position  in  the 
walk  of  life  they  had  made  their  own.  The 
Browning  collections  of  manuscripts  and 
printed  books,  sold  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  in 
May  last  for  a  total  sum  exceeding  21,000Z., 
afford  a  very  good  illustration  of  the 
commercial    possibilities    of     "  presentation 


copies."  Some  of  the  prices  realized  on 
that  occasion  were  described  in  the  press 
as  "  ridiculous  and  absurd,"'  yet  every- 
thing points  to  the  conclusion  that,  were 
similar  circumstances  to  arise  in  the  future, 
the  prices  would  be  exceeded,  for  all  the 
manuscripts  in  the  collection  and  most  of  tin1 
printed  books  were  unique  in  the  sense  that 
they  were  ear-marked  by  written  inscrip- 
tions or  signatures.  Such  books,  whether 
written  throughout  or  in  print,  cannot  often 
be  got  when  wanted.  Some  of  them,  indeed, 
will  never  be  seen  again  outside  the  walls 
of  the  public  libraries  into  which  they  have 
found  their  way,  while  those  that  may  be 
available  are  sure  to  become  more  and  more 
notable  as  the  jrlamour  surrounding  them 
intensifies  with  the  passing  of  time.  These 
are  factors  which  make  for  still  higher  prices 
in  the  case  of  books  like  these,  for  they  are 
fundamental,  and  not  affected  to  any  extent 
by  change  of  fashion  or  the  prejudice  of 
individuals. 

Other  classes  of  books  are  in  a  similar 
position,  among  them  the  well-known  Ameri- 
cana, which  have  long  been  in  favour  at 
ever-increasing  prices.  These  works,  which 
relate  to  the  American  continent,  are  in 
great  request,  no  matter  where  printed, 
and,  generally,  the  older  they  are  the 
better,  for  an  obvious  reason.  At  one 
time  seventeenth-century  books  of  this 
character,  though  never  numerous,  were 
fairly  well  distributed,  but  now  they  are 
not  to  be  had  except  on  rare  occasions,  and, 
as  invariably  happens  when  a  whole  class 
is  involved  to  such  an  extent  as  this,  what 
may  be  called  the  "  right  "  date  is  put  for- 
ward. It  used  to  be  said  that  Americana 
printed  prior  to  1720  or  thereabouts  were 
sure  to  be  "  right,"  but  nowadays  1799  is 
substituted  for  1720,  and  affords  a  very  fair 
line  of  demarcation  ;  broken  in  parts,  it 
is  true,  but  substantial  enough  in  the  face 
of  an  ever-growing  interest  and  a  corre- 
sponding demand.  The  suggestion  is,  that 
when  very  old  books  of  a  given  class  can 
no  longer  be  got,  either  at  all  or  except  at 
great  expense,  attention  begins  to  be  directed 
to  other  books  of  a  similar  kind,  though  more 
modern  and  less  costly.  The  arrival  of  the 
twentieth  century  invested  most  things  with 
an  added  weight  of  years,  and  the  eighteenth 
century  seems  far  more  remote  than  it  did 
a  couple  of  decades  ago.  This  is  but  an 
illusion  which  a  simple  calculation  would 
dispel ;  still  the  calculation  is  rarely  made, 
and  in  popular  imagination  time  suddenly 
leaped  onward  by  a  hundred  years. 

As  with  Americana,  so,  though  at  a  re- 
spectful distance  as  yet,  with  those  early 
printed  books  referring  to  our  Colonies. 
They,  too,  have  their  libraries,  and  it  is  but 
natural  that  those  who  control  them  should 
seek  to  acquire  books  of  local  interest,  and 
what  the  libraries  do  openly  the  collector  is 
almost  certain  to  imitate  in  private.  Books 
of  this  class  are  also  advancing  in  price,  for 
there  is  a  growing  anxiety  to  obtain  them 
while  there  is  time  and  the  opportunity 
remains.  They  should,  however,  be  as  old  as 
circumstances  warrant.  Some  of  these  books 
were  printed  in  Europe  at  an  early  date,  but 
the  Colonies  themselves  were  not  so  far 
advanced.  The  first  book  printed  in  South 
Africa,  for  instance,  appeared  as  recently  as 
1814,  and  Tasmania  and  Australia  pub- 
lished nothing  till  four  or  five  years  later. 
At  present  the  collector's  line  in  these  cases 
is  drawn  at  about  1850,  but  here  again  time 
is  tripping  along. 

Needless  to  say,  English-printed  books  of 
an  early  period,  whether  in  verse  or  prose, 
are  in  great  demand  as  examples  of  typo- 
graphy, or  for  their  classic  interest,  or  for 
both  reasons  combined,  while  original,  and 
in  some  cases  early,  editions  of  the  recog- 


N 


4497,  -Ian.  3,    l!»14 


T  II  B     A  Til  K\  .El'  M 


L.1 


ni/fd  classics  of  more  modern  time?  are 
erly  sought  for.  Six  months  ago  as 
much  as  3002.  was  paid  for  Goldsmith's 
'Threnodia  Augustalis,'  printed  in  177i\ 
yet,  from  the  collector's  standpoint,  the 
copy  was  not  immaculate.     It  had  been  cut 

down   at    the   top   and   gilded. 

Below  the  medley  of  dates  of  which  those 
mentioned  an-  merely  instances  there  is  a 
solid  foundation  of  tact  from  which  there  is 
no  escape.  There  is  no  avoiding  the  con- 
clusion that  tlie  vast  majority  of  books 
casually   met    with   are  of   no   consequence 

from  a  marketable  point  of  view.  or.  indeed. 
from  any  other  standpoint,  though  there 
still  remains  an  immense  tield  which  has 
t  i  he  traversed  with  extreme  caution.  Jt 
may   he   said    that,   generally,   if  a    hook    has 

some    definite    message     to     deliver,    and 

handles  the  subject  well,  it   is  entitled  to  its 
"place    in    the   sun.""    even    although    such 
message  may  not  coincide  with  the  opinions 
held    by    succeeding    generations,   and    it  is 
really    tins    analysis    of    its   merits,    past   or 
present,  which  is  the  test  of  its  importance 
to-day.     Should   any   one   dispute   this,   let 
him   halt    at    the   first    street  stall  he  comes 
across  and  take  stock  of  the  derelicts  lie  will 
find    there.     A    few    books    so    encountered 
may   be   useful   even   yet.    though   time   has 
passed  them  by  and  rendered  them  of  little 
account  ;    but    nearly   all    will    be    found    to 
treat   of  trifling  matters  or  of  things  of  no 
interest,  or  of  nothing  in  particular,  or  to  be 
mere  shreds  and  patches  of  other  and  much 
more  capable  works,  or  to  belong  to  inferior 
editions  got  up  for  sale  at  a  cheap  rate,  or 
to  consist  of  books  of  reference  long  since 
discarded    as   obsolete,   and    the   like.     The 
world's    library  is    choked    with    such  waifs 
and  strays  as  these.      They  are,  of  course,  of 
all  grades,  for  even  inferiority  has  its  com- 
parisons, but  there  is  no  doubt  at  all  that 
the  object  lesson  will  prove  useful,  if  only  to 
supply  such  comparisons  and  to  adorn  a  tale. 
Many  of  the  sales  held  during  the  past  year 
have  supplied  materia!  for  differentiating  the 
various  classes  into  which  books  are  divided, 
and  for  distributing  their  grades,  and  it  is 
usually  the  less  important  among  them  that 
give  the  most  information  in  these  respects. 
The  Athenaeum   has  tabulated  from  time  to 
time  the  results  of  many  sales  of  every  degree 
of  interest,  and  if  nothing  but  lists  of  prices 
were  involved,  there  would  certainly  be  no 
necessity  to  refer  to  them  again,  as  they  are 
readily    accessible.     There    is.    however,    a 
value  in  retrospection,  especially  when  forti- 
fied with  explanatory  details,  and  that   has 
always  been  to  a  greater  or  lesser  extent  the 
justification   for  this  article,  which   has  ap- 
peared early  in   each   year  since   1888.      The 
period  of  time  thus  covered  is.  indeed,  short 
when   contrasted   with   the   life  of   Th<    Athe- 
m  itself,  but  it  is  long  when  viewed  from 
the  standpoint  oi  continuous  appearance. 

The  first  important  sale  of  the  year  was 
held   by  Messrs.   Botheby  on  January    13th 

and  two  following  day-,  and  wa-  referred  to 

in  The  Athena  um  of  the  25th  of  thai  month, 

on  p.  lbl.     The  -ale  was  of  a  miscellaneous 

character,    and    the    total    sum    realized    was 

.-pread  very  evenly  over  a  large  catalogue. 
More  important,  though  not  so  extensive, 
was  the  library  of  the  late  Mr.  Herbert  Pry, 

which,    with    other    properties,    was    sold    by 

Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson  on  January  23rd 

and  L'4th.  This  realized  1.822/.  tor  638  lot-,. 
the  chiei  nature-  being  the  holograph 
manuscript  of  Six   Sonnets   by  Oscar   Wilde. 

with  the  title  'Impressions  du  Theatre,1 
written  on  six  folio  I'  <•;/.  ;    Alexandre 

Dumaa'e  original  manuscript  of  '  Le  Quar- 
ante-Cinq,'  the  first  Beven  chapter-  on  seventy 

.'7/    :     .md    what    may   some  of   these 

day-  turn  out  to  be  the  actual  first  edition 
in  book-form   of  'Robinson  Crusoe.9     it  i- 


a  small  8vo.  printed  in    1710  "  for  the   Book- 

Sellers  of   London  and    Westminster,"   and 

bears  the  title  -The  Life-  and  Strange  Sur- 
prizing    Adventure-     of     Robeson     Cruso.' 

This    ••()'"   edition,   as    it     has    come    to    be 

called,  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Laidkw 
Purves  some  ten  or  twelve  years  ago  dis- 
covered, that  is  to  say, to  he  specially  noted, 

for  the  same  copy  which  realized  11.  lav. 
on  this  occasion  had  belonged  to  Lord 
Townshend,  whose  library  was  sold  in  1882. 
Much  has  been  written  about  this  book  since 
Dr.  Purves  called  attention  to  it  in  a  pam- 
phlet, and  some  authorities  have  denounced 
it  as  a  piracy,  which,  to  say  the  least .  is  highly 
improbable.  As  to  this, 'see  The  Athenaeum 
of  April  11th  and  18th,  1903,  where  the 
subject  is  discussed  at    length. 

A  sale  held  at  Sotheby's  on  February  .'lid 
and  two  following  days  was  productive  of 
more  than  2,0001.  (see  Athm., Feb.  15, p.  189); 
and  on  February  11th  and  following  days 
one  of  the  three  most  important  sales  of  the 
year  took  place  in  the  same  rooms.  This 
was  of  the  library  of  the  lato  Mr.  George 
Dunn  of  Maidenhead.  The  collection  of 
early  manuscripts  and  printed  books  relating 
to  English  law,  perhaps  the  most  important 
in  private  hands,  was  sold  en  bloc  to  Messrs. 
Sweet  &  Maxwell  for  3,750/.;  and  then  came 
a  long  series  of  early  manuscripts  and 
printed  books  of  a  severely  classical  cha- 
racter, among  them  being  one  unment  ioned 
by  the  bibliographers,  and  probably  unique. 
This  was  the  '  Doctrinale,  seu  Grammatics 
Latina.'  of  Alexander  GaJlus,  printed  some 
time  during  the  fifteenth  century,  but  with- 
out name  of  printer,  place,  or  date.  This 
realized  500/.,  and  was  secured  by  Mr. 
Quariteh,  who  for  the  same  amount  obtained 
a  manuscript  at  one  time  in  the  collection 
of  the  Duca  di  Cassano-Serra,  and  after- 
wards in  that  of  the  Earl  of  Ashburnham. 
It  seems  to  have  been  written  by  an  Italian 
scribe  during  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
discourses  of  the  virtues  of  the  baths  of 
Baiae  and  Puteoli.  The  Dunn  Sale  was 
fully  reported  in  The  Athenaeum  of  February 
22nd,  p.  221,  and  there  is  no  occasion  to 
refer  to  it  in  detail  again. 

The  library  of  the  late  Sir  Raymond  West 
and  other  properties  were  sole!  by  Messrs. 
Hodgson  on  February  12th  and  two  follow- 
ing days,  the  amount  realized  being  nearly 
1,200/.  On  this  occasion  a  most  interest 
ing  collection  of  forged  Shakespearian  signa- 
tures and  deeds,  the  work  of  W.  H.  Ireland. 
brought  21/.  lO.s.  They  comprised  '  The 
Confession  of  Faith';  the  Letter  to  Anne 
Hathaway;  the  alterations  in  '  King  Lear" 
and  'Hamlet';  and  Ireland's  printed  an- 
nouncement relating  to  Ma  lone"-,  "  [  n  founded 
Assertions."    i-sued   on    the    very   eve   of    the 

production   of    '  Vortigern  '-    that    "  solemn 
mockery"  which  gave   Inland   his  quietus. 

Yet    he    once    wrote     an    anthem    which    was 

privately  printed    at     Paris,  and    was    very 
nearly  mistaken  for  Shakespeare  himself. 

The    library    of    Mr.     R.     A.     Potts    of    St. 

James's  Terrace,    N.W.,   sold   on    February 
20th  and  following  day,  wa-  noticeable  for 
many   important    works   by   Blake,    Edward 
FitzGerald,    Lamb,  and   Shelley.     Ii    we 
typical   English  library  of  the  better  cl 
A  copy  of  the  first   edition  of  FitzGerald  - 
translation  of  the  '  Rubaiyat  '  of  Omar  Khay- 
yam.   1859,    fetched    <i-'/.    (morocco    exf 
with  the  original  cover-  hound  in)    and  an 
unbound  copy  of  Shelley's  '  Epipsychidiou 
went    for  •'!"•'.     The  lasl    days  of   February 
witnessed  the  Bale  ol  a  collection  of  hooks 
illustrating     British    and     Foreign     Military 
•iime.  formed  by  the  late  Mr.  s.  M.  Milne 
of  Calverley    Hon-'.    Leeds.     A    number  of 
engravings,    lithographs,    and    other    pri 
all  oi   a   military   character,   were   included, 
and  the  amount  realized  for  the  whole  collec- 


tion    was     more     than     ."..illlll/.     (see     Ali 

.March  8,  p.  291 ).  Print  i  ol  this  chara 
w  ere  generally  issued  in  a  sen.-,  in  book-form, 
and  are  therefore  classed  collective!}  a 
books,  and  the  prices  some  oi  them  realize 
seem  extraordinary  at  first  -il'Iu.  rims  on 
this  occasion  Ankermann's  eras  ol  sixty- 
ono  coloured  plates,  w  ith  fifteen  formi 

New    Series,    and    ten    extra    plates,    making 
altogether    eighty--i\    plates,    all    e\cept,    one 
coloured,   fetched    Kid/.       The  explanation, 
that    sets  complete  or    approximately 
inosf      difficult     tO    meet   with,    there    hem 

steady  demand  for  even  single  prints  ol  this 
character.  Each  regiment  is  naturally  inter- 
ested the  most  in  us  own  records,  and  thus 
it  i-  that  series  gel  broken  and  tin  print  - 
that,    compose    them    distributed,    and    wlcn 

once  broken  they  can  be  reconstituted  only 

after    immense  labour  and   at    great    I 

J.    ttZRBBBX   M.MI.H. 


THE   HEAD    MASTERS'  CONFERENI  E. 
Over    sixty    head    master-    gathered 

Reading    School     lor    the    forty-first     annual 
Conference,   on   Tuesday   and    Wednesday    m 

last  week.     The  Rev.  \V.  < '.  Eppstein,  head 

master  of  the  school,  presided. 

The  chief  feature  oi  Tuesday's  proce  dings 
was  an  address  by  Sir  J.  A.  )•;»  ing,  Director  of 
Naval  Education,  on  the  admission  of  public- 

school  boys  to  naval  cadetahipa     Hitherto 

the  naval  tradition  had  been  to  take  boys 
at  an  age  when  they  owed  little  or  nothing 
to  public  -  school  training.  There  was  no 
intention  of  departing  from  the  Bcheme  "' 
1903,  which  accepted  hoy-  at  the  natural 
break  between  the  private  school  and  the 
public.      Since    that    scheme   was    instituted. 

however,  the  Navy  had  been  largely  de- 
veloped, and  there  were  new  claims  which 
could  not  have  been  taken  into  account   then 

— those,    for    instance,    of    tin-    submarine 

Service,  the  air  service,  and  the  Dominion 
navies.  All  this  meant  the  need  for  a 
larger  supply  of  lieutenants.  It  took  only 
two  years  to  build  a  battleship,  while  it 
took  nine  to  make  a  naval  officer,  entering 

at  the  usual  age  for  O.sboiiie.  So  the  m-w 
plan    was   adopted    i^\'    taking    hoy-    into    the 

Navy   from   the   public   school-  when    they 

had  completed  their  education  there  -from 
the  age  of  17!  to  IS!.  This  allowed  onlj 
brief  period  for  professional  training,  but  the 
Admiralty  hoped,  by  adopting  competitive 
selection,  to  secure  boys  "t  sufficient  ability 
to  overcome  this  handicap.     A  good  general 

education    was  desired,   with   a    bias   towards 

mathematics,  physics,  and  mechanics,  and 

the  examination   was  named  on   the  lines 

of    that     lor   entry   to   Woolwich,  except    thai 
the  candidate   wa-    not    required    to    '■    tab.      i 

certain  minimum  iii  all  the  compulsory 
subjects.     A     paper    on     elemental*;     •  n 

lie,  ring    would     he    added     to    the     Woolwtoh 

scheme,  a-  an  attempt  t"  attract  boys  who 

had     a      special      hent      that      wa\.     and     give 

preference  to  those  who  had  studied  pi 
engineering   at    school.     Knowled  tlio 

kind   wa-  obvious)}    needed   "'i    board    I 

modern   war-hip.   with    it-   multitude  oi   mi 

chanical  can rh am 
This   scheme   of   special   enti  aly 

-tarted  tin-  \  ear,  w  hen  fort)  ■  I 

u ere    taken    tor    i raining.     In    191  I    about 
s,\<v  would   l.e  accepted,  and   probably 
d    nun, her    m    1915   and    1916,    d   I 
which  the  Admiraltj    wa  ■" 

t  inue  t  h  ent. 

|)i  ,     Oil     the    addle  '      im    It-    d. 

hut  a  numb  r  "i  quo  tea,  ■  Sir 

.1.    Ew  u  11}    con  i  '■■■   <  " 

neering  pap< 

Mr.      I:  I 

School,     Birrnii  '     Dr. 


16 


Til  E     ATII  EN.EUM 


No.  4497,  Jan.  3,   1014 


Lyttelton  (Eton)  seconded,  a  motion  that 
was  unanimously  adopted,  and  heartily 
welcomed  the  establishment  of  the  Teachers' 
Registration  Council. 

Dr.  David  (Rugby)  proposed  the  forma- 
tion of  a  committee  to  consider  co-operation 
in  the  national  scheme  of  education.  The 
Rev.  L.  Ford  (Harrow)  seconded,  but  after 
some  discussion  an  amendment  to  the  same 
effect,  but  in  somewhat  more  sympathetic 
form,  proposed  by  Mr.  A.  L.  Francis  (Blun- 
■dell's),  was  carried.  A  select  committee 
is  to  consider  the  matter. 

Mr.  F.  Fletcher  (Charterhouse)  moved  a 
resolution  reaffirming  the  general  approval 
■of  the  suggested  new  regulations  for  Re- 
sponsions  at  Oxford,  and  hoping  for  similar 
reforms  in  the  Previous  Examination  at 
Cambridge.  The  Rev.  C  A.  Alington 
(Shrewsbury)  seconded,  and  the  resolution 
was  passed  nem.  con.,  a  rider  being  added, 
■on  the  proposal  of  Dr.  Lyttelton  and  the 
Rev.  A.  W.  Upcott  (Christ's  Hospital),  that 
no  reform  at  either  University  would  be 
satisfactory  so  long  as  Greek  was  retained 
as  a  compulsory  subject. 

Wednesday  was  largely  devoted  to  private 
business,  but  the  pronunciation  of  Latin 
was  the  subject  of  an  interesting  discussion 
begun  by  the  Rev.  H.  C.  White  (Bradfield). 
He  showed  that  there  was  no  standard  pro- 
nunciation either  in  public  or  private 
schools,  and  declared  that  there  was  no 
place  in  the  world  where  Latin  was  more 
variously  or  villainously  pronounced  than 
at  Oxford.  On  the  public  schools  the  re- 
sponsibility of  settling  the  question  rested, 
and  the  pronunciation  ought  to  be  that 
adopted  by  the  Classical  Association.  He 
brought  forward  a  motion  on  these  lines 
in  order  to  attain  uniformity,  which  the 
seconder  (Mr.  F.  Fletcher)  said  was  abso- 
lutely essential  for  the  sake  of  their  common 
■education,  and  after  some  discussion  it  was 
passed  by  thirty-one  votes  to  seventeen. 


"  DEAR  WORTHY." 

17,  Campden  Grove,  Kensington,  W. 
December  30,  1913. 

I  notice  that  in  my  lines  '  Before  the 
•Cradle,'  appearing  in  your  issue  of  the  27th 
iilt.,  the  word  "  dearworthy  "  has  been 
printed  as  two  separate  words,  and  I  should 
be  glad  if  you  could  spare  space  in  your 
columns  to  correct  this. 

I  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  word, 
which  seems  to  me  a  distinctly  beautiful  one, 
in  Julian  of  Norwich's  '  Revelations  of 
Divine  Love,'  a  work,  I  believe,  of  the  four- 
teenth century.  On  consulting  Murray's 
'  New  English  Dictionary  '  I  find  five 
instances  quoted  (including  Chaucer,  Boeth., 
II.  i.  31),  ranging  from  c.  1300  to  c.  1485. 
Julian  of  Norwich  uses  the  word  frequently. 
G.  Rostbevor  Hamilton. 

*Hc*  We  greatly  regret  that  a  proof- 
reviser  mistook  the  author's  mark  de- 
siring more  space  between  the  last  line 
and  the  signature  for  a  direction  to  divide 
the  word  "  dearworthy." 


BOOK    SALE. 


Messrs.  Sotheby's  sale  on  Monday,  December 
•22nd,  included  the  following  books :  Audubon, 
Birds  of  America,  7  vols.,  1840-44,  35/.  Cob- 
bett's  Parliamentary  History  of  England,  Han- 
sard's Parliamentary  Debates,  &c,  417  vols., 
1803-1900,  64/.  Stevenson's  Works,  Pentland 
Edition,  20  vols.,  1906-7,  20/.  Churchyard,  A 
revyving  of  the  deade  by  verses  that  foloweth, 
1591,  apparently  an  unrecorded  work  by  this 
author — in  one  volume  with  Simon  Segar's  Booke 
of  Honor  and  Armes,  1590,  and  Wyrley's  True 
Use  of  Armorie,  1592,  68/.  Durer,  The  Little 
Passion,  16  plates,  1508-13,  54/.  Gould,  Birds 
of  Great  Britain,  5  vols.,  1873,  35/.  ;  Birds  of 
Europe,  5  vols.,  1837,  54/. 

The  total  of  the  sale  was  835/.  12.*. 


Literature  and  learning  are,  as  usual, 
sparsely  represented  in  the  New  Year's 
Honours.  We  congratulate  Mr.  Owen 
Seaman  and  Mr.  Robert  Blair,  Education 
Officer  of  the  London  County  Council 
since  1904,  on  their  knighthoods.  Mr. 
James  Bryce,  who  becomes  a  Viscount,  is 
not  only  an  ex-ambassador,  but  also  an 
accomplished  writer  and  historian.  Sir 
Harold  Harmsworth,  who  is  raised  to  a 
barony,  endowed  the  Cambridge  Profes- 
sorship of  English,  and  is  largely  inter- 
ested in  Liberal  journalism. 

Science  is  represented  by  Sir  Archibald 
Geikie,  who  receives  the  Order  of  Merit, 
and  Prof.  Ernest  Rutherford,  who  becomes 
a  Knight. 

The  proceedings  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Classical  Association  on  the  12th  and  13th 
inst.  will  include,  on  Monday,  a  paper  by 
Mr.  R.  W.  Livingstone  on  '  The  Teaching 
of  the  Classics  as  Literature,'  a  lantern 
lecture  by  Mr.  W.  C.  P.  Anderson  on 
'  The  Underworld  and  the  Way  there,' 
and  a  performance  of  selected  Idylls  of 
Theocritus  by  the  Bedford  College  Greek 
Play  Society. 

On  Tuesday,  besides  the  Presidential 
Address  of  Sir  F.  G.  Kenyon,  there  will 
be  papers  by  Prof.  Ridgeway,  '  The 
Origin  of  Greek  Tragedy,  illustrated 
from  the  Dramas  of  non-European  Races,' 
and  Miss  F.  M.  Stawell,  '  The  Scamander 
Ford  in  the  Iliad,'  and  a  lantern  lecture 
by  Mrs.  S.  A.  Strong  on  classical  antiqui- 
ties in  American  Museums. 

The  January  Nineteenth  Century  con- 
tains eight  hitherto  unpublished  letters 
from  Jane  Welsh  to  Thomas  Carlyle, 
which  have  been  discovered  since  Mr. 
John  Lane  brought  out  the  collec- 
tion of  love-letters  in  1909.  They  have 
in  as  great  a  degree  as  any  the  vivacity 
and  the  strenuous  egoism  a  deux  with 
which  readers  of  Jane  Welsh's  letters  are 
already  familiar,  and  though  they  do  not 
add  anything  particular  to  our  knowledge 
of  her  or  Carlyle,  we  are  glad  that  Mr. 
Alexander  Carlyle  has  promptly  given 
them  to  the  public  in  an  authentic  tran- 
script. 

The  excellent  summary  of  '  The  Books 
of  1913  '  in  The  Publishers'  Circular  again 
announces  a  "  Record  Year,"  and  those 
who  rejoice  in  mere  numbers  can  point  to 
an  increase  of  312  books  on  the  total  of 
1912.  12,379  books  were  issued,  of  which 
1,696  appeared  in  October.  The  follow- 
ing figures  show  the  marked  increase  as 
compared  with  last  year's  output  in 
various  sections  :  Religion,  91  ;  Sociology, 
216  ;  Technology,  113  ;  and  Travel  and 
Geography,  144.  Fiction,  apart  from 
juvenile  literature,  reached  2,504  books, 
which  is  40  more  than  last  year.  That 
a  great  many  of  these  publications  are 
superfluous,  if  not  useless  and  inadequate, 
no  sensible  person  denies.  Insensate  com- 
petition accounts  for  some  of  them.  Pub- 
lishers flatter  one  another  by  imitation, 
but  do  not  appear  to  be  on  sufficiently 


good  terms  to  prevent  the  issue  of  two  or 
more  books  at  once  on  the  same  subject. 
This  may  mean  a  sad  record  of  wasted 
time  for  an  author,  and  is  not  to  the 
advantage  of  anybody. 

Ox  Saturday,  December  27th,  the  eve 
of  his  eightieth  birthday,  Lord  Burnham, 
the  principal  proprietor  of  The  Daily 
Telegraph,  was  presented  with  an  address, 
signed  by  253  representatives  of  the 
leading  newspapers  of  this  country  and 
America,  as  well  as  by  those  of  several 
French  and  German  journals,  expressing 
their  sense  of  the  services  he  has  rendered 
to  journalism  during  his  long  career. 

War  is  raging  among  French  historians. 
M.  Aulard,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne, 
accuses  M.  Langlois,  the  Keeper  of  the 
Paris  Archives,  of  having  destroyed  im- 
portant documents  relating  to  the  history 
of  education  in  the  nineteenth  century. 
M.  Langlois  answers  that  the  documents 
are  duplicates,  and  were  destroyed  in  con- 
formity to  regulations  ;  and  he  retorts  by 
announcing  that  a  complaint  is  lodged 
against  M.  Aulard  by  two  historians, 
MM.  Augustin  Cochin  and  Ernest  d'Haute- 
rive,"who  have  discovered  that  M.  Aulard 
or  his  secretary  has  made  annotations  on 
documents  concerning  the  period  of  the 
Revolution. 

Last  Sunday,  in  Paris,  a  ceremony 
took  place  which  passed  almost  un- 
noticed. A  few  men  of  letters  as- 
sembled in  the  Rue  des  Bons-Enfants  in 
order  to  set  a  commemorative  inscription 
on  the  house  which  occupies  the  site  of 
the  Hotel  de  la  Baziniere,  the  birthplace 
of  La  Rochefoucauld  in  1613. 

The  Scottish  Historical  Review  is  opened 
for  1914  by  Prof.  Hume  Brown,  who 
deals  with  Scottish  intellectual  influence 
on  the  Continent.  Mr.  Baird  Smith 
writes  on  William  Barclay,  father  of  the 
author  of  '  Argenis  '  ;  and  Mr.  T.  D.  Robb 
on  the  '  Priests  of  Peebles.'  Dr.  G. 
Neilson  edits  the  first  chapter  of  a  MS. 
memoir  by  Scot  of  Scotstarvet. 

Mr.  J.  Weeks,  the  author  of  '  Among 
Congo  Cannibals,'  has  written  another 
book  on  the  primitive  folk  of  Equatorial 
Africa.  He  has  spent  practically  the 
whole  of  his  life  in  that  region,  and  he 
has  made  a  careful  study  of  the  languages, 
customs,  habits,  and  belief  in  witchcraft, 
sorcery,  and  fetishism.  The  book  is  illus- 
trated with  interesting  photographs,  and 
will  be  published  immediately  by  Messrs. 
Seeley  &  Service. 

We  regret  to  learn  of  the  death  of  Mr. 
Henry  Whyte,  well  known  under  the  pen- 
name  "  Fionn  "  as  a  Celtic  scholar,  Avho 
died  at  Glasgow  at  the  age  of  61.  His 
work  includes  a  long  series  of  contribu- 
tions to  Highland  periodicals,  translations 
from  Gaelic  literature  into  English,  and  a 
number  of  volumes  on  Celtic  subjects. 
His  interest  in  Gaelic  music  was  equally 
great,  and  we  owe  to  him  the  preservation 
of  many  Highland  melodies,  as  well  as 
many  tales  and  traditions  connected  with 
the  pipes  and  famous  pipers.  His  con- 
tributions to  Gaelic  literature  were  recog- 
nized by  a  Civil  List  pension  in  1906. 


tso.  4497,  Jan.  3,   HM4 


Til  E     AT  II  K\  .]•;  I    M 


I 


SCIENCE 


The    Courtship   of    Animals.     By    \Y.    P. 
Pycraft.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

.Mu.  Pvckaft's  preceding  volume  was 
concerned  with  '  The  Infancy  of  Animals  ' ; 
in  the  present  one  he  deals  with  their 
"  courtship.'*  At  a  time  when  sex-prob- 
lems occupy  so  much  space  among  schemes 
for  the  regeneration  of  humanity,  he 
considers  that  it  would  not  be  amiss  if  a 
greater  number  of  people  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  habits  and  instincts  of 
the  animal  world  in  this  respect,  since  the 
springs  of  behaviour  in  each  are  the  same. 
After  a  general  introduction,  he  passes 
in  review  the  love-making  of  primitive 
man  and  other  mammalia  ;  the  courtship 
of  birds,  amphibia,  fishes,  and  many 
insects,  and  the  habits  resulting  therefrom, 
such  as  polygamy,  polyandry,  &c.  The 
observations  recorded  are  followed  by  a 
discussion  as  to  the  interpretations  to  be 
put  upon  them.  The  book  abounds  in 
curious  facts  of  natural  history,  but  the 
suggested  explanations  are  sometimes 
unsatisfying.  Take,  for  instance,  the 
origin  of  the  lion's  mane.  Darwin  sup- 
posed it  was  evolved  as  a  protection  to  the 
male  in  fighting  for  its  mate,  but,  if  so, 
other  felines  should  possess  it.  Another 
hypothesis  is  that  it  is  a  protection 
against  cold,  but  the  lioness  is  exposed 
to  similar  temperatures,  and  it  is  not  a 
satisfactory   explanation  to   be   told  that 

"  we  must  regard  a  low  temperature  as 
conducive  to  the  growth  of  long  hair, 
when  a  natural  tendency  to  produce  this 
is  present."  Again,  in  discussing  the 
origin  of  horns  the  author  considers  we 
have  an  intelligible  basis  for  the  explana- 
tion of  horn  development  if  we  regard  it 

'  as  an  inherent  diathesis  of  the  ungulate 
somatoplasm."  Such  a  statement,  how- 
ever, does  not  convey  much  additional 
information.  These  instances  are  not 
quoted  in  any  way  to  depreciate  31  r. 
Pycraft's  work,  much  of  which  is  both 
original  and  valuable,  but  simply  to  show 
how  difficult  it  is  satisfactorily  to  account 
for  some  of  the  commonest  facts  in  nature. 
Under  the  term  "  courtship  of  animals," 
Mr.  Pycraft  includes  not  only  a 
description  of  the  various  secondary 
sexual  characters  and  their  uses — such 
as  horns,  tusks,  and  spurs,  vocal  sounds, 
the  nuptial  dress  of  birds,  and  ornamental 
displays — but  also,  as  far  as  is  possible, 
a  physiological  analysis  of  the  underlying 
causes.  Darwin  attempted,  in  part,  to 
explain  the  attributes  of  sex  by  his  theory 
of  sexual  selection.  Be  Suggested  that 
the  resplendent  courting  plumage  of 
mane  male  birds,  or  the  dances  and  dis- 
play- of  others,  were  intended  to  charm 

the  female,  who  gave  herself  to  the   tUOSl 

pleasing  suitor.  Weapons  of  offence,  <>n 
the  other  hand  -as  those  mentioned 
abbv< — he  considered  as  another  form  of 
sexual  selection,  in  which  the  Female 
remained  passive,  but  became  the  prize  of 
the  victor  in  the  combats  between  the 
males.  This  theory,  though  ao  doubl 
partly  true,  has  met  with  much  opposition. 


The  late  Dr.  Wallace  was  one  of  its 
sternest  critics,  but  his  own  hypothesis, 
that  these  characters  in  the  male  were  due 
to  his  superabundant  vitality,  did  aol  seem 
a  sufficient  explanation.  Mr.  I'm  raft 
suggests  a  modification  of  Darwin's  theory 
based  upon  later  knowledge.  He  de- 
scribes the  secondary  sexual  characters  as 
"expression  points''  of  germinal  varia- 
tions. _  Though  the  exciting  cause  of  these 
variations  is  still  unknown,  he  is  probably 
correct  in  considering  thai  the  '"  hor- 
mones," or  internal  secretions  of  the 
primary  and  secondary  sexual  glands, 
when  taken  up  by  the  blood,  have  a 
marked  influence  in  their  production. 
It  is  now  apparent  that  much  which  was 
formerly  attributed  to  sexual  selection  is 
in  reality  due  to  the  action  of  these  glands. 
Mr.  Pycraft  believes  that  they  not  only 
govern  the  purely  ornamental  coloration 
of  animals,  but  also  are  responsible  for 
those  of  protective  resemblance  and  warn- 
ing. The  pituitary  body  and  thyroid 
gland  exercise  a  marked  control  over 
growth,  and  the  author  considers  that 
they  are  no  less  intimately  concerned 
with  the  behaviour  of  animals.  There 
is  a  considerable  amount  of  evidence  in 
favour  of  these  views,  and  they  render 
intelligible  much  that  was  previously 
difficult  to  understand.  But  that  they 
do  not  represent  the  whole  truth  may  be 
shown  by  citing  a  case  of  unilateral  de- 
velopment of  secondary  male  characters 
in  a  Formosan  pheasant,  which  was 
exhibited  by  Dr.  C.  J.  Bond  at  the  recent 
meeting  of  the  British  Association.  If 
the  development  of  the  secondary  sexual 
characters  were  solely  caused  by  the 
circulation  in  the  blood  of  the  internal 
secretions  of  these  glands,  it  is  impossible 
to  understand  why,  as  in  this  instance, 
they  should  appear  upon  one  side  only 
of  the  body.  Mr.  Pycraft,  indeed,  admits 
that  these  variations  and  differences  in 
behaviour  are  as  yet  by  no  means  under- 
stood. He  shows,  as  in  his  former  work, 
that  they  occur  first  in  the  male,  and  are 
then  passed  on  to  the  female  and  to  the 
young,  till  ultimately  both  sexes  and  all 
stages  are  once  more  alike. 

Some  of  Mr.  Pycraft's  conclusions — 
based  upon  his  studies  of  the  animal 
world — are  a  little  old-fashioned.  He 
considers  that  man's  brain  capacity  is 
greater  than  woman's,  and  that  she  retains 
more  of  the  primitive  characters  of  the 
race.  To  find  the  onward  tendency  of 
evolution,  the  latest  developments,  we 
turn  to  the  male. 

"Civilization  fhe  says]  is  making  for 
extinction  as  much  as  over-specialization  in 
the  case  of  the  lower  animals.  Hitherto, 
save  in  the  case  of  decaying  nations,  women 
have  played  bul  a  minor  pari  in  what  we 
may  call  the  '  t ribal  '  affairs  <>i  the  i 
Among  the  civilized  nations  of  to-day,  in 
proportion  as  the  'maleness'  <>i'  the  com- 
munity becomes  more  and  more  effet*  .... 
so  the  influence  of  i  he  femnl  elf. 

And  recenl   events  among  us  show    plainly 
enough    thai    thai    influent  e  is  1  he  rei  i 
(.1  good. 

These    are    burning    questions     and    we 
refrain    from    criticism,    though    we    d 
agree  with  the  authoi  -  firsi  sent  m 


A  word  of  praise  La  deserved  by  the 

numerous  illustrations,  which  are   a  g] 

help  to  the  tmderotanding  of  the  t.  \t 

ixi'i.i  i:\z  \. 

81,  Truman  Road,  Rarlafleld,  8.W.,  Dae. 
As  you  have  published  (December  1 3th) 

B    l'e\  lew     o!    |,I\     httle    hook    '    I  1 1 1 1 1  |eri/.;i .      i 

I   relj    on  you  courteously   to  allow    m< 

point  out  in  the  columns  of  7'A«   Athena 
certain   mistakes  and   misstatements  made 
i'\  j  our  n  \  lew er  ! 

1.  The  re\  iewer  asserts   thai    the  a.i\  ice 

contained     in    my     hook     "  La    dan  for 

those  who  have  had  no  professional  train- 
ing,"   and    thai    "prescriptions    are    given 
which     contain    potent     drugs,    md    harm 
mighl   easily  be  done  it'   their  employmenl 
were   Left    in  the  unskilled   hands   of    tl 
for  whom  this  section  of  the   book  appears 
to  be  written.        \ow   p.   i:ts   oi   my  hook 
is    devoted    almost   entirely   to  'The  Polly 
oi     Self  -  Doctoring,'     and     I 
distinctly    on    the    same    page    thai     I 
drugging    "is   a    very    unwise   undertakii 
excepl   in  those  comparatively  rare  cases  in 
which  professional  aid  is  unobtainable  and  the 
urgency  of  the  case  justifies  the  risk  entailed.1 
Again,  on  p.  141  I  point  oul  thai  "  the  besl 
advice  thai   can   be  given  to  any  one  pre- 
senting   the    initial    symptoms    of    influenza 
during    an    epidemic   of   that    di-ei-,-    j,, 
to  bed,  and  send  for  a  doctor  ami  a  m. 
Further,  on  p.   L56  I  warn  my  readers  thai 
certain  drugs—  ant  ifehrin.  iintipyrine,  saln-in 

— which 'any  one  can  obtain  tor  a  few  p<  i 

and    without    a    prescription,    "are    far    too 
depressant  in  their  action   to   he  advocated 
for  general  use  in  severe  attacks  of  influenza.  ' 
Finally,  nowhere   in   my   hook  do    1    advia 
the  use  of,  or  give  a  prescription  for,  a 
potent    drug    that    a    respectable    ehemisl 
would  dispense  without  the  signed  prescrip- 
tion of  a  registered    medical    man  1     I  >■ 
your    reviewer    consider    that     the    reading 
public  of  this  country  is  composed  entirely 
of  fools  and  forgers  ? 

2.  The    use    of    alcohol.     Your    reviewer 
states  : — 

"  Alcohol  is  recommended  in  considerable  quanta 
ties,  for  the  writer  says,  '  It  mual  always  l>e  borne 
in  mind  that  so  long  as  the  tone  oi  t  be  oil  oolaton 
and  nervous  syBtema  is  improved,  the  alcohol  u 
doin}?  good,  hut  that  direotly  .i  ten  l<  di  \  to  ooma 
appears  or  the  breath  acquires  i  di  tin  tly  aloo 
hobo  odour,  the  stimulant  must  be  stopped. 

Now  the  passage  quoted  by  your  reviewer 

has    nothing    whatever    to    do    with    the    ad- 
ministration  of  alcohol   in    large  quantities. 
It   occurs   at    the    end    of    a    pat  tgraph    on 
'Depression    and    Prostration      (pp.  163    i  . 
and  is,  in  reality,  a  summai  ■ 
opinion  of  tl<  celebrated  Dr.  Rol     I  //  Ut  1 1 
an  tin   treatment  of  tht   sympi 
Honed,    wht  n    tl"  ■/   occur    < 
infectious  disease  {v.    '  Food   at       Dieteti 
by    Hutchison ).     I  lad     I     ii"'      imitted 
meiit  ion    1 1  utchisoi 

would    probably   have    lefi    tl  in 

question  Ij   aloni 

in    u  Inch     I     reC(  'lie    'lid    the    I 

on    t he   .iiit horil y   of    Mm  hell,    I3i  ml 

Sutherland  (r.   pp.    164,    18    .    ' 

I    venture    to    opine    thai 
conaiderat  ions  w  ill  aol  fail  to  nj 

impartial    reader 

\  ollf      |.    \   lew  I    I 

tone,  and  hi  leadii 

%  *   Our  re\  i. 
his     (in t  id'      il 

'Mil,'',, (I       I    II 

\\  III'  m    full  I 

a    d; 

and     mil 


18 


TIT  E     A  Til  ENiEUM 


Xo.  44<)7,  Jan.  3,   1914 


SOCIETIES. 

Royal  Numismatic. — Dec.  18. — Sir  Honry  II. 
Iloworth,  President,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  V.  B. 
Orowther-Benyon,  Richard  Dalton,  Robert  Kerr, 
and  R.  J.  Williams  were  proposed  for  election. 

Exhibitions  :  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Milne,  a  tetradrachm 
of  Smyrna,  obv.  head  of  Cybele  r.,  and  rev.  lion 
recumbent  r.  of  the  magistrate  Herodotus  ;  by 
Mr.  L.  G.  P.  Messenger,  a  small  bronze  medallion 
of  Antoninus  Pius,  rev.  Hercules  standing  in  front 
of  an  altar,  behind  him  a  column  surmounted  by 
a.  statue  (Gnecchi,  pi.,  cxlix.  1) ;  by  the  Rev.  Edgar 
Rogers,  three  Jewish  bronze  coins  of  Eleazar — one 
of  the  usual  type  of  the  first  year  of  the  "  deliver- 
ance of  Jerusalem,"  and  two  new  types  of  the 
"  redemption  of  Israel  "  ;  by  Mr.  Henry  Symonds, 
a,  secona  brass  of  Vespasian,  rev.  pax  AUG ;  a  first 
brass  of  Titus,  rev.  pietas  ;  a  first  brass  of  Cara- 
oalla,  rev.  vict.  brit.,  and  a  third  brass  of  Allectus, 
rev.  virtus  AUG.  of  the  London  minti  all  found 
in  Dorset. 

Mr.  J.  Allan  read  a  paper  on  the  English  imita- 
tion of  an  Arab  dinar  usually  known  as  the 
mancus  of  Offa,  which  has  recently  been  acquired 
by  the  British  Museum.  This  piece  is  a  very  good 
copy  of  a  dinar  of  the  Abbasid  Caliph  al-Mansur 
of  the  year  157  a.h.  (774  a.d.>,  with  the  addi- 
tional legend  offa  hex.  Offa  probably  became 
acquainted  with  the  Arab  dinars  through  inter- 
course between  England  and  France,  as  they  are 
known  to  have  circulated  in  the  Carolingian 
empire  ;  he  might  even  have  received  them  from 
Charlemagne,  as  gold  coins  seem  to  have  been 
included  among  the  presents  sent  by  al-Mansur 
to  Pepin,  and  by  Harun  al-Rashid  to  Charlemagne. 
There  was  no  real  reason  to  suppose  that  these 
dinars  of  Offa  were  specially  struck  or  even  used  for 
the  payment  of  Peter's  pence.  They  were  evi- 
dence of  an  attempt,  probably  quite  ephemeral,  to 
institute  a  gold  coinage  which  would  pass  current 
with  the  standard  gold  coin  of  the  time.  The 
idea  that  the  Munus  Divinum  solidi  of  Louis  the 
Pious  were  specially  struck  for  tribute,  to  Rome 
was,  as  M.  Prou  has  shown,  due  to  a  misinterpre- 
tation of  the  legend,  which  was  really  a  kind  of 
equivalent  to  Dei  Gratia.  Although  the  value  of 
Offa's  dinar  must  have  been  about  that  of  a 
mancus  of  silver,  it  must  be  called  a  dinar  and 
not  a  mancus,  which  was  a  money  of  account. 
The  etymology  of  mancus  from  the  Arabic  mankush 
the  "  engraved,"  only  applicable  to  coins  in 
poetical  language,  was  untenable,  and  any  theories 
founded  on  it  must  be  abandoned. 


Aristotelian. — Dec.  22. — Prof.  Dawes  Hicks, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Col.  E.  H.  Bethell,  Mr. 
G.  D.  H.  Cole,  and  the  Rev.  Moxon  Cavendish  were 
elected  Members. 

Mr.  C.  Delisle  Burns  read  a  paper  on  '  William 
of  Ockham  on  Universals.'  The  problem  of 
the  reality  of  universals  and  particulars  is 
not  purely  mediawal,  and  not  only  of  historical 
interest.  The  difficulties  which  were  once 
faced  by  William  of  Ockham  still  need  dis- 
cussion. The  problem  arises  in  the  perception 
that  we  do  not  quite  know  what  we  mean  when 
we  say  that  two  things  are  similar.  Various  forms 
of  modern  idealism  seem  to  imply  that  what  is 
real  is  ultimately  and  most  truly  one  and  in- 
divisible. The  particular  and  the  distinct  should 
therefore  have  no  reality  except  the  conventional 
reality  given  it  by  our  need  for  action  or  the  un- 
fortunate limitations  of  "  finite  "mind.  But  this 
is  simply  to  adopt  the  solution  offered  by  all 
mediaeval  realism  in  its  moderate  form,  as  in 
Thomas  Aquinas  and  Duns  Scotus.  It  must 
mean  that  particulars  are  to  be  explained  finally 
in  terms  of  universals  ;  or  at  least  that  the  in- 
dividual is  regarded  as  a  difficulty  remaining 
over  to  be  explained  after  we  have  grasped  the 
real  nature  of  the  whole.  And  it  was  to  destroy 
precisely  this  form  of  philosophy  that  Ockham 
laboured.  The  interest  of  the  position  as  Ockham 
found  it  is  that  it  was  practically  the  same  as 
that  which  we  find  to-day  in  surviving  idealism. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


SI  »s. 


Wed. 


Geographical.  3.15.— 'How  some  Focks  are  Made,'  Mr.  Cecil 
Catus-Wilson.     (Juvenile  Lecture.) 

—  Aristotelian,  8  —'Philosophy  as  Co-ordination  of  Science.'  Mr. 

a.  8  Shelton. 
Ties.    Boyal    Institution.   3.— 'A  Voyage  in  Space:  Our  Sun.'  Prof. 
H.  H   Turner     (Juvenile  Lecture.) 

—  British  Museum.  4  .'iO.  — 'Greek  Art  and  National   Life,'    Mr. 

S.  1).  Kaines  Smith 

Mathematical  Association,  11  and  2. —Annual  Meeting. 

Society  of  Arts,  0  -'Electric  Vibrations  and  Wireless  Tele- 
graphy,' Mr  K.  P.  Howgrave-Graham,  Lecture  I.  (Juvenile 
Lecture.) 

—  Geological,  8.  —  'The  Ordovician   and    Silurian    Rocks  of   the 

Lough  Nafooey  Area  (County  Galwayl.'  Mr.  C.  Irving 
Gardiner  and  Prof.  8  H.  Reynolds;  'The  Geology  of  the 
St.  rudwal's  Peninsula  (Carnarvonshire),'  Mr.  Tressilian  0. 
Niohnlas. 
Tucks.  Boyal  Institution,  3.-'  A  Voyage  in  Space:  The  8tars,'  Prof, 
h.  H  Turner.    (Juvenile  Lecture.) 

—  Institution  of    Electrical  Engineers,  8.— 'British  Practice  in 

the  Construction  of    High  Tension  Overhead  Transmission 
Lines,'  Mr.  B   Welbourn. 
Geographical,  3.30.— 'Glaciers,' Mr.  Alan  G.  Ogilvie.    (Juvenile 

Lecture.) 
Astronomical,  5, 


Fin. 


FINE     ARTS 


Religious  Art  in  France  of  the  Thirteenth 
Century.  By  Emile  Male.  Translated 
by  Dora  Nussey  from  the  Third  Edition, 
revised  and  enlarged  with  189  Illustra- 
tions.    (Dent  &  Sons,  21/  net.) 

M.  Male's  book  leapt  at  once  into  popu- 
larity among  all  who  were  interested  in 
understanding  mediaeval  sculpture  and 
painted  glass  in  the  great  Gothic  churches 
of  France,  and  we  venture  to  predict  for 
this  version  of  it  an  equal  popularity  in 
England.  It  is  clearly  and  simply  written, 
and,  apart  from  the  eccentric  idea  of 
using  the  composite  Douay  version  for 
Biblical  quotations,  it  is  in  excellent 
taste.  It  is  a  great  pity  that  the  trans- 
lator did  not  add  an  index  of  names 
and  matters.  Without  it  the  book  loses 
much  of  its  value  as  a  work  of  reference ; 
an  index  of  works  of  art  arranged  under 
places  is  of  little  value  except  to  tourists. 

The  author  belongs  to  the  modern  school 
of  archaeologists,  who  rightly  think  it 
necessary  to  bring  the  vague  guesses  of 
their  predecessors  to  the  test  of  docu- 
mentary evidence .  Without  undervaluing 
the  work  of  such  giants  of  learning  as 
Viollet-le-Duc  and  his  contemporaries,  we 
are  now  compelled  to  reject  certain 
favourite  tenets  of  his  school,  such  as, 
for  example,  the  lay  origin  of  the  cathe- 
drals. What  evidence  we  have  (and  there 
is  very  little  of  it)  rather  points  in  the 
opposite  direction,  though  we  think  it 
possible  that  M.  Male  goes  too  far  in 
assuming  a  close  ecclesiastical  supervision 
over  every  detail — there  could  have  been 
little  more  than  the  oversight  which 
an  owner  of  to-day  gives  to  a  house  that 
is  being  built  for  him.  The  sources  in 
which  the  author  has  sought  the  meaning 
of  the  sculpture  and  windows  of  the 
cathedrals  have  long  been  recognized 
as  the  proper  ones.  His  work  is  distin- 
guished by  the  fact  that  he  has  made  use 
of  them  with  the  happiest  results.  A 
good  example  of  this  is  his  recognition 
of  the  true  meaning  of  the  well-known 
north  porch  of  Semur,  which  has  been 
generally  taken  to  represent  either  the 
murder  of  Dalmatius  by  order  of  Robert, 
Duke  of  Burgundy,  or  the  conversion  of 
the  country.  M.  Male  shows  that  it  is 
the  history  of  St.  Thomas,  and  suspects  the 
presence  of  some  relic  of  the  apostle  in  the 
church.  Other  interesting  recognitions  are 
those  of  Melchizedek  and  Abraham  in  the 
unidentified  bishop  giving  the  Communion 
to  a  warrior  at  Rheims,  the  incidents  of 
the  Charlemagne  windows  at  Chartres, 
and  the  identification  of  St.  Theodore 
there. 

The  weak  points  in  M.  Male's  icono- 
graphy are  his  comparative  silence  as  to 
the  early  Christian  sculpture  of  France, 
and  his  reliance  on  hearsay  evidence  as 
to  Byzantine  art.  The  "sculpture  at 
Aries  is  full  of  lessons  in  the  development 
of  iconography  to  any  student  of  the 
subject.  The  author's  remarks  could  have 
been  illustrated  by  a  whole  series  of 
personifications  of  the  Red  Sea  as  a  type 


of  the  water  of  baptism,  and  a  beardless 
Christ  occurs  several  times  among  the 
early  sculptures  there,  as  indeed  it  does 
in  one  or  two  very  ancient  icons  still  pre- 
served. But  it  is  in  the  region  of  B}rzan- 
tine  art  that  Western  Christian  icono- 
graphy has  most  to  learn.  We  should 
be  glad  to  see  the  evidence  for  the  state- 
ment that  the  legend  of  St.  Nicholas  and 
the  three  children  arises  from  a  Byzantine 
painting  representing  the  three  officers  in 
prison  whom  he  delivered.  We  have  seen 
many  icons  of  this  saint  dating  from  the 
twelfth  century  onward,  but  they  are  not 
usually  accompanied  by  any  other  figure, 
and  it  is  only  in  the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth 
century  that  the  three  officers  appear — 
long  after  the  Western  legend  was  popular. 
The  legend  of  St.  George  appears  in 
Italo-Byzantine  icons  of  the  eleventh 
century  or  thereabouts  still  preserved, 
but,  though  a  progressive  elaboration  of 
incident  can  be  traced  as  time  goes  on, 
the  essentials  are  there  in  the  beginning. 

It  would  have  been  interesting  if 
M.  Male  had  reproduced  one  of  the 
early  Byzantine  paintings  of  the  ladder 
of  virtue  by  the  side  of  the  Western  illu- 
minations for  comparison,  and  let  us  see 
the  part  in  it  due  to  the  fancy  of  the 
adapter.  The  Death  of  the  Virgin  is, 
too,  another  subject  which  can  only 
be  fully  studied  by  a  comparison  of 
Eastern  and  Western  painting  and  illu- 
minations. The  study  of  Byzantine  and 
Italo-Byzantine  art  is,  however,  in  its 
infancy,  and,  until  the  great  collections 
in  St.  Petersburg  and  the  Vatican  are 
thoroughly  worked  over,  no  material 
progress  can  be  made  in  this  part  of  the 
history  of  Gothic  art.  In  the  meantime 
we  gladly  recognize  that  M.  Male's  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  original 
books  on  mediaeval  art  that  have  been 
published  for  many  years. 


The  first  exhibition  of  the  recently 
formed  Society  of  Animal  Painters  will  open 
at  the  Leicester  Galleries,  Leicester  Square, 
next  Tuesday. 

At  the  exhibition  of  Spanish  Old  Masters 
in  the  Grafton  Galleries  seven  of  the  pic- 
tures have  been  withdrawn.  They  include 
some  of  those  lent  by  the  executors  of  Sir 
J.  Charles  Robinson  and  Mr.  Louis  Raphael. 
In  their  places  are  now  hung  nine  others, 
which  include  five  portions  of  a  late  fifteenth- 
century  Spanish  Altarpiece,  lent  by  Mr. 
Cyril  B.  Andrews.  Mr.  A.  M.  Daniel  has 
lent  a  '  Madonna  and  Child  '  by  Morales, 
and  Lady  MacDonell  contributes  an  '  Ecce 
Homo,'  also  by  Morales.  Mr.  Reginald  Corbet 
has  sent  a  '  Portrait  of  a  Girl,'  attributed  to 
Velasquez,  while  Baroness  Oliveira  has  lent 
a  '  Portrait  '  by  Goya.  A  second  edition 
of  the  official    catalogue  is  now  on  sale. 

A  good  deal  of  excitement  has  been 
lately  caused  among  artists  by  the  news 
that  the  French  Government  is  contem- 
plating the  sale  of  some  parcels  of  ground 
attached  to  the  Villa  Medicis  at  Rome.  The 
point  of  view  of  the  Government  is  that 
this  ground  is  at  present  let  out  to  gardeners 
with  small  profit,  whilst  the  money  obtained 
from  the  sale  would  be  employed  in  the 
improvement  of  the  buildings  of  the  French 
School  of  Arts.  The  Institute  is  decidedly 
against  this  scheme  ;  and  the  pensionnaires 
complain  that  the  magnificent  prospect  they 
enjoy  at  present  will  be  irremediably  spoilt. 


No.  4497,  Jan. 


1!)14 


TH  E     AT  II  EN  -E  U  M 


19 


MUSIC 


J/":;'a  dementis  Lcben.  Von  Dr.  Max 
Unger.  (Langensalza,  Hermann  Beyei 
u.  Sonne.) 

(i:iitain  dictionary  and  magazine  articles 
and  a  few  brief  memoirs — more  or  less 
trustworthy — were  all  that  had  appeared 
np  to  the  present  concerning  a  musician 
who  has  been  named,  and  justly,  the  father 
of  pianoforte  playing,  and  whose  works 
were  well  known  to  Beethoven,  dementi's 
many  sonatas  are  mainly  of  historical 
interest,  but  his  'Gradus  ad  Parnassum ' 
is  still  in  everyday  use. 

Oleinenti  was  largely  engaged  in  teach- 
ing, and  of  his  early  life  in  Rome,  at 
lonthill  Abbey 3  and  in  London  until 
his  reputation  was  established,  the 
accounts  are,  indeed,  scanty.  The  first 
number  of  Cramer's  Magazin  der  Musik, 
published  at  Hamburg,  came  out  in 
17S3.  and  in  the  following  year  an 
article  appeared  therein  headed  '  News 
of  the  pianist  Clementi,  Berne,  October, 
17S4.'  The  writer  (a  schoolmaster)  had 
a  long  conversation  with  him,  and  de- 
menti's biographer  by  careful  research  and 
information  from  the  municipal  authorities 
at  Lyons,  whence  Clementi  had  come,  has 
shown  that  a  romantic  episode  had  oc- 
curred in  dementi's  life  ;  also  that  the 
conversation  about  science,  music  and 
musicians,  and  many  other  matters  offers 
strong  internal  evidence  of  its  being 
genuine.  Hen1  Unger  gives  interesting 
details  concerning  Imbert-Colomes,  a  not- 
able figure  in  musical  circles  at  Lyons, 
whose  daughter  Clementi  wished  to  marry. 
For  the  volume  under  notice  Herr  Unger 
had,  moreover,  access  to  the  unpublished 
correspondence  of  Clementi  with  F.  W. 
Collard  (his  business  partner  in  London), 
Breitkopf  &  Hartel,  and  other  publishers, 
and  from  this  he  has  given  extracts. 

When  Clementi  was  in  Vienna  in  1807  a 
contract  was  drawn  up  between  Beethoven 
and  himself,  whereby  it  was  agreed  that 
the  former  on  handing  over  certain 
manuscripts  should  receive  200/.  The 
correspondence  with  Collard  reveals  the 
fact  that  a  delay  of  three  years  occurred 
l>efore  the  money  was  paid.  In  1809  Cle- 
menti writes  to  his  partner  :  "  But  why 
have  you  not  yet  fulfilled  our  engagements 
with  Beethoven  ?  '  The  delay  was, 
in  fact,  due  to  the  postal  difficulties 
on  the  Continent  during  the  war  with 
Napoleon.  In  consequence  of  this  dis- 
covery  it  becomes  clear  that  some  of 
Beethoven's  undated  letters  to  his  friend 
Gleichenstein,  hitherto  assigned  to  1S07, 
belong  to  a  much  later  period.  A  facsimile 
of  a  portion  of  a  Clementi  letter  written 
from  Vienna  about  his  meeting  with 
Beethoven,  kindly  lent  by  Sir  Cecil 
dementi-Smith,  grandson  of  Clementi, 
appeared  in  The  Athenaeum  of  Julv  20th, 
1902. 

Clementi  was  a  great  traveller.  He 
lived  in  London,  but  was  away  on  the 
•  lontm  ttt  from  L802  until  1810.  in  his 
letters  there  are  interesting  details  of 
iii-.  sojourn  at  St.  Petersburg. 


£tnstntl   OJossip. 

The     proceedings    connected     with     the 

annual      conference      of      the       Incorporated 

Society  of  Musicians,  which  will  be  noticed 
next  week,  included  an  orchestral  concert 
at  Queen's  Hall  on  Wednesday  afternoon, 
under  the  direction  of  Sir  Frederic  II.  Cowen. 
The  programme  opened  with  a  Humoreske 
for  Orchestra,  Op.  47,  by  Mr.  Norman  O'Neill, 
which  shows  the  influence  of  Grieg.  As 
music,  it  is  quite  good  ;  the  humour  in  it 
is  not,  however,  prominent.  A  descriptive 
programme  might  have  been  helpful. 

The  concert  ended  with  an  orchestral 
tone  poem,  'The  Legend  Beautiful,'  by 
Dr.  James  Lyon.  Here  help  was  attempted 
by  giving  certain  lines  from  Longfellow's 
poem,  to  indicate  new  themes  or  other 
changes  in  the  music.  One  clear  clue  was 
the  convent  bell  "  ;  but  after  this  it  was 
difficult  to  follow  the  composer's  intentions. 
A  few  musical  examples  would  have  been 
of  service.  The  music  throughout  is  clever, 
and— a  great  point — emotional.  M.  Espo- 
sito  played  with  marked  delicacy  the  solo 
part  of  a  Pianoforte  Concerto  composed  by 
him.  The  writing  is  smooth  and  pleasant, 
but  the  general  scheme  and  the  way  in 
which  it  was  carried  out  were  scarcely  up 
to  date. 

In  Mr.  William  Wallace's  'The  Outlaw,' 
a  ballad  for  baritone  and  orchestra,  the 
music  seemed  better  than  the  savage  poem 
by  the  composer  himself.  There  were 
good  points  in  the  music,  notably  its  con- 
ciseness and  effective  orchestration. 

All  the  novelties,  except  the  Concerto, 
were  under  the  direction  of  their  respective 
composers.  Sir  F.  tow  en's  'Phantasy  of 
Life  and  Love,'  and  an  '  Elegie  and  Rondo  ' 
by  M.  Sauret,  played  by  himself,  completed 
the  programme. 

Mr.  Frederic  Corder  will  deliver  three 
lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution  on  January 
24th  and  31st,  and  February  7th.  His  sub- 
ject is  '  Neglected  Musical  Composers,'  and 
the  three  selected  are  Spohr,  Bishop,  and 
Raff.  He  certainly  could  have  made  a 
longer  list.  That  the  composers  named  by 
him  have  been  neglected  is  beyond  dispute, 
but  will  Mr.  Corder  be  able  to  show  undue 
neglect  ? 

In  view  of  the  approaching  performances 
of  'Parsifal'  at  Covent  Garden,  Mr.  (;.  C. 
Ashton  Jonson  will  deliver  lectures  on  the 
work  at  the  ^olian  Hall  on  the  12th,  19th, 
and  26th  inst.  at  5.15  p.m. 

Felix  Draesekk,  who  died  last  February 
at  the  age  of  78,  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
of  Wagner  and  Liszt  in  the  fifties  and  sixties. 
when  the  tenets  and  works  of  the  new  school 
Were  meeting  with  much  opposition.  We  are 
glad  to  hear  that  his  memoirs  will  shortly  bo 
published  by  his  widow,  and  that  many 
pages  are  devoted  to  Wagner  and  Liszt. 

Madame  Nina  Gbieg,  widow  of  the  com- 
poser, is  at  Berlin  in  order  to  be  present    at 

the  first  performance,  at  the  Bchauspielhaus, 
of  Ibsen.-,  '  Peer  Gynt,1  with  Grieg's  music. 

CHAIU'ICNTIKK's      •Julien,'     produced      la, I 

summer  at    Tan-,  will  be  represented   \ 

soon     at      the     .Metropolitan     Opera-  I  [o 

New  York.  The  composer  will  superintend 
the  final  rehearsals. 

Mb.    Mm  hai.i     Baixdto,     Dr.     Richter's 
successor  at  the  Halle  Concerts,  Manchester, 
will  succeed  Sir  Henry  .).  Wood  (who,  t  hro 
stress  of  work,  ha  ;ned    the    po  t)  ■> 

conductor    of    the   Sheffield    Festival    i 
October.  ___ 

pnrOEMARI  ■    H1XT   wu 
H,  ,       i  <  Ibwt  Hall 

—       Hiiii<Uy  '  '-"  ■  "»H 

8tl  m,  Quecm  U«ll 


DRAMA 

— » 

<  ii I li )i: K.vs   PLAYS. 

0»  the  pantomime  proper    divested,  since 
Mr.  <;.    R.  Sims  brought    hi^  talent,  to  it 
service,  of  much  of    the  blatant,  stupidity 

thai  a  decade  ago  would  have  been  deemed 
an   indispensable  element     Drurj    Lane, 
course,  provides  the  most  opulent  exampli . 

Outside  London  the  name  ,,  -  r  i )  1  burrowed 
to    lure    as    many     unfortunate    children     ., 

possible  to  seek  out  a  "storj  "  (promised 

by    the    posters   outside)   from    a    bewilden 
mass    of    Variety    turns,    decayed    joki     . 
"spicy"    situations.      But      at      Drury      Lane 

the  four  hours'  pageant  of  song  and  ston 

passes  with  no  tedium,  and  best  ot  all — 
then;  is  a  consecutive  tale  which  can  t> 
followed  and  is  followed  to  the  end  with  DO 
disillusionment,  no  bewilderment,  and  prac- 
tically  none  of  the  tremors  tbat  are  |„,rn  ol 
too  much   witch  or  ogre  or  other  evil   the 

'Sleeping  Beauty1   is  this  year      re-awak- 
ened,' but  such  a  repetition  ol   last 
production  merely  emphasizes  its  bucci 

Again  Miss  Renee  Mayer  as  Puck  is 
bewitchingly  alluring;  Miss  Florence  Smith- 
son  makes  a  gentle  Princess  to  Mr.  Douthil 
robust  Prince;  and  Messrs.  George  Graves 
and  Will  Evans  keep  the  whole  house  well 
amused  with  many  a  bout  ol  nimble 
fooling,     and     create     a     veritable     babel     of 

merriment  when  they  set  to  work,  as  hong 
and  chancellor  respectively,  to  tune  the 
piano,  paper  the  walls,  and  whitewash  the 
ceiling  while  the  British  workman  goes  on 
striking. 

That  our  race  does  not  abound  in 
native  dramatic  talent  is  obvious  when 
criticism  leaves  the  principals  to  notice  then- 
satellites.  Little  enough  is  demanded  ol 
them,  but  that  little  the  correct  enunciation 
of  a  few  lines,  a  graceful  poise  of  body  in 
walking,  or  spontaneity  of  gesture  n  seems 
impossible  to  get  here,  as  on  less  favoured 
boards. 

The  harlequinade  which  follows  the  panto- 
mime, adding  nearly  another  half-hour  to 
a  four  hours'  performance,  is  surely  au 
embanas  de  richesaea. 

That  distillation  of  the  three  great  loves 
of  childhood,  "  Peter  Tan.'  is  now  being 
played  for  the  tenth  season  at  the  Duke  ot 
York's  Theatre.  Thelove  of  being  mothered 
and  of  mothering,  tenderly  belaudi 
the  love  of  adventure,  symbolized 
British  children  by  pirates  and  redskins  ; 
and   the   love  of  fairies,  which,   for  all   th>> 

scoffs  of  the  cynics,  IS  moribund  only  in  their 
own   hard   hearts,    are  subjects  the   univei 

appeal  of  which  explain--  the  enthusiasm 
for  this  perennial  favourite. 

Miss  PaulineChase    -whose  impersonation 

of  the    name-part    seems    to    borrow    ju.-t   the 

requisite    particles   of    fantasy    from    fairy. 
land     is  as  piquant  and  graceful  as  ever ;  M 
Godfrey  Tearle,  pitilessly    horrific  s     Hook, 
is  w ell  supported  by  M  »n 

and  ( iharles  Tre\  or  a  and  Si  u 

Miss  Mary  <  Uynne  ma  iral 

Wendy  ;    and   the   I  darling  familj  ii\ . 

in  which  we  include  not  onlj  those  who  I 
t  be  honej  ed  pat  ronymi  .  but  .d  .■•  \ 
dog-nurse  and    Liz  i    author   ..t    the  pi 
appear  to  the  enl  u  •■>  audi* 

H  inch  rejoici     in  beautiful  n   i 
pink    Bilk,    curlj  -headed     boj  i    in 

ad   i  ■    who    i 

Miss  Nbtta  8yb 

rt  Thi 

,u  nudiom  n  in  wh 

proportion 
bobl)    be   i 
motera  become  popul  ir.     \ 


20 


T  II  E     A  T  II  KN.K  I J  M 


No.  4497,  Jan.  3,   1914 


succeed  in  their  scheme  of  a  Children's 
Theatre  where  plays  acted  by  and  for 
children  can  be  performed  during  the 
reasonable  afternoon  hours  of  holiday  time. 

'  The  Fairy  Doll,'  '  The  Enchanted  Gar- 
den,' and  '  The  Strange  Boy  ' — playlets 
which  suggest  nothing  so  much  as  the  simple 
"  make-believe  "  which  bright  children  organ- 
ize amongst  themselves — are  acted  with  as 
much  zest  and  enthusiasm  as  any  game  by 
a  group  of  little  people.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  some  rather  comic  exhibitions  of 
baggy  hose  on  slender  limbs,  everything  in 
the  way  of  childish  frocks  and  setting  was  a 
delight  to  the  eye.  and  the  music  admirably 
suited  to  the  occasion. 

After  seeing  the  ainty  sauciness  of  the 
maiden  who  impersonates  the  name-part  in 
'  The  Cockyolly  Bird,'  its  unattractive 
uo-liness  is  forgotten  in  the  recollection  of 
four  scenes.  These,  if  they  do  not  provoke 
quite  so  much  merriment  as  might  be 
de-ired  in  the  Schoolroom  or  in  the  North 
Pole  and  Japanese  settings,  reach  a  pitch  of 
warm  hilarity  in  Cannibal  Island,  and  can 
boast  of  many  pretty  touches  and  much 
tasteful  staging — Cubist  and  otherwise. 

The  hero  of  the  adventure  is  a  little  boy 
whose  unfortunate  governess,  dabbling  in 
"  zones  and  poles  and  the  great  divisions 
of  the  earth,"  adds  another  to  the  number 
of  incompetents  who  are  now  being  shown 
up.  The  news  that  a  little  girl  playmate  is 
to  join  the  home  circle  meets  with  his  entire 
disapproval,  and  when  the  way  of  escape, 
via  "  cockyolly  "  pronounced  backwards,  is 
opened  by  the  little  nursemaid,  the  adven- 
ture in  dreamland  (dreams  are  very  fashion- 
able this  year)  begins,  in  which  the  ex- 
pected little  visitor  is  promised  a  host 
of  good  things.  Much  geography  is  learnt, 
and  when  the  sleep  is  over,  the  way  to  a 
better  understanding  has  been  paved.  A 
pretty  entertainment  is  brought  to  a  close 
with  an  ensemble  rendering  of  "  Forty 
Dukes."  Mr.  Martin  Shaw's  music  is  appro- 
priately bizarre  and  melodious  by  turns. 

Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer's  '  Cockyolly  Bird  ' 
is  performed  at  matinees  on  Thursdays, 
Fridays,  and  Saturdays — Miss  Syrett's  plays 
filling  the  programme  (with  the  assistance  of 
Annie  Spong's  Little  Dancers)  on  Mondays, 
Tuesdays,  and  Wednesdays. 

The  Charing  Cross  Hospital  is  to  receive 
the  profits  arising  from  these  performances 
from  Monday  next  until  the  end  of  the 
week,  up  to  500Z.,  for  the  endowment  of  a 
.child's  cot. 


©ramatic   (iossip. 

'  The  Poor  Little  Rich  Girl,'  a  play 
of  fact  and  fancy  by  Eleanor  Gates,  pro- 
duced for  the  first  time  in  England  on 
Tuesday  at  the  New  Theatre,  is  a  highly 
decorative  tract,  in  which  the  child  of  the 
plutocrat  is  sacrificially  posed  on  the 
altar  of  her  father's  money-bags  and  her 
mother's  social  ambition.  The  evils  of 
absentee  parenthood  well  deserve  castigation, 
but  it  is  notorious  that  few  plays  with  a 
purpose  reach  the  mark,  and  without  the 
strong  support  given  by  the  scenic  artists 
and  some  finished  acting — more  especially 
by  Mr.  Ernest  Hendrie  as  an  organ-grinder 
and  Miss  Stephanie  Bell  in  the  name-part — 
this  would  not  stand  much  chance  of  being 
an  exception  to  the  rule. 

The  first  act  shows  the  poor  little  rich 
girl  set  aside  by  her  parents,  bullied  by 
those  who  should  be  her  guardians,  and 
poisoned  by  her  nurse.  What  follows  in 
Act  II.  is  a  fantasy  such  as  Puck  might  have 
designed  to  nip  the  consciences  of  neglectful 
parents.  Gwendolyn  is  in  a  garden,  with  the 
organ-grinder  as  cicerone,  where  no  disguise 


or  sham  is  possible.     Jane  the  Nurse  appears 
wearing    two    faces,  the    father    in    a    robe 
embroidered  with  £  s.  d.,  the  mother  with  a 
bee  buzzing  in  her  bonnet,  "  They"  (society  j 
folk  who  form  a  sort  of  chorus  to  the  refrain  \ 
'  The  best  people  don't  do  it,  you  know  "),  I 
a  policeman,  a  plumber,  a  teddy  bear,  and  \ 
others.     The  allegoric  vein  is  developed  at 
length — often  in  an  original  and  charming 
fashion.     There   is,    for   instance,    a    quaint 
duel  between  Thomas  the  Footman  and  the 
King's  English,  in  which  the  latter  is  van- 
quished  under   the   onslaught   of  misplaced 
aspirates,    but   perkily    revives    to    acknow- 
ledge Gwendolyn's  sympathy,  saying  :  "  I  've 
been  murdered  hundreds  of  times  before." 

A  doctor  all  the  time  is  on  the  scene, 
measuring  the  little  maid's  vitality,  but  her 
condition  becomes  more  and  more  alarming, 
and  the  "  stiff  upper  lip  "  suggested  by  the 
organ-grinder  as  a  talisman  is  about  to  be 
discarded  when  the  doctor  makes  a  great 
effort  to  "  pull  her  through,"  father  leaves 
his  money-bags,  mother  drops  her  bee,  and 
all  go  off  to  ride  the  doctor's  hobby-horses 
of  fresh  air,  plain  food,  warm  sunshine,  &c. 

The  play  is  finely  staged,  with  some 
delightful  scenic  effects. 

After  various  alterations,  including  an 
almost  complete  change  of  cast,  '  The 
Laughing  Husband  '  has  been  produced  at 
the  Lyric  Theatre  under  the  new  title  of 
'  The  Girl  who  Didn't.'  Attempts  have 
been  made  to  brighten  up  the  dialogue 
at  the  expense  of  the  musical  element 
of  the  piece.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
interest  of  the  plot  is  not  strong  enough  to 
dispel  a  suggestion  of  pantomime,  the  result 
can  hardly  be  called  satisfactory.  The  first 
two  acts  are  unduly  protracted.  The  third 
act,  however,  is  more  compact,  and  under 
the  magnetic  influence  of  Mr.  James  Blakeley. 
who  is  inimitable  as  the  wily  lawyer  in  his 


unique  occupation  of  "  reconciliation  agent," 
the  interest  and  merriment  revive.  Much 
amusement  is  also  caused  by  Mrs.  Amy 
Augarde  in  her  impersonation  of  an  adipose 
lady  with  spiritualistic  yearnings,  and  by 
the  whimsical  humour  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Workman 
as  the  rich  confectioner,  whose  doubts  as  to 
his  wife's  fidelity,  although  unfounded,  are 
at  least  excusable. 

Those  whose  tastes  lie  in  the  direction  of 
Tango  dancing,  exhibitions  of  ultra-. nodern 
costumes,  songs  of  a  more  or  less  ragtime 
order,  and  somewhat  broad  humour  will 
probably  feel  satisfied  with  the  fare  pro- 
vided. 

The  Lord  Chamberlain  has  appointed 
Mr.  George  S.  Street  an  Examiner  of  Plays 
in  the  place  of  the  late  Charles  Brookfield. 
Like  his  predecessor,  Mr.  Street  is  a  keen 
observer  of  social  life  viewed  from  club 
windows,  and  he  is  also  an  essayist  of 
distinction.  We  hope  that  he  may  have 
the  courage  to  reduce  the  follies  of  the 
Censorship.  The  world  which  thinks  seriously 
about  drama  has  had  enough  of  the  cynical 
indifference  of  the  superior  person. 

Paris  is  just  now  ringing  with  the  name 
of  M.  Jean  Richepin.  The  author  of  *  La 
Chanson  des  Gueux,'  who  this  winter 
delivered  a  lecture  on  the  Tango,  has 
written  a  play  on  the  same  subject  ;  and 
the  avant-premiere  at  the  Athenee  was  of 
special  interest,  since  the  author  had  his 
wife  as  a  collaborator. 


To  Correspondents  — A.F.— J.H.— P.S.P.H.-F.E.P.— 

Received. 

M.H.D.— Not  suitable  for  us. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  22.] 


AUGUSTE  PICARD,  Editeur,  82,  Rue  Bonaparte,  Paris. 

L'ARCHITECTURE      RELIGIEUSE     EN     FRANCE 
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(Format   13,5    X    20  centimetres.) 
|         DERN1EREMENT  PARUS 

La  Rochefoucauld :  Maximes         lvol. 

Mme  de  Sevigne:  Lettres  choisies  illustrees 2  vols. 

Regnard:  Theatre  choisi  illustre 2  vols. 

Histoire  de  Charles  XII.  •••       .-       ••■  l  vol. 

CEuvre  poetique     l  vol. 


Voltaire 


Diderot:  Uiluvres  choisies  illustrees       

Bernardin  de  Saint-Pierre :   Paul  et  Virginie 
Gerard  de  Nerval:  (Euvres  choisies  illustrees 

Alfred  de  Vigny:  CEuvres  illustrees       

Anthologie  des  ecrivains  francais  des  XV°  et  XVle 

siecles 

Chacun  des  volumes  ci-dessus,  sous  couverture  rempliee,  tirage  deux  tons,  tranches  rogneee,  1  fr.  50 
,,  .,  ,,  relie  toile  ivoirine,  titre  bleu  et  or,  tcte  l)leue,  2  fr.  50 


1  vol. 

1  vol. 
I 

2  voli. 


PARUS   PRECEDEMMENT 


Corneille:  Theatre  choisi  illustre 3  vols. 

Racine:  Theatre  complet  illustre 3  vols. 

Moliere  :  Theatre  complet  illustre  7  vols. 

La  Fontaine:  Fables  illustrees     2 vols. 

Boileau:  CEuvres  poetiques  illustrees lvol. 

LaBruyere;   Les  Caracteres        2  vols. 

Bossuet:  CEuvres  choisies  illustrees      2  vols. 

Mme  de  La  Fayette:  La  Princesse  de  Cleves        ...  l  vol. 

Saint-Simon:  Memoires  (extraits  suivis)  4  vols. 

AbbePrevost:  Manon  Lescaut     Lvol. 

J.J.Rousseau:  Les  Confessions  (extraits  suivis)    ...  lvol. 


Chacun  des  volumes  ci-dessus,  broche,  1  fr 

I 


Voltaire:  Romans       

—         Theatre  choisi  illustre 

Beaumarchais :  Theatre  choisi  illustre 

Chateaubriand:  (Euvres  choisies  illustrees    

Stendhal:  La  Chartreuse  de  Parme      

Le  Rouge  et  le  Noir 

Balzac:  CEuvres  choisies  illustrees       

Musset:   CEuvres  completes  illustrees 

Anthologie  des  ecrivains  frangais  du  XV1T  siecle  ■■ 
Anthologie  des  ecrivains  frangais  du  XVIII  siecle 
Anthologie  des  ecrivains  frangais  du  XIX    siecle  ••• 

relie  toile  souple,  1  fr.  30 


2   Vols. 

1  voL 

2  vols. 

3  vols. 
2  vols. 
2  \"1-. 
i  vols 
8  vols. 

2   Vols. 

2  vol,. 

• 


HORS   SER1E 


Victor  Hugo:   CEuvres  choisies  illustrees.     Deux  beaux  volumes  d'environ  550  pages  chacun,  60  gravures,  dont   (8  hors  texts  (P 

1  vol.  ;  Prose,  1  vol.).     Charlie  volume,  broche,  5  f  ■  :  relie:  toile,  6  fr 
Envoi  franco  contre  mandat  International  (ajotiter  'JO  centime's  pur  vol.  pour  irais  d'envoi). 


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un- m  art  wt  i< | in-  ••'  un  dictionnaire  Indes  di 


ESTAMPES      ENCADREES 

Repro<luctions  de  talileanx  ile  Raphael,  Graozs,  Corot,  I'an'in  Litem.   Detaflls,   Beenard,  s>c ,  en  eoulsara  •!  ipn  •  les  p  ns        I      n 

llmpreesioa  absolne  dss  originatix.    Dora  wdsi  la  brociiun-  iinnnant  la  n-pr..iiu.  i  ion  ds  toutes  lee  ester 


22 


THE    A  Til  EN-ffiU  M 


No.  4497  Jan.  3,   1914 


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Member  of  the  British  Astronomical  Association, 

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BY 

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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (January  3)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES: — Robert  Baron.  Author  of  '  Mirza'— First  Edition  of  Browne's  'Britannia's  Pastorals' — 
Records  of  the  Livery  Companies — County  Maps  "Carent"— Newton  Ferrers — Roman  Bath  in 
the  Strand — Ch-tnges  at  Aldgate  Pump — Sheppey  Tree  Cut  Down — Sir  T.  Dingley — "  Tallest 
one-piece  flagstaff." 

'QUERIES  :  -"Traverse  the  cart" — Personal  Names  in  India — Lists  of  Bishops  in  Cathedrals — Badge 
of  the  6th  Foot — Gods  in  Egypt — Fynmore  :  Mason  :  Linke — Joshua  Webster — Pocock  the 
Orientalist  — Cranch  Family — Swinburne  Hall — Dickens  in  London — 'Old  London' — "  Sijce- 
blong"  :  a  Dutch  Word — Hawkins — Eirl  of  Tankerville — Heraldic— Jeffreys  Family  -Musical 
Congresses  — '  Tales  of  Devon' — "Backer  Way" — Napoleon  III.'s  Portrait — 'Queen  of  my 
Heart' — (Jlegg — Palatographs  Contractions — W.  H.  Dally,  Chartist — Thornley,  Painter — 
Partition  of  Poland — Ancient  Views  of  Insanity. 

REPLIES:— Shakespeare  Second  Folio— Throp's  Wife— (luild  of  Knights— Sir  G.  Wright— "  Mar- 
riage "  Surname — English  spoken  in  Dublin — Cross-legged  Effigies — Fire  and  New-Birth 
Dunstable  Lurks— J.  Morgan — Phrases  in  '  Lorna  Doone  ' — Wild  Huntsman — Polyglot  'Rubai- 
>at'  —  Kh"ja  Hussein — Punctuation  Signs  — Sir  Thomas  Hopson — Sir  John  Langham — Richard  of 
Bury's  Library  — Walter  de  Mundy,  Knt. — Sir  Ross  Donnelly — Mrs.  Wells — T.  Burbidge  and 
Other  Poets— "Balloni." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :  -'  Lite  and  Trial  of  Eugene  Aram '— '  Burke's  Peerage  and  Baronetage.' 


JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD   FRANCIS, 

Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 

NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENJEUM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  FRANCOIS  VILLON,  S A  VIE  ET 
SON  TEMPS,  par  PIERRE  CI  I  A  MP  ION  ; 
THE  POEMS  OF  FRANCOIS  VILLON, 
translated  by  H.  DE  V ERE  STACPOOLE; 
and  KINDRED  AND  CLAN,  by  BERTHA 
SURTEES  PHILLPOTTS. 


THE     CONFESSION     OF    A 
NEURASTHENIC. 

v>\  Bob  v  i    H .\ /.i .i  mm:, 
Author  of  "  The  Citj  <>i   Bncounl 

A    Book    for    all    Hcalth-Scckcrs. 
■  Thi.ki:  had  been  warnings,  <>i'  course— 
ami  \.t  1  had  refused  t<>  take  m\  condition 
ai    all   Beriously,    until    suddenly    the   inn  i 
was  rushed  upon  me,  and   I   stood 
at  the  ghost  of  m \  youth  and  my  manhood 
in  the  mirror  thai  stretched  above  my  stud] 
mantelpiece.     My  lasl  scintilla  ofnervi 
expended,  I  was  nervously  bankrupt." 

So  begins  "The  Confession  of  a  Noun 
thenic,"  in  which  Mr.  Horace  Qaseltine  : 

reproduced  lor  US,  with  wonderful  aOOUTB 
his   mental   and    emotional    sufferings   during 

a  severe  attack  of  neurasthenia.     Eiis  book 

— "a   true,  personal    confession" — is   in    no 
sense  morbid.     It   grips  our  attention  from 
the  first   page  to  the  Last,   so  that   v..-  . 
filled   with   sympathy    for   the    unfori 
victim    of    nerves,    and    rejoice    with    him 
in  his  recovery. 

It  is  not  until  the  end  of  the  hook  thai 
Mr.  Hazeltine  lets  us  into  his  "  secret." 

"'Do   you   know,   my   dear,"   exclaimed 
my    wife    on    her    return,    '  that    you    1' 
positively   cheerful   this   evening  1     1    have 
not  seen  you  appear  so  pleased  for  months. 
And  I  do  believe  you  have  a  better  col 
It  must  do  you  good  for  me  to  go  away.' 

"  And  then  I  told  her.  ..  .and,  after  that, 
how  we  both  watched  for  the  added 
and  symbols  of  that  promised  improvem< 
of  which  we  were  now  already  half  assured.  . 

"The  lines  of  illness  and  worry  grew  \<  ss 
and  less  deep  ;    my   hollow   cheeks   slowly 
filled;    my  eyes  losl    their  sunken  dimni 
And,    coincidently,    we    noted    one    chai 
after  another,  subtly   wrought    in   the  n 
of  physical  and  mental  betterment.     Among 
the   earliest   of   these   was   a   day-by-d 
gain  in  activity  and   energy.     A  humor 
kinsman,  ignoranl  of  the  effects  of  nervi 
depletion,  had  chaffingly  dubbed  m< 
Mollusc,'  because  of  my  general  indispositii   i 
to  exert  myself.     The  mosl    trivial   under- 
takings had  required,   with  me,   a   distinct 
effort.     1   would   .--it    for   hours   in   one   W\ 
knowing  all  the  while  that   one  or  another 
thing  was  required  of  me,  hut   Lack 
will  to  go  about  it, and  momentarily grow 
more  nervous   hecauae    I    was   neglectin 
The  overcoming  of  this  will-weakni  is  wasi 
of  the  earliest  indications  ol  improvt  ment. 

Eventually  the  reader  i»  comes  a* 

.Mr.   Ila/.eltiiie  ha-  actually  written  tie 

to  express  In-  gratitude  to  Sanatogi  a,  whi 
as   he    Bays,    "wrought    hit!'-    Less    than 
miracle    in    me."      Appreciating    tins   xxo\ <  I 
form     of    testimonial,     the     pro] 
Sanatogen   have   published    .Mr.    Uazeltii 
I).,., I.     tor    in'-    distribution 
Mitt,  i  era     It  is  not  an  ad\  <vi  isem<  nl  in  I 
ordinal  ol  the  word,  and  every  i 

U  h.  |  il    w  ill    nail/''    I  li--    :••  liillli'  ' 

Mr.  1  lazeltino's  conic-  ion. 

dors  ol  1 1 j j    .ni  ii  !•■  \'.  i 
m    th.-  should   •  •ft  .i  in  I  \    appl 

'     Opy  ol     the  I I.  Il     I-  ..III  . 

!,,  -.nil    a  rd,  mentioning 

/,./  m, i.   t..   .\.    \\  oil, i.  I  benii 

Street .  London,  WA    .   w  ho  w  'il  ■  I  •» 

tn.il  supply  "i  H 


24 


T  HE     ATHKN^UM 


No.  4497,  Jan.  3,   1914 


LIBRAIR1E  CH.  DEL  AG  RAVE.  15,  rue  Sou  f  lot.  Paris 

COLLECTION   PALLAS 

DANS  CES  ELEGANTES   ANTHOLOGIES  ON   TROUVE  LES   MEILLEURES,  LES  PLUS   SAVOUREUSES,  LES  PLUS 

CARACTERISTIQUES  DES  PAGES  DE  LA  LITTERATURE  MODERNE  REUNIES  PAR  DES^OTICES  ANALYTIQUES 

ET  PRECEDEES  DE  SUBSTANTIELLES  ET  PIQUANTES  ETUDES  LITTERAIRES. 

Chaque  volume  in-16,  sur  beau  papier  verge,  broche,  3  fr.  50  ;  mouton  souple,  5  fr. 


poesie 

VICTOR  HUGO,  bTEEG-PARiGOT,  3  vol. :  Po&sie,  Prose 
Th&itre. 

POETES  FRANC  AIS  (1800-1866),  G.  Pellissier. 

POETES  FRANCAIS  (1860-1913),  G.  Walch,  3  vol. 

POETES  DTJ  TEREOIR,  Van  Bever,  4  vol. 

A.  de  VIGNY,  E.  Trefeu. 

A.  de  MUSSET,  P.  MoaiLLOT. 

LA  CHANSON  PRANCAISE,  P.  Vrignault. 

THHATRE 

THEATRE    PRA.NCA.IS  (1850-1913),  G.  Pei.ussier. 
AUTEURS  COMTQUES,  Parigot. 
SCRIBE,  M.  Chaklot. 


PROSE 

G.  de  MAUPASSANT,  M.  Bernot. 
PROSATEURS   PRANCAIS   CONTEM 
PORAINS,  G.  Pellissier,  3  vol. 
I.  ROMANCIERS. 
II.  HISTORIENS. 
III.  CRITIQUES,  ECRIVAINS  ET  ORATEURS  RELI- 
GIEUX,  MORALISTES,  &c. 

HUMORISTES  FRANCAIS,  Pierre  Mii.le. 
FERDINAND  PABRE,  M.  Pellisson. 
STENDHAL,  M.  Roustan. 
PENSEES  ET  MAXIMES,  E.  Cazes. 
PAUL  LOUIS  COURRIER,  J.  Giraud. 


LITTERATURE  ETRANQERE    (Traduction). 

HUMORISTES   ANGLAIS   ET  AMERICA1NS. 
M.  Epuy. 

RUDYARD  KIPLING,  M.  Epuy. 

LITTERATURE  JAPONAISE,  M.  Revon. 

LITTERATURE  ALLEMANDE,  Roustan. 

LITTERATURE  ANGLAISE,  A.  Koszll..    2  vol. 

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DICKENS,  Lko  Claretie. 
TOLSTOI,  Ch.  Navarre. 


J.    H.     FABRE 


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I.  HISTOIRE  DE  LA  MUSIQUE  (en  cours  de  publication). 
II.  TECHNIQUE,  PEDAGOGIE  ET  ESTHETIQUE  (en  preparation). 
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SCIENCE     AND     INDUSTRY 
IN  1913 

By  H.   VICXElloN 


The  year   VM'.l  is  over.     What    DOW  thing  ha-  il 
brought     forth       what    an-     the    OOoqUMtt    which 

Soienoe  and  Industry  have  had  to  register  daring 
the  twelve  months  already  far  In-hind  us    monl 
which  in  the  ever-inoreasing  fever  <>!  nodeni  1  i t « 
have  passed  ho  rapidly? 

The  answers  to  these  quesl  inns  hai  e  been  pon 
fully  set  forth  by  M.    H.    Visneron    in   his    booli 
'Science  and  Industry  in  1913,  5»  ,  jnst  published. 

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the  transformation  in  the   means  of  transport,   to 
the   marvels   of   surgery,   and    to    recent    improve 
meats   in    naval   construction      The    l>ook    is    du 
tinguished  above  others  of  its  kind  by  the  entire 
originality  and  independence  of  the  nut  In  is  point 
of  view,  and  can  boast  of  an  ezaotness  and  com- 
prehensiveness rarely  if  ever  equalled. 


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PETIT    DICTIONNAIRE    FRANCAIS 

K  trait  du  Dietunrnaire  Bncgdoptdique  de  COMMELIN  et  BITTIEB 

Nnuvelle  Edition  suivie  de  la  lisle  alphat>eti<|iie  des  rsrbes  irregiiliers  francall 
avec  leurs  tempt  irn:Kuliers.  des  BiglM  generates  -u  r  la  ponr-tn  ilion,  des  Mot! 
impropres  et  location*  rieiouaeoot  de  Remarque-  sur  i  ertaines  difflcnltOl  ortliu- 
graphiques,  accoinpagnceH  d'exemples  liien  cbotm. 

l.l)ITIO\     I)K     POCHS,      im- 
KniTION    d.  \-M<j('K.    Vol.  primes  n»  papier  bible  in. lien, 

in-:t>  n:',,5  x  °)  de  T:il  pages,    O  f  rellee montoa  loirpla  A  f 

relie  toile  pleine  Zi  ir.        jjpslssnm    I  N  I m   I'oid- :  ll.'.gr.     *  lr- 


LE  TOUT  PETIT. 


Dictionnairo  do   motn  usiieln  franf/ais, 
avec  lour  definition  precise  ot  olalre. 

1  vol    de  Tit  pages,  impriiie-  sur  papier  bible  imlien,  reli.:  toile  1 

POUR  LA  POCHE.     Format:  4 x^—Polds:  S6 grammas ,. 


DICTIONNAIRES  EN   2  LANGUES 

GRANDS  DICTIONNAIRKS  IN-8 
FRANCAIS-ANGLAIS  ET  ANGLAIS  FRANCAIS  (avec  la  proafltt  Is 

tion  dans  les  deux  langueM,  par  CLIFTON  et  A.  QHIMA1  \.     !  rolnmts  grand 

in-8  jesus  d'environ  2,:>0n  pages,  imprints  a  B  eolonnas,  forinant   I'unli   partle 

Anglals-Francais  et  l'autre  la  partie  Kr.in.ais. Anglais.  Le  totumt  ttptm  "i"»( 

Broche,  10  fr.  ;    Relie  demichagrin.  14  fr. 
ANGLAIS-ESPAGNOL  ET  ESPAGNOL- ANGLATS  'aTse  la  proiK  ■ 

don  dans  las  dens  languesX  par  J.-M.  Loriz  ot  K.-B.  BsKSLir.  ItoI.  grand 

in-8,  relie  domi-cbagrin,  20  fr. 
ANGLAISPORTUGAIS    ET    PORTUGAIS  •  ANGLATS  favec  U  pro 

nonciatlon  dans   les   deux   langues),  par   JO*0-F*JUfANDI2    \  O  !>!•/.      I  vola 

in-16,  relies  toile,  12  fr. 

DICTIONNAIRES  FORMAT   IN- 18  JESUS 

Avec  la  prononciation  dam  le«  deux  Ian 
FRANCAIS  ANGLAIS    ET    ANGLAIS  FRANCAIS,   par   OUfTOS   et 

M.  I.M  i.lll.lN.      1  vol.  de  1,870  pages,  reli>    telle,  0  fr. 
ANGLAIS    ESPAGNOL    ET    ESPAGNOL    ANOLAIS,    par  Aktiko 

AM.  Kl.  I  el.  I.   Mel, M  '.ill. IV      lvol.  del,.'.    !  DBgOO,  '  '!>■   tolls,  Ulr. 
ANGLAIS  -ITALTEN    ET    ITALIEN     ANGLAIH,    pai    BIRJHHOUAM, 

k.nk.nkki. ot  Mel, 11  i.iii.in.    i  roLdel  100  pagoa,  reHo toile, 6 it. 

RUSSE-ANGLAIS  BT   ANGLAISRUSSE,  par  Q WOUU.     l    roL  d- 

pages,  relli  toile,  12  fir, 

VOCABULAIRES    GARNIER 

Noi\i;m\    VOCABULAIBBS    EM    DBUX    LANOUB8 
Awe  la  prononciation  flgun  s,  oootse  ml  Itomotn  usueN  d>-  la  \n-  pr  iti.|ua  .1 1  u««g» 

de-  » oragonra 
Vol  inn.--  format  in-SS  els^rir,  roll  1  tofle  soaste,  S 
n.-iinre  elegante,  monton   oapls^lss  I  parties  1  anles  as  an  roiame,  l  ir  SO. 


FRANCAIS     ANOLAIS,  pat 

I.M  ■.III. IV.       I    \ol 

AI.LEMANI)      ANOLAIS.       pal 

I'.i.i  v.     1  roL 
ANOLAIS      Ii'RANCAIS,  pal 

I.ai  i.iii.in      1  rol, 

ANOLAIH  ESPAGNOL,      par     .1. 

I  l.      I   n.l. 
A  N  (II,  ATS    ITALIEN,       pal 

I     MtDIN.         1    1..1 


ANOLAIS      POBTUOAIBi       P*r 

Ml  -'/I    IT\        1    '"I 

ANOLAIS  Hll* 

B8PAONOL  anoi.ais,    pat    J. 

Pi  ki  /      1  »•>! 
ITALIAN    \\()I,Als,i"  CaaoiK, 

1  rol 
PORTTJOAia      ANOI.AIS.       p*' 

\1  I    -Vl     I  I    \  I     M'l 

HI    S8«  ANOLAIS.  1-vrWis-iiiBW. 

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28 


T  H  E     A T  HENiEUM 


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1!)U] 


Til  K     A  Til  K\  /EU  M 


■".i 


FRENCH    SUPPLEMENT. 

CONTENTS.  PAQB 

FRENCH    LlTEKATCRE    IN    1913  29 

Napoleon  and  riiK  Kkkmh  Revolution  (Les 
Pani-jtyristes  ile  Louis  XVI.  ;  Les  Couventionnels 
Rogioitles  ;  OanwpoadftaM  do  Duo  d'Knghien; 
Le  Gtiur.il  Diiiuuurif  /.  ;  Vers  Brimiaire ;  I'n 
Mi deoin  tie  Ift  Grande  Arim-e;  L'.-Vlbaiiie  et  Napo- 
l.on  ;  L'Ksprit  Public  ile  1M4  a  lsl6)..  ..  31—32 

X.ll'OI.I  ON    Kl     I. A    \  ENM  K 33 

Joachim  Mi  kat's  Letters 88 

coirnot's  reminiscences 31 

chateaubriand's  correspondence 31 

La    Dcchbsse    i>k    Bekky    et    lks    Monarchies 

Kl  ROl'KENNES  35 

La    Formation    UBS    Caractkres— Mysticisms   et 

Domination  ..  BE 

Vol  l aire's  CORRSSPONDBMCB  36 

Les  Sources  Latin  es  drs  Romans  Couriois       ..     36 

AMORETT1    D'BDHDND   M'ENSEK 37 

LlTTI.RATl  RE    BSPAGNOU 37 

CLASSIFIED    Notices    O'heology  —  Poetry  —  Philo- 

ophy— History  and   Biography,  ;i$ ;    Geography 

ana  Travel,  4u  ;  Sociology— Economics — Philology 

— Literarv  Criticism,  11  ;  Fiction.  4J  ;   Juvenile — 

General.  43) 38—43 

Science— Ac  Yunnan  44 

Fine  Art>— Corot  and  his  Predecessors  (Hubert 
Robert  e:  les  Paysagtates  francais ;  Corot) ;  Les 
Vieiii.es  Ensbignbs  db  Paris;  Voyage  au 
i'us  pes  sculpteirs  romains        ..        „       45—46 

DRvMA— ESSAIS  DE  CRITIQUB   Dramatique     ..  ..       46 


LITERATURE 


FRENCH    LITERATURE    IX    1913. 

When,  a  few  years  ago,  physical  education 
began  to  be  in  favour  with  our  younger 
generation..  I  remember  hearing  some  of 
my  more  thoughtful  fellow-countrymen 
complain  with  a  sigli  of  the  new  tendency, 
and  prognosticate  that  this  would  be  the 
end  of  all  mental  supremacy.  It  does 
not  appear  that  this  dismal  prophecy  has 
been  fulfilled.  Indeed,  the  taste  for 
intellectual  pursuits  is  as  strong  as  ever  ; 
nay.  never  was  there  such  a  thirst  for 
cultivation  of  the  mind,  to  judge  from  the 
numerous  lectures  which,  in  the  pro- 
vinces as  well  as  in  Paris,  attract  even 
the  more  frivolous  part  of  society.  As 
for  printed  productions,  I  for  one,  in 
order  to  sum  up  the  chief  events  of  the 
past  year  in  a  few  columns  of  The 
Athenaeum  have  examined  hundreds  of 
volumes,  and  can  testify  that  there  is  no 
abatement  of  activity  in  our  literary 
world. 

As  in  former  years,  the  output  of  his- 
torical books  has  been  enormous,  for  our 
historians  are  as  indefatigable  as  they  are 
numerous.     Archives,  public  and  private, 
ransacked,  and  their  treasures  brought 
to   light ;    memoirs  are  lovingly  edited  ; 
ponderous  monographs  appear  as  fast  as 
shilling  primers.     Few  are  the  periods  of 
national  or  foreign  history  which  lack  the 
research  of   some  competent  scholar.     If 
this    year    the    Middle    Ages    have    been 
somewhat  neglected,  the  Renaissance,  on 
the  contrary,  has  received  a  good  deal  of 
attention.    In  '  La  Disgrace  de  Machiavel ' 
II.    .J.    Lucas-Dubreton    has    drawn    an 
original,     vivid     portrait    of    the     most 
enigmatic  of  Italian  politicians.     M.  Morel- 
Fatio,  in  his  '  Bistoriographie  de  Charles- 
Quint,1  has  devoted  much  'arc  and  labour 
to  the   study  of  the   historiographers  of 
Charles  V.  of  Spain,  and  has  translated 
into   French  the  Portuguese  text   of  the 
Emperor's  .Memoirs.      Philip  II.  of  Spain 
has  found  in  M.  R.  ClauzeJ  an  able  bio- 
grapher; and  two  volumes  will  contribute 


to  make  Henri  IV.  of  Fiance  more 
popular,   the   first   being   a    selection   of 

letters  made  by  64.  J.  Xouaillae.  the  other, 

written  by  MM.  Jerome  and  Jean Tharaud, 
and  entitled  '  La  Tragedie  de  Ravaillac,' 
depicting  in  a  lively,  elegant  style  the 
course  of  events  which  brought  the  gallant 
monarch  to  an  untimely  death.  M. 
Lucien  Ponders  conscientious  book  on 
'  Les  Origines  des  (bancs  de  Religion  ' 
subtly  analyzes  Henri  II.  s  Italian  policy 
from  the  accession  of  the  French  king 
down  to  the  abdication  of  Charles  V.  of 
Spain. 

The  period  which  extends  from  the 
last  years  of  the  Monarchy  to  the  Restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons  continues  to  be  a 
favourite  field  of  research.  '  Quarante- 
cinq  Annees  de  ma  Vie,'  by  Louise  de 
Prusse,  Princesse  Antoine  Radziwill, 
supplies  much  new  information  on  the 
history  of  Prussia  from  1770  to  1815. 
The  same  interest  attaches  to  the  '  Me- 
moires  de  la  Marquise  de  Nadaillac, 
Duchesse  d'Escars,'  which  besides  restore 
to  life  a  curious  figure  of  an  exiled  grande 
dame  in  the  time  of  Napoleon.  The 
Comte  Roger  de  Damas  was  another 
French  exile,  and  his  chequered  career 
can  be  followed  in  his  '  Memoires,'  edited 
by  MM.  Jacques  Rambaud  and  Leonce 
Pingaud.  To  M.  Gaston  Maugras  and 
the  Comte  P.  de  Croze-Lemercier  we  owe 
a  charming  picture  of  an  aristocratic 
heroine  in  the  time  of  the  Terror,  '  Del- 
phine  de  Sabran,  Marquise  de  Custine.' 
Contrasting  with  the  last-mentioned,  '  Les 
Campagnes  du  Capitaine  Marcel,'  anno- 
tated by  Commandant  L.  Var,  bring  out 
the  type  of  the  Napoleonic  soldier.  M. 
Louis  Barthou,  our  ex-Premier,  has  de- 
voted to  Mirabeau  an  attractive  and 
impartial  study.  Lastly,  M.  Frederic 
Masson  with  pious  perseverance  has  added 
a  tenth  volume  to  the  imperial  memorial 
erected  to  '  Napoleon  et  sa  Famille.' 

The  epoch,  however,  which  seems  just 
now  to  be  in  vogue  is  that  of  the  Second 
Empire  and  the  establishment  of  the 
Third  Republic.  Now  that  passions  have 
cooled,  this  period  of  our  history  appears 
as  one  of  the  most  fascinating,  with  its 
sharp  contrasts  of  brilliant  frivolities 
and  visionary  enthusiasms,  of  heedless 
enjoyments  and  bitter  shame  ;  and,  as 
documents  are  to  be  had  for  the  asking, 
there  is  no  lack  of  workers.  Among  tin- 
books  which  have  appeared  the  most 
important  are  M.  Frederic  Loliee's  bio- 
graphy of  the  '  Comtesse  de  Castiglione,' 
a  famous  and  enigmatic  beauty  of  the 
Court  of  the  Tuileries  ;  and  the  monographs 
by  M.  Maurice  Reclus  on  "Jules  Favre ' 
and  'Ernest  Picard'  (1912),  two  nanus 
associated  with  the  development  of  the 
Republican  party.     Among  the  memoirs 

mention    is    due    to    the    '  Retour-   BUT   Ifl 

Vie  '  of  A.  Chambolle,  a  man  who  rubbed 
.shoulders  with  all  the  political  leaders 
b«t ween  IMs  and  1878;  M.  Arthur 
Meyer's  'Ce  que  je  peiu  dire'  contains 
many  a  vivid  picture  of  the  brilliant 
society  in  which  the  author  cut  a  pro- 
minent figure;  and  lastly,  M  Futile 
Ollivier  published  ju  I  '» fore  bu  di  ath 
the  sixteenth  volume  of  L'Empii    I .  ;  i  ral, 


a  touching  plaidoyer  in  which  the  most 

Unpopular  Of  statesmen  has  proudly  tried 
to    \  indicate    his    ivputat  ion.      In    this  ei 
ploration    of   a    painful    past    the    Franco 
German  War  has  naturally  been  a  subjecl 

often  approached.  M.  German]  Bapst 
has   published    the  sixth    volume  of   his 

life    of    Marechal    ( 'anroheit  ;    and  M.   File 

Peyron,  '  A  propos  du  siege  de  Mete, 
has  made  it  possible  to  obtain  a  de  i 

notion    of     Marshal      Hazaine's    responsi 

hility.     Moiv  extensive  has  been  General 

Bourelly's  survey  in  '  Fa  Guerre  de  IsTo 
et  le  trade  de  Francfort  '  ;  and  in  'Ch&lons 

et  Beaumont 'M    \.  Duquet,  our  authority 

on  the  subject     his  tried   to  elucidate   the 

causes  of  our  disastei  B 

These     hooks     en     the     Franco* ;(  i  ui.ni 

War  have  been  eagerly  received  by  the 

public,  for    they    appeal    to    some    of    the 

deeper  sentiments  of  the  hour.  It  cannot 
be    denied    that    the    formidable    inore     ■ 

of  the  German  army  and  the  stiff  methods 
of  the  diplomacy  which  this  army  is 
apparently  destined  to  support  have 
aroused  suspicions  even  in  those  who 
hoped  for  an  understanding  of  some  sort 
with  our  neighbour.  A  new  sense  of 
national  solidarity  has  started  into  lite. 
and  sent  a  patriotic  thrill  through  pacific 
France.  Literature  has  keenly  fallen  in 
with  the  new  ideas.  We  have  not  only 
such  books  as  M.  Pierre  Albin's  '  I  a-  Coup 
d'Agadir  '  and  *  L'Allemagne  et  la  France 
en  Europe,'  in  which  the  causes  of  a 
recent  diplomatic  incident  are  disclosed, 
and  the  political  relations  between  the 
two  countries  subtly  analyzed,  but  also 
quite  a  number  of  books  earnestly  attempt- 
ing to  energize  France,  presenting  signifi- 
cant estimates  of  our  military  strength, 
and  even  setting  down  the  scheme  of  a 
future  war,  for  such  have  been  the  aim- 
of  Col.  Montaigne  in  '  Vaincre,'  of  M 
Maringer  in  *  Force  au  Droit,1  of  M.  de 
Lanessan  in  *  Nos  Forces  Militaires.'  ami 
of  Col.  Grouard  in  '  Fa  Guerre  eventuelle.' 

As  was  to  be  expected,  tlie  campaign 
in  Morocco  and  the  war  in  the  F>alkan- 
have  given  birth  to  an  imposing  number 
of  accounts.      .Most    of   these    books,    how- 

ever,  issue  from  the  pen  of  war  correspond- 
ents whose  imagination  is  no  less  potent 
than  their  partiality;  so  I  think  it 
best  not  to  mention  them  particularly. 
Vet  I  must  except  '  Les  Gens  Je  <  luerre 
an  Maroc  '  (1912),  by  M    Emile  Nolly,  a 

talented   officer  who     d    times   strikes    up 

the  patriotic  note,  and  the  next  moment, 
curiously   enough,    reminds   one    of    V' 
G.  B.  Shaw'a  Preface  to     Anns  and  the 

Man  '  ;  and  "  l.a  Mat  de  Stamboul, 
M.  Victor  berard.  who  is  at  present 
most  brilliant  exponent  of  the  diplomatic 

historx  ot  our  tiui 

I  fpon  the  whole,  the  Looks  which  I  h 
just    mentioned,    though    vastly    diff<  n  nl 

m    intrinsic    valui  m  arlj      II      I 

exampli  -  >  J   the   high   stand  urd   vesv  b<  tl 
by  our  historical  school     Well  <  onstrtM  ted 
dable  and  solid,  founded  upon  patii  ut 
accurate    n   earch,    thej    ■•■ 
aiiimat.  d  by  a  tine  spirit  of  impartial 
and  a   genuine  love  of  truth.     And  IF 

I   think,  the  qualiti  i  Mrhich   K 
critics  i  .hi  also  <  I  ■  un  at  their  <<w n      ^  •  t 


30 


Til  E     ATIIENvEUM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  '-$,   11)14 


(his  praise,  which  I  ungrudgingly  bestow, 
rouses  in  me  no  enthusiasm.  I  am  not 
far  from  believing  that  the  impassive 
attitude,  admirable  in  an  historian,  can  be 
a  defect  in  a  critic  ;  nay,  is  slowly  taking 
away  the  life  of  a  criticism  once  so 
brilliant.  Not  that  the  number  of  critics 
is  decreasing ;  there  is  not  one  young 
man,  fresh  from  the  University,  but  has 
some  voluminous  monograph  in  hand. 
But  the  time  is  gone  when  Taine  was 
building  up  the  enchanted  castles  of  his 
picturesque  suggestive  theories ;  when 
M.  Bourget,  with  a  sort  of  inspiration, 
was  through  his  own  experience  drawing 
the  moral  portrait  of  his  generation,  and 
in  the  course  of  his  studies  discovering 
the  nature  of  his  own  talent ;  when 
Brunetiere  found  in  every  book  a  doctrine 
which,  being  brought  to  the  test  of  his 
strong  convictions  and  clothed  in  the  garb 
of  his  irresistible  dialectics,  established 
itself  with  the  weight  of  an  acknowledged 
truth.  These  were  men  who  raised  criti- 
cism to  the  level  of  imaginative  literature, 
and  made  it  an  art.  Nowadaj^s  our 
critics  annihilate  themselves  ;  they  are 
content  when  they  have  shown  learning, 
analyzed  the  works  with  discrimination, 
and  elucidated  reciprocal  influences.  I 
certainly  do  not  want  to  disparage  a  school 
which  has  produced  this  year  '  Les  Livres 
du  Temps,'  by  M.  Paul  Souday,  and  M. 
Ernest  Dupuy's  '  Poetes  et  Critiques ' 
and  '  A.  de  Vigny,  sa  vie  et  son  ceuvre,' 
for  it  has  its  merits  and  its  usefulness. 
But  my  complaint  is  that  by  the  side  of 
these  excellent  guides  of  the  reading 
public  there  should  be  so  few  critics 
aiming  at  the  expression  of  their  own 
personality  and  artistic  conceptions.  In 
this  respect  the  year  has  been  par- 
ticularly uneventful.  M.  Faguet  alone 
strikes  a  distinctive  note.  Here,  at  least, 
we  meet  with  individuality.  With  a 
facility  which  makes  one  wonder  whether 
he  has  time  to  read  all  the  books  he  speaks 
of,  he  pours  on  the  public  an  average  of 
three  or  four  volumes  a  year  ('  Balzac,' 
'  La  Fontaine,'  '  En  lisant  Corneille,' 
'  Initiation  litteraire  ').  Like  Tennyson's 
brook  he  goes  on  for  ever,  lightly  babbling 
and  flashing,  abundantly  distilling  quaint 
talk,  wit  and  common  sense.  When  one 
comes  to  think  of  it,  the  fact  that  I  have  had 
to  fall  back  upon  M.  Faguet's  productions 
is  perhaps  the  best  proof  of  the  poverty 
of  French  criticism. 

Poetry  has  been  this  year  even  a  greater 
favourite  than  history,  for  there  seems 
to  be  a  notion  that  this  province  of  lite- 
rature is  a  sort  of  vantage  ground  for 
beginners,  or  can  be  chosen  as  a  sport 
by  more  serious  writers  in  search  of  re- 
laxation. Yet,  when  intruders  have  been 
eliminated,  it  is  astonishing  to  find  what 
a  quantity  of  really  fine  matter  remains. 
Never  has  French  poetry  numbered  so 
many  singers  rich  in  fanciful  ima- 
gination, quick  sensibility,  delicacy  of 
emotion,  and  endowed  with  a  true  feeling 
for  the  haunting  beauty  of  coloured 
language  and  melodious  rhythm.  But 
these  qualities  have  their  drawbacks. 
Poetry,  I  fear,  is  being  lulled  to  sleep  by 
its     own     sweet     murmuring.     In     their 


pursuit  of  rare  sensations  and  dainty 
melodies  our  poets  have  forgotten  the 
deeper  enchantments  of  thought.  Few 
are  those  who  weave  into  their  verse  an 
individual  conception  of  life  ;  many  do 
not  even  try  to  pour  their  souls  into  their 
songs.  In  the  best  productions  of  the  year 
I  find  too  many  echoes  of  Mallarme, 
Rimbaud,  Verlaine,  and  Baudelaire,  and 
if  we  do  not  take  care  we  shall  fall  into 
an  artificial  diction  which  is  very  different 
from  that  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
but  will  nevertheless  have  the  same 
result — it  will  be  the  end  of  all  poetry. 
This  is  the  reason  why,  in  spite  of  the 
considerable  number  of  really  interesting 
and  pleasant  collections  of  verse  published 
in  the  course  of  the  year,  I  select  at 
most  but  three  names :  Madame  de 
Noailles,  with  '  Les  Vivants  et  les  Morts,' 
a  writer  who  is  not  free  from  faults, 
but  of  whom  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say 
that  she  has  discovered  a  new  poetical 
sense  ;  M.  Maurice  Magre,  with  '  Les 
Belles  de  Nuit,'  a  connected  series  of 
amatory  poems  revealing  in  the  author 
real  depth  of  feeling,  though  I  must  say 
that  his  romantic  hankering  after  the 
disenchantments  of  love  sounds  a  little 
old-fashioned  ;  and  M.  Paul  Fort,  with 
'  Chansons  pour  se  consoler  d'etre  heureux,' 
who,  in  spite  of  unnecessary  eccentricities 
of  rhythm,  reveals  the  most  original,  and 
probably  the  most  sincere,  poetic  tempera- 
ment that  France  has  known  for  several 
years. 

The  case  is  somewhat  different  with 
the  novel.  Fiction  is  still  the  literary 
genre  which  attracts  our  best  writers. 
Yet  this  year  will  not  be  reckoned  among 
the  best.  Chance  has  willed  it  that  none 
of  our  greatest  novelists  is  on  the  pub- 
lishing list.  Anatole  France,  after  his 
puzzling  '  Les  Dieux  ont  soif,'  has  kept 
aloof  ;  M.  Paul  Bourget  is  engaged  in 
writing  an  important  novel,  the  publication 
of  which  is  near  at  hand  ;  M.  Maurice 
Barres,  it  is  true,  has  brought  out  his 
'  Colline  Inspiree,'  but  this  philosophical — 
at  times  symbolical — sermon  can  hardly 
be  considered  as  a  novel  proper.  M. 
Marcel  Prevost  in  '  Les  Anges  Gardiens ' 
has  made  a  sad  mistake.  Of  those 
who  come  next  in  magnitude  after  these 
acknowledged  princes  of  letters,  none  can 
be  said  to  have  done  his  best.  M.  Paul 
Adam's  '  Stephanie  '  obscurely  develops 
an  otherwise  interesting  thesis.  Madame 
Delarue-Mardrus's '  Douce  Moitie  'contains 
unnatural  situations  which  mar  a  clever 
picture  of  a  Parisian  milieu.  Colette 
Willy's  'L'Envers  du  Music  Hall'  and 
'  L'Entrave  '  have  the  usual  spontaneity 
of  her  effervescent  talent,  but  nothing 
more.  M.  Paul  Margueritte's  '  La  Maison 
Brule  '  and  '  Les  Sources  Vives,'  and  his 
brother  Victor  Margueritte's  '  La  Rose 
des  Ruines,'  are  unworthy  of  the  authors 
of  '  Le  Desastre  '  and  '  Les  Braves  Gens.' 
M.  Claude  Farrere's  '  Thomas  l'Agnelet ' 
is  not  unhealthy  like  '  Les  Petites  Alliees,' 
but  it  is  more  of  a  feuilleton.  In  'Dingo  ' 
M.  Octave  Mirbeau  has  exaggerated 
the  least  pleasant  side  of  his  talent 
without  freeing  his  style  from  its  manner- 
isms.    M.  Abel    Hermant    is    fatiguingly 


monotonous  with  his  pictures  of  degraded 
humanity  in  '  La  Fameuse  Comedienne  ' 
and  '  Le  Joyeux  Garcon.'  M.  Leon  Daudet 
in  '  La  Fausse  Etoile  '  is  more  than  ever 
hampered  by  his  introduction  of  politics 
and  even  polemics  into  works  irhich  on 
that  account  cease  to  be  novels.  M. 
Henry  Bordeaux's  '  La  Maison  '  is  inter- 
esting in  the  ideas  it  deve lopes,  bufc  weak 
in  technique. 

To  come  to  the  ranks  of  the  rising 
novelists,  M.  Machard's  '  Titine  '  is  a 
powerful  realistic  study  of  humble  life. 
M.  Marcel  1'Heureux,  already  a  veteran 
in  letters,  has  published  '  La  Jeunesse 
de  Philippe  Grandier,'  which  one  day 
may  be  considered  a  masterpiece.  M. 
Paul  -  Louis  Garnier's  '  Les  Cceurs 
Farouches '  is  remarkable  for  its  mixture 
of  romanticism  and  psychological  subtlety. 
M.  Leon  Werth's  '  La  Maison  Blanche  '  and 
M.  A.  Fournier's '  Le  Grand  Meaulnes '  have 
received  a  not  undeserved  advertisement 
by  arresting  the  attention  of  the  Academie 
Goncourt.  As  to  M.  Marc  Elder,  who 
obtained  the  Prix  Goncourt,  it  is  a  pity 
that  one  should  be  able  to  find  in  his 
'  Le  Peuple  de  la  Mer  '  so  many  prolonged 
echoes  of  other  Breton  writers.  Before 
I  end  this  review  of  fiction,  I  must 
point  out  that  there  has  been  quite  an 
outbreak  of  novels  on  exotic  subjects.  I 
shall  not  mention  them  by  name,  lest 
I  should  confer  on  their  authors  an  un- 
deserved notoriety. 

Our  dramatists  are  as  active  as  ever, 
but  the  Parisians  do  not  seem  to  possess 
a  power  of  receptivity  equal  to  that  of 
London  audiences,  for  several  plays  have 
met  with  a  very  doubtful  reception.  Those 
treating  sex  questions  have  been  particu- 
larly ill-used.  The  truth  is  that  the  public 
is  tired  of  love  complications.  The  ex- 
cessive warm-heartedness  of  the  heroine  of 
'  LTrreguliere,'  by  M.  Edmond  See,  has 
failed  to  awaken  sympathy  even  in  the 
bosom  of  male  spectators.  The  general 
depravity  of  the  chief  personages  in 
'  Les  Roses  Rouges,'  by  M.  Romain 
Coolus,  has  bored  the  voluptuaries,  whom 
alone  it  was  calculated  to  please.  Even 
the  darling  of  Parisian  audiences,  M. 
Henry  Bataille,  has  met  with  a  notable 
failure,  and  if  the  truth  must  be 
told,  he  richly  deserved  his  fate.  M. 
Bataille  is  a  great  dramatist,  a  true  poet, 
and  a  subtle  thinker  ;  but  he  debases  his 
art  by  making  too  exclusive  an  appeal 
to  the  sex  instinct  of  the  spectators.  He 
is  a  master  of  what  Mr.  G.  B.  Shaw  has 
excellently  called  "  the  shallow  heroics 
concerning  man's  desire  for  woman " ; 
and  his  presentation  of  lust  under  the 
name  of  tragedies  of  the  heart  is  all  the 
more  dangerous  because  it  is  clothed 
in  the  most  enervating  of  styles,  and  sur- 
rounded \>y  a  sort  of  Oriental  atmosphere 
laden  with  the  sounds  and  perfumes  of 
lasciviousness.  This  time  he  has  gone  too 
far  ;  the  heroine  is  a  young  woman  who, 
learning  that  she  suffers  from  an  in- 
curable disease,  wildly  squanders  away 
the  rest  of  her  life  in  reckless  licentious- 
ness. It  appears  that  the  portrait  is  true 
to  life,  this  being  the  story  of  a  young 
American  lady  whose  confession  the  author 


Supplement,  Jaw.  3,  1914] 


T  II  E     A  Til  K\  .K  0  M 


received   a    few   years 
however,    undeniable 


ago. 

that 


It  remains, 

such    patho- 


logical cases  arc  not  fit  for  the  stage,  and 
the  public  has  unequivocally  marked  its 
disapproval. 

Problem  plays  are  also  on  the  wane. 
B£.  Maurice  Donnay's  •  Les  Eclaireuses,5 
a  delightful  comedy  on  the  subject  of 
feminism,  full  of  the  tender  pathos, 
delicate  observation,  and  gentle  irony 
which  arc  characteristic  of  the  author  of 
■  Amants,'  lias  met  with  very  indifferent 
Success,  and  it  is  the  only  play  of  the  kind 
performed  this  year. 

All  these  failures  have  contributed  to 
narrow  the  field  of  competition,  and  in 
fact  only  two  types  of  plays  have  been 
in  request.  On  the  one  hand,  we  have 
had  light  artificial  comedies  verging  on 
the  vaudeville,  the  sole  merit  of  which 
consists  in  the  whimsicality  of  the  situa- 
tions, and  an  unceasing  bubbling  of  verbal 
wit  and  superficial  satire  of  contemporary 
life,  (iood  specimens  of  this  type  are 
MM.  A.  de  Flera  and  G.  de  Caillavet's 
"  L'Habit  Vert.'  which  was  performed  for 
the  first  time  in  1912.  but  has  held  the 
stage  this  year  too;  ;  La  Belle  A  venture,' 
by  the  same  ;  and '  L'Institut  de  Beaute,' 
by  M.  Alfred  Capus.  To  these  may  be 
added  ;  Les  Deux  Canards,'  by  M.  Tristan 
Bernard,  though  I  feel  some  hesitation  in 
placing  M.  Bernard's  delightful  humour 
and  deep  insight  into  human  nature 
on  a  level  with  MM.  de  Flers  and  de 
Caillavet's  shallow  witticisms.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  public  has  patronized 
plays  tending  towards  melodrama,  with 
complicated  intrigues,  full  of  violent  con- 
flicts between  human  beings  whose  very 
tenderness  is  steeped  in  inflexibility,  and 
stormy  situations  straining  the  nerves  of 
the  spectators  to  the  breaking-point — such 
as  M.  Bernstein's  *  Le  Secret '  and  M. 
Henry  Kistemaeckers's  'L'Embuscade '  and 
'  L'Occident.'  The  last-named  play,  the 
action  of  which  is  placed  in  a  milieu  of 
naval  officers  and  opium-smokers,  specu- 
lates also  upon  the  patriotic  sentiments 
of  the  moment,  and  so  does  M.  Henri 
Lavedan's  '  Servir,'  in  which  we  see  a 
young  officer,  led  astray  by  humanitarian 
ideas,  enter  into  a  conflict  with  his  father, 
a  loyal  old  colonel,  but  finally,  listening 
to  the  call  of  duty,  joyfully  go  to  the  front 
when  the  cannon  announces  that  war 
has  broken  out.  M.  Tristan  Bernard's 
"  Jeanne  Dore'  belongs  to  the  same  group. 
though  here  again  it  should  be  said  that 
this  tragedy  must  not  be  compared  with 
the  dramas  of  which  I  have  jusl  spoken. 
'  Jeanne  Dore  '  is  not  far  from  being  a 
masterpiece.  The  subject,  to  be  sure, 
is  not  new  ;  it  analyzes  the  anguish  of  a 
poor  woman  whose  son  is  a  murderer  and 
has  been  condemned  to  death.  But  the 
situations  have  been  handled  with  su<h 
tact  and  restraint,  the  comedy  of  life 
has  been  so  skilfully  woven  into  the 
sombre  theme,  that  the  final  impression  is 
a  combination  of  truth  and  richness  which 
at  times  even  recalls  Shakespeare. 

These  happy  ones  of  the  theatrical 
world  should  not  make  me  forget  a  group 
of  writers, headed  by  M.  Jacques  Copeau. 
who  have  set  themselves  the  disint 


task  of  reacting  against  the  commercial 

claims  of  our  modern  drama.  They  have  n 
small  theatre  of  their  own  the  Theatre  <lu 
Vieu\-( iolombier  -and  their  sympathies 
are  wide  and  enlightened.  For  their 
first  performance  they  produced  Moliere's 
'  L' Amour  Medecin'  and  Keywood's     A 

Woman  Killed  with  Kindness.'  and. 
though  the  costumes  and  the  scenery  were 
of  the  simplest,  the  public  was  conquered. 
This  venture  is  still  in  its  infancy  ;  it  is 
therefore  difficult  to  determine  its  possi- 
bilities, but  it  is  certainly  full  of  promise. 

Indeed,  the  same  may  be  said  of  the 
pit-sent  state  of  our  literature.  Read- 
ing over  this  article, I  am  struck  by  the 
fact  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  point 
out  one  strikingly  original  book.  Hut 
it  does  not  follow  that  French  literature 
is  in  a  decline.  We  live  in  a  period  oi 
suspense  and  expectation.  Individualities 
are  not  rare  ;  only  they  are  too  deeply 
engaged  in  the  war  of  ideas  to  attend  to 
their  own  self.  French  thought  is  at 
present  a  tumultuous  battle-field  wherein 
from  all  points  theories  meet  each 
other  in  inextricable  contests.  All  seems 
to  be  but  confusion,  yet  in  this  chaos 
of  conflicting  opinions  two  great  main 
currents  are  distinguishable.  One  of  them 
appears  to  be  a  new  development  of  the 
symbolic  movement,  and  strives  to  conquer 
the  unexplored  region  which  lies  outside 
the  world  of  the  ordinary  senses.  In- 
tuitive perception  is  its  process  ;  spiritual- 
ism and  mysticism  the  states  of  mind 
through  which  its  adepts  hope  to  attain 
the  absolute  ;  Bergsonism  its  deepest 
and  most  conscious  expression.  This 
movement  is  opposed  by  those  who  extol 
the  permanency  of  national  traditions 
the  beauty  of  reason  and  lucidity  which 
formerly  were  the  French  qualities  par 
excellence,  and  who  endeavour  to  promote 
a  revival  of  Classicism  by  the  help  of 
strong  discipline.  M.  Charles  Manilas 
and  the  political  group  named  L' Action 
Francaise  are  the  influential  supporters  of 
this  doctrine. 

These  two  main  currents  (though 
they  tend  to  different  ends)  some- 
times mingle,  for  they  have  common 
aspirations.  The  traditionalist  school  is 
essentially  Catholic,  and  some  Catholics 
see  without  displeasure  the  Bergsonists 
attack  rationalism.  Both  movements 
meet  in  their  reaction  against  the  dangers 
of  materialism,  and  agree  in  their  belief 
of  the  inefficacy  of  purely  scientific 
methods.  They  also  join  hands  in  their 
love  of  action  and  heroism.  Above  all, 
they  have  in  common  an  earn  -t  desire  to 
sal i.-f\  the  longingsof  the  national  soul.  It 
is  Long  since  Prance  ^  inced  such  serious- 
ness of  purpose.  The  eagerness  with 
which  the  adherents  of  both  schools  probe 
the  minds  of  their  contemporai  the 
vehement  eloquence  with  which  thej 
diffuse  their  id  a  strongly  i  onto  -t  with 
the  disenchantment,  the*  aervatio  »  jim- 
iam  of  the  preceding  tion.     Enquiry 

follows  inquiry,  the  r<  suits  of  which  are 
record  d  in  such  bool  Agathon    '  U  - 

Jena        I     as     d  An  o  ird'hui  '  ;       Emile 
Henriot,  '  A  quoi  rfevenl  l<  a  Jew* 
(published  in  Lt  '/'•  mp     \  'lean  Mull,  i  and 


Gaston  Picard,  'Les  Tendances  presenten 
de  la  Litterature  Francaise  <  la  rton 
Riou,    '  \u\    Ecoutes   <le    la    I  qui 

\  icni  '  Leon  Blum,  La  Prochaine 
Generation  litteraire '  (in  the  Revtn  dt 
Paris)]  and  Henri  Clouard,  '  Les  Disci- 
plines.1 

Frenchmen  want  to  know  themselves 
in  order  to  fulfil  the  destinies  of  their 
country,   and     this     is    what     make-    : 

epoch,  in  spite  of  its  seeming  lack  of  ori- 
ginality, vitally  interest iic;.  One  really 
feels  the  silent,  potent  workings  of  gn 
things  which  struggle  into  life.  Will  this 
Renaissance  be  marked  by  the  triumph 
of  mysticism  or  by  a   ceassertion  of  our 

traditional     qualities  1      Or     will     it     end 

in  a  compromise  which  will  place  the 
reasoning  power  at  the  service  oJ  sensi- 
bility, as  some  writers  suggest  '.  This  it  is 
impossible  to  say.  But  one  thing  at  \< 
is  certain.  If  there  be  any  w  ho  anticipate 
a  debilitation  of  French  energy,  they  are 
mistaken,  for,  with  those  inexplicable 
powers  of  recovery  which  seem  to  be 
inexhaustible  in  her.  fiance  is  once  more 
ready  to  play  her  part  in  the  renovation 
of  modern  thought. 

Albekt  Feutllerat. 


NAPOLEON    AND    THE    FRENCH 
REVOLUTION. 

Thk  quarter  -  century  of  upheavals  and 

readjustments  in  Fiance  has  been  the 
source  of  an  unparalleled  productivity  in 
the  world  of  books,  and  the  attention 
which  writers  are  to-day  giving  to  the 
manifold  aspects  of  the  period  is  keener 
than  eve!-.  The  immense  quantity 
labour,  and  in  particular  of  specialized 
research,  which  this  period  has  involved 
on  all  sides,  gives  weight  to  Prof.  Oman- 
dictum  that 

"in  England,  as  in  France  and  Germany, 
the  main  characteristic  of  the  last   twei 
years,  from  the  point  of  view  <>i  tli<-  Btudent 
of  history,  lias  been  that  new   materi  J  I 
been  accumulating  much  faster  than  it  • 
be  assimilated  or  absorbed." 
No  single  writer,  we  venture  to  pre., 
will  produce  a  future  standard  history 

Les  Panigyristes  de  Louis  XVI.  •'  de  Ma 

Antoinette  depuis  IT!'::  jusqu'd  1012.     r  r 

!'„  rre  Ladoue\     |  Paris,  Picard  &  Fils,  .">fr. ) 
/.       Conventionnels    Rigicides.     Par 

Bhard.     (Par  s,  Pen-in  &  <  ie.,  51 
Correspondai  a    du   Due  a 

,i    Documents   but   son    Entevem 

\fort.      Pul 

Meurthe.     Vol.   IV.    Supplement.     (P 

Picard  & 
/.,     General     Dumoun         I 

Saint-Andre.      i  Pari  .  P<  rrin  a  I 
Vers  B  ■  ■'•  ''  • 

1797      i     Uai,   1798.     Par     \ 
iii«-  pul 

I  s|  2  :     SOU 

l,„,,, .    Par  H-  inr  eh  H 
M.i.l.ie  e     Lan  otte. 
r.  60.) 

/.  AUh i    A-//  ■:   isi  i        i 

\    Boppe      (Hachette  &  I 
/   /    ,     [  Publ 

Ucurthe     •!■      \%U     ><      I81A       Par     ' 

de     II'.        i    •' 

I  l   nivi 

de  J 


T 


ril  E     ATIIENvEUM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  3,  1914 


the  i  French  Revolution.  The  successors 
of  Profs.  Aulard  and  Madelin  will  write 
their  books  co-operatively. 

The  monumental  '  Recueil  des  Actes  du 
Comite  de  Salut  Public,'  edited  by  Prof. 
Aulard,  is  the  classic  instance  of  the  sheer 
volume  of  the  material  extant.  Another 
indication  of  the  quantity  of  the  literature 
of  the  Revolution  is  contained  in  the  first 
book  on  our  present  list,  '  Les  Panegyristes 
de  Louis  XVI.  et  de  Marie -Antoinette.' 
This  is  a  bibliography,  confined,  as  its  title 
shows,  to  a  very  limited  circle  of  works, 
and  virtually  excludes  all  foreign  books : 
Burke's  '  Tour  Letters  on  a  Regicide 
Peace,'  to  quote  an  obvious  case,  is  omitted. 
Considering  that  M.  Ladoue  has  merely 
glanced  at  the  pamphlet  literature  on  the 
subject,  and  that  for  twenty  years  after 
the  executions  of  Louis  XVI.  and  his 
Queen  panegyric  literature  was  severely 
discouraged,  Ave  think  the  463  references 
somewhat  surprising. 

The  events  which  evoked  the  outpouring 
of  such  a  class  of  literature  are  studied  by 
M.  Pierre  Bliard  in  '  Les  Conventionnels 
Regicides.'  This  is  a  graphic  and  highly 
documented  survey  of  the  Convention 
during  the  last  months  of  1792,  and  the 
first  three  weeks  of  the  following  January. 
But  for  sheer  dramatic  effect  the  book  is 
easily  inferior  to  its  chief  source,  Gazette 
Rationale  ;  on,  Le  Moniteur  Universel.  The 
musty  pages  that  report  the  final  call- 
over  of  the  members  of  the  Convention, 
with  their  iterated  "  Je  vote  pour  la 
mort,"  or  more  often  simply  "  La  mort," 
interrupted  by  occasional  outbiirsts  such 
as  that  of  Fabre  d'Eglantine,  are  beyond 
all  comparison  the  more  highly  charged 
with  emotional  qualities.  M.  Bliard,  how- 
ever, points  out  that  the  Moniteur  is  by 
no  means  infallible,  and  that  its  version 
of  the  "  appel  "  differs  in  several  important 
details  from  that  contained  in  the  '  Proces- 
Verbaux  '  printed  by  order  of  the  Con- 
vention. The  author  then  traces  the 
later  careers  of  the  387  regicides.  Verg- 
niaud  and  four  others  were  claimed  by  the 
guillotine  the  same  year.  By  the  18th 
Brumaire  94  were  dead,  in  exile,  or  lost 
to  sight.  No  flattering  picture  is  painted 
of  those  survivors  who  made  their  way 
under  the  First  Empire  by  cringing  to 
Napoleon.  At  the  beginning  of  April, 
1814,  223  were  still  living.  One  of  the 
first  laws  passed  under  the  Restoration 
was  the  "  loi  d'amnistie  "  (January  12th, 
1816),  which  exiled  at  a  month's  notice 
all  regicides  who  had  ever  held  office  imder 
Napoleon,  and  153  out  of  the  206  sur- 
vivors were  therefore  sent  into  sudden 
banishment.  At  the  accession  of  Charles  X. 
70  remained,  and  it  was  left  to  A.  C. 
Thibaudeau,  the  memoirist,  to  outlive  the 
rest,  he  dying  in  1854,  under  the  Second 
Empire.  M.  Bliard  declaims  with  con- 
siderable vehemence  against  them,  and 
has  only  one  thing  to  say  to  their  credit — 
the  majority  refrained  from  feathering 
then  nests  at  the  public  expense.  The 
book  has  been  conscientiously  compiled, 
and  deserves  success. 

The  fourth  volume  (the  Supplement) 
of  the  Correspondence  of  the  Due  d'Enghien 


(1801-4)  contains  an  interesting  selec- 
tion of  letters,  the  majority  of  which 
passed  between  him  (at  Ettenheim)  and 
his  father,  the  Prince  de  Conde  (in  London). 
The  most  important  letters  describe  the 
arrest  of  the  young  man  at  the  order  of 
Napoleon,  the  subsequent  farce  of  a  trial, 
and  his  execution.  Napoleon's  belief  that 
he  was  acting  in  concert  with  Dumouriez 
receives  no  support  from  these  letters. 
Nor  is  it  directly  substantiated  by  M. 
Pouget  de  Saint -Andre,  although  it  is 
shown  that  both  the  Duke  and  Dumouriez 
were  in  touch  with  the  Comte  d'Artois. 
The  book  has,  as  an  Appendix,  the  Duke's 
graphic  account  of  the  campaign  of  1796, 
in  which  he  took  a  prominent  part. 

M.  Pouget  de  Saint- Andre  in  'Le 
General  Dumouriez '  supports  the  con- 
tention of  Dr.  Holland  Rose  that  the 
popular  idea  of  Dumouriez  is  absolutely 
unjust.  Like  Dr.  Rose,  he  regards  the 
General  as  a  far-sighted  patriot  who  held 
strong  views  on  the  Constitution,  and 
admitted  that  his  Republicanism  lasted 
no  more  than  three  days.  His  history, 
after  his  defection  in  1793,  gradually 
resolves  itself  into  a  struggle  against 
Napoleon,  generally  in  concert  with  the 
English,  inventing  plans  for  the  defence 
of  England  and  Ireland  in  the  event  of 
a  French  invasion.  The  author  has  little 
that  is  new  to  say  as  to  the  actions  of 
Dumouriez  while  in  England.  The  follow- 
ing is  surety  a  curious  obiter  dictum, 
placed  in  a  foot-note  : — 

"  On  ne  sait  pas  assez  que  les  premiers 
troubles  de  la  Revolution  ont  ete  fomentes 
par  Tor  anglais." 

A  study  of  great  interest  is  provided  in 
'  Vers  Brumaire.'  Here  we  have  a  journal 
of  Napoleon's  doings  in  Paris  from  Decem- 
ber 5th,  1797,  to  May  4th,  1798— that  is, 
between  his  return  to  Paris  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Treaty  of  Campo  Formio 
and  his  departure  for  Egypt.  M.  Espitalier 
has  not  attempted  to  give  anything  like 
a  complete  record  of  Napoleon's  activities, 
but  rather  to  isolate  those  which  future 
events  were  to  render  significant.  He 
traces  Napoleon's  growing  hostility  to- 
wards Barras,  concealed  at  first  under  a 
more  or  less  genuine  display  of  friendship  ; 
and  he  describes  the  approaches  made 
by  Talleyrand.  Sieyes,  curiously  enough, 
scarcely  enters  into  the  story.  The  actions 
of  Napoleon  exhibit  him,  in  the  clearest 
possible  manner,  feeling  his  way  towards 
supremacy.  The  instances  given  by  M. 
Espitalier,  both  of  Napoleon's  tact  and  his 
indiscretions,  point  to  the  same  end.  His 
dislike  of  appearing  at  receptions  in 
military  uniform  indicates  the  former ; 
his  conversations  with  Barras  (at  least  as 
reported  in  Barras's  own  Memoirs),  and 
his  high-handed  actions  while  still  in  Italy 
at  the  end  of  the  1797  campaign,  show 
that  Napoleon — not  yet  thirty  years  of 
age — intended  to  play  no  subordinate  part 
in  the  history  of  his  country.  Such  a 
work  as  this  inevitably  consists  largely 
of  quotations,  and  M.  Espitalier  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  the  skill  with  which 
he  has  selected  the  abundant  material 
on  which  he  rests  his  case. 


There  are  some  exciting  passages  in  the 
'  Souvenirs  d'un  Medecin  de  la  Grande 
Armee,'  which  Madame  Lamotte  has  trans- 
lated from  the  original  German  edition  of 
1832.  Heinrich  Roos,  the  author,  was  a 
Wurtemberger,  who  was  never  intended 
to  serve  in  the  army,  but  found  himself 
in  1805  in  charge  of  the  health  of  a  fight 
cavalry  regiment,  and  was  duly  embarked 
upon  the  great  adventure  of  1812.  The 
author  is  always  the  doctor  who  at 
unexpected  moments  discusses  the  shape 
of  the  wounds  caused  by  pikes,  or  the 
physiological  effects  of  exposure  to  cold. 
The  most  thrilling  passages  of  the  book 
are  those  describing  the  triumphal  march 
through  Moscow,  the  encampment  outside 
the  city,  and  then  the  sudden  explosions,, 
the  simultaneous  outbreaks  of  great  fires, 
and  the  dismay  which  overcame  the  whole 
Grand  Army  at  the  sight  of  its  vanishing 
booty.  It  is  worth  while  to  preserve  all 
the  authentic  accounts  of  one  of  the 
most  dramatic  scenes  in  history.  For 
the  rest,  the  narrative  of  Roos  is  undis- 
tinguished. He  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Russians  at  Borisov,  just  before  the 
disastrous  passage  of  the  Beresina,  and 
entered  the  Russian  service  as  an  army 
doctor.  In  1815  he  returned  to  Wurtem- 
berg  and  to  civil  life. 

'  L'Albanie  et  Napoleon '  deals  less 
with  Napoleon  than  with  Ali  Pasha  of 
Janina,  whom  we  meet  in  the  pages  of 
'  Childe  Harold.'  After  the  distribution 
of  Venetian  territories  under  the  Treaty  of 
Campo  Formio,  Napoleon,  having  gained 
Corfu,  thought  it  advisable  to  cultivate 
friendly  relations  with  the  Albanians  of 
the  coast.  The  first  action  of  these,  never- 
theless, was  to  combine  with  the  Turks 
and  Russians  to  capture  the  island.  Ali 
was,  however,  disappointed  by  the  refusal 
of  his  allies  to  cede  the  island  to  him,  and 
by  1803  we  find  him  making  strenuous 
efforts  to  secure  an  entente  with  France. 
For  four  years  all  was  apparently  well, 
but  when  the  Treaty  of  Tilsit  under  a 
secret  article  handed  the  Ionian  Islands 
back  to  France,  Ali  promptly  showed  his 
teeth.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was  a 
long  and  generally  successful  struggle, 
although  in  a  few  months  he  had  alienated 
such  support  as  he  might  have  expected 
to  receive  ;  but  not  until  the  fall  of 
Janina,  in  1822,  did  he  succumb.  Napoleon 
is  scarcely  mentioned  ;  a  few  letters  from 
him  to  Ali  and  notes  on  his  policy  are  all 
we  hear  of  him.  M.  Boppe  tells  the  story 
well. 

From  '  L'Esprit  Public  dans  le  Departe- 
ment  de  la  Meurthe  de  1814  a  1816  '  we 
gain  an  idea  of  what  Bonapartism  meant 
to  the  popular  mind.  M.  Rene  Perrin 
finds,  in  short,  that  this  eastern  departe- 
ment  concerned  itself  but  slightly  with 
forms  of  government.  Although  M.  le 
Comte  d'Artois,  the  future  Charles  X.,had 
been  at  work  in  1814,  striving  to  enlist 
sympathy  with  the  royal  family,  and 
although  there  existed  a  distinct  organized 
royalist  movement,  the  inhabitants  of 
La  Meurthe,  were  on  the  whole  apathetic. 
They  showed,  however,  distinct  in- 
dications   of    opposition    to    the    recon- 


Supplement,  Jan.  <*>,  1014] 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  .VA>  M 


stitution  of  the  pre  -  Revolution  status 
of  the  nobility.  As  to  Napoleon,  of  him 
"  on  parte  toujours.  de  aa  famille  rarement, 
de  I'Empire  jamais."  What  the  difparU- 
Ditnt  wanted  most  was  peace  with  a 
cessation  of  the  ruinous  war-taxes.  Capi- 
taine  Francis  Borrey  in  tiis  elaborate  *  La 
Franche-Oomte  en  1S14.'  we  may  note, 
arrived  at  very  similar  conclusions  for 
the  neighbouring  d&parterm  nt.  La  Meurthe 
however  weary  of  fighting  and  its  cost, 
never  failed  Napoleon.  The  Restoration 
of  1814  was  accepted  with  acclamation, 
but  with  inward  composure.  The  Hundred 
Days  were  greeted  with  genuine  warmth, 
and  the  Second  Restoration  was  coldly 
received.  But  it  meant  peace  and  im- 
munity from  further  German  invasions,  so 
such  opposition  as  there  was  to  Louis 
XVIIT.  soon  simmered  away. 


Xapoleon  et  la  Vendee.    Par  Emile  Gabory. 
(Paris.  Perrin  &  Cie,  5  fr.) 

M.  Gabory  is  to  be  congratulated  on  a 
piece  of  solid  work,  and  he  has  studied 
carefully  many  unpublished  documents 
for  this  history  of  the  Vendean  wars. 
He  has  taken  care,  by  means  of  innumer- 
able foot-notes,  to  give  his  authority 
for  all  kis  statements,  and  the  result  is 
a  noteworthy  addition  to  the  literature  of 
Xapoleonic  tunes.  The  author  shows  how 
the  Vendeans  welcomed  the  Consulate, 
whose  first  care  was  to  give  them  back 
their  churches  and  their  priests.  He 
adds  : — 

"  lis  s'eloignerent  du  regime,  seulement 
lorsque  Xapoleon,  insatiable  en  homnies 
et  en  argent,  eut  decourage  leur  loyalisme." 

The  terrible  results  of  the  fighting  in 
the  Vendee  may  be  seen  by  the  figures 
printed  in  the  first  chapter.  On  February 
27th,  1794,  still  remembered  as  "  the 
day  of  the  great  massacre,"  500  old  men, 
women,  and  children  perished  by  the 
bayonet  in  the  wood  of  Le  Drillay ; 
Poire  lost  half  its  inhabitants  ;  and  the 
little  town  of  Mortagne  had  two-thirds 
of  its  people  killed.  There  is  nothing 
sensational  in  M.  Gabory's  writing,  but  his 
solid  facts  and  figures  give  a  vivid  im- 
pression of  the  awful  sufferings  in  this 
corner  of  France. 

In  his  third  chapter  there  is  a  clear  i 
account  of  the  religious  pacification,  and 
the  well-known  story  of  the  peasant 
Guillou  shows  what  was  the  state  of 
feeling  among  the  poor  people.  When 
challenged  by  the  National  Guards  and 
the  gendarmes,  in  answer  to  their  "  Rends- 
toi,"  he  replied  "  Rends-moi  mon  Dieu," 
and,  defending  himself  with  a  fork,  died 
on  the  step  of  his  village  church.  The 
humane  conduct  of  the  people  in  pro- 
tecting their  homes  has  been  generally 
recognized,  even  by  Revolutionary  writers, 
and  not  till  Westermann's  brutal  treat- 
ment did  they  retaliate.  The  Republic 
has  probably  never  been  forgiven  for  its 
work,  and  remembrance  of  past  sufferings  j 
shows  itself  in  party  fights  at  the  present 
day. 


Some  spare  is  devoted  by  M.  Gabory 

to  the  severe  measures  taken  by  Xapoleon, 

w  ho  wrote  : — 

"Dieu  les  punira  dans  I  autre  monde, 
mais  ( Y'sar  doit  les  punir  aussi  dans  celui-ci." 

Napoleon  added  that  ordinary  magis- 
trates and  police  were  useless,  and  that  it 
was  necessary  to  send  men  from  Paris. 
Rut  on  the  occasion  of  his  journey  through 
the  Vendee  he  took  a  kinder  view,  ami 
recognized  that  the  war  had  been  "  une 
guerre  de  geants." 

English  people  will  be  attracted  by  the 
references  to  the  English  gold  which  was 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Vendeans, 
and  by  M.  Gabory's  consideration  of  what 
might  have  happened  at  Waterloo  if 
20,000  men  (or  more  according  to  him) 
had  not  been  detained  in  the  Vender. 
He  writes  : — 

"  Cette  guerre  fut  presque  exclusivement 
une  guerre  anglaise.  Dans  toutes  les  guerrea 
de  Vendee,  l'Angleterre  joua  un  role  ; 
dans  celle-ci  [1815]  le  role  fut  de  premier 
ordre.  Objectif  de  Wellington  :  immo- 
biliser  vingt-cinq  mille  homnies  sur  les 
bords  de  la  Loire ....  ces  vingt-cinq  millo 
homnies  en  moins,  du  cote  de  Napoleon, 
assureront  la.  victoire  aux  Allies.  Le  marquis 
de  La  Rochejacquelein,  dechaine  par  le 
due  de  jer,  part  it  ;  on  lui  avait  fait  des 
promesses  considerables  d'or,  de  munitions, 
de  soldats.  Cet  or  et  ces  munitions — les 
soldats  ne  vinrent  pas — rendirent  possible 
un  soulevement  que  le  manque  d'armes  eut 
empeche  de  s'etendre.  Le  plan  de  Wel- 
lington provoqua-t-il  la  defaite  de  Napoleon? 
Ce  corps  d'armee  eut-il,  a  Waterloo,  rem- 
place  celui  de  Grouchy  ?  II  serait  difficile 
de  l'affirmer  ;  il  serait  plus  temeraire  de  le 
nier.  Mais  ce  qmon  ne  peut  contest  er, 
e'est  que  cet.  evenement  funeste  reduisit 
les  chances  de  succes." 


Lettres  et  Documeiits  pour  servir  a  VHis- 
toire  de  Joachim  MuraJb,  1767-1815. 
Publies  par  S.A.  le  Prince  Murat. 
Avec  une  Introduction  et  des  Notes 
par  Paul  Le  Brethon.  Vol.  VII.  (Paris, 
Plon-Nourrit  &  Cie.) 

This  seventh  volume  of  Murat's  papers 
concerns  the  time  when  Joachim  was  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  It  reveals  the  differ- 
ences between  his  administration  and  that 
of   his   predecessor,   and   shows    how,    by 


difficult    for    him,    as    may    be    Been    fi"iu 

some     Of     the     letters     lie     lecemd         ThUS, 

after  an  inter\  iew  w  ith  Napoleon,  Berl 

wrote  to  .Murat  : — 

"On  Manh  .Mb.  1809,  Soyez  Roi  poui  vo« 
Biijets,  pour  I  Empereur,  soyez  un  vice-roi 

Soyez  l-'raucais <  I  nou  \a|  H  >ln  a  in.       <  lonsultez 

Sa  Majesty  Emperiale  sur  tout:  oequivoua 
paraftrait  nuire  a  voa  sujets  dans  le  mon 
esi  an  contraire  pour  l<  ur  avantage,  puiaque 
tout  <e  que  veut  1  Empereur  tienl  au  plan 
vaste  lie  Bee  projets,  de  sea  Ideea,  et  le  bon« 
heur  des  nations  qui  aont  gouvem6ea  pa: 
dynastie  tient  a  la  reuasite  d<  grandee 

\  ues ;    (-"csi  a  nous  a  suivre  el  obeu 

viics suw    chercher    a    en    deviner    la 

profondeur." 

Murat's  devotion  to  his  mastx  c  and  his 

desire   to    be    fighting   with     him    are   seen 

throughout    the    volume.     In    February, 
180!),  he  wrote  to  Napoleon  : — 

"  Le  chagrin  de  voir  ce  qui  -e  pa>-e  en 

Espamie    et     de    ne    pas    y    ctl'c    POUT    VOU8    V 

servir,  me  dechire  Lame;  ce  n  est  que sur  le 
champ   de   bataille  que  Votre  &fajeste  m'a 

rendu  justice,  mais  ces  sentiment  iii 

apprecies  ni  entendus." 

On  April  4th  he  wrote  : — 

"  Sire,  voua  allez  faire  la  guerre,  i  I  je  i 
ici ;  que  je  suis  malheureux !  Pourquoi 
m'avez-vous  eioigne  ?  J'aurais  encore  toute 
votre  amitio  que  mes  ennemia  m'onl  lit 
perdre,  et  je  pourrais  encore  dans  cette 
nouvelle  occasion  voua  donner  de  aouv<  Ilea 
preuves  de  mon  absolu  devouement." 

The  following  day  he  pleaded  : — 

"Sire,  je  n'y  demande  aucun  com- 
mandement,  je  ne  demande  que  I'hom  i  ai- 
de voua  accompagner  ou  d'y  servir  con 
simple  soldat.  Croyez-vous,  Sire,  que  le 
trone  que  voua  m'avez  donne*  me  soit  i  lus 
cher  que  votre  glo ire  '!  Nbn.  Perissent  ma 
fortune  et  mes  brillantea  deatinees,  e(  que 
le  grand  homme,  mon  majtre  et  mon  tout, 
devienne,  a'il  est  possible,  encore  plus  grand  ! 
....Sire,  pourquoi  vous  suia-je  deven  I 
peu  nece.ssaire,  aussi   indifferent  ?  " 

Once  more,  in  June,  ISO'),  he  writes  : — 

"  Je  brule  d'impatience  de  donner  a 
Votre  Majesty  de  nouvellea  preuvea  de  i  on 
devouement,  je  desire  de  remplacor  et  dana 
votre  cceur  et  dans  votre  camp  celui  qui  ne 
pourra  plus  vous  y  servir. ..  .Sire,  exaucez 
ma  pridre. . .  .Sire,  si  voua  Baviez  ce  que  je 
souft'ro  loin  de  vous,  voua  ue  seriez  paa 
insensible  a  ma  priere. 

If  we  turn  to  other  subjects,  we  find  both 

Murat,    and    Xapoleon     </\\  Jul:    mon  q 


his  care  for    the  most  trifling  things  and 

the    moderation    of  his  government,   he    once  frank  expression  to  their  views  about 

gained  the  hearts  of  his  subjects.     The     the    Pope.       Thus    on   June   20th, 


period  covered  is  only  that  from  February 
1st  to  September  9th,  ISO!),  yet  in  that 
brief  time  we  find  over  TOO  letter 
nearly  all  from  Murat  himself;  but  the 
present  volume  is  less  interesting  than 
some  of  its  predecessors. 

The  immense  industry  of  Mui.it   is  illus- 
trated by  the  way  in  which,  at  the  busiest 
moments  of  his  life,  he  made  time  to 
into  minute    detail,  leaving    nothing    to 

chance,    and    taking    the    trouble,    for    in- 


Napoleon  says  : — 

"J'apprenda  la  nouvelle  que  le  Pane  nous 
a  excommunies,  voile,  une  Belle  folie  11  a 
attire  par  la  ['excommunication  mr  lui- 
meme,  c  est  un  fou  qu  il  faul  •  ofern  ■ 

In  the  pn  -.nt  colled  ion  of  letters, 

earlier  ones,   we    find    Mmat    constantly 

(ring    Napoleon     to    write    to    lne 

either  I., ,  is  ing  no    replj    or   son*  i1 
painfull]  em  t . 
We  have  quot<  •!  enough  to  Bhow  i 


stance,  to  give  the  names  of  three  horses    m  ipite  of  details  aboul   things  oow 

about  which  he  was  -ending  orders  to 
some  of  his  soldiers.     There  are  s- i -_•  n -  thai 

he  was  too  timid  about  baking  responsi- 
bility, and  he  is  constantly  appealing  to 
N'apoleon  for  instruction*  on  small  points 

where   a   Btronger  man   would   have   acted 

for  himself.     But  no  doubt  things  were    on  the  gn  ■  ■'    of  •••  time. 


important,  the  ne*   lettei  -  '  ontaui  h 

that    i-    interestinfl      and    th< 
ably    edited    by    u     Paul    Le     B 
as  were  the  earlii  i  on<        ^  ■      till  I 
long   t"   wail    for   those    pap<  re  ol    18 H 
whi.h   an-  expect<  d  to    throw    ' 


34 


TH  E    A  Til  ENiEUM 


[Si  im'lkmiat,  Jan.  '.].  1914 


COURNOT'S  REMINISCENCES . 

On  the  whole,  though  the  bulk  of  the  lite- 
rature on  the  French  Revolution  and  the 
Restoration  period  is  for  ever  increasing, 
M.  Bottinelli  has  been  well  advised  in  pub- 
lishing Cournot's  'Souvenirs.'  The  France 
of  Louis  XVI.  and  the  France  of  Charles  X. 
have  passed  away,  but  their  fossils  have 
been,  as  it  were,  reconstructed  in  such  a 
grotesque  way  and  in  such  distorted  atti- 
tudes that  we  must  feel  grateful  to  a  writer 
who  tries  to  describe  his  contemporaries 
with  an  impartial  mind. 

A.  Cournot,  born  in  1801,  in  the  small 
town  of  Gray,  in  Franche  Comte,  spent 
his  early  years  in  the  midst  of  a  deeply 
religious  family.  His  eldest  aunt,  how- 
ever, had  sided  with  the  Republican  party, 
and  thus  young  Cournot  soon  learnt  to 
look  at  the  two  sides  of  any  question. 
Highly  gifted,  he  entered  the  famous 
Ecole  Normale  in  1821 ;  became  secretary 
to  Marshal  Gouvion  Saint  Cyr  in  1823 ; 
published  remarkable  articles  on  higher 
mathematics,  which  attracted  the  attention 
of  all  the  learned  world  in  Paris  ;  entered 
the  University  of  France  in  1833.  thanks 
to  Poisson.  the  great  mathematician  of 
the  time  ;  was  Professor  at  Lyons  and 
Grenoble,  and  then  Inspector  of  Schools  ; 
and  soon  became  one  of  the  first,  and 
the  strongest,  figures  in  the  academical 
world  under  Louis  Philippe,  Napoleon  III., 
and  the  Third  Republic.  He  died  in  1877. 
Vacherot  called  him  the  common-sense 
philosopher  ;  indeed,  we  might  say  that 
he  was  common  sense  personified.  Yet 
we  have  only  to  study  a  few  of  the  por- 
traits he  has  left  of  the  men  he  knew,  of 
Gouvion  Saint  Cyr,  Laplace.  Cousin,  and 
Villemain,to  recognize  that  this  calm  and 
grave  "  Recteur  d' Academic, "'  versed  in 
the  most  difficult  sciences,  knew  how  to 
manage  words,  and,  what  is  more  im- 
portant, the  hearts  of  men. 

The  rapidity  and  extreme  violence 
with  which  revolution  followed  revolu- 
tion in  France  after  the  outbreak  of  1789 
produced  in  Cournot  a  great  indifference 
concerning  the  forms  of  government,  but 
at  the  same  time  strengthened  his  moral 
principles.  He  never  despaired  of  reason. 
His  varied  experience  and  the  spectacle  of 
public  events  led  him  to  the  discovery  of, 
or,  if  one  prefer,  to  the  belief  in,  the  idea 
which  is  the  life  of  all  his  philosophical 
works,  viz.,  that  the  world  is  always 
making  for  order. 

According  to  him,  two  forces  are  ever  at 
war  with  one  another  in  this  world — man 
and  society  ;  and  in  their  turn  they  are 
controlled  by  a  greater  power,  to  which 
Cournot  gave  the  name  of  order.  Order 
is  Reason  in  work  in  nature.  Society  is 
itself  a  kind  of  living  being,  superior  to 
man,  and  enforcing  the  decrees  of  Reason. 
Thus  Cournot  is  a  Bergson  "  avant  la 
lettre,"  for,  before  the  modern  philo- 
sopher, he  broke  down  the  Avails  of 
determinism  by  declaring  that  the  moral 
world  is  quite  different  from  the  physical 

Souvenirs  (1760-1860).  Par  A.  Cournot. 
Precedes  d'une  Introduction  par  E.  P. 
Bottinelli.  (Hachette,  7fr.  50.) 


one  ;  that  the  causes  which  act  in  physics 
and  chemistry  can  be  called  laws,  but  I 
that  the  causes  we  see  at  work  on  the  his-  I 
torical  stage  cannot  be  foreseen.  He  is 
always  dwelling  on  this  point,  that  "  a 
certain  mixture  of  necessary  laws  and  of 
accidental  or  providential  events  is  what 
permits  us  to  use  the  word  history  with 
regard  both  to  nature  and  to  mankind." 

Cournot  has  been  wrongly  described  as 
a  sceptic  whose  motto  in  life  was  agree-  j 
ment  at  any  cost  with  all  forms  of  govern- 
ment.    The  fact  that  he  faithfully  served 
three  forms  of  government  merely  shows 
that  he  wished  to  serve  his  country  under 
any  man,  convinced  as  he  was  that  an  | 
ultimate    purpose    was    at    work    in    the 
terrible   and   obscure   forces  which   were  i 
overthrowing    governments.     A    royalist  i 
loyally    attached    to    the    Bourbons    at  | 
first,  he  soon  saw — with  the  penetrating 
and  unforgiving  eye  of  youth — that  their 
cause    was    doomed    to    perish.     Hence- 
forward   he    walked    through  life  with  a 
highly  critical  yet   impartial    mind,  and, 
since   he   had  not   been  able   to   look   at 
Charles  X.   with  reverence,   he  was  not 
going  to  pay  any  undue  respect  to  Louis 
Philippe  or  Napoleon  III.     But  he  always 
managed  to  be  fair  to  both  of  them. 

On  the  l"  coup  d'etat  "  of  the  famous 
December  2nd  his  comment  is  worth 
quoting.     He  says  it  was 

"  much  more  difficult  indeed  than  that  of 
the  18th  Brumaire,  was  prepared  with  much 
more  wonderful  ability.  It  showed  the 
force  of  a  fixed  and  daring  idea,  matured 
for  a  long  time,  cleverly  indicated  or  dis- 
simulated, as  circumstances  required,  coolly 
waiting  for  its  hour  to  come,  and  passing 
into  action  late  enough  for  the  principal 
obstacles  to  be  removed,  yet  early  enough 
to  take  its  enemies  unawares.  For  three 
years  it  was  necessary  to  suffer  patiently 
sarcasm,  contempt,  insult,  to  allow  one's 
secret  thought  to  appear  only  at  the  right 
moment,  and  at  the  same  time  to  bend 
oneself  to  its  immediate  covering  with 
the  official  cloak  of  one's  ministers,  as  if  it 
were  a  mere  inconsequence  of  eccentricity, 
in  this  way  keeping  up  hope,  and  lulling  fear, 
and  observing  all  the  time  the  line  dividing 
the  princely  from  the  public  personality, 
the  small  circle  of  accomplices  from  the 
Government  press.  Such  historical  phe- 
nomena, much  rarer  than  the  victories  of 
battle-fields,  are  necessary  to  the  commence- 
ment or  recommencement  of  events  which, 
taken  as  a  whole,  escape  all  prevision, 
because  they  lie  outside  the  domain  of  the 
general  laws  of  history  as  well  as  of  the 
common  rules  of  morality." 

Here  'again  we  have  the  ever-recurring 
Leitmotiv  of  his  philosophy  :  politics  lvill 
never  be  amenable  to  the  laws  of  reason, 
since  man  is  governed  by  instincts  and 
sudden  passions.  Progress  can  only 
consist  hi  lessening  the  frequency  and 
intensity  of  political  revolutions. 

But  one  would  be  mistaken  indeed  in 
thinking  that  Cournot's  '  Souvenirs  '  are 
nothing  but  moral  or  philosophical  reflec- 
tions. His  memoirs  are  the  kind  of  book 
one  finishes  at  a  sitting,  so  full  is  it  of 
bons  mots,  anecdotes,  and  sketches  of 
great  men. 


Correspondance  generate  de  Chateaubriand. 
Publiee,  avec  Introduction,  Indication 
des  Sources,  Notes,  et  Tables  Doubles, 
par  Louis  Thomas.  Vol.  III.  (Paris, 
Champion,  lOfr.) 

The  special  interest  of  this  third  volume 
of  Chateaubriand's  correspondence  is  to 
be  found  in  the  letters  addressed  to  his 
sister,  the  Comtesse  de  Marigny.  They 
have  not  been  published  before,  and  on 
some  unimportant  points  they  throw  a 
little  further  light  on  the  private  histor}^ 
of  this  extraordinary  man.  whose  corre- 
spondence, like  his  books,  is  full  of  false 
sentiment.  His  politics  were  a  mass  of 
inconsistencies  ;  he  was  no  thinker,  yet 
he  fascinates  people  by  his  letters  as 
he  does  by  the  best  parts  of  his  least 
tedious  books.  The  present  volume  con- 
tains some  two  hundred  letters,  all  written 
between  April  and  November,  1822 — 
partly  during  the  time  when  he  was 
ambassador  at  our  Court.  Of  course, 
when  he  comes  to  London  in  1822  it  is 
natural  that  he  should  instantly  com- 
municate with  his  lady  friends  to  teU 
them  how  sad  he  feels  ivhen  he  recalls 
earlier  days  in  England,  and  how  the 
tears  run  down  his  face  when  he  walks 
through  Kensington. 

To  the  Duchesse  de  Duras  he  says 
that  at  Lord  Londonderry's  house  he  has 
been  talking  for  five  hours  at  a  stretch 
with  the  Prime  Minister  of  England,  and 
from  his  own  words  it  is  easy  to  see  how 
frightfully  bored  the  Englishman  must 
have  been.     Chateaubriand  writes  : — 

"  Je  ne  sais  quelle  impression  j'ai  faite 
sur  Lord  L.,  mais  j'ai  remarque  de  temps  en 
temps  line  sorte  de  surprise,  et  je  crois  qu'il 
n'etait  pas  habitue  a  entendre  parler  ainsi 
mes  predecesseurs." 

This,  from  such  a  man,  prepares  us  for 
the  remark,  "  J'ai  ete  content  de  moi," 
and  for  the  further  statement :  "  J'ai 
rarement  manque  de  reussir  quand  je 
l'ai  voulu."  (Chateaubriand  in  his  letter 
wrote  "  Lord  L.,"  and  his  editor  has 
turned  the  name  into  v'  Londonderry  " — a 
mistake,  we  suggest,  for  Lord  Liverpool  ?) 
After  the  death  of  Richelieu  in  1822 
Chateaubriand  says  of  him  : — 

"  Ces  gens  la  ont  ete  aussi  mediants  qu'ils 
etaient  incapables.  Leur  rage  actuelle  ne 
vient  que  de  leur  amour  propre  humilie 
et  de  la  preuve  acquise  que  les  Royalistes 
peuvent  gouverner  et  administrer  la  France 
tout  aussi  bien  et  mieux  que  les  valets  de 
Bonaparte." 

In  May,  1822,  he  writes  to  Madame 
Recamier  that  if  the  Royalists  fall  he  will 
quit  public  life  :  "  Ce  sera  du  moins  le 
moyen  de  ne  plus  vous  quitter  "  ;  and  he 
reproaches  her  for  not  writing  oftener. 
On  the  same  day  he  is  crying  out  to  the 
Duchesse  de  Duras  about  his  headache, 
and  adds :  "  Ne  dites  a  personne  que  je 
souffre.  Me  de  Chateaubriand  accourrait 
comme  une  folle."  While  he  is  writing 
to  Madame  Recamier  to  assure  her  that  he 
is  devoted  to  her  alone,  he  is,  on  the  very 
same  day,  wearying  another  lady  with 
professions  of  much  the  same  kind. 

The  vanity  of  the  man  is  seen  in  all  his 
letters,  and  "with  one  further  extract  we 


Scppijmest,  Jan.  •'>,  lull] 


T  n  k    a  tii  i:\  .k  r  m 


35 


conclude  Our  notice  of  this  handsome  and 
well-edited  volume.    It  is  from  a  letter 
dated  Verona,  where  he  was  representing 
his  country  at  the  Congress  of  November,  ; 
1  SJi>  :— 

\  OtJec-VOUS  savoir  ma  vie  ?  «Je  me 
leve  a  7  hemes  el  deinie.  je  dejeune  a  8  et 
demie  arec  Hvaeinthe  ;  a  10  je  m'habille. 
Mathieu  m'envoie  chercher,  mi  je  vaia  chez 
lui  parley  dee  affaires  ;  a  midi  je  rends  ou  je 
faia  cjiielques  visiles;  a  trois  heures.  je  vaia 
me  j>romener  seul  ;  a  cinq,  je  dine  avee  iocs 
jeunes  ^ens  ;  a  neuf  je  ine  couche.  s'il  n  \  a 
pas  eonures  ehez  M.  de  Metternieh." 

All  this  is  sent  to  a  lady  correspondent. 


/."   Duchesse  de  Berry  et  les  Monarchies  I 
Euro-peennes.       Par    Etienne     Dejean. 
7fr.  50.      (Paris,  Plon-Nourrit  &  Cie.) 

A  recent  decision  of  the  French  Foreign  ' 
Office  has  enabled  M.  Etienne  Dejean  to  j 
use    unpublished   diplomatic   papers   and 
documents    preserved    in    the    Archives  I 
nationales,    and    to    compile    a    volume  ' 
containing     many     things     which     have  | 
an    interest    for    English    readers.     The 
da  lighter  of  the  man  who  became  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies  married  the  Due  de 
Berry  in  1816,  and,  after  his  assassination 
in  1820,  she  gave  birth  to  a  posthumous 
son,   and    during    the    three   years   with 
which  M.  Dejean  deals,  the  Duchesse  de 
Berry  not  only  tried  to  effect  a  rising  in 
Brittany,  but  also  did  her  best  to  bring 
about  a  European  war  in  the  interest  of 
her    son.     Her    intrigues    in    the    years 
1830-33,  and  her  attempts  to  upset  Louis 
Philippe  and  bring  about  a  restoration  of 
the  old  monarchy,  are  described  by  our 
author   in   detail,    with    many   foot-notes 
which  show  his  authority  for  his  state- 
ments. 

fit.  Dejean  has  divided  his  work  into 
three  parts.  The  first  concerns  the  period 
before  the  arrival  of  the  Duchess  in  the 
Vendee  ;  the  second  deals  with  her  stay 
in  the  west  of  France  ;  while  the  con- 
cluding chapters  describe  her  capture  at 
Xantes,  and  her  imprisonment  at  Blaye, 
speak  of  her  negotiations  with  Chateau- 
briand and  the  futile  missions  which  he 
undertook,  and  bring  us  up  to  December, 
1833. 

The  Duchess  travelled  about  the  Conti- 
nent with  a  large  suite,  and  was  every- 
where spied  upon.  She  was  not  always 
a  welcome  guest,  and  even  her  own 
brother,  Ferdinand  II.,  showed  that  he 
would  sooner  not  have  received  her. 
Talleyrand  kept  his  eye  on  her  and  her 
tii'-nds  in  London  when  she  was  trying  to 
stir  up  trouble  in  the  Vendee,  and  his 
letters  show  how  well  informed  he  was 
about  all  the  movements  of  her  set.  The 
French  Embassy  in  London  had  to  do  its 
own  spy-work,  and  Talleyrand  complain- 

that  our  Home  Office  "  could  never  obtain 
satisfactory  results"  :  "  On  ne  jx-nt  -  >  n 
etonner  dans  un  pays  on  la  police  Be  fait 
i  mal." 
In  a  chapter  on  the  '  Conspiration  de 
Massa  '  M.  Dejean  shows  that  the  Duel 
was  well  supplied  with  money,  and  f-  II- 
of   all   the   comings   and   goings   of    her 


friends.  On  April  15th,  1832,  things  had 
so  far  progressed  that  the  Duchess  was 
able  to  write  to  her  Leaders  in  the  west  of 
France  : — 

"  Je  ferai  savoir  a  Xantes,  u  Angers,  a 
Rennes    et    a    Lyon    que   je   suis    en    France. 

Preparez-vous  pour  faire  prendre  les  armea 

aussitot     que    VOU8    aunv.    ivrii    eel     axis,    et 

comptez  que  vous  le  recevrez  probablemenl 
dvi  2  ou  ;5  m'ai  prochain.  Si  les  courriers 
ne  pouvaient  passer,  Le  bruit  public  vous 
instruirait  de  mon  arrxvee,  et  vous  feriez 
prendre  les  arm.es  sans  retard." 

But  the  Duchess  had  counted  on  an 
insurrection  in  Provence,  and  when  that 
completely  failed,  it  was  hardly  surprising 
that  the  Vendee  refused  to  rise.  When 
things  were  at  their  woist  she  was  obliged 
to  wander  about  disguised  as  a  young 
Vendean 

"  sous  le  nom  de  Petit  Pierre,  avec,  pour 
tout  bagage,  un  sac  compose  de  qua  t  re 
chemises,  de  quatre  paires  de  bas  et  de  trois 
mouchoirs  de  poche,  noircissant  ses  sourcils 
avec  du  eirage,  se  teignant  les  mains  avec 
des  raisins  sees  pour  leur  donner  line  couleur 
brune  et  rustique.' 

The  whole  business  was  a  fiasco,  and 
when  her  secret  second  marriage  with  a 
Neapolitan  marquis  became  known,  her 
political  importance  wras  at  an  end,  and 
the  Government  set  her  at  liberty. 

There  is  no  index,  but  the  excellent 
Tables  of  Contents  make  up  to  some 
extent  for  this  defect. 


La  Formation  des  Caracteres.  Par  Dr.  Ch. 
Fiessinger.     (Paris,  Perrin,  3fr.  50.) 

Mysticisrne  et  Domination :  Essais  de 
Critique  Imperialists  Par  Ernest  Sell- 
Here.  "  Bibliotheque  de  Philosophic 
Contemporaine.*'    (Paris,  Alcan,  2fr.  50.) 

These  two  books,  coming  from  such 
different  writers,  plainly  show  which  way 
the  wind  is  at  present  blowing  in  France. 
Both  put  in  the  forefront  that  mysterious 
power  which  is  more  and  more  engrossing 
the  French  mind,  subconsciousness.  The 
aim  of  both  is  to  counteract  Rousseau's 
influence,  and  neutralize  the  action  of 
romantic  mysticism. 

Dr.  Fiessinger  looks  at  the  problem 
from  the  moral  point  of  view  of  the 
educator.  For  him  "  I'inconscient  "  means 
what  Pascal  called  "the  heart"  when  he 
wrote  in  his  '  Pensees  "  :  '  The  heart  has 
its  reasons  which  reason  does  not  know." 

Consequently,  not  content  with  Dr. 
G.   Le   Bon's  formula    that   the   aim   of 

education  is  "  de  faire  entrer  dans  I'in- 
conscient les  notions  conscientes  enrcgis- 
trees  par  la  memoire,"  he  insists  ou  those 
obscure,  and  so  far  unaccountable  pirituaJ 
forces  which  are  of  Buch  importance  to 
a  great  nation,  and  which  OUT  present 
•.•in    of    education    ueglectfl    too    much. 

Be  would  saw  after  R.  L.  Stevenson,  thai 
Language  is  but  a  poor  bull's-eye  lantern 

wherewith    to  show    off   the   vast    cathed 

of  the  world.  Our  erudition  La  nothing 
hut  cramming  ;  our  bo  'ailed  omniscient  e 
i-  nothing  but   bibliomania. 


Unfortunately,    Dr.    Fiei  ingei  a    hook 

does  not   come   up  to  our  expectation 

It    is  much   too  chatty  for  one  thing,  and 

would    be    greatly    improved    by    eon 
densation ;     nor  do   we   think    that   tin- 
materials    which     he     finds    in     literatim 
have  been  skilfully  worked  up.     It  isonh, 
in  passant   that  lie  speaks  of    the  value 

of  example,  as  well  as  of  certain  Aniei  ii 

methods 

Far  more  important  is  M.  Seillii 
book,  which,  under  the  high-sounding  title 
of  'Mysticisrne  et  Domination,'  hides  a 
series  of  essays  on  some  modern  French 
books.  .M.  Scilliei'c  has  been  struck  b 
the  fact  that  not  a  few  fashionable  or 
popular  writers  in  France  write  op  to  a 

system;  they  wish  to  theorize  about 
society  before  being — what  they  ought 
to  be- — ]K)ets  or  writers:  and  above  all. 
at  the  present  time,  they  are  at    infinite 

pains  to  speculate  about  Bubconsciousni 
and   its   ill-defined    and    shadowy  empire 
whilst  preaching  a  new  gospel  in  French 
literature,    the    gist    of     which     is    to    Ix- 
brave  and  human  and  manly  and  French. 
In    this    way     Mysticism     falls     in    with 
Domination,  which  would  not   seem  to  h 
its  natural  companion. 

M.  Seillierc  reviews  and  criticizes  with 
a  facile  pen  such  books  as  those  of  M.M 
Gobineau,  Chevrillon,  Andre  Beaunier, 
Fcemina.  Paul  Adam.  Henri  Lichten- 
berger,  Anatole  France.  Romain  Holland. 
H.  Delacroix,  and  William  dames  :  and 
our  list,  though  sufficiently  varied,  is  by 
no  means  exhaustive. 

Though  the  author  is  convinced  that 
mysticism — or  at  least  a  certain  kind  of 
mysticism — is  a  marvellous  tonic  for  his 
countrymen,  as  it  increases  their  strength 
and  enlarges  their  soul,  he  cannot  but  be 
rather  vague  at  times  when  writing  on 
such  different  personalities  as,  for  in- 
stance, Andre  Beaunier  and  Komain 
Rolland.  M.  Holland  still  believes  in 
Reason,  in  the  eighteenth-century  sense 
of  the  word.  M.  Andre  Beaunier  ii  a 
disciple  of  Pascal  as  well  as  SchopenhaUj 
and  would  burn  the  goddess  of  Reason  with 
the  utmost  pleasure. 

We  cannot,  however,  reproach  If. 
Seillierc  with  being  enigmatic  about 
subconsciousness,  for  at  present  then-  are 
three  explanations  at  Least  cd  the  extra- 
ordinary phenomena  grouped  under  that 

heading. 

According   to   him  -if   we   are   not    mis 
taken— imperialism,  Like  everything  that 
great  and  makes  for  greatness,  is  a  dn 
product  of  mysticism,  of  the  union  of  the 
soul  w  ith  God  (a  necessary  union,  if  one 
wishes  to  succeed  in  lit".- ) ;    and  here  he 
.Iocs    not    seem    to    u-    to    I •< ■    far  from    V 

Boutroux,  who  holds  it   eery  i  bl 

to    think    that    the    Divine    a.  Is   on    the 
phenomena   of    this   world    through    a 
subconscious  BeK. 

In    an\  h    a    I k      d<  piotmg 

faithfully  as  it  dot  -  the  lafc  nt  U  ndi  n< 
in  modern  Frano  f"m"1  "" 

the  bookshelves  of  all  who  are  u.t.  n   b  I 
in     French     Literature,     wl 
opinions  may  be  on  subcon*  iou  "d 

impel  Lalism. 


36 


THE     ATIIKNiE  IT  M 


[Supplement,  Jan.  :j,  li)14 


Correspondance  de  Voltaire  (1726-9). 
Publiee  par  Lucien  Foulet.  (Hachette 
&  Cie.,  lOfr.) 

M.  Lucien  Foulet,  who  is — or  Avas  till 
recently — Professor  of  French  Literature 
in  California  University,  has  long  been 
known  as  an  ardent  Voltairean,  and  has 
now  issued  the  result  of  his  researches  in 
this  scholarly  edition  of  Voltaire's  corre- 
spondence during  the  three  years  after  his 
release  from  the  Bastille,  the  main  part  of 
which  he  spent  in  England.  It  was  in 
1908  that  we  reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum 
the  late  Prof.  Churton  Collins 's  work 
on  '  Voltaire,  Montesquieu,  and  Rousseau 
in  England.'  This  was  the  final  shape  of 
his  essay  on  '  Voltaire  in  England,'  which 
originally  appeared  in  The  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine in  1882,  and  was  reissued  in  a  volume 
in  1886.  This  volume  gave  M.  Foulet, 
as  he  acknowledges,  his  first  stimulus  to 
undertake  the  study  he  has  now  com- 
pleted. Since  then  M.  Gustave  Lanson  has 
published  what  may  be  regarded  as  the 
definitive  edition  of  Voltaire's  '  Lettres 
Philosophiques '  (2  vols.,  1906),  while 
Mr.  Archibald  Ballantyne  in  England, 
and  MM.  Clogenson,  Beuchot,  Desnoires- 
terres,  Mo  land,  and  Bengescu  in  France, 
have  at  one  time  or  another  contributed 
to  throw  light  upon  what  was  a  somewhat 
obscure  period  of  Voltaire's  life. 

The  Athenozum  helped  early  in  the  day  by 
first  publishing  on  August  6th,  1892, 
the  most  interesting  letter  in  M.  Foulet's 
collection,  which  has  also  appeared  in 
Churton  Collins's  last  volume.  To 
its  remarkable  literary  history  M. 
Foulet  has  devoted  10  pages  of  his 
Introduction  and  14  pages  in  the  text, 
occupied  by  the  letter  itself,  its  transla- 
tion into  French,  and  editorial  comments. 
There  seems  good  reason  to  accept  his 
well  supported  conjecture  that  this  letter 
was  originally  written  to  Thieriot  on 
October  26th,  1726,  and  was  sent  back 
to  England  at  Voltaire's  request  for  the 
purpose  of  being  shown  to  Pope,  with 
Voltaire's  eulogy  of  the  author  of  '  The 
Rape  of  the  Lock  '  as  "  the  best  poet  of 
England,  and  at  present  of  all  the  world." 

M.  Foulet's  suggestion  is  that  the  letter 
was  handed  by  Thieriot  to  Bishop  Atter- 
bury,  who  had  been  exiled  in  1723,  and 
had  made  Voltaire's  acquaintance  in 
Paris  before  he  was  lodged  in  the  Bastille. 
Morice,  Atterbury' s  son-in-law,  writes 
to  the  latter  on  March  5th,  1727  : — 

"  The  gentleman  by  whom  you  sent  over 
your  ring  delivered  that  and  your  letters 
to  me.  One  of  them  containing  extracts  of 
a  letter  of  Voltaire's  has  (I  mean  the  ex- 
tracts) been  shown  to  our  Twickenham 
friend,  who  could  not  but  be  pleased  with 
them,  as  he  was  at  the  manner  of  their 
being  sent." — '  The  Miscellaneous  Works  of 
Bishop  Atterbury,'  London,  1790. 

If  M.  Foulet's  conjecture  is  right,  it  would 
look  as  if  the  letter  was  sent  over  intact 
or  in  the  form  in  which  it  still  exists  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  A.  Forbes  Sieveking, 
who  was  responsible  for  its  original  publi- 
cation in  1892. 

Amongst  Pope's  papers  it  no  doubt 
passed  to  Warburton,  who  quoted  from 
it  in  the  1751  edition  of  the  works  of  Pope, 


but  the  first  few  words  of  the  quotation 
no  longer  form  part  of  the  MS.  letter. 
Moreover,  this  letter  contains  what  M. 
Foulet  calls  "  le  plus  chaleureux  eloge 
de  l'Angleterre  qui  soit  jamais  tombe  de 
la  plume  d'un  Francais." 

These  English  letters  show  conclusively 
what  a  remarkable  knowledge  not  only  of 
our  language,  but  also  of  our  innermost  life, 
Voltaire  had  acquired  during  his  residence 
amongst  us.  In  another  letter  (p.  138) 
he  assures  a  correspondent : — 

"  Reason  is  free  here,  and  walks  her  own 
way.  Hypochondriacs  especially  are  wel- 
come. No  manner  of  living  appears  strange. 
We  have  men  who  walk  six  miles  a  day  for 
their  health,  feed  upon  roots,  never  taste 
flesh,  wear  a  coat  in  winter  thinner  than 
your  ladies  do  in  the  hottest  days  :  all  that 
is  accounted  a  particular  reason,  but  taxed 
with  folly  by  nobody." 

Voltaire's  chief  reason  for  writing  to 
Thieriot  in  English  was  "  not  to  be  under- 
stood by  many  over-curious  people."  M. 
Foulet  is  of  opinion  that  most  of  Voltaire's 
letters  to  Thieriot  have  now  been  published. 

M.  Foulet's  treatment  of  his  material  is 
scientific  and  thorough.  As  he  says  in  his 
Introduction  : — 

"  What  forms  the  interest  of  this  period 
is  that  it  is  for  Voltaire  a  period  of  transi- 
tion. He  discovers  England  and  the  Eng- 
lish language,  he  reads,  observes,  admires, 
and  criticizes,  he  learns  and  unlearns,  he 
develops  what  he  has  an  instinct  for,  he 
compares,  notes,  and  collects  materials." 
But  he  truly  admits  that  we  must  not 
expect  from  these  letters  the  great 
interest  of  the  '  Lettres  Philosophiques  ' 
of  1734.  Voltaire  is  so  far  only  the 
author  of  the  '  Henriade.'  Of  the 
letters  which  we  find  collected  here 
only  one  is  strictly  inedite,  although 
several  had  previously  been  published  in 
an  incomplete  state.  M.  Foulet  has 
used  every  endeavour  to  see  the  original 
letters,  and  to  give  the  minutest  variations 
of  spelling  or  of  contemporary  or  later 
corrections.  His  notes  contain  a  mass  of 
curious  and  detailed  information  as  to 
the  persons  or  things  mentioned  in  the 
letters,  which  the  editor  must  have 
collected  with  infinite  patience. 

The  latter  part  of  the  volume  is  taken 
up  with  Appendixes  on  '  The  Quarrel 
of  Voltaire  with  Rohan-Chabot '  ;  '  The 
Pensions  of  Voltaire,'  still  obscure  in  spite 
of  the  researches  of  Nicolardot  and 
Desnoiresterres  ;  and  '  Swift  and  Desfon- 
taines,'  the  traitorous  translator  of  '  Gul- 
liver's Travels.'  Two  letters  in  French  were 
exchanged  between  the  last-mentioned 
pair,  and  are  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.  M.  Foulet  conjectures  that  Swift 
was  probably  assisted  in  the  composition  of 
his  perfect  French,  though  not  in  his  biting 
irony,  by  Voltaire  and  Bolingbroke.  Ap- 
pendix V.  is  on  '  Thieriot  and  Atterbury.' 
Appendix  VI.  discusses  the  accusation  by 
Owen  Ruff  head  in  his  '  Life  of  Pope  '  that 
Voltaire  was  a  spy  in  the  service  of  King 
George,  and  shows  its  extreme  impro- 
bability. Others  are  on  '  The  Date  of 
Voltaire's  Return  to  France,'  '  Voltaire 
before  the  Judge  Consuls,'  '  What  Works 
did  Voltaire  bring  back  to  Paris  ?  '  and 
finally  '  Letters  Lost  and  to  be  Re- 
discovered.' 


Recherches  sur  les  Sources  Latines  des 
Conies  et  Romans  Courtois  du  moyen  kge. 
Par  Edmond  Faral.  (Paris,  Champion 
&  Cie.,  10  fr.) 

In  this  volume  M.  Faral  brings  together 
in  a  more  complete  form  a  number  of 
papers  on  twelfth-century  French  romances 
which  have  appeared  during  the  last  few 
years  in  specialist  periodicals,  and  at- 
tracted considerable  attention,  adding  to 
them  an  essay  in  which  he  develops  the 
theory  underlying  his  work.  This  is,  to 
put  it  shortly,  that  we  must  consider  the 
literary  production  of  the  twelfth  century 
as  a  whole  ;  that  it  is  a  mistake  to  devote 
all  our  attention  to  the  French  or  Anglo- 
Norman  works,  and  to  pass  over  the  Latin 
literature  of  the  time,  in  which  the  culture 
of  the  age  finds  its  fullest  expression, 
and  from  which  the  romance  literature 
derives  much  of  its  matter.  We  must 
abandon  the  current  classification  of 
the  roman  courtois  into  romans  antiques, 
such  as  '  Alexandre,'  '  Thebes,'  '  Eneas,' 
'  Troie  '  ;  bretons,  as  '  Tristan,'  '  Erec,' 
'  Lancelot,'  '  Yvain,'  '  Perceval '  ;  greco- 
byzantins,  '  Eracle,'  '  Cliges,'  "  Floire  et 
Blanchefloir  '  ;  and  d'aventure,  as  "  Hie  et 
Galeron,'  '  Guillaume  de  Dole,'  &c. ;  and 
consider  the  romances  as  one  body,  arrang- 
ing them  in  chronological  order,  and 
studying  their  relations  to  each  other. 
From  this  point  of  view,  in  the  light  of 
the  classical  culture  of  the  day,  M.  Faral 
finds  no  difficulty  in  proving  that  the 
twelfth-century  French  romance  form,  and 
much  of  its  matter,  is  taken  from  Latin 
models. 

The  existence  of  a  classical  Renaissance 
in  the  twelfth  century  is,  of  course,  well 
known  to  every  scholar.  Such  works  as 
those  of  John  of  Salisbury  postulate  a  wide 
public  of  similar  tastes,  if  of  less  learning, 
and  we  need  not  wait  for  M.  Faral's 
promised  study  of  lesser  writers  of  the 
period  to  agree  with  him  in  this  part  of  his 
thesis,  since  it  can  do  little  more  than 
illustrate  and  throw  new  light  on  already 
ascertained  conditions,  interesting  and 
thorough  as  it  is  sure  to  be.  Nor  can  we 
object  to  the  sacrifice  of  a  system  of 
classification  by  sources  which  is  illogical 
and  may  be  misleading,  since  the  position 
of  any  romance  in  the  system  may  depend 
on  the  choice  of  what  is  to  be  considered 
the  main  element  of  the  story. 

The  chronological  order  of  the  romances 
is  a  different  thing,  and  the  acceptance 
of  M.  Faral's  scheme  will  upset  many 
cherished  theories.  '  Thebes '  is  un- 
doubtedly the  oldest  (c.  1150)  of  the 
romans  antiques,  and  indeed  of  all  the 
existing  romances.  But  we  have  been 
accustomed  to  postulate  the  existence  of 
lost  Arthurian  romances,  mainly  on  the 
evidence  of  M.  Rajna  as  to  the  common 
use  of  names  from  these  romances  in 
Italy  in  early  times.  We  suspect  that  this 
evidence  has  been  more  often  alleged  than 
examined  by  writers  on  the  subject. 
M.  Faral  has  examined  it,  and  finds  that 
it  reduces  itself,  for  the  twelfth  century, 
to  an  Artusius  in  1114,  a  Galvano  in  1136, 
a   Seldina    (who  may  be  Iseult)  in  1180 


Supplement,  Jan.  3.  uiul 


rrn  E     AT II  KX  All  M 


>l 


and  the  sculptures  on  the  north  porch  of 
Modena  Cathedral,  c.  1200.    The  identity 

of  Galvano  with  Caw  a  in  is  a  very  open 
question,  phonologically,  and  no  argument 
can  be  safely  founded  on  so  insecure  a 
basis.  We  know,  indeed,  that  the  story 
of  Lancelot  must  have  been  fairly  well 
known  by  1170.  since  the  whole  point  of 
the  '  Chevalier  do  la  Charette,'  the  earliest 
preserved  Lancelot  romance,  depends  on 
the  fact  that  the  reader  know  s  the  identity 
of  its  hero  all  through,  while  it  is  only 
revealed  to  the  actors  in  the  story  at  its 
end  ;  but  we  have  no  ground  for  assuming 
so  early  a  date  for  the  story  as  before 
1150.  If  we  put  on  one  side  the  presump- 
tion of  these  early  forms,  the  question  of 
the  origin  of  the  romance  form  becomes 
one  of  purely  literary  criticism,  and  here 
it  is  indubitable  that  the  earliest  romances 
and  fables  in  verse  are  imitated  both  in 
form  and  matter  from  classical  models, 
and  that  their  successors  have  been  deeply 
influenced  by  them.  This  filiation  is 
indeed  admitted  ;  M.  Faial  has  only  given 
more  detailed  proof  of  it,  and  it  extends 
not  only  to  details,  but  also  to  the  essential 
constituents  of  the  roman  courtois  :  the 
development  of  the  story,  the  conception 
of  the  subject,  the  methods  of  description, 
the  use  of  the  marvellous,  the  theory  of 
love — all  derive  from  the  roman  antique, 
however  great  the  modification  they 
receive  from  Chretien  de  Troyes  and  his 
school. 

M.  Faral's  book  consists  of  a  series  of 
studies,  the  first  connected  with  the  in- 
fluence of  Ovid  on  "  Piramus  et  Tisbe  ' 
and  its  group  of  derived  tales,  on  '  Thebes,' 
and  on  *  Eneas  '  ;  the  second  treats  of 
various  documents  dealing  with  the  con- 
ception of  love  and  the  ;  Debats  du  Clerc 
et  du  Chevalier  '  in  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries  ;  the  third  is  a  well- 
considered  study  of  the  source  of  the 
marvellous  in  the  twelfth-century  romance, 
the  whole  closing  by  a  short  essay  which 
resumes  the  author's  views  on  the  origins 
of  the  roman  courtois.  The  volume  in- 
cludes the  text  of  two  Latin  poems  on 
Pyramus,  and  of  the  '  Jugement  d' Amour  ' 
in  two  forms,  one  of  them  Franco-Italian. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  M.  Fatal  is 
working  on  the  right  lines,  and  that 
questions  of  literary  history  must,  in  the 
long  run,  be  settled  by  literary  methods. 
Philology  and  its  kindred  sciences  furnish 
us  with  a  control  not  to  be  neglected,  it 
is  true,  but  they  are  servants,  not  masters, 
in  the  house  of  romance.  It  is  evident 
that  the  author's  argument  is  by  no  means 
complete,  and  that  certain  difficulties 
in  the  way  of  accepting  the  '  Thdbes 
as  absolutely  the  first  of  the  romans  [ 
courtois  continue  to  exist.  But  he  has 
given  a  most  valuable  impetus  to  romance 
study  in  a  new  direction,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  his  promised  work  on  the 
classical  influences  on  popular  Latin 
literature  in  the  twelfth  century  w  ill  con- 
tinue the  work. 


Amoretti  d' Edmund  Spenser.  Traduits  en 
Sonnets  par  Femand  Benry.  (Paris, 
E.  Cuilmoto,  5fr.) 

It  is  only  fitting  that  the  '  Amoretti  '  of 
Spenser,  who,  especially  in  his  earlier 
poems,  owed  so  much  to  Marot  and  Du 
Bellay,  should  be  translated  into  the 
language  which  renders  them  accessible 
to  the  "simples  lettres"  of  France.  It 
is  a  difficult  task  to  attempt,  and  one 
which,  as  M.  Henry  suggests,  has  been 
ignored  by  other  translators,  owing  pos- 
sibly to  the  comparative  obscurities  of 
Spenser's  language.  In  this  ease,  how- 
ever, various  archaic  words  have  been 
dealt  with  in  the  notes  to  the  sonnets,  and 
explained  for  the  most  part  in  English  ; 
difficulties  of  phrase  are  also  noted  and 
discussed  in  French,  and  M.  Henry  has 
once  to  allow  that  "  la  pensee  de  Spenser 
est  claire,  mais  elle  est  exprimee  dune 
maniere  assez  obscure." 

A  further  question  which  all  trans- 
lators must  encounter — that  of  metrical 
form  —  has  been  carefully  considered, 
and  although  in  his  rendering  of  Shake- 
speare's Sonnets  M.  Henry  decided  to 
reject  the  English  for  the  Italian  form, 
he  has  here  thought  it  wiser  not  to  deviate 
from  the  Spenserian  style. 

M.  Henry  is  well  aware  of  the  merits 
and  defects  of  his  original,  and  he  there- 
fore approaches  his  task  with  a  very 
sympathetic  intelligence,  while  his  know- 
ledge of  English  is  admirable.  The  grace 
and  restraint  of  a  form  of  verse  closely 
allied  to  French  poetry  lose  nothing — as 
far  as  it  is  true  to  say  this  of  any  transla- 
tion— in  his  poetic  and  ingenious  versions. 
Although  Spenser  is,  perhaps,  at  his 
easiest  in  the  '  Amoretti,'  the  very  sim- 
plicity and  flexibility  of  his  beautiful 
language  may  well  prove  a  stumbling- 
block  to  the  unwary  translator ;  but 
M.  Henry  is,  as  a  rule,  singularly  happy 
in  his  phrases.  For  instance,  his  version 
of  Spenser's  seventieth  sonnet,  on  Spring — 

Printemps,    jeune    lu-raut    du    grand    Roi    quest 

l'Amour, 
Sur  le  pourpoi:it  de  qui,  brillamment  d^ploy^es, 
Se  voient  toutes   les   flours   qui   s'ouvrent  cbaque 

jour, 
En  riche  mosaique  avec  art  disposees — 

loses  none  of  the  original  simplicity  of  the 
conceit : — 

Fresh  Spring,  the  herald  of  loves  mighty  king, 

In  whose  cote  armour  richly  are  diaplayd 

All  sorts  of  flowres,  the  which  <m  earth  do  Bpring, 

In  goodly  colours  gloriously  arrayd. 

It  possesses  also  the  further  merit  of  a 
close  adherence  to  the  original,  without 
a  lapse  into  the  merely  literal,  in  each 
case  the  English  original  is  printed  below 
the  French  version. 

The  book  also  contains  a  short  Life  of 
Spenser,  and  a  few  remarks  on  the  historj 
•  it  the  sonnet  in  English  literature  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  -M.  Benry  points  oul 
that  the  period  of  thirty  years  during 
which  English  poetry  was  at  a  woefully 
low  ebb  was  in  France  the  time  of  poetic 
plenty — the  period  of  the  Ple*iade.  He 
touches  also  on  the  question  of  the  Eliza 
bethan  borrowings  from  the  French,  and 
on  tins  point  h<-  has  mafic  a  special 
study  of  the  literary  relations  between 
Spenser  and  Desport 


Lith'niiun  Eepagnoie.  Par  Jamei  Fite- 
maurioe  -  Kelly.  "Histoires  dec  Lit- 
teratures."    5  fir.    (Paris,  Colin  a  l 

It  is  curious  how  iiu  Spanish  writers  have 
achieved  anything  like  international  Fame. 
The  average  Englishman  who  could  easily 
name  a  dozen  notable  French  authi 
would  probably  know  only  one  Spanish 
work — "  Don  Quixote.' 

The  reason  for  this  lies  in  the  develop- 

nicnt  of  Spain  itself.  Emerging  from  the 
Mediaeval  period,  she  entered  a1  the 
Renaissance  into  a  career  pregnant  with 
promise.     The     discovery     of     America 

brought  her  untold  riches,  and  foi  160 
years  she  was  the  supreme  nation.  Then 
her  successful  course   was  cheeked   by  the 

defeat  of  the  ■"  Invincible  Armada      and 
she   never   recovered  from   that   re\<  i 
She    seemed   to   settle    in    the    slough    of 
despond  which  even  at  the  present   day 
she  has  not  entirely  left  behind. 

Her  language  has,  however,  regained 
something  of  its  former  importance  on 
account  of  the  rise  of  her  rebel  children, 
the  South  American  republics,  and  to-day 
a  book  on  Spanish  literature  is  an  event 
of  more  than  academic  interest. 

This  work,  originally  published  in  1898 
in  the  well-known  scries  entitled  Short 
Histories  of  Literatures  of  the  World,' 
at  once  met  with  the  success  it  deserved. 
In  1901  it  was  translated  into  Spanish — 
this  in  itself  no  mean  compliment- -and  in 
1904  it  was  translated  into  French.  It 
has  been  adopted  by  many  Universities 
as  the  standard  textbook  on  the  subject. 

The    French    edition    having    been    ex- 
hausted, the  author  undertook  the  writing 
of  this  issue  himself.     The  chang 
profound  as  almost  to  qualify  it  new- 

book. 

The    chronological    order    is    followed 
more  closely  than  before.    This  is  satis- 
factory, for  although  the   treatmenl    by 
"  schools  "  and  "  movements  "  sometix 
leads  to  better  appreciation  of  the  foi 
at  work,  it  always  tends  to  confusion   and 

repetition. 

It  is,  of  course,  only  Castilian  literature 
that   is  treated,  and    none   bul    authors 

domiciled   in   Spain   are   dealt  with    many 

of  the   modern  South    American   writ 
being  thus  excluded.     The  earlier  parts  of 
the  hook  have  been  enlarged,  and  mighl 
with  advantage,  have  been    furthei    ex- 
tended by  the  inclusion  of  «  \" 

The  sections  on  the  period  when  Spain 
was  at  its  zenith  (Charles  [.,  Philip  II 
and    Philip   III.)   are   very   full,   and    in 
particular  the  part  relating  to  '  Servant 
has  been  emended  in  the  fighl  of    •  oent 
arch. 

Naturally    enough,     many    wri!. 

only  touched  on,  but  oo  authi 
pn  tensions    is    left     onmentioned.      w 
should    have  ba  a   bit  "•■ 

the  Bibliography,  which,  the  authoi 
has  grown  to  su<  h  an  -  \'<  nl  as  t" 

i  parate  cover.  En  the  earli  r  i  drtion 
it  formed  an  app  adbi  to  the  biati 


:J8 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Sitivlkmknt,  Jan.  .'3,   1914 


CLASSIFIED    NOTICES. 


Analeeta    Bollandiana,    edited     by    Francis 
ran  Ortroy  and    others,  Vol.  XXXII., 
15fr.  yearly. 
Brussels,  22,  Boulevard  Saint-Michel ; 

Paris,   Picard 

Th»  first  article  in  this  volume  of  general 
interest  to  English  readers  is  a  Latin  poem 
in  honour  of  St.  Edmund  Rich,  written  at 
Pontigny,  and  containing  some  new  details 
of  the  miracles  which  followed  his  death. 
A  Life  of  St.  Wulfhilde  by  Goscelin  of  Canter- 
bury is  published  from  a  MS.  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  which  once  formed  part  of 
the  Cottonian  Library.  St.  Wulfhilde  was  an 
abbess  of  Barking  at  the  close  of  the  tenth 
century.  Father  Van  de  Vorst  has  two 
articles  on  St.  Theodore  Studites — in  one 
of  them  he  publishes  the  Greek  account  of 
his  translation,  in  the  second  he  studies  his 
relations  with  Rome;  while  in  another  article 
Father  de  Cavalieri  describes  an  ancient 
miniature  of  the  saint.  Father  Delehaye 
writes  on  the  cult  of  the  Quattuor  Coronati 
at  Rome,  publishes  the  Greek  text  of  the 
life  of  St.  Daniel  Stylites,  and  examines  its 
sources.  Father  Peeters  gives  a  Latin 
translation  of  the  life  of  St.  Hilarion  of 
Iberia  (875)  from  a  Georgian  MS.  Father 
Laurand  contributes  a  note  on  the  cursus 
in  the  Dominican  hagiographies,  and  Father 
van  Ortroy  one  on  St.  Ignatius  Loyola  and 
Father  Oliver  Mannaerts.  An  ancient  Welsh 
martyrology  which  is  printed  from  a  Bedell 
MS.  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  by  Father 
Delehaye  was  shortly  noticed  by  Henry 
Bradshaw,  and  is  well  known  to  palaeo- 
graphers. A  catalogue  is  given  of  the  Latin 
MSS.  of  hagiographical  interest  in  the 
University  of  Wiirzburg,  most  of  them  from 
local  convents  or  the  cathedral  libraries. 
The  volume  contains  the  usual  addenda  and 
corrigenda  to  the  Abbe  Chevalier's  '  Reper- 
torium  hymnologicum.'  There  are  a  number 
of  specialist  reviews  of  books,  the  one  of 
most  general  interest  being  a  spirited  censure 
of  Dr.  Frazer's  use  of  a  quotation  from  the 
'  De  Natura  Deorum l  in  '  The  Golden  Bough.' 

Benamozegh  (Elie),  Israel  et  l'Humanite, 
12fr.  Paris,  Leroux 

This  book,  published  nine  years  after  the 
death  of  its  author,  Rabbi-Preacher  at  Leg- 
horn, is  a  monument  of  industry  and  erudi- 
tion, and  will  stand  as  one  of  the  most 
important  latter-day  contributions  to  the 
literature  of  the  Jewish  race. 

The  object  of  the  book,  which  falls  into 
three  divisions,  God,  Man,  and  Law,  is 
stated  with  passionate  eloquence  in  a 
lengthy  Introduction.  It  is  to  prove  to  all 
the  nations  of  the  world  the  universality  of 
the  Jewish  religion  ;  that  in  its  tradition, 
law,  and  hierarchy — and  there  alone — are 
vested  all  authority  and  inspiration  from 
on  high.  The  author  reminds  his  readers — 
and  it  would  appear  from  the  history  of 
Christanity  as  though  this  reminder  were 
apt — that  Jesus  was  a  Jew,  and  that  His 
teachings  were  for  the  most  part  founded  on 
Jewish  writings.  At  the  same  time,  the 
question  may  well  be  raised  whether  the 
whole  import  of  the  Gospel's  message  lay 
not  in  this — to  sweep  away  the  traditions  of 
precedence  and  vested  authority,  recognizing 
in  no  one  people  or  nation  a  divinely  ap- 
pointed succession,  while  declaring  the  true 
universality  of  the  Fatherhood  of  God  and 
Brotherhood  of  Man. 


Fiel  (P.)  et  Serriere  (A.),  Apostolat  d'un 

Pretre  Lorrain  :    Gustave  III.  et  la 

Rentree     du     Catholicisme     en     Suede, 

3fr.  50.  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

This    traces    the    activities    of    Osier,    an 

apostolic  vicar,   who     in    1783  was  sent   to 

Sweden     on     a     missionary     journey.     His 

vigorous  propaganda  was  cut  short  by  his 

failure  to  secure  support  from  France  after 

the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution. 

poetry 

Grammont  (Maurice),  Le  Vers  Franc ais. 

Paris,  Champion 

This  is  the  second  edition  of  a  work  which 
first  appeared  in  1904.  At  that  time  its 
great  importance  was  masked  by  the  adop- 
tion of  a  "  revised "  spelling,  which  dis- 
inclined many  of  those  who  would  have  been 
deeply  interested  in  its  subject  to  take  the 
trouble  of  reading  it.  The  author  has  now 
issued  it  in  ordinary  spelling,  and  has  added 
to  it  several  new  chapters,  besides  thoroughly 
revising  the  old  text.  As  we  have  it  now, 
the  book  is  a  complete  examination  of  the 
construction  of  French  poetry  and  of  the 
methods  by  which  the  end  hi  view  entertained 
by  the  author  is  reached.  It  is  a  book 
which  will  attract  every  reader  of  French 
poetry,  but  quite  apart  from  this  it  has  a 
number  of  special  features  which  should  make 
it  of  value  to  foreigners.  A  large  section  is 
devoted  to  the  harmony  of  the  vowels  in 
the  verse,  and  this  is  accompanied  by  a 
careful  analysis  of  the  real  sounds  uttered 
by  a  skilled  reciter  of  French  poetry.  An- 
other novel  examination  is  that  of  the 
relative  times  taken  in  uttering  the  various 
syllables  of  a  line,  the  standard  being 
one-hundredth  of  a  second.     Thus  the  line 

Absorbe  dans  son  sort  le  sort  du  genre  humaine 

is  given  as  19,  70,  17,  21,  27,  94,  37,  98,  26, 
37,  13,  93 — -the  17  representing  the  mute  e. 
Another  set  of  figures  gives  the  relative 
intensity  of  the  syllables,  in  this  case  4, 
16,  3,  6,  8,  18,  8,  25,  3,  4,  4,  10.  There 
are  in  this  chapter  a  number  of  striking 
observations  on  the  effect  of  emphasis  on 
quantity — a  short  vowel  may  take  up  the 
longest  time  in  enunciation.  The  book 
contains  incidentally  a  good  deal  of  criticism, 
mainly  unfavourable  to  the  decadents  and 
"  vers  libristes."  There  are  good  Indexes. 
The  greater  part  of  the  illustrative  quota- 
tions are  taken  from  Heredia,  Victor  Hugo, 
La  Fontaine,  Musset,  Lamartine,  and 
Leconte  de  Lisle.  The  book  is  a  worthy 
successor  of  Quicherat,  Banville,  Berc  de 
Fouquieres,  and  Tobler. 

Guilbeaux  (Henri),  Anthologie  des 
Lyriqtjes  Allemands  contemporains 
depths  Nietzsche,  Preface  par  Emile 
Verhaeren,  5fr.  Paris,  Figuiere 

This  handsome  volume  forms  part  of  a 
series,  "Les  Grandes  Anthologies;"  published 
under  the  editorship  of  M.  Alexandre 
Mercereau.  It  consists  of  a  short  study  of 
modern  German  lyricism  and  an  anthology 
of  each  man's  work,  with  short  notices  of 
his  life  and  books.  The  great  influences 
which  have  produced  this  school  are  Verlaine 
and  Baudelaire,  Whitman  and  Verhaeren. 
The  translations  are  sometimes  in  "  vers 
libre,"  sometimes  in  rhythmical  prose,  and 
give  as  good  an  impression  of  the  originals 
as  could  be  expected  in  the  case  of  such  dis- 
similar languages.  The  poets  from  whose 
works  selections  are  made  range  from  Detlev 
von  Liliencron  and  Richard  Dehmel  to 
Stefan  Zweig  and  Franz  Werfel.  Their 
subjects  are  as  various  as  modern  life,  of 
which  many  of  them  essay  the  interpreta- 
tion. The  book  will  be  of  value,  not  only 
to  the  French  public  for  which  it  is  designed, 
but    also    to    many    English    readers   whose 


opportunities  of  becoming  acquainted  with 
the  main  currents  of  modern  German  poetry 
are  limited. 

Paulhan  (Jean),  Les  Hain-Teny  Merestas  : 
Poesies  Populaires  Malgaches,  7fr.50. 

Paris,  Geuthner 
This  book  consists  of  a  lengthy  introduc- 
tion to  the  native  songs  of  Madagascar, 
with  numerous  specimens  and  translations 
of  the  various  types.  The  songs  are  short, 
and  exhibit  strictness  of  form,  a  profusion  of 
proverb  and  metaphor,  and  a  tendency  to 
repeat  a  line  with  slight  changes. 

Ipbtlosopbs. 

Bonnier  (Charles),  Monographie  du  Men- 
songe,  Essai  sur  la  Casuistique. 

Liverpool,  Lyceum  Press- 
M.  Bonnier  begins  by  drawing  a  distinc- 
tion between  the  "  mentant "  and  the 
"  menteur,"  the  difference  being  that  the 
former  finds  it  unnecessary  to  create  or 
even  to  await  the  opportunities  for  the  dis- 
play of  his  characteristic.  It  is  with  the 
"  mentant "  that  this  essay  deals.  The 
body  of  the  monograph  maintains  his  omni- 
presence, the  conclusion  upholds  his  inevit- 
ability. 

HMstovs  an£>  DBiOQrapbE. 

Barber  (Frederic),  Au  Service  des  Rois  et 

.  de  la  Revolution,    "  Suisses   hors  de 

Suisse,"   5fr.  Paris,  Perrin. 

The  Swiss  whose  biographies  are  included 

in    this    volume    are    Marc    Reverdil,    the 

librarian  to  Stanislaus  Augustus,  last  King 

of  Poland  ;    Ferdinand  Christin,  a  Royalist 

agent  during  the  Revolution  and  a  friend 

of    Madame    de   Stael ;     and  Jean-Gaspard 

Sehweizer,   an  agent  of   the   Committee  of 

Public  Safety. 

Bontoux     (G.),    Louis    Veuillot    et    les 
mauvais  Maitres  de  son  Temps,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 
Louis  Veuillot  was  the  most  orthodox  of 
Ultramontanes,  with  a  flair  for  liberalism 
and  heresy  that  was  wasted  upon  the  nine- 
teenth century.  During  his  long  journalistic 
career,  especially  during  his  editorship  of 
L'Univers,  he  broke  lances  against  most 
of  the  famous  Frenchmen  of  his  time,  and 
displayed  a  virulence  and  power  of  invective 
that  recall  the  more  spacious  and  outspoken 
days  of  Martin  Marprelate.  Now  M.  G. 
Bontoux  has  collected  a  selection  from  his 
polemics  against  "  les  mauvais  maitres " 
of  his  age.  They  are  certainly  a  stout 
body  of  adversaries,  including  as  they  do 
Victor  Hugo,  Musset,  Heine,  George  Sand, 
and  Sainte-Beuve,  and  at  least  they  witness 
to  Veuillot's  intrepidity.  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, he  hardly  seems  to  have  come  victorious 
from  any  one  of  these  encounters.  Perhaps 
his  courage  was  greater  than  his  prudence, 
and  he  was  prone  to  charges  of  too  sweeping 
a  kind.  For  instance,  to  convict  Hugo  of 
pride,  hatred,  anarchical  leanings,  obscenity, 
and  blasphemy,  or  Sainte-Beuve  of  lubricity 
and  impiety,  was  a  considerable  undertaking. 
None  of  the  passages  from  Veuillot's  writings 
cited  by  M.  Bontoux  leads  us  to  think  it 
was  a  successful  one.  There  is  a  great 
display  of  personality  and  temper,  but  very 
little  production  of  evidence.  The  same 
holds  true  of  Veuillot's  other  diatribes. 
Their  sound  and  fury  are  prodigious  ; 
their  significance  remarkably  small.  They 
are  interesting  only  as  revealing  the  mind 
of  a  French  reactionary  of  the  mid-nine- 
teenth century.  M.  Bontoux  has  shown 
zeal,  care,  and  knowledge  in  his  work  of 
compilation,  but  he  has  to  remember  that 
to  most  educated  Frenchmen  Hugo,  Musset, 
and  Sainte-Beuve  are  familiars,  while  Louis 
Veuillot  is  little  more  than  a  name.  "  Speak 
as  they  will,  what  does  the  mountain  care  ?  " 
we  are   tempted   to   ask  as  we  turn   these 


Slti'Lkmknt,  .Ian.   :{.    1014"| TULE     A  T  1 1  K  N  ,H  I"  M 


:;!i 


pages  of  forgotten  controversy,  and  remember 
now  time  and  the  trend  <>t"   thoughl    have 

settled  the  questions  they  debate. 

Boule  (.Alphonse^,   Catherine    de   Mediois 
BT  Coi.ir.sv.  3fr.  1'aris.  Champion 

A  brief  study  of  the  duel  between  Cathe- 
rine de  Modieis  mid  Coligny,  wliieh  began 
with  her  accession  to  the  regency  in  1560, 
and  ended  with  his  assassination  and  the 
Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572. 

Cahen  (Leon),  Lks  Qvkrki.i.ks  Ri:i.iGlEtrSES 
BT   Part.EMKNT.URKS    sol  s    Loris    XV., 

"  L'fiistoire    par    les    Contemporains," 
2fr.  Hachotte 

The  events  which  are  described  in  this 
volume,  mainly  by  extracts  from  contem- 
porary writers,  begin  with  the  publication 
of  the  "  [Jnigenitus "  Hull  in  1713.  and  con- 
tinue to  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuit  Order 
in  1764,  and  of  the  provincial  "  Parlements  " 
during  the  next  few  years.  Dr.  Cahen 
describes  the  privilege-,  and  constitutions  of 
the  ecclesiastical  and  State  bodies  in  question 
in  some  detail,  and  then  allows  his  authorities 
to  tell  the  story  in  their  own  words. 
Cartier  (Vital),  I'x  Mkcoxxu  :  le  (Ikxkral 
Tbocht-.  1815-96,  5fr.  Paris.  Perrin 

M.  Cartier  explains  the  circumstances 
which  led  General  Trochu  (Governor  of 
Paris  during  the  siege  of  1871)  to  resign 
from  the  army,  and  eulogizes  his  life  and 
character. 

Clemenceau    (G.),    Dans    les    Champs    du 
Pot" voir.   3fr.   50.  Paris,  Payot 

Formerly,  that  an  historian  should  confine 
himself  to  what  was  important  was  the 
supreme  rule.  But  "  nous  avons  change 
tout  cela."  Nowadays  we  think  that  the 
most  minute  fact,  the  most  ephemeral 
thought,  should  be  noted  down,  following  the 
supposition  that  an  article  written,  let  us 
at  the  time  of  Catiline's  conspiracy, 
would  be  of  more  value  to  us  than  a  chapter 
of  Sail  list. 

Acting  on  this  principle.  M.  Clemenceau 
has  given  us  in  book-form  a  series  of  leading 
articles  which  appeared  in  a  French  news- 
paper from  May  6th  to  July  13th  of  the 
past  year.  In  his  interesting  Preface  he 
asks  us  :  "  Who  is  in  a  better  position  to 
•ribe  events  [we  translate  freely]  than 
the  journalist,  so  long  as  he  is  clear-sighted 
and  disinterested  ?  " 

But  we  may  ask  in  our  turn  :  Is  M. 
Clemenceau  as  disinterested  as  he  believes 
himself  to  be  ?  We,  unfortunately,  know- 
that  there  is  no  love  lost  between  him  and 
M.  Poincare  ;  and  when  he  calls  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  French  Republic  "  riche  intelli- 
gence, mais  pauvre  coeur,"  such  a  sentence 
nous  to  savour  too  much  of  the  partisan. 
Indeed,  is  not  the  greater  part  of  this  book 
a  protest  against  the  Poincare  election  ? 

There  is  something  moving,  however,  in 
the  sight  of  an  old  gladiator  determined 
to  die  game,  though  beaten  in  the  political 
arena. 

Danielou     (Charles),     F/n  m>     Contempo- 
uaines.  Premiere  Serie,  '-'>u-.  50. 

Paris,  Figuiere 

The  author,  a  Breton  deputy  belonging 
to  the  Centre  party,  has  collected  a  number 
of  address'--,  speeches  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,   and   article-,   grouped   under  BUCh 

heads    as    Regionalism,    the    Separation    of 

Church  and  St.it.-.  Foreign  Affairs,  and  the 
presenl  Disorder  in  the  Navy.  Those 
interested  in  French  affairs  will  find  in  this 
volume  a  good  presentation  of  the  attitude 
of    the    educated    Unton    in    religion    and 

politic-. 

Force  (Due  de  la),  Lai  zi  tr,  dm  Cot  axiSAN 
of    (  Irani)    Hoi.    ■■  Figures   du    I ' 
7fr.  60.  Bachette 

The  life  of  Lauzun  would  aeem  a  romance, 

if  it->  events  had  only  been  more    probable; 


to  have  been  passed  not    in    adventures,   but 
in   dreams,   good   or   had.    provided    that    one 

could  dream  as  he  lived.      This  is  the  \erdict 

oi   La  Bruyere  on  the  career  of  Antonin- 

Xompar     d,.     Caumont,      Due     de      Lauzun. 

Knight  of  the  Garter,  the  promised  husband 
of  La  Grande  Mademoiselle,  and  it  is  fullv 
justified  by  the  Btory  of  his  fife,  now  told 
at  length  for  the  firsl  time  by  a  member 
of  his  family,  the  Due  de  la' Force.  His 
adventures  are  as  incredible  as  those  of  a 
hero  of  Dumas:  he  had  all  the  Gasoon 
astuteness 'and  bravery  of  D'Artagnan  with 
the  high  courage  of  Athos,  and  the  simple 
recital  of  his  story  reduces  'The  Three 
Musketeers'  and  'Twenty  Years  After'  to 
commonplace.  The  author  has  spared  no 
pains  to  make  his  hook  as  complete  as  pos- 
sible, and,  like  the  other  volumes  of  this 
series,  it  contains  an  ample  bibliography 
of  manuscript  and  printed  authorities  for 
each  chapter,  and  is  well  illustrated  by  por- 
traits and  views.  The  chapters  on  Lauzun's 
part  in  the  Revolution  of  1688  and  the 
subsequent  campaign  in  Ireland,  ending 
with  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne  and  the  raising 
of  the  Siege  of  Limerick,  will  have  a  special 
interest  for  the  English  reader.  All  the 
causes  of  James  II.'s  unpopularity,  except 
the  religious  ones,  are  neglected,  but  other- 
wise the  tale  of  the  escape  of  Mary  of  Modena 
is  well  told,  and  there  is  a  very  fair  account 
of  the  Irish  campaign  of  1690  as  seen  from 
the  French  side. 

Garneau  (Francois-Xavier),  Histotre  dtj 
Canada,  Cinquiemo  Edition,  revue, 
annotee  et  publiee.  avec  une  Introduc- 
tion et  des  Appendices,  par  son  petit- 
fils,  Hector  Garneau,  Tome  L,  lOfr. 

Paris.  Alcan 

This  new  edition  is  the  first  work  published 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Comite  France- 
Amerique,  which  has  for  its  objects  the 
spread  of  knowledge  of  North  American 
history  in  France.  M.  Hanotaux.  who  is 
President  of  the  Comite,  contributes  a 
Preface  in  which  ho  lays  stress  on  the  close 
racial  connexion  between  France  and  Canada. 
The  work  will  be  completed  in  another 
volume. 

Granger    (Ernest),    Petite    Histoere    Uxi- 

VERSELLE,   2fr.  Paris.  Haeliette 

This  extremely  brief  introduction  wisely 
concerns  itself  with  great  movements  rather 
than  men.  The  booklet  is  more  vividly 
written  than  might  be  expected  of  a  mere 
summary. 

Hallays  (Andre),  Paris,  6fr.  Paris,  Perrin 
M.  Hallays  has  already  written  a  good 
many  books  in  the  series  which  ho  calls 
"  En  Flanant."  and  ho  now  does  for  Paris 
what  he  previously  did  for  such  places  as 
Maintenon,  Senlis,  Soissons,  and  Chantilly 
in  the  pleasant  volume  which  was  entitled 
'  Autour  de  Paris.'  There  is  a  literary 
flavour  about  most  of  the  presenl  pages,  and 
at  Auteuil.  for  instance,  we  are  concerned 
chiefly  with  Moliere.     About  him  and   his 

house  there  we  find  interesting  del  ail.-. 
1 1  are  are  about  Racine  who  once  lived  at 
Auteuil,  and  about  I'.oileau.  who  sp<  al 
much  time  there  with  him.  Other 
deal  with  Voltaire  and  Victor  Eugo  and 
their  homes.  There  are  obo  articles  on 
Passy,  Bagatelle,  and  other  spots  in  or  near 
i-  .  while  one  ..n  Midline  Talleyrand 
is  sure  of  reader  .  This  well-illustrated 
volume  would  add  to  the  i,,-  irely 

stay  in  Paris.  W  8  wonder,  for  instance,  bow 
v  ,,)'  all  the  people  who  *  -       I  aow 

that  the  house   where   Boarron   b'ved   from 

i  to  1660  it  -'Hi  intact*  and  know  wl 
to  find  it. 


Madelin  i  Louis  i. 


a  wi  i:  ii  Rome,  3fr.  50 

Pari  .  I'l"ii  .\..ui  rit 

This  i-  n"t.  as  might  be  imagined,  a 
treatise  on  <lie  relations  ..i   the  Third   r 

|)iil)lic  and  the   Vatican  BU1C6   I  he  rupture  ol 

the   Conoordat.     It    is   a   collection   "'    I 
torical  essays  and  studies,  written  with  all 
the  learning  and  research  which  characterize 

M      Madelin's   previous   Work,   and    have   wen 

for  him  three  of  the  highest  prizes  olTcred 
by     the   Academic.       His    other     books     ha\e 

related   chiefly   to  the   Revolution  and   the 
First    Empire.     In    this   volume   he  can 
his  inquiries  much  further  hack,  ami  gh 
the  results  of  hi--  researches  in  the  Vatican 
Library  and  at   the  Barberini  Palace, 
The    firsl    essay  deals   with    the   curious 

incidents    connected     with      the      Pragmatio 

Sanctions  of  l-4.'!i>,  when   the  French  Church 

was     for   a     tune     separated     from     the     See 

of  Koine.  The  second,  which  includes 
some  vivid  description  of  Renaissance  Italy, 

describes  the  Concordat  of  1516  when 
Francis  I.   put  an  end  to  the  conflict. 

To  this  is  added  a  most  interesting  stud] 
of  the  journal  of  a  Frenchman  who  resided 
in  Kome  from   latin  to   1540,  including  tic 

crisis  of  the   Reformation.      Then  fellows  an 

important  essay  on  the  Callican  declaration  ol 
1082  and  the  religious  policy  of  Louis  XIV. 
In  the  two  final  chapters  M.  Madelin  come- 
back to  his  own  period,  one  oi  them 
dealing    with    the    Civil    Constitution    of    the 

Clergy,  and  the  other  with  the  origins  of  the 

Concordat  of  1801. 

Marcel  (Chanoine),   hi:  Kukri:  de  Diderot  l 
Didikr-I'ikkki:   DlDEBOT,  3fr. 

Paris,  Champion 

In  his  introduction  to  the  Life  of  Didier- 
Pierre   Diderot.    Canon    .Marcel    ghrW    tin.. 
reasons   for   the  obscurity   of  his  hero  :     the 
greater   fame  of    Denis   his   brother,    his   invn 
natural    self-effacement,    and    the    fact     that 

he  was  a.  priest.  The  reader  will,  however. 
have  difficulty  in  finding  a  single  peg 
on   which    to    hang   anything   approach] 

fame  in  the  life  of  1  hdier-l'ierre.  In  the 
parish  of  Lane-res.   when1  he   had   hecu   horn 

and  where  he  was  peacefully  to  die,  he  spent 
his  years  the  gentle,  pious  shepherd  of 
his  flock.  Canon  Marcel  emphasuBes  con- 
tinually the  torture  which  hi-  broth* 
atheistic  and  revolutionary  writings  mu-t 
have    inflicted    upon    the    Abbe's   Bensjtivi 

soul  ;    hut.  entrenched  within  the  Btrongnold 
of    ecclesiasticism,    refusing    in    later    yi 
even  to  see  the  Encyclopaedist  or  those  con- 
nected with  hum.  engrossed  in  the  affairs  «.f 

his   parish    and    his    church,    he    appe  UPS    '<> 

have    had    little     to    disturb    th<  Btful 

tenor  of  his  daj  -. 

In  his  enthusiasm  < lanon  Marc*  I.  al 
native  of  I.  where  the  memorj  of  the 

Abbe's  saintly  character  - 1 ill  sh«  bene- 

ticent  light,  has  devoted  tine.  .  hapten  to 
what  he  regards  as  Didier-Pi<  remosl 

title  to   fan*       tie-  Church  -ch.... Is  which 
helped   i"  e  tablish,  and  of  which  he  « 
inde.-d.    tic-   inspiration.     Four   y<  ars   la! 
after    his    death,    thej     w 
by  the  fieroe  n  l<  i  le  ol   tho  Revolu- 

tion.    The  hook  is  chiefly  i  kble  for  I 

sustained  aid  unoompromi 
ncycloprodi 

at      el      0 

1 1.. I-.    >■  ■        Dei        D 
hi  i-  ii...  i    implacable 
w.i,   la-r   humble   and    pi 

the       pile     t        IP.       further      .    \ 

The  clo  which    fell   upon    Demi 

belonged  |,,!l 

re. 

Such,   ;  '"'■■,   ' 

upon  the  broth  »rj 


40 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[SrppLKMKNT,  Jan.  8,   1914 


Mathiez  (Albert),  Les  Grandes  Journres 
DE  la  Constituante,  1789-1791,  2fr. 

Hachette 
M.  Albert  Mathiez  reconstructs  the  most 
notable  of  the  early  episodes  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, concluding  with  the  Massacre  on  the 
Champ  de  Mars.  As  far  as  possible  he 
quotes  from  contemporary  sources,  merely 
weaving  the  selected  passages  into  a  con- 
nected form.  The  book  contains  numerous 
bibliographical  references  for  further  read- 
ing, and  is  illustrated  by  reproductions  of 
contemporary  drawings. 

Millet  (Rene),  La  Conquete  du  Maroc  :  la 
Question  Indigene  (Algerie  et  Tu- 
nisie),  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

In  his  able  book  on  Morocco  Mr.  E.  D. 
Morel  gave  English  readers  some  account  of 
our  secret  diplomacy,  and  attempted  to 
shock  the  respectable  and  steady-going 
people  who  think  that  our  Foreign  Office 
can  do  no  wrong. 

In  '  La  Conquete  du  Maroc '  M.  Rene 
Millet  appears  to  have  sat  down  with  the 
intention  to  do  something  of  the  same  kind 
for  his  own  country  ;  and,  as  an  ambassador 
of  France  and  a  former  Resident-General 
at  Tunis,  he  is  in  a  position  to  write  with 
much  authority.  In  his  time  he  has  worked 
for  the  African  empire  which  now  belongs 
to  France,  and  he  takes  advantage  of  his 
retirement  to  criticize  with  considerable 
freedom  the  ministers  and  the  diplomatists 
responsible  for  the  recent  troubles  of  France 
in  Northern  Africa. 

Much  that  M.  Millet  gives  us  was  prepared 
at  the  height  of  the  Moroccan  trouble,  and 
he  here  reprints  letters  and  memoranda 
written  at  that  time,  publishing  them, 
apparently,  with  little  alteration  or  revision. 
If  M.  Millet  sometimes  shows  party  feeling, 
he  is  also  ready  to  hit  out  all  round,  and 
some  of  his  own  friends  may  not  appreciate 
things  like  this  : — 

"  La  derniere  decade  a  6t6  funeste  au  sens 
politique  des  Fran^ais.  lis  se  sont  imaging  que 
les  affaires  exterieures,  cela  consistait  a  signer 
quelque  chose  avec  quelqu'un,  puis  a  s'abandonner 
au  fil  de  l'eau.  M^thode  chere  aux  m^diocres  : 
elle  dispense  de  r6fl6chir,  de  discuter,  de  preVoir. 
On  a  la  bouche  pleine  de  formules  protocolaires, 
■on  les  recite  comme  une  leeon  ;  quelques  cen- 
taines  de  paires  d'oreilles,  dans  la  classe  tumultu- 
euse  du  Palais-Bourbon,  les  re^oivent  comme 
paroles  d'Evangile.  Pendant  ce  temps-la,  on 
perd  de  vue  le  drame  qui  se  joue  derriere  ce  vain 
decor." 

In  July,  1911,  M.  Millet  noted  that 
French  possessions  in  Africa,  and  especially 
those  in  the  Congo  region,  were  sufficiently 
vast  for  it  to  be  possible  to  give  up  some- 
thing there  to  Germany,  but  he  was  firm  in 
his  advice  that  Germany  must  never  be 
allowed  any  position  on  the  slopes  of  the 
Atlas. 

In  the  second  part  of  his  volume  M. 
Millet  discusses  the  native  question  so  far 
as  it  affects  Algeria  and  Timis  ;  and  in  a 
concluding  chapter  he  has  something  to 
say  of  Egypt,  and  answers  French  critics 
who,  in  his  opinion,  have  overpraised  our 
government  of  that  country. 

Morel-Fatio  (Alfred),  Historiographie  de 
Charles-Quint,  Premiere  Partie,  suivie 
des  Memoires  de  Charles-Quint,  texte 
portugais  et  traduction  francaise,  lOfr. 

Paris,  Champion 
This  is  the  two  hundred  and  second  volume 
of  the  historical  and  philological  studies  of 
the  Bibliotheque  de  FEcole  des  Hautes 
Etudes,  and  belongs  to  the  "  Zur  Kritik  " 
category  of  monographs.  The  author  dis- 
cusses existing  sources  for  a  complete 
history  of  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  and  appraises 
the  works  of  the  official  and  unofficial 
recorders  of  the  events  of  his  reign. 


Noailles    (Vicomte    de),    Episodes    de    la 
Guerre  de  Trente  Ans  :    le  Mark- 

CHAL     DE     GUEBRIANT     (1602     A     1643), 

7fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

This  is  the  third  and  last  of  the  author's 
elaborate  biographical  studies  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 
Guebriant  was  the  predecessor  of  Turenne  in 
the  command  of  the  German  army  from 
1640  to  his  death  at  Rottweil,  three  years 
later.  The  author  pays  special  attention 
to  the  strategical  aspects  of  Guebriant's 
campaigns. 

Reynaud  (Louis),  Les  Origlnes  de  l'Influ- 

ENCE  FRANCAISE  EN  ALLEMAGNE  :  Vol.  I. 
L'OFFENSIVE  POLITIQUE   ET  SOCIALE  DE 

la  France,  12fr.  Paris,  Champion 

The  exaggerated  Teutonism  of  a  certain 
class  of  historians  inevitably  produces  a 
reaction  of  which  this  volume  is  an  example. 
In  it  Dr.  Reynaud  studies  the  comparative 
history  of  civilization  in  France  and  Ger- 
many for  the  two  centuries  between  950  and 
1150,  and  asserts  the  predominance  of  French 
influences  in  German  culture  and  politics. 
His  first  chapter  narrates  the  growth  of  feud- 
ality in  the  State  and  of  the  power  of  Cluny 
in  the  Church,  and  of  the  gradual  association 
which  led  to  the  Crusade.  These  move- 
ments were  rendered  possible  by  the  almost 
complete  destruction  of  the  political  organiza- 
tion of  Charlemagne,  the  usurpation  of 
sovereign  rights  by  the  vassal,  and  the  efface- 
ment  of  royalty.  To  feudality  in  the  State 
succeeded  feudality  in  the  monastic  system, 
and  Cluny,  under  the  guidance  of  a  few 
remarkable  men,  spread  its  influence  over 
France,  and  then  over  Western  Europe, 
and  conquered  Rome.  Lastly  came  the 
alliance  between  Cluny  and  French  feudality  ; 
chivalry  was  christianized,  and  used  in  the 
service  of  the  Church  against  the  infidel. 

In  Germany,  on  the  other  hand,  the  organ- 
ization of  Charlemagne  was  never  seriously 
weakened  ;  his  successors  were  abler  than 
their  French  contemporaries,  and  foreign 
invasions  left  less  mark  on  the  Empire.  A 
close  alliance  was  formed  between  the 
Church  and  the  monarch  against  his  dukes, 
and  the  royal  policy  in  favouring  the  Church 
kept  it  in  its  service.  The  comparative 
internal  peace  of  the  country  resulted  in  the 
typical  free  man  being  a  farmer  instead  of 
a  knight  as  in  France,  while  the  German 
"  chivalry  "  was  composed  almost  entirely 
of  serfs.  It  was  the  introduction  of  Cluniac 
doctrines  and  institutions  that  first  broke  up 
the  subjection  of  the  Church  to  the  State, 
and  brought  on  the  struggle  of  investitures 
under  Henry  III.  and  Henry  IV.,  and  these 
doctrines  and  institutions  were  French. 

Lastly,  Dr.  Reynaud  compares  the  social 
states  arising  from  the  two  regimes  :  France 
in  a  state  of  constant  progress,  brimming 
over  with  new  ideas  (generosity,  fidelity, 
loyalty,  honour),  all  creations  of  French 
chivalry  ;  while  in  Germany,  with  its  serf 
chivalry  and  utilitarian  nobility,  all  these 
ideas  were  absent  or  imported  later  from 
France.  He  makes  a  spirited  attack  on  the 
legend  of  the  "  treue "  and  "  Frauen- 
verehrung,"-  quoting  from  German  sources. 

Altogether,  it  is  an  excellent  example  of 
what  can  be  done  when  one  takes  a  strong 
side  in  history,  and,  in  spite  of  some  repeti- 
tions, is  well  put  together  and  amply  docu- 
mented. There  is  a  certain  amount  of 
justification  for  its  conclusions.  We  await 
with  some  interest  the  promised  second 
volume,  which  is  to  contain,  inter  alia,  a 
refutation  of  M.  Bedier's  theory  of  the 
"  Chansons  de  Geste.'* 

Rottach  (Edmond),  La  Chine  en  Revolu- 
tion, 3fr.   50.  Paris,  Perrin 
M.  Rottach  had  exceptional  opportunities 
for  studying  on  the  spot  the  Chinese  up- 


heaval of  the  last  few  years.  The  greater 
part  of  his  book  presents  China  as  an  armed 
camp.  He  also  describes  the  financial  diffi- 
culties of  the  Government,  and  concludes 
with  a  survey  of  the  most  pressing  dangers. 

Souville    (E.),    Mes    Souvenirs    Maritimes 
(1837-1863),  Introduction    de   M.  le  C. 
Amiral  Degouy,  7fr.  50.        Paris,  Perrin 
The  late  Capt.   Souville  travelled  widely, 
but    took    part    in    no    engagements.     His 
recollections    are    therefore    almost    wholly 
a  record  of  places  visited,   with  occasional 
episodes,   such   as  a   storm  off  Cape  Horn, 
and  such  impressions  as  a  patriotic  French- 
man may  glean  from  a  stay  at  St.  Helena. 

Tournier  (J.),  Le  Cardinal  Lavigerie  et 
son  Action  Politique  (1863-92),  7fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 
This  volume  is  mainly  concerned  with  the 
political    efforts    of    Cardinal    Lavigerie    to 
secure  Catholic  unity  in  France. 

Wilkins  (W.-H.),  Madame  Fitzherbert  et 
Georges  IV.,  5fr.  Paris,  Perrin 

This  book  first  appeared  in  English  in  two 
volumes  in  1905.  The  French  text,  in  one 
volume,  is  a  shortened  form  of  the  issue  of 
1908.     For  notice  see  Athen.,  Nov.  25,  1905. 

(3eoGrapfo£  an&  travel. 

Besnier  (Maurice),  Lexique  de  Geographie 
Ancienne,  avec  une  Preface  de  R. 
Cagnat,  "  Nouvelle  Collection  a  l'Usage 
des  Classes,"  XXX.  Paris,  Klincksieck 
A  most  useful  little  dictionary  of  classical 
geography,  giving  in  a  compendious  form 
for  each  place  the  corresponding  modern 
name,  a  short  account  of  its  position,  the 
most  important  facts  of  its  history,  and 
reference  to  the  chief  classical  authors  and 
inscriptions  in  which  it  is  mentioned.  We 
have  tested  it  severely  by  several  specialist 
histories  recently  published,  and  have  found 
it  quite  adequate.  The  book  takes  as  basis 
the  Index  of  Van  Kempen's  '  Atlas  Antiquus,' 
enlarged  and  corrected,  and  includes  between 
six  and  seven  thousand  articles,  excluding 
cross-references.  At  the  end  there  is  a 
list  of  modern  names  with  their  ancient 
equivalents. 

Blanc  (Mgr.),  Les  Iles  Wallis,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 
Mgr.  Blanc  had  but  recently  returned 
from  the  Wallis  Islands  (north-east  of  the 
Fiji  Islands)  when  the  news  of  their  annexa- 
tion by  France  was  published.  He  here 
describes  the  islands  and  the  successful  work 
of  Catholic  missionaries. 

Granger  (Ernest),  Les   Merveilles  de  la 
France,  25fr.  Hachette 

France  is  described  and  illustrated,  pro- 
vince by  province,  in  this  substantial  album. 
The  author  is,  perhaps,  too  ready  to  use 
superlatives,  but  the  total  effect  is  dis- 
tinctly impressive.  The  coloured  pictures 
incline  to  crudeness. 

Sehceck  (Ivan  de),  S.A.I,  le  Grand  -  Due 
Boris  de  Russie  aux  Fetes  du  Siam 

POUR  LE  COURONNEMENT  DU  Roi,   10fr. 

Paris,  Plon 
A  very  pleasing  account  of  a  voyage  made 
in  a  Russian  cruiser  to  Siam  in  December, 
1911,  illustrated  by  ninety-one  half-tone 
reproductions  of  photographs  taken  for 
the  most  part  by  the  author.  It  is  written 
without  any  pretension,  and  gives  a  good 
idea  of  the  things  likely  to  arouse  the  atten- 
tion of  an  educated  tourist.  The  chapters 
devoted  to  Java  are,  perhaps,  the  most 
interesting :  the  description  of  the  ruined 
Buddhist  temples  gives  a  clear  idea  of 
them,  and  the  photographs  are  quite  good, 
while  two  figures  of  Javanese  dancing  girls 
are  the  best  we  have  seen. 


Supplement,  Jan. 


10141 


T  II  K     A  T  II  !•:  \  .K  I    M 


41 


Subercaseaux  (Amelie  E.  de),  La    Komi:  iu 
Cceur.  5fr.  Paris.  lVrrin 

A  translation  of  the  Spanish  work  pub- 
lished at  Rome  in  1909.  The  author,  who  is 
B  Chilian,  writes  from  the  point  of  view  of 
a  devout  believer,  and  gives  a  good  account 
of  what  was  to  he  seen  and  done  at  Rome 
during  the  Pope's  Jubilee.  The  translator, 
the  Comtesse  de  Loppinot,  has  done  her 
work  sympathetically  and  well.  The  book 
can  be  commended  to  visitors  to  Rome  as  a 
valuable  supplement  to  their  Baedeker  or 
Hare. 

Vallaux      iCamille),      L'Ajrchipel    de     la 
Manche,  4fr.  Paris,  Hachette 

Visitors  to  the  Channel  Islands  usually 
dispense  with  the  orthodox  guide-book,  and 
prefer  to  take  with  them  Victor  Hugo's 
'  Toilers  of  the  Sea  '  or  Sir  Gilbert  Parker's 
4  Battle  of  .the  Strong,'  in  order  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  opportunity  of  reading 
these  books  amidst  their  natural  surround- 
ings. For,  although  books  describing  these 
"gardens  of  the  sea"  have  appeared  from 
time  to  tune,  hardly  any  of  them  have  suc- 
ceeded in  attaining  anything  more  than  a 
passing  vogue.  The  present  volume  is  well 
illustrated  and  full  of  interesting  informa- 
tion— the  result,  we  gather,  of  a  prolonged 
stay  by  the  author  in  the  Islands.  Thus 
we  learn,  for  instance,  that  Alderney  enjoyed 
independent  government  on  the  hereditary 
principle  from  1204  to  1825,  and  was, 
during  that  time,  "  obscure  and  almost 
ignored  by  its  nearest  neighbours  "  ;  and 
that  it  was  only  in  1825  that  it  came  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  "  bailiff  "  of  Guernsey. 
Prince  Bliicher  is  the  present  owner  of  the 
island  of  Herm,  which  is  managed  like  a 
modern  estate,  while  Sark  still  keeps  up  its 
old  feudal  customs.  During  the  Civil  War 
Guernsey  took  the  side  of  Parliament,  while 
Jersey  was  royal  in  sympathy.  Traces  of 
this  difference  are  supposed  to  have  lasted 
almost  to  the  present  day.  It  is  interest- 
ing, therefore,  to  note  the  verdict  of  the 
writer  that  "  Jersey  distinguishes  herself 
from  her  neighbour  from  being  more  chary 
of  adopting  innovations.  Jersey  is  in  fact 
more  conservative."  He  also  informs  us 
that  it  was  only  after  1815  that  the 
islands  came  entirely  under  English  influ- 
ence. He  explains  this  phenomenon  in  one 
sentence  :  "  The  religious  revolution  opened 
the  way  to  Anglicisation."  He  adds  that 
the  immigrants,  chiefly  agricultural  labourers 
from  Brittany,  rapidly  unlearn  their  French, 
and  that  their  children  only  learn  it  at  school. 

Sociology. 

Gaultier    (Paul),    Les   Maladies    Sociales, 
3fr.  50.  Paris.  Hachette 

The  five  social  evils  dealt  with  are  youthful 
criminals,  alcoholism,  depopulation,  porno- 
graphy, and  suicide.  With  the  possible 
exception  of  the  first,  these  ills  are  connected 
with  the  stationary  population,  and  the 
peculiar  difference  between  the  bOCial  pro- 
blem-, of  France  and  England  is  clearly 
exhibited  by  the  selection  of  this  particular 
group  out  of  the  many  existing  evils. 
M.  Gaultier  writes  with  warmth;  his 
remedies  are  restatements  of  proposals 
that  need  to  be  made  more  familiar. 

Kropotkine  (Pierre',  La  Science  Moderns 
et  i.'AxAHrnn..  '-'>u\  .'><).  I'  iris,  Stock 

The  whole,  of  this  book  has  already  ap- 
peared in  English — the  greater  pari 
Modern  Science  and  Anarchy,'  published 
early  in  1913,  and  the  remainder  iu  pam- 
phlet form.  Taken  together,  these  work-, 
may  be  regarded  as  a  ji  i  'em  of  An- 
archist principles  from  the  philosophical, 
historical,  and  economi  [points. 


Economics. 


Esmonin  (Edmond),  La  Taille  en  Nob- 
m  \mdie  au  Temps  de  Colbert  (1661- 
1683),  7fr.  50.  rlaohette 

The  "  taille  "  was  less  in  the  nature  of  a 
tax  than  of  a  system  of  taxation — a  system 
which  prevailed  over  the  whole  of  France 

with  innumerable  local  variations.  Dr. 
Esmonin  has  found  an  enormous  mass  of 
material  relating  to  the  imposition  of  the 
"  taille  "  in  Normandy,  perhaps  the  wealthi- 
est of  all  the  provinces.  He  has  been  com- 
pelled to  go  further  than  official  enactments 
in  his  efforts  to  ascertain  the  actual  incidence. 
as,  he  observes,  payments  and  assessments 
seldom,  if  ever,  are  found  to  coincide.  In 
Normandy,  as  elsewhere,  the  landowning 
classes  were  exempt  from  the  payment  of 
the  '•  taille."  and  assessments  were  made  on 
the  basis  of  the  number  of  families,  and  not 
on  individuals.  The  author  draws  a  vivid 
picture  of  the  actual  operation  of  the  tax. 
the  collectors,  the  methods  of  enforcing 
payment,  <Src. 

pbilolOGE. 

Gobert  (Gustave),  Dans  un  Pays  Bilingde, 
sub  la  Methode  de  l'Enseignement 
des  Langdes  Vivantes  en  Belgique, 
lfr.  Brussels,  Gosse 

An  account  of  the  official  methods  of 
teaching  foreign  languages  in  Belgium  and 
the  textbooks  employed,  as  well  as  the  two 
languages  of  the  country,  with  some  general 
remarks. 

Euripide,  Iphigenie  en  Tauride,  edited  by  H. 
Weil :  Third  Edition,  revised  by  G. 
Dalmeyda,  lfr.  Paris,  Hachette 

In  this  country  we  are  a  little  supercilious, 
perhaps,  about  the  classical  studies  of  France, 
but  France  has  nevertheless  produced 
scholars  of  great  distinction  and  endowed 
with  an  extraordinary  power  of  vitalizing 
the  results  of  their  studies — Boissier,  for 
instance,  or  the  brothers  Croiset.  Henri 
Weil  belonged  to  the  same  class,  and  his 
editions  of  Euripides  have  long  been  of 
value  to  unprejudiced  students  for  their 
preservation  of  the  dramatic  qualities  of  the 
plays.  The  small  volume  under  review 
includes  an  excellent  introduction  to  Euri- 
pides in  general,  an  analysis  of  the  particular 
drama,  and  notes  excellent  in  their  clearness, 
aptness,  and  avoidance  of  pedantry.  For 
young  people  we  can  imagine  nothing  more 
suitable. 

Martha  (Jules),  La  Langue  Etrusqik. 

Paris,  Leroux 

Prof.  Martha,  whose  studies  on  Etruscan 
art  are  well  known  and  valuable,  though  he 
is,  perhaps,  a  little  too  ready  to  claim  as 
Etruscan  things  which  are  plainly  Greek, 
lias  ventured  a  new  explanation  of  one  <>t' 

the   riddles   of    the    past       the    nature    of    the 

Etruscan  language.  The  researches  of  his 
predecessors  have  led  up  to  negative  results  : 
Corssen  has  proved  that  Etruscan  was  not 
an  Lido-European  language,  and  a  general 
opinion  ha-  come  to  be  held  thai  tie-  tic 
of  a  Lydian  origin  might  prove  the  key  to 
it-  explanation  and  show  that  it  was  Semitic. 
Unfortunately,    Lydian   i-    itself    unknown, 

and    the    di-covery    of   a    long    inscription    in 

that  language  gave  no  help.  Prof.  Martha 
worked   oul    the   theory   thai    El 

fa    a    branch    of    the    Fnino-Cyri an    ^mup    •  - 1" 

languagi        Tayloi        i   .'.--ted     it     on     in- 
admissible   grounds,    and    Deecke    in    ls7."> 
pointed  out  some  affinities,  but  a    a  matter 
>ct  the  materia  I  I  udy  of  the  Pinna 

o   languages  did    nol    then   exi  I      The 
author'  tructive   of   all    the 


notions  we  hold  al  present  of  the  Ian    1 1 

Take,   for   example,    the    numbers.        \    rCO)  ut 
authority  says:     "  It    is  certain    that    mav 
one.  and  it   is  almoel  certain  that    '  /al     mu   I 
mean    two    or    six."'       Prof      M  art  ha    equ 

"  hu0"  with  five  (Finnish  "  vite,"  Blordvinian 
"veta,"    Tcheremissian,    Lapp,    Syryenis 
Votiak    "  \  it.''    Ostiak    "  vet  ').    He    th<  " 
equates   "  oi  "   with   two    (Magyar    "  k 
Finnish   "kahte"   fkaksi],    Lapp   "kuek 
Murdvinian  ""kat'ta,"  Tcheremissian  "  k< 
Syryenian     "  kik."     Vogul     "kit  ").     Prom 

the    system     of    arrangement     on     the    dice 

where  the  names  of  the  number    are  found 

we  have  "su"  equals  one.  and   "  i/u  " 
six.     leaving     "max"     a,1(1     "  zal "     to     be 
allotted  to  three  and  four. 


Prof.  Martha  divides  his  volume  into  lour 
parte:     a    preliminary    survey    of    what     i 
known  of  the  language,  a  short   grammar, 
a     translation    and    commentary    of    the 

known  texts,  and  an  etymological  dictionary  . 

Ili^   readings  of   some'  of    the    texts   <h: 
greatly  from  those  accepted   by    Danielson 

and  Toip. 

The  attempted  solution  is  enticing,  but  it 
omits  the  difficult  answer  to  tic  question 
why  the  Ktruscans  differ  BO  much  in  civih/  v 
tion  from  their  hypothetical  neighbours  the 
Finns,  who  were  in  the  Neolithic  st 
the  time  of  the  Etruscan  invasion  of  Italy, 
and  did  not  learn  the  use  of  metals  till  about 
the  sixth  century  b.c.     Tho  t  trans- 

lated, do  not  throw  much  unexpected  light 
on  Etruscan  manners.  The  Magliano  lead 
plate  is  a  medical  inquiry  at  an  oracle, 
with  the  answer  on  the  other  side;  the 
Agram  mummy  text  is  hieratic  :  the  Capua 
text,  the  most  difficult  of  all.  describes  t la- 
repair  and  care  of  a  furnace  ;  while  another 
lead  plate  refers  to  a  partition  of  property 
by  the  arbitration  of  a  freedwomaiL  Of 
course,  the  greater  number  of  the  inscrip- 
tions are  funerary.  Prof.  Martha's  explana- 
tions of  the  texts  are  mutually  concordant, 
and  do  not  rest  on  inadmissible  extensions 
of  what  is  known  of  the  Finno-Virrian 
languages. 

Schwab    (Moise),    Le    Mantsoiut    Hhuhi w 

Nb.     1408    DE     LA    Biin.io'i -in  (>t  i:     Na- 
tionale,  lfr.  50.  Paris,  EOinoksieck 

The  manuscript    in   question   appears   to 

date  from  the  thirteenth  century,  and  may 
be  the  work  of   BUezer  ben    Y<>el    llalevy.  of 

Bonn.  The  text,  which  deals  largely  with 
religious  observances,  presents  several  points 
of  great  linguistic  interest. 

Xttcrar*}  Criticism. 

Bossuet,   Textes  choisis  el   comment 

ib-nri   Bremond,  3 vols.,  " Bibhotheque 
Pranoaise,"  lfr.  ">•>  eaoh. 

Paris,  Plon-Nburril 

Thin   study   of    Boasuel    i-   divided    into 
three    volumes,  pondir  fhly    to 

the  three  divisions  of  his  life  and  work  : 
anorator,  an  historian,  and  a  Qu  prelate 

The    In' roduol ion    and  oonni  •    tag  link 
BuppUed  by  M    Henri  Brei 
themselves  worthy  appreciation     of  oni 
the  great  n  \\ 

follow  in  tic  ]  ■  *"  'I"' 

mi'  of    a 

in   it  a    miraouloufi    -  imp  icitj       M     I ;' 

nol    bid   us   love   !'••  ■      '" 

nire  and  und<  r  tand  him  in  1    I  lift   and 
worl 

We  ii  kvt    >!"  ady  nol  w 

in    tin-  '"?    '" 

oompendiou     form  th<  "f  Pf  ■ 

literature   from  th-  f  to  tho 

ath.    I'   '  mi. end 

■ 


42 


Til  K     A  Til  KX.KUM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  :J,   11)14 


Brunetiere  (Ferdinand),  Honors  de  Balzac, 
"  Collection  Nelson,"  lfr.  25. 

There  are  two  classes  of  Balzac  critics — 
those  who  have  read  '  La  Comedie  Humaine  ' 
in  its  entirety,  and  those  who  have  read 
only  a  certain  proportion  of  the  novels — 
and  it  is  a  question  which  is  the  better 
qualified  to  appreciate  the  master ;  for  a 
judgment  based  on  a  study  of  a  few  repre- 
sentative volumes  considered  on  their  indi- 
vidual merits  can  conceivably  be  accurate 
and  authoritative  on  such  points  as  the 
author's  powers  as  a  novelist,  a  writer,  and 
a  psychologist,  whereas  the  critic  who 
equips  himself  with  a  complete  knowledge 
runs  the  risk  of  being  swamped  by  the  very 
immensity  of  the  work,  and  thus  losing  his 
sense  of  "perspective.  To  such  a  one  '  La 
Comedie  Humaine  '  is  not  only  a  collection 
of  novels,  but  also  the  chronicle  of  a  real 
world,  perfectly  organic  and  consistent 
within  itself,  and  composed  of  hundreds  of 
convincing  individuals. 

Brunetiere,  however,  although  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  the  entire  work,  escaped 
being  immersed  in  it,  or  had  outgrown  that 
state  before  writing  this  essay  at  the  end 
of  his  life.  He  preserves  his  critical  faculty 
unshackled,  and,  although  an  enthusiast, 
criticizes  the  master's  faults  :  the  humour 
which  was  often  ponderous,  the  uncon- 
vincing sentiment,  and  the  frequent  care- 
lessness. 

He  first  considers  the  characteristics  of 
the  modern  novel  before  Balzac  and  the 
aims  and  methods  of  hi «  contemporaries, 
and  explains  the  revolutionary  nature  of 
Balzac's  conception  of  the  genre,  which 
was  the  direct  antithesis  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  Romantics.  Successive  chapters  treat 
of  the  scheme  of  the  great  work,  its  historical 
significance,  aesthetic  value,  social  import, 
morality,  and  influence  on  subsequent 
literature. 

Brunetiere  points  out  that  it  was  quite 
consistent  with  Balzac's  point  of  view, 
which  regarded  individuals  as  essentially 
part  of  a  society,  that  he  should  have  paid 
so  much  attention  to  the  question  of  money 
in  his  books,  and  to  the  description  of  the 
milieux  in  which  his  characters  move, 
and  so  little  in  comparison  to  the  study  of 
the  passion  of  love  ;  this,  says  the  critic, 
who  throughout  is  on  Balzac's  side  against 
the  Romantics,  shows  the  master's  sense  of 
proportion  : — 

"L'amour.le  grand  amour,  l'amour  passion est 

assez  rare ;  — et  peut-etre  faut-il  nous  en  feliciter  ! 
La  race  du  chevalier  Des  Grieux  et  des  Valentine 
on  des  Indiana,  n'est  pas  de  celles  dont  on  doive 
encourager  la  multiplication  !     11  y  en  aura  toujours 

assez  ! En  semblant  faire  de   l'amour  1' unique 

preoccupation  de  ses  he>os.  le  roman,  jusqu'a 
Balzac,  a  fausse  la  representation  de  la  vie. 
L'humatiite  en  general  est  preoccupee  de  tout 
autre  chose  que  d'amour." 

It  was  equally  consistent  with  the  writer's 
objective  manner  that  he  should  show  him- 
self everywhere  anti-individualist,  and  should 
find  a  place  in  his  society  for  cowardice  and 
vice,  which,  if  they  adapt  themselves  to 
their  surroundings,  may  triumph  over 
bravery  and  virtue.  To  indict  the  morality 
of  '  La  Comedie  Humaine '  is  surely  to  indict 
Balzac's  conception  of  "  le  Roman  natural- 
iste." 

The  essay  is  brilliantly  written  in  Brune- 
tiere's  best  manner,  and  full  of  the  sound 
reasoning  and  clear  thought  characteristic 
of  the  best  type  of  French  critic,  and  Messrs. 
Nelson  have  done  well  to  reprint  it. 
Caminade  (Gaston),  Les  Chants  des  Grecs 

ET     LE     PhIEHELLENISME    DE     WlLHELM 

Muller,  5fr.  Paris,  Alcan 

A  study  of  the  works  of  Wilhelm  Miiller. 

whose  poems  in  1821  gave  a  strong  impetus 

to   German   sympathy   with   Greece   in   her 

time  of  trouble. 


Cazamian  (Louis),  Etudes  de  Psychologie 
Litteraire,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Payot 

The  earlier  essays  in  this  volume,  dealing 
in  great  measure  with  various  sides  of  the 
romantic  movement  of  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  in  England,  are  marked 
by  remarkable  skill  and  insight,  and  all  of 
them  by  fine  taste  and  able  criticism.  M. 
Cazamiam  whose  chapter  on  Richardson  in 
'  The  Cambridge  History  of  English  Lite- 
rature ''  we  noticed  with  pleasure  recently, 
is  writing  for  a  French  audience,  but  much 
of  what  he  has  to  say  appeals  to  a  wider 
public.  The  last  essay  is  an  account  of 
'  The  City  of  Dreadful  Night,'  a  poem  which 
is  at  present  estimated  below  its  true  value. 

Faguet  (Emile),  Petite  Histoire  de  la 
Litter ature  Franc  aise,  "  Collection 
Gallia,'2  1  /  net.  Paris,  Cres  ; 

London,  Dent 
Heterodox  opinions  must  be  expected  in 
literary  histories  written  by  critics  of  con- 
spicuous importance,  whether  by  our  own 
Prof.  Saintsbury  or  by  M.  Faguet.  Lesser 
writers  are  not  so  sure  of  themselves.  We 
are  surprised,  for  example,  to  read  that 
Maupassant's  temperament  was  like  "  une 
glace  sans  tain  "  ;  to  English  readers,  at 
any  rate,  his  obsession  by  sex  is  patent. 
It  is  surprising,  too,  to  be  told  that  the 
three  greatest  masters  of  French  literature 
to-day  are  MM.  Bergson,  Barres,  and 
Maurras.  M.  Faguet's  political  views,  we 
suspect,  are  chiefly  responsible  for  the  inclu- 
sion of  the  last  two  names. 

Ladoue  (Pierre),  Millevoye  (1782-1816), 
Essai  d'Histoire  Litteraire,  5fr. 

Paris,  Perrin 
Millevoye,  whose  poems  enjoyed  a  tem- 
porary vogue  during  his  lifetime,  must  now 
be  reckoned  as  one  of  those  writers  who  are 
only  remembered  in  university  theses.  His 
work,  even  in  its  most  imaginative  passages, 
is  conventional  and  lacks  backbone.  Within 
his  short  life, 

"  en  religion,  il  va  du  paganisme  au  christianisme,  ' 
de  Voltaire  a  Chateaubriand  ;  en  politique,  il  va 
de  l'ad miration  pour  le  vainqueur  d'Aust-rlitz  a 
l'enthousiasme  pour  la  cause  des  Bourbons,  de 
l'aigle  rouge  de  sang  a  la  blancheur  des  lys  ;  ainsi, 
en  litterature,  il  chemine  de  Delille  a  Lamartine, 
du  pseudo-classicisme  au  romantisme." 

He  is  described  as  a  "  precursor  of  romantic- 
ism," but  with  a  record  such  as  we  have 
quoted  it  would  be  easy  to  make  out  a  case 
presenting  Millevoye  as  the  precursor  of  any 
literary  movement  since  his  time.  In  point 
of  fact  M.  Ladoue  has  little  to  say  as  to  the 
true  extent  of  Millevoye's  influence  on  his 
successors.  But  he  has  succeeded  in  writing 
a  book  which  must  be  recognized  as  the  most 
important  of  the  few  works  on  his  subject. 

Lot-Borodine  (Myrrha),  Le  Roman  Idylli que 
atj  Moyen  Age,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Picard 
In  this  work  the  author  makes  a  detailed 
study  of  five  French  stories  of  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries  —  '  Florus  and 
Blanchefleur,'  '  Aucassin  and  Nicolette,' 
'  Galeran  of  Brittany,'  '  William  and  Aelis,' 
'  William  and  the  Were-Wolf  ' — the  general 
resemblance  between  them  being  sufficient 
to  allow  them  to  be  called  idyllic  romances. 
While  the  book  does  not  claim  to  show  any 
marked  originality  of  matter  or  treatment, 
it  is  a  very  able  presentation  of  modern 
views  on  the  origin  and  relationship  of  these 
tales,  and  a  very  well-written  summary  of 
their  contents,  which  brings  out  the  story 
in  an  interesting  manner.  The  author's 
judgment  is  sound  and  conservative,  and 
though  the  task  of  popularizing  mediaeval 
literature  has  attracted  the  attention  of 
eminent  scholars  in  France,  her  book  will 
rank  with  the  best.  We  heartily  recom- 
mend it  to  students  of  early  French  lite- 
rature. 


Roux  (Alphonse)  et  Veyssie  (Robert),  Edou- 
ard  Schure,  son  (Euvre  et  sa  Pensee, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

The  authors  deal  with  the  work  of  M. 
Schure  in  its  various  aspects.  The  French 
Theosophist  philosopher  is  also  a  dramatist 
and  poet,  and  several  extracts  from  his 
writings  are  given.  M.  Schure  himself  con- 
tributes a  short  '  Confession  Philosophique,' 
in  which  he  expounds  his  religious  teachings. 

Souday  (Paul),  Les  Livres  du  Temps,  3fr.  50. 
Paris,  Emiie-Paul  Freres 
M.  Souday's  weekly  articles  in  the  Temps 
are  among  the  things  which  one  turns  to 
with  an  ever-fresh  interest.  He  is  one  of 
the  first  critics  of  French  literature  of  the 
day,  and  his  essays,  while  they  satisfy  the 
traditions  of  good  journalism,  are  at  the 
same  time  scholarly  and  consistent.  Literary 
journalism  is  one  of  the  things  which 
"  they  do  better  in  France  "  ;  it  has  a  public 
which  is  qualified  at  need  to  criticize  the 
critics,  and  demands  from  them  a  high 
standard  not  only  of  writing,  but  also  of 
judgment.  We  do  not  always  agree  with 
M.  Souday's  point  of  view,  which  is  a  little 
too  classical  (in  the  French  sense — Latin 
classicism,  not  Greek),  but  his  personal 
tastes  never  prevent  him  from  seeing  the 
good  points  of  a  romantic.  He  is  quick  to 
appreciate  the  particular  contribution  of 
each  book  that  comes  before  him  to  the 
general  culture  of  the  day,  and  his  criticism 
has  helped  to  found  the  reputation  of  many 
of  the  younger  writers  among  his  countrymen. 

Vermeil  (Edmond),  Le  Simsone  Grisaldo 
de  F.  M.  Klinger,  7fr.  50. 

Paris,  Alcan 
The  original  text  of  '  Simsone  Grisaldo  '■ — ■ 
a  drama  by  Klinger,  one  of  the  precursors  of 
the  •'  Sturm  und  Drang  "  period — is  given 
here,  accompanied  by  a  study  of  its  influence, 
and  qualitative  and  quantitative  analyses 
of  the  text. 

ifiction. 

Balzac  (Honore  de),  Pere  Goriot,  "  Collec- 
tion Gallia,"  1/  «t.  Dent 
M.  Emile  Faguet  contributes  a  Preface 
to  this  edition,  in  which  he  discusses  the 
principal  characters  at  some  length.  Of 
Pere  Goriot  himself  M.  Faguet  says,  with 
considerable  emphasis,  "  La  paternite  est 
chez  lui  un  vice."  Balzac  is  stated  to  be 
"  l'ecrivain  le  plus  inegal  de  la  litterature 
francaise." 

Bordeaux  (Henry),  La  Croisee  des  Chemins, 
"  Collection  Nelson,"  lfr.  25  net. 
Amidst  novels  describing  and  extolling 
the  "  menage  a  trois  "  or  the  "  unwritten 
law,"  it  is  refreshing  to  come  again  upon 
one  of  M.  Bordeaux's  books.  The  author 
may  be  reckoned  among  the  contem- 
porary champions  of  "  la  famille,"  and 
although  sometimes  the  purpose  is  too 
obvious,  the  reasonableness  and  restraint 
of  his  work  must  always  win  him  sympathy. 
The  present  story  deals  with  a  brilliant  young 
doctor  who,  discovering  at  his  father's  death 
that  the  family  is  saddled  with  an  enormous 
debt,  has  to  choose  between  Paris  with  no 
responsibility  or  Lyons  and  the  family 
burden.  He  chooses  the  latter,  whereon 
his  fiancee  (an  ambitious  Parisienne)  deserts 
him.  Of  course  he  succeeds,  and  returns 
to  Paris  thirteen  years  later  as  a  Professor. 
But  his  dangers  are  not  yet  over,  for  he 
meets,  and  for  a  time  falls  under  the  spell 
of,  his  former  flame.  However,  all  comes 
right  in  the  end. 

Estaunie   (Edouard),    Les   Choses   voient, 

3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

The  autho    of  this  book  sat  down  to  tell 

us  the  history  of  a  family  who  occupied  an 

old  house  at  Dijon.     When  the  story  opens, 


Supplement,  -Ian.  •'>,  l!)14  ] 


T  11  E     AT  11  K  \  .]•]{-  M 


i 


the  house  is  Furnished  but  uninhabited,  and 

instead  of  tolling  the  tale  in  tho  usual  way. 
M.  Estaunie'  deliberately  handicaps  himself 
by  making  the  old  pieoee  of  furniture  talk 
and  say — at  inordinate  length — what  they 
have  soon.  So  we  learn  of  the  tragic  adven- 
tures of  those  who  once  used  or  owned  the 
dwelling.  The  soliloquies  of  the  clock,  of  a 
portrait,  and  of  a.  mirror  are  tedious.  They 
take  up  too  much  space,  and  weary  the  reader 
before  he  can  grasp  the  thread  of  the  story. 
When  M.  E  -tannic  speaks  for  himself, 
and  not  for  clocks  or  looking-glasses,  he 
pleases  us  ;  and  the  two  pages  by  way  of 
'dedication  to  the  memory  of  his  mother  are 
full  of  charm. 

Fanton  (G.),  Abel.  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Figuiere 
A  somewhat  unconvincing  sermon  on  the 
sins  of  the  fathers.  Abel  is  the  son  of  a 
distinguished  savant  whose  sudden  death 
brings  to  light  a  hitherto  unsuspected  and 
unpleasant  past.  Before  the  novel  ends, 
Abel,  too.  has  been  snatched  away  from 
life  by  the  same  source  of  misfortunes. 
The  author  expends  much  sentimentality 
over  the  fate  of  his  characters,  but  does  not 
explain  why  they  did  not  avoid  the  disasters 
which  overcame  them. 

Faure  (Abel),  Justix  Pikard,  Professeur 
en  Sokbonne,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Stock 

A  satirical  account  of  the  career  of  a  model 
student  of  the  University.  He  succeeds  at 
all  the  examinations,  gets  all  the  diplomas, 
and  finally  becomes  Professor  at  the  Sor- 
bonne  and  doyen  of  the  Faculty  of  Letters. 
The  author  gives  us  in  the  course  of 
the  work  recognizable  caricatures  of  several 
of  the  best-known  professors. 

The  tragedy  of  M.  Pinard's  success  comes 
when  he  feels  the  necessity  of  justifying  his 
position  by  producing  an  original  work. 
Incidentally,  the  book  is  an  attack  upon  tho 
methods  borrowed  from  Germany  by  the 
great  professional  institutions  of  France. 

Ferry  (Marcelle),  Servitude  et  Grandeur 
Ecclesiastiques,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Stock 
Describes  sympathetically  the  career  of  a 
young  priest,  his  entrance  into  the  semi- 
nary, his  ordination,  his  appointment  to  a 
fishing  village  on  the  Mediterranean,  and 
his  death  in  Morocco. 

Gaument  (Jean)  et  Ce  (Camille),  C'est  la 
Vie,    3fr.    50.  Paris,  Figuiere 

This  collection  of  sketches  of  French  pro- 
vincial life  during  the  last  forty  years  is 
marked  by  a  somewhat  unpleasant,  although 
absolutely  convincing  realism,  which  is 
probably  less  palatable  to  English  than  to 
French  readers.  Some  of  the  contents, 
notably  the  study  '  Robert  Aumont,1  show 
an  exceptional  power  of  observation  and  a 
keen  sense  of  humour. 

Leroux  (Jules),  Leon  Chatry,  Instituteur, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Figuiere 

The  author's  purpose  appears  to  have  been 
to  depict  an  almost  ideally  happy  life  with- 
out the  usual  weft  of  love-interest.  L6on 
Chatry  is  the  son  of  peasant-folk,  and 
realizes  his  dead  fathers  ambitions  by 
working  his  way  up  to  a  Government 
appointment  as  a  schoolmaster.  Ho  finds 
his    happiness    in    his    pupils'    progress,    his 

f)rofession-l  friendships,  and  his  mother's 
uve.  The  novel  curl-,  unexpectedly  with 
the  hero's  discovery  that  he  and  his  mother 
—  now  dead  —  have  been  swindled  out 
of  his  savings  of  two  years,  and  with  an 
accompanying  outburst  of  rage. 

Lorrain  (Jean),  Tres  Busse,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Stock 
A  new  edition  of  one  of  the  ->•  ucest  of  the 
late  author's  work-.     Tin-  story  which  gives 
a  title  to  the  book    is  a  study  in  tie-  psy- 
chology, not  of  Russian  women,  but  of  the 


curious     type     which     lias     been     created     to 

stand  in   their  stead   by    French   novelists. 

Apart  from  this,   it    ranks  with  his  best. 

Rochebrune  (Madame  A.  del.  Lb  Caia  use 
de  l'Lsi.am.  3fr.  50.     Paris,  Plon-Nourril 

A    rather    formless    Succession    Of    scenes 

centred  round  tho  figure  of  a  young  American 
woman  doctor.  The  first  part  describes  the  life 

of  Broussa  in  Anatolia  in  the  days  before 
the  late  war:  the  second,  Constantinople 
and  tho  defeat  of  the  Turks.  It  is  written 
with  much  sympathy  from  the  pro-Turkish 
point  of  view.  Tho  account  of  the  Ottoman 
households,  of  the  women,  the  Young  Turk 
officors,  and  the  students  in  tho  mosque  at 
Broussa  is  very  interesting,  while  the 
terrible  days  of  tho  war  and  the  state  of 
mind  of  the  population  of  Stamboul  during 
it  are  described  with  much  insight. 

Villetard  (Pierre),  Le  Droit  d' aimer. 

Hachette 
In  this  pleasantly  written  novel  of  middle- 
class  life  in  a  Normandy  village  M.  Villetard 
skirts  the  fringe  of  a  controversial  topic, 
namely,  the  right  of  a  French  girl  to  marry 
according  to  her  affections,  rather  than  at 
tho  dictate  of  her  family.  The  problem  is 
not  faced  here,  however,  because  Therese 
fortunately  falls  in  love  with  the  young  man 
her  grandmother  desires  her  to  marry ; 
yet  the  best  passage  in  the  book  describes 
the  revolt  of  the  young  girl,  straight  from 
a  convent  school,  at  the  thought  that  she 
may  be  forced  to  marry  some  other  than 
the  man  she  loves.  The  book  contains 
nothing  that  could  give  offence  to  the  most 
sensitive  reader,  and  the  simplicity  and 
clarity  of  its  style  should  assure  it  a  welcome 
in  England  from  all  who  have  a  fair,  if  not 
profound  acquaintance  with  the  French 
language. 

Juvenile. 

Funck-Brentano    (Frantz),    Les    Brigands, 
6fr.  50.  Paris,  Hachette 

This  elaborate  study  of  brigandage  in 
France  has  the  appearance  of  a  book  in- 
tended for  boys.  We  doubt  if  there  are  any 
objections,  except  their  accessibility,  made 
against  "  penny  dreadfuls  "  which  do  not 
apply  to  this  glorification  of  "  un  constatit 
regime  d'efforts  et  de  virilite " — as  the 
author  tactfully  describes  his  subject.  The 
period  covered  by  the  book  extends  from 
the  thirteenth  to  the  nineteenth  century, 
and  there  are  long  chapters  on  the  more 
picturesque  figures,  such  as  Bluebeard. 

General. 

Adam  (Madame),  ChiuVi  ikwk. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
A  series  of  letters  between  two  lovers — 
the  woman  in  France,  and  the  man  painting 
in  Greece — who  are  both  overcome  by  a 
passion  for  pagan  thought  and  belief.  By 
degrees,     however,     under     the     influence     of 

external  events  and  the  teaching  of  their 
friends,  they  are  won  over  to  Christianity. 
This   change    is   described    in    their    letters 

with   much    fervour  and   sympathy,   and   the 

effect  of  tho  gradual  transition  on  the  two 
personalities  is  kept  carefully  distinct. 

Bibliotheque  Hachette:  Boileau,LEsG2u\ 

Corneille,    Le    Theatbe  ;     Moliere,    hi: 
Tiii.vnti:    CoMPLET,   Tome   I.,    I  fr.   each 
vol. 
The   volumes   of   this   popular  edition    of 
French  classics  are   published  on   an   alto- 
gether  sensible   plan.     T!  no  striving 
r  absolute  completeness  ;    thus   we  find 
only  six  of  CorneiUes   plays  in  the  volume 
allotted    to    him,    although    the    pi  ol 
M,,i               to  appear  in  full,  in  five  \  oho 

.  au  u  well  re]  I     only  hi 

lation  from  and  reflections  upon   I. 

omit  ted.     E  tch    *  olume    ha      a    Bhort 
Introduct  ion,  and  con-  u  .ful  not 


Bodley  tJ.  E.  C.)     L'Aos  MftCAWQt  le 

I  »i  I  i  i\    DE   i,  Iih.m.ismi:   is    Fa  IKi 

Paris,  Picard 

This  small   pamphlet    contains  the  addo 

delivered  by  Mr.  Bodley  in  presenting  to  bis 

run  in' ii  .s      0l       the        I  list  it  lit       de      I'Yanoe      lii 

volume  'Cardinal  Manning,  and  Other 
Essays,'  and  is  a  Bummary  and  defence  of 

one    of    the   studies    therein       'The    Decay  of 

Idealism  in  France."     As  reported  in   I' 
last  spring,  it  excited  a  good  deal  ol  atten- 
tion,  and   the   criticism   accorded    it,   was,    on 

the  whole,   extremely  sympathetic,   thoi 
Mr.  Bodley  showed  a  good  deal  of  com 
in  his  treatment  of  "  L'esprit  nouveau  "  and 
of  the  genera]   mentality-   of  contempoi 
France.     To  English  readers  of  Mr   Bodli 

work  the  address  will  contain  little  that  is 
absolutely  new,  except  a  stronger  emphasis 
on  his  .ante  analysis  of  the  idealism  of 
the    French   Socialists      au   idealism    lie   hold 

to  bo  cosmopolitan  rather  than  French  in 
origin  and  spirit.  But  all  must  admire  the 
cleverness  of  his  summary  and  the  excellence 
of  his  French  (he  is,  by  the  way,  the  only 
Englishman  who  has  addressed  the  Institute 
in  its  own  language).  Though  one  may  not 
share  his  views  in  their  entirety,  one  has  to 
admit  that  some  recent  events  strongly 
support  them.  "  L'esprit  nouveau"  has 
received  a  rude  shock  by  the  downfall  of 
the  Bartbou  ministry  and  the  triumph  of 
the  Radical  -  Socialists  on  the  eve  ol 
general  election.  Again,  the  hysterical 
delight  of  the  French  at  Carpenl 
victory  over  Wells  gives  force  to  Mr. 
Bodley's  strictures  upon  French  vicarious 
athleticism. 
Collection  Gallia,  publiee  sous  la  direction 

de  Charles  Sarolea,  lfr.  2f>  net  each. 
I.  Balzac     (H.     de),     Contes     PhtXOSO- 

phiqi  is.      Introduction     par 

Bourget. 
H.  LIMITATION      DE      -I  i  sis  -  Cil  Kisr,     par 

Thomas   a    Kempis,    Introduction   i<.ir 

Mgr.  Et.  H.   Benson 

III.  Musset  (A.  dk),  Poesies  Not/vd 

IV.  Pascal  (B.),  Pensees,  Preface  d  Smile 

Boutroux,    Introduction    par    Victor 

(brand. 
V.  La  Fayette   (Madame   de)    La  J'kin- 

CESSE    DE    (Via  is.     Introduction    par 

Madame  Lucie  Felix  Faure-Goya 

VI.  Flaubert     (G.),     La     Testation*     DE 

Saint     Antoim:,      introduction     par 
Emile  Faguet. 

VII.  Barkis  (M.),  I/Kwimi  Dl  -  LOB. 

Paris,  Ores  &    Cie.  ;    London.  Dent 

This   attractive   new   series   will    not    be 

limited  in   its  appeal   to  any   oi  of 

readers,    to   judge   from    the   diversity   of    I 

first    half-dozen  volumes  and  of  tho  fort 
coming  books.    Into  'Conta     Philosophiqu 
Balzac  put  somo  of  his  most   can  ful   work  : 

•  La  Mi     e  de  I'Athee  '  and  '  [Jn  I 
la    Terreur1     are     Qol      easily 

M  dame    de    La    Fayette's    '  Princesse    de 

Clove--.  '  (HITS)   occupies   an    important    p] 

in  the  e\  oiut  ion  ol   the  Frenoh  novel,  while 

•  I.  Kniiemi  d,  i.  •  the  most 
striking    works    of     M.    Maur 

earlier   days,  written   at    a   time   wh    i 
Derated   individualism    was  repud  i( 
all  social  constraint , 

\\  e  v.  isfa  the  publishers  had  - 

other  d<  lign  for  the  front  ooi  i 

Edition  Lutetia :   M    I   w 

(2  vols.) ;     Rou         i,  E 

Montaigne,    E  I 

de     Mu    et,      Pokhii  Mad  •■•    • 

i  i  Pon    ult. 

&C.   <  '""I 

•  h  vol 

M.  Emili    I  ■■■!•■■ 

'!■*.  with  eeption 

of tho  ' 


^ 


u 


T  II  E     ATHEN^UM 


[Sri'i'LKMENT,  Jan.  .'J,   1914 


models  of  their  kind.  He  has  an  extra- 
ordinary power  of  stating,  within  the  shortest 
space,  the  relation  to  his  time  of  the  author 
with  whom  he  is  dealing,  and  picks  out 
suggestive  analogies — for  instance,  between 
Madame  de  StaeTs  comments  on  the  Italians 
and  those  of  Stendhal,  or  between  Rous- 
seau's '  Emile '  and  Montaigne's  essay  on 
'  LTnstitution  des  Enfants.' 

The  fairy-tales  in  the  last  volume  are 
selected  from  those  of  Perrault,  Madame 
d'Aulnoy,  Madame  Leprince  de  Beaumont, 
and  Hegesippe  Moreau.  Madame  Felix- 
Faure  Goyau  contributes  the  Preface,  in 
which  she  points  out  the  characteristically 
French  atmosphere  in  the  stories  of  Perrault 
and  Madame  d'Aulnoy. 

We  notice  that  the  publishers  have  clothed 
the  new  volumes  of  the  "  Edition  Lutetia  " 
in  a  dark-red  cover.  This  is  a  distinct  im- 
provement on  the  original  white  binding. 
which  registered  finger-prints  and  turned 
yellow  at  the  slightest  provocation. 

Grasilier    (Leonce),    Evasions    de    Prison- 

niers  de  Guerre  favoris£es  par  les 

Francs-Macons    sous   Napoleon   Ier, 

lfr.  50.  Paris,  Daragon 

An  account  of  the  official  papers  relating 

to  the  escape  of  an  English  prisoner  from 

Verdun  in  1808. 

Haussonville  (Comte  d'),  Ombres  Fran- 
caises  et  Visions  Anglaises,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Grasset 
The  greater  part  of  this  book  contains  the 
impressions  of  the  author  during  three 
recent  visits  to  England.  He  was  here 
during  the  General  Election  of  January, 
1910  ;  again  for  the  Coronation,  at  which 
he  was  present  ;  and,  lastly,  a  few  months 
ago.  M.  le  Comte  d'Haussonville  is  an 
accurate  observer,  whose  notes  and  com- 
ments are  always  worth  reading.  He  had 
exceptional  facilities  for  hearing  and  meeting 
our  leading  politicians,  with  whom  he  was 
greatly  impressed.  He  seems  to  have  a 
thorough  understanding  of  British  politics, 
and  makes  only  such  slips  as  calling  Lord 
Morley  "  Sir  John,"  and  speaking  of  Mr. 
Churchill's  constituency  as  "  the  county  of 
Dundee."  The  author,  moreover,  added  to 
his  knowledge  of  the  electorate  by  accom- 
panying a  canvasser,  and  similarly  learnt  a 
little  more,  though  not  under  normal  condi- 
tions, by  visiting  South  London  slums  on 
the  eve  of  the  Coronation. 

La  Fontaine,  Fables,  Preface  de  Jules 
Claretie,  "Collection  Gallia,'2  lfr.  25 
net.  Paris,  Cres  ; 

London,  Dent 
The  complete  twelve  books  of  '  Fables  ! 
are  contained  in  this  handy  edition.  M. 
Claretie  rightly  maintains  in  his  Preface 
that  La  Fontaine  should  not  be  regarded 
exclusively  as  a  children's  author. 

Levailiant  (Maurice),  Les  Pierres  Saintes, 
Versailles,  Saint-Denis,  Malmaison, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Dorbon  l'Aine 

Readers  of  modern  French  literature  will 
remember  two  volumes  of  poetry  by  this 
author— 'LeMiroir  d'Etain  '  and  'Le Temple 
Interieur ' — marked  by  delicate  thought 
and  expression.  The  volume  before  us  is 
a  mixture  of  verse  and  prose,  written  in  a 
markedly  lyric  strain.  There  is  in  the  prose 
a  sufficient  flavour  of  the  late  eighteenth 
century  —  of  the  romantic  age  which  fol- 
lowed  Rousseau — to  harmonize  with  its  sub- 
ject, and  the  verses  are  marked  not  only  by 
technical  skill,  but  also  by  true  lyric  feeling. 
Among  them  we  would  particularly  men- 
tion some  lines  in  the  '  Rythmes  modernes 
dans  un  bocage  antique,'  beginning  "  Tout 
un  apres-midi,  pieuse,"  which  seem  to  us 
to  reach  a  high  level  of  attainment. 


Mille   (Pierre),   Paraboles   et  Diversions. 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Stock 

M.  Pierre  Mille  writes  for  the  most  part 
with  easy  and  graceful  irony  of  men  and 
things.  He  is  happiest  in  the  true  journal- 
istic vein,  writing  for  the  hour,  of  the  hour. 
Had  '  Paraboles  et  Diversions  '  comprised 
nothing  more  ambitious,  it  would  have  been 
deserving  of  little  else  than  praise.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  writer,  assuming  Miltonic 
intimacy  with  the  mind  and  methods  of  the 
Deity,  unsupported  by  any  evidence  of  eru- 
dition or  inspiration,  and  writing  in  his 
habitual  light,  almost  flippant  style,  has 
included  several  chapters  at  the  beginning 
of  his  book  which  are  likely  to  weary  where 
they  do  not  offend.  On  the  other  hand,  his 
barrack -room  and  farmyard  philosophy 
shows  humour  and  insight,  and  his  chapters 
of  reminiscence — especially  the  one  where, 
returning  to  his  childhood's  home  from  Paris 
after  many  years,  he  beholds,  shrunken  to 
the  commonplace,  the  objects  which  once, 
being  his  universe,  possessed  such  magnifi- 
cent proportions — are  full  of  pathos  and 
charm. 

The  short  story  which  relates  the  return 
of  the  stolen  '  Gioconda  *  to  the  Louvre,  its 
period  of  incarceration  amidst  official  cans 
and  brushes,  and  its  final  unsuspected 
destruction  will  fortunately,  in  the  light  of 
its  recent  discovery,  no  longer  bring  a  thrill 
of  apprehensive  horror  to  the  guardians  of 
French  art. 

Poulaine  (Jean  de  la),  Par  l']£nergie  et 
le  Travail,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
The  author  describes  his  life  during  ten 
years  of  continually  changing  employment 
and  circumstances.  He  studied  in  France 
both  art  and  for  the  army  ;  then  his  activi- 
ties during  the  last  months  of  the  Second 
Empire  rendered  his  absence  advisable,  and 
he  retired  to  London.  Here  he  filled  in- 
numerable situations  with  more  or  less 
success,  and  finally  returned  to  France. 
The  book  is  a  record  of  strenuousness,  and 
is  on  the  whole  mildly  amusing. 

Quantin  (Albert),  La  Corse,  5fr. 

Paris,  Perrin 
M.  Quantin's  pages  are  full  of  facts  and 
figures.  He  tells  us  most  things  that  are 
worth  knowing  about  Corsica,  but,  if  we  had 
been  spared  many  of  his  minute  details,  the 
book  would  have  made  pleasanter  reading. 
He  uses  many  words  where  few  would  suffice  ; 
but,  nevertheless,  his  description  of  the 
beauty  of  the  island  and  his  account  of  its 
climate  are  attractive.  The  story  of  the 
Bonapartes  in  Corsica  is  well  told,  and  a 
chapter  full  of  interest  is  that  on  the  lan- 
guage of  the  island,  a  corrupt  Italian,  of 
which  M.  Quantin  gives  many  specimens. 
He  provides  a  good  selection  of  Corsican 
poetry,  and  he  adds — in  French — a  free 
translation.  There  are  two  small  maps,  but, 
in  spite  of  these,  we  cannot  agree  that  the 
book  is  a  "  complete  guide."  It  would, 
however,  be  a  good  addition  to  a  guide- 
book. 

Vigny  (Alfred  de),  Cinq-Mars,  "  Collection 
Nelson,"  1/  net.  Nelson 

Vigny  (Alfred  de),  Servitude  et  Grandeur 
Militaires,  "Collection  Gallia,"  1/  net. 

Dent 

These  two  works  are,  perhaps,  their 
author's  most  important  contributions  to 
the  "  Romantic  Movement."  '  Cinq-Mars,' 
an  historical  novel  dealing  with  the  Court 
of  Louis  XIV.,  has  the  celebrated  preface 
'  Reflexions  sur  la  Verite  dans  l'Art,'  in 
which  the  author  maintains  that  "  LTDEE 
est  tout." 

'  Servitude  et  Grandeur '  is  a  collection 
of  short  studies  in  which  the  author's 
pessimism  has  been  laid  aside. 


SCIENCE 

Au  Yunnan  et  dans  le  Massif  du  Kin-Ho- 
Par  Dr.  A.  F.  Legendre.  (Paris,  Plon. 
Nourrit  &  Cie.) 
Dr.  Legendre  is  already  well  known  in 
France  for  his  writings  on  the  Far- 
West  of  China,  and  he  is  an  explorer  who 
has  done  much  to  give  us  information 
about  the  least  accessible  parts  of  Western 
China.  The  first  portion  of  his  present 
work  is  concerned  chiefly  with  exploration 
of  the  Yunnan  district — work  undertaken 
for  the  French  Government  in  1910-11. 
The  second  part  deals  with  travels  in 
the  valley  of  the  Yalong  ;  while  it  was 
during  another  visit  to  the  basin  of  the 
Yalong  that  the  mission  was  attacked,  and 
had  to  bring  its  work  to  a  sudden  ter- 
mination. During  that  attack  the  party 
were  severely  wounded  by  bandits,  and  a 
detailed  report  on  the  attack — made  to 
the  authorities — is  included  in  Dr.  Le- 
gendre's  pages.  It  would  appear  that 
his  party  had  been  forbidden  to  go  into 
the  country  in  which  they  found  trouble  ; 
and  some  of  the  author's  remarks  make 
one  doubt  whether  he  was  always  par- 
ticularly wise  or  diplomatic  in  his  treat- 
ment of  the  natives. 

Dr.  Legendre's  reports  on  technical 
subjects  have  been  reserved  for  another 
place,  and  in  his  present  journal  he 
attempts  to  throw  new  light  on  the  life 
and  customs  of  races  little  known  to 
Europeans  ;  but  the  breaking-out  of  the 
Chinese  revolution  and  the  attack  made 
on  his  party  interfered  greatly  with  the 
work  of  the  mission,  and  many  note- 
books and  specimens  were  lost  during 
those  troubles.  Mention  is  made  of  the 
fact  that  at  one  far-off  place  Dr.  Legendre 
found  people  keeping  a  school  for  the 
teaching  of  French,  though  they  could 
not  speak  a  single  word  inteUigible  to 
the  Frenchmen.  The  Chinese  police  are 
laughed  at  because  they  thought  Dr. 
Legendre  a  spy,  and  his  sketches  plans 
of  strategical  positions  ;  but  this  sort  of 
thing  happens  in  Europe. 

In  nearly  all  his  long  journeys  there 
is  constant  note  of  vast  numbers  of 
people  who  suffer  from  goitre  ;  and  Dr. 
Legendre  speaks  of  many  other  diseases 
which,  he  states,  could  be  cured  or  avoided 
if  intelligent  doctors  were  on  the  spot. 
We  have  not  found  Dr.  Legendre's  book 
extremely  interesting  ;  but  as  an  example 
of  his  style  we  quote  a  passage  in  which 
he  describes  scenery  : — 

"  La  vegetation,  c'est  le  grand  charme  d© 
ce  massif  ;  elle  est  d'une  gaiete,  d'une  ex- 
uberance, mais  en  meme  temps  d'une  majeste 
sur  les  cimes  qui  vous  causent  une  joie,  un 
frisson  d'adrr.iration.  II  y  a  la  tant  de 
vie,  tant  de  beaut  e,  de  puissance  cachee, 
que  vous  restez  fige  sur  la  sente,  petrifie 
en  une  ardente  contemplation.  Les  srrandes 
arbres,  les  essences  diverses  s'etagent,  suivant 
l'altitude,  leur  resistance  au  froid,  forment 
de  gigantesques  gradins  de  verdure  differem- 
ment  nuances.  II  y  a  dans  le  bas,  vers 
3,000  metres,  le  vert  tendre  des  chenes, 
des  frenes,  des  bouleaux  ;  puis,  plus  haut, 
le  vert  sombre  des  melezes;  des  sapins,  des 
tongas  ;  plus  haut  enoore,  le  vert  lustre., 
miroitant  des  rhododendrons.  Quelle  douceur, 
et  quelle  splendeur  !  " 


Supplement,  Jan.  •*>,  15)14] 


T  II  E     A  Til  KX  .Kl'  M 


r, 


FINE    ARTS 


COROT    AXD    HIS    PREDECESSORS. 

Many  modern  critics  toll  us  that  the  gnat 
painters  have  always  been  rebels  and 
innovators,  and  that  great  painting  has 
always  been  produced  in  defiance  of  the 
.accepted  academic  traditions  of  the  day. 
It  is,  however,  distinctly  open  to  question 
whether  it  is  possible  thus  to  regard  an 
artist  as  an  isolated  phenomenon,  self- 
sunicient,  and  dissociated  from  the  out- 
look of  his  own  and  preceding  generations  ; 
the  great  artist  is  more  often  the  final 
expression  of  influences  and  tendencies 
which  have  been  making  themselves  felt 
before  him.  Thus  Corot  was  the  logical 
conclusion  of  the  tendencies  in  French 
landscape  painting  throughout  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  which,  in  spite  of  the 
almost  rigid  conventions  which  governed 
it,  shows  a  consistent  line  of  develop- 
ment which  culminated  in  the  freer  and 
more  sincere  art  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

M.  Tristan  Leclere,  in  his  monograph 
on  Hubert  Robert,  has  traced  the  course 
of  this  development  as  exhibited  in  the 
work  of  Jean  Baptiste  Oudry,  Joseph 
Vernet,  Hubert  Robert,  and  Louis  Gabriel 
Moreau.  Watteau  in  his  own  manner 
was  a  landscape  painter  of  rare  skill ; 
however  artificial  his  Fetes  Champetres, 
and  however  "  translated "  his  colour, 
we  always  feel  the  result  of  those  numer- 
ous studies  of  trees  which  he  made  with 
so  much  diligence  and  enthusiasm. 
Boucher  and  Fragonard,  completely  as 
they  succeeded  in  the  tasks  they  set 
themselves,  contributed  little  to  art. 
But  when  we  consider  Oudry  the  case  is 
different ;  born  two  years  before  Watteau, 
and  surrounded  by  the  same  influences, 
he  was  moved  to  approach  painting 
differently.  He  never  acquired  the 
perfect  touch  of  the  painter  of  '  L'Em- 
barquement  pour  Cythere,'  but  at  the 
very  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century 
he  had  the  courage  to  paint  directly  from 
Xature,  and  his  animal  pieces  and  the 
rustic  landscapes  in  the  English  style 
reveal  a  man  who  loved  his  subject,  how- 
ever humble,  and  strove  to  portray  it  to 
the  best  of  his  powers. 

Joseph  Vernet  loved  and  studied  the 
(  \»r-changing  effects  of  sky  and  water. 
In  early  life  he  studied  the  subtle  diffi- 
culties of  aerial  perspective,  and  the 
pictures  of  his  Italian  period,  such  as  '  Le 
Ponte  Rotto  '  and  the  '  Vue  du  Pont  et  du 
Chateau  Saint-  Ange '  in  the  Louvre, 
make  instructive  comparison  with  'Le 
Colisee,'  which  Corot  painted  in  ls_'(;. 
Both  artists  were  on  the  same  path  ; 
but  Corot  progressed  along  the  mad  to 
freedom,  whereas  Vernet  never  advanced 
beyond  this  point.     The  more  successful 

Hubert  Robert  et  les  PaijawjiHles  franfais  du 
XVII  Jr.     Stiicle.     Par  Lecleze. 

"  Lea  Grands  Artistes."     (Paris,  Laurens.) 

Corot.  Par fitaenne  Moreau-Xelaton.  (Same 
aeries  and  publisher.) 


of  his  "  Ports  do  France  "  are  more  akin 
to  Guardi  and  Robert;  and  his  later  work 
at  the  height  of  his  career — when  he 
attempted  to  rely  on  his  memory  and  his 
experience — is  insincere  in  feeling  and 
often  hurried  in  execution. 

Hubert  Robert,  who  passed  his  years  of 
study  in  Rome  in  the  company  of  Frago- 
nard, also  exhibits  characteristics  which 
were  amplified  in  the  next  century.  He 
was  more  "  classical  "  than  Vernet  ;  he 
admired  and  bought  the  works  of  Panini 
and  Lucatelli,  and  also  pictures  by 
Boucher,  Gillot,  Pater,  and  Watteau. 
What  he  brought  to  the  traditional  decora- 
tive landscape  was  an  almost  monumental 
sense  of  design  and  a  quite  personal 
observation  in  the  treatment  of  the  figures 
which  enliven  his  classical  "  Ruins  "  ;  they 
are  painted  with  great  spontaneity  in  the 
costumes  of  the  artist's  period,  and  remind 
us  of  the  figures  of  Canaletto.  Techni- 
cally, moreover,  although  his  hand  lacked 
the  magic  lightness  of  Fragonard,  lie 
habitually  employed  a  much  slighter  and 
more  suggestive  method  of  painting  than 
that  of  his  masters. 

It  was,  however,  left  to  Louis  Gabriel 
Moreau  to  provide  the  real  link  between 
the  landscape  of  the  eighteenth  century 
and  Corot.  M.  Leclere  has  done  well  to 
call  attention  to  the  extremely  interesting 
work  of  this  little-known  artist.  He  had 
small  success  in  his  lifetime,  and  no  picture 
of  his  entered  the  Louvre  until  nearly 
seventy  years  after  his  death.  His  "  gou- 
aches "  and  water-colours  are  now  sought 
by  collectors,  but  it  was  in  his  oil 
paintings,  such  as  the  '  Vue  des  Coteaux 
de  Meudon  '  and  the  '  Vue  prise  aux  En- 
virons de  Paris,'  both  now  in  the  Louvre, 
that  his  talents  found  their  fullest  expres- 
sion. Louis  Moreau  was  the  first  artist 
to  escape  from  the  convention  of  an 
alternating  system  of  warm  and  cold 
colours,  and  he  replaced  it  with  a  cooler 
and  more  beautiful  range  of  greens,  based 
on  direct  observation  of  Xature.  The 
1  Meudon  '  picture  is  full  of  light  and 
air,  and  the  little  figures  move  with  charm 
and  verve.  Moreau's  greens  prepared  the 
way  for  the  silvery  tones  which  we  find 
in  Corot. 

Nothing  could  be  less  revolutionary  than 
the  life  and  work  of  Corot.  On  the  one 
hand  we  find  his  outlook  engendered  by 
previous  generations  of  artists,  and  on 
the  other  we  have  convincing  proof  of 
his  personal  respect  for  tradition  in 
the  academic  subject-pictures  which  he 
sent  regularly  to  the  Salon.  Like 
Louis  Moreau,  for  many  years  be  had 
no  material  success.  The  painters  of 
the  eighteenth  century  executed  numer- 
ous pictures  for  patrons  who  commis- 
sioned them  in  advance.  Corot  worked 
for  thirty  years  without  any  Bucfa  stimu- 
lant. At  the  age  of  50  he  was  still  dining 
at  his  parents1  table  and  unable  to  earn  a 
livelihood.  1"  order  to  retain  Ids  enthu- 
siasm daring  long  yean  <>f  neglect,  an 
artist  mnsl  have  a  simple  and  unswerving 
confidence  in  the  value  "t  the  task  he 
set  himseli  and  in  his  powers  of  accom- 
plishing   it.      (  orot    p  ed  thif      imple 

faith.     Prevented  by  poverty  from  being 


a  husband  or  a  father,  he  lived  a  quiet 
and  uneventful  life  Ear  removed  from  the 

world    of    luxury    and    pleasure,     hut     in 

touch  with  the  trees  and  gTOVOS  to  which 
be  had  consecrated  his  art.  He  did  aot 
plan  elegant  decorations  for  the  houses  of 

wealthy  noblemen  ;  be  studied  Nature,  and 
be  painted  her  as  be  saw  her  ;  and  the  nn- 
affected  charm  of  his  work  reflects  his 
mind.  We  look  in  vain  for  anv  great 
virility  in  his  pictures — many  of  them  are 
merely  pretty;  for  Corot  was  not  of  the 
race  of  giants — be  was  no  Rubens,  ih> 
Velasquez,  no  Goya.     But  his  work  always 

possesses  the  quality  of  sincerity,  and 
often  a  gentle  poetry  all  its  own.  Such 
pictures  as  the  '  Souvenir  de  Morte- 
fontaine  '  show  what  Corot  owed  to  his 
predecessors,  and  what  he  in  his  turn 
gave  to  his  successors. 

M.  Etienne  Moreau-Nelaton's  mono- 
graph is  sympathetically  written,  and  the 
twenty-four  pictures  be  has  selected  for 
reproduction  exhibit  the  development  of 
the  masters  art  from  his  conscientious 
early  work  to  the  free  manner  of  his  later 
years.  He  has  wisely  included  several 
figure-pieces,  a  department  in  which  Corot 
achieved  more  interesting  results  than  is 
commonly  supposed. 


Les  Vieilles  Enseignes  de  Paris.  Par 
Charles  Fegdal.  Avec  les  Dessine  de 
Andre  Warnod.     "  Collection  do  Paris* 

Pittoresque."    (Paris.  Figuiere,  .'5tr.  50.) 

Local  patriotism  has  always  been  a 
characteristic  of  the  Parisian,  and  th< 
is  invariably  a  strong  sentimental  oppo- 
sition to  the  destruction  of  surviving  por- 
tions of  the  old  city.  M.  Charles  Fegdal 
has  been  induced  by  his  affection  for  the 
fast-disappearing  signs  of  Paris  to  con- 
tribute a  volume  on  the  subject  to  M. 
Figuiere's  "Collection  du  Paris- Pitto- 
resque." The  day  is  not  far  distant,  he 
says,  when  the  last  of  these  signs  will  have 
been  removed  :  '  L'ennemi  approche  :  le 
demolisseur  prepare  son  pic.  Batons- 
nous  !  " 

.M.  Fegdal  writes  in  an  entertaining 
manner,  and  his  hook  is  eminently 
readable.  After  drawing  a  picture  of 
the  experiences  of   a    traveller   arriving 

in     Paris    about     the     war     L450,     when 

the      streets      were     still      unnaim  d     and 

every  bouse  bad  its  sign,  he  examines 
some  old  "enseignes"  and  the  bistoi 

attached  to  them.      In  Pari-,  as  elsewhi 

the  oldesl  Bigns  are  those  of  trade  guilds 
and  popular  taverns.  Vmong  the  Becond 
class  be   tells  as  <>f      it    Petit    M    ire," 

which     was    the     CendeZVOUS    "f     men     of 

fashion  and  letters  three  oenturi 

and   was  celebrated   in    Pierre    Ballara'i 

'  Chanoons  pour  dancer  et  pour  boire    : — 

Bui '    Allen  .  <  iolffier 

<  >u  oi.n  .in  Petil   M 

Je   \  "ii  -   \  'u  ■  tier 

I  I.      111   . -lie.  i<  I ■    •  I 

■  Le  P<  tit  .Maine  "  w.i  i  so  dear  to  the 

humanist  Paulmii  i   d<  '  In  nt<  m<  roil  that 

he  declan  d  himsi  If  >■  to  <  ad  hi  days 
there  : — 

.1.     ..ii\    in-  .u  r  i  i 


4(1 


THE     ATHHXill'M 


[Supplement,  Jan.  3,  1914 


Another  tavern  beloved  of  men  of 
letters  was  "  La  Pomme  de  Pin;"  which 
is  said  to  have  been  frequented  by  Fran- 
cois Villon  and  Rabelais,  and  later  by 
Boileau,  Moliere,  Racine,  La  Fontaine, 
and  their  satellites.  A  signboard  painted 
for  "  Le  Roi  d'Yvetot,"  originally  inspired 
by  a  chanson  of  Beranger,  was  condemned 
under  the  First  Empire  as  seditious,  and 
relegated  to  the  interior  of  the  tavern, 
where  it  could  be  seen  as  late  as  1900. 

Passing  to  a  systematic  survey  of  the 
streets  of  Paris,  M.  Fegdal  reminds  us 
that  many  of  the  old  trade-signs  are  still 
in  use,  and  that  a  goodly  cluster  of  them 
can  be  found  in  the  Rue  St.  Denis.  There 
is  hardly  a  street  in  Paris  which  will  not 
reveal  some  sign  of  interest,  either  on 
account  of  its  intrinsic  character  or  its 
associations  ;  and  this  part  of  the  book 
will  prove  a  useful  guide  to  those  who 
wish  to  study  them.  Finally,  M.  Fegdal 
appends  several  chapters  on  the  modern 
aspect  of  the  subject,  as  represented  by 
the  paintings  and  sculpture  outside  the 
mammoth  stores  of  Paris,  Le  Printemps, 
Les  Galeries  Lafayette,  Pygmalion,  and 
others  ;  by  the  posters  which  cover  the 
hoardings,  and  the  illuminated  adver- 
tisements which  make  a  nightmare  of  the 
boulevards  after  dark.  He  concludes  with 
an  optimistic  hope  that  artists  will  com- 
bine with  shop  -  owners  to  improve  the 
general  standard  of  "  enseignes "  and 
r-  affiches." 

M.  Andre  Warnod's  pen  -  drawings, 
which  illustrate  the  book,  are  sympa- 
thetic in  touch,  though  technically  some- 
what inefficient. 


Voyage  au  Pays  des  Sculpteurs  Romains. 
Par  Alexis  Forel.     (Paris,  Champion.) 

M.  Forel  tells  us  that  his  book  is  wTitten 
'"  par  un  ignorant  pour  les  ignorants." 
This  is  somewhat  of  an  affectation,  for, 
though  he  may  not  be  a  distinguished 
archaeologist  nor  a  trained  architect,  he 
possesses  a  considerable  measure  of  tech- 
nical knowledge,  and  an  appreciation  of 
the  value  of  the  churches  he  describes 
which  can  only  come  from  long  study  and 
experience.  The  work,  however,  suffers 
from  M.  Forel's  habit  of  expressing  his 
enthusiasm  in  a  flowery  symbolism,  and 
allowing  himself  to  become  continuously 
lyrical  and  exclamatory. 

The  plan  of  the  book  is  somewhat  loose. 
Beginning  with  Provence,  it  takes  us 
through  Auvergne  to  Poitou,  then  curves 
eastward  to  Burgundy,  and  lastly  runs 
south  again  to  Le  Puy.  Many  strange 
omissions  are  apparently  due  to  a  scheme 
by  which  domed  churches  are  to  be 
treated  in  a  subsequent  volume.  The 
author  appears  to  neglect  or  pass  super- 
ficially over  churches  which  contain  little 
or  no  actual  sculpture  ;  but,  even  on  this 
principle,  one  wonders  why  be  omits  to 
mention  La  Belle  Bruere,  with  its  remark- 
able capitals,  or  Neuvy  St.  Sepulcre,  or 
La  Souterraine,  all  of  which  lie  within  the 
triangle  formed  by  Nevers,  Clermont,  and 
Poitiers,  which  are  dealt  with  in  the  book. 
We    should    have    welcomed    also    more 


details  of  the  charming  church  at  Cunault, 
and  some  notice  of  the  very  impressive 
interior  of  Brive,  from  which  he  derives 
a  drawing  of  a  solitary  capital.  Again, 
several  pages  are  devoted  to  the  old  bridge 
at  Espalion,  but  there  is  no  reference  to 
the  curious  little  Eglise  de  Perses,  a  mile 
outside  the  town.  But  the  most  serious 
omission  is  that  of  Conques.  There  are 
one  or  two  allusions  to  this  superb  Ro- 
manesque church  in  the  text,  but  no 
attempt  to  describe  or  discuss  it,  though 
if  a  traveller  had  once  reached  Espalion, 
he  would  be  well  rewarded  for  pushing  on 
as  far  as  Conques. 

On  pp.  89-90  occurs  the  amazing 
suggestion  that  the  artists  of  Angouleme 
derived  the  idea  of  decorating  their 
facades  with  arcading  from  the  willows 
and  poplars  which  are  numerous  in  the 
district ;  and  the  architects  of  Perigord 
their  domes  from  the  tops  of  chestnut 
trees  !  In  the  next  sentence,  however, 
M.  Forel  tells  us  that  both  motives  were 
probably  imported  from  Italy.  Another 
astonishing  statement  is  that  the  west 
fronts  of  Notre  Dame  at  Paris,  Amiens, 
and  Reims  are  directly  derived  from  the 
facade  of  Notre  Dame  la  Grande  of  Poitiers. 
This  is  repeated  several  times.  No  doubt 
there  is  some  analogy,  if  we  may  compare 
great  things  with  small,  but  surely  the 
minds  which  conceived  the  designs  of 
those  great  churches  may  be  allowed 
sufficient  originality  to  have  invented 
their  fronts  without  copying  a  little  pro- 
vincial one. 

M.  Forel  shows,  however,  a  real  ap- 
preciation of  several  very  important 
monuments,  such  as  St.  Trophime  at 
Aries,  the  front  of  St.  Gilles  at  Camargue, 
Notre  Dame  du  Port  at  Clermont,  and 
Notre  Dame  at  Poitiers.  Of  the  less-known 
churches  he  treats  of  La  Charite-sur-Loire, 
Civray  (a  splendid  church  seldom  visited  by 
travellers),  St.  Benoit-sur-Loire,  St.  Savin, 
Charlieu,  Paray-le-Monial,  and  others. 
He  realizes  to  the  full  the  fascination  of 
the  clustering  apses  at  the  east  end  of 
these  basilicas  of  Central  France  :  their 
charm,  their  grace,  and  their  construc- 
tional strength. 

To  crown  the  work  he  gives  us  an 
elaborate  study  of  Vezelay,  which  is, 
perhaps,  the  greatest  of  all  Romanesque 
churches,  and  a  description  of  the  unique 
cathedral  of  Notre-Dame-du-Puy,  to  which 
no  words  can  possibly  render  justice. 
He — rightly  enough — refuses  to  consider 
any  Gothic  work,  but  we  cannot  agree 
with  the  casual  way  in  which  he  sweeps 
aside  the  marvellous  spire  of  St.  Savin, 
with  its  curious  reminiscence  of  an  even 
finer  spire — that  of  Grantham. 

The  work  is  illustrated  with  drawings 
of  the  sculpture  and  pastel  sketches 
reproduced  in  colours,  which  are  very  un 
even  in  merit.  Some  even,  such  as  Ville- 
neuve- les- Avignon  and  La  Rochelle,  are 
distinctly  bad.  The  drawing,  too,  of  the 
interior  of  Vezelay  fails  utterly  to  convey 
any  idea  of  its  impressive  magnificence. 
The  few  excellent  photographs  at  the  end 
of  the  volume  make  us  wish  that  this 
method  of  illustration  had  been  used 
throughout. 


DRAMA 


Essais  de  Critique  Dramatique.  Par 
Eclouard  Franchetti.  Premiere  Serie. 
(Paris,  Figuiere  &  Cie.) 

The  first  series  of  these  essays,  most  of 
which  are  reprinted  from  Le  Soleil  and 
the  Paris  Journal,  forms  a  critical  resume 
of  the  principal  performances  in  the 
Paris  theatres  from  the  spring  of  1912 
to  February,  1913.  As  the  author  writes 
of  revivals  as  well  as  new  productions, 
his  book  includes  essays  on  such  old 
favourites  as  '  Britannicus,'  '  Horace,' 
'  Hernani,'  and  '  Le  Malade  Imaginaire.' 
The  French  never  tire  of  extolling  their 
classics,  and  M.  Franchetti  gives  full  rein 
to  his  enthusiasm  for  Racine,  Corneille,  and 
Moliere.  This  tendency  to  a  hyperbolic 
and  provincial  praise  of  classical  works, 
combined  with  exuberant  verbiage,  pre- 
judices us  against  the  critic,  who  appears 
in  the  main  to  have  a  sound  dramatic 
judgment.  We  quite  appreciate  and  share 
his  admiration  for  Daudet's  '  Sapho,'  but 
it  strikes  us  as  strange  to  find  him  writing 
of  a  revival  of  the  dramatic  version  as 
though  it  were   a  novelty. 

Of  the  new  pieces  he  speaks  of,  the  most 
important  are  :  Verhaeren's  '  Helene  de 
Sparte,'  which  he  condemns — we  think, 
rightlv — as  tedious  ;  '  Les  Flambeaux,' 
by  M.  Henri  Bataille  ;  '  La  Femme 
Seule,'  where  M.  Brieux  presents  a  problem 
somewhat  analogous  to  Mr.  Galsworthy's 
'  The  Fugitive  '  ;  and  M.  Maurice  Donnay*s 
Feminist  play,  '  Les  Eclaireuses.'  There 
are  notes,  too,  on  the  last  farce  from  the 
workshops  of  MM.  Flers  et  Caillavet ;  on 
'  La  Cruche  '  of  the  master-humorist, 
M.  Courteline  ;  and  on  the  latest  horrors 
at  the  Grand  Guignol. 

Of  interest  to  English  readers  is  M. 
Franchetti's  article  on  the  French  version 
of  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's  '  You  Never  Can 
Tell,'  which  was  produced  at  the  Theatre 
des  Arts  last  February.  He  aptly  de- 
scribes the  construction  of  the  comedy  as 
reminding  him  of  a  "  jig-saw  puzzle,"  the 
component  pieces  of  which  are  only  fitted 
together  at  the  last  moment.  The  piece, 
he  tells  us,  sparkles  with  English  humour, 
but  is  also  "  profoundly  sad  with  the  dis- 
illusioned experience  of  a  bitter  misan- 
thrope." Here  M.  Franchetti's  essentially 
Latin  outlook  has  led  him  astray  :  he 
fails  to  understand  Mr.  Shaw's  detached 
attitude,  which  has  in  it  as  little  of  the 
acid  passion  of  the  misanthrope  as  of  the 
mawkish  pity  of  a  humanitarian. 

Another  English  play  considered  by  the 
critic  is  Mr.  Knoblauch's  '  Kismet,'  which 
was  translated  by  M.  Jules  Lemaitre,  and 
produced  at  the  Theatre  Sarah-Bernhardt, 
with  M.  Lucien  Guitry  in  Mr.  Oscar  Asche's 
part.  M.  Franchetti  makes  the  just,  if 
somewhat  obvious  comment,  that  the  piece 
relies  mainly  for  its  interest  on  the 
setting  and  the  personality  of  the  actors. 
Both  in  London  and  in  Paris  the  producers 
realized  this,  and  succeeded  in  making 
the  strange  and  charming  atmosphere 
of  the  '  Arabian  Nights '  the  main  attrac- 
tion of  the  performances. 


Supplement,  Jan.  q,  1014] 


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d'idees,     par    Pmsj 


A 
la  BIBI 
et  tout  le  meilleur  de  ces 


Les     sources 

Vii.i.i.v. 

Montaigne,  par  Pij.kke  Vii  ley. 
La.  Fontaine,  par  Bdmond  I'ii.on. 
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< ;  it  \  - 1 1 
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Molicrc,  i  .     Bbkbi    Bid 
Madame  dc  Staol,  pai    I  rim 

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48 


Til  E     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  3,  1914 


L1BRAIRIE  ARMAND  COLIN,  105,  Boulevard  Saint-Michel,  PARIS,  S 


HISTOIRE     DE     L'ART 

DEPUIS  LES  PREMIERS  TEMPS  CHRETIENS  JUSQD'A  NOS  JOURS 


Ouvrage  public 
sous  la  direction  de 


ANDRE   MICHEL 


Conservateur  aux.Must'es  nationaux, 
Professeur  h  l'Ecole  du  Louvre. 


10  VOLUMES  parus  au  ler  Januier  1914. 
We  I.  Dcs  Debuts  dc  l'Art  Chretien  a  la  fin  de  la  Periode  Romane         Tome  III.  Le  Realisme.    Les  Debuts  de  la  Renaissance 


Ire  Partie.  L'Art  Pre-Roman.    1  vol.  |     2de  Partie.  L'Art  Roman.    1  vol. 


Tome  II.  Formation,  Expansion  et  Evolution  de  l'Art  Gothique 

Ire  Partie.    Formation  et  Expansion  I  2de  Partie.  Evolution  de  l'Art  Gothique 
de  l'Art  Gothique.    1  vol.  I        l  vol. 


Ire  Partie.  Le  Style  flamboyant.     Le 
Realisme.    1  vol. 


lile  Partie.  Les  Debuts  de  la  Renais- 
sance.   1  vol. 


Tome  IV.  La  Renaissance 


Ire  Partie.  La  Renaissance  en  Italie. 
1  vol. 


2de  Partie.  La  Renaissance  en  Prance, 
en  Espagne,  et  en  Portugal,    l  vol. 


Tome  Y.  La  Renaissance  en  Allemagne  et  dans  les  pays  du  Nord.    Formation  de  l'Art  classique  moderne 

Ire  Partie.  La  Renaissance  en  Allemagne  et  dans  les  pays  du  Nord.    1vol.     |  2de  Partie.  Formation  de  l'Art  classique  moderne.    1vol. 

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HISTOIRE     GENERALE 

DU  IVe   SIECLE  A  NOS  JOURS 

publiee  sous  la  direction  de 


ERNEST  LAVISSE 

de   l'Academie   francaise 
Professeur  a  l'Universitt'  de  Paris 


ALFRED    RAMBAUD 

Membre  de  l'lnstitut 
Professeur  a  l'Universite  de  Paris. 


OUVRAGE  COMPLEX  EN  IS  VOLUMES. 


(395  - 1095). 


Les 

lvol. 


I.  Les    Origines 

1  vol. 
II.  L' Europe   Feodale. 
Croisades  (1095-1270) 

III.  Formation   des  Grands 
EtatS  (1270-1492).     1  vol. 

IV.  Renaissance  et     Re 
forme.     Les    Nouveaux 
Mondes  (1492-1559).     1  vol. 

V.  Les  Guerres  de  Religion 
(1559-1648).     1  vol. 
VI.   Louis  XIV  (1643-1715).     1  vol. 


VII.  Le    XVIII     siecle    (1715 
1788).     1  vol. 

VIII.  La      Revolution     fran, 

caise  (1789-1799).     lvol. 
IX.  Napoleon  (1800-1815).  l  vol. 

X.  Les  Monarchies  con= 
stitutionnelles  (1815- 
1847).     1  vol. 

XL  Revolutions  et  Guerres 

nationales  (1848-1870).  lvol. 

XII.  Le   Monde  contempo- 
rain  (1870-1900).      1  vol. 


HISTOIRE 

DE  LA  LANGUE  ET  DE  LA 

LITTERATURE     FRANCAISE 

DES  ORIGINES  A  1900 

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OUVRAGE  COMPLET  EN  S  VOLUMES, 

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partie,  1661-1700).     1  vol. 

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tique,  1800-1850).     1  vol. 


IV.   XVII    siecle  (Premiere  partie,  j  VIII.  XIXC    siecle    (Periode    con- 
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Architects  en  chef  des  Monuments  historiques 


LE      MONT-SAINT-MICHEL 

Histoire  de  l'Abbaye  et  de  la  Ville 
Etude  archeologique  et  architecturale  des  Monuments 

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DE    LA    LANGUE    FRANCAISE 

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Professeur  d'Histoire  de  la  Langue  francaise  a  l'Universite  de  Paris 

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Situations  Uarant. 

THE     UNIVERSITY     OF     LIVERPOOL. 
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NTVER8H  V  COLLEGE,   SOUTHAMPTON, 


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on 


piCTURES    OF    THE     SIENESE    SCHOOL 

Mr.  R.  LANGTON   DOUQLAS.of    '.   Hill   Street,  JbrkcLy  S.mare 
W„  has  been  asked,  by  a  Frem  h  Publish.  Itlon 

of  his 'Historv  of  Siena.'     He  has  reasons  for  believl 

Pictures  of  tlie  Blenese  Be] 1  that  have    dinpptared  in  the  last 

hundred  years  are   in  this  country.      He  will  be  glad  to  hear  (rem 
owners  of  early  Pictures  of  the  Italian  School 


^alrs  Im  Aurtioit. 

Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  a   Library 

from  S.  Devon,  and  Other  fro;,., 

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Illustrated     Edition     of     Voltaire  s     Henriade- First    Editions     of 
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other  interesting  items. 

Valuable  Engravings,  including  M 

the  Collection   formed  b;i  the  late  Right  Rev.  Dr.  GOTT, 
Lord  Bithop  0/  Truro. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSONwill  SELL  by  AUCTION. 
at    their    House,   47,   Leicester   Square.    \V  c  .    on    Fit  I 

January    It;,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock   pr ly,  valuable  EN 

GRAVIN6B  as  above,  comprising  rare   Portraits    In    Menotint   and 
line,  including  Amelia  Elizabeth,    Landgravine  of   II  I 

Siegen,  a   fine  Impression  of  the  rare  First  State   from   the   Duke  of 
Buckingham  s  Sale.    IBM— Guillaume  de    Brisacier  by  Maaaon 
Miguard.  First  State  — Albert  Dnrer.  by  M.  Lorn  h  -  Adrian  ran  N 
by  Van  Dyck,  signed  autograph  proof,  and  m an v  others  —  tine  S.  ni 
and  Classical  Subjects  by  K.  Merghen,  Toechi,  Deenoyere  4.  .  d 
scarce   proofs;   also  tine   Fancy  Subjects  ol    the    Earlj    I 
French    Schools,   many   in    colours— Portraits.    Nai  tl    aid    Military 
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Books    and    Manuscript*,     including    the     Library    ■ 

Gentleman,  remorrd  from   Betea,  and  Other  7'/.. 

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HOOKS  AND    MANL'SCKIPTS.  Including   tl  I 

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Engravings,  Drawings,  and  /:■ 
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will  SKLL  by  AUCTION,  at  theii   Hon 
Street    Btrand,  W.C,  OD   MONDAY',  Jai 

at  l  ...  I ...  1,  precisely,  KNGRA\  INOS.  DRAWI 
togetb.-r  with  Aruinlel  Society  Publh  it- 
of   Rev.  W.   T     SAWAHD.   "f    the    It.     '      ■       I!  I 

tin  - ■!.  un,  and  from  various  sun 

e  viewed.    Catalogues  may  I- 


M 


Books  and  H 

ME8SR8.  BOTHEBY,  WILKIN80Nc  BOl  OB 
mil  SKI. I.  by  *OOT] 
Street,  Btrand,  ^  C  .on  «  EDNEMDAi 
Ing  Day,  at  lo'cl 
the  Pi  «     H  f  I.I.    «  M  I 

lli<    I'roi  ertyol    '"lis    KKNKD  K    H 
.1  (  lifton. 

\\ 

May  he  ilrwr.1  t 

Valv 

M  HODGSON  i  BU 

A  I  •  i  Un».   »"  I 

W  K  D  N  KM  1 1 A 1 

\  all  A  HI  I.     In  hK  - 

l.ll.r 


' 

•io«y. 


CaUlogurs  .i 


50 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,  1914 


^utljors'  Agents. 


ATTTTTORR'  MRS  placed  with  ]sr>  Publishers  ami  Periodi- 
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THE  CONNOISSEUR 

Edited  by  J.  T.  HERBERT  BAILY. 
CONTENTS. 
JANUARY,  1914. 
SOME  NOTABLE  FIREPLACFIS. 
WOMEN  AS  AIR  TRAVELLERS. 

THE  RISE  OF  THE  STAFFORDSHIRE  POTTERIES 
ON  COLLECTING. 
OHANTILLY. 
NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 
NOTES. 

THE  CONNOISSEUR  BOOKSHELF 
CURRENT  ART  NOTES. 
ANSWER8  TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 
HERALDIC  CORRESPONDENCE. 
PLATES- 
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at  Windsor ;  Miss  Fergusson.  by  J.  Payrau,  after  John  Downmao  • 
Portrait  of  George  III.  as  Prince  of  Wales,  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  : 
Portrait  of  Miss  Mary  Rookes  Leedes,  by  George    Romney  •  Pair  of 
Khang-he  Famille  Verte  Vases;  'The  Connoisseur'  Calendar  ■  Lady 
Hamilton  as  the  "  Ambassadress."  by  George  Romney. 


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CONTENTS.  PAGB 

Thkodore  de  Ban\  ills  and  iii—.  Master  Villon    us— M 

kindred  ami  Clan 55 

ancient  tow  nlm.anmv; 51 

Ooukridoi    and    Wordsworth     in    the    West 

Country      ~       ..     5i> 

llee  with  the  eskimo       57 

c'ekn  antes  5s 

ChaRTILLT,  in  History  and  Akt         68 

Fiction  (Atlantis ;    Modem  Lovers ;    An   Unfinished 

Song) 59 

BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK 60 

CONFERENCE  01'  EDUCATION  VI.  ASSOCIATIONS  ;  ASSIST- 
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Literary  Gossip        60 

Science— Boanerges ;    Gossip ;    Meetings    Next 

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Draka— Gossip 72 

Index  to  Advertisers       72 


LITERATURE 


THEODORE    DE    BAXVILLE    AXD 
HIS    MASTER   VILLON. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  Mr.  Strong 
possesses   every    qualification    needed    to 
effect  a  successful  translation  of  Banville's 
Ballades  into  English  verse.  First  and  fore- 
most    he   knows   his   author,   and,   more 
than    that,    his    author's    master,    t-  the 
excellent    poet    Francois    Villon."       His 
•short    Introduction    on    the    Ballade    of 
Villon  is,   indeed,  a  masterly  exposition 
of  the  difference  between  the   two   poets,  I 
and  shows  so  just  an  appreciation  of  the  j 
merits  of  each  as  to  proclaim  his  fitness  | 
for  the  task  he  has  undertaken. 

There  is  a  remark  in  the  author's 
explanatory  note  to  his  readers  which 
might  well  set  them  on  the  alert  for  any 
slipshod  rendering. 

"  I  do  claim  [lie  says]  a  larger  freedom  of 
treatment  than  is  generally  accorded  to 
translations  in  less  difficult  forms,  and  I  claim, 
too,  the  privilege  of  sacrificing  the  letter 
tsionally  for  the  Bake  of  retaining  i  he 
spirit  m  its  fullness  ::  ; 

and  he  adds  : — 

'•  Nobody,  I  fancy,  would  have  been  more 
willing  to  accord  or  to  employ  this  privilege 
than  Banville  himself." 

The  Ballades  of  Thiodore  de  Banville. 
Translated  into  English  Verse  by  Archi- 
bald T.  Stroii-.    I  Sdacmillan  A:  Co., .']    m 

Francois  Villon,  sa  Vie  et  son  Temps.  Par 
Pierre  Champion.  2  vols.  (Paris,  Champion, 
20- 

The  Poems  of  Francois   Villon.     Trans) 
by    H.  de    V*  cpoole.     (Hutchinson 

&  Co.,  7/6  net.) 


It   is   pleasing   to    acknowledge,   after  a 
careful     comparison     of     the"     translations 

with  the    French   text,  that   Mr.  Strong 

has  made  good  his  contention.  On  a 
close  examination  it  will  be  seen  that,  for 
the  most  part,  no  essential  idea  in  the 
French  has  hern  sacrificed,  nor  have 
alien  ideas  been  introduced,  The  sort  of 
freedom  that  has  been  used  is,  perhaps, 
best  illustrated  by  an  example.  Take, 
for  instance,  the  following  two  lines,  in 
which  the  poet  is  addressing  the  town  of 
Paris  : — 

O  lovelace  en  habit  bleu  barbeau, 
Peru  d'amour  pour  une  tirelire. 

Thou  jaded  rake  in  frill  and  furbelow, 

Whose  heart's  desire  is  still  to  sorape  and  save. 

Here  it  is  obvious  that  a  close  adherence 
to  the  letter  in  the  first  line  would  have 
sacrificed  the  spirit.  Occasionally,  it 
must  be  admitted,  Mr.  Strong  allows 
himself  too  great  a  licence,  as  in  the  line 

Elle  babille  aiusi  qu'un  nioineau  franc, 
where  his  loose  version, 

Clear  as  the  lark,  she  trills  her  silver  lays, 
is  in  effect  a  mistranslation,  and  quite 
fails  to  suggest  the  idea  contained  in  the 
French.  But  generally,  where  the  author 
has  employed  this  freedom,  he  shows,  by 
that  very  act,  his  real  comprehension  of 
the  poet  whose  ideas  he  is  rendering. 
It  is  rarely  that  we  can  cavil,  for  at  each 
departure  from  the  strict  word  he  becomes, 
if  possible,  more  true  to  his  original  in 
the  spirit.  A  due  consideration  of  the 
difference  that  exists  between  French  and 
English  modes  of  expression  has,  perhaps, 
contributed  to  this  result.  Nevertheless, 
it  is  a  method  that  could  not  be  applied 
to  all  poets.  Mr.  Strong,  employing  it  in 
the  case  of  Banville,  has  preserved  the 
whole  sense  of  his  poet's  meaning.  A 
similar  freedom  of  rendering  cannot  be 
applied  to  the  realism  of  Villon. 

The  second  respect  in  which  the  author 
has  shown  his  capacity  is  in  his  complete 
mastery  of  the  Ballade — that  most  diffi- 
cult of  all  "  poemes  a  forme  fixe."  as 
Banville  himself  admits  in  his  '  Petit 
Traite  de  Poesie  Franchise.'  He  is  especi- 
ally happy  in  his  refrains,  as  the  following 
examples  will  show  : — 

Mais  a  present,  e'est  bien  tini  de  rire. 
Now,  well-away, 'tis  over  late  to  laugh  .' 

Pouniuoi  je  vis  2    Pour  l'amour  du  laurier. 
I  love  tht  laurel,  ela  my  soul  wen  dead. 

Embarquons-nous  pour  la  belle  Cythere. 
Up  tail,  "if/  over  to  tht   Magic  1J<  I 

Li  mer  aux  tints  tumultueux,  la  mer  ! 
Tin   -"<  with  all  tin   rurging  waves,  tin   ua 

Speaking  of  the  Ballade,  Banville  re- 
marks in  his  Preface  (translated  by  the 
author)  : — 

••  it  has  this  crowning  merit,  thai  a  really 
well-made  Ballade  |  »3 .  ol   Villoi 
have  cost  no  effort,  bul  to  have    blossomed 
forth  like  a  flower. 

This  is  true  of    Bam  ille's  own    Ballad)  - 
h  Lb  no  less  true  of  Mr.  Strong's.     In  spite 
of  the  inherent  difficulties  of  this  metrical 
form,  aggravated  bj   the  restrictions  thai 

beset   .i    translator     in   spite    I f  the 

closeness    of    rendering   thai    has  for  the 
most  pai t  been  oba  >  ■■■•  d     these  Ball 
do  not  read  like  translations     T  ike,  for 


St    ng's 


instance,     the     following     lines     tnuii     the 

Ballade  a  >a  Femme  '  : — 

Pour  la  douleur  donl  j'ai  louvent  -■•mi, 
Kile  s'enfuit,  \  iaiou  meneougei  i  ! 
(iraoe  a  toi  aeuln  el  toua  ton  souffle  ami, 
Bile  s'en  va  d'une  aile  paaaagi  re, 
la  je  I'oublie  ainai  qu'un*  i e. 

Then  for  the  pain  thai  often  eexeth  me, 
It  Hies  apace,  and  i^  but   I  nare, 

Thanks  to  the  healing  breath  and  touch  ol  I 
A  bird  ol  fleeting  w ing  thai  thou  'I"  I 
A  sojourner  hia  host  oan  gailj  span  ! 

Or,    again,    this    from    the    '  Ballade    ol     a 

Fair  Amazon  (in  marble)  '  : — 

Notre  age  affreui  totu  la  triateaae  ploie; 

Cette  bium^nide  a  Fail  •  !<•  lui  aa  ] a, 

II  est  malade,  il  veut  an  m&leoiu. 
Ah  pour  guerir  le  mal  qui  le  loudroie, 
Souris,  Guerriere,  et  Eau  voir  ton  beau  s,  in. 

Our  sickly  age  is  lull  of  groana  and  tears, 

No   kindly   leeoh   its  cry   [or   beating   lieu-. 

The  spectre  Grief  doth  '•till  our  waya  infest, 

Then  heal  the  ill   that   all  our  manhood   -■ 
Smile,  maid  at  ai  ins,  and  bare    thy  lovely   br« 

Lastly.  .Mr.  Strong  has  just  the  light- 
ness of  touch,  the  sense  of  rhythm  and 
facility  of  diction,  that  we  find  in  his 
model.     With   what    a    Bubtle  knack    be 

has  turned  the  following  two  line-,  which 
are  by  no  means  so  easy  to  render  a-  they 
are  simple  to  read  ! 

Ce  sont  troia  Boeurs,  troia  blondes,  maie  I. 
Est  un  peu  t'auve,  et  Lise  eat  un  peu  roua  e. 

The  three  are  sisters  :    eaoh  hath  sunny  hair, 
Yet  May's  is  touched  with  ^<>ld,  Lucy'-  with  tire. 

The  following  stanza  from  the  '  Ballade 
of    the    -Mystic    Denizens    of    the    Forest  ' 
will    give    some    idea     of    Mr 
quality : — 

Their  tresses  twined  with  fairy  obapletin) 
The  dun  white  sylph  and  frolic  kelpie  glide 

In  morris  '.ray  athwart  the  lairs   rings, 
And   the  red  dwarf,   his  hair  in  elfloeka   ' 
Sports  with   tin-  nixy   wan.   In-   lisBom   bride. 
And  'neatb  the  moon  a  flitting  form  i-  i 
And  by  the  rivers  edge  are  heard  again 

Shy  Footsteps  under  which  the  ivy  sways, 
A  muffled  groan,  a  aigh,  a  soli  of  pain 

'Tis  night,  and  Dian  roams  the  woodland  v.  • 

In  a  work  of  such  general  excellf  QC6 
there  is  little  to  criticize.  The  only 
point  to  which  exception  might  I" 
is  the  use  of  French  rhymes.  The  canon 
which  has  been  observed  by  Mr.  An-tin 
;  Dobson  and  the  best  Rnglish  Ballade- 
writers  prohibits  the  use  of  such  rhymes 
in  the  same  stanza.  Mr.  Strong  is 
generally  careful  to  conform  to  this 
rule,     hut     twice     he     is    caught     napping 

— in  the  eighth  Ballade  and  in  the  thirty- 
fourth.  In  the  former  case  this  breach 
of  the   rule   i-.   perhaps,  excusable 

does  not    offend,    hut    in   the   lattei 

amounts  to  a   defect.     The  volumi 
have  gained  in  interest    had  the   I 

te\t      al-o     Keen     pllllt'd.        TIm     .hi'  '       | 

no  cause  to  fear  a  comparison  w i'h 
original,  and  it  would    be  an  added 

to    note    the    -kill    with    which    di" 

have  been  overcome. 

This    weak    W  ill.  We    hope,    do 

t,.    dispel     the     und<  served     a 
this  countrj   of  a   poet    w  bo  w 

mean-      tin-      80lt  I  the 

literarj    rope  dancer      that    h< 
called   bj    people  wno 

I  do  not  lib    and  appan  mi 

I.  him 
I    ■me,, |-  \   ill, ,11    tfa<    sllhj.  ,   I  "(  tl.. 

books  here  under  notii  e,  I. 

one  ot  >he  pi,  tin, 


54 


Til  E     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,  1914 


Sentimental  and  unscholarly  admirers,  no 
less  than  academic  detractors,  have  de- 
lighted in  associating  fables  and  legends 
with  his  name,  and  scientific  research  has 
only  lately  made  it  possible  to  form  a  de- 
finite picture  of  the  poet's  life.  M.  Auguste 
Longnon  was  the  first  to  clear  the  ground 
and  to  establish  authenticated  facts. 
In  spite,  however,  of  his  diligence 
and  enthusiasm,  these  facts  are  lament- 
ably few,  and  it  remained  for  M. 
Marcel  Schwob  and  M.  Pierre  Champion 
to  contribute  to  our  knowledge  of  Villon's 
life,  in  the  same  way  as  Dr.  Byvanck 
contributed  to  our  comprehension  of  his 
work.  Dr.  Byvanck  held  that  no  satis- 
factory estimate  could  be  formed  of 
Villon's  poems  without  a  complete  know- 
ledge of  the  other  literature  of  the  period, 
and  in  treating  the  poems  essentially  in 
relation  to  fifteenth-century  French  litera- 
ture, he  was  able  to  elucidate  much  that 
was  obscure  and  to  discover  beauties  pre- 
viously unsuspected.  Similarly,  to  under- 
stand and  sympathize  with  the  vagabond 
poet's  life,  we  must  know  the  world  he 
lived  in  and  realize  his  relation  to  it.  "  II 
fauldroit  avoir  este  de  son  temps  a  Paris, 
et  avoir  congneu  les  lieux,  les  choses,  et 
les  hommes  dont  il  parle,''  wrote  Clement 
Marot  in  1533,  and  M.  Marcel  Schwob 
devoted  years  of  patient  labour  to  the 
attempt  to  reconstitute  this  Paris  of 
Villon's  day  and  bring  to  life  again  the 
men  and  women  who  lived  in  it.  At  his 
death  M.  Pierre  Champion  took  up  his 
uncompleted  task,  and  after  seven  years 
of  study  and  research  has  produced  an 
admirable  book  on  Villon's  Life  and  Time. 

M.  Champion  has  had  access  to  sources 
previously  unexplored,  notably  the  copies 
of  the  registers  of  the  Chatelet  by  Du 
Fourny,  and  by  their  aid  he  has  succeeded 
in  resuscitating,  not  only  the  disreputable 
companions  of  the  poet's  youth — "  clercs," 
"  ecoliers,"  and  "  filles."  in  their  setting 
of  "  cabaret  "  and  "  taverne  " — but  also, 
as  he  claims  in  his  Preface,  "  toute  une 
societe  bourgeoise,  de  gens  de  finance  et 
de  droit,  que  Frangois  frequenta."  Thanks 
to  M.  Champion,  the  "  legataries  "  of  the 
immortal  '  Testament  '  are  no  longer 
mere  names  to  us,  but  have  become  human 
personalities,  part  of  a  complete  and 
organic  society  epitomizing  a  city  and 
an  age. 

In  touch  with  this  society,  but  outside 
it  and  alone,  we  see  the  pathetic  figure  of 
the  poet :  wild  and  debonair  in  his  youth, 
bruised  and  enfeebled  in  the  old  age  which 
came  to  him  at  thirty ;  and  we  realize  that 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  as  indeed  to-day, 
life  in  defiance  of  Society,  and  without 
its  protection,  was  a  tragi-comic  fight 
in  which  a  man  of  sensibility  was  bound 
to  be  broken  and  destroyed.  This  is  the 
fundamental  significance  of  Villon's  beau- 
tiful work.  We  must  know  the  society 
which  surrounded  him  in  order  to  realize 
that  his  work  was  more  than  an  expres- 
sion of  its  "  Weltanschauung  "  ;  he  sang 
the  creed  of  the  outcasts  of  all  lands 
and  times.  His  creed  was  not  that  of  the 
Court  rhymester  or  the  popular  painter, 
neither  was  it  that  of  the  giants  among 
men  ;    but  it  was  the  creed  of  Heine  and 


of  Verlaine,  and  of  half  the  artists  whose 
work  we  treasure  since  the  world  began. 

Villon  paid  dearly  for  his  creed  and  for 
his  defiance  of  Society,  but  even  so  he 
enjoyed  a  measure  of  good  fortune.  The 
arm  of  the  law  was  heavier  in  the 
fifteenth  century  than  it  is  to-day,  and 
the  poet  saw  more  than  one  of  his  com- 
panions condemned  to  the  gibbet.  But 
his  personal  sufferings  only  fostered  that 
love  of  humanity  which  breathes  through 
his  poems,  and  underlies  his  bitterest 
laments  ;  his  humour  never  deserted  him  ; 
he  knew  men  and  the  hearts  of  men ; 
and,  in  spite  of  his  protestations,  he  knew 
himself.  His  poems  are  not  merely  bril- 
liant literary  achievements,  but  are  rather 
a  forceful  expression  of  a  psychology  at 
once  personal  and  universal.  No  poet 
ever  gave  more  of  himself  than  Villon, 
and  his  work  would  have  been  impossible 
had  his  life  been  other  than  it  was.  He 
too  might  have  sung — 

Aus  meinen  grossen  Schmerzen 
Maeb  ich  die  kleinen  Lieder. 

M.  Champion  writes  in  the  character- 
istic manner  of  a  French  savant,  covering 
the  dry  bones  of  erudition  with  a  delicate 
and  entertaining  style,  and  this  study  of 
Villon  and  his  times  is  a  valuable  contribu- 
tion to  the  "  Bibliotheque  du  XVs  Siecle." 
The  book  is  excellently  produced  and 
printed,  contains  charming  photographs 
from  manuscripts  of  the  period,  and 
reproduces  the  title-pages  of  several  early 
editions  of  the  '  Testament.' 

The  student  of  Villon  who  looks  for  an 
elucidation  of  passages  that  have  baffled 
him  in  'The  Poems  of  Frangois  Villon,' 
translated  by  Mr.  H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole, 
will  be  disappointed.  The  work  is  not 
a  complete  or  exact  rendering.  The 
scheme  of  the  book,  however,  is  well 
devised,  and  the  volume  may  be  recom- 
mended to  persons  with  literary  inclina- 
tions who  wish  to  have  some  general 
knowledge  of  Frangois  Villon,  the  sort  of 
man  he  was  and  the  sort  of  poetry  he 
wrote.  For  the  purposes  of  a  more 
intimate  study  it  is  inadequate. 

The  author  has  certainly  cast  his  work 
in  an  interesting  form.  First  come  the 
Ballades  and  Rondels  in  English  verse. 
The  French  text  of  these  is  given  in  an 
Appendix.  The  main  body  of  the  book 
gives  the  French  text  of  the  two  '  Testa- 
ments,' on  the  left-hand  pages,  and  a 
prose  summary  in  English  on  the  right. 
It  is  here  that  a  considerable  success  has 
been  achieved,  if  we  regard  the  work  as 
composed  for  the  edification  of  "  the 
general,"  to  whom  an  exact  translation  i 
of  all  the  huitains  would  be  but  caviare. 
The  more  interesting  of  these  are  ren- 
dered literally  ;  of  the  others  a  brief  sum- 
mary only  is  given.  Here  and  there 
obscure  references  are  explained,  but  the 
author  has — wisely,  we  think — refrained 
from  confusing  his  reader  with  a  mass  of 
erudition  and  conjecture.  He  has  obvi- 
ously consulted  Lacroix's  edition  of  the 
poet,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  under- 
taken much  original  research.  For  in- 
stance, he  repeats  that  commentator's 
assertion    that    the    receipt    for    "  ceufs 


perdus  "  is  to  be  found  in  Taillevent, 
where  a  diligent  search  has  failed  to  dis- 
cover it.  The  result,  however,  is  good. 
The  reader  has  the  opportunity  of  skim- 
ming, so  to  speak,  over  '  Le  Grand  Testa- 
ment,' and  viewing  it  as  a  whole. 

It  is  in  his  verse  translations  that 
Mr.  Stacpoole  is  disappointing,  the  more 
so  as  there  are  indications  in  his  admirable 
Introduction  that  he  has  formed  a  very 
real  appreciation  of  Villon's  writings.  He 
knows  wherein  lies  the  poet's  especial 
excellence  :  "  He  says  horrible  things,  he 
says  sordid  things,  and  he  says  beautiful 
things,  but  he  says  one  thing  always — 
the  truth."     Again  : — 

"  He  is  the  only  French  poet  who  is 
entirely  real  ;  all  the  rest  are  tinged  with 
artifice,  and  his  reality  is  never  more  vividly 
apparent  than  when  it  is  conveyed  in  the 
most  artificial  and  difficult  form  of  verse." 

So  we  were  led  to  hope  that  a  translator 
had  arisen  who  would  give  us  a  version 
as  clear-cut  as  his  original,  where  all 
superfluous  lines  had  been  removed,  as 
in  a  drawing  by  Phil  May.  But  this  is 
just  what  Mr.  Stacpoole  has  not  done. 
His  verse  translations  are  more  like  para- 
phrases. Exactitude  is  the  first  requisite 
in  the  translation  of  a  poet  who  writes  of 
obtuse  wits  as  "  esguisez  comme  une 
pelote,"  or  of  skeletons  swinging  from 
the  gibbet  as  "  plus  becquetez  d'oyseaulx 
que  dez  a  couldre."  It  will  not  do  to 
render  such  a  line  by 

More  dented  than  the  fruit  that  beaks  revolve, 
as  Mr.  Stacpoole  does,  or  even,  for  that 
matter,  by 

More  peeked  of  birds  than  fruits  on  garden  wall, 
which  is  Swinburne's  version.  That  "  dez 
a  couldre  "  is  of  the  essence  of  Villon,  and 
should  be  faithfully  rendered  in  the 
English. 

A  translator  of  the  works  of  this  par- 
ticular poet  should  be  careful  never  to 
introduce  ideas  not  found  in  the  text, 
nor  should  he  omit  any  idea  that  is  there. 
In  both  these  respects  Mr.  Stacpoole  is  an 
offender,  with  the  result  that  his  lines  are 
not  suggestive  of  a  poet  whose  every  word 
is  incisive.  Much  more  time  and  care 
should  have  been  expended  on  these 
verse  translations,  if  they  were  intended  to 
give  a  true  impression  of  Villon's  poetry 
and  way  of  thought.  Moreover,  Mr. 
Stacpoole  is  not  always  comfortable  in 
the  ballade  :  sometimes  he  does  not 
observe  the  metre  he  has  adopted  ;  often 
he  is  in  difficulty  with  his  rhymes,  and 
introduces  unwarrantably  many  an  idea 
of  his  own  and  many  a  pointless  adjective 
to  get  him  out  of  his  quandary  ;  for  in- 
stance, "  joues  peaussues  " — "lips  like 
weeds  from  Seine  "  ;    or 

Orpheus,  le  doux  menestrier, 
Jouant  de  flustes  et  musettes, 

rendered  : — 

Orpheus,  who  could  thrill 

With  pipe  and  flute  the  mountains  grey. 

It  is,  therefore,  not  surprising  to  find  him 
more  at  his  ease  in  the  poem  of '  The  Shep- 
herd and  the  Shepherdess,'  attributed  to 
Villon,  but  certainly  written  in  the  more 
flowery  style  of  a  later  date. 

There  are  signs  also  of  lack  of  care  in 
the    revision    of    the    proof-sheets.     The 


No.  4498,  Jan.   10,  li)U 


Til  E     A  T  II  i:  \    Kl"  M 


.).) 


punctuation  occasionally  obsourea  the 
meaning;     and    misprints  and  Boleoisms 

occur,  such  as  "  Of  she  who  was  the 
king's  mistress."  Elsewhere  "  we  is 
similarly  used  for   us.     These  blemishes 

are  annoying  in  an  otherwise  attractive 
book.  It  is  fair,  however,  to  add  that 
the  French  text  shows  signs  of  much  more 
careful  revision. 

But  Mr.  Stacpoole  is  guided  by  the 
right  spirit  ;  and  lovers  of  Villon  will 
thank  him  for  his  sparkling  Introduction, 
•in  which  he  deals  roundly  with  Gautier's 
half-hearted  applause,  and  has  strong 
words  concerning  Stevenson's  article  on 
Villon,  which  Gaston  Paris  has  more 
mildly  described  as  "  une  vigoureuse  eau- 
forte. — un  peu  trop  poussee  au  noir 
seuleinent." 


Kindred  and  Clan.  By  Bertha  Surtees 
Phillpotts.  "  Cambridge  Archaeological 
.aid  Ethnological  Series."  (Cambridge 
University  Press,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Miss  Phillpotts*s  book  is,  alike  in  scope 
and  in  quality,  exactly  what  a  student 
w  hose  special  calling  is  research  ought  to 
aim  at  producing.  A  definite  problem  is 
proposed  for  solution,  namely,  "  to  dis- 
cover how  long  the  solidarity  of  the 
kindred  survived  as  a  social  factor  of 
importance  in  the  various  Teutonic  coun- 
tries." Here  then,  in  the  first  place,  a 
more  or  less  well-marked  ethnological 
province  is  selected  for  exploration,  so 
that  the  use  of  the  comparative  method 
is  not  attended  by  its  peculiar  bane, 
the  risk  of  mistaking  analogy  for  homo- 
logy ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  instead 
of  a  speculative  treatment  of  prehistoric 
origins,  a  piece  of  sound  inductive  work 
i-  forthcoming  in  regard  to  a  stage  of 
development  that  comes  within  the  range 
of  documentary  evidence. 

Xow  Miss  Phillpotts  makes  no  attempt 
to  conceal  from  her  readers  at  the  outset 
that  the  institution  under  investigation — 
to  which  solidarity  and  social  influence 
must  be  attributable  in  no  insignificant 
measure  if  her  labours  are  to  bear  fruit 
at  all — is  one  of  a  somewhat  intangible 
kind.  When  a  large  group  of  kinsmen  is 
organized  on  an  agnatic  basis,  we  are  fully 
justified  in  speaking  of  a  *'  clan-system." 
Thus  in  the  little  republic  of  Ditmarschen 
the  Slachte,  agnatic  organizations  of  the 
kind,  were  all-in-all.  They  built  the 
great  dykes  in  the  tenth  and  eleventh  cen- 
turies, and  so  obtained  possession  of  re- 
claimed marsh-lands  of  the  greatest  value. 
They  even  governed  the  state  up  to  the 
year  1447.  Amongst  themselves,  too. 
they  formed  powerful  alliances,  while 
they  were  equally  competent  to  conclude 
treaties  with  foreign  enemies  on  their 
own  account.  In  every  way,  then,  it  was 
the  interest  of  the  individual  to  be  con- 
nected  by  birth  or  by  adoption  with  such 
i  brotherhood.  On  his  behalf  all  the 
fighting-men  of  the  kin  would  1m-  prepared 
to  risk  life  and  limb  ;  though,  conversely, 
he  could  not  compose  a  quarrel  with  a 
memlxT  of  another  group,  except  with 
the    consent    of    the    united    body    of    bis 


kinsmen.  The  manslayer,  indeed,  is  pri- 
marily responsible  for  the  blood-fine,  bis 
immediate    relatives    stepping    in    if    bis 

own  means  are  insufficient.  On  the 
other  hand,  when  it  is  a  question  of  taking  i 
in  place  of  giving,  the  rest  of  the  Slachte 
are  ready  enough  to  claim  a  portion  of 
the  wergild.  Another  illustration  of  the 
strength  of  the  clan  in  Ditmarschen  is 
to  be  found  in  the  system  of  corporate 
oath-taking,  whereby  as  many  as  500 
men  might  come  forward  at  once  to  hack 
the  statement  of  one  of  the  brethren, 
even  in  regard  to  a  matter  of  which  t hex- 
could  have  no  personal  knowledge  what- 
ever. 

Unfortunately  for  the  purposes  of  free- 
and-easy  research,  such  a  close-knit,  ag- 
natic organization  proves  to  be  unique  in 
Teutonic  lands.  If,  as  happens  amongst 
the  vast  majority  of  the  Teutonic  peoples 
as  they  come  within  the  purview  of  our 
records,  kindred  is  reckoned  through 
both  parents,  the  agnatic  clan  becomes  a 
sheer  impossibility.  Seeing  that,  in  Mait- 
land's  phrase,  the  trunk  of  a  fresh  arbor 
consanguinitatis  comes  into  being  with 
each  successive  generation,  we  get  no 
more  than  a  wechselnde  Sippe,  a  "  fluctuat- 
ing group  "  ;  and  this  is  bound  to  fall 
short  altogether  of  the  true  clan,  since  it 
can  own  no  name,  no  permanent  organiza- 
tion, and  no  chief. 

As  if  to  emphasize  the  indistinctness  of 
her  subject  at  the  outset,  Miss  Phillpotts 
starts  upon  her  quest  in  precisely  that 
corner  of  Teutondom  where  positive 
results  are  hardest  to  come  at.  The  pro- 
verbial chapter  on  the  snakes  of  Iceland 
might  almost  as  well  have  had  survivals 
of  kin-organization  for  its  subject.  The 
wergild-custom,  to  which  both  the  earlier 
and  the  later  sagas  can  be  made  to  bear 
wdtness,  appears  to  recognize  the  principle 
of  individual  responsibility  with  hardly 
any  qualification.  The  slayer  himself 
pavrs  ;  or  else  some  near  relative,  or  per- 
haps his  chief,  does  it  for  him.  The  mass 
of  his  kinsmen  are  altogether  unaffected  ; 
nor  does  it  happen,  as  in  Ditmarschen. 
that,  if  unwilling  to  give  out,  the  group 
retains  a  taste  for  taking  in.  Moreover, 
the  fundamental  law  of  any  genuine  clan- 
system,  that  within  the  kindred  itself 
there  cannot  arise  any  question  of  wergild, 
is  non-existent  in  Iceland.  Curiously 
enough,  however,  an  early  law  dealing 
with  the  division  of  wergild,  entitled 
Baugatal,  prescribes  an  elaborate  system 
of  payments  to  kinsmen  down  to  fourth 
cousins.  It  can  only  be  supposed  that  it 
formed  part  of  the  body  of  laws  origin- 
ally brought  over  in  the  year  930,  and 

became  a  dead  letter  almosl  at  once. 
Owing  to  the  faci  that  the  colonists  had 
mostly  left  their  kindreds  In-hind  them. 

To  turn  to  Norway    the  evidence  rag 
geste  that,  even  before  the  settlemenl  of 
Iceland,   the  decline   of   tribal   solidarity 
was  far  advanced.     By  the  close  ai  the 

thirteenth     century,     at     all     e\ent-      the 

responsibility  of  the  km  in  the  matter  of 
the  wergild  Lb  entirely  at  an  end.  Tribal 
principles,  in  fact  sun  ive,  if  at  all,  only 
in    the    custom    relating    to    odai    land. 

I.    nd    which    had    been    inherited    from    a 


grandfather  -   grandfather   could    not    '.. 

alienate  d  mill  88  lir-t  offen  d  to  the  .  d.d 
Bharers  that  is.  the  entire  hod\  ,,| 
iclati  d  descendants. 

In   Sweden   ami    Denmark,   on   the    con- 
trary,   the    Wergild    laws    tend    to    imp 

responsibility  on  the  full  body  of  kinsmen 
without    differentiating   between   agnates 
and    cognates.     Prom    North    Germany, 
Holland.    Belgium,  and    France   the  evi- 
dence  is  more   confusing,  owing   to   the 

diversity  of  races  and  ol  political  condi- 
tions; hut.  nevertheless,  Bliss  I'hill- 
potts  s  meticulous  researches  yield  proofs 
of  the  influence  of  kin-solidarity  at  every 
turn.  Let  us  note  in  passing  that  in 
Normandy  the  kindreds  disappear  almosl 
completely,  feudalism  brooking  no  rival 
system. 

Finally,  as  regards  England,  the  whole 

case  that  can  be  made  out  for  Survivals 
of  kinship-SOlidarity  comes  to  very  little. 

Freely    admitting    this,    Bliss    Phillpotts 

calls  attention  to  the  extraordinary  fact 
that  Anglo-Saxon  literature  appears  to 
contain  no  word  signifying  "  eou-m  ' 
while  later  on  the  English  found  it  net 
sary  to  borrow  the  word  from  the  French. 
To  Scandinavian  influence  may  he  ascribed 
the  institution  of  twelve  sureties  of  the 
kin  in  wergild  treaties.  As  for  the  .Nor- 
man Conquest,  no  revival  of  the  kindred 
could  be  expected  from  that  quarter.  It 
the  Norman  kings  and  their  lawyers  show 
no  special  animus  against  Saxon  kindreds, 
it  is  merely  because  there  were  none  to 
suppress — none,  at  any  rate,  capable  ol 
forming  a  rallying-point  for  insurrection 
In  a  masterly  conclusion  .Miss  Phillpotts 
essays  the  task  of  characterizing  in  general 
terms  the  nature  of  the  influence  exer- 
cised by  the  Teutonic  kindred,  a-  ah.. 
that  of  discovering  amongst  the  multi- 
tude of  conditions  the  chief  cause  of  its 
decline.  The  nature  of  its  influence, 
she  finds,  is  summed  up  in  the  word  demo- 
cratic. It  belonged  to  a  time  when  class, 
differentiation  had  scarcely  begun,  and. 
while  it  lasted,  its  effect  was  to  keep  the 
strong  man  from  rising  to  wealth  and 
power     at     the     expense     of     his     Weaker 

brethren.  As  thief  cause  of  the  decline 
of  this  levelling  influence  of  the  kin  she 
Suggests  migration.  It  is.  at  all  events, 
significant  that  in  Southern  Sweden 
Denmark,  and  Schleswig-Holstein,  which 
archaeology  and  philology  alike  point  to 
as.  from  the  Stone  \_,  onwards  the 
breeding-ground    ol    the    Teutonic    ra 

the    solidarity    of    the    kin  M>tcin    .an    l» 

shown  to  have  persisted  longest.  Let  it 
be  remembered  that  this  was  a  fluctu 
ing  t  \  pe  ot  km  no i  a  group  with  one  n  one 
and  one  chief,  Buch  a-  might  i  orporat* 
migrate  to  a  new  land  and  then-  continue 
to  ke.p  m  tou.h.  For  mother's  an. I 
fathei  -  people  to  I"    ot  .m\   u 

other,   the    hoiid    <>t    |...aht\     mu-t    i.in.on 

unbroki  n  Wh«  ther  tin-  vet)  n  ason  tble 
hypothesis  will  hold  it-  own  .i_'.umt 
other  int.  i  pretat  ioni  of  the  fa.  t  remains 
t<,  in-  -.en  ;  hut  there  i  an  in-  no  doubt 
that  Miss  Phillpotts'^  presentation  of  h.  i 

.    will  not   Im-  impugned  on  th< 
either  of  it-  thoroughness  or  of  its  model 
t  ion 


56 


TIT  E     AT  II  KNilUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,   1914 


Ancient   T own-Planning.     By   F.    Haver- 
field.     (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  6/  net.) 

Town-planning,  after  a  prolonged  eclipse 
due  to  the  centuries  of  disorder  and 
the  centuries  of  laisser  faire,  has  once 
more  begun  to  take  rank  as  an  art  or  even 
a  science.  Nobody  could  be  better  quali- 
fied than  Prof.  Haverfield,  with  his  long 
experience  of  excavations  and  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  bypaths  of  archaeological 
literature,  to  collect  and  present,  as  he 
does  here,  the  lessons  of  antiquity  in  this 
direction  for  an  age  which,  as  he  observes, 
somewhat  resembles  the  Hellenistic  and 
Roman  eras  in  their  more  enlightened  care 
for  the  well-being  of  the  individual.  In 
spite  of  great  learning,  he  achieves  lucidity 
in  the  exposition  of  his  subject — a  lucidity 
which  may  even  prove  a  source  of  danger 
to  the  student,  by  obscuring  from  him  the 
fact  that  many  of  the  conclusions  reached 
are  based  upon  debatable  details. 

Until  the  advent  of  our  garden  cities, 
one  may  say  that  in  almost  all  cases  of 
deliberate  town-planning — from  Bab}don, 
as  Herodotus  describes  it,  to  its  lineal 
descendant,  the  Philadelphia  of  William 
Penn — the  straight  line  and  right  angle 
prevailed,  and  mark  the  difference  between 
civilization  and  barbarism.  Athens,  in- 
deed, in  all  its  glory,  was  nearly  as  bad 
as  a  mediaeval  town,  with  its  admixture 
of  splendid  public  buildings  and  mean, 
ill-grouped  houses.  But  when  the  art 
of  laying  out  towns  began  to  be  deliber- 
ately practised  in  Greece  towards  the 
end  of  the  fifth  century  B.C.,  by  Hippo- 
damus  of  Miletus  and  others,  it  was  from 
the  examples  of  Asshur,  Nineveh,  and 
Babylon  that  architects  drew  their  inspira 
tion,  and  adopted  their  design  of  rect- 
angular blocks  of  houses  in  streets  running 
parallel  or  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
with  one  broad  processional  highway. 
This  design  was  regularized  into  the  chess- 
board pattern  of  the  Alexandrian  period. 
For  the  Macedonian  conquerors,  who 
filled  many  cities  in  Asia  Minor  with 
disbanded  soldiery,  founded  them  on 
rigid  lines  of  regular  squares,  such  as  the 
spade-work  of  German  archaeologists  has 
revealed  at  Priene  and  Miletus,  and  such 
as  were  adopted  by  the  military  colonists 
of  the  Roman  Empire.  St.  John,  when 
he  strove  to  outline  the  ideal  city  of 
the  new  heaven  and  the  new  earth,  could 
only  echo  the  achievement  of  Alexander 
and  his  generals — a  city  lying  four-square, 
the  length  as  large  as  the  breadth.  The 
Roman  cam}),  according  to  Polybius, 
followed  the  pattern  of  t-  a  city  " — that 
is,  the  chessboard  pattern  of  the  cities 
of  the  Macedonian  world. 

That,  however,  was  not  the  shape  of 
the  early  Italian  towns,  and  Mr.  Haver- 
field discusses  in  his  usual  cautious  and 
clear-headed  way,  in  the  light  of  Roman 
customs,  religion,  land  -  settlement,  and 
war,  and  with  the  examples  of  Rome, 
Pompeii,  Modena,  Piacenza,  and  the 
Terramare  before  his  eyes,  how  far  the 
Romans  were  influenced  in  their  town- 
planning  by  Etruscan  ritual  and  Graeco- 
Macedonian  fashion.  He  concludes  that, 
before  the  end  of  the  Republic,  an  earlier 


irregular,  Italian  style  had  been  super- 
seded by  a  Graeco  -  Italian  rectangular 
fashion  of  town-planning.  The  towns  of 
modern  Europe,  however,  are  the  heirs 
of  the  Middle  Ages,  not  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  With  few  exceptions  our  streets 
bear  witness,  not  to  the  confidence  born 
of  the  order  and  forethought  of  the 
Roman  military  rule,  but  to  the  fears  of 
the  succeeding  age  of  barbarism  and  dis- 
order, when  towns  shrank  and  citizens 
huddled  close  together  beneath  protecting 
walls  and  castle  and  cathedral-fort. 
Roman  monuments  remain,  and  Roman 
roads  still  bring  traffic  to  the  ancient 
gateways,  but  no  street  in  the  city  of 
London,  scarcely  one  even  in  Rome 
itself,  coincides  with  any  ancient  Roman 
way. 

Yet  the  example  of  the  old  order 
which  has  passed  is  worth  insisting  on, 
for  it  will  stimulate  modern  workers  to 
proceed  on  reasoned  principles  and  by 
definite  rules,  and  not  haphazard  and 
piecemeal,  when  they  attempt  to  deal 
with  the  more  complicated  problems  of 
modern  cities,  the  planning  and  hygiene 
of  the  "  Great  Wens  "  of  to-day.  Students 
of  history  and  workers  for  the  social  weal 
alike  will  appreciate  and  enjoy  Mr.  Haver- 
field's  brilliant  reconstruction  of  past 
schemes. 


Coleridge  and  Wordsworth  in  the  West 
Country.  By  Prof.  Knight.  (Elkin 
Mathews,  7/6  net.) 

Wordswtorth  and,  to  a  less  degree, 
Coleridge,  at  a  comparatively  early  though 
important  period  of  development  in  their 
poetic  career,  seem  to  have  been  specially 
favoured  by  fortune  when  such  patronage 
was  most  needed.  In  1795  Raisley  Cal- 
vert, Wordsworth's  invalid  friend,  died, 
leaving  him  a  legacy  of  nine  hundred 
pounds,  which,  in  view  of  Wordsworth's 
easily  supplied  wants,  would  be  equal 
to  more  than  double  that  amount  to 
most  people.  In  the  same  year,  while  on 
a  visit  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Pinney,  Bristol, 
he  was  offered  by  that  gentleman's  son, 
rent  free,  the  furnished  farmhouse  at 
Racedown,  Dorset.  Less  than  two 
years  later,  during  a  ramble  with  his 
sister  Dorothy  in  the  country  around 
Nether  Stowey,  the  village  in  which  they 
were  the  guests  of  Coleridge,  the  two 
pedestrians  came  across  the  mansion  of 
Alfoxden,  situated  in  a  large  park  "  with 
seventy  head  of  deer"  in  it.  In  the 
course  of  a  fortnight  they  heard  that  the 
house  was  to  let,  and  on  applying  for  it 
became  tenants  at  a  nominal  yearly 
rental  of  twenty-three  pounds,  inclusive 
of  taxes.  "  The  house,"  writes  Dorothy, 
"is  a  large  mansion,  with  furniture 
enough  for  a  dozen  families  like  ours." 
The  advantage  attendant  on  their  occu- 
pancy of  the  mansion  lay,  not  in  having 
a  beautiful  house  in  their  keeping  "  and 
everything  handsome  about  them,"  but 
in  the  character  of  its  surroundings.  A 
detailed  description  is  furnished,  which 
ends  : — 

"  The  Tor  of   Glastonbury  is  before  our 
eyes  during  more  than  half  of  our  walk  to 


Stowey ;  and  in  the  park  wherever  we 
go,  keeping  about  fifteen  yards  above  the 
house,  it  makes  a  part  of  our  prospect." 

The  chief  reason  that  led  the  Words- 
worths  to  migrate  from  Dorset  to- 
Somerset  was  their  wish  to  be  near  their 
friend.  In  Dorothy's  Diary,  written 
during  the  first  five  months  of  1798  while 
at  Alfoxden,  Coleridge's  name  appears- 
Avith  great  frequencj'.  Again  and  again 
we  read  of  Coleridge's  visit  to  their  house t 
or  of  theirs  to  his,  and,  as  if  loath  to  part,, 
of  the  host  accompanying  his  visitor  some 
considerable  distance  on  the  homeward 
journey.  It  was  this  constant  associa- 
tion with  Coleridge  that  occasioned  an 
outburst  of  poetic  energy  on  Words- 
worth's part.  Yet  it  is  probable  that  the 
latter's  influence  on  his  brother-poet  was 
greater  than  the  converse.  Certainly  Cole- 
ridge's reverence  for  Wordsworth's  genius 
was  pronounced.  "  The  giant  Words- 
worth, God  love  him,"  we  read  in  one  of 
his  letters.  And  Charles  Lamb's  reference 
to  his  friend's  idolatry  is  well  known, 
"  Coleridge  has  left  us,  to  go  into  the 
north,  on  a  visit  to  his  God  Wordsworth," 
he  tells  Manning. 

All  this  time,  while  the  friends  were 
giving  up  their  days  and  nights  to- 
poetry  and  philosophy,  they  were  being 
shadowed  by  a  spy,  sent  down  by  the  wise- 
acre in  charge  of  the  Home  Office,  on 
suspicion  of  being  dangerous  characters. 
The  occupants  of  Alfoxden  were  actually 
thought  to  be  French  spies !  Coleridge 
gives  a  humorous  recital  of  this  episode 
in  his  '  Biographia  Literaria.'  The  ac- 
count has  been  discredited  by  biographers,, 
and  Prof.  Knight  appears  to  share  their 
attitude,  but  it  is  beyond  doubt  substan- 
tially true.  An  interesting  paper  on  the 
subject,  written  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Eagleson, 
and  throwing  new  light  on  it,  appeared  in 
The  Nineteenth  Century  for  August,  1908. 
The  article  was  based  on  letters  dealing 
with  the  matter  preserved  in  the  Home 
Office  records.  Unfortunately,  however,  the 
letters  appear  to  be  incomplete,  so  that 
as  yet  the  Avhole  truth  is  not  to  hand. 

Prof.  Knight's  book  is  devoted  to  the 
friendship  of  the  two  poets  while  in  the 
West  Country,  as  well  as  to  their  work 
and  surroundings.  His  endeavour  has. 
been 

"  to  focus  the  existing  material  which  has- 
been  dealt  with  more  particularly  by  the 
late  Mr.  Dykes  Campbell  in  his  '  Life  of 
Coleridge,'  and  the  notes  to  his  edition  of 
the  '  Poems.'  " 

"  I  have  not  referred  [he  proceeds]^ 
except  when  quite  necessarv,  to  my  own 
'Life  of  Wordsworth'  (1889),  to  the  two 
editions  of  his  '  Poems,'  viz.  the  '  Poetical 
Works,'  issued  in  1882-6  by  William  Pater- 
son,  Edinburgh,  and  the  subsequent  Eversley 
edition  of  them,  published  bv  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan  in  1896-7.  All  that  I  had  then  to 
say — either  as  to  Wordsworth  or  Coleridge — - 
was  included  in  these  volumes." 

These  references — or,  rather,  quotations — 
however,  bulk  rather  largely  in  a  work  of 
some  227  pages  of  large  type  and  liberal 
margins  —  constituting,  with  Dorothy 
Wordsworth's  Alfoxden  Diary,  reprinted 
from  the  '  Life,'  not  far  short  of  a  fifth 
of   the    book.      The   work  is  not  meant 


No.  4498,  Jan.   10,   1JU4 


Til  E     AT  II  KN  .El'  M 


for  the  serious  student  of  either  poet,  but 
for  the  general  reader.  No  new  light  is 
sheil  on  Wordsworth  or  Coleridge,  \\ ith  the 
option  of  the  first  chapter — originally 
contributed  to  The  Academy  in  1908 — 
in  which  the  author  strives  to  fix  the 
proximate  date  of  the  first  meeting  of 
the  two  poets.  No  fresh  facta  appear  to 
have  been  discovered.  So  far  back  as 
1896  Mr.  Thomas  Hutehinson  stated,  in 
the  Chronological  Table  which  is  a  fea- 
ture of  his  Oxford  edition  of  '  Words- 
•  worth's  Poetical  Works,'  that  the  place 
of  meeting  was  "  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
Pinney,  Bristol."  and  the  date  "  probably 
late  in  September,  1795."  Prof.  Knight's 
conclusion  is  that  it  took  place  "  in  the 
early  autumn,  viz.  August  or  September 

of    the    year     17!C> in    Mr.     Pinney's 

house  in  (heat  George  Street.''  and  he 
has  recently  found  out  that  the  house 
was  No.  7.  Great  George  Street.  Brandon 
Hill,  Clifton,  which  is  still  standing.  If 
"Wordsworth  came  from  Kacedown  to 
Bristol  to  meet  Coleridge,  ami  we  assume 
that  he  took  over  the  farmhouse  in 
October,  neither  August  nor  September 
ems  to  fit  the  facts  of  the  case. 

There  are  many  blemishes  in  the  book  : 
misprints,  errors  as  to  dates  (possibly  a 
few  of  these  come  also  under  the  previous 
category),  several  errors  as  to  facts,  some 
needless  repetitions,  and  at  least  six  in- 
accuracies in  an  extract  from  Dorothy 
Wordsworth's  letter  to  Miss  Pollard, 
September  2nd.  1795  (pp.  21-2).  This 
excerpt  appears  to  have  been  copied, 
with  all  its  imperfections,  from  the 
author's  '  Life  of  Wordsworth.'  instead  of 
from  his  '  Letters  of  the  Wordsworth 
Family.'  where  the  letter  is.  we  presume, 
•correctly  printed.  In  further  connexion 
with  the  foregoing  letter,  it  is  not  true 
that  "  we  know  from  Dorothy  Words- 
worth's letter  of  Sept.  2.   1705.  that  she 

ind  her  brother  were  with  the  Pinneys  at 
Bristol  about  the  end  of  August.''  What 
is  there  stated  is  that  "  William  is  staying 

....at  present  with  .Mr.  Pinney,"  and 
the    place    whence   Dorothv    wrote     was 

Mill  House,  Halifax.  On  p.  110  the 
reference  to  Dr.  Darwin  is  stated  to 
be  to  the  father,  instead  of  the  grand- 
father, of  Charles  Darwin.  On  p.  96  the 
■author  remarks  that  among  the  visitors 
Nether  Stowey  who  were  drawn  to 
Wordsworth     and     Coleridge     was     De 

Quincey,  who  did  not  visit  the  village 
until  the  summer  of  l*<>7.  At  that  time 
Coleridge  was  in  Bridgwater,  the  town  in 
which  the  introduction  took  place.  It 
•was  not  until  later  in  the  same  year  that 
lie  saw  Wordsworth,  at  Dove  Cottage,  on 
t lie  occasion  of  his  accompanying  Mrs. 
Coleridge  on  the  journey  to  the  North. 
There  is  on  p.  204  a  statement  that 
the   genius   of   Coleridge  was  helped   by 

■  the  Lloyd  legacy."  We  know  of  no 
h    legacy,    and    presume    thai     I'm! 

Knight  is  referring  to  the  annuity  offeerd 
to  Coleridge  by  the  two  brothers  Wedg- 
wood in  1798. 

Readers    will    appreciate    the    aumber 

and  excellence  of  the  illustrations  by  Mr. 
Edmund  H.  Xew. 


My  l.ii<  with  tlu  Eskimo.     By  Vilhjalmur 

Stefansson.        Illustrated.        (Maemillan 

&  Co.,  17/ net.) 

Tills    book    will    be    warmly    welcomed    l>\ 

all  persons  interested  in  the  ethnology 
and  folk-lore  of  the  Eskimo  ;  and  those 
who  are  merely  in  search  of  thrilling  ad- 
venture will  read  it  with  pleasure,  though 
they  will  probably  think  it  too  long. 
Mr.  Stefansson,  indeed,  with  a  daring 
remarkable  in  one  about  to  command  a 
Polar  expedition,  lays  it  down  as  an  axiom 
that  ""  adventures  and  mishaps  seldom 
happen  to  a  competent  man."  He  may 
have  seen  reason  to  modify  this  view  in 
the  last  few  months,  for  the  latest  news 
of  his  ship  is  that  it  was  carried  away  in 
the  drifting  ice  while  the  commander  was 
ashore  with  a  hunting  party,  and  had  not 
been  heard  of  two  months  later.  But 
there  were  many  moments  in  the  expedi- 
tion described  in  this  volume  when  his 
project  of  living  on  the  country  almost 
failed,  and  when  he  was  in  imminent 
danger  of  being  drowned  or  drifted  away 
from  shore  by  the  summer  break-up  of 
the  ice. 

A  note  is  prefixed  to  the  volume  by  the 
publishers  stating  that,  owing  to  Mr. 
Stefansson's  departure  for  the  Far  North. 
he  was  unable  to  read  the  final  proofs. 
This  circumstance  doubtless  accounts  for 
many  repetitions  and  for  some  misprints. 
Mr.  Stefansson  is  no  novice  in  Arctic 
work,  for  in  1006-7  he  spent  two  summers 
and  a  w  inter  on  the  shores  of  the  Beaufort 
Sea.  We  cannot  understand  why  he 
states  that  he  "  never  became  a  member  " 
of  the  Mikkelsen  Expedition.  He  was 
reckoned  as  such  by  the  leader,  although 
he  chose  the  overland  route  instead  of 
sailing  with  the  vessel  ;  he  joined  it  at 
Flaxrnan  Island  on  April  15th,  1907,  and. 
while  occasionally  absent  on  his  own 
special  work,  did  not  leave  it  till  Augusl 
6th. 

The  venture  described  in  this  book 
was  planned  immediately  after  his  return, 
with  the  help  of  the  New  York  Museum 
of  Natural  Eistory,  and  it  extended  over 

the  lour  years  1908  to  1912.  Its  object 
was  mainly  ethnological — to  proceed  to 
the  Beaufort  Sea  by  way  of  the  Mackenzie, 
and  get  in  touch  with  Eskimo  tribes  still 
in  the  primitive  Btage,  who  had  never 
seen  a  white  man.  The  most  favourable 
region  for  the  purpose  was  considered  to 
be  the  mainland  south  of  Dolphin  and 
Union  Straits,  and  Victoria  Island,  north 
of  that  channel.  The  only  other  white 
member  of  the  expedition  was  Dr.  I;  M. 
Anderson,  who  was  occupied  with  zoo- 
logical wort  ■  hut  m  their  wanderings 
the  two  men  were  more  often  separated 
than  in  comp  h  with  some  attend- 

anl    Eskimo  "l   the  more  cv\  ili/<  d  tril 
Mr.  Stefansson  had  already  gained  ■>  fair 
master)  of  the  difncull   Eskimo  Ian 
and  spent  pari  "t  in-  firsl  winter-  m  pei 
fecting  hi-  studies    >t  the  whaling  settle- 
iii,  tit    ,,t    I'omt    Barrow.     II  tem   "f 

living  like  the  natives,  and  nil 
mainly  on  the  produce  of  tin-  i  ill, 
sionalh    resulted    in       hard   tin..-      and 


-■  a  i 


without    the    presence    "i    skilled 

hunters    might     have     had     BerioUS    COD 

quences. 

We  had   plenty  "i   seal   "il     a    $eal*kin 
bag  lull  of  it     and  ol    tin-  ive  ate  all   we 

w  anted  ...  .The  stomach  needs  bulk}   i I; 

it  craves  to  be  filled  with  something.     For 

tllis     reason     we     u-ed     tO     eat      the    oil     soa 

up    in    tea-leaves,    ptarmigan    feathers,  or 

caribou  hair.     Most   c monly  we  used  to 

take  the  long-haired  caribou  -kin.  cul  il  >n 
small  pieces,  dip  the  pieces  in  oil,  and 

them   that    w  ay Vs  for  eat  i 

the    very    thought     IS    an    al iili.it  H  •!  I.       NOl 

that   I  have  any  prejudice  against  do 

as   such;    it   is   probably    very    much    Like 

wi,ll.  and   wolf    I    know    to   be  ■  v  elleiit.       Bui 

on  a   long  hard  sled  trip  the  dogs  become 
your    friends;     they   work    for   you    Bin 
mindedly    and    uncomplainingly. ..  .To    me 

the    death    of    a    dog    thai     ha-    Stood    bj     n  •■ 

in  failure  and  helped  me  to  success  ifi  the 
death    of    a    comrade    in    arms  ;     to    eat     him 

would  he  l»ut  a  -t,  p  removed  ir<>m  cannibal* 
ism." 

Such    a    feeling    docs    .Mr.    Btefai 

credit  :     and    there    were    other    OCCas 

when,  hut  for  the  opportune  appearance 

of  deer  or  a  seal,  his  privation-  would 
have  been  more  severe.  One  is  con- 
strained to  admire  the  easy  confidence 
with  which  he  loaded  his  Bledge  with 
archaeological  specimens  and  trusted  to 
luck  or  his  rifle  for  the  next  meal.  But 
when  he  proceeds  to  contrast  favourably 
his  own  methods,  ami  those  of  Dr.  Rae 
at  Repulse  P>ay  in  1853  (nol  1861 1,  with 
the  '•  helpless  "  starvation  of  the  franklin 
crews    in    what    be   describes   as   a    land   of 

••  comparative  plenty,"  he  is  overlooking 
the  terrible  handicap  of  numbers,  and 
probably  of  disease,  which  destroyed 
Franklin's   men.     We   d<>   not    know    the 

whole    story,     which     could     he    e\pl  lint  d 

simply    from    the    weakening    effects    "t 
scurvy.     Bu1   while  Dr.  Rae-  part} 
-mall,    and    Mr.    Stefan— .»n'-    nevei    ex- 
ceeded eight  or  ten  (of  w  hom  all  but  two 
were    Eskimo,  well  acquainted   with   the 
habits   of    the   animals   to    he    kill,  d),    the 
Franklin  crew-  numbered  105  al  the  time 
they   left    their   ships.      They   would 
no  more  -kill  in  hunting  than  the  avt 
British   seaman  ;    ami    worst   of  all.  not 
one  "t  them  knew  a  word  of  th<    Esl  imo 
language    or  the}    might   have  emplo 

the    few     natix.  -    the}     met     m     pn 

them  -nh-i-tc  in  e.     h   i-  plain,  '"■• 

the  narrative-  of    Rose     Back,  and 

tock.  that  tl  e  countr}    trav<  rs<  d   b} 
retreating  crews   is  aboul    the   woi 
I, an  i,„,t,  .1   game   along   the   whole   i  on- 
t  mental  coast . 

The  feature  ol    Mr    St  fansson 
which  has  attrat  ted  most  attention  i* 
discover}   ol   Borne  \  illaj 
Eskimo,* in  thesouth  : 

a  mark  dh       blond      oi    Euro]  • 
Id-  Bays  thai  about   I  pi 
eyes  ;    man}    ha  brown 

,,  ,|   h  lii     and     ome  light  brown   l> 
while  about   50   p  i   i  ent    l 
ranging  loan  dark  brown  to  n<  arh 
The   first    two  vill 
m    Ma}     I'd'  bo 

had     not       ■  white 

nothin  x  l,: 

which  ted  tin 


58 


T II  E     A  T  II  E  N  M  V  M 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,   1914 


one  old  man  who  remembered  Capt. 
Collinson  wintering  among  his  people  in 
the  Enterprise  in  1852-3.  Mr.  Stefansson 
speculates  in  a  tentative  way  on  the 
possibility  of  this  very  unusual  Eskimo 
type  being  descended  from  a  mixture  of 
the  old  Norse  colonists  of  Greenland,  who 
disappeared  in  the  fifteenth  century,  with 
the  native  race.  The  chief  objection  to 
this  conjecture  is  the  locality  in  which 
the  new  type  is  found.  Dr.  Xansen,  in 
suggesting  that  the  lost  colonists  were 
absorbed  in  the  Greenland  Eskimo,  gives 
some  instances  of  words  in  the  Greenland 
dialect  that  are  plainly  cognate  to  the 
old  Xorse  ;  and  he  hints,  without  speci- 
fying instances,  that  some  of  their  folk- 
lore resembles  the  Scandinavian  myths. 
Mr.  Stefansson,  although  specially  inter- 
ested in  language  and  tradition,  brings 
forward  no  evidence  of  this  kind.  He 
dismisses — rightly,  in  our  opinion — the 
idea  that  the  type  he  describes  can  have 
been  produced  by  contact  either  with 
Franklin's  men  or  with  the  whalers. 
But  when  he  tells  us  that  the  tribe  which 
he  found  looked  far  more  like  Europeans 
than  the  half-breed  Eskimo  of  Alaska 
and  Hudson's  Bay,  he  seems  to  be  prov- 
ing too  much,  and  his  photographs 
scarcely  support  his  statement.  Does 
he  suppose  that  the  Greenland  colonists 
migrated  north  and  west  in  a  body,  and 
maintained  for  some  centuries  an  existence 
independent  of  their  native  neighbours  ? 
If  such  a  thing  Ave  re  conceivable,  it  is 
hard  to  see  why  the  Norsemen  should 
leave  their  own  settlement ;  and  if  they 
were  driven  out  by  the  hostile  pressure 
of  Eskimo  from  the  north,  their  only  place 
of  refuge  would  be  the  eastern  side  of 
Cape  Farewell.  The  instances  given  by 
Mr.  Stefansson  of  earlier  notices  of 
European-like  Eskimo  are  neither  many 
nor  convincing  ;  but  he  omits  one — the 
native  resembling  a  Scandinavian,  who 
was  seen  by  Lieut.  Graah  in  1824  in  the 
most  likely  place,  the  East  Greenland 
coast.  It  is  also  curious  that  Capt. 
Collinson,  who  saw  the  Victoria  Islanders 
in  1852,  was  not  struck  by  the  '■'  blond  " 
features  of  the  tribe,  but  speaks  rather 
of  "  their  aquiline  nose  and  Jewish  cast 
of  countenance."  What  biologists  are 
pleased  to  term  "  accident  "  may  account 
for  the  strain  in  this  locality,  so  that 
when  the  old  Eskimo  said  that  it  was 
"  natural  for  Eskimo  to  have  fair  hair  and 
blue  eA/es,"  he  was  merely  recording  his 
own  limited  experience. 

Mr.  Stefansson  is  by  no  means  clear  as 
to  the  general  line  of  Eskimo  migration. 
He  found  pottery  in  abundance  among  the 
earliest  remains  that  lie  unearthed  ;  and 
he  says  that  the  art  was  known  by  the 
Eskimo  when  they  first  came  to  Alaska 
"  from  the  east.''  But  the  uniform  tradi- 
tion of  the  Smith  Sound  Eskimo  is  that 
they  came  from  the  west ;  and  this 
agrees  with  the  Mongolian  type  of  feature 
prevailing  in  the  great  majority  of  the 
race.  But  whatever  may  be  thought  of 
the  author's  theories,  his  book  will  always 
remain  a  valuable  storehouse  of  facts 
about  the  western  Eskimo,  apart  from  its 
interest  as  a  record  of  intrepid  and  suc- 


cessful travel.  He  explains  the  extreme 
indulgence  shown  to  Eskimo  children  by 
the  fact  that  they  are  supposed  to  be 
:<  possessed  "  by  the  spirits  of  adults 
recently  dead.  His  strictures  on  the 
imperfect  Christianizing  of  the  Eskimo 
strike  us  as  hardly  fair,  if  they  are  meant 
as  a  criticism  of  the  value  to  them  of 
their  new  faith.  Such  inconsistencies  as 
he  exposes  in  many  anecdotes  (some  un- 
necessarily repeated)  may  be  paralleled 
all  over  the  world,  and  are  by  no  means 
confined  to  new  converts,  as  he  seems  to 
suppose.  Dr.  Anderson's  notes  on  the 
zoology  of  the  region  traversed  are  inter- 
esting and  important ;  and  Mr.  Stefans- 
son 's  maps  are  valuable  as  indicating  the 
local  "  habitat "  of  the  various  tribes, 
though  they  are  too  scantily  furnished 
with  English  names. 


Miguel  de  Cervantes  Saavedra.  By  James 
Fitzmaurice-Kelly.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press,  7/6  net.) 

Tins  book  fills  a  gap  in  the  literature  of 
Cervantes.  It  is  a  succinct  account  of  all 
the  now  authenticated  main  facts  of  the 
life  of  the  author  of  '  Don  Quixote,'  with 
its  many  trials  and  troubles,  including 
those  (not  the  least)  in  which  different 
members  of  his  family  appear  to  have  in- 
volved him  whenever  he  was  with  or  near 
them.  It  is  true  that  some  of  them  did 
loyally  subscribe  towards  his  ransom  from 
slavery,  but  one  could  almost  doubt  if 
he  Avere  really  much  happier  afterwards 
in  the  domestic  circle  than  he  Avas  with 
the  Turks. 

This  plain  narrative,  free  from  all 
critical  mention  of  his  Avorks,  and  told  in 
direct  language,  supplies  a  striking  por- 
trait and  a  clear  insight  into  the  nature 
of  a  man  Avho,  genius  as  he  AAas,  was  in 
eA^eryday  affairs  his  own  effective  enemy. 
Undoubtedly,  Cervantes  Avas  singularly 
inept  in  business  matters,  tactless,  and 
ahvays  amiably  ready  to  help  others, 
AA'hether  he  could  help  himself  or  not.  His 
chief  defence  in  the  battle  of  life  was  a 
perfectly  incorrigible  optimism. 

Throughout  the  period  of  his  slavery 
he  made  repeated  attempts  to  escape 
and  to  take  numbers  of  his  companions 
with  him,  and  each  time  he  Avas  betrayed 
by  one  or  other  of  his  accomplices.  When 
in  Government  employ,  he  Avas  continually 
in  hot  Avater ;  and  when  out  of  it,  if  not 
actually  in  gaol,  he  was  frequently  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  Exchequer  officers,  Avho 
urgently  desired  his  attendance  to  settle 
up  accounts.  It  is  fair  to  add  that  Cer- 
ATantes  always  paid  when  he  had  any 
money  to  pay  with,  only  turning  a  deaf 
ear  to  demands  when  he  had  nothing  to 
satisfy  them,  as  was  often  the  case. 

As  for  the  extraordinary  netAvork  of 
financial  and  legal  complications — Avoven 
about  Arery  little  pecuniary  substance — 
into  whiph  he  AAas  from  time  to  time  in- 
veigled by  his  wife,  sister,  and  daughter, 
the  muddle  seems  at  length  to  have 
become  such  that  probably  none  of  the 
parties  concerned  could  have  told  exactly 


how  matters  stood,  and  all  that  is  really 
clear  is  that  Gen-antes  himself  was  the 
only  person  Avho  derived  no  kind  of 
benefit    therefrom. 

At  one  time  he  a\  as  involved  in  a  grave 
scandal  concerning  the  killing  of  a  man, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  and  most  of 
his  family  were  arrested. 

But  throughout  all  these  complica- 
tions and  confusions  poor  Cervantes  seems 
never  to  have  been  guilty  of  anything  like 
intentional  misconduct.  As  Prof.  Fitz- 
maurice-Kelly says  of  him  in  the  Preface,, 
he  Avas  "  one  of  those  rare  men  AA'ho  can 
afford  to  have  the  Avhole  truth  told 
about   them." 

Amid  all  this  storm  and  stress,  often, 
desperately  poor  and  busily  engaged  in 
seeking  such  employment  as  might  keep 
body  and  soul  together,  Cervantes  man- 
aged to  do  literary  Avork.  He  Avas  eA^er 
ready  to  write  or  place  a  sonnet — one  of 
these  Avent  to  adorn  a  treatise  on  kidney 
disease  —  and  the  first  part  of  '  Don 
Quixote  '  appeared  Avhen  he  Avas  close  on 
60  years  old,  the  second  part  tolloAving 
ten  years  later. 

Onh^  once  do  Ave  see  him  anerv  (on  the 
publication  of  the  spurious  second  part  of 
'Don  Quixote').  Evidently  his  optimism 
— described  elsewhere  by  the  author  as 
"  reckless  and  uncalculating  "  —  neATer 
permitted  him  to  Avorry,  and  so  the  world 
became  infinitely  the  richer  by  his  Avork. 

Carefully  compiled  foot-notes  give  the 
evidence  for  statements  in  the  text,  and 
the  book  is  excellently  printed  and  in- 
dexed. 


Chantilly,  in  History  and  Art.     Bat  Louise 
M.  Richter.     (John  Murray,  21/  net.) 

Chantilly  is  but  a  name  to  A^ast  numbers 
of  English  people  Avho  visit  France,  and 
a  name  which  suggests  horse-racing  rather 
than  the  palace  and  pictures  with  Avhich 
Mrs.  Richter  is  concerned  :  but  the 
beautiful  reproductions  of  famous  pictures 
which  her  book  contains  will  undoubtedly 
lead  many  Englishmen  to  cut  a  day  out 
of  their  next  visit  to  Paris  in  order  to 
spend  it  at  the  Musee  Conde. 

Mrs.  Richter's  main  object  has  been 
the  studjr  of  the  Avorks  of  the  French 
fifteenth-  and  sixteenth -century  artists  so 
successfully  collected  by  the  Due  d' Aumale, 
and  once  kept  at  that  Orleans  House  at 
Twickenham  which  is  noAv  empty,  and 
being  offered  for  sale  as  an  "  eligible 
building  site." 

In  some  interesting  pages  the  author 
traces  the  history  of  the  Chateau  and  its 
owners,  from  the  earliest  dates  doAvn  to 
the  present  day.  The  house  built  by  the 
grandson  of  the  Grand  Conde  was  leATelled 
to  the  ground  by  the  mob  during  the  first 
ReArolution,  and  the  only  original  buildings- 
left  are  those  of  the  A7ast  stables.  Mrs. 
Richter  does  not  forget  to  tell  us  of  the 
visits  to  the  Chateau  of  such  men  as 
Bossuet,  Fenelon,  Boileau,  Racine,  Cor- 
neille,  La  Fontaine,  and  Moliere.  Of 
Boileau  there  is  the  tale  that  during  an 
animated  conversation  with  a  prince  he 
'  contradicted  some  statement,  but,  seeing 


No.  4498,  Jan.  in,   n>14 


Til  E     A  Til  KX  .KU.M 


.,\ 


!l 


an  angry  look  on  his  Highness's  face,  he 
became  alarmed,  ami,  making  a  profound 
bow,  said:  "  Je  serais  toujour*  de  L'avis 
de  M.  le  Prince,  surtoul  quand  il  aura 
tort." 

Here,  too.  it  was  that  Vatel  ran  himself 
through  with  his  sword  because  the  fish 
did  not  arrive  in  time  for  dinner:  and  it  was 
also  at  the  same  chateau,  when  Louis  XIV. 
indicated  a  desire  to  obtain  posses- 
sion of  it,  that  Conde  said  to  his  sovereign  : 
."'  Yous  etea  Le  ma  it  re  :  ma  is  j'ai  one  grace 
a  demander  a  votre  Majesty  :  e'est  de  me 
laisser  a  Chantilly  comme  votre  concierge." 
On  which  the  King  had  the  good  taste  to 
desist,  and  to  let  the  Conde  mansion  inspire 
Versailles. 

Mrs.  Kichter  deals  with  the  col- 
lections of  the  Musee  Conde  with  much 
skill,  but  they  are  so  vast  that  any 
Attempt  to  describe  them  in  a  single 
volume  must  end  in  the  compilation  of 
something  very  like  a  catalogue — in  this 
case  an  excellent,  very  readable  catalogue, 
full  of  admirable  comments  on  the  pictures, 
but  still  a  catalogue.  She  has  consulted 
all  the  authorities,  and  gives  a  useful  list 
of  then-  works. 

We  are  puzzled  by  a  chateau  called 
'  Clemonceaux,"  and  presume  that  Che- 
nonceaux  is  meant  ;  and  we  have  de- 
tected some  trifling  inconsistency  in  the 
use  of  accents  ;  but  the  illustrations  alone 
would  make  the  volume  valuable,  and 
those  from  the  ;  Tres  Riches  Heures  du 
Due  de  Berry  '  are  reproduced  in  a  perfect 
manner. 


FICTION. 


Atlantis.  ByGerhartHauptmann.  (Werner 
Laurie,  6/) 

Although  '  Atlantis  '  is  far  behind  its 
author's  '  Emanuel  Quint  '  in  importance, 
it  is,  nevertheless,  a  psychological  study 
from  a  master-hand.  The  subject  of 
redemption  by  suffering  and  by  toil,  the 

dual  release  from  an  overpowering 
obsession,   enables   the   realist   to   be   as 

npulously  accurate  as  he  wishes  in 
his  portraiture  of  human  weakness,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  provide  the  happy 
ending  that  will  to  some  extent  preserve 
readers  from  unpleasant  after-memories 
of  his  essays  in  pathology.  The  hero  of 
'  Atlantis  ' — a  German  doctor — is  one 
whom  mental  stress  and  hard  work 
deliver  from  the  powers  of  evil. 

The  novel  was  written  two  or  three 
years  ago,  and  is  probably  based  on 
Hauptmann's  visit  to  America  in  1892. 
His  hero,  distracted  by  domestic  troubles 
and  by  a  temporary  infatuation  for  a 
young  dancing-girl,  on  learning  the  name 
of  the  boat  in  which  she  and  her  father 
are  to  cross  to  America,  forthwith  hooks 
a  passage  on  the  same  liner.  The  ship 
goes  down  in  mid-Atlantic,  bnt  he  and 
the  dancer  are  rescued,  and  reach  New 
York  on  another  steamer.  More  than 
half  the  lx)ok  i<  occupied  with  the  details 

of  the  voyage.  The  ant  hoi-  conveys  a 
wonderfully  vivid  impression — from  imagi- 


nation, for  the  Titanic  disaster  had  not 
happened   at    the   time    of    writing      of 

the  general  atmosphere  on  the  doomed 
Vessel  before  the  fatal  collision  occurred. 
There  are  no  presentiments  or  omens  ; 
it  is  merely  the  noting  of  innumerable 
points,  trifling  in  themselves,  that  makes 
both  the  imminence  and  the  actuality  of 
the  catastrophe  convincing. 

Hauptmann's  hero  had  studied  philo- 
sophy, and  to  him  America  was  at  first 
little  more  than  a  copious  source  of  ques- 
tions as  to  the  meaning  of  the  universe. 
He  meets  a  number  of  German  friends, 
artists  for  the  most  part,  and  shares  their 
life  and  work.  Finally  the  companionship 
of  a  healthy  woman  decides  his  return  to 
Europe  in  a  state  of  mental  and  moral 
soundness.  But  Hauptmann's  work  is 
itself  largely  written  with  the  purpose  of 
raising  questions,  and  it  is  not  only  from 
the  hero  that  we  receive  hints  of  the 
author's  philosophy  of  life.  For  one  thing 
we  are  grateful :  he  has,  it  would  seem, 
definitely  turned  away  from  the  depress- 
ing naturalism  of  his  earlier  writings. 
Hauptmann  is  an  author  who  has  never 
entirely  succeeded  in  suiting  himself  to 
any  particular  form.  Every  one  of  his 
works  is  to  a  certain  extent  an  experiment. 
Although  his  greatest  successes  have  been 
his  plays,  it  is  possible  that  a  few  years 
will  see  him  with  an  equally  distinguished 
reputation  as  a  novelist.  His  analytical 
powers  scarcely  have  full  play  in  his 
dramas. 

The  translation  is  American,  and  keeps 
fairly  close  to  the  original,  although  we 
have  noticed  slight  interpolations  here 
and  there.  "  He  carried  an  alligator 
portfolio  in  his  waistcoat  pocket "  is 
unfortunate. 


Modem     Lovers.       By     Viola     MeyneU. 
(Martin  Seeker,  6/) 

Miss  Meyxell  again  excites  our  wonder 
by  the  extraordinary  intimacy  she  shows 
in  her  studies  of  character.  We  could 
wish  to  find  ourselves  in  a  more  thankful 
mood  towards  her  for  this  last  book,  and 
we  seek  the  reason  for  this  lack  of 
gratitude.  The  explanation  seems  to  lie 
in  the  very  truth  of  the  author's  dis- 
cernment; the  pettiness  of  aim  that 
rules  most  human  actions  is  profoundly 
depressing. 

of  the  family  herein  dissected,  the 
father  and  mother  have  no  redeeming 
traits;  of  the  two  girls,  one  at  least 
wins  a  small  measure  of  sympathy  in 
that  -he  recognizes  within  herself  ,i 
capacity  for  love  which,  if  fostered,  is  half- 
starved.  En  the  lives  of  the  suitors  oi  the 
two  girls,  love  is  but  a  thing  apart  the 
art  of  diving  in  each  case  611s  their  whole 
existence.  .Mi--  Meynell  may  have  meant 
to  convince  her  readers  that  oni  of  these 
two  really  possessed  a  joie  de  vivrt  ;  for 
our  part,  the  man's  obvious  and  endles 
striving  for  effect  nullifies  all  idea  of 
spontaneity,  and  bo  fails  to  alleviate  the 
Bense  of  morbidity  to  which  the  booh 
(rives  rise. 


.1//    Unfinished    Song,     By    Mrs.    Ghosal 
(Srimati  Svarna  Kumari  Devi).  (Werner 

Laurie,  (i  ) 

This  is  a  novel  of  deep  and  peculiar 
interest.  The  author  is  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Reformed  Party  of  Bengal, 
which  has  done  much  to  break  down  the 
purdah  and  to  introduce  European  habits 

where    it    was   though)    they    would  be     of 

advantage   to  the  people  of   India.     She 

is  said  to  he  the  first  Indian  woman  to 
write   a    novel,   and    is   a    sister  of    l'abin- 

dranath  Tagore. 

The    chief    feature    Of    the    story    is    the 

insight  provided  into  the  psychological 
life  of  the  Hindu  girl.  Even  amongst  the 
Reformed  Party,  where  polygamy  is  un- 
known, and   child-marriages  are  few   the 

full  meaning  of  the  line. 

Ho  for  (iod  only,  she  for  God  in  him, 

is  accepted  to  a  degree  absolutely  beyond 
the  creed  and  practice  of  the  most  sub- 
missive of  Englishwomen.  The  heroine, 
who  has  found  her  happiness,  concludes 
the  recital  of  her  romance  with  a  query. 
Whom  has  she  loved  ?  Was  it  the  com- 
panion of  her  schooldays,  whose  reflection 
she  found  in  the  grown  man,  or  the 
grown  man  who  recalled  the  schoolboy  ? 
Or  was  it,  after  all,  that  other  man  who 
repeated  the  song  which  the  boy 
used  to  sing  many  years  before  '.  Some- 
thing of  the  spirit  of  Mr.  Kipling's  '  Brush- 
wood Boy  '  seems  to  enter  with  the  story. 
expressing  itself  at  its  clearest  in  the  sug- 
gestion that  the  actual  singer  of  the  song 
heard  in  dreams  must,  apart  from  any 
other  consideration,  be  the  destined  lover. 
Or,  after  all,  was  the  heroine's  idealized 
love  but  the  counterpart  of  that  period 
of  religious  emotionalism  often  observed 
in  English  girls  \ 

It  is  curious  to  note  the  extent  to  which 
the  English  language  and  literature  make 
themselves  felt  in  the  well-educated  housi  - 
hold  which  provides  both  the  characters 
and  their  background.  Love-letter-,  it 
appears,  are  written  in  English  : — 

"That  the  love-letters  of  a  Bengali 
youth,  whose  w  hole,  life  is  one  greal  imitation, 

should    be    written    in    lii<    native    tongui 

this  preposterous  idea  would  not  occur  to 
any  one." 

English  poets  are  quoted  at  every  oppor- 
tunity. Even  proposals  of  marriage  are 
made  in  borrowed  words.     In  a  moment 

of  deep  emotion  a  Hindu  breaks  out  ; 
••  ()    frailty,    thy    name    i-    woman.      Why 

so  much  ado  about  nothing  i       The  con 
versation,  not   of  one  character,   l>u»   oi 
all,  resembles  that   of  the  suitor  in  Mr. 
Eden  Phillpotts's  '  American  Prisoner    in 
its  patchwork  of  quotations. 

For  the  rest,  the  male  t\  pes  present*  d 
here  are  not  distinctly  tm-Englisn.    Ti 
do  not  regard  love  as  the  only  object  oi 

life,  and  they  are   pie|..m  d   to  SCquil  906  m 

the  removal  of  purdah  restrictions      up  to 
,i  point.     Human  nature  is    found  ever} 
w  here  to  be  much  '  he  same. 


(10 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  449S,  Jan.  10,   1914 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Highway  of  the  Holy  Cross  (The),  by  F.  V.  H.,  1  /6 
net.  Skeffington 

Short  papers  on  self-surrender,  sorrow, 
prayer,  service,  suffering,  and  hope. 
Hill  (Henry  Erskine),  The  Parables  of  Re- 
demption, 2/  net.  Skeffington 
.Most  of  these  addresses  on  Christ's  teaching 
on  forgiveness  were  given  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
Dundee,  in  1<J08. 

Magee  (Rev.  A.  V.),  The  Message  of  the  Guest 

Chamber;    or,  The  Last  Words  of  Christ, 

2/  net.  Skeffington 

A  devotional  book  "  intended  primarily  for 

vise    in    Advent   or   Lent,    in   Meditation   and    in 

Retreat." 

LAW. 

Lewis    (Timothy),    A    Glossary    of    Medijeval 
Welsh   Law,   based   upon  the   Black  Book  of 
Chirk,  15/  net.         Manchester  University  Press 
A   glossary   of   the    earliest   Welsh   law-text, 
arranged    alphabetically,    and    containing    quota- 
tions from  other  texts. 

POETRY. 

Collins  (Mary  Gabrielle),  Garden  Suburb  Verses, 

(id.  net.  Co-Partnership  Publishers 

Verses    on    gardening    and    things    of    local 

interest  to  inhabitants  of  the  Hampstead  Garden 

Suburb. 

Fox-Smith    (C),    Songs    in    Sail,    and    Other 
Chantys,  "  Vigo  Cabinet  Series;"  1/  net. 

Elkin  Mathews 
This  book  of  verse  contains  songs  of  the 
wanderer  in  distant  lands  and  some  "  Romance  " 
pieces.  They  are  reprinted  from  The  Spectator, 
Pall  Mall  Gazette,  and  other  papers. 
Gleadon  (Phyllis),  Philomela,  2/6  net. 

Humphreys 

A  book  of  verses,  chiefly  on  love.     Three  of 

the  pieces  were  written  at  a  very  early  age. 

Kaye-Smith     (Sheila),     Willow's     Forge,     and 

Other  Poems,  2/6  net.        Erskine  Macdonald 

The  piece  which  gives  its  title  to  this  book 

is  the  cry  of  a  mad  girl,  whose  lover  has   been 

hanged     for    stealing     sheep.      There     are     other 

ballads,  "  cant  songs,"  religious  and  miscellaneous 

pieces. 

Keigwin  (R.  P.),  Lanyard  Lyrics,  2/6  net. 

Simpkin  Ac  Marshall 
A  book  of  humorous  verses,  chiefly  of  interest 
to  those  who  are  connected  with  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  Osborne.  A  good  many  have  appeared 
in  The  Osborne  Magazine,  and  a  few  in  other 
papers.  The  volume  is  illustrated  by  Mr.  P.  L. 
Butt. 

Little  Poems,  selected  and  arranged  by  E.  Crosbv 
Heath,  1/  net.  Erskine  Macdonald 

An  anthology  of  lyrics,  with  a  critical  essay 
by  the  compiler,  in  which  he  defines  a  "  little 
poem  "  as  one  which  is  simple,  homely,  and  full 
of  tender  feeling. 

Symns   (J.   M.1,  The  Mark  of  the   East,  and 

Other  Verses,  3/6  net.  Thacker 

A  volume  of  light,  humorous  verses  dealing 

with   Anglo-Indian  life,  reproduced  from   Punch, 

The  Panr/oon  Gazette,  and   The  Burma  Critic. 

Walker  (Horace  Eaton),  Intimations  of  Heaven. 

1/6  net.  Elliot  Stock 

A    long    didactic    piece,    composed    of      150 

fourteen-line  stanzas. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ndrews  (William  Loring)  Collection  of  Early 

Books  in  the  Library  of  Yale  University, 

Catalogue,  6/6  net.  Milford 

This  collection  was  formed  to  illustrate  the 

art    of    the    printer    during   the   first    century    of 

printing.        The     Catalogue   is    descriptive,    and 

includes   a  Preface   by   Mr.  Addison  Van  Name, 

Librarian  Emeritus  of  Yale  University. 

Library  of  Congress,  Classification,  Class  E-F, 

America,  Second  Edition,  40c. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
The  scheme  of  classification  here  followed  is 
based  on  that  of  '  America.  :  History  and  Geo- 
graphy.' prepared  by  Mr.  Charles  Martel  in  1901. 
Explanations  and  references  have  been  added 
to  the  new  edition. 

Longmans,    Green    &    Co.'s    (Messrs.)    Classified 
Catalogue,  1914. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  books  published  by 
Messrs.  Longmans,  classified  under  subject 
headings.  There  are  brief  analvses  of  the  con- 
tents of  books  referred  to,  and  a'full  Index. 


Norwich  Public  Library,  Readers'  Guide,  Vol.  III. 

No.  1,  Id.  Norwich  Library  Com. 

This  number  contains  the  first  portion  of  a 

Catalogue    of    the    Biographical    Section    of    the 

Lending   Library  and  a   classified  list  of  recent 

additions. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Stocker  (R.  Dimsdale),  The  Time  Spirit,  3/0  net. 

Erskine  Macdonald 
A   discussion   of   the   spiritual   tendencies   of 
the    time    in    their    religious,    psychological,    and 
ethical  aspects. 

HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY. 

Janet   (Paul).   Fenelon,  his   Life  and   Works, 

translated  and   edited  by  Victor  Leuliette,   5/ 

net.  Pitman 

An  account  of  the  life  of  Fenelon,  with  an 

analysis   and   appreciation   of  his   writings.     The 

translator  has  added  an  Introduction,  notes,  and 

Index. 

Kellogg  (Clara  Louise  [Madame  Strakosch]),  Me- 
moirs of  an  American  Prima  Donna,  10/6 
net.  Putnam 

Memoirs  of  Madame  Strakosch's  life  "  on 
and  off  "  the  stage,  with  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs. 

Source -Books  of  English' History  :  Extracts 
from  the  Chronicles  illustrating  Eng- 
lish Medijeval  History,  by  Alice  Raven;  6d. 
net.  Macdonald  &  Evans 

The    extracts    cover    the    period    from    the 

accession  of  William  I.  to  the  summoning  of  the 

Good  Parliament. 

Wood  (Michael  H.  M.),  A  Father  in  God,  the 

Episcopate  of  William  West  Jones,  18/ 

Macmillan 

A  biogi'aphy  of  the  Archbishop  of  Capetown, 

with    an    Introduction    by    the    Archdeacon    of 

Northampton,  and  illustrations  from  photographs. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TRAVEL. 

Batcheller  (Tryphosa  Bates),  Royal  Spain  of 
To-day,  25/  net.  Longmans 

This  book  is  published  under  the  royal 
patronage  of  the  King  and  Queen  of  Spain 
and  Queen  Maria  Christina.  It  gives  a  descrip- 
tive account  of  a  journey  in  Spain  and  a  short 
visit  to  Portugal,  written  in  the  form  of  letters. 
There  are  numerous  illustrations,  some  in  colour. 

Browne  (Belmore),  The  Conquest  of  Mount 
McKinley,  15/  net.  Putnam 

An  account  of  three  expeditions,  made  in 
190fi,  1910,  and  1912,  through  the  Alaskan 
wilderness  to  Mount  McKinley,  illustrated  from 
drawings  by  the  author,  photographs,  and  maps. 

Hackmann    (H.),   A   German   Scholar   in   the 
East,    Travel    Scenes    and    Reflections,    trans- 
lated by  Daisie  Rommel,  5/  net.     Kegan  Paul 
An  account  of  Dr.  Hackmann's  tour  in  the 
East  in  1910.     The  translator  has  shortened  the 
original,  "  aiming  more  at  a  reproduction  of  the 
character  and  the  chief  contents  of  the  book  than 
at  a  strict  rendering  of  the  wording." 

Knight  (E.  F.),  The  Cruise  of  the  Falcon,  a 
Voyage  to  South  America  in  a  30-ton  Yacht,  1/ 

Nelson 
This   book   was   noticed   in    The   Athenceum, 
July  12,  1884,  p.  41. 

Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  Quarterly  State- 
ment, January,  2/  net.  Office  of  the  Fund 
In  an  article  entitled  '  The  Desert  of  the 
Wanderings  '  Sir  Charles  Watson  gives  an  account 
of  the  survey  which  is  about  to  be  undertaken  of 
the  district  lying  to  the  south  of  Palestine.  Other 
articles  are  '  The  Dead  Sea.'  by  Sir  John  Gray 
Hill,  and  '  The  Site  of  Gibeah,'  by  the  Rev.  W,  F. 
Birch. 

Stirling  (Rev.  John  F.),  An  Atlas  illustrating 

the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  and  the  Epistles, 

$d.  net.  Philip 

A   series   of   maps    illustrating    the    life   and 

activities   of   the   Apostles,    with   brief   historical 

and  geographical  notes. 

SPORTS  AND  PASTIMES. 

Mason  (James),  The  Art  of  Chess,  Fourth  Edi- 
tion, 6/ net.  '  Field  '  and  '  Queen  '  Office 
The  present  edition  was  revised  and  enlarged 
by  the  late  Mr.  Hotter,  Chess  Editor  of  The 
Field,  and  contains  new  examples  of  the  End  and 
Middle  Games,  with  explanatory  notes  and  other 
additional  matter. 

Mayo  (The  Earl  of)  and  Boulton  (W.  B.),  The 
History  of  the  Kildare  Hunt,  21/  net. 

St.  Catherine  Press 

An  account  of  the  origin  and  history  of  the 

Kildare  pack  and  a  record  of  the  Masterships, 

ending  with  that  of  Sir  Edward  Kennedy.     There 

are  illustrations. 


SOCIOLOGY. 

Sumner  (William  Graham),  Earth-Hunger,  and 

Other    Essays,    edited    by    Albert    Gallowav 

Keller,  10/  net.  Milford 

A     collection     of     Prof.     Sumner's     shorter 

essays,   some  of  which   are   printed   for  the  first 

time.      They    deal    chiefly    with    sociological    and 

political  questions. 

ECONOMICS. 
Ballen     (Dorothy),     Bibliography     of     Road- 
Making  and  Roads  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
"  Studies  in  Economics  and  Political  Science," 
15/  net.  King 

A  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the  Biblio- 
graphy compiled  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Webb 
in  1906,  classified  under  the  general  headings  of 
(1)  'History  and  Description,'  (2)  'Administra- 
tion,' (3)  '  Engineering,'  and  (4)  '  Traffic,'  with 
an  Introduction  by  Sir  George  Gibb. 
Barbour  (Sir  David),  The  Influence  of  the 
Gold  Supply  on  Prices  and  Profits,  3/6  net. 

Macmillan 
A  discussion  of  the  way  in  which  the  quantity 
of  money  affects  prices,  and  the  relation  between 
credit  and  prices. 

War  and  Peace  Pamphlet,  No.    3  :     Militarism 

and  Wages,  the  Effect  of  Militarism   on 

Wages  and  Prices  of  Commodities,  by  F. 

Merttens,  Id.  '  War  and  Peace  '  Co. 

A  plea  for  international  brotherhood,  which 

would  make  war  impossible. 

EDUCATION. 
Historical    Association   of   Scotland    (The),   Pam- 
phlet No.  4  :   The  Antiquities  of  Aberdeen 
and  Neighbourhood,  for  the  Use  of  Teachers, 
hy  G.  M.  Fraser.  Aberdeen  Public  Library 

•  A  paper  dealing  with  some  of  the  historicafc 
and  ethnic  interests  of  Aberdeen  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood, written  to  quicken  local  patriotism 
among  children. 

Vickers    (Kenneth    H.),    A   Short    History    ok 

London,  2/6  Macdonald  &  Evans- 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  London,  suitable- 

for  London  teachers  "  who  wish  to  enliven  their 

history  teaching  with  local  illustrations." 

White    (Jessie),   Montessori   Schools   as   seen 
in  the  Early  Summer  of  1913,  1/  net. 

Milford 
The  author  spent  two  months  of  last  year  in 
studying  the  Montessori  schools  in  Italy  and  the 
Canton  of  Ticino,  and  here  records  her  observa- 
tions. 

PHILOLOGY. 
Fynes-Clinton  (O.  H.),  The  Welsh  Vocabulary 
of  the  Bangor  District,  21/  net.  Milford 

A  glossary  of  words  in  modern  colloquial  use 
in  the  district  of  Bangor,  with  a  list  of  books  con- 
sulted, Introduction,  and  Index. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Essays  and  Studies  by  Members  of  the  English 

Association,    Vol.    IV.,    collected    by    C.    H. 

Herford,  5/  net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press- 

The  papers  in  this  volume  are  '  A  Note  on 

Dramatic  Criticism,'    by   Prof.    J.    E.  Spingarn  %. 

'  English    Prose    Numbers,'    by  Prof.    O.   Elton ; 

'  Some  Unconsidered  Elements  in  English  Place- 

Names,'     by    Mr.    A.    Mawer  ;      '  Platonism    in 

Shelley,'  by  Mr.  L.  Winstanley  ;    '  Defoe's  True- 

Born    Englishman,'    by    Mr.    A.    C.    Guthkelch  ; 

'  The  Plays  of  Mr.  John  Galsworthy,'  by  Mr.  A.  R- 

Skemp  ;    and  '  Dramatic  Technique  in  Marlowe,' 

by  Mr.  G.  P.  Baker. 

Grant  (Arthur),  In  the  Old  Paths,  Memories  of 
Literary  Pilgrimages,  8/6  net.  Constable- 

Reminiscences  of  the  haunts  of  Lambf 
Shakespeare,  Keble,  Cowper,  and  others,  with 
pen-and-ink  illustrations.  The  essays  are  re- 
printed from  The  Scotsman  and  The  Atlantic 
Monthly. 

POLITICS. 

Taft  (William  Howard),  Popular  Government  - 
its     Essence,    its    Permanence,     and    its- 
Perils,  5/  net.  Milford 
Of    these    addresses    by    the    late    President 
on    various    aspects   of   modern    government    as- 
illustrated  by   the    Constitution    of    the    United 
States,    eight   were    delivered    before    Yale    Uni- 
versity,   and    the    remaining     two    at    Montreal 
before  the  American  Bar  Association. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 
Historical  Course  for  Middle  Forms  :  I.  Western 
Europe,    by   B.    L.    K.    Henderson  ;     II.  The: 
English     Nation,    Industrial    and    Social 
History,  by  P.  Meadows,  2/  each.  Bell 

This  course  has  been  designed  by  the  editors 
as  preliminary  to  the  detailed  study  of  periods, 
for  children  from  12  to  10.  The  first  volume- 
gives  an  outline  of  the  history  of  Europe,  and  the- 
second  treats  of  a  special  aspect  of  national 
history.  Each  is  adapted  to  a  year's  school 
work,  and  contains  extracts  from  original  sources.. 


iO. 


4498,  Jak.  1(>,   1914 


T  II  E     A  Til  EN  A-:V  M 


HI 


Illustrations  to  British  History,  55  B.C.  L.D.  is.">|. 
BEING    BSTRACTS   FBOX   OONTBHPORART    DOGU- 

kents    \m>  l.iTKiiATruK,  edited  by  J.  Turral, 
2  8  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

These  extracts  are  intended  "to  illustrate 
from  contemporary  literature  what  Mr.  Maurice 
Sewlett  calls  the  ' Hodgiad '— the  life  of  the 
•dim  multitudes.''  The  l.atin  passages  have 
been  translated  or  paraphrased)  and  the  spelling 
and  vocabulary  of  Early  English  pieces  have  been 
modernized.  aMiil 

Kermode   Rev.  S.  A.  P.)  and  Williamson  (Rev.  W.), 

Junior  sciui'tiki:  Examination  Papers,  Old 

Testament,  l  Methuen 

A   series  oi  papers  on   the  Old  Testament, 

suitable  for  children  preparing  for  the  preliminary, 

■  junior,   and   senior  examinations  of   the   Oxford 

and  Cambridge   "  Locals."  and  modelled  ^n  papers 

-    and  other  examining  bodies. 

Lamb  i  Charles1,  ESSAYS  op  Elia  :  and  The  Last 
Essays  of  Sua,  edited  by  A.  Hamilton 
Thompson,  "  Pitt  Press  Series,"  2/6  each. 

C  unbridge  University  Press 
The  order  followed  here  is  that  of  the  edi- 
tions of  lsj:;  and  is:;:;,  the  more  important 
1  sages  omitted  from  the  collected  editions  being 
added  in  an  Appendix.  Each  volume  has  an 
Introduction,  notes,  and  three  Indexes. 

FICTION. 
Doyle  (A.  Conanl,  The  Adventures  of  Sherlock 
BO!  HI  9. 

A  reprint  in  "  Nelson's  Sevenpenny  Library." 
Bee  not        in  Atheru,  Nov.  5,  1892,  p.  (32o. 

Hauptmann    Gerhart),  Atlantis,  6/  Laurie 

8  •••  review,  p.  59. 

Leighton  Marie  C),  Geraldine  Walton — 
WOMAN  !  fj  Ward  &  Lock 

A  cardsharper  finds  himself  invited,  at  the 
shortest  notice,  to  impersonate  the  son  of  a 
I  dthy  manufacturer.  A  number  of  exciting 
events  follow  as  a  consequence  of  this  illusion. 

Meynell  i  Viola  ,  Modern  Lovers,  6/  Seeker 

S       I    v..  w  .  p.  59. 

Morris  i  William  ,  The  Water  of  the  Wondrous 
Islbs,  2  vols,  :  The  Sundering  Flood.  2  vols., 
4    net  each. 

A  reprint  in  ':  Longman's  Pocket   Library." 
former    was    reviewed    in     The    Athenceum, 
Dec.   I.  1897,  p.  777. 

Reynolds  Mrs.  Baillie),  The  Relations,  and 
What  They  Related,  6/  Mills  &  Boon 

A  new  edition. 

Stock    i Ralph  ,    Marama,    a    Tale    of    the    South 

Pacific,  6  Hut  chins,,,, 

This  love-tale  presents  a  young  girl  who  lias 

■  educated  in  England  ami  kept  in  ignorance 
of  her  family's  circumstances.  On  returning  to 
her  home  in  the  South  Pacific  Islands,  she  tin, Is 
that  her  sister  is  a  half-caste,  and  her  father  a 
victim  of  the  kava  habit. 

Thorne  Guy  ,  Chance  in  Chains,  a  Story  of 
Monte  Carlo,  ]    net.  Werner  Laurie 

This  story  concerns  certain  fraudulent  pro- 
ceedings carried  out  at  Monte  Carlo. 

White  (Fred  M.\  Number  13.  Ward  &  Lock 

Deals  with  the  mysteries  and  villainies 
which  occur  in  two  adjoining  bouses  with  a 
movable  panel  in  the  party-wall,  which  aids  the 
heroine  and  detective  most  opportunely. 

Williamson    C.  N.  and  A.  M.),  It  Happened  in 

'•-'.'Vi'i.  Methuen 

'J  he  .  part  of  the  events  of  this  novel 

1     iro.     The  action  is  threefold, 

of   the  adventures  of  a  small    party  of 

rge  ••  select  "   party,  and  of  two 

Englishmen  who  are  in  the  possession  of  a  great 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Classical  Quarterly,  January,  8    net.         Murray 
-  include  paper,  •  On  the    Aristo- 
telian 1  se  of    AOrOZ  :    a  Reply,'   by    Mr.    .1.    L. 
ks  ;  -(in   some   Passages   of   Ovid's   Tristan,' 

•I'  .    8.    •  •.    Owe,,  :     and   on    '  Ml  ymolo 

I'     ivations     i-.   Mr.  Edwin  W.  Pay. 

Scottish  Historical  Review,  January,  2  8  net. 

Glasgow  .  Mo  l  <ebose 

Beside,  reviews,  this  numbei  ipers 

on   the   'Intellectual    Influences   of   Scotland   on 

the  Continent,'  by  I', of.  Bume  Brown  ;   '  William 

B        lay,'    by    Mr.'    David    B.    Smith-     and    •  So,,,,- 

of    ti,  ■  of   the    Three    Priest 

P  by  Mr.  T.    D.   Robb  :    a,,, I  ripl 

of  part  i     8  Trew  Relation, '  with  an 

introductory  note  by  Dr.  I 


Women's  Industrial  News,  JANUARY,  M. 

Women's  Industrial  Council 
Besides  reviews  and  notes,  this  number  con- 
tains an  article  by  Mrs.  Bernard  Drake  on 
'Government  Contracts  and  the  Disenfranchised 
Worker,'  and  a  survey  of  the  Women's  Industrial 
Council   by   Miss    |„    Wyatt    I'apworth. 

We  have  also  received  the  Annual   Report  for 

1912-13   of   the   Women's    Industrial   Council. 

ANNUALS. 

Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  Stmt  Manual,  1914. 

In    the    present     edition    is    printed    the    new 

Bodleian  Statute  passed  last  July,  with  directions 
to  the  statv.  the  regulations  of  the  Library,  and 
a  .Manual  for  readers  and  visitors. 

Catholic   Social   Year -Book   for    lull,   edited   by 

the   Central    Executive   of    the    Catholic   Social 

Guild,  1/  net.  King 

A   record   of   the   activities   of   Catholic  Social 

organizations  during   the  past   year,   with   article, 

on  modern  social  conditions  by  Catholic  writers. 

Clergy   Directory   and  Parish   Guide,    lull.    I  6 

I'hillips 
Containing  lists  of  the  clergy  of  the  Church 
of     England,     and     information     about      Diocesan 
and  Cathedral  Establishments,  the  two  Convoca- 
tions, Church  Societies,  and  Benefices. 
Mowbray's    Annual,  Tin:    Churchman's   Year- 
Book     ANl>     ENCYCXOPJBDIA,      1!U1,     1/6     net, 
cloth  2     net. 

The  Biographical  Section  has  been  much 
enlarged  in  this  issue.  Another  section  gives 
general  and  statistical  information  on  the  activi- 
ties of  the  Anglican  Church,  and  a  third  contains 
a  list  of  services  held  in  London,  provincial,  and 
some  Continental  churches. 

Post  Office  London  Directory  for  1914,  with 
County  Suburbs,  -10/  Kelly's  Directories 

See  notice  on  p.  63 

Sell's  World's  Press,  the  Handbook  of  the 
Foi'rth  Estate,  1914,  edited  by  Hubert  W. 
Peet,  5/  net.  Sells 

A  revised  and  enlarged  edition,  including 
among  its  new  features  a  '  Who  's  Who  in  the 
Daily  Press,"  a  '  Press  Photographers'  Directory,' 
and  lists  of  News  Agencies  and  Art  and  Literary 
Agents.  There  are  articles  by  well-known 
journalists  on  subjects  of  interest  to  those  con- 
nected with  the  Press. 

Willing's  Press  Guide  and  Advertisers'  Directory 
and  Handbook,  1914,  1/  Willing 

A  well-established  book  of  reference  re- 
garding the  newspapers  of  the  world. 

GENERAL. 

Aitken  (J.  R.),  In  a  City  Garden,  3/6  net. 

Koulis 
Discursive  essays  on  the  seasons  in  a  cits- 
garden,  interspersed  with  extracts  from  the 
writings  of  dead  and  living  poets,  including  some 
verses  by  the  author.  Then'  are  mount,  d  illus- 
trations in  colour  by  Miss  Katharine  Cameron. 
Cairn,  a  Magazine  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of 
Art :   Christmas,  ism:;. 

Edinburgh,  the  <  lollege 
The  Director  of  tin-  College,  Mr.  F.  Moii,\ 
Fletcher,  has  written  an  Introductory  Note,  and 
there  are  serious  and  humorous  articles,  verses, 
and  illustrations,  as  well  as  College  .Notes  and 
( lorrespondence. 
Clark  (Arthur  J.),  Mine  Own,  a  Bundle  of  Essays, 

"i,     net.  Scott 

A  collection  of  miscellaneous  essays  on  Botti- 
celli, "  On  being  "  Hard  Up,"  '  '  The  Teaching  of 
History,'  '  Sagesse.'  and  various  other  subjects, 
so,,,,-  of  which  have  appeared  in  The  Christian 
World  and  elseffi  here. 

Dickensian,  Vol.  IX.,  edited  by  B.  W.  Mat/.  1/ 
mt.  Chapman  a  Ball 

The  bound  volume  fi  ir  1  9 13. 
Everyman      Encyclopaedia      (The),     Vol.      XII.: 

BtE    Zym,   edited    by    Andrew    Hovle.    1       let. 

lied 
The  chief  of  tie-  longer  articles  are  on   Trad  • 

Unions,   the    United   States,   and    Wireless   Tele- 
graphy.    Tie-  boob  is  illustrated. 
International     Congress    of     Americanists,     IV,- 

0KBDXNO8    OP     ri 1 1 :     XVIII.    SESSION,     Lond 

1912,   Parts   l.  and   II.,  prepared   by  the   Edi- 
torial Commit  tee     I-  1 1 . i 

Containing  a   report   of  the  pro< Lings  and 

the  pap,-,-,  delivered  at   tie-  Eighteenth ( 
TI,.-  volumes  are  illustrated. 

Knowlson  !T.  Sharpen,  lb«u  xo  BECOME  EFFI- 
CIENT, a,,  Introductory  Study  of  Firs!  Prin- 
ciples, l  8  net .  Wei  di  r  I  auric 

Tie-   object    of    II, ,-   author    is    "|,,   sh'.w    how 

....ti,.-  scientific  method  may  be  applied  to  the 

ftroblenu  ol  State,  "t   business,  and  of  everydaj 
,f.-  :     ,,,d  how  such  a,,  application  in  '   In 

impno  ed  condit  ion  . 


Kunz  (George  Frederick),  Tin:  CURIOUS   LOBJ 
Precious  Stones,  -\     net.  Lippincotl 

\n   account    of   the   I ,  .1  k  -  b  ,1 .  •  and   superstitions 

concerning  precious  si >,  and  the  religious  and 

other    uses    to    which    they    have    been    put    at    dil 

feient    times  among  different    | pies. 

Library  Assistants'  Association  Series  (The, 
No.  a,  [deals  !  old  wo  New,  an  Address  to 
SToung  Librarians,  by  I''..  Wyndham  Hulme,  3d. 

This  paper  on  thi-  ideals  of  library  adminis- 
tration     was      read      lo      the      Library        \--ast  ants' 

Association  last  October. 

National  Museum  of  Wales,  Sixth  \\\i  \\. 
Report,  L912   IS.  Cardiff,  the  Museum 

Containing   the    Report    of    the    Council,    lists 
of     donations,      (he      linancial      statement      of     lie- 
Building     Fund,    and    other    matter.      Then-    ai. 
illustrations. 

Vere  (Percy).  Tin-:  CONFESSIONS  OF  A    LITERARY 

FREE-LANCE,    with     Hints    on     writing     Stori,  - 

and  Articles,  l  t>  net.  Edinburgh,  Nimmo 

The  author  records  his  experiences  as  a 
writer  of  short  stories  and  articles  for  popular 
magazines,   and   gives    practical    advice    lo    \  oung 

writers. 

Walsh  (William  S.),  A  BAND'S  BOOK  OF  CURIOUS 
Information,   12/6  net.  Lippincotl 

A  book  "primarily  designed  as  a  sort  ol 
supplement  to  tin-  Encyclopaedias,"  giving  in- 
formation on  all  manner  of  Bubjects. 

Year-Book  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots  (A),  collected 

and  edited  by  A.  A.  Methuen.  '1  6  net.  l-'oulis 

A    '•year-book''    made    up   ,,f    extracts    from 

the  letters  and  Bayings  of  Mary.  Queen  of  Soots, 
with  a  Preface  by  the  compiler,  and  an  Appendix 

containing  brief  biographical  notes  on  men  ami 
women  who  affected  her  career.  It  is  bound  in 
white  and  printed  on  thick  paper,  with  marginal 
notes  in  green  ink.  There  are  mounted  illustra- 
tions. 

SCIENCE. 
Bayliss  (W.  M.),  THE  X  LTURE  of  Enzi  mi:  V  i  tON, 
Third  Edition,  "  Monographs  on  Biochemistry, 
5/  net.  Longmans 

A  revised  and  enlarged  edition,  incorporating 
the  results  of  recent   research. 
Jenkins    (E.    H.),    The    Smai.i.    Rocs    GARDEN, 
edited  by  F.  W.  Harvey,  2/0  net 

■  Country  Life  '  Office 
A  book  on  rock  gardens  and  the  cultivation 
of  Alpine  plants.     The   illustrations   area   notable 
feature. 

Lyon  (Marcus  Ward),  jun..  Treeshrews,  an 
Account  of  the  Mammalian    Family  Tupaud.e. 

Washington.  Qovt.  Printing  Office 

A  paper  reprinted   from  the    Proceeding*  of 
the  United   States   National   Museum. 
Murray    (J.   Alan),   Tin-:   CHEMISTRY   OF   cvitle 
Feeding  and  Dairying,  6    net.        Longm 

The  author's  aim  is  "  lo  develop  and  explain 

those  fundamental   principles  which  ale  the   b 

of  all  effective  control  in  farming  operations 
rather    than    to    prescribe    rules    for    particular 

cases,"  an, I  he  writes  for  students  taking  College 
courses  in  agriculture  who  are  already  familiar 
with  the  rudiments  of  inorganic  and  organic 
chemistry. 

Severn  (Elizabeth!,  Psycho-Therapy  :  its  Doc- 
trine and  Practice,  :'.  6  net.  Rider 

A    treatise   on    '•the   philosophy    and    method 

of   mind-cure."     Dr.   Severn   advocates   byg 
and     common-sense     measures     combined     with 
metaphysical  treatment   in  cases  of  physical  dis- 
ability. "  and     give.-,     instances    ,,f     the    BUCCeBSful 
applical  ion  of  her  t  heoi  ies. 
Whole  Art  of  Dyeing  (The),  in  Two  Parts. 

shot t cry.  Stratford-on-Avon,  Tap,  -u  ■.  Studio 
A   reprint   of  a    book   on   dyeing   silk,   w 

linen,   and    hats,   and    '  The   <  ult  in .-   of    lie-    I1' 

used  in  the  Tinctorial   Art.'     The  tii-t   pot 
originally  written  in  German,  and  the  Beoond  In 
French  ;     both    were    "  Faithfullj    rendred    Into 
English  "  and  print  ed  in  1705. 
FINE    ARTS. 

Coffev  (George),  Tin:   BRONZH    iX>]      s    iRBXAND, 

,;,  ,,,•,.  Simpkin  a  Mai  ihall 

\,i   account    of   the    Bronze    kge   in    I"  land 

from   tie-  i>,,mi    ol   \  lew    •■i   'he  Implem 

weapon-,  used  during  thai   period.     A  greal   i''rl 

,,i   the.  work  has  alreadi    ' n  published   in  the 

Proceedings  ol    th<    Royal  Irish    \'  ademy.     'I  I 

are    a     l.,i     ■      Ml, ml,.  P    ■•!     lllu-tl    Oi" 

London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Society, 
Transai  noNs,  Vol.  II.  Part   IV. 

Hi    Imp  . ■    '•     ll 

Containing    the    Report  i  f    the    tkx  lei) 

1012  and  a  numl i  p   i-  i      including  '  Wi  1 

Camden    and    i  smden     Pla<  e,'     bj     Mr.     Arthur 

,    |-    ;  ■      |    ||C       Grow  ||,       Ol        I  ^         \" 

bj    sii     i    '      rd     Hi  ibrook  ;  '  j»s 

ii  .  pii  i\     London,'    bj    M  ■ 

William  Lempriere. 


62 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,  1914 


Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York,  Bulletin, 
December,  1913,  10c. 

The  contents  include  a  paper  on  '  Baron 
Ntiogel  and  American  Glass,'  by  Mr.  F.  W. 
Hunter,  and  an  account  of  the  bronzes  in  the 
Department  of  Classical  Art,  by  "  G.  M.  A.  R." 
There  are  illustrations. 

Orpen  (William),  Drawings,  42/  net.  Chenil 

A  portfolio  of  ten  drawings,  each  proof  being- 
signed  by  the  artist.  A  limited  number  6f  im- 
pressions are  being  issued  singly  at  5/  each. 

Strickland  (Walter  G.),  A  Dictionary  op  Irish 
Artists,  2  vols.,  30/  net.  Maunsel 

This  work  contains  details  of  the  lives  and 
works  of  Irish  artists  from  the  earliest  times  to 
the  present  day,  excluding  living  men.  There 
are  in  the  two  volumes  1,262  pages  of  biographies, 
printed  in  large  type,  and  150  portraits. 

Weller  (Charles  Heald),  Athens  and  its  Monu- 
ments, "  Handbooks  of  Archaeology  and 
Antiquities,"  17/  net.  Macmillan 

An  untechnical  account  by  an  American 
archaeologist  of  the  topography  and  ancient 
monuments  of  Athens,  designed  for  the  use  of 
the  traveller  as  well  as  the  student.  The  book 
is  fully  illustrated. 

MUSIC. 

Coward  (Henry),  Choral  Technique  and  Inter- 
pretation, "  Handbooks  for  Musicians,"  5/  net. 

Novello 
A  practical  handbook  designed  for  choral 
conductors  and  choirmasters,  in  which  the  author 
discusses  the  problems  of  choral  singing,  and  sets 
forth  "  the  underlying  principles  of  artistic 
choral  attainment." 

London  College  of  Music,  Annual  Report  upon 
the  Local  and  Higher  Examinations  for 
the  Year  1913. 

A  record  of  the  activities  of  the  London 
College  of  Music  during  the  past  year.  We  have 
also  received  their  "  Local  Centre  "  Syllabus  for 
1914,  and  notice  that  in  two  subjects  a  new  sec- 
tion has  been  introduced  :  in  Pianoforte  Playing 
the  Advanced  Intermediate  Section  has  been 
placed  between  the  Intermediate  and  Senior, 
and  in  Elocution  the  Advanced  Senior  after  the 
Senior  Section. 

DRAMA. 

Evelyn  (F.  A.),  A  Translation  op  the  '  Bac- 
che  '  op  Euripides,  1/6  net. 

Heath  &  Cranton 

Shakespeare,    The    Tragedie    of    Cymbeline, 

edited    by     Horace    Howard    Furness,    "  New 

Variorum  Edition,"  15/  net.  Lippincott 

The  last  work  of  Dr.  Furness.     The  Preface 

has  been  left  unfinished,  and  the  Index  compiled 

by  Dr.  Benson  B.  Charles. 

Tickell  (S.  Claude),  Ph.3EDra,  a  Tragedy  in  Five 
Acts,  2/  John  Richmond 

An  adaptation  of  Racine's  play. 


CONFERENCE    OF    EDUCATIONAL 
ASSOCIATIONS. 

The  Second  Annual  Conference  of  Edu- 
cational Associations,*  held  at  London 
University  from  the  2nd  to  the  10th  inst., 
was  opened  by  Mr.  James  Bryce — we  do  not 
know  his  new  title  yet — with  an  address 
on  '  Salient  Educational  Issues.'  These  he 
took  to  be  mainly  the  need  of  more  in- 
tensive cultivation,  higher  quality  rather 
than  more  quantity ;  the  inadequate 
salaries  and  leisure  of  teachers  ;  the  large 
size  of  classes  ;    insufficient  attention  given 


*  Associations  taking  part. 
Art  Teachers'  Guild. 
Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses. 
Association  of  Science  Teachers. 
Association  of  Teachers  of  Domestic  Subjects. 
Association  of  University  Women  Teachers. 
Child  Study  Society. 
College  of  Preceptors. 
Froebel  Society. 
Geographical  Association. 
Modern  Language  Association. 
Montessori  Society. 

National  Association  of  Manual  Training. 
National  Home-Reading  Union. 
Parents'  National  Education  Union. 
Private  Schools  Association. 
Royal  Drawing  Society. 
School  Nature  Study  Union. 
Simplified  Spelling  Society. 
Teachers'  Guild. 

Teachers  in  Technical  Institutes. 
Training  College  Association. 


to  secondary  instruction ;  a  synthetic 
curriculum  of  scientific  and  humanistic 
subjects ;  the  introduction  into  our  Uni- 
versities of  such  subjects  as  political  economy, 
the  science  of  administration,  commercial 
geography,  and  the  elements  of  finance  ; 
the  danger  of  multiplying  Universities  ;  the 
question  "  Why  do  not  English  boys  care 
for  learning  more  than  they  do  ?  "  Mr. 
Bryce  thought  that  education,  instead  of 
being  solely  directed  to  enable  people  to 
make  their  way  in  the  world,  should  also 
teach  them  how  to  enjoy  the  world  ;  we 
might  go  further  if  we  went  more  slowly, 
and  not  always  along  dusty  roads. 

Dr.  Scott  Keltie,  President  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Association,  sketched  the  progress 
of  geographical  education  during  the  past 
thirty  years  ;  and  Prof.  Mackinder  empha- 
sized the  importance  of  the  teaching  of 
Regional  Geography  with  its  human  element. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  "  Simplified  Speling 
Sosieti  "  Sir  William  Ramsay  presided. 
Miss  Burstall  claimed  that  the  Society  had 
reason  on  its  side,  and  that  a  language 
was  something  that  is  spoken,  therefore  they 
did  not  wish  to  change  it.  Prof.  Rippmann 
gave  an  address  on  '  The  Standardization  of 
English  Speech,'  and  a  resolution  was  passed 
asking  the  Board  of  Education  to  call  a 
Conference  to  discuss  this  question. 

Dr.  Rouse  gave  the  Presidential  Address 
to  the  Teachers'  Guild  on  '  The  Educational 
Outlook.'  He  put  in  a  plea  for  the  reten- 
tion of  imagination  in  education,  and 
deprecated  the  examination  system,  "  a 
fetish  of  sixty  years'  standing,"  which  in- 
creased officialism,  and  did  not  give  any 
impression  of  the  examinee  as  a  human 
being  in  human  society.  An  exceedingly 
able  paper  was  read  by  Miss  Dora  Walford 
(Leeds  Training  College)  on  '  Handicraft  in 
Schools  and  Colleges,'  which  extended  beyond 
its  subject  of  handicraft  to  the  essential 
bases  of  education,  and  pleaded  for  the 
right  directing  of  the  craft  instinct,  "  the 
life  seeking  an  outlet,"  in  human  beings. 

The  Presidential  Address  of  the  Modern 
Language  Association  was  delivered  by  Sir 
Henry  Miers,  Principal  of  the  University 
of  London,  who  laid  emphasis  on  the  fact 
that  the  old  methods  connected  with  the 
teaching  of  Latin  and  Greek  were  not 
suitable  for  modern  languages.  After  point- 
ing out  the  advantages  of  learning  a  foreign 
tongue,  he  suggested  that  some  method, 
free  from  grammatical  subtleties  and  giving 
the  ability  to  translate,  should  be  planned 
for  those  adults  who  were  eager  to  acquire 
knowledge. 

Mr.  Nevill  Perkins  (Bristol  University) 
gave  an  address  in  French  to  the  Modern 
Language  Association  on  '  L'Angleterre  a 
travers  les  Lunettes  Francaises.'  With 
delicate  malice  he  traced,  by  means  of 
spectacles  that  were  not  always  rose- 
coloured,  the  impressions  made  by  the 
English  through  the  centuries  since  the 
Norman  Conquest. 

The  Montessori  Society  was  addressed  by 
the  Rev.  Cecil  Grant,  of  St.  George's  School, 
Harpenden,  on  '  The  New  Hopes  due  to 
Scientific  Investigation  of  the  Child's  Natural 
Development ' ;  and  an  account  of  the  Montes- 
sori schools  was  given  by  Mr.  Claude  Clare- 
mont,  who  is  studying  the  principles  at 
Rome. 

Other  meetings  that  have  been  held  were 
on  '  Rural  Education  '  (Teachers'  Guild), 
'  Collective  Teaching  '  (Royal  Drawing 
Society),  '  Design '  (Art  Teachers'  Guild), 
and  various  aspects  of  nature  study  (Nature 
Study  Society). 

i  (To  be  concluded  in  our  next  issue.) 


ASSISTANT  MASTERS  IN  SECONDARY 
SCHOOLS. 

The  Incorporated  Association  of  Assistant 
Masters  in  Secondary  Schools,  which  has 
now  a  membership  of  over  five  thousand, 
held  its  annual  meetings  on  the  1st,  2nd, 
and  3rd  inst.  at  the  London  Day  Training 
College,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  J.  V. 
Saunders  (Hymers  College,  Hull),  the  newly 
elected  Chairman.  The  Hon.  Treasurer, 
Mr.  G.  D.  Dunkerley  (Watford  Grammar 
School),  brought  up  the  Report  of  the 
Finance  Committee,  which  revealed  a  strong 
financial  position.  Mr.  W.  A.  Newsome 
(Stationers'  School),  in  presenting  the  report 
of  the  Joint  Agency,  spoke  of  the  great 
benefits  accruing  to  masters  from  employ- 
ment of  the  Agency,  and  appealed  to  all 
members  to  use  their  influence  with  head 
masters  with  a  view  to  extending  its  work. 
He  regretted  that  the  figures  on  the  books 
of  the  Joint  Agency  proved  that  the  salaries 
of  assistant  masters  were  not  increasing. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Isard  (the  Leys  School),  the 
retiring  Chairman,  in  moving  the  adoption 
of  the  Annual  Report,  referred  to  the  various 
activities  of  the  Association  during  the 
past  year.  Early  in  the  year  a  strong  breeze 
seemed  coming  down  from  the  Educational 
Olympus,  breaking  the  level  grey  and  giving 
glints  of  strong  sunshine,  with  promise 
of  copious  fertilizing  rains  ;  for  the  an- 
nouncement was  made  of  a  scheme  of  educa- 
tional reform  of  the  most  comprehensive 
kind,  to  be  formulated  and  fathered  by  the 
Government.  In  such  an  hour  they  felt 
that  certain  educational  pleas  ought  to  be 
plainly,  publicly,  and  strongly  urged,  namely, 
due  sorting  and  winnowing  of  State-franked 
pupils,  grade  by  grade,  and  type  by  type  ; 
sufficiency,  but  not  extravagance,  of  every 
kind  of  educational  provision ;  careful 
regard  to  the  teachers,  their  number,  their 
quality,  their  training,  and  —  what  was 
important  in  regard  alike  to  supply  and 
effectiveness — their  recompense. 

Some  part  of  these  contentions  they  got 
before  the  public  by  means  of  a  great  Con- 
ference of  secondary  teachers,  attended  by 
many  hundreds  of  them,  at  London  Uni- 
versity. On  that  occasion  Lord  Haldane, 
the  representative  of  the  Government  at 
that  stage,  spoke  with  much  force  of  the 
need  for  bold  educational  advance,  and  for 
greatly  better  treatment  of  teachers. 

This  point,  with  others,  was  laid  before 
the  Premier  in  a  letter  supplementing  with 
these  important  practical  considerations 
some  of  a  more  general  character  previously 
addressed  to  him  by  a  number  of  persons 
variously  interested  in  education.  Their 
letter  elicited  an  acknowledgment  not  only 
of  its  receipt,  but  also  of  the  Premier's 
acquaintance  with  their  Association. 

A  Midland  Conference  at  Birmingham 
reaffirmed  the  pronouncements  of  that  of 
London. 

With  the  Board  of  Education  they  had 
communicated  on  certain  old  points  which 
seemed  to  call  for  insistence,  even  more 
than  the  new  or  prospective  ones.  There 
seemed  signs  of  some  recession  in  respect  of 
assistant  masters'  personal  appearance  before, 
and  representation  on,  governing  bodies,  and 
in  regard  to  the  reservation  of  grants  where 
salaries  were  below  normal.  In  all  these 
matters  they  might  claim  to  have  done 
something  to  make  good  their  position, 
though  it  was  more  doubtful  whether  they 
had  yet  secured  a  really  effectual  con- 
currence. 

The  right  of  a  hearing  before  those  who 
were  now  declared  to  be  the  employers  (the 
head  master  being  their  adviser,  and  perhaps 


\'<>.  440S,  Jan.   10,  11)14 


Til  E     A  Til  KN  .YA    M 


>•> 


their  age 


mi  was  no  doubt  liable  in  its  exer- 
cise to  cause  some  embarrassment.     Certain 
persona]  relations  were  essential — or  at  any 
rate  the   lark   of   them  was   mischievous — 
between  head  and  assistants.     Consequently 
jes    would    arise    where    this    failure    in 
relations,    rather    than    any    actual    incom- 
petence or  negligence,  pointed   to  removal 
of  the  assistant  master  as  the  easiest  solution. 
The  Governors  then  might  well  feel  averse 
from,  and  perhaps  unqualified  for.  decision 
of  -<>  delicate  an  issue.     Such  was  the  argu- 
ment against  the  right  oi  appearance.     Hut 
the    rejoinder    was    that     an    assistant    was 
"hardly  likely  to  exercise  it   unless  his  cause 
was  9ound,  and  that   the  Governors  ought 
to  know  to  what   extent   that  sort  of  thing 
occurred    in    their    school.      It     was    simply 
amaning  how  incessant  might  be  the  changes 
of    statt    without    the    serious    attention    of 
ernors    being    drawn    to    them    or    any 
explanation  ottered  or  sought.     There  came 
in   most    serviceable   that    other  channel  of 
communication     which     they     desired — the 
representative    Governor.     He    could    have 
—   at    any  time    to  his  chairman  or  to 
the  assistants,  and  they  to  him  ;    he  could 
informally  and  privately  inquire  and  cross- 
mine,  gaining  guidance  for  his  own  action, 
and  advising  others  usefully.     He  might  be 
of  special  value  at  Governors*  meetings  by 
-enting  a  point  of  view,  or  contributing 
be   and   opinions,   in   virtue  of  his  closer 
touch  with  the  staff. 

The  allocation,  or  at  any  rate  proportion- 
ment,  of  Government  grants  to  salaries  had 
much  in  its  favour  ;  but  the  application  of 
any  such  principle  by  the  Board  had  hung 
tire.  In  view  of  the  more  effective  appeal 
of  fabrics  and  equipment  to  ratepayers,  and 
so  to  Town  and  County  Councils,  depart- 
mental pressure  was  requisite  for  securing 
a  due  expenditure  on  the  staff.  That 
scheme  had  been  advocated  in  various 
quarters,  but  they  had  not  been  able  to 
bring  the  whole  Federal  Council  quite  ad 
■mi  thereon,  the  fear  being  that  girls' 
schools,  with  others  that  fell  into  the  weaker 
division  financially,  would  be  at  a  disad- 
ntage. 

They  welcomed  an  inquiry  from  the 
Board  of  Education  concerning  a  tentative 
scheme  for  professional  training,  and  were 
glad  to  attend  and  urge  certain  modifica- 
tions and  safeguards,  which  appeared  to 
have  been  regarded  and  adopted  in  the 
scheme.  If  an  assistant  master  was  to 
take  any  additional  duties  at  all — and  he 
had  many — those  might  well  be  towards  an 
apprentice-master  who  became  the  master's 
private  pupil  in  pedagogy. 

The  speaker  touched  lightly  on  the  good 
work  done  by  the  Association  in  protecting 
members   in   cases   of   injustice,    and    urged 
greater  caution   in   entering    posts    without 
ling  signals  of  danger.    With  the  Register 
now    recreated,  they  would  soon  be  placed 
more  favourably  than  ever  for  organization, 
re  they  would  have  criteria  duly  estab- 
lished      and       credentials       authoritatively 
■lad.     The    categories    would    be    there 
ihich  the  profession  Uas  constituted,  or 
m  which  it  could  select  a  iroodly  company 
t   upon  the  road  tow  aids  organic  self- 
constitution.     Into  such  an  organism  would 
enter,    with    closer    intimacy    and     better- 
tpled  machinery,  the  various  memberships 
ustomed  already  to  interchange  ol  notions 
and   projects   and    to   co-operation    through 
the    Federal   Council   or   other   instrument- 
alities.    And  such  a  proie- -ional  corporation 
would  retain  its  own  entity  t"v  many  useful 
purposes,  alongside  of — dare  one  say,  -one- 
day   possibly   superseding  !    -the   state   de- 
partment.    That    ideal    had    Burely    its    at- 
tractions,   and    might    well    make    good    \U 
efficacy  for  manifold  purposes,   a^   against 


that   of  absorption  of  teachers  as  mere  units 

in  a  branch  of  the  Civil  Service.    Especially 

did  they  need  to  envisage  the  Largest  issues 
and  the  longest,  lines  of  action  and  policy. 
They  awaited — none  knew  how  soon  the 
defining  and  actualizing  of  those  adumbra- 
tions that  for  twelve  months  had  cast  hardly 
a  gloom,  but  at  any  rate  a.  certain  obscurity 
of  eclipse,  over  all  educational  thought  and 
action.  They  must  bo  ready  to  throw  all 
their  weight  and  enthusiasm  on  the  side  of 
whatever  should  approve  itself  to  their  best 
judgment  and  citizenship  as  genuine  reform. 
They  must  be  ready  no  less — if  provisions 
emerged  adverse,  as  they  judged,  to  equity 
or  enlightenment  or  progress — to  formulate 
criticism,  to  press  for  excision  hero  or  ex- 
tension there,  banding  themselves,  according 
to  their  wont,  with  their  professional  brothers 
and  sisters,  and  bringing  to  their  side,  as 
best  they  might,  men,  who,  with  due  instruc- 
tion and  enthusiasm,  could  ward  off  the 
harmful,  and  bring  in  the  sane  and  whole- 
some. 

Apart  from  politics  and  emoluments  and 
registers  and  organization,  there  stood, 
not  vitally  affected  by  them  all,  their  in- 
dividual responsibility  in  their  individual 
task.  Whatever  trend  public  affairs  might 
take,  the  schoolmaster  was  little  likely  to 
count  for  less  in  a  boy's  life.  The  father, 
and  the  mother  too,  confessedly  already  did 
count  less,  and,  in  proportion  as  the  State 
increasingly  planned  and  supervised  the 
life  in  adolescence,  so,  very  potent  though 
they  always  could  be,  the  parents  counted 
less,  and  they — the  teachers — all  the  more. 
Whether  called  Civil  Servants  or  not,  they 
must  be  agents  of  the  State  in  this  affair. 
They  must  plant  in  their  pupils  some  seed, 
and  stir  in  them  some  impulse,  moving  and 
growing  from  which  they  should  be  found 
such  as  all  would  fain  see  them — strong  for 
every  event,  noble  in  all  circumstance, 
"  God's  Englishmen,"  their  memorial. 

The  Chairman  thought  that  they  as 
teachers  should  oppose  the  idea  that  parents' 
influence  with  children  should  become  less. 
He  felt  that  parents  were  putting  too  much 
upon  teachers,  and  this  was  detrimental  to 
the  best  interests  of  the  boys. 

Mr.  A.  A.  Somerville  (Eton)  moved  : — 

"  That  this  Association  approves  of  the  condi- 
tions for  registration  recently  issued  by  the 
Registration  Council  as  embodying  the  principles 
which  the  Association  has  long  and  consistently 
advocated  ;  and  recommends  all  members  of  the 
Association  to  place  their  names  upon  the  Register 
immediately." 

Teachers  had  now  the  opportunity  of  becom- 
ing  an  organized  profession.  He  felt  that 
if  the  voice  of  teachers  had  been  more  effec- 
tively heard,  the  30  millions  a  year  now 
spent  on  education  would  have  been  better 
spent.  The  spending  authorities  had  had 
to  learn  their  business,  with  the  result  that 
there  had  been  much  waste  of  money  and 
energy. 

At   the    Hoard   of   Education    they    had    a 
sympathetic  body  of  men  who  were  genuinely 

anxious  to  do  their  very  best  for  education. 
Hut  mere  administration  tended  to  uni- 
formity, and  there  must  I"-  some  check.    They 

hoped  for  success  through  the  three  forces 

the  State,  the  local  education  authorities, 
and  the  teachers  working  in  harmony. 
That,  was  the  greatest  reason  for  supporting 
the  Teachers'  Register.  The  movement  was 
t.nted  by  secondary  teachers,  and  par- 
ticularly    by     their    own  ilion.      The 

of  the  I  '■       fcral  ion  <  Souncil  u  as  due 
to  the  fiu-t_that    n    was  thoroughly   rt r\ 
sentative. 

Then-     Irish     Branch     desired     a     tingle 

l  :•  pater  of  Teachers  for  the  1  nited  Kingdom. 

He   felt    jure   thai    [rwh    U  would   be 

pted  by  the  Council.     The  making  ol  a 


li-t    oi    names  was  imi    the  Only  dots    of   the 

Council.  Two  others  faced  it,  namely,  train- 
ing, and  the  simplification  of  examinations. 
The  Hoard  of  Education  and  the  l  ni 
varsities  were  working  together  on  the 
simplification  of  examinations,  and  especi- 
ally on  a  general  Leaving  Examination. 

The  motion,  seconded  by  Mr.   I).    L,  Lip 

(Bradford    Grammar    School),   was    carried 

unanimously. 

Mr.  P.  E.  Martiiieau  (Birmingham) moved: 

"That  this  Association  expresses  its  regret 
that  the  Board  of  Education  lias  declined  to 
accede  t<>  the  request  "i  the  Lisociation  thai  i 
clause  he  inserted  in  all  schemes,  and  articles  "i 
Government,  to  give  assistant  masters  served  with 
notice'  of  dismissal  the  right  t.>  be  beard 
Governors,  before  notice  ot  dismissal  tak<  -  •  Beet. 

Mr.  A.  Forster  (Leeds)  seconded  the  motion, 

which  was  carried  mm.  •  ;,,,. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Heath  (Mercers'  School)  moved  ; 

''That  this  Association  strongly  condemns  tie- 
actiou  of  certain  Local  Education  Authority 
putting    out    assistant  -  masterships     to     lowest 
tender." 

Two   glaring   cases   were   quoted,   and    the 
speaker  said  that,   in    this   matter   thej    had 
the  hearty  support  of  the  head  mastx  i 
The  motion  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Dunkerlej , 

and  carried  unanimously. 

The    two    following    resolution-    adopted 
by    Council   were    submitted,    and     carried 

without  dissent  : — 

a.  "That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  Association, 
all   assistant  masters  should   be  given  a    pro] 
number  of  periods  in  each  week  for  correction  "l 
written  work." 

b.  "  That  all   Leaving  Examinations,  qualify- 
ing   for     Universities     or     professional     can 
should  be  co-ordinated,  so  that  any  one  examina- 
tion may  qualify  for  all  University  or  professional 
courses." 

Votes  of  thanks  terminated  the  meeting. 


THE  L.C.C.  TEACHERS'  CONFERENCE. 

The  annual  Conferences  of  the  London 
County  Council  teachers  are  always  interest- 
ing, and  this  year  several  of  the  paper-  !■ 
were  above  even  the  usually  high  average. 
Everybody  who  cares  at  all  about  the 
education  that  is  being  given  to  the  children 
of  London  should  bespeak  a  copy  of  the 
Report. 

The  proceedings  opened  at  the  Birk- 
beck  College  on  the  morning  of  \ew 
Year's  Day  with  an  address  by  Canon 
Masterman  on  'The  Teaching  of  Hi-tory.' 
History,  properly  taught,  should  (he  -aid) 
be  an  education  of  the  imagination,  and, 
through  the  imagination,  of  the  sym- 
pathies.    Thus  the  study  should  illumin 

not  only  the  past,  but  also  the  present,  and 
not  only  the  student  s  null  nation,  but  al-o 
the  other  nations  ol  the  world,  and  BO  bring 
him  into  the  brotherhood  of  the  brave  "I 
all   the   earth.        lb-    reminded    teachers    how 

greatly  it  was  in  then-  power  to  influence  the 
progress  of  peace  and  goodwill,  and  finally, 
speaking  of  the  spectacular  side  <<"'  events, 
declared"  thai  battles,  political  intrigui  -.  the 
seizing  and  the  losing  ot  thrones,  could 
never  b  ■  omitted     thej   formed  part  -a  I 

truth  ;      but     that     lie-    pageant  r>     should     be 

foil  |   mental    and    afl    ha\  lie-    an    imi'  r 

spirit  mil  significat  ion. 

Mi--    Barclay .    a     istanl    mi 
t  ounty  Second. u  v,   School,  South   n 
read   an    unpretenl  iou  •   paper     founded   on 

aial    experience     about     ihe    unpfulni 
ol     chool   pa-cam  i   in    helping   i  hildi 
feel  past  I  ime   real;  and  Mr.  Kenneth  \  i<  k< 

Profes-or    of     Mod-rn     II,   '    i        m     the     I  'in- 
ns- of  I  >urh, mi.  one  upon  '  Local  1 1 
in  relation  to  Historical!  ea  bin  [in  L  tndon.' 


(14 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  JE  U  M 


No.  449<S,  Jan.   10,   1914 


He  ui'iifd  that  history  should,  incidentally, 
teach  patriotism,  and  that  the  natural  course 
of  progress  was  from  the  familiar  to  the 
unfamiliar,  from  the  narrow  to  the  wide — 
from  the  place  where  the  school  stood  to 
the  politics  of  Europe. 

The  discussion  dealt  mainly  with  the 
last  paper.  Some  speakers  seemed  to 
assume  that  to  begin  with  local  history 
meant,  necessarily,  beginning  with  the 
present  and  travelling  backwards,  and  more 
than  one  thought  that  children  would  not 
feel  interest  in  their  own  locality.  Curiously 
enough,  nobody  suggested  that  the  proper 
foundation  for  local  history  is  a  considera- 
tion of  the  physical  features — even  some- 
times the  geological  features — of  the  place. 
These  are  the  conditions  which  originally 
determined  the  character  of  the  early  settle- 
ment, and  nothing  could  be  more  stimulat- 
ing to  the  imagination  of  the  London  child 
than  a  study,  with  the  aid  of  a  blank  map 
of  England,  of  how  and  why  London,  rather 
than  Manchester  or  York,  became  the 
metropolis  of  this  country.  But  the  idea 
of  teaching  from  this  basis  was  never 
mooted.  A  lady  remarked  upon  the  need 
for  some  comprehension  of  architecture  as  a 
preliminary  to  pleasure  in  visiting  historic 
buildings,  and  mentioned  the  "  polite  in- 
difference "  to  the  Tower  of  London  shown 
by  girls  who  had  not  the  knowledge  neces- 
sary for  understanding  its  significance.  Mr. 
Tibby  of  Clifton  Hill  School  very  wisely 
advised  that  some  scheme  should  be  adopted 
of  giving  the  children  a  general  view  of 
events  according  to  centuries — a  framework 
or  skeleton,  not  necessarily  bristling  with 
dates,  into  which  new  items  of  knowledge 
would  fit  as  they  were  collected. 

A  little  breeze  arose  when  one  speaker 
was  rash  enough  to  observe  that  civics, 
which  arose  naturally  out  of  history,  were 
"more  for  boys."'  Cries  of  "No!"  and 
"  Why?  "  arose  from  his  women  hearers,  who 
were  not  fully  satisfied  by  a  somewhat  half- 
hearted admission  that  civics  might  some 
day  become  of  importance  to  girls. 

The  afternoon  was  devoted,  under  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Head  Master  of  Harrow, 
to  considering  the  prefect  system.  Mr. 
Bolton  King,  Director  of  Education  under 
the  Warwickshire  Education  Committee, 
described  the  improvements,  both  as  to 
discipline  and  as  to  the  character  of  pupils, 
that  had  been  found  to  follow  the  establish- 
ment of  prefects  in  the  boys'  schools  of  that 
county.  In  particular  the  prefects  influ- 
enced behaviour  out  of  school — a  matter 
about  which  outside  persons  are  apt  to 
complain  to  the  schoolmaster,  but  in  which 
interference  by  him  is  a  task  of  some  deli- 
cacy when  the  boys  are  day  scholars.  Such 
complaints  have  become  a  thing  of  the 
past  in  Warwickshire,  and  are,  indeed, 
replaced  by  compliments.  An  extract  from 
the  minutes  of  a  prefects'  meeting  showed 
these  young  officials  reprimanding  com- 
panions who  clung  behind  vehicles,  and 
deploring  the  conduct  of  some  who,  "  quite 
forgetting  themselves,  played  with  an  old 
tin  can  in  the  street." 

*  Dr.  Kimmins,  Head  Inspector  of  the 
London  County  Council,  spoke  with  enthu- 
siasm of  the  order  and  goodwill  which  he 
found  prevailing  under  the  prefects  of  a 
Warwickshire  school,  and  of  the  remarkable 
ability  shown,  as  chairman  of  a  prefects' 
meeting  there,  by  a  young  boy  of  a  poor 
family. 

Mrs.  Bryant,  D.Sc,  described  the  working 
of  a  system  of  prefects  in  the  North  London 
Collegiate  School  for  Girls,  where  it  had 
proved  entirely  successful ;  and  Mr.  Lewis, 
Head  Master  of  the  Mixed  School  in  Torriano 
Avenue,  related  how  there  had  been  fears 


that  the  floating  character  of  the  school 
population  in  London,  and  the  fact  that 
clever  children  were  mostly  removed  at 
eleven  years  old  to  secondary  schools,  would 
make  it  impossible  to  find  good  prefects. 
The  experiment  was,  however,  cautiously 
tried,  and,  since  opinions  varied  as  to  the 
better  mode  of  selection,  three  prefects 
were  elected  by  the  boys  of  the  school,  and 
three  by  the  masters.  Experience  soon 
showed  which  was  the  wiser  electorate  : 
the  boys  chosen  by  their  fellows  did  well, 
the  boys  chosen  by  the  school  staff  were, 
comparatively,  failures.  By  and  by  the 
girls  of  the  school  were  introduced  to  the 
same  system,  and  after  a  little  time  success 
was  as  well  marked  in  their  case,  too. 

It  became  clear,  as  discussion  proceeded, 
that  democratic  election  was  the  only  plan 
for  elementary  schools,  but  speakers  from 
Harrow,  Rugby,  and  other  "  public  "  schoo  s 
were  convinced  that  despotism  was  required 
there.  It  would  be  interesting  if  some 
revolutionary — some  new  Dr.  Arnold — -would 
try  prefects  elected  by  the  school. 

Perhaps  the  most  immediately  valuable 
paper  was  that  by  Mr.  Winch  on  Friday  morn- 
ing about  fatigue  and  evening  schools.  From 
evening  students  employed  by  day  he  chose 
two  groups,  proved  equal  in  knowledge  by 
a  close  approximation  in  respective  totals 
of  marks  in  an  examination  paper,  and  after 
an  interval  of  a  fortnight  tried  them  with  a 
somewhat  similar  paper,  taking  one  group 
early  and  one  late  in  the  school  hours. 
A  superiority  of  25  per  cent  appeared  in 
the  marks  of  those  who  worked  early  ;  and 
a  perceptible  difference  of  marks  was  found 
even  when  only  half  an  hour  divided  the 
periods.  Further  experiments  with  dif- 
ferent groups  of  students  produced  similar 
results,  except  in  the  case  of  some  girls, 
most  of  whom  were  not  employed  during 
the  day.  It  became  clear  that  with  students 
who  had  been  at  work  for  many  hours 
before  attending  evening  classes,  even  a 
short  time  of  attendance  suffices  to  produce 
a  low  condition  of  mental  energy.  That  the 
health  of  such  students  would  be  ruined 
Mr.  Winch  did  not  fear ;  Nature  would 
intervene  with  her  weapon  of  inattention  to 
save  them.  His  conclusion  was  that  evening 
schools  might  be  of  value  recreatively,  but 
would  be  unprofitable  for  serious  education, 
unless  the  adolescent  students  worked  fewer 
hours  in  the  day ;  and  even  so,  he  was 
inclined  to  doubt  their  profitableness. 
Readers  of  The  Athenaeum  will  remember 
that  in  an  article  on  '  The  Future  of  Evening 
Schools'  (September  27th,  1913)  an  opinion 
was  expressed  that  "  the  London  County 
Council,  in  sanctioning  further  schemes  of 
evening  work  of  a  vocational  kind,  is  merely 
wasting  the  public's  money  and  the  children's 
youth,"  and  that  the  experience  of  Ger- 
many, where  such  schools  were  established 
and  afterwards  abandoned,  was  quoted. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Pear,  Lecturer  in  Experimental 
Psychology  in  the  University  of  Manchester, 
distinguished  between  weariness  and  fatigue, 
a  point  touched  again  by  Dr.  Brown,  Reader 
of  Psychology  at  King's  College,  London, 
who  described  boredom  as  an  inadequate 
appeal  to  the  nervous  energy  — ■  a  failure 
of  resources.  The  condition  of  "  fatigue - 
intoxication  " — ■"  probably  as  dangerous  as 
the  other  sort  " — was  noted,  and  results  were 
given  in  detail  of  a  set  of  experiments 
tending  to  show  that  the  effects  upon 
brainwork  of  even  comparatively  slight 
sleeplessness  were  hardly  marked  at  the 
time,  but  became  perceptible  later,  and 
remained  perceptible  for  a  considerable 
period.  Mr.  Rusk's  suggestion  as  to  the 
necessity  of  more  investigation  into  the 
relative  fatiguingness  of  various  school 
subjects,   and  into   individual  variations  in 


fatigue — pleasant  to  hear,  partly  because  of 
the  delicate  Scotch  precision  of  his  articula- 
tion— was  full  of  useful  hint-;  to  teachers. 
A  later  speaker,  a^ter  indicating  the  poisons, 
produced  in  the  body  by  fatigue,  mentioned 
experiments  tending  to  show  that  spermin 
was  an  effectual  anti-toxin. 

On  Friday  afternoon  '  Memory  Drawing  ' 
was  discussed,  Prof.  Selwyn  Image  being  in 
the  chair.  Mr.  L.  D.  Luard's  paper  on  the 
training  of  memory  in  art  was  based  on 
the  work  done  in  this  direction  by  Lecocj 
de  Boisbaudran,  and  some  remarkable 
examples  of  memory  drawings  executed  by 
this  French  master's  pupils  were  shown, 
upon  the  screen.  Mr.  Luard  argued  that 
memory  drawing  was  an  essential  part  of  the 
training  of  an  artist ;  it  was  the  only  way 
in  which  fugitive  effects  and  spontaneous- 
movements  could  be  captured  ;  and  he  also 
submitted  that  it  should  form  a  part  of 
general  education,  because  memory  was 
stored  observation,  and  stored  observation 
was  knowledge.  Incidentally,  Mr.  Luard  con- 
tended that  students  should  be  encouraged 
to  learn  works  by  heart.  All  poets  and 
musicians  knew  by  heart  works  by  others 
than  themselves,  but  no  one  had  yet  sug- 
gested that  in  their  case  this  knowledge 
injured  their  own  originality. 

Mr.  R.  Catterson  Smith  (Birmingham 
School  of  Art)  gave  a  lucid  exposition  of  the 
method  of  teaching  drawing  from  memory 
in  his  school,  and  Prof.  Image  in  no  wise 
exaggerated  when  he  remarked  that  the 
results  obtained,  as  shown  on  the  screen, 
took  one's  breath  away.  The  chief  feature 
of  the  Birmingham  system  is  the  encourage- 
ment of  drawing  with  the  eyes  shut.  A 
student  is  shown  some  simple  form,  like  a 
loop.  He  is  then  asked  to  think  of  a  com- 
bination of  several  of  these  forms.  When 
his  mental  concept  is  clear  he  is  told  to  draw 
his  conception  with  his  eyes  shut,  and  after- 
wards he  is  allowed  to  open  his  eyes  and 
work  up  on  another  piece  of  paper  the  draw- 
ing he  made  with  closed  eyes.  The  results- 
shown  proved  unquestionably  that  this 
system  has  been  a  potent  factor  in  training 
students  in  original  design  ;  and  for  craft 
students  it  is  simply  invaluable. 

It  has  been  objected  to  memory  drawing 
that  it  leads  students  to  be  inaccurate. 
Mr.  Smith  does  not  admit  this,  and  claims 
that  memory  has  a  tendency  to  reject  non- 
essentials and  encourage  individuality.  Mr. 
Clausen,  in  the  subsequent  discussion,  thought 
that  some  drawings  done  by  Mr.  Smith's 
pupils  were  weak  in  proportion,  and  there- 
fore he  preferred  Lecoq's  method,  which 
allowed  students  to  draw  from  memory  ob- 
jects only  which  they  had  already  drawn  from 
nature.  But  even  if  Mr.  Clausen's  criticismi 
was  just — and  this  admits  of  doubt — Mr. 
Smith's  system  has  much  in  its  favour, 
especially  when  the  end  is  the  training  of 
designers.  At  Birmingham  Mr.  Smith's 
pupils  were  shown  for  a  few  moments  a  fine 
example  of  bookbinding.  Then  with  closed 
eyes  each  student  drew  his  concept  of  the 
design,  which  was  afterwards  elaborated 
with  open  eyes.  The  result  was  half-a- 
dozen  beautiful  designs,  all  slightly  different, 
none  exactly  like  the  original,  but — and 
this  is  the  point — all  beautiful  and  good. 
The  old  design,  instead  of  being  merely 
transcribed,  served  to  inspire  half-a-dozen 
new  and  original  designs.  Surely  this  is  all 
to  the  good.  Art  is  not  mere  transcription, 
as  Mr.  Smith  rightly  observed,  and  direct 
copying  tends  to  clog  the  mind  with  un- 
essential facts.  Nobody  wishes  to  abolish 
altogether  drawing  from  the  model,  though, 
as  Mr.  Clausen  admitted,  the  phrase  "draw- 
ing from  nature  "  has  been  used  till  artists- 
are  heartily  tired  of  it.  All  that  Mr.  Luard, 
Mr.  Smith,  and  others  ask  is  that  memory 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,   1!»14 


Til  E     A  Til  KX  -KU.M 


r, 


).» 


drawing  shall  be  given  at  least  equal  im- 
portance in  the  educational  curriculum. 
The  system  in  vogue  at  Birmingham  has 
done  wonders  in  developing  the  faculty  of 
mental  imagery,  and  this  is  clear  gain. 

To  be  concluded  in  our  next  issue.) 


THE  BOOK  SALES  OF  1913. 
Tart  II. 
Mab<  b  opened  with  the  sale  at  Sotheby's 
of  a  number  of  books  ami  manuscripts 
.selected  from  the  library  at  Bramshill  Park, 
Winchfield,  and  some  very  high  prices  were 
realized,  as  mentioned  in  The  Athenceum  of 
Man!  loth,  p.  309.  As  there  stated,  a 
copy  of  Ascham's  '  Toxophilus,'  1545,  small 
4ro.  from  the  library  of  Edward.  Prince  of 
Wales,  afterwards  Edward  VI.,  fetched  as 
much  as  K58/.  Copies  of  this  edition  are 
very  rarely  met  with,  but  the  chief  attrac- 
tion in  this  instance  lay  in  the  binding, 
which  was  decorated  with  the  Tudor  rose, 
the  \Vestminster  portcullis,  and  other  in- 
Bignia  of  royalty.  Rare  and  well-preserved 
bindings  are  realizing  more  than  ever,  and 
the  limit  is  probably  not  nearly  readied.  At 
this  same  sale  Beii  Jonson*s  '  Sejanus  His 
Fall,'  160.3,  fetched  77/.  (morocco,  slightly 
defective),  and  the  same  author's  '  Cataline 
Hi-  Conspiracy,'  1611.  small  4to.  97/. 
(morocco,  a  few  rust -holes).  Marlowe's 
"Jew  of  Malta.'  1633.  also  in  small  4to, 
Bold  for  63/.  (morocco),  and  'The  Stately 
Trac  ;  Claudius  Tiberius  Xero,"  printed 

for  Francis  Burton  in  1607,  50/.  (morocco). 
All  these  are  specially  referred  to  again  as 
affording  excellent  examples  of  early  English 
classic  literature,  of  which  mention  has  been 
made.  Other  large  amounts  realized  on  the 
same  occasion  show  the  degree  of  estimation 
in  which  such  works  are  held.  The  im- 
portant sales  of  March  5th  and  two  following 
days  and  of  March  7th  are  referred  to 
in  the  same  issue  of  The  Athenceum  at  , 
considerable  length.  Both  were  sales  of  a 
miscellaneous  character,  and  combined  they 
realized  more  than  13,000/.     Many,  perhaps 

--.  ol  the  important  sales  held  nowadays 
are  of  books  gathered  from  different 
part^  of  the  country,  there  being  but  few 
first-class  libraries  remaining  in  private 
hand-.  One  of  the  few,  though  it  was  not 
of  the  greatest  importance,  was  partly 
dispersed  on  March  13th  and  following 
day  (see  Athenceum,  March  22nd,  p.  335). 
It  comprised  a  number  of  books  formerly 
belonging  to  the  celebrated  naturalist  and 
traveller  Thomas  Pennant,  who  died  in 
1 7i*S,  and  was  the  property  of  the 
Earl  of  Denbigh.  A  second  portion  was 
Bold  at  Downing  Hall,  near  Holywell,  in 
May.  but  the  prices  realized  were  not  repre- 

tative  in  all  cases.  Pennant  had  col- 
lected a  considerable  number  of  books,  worth 
little  at  the  time,  but  of  more  interest  now. 

en  rare  tracts  by  Richard  Percyval, 
John  Eliot,  and  other  well-known  Eliza- 
b  'Wan  writers  sold  for  155/.  They  formerly 
belonged  to  Gabriel  Harvey,  the  friend  of 

user   and   detractor    of    Robert    (Jreene. 

Martin   Frobisher's   'Three   Voyages,'    1578, 

ito,  fetched   148/.   (unbound);    Smith's 

Derail  History  of   Virginia,'    1625,  folio, 
3307.  (calf,  slightly  defective)  ;  and  The 
•  New   Founds  World.-.'  1568,  4to,  852.  (half- 
call 

The   late  Prof.    Arbor's    library   was  sold 
at  Messi  -.  Hod.  n  April  3rd  and  follow- 

ing  day,   and   realized    good    prices.      At    the 

same  time  the  first  portion  of  a  "Book- 
Lover's  Library"  fetched  rather  more  than 
2,2702.  a1  Sotheby's.  The  sale  of  a  portion 
of  the  library  of  the  late  Su-  Joseph  Dunsdale 
on  April  9th  at  Christie's  was  of  little  in- 


terest, but  on  the  same  and  two  following 

days  another  portion   of  the  \  cry  extensive 

collection   formed  by  the  late  Mr.   Charles 

Butler  of  Connaught  Place  realized  more 
than  2.000/.  The  outstanding  feature  as 
unusual  as  commendable  of  this  library 
was  that,  although  it  did  not  contain  much 
of  exceptional  interest,  every  book  was  of 
some  importance,  and  the  amount  realized 
in  the  aggregate  was  large.  The  first 
portion  sold  in  1911  for  7,500/.,  the  second 
(also  in  1011)  for  3,100/.,  the  third  in 
1912  for  6,100/.,  and  the  fourth  in  1913 
for  about  the  sum  stated.  The  auctioneers' 
catalogues  contained  from  first  to  last 
3,428  lots,  for  which  a  total  sum  of 
19,136/.  10s.  has  been  obtained.  Mr.  Butler's 
energy  was  tremendous,  and  the  whole  of 
his  library  may  not  be  sold  even  yet. 

On  April  22nd  and  23rd  Messrs.  Put  tick 
&  Simpson  sold  part  of  the  library  of  the 
late  Mr.  Sneyd  of  Ashcombe  Park,  Stafford- 
shire;  and  on  April  23rd  and  two  following 
days  Messrs.  Hodgson  held  a  miscellaneous 
sale,  which  realized  about  1,500/.  Both 
these  were  good,  and,  as  they  did  not  obtain 
so  full  a  report  as  usual,  the  following  prices 
may  be  noted.  The  first -named  sale  con- 
tained inter  alia  '  Views  in  Hudson's  Bay,' 
6  large  coloured  plates  in  a  wrapper,  1825, 
25/.  10s.  ;  the  original  autograph  log-book 
kept  by  Lieut.  Bligh  showing  the  Bounty's 
track  from  England  towards  Otaheite,  95/.  ; 
Boccaccio's  '  Le  Decameron,'  Londres  (Paris), 
1757-61,  containing  the  suppressed  series 
of  '  Estampes  Galantes,'  43/.  10s.  (French 
calf)  ;  Gilbert's  '  De  Magnete,'  1600,  folio, 
13/.  (old  vellum);  Kipling's  'Echoes,  by 
Two  Writers,'  printed  at  Lahore  in  1884, 
24/.  (wrappers);  Keats's  'Lamia,'  1820,45/. 
(original  boards,  with  the  label  and  some 
leaves  unopened) ;  and  a  set  of  Dickens's 
Works  in  18  vols.,  with  an  autograph  pre- 
sentation note  from  the  author,  20/.  These 
volumes  seem  to  have  formed  part  of  the 
"  Library  Edition,"  complete  in  30  vols., 
1858-74.  At  Messrs.  Hodgson's  sale  Bur- 
ton's '  Arabian  Nights  '  with  the  supplemental 
Nights,  together  16  vols.,  1885-8,  sold  for 
25/.  (original  cloth)  ;  presentation  copies  of 
'  Sylvie  and  Bruno  '  and  the  '  Conclusion,' 
1889-93,  14/.  17s.  6c/.  (original  cloth)  ;  and 
Hooker's  '  Botanj-  of  the  Antarctic  Voyage 
of  the  Erebus  and  Terror  '  and  the 
'  Flora  Nova?  Zelandia?,'  together  2  vols., 
4to,  1853-5,  26/.  Earlier  in  the  same 
month  Messrs.  Hodgson  had  sold  a  complete 
set  of  the  original  numbers  of  The  Spectator 
for  28/.  (binding  and  last  two  leaves  de- 
fective). 

During  the  remaining  days  of  April  a  few- 
noticeable  books  changed  hands,  among 
them  what  looked  like  a  "  made-up  "  copy 
of  the  first  edition  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
'  Waverley,'  1814.  This  may  have  belonged 
to  the  second  edition  of  that  date,  with 
title-pages  extracted  from  tho  first.  It 
realized  40/.  (original  boards,  labels  de- 
fective). The  Browning  collection  of  manu- 
scripts and  printed  books,  to  which  refer- 
ence has  already  been  made,  was  sold  at 
the  beginning  of  May  on  instructions  re- 
ceived from  the  administrators  of  the  estate 
of  the  late  R.  W.  Barrett  Browning. 
The  sale  was   very    fully    reported    in    The 

Athena -urn  of  May  JOth  and  I  7th  ;  and  on  the 

3l~t  there  was  an  account  of  the  sale  of  the 
sixteenth  portion  of  the  collection  of  manu- 

ipts  formed  by  the  late  Sir  Thoi 
J'hiilipps.  which  has  bo  far  realized  a  total 
sum  of  71,2822.  The  series  ol  Bales  was 
begun  at  Sotheby's  in  1886,  and  has 
been  continued  at  intervals  Bince  that  date. 
Others  are  yet  to  come,  and  it  may  be  some 
time  before  the  last  of  the  Mss.  which  Sir 
Thomas  accumulated-  wholesale,  as  it  wen- 
— is  catalogued  and  sold. 


Nearly  a  hundred  pages  of  '  Book-Priot 

Current   '    are    devoted    to    the    third    portion 

of  the  1 1  in  H  Library  (E  to  II),  the  sale  of 
which  occupied  Messrs.  Botheby  for  nine  da) 
in  the  eail\  part  of  June.     So  far  the  librarj 
has  brought    I  19,6832.,  the  largest  sum   evei 

realized    in    this    country    for    any    collection 

of  hooks.  The  celebrated  library  of  William 
Beckford  of  Fonthill  realized  89,2002.  from 
first  to  last,  and  that  occupied  the  premier 
position  in  monetary  importance  until  thret 

instalments  of  the  I  hit  1 1  Library  surpassed  it. 
The  comparison  is,  of  course,  hardly  fair,  for 

Beckford's  library  was  partly  sold  in  1823, 
and  partly  in  1882  3,  when  prices  were  not 
what  they  are  now.  However,  to  judge 
strictly  by  figures,    the    Huth    Library    take- 

the  lead,  although  h  is  as  yet  not  half  dis- 
persed, but  whether  it  will  reach  the  Hoo 
grand  total  of  338.826/.  remains  to  be  seen. 
All  that  can  be  said  at  the  present  stage  is 
that  the  chances  are  against  its  doing  so. 
The  Athenceum  of  June  14th  and  21st  had  a 
very  useful  summary  of  the  highest  priot 
obtained  for  the  books  which  formed  this 
third  portion  of  the  Huth  Library. 

Messrs.  Hodgson's  miscellaneous  sale  of 
June  5th  and  6th  contained  a  copy  of  tho 
privately  printed  '  Astarte,  a  Fragment 
of  Truth  concerning  (ieorge  Gordon  Byron, 
recorded  by  his  Grandson,  Ralph  Milbanke, 
Earl  of  Lovelace,"  1905,  8vo.  This  fetched 
16/.  (original  boards),  two  other  copies  in 
the  same  condition  having  realized  13/.  10s. 
and  14/.  10s.  during  the  year.  These  are 
apparently  the  only  recorded  sales.  As 
every  one  knows,  the  monthly  parts  in 
which  Thackeray's  'Vanity  Lair'  originally 
appeared  (January,  1847,  to  July,  1848) 
are  exceedingly  scarce,  and  88/.  obtained 
for  a  set  on  the  same  occasion  was  about 
right,  as  three  of  the  wrappers  were  missing, 
and  a  few  of  the  plates  stained.  A  really 
good  set  of  the  parts  is  worth  about  as  much 
again.  On  June  25th  another  important 
sale  was  held  at  Messrs.  Hodgson's  It 
comprised  a  collection  of  Elizabethan  and 
seventeenth  -  century  tracts,  apparently 
formed  by  the  first  Baron  Crew  of  Stene,  as 
well  as  a  number  of  other  properties  (see 
Athen.,  July  5th,  p.  15).  The  tracts  fetched, 
approximately,  500/.;  and  among  the  other 
books  were  several  of  great  interest,  as,  for 
instance,  the  first  edition  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Hardy's  '  Desperate  Remedies,'  3  vols,  in  1, 
clean  cojiy,  but  with  the  edges  cut,  1871, 
152.  10s.,  and  Prudent  le  Choyselat's  'A 
Discourse  of  Housebandrie,'  1577,  am.  4to, 
19/.  10s.  (unbound,  slightly  defective). 

A  small,  but  very  choice  and  costly  collec- 
tion, described  as  "the  Library  of  a  Gentle- 
man," was  sold  at  Sotheby's  on  the  last  daj 
of  June  (see  Athen.,  July  L2th,  p.  39).    Th 

were  only  187  lots  in  tho  catalogue,  and  yet 
the  amount  realized  was  nol  far  short  oi 
6,000/.       Wotton'8       'Speculum       Chi  i-t  lam.' 

printed      by      Machlinia      (one     of     ('a\toii\- 

assistants)  about    I  185,   broughl    2412.,  and 
Pynson's  '  Life  of  the  Glorious  Confessoure 
seynt    Francis  '    1262.     This   sale   affords  a 
good  object  lesson  of  its  kind,  for  nearlj 
w  hole  of    the  books   comprised    in    it    n 
specimens  of  ancient  t  j  pography. 
The  Byrkley  Lodge  Library,  the  property 

Of    Sir    \\  illiam     Buss,    was    sold    b\     \h 

Knight,   Frank  &    Rutley  on  Jul)    9th  and 
loth  (see  Athen.,  Jul}   L9th,  p.  64  I.      I 
an  unusually  fine  collection  ol  English  bo< 
,    popular  character,  all  in   the  choii  ■ 
condition    and    exceptionally    well    bound, 
and    the    prices    obtained    for    th<  in    w 

corresponding]  I.  ven     I 

0f  th  Forded  b  Life  in  London, 

1821,  and  the  '  Fini  ti,    I  B30,  both  on  I a 
paper,  uncut .  but  rebound  in  oca 
H  ith  th  nal  picture  bo  ird     pr< 

01    n  -   i.md   tin    we  -  bj  far  the  i 


66 


T  HE     AT  II  E  N  M  II  M 


No.  4498,  Jan.   10,   1914 


noticeable  sale  of  the  year.  As  much 
as  6,830Z.  was  obtained  for  the  536  lots. 
A  few  other  sales  were  held  during  July, 
and  then  the  season  closed,  one  of  the 
last  books  to  be  disposed  of  being  Byron's 
'The  Waltz,'  1813,  4to,  which  fetched  125/. 
(unbound  and  uncut).  Such  copies  as  this 
are  few  and  far  between. 

The  new  season  opened  in  the  middle  of 
October,  a  few  days  later  than  usual,  and 
that  will  prove  a  decided  advantage  if  it 
can  only  be  made  a  precedent.  It  is  no 
doubt  true  that  a  good  book  will  bring  its 
price  whenever  it  is  sold,  but  this  does  not 
a,pply  in  all  cases  alike,  or  let  us  say  that  it 
would  not  seem  to  do  so,  there  being  room 
for  difference  of  opinion  in  this  respect  as 
in  others.  Some  twenty  sales  have  been 
held  since  the  middle  of  October,  and  that 
is  rather  above  the  average  than  below  it,  so 
that  no  time  has  really  been  lost  by  the  delay. 
The  most  important  of  these  have  been 
recorded  in  The  Athenceum  from  time  to 
time,  and  will  be  well  in  remembrance.  The 
most  noticeable  (though  relatively  small  in 
extent)  comprised  a  number  of  books 
and  manuscripts,  almost  all  of  an  English 
classical  character,  belonging  to  an  American 
amateur.  It  was  at  this  sale  that  a  very 
large,  and  in  that  respect  perhaps  unique, 
copy  of  the  first  edition  of  '  The  Compleat 
Angler '  realized  the  comparatively  small 
sum  of  560/.  This  book  measured  51 1  in.  by 
3fi  in.,  and  was  bound  in  contemporary 
black  morocco.  With  the  exception  of  one 
or  two  very  slight  repairs  and  a  few  stains 
caused  by  handling,  it  was  in  excellent  con- 
dition. In  March,  1909,  an  equally  good 
copy,  though  smaller  (5^ in.  by  3f  in.),  sold 
for  1,085/.  The  rise  of  this  book  has  been 
extraordinary  In  1807  a  fine  example 
would  have  sold  for  about  3/.  3s.  ;  in  1852 
for  about  15/.  ;  in  1883  for  about  90/.  ;  and 
in  1887  for  nearly  200/.,  a  sum  which  had 
increased  in  1895  to  415/. — the  highest 
amount  obtained  up  to  that  time — for  a 
copy  which  was  in  the  original  sheepskin 
covers,  and  measured  5|  in.  by  3 \  in. 

No  review  of  the  year's  book  sales  which 
did  not  at  least  mention  some  of  those  less 
noticeable  works  which,  after  all,  con- 
stitute the  backbone  of  every  collection, 
could  be  regarded  as  entirely  satisfactory. 
Works  of  this  character  are  not  necessarily 
inferior  in  interest  to  those  that  realize 
the  large  amounts  chronicled  from  time  to 
time,  and  indeed  many  of  them  are  on  their 
way  to  the  inner  circle  where  money  appears 
to  be  an  unimportant  factor.  It  has  been 
so  in  the  past,  and  we  may  be  sure  that 
history  will  repeat  itself  in  this  respect. 
The  vast  majority  of  books  make  no  pre- 
tensions to  future  greatness  of  the  kind. 
They  are  every  one's  books,  and  relics  of  a 
time  when  all  alike  were  on  much  the  same 
level  so  far  as  their  price  in  the  market  was 
concerned,  and  it  is  such  works  as  these  that 
appeal  to  the  world  at  large.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  note  that  they  are  much  more  accessible 
than  they  were  twenty  or  twenty-five  years 
ago.  Generally,  they  can  be  got  for  at  least 
20  per  cent  less  than  they  could  then. 

In  this  ha]3py  position — for  the  book- 
buyer — they  must  be  left,  for  they  never 
intrude,  and  to  go  in  search  of  them  would 
involve  too  wide  a  sweep  for  an  article  such 
as  this.  That  they  exist  in  enormous 
numbers  is  obvious,  and  that  they  have 
their  merits  may  be  taken  for  granted. 
Burton's  typical  book-hunter  still  lives, 
and  his  ways  are  in  accordance  with  tra- 
dition and  remain  much  as  they  ever  were. 
Circumstances  have  changed,  but  to  what 
extent  the  book-hunter  has  changed  with 
them  is  a  problem  capable  of  being  solved 
in  many  different  ways. 

J.  Herbert  Slater. 


STERNE    IN    ITALY. 

Ugo  Foscolo  was  stationed  at  Boulogne 
with  the  Italian  contingent  in  Napoleon's 
army,  waiting  to  invade  England,  and  learn- 
ing our  language  by  way  of  preparation  from 
an  English  family  at  St.  Omer  near  whom 
he  was  lodging,  when  he  began  the  transla- 
tion of  the  '  Sentimental  Journey,'  which 
was  published  over  the  signature  "  Didimo 
Chierico."  Here  he  might  be  seen  scribbling 
furiously  for  several  hours  of  a  night  in  a 
cafe  by  the  light  of  the  lamp  in  the  billiard- 
room,  he  tells  us,  while  other  officers  were 
discussing  tactics,  smoking,  and  drinking 
each  other's  healths.  Thanks  to  Foscolo, 
Yorick  has  become  a  household  word  in 
Italy.  It  was  adopted  as  a  nom  de  guerre 
by  one  of  the  most  brilliant  journalists  of 
the  last  generation.  And  the  '  Sentimental 
Journey  '  is  regarded  as  the  most  typical 
product  of  English  humour,  a  quality  which 
Foscolo's  popular  translation  was  thought  to 
have  directly  introduced  into  the  peninsula. 
"English  humour  is  peculiar  to  the  English, 
and  in  them  original,"  writes  such  a  critic 
as  Tommaseo.  "  Our  humorous  writers  and 
our  humour  are  poor  imitations."  A  modern 
critic  would  retort  that  every  nation  has 
its  own  humour  peculiar  to  itself,  but  it  is 
certain  that  the  humour  of  the  novelist  and 
triumvir  Guerrazzi  owed  something  to 
Sterne  in  the  '  Buco  del  Muro  '  as  late  as 
1862,  just  as  Fogazzaro's  humour  owes 
something  to  Dickens.  And  not  long  ago 
an  Italian  friend  begged  the  writer  to  send 
him  a  copy  of  the  '  Sentimental  Journey  '  in 
preference  to  any  other  English  book.  One 
would  have  expected  him  to  ask  for  Swin- 
burne, or  Shelley,  or  Dickens,  or  possibly 
Oscar  Wilde  or  H.  G.  Wells,  since  he  already 
possessed  Poe,  but  he  unhesitatingly  chose 
Sterne. 

This  is  as  it  should  be,  however,  for 
Sterne  was  popular  in  Italy  in  his  lifetime. 
In  Milan  especially  he  was  warmly  wel- 
comed. One  of  his  Milanese  admirers — 
Alessandro  Verri — went  to  call  on  him  during 
his  stay  in  London  in  1767,  and  describes 
his  visit  in  a  letter  to  his  distinguished 
brother  Pietro,  who  was  as  confirmed  an 
Anglomaniac  as  himself.  Sterne  did  not 
recognize  him,  as  they  had  barely  met  in 
Milan,  but  he  showed  him  a  world  of  hos- 
pitality. He  gave  him  chocolate,  and  petted 
him  in  a  thousand  ways.  He  helped  him 
off  with  his  coat,  which  was  wet  through, 
embraced  him,  took  him  by  the  hand,  and 
led  him  to  the  fire.  A  little  later  he  saw 
Verri  at  a  public  assembly,  embraced  him 
again,  and  whispered  so  many  kind  things 
into  his  ear  that  their  talk  was  a  positive 
delight.  Is  not  this  Yorick  to  the  life  ?  On 
this  occasion  he  was  wearing  a  round  wig  and 
a  grey  coat.  He  told  Verri  that  they  allowed 
him  to  go  everywhere  in  London  without 
paying,  so  universally  was  he  beloved. 

Lacy  Collison-Morley. 


CPvASHAW'S    VERSIFICATION. 

University  College,  Cork,  December  24,  1913. 

Your  critic  of  December  13th  notes  that 

"  not    many    genuine    poets    have    penned 

worse  lines  "  than  Crashaw's 

Two  walking  baths,  two  weeping  motions, 
Portable  and  compendious  oceans — 

the  penitent's  eyes. 

Fearful  and  wonderful  these  typical 
lines  may  be,  in  the  matter.  And  in  the 
form,  if  read,  as  clumsy  boundings,  with 
the  modern  pronunciation. 

But  is  it  worth  recalling  that  the  last 
word  in  each  line  was  to  Crashaw  a  slow 
trisyllable  ?  What,  then,  about  the  form  ? 
Are  not  the  sounds,  in  their  great  variety, 
to  the  credit  of  any  genuine  poet  ? 

W.  F.  P.  Stockxey. 


We  (our  proprietor  gladly  again  merg- 
ing himself  in  the  first  person  plural  with 
those  who  make  the  continuance  of  our 
work  possible)  wish  to  thank  the  press  and 
the  public  for  their  generous  recognition 
of  our  desire  to  serve  the  world  of  letters. 
The  success  of  our  French  Supplement  has 
led  us  at  once  to  consider  developments 
with  the  object  of  furthering  that  literary 
intercourse  with  our  Continental  neigh- 
bours which  makes  for  sympathetic  under- 
standing and  real  friendship. 

For  several  years  America  and  France 
have  been  endeavouring  to  strengthen  the 
literary  associations  which  they  have  in 
common,  and  an  exchange  of  professors 
and  lecturers  has  been  established.  In 
1913  a  new  system  was  inaugruated 
which  is  calculated  to  develope  this  intel- 
lectual understanding.  In  addition  to 
the  professor  who  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne, 
America  has  sent  one  of  her  best  his- 
torians, Prof.  Van  Tyne,  of  the  University 
of  Michigan.  His  duty  will  be  to  settle 
for  one  or  two  weeks  in  each  of  the  pro- 
vincial Universities,  and  to  deliver  during 
that  time  three  lectures  a  Aveek,  like  his 
French  colleagues.  Prof.  Van  Tyne  has 
already  visited  the  Universities  of  Caen, 
Rennes,  and  Nancy. 

Mr.  Cecil  Harmsworth  deserves  the 
thanks  of  the  public  for  the  capable  and 
thorough  manner  in  which  he  has  repaired 
and  restored  Dr.  Johnson's  house  (No.  17, 
Gough  Square),  and  for  his  generosity  in 
throwing  it  open  to  the  public.  A  good 
part  of  the  restoration  consisted  in  burn- 
ing off  paint,  six  coats  of  which  were 
removed  from  the  woodwork  of  the  stair- 
case, which  is  left  with  the  wood  in  its 
natural  colour.  Dr.  Johnson's  own  rooms 
on  the  top  floor,  by  the  decay  of  the  parti- 
tion between  them,  have  now  been  re- 
duced to  one  large  room.  The  house  is  a 
simple  one,  and  its  character  has  been 
carefully  preserved. 

Lord  Hythe,  in  a  letter  to  The  Times 
dated  December  31st,  informs  the  public 
that  a  sum  of  at  least  50,000/.  is  required 
to  place  the  Bodleian  on  a  satisfactory 
footing.  Through  grants  from  the  En- 
dowment Fund  and  through  the  liberality 
of  some  of  the  Colleges,  much  has  been 
done  :  a  new  reading-room  and  an  under- 
ground bookstore  have  been  provided,  and 
the  revision  of  the  900  and  more  huge 
volumes  of  the  Catalogue,  preparatory  to 
its  being  printed,  has  been  begun.  But 
the  books  underground  are  still  housed 
on  make-shift  wooden  bookshelves,  and 
15,000/.  is  needed  for  the  provision  of  per- 
manent rolling  book-stacks,  while  a  like 
sum  is  required  to  bring  the  Catalogue 
to  completion.  Moreover,  for  additional 
staff  and  maintenance  expenses  800/.  must 
be  found.  We  are  glad  to  associate  our- 
selves with  Lord  Hythe's  appeal  for  assist- 
ance. He  puts  the  matter  with  great 
moderation  when  he  says  that  the  Bod- 
leian "  is  far  more  than  a  University 
institution,  and  deserves  generous  sup- 
port." 


No.  4498,  Jan.   LO,   l!»U 


T  II  E     A.T  II  K\  MV  M 


The  new  year  brings  us  from  Messrs. 
Kelly  the  '  Post  Office  London  Directory,' 
admirably  bound  and  inscribed  "  Athe- 
MBUM."  This  is  an  instance  of  that 
careful  regard  for  detail  in  which  the  pub- 
lishers excel.  This  vast  book  is  wonder- 
fully accurate  in  spite  of  the  multitude  of 
names  and  figures  it  contains. 

This  year  the  '  Directory  '  is  forty-one 
pages  longer  than  last,  and  the  "  Official  *' 
sett  ion  has  been  considerably  enlarged. 
The  list  of  trades,  as  usual,  is  full  of 
.curious  things.  Alpine  axe  makers,  calico 
printers'  doctors,  and  fog  signal  makers 
have  a  monopoly  of  their  trades,  but 
there  is  a  pair  of  orchil  and  cudbear 
makers,  also  of  calomel  manufacturers. 
It  is  somewhat  strange  to  find  more  manu- 
facturers of  bitumen  than  billiard-rooms. 
There  are  five  panic  bolt  manufacturers, 
six  postal  tube  makers,  nine  printers' 
wipers,  and  eleven  theatrical  wig  makers. 
The  grease  manufacturers  are  fifty  strong. 
In  spite  of  modern  aviators.  "  parachute 
descents  by  ladies  and  gentlemen  "  are 
still  advertised,  but  the  memory  specialist, 
unless  he  conceals  himself  modestly  under 
another  heading,  has  disappeared.  We 
miss  him,  and  think  that  London  needs 
him  as  much  as  the  solitary  maker  of 
alabastine  and  jelstone. 

Prof.  Schubart  from  Berlin  and  Prof. 
Lumbroso  from  Rome  announce  the  dis- 
covery of  eight  rolls  of  papyrus,  tolerably 
complete  and  legible,  one  of  which  con- 
tains about  100  paragraphs  of  legal  deci- 
sions. &c,  reaching  from  Augustus  to 
the  Antonines.  Whether  it  is  like 
the  recent  -Waioj/xaro.  published  at  Halle 
(1913)  we  are  not  told,  but  the  description 
points  to  some  such  document.  We  hope 
for  an  early  publication  by  the  finders. 

Mr.  Beckles  Willson  has  lately  com- 
municated to  The  Times  four  letters, 
hitherto  unpublished,  dated  1762  and 
1763.  relating  to  the  recovery  of  Wolfe's 
arrears  of  pay.  Wolfe,  on  taking  com- 
mand against  the  French  in  Canada,  had 
agreed  to  accept  merely  a  major-general's 
pay,  forgoing  the  full  pay  of  a  com- 
mander-in-chief— or  so  Barrington  as- 
serted :  and  a  refusal  to  hand  over  to 
hi-  executors  the  pay  of  a  commander-in- 
chief  was  based  on  this  alleged  agreement. 
The  King,  however,  and  Townshend 
would  have  yielded  the  point  if  they  could 
have  obtained  from  Pitt  the  reasons 
which  led  to  the  commission  of  com- 
mander-in-chief being  given  to  Wolfe  ! 
These  four  letters  dealing  with  the  matter 
are  from  Shelburne,  Thomas  Fisher,  and 
George  Warde.  They  indicate  that  the 
Government  offices  were  still  obdurate — 
and  obdurate  they  remained.  Wolfe  is 
ii"t  the  only  hero  whom  the  nation  has 
treated  badly;  but  perhaps  the  enthu- 
siastic readiness  to  eare  for  those  whom 
-  ott  commended  to  the  nation  in  his  last 
message  gives  fair  reason  to  hope  that  in 
this  respect  we  have  improved  upon  our 
fathei  - 

A\  open  lecture,  entitled  '  Native  Races 
of  British  East  Africa  '  (with  lantern  illus- 
trations), will  be  delivered  by  .Mi--  A. 
Werner    at    King's    College,    Strand,    on 


the  -3rd  inst.,  at  5  o'clock.  This  will  be 
followed,  on  six  consecutive  Fridays,  by 
a  course  of  lectures  on  'The  Language- 
Families  of  Africa."  For  particulars  of 
these  application  should  be  made  to  the 
Secretary. 

MESSRS.  CiiRiSTorHKRs  announce  that 
they  have  changed  their  address  to 
22.  Berners  Street.  W..  and  desire  that 
all  communications  be  directed  to  them 
there.  The  new  address  does  not  imply 
any  alteration  in  the  ownership  or  conduct 
of  their  business. 

A  course  of  eight  lectures  on  '  The  Art 
of  Printing  Historically  Considered  '  will 
be  delivered  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Peddie  at 
St.  Bride  Institute,  Fleet  Street,  beginning 
on  Monday  evening  next  at  7.30.  At  the 
first  lecture  Mr.  Peddie  will  deal  with  the 
invention  of  the  art,  and  its  progress 
during  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies.    Admission  is  free. 

It  is  not  likely  that  the  American  love 
for  '-'record-breaking"  will  long  be  chafing 
at  the  inferiority  of  New  York  to  London 
in  the  matter  of  population.  Still,  The 
New  York  Post  has  been  somewhat  pre- 
mature in  announcing  the  supremacy  of 
its  city  as  already  attained.  Londoners 
must  have  rubbed  their  eyes  on  seeing 
their  number  reported  as  4,518,191,  when 
"  between  six  and  seven  millions  "  would 
probably  be  the  answer  of  any  school- 
child  questioned  on  the  point,  and  when  at 
the  last  Census  the  population  of  Greater 
London  was  7,251,358.  The  New  Yorker, 
it  appears,  was  comparing  Greater  New 
York  with  an  estimated  population  of 
5,476,966,  and  the  Administrative  County 
of  London  with  an  estimated  population 
of  4,518,191.  So,  despite  a  prospect  of 
eventual  success,  New  York  has  still 
somewhere  near  two  millions  to  make 
up  first. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  are  publishing 
shortly  in  "  The  Eversley  Series  "  a 
"  Dictionary  of  Madame  de  Sevigne,'  by 
Edward  FitzGerald,  edited  and  annotated 
by  his  great-niece,  Miss  Kerrick.  This 
consists  of  essays  upon  persons  mentioned 
in  the  letters  of  Madame  de  Sevigne, 
with  notes  on  other  matters.  It  may  well 
prove  of  curious  interest  alike  to  the 
lovers  of  the  letters  and  to  admirers  of 
FitzGerald. 

Mr.  Gibson  Bowles  will  bring  out  in 
February  the  first  number  of  The  Candid 
Quarterly  Review.  It  is  intended  to  deal 
with  public  affairs  of  all  kinds  "  faithfully 
and  frankly.''  the  preliminary  circular 
says.  "  and  to  treat  them  with  candour, 
having  sole  regard  to  the  public  welfare." 
On  the  other  hand,  it  threatens  with 
relentless  exposure  'insincerity,  dis- 
honesty, corruption,  or  aughl  that  may 
bring  danger  or  dishonour  to  the  State.' 

Such    aims   cannot    fail    to   command    the 
•  I  wishes  of  all  hone-t    persons. 

Amono  the  articles  in  the  forthcoming 
issue  of  The  Edinburgh  Review  will  he 
'The    Coming    Land    Tyranny,'    by    the 

editor:      "The     Indian     Mo-Inn     Outlook,' 

by   11.11.  the  Aga    Khan  ;    '  The   Renais- 
sance ot    Dancing,'    b\    Mr.   Felix   Claj  ; 


and     'The    Compulsory    Settlement     <>t 

Industrial      Disputes,'      by     Mr.      W.     O. 

Constable. 

Mr.  Yom;  NOGFCHI,  the  Japanese 
poet-essayist,  who  is  now  on  a  visit  to 
London  on  a  lecturing  tour — his  last  vi-it 
was  ten  years  ago-  has  placed  a  new 
volume  of  essays  with  Mr.  Klkin  Mathews, 
who  will  issue  it  on  the  19th  in-t . 
'  Through  the  Torii  '  consists  of  thirty- 
five  essays,  mostly  on  Japanese  snl>- 
jects,  but  it  also  includes  '  A  Japanese 
on  the  Poet  Rossetti,'  '  A  Japanese  on 
Whistler,'  'A  Japanese  Note  on  Yeats,1 
'  Oscar  Wilde,'  &c 

Mr.  S.  A.  Grundy-Xkwman  of  Walsall 
is  at  present  at  work  on  a  compre- 
hensive account  of  the  '  Heraldry  and 
Monumental  Inscriptions  of  Lichfield  Ca- 
thedral,' in  which  there  will  be  given  a 
complete  blazon  of  the  heraldic  bearings 
in  the  Cathedral  and  a  full  copy  of 
every  inscription.  A  prospectus  of  the 
publication,  which  will  be  limited,  is  to  be 
issued  shortly. 

Prof.  Sir  Wtalter  Raleigh  will  short  ly 
give  a  course  of  four  lectures  at  the  Sor- 
bonne  on  '  The  Romantic  Movement  in 
English  Literature  at  the  Beginning  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century.' 

Dr.  Patrick  Weston  Joyce  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  died  on  Wednesday  las! 
at  Dublin  in  his  eighty-seventh  year. 
Born  at  Limerick,  and  educated  privately, 
he  served  the  Commissioners  of  National 
Education  in  Ireland  for  some  years  before 
he  became  a  professor  in  their  training 
college  in  Marlborough  Street,  of  which 
he  was  eventually  made  Principal — a  post 
from  which  he  retired  in  1893.  His  books 
on  Irish  antiquities,  written  in  an  un- 
usually simple  but  happy  style  and 
full  of  pleasant  verve  as  well  as  informa- 
tion, are  what  he  will  longest  be  remem- 
bered for.  The  most  important  is  'The 
Origin  and  History  of  Irish  Names  of 
Places,'  the  third  Volume  of  which  was 
published  about  a  fortnight  before  his 
last  illness. 

We  regret  to  learn  of  the  death  of  Dr. 
Silas  W'eii-  Mitchell,  which  took  place  a1 
Philadelphia  on  the  5th  inst.  His  name 
is,  perhaps,  most  widely  known  for  his 
identification  of  neurasthenia  as  a  definite 
state  of  ill-health  requiring  scientific 
treatment,    and    for    hi-    invention    of    the 

rest-CUre  "    system,  but  he    was   also  the 

author  of  important  original  work  on  the 

effects  of  several   poisons  ;     while,  so  earl\ 

as  I S77.  the  physiological  research  em- 
bodied in  his  book  '  Fal  and  Blood  '  had 
won  for  him  a  European  reputation.  The 
friend  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  he  was 
also  a   novelist,   poet,  and  dramatis! 

some    merit,    and    n<>    doubt     the    art 

capacity  thus  evinced,  with  its  quickn 
of  intuition  and  sympathy,  played  a  con- 
siderable  pari    m  the  BUCCeSS  "I    In-  main 
work,  the  elucidation  of  nervous  disease. 

Next  w  i.i.k  we  shall  publish  a  Suppli 
incut  devoted   t"  the  bit.  rature  of  Edu- 
cal  ion. 


68 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,  1014 


SCIENCE 


Boanerges.     By    Rcndel    Harris.     (Cam- 
bridge University  Press,  15/  net.) 

A  title  mysteriously  picturesque  is  a 
sure  sign  of  an  anthropological  work ; 
and  a  late  famous  wit  had  some  reason 
for  his  jibe  when  he  announced  that  his 
next  contribution  to  Comparative  Mytho- 
i]  >gy  would  be  labelled  '  The  Silver 
Potato.'  In  the  case  before  us,  however, 
'  Boanerges,'  if  somewhat  cryptic  on  the 
face  of  it,  is  nevertheless  strictly  appro- 
priate as  a  designation  of  the  subject 
in  hand. 

Dr.  Rendel  Harris,  it  is  well  known, 
has  of  late  years  been  focussing  his 
immense  learning  on  the  special  topic  of 
Twin-cults.  His  original  thesis  was  that 
the  ecclesiastical  calendar  is  full  of  more 
or  less  disguised  twins  (for  instance,  the 
holy  martyrs  Laurus  and  Florus),  who 
were  presumably  taken  over  from  Dios- 
curic  cults  which  prevailed  wide \y  through 
Europe  before  the  advent  of  Christianity. 
Next,  at  the  back  of  these  pagan  rites, 
he  discerned  a  notion  germane  to  down- 
right savagerjr,  namely,  that  of  the  twin- 
taboo.  His  volume  named  '  The  Cult  of 
the  Heavenly  Twins,'  published  in  1906, 
sought  to  confirm  the  pioneer  work 
'  Dioscuri  in  the  Christian  Legends,' 
which  had  appeared  three  years  before, 
•by  beginning  at  the  opposite  end  of 
the  history  of  the  twin-cult,  and  showing 
how,  among  savages,  the  birth  of  twins 
"  constitutes  their  greatest  Fear  or  Supreme 
Reverence,  and  so  furnishes  the  basis  from 
•which  the  evolution  of  Natural  religion 
must  inevitably  proceed."  By  this  time 
Dr.  Harris  felt  sure  of  having  lighted  upon 
,-a  whole  new  department  of  human  culture, 
on  which  he  would  bestow  the  name  of 
Dioscurism  ;  and  ever  since,  on  the 
•strength  of  this  conviction,  he  has  been 
zealously  engaged  in  accumulating  addi- 
tional evidence,  and  founding  more  and 
more  startling  corollaries  upon  it. 

"  As  often  as  I  repeated  to  myself  the 
warning  to  beware  of  the  idea  that  one 
had  found  a  master-key  in  mythology,  so 
often  some  fresh  door  or  window  would 
open  under  the  stress  of  the  particular  key 
that  I  was  carrying." 

At  last  we  come  to  Boanerges.  Why 
are  the  two  sons  of  Zebedee — James  and 
John — named  "  Sons  of  Thunder  "  ?  By 
way  of  answer  we  are  referred  to  Portuguese 
East  Africa.  M.  Junod,  in  k  Les  Ba- 
ronga '  (1898) — Dr.  Harris,  for  some 
reason,  does  not  draw  upon  M.  Junod's 
latest  account  of  these  facts  in  '  The  Life 
of  a  South  African  Tribe  '  (1913)— shows 
that  in  the  native  name  for  twins  (Bana- 
ba-Tilo,  or  "  children  of  Tilo  ")  the  word 
Tilo  stands  for  the  sky  in  its  various 
manifestations,  including  thunder  and 
rain.  Dr.  Harris  pointed  out  to  Dr. 
Frazer  in  conversation  the  similarity 
between  Bana-ba-Tilo  and  Dioscuri,  or 
"  boys  of  Zeus." 

"  He  promptly  retorted  upon  my  own 
lack  of  vision  by  remarking  that  in  that  case 
we  had   the   explanation   of   the   perplexing 


Boanerges  in  the  New  Testament.  We  had 
between  vis  arrived  at  the  equivalence  : 
Boanerges = Dioscuri =  Bana-ba-Tilo  !  ': 

Nor  is  the  coincidence — to  rate  it  no 
higher  for  the  moment — merely  three- 
fold. The  comparativist,  in  his  globe- 
trotting fashion,  now  carries  us  off  to 
South  America.  Arriaga,  in  that  rare 
work  '  Extirpation  of  Idolatry  in  Peru,' 
tells  us  that 

"  when  two  children  are  produced  at  one 
birth ....  they  hold  it  for  an  impious  and 
abominable  occurrence,  and  they  say,  that 
one  of  them  is  the  child  of  the  Lightning." 

It  may  be  added  that  the  natives  like- 
wise worshipped  a  pair  of  celestial  twins 
who  caused  thunder  and  lightning.  The 
Peruvian  converts,  moreover,  can  make 
good  a  claim  to  priority  over  Dr.  Harris 
in  the  use  of  his  master-key  ;  for  they 
decreed  that  instead  of  "  child  of  the 
lightning "  the  twin  should  henceforth 
be  baptized  Santiago  (St.  James),  because 
James  and  his  brother  John  had  been 
called  Boanerges  by  our  Lord.  For  the 
rest,  a  like  accommodation  of  Biblical 
lore  to  popular  superstition  is  illustrated 
in  the  name  "  Zebedee  stone,"  applied  by 
the  Danish  peasant  to  the  thunderstone, 
or  neolithic  celt,  which  he  identifies  with 
the  bolt  of  Heaven,  and  carries  in  his 
pocket  to  avert  Heaven's  wrath. 

When  we  pass  on  from  particular  com- 
parisons to  the  attempt  to  construct  a 
general  philosophy  of  Dioscurism,  we 
perhaps  render  ourselves  guilty  of  the 
charge  of  seeking  to  outstrip  our  guide. 
This,  we  are  expressly  told,  is  but  one 
course  of  an  interminable  banquet  of 
research  ;  so  that  a  final  summing-up  is 
out  of  the  question.  Nevertheless,  at 
our  own  risk,  we  feel  impelled,  as  best 
we  can,  to  elicit  the  coy  universal  from 
this  vast  array  of  miscellaneous  gleanings. 
The  first  point,  then,  which  comes  out 
clearly  enough  is  that  twins,  being  ab- 
normal and  uncanny,  are  therefore  in  the 
eyes  of  the  savage  sacred.  Further,  it  is 
a  commonplace  of  anthropology  that 
sacredness  is  a  two-edged  affair.  It 
involves  a  potency  which  may  declare 
itself  now  for  weal  and  now  for  woe, 
though  usually  one  aspect  or  the  other 
will  be  selected  for  emphasis  in  the 
customary  observances  of  a  given  people. 
Thus  it  is  that,  while  all  over  the  un- 
civilized world  the  birth  of  twins  is  hailed 
as  a  portent,  and  is  the  occasion  of  special 
precautions,  one  group  will  be  found  to 
treat  the  visitation  as  a  bane,  going  so  far, 
it  may  be,  as  to  destroy  children  and 
mother  alike  ;  but  the  next  group  will 
consider  that  a  blessing  has  been  vouch- 
safed them,  proceeding  just  as  far  in  the 
opposite  direction,  and,  let  us  say, 
according  divine  honours  to  the  luck- 
bringing  pair.  Suppose  it,  then,  to  have 
happened  that  mystic  power  of  a  bene- 
ficent type  is  attributed  to  the  twins,  it  is 
easy  to  see  how  the  community  might 
be  led  to  exploit  this  power  for  all  manner 
of  useful  ends — for  the  regulation  of  the 
weather,  the  securing  of  good  hunting, 
the  cure  of  disease,  and  what  not.  Quite 
apart  from  any  special  efficacy  which 
their  twinship  as  such  might  be  deemed 


to  exert  in  virtue  of  what  is  known  as 
the  sympathetic  principle,  their  beneficent 
sacredness  of  itself  would  endow  them 
with  the  status  of  wonder-workers  for  the 
common  good.  So  far,  in  the  way  of 
theory,  it  is  relatively  plain  sailing. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  we  analyze  the 
savage  attitude  towards  thunder,  we  find 
here  again  something  portentous,  some- 
thing claiming  in  its  own  right  to  be 
treated  as  sacred,  as  fraught  with  more 
than  ordinary  good  or  evil  for  mankind. 
The  evolution  of  a  Thunder-god,  worked 
out  on  these  lines,  presents  no  greater 
difficulty  than  that  of  the  divine  Twins. 
Various  functions  will  belong  to  the 
Thunder-being  (taken  together  with  his 
embodiment  the  Thunder-stone)  simply 
in  virtue  of  his  sacredness,  and  he  will 
to  this  extent  be  an  all-round  wonder- 
worker. At  the  same  time,  certain  attri- 
butes will  be  his  by  reason  of  his  specific 
nature.  Thus  he  will  be  rain-giver  ;  he 
will  rejoice  in  the  fire-colour  red  ;  he 
will  be  associated  with  the  oak,  the  tree 
which,  as  Mr.  Warde  Fowler  and  others 
have  shown,  is  visited  most  by  the  light- 
ning :  and  hence,  perhaps,  will,  as  Dr. 
Harris  suggests,  be  a  patron  of  the 
primitive  mariner  embarked  perilously 
in  a  dug-out  hewn  from  an  oak. 

Here,  then,  are  two  developments, 
each  of  which  obeys  an  internal  logic  of 
its  own,  such  as  the  civilized  mind  can, 
at  any  rate,  follow  after  a  fashion.  But 
why  on  earth  twins  and  thunder  should 
go  together  in  primitive  thought  is  a 
puzzle  fit  to  stagger  philosophical  hu- 
manity. It  appears,  on  the  face  of  it, 
to  be  a  case  of  downright  syncretism, 
of  the  arbitrary  contamination  of  two 
distinct  and  alien  ritual  plots.  Of  course 
there  is  just  a  chance  that  the  specific 
implications  of  thunder  and  twinship  will 
on  further  investigation  showT  something 
in  common  ;  for  instance,  some  mutual 
relation  having  to  do  with  fertility.  The 
thunder  as  harbinger  of  the  ram  is  no 
doubt  a  prime  mover  in  the  way  of 
making  things  grow.  As  to  twins,  they, 
of  course,  bespeak  in  the  lady  who  is 
blessed  with  them  a  fertility  pushed 
almost  to  excess.  Hence  either  they 
might  be  connected  with  the  fertilizing 
thunder  as  effect  with  cause  ;  or,  again, 
might,  by  an  application  of  the  sym- 
pathetic principle,  be  treated  as  causative 
themselves — that  is.  as  capable  of  passing 
on  the  contagion  of  fertility  to  whatever 
they  touched.  It  must  be  confessed, 
however,  that  the  reported  facts  do  not 
greatly  favour  this  or  any  other  method 
of  demonstrating  an  intrinsic  community 
of  significance  between  the  two  classes  of 
sacred  objects.  There  is  no  reason  suffi- 
ciently apparent  why  a  savage,  any  more 
than  one  of  ourselves,  should  exclaim  : 
'•Talking  of  the  recent  thunderstorm,  I 
am  reminded  that  So-and-so  has  just 
brought  into  the  world  a  remarkably 
fine  pair  of  twins." 

If,  then,  intrinsic  connexion  cannot  be 
detected,  a  purely  extrinsic  conjunction 
must  be  assumed,  such  as  would  be  likely 
to  follow  from  the  historic  juxtaposition 
of   the   two   ritual   interests   in   question. 


No.  4498,  Jan.   In.   L91  I 


T  ii  E    a  tii  i:n  .i;r  M 


li!) 


A  people,  let  us  say,  whose  zeal  centred 
in  the  eu!t  of  the  powers  of  the  sky  might 
come  to  explain  the  miracle  of  twins  in 
terms  of  the  all-powerful  sky,  their 
wonder-worker  in  chief.  Once  formed. 
this  association  of  ideas  would  become  a 
permanent  part  of  their  culture,  and.  if 
that  culture  spread  over  the  earth,  would 
be  therewith  communicated  to  other 
ethnic  groups.  Or  it  might  even  be  that, 
since  thunder  and  twins  are  to  be  met 
with  everywhere,  similar  collocations 
might  occur  at  more  than  one  time  and 
place,  so  that  several  centres  of  disper- 
sion would  have  to  be  postulated.  As  it 
is,  Dr.  Harris,  while,  as  in  duty  bound, 
heading  a  chapter  with  the  question,  **  Are 
the  Twin-myths  one  or  many  I  "  is  in  the 
end  obliged  simply  to  indicate  the  theo- 
retical possibilities,  and  to  leave  it  to  the 
future  to  provide  sufficient  grounds  for 
choosing  between  them. 

""  ]>id  the  Baronga  uet  the  belief  from  the 
Aryans  or  the  Semites  !  Have  the  Peruvians 
an  ancestry  that  reaches  across  to  India  or 

r  Africa  '.' 
We  have  no  right  to  be  disappointed 
because  the  writer  in  the  end  "  pauses  for 
a  reply."  On  t lit*  contrary,  we  must 
respect  the  trained  student  who.  faithful 
to  the  best  canons  of  scientific  discovery, 
refrains  from  premature  generalization, 
and.  content  to  have  helped  forward  the 
inquiry  by  a  stage,  takes  stock  of  his 
provisional  findings,  both  for  his  own 
satisfaction  and  in  order  that  others 
may  lend  a  helping  hand  where  it  is 
most  wanted.  So  we  wish  nothing  but 
good  luck  to  the  learned  author  in  the 
further  prosecution  of  an  inquiry  which 
has  already  caused  him  to  bear  not  only 
twins,  but  triplets. 


jirirna   (Dossip. 

The  reports  from  the  Meteorological 
Ofhce  for  the  fifty-two  weeks  ending  Decem- 
ber 27th  show  that  the  mean  temperature 
for  the  year  over  the  whole  of  the  British 
I  3  in   excess  of    the   average.     The 

rainfall  for  the  greater  part  of  the  area  was 
deficient — most  so  in  Scotland,  where  in  the 
the    deficiency    amounted    to    4*53  in., 
I   in  the  west   to   -j'37  in.     The  duration 
of       bright     sunshine,     however,     was      22 
hours     below    the    average,    the    aggregate 
-  (hours;  and  while  the  temperature 
for  the  whole  year  showed  excess,  in  April, 
July,    and  August   it   showed  a  deficiency. 
July,    in  particular,    w;is    cloudy  and    cool, 
with   only   95   hours   of   sunshine,   which   is 
1)1  hours  below  the  average. 

Db.  Lazaucs- Barlow,  Director  of  the 
1  cer  Research  Laboratories  of  the  Middle- 
Hospital,  has  communicated  lo  The 
Times  some  account  of  the  progress  made 
towards  the  cure  of  cancer.  The  hospital 
admits  to  the  cancer  departmenl  only  such 
■  iid  the  hope  of  aid  from 
an   opei  From    June   to    September, 

1912,  •••.  ery  case  admitted  terminated  fatally. 

in    June    to    September,    1913,    ou 
•<v   patients  admitted,   :;_'   were   discharged 
to        •  itai    as    able    to    return    to 

ordinary  !. 

Dr.  .'.-     n.it  orally    expi 

-■•If    with    caution:      time    alone    will 
initively  show  whether  v.  claimed 

Meanwhile,    at 
any  rate,  the  relief — permanent  or  not — is 


real.      The   agency   employed    is    radium.     If 

150  milligrams  of  radium  are  buried  in  a 
cancerous   tumour,  the  growth  withers   up. 

Should    some    cells    escape    destruction,    and 

recrudescence  occur,  the  new  growth  can 
be  treated  again  as  the  original  one  had  been. 

All  this  is  decidedly  hopeful,  and  the 
main   obstacle   to   a   wider   use   of   this    long- 

sought  remedy  ought  surely  to  be  removed — 

if  necessary,  by  the  intervention  of  the  State 

— without  delay.  The  present  market  price 
of  radium  is  20/.  per  milligram.  Dr.  Lazarus- 
Barlow  states  that  he  has  every  reason — 
from  the  statements  of  manufacturers — to 
believe  that  it  might  be  sold  at  a  profit  for 
a  few  shillings  per  milligram.  If  this  state- 
ment can  be  substantiated,  the  artificial 
inflation  of  the  price,  for  the  financial  benefit 
of  a  small  number  of  persons,  can  only  be 
regarded  as  an  instance  of  almost  unpre- 
cedented callousness. 

Herr  A.  Gerwerzhagen  has  lately 
published  some  interest  Jul;  results  of  his 
researches  on  the  nervous  system  of  the 
Polyzoa  This  has  for  some  time  largely 
battled  the  observation  of  students,  but,  by 
means  of  intra  vitam  staining  with  methy- 
lene-blue,  astonishing  additions  have  been 
made  to  the  knowledge  of  the  subject.  It 
appears  that  a  complex  network  of  ganglion 
cells  and  nerve  fibres  extends  not  only 
into  the  body  wall  of  the  individual 
zooids,  but  also  throughout  the  whole 
colony,  and  that  in  the  lophophore  and 
tentacles  there  has  been  detected  an  ela- 
borate system  of  sense  cells  and  nerve 
fibres,  as  well  as  a  "  sympathetic  "  system 
covering  the  alimentary  canal.  The  common 
colonial  nervous  system  is  perhaps  the  most 
striking  part  of  the  discovery,  and,  in 
the  case  of  Cristatella  mncedo,  upon  which 
the  observations  recorded  were  made,  it 
explains  the  curious  co-ordinated  creeping 
movements  of  the  colony  as  a  whole,  which 
hitherto  have  been  difficult  to  account  for. 

The  Museums''  Journal  for  December  has 
an  article  by  Mr.  ('.  Hallett — Official  (J aide 
at  the  British  Museum- — which  deals  with 
a  set  of  difficulties  many  people  must  have 
foreseen  when  the  demonstrations  by  such 
guides  were  first  proposed.  Mr.  Hallett 
finds  that  the  work  of  the  guide  is  ob- 
structed by  noise  and  crowding  on  the  part 
of  persons  who  have  neither  knowledge  nor 
the  desire  of  acquiring  any,  and  who  make 
things  difficult  for  the  few  who  are  going 
round  with  a  wish  to  learn.  Practically, 
however.,  the  most  tiresome  point  to  settle 
seems  to  be  whether  the  ordinary  visitor 
to  the  Museum  or  the  guide-led  party  shall 
have  precedence. 

Students  of  anthropology  may  well  look 
forward  with  interest  to  the  publication  of 
Prof.  Baldwin  Spencers  'The  Native  Tribes 
of  the  Northern  Territory  of  Australia,1 
announced  by  Messrs.  Macmillan, 


MoS. 


MEETING*    NEXT    WEEK 
Woyal  Academy.  4.  -'    olour     Mr.  (je'.rKe  Claunn 
Victoria  and  %lbart  Mnaaum.  B.— '  Eiiflmli  Hx-muiim        I. 
tun-  I.Mr    BanUtei  tlttt  h-r. 

—  8t    isri.i.-  [nitltnta,  7.10.— 'Tha  Ari  ol   Printing  Blitonoalli 

( dered.   Lai  tare  i    Mr  k.  a   ivd.li-- 

_        -  -    hMiitution.  8  —  'The    Uw  ol    Dilapidations.'    Mr 

I .  r  -.  I .  LOO  Mould 

—  Geographical.  8.3i.-'The  Erolntlon  "I    the    rad) nil  '  apltal. 

Australia-  '  anl-Tni     Mi    Oriffltb Tajlol 
Tii-     Ailatic  »  —  'Old  Arabian   Poatry  and  till  Hebrew  Literature 

Of  the   "M    Tt-rlHlN-l.'         -  I  I 

—  Briii-li   Mm Tbi   Graai.   Btata  and   Nation;   ih' 

fcxpreatlon  of  an  Ideal.' Ml   B  '     KalnesSmltb 
_  ,f   i  iui    rnfiDfen,    -  -'lopahtatlna   Btaais    In 

i  Mi   H    fowlai 

■  r  1.    •  ri'     \  il.rallorn   ainl   Win 
[I..  Ml     B    I"    UoWKrave  Urali..in 

,    ,,,,|    All,,  rt  Nature  of  Beaut*  : 

An  and  Nati  in  .1  Lift    Mi    -   '     K -  - 

n.,,.1  A'  i.i.  i.  ul  tlon  of  a  Plotun     Mr   Briton 

llrtr  • 

,,,  . 

An-  irrtl.    •  ipedltlnn  'Ml 

,  War.'  Mi.«  Helen 

U  rrl 

1  W.lkrr 

I  etU  Of 

.,      A 


Tin  II 


I 


FINE    ARTS 


Barogui    Architecture.    By    .Martin   Shaw 
.Briggs.     (Fisher  I'nw  in.) 

In    the    introduction    to    this   history   ol 
Baroque     architecture     Mr.     BriggS     d 
well   to   emphasize    the    fad    that    the 

terms      Baroque     and      ROCOCO     are     not 
interchangeable.      They     arc     often     mis- 
applied,   and    it    is    not    BUrprising    that 
it    should    be    so  —  they  are    significant 
of     the     periods     that     produced      them. 
Baroque   architecture,   .Mr.  BriggS   Saye 
Italian  described  by  a  French  name,  while 
Rococo  is  essentially  a    I'Yeneh   phase  and 
an  Italian  word;    the  one   is  applied  to 
buildings  of   a    period,    the   other   to   am 
over-decorated   building   in   any   modern 
style.     While  this  definition  is  too  1(m 
to  be  wholly  satisfactory,  it   is    effective. 
Further  inquiry  would  probably  show  thai 
Rococo  architecture  is  also  of  a  period,  an 
outcome  of  the  Baroque — a  period  of  tl 
bizarre,    illogical    and    tortuous,    verging 
upon    insanity.     Mr.    BriggS    shows    how 
the   Baroque   may  be  recognized  by   th<  ■ 
general  principles  which  govern  the  design 
rather   than    by   the    abundance    of    the 
ornament  used.     He  attributes  these  prin- 
ciples   to    the   Church,     particularly    to 
the  rules  and  tenets  ot  the  Jesuits,  win 
carried  the  Roman  Church  through   tl 
difficult  times  of  the  Reformation.     The 
style  has  all  the  defects  of  art  enslaved 
to  serve  a  policy.     Already  in   the   six- 
teenth century  architecture  was  confined 
and  in  the  seventeenth  the  control  passed/ 
to  a  society  highly  artificial,  ruled  by  cod. 

•  O  a- 

and  etiquette.  Though  the  movement 
originated  in  Italy,  it  had  its  parallel  in 
other  countries.  Mr.  Briggs  follows  fche 
development  from  its  source,  devoting 
eight  chapters  to  Italy,  and  eight  to  th< 
countries  which  it  reached. 

The     Italian     chapters     are     the     most 
successful.    Had  Mr.   Briggs  confined  him- 
self to  Italy  he   might    have   learnt    Less 
of  the  subject,   but    his  work   would   ha    • 
been  even   more   valuable   than   it    is.      It 
is    neither    sufficiently    condensed    for   a 
general    summary    of    the    subject,    uoi 
sufficiently  exhaustive  to  rank  as  a  Btai 
ard  history  of  the  period  ;   as  it  is,  it  will 
take  its  place  as  a  useful  piece  ol  woi 
,  mtributing  to  the  better  tinderstandu  - 
of  a  much-maligned  period  in  architects 

The   author's   discrimination    is   uiceh 
adjusted   to   his   subject,   and    bis   vii 
w  ni  be  welcomed  b\  those  w  bo  -  e  in  I 
historj  ol  arl  logioal  development    and  i 
the  work  of  every  age  somi  thing  prai 
worth}  .   The  ciiiitributi.ni  to  <<•  hit<  otui 
of  the  presi  m  daj  w  ill  probabh  b  ■  foui 
in   the  ability   u  ith   which  ai 
I,  aint  to  d  gle  the  compl 

nnni-  ot   the  time,  and   n 
in  the  most  simple  and  oon  n 

and    it    i-   I"   the     l  '- •  '■'' 

,i,  Int. .  t-  to  d  lookii 

ti.Hi    in    tin  i    '  Th< 

who  stu  "'  I'1"1  build 

I   will    b 


70 


Til  E     A  Til  KX.KUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.   10,   1914 


things:  by  their  architectural  quality — 
they  are  as  beautiful  and  as  logical  in 
their  own  way  as  a  thirteenth-century 
cathedral — and  by  the  amazing  ingenuity 
and  resource  which  their  authors  displayed 
in  dealing  with  difficult  sites,  producing 
order  out  of  the  worst  confusion.  Mr. 
Briggs's  chapter  on  Genoa  does  justice 
to  this  part  of  his  task.  The  planning  of 
these  great  palaces  on  the  precipitous 
face  of  the  hill  is  a  wonderful  conception, 
an  original  contribution  to  town-planning. 

Baroque  architects,  preoccupied  as  they 
were  with  the  lay-out  of  their  schemes,  the 
placing  of  their  churches  and  palaces, 
let  no  detail  escape  them  that  would,  in 
their  opinion,  contribute  to  the  adornment 
and  convenience  of  the  city.  The  civic 
idea  was  developing,  and  they  had  patrons 
who  would  spend  vast  sums,  not  only  on 
buildings,  but  also  on  laying  out  ap- 
proaches, with  colonnades,  steps,  fountains, 
and  gardens.    Mr.  Briggs  says  : — 

"It  is  reasonably  accurate  to  state  that 
the  Baroque  period  saw  the  evolution  of 
the  congregational  church  plan,  the  formal 
garden,  the  staircase,  and  the  fountain  from 
early  stages  to  maturity." 

Amongst  much  that  is  merely  preten- 
tious and  vulgar  delicacy  and  strength, 
originality  and  actual  charm  are  to  be 
found  by  those  who,  like  Mr.  Briggs,  are 
not  blinded  by  the  destructive  criticism 
of  Ruskin  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite  School. 
There  is,  indeed,  a  romantic  flavour  about 
the  Baroque,  a  revulsion,  it  may  be,  from 
the  pedantry  of  the  Renaissance.  The 
faults  are  those  of  the  time  :  a  certain 
over-familiarity,  and  consequent  loss  of 
grace,  and  a  lack  of  discipline  and  restraint, 
due  to  the  unusual  absence  of  the  serious 
structural  problems  that  chastened  and 
.sweetened  the  work  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
Hitherto  the  period  has  been  approached 
with  little  understanding,  only  to  be 
attacked  with  bitterness,  and  Mr.  Briggs 
has  done  good  service  by  his  conciliatory 
and  discerning  spirit.  An  admirable  fea- 
ture of  the  volume  is  the  list  of  works  of 
reference  appended  to  the  chapters.  The 
book  is  light  for  its  size,  well  illustrated, 
and  printed  in  excellent  type. 


THE    GRAFTON    GROUP    AT    THE 
ALPINE    CLUB    GALLERY. 

Mrs.  Clive  Bell,  Mr.  Roger  Fry,  and  Mr. 
Duncan  Grant,  being  alone  named  under 
this  heading  on  the  outside  of  the  catalogue, 
we  must  assume  them  to  be  now  the  sole 
members  of  the  Group,  and  the  work  of  the 
other  exhibitors  either  that  of  well-meaning 
aspirants  or  illustrious  examples  set  there 
for  our  delight  and  edification.  The  work 
of  the  three  members,  however,  appears  to 
us,  on  the  whole,  the  most  interesting. 
Mr.  Grant  is  an  artist  of  great  natural 
charm  who,  if  he  expressed  himself  in  terms 
less  recondite,  would  be  sure  of  a  welcome. 
The  colour  of  No.  7,  Slops,  is  very  pretty, 
and  tin  large  Adam  and  Eve  (lent  by  the 
Contemporary  Art  Society)  full  of  verve  and 
spontaneity,  and — we  are  sure,  obviously  in- 
tentional— fun.  We  are  not  certain  whether 
it  is  as  a  reflection  on  the  originality  of  his 
own  confreres  or  of  the  conduct  usually 
attributed     to     Mr.     Bernard      Shaw     that 


the  artist  lias  chosen  to  represent  our 
first  parent  standing  on  his  head  to 
attract  popularity.  The  design  has  an 
easy  and  agreeable  rhythm,  nowise  occult, 
;md  confirms  us  in  our  opinion  that  Mr. 
Grant  would  be  an  excellent  artist  if  he 
consented  to  handle  popular  subject-matter 
as  well  as  possible.  Only  of  a  robust 
painter  could  we  say  as  much  ;  it  is  the 
weakling  who  must  win  our  respect  by 
conscientious  adherence  to  principle.  In 
Mr.  Grant  the  natural  instincts  of  the 
executant  are  more  interesting  than  his 
intentions. 

Mr.  Fry  is  not  to  the  same  degree  a  born 
painter,  and  when  he  sets  out  to  imitate  the 
lamentably  muddled  use  of  colour  of  M. 
Doucet  (in  No.  24),  he  does  so  without 
bubbling  over,  as  Mr.  Grant  would  do,  in 
irrepressible  and  obvious  pleasantness.  But 
he  has  a  real  enthusiasm  for  certain  aspects 
of  nature — for  places  with  abrupt  dramatic 
changes  of  level,  sudden  landslides  and 
gullies,  and  something  of  this  interest  sur- 
vives not  only  in  his  Screen  (52),  but  also  in 
The  Road  to  the  Quarry  (26)  and  Landscape 
(41).  If  he  hampers  the  natural  expression 
of  this  taste  by  following  always  at  the 
same  time  some  more  or  less  perverted 
example  of  actual  painting,  allowance  should 
perhaps  be  made  for  a  man  who  has 
spent  a  great  part  of  his  life  in  establishing 
the  distinction  between  the  paintings  of  Old 
Masters  and  others  resembling  thezn,  and 
whose  gorge  rises  at  the  idea  of  adding 
to  the  number  of  works  which  occasion  more 
drudgery  for  the  "  expert." 

This  preoccupation,  however,  need  not 
operate  on  the  comparatively  innocent  folk 
he  has  dragged  in  his  wake,  and  we  trust 
that  Mrs.  Clive  Bell  will  return  to  more 
commonplace  and  less  doctrinaire  paths — 
not  without  gratitude  to  Mr.  Fry  for  the 
real  good  done,  in  her  case,  to  her  talent. 
Her  Women  and  Baby  (33)  is  an  enormous 
improvement  on  the  work  she  did  before  her 
excursion  into  ultra-modernity,  and  is  an 
instance  of  the  value  of  Post-Impressionism 
to  those  who  are  not  swallowed  up  by  it. 
As  Matthew  Arnold  pointed  out  in  another 
connexion,  the  mania  for  sports  has  been  of 
enormous  benefit — "  Dr.  W.  G.  Grace  was 
sacrificed  " — and  England,  in  that  instance, 
was  not  ungrateful,  nor  need  we  be  to  Mr. 
Fry.  Mrs.  Bell's  picture  is  conceived  in 
the  Cubist  convention,  but  with  entire 
rejection  of  any  device  of  distortion  to 
make  it  sensational.  Its  almost  photographic 
literalism,  indeed,  makes  us  wonder  at  the 
folly  of  leaving  the  newly  born  infant  thus 
uncovered,  merely  that  it  may  be  gazed 
upon — with  sentimental  satisfaction  by  the 
mother  ;  with  undisguised  amazement  by 
her  female  relatives,  who  had  evidently 
expected  anything  but  that. 

At  the  same  time,  pleasant  and  dignified 
as  is  Mrs.  Bell's  picture,  it  corroborates  the 
instinct  of  Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis  and  his 
adherents  that  pure  Cubism,  without  some 
stressing  of  the  dynamic  principle  of  a 
design,  may  readily  become  a  little  dull. 
Mr.  William  Roberts  follows  Mr.  Lewis 
{Figure  Composition,  29),  but  in  departing 
irom  the  simplicity  of  colour  of  that  artist, 
has  confused  his  design  till  it  becomes 
illegible.  It  is  clear,  indeed,  that  with  the 
defection  of  Messrs.  Lewis  and  Etchells,  the 
Group  has  lost  almost  the  only  artists  who 
might  conceivably  continue  the  practice  of 
Cubism  for  other  purposes  than  that  of  a 
training  such  as  is  provided  by  writing 
Latin  nonsense- verse.  The  majority  (once 
a  certain  competence  or  rhythm  attained) 
would  be  better  employed  in  developing 
homelier  and  more  particular  themes  couched 
in  the  vernacular. 


It  is  not  given  to  every  man  to  have  a 
religious  enthusiasm  for  one  aspect  of  art, 
nor  are  artists  necessarily  great  in  propor- 
tion as  they  have  this  conviction.  Broadly 
speaking,  we  might  divide  artists  into  two 
camps.  There  is  the  man  who  regards  fife 
as  the  essential  reality,  and  philosophical  and 
mathematical  abstractions  as  a  mere  ap- 
proximation of  life ;  we  call  him  sometimes 
realistic.  There  are  the  others  who  regard 
the  world  of  abstractions  as  the  ultimate 
reality,  and  that  of  experience  as  inferior 
in  the  sense  of  being  composite,  muddled, 
lacking  in  ideal  purity.  Emotion  is  the 
essence  of  life  for  one  class,  and,  shall  we 
say  ?  mathematics  for  the  other ;  but  the 
normal  artist  who  is  no  partisan  has  an 
implied  faith  that  in  their  higher  walks 
the  two  are  one,  and  his  impulse  is  rather 
to  suggest  in  his  work  that  identity  than  to 
preach  the  fundamental  reality  or  vanity  of 
either.  When  a  great  artist  has  seemed  to 
be  a  priest  of  either  doctrine,  it  has  usually 
been  in  a  period  which  tended  to  the  other 
extreme.  Michelangelo  and  even  Canaletto 
must  have  seemed  apostles  of  abstract 
formulae  in  their  day.  To  the  younger 
painters  of  our  generation  they  are  almost 
sentimentalists. 

To  what  else  than  "  the  negation  of  the 
will  to  live  " — a  deliberate  avoidance  of 
significance  as  a  matter  of  taste — are  we  to 
trace  such  a  work  as  the  Tete  d' Homme  (43), 
by  Pablo  Picasso  ?  In  judging  this  work, 
however,  we  are  on  the  unsure  ground  of 
those  who  dwell  in  outer  darkness.  It  is 
not  merely  that  we  are  unmoved  by  it,  nor 
merely  that  we  fail  to  see  any  way  in  which 
the  study  of  or  meditation  upon  the  subject 
alleged  by  the  title  could  result  in  this  par- 
ticular pattern  of  tartans  and  tinted  rect- 
angles. We  have  no  abiding  faith  that  the 
artist  is  in  any  better  case  or  means  anything 
by  it,  or  indeed  is  doing  anything  but 
ponderously  making  game  of  the  public. 
In  estimating  these  things  and  certain 
"  sculp ture  "  devised  by  M.  Picasso  by 
means  of  egg-boxes  and  other  debris,  photo- 
graphs of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  gallery, 
the  cautious  may  remember  the  reception 
of  the  Impressionist  School  by  its  un- 
grateful contemporaries.  The  wise  will  also 
remember  tjie  fate  of  "  L'Art  Nouveau." 
The  fact  that  this  "  sculpture  "  could  not 
be  trusted  to  cross  the  Channel  without 
falling  to  pieces  seems  to  point  to  a  de- 
ficiency in  technique.  We  suggest  screws 
instead  of  nails  and  glue,  as  more  monu- 
mental. 


THE  SOCIETY  OF  PAINTERS  IN 
WATER   COLOURS. 


This  exhibition  has  not  the  quality  of  the 
early  efforts  of  the  same  Society,  which, 
indeed,  includes  now,  we  believe,  but  two 
or  three  of  its  original  members.  The  pre- 
vailing note  of  the  pictures  is  prettiness, 
the  principal  exceptions  being  two  land- 
scapes by  Mr.  James  S.  Hill — Emsworth  (53) 
and  Cley  (60).  In  these  we  see  the  work 
of  a  genuine  artist  who  has  faith  in  the 
beauty  of  dull  places.  The  former  is 
as  good  an  example  as  could  well  be  found 
of  the  sentimental  brooding  over  one  of 
those  dreary  tracts  outside  a  great  city 
where  dustheaps  are  sorted  on  apparently 
endless  flats  broken  only  by  an  occasional 
furnace  chimney.  The  repulsiveness  is  here 
married  to  nineteenth -century  delicacy  and 
charm.  The  newer  school  would  take  an 
equal  pleasure  in  keeping  in  the  very  paint 
of  their  picture  something  of  the  same  stark, 
yet  untidy  squalor. 


No.  4498,  .Ian.    In.   1914 


T  II  E     A  T  II  E  WEini 


THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANIMAL  PAINTERS. 

The  newly  formed  Society  of  Animal 
Painters  doubtless  has  a  commercial 
raiaon    d'etre    in   its   appeal    to    sportsmen 

and  fanciers,  hut  it  has  not  brought  to 
light  any  fresh  talent  or  new  point  of 
View.  It  is  satisfactory,  on  the  whole,  to 
find  the  cult  of  the  iapdog  as  vel  unrepre- 
sented, ami  the  interest  in  animals  which 
is  catered  for  of  the  robust,  if  not  verj 
subtle  kind.  Mr.  Frank  Calderon  {The 
Whip,  38)  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  older 
painters  exhibiting  at  the  Leicester  Galleries. 
In  some  of  the  others  the  interest  in  form 
i-  sacrificed  to  a  petty  insistence  on  texture 
of  hair  or  feathers,  the  usual  external 
finish  and  weak  construction.  In  the  case  of 
Air.  Munnings,  the  fact  that  a  Cow  and  Calf 
(21)  arc  covered  with  hair  is  expressed  by 
the  manner  in  which  such  surfaces  take  the 
light  rather  than  by  minute  imitation  of 
accidental  variety,  yet  even  to  those  un- 
initiated in  the  art  of  painting  it  is  the  most 
convincing  rendering  of  textures  in  the 
show.  Mr.  Munnings  realizes  the  subjects 
and  ideals  of  Air.  Arnesby  Brown  so  much 
better  than  the  latter  painter  that  he  would 
n  to  be  ripe  for  election  into  the  Royal 
demy.  Air.  H.  \X.  B.  Davis's  pictures 
(20  and  23)  also  deserve  mention  for  a 
handling  of  detail  which  has  the  interest 
of  deft  craftsmanship. 

In  the  outer  room  Mr.  Claude  Shepperson's 
clever  drawings  for  Punch  suffer  somewhat 
from  the  haunting  influence  of  Charles 
Keene.  Mr.  Shepperson  seems  to  be 
always  trying  to  endow  his  illustrations 
with  a  painter-like  atmosphere,  made  out 
of  date  by  the  decay  of  the  art  of  wood 
engraving  which  could  capture  it;  and, 
indeed,  even  in  the  old  days  not  always 
relevant  for  the  purposes  of  humorous 
journalism.  There  is  thus  a  constant  cloak 
of  the  same  obligatory  realism  of  illumi- 
nation between  us  and  the  essential  business 
of  getting  the  story  told,  and,  like  anything 
unnecessary,  it  weakens  the  effect  of 
draughtsmanship  capable  enough,  if  a  little 
over-facile  and  curly. 


•  NOLLEKENS  AXD  HIS  TIMES.' 

The  Bodley  Head,  Vigo  Street,  W. 
1    havk   in  preparation  a  new  edition  of 
'  Nollekens  and  his  Times.-  by  John  Thomas 
Smith,    which    Air.     Wilfred    Whitten    has 
edited  with  numerous  notes. 

The  original  edition  of  this  work  has  long 
been  a  favourite  one  to  extra-illustrate,  and 
I     Mould  be  glad  to  hear  from  anybody  who 
-  or  knows  of  a  Grangerized  copy. 

Johx  Lane. 


Jfitu   Art   (Bossip. 

The  Director  of  the  National  Gallkry 
Lreland    desires   to   announce   the    fact 
this  Directorship  will  be  vacant  at  the 
close  of  the  current   financial  pear.     Candi- 
dates should  »-n<{   in  their  applications  and 
timoniaLs  to  the  Registrar  before  the   1st 
ebruary.     The  post  is  a  pensionable  one. 
The   current    prospectus   of   the    London 
ity  Council  Central  School  of  Art-  and 
<  rafts,  in  Southampton   Row,  contains  the 
notice    of    a    course    of    seventeen    weekly 
l;;"'-    ■    open    to    the    public,    on    '  Rook 
illustration    and    Book    Decoration.'     The 
summary  provided  in  the  pamphlet  pron 
very  attractive  matter     artistic,   historical, 
and    technical.       The    com-.-    begij 
Wednesday,  and   will    be    concluded    b 
visit,  on  May  20th,  to  the  L.C.C.  School  of 
Ihoto-Engruvinj  and  Lithography. 


The  EGYPT  Exploration  Kind  announce 
a   new    quarterly,   The  Journal  of  Egyptian 

Archaeology,  of  which  the  first  number  is  to 
appear  about  the  middle  of  this  month. 
Mr.  I).  G.  Eogarth,  Prof.  Sayce,  Prof. 
Xaville.  Dr.  Allan  Gardiner,  and  Mr.  EL  R. 
Bull  will  contribute  articles,  and  the  number 
will  have  eight  pages  of  illustrations. 

Commendatore  Boni  —  if  his  conjecture 
should  prove  justified — is  to  be  congratulated 
upon  a  find  of  first -rate  importance.  Having 
calculated      what       is,       geologically,      the 

true  summit  of  the  Palatine.  "  which 
comes  out  at  the  north-west  angle  of  the 
impluvium  in  the  atrium  of  Domitian's 
palace,  he  has  sunk  a  shaft  and  discovered 
a  tholos — a  domed  structure  built  of  blocks 
of  dark  tufa — -which  he  identifies  with  the 
mundus,  the  awful  seat  of  Dis  and  Proser- 
pine, and  the  shrine  of  the  most  solemn 
mysteries  of  the  Italian  peoples.  One 
element  in  his  belief  that  he  has  found  the 
mundus — lost  for  the  Romans  themselves 
in  the  early  days  of  the  Empire — is  the 
discovery  of  a  stone  lid  upon  the  chamber 
which  would  seem  to  correspond  with  the 
lapis  manalis,  which  was  believed  to  close 
the  mouth  of  the  infernal  regions,  through 
which  the  souls  of  the  departed  might  come 
up,  and  which  was  lifted  thrice  in  the  year 
only.  Another  feature  in  the  find  which 
tends  to  confirm  the  identification  is  the 
shaft  which  descends  from  the  chamber 
to  passages  lined  with  cement  to  serve  as 
storehouses.  The  mundus  was  the  hallowed 
depository  of  the  sacred  grains.  There  are, 
however,  one  or  two  points — -in  particular 
the  shape  and  situation  of  the  supposed 
lapis  manalis — as  compared  with  historical 
accounts  of  it,  which  remain  to  be  cleared  up. 

The  bowl  from  Kumasi  which  Sir  R.  S.  S. 
Baden-Powell  has  recently  presented  to 
the  museum  of  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution  at  Whitehall  must,  one  would 
think,  prove  a  centre  of  uncanny  influences 
to  any  person  sensitive  in  such  matters 
who  approaches  it.  A  brass  vessel,  about 
5  ft.  in  diameter,  something  like  an  ordinary 
bath-tub  in  shape,  it  is  ornamented  on  its 
rim  with  four  small  lions — not  ill-modelled — 
and  numerous  knobs,  and  in  the  row  of  knobs 
has  a  gap  of  sinister  significance. 

In  this  gap  was  laid  the  head  of  the 
victim  when,  at  the  annual  harvest  festival 
or  upon  the  King's  going  to  pay  his  respects 
to  the  shades  of  his  ancestors,  human 
sacrifices — it  might  be  to  the  number  of  a 
score  or  more — were  offered,  with  King 
Prempeh  and  his  Queen-Mother  sitting  by 
to  watch  the  heads  fall.  The  blood  was  left 
in  the  bowl  to  putrefy,  and.  mingled  with 
certain  herbs,  was  held  to  be  very  efficacious 
"  medicine." 

Mr.  Heinemanx  is  publishing  in  his 
"  Ars  Una"  Series,  on  the  14tli  inst.,  a 
work  on  Art  in  Flanders,  written  by  the 
Director  of  the  Plantin-Moretus  Museum 
at  Antwerp.  Mr.  Max  Rooses.  It  furnishes  a 
concise  account  of  its  subject,  and  contains 
69(5  illustrations. 

Tin-;  death  of  Henry  Thomas  Wake 
removes  yet  another  survivor  of  the  group 
of  Mid-Victorian  scholars,  artists,  and 
littirateura  whose  centres  were  Evuskin  and 
Carlyle.  Mr.  Wake,  who  in  the  Quaker 
village  of  Fritchley  occupied  himself  with 
the  businesses  ol  an  antiquary  and  a  book- 
seller, was  thought  by  Ruskin  to  have 
gift.-,   thai    would   have  justified   his  taking 

up   art    ;i-   the   work   of   his   life.      .\s   it    v. 

in-,  most   striking  and  original  contribution 
to     art     was    the    production   of   his   book 

Catalogues,    written    with    his    own    pen    and 

illustrated    by  sketches,    which    wen-    then 
circulated    privately    among   hie    friends   ni 
mile. 


MUSIC 


THE    INCORPORATED     SOCIETY     OF 
MUSICIANS. 

Tin:  first  lecture  -'  Music  and  the  Stage  ' — 
at  the  annual  Conference  of  the  Incorporated 
Society  of  Musicians,  held  last  week  at,  t  ho 
Hotel  Cecil,   was   delivered    by    Mr.    Norman 

O'Neill,  who,  as  director  of  the  Eaymarket 

Theatre  orchestra  (which  supplied  the 
musical  illustrations),  has  had  practical 
experience.  His  general  description  of  in- 
cidental music  in  the  past,  of  which  ho  gave 
one    specimen,    showed    how    poor    it,    was. 

As  to  music  between  the  acts,  the  idea  still 

prevails  hi  some  theatres  that,  even  when 
the  piece  is  tragic,  '-lively  strains  keep  up 
the  spirits  of  the  public  These  and  other 
matters  were  described  in  a  light,  and  at 
times  humorous,  style.  Mr.  O'Neill  made 
the  practical  remark  that  he  would  like  to 
see  some  of  the  younger  composers  writing 
for  theatre  orchestras.  That  would  cer- 
tainly be  good  for  them,  and  good  for 
the  theatres.  But  we  were  further  told  that 
"  it  did  not  seem  to  have  struck  composers 
to  writo  entr'acte  music  to  a  modern  play."' 
But  have  they  ever  been  asked  by  play- 
wrights or  theatre  managers  to  do  so  ?  If 
not,  it  is  unlikely  that  they  would  be 
tempted  to  such  efforts.  The  idea,  however, 
is  good.  It  would  prevent  young  com- 
posers, knowing  the  modest  material  at 
their  disposal,  from  being  too  ambitious. 

On  Thursday  morning  Mr.  Frank  Roscoe, 
secretary  of  the  Teachers'  Registration 
Council,  delivered  a  lecture  on  '  The  Place 
of  Music  in  a  National  System  of  Education.' 
Every  thoughtful  musician  must  feel  with 
him  that  music  should  be  compulsory  in 
State-aided  secondary  schools,  as  it  is  in 
primary  schools,  but  this  is  not  the  case.  In 
the  secondary  schools,  music  lessons  can,  it 
is  true,  be  given  on  request,  as  a  kind  of 
luxury ;  but  few  applications  are  made, 
so  that  many  children  leave  off  just  when 
the  subject  is  likely  to  become  interesting 
to  them. 

Mr.  Roscoe  hoped  that  music  as  a  part 
of  education  would  be  more  fully  appre- 
ciated, and  we  understand  him  to  mean  by 
persons  interested  in  education.  The.-i 
naturally  form  their  opinion  to  a  large 
extent  from  what  they  frequently  hear. 
i.e.,  commonplace  and  even  bad  music,  and 
dull,  soulless  interpretations  of  noble  music, 
the  result  of  dull,  soulless  teaching.  In  any 
case,  many  otherwise  serious  men  and  women 

look  upon  it  as  an  ornament .  <>r  even  frivolous 

amusement.      Mr.  Roscoe  spoke  of  the  period 
of  the  Stuarts,  when  music  was  held  in    high 

esteem.     We f aucy  that  the  pictures  drawn 
of  musical  England  in  those  daysbywrib 

principally    professional    musicians    or    gn 

lovers  of  the  art,  are  somewhat  misleading  ; 

for  bad  or  vulgar  music  would    naturally  not 
be  recorded. 

Mr.  Roscoe  laid  emphasis  <>n  the  need 
special  teachers,  so  that  the  word  "  teacher 

anal]   "  mean  a  measure  of  attainment   in  tie 

subject,    a    certain    power   of    imparting 
knowledge    of    the   subject,    and    a    certain 
experience   in   teaching   the  Bubjeot." 

idea   of  training   t<  i     oomparativelj 

new,        but,       though      il       would       in       m.m\ 

|,roducc>  excellent   result  -.  it   might   in 
other  c.i  je    lead  to  mechanical  teachin 
uaih   those  who  do   not   absorb  what   t; 
learn  from  their  train  re.       That,  ho 

.   not    the   u>  r<    nil    ol    I 

train  i 

A  paper  wa    re. id  b)    Mr.  Mired  Kalisch 
on     the    attitude    teachers    should    adopt 


72 


THE     A  Til  ENiEUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,   1914 


towards  modern  music.  He  endorsed  the 
view  set  forth  by  Mr.  Tobias  Matthay  in 
his  recent  book  that  students  should  begin 
with  modern  music,  instead  of  the  teacher 
pursuing  the  old  historical  method.  Mr. 
Kalisch  is  reasonable,  and  distinguishes 
between  new  and  new;  but  although  the 
attempts  of  prominent  composers  of  the 
present  to  widen  the  boundaries  of  the  art — 
or  even  to  create  a  new  one — are  full  of 
interest,  who  can  say  which,  if  any,  will 
•  be  regarded  in  the  future  as  classics  ?  Surely, 
then,  the  great  composers  of  the  past,  whose 
iame  is  established,  should  take  precedence. 


Jftusiral   dossxp. 

Dr.  George  Henschel,  who  is  retiring 
from  public  life  as  a  singer  this  year,  will 
make  his  last  appearance  at  the  South 
Place  Sunday  Popular  Concerts  to-morrow 

■  evening,  when  he  will  sing  some  ballads  by 
Loewe,  a  composer  for  whose  music  he  has 

.  always  shown  a  strong  predilection. 

The  Quinlan  Opera  Company  are  now 
leaving  Australia,  where  Wagner's  '  Ring  ' 
was  first  performed  by  them  in  English. 
After  visiting  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
they  will  return  to  England  in  the  autumn, 
and  give  a  short  season  of  opera  outside 
London.  Mr.  Quinlan  will  present,  in 
addition  to  the  29  works  already  in  the 
company's  repertory,  Mr.  Eugen  D'Albert's 
'  Tiefland,'  produced  in  England  for  the 
first  time  by  Mr.  Thomas  Beecham  ;  Fevrier's 
"  Monna  Vanna  '  ;  and  last,  but  not  least, 
Wagner's  '  Parsifal.'  This  work  will  be 
given  at  Covent  Garden  on  February  2nd 
in  German  and  by  German  artists  ;  Mr. 
Quinlan  will  produce  it  in  English  with 
English  artists. 

Stratjss's  new  ballet  '  Potiphar's  Wife  ' 
is  laid  in  Italy  during  the  period  of  the 
Renaissance.  Joseph  will  not  be  taken  by 
M.  Nijinsky,  as  was  at  first  announced,  but 
by  a  new  dancer.  Another  ballet  for  the 
Russian  company  has  been  adapted  to 
;  Till  Eulenspiegel.' 

The  death  took  place  last  Monday,  at  the 
age  of  64,  of  Mr.  Francis  A.  Cellier,  the  well- 
known  conductor.  He  was  conductor  of  the 
Gilbert  and  Sullivan  operas  at  the  Opera 
Comique  and  the  Savoy  Theatre.  He  also 
conducted  at  the  English  Opera-House  in 
1891.     He  and  his  brother  Alfred  were  joint 

■  composers  of  several  operettas. 

Ralph  Ptjgno,  who  died  at  Moscow 
last  Sunday  just  as  he  was  about  to  give  a 
series  of  recitals,  was  born  at  Montrouge 
(Re  de  France)  in  1852  or  1853.  He  was 
•  one  of  the  best  pianists  of  the  day.  His 
speciality,  however,  was  old  music  ;  his 
interpretations  of  Bach  and  Mozart  were 
unique.  Pianists  of  the  present  day,  with 
a  few  honourable  exceptions,  neglect  Mozart's 
Concertos,  probably  thinking  them  too  easy  ; 
Pugno  possessed  the  secret  of  recreating  the 
music,  so  that  it  did  not  seem  old.  From 
1892  to  1893  he  was  Professor  of  Harmony 
at  the  Paris  Conservatoire,  but  it  was  only  at 
the  end  of  the  latter  year  that  he  began  to 
give  recitals.  He  first  appeared  in  London 
in  May,  1894,  and  afterwards  was  a  constant 
and  welcome  visitor.  He  wrote  an  oratorio, 
"  The  Raising  of  Lazarus,'  some  operettas, 
songs,  and  piano  pieces. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Six.  Concert,  3.30.  Royal  Albert  Hall. 

—  Sunday  Concert  Society,  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Mon.  Dohnanyi's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  ^Eolian  fall. 

—  Herbert  Fryer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.30.  -Eolian  Hall. 
Tues.  Tina  Lemer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Wed  Anna  Jerebtzova'a  Vocal  Recital,  8  30.  Beehstein  Hall. 
Tulks.  Twelve  o'clock  Chamber  Concert,  iEolian  Hall. 

—  Muriel  Davenport's  Pianoforte  Recital,  315.  .Eolian  Hall. 
Fiir.  Societe  des  Concerts  Francais,  8  30,  Bechsteiu  Hall. 

•-Sat.       Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Rowsby  Woof's  Violin  Recital,  3,  Bechsteiu  Hall. 


Dramatic   (Bossip. 

'  The  Attack,'  a  translation  by 
George  Egerton  of  M.  Henry  Bernstein's 
'  L'Assaut,'  has  little  to  commend  it  to  the 
serious  playgoer.  The  only  apparent  ex- 
planation of  its  production  at  the  St. 
James's  Theatre  is  that  it  provides  Sir 
George  Alexander  with  a  part  in  which  he 
can  be,  by  turns,  "  strong  "  and  heroically 
sentimental.  But  the  part  is  not  worthy 
of  the  actor,  though  he  obviously  enjoys 
playing  it.  This  man,  who  has  succeeded 
in  politics,  and  is  attacked  by  a  jealous 
rival  who  makes  public  an  indiscretion  of 
his  early  life,  is,  after  all,  only  a  cardboard 
figure,  and  acts  in  accordance  with  the 
dramatist's  requirements.  A  striking  in- 
stance of  this  occurs  in  the  last  act,  which 
is  merely  an  excuse  for  him  to  relate  the 
story  of  his  life,  amid  a  perfect  orgy  of 
sentimentality.  This  act  has  no  artistic 
value  ;  it  comes  as  an  anticlimax,  and 
detracts  from,  rather  than  adds  to,  the 
interest  of  the  play. 

The  most  human  person  in  the  piece  is 
the  oily  Frepeau,  who  plans  the  downfall 
of  the  hero  ;  in  the  competent  hands  of  Mr. 
Holman  Clark  he  proves  an  amusing,  if 
hypocritical,  old  rascal. 

Miss  Martha  Hedman,  a  young  Swedish 
actress,  made  her  debut  on  the  English  stage 
as  Renee,  the  girl  who  loves  and  is  loved  by 
the  middle-aged  hero.  She  has  a  charming 
personality,  and  it  will  be  interesting  to  note 
how  she  acquits  herself  in  a  part  which 
makes  a  greater  demand  on  the  talent  she 
undoubtedly  possesses. 

Possibly  the  English  text  has  something 
to  do  with  the  artificiality  and  dullness  of 
the  dialogue  ;  it  is  not  an  inspiring  piece 
of  work.  But  it  should  be  added,  in  fair- 
ness to  the  translator,  that  no  excellence  of 
rendering  could  have  made  a  good  play. 

The  omission  of  '  Where  the  Rainbow 
Ends '  from  our  notices  of  juvenile  plays 
last  week  having  been  remarked,  we  hasten 
to  confirm  our  favourable  opinion  of  the 
play,  which  has  in  this,  its  third  year, 
found  a  home  at  the  Garrick,  though  we 
think  the  somewhat  petulant  expressions 
of  fancied  neglect  in  which  St.  George 
indulges  will  have  to  be  deleted  if  its 
popularity  is  to  continue.  One  result  of  its 
success  is  that  there  is  probably  no  other  saint 
in  the  calendar  so  well  known  and  loved  at 
the  moment  by  English  boys  and  girls  as  he. 
In  the  stalwart  person  of  Mr.  Reginald 
Owen  the  famous  exploit  with  the  dragon 
is  repeated,  and  the  forces  of  evil  vanquished 
to  an  accompaniment  of  cheers  which  must 
be  the  envy  of  the  other  British  patron  saints. 
It  is  a  good  old-fashioned  play,  in  outline 
too  familiar  to  need  description,  in  which 
the  good  old-fashioned  virtues  are  extolled, 
and  in  which,  it  must  also  be  said,  old- 
fashioned  horrors  are  not  omitted.  Un- 
fortunately, when  darkness  falls  and  memory 
peoples  the  shadows  with  the  dragon  host 
so  realistically  portrayed  in  this  play,  or 
with  Hook  and  his  band  in  '  Peter  Pan,' 
St.  George  is  sometimes  apt  to  seem  to  little 
people  very  far  away. 

Miss  Nellie  Bouverie  as  nasty  Matilda 
Flint  is  irresistibly  comic  ;  Master  Guido 
Chiarletti  scores  a  great  success  for  the 
silent,  but  expressive  Cubs,  whose  per- 
sonality often  dominates  the  stage  ;  Masters 
Harold  French  and  Eric  Rae  make  two 
excellent  cadets  ;  and  Miss  Mavis  Yorke 
as  Will  o'  the  Wisp  has  opportunities  of 
which  her  light  fantastic  toes  make  good  use. 

The  provincial  tour  of  Mr.  Chesterton's 
play  '  Magic,'  which  was  to  have  begun  on 
the  26th  inst.,  has  been  postponed   to   the 


first  week  in  March,  when  it  is  to  open  at 
Edinburgh.  We  regret  to  learn  that  the 
reason  for  this  is  the  state  of  the  health  of  Mr. 
Kenelrn  Foss,  of  the  Little  Theatre,  which 
necessitates  complete  rest  and  absence  from 
London. 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  secure  a  theatre 
for  '  Magic  '  in  the  West-End,  upon  the 
termination  of  its  run  at  the  Little  Theatre. 

The  trial  of  John  Jasper  for  the  murder 
of  Edwin  Drood,  which  took  place  on  Tues- 
day night  last  at  the  King's  Hall,  Covent 
Garden,  was  elaborately  staged,  and  made 
the  occasion  for  an  effective  display  of  the 
costume  of  the  period.  The  jury,  however, 
composed  of  men  of  letters,  was — apart  from 
Mr.  Seccombe — in  up-to-date  clothing,  and 
was  headed  by  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  who 
satisfied  the  demand  for  plenty  of  his  fun. 
Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton  as  Judge  followed 
various  exponents  of  real  law  by  securing 
laughter  for  his  remarks. 

Here,  as  in  the  commission  on  the  censor- 
ship of  the  stage,  the  desire  of  the  eminent 
to  be  humorous  rather  spoilt  the  serious 
side  of  the  debate,  which,  after  all,  was, 
we  believe,  arranged  for  the  entertainment 
of  the  Dickens  Fellowship. 

Jasper  was  found  guilty  of  manslaughter, 
which,  the  learned  judge  may  like  to  know, 
we  have  seen  printed  "  Mans  laughter : 
Serious  Charge."  This  verdict  represents, 
we  think,  beyond  doubt  the  preponderance 
of  expert  opinion  concerning  the  intentions 
of  Dickens.  There  is  good  evidence  supplied 
by  his  contemporaries  on  the  point  which 
cannot  be  put  aside  for  ingenious  possi- 
bilities. Andrew  Lang,  the  protagonist  of 
the  contention  that  Drood  survived,  was 
not  certain  of  his  case,  and  freely  admitted 
the  difficulties  which  it  involved,  and  which, 
perhaps,  he  hardly  realized  to  the  full  when 
he  wrote  his  book.  Mr.  Bransby  Williams 
gave,  as  might  have  been  expected,  a  finished 
impersonation  of  Durdles ;  Mr.  Arthur 
Waugh  was  good  as  Crisparkle  ;  and  Miss 
J.  K.  Prothero  had  studied  with  effect  the 
part  of  the  opium  woman.  Mr.  C.  Sheridan 
Jones,  on  the  other  hand,  gave  so  lively  an 
interpretation  of  Bazzard  as  to  be  out  of  the 
character — unless  we  can  suppose  that  after 
leaving  Mr.  Grewgious  the  disappointed  clerk 
became  a  successful  dramatist. 


To  Correspondents— S.  H.— R.  H.  M.— J.  B.-E.  D.— 
Received. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  Agents        

Bagster  &  Sons 

Bradshaw's  School  Directory 

Catalogues         

Educational       

Exhibitions        _ 

Francis  &  Co 

Gardeners'  Chronicle 
Insurance  Companies.^ 

Macmillan  &  Co 

Marshall  &  Son 
Miscellaneous  ..        _ 

Philip  &  Son 

Printers    

Provident  Institutions 
Sales  by  Auction 

Shipping 

Situations  Vacant     

Situations  Wanted     .. 
Societies   ..        ..        — 
Times  Book  Club 
Type-Writers,  &c.      ...       ~ 


52. 


'AGE 
50 

74 
76 
50 
49 
40 
52 
51 
50 
73 
75 
49 
52 
50 
50 
49 
50 
4'.l 
49 
49 
50 
49 


No.  449S,  Jan.  10,   1014 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  .KUM 


MACMILLAN'S  EDUCATIONAL  LIST 


A  JUNIOR  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE  WORLD.    By  1?.  C.  Wai.i.is,  B.Sc.(Loiul.), 
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A  FIRST  BOOK  OF  PRACTICAL  MATHEMATICS.    By  T.  S.  Ushekwood, 
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PRACTICAL   MATHEMATICS   FOR   TECHNICAL  STUDENTS.    Part  I. 
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P.  T.  Cresweli..    Is. 
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Byron's  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage 

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E.  E.  MORKI-.     1 

tier. 

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Is.  Gd. 
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With  Notes  and  Vocabulary  by  I  .  <  OLBBCK. 

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[Junior  o,.d  Senior. 
Livy.    Book  V.    With  Notes  and  Vocabulary  by  M.  Alfobd.    Is.  Gd. 
Cicero's   First   Catiline   Oration.      With   Notes  and  Vocabulary   by  G.   H.    Nam. 
Is.  Gd.  Senior. 

The  Catiline  Orations.    A.  s.  Wilkins.    2s.  Gd.  <<>r. 

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Is.  Gd.  each.  8  nior. 

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Xenophoa'8  Anabasis.     Book  I.     With  Notes  and  Vocabulary  by  A.  S.    WaLPOLB. 

J" 
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is.  Gd. 
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by  C.  E.  Graves.    Is.  Gd. 

Book  IV.    C.  E.  Graves.    3s.  Gd. 

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On    trie  Peace,    Second    Philippic,   On    the   Chcrsonesus, 

Philippic. J.  E.  Sandys.    5s. 

Homer's  Iliad.  Book  XXIV.    With  Notes  and  Vocabulary  by  W.  LEA 
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Longfellow's  Song  of  Hiawatha.    H.  B.  Cottekill.    Is.  Gd, 

Song  of  Hiawatha.     E.  J.  FLEMING.     Is.  net. 

Poems  of  England.     H.  B.  George  and  A.  SlDOWICK.    2s.  Gd. 
Kingsley's  Westward  Ho  !     2s.  Gd. 
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Scott's  Marmion.    M.  Macmillan.    St,  ;  tewed,  it.  id.  uor  an<i  S 

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is  Gd. 
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74 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,  1914 


WORKS 
BY  THE  LATE 

WILLIAM  TRIM  LYNN. 

— ♦ — ■ 

TWELFTH  EDITION  NOW  READY. 
Price  Two  Shillings  net. 

CELESTIAL 

MOTIONS 

A  Handy  Book  of  Astronomy. 

With  5  Plates. 
BY 

W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

Member  of  the  British  Astronomical  Association, 

formerly  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich  ; 

Author  of 

'  Remarkable     Comets,'    '  Remarkable     Eclipses,' 

'Astronomy  for  the  Young,'  &c. 

"  Well  known  as  one  of  our  best  introductions  to 
astronomy." — Guardian. 


FIFTEENTH      EDITION. 

Cloth,  price  Sixpence  net. 

REMARKABLE 

COMETS 

A  Brief  Survey   of  the   most    in- 
teresting   Facts     in    the    History 
of  Cometary  Astronomy. 

BY 

W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"'Remarkable    Eclipses'     and      'Remarkable 

Comets' have  been  brought  right  up  to  date, 

and  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  each  is  the 
enormous  amount  of  information  compressed 
within  so  small  a  compass  and  sold  at  the  low 
price  of  Qd.  each  net.  The  former  volume  includes 
notes  on  the  most  remarkable  eclipses  of  the  sun 
since  1063  B.C.,  and  of  the  moon  since  721  B.C., 
while  the  second  briefly  describes  all  the  remark- 
able comets  of  which  history  speaks,  even  though 
it  be  with  far-off  whispers.  An  excellent  drawing 
of  Halley's  comet,  as  seen  by  Miss  E.  M.  Phillips 
at  Barbados  on  May  17,  1910,  is  an  additional 
feature,  new  in  this  edition." 

Nature,  April  20,  1911. 


ELEVENTH  EDITION. 
Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence  net. 

REMARKABLE 

ECLIPSES 

A  Sketch  of  the  most  interesting 
Circumstances  connected  with 
the  Observation  of  Solar  and 
Lunar  Eclipses,  both  in  Ancient 
and   Modern    Times. 

BY 

W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"  The  booklet  deserves  to  continue  in  popularity. 
It  presents  a  mass  of  information  in  small  compass." 

Dundee  Advertiser. 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS   WEEK'S   NUMBER    (January  10)   CONTAINS— 

NOTES: — Adjectives  from  French  Place-Names — Robert  Baron,  Author  of  'Mirza' — Irish  Family 
Histories — Sir  Christopher  and  Sir  William  Perkins — Emerson  in  England — "Lunkard" — 
London  Nursery -Grounds — Chapel  Royal,  St.  James's — "  Relict  "  =  Surviving  Husband. 

QUERIES  :— Sir  John  Steuart,  Bart.— "Trod,"  "Trode,"  Past  Tense  of  "  Tread"— Trilby— Micah, 
Admonition,  Argent,  as  Female  Names — King's  Lynn  as  a  Spa — John  Thurtell's  Family : 
"Widows'  men,"  "Dead  men's  cloathes" — The  Iden  Brass  at  Penshurst — George  Cotterell, 
Banker,  Naples — Mediaeval  Bell — Over  Kennett,  Lancashire — Harriet  Wilkes  :  Mrs.  Rough — 
Ways  of  being  Lost :  Hindu  Reference  Sought— Curious  Names  on  a  Coffin-Plate — Parishes  in 
Two  or  More  Counties— Dover  seen  from  Calais — Prior  Family  of  Tewkesbury — Cromwell's 
Illegitimate  Daughter,  Mrs.  Hartop  :  Thomas  Philpot — Moule — "  Rawhead  "  and  "Bloody- 
Bones  " — Biographical  Information  Wanted — Marsack — Brutton. 

REPLIES  : — Pirates  :  Capt.  Woodes  Rogers — The  Wearing  of  Swords — Groom  of  the  Stole — Glasgow 
Cross  and  Defoe's  'Tour' — John  Strout  (Stroude),  Devon— Pepys  Query — Norborne — Dramatic 
Criticism — Moira  Jewel — "The  honours  three"— Burlesques  of  Mystery  Plays — Uncollected 
Kipling  Items — Upright  Stones  in  Open  Churchyards  —  Thomas  Hudson,  Portrait  Painter — 
"Man  is  immortal  till  his  work  is  done  " — The  Legend  of  St.  Christopher  :  Painting  at  Ampthill 
— Dr.  W.  Dick — Military  :  Coloured  Print  Wanted — '  Musarum  Delicise ' — Heart-Burial  in 
Niches  in  Church  Walls — Spong — Matthew  Parker's  Ordination — Governor  Walker— Aphra 
Behn's  Comedies. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  : — '  Samplers  and  Tapestry  Embroideries ' — Reviews  and  Magazines. 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 


London  : 

SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited, 

15,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 


LAST  WEEK'S   NUMBER    (January  3)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES: — Robert  Baron,  Author  of  'Mirza' — First  Edition  of  Browne's  'Britannia's  Pastorals' — 
Records  of  the  Livery  Companies — County  Maps — "  Carent" — Newton  Ferrers — Roman  Bath  in 
the  Strand — Changes  at  Aldgate  Pump — Sheppey  Tree  Cut  Down — Sir  T.  Dingley — "  Tallest 
one-piece  flagstaff." 

QUERIES  :— "Traverse  the  cart" — Personal  Names  in  India — Lists  of  Bishops  in  Cathedrals — Badge 
of  the  6th  Foot — Gods  in  Egypt — Fynmore  :  Mason  :  Linke — Joshua  Webster — Pocock  the 
Orientalist— Cranch  Family — Swinburne  Hall — Dickens  in  London — 'Old  London' — "  Sijce- 
blong"  :  a  Dutch  Word — Hawkins — Earl  of  Tankerville — Heraldic— Jeffreys  Family— Musical 
Congresses — 'Tales  of  Devon' — "  Racker  Way" — Napoleon  III. 's  Portrait — 'Queen  of  my 
Heart ' — Glegg — Palceographic  Contractions — W.  H.  Dally,  Chartist — Thornley,  Painter — 
Partition  of  Poland — Ancient  Views  of  Insanity. 

REPLIES :— Shakespeare  Second  Folio— Throp's  Wife— Guild  of  Knights— Sir  G.  Wright— "Mar- 
riage "  Surname — English  spoken  in  Dublin — Cross-legged  Effigies — Fire  and  New-Birth — 
Dunstable  Larks — J.  Morgan — Phrases  in  '  Lorna  Doone  ' — Wild  Huntsman — Polyglot  '  Rubai- 
yat' — Khoja  Hussein — Punctuation  Signs — Sir  Thomas  Hopson — Sir  John  Langham — Richard  of 
Bury's  Library — Walter  de  Mundy,  Knt. — Sir  Ross  Donnelly — Mrs.  Wells— T.  Burbidge  and 
Other  Poets—"  Balloni." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS :— «  Life  and  Trial  of  Eugene  Aram '— *  Burke's  Peerage  and  Baronetage.' 


JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD  FRANCIS, 

Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENiEUM  will  include 
among  its  Contents  AN  EDUCATIONAL 
SUPPLEMENT,  comprising,  in  addition  to 
REVIEWS  OF  SCHOLASTIC  LITERA- 
TURE and  NOTICES  OF  CONFERENCES, 
a  Leading  Article  by  Dr.  MICHAEL  SADLER, 
entitled  'ENGLISH  EDUCATION  IN  THE 
SEETHING  POT: 


No.  4498,  Jan.  It),  1014 


TH  E     A  Til  EN  .KU  M 


i  •  > 


THE    ATHENjEUM. 


JCast  Week's  jfithenaeum  contained  in  the 

FRENCH     SUPPLEMENT 


French  Literature  in   1913. 
Napoleon  and  the  French  Revolution 

(Les  Panegyristes  de  Louis  XVI. ;  Les  Conventionnels  Regi- 
cides ;  Correspon dance  du  Due  d'Enghien ;  Le  General 
Dumouriez  ;  Vers  Brumaire;  Un  Medecin  de  la  Grande  Armee; 
L'Albanie  et  Napoleon;  L'Esprit  Public  de  1814  a  1816). 

Napoleon  et  la  Vendee. 

Joachim  Murat's  Letters. 

Cournot's  Reminiscences. 

Chateaubriand's  Correspondence. 

La    Duchesse     de     Berry     et    les 
Monarchies  Europeennes. 

La  Formation  des  Caracteres — 
Mysticisme  et  Domination. 

Voltaire's  Correspondence. 


Les    Sources    Latines  des  Romans 
Courtois. 

Amoretti  d'Edmund  Spenser. 

Litterature  Espagnole. 

Classified  Notices 

(Theology  —  Poetry  —  Philosophy  —  History    and    Biography 
Geography    and    Travel  ;    Sociology — Economics — Philology — 
Literary  Criticism  ;  Fiction  ;  Juvenile — General). 

Science — Au  Yunnan. 

Fine    Arts  —  Corot    and    his    Pre- 
decessors 

(Hubert  Robert  et  les  Paysagistes  frangais;  Corot):  Les 
Vieilles  Enseignes  de  Paris;  Voyage  au  Pays  des  Sculpteurs 
Romains. 

Drama— Essais  de  Critique  Drama- 
tique. 


jftmong    the    English   Jjooks   reviewed   were: 

The  Golden  Bough.  Mitchel's  Jail  Journal. 

Madame  Necker. 

Cecil  Rhodes. 

India  of  To-day, 

The  Australian  Commonwealth. 


The  Hapsburg  Monarchy. 
Broadsides,  Chapbooks,  and  Garlands. 
My  Life  in  Sarawak. 
The  Valley  of  the  Moon. 


A  British  Chaplain  in  Paris  in  1801.  Old  Mole. 

And  other  Contents  included : — Books  Published  during  last  Week. — English  Renderings 
of  French  Poetry.— Verse  :  To  the  Author  of  'The  Golden  Bough.' — An  Obituary  of  Jules 
Claretie.— Articles  on  Book  Sales  of  1913. — The  Head  Masters'  Conference.  Science:  The 
Courtship  of  Animals. — Fine  Arts:  Religious  Art  in  France. — Music:  Muzio  Clementis 
Leben. — Besides  Dramatic  and  other  Gossip. 


Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACK    .MARSHALL  &  SON,    125,    Fleet  Street,  London,    E.C. 


70 


THE     ATHKNiEl'M 


No.  4498,  Jan.  10,  1914 


Bradshaw's  School  Directory. 


BRADSHAW'S  SCHOOL  DIRECTORY  is  published  every  month 
in  Bradshaw's  Guide  for  Great  Britain,  and  summaries  are  included 
every  month  in  Bradshaw's  Continental  Guide  and  Bradshaw's  Man- 
chester ABC  Guide.  These  are  publications  used  daily  by  thousands 
of  people  throughout  the  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  Continental 
Bradshaw  in  addition  is  to  be  found  in  every  pleasure  resort  and  important 
City  in  Europe.  Inquiries  as  to  the  placing  of  pupils  reach  the  Pub- 
lishers from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  pupils  in  question  are  referred, 
whenever  suitable,  to  the  Schools  subscribing.  No  fees  or  commissions 
are  charged  for  the   services   rendered    either   to  the  inquirers  or  to  the 

schools  where  pupils  may  be  placed.  The  publicity  thus  offered  to  schools 
is  genuine  and  widespread,  and  in  relation  to  the  prices  charged  cannot  be 
equalled.      Principals  of  Schools  are  invited  to  apply  for  further  details  to 

THE   MANAGER, 

Bradshaw  House,  Surrey  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C 


The   following   are   some   of  the   Schools   included   in    the   Directory  :- 


BOYS'   SCHOOLS. 

BEDFORD.— MODERN  SCHOOL. 

For    Professional,   Commercial    Life,   and    Engineering. 
50  gns.  C.  W.  Kaye,  M.A.  Oxon. 


Fees  from 


BLACKHEATH.— CHRIST'S  COLLEGE. 

Preparation  for  the  Universities  or  Commerce. 
A.  C.  Wire,  B.A.  F.R.G.S. 


Fees  from  £53. 


DOLLAR  INSTITUTE,  near  Stirling. 

Beautiful  situation,  bracing  climate. 


Fees  from  £50. 


EASTBOURNE.— ALDRO  SCHOOL. 

Preparation  for  Public  Schools  and  Osborne.     Playing  ground,  5  acres. 
Fees  100  gns.  Rev.  H.  R.  Browne,  M.A. 

ELLESMERE.— S.  OSWALD'S. 

Sound  education  at  moderate  fees.     ,£30  a  year. 

FOLKESTONE.  — FELTONFLEET. 

In   best  part  of  Folkestone.      Preparation    for    Public   Schools   and 
Navy.     Fees  £80. 

G.  A.  Nettleton,  M.A.  Oxon,  and  H.  B.   Jeffery, 
B.A.  Cantab. 

HARROGATE.— PANNAL  ASH  COLLEGE. 

11  acres  of  grounds.     Thorough  teaching.     Fees  from  £42. 
Walter  S.  Hill,  F.R.G.S.  F.R.Met.S. 

RAMSGATE.— ST.  LAURENCE   COLLEGE. 

A  Church  of  England  Public  School.     Fees  £75. 
Rev.  E.  C.  Sherwood,  M.A. 

ST.  BLAISE,  near  Neuchatel.— VILLA  VERTE  RIVE. 

International    College    for     Boys.        Special     attention    to    Modern 
Languages.  M.  H.  Montandon-Bruck. 

SOUTHBOURNE-ON-SEA,  near  Bournemouth.— PEMBROKE  LODGE. 
Preparatory  School,  stands  high  in  4  acres  of  ground. 
G.  Meakin,  M.A. 

SOUTHPORT.— MODERN  SCHOOL. 

Classics,  Languages,  Commercial  Subjects.     Fees  from  42  gns. 
Major  J.  C.  Underwood,  A.C.P.  F.R.G.S. 

VILLENEUVE-MONTREUX.— CHELTONIA. 

English  Preparatory  School.     English  Games  and  Winter  Sports. 
E.  James  Fox. 


GIRLS'  SCHOOLS. 

BLACKHEATH,  Burnt  Ash  Hill,  Lee.— MODERN  HIGH  SCHOOL. 
Modern  Education  and  preparation  for  all  Examinations. 
Mrs.  Thimann,  L.L.A. 

BRIGHTON.— WESTCOMBE. 

Thorough  Education  by  Graduates  and  Trained  Teachers. 
The  Misses  Stevens. 

BRIGHTON,  Hove.— ADDISCOMBE  COLLEGE. 

Special  attention  to  Music,  Art,  and  Languages. 

The  Misses  Cadwallader  and  Marsland. 

BRUGES. — Mme.  Burnier  de  Lutry,  Quai  St.  Anne. 

Old  established  Protestant  School.     Terms  moderate. 

DOLLAR  INSTITUTE,  near  Stirling. 

Beautiful  situation,  bracing  climate. 


Fees  from  £50. 


EDINBURGH,  Grange.— STRATHEARN  COLLEGE. 

Private  School  of   Cookery,  Housekeeping,  &c,  for   the   daughters  of 
Gentlemen.  Miss  Mitchell,  First-class  diplomee  and  medallist. 

KINGSGATE,  Thanet.— BRONDESBURY. 

High-class  School  for  Girls.     Physical,  Mental,  and  Moral  Development 
of  each  Pupil  Studied. 

Miss  Newnham. 

LAUSANNE.— LA  BERGERONETTE. 

Special  facilities  for  Languages,  Music,  Art,  &c. 
Miss  Nicholas. 


Fees  from  70gns. 


LUGANO. 

First-class  Boarding   School    for    Young  Ladies.       Well    known,  and 
especially  recommended  for  the  teaching  of  languages. 
Mile.  J.  M.  Cunier. 

OUCH  Y-L  AUSANNE.  —  ROSENECK. 

First-class  Finishing  School,  Music,  Painting,  &c. 

SEASCALE.  -  CALDER  SCHOOL. 

Efficient  staff,  including  mistress  for  Gymnastics  and  Games.     Depart- 
ments for  Junior  and  Senior  Girls.     Fees  from  £54. 

The  Misses  Wilson,  Newnham  College.  Cambridge, 
and  The  Training  College.  Cambridge. 

TORBAY,  TORQUAY'.—  LAURISTON  HALL  SCHOOL. 

Entire  charge  of  children  from  abroad.     Beautiful  situation. 
The  Misses  Viccars. 
VEVEY.— LKS  CHARMETTES. 

On   the    Lake  of   Geneva.      Agreeable   family   life.      All    educational 
advantages.     Fees  £70. 

Mile.  Moulin,  directrice  diplomee. 


Editorial  Commuuications  should  lie  addressed  to  "THE    EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  tn  "THE    ATHEN.E0M"  OFFICE,   Bream's   Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,   E.C. 

Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON,  126,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  Loudon,  E.C. 

•   Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIE8  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh. -Saturday,  January  10,  1914. 


J 


THE  ATHENAEUM 


Journal  nf  (Bnglislj  anh  jfnrngn  literature,  ^rintre,  tlje  JFhtt  JVrts,  iilusic  ani)  the  Brattw. 


No.  449!) 


SATURDAY,     JANUARY    17,     1!»U, 


PRICK 
SIXPENCE. 
REGISTERED  as  a  NEW8PAPER, 


H'rrturrs. 

ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  ( i  RE  AT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET.  PICCADILLY.  W. 
■      TUESDAY     Bell       '•>    irv    801,     at    S    o'clock.   eta£WUlsIs\lI 

PATKSON     FIK.iT    of     SIX     I.  K'  TIKES    on      ANIMALS    AM) 
PLANT.-  UNDER  DOMESTICATION.'    one  Guinea  the  Course. 

THURSDAY  i.'anuarv  22'.  at  :i  o'clock.  WILLIAM  M.  UOUGALL 

I  I       HRST  of  TWO    LECTURES  00     THE  MIND  OF  8A\ AGE 

His  Intellectual  Life.'      |2)   'His  Moral  and  Religious 

Half-a-Guine  i 

SATURDAY.    Januarv    24.     at    3    o'clock.    Prof.    FREDERICK 

(ORDER.     FIRST     of    THREE     LECTURES    on     'NEGLECTED 

IL  COMPOSERS.'    ill  'Ludwig  Spohr.'     (2)    Henry  Bishop. 

Raff.'    Haifa-Guinea. 


The  FRIDAY  EVENING  MEETINGS  will  BEGIN  on  JANU- 
ARY -  .!  •■  OCk.  when  Prof  Sir  JAMBS  DEWAR.  LL.D  D.Sc. 
F  K  S  will  m-,  i  Discourse  on  'THE  COMING  OF  AGE  OF  THE 
■   \  ACTUM   FLASK 


B 


EDFORD    COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 

(University  of  London). 

YORK  GATE,  REGENTS  PARK.  N.W. 

On  TUESDAY,  January  27.  1914,  at  5  p.m., 

In  the  large  Lecture  Hall. 

8lr  OL1YER  LODGE,  F.R.S.  D  Sc. 

i  Principal  of  the  University  of  Birmingham), 

will  deliver  a  Lecture  on 

•THE    ETHER  OF   SPACE.' 

Admission    free,    without    Ticket. 


Societies. 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.— A  MEETING 
of  the  SOCIETY  will  be  held  at  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE, 
Q  IWER  STREET,  WC.  ™  WEDNESDAY.  January  21.  at  8  p.m.. 
when  a  Paper  entitled  THE  CULT  "F  THE  BORI  AMONG  THE 
HAl'SAS.   will  be  read  by  Major  TREM  E»  RNE 

F.  A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 
11,  old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn.  W.C 


V     IKING         SOCIETY 

>  F"R   NORTHERN    RESEARCH. 

A    MEETING    will    be    held    in     the     LARGE    HALL.    KING'S 
11     QE    STRAND,  ou  FK  I  DA  Y.  January  23rd.  at  8.15  p.m.     Prof. 
ALEVANDKR  RUGGE  w  11  read  a   Paper  on  'ARNOK  JARLA8- 
KALD  AND  THE  FIRST  HELGI-LAV.' 

A.  JOHNSTON,  Hod.  Secretary. 
29.  As   b.rnham  Mansions.  Chelsea.  B  W. 


(Exhibitions. 


THE  SOUTH  POLE  EXHIBITION. 
CAPTAIN  SCOTT'S  EXPEDITION,  illustrated  in  160  "Won- 
derful Pictures"by  H.  G.  PoNTING  "  The  most  interesting  photo- 
graphs in  ti.e  world."  Also  OLD  JAPANESE  FANS.  Works  by 
modem  FRENCH  MEDALLISTS,  and  Etchings  bv  FRANK 
BRANGW  YN  Admission  Is  .  including  illustrated  Catalogue. — 
FINE  ART  SOCIETY,  1-19.  New  Bond  Street. 


(B  Durational. 


u 


I'ON     MATRICULATION. 

J       MORNING.    AFTERNOON,   and   EVENING  CLASSES    for 
Heptemlier,  and   January    Matriculation  commence  at 
I  MVLKSITV  TUTORIAL  COLLEGE.  H  ED  LION  SQUARE, 
B     LBoRN.  on  MONDAY.  Jauuary  19,  1914. 

ONDON     MATRICULATION. 

J  The  Claesei  are  conducted  by  high  Honourmen.  with  wide 
teaching  experience,  and  the  fees  are  as  low  as  is  compatible 
with  efficiency. 

'ON    MATRICULATION. 

J  Annually  for  the  last  twelve  years  over  100  Students  of 
University  Tutorial  College  hive  pissed  London  Matricula- 
tion, and  the  total  nurul*r  of  U.T.O.  successes  at  London 
Uunersity  during  that  period  Ins  exceeded  3.000.  In  addition 
to  London  University  successes,  a  large  number  of  U.T.O. 
Students  have  pasted  other  Examinations. 

NIVKKMTY    TUTORIAL    COLLEGE. 

Private  Tuition  may  be  taken  up  at  any  time,  either  during 
tt.e  Term  or  the  ordlnaary  School  vacations. 

Prosr«..tai  from  the  Principal, 

university  tctorial  college, 

KKD     LION     SQUARE.     HOLBORN. 

BIRKBECK        COLLEGE, 
BREAM'S  BUILDING".   I  HAN    EKY  LANE.   h' 
TbeCollrge  provides  DAYand  EVENING  COURSES  for  DEGREES 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON,  |D  the  FACULTIES  of  ARTS 
SCIENCE,      LAWS,      and      ECONOMICS,      under      RECOGNIZED 
I  A'  HI  KS  of  the  UNIVERSITY 

r.-»ECT8:-Classlcs.  English.  French,  German,  Logic,  History. 
Geography.  Eoon'uui..».  Mathematics.  Chemistry.  Physics,  Botanr. 
Zoology,  Geology,  Post  Graduate  and  Research  Work  in  well-e»,uip|>*:d 
Laboratories. 

nsjsni   ■,  >  i    FE-pa  )  Day-8cience.  171.  10s  ;  Arts.  101.  10«. 
at^ionaL,  n.t,s   ,  a-;...,,;,,.,  ,.M,, ,,  ,   Art.  or  Economics.  «.  as. 

ST  A  M  M  E  R  I  N  8, 
"The  Beasler  Treatment  ."-This  ttViok.  siring  ths  experience  of 
one  who  cured  himself  lirer  m  Tears'  -orr-  ir,^,  sent  i«j-t  free  on 
application  to  the  Author,  his  e  illsaC'ia  for  3»  years.  W.  J.  KETLE1'. 
Tartan  jower,  Willesdeu  Lane,  BiouiW.u.-y,  N.W. 


TENTERDEN  HALL,  HENDON,  MIDDLESEX 
Preparatory  School  for  Boys  18  to  1-11  for  Public  Schools  and 
Navy.  Recent  Scholarship.  J-l  acres  300  feet  abive  sea  level. 
Special  terms  for  vu  nines  now.  NEXT  TERM  JANUARV  90. 
Principal.  A.  J.  M.  BACON,  B.A.  (Cantab .). 

WEYBRIDGE  LADIES'  SCHOOL.  SURREY. 
—Conducted  by  Miss  E  DAWES.  M  A.  D.Litt.  (Laudonl. 
The  comforts  of  a  refined  home.  Thorough  education  on  the  principle 
of  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body.  Preparations  for  Examination  if 
desired.  French  and  German  a  speciality.  Large  grounds ;  high 
and  healthy  position 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm.  1,000  acres.  Vet. 
Science,  Smiths'  Work,  Carpentry,  Riding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
open-air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  SCHOOLS  and  TUTORS 
gratis). 
PROSPECTUSES  of    ENGLISH    and    CONTINENTAL    SCHOOLS, 

and  of  ARMY.  CIVIL  SERVICE,  and  UNIVERSITY  TUTORS. 

Sent    (free    of   charge!    to    Parents    on    receipt  of    requirements  by 

GRIFFITHS,  POWELL.  SMITH  A   FAWCETT,  School  Agents. 

(Established  1833  ) 
34,  Bedford  8treet,  Strand.  Telephone,  "021  Gerrard. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133  135.  REGENT  STREET,  W..  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses,  Lady  Professors.  Teachers  Chapernnes.  Com- 
panions, Secretaries.  Readers,  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  Ipersonal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Kegeirt3627. 


U 


Situations  Vacant. 

NIVERSITY      OF     VIENNA,     AUSTRIA. 


The  LECTORSHIP  in  ENGLISH  at  the  ENGLISH  PRO- 
SEMINAR  is  VACANT  Duty,  ten  hours  per  week.  Stipend 
2.S60  k.  (1061).  English  University  Man  required.  Fair  knowledge 
of  German  indispensable.  —  Applications,  statins  qualifications  and 
copies  of  testimonials,  to  be  seut  to  Prof.  LU1CK,  Gattevburggasse  6, 
Yienua  XIX.,  Austria. 


AMGUEDDFA    GENEDLAETHOL    CYMRU. 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  WALES. 
The  Council  will    shortly  appoint    an   ASSISTANT   in    the    DE- 
PARTMENT OF  BOTANY  and   one  in  the    DEPARTMENT   OF 
GEOLOGY    AND    MINERALOGY.      Candidates  must  produce  evi- 
dence of  having  received  a  thorough  scientific  training. 
The  salary  will  be  1501.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  received  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  14,  1914. 
For  form  of  application  and  particulars  as  to  duties  apply  to 

THE  DIRECTOR. 
National  Museum  of  Wales,  Cardiff. 

TV/TANCHESTER  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

The  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  DIRECTOR  OF 
EDUCATION  ;  commencing  salary  1.0001.  per  annum  Forms  of 
application  may  be  obtained  from  TH  E  ACCOUNTANT.  Education 
Offices,  and  must  be  returned— on  or  before  MONDAY  Januarv  2o\ 
1914-to  THE  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
Education  Offices.  Deansgate,  Manchester.  Canvassing  members  of 
the  Committee,  directly  or  indirectly,  is  stiictly  prohibited. 

December  24,  1913. 


C 


O   U    N   T   Y 


O   F 


LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
TEACHER  OF  GENERAL  STUDY  at  the  LONDON  COUNTY 
COUNCIL  CLAPHAM  SCHOOL  OF  ART,  EDGELY  ROAD.  8.W. 
The  Teacher  will  be  required  to  act  as  responsible  teacher  on 
TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY  EVENINGS  at  a  fee  of  10».  Od.  an 
attendance;  and  as  Assistant  Teacher  on  MONDAY  and  THURSDAY 
E VEN INGS  at  7s.  6d  an  attendance. 

Applicants  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Drawing  and 
Painting  the  Figure. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London  County  Council.  Education 
Offices.  Victoria  Embankment  W.C.  to  whom  they  must  tie  returned 
by  11  a.m.  on  SATURDAY.  January  21.  1914.  Every  communication 
must  lie  marked  "T.I  "on  the  envelope 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  held  to  be  a  dis- 
qualification for  appointment 

LAURENCE  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.O. 
January  13,  1914. 


H 


OVE      PUBLIC      LIBRARY. 


A  MENTOR  ASSISTANT  l«  WANTED  wlih  praetloal  experience  of 
Public    Library   work.      Preference    ».ll    i»-    siren    to    I  kodldatea 
ik  i  he  Certificates  of  the  Library  Association. 
Malar*  to  commence  at  ■)   per  annum. 
Appli'-it.ion«.  with  oopfeaoi  three  recent  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to 

the  undersigned  not  later  Hum  JANUARV  -r  

l     W.  LISTER.  Librarian. 


Situations  (i(itnntco. 

GRADUATE   of   London    L7niver«itj    reqnirei 
po«t    as  SECRETARY       BA      Enill     Honours    .Internal        rn 
montl  d  training.  Shorthand.  Typewriting.  Card  lii.l. 

H'-ok  kee,.inir  -Box  2022,    Athenaeum    Press,  13.    Bream's   Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  London    I 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


4HisrfUanfou5. 

MA  (London)  wishes  SCHOLASTIC  or 
.471.  LITERARY  WORK.  Has  done  some  Research  work. 
History.  Literature,  Classics.  Experienced.  Good  testimonials  and 
references.  — Box  2011,  Athensaum  Press.  1.1.  Ilream's  Buildings.  I:  I 

DIAGRAMS  for  Lectures  or  Books  prepared  at 
short    notice    by    Artist    B  He.     Terms    moderate.— Box    2<il7. 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  (  hanoerj  Lane.  London,  EC 

LIBRARIES  CATALOGUED  by  a  Gentleman 
with  Literary  experience.  B.A.  at  Oxford.  Loose  Leaf  Cata- 
logues a  speciality.— Apply  for  terms,  4c,  to  H.  VERSCHOY'LE. 
57,  Princes  Square,  Bayswater,  W. 

HUMOUR    WANTED.-Editor    of    popular 
Weekly    Magazines    desires    ARTICLES    and    SKETCH  i:«i 
Length  1.500  to  2  000  words.    Current  crazes  or  topical  subjects  hit  ofT 
in  bright,  amusing  dialogue.    Good  remuneration  —  Apply  B   A.  care 
of  W.  H.  Chapman  4  Co.,  Basing  House,  Basinghall  Street.  London,  El 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing— A.  B.,  Box  1062.  Athenaeum  Press. 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  EC. 


TO  SPEAKERS  AND  WRITERS.  —The 
LONDON  GENRRAL  INFORMATION  8KRVICE,  111.  8t. 
Stephen's  House,  Westminster,  can  help  you  to  get  up  any  suhject. 
Facts,  Statistics,  Ac.,  supplied.— Prospectus  post  free  on  application. 

TO  AUTHORS.— Messrs.  Dicisy,  Long  &  Co. 
(Publishers  of 'The  Author's  Manual,'  8s.  Id  net.  Tenth  Edition1 
are  prepared  to  consider  MSS  in  all  Departments  of  Literature  with 
a  view  to  publication  in  Volume  Form.— Address  16,  Bouverie  Street. 
Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 


THE    SECRETARIAL    BUREAU,    25,    Queen 
Anne's  Gate.  8t.  James's  Park,  8.W.    Tel. :  s*»l  Victoria.    Miss 
PETHEKBRIDGE    (Nat.   Sci.    Tripos).    Official   Indexer    to    H.M.'s 
Government.    Private  Libraries  Catalogued  and  Arranged.    Research 
Work.  Foreign  and  English.  Private  Sc  retaries  and  Indexers  trained. 
'THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING,'  2s.  9d.  net.  post  free. 


RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collection**  or  Hinsle 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BKHT  MAKKKT  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  &  HON,  Ltd..  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17nii<118, 
Piccadilly,  London,  \V.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus) 


rJLttlrors'  Agntts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MS8.  for  early  publication  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  exiwrience.— 2.  Clement's  Inn.  W.C. 


ifiipf-(i(itritfr5,  &r. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate  (Classical  Tripos,  Qirton  College.  Cambridge;  Intermediate 
Arts.  London*.  Research.  Revision,  shorthand  —  ('AM  LKI I  »'.E 
TYPE  WRITING  AGENCY.  S,  HI  KE  STREET,  AIiELl'HI.  U  C 
Telephone:  BOSCitT, 

MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  <W.  per    1,000  word* 
Carbon  Copies,  3d     References  to  well  knova  Authors     'uford 
Higher  Local. -M.  KING.  U,  Forest  Road.  Ke»  SardltK,  I  W. 

A  UTHORS'MSS.,  NOVELS,  STOKIKS.l'I, AYS, 

/\       ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with   oomnlets    • 

1,000  words.     Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed       Rel  --U 

known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allen. Ul.\  Kymbarkg  Read,  Harrow. 


AUTHORS'    MSS.  (&*.    per   1,000)   ud   ] 
wilting  In  all  it-  I  ran.  I.e.  carefully  an  I   i -..mi  i 
Hear  Carbon  Copies.      Iioplloatlng,     ElowUetM    t.-tiumnlels  - Mies 
l    M    y  LINT.  ::.  Moors, 

T  1TERARV  and  SCIENTIFIC  WORK    I  \  I'K 

J  J     WRITTEN  with  care  and  •  v'  *"    ''■•■ 

n   |,oos  srordi      <i(«~l  testimonial  .v  ilk  smith. 

(  raoford,  Oarden  VfUafe,  i  bun  b  Bad,  t> 

nrfPR  w  i:i TING  ol  ev<  r\  fnto 

•  ud  prom) 
Diiplimtiiigsndi'oi.ilng    IraniUI  '.***'• 

-MIssNANCl  Jl    1  A  HI. A.N E.  II.  I'elnicira  Areuuc.  WesUlifl.  Essex. 


7<S 


Til  E     ATHENE!]  M 


No.  4409.  Jan.   17,   1914 


Halfs  bjr  Ruction. 


M 


Valuable  Greek  Coin*,  the  Property  of  CUMBERLAND 
CLARK,  Esq  .  F  R.G.A.,  die. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  8KLL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  K.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.,  on  MONDAY.  January  19.  and  Two  Following 
Hays,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  COLLECTION  of  UKKKK 
CIVIC  and  REGAL  COINS  in  Gold.  Klectrum.  Silver,  and  Bronze, 
including  a  few  pieces  of  Judaea,  Bactria,  and  the  Ptolemaic  DynaBty 
of  Egypt,  the  Property  of  CUMBERLAND  CLARK,  Es'j.,  F.R.G.8. 
F.R.N. S.  F.ZH.,  and  another  Property  of  Greek  and  Roman  Gold 
Coins,  selected  for  their  artistic  merit  and  fine  condition. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated  Copies  price 
18.  6c!.  each. 

Valuable  Coins  of  the  Reign  of  Charles  I.,  the  Property  of 
CUMBERLAND  CLARK,  Esq.,  F.R.G.S.,  die. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  8ELT.  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C..  on  THURSDAY,  January  22,  and  Following 
Day,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH 
COINS  of  the  Keign  of  (  harles  I  in  Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper,  includ- 
ing a  few  Medals  of  the  same  period,  the  Property  of  CUMBERLAND 
CLARK,  Ktq  ,  F.R.G.S.  F.K.N. S.  F.Z.S.-Coin  Cabinets  and  Numis- 
matic Books. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had.   Illustrated 
Copies  price  is.  tid.  each. 

Valuable   Books,  including   the    remainina   Portion    of   the 
Library  of  the  late  Prof.  E.  DO  WDEN. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
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No.  4499,  Jan.   17,   1J)14 


TU  E     ATM  E  X  .HUM 


79 


OSCAR    WILDE 

HIS   LIFE   AND   CONFESSIONS 


BY 


FRANK    HARRIS 

There   is   no  doubt   that  this   book   will  be  the   classic   biography   of  Oscar   Wilde. 


EXTRACT    FROM    PROSPECTUS. 


The  Author  writes  :—"  Oscar  Wilde  I  knew  for  nearly  twenty  years,  from  his  college  days  to  his  death,  intimately;  saw  him  first  in  hi- 
strupglings,  and  then  uplifted  on  the  topmost  wave  of  success,  to  fall  an  hour  later  into  the  depths  of  popular  hatred  and  disgust.  In  prison  1  visited  him, 
joyed  with  him  in  liberty,  and  loved  him  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  as  we  weak  mortals  love,  with  interludes  of  vain  temper  and  momentary  estrange- 
ment, but  on  the  whole  with  enthusiastic  admiration  and  constant  affection — sympathy  ;  and  above  all,  for  his  exquisite  humour,  the  shaping  spirit  of  his 
imagination,  and  his  divine  sweetness  of  nature. 

"  I  have  set  down  everything  here  fearless,  knowing  that  the  vices  are  but  the  shadows  of  the  virtues,  and  well  assured  that  it  will  all   be  read  one 
day  in  the  proper  spirit,  for  Oscar  Wilde  is  of  that  strange  race  called  Immortal. 

"  After  keeping  this  book  by  me  for  ten  years,  I  am  persuaded  that  this  personal  knowledge  and  personal  affection  have  added  something  to  my 
work  as  an  artist,  and  I  am  glad  to  think  I  have  helped  to  give  Oscar  Wilde  to  others  as  he  was  to  me  :  that  was,  indeed,  the  goal  of  my  effort." 


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Bows     i 

- 
c.  Mai  iulay. 

With    Notes   and  Vocabulary  i>y    Kt-\      \.    8. 

III.      with   Notes   and  Vocabulary    bj    Bev. 

lor, 
with  Notes  and    Vocabulary    by    Be      G     il. 

.ior. 
.,,r 
i   \:\  BRT. 


Aeneid.    Book  VI.    with  Notes  and  Vocabulary  by  i.  I..  Page.    l*. 
Horaco's  Odes.    Book  I.    WIthNotaiaud  Vocabulary  byT.  E.  Page,    is 


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v   rnW. 


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LITERATURE 


.4  A**  w  English  Dictionary  on  Historical 
Principles. — Sorrow-Speech.  (Vol.  IX.) 
Edited  by  W.  A.  Craigie.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press,  5  .) 

In  this  section,  which  contains  a  liberal 

re  of  important  and  interesting  words, 
find  that   many  of  them   have   "  not 
n    fully    explained    in    previous    Die- 
though    Dr.    Craigie    modestly 
limits  the  application  of   this  expression 
'  the  whaling  term  specksioneer."   for 
which  the  latest  quotation  is  Mr.  Kipling's 
•  :    v  -as,'   24,  in    the    form   '"  'speck- 
ner."     The  word  is  an  alteration  of 
olloquial   Dutch  "speksnijer"  (literally, 
blubbercutter  ").  the  designation  of  "  a 
••  :     usually    the    chief    harpooner, 
whaler,  who  directs  the. ..  .cutting 
the    blubber."     To    give    one    other 
■t  the  fuller  explanations  in  the 
S  E  I'  urce,"  8b.:  La  now  shown  to 

meant  upport  or  underprop" 

"      r:    and  the  "  act  of  rising  on  the 
about     the     same     <1  it*      as,     the 
-'    instai  gistered  of  the  senses 

'  -pririLT     of      water     or     fountain-head," 
'  d  as  the  earliesl  meanings 
I    •    remainder  of  the  article  on  "  sor- 
sb      begun   in   the    section    issued 
April,  almost  fill-  tie-  first    column, 
urly  half  th<-  space   being  devoted   to 
combinations.      It  illustrates  the  use  of 
wool  ,t-  ■  a  term  of  abuse,  reproof, 
depreciation  applied  to  persons"  from 
3     '•  and   Hood,  and  from  a  Scots  work 

first    half    of    the    fifteenth  eenturv  : 

'  Siche  Bary  sorowez  [such  sorry  sorrows] 

,'i-M-lf."  The  two  columns  ol  quota- 
tions for  the  adjective  '  Borry  ""  -how 
that  it-  corruption  from  the  earlier  English 
'  Bory  with  long  o  began  before  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  pie 
vailed  in  the  next.     It  may  relieve  those 


who  would  rather  be  discourteous  than 
untruthful  to  lie  informed  authoritatively 
that  the  phrase  "  1  'm  sorry  "  is  "  often 
employed ....  to  express  mere  sympathy 
or  apology." 

About  three  dozen  modern  words,  in 
addition  to  numbers  of  obsolete  items, 
are  noticed  for  the  first  time,  including 
"  sorrower."  "  sorrow  ingly  "  (Athenceum, 
lstio).  '"  sorrow  v."  "  soup  meagre  "  (1734, 
Fielding.  '  Miser '),  ""  sovereignly,"  adj., 
■'  spae\ ."  "  spae,"  sb.,  "  spacing,"  sb., 
'•  specimenify  "  (Land)),  and  "  soutane." 
The  presence  of  the  last  word  makes  the 
absence  of  a  fellow-alien,  "  specialite." 
unaccountable. 

We  notice  a  number  of  familiar  and  im- 
portant entries,  many  of  them  mono- 
syllabic, each  occupying  from  half  a 
column  to  six  columns,  while  the  longest 
article,  on  the  verb  "  speak,"  has  only 
twelve.  Monotony  does  not  even  per- 
vade the  sixteen  pages  containing  deriva- 
tives of  the  Latin  base  "  spec-."  The 
colloquial  "  spec  "  for  "  speculation  "  is 
found  in  American  literature  as  early  as 
1794,  and  in  English  from  1825.  "  Spara- 
gus  "  is  found  under  the  date  1543,  and 
this  pronunciation  is  quoted  from  Pepys 
and  Cowper ;  while  Addison  in  The  Spec- 
tator gives  "  sparrow-grass  "  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Oxford  "  ducklins  "  the  entree 
to  refined  circles. 

The  syllables  '"  sound  "  and  "  spar  " 
stand  for  eleven  words  each  :  the  former 
for  three  current  and  two  obsolete  or 
dialectal  nouns,  an  adjective,  two  cur- 
rent and  two  other  verbs,  and  an  adverb  ; 
the  latter  for  eight  nouns  and  three  verbs. 
The  noun  and  verb  "  spar,"  terms  of 
cockfighting  and  boxing,  meant  **  a 
thrust  "  (e.g.,  of  a  spear)  and  "  to  dart 
or  spring  ;  to  strike  or  thrust  rapidly," 
about  1400,  as  quotations  show,  the 
action  "  dart  "  being  compared  with  the 
motion  of  a  spark.  (jJood  examples  of 
the  great  superiority  of  the  Oxford  Dic- 
tionary in  the  important  field  of  sense- 
development  is  afforded  by  the  evidence 
it  has  brought  within  reach  of  the 
public  as  to  "  space,"  sb.  and  vb.,  and 
"spare,"  sb.  and  vb.,  in  general  Jhitisli 
use.  Quotations  dated  about  1300  and 
1338  are  given  for  the  first  definition  of 
■  -pace  "  "  Lapse  or  extent  of  time 
between  two  definite  points  "  ;  while  for 
the  second  division  of  the  article,  devoted 
to  instances  "  Denoting  area  or  extension." 
the  earliest  English  citation  is  from 
Chaucer,  1374.  though  a  Scotch  work. 
possibly  earlier, '  K.  Alis.' 7146  (Laud  MS.), 
gives  the  meaning,  "  A  certain. . .  .area  <>f 
ground."  for  the  astronomical  "stellar 
depths  "  we  find  the  first  known  authority 
to  he  .Milton.  KKiT.  '  Paradise  Lost,' i. 650 : 
■•  Space  may  produce  new  Worlds." 
for  "  space,"  vh..the  earliest  sense  is  not 
perfectly     clear     in     the     extract  1538 

Leland,  '  [tin.'  (1769)  \  ii.  71 . .  .  .a  very 
large  Courte  buildyd  about  with  Tymbar 
and  spacyd  withe  Brike."  Then  con 
from  1548  t"  1835:  "To  limit  or  bound 
in  reaped  <>l  space  ;  to  make  of  a  certain 
extent  "  :  w  bile  Spenser's  use  for  "  ramble 

or   roam."    which    we    find    occur-   .it    least 

three  times,  j-  preceded  by  an  extract  from 


Knox,    about      L572,     in     which     the    area 

traversed  seems  limited  :  "  Maister  George 
spaced    up   ami   doune    behynd    the   hie 

altar."       Of    "spare,"    sb.,    the     merciful 

meaning  has  been  found  from  about  1300, 
the  economical  from  1577;  of  "spare," 
vb.,  the  corresponding  dates  arc  about 

825  and  about    1000. 

We  assume  that  "spaneiny."  found  in 
some  dictionaries  for  "  spaiuemia."  one  of 
the  few  technical  terms  of  this  issue  is 
omitted  advisedly,  and  we  can  only  blame 
luck  for  the  absence  of  notice  of  the  applica- 
tion to  the  motion  of  a  human  being  of 
"spark,"  vb.,  in  the  section  "To  issue. 
come  forth,  fall.  &c,  as.  .  .  .sparks."  This 
rarity  occurs  in  Mr.  H.deYere  Stacpoole'fi 
'Patsy,'  chap.  xiv.  p.  110,  'Spark  off 
downstairs.'. ...' Yes,  sir,'  replied  Patsy. 
and  he  sparked." 

The  dissyllabic  pronunciation  of  "  sove- 
reign," colloquially,  and  also  without  an 
apostrophe  in  literature,  ought  to  have 
been  noticed  in  dictionaries  which  treat 
the  word  simply  as  trisyllabic;  but  we 
cannot  accept  without  protest  the  omis- 
sion of  the  trisyllabic  variety,  as  though 
it  were  obsolete.  We  should  have  given 
both  modes  of  utterance,  putting  tin- 
longer  first.  Analogy  supports  our  view, 
e.g.,  "  impoverish,"  "  hovering  "  (Milton, 
"  hov'ring  "),  "  reverend."  and  several 
other  words,  in  which  the  e  of  -rtr-  is 
lightly  sounded  as  an  indistinct  vowel. 
Poets  may  have  shrunk  from  placing  it 
so  that  readers  might  be  tempted  to  em- 
phasize the  "  -reign."  which  suggests  a 
false  etymology.  The  chiefly  Scotch  fif- 
teenth- and  sixteenth  -  century  spelling 
"soveran[ej '"  occurs  in  Dr.  \Y.  Beadlam's 
translation.  &c.  of  'The  Agamemnon  of 
iEschylus,'  v.  84  (1910):— 

But  thou  our  soveran  Lad  J    Queen. 

Milton's  "  sovran."  "  m\  canty  "  (from  the 
Italian  sovrano),  are  treated  in  separate 
articles,  in  which  Coleridge,  Land).  Tenny- 
son, FitzGerald,  and  Dr.  Mahaffy  are  also 
quoted. 

In  the  multitude  of  extracts  from  all 
manner  of  literature— there  arc  more 
than  15.000  in  this  latest  portion  oi  the 
vast  work — occasional  flashes  of  raciness 
or  comicality  of  some  kind  are  inevitable, 
but  one  hardly  expects  this  sort  of  thing, 
even  if  the  grotesque  effect  has  obvioush 

been  produced  in  all  seriousness,  to  be 
found     in    articles    on     the    solemn    words 

"  soul"  and  "  soulful."  However,  in  1606 
Sylvester  could  write 

in  Sonnets 
Evaporate  your  Bweel  Boule-boyling   Flan 

and  in   Mi»7  Trapp.  i-  quoted  t"i        Fa8l  ni. 

days  are  soul  fatting  daj  s." 

It  is  interesting  to  find  that  'he  French 
sotie  "      i   kind  ot   Farce,  on,'  of   man} 

<  iontinental  words  -  </  '  ie  from 
Spanish  "  "/"/  Portuguese  afotea  \ 
ten  ice  or  flal  root  '  had  been  borrowed, 
m    1 1,,-     ,  n -,          Foolishness    follj        bj 

<  tower    oid    <  laxton  ;     \\  bile    the    allii  d 

-,tti^e  "    is  cited   fr I"  yden   ( L673 

and  North 

Tin-  issue  ,,f  the 
Vol    VIM..  h\    Dr. 
f,ri    April    I  -t 


remaining  portion  of 

C,i.idle\    i-  annoum  i  d 


84 


THE    A  Til  ENiBUM 


No.  4-199,  Jan.  17,  1914 


Psyche's  Task.  Second  Edition,  revised  and 
enlarged.  To  which  is  added  The  Scope 
of  Social  Anthropology.    By  J.  G.  Frazer. 

(Macmillan  &  Co..  5s.  net.) 

If  a  friend  who  has  been  absent  for  a 
season  returns  to  us  unimpaired  in  the 
quality  of  his  humour,  we  cannot  count 
it  a  change  for  the  worse  if  in  the  mean- 
time he  has  grown  somewhat  bulkier 
about  the  waist.  So  it  is  with  "  Psyche's 
Task.*  This  little  treatise  originated  in 
a  lecture  delivered  before  the  Royal 
Institution.  Herein  a  single  point  was 
handled,  and  handled  strongly — namely, 
that,  absurd  as  the  superstitions  of  the 
savage  may  be  when  considered  in  them- 
selves, they  have  in  many  ways  wrought 
useful  service  for  mankind.  Utterly  fan- 
tastic as  they  are  from  the  standpoint  of 
theory,  they  have  often  proved  in  prac- 
tice to  be  highly  beneficial. 

Thus  the  doctrine  of  the  divine  right 
of  kings  has  made  for  good  government  in 
the  past,  even  though  modern  enlighten- 
ment, with  its  base-born  love  of  statistics, 
assures  us  that,  of  the  2.400  persons 
on  whom  Louis  XVI.  laid  his  sainted 
hands  on  the  occasion  of  his  coronation, 
only  five  were  fortunate  enough  to  recover 
of  their  scrofula.  Private  property,  too, 
if  no  longer  sacred  in  the  eyes  of  Radical 
politicians,  used  to  be  protected  in  a 
cheap  and  effective  way  amongst  the 
civilized  nations  of  antiquity  by  means 
of  ourses  ;  while  the  modern  savage 
knows  how  to  bring  the  sea-pike  taboo, 
the  white-shark  taboo,  the  cross-stick 
taboo,  the  ulcer  taboo,  or  the  thunder 
taboo — mystic  man-traps  and  spiritual 
spring-guns  of  the  most  direful  efficacy — 
to  bear  on  the  sacrilegious  person  of  the 
primitive  socialist.  Marriage,  again,  is 
sanctified  by  the  belief  that  offences 
against  its  laAvs  are  not  merely  to  be  rated 
crimes,  but  also  as  sins.  In  this  context 
Dr.  Frazer  cannot  refrain  from  discharging 
his  well-filled  note-book  on  us  in  regard 
to  the  superstitions  which  underlie  the 
custom  of  avoiding  relations  by  marriage. 
Are  we  to  understand  him  to  hold  that, 
in  the  interests  of  the  higher  life,  any 
excuse  is  better  than  none  for  setting  up 
a  barrier  against  that  favourite  bugbear 
many  centuries  old,  the  mother-in-law  ? 
If  not,  we  fail  to  grasp  exactly  how  this 
particular  class  of  taboo  can  be  held  to 
possess  "  pragmatic  value."*  Finally,  re- 
spect for  human  life  has  been  strengthened 
by  horror  of  the  manslayer  and  fear  of  the 
victim's  ghost ;  though,  for  the  matter  of 
that,  there  are  ingenious  methods  by 
which  the  homicide  can  set  himself  free 
of  the  dread — mostly  unpleasant  methods, 
however,  as  when  Orestes,  after  murdering 
his  mother,  recovered  his  wits  by  biting 
off  one  of  his  fingers,  and  henceforth  saw 
the  Furies  white  instead  of  black. 

So  much,  then,  for  the  facts.  It  would 
appear  that  in  the  past  mankind  has 
positively  drawn  profit  from  its  mistakes. 
That  long  record  of  human  folly  which 
such  a  work  as  '  The  Golden  Bough ' 
professes  to  chronicle  must  now  be 
regarded  in  a  new  light.  We  seem  at 
first  sight  forced  to  betake  ourselves  anew 


to  the  primitive  theory  that  folly  is  of 
the  gods — that  sanity  is  delusion,  and 
delusion  a  prime  qualification  in  a 
shepherd  of  the  people.  Worse  even  than 
that,  we  are  left  wondering  whether, 
since  there  are  beneficent  falsehoods,  there 
may  not  likewise  be  pernicious  truths. 
After  all.  there  are  those  who  would  place 
the  whole  of  Dr.  Frazer's  works  upon  the 
Index.  Into  these  matters  of  high  philo- 
sophy, however,  our  author  does  not 
go  very  deeply.  He  is  content,  in  a 
brief  epilogue,  to  indicate  the  faith  that 
is  in  him  concerning  the  eventual  victory 
of  the  truth.  Indeed,  his  attitude  towards 
obscurantists,  conscious  or  unconscious, 
amounts  to  no  more  than  this  :  that  he 
would  gladly  try  the  lot  of  them,  but 
might  not  be  prepared  to  hang  them  all. 

In  '  The  Scope  of  Social  Anthropology ' 
behold  our  author  divested  of  his  fancy 
dress  of  Devil's  advocate,  and  arrayed  in 
the  conventional  habit  of  a  Professor  of 
the  University  of  Liverpool.  In  this 
case,  however,  it  is  no  ordinary  professor- 
ship that  is  inaugurated  ;  for  we  may 
suspect  that  the  man  was  not  chosen  to 
fit  the  Chair,  but  rather  that  the  Chair 
was  built  to  fit  this  particular  man.  So 
far  as  we  are  aware,  three  of  the  world's 
Universities,  and  three  alone — more  is  the 
shame  ! — can  boast  of  possessing  teachers 
of  Social  Anthropology,  at  any  rate,  eo 
nomine.  Hence,  if  the  triumvirate  so 
constituted  were  agreed  amongst  them- 
selves, we  presume  that  they  might  deter- 
mine the  scope  of  the  subject  exactly  as 
they  chose,  since  no  one  would  have 
an  official  right  to  contradict  them.  Not 
without  a  certain  nervousness,  then,  do 
we  inquire  of  the  representative  of  this 
very  special  Faculty  what  it  is  that  he 
will  be  pleased  to  appropriate  as  his 
sphere.  Anthropology,  after  all,  is  the 
study  of  man,  and  social  anthropology 
the  study  of  man  in  society.  When  the 
triumvirate  has  cut  for  itself  a  satisfying 
slice  out  of  the  humanities,  how  much  of 
the  cake,  we  ask  in  alarm,  will  be  avail- 
able for  the  rest  of  us  ?  Will  any  Chairs 
be  left,  or  must  we  henceforth  sit  on  the 
floor  and  scramble  for  the  falling  crumbs  ? 

Dr.  Frazer  at  once  reassures  us.  He 
defines  Social  Anthropology  as  "  the 
embryology  of  human  thought  and  insti- 
tutions." As  a  whole  the  study  of 
human  society  corresponds  to  what  is 
often  conveniently,  if  barbarously,  termed 
Sociology ;  or  perhaps  we  might  be 
permitted  simply  to  call  it  History. 
But  the  rudimentary  phases  of  man's 
social  life  constitute  a  particular  depart- 
ment vast  enough  to  occupy  its  own 
class  of  students,  since  it  comprehends 
in  its  purview,  "  first,  the  beliefs  and  cus- 
toms of  savages,  and,  second,  the  relics 
of  these  beliefs  and  customs  which  have 
survived  like  fossils  among  peoples  of 
higher  culture."  When  it  is  added — and 
Dr.  Frazer  might  have  made  this  point 
more  clearly,  though  it  is  doubtless  implied 
in  what  he  has  said — that  the  prehistoric 
no  less  than  the  modern  savage  provides 
subject-matter  for  the  social  emmyologist, 
it  becomes  obvious  that  Dr.  Frazer's  slice 
of  cake  is  large  enough  to  satiate  that 


most  lusty  appetite  of  his,  and,  neverthe- 
less, that  we  other  students  of  man  are  in 
no  danger  of  being  starved. 

Illustrations  follow  of  the  problems 
whereof  this  branch  of  study  is  prolific, 
and  one  at  least  is  especially  well  selected, 
if  the  author's  object  was  to  allure  your 
fighting  type  of  man  by  holding  out  the 
prospect  of  sport.  We  are  informed  that 
the  investigation  of  marriage  customs 
and  of  the  systems  of  relationship  pre- 
vailing among  many  savage  tribes — the 
latter  subject,  at  any  rate,  being  apt  to 
prove  somewhat  thorny  to  the  tyro — sug- 
gests that  these  were  evolved  from  a 
preceding  (though  not  necessarily  primi- 
tive) state  of  sexual  promiscuity.  As  in 
a  companv  of  metaphysicians  one  has 
only  to  ask  "  Is  the  Will  free  ?  "  to  set 
them  off  till  midnight,  so  amongst  the 
votaries  of  social  anthropology  the  hypo- 
thesis of  a  sexual  promiscuity  may  be 
trusted  to  keep  things  merry  so  long  as 
Chairs  endure,  or  even  after  the  chairs 
have  been  resolved  into  their  elements. 

After  a  warning  of  the  extent  to  which 
superstition  is  still  with  us — and.  be  it 
noted,  the  paradox  of  its  possible  utility 
is  no  longer  maintained — Dr.  Frazer  con- 
cludes with  a  powerful  plea,  addressed 
primarily  to  those  who  have  the  care  of 
the  British  Empire  in  their  keeping,  not 
tacitly  to  consent  to  put  off  the  study  of 
the  peoples  of  the  lower  culture  until  it  is. 
too  late : — 

"  We  owe  it  to  them,  we  owe  it  to  our- 
selves, we  owe  it  to  posterity,  who  will 
require  it  of  our  hands,  that  we  should 
describe  them  as  they  were  before  we  found 
them,  before  they  ever  saw  the  English 
flag  and  heard,  for  good  or  evil,  the  English 
tongue." 

It  is  satisfactory  to  reflect  that  since 
these  words  were  uttered,  and  doubtless 
in  some  part  because  they  were  uttered, 
the  British  Government  has  displayed  an 
increasing  sense  of  its  duties  in  this 
respect,  and  is  in  a  fair  way  to  act  up  to 
the  principle  that  lasting  power  goes  hand 
in  hand  with  knowledge. 


A  GROUP  OF  FRENCH  POETS. 

Ever  since  the  days  of  Taine  and  Sainte- 
Beuve,  who  were  creative  forces  in  litera- 
ture, the  French  have  steadily  and  easily 
maintained  their  position  in  the  very 
front  rank  of  the  world's  criticism,  by 
virtue  both  of  their  qualities  of  style  and 
of  the  astonishing  range  of  their  culture.. 
For,  indeed,  they  excel  the  critics  of: 
other  nations  on  both  sides  :  they  have- 
nearly  always  something  more  telling  to* 
say,  and  an  unsurpassed  faculty  of  saying 
it. 

For  the  past  twenty  years  at  least,  a 
large  body  of  good  French  criticism  has  been 
issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  Mercwe 
de  France.  These  books,  indeed,  bear  the- 
sign  of  their  origin  in  their  pages  no  less 
than  on  their  covers  ;  as  often  happens 
when  a  number  of  young  writers  form  a 
literary  cenacle,   they  fall   into  habits  of 

Preferences.       Par    Paul     Escoube.       (Paris,. 
'Mercure  de  France,'  3fr.  50.) 


No.  441)!),  Jan.   17,   1014 


Til  E     AT  11  E  NJEU  M 


85 


thought  common  to  all  of  them,  and  even 
into  certain  recognized  tricks  of  expression, 
which  are  at  once  tin-  badge  of  their  union, 
and  the  mark  which  distinguishes  them 
from  the  rest  of  the  mass  of  writers. 

■  Preferences,1  without  any  claims  to 
a  place  in  the  first  class  of  criticism,  is 
fully  up  to  the  high  standard  of  scholar- 
ship and  sympathetic  interpretation  which 
we  have  learnt  to  associate  with  the 
Mercun  rf<  France.  In  it  M.  Escoube  gives 
us  five  studies  of  French  men  of  letters, 
of  whom  only  M.  Keiny  de  Gourmont  is 
-till  living  and  working.  The  remaining 
four  are  all  poets,  of  high  reputation  in 
their  own  country,  whose  lives  ended  at 
different  periods  during  the  last  twenty 
years.  The  work  of  two  of  them,  Verlaine 
and  Mallarme,  is  well  known  in 
England  ;  while  the  other  two,  Charles 
Guerin  and  Jules  Laforgue.  are  scarcely 
known  here  even  by  name. 

The  longest  and  most  interesting  study 
in  the  book,  entitled  "  Jules  Laforgue  as 
Knight  of  the  Grail,'  deals  comprehen- 
sively with  the  life  and  ideas  of  that 
unhappy  young  poet,  whose  work,  in- 
complete and  unequal  as  it  was  (Laforgue 
died  at  2~).  has  had  a  wide  influence 
on  the  contemporary  generation  of  French 
ts.  His  real  though  fragile  charm, 
made  up  of  emotion  mingled  with  irony, 
of  cries  of  pain  interspersed  with  self- 
mockery,  was  recognized  to  some  extent 
in  France  before  his  early  death,  though 

ircely  beyond  the  circle  of  his  friends. 
Since  then  many  critics  have  done  justice 
to  the  brilliance  and  originality  of  a 
man  cut  off  long  before  his  prime. 
His  works  are  little  more  than  an  out- 
line of  what  he  might  have  done  :  hut 
his  personality  is  plainly  revealed  in  the 
two  or  three  thin  volumes  of  verse,  tales, 
and  letters  which  compose  his  slight 
test  to  posterity. 

M.  Escoube  also  writes  of  the  poet  with 

a  warm   hut   critical  admiration  founded 

■  i  thorough  knowledge  of  his  writings. 

The    intellectual    life    of    Jules    Laforgue 

use,    and   the    evolution    of    his 

aind  moved  in  a  complex,  rather  unusual 

irse.    The    study    of    philosophy    and 

••    led    him    from    Christianity    to 

Etationalism,   and   his    Rationalism    soon 

forced  him  to  believe  with  Schopenhauer 

that  happiness  can  only  be  won  by  stifling 

the  will    to   live.      But.    despite  his   ill- 

■1th.   his  youth  and   vitality   wen-   still 

enough  to  override  the' decision  of 

intellect,  which   finally  found  a  justi- 

tion   of  lib-  elsewhere,  and  in  what  1 

1"  '"  Bui   he  could  not  rest  content 

■with  this  internal  variance,  and  his  intelli- 

ce  was  driven  to  seek  a  way  of  recon- 
cilement  with  the  deeper  impulse  of  his 
in-tinct.     rhenceforward  the  cry  for  love 
mi.-    tl,.-   dominant    chord   of   all    his 
but  it  is  the  irrepressible  gamin- 
marks  even  bis  most   heartfelt 
utterances  that  gives  them  their  individual 

mp.     Li-t.n  to  the  close  of  tlu-  poem 
called  '  Dimanches  '  : — 

Allans,  derniei  dei  i>o<'te8, 

'■'  i t'-rrri-    tu  te  rendlM  malade 

detu  sous  d'ellebare, 

{,'a  t<:  f<_-ra  une  petite  pzomeo 


and  compare  it   with  the  grave    alexan- 
drines and  the  high  exaltation  of  the  poem 
'  Le  Sanglot  de  la  Terre,'  w  ith  its  retrain — 
Je  n'aurai  paa  <t«-  Li  i>a-  dans  los  6toiles. 

Laforgue  is  plainly  among  the  lesser 
immortals. 

We  have  dwelt  on  one  essay  out  of 
five  because  it  is  the  best  in  the  book,  and 
because  its  subject  needs  to  be  better 
known  here  than  he  is  ;  but  all  the 
four  others,  especially  the  study  of 
Remy  de  Gourmont,  contain  sound  and 
delicate  appreciation,  and  deserve  careful 
scrutiny.  3k  Escoube  has  made  a  worthy 
contribution  to  modern  criticism. 


The  Puritans  in  Power  :  a  Study  in  the 
History  of  the  English  Church  from  1640 
to  1660.  By  G.  B.  Tatham.  (Cam- 
bridge University  Press,  Is.  6d.  net.) 

Encouraged,  no  doubt,  by  the  pioneer 
work  of  Oxford  teachers — S.  R.  Gardiner 
and  Prof.  Firth — Cambridge  scholars  have 
recently  devoted  a  good  deal  of  attention 
to  one  aspect  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
with  excellent  results.  Two  admirable 
monographs  were  those  of  Mr.  Tatham  on 
Walker  and  his  famous  *  Sufferings  of  the 
Clergy,'  and  Mr.  Seaton  on  '  The  Theory  of 
Toleration  under  the  Later  Stuarts.'  Mr. 
Tatham  now  follows  up  his  earlier  and 
restricted  essay  by  a  more  extended 
study  of  the  nature  of  the  Puritan  rule 
between  1640  and  1660.  The  dates  are 
justified,  for  the  Puritan  predominance  in 
Church  matters  begins  with  the  earlier 
of  these  years.  The  House  of  Commons, 
whatever  the  bishops  might  try  to  do. 
could  have  its  own  way.  md  prevent  any 
"  innovations  "  ;  and  this  was  but  a  step 
to  the  destruction  of  old  Church  customs 
and  usage.  "  By  vertue  of  an  order  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  .  .  .this  Committee 
doth  require  you  to  do  "  such  and  such 
things,  is  the  manner  of  1643  ;  but  the 
power  behind  it  had  been  shown  much 
earlier. 

What  it  invoked  Mr.  Tatham  has  now- 
shown  in  a  close  and  accurate  survey,  He 
traces  in  a  "  Prelude  "  the  growth  of  opposi- 
tion to  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  <  lharles  I . 
till  the  Long  Parliament  "crowned  their 
work  of  destruction  "  by  the  execution  of 
Laud.  He  then  describes  the  parochial 
clergy  in  the  period  of  dispossession, 
shows  on  what  trivial  charges  most  were 
ejected,  and  attributes  the  real  reason, 
in  the  majority  of  cases,  to  '"  malignancy," 
that  is  to  politics  not  religion.  In  a  lew 
cases  only — as  at  Watcrbcach.  between 
Cambridge  and  Ely — he  finds  the  even 
tenor  of  village  life  undisturbed.  In  bis 
discussion  of  the  social  standing  of  the 
Caroline  clergy  (where  he  rightly  draws 
attention  to  flic  almost  forgotten  refuta- 
tion of  Macaulay  by  Churchill  Babmgton) 

he    makes   a    distinction    which    we    should 

not  be  disposed  to  accept.     He  says  : — 

"The  -trata  of  society  in  tin'  seventeenth 
century  were  Bet  on  broader  and  less  com- 
plex I  j  1 1 .  —  than  those  of  to-day.  On  1 1  *  *  ■  one 
hand,  •>  wider  gap  separated  the  nobility 
and  landed  gentry  from  what  would  now 
be   called    1 1 1<  -   middle   classes,    but,   on    the 


other,  below  this  main  division  there  were 
fewer  of  those  subtle  grades  which  charac- 
terise the  modern  social  arrangement.  Ii 
was  not,  therefore,  thai  the  clergj  were 
recruited  from  fl  different  class,  bul  rather 
that  they  were  drawn  from  a  greater  number 
of  classes.  The  nobility  and  upper  classes 
did   nut    favour  orders  as  a  profession   for 

their  sons.     Members  of  g I  families  were, 

"i  course,  to  !><•  found  not  infrequently 
among  the  clergy,  but  Barnabas  Olej  s 
instances  prove  that  it  was  the  exception 
rather  than  the  rule.'1 

No  doubt  it  is  true  that  not  many 
"'scions  of  nobilit\  '  took  holy  orders, 
though  we  think  there  was  Q0  great 
difference,  in  proportion,  from  the  Middle 
Ages;  but  no  one  can  read  the  corre- 
spondence of  the  seventeenth  centur\  — 
the  Yerney  letter--,  for  example — without 
seeing  that  the  gap  between  the  higher 
gentry  and  the  trading  classes  was  very 
small  indeed.  The  younger  sons  of  the 
county  families  often  became  merchants 
or  tradesmen — a  thing  which  would  have 
been  impossible  in  the  Middle  Ages ;  and  a 
considerable  number  of  the  clergy  were 
men  of  gentle  birth. 

The  chief  novelty  of  the  book  is 
an  investigation,  more  careful  and  com- 
plete than  has  ever  been  given  before, 
of  the  effects  of  the  Puritan  rule  on  the 
Universities.  This  is  an  admirable  piece 
of  work,  on  which  real  research  has  been 
expended.  We  do  not  think  that  in 
regard  to  Cambridge  it  could  have  been 
improved,  but  we  are  disposed  to  believe 
that  a  little  more  information  about 
Oxford  might  be  found  in  the  Sheldon 
manuscripts  at  the  Bodleian.  In  regard 
to  both  Universities  Mr.  Tatham  has  made 
a  substantial  addition  to  our  knowledge. 

As  to  the  fate  of  the  ejected  cleTgy, 
Mr.  Tatham  says  also  much  thai  ia  of 
great  interest  to-day.  His  testing  of 
Walker  is  here  supplemented  by  8  good 
deal  of  additional  information.  It  was 
no  doubt  presumed  thai  proper  provision 
vi  as  made  for  those  w  ho  had  been  deprived, 
but,  he  says, 

"Although  the  intention  of  the  Govern- 
ment in  this  matter  was  clear,  the  ques- 
tion was  a  constant  source  ol  friction 
between  the  ejected  clergy  and  their  un- 
lawful successors.  At  first  the  intruders 
endeavoured  to  evade  the  [avi  on  the  ground 
that  the  original  order  ol  1644  had  not 
specifically  included  clergymen  among  other 
delinquents,  and  Fuller,  in  his  Church 
History,  mentions  many  other  subterfti 
to  which  they  had  recourse.  The  new  n- 
cum  bents  complained  thai  the  parishioners 
were  incited  to  withhold  the  payment  of 
their  tithes,  and  consequently  refused  to 
paj  a  fifth  pari  ol  their  income  i"  thi  ir 
predecessors.  Very  likely,  in  some 
the\    had    reason    on    their    Bide,    and    the 

beha\  iour  attributed  to  Bon I  '  he  I 

paJian  clergy  was  hardly  creditable.     '  a 
of  incitement  to  w  ithhold  tith< 
among    t  he   entries   ol    the   <  omroit  t< 
Plundered     Ministers,    and    in 
open  \  iolence  broke  out. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  thai  th< 
ol    obvious    and    flagrant     in  just  id      to 
clergj     as    w<  II    as     to    countrj    squi 
had  a  good  deal  to  do  w  ith  thi  on 

which    led   to  the   restoral t   <  touch 

and    King,    the    mosl    distinctlj    popular 
movemenl  in  English  history  . 


86 


T  II  E     AT  If  KX.E  I'M 


No.  4491),  Ja\.  IT,  1914 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  PRESENT  AND 
PAST. 

Till  very  recent  times  the  Austrian  Empire 
had  to  a  large  extent  escaped  the  atten- 
tion of  English  writers,  and,  though 
something  has  been  done  in  the  last  few- 
years  to  fill  the  gap,  there  was  still  plenty 
of  room  for  a  good  general  book  on  the 
Dual  Monarchy,  which  is  likely  to  play 
a  very  important  part  in  the  affairs  of 
Europe  in  the  future.  The  Hungarian 
problem  demands  serious  consideration. 
Two  books  have  now  been  published  :  the 
one  dealing  with  the  existing  conditions 
in  the  two  countries,  and  the  other  devot- 
ing itself  to  a  history  of  the  revolution  in 
Hungary. 

To  consider  first  the  present  day, 
we  have  not  been  able,  without  much 
reserve,  to  commend  all  the  volumes  of 
the  "  Countries  and  Peoples  Series.*1  but 
the  account  of  Austria-Hungary  before  us 
deserves  high  praise.  It  is  a  good  book, 
split  into  tA\o  distinct  parts,  like  the 
land  with  which  it  deals,  and  each  part 
has  its  separate  Index. 

The  history  of  Austria  and  of  her  Parlia- 
ment and  politicians  is  well  done.  It  is 
brightly  written,  and  contains  much  to 
help  those  who  want  to  learn  something 
of  the  working  of  the  cumbersome  Par- 
liamentary machinery  in  that  country. 
The  authors  point  out  that  to  an  English- 
man it  is  puzzling  to  understand  how  any 
good  effect  can  be  expected  from  a  Parlia- 
ment which  appears  to  consist  of  twenty 
clubs  ;  and  that  to  the  English  statesman 
"  it  cannot  but  seem  impossible  that  an 
empire  which  is  composed  of  eight  nations 
should  go  on  existing  for  any  length  of 
time."  They  give  it  as  their  opinion 
that  "  the  very  co-existence  of  so  many 
nations  under  the  same  rule  is  the  raison 
d'etre  of  Austria  "  ;  and  we  agree  that 
it  is  the  mixture  of  races  and  religions 
which  secures  the  continued  existence  of 
the  Empire.  Austria  is  full  of  discordant 
elements,  but  that  very  fact  causes  her 
to  have  different  sets  of  powerful  friends 
outside  her  territory  to  whom  she  can 
turn  for  advice,  and  with  whom  continual 
intrigue  is  carried  on. 

A  chapter  on  Education  in  Austria  gives 
in  a  short  space  as  good  an  account  of  the 
educational  system  of  that  country  as  is 
required  by  the  general  reader  ;  and  the 
chapters  on  Literature  and  the  Press  (we 
note  the  distinction)  are  admirable  ;  as 
are  the  pages  devoted  to  the  Constitution, 
and  to  Vienna  and  life  in  that  fascinating 
city. 

The  army  and  navy  of  the  Empire  are 
not  dealt  with  in  a  very  serious  way ; 
and  we  part  company  from  the  writers 
when  they  state  that  the  Austro-Hungarian 

Austria  of  the  Austrians,  and  Hungary  of 
the  Hungarians.  By  L.  Kellner,  Madame 
Paula  Arnold,  and  Arthur  L.  Delisle. 
(Pitman  &  Sons,  6s.  net.) 

Hungary's  Fight  for  National  Existence  ;  or, 
The  History  of  the  Great  Uprising  led 
by  Francis  Rakoczi  II.,  1703  -  1711. 
By  Ladislas,  Baron  Hengelmiiller.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.,  \Qs\Qd.  net.) 


army  "  is  equal  to  the  other  great  Euro- 
pean armies  in  every  respect."  Do  the 
authors  really  think  that  the  dual  army 
is  equal  to  the  strain  of  a  single-handed 
war  with  Russia  or  with  Germany  I 
Do  they  believe  that  an  army  which  costs 
some  fourteen  or  fifteen  millions  sterling 
could  stand  against,  say,  that  of  Germany, 
which  costs,  we  suppose,  more  than  thrice 
as  much  '(  We  may  agree  that  the  fleet 
of  Austria  is  "  small,"  but  must  differ 
from  the  praise  awarded  to  the  '*  perfectly 
efficient  Navy  consisting  of  four  Dread- 
noughts *' — "  not  launched  yet."  &c. 

The  authors  are  fully  justified  in  defend- 
ing the  annexation  of  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina against  attacks  made  on  it  in 
England,  and  they  might  even  have  gone 
further  than  they  have  done,  for  it  is 
known  that  at  the  Berlin  Congress  the 
Powers  gave  secret  assurances  to  Austria 
which  went  even  beyond  Lord  Beacons- 
field's  famous  speech,  which  is  quoted  here. 

When  we  turn  to  the  half  of  the  book 
devoted  to  Hungary,  for  which  Mr. 
Delisle  appears  to  be  solely  responsible, 
we  get  a  better  account  of  the  franchises 
of  Hungary  than  is  easiby  to  be  found 
elsewhere.  The  Hungarian  franchises  are 
so  complicated  that  even  our  own,  which 
nobody  here  understands,  are  simple  in 
comparison.  Mr.  Delisle  appears  to  hold 
some  impracticable  old-fashioned  views 
of  his  own  about  the  suffrage  with  which 
no  responsible  English  statesman  is  likely 
to  sympathize  ;  but  before  we  leave  him 
on  the  subject  of  voting  we  note  the  remark 
that  the  elections  of  1910  in  Hungary 
were  the  most  corrupt  within  recent  times. 

Mr.  Delisle's  account  of  the  social 
legislation  of  Hungary  is  good,  and  his 
statistics  are  accurate  and  up  to  date. 
He  knows  Hungary  so  well  that  we  are 
tempted  to  quote  at  length  his  somewhat 
gloomy  forecast  as  to  the  ambitions  of  the 
Heir  Apparent : — 

"  His ....  Imperial  and  Royal  Highness 
contemplates  in  the  not  distant  future  a 
coup  d'etat.  ..  .Judging  his  dominions  to 
have  reached  the  decisive  point  when  they 
must  live  or  die,  dissolve  or  rise  to  greater 
power  and  glory,  the  Archduke  has  con- 
ceived a  mighty  plan.  He  designs  to  set 
free  all  those  peoples  who,  discontented  and 
at  variance,  make  up  the  Dual  Monarchy  ;  of 
establishing  [sic]  new  principalities,  and  thus 
the  great  confederation  of  states  comprising 
Hungary,  Bohemia,  Poland,  with  their 
personal  chiefs  and  autonomy  ;  Servia,  with 
her  frontiers  expanded  by  recent  victories 
.  .  .  .and  Montenegro,  increased  by  a  portion 
of  Dalmatia  and  of  Herzegowina — all  these, 
erected  into  duchies,  principalities,  and 
kingdoms,  he  would  make  free,  vigorous, 
and  contented,  in  a  vast  empire  of  which  he 
himself  would  be  the  head  and  centre  !  " 

To  all  this  we  will  only  add  that  military 
weakness,  race  quarrels,  Socialism,  and 
financial  difficulties  have  in  the  past  made 
it  impossible  for  Austria  to  move  to  war. 

We  hope  the  book  will  soon  go  to  a 
second  edition,  and  when  it  does  some 
small  points  in  the  Indexes  and  the  text 
should  be  corrected.  For  instance,  Sand- 
schak  is  an  unusual  spelling  for  the  Sandjak 
of  Novibazar  ;  Herrerahaus,  Herzegovina, 
Carmola,  can  be  improved ;    and  in  the 


first  half  of  the  book  there  are  mistakes- 
in  grammar  which  should  have  been 
obvious  to  any  proof-reader  ;  while  if 
kilometres,  hectolitres,  and  kronen  were 
turned  into  their  English  equivalents, 
the  change  would  greatly  assist  English 
readers. 

The  Battle  of  Mohacs,  in  152G,  is  the 
dividing  line  in  Hungarian  history.  If 
the  Hungarian  army  had  been  the  victor 
instead  of  the  Turk,  Austria  might  well 
have  become  the  dependent  of  the  eastern 
kingdom,  Pan-Teutonism  would  never 
have  had  a  footing  in  Southern  Germany, 
and  Hungarian  influence  would  have  been 
supreme  to-day  on  the  shores  of  the 
Adriatic.  It  is  really  curious  that  the 
Croatian  leader,  Frangipani,  should  have 
expressed  a  very  similar  comment  a  week 
after  the  battle  by  asking  :  '"  If  the  Hun- 
garians had  triumphed. . .  .where  would 
have  been  the  limit  of  their  pride  1  ' 
After  that  event,  which  was  attended  by 
the  annihilation  of  the  Hungarian  army, 
Hungary  was  divided  into  three  parts  : 
one  falling  to  Turkey,  another  to  Austria, 
and  the  third,  Transylvania,  being  a 
principality  subject  to  the  joint  suzerainty 
of  the  two  powers.  The  part  of  Hungary 
which  fell  to  Turkey  gave  no  trouble  to 
its  conqueror,  for  the  simple  reason  that 
it  was  conquered  and  had  no  history  : 
the  part  which  fell  to  Austria  gave  increas- 
ing trouble,  because  it  was  fighting  for 
an  ancient  constitution  and  national 
existence.  An  implied  admission  of  those 
rights  was  made  at  the  very  moment  of 
the  acceptance  of  Austrian  rule  by  the 
'"  election "  of  Ferdinand  of  Hapsburg 
to  the  style  and  status  of  King  of  Hun- 
gary. But  the  relationship  did  not  work 
harmoniously.  The  Hungarian  Diet  was. 
rarely  summoned ;  foreign  mercenaries 
were  garrisoned  in  the  countrv,  and  left, 
unpaid,  to  feed  and  pay  themselves ;  and 
the  Austrians  looked  down  on  the  Hun- 
garians with  a  mixture  of  dislike  and 
contempt.  Finally,  Protestantism  became 
firmly  rooted  in  Hungary,  and  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  had  its  reflex  in  the  Trans- 
Leitha  kingdom.  As  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century  approached,  the  gulf 
between  the  two  nations  appeared  wider 
than  ever  before. 

Baron  Hengelmiiller's  narrative  of '  Hun- 
gary's Fight  for  National  Existence  '  begins 
at  this  period.  He  tells  the  first  half  of 
the  life-story  of  the  second  Francis 
Rakoczi,  or "  Ragotsky,  which  approxi- 
mates to  the  true  pronunciation  of  the 
name,  and  Viscount  Bryce  and  ex- 
President  Roosevelt  stand  as  godfathers 
of  his  work  to  tell  us  that  Hungarian 
history  is  supremely  interesting,  and, 
we  must  add,  bewildering  as  well.  By 
his  descent,  wealth,  and  name,  rather 
than  by  his  personal  ability,  young 
Rakoczi  assumed  the  lead  of  the  Hun- 
garian revolution  which  began  in  1703 
and  continued  until  1711,  and  was  thus 
almost  conterminous  with  the  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession.  He  had  been 
kept  as  a  sort  of  hostage  in  Austria  for 
many  years,  when  in  1701,  stirred  by  a 
sense  of  national  or  personal  Avrong,  he 


No.  4400,  .Tax.   17.    1014 


T  11  K     A  Til  KX  MV  M 


S7 


wn>tc  a  letter  t«>  Louis  XIV.  requesting 
his  aid  for  a  Hungarian  rising.  The 
chosen  messenger,  instead  of  taking  it  to 
the  king  of  France,  gave  it  to  the  Austrian 
authorities,  and  Rakoczi  was  sent  to 
Wiener  Neustadt  to  stand  his  trial  for 
high    treason.     Fortunately    for    him,  he 

idod  trial  by  escaping  from  prison  with 
t'ae  connivance  of  an  Imperial  officer, who, 
I  «  fortunate,  was  captured,  beheaded, 
and  quartered.  After  twelve  months' 
exile  in  Poland.  Rakoczi  returned  to  his 
Own  country  to  head  the  national  move- 
ment.    He  was  27  years  o\'  age.  "  full  of 

irage  and  belief  in  his  cause." 

The  author  takes  us  through  the  first 
phase   of  the   struggle,   which   covered   a 

iod  of  over  three  years.  There  were 
several  battles,  generally  favourable  to 
Austrian  arms ;  but  notwithstanding  this 
result,  Hungarian  reputation  increased 
even  in  Vienna,  and  at  last  the  Emperor 
was  induced  to  treat  with  the  insurgents 
on  the  footing  of  a  confederacy,  with 
Rakoczi  as  recognized  prince  and  leader. 
The  representations  of  England  and  the 
of  the  Netherlands,  then  in  alliance 
with  the  Emperor  against  France,  had 
much  to  do  with  this  result,  and  English 
sympathy  with  Hungary  was  displayed, 
n>t  only  by  the  Ambassador  at  Vienna, 

»rge  Stepney,  but  also  by  Marlborough, 
hi  arley.  and  the  House  of  Commons.  At 
first  this  sympathy  was  largely  tinged  by 

fish  motives,  because  the  drain  on 
Austria  through  the  Hungarian  raids, 
which  were  often  carried  to  the  walls  of 
Vienna,  weakened  her  strength  in  the 
Netherlands    and    Italy ;     but     later    it 

-  greatly  stimulated  by  contact  with 
the  Hungarian  leaders  and  a  fuller  know- 
ledge of  the  justice  of  their  case.     That 

apathy,    much    strengthened    by    the 
incidents    of    1848,    is    a    living    force    in 
Hungary  to-day. 
The  most  interesting  part  of  the  work 

ertainly  the  account  of  the  abortive 

iference  of  Xagyszombat.  which  began 
under  international  auspices  that  promised 

happy  i-sue.     The  English  and  Dutch 
a     were     the     mediators,     and     the 
Imperialists    agreed    to    meet    the    Con- 
tea  in  conference.     Austria  was  pre- 
pared   to    make    very   great    concessions. 
there  was  one  she  would  not  make — 
-ion  of  Transylvania  to   Rakoczi, 

o  claimed  it  as  the    possession  of  his 

ndfather    Oorge.      Count    Wratislaw 
•ffered  him  in  compensation  large  posses- 
sions in  Germany  and  a  principality  carry- 
ing with  it  a  ^.at  in  the  German  Diet,  but 

<oczi    was    not    to    be    thus    placated. 
6    Jiations   then    and   there    broke 


I 


down,  l.ut  WratisUra   used  some  remark- 
ably prophetic  words  on  leaving: — 

•'  \Y>  II.  my  Prince!    you  are  putting  your 
l    in    Franc.-,    which    is    the     hospital    of 

princes  who  have  eon,.-  to  grief.     You  will 

their  number  and  die  there." 
Hungary  was  the  loser  by  the  failure  of 
this  Conference,  for  the  terms  she  was 
obliged  to  accept  live  yean  later  were  far 
less  favourable;  and  as  for  Rakoczi, 
instead  of  ample  compensation,  be  lost 
all  he  possessed,  and  died  an  exile  in  a 
foreign  land  and  in  poverty. 


This  is  to  he  the  suhjeet  of  a  second 
work,  and  the  story,  when  completed, 
will  provide  the  English  reader  with  a 
useful  help  to  the  study  of  the  Hun- 
garian problem,  which  has  sometimes 
been  compared  to  that  of  Ireland.  Baron 
llengelmuller.  although  not  a  Hungarian 
himself,  displays  Hungarian  sympathies, 
and  considers  that  it  would  he  more 
accurate  to  compare  Hungary,  not  to 
Ireland,  but  to  Scotland,  as  neither  has 
ever  been  conquered. 


Philosophy  of  the  Practical ;  Economic  and 
Ethic.      Translated     from     the    Italian 
of  Benedetto  Croce  by  Douglas  Ainslie. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  12s.  net.) 
It  is  now  four  years  since  Croce's  book  on 
.Esthetic  was  translated  into  English,  but 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  English  public 
knows    almost    as    little    of    the    author's 
philosophy  as  if  it  had  never  appeared. 
It  was  a  mistake  to  begin  with  that  book. 
We     do    not    take    kindly   to   .Esthetic, 
and  a  "  general  linguistic  "  is  enough  to 
frighten  any  average   man   on   this   side 
of  the  North    Sea.     The  'Pratica,'  how- 
ever, lias  a  better  chance  from  the  start, 
and  may  make   us  realize  that   Croce  is 
the     foremost    philosopher      of   Italy,     a 
figure     of     European    eminence.       As    a 
nation  we  are  interested  in  Ethics,  and 
in    very    little    else    of    the    philosopher's 
stock-in-trade.     Croce,  moreover,  does  not 
submit  his  readers  to  the  strain  of  puzzling 
out  what  he  would  say  if   he  said  it  cohe- 
rently, and  in  his  wonderful  breadth  and 
lucidity   we    are    moved   to    see    the    un- 
mistakable attributes  of  genius.     His  man- 
ner is  impeccable.     He  writes  as  well  as 
Bergson,  but  with  greater  gusto  and  in  a 
lower  key.     He  is  agreeably  dogmatic,  as 
vigorous  as  Bergson  is  gentle,  not  lacking 
in  the  necessary  warmth  of  feeling,  and 
at  the  same  time  systematic  and  compre- 
hensive,   as   is   natural   to   one    who   dis- 
trusts   psychology    as    much    as    Bergson 
loves  it.     But  we  come  to  praise  Croce, 
not    to    bury    him    with    adjectives,    and 
discretion  bids  us  leave  him  to  speak  for 
himself. 

He  begins  by  distinguishing  two  forms 
of  the  activity  of  the  Spirit — the  practical 
and  the  theoretical  ;  for  the  practical 
activity  is  spiritual,  in  spite  of  the  objec- 
tion that  we  are  unconscious  of  the  will 
at  the  moment  of  willing.  Without 
breaking  up  the  unity  of  spiritual  func- 
tions, he  goes  on  to  say  that  the  practical 
presupposes  the  theoretical,  in  the  sense 
that  a  blind  will — a  will  without  know- 
ledge— is  unthinkable.  This  does  not 
mean    that    we    Hist     know    the    end    as    a 

plan  to  be  followed,  and  then  will  it.  The 
will  acts  ease  for  ease  and  instant  for 
instant,  and  the  knowledge  which  it 
needs  is  perception,  not  intuition  (the 
knowledge  of  the  artist)  nor  concept  (the 
knowledge  of  the  philosopher),  it  fol- 
lows from  this  that  Croce  refuses  to  dis- 
tinguish between  volition  and  intention; 

to  do  so  would  imply  that  we  Can  will 
abstractly,  and  an  abstract  will  is  a 
philosophical   monstrosity.    "It  is  no   o 


to  imagine  a  situation  that  differs  from 
reality,  hecause  it  is  to  the  real  situation 
that  the  intention  is  directed."  Nothing 
can  or  should  force  a  man  to  resolve 
where  the  elements  for  coming  to  a  reso- 
lution are  wanting,  though  it  is  indubit- 
able that  man  wills,  knowing  some  things 
and  ignorant  of  an  infinity  of  others, 
which  means  simply  that  he  is  man.  not 
Cod.  For  similar  reasons  Croce  holds 
that  volition  and  action  are  one  and 
inseparable.  As  painting  lives  in  colours, 
and  poetry  in  speech,  so  the  will  lives  in 
actions. 

His  theory  of  error  is  very  interesting, 
and     is    probably    more    familiar    to     the 
philosophic    world    than    the    rest     of    his 
work.     Error,  he  says,  is  not   ignorance, 
obscurity,  or  doubt  :    it  is  the  affirmation 
of  knowing  what  we  do  not  know.     Affir- 
mation is  thought  and  truth   itself,  and 
error    the    counterfeiting    of    thought — a 
mask    for   the    failure    to    reach    a    result 
which    the    testimony   of   conscience    says 
has  not  been  reached.     It  is.  in  fact,  the 
intervention    of    a    practical    act     which 
simulates  the  theoretical.     On  this  theory 
the     persecution    of    error    is    justified, 
though  the  form  of  the  persecution  must 
be   determined   by  practical,   moral,   and 
utilitarian    considerations.     We    do    not 
stretcli   a   bad   author  on    the   rack  :    we 
review  him  instead.     These  views  account. 
perhaps,  for  our  author's  delightful  frank- 
ness   in    expressing    his    contempt     for 
positivists,  pragmatists,  and.    above   all, 
neo-criticists,  the  Epigoni   of    Kant  who 
are    not    worthy    of    their    great     father. 
We    like    that    strength    of    mind    which 
imparts  to  Croce's  criticism  the  fervour  of 
moral  denunciation. 

Xext  he  proceeds  to  consider  what  he 
calls  "*  the  interior  of  the  volitional 
activity,"  its  freedom  and  necessity.  He 
rejects  at  once  the  customary  dilemma. 
and  finds  the  volitional  act  to  be  both 
free  and  determined.  Volition  does  not 
arise  in  the  void,  but  in  a  definite  situa- 
tion and  in  relation  to  an  event.  As 
the  situation,  so  the  volition,  which  is 
therefore  conditioned  by  the  situation  in 
which  it  arises.  But  this  means  also  that 
volition  is  free,  for  it  is  not  the  condition, 
but  the  conditioned,  and  does  not  remain 
fixed  in  the  actual  situation  or  make  a 
duplicate  of  it.  If  it  did,  it  would  be 
superfluous,  and  the  real  does  not  tolerate 
superfluity.  The  volition  actually  pro- 
duces something  different  which  did  not 
exist  before:  it  is  initiation, and  therefore 

the  act  of  freedom.  Otherwise  it  would 
not  he  volition,  and  reality  would  not 
change  and  gTOVi  upon  itself.  This  is  ., 
mystery,  if  you  like,  hut  it  is  the  mystery 
of'  man  himself.  "  charge  du  p 
de  I'avenir." 

Croce  next  puts  forward  the  thesis  that 
practical  good  and  evil  are  freedom  and 
unfreedom,    that    good    is    positive    and 
had  negative.     By  his  premises  this  con 
elusion    is   imposed   on   all   who  do   nol 
accept   the  \nw   that   good  .oid  bad 
ondistinguishable,  or  that   good   is  bran 
acendenl    in   respecl    "I    reality,   which   is 
always  evil,  the  fits'  i„  ing  the  suicide  of 
philosophy,  the  -•  i  ond  tin    suicide  ol  the 


88 


THE     AT  II  ENiEUM 


No.  4401).  Jan.  17,   1914 


philosophy  of  the  practical.  Croce,  more- 
over, recognizes  that  the  world  is  precisely 
that  mixture  of  good  and  bad  which  good 
sense  always  said  it  was. 

Having  considered  the  practical  activity 
in  general,  Croce  proceeds  to  examine  its 
two  special  forms.  As  he  had  divided 
the  theoretical  into  ^Esthetic,  which  pro- 
duces images,  and  Logic,  which  produces 
concepts,  so  he  divides  the  practical  into 
Economic,  which  wills  and  effects  only 
what  corresponds  to  the  conditions  and 
facts  in  which  a  man  finds  himself,  the 
individual  end  ;  and  Ethic,  which  refers 
also  to  something  which  transcends  them, 
the  universal  end. 

We  need  not  follow  him  through  his 
criticism  of  Hedonism  and  other  hetero- 
nomous  moralities  which  have  been  suffi- 
ciently criticized  already.  His  treatment  of 
Kant  is  more  interesting.  It  is  so  easy, 
after  Dr.  Bradley's  diverting  study,  to  make 
fun  of  Kant's  ethics  that  it  is  really  neces- 
sary to  remind  oneself  of  their  importance. 
But  Croce  goes  further  than  this,  and 
claims  that  after  Kant  no  serious  man  can 
be  anything  but  a  Kantian  in  ethics, 
even  though  Kant  fell  into  the  snare  of 
theological  utilitarianism  in  the  end.  Yet 
his  idea  of  duty  and  his  categorical 
imperative  are  true  declarations  of  war 
against  all  philosophy  which  asserts 
that  morality  has  any  end  except  itself. 
He  will  have  none  of  the  post-Kantians. 
however,  particularly  those  who  hold 
that  there  are  two  series  of  facts,  one 
conditioned,  and  the  other  obeying  caus- 
ality through  freedom,  which  is  a  mere 
juxtaposition  of  freedom  and  necessity, 
and  no  solution  of  the  problem  at  all. 

Enough  has  been  said,  we  hope,  to 
indicate  in  some  degree  the  nature  of 
Croee's  thought.  How  original  it  is,  how 
fertile  his  treatment  of  even  the  most 
threadbare  topic,  can  only  be  appreciated 
by  a  thorough  study.  The  way  is  not 
easy,  nor  the  burden  light.  Like  all 
speculation  of  a  high  order,  his  system 
cannot  be  summed  up  in  a  formula  which 
may  be  weakly  learnt  and  made  to  do 
duty  for  a  proper  comprehension.  But 
we  may  express  the  opinion  that  any  one 
who  loves  philosophy  should  read  this 
book,  and  that  no  one  who  begins  it  will 
turn  back. 

A  word  on  the  translation.  It  is  always 
readable  and  usually  clear,  and  we  are 
very  sensible  of  the  debt  we  owe  to 
Mr.  Ainslie.  But  it  is  full  of  little  blem- 
ishes which  might  easily  have  been  avoided. 
Surely  there  is  enough  philosophic  jargon 
ready  to  hand  without  inventing  vari- 
ants for  the  common  terms  :  vl  cognosci- 
tive  "  for  cognitive,  "  irreal "  for  unreal, 
•  physic  "  for  the  physical,  and  k"  equi- 
voke "  for  Ave  know  not  what.  Why 
speak  of  "velleity**  or  "  op]x>rtuneity," 
or  use  "  malaise,"  which  we  always 
thought  was  a  polite  word  for  a  bilious 
attack,  as  an  alternative  to  "  pain  "  or 
■discomfort"?  "It  is  an  affair  of 
glimmers  "  is  odd  English;  and  to  say 
that  "  morality  lives  in  concrete  '"  is  to 
conjure  up  the  image  of  a  fly  in  amber. 
These  are  small  things,  but  perfection  is 
not  a  small  thing. 


Henry  James  :  a  Critical  Study.     Bv  ford 
Madox  Hueffer.     (Seeker,  7*.  6rf.net.) 

There  is  an  unfortunate  stridency  about 
Mr.  Hueffer' s  not  undiscerning  monograph. 
Aware,  seemingly,  that  he  is  treading 
ground  on  which  angels  would  not  lightly 
venture,  he  has,  perhaps,  argued  that  the 
rusher-in  must  see  to  it  that  his  want  of 
embarrassment  be  energetically  displayed. 
Thus  Ave  hear  how  "  I  was  talking  the 
other  day  with  an  active  and  intelligent 
Englishman — one  of  His  Majesty's  minis- 
ters,"' and  gather  that  His  Majesty's 
minister — unconscious,  doubtless,  of  the 
opportunity  of  the  occasion — made  a  dis- 
appointingly unparadoxical  remark.  We 
are  told  that  *'  any  penny-a-liner  might 
call  your  attention  to  the  temperament 
of  Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson,  which  is  the  most 
beautiful  thing  that  God  has  made." 
There  seems,  indeed,  no  topic  that  Mr. 
Hueffer  Avill  not  drag  in  by  the  ears  for 
the  exhibition  of  his  own  composure.  He 
delights  in  negligences  of  style  and  in 
the  calculated  jarrings  of  words  one 
against  another.  It  jars,  too,  to  hear 
Mr.  James  interminably  referred  to  as 
'"  our  subject,*'  nor  need  the  suggestion 
have  been  given  that  the  critic  Avill  not 
draw  on  private  conversations  with  his 
principal. 

The  chief  propositions  Mr.  Hueffer  has 
to  lay  down  are  acceptable  enough  when 
we  arrive  at  them.  He  recognizes,  per- 
haps a  little  overpresses,  Mr.  James's 
peculiar  virtue — the  perfect  impartiality 
of  his  presentment  of  things.  This 
achievement  earns  for  Mr.  James  in  his 
eyes  the  title  of  the  greatest  writer — that 
is,  to  him,  the  greatest  man  noAv  living. 
We  gather,  indeed,  that  Tourguenieff  is  the 
only  noA'elist  he  finds  really  comparable 
to  his  hero,  and  his  disparaging  remarks 
about  other,  and  Ave  should  have  thought 
greater,  Russians  suggest  limitations  in 
his  critical  perception.  To  say  of  Tolstoy 
and  Dostoievsky  that  "  they  choose  their 
scenes  Avithout  much  consideration  of 
Avhether  they  have  any  effect  in  carrying 
the  story  forward  or  are  of  any  other  use 
than  that  of  expressing  passionate  con- 
vections of  the  author  "  is  to  descend  to 
a  journalistic  leArel.  For  what  is  remark- 
able about  both  these  artists  is  that  their 
passionate  convictions  were  combined 
with  an  impartiality  of  perception  not 
inferior  even  to  Mr.  James's,  Avhile  yet 
they  leave  us,  as  Mr.  James  does  not, 
with  a  sense  of  immediate  intimacy  with 
living  men  and  women.  Mr.  James  gives 
us  exquisitely  appropriate  situations  and 
developments,  but  seldom  a  friend  or  a 
fellow-mortal.  Tolstoy's  "Natascha,  and 
Dostoievsky's  Alioscha  we  knoAV  from  the 
core  outwards,  so  that  their  situations 
rather  represent  them  to  us  than  seem  an 
essential  part  of  them. 

In  an  ingenious  passage  not  devoid  of 
truth  Mr.  Hueffer  declares  that  no  one 
but  Mr.  James  has  produced  an  ade- 
quate picture  of  life  as  it  is  lived  by  those 
avIio  have  escaped  from  the  pressure  of 
animal  necessities  and  can  give  unham- 
pered expression  to  purely  human  im- 
pulses.    He   suggests  that  the   moral  of 


the  picture  (the  final  moral  to  be  drawn 
from  Mr.  James's  Avork)  is  that  this 
coveted  emancipation  still  leaves  the 
emancipated  A^ulgar  and  soulless,  and 
that  Mr.  James  has  therefore,  in  effect, 
condemned  our  civilization.  No  one,  we 
agree,  has  more  subtly  portrayed  the 
manners  of  the  released  upper  stratum. 
Yet  though  he  enters  untiringly  into  the 
complexities  of  its  reactions.  Ave  haA'e 
sometimes  —  like  the  Cabinet  Minister 
above  referred  to — doubted  if  these  com- 
plexities had  not  concealed  one  aspect  of 
life  from  him  eATen  Avhile  they  reATealed 
another.  Religion  lias  its  place.  Avhether 
Ave  spell  it  with  or  without  a  "  capital 
letter."  Mr.  James,  drinking  from  his 
deep  and  golden  bowl,  seems  hardly  to 
be  aware  of  it,  except  as  a  sphere  of  life 
of  which  good  taste  forbids  mention.  His 
equipment  as  an  artist  is,  we  think,  in 
this  respect  really  defective,  even  with 
the  admission  that  his  concern  is  Avith 
the  portrayal  of  the  upper  classes  alone. 
So,  while  Ave  fully  endorse  Mr.  Hueffers 
application  to  him  of  Musset's  line — 

Mon  verre  n'est  pas  grand,  niais  je  bois  dans  mon 
verre 

— Ave  can  only  demur  Avhen  he  adds  that 
"  Mr.  James'  glass  Avas  bounded  upon  the 
one  hand  by  his  OAvn  temperament,  on 
the  other  by  the  human  heart."  For  the 
human  heart  is,  Ave  believe,  primarily 
religious,  and  to  represent  men  without 
their  spiritual  gropings  and  aspirations  is 
to  leave  their  hearts  out  of  the  picture. 

To  conclude,  Ave  shall  giA*e  ourselves 
the  pleasure  of  repeating  the  excellent 
summary  of  appreciation  in  which  Mr. 
Hueffer  predicts  immortality  for  the 
author  of  '  Daisy  Miller  '  and  '  The 
Golden  BoavI  '  by  reason  of 

"  the  immensity  of  the  scrupulous  labours, 
the  fineness  of  the  mind,  the  nobility  of  the 
character,  the  highness  of  the  life,  the  great- 
ness of  the  quest,  the  felicity  of  the  genius, 
and  the  truth  that  is  at  once  beauty  and 
more  than  beauty." 


FICTION. 


Chance.     By    Joseph    Conrad.     (Metlmen 

&  Co.,  (is.) 
The  craftsmanship  of  Mr.  Conrad's  neAV 
novel  is  someAvhat  marred  by  the  curious 
device  he  has  employed  in  the  telling  of  it. 
One  person  tells  the  story  in  the  first 
person  to  another,  avIio  occasionally  inter- 
jects a  remark,  also  in  the  first  person. 
When  it  is  added  that  the  narrator  is 
supposed  to  have  gathered  his  details 
from  various  sources,  it  will  be  understood 
that  the  thread  is  at  times  a  little  difficult 
to  folloAV. 

The  book  is  divided  into  two  parts,  but 
it  is  not  until  Ave  reach  the  second  half 
that  Mr.  Conrad  puts  to  sea.  At  once 
the  tale  improves.  In  depicting  sailors 
and  the  sea  he  has  feAv  rivals  ;  on  land 
he  seems  rather  less  at  home,  though  for 
all  its  sombreness  the  story  neArer  loses 
hold  on  one's  interest. 

The  tragic  experiences  of  the  heroine 
and  their  effect  on  her  character  are  de- 
scribed Avith  a  Avealth  of  remorseless  detail. 
In  particular,   the  scene  in  which  she  is 


No.  4409,  Jan.  17,   1014 


Til  K     A  T  II  KN  MV  M 


S!l 


told  by  a  disappointed  and  bitter  woman, 
with  hiatal  directness,  that  her  father, 
the  great  financier,  has  failed,  ruining 
thousands,  and  that  she  is  the  daughter 
of  a  cheat  and  a  sw  indler,  is  extraordinarily 
\  ivid.  Bei  subsequent  adventures — 
at  the  house  of  a  cousin,  a  vulgar  little 
man  who  manufactures  cardboard  boxes 
and  has  an  unpleasant  wife  ami  family  : 
as  companion  to  an  old  lady  ;  and  as  a 
gOA  erness  in  a  German  family — are  touched 
\i\>on  lightly,  hut  enough  to  prevent  any 
surprise  en  the  part  of  the  reader  when 
she  sets  out  to  end  her  life.  Mr.  Conrad 
succeeds  to  a  remarkable  degree  in  sug- 
gesting this  girl's  outlook  upon  the  world. 

Less  space  has  been  devoted  to  the 
character  of  the  sailor  lover,  hut  he  is 
none  the  less  subtly  analyzed.  He  makes 
his  appearance  on  the  eve  of  the  release 
<>f  the  girl's  father  from  prison.  She  is 
wondering  desperately  how  they  are  going 
to  live.  After  all,  what  refuge  could  be 
better  than  the  sea  '.  A  tragedy  is  fore- 
shadowed, and  when  it  comes  Mr.  Conrad 
sails  perilously  close  to  the  melodramatic. 
But  a  -till  greater  one  is  to  follow.  The 
story  might  well  have  ended  here,  but  the 
author  lias  gone  on  and  rounded  it  off 
with  rather  a  surprising  anticlimax. 
Me  may,  perhaps,  gain  by  this  in  veri- 
similitude, but  it  is  at  the  expense  of  art. 

Hurried  writing  is  evident  here  and 
there,  hut,  when  all  is  said.  '  Chance  ' 
remahi-  a  powerful  and  fascinating  study 
in  psychology. 


The  Possessed.  By  Fyodor  Dostoevsky. 
Translated  from  the  Russian  by  Con- 
stance Garnett.  (Heinemann,  3s.  Qd. 
net.) 

"  The  Possessed  '  first  appeared  in  1871, 
that  is.  midway  between  '  The  Idiot '  and 
'  The  Brothers  Karamazov.'  By  the  time 
it  was  written,  Dostoevsky  had  definitely 
abandoned  the  advanced  social  views 
which  had  brought  him  literally  face 
to   face   with   the   gallows  and   sent  him 

Siberia.  His  conservatism  led  him  to 
■  novel  that  was,  in  effect,  a 
criticism  of  Nihilism  ;  and  his  feud  with 
Tourguenieff  added  warmth  to  his  indict- 
ment. In  1862  Dostoevsky  had  written 
warm  letter  of  congratulation  to  Tour- 
guenieff  upon  the  publication  of  '  Fathers 
and  Children.'  but  now  he  dropped  the 
pretence  of  admiration ;  he  not  only 
mad.-  Tourguenieffs  novel  the  subject  (if 
much  acrid  comment,  but  even  introduced 
Tourgueniefl  himself — under  the  name  oi 

rmazinov  —  into  the  storv.  in  a  par- 
ticularly unfriendly  light.  'What  Tour- 
guenieff thought  of  it  all  is  perhaps  best 
Qmstrated  in  an  epigram  in  eight  lines  of 
rerse,  <>r  untranslatable  bitterness,  which 
was  published  posthumously  in  a  Russian 
Journal. 

The    novel    before    US    i<    on    the    usual 

generous  scale  of  Dostoevsky's  works. 
There  are  637  pages  of  anything  hut 
diluted  matter.  The  ramifications  of  the 
story  unite  themselves  in  a  Nihilist  con- 
spiracy, which  results  in  the  deaths  <>\ 
mosl  <>f  the  plotters.  But  perhaps  the 
itest  interest  of  '  The  Possessed,'  a 


"  The  Brothers  Karamazov.'  lies  not  in 
the  actual  events  so  much  as  in  the  extra- 
ordinary handling  of  psychological  abnor- 
mality. With  Dostoevsky  this  was,  of 
course,  largely  autobiographical,  hut  it  is 
the  autobiography  of  one  who  independ- 
ently came  to  the  conclusions  of  Blake 
and  Nietzsche  in  matters  of  religion — 
sometimes  almost  echoing  their  very 
words.  Indeed,  the  miracle  of  the  Gada- 
rene  swine,  placed  at  the  beginning  of 
the  book,  and  repeated  later,  is  used 
as  the  text  of  the  philosophical  doctrine 
proclaimed.  One  of  the  principal  cha- 
racters dies  with  these  words  on  his  lips  : — 

'*  But  a  great  idea  and  a  great  Will  will 
encompass  it  [Russia]  from  on  high,  as  with 
that  lunatic  possessed  of  devils.  ..  .and  all 
those  devils  will  come  forth,  all  the  impurity, 
all  the  rottenness  that  was  putrefying  on 
the  surface.  ..  .and  they  will  beg  of  them- 
selves to  enter  into  swine.  .  .  .and  1  perhaps 
at  the  head  of  them,  and  we  shall  east  our- 
selves down,  possessed  and  raving,  from  the 
rocks  into  the  sea  .  .  .  .But  the  sick  man  will 
be  healed  and  '  will  sit  at  the  feet  of  Jesus.'  " 

This  faith  in  salvation  through  suffering 
comes  close  to  Blake's  belief  that  the 
path  to  good  lies  through  knowledge  of 
evil. 

Dostoevsky's  method  of  presentation 
gives  such  vivid  results  that  his  characters 
take  up,  as  it  Avere,  a  permanent  abode 
in  his  readers'  memories.  The  curious, 
mystical  Kirillov  and  the  dreamy  and 
ineffective  Verhovensky  are  perhaps  the 
two  outstanding  members  of  the  large 
company  we  meet  in  this  novel. 

Mrs.  Garnett's  translation  has  all  the 
excellence  we  have  learnt  to  expect 
during  her  twenty  years'  work  among 
the  great  Russian  novelists. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Brett  (Rev.  Jesse),  Life's  Power,  3  <>      Longmans 
Essays  on  various  aspects  oi'  the  Christian 
life  by  the  chaplain  of  All  Saints'  Hospital,  East- 
bourne. 

Fortescue   (Adrian),  The   .Mass.  a   Study  of  the 

Roman  Liturgy,  "The  Westminster  Library," 

8/  net.  Longmans 

A  second  and  revised  edition  of  a  treatise  on 

the  origin  and  development  of  the  .Mas-. 

Pick  (Bernhardt,  The  Cabala,  its  Influence  on 
Judaism  and  Christianity,  :5  '■  net. 

( >|x-n  Court   Publishing  Co. 

A  discussion  of  the  development  and  influ- 
ence of  the  doctrines  of  the  Cabala. 

Pick    (Bernhardi,    Jesus    in    tin-:   Talmud,    His 

Personality,    Hi-    Disciples,    and    His   Sayings, 

:;  ii  nit.  open  Court   Publishing  Co. 

A   study  of  Jesus  Christ    as  represented   in 

t  lie  Talmud. 

POETRY. 

Brother  Richard's  Book-Shell  :    No.  :,.   Chbisth  \- 

Eve,  by  Robert   Browning.  Hem 

A  paper-covered  booklet  with  an  Introduction) 

giving  an   analysis  of  the   poem,  and   foot-note* 

by  \h.  T.  B.  Barvey. 

De  la  Poer  i  Gertrude  ,  SHOR1   POEKS,  1,  net. 

Fllield 

Verses  on  lovers'  quarrels,  James  Doughty, 
'The  Blue  'lit-  of  the  Ancient  Few,  and  oil,., 
subject  -. 

Ellerman  i  Winifred  i,  REGION  01    LUTANY,  I   6  net. 

(   h.ipm.oi    .V     I  l.i  II 

A  booklet,  bound  In  soft  red  leather  with  gilt 
edges,  containing  ■>  feu  verses  "Inch  -how  the 
influence  of  Francis  Thompson. 


Gnlbraith  (Helen  J.  B.),  SONOS  hy  the  V\  \>  . 
3  8  net  Edinburgh,  John  Grant 

Ml   the  verses  in  thi-  I k  are  devotional; 

a  large  number  are  hymns  for  special  seasons  in 

t  he  t liunii  \  ear. 

Gouldsbury  (Cullen),  More  Rhodbsian  Rhymes. 
Bulawayo,  Philpott  &  Collins 
These  rhymes  of  Central  Africa  give  expres- 
sion   to    the    thoughts    .Hid    feelings    of    English 
settlers  living  "  out  on  the  edge  o1  beyond." 

Jeffrey    (Janet),   Tin-:    Fame-Seekeb,    and    other 

Poems,  "_'  ii  net.  Erskine  Miicdonald 

\  collection  of  miscellaneous  pieces   some  of 

which   are   patriotic,  while  others  deal  with  love, 

aspects  of  nature,  and  children. 

Masefleld    (Charles),     Dislikes:      Borne    Modern 

Satire-.    1      net.  Filield 

A  small  volume  ,,f  satiric  verses.  The  author 
shows  his  "dislike"  for  party  politic.-,  sweating, 
war,  and  the  "suggestive"  musical  comedy  and 
modern  novel,  while  Mi—  Klla  Wheeler  Wilcox, 
"certain    reverend    persons,"    and    others    do    nol 

escape  his  lash. 

Rutter-Leatham    (Edith),     LYRICS     and     PoKMS, 

2/6  net.  Erskine  Macdonald 

Some  of  these  pieces  have  been  reproduced 

from  The  Spectator,  Tin-  Gentlewoman,  and   other 

papers.        Vmong    such    suhicct-    a-    '  The    (all    of 
the    .Moorland."     '  The    Waltz    of     Long    Ago,'    and 

•  Grannie  and  Girlie,'  the  "  side-car  "  has  found  a 
place. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Backhouse  (E.)  and  Bland  (J.  O.  P.),  Annals  and 
Memories  of  the  Court  of  Pbkino,  from  the 
Sixteenth  to  the  Twentieth  Century.  L6    net. 

I  leinemann 
A  history  of  the  Mine  an,i  Manchu  dynasties, 
with  many  illustrations. 

Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Colonial  Series, 
America  and  West  Indies,  Dec.  •  17(i2  1703, 
preserved  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  edited  bj 
Cecil  Hcadlam,  1">  Stationery  Office 

The  state  Papers  are  preceded  hy  an  his- 
torical Preface  hy  .Mr.  Beadlam,  and  there  is  a  full 
Index. 

Cuthbert    (Father),     Lin-:    OF    St.     FRANCIS    <>f 

ASSISI,  6  Longmans 

A  new  and  cheaper  impression  of  the  second 

eilit ion  of  this  life  of  St.  Francis. 

Delbruck  (Dr.  Hans),  Numbers  in  History:  Ih.w 

the  Creek-  defeated   the   Persians,  the    Romans 

conquered  the  World,  the  Teutons  overthrew 
the  Roman  Empire,  and  William  the  Norman 
took  Possession  of  England,  1  •>  net. 

Cniver-it  y  of  London   Press 
Two    lectures   delivered  before  London  I'ni- 

versit  y  hist   <  htoher. 

Goudie  (Gilbert),  David  Latno,  a  .Memoir  of  his 
Life  and  Literary  Work. 

"  Edinburgh,  T.  .V  A.  Constable 
Two  hundred  and  fifty  copies  of  this  memoir 
have  been  printed  for  private  circulation.  Lord 
Guthrie  has  summarized  special  aspects  of 
Laing's  work  and  character  in  an  Introduction. 
There  are  a  few  illustrations. 
London  Topographical  Record,  Vol..  VIII. 

London  Topographical  Society 

The  contents  include  an  illustrated  paper  on 
'Disappearing  London.'  hy  Mr.  W.  L.  Spiers  : 
a  •  Bistorv  of  Metropolitan  Roads,'  bj  Mi.  'I  • 
Fail-man  Ordish  :  '  A  Few  Word-  about  John 
<)_;ilhy  and  '  Nol  e>  on  London  Views, '  by  Dr. 
F.   Norman  ;  and  I  he  an  una  I  lepolt   of  the  Society, 

with  revised  lists  of  publications  and  members. 
Malecka  (Katlei,  Saved  from  Siberia,  the  True 

Storj     Of    my    Treatment    at     the     Hand-    of    the 

Russian  Police,  1    net.  Everett 

V  description  of  Miss  Malecka's  experiences 

during   her   imprisonment    and   trial,    with   some 

account  of  the  grievances  of  Poland. 

Man's   Miracle,   the   STORY   OF    Bblen    Kellbh 

\nd  ui.i:   Ei  oopban  Sisters,  from  the  French 

.,f  Gerard  Barry,  ■■  8  net.  Beinemann 

\    study    of   the  "  re-creation   '  and  mental 

developn*  n(    ol     Mi--    Helen    Keller    and    othei 

blind  deaf-mutes. 

Martin  (Percy  F.i,  \I\\imiii\n  in  MEXICO,  the 
Storj  of  tin-  French  Intervention  (18fll  <)• 
21    „,.,  Constable 

\  history  of  the  Mexican  war  ol  I  s'>l    r,  wan 
\pp,  n  h\.  ,    con                "i     varioun    <  nnvi  nl 
and  (  orn  apondence.     The  l k  >-  Illustrated. 

Pollard  (A.  F.i.  Tin    BEION  Ol    BJENBI    VII.*! 

t  o\  i  i.jii un  s,.i  ia  i  -.  Vol.  II-  10/fl  net , 

Lo  ngm 


Si 


p.  III'.' 


Thorley  (Wilfrid  ,  I'm  i.  \  i.ki.mni  .  I     I 

\  i.,...  raphii  il     nd  <  me  ftl  study  r»f  Vi  Ham.-. 


90 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


Xo.  4499,  Jan.  17,  1914 


GEOGRAPHY     AND    TRAVEL. 

Dracopoli  (I.  N.),  Through  Jubaland  to  the 

LORIAN  Swamp.  ;ui  Adventurous  Journey  of 
Exploration  and  Sport  in  the  Unknown  African 
Forests  and  Deserts  of  Jubaland  t<>  the  Un- 
explored Lorian  Swamp,  10/  net. 

Seeley  &  Service 
The  author  made  a  special  study  of  the 
natives  and  of  the  geography  and  natural  history 
of  the  land  he  explored,  and  here  records  his 
observations.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  many 
photographs  taken  by  him. 

Letcher  (Owen),  The  BONDS  of  AFRICA,  Impres- 
sions of  Travel  and  Sport  from  Capetown  to 
Cairo,   1902-12,   12/0   net.  Long 

A  record  of  big-game  hunting,  with  descrip- 
tions  of   peoples   and    [daces.      There   are   a   great 
number  of  illustrations  from  photographs  taken 
by  the  author  and  his  native  attendants. 
Sargent   (A.   J.),   South   Africa,   Seven   Lectures 
prepared  for  the  Visual  Instruction  Committee 
of  the  Colonial  Office,  paper    8d.  net,    cloth  1/ 
net.  Philip 

Instructive  lectures  on  South  Africa,  illus- 
trated with  photographs.  A  set  of  lantern-slides 
has  been  prepared  to  accompany  these  lectures, 
arid  is  sold  by  Messrs.  Newton  on  behalf  of  the 
Committee. 

Washburn    (Elizabeth),    The    Colour    of    the 

East,  3/6  net.  Melrose 

Many   of   these   essays   are   reproduced   from 

various    magazines,    and    they    include    sketches 

of  the  Red  Sea,  Singapore,  and  the  Himalayas. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Harben  (Henry  D.),  The  Rural  Problem,  2/6  net. 

Constable 
This  is  the  Report  of  a  Committee  of  Inquiry 
of  the  Fabian  Society  on  Land  Problems  and 
Rural  Development,  of  which  Mr.  H.  D.  Harben 
was  chairman.  The  book  contains  a  suggested 
programme  of  rural  reform,  a  number  of  statistical 
-ippendixes,  and  a  long  Bibliography. 

ECONOMICS. 

Harper    (Angus),    The    Theory    of    American 

Values,  3/6  Effingham  Wilson 

Deals  with  every  aspect  of  American  finance. 

POLITICS. 

De  Horsey  (Admiral  Sir  Algernon),  National 
Defence  v.  Channel  Tunnel,  3(7.  net. 

Longmans 
A  pamphlet  on  the  danger  of  connecting 
Great  Britain  with  the  Continent,  containing  two 
letters  written  by  the  author  to  The  Morning  Post 
in  1882  and  1906,  and  some  extracts  from  the 
Military  Correspondent  of  The  Times  of  January, 
1907. 

Irish  Landowners'  Convention,  Dublin,  Twenty- 
Eighth  Report  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
1912-13. 

This  Report  includes  a  statement  of  the  Com- 
mittee's view  on  the  Irish  Land  Rill,  1913,  and 
tables  showing  terms  to  vendors  and  purchasers 
under  the  Acts  of  1909  and  1903  ;  and  in  regard  to 
Third-Term  Judicial  Rents  and  Revision  of  Rents 
fixed  since  August,  1896,  various  suggestions 
are  given. 

Reynolds  (Stephen)  and  Woolley  (Bob  and  Tom), 

Seems  So  !    a  Working-Class  View  of  Politics. 
1I  4net-  Macmillan 

A  cheap  edition.  A  chapter  on  '  Some 
Holdings  of  the  Sea,'  being  a  series  of  fishery 
articles  reproduced  from  The  Times  1912,  has 
been  substituted  for  one  on  *  Navy  Discontents,' 
and  an  Appendix  on  '  Share  Fishermen  and  the 
Insurance  Act,'  has  been  added.  See  notice  in 
The  Athenaeum,  Dec.  16,  1911,  p.  767. 

Siegfried  (Andre),  Democracy  in  New  Zealand, 

translated  from  the  French  by  E.  V.  Burns,  with 

an   Introduction   by   William   Downie  Stewart, 

6/ net  Boll 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  New  Zealand,  with 

a    description    of    the    present    conditions    of    its 

political  and  social  life. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Dodd  (A.F.),  Early  English  Social  History  2/ 
Sec  p.  109.  Bell 

English  Literature  for  Schools  :  The  Canterbury 
Tales,  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  2  vols.  :  Selec- 
tions from  the  Faerie  Queene  ;  British 
Ballads  ;  Greece  and  Rome  in  the  English 
Poets  ;  The  Life  and  Death  of  Jason,  by 
William  Morris  (Abridged)  ;  Selections  from 
Borrow  ;  Selections  from  Parkman's  Con- 
spiracy of  Pontiac  ;  Reynard  the  Fox, 
edited  by  Arthur  Burrell,  Qd.  each.  Dent 

This  series  is  designed  to  interest  children 
at  an  early  age  in  literature.  The  editor  has  in- 
cluded only  those  poets  and  prose  writers  who,  in 


his  opinion,  will  interest  children,  and  selected 
such  passages  from  their  writings  as  will  easily 
be  understood.  A  modern  rendering  of  '  Reynard 
the  Pox  '  is  given,  and  Chaucer  and  Spenser  have 
been  partly  modernized.  Each  volume  has  a 
short  introduction,  and  is  printed  in  a  large, 
clear  type. 

Hayes  (B.  J.I  and  Collins  (A.  J.  F.),  Matricula- 
tion Latin  Course,  4/6 

University  Tutorial  Press 
This  Grammar  is  for  those  who  have 
already  some  knowledge  of  accidence,  a  summary 
of  which  is  given  in  tabular  form.  At  the  end 
of  the  book  there  are  exercises,  passages  for 
unseen  translation,  and  Latin-English  and  English- 
Latin  vocabularies. 

Hudson  (W.  H.),  Representative  Passages 
from  English  Literature,  2/6  net.  Bell 

See  p.  108. 

Macaulay,    Essay   on   the   Earl  of    Chatham' 

paper  Qd.,  cloth  8d.  ;  Essay  on  William  Pitt, 

paper  Ad.  cloth  Qd.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Reprints  in  a  large,  clear  type  in  the  "  Oxford 

Plain  Texts." 

Raven  (Alice),  Extracts  from  the  Chronicles 
illustrating  English  History,  Qd. 

Macdonald  <fc  Evans 
Seep.  109. 

Wallis  (B.  C),  A  Junior  Geography  of  the 
World,  Macmillan's  "  Practical  Modern  Geo- 
graphies," 2/6 

The  author's  aim  has  been  to  give  "  the  main 
facts  with  regard  to  the  life  of  man  upon  the 
earth."  Each  chapter  is  summarized,  and  there 
are  exercises  and  papers  based  on  questions  set 
by  well-known  examining  bodies. 

Yonge  (Charlotte  M.),  The  Lances  of  Lynwood, 

a  Tale  of  the  Days  of  Edward  III.  (Abridged), 

5d.  Macmillan 

A  Header  for  children   of  11   to   14  years,  in 

large  print  with  illustrations. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Winstedt  (R.  O.),  Malay  Grammar,  7/6  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

This  grammar  has  been  written  "  to  supply 

the  want  of  a  text  book  for  the  second  or  higher 

examination   in   the   Malay   language,   prescribed 

for  officials." 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Samuel  (Horace  B.),  Modernites,  7/6  net. 

Kegan  Paul 
A  collection  of  essays  on  English  and  foreign 
authors. 

FICTION. 

Bain  (F.  W.),  Indian  Stories:  Vol.  III.  A  Heifer 
of  the    Dawn,   translated  from    the    Original 
Manuscript,  120/  net  per  set  of  10  vols.    Warner 
A  new  edition  in  the  "  Riccardi  Press  Book- 
lets,"   printed   on   hand-made   paper,   with   grey 
boards  and  canvas  backs. 

Conrad  (Joseph),  Chance,  a  Tale  in  Two  Parts,  6/ 

Methuen 
See  p.  88. 

Cromartie  (The  Countess  of),  The  Decoy,  a 
Romance,  6/  Erskine  Macdonald 

A  tale  of  old  Carthage.  The  hero  is  a  slave- 
trader  "  as  frankly  evil  in  the  ancient  sense,  as  only 
a  Moloch-worshipping  Phoenician  of  Carthage 
could  be,"  whose  pity  is  awakened,  however,  by 
a  baby  girl.  He  rescues  her  from  her  fate,  and 
in  due  time  they  take  the  "  Oath  of  the  Link  of 
Fire,"  more  binding  than  the  marriage  tie.  The 
story  has  plenty  of  incident. 

Dc  Crespigny  (Mrs.  Philip  Champion),  Mallory's 
Tryst,  6/  Mills  .V:  Boon 

The  hero,  a  successful  novelist,  receives 
letters  from  "  Incognita,"  who  is  an  admirer 
of  his  work.  E>uring  a  visit  to  Dartmoor  he 
makes  friends  with  some  ladies,  and  discovers 
at  length  that  one  of  them  is  his  correspondent, 
who  has  also  become  for  him  his  Egeria. 

Dell  (Ethel  M.),  The  Rocks  of  Valpre.  6/ 

Fisher  Unwin 
A  love-story  concerning  a  young  girl  married 
to  a  somewhat  stern  husband,  from  whom  she 
unreasonably  hides  an  adventure  she  had  once 
had  on  the  rocks  of  Valpre  with  his  friend  and 
secretary. 

Dostoevsky  (Fyodor),  The  Possessed,  a  Novel  in 
Three  Parts,  from  the  Russian,  3/6  net. 

Ileinemann 
Seep.  8b 

Flowerdew,  Love  and  a  Title.  Greening 

The  story  of  a  mysterious  packet  of  papers 
confided  to  a  young  doctor  by  a  dying  woman. 
They  concern  a  noble  family  and  "the  lady  he 
loves. 


George  (Herbert),  Miladi  of  the  Fist.  6/  Everett 
An  Oxford  undergraduate,  left  in  great  poverty, 
takes  a  situation  in  mufti  on  a  farm.  The  owner 
is  the  victim  of  several  plots  but  by  the  aid  of 
the  muscular  and  intellectual  hero  he  thwarts 
his  enemies  successfully,  and  the  young  man 
wins  prosperity,  a  wife,  and  the  farm. 

Gerard  (Dorothea),  The  Waters  of  Lethe,  6/ 

Stanley  Paul 
Thi;  nairative  presents  the  sacrifice  made 
by  an  elder  for  a  younger  brother — Au.strians 
by  birth,  who  come  to  this  country  penniless. 
The  way  of  the  one  is  dogged  by  self-contempt, 
the  other  buoyed  up  by  the  joy  of  self-forgetf  ulness. 
The  story  originally  appeared  in  the  weekly 
edition  of  The  Times  under  the  title  '  The  Pitiless 
Past.' 

Hayward  (Rachel),  Letters  from  La-Bas,  6/ 

Heinemann 
A  series   of   love-letters  written   by  a    large- 
hearted  woman  to  a  cold-blooded  man. 

Inge  tCharles),  Square  Pegs,  6/  Methuen 

Tells  how  a  man  from  South  Africa  sets  out 
to  conquer  London  with  a  threepenny  weekly 
paper  and  a  sympathy  for  the  unemployed. 
He  wins  his  woman,  who  suffers  in  the  London 
of  women  workers. 

Kernahan  (Mrs.  Coulson),  The  Blue  Diamond   6/ 

Everett 
A  detective  story  with  a  love-interest.  The 
heroine's  father  dies  in  Canada  under  the  sus- 
picion of  having  stolen  a  blue  diamond.  While 
declaring  his  innocence,  he  wishes  no  attempt 
to  be  made  to  clear  bis  name.  She  determines, 
however,  to  find  out  whom  he  is  shielding,  and 
returns  to  England,  where  the  mystery  is  solved 
by  a  boy  detective. 

Lady  of  Grosvenor  Place,  Society  in  London,  by  a 
Member  of  It,  6/  Holden  &  Hardingham 

A  story  of  fashionable  and  political  life  in 
London. 

Le  Queux  (William),  The  Four  Faces,  6 

Stanley  Paul 
Concerns  a   gang   of   criminals,   composed  of 
men  and  women  moving  in  the  best   society  in 
London  and  in  Continental  capitals. 

Noble  (Edward),  Dust  from  the  Loom,  a  Romance 
of  Two  Atacamas,  6/  Constable 

Another  of  Mr.  Noble's  stories  of  seafaring 
life,  in  which  the  hero  is,  to  begin  with,  a  captain 
in  the  Merchant  Service.  With  this  for  a  back- 
ground, an  intricate  love-story  is  provided,  a 
beautiful  Spaniard  b^ing  the  heroine. 

Ramsey  (Olivia),  Callista  in  Revolt.  6/  Long 
On  the  death  of  her  father  Callista  is  left  in 
the  care  of  an  eccentric  great-grandmother,  who 
is  herself  attended  by  a  seemingly  quiet  girl,  a 
cousin  of  Callista's.  When  the  grandmother  dies, 
however,  this  hitherto  prim  young  person  becomes 
lively  and  Callista  is  left  alone.  The  author  pro- 
vides a  happy  ending. 

Randall  (F.  J.),  Somebody's  Luggage,  6,  Lane 
The  farcical  hero  of  this  tale  in  a  moment  of 
dejection  and  under  great  temptation  masquer- 
ales  as  an  Australian  who  has  come  into  a 
fortune.  His  embarrassment  increases  as  the 
plot  thickens,  and  it  is  only  after  many  adven- 
tures and  games  of  hide-and-seek  that  the  author 
extricates  him  from  the  tangle. 

Reaney  (Mrs.  G.  S.),  A  Daughters  Inheritance 
6/  Heath  &  Cranton 

The  heroine  is  presented  as  a  spoilt,  but  in- 
genuous girl  of  spirit  and  good  intentions,  with 
an  inherited  weakness  for  strong  drink,  to  which 
she  gradually  succumbs.  Having  misplaced  her 
affection,  she  is  betrayed  by  the  man  whom  she 
thought  to  be  her  husband,  and  degraded  by  the 
habit  now  formed.  The  rest  of  the  story  de- 
scribes her  struggles  to  obtain  a  living  without  a 
"  character  "  and  to  regain  her  self-control. 

Smith  (Ellen  Ada!,  The  Price  of  Conquest.  6/ 

Long 
A  celebrated  violinist  descends  incognito 
on  a  West-Country  village  for  a  holiday.  He 
discovers  there  a  girl  with  musical  talent  and 
gives  her  lessons,  afterwards  constituting  himself 
her  guardian.  Ultimately  she  becomes  famous 
and  they  marry. 

Stern  (G.  B.),  Pantomime,  6/  Hutchinson 

A  story  of  the  life  and  love  of  a  young  woman, 
told  with  pantomime  themes  as  an  analogy,  and 
especially  those  concerning  the  principal  girl  and 
principal  boy. 

Tracy  (Louis),  The  Terms  of  Surrender,  6/ 

t'assell 
A  study  of  a  strong  man's  character  under 
great  misfortune. 


No.  4490,  Jan.  17,   l!»  14 


Til  E     AT  II  KN  .KIT  M 


9] 


Wentworth- lames  (G.  de  S.)   Tin:  Curtain,  6 

Everett 

The  heroine  was  taken  from  a  Roman  Catholic 

orphanage  at  the  age  >>f  7  bj  a  society  lady  with 

many  hobbies,  one  of  which  was  to  educate  her 

adopted  daughter  as  a  disciple  of  truth  by  raising 

the     curtain    of     com  cut  ion.      The    author    tnce- 
tin-     yir!  s      mental     development      ami     slows 
how  she  is  incapable  of  love  until  forgetfulness 
used  In   an  accident       blots  out   the  past. 

ANNUALS     AND    DIRECTORIES. 

Catholic     Who's     Who     and    Year-Book.     lull. 

edited  by  sir  F.  c.  Burnand.       Hums  &  Oates 

Besides  151  pages  of  biographies,  it  contains 

a    list   of   i  apal   honours  ami  a   '  Necrology  and 

Register  for  IH13.'     There  ate  a  few  illustrations. 

Church  Directory  and  Almanack,  1914,  2/6  net. 

Nisbet 
Containing    general    information    on    Church 
matters,  a   i  lerjry  Directory,  and  an  alphabetical 
list     of     benefices.     The    articles     include     '  The 
Attack     upon      the     Welsh     Church'     and      'The 
Church  and  the  Army,'  and  the  full  text   is  given 
of     the    Act     of     1913     creating    three     bishoprics. 
\\  e  have  also  received  from  the  same  publishers 
Fcll  Desk  Calendar  for  1914'  (1    net), con- 
taining  details    for   each    service,    and    hymns    for 
special  occasions,  with  space  for  private  not.-. 

Church  Pulpit  Year-Book,  2    net.  Nisbet 

Offers  outlines  of  sermons  on  the  Sunday 
■els.    with    a    few     for     children's     and     men's 

services  and  special   occasions.       A    new    feature 

has    been    introduced   by  adding    to    these   sermons 

explanatory  and  expository  note-. 

International  Whitaker,  2 

Includes  nearly  500  pages  of  statistical 
and  historical  information  about  the  countries 
of   the   world.      Its    new    form,    with    cloth    cover 

aid  rounded  edges,  has  been  designed  for  the  use 
of  the  traveller. 

Newspaper  Press  Directory,  1914,  li  Mitchell 

Contains   full    information   about    the  offices 


i    publication    of    newspapers    in    the    British 

-.      There    are    also    articles   on    '  Things   that 

Matter  in  Advertising,   1913,'  and  the  'Trend  of 

Modern    Press.'     A    map  illustrates  the  pub- 

•lon  of  newspapers  in   the  towns  and  villages 

throughout  the  British  Isles. 

Rhodes's     Shipping     Annual     and     Directory     of 

Passenger  Steamers,  11*11,  2/6  net.  Philip 

The  word  "  Annual  "  has  been  added  to  the 

of  this  handbook,  which  in  future  will  include 

articles  on   important    subjects   of   the   year.     In 

the  present  issue  "  Landsman  "  writes  on  '  Armed 

Merchantmen  and   Mr.    Winston   Churchill's   New 

-       •me.'  and  Dr.  Charles    Buttar  on  '  The  Ocean 

<  are.'      There    i-    an    unsigned    article    on     '  The 

hant  Service  Officer  and  his  Training.'     The 

and  directory  of  passenger  steamers 

been  revised  and  enlarged. 

REVIEWS  AND   MAGAZINES. 
Bedrock,  January,  2  6  net.  Constable 

This  number  includes  articles  by  Prof.  Arm- 
in  'Si!-  Oliver  Lodge.  Intolerant.  Infallible'  : 
Mr.  Huuh  Elliot,'  Vitalism  :    an  Obituary  Notice'  ; 
!.  Punnett,'  More  Mendelism  and  Mimicry.1 
Mr.   H-k1    Moir's    •  Description  of  the  Pre-Pala'o- 
Flint  Implement-  of   Suffolk  '  is  illustrated. 

British   Library   of   Political   Science,    Bulletin, 
January,  l    per  annum 

London  School  of  Economics 
I  he  bulletin    has    lists    of    recent   additions 

the  library  and  names  ,,f  donors,   and  a    biblio- 
:  Btate  Medical  Service. 

Dublin  Review,  January,  5  6  net.    Burns  lV.  Oates 

Tina     Dumber     la.     articles     on     'Richard 

Holt  Hut  ton,'  by  Mr.   Wilfrid   Ward  ;    '  Frederic 

im.    by  Mrs.  Maxwell  Sett  ;    '  IMof.  Bury's 

if  Freedom  of  Thought,'  by  Mr.  Belloc  ;'   a 

m   -The   Divine  Privilege,'    by  Mrs.    Meynell ; 

on   Recent    Books  by  their  Writers,' 

among  whom  are  Mrs.   Wilfrid   Ward,   Mr.    \    C 

m,  Mgr.  Benson,  and  Mr.  Chesterton. 
Edinburgh  Review,  January,  6  Longmans 

The  contents  include  papers  on  -The  Indian 

Moslem    Outlook,     bv    11.11.    the   AgB     Khan  j      •  The 

Renaissance   of    Dancing,'    by    Mr.    Felix    Clay; 

frit   Literature.'  by  Mr.  Walter  de  Is   Mare; 

and  'The  Coming  Land  Tyranny,'  bj  Mr.  Harold 

English    Historical    Review,    Januari 

Longmans 
1  Main-  article*  on  'Manegold  of  Lauten- 
b..ch,  by  Mi—  M.  r.  Stead,  and  -The  Cabinet 
111  "  *  nteenth  and  Eighteenth  Centime-. ' 
by  Sir  William  tason.  Tie-  v,t.-  and  Docu- 
ments include  •  st.  Bonifa  P  k  m  to  Nithardus,' 
by  the  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
j  abridge;  and  there  are  the  usual  reviev 
ks  and  short  notices 


Eugenics  Review,  Jam  \i;v.  1     net. 

Eugenics  Education  Society 
In  dudes  articles  on  '  Psychology  in  the  Service 
Eugenics,'  by   Dr.   \\ .   McDougall,  and  'Some 

Hopes  of  i  Eugenist,'  by  Mr.  U.  A.  Fisher, 

Gadelica,    a    Journal    of    Modern    [rish    Studies, 

Vol.  I.  No.   I.  '2  i>  net.     Dublin.  Eodges  vV    Ki^uis 

This  number  completes  the   lir-t    volume  of 

Gadelica.      The   promoters   feel    that    it    has   not 

received    adequate   support    in    Ireland,   especially 

from  the  Gaelic  League  and  the  Irish  Universities 

and  public  libraries,  and  have  raised  the  sub- 
scription price  from  6s.  tir/.  to  Ills.  i\il.  per  volume, 
hoping    that     their    appeal     will     meet     with    such 

response    a-  will    enable    them    to    continue    the 

publical  ion. 

Royal  Scottish  Arboricultural  Society,  TRANS- 
ACTIONS) January,  3/ 

Edinburgh  Douglas  >V.  Foulis 
Mr  A.  1).  Hopkinson  continues  to  write  on 
"The  State  Forests  of  Saxony';  Dr.  Borthwick 
contributes  a  paper  on  '  Forestry  at  Home  and 
Abroad':  and  Mr.  A.  .1.  (iillanders  ^ives  an 
account  of  the  visit  by  the  Royal  English  Arbori- 
cultural Society  to  German  forests  last  year. 
Some  of  the  articles  are  illustrated. 

Science  Progress  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  Janu- 
ary, •")  net.  John  Murray 
Including  articles  on  '  Nutrition  and  Educa- 
tion in  Mental  Development.'  by  Dr.  F.  W.  Mott  ; 
"  Some  Views  on  Lord  Kelvin's  Work  '  by  Dr. 
George  Green;  and  "The  Displacement  of 
Spectral  Lines  by  Pressure,'  by  .Mr.  II.  Spencer 
Jones. 

GENERAL, 
Belfort    (Roland)    and    Hoyer    (Alfred   Johannes), 

ALL  AlaUT  CoCONfTS,  (i     net. 

St.   Catherine  Press 
An  account  of  the  coconut  industry,  showing 
the  possibilities   of   its   development    in  the  near 
future.      The  book  is  illustrated. 

Dedications,  Ax  Anthology-  of  the  Forms 
rsEii  from  the  Earliest  Days  of  Book- 
Making  to  the  Present  Time,  compiled  by 
Mary  Elizabeth  Brown,   in  »i  net.  Putnam 

This  anthology  of  dedications  is  divided  into 
sections,  such  as  '  To  the  Virgin  Mary,'  '  To 
Nobility,'  '  To  Oneself.'  each  being  arranged 
chronologically.  The  compiler  has  written  an 
Introduction,  and  there  are  illustrations,  a  Biblio- 
graphy, and  Index  of  Authors. 

Hurd    (Archibald),    Our    Navy,    'The    Imperial 

Library."   1/  net.  Warne 

A    history    of    the    development    of    British 

sea-power  from  the  time  of  Alfred  to  the  regime 
of  Mr.  Winston  Churchill.  Lord  Selborne  has 
written  a  Preface,  and  there  are  Appendixes  of 
naval  terms  and  building  programmes  and  an 
Index. 

Marie  Tempest  Birthday  Book  (The),  1  ii  net. 

Stanley  Paul 

The    extracts   in   this   book   are    taken    from 

parts      of      Miss      Tempest       in      various      plays. 

There   are   illustrations   of   her   in    some   of    these. 

and  an  appreciation  of  her  art  by  Mr.  Sidney  Dark. 

Metropolitan  Borough  of  Southwark,  Twelfth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Public  Libraries 
and  Museums  Committee  from  April  1st, 
I'M 2,  to  March  31st,  1913.  Cornell 

Containing  the  chairman's  report,  lists  of 
donors,  and  recent  additions  to  the  libraries. 
with  the  usual  statistical  statements. 

Salt  (Henry  S.),  Tin:  HUMANITIES  of  Diet — 
Sayings  and  Rhymings,  l 

Manchester   Vegetarian  Society 

A  collection  of  essays  and  verses  written, 
for  the  most   pari    in  a   satirical   vein,  as  a   protest 

against  the  practice  of  eating  meat.     The  essay 

winch  gives  it-  title  to  the  book  i-  reprinted  from 
Tin  Fortnightly  Hi  run-,  and  the  rest  from  The 
Humanitarian  and  other  propagandistjjonrnals. 

Seal  (Horace  Samuel),  Belt  boh  the  Pleasure- 

Ethics.  Watts 

Contains  note-  on  tin-  '  Material  Support  to 

Happiness,'  '  Contrast  in  Ethics,'  ami  '  Conditions 

requisite  for  the  Three  Kinds  ol  Good  Feeling.' 

Wales  (Huberc,  'I'm:  Purpose,  Reflections  and 
Digressions,  5    net.  Long 

Essays  on  Thinking,  Being,  Ethics,  An- 
tagonisms, Sex,  Death,  and  Beauty. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Objections  (The)  of  the  University  ot  London 
Graduates'  Association  to  the  Scheme  pro- 
posed by  the  Royal  Commission  on  University 
Education  In  London,  Id.  Q.L.G.A. 

The   substance  of  tin-  pamphlet    was  incor- 
porated   in    a    "Statement        published    by    the 
ciat  i'  'ii  last  Noi  ember. 


SCIENCE. 
Baker  (E.  C.  Stuarti,  bin  w  PiOEONS   IND  DOA  i  -. 

52       net.  Wt  hello 

A    description    of    Indian    pigeons   and    dovi 

written  rr the  standpoint  of  the  sportsman  and 

field-naturalist,  and  illustrated  with  twenty-seven 
col, meed  plate-  from  drawings  b\  Mr.  ||.  Gronvold 
and  \li .  <..  I-:.  Lodge. 

Cornish  (Vaughan),  WAVES  01  Sand    \m>  Snow 
10/  n  t.  Fishei   Unwin 

These  papers  have  been  reproduced  from  the 
Journals    and     Proceedings    of    tin-    Royal    G 
graphical    Society,    the    British    Association,   am! 
the  Royal  Society  of  \rt-.  and  contain  the  authot  - 

observations  of  waves  in   sand   and   snow    ami   the 

eddies  winch  make  them.  There  are  illustrations 
from   photographs  taken  by  him,  diagrams,  and 

map-. 

Ford  (Walter  Burton)  and   Ammerman   (Charles  , 
Sot. in  Geometry,  edited   by   Karl.-   Raymond 

lledriek.   :)   ti  Macmillan 

Contain-     the     chapters    on     S    lid     ( ictr\ 

from  th.'  Plane  and  Solid  Geometry  bythesam'e 
authors.  "The  book  is  distinguished  bj  its 
acceptance  oi  the  principle  of  emphasis  of  Im- 
portant theorems  laid  down  by  the  Committe< 
Fifteen  of  the  National  Education  Association 
hi  their  Report."     Tin'  figures  are  also  a  notable 

feat  ure. 

Guthe  (Karl  Eugen),  Definitions  in  Physics. 

Macmillan 

This  book  i-  "intended  to  be  used  in  c ■<■- 

tion  with   a  fust    course  of   college  or  universitj 
physics   ami    the   earlier   laboratory   courses,"  and 
is  a  revision  of  ;.  pamphlet  published  a  fi  n   v< 
ago    for   the    author's    own    students    in    tie     State 
Universit  y  of  Iowa. 

Houston  (A.  C),  STUDIES  in  Watki:  St  PPLT, 
"Macmillan-  Science  Monographs,"  5  net. 
\  monograph  giving  the  author's  experi- 
ences and  the  results  of  his  investigations  as 
Director  of  Water  Examination  on  the  Metro- 
politan Water  Board,  illustrated  with  diagrams. 

Mellor  (J.  W.),  Introduction  to  Modern  In- 
organic Chemistry,  1  6  Longmans 
This  volume  is  to  serve  as  a  simple  introduc- 
tion to  the  author's  'Modern  Inorganic  Che- 
mistry,'and  la-  has  here  supplied  "  some  pages 
dealing  with  a  few  of  the  more  important  com- 
pounds which  the  inorganic  chemist  borrows 
from  the  organic  chemist."  The  book  contains 
a  select  on  of  questions  front  college  examination 
papers,    and    an    Appendix    on      Some    Organic 

(  (impounds." 

Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India  :    Vol. 

x\  XIX.  Part  J.  Geology  or-  the  Northern 

Shan   States     bv   T.    II.    D.    La   Tom-he.    i    ; 

Vol.  XL.  Part   1,  Tin:  On,  Fields  of  Burma, 

by  E.  II.  Pascoe,  (i  s  Kegan  Paul 

These   monographs   are   published    by   order 

of  the  Government   <>f  India,  and  are  illustrated 

with  photographs,  diagrams,  and  maps. 

Mottram  (J.  C),  Controlled   Natural  Selec- 
tion am>  Value  M  irking,  :;  8  net.    Longmans 

The   author   brings   forward   a    new   th \. 

based     on      Darwin's      theory     of      the     <  r'min     ol 

specie-,  discusses  tin-  fact-  on  which  it  rests, 
and    exemplifies   it.     IL-   makes    no   attempt    at 

proof,  because  •'many  and  important  obsen  t- 
tion-  which  would  best  test  the  theory  have 
either  not  been  made  ..r  records  of  them  have 
not     been    found."    and    hopes    that     hi-    book    will 

st iniulati  such  research. 

Peach  (B.  N.i,  Home  (J.),  and  Others,  THE  Oko 

logy    or    Central    it" iure,    with    Petro- 

logical  Note-  bj  .1.  s.  I'l.tt.  -J.  :: 

Edinburgh,  Morrison  &  (Hub 

This   memoir  is  devot<  d   to  an   i  spl  mat  ion 

of  the  colour  printed  she,  t    82    of    the    one  in<  h 

geological   map.     ■•The  geological  Btructun    and 

history  of  the  various  rocks  are  fully  described, 

and     the    memoir    also    Contains    chapter-    l)U 

glacial  deposits,  scenery,  and    econo 
i  a  i  he  count  i  j . 

Robson     (E.     S.     A.),     PRACTICAL     EXJ     t'WB     IN 

Beat,  being   a    Laboratoi  j   «  out 
ol  Science  and  <  ollcges,  s.  cond  Edit  i 

\l  ..  ii 

The  text    oi   this  edition   has   I"  ■  n 
some   additional    questions    have    b<    i 
and  i  he  ta bles  amplified. 

Soddy  (Frederick  ,  THE  CHEMISTRY  OF  TH1    K« 
Blemeni  -  :    Part    II.    The    Radio 
wi.  i iii.  i'i  biodic  Law, 2    net,         L 
'I  hit    monojfi  aph,    ini  luaed    in  on 

inorganic  and  I  i  hcmW  i  j  undi  r  tb<  ■  d 

ibip   ol    I  >i.     \i.  candt  i    l  indl   > ,   deal     w  II  h 

covet  to   during  tie    last    two  >• 

chemist  ry  of  radio-activi  eli  m< 


92 


THE     ATH  EN^UM 


No.  4499,  Jan.  17,  1914 


FINE    ARTS. 

Archaeological  Survey  of  India  :    South    Indian 
Inscriptions,  Vol.    II.   Part   IV.    Otheb   In- 
SCBIPTIONS  OF  the  Temple,  edited  ;m<l  trans- 
lated by  Rai  Bahadur  V.  Venkayya,  2/     Luzac 
A   Supplement    to   the  second    volume,   con- 
taining .in   account  of  some  inscriptions   in    the 
Rajarajesvara  Temple  at  Tanjavur. 

Catalogue  of  the  Valuable  Collection  of  Greek, 
Civic,  and  Regal  Coins,  the  Profertx  of 
Cumberland  Clark,  Esq.,  Illustrated  Copy. 

Sotheby 
This   collection   is   to   be  sold   on    Monday, 
Tuesday,  and  Wednesday  next. 

Catalogue  of  a  Valuable  Collection  of  English 
Coins  of  the  Reign  of  Charles  I.,  the  Pro- 
perty of  Cumberland  Clark.  Esq.,  1/6 

Sotheby 
An    illustrated   descriptive  catalogue    of    the 
collection    to    be    sold    by    Messrs.    Sotheby    on 
Thursday  and  Friday  next. 

Rooses  (Max),  Art  in  Flanders,  6/  net. 

Heinemann 
A  history  of  Flemish  art  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The 
author  feels  that  he  lias  given  more  notice  than 
is  usual  in  a  book  of  this  size  to  the  art  of  miniature 
and  illumination.  There  are  numerous  illustra- 
tions, including  four  coloured  plates.  The  hook 
is  being  published  simultaneouslv  in  six  countries. 

DRAMA. 

Lee  (Joseph),  Fra  Lippo  Lippi,  Painter,  of 
Florence,  a  Play  in  Seven  Scenes,  2/6  net. 

Leng  &  Co. 
For  the  facts  of  Fra  Lippo  Lippi  s   life  the 
author    lias   mainly   followed   Vasari.      The    illus- 
trations    from     pen-and-ink     drawings     by     Mr. 
Milne  Purvis  are  a  notable  feature. 

Tagore  (Rabindranath),  Ciiitra,  a  Play  in  One 
Act.  India  Society 

See  p.  99. 


MISS    MARION    GRACE    KENNEDY. 

The  death  of  Miss  Marion  Kennedy  on 
Sunday  last  has  withdrawn  a  familiar  and 
honoured  figure  from  Cambridge  society, 
and  has  made  a  great  gap  in  the  ranks  of 
the  promoters  of  higher  education  and  a 
larger  life  for  women  all  over  England. 
Miss  Kennedy  was  born  to  an  inheritance 
of  strong  intellectual  capacities  and  tastes, 
and  was  brought  up  in  an  atmosphere 
favourable  to  high  ideals  and  generous 
strivings.  Her  father  was  the  renowned 
classical  scholar  Benjamin  Hall  Kennedy, 
of  St.  John's  College.  Cambridge,  Head 
Master  of  Shrewsbury  School,  and  after- 
wards Regius  Professor  of  Greek  at  Cam- 
bridge and  Canon  of  Ely.  Miss  Kennedy 
made  full  use  of  the  opportunities  of  culture 
afforded  to  her  to  become  a  good  Latin 
scholar  and  a  well-read  woman,  while  at 
the  same  time  she  was  always  eager  to 
assist  those  who  felt  the  need — very  con- 
spicuous among  women  in  the  sixties  and 
seventies  of  the  last  century — of  wider 
knowledge  and  intellectual  scope.  In  the 
year  1870  a  distinguished  band  of  reformers 
in  Cambridge  began  their  efforts  towards 
University  education  for  women — at  first. 
by  the  moderate  measure  of  securing  good 
lectures  for  women  in  Cambridge  ;  later,  by 
providing  a  place  of  residence  for  women 
students  in  the  town  ;  and  subsequently 
by  obtaining  the  admission  of  qualified 
women- — living  under  conditions  which  could 
be  sanctioned  by  the  University — to  most 
of  the  educational  advantages  enjoyed  by 
undergrad  uat  es. 

Dr.  Kennedy  was  a  zealous  supporter  of 
the  whole  movement.  The  speech  in  which, 
in  1881,  he  entreated  the  Senate  not  to 
close  the  doors  of  the  Tripos  Examinations 
to  women  has  become  classical  in  the  annals 
of  women's  education.  Had  his  advice  been 
rejected,  all  the  efforts  of  Prof,  and  Mrs. 
iSidgwick,  Miss  Clough,  and  other  pioneers 
would     probably     have     proved     nugatory. 


The  Misses  Kennedy  laboured  hard  in  the 
cause  :  Miss  Julia  Kennedy  principally  in 
regard  to  Girton  College,  which  from 
the  first  was  modelled  on  more  strictly 
collegiate  lines  ;  Miss  Marion  Kennedy  as 
honorary  Secretary  of  Newnham  College, 
which  was  formed  in  1880  by  the  amalgama- 
tion of  the  Lectures  organization  with  that 
of  the  Hall  of  Residence.  To  the  end  of  her 
life  Miss  Marion  Kennedy  worked  on  the 
Council  and  on  the  various  committees 
which  regulated  college  life  and  discipline. 
Hut  to  staff  and  students  of  Newnham 
College  she  was  far  more  than  a  manager 
behind  the  scenes.  One  generation  after 
another  enjoyed  the  kindly  hospitality  and 
ever-ready  sympathy  which  were  never 
slackened  by  her  arduous  labours  or  mani- 
fold interests.  Her  wisdom,  courtesy,  and 
high  standard  of  knowledge  and  conduct 
were  at  once  a  moderating  and  a  stimulating 
force.  She  was  interested  in  social  as  well 
as  in  intellectual  schemes  of  amelioration, 
advocated  woman  suffrage  on  constitutional 
and  orderly  lines,  and  was  anxious  to  see 
more  women  of  capacity  and  character  take 
local  government  work. 

If  Miss  Kennedy  did  not  live  to  behold 
all  her  ideals  realized  —  a  privilege  seldom 
granted  to  any  human  being — she  had  at 
least  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  the  College 
for  which  she  had  laboured  so  ardently 
prospering  in  numbers  and  in  good  work,  and 
of  realizing  that  her  own  part  in  it  was 
appreciated  by  many.  Her  name  is  per- 
petuated in  one  of  the  buildings  of  Newnham 
College,  in  a  studentship  for  post-collegiate 
work,  and  in  her  portrait  by  Mr.  Shannon, 
which  hangs  in  the  College  Hall. 


MR.    W.    E.    A.    ANON. 

Mr.  William  Edward  Armytage  Axon, 
who  passed  away  with  the  closing  year  at 
Manchester,  his  native  city,  aged  68,  after 
a  painful  illness  borne  with  great  fortitude, 
had  been  a  reader  and  a  writer  from  boy- 
hood, and  when  fifteen  years  of  age  became 
an  assistant  in  the  Manchester  Public 
Library.  There  he  remained  until  1874, 
having  meanwhile  made  himself  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  all  details  of  library  work, 
including  the  art  of  cataloguing.  His  love 
for  libraries  and  bibliography  never  left  him. 
A  short  experience  as  secretary  of  a  com- 
pany was  followed  by  his  appointment  as 
a  member  of  the  literary  staff  of  The  Man- 
chester Guardian — an  appointment  which 
terminated  in  1905,  after  a  period  of  thirty- 
one  years.  His  extraordinarily  wide  ac- 
quaintance with  all  kinds  of  literature,  from 
the  classics  of  many  tongues  to  all  manner 
of  out-of-the-way  books,  combined  with  a 
remarkable  memory  and  an  aptitude  for 
laying  his  hand  on  the  right  thing  at  a 
moment's  notice,  made  him  a  kind  of 
walking  reference  library,  of  which  full 
advantage  was  taken  by  his  colleagues. 
He  once  said  that  the  man  of  letters  should, 
above  everything,  recognize  the  duties  of  a 
citizen,  and,  instead  of  secluding  himself  in 
a  pleasant  study,  bring  forth  the  fruits  of  his 
researches  as  a  contribution  to  the  daily 
life  of  the  commonwealth.  He  faithfully 
followed  out  this  principle  in  his  own  life. 
No  one  ever  asked  in  vain  for  aid  out  of  the 
resources  of  his  learning,  and  he  devoted 
himself  to  many  "  causes  "  for  the  benefit 
of  his  fellow-men.  Thus  he  laboured  for 
peace,  temperance,  food  reform,  vegetarian- 
ism, and  humanitarianism  in  its  widest 
sense.  Yet  no  one  who  knew  him  regarded 
him  as  a  faddist  ;  all  loved  him  for  his 
gentleness  and  tolerance,  and  for  his  good 
humour.     He  was  essentially  a  "  clubbable  " 


man,  and  belonged  at  different  times  to  a 
great  number  of  societies.  He  had  been 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Manchester  Literary 
Society,  Treasurer  of  the  Manchester  Sta- 
tistical Society,  President  of  the  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire  Antiquarian  Society,  member  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Literature",  an  original 
member  and  a  Vice-President  of  the  Library 
Association,  member  of  the  English  Dialect 
Society  and  of  the  Gypsy  Lore  Society, 
and  President  of  the  Yegetarian  Society  and 
of  the  Manchester  Temperance  Union.  For 
these  and  many  other  societies  he  wrote 
papers.  He  found  time  also  for  member- 
ship of  the  Salford  School  Board,  the  Salford 
Corporation  Museums  and  Libraries  Com- 
mittee, and  the  Moss  Side  LTrban  District 
Council.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Moss  Side 
Public  Library,  and  a  main  instrument  in 
its  foundation. 

His  contributions  to  the  press  were  ex- 
tremely varied  and  numerous  ;  some  of 
these  he  published  in  volume  form,  as 
'Lancashire  Gleanings,'  'Cheshire  Glean- 
ings,'  '  Echoes  of  Old  Lancashire,'  '  Byegone 
Sussex,'  and  '  Stray  Chapters  in  Literature.' 
From  1874  to  1877  he  edited  a  series  of 
'  Local  Notes  and  Queries  '  in  The  Man- 
chester Guardian.  He  edited  '  The  Field 
Naturalist  '  (1883),  also  editions  of  Caxton's 
'  Game  of  the  Chesse,'  '  Nixon's  Prophe- 
cies,' and  '  Mother  Shipton  '  ;  he  wrote  a 
'  Memoir  of  Harrison  Ainsworth,'  a  '  Life  of 
W.  Lloyd  Garrison,"  '  Cobden  as  a  Citizen,' 
'  Shelley's  Vegetarianism  '  (for  the  Shelley 
Society),  and  a  useful  volume  entitled 
'Annals  of  Manchester.'  A  volume  of  his 
occasional  verse  he  called  '  The  Ancoats 
Skylark.'  He  wrote  for  '  The  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,'  the  'Dictionary  of "  National 
Biography,"  The  Library,  and*^  the  New  York 
Nation,  and  his  name  occupies  a  consider- 
able space  in  the  Indexes  to  Notes  and 
Queries.  Just  before  his  last  illness  he  had 
completed  the  cataloguing  of  the  Green- 
wood Library  for  Librarians  (about  12,000 
volumes)  in  the  Manchester  Reference 
Library. 

Mr.  Axon  paid  two  visits  to  the  United 
States,  where  he  read  papers  to  conferences 
at  Chicago  and  St.  Louis.  From  the  Wilber- 
force  University  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.,  in  recognition  of  his  sympa- 
thetic writings  on  behalf  of  the  negro  race. 

Three  months  before  his  death  he  had 
the  gratification  of  accepting  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.A.  from  Manchester  University. 

Mr.  Axon  was  twice  married,  and  left  two 
daughters  and  a  son,  Mr.  Ernest  Axon,  of 
the  Manchester  Reference  Librarv.  S. 


ENGLISH  CHURCH  SERVICES 
IN  ROME. 

195,  Viale  Regina,  Rome. 
I  am  collecting  information  about  the 
English  Church  in  Rome  from  its  earliest 
date,  and  I  should  be  much  obliged  if  any 
one  possessing  old  diaries  or  papers  contain- 
ing references  to  the  English  services  held 
in  Rome  would  send  me  extracts  or  copies 
of  such  references,  particularly  from  1816 
to  1823,  with  the  names  of  the  officiating 
clergymen,  and  the  addresses  of  the  houses 
where  the  services  were  he'd  before  the 
room  outside  the  Porta  del  Popolo  was 
•  rented  for  divine  service. 

Muriel  Talbot  Wilson. 


N.«.  4499,  Jan.   17.   l!)14 


T  II  E     A  T  II  EN  J:r  .M 


93 


Kitrrarn    (gossip. 

DlXIXG  with  the  Authors"  Club  on 
Monday  last.  Sir  Lewis  Dibdin,  Dean 
of  the  Arches,  was  able  to  impart  to  them 
some  exceedingly  curious  and  interesting 
information  concerning  the  records  of  the 
Court  of  Arches,  since  1865,  after  several 
transfers  from  place  to  place,  these  have 
been  at  Lambeth  Palace,  and  there,  since 
hi-  appointment  as  Dean  of  the  Arches 
(19031.  Sir  Lewis  has  spent  much  of  his 
time,  exploring  and  sorting  out  what 
was  nil  absolute  chaos — sunk  besides  in 
dirt  from  which  the  documents  had 
almost  to  Ik-  dug  out  with  a  spade. 

The  most  valuable  division  of  the  records 
is  perhaps  that  of  the  series  of  "  processes  " 
— some  2.2'to  in  number,  ranging  from 
1660  to  1856.  The  former  date  sets  aside 
the  common  report  that  the  early  Arches 
records  perished  in  the  Great  Fire,  and 
renders  more  probable  Sir  Lewis's  con- 
jecture that  they  were  destroyed  by  Crom- 
well's soldiers.  They  are  described  as 
falling  into  three  groups:  (1)  Testament- 
ary and  .Matrimonial  Matters:  (2)  Cases 
concerned  with  Morals,  and  the  Ecclesi- 
astical Duties  of  Clergy  and  Laity:  and 
1  ontrol  of  Church  Fabrics.  Officers,  and 
Endow  ments. 

Sir  Lewis  Dihdin  said,  no  doubt  with 
truth,  that  it  is  difficult  to  exaggerate 
the  historical  value  of  these  neglected 
records  as  pictures  of  English  life  and 
manners,  relating  as  they  do  to  every 
class  of  the  population,  and  covering  so 
lengthy  a  period.  The  Rev.  Claude 
Jenkins,  Librarian  of  Lambeth,  is  under- 
taking the  reading  of  the  texts  of  the 
documents. 

In  Sir  Lewis's  interesting  address. 
however,  it  seems  to  have  been  for- 
gotten that  only  twelve  months  ago  the 
condition  of  these  documents  was  the 
subject  of  inquiry  by  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Public  Records,  and  notices 
of  tin-  evidence  then  given  appeared  in 
the  press.  The  forthcoming  Report  of 
the  Commission  will  presumably  explain 
the  neglect  of  these  valuable  records 
down  to  the  date  of  their  investigation 
by  its  members. 

The  Bishop  of  Lille — so  we  learn 
from  The  Times — has  threatened  with 
nupensio  n  sacris  the  Abbe  Lemire, 
lo  publican  Deputy  for  Hazebrouck.  un- 
less he  agrees  to  abandon  political  life. 
and  to  sever  his  connexion  with  his  poli- 
tical organ  the  Cxi  des  Flandres.  Four 
days  are  allowed  him  for  a  decision. 
This  action  of  the  Bishop's  is  taken  in 
conformity  with  an  edict  of  the  Vatican 
forbidding  clerical  candidatures.  The 
Abbe  i-  the  last  priest  now  a  member  of 
the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Despite 
hi-  outspoken  republicanism,  neither  his 
efficiency  a-  a  parish  priest  nor  his  religious 
orthodoxy  and  loyalty  have  ever  been 
•  ailed  in  question.  He  is  an  active 
thinker  on  social  problems,  and  has 
written  a  hook  on  Cardinal  Manning. 

Meanwhile,  amid  a  greal  demonstration 
of    sympathy,    it    was    announced    on    the 


13th  inst.  that  the  Abbe  Lemire  had  been 
elected  third  Vice-President  of  the  Cham- 
ber with  27.")  votes.  He  will  he  the  first 
priest  to  preside  over  a  legislative  assembly 
for  more  than  a  hundred  years.  In 
answer  to  questions  upon  the  point,  he 
declared  his  resolution  of  presiding  in  his 
soutam . 

We  welcome  the  first  of  the  Occasional 

Publications  of  the  classical  Association, 
a  well-written  paper  on  "  Ovid  in  the  Meta- 
morphoses." by  Prof.  D.  .\.  Slater.  He 
shows,  with  well-selected  renderings  of 
various  passages,  the  merits  of  Ovid's 
great  work  and  its  widespread  influence 
over  the  world  of  letters.  Shakespeare's 
direct  debt  is  illustrated,  for  instance,  by 
the  episode  of  Py  ramus  and  Thisbe,  a  tale 
which  is  not  found  outside  the  '  Meta- 
morphoses.' 

A  coi-rsk  of  five  public  lectures  on 
Portuguese  Literature  will  be  delivered 
at  University  College  by  Mr.  Y.  De 
B.  Cunha,  beginning  on  Wednesday  next 
at  2  v.y\.  The  chair  will  be  taken  at 
the  first  lecture  by  Sir  John  Jardine,  M.P. 

H.  J.  P.  writes  from  Lvdgate  Boars  Hill. 
( )xford  :— 

*"  Do  you  think  the  shades  of  Swinburne 
and  the  more  recent  translators  will  con- 
done my  offering  with  much  diffidence — 
the  following  tentative  alternatives  to  the 
lines  criticized  by  your  reviewer  on  pp.  .13-4 
of  last  Saturday's  Aihenceum  ? — 

Elle  babille  ainsi  qu'un  moineau  franc. 
She  chatters  in  the  gossip  sparrow's  ways, 


or 


or 


With  chit  and  chat  she  like  a  sparrow  plajs. 

Plus  becquetez  d'oyseaulx  que  ilez  ;'i  coudre. 
More  pecked  ^  {^^j  than  Betty's  fingerstall, 

By  pecking  birds,  like  thimble,  pocki'd  all. 


Orpheus,  le  doux  menestrier, 
Jouant  de  filiates  et  musettes. 

Orpheus,  whose  sweet  skill 

On  pipe  and  flute  charmed  care  away. 

The  Sultan  of  Turkey  is  credited 
with  the  intention  of  founding  a  Moslem 
University  at  Medina,  and  the  matter 
has  got  so  far  as  the  fixing  of  the  date 
for  laving  the  foundation-stone.  Another 
University  is  proposed  for  El  Tayef,  near 
Mecca. 

MESSES.  DENT  are  about  to  issue  a  new 
"  series."  to  which  they  have  given  the 
name  of  '*  The  Wayfarers'  Library," 
and  a  dozen  volumes  of  which  are  now- 
ready.  The  headings  under  which  the 
books  are  classified  are  '  Romance  and 
Adventure.'  '  Social  and  Domestic  Fiction,' 
•  Historical  Fiction,'  '  Humour.'  '  Belles- 
Lettres  and  Essays,'  and  '  The  Open  Air.' 
Some  special  attention  is  being  devoted 
to  the  section  of  '  Humour."  in  which  the 
hooks  will  have  illustrations  in  the  text, 
as  well  as  a  frontispiece  in  colours,  and 
the   collection    will    represent    'he    whole 

range  of  comic  writers,  from  the  earliest 
known  to  the  present  time.  The  Open 
Air'  section   will   include  works  on   nature 

as  well  as  books  of  travel  and  discovery. 

DB.   Ki:ks<  iii;\sti;i\i;i:'s  book  on   '  Tie- 

School-  and  the  Nation  '  has  been  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  e.  K.  Ogden,  and  is  to  be 
published  shortly   by  Messrs    Macmillan, 


wi'h  a  Preface  h\  Lord  Haldane.  The 
author's  instructive  and  delightful  study 
(,l     the     Drawing    of    Schoolchildren     is, 

perhaps,     the     work     of     his     with     which 

English  teachers  are  best  acquainted. 

Messes.  Geoboe  Allen  will  publish 
next  week  'The  Hamptonshire  Experi- 
ment on  Education,'  by  Mr.  ('.  P.  Ash  bee. 
The  book,  which  deals  with  certain  vital 
questions  of  rural  education,  is  primarily 

a    record    of    ten    years    practical    teaching 

in  craftsmanship   in  an    English   country 

district. 

DB,  AbTHUB  S.  Ww  is  about  to  issue, 
through  Messrs.  Macmillan.  a  second  part 
of  his  translation  of  the  works  of  Sophocles 
into  English  \ erse. 

The  same  firm  are  also  about  to 
publish  the  fifth  volume  of  the  'Cyclo- 
pedia of  Education,'  which  is  being  edited 
by  Prof.  Paul  Monroe  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. 

Mr.  .J.  Boyd  Kinnkai;.  the  author  of 
'Principles  of  Civil  Government,'  has 
written  a  short  work  entitled  '  Principles 
of  Property.'  He  also  deals  with  the 
problems  of  the  land  question.  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder  will  publish  the  brochure 
on  the  22nd  inst. 

Under  the  title  Egypt  in  Transi- 
tion,' Mr.  Sidney  Low  will  publish 
with  the  same  firm  the  29th  inst.  the 
record  of  impressions  received  during  a 
journey  of  some  months  in  Egypt  and 
the  Sudan  in  1908,  during  the  period 
between  the  re-occupation  of  the  Sudan 
after  Lord  Kitchener's  inarch  to  Khartum 
in  1898,  and  his  return  to  Cairo  as  British 
Agent  and  Consul-General  in  July,  1911. 
The  papers  are  republished  with  certain 
modifications  and  corrections. 

Thk  second  volume  of  Carducci's  letters 
has   just    been    published    by    Zanichelli 

(Bologna),  edited  by  Alberto  Dallolio. 
It  contains  letters  addressed  to  his  own 
family  and  to  his  favourite  pupil,  Severino 
Ferrari. 

On  Tuesday,  the  6th  inst..  occurred  the 
death  of  Miss  Henrietta  Keddie  ("  Sarah 
Tytler  ")  at  the  age  of  HI.  By  the  fornici 
name  she  was  long  well  known  at  Oxford, 
and  under  the  latter,  as  a  novelist,  she 
reached  a  Large  circle  of  readers,  it  is 
curious  to  think  that  her  first  works — 
which    proved    unsuccessful — -go    back    to 

the     times     when     Charlotte     Bronte     had 

Lately  become  famous. 

Miss  Keddie  belonged  to  the  fairly 
numerous     group    ol     Victorian    women 

w  liters    who.    like    Mrs.     Emma     .Mar-hall, 

Mrs.  Oliphant,  and  Charlotte  ^'in.'<v  used 
their    pens    t"    retrieve    the    fortunes    or 

to    procure    the    support    of   their   famib 

<  )ne  of  her  mosl  interest  ing  books  is  I 
Last— her  autobiography    entitled    'Tie 
Generations     -v  hich   relates    the   history 
,,l  ;1  Fife  shire  family  from  the  daj  -  of  the 
Napoleonic  wars.     <  »t  her  novels  and  her 
biographical  works  none,   il    is  probable, 
ujll  survive,  yet   thej    undoubted^    b< 
;,  good  i'  ot   m  thai  general  helping  of  Life 
along  which  seems  the  main  function   "t 
wholesome,  but  undistinguished  fiction. 


94 


THE     ATT  I  KNilUM 


No.  4499,  Jan.  17,  1914 


SCIENCE 


Problems  of  Genetics.   Bv  William  Bateson. 
(Milford,  17s.  net.) 

With  this  volume,  which  appears  as  one 
of  the  publications  of  the  Silliman  Founda- 
tion of  Yale  University,  Prof.  Bateson  has 
fulfilled  his  promise  to  discuss  the  bearing 
■of  Mendelian  methods  of  analysis  upon 
.some  of  the  wider  problems  of  biology. 
The  lectures  were  delivered  in  America  as 
long  ago  as  1907.  Various  causes  have 
delayed  their  appearance,  but  especi- 
ally the  author's  feeling  that  our  know- 
ledge of  the  subject  is  at  present  too 
limited  to  be  usefully  put  forward  as  an 
explanation  of  the  method  of  evolution. 
Nevertheless,  what  is  known  already  of 
the  results  of  Mendelian  analysis  has  pro- 
duced in  him  a  profound  distrust  of  the 
efficacy  of  previous  hypotheses,  and  his 
book  is,  in  fact,  an  essay  in  destructive 
criticism,  though,  as  he  admits,  the 
development  of  negations  is  always  an 
ungrateful  task. 

Much  of  the  difficulty  turns  upon  the 
interpretation  of  variability :  Is  it  in- 
herent and  spontaneous  in  all  organisms, 
so  that  specific  distinctions  are  arbitrary  ? 
or  can  it  be  sorted  out  and  ascribed  to 
definite  causes  ?  Prof.  Bateson  would 
point  to  a  large  mass  of  evidence  which 
shows  that  variability  may  be  a  result  of 
hybridization,  or  a  polymorphism  due  to 
various  combinations  of  Mendelian  factors, 
to  the  transient  effects  of  changes  in  the 
environment,  as  well  as  to  geographical 
isolation.  It  is  due,  not  to  one  phe- 
nomenon, but  to  many,  and  the  idea  that 
specific  difference  is  a  mere  question  of 
degree,  or  that  the  fixity  of  these  differ- 
ences is  directly  dependent  on  their  value 
as  aids  in  the  struggle  for  existence,  the 
author  holds  to  be  ill-founded.  He  looks 
upon  variation,  or  its  converse  stability, 
as  largely  an  index  of  the  internal  con- 
stitution of  organisms,  and  not  the  conse- 
quence of  relationship  to  their  environ- 
ment. From  the  point  of  view  of  Men- 
delian analysis  this  is  evidently  true  ;  the 
question  is  whether  it  is  universally  applic- 
able. Species  do  undoubtedly  change, 
and  their  fossil  remains  demonstrate  that 
in  the  course  of  time  a  species  is  just  as 
much  subject  to  metamorphosis  as  the 
individual. 

Prof.  Bateson  arranges  variations  in 
two  classes  :  meristic  variations,  by  which 
are  meant  variations  in  the  processes  of 
•division  of  the  organism  ;  and  substantive 
variations,  which  consist  of  changes  in 
the  nature  of  the  substances  composing  it. 
The  former  are  mechanical,  relating  to 
the  manner  in  which  material  is  divided 
and  distributed  ;  the  latter  are  chemical, 
and  relate  to  the  constitution  of  the 
materials  themselves.  Mendelian  analysis 
throws  some  light  on  variation  in  the 
constitution  of  material,  but  the  mechani- 
cal side  is  still  in  darkness.  The  one  form 
of  variation  may  also  be  independent  of 
the  other.  The  pinnatifid  variation  of 
the  normal  palmatifid  leaf  of  the  Chinese 


primula  is  an  example  :  it  is  known  that 
this  variation  is  determined  by  a  single 
segregable  factor,  and  hence  is  one  of 
substance. 

The  author  devotes  a  chapter  to  the 
discussion  of  the  Mutation  Theory,  as  a 
means  of  evolution,  put  forward  by  Prof, 
de  Vries.  He  considers  that  the  evidence 
afforded  by  (Enothera — the  species  whose 
variations  form  the  groundwork  of  the 
theory  —  is  still  ambiguous,  and  he 
does  not  agree  that  it  is  insusceptible  to 
factorial  analysis  properly  applied.  He 
admits  the  evidence  for  variation  or  the 
mutation  of  some  one  character,  but 
claims  that  it  is  a  result  of  a  recombina- 
tion of  factors.  The  simultaneous  varia- 
tion in  several  characters,  to  which  Prof, 
de  Vries  especially  attributes  the  origin 
of  new  specific  types,  he  does  not  consider 
satisfactorily  established.  Prof.  Bateson 
subjoins  a  list  of  publications  bearing 
upon  the, Mutation  Theory,  but  he  does 
not  include  the  latest  work  of  Prof,  de 
Vries,  '  Gruppenweise  Artbildung,'  pub- 
lished in  Berlin  during  1913.  In  this 
book  Prof,  de  Vries  brings  forward 
further  evidence  in  favour  of  his  inter- 
pretation of  the  facts,  and  this  demands 
every  consideration.  His  recent  experi- 
mental results  seem  adequately  explained 
by  his  theory.  He  shows  that  new 
races  which  breed  true  are  a  frequent 
result  of  crossing,  and  that  many  of  their 
characters  have  been  modified.  He  re- 
iterates his  conviction  that  different 
types  of  hereditary  behaviour  exist,  not 
all  of  which  are  susceptible  of  Mendelian 
analysis.  It  may  fairly  be  said  that  the 
evidence  is  still  insufficient  to  decide  the 
question.  The  work  of  Prof,  de  Vries 
on  (Enothera  requires  independent  con- 
firmation in  further  species.  On  the  other 
hand,  as  the  volume  before  us  shows,  in 
spite  of  difficulties  Mendelian  analysis 
makes  steady  progress,  and  it  is  quite 
conceivable,  since  it  has  explained  so 
much,  that  it  may  ultimately  form  a  satis- 
factory basis  for  an  all-embracing  theory 
of  genetics. 

The  theory  of  adaptation  and  the  pos- 
sible inheritance  of  acquired  characters 
are  discussed  with  an  admirable  wealth  of 
detail,  and  a  critical  examination  is  made 
of  the  chief  examples  which  have  been 
put  forward  as  tending  to  establish  them. 
Prof.  Bateson,  while  admitting  the  diffi- 
culty of  explaining  satisfactorily  the  origin 
of  adaptational  features,  does  not  con- 
sider that,  so  far,  the  evidence  put  for- 
ward justifies  anything  but  an  agnostic 
attitude.  What  is  required,  he  says,  is 
confirmatory  evidence  of  the  facts  re- 
ported, published  by  at  least  two  inde- 
pendent observers  investigating  similar 
material.  At  present  this  is  not  forth- 
coming ;  so  that,  as  far  as  our  present 
knowledge  goes,  it  is  the  nature — the 
hereditary  character  of  the  individual — 
rather  than  the  nurture,  which  requires 
our  first  care. 

In  the  Table  of  Contents  an  unexplained 
slip  seems  to  have  occurred,  for  an 
appendix  to  chap.  x.  is  there  promised 
which  does  not  appear  to  be  present  in 
our  copy. 


In  conclusion,  we  would  say  that  all 
students  of  the  problems  of  heredity — 
and  they  are  many  at  the  present  day — 
will  owe  Prof.  Bateson  a  debt  of  gratitude 
for  this  volume,  written  in  so  scientific  a 
spirit  and  with  such  commendable  self- 
restraint.  Though  the  subject  is  ap- 
proached from  the  point  of  view  of 
Mendel's  original  discovery  (the  segrega- 
tion of  unit-characters),  the  difficulties  in 
the  way  of  a  universal  application  of 
factorial  analysis  are  by  no  means  mini- 
mized, and  the  facts  for  and  against  this 
possible  solution  of  the  method  of  evolu- 
tion are  critically  examined.  Xo  certain 
conclusions  can  at  present  be  drawn 
(sometimes,  indeed,  as  if  overcome  by 
the  difficulties  of  his  subject,  the  author 
writes  almost  in  a  strain  of  pessimism), 
3*et  we  are  sure  that  his  work  marks 
a  real  advance  towards  our  comprehen- 
sion of  the  problems  of  life. 


A  New  Era  in  Chemistry  :  some  of  the 
More  Important  Developments  in  General 
Chemistry  during  the  Last  Quarter  of  a 
Century.  By  Harry  C.  Jones.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.,  85.  Qd.  net.) 

Xo  one  is  likely  to  deny  that  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century  has  been  a  period  of 
great  moment  for  the  future  of  chemistry  ; 
and  Prof.  Jones,  whose  own  work  on  the 
theory  of  solution  has  done  much  to 
illustrate  it,  is  well  fitted  to  give  an 
account  of  it.  Beginning  with  the  Peri- 
odic Law  of  Mendeleeff,  which,  as  he 
truly  says,  converted  chemistry  from 
mere  empiricism  to  system,  he  shows  with 
great  lucidity  how  Kekule's  discover}*  of 
the  six  carbon  atoms  in  aromatic  com- 
pounds led  to  Van  't  Hoff's  invention  of 
stereochemistry,  and  this  in  turn  to  Prof. 
Arrhenius's  ionic  theory  of  electrolysis. 
Ostwald,  however,  is  to  his  mind  the  real 
founder  of  modern  chemistry,  and  he 
quotes  with  much  approval  his  hero's 
dicta  that  the  highest  aim  of  scientific 
research  is  the  discovery  of  a  law.  and 
that  what  we  have  to  study  is  not — as  was 
formerly  supposed — matter  and  energy, 
but  energy  and  its  changes.  Thus  he 
leads  his  readers  to  the  new  theory  of 
electrolysis  founded  on  Le  Blanc's  re- 
searches into  decomposition  values,  and 
pronounces  in  favour  of  Sir  Joseph  Thom- 
son's speculation  that  matter  is  nothing 
more  than  isolated  electric  charges  moving 
with  high  velocity  through  a  perfectly 
elastic  medium. 

These  are  great  matters,  and  it  Mould 
be  idle  to  expect  in  a  book  of  some  300 
pages  addressed  more  or  less  to  the  general 
reader,  any  reasoned  demonstration  of 
the  truth  of  the  propositions  there  laid 
down.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  Prof. 
Jones  does  his  work  with  fairness,  giving 
to  every  one,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able 
to  discover,  his  due,  and  supplying  the 
student  with  a  very  clear  and  concise 
summary  of  the  researches  of  which  he 
treats.  As  may  be  expected,  he  is  a 
little  inclined  to  throw  doubt  on  Sir 
William  Ramsay's  "  transmutation  "  ex- 
periments, and  declares  that  the  produc- 
tion of  helium  by  the  radium  emanation 


No.  4400.  Jan.    17,    1014 


T  II  E     A  Til  E  X  .KU.M 


!!.', 


is  aot  transmutation  at  all.  In  like 
manner  he  dismisses  the  recently  published 
experiments  of  Prof.  Norman  Collie  and 
Mr.  Patterson — which  he  describes  as 
the  sending  of  X  rays  (our  italics)  through 
hydrogen  gas — with  the  remark  that  we 
are  too  near  to  these  announcements  to 
judge  of  their  significance.  On  the  other 
hand,  he  hazards  the  guess  that  all  the 
chemical  elements  are  '"  more  or  less  radio- 
active "  and  "  more  or  less  unstable  " — a 
genei'alization  which  has  been  put  forward 
in  Tin  Athenceum  and  elsewhere  during" 
last  ten  years,  and.  after  being  scouted 
by  most  teachers  of  chemistry  and  physics, 
i^  ui'u   -lowly  rising  into  favour. 

What  Prof.  Jones  and  those  who.  with 
him.  adhere  to  the  immaterialist  or 
"everything  is  energy"  theory  are.  per- 
haps.  compelled  to  ignore  is  that,  at 
present,  it  rests  on  a  base  more  shifting 
than  sand.  All  matter,  they  say,  is 
made  up  of  electrons  or  indivisible  units 
of  electricity  ;  but  are  all  these  electrons 
of  one  kind  '.  Sir  Joseph  Thomson  seems 
now  ready  to  acknowledge  that  there 
are  such  things  as  positive  electrons. 
as  well  as  the  negative  ones  or  corpuscles 
of  which  he  considers  all  matter  to 
be  composed.  But  by  admitting  this 
we  find  ourselves  in  face,  not  of 
monism,  but  of  a  dualism  of  the  sharpest 
kind.  The  "  single-fluid  "  theory,  that 
positive  electricity  is  an  excess  and  nega- 
tive a  defect  of  something  or  other,  must 
In-  flung  overboard,  as.  indeed,  it  has  been 
by    most    writers    on    the    subject.     The 

gative  electrons  may  be  only  a  sort  of 

Dglomerated  energy,  owing   their   mass 

and   inertia   to   velocity  and  all  the  rest 

it.    but    of    what    are    their    positive 

fellows  composed  '.     Until  this  question  is 

answered,  it  seems  to  us  that  there  is  still 

an  unknown  constituent  in  matter  of  which 

people  like  Prof.  Jones  can  give  no  account, 

i   that  the  difficulty    is  therefore  only 

pushed  a  little,  if  any,  further  back. 

Apart  from  this,  Prof.  Jones's  clear  and 
luminous  pages  open  out  a  prospect 
before  the  intending  student  of  chemistry 
may  daunt  the  stoutest  heart. 
The  subject  has  of  late  years  encroached 
mora  and  more  upon  other  branches  of 
knowledge.  He  remarks  with  truth 
DO  one  can  now  study  chemistry 
without  a  good  knowledge  of  elementary 
mathematics  and  some  acquaintance  with 

at  least  differential  and  integral  calcu- 
lus, while  electricity  and  general  physics 
will  evidently  claim  a  very  important  share 
in  the  future  chemist's  preparation.  Yet 
we  maybe  sure  that  there  are  thousands  of 
Students  all  over  the  world  who  are  both 
Milling  and  anxious  to  undertake   these 

idies,  and  that  some  of  them,   before 

ir  scientific  careers  are   finished,   will 

turn  them  to  as  good  use  as  even  the 

-  eat  men  whose  accomplishments  Prof. 

Jones  here  record-.       This  is.   indeed,   the 
best   justification  of   his  proposition  that 

the    la>t    twenty-tive    years   have    been   of 

primary  importance  to  the  science,  and 

full   of    hope   for    it-    future.       We    have 
noticed   Some  awkward  words,  but,  on  the 

whole,  the  book  i-  as  well  ;!■,  it  is  clearly 

written. 


SOCIETIES. 
Asiatic.-  -Inn.  tS.  Sir  H.  Mortimer  Durand, 
Direotor,  in  the  ohair.  Sir  Charles  J.  Lyall 
read  ;i  paper  entitled  'Old  Arabian  Poetry 
and  the  Hebrew  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament.' 
The  leoturer  pointed  out  that  the  earliest  remains 
cf  the    ancient   Arabic  poetry  which  have  oome 

down  to  us,  although  they  jv>  no  further  hack  than 
the  end  of  the  rift li  or  the  beginning  of  the  sixth 
century  a. e.,  come  before  ns  in  a  form  which 
postulates  a  long  antecedent  history.    The  poetic 

conventions  are  already  fixed,  the  metres  and  rules 
of  rhyme  are  settled,  and  a  common  poetic  form  of 
language,  used  by  all  poets  irrespective  of  the  differ- 
ences of  tribal  dialect  which  must  have  existed. 
has  come  into  bein^.  It  must  therefore  be  assumed 
that  the  Burviving  fragments  are  only  the  remnants 
of  a  large  body  of  compositions  which  in  all  prob- 
ability stretched  over  a  long  period  of  time. 

Dr. 6.  A.  Smith,  in  his  Sohweioh  Lectures  on  the 
'  Early  Poetry  of  Israel,'  delivered  in  December, 
1910, dealt  with  the  remains  of  that  poetry  which 
he  thought  might  reasonably  be  ascribed  to  the 
period  before  the  eighth  century  B.C.,  the  age  of  the 
great  prophets  ;  and  he  found  on  examining  them 
that  they  were  capable  of  illustration  at  every  step 
from  the  ancient  Arabian  poetry. 

Taking  the  subject  from  the  other  side,  that  of 
Arabia,  the  lecturer  asked  what  conclusions  would 
naturally  be  drawn  from  this  remarkable  resem- 
blance of  the  two  literatures.  He  pointed  to  the 
persistence,  in  the  Arabian  Peninsula  and  the 
Syrian  desert,  of  conditions  of  life  and  society 
which  from  century  to  century  exhibited  extremely 
little  change.  A  comparison  of  the  conditions 
as  set  forth  in  the  old  Arabian  poems  with 
those  in  the  present  day  as  described  by  travellers 
shows  that  in  the  thirteen  centuries  which 
have  elapsed  since  Mohammed's  time  there  has 
been  no  substantial  change  in  the  conditions  of  life 
in  Arabia.  To  look  further  back,  the  stories  in 
the  Old  Testament  of  the  patriarchal  age,  and  of 
the  tribal  life  of  Israel  as  described  in  the  records 
down  to  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom, 
coincide  in  an  extraordinary  manner  with  the 
state  of  society  to  be  gathered  from  the  ancient 
Arabian  poetry.  This  being  so,  it  is  not  a 
violent  conjecture  that  when  the  ancient  Hebrew 
poems  were  composed,  there  was  also  in  existence 
a  similar  form  of  poetry  among  the  Arab  races 
akin  to  Israel — the  sons  of  Midian,  Ishmael,  and 
Edom.  In  illustration  of  this  proposition,  the 
Song  of  Deborah  and  the  lament  of  David  over  the 
death  of  Saul  and  Jonathan  were  examined,  and 
the  similarities  to  Arab  poetry  pointed  out. 

Passing  from  this  poetry  of  natural  emotion,  the 
lecturer  went  on  to  consider  the  Hebrew  poetry  of 
artistic  elaboration  as  displayed  in  the  Book  of  .Job. 
chaps,  xxxviii.,  xxxix.,  and  dwelt  on  the  remark- 
able resemblance  between  the  descriptions  of  the 
fauna  of  the  desert  contained  in  these  chapters  and 
the  pictures  of  animal  life  in  the  odes  of  the  classical 
Arabian  poets.  Examples  of  this  had  already  been 
given  in  detail  in  a  paper  by  the  lecturer  in 
November,  1911;  and  it  was  argued  that  this 
resemblance  which  could  not  be  due  to  borrowing 
— must  be  ascribed  to  the  existence  of  a  contem- 
poraneous style  of  pictorial  poetry  in  Arabia  (the 
scene  in  which  the  drama  of  Job  is  placed  by  its 
anther),  which  was  the  forerunner  of  the  Arabian 
poetry  of  classical  times. 

The  lecturer  concluded  that  the  origins  of  the 
Arabic  poetic  traditions  must  be  carried  back  to  ages 
corresponding  with  the  productions  of  early  Israel. 
and  those  of  the  elaborate  style  to  the  period  of 
Job ,  500-400  B.C. 

A  discussion  followed  in  which  Dr.  Caster.  Dr. 
Hirschfeld,  and  Col.  Plunkett  took  part. 

Philological. — Jan.  9. — Mr.  Harrison  con- 
tributed some  remarks  on  the  origin  of  English 
surnames  and  place-names  beginning  with  r. 
of  these  Ridehalgh  presents  some  difficulty  in 
the  first  syllable,  while  RideaU  i^  an  Irish  trans- 
lation of  Middle,  as  if  it  were  a  riddle.  The  [ri»h 
word  itself  i-.  borrowed  from  English.  Another 
name  of  interest  is  Rivington,  Which  is  a  name 
with  many  variants,  which  are  traceable  ;i  long 
way  ba<k!  Robert  is  of  post-Norman  introduc- 
tion, though  both  elements  are  In  old  English. 


\i.(  in  mi<  \i.. — ./<"<.  '•»• — Mr.  II.  Stanley  Red- 
grove  Acting  President,  in  the  chair. — An  inter- 
esting lecture  on  '  Kabalistic  Alchemy'  was 
delivered  by  Mr.  Arthur  Edward  Waite,  a 
studj  "i  the  Hebrew  work  entitled  '  Aesh  Met- 
/.i.il,,  ,,i  Hook  of  Refining  Fire.'  which 
Durvives  only  in  the  Latin  Lexicon  <•!  Rabalism 
by  Baron  von  Rosenroth.  The  lecturer  made 
what  was  considered  ■<  very  successful  attempt 
t,,  i\\  the  approximate  date  "f  the  book,  and  o> 
study  ii  -  attributions  <•(  metal-,  to  planets  and 
1  of   planets    to    Sephiroth.     The  latter,  it  ma)  be 


mentioned,  are  the  ten  emanations  whereby  the 
worlds  are  evolved  from  the  Divine  Being  In  the 
esoteric  philosophy  of  Israel.  They  arc  also 
termed  "  Numerations,"  and  Mr.  Walte's  lecture 
dealt  with  them  in  the  light  of  the  mystical 
philosophy  of  the  '  Zohar.'  lie  considered  tin- 
Hook  of  Refining  Pire  as  a  document  of  physical 
alchemy,  concerned  with  metallic  transmutation, 
but  he  suggested  thai  it^  connexion  with  the 
Sephiroth  Berved  to  raise  it  into  another  ami 
higher  region  of  thought.  The  lecture  was 
toll' iwed  bv  a  discussion. 


MKKTINU8     NBXr     WKKK 


Ti  i  -. 


Wl  l>. 


Boy«l  Academy.   I  —'Colour  ami  Kelathe  Tone,'   Mr   W    I. 

Wjllle. 
I  Melon  School  of  economics,  •;.  —  'Le  Ride  de  la  FrUMdans 

les  grands  Mouveiuents  fc.uro|>cen8  du  dix-neuvi.ine  Slfcclt, 

Prof.  P.  .1.  Mantoux. 
8ocle'y    of    Arid.    ».—  'The    Relation    of    Industry    to    Art.' 

Lecture  I  .  Sir  C.  Waldslein.     (Cantor  Lecture! 
Royal  I  ii.i  it  mi. ,ii.  S.— *  Animals  ami  Plants  under  l>,jm.-.ti    < 

tlon,' Lecture  I. ,  Prof.  **.  Kateson. 
Statistical.  .V— "lhe    Fertility   of    Marriage   in   Scotland.     ■ 

Census  Study,'  Mr.  J.  Cratifurd  Duiilon. 
Musical  Association,  "■  li—  The  Lor.1  Chamberlain  and  Opera 

in  Loudon,  1700  It.  Dr  W.  n.  dimming*. 
Institution  nt  Civil    (engineers,    B.— Further    Discussion    on 

'  hujierheating  Steam  iu  Locomotives  ' 
Anthropological  Institute.  B.1& — Anuual  Meeting. 
Meteorological,  T  tut.  —  Annual  Meeting. 
BiitMi  Numismatic,  s  — '  A  Systematic  Method  of  Classi6cv 

tion  of  English  Medlteval  Coius,  frith  ppei-ial  Reference  to 

those  of  Henry  VI..'  Mr.  J.  Shirley-Fox, 

—  Folk-Lore.  s.-'The  Cult  of  the   Bori    among    the    Hausas. 

Ma  jot  Trenieame. 

—  Geological,     8—  Geology    of     the    Country    round     Huntly 

laherdeenshiret,'  Mr.  W.  EL  Watt;  "lite  (ilaciatioa  of  East 
Lancashire,'  Dr.  A.  Jowelt 

—  Microscopical,    s— 'The     Microscope    and    Medicine.     Prof. 

G.  Sims  Woodhead. 

—  St.     Paul's    Ecclesiological    Society,    s.— 'The    Chapels    ami 

Oratories  of  the  Tower  of  Loudon.'  Mr.  C   H.  Hopn'ood. 

—  Society  of  Arts.  S.— 'The  Modern  Poster,  its  Essentials  and 

Significance.' Mr.  W.  a   Rogers. 
Tut  its  Royal    Institution,   :;.-' The   Mind  of  Savage    Man:    II)  His 
Intellectual  Life,'  Mr.  W.  McDougalt. 

—  Roval     4  ;!0  — '  Heat     Production    associated    with    Muscular 

Work.'  Mr.  K.  T.  Glazehrook  and  Mr.  IV  W,  Dye;  "lhe 
Chemical  Interpretation  of  some  Mendelian  Factt  rs  for 
Flower  Colour.' Mr.  M.  Wheldale  and  Mr.  8.  L.  Haaseit ; 
'The  Determination  of  the  Minimum  Leilitil  Dose  of 
Various  Toxic  Suhstances  and  its  Relationship  to  the  Body 
Weight  in  Warm-Blooded  Animals,' Prof.  G.  Dreyer  and  Mr. 
E.  W.  A.  Walker  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Institution    of    electrical    Engineers.  8— The    tilth    Kelvin 

Lecture,  Sir  Oliver  Lodge. 

—  Chemical    8 .30  -'  Crystals   of    Organic    Compounds,  coloured 

Blue  hv  Iodine.'  Mr-  li.  Barger  and  Mr.  \V.  \V.  Starling  ; 
'The  Preparation  and  Properties  of  Pure  formic  Ami. 
Mr  A.  J.  Ewins  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Society  of  A  nti'iuaries.  8.110.— 

_        Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  8  :!0.-'  Designand  Arrangement 

of  Gold  Tooling  for  the  Decoration  of   Bookbindings,    Mr. 

Douglas  Cockerell  , 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  B  -'  The  Testing  of  Materials 

for  use  in  Kngineeriig  Construction,'  Mr.  E.  W    Monkhouse. 

(Students'  Meeting)  _,         _  ,  ,  -. 

Viking,  s.ir,.— •  Amor  Jailaskald  and  the   tirst    llelgi-Lay. 

Royal' Institution.  !>.-' The  Coming  of  Age   of  the  Vacuum 
Flask,' Sir  J.  Dewar.  .      „     .     ,      „         . 

Royal     Institution.    :i.  —  '  Neglected      Musical      Composers  . 
I.  Ludwig  S|Kihr.'  Prof.  F.  C order.  , 

Irish    Lite-ary,    x.-'Sept   and   Settlers   in    Ormonde,    Prof 
W.  F.  T.  Butler. 


Fki. 


Sat. 


^cinuc   (Dasaip. 

The  Joint  Committee  of  the  British 
Association  and  the  Royal  Anthropological 
Institute  have  arranged  a  Conference  at 
Drapers'  Hall  on  the  afternoon  of  February 
19th.  Tho  purpose  of  the  meeting  is  to 
approve  the  findings  of  the  Committee  that 
it  is  necessary  to  extend  and  complete  the 
organization  of  the  teaching  of  Anthropology 
at  the  Universities,  so  thai  those  destined  for 
work  in  the  East,  or  in  parts  of  the  Empire 
inhabited  by  non-European  races,  may 
possess  at  the  outset  of  their  career  some 
knowledge  of  the  habits  and  ideas  of  tho 
people  they  encounter.  This  contention, 
which  we  have  emphasized  more  than  once, 
is  to  1)0  put  before  the  Prime  Minister. 

The  CoiNtn,  of  the  Royal  Anthropo. 
logical  Institute  have  made  arrangements 
for  an  address  by  Prof.  Baldwin  Spencer  on 
the  life  of  the  Australian  savage,  in  the 
Theatre  <>f  the  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Burlington  Gardens, on  the  27th  inst.,a1  s  p.m. 
The  lecture  will  !><•  illustrated  l>>  kinemato- 
graph  mid  phonograph  records. 

The  fifth  Kelvin  Lecture  will  bedeliven  d 
bj  Sir  <)h\cr  Lodge  al  the  Institution  ol 
Electrical  Engineers  nexl  Thursdaj  evenn 

snt   ()i.i\  in    Lodge   Lb    also  delivering  ■ 
lecture  al    Bedford    <  ollege   for  Women  on 
the  27th    inat.,  at    S   p.m.     The   subject    i 
■  The  Ether  ol  Spa 

on  the  '.ttii  inat.  Dr.  Hanrj  I  ••  d<  rii  k 
Baker  was  elected  Lowndean  Professor  of 
Astronomy  and  Geometry  in  succession    U 


96 


T  PI  E     A  T  H  E  N  JE  U  M 


No.  4409,  Jan.  17,  1914 


the  lute  Sir  Robert  Ball.  Dr.  Baker  is  best 
known  for  his  contributions  to  the  latter 
subject. 

The  statement  by  Dr.  Lazarus -Barlow  to 
The  Times,  which  we  quoted  in  our  last 
issue,  has  drawn  forth  some  protest  from 
the  Surgeons  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital, 
to  whose  care,  and  not  directly  to  that 
of  Dr.  Lazarus-Barlow,  the  patients  in 
■question  were  committed.  They  give  figures 
which  differ  somewhat  from  Dr.  Lazarus- 
Barlow's,  so  that  it  is  worth  while  to  men- 
tion that  those  which  we  repeated  from 
The  Times  refer  only  to  the  women  treated 
•during  the  periods  specified. 

On  the  9th  inst.  the  London  Traffic 
Branch  of  the  Board  of  Trade  issued  as  a 
Blue-book  their  Sixth  Annual  Report.  It 
appears  from  this  that,  if  to  the  population 
of  Greater  London  there  be  added  that  of 
the  Outer  Suburban  Ring,  we  have,  over  an 
area  of  2,808  square  miles,  a  population  of 
8,471,146.  The  number  of  journeys  per 
head  of  the  population  in  1903  was  144"  9  ; 
that  for  1912  was  243*9,  exclusive  of  the 
suburban  traffic  on  the  trunk  railways  and 
the  passengers  carried  by  over  10,000  cabs. 
This  certainly  seems  to  show  that  there  is 
some  real  occasion  for  the  lamentations 
•over  our  increasing  restlessness  which  have 
become  commonplaces,  while  the  facts  that 
the  total  number  of  street  accidents  has 
nearly  doubled,  and  that  their  ratio  to 
population,  apart  from  one  years  break,  has 
■steadily  increased,  may,  perhaps,  not  un- 
reasonably be  taken  as  justifying  the  same 
kind  of  complaint  from  a  different  point  of 
view.  While  the  bicycle  causes  the  greatest 
number  of  accidents,  it  is  the  motor  omnibus, 
■&s,  indeed,  any  one  might  surmise,  that  is 
chiefly  to  blame  for  deaths :  and  in  this 
'last  report  more  so  than  ever  before. 

The  Times  of  Tuesday  last  contained  a 
vivid  account  by  Mr.  Frederick  Burlingham 
of  his  recent  descent  into  the  crater  of  Vesu- 
vius. He  reports  that  minor  explosions  are 
already  taking  place  there,  and  gives  warn- 
ing that  the  volcano  is  undoubtedly  getting 
ready  for  another  eruption.  On  December 
21st,  some  six  months  earlier  than  Prof. 
Malladra  had  expected  it.  fresh  lava  had 
begun  to  appear  over  the  new  mouth 
which  opened  last  July  when  the  floor  of  the 
crater  caved  in,  and  from  which  dense 
volumes  of  smoke  are  continually  issuing. 

Mr.  Burlingham  considers  that,  while  the 
■danger  of  a  descent  into  Vesuvius  is  con- 
siderable, the  difficulty  has  been  exag- 
gerated. Still,  "  three  almost  perpendicular 
drops,  separated  by  ledges  leaning  outwards 
and  downwards,'"  even  though  "  the  highest 
is  scarcely  more  than  30  ft.,"  require  nerve 
as  well  as  a  rope.  The  great  dangers  are 
asphyxiation  and  the  chance  of  being 
crushed  by  avalanches  of  stones.  So  little 
solid  is  the  inside  of  the  crater  that  even 
.shifting  a  rope  started  a  cascade  of  ashes 
and  debris. 

At  the  bottom  the  whole  mouth  of  the 
crater  is  encrusted  with  a  white  substance, 
and  out  of  this  abyss — estimated  to  have  a 
depth  of  two  miles  —  rush  dense  clouds 
-of  incandescent  pink  smoke,  which,  while 
the  party  for  about  twenty  minutes  watched 
them,  flashed  into  several  different  colours. 
It  was  here  that  the  admonitory  fresh  lava 
was  seen. 

The  spectacular  magnificence  of  a  volcano 
in  eruption  seems  to  have  been  witnessed  at- 
its  highest  in  the  outburst  on  Sunday  and 
Monday  last  of  Mount  Sakurashima,  the 
volcanic  island  off  Kagoshima,  which  ac- 
companied the  severe  and  destructive  dis- 
turbance which  took  place  along  the  volcanic 
range  of  Kiushiu. 


FINE    ARTS 

An  Introduction  to  English  Architecture. 
Bv  Francis  Bond.  2  vols.  (Humphrey 
Milford,  21.  2s.) 

These  volumes  form  a  worthy  sequel  to 
the  important  work  on  Gothic  Architec- 
ture, by  the  same  author,  which  Mr. 
Batsford  produced  in  1905.  They  repre- 
sent a  vast  amount  of  orderly  labour,  and 
show  an  astonishingly  wide  grasp  of  a 
great  subject.  It  is  a  big  undertaking : 
1,000  quarto  pages,  with  1,400  illustra- 
tions, on  English  architecture,  even  if 
the  period  ranges  from  the  eleventh  to 
the  sixteenth  century.  Nevertheless, 
there  are  probably  at  least  a  hundred  and 
odd  Englishmen  who  would  confidently 
undertake  such  a  task  without  flinching, 
and  in  these  days,  when  fairly  cheap  and 
competent  photographs  abound,  might 
meet  with  a  certain  degree  of  success. 
But  the  distinguishing  characteristic  of 
Mr.  Bond's  work  is  his  well-ordered  and 
distinctly  interesting  method  of  arranging 
and  grouping  his  material.  This  is  no 
mere  crude  mass  of  architectural  state- 
ments, on  hackneyed  lines,  of  the  stone- 
work of  our  parish  and  monastic  churches 
from  the  Conqueror  to  Elizabeth.  Not 
only  is  the  whole  subject  classified  on  new 
lines,  but  also  no  small  part  of  the  book 
shows  original  work,  including  the  produc- 
tion of  novel  facts  and  fresh  theories. 
Even  architectural  experts,  whether  pro- 
fessional or  otherwise,  who  may  not 
quite  agree  with  some  of  Mr.  Bond's 
statements  and  conclusions,  cannot  fail  to 
appreciate  the  ingenuity  and  freshness  of 
his  general  treatment. 

The  opening  chapters  deal  with  the 
constitution  of  the  various  orders  of 
monks,  canons,  and  friars,  as  well  as 
collegiate  churches,  and  show  how  their 
respective  fabrics  for  worship  differed  in 
requirement  and  plan  from  the  ordinary 
parish  church.  The  fourth  chapter  will 
probably  prove  the  most  interesting  and 
informing  to  the  general  reader  ;  it 
treats  of  the  planning  and  growth  of  the 
parish  church,  including  priests'  rooms, 
sacristies,  and  the  rarer  remains  of 
anchorages.  The  directions  as  to  the 
best  way  in  which  to  study  the  parish 
church  are  excellent.  In  the  analysis 
of  the  growth  and  development  of 
churches,  accompanied  by  plans  and 
illustrations,  Mr.  Bond  is  specially  happy, 
and  his  treatment  of  the  churches  of  West- 
hall,  Norfolk,  and  Shere,  Surrey,  is  excel- 
lent. The  church  of  the  Oxfordshire 
Dorchester  is  one  of  almost  enthralling 
interest,  both  from  the  remarkable  beauty 
of  many  of  its  details  and  from  its  excep- 
tional historical  associations.  It  was  the 
first  see  of  the  West  Saxons,  and  at  a 
later  period  was  the  cathedral  of  the 
great  diocese  of  Lincoln,  until  the  first 
Norman  bishop  removed  his  seat,  in 
1092,  to  Lincoln.  From  the  earliest 
times  the  church  of  Dorchester  was  served 
by  secular  canons,  but  in  1140  it  was 
transferred  to  Austin  canons,  under  whose 
charge  it  remained  as  an  abbey  until  the 


Dissolution.  Mr.  Bond's  explanatory 
treatment  of  this  somewhat  intricate 
church  is  delightfully  lucid,  but  its  inclu- 
sion in  a  section  dealing  with  an  analysis 
of  old  parish  churches  is  surely  an  over- 
sight. Again,  the  priory  church  of  Leo- 
minster, though  partly  used  for  parochial 
purposes,  ought  to  have  found  its  place 
in  another  section. 

The  chapters  that  are  concerned  with 
the  whole  question  of  vaulting  ;  the  abut- 
ment system,  treating  of  buttresses, 
pinnacles,  and  opposing  thrusts  ;  walls 
and  arcades,  including  flintwork  and 
timber  churches  ;  and  the  pier,  with 
its  multiplicity  of  members  of  the  dif- 
ferent periods,  will  appeal  specially  to  the 
architectural  student,  as  well  as  the 
later  ones  on  triforiums  and  bay  designs, 
and  on  the  clerestory.  Contrariwise,  the 
infinite  variety  of  windows  dealt  with  in 
the  long  section  '  On  the  Lighting  of  the 
Mediaeval  Churches  '  is  brimful  of  general 
interest,  and  much  the  same  may  be  said 
of  the  chapter  on  doorways  and  porches, 
and  especially  the  one  on  towers  and  spires. 
The  Appendix  supplies  useful  brief  essays, 
characterized  by  much  common  sense,  on 
the  origin  of  the  Early  Christian  Basilica, 
the  Orientation  of  Churches,  and  the 
Deviation  of  Axis  of  Chancel.  It  is 
scarcely  necessary  to  add — for  that  is  a 
special  feature  of  all  Mr.  Bond's  previous 
books — that  the  indexes,  both  hcorum 
and  rerum,  are  admirably  full  and  com- 
plete. 

Upwards  of  twenty  pages,  with  numer- 
ous illustrations,  are  devoted  to  that 
fruitful  subject  of  controversy  the  "  low 
side  "  window.  It  is  much  to  be  hoped 
that  Mr.  Bond's  patient  but  frank  dis- 
cussion of  these  windows,  about  which 
ecclesiologists  have  squabbled  for  up- 
wards of  seventy  years,  will  finally 
explode  several  of  the  fantastic  theories 
which  are  still  prevalent.  For  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century  antiquarian  experts 
have  dilated  at  length  upon  the  absolute 
impossibility  of  such  openings  having 
served  in  any  way  for  the  con- 
venience of  lepers ;  nevertheless,  many 
a  worthy  parson,  and  not  a  few  local 
guide-books,  still  persist  in  drawing  atten- 
tion to  the  "  leper  windows "  of  their 
respective  churches.  Mr.  Bond  also  points 
out  the  extravagances  connected  with 
other  theories  as  to  their  use,  such  as  for 
purposes  of  confession,  or  for  lights  to 
scare  away  evil  spirits.  The  writer  does 
not  appear  to  have  heard  of  the  last-coined 
designation  for  these  openings,  invented 
by  a  Cambridgeshire  F.S.A.  as  lately  as 
1911  ;  he  styles  them  speculatories,  and 
considers  that  they  were  constructed  to 
afford  a  view  from  without  of  the  Easter 
Sepulchre.  But  why  should  any  one — 
and  there  would  be  room  for  only  one 
person  at  a  time — want  to  squint  at  the 
Sepulchre  from  without  when  the  church 
at  that  short  season  was  open  night  and 
day  ?  There  is  also  a  fatal  objection  to 
their  use  for  any  kind  of  hagioscopic 
purpose.  It  can  be  proved  that  the  great 
majority,  probably  all,  of  these  openings 
were  fitted  with  a  shutter,  and  usually 
with  a  grille.     It  has  also  been  shown  that 


No.  4499,  .Tan.   17.   1914 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  .VA'  M 


07 


in  almost  every  case,  where  the  shutter  or 
it-  binges  remain,  the  shutter  opens  with 
it-  back  towards  the  east,  thereby  effec- 
tually obscuring  any  kind  of  view  of  the 
high  altar  or  its  surroundings.  It  is 
hardly  necessary  to  add  that  Mr.  Bond 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  these  on- 
glazed  apertures  were  used  for  the  emis- 
sion of  the  sound  of  a  hand  or  sanctus 
bell  at  the  time  of  the  elevation  of  the 
Host  during  Mass.  The  whole  question 
is  treated  in  an  exhaustive  fashion,  and 
in  a  way  that  cannot  be  gainsaid. 

One  of  the  pleasant-  features  of  this 
work  is  the  sparing  use  of  exceptional  or 
technical  terms,  the  exaet  meaning  of 
which  is  only,  as  a  rule,  grasped  by  a 
professed  architect.  For  the  use  of 
the  unlearned,  the  first  volume  opens  with 
a  tersely  written  Glossary  of  Terms,  and 
this  is  followed  by  a  most  useful  explana- 
tory list  of  French  words  and  phrases  of 
an  architectural  character.  But  for  the 
most  part  there  is  a  breezy  freshness 
about  Mr.  Bond's  phrases  which  at 
once  rivets  the  attention.  Thus,  when 
briefly  discussing  the  somewhat  rude  art 
with  which  the  plastered  walls  of  old 
English  churches  were  often  painted,  he 
reminds  us  that  these  painters  were  not 
si  i  anxious  about  their  efforts  from  the 
artistic  and  decorative  standpoints  as 
they  were  in  the  remembrance  that  they 
were  a  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Christian  Knowledge. 

Again,    in    the    delightful   chapters   on 
planning  and  growth  of  the  average 
Jish  parish  church,  Ave  find  such  pas- 
-   s  as  the  following  : — 

*  Xo  form  of  sport  is  half  so  fascinating 
a-   the   chase   of   the   parish   church.     It    is 
never  safe  to  pass  one  by,  however  humble  ; 
one  never  knows  what  surprising  find  may 
be  in  store.     One  fact  leads  up  to  another  ; 
each  new  fact  tends  to  facilitate  the  inter- 
pretation  of  the   last.     Here  and   there,   of 
■'"urse,     an     important     church     has     been 
accurately  measured,  drawn,  and  described 
.  . .  .but    in   the  mass,  the   parish   churches 
virgin   soil.      One   may   cycle   for   days, 
icra   on   back,    rule    and    note-book     in 
•T.    seeing    church    after    church,    all 
alike    unknown    to    fame,    carent    quia    rate 
■'■ .  .  .After  a  time  he  learns  the  lesson  of 
I  * — ■ » 1 1  s — ever  to  be  borne  in  mind — that  a 
riah  church   i<   not   a   cathedral.     It    and 
predecessors    stood    there    hundreds    of 
re  the  cathedral  of  the  diocese  was 
-in.     In   almost    every    case   it   has   pre- 
served  tte  parochial  character,   unmindful, 
ept    perhaps    in    some     minor    detail,   of 
the   doings  of    its  mighty  neighbour  ;    to   it 
hedral  planning,  cathedral  vaulting,  eathc- 
dral abutmenl  -.  cathedral  elevations, 

have  been  so  much  Arabic.  It  may  borrow 
bom  the  cathedral  some  little  hits.  ...  but 
the  main  features  of  its  plan  and  construc- 
tion are   it-  own.      Parish    -erv  ,.e-   were  not 

cathedral  or  monastic  services,     Benedictine 
or  Cistercian  planning  was  as  useless  to  the 
ah   priest  a-  parochial  planning  to  Bene- 
dietine  bishop  or  Cistercian  abbot.'1 

Notwithstanding  the   high   opinion   that 

we  have  formed  of  this  work,  it  is  possible 

find  points  that  might   be  improved, 

and    in   the   final    words   of   his    Preface 

Mi.  Bond    invites    corrections   and    -u'_r- 

Dii    pp.     20    and    1\     a     li-t     i- 

given  of  the   more   important   collegiate 


churches,  with  very  brief  notes  as  to  their 
constitution.  It  does  not  claim  to  be 
complete,  but  a  modicum  of  trouble 
would  have  made  it  so  ;  as  it  stands  the 
list  is  of  little  value,  for  it  lacks  many 
collegiate  churches  of  distinct  interest, 
and  is  also  not  quite  accurate.  Among 
important  omissions  arc  those  of  St.  Eliza- 
beth, Winchester;  Wallingford.  Berks; 
Halstead  and  Pleshev,  p]ssex  ;  Thornton. 
Lincoln  ;  Raveningham  and  Thetford, 
Norfolk  :  All  Saints'.  Northampton,  and 
Towcester,  Northants  ;  Clifton,  Notts  ; 
and  Lambeth  and  Maiden.  Surrey. 

In  the  account  of  the  churches  of  the 
friars,  in  itself  somewhat  meagre,  Mr.  Bond, 
cherishing  a  popular  delusion,  writes  : 

"After  a  time,  however,  they  came  to 
possess  corporate  property,  and  their  houses 
and  churches  vied  in  size  and  splendour 
with  those  of  the  monastic  orders."' 

If,  however,  he  will  consult  the  numerous 
references  to  the  suppression  of  the  friars, 
as  calendared  in  the  '  Letters  and  Papers 
of  Henry  VIII.,'  he  will  find  that  the 
Royal  commissioners  again  and  again 
express  their  disappointment  at  the  meagre 
nature  of  both  the  houses  and  churches 
of  the  friars.  The  only  corporate  property 
they  held,  except  possibly  in  one  or  two 
out-of-the-way  cases,  was  additional  land 
adjoining  the  site  of  their  friaries,  granted 
for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  their  buildings. 
The  naves  of  many  of  their  town  churches 
had  to  be  of  considerable  size  to  hold 
the  great  congregations  that  gathered  to 
hear  their  preaching.  Nor  is  it  correct 
to  say  that  they  did  not  lead  a  common 
life  :  the  majority  of  the  brothers  were 
often  in  residence  at  their  house  at  the 
same  time,  when  they  certainly  ate  and 
slept  in  common. 


MR.    ERIC    GILL"S    SCULPTURE. 

Mr.  Gill's  work  at  the  Goupil  Gallery, 
like  the  carving  of  Mr.  Gaudier-Brzeska  and 
of  Mr.  Roger  Fry  at  the  Alpine  Club,  will 
probably  be  classed  in  the  public  mind  as  of 
the  "  Epstein  "  School,  not  because  that 
artist  is  the  originator  of  a  phase  of  art 
which,  indeed,  is  rather  an  archaistic  rever- 
sion than  an  innovation,  but  because  Mr. 
Epstein  came  earlier  into  prominence,  and 
gained  recognition  of  his  power  of  inter- 
preting natural  forms  before  he  adopted  his 
present  extreme  simplicity  of  design.  It 
must  be  admitted  also  that,  as  yet,  Mr.  (oil 
is  rather  less  ingenious  in  choice  of  form 
than  Mr.  Epstein,  and  occasionally,  as  in 
No.  1,  Mvlier,  or  Xo.  2,  Gravestone,  we  find 
in  his  work  a  lack  of  elasticity  in  adapting 
the    conception    of    intrinsically    interesting 

passages  like;  the  face  or  hands  to  the  degree 
of  simplification  attempted  iii  the  drapery. 

The  former  thus  looks  a  trifle  small  and 
naturalistic,    tin'    latter    empty    and     unreal. 

In  In-  later  designs,  pari icularly  in  a  Cnu 

(10)   and    the    pair   of    statues   (t    and    9),    Mr. 

Gill  maintain-  greater  consistency  of  state- 
ment. The  result  i-  charming,  mid  the 
stone-cutting  in  each  case  admirable,  though 
even   in   these  greater   boldness   in   mas 

his  form-  a    Stud}    "I    'he   jut  erpenet  rat  ion  of 

solids  might  have  added  more  excitement. 
Obviously  in  work  such  ae  this,  in  which  the 
number  of  planes  is^  ary  few,  it  is  more  than 

r    important     thai     our    interest      iii    tl 

planes  -hould  transcend  the  act 


ot  the  stone;  that  we  should  he  made- 
aware     sometimes     of     the     forms     resulting 

from  their  '"production"  (in  the  mathe- 
matical sense  of  the  word)  within  the  figure, 

and  externally  in  the  free  air.  Only  by 
Utilizing  fully  this  device  can  works  so 
Steady     of    surface    and     reticent     of    detail 

remain  lively  and  various. 
Tin'  exhibition  is  commendably  free  from 

sensationalism,   nor    is    the    visitor    required, 

as  a  preliminary  to  enjoying  it.  to  shed  all 

the  instinct-  for  reticence  common  as  a. 
rule  among  both  Civilized  and  uncivilized 
men.  We  think  .Mr.  (Jill  is  wise  in  not 
subordinating  the  exercise  of  his  talent  to- 
any  ambition  towards  so  drastic  a  revolu- 
tion in  social  habit.  We  think,  moreover, 
that  the  artists  of  his  school  who  do  not 
agree  with  him  in  this  matter   over-estimate 

both  the  value  of  such  a  change  and  their 

own   power  to  bring  it   about. 


OTHER    EXHIBITIONS. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  Mr.  Baragwanath 
King  shows  water-colours  of  "The  English 

Riviera,"  commonplace  in  vision,  but  some- 
times of  considerable  dexterity  of  a  super- 
ficial order:  Xo.  4.  Evening,  Barbican, 
Plymouth,  and  Xo.  12,  The  Brook,  are  flip- 
pantly effective.  Xo.  20,  Dartmoor,  Huclc- 
worthy,  is  clever  in  a  more  photographic, 
more  modest  fashion.  Of  the  other  ex- 
hibitors in  the  gallery,  Miss  Halhed  is  the 
most  capable. 

Mr.  Warwick  Goble's  illustrations  at  the 
Dudley  Galleries  are  cloyingly  coloured,  but 
doubtless  the  three-colour  process  will  fre- 
quently improve  them  in  a  negative  fashion 
in  this  respect.  The  designs  show  industry, 
but  are  undistinguished  in  draughtsmanship 
and  invention. 


MODERN    ART     EXHIBITION 
AT     BRIGHTON. 

The  exhibition  of  work  by  certain  Cubists 
and  other  members  of  the  (late)  Camden 
Town  Group  which  is  being  held  at  Brighton 
does  credit  to  a  town  which  has  before  now 
given  London  the  lead  in  offering  hospitality 
to  advanced  movements  in  modern  art. 
Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis,  Mr.  Etchells,  Mr. 
W'adsworth,  and  others  of  the  Cubist  partj 
are  shown  with  a  sufficiency  which  enables 
the  visitor  to  form  his  own  estimate  for  good 
or  ill  of  the  possibilities  of  the  movement. 
The  other  painters  of  the  combination, 
under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Sickert,  hav< 
already  become;  more  generally  compre- 
hensible   becaus  •    they    have    been     longer 

before  the  public,  but  their  work  on  the 
w  hole   has   never   been   so    well    displayed    B8 

in  this  show.   Mr.  <  tinner  has,  in  our  opinion 

made      the      most       marked      improvement  — 

an  admirable  skyless  landscape  showing  a 
power  of  using  a  few  tones  with  subtle 
Buggestiveness,  very  different  from  the 
laboured  and  unsteady  over-analysis  which 
we  have  "ii   previous  occasions  .1-   frankly 

depurated    as   we   now    hearlilv    applaud     hlfl 

new   development.     Artiste  and  public  owe 
thank-  to  Mr.  Spencer  <  lore  for  tub    en  i 
in   getting   up   the  exhibition.     En   this, 
in  his  selection  of  a  "  team      ol  d«  01 
for  fitting  up  the  Cabaret  Theatre  in  Heddon 
Mreet     the  most    influential  experiment    in 
,1.   oration   of   recenl    yean     Mr.    I  lore   : 
shown  gifts  of  a  unique  kind  a    an  organize  r  i 
an   organizer  w  ho    inspires  universal    1  onfl- 
dence  bj  his  complete  incapat  itj  for  takin 
Bharply  commercial  viewol  anj  undertake 
w  .   hail  hi  the  triumph  ol  .1  new 


08 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4499,  Jan.  17,  1914 


type.  With  the  spread  of  general  intelli- 
gence and  initiative,  the  "pushing  business 
man  "  and  "  born  leader  of  men  "  should  give 
place  to  something  more  modest  and  more 
trustworthy. 

The  Camden  Town  Group  lias,  we  under- 
stand, been  enlarged,  and  ceases  to  exist 
under  its  old  title.  Under  the  more  am- 
bitious, but,  alas  !  less  characteristic  name 
of  the  London  Group,  it  has  arranged  to 
hold  an  exhibition  in  the  early  spring  at  the 
<  Joupil  (ialleries. 


Iftiu   <M   (Sossip. 

A  new  scheme  of  administration  for  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  has  recently 
been  sanctioned  by  the  Board  of  Education. 
In  the  reorganization  of  departments  archi- 
tecture and  woodwork  are  put  together, 
and  of  this  section  Mr.  E.  E.  Strange,  who 
was  formerly  in  charge  of  the  department 
of  engraving,  illustration,  and  design,  is 
now  made  Keeper,  being  succeeded  in  his 
former  work  by  Mr.  Martin  Hardie,  who 
was  his  assistant.  Ceramics  and  metal  - 
work,  which  are  now  linked  together,  are 
in  the  charge  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Watts. 

Mr.  Martin  Hardie,  with  the  co-opera- 
tion of  Mr.  Strange,  is  about  to  bring  out 
■a  full  Catalogue  of  the  modern  wood- 
cngravings  at  the  Museum.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  remind  our  readers  how  de- 
lightful and  characteristic  a  development 
of  English  art  was  the  wood-engraving  of 
the  sixties  and  seventies  of  the  last  century, 
or  how  well  its  abundance  and  excellence 
are  both  represented  at  South  Kensington. 
A  detailed  Catalogue  of  these  treasures  will 
certainly  be  of  great  value. 

The  Museum  has  recently  received 
two  or  three  additions  which  are  worth 
noting.  One  is  a  tau  in  morse  ivory, 
belonging  probably  to  the  twelfth  century — 
a  piece  of  English  work — which  was  dug  up 
in  Water  Lane  in  the  City  twenty  years  ago, 
and  has  till  now  been  in  private  possession. 
It  has  on  the  one  side  the  Agnus  Dei  between 
angels,  and  on  the  other  a  seraph  between 
dragons.  The  British  Museum  acquired, 
about  ten  years  ago,  the  only  other  ivory 
tau  which  is  known  to  be  English. 

Two  large  seated  figures  in  painted  stone, 
represented  as  reading  or  writing — purchased 
at  the  Fitzhenry  Sale  by  a  small  group  of 
subscribers,  and  now  permanently  placed  in 
the  East  Hall — afford  interesting  illustra- 
tion of  North  Italian  art  in  the  late  fourteenth 
century.  It  is  thought  they  were  carved  at 
Verona. 

The  four  new  portraits  which  have 
lately  been  acquired  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  are  now 
exhibited  there,  form  together  rather  a 
quaint  group.  There  is  Cardinal  Mazarin's 
niece  Ortensia — the  famous  beauty  whom 
Pepys  and  his  fellow-gossips,  it  seems,  were 
once  half  inclined  to  think  that  Charles  II. 
had  married,  or  was  going  to  marry  ;  there 
is  Mary  Shelley,  painted  by  Samuel  Stump  ; 
and  then  Phillip's  water-colour  sketch  of 
Turner,  made  in  1850  during  his  last  illness, 
and  Chantrey's  bust  of  Queen  Victoria, 
done  in  1841. 

A  volume  of  forty-eight  drawings  by 
Jacques  Callot  has  been  presented  by  Mr. 
Alfred  de  Pass  to  the  Print-Room  of  the 
British  Museum.  They  were  made  to  illus- 
trate a  cruise  in  the  Mediterranean  in  the 
autumn  of  1620,  when  Callot  was  in  all 
likelihood  carried  as  a  passenger  on  one 
of    the   Tuscan    galleys   which   visited    the 


Balearic  Islands,  Barbary,  Sicily,  the  coast 
of  Calabria,  Lipari,  Sardinia,  and  Corsica. 
Twelve  of  the  drawings  are  in  water-colour, 
the  others  in  pen  and  ink,  and  red  or  black- 
chalk.  Besides  landscapes,  they  include 
studies  of  galleys,  and  also  a  sketch  which  ! 
has  no  connexion  with  the  cruise — a  study 
for  an  etching  of  a  man  condemned  to  death 
in  the  series  "  Les  Miseres  de  la  Guerre." 

The  Indian  papers  state  that 

"  the  original  study  of  the  two  angels'  heads  which 
Kubens  painted  into  his  famous  picture  '  The 
Coronation  of  the  Virgin,'  now  in  the  Brussels 
Gallery,  has  been  accidentally  found  at  Mussoorie. 
It  appears  that  thejpicture  was  recently  bought 
there  by  a  European  for  a  mere  song." 
Mussoorie  is  becoming  famous  as  a  "  dump- 
ing-ground "  for  Old  Masters,  a  Raphael 
having  been  found  there  not  so  long  ago. 

Mr.  R.  Langton  Douglas  writes  : — 

"  A  French  edition  of  my  '  History  of  Siena  ' 
has  been  asked  for,  and  will  shortly  be  published. 
I  am  anxious  to  make  the  chapters  dealing  with 
the  art  of  Siena  as  complete  as  possible.  I  shall, 
therefore,  be  glad  to  receive  any  information 
your  readers  may  be  able  to  give  me  in  regard  to 
pictures  in  private  collections  by  Sienese  masters, 
or  by  artists  intimately  connected  with  the 
Sienese  School,  such  as  Pintoricchio  and  Sodoma. 

"  It  can  be  proved  by  the  evidence  of  docu- 
ments in  Siena,  and  by  references  in  sale  cata- 
logues, that  there  are  in  this  country  several 
missing  pictures  of  the  School  of  Siena,  including 
important  works  by  Duccio,  TJgolino  da  Siena, 
and  Pietro  Lorenzetti.  It  is  possible  that  these 
pictures  may  be  passing  under  the  names  of  other 
early  masters,  Florentine  or  Umbrian.  I  shall 
be  grateful  to  any  one  who  will  assist  me  to  re- 
disco\  er  them." 

Mr.  E.  Sharland,  a  young  artist  of 
Bristol,  has  sent  us  a  copy  of  his  latest 
work,  '  The  Great  Gateway  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Augustine,  Bristol  '  —  a  fine  etching, 
which  gives  evidence  not  only  of  consider- 
able accomplishment,  but  also  of  promise 
for  the  future. 

Miss  Ethel  M.  Going  has  just  brought 
out  with  Messrs.  Lamley  of  South  Kensington 
a  chart  of  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Painters. 
It  ought  to  prove  an  uncommonly  useful 
adjunct  to  lectures  on  art,  and  also  to  those 
beginning  a  study  of  the  history  of  painting. 
The  first  name  is  that  of  Cimabue,  and  the 
last  date  is  1825.  The  names  are  arranged 
in  chronological  order  in  columns  according 
to  countries,  and  it  is  instructive  to  be  able 
to  see  at  a  glance  how  largely  during  these 
six  centimes  the  art  of  painting  has  passed 
from  Italy  to  the  more  northern  countries 
of  Europe. 

If  some  lover  of  Georgian  architecture 
does  not  promptly  intervene,  it  seems 
likely  that  the  fine  eighteenth -century  house 
No.  75,  Dean  Street,  Soho,  will  be  demo- 
lished. It  was  rescued  from  the  threat  of 
destruction  eighteen  months  ago  by  a 
purchaser  who  hoped  that  it  would  be 
acquired  of  him  by  some  Association  which 
would  preserve  it  and  use  it  for  some  suit- 
able purpose  ;  but  no  such  body  of  persons 
has  taken  up  the  matter,  and  the  owner, 
desirous  of  reimbursing  himself,  is  in  treaty 
with  a  proposed  purchaser,  -whose  intention 
it  appears  to  be  to  pull  the  house  down. 

What  will  be  lost  is,  first,  a  really  fine 
specimen  of  a  most  attractive  type  of  do- 
mestic architecture,  of  which  none  too 
much  remains  to  us  ;  secondly,  sundry 
details  of  the  interior  furnishing  of  the  house 
— the  panelling,  mantels,  and  in  particular 
the  oak  staircase — which,  even  if  saved  and 
re-erected  elsewhere,  would  lose  in  a  new- 
setting  much  of  their  artistic  value  ;  and 
thirdly,  a  unique  item — a  painting  on  the 
staircase  which  there  is  good  reason  to  attri- 
bute to  Hogarth,  working  in  conjunction 
with  Thornhill,  who  was  Sergeant-Painter  to 
George  I.,  and  is  thought  to  have  occupied 
the  house. 


Under  the  title  '  Excavations  on  tli>'  Site 
of  the  Roman  Town  at  Wroxeter.  Shrop- 
shire, in  1912,'  by  .1.  P.  Bushe-Fox.  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  has  just  published 
the  report  of  the  first  season's  work  in  the 
undertaking  to  which  it  is  committed  <>i 
laying  bare  the  whole  site  of  the  ancient 
town.  The  plan  of  the  place  has  been  more 
or  less  made  out — the  usual  Roman  scheme  of 
square  or  oblong  blocks  of  building;  and  the 
line  of  a  main  street  has  been  uncovered,  run- 
ning north  and  south,  flanked  on  the  west  side 
by  a  row  of  shops  with  a  colonnade  in  front 
and  dwelling  -  houses  behind.  The  report 
sets  forth  not  only  these  main  discoveries  of 
structure,  but  also,  in  a  detailed  catalogue, 
the  whole  of  the  smaller  finds  of  any  interest 
or  importance.  In  view  of  the  need,  for 
later  workers,  of  absolutely  accurate  in- 
formation as  to  where  and  with  what  con- 
comitants the  different  objects  were  found, 
this  prompt  publication  is  certainly  to  be 
commended. 

The  destruction  of  Barton  Hall,  near 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  which  was  burnt  down 
on  the  night  of  the  9th  10th  inst.,  must  be 
keenly  regretted  alike  by  the  antiquary 
and  the  student  of  history.  The  mediaeval 
associations  of  the  place  go  back  to  Domes- 
day Book,  and,  as  a  dependency  of  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Edmund  it  occurs  in  the 
Chronicle  of  Jocelin  of  Brakelond.  The 
manor  was  held  by  the  Audleys  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  and  all  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and,  after  some  intermediate 
change  of  hands,  came  in  1746  into  the 
possession  of  the  Bunbury  family,  through 
whom  it  has  been  associated  with  several 
notable  characters  of  Georgian  society. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  there  was  no  loss 
of  life,  and  that  the  library  and  many  of  the 
art-treasures  were  saved. 

We  are  informed  that  certain  persons 
calling  themselves  the"  Societe  archeologique 
de  France,"  and  operating  from  5,  Rue  de 
Mornay,  Paris,  have  been  writing  to 
English  professors  and  archaeologists  and 
informing  them  that  they  have  been 
elected  corresponding  members,  and  demand- 
ing a  payment  for  the  "honour."  It 
may  be  well  to  issue  a  warning  that  this 
so-called  "  Societe  "  is  not  in  any  real  sense 
an  archaeological  society  at  all,  that  it  has 
never  published  any  transactions,  and  that 
its  diplomas  are  of  no  value.  It  should  not 
be  confused  with  the  Societe  francaise 
d'archeologie,  founded  by  A.  de  Caumont 
in  1834,  now  publishing  its  seventy-seventh 
volume  of  the  Bulletin  Motiumental,  and 
prospering  greatly  under  the  able  presidency 
of  M.  Lef  evre-Pontalis. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  will  publish 
very  shortly  a  book  by  Mr.  Clive  Bell 
entitled  '  Art,'  a  work  which  deals  with 
the  visual  art  of  all  ages,  but  has  special 
reference  to  Post  -  Impressionism  and  the 
newer  art  movements  of  the  day.  and  in- 
cludes what  may  prove  to  be  a  novel  theory 
of  aesthetics. 

Prof.  A.  P.  Laurie  is  publishing  with 
Messrs.  Macmillan  '  The  Pigments  and 
Mediums  of  the  Old  Masters,'  with  a  Special 
Chapter  on  the  Microphotographic  Study  of 
Brush  work.' 

'  The  Knossian  Atlas,'  edited  by  Sir 
Arthur  Evans,  Vol.  I..  '  The  Wall  Paintings,' 
including  coloured  lithographic  plates  from 
drawings  by  E.  Gillieron,  with  descriptive 
sketch  by  the  editor,  and  notes  on  the 
technique  of  the  frescoes  by  Noel  Heaton ; 
and  Sir  Arthur  Evans's  sketch  of  the  cha- 
racteristic stages  of  Cretan  civilization, 
entitled  '  The  Nine  Minoan  Periods,'  are 
among  the  books  promised  this  spring  by 
the  same  firm. 


No.  449!>.  Jan.    17,    1014 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  .KUM 


99 


iJtxisifal   (5ossip. 

Two  new  orchestral  pieces  by  Mr.  Frede- 
rick Delius  will  be  included  in  the  pro- 
gramme of  the  Royal  Philharmonic  Society's 
concert  next  Tuesday.  They  are  entitled 
*  On  hearing  the  First  Cuckoo  in  Spring  ' 
jiiul  '  Summer  Right  on  the  River.'  Any- 
thing new  from  this  composer's  pen  is 
welcome.  He  may  not  always  be  con- 
vincing, but  he  is  always  interesting,  for 
1m'  is  original  both  in  matter  and  manner. 

THE  five  orchestral  pieces  of  Ihrr  Arnold 
Schonberg,  which  were  produced  last  year 
by  Sir  Henry  Wood,  are  to  be  repeated  this 
afternoon  at  Queen's  Hall,  under  the  com- 
poser's own  direction.  Of  all  modern  orches- 
tral works  they  are  the  most  puzzling,  anil 
it  i-  no  wonder  that  they  aroused  opposition 
both  here  and  abroad.  This  new  perform- 
ance will  be  giv  n  under  more  favourable 
conditions  this  time,  for  on  Thursday 
last  his  early  String  Sextet  was  to  be 
performed  at  the  Music  Club.  That  work — 
which  will  be  noticed  next  week,  and  which 
-aid  not  to  be  of  the  same  revolutionary 
quality  as  his  latest  compositions — will  per- 
haps induce  us  to  think  that  Herr  Schonberg 
is  opening  paths  which  may  ultimately  lead 
to  a  higher  stage  in  the  development  of  the 
art  of  music. 

Schonberg  was  born  at  Vienna  on  Sej^tem- 
ber  13th.  1874.  and  lived  there  until  1901. 
He  then  went  to  Berlin,  and  taught  composi- 
tion ar  Sterns  Conservatorium.  In  1903 
'he  returned  to  Vienna,  ami  continued  to 
teach  :  and  in  1910  he  was  permitted  to  srive 
a  course  of  instruction  in  composition  at 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music.  He  returned 
to  Berlin  in  1911. 

On  Tuesday  next,  at  .Messrs.  Xovello's, 
I  e  .  \\\  H.  Cummings  will  read  to  the  Musical 
Association  a  paper  on  the  subject  of  'The 
Lord  Chamberlain  and  Opera  in  London, 
1700  to  1741.' 

Prof.     Ernst     von    Dohnanyi    gave    a 

piano!,, rte     recital     at     /Eolian     Hall     last 

Monday     afternoon.      His     reading     of     the 

Brahms   Variations  on  a   theme  by  Handel 

'i    the    whole    interesting,    though    the 

•  :  •  -.  in  which  the  tone,  though  delicate, 

-  ii" t   lacking  in  warmth,  were  the  most 

•    table.     His  performance  of  Schumann's 

Kreisleriana  '  was  thoughtful  and  poetical, 

but  there  was  an  occasional   tendency  in  the 

quiet  numbers  to  strain  the  sentiment.     The 

programme  ended    with    the    pianist's    own 

Hu-   •  reeque   (in  Suite   form),    which    opens 

wit         i   excellent    March   full   of   rhythmic 

MADAMS  Anna  Jebebtzova's  song  recital 

Wednesday,    at     tie-     Bechstein     Hall, 

introdu  -d  a  number  of  Russian  songs  to  the 

public.        Her    voice    i,    fine,    and    .-he    is    a 

finished  exponent  of  her  art. 

The    proceeds    of    the    annual    "  Burns' 

Concert  at  the  Royal  Albert  Hall 
on  ti..-  i'4th  inst.  will  be  given  to  the  two 
leading  Scottish  charities  in  England,  the 
Royal  Scottish  Corporation  and  the  Royal 
'  9  hools  at   Bushey. 


DRAMA 


PXKFORMAaOn    NEXT   WEKK. 

'•         Mbmt  Hull. 

—  Mmday  Ooiiiim  Boelatj.  3  l  .  Qomo'i  Hall. 
H"T*I  Philharmonic  8"<  i rtj  .  Hall. 

—  MuLame  Uardner  Bartl-tt  <i  Son*  He  it  il.  -  .  .  i-finmy  Hall. 
Wl  BoogBatita]  Hall. 

Twain  r,  i  io,k  OtMaaba  c„n.  ..rt   ,y.  ,!,,„  Hall. 

i  I^n.lon  *trln«  Ouart.-  -trin  Hall. 

-  nador  /.«©lt  ■  violin  Recital  in  Hall 
8«t.       i  tuppell  Ball*.                                    .»  >  lull 

II,,! 
i  •»«■  HrHUl.  -.,*ll>  Hall. 

—  Urchettnl  Concert  for  Youd*  Peui>lr.  t,  Motita  Hall. 


Chitra.         By     Rabindranath      Tagore. 

(India  Society.) 

Tins  lyrical  drama,  issued  by  the  India 
Society  to  its  members  in  a  limited  edition 
— 2~)()  copies  of  which  are  offered  to  the 
public  at  the  Chiswick  Press,  Took's 
Court.  Chancery  Lam — is  an  early  work 
of  Mr.  Tagore 's.  written,  he  tells  us,  as 
long  as  five-and-twenty  years  ago.  Based 
upon  a  story  in  the  Mahabharata  of  the 
love  of  the  hero  Arjuna  for  a  king's  only 
child,  the  lovely  Chitrangada,  whom  her 
father  had  made  his  heir  and  brought 
up  as  a  son,  the  play  becomes,  in  Mr. 
Tagore's  hands,  an  allegory  rich  in  sug- 
gestiveness.  He  gives  Chitra  in  the 
beginning  strength,  but  not  beauty  ;  then, 
by  the  interposition  of  the  gods  Madana 
and  Vasanta  (Eros  and  Lycoris),  who 
throughout  follow  the  action  and  fulfil 
some  of  the  functions  of  the  Greek  chorus, 
beauty  in  its  most  alluring  splendours 
is  thrown  about  her,  a  temporary  veil. 
For  Arjuna,  in  Mr.  Tagore's  version  of  the 
Legend,  has  taken  a  twelve  years'  vow 
of  chastity  which  it  needs  this  dazzling 
endowment  to  overcome.  Xo  sooner  has 
Chitra  subdued  her  lover  than  she  is  filled 
with  bitter  heart -sea  rchings  at  the  thought 
that  it  is  to  the  adventitious  and  illusory 
in  her,  not  to  her  true  self,  that  he  has 
been  drawn  ;  "  he  loves  my  looks,  not  me." 
Thus,  through  a  skilfully  manoeuvred 
situation,  the  drama  presents,  in  universal 
form,  the  old  question  whether  it  is  not 
merely  the  fleeting  inessential  bloom 
before  which  the  soul  in  romantic  love 
bows  down,  and  whether  it  can,  after 
all,  be  the  destiny  of  woman  to  typify  for 
man  that  beauty  of  passing  appearance, 
and  nothing  more.  Arjuna  appears  finally 
as  a  lover  who  demands  of  his  beloved 
deeper  and  more  lasting  satisfactions  : — 

"  Illusion  [he  says]  is  the  first  appearance 
of  Truth.  She  advances  toward  her  lover 
in  disguise.  But  a  time  comes  when  she 
throws  off  her  ornaments  and  stands  clothed 
in  naked  dignity.  I  grope  for  that  ultimate 
you,  that  bare  simplicity  of  truth." 

And  Chitra,  the  veil  of  beauty  falling 
from  her,  replies  : — 

"  The  gift  I  proudly  bring  you  is  the  heart 
of  a  woman.  Here  have  all  pains  and  joys 
gathered,  the  hopes  and  fears  and  shames 
of  a  daughter  of  the  dusl  ;  here  love  Springs 
1 1 1 >  struggling  toward  immortal  life.  Herein 
lies  an  imperfection  which  yet  is  noble.... 
accepi  this  as  your  servant  for  the  daye  t" 
come. 

In  addition  to  its  mythical  suggestions, 

the    play   has   thus  a    direct    and    powerful 

bearing  on  the  question  of  the  emancipa- 
tion of  women,  [ts  statelinesa  of  diction 
and  movement  commands  admiration 
throughout,  although  the  prevalence  ol 
more  or  less  conventional  Imagery  becomes 
to  the  Western  mind  a1  times  distinctly 
cloying.  Yet  if  we  aaj  this  we  must  add 
thai  comp  "I  perfect  aptitude  are 

frequenl .  We  take  two  exampli  -  "t 
peculiar  beauty  from  Chitra's  descrip 
tions  of  her  lover  :  Instantly  he  leapl 
u])  with  Btraighl    tall  Limbs,  like  a  sudden 


tongue  of  lire  from  a  heap  of  ashes"; 
He  lay  asleep  with  a  vague  smile  about 
his  lips  like  the  crescent  moon  in  the 
morning."  Indeed  here,  as  in  the  'Gitan- 
jali."  .Mr.  Tagore  stands  forth  as  a  poet 
in  the  full  sense  of  the  word.  Presented 
to  us  in  bare  prose,  lie  is.  as  it  were, Chitra 
stripped  of  her  bloom.  Yet  we  can  recog- 
nize in  him  the  worshipper  of  beauty,  and 
can  feel  in  the  very  ecstasy  of  his  devotion 
his  summons  to  us  to  transcend  its  appa- 
rent and  apprehend  its  true  object. 


Dramatic   (Bosstp. 

•  .Makv-Ciri..'  .Mrs.  Hope  Merrick's  four- 
act  play  produced  this  week  at  the  Vaude- 
ville,  concerns   itself  for  the  most    part    with 

the  false  values  which  so  largely  pervade 
the  world  of  to-day.  A  foster-mother  is 
sought  by  a  Society  lady  who  sets  inordi- 
nate store  by  her  freedom  from  the  cares 
of  motherhood.  'Mary-Girl'  is  chosen  to 
fill  the  post,  and  leaves  her  home  and 
child  because  she  hankers  for  the  abundant 
experience  offered  among  the  Qeshpots. 
Her  husband  consents  to  let  her  go  as 
the  remuneration  offered  her  will  enable  him 
to  build  a  chapel,  and  thus  fulfil  Ins  heart's 
desire. 

The  outcome  of  these  false  ideas  of  what 
makes  for  contentment  is  waste.  The 
Society  mother  fritters  away  her  time  in 
aimless  flirtation;  the  foster-mother,  on 
her  return  from  her  taste  of  "high  life," 
becomes  peevishly  discontented  with  the 
circumstances  of  her  husband,  a  market 
gardener,  and  after  a  quarrel  seeks  distrac- 
tion in  London.  There  she  finds  a  "  male  pro- 
tect or"  and  disillusion.  The  husband,  on 
the  wife's  return,  burns  down  the  chapel  as 
being  the  cause  of  his  matrimonial  troubles. 

Broadly  stated,  cause  and  effect  are  pre- 
sented with  sufficient  clearness,  and  our 
criticism  is  confined  to  the  details  of  work- 
ing out.  which  the  need  of  confining  the 
piece  within  less  than  three  hours  make- a 
particularly  onerous  task.  Theaufhorcann.il 
be  said  to  have  husbanded  her  resources  to 
the  best  advantage. 

Miss  Dorothy  Fane,  for  instance,  is  quite 
capable  of  conveying  the  character  of  a 
fast  Society  woman  without  having  special 
interludes  provided  for  the  purpose.  Mr. 
Charles  Kenyon  as  her  cavalier  is  an 
unnecessary  character,  though  well  enough 
played.  Mr.  ().  B.  Clarence  as  a  soft- 
hearted    and    softer-headed    Earl     must    also 

be    dubbed    unnecessary,    in    spite    of    our 
seeming   ungrateful   for  his  capable  actii 
Miss  Mary  Brough  only  claims  toleration  for 
her  inclusion  because  she  provides  us  with 

an      inimitable     chara -I  er--kei  ,h.        The    M'i'. 

vants'  pans  waste  time  which  might  have 
been  given  to  fuller  enjoyment  of  the  broad 
humanity    with    which    Miss    May    Blaynej 

endows      the       name  -  pail.  Mr.       Norman 

McKmnel  gives  us  anoth  r  well-studied 
impersonation  .a  narrovi  fanaticism,  thou 
we  do  not  think  comparison  with  his  former 
pari  -  enhances  i  he  valu  o(  th'"a  one.  At 
i  he  s  ii in-  time  the  plaj  would  be  well  worth 
seeing  were  he  the  onij  attraction,  which  is 
far  ii. no  being  tie-  c 

I ■  \i-ii \ i  in  b  produced  by  t lie  Pioi 
Players  at  the  Savoj  Theatre  on  Sunday 
and  Mondaj  last  recalls  the  laj  ing  ■•! 
i:<iv.  I. on I  Hill,  that  the  i»e\  ii  should  no! 
have  a  monopolj  "i  t  he  b<  '  tunes.  In* 
I . i r •  .1  bj  jomel hing  >>i  the  same  -pun  . 
a  Benedictine  nun.  Hroswitha  by  name, 
uearly    a  thousand   >  •  •  in<  d. 


100 


TH  K     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4499,  Jan.   17.   1914 


"  under  the  hammer  of  devotion,"  to  use 
her  talents  as  playwright  for  the  praise  of 
Cod. 

From  t  lie  author  who  repeatedly  scoffs  at 
the  virtue  most  esteemed  in  the  cloister  she 
learnt  much,  of  which  she  made  use  in  the 
.service  of  that  virtue.  For  the  comedies 
•of  Terence,  as  well  as  the  poems  of  Virgil, 
books  from  Home  and  teachers  from  Ire- 
land, were  treasured  at  (iandersheim, 
Hroswitha's  convent.  There,  as  in  other  con- 
vents of  the  time,  though  discipline  was 
in  many  ways  austere,  books  were  not 
lacking — drawing,  painting,  music,  poetry, 
philosophy,  and  theology  nourished. 

Yet  the  production  of  a  play  written  by 
one  so  circumstanced  and  so  many  hundreds 
of  years  ago  is  an  event  which  fills  us  with 
amazement,  coupled  with  gratitude  to  those 
who  braved  the  task.  '  Paphnutius  '  is  a 
drama  of  repentance — simple,  sincere,  and 
moving.  Dealing  with  fundamentals,  it  is 
more  appealing  to-day,  for  all  its  antiquity, 
than  the  majority  of  the  plays  offered  to 
the  public.  Moreover,  it  still  fulfils  its 
purpose.  It  was  meant  to  edify,  and  it  does 
even  now  tend  to  edification. 

The  subject  of  the  play  has  been  familiar- 
ized by  Anatole  France  in  his  clever  novel, 
though  a  greater  contrast  than  his  treatment 
of  the  theme  could  scarcely  be  imagined. 
It  is  a  loose  sequence  of  scenes  written  round 
the  legend  of  the  conversion  of  Thais,  the 
celebrated  courtesan  of  Alexandria,  whom 
Paphnutius,  as  the  head  of  a  neighbouring 
monastery,  feels  a  call  to  convert. 

Sustained  by  the  prayers  of  his  monks, 
and  disguised  as  a  lover,  Paphnutius  reaches 
Thais,  and  through  the  instrumentality  of 
his  words  the  miracle  is  wrought.  Thai's 
publicly  renounces  her  lovers,  masses  her 
gold  and  jewels  in  a  heap  before  the  flames, 
and  is  led  to  a  convent,  where  she  is  clad  in 
the  garb  of  penitence. 

In  spite  of  her  plea  for  less  rigour,  and  a 
reminder  of  the  delicacy  of  her  frame  from 
the  kindly  Abbess,  Paphnutius,  inexorable, 
■decrees  that  she  is  to  be  enclosed  in  a  foetid 
cell  no  bigger  than  a  grave,  to  cry  night  and 
day  for  mercy  on  her  sins. 

Some  months  of  anguish  pass,  during 
which  he  suffers  in  spirit  with  her.  Then, 
in  the  hope  of  learning  whether  her  repent- 
ance is  accepted  by  the  Most  High,  he  visits 
Anthony  in  the  desert.  There  a  vision  is 
vouchsafed  which  assures  him  that  Thais  is 
forgiven,  and  that  the  angels  are  preparing 
to  welcome  her.  He  returns  to  her  cell, 
tells  her  of  the  vision,  and  remains  with  her 
till  the  parting  of  body  and  spirit. 

In  view  of  the  difficulties  which  the 
producer,  Miss  Edith  Craig,  must  have 
had  to  overcome,  it  is  needless  to  dwell  on 
imperfections  in  the  performance  which  were 
doubtless  only  the  result  of  insufficient 
rehearsal. 

Christopher  St.  John  has  accomplished 
her  task  as  translator  admirably.  The 
gulf  of  years  between  ourselves  and  the 
writer  of  the  play  is  so  cleverly  bridged 
as  to  be  almost  imperceptible.  Miss  Ellen 
Terry  played  the  small  part  of  the  Abbess 
with  characteristic  grace.  Mr.  Harcourt 
Williams  and  Miss  Miriam  Lewes  rendered 
the  parts  of  Paphnutius  and  Thais  ade- 
quately and  at  times  admirably.  The  play 
was  acted  on  the  apron-stage  of  the  Savoy, 
with  a  background  of  hanging  curtains. 
Such  an  arrangement — undoubtedly  the 
most  effective  available  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  hearers — -must,  one  imagines, 
present  no  little  difficulty  to  the  actors. 

It  is  much  to  be  hoped  that  further 
opportunities  may  be  given  to  the  public 
of  supporting  this  most  interesting  enter- 
prise of  the  Pioneer  Players,  who  deserve 
the  utmost  credit  for  the  production. 


The  run  of  Mr.  C  K.  Chesterton's  de- 
lightful play  '  .Magic  '  was  to  have  termi- 
nated on  Saturday  last  ;  in  view,  however, 
of  the  increase  in  the  receipts,  due  to  the 
aid  of  the  press,  the  management  have 
decided  to  continue  the  piece  till  further 
notice. 

The  management  further  announce  that 
they  are  making  arrangements  for  a  shilling 
public — an  experiment  not  hitherto  tried 
at  the  Little  Theatre. 

'  The  Shepherdess  without  a  Heart  ' 
was  transferred  on  Wednesday  from  the 
Globe  to  the  New  Theatre,  where  it  will  be 
played  every  afternoon.  Evening  per- 
formances will  be  given  on  Wednesdays  and 
Saturdays. 

Mr.  Israel  Zangwill's  play  '  The 
Melting-Pot,'  which  has  so  far  been  given 
in  London  in  Yiddish  only,  is  to  be  acted 
for  the  first  time  in  English  by  the  Play 
Actors  at  the  Court  Theatre  on  Sunday, 
the  25th  inst.,  at  8  p.m.,  for  their  own  sub- 
scribers. A  public  performance  will  take 
place  on  the  Monday  afternoon  following. 

Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer,  the  directress 
of  the  Children's  Theatre  at  the  Court, 
announces  that,  in  response  to  numerous 
requests,  she  is  extending  her  season  beyond 
the  specified  time.  The  run  of  her  play, 
'  The  Cockyolly  Bird,'  will  not,  therefore, 
terminate  until  the  24th  inst. 

The  vexed  question  of  the  queue  has 
again  cropped  up  apropos  of  Mr.  George 
Edwardes's  experiment  at  the  Adelphi.  It 
is  now  possible  at  this  theatre  to  book  seats 
for  the  pit  after  6.30  p.m.  on  the  day  of  the 
performance.  We  were  told  on  inquiry  at 
the  box  office  on  Tuesday  evening  that  the 
experiment  had  been  entirely  successful. 

No  one  can  pretend  that  the  public  likes 
queues,  and  the  only  apparent  reason  for 
their  continued  existence  in  this  country  is 
that  the  majority  of  managers  fear  a  loss 
of  revenue  if  they  make  it  possible  for  all 
their  seats  to  be  booked  in  advance.  A  plea 
is  also  put  forward  that  queues  are  a  good 
advertisement.  There  is  little  doubt,  how- 
ever, that  many  people  at  jsresent  who 
cannot  afford  the  more  expensive  seats 
stay  away  from  the  theatres,  owing  to  their 
distaste  for  waiting  in  the  streets. 

At  a  meeting  of  actors  and  actresses  held 
at  the  Chandos  Hall  last  week  to  consider 
the  question  of  the  "  twice-nightly  "  system 
now  in  vogue  at  many  of  the  provincial 
theatres,  a  resolution  advocating  payment 
per  performance  was  carried  by  a  large 
majority. 

Without  doubt  a  heavy  and  injudicious 
strain  is  imposed  on  an  actor  obliged  to  give 
two  performances  of  the  same  programme 
in  one  evening.  The  real  crux  of  the 
matter  lies  in  the  fact  that  many  of  the 
provincial  theatres  declare  it  impossible  to 
compete  with  the  local  music  -  halls  and 
kinemas  on  a  basis  of  a  single  performance 
nightly.  If  two  houses  are  a  financial  neces- 
sity, then  the  actor  should  be  substantially 
recompensed — if  possible,  to  the  extent  of 
the  proposal  by  the  chairman  of  the  meeting 
of  "  double  pay  for  double  play." 


To  Correspondents.  — M.  A.— J.  v.— C.  J.  G.— J.  B.— 

Received. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
ppearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


TFor  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  103.] 


THE     BLICK     IN 
THE  HOME. 

ITS  IMPORTANCE  TO  LITERARY 
MEN. 

RAPIDLY   GROWING    DEMAND    FOR    THESE 
WONDERFUL    ALUMINIUM    TYPEWRITERS. 

The  adoption  by  many  Royal  personages  of 
the  new  Aluminium  Blick  Typewriter,  which  is 
carried  in  its  leather  case  with  compartments  for 
Stationery,  is  but  an  indication  of  the  growing 
demand  and  importance  of  these  Typewriters  in 
the  Home,  and  especially  to  Literary  Men. 

The  innovation  of  the  Home  or  Literary  Type- 
writer, made  possible  by  the  introduction  of  these 
practical  Aluminium  Featherweight  Blicks,  which 
shine  like  silver,  was  inevitable.  Such  a  machine 
was  badly  needed,  and  especially  by  literary  folk 
and  those  with  considerable  correspondence,  for 
already  over  100,000  are  in  use,  not  only  in 
Libraries  and  Boudoirs,  but  in  Offices  and  on 
many  Ships  in  H.M.  Navy. 

Amongst  the  present  users  of  these  Blick  Type- 
writers are  Ministers,  Naval  and  Military  Officers, 
Authors,  War  Correspondents,  Journalists,  Tra- 
vellers— in  fact,  they  are  used  by  people  in  almost 
every  walk  of  life. 

With  an  Aluminium  Blick  Typewriter  in  your 
Library  you  can  accomplish  prodigies  of  literary 
work.  You  can  dispose  of  much  pressing  corre- 
spondence, and  with  the  utmost  ease. 

Further,  in  the  home  where  there  are  children 
the  Blick  plays  a  very  important  part.  The 
knowledge  of  operating  it  and  the  exactness  of 
spelling  it  inculcates  are  two  most  important 
points  in  the  training  of  the  young  mind.  And 
further,  with  a  knowledge  of  typing  gained  by 
sons  and  daughters,  they  may  be  capable  of 
rendering  important  secretarial  service,  but  to 
every  one,  old  or  young,  especially  those  who  are 
literary,  the  ability  to  operate  a  Typewriter  is 
always  useful,  for  no  editor  is  favourably  disposed 
to  pen-written  correspondence  or  copy,  no  matter 
how  legibly  written.  You  can  learn  to  operate 
a  Blick  in  half  an  hour,  and,  with  a  little  practice, 
it  is  possible  to  write  on  it  with  the  speed  of  an 
expert. 

A    FREE    HOME    TRIAL. 

The  Blick  Typewriter  possesses  many  advan- 
tages not  found  in  other  machines,  chief  amongst 
which,  perhaps,  is  the  changing  from  one  kind  of 
type  to  the  other,  writing  in  almost  every  style  of 
type  (large  or  small),  script  type,  and  even  imita- 
tion handwriting ;  also  in  Greek,  Hebrew,  and 
most  Oriental  languages,  using  the  identical  cha- 
racters, using  them  all  on  the  same  machine,  and 
changing  from  one  to  the  other  in  an  instant 
simply  by  the  easy  manipulation  of  the  type  drum, 
and  the  machines  are  guaranteed  just  the  same 
as  any  office  Typewriter  costing  double  or  treble 
the  price,  and  weighing  20  to  301b.  instead  of  only 
51b.,  as  does  the  Aluminium  Blick. 

Send  for  the  free  book,  which  tells  all  a!>out  the 
Blick,  and  ask  for  the  free  home  trial.  Then, 
think  for  a  moment  whether  the  possession  of  one 
of  these  wonderful  and  practical  and  portal >le 
Typewriters  would  not  be  found  a  great  necessity 
when  once  its  usefulness  is  discovered  and  a  know- 
ledge of  speedily  operating  it  acquired. 

The  makers  are  so  positive  that  the  machine 
will  actually  captivate  every  one  who  tries  it, 
that  they  offer  to  send  one  to  your  home  for  a  free 
trial,  carriage  paid  at  their  own  risk. 

Please  say  whether  "  Scientific"  or  "  Standard" 
keyboard  is  required,  but  in  any  case  write  for  the 
booklet  (No.  98),  which  tells  all  about  the  machine 
and  how  to  operate  it. 


No.   44!»i).   JAK.    17,    1014 


T  11  E     A  Til  EN  MV  M 


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THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MOON 
SARAH  EDEN 
GAY  MORNING 
COPHETUA  S  SON 


Jack  London 

E.  S.  Stevens 

j.  e    buckrose 

Joan  Sitherlaxd 


MALLORY  S  TRYST  Mrs.  Philip  Champion-  de  Crespigny 

I  THE  RELATIONS    (New  Edition)  Mrs.  Bailue  Reynolds 

HIS  GREAT  ADVENTURE  Robert  Herrick 

ONE  MAN  RETURNS  Harold  Spexder 

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GRIZEL  MARRIED  Mrs.  G.  de  Horne  Vaizey 

BREADANDBUTTERFLIES  Dion  Clayton  Calthrop 

PATIENCE  TABERNACLE  Sophie  Cole 

THE  PRIDE  OF  THE  FANCY  George  Edgar 

BURNT  FLAX  Mrs.  H.  H.  Penrose 

LADY  SYLVIA'S   IMPOSTOR  Thomas  Cobb 

THE   GONDOLA  Rothay  Reynolds 

THE  TRACY  TUBBSES  Jessie  Pope 

JOHN   WARD,  M.D.  Arthur  Hooley 

HER  LAST  APPEARANCE  A.  Nugent  Robertson 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  PRUDENCE  W.  F.  Hewer 
THE  MAGIC  TALE  OF  HARVANGER  AND  YOLANDE 

G.  P.    Baker 
THE  PLUNDERER  Roy  Norton 

KICKS  AND  HA'PENCE  Henry  Stage 

HAPPY  EVER  AFTER  R  Allaum 

AN  ABSENT  HERO  Mrs.  Fred  Reynolds 

THE  WEB  OF  LIFE     (New  Edition)  Robert  Herrick 

MILLS  &  BOON  have  just  ready  the  finest,  longest, 

and  most  brilliant  Novel  Jack  London  has  yet 

Written,  entitled 

The 

Valley  of  the  Moon 

With  Two  Pictures  in  Colour.     530  pp.  6s. 

SECOND  EDITION 

Time*.—"  Asa  love-story  it  is  delightful,  as  a  'great  adventure'  it  is 
absorbing." 

■   aphic.  —  "  Jack  London's  best  novel." 

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advance  on  anything  the  author  has  yet  given  us." 

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author,  a  band  original  love-story.     Billy  and  Saxon  will  standout 

among    the    triumphant    lovers    of    fiction,    and,    more    conspicuous    still, 
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THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.    4499,  Jan.  17,  1914 


"  That  delighiful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  'Notes  and  Queries.'" 


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The  TENTH  SERIES  of  NOTES  AND  QUERIES  (complete  in 
Twelve  Volumes,  JANUARY,  1904,  to  DECEMBER,  1909,  price  10s.  6d. 
each  Volume  with  Index  ;  General  Index  to  the  Twelve  Volumes, 
10s.  6d.)  contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and 
Replies,  Articles   of   Interest   on   the   following   Subjects. 

FOURTH     SELECTION. 


GENEALOGY  AND  FAMILY  HISTORY. 

Acheson  Family  of  Ayrshire  —  Admiralty  Bill  Books 
as  New  Sources — Edmund  Edward  Antrobus — Aplin 
Family — Archer  Family  of  Umberslade — Arden  Family 
— Ashburner  Family  of  Olney — Audin  or  Audyn  Family 
— Baines  Family  of  Layham — Baughan  or  Boffin — 
Beauchamp  Family  of  Somersetshire — Beauvais  or  Bou- 
viere  Family — Beddoes  Surname — Bennett  Family  of 
Baldock — Bettiss  or  Bettes  Family — Bland  and  Glover 
Families — Blin  Family — Blount  Family  —  Boddington 
Family  —  Booth  Family  —  Bowes  Family  of  Elford — 
Brass  Surname  —  Brett  Family — Brigstocke  Family — 
Buckworth  Tomb  at  Tottenham — Burch,  Birch,  or  Byrch 
Family — Burney  Family — Byard  Family — Bythemore 
Family. 

HISTORY. 

Major-General  Baird  and  Seringapatam — Right  Hon. 
A.  J.  Balfour's  Descent — Bank  of  England  suspends 
Specie  Payment — Lady  Bannerman  and  Thomas  Car- 
lyle — Civic  Baronetcies  since  1837 — Elizabeth  Barton,  the 
Holy  Maid  of  Kent — Barton  Grammar  School,  West- 
morland— Lord  Bathurst  and  the  Highwayman — 3rd  Foot 
Guards  at  Battle  of  Bayonne — Lord  Beaconsfield  and 
the  Primrose — Capt.  Best's  Duel  with  Lord  Camelford 
— John  Bigg,  the  Dinton  Hermit — Interment  of  Lord 
Mayor  Bloodworth — Queen  Elizabeth  of  Bohemia — 
Burial  of  Queen  Anne  Boleyn — Joseph  Bonaparte's 
Carriage  after  the  Battle  of  Vittoria — Napoleon  Bona- 
parte :  Alleged  Natural  Son  ;  Gold  Bees  on  his  Corona- 
tion Robe  ;  his  Carriage  after  Waterloo  ;  on  the  Bellero- 
phon  and  on  the  Northumberland — "  Prince  "  Boothby 
— Bow  last  used  in  War — Alderman  Boydell's  Gifts  to 
the  Guildhall — William  III.'s  Charger  at  the  Battle  of 
the  Boyne  —  Bradlaugh's  Pseudonym  "Iconoclast"  — 
Bristol  and  the  Slave  Trade — Statues  and  Memorials 
in  the  British  Isles  —  Inscriptions  to  Britons  Dying 
Abroad — Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  House  at  Brixton — Lord 
Brougham,  Steamer  named  after  Him — Thomas  Brown, 
Elizabethan  Gunfounder — "  Brown  Bess  "  Musket — Sir 
Thomas  Browne  :  his  Daughter  and  her  Descendants  ; 
his  Knighthood  ;  his  Skull — Robert  Bruce  and  the  Slay- 
ing of  Red  Comyn — Mary  Buchanan,  Warren  Hastings's 
First  Wife — Timothy  Burstall's  Steam  Coach — Billy 
Butler,  the  Hunting  Parson — James  Butler,  Duke  of 
Ormond. 


PLACE  NAMES. 

Astwick  or  Austwick — Audience  Meadow — Avalon  in 
Newfoundland — Avoca  or  Ovoca — Bandy  Leg  Walk, 
Southwark  —  Barnes  —  Baydon  —  Bayswater  —  Beachy 
Head  —  Beezely — Bergerode,  1610  —  Berlin  —  Betubium 
— In  Birch's  '  Cartularium  Saxonicum  ' — Bridlington— 
Bruges,   its   Pronunciation — Butterworth. 

WOMEN. 

First  Female  Abolitionist — Authorship  of  '  Essay  on 
Woman  ' — Woman  burnt  for  poisoning  her  Husband — 
Dr.  James  Barry,  Army  Doctor  —  Desires  of  Pregnant 
Women  —  A  Seventeenth  -  Century  Woman  Surgeon  — 
Effect  of  Women  on  Wine-Making — Women  with  Mascu- 
line Christian  Names — Women  and  Pipes,  temp.  James  I. 
— Duels  between  Women — Essex  fatal  to  Women — Arms 
of  Married  Women — Dowries  for  Ugly  Women — Dryden 
on  Votes  for  Women — Women  Voters  in  Counties  and 
Boroughs. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Baal  Fires — Babies'  Bottles — Bagnigge  House,  its  His- 
tory— Bagnios  in  London — Ball-games  played  in  the 
Arctic  Circle — Bananas,  Canary  and  West  Indian — 
Bank-note  Sandwich  Story — Famous  Barbers — King's 
Old  Bargehousc — T.  P.  Barnum  on  his  Impostures — Basle 
Madness — Bastinado  as  English  Military  Punishment — 
Kings  of  Bath — Earliest  Bathing-Machines — Battlefield 
Sayings — Wonderful  Beards — Bears  and  Boars  in  Britain — 
Beer  sold  without  a  Licence — Beeswing  Club — "  Better- 
ment "  in  1667 — Biddenden  Maids,  their  History  and 
Bequests — Billycock  Hat,  its  Name — Birch-sap  Wine — 
Birds  as  Weather  Prophets — Birth-Marks,  their  Cause 
— Black  and  Yellow,  the  Devil's  Colours — Blackberries 
and  the  Devil — Blacksmiths  and  Dentistry — Blazers, 
their  Origin — Early  Asylums  for  the  Blind — Blind  Men 
and  Smoking — Block  and  Tackle  known  to  the  Greeks 
— Blood  used  in  Building — Blooding  a  .Witch — Blue 
Coat  School  Costume — Bog  Butter — Bonassus,  Wonder- 
ful Animal — Coloured  Bottles  in  Chemists'  Windows — 
"  Breaking  "  the  Flag  in  the  Navy — Bream's  Buildings 
— Bridal  Stones — Creeling  the  Bridegroom — Flint  Peb- 
bles at  Brighton — Britannia  as  the  National  Emblem — 
Brothers  and  Sisters  bearing  same  Christian  Name — 
Bumble-puppy,  a  Game — Burglar's  Charm — Burnham 
Society,  its  Objects — Burton's  Line  in  Lead-Poisoning. 


JOHN    C.  FRANCIS   and   J.   EDWARD  FRANCIS,    Bream's   Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.G. 


No.  445)U.  Jan.   17,   l!»U 


Til  E     A  T  11  i:  N  .KU  M 


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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS   WEEK'S   NUMBER    (January  17)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— William  III.  and  the  Elector  of  Brandenburgh— Robert  Baron,  Author  of  '  Mirza  ' — 
Inscriptions  in  Holy  Trinity  Churchyard,  Shaftesbury —Termination  " -ile  " — County  of 
Gloucester:  Philip  Jones — Cricket  in  1773 — W.  Parsons:  Life  or  Horse  Guards — W.  Upcott 
and  '  The  Anti-Jacobin' — '"Lunettes  d'approche  " — Suspension  of  Newspaper  Publication  on 
Christmas  Day. 

* 'UERIES  : — Dido's  Purchase  of  Land — Fatima's  Hand — Sundial  Inscription — Lock,  Fanny  Burney's 
Friend — Locke  Family — Dr.  Dundey— '  Nollekens  and  his  Times' — Sir  <!.  White — Voltaire  on 
the  Jews — 'Jock  Elliot' — Sir  C.  Hamilton — Gilbert  Family — Rule  of  Succession  —  Middlesex 
Painted  Glass — Fire-Walking — Pictures  with  "  Broken-Glass  "  Effects—  T.  Tayler,  Modeller  in 
Wax — "Dowle"  Chamber — Damant — Author  W7anted— Buckeridge  Street — Ilfracombe— Coffin- 
shaped  Chapels— York  House,  Whitehall  — Droitwich  Church  Plate — The  Sabbath  in  Abyssinia- 
Burr  Street— Swedish  Ambassador. 

REPLIE8 : — Humorous  Stories — "  Beau-prre  " — Colour  of  Liveries— "  Rucksack  " — R.  Grey — Sir 
John  Langham — Kester  mel  way— Agnes  Crophall,  Lady  Devereux— Cottington  —  "  Barring- 
"Ut" — The  Great  Eastern — Douglas  Epitaph  in  Bohemia — Capt.  J.  Warde — Richard  Andrewes — 
implicate  Marriage — Military  Coloured  Print — Hamlett,  Profile  Artist — Picture-Cards — 
"  billing" — Authors  of  (Quotations  Wanted — Capt.  Woodes  Rogers—  Anthony  Munday — G.  F. 
Raymond — Pyrothonide—  Old  London  Streets — Badge  of  the  Oth  Foot  — Dickens  in  London. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— 'London  in  English  Literature '-'John  Evelyn  in  Naples.' 

OBITUARY  :-W.  E.  A.  Axon,  LL.D. 


JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
N  ■■»  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHEKE3UM  will  include 
a  Review  on  AFRICA  IN  TRANSFORMA- 
TION, by  NORMAN  MACLEAN;  and  an 
Article  on  ESS  A  YS  AND  ESS  A  YISTS. 


Shipping. 


&  \J  Mail  and  Passenger  Services. 
EGYPT,  INDIA,  CHINA,  JAPAN,  AUSTRALASIA,  te. 

C*aT«yins  Pmnninn  and  M«rchandi*a  to 
ALL    EASTERN    PORTS. 

For  freight  mnd  passage  apply'. 

P.  ft  O.  S.  N.  Co,  122.  Loadenhall  Stroot,  E.C; 

Northumberland   Aimup.  W.G,   London. 


THE 

QUARTERLY      REVIEW. 

JANUARY,  1914.     C«. 

THE     IMPERIAL    NATURALIZATION    BILL.       By    Blchard 

J  ebb. 

THE  PLAYS  OF  BEADMONT  AND  FLETCHER.      By  R     H. 
Case. 

ST.  PAUL.    By  the  Dean  of  St.  Paul's. 

THE    CONTEMPORARY    GERMAN     DRAMA.       B      Cruet 
Smith. 

THE   EVOLUTION   OF  THE   ULSTERMAN.      By   Robert    H. 
Murray. 

MARTIN  BUCER  AND  THE  REFORMATION.     By  Thomas  M. 
Lindsay. 

INTER  IMPERIAL  TELEGRAPHY.      Witli  Map.     By  Charles 

Bright,  F.RS.E. 
THE  AUTHOR  OF  'EREWHON.'     By  Desmond  MacCartliv 
THE    VAGARIES    OF    RECENT     POLITICAL    ECONOMY: 

a  Reply  and  a  Rejoinder.     By  Prof.  A.  C.  Pigou  and  Prof. 

Nicholson. 
MOTOR    TRANSPORT:     A    National    0.uestion.      By    H.     M. 

Wyatt  and  L.  M.  Meyriok  Jones. 
SOME  REFLECTIONS  ON  PATRIOTISM.     By  Algernon  Cecil. 
MY8TICI8M ;    some    Modern  Prophets  and  Poets.      By   Leslie 

Johnston. 
THE  PROGRESS  OF  RHODESIA. 
THE    HOME   RULE   CRISI8   AND   A    NATIONAL   SETTLE 

MENT.    By  Richard  Dawson. 

LONDON:    JOHN  MURRAY. 


NOW  READY  FOR  JANUARY. 


1*.  ii. 


THE  EXPOSITOR 

Edited  tiv 
the  Rev.  Sir  >V.  ROBERTSON   NICOLL,  M.A.  LL  D. 

Contents. 

THE  OLD  TESTAMENT    AND  THE    MODERN  WORLD. 
By  the  Rev.  Prof,  .lohn  E.  McFadyen,  D.D.  Glasgow. 

THE    WORDS    "WITCH      AND     •WITCHCRAFT 
By  the  Rev.  Prof.  T.  Witton  Davies.   B.A.   Ph.D.  D.D.  Banaor. 

DAVID'S  "CAPTURE  "OF  THE  JEBUSITE  "CITADEL 
OF  /ION. 
By  the  Rev.  W.  Emery  Barnes.  MA    Cambridge. 

THE  APOSTOLIC  DECREE  AGAINST   Wopi'fia. 
By  the  Rev.  Prof.   B.   W.   Bacon.  D.D.   Yale  University. 

THE  TRANSMISSION  OF  THE  G08PEL. 

By  the  Rev.  Prof.  D.  S.  Maritoliouth.   Litt.D.  oxford. 

THE  PASTORAL  KPISTLES.-TITI'S. 

Translated  by  the   Rev.  Prof.  Alex.  Souter.  Litt.D.  Aheidceii. 

MISCELLANEA  K\  ANGELICA. 

By    the    Rev.    J.    B.    Mayor.   Litt.D. 

KXEGETICA. 

By  the  Rev.  Prof  James  Moffatt.  D.I).  Litt.D.  "xford. 

HODDEB  &  STOUGHTON,  Publishers,    London. 

-inscription  I.M.  per  annum.     United  States  ami  Can  i    ■    - 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS. 


Ai  molts'  AGENTS 
BLICK  Tl  I'KW  Ml  BR 
CATALOG!  KB 
EDI  i   ITION  IL 

Eno'8  1'ki  n  Salt 
Exhibitions 

I'lUM  !-■   tt    Co.      .. 

Laurie 

I.I  I    II    Ills     .. 

MACMILI  an  >V    CO. 
M  kGAZINES 

Marshall  a  s<>s 
Mills  A  Boon    .. 

MISCELLANEOUS    .. 

Philip  A  son 
Bice 

Kruiii 

Bali  a  bi  a » 

Shipping 

Sin   11  insx    V  ICAftl 
-ill    11  [ONI  W  ANTED 
-■p.  IBTIEt 

I  i  A'  IIS  RB'    WoRl  l> 
I  |  ii    Win  1 1  BE,   A< 

I'MUV 

Warmer 


-i 


77 
77 

- 

1 01 

7 . 

- 


77 


1<»4 


THK    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4499,  Jan.  17,  1914 


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SUPPLEMENT     TO 


THE  ATHENJEUM 

•Relating    to    Xeaming    an6    Education, 


No.  4499. 


SATURDAY,    JANUARY    17,    1914. 


EDUCATIONAL  SUPPLEMENT. 

CONTENTS.  PAGE 

Emu.ish  Education  in  the  Skethihg-Pot  ..       ..  io;> 

The  Case  kor  Co-Editation 106 

The  New  Schoolmaster 106 

A    National    System    or    EDUCATION— SECONDARY 

Education  in  England         107 

The  Pronunciation  or  Latin 107 

Outlines  of  Education  in  England ios 

What  is  Education ? 108 

SIFTED  Notices  (Classics— History— Mathematics 

—General) 108—109 

The  Incorporated  Association  or  Head  Masters  110 

Conference  or  Educational  Associations..        ..  ill 

The  Educational  Conference 11-j 

The  L.C.C.  Teachers'  Conference 113 

The  Classical  association         114 

The  Modern  Language  Association li.i 

The  English  Association  ..               115 

The  Historical  Association  at  Bristol     ..        ..116 

Vacation  Conference  on  Musical  Education     ..  116 


ENGLISH    EDUCATION   IN    THE 
SEETHING-POT. 

Double,  double,  toil  and  trouble  : 
Fire,  burn  ;    and.  caldron,  bubble. 

\i  »w  that  the  flood  of  January  conferences 
lias  passed  high-water  mark,  we  can  per- 
haps pick   out  from   the   flotsam  of  talk 
the  ideas  which  give  a  clue  to  what  is  most 
nificant  in  the  new  educational  move- 
ment in  England.    As  Viscount  Bryce  said 
i  few  days  ago,  the   last   half-century  has 
l»een     of     extraordinary     importance     in 
English   educational    history.      There    is 
"hing    to    compare    with    it    since    the 
diet  of  ideas  and  ideals  in  the  seven- 
nth    century.        But.    so    far  as   State 
lotion  is  concerned,  a  good  deal  more  has 
ly  come  out  of   the   present  move- 
ment   than    was    found     possible    in   the 
•'  de-mate  between  Puritans  and  Cavaliers. 
Perhaps  a  truer  parallel  might  be  drawn 
between   the   educational  turmoil   of  the 
Renaissance  and  the  brew  in  the  boiling 
caldron  of  our  own  day.     What,  we  may 
ourselves,    are    the    caldron's    chief 
_  rediente  ! 

First,  perhaps,  a  growing  belief  in  the 
•  Sfetf-Training.  Modern  education, 
in  just  revolt  against  the  often  methodless 
"'I  tmpsychological  traditions  of  the 
past,  has  thrown  too  much  stress  on  the 
-kill  of  the  teacher,  and  too  little  apon 
the  dower,  more  awkward,  but  in  the 
end  more  efficacious,  self  -  training  of 
the  pupil.  The  administrative  machine, 
hen-  as  in  America,  La  still,  working 
(unconsciously,  or  even  against  the  will 
<>f  its  chief  engineers)  in  a  way  which 
makes  this  -.-if  -  training  increasingly 
difficult.  Examinations  have  to  be  pre- 
pared for  by  an  appointed  date.  Sylla- 
buses of  instruction  have   to   be  covered 


by  the   teachers  within  certain   limits  of 
time.     Idleness   has   to    be   prodded   into 
attention.   But  punishments  are  less  severe. 
Hence  in  all  their  schooltime  (and  in  some 
eases  even  in  their  playtime,  too)  children 
and   young   people   are    left  less   alone  or 
to  their  own  devices.      This  shepherding 
of  pupils,   and   guiding  of   them  through 
a  varied  course,  leave  less  opportunity  for 
self-training.     We  have  less  flagrant  indo- 
lence,   perhaps,    but    also    less    scope    for 
individual  effort  and  self-instruction.    But 
though     the     current     of     administrative 
policy    still     runs     fast    in    the    channel 
which  leaves  little  room  for  self-training, 
!  there  are  many  signs  of  a  change  in  the 
course    of   the    stream.     The    Boy   Scout 
movement,    which    is    a   free    growth    in 
English  education,  is  based  on  the  idea  of 
self-training    under   leadership  and    in    a 
setting  of  corporate  life.   Madame  Montes- 
sori's  message  (or  such  part  of  it  as  finds 
J  an    echo    among    practical    teachers    in 
England)  is  a  tribute  to  the  value  of  self- 
training  watched   by   self-effacing   super- 
visors.    Mr.  C.  J.  Holmes,  whose  k  Notes 
on  the  Art  of  Rembrandt '  is  a  valuable 
contribution   to    educational   theory,    has 
shown    how    great    a    part    self  -  training 
has   to   fill    in   the    making,  not   only   of 
a   painter,  but  also  of  every  craftsman. 
Education,  though  it  has  a  scientific  basis, 
is  after  all  much  less  a  science  than  an  art. 
A  second  mark  of  English  educational 
thought  at  the  present  time   is  a  desire 
for  Simplification.     Except  a  demand  for 
better    salaries,    no    sentiment    is    more 
certain  to  get  applause  at  an  elementary 
school  teachers'  meeting  than  a  denuncia- 
tion of  congestion  of  '"  subjects  "   in  the 
course  of  study  in  primary  schools.     The 
head     mistresses     of     secondary     schools 


is  rather  towards  the  recognition  of  a 
great  variety  of  teaching  establishments, 
together  with  a  simplification  of  plans 
I  of  study  in  each  individual  school.  Hut 
competitive  examinations  for  the  Civil 
Service  are  a  shadow  (and.  so  far  as 
one  can  see,  a  deepening  shadow  )  across 
the  path  of  this  reform. 

A  third  characteristic  of  the  time  is  the 
increased  attention  which   is  paid  to  tin- 
care    and   training   of    the    body.     As    at 
the    time   of  the    Renaissance    in   Italy,   a 
graceful    bearing   and    the    power   of    apt 
self-expression  are  commended  as  among 
the    chief    aims    of    a    liberal    education. 
Part   of    the    new    movement    towards    a 
more  systematic  physical  culture  is  the  out- 
growth of  medical  science.   Here  and  then- 
one  finds  in  it  the  trace  of  materialistic 
presuppositions,  but  on  the  whole  it  is  a 
healthy  reaction  against   the  too  literal  \ 
habit  '  which     has     obsessed     education. 
And  the  new  turn  in  educational  thought 
is  connected  with  political  hopes  of  social 
reform.     It  is  agreed  that  medical  inspec- 
tion has  already  done  good,  not  only  in 
a  direct  way  for  the  children  concerned, 
but  indirectly  also  in  its  education  of  the 
parents.     Inspection,    however,    must    be 
followed    by  treatment,    and     it   is   here 
that  the  difficulties  begin.     Clinics  on  a 
small  scale  are  doing  well.     But  how   are 
we  to  extend  the  school  clinic  indefinitely 
without   finding   ourselves   committed    to 
a  State  medical  service  '.     Then,  again,  it 
is    realized    that    the    gravest    need    tor 
medical  care  arises  in  the  case  of  children 
under    school    age.     This    involves    social 
problems  which  are  not.  in  the  common 
use    of    the    word,    educational,      in    the 
meantime,  however,  a  new   turn  has  been 
given  to  thought  about  school  questions. 


complain  that  girls  have   too  many  dif-     Sir   George   Newman    looms   as    large    li- 


ferent things  to  learn  in  the  variegated 
curriculum  of  modern  days.  Some  of 
the  wisest  of  the  head  mistresses  even  go 
so  far  as  to  urge  that,  for  girls,  mathe- 
matics should  not  be  a  compulsory 
subject  in  matriculation  tests.  In  fact, 
it  appears  that  the  old  German  theory  of 
•  Allgemeine  Bildung"  is  breaking  down. 
Without  overfilling  the  cup,  schools  can- 
not pour  into  children's  minds  all  the 
ingredients  of  adult  culture.  For  a  time 
the  idea  of  simplification  showed  itself 
most  strongly  (and.  tor  England,  erro- 
neously) in  agitations  for  the  abolition 
of  different  types  of  Bchool  in  each  grade 
of   education,    and    for    the    Betting    up    of 

the   kind   of  system    which   the  German 
Socialists  describe  as  the  Einheits-Schule. 

Arbitrary  administrat  i\e  simplification    in 
the    grading    ol    achoolfl    would,    however. 

increase  rather  than  lessen  the  danger  "f 

congestion     in     the     curriculum     of     each 
BOhool.    The  new  trend  of  English  thought 


Mr.  Bruce,  and  nearly  as  large  as  Sir 
Amherst  Selhv  Bigge,  in  a  distant  pros- 
pect  of   the    Board   of    Education.     The 

doctors,  however,  will  not  have  it  all 
their  own  way.  Medicine  will  have  much 
to  say  to  education,  but  Art  will  have 
its  hearing,  too.      And  the  growing  interest 

in  Eurhythmies — not  as  a  "  system,  hut 
as  an  influence  in  education— is  a  Bign 
that   physical  training  "ill  need  to  have 

an  artistic  as  well  as  a  physiological  side. 

There  is  much  .Is.-  stirring  in  English 
education  besides  the  desire  for  Self- 
Training,  for  Simplification,  and  for  more 
thorough  Physical  Culture  ;  but  tl 
three  things  are  evidently  coming  into 
the  forefront  «>f  our  discussions,  and  each 
has  behind  it  a  growing  force  of  eon 
tion.  Engl 
pot.    There  i-  toil  ami  trouble 

deal   of    fin-   and    inoiv    BUloke. 

.Iron,  with  its  mix- 'I  ingredients,  bubbles 
to  the   boil.  M    E.  Sam. i.K 


ehsh  education  is  in  the  seething- 

B I 

cal- 


a 
Th. 


!<)(> 


T 


IMF  E     A  Til  KX.E  I'M 


[Sri'i'LKMKXT,  Jan.  17,  1914 


The  Case  for  Co-Education.  By  Cecil 
Grant  and.  Norman  Hodgson,  (Grant 
Richards,  5s.  net.) 

An  excellent  case  for  Co-Education  is 
made  out  by  the  authors,  but  it  is  limited 
to  boarding-schools,  where,  they  think, 
the  greater  need  exists  ;  and  their  closing 
words  are  : — 

"  Though  we  believe  that  all  schools  must 
gain  by  the  admission  of  both  sexes,  it  is  not 
in  them  [i.e.,  day  schools]  that  we  desire  the 
main  trial  of  co-education  to  take  place." 

But  we  believe  that  this  opinion  is  against 
the  trend  of  modern  feeling,  which  is 
beginning  to  condemn  the  boarding-school 
as  only  a  second-best  method  of  educa- 
tion, for,  as  the  authors  rightly  remark  in 
their  argument  for  boys  and  girls  to  be 
together,  the  family  should  be  the  basis  ; 
and  this  is  at  home. 

The  introductory  remarks  about  educa- 
tion in  general  are  sweeping  and  drastic, 
but  the  day  is  past  when  mere  revolutions 
bring  beneficial  changes  ;  methods  of 
education  are  a  growth,  and  evolve 
gradually.  Abuse  of  the  past  is  of  little 
value,  and  Co-Education  cannot  be  a 
panacea  for  all  the  ills  in  the  aims  and 
results  of  present-day  education.  It  is 
a  mistake  to  draw  analogies  between  the 
way  in  which  Nature  educates  a  kitten, 
and  the  way  in  which  she  would  deal 
with  a  child,  for  the  environment  and 
capacities  of  each  are  different.  The 
present  reviewer  thinks  that  in  a  book 
meant  for  universal  use  theological  ideas 
should  be  expunged  ;  it  is  true  they 
intrude  but  little  here,  yet  their  presence 
vitiates  even  the  definition  of  the  aim  of 
education.  However,  with  these  remarks 
ends  our  adverse  criticism ;  the  re- 
mainder of  the  book  forms  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  the  literature  dealing  with  this 
subject. 

It  is  claimed  that  Co-Education, 
ducted  on  right  fines,  will  render 
school  immune  from  the  immorality 
is  rife  in  boys'  boarding-schools  and  else- 
where ;  such  immunity  will  extend  to 
the  use  of  coarse  language  and  tolerance 
of  gross  stories.  Another  advantage 
claimed  is  that  the  girls  are  put  upon 
their  dignity,  and  a  finer  attitude  is 
adopted  towards  sex  by  the  boys  ;  the 
silly  giggling  of  girls  and  the  unrestrained 
laughter  of  boys  are  mutually  checked. 
Further,  a  truer  independence  of  mascu- 
line and  feminine  points  of  view  will  be 
fostered.  The  authors  are  by  no  means 
of  opinion  that  the  truly  feminine  ap- 
proaches the  masculine,  and  sex  differ- 
entiation is  insisted  upon  throughout. 
The  chapter  dealing  with  Mental  Differ- 
ences— not  superiority  or  inferiority — 
makes  plain  their  attitude  towards  the 
subjects  in  which  each  sex  excels.  In 
discussing  the  Woman  Movement  it  is 
remarked  : — 

'  The  claim  of  one  sex  to  the  consideration 
of  the  other  is  seen  to  rest  not  on  the  denial, 
but  on  the  affirmation,  of  the  sex  distinction 
and  the  value  of  each  sex  to  the  other.  .  .  . 
Their  equality  really  rests  on  the  fact  that 
they  are  different ....  Mental  and  moral 
distinctions,     which     were     previously     not 


con- 

anv 
that 


unrecognized  indeed,  but  vaguely  appre- 
hended and  inarticulately  expressed,  have 
been  honoured  with  scientific  definition, 
and  have  thus  entered  the  field  of  reasoned 

discussion." 

Mr.  Havelock  Ellis  is  quoted  as  saying 
that  "  a  potent  factor  in  bringing 
about  a  saner  attitude  [in  the  Woman 
Movement]  will  be  the  education  of  boys 
and  girls  together." 

In  this  impassioned  and,  at  times,  elo- 
quent and  high-aimed  plea  for  Co-Educa- 
tion there  appear  many  quotations  con- 
demning public  schools,  as  well  as  others 
showing  the  general  result  of  American 
experience.  In  the  latter  schools  the 
authors  deprecate  the  preponderance,  not 
the  presence,  of  women  teachers.  Argu- 
ments against  educating  boys  and  girls 
together  are  refuted  logically  and  with 
spirit.  The  historical  argument  is  of 
interest,  but  not  valuable  in  so  far  as 
it  apparently  advocates  a  return  to  the 
past,  which,  indeed,  should  be  used  and 
appreciated,  but  not  copied,  for  educa- 
tion, like  all  else,  moves  and  changes. 


The    New    Schoolmaster.      By     "  Fourth 
Form."     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  65.  net.) 

The  substance  of  this  book  has  appeared 
in  articles  contributed  to  The  Westminster 
Gazette,  The  Horning  Post,  and  The  Journal 
of  Education.  There  are  thirty  brightly 
written  chapters,  in  which  the  author 
takes  stock  of  modern  education,  especi- 
ally in  secondary  schools.  He  is  evidently 
a  thoroughly  experienced  master,  with 
sound  and  level  judgment,  and  an  en- 
thusiasm for  his  calling,  and  the  result  is 
that  he  gives  us  much  food  for  thought. 
A  host  of  modern  teachers  have  con- 
tributed abundantly  of  recent  years  to 
this  type  of  pedagogic  literature,  but 
;'  Fourth  Form's  "  book  is  certainly  one 
of  the  most  interesting.  His  views  are 
somewhat  in  advance  of  those  of  the 
average  public-school  master,  and  per- 
haps he  plays  a  dangerous  game  in  criti- 
cizing his  brother-teachers.  How  little 
can  A  know  of  B's  method,  tempera- 
ment, or  results  !  Venture  this  term  on 
an  opinion  that  B  is  a  dull  reactionary', 
and  before  next  term  comes  to  an  end 
you  will  probably  have  good  reason  for 
eating  your  words.  Inspectors  alone,  if 
their  work  was  more  thoroughgoing, 
could  safely  venture  on  such  criticism. 
However,  "  Fourth  Form  "  amply  justifies 
himself,  and  there  is  in  his  pages  a 
really  good  collection  of  progressive  opinion 
on  a  wide  variety  of  subjects  connected 
with  school-life  :  though  the  New  School- 
master as  herein  depicted  is,  after  all. 
not  a  very  daring  sort  of  creature,  and 
the  tacit  contrast  between  him  and  the 
teacher  of  thirty  years  ago  is,  perhaps, 
overdrawn. 

We  can  agree  with  our  author  that  there 
are  no  very  clear  signs  that  the  ratio  of 
intellectualism  to  athleticism  in  our  great 
schools  is  improving.  We  must  concede 
to  him  also  that,  if  masters  are  really  the 
moving  force  in  education,  a  postgraduate 
year  or  two  spent  in  travelling  round  the 


world,  or  working  in  an  industrial  parish 
or  a  commercial  house,  would  be  an  excel- 
lent training  before  the  beginning  of 
school  work.  It  is  a  paradox,  as  he 
remarks,  that  men  who  have  read 
"  Cireats  "  should  have  such  confined 
views  on  the  true  objects  of  education  as 
some  public-school  masters.  But  prob- 
ably many  of  them  have  been  chosen, 
not  so  much  for  their  receptivity  of 
ideas,  as  for  their  so-called  scholarship  or 
their  prowess  in  athletics.  At  any  rate, 
the  new  schoolmaster  is  comparatively 
a  rara  avis.  He  is  the  sort  of  man  who 
keenly  desires  and  attempts  more  indi- 
vidual teaching,  who  is  able  to  give  a 
real  lesson  as  well  as  hear  one,  aims  at  a 
great  diminution  of  coercion,  and  knows 
the  difference  between  interest  and  amuse- 
ment. He  recognizes  that  the  line  of 
cleavage  in  aptitude  is  not  between 
modern  and  ancient  languages,  but  be- 
tween linguistic  and  non-linguistic.  He 
keeps  it  constantly  before  him  that  edu- 
cation is  not  a  preparation  for  scholarship, 
but  for  citizenship  ;  and  is  ready  to  con- 
sider the  advantages  claimed  for  other 
systems  of  education  than  that  of  the 
public  schools.  But,  though  he  does  not 
urge  the  point,  it  is  probable  that  "  Fourth 
Form  "  would  agree  that  needful  reforms 
will  not  come  until  masters,  both  head 
and  assistant,  cease  to  be  systematically 
overworked.  Most  head  masters  essay 
an  impossible  task :  "  optat  arare  ca- 
ballus."  If  a  head  master  is  fortunate 
enough  to  be  able  to  stand  the  strain  of 
table-serving  by  reason  of  exceptional 
physical  powers,  his  faculties  become  so 
dissipated  that  the  steady,  concentrated 
thought  necessary  for  the  driver  of  an 
important  express  is  impossible.  What 
can  a  man  so  placed  do  to  keep  the  teach- 
ing machine  efficient  ?  How  can  he  super- 
vise the  work  of  the  novices  on  his  staff, 
co-ordinate  the  work  of  the  departments, 
and  insist  on  the  adoption  of  reforms  in 
every  classroom,  even  by  his  stalwart 
reactionaries  ?  The  assistant's  position, 
too,  is  such  that  he  inevitably  loses  elas- 
ticity and  freshness  during  the  first  few 
weeks  of  term.  Who  can  at  once  do  his 
duty  by  his  form  and  his  various  teaching 
subjects,  his  house  of  twenty-five  boys, 
and  his  social  and  athletic  activities  ? 
No  man.  Alas !  it  is  the  teaching  as  a 
rule  that  first  goes  by  the  board.  "  Fourth 
Form  '  rightly  urges  the  need  for  in- 
spections, v'  regular,  fairly  frequent,  and 
obligatory."  But  a  prior  postulate  is 
the  lightening  of  the  burden  of  the 
master.  This  means  more  masters  and 
more  money  spent  on  staff  salaries.  A 
great  deal  of  futile  tinkering  with  se- 
condary education  would  be  obviated  if 
this  essential  point  could  be  grasped  by 
the  public  and  the  Board  of  Education. 
This  granted,  a  really  efficient  inspec- 
torate is  the  second  necessity.  But  se- 
condary schools  do  not  want 

"  the  criticism  of  University  dons  who  have 
never  taught  outside  the  walls  of  their 
college  lecture-rooms,  and  whose  ideas  of 
teaching  within  these  limits  sometimes 
suggest  that  University  tutors  also  need  to 
be  taught  to  teach." 


Supplement,  Jan.  17,  1914] 


Til  E     ATM  KX  .ETM 


W 


••  Fourth  Form"  has  many  good  things 

to  say  about  the  curriculum  and  the  due 
balance  of  its  parts,  and  is  with  good 
reason  a  redoubtable  champion  of  the 
value  of  the  Englisb  tongue.  He  makes 
the  useful  suggestion  that,  for  boys  under 
15,  English  subjects  should  be  grouped 
together  and  taught  by  a  specialist. 
Why  not,  if  French  is  so  taught  1  The 
chapters  on  the  Zurich  Cantonal  schools 
and  the  Montessori  method  are  well 
worth  reading,  and  altogether  there  are 
few  public-school  masters  who  will  not 
rind  hints  and  stimulus  in  these  pages. 


^4    Xational    System    of    Education.     By 

John  Howard  Whitehouse.    (Cambridge 

University  Press,  2s.  Gd.  net.) 
Secondary     Education     in     England.     By 

R.  F.  Cholmeley.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co., 

2s.  6d.  net.) 

Is  ninety  pages  of  large  print,  entitled  '  A 
Xational  System  of  Education,'  Mr.  J.  H. 
Whitehouse  shatters  the  existing  scheme 
of  educational  things  in  this  country,  and 
remoulds    it    according    to    his    heart's 
desire.     Oxford    and    Cambridge    men — 
strange,    by    the    way,    that    this    book 
should    emanate    from     the     Cambridge 
University   Press  ! — will   find   the   affairs 
of    their    respective    Universities    settled 
for  them  by  an  outsider  in  five  pages,  and 
the  College  system  demolished  in  a  single 
paragraph.     Nothing    is    an    obstacle    to 
this   root-and-branch   reformer ;     the   re- 
ligious difficulty,  for  example,  which  has 
already    wrecked    two    Education    Bills, 
"  is  really  a  very  limited  and  a  very  small 
question."     Mr.   Whitehouse  writes  with 
the  calm  confidence  of  one  possessed  of  a 
magician's  wand  ;   he  has  but  to  wave  it, 
and  lo  !    a  new  heaven  and  a  new  earth. 
He  is  one  of  those  doctrinaire  politicians 
who  conceive  that  the  world  is  ruled  by 
logic  only.     He   is,   too,   so   sure   of  the 
truth    of    his    premises    that    it    never 
seems  to  occur  to  him  that  other  people 
may  refuse  to  regard  them  as  irrefutable. 
He  has  yet  to  learn,  apparently,  that  he  and 
the  group  of  legislators  for  whom  he  speaks 
have  not  a  monopoly  of  conviction  ;   that 
tradition  and  prejudice,  moreover,  if  their 
force   is  to   be   modified,   should   be   ap- 
proached in  a  spirit  of  conciliation,  not 
of   arrogant   superiority.     At   a   moment 
when  some  of  the  better  employers  are 
considering    how    to    afford    facilities    of 
continued  education  for  boy  workers,  the 
-••rtion  that  the  hours  of  labour  must 
be  limited  to  "  four  daily  "  up  to  the  age 
of  eighteen  might,  we  think,  have  been 
made    with    greater    tact,    as    also    the 
tement  that  "  the  education  authorities 
should  further  have  the  power  to  enforce 
full-time   attendance   at   Bchool   up  to  the 
_••  of  sixteen."    This  sweeping  change  is 
described  as  a  "  practicable      measure  ; 
but   its  author  does    nol    seem  to  have 
sufficiently   reckoned    with    the    disloca- 
tion of  industry  which   would    ensue    on 
precipitate   action  in  the  matter.      Tact 
tin,   would    have   prevented  him  from 
alternately  patronizing   and   chiding   the 


existing  Hoard  of  Education,  whose 
members,  if  they  read  him,  may  well 
inquire  what  are  the  credentials  of  their 
admonisher.  Indeed,  one  withholds  con- 
fidence from  an  expert  who  talks  as  if  no 
one  before  Madame  Montessori  had  ap- 
preciated the  value  of  handwork  ;  who 
seems  unaware  that  games  and  bathing 
for  primary  scholars  are  being  widely 
and  increasingly  organized ;  and  who 
recommends  the  prefect  system  without 
a  word  on  the  successful  experiments  of 
the  Warwickshire  educational  authority 
in  that  direction. 

Mr.  Whitehouse  designs,  in  rather 
cryptic  English,  "  eventually  to  break 
down  class  prejudices  between  two  forms 
of  education."  He  therefore  desires  to 
see  secondary  education  available  for 
everybody,  and  desires  to  see  it  free. 

"  Mere  freedom  from  fees  would  not  be 
sufficient  to  meet  the  cases  of  the  extremely 
poor,  for  whom  maintenance  allowances  to 
cover  clothing,  books,  and  food  would  have, 
in  addition,  to  be  made." 

Mr.  Cholmeley  in  his  plea  for  '  Secondary 
Education  in  England '  is  more  modest  in 
his  demands  than  Mr.  Whitehouse,  and 
his  long  experience  lends  weight  to  his 
pleadings.  His  contention  is  that  the 
greatest  defect  in  our  secondary  educa- 
tion is  the  lack  of  first-rate  trained 
teachers  ;  that  really  capable  men  will 
not  be  at  the  expense  and  trouble  of 
getting  themselves  trained,  so  long  as 
salaries  are  inadequate,  and  pensions,  in 
most  cases,  non-existent ;  and  that  the 
first  step  towards  reform  is  that  State 
grants  should  be  based  upon  the  salaries 
and  pensions  of  teachers,  instead  of  upon 
the  attendance  of  children.  Teachers 
would,  under  this  scheme,  secure  a  just, 
regular,  and  uniform  rate  of  payment, 
instead  of  being  at  the  mercy  of  the  local 
authority.  A  better  class  of  men  would 
be  obtained,  and  children  would  benefit 
in  proportion.  This  is  a  sound  and 
pertinent  suggestion. 

Mr.  Cholmeley  is,  perhaps,  too  prone  to 
look  upon  education  as  a  panacea — at  any 
rate,  in  rural  districts.  He  pours  con- 
tempt, for  instance,  on  those  who  think 
"  that  the  agricultural  half-timer  learns 
more  from  leading  horses  than  from 
reading  poetry."  Is  not  this  the  utter- 
ance of  one  more  familiar  with  urban 
conditions  than  with  those  of  the  country  ? 
We  could  show  Mr.  Cholmeley  an  old 
labourer  who  had  hardly  any  schooling, 
who  is  yet  a  master  of  every  sort  of  field- 
and  wood-craft ;  who  exults  in  his 
strength  and  the  labour  of  his  hands  ; 
who  is  often  an  unconscious  poet,  though 
he  has  probably  never  read  a  line  of  poetry 
— as  when  he  tells  you  that  the  lawn, 
under  an  early  morning  frost,  was  "  white 
as  a  lily,"  or  that  he  "  went  to  work  when 
he  was  milking-stool  high."'  School  is  far 
from  being  (lie  only  place  where  lessons 
are  learnt,  though  specialists  sometimes 
talk  as  if  it  were. 


Quantity  and  Accent  in  the  Pronunciation 
of  I. at  iu.  By  K.  W.  West  a  way.  (Cam- 
bridge University  Press,  \)s.  net.) 

Thi  Classical  Association  had  reason 

some  years  ago  to  hope  that  the  so  called 
"  English  "  pronunciation  of  Latin  would 
in  a  few  years  be  silent  for  ever  ;  but  the 
recent  recrudescence  of  the  "  English  ' 
system  makes  the  appearance  of  Mr. 
Westaway's  excellent  little  handbook  op- 
portune. He  writes  in  his  Preface  :  *'  This 
book  is  not  written  for  schoolmasters." 
But  why  not  ?  There  are  very  few 
schoolmasters  who  will  not  reap  sub- 
stantial benefit  from  reading  it,  especially 
those  teachers  of  Latin — and  they  are 
the  large  majority — who  have  but  a 
smattering  of  phonetics.  Phonetics  must 
be  the  base,  but  until  all  language  teachers 
are  thoroughly  trained  in  this  science, 
such  a  treatment  of  Latin  pronunciation 
as  this — founded  on  phonetics,  but  not 
asking  too  much  knowledge  from  the 
Latin  teacher — is  likely  to  be  valuable. 
Even  the  most  conscientious  of  Latin 
scholars,  including  those  who  are  largely 
and  continuously  concerned  with  the 
teaching  of  Latin  verse,  are  very  apt  to 
fall  away  from  righteousness  in  this 
matter  : — 

si  biacchia  forte  remisit, 
Atque  ilium  in  prreceps  prono  rapit  alveus  amni. 

But  those  learned  in  quantities  are  few. 
It  is  probable  that  75  per  cent  of  teachers 
of  Latin  are  shaky  in  this  respect. 
Probably  not  10  in  100  could  mark 
correctly  all  the  long  quantities  in  an  un- 
prepared page  of  Livy.  Test  with  this 
exercise  a  fifth  form  in  a  school  in  which 
Latin  pronunciation  is  relatively  good,  and 
the  average  number  of  mistakes  will  be 
20  per  cent.  English  habits  of  speech 
are  slovenly  :  we  draw  1  in  our  talk 
and  we  clip  our  words,  and  obviously 
both  teacher  and  taught  will  bring  English 
habits  into  the  reading  and  speaking  of 
Latin,  unless  both  are  continually  on 
their  guard.  It  is  frequently  argued  that 
boys  cannot  be  expected  to  master  all  the 
niceties  of  Latin  pronunciation,  and  that 
therefore  their  teacher  need  not  trouble 
himself  about  them.  This  is  a  mis- 
chievous fallacy.  Whenever  a  mast*  r 
pronounces  Latin  words,  he  should  pro- 
nounce them  as  well  as  thought  and  care 
will  enable  him  to  do  so.  In  a  short 
time  the  ear  of  the  pupil  becomes  ac- 
customed to  the  "niceties,"  and  imita- 
tion makes  his  pronunciation  compara- 
tively correct. 

This  book  should  lie  read  and  kept 
for  refer<  nee  by  all  t(  ach<  rs  of  Latin. 
There  is  hardly  an  unnecessary  line  in 
it:  many  things  arc  stated  that  are 
not  generally  known,  ami  many  more 
that   even   the    lust    scholars   are   only   too 

prone  to  forget.  For  instance,  who  is 
sure  of  always  pronouncing  correctly  the 
following  words  :  rosa,  \er.  orbs,  cui, 
mons,  ac,   aon,  rex,   pars    orator,  pater, 

mollifl      In    take    a    l.w     very    simple    and 

common  instance  -  i  A  greater  |><  i<  i  atage 
will  tail  over  fortuitus,  libertas,  rudi- 
mentum,     penuria,      securus,     solitudo, 

8 


108 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


[Supplement,  Jan.   17,   1914 


infelices,  elaborare,  salutavi,  amaverunt, 
utraque,  calefacit,  antehac — if  not  in 
quantity,  in  accent.  In  his  fifteen  little 
chapters  Mr.  Westaway  gives  us  most  of 
what  is  worth  knowing,  with  plenty  of 
exercises  and  useful  lists,  and  two  and  a 
half  pages  of  bibliography. 


Outlines  of  Education  in  England.  By 
Cyril  Jackson.  ' '  Christian  Social  Union 
Handbooks."  (Mowbray  &  Co.,  Is.  Qd, 
net.) 

Mr.  Jackson  gives  a  useful  conspectus  of 
the  machinery  of  education  in  England 
at  the  present  time,  but  does  not  indicate 
the  trend  of  thought  in  educational 
theory  (beyond  a  short  mention  of  the 
Montessori  method),  nor  does  he  treat  the 
subject  psychologically.  What  is  actually 
done  is  admirably  set  forth,  but  what 
different  reformers  wish  to  be  done,  and 
how  far  tendencies  follow  them,  is  not 
shown.  Various  suggestions  are  made, 
such  as  a  decrease  in  the  size  of  classes, 
an  extension  of  the  school-leaving  age, 
greater  care  in  the  choice  of  teachers,  &c. 
It  is  pointed  out  that  "  Education  Depart- 
ments and  Committees  think  too  much  of 
machinery,"  and  that  "  there  is  no  logic- 
ally conceived  system  covering  the  whole 
field  and  recognized  by  the  State  as  the 
National  Education,"  although  there  is 
"  in  England  a  great  deal  of  splendid 
educational  provision."  The  habit  of 
thinking  of  children  mathematically  has 
doubtless  its  official  uses,  but  it  should 
always  be  remembered  that  each  scholar 
is  a  developing  individual,  and,  as  Mr. 
Jackson  remarks,  "  takes  an  interest  in 
things  which  his  teachers  do  not  dream  of." 

The  theology,  which  is  due  to  the 
series  in  which  the  book  is  published, 
is  laudably  minimized  ;  but  the  author 
asks  an  amazing  question  :  "  Has  a 
teacher  really  any  right  to  enter  the  pro- 
fession and  refuse  to  give  religious  les- 
sons ?  "  A  still  more  amazing  statement 
is  made  in  discussing  incentives  to  learn  : 
"  In  our  rich  England  every  boy,  however 
stupid,  knows  that  there  is  a  job  of  some 
sort  waiting  for  him  round  the  corner  "  ! 
A  sordid  aim  is  advocated  by  inducing 
children  to  work  along  lines  that  lead  to 
some  prize  in  after-life,  and  the  author's 
belief  in  human  nature  does  not  seem 
high,  nor  is  there  any  indication  as  to 
what  end  the  "  character  "  that  should  be 
trained  is  to  be  devoted. 

The  ordinary  reader  will  be  surprised 
at  the  network  of  arrangements  made  for 
children's  welfare — e.g.,  there  are  7,500 
volunteers  on  London's  Care  Committees  ; 
and  a  glance  at  the  excellent  Index  will 
convey  some  idea  of  the  many  kinds  of 
education  in  England,  and  should  arouse 
a  keener  interest  than  is  general  in  the 
subject.  In  calling  the  work  a  limited 
year-book  on  education  we  give  a  fairly 
accurate  description  of  it. 


What  is  Education  ?     By  Stanley  Leathes. 
(Bell  &  Sons,  2s.  Qd.  net.) 

Many  subjects  are  glanced  at  by  the 
author,  with  the  result  that  no  great 
principles  of  education  are  established, 
and  a  certain  amount  of  irritation  is 
engendered  by  the  superficiality  of  treat- 
ment that  is  often  displayed.  Mr.  Leathes 
apparently  realizes  that  much  is  wanting, 
but  does  not  judge  from  a  basis  with  a 
definite,  constructive  aim,  as  his  definition 
will  show  : — 

"  Education  (in  the  full  sense)  is  the 
process  by  which  an  individual  is  adjusted 
to  his  whole  ambit  of  existence  ;  the  whole 
being  is  the  subject  of  education  ;  and  the 
whole  of  life  is  its  end." 

Isolated  remarks  throughout  the  book 
express  his  outlook,  progressive  in  general : 

"  The  effects  of  public  education  are 
cumulative ;  in  a  sense  every  generation 
starts  where  the  last  left  off." 

"  Education  is  a  process,  purposeful 
education  is  an  art,  but  when  men  speak  of 
education,  they  are  prone  to  think  or  build- 
ings, of  curricula,  of  sy stems ....  The  art 
of  education  requires  liberty  for  its  exercise." 

"  Education.  .  .  .does  not  profess  to  be  an 
enemy  of  business.  Indeed,  if  it  has  a  single, 
conspicuous  fault,  it  is  that  it  copies ....  the 
faults  of  business.  .  .  .Business  estimates 
success  by  results ....  education  estimates 
results  by  figures  in  a  report  or  by  figures  in 
an  examination  table." 

Mr.  Leathes  wisely  considers  it  futile 
to  subdivide  a  subject,  such  as  English, 
into  many  parts,  and  advocates  more 
synthetic  treatment  of  History  and  Litera- 
ture. His  remarks  on  the  teaching  of 
these  subjects  are  by  far  the  most  valuable 
in  the  book,  and  he  suggests  overdue 
reforms  in  University  examinations. 

In  the  sphere  of  Civics  teaching  and 
moral  instruction  he  must,  we  think, 
be  inadequately  informed,  since  he  seems 
to  regard  systematic  moral  instruction  as 
conducing  to  priggishness  ;  whereas  the 
methods  recommended  by  the  Moral 
Education  League  provide  interest  and 
humour,  and  evoke  sympathy  and  co- 
operation from  the  children. 

We  dissociate  ourselves  from  the  pessi- 
mistic view  that  "  nine-tenths  of  men  and 
women  are  perhaps  incapable  of  rising 
above  the  material  world  "  ;  in  that  case 
what  would  be  the  use  of  educating 
incapability  ?  It  is  with  pleasure  that  we 
notice  that  large  classes  are  condemned, 
and  that  a  plea  is  entered  for  recognition 
of  the  importance  of  Geography.  On  the 
whole,  the  volume  is  useful  as  an  expression 
of  the  feeling,  though  not  the  practice,  of 
the  average  teacher. 

The  question  which  stands  as  a  title 
to  the  book  is  of  vital  importance,  and 
its  answer  dominates  all  methods  and 
schemes.  But  it  cannot  be  answered 
by  pithy  definitions  and  suggestions  of 
reforms  in  isolated  subjects.  Mr.  Leathes 
thinks  that  "  studies  supply  food  and 
exercise  ;  they  are  the  material,  the  appa- 
ratus of  education,  not  itself,"  and  yet 
later  on  he  speaks  of  "  by-products " 
that  are  not  shown  in  an  examination 
table  !  It  is  this  very  "  by-product  " 
that  is  most  important. 


CLASSIFIED    NOTICES. 


Classics. 

Hudson  (W.  H.)>  Representative  Pas- 
sages from  English  Literature,  2/6 
net.  Bell 

To  make  such  a  collection  as  this  in  so 
small  a  space,  and  to  do  it  well,  is  no  small 
achievement,  and  Mr.  Hudson's  book  should 
prove  of  value  to  literary  students.  The 
passages  selected  are  representative  of 
much  that  is  best  in  the  English  language 
from  the  time  of  Chaucer  to  that  of 
Macaulay. 

Ilias,  cum  Prolegomenis,  Notis  Criticis, 
Commentariis  Exegeticls,  edidit  J.  van 
Leeuwen  Vol.  II.,  9m.  Ley  den,  Sijthoff 
The  first  volume  of  this  work  was  noticed 
by  us  on  February  8th  last,  so  that  we  need 
here  touch  upon  only  a  few  passages  in  the 
second.  At  xviii.  605  we  note  with  satis- 
faction that  the  reading  ^dpxovre  is  adopted, 
though  with  slight  authority  ;  and  there  is 
also  much  truth  in  the  remark  that  the 
doubtful  words  fiera.  5i  <T<t>iv  i/At\TreT0  6eios  aoidbs 
(popnifav  "  utilia  sunt  potius  quam  molesta.u 
But  the  explanation  of  300-302  in  the  same 
book  misses  the  real  point.  At  xv.  680  the 
difficulty  of  the  rider  leaping  from  the  back 
of  one  horse  to  that  of  another  is  wantonly 
enhanced  by  the  assumption  that  the  animals 
are  "  semiferos."  Why  ?  A  certain  capri- 
ciousness  of  this  sort  is  observable  in  other 
places,  and  is,  indeed,  characteristic  of 
Prof,  van  Leeuwen 's  work  as  a  whole. 

Lamb  (C),  Essays  of  Elia,  edited  by  A. 
Hamilton  Thompson.  First  Series. — 
The  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  edited  by 
the  same,  2/6  each. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
These  volumes  belong  to  the  "  Pitt  Press 
Series,"  which  has  secured  a  good  reputation 
among  school-books.  We  should  have 
thought  that  the  wayward  charm  of  Lamb 
was  hardly  suitable  for  young  people,  and 
better  left  for  the  delight  of  the  adult  ;  but 
if  he  had  to  be  made  into  a  school  author, 
Mr.  Thompson  has  done  the  business  with 
due  appreciation  and  thoroughness,  except 
in  one  respect.  The  Introduction,  which  is 
the  same  in  both  volumes,  gives  us  an  admir- 
able account  of  the  qualities  which  make 
Lamb's  prose  immortal,  but  nothing  is  said 
of  the  circumstances  of  his  life.  He  was  no 
mere  virtuoso  of  books  and  chosen  friends : 
he  was  a  man  who  showed  the  virtues  of 
fortitude  and  self-sacrifice ;  and  since  a 
prominent  critic  of  English  has  had  the 
temerity  to  call  him  a  "  poor  creature,"  we 
wish  that  Mr.  Thompson  had  added  a  brief 
summary  of  the  trials  which  he  surmounted 
so  bravely. 

With  the  help  of  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas,  which 
is  duly  acknowledged,  Mr.  Thompson  has 
traced  nearly  all  the  allusions  which  abound 
in  the  text  of  '  Elia.'  The  few  which 
remain  unidentified  are  of  no  importance, 
and  not  derived  from  sources  of  high  merit. 
Virgil  might,  however,  have  been  credited 
with  "regni  novitas  "  ('^Eneid,'  I.  564; 
'  Elia,'  p.  259),  also  with  "  circum  prsecordia 
frigus,"  a  shortened  form  of  Georgic  IT. 
484  ('Last  Essays,'  p.  241).  A  Latin 
translation  (ib.,  p.  220)  is  sadly  in  need  of 
revision. 

Royds  (Thomas  Fletcher),  The  Beasts, 
Birds,  and  Bees  of  Virgil,  3/6  net. 

Oxford.  Blackwell 
Mr.  Mackail  recently  showed  in  what 
directions,  archaeological  and  topograjDhical, 
the  new  commentator  on  Virgil  would  be 
able  to  improve  on  the  old.  So  far  as  the 
'  Georgics  '  is  concerned,  Mr.  Royds,  in  his 


SriTLKMKXT,  .Tax.   17,  1014*| 


rn 


P  II  E     AT  11  KX.Kl'  M 


10!) 


admirable  little  naturalist's  handbook  to 
the  ■  Georgics,1  has  made  it  easy  to  oomment 

with  interest  and  certainty  on  a  great  many 
hitherto  moot  points.  It  is  a  pity  for 
teachers  net  to  avail  themselves  of  the  un- 
doubted interest  many  of  their  pupils  take  in 
the  lite  of  animals,  for  this,  properly  handled, 
may  form  an  avenue  to  the  appreciation  of 
Other  virtues  in  the  poet's  work.  Mr.  Warde 
Fowler,  whose  '  Year  with  the  Birds  ' 
gives  him  the  right  to  speak  authoritatively, 

says  of  the  present    hook  :     "  It   is,   I  think, 
the    best    commentary    we    have    for    the 
naturalist,   the   farmer,   or   the   sportsman." 
•    Considering  how  keenly  Virgil  felt  the  beaut  y 
and   the  mystery   of    animal  life,    we    think 
it    strange    that    he    has    had    to    wait    so 
long   for  a   sympathetic   commentator  from 
the  point  of  view  of  natural  history.     Con- 
ington  and  the  others  have,  of  course,  not 
neglected  this  side  of  their  work,  but  their 
contributions  do  not  amount  to  much,  and 
they  have  looked  at  the  subject  too  exclu- 
sively   from    the    English    standpoint.     Mr. 
Royds  has  been  able  to  glean  much  that  is 
to    the    point    from    Bible    naturalists    like 
Tristram  and  J.  G.  Wood.     He  has  also  the 
advantage  of  his  position  in  time,  as  investi- 
gation is  now  going  on  in  all  departments 
at  a  rapid  rate,  and  not  least,  perhaps,  with 
regard    to    the   life    of   bees.       Apart    from 
what      is     strictly     relevant      to     comment 
on   Virgil,  he  has  happily  included  a  great 
deal  of    entertaining    matter,    especially   in 
the  region  of  literary  parallels,  and  here  the 
notes  contributed  by  Mr.  L.  E.  Upcott,  late 
of  Marlborough,  could  ill  be  spared.    It  is  not 
necessary  to  enter  into  a  detailed  discussion 
of  the  contents  of  the  book  ;    suffice  it  to 
say  that  no  student  of  Virgil  can  afford  to 
ignore  its  existence. 

Scott's  (Ivy  Mannering.  with  Introduction, 
Notes,  &c,  by  R.  F.  Winch,  2/6 

Macmillan 

"  Much  of  '  Guy  Mannering,'  "  says  Mr. 
Winch,  "  is  couched  in  a  dialect  that  deters 
many  readers,"  and  he  has  added  to  this 
well-printed  edition  explanations  of  all 
words  and  phrases  likely  to  cause  any 
difficulty.  We  should  be  glad  to  see  more 
derivations,  as  these  help  young  people  to 
remember  strange  words.  Sir.  Winch  shows 
admirable  industry,  but  his  brevity  tends 
to  dullness.  Thus,  to  take  one  page  of  the 
notes,  we  find  the  "  Cumaean  Sibyl  "  merely 
glossed  as  "  the  wise  old  woman  from  Cumae 
who  sold  the  Sibylline  books  to  Xuma,"  and 
*'  cabriole u  described  as  "  carriage,  cab, 
The  Virgilian  association  of  the 
Sibyl  might  at  least  have  been  mentioned. 
The  latter  word  recalls  to  us  the  cabriolet 
in  the  forty-sixth  chapter  of  '  Pickwick,' 
which  drew  up  at  the  wrong  door  in  Gosnell 
Street,  to  the  disgust  of  Mrs.  BardelTs 
visitors.  Andrew  Lang's  notes — which  we 
luddenly  come  on  at  p.  619 — are  not  men- 
tioned in  the  Preface,  but  we  presume  that 
they  are  derived  from  the  Border  Edition 
of  the   ••  Waverleys."     They  show  a  gusto 

1  a  knowledge  which  are  beyond  Mr. 
Winch.  He  does  not  -rem  to  us  to  be 
Specially  interested  in  Scott.  His  Introduc- 
tion does  not  tell  us  that  it  was  Byron  who 
beat  Scott  in  vene,  and  90  I'd  to  the  Waver- 
ley  romances.     Speaking  of  the  conjectures 

to  the  author  of  these,  hi  "The 

most  ingenious  critic,  writing  under  the 
name  of  Adolphus,  cleverly  argued  that 
the  author  of  Marmion1  and  'The  Lady 
of  the  Lake  '  must  he  the  author  of  '  Wavcr- 

lev.'  Tbja  suggests  a  pen-name,  hut  the 
'Letters  to  Richard  Beber,  Bsq.,1  were 
published  anonymously,  though  Boon  known 
to  h«-  written  hy  John  Leyoester  Adolphus. 

Even   before  he  wrote,   the  identity  of  Scott 
was  well   settled   in   the   public   mind.     The  ' 


copyrights  of  the  novels  contributed  largely 
to  paving  off  Scott's  debts,  but  not  entirely  ; 
it  should  bo  added  that  a  noble  and  now 
unduly  neglected  hook,  Lockhart's  '  Life 
of  Scott,'  was  also  devoted  to  that  end. 

Distort 

Dodd  (A.  F.),  Early  English  Social 
History,  2/  Bell 

In  these  days  very  much  more  attention 
than  formerly  is  being  paid  to  the  economic 
and  social  history  of  our  country,  and  Miss 
Dodd  has  endeavoured  to  make  as  interest- 
ing as  possible  for  children  the  conditions 
which  prevailed  in  Saxon  times  and  after 
the  Norman  Conquest. 

Pollard  (A.  F.),  The  Reign  of  Henry  VII. 
from  Contemporary  Sources,  Vol.  II., 
10/6  net.  Longmans 

This  is  the  second  volume  of  a  series  of 
three,  and  deals  with  constitutional,  social, 
and  economic  history.  The  volume  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  being  a 
series  of  extracts  from  constitutional  docu- 
ments, and  the  second  being  devoted  to 
descriptions  of  social  conditions,  manners, 
customs,  trade,  exploration,  &c.  L 

Raven  (Alice),  Extracts  from  the  Chro- 
nicles     ILLUSTRATING      ENGLISH      HIS- 
TORY, 6rf.  Macdonald  &  Evans 
This  little  book  brings  within  the  reach  of 
persons  of  the  most  modest  means  extracts 
from    original    documents,    a    knowledge    of 
which  is  of  undeniable  value  to  students  of 
English  mediaeval  history. 

rTfcatbematics. 

Duncan  (J.),  Applied  Mechanics  for  Engi- 
neers, 8/6  net  Macmillan 

The  charter  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  defines  engineering  as  the  "  art 
of  directing  the  great  sources  of  power  in 
Nature  for  the  use  and  convenience  of  man." 
In  reality,  therefore,  a  number  of  professions 
are  embraced. 

This  looseness  of  definition  has  engen- 
dered much  futile  discussion  as  to  the 
appropriate  curriculum  for  students  of  the 
subject.  The  average  engineer  will  be  in 
general  a  mixture  of  many  elements, 
but  his  success  qua  engineer  will  depend 
on  his  power  of  designing  and  of  appre- 
ciating design.  At  college,  therefore,  this 
should  be  the  end  in  view.  The  rest  will 
be  learnt  in  actual  working.  The  tuition 
in  mathematical  and  physical  sciences 
should  be  given  by  specialists  in  these 
subjects.  We  have  explained  the  ideals 
towards  which  teachers  should  strive  ;  it 
remains  to  see  whether,  judged  by  these 
standards,  the  present  volume  justifies  its 
existence. 

It  may  be  said  at  once  that  the  author  is 
an  engineer  pure  and  simple,  and  therefore, 
almost  as  an  inevitable  corollary,  the 
mathematical  treatment  is  weak.  The 
general  effect  of  the  book  will  bo  to  further 
appreciation  of  design  more  than  power  to 
design.  In  spite  of  this  defect  it  is  worth 
having  ;  but  if,  for  a  second  edition,  Mr. 
Duncan  could  secure  the  help  of  a  mathe- 
matical specialist,  the  work  would  be  greatly 
improved. 

Southall    (James    P.    C.)»    Pbinctplbs    lot 

Methods     ok     Geometrical     Optics, 

Second  Edition,  25    net.  Bfacmillan 

To    the    layman    this    title    may    suggest 

something   far   removed    from    practical    life, 

hut    Bfl  a    matter  of  fact    the  subject    is  one  of 

vital  interest.     In  its  applications  to  the  art 

ot    spectacle-making  it   touches  as  directly, 

while,   considered    us    the    parent    of    the   tele- 
scope  and    microscope,    it    has   played    110    in- 


oonsiderable  pari  in  the  discoveries  of  experi- 
mental science. 

Perhaps  the  most    important    theoretical 

contribution  to  tho  subject  made  during  last 
century  was  the  application  to  Optics  of  the 
Principle'  of  Least  Action  and  the  invention 

of  the  Characteristic  Function  by  Hamilton. 
Hy  means  of  this  function  the  most  com- 
plicated problem  <>f  Geometrical  Optics  could 

he  solved  theoretically  Upon  a  knowledge  of 
Sufficient    data,    but    when    it    came    to    the 

practical  applications  the  method  showed 
almost  insuperable  difficulties.  The  Ger- 
mans set  themselves  t<>  discover  less  ambi- 
tious methods  which  would  solve  tin-  pro- 
blems at  hand.  Working  in  this  spirit, 
they  have  practically  monopolized  the  sub- 
ject, not  only  in  the  theory,  but  also,  as  a 
natural  consequence,  in  the  actual  manu- 
facture of  optical  instruments. 

In  the  last  few  years  one  or  two  English 
books  and  tracts  on  the  subject  have  been 
written  in  the  new  spirit,  but  until  the 
appearance  of  the  present  book  there  was 
no  English  work  that  could  in  any  way 
compare  with  the  German  treatises. 

The  diagrams  are  clear,  and,  except  in  a 
few  instances,  the  author  follows  the  excel- 
lent practice  of  indicating  magnitudes  of 
lengths  and  angles  on  them. 

Wight    (John    T.),    Elementary    Graphic 
Statics,  3/6  Whit  taker 

This  book  covers  the  work  in  Graphic 
Statics  done  by  first-year  students  at  tho 
Heriot-Watt  College.  The  subject  is  gener- 
ally dealt  with  in  treatises  on  Applied 
Mechanics,  but  its  importance  and  the 
inherent  difficulties  which  it  presents  to  the 
beginner  certainly  justify  separate  and  more 
detai'ed  treatment. 

The  student  generally  grasps  the  idea  of 
the  link  and  vector  polygon  method  easily 
enough,  but  comes  to  grief  over  the  bending 
moment  and  shearing-force  diagrams.  Tho 
author  has  taken  pains  to  make  these 
notions  clear,  insisting  on  a  proper  appre- 
ciation of  sign  and  scale. 

The  next  difficulty  that  presents  itself 
is  the  application  to  live  loads  on  beams, 
and  to  this  the  author  has  not  devoted  suffi- 
cient space.  In  the  chapter  on  '  Hraced 
Beams  and  Girders  '  more  stress  should 
have  been  laid  on  the  arbitrary  choice  of  the 
forces  in  the  case  of  over-rigid  frames. 

An  important  omission  in  the  section  on 
'  Centres  of  Gravity  '  is  the  use  of  the  second 
derived  figure  in  order  to  obtain  graphic- 
ally the  moment  of  inertia. 

Except  for  these  failings  (which  can  be 
remedied  in  a  later  edition),  the  book  is 
excellent,  and  both  for  its  clearness  and 
judicious  choice  of  examples  deserves  every 
praise. 

General. 

Cambridge    County    Geographies:     Meeiok- 

ETHsniHi:.  hv  A.  -Morris  ;    Xokthujibee- 
land,  by  S.  Ronnie  HaselhuTSt,  1/li  each. 

Cambridge  University  Pn 

The    "Cambridge   County    Geographies" 

constitute    one    of    the    most     valuable    . 

in     modern     times      towards     the      teaching 

and  learning  of  a  hitherto  much  neglected, 
if  not  despised,  subject.  An  mteUigent 
and  comprehensive  knowledge  ot  ge<  eraphy 

js_or     oughl      to     he      an     essential     element 

a,  present-day  education.  The--  weh-illus- 
,nlt(,l  and  brightly  written  volumes  should 
aave  the  success  which  has  attended  their 
predecessors.  They  cover  a  wide  held  ol 
interest,  supplying  s  iketch  which  may  be 
developed  on  the  geological,  the  artistic,  and 
even  on  the  literarj  side,  ince  the  -teat 
men  ol  i  ach  countj  ■  re  include  d, 


110 


T  H  E    A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


[Supplement,  .Tax.   17,  1914 


Pitt  (St.  George  Lane  Fox),  The  Purpose  of 
Education,    an    Examination    of    the 
Education    Problem    in    the    Light    of 
Recent  Psychological  Research,  2/6  net. 
Cambridge  University  Press 
It   would   not   appear,    to    judge   by   this 
slender  volume,  that  the  purpose  of  educa- 
tion   has   been   made   conspicuously   clearer 
by  recent  psychological  research.      We  find 
here    a    number    of    suggestions  which    are 
worth  attention,  but  are  hardly  new.     The 
author  has  not  convinced  us  that  anything 
is  gained  by  the  application  to  the  study  of 
character  of  the  terms  of  pathological  and 
abnormal  psychology. 

Rearing  an  Imperial  Race,  edited  by  Charles 
E.  Hecht,  7/6  net.       St.  Catherine  Press 

The  philosopher  who  differentiated  man 
as  a  cooking  animal  might  have  gone  further, 
and  subdivided  the  human  race  into  those 
who  cook  well  and  those  who  cook  ill.  Of 
the  former  category  the  French  are,  as  a 
nation,  admittedly  the  brightest  example. 
To  define  our  own  position  might  be  deemed 
invidious,  but  the  existence  in  our  midst 
of  the  National  Food  Reform  Association 
testifies  to  our  shortcomings.  We  wish  the 
Association  all  success  in  its  patriotic 
endeavour. 

'  Rearing  an  Imperial  Race  '  is  a  bulky 
volume  issued  by  it.  containing  a  report 
of  its  Conference  (held  last  July  at  the 
Guildhall),  a  great  variety  of  papers  on 
health  topics  contributed  by  competent 
writers,  information  as  to  the  way  in  which 
kindred  problems  are  being  confronted  in 
foreign  countries,  and  statistical  tables.  Its 
value  as  a  work  of  reference  is  unquestion- 
able. The  Association  holds  that  malnu- 
trition is  making  havoc  of  our  race,  and  that 
the  root  cause  of  malnutrition  is  ignorance  of 
dietetic  values.  The  abuse  of  tea — tea  that 
stews  all  day  upon  the  hob — is  second  only 
to  the  abuse  of  alcohol.  Black  tea  and 
white  emasculated  bread  are  like  to  slay 
their  thousands  in  these  islands.  The  main 
plank  in  the  Association's  platform  is  that 
we  must,  in  our  schools,  do  more  to  educate 
our  girls,  the  mothers  of  the  next  generation, 
in  the  knowledge  of  what  good  food  is  and 
how  to  cook  it. 

Row  (Ernest  F.),  A  History  of  Midhurst 
Grammar  School.        Hove,  Combridge 

Of  the  antiquities  of  Midhurst  in  Sussex, 
its  charters  from  the  time  of  Richard  I. 
onward,  its  representatives  in  Parliament, 
the  wealth  of  its  burgesses,  its  tanning  and 
weaving  industries,  its  connexion  with 
Richard  Cobden,  and  "so  on,  an  interesting 
book  could  no  doubt  be  made.  But  for  a 
good  history  of  Midhurst  Grammar  School 
there  is,  it  must  be  said,  not  enough  material. 
If  the  book  before  us  is  not  very  interesting 
or. a  good  school  history,  it  is  not  the  fault 
of  Mr.  Row,  one  of  the  assistant  masters, 
whose  industry  and  skill  in  arranging  and 
making  the  best  of  his  scanty  gleanings 
must  be  commended. 

In  1672  Gilbert  Hannam,  a  coverlet-maker 
of  Midhurst,  endowed  a  school  for  twelve 
boys,  on  the  usual  and  wise  condition  of  the 
town's  doing  its  share.  From  this  very 
modest  beginning  the  school  developed 
about  a  century  later  into  a  proprietary 
school,  which  had  a  successful  run  of  some 
twenty-five  years  at  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  latterly  has  become 
a  secondary  school  of  the  rate-aided  type 
now  common  in  country  towns.  The  author 
tells  us  that  there  was  for  a  time  a  connexion 
between  Midhurst  School  and  Winchester 
and  New  Colleges.  This  connexion  and  the 
head-masterships  of  the  Rev.  John  Wooll 
(1799-1807)  and  the  Rev.  William  Bayly 
(1807-29)  are  the  outstanding  facts  in  the 
life  of  the  school.      Much  space  is  devoted  to 


personal  notes  on  the  trustees  who  from  time 
to  time  managed  or  neglected  the  founda- 
tion. Even  the  reign  of  the  Rev.  Francis 
Atkins  (1758-88),  the  longest  of  the  series, 
"  is  almost  entirely  shrouded  in  gloom  as 
far  as  any  records  are  concerned."  The 
most  interesting  pages  in  the  book  are  those 
in  which  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  the  geologist, 
gives  an  account  of  school  life  at  Midhurst 
under  William  Bayly,  which,  except  for 
small  numbers — the  figure  90  seems  never 
to  have  been  passed — was  practically  that 
of  the  public  schools  of  the  day.  Mr.  Row 
(who,  for  his  next  venture  in  authorship 
deserves  a  fuller  subject)  adds  in  an  Appendix 
notices  of  Old  Midhurstians  :  the  list  cer- 
tainly contains  a  proportionately  large 
number  of  distinguished  men. 

White    (Jessie),    Montessori    Schools    as 
seen  in  the  Summer  of  1913,  1/  net. 

Milford 
This  brief  but  detailed  report  of  visits  to 
some  fourteen  or  fifteen  schools  in  Italy  or 
in  the  Italian  part  of  Switzerland  is  both 
encouraging  and — to  borrow  a  word  from 
the  early  nineteenth  century — cautionary. 
It  becomes  clear  that  Dr.  Montessori's 
system  works  well  when  carried  out  in  its 
entirety  by  a  directress  who  fully  under- 
stands and  trusts  the  fundamental  principles, 
and  who  also  possesses  sufficient  self-com- 
mand to  abstain  from  all  unnecessary  inter- 
position. Teachers  of  this  type  are  not, 
however,  common,  and  the  ordinary  training 
actually  unfits  people  for  Montessori  posts, 
so  that  very  naturally  directresses  are  found 
who  hamper  the  free  activity  of  the  children, 
and,  again,  others  who  let  ill-behaviour  go 
unchecked.  In  one  school  visited  a  peevish 
child  was  permitted  to  pass  from  com- 
panion to  companion,  always  interrupting 
and  annoying  them.  In  others  certain 
occupations  were  allowed  only  at  certain 
times.  The  division  of  one  into  three 
grades,  according  to  age,  withdrew  from  the 
younger  pupils  the  advantage  of  learning 
insensibly  from  their  elders,  and  from  the 
latter  the  educative  influence  of  helping 
their  juniors.  In  short,  it  becomes  more 
and  more  evident  that  to  be  a  Montessori 
teacher  is  not  an  easy  task  to  be  taken  up, 
under  a  code  of  rules,  by  uncultured  or  dull- 
natured  persons,  but  a  profession  demand- 
ing a  grasp  of  principles  and  a  most  deli- 
cately trained  discretion.  Various  observa- 
tions in  this  volume  suggest,  too,  in  how 
many  directions  cautious  experiments  could 
be  made,  and  how  necessary  it  is  that 
these  should  be  made  under  wise  and  large- 
minded  guidance.     As  Dr.  White  concludes  : 

"  We  want  teachers  to  realize  that  the  imparting 
of  intellectual  knowledge  is  only  a  srnall  part  of 
the  work  of  education  ;  we  want  them  fully  to 
comprehend  what  civilizing  means.  Hundreds 
and  thousands  of  teachers  do  realize  it.  What 
they  want  is  more  opportunity  for  real  com- 
parison of  experience  and  freedom  to  act." 


THE     INCORPORATED     ASSOCIATION 
OF    HEAD    MASTERS. 

Teachers'  Registration,  the  forthcom- 
ing Education  Bill,  Examinations,  Home- 
Work,  Scholarships  to  enable  students  of 
slender  means  to  enter  Universities,  the 
External  Degrees  of  London  University, 
and  Naval  Education  were  the  chief  topics 
discussed  at  the  Twenty  -  Second  Annual 
General  Meeting  of  the  Incorporated  Asso- 
ciation of  Head  Masters,  held  at  the  Guild- 
hall on  the  6th  and  7th  inst. 

The  President,  Sir  John  McClure  (Mill 
Hill),  in  his  opening  address  referred  to  the 
Registration  Council,  which  gave  teachers 
the  opportunity  of  working  out  their  own 
salvation,  of  struggling  upwards  from  the 
chaos    of   mutual   jealousies  and  conflicting 


interests,  from  the  soul-destroying  servitude 
of  iron  regulations  into  the  order  and 
freedom  of  a  great,  a  united,  and  self-govern- 
ing profession.  Enumerating  some  of  the 
tasks  which  still  remained  for  teachers, 
he  said  that  by  the  Education  Act  of  1902 
education  had  been  put  into  the  hands  of 
the  practical  man,  who  was  a  firm  believer 
in  frontal  attacks,  not  realizing  that  in 
education,  as  in  warfare,  such  attacks  were 
frightfully  expensive  and  rarely  successful. 
He  wished  that  the  practical  man  would 
indicate  the  end,  and  leave  the  means  to 
the  judgment  and  experience  of  the  teacher. 
The  shortage  of  teachers  was  being  felt, 
and  the  outlook  was  serious.  They  were 
not  likely  to  get  more  and  better  trained 
teachers  till  salaries  were  more  adequate, 
and  satisfactory  arrangements  for  pensions 
were  made.  The  burden  of  education  was 
growing  heavier  year  by  year,  and  it  was 
the  teacher  who  suffered  most.  Somehow 
or  other  the  conditions  must  be  changed 
rapidly,  if  English  education  was  to  be 
worthy  of  the  English  nation.  Until  a 
true  appreciation  of  the  value  of  education 
and  a  genuine  enthusiasm  for  it  were  awak- 
ened real  progress  was  impossible.  At  the 
close  of  his  speech  he  moved  a  resolution 
welcoming  the  issue  by  the  Teachers' 
Registration  Council  of  the  conditions  of 
registration,  and  urging  all  members  to 
apply  at  once  for  it. 

Dr.  Crees  (Gloucester)  moved  an  amend- 
ment regretting  that  the  possession  of  a 
University  degree  was  not  insisted  upon  as 
one  of  the  qualifications  for  registration. 
After  an  explanation  from  Dr.  Spenser 
(University  College  School)  and  an  appeal 
for  unity  from  Mr.  W.  W.  Vaughan  (Welling- 
ton), the  amendment  was  withdrawn,  and 
the  resolution  was  carried  with  one  dis- 
sentient. 

Mr.  R.  F.  Cholmeley  (Owen's  School, 
Islington)  moved  a  series  of  resolutions  with 
regard  to  the  forthcoming  Government  Edu- 
cation Bill,  declaring,  inter  alia,  that  the 
organization  of  secondary  education  cannot 
be  successfully  accomplished  without  such 
a  radical  reform  in  the  financial  conditions  as 
will  make  it  possible  to  satisfy  the  increasing 
demand  for  teachers  of  high  qualifications, 
and  that  the  basis  of  financial  reform  must 
be  the  assumption  by  the  State  of  respon- 
sibility for  securing  adequate  salary,  scales, 
and  pensions  for  teachers  in  all  areas.  The 
local  education  authorities,  he  said,  had 
come  to  the  end  of  their  resources.  To  ask 
them  to  lay  further  burdens  on  the  rate- 
payers was  asking  them  to  commit  suicide. 
The  Government  would  have  to  move,  and 
it  would  move  when  it  was  kicked — that 
was  democracy.  When  the  State  had 
assumed  the  responsibility  for  securing 
adequate  salaries  and  pensions,  then,  and 
not  until  then,  could  it  reasonably  require 
that  all  teachers  should  be  registered  and 
all  schools  inspected.  After  some  discus- 
sion, the  resolutions  were  put  seriatim  and 
adopted. 

Mr.  Jenkyn  Thomas  (Hackney  Downs) 
proposed  a  number  of  resolutions  with 
regard  to  school  examinations,  welcoming 
the  action  of  the  Board  of  Education  in 
entering  into  negotiations  with  the  various 
University  examining  bodies,  with  a  view 
to  making  school  examinations  more  uniform 
and  organic  ;  approving  the  establishment 
of  two  grades  of  school  examinations — one 
designed  to  test  the  results  of  a  broad, 
general  education,  and  to  be  taken  by  pupils 
of  about  16,  and  the  other  of  a  more  special- 
ized character,  suitable  for  pupils  of  about 
18  ;  expressing  the  opinion  that  no  material 
relief  will  be  afforded  to  schools  unless  Uni- 
versities and  professional  bodies  accept  these 
certificates   in   lieu    of    their   own   entrance 


Supplement,  Jan.  17,  1914] 


TITK     ATI!  KX/tiPM 


lit 


examinations,  and  trusting  that    the   Board 

of  Education  will  take  steps  to  secure  BUOh 
acceptance  as  soon  as  possible  ;  anil  re- 
affirming its  conviction  thai  acting  teachers 
should  be  represented  on  examining  bodies, 
ami  that  schools  should  he  allowed,  subject 
to  the  necessary  safeguards,  to  present 
their  own  syllabuses  tor  examination.  An 
amendment   to  leave  out  all  reference  to  the 

second  examination  was  defeated  by  a  Large 

majority,  and  the  resolutions  were  adopted. 

Mr.  Shaw  Jeffrey  (Colchester)  read  a  paper 
on  '  Home-Work  in  Secondary  Schools.1  Ho 
contended  that  far  less  home-work  was  set 
.ill  English  than  in  French  and  German 
schools,  and  that  home  -  work  was  not 
unpopular  with  parents.  If  school  author- 
ities yielded  to  the  clamour  raised  by 
a  small  number  of  parents  who  wrote  to 
newspapers,  one  conspicuous  test  of  origin- 
ality and  self-reliance  would  be  eliminated. 
Only  in  preparation  did  a  boy  grapple  with 
his  own  difficulties,  learn  the  methods  of 
meeting  them,  and  gain  power  over  his  own 
resources. 

Mr.  W.  Lat timer  (Barnet)  dealt  with  the 
question  of  Scholarships  and  Exhibitions  to 
enable  students  of  slender  means  to  enter 
Universities  and  other  places  of  higher 
education,  and  on  his  motion  tho  meeting 
accepted  a  resolution  declaring  that  the 
provision  of  such  scholarships  was  very 
inadequate  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
and  welcoming  the  announcement  that  the 
Board  of  Education  had  asked  the  Consulta- 
tive Committee  to  report  on  the  question. 

The  re-election  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Rushbrooke 
as  Treasurer,  and  Messrs.  R.  F.  Cholmeley 
and  Jenkyn  Thomas  as  Hon.  Secretaries, 
terminated  the  proceedings  of  the  first  day. 

The  second  day's  conference  was  pre- 
ceded by  a  service  at  St.  Mary  Abchurch. 
The  Rev.  W.  Temple  (Repton)  in  a  short 
sermon  said  that  no  other  nation  had  ever 
been  so  indifferent  to  and  negligent  of 
truth  as  the  English.  When  Englishmen 
talked  about  telling  the  truth,  they  only 
meant  saying  what  they  thought,  which 
vary  likely  was  not  the  truth  at  all.  They 
could  not  tell  the  truth  until  they  knew  it, 
and  Englishmen  made  no  proper  effort  to 
discover  it.  The  lazy  acceptance  of  preju- 
dices, typical  of  Englishmen,  was  mentally 
dishonest,  and  did  infinite  harm. 

Sir    Alfred    Ewing,    Director    of    Naval 
Education,    attended    to    explain    the    new 
■  ■me  for  the  admission  to  naval  cadet- 
ships  of  boys  from  17i  to  18£  years  of  age. 

-  statement  was  very  similar  to  that 
which  he  had  made  before  the  Head  Masters' 
iference  at  Reading,  but  he  emphasized 
the  fact  that  admission  would  not  be  limited 
to  pupils  from  Public  Schools,  or  indeed 
schools  of  any  kind,  the  phrase  used  being 
"the    Public    Schools    and    elsewhere."    In 

wer  to  questions,  he  stated  that  the  Ad- 
miralty was  committed  to  the  scheme  until 
1916,  and  denied  that  preference  was  given 
to  candidates  who  had  failed  to  secure 
admission  to  Osborne.  As  to  the  expense 
to  parents,  the  cost,  in  addition  to  601.  for 
the  first  outfit,  would  be  501.  a  year  for 
1""'  and    tlure   was  no   likelihood  of 

reduction.     The  examination   for  entry  was 

modelled    on    that    for    entry   to    Woolwich, 
and,  as   that   was   competitive,  he   could    not 

how  the,  official  school  examinations 
shortly  to  he  instituted  could  be  accepted 
in  lieu  thereof. 

The  reel  of  the  day  was  devoted  to  the 
consideration  of  the  Report  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  the  University  of  London  m 
so  far  as  n  affected  secondary  schools,  and 
the  discussion  centred  round  the  question  of 
External  Degrees.  Dr.  Spenser  (1  uivei 
College  School)  moved  a  resolution  advo 
ing    their    discontinuance    after    a    specified 


date  say.  li)20 — on  the  ground  that  the 
continued  grant  of  degrees  on  examination 
only  was  inimical  to  tho  best  interests  of 
education.  The  real  need  was  not  for  a 
cheap  degree,  hut   for  better  education. 

Mr.  E.  F.  M.  McCarthy  (Edgbaston) 
urged  the  members  of  the  Association  to 
pause  solemnly  before  they  expressed  dis- 
approval of  the  action  of  the  University  of 
London  in  giving  degrees  to  external  stu- 
dents. Not  only  was  the  lonely  student  "to 
be  considered,  but  evening  students,  stu- 
dents in  Training  Colleges,  Technical  Colleges, 
and  similar  institutions,  and  also  the 
democracy.  The  democracy  would  not 
allow  itself  to  be  thwarted  and  cut  off 
by  a  definition  of  education  which  excluded 
all  but  a  certain  type.  A  succession  of 
speakers  spoke  in  the  same  strain,  and  it 
was  clear  that  Dr.  Spenser's  resolution 
could  not  be  carried. 

Eventually  Mr.  R.  F.  Cholmeley  moved 
an  amendment  :  "  That  the  time  has  not 
yet  come  for  the  abolition  of  external 
degrees."  He  urged  that  the  mere  negativ- 
ing of  Dr.  Spenser's  resolution  was  not  con- 
sistent with  a  reasonable  ideal  of  University 
education,  and  that  it  was  a  mistake  to 
contemplate  the  everlasting  continuance  of 
the  external  degree.  What  they  had  to  do 
was  to  diminish  to  a  vanishing-point  the 
number  of  persons  unable  to  obtain  an 
internal  degree.  The  amendment  was  car- 
ried by  a  substantial  majority. 

Not  content  with  disapproving  the  aboli- 
tion of  external  degrees,  the  meeting  declared 
hi  favour  of  the  continuance  of  the  present 
arrangements  whereby  pupils  in  schools 
enter  for  such  University  examinations  as 
the  Intermediate  B.A.  and  B.Sc.  It,  how- 
ever, approved  of  a  proposal  that  a  student 
who  had  passed  the  lower  of  the  school 
examinations  contemplated  by  the  Board  of 
Education  should  be  required  to  spend  four 
years  at  the  University  before  obtaining  his 
degree  ;  whereas  a  student  who  had  passed 
the  higher  examination  might  complete  his 
degree-course  in  three  years.  It  was  further 
agreed  that  no  student  ought  to  be  admitted 
to  a  University  or  College  below  the  age  of  1 7. 
The  usual  votes  of  thanks  terminated  the 
proceedings. 


CONFERENCE     OF     EDUCATIONAL 

ASSOCIATIONS. 

(Concluded.) 

The  second  Annual  Conference  of  Edu- 
cational Associations*  continued  its  meet- 
ings at  London  University. 

In  connexion  with  the  Modern  Lan- 
guage Association  a  discussion  was  held 
on  the  subject  of  '  Free  Composition.' 
Mr.  Storr  held  that  accuracy  and  precision 
should  be  the  aim  rather  than  fluency. 
He  did  not  think  that  free  composition 
was  a  subject  suitable  for  examination  ; 
he  urged  the  advantage  of  oral  tests,  and 

*  Association*  taking  part 
Art  Teachers'  Cuild. 
Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses. 
Association  of  Science  Teachers. 
Association  of  Teachers  of  Domestic  Subjects. 
Association  of  University  Women  Teachers. 
Child  Study  Society. 
College  of  I'receptors. 
Proebel  society. 
Qeographlcal  Association. 
Modem  Language  Association. 
Montessori  Society. 

National  Association  of  Manual  Training. 
National   Hoiiie-lte.iding   t'nion. 
Parents'  National  Education  L'nion. 
Private  Schools  Association. 
Royal   Drawing  Society. 
School   Nature  Study   l'nion. 
Simplified  Spelling  Society. 
Teachers'  (iuild. 

Teachers  in  Technical   Institutes. 
Training  College  Association. 


would  sweep  away  all  junior  examinations. 
.Miss  Bafeholor  of  Bedford  Training  Col- 
lege made  an  eloquent  and  vvoll-reasoned 
plea  for  the  greater  use  of  froe  composition, 
and  the  general  feeling  of  tho  audience 
was  with  her. 

The  Presidential  Address  of  the  Private 
Schools  Association  was  given  by  Dr. 
Sibly,  who  doprocatod  the  ever  -  increasing 
faith  in  State  control  of  education,  and 
quoted  Froude's  dictum  : — 

"  The  touch  of  the  Government  is  like  the  touch 
of  a  torpedo,  sending  paralysis  through  the  nerves 
and  veins  of  every  organization  which  it  ventures 
to  meddle  with." 

Among  the  educational  problems  which  he 
discussod  was  that  of  instructing  children 
in  sex-matters,  and  inducing  reverence  and 
self-control  in  that  important  field  of  life. 

Prof.  Sadler  spoke  on  '  The  Position  of 
Private  Schools  in  a  National  System  of 
Education  '  at  a  meeting  convened  by  tho 
College  of  Preceptors.  He  thought  that 
no  one  was  competent  to  judge  what  circle 
of  studies  should  be  passed  through  at 
each  stage  of  a  pupil's  education,  and  there- 
fore no  one  was  able  to  define"  efficiency." 
Education  was  far  more  an  art  than  a 
science,  and  such  qualities  in  a  teacher 
as  temperament  and  personality,  pastoral 
gift,  development  during  experience,  could 
not  be  rigidly  determined.  He  suggested 
that  where  private  schools  filled  a  place 
which  must  be  filled  in  the  public  interest, 
they  must  be  prepared  to  admit  inspec- 
tion ;  where  the  private  school  is  supple- 
mentary, inspection  is  desirable,  but  not 
necessary  ;  where  the  private  school  exists 
as  a  protest  against  a  dominant  public 
ideal,  registration  or  inspection  would  be 
a  peril  to  its  raison  d'etre. 

Miss  Stoney  of  the  School  of  Medicine 
for  Women  gave  the  Presidential  Address 
to  the  Association  of  Science  Teachers, 
and  spoke  of  the  physical  condition  of 
Mars.  In  her  opinion  there  is  no  water 
on  Mars,  the  polar  caps  being  composed 
of  nitrogen  peroxide,  but  she  did  not 
think  that  this  would  prove  that  there 
was  no  life  there.  Mrs.  Maclean  spoke 
learnedly  on  '  The  Formation  of  Fats  in 
Living  Organisms.' 

At  the  Conference  of  the  National  Homo- 
Reading  Union,  presided  over  by  the 
Rev.  J.  E.  Flower,  accounts  of  their  work 
were  given  by  various  leaders  of  Reading 
Circles  who  had  charge  of  evening  schools, 
factory  operatives,  villagers,  and  more 
advanced  adults.  All  spoke  enthusiastic- 
ally of  their  efforts  to  spread  a  lovo  of 
literature. 

The  subject  which  chiefly  occupied  tho 
attention  of  the  Training  Collogo  Associa- 
tion, presided  over  by  Canon  Morley 
Robinson,  was  Demonstration  Schools  in 
regard  to  Training  Colleges.  Prof.  Nuim 
of  tho  London  Day  Training  College  stated 
the  general  conditions  which  he  con- 
sidered necessary  for  tho  successful  working 
of  such  schools,  and  insisted  that  the 
type   of  person   required    was   one   above 

lite  average  teacher  one  who  possessed 
the   ability   to  hand  on   his   experience  and 

knowledge.  Miss  Qraveson  of  the  Gold* 
smith's    Training     College    believed    thai 

Demonstration  Schools  should  represent 
what     ordinary    elementary    Schools    might 

be.      She    gave    her    own    experience,    and 

showed  the  working  of  the  one  with 
v\lueh  she  was  connected.  Prof.  Piridlay 
of  Manchester  University  spoke  on  the 
administrative    aspect    of    the    question( 

and  BUggested  resolutions  to    bo   passed    by 

the    meeting.     The    following    resolutions 


112 


TttK    AtilENTEllM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  17,  1914 


were  referred  to  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee for  their  consideration  : — 

"  (1)  That  every  type  of  Training  College  should 
be  equipped  with  a  demonstration  school  of  the 
general  character  indicated  by  the  current  regula- 
tions of  the  Board  of  Education  for  the  training 
of  teachers  for  elementary  and  secondary  schools, 
and  that  these  regulations  be  modified  in  that 
sense.  (2)  That  to  realize  the  aims  of  the  regula- 
tions for  Training  Colleges  relating  to  demonstration 
schools,  the  whole  of  the  staff  of  such  schools 
should  be  treated  as  part  of  the  staff  of  the  Training 
College,  and  as  such  should  receive  salaries  and 
enjoy  a  status  adequate  to  the  discharge  of  their 
special  duties.  (3)  That  the  additional  cost  thereby 
incurred  should  be  met  by  an  additional  grant  from 
the  regulations  for  Training  Colleges.  (4)  That  the 
Secretary  be  requested  to  place  these  resolutions 
and  the  policies  they  embody  before  the  authorities 
concerned,  namely,  the  governing  bodies  of  the 
Training  Colleges,  the  local  authorities,  and  the 
Board  of  Education." 

Miss  Birkin  of  Stockwell  College  Practising 
School  urged  that  the  assistant  staff  of  the 
school  should  have  more  consideration. 

Mr.  Arthur  Burrell  read  a  paper  to  the 
Association  of  University  Women  Teachers 
on  '  The  Parable  in  Literature.'  He  con- 
sidered that  this  form  of  literature  had  been 
much  neglected.  Parables  must  be  short, 
but  need  not  be  clear,  for  full  explanation 
only  spoils  them  ;  they  must  be  polished, 
incisive,  meaningful.  To  a  mind  in  search 
of  it,  all  life  assumes  a  parabolic  character. 
In  the  course  of  a  sketch  of  the  history  of 
the  parable  from  Buddhistic  times  to  the 
twentieth  century  Mr.  Burrell  recited  various 
examples,  including  the  well-known  one  of 
the  pearl  who  "  had  knocked  at  the  door  of 
non- entity  to  enter  into  being." 

The  Association  of  Assistant  Mistresses 
had  secured  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson  and  the 
largest  audience.  His  subject,  '  The  Art 
of  the  Essayist,'  was  treated  in  his  charac- 
teristic and  discursive  manner.  The  essay 
requires,  in  his  opinion,  a  certain  polite 
shamelessness  in  the  writer,  who  must 
enjoy  privacy,  and  also  enjoy  people  seeing 
him  enjoying  it.  The  appeal  of  the  essayist 
to  the  world  at  large  depended  on  the 
extent  to  which  he  sees,  seizes,  and  expresses 
the  pageant  of  life  rather  than  its  aims  and 
purposes.  In  a  certain  sense  the  essayist 
was  a  glorified  journalist,  and  the  best  work 
was  done  by  exuberant  writers  who  had  a 
power  of  selection.  The  essayist  lived 
more  in  the  glow  of  life  than  in  the  glory  of 
it.  He  ended  by  a  critical  examination  of 
passages    from    Lamb    and   Walter    Pater. 

Sir  James  Crichton  Browne  was  unable  to 
be  present  at  the  meeting  of  the  Child  Study 
Society,  but  we  cannot  compliment  the 
Committee  on  their  choice  of  a  substitute. 

The  Association  of  Teachers  of  Domestic 
Subjects  discussed  '  The  Ways  and  Means 
of  Labourers'  Wives.'  Miss  Cochrane,  a 
manager  of  schools  in  Cambridgeshire,  spoke 
from  the  point  of  view  of  one  who,  from 
outside,  wished  to  improve  rural  conditions. 
She  thought  the  ways  and  means  depended 
on  whether  the  woman  was  a  good  manager, 
how  many  children  there  were,  and  how 
much  money  the  husband  gave  the  wife  ; 
and  she  believed  that  all  distress,  not  struggle 
or  poverty,  was  caused  through  drink. 
The  great  needs  of  rural  districts  were  a 
better  supply  of  milk,  good  nursing  arrange- 
ments, more  education  on  the  nutritive 
value  of  foods,  and  better  housing  and  water 
supply.  Councillor  Edwards  of  the  Norfolk 
County  Council  spoke  from  knowledge  and 
practical  experience  as  he  had  been  an  agri- 
cultural labourer,  and  before  he  was  married 
could  not  read.  He  defended  the  labourers, 
and  spoke  highly  of  the  managing  powers 
of  their  wives.  The  greatest  need  was  the 
raising  of  the  labourers'  wages.  In  counties 
where  the  wages  were  poorest  the  morals 


were  lowest,  and  he  had  sufficient  confidence 
in  his  class  and  sex  to  believe  that  when 
conditions  were  improved  there  would  be 
less  drink.  The  District  Councils  were 
largely  responsible  for  the  bad  housing,  and 
Housing  Acts  would  be  a  dead  letter  unless 
a  different  class  of  men  dealt  with  them. 

Other  meetings  were  held  by  the  Froebel 
Society  ('  The  Place  of  Reading  and  Writing 
in  Kindergarten  and  Infant  Schools  '),  the 
Parents'  National  Education  Union,  and  the 
Association  of  Teachers  in  Technical  Insti- 
tutes ( '  Proposals  for  the  Reconstitution  of 
the  University  of  London  ' ). 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  CONFERENCE. 

The  increasing  sense  of  a  need  for  unity 
in  educational  matters  is  seen  in  the  fact  of 
twenty-one  Associations  combining  for  their 
Annual  Conference  ;  this  number  is  eight 
more  than  last  year,  when  the  first  Joint 
Conference  was  held.  Various  other  signs 
of  grace  were  manifested  in  some  of  the 
addresses,  and  occasionally  the  audiences 
expressed  appreciation  of  progressive  ideas, 
as  when  they  applauded  a  speaker  who 
deprecated  prize-giving.  In  general,  the 
teachers  attending  the  Conference — of  all 
ages,  and  chiefly  of  the  middle  class — 
appeared  strenuous  and  earnest,  with  a 
strong  sense  of  decorum,  but  they  exhibited 
a  lack  of  freshness  and  appreciation  ;  it 
was  a  sense  of  duty  rather  than  a  desire  for 
progress  that  animated  the  audiences. 

Our  main  impressions  can  be  divided  into 
(a)  signs  that  were  evidence  of  progress,  and 
(6)  ways  in  which  the  Conference  was  found 
wanting. 

The  advocacy  of  fewer  examinations  was 
excellent.  Dr.  Rouse  in  his  Presidential 
Address  to  the  Teachers'  Guild  wished  that 
teachers  would  speak  out  plainly  on  the 
subject,  for  they  were  tied  and  bound  in  the 
chains  of  the  examination  system.  Like  all 
officialism,  the  system  tended  to  become 
fixed  with  a  sort  of  rigor  mortis.  Both  he 
and  Mr.  Storr  (at  the  Modern  Language 
Association)  wished  for  an  increase  in  oral 
examinations,  which  give  the  impression  the 
candidate  makes  as  a  human  being  in 
human  society.  Perhaps  one  of  the  greatest 
bars  to  spontaneity  and  reality  in  teaching 
will  be  removed  when  the  fetish  of  examina- 
tions is  deposed,  for,  consciously  or  not,  the 
teacher  must  keep  that  end  in  view,  and 
education  becomes  a  thing  merely  of  written 
exercises  and  books,  and  often  degenerates 
into  memory-work  with  little  ability  to  use 
knowledge. 

The  human  element  in  the  education  of 
children  was  sometimes  mentioned.  Prof. 
Mackinder  (at  the  Geographical  Association) 
derided  the  mathematical  method  of  treat- 
ing geography  (which  he  considered  a  bridge 
between  scientific  and  humanistic  studies) 
because  the  element  of  human  will  entered 
into  the  study,  and  he  rejoiced  at  the 
progress  made  in  teaching  the  subject  by 
the  regional  method,  with  its  human  note. 
Greater  reality  and  common  sense  in  teach- 
ing were  urged  by  other  speakers,  notably 
Viscount  Bryce  in  his  wish  that  education 
should  give  the  ability  to  enjoy  the  best 
pleasures,  and  should  set  free  springs  of  joy, 
and  affect  the  whole  nature  as  a  human  being. 
This  cannot  be  done  by  working  for  exami- 
nations, nor  by  wishing  children  to  love 
drudgery  for  its  own  sake,  as  one  speaker 
desired.  Unwilling  drudgery  stunts  the 
soul  ;  it  is  only  when  effort  is  undertaken 
willingly,  as  a  means  to  some  other  end, 
that    it    possesses    the    disciplinary    value 


wrongly  claimed  for  unpleasant  work 
in  itself.  In  the  domains  of  handicraft 
and  drawing  great  enlightenment  as  to 
freedom  and  initiative  on  the  part  of  the 
pupils  was  shown.  Mr.  Godfrey  Blount 
(Art  Teachers'  Guild)  admonished  his 
listeners  to  infuse  the  "  divine  poison  "  that 
killed  rigid  systems  into  the  minds  and 
fingers  of  their  pupils.  Miss  Walford  of 
Leeds  Training  College,  in  an  address  marked 
by  independence  of  thought  and  high  ideals, 
mentioned  the  waste  and  inefficiency  of 
formalism  and  mere  book-learning,  and 
advised  suggestion  rather  than  dictation  as 
the  aim  of  the  handicraft  teacher. 

The  social  implications  in  education  were 
mentioned  by  Miss  Walford,  when  she 
pleaded  for  the  right  directing  of  the  craft 
instinct  to  the  best  use  of  leisure  and  the 
doing  of  joyful  work.  Another  lady,  Miss 
Burstall  of  Manchester  High  School  for 
Girls,  in  addressing  the  "  Simplified  Speling 
Sosieti,"  gave  prominence  to  the  fact  that 
there  was  a  groundswell  of  dissatisfaction 
with  present-day  education  among  the 
Labour  class,  which  demanded  something 
better  for  itself  and  its  children.  An 
innovation  of  much  value  was  made  by  the 
Association  of  Teachers  of  Domestic  Sub- 
jects in  asking  Councillor  Edwards  who, 
as  previously  noted,  had  been  an  agricul- 
tural labourer,  to  speak  on  '  The  Ways 
and  Means  of  a  Labourer's  Wife.'  It  was 
an  acknowledgment  that  teachers  should 
come  into  closer  touch  with  fife,  and  that 
nothing  but  experience  can  speak  with  real 
authority.  The  meeting  of  the  National 
Home-Reading  Union  gave  the  effect  of 
sincerity  and  real  effort  to  induce  a  love  of 
learning,  especially  among  the  poorer  sec- 
tion of  the  community,  and  it  was  a  pleasure 
to  notice  the  deep  interest  taken  by  the 
speakers  in  their  work. 

One  speaker,  Dr.  Sibly  of  the  Private 
Schools  Association,  mentioned  a  subject  of 
instruction  that  is  of  increasing  importance 
— that  of  sex-teaching,  which  it  would  be 
well  to  face  and  systematize,  without  senti- 
mentality or  indelicacy ;  for  in  the  near 
future  definite  and  sane  sex-instruction  is 
likely  to  be  as  widespread  as  it  will  be 
beneficial  to  the  race. 

All  these  points  are  hopeful  as  indicating 
that  the  spirit  of  progress  is  still  alive  in 
the  realm  of  education ;  but  it  is  not  suffi- 
ciently general,  nor  has  it  yet  broken  the 
crust  of  conventionality  that  covers  some 
fields  in  the  educational  world.  Conven- 
tionality brought  the  air  of  decorum  into 
the  halls,  and  caused  the  want  of  apprecia- 
tion, and  probably  prevented  the  discussions 
from  being  of  high  value.  Few  questions 
were  asked  and  few  opinions  expressed  by 
the  audiences  in  general ;  even  dissent, 
which  at  least  indicates  a  point  of  view, 
was  seldom  openly  exhibited,  but  reserved 
for  private  conversation  afterwards.  A 
curious  kind  of  want  of  respect  and  belief 
in  the  views  of  the  more  progressive  speakers 
was  the  rule.  As  Prof.  Mackinder  remarked, 
there  was  freedom  to  strike  out  a  line  for 
themselves,  if  only  teachers  would  claim  it. 
In  such  a  department  of  life  as  education, 
where  methods  should  progress  as  evolution 
advances,  the  more  initiative,  the  more 
independence  of  thought,  the  more  sincerity 
that  are  evinced,  the  greater  will  be  the 
benefit  conferred  on  the  coming  generation. 

Sincerity  and  clear-mindedness  are  essen- 
tial, but  exceedingly  rare.  The  saying  that 
character-building  is  of  the  highest  import- 
ance in  schools  has  become  a  platitude,  and 
to  discuss  such  a  subject  only  with  regard 
to  Boy  Scouts  and  the  Prefect  system  is 
mere  trifling.  The  direction  in  which  the 
character,    when     it     is     built,    is     to     be 


Supplement,  Jan.  17,   1914] 


THE    ATIIKN.KC  M 


113 


tamed  was  scarcely  mentioned,  and  very 
indefinite  wen1  any  suggestions,  beyond 
what  is  already  being  done,  as  to  the  method 
of  building.  Presumably  it  is  by  moraliz- 
ing, manual  work,  and  incidental  admonish- 
ing. But  this  question  of  the  formation 
of  character,  of  civic  responsibility,  and  of 
social  service  is  the  keynote  of  education. 
Acquired  knowledge  is  of  value  according 
to  its  effect  on  the  consciousness  of  the 
pupil,  and  the  effect  will  depend  on  the 
manner  of  and  reason  for  the  acquisition. 
It  is  futile  to  agree  that  character- 
building  is  of  chief  importance,  and  then 
to  dismiss  the  idea  in  discussing  the 
•curriculum,  as  was  often  done  during 
the  Conference.  If  it  be  true  that  character 
is  more  important  than  knowledge,  then  all 
school  courses  should  be  deliberately  de- 
signed to  that  end  ;*  not  in  order  to  mora- 
lize, but  to  give  ""  an  esthetic  revelation  of 
the  world  "  ;  not  with  the  result  of  turning 
out  "  prigs,''  but  of  giving  play  to  spon- 
taneity and  individuality.  There  is  still 
a  fear  of  these  two  qualities  in  most  teachers' 
minds,  caused  by  a  distrust  of  human 
nature.  Therefore  it  was  pleasing  to  find 
the  Montesaori  Society  represented  by  such 
an  exponent  as  the  Rev.  Cecil  Grant,  who 
claimed  that  education  should  not  be  split 
into  compartments,  but  should  follow  a 
common  system  from  start  to  finish. 

Here  we  reach  the  greatest  need  of 
education  to-day,  and  the  greatest  omis- 
sion throughout  the  whole  of  the  Confer- 
ence. Every  Association  represented  was 
connected  with  education  ;  but  each  one  was 
concerned  with  its  own  subject  and  methods, 
and  carried  on  its  meetings  parallel  with  the 
others,  with  no  sense  of  incompleteness  in 
itself,  and  with  little  sense  of  its  proportional 
value. 

Mr.     Holman     (National     Association     of 
Manual  Training)   said  that    subjects  beside 
his  own  were  necessary,  and  Prof.  Mackinder 
advised  a  philosophical  assessment  of  values 
in   study ;   but   nowhere   was   there  explicit 
ognition  of  the  all-important  fact  that  a 
synthetic    view    of    education     is     essential, 
and  an  aim  towards  which  all  its  branches 
should  converge.     This  co-ordination  is  lack- 
ing in  organization  as  well  as  in  aim,  but 
the     former     would    follow    if     the     latter 
were  settled.     At  present  the  unity  of  edu- 
cational system  is  a  mere  phrase,  and  the 
general  attitude  among  authorities  towards 
the  subject  of  synthetic  education  shows  a 
fear  of  the  unknown.     Dr.  Sadler  expressed 
the    sense    of    haphazardness    in    education 
when  he  remarked   that  no   one  was  com- 
petent to  judge  what  circle  of  studies  any 
pupil  should  be  going  through  at  a  particular 
»f  his  education,  and  therefore  no  one 
could  define  efficiency.     But  why  not  ?    All 
topics  and  issues  in  educational  matters  are 
of    subordinate    interest    and    value    to    the 
md  ideal  of  the  whole  end  of  education 
which    should    lie    behind    and    beyond    all 
syllabuses   and   methods,   and   which   would 
profoundly     modify    them.     It     rests    with 
all  those  who   are  responsible  for  education 
to  formulate  such  a  central  aim.      Xo    more 
fittim.'    occasion    could    be    found    than   in 
ii  a  Conference  as  this,  and  perhaps  the 
future  will   see   it    devoted   to   this  purpose, 
when,  in  addition  to  separate  meetings,  an 

amalgamated  discussion  ought  result  in  the 
srgence  of  a  truly  comprehensive  concep- 
tion of  the  purpose  of  education,  and  of  the 
manner  in  which  each  Association  Contributes 
it-  part  to  the  whole.  A  synthetic,  definite, 
and  supreme  aim  would  dominate  all  Schemes 
and  branches  of  education,  and  would 
guide  the  organization  of  the  whole  system. 

*  An  attempt  at  this  hat  been  made  in  a  Correlation 
Srlif-tii-  i-*uw(  tiy  the  Moral  I/lunation  Ltagiie  which  is 
well  worth  study. 


THE  L.C.C.  TEACHERS'  CONFERENCE. 

(Concluded.) 

The  last  day  of  this  Conference  was  occu- 
pied by  accounts  of  various  educational  ex- 
periments in  schools,  and  the  Chairman 
mentioned  that  no  fewer  than  sixty  papers, 
nearly  all  of  serious  interest,  had  been  sent 
in,  from  which  it  had  been  the  difficult  task 
of  Dr.  Kimmins,  tho  Council's  senior  in- 
spector, to  select  but  six. 

Mr.  Cross,  an  assistant  master  in  tho 
County  Secondary  School,  Streathatn,  de- 
scribed '  The  Organization  of  a  Visit  to 
Kew  Gardens.9  The  true  aim  of  such 
expeditions,  he  urged,  was  to  develope 
keenness  of  sight  and  clearness  of  thinking  ; 
notes  made  by  children  at  the  time  were 
useless,  and  notes  prepared  by  the  teacher 
a  handicap.  In  regard  to  nature-study 
generally,  he  advised  direct  observation 
combined  with  continued  meditation  upon 
the  causes  and  effects  of  what  was  actually 
seen.  His  illustrative  remarks  upon  some 
familiar  fallacies  accepted  at  second  hand, 
and  easily  disproved  by  first-hand  study, 
revealed  Mr.  Cross  as  an  enthusiastic 
observer,  and  suggested  how  educative  real 
nature-study  may  be  when  teacher  no  less 
than  pupil  is  continually  learning. 

The  paper  on  '  Sectional  Teaching,'  by 
Mrs.  Norris,  head  mistress  of  Catherine 
Street  School,  Hoxton,  explained  the  way 
in  which  groups  of  girls  in  the  same  class 
and  room  might  be  profitably  occupied  in 
different  work  at  the  same  time  :  one,  per- 
haps, reading  to  the  mistress  or  receiving 
individual  teaching  in  arithmetic,  while 
others  were  engaged  in  silent  reading,  pre- 
paration of  lessons,  or  drawing.  At  first 
the  introduction  of  the  sectional  method 
produced  unsatisfactory  results  :  the  girls 
showed  a  lively  curiosity  about  the  occupa- 
tions of  their  neighbours,  and  a  lack  of  con- 
centration upon  their  own  ;  accuracy  in 
every  direction  was  impaired.  Later, 
however,  more  care,  instead  of  less,  was  given 
to  the  tasks,  time  was  saved,  better  results 
in  every  way  achieved,  and  a  discipline  of 
self-controlled  freedom  substituted  for  that 
of  immobility  and  silence.  The  physical 
strain  upon  teachers  was  lessened,  and  the 
whole  tone  of  the  school  had  become  one  of 
happiness. 

A  change  in  the  subject-matter  of  arith- 
metic lessons  formed  the  theme  of  Miss 
Whitfield's  paper.  Instead  of  doing  the 
usual  sums  the  elder  girls  at  Clifton  Hill 
School  are  now  provided  wdth  books  in 
which,  out  of  an  imaginary  income  of 
25s.  to  30s.  weekly,  they  note  the  outlay 
for  a  supposed  household  of  five  persons, 
one  being  a  baby  under  six  months  old. 
Each  girl  fixes  her  own  payments,  decides 
upon  the  rent  to  be  paid,  lays  out  a  scheme 
for  each  week,  and  tries  to  maintain  a  little 
savings-bank  balance.  As  they  grow  pro- 
ficient the  teacher  invents  casualties  :  the 
husband  becomes  unemployed,  the  baby 
falls  ill,  or  the  eldest  child's  shoes  come  to 
a  sudden  end.  With  these  emergencies  the 
young  treasurers  have  to  cope  as  their 
imagination  may  suggest.  On  one  occasion, 
when  the  teacher  had  devised  a  local  out- 
break of  scarlet  fever,  the  girls  replied  by 
dispatching  the  invalids  to  the  fever  hospital, 
whereby  the  households  were  left,  until  the 
date  of  recovery,  with  fewer  claims  upon 
the  weekly  expenditure  a  curious  side- 
light On  modern  utilitarianism. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed  these 
three  papers  I  Jr.  Hayward  pointed  out  that. 
about  1813,  I'estaloz/.i  and  Lancaster  were 
advising  the  teaching  ol  children  in  large 
classes  as  a  means  of  aaving  time,  and  thai 
the  lapse  of  years  was  now  changing  th 


largo  classes  back  into  many  sections,  and 
restoring  individual  teaching.  Mr.  Lewis, 
who  had  on  an  earlier  day  given  so  inter- 
esting an  account  of  the  working  of  the 
Prelect  system  at  Torriano  Avenue,  now  re- 
lated how,  in  a  "  playground  class,"  his  pupils 

had  been  set  -the*  hoys  to  keep  imaginary 
shops  (on  this  occasion  a  would-be  butcher 
made  the  inscription  '"  Stake,  2/6  lb."),  and 
the  girls  to  buy  from  them  for  imaginary 
households.  Miss  Wheat  exprossod  some 
doubt  whether  teachers  of  classes  in  sections 
might  not  find  the  loss  of  absolute  quiet  in 
the  classroom  more  fatiguing  than  the 
strain  of  onforcing  silence  upon  a  class ; 
and  another  speaker  suggested  that  periods 
of  enforced  silence  wore  restful  for  children 
accustomed  to  the  noisiness  of  London 
streets. 

The  afternoon  session  was  opened  by 
Dr.  Borland,  Musical  Inspector  and  Adviser 
to  the  London  County  Council,  with  an 
address  on  '  Experiments  with  Children  in 
Memorizing  Musical  Pitch.'  Eight  little 
girls  ranged  on  the  platform  illustrated  very 
strikingly  his  assertion  that  the  power  of 
remembering  the  exact  pitch  of  notes  was 
neither  rare  nor  impossible  of  acquisition. 
He  recounted  the  methods  of  training — so 
simple  as  to  consist  largely  in  the  provision 
of  tuning-forks  and  the  accustoming  of  the 
ear  to  identifying  a  particular  note — and 
showed  how  in  the  great  majority  of  cases 
children  quickly  became  able  to  sing  par- 
ticular notes  at  command  without  having 
heard  them  played,  and  to  name  any  note 
that  was  sounded.  He  added,  however, 
that  apparent  success  might  be  sometimes 
deceptive,  since,  in  class,  a  child  who  does 
not  recognize  the  note  may  be  quick  enough 
to  copy  it  almost  instantaneously  from  a 
companion  who  begins  to  sing  or  say  it. 
The  children  on  the  platform  named  and 
sang  notes  unhesitatingly  until,  after  they 
had  given  the  middle  notes  of  several 
chords,  one  was  played  which  they  received 
in  silence,  paused,  and  then  began  to  say, 
"  There  is  no  middle  note,"  Dr.  Borland 
having  played  not  three,  but  only  two.  It 
was  easy  to  believe  that,  to  children  who 
could  thus  discern  sounds,  the  world  would 
be  full  of  agreeable  recurring  problems, 
such  as  the  recognition  of  motor-horns  and 
steam  whistles,  and  that  they  would  be 
able,  like  Dr.  Borland,  to  identify  a  black- 
smith's anvil  within  sound  of  the  Education 
Offices  as  giving  out  e  flat. 

Miss  Robinson,  head  mistress  of  the 
Heber  Road  School  for  Infants,  read  a 
paper  upon  '  Self-Reliance  in  the  Infant 
School,'  which  ought  to  be  studied  by  all 
persons  who  have  the  care  of  young  children, 
but  of  which — depending  for  its  interest, 
as  it  did,  partly  upon  its  general  spirit,  and 
partly  upon  a  number  of  concrete  instances — 
no  brief  account  could  give  any  adequate 
idea.  Happy  must  be  the  infants  m  a 
school  where  the  head  mistress  holds  that 
human  beings,  even  at  three  years  old, 
should  be  treated  with  invariable  respect 
and  courtesy. 

Mr.R.  Cook,  late  head  master  of  Pritohard's 
Road  School  for  Boys,  gave  excellent  advice 
about  'Training  Hoys  to  use  a  Public 
Library,'  and  spoke  with  an  enthusiasm  for 
books  somewhat  unusual  in  these  Con- 
ferences, where  at  times  the  word  "  bookish 
is  heard  used  less  in  praise  than  in  scorn. 

In  the  course  of  the  discussion  Bliss  Clara 
Grant  put  in  a  plea  for  the  provision  of  low 
cupboards,  from  which  even  little  children 

would  be  able  to  fetch  the  various  objects 
needed.  At  present  cupboards,  it  appears, 
are    high,    and     their    upper    -helves    out    of 

reach  e\cpt  for  adults.  A  gentleman, 
while     doing     justice      to      the       value      of 


114 


T  HE     AT  H E N M U M 


;Siti'Lkmi-;nt,  Jan.   17,   1914 


public  libraries,  said  that  he  missed,  among 
his  pupils,  the  child's  own  book,  and  urged 
the  great  advantage  to  every  child  of  possess- 
ing at  least  two  or  three  books. 

In  none  of  the  papers  read  was  the  name 
of  Montessori  mentioned,  yet  it  was  impos- 
sible to  sit  day  by  day  listening  to  them, 
and  to  the  discussions  upon  them,  without 
feeling  that  the  whole  Conference  was  per- 
meated by  the  spirit  of  Dr.  Montessori. 
That  spirit,  inarticulate  and  unformulated, 
existed,  of  course,  before  she  propounded 
her  creed— Miss  Robinson,  for  instance, 
must  have  been  a  Montessorist  much  earlier 
— but  the  great  impulse  given  to  it  by 
the  publication  of  her  volume,  and  the 
degree  in  which  it  is  influencing  the  whole 
world  of  education,  are  brought  home 
vividly  at  such  meetings  as  this  of  the 
London  County  Council's  teachers. 


THE    CLASSICAL    ASSOCIATION. 

The  yearly  meeting  of  the  Classical 
Association  began  on  Monday  last,  at  Bed- 
ford College  for  Women,  Regent's  Park, 
with  a  paper  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Livingstone  on 
'  The  Teaching  of  the  Classics  as  Literature.' 
He  did  not  claim  to  bring  forward  any 
novelties  which  had  not  already  been  sug- 
gested by  educational  experts,  and  began 
by  giving  a  lurid  picture  of  the  present 
state  of  instruction  in  the  Universities  and 
the  upper  forms  of  schools.  Examinees 
were  like  tame  animals  fed  at  regular  hours. 
They  read  their  books  in  a  tame,  otiose  way  ; 
they  had  been  taught  to  grapple  with  trans- 
lation, but  never  taught  to  read.  Litera- 
ture was  a  more  difficult  subject  to  teach 
than  history,  being  hard  to  hitch  on  to  a 
boy's  interests.  Boys  missed  that  revela- 
tion of  the  human  heart  which  was  the  core 
of  literature,  and  they  lounged  through 
their  books. 

A  great  teacher,  like  a  great  actor,  could 
thrill  them  with  emotions  they  had  never 
experienced,  but  great  teachers  could  not 
be  created.  Some  suggestions  followed 
which  would  reduce  the  admitted  difficulties. 
Boys  should  be  taught  to  visualize  what 
they  read  in  descriptive  and  narrative 
writing,  in  drama,  and  nearly  all  poetry. 
Boys  should  be  taught,  further,  to  notice 
the  contents  of  the  books  they  read.  The 
personality  and  point  of  view  of  the  author 
in  hand  should  be  studied.  Thirdly,  literary 
discrimination  was  required.  The  distinc- 
tion between  good  and  bad  poetry  could  be 
illustrated  by  textual  difficulties.  To  mix 
up  grammar  with  literature  in  lessons  was 
a  great  mistake.  Literature  alone  should 
be  allotted  a  portion  of  the  lesson  hour. 
Several  piquant  remarks  were  added  as  to 
the  standard  of  translation,  "  Anglo-Latin  " 
rather  than  English,  and  the  avoidance 
of  gratuitous  solecisms.  Mr.  Livingstone 
thought  that  it  was  difficult  to  translate 
Demosthenes  into  journalese,  and  that  the 
remedy  for  our  distempered  English  lay  in 
the  study  of  Greece  and  Rome. 

Sir  F.  G.  Kenyon,  who  was  in  the 
chair,  said  that  too  gloomy  a  view  had 
been  taken  of  present  achievements,  and, 
indeed,  an  accomplished  epigrammatist  like 
Mr.  Livingstone  is  fairly  sure  to  heighten 
his  colours.  His  typical  question  to  boys 
about  the  religion  of  Horace  is  certainly, 
we  think,  one  of  exceptional  difficulty,  nor 
is  Virgil,  as  the  discussion  showed,  an 
author  whose  appeal  is  to  the  young.  Mr. 
J.  V.  Saunders  mentioned  that  he  had 
found  boys  particularly  interested  in  the 
'  Philoctetes,'  which  appealed  to  their  sport- 
ing instincts,  and  in  politics  since  the  advent 
of    Mr.    Lloyd    George.     We   regretted   that 


an  interesting  discussion  was  cut  short  for 
lack  of  time. 

Mr.  W.  C.  F.  Anderson  followed  with  a 
lecture  on  '  The  Underworld  and  the  Way 
There,'  which  was  hardly  adequate  as  a 
survey  of  the  theme,  but  of  special  value  as 
indicating  practical  points- — from  the  making 
of  slides  to  their  choice  and  order- — which  a 
lecturer  should  know.  He  included  sketch- 
maps  of  his  own  designing,  which  were 
much  clearer  than  the  average  photograph. 
He  showed  that  picture-postcards  could  be 
made  into  excellent  slides. 

Prof.  H.  Browne  then  read  a  short  paper 
on  '  The  Influence  of  Museums  on  the 
Classical  Revival.'  There  is  clearly  a  great 
opportunity  for  the  use  of  museums  as  an 
aid  to  classical  study,  and  the  British 
Museum,  as  the  Chairman  pointed  out, 
had  lately  started  a  scheme  for  supplying 
casts  to  schools  or  any  other  responsible 
body. 

In  the  evening  there  was  a  reception  by 
the  Principal  of  Bedford  College,  Miss  Tuke, 
and  the  College  Greek  Play  Society  gave  a 
delightful  performance  of  two  Idylls  of 
Theocritus  :  the  Second,  which  exhibits  the 
love-incantations  of  Simastha ;  and  the 
Fifteenth,  which  has  been  praised  by  many 
writers,  and  notably  by  Matthew  Arnold, 
for  its  freshness  and  truth  to  life  even  as  it 
is  to-day.  Miss  E.  B.  Abrahams  delivered 
the  love-appeal,  which  is  mainly  a  long 
monologue.  At  first  she  took  the  hexa- 
meters too  fast,  somewhat  spoiling  their 
rhythm,  but  when  the  business  of  libations 
and  incantation  was  over,  and  she  was  left 
without  her  attendant,  her  appeals  to  the 
Lady  Moon  were  well  rendered,  and  she 
showed  considerable  dramatic  power.  The 
whirling  of  the  magic  wheel  was  a  picturesque 
feature  of  the  Idyll. 

In  the  '  Adoniazusae  '  the  action  was  in- 
geniously divided  into  three  parts  :  the 
entry  of  the  visitor  and  arrangements  to  go 
out  to  the  festival ;  the  crush  on  the  way, 
given  in  front  of  the  curtain  ;  and  the 
scene  of  the  song,  with  the  final  comments 
of  the  visitors  on  it. 

Miss  E.  L.  Calkin  and  Miss  E.  Strudwick 
made  full  play  with  the  comments  of  Praxi- 
noe  and  Gorgo,  which  show,  indeed,  the 
essential  sameness  of  human  nature  through- 
out the  ages.  The  servant,  a  "  lazy  cat," 
and  the  man  in  the  crowd  who  ventured  to 
object  to  the  language  of  the  ladies  were 
suitably  bullied.  The  chief  honours  in  the 
piece,  however,  belong  to  Miss  Gladys  Meger, 
who  managed  the  Adonis  song  with  great 
spirit.  The  music,  which  was  composed  by 
Dr.  Rootham,  and  came  from  a  string 
quartet  and  harp  concealed  somewhere  on 
the  small  stage,  was  at  once  reminiscent  of 
classic  style,  and  highly  effective.  The  per- 
formances were  so  good  that  we  should  be 
glad  to  see  more  of  the  sort.  The  stage 
arrangements  were  simple,  but  quite  suffi- 
cient. 

On  Tuesday  Prof.  Ridgeway  was  elected 
President  for  the  coming  year,  and  New- 
castle was  chosen  for  next  year's  meeting. 
Mr.  Payne,  Secretary  of  the  Association  for 
the  Reform  of  Latin  Teaching,  began  a  dis- 
cussion on  the  oral  method  of  teaching,  and 
pointed  out  the  advantages  of  the  Direct 
Method.  After  some  criticism  by  various 
speakers,  it  was  decided  to  form  a  Com- 
mittee to  go  into  the  matter. 

Sir  Frederick  Kenyon,  the  retiring  Presi- 
dent, then  delivered  his  address.  The 
work  of  the  Association  in  the  reform  of 
Latin  pronunciation  in  England  had  been 
successful,  and  all  that  was  necessary  was 
to  keep  a  vigilant  watch  on  those  teachers 
who  had  been  convinced  or  compelled  to 
come  in  against  their  will.  He  mentioned 
the  bad  example  of  Oxford  (already  referred 


to  at  the  Head  Masters'  Conference),  and 
showed  that  in  the  greater  Public  Schools 
a  large  majority  practised  the  new  pro- 
nunciation. So  did  secondary  schools,  girls' 
schools,  Cambridge,  and  the  newer  Uni- 
versities ;  the  Westminster  Play  in  the  next 
generation  would  be  cherished  like  a  speci- 
men of  the  dodo.  The  reports  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  pronunciation  of  Greek  might 
be  consulted  again  and  again  with  profit 
by  the  schoolmaster,  and  attain  an  historical 
position  as  an  educational  manifesto  of  the 
first  decade  of  the  twentieth  century. 

He  next  laid  stress  on  the  width  of  the 
interests  they  represented  and  their  actual, 
living  importance  to  our  civilization  of  to- 
day. They  should  be  allied  with  all  lovers 
of  literature,  all  lovers  of  history,  all  who 
cherished  the  spirit  of  inquiry  and  freedcm 
of  thought.  Latin  stood  for  law  and  order  ; 
Greek  for  a  spirit  of  questioning,  overawed 
by  no  tradition,  which  was  neither  alien 
nor  useless  in  an  age  such  as  the  present. 

The  reading  of  good  literature  played  too 
small  a  part  in  the  lives  of  men  and  women 
to-day.  In  the  train  newspapers,  morning 
and  evening,  were  read.  An  additional  half- 
hour  a  day  could  be  better  employed.  He 
himself  had,  after  conscientious  study 
of  the  longest  of  our  daily  papers,  read  in 
the  train  in  the  course  of  a  few  months  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey,  the  ^Eneid,  five  books  of 
Livy,  and  the  whole  of  Catullus  and  Martial. 

Greek  and  Roman  literature  had  a  mes- 
sage and  a  training  for  us  of  the  first  im- 
portance for  our  generation  here  and  now. 
Greek  in  particular,  making  for  freedom 
from  convention  and  bold  experiments,  and 
the  discipline  of  sanity  and  good  taste,  had  a 
double  value  for  the  young  men  who  were  on 
the  threshold  of  new  developments  in  poetry 
and  art.  The  Association  had  to  persuade  the 
advocates  of  other  forms  of  education  that 
they  were  not  their  enemies,  but  their 
allies  ;  in  some  cases  that  they  aimed  at 
the  same  ends,  in  others  that  they  laid  the 
best  foundations,  in  others  that  they  at 
least  offered  to  make  life  richer  and  more 
enjoyable. 

Mrs.  S.  A.  Strong's  lecture  on  '  Collec- 
tions of  Classical  Antiquities  in  the  Museums 
of  America  '  introduced  a  capital  series  of 
slides,  on  which  she  dwelt  briefly  with  the 
assured  touch  of  the  expert.  Some  of  her 
comments  on  the  present  and  past  position 
of  well-known  pieces  of  art  were  piquant. 
She  pointed  out  that  dealers  managed  openly 
to  defy  the  Italian  law  about  the  exporta- 
tion of  art  treasures.  It  seems  a  pity,  as 
she  suggested,  that  parts  of  one  composition 
should  be  divided  between  America  and 
Berlin,  but  a  recent  visit  to  the  former  had 
persuaded  Mrs.  Strong  of  the  excellent 
arrangements  adopted  by  American  mu- 
seums, and  the  splendour  of  their  collections 
of  classic  sculpture. 

Prof.  Ridgeway  was  somewhat  pressed 
for  time  in  his  lecture  on  '  The  Origins  of 
Greek  Tragedy,  illustrated  from  the  Dramas 
of  Non-European  Races,'  which,  he  ex- 
plained, had  been  delivered  before,  and  of 
which  we  printed  a  summary  in  our 
number  for  December  20th  last  (p.  732). 
The  Professor,  however,  managed  to  give  a 
good  idea  of  his  own  case  and  the  objections 
to  the  usual  views  in  language  which  lost 
nothing  by  its  directness  and  humour. 

There  was  no  discussion  after  this  paper, 
or,  indeed,  after  the  final  one,  by  Miss  F.  M. 
Stawell,  on  '  The  Scamander  Ford  in  the 
Iliad,'  which  presented,  with  the  aid  of  two 
sketch-maps,  an  admirably  lucid  account  of 
the  course  of  the  Scamander  in  Homeric 
days.  Miss  Stawell  has  been  led  by  Dr. 
Leaf's  recent  book  on  the  geography  of  Troy 
to  believe  in  a  channel  of  the  Scamander 
non-existent    in   later   days.     This   channel 


Supplement,  Jan.  17,  l!)14] 


Til  E     A  Til  KX.K  l'  M 


11 


includes  the  ford  mentioned  as  coming 
between  the  camp  of  the  Greeks  and  the 
Plain  of  Troy,  and   meets    the  river  Simois 

not  far  from  the  sea.  It  was  shown  thai 
this  restoration  of  the  course  of  the  Sea- 
mander  tits  in  admirably  with  passages  in 
the  Iliad  hitherto  lacking  in  point  or  at 
Last  obscure.  Silting  up  would  account 
for  the  change  of  course  in  the  river.  The 
theory  offered  certainly  seems  to  explain 
better  than  others  the  various  points  of 
Trojan  geography  in  passages  accepted  as 
belonging  to  the  true  Iliad.  Some  portions 
were  for  other  reasons  regarded  by  the 
lecturer  as  later  additions  to  the  poem,  and 
It  would,  we  think,  be  possible  to  substantiate 
her  theory  by  a  careful  survey  of  the  ground. 
This  final  paper  showed  a  feeling  for  the 
poetry  as  well  as  the  arclueology  of  the  Iliad. 

The  meeting  altogether  offered  a  .good 
<leal  of  interest  to  members  of  the  Associa- 
tion. We  regret,  however,  that  there  was 
not  more  time  for  discussion  throughout, 
and  think  that,  pleasant  as  these  meetings 
are,  the  Association  has  more  important 
work  to  do.  A  new  body  of  the  public  has 
of  lat<'  year-  become  interested  in  the  classics 
in  spite  of  the  attacks  made  on  them  as 
educational  instruments.  Prof.  Gilbert 
Murray,  for  instance,  lias  created  a  fresh 
interest  in  Euripides  among  people  who  are 
not  professed  students.  This  class  of  reader 
needs  advice  and  encouragement,  particu- 
larly in  the  choice  of  the  best  books. 


THE     MODERN     LANCUAGE 
ASSOCIATION'. 

I'm:  Moderx  Language  Association  is 
this  year  celebrating  its  majority.  Its 
activities  are  and  have  been  many  and 
various,  and  its  influence  is  considerable.  It 
-  a  Travelling  Exhibition,  viz.,  a 
collection  of  school-books  in  modern  foreign 
languages,  with  a  classified  Catalogue, 
which  may  be  exhibited  at  various  centres 
(hence  its  name)  on  certain  conditions,  and 
which,  when  it  is  not  on  tour,  may  be 
inspected  in  London.  It  also  possesses  a 
collection  of  lantern-slides  which  are  avail- 
able for  lectures,  &c.  Jt  manages  an  Inter- 
national Exchange  of  School-Children,  and 
parents  may  have  an  exchange  arranged  for  a 
small  fee.  During  the  last  two  years  it  has 
inspected  various  Holiday  Courses  on  the 
Continent,  ami  issued  reports  thereon.  Several 
1  mty  Councils  have  signified  their  approval 
and  gratitude  by  subscribing  to  the  cost  of 
inspection. 

It  may  also  be  useful  to  summarize  here 
le  of  the  chief  events  in  the  history  of  the 
Lssociation.     The  idea  of  its  formation  may 
said    to    have    been    conceived    at    the 
Modern  Language  Conference  held  at  Chel- 
tenham   in    April.    1890,    in    which    Vietor, 
Passy,     and     Prof.     Sonnenschein     took    a 
leading  part.     This    idea    took    shape   in   a 
preliminary  meeting,  held  on  August   22nd, 
t    si.    Southampton    Row,    London. 
when   it-  present  Chairman  of  Committees, 
the    \>,\.    Dr.    Macgowan,    became   its   first 
Hon.  Secretary.     Max   Muller   was    its   first 
President,     in     1893,     and      he      has     had 
a    distinguished     line     of     successors.      Its 
tir-t   work  was  a   report    on   'The   Position 
and    Statu-   ..i    Modern    Languages    in    Se- 
condary Schools,'  followed  by  a  petition  to 
the     Victoria     University    to    institute    an 
tive   Honours   Examination   in   Modern 
Languages. 

In  August,  1*94.  it  was  decided  to  publish 

turns!,  and    in   November  then-  appeared 

Modern  Languages,  supplied  gratis  to  mem- 
bers. Its  columns,  .>-  stated  in  its  first 
editorial  note,  were 

41  open  to  every  one  who  was  interested  in  removing 
the  obstacles  to  his  full  manhood  her,  and 


who  felt  a  pride  in  making  it  clear  as  the  midday 
sun  tlmt  none  of  the  modern  languages  possessing  a 
great  literature  need  yield  to  the  dead  tongues  as 
means  oi  culture  or  of  mental  training." 

The  first  genera]  meeting  was  held  in  Decem- 
ber,   1N!>4.    under   the   presidency   of  the   late 

Mr.  Eve,  Mr.  Jespersen,  who  put  in  a 
strong  plea  for  phonetics,  Mr.  rlenrj  Bradley, 

and    other   distinguished    men    were    present. 

The  objects  of  the  Association  were  stated  to 

be:  (1)  To  influence  public  bodies;  (2)  to 
serve  as  a  means  of  communication  among 
members,  and  to  give  the  results  of  research. 

The  year  1897,  in  which  was  held  the 
first  examination  of  the  English  Honours 
School  at  Oxford,  was  the  year  in  which 
the  Association  induced  the  University  of 
London  to  institute  an  oral  examination  for 
all  Arts  degrees,  and  also  published  the 
first  number  of  The  Modern  Language 
Quarterly.  (The  title  of  the  latter  was 
changed  in  the  following  year  to  T/ie  Modern 
Quarterly  oi  Language  and  Literature,  and 
had  incorporated  with  it  a  practical  section 
entitled  'Modern  Language  Teaching.')  The 
same  year — 1897 — was  remarkable!  for  the 
Annual  Meeting  debate  on  Phonetics,  when 
Passy,  Sweet,  and  Lloyd  were  all  present  to 
advocate  its  utility.  Prof.  Pindlay  said 
that  the  introduction  of  phonetic  spelling 
into  English  schools  would  be  fatal  to  the 
progress  of  modern  language-teaching  in 
this  country.  Mr.  Fabian  Ware  advocated 
a  phonetic  alphabet  suited  to  English 
needs.      We  have  travelled  far  since  then. 

The  Presidential  Address  of  1898  raised 
the  question  of  native  versus  foreign  teachers 
of  languages.  Mr.  Pollard,  in  making  a 
comparison  with  the  German  system,  said  : 
"  Until  the  Englishman  felt  that  the  prizes 
of  the  profession  were  open  to  him  in  his 
own  country  progress  was  not  likely  to  be 
made."' 

In  1899  Mr.  R.  J.  Lloyd  in  his  Inaugural 
Address  again  advocated  the  study  of 
Phonetics,  because  "the  tendency  of  the 
English  language  was  to  diverge  rapidly  in 
pronunciation.  The  unity  of  the  language 
was  in  danger."  Shortly  afterwards  a 
Phonetic  Sub-Committee  issued  a  document 
to  obtain  information  on  the  pronunciation 
of  good  English.  Owing  to  its  highly  com- 
plicated nature  it  was  not  a  success. 

In  1901  a  Sub-Committee  was  appointed 
to  draft  a  time-table  suited  to  secondary 
schools,  and  giving  a  fair  proportion  of  time 
to  English,  French,  and  German.  Dr. 
Macgowan.  speaking  of  the  low  level  of 
attainment  in  modern  languages,  gave  as 
one  reason  "the  inadequate  supply  of  duly 
qualified  native  teachers." 

In  1902  a  Questionnaire  was  issued  to 
obtain  information  on  modern  -  language 
methods  of  teaching.  In  the  same  year  a- 
deputation  waited  on  Mr.  Courthope  (Civil 
Service  Commission)  to  urge  the  importance 
of  the  oral  part  of  examinations  and  other 
reforms. 

A  Professorship  of  German  having  become 
vacant  in  the  University  of  London  in 
I9(t.'!,  a  report  was  circulated  that  a  foreigner 

was  to  he  imported  to  fill  the  post.  The 
Modi  in  Language  Quarterly  made  the  follow- 
ing comment,  which  is  not  without  interest 
at  the  present  t ime  : — 

"  We  can  hardly  credit  BUOh  a  report  In  the 
place,  similar  experiments  have  not  always 
turned  out  so  brilliantly  in  the  DOSl  as  to  warrant 
their  repetition.  Secondly,  it  seems  to  as  that 
there  are  .sufficient  and  oapable  Boholan  in  the 
country,  both  English  and  foreign,  from  whom  the 
electors oould  makeaohoioe.     what  is  wanted  is  a 

man  of   experience   in    University  Work  gifted  with 

power  of  organization  and  common  sense  To 
import  a  foreigner  hot-foot  from  abroad  would  be 
to  set  the  clock  book.     We  hope  the  electors,  who 

ever  they    may   be,  will    not  commit  such  a     < 
error  oi  judgment." 

Prof.  .1.  c.  Robertson  was  appointed. 


The  Modern  Language  Quarterly  was 
replaced  in  1905  bj  The  Modern  Language 
Review,  published  quarterly,  and  bj  Modern 
Language  Teaching,  published  eight  time-  a, 
year.  In  the  same  year  a,  special  Sub- 
Committee  issued  a  Report  "ii  the  Ideal 
Curriculum  in  .Mod.  in  Languages. 

In  the  following  year  a  Sub-Committee 
was  appointed  to  investigate  the  conditions 
under  which  modern  languages  were  taught 
in  secondary  schools.  The  Report  was 
issued  in  inns. 

In  1909  an  important  Report  was  pub- 
lished   on    Externa]    School    Examinations, 

and    there    is    no    doubt     whatever    that     1  he 

great  improvements  in  tin-  style  "f 
recent  examination  papers  are  due  chiefly 
to  the  influence  of  the  .Modern  Language 
Association.  Here  we  may  note  m 
passing  that  the  help  and  advice  of  t  ho 
Association  have  been  sought  both  by  the 
Board  of  Education  and  by  the  Civil  Service 
Commissioners;  and  quite  recently,  at  the 
suggestion  of  the  Association,  the  Univer- 
sities of  Cambridge,  London,  and  Oxford 
have  instituted  Certificates  of  Proficiencv  in 
Languages  for  the  benefit  of  teachers.  The 
latest  activity  of  the  Association  is  the 
formidable  task  of  inquiring  into  and  report- 
ing on  University  Appointments  in  Modern 
Languages. 

Some  account  has  been  given  in  our 
columns  of  the  Twenty -first  Annual  Meeting, 
which  was  held  on  the  Oth  and  7th  hist,  in 
the  Jehangier  Hall  of  the  University  of 
London. 


THE    ENGLISH   ASSOCIATION. 

At  the  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the 
English  Association,  opened  at  University 
College  on  the  9th  hist.,  Mr.  Lascelles  Aber- 
crombie  gave  a  delightful  lecture  on  '  Poetry 
and  Contemporary  Speech' — none  the  less 
delightful  because  some  of  it  was  easily  dis- 
putable. His  points  were  that  in  diction 
lies  the  special,  incommunicable  secret  of 
the  art  of  poetry  ;  that  other  parts  of 
technique  count  for  little  beside  cunning  in 
the  use  of  words  as  such  ;  that  tin-  effective 
use  depends  not  on  grammar  and  logic  so 
much  as  on  the  juxtaposition  of  words, 
determined  by  what  the  poet  perceives  of 
the  secondary  associations  with  which  they 
are  "charged";  and  that  these  all-impor- 
tant secondary  associations  are  stored  up 
in  words  more  fully,  and  in  a.  more  various 
richness  and  vividness,  by  means  of  common 
speech  than  by  means  of  writing.  The 
poet's  business  is  to  make  such  juxtaposi- 
tions of  words  that,  the  electric  -park  r,t  Ins 
thought  touching  them,  they  explode;  his 
faculty  is  shown  in  the  discernment  of  their 

several     "potentials.'"        Mr.     Aberc bie 

adopted  Mr.  Arthur  Ransome's  ingenious 
suggestion  to  use  the  words  "  kinet  ,<■  and 
"  potential  "  tor  the  two  forms  ••'  v<  rbal 
power  —  the  driving  force  (grammar 
logic)  and  the  "charge"  (associations) 
respecth  ely. 

The  electric  lib-  of  words  was  m<  -'  abun- 
dant, he  considered,  in  Elizabetl  try, 
and  that  because  it  was  so  intimatel}  i  on- 
nected  with  common  speech,  being  ■<  lan- 
guage not  yet  broken  up  bj  lit<  ratur< •.  but 
emphatically  that  of  people  talkinj  'I  hough 
he  guarded  himself  by  saying  that  Eliza- 
bethan poetry  was  different  from  the 
actuality  of  speech,  and  though  all  thai  he 
said  about  the  amazing  *  italitj  ot  the  words 
may  he  readily  conceded,  a  *  ■•  ••  which 
entirelj  ignored  the  intense  delighl  ot  that 
age  iii  learning,  in  mere  reading  which 
ignored  also  throughout  the  immense  influ- 
ence and  charm  <>i  foreign  word  such  - 
could  hardly  seem  other  than  one-sided. 


IK) 


THE     ATHEN M U M 


[SrppLEMKXT,  Jan.  17,   19U 


He  made  some  good  remarks  on  the  rela- 
tion between  language  and  action.  No  two 
actions  were  identically  the  same,  but  the 
words  for  them  might  easily  be  the  same, 
and  it  was  from  the  variations  and  grada- 
tions thus  imparted  to  the  words  that 
the  energy  came  which  fitted  them  for 
poetry.  The  danger  of  a  poetic  vocabulary, 
as  he  subtly  and  truly  discerned,  lies  in  the 
tendency  Eor  the  thing  signified  to  become 
as  unchangeable  as  the  word  which  expresses 
it,  whence  both  lose  their  vitality.  On  the 
other  hand,  he  illustrated,  chiefly  by  means  of 
the  word  ''bicycle."  the  "  uncharged,'*  ante- 
poetic  state  of  a  word — in  the  case  of  many 
new  technical  terms  from  Latin  and  Greek, 
possibly  for  ever  unavailable  for  poetry. 

The  lecture  would  have  gained  greatly  by 
fuller  and  more  happily  chosen  illustrations. 
As  it  was,  apart  from  the  engaging  style  in 
which  it  was  written,  and  the  no  less  engag- 
ing freshness  of  outlook,  its  chief  interest 
lay  in  the  insight  it  afforded  into  Mr.  Aber- 
crombie's  own  ideal  of  technique. 


THE    HISTORICAL    ASSOCIATION     AT 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  BRISTOL. 

The  Inaugural  Address  of  the  Dean  of 
Wells  was  a  model  allocution  for  such  an 
occasion.  Neatly  avoiding  the  obviovis 
snare  of  well-worn  generalities  on  the  value 
and  purpose  of  a  study  of  History,  he 
selected  a  local  problem — -the  existence  in 
Wells  Cathedral  of  five  Saxon  episcopal 
statues — and  with  deft  hand  led  his  audience 
through  every  step  of  his  own  search  in 
charters  and  Anglo-Saxon  MSS.  concerning 
the  personality  of  these  bishops.  He  chose 
to  call  his  process  "  blundering  along "  ; 
and,  indeed,  his  story  revealed  the  fact  that, 
here  and  there,  some  information  from  other 
students  would  have  saved  him  time  and 
trouble.  Yet  Dr.  Armitage  Robinson 
showed  that  his  plan  of  real  research  is  a 
far  more  inspiriting  thing  than  the  process 
sometimes  practised  now  —  the  method  of 
treading  a  carefully  shepherded  path  liber- 
ally peppered  with  professorial  finger-posts, 
which,  after  all,  is  hardly  more  than  a  sort 
of  glorified  exercise  hi  tutorial  aid. 

Besides  demonstrating  thus,  like  a  skilled 
teacher,  the  true,  high  method  of  genuine 
research,  and  demonstrating  it  by  a  markedly 
individual  instance  of  complicated  interest, 
the  Dean  established  a  general  conclusion 
of  no  small  value  in  these  novelty-seeking, 
critical  days.  He  informed  his  audience 
that  he  found  a  traditional  story  about  these 
bishops  :  he  set  out  to  unravel  it  "  in  total 
ignorance  "'  ;  research  brought  doubt,  doubt 
gave  way  to  fresh  hypothesis,  which  in  turn 
yielded  to  new  scepticism.  Yet  his  final 
conclusion,  after  all  available  evidence  had 
been  sifted,  led  to  the  establishment  of  the 
substantial  accuracy  of  the  traditional  story, 
culminating,  as  he  indicated,  in  the  con- 
viction that  our  forefathers  cared  first  to 
tell  the  truth  ;  and  secondly,  in  telling  it, 
to  choose  those  facts  which  are  suggestive, 
salient,  vital. 

After  a  day  spent  in  sightseeing,  some  of 
the  "'  sights  "  appearing  rather  remotely 
connected  with  History,  the  members  met 
on  the  evening  of  the  9th  inst.  for  a  discourse 
from  the  Bishop  of  the  diocese  on  '  Some 
Historical  Notes  of  Local  Interest.'  A  more 
complete  contrast  to  the  Dean  of  Wells 
there  could  hardly  have  been,  for  the  Bishop 
gave  his  conclusions  with  the  scantiest  refer- 
ence to  his  means  of  arriving  at  them.  His 
main  contention  was  the  supersession  of 
Aust,  the  usually  accepted  meeting-place  of 
St.  Augustine  of  Canterbury  and  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  ancient  British  Church,  by 
Cricklade.     While   he   produced    convincing 


reasons  for  this,  he  surrounded  his  main 
thesis  with  a  number  of  interesting  local 
details,  beginning  his  lecture  with  a  refer- 
ence to  the  later  event  of  the  foundation  of 
Malmesbury  by  the  evicted  Irish  scholar 
Maidulf,  and  giving  his  own  etymology  for 
the  name  of  the  place,  which  he  takes  to  be 
the  town  of  "  Dear  Aldhelm  "  (Maidulf's 
favourite  pupil  and  successor),  the  appella- 
tion being,  of  course,  spelt  in  Maidulf's 
native  Erse.  Dr.  Browne  noted  a  point  of 
some  interest  with  regard  to  the  conference 
of  Augustine  and  the  British  bishops,  viz., 
Bedes  admiring  testimony  to  the  latter, 
and  to  the  learned  doctors  of  the  noble 
monastery  of  Bangor  in  the  Wood  ;  for, 
as  he  said,  "  Bede  knew  what  a  bishop  was, 
what  a  learned  doctor  was,  and  what  a 
noble  monastery  was."  He  closed  his 
lecture  with  a  theory  concerning  the  funeral 
procession  of  Aldhelm  from  Dolting,  where 
he  died,  to  Malmesbury,  where  he  was 
buried  ;  and  he  showed  how  two  arabesqued 
stones,  apparently  parts  of  the  shaft  of  a 
pre-Norman  cross,  found  in  the  churchyard 
of  Littleton  Drew,  presumably  one  of  the 
resting-places  on  the  journey,  were  probably 
portions  of  one  of  the  crosses  erected  to 
mark  each  night's  halt. 

The  Historical  Association  may  congratu- 
late itself  on  having  called  forth  two  ad- 
dresses so  diverse  and  so  full  of  information. 


VACATION     CONFERENCE     ON 
MUSICAL    EDUCATION 

This  Conference  was  held  at  St.  Paul's 
Girls'  School,  Brook  Green,  from  the 
5th  to  the  10th  inst.,  and  all  who  at- 
tended it  must  have  vividly  recognized 
the  great  difference  between  past  and 
present  as  regards  the  musical  education  of 
children.  The  school,  said  Mr.  Macpherson 
in  his  inaugural  lecture  on  '  Problems  con- 
fronting the  Music -Teacher  of  To-day,' 
should  be  the  nursery  of  music  as  of  other 
branches  of  education  ;  much,  indeed,  that 
was  said  about  the  teaching  of  music  is  of 
wider  application.  Moreover,  in  his  lecture 
on  '  The  Singing  Class  '  Mr.  J.  G.  Legge 
looked  upon  that  class  as  of  supreme  im- 
portance as  a  means  for  "  orderly  self- 
expression." 

Miss  Nancy  Gilford,  in  speaking  on  '  The 
Creative  Faculty  in  the  Pupil,'  said  she 
believed  in  getting  children  to  think  for 
themselves  and  to  express  their  ideas  ;  and 
she  gave  some  striking  illustrations.  On  the 
platform  were  boy  and  girl  pupils  from  the 
Normal  College  for  the  Blind,  ages  7  to  15. 
After  she  had  sung  a  phrase  the  younger 
ones  not  only  repeated  it,  but  even  went  on 
adding  until  the  musical  sentence  was  com- 
pleted. They  also  harmonized  the  cadences 
— i.e.,  played  them  on  the  piano.  The 
elder  children  improvised  on  short  themes 
given  by  Mr.  Horace  Watling,  their  teacher, 
and  one  boy  on  a  theme  given  by  Dr.  Percy 
Buck,  the  Chairman.  The  latter  played  it 
twice  on  the  piano,  and  then  the  boy  started 
off  without  hesitation,  producing  harmonies 
and  developments  (not  mere  repetitions) 
of  the  theme.  To  a  child  who  showed  taste 
for  music,  what  a  help  this  would  be  in 
the  due  use  of  Nature's  gift  !  To  an  ordin- 
ary listener,  the  fact  that  these  children 
were  blind  would  add  to  the  wonder,  since 
they  had  not  the  music  on  the  desk  to 
refresh  their  memories.  But  Miss  Gilford 
pointed  out  that  with  the  blind  memory 
is  strong,  for  they  are  not  distracted  by 
what  is  going  on  aroimd  them  ;  their  power 
of  concentrating  their  attention  on  a  theme 
is  all  the  greater.  Miss  Gilford  in  teaching 
does  not  tell  children  how  to  harmonize, 
how  to  improvise,  but  to  do  it — after  which 


she  may  comment  or  suggest  changes,ry>  t 
never  decidedly  says  that  anything  was  con- 
trary to  this  or  that  rule.  She  agrees  with 
Mr.  Frank  Roscoe,  who  on  the  previous  day, 
in  his  lecture  on  'The  Training  of  Teachers  ' 
declared  that  rules  were  a  source  of  danger, 
for  "  they  tended  to  put  the  teacher  in  a 
groove,  and  a  groove  was  the  same  as  a 
grave."  In  like  manner  rules  are  a  source 
of  danger  to  children.  Mr.  Legge,  whom 
we  have  already  named,  spoke  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  retaining  the  spontaneity  of  a  child. 
The  "  street  arab,"  he  declared,  was  nearest 
to  Nature.  Hence  the  importance  of  teach- 
ing in  the  right  way. 

To  return  to  Mr.  Macpherson,  we  note 
that  among  the  equipments  of  a  good  music- 
teacher  he  named 

"  an  ever-growing  knowledge  of  the  best  music, 
ancient  and  modern,  and  sufficient  facility  on  the 
keyboard  to  be  able  to  play  with  pure  tone  and 
understanding  whatever  was  needed.'' 

As  regards  the  best  ancient  music,  the 
quantity  is  limited.  A  teacher  acquainted 
with  the  '  Well-Tempered  Clavier  '  and 
Suites  of  Bach,  some  Sonatas  of  Domenico 
Scarlatti,  and  Beethoven's  principal  Sonatas 
and  miscellaneous  pieces  would,  indeed,  be 
well  equipped.  But  from  the  days  of 
Schumann  quantity  has  been  increasing,  so 
that  it  would  be  difficult  for  a  busy  teacher 
to  keep  pace  with  it,  still  less  to  be  able  to 
play  it,  for  modern  music  is  technically 
difficult.  We  do  not  question  the  advan- 
tages of  such  equipment  as  Mr.  Macpherson 
would  desire,  but  only  the  difficulty  of 
reaching    to    his  standard. 

Mr.  Roscoe,  by  the  way,  does  not  believe 
in  what  the  world  calls  "  heaven-born  " 
teachers.  Personality,  enthusiasm,  mag- 
netic influence,  are,  of  course,  admirable 
qualities  ;  but,  as  he  remarks,  the  subjects 
have  to  be  learnt.  "  The  professor  teacher 
music  to  John  "  means,  added  Mr.  Roscoe. 
"  that  the  former  must  have  a  knowledge 
of  music,  but  also  a  knowledge  of  John." 
The  term  "  heaven-born  "  is  often  applied 
to  geniuses,  especially  composers,  since  they 
do  wonderful  things  apparently  intuitively  ; 
and  if  any  one  has  a  genius  for  teaching, 
the  amount  of  training  required  may  be 
infinitesimal. 

One  more  remark  of  Mr.  Macpherson's 
calls  for  comment.  He  thought  that  a  lot 
of  twaddle — to  use  his  own  expression — - 
was  talked  about  the  humanizing  influence 
of  music.  "  It  was  not  to  be  approached." 
he  added,  "  as  a  sort  of  vapour  bath  in  which 
the  senses  wallow,  but  as  an  art  to  be  appre- 
ciated and  understood."  Understanding  is. 
of  course,  essential  for  teachers,  but  the 
"  vapour-bath  "  attitude  is  really  the  only 
possible  one  for  those  who  do  not  under- 
stand music.  If  it  please,  soothe,  or 
excite  them,  they  say  that  they  have 
enjoyed  it  ;  and  especially  in  the  case  of 
literary  people,  music  may  set  them  think- 
ing about  various  subjects  not  in  any  way 
connected  with  what  is  being  performed. 
Then  again,  according  to  his  nature,  a 
listener  will  be  attracted  either  by  the  intel- 
lectual or  the  emotional  side  of  a  piece  of 
good  music.  In  this  matter  a  well-equipped 
teacher  may  exercise  beneficial  influence  in 
guiding  children,  so  that  the  intellectual 
side  of  the  art  may  not  gain  the  upper  hand. 

Mr.  Thomas  Henderson's  lecture  on  '  The 
Educational  Value  of  the  Singing  Class  " 
was  very  practical,  and  it  was  followed  by 
demonstrations  by  girls  from  an  elementary 
school  in  Ley  ton  which  showed  the  results 
of     capable     and     careful     teaching. 

Mrs.  J.  Spencer  Curwen,  who  lectured  on 
'  The  Practical  Value  of  an  Elementary 
Knowledge  of  Psychology  to  the  Teacher,' 
gave  a  calm,  clear  exposition  of  a  subject  on 
which    she    is    an    authority. 


}    ♦ 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


l< 


I 


Journal  nf  (Knglislj  anft  JForrign  literature,  %txtnaf  tht  JFine  ^rtst  JHtrsix  attir  the  Bratna. 


No.  4500 


SATURDAY,     JANUARY   24,     1914. 


PRICK 

SIXPENCE. 

RBGISTEBED  AS  A  NEWSPAPF.lt. 


A  BOOK  entitled  'A  Manor  Book  of  Ottery 
Bt  Mary 'has  recently  been  published  by  Mrs.  Whetham.  At 
an  early  stage  of  its  preparation  au  interchange  of  notes  and  infor- 
mation took  place  between  the  writer  ami  Mrs.  RoseTroup,  who  is 
now  engaged  upon  a  History  of  Ottery  St.  Mary. 

Mrs.  Whetham  suggested  that  a  contribution  by  Mrs.  RoseTroup 

should  be  incorporated  with  her  name  attached,  but  this  was  declined, 

*as  wa»  also  a  projiosal  from  Mrs.  RoseTroup  of  joint  authorship.    Mrs. 

Rose  Troup  theu  wished  to  withdraw  all  the  information  she  had 

given,  and.  iu  accordance  with  her  request.  Mrs.  Whetham  used  every 

Kdeavour  to  omit  from  the  book  everything  she  could  identify  as 
ving  come  from  Mrs.  RoseTroup. 

Mrs.  Rose  Troup,  however,  stid  complains  that  some  of  her  informa- 
tion has  been  made  use  of.  and  the  point  has  been  referred  to  an 
arbitrator  selected  by  the  Society  of  Authors.  He  has  ruled  that, 
with  a  trivial  exception,  Mrs.  Rose-Troup's  complaint  is  unjustified. 

The  arbitrator  also  decided  that  Mrs.  RoseTroup  was  entitled  to 
some  acknowledgment  of  the  assistance  afforded  by  her  during  the 
interchange  of  notes  and  papers,  and  should  be  at  liberty  to  use 
in  her  proposed  book  information  communicated  to  her  by  Mrs. 
Whetham. 

We  are  instructed  to  say  that  Mrs.  Whetham  desires  us  to  make 
snch  acknowledgment,  and  that  she  is.  of  course,  willing  that  all  such 
information  should  be  freely  used.  and.  moreover,  that  Mrs.  Rose- 
Troup is.  and  always  has  been,  at  perfect  liberty  to  use  any  infor- 
mation \>  hich  on  her  part  Mrs.  Whetham  has  communicated  to  her. 

Cambridge.  18  January.  1914.  FRANCIS  4  CO. 


3Cfctur*s. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 
(University  of  London i. 
YORK  GATE.  REGENTS  PARK,  N.W. 
On  TUESDAY.  January  2T,  1914.  at  5  Pit,  in  the  large  Lecture 
Hall.  8il  OLIVER  I.oDGE.  F.R.S.  D.Sc.  (Principal  of  the  University 
of  Birmingham i,  will  deliver  a  Lecrure  on  -THE  ETHER  OF 
SPACE.'  The  Vice-'  hancellor  of  the  University  will  take  the  Chair. 
Admission  free,  without  Ticket. 


(inhibitions. 


ROUTEKUNST'S  GALLERY, 
.  GRAFTON  STREET,  BOND  STREET.  W.  EXHIBI- 
TION OF  ORIGINAL  ETCHINGS  BY  M.  BAUER  AND  A.  I). 
\  AN  ANGEREN.    10-6  Daily,  Saturdays  10-1. 

THE  SOUTH  POLE  EXHIBITION. 
CAPTAIN  8COTT'S  EXPEDITION,  illustrated  in  160  "Won- 
•lerf.d  Pictures  '  by  H.  G.  PoNTING.  "The  most  interesting  photo- 
graphs in  the  world. "  Also  OLD  JAPANESE  F»NS  lLast  Weeki. 
Work6l.ymo.lern  FRENCH  MEDALLISTS, and  Etchings b>  FRANK 
BRANGWYN  Admission  is.,  including  illustrated  Catalogue.— 
FINE  ART  SOCIETY.  148,  New  Bond  Street. 


(E&urattottal. 


KING      WILLIAM'S       COLLEGE, 
ISLE    OF    MAN. 
ENTRANCE    SCHOLARSHIP    EXAMINATION  on    MARCH  IS 
and  11.    TEN  SCHOLARSHIPS  OFFERED,  502.   to  207.     Also  TEN 
.NATIONS  reducing  the  necessary  fees  to  452.  a  year.     Place  of 
Examination  arranged  to  suit  candidates.  —  Full  particulars  Ifrom 
THE  PRINCIPAL  or  8ECRETARY 

ITTEY  BRIDGE  LADIES'  SCHOOL,  SURREY. 

Tf  —Conducted  by  Miss  E  DAWES.  MA.  D.Litt.  (London). 
The  comforts  of  a  refined  home.  Thorough  education  on  the  principle 
of  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body.  Preparations  for  Examination  if 
desired.  French  and  German  a  speciality.  Large  grounds ;  high 
and  healthy  position. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm,  1,000  acres.  Vet. 
Eefeo'e.  Smiths  Work.  Carpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught.  Ideal 
open  air  life  for  delicate.  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

M3    LOUISA    DREWRY'8    LITERATURE 
1  K8H  will  befin  again  on   WEDNESDAY,   February  i, 
•  n. 1  THURSDAY.  February  S,  at  11  15  \.m,     More  Plays 
■* 8baJupere  will  lie  studied.   Three  Meetings  being  given   to  each 
P!*»  Pint  Meeting    being    devoted    to    some    talk    about 

'.he   Man  and  the    Artist  -For    details    apply  to    Miss 
DREWEY.  !4J.  King  Henrys  Road,  N  W. 


MADAME  AUBERT8  AGENCY  (est.    1880) 
Keith   House.  IXI  IK.    RKUENT  STREET    W     English  and 
foreign  Uoven»«e..  Lady    I  ,  |L,i*rones    (cm 

panjons.  Secretaries     Readers.    Introduce    for    Hon,. -and Abroad 

%£&¥&&££[£   "iSSSS1  "<"~«-    Office 


EDUI    iTION   (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 
I'rTapectusea  of  English  and  Continental  Schools  and 
tft<i\  Armr    Civil  ferrice.  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free  of 
i.t    of    requirement*  by  GRIFFITHS     POWELL 
H  i  FAWCKTT    -  i.enu  (established  1*53.,  H,  Bedford 

Street   Strand.  W.C. 


s 


I       A       M        Ifl        B        R       I       N       G. 

Beaete*  Treatment  -?),  ,  [look  siring  the  experien.  |  o( 
«»'  who  •  .ired  hrrn«elf  after  40  Team'  «un",i„^  .,.„t  ,„„(  fiee  on 
application  to  the   l  Tears,  W.  J    KETLEY 

Tarraojower.  Willeaden  Lane,  Broodoslnjry,  N.W. 


Situations  Barant. 

AMGUEDDFA    GENEDLAETHOL    CYMRU. 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  WALES. 
The  Council  will   shortly  appoint   an  ASSISTANT   in    the    DE- 
PARTMENT  OF   BOTANY  and   one  in   the    DEPARTMENT    OF 
GEOLOGY    AND    MINERALOGY.     Candidates  must  produce  evi- 
dence of  having  received  a  thorough  scientific  training. 
The  salary  will  be  1502.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  received  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  14,  1914. 
For  form  of  application  and  particulars  as  to  duties  apply  to 

THE  DIRECTOR. 
National  Museum  of  Wales,  Cardiff. 

MANCHESTER  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

The  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  DIRECTOR  OF 
EDUCATION  ;  commencing  salary  1,0002.  per  annum.  Forms  of 
application  maybe  obtained  from  THE  ACCOUNTANT.  Education 
Offices,  and  must  be  returned— on  or  before  MONDAY.  January  26, 
1914— to  THE  CHAIRMAN  OF  THE  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
Education  Offices.  Deansgate.  Manchester.  Canvassing  members  of 
the  Committee,  directly  or  indirectly,  is  strictly  prohibited. 

December  24,  1913. 

OUTHLANDS      TRAINING      COLLEGE, 

BATTERSEA. 

WANTED,  a  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  above  College,  to 
commence  duties  on  AUGU8T  1.— Candidates,  who  must  be  Members 
of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church,  should  apply  for  particulars  and 
form  of  application  to  the  Rev.  ENOCH  SALT,  Westminster  Training 
College.  130,  Horseferry  Road.  London,  8.W. 


s 


w 


OODHOUSE      GROVE      SCHOOL, 

NEAR  LEEDS. 

WANTED,  a  resident  HEAD  MA8TER  for  the  above  School,  to 
commence  duties,  if  possible,  on  MAY  1.  Minimum  salary  3202.— 
Candidates,  who  must  be  Wesleyan  Methodists  and  Graduates  of  a 
British  University,  should  apply  for  full  particulars  and  form  of 
application  to  the  Rev.  ENOCH  SALT.  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Management  for  Wesleyan  Secondary  Schools,  130,  Horseferry  Road, 
Westminster,  London,  S.W. 


LRESFORD, 


HANTS. 


PERIN'S   GRAMMAR    80HOOL. 

A  HEAD  MA8TER  is  REQUIRED  for  this  School,  to  commence 
work  after  the  Spring  Term.  He  must  be  a  University  Graduate. 
Science  Degree  important. 

The  School  is  a  co-Educational  Endowed  School  containing 
87  Pupils,  mostly  Day  Pupils. 

The  salary  is  160!.  per  annum,  together  with  excellent  house  and 
Capitation  Fees,  which  bring  in  at  present  1002.  a  year. 

The  Head  Master  will  have  the  privilege  of  taking  Boarders. 

Applications  should  be  sent  in  writing  to  the  undersigned  on  or 
before  the  31st  inst.,  stating  age,  places  of  education,  degrees,  and 
dated  copies  of  testimonials,  with  references  and  any  other  parti- 
culars. G.  E.  R.  SHIELD. 

Alresford,  Hants. 


E 


L    T    H    A    M 


COLLEGE. 


SCHOOL    FOR    THE    80N8    OF    MISSIONARIES. 

The  Governors  of  the  above  School  invite  applications  for  the  post 
of  HEAD  MASTER,  vacant  at  the  end  of  next  Summer  Term.  The 
School  is  a  trust  for  Boys,  as  indicated  in  its  title,  but  is  open  to 
laymen's  sons,  with  certain  restrictions  as  to  number,  and  to  Day 
Boys.  It  has  recently  been  removed  to  the  large  premises  which  it 
occupies,  eight  miles  from  London. 

Candidates  must  be  Graduates  of  a  British  University  and  Free 
Churchmen. 

Forms  of  application  and  full  particulars  can  be  obtained  from 
THE  REGISTRAR.  Eltbam  College,  Mottingham.  Kent 

Canvassing  of  any  kind,  direct  or  indirect,  will  injure  the  prospects 
of  a  candidate. 

BISHOP'S  STORTFORD  COLLEGE. 
PREPARATORY  DEPARTMENT. 
The  Head  Master  requires  for  the  JUNIOR  HOUSE  a  MASTER 
who  will  act  as  HOUSE  MASTER  and  be  responsible  to  him  for  the 
organization  and  teaching  of  the  Preparatory  Department.  The 
House  in  which  the  Preparatory  School  Boys  are  hoarded  and  taueht 
stands  in  the  College  grounds  It  has  recently  been  built,  and  con- 
tains accommodation  for  40  Boarders.  The  Master,  who  must  be  a 
Graduate  of  a  British  University,  will  be  required  to  take  up  his 
duties  in  MAY.  The  salary  offered  is  1352  per  annum  and  a  Capita- 
tion Fee  of  52  per  annum  on  each  Boarder  in  the  Preparatory  School, 
together  with  board  and  residence.  —  Further  particulars  ni.iv  bfl 
obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER,  Bishop's  8tortford  <  ollege, 
Herts,  to  whom  application  must  lie  made  and  testimonials  and 
references  sent  before  MARCH  16. 


c 


AMBRIDGESHIRE        EDUCATION 

C  O  M  M  I  T  T  E  E. 

CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

A    MISTRESS    is     REQUIRED     for     MODERN     LANGUAGES. 

chiefly  French.     She  may  be  required  to  help  with  other  subjects. 

Duties  to  begin  in  APRIL.  1014.      A   Degree,  or  its  equivalent,  and 

Piood  Secondary  School  experience  is  essential.  Candidates  who  have 
M8D  Abroad  will  bfl  preferred,  other  things  bting  equal.  Salary 
1.102  a  year  (non  resident),  or  accordiug  to  experience  and  qualili.  a 
tions. 

Forms  of  application,  which  can  be  obtained  of  the  undersigned. 
must  be  returned  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  18,  ID14. 

AUSTIN  KEEN.  M.A.,  Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 

pITY  OF  YORK  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

YORK  MUNICIPAL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  OIRI.S 
An  INBTRUCTKK-s-l,  capable  of    taking    Drill  and  (farms  and  of 
■  .  with  Needlework  or  English  as  a  subsidiary  so1-.,  t, 
is  REQUIKBD.      Salary  1001.  per  an o urn       I  iinvasslnt'  Is  ]. i oliil.il •■■!.— 

A  form  of  application  will  be  forwarded  mi  receipt  of  ■  ■tamped 
addreeeed  foofeaap  envelope,  and  must  bfl  returned  r...t  later  toan 
iEBRUAin  J.  H.  MASON,  Secretary. 

Education  Offices.  York. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


LIBRARY       ASSISTANT. 


pUBLIC 

The  FULHAM  BOROUGH  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
position  of  ASSISTANT  iMale)  in  the  Public  Libraries  Department, 
at  a  salary  of  28a.  per  week.  Candidates  must  have  hail  previous 
experience  in  a  Public  Library  and  possess  Borne  kuowledge  of 
Classification  and  Cataloguing. 

Applications  in  candidates'  own  handwriting,  Btatfng  age.  qualifi- 
cations, and  experience,  and  accompanied  try  copies  of  not  more  than 
three  recent  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned,  endorsed 
"Library  Assistant,''  not  later  than  the  first  post  on  MONDAY, 
February  9. 1914.  J.  PERCY  8HUTER,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Fulham,  8  W. 

WANTED  an  experienced  WRITER,  accus- 
tomed to  Editorial  work  with  a  special  vocation  for  children  ; 
one  in  Holy  Orders  preferred.  State  full  particulars  in  confidence. — 
Box  2023,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  E.O, 


Mistdlnmaus. 


MISS  MARY  F.  SANDARS  will  be  very 
grateful  if  any  one  will  communicate  with  her  who  possesses 
LETTERS  or  other  INFORMATION  about  Q.UEEN  ADELAIDE, 
whose  Biography  she  is  writing.— 7,  De  Vere  Gardens,  W. 

TRANSLATIONS  into  English  from  French, 
German,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese.  Dutch,  Dano-Norwegian, 
and  Swedish.  Research  work.— Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS.  M.A.,  10,  Haringey 
Park.  Crouch  End,  N.    Tel.  93  Hornsey. 

MA  (London)  wishes  SCHOLASTIC  or 
.  r\  .  LITERARY  WORK  Has  done  some  Research  work. 
History.  Literature.  Classics.  Experienced.  Good  testimonials  and 
references.— Box  2011,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

DIAGRAMS  for  Lectures  or  Books  prepared  at 
short   notice    by    Artist    B  8c.     Terms    moderate.— Box   2017, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  EC  . 

LIBRARIES  CATALOGUED  by  a  Gentleman 
with  Literary  experience.  B.A.  at  Oxford.  Loose-Leaf  Cata- 
logues a  speciality.— Apply  for  terms,  4c,  to  H.  VERSCHOYLK. 
57,  Princes  Square,  Bayswater,  W. 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at    the 
British  Museum.     Experience     Testimonials.— N.M.,  Box  IMS, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Typewriting  —A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

AN    ex-PUBLIC    SCHOOL    MASTER,    living 

J\.     near  London,  wishes  to  RECEIVE  in  his  HOUSE  ■   PUPIL 
preparing  for    a    University  or    other    Examination.      Fee.     1 
200  Guineas,  according  to  requirements.  — Apply  Box  2024,  Atheuaum 
Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C 


RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BEST  MARKKT  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  A  SON,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  II. M.  the  King.  17  and  !\ 
Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circusl. 


SS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  M.  per   1,000  words. 

Carbon  Copies,  M.    Referenced  to  well  known  Author!     U 
Local.— M.  KINO.  U,  Forest  Koad.  Kvv,  Garden*,  B  W. 


M 

Higher 


A  GTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, 8TORIE8.P]  \VS, 

/»      essays  TYPB-WBITTBN  irith  oompl 

l.ooo  w.t.Is      Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed      K.f.  r.- ■  t.>  ».a 

known  Writers.— M.  STUART.  Allendale,  Kymbarlef  Hal.  Harrow. 

AUTHORS-    MSS.  (8d.   per   1,000)  and  Tv,, 
writing  In  nil  its  1  ranches  carefully  and   prromptlj 
Clear  Carbon   Copies.     l".i  I  oeUenl    U  •innuuiale— Mlat 

F.  M.  FLINT,  ft,  Hoorgab  91 

^  TYPE-WRITING   of  cv.iv  description  '  nr.l'ull  y 
and  worm  Lperl.ooa  r  l.oco. 

Duplicating  and  Copying    1  nmsUtlonn.  shorthand    ' 
-Mis  s  NAM  V  M.KAItl.ANK    1 1.  I'almelra  A  wniic.  Vi  cstcliff.  Ksaex. 


TYPE-WRITIN<'r  undertaken  by  vVoman Gradu- 
ate (I  laarii  d  Tripofl,  Girton  Coll.  I    ■ 
Art,     i                      Raeearch.     Revision,     shnttlmnd      I'AMIilt! 
TYPEWRITING  Ai.l.V   i     1     II  M.   nr.l.l.T.    AI'KI.I'III.   U  '. 

T.  1.  i  i  it  v. 


US 


T  H  K    A  T  H  E  N.EUM 


Xo.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


^aks  bn  Ruction. 


Works  of  Art. 

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will  BBL1.  !>y  AUI'TION.  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street  strand.  W.O.,  on  MONDAY  .Unuary  26,  and  Following  Day, 
atl  o'clock  precisely.  POR«!K I.  MN.PoTTMKY,  and  ULAS-f.  SI  LVKK. 
JtfWKI.I.KKY,  MINIATURES,  FUKNITUKE.  STATUARY,  and 
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Thackeray;  an  untrimmed  copy  of 'The  Second  Funeral  of  Napoleon';  more  than  a  hundred  Autograph 
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Elliot ;  '  The  Adventures  of  Philip.'  the  largest  Thackeray  manuscript  now  in  private  hands,  and  '  The  Rose 
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MADISON  AVENUE  AT   FORTIETH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


No    4500,  Jan.  24,  1<>U 


Til  E     AT  II  E  X  JEU  M 


Hi) 


AN 


AMERICAN 


GLOSSARY 


BY 


RICHARD    H.    THORNTON. 

In  two  volumes. 


This  work  is  commended  to  the  attention 
of    the    custodians    of    Public    Libraries. 

The  price  is  30s.  net. 


'  An  American  Glossary  '  is  not  a  Slang  Dictionary,  though  of 
necessity  it  includes  specimens  of  vulgar  diction.  The  illustrative 
quotations,  which  are  accurately  dated,  number  14,000;  and  of 
these  more  than  11,000  belong  to  the  period  before  the  Civil 
War.  In  some  instances  a  word  or  phrase  which  might  be  thought 
purely  American  is  traced  to  an  Elizabethan  or  Jacobean  origin. 

••  The  book  is  unusually  well  edited "  {Spectator).  "  It  will 
have  a  permanent  value  for  the  student  of  philology"  (Aberdeen 
Press).  "  It  is  the  most  comprehensive  and  elaborate  work  which 
has  yet  appeared  in  its  peculiar  field  '  (N.Y.  World).  "  It  is  an 
extensive  and  valuable  work  of  much  research"  (Times).  "It  is 
quite  as  interesting  as  a  novel,  and,  in  places,  as  funny  as  a  farce" 
(Standard).  "  It  must  always  prove  valuable  to  philologers  who 
recognize  the  effectiveness  of  the  historical  method  '  (Scotsman). 
"It  is  an  amazing  collection  of  what  are  known  as  '  Yankeeisms  '  " 
(Daily  Express).  "  We  find  throughout  dated  instances  which  show- 
clearly  the  development  of  language,  and  give  [this]  careful  and 
erudite  work  a  status  such  as  is  accorded  to  the  New  English 
Dictionary  "   (Athcincum). 


FRANCIS    &    CO.,    13,    Bream's    Buildings,    London,    E.C 


Mr.  HEINEMANN'S 

Latest    Publications. 

"By    the    Authors     of    'China 
Under  the  Empress  Dotoager.' 

ANNALS  and  MEMOIRS 
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By  E.  Backhouse  and  T.  ( ).   I'.  Bland. 
Illustrated.     Royal  8vo,   r6r.  net. 


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By  Chief  Kenlon  of   New    York. 
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THE  DUCHESSE 

de  CHEVREUSE. 

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"A  clear  and  close  view  of  the  Duchess 
manipulating  Courts  and  incidentally  the  map  of 
Europe." — Times. 

MAN'S    MIRACLE.  ~ 

A  Study  of  Helen  Keller. 
By  Gerard  Harry.     Crown  Svo,  y.  6d.  net. 

AMBIDEXTERITY 

AND   MENTAL   CULTURE. 

By  H.  Macnaughton  Jones,  M.D.,  &c. 
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Published  this  Week. 
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KATYA:    A    Romance    of 

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LETTERS  FROM  LA-BAS. 

Rachel   Hayward. 

The  DARK  FLOWER. 

John   Galsworthy 

The  MILKY  WA  Y.      [yd  /w/, 

F.   Tennyson   [esse. 

The  PERFECT  WIFE.  J**** 
A  BAND  OF  BROTHERS. 

Charles  Turlev. 

INDISCRETIONS    OF    DR. 
CARSTAIRS.  a.  de  o. 

SET  TO  PARTNERS. 

Mrs.   Henry  Dudeney. 

The     TRUTH    ABOUT 

CAMILLA.  Gertrude  HalL 

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Each,  crown  Svo,  jj,  6  /.  net. 

THE  POSSESSED.  [///,/ 

(211,/  Inifr.)  (2Ut/    /m/r     | 

The  IDIOT.   I   The  BROTHERS  KARAMAZOV. 

The  Loeb  Classical  Library 

Edited  by  T.  E.  Page,  LittD.,  and  \V.  11.  I  >. 

Rouse,  I. itt.  1 '. 

Cloth,  5*.  mt  :    leather,  6s.  <</.  net 

5   Nelo   Vols.  noU)  ready. 

(i)  SUETONIUS.  v,.i   i.     (2)  mo  CA55IU5,  Vol.  I. 
(3)  JULIAN.  Vol    II.       (i    CICERO,  DE  OPPICIIS. 

ii)  HOKACti.  <»di  s  .in. I    BPODBS. 

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The  Editor,  A.,  I..  (     L., 

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120 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,   1914 


Macmillan's  New  Books. 

VISCOUNT  MORLeY. 
SECOND   IMPRESSION    NOW    READY. 

Notes  on  Politics  and  His- 
tory.        A    University    Address.       By 
VISCOUNT    MORLEY,    O.M.,    Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Manchester. 
8vo,  2s.  Qd.  net. 
Westminster  Gazette.. — "Contains  as  much 
substance  as   a  dozen  ordinary    books,  and 
more  thought,  knowledge,  epigram,  and  apt- 
allusion  than  any  other  living  writer  could 
have  packed  into  the  same  space.      We  hope 
it  will  be  well  thumbed  by  politicians  of  all 
schools  at  the  present  moment,  for  its  quiet 
and  mellow  philosophy,  its  sense  of  values 
in  human   affairs,    and   its   plea    for   a  his- 
torical   perspective    are  just    the    medicine 
most  needed  for  these  feverish  times." 

A  Father  in  God.     TheEpisco- 

pate    of    WILLIAM    WRST    JONES, 
D.  D.,     Archbishop    of    Capetown    and 
Metropolitan    of    South    Africa,    1874- 
1908.      By   MICHAKL  H.   M.  WOOD, 
M.A.,      Diocesan     Librarian      of      the 
Diocese  of  Capetown.      With  Introduc- 
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tions.    8vo,  \%s. 
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pages  in  the  book  are  the  descriptions  of  the 
loyalty  and  zeal  of  the  coloured  Christians. 

'A  Father  in  God'  is  happily  in  accord 

with  the  character  of  the  man  whom  it  so 
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A  Childhood.    By  joan  arden. 

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world    as    it   apparently    appeared    to     an 
imaginative  little  girl." 

American  Ideals,  Charac= 
ter,  and  Life.     By  Hamilton 

WRIGHT     MABIE.  Crown      8vo, 

6s.  6d.  net. 

Athens     and     its    Monu- 
ments.        By    Prof.    CHARLES    H. 

WELLER,  of  the  University  of  Iowa. 

Illustrated.  8vo,  17s.  net. 
[Handbooks  of  Archne.ology  and  Antiquities. 
Westminster  Gazette. — "  A  be-iutiful  book. 
It  is  designed  to  provide  a  brief  and  un- 
technical  account  of  the  topography  and 
monument"  of  ancient  Athens  for  the  general 
reader  and  the  traveller,  as  well  as  an  intro- 
duction to  the  subject  for  the  student  of 
archaeology  and  history." 

Joan's  Green   Year.     Letters 

from  the  Manor  Farm  to  her  Brother  in 

India.     By  E.  L.  DOON.      Crown  8vo, 

6s. 

Yorkshire    Post.  —  "  The    writer     has    a 

pleasant  fancy,  a  sympathetic   insight  into 

character,  and  a  lightness  of  touch  that  give 

the  book  a  distinct  literary  quality.     It  is  a 

book  to  read  not  once,  but  many  times." 

The    Credit    System.      By 

W.  G.  L.  TAYLOR,  Emeritus  Professor 
of  Political  Economy  in  the  University 
of  Nebraska.     8vo,  10s.  net. 

Astronomy :      a      Popular 
Handbook.       By  harold 

JACOB  Y,  Rutherford  Professor  of 
Astronomy  in  Columbia  University. 
With  32  Plates  and  many  Figures  m 
the  Text.     8vo,  10s.  6d.  net. 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  London. 


"  No  first-class  library  can   now  be   considered  satisfactory  without   a   depart- 
ment of  facsimiles. " — Athex.kum. 

THE  TUDOR    FACSIMILE    TEXTS. 

Old  English  Plays — Printed  and  MS.  Rarities — in  Collotype. 

Under  the  General  Editorship  and  Supervision  of   JOHN  S.  FARMER. 

The  Tudor  Facsimile  Texts  follow  the  originals  as  nearly  as  the  resources  of  modern  art  and  craft  will  allow,  show- 
ing that  original  as  it  actually  exists  to-day  ;  in  which  is  preserved  all  detail  of  size,  imperfect  type,  imperfections  in  the 
paper,  even  to  stains  and  "mendings,"  and,  when  possible,  the  natural  discoloration  due  to  age. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Herbert,  of  the  Manuscript  Department  of  the  British  Museum,  excppt  when  otherwise  indicated,  has 
compared  each  facsimile  reprint  with  its  original,  and  noted  any  "fault  "or  "Haw"  which  may  have  occurred  in  the 
course  of  reproduction. 

THE  SERIES   (SEPTEMBER,  1907-FEBRUARY,  1914)  COMPRISES: 

All  for  Money.    *Apius  and  Virginia.    Arden  of  Feversham. 

^Beauty  and  Good  Properties  of  Women.    *Believe  as  ye  List.    Birth  of  Merlin..    Bloody  Banquet. 

Caesar  and  Pompey.  Cambises.  Captain  Thomas  Stukeley.  'Castle  of  Perseverance.  "Chief 
Promises  of  God  to  Man.  Cobler's  Prophesie.  Conflict  of  Conscience.  Contentio a  between  Liberality 
and  Prodigality.    'Contract  of  Marriage  between  Wit  and  Wisdom. 

'Damon  and  Pithias.  Death  of  Robert,  Earl  of  Huntington.  Devil's  Charter.  'Disobedient  Child. 
Doctor  Dod  pol.    Downfall  of  Robert,  Earl  of  Huntington. 

Edward  III.    Englishmen  for  m/ Money.    Everyman.    Everywoman  in  her  Humour. 

Pair  Em.  Fair  Maid  of  Bristow.  Famous  Victories  of  Henry  V.  ^Ferrex  and  Porrex 
("Gorboduc").    *Four  Elements.    'Pour  P.P. 

Gammer  Gurton's  Needle.  ^Gentleness  and  Nobility.  George-a-Greene.  Gismund  of  Salerne 
(Hargreave  MS.).    Glass  of  Government.    Greenes  Tu-quoque.    Grim  the  Collier  of  Cro.don. 

Handlist  to  Tudor  Fa  simile  Texts.  *Hickscorner.  Histrio-Mastix.  Hoffmann.  Honest  Lawyer. 
Horestes    How  a  Man  ma  r  Choose  a  Good  Wife  from  a  Bad. 

*lmpatient  Poverty.  Jack  Drum's  Entertainment.  Jacke  Jugelar.  *Jacob  and  Esau.  'Johan 
the  Evangelist.    John-a-Kent.    * Johan . . Tyb . . and  Syr  Jhan. 

'King  Darius  (1565).  *King  Darius  (1577).  King  Leir.  Kirkman's  Catalogue  of  Plays.. till...  1661. 
Knack  to  Know  an  Honest  Man-   Knack  to  Know  a  Knave. 

Larum  for  London.  Life  and  Death  of  Jack  Strawe.  "Life  and  Repentance  of  Mary  Magdalene. 
"Like  will  to  Like.  Lingua.  Loerine.  London  Prodigal.  Longer  Thou  Livest  the  more  Fool  thou  art. 
Look  about  You  and  be  not  Wroth.    *Love.    *Lusty  Juventus. 

Magnificence.  Maid's  Mitamorphosis.  "Mankind.  'Marriage  of  Wit  and  Science.  'Marriage  of 
Wit  and  Wisdom.  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton.  -'Mind,  Will  and  Understanding  (or  "  "Wisdom  that 
is  Christ").    Miseries  of  Inforst  Marriage.    Misfortunes  of  Arthur.    Mucedorus. 

*Nature.  'New  Custom.  'Nice  Wanton  (1560).  "Nice  Wanton  (1565)  Noble  Soldier.  Nobody 
and  Somebody. 

*Pardoner  and  the  Frere.  Patient  Gri«sill.  Pedlars  Prophecie.  Pilgr  mage  to  Parnassus  (MS.). 
Promos  and  Cassandra.    Puritan  or  the  Widow  of  Watliog  Street.  i 

Ram  Alley.  "Respublica.  Return  from  Parnassus  (Pt.  1.).  Return  from  Parnassus  (Pt.  II.). 
Richard,  Duke  of  York.    Richard  III.  (Tragedy  of).    Robin  Hood  (B.L.  c    15-). 

Sir  Clyomon  a  d Sir  Clamydes.      Sir  Giles  Goosecap.      Sir  John  Oldcasile.      Sir  Thomas  More 

(MS  ).    Solimon  and  Perseda.    Swetnam,  the  Woman-hater. 

Taming  of  a  Shrew.  Tancred  and  Gismund.  'Temptations  of  our  Lord  Thersytes.  Thomas, 
Lord  Cromwell.  Three  Ladies  of  I  ondon.  *i'hree  Laws  of  Nature,  Mos  s,  and  Chris  .  Three  Lords 
and  Three  Ladies  of  London.  Tide  Tarrieth  No  Man.  Tom  Tiler  and  His  Wife.  Tiial  of  Chivalry. 
Trial  of  Treisure.  Troublesome  Reign  of  John,  King  of  England  (Pt.  I.).  Ibid.  (Pt.  II.).  Two 
Angry  Women  of  Abingdon.  Two  Lamentable  Tragedies.  Two  Maids  More-clacke.  Two  Merry 
Milkmaids.    Two  Noble  K  insmen.    Two  Wise  Men  and  all  the  rest  Fools. 

Valiant  Welshman.    Virtuous  Octavia. 

Waning  for  Fair  Women.  Wars  of  Cyrus.  Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall.  *Wealth  and  Health 
Weather  (Play  of  the,  1533).  *Ibid  (1565).  When  You  See  Me  You  K  ow  M-.  W  ily  Beguild. 
Wisdom  of  Dr.  Dodypoll.  *Wit  and  Science  (Play  of).  Wit  of  a  Woman.  *Witty  and  Witless. 
•'World    and  Chid. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy.    *Youth  (Waley  and  Lambeth  fragment).    *Ibid  (Copland). 

ONE   HUNDRED   AND   FORTY-THREE   VOLS,    (nearly  10,000  pages). 

Ten  Sets  only.     Carefully  selected  sheets,  interleaved  and  serviceably  bound. 
Folio,  15|  by  10£ ;    small  folio,  11|  by  1\  ;    large  4to,  llg  by  8| ;    crown  4to,  101  by  %■ 

PRICE   TWO    HUNDRED    GUINEAS   PER    SET    NET. 

OLD  ENGLISH  DRAMA— STUDENTS'  EDITION. 

This  STUDENTS'  FACSIMILE  EDITION,  though  an  independent  series,  is  the  outcome  of  the  TUDOR 
FACSIMILE  TEXTS.  That  series  was  the  first  systematic  and  serious  attempt  to  render  available  pre-Shakespearean 
and  Elizabethan  drama  in  facsimile  Copies  of  early  English  plays  are,  almost  without  exception,  of  extreme  rarity, 
practically  unobtainable,  and,  when  offered  for  sale,  of  prohibitive  value  In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  difficult  to  overrate 
the  importance  of  that  undertaking.  Unfortunately,  the  exigencies  of  cost  and  an  extremely  limited  subscription  list 
(notwithstanding  the  absurdly  l<>w  average  cost  per  page  of  facsimile  to  subscribers  :  less  than  the  cost  of  a  Music  Hall 
singer's  photo)  precluded  any  but  the  richest  university  and  reference  libraries  availing  themselves  of  the  facilities  for 
research  and  study  thus  offered.    It  is  hoped  that  this  new  series  will  help  somewhat. 

PARTICULARS  OF  ISSUE. 

ONLY  FIFTY  SETS  of  one  hundred  vols,  each  as  above  are  available  (those  "starred" 
excepted).  Size  of  page,  foap.  4to  (83  by  7).  Serviceably  bound  with  label  on  side  and  inside 
front  cover,  giving  date  of  play  and  whereabouts  of  original,  but  no  other  extran-ous  matter  what- 
ever. Choice  can  be  made  from  the  list  (supra)  excepting  always  the  plays  "stirred,"  which  are  not 
available  for  this  series. 

PRICE  10s.  6d.  PER  VOL.  NET,  OR  18  VOLS.  FOR  £6  6s. 

Subscribers  for  the  whole  100  vols,  can,  if  approved,  pay  by  instalments  to  suit  themselves. 

PRESS   AND   OTHER  CRITICISMS. 

'"Maid's  Metamorphosis,'  an  absolutely  first-rate  reproduction,  virtually  faultless.  '  Trial  of  Chivalry.'  a  most 
admirable  facsimile.  'Look  About  You'  reproduction  most  excellent  '  Pedlers  Prophecie.  an  ibs  >lurely  first-rate 
reproduction,  showing  what  good  results  can  be  obtained  in  those  few  cases  where  there  are  nor.  any  of  the  special 
difficulties  presented  by  most  of  these  early  prints.  My  congratulations  and  compliments  to  photographer  and  printer. 
'Jack  Drum'  .  .absolutely  first  rate  .  .as  good  as— if  not  bj,oter  th  tn -the  very  bjsr,  of  the  serie-  ni'  herto,  and  that  is 
high  praise." — Typical  criticisms  (taken  at  random)  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hekbekt.  MS    D-pt,  British  Museum. 

"In  inception  and  in  execution  an  undertaking  of  great  literary  importance." — Sir  J.   A    H     vlUK.  .AY. 

"For  all  practictble  purposes as  good  as..  ..and  may  be  accepted   with  confidence  by  stn-le  its  who  have   no 

access  to  the  originals." — Athenaeum. 

"These  facsimiles  have  done  more  for  the  history  of  the  drami  of  the  period  thin  all  the  professors  for  the  last 
five-and-twenty  years." — Notes  and  Queries. 

"These  collotypes,  we  need  scarcely  repeat,  are  beautifully  made,  and  reproduce  the  originals  as  exactly  as  human 
ingenuity  can  effect  " — Nation  (New  York). 

"  Within  recent  years  there  have  been  several  attempts  to  make  available  the  rare  dramatic  literature  of  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  but  there  has  been  nothing  hitherto  that  is  at  once  so  comprehensive  and  so 
admirable  as  this  students'  facsimile  edition." — Daily  Telegraph. 

ALL  BOOKSELLERS,  or  JOHN  S.  FARMER,  Little  Missenden,  Bucks. 


No.  4500,  Jan:.  24,    15*14 


T  11  E     AT  11  EN  .EUM 


121 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  g ',,  I'M',. 


PAi.P. 


CONTENTS. 

AfRKA  ano  her  Critics  (South  Afrioan  Scene  I 
Airii'a  in  Transformation  ■  Bonds  of  AfricA ;  Voice 

of  Africa)  lit  L22 

Essays  »ND  Ks»ayists  (Youth  and  Life;  Mine  Own  : 

The  Purpose)  ..  128-124 

The  Oxford  Book  of  Spanish  vkksb        ..  124 

The  Poems  OF  Xkwmw  Howard  ..     126 

The  Church  in  Kome  in  thb  First  Century  ..  128 
Bnglis>h  Tkavblleks  of  the  Renaissance  ..  .  127 
a    Quaker    and    a    Missionary    Bishop    (John 

Woolnian  ;  The  Life  ami  Labours  of  Bishop 
Hare)  127-128 

Japan's  Inheritance  129 

Studies  in  poktugubsb  Literature    Poems  i  kom 

the  portuui  bsb   .  129 

Fiction  (The  Flying  Ira ;  The  Questing  Beast ;  The 
Terms  of  Surrender  ;  Old  .Mole's  Novel  ;  The  Man 
l'p-t  tin  ;  It  11  ippeneil  in  Egypt)      ..  130-131 

Books  Published  this  Week  ( Theology— Poetry— 
Bibliography  — History  and  BiogT  tphy  — Geography 
and  Tr.ivel  — sports  and  Pastimes — Sociology — 
Politics,  132  ;  Economics— Education— Philology— 
Literary  Criticism — School-Books — Fiction,  133; 
Reviews  and  Magazines— General— Science-Fine 
Arts-Music,  134''  1S2-1S4 

A  IMHVTBAR  Lease  IN  900;  SIR  WILLIAM  Lee- 
WaKNEK;  M.  DB  PKESSENSi:  ;  "I'liK  CASK  FOR 
CO- EDUCATION';     LBSBIA'S    "SPARROW";    BOOK 

Balk  1SG 

L'TEKakv  Gossip        136-137 

science — Gi.imi-ses  op  Indian  Birds;  The  Royal 
Observatory,  Cape  of  good  Hope  ;  societies  ; 

Meetings  Next  week  13S-140 

Fine  Arts  —  Francisco  Goya;  The  splendid 
Wayfaring;  Exhibitions  op  Modern  Etch- 
ings; "an  Introduction  to  Engush  Church 
ARCHirBCTORB';  Gossip  140-142 

Music— Arnold  schonbbrg  and  Post-Ihpression- 
d>m  in   Music;  .cjossip;  Periormances   Next 

Week  ..  142-143 

Drama  — "The  Qpeens  Players"  in  1036;  Gossip  143 
Index  to  Advertisers   ..  144 


LITERATURE 


AFRICA  AND   HER   CRITIC'S. 

Long  since  known  as  the  grave  of  reputa- 
tions, Africa  is  subjected  to  an  incessant 
lire  of  criticism,  especially  in  those  por- 
tions which  arc  under  British  rule  or  in- 
fluence. To-day  we  notice  together  a 
up  of  books  which  exhibit  a  varied 
>rd  of  experiences  and  interests,  from 
politics  to  missions,  and  sport  to  scholar- 
ship. 

The  well-known  author  of  '  The  South 
African  Scene,'  who   has  had  the  benefit 
of  considerable  experience  in  the  country 
^he    describes  to  us.   divides  her    volume 
into    two    parts.       The    first    is   entitled 
■  '1  Sketches,'  and  gives  the  impres- 
"f  a  journey  from  ('ape  Town  to  the 
ilia  Falls.  •■  t'ue  smoke  that  thunders." 
second    part  is  devoted  to   'Some 
Policies   and   Problems.'     A  good  deal  of 
Miss   Markham's    book    has   already   ap- 
peared   in    the    form    of    articles    in    The 
Westminster    Gazette,    and    lias    received 
wide  recognition.     She  has  the  advantage 
erthe  permanent  resident  in  the  coun- 
try of   being  able  to  give  a  direct  com- 
rison    of    South    Africa    as    it    is   to- 
with  the   country    as  it  was    aft  ■<■ 
the    war,    which    was    the    time   of    ber 
previous   visit.    She  draws  a   great   dis- 
tinction    between     the     opinions     about 
ith  Africa  beld  in  this  country,  which 
too  pessimistic,  md   the   impressions 

7"      South    African    Scene.      By    Violet    K. 

M  irkham.     (Smith  A  Elder,  Is.  iyi.  net.) 
Afr   a    in     Transformation.       By     Norman 

Maclean.     (Nisbel  ct  Co..  fo.net.) 
The    Bonds  of   Africa.     By   Owen    Letcher. 

(John   Long,   1 2x.  «W.  net.) 

The  Voice  of  Africa.  By  Leo  Frobenius. 
Translated  l>y  Rudolf  Blind.  -2  voIb. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.,   1/.  8*.  net.) 


she  receives  from  the  moment  she  has 
landed  in  ('ape  Town.  There  she  finds 
the  sleepy,  rather  untidy  Colonial  town 
has  become  a  brisk  and  energetic  city. 
a  sign  of  the  optimism  which  now 
reigns  all  over  South  Africa.  Charming 
is  her  chapter  on  Basutoland,  which 
gives  an  admirable  picture  of  the  condi- 
tions prevailing  in  that  Switzerland  of 
South  Africa.  She  also  supplies  a 
good  description  of  the  Witwatersrand, 
and  touches  on  the  vast  social  and  racial 
problems  -Johannesburg  has  raised.  This 
section  of  the  book  ends  with  a  chapter 
on  the  opening  of  the  Union  Parliament, 
and  describes  the  various  actors  on  the 
stage  of  South  African  politics. 

The  book  bears  out  the  observations 
of  most  recent  writers  by  insisting  on 
the  acuteness  of  the  native  question. 
Miss  Markham  also  lays  stress  on  the 
importance  of  the  Anglo-Dutch  rivalry. 
She  considers  that  the  return  to  power  of 
a  Dutch  Government  was  a  fortunate 
circumstance  for  the  country  as  a  whole, 
as  the  primary  need  of  South  Africa  was 
the  acceptance  of  union  by  the  rank  and 
file  of  the  Dutch.     She  proceeds  : — 

"  The  whole  framework  of  Government 
in  South  Africa  to-day  is  English  to  a  degree 
the  Dutch  little  recognize  themselves  ;  but 
those  changed  conditions  have  been  accepted 
quietly,  almost  imperceptibly,  by  the  rank 
and  file,  thanks  to  the  presence  of  their  own 
people  in  power,  as  they  could  not  have  been 
accepted  under  English  guidance." 

Hertzogism  was  bound  to  come,  but 
it  was  nothing  more  than  an  incident, 
which,  however,  could  only  be  success- 
fully controlled  by  the  Dutch  themselves, 
led  by  General  Botha.  He  has  handled 
the  difficulty  at  least  with  great  firm- 
ness. The  Asiatic  Question,  which  is 
at  the  present  moment  occupying  the 
attention  of  the  authorities,  can  admit  of 
only  one  solution.  English  statesmen  who 
protested  with  vehemence  before  the  war 
against  the  harsh  treatment  of  British 
Indians  under  Kriiger  should  realize 
that,  since  the  war,  the  Indians  have 
been  subjected  to  disabilities  more  in- 
jurious than  any  which  obtained  under 
Boer  rule. 

Miss  Markham  lias  carefully  studied 
every  point  of  view  in  South  African 
politics,  and,  happily,  she  has  made 
allowances  for  them  all.  The  result  is  a 
book  which  adds  to  her  reputation  as 
an  authority  on  South  Africa,  besides 
giving  valuable  advice  to  all  who  have 
the  true  welfare  of  that  country  at  heart. 

Mr.  Maclean  in  'Africa  in  Transforma- 
tion '  mourns  over  the  decline  in  missionary 
zeal.  We  are  not  sure  that  he  has  suc- 
ceeded in  tracing  its  causes — at  any  rate. 
the  account  he  gives  is  not  exhaustive. 
\\C  fancy  that  much  of  heart-break  might 
I  be  saved  to  conscientious  workers  in  the 
mission  field  if  they  could  realize  that  the 
attempt1  to  maintain  an  impossible  atti- 
tude—to  think  and  feel  exactly  as  our 
fathers  did — is  essential  dishonesty,  and 

thai     truth     must     be    faced    at     all    costs. 

The  issue  was  fairly  faced  by  Colenso, 
and  he  has  I  'ft  for  himself  an  imperishable 
monument  in  the  hearts  of  South  African 


the    truth    led 
him  personally, 


It  is  signi- 
orthodox  of  a 
Livingstone   in 


natives.  His  loyalty  to 
him  into  strange  and.  for 
most  unpleasant  places. 
ficant  that  just  as  the 
particular  order  charged 
his  later  years  with  having  forsaken  mis- 
sion work   for  exploration,  so  there  were 

Found  pioUS  persons  to  deplore  ( 'olenso's 
diversion  from  religion  to  "  political  ac- 
tivities.'' In  this  respect  one  is  glad  to 
remember  that  he  is  but  the  foremost  of 

many  who  have  assumed  the  functions 
of  Tribune  of  the  People"'  where  the 
helpless  dark  races  are  concerned. 

It  is  good,  too,  to  find  that  this  aspect 
of  missions  is  emphasized  by  Mr.  Maclean. 
In  the  chapter  headed  'The  Dead  Man 
on  the  Roadside  '  he  speaks  out  strongly 
— but  not  too  strongly — on  the  question 
of  forced  labour;  but  we  think  that  he 
also — as  in  the  iast  sentence  on  p.  252 — 
betrays  an  unwarranted  optimism.  Inci- 
dentally he  does  the  Kikuvu  some  injus- 
tice by  describing  them  as  "the  lowesl 
of  the  low."  This  is,  perhaps,  only 
a  rhetorical  flourish,  and  rhetoric  unfor- 
tunately is  the  defect,  or  rather  the  excess, 
of  the  volume.  Sometimes  it  strike-  us 
(and  perhaps  this  consideration  should 
disarm  criticism)  that  the  writer  did  not 
think  in  English,  and  that  the  exuberance 
of  his  style  is  only  Celtic  fervour  seeking 
expression  in  an  alien  tongue. 

The  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century 
witnessed  a  remarkable  outburst  of  mis- 
sionary enthusiasm.  It  was  the  outcome 
partly  of  the  religious  revival  usually  called 
"  Evangelical,"  partly  of  the  movement 
— '"  humanitarian  "  is  the  current,  but 
detestable  word  for  it — which  was  one  of 
the  driving  forces  in  the  French  Revolu- 
tion ;  and  it  resulted  in  lives  and  deeds 
on  which  the  present  day  looks  back  as 
on  some  high  romance.  To-day  it  might 
seem,  on  a  superficial  view,  as  if  the 
interest  and  enthusiasm  were  as  great 
as  ever,  if  not  greater.  A  closer  and  un- 
biased examination  of  the  phenomena 
seems  to  suggest  laborious  efforts  at 
awakening  interest  and  inducing  enthu- 
siasm— a  great  deal  of  what  but  for  the 
respect  due  to  sincerity  of  purpose,  one 
would  be  tempted  to  call  sound  and  fury 
and  fussy  activity. 

One  cannot  help  wondering  how  much 
of  this  zeal  is,  more  or  less  uncon- 
sciously, a  passionate  affirmation  of  pro- 
positions which  have  really  ceased  to  be 
living  truths.  Sometimes  a  man  deliber- 
ately turns  to  mission  work  in  order  to 
escape  the  complications  of  European 
thought,  and  lay  hold  on  reality  bv 
teaching  the  simple  things  he  at  least 
feels  sure  of  to  people  w  ho  have  never 
heard  of  Pragmatism  or  Evolution.     But 

with    many     we    fancy     the    matter    is   not 

definitely   formulated   ;is   this.    They 
v  aguely   aware    that       tin     spu  it    oi 
the   times"   is  against   an   unquestioning 
acceptance  of   old    standards;  tiny  dare 

ii"t     examine     the     foundations     of     then 
faith    and.  it    one    may   say   so.   shut    then 
eves  and  whistle  to  keep  up  their  COUI 
in  the  dark. 

vVinwood    Reade    long   ago    made    the 

remark    thai     the    illiterate    and    narrow  - 


so 
are 


122 


T  H  E     A  T  IT  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


minded  fanatic  has  a  better  chance  of 
influencing  the  primitive  mind  than  the 
cultured  missionary  of  a  later  date,  because 
his  mental  concepts  are  more  on  a  level 
with  theirs.  He  does  not  discredit  the 
feats  of  their  witchdoctors  or  the  mani- 
festations of  occult  forces  in  Nature  : 
he  attributes  them  all  to  the  power  of  a 
devil  who  is  equally  real  to  him.  There 
is  something  to  be  said  for  this  view, 
though,  as  usual  with  that  brilliant  and 
ill-fated  writer,  it  is  somewhat  crudely 
I mt.  A  man  may  have  all  linguistics  and 
all  anthropology  (and  some  real  know- 
ledge is,  very  properly,  nowadays  begin- 
ning to  be  demanded  of  missionaries), 
yet  if  he  have  not  the  gift  of  human  sym- 
pathy and  of  entire  honesty  (which  means 
so  much  more  than  one  is  apt  to  think), 
some  unlettered  person  who  picks  up  the 
language  as  he  can  by  ear.  and  knows  no 
theological  handbook  except  the  New 
Testament  in  the  Authorized  Version,  will 
leave  a  more  abiding  impression  than  he. 
But  such  power  can  only  come  to  the 
man  of  narrow  beliefs  if  he  holds  them 
in  absolute  sincerity  ;  and  absolute  sin- 
cerity in  the  creed,  let  us  say,  of  John 
Newton  or  even  of  William  Wilberforce 
implies  limitations  prohibitive  from  the 
point  of  view  we  are  considering. 

Mr.  Maclean  appears  to  have  visited 
Xyasaland.  East  Africa,  and  Uganda  in 
the  course  of  last  year,  attending  the 
now  historic  Kikuyu  conferences  in  June, 
and  has  produced  a  readable  account  of  his 
travels.  From  the  nature  of  the  case  he 
lias  been  compelled  to  rely  a  good  deal 
on  information  supplied  by  others  or 
derived  from  printed  sources  (he  acknow- 
ledges a  long  list  of  authorities  in  his 
Preface),  and  some  of  this,  at  least,  he 
appears  to  have  accepted  rather  un- 
critically. It  is  an  exaggeration  to  say 
(p.  24)  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Shire 
Highlands' can  live  without  labour.  Even 
banana  trees — if  you  can  live  entirely  on 
bananas,  a  feat  these  people  do  not 
achieve — have  to  be  replanted  from 
time  to  time.  Such  phrases  as  "  races  who 
had  no  family  life,"  "  nameless  rites  and 
unspeakable  abominations."  are  part  of 
what  may  be  called  the  missionary  con- 
vention, but  they  are 
not  untrue. 

From  the  references  (pp.  59,  245)  to 
the  African  Lakes  Corporation  it  would 
seem  as  if  the  writer  did  not  know  that 
this  concern,  originally  the  k"  African 
Lakes  Company,"  was  on  the  verge 
of  bankruptcy  in  the  nineties,  when 
most  of  its  shares  were  taken  over,  we 
believe,  by  Cecil  Rhodes,  and  it  was 
reconstituted  under  its  present  name.  On 
p.  246  a  departure  from  the  earlier  policy 
seems  to  be  admitted  ;  but  this  contradicts 
what  is  said  on  p.  59.  On  p.  73 — perhaps 
through  excessive  condensation — the  im- 
pression is  conveyed  that  Dr.  W.  A.  Scott 
died  while  left  in  charge  at  Blantyre, 
immediately  after  the  deaths  of  Dr.  Bowie 
and  Mrs.  Henderson,  and  the  departure  of 
the  other  missionaries  for  Europe.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  it  was  some  years  later — 
in  January,  1896. 


misleading,  when 


A  good  many  slips  have  escaped  correc- 
tion :  "  Marchmont "  for  Marchand, 
"  Kraff  "  for  Krapf,  "  Kavarondo  "  for 
Kavirondo,  "  Buganda "  for  Baganda. 
""  Afiti  "  (p.  30)  is  a  plural  ;  it  should  be 
mfiti. 

The  book  is  illustrated  with  some  inter- 
esting photographs,  the  frontispiece  being 
a  good  view  of  Blantyre  Church.  We  fail 
to  see,  however,  how  this,  which  shows 
the  apse  and  south  porch,  could  be  taken 
"from  the  manse  verandah/'  the  manse 
being,  according  to  our  recollection,  to 
the  north-east  of  the  church. 

'The  Bonds  of  Africa,'  by  Mr.  Owen 
Letcher,  is  in  the  first  instance  a  sporting 
chronicle.  We  were  about  to  add  that  it 
is  redeemed  from  the  sportsman's  failing 
by  a  sincere  love  of  Nature  ;  but  it  is  a 
little  difficult  to  believe  that  any  deep 
feeling  of  the  kind  could  become  articulate 
in  this  way  : — 

"  Theirs  [Mombasa  and  Mozambique]  is 
a  memory  saddened  by  a  mildewed  mag- 
nificence, and  every  new  railway  shed  that 
is  built  in  Nairobi,  and  every  new  residence 
that  is  raised  to  grace  Dar-es-Salaam,  must 
make  their  grief  more  poignant.  But  cities, 
like  humans,  must  accept  the  decrees  of 
fate.  At  even,  when  the  sun  is  low  and  the 
waving  palms  bow  their  heads  to  the  windless 
dusk,  it  has  seemed  to  me  that  the  Tyre  and 
Sidon  of  East  Africa  have  signified  their 
submission  through  the  medium  of  their 
native  trees — they  have  bowed  to  the  in- 
exorable laws  of  civilization  and  gather 
their  ghosts  within  their  remnant  walls." 

The  unique  feat  performed  by  the 
palms  (when  no  wind  is  blowing)  rendered 
this  quotation  irresistible  ;  but  there  are 
numerous  examples  of  strange  style. 
Thus  the  Mau  escarpment  is  described  as 

"  one  of  those  giant  corrugations  that  robe 
the  geography  of  the  East  African  Protec- 
torate in  a  colossal  suit  of  corduroys." 

Elsewhere  we  read  of  "a  potent  philtre 
that  has  sent  scores  of  wanderers  to  their 
last  sleep  "  ;  "a  floral  galaxy  of  bougain- 
viliea";  and  "the  hors  d'muvre  [perhaps 
piece  de  resistance  is  meant]  of  their  next 
meal."  On  p.  150,  "  Outside  the  fortress 
there  is  a  little  coralline  city  where  the 
houses  arc  of  pale  blue,  pink,  violescent" 
introduces  an  entirely  new  word  to  us, 
and  possibly  conveys  an  intimation  that 
Mr.  Letcher  has  read  French  not  wisely, 
but  too  well.  Perhaps  it  would  be  un- 
reasonable to  complain  that  nearly  every 
Swahili  or  other  native  word  used  is  mis- 
spelt, though  one  cannot  but  marvel  at  the 
persistence  of  the  tradition  which  puts 
an  unnecessary  apostrophe  after  initial 
m  and  n  :  MToko,  M'Pezeni,  N'Derobo, 
«fec.  The  last-named  people,  who  are 
more  correctly  called  Dorobo,  afford  a 
good  example  of  the  loose  and  vague 
statements  in  which  the  book  abounds. 
They  are  called  (p.  233)  "  the  lowest  type 
of  mankind  in  East  Africa,  people  who 
have  no  habitations,  who  live  by  hunting, 
and  are,  in  fact,  the  modern  counterpart 
of  our  Berserker  forefathers  "  !  On  p.  237 
we  read  that  the  Dorobo  has  "  no  hut, 
no  lasting  or  even  temporary  abode," 
and  "  will  die  before  the  advance  of  civili- 
zation." We  cannot  speak  from  personal 
experience    as    to    the    Dorobo,    but    the 


Wasanye,  who  are  practically  the  same 
people,  certainly  have  huts,  and  though 
they  still  live  by  hunting,  some  of  them 
arc  settling  down  to  an  agricultural  life,  and 
they  will  probably  in  time  become  merged 
in  the  Giryama  and  other  Bantu  tribes. 
On  p.  90  Mr.  Letcher  refers  to  the  Masai 
Creation-myth,  in  which  a  Dorobo  figures, 
adding  :  "I  fear  I  am  unable  to  pursue 
the  fable  further,  for  I  have  but  little 
knowledge  of  it."  He  might  have  found 
it  in  full  in  Mr.  A.  C.  Hollis's  book  '  The 
Masai  :    their  Language  and  Folk-lore.' 

Mr.  Letcher's  remarks  on  the  "  instru- 
ment of  torture  known  as  the  lamvia  " 
do  not  inspire  confidence  in  his  anthropo- 
logical statements,  which  are  not  numer- 
ous. A  full  description  of  the  Lilamfia 
charm,  with  a  photograph,  was  given  by 
the  late  Mr.  Hubert  Sheane  on  p.  92  of 
'  The  Great  Plateau  of  Northern  Rho- 
desia '  (1911).  written  in  collaboration 
with  Mr.  Cullen  Gouldsburv.  This  puts 
Mr.  Letcher's  account  out  of  court. 

The  usual  diatribes  against  missions 
and  mission  boys  scarcely  call  for  com- 
ment, but  we  think  pp.  123-6  demand  a 
word  of  protest.  No  one  who  has  ever 
been  in  Nyasaland  can  fail  to  recognize 
the  subject  of  the  caricature,  who  is 
fortunately  very  much  alive  ;  though 
the  writer  no  doubt  imagines  that,  by 
recording  the  death  of  his  subject,  he  has 
disavowed  any  personal  intention. 

As  to  the  happy  condition  of  the 
'v  true  uncultured  African  native  "  in  his 
'"  elysian  kraals,"  we  think  that,  if  Mr. 
Letcher  had  read  over  his  MS.  carefully 
(after  an  interval  long  enough  to  allow  of 
its  "  becoming  a  part  of  the  Non-Ego  "), 
he  would  have  discovered  a  certain 
amount  of  inconsistency  in  his  own 
utterances.  To  do  him  justice,  he  betrays 
no  acute  anxiety  about  the  labour  ques- 
tion, and  we  may,  perhaps,  in  his  case 
refrain  from  the  comment  that  we  hear 
few  regrets  for  the  "  elysian  kraals " 
when  it  is  a  question  of  recruiting  their 
inmates  for  mines  or  plantations.  We 
are  not  concerned  to  deny  that  the  atti- 
tude of  missionaries  towards  native  insti- 
tutions has  often  been  a  mistaken,  indeed 
a  disastrous,  one  ;  but  the  standpoint 
from  which  this  attitude  is  criticized  is 
seldom,  in  our  experience  wholly  dis- 
interested. 

The  dream  which  visited  our  author 
in  the  Muchinga  Hills  is  impressive,  but 
as  a  portent  not  altogether  clear.  Where 
or  how  did  "  Twala  the  one-eved  "  mani- 
fest any  interest  in  the  Bible,  and  what 
is  the  significance  of  its  inducing  him  to 
hold  his  spear  in  his  left  hand  ? 

Herr  Frobenius,  who  is  responsible  for 
the  last  book  under  our  heading  '  The 
Voice  of  Africa,'  has  shown  himself,  in 
the  course  of  three  arduous  African 
expeditions,  a  keen  observer  and  an 
unwearied  collector  of  ethnological  ma- 
terial. His  first  journey,  extending 
from  1904  to  1910,  was  directed  to  the 
basin  of  the  Kasai,  and  described  in 
the  volume  entitled  '  Im  Schatten 
des  Congostaates.'  In  1907-9  he 
explored   the  valley  of   the   Senegal,  the 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24.  l;>14 


Til  E    A  'I'll  KX  MV  y\ 


>•{ 


upper  course  of  the  Niger  as  far  as 
Timbuktu,  and  the  south-eastern  part  of 
the  French  Sudan,  ultimately  penetrat- 
ing into  Togo  and  Dahomey,  the  results 
of  the  expedition  being  given  to  the  world 
in  '  Auf  dein  Wege  nach  Atlantis.' 

The  present  work,  '  The  Voice  of  Africa,' 
records  investigations  pursued  in  Yoruba 
and  in  the  valley  of  the  Benue  during  the 
years  1910  and  1911.  The  account  given  in 
the  text  of  the  author's  subsequent  move- 
ments is  somewhat  perplexing,  and  not 
.easily  reconcilable  with  the  map  facing 
p.  :>4.  According  to  this,  Kerr  Frobenius 
left  Ins  companions  at  Lokoja.  and  pro- 
ceeded via  Kano  to  the  region  north  of 
Lake  Chad,  and  thence,  through  Kanem. 
eastward  to  El  Obeid  and  Omdurman — 
at  least,  this  is  the  course  of  the  dotted 
line  stated  to  indicate  "  Author's  route." 
At  El  Obeid  a  continuous  line  (="  route 
of  the  expedition  ")  takes  an  independent 
course  to  the  north-east,  and  then  curves 
back  on  the  Xile.     The  text  says  (p.  3b)  : — 

"  So  while  Martins  led  the  Expedition 
back  again  to  the  West,  and  a  reconnoitring 
party  spied  out  the  warlike  country  between 
Kanem  and  the  Nile,  I  myself  sailed  round 
Africa,  met  my  wife  and  brother,  and  tra- 
velled from  the  Red  Sea  to  Kordofan.  in 
order  to  extend  the  scope  of  my  work  from 
there  westwards,  and  to  become  acquainted 
with  the  classic  vouchers  of  the  earliest 
chapters  in  the  history  of  African  culture 
during  my  return  through  Egypt." 

However,  a  reference  to  vol.  ii.  p.  679, 
-  iws  that  the  mistake  must  be  in  the 
map.  since  it  appears  that  Herr  Frobenius 
re  turned  to  Europe  via  Las  Palmas 
(the  "  sailing  round  Africa  ""  remains 
unexplained),  started  again  from  Genoa, 
•lied  Khartum  by  way  of  Port  Sudan, 
-and  proceeded,  first  to  El  Obeid.  and  then 
Omdurman,  where  he  met  "  my  Hau.sa 
and  Nupe  friends,  who  had  left  the  Xupe 
country  not  quite  a  twelvemonth  ago  in 
order  to  meet  us  here." 

Herr  Frobenius  has  not   attempted  to 

L'ive  a  connected  narrative  of  his  journeys 

— a    method    which    usually    makes    for 

tedium  —  while     scattered     fragments    of 

information    have    to     be    gathered    and 

pieced  together  by  the  reader.     He  prefers 

Iwcll  on   the    specially  interesting  epi- 

by  way  of  leading  up  to  a  more  or 

■    •    picture  of  the  present  culture 

i  past  history  of  the  peoples  dealt  with. 

tirst  volume  is  mainly  concerned  with 

ruba.     The  author  is  of  opinion  that 

the    bronzes   of    Yoruba    and    Benin,    the 

ra-cotta   heads    unearthed    by   him   at 

iff  and  elsewhere,  the  wood-carvings  and 

markable   mythology  discussed   by 

M      R    F.  Dennett  in  'Nigerian  Studies' 

and    ■  At   the    Back   of  the    Black   Man's 

Mind,    an-  all  relics  of  a  prehistoric  civili- 

ion  which  he  calls  "  Atlantic  "  (placing 

I'.    •  •  -     Atlantis     in     Wesl      Africa),     and 

derives    from    the    Etruscans.     Into    his 

jjumenta    given  in  detail  in  chap.  xv.. 

we     do    not    enter    here,     except    so    far 

point    out    that    -Mine    of     the    CUS- 

i-  and  b  sliefa  which   he  consid  a 
i-  >l  it  d   in   Africa,   and.   therefore   neces- 
sarily   introduced    from    outside,    are    far 
more  widely  distributed  than  he  allows. 
Thus  "  the  casting  of  dice  and  drawing 


of  lots"  are  found  among  the  Any  an  j  a 
ami  the  Baronga  in  forms  not  essentially 
very  different  from  lie  :  and  the  points 
of  contact  between  the  beliefs  of  the 
Yoruba,  the  Bini,  and  the  Bavili  of 
Loango  have  been  worked  out  by  .Mr. 
Dennett.  Herr  Frobenius,  of  course. 
might  account  for  this  by  extending  his 
■'Atlantic"  empire  as  far  as  necessary 
to  fit  the  hypothesis,  but  he  expressly 
limits  "the  idea  of  dividing  the  world 
into  four"  to  the  Niger  district  (p.  259). 
It  is  rather  curious,  by  the  by,  that  no 
mention  is  made  of  Mr.  Dennett's  work, 
though  it  is  clear  from  a  reference 
Herr  Frobenius  gives  on  p.  116  that  he 
has  at  least  seen  '  Nigerian  Studies.' 
We  may  add  that  the  sacred  stones 
of  Ife  (pp.  293-305)  have  been  de- 
scribed and  (some  of  them)  figured,  not 
only  by  Mr.  Dennett  (op.  cit.,  pp.  17-27), 
but  also  by  Capt.  Elgee  in  the  Journal  of 
the  African  Society  for  July,  1908.  The 
former  (op.  cit.,  p.  26)  seems  to  differ  from 
Herr  Frobenius  as  to  the  origin  and  mean- 
ing of  the  pillar  called  Opa  Oranyan. 

These  two  handsome  and  beautifully 
illustrated  volumes  labour,  however, 
under  three  disadvantages,  for  only  one 
of  winch  the  author  can  fairly  be  held 
responsible.  There  is  no  index  :  the  trans- 
lation leaves  us  not  infrequently  in  doubt 
as  to  its  meaning;  and  the  really  valuable 
and  interesting  facts  are  obscured  by  an 
undue  proportion  of  rhetoric,  as  in  the 
following  rendering  from  p.  347  (vol.  i.)  : — 

:"  This  passage.  .  .  .is  all  the  more  pregnant 
with  meaning  because,  as  already  men- 
tioned, the  Greeks  had  neither  inherited 
the  Tdea  of  the  Universe  in  its  essence  and 
regularity,  nor  even  understood  it.  And 
yet  here  the  casting  of  dice  and  drawing  of 
lots  ;  the  holy  establishment  of  a  uniform 
celestial  region  :  of  a  God  and  a  godly 
possession  [apparently  meaning  "possession 
by  a  god  "J ;  together  with  a  perfectly  clear 
idea  of  posterity  in  divinely  founded  clans, 
are  all  preserved,  in  exactly  the  form  in 
which  the  Tyrrhenes  and,  before  them,  pro- 
bably all  the  Occidental  nations  of  culture 
possessed  them,  and  as  the  Yorubans  in 
particular  hold  and  observe  them  to-day. 
.  .  .  .The  account  attributes  a,  growth  of 
power  westwards  to  this  indigenous  posterity 
of  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  which  extends 
into  Egypt  and  as  far  as  the  Tyrrhenians  ; 
shows  them  in  an  arduous  contest  with  the 
Orient  powers,  amongst  whom  Athens  is,  in 
his  [Solon's]  own  view,  particularly  important . 
and  he.  therefore,  similes  out  the  Tyrrhenians 
and  Egyptians,  both  lying  respectively 
exactly  within  and  exactly  beyond  the  sphere 
of  the  Powers  of  the  West,  precisely  those 
nations  who  fought  the  fight  for  final  supre- 
macy to  a  finish  in  the  thirteenth  century 
before  the  Saviourwas  horn.'' 

The  second  volume  contains  many 
interesting  folk-talcs  and  historical  tradi- 
tions of  the  Hausa  and  other  people 
and  a  theory  of  a  "  JVi  so-Xubian  "  inva- 
sion in  the  seventh  century.  On  p.  222 
(vol.  i.)  the  Kiej  of  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal 
are  placed  "  in  the   far  West  "  ;    and  on 

p.  625  (vol.  ii.)  "  seventeenth  "  is  surely  a 
clerical  error  tor  ieiH  nth. 

The  book  contains  a  number  of  excel- 
lent photographs  and  several  reproduc- 
tion* ol  beautiful  wat  ■■r-colour  drawings 
by  Herr  Arriens. 


ESSAYS    AND    ESSAYISTS. 

Mb.  Boi  bne's  essays  on  ■  Youth  and  Life ' 
first  appeared  in  77"  Atlantic  Monthly,  and 

appeal  primarilx  to  an  American  public  : 
yet  the  English  reader,  however  much  he 
may  find  foreign  to  him  in  the  life  .Mr. 
Bourne's    observations    seem    to    imply, 

will    be    able    none    the    less    to    appreciate 

the  /.est  and  freedom  he  has  brought  to 

his  experience,  as  well  as  tlie  lucidity  and 
ease  with  which  he  has  recorded  it.  In  a 
concluding  essay.  "The  Philosophy  of 
Handicap/  the  author,  whose  treatment 
is  in  general  remarkably  abstract  and 
detached,  invites  us  to  a  friendly  inti- 
macy: and  we  gather  that  he  has  had 
to  contend  with  unusual  disadvantages, 
including  physical  weakness  and  deformity  . 
Yet  he  has  secured  education,  culminating 
in  a  college  scholarship,  and  before  the 
age  of  five-and-twenty  has  written  a 
book  every  page  of  which  is  imbued  with 
confidence  in  life  and  the  spirit  of  progress. 
Attacking  an  old  theme  with  new  enthu- 
siasm, he  would  show  that  the  secret  of 
the  best  success  is  to  retain  the  spirit  of 
youth.  Youth,  the  season  of  visions,  is 
the  season  when  essential  truth  is  seen. 
Mr.  Bourne  is  admirably  persuasive  ;  and 
ii  he  had  nothing  else  to  his  credit,  the 
precision  and  purity  of  his  style  are 
achievements  of  which  he  might  well  1  it- 
pro  tid  . 

The  main  purport  of  his  discourse 
appears  to  be  the  resummoning  of 
young  America  to  the  ideals  with  which 
the  country  set  out — ideals  which,  as  the 
struggle  for  life  intensities,  naturally 
become  obscured,  and  which  conse- 
quently need  restatement,  with  full  recog- 
nition of  the  more  exacting  t cutis  now 
necessary  for  their  fulfilment.  The  value 
of  Mr.  Bourne's  treatment  is.  indeed,  its 
explicitness.  His  subjects  are  universal, 
and  many  of  them  are  very  closely  allied 
— •  The  Adventure  of  Life.'  "  The  Experi- 
mental Life.'  "For  Radicals,"  &c. — yet 
he  works  them  out  from  every  aspect  in 
minute  detail,  and  at  the  same  time  never 
fails  to  convince  us  that  he  is  conveying 
his  own  observation  and  reflection  at 
first  hand.  Perhaps  he  has  not  allowed 
quite  enough  for  the  difficulty  of  follow  ing 
a  method  of  treatment  which  is  at  once 
rarefied  and  allusive  :  as  his  mind  passi  • 
from  one  point  of  view  to  another,  though 
the  distinctions  are  always  held.  OUT 
attention  sometimes  strays,  and  most  of 
the  essays  would,  we  think,  have  been 
more  effective  if  they  had  been  shorter. 
He  could  have  been  equally  explicit  yet 
a  little  more  incisive. 

The  maturity  of  Mr.  Bourne's  manner 
contrasts  Btrangely  with  a  certain  in- 
security   of    standards    and     partialis     of 

thinking  which  h<-  reveals.  We  note 
that    la-   regards  the  decline  of  da— id  I 

Yn,ah  n„<]  Life.     B\    Randolph  B.   Bourne. 

(London,     <  onstable     a     '  ■•-.      8».    net  ; 

Boston,  Houghton  Mifflin  I 
Mine    Own  :     «     Buruttt     <>i     Essays.     By 

Arthur  -I.  Clark.     (Robert  Bcott,  5*.  oi 
77/.    Purpost  :     Reflections  'i»>l   Digressions. 

Bj  Hui.i  n  Wales.     (John  Long,  5s.  net.) 


124 


THE     A  T  H  E  NyEUM 


No.  4000,  Jan.  24,   1914 


studies  in  the  United  States  as  a  symptom 
of  emancipation  and  a  sturdier  realism; 
and  we  cannot  but  connect  this,  on  the 
one  hand,  with  the  touch  of  exaggeration 
he  displays  in  an  essay  entitled  '  The  Life 
of  Irony ' — apparently  based  on  what 
we  might  call  a  discovery  of  the  character 
of  Socrates — and,  on  the  other,  with  an 
opinion  (to  the  exposition  of  which 
another  whole  essay,  '  The  Mystic  turned 
Radical,'  is  devoted)  that  M.  Maeterlinck 
is  our  greatest  living  mystic.  The  effect 
of  this  last  deliverance  is  the  more  startling 
because  allusions  to  anything  so  concrete 
as  a  book  are  rare  from  Mr.  Bourne.  The 
names  of  Tolstoy  and  Mr.  Kipling  occur 
incidentally  in  his  pages :  he  admits 
having  read  Buckle,  Holmes.  Henry 
George,  and  T.  F.  Higginson,  and  that  is 
about  all. 

Clear  and  persistent  as  he  is  in  his 
thinking,  and  unemphatic  in  its  expression, 
Mr.  Bourne  is  not  without  a  tendency  to 
love  the  simplicity  of  theory  above  the 
complexities  of  fact.  At  least,  we  suspect 
this  fault  in  his  remarks  on  the  psychology 
of  childhood,  and  can  trace  something 
of  the  same  kind  in  his  paradoxical  eleva- 
tion of  the  spirit  of  irony  above  that  of 
religion.  We  even  find  him  attributing 
"  humility,  the  spirit  of  service,  a  con- 
viction of  the  significance  of  all  life,"  to 
the  "  ironical,"  and  denying  them  to  the 
religious,  man  —  which  reminds  us  that 
he  was  brought  up  in  a  Calvinistic  atmo- 
sphere, and  cannot  yet  be  so  free  from 
reactionary  bias  as  he  supposes.  His 
heart  is  in  the  right  place,  and  he  will 
adjust  his  terms  to  more  straightforward 
uses  as  his  experience  balances  itself. 
When  he  comes  to  speak  of  religion  more 
directly,  his  attitude  has  a  charming 
candour  and  scepticism  ;  while  his  de- 
marcation of  the  sphere  of  typically 
religious  emotion,  and  his  suggestions  as 
to  its  influence  and  meaning  for  life, 
could  not  easily  be  bettered. 

Mr.  Arthur  J.  Clark's  <;  Bundle  of 
Essays,"  '  Mine  Own,'  would  have  been 
improved,  perhaps,  by  the  exercise  of  a 
little  more  of  the  irony  which  Mr.  Bourne 
idealizes.  Loquacious,  breezy,  well- 
meaning,  informed,  they  seem  to  place 
their  not  extravagantly  valuable  wares  in 
the  shop  window  as  a  means  of  attracting 
passers-by  to  an  underlying  goodness  which 
is  not  expected  to  have  any  very  cogent 
attractiveness  in  itself.  Mr.  Clark  gives 
us  reflections  on  '  Art  for  Art's  Sake,'  on 
'  Looking  Backward,'  on  '  Failure,'  on 
'  Castles  in  Spain,'  on  '  Fishing,'  &c,  and 
we  can  never  quite  lay  aside  the  suspicion 
that  his  tone  of  camaraderie  and  the 
keen  interest  he  exhibits  in  trivial  things 
are  in  part  a  lure,  and  that  he  is  fishing 
for  our  souls.  He  writes,  we  must 
confess,  a  great  deal  better  than  the 
majority  of  those  who  pursue  these  un- 
congenial tactics. 

Much  of  Mr.  Wales's  former  writing 
had  ill  prepared  us  for  the  thoughtful 
essays  he  now  publishes  under  the  title  of 
'  The  Purpose.'  We  had  also  to 
surmount  the  effect  of  opening  the  book 
on     an     attitudinized     portrait     of     the 


author.  We  discern  marks  of  what  we 
conceive  to  be  youthfulness  in  his  earnest 
purposefulness,  besides  insufficient  care 
and  much  that,  we  think,  experience  will 
modify  ;  but  we  would  place  his  book 
without  hesitation  before  any  mind  un- 
folding to  the  realities  of  life.  To  any 
such  the  very  immaturity  of  these 
essays  on  '  Thinking,'  '  Being,'  '  Ethics,' 
'  Antagonism,'  '  Sex,'  '  Death,'  and 
'  Beauty  '  will  but  strengthen  the  bonds 
of  sympathy  between  author  and  reader. 


The  Oxford  Book  of  Spanish  Verse,  Thir- 
teenth to  Twentieth  Century.  Chosen 
by  James  Fitzmaurice-Kelly.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

This  is  a  welcome  addition  to  a  successful 
series.  The  publishers  have  chosen  the 
right  man  for  the  task,  for  Prof.  Fitz- 
maurice-Kelly is  not  only  eminent  among 
authorities  on  Spanish  literature,  but  also 
pre-eminent  in  this  country  as  a  critical 
writer  on  the  subject. 

In  the  present  volume  he  has  given  us, 
as  was  to  be  expected,  the  best  flowers 
to  be  culled  from  the  garden  of  which  he 
knows  every  nook  and  corner,  and  his 
selection  shows  care  and  thought,  both 
in  the  choice  of  specimens,  and  in  the 
manner  and  method  of  their  presenta- 
tion. He  has  wisely  retained  the  ancient 
forms  of  words  and  spelling  in  the  periods 
during  which  these  have  philological  and 
characteristic  values,  only  modernizing  in 
later  periods  when  such  values  cease  and 
the  older  spelling  would  have  been  merely 
wearisome. 

The  worth  of  this  anthology  is  enhanced, 
especially  for  students  of  the  world's 
literature,  by  the  fact  that  the  best,  not 
the  most  curious,  examples  of  each  period 
and  author  are  given,  because  that  best 
is  representative  of  the  essence  of  the 
Spanish  poetic  genius,  freed  from  all 
borrowed  and  imitative  dross.  Of  this 
racial  genius  it  may  be  said,  as  has  been 
said  of  Santillana,  that  "  ceasing  to  be 
imitative  it  becomes  inimitable."  Its  own 
distinctive  characteristics  constitute  its 
charm. 

So,  reading  the  anthology,  one  seldom 
has  cause  to  remember  the  wars  of  suc- 
ceeding schools  or  the  vicious  extrava- 
gances and  affectations  of  which  the 
groups  of  partisans  successively  and  with 
something  like  equal  justice  mutually 
accused  each  other.  We  forget  Boscan's 
italianate  proclivities  in  the  '  Coplas  a 
su  amiga,  enviandole  un  cancionero  de 
sus  coplas,'  with  its 

Ahi  van  las  ansias  mias, 
presentes  y  las  pasadas 

(which  bring  to  mind  the  opening  lines  of 
Browning's  '  One  Word  More  '),  and  are 
only  reminded  of  the  bitterness  of  that 
controversy  by  the  mocking  lines  of 
Gregorio  de  Silvestre  in  the  '  Visita  de 
Amor ' : — 

Unas  coplas  muy  cansadas, 
con  muchos  pies  arrastrando, 
a  lo  toscano  imitadas. 

Of  Gongora's  obscurity,  and  that  of  his 
immediate    followers    and    many    of    his 


contemporary  opponents,  no  trace  is 
shown  here,  and  very  little  of  preciosity 
in  his  or  their  work.  All,  or  very  nearly 
all,  is  of  the  best  of  truly  Spanish  poetry, 
and  the  volume  is  a  golden  compendium 
of  the  history  of  Spanish  verse. 

To  only  one  statement  in  Prof.  Fitz- 
maurice  -  Kelly's  short  but  illuminative 
Introduction  can  exception  be  taken, 
and  then  only  on  the  ground  that  others 
have  not  his  own  deep  knowledge  of  the 
Spanish  language.  He  says  in  effect 
that  the  Castilian  language  of  to-day  has 
changed  so  little  in  essentials  from  that 
of  the  oldest  Spanish  poems  in  existence 
that 

"  the  inchoate  metres  of  the  '  Poema  del  Cid  * 
are  fairly  intelligible  to  all  who  have  enough 
Spanish  to  appreciate  the  burnished  stanzas 
of  Nunez  de  Arce  and  the  subtly  modulated 
cadences  of  Reuben  Dario." 

Yet,  though  he  has  treated  the  early  epics 
as  negligible  for  the  purpose  of  an  an- 
thologist, words  with  archaic  significa- 
tions do  occur  in  some  of  the  earlier  poems 
given,  and  it  would  need  either  very 
happy  imagination  or  some  research  to 
recognize,  for  instance,  that  the  word 
"  romero  "  in  the  refrain  of  Pero  Lopez 
de  Ayala's  '  Can  tar  a  la  Vrrgen  Maria  ' 
means  one  who  goes  to  Rome  —  i.e.,  a 
pilgrim. 

The  first  poem  in  this  anthology  is 
the  '  Razon  de  Amor,'  attributed  by 
some  writers  to  Lope  de  Moros,  who, 
however,  seems  really  to  have  been  only 
its  transcriber  ;  and  the  second  a  '  Can- 
tica  '  by  Gonzalo  de  Berceo,  the  first 
Spanish  poet  who  successfully  revolted 
from  the  metrical  oppression  of  the 
'  cuaderna  via.' 

After  a  short '  Cantiga  '  by  Alfonso  X. 
we  come  to  half  a  dozen  poems  by 
Juan  Ruiz,  the  arch-priest  of  Hita,  who, 
very  "  Goliard  "  though  he  was,  is  one 
of  the  most  prominent  figures  in 
the  history  of  Spanish  literature.  He 
gathered  and  imitated  so  freely  from  all 
sources  that  Amador  de  los  Rios  has 
dubbed  his  works  "  The  Encyclopaedia  of 
the  Poetry  of  the  Fourteenth  Century," 
while  elsewhere  they  are  referred  to  as 
"  the  most  heterogeneous  which  the  in- 
fancy of  literature  has  produced,"  and. 
in  respect  of  his  Goliardism,  as 

"  beginning  in  the  Name  of  the  Father, 
the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Ghost,  a  mixture  of 
Fables,  Examples,  Cantiques,  Invocations 
to  Venus,  Hymns  to  the  Virgin,  Love 
Scenes,  Licentious  Pictures,  Follies  of  all 
kinds,  and  ending  with  a  Sermon  "  ; 

yet  Ruiz  was  possessed  of  great  native 
genius.  The  present  selection  shows  him 
in  at  least  two  different  lights  :  as  express- 
ing in  an  altogether  unpriestly  fashion 
the  opinion  that  "  por  ende  delas  mugeres 
la  mejor  es  la  menor,"  and  in  praise  of  the 
Virgin  Mary. 

Coming  to  another  great  name  in  Span- 
ish literature,  that  of  the  Marques  de 
Santillana,  we  have  among  other  poems 
examples  of  his  genius  and  skill  in  tech- 
nique in  the  '  Cancion,'  with  the  refrain 
"  en    buena    fe,"    and  the    justly  famed 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,   1914 


T1IK     AT  II  KX.KUM 


12 


s> ninillit  on  the  '  vaquera  de  la  Finojosa,1 

ending  with  the  lines  : — 

mm  i  9  '/'  MOM 

de  amar,  nin  to  eipera, 

agtttMd    raqut  ra 

de  la  Finojosa. 

Almost  immediately  we  come  to  Juan 
de  Mena,  notable  for  much  literary  good 
and  evil,  as  are  many  Spanish  poets  ; 
.and  to  Jorge  Manrique's  noble  verses  on 
the  death  of  his  father,  ending  with  the 
lines  : — 

y  aunque  la  vida  murio, 

nos  dexo  harto  consuelo 

su  nienioria. 

These  verses  have  kept  the  poet's  own 
memory  ever  fresh  in  the  hearts  of  his 
countrymen. 

Among  the  anonymous  poems  which 
follow  are  examples  of  the  strict  form  of 
the  true  Spanish  Romance,  viz.,  lines  of 
sixteen  syllables,  all  ending  with  the 
uniform  vowel  assonance,  irrespective  of 
consonants,  to  which  the  Spanish  ear 
is  still  so  susceptible. 

With  Juan  Boscan,  the  next  prominent 
figure  in  Spanish  literature,  we  reach  the 
full  force  of  the  Italian  influence,  which 
Francisco  Imperial  and  Santillana  had 
prematurely  tried  to  bring  to  bear  on 
Spanish  poetry.  Though  a  Catalan  by 
birth,  Boscan  taught  himself  to  write  in 
Cast i Han,  and  became  the  leader  of  an 
exotic  school  which  gave  preference 
to  Italian  over  native  metrical  forms. 
In  the  end  Boscan  triumphed,  but  it 
should  be  observed  that  the  first  of 
the  two  poems  by  him  given  in  this  an- 
thology— the  '  Coplas  a  su  amiga  '  above 
referred  to — is  written  in  the  older  and 
typical  Spanish  octosyllabic  metre. 

Another  poem,  the  '  Cena  jocosa,'  by 
Baltazar  de  Alcazar,  a  soliloquy,  has  a 
good  deal  in  the  rhythm  and  manner  of 
it  which  is  suggestive  of  another  mood  of 
Browning.  Witness  the  last  verse,  in 
which  a  conscientious  but  vain  endeavour 
is  made  by  the  speaker  to  finish  a  story 
he  had  begun  before  supper  and  the 
qualities  of  the  viands  and  wines  made 
superior  claims  on  his  attention  : — 

Ya  que,  Im's,  hemos  cenado 
tan  bien  y  con  tanto  gusto, 
jiarece  que  sera  justo 
volver  al  cuento  pasado. 

Pues  sabras,  Ines  herniana, 

que  el  portugues  cayo  enfermo 

las  onze  dan  ;  yo  me  duermo  : 
quedese  para  mafiana. 

There  is  a  dainty  example  of  the  art  of 
Ghristobal  de  Castulejo  in  'Al  Amor,' 
and  one  sonnet  is  placed  to  the  account 
of  Cervantes. 

The  ingenuous  absence  of  the  sense  of 
religious  reverence  which  at  one  time 
characterized  Spanish  utterance,  even  in 
pulpit,  is  exemplified  in  the  '  Cancion 
a  Cristo  crucificado,'  by  .Miguel  Sanchez 
with  its  childishly  selfish 

aqui,  Redentor  qaiero 

Degar  a  tu  juicio  yo  el  primcro, 

and  the  '  Letra  al  Santfshno  Sacramento ' 
of   Jose    de   valdivielso,   which    baa    the 

refrain  : — 

Aunque  mas  te  disfra- ■> 
galan  divino, 
en  lo  nmoho  que  lias  dado 
te  ban  couocido. 


Evidence  of  Prof.  Kit /.maurice- Kelly's 
selective  discretion  is  notable,  as  has  been 
already  indicated,  in  his  choice  bom 
GrOngOra.  In  the  poems  by  this  poet  and 
his  successful  literary  rival,  Lope  de  Vega 
Carpio,  given  in  this  volume  we  Hnd  none 
of  the  obscurity  and  but  little  of  the  arti- 
ficiality which  constitute  the  chief  defects 
in  much  of  the  work  of  both,  and  have 
made  "  Gongorisin  "  a  byword  of  Spanish 
literature. 

On  the  contrary,  there  is  a  good  deal 
of  bluntness  of  expression  in  Gongoras 
c  Letrilla,'  beginning  : — 

Dineros  son  calidad  ; 

verdad. 
Mas  ama  quien  mas  suspira  ; 

mentira. 

— a  material  appreciation  echoed  in  Que- 
vedo's 

Podtroso  Cabalhro 

es  don  Dinero, 

and  typical  of  the  strong' common-sense 
which  underlies  the  politer  affectations  of 
the  Spanish  character. 

In  '  A  las  ruinas  de  Italica,'  by  Rodrigo 
Caro,  we  have  classic  Italy  glorified  in 
both  matter  and  metre,  and  in  the  unkind 
epigram  by  Villamediana — 

Cuando  el  marques  de  Malpiea, 
Caballero  de  la  Have, 
con  su  silencio  replica, 
dice  todo  cuanto  sabe — 

an  indication  of  the  directness  of 
seventeenth-century  satire. 

Sor  Juana  Inez  de  la  Cruz  is  eloquent 
in  the  defence  of  her  sex  in  the  Rondillas 
beginning  : — 

Hombres  necios,  que  acusais 
a  la  niujer  sin  razon, 
sin  ver  que  sois  la  ocasion 
de  lo  mismo  que  culpais. 

Another  notable  example  of  the  tri- 
umph of  the  native  Spanish  genius  when 
freed  from  the  affectations  of  a  particular 
author  is  the  celebrated  '  Fiesta  de  toros 
en  Madrid,'  in  the  '*  Quintillas  "  form,  by 
Xicolas  Fernandez  de  Moratin,  who  usually 
did  his  utmost  to  gallic ize  his  style. 

Manuel  Jose  Quintana,  a  patriot 
although  a  zealous  disciple  of  French 
ideas,  is  represented  by  his  warlike 
stanzas  '  Al  armamento  de  las  provincias 
espanolas  contra  los  franceses  '  ;  and  the 
patriotic  note  is  repeated  by  Juan  Nicasio 
Gallego  in  '  El  Dos  de  Mayo.' 

The  next  literary  period  to  which  we 
come  is  that  of  the  Byronic  influence — an 
influence  so  strong  in  Espronceda  that, 
as  the  story  goes,  the  Conde  de  Toreno, 
when  asked  if  he  had  read  Espronceda. 
replied,  "  Not  much,  but  then  I  have  read 
all  Byron."  Nevertheless,  Espronceda 
has  been  called  *'  the  most  distinguished 
lyrical  poet  of  the  century,"  while  an- 
other authority  attributes  to  him  "'  all 
the  faults  and  virtues  of  his  race." 

With  Campoamor  we  arrive  at   poetry 

which  has  real  virtues,  although   it   makes 

no  vivid  apjK'al  to  the  present  generation. 
Campoamor  was  a  poet  w  hose  performance 
may  be  said  to  have  been  better  than  his 
precepts,  which  erred  in  the  direction  of 
over-refinement    and    hair-splitting.     He 

undoubtedly  had  great  natural  powers. 
the  expression  of  which  now  suffers 
chiefly  from  the  vast  difference  in  aesthetic 


thought  and  feeling  between  our  day  and 
his. 

Nunez  de  Aree  is  represented  by  a 
sadly  ending  '  [dilio     ;    while  much  dainty 

workmanship,  at  least,  stands  to  the 
credit  of  Reuben  Darfo  and  his  one-time 
disciple,  Franciso  Villaespeso. 

There  are  examples  of  other  living 
poets. 

Prof.  Fitzmaurice-Kelly  has  appended  a 
useful  series  of  biographical  notes,  and 
the  get-up  of  the  little  volume  18  excellent, 
like  that  of  its  predecessors  in  the  series. 


THE  POEMS  OF  NEWMAN  HOWARD. 

Tiik  serious  dignity  and  largeness  of 
utterance  which  belong  to  Mr.  Howard's 
muse,  and  especially  to  his  dramatic 
pieces,  are  well  known  among  that  select 
class  which  cares  for  such  things.  There- 
fore the  fresh  appearance  of  his  collected 
work,  with  some  recent  additions,  will  be 
welcomed  by  all  who  know  the  writer  as 
a  poet  of  distinction  and  achievement. 
The  achievement,  as  a  matter  of  observa- 
tion, is  not  of  a  kind  which  has  stirred 
universal  responsiveness  or  sympathy, 
even  among  lovers  of  poetry  ;  but  the 
distinction,  showing  itself  most  aptly  in 
its  appeal  to  scholars,  rises  highest  where 
it  reflects,  in  poetic  terms  which  all  can 
follow,  the  charm  of  that  unchanging 
age  which,  even  when  crystallized  in 
myth,  is  most  deeply  embedded  in  the 
morals  of  mankind.  Not  that  Mr.  Howard 
is  a  dweller  among  the  tombs.  He  has 
a  message  for  his  own  time. 

Neither  Mr.  Howard's  message  nor  his 
poetry  can  be  called  complex.  In  prose — 
the  prose  of  his  Preface — he  is  inclined  to 
scold  his  age,  piling  up  his  denunciations 
with  the  unbridled  eagerness  of  Swinburne. 
In  verse  he  instructs  it,  and  in  each  case 
he  expresses  himself  with  force.  Just 
as  the  dramatic  unities  are  duly  observed 
in  the  play  of  '  Constant  ine  the  Great  ' 
(which  is  part  of  a  Christian  trilogy),  so 
the  short  lyrics  and  poems  are  connected 
by  links  of  poetic  justice.  A  thread  of 
conviction  runs  through  them,  strung,  as 
it  were,  with  the  beads  of  ascertained 
values,  and  generally  interpreted  in  the 
phrase  that  "  the  old  fidelities  and  chi- 
valries are  as  music." 

Come    clifinco,    come    change, — time  sifts    and 
chooses  well  ; 

still  old  loves  Lighten,  >iill  the  old  hopes  ease  : 
The  city  spreads,  but  not  the  citadel, — 

The  firm,  the  brave,  the  fair  fidelities. 

Thus  does  Mr.  Howard  interpret  himself 
for  the  benefit  of  those  who  are  minded 
to  listen.  But  what  of  those  who  are  n"t 
so  inclined  1  His  words  are  addressed  to 
them   also,  and,  prophet- wise,  even  more 

forcibly    to    them.      Arc    wc    he    ask-      to 

lie  dowti  prostrate  under  the  weighl  oi  a 
foreign  incubus  :  He  denounces  Nietzsche 
as  the  fashion  — "  thai  German  Maohiavel, 
whose  distinctive  propagandism  is  the 
cult  of  the  Cat-Man.  oruel,  lithe,  and 
treacherous."  Fashion  in  thought,  as  in 
dress,  i-  continually  changing   and  a  oev 

Collected  Poems  by  Newman  Howard.    (Mac* 

niillan  ,V   (  '<>..  7*.   'W.   lid.) 


126 


THE     ATI!  KXJEUM 


No.  4.500,  Jan.  "24,   1914 


selection  of  authors  to  admire  and  catch- 
words to  copy  may  be  brought  forward 
while  these  lines  arc  running  through 
the  press  ;  hut  the  philosophy  of  the 
Superman  (a  convenient  phrase)  was  out 
of  date  before  '*  the  snows  of  yester- 
year."' and.  even  if  that  were  not  so,  its 
sway  never  extended  to  the  realm  of 
poetry.  Mr.  Howard  is.  nevertheless, 
right  in  some  of  his  assumptions.  He  is 
right  when  he  appeals  to  "  the  brotherly 
and  debonair  "  as  represented  by  Shake- 
speare, and  to  that  nature  which  weaves 
"  sacred  strands  knitting  past  with  present, 
and  life  with  life." 

The  volume  before  us  offers  creative 
contrasts  considerable  in  their  range  and 
depth.  It  hardly  approaches  the  point 
of  view,  ethical  or  general,  which  prevails 
at  the  present  time,  but  this  does  not 
detract  from  the  acceptance  which  must 
be  accorded  to  the  concentration  of 
principle  which  permeates  the  whole 
collection.  Poetry  assuredly  cannot  be 
constructed  on  principle,  and  the  noblest 
morals  often  escape  altogether  when 
artifice  attempts  to  secure  them.  But 
the  morals  conveyed  in  the  three  dramas, 
"  Kiartan,'  '  .Savonarola,'  and  '  Constan- 
tine."  are  not  only  unexceptionable  in 
themselves.  Their  setting  is  picturesque. 
Many  of  the  individual  scenes  are  pre- 
sented with  uncommon  power,  and  de- 
serve to  be  interpreted  on  the  stage. 

When     Mr.     Howard     dips     his     quill 
into    the  stream  of    current  song,  we    do 
not   find   him    less    alive    to    the    infinite 
gradations    of    emotion    which    form    the 
groundwork   on   which'  every   poet   must 
base    his   efforts    to    awaken    emotion    in 
others.     Whilst  dignity  prevails,  a  tender- 
ness which   broods  in  infinite  hope   over 
the  sufferings  of  mortals  is  equally  con- 
stant and  consistent  here,   pointing  now 
to  pride  of  race,  now  to  simple  personal 
endurance.     But  as  though  to  prove  that 
he   can   unbend  from  -these   pinnacles   of 
thought,  there  is  more  than  one  pastiche 
interwoven    with     grace     of     fancy     and 
humour    of    parable — things    which    have 
reminded    us    often    of    Blake's    fantastic 
readings    of    life,    and    once    at    least     of 
Mr.  Thomas  Hardy's  more  rigid  reflections. 
There  can  be  no  question,  indeed,  that,  so 
far  as   poetry   is   concerned,    the   root   of 
the   matter  is  here.     It  is  impossible   to 
ignore  the  poet's  wide  choice  of  language, 
or  his  assimilation  of  knowledge,   or  his 
wholly  impressive  technique.     As  an  ex- 
ample   of    his    style,    we    cannot    forbear 
from   quoting   the   concluding  lines  from 
the  poem  '  Saint  Veronica,'  for  the  whole 
poem  is  a  mirror  of  the  tragedies  of  man- 
kind,  which  are   redeemable  by  spiritual 
truth  alone,  of    which  we  may  gain  the 
assurance  through  such  images  as  these  : — 

While  blossoms  fall, 
And  strew  in  spring  the  narrow  lanes  of  life 
With  replicas  of  love  s  true  azure  tinct, 
Still  we  may  hope  our  mortal  lives  are  linked 
Across  this  stubble  waste  of  woe  and  strife. 
These  steeps  which  hourly  hear  an  Orpheus  wail, 
These  rocks  resounding  with  Prometheus'  groftn, 
To  .some  great  kindly  life  which  moulds  our  own. 
By   whom    our   ills    are   weighed,    out-   sorrows 
known. 
Who  rules  that  good  shall  prosper,  evil  fail. 
Life  bonquer  Death,  and  Love  at  last  prevail. 


The  form  of  the  volume  is  in  itself  a 
high  compliment  to  the  author,  for  it 
appears  in  that  green  cloth  which  the 
publisher's  keep  for  choice  poetry.. 


The  Church  in,  Borne  in  the  First  <'<'iilnr>i. 
By  George  Edmundson.  (Longmans 
&'  Co..  7s.  (id.  net.) 

In  this  volume  of  the  Bampton  Lectures, 
delivered  in  1913,  the  author,  dealing 
with  the  Church  in  Borne  in  the  first 
century,  examines  various  controverted 
questions  relating  to  its  history,  chrono- 
logy, literature,  and  traditions.  Mr.  Ed- 
mundson has  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
early  Christian  literature,  possesses  a 
lucid  style,  and  gives  ample  proof  that 
he  is  endowed  with  critical  ingenuity. 
He  is  undismayed  as  he  attacks  what  are 
almost  dogmas  in  history.  It  has  not 
been  a  conclusion  of  any  critical  school 
that  St.  Peter's  connexion  with  Borne 
extended  from  first  to  last  through 
twenty-five  years  ;  and  scholars  have 
not  been  prone  to  assign  the  Gospel  of 
St.  Mark  to  the  year  45,  and  the  Epistle 
of  Clement  to  the  year  70.  Yet  Mr. 
Edmundson  holds  that  St.  Peter's  earliest 
visit  to  Borne  was  in  42,  that  the  Gospel 
of  St.  Mark  was  written  in  the  period  of 
that  visit,  and  that  the  Epistle  of  Clement 
was  dispatched  from  Borne  to  Corinth 
earlier  than  the  last  decade  of  the  first 
century.  These  contentions  do  not  ex- 
haust the  list  of  his  critical  heresies,  but 
they  are  glaring  examples.  Mr.  Edmund- 
son is  sometimes  assertive  rather  than 
argumentative,  as  when  he  states. 

"  That  Peter  visited  Rome  between  the 
years  62  a.d.  and  65  a.d.,  and  that  he  was 
put  to  death  there  by  crucifiction,  is  ad- 
mitted by  every  one  who  studies  the  evidence 
in  a  fair  and  reasonable  spirit  "  ; 

and.  again,  that 

"  the  deaths  bjr  martyrdom  of  the  Apostles 
Peter  and  Paul  at  Rome  towards  the  close 
of  Nero's  reign  are  among  the  facts  of  first- 
century  history  which  may  in  these  days  be 
regarded  as  practically  outside  controversy.'" 

In  spite  of  the  first  of  these  statements, 
there  are  scholars,  with  no  prejudice  ex- 
cept for  the  truth  in  history,  who  are 
not  free  from  doubt  concerning  St.  Peter's 
death  at  Rome,  yet  may  be  credited  with 
studying  the  evidence  in  a  fair  and  reason- 
able spirit.  They  are  influenced,  on  the 
one  hand,  by  the  tradition  that  the 
Apostle  perished  in  Rome,  and,  on  the 
other,  by  the  fact  that  the  tradition  was 
not  of  early  origin,  and  that  it  expanded 
as  the  years  passed.  Erorn  the  New 
Testament  we  learn  nothing  regarding 
the  Apostle's  later  life  or  regarding  the 
circumstances  of  his  death,  and  it  is 
urged  that  the  explanation  of  the  silence 
of  Acts  is  that  St.  Luke  intended  to 
produce  a  third  work,  dealing  with  the 
incidents  of  the  concluding  years  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul.  So  noted  a  scholar 
as  Dr.  Harnack,  however,  does  not  accept 
this  explanation,  since  he  finds  no  proof 
of  it  in  the  plan  of  Acts  or  in  any  state- 
ment of  its  author.  As  there  are  no 
authentic  details  of  St.  Peter's  life  after 


42  a.d..  when  he  was  released  by  miracle 
from  prison,  there  may  be  excuse  for  a 
biographer  venturing  on  the  slippery 
path  of  conjecture.  There  is  an  ancient 
tradition  that  Jesus  gave  command  to 
His  disciples  to  continue  in  Jerusalem 
for  twelve  years,  and  thereafter  to  go- 
forth  to  the  nations  ;  and  there  is  an- 
other tradition  that  Simon  Magus  wa- 
in Borne,  proclaiming  himself  "  to  be  the 
Great  Power  of  God."  .Mr.  Edmundson 
conjectures  that  to  St.  Peter,  as  chief  ol 
the  Apostles,  was  assigned  the  charge  oi 
the  Christian  Church  in  the  Imperial 
capital,  and  that,  escaping  from  the 
persecution  by  Herod  Agrippa,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Borne.  In  favour  of  the  year 
42  a.d.  as  the  date  of  the  first  visit  to 
Borne  the  statement  of  Jerome  is  brought 
forward,  that 

"Simon  Peter,  prince  of  the  Apostles.... 
in  the  second  year  of  Claudius  goes  to  Rome 
to  oppose  Simon  Magus,  and  there  for 
twenty-five  years  he  held  the  sacerdotal 
chair  until  the  last  year  of  Nero,  that  i- 
the  fourteenth." 

Further,  there  is  in  favour  of  the  sugges- 
tion that  St.  Peter  went  to  Rome  in 
42  a.d.  the  fact  that  when  St.  Paul 
wrote  his  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  they 
formed  "  a  Christian  community  not  of 
yesterday,  but  of  many  years'  standing.'5 
There  is.  too.  the  fact  that  it  was  long- 
before  St.  Paul  visited  this  community. 
which  was  another  man's  foundation.  In 
reply  to  the  question — Who  was  this  man  ? 
Mr.  Edmundson  answers.  "  It  cannot  be 
any  other  than  St.  Peter." 

Arguments  are  adduced  to  show  that 
St.  Peter  paid  a  second  visit  to  Rome 
in  the  years  54-6  a.d.,  and  that  in  the 
seven  years  before  54  a.d.  he  may  have 
been  at  Antioch.  where,  according  to 
Jerome,  he  was  bishop  for  the  space  of 
seven  years.  Attention  is  drawn  to  the 
prominence  of  the  year  55  a.d.  in  the 
records  of  the  Roman  Church,  and  the  ex- 
planation of  that  prominence  is,  according 
to  Mr.  Edmundson,  that 

"  at  this  date  Peter  personally  gave  to  that 
Church  its  local  organization  by  appointing 
out  of  the  general  body  of  presbyters  an 
inner  presbyterial  council  entrusted  with 
special  pastoral  duties  of  administration 
and  overseershrp." 

But.  it  may  lie  asked,  if  St.  Peter  went  to- 
Borne  in  42  a.d.  and  found  there  a  Chris- 
tian community,  and  if  he  did  not  appoint 
the  inner  presbyterial  council  till  55  a.d., 
what  was  his  work  as  a  founder  ?  and 
why,  on  account  of  it,  was  St.  Paul 
much  hindered  from  visiting  Borne  ?  It 
is  not  necessary  to  maintain  with  Pfleiderer 
that  the  verses  in  Romans  xv.  which 
include  the  reference  to  "  another  man's 
foundation  "  have  been  either  bodily 
interpolated  or  very  much  modified  by  a 
Roman  bishop  of  the  second  century  who 
wished  to  limit  St.  Paul's  relations  with 
Rome  and  give  scope  to  the  Roman  Peter 
legend  growing  up  in  his  time.  There  are 
two  considerations,  however,  which  are 
important,  even  though  they  are  not 
novel.  If  St.  Peter  had  founded  the 
Church  in  Rome,  there  would  surely  have 
been   some   reference   to   the   fact  in   the 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24.  1914 


T  11  K    A  Til  KX  mv  m 


Epistle  to  the  Romans  ;  and  if  he  had 
been  directly  associated  with  thai  Church, 
st.  Paul,  as  the  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles, 
would  Burely  not  have  included  it  within 
his  province. 

The  date  of  St.  Mark's  Gospel  is  im- 
portant for  Mr.  Edmundson's  argument 
that  St.  IVtor  was  in  Rome  from  and  after 
the  year  42  a..d.  Be  declares  that  "  a 
series  of  witnesses  affirm  thai  .Mark  ac- 
companied the  Apostle  to  Home  and 
there  wrote  his  Gospel  "  :  and.  referring  to 
Dr.  Harnaek's  admission  that  that  Gospel 
may  be  assigned  at  the  latest  to  the  sixth 
decade  of  the  first  century,  he  asserts  that 
it  is  fairly  certain  that  St.  Mark  was  not 
at  Rome  during  the  sixth  deeade. 

'There  can  therefore  be  no  objection  [he 
says]  to  accepting  the  voire  of  tradition, 
which  makes  the  Gospel  to  have  been  written 
for  the  use  of  St.   Peter's  Roman  converts 

about  the  year  45  a.d." 

Dr.  Harnack  points  out  that  we  learn  from 
Clement  of  Alexandria  for  the  first  time 
that  the  Gospel  of  St.  Mark  was  written 
by  St.  Mark  in  Rome  when  St.  Peter  was 
yet  alive,  at  the  request  of  the  hearers  of 
St.  Peter  :  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 
Clement  cannot  possibly  he  cited  as  an 
early  authority.  Irenaeus,  as  opposed  to 
Clement,  says  that  St.  Mark,  after  the  de- 
parture of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  handed 
<lown  in  writing  what  St.  Peter  used  to 
preach.  Apart  altogether  from  tradition, 
the  Gospel  itself,  with  its  reference  to  the 
destruction  of  .Jerusalem,  does  not  suggest 
that  it  could  have  been  written  so  early 
as  45  a.d.  :  and  many  scholars  will  find 
it  difficult  to  believe  that  the  date  of 
St.  Mark's  (Jospel  and  the  place  of  its 
composition  can  be  taken  as  evidence  jn 
favour  of  St.  Peters  connexion  with  the 
Church  of  Rome. 

The  Epistle  of  Clement  is  used  by 
Mr.  Edmundson  and  he  says  that  the 
words  of  Clement  leave  no  doubt  that 
St.  Peter  was  martyred  at  Rome.  Un- 
fortunat  sly  for  this  contention,  there  are 
many  scholars  who  are  still  in  doubt, 
-ince    Clement    did    not    mention    Rome. 

ghtfoot  fixed  the  date  of  the  Epistle 
•  95  or  96  a.d.  :  but  Mr.  Edmundson 
rejects  that  date,  as  other  scholars  have 
done,  and  hold-  that  it  was  written  in  the 
early  months  of  7(1  a.d.  He  argues  that 
Clement,  therefore,  was  a  contemporary 

vt.  Peter,  and  that  many  of  his  phrases 

i  he  explained  only  on  the  supposi- 
tion that  he  wrote  BOOH  after  the  Apostle's 
death.  Mr.  Edmundson's  arguments  are 
skilful;  yet  there  is  one  passage  in  Cle- 
ment   which    gives   indication    of    a    date. 

:  it  doe-  not  support  these  arguments. 
Clemenl  speaks  oi  elders  "appointed  by 
the  Apostles  or  afterward-  by  other  illus- 
trious men  "  and  of  these  elders  "  as 
borne  witness  to  for  a  long  period." 
Apostles,  illustrious  men  succeeding  them. 

i  elder-  living  tor  a  long  tune  after 
their  appointment  by  these  men  require 
for  their  period  at  least  a  generation  after 
the  death  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  and 
that  generation  could  not  have  been  con- 
cluded in  the  year  "o  a.d. 


English     Travellers 

Bv  Clare  How  ard 
net.) 


of    ili<'     Renaissance. 
(John  Lane,  Is.  6d. 


The  main  business  of  Mi—  Howard's  book 
is  a  review  of  Elizabethan  travel-manuals, 

those  curious  little  works  on  the  art  of 
journeying  which  preach  the  duly  of 
foreign  travel  to  a  gentleman  who  would 
be  what  Anthony  Wood  calls  "  a  compleat 
person,"  and  which  mingle  comments 
upon  the  characteristics  of  foreigners  with 
hints  about  the  commissariat,  and  in- 
structions, like  those  of  Cratarolus  in  his 
*  De  Regimine  Iter  Agentium,'  for  endur- 
ing hunger  and  thirst,  and  for  curing  sore 

feet. 

The    author's    survey    of     her     subject 
ben  ins    where,   for   the    reader   of   fiction, 
Charles  Reade  left  it  in  '  The  Cloister  and 
the    Hearth."     She    takes    up    the    tale    of 
travel    at    the    period    when    pilgrimages 
had  become  largely  a  matter  of  business 
or    a    source    of    dissipation,    as    Erasmus 
roundly  declared,  and  were  becoming  the 
means  of  satisfying  that  desire  for  know- 
ledge which  was  the  chief  characteristic 
of    the    Renaissance.     One    of    the    most 
important  chapters  in  the  history  of  our 
own    country    was    opened    when    young 
Oxonian    scholars    like    Robert    Fleming, 
William  Grey,  and  the  Earl  of  Worcester 
began  to  study  at  Padua  or  Verona,  and 
to    bring    back    from    Italy    presents    of 
Greek  or  Latin  books  for  the  libraries  of 
Lincoln,  Balliol,  or  the  University  :    when 
Groeyn  and  Linacre  studied  at  Florence 
before    teaching    More    and    Erasmus    at 
Oxford.       This     period,     introductory    to 
her    subject,     Miss     Howard    touches    on 
briefly,  but  she  is  a  little  unfortunate,  we 
think,   in  conveying  the   impression   that 
it  was  merely  "  exquisite  learning  "  that 
was     sought     by     such     travellers.     The 
whole  science  of  modern  medicine   dates 
from    the    studies    of    Linacre    in    Italy. 
Some  there  were,  of  course,   who,  in  the 
shrewd  words  of  old  Roger  Ascham,  came 
back     "  with     less     learning     and     worse 
manners  " — Englishmen  "  Italianate,"  who 
were  more  or  less  the  devils  incarnate  of 
the  proverb,  and  whose  affectations  and 
vices  fill  the  pages  of  the  satirists  of  the 
age,    like    Greene,    Nash,     Ben    Jonson, 
Gabriel  Harvey,  and  Shakespeare. 

An  acquaintance  with  the  travel- 
manuals  which  Miss  Howard,  with  the  aid 
of  wide  reading  and  a  pretty  American 
accent,  here  places  easily  at  the  disposal 
of  her  readers  will  certainly  render  the 
Elizabethan  classics  more  intelligible  to 
them.  Other  chapters  revive  the  litera- 
ture   of   .Jacobean    travel,    when    Prance 

took    the   place   of    Italy   as   the    Mecca    of 

the  exquisite,  and  dancing,  tennis,  horse- 
manship, fencing,  and  waistcoats  were 
the  objects  sought,  rather  than  the  rare 

manuscripts  or  works  of  art  which,  in  the 
heyday   of   the    Italian    Renaissance,    were 

the  richest  rewards  of  travelling  prince  or 
adventurous  burgher. 

Some  reproductions  of  old  prints,  in- 
cluding a  portrait  of  the  Admirable 
Crichton,  illustrate  the  subject  oi  Renais- 
sance travel. 


A   QUAKEB    AND   A    MISSIONARY 
BISHOP    IX    AMERICA. 

There  is  a  large  number  of  religious 
works  which,  quite  naturally  and  usefully, 

are  stamped  with  the  character  of  the 
writer's  denomination,  and  can  be  fully 
appreciated  only  by  his  fellows.  But 
there  are  a  few  such  works  which,  how- 
ever true  to  the  special  doctrines  of  the 
w  liter's  faith,  make  so  profound  an  appeal 
to  the  common  human  apprehension  <>l 
God    that   differences    of    belief    become 

in  regard  to  them  almost  obliterated. 
Not  all  of  these  singularly  precious  books 
are  so  well  known  as  the\  OUght  to  be. 
and  we  are  grateful  to  Mr.  Tei'uninouth 
Shore  for  bringing  afresh  into  notice  the 
Journal  of  John  Wbolman,  which  i-  in- 
contestable- one  of  them. 

John     Woolman     was     born     in      \'\\ 
Jersey  in   1720,  and  died    of    smallpox   in 
England,   while   here  on  a    visit,   in    177 J. 
The  son  of  a  Quaker,  he  was  brought  up 
in  the  principles  of  the  Society,  and  seems 
never  to  have  been  in  contact    with   any 
other  form  of  religion.      He  gained  early 
his  individual  hold  on  the  faith  in   which 
he    had    been    instructed,    and    over    and 
above    the    capacities    which     develop     in 
any  devout  person,   he  undoubtedly   pos- 
sessed the  peculiar  gift    of  the  mystic — 
some    measure    of    direct    intuition     into 
things     beyond     the     reach     of    ordinary 
sense.     Two     experiences    of    his     which 
show  this  are  related   here  :   and.  since  in 
this  respect  mystics  differ  w  idely.  the  words 
'"covered  with   inward    prayer"    'under 
a    heavenly    covering  " — not     uncommon 
with  him.  and  evidently  intended  literally 
— are  interestingas  indicating  the  ordinary 
mode     of     his      mystical     conscioustie--. 
His  temper  has    a  curious  affinity     with 
that  of   some    of  the  saintly   personages 
of    seventeenth-century     France.      If     he 
reminds  one  somewhat  of  the  Jansenists, 
he  reminds  one  yet  more  of  M.  de  Kentv. 
one    of   the    group   of    Norman    mystics, 
vehement  opponents  of  Jansenisl  doctrine. 
Indeed,     between     the      wealthy      French 
nobleman,     with     all     the     resources     "I 
learning  and  the  most  brilliant  social  life 
at  his  command,  and  the  humble,  scant iK 
informed     New    Jersey    tailor    there    i-    a 
likeness   in  outlook,   in   their  attitude.  QOl 
only  towards  God,  but  also  towards  their 
fellow-men,  which  Illustrates  rather  plea- 
santly   for    how     little,    in    regard    to    the 
things  that    really   matter,   the   bo   solid- 
looking    web    of    circumstance     counts. 
Both    in    religion    lived    a     lite    singularly 
direct     and    original  ;      both     had.    in    the 
unusual      degree     sufficient      radically       to 
affect    their    management     of    affairs,    thi 
dread  of  the  bu-iue--  of  thi-  world  coming 

between  themselves  and  I  rod  -  and  both 
had  a  strange  independence  "I  family  and 
personal    tic-    even    though    the}     con 

John    Woolman:    his    Lift    and   •>»>    Tin 
By  W.  Teigni Hi  Shore.    I  Macmillan   .\ 

Co.,  6s.    IHt.  I 

77"  Lift  <in<!  Labourt  oj  Bishop  Hare, 
Apostle  to  tl  ■  Sioux.  Bj  M.  A.  De 
Wolfe  Howe.  (New  York,  Sturgia  a 
Walton  t  Jompany.) 


128 


Til  E     ATII  KKiEUM 


No.  4500,  Jan.  k24,   1914 


tracted  them — along  with  the  most  fer- 
vent and  unreservedly  self-immolating 
charity  towards  human  beings  in  general. 
Both  also  virtually  denied  to  art  and 
the  sense  of  beauty  any  legitimate  func- 
tion in  human  life. 

One  of  the  strongest — and,  we  may 
perhaps  add.  the  most  wholesome — 
principles  of  conduct  with  John  Woolman 
was  his  considered  aversion  from  over- 
much labour.  He  chose  the  trade  of  a 
tailor  because  he  expected  it  would  leave 
him  a  reasonable  amount  of  leisure. 
For  a  time,  besides  fashioning  garments, 
he  also  retailed  goods — first  trimmings, 
and  then  cloths  and  linens — 

"  and  at  length  [he  goes  on],  having  got 
a  considerable  shop  of  goods,  my  trade  in- 
creased every  year,  and  the  way  to  large 
business  appeared  open,  but  I  felt  a  stop  in 
my  mind.... on  serious  consideration,  [I] 
believed  truth  did  not  require  me  to  engage 
much  in  cumbering  affairs." 

So  he  lessened  his  outward  business. 
having    first    told    his    customers    of    his 


intention, 


that    thev    might    consider 


what  shop  to  turn  to,"  and  employed  some 
of  the  time  thus  gained  in  attending  to 
his  garden.  In  the  business  which  he 
still  followed  he  was  careful  to  advise  the 
people  who  came  to  him,  and  especially 
the  poor,  in  their  interest  rather  than  his 
own . 

This  scrupulous  regard  for  the  minutiae 
of  other  peoples   welfare,   or  even   mere 
convenience,  so  far  as  he  could  affect  it, 
he    extended    impartially    to    all     those 
whom  he  knew  and  those  whom  he  would 
never    know.     He    thought    with    disap- 
proval as  well  as  with  pity  of  the  immode- 
rate   labour   of    poor   people — toiling   for 
nothing    but    to    supply    the    rich    with 
luxuries  ;     of  poor  women  forced,  in  the 
struggle  to  provide  for  their  families,  to 
"  do  as  much  business  as  would  for  the 
time  be  suitable  for  two  or  three  "  ;    of 
factory  workers,  of  hard-ridden  postboys, 
and    of     the    animals'     too    which    man 
compels  to  take  a  share  in  his  troubles. 
In   season   and   out   of   season   he   strove 
with    the    conventions    of    the    well-to-do 
which   bring  upon  the   rest  of  the   com- 
munity this  curse  of  overwork.       In  his 
own    practice    he    avoided    with    uncom- 
promising    strictness     everything     which 
he    recognized   as   the    product   of,  or   as 
contributory  to,  that  curse.    Thus,  coming 
to  believe  that  the  dyeing  of  stuffs  em- 
ploys human  energy  on  a  vain  thing,  and 
also    tends    to    conceal    dirt,    he    refused 
during  the  later  years  of  his  life  to  wear 
anything  that  had  been  dyed.     Ready  as 
he  was  to  tend  the  sick  and  comfort  the 
miserable,  he  differed  here  in  one  respect 
from    Renty.        He    considered    carefully 
what  were  the  risks  of  each  undertaking, 
and  incurred  them  only  if  he  thought  he 
could  bring  the  matter 
having     something     of 
instinct  concerning  the 
tempting    that    which 
might.     This  is  not  to  say  that  his  charity 
was  restricted  within  the   bounds  of  the 
ordinary  person's  easygoing   benevolence. 
Crossing  to   England,   he   chose   to   share 
the    hardships    of    the    voyage    with    the 


to  a  good  end — 

Richard     Rolle"s 

sinfulness   of   at- 

is    bevond    one's 


poorer  passengers,  because  he  would  not 
countenance  the  vain  decorating  of  cabins 
even  so  much  as  by  paying  the  higher  fare. 
In  the  steerage  he  met  with  miseries  which 
half  broke  his  heart  ;  he  alleviated  all  he 
could,  and  bore  patiently  the  torture  of 
acute  sympathy  with  the  rest. 

But  the  central  anxiety  of  his  life  was 
the  existence  of  the  slave  trade.  Few 
at  that  date  seem  to  have  realized  the 
evils  it  involved — not  only  for  the  slave,  but 
also,  and  still  more,  for  the  slave-owner — 
so  keenly  as  did  Woolman.  A  great  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  travelling  from  one 
Quaker  centre  to  another,  to  the  Yearly 
or  Quarterly  Meetings  ;  and  wherever  he 
went,  he  found,  and  he  struggled  manfully 
against,  this  wrong. 

It  is  clear  that  with  advancing  years  he 
became  more  and  more  what  the  superficial 
would  call  eccentric  ;  yet  the  Quakers  in 
England  testify  to  the  great  "  sweetness  " 
of  his  company,  and  in  his  own  country, 
despite  his  sincere,  one  might  almost 
call  it  his  passionate,  humility,  he  had 
come  to  be  a  power. 

"  (Jet   the   writings   of   John   Woolman 
by    heart.'"    Charles    Lamb    says    in    the 
Essay  on    "  A   Quakers'    Meeting  '  ;      and 
Mr.     Teignmouth     Shore     very     suitably 
quotes  Crabb  Robinson's  praise  on  laying 
clown     the     Journal.      WToolman's     style 
savours  more  of  the  seventeenth  than  the 
eighteenth  century.     It  has  the  particular 
and   by  no   means   common   charm   of   a 
great  natural  gift  of  expression,  which  is 
yet  not  a  perfectly  adequate  vehicle  for 
the    fullness    of    thought,    emotion,    and 
experience  it  is  destined  to  express,  and 
therefore  acts  also  in  part,  and  sometimes 
rather  naively,   as   a   restraint.     His   use 
of    words    is    exact    and    sensitive  ;     his 
rhythm    rounded    and    flowing,    yet    not 
lacking   either    in    strength    or    sonority  ; 
the  sense  he  delivers  always  predominates 
over  the  diction.     He  has  no  learning,  and 
little  information,  it  would  appear,  beyond 
what  he  obtained  at  first  hand  by  observa- 
tion and  by  attention  to  his  business  and 
the  affairs  of  the  Society  of  Friends  ;    but 
such    information    as   he    possesses   he    is 
emphatically  master  of.     His  Journal  is 
a  fine  piece  of  literature,   without   being 
precisely  literary  ;    and  in  this  respect  it 
reminds   one  of   a  book  now,  perhaps,  to 
some     extent     forgotten — Hugh     Miller's 
'  My   Schools   and   Schoolmasters,'   which 
shows  the  same  qualities  of  grave,  exact, 
and     energetic     language,     frankly     sub- 
ordinate to  the  matters  it  conveys.     Put 
the  gift  of  expression  at  a  lower  power, 
and    make    the    subject-matter   more    in- 
tricate and  difficult,  and  you  get  writing 
like  Darwin's. 

The  story  of  Bishop  Hare,  the  Apostle 
to  the  Sioux,  from  Mr.  De  Wolfe  Howe 
has  more  merit  as  a  biography  than  the 
life  of  John  Woolman  which  we  have 
been  considering.  The  branch  of  the 
Anglican  Church  to  which  the  Bishop 
belonged  —  the  "Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  "  of  the  United  States — is,  we 
fancy,  generally  overlooked  by  Anglicans 
at   home,   both   in   their    assiunptions  as 


to  their  own  denominational  bounds 
and  in  their  habitual  ideas  of  the 
American  scene.  Nevertheless,  that  far- 
flung  branch  of  Anglicanism  flourishes 
and  is  strong,  whether  England  remem- 
bers it  or  no,  and  from  time  to  time 
puts  forth  fruit  that  is  unmistakably 
of  the  tree  and  equal  to  the  best  of  its 
characteristic  yield.  Xot  the  least  inter- 
esting feature  in  the  book  now  before  us 
is  just  that  it  illustrates  strikingly,  and 
as  it  were  unawares,  this  distinctive  homo- 
geneity of  type  in  the  elect  men  of  a 
religious  communion  historically  sun- 
dered and  most  diversely  situated,  and 
shows  how  what  is  sometimes  called  (not 
too  happily)  the  Church  atmosphere 
recreates  and  perpetuates  itself  under 
alien  skies. 

Bishop  Hare's  pedigree  affords  an  in- 
stance of  hereditary  profession  worthy  of 
our  oAvn  country,  where  it  is  easy  to  point 
to  families  that  have  been  prominent  in 
special  lines  for  generations.  Of  his  own 
father,  who  was  on  the  American  Com- 
mittee of  Revisers,  it  is  recorded  that 
"  from  the  period  of  his  ordination  the 
Scriptures  in  their  original  texts  had 
never  been  half  a  day  out  of  his  hands." 
Hare  was  himself  marked  out,  by  moral 
predilection  and  physique,  for  a  life  of 
peaceful  studies  and  social  refinement, 
had  not  his  heroic  devotion  carried  him 
beyond  it.  Therefore,  perhaps,  it  is 
that  he  dwells  with  special  joy  on  his 
meeting  with  Ellicott  (then  Bishop  of 
Gloucester  and  Bristol)  during  a  brief 
visit  to  England  in  1875-6.  "  Really  an 
event  in  my  life,"  he  writes  to  his  sister,, 
regarding  a  one-night  stay  at  the  Palace, 

"  for  the  Bishop  devoted  himself  to  me, 
venerable  as  he  is,  and  I  learned  his  views 
on  many  subjects  in  which  I  feel  interest. 

"  I  was  gladdened  by  receiving  while  at 
Crewe  Hall  your  letter  of  the  15  ult.  enclosing 
one  from  Father,  for  which  please  thank 
him.  Would  that  he  could  have  enjoyed 
the  Bishop  of  G.  and  B.  !  'O-cos  and  Iva 
would  have  flown  through  the  air  like  shuttle- 
cocks. Bye  the  bye,  tell  Father  that 
the  Bishop  quite  agrees  with  him  as  to 
eKiropn'o/urov  as  referring  to  the  temporal 
mission,  says  that  Trapa  (not  ck)  indicates 
that  this  is  what  is  referred  to,  and  that 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestia  was  the  first  to 
suggest  another  meaning." 

How  often,  in  reading  this  life-record, 
has  one  wished  the  eager-hearted  Bishop 
another  long  draught  of  Ellicott  and  a 
really  satisfying  go,  in  lamplit  session 
with  him,  at  Theodore  of  Mopsuestia  1 
But  the  lot  was  cast  to  him  in  less  pleasant 
places ;  even  then  it  was  as  a  man  with 
the  menace  of  an  irremediable  breakdown 
already  upon  him,  the  result  of  overwork 
and  sheer  hardship,  that  he  was  on 
forced  furlough  for  a  few  months.  Already 
in  1872,  at  the  age  of  34,  he  had  been 
elected  Bishop  of  Niobrara,  a  diocese 
roughly  coinciding  with  the  present  South 
Dakota,  and  at  that  time  virtually  Indian 
country   still. 

At  the  moment  when  he  proceeded  to 
the  scene  of  his  future  labours  the 
American  people  was  in  an  ugly  state 
of  mind  towards    the    Indians  generally, 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


Til  E     A  Til  i:\  TUTM 


12!) 


and    clamouring    for    the   definitive    ex- 
termination of  one  tribe — the  "  murdering 

Modocs  "  —  at  least.  Bare  had  other 
views  as  to  the  proper  incidence  of  blame 
for  any  '*  murders  "  that  might  happen, 
and  as  to  the  qualities  of  the  Indian 
The  years  of  work  among  them  which 
followed  deepened  his  respect  for  the 
race,  and  added  to  it  a  genuine  affec- 
tion. Their  mental  vigour  and  their 
sense  of  justice  (source  of  many  a  so- 
called  murder  !)  gave  them  dignity  in 
his  eyes;  ami  not  less  was  he  in  sym- 
pathy with  their  sense  of  a  spiritual  world 
and  the  discipline  they  gladly  underwent 
in  order  to  establish  their  personal  relation 
with  it.  '  I  say  these  people  are  an 
intensely  religious  people."'  he  exclaims. 
"  You  must  not  hand  them  over  to  mere 
civilization." 

If  episcopal  diligence  directed  by  a  full 
heart  and  head  could  avert  that  moral 
denudation,  he  was  the  man  to  accomplish 
it.  It  is  difficult  to  say,  indeed,  whether  the 
tale  of  his  labours  or  the  beauty  of  charac- 
ter that  qualified  them  leaves  the  deeper 
impression  on  the  mind.  Recognizing 
that  he  could  only  be  worthily  a  bishop 
by  being  emphatically  a  missionary,  he 
so  organized  matters  as  to  make  it  pos- 
sible tor  him  to  devote  himself  to  almost 
continual  visitation  throughout  a  diocese 
in  which,  during  the  earlier  years,  one 
could  travel  eight  days  without  des- 
crying a  human  being  or  habitation. 
Often  the  habitation  in  which  he  had 
to  seek  shelter  for  the  night  was  such 
•  i-  a  London  casual  would  have  scorned, 
or  a  prizefighter  would  have  been 
chary  of  trusting  himself  to.  At  one 
time  we  find  him  waiting  all  day  for 
a  swollen  river  to  fall,  and  spending  all 
night  and  a  great  part  of  next  day  under 
the  open  sky  ;  at  another,  his  horse  balks 
in  midstream,  leaving  him  afloat  in  the 
half-submerged  cart  ;  to  say  nothing  of 
bewilderments  in  the  snow,  or  vanishing 
trails  leading  to  nowhere  under  a  burn- 
ing sun.  Somebody  one  day  descried 
on  the  wretched  prairie  -road''  an 
approaching  cart  in  which  a  huge  box 
left  no  room  for  seat  or  driver, 
the  horse  being  led  by  a  figure  that 
trudged  heavily  through  the  winter 
slush.  It  was  the  Bishop.  He  had 
struck  the  distant  railway  on  a  return 
journey  and  found  a  belated  Christmas 
consignment.  Knowing  the  disappoint- 
ment that  its  non-arrival  would  cause 
among  his  mission  Indians  and  children, 
he  had  brought  it  with  him,  and  had 
still  a  long  way  to  go. 

lb-  had  his  joy  in  the  joy  of  these,  and 
the  great  prospering  of  his  work.  Nor 
was  it  work  among  Indians  alone.  White 
men  crowded  in  as  the  years  went  on. 
and  with  the  peopling  of  the  land  and  the 
growth  of  cities  came  graver  problems 
than  the  heathen  presented.  How  he 
laboured,  and  with  what  effect,  to  equip 

South  Dakota  with  the  apparatus  of 
moral  and  spiritual  influence  must  be 
read  in  the  book  ;  as  must  also  his  heroic 
and  at  last  triumphant  fighl  againsl  the 
roaring  divorce-trade  which  for  a  time 
enriched    and   disgraced   her. 


J  a  pan's  Inheritance  :  the  Country,  its 
I'ldjih  (iinl  ih<  ir  Destiny.  By  E.  Bruce 
Mitford.     (Fisher  Unwin,  I0a.6d.net.) 

'Puis  is  a  brightly  written  book,  and  it  will 
be  none  the  less  welcome  to  the  average 
reader  because  of  the  omission  of  dry 
details  of  mythology  and  early  history, 
as  well  as  matters  relating  to  the  modern 
transformation  of  Japan,  matters  with 
which  books  on  that  country  are  apt  to  be 
overburdened.  Thirteen  of  its  twenty 
chapters  deal  with  an  attractive  subject, 
the  physical  aspects  and  phenomena  of 
Japan.  The  author,  who  writes  with 
knowledge  and  a  keen  appreciation  of 
scenery,  tells  us  of  Japanese  mountains, 
lakes,  rivers,  and  waterfalls,  and  inci- 
dentally of  earthquakes,  and  his  descrip- 
tions are  supplemented  by  some  good 
illustrations,  amongst  which  the  pictures 
of  volcanoes  and  their  craters  are.  per- 
haps, the  most  interesting  in  view  of  the 
recent  outbreak  of  Sakurashima. 

The  rest  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  more 
serious  subjects.  The  chapter  on  '  Coun- 
try Life  '  gives  on  the  whole  a  correct 
idea  of  rural  surroundings  in  Japan, 
though  the  author  goes  astray  in  his 
rendering  of  the  word  hii/akusho  —  a 
general  term  applied  to  members  of  the 
agricultural  class.  It  is  interesting  to 
hear  that  Japan,  like  other  countries,  is 
confronted  with  the  problem  of  the  trend 
of  population  from  the  country  to  the 
towns,  and  that  there  is  a  prospect — 
probably  more  remote  than  the  author 
seems  to  think — of  the  present  small- 
holders being  displaced  by  landowners  of 
the  European  type. 

In  dealing  with  the  difficult  subjects 
of  education  and  religion  the  author 
calls  attention  to  the  intimate  con- 
nexion between  patriotism  and  religion 
in  Japan,  and  he  is  probably  right  in 
thinking  that  one  of  the  main  obstacles  to 
the  spread  of  Christianity  is  the  fact  of 
its  being  a  foreign  religion.  What  he 
says  of  the  want  of  discipline  in  Japanese 
schools  is  true  enough.  It  is  a  sign  of 
the  times,  and  one  of  the  results  of  the 
inrush  of  Western  ideas.  His  view  of 
the  desirability  of  the  abolition  of  the 
Chinese  characters  in  writing  and  print- 
ing will  be  endorsed  by  those  who 
know  Japan  best,  but  the  movement  in 
this  direction  has  made  such  small  pro- 
gress since  its  inception  in  the  early  eighties 
that,  without  stronger  official  encourage- 
ment than  it  has  yet  received,  there  is 
little  hope  of  its  success  in  the  near 
future. 

Chapter  XVI.  contains  some  interest- 
ing observations  on  the  position  of  the 
Elder  Statesmen,  and  the  development 
of  parliamentary  government,  from  which 
it  will  be  seen  that  very  sanguine  expecta- 
tions are  held  by  the  author  as  to  the  ulti- 
mate triumph  of  democratic  ideas.  In 
the  concluding  chapters  we  are  reminded 
that  the  Japanese  nation  is  dissatisfied 
with   the  degree  of  equality  with  the  West 

which  has  been  attained,  and  that  there 

may    be    trouble    in    the    future    before    the 

relations    between    East    and    West    are 


finally  adjusted.  There  is  no  reason  to 
doubt  the  truth  of  the  statement  that  the 
rise  of  Japan  to  her  present  position  is 
responsible  for  much  of  the  unrest  which 
exists  in  Asia  to-day  ;  but  lew  will  share 
the  author's  belief  in  an  eventual  fusion 
of  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  races,  or 
even  in  their  united  action  in  the  form 
spoken  of  as  the  "  N't  How    Peril." 

In  the  spelling  of  Japanese  words  Mr. 
Mitford's  book  compares  favourably  with 
most  books  on  Japan.  "  Tsubuka."  on 
]>.  68,  should,  however,  be  Tsukuba  ;  and 
"  Ainoku  (barbarian).'"  on  p.  I554,  is  a 
mistake  for  Ai-no-ko  (half-caste).  One 
or  two  misstatements  which  occur  max 
also  be  noticed.  The  210th  and  220th 
(not  221st)  days,  which  are  dreaded  by 
farmers,  are  reckoned,  not  from  the 
planting  of  the  rice,  but  from  the  beginning 
of  the  new  year  (O.K.)  ;  the  wearing  of 
swords  was  prohibited  in  1873  (not  1878), 
and  this  prohibition  was  not  the  cause  of 
the  Satsuma  rebellion  in  1H77  (not  187H)  ; 
nor  are  kirattto  and  Nikko  synonymous 
terms. 

So  far  as  the  scenery  of  Japan  is  con- 
cerned, and  some  aspects  of  its  life,  the 
author  has  certainly  succeeded  in  his  pro- 
fessed object  of  making  Japan  better 
known.  Whether  he  has  successfully 
probed  the  mystery  surrounding  what  he 
describes  as  the  complex  entity  of  the 
Japanese  soul  is  a  point  which  must  be 
left  to  each  reader  to  determine  for  him- 
self. 


Studies  in  Portiu/uesc  Literature.  Bv 
Aubrey  F.  C.  Bell.  (Oxford,  B.  H. 
Blaekwell.) 

Poems  from  the  Portuguese.  Translated 
bv  Aubrev  F.  (!.  Bell.  (Same  publisher. 
3s.  btf.  net.) 

THESE  Studies  evidently  have  been  a 
labour  of  love  to  Air.  Beli,  who  begins  the 
Preface  with  a  regret  that  Portuguese 
literature  has  as  yet  received  little  atten- 
tion from  English  critics,  and  ends  it  with 
a  modest  hope  that  one  he  deems  worthier 
than  himself  may  champion  in  greater 
fullness  the  cause  he  loves. 

That  a  more  lengthy  and  detailed  history 
of  Portuguese'  literature  may  one  day 
appear  in  the  English  language  is  probable. 
In  the  meanwhile  it  is  but  bare  justice 
to  Mr.  Bell  to  say  that  the  present  volume 
is  a  highly  appreciable  contribution  to  the 
sum  totai  of  what  can  be  usefully  said  on 
the  subject. 

Two  obstacles  stand  in  the  way  of  any 
wide  interest  in  Portuguese  literature  : 
the  comparatively  small  extent  of  a  suffi- 
cient knowledge  of  the  language,  and  an 
intrinsic  lack  of  general  attractiveness  in 
a  literature  pervaded  as  this  is  by  the 
spirit   of  sadness. 

Love,    sorrow,    and    death— "  love    with- 
out   jo\  .  and  death  as  an  object  of  desire. 
to  quote    Mr.    Bell's    own    words— are    the 
burden  alike  of  its  earliest   lyrics   and    its 
poetry    of    to-day  :      its    (now     practicalb 
extinct)    native   drama    IS   heavy    with    the 

horridly   fulfilled    forebodings  of   ancient 
tragedy  ;    and  much  of  its  modern  prose 


130 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4-500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


is  handicapped  by  a  repulsiveness  of  in- 
cident and  psychology  imitated,  with 
exaggeration,  from  foreign  "  realistic  " 
schools. 

Imitation  has  been  a  constant  vice 
through  the  whole  length  of  Portuguese 
literature — a  tendency  which,  however, 
throws  into  relief  the  innate  strength  and 
virtue  of  the  native  poetic  genius,  dis- 
played most  distinctively  in  its  lyrics. 

That  sorrowful,  wistful  yearning  ("  Sau- 
dade  ")  has  almost  been  adopted  as  a  cult 
does  not  affect  the  fact  that  this  melan- 
choly form  of  sentiment  is  inbred  in  the 
Galician  race,  and  comes  out  in  almost 
every  line  of  its  really  native  literature, 
in  spite  of  the  natural  surroundings  of 
its  "  campos  verdes  de  cor  de  limao  "  and 
the  "  macio  azul  "  of  its  skies. 

Nevertheless,  it  is  in  nature  that 
Portuguese  poets  have  found  the  inspira- 
tion of  their  beautiful,  if  rare,  apprecia- 
tions of  the  pure  joy  of  life,  as,  for 
instance,  in  the  following,  by  the  living 
writer  Abilio  Guerra  Junquiero,  with  the 
delightful  imagery  of  the  final  line  : — 

A  estrella  da  manha 

Na  altura  resplandece  ; 

E  a  cotovia,  a  sua  linda  irma, 

Vae  pelo  azul  urn  cantico  vibrando, 

Tao  limpido,  tao  alto  que  parece 

Que  e  a  estrella  no  eeo  que  esta  cantando. 

But  even  these  lines  are  from  a  poem  '  A 
Morte  de  Dom  Joao ' ;  and  Anthero  de 
Quenthal,  Portugal's  modern  poet  of  hope 
and  light,  for  whom  Joao  de  Deus  wrote 
the  splendid  epitaph, 

Aqui  jaz  p6  ;    eu  nao  :    eu  sou  quern  fui, 
Rajo  animado  de  unia  luz  celeste, 
A  qual  a  morte  as  almas  restitue, 
Restituindo  a  terra  o  pel  que  as  veste, 

died  by  his  own  hand. 

So,  throughout,  tragedy  is  on  or  just 
behind  every  page  of  Portuguese  litera- 
ture, covering  the  whole  with  a  pall  of 
sadness  needing  some  moral  courage  to 
lift.  Beneath,  however,  there  is  much 
beauty,  and  Mr.  Bell  pleads  earnestly  and 
well  for  a  wider  appreciation  of  "  the  many 
noble  fruits  in  its  occasionally  dreary 
charnzcas." 

It  is  in  poetry  (and  particularly  in  the 
bucolic  lyrics  in  which  the  native  genius 
finds  its  best  and  truest  expression)  that 
these  fruits  are  mostly  to  be  found. 
Drama,  with  the  notable  exceptions  of 
the  works  of  Gil  Vicente  and  Almeida- 
Garrett,  has  remained  exotic  in  Portugal ; 
and  prose — some  excellent  precepts  for 
the  writing  of  which  were  laid  down  by 
King  Duarte  in  the  early  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century — has  been  chiefly  de- 
voted to  translation  or  imitation. 

Portugal  has  had  many  true  poets 
besides  Canities,  and  it  is  in  respect  of 
poetry  that  some  critics  have  declared  the 
present  to  be  the  golden  age  of  its  litera 
ture. 

These  Studies  are  accompanied  by 
short,  clearly  written  biographies  of  lead- 
ing Portuguese  authors,  from  King  Diniz 
(1279-1325)  to  the  living  Teixeira  de 
Pascoaes,  with  literal  renderings  of  the 
excerpts  given  from  their  works. 

As  to  these  versified  translations,  the 
author  is  too  modest  when  he  regards 
them  as   "  but    miserable  echoes  of   the 


originals."  They  are  often  something 
very  much  more  praiseworthy.  But  he 
is  obviously  right  when  he  warns  any 
reader  against  judging  Portuguese  poetry 
from  them — a  warning  applying  with 
equal  force  to  almost  any  translation  of 
any  poetry. 

The  text  is  accompanied  throughout  by 
informative  foot-notes.  The  Preface  is 
followed  by  a  list  of  some  general  works 
on  Portuguese  literature,  and  the  Index  of 
Quotations  is  useful.  That  of  persons  is, 
however,  incomplete. 

Mr:  Bell's  charming  collection  of  fifty 
short  poems  should  be  read  in  conjunction 
with  the  studies  we  have  just  noticed. 
The  poems  are  well  selected,  and  range 
from  the  thirteenth  century  to  the  present 
time. 

As  another  eminent  critic  (Mr.  Edgar 
Prestage)  has  told  us,  "  the  cancioneiros 
prove  that  the  early  love  songs  of  the 
whole  peninsula  were  written  in  Portu- 
guese,'* and  the  full  list  of  celebrated 
Portuguese  poets  is  a  long  one,  since  it 
should  properly  contain  the  names  of  all 
from  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century 
till  the  eighteenth  who  (with  the  excep- 
tion of  Antonio  Ferreira)  wrote  in  Spanish, 
and  therefore  are  counted  as  belonging  to 
that  literature. 

In  the  short  Preface,  dated  from  S.  Joao 
do  Estoril,  Mr.  Bell  makes  mention  of  the 
now  universally  accepted  fact  that 

"  the  chief  excellence  of  Portuguese 
literature  consists  undoubtedly  in  its  lyrism, 
and  it  is  the  charm  of  many  of  these  lyrics 
that  they  are  of  the  soil." 

Indeed,  most  of  them,  except  the  earlier 
courtly  imitations,  are  faithful  reflections 
of  the  distinctive  native  genius.  Back  to 
the  land,  in  fact,  have  gone  most  of  the 
great  Portuguese  poets  from  and  including 
Almeida-Garrett,  and  in  the  soil  they  have 
found  their  truest  inspiration. 

On  the  alternate  pages  the  author  gives 
us  his  renderings  into  English,  several 
of  which  are  also  to  be  found  in  the 
'  Studies  '  noticed  above. 

That  occasionally  these  are  something 
more  than  mere  versified  translations  may 
be  judged  from  Mr.  Bell's  rendering  of 
the  following  lines  by  Antonio  Ferreira  on 
the  death  of  his  wife  : — 

Aquelle  elaro  sol  que  me  mostrava 

O  caminho  do  eeo  mais  ehao,  mais  certo, 

E  com  seu  novo  raio  ao  longe  e  ao  perto 

Toda  a  sombra  mortal  m'afungentava, 

Deixou  a  prisao  triste  em  que  ca  estava  : 

Eu  tiquei  cego  e  so,  com  passo  incerto, 

Perdido  peregrino  no  deserto 

A  que  faltou  a  guia  que  o  levava. 

Assi  co'  o  espirito  triste,  o  juizo  escuro, 

Suas  santas  pisadas  vou  buscando, 

Por  valles  e  por  campos  e  por  montes. 

Em  toda  a  parte  a  vejo  e  figuro  : 

Elle  me  toma  a  mao  e  vae  guiando, 

E  meus  olhos  a  seguem,  feitos  fontes. 

That  sun  which  ever  clearly  to  me  showed 
How  Heaven's  path  plain  and  sure  before  me  lay, 
And  tar  and  near  with  ever-living  ray 
Banished  all  mortal  shadows  from  the  road, 
Has  left  the  prison-house  where  it  abode  ; 
And  I,  alone  and  blind,  perplexed  must  stray 
As  wanderer  in  desert  lost,  whose  way 
Now  lacks  the  help  that  guidance  had  bestowed. 
So  that,  with  saddened   heart,  in  doubt  and  woe, 
O'er  hill  and  plain  and  valley  far  and  wide 
Seeking  her  holy  footsteps  now  I  go. 
And  everywhere  to  me  her  form  appears  : 
She  leads  me  by  the  hand  and  is  my  guide, 
I  follow  with  my  eyes,  two  springs  of  tears. 


FICTION. 


The  Flying  Inn.     By  G.  K.  Chesterton. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Mr.  Chesterton  will  find  his  book  used 
to  support  not  only  different  but  also 
widely  differing  theories.  To  adapt  a 
well-known  saying,  in  our  opinion  Chester- 
ton and  Chesterton's  God  alone  knew  what 
he  meant  by  it  all  when  it  was  being 
written,  but  by  the  time  the  critics  have 
finished  explaining  it,  probably  Omnipo- 
tence only  will  retain  any  assurance  on 
the  subject.  The  knowledge  that  we 
may  add  to  the  bewilderment  does 
not,  however,  deter  us  from  entering  the 
field. 

Many  will  dub  the  whole  thing  a  night- 
mare— in  part,  at  least,  we  should  call 
it  a  Futurist  dream.  To  describe  its 
setting  would  be  as  useful  as  to  recount 
the  contortions  of  an  uneasy  sleeper,  for  its 
incongruity  rivals  that  of  other  books  by 
the  same  hand. 

Setting  ourselves  to  catch  the  drift  of 
what  at  the  outset  seem  but  incoherent 
ramblings,   we   discovered   that   they  re- 
solved  themselves  generally    into   a  tilt- 
ing  at    what    most    people    would    sum 
up  in  the  phrase  "  modern  Puritanism  " 
— a  Puritanism  which  has  reached  a  stage 
little   removed  from  gross  indulgence  in 
luxurious   a?stheticism.       The   character- 
istics    of    this   code    are    personified     in 
a     character     called     Ivywood,    and    he 
is      responsible      for       legislative      acts 
which  have  the  same  effects  on  British 
character   as   follow   the    conjunction   in 
nature  of  the  two  syllables  of  his  name. 
The  contrasting  character,  who  sets  him- 
self to  defeat  these  efforts  at  strangulation, 
is  named  Dalroy  ;    we  refuse  to  give  the 
only  explanation  of  the  name  which  occurs 
to  us,  for  it  seems  too  far-fetched  even 
for  Mr.  Chesterton.     The  whimsical  inci- 
dents connected  with  the  warfare  between 
the    two  —  they    have  .  really     no    con- 
nexion  with   the   serious    import   of    the 
book — we     leave     readers    to    learn    for 
themselves,  so  that  we  may  have  room  to 
consider  the  thoughts  behind  the  fooling. 
That    legislative     acts    interfering    with 
the  right  of  liberty  to  enjoy  the   bounties 
of    Providence  will    tend    to    produce    a 
race    of   hypocrites  rather  than   decent- 
living    men    and    Avomen    is    happily    a 
settled    belief     among     thinking     people, 
and    in    so    far    as    Mr.    Chesterton    lias 
laboured     that     point     he     has     wasted 
his   opportunity   to   deal   with    the    more 
real  question,   Who  is    to    decide   where 
legitimate    enjoyment    ends    and    abuse 
begins  ?     In  this  more   intricate   problem 
we  are  not   so  willing   as  we  could  wish 
to  be  to  accept  Mr.  Chesterton  as  guide, 
philosopher,    and    friend.      We   have   no 
more    sympathy    with     his    hero     when 
he   abuses   himself   and  leads    others    to 
abuse   his  command  over  a  keg  of   rum 
than  Ave  have  for  the  villain  of  the  piece 
when  he  abuses  his  control  over  his  pos- 
sessions— among    which    he    includes    his 
women-folk. 

The  book  runs  to  only  300  pages,  and 
half  as  many  Avould  have  contained   all 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24.   I'M 4 


Til  E     AT  1 1  i:  X  .KUM 


31 


thai  is  worth  remembering,  though  that 
better  half  is  really  memorable.  The  other 
half  we  regard  as  a  sop  thrown  to  a 
public  whose  inconstant  temper  makes 
it  necessary  to  provide  incessant  relief 
from  seriousness — to  prevent  them  from 
straying  further  afield  to  worse  distrac- 
tions. 

At  any  rate.  Mr.  Chesterton's  method 
makes  it  easier  to  extract  and  examine 
the  good  things  away  from  their  irrelevant 
context . 

A  ^hh\  proportion  of  the  doggerel  inter- 
'spersed  is  only  tiresome,  hut  the  verse 
at  the  foot  of  p.  4:5  deserves  musical 
honours.  Mr.  Chesterton  scores  more 
than  one  bulls-eve  with  the  darts  he 
hurls  at  the  "  unco  gnid  "  and  those  who, 
under  the  impression  that  exaggeration  is 
growth,  turn  sane  ideas  into  crazy  ones; 
and  we  agree  with  his  condemnation  of 
those  who  martyr  their  fellows  to  the  end 
that  they  may  keep  an  individual  faith 
with  a  very  individualistic  definition. 
There  is.  however,  more  than  mere  point- 
making  in  his  contention  that  faddists 
enjoy  inordinate  attention  because  we 
lack  the  inspiration  of  such  a  religion  as 
would  guide  and  mould  our  thoughts  to 
_  d  purpose,  and  as  space  fails  us,  we 
prefer  to  omit  a  number  of  small  cavils  and 
show  our  appreciation  of  Mr.  Chesterton's 
quality  by  a  quotation  :— 

Well,'  asked  the  red-haired  and  good- 
humoured  Mrs.  Mackintosh,  without  looking 
up  from  her  work  of  scribbling,  'have  you 
discovered  anything  ?  ' 

"For  some  moment-  Joan  appeared  to 
be  in  a  blacker  state  of  brooding  than  usual  ; 
then  she  said,  in  a  candid  dnd  friendly 
tone,  which  somehow  contrasted  with  her 
knit  and  swarthy  brows  : 

\.».  really.  At  least,  J  think  I've 
only  found  out  two  things  :  and  they  are 
only  things  about  myself.  1  've  discovered 
t'rnr  [  do  like  heroism,  but  I  don't  like 
hero  worship.' 

"  Surely.'  said  Miss  Browning,  in  the 
Girton  manner.  '  the  one  always  flows  from 
the  other." 

1  hope  not.'  said  Joan. 

But  what  else  can  you  do  with  the 
hrro  !  '  asked  Mrs.  Mackintosh,  still  without 
looking  up  from  her  writing.  '  except 
worship  him  ?  ' 

You  might  crucify  him,'  said  Joan." 


Questing    Beast.       By     Ivy     Low. 
(Martin  Seeker,  6s.) 

A\  infinite  capacity  for  detail  is  one  of  the 
key-notes  of  modern  novel-writing,  and 
the   book  before  us  i>  modern  in  every 

-  of  the  word.  It  is  a  study  of  a 
woman's — a  literary  woman's — tempera- 
ment, and  it  handles  some  delicate  sub- 
Let  us  hen-  acquit  the  author 
at  one-  of  using  her  theme  as  a  bait 
to  lure  the  ^discriminating  public — an 
accusation  thai  can  be  brought  against 
many  writers  of  fiction  to-dav.  On  the 
contrary,  her  manner  ot  handling  is  fully 
in  keeping  with  the  nature  of  the  theme 
and  every  page  is  void  of  offence. 

In  many  ways  it  is  «  satisfying  book, 
which    only   fails    to     be    remarkable    by 


reason  of  a  certain  laok  of  concentra- 
tion and  an  over-insistence  on  that  love 

for  detail  of  which  we  have  spoken  above. 

But  the  characters  have  at  least  the  merit 
of  being  alive,  and  thev  are  portrayed 
by  the  aid  of  many  little  touches  of 
shrewd  observation. 

"  Sow  hopelessly  literary  we  both  are  !  " 

exclaims  the  heroine  at  the  termination  of 
a  brief  and  unconventional  love-affair. 
In  this  one  sentence  the  author  sums 
up  happily  the  attitude  of   many   people 

towards  the  realities  of  life — of  those  who 
clutch  at  the  shadow  which  is  to  be  found 
in  books,  while  oblivious  of  the  substance 
that  lies  all  around  them. 

We  have  said  that  the  heroine  of  this 
novel  is  a  literary  woman.  The  author 
makes  her  the  mouthpiece  for  the  expres- 
sion of  views  on  publishers  and  their 
methods,  and  on  the  library  censorship, 
which,  strange  to  say.  do  not  seem  in  any 
way  an  obtrusion,  but  fall  into  their 
proper  place  in  the  story. 

Again,  she  makes  her  heroine  say  : — 

"  Do  you  know,  I  believe  there  are  only 
two  sorts  of  persons  in  the  world,  the  people 
that  go  to  plays  and  read  books  to  he 
taken  out  of  themselves,  and  the  people  that 
go  to  plays  and  read  books  to  be  taken  into 
themselves.  Why  shouldn't  I  write  for  the 
sort  1  am  most  like  and  understand  best  ?  " 

The  answer  is  supplied  by  a  perusal 
of  the  present  book.  Those  who  number 
themselves  among  the  latter  class  of 
playgoers  and  novel  -  readers  will  have 
reason  to  be  grateful  that  the  author  has 
had  the  courage  of  her  convictions. 


The  Terms  of  Surrender.     By  Louis  Tracy. 
(Casseli  &  Co.,  6s.) 

The  course  of  action  that  will  be  taken 
by  a  strong  man  faced  by  severe  mis- 
fortune is  always  an  interesting  study, 
and  Mr.  Tracy  has  made  the  most  of  this 
fact.  Here  we  have  in  Derry  Power  a 
type  of  the  best  that  is  produced  by  a 
British  public  school,  suddenly  bereft  by 
fraud  of  all  that  makes  life  worth  living 
for  him.  At  the  same  time  he  makes  a 
discovery  by  means  of  which  he  becomes 
supremely  wealthy — a  fact  for  which  he 
cares  nothing  in  view  of  the  other  circum- 
stance. 

Mr.  Tracy  has  done  well  not  to  paint 
Derry's  character  in  unnaturally  blame- 
less colours.  He  is  human,  and  he  yields 
to  temptation  when  he  finds  that  he  can 
attain  his  heart's  desire  by  not  the  most 
honourable  means.  At  the  moment  of 
tasting,  the  cup  of  joy  is  again  plucked 
from  his  lips,  and  life  becomes  additionally 
desolate  through  this  fault  of  his.  How- 
he  goes  through  the  valley  of  the  shadow 
Buffers  all  that  a  human  heart  can  Buffer, 
and  eventually  attains  peace  and  happiness 
is  told  in  Mr.  Tracy's  best  style.  The 
theme  is.  of  course,  well  worn,  but  it  is 
capable  of  being  told  and  retold  in  such 
a    manner   as   this,   and    it    Mr.   Tracy    has 

touched    no     very    great     psychological 

depths,  he  has  at  least  produced  an 
excellent  story. 


old    Mole's   Novel.     By   (Gilbert    Caiman. 
(Marl  in  Seeker.  <W .  net   i 

This  is  a  rather  clever  jeu  d'fisprit,  icmi" 
niscent  of  Swift  both  in  its  form  and  in 
its  spirit.  Mr.  Caiman  does  not  love 
contemporary  England,  it  would  seem, 
and  under  the  title  of  "  fat  land  '  our 
country  comes  in  for  a  good  deal  of 
criticism  of  the  kind  that  made  '  Old  Mole." 
which  we  reviewed  on  the  3rd  inst., 
at  once  so  clever  and  BO  irritating.  In  the 
present  form,  however,  where  the  fictional 
convention  is  merely  nominal,  this  criti- 
cism comes  with  better  effect  and  better 
grace.  We  are  inclined  to  quarrel  with 
Mi.  Caiman  only  when  he  sets  out  to  be 
audacious.  Either  he  must  abandon  the 
attempt,  we  feel,  or  he  must  be  more 
thorough  about  it.  He  could  shock  OUT 
susceptibilities,  we  are  sure,  and  we  might 
be  the  better  for  his  doing  so.  As  it  is. 
he  only  slightly  abrades  our  sense  of  good 
form.  He  reminds  us  a  little  of  a  young 
agnostic  lighting  a  cigarette  in  church  as 
a  protest  against  Christian  orthodoxy. 


The  Man  Upstairs.    By  P.  G.  Wbdehouse. 

(Mcthuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

As  a  writer  for  young  people  Mr.  Wode- 
house  has  already  achieved  success.  There 
are  probably  few  boys,  young  or  old, 
who  have  not  enjoyed  his  breezy  and 
realistic  tales  of  school  life  and  sports. 
He  possesses  imagination  besides  a  light 
and  easy  touch,  and  although  his  aim 
is  to  amuse  rather  than  to  instruct, 
he  shows  himself  a  shrewd  but  kindly 
observer  of  the  minor  vanities  and  weak- 
nesses of  youthful  human  nature. 

Mr.  YYodehouse.  however,  by  no  means 
confines  himself  to  the  classroom  and 
playing-field.  In  his  present  short  stories. 
for  example,  he  weaves  a  succession  of 
ingenious  plots,  often  leading  to  absurd 
situations  and  unexpected  climaxes,  round 
the  love-affairs  of  some  rather  unconven- 
tional young  gentlemen  of  various  nation- 
alities and  in  various  walks  of  life.  His 
heroes  generally  manage  to  secure  the 
maidens  of  their  choice,  either  by  exercis- 
ing extraordinary  sang-froid  at  critical 
moments,  or  by  the  intervention  of 
miraculous  strokes  of  good  fortune,  which 
enable  them  to  snatch  victory  out  of  the 
jaws  of  defeat. 

It  is  a  tribute  to  the  author's  skill 
that  constant  repetition  of  this  theme  tail- 
to  become  monotonous.  The  characters 
are  well  sketched,  and  their  conversation 
— much  of  it  in  the  latest  American 
colloquial  styli — is  natural  and  witty. 


It  Happened  in    Egypt.     By  C.    .V   and 

A.  M.  Williamson.  '  (Mcthuen  ft  Co.,  6ft.) 

Tin:  fluency  of  this  novel  is  remarkable. 
Adventures  descend  from  all  points  ot 
the     compass      upon     the     characters     as 

they  tour  through    Egypt  ;    love   affairs 

continue    to   dcvelope  ;     and   secrets    that 

ever    increase     in     their    impressiven 
come     to     light,     yet     virtually     nowhere 
docs  the  stoiv    lapse   into  improbability 
or  do  the  authors  lose  control  over  their 


132 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4500.  Jan.  24,  1914 


good  humour.  The  plot  or  plots — for 
there  are  several — are  too  complex  to  be 
summarized,  but  the  components  (which 
include  an  up-to-date  Sir  Richard  Burton, 
and  apparatus  such  as  Sir  H.  Rider 
Haggard  used  to  delight  in  a  few  years 
ago)  are  sufficiently  varied  to  admit  of  an 
extraordinarily  lavish  allowance  of  sur- 
prises for  the  reader.  Both  the  character- 
drawing  and  the  descriptions  of  Egyptian 
scenery  are  well  done  ;  perhaps  the 
only  impossible  events  of  the  story  are 
those  which  introduce  an  Irish-American 
organization  with  political  objects  and 
murderous  emissaries. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Coutts  (John),  Homely  Thoughts  on  Visions  op 
Faith  and  Limitations  op  the  Intellect,  2d. 

Wood  Green,  Lyal 
One   of  a  series   of  pamphlets   dealing  with 
religious  questions. 

Encyclopaedia  of  Religion  and  Ethics,  edited  by 
James  Hastings,  Vol.  VI.,  28/  net. 

Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 
The  articles  in  this  volume  range  from  Fiction 
to  nyksos. 

Glazier  (Francesca),  Jesus  Amabilis,  a  Book  for 
Daily  Prayer,  2/  net.  Wash  bourne 

A  book  of  meditation  on  different  aspects 
of  the  divinity  and  humanity  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Good  Friday  Addresses,  by  Bishop  C.  J.  Ridgeway, 
Canon  LI.  Ivens,  H.  Erskine  Hill,  and  C.  E. 
Newman,  1/6  net.  Skeffington 

Addresses  on  '  The  Attraction  of  the  Cross,' 
'  Leaves    from    the    Tree    of     Life,'    '  The    Seven 
Last  Words,'  and  '  In  Paradise.' 
Hahn   (Archdeacon   C.   T.),   Confirmation   Pre- 
paration for  the  Use  of  Men,  2  /6  net. 

Robert  Scott 
This  book  aims  at  "  setting  forth  the  Christian 
Faith  in  a  reasonable  light,''  and  is  intended  for 
adult  Confirmation  candidates  in  countries  where 
distance  makes  frequent  meetings  with  a  clergy- 
man impossible. 

Lilienthal  (Hermann),  Seven  Times  He  Spake, 
1/6  net.  Skeffington 

Addresses  on  the  seven  words  spoken  by 
Christ  from  the  cross. 

Lilienthal  (Hermann),  Some  Actors  in  our 
Lord's  Passion,  2/  net.  Skeffington 

A  new  and  cheaper  edition.  These  sermons 
were  preached  in  Lent  in  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

POETRY. 

Blane  (William),  A  Ballad  of  Men,  and  Other 
Verses.  H/6  net.  Constable 

The  title-piece  is  a  study  of  friendship 
between  two  men  in  youth  and  in  old  age,  after 
each  has  suffered  sorrow.  There  are  also  sonnets, 
African  verses,  and  some  miscellaneous  pieces. 
Nicol!  (Robert),  Poems  and  Lyrics,  with  a  Memoir 
of  the  Author,  Centenary  Edition,  2/6  net. 

Paisley,  Gardner 

This  edition  has  been  published  to  celebrate 
the  centenary  of  Nicoll's  birth.  Five  poems  are 
printed  for  the  first  time,  and  the  spelling  agrees 
with  that  of  the  first  edition.  The  '  Sketch  of  the 
Life  of  Robert  Nicoll,'  by  Mrs.  Johnstone,  and 
Kingsley's  '  Criticism  '  on  his  life  and  writings 
are  prefixed  to  the  poems,  and  there  is  a  short 
Glossary. 

Sparrow  (G.  William  S.),  Rubaiyat  of  a  Minor 
Statesman,  1  /  net.  Heath  &  Cranton 

A  parody  of  the  'Rubaiyat,'  satirizing  modern 
political  life. 

Time  and  the  Timeless,  Songs  of  Shadow  and  of 

Hope,  by  a  Physician.  2/6  Glaisher 

A  slender  collection  of  verses  on  miscellaneous 

subjects,  such  as  '  Hope,'  '  Moonrise  at  Falmouth,' 

and  '  In  Memoriam  :  Sir  Andrew  Clark.' 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Aberdeen  Public  Library,  Twenty-Ninth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Committee,  1912-13. 

Aberdeen,  George  Leslie 

The    Committee    report    a   reduction    of    the 

book-issues  equal  to  6  per  cent  on    that  of  the 

previous  year,  and  account  for  it  by  emigration, 

the  long  summer,  and  "  cheap,  exciting  evening 


entertainments."  They  also  regret  that  Aber- 
deen has  only  one  public  library,  and  that  de- 
velopment is  impossible  without  furthir  financial 
support  from  the  city. 

Bibliotheca  Celtica,  a  Register  of  Publications 
relating  to  Wales  and  the  Celtic  Peoples  and 
Languages  for  the  Year  11*11,  2/6 

Aberystwyth,  National  Library  of  Wales 

In  addition  to  the  catalogue  of  authors  and 

books,  this  volume  contains  lists  of  Eisteddfodau, 

and  newspapers  and  periodicals  relating  to  Wales 

and  the  Celtic  languages. 

Black  (George  F.),  A  Gypsy  Bibliography,  15/ 

Constable 
The  aim  of  this  Bibliography — which  is  Mono- 
graph No.  1  of  the  Gypsy  Lore  Society — is  to  give 
an  account  of  literature  relating  to  the  gipsies. 
The  list  includes  magazine  articles  and  im- 
portant references,  as  well  as  the  names  of  sepa- 
rately published  books  and  pamphlets.  The 
writer  acknowledges  help  from  authorities  in 
various  parts  of  the  world. 

Lindsey  Historical  Series :  A  Brief  Tudor-Stuart 
Book-List,  by  J.  S.  Lindsey,  2/6 

Cambridge,  Heffcr 

Containing   alphabetical    and    classified    lists 

of  books  on  British  History,  1485-1714,  for  the 

use   of   teachers   and   elementary   students,   with 

schemes  of  study. 

West  Ham  Central  Library  Chronicle,  January, 

lrf.  Plaistow 

Containing  a  classified  list  of  recent  additions, 

statistics  concerning  the  issue  of  books,  and  notes 

and  queries. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Book  (The)  of  the  Old  Edinburgh  Club,  Vol.  V. 

Edinburgh.  Constable 
Includes  accounts  of  '  St.  Margaret  of  Scot- 
land and  her  Chapel  in  the  Castle  of  Edin- 
burgh '  and  'The  OldTolbooth:  Extracts  from  the 
Original  Records.'  The  illustrations  are  a  notable 
feature  of  the  book,  and  there  is  an  Appendix 
containing  the  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Llub. 

Chadwick  (Mis.  Ellis  H.),  In  the  Footsteps  of 
the  Brontes,  16/  Pitman 

The  lives  of  the  Bronte  family  and  the 
various  problems  of  their  history  are  here  dealt 
with,  and  the  author  has  made  careful  pilgrimages 
to  every  Bionte  shrine,  abroad  and  in  England. 
The  many  illustrations,  which  include  several 
photographs  not  hitherto  published,  are  a 
special  feature  of  the  book. 

Churchwardens'  Accounts  of  the  Parish  of  Badsey, 
with  Aldington,  in  Worcestershire,  from 
1525  to  1571,  transcribed  from  the  Original 
Manuscript  by  the  late  Rev.  W.  H.  Price,  and 
edited  by  E.  A.  B.  Barnard,  2/6 

Hampstead,  Priory  Press 
The    transcription    is    preceded    by    a    brief 
historical   preface,   and   the   accounts   themselves 
are  fully  annotated. 

English  History  in  Contemporary  Poetry  :  Xo.  I. 
The  Fourteenth  Century,  by  Prof.  Herbert 
Bruce ;  No.  III.  The  Tudor  Monarchy, 
1185  to  1588.  by  N.  L.  Frazer,  1/  net  each. 

Bell 
The  first  of  these  little  books  is  divided  into 
sections  dealing  with  aspects  of  political  thought 
and  important  social  tendencies,  which  are  illus- 
trated by  quotations  from  the  contemporary 
poets.  The  second  volume  is  an  account  of  the 
Tudor  Monarchy,  illustrated  in  the  same  manner 
by  passages  from  Stephen  Hawes,  Skelton,  More, 
and  other  writers. 

Extra-Biblical  Sources  for  Hebrew  and  Jewish 
History,  translated  and  edited  by  the  Rev. 
Samuel  A.  B.  Mercer,  6/  net.  Longmans 

Literal  translations  of  all  Cuneiform,  Egyp- 
tian, and  "  extra  -  Biblical  "  Semitic  inscriptions 
which  are  sources  of  Hebrew  and  Jewish  history, 
and  of  "  all  Greek  and  Latin  historical  sources, 
down  to  and  including  those  of  the  time  of 
Tacitus,  which  throw  an  independent  light  upon 
the  subject."  The  period  covered  extends  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  reign  of  Hadrian. 

Gueraid  (Albert  Leon),  French  Civilization  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century,  a  Historical 
Introduction,   12/6  Fisher  Unwin 

This  study  is  based  on  a  series  of  lectures 
delivered  last  year  at  Stanford  University,  Cali- 
fornia, to  supplement  the  usual  University  courses 
in  French  literature.  With  each  section  there  are 
given  a  synopsis  and  bibliography  ;  and  chrono- 
logical and  genealogical  tables  are  added  where 
necessary. 

Maples  (Ellen),  Personal  Service,  being  a  Short 
Memoir  of  Agnes  Burton,  1/6  net.       Longmans 
A  memorial  sketch  of  a  mission   worker  in 
Bitterne  Park,  Southampton,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion by  the  Bishop  of  Southampton. 


Newborough    (Lady),    The    Memohis    of    Maria 

Stella   (Lady    Newborough),   by    Herseli, 

10/6  net.  Nash 

A   translation   from   the   original   French   by 

M.    Harriet  M.   Capes,   with   an  Introduction   by 

M.  Boyer  d'Agen. 

Stephens  (Winifred),  From  the  Crusades  to  the 
French  Revolution,  a  History  of  the  La 
Tremoille  Family.  10/6  net.  Constable 

An  account  of  the  part  played  by  a  well- 
known  house  in  French  history,  with  illustrations. 

Woodville  (R.  Caton),  Random  Recollections, 
10/6  net.  Nash 

Reminiscences  of  student  days  in  Diisseldorf, 
adventures  and  sport  in  Albania,  Montenegro, 
Egypt,  Morocco,  India,  and  elsewhere,  and  of 
Royalty,  fellow-artists,  and  people  celebrated 
in  various  spheres. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither,  being  a  Collection  of 
Medieval  Notices  of  China,  translated  and 
edited  by  Col.  Sir  Henry  Yule:  Vol.  II.  Odoric 
of  Pordenone.  New  Edition,  revised  through- 
out in  the  Light  of  Recent  Discoveries  by  Henri 
Cordier.  Hakluyt  Society 

The  first  edition  was  noticed  in  The  AtheniBum, 
August  17,  1867.  p.  205.  It  has  long  been  out  of 
print,  and  the  new  edition,  revised  with  many 
supplementary  notes  by  Dr.  Cordier,  will  be 
published  in  four  volumes  instead  of  two,  the  Bret 
volume  being  issued  last. 

Customs  of  the  World,  edited  by  Walter  Hutchin- 
son, 2  vols.,  Introduction  by  A.  C.  Haddon, 
13/6  each  vol.  Hutchinson 

A  popular  account  of  the  manners,  rites, 
and  ceremonies  of  men  and  women  in  all  coun- 
tries. Several  authorities  are  contributors  to 
these  volumes,  which  contain  many  illustrations 
in  black  and  white,  coloured  plates,  and  maps. 

Newton  (Henry),  In  Far  New  Guinea,  16/  net. 

Seeley  6:  Service 
An  account  of  missionary  work  in  New 
Guinea,  with  a  description  of  the  habits,  customs, 
superstitions,  and  religions  of  the  inhabitants. 
There  are  illustrations  from  photographs  and  a 
map. 

Norwegian  Aurora  Polaris  Expedition,  1902-1903  : 
Vol.  I.  On  the  Cause  of  Magnetic  Storms 
and  the  Origin  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism, 
by  Kr.  Birkeland,  Second  Edition,  30/  net. 

Longmans 
A  record  of  some  of  the  results  from  observa- 
tions made  in    the  Polar  expedition    of    1902-3, 
illustrated  with  diagrams  and  charts. 
Winthrop     (Theodore),     The     Canoe    and     the 
Saddle  ;     or.    Klalam    and    Klickatat.    to 
which  are  now  first  added  his  Western  Letters 
and  Journals,  edited  by  John  H.  Williams. 

Tacoma,  J.  H.  Williams 
The  editor  has  written  an  Introduction, 
'  Winthrop  in  the  North- West,'  and  annotated 
the  text.  There  are  copious  illustrations,  from 
water-colour  paintings  by  Mr.  Judson  Sergeant, 
drawings,  photographs,  and  old  woodcuts. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Berriman  (Algernon  E.),  Motoring,  an  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Car  and  the  Art  of  Driving  It, 
10/6  net.  Methuen 

A  description  of  the  fundamental  principles 
of  the  operation  of  a  motor-car,  written  for  the 
non-technical  motorist.  The  text  is  fully  illus- 
trated with  photographs  and  drawings,  which  the 
author  has  collected  from  The  Auto. 

Blakeborough  (J.  Fairfax)  and  Pease  (Sir  A.  E.), 
The  Life  and  Habits  of  the  Badger,  5/6 

London,  '  The  Foxhound  '  Office 
The  subject,  on  which  the  writers  feel 
deeply,  is  treated  mainly  from  the  standpoint  of 
the  sympathetic  sportsman,  and  the  book  is 
intended  as  a  plea  for  the  preservation  of  the 
popularly  misunderstood  badger.  There  are 
chapters  on  the  '  Badger  and  Sport '  and  the 
'  Badger  in  Folk-Lore  and  Early  Literature.' 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Peel  (Mrs.  C.  S.),  Marriage  on  Small  Means,  3/6 

Constable 
A  ninth  edition. 

POLITICS. 

Arnold    (Whately    C),    Royal    Railways    with 

Uniform  Rates,  6rf.  net.        Simpkin  &  Marshall 

A   pamphlet  advocating  the  nationalization 

of   railways   and   the   adoption   of   uniform   fares 

and  rates  for  any  distance. 

Land  Problem  (The),  Notes  suggested  by  the 

Heport  of    the  Land  Eno,uhiy  Committee, 

6d.  Wyman 

These  notes  on  the  Land  Problem  have  been 

submitted  to  the  Land  Conference  as  a  preliminary 

criticism  of  the  Land  Enquiry  Report. 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


Til  E     A  Til  KX  .KUM 


133 


ECONOMICS. 

Cannan    iEdwin1,    WEALTH,   a    Brief    Explanation 
of  the  Causes  of  Economic  Welfare,  '•'•  »>  net. 

King 

A  discussion  of  certain  economic  problems, 

snob  as  the  differences  in  tin-  wealth  of  different 

countries,  and  inequalities  of  inheritance  and  Bex. 

Gephart    (W.    F.),   INSURANCE    and   thk   State. 
5/6  net.  Maemillan 

A  consideration  of  tlie  probable  effects  of  a 
state  monopoly  of  insurance  bosineas. 

Jones   (Robert),   Tin:    NATURE   and    FD26T    Hitix- 
ciple  of  Taxation,  7/0  net.  King 

This  volume  is  No.  :?7  in  the  series  of  "  Studies 
in  Beonomic  ami  Political  Science  "  brought  out 
under  the  auspices  of  the  London  School  of  Eco- 
nomics. The  first  principle  is  stated  to  be 
Economy,  and  the  various  ways  in  which  it  can 
be  expressed  are  examined.  Mr.  Sidney  W'el'l' 
has  contributed  a  Preface. 

Moreland   (W.   H.),   Ax   INTRODUCTION   to    ECO- 
NOMICS fob  Indian  Students,  •">    net. 

Maemillan 

An  elementary  textbook  of  Economics,  con- 
taining manv  illustrations  drawn  from  Indian 
life. 

Taylor  (W.  G.  Langworthy),  Tin:  Credit  System, 

10/  net.  Maemillan 

A   study   in   the     principles   of   credit    which 

represents  to  some  extent  an  inversion  of  former 

points  of  view. 

EDUCATION. 

Ashbee  (C.  R.),  The  Hamptoxshire  Experiment 
ix  EdicatioX,  3/  net.  Allen 

A  study  of  the  practical  working  of  English 
methods  of  education  in  a  rural  district,  based 
on  the  experience  of  a  Committee  "  whose  en- 
deavour it  has  been  to  construct  a  Unit  of  Culture 
in  a  country  district  and  co-ordinate  its  work." 

Elliott  (C),  Models  to  Illustrate  the  FOUNDA- 
TIONS of  Mathematics,  lit?  net. 

Edinburgh,  Lindsay 
Tin'  author  advocates  the  introduction  of  a 
new  kind  of  practical  work  into  schools,  and  the 
models  here  described  "  are  intended  to  illustrate 
'••  modern  views  upon  the  Foundations  of 
Mathematics,  and  to  show  that  the  'abstract' 
character  of  that  subject  does  not  forbid  any 
•  ittenipt  to  bring  elementary  teaching  up  to  date 
in  that  direction." 

Harvard  University  Catalogue,  1913-14. 

Cambridge,    U.S.,   the   University 
Containing    a    Calendar    for   the    Academic, 
information    concerning    scholarships,    and    other 
matter-  pertaining  to  the  University. 

Macnaughton-Jones    (H.),    Ambidexterity    and 

Mextal  Culture,  2  8  Heinemann 

A    short    review    of    the    main    facts    of    this 

iect,  in  the  course  of  which  the  writer  refers 

stem    of    Dr.    Montessori.     There    are 

ious     illustrations,     and     a     scheme     showing 

e.,nnexions   of   speech   and    writing    centres    with 

B  and  hands. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Skeat  (Walter  W.i,  A  Glossary  ok  Tudor  and 
stiakt  Words,  especially  from  the  Dra- 
matists, edited,  with  Additions,  by  A.  L. 
Mayhew,  •">  '  net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Prof.  Skeat   left    material  for-  a   Glossary  of 
Words,    collected    mainly    from    Tudor'   and 
dramatists.     Mr.   Mayhew  has  not   much 
increased  the  word-list,  but  thought  it  advisable 
t..  increase  the  quotations,  and  in  many  cases  to 
l  explanations  of  the  history  or  meaning  of  a 
word.     Consequently,  many  of  the  articles  have 
■I   1 -written  to  secure  uniformity  in  arrange- 
ment. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Recantation  (A)  :  bsdhi  a  Supplement  to  a 
Book  entitled  'Shakespeare  Self-Re- 
vealed,' by  .).  M..  1/  Sherratf  &  Hughes 
A  pamphlet  containing  the  author's  views  on 

the  Sonnet  question. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Chambers's   Practical   Concentric  Arithmetics,   by 

1    Head    Teacher,    edited    by    W.    Woodburn, 

Hook  IV.,  :</.  Chambers 

simple  exercises  in  arithmetic,  arranged  so 

as  to  teach  tie-   beginner  to  deduce  rules  from 

i.tl  experiment  and  observation. 
Classen   (Ernest  1,   A    GsAMMAB  01    mi;   Gbbmam 
Lanouaqb,  ■';  '.                                    Longm 
The   most   important   rules  of  tie-   German 
language  are  here  presented  in   two  parts— Acci- 
dence   and    Syntax.     There    are    al Ken 

oach  with  a   vocabulary. 


Dobbs  (W.  J.),  a  School  Course  in  Geometry, 
including  the  Elements  of  Trigonometry  and 
Mensuration,  and  an  Introduction  to  the 
.Methods  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry,  "  Longman's 
Modern  Mathematical  Series,"  9  fl 

The  author-  believes  that   further'  steps  should 

now  be  taken  towards  the  unification  ,,f  mathe- 
matical science.  In  this  volume  Trigonometry 
is  introduced  at  an  early  stage,  and  the  methods 
of  Analytical  Geometry  are  developed  more  fully 
later'.     The     elementary     notions     of     rotation, 

translation,  and  folding  are  systematically  applied 

in  the  establishment  of  fundamental  geometrical 
truth. 

English  Literature  for  Secondary  Schools  t  1. 
Tai.es    ok    a    Grandfather,    Second    Series, 

Scott,  abridged  and  edited  for  Schools  by  .1 . 
Hutchison;  '1.  WANDERINGS  ix  Spain,  Selec- 
tions from  'The  Bible  in  Spain'  of  George 
Borrow,  edited  by  v.  A.  Cavenagh;  3.  Sertum, 
a  Garland  of  Prose  Narratives  —  Hook  I.  Six- 
teexth  to  Eighteenth  Centuries,  edited  by 

J.  11.  Fowler  and  11.  W.  M.  Parr-,  1/  each. 

Maemillan 

These    volumes   contain  Introductions  on  the 

authors,    explanatory    notes,    and    a    Glossary. 

There  arc  also  exercises,  subjects  for  essays,  and 

helps  to  further  study. 

English  Literature  for  Schools,  edited  by  Arthur 
Burrell .-  Selections  prom  Tennyson,  and 
Dkkexs's  Christmas  Carols,  6d.  each.     Dent 

Two  more  volumes  of  the  series  which  we 
noticed  last  week  ;  each  contains  a  Preface  by  the 
editor. 

Molesworthy    (Mrs.),    The    Next-Door     House. 
••  Chambers's  Supplementary  Headers,"  Xd. 
This    story    has     been    abridged     for-    use    in 
schools.     The  print   is  large,  and  there  arc  some 
illustrations. 

Shorter  Modern  Dictionary  of  the  English   Lan- 
guage, 1  /  Maemillan 
An  abridgment  of  the  '  Modern  Dictionary.' 
designed  for  the  use  of  children. 

White  (Jessie),  A  First  Book  of  Experimental 
Sciexce  for  Girls  :  the  House,  Hydro- 
statics, axd  Heat,  "  Black's  Elementary 
Science  Series,"  1/6 

This  textbook  is  intended  "  to  accompany, 
not  to  supersede,  independent  note-making  " 
under  the  teacher's  guidance,  and  its  object  is  to 
awaken  in  girls  a  scientific  interest  in  the  house. 

FICTION. 

Anthon  (Rose  Reinhardt),  Stories  of  India,  6/ 

Heinemann 
Translations  from  Indian  folk-lore.     A  series 
of  tales  of  Eastern  love  and  religious  ideals. 

Bashford  (Lindsay),  Splendrum,  6/ 

Chapman  &  Hall 
The  colossal  business  of  the  Splendrum  Supply 
is  controlled  by  the  wealthy,  self-made,  and  hard- 
hearted owner,  who  ignores  and  distrusts  his  only 
son  on  account  of  some  boyish  wildness.  The 
book  describes  the  subsequent  development  of 
the  boy  into  an  upright  and  capable  successor  to 
his  father. 

Bramah  (Ernest),  Max  Carrados,  0/        Methueu 
The  adventures  of  an  amateur  detective   irr 
crime,    who    differs    from    others    of    his    kind    in 
fiction  by  being  blind. 

Chesterton  (G.  K.),  The  Flying  Ixx,  67 

See  p.   130. 

Davis  (Richard  Harding),  The  Lost  Road,  6/ 

Duckwoi  t  h 
A  collection  of  short  stories  of  American  life, 

though  the  plots  are  laid   in  various  scenes.      The 

book  is  illustrated  by  Wallace  Morgan. 
Diehl  (Alice  M.),  From  PrxXAB  to  Host,  (1/ 

The  story  of  a  girl  who  leaves  her  mother  to 
live  with   aristocratic   relations,   but.  in   the  end 

let  in  ns  home  to  marry  her  former  lover-. 

Filho  (J.  B.  N.  Gonzaga),  The  Most  Charming 

Woman,  a  Novel  for  Ladies, a  Translation  from 

the  Second  Edition  of  the  Original  Portuguese 

by  Bella  Gifford  Cocker-.  Bodge 

The  biography  of  a   famous  singer,  and  an 

account    of   her'   friends   ami    artistic    career.      The 

author  has  endeavoured    "to   place  again   on   a 

firm    pedestal    one   of    the    most     charming  women 

t  he  world  has  ei  er  seen." 

George  (W.  L.i,  Tin;  M  \kix<;  of  ax  ENGLIHHH  w. 

1;  Constable 

The  romance  of  a  young  Frenchman  and  an 

English  girl,  which  contains  an  autobiographical 

element  and  some  criticism  of  English  lif- . 


Methueu 


I. oil'' 


Hay  (J.  Macdoug.ill),  GiLLBBPXE,  6/  Constable 

A    self-i  cut  red     and     avaricious    Scotsman    is 

the  central  figure  of  tins  story,  which  culminates 
in  a  grisly  tragedy  Involving  the  death  <>(  the 
man  himself,  his  wife,  his  son,  and   in-    father. 

The   scene    is    laid    for    the    most     pari      I       '    Sootoh 

fishing  port . 

Herbert  (Alice),  Garden  Oats,  0  Lane 

The  character  of  the  heroine  from  childhood 

to  her  married  life  with  n  rising  young  writer  is 

here  developed.     In  tin'  course  "i   the  story  she 

meets     with     much     happiness,     but     has     also     to 

encounter  many  difficulties  -moral,  social,  and 
pecuniary. 

Hooley  (Arthur),  John  Ward,  M.D.,  6/ 

Mills  ,v  Boon 

'lie-    lite   of   a    village   doctor-    is   divided    into 

three  parts  Lrcadia,  Babylon,  and  the  Hit — 
which  describe  his  love  for-  a  woman  whom  he 
finally  renounces,  other  elements  "f  the  story 
include  a  colliery  explosion,  a  village  entertain- 
ment, and  a  deranged  vicar. 

Jessen  (Franz  de),  Katya,  6/  Heinemann 

A  romance  of  Russian  life,  som<  of  the  scenes 
of  which  are  laid  among  diplomatic  circles. 

Low  (Ivy),  The  Questing  Beast,  C/  Seeker 

See  p.   isi. 

Marchmont     (Arthur     W.),     MlSEB      BoADLHff'e 
Secret,  a  Detective  Story,  "  Metl  sen's  Seven- 
penny  .Novels." 
A  new  edition. 

Merriman  (H.  S.),  Boden's  Corner,  "Nelson's 
Seven  penny  Library." 

\  new  edition.     See  notice  in  The  AthetUBUtn 

October-  1st.  1898,  p.  1 19. 

Pain  (Barry),  One  Kixd  and  Axothf-.r,  6/ 

Seeker- 
A  collection  of  short  stories.     The  majority 
are  humorous,  but  there  are  one  or  two  in  a  more 
serious  vein. 

Peterson  (Margaret),  Blind  Eves.  6/  Melrose 

The  story  relates  chiefly  to  tw>  girls  :  one 
longs  for-  excitement,  and  dies  in  the  dock  of  a 
criminal  court;  the  other  does  not  know  what 
she  wants,  and  after  two  engagements  we  leave 
her  about  to  marry  a  third  man,  who  loves  her. 

Phillpotts  (Eden),  The  Master  of  Mkrripit,  0 

Ward  &  Lock 

Another  of  Mr.  Phillpotts's  tales  of  Dartmoor 
life,  dealing  with  the  love-stories  of  two  girls,  and 
incidentally  with  the  adventures  of  two  high- 
waymen  who  hide  themselves  in  an  inaccessible 
place  on  the  moor  and  plunder  the  neighbouring 
farms  and  travellers. 

Richards  (H.  Grahame),  The  Gardex   .1   DbeamSi 
i>  Hutchinson 

Concerns  the  love  of  a  titled  Englishman  for 
an  Eastern  woman,  the  daughter  of  a  Tunisian 
Mussulman  and  an  Egyptian  Christian.  Her 
father's  fanaticism  ami  greed  for'  wealth  make  a 
secret  marriage  imperative,  and  the  two  flee  into 
the  desert,  where  they  are  pursued  by  her  former 

lover. 

Rohmer  (Sax),  The  Sins  of  Sevekao  Bablon,  6/ 

Cassell 
stories  of  a  daring  and  mysterious  adventurer 

who  combines  the  beauty  of  Apollo  with  the 
audacity  of  Raffles  ;  but  he  is  no  ordinary  cracks- 
man, arrd  his  motives  and  his  achievements  are 
alike  baffling  to  his  pursuers. 

Rowlands  (Erne  Adelaide),  MONEY  01:  Wife  ? 

Ward  A  Lock 
Tin-  story  of  a  man  who  renounces  great 
financial  prospects  because  his  .  mployer,  a 
capricious  woman,  objects  to  his  encumbering 
himself  with  a  wife.  His  circumstances  become 
very  Btraitened,  and    when    the   choice   presents 

itself  a  second  time,  his  wife  leaves  turn  free  to 
accept    a    foil  line,  and    s.-t.s   nut    to   earn    her   own 

living.  M'tei-  much  Buffering  on  eith<  :  side,  the 
pair  are  happily  united. 

Silberrad      (Una      L.),      Ccddv      YarborouqhV 

I)  VI  oil  1  ER,  i>  '     .n    l.il.l. 

This   novel    relies   more   i,n    its  study   of   .  ■ 

racter  than  on  the  plot.  Tin'  heroine,  a  shy, 
awkward    gir]  with  great  depths  "f  character] 

in    particular'  contrasted    with   her  father's  OOUrtth, 

a  charming  and  selfish  woman,  win.-,  punishment 
is  t<i  wears  halo  which  does  not  tit. 

Stevens  (E.  S.),  Sarah  Eden,  6/        Mill-  A   Boon 

This  l k  is  divided  Into  three  parts,  ■!■   1  rib 

mg  in  the  flrsf  the  development  "i  tie-  power  of 
the  super-normal  In  a  girt  of  English  birth;  in  the 
second  the  life  of  the  community  which  -h. 
e-i  a  lilishes  ai  Jerusalem  t"  a  wail  tie  Second 
Coming  :  and  iii  lie  third  the  effect  "I  tie  arrival 
in  their  midst  of  a  young  artisi  who  loves  the 
daughter  of  1  he  founder. 


l:*4 


T  EE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,   1914 


Sutherland  (Joani,  Cophetua's  Son,  67 

.Mills  k  Boon 
The  events  of  lliis  novel  lake  place  in  Paris, 
Carrara,  and  England,  and  the  action  consists 
of  fche  love-story  of  hvn  men  and  one  woman, 
and  their  various  adventures  until  the  death  of 
one  in  a  revolt  of  the  workmen  in  the  Carrara 
quarries. 

Ulters  (S.),  Idylls  of  a  Dutch  Village,  trans- 
lated by  B.  Williamson-Napier,  •">/ 

Fisher  I'nwin 
Tales   of    life    in    the    village   of     Eastloorn, 
some  of  which  are  especially  concerned  with  the 
work  of  the  minister  among  his  people. 

Walford  (L.  B.),  David  and  Jonathan  on  the 

BrvxEBA,  6/  Methuen 

The  adventures   of   a    Scottish   minister  and 

.in    elder,  who  are  accompanied  by  the  former's 

valet  on  a  trip  to  the  Riviera. 

Whishavv  (Fred),  A  Bespoken  Bride,  6/       Long 
A  study  of  Finnish  patriotism,  characterized 
by  the  willing  self-sacrifice  of  individuals  in  the 
national  struggle  against  Russian  absorption. 

Wodehouse  (P.  G.),  The  Man  Upstairs,  6/ 

Methuen 
For  notice  S3e  p.  131. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Essex  Review,  January,  1/6  net. 

Simpkin  &  Marshall 
The    contents    include    '  Arms   of   the    Essex 


Boroughs 


Colchester,'     by     Mr.     W.     Gurnev 


Benham  :  '  Dr.  Parr  and  Dr.  Johnson  in  Essex.' 
by  Mr.  V.  de  S.  Fowke  :  and  'Nicholas  TJdall 
and  the  Braintree  Plays.'  by  the  Rev.  J.  W. 
Kenworthy.  Several  of  the  articles  are  illus- 
trated. 

Modern  Language  Review,  January,  4/ 

Cambridge  University  Press 
Besides  reviews  and  notes  this  volume  con- 
tain-   articles   on    '  The    Optimism   of   Alfred    de 
Vigny,'    by    T.    K.    Booker,     and     the     '  Ancren 
Riwle,'  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Macaulay. 

Quarterly  Review,  January.  6/ 

Contains  articles  on  the  '  Imperial  Naturaliza- 
tion Hill.'    by  Mr.  Richard  Jebb  ;  '  Modern  Mysti- 
cism :    some  Prophets  and  Poets,'  by  Mr.  Leslie 
.Johnston  ;      and     '  The     Contemporary     German 
Drama,'  by  Mr.  Garnet  Smith. 

Socialist    Review,  January,  edited    bv   J.  Bruce 
Glasier,  Qd.  I.L.P. 

Includes  articles  on  '  The  Italian  Elections, 
1913,'  by  Leonida  Bissolati  ;  'Revolutionary 
and  Constitutional  Methods.'  by  Mr.  Cohvyn  E. 
Yulliamy;  and  book  reviews  by  Mr.  Philip 
Snowdeii  and  others. 

Sophia.  January,  2  roubles.  Moscow,  Nekrasov 
The  first  number  of  a,  monthly  journal 
which  is  to  be  devoted  mainly  to  early  Russian 
ait,  and  to  the  study  of  Byzantine  influences 
n lion  the  work  of  South  Russian  artists,  but  not 
to  the  exclusion  of  subjects  of  more  general 
interest.  There  are  numerous  reproductions  of 
ej  1 1  broideries  of  the  sixteenth  century  and  earlier. 

GENERAL. 

Gardner  (Mary),  Nursery  Management,  5/  net. 

Nash 
A  practical  handbook  for  mothers  and  nurses. 
touching  on  such  topics  as  childish  ailments, 
clothing,  nursery  diet,  religious  training,  and 
games.  Particulars  of  various  training  schools 
lor  nurses  are  included,  and  a  chapter  is  devoted 
ti  i  the  care  of  children  in  India. 

Green  (A.  S.),  Woman's  Place  in  the  World 
of  Letters,  2/  net.  Macmillan 

An    article    reprinted   from     The    Nineteenth 
Century.  June,  1897. 

Jordan  (Herbert  W.),  Debentures    and  Other 
Charges,  6c?.  net.  Jordan 

A  reprint  of  a   lecture  on  debentures  given 
by  Mr.  Jordan  last  November  under  the  auspices 
ol  the  Secretaries'  Association. 
Lings    (Harold    C),    Musketry    Lectures    for 

NON-COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS  OF  THE  TERRI- 
TORIAL Force,  2,  Gale  &  Polden 
These  lectures  contain  useful  information 
for  the  Territorial  non-commissioned  officer 
"  who  aspires  to  be  the  Instructor  of  the  men 
whom  lie  hopes  to  lead  in  war."  The  Preface  is 
by  Major-General  W.  Douglas. 

Noguchi  (Yone),  Through  the  Torii,  5/  net. 

Elkin  Mathews 
A  collection  of  essays,  some  of  which  have 
been  reproduced  from  The  Academy,  The 
Saturday  Revieic,  and  other  journals.  They  in- 
clude '  The  Holy  Houses  of  Sleep,'  '  Daibutsu,' 
'  A  Japanese  Note  on  Yeats.'  and  '  My  Attitude  to- 
wards the  Flowers,'  and  are  printed  on  Japanese 
paper. 


O'Donnell  (Elliott),  Haunted  Highways  and 
Byways,  :{,<>  net.  Nash 

A  collection  of  stories  and  anecdotes  con- 
cerning ghostly  apparitions.  The  author  believes 
that  many  deaths  attributed  to  syncope  are  due 
to  the  actions  of  malevolent  spirits. 

Year's  Mind  (The),  Hamworth  Happenings, 
b  y  the  Author  of  '  Leaves  from  a  Life,'  10/6  net . 

Nash 
Essays    on    quiet    country   life    dealing    with 
each   month   of  the  year,   in   which   certain   cha- 
racters play  their'  parts  before  the  reflective  and 
elderly  eves  of  the  writer. 

SCIENCE. 

Burtt-Davy  (Joseph),  Maize,  its  History.  Cul- 
tivation, Handling,  and  Uses,  with   Special 
Reference  to  South  Africa.  25/  net.      Longmans 
A   textbook   for     farmer's,   students   of   agri- 
culture,   teachers    of    nature -study    in    country 
schools,    and    others    indirectly    concerned    with 
the  maize  industry. 

Dunlop  (Col.  H.  C.)  and  Jackson  (C.  S.),  Slide- 
Rule  Notes.  "  Longmans'  Modern  Mathe- 
matical Series,"  2/6  net. 

This  book  is  based  on  a  pamphlet  published 
by  the  authors  in  1911.  The  material  has  been 
revised  and  rewritten,  and  the  additions  include 
a  chapter  on  the  logologarithmic  scales. 

Ford  (Walter  Burton)  and  Ammerman  (Charles), 
Plane     and     Solid     Geometry,     edited     by 
Earle  Raymond  Hedrick,  5/6  net.       Macmillan 
The    American    authors    and    editor    of    this 
textbook  have  in  general  adopted  the  principles 
laid    down   in   the   Report   by   the   Committee  of 
Fifteen  of  the  National  Education  Association,  and 
have    emphasized    important   theorems    by   bold- 
faced   type.      Notice     is     drawn    to    the     "  very 
unusual      and      effective      '  phantom  '      half-tone 
engravings"  in  the  Solid  Geometry. 

Hatch  (F.  H.),  Textbook  of  Petrology:  Vol.  I. 

The    Petrology    of    the    Igneous    Rocks, 

Seventh  Edition,  7/6  net.  Allen 

This   revised   edition   contains   new   chapters 

on  the  Pyroclastic  Rocks  and  the  Metamorphic 

Derivatives  of  the  Igneous  Rocks,  and  many  new 

photographs  and  drawings. 

Jacoby  (Harold),  Astronomy,  a  Popular  Hand- 
book, 10/6  net.  Macmillan 
A  handbook,  by  the  Rutherford  Professor 
of  Astronomy  in  Columbia  University,  for  the 
general  reader  and  the  young  student.  For  the 
.sake  of  the  former,  the  text  is  free  from  mathe- 
matics, but  there  are  elementary  mathematical 
notes  and  explanations  in  the  Appendix. 

Mair  (David  Beveridge),  Exercises  in  Mathe- 
matics, with  Answers  and  Hints,  4/6 

Macmillan 
The  author  suggests  that  this  book  "  may 
be  used  as  a  revision  course,  or  each  section  may 
be  taken  with  the  student's  first  work  upon  the 
branch  of  which  it  treats."  It  contains  '  Typical 
Question  Papers  by  Various  Examining  Bodies.' 

Mathews  (Gregory  M.),  A  List  of  the  Birds  of 
Australia,  10/  net.  Witherby 

This  volume  contains  the  names  and  synonyms 
connected  with  each  genus,  species,  and  sub- 
species of  birds  found  in  Australia  at  present 
known  to  the  author  ;  it  is  "  a  sequence  '  to  his 
'  Reference  List  to  the  Birds  of  Australia.' 

Ziwet    (Alexander)   and    Hopkins    (Louis    Aden), 

Analytic     Geometry     and     Principles     of 
Algebra,  7/  net.  Macmillan 

This  volume,  one  of  a  series  of  "  Mathe- 
matical Texts,"  edited  by  Mr.  Earle  Raymond 
Hedrick,  "  combines  with  analytic  geometry  a 
number  of  topics  traditionally  treated  in  college 
algebra  that  depend  upon  or  are  closely  associated 
with  geometric  representation." 

FINE    ARTS. 

Art  Treasures  of  Great  Britain  (The),  Part  VITL, 
edited  by  C.  H.  Collins  Baker,  1/  net.  Dent 
The  present  number  contains  reproductions 
— with  descriptive  and  critical  notes — of  the 
'  Virgin  and  Child,'  by  Carlo  Crivelli  ;  '  Truth 
and  Falsehood,'  by  Alfred  Stevens  ;  '  Famille 
Noire  Vase,'  by  a  K'ang  Hsi  potter  ;  '  Portrait  of 
Leonello  D'Este,'  by  Roger  van  der  Weyden  ; 
'  Madonna  and  Child  with  an  Angel,'  by  Andrea 
Mantegna  ;  '  Berwick-on-Tweed,'  by  Mr.  D.  Y. 
Cameron  ;  and  an  effigy  of  Queen  Eleanor,  by 
William  Torek 

East  Riding  Antiquarian  Society,  Transactions 
for  1912.  Hull,  Brown 

Includes  '  Documents  at  Burton  Agnes,'  bv 
Rev.  C.  V.  Collier  ;  '  The  Trade  Guilds  of  Bever- 
ley,' by  Canon  Lambert ;  and  the  Report  of  the 
Hon.  Secretary  for  1912. 


Hall  (H.  R.),  Catalogue  op  Egyptian  Scarabs, 
&c,  in  the  British  Mcsecm:  Vol.  I.  Royal 
Scarabs.  British  .Museum 

This  volume  contains  descriptions  ol'  royal 
Egyptian  Scarabs.  Cylinder  -  sea  Is.  and  Seal- 
amulets,  dating  from  about  1000  to  50  B.C.  Mi. 
Hall  has  written  an  [ntroduction,  and  photo- 
graphic reproductions  and  line  drawings  are  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  text. 

Holman-Hunt  (W.),  Rre-Raphaei.itis.m  and  the 
Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood.  Second  Edi- 
tion,   revised     from     the    Author's    Notes    by 
M.  E.  H.-H..  2  vols.,  21/  net.    Chapman  &  Hall 
During    the    last    years   of   his    life    Holman- 
Hunt  was  engaged  in  a  revision  and  amplification 
of  his  history  of  the   Pre-Raphaelite  movement. 
This  editioir  has  been  prepared  by  Mrs.  Holman- 
Ilunt    from    his    notes,    and    contains    much   new 
material  and  a  number  of  fresh  illustrations. 
Vasari     Society's     Reproductions,     Part      VIII., 
1912-13  :   Part  IX.,  1913-14. 

Oxford  Uni versify  Press 

The   reproductions   of   drawings   by  the   Old 

Masters    in   these   folios    have    been    executed    in 

collotype,  and  approximate  in  size  to  the  originals. 

There  are  descriptive  notes  to  each. 

Weld    (John),    A    History    of    Leagram  :     the 

Park  and  the  Manor. 

Manchester.  Chetham  Society 
Divided  into  five  parts.  Three  are  mainly 
historical,  and  give  "the  story  of  the  place,  first 
as  a  park  of  the  Dukes  of  Lancaster-  and  then  as  a 
manor  or  private  estate  of  the  Shirburne  and 
Weld  families."  There  is  an  account  of  the 
chapel,  and  a  chapter  on  '  Local  Manners  and 
Folk-Lore." 
Winans  (Walter),  Animal  Sculpture,  Suggestions 

for  Greater  Realism  in  Modelling  and  in  Pose, 

7  /0  Putnam 

This  volume  does  not  deal  with  elementary 
technicalities,  but  is  intended  to  be  of  some 
assistance  to  those  who  have  advanced  a  certain 
distance  in  the  art  of  animal  sculpture.  There 
are  numerous  illustrations. 
Year's  Art  (The),  1914,  5/  Hutchinson 

As  usual,  this  volume  includes  full  information 
concerning  the  latest  official  returns  connected 
with  the  proceedings  of  the  national  art  institu- 
tions, and  of  the  associations,  art  societies,  and 
galleries  in  the  country.  The  chronicle  of  the 
past  year  comments  on  the  reappearance  of  the 
*  Monna  Lisa,'  and  the  discovery  of  the  Rem- 
brandt relics,  and  their  subsequent  presentation 
to  the  National  Gallery. 

MUSIC. 

Davidson  (Gladys),  Stories  from  the  Operas,  6/ 

Werner  Laurie 
The  writer's  three  series  of  '  Stories  from  the 
Operas  '  are  here  reissued  in  one  volume.  The 
additional  notes  on  more  modern  production* 
include  '  The  Jewels  of  the  Madonna.'  Short 
biographies  are  at  the  end  of  the  book. 
"  Edith  Kirkwood  "  Chart  (The)  and  Primer  of 
Vocal  Technique,  1/  net. 

11,  Pont!  Place,  Onslow  Square,  S.W. 
The  chart  sets  forth  a  method  "  for  obtain- 
ing correct  voice  production  and  for  mastering 
the  first  principles  of  interpretation,"  and  is 
accompanied  with  a  key  and  notes  on  simple 
vocal  technique. 

Musical  Directorv  (The),  Annual  and  Almanack, 

3/  Rud.dl  &  Carte 

Include-;    full    information    on    London    and 

country  professors    and    teachers,   and   the  music 

trade  in  London. 


A    999 -YEAR    LEASE    IN    900. 

Kenyon  College,  Gambier,  Ohio, 
January  7,  1914. 

When  Dean  Sttibbs  lectured  in  the 
United  States  in  1899  or  1900,  he  gave  an 
account  of  a  lease  of  lands  belonging  to 
Ely  Cathedral  made  in  one  of  the  last  years 
of  Alfred's  reign.  His  story  of  the  lease, 
which  had  expired  a  year  or  two  before,  wyas 
most  interesting  and  valuable  for  the  student 
of  institutions.  I  have  made  use  of  the  few 
notes  taken  at  the  Dean's  lecture,  but  they 
are  fragmentary,  and  altogether  lacking  in 
precision  of  detail. 

Has  the  document  been  printed,  or  de- 
scribed in  print  ?  I  do  not  find  it  in  Birch's 
'  Cartularium  Saxonicum,'  the  only  possible 
source  that  I  possess.  May  I  hope  that 
some  one  familiar  with  the  papers  of  the 
Dean  can  supply  this  information  ? 

Wm.  Peters  Reeves. 


No.  4500,  .Jan.  24,   UU4 


THE     A  Til  i:\  .KUM 


135 


SIR    WILLIAM    LEE-WARNER 

r>\  the  death  oi  Sir  William  Lee- Warner 
on  Sunday  last  in  Norfolk  the  Indian  Empire 
loses  one  of  the  most  able  and  devoted  of  her 

Ben  ants. 

Horn  in  1846,  Sir  William  like  his  father 
Canon  Lee-Warner  went  to  Rugby  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  Ho  left  the 
University  for  the  Indian  civil  Service  in  186!) 
with  a  reputation  for  physical  and  mental 
efficiency,  which  he  retained  throughout  his 
life.  His  abilities  were  soon  appreciated  in 
India,  and  he  had  a  varied  experience  of 
work,  being  specially  interested  in  education 
and  the  administration  of  native  states. 
His  'Protected  Princes  of  India'  (1894), 
revised  and  republished  as  ■  The  Native 
States  of  India'  (1910),  is  recognized  as 
authoritative,  for  few  men  had  so  wide  a 
knowledge  of  Indian  law  and  custom  as 
he.  His  educational  experience  included 
membership  of  two  important  committees 
and  the  Directorship  of  Public  Instruction. 
first  in  Behar,  and  afterwards  in  Bombay. 
Cautious  and  learned,  he  made  an  impression 
alike  on  natives  and  Englishmen. 

In  18!).")  he  was  called  home  to  be  Secretary 
of  the   Political  and   Secret  Department  of 
the  India  Oflice,  and  for  ten  years  (1902-12) 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Indian  Council  and 
much  regarded  in  matters  of  policy.    Always 
a  busy  worker,   lie  found   time  for  a  good 
deal    of    writing    of    various    kinds — in    the 
reviews,     in    the    *  Dictionary    of    National 
Biography,1  and  in  the  '  Imperial  Gazetteer 
of  India' — and  he  was  entrusted  with  the 
biographies   of   Lord  Dathousie   (1904)   and 
Sir    Henry    Norman    (1908).     These    books 
exhibit,  perhaps,  the  defects  of  his  qualities. 
They    arc    storehouses    of    information    con- 
cerning Indian  administration,  full  of  good 
-case  and  good  taste,  but  they  hardly  show 
the    humour    and    vividness    which    portray 
a  character  and    present   a   man   as  well  as 
the   things   which    he   did.       Of    the   many 
controversies     which    are    inseparable    from 
Indian   government  Sir  William  took  a  wise 
and    moderate    view.     He    seemed    a    little 
formidable    to    the    yoiuig   men    who    came 
under  his  notice,  but  he  was  always  ready 
to  recognize  ability,  and  was  inspired  with 
a    genuine    patriotic    spirit.      His    ideals    of 
are  expressed  in  a  little  book,  'The 
1    tizen    of    India.'    which    is    as    well    worth 
consideration    as    the    hasty    discoveries    of 
touri-ts     or     the     clamour     of     professional 
politicians. 


M.    DE    PRESSENSE. 

W'k   regret  to  learn  of  the  death  of  M.  de 

which    took    place    last    Tuesday 

it   from  apoplexy  at   the  age  of  60.      His 

icee  to  the  public  life  of  his  time  were 
both  great  and  distinctive.  He  belonged 
by  birth  to  the  most  highly  cultured  and 
most  active  section  of  French  Protestantism, 
lu~  father  being  the  founder  of  La  Revue 
ChreUientu  and  a  member  of  the  Senate,  and 
hi>  mother  well  known  as  a  writer  of  religious 
fiction.     Before     beginning     the     work     by 

which     he    made    his    name.     PreSSense    had 

.-pent   some  time  in  the  diplomatic  service, 

and  In-  acquaintance  with  life  in  more  than 
one    Buropean   capital   and   with    the   leading 

of  his  ou  n  country,  together  with 
hi-    thorough    knowledge    of    German    and 

English,    was     perhaps     what    counted    most 

in  bis  brilliant  equipment  as  a  journalist. 
lb-  became  foreign  editor  of  the  Temps,  and 
laid  this  post  for  more  than  fifteen  years, 
speaking  from  it  with  an  authority  which 
was  widely  acknowledged.  Hi-  sympathy 
with    England,    bis    real    understanding    of 


English  ideals  and  the  progress  oi  English 
social   evolution,   have    justly    evoked    the 

admiration  and  gratitude  of   Kuglishnien. 

His  career  —till  then  even  and  prosperous 
— made  a  sharp  swerve  with  the  advent 
of  the  Dreyfus  case.     He  took  up  the  cause 

of  Dreyfus  with  headlong  ardour,  and  more 
or  less  abandoned  his  interest  in  inter- 
national politics  for  co-operation  with  M. 
Clemenceau  on  the  staff  of  the  Aurore,  and 
for  public  speaking  up  and  down   France. 

He  had  been  before  this  for  some  time  im- 
bued with  mysticism,  and  thereafter  he 
became  absorbed  in  Socialism,  anil  suffered 
his  new  views  to  make  their  way  into  the 
Temps.  He  was  elected  Socialist  Deputy 
for  Lyons  in  1902,  and,  being  now  definitely 
identified  with  the  party  of  M.  Jaures, 
surrendered  his  post  on  tho  Temps.  Before 
his  death  he  had  been  for  some  time  in 
failing  health,  suffering  severely  from  gout. 

It  is  singular  that  he  and  General  Pic- 
quart,  two  men  whom  a  common  interest 
in  the  Dreyfus  case  brought  so  close  together, 
should  have  died  within  twenty-four  hours 
of  one  another. 


'THE    CASE    FOR    CO-EDUCATION.' 

St.  George's  School,  Harpenden. 

In  the  kindly  notice  of  our  '  Case  for  Edu- 
cation '  your  reviewer  has  fallen  into  an 
error  of  exegesis  which  you  will,  I  am  sure, 
permit  me  to  correct.  In  the  passage 
quoted  by  him  ("  it  is  not  in  them  that 
we  desire  the  main  trial  of  co-education  to 
take  place  ")  them  refers  not,  as  he  supposes, 
to  day-schools  generally,  but  to  a  type  of 
day-school  which  I  at  least  cannot  but 
regard  as  ill  -  suited  for  any  important 
educational  experiment  —  schools,  namely, 
'"  which  cater  for  those  who,  having  chosen 
a  desirable  residence,  send  their  children  to 
the  nearest  teaching  establishment  "  (p.  319). 

In  these  days  of  rapid  travelling  practic- 
ally all  parents  who  consider  the  choice  of  a 
school  a  matter  of  paramount  importance 
can  choose  the  school  which  seems  to  them 
the  best  within  an  area  of  750  square  miles, 
and  live  near  enough  to  send  their  children  as 
day  -  boarders.  I  agree  with  your  reviewer 
that  "  the  trend  of  modern  feeling  "  will  be 
increasingly  in  favour  of  this  plan  (our 
80  day-scholars,  constituting  about  half  the 
school,  come  to  us  almost  entirely  in  this 
way).  But  of  such  parents  we  say  expressly 
(p.  318)  that  they  "are  already  so  far  on 
the  way  to  co-education  that  they  do  not 
seem  to  us  to  require  separate  treatment."' 
If  we  can  convince  those  (and  both  necessity 
and  tradition  make  them  many)  who  send 
their  children  to  boarding-schools,  the  cause 
is  won. 

Again,  it  is  not  the  case  that  we  claim  co- 
education to  "  be  a  panacea  for  all  the  ills 
in.  ..  .present-day  education."  What  we 
do  claim  is  (p.  27)  that  co-education  is  no 
chance  remedy,  unrelated  to  other  necessary 
reforms,  but  is  on  the  true  line  of  advance 

which  is  leading  US  through  Scientific  methods 
to  a  better   understanding  of   the  child    and 

of  the  development  of  his  faculties  in  accord- 
ance with  the  natural  laws  of  his  being. 

(  lECIL    '  rB  w  T. 

%*  Any  reader  of  Appendix  ('  in  'The 
( 'ase  for  ( k)-Educat  ion    would  gather  t  hat  the 

authors  desire  "  the  main   trial  of  Co-Educa- 

tion  to  take  place1  in  boarding  -  schools. 
They  expressly  say  that  they  "  have  decided 
deliberately  against  the  attempt  to  deal  point 
by  point  with  the  case  for  Co-Education 
in  the  day-school  "  (p.  318).  It',  then.  Mr. 
Grant  agrees  that  the  trend  oi  modern 
feeling  is  towards  the  day-school  system,  he 
must  at  least  allow  me  to  deprecate  the  fad 
that  In-  excellent   "case"  is  limited  to  the 


boarding-school,  since  we  are  both  of  opinion 

that  the  school  of  the  future  is  the  day- 
school  with  the"  home  as  basis.  Most  parent  - 
"send  their  children  to  the  neare-t  teaching 
establishment  "  that  is  suitable,  and  if 
"tin  m''     refers    to    such,  it     scarcely    alter- 

my   point.     Hut    the   parents   "who  choose 

a    day-school     in     the    belief ....  t  hat     il      in 
VOlveS    less    moral    risk"    cannot    be    -ml    to 

be  "  so  far  on  the  way  to  Co-Education  thai 
they   do   not    seem.... to    require   separate 
treatment."      Many  parents  send   their  chil- 
dren to  day-schools  for  the  reason  specified, 
and  \  et   disapprove  of  Co-Education.      The 

authors  do  not  mention  the  kind  ol  day- 
school  ;    do  they  mean  a  mixed  oiu    '.' 

Again,    if    .Mr.    Grant    will    re-read    the 

review,    he    will    sec    that     I    do    not    say    he 

claims  that  Co -Education  is  a  panacea   for 

all  the  ills  in  present-day  education.  Tho 
remark  he  takes  exception  to  was  made  in 
order  to  set  the  case  in  due  persectivc, 
and  as  a  warning  that  other  reforms  of  as 
great  importance  were  needed  in  education. 

Ymii  Reviewer. 


LESBIAS  "SPARROW." 
(Catullus,  Carmina  1  and  2.) 

Ramoyle,  Dowanhill,  Glasgow,  January,  1914. 
The  word  passer  is  usually  translated  by 
sparrow.     Mr.  Kennard  Davis,  in  his  '  Trans- 
lations from  Catullus, '   1913,  uses  the  word 
"  linnet,"  and  observes  : — 

"The  Latin  word  usually  means  sparrow,  bul 
it  is  doubtful  whether  it  could  not  be  applied 
to  any  small  bird.  I  have  availed  myself  of  the 
doubt  in  translating,  J"<>r  even  if  sparrow  is  more 
accurate,  the  sparrow  has  not  for  us  the  associa- 
tions of  a  pet." — P.  27. 

Another  suggestion  was  made  by  Samuel 
Butler  in  No.  3569  of  The  Athenaeum, 
March  21st,  1896.  Mr.  D'Arcy  Thompson, 
in  his  '  Glossary  of  Creek  Birds.'  had  stated 
negatively  that  passer  was  not  a  sparrow, 

"but  he  suggests  no  other  bird  as  the  one  in- 
tended by  Catullus.  I  venture  to  express  an 
opinion  that  the  /lassere  solitario,  or  blue  rock 
thrush,  is  the  bird  Mr.  Thompson  is  in  search  of. 
This  bird  is  a  great  favourite  as  a  household  pet 
throughout  North  and  Middle  Italy:  it  is  a 
singularly  sweet  songster,  and  is  one  oi  the  few 
birds  that  respond  with  any  effusiveness  to  the 
attentions  of  its  owners  and  their  friends,  ir 
one  goes  to  its  cage,  it   will  at  Once  come  down  to 

greet  one  and  begin  to  sing.  There  is,  in  fact, 
no  bird  which  has  anything  like  so  Btrong  a  hold  on 
the  affections  of  those  Italians  who  are  attached 

to  birds  at  all.     In  the  Coll li  chapel,  adjoining 

the  church  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore  at   Bergamo, 

those    who    ask.    to    Bee    it     Will    he    shown    .<    httle 

skeleton  of  a  bird,  resting  on  ,i  cushion,  which  is 

laid    on    a    column    which    has    ■>     weeping    willow 

behind  it:  an  inscription  informs  the  mi-." 
that  he  is  looking  on  the  skeleton  of  the  ,,.< 
,,••  Medea  Colleoni,  Bartolommeo  Colleoni « 
daughter.  The  hoi,,-..  I  do  not  tor  a  rnotn 
doubt,  are  those  of  .,  paasere  s<>iiin,-m.  and 
i  think  it  likelv,  would  those  of  Lesbia  -  sparrow 
lie  found  to  be  had  they  been  preserved  to 

Wll.l.lAM    <  rEOBGl      lo   \<K. 


BOOE    SALE. 

Mbssrs.  Sotheby's  Oral   book  sale  of  the  uev 
year,  which  took  place  on  the  I  Ith  Inst  and  l 
following  days,  included  among  other  propi 
the  library  •■!  the  late  Mr.  W.  Bale  Whit     Ni 
Rutherford).     The  chief  prices  were  :    Diction 
of  National   Biography,   .1    v.. Is..   1885    1912,  - 1  • 
Poems  by  Currer,  Ellis,  and   Vcton  Bell,  published 
by   Aylotl    .\    Jon<    .    1848,   39.'.     K<  it       P 
1817,    28?.      \i  ibian     N'i    <'   •     Sir     If.     Burto 
translation,  18  \.,i-..   1883  s.  - 1  .     Tu  l  ■>    i  ■  ■ 
lations,  88  vote.,   1892    1904,  24'.     ft.   I-  Steven 

Works.   Edinburgh    Edition,  :tJ  v  .1-..   l« 
[901,  56!.     <•  irdlni  r.Htetoryof  B  igl  to  1,  13  *ou  • 

ss,  26.'. 
rfrhe  total  of  the  sale  wo  it  .  <>  f. 


vu> 


T  II E     A  T  HENiKUM 


go.  4500,  Jan.    >4,   1914 


litorg    (gossip. 

Author  wanted  : —  It  is  nearly  two  and 
a  half  years  since  a  MS.  entitled  k  Pot- 
Pourri  Parisien,'  bearing  several  addresses, 
was  left  at  Mr.  John  Murray's  office  by  the 
author,  who  promised  to  call  for  it  in  a 
few  days'  time.  He  has  not  kept  that 
promise,  and  communication  with  every 
address  on  the  MS.  has  proved  futile. 
If  the  author  sees  this  paragraph,  will  he 
kindly  make  his  whereabouts  known  to 
Mr.  Murray  ? 

In  our  last  issue  we  described  the  third 
volume  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Bain's  '  Indian 
Stories  '  as  a  new  edition  in  the  "  Riccardi 
Press  Booklets,'"  whereas  we  should  have 
said  Riccardi  Press  Books.  The  publisher, 
whose  name  we  gave  as  "  Warner,"  is, 
of  course,  Mr.  Philip  Lee  Warner,  eldest  son 
of  the  distinguished  Indian  official  whose 
career  we  notice  this  week. 

The  original  Journals  of  Capt.  Scott 
have  been  deposited  by  Lady  Scott  at 
the  British  Museum,  and  are  now  on  view 
in  the  Manuscript  Department.  They 
consist  of  nine  larger  and  six  smaller 
notebooks,  the  former  containing  notes 
made  on  board  the  Terra  Nova,  the  latter 
having  been  used  for  the  sledging  expedi- 
tions. Three  of  these  were  taken  to  the 
Pole.  Three  of  the  larger  notebooks — as 
yet  unpublished — give  the  calculations 
and  tabulations  for  the  sledging  parties, 
worked  out  during  the  winter. 

The  series  of  articles  by  Mr.  Marmaduke 
Pickthall  on  Turkish  affairs  which  has 
recently  been  running  in  The  New  Aye 
will  shortly  be  published  in  book-form  by 
Messrs.  Dent.  They  do  not  deal  with 
scenery  and  the  ordinary  incidents  of 
travel,  but  are  an  attempt  to  appreciate 
the  Turks  as  they  are  in  their  life  and  talk. 
The  author's  point  of  view,  in  fact,  is 
that  of  the  friend  rather  than  of  the  tra- 
veller in  search  of  sensation,  or  the  corre- 
spondent who  starts  with  a  definite  bias 
dictated  by  his  employers  at  home. 

The  next  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Literature  will  be  held  on  Wednes- 
day at  5  p.m.  at  20,  Hanover  Square,  when 
Sir  John  Sandys  will  read  a  paper  on  '  The 
Literary  Sources  of  Milton's  Lycidas,  with 
Special  Reference  to  Certain  Latin  Poets 
of  the  Renaissance.'  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse 
will  preside. 

Messrs.  Sotheby's  sales  during  the  next 
fortnight  merit  the  attention  of  book- 
lovers  of  all  kinds.  Next  Wednesday 
they  will  dispose  of  the  second  portion  of 
Mr.  John  Pearson's  library.  Mr.  Pearson 
has  for  many  years  enjoyed  unusual  op- 
portunities of  bringing  together  a  valuable 
collection,  and  the  Catalogue  shows  an 
exceptional  number  of  first  editions  of  Eng- 
lish writers  in  excellent  state.  Of  some  of 
them,  indeed,  no  other  copy  is  known, 
like  '  The  Boke  of  Surveying,'  printed 
by  R.  Redman,  and  some  of  the  Epilogues 
and  Prologues  of  Dryden.  One  or  two 
of  the  Pope  tracts  are  of  the  highest 
rarity,  and  the  copy  of  the  fifth  edition 


of  Byron's  '  English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers  '  is  expressly  said  to  be  unique 
— there  being  an  order  of  Chancery  re- 
straining its  printing  and  publication.  It 
would  be  a  nice  point  if  this  order  could 
he  enforced  to-day.  Collectors  of  Floren- 
tine woodcuts  may  find  some  rare  Savona- 
rola tracts  ;  and  there  is  a  fine  collection  of 
original  Rowlandson  drawings  for  '  The 
Dance  of  Death,'  seven  of  them  unpub- 
lished. 

On  February  2nd  the  Macquarie  Col- 
lection relating  to  New  South  Wales  will 
be  offered  for  sale  en  bloc,  and  the  second 
part  of  the  Woolley  Hall  Library  will  be 
dispersed.  Mr.  Dunn's  library,  though  it 
contained  a  few  sixteenth-  and  seven- 
teenth-century classics,  was  made  with 
a  view  to  elucidate  the  early  history  of 
printing ;  he  specially  desired  to  get 
unique  books  or  first  examples  of  presses, 
and  the  collection  would  no  doubt  have 
found  a  home  in  some  great  public  institu- 
tion but  for  his  sudden  death. 

The  portion  now  to  be  sold  contains  an 
unusual  number  of  fine  fifteenth-  and 
sixteenth-century  blind-stamped  bindings 
in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation.  The 
importance  of  these  bindings  has  only  of 
late  years  been  recognized  by  collectors, 
and  their  value  is  rapidly  rising.  Among 
the  manuscripts  there  are  several  English 
Psalters;  a  twelfth-century  English  MS. 
of  Bede ;  a  thirteenth-century  Bible  from 
Waltham  Abbey  bound  with  a  number  of 
tracts,  including  a  catalogue  of  a  monastic 
library  (perhaps  that  of  the  Abbey  itself ; 
a  French  thirteenth  -  century  MS.  of 
Seneca's  *  Proverbia,'  and  a  very  fine 
Italian  MS.  of  Propertius.  Elias  Hey- 
wood's  '  II  Moro,'  giving  an  account  of 
a  discussion  in  Sir  T.  More's  house  at 
Chelsea,  is  one  of  the  rarities  of  this  sale 
a  little  outside  its  general  character.  A 
number  of  the  incunabula  are  of  medical 
interest.  An  early  "  pirate  "  edition  of 
St.  Bernard  (1492)  is  interesting. 

To  those  taking  a  special  interest  in 
Thackeray  manuscripts,  drawings,  and 
rare  editions,  the  collection  made  during 
thirty-five  years  by  the  late  Major  William 
H.  Lambert  of  Philadelphia  has  long  been 
known  as  the  most  remarkable  in  private 
hands.  Since  its  owner  died  in  the  summer 
of  1912  there  has  been  some  natural 
curiosity  as  to  the  fate  of  his  collections — 
for  Thackeray  was  but  one  of  the  two  or 
three  subjects  in  which  he  specialized 
with  unfailing  zeal.  It  was  for  a  time 
believed  that  the  Thackeray  collection 
was  to  be  acquired  en  bloc  by  an  American 
millionaire,  but  news  now  comes  that  the 
items  of  which  it  is  formed  are  to  be  dis- 
persed by  auction  in  New  York  during 
several  days  at  the  end  of  February. 

This  wiil  be  the  largest  sale  of  Thacke- 
rayana  that  has  taken  place.  Apart  from 
an  extraordinary  collection  of  first  editions 
— many  of  them  containing  Thackeray's 
original  sketches  for  the  illustrations,  parts 
of  the  original  manuscript,  or  other  per- 
sonalia— there  are  a  large  number  of  the 
novelist's  letters  and  drawings,  and  several 
of  his  manuscripts,  including  that  of  '  The 
Adventures  of  Philip  '  and  that  of  '  The 
Rose  and  the  Ring  '  with  all  the  original 


drawings,  and  many  which  were  designed 
for  it  by  the  author,  but  have  never  been 
reproduced, 

A  coursk  of  six  public  lectures  on 
'  Parliament  under  the  Tudors  '  will  be 
given  at  University  College,  London,  by 
Prof.  Pollard,  beginning  next  Thursday. 

The  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety (which  claims  to  be  the  oldest 
Historical  Society  in  the  world)  has  just 
elected  Dr.  J.  Holland  Rose,  author  of  the 
well-known  '  Life  of  Napoleon  I.,'  to  be  a 
Corresponding  Member. 

A  careful  edition  in  print  of  the 
famous  Book  of  Armagh — long  since  pro- 
jected and  partly  achieved — has  now  been 
completed.  The  copy  was  secured  from 
wandering  abroad  by  Dr.  Reeves  half  a 
century  ago,  and  was  purchased  and 
given  to  the  Library  of  Trinity  College 
by  Lord  John  Beresford.  Reeves  did  not 
live  to  complete  the  task  of  publishing 
it,  and  it  has  only  been  completed  by  the 
Rev.  John  Gwynn,  sometime  Regius 
Professor  of  Divinity,  because  he  has 
lived  in  vigour  to  a  patriarchal  age. 
As  the  work,  though  announced  by  the 
Academy  as  ready  for  sale,  has  not  yet 
reached  the  subscribers,  any  fuller  descrip- 
tion of  it  must  be  postponed  to  a  later 
date.  The  character  of  the  venerable 
editor,  and  of  those  who  assisted  him  in 
the  work,  is,  however,  a  guarantee  to  all 
those  who  know  them  that  the  editing 
has  been  thoroughly  done. 

It  is  good  news  that  a  volume  of  Mr. 
F.  H.  Bradley's  occasional  papers  is 
likely  to  appear  in  the  near  future.  His 
last  work.  '  Appearance  and  Reality,'  was 
published  over  twenty  years  ago,  and  his 
two  earlier  books  on  Ethics  and  Logic 
are  so  scarce,  and  original  copies  command 
such  a  price,  that  they  are  read  for  the 
most  part  only  in  an  American  and,  we 
believe,  pirated  edition.  Mr.  Bradley,  it 
is  said,  refuses  to  bow  to  the  general 
demand  for  their  republication,  for  the 
excellent  reason  that  he  disagrees  with 
many  of  the  opinions  which  he  held  thirty 
years  ago.  His  example  might  be  more 
widely  followed  with  advantage. 

Mr.  Bernard  Lucas,  author  of  "  The 
Faith  of  a  Christian.'  is  about  to  publish  a 
work  containing  a  fresh  presentation  of 
Indian  missions,  which  he  believes,  is 
more  in  harmony  with  modem  thought 
and  feeling  on  the  subject  than  are  many 
current  accounts  of  it.  The  book  is 
entitled  '  Our  Task  in  India  :  Shall  We 
Proselytize  Hindus  or  Evangelize  India  1  * 
and  offers  both  suggestions  towards  more 
effective  work  and  answers  to  general 
objections.  It  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  very  shortly. 

The  same  publishers  are  also  about  to- 
issue  a  newf  work  by  the  author  of  *  Pro 
Christo  et  Ecclesia.'  It  has  been  entitled 
'  The  Practice  of  Christianity.' 

Messrs.  Hutchinson  announce  for 
Thursday  next  the  first  instalment  of  a 
serial  work,  to  be  called  '  A  History 
of  the  Nations,'  which  will  be  thenceforth 
published  in  fortnightly  parts  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  Walter  Hutchinson. 
It  is  designed  to  give  a  separate  account 


No.  4500.  Jan.  24,  1914 


Til  E     AT  H  KX.KUM 


1 


>  i 


— concise  and  popular,  hut  the  work  of  an 
authority  upon  each  several  subjeot — of 
all  the  nations  of  the  world,  and  will  be 
lavishly  illustrated. 

We  notice  among  Messrs.  Longmans' 
announcements  '  The  Passing  of  the 
Reform  Bill,'  by  Mr.  J.  R.  M.  Butler,  the 
first  publication,  we  believe,  to  come 
from  the  brilliant  sou  of  the  Master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  and  '  The 
I  onfederacy  of  Europe,'  by  Mr.  W.  Alison 
Phillips. 

The  same  firm  are  starting-  in  February 
'  The  Lavman's  Library,"  edited  by 
Prof.  F.  C.  Burkitt  and  Prof.  C.  E.  New- 
som.  The  idea  of  the  Library  is,  while 
taking  account  of  modern  criticism,  to 
build  up  a  constructive'  religious  ideal. 
The  first  volumes  will  he  '  The  Faith  of 
the  Old  Testament,'  by  Prof.  Alexander 
Nairne,  with  a  Preface  by  Prof.  Burkitt, 
and  •  What  is  the  Gospel  '.  or  Redemption  : 
Study  in  the  Doctrine  of  Atonement."  by 
Dr.  J.  G.  Simpson. 

Mr.  R.  R,  Maretts  book  c  The  Thres- 
hold of  Religion  '  will  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
Methuen  on  Thursday  next  in  an  enlarged 
edition. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  will  publish  shortly 
a  hook  by  Mr.  Reginald  Leonard  entitled 
"  Kconomic  Notes  on  English  Agricultural 
Wages.'  In  it  an  attempt  has  been  made 
to  answer  the  question  whether  a  com- 
pulsory rise  in  agricultural  wages  is 
economically  possible.  Particular  con- 
sideration is  given  to  three  problems — 
the  possibility  of  a  general  rise  in  agri- 
cultural wages  throughout  the  country, 
the  possibility  of  an  especially  large  in- 
crease in  wages  in  the  counties  where 
they  are  now  especially  low,  and  the 
alleged  tendency  of  minimum-wage  regu- 
lation to  produce  unemployment. 

Mi:.  Murray  is  about  to  publish  one 
or  two  works  on  social  questions  which 
should  prove  of  outstanding  importance. 
Among  them  are  Mr.  J.  A.  R.  Marriott's 
study  of  the  English  Land  System — an 
expansion  of  the  important  articles  recently 
published  in  The  Fortnightly  Review — and 
Hrs.    Bo-anquet's  history  of  the  C.O.S.  : 

-    ial  Work  in  London.  1869-1912.' 

Mr.  John  S.  Farmer's  series  of  •  Tudor 
Facsimile  Texts,"  begun  in  PH)7,  now 
includes  over  143  volumes.  These  fac- 
similes, which  are  for  all  purposes  of  study 

..iluahle  as  the  originals,  and  may  be 
accepted  with  confidence  as  accurate, 
deserve  a  wider  support  than  they  have 
hitherto  received. 

Mi.— rs.  Smith  k  Elder  will  publish 
immediately  '  Parsifal,  and  Tristan  and 
[solde :  the  Stories  of  Richard  Wagner's 
Dramas  told  in  English,'  by  Mr.  Randle 
Fynes  and  Mr.  Louis  X.  Parker.  The 
object  of  the  authors  has  been  to  retell 
these  stories  in  language  neither  pedantic 
nor  BO  bald  as  to  he  unreadable.  The 
transcriptions  are  not  intended  to  displace 
the  various  literal  translation-. 

Before  the  month  is  out  Messrs.  Milk 
Boon  promise  a  neu    novel   by  Miss 
•  I essie  Pope  called  'The  Tracy  Tubbst 


Lovers  of  humorous  fiction — all  too  scanty, 
to  our  thinking — may  well  make  a  note 
of  this. 

An  interesting  book  of  reminiscences 
has  just  appeared  in  Copenhagen,  viz., 
the  memoirs  of  Bishop  Monrad,  the  Danish 
Prime  Minister  during  the  war  against 
Prussia  and  Austria  in  L864.  Some  years 
before  his  death  in  L887  he  wrote  down 
his  impressions  of  the  inner  history  of 
that  disastrous  chapter  of  Danish  foreign 
and  military  policy,  but  the  manuscript 
has  only  now  been  issued  for  publication — 
exactly  fifty  years  after  those  events. 

The  first  number  of  The  Political 
Quarterly  will  be  published  at  the  beginning 
of  February  by  Mr.Milford,  of  the  Oxford 
University  Press.  It  will  include  articles 
on  the  Home  Rule  Situation,  the  Dublin 
Labour  Dispute,  the  United  States  Senate, 
the  Registration  of  Titles  to  Land,  Mu- 
nicipal Government  in  Birmingham,  the 
School  in  relation  to  Civic  Progress,  and 
reviews  of  events  and  books. 

The  Librairie  Larousse  has  recently 
published  an  edition  of  Alfred  de  Vigny's 
works  which  will  prove  attractive  to  the 
general  public.  It  consists  of  seven 
volumes  tastefully  bound,  and  is  abun- 
dantly illustrated  with  plates  reproducing 
portraits  and  old  prints.  To  each  volume 
is  prefixed  an  Introduction  written  by 
M.  Gauthier- Ferrieres. 

M.  Abee  Hkrmant  the  novelist  will 
henceforth  write  in  Le  Temps  the  chronicle 
headed  '  Vie  Parisienne  '  which  was  for- 
merly signed  by  the  late  Jules  Clare  tie. 

M.  Faguet.  who  was  a  Professor  at 
the  Sorbonne  from  1890,  having  given  up 
his  post,  has  been  pensioned  off.  He  w  ill 
thus  be  able  to  devote  all  his  time  to 
criticism. 

The  Corrihill  Magazine  for  February 
opens  with  an  unpublished  Sonnet  by 
Robert  Browning,  addressed  to  the  memory 
of  his  parents.  Sir  Henry  Lucy  con- 
tributes a  further  instalment  of  his  remi- 
niscences, 'Sixty  Years  in  the  Wilderness: 
Xearing  Jordan." 

•The  Real  Syndicalism;  by  Mr.  H. 
Warner  Allen,  is  a  sketch  of  the  new 
agriculturists"  movement  in  Prance,  which 
is  neither  revolutionary  nor  collectivist . 
In  '  A  National  Benefactor  :  Sir  Robert 
Hunter '  Canon  Rawnsley  tells  of  the 
work  of  a  remarkable  public  official  and 
private  upholder  of  common  rights. 

'That  Other  One."  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson, 
records  a  curious  spiritual  experience;  and 
•The  Old  House  and  the  New:  a  Dia- 
logue '  is  a  fantasy  of  past  and  present 
by  Mr.  Bernard  Holland.  In  '  Rory  of 
the  (den"  Mr.  Gilbert  Coleridge  writes  of 
Highland    sport     under    an    old    ghillie. 

Short  stories  are  "The  Seventh  (bin.' 
dealing     with     an      Irish     wager,     by     Mr. 

Jeffery  E.  Jeffery,  and  '  The  Witch  of 
Kandor."  a  Wesl  African  tale  by  Mr. 
\V.  II.  Adams. 

Harper's  Magazitu  for  February  in- 
cludes a  poem.  "Old  l'i  itiwls."  by  Mr.  Le 
Catherine  ;  a  short  story.  '  The  Amethyst 
Comb.1    by    Mary    B.    Wilkins    freeman: 


and  articles  h\  Mi  Sydnej  Brooks  and 
Mi    Norman  I )uncan. 

Chambers's  Journal   for    February    will 

contain  an  article  on  'The  Kaiser:  An- 
other   View,'    by    an    unnamed    author: 

'The    Rhinoceros  in  Siberia,"   by  the    Rev. 

D.  Gath  Whitley;   '  The  China  Coast,1  by 

Mr.  .1.  C.  Smith'  ;  and  '  The  Flight  of  the 
Empress  of  the  French  from  the  Tuileries,' 
by  Mr.  George  Pignatorre. 

SlB  John  DUNCAN,  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors of  The  South  Wales  Daily  News, 
an  active  promoter  of  higher  education  in 
Wales,  and  an  eminent  journalist,  died 
on  Tuesday  last  at  Penarth.  He  did 
much  towards  the  foundation  of  the  Uni- 
versity College  of  South  Walts  and  Mon- 
mouthshire, and  served  tor  a  long  time 
on  the  Court  of  the  University  of  Wales. 
He  was  twice  Chairman  of  the  Pi' 
Association,  and  with  Baron  de  Renter 
organized  the  special  foreign  and  colonial 
service  of  Renter's  Agenc\  . 

Mr.  F.  de  Baudiss  has  recently  died 
at  Hampstead.  "The  Wellington  College 
French  Grammar,1  in  which  he  collabo- 
rated with  his  friend  the  late  H.  W.  Eve, 
is  his  best-known  title  to  the  gratitude  of 
teachers  and  scholars  ;  but  he  did  much 
other  work,  both  in  helping  his  friend  with 
the  '  German  Grammar,'  and  in  the  pre- 
paration of  editions  of  German  and  French 
classics. 

Those  who  never  knew  him  person- 
ally, but  have  used  the  '  French  Orani- 
mar,"  will  hardly  be  surprised  to  learn 
that  he  succeeded  in  identifying  himself 
with  the  spirit  of  English  school-life  to 
a  degree  unusual  for  a  foreigner. 

Baron  Hermann  von  Soden,  Chief 
Pastor  of  the  .Jerusalem  Church  in  Berlin, 
met  recently  with  an  accident  on  the 
Underground  Railway  which,  on  Thurs- 
day, the  loth  inst.,  proved  fatal.  He  was 
born  at  Cincinnati  in  1851,  and  educated 
at  Tubingen.  He  had  been  Chief  Pastor 
since  1901,  and,  while  already  eminent  for 
his  work  as  a  scholar  and  theologian, 
became  also  well  known  as  a  preacher, 
and  beloved  for  his  care  of  his  people. 
Textual  criticism  with  the  study  of 
Palestine  was  his  chief  field.  '  Palestine 
and  its  History  " — perhaps  his  best-known 
book — was  the  outcome  of  many  journeys 
to  the  Holy  Land.  He  took  a  vigorous 
part  in  the  controversy  over  "  historicity, 
and  about  four  months  ago  completed  a 
work  in  four  volumes  upon  New  Testa* 
ment  texts. 

Prof.  Rudolph  o i:\ki:  died  on  Monday 
at  Berlin,  at  the  age  of  89.  His  chief  work 
was  the  popularization  of  Shakespeare 
in    Germany,    and    the    enthusiasm    and 

industry    which     he     brought     to    it     were 

amazing.  Besides  his  '  Shakespeare  ' — 
the  fruit  of  fifteen  years'  work— he  pub- 
lished no  fewer  than  forty-four  books  and 
article-  on  the  subject,  as  well  a-  an  amiis- 
ing  parod\  on  the  Baconian  theory  en- 
titled ■  The  Goethe  Secret.'  Philologic- 
ally  his  achievements  do  no!  rank  high, 
but  he  often  struck  out  illuminating  ideas, 

and  certainly,  alike  by  hi-  writing-  and  hifl 

recitations,  gave  a  powerful  impetus  to 
the  study  of  Shakespeare  abroad. 


13S 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  11*14 


SCIENCE 


Glimpses   of   Indian  Birds.     By  Douglas 
Dewar.     (John  Lane,  7s.  Gd.  net.) 

The  thirty-nine  articles  which  go  to  the 
making  of  this  book  have  all  known  a 
previous  existence  in  various  periodicals, 
and  are  essentially  "  glimpses "  rather 
than  a  revelation  of  the  tenets  of  a  natural- 
ist who  glories  in  his  heterodoxy.  It 
appears  that  any  and  every  theory  regard- 
ing the  operation  of  natural  selection  is 
to  Mr.  Dewar  as  a  red  rag  to  a  bull — an 
animal  which  in  reckless  courage  he 
goes  far  to  rival.  The  present  reviewer 
has  not  read  '  The  Making  of  Species,' 
which  he  has  written  in  collaboration 
with  Mr.  Frank  Finn,  and  without  this 
clue  his  fulminations  in  these  pages 
indicate  a  destructive  far  more  than  a 
constructive  attitude.  Lest  his  critic 
should  fail  to  join  issue  with  him,  he 
invites  him  to  choose  his  own  ground, 
leaving  Indian  birds  out  of  the  discussion, 
for  he  maintains  that  all  his  arguments 
with  regard  to  these  apply  equally  to 
those  of  the  British  Isles.  He  is  much 
perturbed  at  the  parlous  state  of  modern 
zoological  science  ;  according  to  him, 
biologists  are  divided  into  two  camps — 
the  theorists,  who  are  at  present  in  power, 
and  unscrupulously  ignore  or  distort  all 
facts  subversive  of  their  fetishes  ;  and 
the  practical  men,  breeders  and  field 
naturalists,  who  form  the  opposition,  and 
make  themselves  obnoxious  by  supplying 
the  awkward  facts  aforesaid.  Even  so, 
would  such  conditions  really  tend  to  the 
fossilization  of  science  ?  Surely  the  exist- 
ence of  these  "  authorities  "  provides  the 
very  best  stimulus  to  the  researches  of 
those  to  whom  they  are  a  bugbear  ; 
there  is  nothing  more  discouraging  to  the 
independent  investigator  than  to  have  no 
accepted  doctrine  to  assail. 

We  think,  however,  that  the  author 
has  drawn  an  exaggerated  picture.  It  is 
true  enough  that  Darwin  and  Wallace 
might  well  have  prayed  to  be  saved  from 
some  of  their  friends,  and  that  much  un- 
diluted nonsense  has  masqueraded  as 
science  under  cover  of  their  names  ;  but  it 
is  totally  misleading  to  suggest  that  field 
naturalists  as  a  body  constitute  a  solid 
opposition  to  the  theory  of  Natural 
Selection,  with  the  "  professional  bio- 
logists "  deliberately  retarding  every  pro- 
gressive step.  (Incidentally  we  must  ad- 
mire the  disingenuous  way  in  which  Mr. 
Dewar  ostentatiously  scans  the  ranks  of 
these  discredited,  unpractical  theorists  for 
the  ungentle  critic  who  may  pick  holes  in 
his  book.)  Recently  Mr.  W.  P.  Pycraft 
gave  us  his  '  History  of  Birds  '  (with  an 
appreciative  Introduction  by  Sir  E.  Ray 
Lankester — a  gentleman  of  whom  Mr. 
Dewar  does  not  think  much),  in  which  he 
puts  the  case  for  natural  selection  as  regards 
birds  with  great  restraint  and  moderation  ; 
at  the  same  time  he  is  himself  a  joint 
editor  of  the  well-known  magazine  British 
Birds,  which  first  and  foremost  keeps  in 
touch  with  every  fact  of  scientific  value 
which  the  best  field  observation  can  supply. 


Now,  if  Mr.  Dewar  cannot  accept  the 
theories  of  Darwin  and  Wallace,  we  agree 
with  him  that  his  proper  course  is,  in  the 
first  place,  to  pile  up  all  the  facts  which 
tell  against  them  ;  but  to  bolster  up  his 
evidence  with  personal  abuse  will  cer- 
tainly not  help  his  case,  and  he  must 
beware  of  falling  into  the  error  that  he 
finds  so  intolerable  in  his  opponents — of 
ignoring  such  facts  as  do  not  fit  in  with 
his  own  theory.  For  we  gather  that  he 
has  a  rival  theory — or  hypothesis,  perhaps 
we  should  say  ;  it  is  just  hinted  at  rather 
mysteriously  in  a  paragraph  or  two,  the 
gist  of  the  matter  being  that  he  would  sub- 
stitute "  Mutation  "  for  Natural  Selection. 
Without  more  precise  knowledge  of  Mr. 
Dewar's  conclusions  and  his  methods  of 
arriving  at  them,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  offer  any  general  criticism,  but  we 
permit  ourselves  a  few  comments,  while 
endeavouring  to  preserve  an  open  mind 
for  further  impressions. 

In  the  first  place  if  Mr.  Dewar  has 
read  the  sixth  edition  of  '  The  Origin 
of  Species,'  he  has  done  less  than  justice 
to  the  carefully  reasoned  passages  in 
chap,  vii.,  in  which  Darwin  answers  his 
critic  Mivart.  He  might  have  been 
replying  to  Mr.  Dewar  himself,  complain- 
ing at  the  outset  of  the  assumption  that 
he  (Darwin)  attributed  nothing  to  varia- 
tion independently  of  natural  selection. 
He  then  proceeds  to  consider  in  some 
detail  the  objection  which  had  attracted 
most  attention — '*  that  natural  selection 
is  incompetent  to  account  for  the  incipient 
stages  of  useful  structures."  Mr.  Dewar, 
on  the  other  hand,  quite  ignores  his 
arguments  when  he  quarrels  with  the  so- 
called  protective  mimicry  of  butterflies, 
and  advances  the  insuperable  objection 
"  that  the  likeness  cannot  be  of  much 
use  until  it  is  fairly  strong.  Howr,  then, 
is  the  beginning  of  the  resemblance  to  be 
explained  ?  "  He  is  on  newer  ground 
when  he  is  at  some  pains  to  prove  that 
butterflies  are  not  preyed  upon  by  birds 
to  any  appreciable  extent,  and  hence  the 
protection  is  unnecessary.  He  is  prob- 
ably right  in  his  facts  here,  but  it  is  still 
open  to  Darwinians  to  maintain  that  he 
is  confusing  cause  and  effect,  and  that  it 
is  because  the  protective  colouring  of  the 
butterfly  at  rest  has  done  its  Avork  (through 
natural  selection  or  otherwise)  that  it  is 
comparatively  safe  from  its  enemies  ; 
once  on  the  wing,  a  butterfly  is  probably 
not  so  readily  captured  as  might  be 
expected. 

Again,  the  author  tells  us  that  all 
the  tragedies  he  has  observed  in  which 
a  bird's  nest  has  been  raided  took  place 
at  night.  "  What,  then  [he  argues], 
becomes  of  the  elaborate  theory  of  pro- 
tective coloration  '(  "  This  is  an  objec- 
tion of  some  weight,  for  against  purely 
nocturnal  marauders  the  most  unobtru- 
sive colours  would  be  of  little  avail ;  on 
the  other  hand,  it  may  be  urged  that 
protective  coloration  has  presumably 
minimized  the  dangers  of  the  day  and 
confined  them  to  the  hours  of  darkness, 
though  the  truth  of  the  matter  would 
often  be  that  the  victim  was  marked 
down   by   some   diurnal   prowler — e.g.,   a 


cat — and  the  raid  effected  after  nightfall 
to  secure  a  greater  chance  of  success .  Thus 
such  occurrences  might  be  directly  trace- 
able to  the  need  of  protective  coloration, 
and  tend  to  the  elimination  of  the  more  con- 
spicuous individuals  by  natural  selection. 
In  the  same  chapter  Mr.  Dewar 
undertakes  to  demonstrate  *'  how  erro- 
neous is  the  orthodox  doctrine  that  the 
survival  of  the  fittest  is  the  result  of  a 
struggle  for  existence  among  adult  organ- 
isms." After  describing  the  enormous 
infant  mortality  among  the  bulbuls  in 
his  garden,  he  argues  : — 

"There  are  three  critical  stages  in  the 
life  of  a  bird — the  time  when  it  is  defenceless 
in  the  egg,  the  period  it  spends  helpless  in 
the  nest,  and  the  two  or  three  days  that 
elapse  after  it  leaves  the  nes:  until  its 
powers  of  flight  are  fully  developed.  When 
once  a  little  bird  has  survived  these  danger- 
ous periods,  when  it  has  reached  the  adult 
stage,  it  is  comparatively  immune  from 
death  until  old  age  steals  upon  it.  It 
zoologists  would  perceive  this  obvious 
truth,  there  would  be  an  end  to  nine-tenths 
of  the  nonsense  written  about  protective 
colouring. ' ' 

What  is  this  contention  that  adult  organ- 
isms alone  are  subjected  to  the  test  of  the 
survival  of  the  fittest  \  In  the  field  of 
ornithology  many  would  claim  that  pro- 
tective colouring  plays  an  even  larger 
part  in  the  three  early  stages  described 
than  in  the  case  of  the  adult.  But  even 
if  wre  accept  the  "  orthodox  doctrine.''  as 
Mr.  Dewar  puts  it.  his  argument,  which 
is  to  confute  old-fashioned  zoologists  once 
and  for  all,  is  quite  fallacious  in  one 
important  particular.  There  is  clearly  a 
fourth  period  of  extreme  danger  in  the 
life  of  a  bird — that  during  which  the 
duties  of  incubation  and  rearing  nestlings 
are  performed.  It  is  precisely  this  factor. 
in  the  viewr  of  Darwinians,  which  has 
largely  determined  the  duller  plumage  of 
so  many  female  birds.  All  the  other 
dangers  that  threaten  the  helpless  young 
are  together  less  than  the  chance  of  sudden 
death  overtaking  the  mother.  Mr.  1  )ewar, 
indeed,  advances  the  view — at  the  risk 
of  offending  the  ladies — that,  while  the 
tendency  is  for  all  birds  to  assume  bril- 
liant plumage,  the  cocks  are  in  a  sense 
superior  beings,  and  tend  to  be  a  stage 
or  two  ahead  of  the  hens  as  regards  evo- 
lutionary development. 

Some  of  the  author's  arguments  on  the 
puzzling  subject  of  '  Birds  in  White  ' 
rather  belie  his  pose  as  the  uncompromis- 
ing opponent  of  Natural  Selection.  On 
this  topic  his  most  interesting  contribu- 
tion is  the  suggestion  that  "  whiteness  of 
feather  seems  to  be  correlated  in  some 
way  with  the  power  to  resist  cold  and 
damp." 

In  his  chapter  on  the  swallow-plover,  or 
pratincole,  Mr.  Dewar  describes  a  very 
remarkable  display  of  the  so-called  "  in- 
jury-feigning," in  which  a  whole  colony 
took  part  together.  Like  many  observers, 
he  cannot  persuade  himself  that  it  is  in 
any  sense  an  intelligent  act.  He  regards 
the  bird  as  torn  by  conflicting  emotions. 

"  We  all  know  [he  writes]  that  instinct 
teaches  birds  to  fly  away  from  all  birds  or 
beasts  of  prey  or  large,  strange  moving 
objects  ;    but  instinct  teaches  them  to  guard 


X...  4500,  -Ian.  24,    1JH4 


T  II  E     AT  II  EN  A-A'  M 


H9 


their  eggs.  Vow,  when  a  human  heme 
approaches  the  eggs  of  a  pratincole,  these 
two  instincts  come  into  violent  opposition, 
and  the  bird's  mental  equilibrium  is  much 
disturbed  ;  the  result  is  that  the  bi  d  under- 
■s  all  manner  of  strange  contortions." 

He  adds  that  such  contortions  undoubtedly 
serve  to  distract  the  attention  of  pre- 
daceous  creatures,  and  are  useful  to  the 
ies.  and  ""  hence  such  behaviour  must 
tend  to  be  perpetuated  by  natural  selec- 
tion." If  he  recognizes  Natural  Selection 
here,  his  dismissal  of  the  logical  extension 
of  the  principle  seems  inconsistent. 


A  History  and  Description  of  the  Royal 
0  servatory,  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  By 
Sir  David  Gill.     (Stationery  Office.) 

Before  the  close  of  his  official  life  as 
His  Majesty's  Astronomer  at  the  Cape. 
Sir  David  Gill  had  written  a  description 
of  the  equipment  of  the  Observatory,  of 
which  he  was  Director  from  1879  to  1907, 
with  full  accounts  of  the  instruments  that 
had  been  added  under  his  superintend- 
ence. It  seemed  expedient  to  add  to  this 
a  history  of  the  Observatory  which  has 
been  prepared  since  Sir  David's  retire- 
ment, and  the  result,  published  by  order 
of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, forms  the  volume  now  before  us. 

Provided  with  diagrams  and  plates,  it 
shows  fully  the  additions  to  the  list  of 
instruments  and  to  the  programme  of 
work  in  the  last  thirty  years  which  have 
raised  the  Observatory  from  an  institu- 
tion of  earlier  type,  where  meridian 
observing  was  the  staple  and  only  work. 

its  present  position  of  one  taking  its 
part  in  the  modern  extension  of  astronomy 
known   as  astrophysics,     It   is  impossible 

jive  here  in  a  short  space  any  adequate 
account  of  what  has  been  done  in  that 
time,  but  Sir  David  Gill  has  told  the 
history  well,  and  in  many  cases  with  full 
description  of  methods  which  make  the 
hook  very  valuable.  The  growth  of  the 
Observatory  is  shown  by  the  frontispiece 
exhibiting  parallel  photographs  of  the 
staff  in  1ST!)  and  in  1906,  the  numbers 
in  the  two  pictures  being  eitrht  and 
ty-four  respectively. 

Besides  the  astronomy  proper,  survey 
operations  in  South  Africa  have  been 
proceeding  since  1  SS.'i  (mainly  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  David  (Jill)  which  are  of 
t  importance  to  geodetic  science. 
-tronomical  unit  of  measurement  is 
the  mean  distance  of  the  earth  from  the 
Win,  which  is  exhibited  generally  as  a 
number  of  Seconds  of  arc  with  fractional 
parts  known  as  the  Bolar  parallax.  To 
convert  this  unit  into  miles  it  is  necessary 
to  know  the  size  and  shape  of  the  earth, 
and   in   this  way  astronomy  depends  on 

idesy — the  science  of  earth  measurement 
Our  knowledge  of  the  figure  of  the  earth 
depends  on  the  measurement  of  the  actual 
lengths   of  arc-  ot   the    meridian,    or    ol 
parallels  of    latitude  in    different    parts   of 

the  sphere,  and  the  arcs  that  are  already 
available  lie  in  comparatively  high  northern 
latitudes,  and  are  not  excessive  in  length. 

The  pione.-r  Lacaille,   a    French   abbe   and 

astronomer  sent  by  the  Paris  Academy  of 


Sciences,  measured  an  are  in  Cape  Colonj 
in  L752,  which  was  the  beginning  of  the 
survey  of  South  Africa,  to  determine 
whether  the  form  of  the  earth  18  the 
same  in  the  Southern  hemisphere  and 
the  Northern,  but.  unfortunately,  was 
not  able  to  settle  this  point  satisfactorily. 
Maclear.  the  third  Director  of  the  Cape 
Observatory  ( 1833-70),  extended  Lacaille's 
arc  and  cleared  up  an  outstanding  dis- 
cordance in  his  work,  so  that  Sir  David 
Oil!  soon  after  his  appointment  felt 
that  the  prosecution  of  a  survey  of  South 
Africa  could  not  be  considered  outside 
the  duties  of  his  office,  but  rather 
that  H.M.  Astronomer  should  take  the 
initiative.  Sir  Battle  Krere.  then  Governor 
of  the  Colony,  gave  the  recommenda- 
tions his  cordial  support.  Sir  Oeorge 
(  ollev.  Coventor  of  Xatal.  and  his  successor 
Sir  Charles  Mitchell  were  no  less  sym- 
pathetic and  helpful,  and  in  January, 
1883,  an  agreement  was  arranged  between 
the  ( rovernments  of  the  two  colonies  to 
undertake  the  principal  triangulation  of 
both  territories  as  a  joint  work.  It  is 
needless  here  to  describe  the  details  of  this 
survey  :  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  it  was 
completed  by  1896. 

Sir  David  Gill  then  proposed  to  extend 
this  triangulation  northward,  approxi- 
mately along  the  thirtieth  meridian  of 
east  longitude,  eventually  to  reach  the 
mouth  of  the  Nile,  and  then  to  join  with 
the  Russian  arc  and  complete  the  longest 
arc  of  meridian  measurable  in  the  world. 
Cecil  Rhodes  had  already  been  approached, 
and.  though  he  A\as  impressed  with  the 
magnificence  of  the  scheme,  and  saw  how 
it  fitted  in  with  his  plans  of  a  Cape  to 
Cairo  railway,  he  was  not  able  to  take  any 
immediate  steps,  but  promised  financial 
help  at  a  later  date.  The  survey  of 
Rhodesia  was  begun  in  1897. 

After  the  war,  when  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Transvaal  and  Orange 
River  colonies  passed  into  new  hands, 
and  Lord  Milne  r  was  convinced  that 
maps  of  the  country  were  among  the  first 
essentials  of  good  government,  an  Ord- 
nance Survey  of  the  Colonies  was  under- 
taken. Col.  Morris  being  appointed  Super- 
intendent. Sir  David  Oill  was  asked  to 
he  honorary  scientific  adviser  to  the 
Government  on  this  survey,  and  as  Col. 
Morris  had  taken  a  leading  part  in  the 
surveys  of  Cape  Colony  and  Xatal, 
continuity  of  method  was  assured.  It 
remains  to  be  added  that  a  sum  of  money 
was  collected  in  England  by  Sir  George 
Dai  win  to  pay  the  expenses  of  a  short 
triangulation  to  connect  the  survey  of 
Rhodesia  with  that  of  the  Transvaal. 

The    full    details    of    these    surveys    are 

naturally  not  given  in  this  volume,  hut 
tin-  summary  of  results  is  valuable  and 
sufficient.  The  triangulation  of  the 
thirtieth  meridian  is  now  complete  al- 
most as  far  north  as  Cake  Tanganyika, 
and   is  progressing  southwards  from  the 

Mediterranean     under    the    hands    of    the 

Geodetic  Survey  of  Egypt.  Intermediate 
-hoit  arcs  have  been  undertaken  by 
the    Belgian    and   German  Government 

SO  that  the  world  of  science  may  expect 
the  complete  scheme   hefolc   lou  _ 


SOCIETIES. 

Royal  Xi  uismatk'.  -./mi.   15. — Sir  Henry  II. 
FToworth,      President,     In      the     chair.      Messrs. 
Richard    Dalton,    Robert     Ken-,    and    It.    Jami 
Williams  were  ejected  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

Exhibitions:  by  Miss  Helen  Parquhar,  a  series 
or  coins,  from  I/,  pieces  in  half-crowns,  with 
equestrian  figures  illustrative  of  tin-  Btyle  and 
workmanship  of  tin-  Civil  War  engravers,  In- 
cluding signed  pieces  bj  Rawlins  and  Briot  : 
bj  Mr.  William  Gilbert,  an  unpublished  milled 
sixpence  of  Elizabeth  of  1562,  with  a  il"t  between 
\  and  i>  ni'  tin'  reverse  legend  :  '•>  Mr.  !..  A. 
Lawrence,  a  small  iron  tobacco  I  x  •  n  with  a  por- 
trait ni'  Charles  I.  in  silver  mi  the  Mil  :  by  Mr. 
P.  \.  Walters,  a  medallion  of  Hadrian,  being  a 
large  brass  (Cohen  No.  184)  enclosed  in  a  moulded 
bronze  ring ;  andbj  Mr.  Percj  II.  Webb,  a  rare 
second  brass  ot  I..  Domitius  Uexander,  tyrant  in 
Africa  308  :;u  \..n„  villi  reverse:  i\\im  ROSEA 
FELIX   K  \i;  ill  VGO. 

Miss  Helen  Parquhar  read  a  paper  on  '  Nicholas 
Briot  ami  some  Countrj  Mints  during  tin-  Civil 
War.'  Mr.  Symonds  lias  recently  shown  that 
Briot  had  died  in  the  service  of  Parliament)  which 
has  disproved  the  tradition  of  the  artist's  un- 
interrupted service  of  Charles  I.  at  Oxford  : 
Miss  Parquhar  was  able  to  show  thai  Briot  con- 
tinued to  serve  the  king  bj  making  secret  journeyH 
in >i 1 1  London  to  Fork  ami  Oxford  alter  the  out- 
break nl'  hostilities,  as  was  clear  From  his  widow's 
petition  to  Charles  II.  at  the  Restoration,  recalling 

tlie  miseries  she  ami   her  family  hail  Suffered  when 

this  was  discovered.     Miss  Parquhar  showed  how 
mint's   hand   could    he   traced    in    the   <  nil    Wai 
coinages  of  these  two  mints. — A   discussion   fol- 
lowed, in  which  .Mr.  Symonds,   Mr    Brooke,  Col 
Morrieson,  and  the  President  took  part. 


Meteorologic  \r.. — -Jan.  21. — -I  mm  nl  Mi  ding. 
— Mr.  C.  .1.  I'.  Cave,  President,  in  the  chair. 

The  Council,  in  their  Report,  referred  in  the 
various  branches  of  work  which  had  been  carried 
mi  by  the  Society  during  the  past  year.  The* 
included  researches  in  the  upper  atmosphere, 
meteorological  lectures,  the  collection  of  phono- 
logical observations,  and  the  commencement  of 
the  preparation  of  a  series  of  normal  values  ot 
the  climatologica]  elements  of  the  British  Isles. 

Tlie  President  presented  to  Mr.  W.  It.  Dines  the 
Symons  Gold  Medal  for  1914,  which  the  Council 
had  awarded  him  in  recognition  of  his  distin- 
guished work   in  connexion   with   meteorological 

science. 

Mr.  Cave,  in  his  Presidential  Address,  dealt 
with    tin-    subject     of    upper-air    research.      He 

pointed  out   that   research  in  the  upper  air  ma> 

be    by    means   of  a  manned    ha  llooii  w  it  h   observe] 

and  instrument,  or  by  self-registering  instruments 
sent  up  in  kite,  captive  balloon,  or  free  balloon. 
Kites  were  first  used  for  this  purpose  by  Dr. 
Wilson  of  Glasgow,  17  l!l:  and  also  in  Arctic 
expeditions  in  \*>\  and  1836.  The  box  kite 
and    tlu-    use    of   steel    piano    wire    instead    of    line 

enabled  greater  heights  to  In-  obtained,  and  both 
were  adopted  by  the  Blue  Hill  Observatory  in 
1895.  The  use  of  kites  was  not  taken  up  in 
England  till  1902,  when  Mr.  Dines  Hew  them 
from  a  steamer.  After  referring  to  the  use  ol 
balloons  and  tin-  ascents  made  by  Glaisher  and 
others,  the  President  said  that  danger  to  life  in 
high  ascents  caused  MM.  Hermite  and  Besancon  to 
use  a  registering  balloon  in  1893;  a  free  balloon 
carried  a  recording  instrument,  the  recovery  of 
the  instrument  being  dependent  on  the  balloon 
being  found  after  its  descent  ;  a  height  of  nine 
miles  was  reached  in  Prance,  and  thirteen  miles, 
in  Germany  soon  after.  He  next  |  i  to  the 
various  types  of  instruments  used  in  this  way, 
and  described  Mr.  Dines's  meteorograph,  which 
is  an  extremely  simple  and  light  instrument. 
Rubber  balloons  are  generally  used,  and  as  thej 

a  see  I  id   t  he\    tell  us  of  t  he  w  illils  aho\  e  I  he  surface, 

a  special  ti lolite  being  used  for  observing  ; 

balloons.     The      International     Commission 
Scientific     Aeronautics    directs    the    studies    for 
upper  aii-  research,  and  special  days  an-  arranged 
for   international   ascents  of   balloons   and    kit 
stations  in  various  parts  of  the  wmld  taking  | 

in     the     work.       Tie-     first      -real      resull      "l      till 

researches  has  been  the  discover}  that  tie-  atmo- 
sphere is  divided  int..  Ha-  Troposphere,  where 
1 1,,  jjj  i,  in  constant  movement,  horizontal  and 
vertical,  and  tin-  stratosphere,  where  turbul 
motion  seems  t.,  cease.  TheStrato  phere  begins 
ai  about  '■>  miles  in  these  latitudes.  The  method 
ni   Investigation   i-  new,  hut    man)   othei    results 

arc  beginning  • ""    '"  light,  and   n    teems  aa 

il gh  changes  of  weather  do  not    begin  at    the 

irari i    the   earth,    but    are   dependent    upon 

movements  taking  placi   about  7'fi  miles  up. 


140 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


Historical. — Jan.  15. — Prof.  Firth,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Sir  Frederic  George  Kenyon  Avas 
elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Society. — The 
election  was  announced  of  Messrs.  S.  Percy  Smith, 
Lindsav  Buick,  D.  W.  A.  Hughes,  A.  Freeman, 
II.  H.  Dodwell,  W.  W.  Williams,  and  the  Rev. 
Pascal  Robinson,  as  Fellows. — The  University 
Club  Library,  New  York,  was  admitted  as  a 
Subscribing  Library. 

A  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Little  upon 
Roger  Bacon,  t  he  probable  seven  hundredth 
anniversary  of  his  birth  falling  in  this  year. 
Mr.  Little  reviewed  the  recent  progress  in  pub- 
lication of  critical  editions  and  estimates  of  Roger 
Bacon's  works,  and  sketched  the  career  and  extra- 
ordinary achievements  of  the  encyclopaedic 
genius  of  the  thirteenth  century,  whose  '  Opus 
Majus '  is  so  strongly  suggestive  of  'The  Ad- 
vancement of  Learning  '  by  his  great — scarcely 
greater — namesake  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
In  his  prophetic  announcement  of  the  necessary 
mathematical  basis  for  the  study  of  the  physical 
sciences,  Roger  may  be  said  to  have  gone  beyond 
Francis  Bacon. 

Dr.  Hii'sch  spoke  on  Bacon's  philological  learn- 
ing, and  Mr.  Steele  and  Col.  Hime  also  spoke. 


MEETINGS  NEXT   WEEK. 


SIl>N'. 


Royal  Academy,  4.— 'Mediaeval  Architecture  :  its  Nature  and 
Basis  of  Art,'  Prof.  E.  8.  Prior. 

—  Institute  of   Actuaries,  5.— 'On  the  Extension  of   Existing 

Valuation  Methods  of  grouping  Policies  by  the  Employment 
of  a  System  of  Weights,'  Mr.  A.  E.  King. 

—  St.  Bride  Foundation,  7.30.—'  Letterpress  Printing  from  1801,' 

Mr.  R.  A.  Peddie. 

—  Instituteof  British  Architects, 8.—'  London  Traffic  Problems,' 

Col.  Sir  Herbert  Jekyll. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  The  Relation  of  Industry  to  Art,' Lec- 

ture II.,  Sir  C.  Waldstein.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 

—  Surveyors'    Institution,  8.—'  Measuring  and    Quantity    Sur- 

veying,' Mr.  G.  Corderoy. 

—  Geographical,  8  30— 'Exploration  in  Dutch  New  Guinea,'  Mr. 

A.  F.  R.  Wollaston. 

Tiks.    Horticultural,    3.— 'Some    Aspects    of    American    Forestry,' 
Prof.  W.  Somerville. 

—  Royal  Institution,  3.— 'Animals  and  Plants  under  Domesti- 

cation,' Lecture  II.,  Prof.  W.  Bateson. 

—  Anthropological  Institute,  8.— 'The  Life   of  the  Australian 

Tribesmen,'  Prof  Baldwin  Spencer. 

—  Institution  of    Civil    Engineers.  '8.— Further   Discussion   on 

'  Superheating  Steam  in  Locomotives.' 

Wkd.     Royal  Academy.  4.— 'Construction,  Shadows,  and  Reflections,' 
Mr.  VV.  L.  Wyllie. 

—  Irish     Literary.     4.30. -'The     Old    Balladists,'    Mr.     Padric 

Gregory. 

—  Society  of  Literature,  6.— '  The  Literary  Sources  of  Milton's 

Lycidas,  with  Special  Reference  to  Certain  Latin  Poets  of 
the  Renaissance,'  Sir  J.  E.  Sandys. 

—  University  of  London.  5  30.  — '  The  Decisive  Point  and  Moment 

in  Modern  War,'  Col.  C.  Ross. 

—  Society  of    Arts,   8.— 'Japanese   Colour-Prints,'  Mr.    E.   F. 

Strange. 

■Tulrs.  Royal  Institution,  3.— 'The  Mind  of  Savage  Man:    (2)    His 
Moral  and  Religious  Life,'  Dr.  W.  McDougall. 

—  Royal.  4.30.— 'The  Origin  of  Thermal  lonizition  from  Carbon,' 

Prof.  O.  W.  Richardson  ;  '  The  X-Ray  Spectra  given  by 
Crystals  of  Sulphur  and  Quartz.'  Prof.  W.  H.  Bragg;  'On 
the  Temperature  Variation  of  the  Photo-elastic  Effect  in 
Strained  Glass.'  Prof.  L.  N.  G.  Filon  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 

—  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  8.30.— 'Some  Historic  Styles  of 

Bookmaking,'  Mr.  G.  H.  Palmer. 

Fiu.       Royal  Academy,  4.— 'The  Roman  and  Byzantine  Contribu 
tions  to  Medineval  Art.'  Prof.  E.  S.  Prior. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.— 'The  Testing  of  Materials 

for  Use  in  Engineering  Construction."  Lecture  II.,  Mr. 
E.  W.  Monkhnuse.    (Students'  Meeting.) 

—  Royal  Institution,  9 —'The  Foundations  of  Diplomacy,' Mr. 

H.  Wickham  Steed. 

Sat.      Royal    Institution.    3.— 'Neglected    Musical    Composers:    (2) 
Henry  Bishop,'  Prof.  F.  Corder. 

—  Irish  Literary,  8.— 'Irish  Nationality   and    Gaelic    Genius,' 

Rev.  W.  H.  Drummond. 


Messrs.  Longmans  have  in  the  press 
'  Flying  :  some  Practical  Experiences/  by 
Mr.  Gustav  Hamel  and  Mr.  Charles  C.  Turner. 
Mr.  J.  Elrick  Adler  adds  to  the  book  a 
chapter  on  the  Physiological  and  Medical 
Aspects  of  Aviation,  and  there  will  be  other 
special  contributions,  including  one  by  Mr. 
Marconi  on  Wireless  Telegraphy. 

The  same  firm  also  promise  '  Flight 
without  Formulae  :  Simple  Discussions  on 
the  Mechanics  of  the  Aeroplane,'  by  Com- 
mander Duchene,  translated  by  Mr.  John  H. 
Ledeboer,  the  editor  of  Aeronautics. 

Mr.  C.  S.  Wright  has  been  appointed 
University  Lecturer  at  Cambridge  in  Sur- 
veying and  Cartography.  He  has  had, 
says  The  Cambridge  Review,  considerable 
experience  in  practical  surveying  in  Northern 
Ontario  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  was 
in  the  Antarctic  with  Capt.  Scott  in  charge 
of  the  work  in  physics,  his  reports  of  which 
are  expected  shortly. 


FINE    ARTS 


Francisco  Goya  :  a  Study  of  the  Work  and 
Personality  of  the  Eighteenth  Century 
Spanish  Painter  and  Satirist.  By  Hugh 
Stokes.     (Herbert  Jenkins,  10s.  Qd.  net.) 

Francisco  Goya  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  figures  in  the  history  of  Art. 
He  was  equally  at  home  at  Court  and  in 
the  tavern,  in  his  studio  and  in  the  arena. 
Wherever  he  found  himself,  he  was  keenly 
in  touch  with  the  life  around  him,  watch- 
ing it,  living  it,  and  storing  up  impressions 
which  were  afterwards  to  be  transferred 
to  canvas  or  the  copper.  He  was  im- 
pelled by  a  restless  vitality  :  many  stories 
are  told  of  the  wild  escapades  of  his 
youth  and  of  his  amoristic  adventures. 
At  the  age  of  78  he  made  the  journey 
from  Madrid  to  Paris,  alone  and  stone- 
deaf,  "  to  see  the  world,"  and  he  studied 
the  life  of  the  city  with  all  the  enthusiasm 
of  an  adolescent. 

The  same  astonishing  vitality  is  the  out- 
standing feature  of  his  work.  His  output 
was  enormous.  He  has  left  nearly  600 
paintings,  and  he  etched  250  plates,  and 
we  may  safely  assume  that  an  artist  of 
his  temperament  abandoned  or  destroyed 
as  much  again,  for  he  was  a  confirmed 
experimentalist.  He  never  attained  to  a 
perfect  manipulation  of  oil  paint,  or  even 
to  a  definite  technique  ;  he  was  too  im- 
patient by  nature,  his  interests  were  too 
scattered,  and  impressions  crowded  on  his 
brain  with  too  great  rapidity.  He  grappled 
with  the  problems  before  him  in  the  first 
manner  which  suggested  itself,  and  he 
set  no  limits  to  the  tasks  he  undertook. 
Hence  the  extraordinary  inequalities  in 
his  work.  When  he  succeeds,  he  produces 
a  masterpiece  breathing  life  from  every 
corner  ;  when  he  fails,  it  is  the  failure  of 
an  imperfect  method,  the  failure  of  a  man 
relying  too  much  on  his  genius  and  not 
sufficiently  upon  his  craft. 

Mr.  Hugh  Stokes  has  given  us  a  sym- 
pathetic treatment  of  the  painter's  life. 
Acknowledging  his  indebtedness  to  pre- 
vious biographers,  he  traces  Goya's 
development  throughout  his  long  career. 
Goya  only  arrived  at  his  highest  level  after 
much  groping  in  the  dark.  There  is  as 
much  difference  between  the  earlier  and 
later  tapestry  cartoons  as  between  the 
early  etchings  after  Velasquez  and  '  Los 
Caprichos/  and  his  portraits  show  the 
same  development. 

A  knoAvledge  of  the  life  which  Goya 
saw  around  him,  and  of  the  history  of 
those  troubled  times  in  Spain,  is  necessary 
for  a  full  appreciation  of  his  genius,  and 
Mr.  Stokes  draws  vivid  pictures  of  the 
Courts  of  Charles  III.,  Charles  IV.,  and 
Ferdinand  VII.,  and  points  out  how 
profoundly  the  artist  was  moved  by  the 
horrors  of  war.  He  also  lays  stress 
upon  the  part  played  in  his  life  by  the 
Duchess  of  Alba,  that  grande  passion 
which  came  to  him  at  47.  The  critics 
have  been  inclined  to  deny  Goya  the 
sense     of      beauty,     because      he     often 


sacrificed  it  to  vigour  of  conception  and 
force  of  light  and  shade  ;  but  the 
pictures  painted  from  the  Duchess,  or 
inspired  by  her  memory  —  notably  '  La 
Maja  Vestida  '  and  '  La  Maja  Desnuda,' 
and  in  many  plates  of  '  Los  Caprichos ' — 
show  a  great  feeling  for  delicacy  of  form 
and  grace  of  action.  His  best  work  dates 
from  this  period  :  '  Los  Caprichos  '  were 
produced  immediately  after  the  '"  rup- 
ture," and  they  were  followed  by  his  first 
portraits  and  the  frescoes  in  San  Antonio 
de  la  Florida. 

It  is  difficult  to  define  Mr.  Stoked 
precise  attitude  towards  '  Los  Caprichos.' 
In  the  chapter  devoted  to  a  consideration 
of  these  etchings  he  protests  vigorously 
against  Ruskin's  vandalism  in  destroying 
a  set,  and  he  defends  Goya  against 
Hamerton's  charge  of  coarse -mindedness 
and  vulgarity  ;  but  in  another  part  of 
the  book  (p.  12)  he  tells  us  that  '"it  is 
difficult  to  dismiss  the  feeling  that  some- 
times the  satirist  is  lower  than  the  crea- 
ture he  flays."  He  rightly  discredits  the 
attempts  which  have  been  made  to  read 
personalities  into  the  figures,  but  on  the 
whole  draws  too  little  attention  to  the 
exceptional  quality  of  these  etchings. 

Mr.  Stokes  writes  in  a  bright  and  enter- 
taining style,  and  the  forty-eight  illus- 
trations which  accompany  the  text  are 
extremely  well  reproduced,  affording  a 
satisfactory  suggestion  of  the  master's 
handling  of  paint,  and  characteristic 
use  of  aquatint  in  etching. 


The    Splendid    Wayfaring.     By    Haldane 
Macfall.     (Shnpkin  &  Marshall.) 

The  affectation  and  pomposity  of  Mr. 
Macf all's  method  of  writing  are  likely  to 
prejudice  a  reader  of  a  scientific  turn  of 
mind  against  his  book.  Mr.  Macfall's 
style  is  alternately  reminiscent  of  the 
thundering  of  Carlyle  and  the  conversation 
of  an  Oxford  undergraduate  ;  capital 
letters  abound,  and  '  The  Splendid  Way- 
faring '  is  studded  with  purple  passages, 
epigrams,  and  aphorisms ;  the  chapters 
are  headed  '  Of  Life,'  *  Of  the  Splendour 
of  the  Passions,'  '  Of  Criticism  and  the 
Milk  of  Asses,'  '  Of  the  Mighty  Acreage 
of  the  Garden  of  the  Arts,  and  of  the  Vast 
Significances  that  dwell  therein,'  and  so 
forth;  and  Ave  are  told  that  to  "sense," 
is  "  the  basic  essence  of  the  act  of 
Art."  This  love  of  a  picturesque  phrase 
creates  an  impression  of  dilettantism, 
which  is  increased  by  the  "  precious  " 
appearance  of  the  book,  with  its  red  moire 
binding  and  affected  gold  lettering.  The 
text  is  decorated  by  Mr.  Lovat  Fraser, 
Gauelier  Brzeska,  the  author,  and  Gordon 
Craig,  and  it  is  difficult  to  discover  any 
great  merit  in  these  head-  and  tail-pieces, 
which  seem  to  us  both  pretentious  and 
lacking  in  significance  ;  their  relation  to 
the  text,  indeed,  in  the  majority  of 
instances,  is  far  from  evident.  In  a  work 
which,  the  author  tells  us,  is  intended 
to  be  an  affirmation  of  his  concept  and 
his  faith,  and  "  a  lamp  to  draw  back  to 
the  pursuit  of  vital  things  those  that  stray 
in  futile  and  aimless  wandering  amid  the 


1 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,   1014 


T  II  K     A  r  II  KX  ilUM 


141 


graveyards  where  the  great  and  lesser  dead 
lie  buried,"  we  oould  have  dispensed  with 

a  form  of  decoration   which  never   rises 
above  the  pretty. 

This  impression  of  dilettantism  is  un- 
fortunate, because  Mr.  .Macfall  is  an 
enthusiastic  lover  of  Art  and  a  writer  of 
experience,  and  his  hook,  in  spite  of  its 
bombast  and  its  verbiage,  is  in  reality  a 
spirited  protest  against  those  who  regard 
Art  as  a  luxury  of  the  leisured  classes. 
Art.  he  explains,  far  from  being  only 
this,  is  an  integral  part  of  all  progress, 
whether  of  humanity,  a  nation,  or  an 
individual.  Art  stands  for  an  outlook,  an 
attitude  towards  life.  What  distinguishes 
man  from  the  lower  orders  of  creation 
i*-  his  capacity  of  communion  with  his 
fellows  ;  reasoned  speech  (written  or 
spoken)  is  his  intellectual  means  of 
communion  —  that  is,  his  means  of  con- 
veying his  thoughts  —  and  Art  is  his 
"  sensed  **  means  of  communion,  or 
means  of  conveying  his  feelings  ;  but.  as 
a  thought  does  not  become  a  part  of  life 
until  feeling  has  entered  into  it,  Art  is 
indispensable  to  Science,  and  Progress 
can  only  be  achieved  by  these  two  forces, 
S  nee  and  Art  —  the  one  representing 
the  reasoning  side  of  man,  the  other  his 
passionate  and  sensitive  energies.  Through- 
out the  book  Mr.  Macfall  shows  himself 
in  touch  with  the  more  vital  element  in 
modem  thought,  which  preaches  active  as 
opposed  to  passive  morality:  "It  is  not 
by  his  Thou  Shalt  Nots,  but  by  his  Thou 
Shalts  that  man  reaches  to  the  heights, 
walks  to  fulfilment  of  the  vast  realm  of 
life,  knows  Reality,  and  breathes  nobility"; 
and  Art,  regarded  as  the  expression  of 
man's  "  sensing/'  is  one  continual  ;i  Thou 
Shalt,"  demanding  of  the  artist  at  once 
courage,  concentration,  and  sensibility  in 
the  highest  degree.  This,  then,  if  we  read 
him  rightly,  is  our  author's  message  to  the 
artist  who  halts,  as  every  artist  halts  at 
Mime  moment  in  his  life,  and  asks  himself, 

I-  it  worth  while  ?  "  Mr.  Macfall  tells 
him  that  it  is  well  worth  while,  and  that 
to  those  who  love  the  emotional  life,  to 
Je  who  love  the  sensible  world.  Ait  is 
tin-  only  thing  which  is  really  worth  while  ; 
tor  by  Art  alone,  and  the  love  of  Art,  can 
man  rise  above  the  ape  and  the  lunatic, 
i  continue  on  the  road  to  his  highest 
development. 

Whether  Mr.  Mac-fall's  message,  which 
rily  be  misinterpreted,  is  likely  to 
be  "f  service  to  artists  is,  of  course,  open 
t<>  question.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
artists  have  really  any  need  of  Art  theories. 
Th.    great  artists  have  for  the  most  part 

n  simple  men.  more  concerned  with 
painting  than  with  Art ;  their  work,  apart 
from  it-  craft,  has  been  hut  the  expression 

their  personality  and  their  outlook  ; 
and  artiste  to-daj  continue  to  say  their 
word  to  the  world,  as  artists  have  said  it 
in  the  past,  with  a  supreme  onconscious- 
11'--,  leaving  t<,  the  critic  and  the  Bcholar 
the  task  ot  determining  such  problems 
the  basic  ess  nee  of  the  act  of  Art." 


EXHIBITIONS  OF  MODERN  ETCHINGS. 

M.    BAUXB  is  well  know  n   in   England  both 

as  a  painter  and  etcher,  though  the  no  man's 

land     between     line    work     and     painting    is 

peculiarly  his  own,  and  probably  certain 
tinted  chalk  drawings  represent   turn  at   his 

best.      As    an    etcher    lie    is   often    grandiose, 

delighting  in  the  contrast  between  mammoth 

architect  ere  and  pigmy  crowds.  The  latter 
he  has  a  gift  for  rendering  with  the  sim- 
plicity of  line  which  maintains  the  illusion 

that  they  are  indeed  life-size,  while  at  the 
same  time  he  gives  them  character.  The 
slender  spider's  web  of  line  on  plates  of 
considerable  size,  by  means  of  which  he 
enforces  this  contrast  between  very  small 
and  very  large  entities,  becomes  difficult  to 
manage  when  there  is  any  large  area  of 
shadow  to  be  represented,  and  most  of  his 
greatest  successes  have  depended  on  the 
iiso  of  enormous  spaces  of  bare  wall  flooded 
with  light.  A  Festival  Dag  on  the  Ganges. 
Xo.  30  in  the  exhibition  now  showing  at 
Mr.  Gutekunst's  Gallery,  is  somewhat  of  this 
order,  the  great  flight  of  steps  affording  an 
obvious  means  for  establishing  a  relation 
between  the  figures  at  its  base  in  the  fore- 
ground and  the  buildings  above  it  in  the 
distance.  It  is  an  attractive  plate,  but  not 
quite  of  his  best,  the  figures  being  loose  I  y 
drawn,  and  a  certain  want  of  finesse  in  the 
delineation  of  the  slender  boat  in  the  centre 
of  the  composition  setting  up  an  approxi- 
mate standard  of  form  just  where  precision 
would  have  been  most  valuable.  It  is  much 
better,  however,  than  its  neighbour,  A  Bazaar 
in  Damascus  (29),  with  its  scribble  of  mean- 
inglessly  varied  line.  No.  38,  An  Oriental 
Palace — surely  a  motive  from  the  Alhambra 
— is  the  best  of  the  three  large  plates,  the 
extensive  wall-space  of  pendentives  offering 
just  the  opportunity  for  delicate  rhythmic 
variation  of  similar  forms  which  enables 
the  etcher  to  lay  great  masses  of  mysterious 
shadow,  which  yet  remain  interesting  line. 
In  M.  Bauer's  smaller  plates,  adroit  and  well 
conceived  as  they  are,  we  are  made  to  feel 
how  much  of  their  spaciousness  depends  on 
this  illusion  of  intrinsic  bigness  in  their 
subject-matter,  in  comparison  with  the  scale 
of  form  within  the  compass  of  a  fine  line. 
We  feel  their  reduced  resources  in  this 
respect  as  we  should  not  with  an  artist  who 
secured  spaciousness  by  the  fullness  with 
which  his  command  of  angles  explored  the 
intricacies  of  three  -  dimensioned  space. 
Sophia  (.37 ),  and  The  Indian  Mountains  (42), 
which  closely  resembles  a  painting  of  M. 
Bauer's  of  the  '  Sierras,"  are  the  best  of  these 
smaller  plates. 

M.  A.  D.  van  Angeren,  who  shares  flu- 
gallery  with  M.  Bauer,  is  an  etcher  of  rather 
photographic  vision,  who  has  nevertheless 
the  advantage  of  being  ircc  from  imitation 
of  contemporary  etchers,  so  that  what  little 
impulse  to  design  is  shown  is  at  least  his 
own.  In  The  Mooring-Post  (13)  the  pattern 
afforded  by  the  crests  of  a  surface  of  choppy 
sea  is  well  utilized  with  a  delicate  sense  of 
perspective.  The  ships  in  the  distance  are 
extraneous,  and  add   nothing  to  the  interest 

of   the   design.     The    Garden    (2:5)    is    more 

Complete   as   a   whole,    but    has    not    the   same 

refreshing  virtue  of  bringing  a  new  theme 
within  range  <>i  the  etcher's  needle.  The 
Mill  (1st.  shorn  of  its  sails,  is  another 
creditable  plate. 

At  the  Durer  Gallery  in  Dover  Street  Mr. 
Frederick  Carter  displays  his  facile  inven- 
tion and  dramatic  use  of  violent  effects  of 
light  and  shade.  A  restless  desire  t'>  be 
ational  is  bis  principal  defect,  mid  it 
ma  a  pity  he  could  not  I"-  engaged  in 
designing  posters,  in  which  it  might  become 


a  merit.  Incidentally  we  might  add  that, 
the     introduction    of    lettering    would     be    a 

steadying    influence    of    considerable  value 

on  these  designs.  Lettering  for  this  pur- 
pose  is  as   useful   as  architect  lire,   which   .Mr. 

Carter  indeed  uses,  such  buildings  as  the 
New  Gaiety  and  the  Piccadilly  Hotel  having 

made,  apparently,  considerable  impression 
upon    him.       His   taste,    however,    inclines   to 

tin-  "  Baroque,"  and  he  conceives  of  art  as 
rather  too  exclusively  a.  rhetorical  exercise. 

As    a     school      exercise     after     a     course     ... 

designing  groups  of  cupids  of  the  conven- 
tional order  /.'..  not  regarding  them  as 
children,  but  as  little  figures  without  in- 
dividual character  one  can  conceive  of  a 
student  taking  up  the  figures  of  the  Italian 
comedy,  for  they  offer  a  set  of  provisional 
types  useful  as  an  introduction  to  the  use  of 

character  by  the  designer.     In  drawing  up 

an  academic  syllabus  such  a  course  would  bo 
quite    intelligible,    and     indeed     intelligent* 

Mr.  Carter,  however,  is  inclined  to  linger 
unduly  in   this   phase  of  experiment. 


'AX    INTRODUCTION    TO    ENGLISH 
CHURCH  ARCHITECTURE.' 

I  observe  that  your  reviewer,  in  dealing 
witli  Mr.  Francis  Bond's  book  last  week, 
criticizes  a  list  of  collegiate  churches  which 
it  contains,  and  suLru'ests  the  addition  of 
certain  names  to  the  list.  Hut  (1)  he  has  not 
noticed  that  the  list  refers  only  to  collegiate 
churches,  the  fabrics  of  which  are  still  in 
use,  and  that  Thornton,  the  mediaeval 
church  at  Pleshey,  and  one  or  two  other  of 
his  examples,  are  therefore  excluded  from  it. 

(2)  He  falls  into  the  popular  confusion 
between  collegiate  churches  and  churches 
to  which  corporations  of  chantry  priests 
were  merely  attached.  In  vol.  i.  p.  20  of  his 
book  Mr.  Bond  has  kindly  inserted  and 
acknowledged  a  note  supplied  to  him  by  tho 
present  writi  r,  in  which  caution  against  this 
confusion  is  expressly  <_dven,  and  Clifton 
in  Nottinghamshire — one  of  the  instances 
suggested  by  your  reviewer — is  cited  as  an 
example.  The  college  of  Clifton,  the  licence 
for  the  foundation  of  which  was  granted 
on  October  24th,  1476,  was  a  college  of  a 
warden  and  two  chaplains  in  the  chapel  of 
the  Holy  Trinity  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary, 
Clifton.  The  church  itself  remained  an 
ordinary  parish  church  with  its  own  rector. 

In    other    words,    the    college    was    not     the 

governing  body  of  the  church,  but  an 
independent    corporation   within    the  church. 

The  college  of  Towcester  stood  precisely 
on  the  same  footing. 

A.  Hamilton  Thompson. 

***    It    appears    that    the    list    in    question 

was  supplied  by  Mr.  Thompson.  He  con- 
tends   that     there     is    an     innate     difference 

between  collegiate  churches  and  those  to 
which  corporations  of  chantry  priests  were 
merely  at  i aehcl,  instancing  those  of  Clifton, 
Notts,  and  Towcester  as  belonging  to  the 

lat  In-  class. 

The    reviewer    has     for    years    been     well 
acquainted   with    the  constitutions  of    boil 
chiton   and   Towcester,   and  considers  that 
he  was  thoroughly  justified  in  styling  them 

colleges  in  the  broad  acceptation  <>'  ti am. 

When  the  ••  Victoria  County  1 1  began 

t,,  .-iv  e  its  attent  ion  to  the  reli|  iou  -  hou 
of  the  various    lures,  this  very  question  h 
fully  discussed,  and  it  was  de  ided  t"  term 
them    both  colleges.      Thi       B    torj  '  mas 
surely  be  regarded  a-  authoritative. 

To  th.  i,.   i  ..f  the  reviewer's  remembram 
:,  fair  amount  i  f  the  old  collegiate  church  oi 
JM(  shey  -land    and  i-  in  use  to-day. 


142 


THE     ATI!  KX.EUM 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


Jfiiu   ^.rt   (Gossip. 

No.  15  of  the  Journal  of  the  Imperial 
Arts  League  is  largely  concerned  with  the 
advisability  of  establishing  a  Ministry  of 
Fine  Arts  in  this  country,  a  topic  which 
leads  to  some  interesting  discussion.  We 
learn  that  a  large  and  influential  committee 
is  now  at  work  with  a  view  to  formulating 
a  practical  scheme  for  presentation  to 
Parliament.  Mr.  Wynford  Dewhurst  is 
optimistic  on  the  subject,  and  expects  the 
Minister  in  question  "  before  many  moons 
have  paled."  Mr.  C.  F.  A.  Voysey,  on  the 
other  hand,  thinks  that  State  interference 
will  be  mischievous,  if  not  futile.  Mr.  W.  J. 
Day  deals  faithfully  with  present  tendencies 
in  photography,  regretting  the  methods  of 
''faking"  which  secure  prizes  at  exhibitions. 

The  picture  "  He  that  believeth  and  is 
baptized  shall  be  saved,"  by  Kyrik  Woronoff, 
owing  to  an  accident  to  the  steamer  which  is 
bringing  it  from  Russia,  will  not  arrive 
in  time  for  the  day  fixed  for  the  opening  of 
the  Dore  Galleries.  The  private  view  has 
therefore  been  postponed  till  Monday  next. 

A  rather  interesting  point  is  raised — 
and  settled — by  a  correspondent  in  Wednes- 
day's issue  of  The  Times.  Sir  Charles 
Waldstein,  in  his  lecture  to  the  Royal 
Society  of  Arts  on  Monday  last,  had  seemed 
to  imply  an  opinion  that  death  duties  may 
be  claimed  upon  all  or  any  works  of  art,  an 
opinion  which  even  solicitors  have  been 
found  to  entertain.  But  by  section  20  of 
the  Finance  Act,  1896. 

''such  pictures,  prints,  books,  manuscripts,  works 
of  art,  scientific  collections,  or  other  things  not 
yielding  income  as  appear  to  the  Treasury  to  be  of 
national,  scientific,  or  historic  interest," 

are  to  be  taken  as  constituting  a  separate 
estate,  altogether  exempt  from  taxation. 
The  wording  above  was  found  to  be  in- 
sufficient to  cover  works  of  purely  "  artistic  " 
interest,  and  there  was  inserted  in  the  Finance 
Act  of  1909-10  a  clause  which  definitely 
extended  the  relief  to  them. 

Mr.  Alfred  Wolmark  has  presented 
some  of  his  portraits  of  Shakespearian 
scholars  to  Stratford-on-Avon  Memorial 
Picture  Gallery — Dr.  Furnivall,  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Stopes,  Mr.  Poel,  and  others. 

The  current  Cambridge  Review  points  out 
that  "  for  the  third  time  in  succession  the 
prominent  post  of  Director  of  the  British 
School  of  Athens  has  fallen  to  a  Cambridge 
scholar."  Mr.  A.  J.  B.  Wace,  Fellow  of 
Pembroke,  and  at  present  a  lecturer  in 
St.  Andrews  University,  assisted  his  pre- 
decessors. Prof.  Bosanquet  and  the  retiring 
Director,  Mr.  R.  M.  Dawkins,  in  their 
archaeological  work,  and  his  explorations  in 
Thessaly  and  Macedonia  are  well  known  to 
scholars. 

The  Office  of  Works — acting  by  the 
authority  given  them  by  the  Ancient 
Monuments  Consolidation  and  Amendment 
Act  of  last  year — have  intervened  and  for- 
bidden the  destruction  of  No.  75,  Dean 
Street,  the  Georgian  house,  the  claims  of 
which  to  public  attention  we  set  forth  in  our 
last  issue.  They  have  issued  a  preservation 
order,  the  effect  of  which  is  to  postpone  for 
eighteen  months  any  alteration  or  the 
demolition  of  the  building  pending  a 
decision  as  to  its  fate.  There  seems  to  be 
a  desire  that  it  should  be  allowed  to  remain 
in  private  hands  rather  than  be  converted 
into  a  museum,  as  had  been  at  first  sug- 
gested. We  understand  that  an  order  to 
destroy  the  house  had  been  given  by 
the  local  authorities.  It  is  gratifying  to 
note  the  widespread  interest  that  the  case 
has  aroused — evinced  by  the  stream  of  well- 


pleased  visitors  who  within  the  last  few- 
days  have  satisfied  a  curiosity  of  a  kind 
which  should  certainly  be  fostered. 

The  grave  of  Admiral  Sir  Edward  Whit- 
aker,  whose  skill  and  valour  as  a  leader  in 
the  assault  on  Gibraltar  in  1704  contributed 
largely  to  the  victory,  has  been  rediscovered 
in  Carshalton  Churchyard.  The  "plain,  flat 
stone,  undecorated  by  any  epitaph,"  which 
had  marked  it,  disappeared  in  the  course  of 
"  restorations  "  fifty  years  ago.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  fill  the  west  window  of  the  church 
with  stained  glass  as  a  memorial  of  him. 

The  Vicar  of  Little  Dunmow  sends  us  an 
appeal  for  funds  to  place  in  his  church  a  Fitz- 
walter memorial.  It  is  desired  to  record  the 
services  rendered  to  county  and  country  by 
the  great  family  of  Fitzwalter  (the  heads  of 
which  were  for  three  centuries  Lords  of  the 
Manor  and  patrons  of  the  Priory);  and 
chiefly  by  Robert,  third  Lord,  leader  of  the 
Barons  in  their  struggle  for  constitutional 
liberty  against  King  John.  He  was  buried 
by  the  high  altar  of  the  Priory  church  (long- 
ago  demolished,  except  for  the  south  aisle, 
which  survives  as  the  parish  church),  but 
his  only  record  is  in  the  pages  of  history. 

A  chain  of  authorities  goes  to  prove  that 
the  Barons,  under  his  leadership,  played  no 
merely  selfish  game,  but  claimed  also  for  the 
masses  the  rights  of  constitutional  liberty. 
East  Anglians  will  be  glad  to  recall  the  part 
taken  herein  by  the  Eastern  Counties  through 
Fitzwalter  and  the  Eastern  Barons,  both  at 
Bury  St.  Edmunds  in  1214  and  at  Runni- 
mede  in  1215. 

Donations  may  be  sent  either  to  Messrs. 
Barclays  Bank,  Great  Dunmow,  or  to  Mr. 
Hastings  Worrin,  Bourchiers,  Little  Dun- 
mow, marked  "  Fitzwalter  Memorial."  A 
bronze  or  marble  tablet  in  the  Priory  church 
is  contemplated,  which  will  cost  at  least  50/. 

Messrs.  Longmans  are  publishing  in 
February  '  A  Bibliographical  Catalogue  of 
the  Printed  Works  illustrated  by  George 
Cruikshank,'  by  Mr.  Albert  M.  Cohn. 
This  forms  a  guide  to  the  value  and  nature 
of  all  the  books,  pamphlets,  and  tracts 
illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  and  describes  no 
fewer  than  820  works. 

Mr.  E.  B.  Havell  is  publishing  with 
Mr.  Murray  another  study  of  the  art  of 
India.  This  is  entitled  '  Ancient  and  Medi- 
aeval Architecture,'  and,  following  a  method 
of  classification  different  from  that  now 
accepted  among  Orientals,  carries  the 
history  of  Indian  architecture  down  to  the 
Mohammedan  conquest. 

Mr.  Murray  is  also  publishing  Vols.  III. 
and  IV.  of  Prof.  Baldwin  Brown's  '  The 
Arts  in  Early  England.'  These  new  parts 
are  concerned  with  Anglo-Saxon  art  and 
industry  in  the  Pagan  period.  The  numer- 
ous illustrations  are  founded  on  the  writer's 
own  photographs,  and  the  plates  constitute 
an  attempt  to  provide  a  "  corpus  "  of  the 
types  found  in  Anglo-Saxon  tomb  furniture. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  are  publishing 
next  Thursday  '  Art  and  Common  Sense,' 
by  Mr.  Royal  Cortissoz,  art-editor  of  The 
New  York  Tribune.  The  writer  believes 
that  art  is  not  an  esoteric  mystery,  com- 
prehensible only  to  the  artist  and  the  critic, 
and  his  purpose  is  "  to  test  modern  move- 
ments and  reputations  in  the  light  of  common 
sense. ' ' 

Messrs.  Roger  &  Chernovtz  of  Paris 
announce  that  '  Le  Dictionnaire  Critique 
et  Documentaire  des  Peintres,  Sculpteurs, 
Dessinateurs,  et  Graveurs,'  two  volumes  of 
which  have  already  appeared,  is  satisfactorily 
drawing  towards  completion.  This  encyclo- 
paedia of  the  fine  arts  is  under  the  general 
editorship  of  M.  E.  Benezit. 


MUSIC 


ARNOLD    SCHONBERG    AXD    POST- 
IMPRESSIONISM    IN    MUSIC. 

More  than  a  year  has  passed  since 
Herr  Arnold  Schonberg's  Five  Orchestra) 
Pieces,  Op.  16,  were  produced  by  Sir 
Henry  J.  Wood  at  Queen's  Hall.  They 
were  heard  there  for  the  second  time  last 
Saturday  at  the  Symphony  Concert,  and 
under  the  direction  of  the  composer. 
The  Russian  composer.  Stravinsky,  in  his 
later  works,  follows  lines  of  his  own  in 
harmony ;  moreover,  music  is  surely  not 
the  proper  medium  through  which  his 
peculiar  views  concerning  religion  or 
philosophy  can  be  expressed.  Neverthe- 
less, he  is  mild  in  comparison  with 
Schonberg.  The  latter  has  bidden  fare- 
well to  diatonic  harmony,  while  on  matters 
of  form  and  thematic  development  he  is 
a  law  unto  himself.  Herr  Karl  Linke.  in 
an  essay  on  the  composer,  states  that  the 
"  rubbish  of  centuries  "  must  be  removed 
before  we  can  listen  properly  to  the  com- 
poser's later  works.  Many  would  not  care, 
even  if  it  were  possible,  to  clear  away  that 
rubbish — to  them  the  lines  on  which  Bach, 
Wagner,  Beethoven,  achieved  greatness, 
to  say  nothing  of  other  composers,  are  too 
essential.  For  the  present  Schonberg 
then  is  as  a  voice  crying  in  the 
wilderness. 

The  above  advice  is  from  an  admirer  of 
the  composer,  but  it  evidently  coincides 
with  utterances  by  Schonberg,  showing 
how  he  has  broken  with  the  past.  He  was 
not  always  so  revolutionary.  If  from  the 
beginning  he  had  refused  to  be  bound  by 
any  law,  custom,  or  practice  of  his  pre- 
decessors, we  should  have  felt  that  there 
was  a  spirit  of  independence  in  the  man, 
and  that  time  and  experience  would  tone 
down  his  extravagances.  But  it  was  not 
so.  Last  Thursday  week,  at  the  Music 
Club,  an  early  work  of  his  was  played — 
a  String  Sextet,  in  which  the  rhythmic  life 
and  certain  harmonies  pointed  to  modern 
influences ;  but  there  were  not  a  few 
expressive  passages,  some  of  them  con- 
sisting entirely  of  diatonic  harmonies. 
The  change  has  come  fairly  rapidly.  In  all 
Schonberg  has  composed  about  twenty 
works,  and  he  is  still  under  40  years  of  age. 
His  present  attitude  may  be  only  a  passing 
phase,  and  in  time  he  may  make  pro- 
fitable use  of  some  of  his  interesting 
experiments  in  harmony  and  orchestral 
colour. 

The  composer,  in  his  '  Harmonielehre.' 
has  explained  that  in  composing  he  is 
guided  solely  by  feeling,  and  that  to 
correct  a  sudden  idea  (Einfall)  by  out- 
ward formal  reflection  in  most  cases  spoils 
it.  The  harmonies  also  come  to  him 
with  the  idea.  Where  subconscious  re- 
flection ends  and  conscious  reflection  begins 
with  great  composers  is,  however,  a 
mystery  which  they  themselves  cannot 
unravel. 

We  cannot  as  yet  judge  Schonberg, 
but  can  venture  to  sajr  that  he  has  not  con- 
vinced the  musical  world  that  he  is  the 
coming  man.     There  are  two  duties  for  us 


No.  4500,  Jan.  04.  10U 


Til  E     A  Til  KX.ET  M 


L43 


to  perform  :  one  i>  to  aote  the  admirable 
rendering  of  the  Sextet  by  the  Bngliah 
Quartet  and  two  extra  players  ;  the  other 
to  praise  the  Quern's  Hall  Orchestra  for 
the  care  and  ability  displayed  by  them  in 
wending  their  way  through  what,  to  the 
uninitiated,  seemed  continuous  (Uedalian 
discords.  Schonberg  has  written  his 
pieces  for  a  large  orchestra,  and  the 
uiiiM.  is  very  complicated.  Of  the  five 
numbers  the  second,  depicting  a  pensive, 
plaintive  mood,  was  the  most  satisfactory. 


iHusical   (Sosstp. 

The  concert  of  the  Royal  Philharmonic 
fit  Queen's  Hall  last  Tuesday  was 
chiefly  interesting  for  the  two  novelties 
by  Mr.  Frederick  Delias,  whose  individu- 
ality is  beyond  dispute.  It.  however, 
I  sometimes  seems  as  if  he  were  struggling 
with  [his  thoughts  and  feelings,  so  that 
they  are  not  expressed  in  the  clearest 
possible  manner.  Of  these  two  pieces  that 
cannot  be  said  ;  moreover,  they  are  short 
and  written  for  a  small  orchestra  —  two 
good  qualities.  There  are  times  when  a 
large  orchestra  may  be  wanted,  but  not 
for  these  mood  pictures.  One  is  '  On 
u-ing  the  First  Cuckoo  in  Spring,' 
based  on  a  simple  Norwegian  folk-melody. 
The  cuckoo  notes  are  certainly  heard,  but 
they  are  not  of  chief  importance,  neither 
ring,  which  generally  suggests  cheerful 
music :  but  they  represent  the  composer's 
lings  amidst  such  surroundings.  Some- 
thing similar  could  be  said  about  the  second, 
'Summer  Xight  on  the  River."  The  music 
in  both  is  singularly  delicate.  They  were 
conducted  with  great  care  by  Herr  Mengel- 
Iut_.       \-  yet  we  prefer  the  second. 

.M.  Sapellnikoft  gave  an  excellent  per- 
son.•  of  the  solo  part  of  Rach- 
maninoff's Pianoforte  Concerto  in  c  minor 
(Op.  18).  The  work  may  be  clever;  but 
alike  in  thematic  material  and  treatment  it 
falls  diort  of  inspiration. 

A  DELIGHTFUL  reading  of  Ravel's  Quartet 

was   given  by   the   Parisian   Quartet    at   the 

conc<  ri  of  the  Societe  des  Concerts  Francais 

ay    week    at    Bechstein    Hall.       The 

music    is    certainly    unequal,    but    contains 

i  the  composer's  freshest  and  cleverest 

writing.     Of     two     songs     by     M.     Gabriel 

I  I  ipont,  '  Ophelie,"  the  second,  was  the  more 

tural.     The    programme    contained    also 

two  by  M.   Jean   Cras,   in  which  skill  was 

exhibited    rather    than    emotion.      '  Apaise- 

•      by  the   late   E.   Cbausson,   owes  its 

charm  largely  to  its  spontaneity. 

.   long-talked-of    opera   '  Parisina,'   of 
which    the    poem    is    by    Signor    Gabriele 
\iiimnzio  and  the  music  by  Signor  Mas- 
been    produced    at    Milan. 
/.•   Af<  of  last  Saturday  describes  the 

as  very  fine,  though  quite  unsuitable 
text-book  for  opera,  while  the  music 
i-  said  to  be  completely  lacking  in  inspiration. 
Al    the   second  performance  the  fourth  and 
last   act   was  suppressed, and  many  cuts  were 

made  in  the  previous  ones. 

The  Neue  Bacbgesellschaft  has  organized 
id  Bach  festival,  which  will  be  given 

Vienna  from  the  9th  to  the  11th  of  May, 
under  the  auspices  of  t;  i  ellschaft  der 
Musikfreunde  of  that  city. 

The   death   is   announced   of   Miss    Biar- 
Burney,  daughter  of  the  late  Arch- 
deacon  Burney.      Dr.   Charles    Hurney,    the 
author  of   'The  General  History  of   .Music,' 
who    was    twice    married    and    had    eight 


children,     is     mentioned     as     her     ancestor. 

This  year,  i>\  the  way,  occurs  the  centenary 
of  his  death  (April  li>th.  1814).  Bis 
'General  History  of  Music'  (177(5-80)  is 
still  B  valuable  source  of  information,  al- 
though in  facts  and  dates  many  errors 
ur.  Certain  opinions  of  his  with  regard 
to  contemporary  composers  are  now  obsolete. 

For  example,  alter  praising  Handel  as  "  the 
only  Fughist  exempt  from  pedantry,''  he 
saj  s  : — 

"Sebastian  Bach,  on  the  contrary,  like  Michael 
Angelo  in  painting,  disdained  facility  so  nuicli, 
that  his  ftenius  never  stooped  to  the  easy  and 
graceful.  1  have  never  seen  a  fugue  by  this  learned 
and  powerful  author  upon  a  motive,  that  is 
natural  and  chant  ant  ;  or  even  an  easy  and  obvious 
passage  that  is  not  loaded  with  crude  and  difficult 
accompaniments." 

We  notice  also  the  death  of  Valentine 
Zubiaurre,  a  Spanish  composer  of  consider- 
able note.  He  was  born  at  Garay  in  18)57. 
went  when  young  to  South  America,  and 
on  his  return  studied  at  the  Madrid  Conserva- 
toire under  Eslava.  His  opera  '  Ledia," 
the  last  of  which  we  rind  mention,  was  pro- 
duced at  Madrid  in  1877.  Among  his  other 
works  are  zarzuelas  and  an  oratorio. 


Sis. 
Hon. 

TlKS. 

Wed. 


Thi/i;s. 

Fin. 

Sat. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Concert.  :U0,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 

Sunday  Concert  Society.  3.:iO.  Queen's  Hall. 

London  Symphony  Orchestra,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Geloso  Quartet,  S.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Natalie  Aktzery's  Piano  Recital.  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Adelaide  von  Staveren's  Vocal  Recital.  S.:jO,  ,Eolian  Hall. 

George  Henschel's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

British  Chamber  Music  Players.  S.1E,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Madeline   Royle  "and    Horace    Fellowes's    Piano    and    Violin 

Recital,  8.10.  .Eolian  Hall. 
Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Society.  8.30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Twelve  o'clock  Chamber  Concert,  /Eolian  Hall. 
Victor  Benham'B  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Symphony  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


"THE    QUEEN'S    PLAYERS"    IX    1636. 

Dramatic  records  of  Henry  VIII.  's 
reign  are  very  scarce,  and  therefore  it  may 
be  of  interest  to  some  students  to  have  the 
text  of  a  little  Chancery  suit  to  which  I  was 
guided  through  the  studies  of  Mr.  J.  S. 
Young.  It  is  undated  by  the  scribe,  but 
a  proximate  date  may  be  reckoned.  The 
appeal  was  addressed  to  "  Sir  Thomas 
Awdley,"  who  was  appointed  Chancellor  in 
1533,  and  he  was  made  Lord  Audley  of 
Walden,  November  29th,  1538.  The  com- 
plaint states  that  the  company  were  Queen 
Jane's  players,  "  late  her  servants."  As  she 
was  only  married  in  dune,  1536,  and  as  the 
cause  of  the  dispute  was  referred  back  to 
"a  year  and  three  quarters  past,"  and  she 
died  in  1537,  the  complaint  must  have  been 
brought  just  before  the  Chancellor  was 
ennobled  in  1538. 

The  document  does  not  tell  us  much.  It 
only  L'ives  the  names  of  the  chief  members 
of  the  company  a-  .John  Young,  David 
Sotheme,  and  John  Mountfield  (names  that 

appear    in    the    Lord   Chamberlain's    hooks); 

and   shows  that    they   had    been   travelling 

professionally  in    "the    northern   pari-."  and 

came  to  trouble  over  their  packhorse. 

The   only    earlier   notice   of    •"  the    Queen's 

company"  was  in  1532,  when  it  must  have 

been      Queen      Kat  herine  s,      whose      waning 
power    may    have   account'-d    for    the    trifling 

reward  al  Oxford  "given  to  her  players  by 
the    President's  orders,"    viz.   12'/.      (K.   K. 

Chambers,  ji.   249). 

Early  Chancery  Proceedings   Uncalendared. 

(Bundle  931,  II.  S\,  no  date  given.) 

To  Bra  Thomas   \u  i.i.i.v,  LOBD  <  ii  \m  i.i.i.ok. 

In  most  bumble  wise  shewetta  unto  your  goods 

Lordshippe  your  daylj  orator  John  Yonge  mercer, 

thai    whereas    he    with    one    John    Slye,    David 

Sotheme,  and  .1  •  •  I  ■  n  Uounfleld,  late  servants  onto 

the  most  gracious  Queene  Jane,  aboughl  a  yere 


and  :i  quarters  past,  to  thentenl  for  the  farther 
Increase  of  lyvinge  ti>  travail  into  the  north  partes 
in  exercising  thelre  osuall  testes  of  playinge  In 
Interludes,  be  your  said  orator,  with  his  other 
companions  aforesaid,  hyred  a  gelding  of  oon 
Randolphe  Starkey  to  bears  there  playing  gar- 
ments, paying  for  the  use  of  the  same  gelding 
twentj  pence  weeklej  till  there  comyng  bomi 
ageyne.  at  which  time  the  said  StarkoyweU  and 
truly  promyBed  to  your  said  orator  and  other 
his  saiil  companions  that  the  said  gelding  should 
be   goode,   and   able   to   performe   there   journej 

w  here  of  t  roul  be  t  be  > geldinge  was  defect  y\  e, 

and  Bkarsly  servyed  them  in  there  said  journey, 
by  (lie  space  of  four  wekes,  by  occasion  whereof 
your  said  orator,  with  other  bis  said  companyons, 
Busteyned  meat  damadge,  as  may  evidently 
appere  to  all  thai  have  experience  in  such  travaylee 
and  affayres.  Lgeynsl  whom  they  ran  attayne 
small  redreaa onles  they shuld  leve  other  their  more 
necessary  affayers  to  be  undoon,  yel  nevertheless 
the  said  Starkey,  intending  to  have  mere  for  the 
hyer  of  the  said  geldinge  then  of  equitie  is  due, 
And  also  to  charge  your  said  orator  <>f  the  hoolle 
hyer,  where  of  trought  he  made  his  bargayne 
and  receyved  ernesl  for  the  hyer  of  the  said 
geldinge,  as  well  of  thothcr  thre  aforenamed  as 
of    your    said    orator.     Be    late    commenced    a 

playnt    of  del    uppon   the  deinandc  of  twenty-foUT 

shillings  only  agaynst  your  said  orator  before  the 
Sheriffes  of  London,  who  uppon  the  same  caused 
hym  to  be  arrested,  in  which  accion  he  declared 
upon  a  graunte  <>f  payment  of  forty  shillings  for 
th«'  said  geldinge  to  be  made  l>y  yor  said  oratoi 
sole,  whereof  he  affyrmed  hymself  to  be 
.satisfied  of  sixteen  shillings,  wherewith  yor  said 
orator,  having  no  lerned  councill,  pleaded  thai 
he  owed  him  nothinge,  &c...In  which  Accyon 
your  said  Orator  is  nowe  lyke  to  be  condempned 
onles  yor  goode  Lordshippes  lefful  favour  be  to 
hym  shewed  in  this  behalf.  In  consideration 
wherenf  it  may  please  the  same  to  graunte  a 
writ  of  Cerciorari  to  be  directed  unto  the  Lord 
Mayor  and  Sherevez  of  London  commandinge 
theym     by    the    same     to    remove    the    tenor    and 

cause  of  youre  saide  orator's  arrest  before  youi 
Lordship  in  the  King's  Highe  ('(ante  of  the 
Chancery  at  a  certaine  daye  by  your  gracious 
Lordship  to   he   lymytted,  to   thentenl   the  cyr- 

cumstances  thereof  may<  he  by  your  said. 
Lordeship  examined  and  ordered  according  to 
equytie  and  good  conscience.  And  your  said 
orator  shall  ever  more  praye  to  God  for  the  pros- 
perous preservation  of  your  goode  Lordship  in 
Honor.  Atky\s  (attorney  I. 

Further  papers  concerning  this  suit  do 
not  seem  to  have  been  preserved.  But  it 
gives  the  earliest  picture  yet  known  of  "  the 
glorious  vagabonds  who  erstwhile  carried 
fardels  on  their  backs  under  the  Que.  q  a 
licence." 

Charlotte  C'armichakl  Stopes. 


Dramatic   (Sossip. 

The  revival  of  •The  Darling  of  the  Gods  ' 
at  His  Majesty's  Theatre  [asl  week  afforded  a 

series  of  .spectacles  in    the   five  acts  and    ten 

scenes  which  are  calculated  to  impress  the 

public.       Reality     and      common     sense     ,u, 

throughout  sacrificed  to  spectacular  display, 
and.  as  the  drama  itself,  though  interesting, 
is  entirely  unconvincing,  this  should  '_ri\e 
little  cause  for  regret.  In  two  or  three  of 
the  seen.-,  however,  dramatic  incidents  lose 
force,  and  become  almost  ludicrous,  cum- 
to  this  overstraining  after  effect.  At  the 
ruined  shrine,  for  instance,  where  the  [asl 
ten  of    the  Samurai  are  suddenly  aware  thai 

they  are  surrounded  by  enemies,  Literally  w  ith- 
in  speaking  distance,  the  farewell  spe* 
,m<l  salutes  are  drawn  out  to  such  length  that, 
one  imagines,  some  hot-headed  soldier  in 
the  audience,  losing  all  patience,  will  one 
day  jump  on  to  the  stage  to  lead  these 
men  <>f  words  into  action.  Sir  Herbert 
Tree's  portrayal  <>i  tie-  h  ilf-comic, 
wholly  repulsive  Zakkuri  was  clever.  Bliss 
Mane  Lohr  a-  Yb-San  was  charming  in  lar 
love  scene,,  and  Mi--  Lucj  Wilson  as 
Rosy  Sky,  the  unfortunate  geisha,  was 
effeel  i\  e. 

\\  i.  .  onfes    i"  a  distinct  sense  of  wearied 
disappointment  with  the  debate  on  mira 

held      oil       Monday      at       the       Little      The,,' 


144 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4000,  Jan.  24,  1914 


As  Mr.  Chesterton  seemed  to  suggest  in  his 
summing-up,  little  progress  had  been  made 
in  the  fruitful  and  difficult  subject  by  the 
end  of  the  various  speeches,  and  our  personal 
beliefs  suffered  no  change  by  the  wit  or 
reasoning  of  the  opposing  arguments.  If 
we  did  not  entirely  agree  with  Mr.  Chester- 
ton's ideas,  we  at  least  were  satisfied  with 
his  definition  of  a  miracle  as  such  a  departure 
from  the  natural  course  as  argues  an  in- 
telligent force  behind  things.  The  matter 
was  seriously  considered  by  most  of  the 
■debaters,  and  we  had  earnest  and  thoughtful 
speeches  from  Dr.  Warschauer  of  Bradford 
and  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc.  There  was  a 
relatively  small  amount  of  humour  to  a 
superabundance  of  cheap  wit.  The  pro- 
mising hints  thrown  out  by  Mr.  Sinnett  of 
his  personal  experiences  in  spiritual  things 
were,  owing  to  lack  of  time,  unfortunately 
withheld  from  vis — a  fault  which  could  easily 
have  been  remedied  by  a  less  unpunctual 
beginning  ;  while  the  no  less  tantalizing 
promise  that  Mr.  Chesterton  would  meet  "  all 
corners  "  was  also  broken  for  the  same 
reason. 

Five  one-act  plays  were  produced  on 
Wednesday  at  the  London  Pavilion  by  Mr. 
Shaun  Desmond — '  Turkish  Delight,'  by 
Emily  Londonsack  ;  '  A  Temporary  Engage- 
ment,' by  Hylda  M.  Robins  ;  '  Cigars,'  by 
Florence  E.  Eastwick  ;  '  The  Question  Is — ,' 
by  Mr.  Charles  Beatty  ;  and  '  The  Burglar,' 
by  Mr.  Cecil  D.  G.  Franklin.  None  of  them 
proved  a  real  contribution  to  dramatic 
literature. 

Next  Wednesday  Mr.  Kenelm  Foss  will 
produce  at  the  little  Theatre  a  new  piece 
by  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  entitled  '  The  Music 
(  ure,'  which  will  be  played  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Chesterton's  '  Magic'  The 
principal  part,  that  of  a  professional  pianist, 
will  be  taken  by  Miss  Madge  Mcintosh. 
In  '  Magic  '  Mr.  E.  Harcourt  Williams  will 
take  the  place  of  Mr.  Franklin  Dyall,  who  is 
relinquishing  his  part  owing  to  another 
engagement. 

Mr.  Seymour  Hicks  and  Miss  Ellaline 
Terriss  are  taking  the  leading  parts  in  Mr. 
George  M.  Cohan's  four-act  farce  '  Broad- 
way Jones,'  which  will  be  produced  at  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre  on  Tuesday, 
February  3rd. 

Matinees  will  be  given  on  Tuesday  and 
Wednesday  in  next  week,  at  the  Court 
Theatre,  of  two  children's  fairy  plays — 
'  Meg,  the  Match  Girl,'  by  Myrtle  S.  Jackson, 
and  '  Bob-over-the-Wall,'  by  Dorothy  L. 
Sulman.  The  receipts  will  go  to  the  main- 
tenance of  the  Women  and  Children's 
Homes,  Duxhurst,  Reigate. 

Mr.  Arthur  Chudleigh  will  revive  Mr. 
C.  Haddon  Chambers's  '  The  Tyranny  of 
Tears  '  at  the  Comedy  on  Thursday,  Feb- 
ruary 5th. 

Another  revival  is  due  early  in  March 
at  the  Globe  Theatre,  where  Mr.  Oscar 
Asche  and  Miss  Lily  Brayton  will  mark 
their  return  to  London  by  producing 
'  Kismet.' 

Miss  Jeannette  Sherwin,  daughter  of 
Madame  Amy  Sherwin,  who  has  achieved 
considerable  success  as  a  reciter,  has  been 
engaged  to  play  the  part  of  Hecuba  in  '  The 
Trojan  Women  '  of  Euripides  for  the 
People's  Free  Theatre  for  Poetic  Drama. 
The  play  will  be  produced  at  the  Docks 
Theatre,  Canning  Town,  on  February  6th, 
and  will  be  staged  for  twelve  nights. 

Mr.  Granville  Barker  and  Miss  Lillah 
McCarthy" s  repertory  season  at  the  Savoy 
comes  to  an  end  this  week.  The  theatre 
will  reopen  next  Friday  with  '  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream.' 


Mr.  Laurence  Irving  and  Miss  Mabel 
HACKNEY  start  their  Canadian  tour  at 
Montreal  on  February  9th,  their  repertory 
consisting  of  four  plays  '  Typhoon,'  '  The 
Unwritten  Law,'  '  The  Lily,'  and  '  The 
Importance  of  Being  Earnest,'  this  last  by 
arrangement  with  Sir  George  Alexander. 
Mr.  Irving  intends  on  his  return  to  produce 
Herman  Bahr's  comedy  '  Bonaparte.' 

Keble  Howard  has  arranged  a  second 
repertory  season  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Croy- 
don, beginning  on  March  9th.  It  is  believed 
that  he  is  relying  chiefly  on  English  comedy. 

The  annual  dinner  of  the  Incorporated 
Stage  Society  will  be  held  next  Sunday  week 
at  the  Trocadero,  when  the  chair  is  to  be 
taken  by  Sir  Sydney  Olivier.  The  speakers 
will  include  Her  Highness  the  Ranee  of 
Sarawak  and  Mr.  George  Moore.  Applications 
for  tickets  (7s.  6d.  each)  should  be  addressed 
to  Mr.  Allan  Wade,  36,  Southampton  Street, 
Strand,  W.C.  The  next  production  of  the 
Society  will  consist  of  two  plays  by  Anatole 
France — '  Au  Petit  Bonheur  '  and  '  Comedy 
of  the  Man  who  married  a  Dumb  Wife.' 
Mr.  Ashley  Dukes  is  responsible  for  both 
translations. 

The  February  number  of  The  Century 
Magazine  will  contain  an  article  by  Sir  J. 
Forbes-Robertson  called  '  The  Theatre  of 
Yesterday,  To-day,  and  To-morrow.'  Sir 
Johnston  writes  hopefully,  and  seems  to  us  to 
have  all  the  more  right  to  be  heard  from  the 
fact  that,  as  he  tells  us,  this  is  positively  his 
first  contribution  to  any  magazine. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  decease  of  Mr. 
Richard  Green,  who  met  with  a  tragic 
death  on  the  London  and  South-Western 
Railway  at  Surbiton  yesterday  week.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  Mr.  Green  was  associated 
for  some  years  with  the  Gilbert  and  Sullivan 
company,  and  also  appeared  in  several 
productions  at  the  Opera  Comique. 

Mr.  John  Waters  Boughton,  managing 
director  of  the  Portsmouth  Theatres  Com- 
pany, died  suddenly  last  Sunday  morning. 
He  was  well  known  to  the  leading  members 
of  the  profession  in  London,  many  of  whom 
appeared  at  the  Portsmouth  Theatre  Royal 
during  his  management. 

Madame  Sarah  Bernhardt  has  been 
appointed  Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur. 
This  has  been  a  long-expected  recognition 
of  the  numerous  services  she  has  rendered 
to  French  dramatic  art. 

An  adaptation  of  Marlowe's  '  Faustus 
will  shortly  be  produced  at  the  Theatre  des 
Arts  in  Paris.  It  is  also  possible  that,  later, 
performances  of  the  same  author's  '  Edward 
II.'  may  be  given  at  the  same  theatre. 


To   Correspondents.  —  E.  C.  H.  —  S.  H.  —  J.  C.  C— 

Received. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
ppearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 

PAGE 

Authors'  Agents        118 

Ca^sell  &  Co.  148 

Catalogues         118 

Educational       117 

Exhibitions  H7 

Kakmkk 120 

Francis  &  Co _        ..        ..  119 

Hkinrmann  119 

Insurance  Companies ...  147 

Lecture 117 

Mac  MU.I.4N  &  Co 120 

Methuen  A  Co.  145 

Metropolitan  Art  Association 118 

Miscellaneous  117 

Printers  118 

Sales  by  Auction       118 

Shipping 147 

Situations  Vacant      „        117 

Times  Book  Club         118 

Type-Writers,  <fec 117 


The  First    New 
Novels   of    1914 

Messrs.  JOHN  LONG  have  now 
commenced  the  publication  of 
their  New  Novels  for  1914,  and 
the  following  are  the  first  eight. 
NOW  READY  at  all  Libraries. 

By  Edmund  Bosanquet,  Author  of  '  A  Society 
Mother.' 

MARY'S  MARRIAGE  6- 


By  James  Blyth,  Author  of  'Rubina,'  <fcc. 

FAITH  AND  UNFAITH  6/- 

By  Ellen  Ada  Smith,  Author  of  'The  Only 
Prison.' 

THE  PRICE  OF  CONQUEST    6  - 

By  Olivia  Ramsey,  Author  of  '  A  Girl  of  No 
Importance.' 

CALLISTA  IN  REVOLT  6- 

By  Fred  Whishaw,  Author  of  '  Nathalia.' 

A  BESPOKEN  BRIDE  6  - 

By  Alice  M.  Diehl,  Author  of  '  Incomparable 
Joan.' 

FROM  PILLAR  TO  POST         6/- 

By  Anne   Weaver,    Author   of  'The    Com- 
promising of  Jane.' 

THIN  ICE  6/- 

By   Florence    Warden,    Author   of    '  Love's 
Sentinel.' 

WHY  SHE  LEFT  HIM  6  - 


Messrs.  JOHN  LONG  have  commenced  the  publica- 
tion of  the  following  important  New  Works: 

THE  BONDS  OF  AFRICA: 

Impressions  of  Travel  and  Sport  from  Cape 
Town  to  Cairo,  1902-12. 

By  OWEN  LETCHER,  Author  of  'Big  Game  Hunting 
in  North-Eastern  Rhodesia.'  With  50 Illustrations  from 
Photographs  and  a  Map.     Demy  8vo,  12*  6d.  net. 

[Now  Ri'ad'i. 

THE  PURPOSE : 

Reflections  and  Digressions. 

By  HUBERT  WALES,  Author  of  'The  Spinster,'  '  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Villiers,'  &c.  With  Portrait  of  Author  in 
Photogravure.     Crown  8vo,  5s  net.  [Noie  Ready. 

OSCAR  WILDE  AND  MYSELF 

By  Lord  ALFRED  DOUGLAS.  With  Portraits  and 
Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net.  [Shortly. 

BELGIUM,  HER  KINGS, 
KINGDOM,  AND  PEOPLE 

By  JOHN  DE  COURCY  MACDONNELL.  Eully 
Illustrated.     Demy  Svo,  15s.  net. 

MADAME  DU  BARRY 

By  EDMOND  and  JULES  DE  GONCOURT.  Willi 
Photogravure  and  many  Portraits.  Demy  8vo,  12s.  6i/. 
net. 

HOUNDS 

By      FR*NK     TOWNEND     BARTON,    M.Ii.C.V.S. 

With  37  Illustrations.    Crown  Svo.  5s.  net 

JOHN  LONG,  Ltd., 
12,  13,    14,  Norris  Street,    Haymtnket,   London. 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24.   1914 


THE     A  Til  EN  .KlT  M 


14. 


Messrs.  MethuetV  s  Spring  Announcements 


GENERAL  LITERATURE 

By  Arnold  Bennett.    A  New 


THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  AN  AUTHOR. 

Edition.     Fcap  Svo,  gilt  top, 

THE  FIRST  PART  OF  HENRY  IV. 

Svo,  8*.  Oil.  net 


AS   YOU    LIKE   IT. 

net. 


Edited  l»y  R.  P.  Cowl.     Demy 

I A  rden  Shakespeare. 

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|  Arden  Shakespeare. 

AT  OXFORD,  and  Other  Poems.  By  B.  W.  Henderson,  Author 
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BURY.  M.A.  Litt.D.,  Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History  at  Cambridge.  In  7 
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T  IT  E     A  T  H  E  N  JR  U  M 


Xo.  4.')0(),  Jan.   24,   1914 


From    its    foundation    in     1849, 

NOTES    AND    QUERIES 

Has  devoted  much  space  to  the  tracing  of  familiar   or   half>remembered   lines 

of   Poetry,  and  during  its  existence  of  more  than  Sixty  Years  it  has  been    the 

means  of  identifying  the  writers  of  some  thousands  of  such  lines. 

In  the  TENTH  SERIES  (complete  in  Twelve  Volumes,  January,  1904, 
to  December,  1909,  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume  with  Index  ;  General  Index  to  the 
Twelve  Volumes,   10s.  6d.)  will  be  found  Articles  discussing,  and  in  the  great 

majority  of  cases  tracing  to  their  author,  the  following 

QUOTATIONS. 


A  pagan  suckled  in  a  creed  outworn 

A  rose-red  city  half  as  old  as  Time 

A  woman,  a  spaniel,  and  a  walnut  tree 

An  Austrian  army  awfully  arrayed 

An  open  foe  may  prove  a  curse 

And  the  dawn  comes  up  like  thunder 

As  if  some  lesser  God  had  made  the  world 

Attain  the  unattainable 

Behold  this  ruin  !   'twas  a  skull 

Better  an  old  man's  darling 

Black  is  the  raven,  black  is  the  rook 

Born  of  butchers,  but  of  bishops  bred 

Build  a  bridge  of  gold 

But  for  the  grace  of  God  there  goes  John 

Bradford 
But  when  shall  we  lay  the  ghost  of  the 

brute  ? 
Could  a  man  be  secure 
Do  the  work  that 's  nearest 
Dutton  slew  Dutton 
Ego  sum  Rex  Romanus  et  supra  gram- 

maticam 
Equal  to  either  fate 
Even  the  gods  cannot  alter  the*  past 
Fair  Eve  knelt  close  to  the  guarded  gate 
Fighting  like  devils  for  conciliation 
From  what  small  causes  great  events  do 

spring 
Genius  is  a  promontory  jutting  out  into 

the  infinite 
God  called  up  from  dreams 
Great  fleas  have  little  fleas 
Habacuc  est  capable  de  tout 
He  who  knows  not,  and  knows  that  he 

knows  not 
Hempseed  I  sow 


I  counted  two-and-seventy  stenches 
I  shall  pass  through  this  world  but  once 
Idols  of  the  market-place 
If  lusty  love  should  go  in  search  of  beauty 
In  marriage  are  two  happy  things  allowed 
In  matters  of  commerce  the  fault  of  the 

Dutch 
Is  he  gone  to  a  land  of  no  laughter  ? 
La  vie  est  vaine 

L'amour  est  l'histoire  de  la  vie  des  femmes 
Les  beaux  esprits  se  rencontrent 
Love  in  phantastick  triumph  sat 
Mr.  Pillblister  and  Betsy  his  sister 
Mon  verre  n'est  pas  grand,  mais  je  bois 

dans  mon  verre 
Music  of  the  spheres 
Needles  and  pins,  needles  and  pins 
Nor  think  the  doom  of  man  reversed  for 

thee 
0  for  a  booke  and  a  shadie  nooke  ! 
Oh  tell  me  whence  Love  cometh 
On  entre,  on  crie 

Pay  all  their  debts  with  the  roll  of  his  drum 
Pearls  cannot  equal  the  whiteness  of  his 

teeth 
Pitt  had  a  great  future  behind  him 
Plus  je  connais  les  homines 
Popery,  t}Tanny,  and  wooden  shoes 
Praises  let  Britons  sing 
Prefaces  to  books  are  like  signs  to  public- 
houses 
Quam  nihil  ad  genium 
Quoth  William  Penn  to  Martyr  Charles 
Still  likb  the  hindmost  chariot  wheel  is 

cursed 
Swayed  by  every  wind  that  blows 


The  East  bowed  low  before  the  blast 

The  farmers  of  Aylesbury  gathered  to  dine 

The  hand  that  rocks  the  cradle 

The  heart  two  chambers  hath 

The  King  of  France  and  forty  thousand 

men 
The  toad  beneath  the  harrow  knows 
The  virtue  lies  in  the  struggle 
The  world  's  a  bubble 
There  are  only  two  secrets  a  man  cannot 

keep 
There  is  a  lady  sweet  and  kind 
There  is  a  sweetness  in  autumnal  days 
There  is  on  earth  a  yet  auguster  thing 
There  is  so  much  good  in  the  worst  of  us 
These  are  the  Britons,  a  barbarous  race 
They  say  that  war  is  hell,  a  thing  accurst 
This  too  shall  pass  away 
Though  lost  to  sight,  to  memory  dear 
Tire  le  rideau,  la  farce  est  jouee 
To  see  the  children  sporting  on  the  shore 
Two  men  look  out  through  the  same  bars 
Two  shall   be   born  a  whole  wide  world 

apart 
Upon  the  hills  of  Breedon 
Vivit  post  funera  virtus 
Walking  in  style  by  the  banks  of  the  Nile 
Warm  summer  sun,  shine  friendly  here 
What  dire   offence  from  am'rous  causes 

springs ! 
Wherever  God  erects  a  house  of  pra}Ter 
With  equal  good  nature,  good  grace,  and 

good  looks 
Write   me   as   one  who   loves  his  fellow- 
men 
Ye  shepherds,  tell  me  !    Have  you  seen 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES: 


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No.  4500.  Jan.  24,   1914 


Til  E     A  Til  KX.KTM 


147 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


dipping. 


THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (January  24)    CONTAINS— 

KOTES : — Robert  Baron,  Author  of  'Mirza' — A  Justification  of  King  John  — Statues  and  Memorials 
in  the  British  Isles — Sale  of  Pitt  House  — Irish  Family  Histories — "  Memmian  naphtha-pits"  in 
Tennyson. 

QUERIES:— "Bay"  and  "Tray  "—"  Tree-ball"— 'The  Shepherdess  of  the  Alps '—"  Loveless  as  an 
Irishman-' — Old  City  Kite-Books  Old  Pewter — '  The  Autobiography  of  a  Dissenting  Minister' 
— Thomas  Cocking -Heraldry  of  Lichfield  Cathedral— Anno  Domini— Jan  YVeenix—  The 
Duchess  of  Cordon's  Recruiting  Kiss — Cherubini  and  the  Military  Salute — Trade  Cuilds  as 
Genera]  Refuges  Human  Fat  as  a  Medicine — "Maggs" — Biographical  Information  Wanted  — 
Wiokham — The  Cuilds  and  their  Critics — Jamaica  :  Stevens  and  Read  Families— Shilleto  — Mr. 
Dwjght  of  the  Treasury  Office. 

REPLIES: — The  Wearing  of  Swords  — Greek  Typography — The  Second  Folio  Shakespeare — Jules 
Verne — Parishes  in  Two  or  More  Counties— Words  and  Phrases  in  '  Lorna  Doone ' — Jeffreys 
Family  of  Dorset— The  Wild  Huntsman — Ancient  Views  and  Treatment  of  Insanity — Personal 
Names  in  India  and  in  Iran — Christmas  Eve — Lost  Portrait  of  George  Washington — Cods  in 
Egypt — Lists  of  Bishops  and  Deans  in  Cathedrals — "  S.S." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :-The  Oxford  Dictionary— '  The  Edinburgh  Review'— 'The  Antiquary.' 


LAST   WEEK'S    NUMBER    (January  17)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES :— William  III.  and  the  Elector  of  Brandenburgh— Robert  Baron,  Author  of  'Mirza'— 
Inscriptions  in  Holy  Trinity  Churchyard,  Shaftesbury — Termination  " -ile  " — County  of 
Cloucester  :  Philip  Jones — Cricket  in  1773 — W.  Parsons:  Life  or  Horse  Guards — W.  Upcott 
and  '  The  Anti-Jacobin'  —  ''Lunettes  d'approche  " — Suspension  of  Newspaper  Publication  on 
Christmas  Day. 

QUERIES  : — Dido's  Purchase  of  Land — Fatima's  Hand — Sundial  Inscription — Lock,  Fanny  Burney's 
Friend — Locke  Family — Dr.  Dundey— '  Nollekens  and  his  Times '—Sir  G.  White — Voltaire  on 
the  Jews — 'Jock  Elliot' — Sir  C.  Hamilton — Gilbert  Family — Rule  of  Succession  — Middlesex 
Painted  Class— Fire- Walking — Pictures  with  "  Broken-Class  "  Effects— T.  Tayler,  Modeller  in 
Wax — "Dowle"  Chamber — Damant — Author  Wanted— Buckeridge  Street — Ilfracombe — Coffin- 
shaped  Chapels— York  House,  Whitehall—  Droitwich  Church  Plate — The  Sabbath  in  Abyssinia  — 
Burr  Street— Swedish  Ambassador. 

REPLIES: — Humorous  Stories — "Beau-pcre" — Colour  of  Liveries—  "  Rucksack  " — R.  Grey — Sir 
John  Langham — Kester  mel  way — Agnes  Crophall,  Lady  Devereux — Cottington  —  "Barring- 
out  " — The  Great  Eastern — Douglas  Epitaph  in  Bohemia — Capt.  J.  Warde — Richard  Andrewes — 
Duplicate  Marriage — Military  Coloured  Print — Hamlett,  Profile  Artist — Picture-Cards — 
"  Dilling" — Authors  of  (Quotations  Wanted — Capt.  Woodes  Rogers— Anthony  Munday — G.  F. 
Raym  ond — Pyrothonide— Old  London  Streets — Badge  of  the  6th  Foot  — Dickens  in  London. 

»  I TES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  London  in  English  Literature  '—'John  Evelyn  in  Naples.' 
OBITUARY  :-W.  E.  A.  Axon,  LL.D. 


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Tbe  Ath«D«um  Offlco  Br»ni »  BulWin«i.  Cluioccrj  Uii'    I.         ■    I 


148 


T  H  E     ATHENE  U M 


No.  4500,  Jan.  24,  1914 


Vhe  2{ouse  of  Cassell  publish  next  week 

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Great  Work  I 

Imperial  Germany 

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H.  Rider  Haggard 

Adventure,  mystery,  but  under  entirely  different  con- 
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has  passion,  pathos,  humour — all,  indeed,  that  goes  to 
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(Established  IS 
J4,  Bedford  Street.  Strand.  Telephone,  7021  Gerrard. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  1  Si  m.  REGENT  STREET.  W..  English  and 
-n  epreraean,  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones  Com- 
panions. Se'-reunei.  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad 
Schools I  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information  gratis 
on  application  personal  or  by  letter',  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours.  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.    Tel.  Regent  3627. 

STAMMERIN  G. 
"The  Beasler  Treatment."-This  Book,  giving  the  experience  of 
ooe  who  cured  himself  after  40  Tears'  suffering,  sent  post  free  on 
application  to  the  Author,  his  colleague  for  30  years,  W.  J.  KETLEY, 
Tarrangower.  Willesden  Lane,  Brondesbury.  N.W. 


Situations  Uarant. 

SOUTHLANDS      TRAINING      COLLEGE, 

►J  BATTER8EA. 

WANTED,  a  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  above  College,  to 
commence  duties  on  AUGUST  1— Candidates,  who  must  tie  Members 
of  the  We«ley*n  Methodist  Church,  should  apply  for  particulars  and 
form  of  application  to  the  Rev  ENOCH  SALT,  Westminster  Training 
College.  130.  Horieferry  Road.  London,  8.  W. 


W 


0  0  D  H  0  U  S  E      GROVE      SCHOOL, 

NEAR  LBBDfl 

WANTED,  a  resident  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School,  to 
comn.  -     If  |,ossllile.  on   MAY  1.      Minimum  nalary  tftt.— 

Can  li  late*,  who  must  be  Wesleyan  Methodists  and  Graduates  of  a 
British  University,  should  apply  for  full  particulars  and  form  of 
application  to  the  Bar.  KNocH  HALT.  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Management  for  We»leyan  Secondary  Schools.  1 10,  Uorseferry  Road, 
Westminster.  Lohdon,  s.  W. 


TUTORS  REQUIRED  for  CORRESPOND- 
ENCE COLLEGE.  Commercial.  Civil  Service,  and  Professional 
Examinations.  Highest  qualifications  essential  —Fullest  particulars, 
including  past  experience  in  similar  work  (if  any),  to  Box  -•u-i-"'. 
Atbemeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  EC. 

ALRESFORD,  HANTS. 

PERIN'S    GRAMMAR    8CHOOL. 

A  HEAD  MASTER  is  REQUIRED  for  this  School,  to  commence 
work  after  the  Spring  Term.  He  must  be  a  University  Graduate. 
Science  Degree  important. 

The  School  is  a  co- Educational  Endowed  School  containing 
87  Pupils,  mostly  Day  Pupils. 

The  salary  is  1(101.  per  annum,  together  with  excellent  house  and 
Capitation  Fees,  which  bring  in  at  present  100!.  a  year. 

1  he  Head  Master  will  have  the  privilege  of  taking  Boarders. 

Applications  should  be  sent  in  writing  to  the  undersigned  on  or 
before  the  31st  inst.,  stating  age,  places  of  education,  degrees,  and 
dated  copies  of  testimonials,  with  references  and  any  other  parti- 
culars. G.  E.  R.  SHIELD. 

Alresford,  Hants. 

COUNTY     BOROUGH     OF     SUNDERLAND 
EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 
BEDE    COLLEGIATE    BOYS'    SCHOOL. 
WANTED,  as  soon  as  possible,  FORM  MASTER.      Good  Degree, 
discipline,  and  good  Secondary  School  teaching  experience  essential. 
High  Mathematical  qualifications  a  recommendation. 
Salary  150!.,  rising  by  scale  to  200!. 

Application  form  and  salary  scale  obtainable  on  sending  stamped 
addressed  envelope  to  the  undersigned,  who  will  receive  applications 
until  FEBRUARY  10.  HERBKRT  REED.  Secretary. 

Education  Department,  15,  John  Street,  Sunderland. 
January  22.  1914. 


c 


OUNTY        OF        LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
VISITING  TEACHER  OF  MODELLING  (FIGURE,  ORNAMENT, 
AND  DESIGN)  at  the  L.C.C.  NORWOOD  TECHNICAL  IN- 
STITUTE, KNIGHT'S  HILL,  8.E.  The  person  appointed  will  be 
required  for  Two  Attendances  Weekly  (Wednesday  Morning  about 
Three  Hours  and  Evening  about  Two  Hours),  at  a  fee  of  12s.  6d.  an 
Attendance. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  he  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope  to 
THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER,  London  County  Council,  Education 
Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C.,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
by  11  a.m.  on  MONDAY,  February  9,  1914.  Every  communication 
muBt  be  marked  "T.l  "  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  held  to  be  a  dis- 
qualification for  appointment. 

LAURENCE  OOMME,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
January  2.8,  1914. 


c 


OUNTY 


O  F 


LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
FULL  TIME  ART  MISTRESS  at  the  COUNTY  SECONDARY 
SCHOOL,  KENTISH  TOWN.    Salary  160!.  a  year. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London  County  Council.  Education 
Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W  C,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
by  11  a  U.  on  THURSDAY.  February  12,  1914.  Every  communication 
must  be  marked  "H.4"  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification  for  appointment.  No  candidate  who  is  a  relative  of 
a  Member  of  the  Advisory  Sub-Committee  of  the  School  is  eligible  for 
appointment. 

LAURENCE  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


K 


ENT     EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 


COUNTY    SCHOOL    FOR    GIRLS,    SITTINGBOURNE. 

WANTED,  AT  ONCE,  an  ASSI8TANT  MISTRESS,  to  teach  chiefly 
Mathematics  and  French,  in  "Middle''  School.  Drawing  or  Needle- 
work will  he  a  recommendation.  Initial  salary  100i.  to  110!..  according 
to  qualifications  and  experience,  rising  by  7!.  10s.  per  annum  for  the 
first  two  years,  and  subsequently  by  5!.  per  annum  to  150!.  A  higher 
initial  salary  maybe  allowed  in  the  case  of  Mistresses  with  special 
qualifications  and  experience.— Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained 
from  Mr  P.  WARD.  90,  High  Street,  Sittingbourne.  and  should  he 
returned  to  the  Head  Mistress.  MissL.  H.  FREEMAN.  County  School 
for  Girls.  Sittingbourne,  as  soon  as  possible.  Canvassing  will  be  con- 
sidered a  disqualification. 

By  Order  of  th«  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK.  Secretary. 

Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  Januarys),  1914. 

CAMBRIDGESHIRE  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  8CHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 
A  MISTRESS  is  REQUIRED  for  MODERN  LANGUAGES, 
chiefly  French  She  may  be  required  to  help  with  other  subjects 
Duties  to  begin  in  APRIL.  1911.  A  Degree,  or  its  equivalent,  and 
good  Secondary  8<  liool  experience  is  essential.  Candidates  who  have 
been  Abroad  will  be  preferred,  other  thing!  being  equal  Salary 
130!.  a  year  (non-resident),  or  according  to  experience  and  qualifica- 

Forms  of  application,  which  can  lie  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
must  he  returned  on  or  before  FEBH  CA  RY  )*.  1914. 

AUSTIN  KEEN.  M.A.,  Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall.  Cambridge. 


C 


ITY  OF  YORK  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


YORK  MUNICIPAL  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 
An  INSTRUCTRESS,  capable  of    taking  Drill  and  Game,  ami  of 
ten.  i,  i    .  llework  or  English  as  a  subsidiary  si 

QUIRED  Salary  ION.  per  annum.  Canraaslnf  i»  prohibited  — 
A  form  Ol  application  will  I*  forwarded  on  receipt  of  a  stamped 
addressed  foolscap  envelope,  and  mu»t  be  returned  nol  lat.r  than 
FEBRUARY   i    1014,  to  J-  H.  MA  -        ury. 

Education  Offices.  Yolk. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

PUBLIC        LIBRARY       ASSISTANT. 


The  FULHAM  BOROUGH  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
position  of  ASSISTANT  (Male)  in  the  Public  Libraries  Department, 
at  a  salary  of  258  per  week.  Candidates  must  have  hail  previous 
experience  in  a  Public  Library  and  possess  some  knowledge  of 
Classification  and  Cataloguing. 

Applications  in  candidates'  own  handwriting,  stating  age.  qualifi- 
cations, ami  experience,  and  accompanied  i.y  ooplesof  not  more  than 
three  recent  testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned,  nidi 
"Library   Assistant,"  not  later  than  the   lirn    pott   on     MuNDAY, 
February  9,  1914  J.  PERCY  SHUTER,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Fulham,  8  W. 

THE  VEGETARIAN  SOCIETY  requires  the 
services  of  a  8ECRETARY  with  business  talents,  able  to 
organize  and  address  Public  Meetings.  4c.  Salary  1601.  to  3001  . 
according  to  experience  and  efficiency.— Apply  bv  letter  to  THE 
HONORARY  SECRETARY,  257,  Deausgate,  Manchester. 

REQUIRED,  experieDced  TYPIST  who  could 
bring  Business  for  well-established  8trand  copying  office. 
Salary  and  commission.— Box  2028,  Atheuoeum  Press,  11,  Breams 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


^ttnatinns  (ManiutL 

LADY   ASSISTANT,    employed   by   the   Royal 
Society,  desires  P08T.      Indexing,  Ac.      Knowledge  of  several 
Languages.— Miss  H.,  2.  Fulham  Park  Road,  8.W. 


fiXiztillamons. 


TO  UNIVERSITY  WOMEN  GRADUATES  — 
A  Political  League  (Women's),  newly  organized,  is  prepared  to 
train,  or  engage  if  experienced,  young  University  Graduates  who  are 
desirous  of  having  a  POLITICAL  L'AKEEK.  The  work  is  of  an 
extensive  kind,  and  affords  wide  experience.  Degrees  in  Political 
Science,  Economics,  or  Philosophy  would  he  preferred,  thouuh  not 
essential.  Graduates  trained  by  the  League  would  have  especial 
opportunities  for  thoroughly  good  posts.  — Apply  Ilox  2028,  Athenaeum 
Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  B.C. 

NOTICE  TO  AUTHORS.— Writers  who  require 
any  help  or  assistance  in  the  sale  of  their  works  should  com- 
municate with  Mr.  STANHOPE  W.  8PRIGG,  Literary  Consultant, 
31.  Charing  Cross,  Whitehall.  8.W.  For  some  years  Hon.  Literary 
Adviser  to  the  Society  of  Women  Journalists.     Fees  moderate. 

SPEECHES.— Matter  supplied  for  all  occasions. 
Subjects  suggested.  Capable  co-operation  for  busy  men  — 
Write  SECRETARY.  London  General  Information  Service,  111,  St. 
Stephen's  House,  Westminster. 

TRANSLATIONS  into  English  from  French, 
German,  Italian.  8panish.  Portuguese.  Dutch.  Dano-Norwegian, 
and  8wedish.  Research  work.— Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS.  M.A.,  10.  Haringey 
Park,  Crouch  End,  N.    Tel.  93  Hornsey. 

MA  (London)  wishes  SCHOLASTIC  or 
.n,  LITERARY  WORK.  Has  done  some  Research  work 
History,  Literature.  Classics.  Experienced.  Good  testimonial"  and 
references.— Box  2011,  Athempum  Press,  11.  Bream's  Buildings.  E.C. 

PROFESSIONAL  MONTHLY,  YEAR-BOOKS, 
Ac.   FOR  SALE,  including  Stock.  Goodwill,  and  Copy] 
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for  energetic  man.      Price  3.500!.  —  Box  2"27    AtheiisBuni    Press,   11, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Ijsne,  London,  EC. 

PT  AX'S  WAN  Tim  We  have  recentlv  obtained  for  sn 
LiAYS  \Y  AINlttU.—  A„t,,or  A  MINIMUM  ROYALTY 
OF  £11  WEEKLY  For  A  on  1:  Ai'T  PLAT,  and,  i"  another  in 
stance.  A  ROYALTY  FOUR  TIMES  LARGER  THAN  THAT  <<K  I 
G1NALLY  nisTAiNKM  BY  T 1 1 k  author  RIM8ILF  Prospectus 
free.— CAMBRIDGE  PLAY  AGENCY.  8,  Henrietta  Street  w  <• 

WANTED.  —ARUNDEL      SOCIETY'S 
COLOURED     PRINTS,      Ac        A     Collection    or   singly  — 
ARUNDEL,  m,  (  ,,,1  Bond,  MuiweJ]  Hill.  N. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued  Abo  Collections  or  Single 
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Cash  -SPINK  A  mon.  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  11  m  the  King  17 and U, 
Piccadilly,  London.  W.  iclosc  to  Piccadilly  Otrettl). 


HCtipr-cioI liters.  Cvr. 

MSS.   OP    ALL    KINDS,   '.),/.   per    LOOO  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  Id     Refi  rent  ■■•  to  well  known  Author.    Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M    KING  t  Koad,  Hew  Usrdrus.  S.W. 

A  UTHORS'MSS.. NOVELS,  ST()K  IKS.  I 'LAYS. 

l\       ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  oomi  per 

1.000  word-  ;",!"  "*'"■ 

known  Wrlters.-M.  STUART.  Allendale.  K).ul«rley  Road.  Harrow. 


150 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


LITERARY  and  SCIENTIFIC  WORK  TYPE- 
WRITTEN  with  care  and  expedition.  Authors'  M88.  9<l  per 
1  (100  words.  Translations.  Good  testimonials.  — Mrs.  FOWLBR 
BMITH,  Cranford,  Garden  Village,  Church  End,  Finchley,  N. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.  (8d.  per  1,000)  and  Type- 
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Clear  Carbon  Copies.  Duplicating.  Excellent  testimonials.— Miss 
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TYPE-WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
and  promptly  executed  at  home.  M.  per  1.000,  lS,0006d.  per 1.000. 
Duplicating  and  Copving.  Translations,  Shorthand  Cambridge  Local. 
— Miss  NANCY  McFARLANE,  11,  Palmeira  Avenue,  Wentcliff,  Essex. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate (Classical  Tripos,  Girton  College,  Cambridge ;  Intermediate 
Arti  London).  Research,  Revision,  shorthand.— OAM  BRIDGK 
TYPEWRITING  AGENCY'.  5,  DUKE  STREET,  ADELPHI.  W.C. 
Telephone :  2308  City. 


Catalogues. 


M 


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g>st  free.  —  EDW.  BAKER'S  Great   Bookshop,  John  Bright  Street, 
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M 


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THE  DUNN  LIBRARY. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
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Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  and  extensive  LIBRARY 
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May    be    viewed.     Catalogues   may    be    had.     Illustrated  copies, 
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Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club  Catalogue  of  English  Mezzotint  Portraits, 
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other  Fii6t  Editionsof  Modern  Authors— Books  with  Coloured  Plates 
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trated Books  on  India  and  Rare  Coloured  Plate-Books,  including 
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covers  different  ground  and  is  written  from  a 
different  standpoint,  this  is  the  most  important 
book  on  France  that  has  appeared  on  either  side  of 
the  Channel.  Its  knowledge,  its  insight,  and  its 
freedom  from  bias  place  it  in  the  first  rank." 

Nation. 

THOUGHTS  ON 
CHRISTIAN  HISTORY 

By  the  Hon.  ALBERT  S.  G.  CANNING, 
Author  of  '  History  in  Scott's  Novels,' 
'  Maeaulay :  Essayist  and  Historian,'  &c. 
Demy  8vo,  cloth,  7s.  Qd.  net. 

This  book  is  a  study  of  the  development  of 
Christianity  and  of  its  relations  to  morality, 
politics,  and  freedom  of  thought.  Quotations  are 
made  from  the  works  of  distinguished  writers  of 
very  varying  opinions,  and  their  views  are  com- 
mented upon  and  discussed. 

NEW  AND  REVISED   EDITION 
OF   A    CONSTITUTIONAL  CLASSIC. 

THE   GOVERNANCE   OF 
ENGLAND 

By  SIDNEY  LOW.  New  and  Revised 
Edition,  with  a  new  Introduction.  Large 
crown  8vo,  cloth,  3s  Qd.  net. 

"  A  most  lucid  survey  of  modern  constitutional 
history." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

IDYLLS  OF  A 
DUTCH  VILLAGE 

By  S.  ULFERS.     Cloth,  5s.  net. 
"  These  sketches  of  life  and  manners  are  admir- 
able.     They    carry    the   reader  on  and  make  it 
difficult  for  him  to  stop." — Evening  Standard. 

"There  is  a  beauty  and  simplicity  about  these 
Idylls  which  will  readily  hold  the  imagination." 

Morning  Post. 

CHATS   ON  OLD  COINS 

By  FRED.  W.  BURGESS.  With  about  200 
Illustrations.  New  volume  in  "  Unwin's 
Chats  Series."     Cloth,  5s.  net. 

Numismatic  literature  has  hitherto  been  pre- 
pared for  the  specialist.  In  this  little  work  the 
author  has  endeavoured  to  "skim  the  cream  "  off 
the  heavier  and,  to  some,  drier  problems  of 
numismatology,  and  to  present  in  acceptable 
"popular"  form  the  more  interesting  facts  which 
should  be  known  to  every  collector. 


NOTABLE   6-   NOVELS. 

THE  ROCKS  OF  VALPRE 

By  ETHEL  M.  DELL. 

WESTWAYS 

By  S.  WEIR  MITCHELL. 

THE    THREE   TREES 

By  GUY  RAWLENCE. 

THE 

MARRIAGE    OF  CECILIA 

By  MAUDE  LEESON. 


T.  FISHER  UN  WIN,  1,  Adelphi  Terrace,  London. 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  MVU 


1 53 


SATi'SDAY,  J  A  XU ART  SI,  1914. 


CONTENTS.  page 

The  Romance  of  Names 153 

The  Lifb  Work  of  Edward  A.  Mosei.ey    ..        ..    154 

In  the  Footstips  of  the  Brontes 151 

the  religion  ok  1 1 1 k  Samurai  .        1M 

BR  Memoirs  of  Lady  Newbohough 155 

Boz    and    Pill/.    (Memories    of    Dickens;    Phiz   and 

Dickens)         156 

Essays  and  sn  dies  BT  Memisers  ok  the  ENGLISH 

Association. 167 

Property    its  Duties  and  Rights 15" 

A  Ciml  servant  in  Burma         15S 

X  Father  in  God— BISHOP  West  JONBS       ..        .      159 
Fiction  (Jacob  Elthorne  ;  The  Purple  Mists;  Square 

Pegs) 160 

Books  Publishrd  this  Week  (Theology— Law- 
Poetry  —  Bibliography—  Phllosopy—  History  and 
Biography— Geography  and  Travel— Economics— 
Politics.  161  ;  Sociology— Anthropology— Educa- 
tion —  Philology  —  School-Books  —  Fiction,  162  ; 
Reviews  and  Magazines  General— Science,  lfi3  ; 
Fine  Art— Music— Drama,  164) 161— 164 

C.  R.  Matcrin  _  _        ..        ••    164 

Literary  Gossip        -      64 

Science—  Modern  Seismology  ;  Societies;  Meet- 
ings Next  Week;  Sir  David  Gill;  Gossip 

166—168 
Fine  Arts— Rome  of  the  Pilgrims  and  Martyrs  ; 
"  Japanese  Screens  at  the   Suffolk   street 
Galleries:    The    late   John    H.    F.    Bacon; 
Gossip  ;  Coin  Sale        168—170 

Music— The  Dance  ok  Death;  Gossip;  Per- 
formances Next  Week         170—171 

Drama— The  Melting-Pot;  Gossip 171 


LITERATURE 


The     Romance     of     Names.     By     Ernest 
Weekley.     (John  Murray,  3s.  iSd.  net.) 

Nowadays,    when  there    is  a   real  desire 
for  education  on  every  side,  the  open  door 
is  often  banged  in  the  face  of  the  eager 
by   the   dry   pedant,    whose   futility   and 
fertility  are  about  equal.      *  Tout  savant 
-est  un  peu  cadavre,"  and  a  host  of  un- 
readable   monographs,     overloaded    with 
examples,  full  of  excited  comments  about 
the  priority  in  some  trifling  suggestion  or 
discovery,  and  of  indifference  to  the  facts 
and  needs  of  life,  assures  us  of  the  truth 
of   the   epigram.     The   average   professor 
u    not  exhilarating,   but,   when  we   come 
across  one  of  the  right  sort: — with  a  sense 
of  humour  and  of  the  life  around  him — 
we   want  to  keep  him  busy  talking  and 
writing  :    we  wish  the  world  to  profit  by 
his   learning   instead  of   lazily  repeating 
the  casual  guesses  which  have  served  their 
turn    in    print   and   are    repeated    by   the 
dy  writer— ready  to  write,  indeed,  but 
unwilling  to  make  any  research.     At  best 
he   will   go   to   some   cheap  and   popular 
handbook  which  preserves  most  of  the  old 
errors  and   gaily  ignores  all   the   results 
which     scholars    have     worked    out    with 
infinite   car.-  and    labour.      Prof.   Weekley 
is   one   of   those   rare   teachers  who   know 
how    to    make    learning    interesting.     We 
welcomed  his  book  on  '  The  Romance  of 
Words,'    published    in     1912,    and    now 
already  in  a  third  impression;  and  we  are 
equally  glad  to  have  its  companion  '  The 
Romance    of   Names,'    which    is   at   once 
entertaining   and   scholarly.      It    docs   not 
make  the  mistake  of  giving  us  too  much — 


the  last  book  of  the  sort  we  encountered 
would    have    taxed    the    memory    of    a 

Macaulay  with  its  mass  of  instances — 
and  the  very  titles  of  the  chapters,  such  as 
•  Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson.'  '  Godeiic 
and  Godiva,'  and  '  Hodge  and  his  Friends,' 

are  alluring. 

We  think  it  would  have  been  well  to 
add  an  explanatory  sub-title  to  the  book, 
defining  its  scope  as  an  inquiry  into  the 
origin    and    meaning    of    proper     names. 
Philology  is,  in  the  present   hands,  fully 
entitled     to     the     honours     of     romance, 
though   it  is  not  fiction  ;    but  there  is  a 
more    obvious    romance    for    the    general 
reader  in  what  a  modern  poet  has  well 
styled  the  "  curious  rhetoric  of  chance." 
Last  week  Mr.  Chilley  was  prosecuting  a 
doctor    for    over-dosing    him    with     hot 
water.     Mr.    Austin    Dobson,    when    his 
muse  declared  that  "  Ensign  (of  Bragg' s) 
made    a   terrible  clangour,"  was   able    to 
explain    that    Bragg's  was  a    real    troop 
of  the  period.     Novelists  have  ceased  to 
indulge   in  the   obvious  wit  which  labels, 
for  instance,  a  firm  of  solicitors  "  Quirk, 
Gammon    &    Snap,"    but    life    is   not   so 
particular,  and,  like  melodrama,  supplies 
names  curiously  apt  or  insanely  inept  for 
certain    trades    and    professions.      Every 
reader  will  be   able  to  supply  instances, 
and,  by  the  way,  Prof.  Weekley  discovers 
one  or  two,  as  when  he  finds  in  a  Rugby 
football    team    the    names    of    Bull    and 
Muddiman.  Then  there  is  the  perversity  of 
life  in  supplying  a  right  name  in  the  wrong 
place    and   worrying   us    with   unforeseen 
contingencies.     Acton,  the  well-known  his- 
torian, mentions  a  rumour  spread  in  all 
quarters  that  his  wife  had  drowned  herself. 
She  had  done  nothing  of  the  sort,  but  a 
Baroness  Acton  had  really  drowned  her- 
self  at  Tegernsee,    under   the   historian's 
windows.    Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey  was 
murdered  at  the  bottom  of  Greenberry  Hill 
(now  Primrose   Hill),   and  the  names  of 
the    men   hanged    for    the    murder   were 
Green,  Berry,  and  Hill.     The  unfortunate 
coincidence  of  actual  names  with  fictitious 
is  so  frequent  a  cause  of  distress  and  of 
legal  proceedings   as   to   need   no   special 
mention. 

Leaving  such  curiosities,  we  may  turn 
to  the  surprises  of  the  Professor's  collec- 
tion,   which     are    numerous,     and    often 
contradict    popular    ideas.     The    twenty- 
three  chapters  before  us  show  the  extra- 
ordinary variety  of  the  sources  of  names, 
and  on  every  page  the  intelligent  reader 
should    find    something    to    interest    him. 
Beginning    with    the    football    team    we 
have    already    mentioned    and    two    lists 
of    names    from     the     Hundred     Rolls    of 
L273,  derived  from  Middlesex  and  a  Buck- 
inghamshire   village,    Mr.    Weekley    pro- 
ceeds  through    variant    spellings    (a    fre- 
quent source  of  error  and  confusion),  the 
commonest      names,      names      indicating 
nationality.   &c,   to   more   curious  sources 
of     nomenclature,     such     as     occupations, 
physical    features,    social     grades,     hills, 
brooks,   birds,   beasts,  and    Qshes.     From 

this   list    of   "assorted    warious  "   we  select 

a  few  samples  to   illustrate  the   writer's 

treatment.     The  Bt  rn  negations  of  philo- 
logy   will   spoil   many   a   fancy:     Waters 


usually  has  nothing  to  do  with  water. 
but  is  connected  with  Walter;  and  Napier 

is  not  a  man  who  lias  no  peer,  but  a  person 
who  originally  looked  after  naper,  .    Va\u 

sour  suggests  the  blue-blooded,  haughty 

darlings  of  Ouida's  making  at  once.  but. 
alas  !  it  means  a  vassal  of  vassals.  After 
Smith,  tlie  commonest  occupative  name  is 
Taylor,  which  is  odd,  since  the  trade  had 
other  names,  such  as  Seanier,  Shapster, 
and  Parmenter.  The  explanation  is  that 
Taylor  has  absorbed  the  mediaeval  Tcler 
and  Teller.  "  weaver,"  as  well  as  the 
maker  of  tiles.  Marshall  may  be  a  great 
commander,  but  is  also  a  shoeing-smith. 

"During  the  Middle  A^es  I  we  read]  there 
was  a  kind  of  race  among  half  a  dozen 
favourite  names,  the  prevailing  order  being 
John,    William,    Thomas,    Richard,    Robert, 

with  perhaps  Hugh  as  sixth." 

That  information  we  might  find  elsewhere. 
but  we  should  hardly  find  the  reason  for 
prominence  in  each  case  clearly  stated, 
as  it  is  here. 

Matthew  Arnold's  genteel  sigh  at  the 
grossness  of  Wragg,  Bugg,  and  Sti<_'<_uns 
is  neatly  countered.  Stiggins — now.  we 
fear,  definitely  dishonoured  by  one  of  the 
world's  great  humorists  —  goes  back  to 
the  illustrious  Anglo-Saxon  Stigand;  and 
Wiggins  is  Wigand,  a  champion. 

The  ranks  of  the  nobility  must  tremble 
if  this  book  enters  into  the  popular  in- 
telligence, for  many  a  pretty  legend  is 
ruthlessly  dispersed.  To  explain  Moiley 
by  Moriaix,  a  place  in  France,  "is  a 
snobbish,  if  harmless,  delusion  "  ;  then- 
are  at  least  three  places  in  England  calic  d 
Carrin<i'ton.  but  the  name  is  derived  by 
one  writer  from  Charenton. 

The  numerous  class  of  persons  who 
conceive  that,  because  they  bear  the  name 
of  a  place,  it  belonged  to  their  ancestor- 
receive  but  cold  comfort  here.     For 

"  in  the  case  of  counties,  towns,  and  villages, 
the  name  was  usually  acquired  when  the 
locality  was  left,  Thus  John  Tiler  leaving 
Acton,  perhaps  for  Acton's  good,  would  he 
known  in  his  new  surroundings  as  John 
Acton.  A  moment's  reflection  will  show 
that  this  must  be  so.  Scott  is  an  English 
name,  the  aristocratic  Scotts  beyond  the 
border  representing  a  Norman  familj  Escot, 
originally  of  Scottish  origin.  English,  early 
spelt  Cnglis,  is  a  Scottish  name.  The  names 
Cornish  and  CornwaUia  firsl  became  ''"'union 
in  Devonshire,  as  Devoninh  did  outside  that 
county." 

The  host  of  Kings,  we  fear,  cannot 
boast  securely  of  royal  descent.  They 
bear  a  nickname  frequently  conferred  on 
performers  in  religious  plays,  festivals, 
and  processions.  There  are  so  many 
snares  and  false  ideas  about  nomenclature 

that  it  is  a  relief  to  find  the  gn  atesl   name 

in  English  Letters  at  once  simple  and  com- 
manding. Shakespeare,  whom  we  see  no 
valid  reason   to  connect    u  ith  hogs'  flesh, 

bore  a  name  which  means  what  i'  look- 
like.  ■■  shake  Bpear  "  a  vrerb  in  the  im- 
perative followed  by  a  noun.  He  was, 
our  author  points  out,  more  fortunate  in 
this  way  than  Racine,  who  w  and 

Coin.  ill. -.    who   was   a    crow  . 

\n  excell<  ni  Index  i  ompletea  the  hook. 
and  ,  rose  referen  supplied  through- 

out. 


154 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


The  Life  Work  of  Edward  A.  Moseley  in 
the  Service  of  Humanity.  By  James 
Morgan.  (New  York,  Macmillan  Com- 
pany, 8s.  (id.  net.) 

"When  a  man  dies,  his  worth  must  be 
estimated  not  by  what  lie  received,  but  by 
what  he  gave,  not  by  what  he  achieved  for 
himself,  but  by  what  he  achieved  for  others. 

Edward   A.   Moseley,    Secretary   of   the 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission  from  its 
organization  in  1887  until  his  death  in  1911, 
held  only  a  modest  office,  but  in  the  final 
discounting  he  is  disclosed  a  creditor  of 
humanity." 

In  these  words  Mr.  Morgan  introduces  one 
of  those  comparatively  rare  Government 
officials  who  turn  their  tasks  into  service 
lor  their  fellow-creatures,  and  thereby 
save  thousands  from  death  or  injury. 
His  story  should  certainly  be  given  to 
the  world,  and  Mr.  Morgan  has  done  it 
conscientiously  and  with  full  knowledge 
of  the  intricacies  and  difficulties  con- 
cerned. The  imaginative  touch  that 
would  have  made  the  man  live  before  us 
is  lacking,  but  this  is  probably  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  biographer  has  limited  him- 
self to  dealing  with  the  work  rather  than 
the  life  of  Edward  A.  Moseley. 

For  twenty-five  years  Moseley's  life 
was  the  story  of  State  regulation  for 
railways  in  the  United  States,  and  he  was 
primarily,  though  often  indirectly,  respon- 
sible for  all  the  important  Federal  Acts 
dealing  with  nearly  every  phase  of  the 
subject.  Through  his  exertions  the  first 
Safety  Appliance  Act  (1893)  was  passed, 
which  insisted  on  automatic  couplings  on 
freight  trains,  and  he  made  the  Act 
effective  by  causing  the  intervention  of 
the  Government  in  a  case  which  went 
against  a  brakeman  who  lost  a  hand 
through  the  railway  company's  neglect  of 
the  law.  He  drew  up  the  Employers' 
Liability  Act,  and  worked  eleven  years  to 
get  it  passed.  He  himself  said  of  this 
that  it  was  "  the  most  important  piece  of 
legislation  affecting  the  just  rights  of 
labor  that  has  been  enacted  in  many 
years."  An  Accident  Report  Law  (1901) 
was  also  drafted  by  him,  whereby  rail- 
way companies  are  required  to  report  all 
collisions  and  accidents,  with  the  causes 
and  circumstances  involved.  The  Hours 
of  Service  Act,  in  addition,  made  it 
unlawful  for  certain  railway  servants  to 
work  more  than  a  prescribed  number  of 
hours,  and  in  consequence  of  this  mishaps 
attributed  to  their  falling  asleep  have 
almost  entirely  disappeared  from  the 
Accident  Reports. 

The  speech  advocating  the  Medal  Bill 
shows  the  simple,  direct  eloquence  with 
which  Moseley  depicted  the  heroism  of 
humble  workers  ;  while  in  various  ad- 
dresses to  workmen,  and  in  the  espousal  of 
their  rights,  the  same  quality  appears. 
The  words  in  which  he  mentioned  himself 
on  his  appearance  before  the  National 
Industrial  Commission  held  at  Washington 
in  1898  (he  was  the  first  person  invited 
to  discuss  Labour  legislation)  are  a  true 
description  of  his  attitude  : — 

"  I  am  here  solely  as  a  citizen  whose 
whole  heart  is  wrapped  up  in  the  subject 
of  the  relations  between  capital  and  labor 


and  the  proper  position  which  they  should 
occupy  to  each  other." 

His  testimony  is  inserted  as  an  appendix 
to  the  biography,  and  is  valuable  as 
illustrating  his  profound  knowledge  of 
industrial  problems  and  the  thoroughness 
with  which  he  devoted  himself  to  finding 
solutions. 

Moseley  was  the  parent  and  pioneer 
of  other  Federal  Acts,  and  the  last  one — 
passed  in  1910 — will  come  into  full  force 
in  1916,  when  in  the  United  States 
"  the  standardization  of  the  cars  must  be 
completed.  ..  .Hereafter.  ..  .all  cars  will  be 
constructed  in  these  respects  [ladders,  sill 
steps,  running  boards,  &c]  precisely  alike. 
No  detail  of  the  conditions  surrounding 
trainmen  is  now  left  to  chance." 

But  Moseley  did  not  find  his  life-work 
until  he  was  over  forty  years  of  age  ; 
what,  then,  wras  he  doing  before  ?  It 
is  in  this  part  of  the  book  that  the  bio- 
grapher shows  most  skill  in  presenting  his 
subject,  and  sustains  interest  by  his  well- 
proportioned  narrative.  He  depicts  the 
different  influences  acting  on  the  earnest- 
eyed  youth,  his  hard  time  at  sea  in  voyages 
to  South  Africa  and  Calcutta,  and  his 
many-sided  life,  where  he 
"  met  his  fellow-men  from  many  countries 
on  a  common  level,  regardless  of  race  and 
education,  and  while  living  their  life  with 
them  he  made  the  discovery,  as  he  always 
said,  that  the  qualities  of  manhood  are  not 
confined  to  any  race  or  class  or  station." 

We  obtain  a  glimpse  of  his  wife 
"  bringing  to  him  a  girlhood  love  that  never 
grew  old,  a  rare  devotion,  and  the  sound 
counsels  of  a  good  woman's  wisdom.  From 
her  he  always  had  encouragement  in  his 
best  endeavor,  and  her  self-forgetfulness  was 
a  large  factor  in  his  success." 

After  this  sentence,  however,  she  dis- 
appears from  the  book  and,  when  once 
the  Secretaryship  begins,  Mr.  Morgan  is 
unable  to  follow  his  subject  beyond  the 
work  he  undertook.  A  foreshadowing  of 
the  man's  sympathy  with  Labour  is  given 
by  the  unique  strike  which  occurred  when 
he  was  a  partner  in  the  ownership  of  a 
lumber-yard,  yet  advised  his  own  work- 
men to  strike  !  Other  indications  can  be 
seen  in  his  support  of  Labour  interests 
while  he  was  member  of  the  Legislature 
for  his  native  town  of  Newburvport, 
Mass.  ;  in  his  joining  the  Knights  of 
Labor ;  and  even  in  his  advocacy  of 
woman  suffrage. 

As  Secretary  to  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  Moseley  showed  what  one 
official  can  accomplish  when  he  is  in- 
spired by  the  ideal  of  service  to  his 
State.  He  gives  his  philosophy  charac- 
teristically in  a  letter  to  an  old  friend  : — 

"  Everything  is  going  very  pleasantly 
with  me.  You  know  I  have  devoted  my 
life  to  the  man  with  the  patched  trousers 
and  have  been  quite  successful.  It  is  a 
comforting  thought  that  this  work  has 
saved  many  a  poor  devil  from  death  or 
injury  and  kept  many  a  right  arm  to  support 
a  family  ;  but  the  espousal  of  the  cause  of 
the  '  under  dog  '  is  not  productive  of  great 
honors  in  a  material  sense.  However,  if 
the  world  is  a  little  better  for  my  having 
lived  in  it,  I  am  satisfied.  I  have  some- 
times thought  that  if  I  had  devoted  the  same 
time  and  energy  to  fighting  the  cause  of  the 
corporations,    my    material    benefits    would 


have  been  greater  and  the  reward  more 
substantial  ;  but  I  have  never  regretted 
my  choice." 

His  boxing,  canoeing,  and  gardening 
show  the  health  that  pervaded  him,  and 
the  number  of  his  friendships  lovable 
character.  The  appreciations  at  the  end 
are  eloquent  in  their  testimony  of  a  life 
worthily  lived. 


In  the  Footsteps  of  the  Brontes.     By  Mrs. 

Ellis   H.   Chadwick.      (Pitman  &  Sons, 

16s.  net.) 
Mrs.  Chadwick's  volume  is  aptly  named. 
How  little  she  can  claim  to  be  an  inter- 
preter of  the  Brontes  we  may  indicate 
at  once  by  a  quotation  from  her  remarks 
on  '  Wuthering  Heights  '  : — 

"  Nelly  Dean  is  far  too  accomplished  a 
story-teller  to  be  a  Yorkshire  servant  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
but  it  wras  a  clever  device  for  Emily  Bronte 
to  put  the  story  in  the  mouth  of  one  of  the 
servants,  though  she  herself  is  the  real  story- 
teller, for  she  was  the  actual  nurse  to  the 
original  of  Cathy  ;  parts  of  the  narrative  as 
told  by  Nelly  cannot  be  excelled  for  original 
power  in  any  prose  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
The  novel  stands  alone  ;  it  cannot  be  put 
into  any  category,  for  it  is  without  kith  or 
kindred  ;  it  belongs  to  no  school,  and  is 
supremely  indifferent  to  time,  but  it  is  the 
soul-fact  that  matters  in  this  great  novel,, 
as  also  in  Charlotte's  stories." 

The  fact  that  Mrs.  Chadwick  is  neither 
a  critic  nor  a  wTiter  has  not  prevented 
her  from  following  up  matters  of  external 
interest  affecting  the  Brontes  wdth  the 
most  praiseworthy  persistence,  and  to 
persistence  she  adds  the  still  more  valuable 
quality  of  common  sense.  We  can  s}rm- 
pathize  with  her,  for  instance,  when  she 
takes  Miss  Sinclair  to  task  for  imputing 
to  Charlotte  a  "  passionate  fondness  "  for 
children,  as  well  as  with  her  disposition  to 
remind  readers  that  the  terrible  hardships 
suffered  by  the  sisters  wherever  they 
went  were  largely  attributable  to  their 
abnormal  sensitiveness.  Her  book  is  a 
curious  and  almost  unreadable  mixture  of 
scrappiness  and  diffuseness,  but  it  contains 
much  that  is  novel  and  valuable,  and — 
in  spite  of  its  prevailing  atmosphere  of 
tedious  gossip — arrives  as  a  rule  at  not 
improbable  conclusions. 

Among  the  numerous  illustrations  is 
one  of  the  circular  of  "  The  Misses 
Bronte's  Establishment  for  the  Board 
and  Education  of  a  limited  number  of 
Young  Ladies,"  the  fee  351.,  and 
"  Each  Young  Lady  to  be  provided  with 
One  Pair  of  Sheets,  Pillow  Cases,  Four 
Towels,  a  Dessert  and  Tea-spoon."  Bran- 
well  Bronte's  oil  painting  of  his  sisters,, 
which  is  reproduced  from  a  photograph 
on  glass — the  original  having  perished — 
is  another  interesting  feature  ;  and  we 
must  also  mention  the  text  of  a  long 
letter  from  Prof.  Heger  to  Ellen  Nussey, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  tactfully  advises 
that  lady  not  to  publish  Charlotte's, 
correspondence. 

We  could  have  wished  Mrs.  Chadwick's 
work  in  many  respects  different  from 
what  it  is  ;  but  that  she  has  furnished 
material  for  further  study  of  a  fasci- 
nating subject  is  undeniable,  and  we  must 
be  grateful  to  her. 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,   1914 


TI1K     A  Til  KN.KITM 


155 


The  Religion  of  the  Samurai.  By  Kail  >n 
Xukariva.  "  Luzao's Oriental  Religions 
Series."     (Luzao  &  Co.,  7^.  (><<.  not.) 

It    is    doubtful    what    is    the    attitude    of 

the  average  pies  nt-dav  European  of 
intelligence  and  mental  capacity  towards 
religion,  but  he  is  as  a  rule,  we  imagine, 
unconvinced  of  anything  in  particular, 
and  contemptuous  of  some,  but  tolerant 
towards  ami  interested  in  most,  tonus  of 
belief.  Such  a  man  will  experience  great 
pleasure  in  reading  Mr.  Xukariva  s  book 
.'/  -n.  the  religion  of  modern  Japan. 
•  This  religion,  a  form  of  Buddhism 
which  in  reality  originated  among  Brah- 
m  mie  tsachers  of  pre-Buddhistic  times. 
although  of  much  antiquity,  is  probably  as 
■compatible  with  the  trend  of  modern 
thought  as  any  religion  known.  The 
Japaness  to  a  great  extent  owe  to  their 
faitli  the  important  position  among  the 
nations  which  at  the  present  day  they 
occupy,  and  this  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
X  >n  inculcates  many  of  the  most  en- 
lightened  doctrines  and  tenets  in  relation 
to  the  conduct  of  life  and  the  merging  of 
individual  interest  in  that  of  the  com- 
munity, of  the  nation,  and  finally  of  the 
u  ni  vers-. 

Here  we  find  no  deification  of  Buddha 
or  any  other  being.  Buddha  is  simply  an 
id  sal,  or.  in  another  s?nse.  an  idea  signi- 
fying Nature  and  Universal  Life.  Zen  is 
as  full  of  the  doctrine  of  self-denial  and 
altruism  as  Christianity,  and  is  saturated 
with  human  sympathy.  It  maintains  the 
thesis  that  there  is  good  in  everybody  ; 
and  that  there  is  no  man,  however  morally 
degenerate,  who  cannot  uplift  himself  to 
a  hiLrh  ethical  and  spiritual  plane  by  the 
widening  of  his  self.  Nothing,  according 
to  its  teachings,  can  produce  a  more  per- 
nicious effect  on  criminals  than  to  treat 
them  as  if  they  were  a  different  sort  of 
p  ople.  and  confirm  them  in  their  convic- 
tion that  they  are  bad-natured.  Every 
i  a  conscience — is  what  is  termed 

Idha  -  natured.     So    the    Samurai    be- 
lieves   in    humanity,    in    nature,    and    in 
His   reverence    for    nature    is    well 

>wn   in  a  parable  relating  how  a  priest 

about  to  address  an  open-air  meeting 

when  a  bird  on  a  neighbouring  tree  burst 

into  song.     The  priest  immediately  packed 

up  his  sermon  and  went  away,  remarking 

it    the   bird   had   given   them   a   better 
-  rmon  than  it  was  in  his  power  to  do. 

The   Samurai  has  no  belief  in   immor- 
tality, and  to  him  the  mind  (or  soul)  and 
body  are  esa  ntially  one  and  insepar- 
able.    The    arguments    of    Zen    on    this 
point  ar<-  interesting,  one  of  them  being 

follows  :  the  belief  in  the  immortality 
of  the  BOul  a-  a  B  -paratc  entity 
'■  fails  to  gratify  the  desire,  cherished  by  the 
believer,  of  enjoying  eternal  life,  because 
the  soul  has  to  lose  the  body,  which  in- 
dividualizes it  and  is  the  sole  important 
medium  through  which  it  may  enjoy  life. 

The  whol  •  subject  is  treated  by  Mr. 
Xukariva  so  lucidly  as  to  be  thoroughly 
comprehensible  and  clear  to  the  Occi- 
dental mind,  and  his  only  fault  seems  to  us 
to  be  that  of  filling  pages  with  lengthy, 
and  to  the  Western  reader  unnecessarily 
•detailed,  notes. 


77m    Memoirs  of  Maria  Stella  [Lady  New- 
borough).    By  Herself.    (Eveleigh  Nash 
10s.  6rf.  net.) 

A  few  years  ago  Sir  Ralph  Payne- 
Gallwey  published  '  The  Mystery  of  Maria 
Stella.  Lady  Newborough,'  a  strange  per- 
son who  believed  that  she,  the  alleged 
daughter  of  an  Italian  policeman  named 
Chiappini,  had  been  changed  at  nurse 
with  the  male  child  of  a  noble  Frenchman 
travelling  as  the  Comte  de  Joinville. 
This  Comte  de  Joinville  she  asserted  to  be 
none  other  than  the  notorious  "  Kgalite  " 
Orleans.  It  followed  that  his  eldest  son, 
Louis  Philippe,  afterwards  King  of  the 
French,  was  an  impostor.  While  review- 
ing Sir  Ralph  Payne-Gallwey's  book, 
The  Athenaeum  (No.  4177,  Nov.  Hi.  1907) 
pointed  out  several  fatal  flaws  in  Maria 
Stella's  story.  Sir  Ralph  Payne-Gallwey, 
for  his  part,  judiciously  left  it  as  a  "  mys- 
stery."  though  he  obviously  leaned  to 
Maria  Stella's  side,  and  expressed  the 
hope  that  the  problem  would  be  finally 
solved  through  a  "  confession  "  existing 
in  the  Vatican  archives. 

We  are  bound  to  say  that  M.  Boyer 
d'Agen  has  advanced  matters  but  little  in 
the  volume  which — published  last  year  in 
Paris — now  appears  in  an  English  trans- 
lation. He  has  discovered  in  the  Vatican 
archives  a  manuscript  copy  of  Lady  Xew- 
borough's  autobiography,  and  here  it  is 
in  print.  If  this  be  the  "  confession  "  to 
which  Sir  Ralph  Payne-Gallwey  alluded, 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  disappointment 
awaits  the  believers  in  the  Orleans- 
Chiappini  legend.  For,  though  we  do 
not  pretend  to  have  collated  the  versions 
page  by  page,  we  are  prepared  to  state 
that  these  '  Memoirs  '  differ  in  no  im- 
portant particulars  from  the  printed  copies 
of  the  editions  of  1830  and  1848  which, 
under  the  title  of  '  Maria  Stella,'  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Library  of  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  spirited  sub-title,  "  Echange 
dune  demoiselle  du  plus  haut  rang 
contre  un  garcon  de  la  plus  vile  condition," 
is,  indeed,  omitted.  Otherwise  the  dis- 
crepancies appear  to  be  slight,  and  as  Sir 
Ralph  Payne-Gallwey's  study  was  largely 
based  on  '  Maria  Stella,'  Lady  New  - 
borough's  latest  editor  cannot  be  said  to 
have  made  much  progress  in  his  chival- 
rous attempt  to  rehabilitate  "  the  honour 
of  the  blood  of  France,  which  cannot  lie.'' 

These  ;  Memoirs  '  are  best  taken,  then, 
as  a  welcome  and  faithful  translation  of 
a  rare  and  curious  book.  Querard,  it 
appears,  dismissed  '  .Maria  Stella'  in  his 
•  Supercheries  Litteraires  '  as  "uninsipide 
roman."  Rut  it  is  much  better  than  that  : 
it  is  just  the  sort  of  self-revelation  that 
would  have  delighted  Browning.  We 
can  even  imagine  him  inspired  by  '  Maria 
Stella  '  to  write  a  sequel  to  '  The  Ring 
and  the  Rook,'  with  the  Tertium  Quid 
airily  sceptical  as  to  the  rights  and  wrongs 

of  the  case.  Lady  .New  borough  vividly 
describes  her  childhood  at  the  little  town 
of  Modigliana  in  the  Apennines;  the 
crueltv  of  her  mother  and  the  severity  of 
her  father,  the  sbifTO ;  the  kindness  of 
the   Countess  Camilla    Borghi,    impressed, 


of     course,     by     the     child's     aristoii.it  ir 

appearance  ;     the    removal    to    Floreno 
where    Chiappini    became    possessed    of 

money  from  a  secret  source  ;  and  Maria 
Stella's  sale  in  marriage  for  cash  down, 
alter  appearances  on  the  stage,  to  the 
middle-aged,  vinous,  and  rather  mad 
Lord  Newborough.  The  unwilling  union 
of  the   bride   of   thirteen   and   a    half   with 

the  bridegroom  of  fifty  is  extraordinarily 

like  the  parallel  episode  in  '  The  King 
and  the  Book."  and  Lord  Newborough 
regarded  the  Chiappinis.  who  fleeced  him 
mercilessly,  with  much  the  same  dislike 
as  Count  Guido  entertained  towards  the 
parents  of  Pompilia,  though  with  con- 
siderably better  reason. 

Sir  Ralph  Payne-Gallwey  has  already 
told  us  how  Lady  Newborough,  left  a 
widow  and  remarried  to  Baron  Ungern- 
Sternberg,  a  Russian,  suddenly  found  the 
whole  course  of  her  life  chang<  d  through 
the  arrival  by  post,  while  she  was  staying 
at  Sienna,  of  a  letter  purporting  to  have 
been  written  by  her  father  in  his  last  days, 
and  to  be  a  confession  that  she  was  horn 
"  of  a  person  I  must  not  name.''  and  had 
been  exchanged  for  his  own  male  child 
on  the  day  of  her  birth. 

The  second  part  of  the  biography 
declines  in  interest  ;  it  is  too  full  of  her 
quarrels  with  the  lawyers,  the  sham 
lawyers  and  other  haipies  who  gathered 
round  her  after  she  had  taken  the  field  as 
a  claimant.  Still,  her  ideas  of  an  inno- 
cent deception  are  entertaining  :  she  laid 
her  first  parallel  against  Louis  Philippe 
in  an  advertisement  pretending  to  come 
from  the  widow  of  Count  Pompeo  Borghi. 
her  old  benefactress,  and  she  won  over 
the  Count  Borghi  of  the  day  by  calmly 
informing  him  that  her  French  relations 
were  fully  satisfied  as  to  the  justice  of  her 
cause.  More  astonishing  and  very  pathetic 
is  her  boundless  capacity  for  blinking  the 
weak  points  of  her  cause.  To  take  one 
instance:  Maria  Stella  Chiappini  was 
born  on  April  17th,  1773  ;  Louis  Philippe 
was  supposed  to  have  been  born  on 
October  Oth.  Lady  Newborough  tri- 
umphantly points  out  that  no  Parlia- 
mentary Commissioners  attend)  d  the 
latter  birth,  and  that  the  record  was 
"  Parliament  absent."  The  neglect  of  a 
formality  does  not  go  far  to  prove  that 
the  child  was  supposititious. 

M.  Boyer  d'Agen  might  have  supple- 
mented his  enthusiastic  but  not  very 
informative  Introduction  by  some  foot- 
notes. "'  Perceval,  a  Minister."  is.  of 
course.  Spencer  Perceval,  who  was  a  step- 
brother of  Lord  Newborough's  firsl  wife; 
and  the  "  Marchioness  of  B,"  who  is  men- 
tioned several  times,  is  Lady  Bute,  a 
staunch  friend  of  Maria  Stella.  Sir  Halph 
Payne-Gallwey  has  to  he  consulted  for 
Lady  Newborough's  last  years.  Her  hop.  - 
ruined  by  the  Revolution  of  Is-"'"  Bhe 
lived   under  the   prudent    toleration  of  the 

French    Government,    at    the    Hotel    de 
Bath,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  feeding  the  sparrows 

and    calling     Louis     Philippe     a     brigand, 
until  her  death  on   December  28th,    1843. 


156 


THE    ATHENilUM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


BOZ   AND   PHIZ. 

The  two  books  before  us  are  concerned 
with  Dickens  and  his  chief  illustrator, 
but  in  each  case  the  author  takes  a  wide 
look  round  the  past,  telling  us  something 
not  only  of  the  band  of  writers  and  artists 
associated  with  the  author  of  '  Pickwick,' 
but  also  of  others  eminent  in  his  time  in 
art  or  letters.  In  each  book,  too,  the 
Dickensian  will  find  materials  for  the 
elucidation  of  the  originals  of  Dickens's 
characters. 

'  Memories  of  Charles  Dickens  '  is  a 
title  sure  to  attract,  and  when  the  reader 
takes  up  the  bulky  volume,  he  will  expect 
to  find  a  host  of  things  which  escaped  that 
solemn  biographer  John  Forster.  Mr. 
Fitzgerald  can  claim  to  have  been  a 
favourite  with  Dickens  as  well  as  his  pupil 
in  letters.  For  nearly  fifteen  years  he 
was  on  intimate  terms  with  him,  planned 
and  debated  with  him  five  or  six  novels, 
and  had  the  advantage  of  his  corrections. 
Mr.  Fitzgerald  contributed  more  serials 
than  anybody  else  to  the  two  journals 
which  Dickens  edited,  and  received  the 
substantial  sum  of  2,000?.  for  his  efforts. 
His  geniality  clearly  won  him  a  warm 
place  in  the  master's  heart. 

Consequently,  we  get  in  this  volume  a 
sketch  of  the  ways  of  Dickens  which  is 
less  reserved  than  Forster's.  But  when 
Mr.  Fitzgerald  explains  that  other  ad- 
mirers of  Dickens  have  not  been  "  trained 
to  the  pen,"'  or  to  the  difficulties  of  noting 
character,  we  must  observe  that  ample 
experience  in  writing  usually  produces 
more  satisfactory  results  than  we  find 
here.  Our  author  wields  a  copious  pen 
where  Dickens  is  concerned,  and  does  not 
hesitate  to  repeat  himself.  In  1905  he 
gave  us  '  The  Life  of  Charles  Dickens  as 
Revealed  in  his  Writings,'  and  a  critic 
with  a  tolerable  memory  will  find  much 
here  that  is  repeated  from  that  book. 
We  have,  for  instance,  in  both  Forster's 
Sonnet  to  Dickens,  and  the  four  lines  of 
appreciation  which  follow  are  the  same 
in  both  books.  Forster  has  already  been 
treated  by  Mr.  Fitzgerald  in  a  separate 
monograph,  and  we  cannot  find — apart 
from  the  acknowledged  use  of  matter  from 
a  recent  article  in  The  Contemporary 
Review — that  his  latest  account  adds  any- 
thing essential  to  what  he  has  said  before. 
Indeed,  it  is  more  casual,  and  less  care- 
fully done.  Mr.  Fitzgerald  has  never 
mastered  the  art  of  arranging  his  matter 
or  avoiding  repetitions  even  within  the 
covers  of  a  single  volume.  He  does  not 
show  himself  of  the  school  of  Dickens  in 
doing  a  thing  resolutely  as  well  as  it  can 
be  done.  He  has  not  troubled  to  read 
and  reproduce  correcthr  the  facsimiles  of 
the  letters  he  prints. 

In  this  book,  as  in  others  of  a  like  kind, 
he  is  a  sentimentalist,  hardly  an  expert 

Memories  of  Charles  Dickens,  with  an  Ac- 
count of  '  Household  Words  '  and  '  All  the 
Year  Round,'  and  of  the  Contributors 
Thereto.  By  Percy  Fitzgerald.  (Bristol, 
Arrowsmith  ;  London,  Simpkin  &  Mar- 
shall, 12s.  ed.) 

Phiz  and  Dickens.  By  Edgar  Browne. 
(Xisbet  &Co.,  15s.  net.) 


in  judgment.  He  might  almost  rank  with 
the  Pickwickians  in  his  naive  delight  in 
this  event  or  that  instance  of  the  cordiality 
of  Boz.  How  good,  how  kind,  how 
great !  is  the  echo  of  every  page.  It  is 
all  pleasant  enough — this  recovery,  across 
the  haze  of  years,  of  the  impressions  made 
by  that  miracle  of  energy  and  perpetual 
source  of  humour,  Charles  Dickens ;  but 
the  picture  is  somewhat  deficient  in 
definite  lines.  We  have  no  doubt  that 
Dickens  was  inimitable,  but  Ave  have  not 
his  humour  and  spirits  to  carry  off  the 
jests  he  made  about  his  circle  and  the 
unwelcome  intruders.  We  hear  once  again 
of  his  immense  walks,  but  we  do  not  gather 
if  he  smoked  fiercely — as  some  literary 
men  do — if  he  sat  up  late  ;  in  fact,  we 
do  not  often  find  here  the  little  touches 
which  Forster  neglected,  and  which  an 
intimate  might  have  supplied. 

There  was  no  one  quite  like  Dickens, 
we  may  be  sure,  but  Mr.  Fitzgerald  does 
not  increase  the  effect  of  his  impressions 
by  underrating  Dickens's  contemporaries, 
and  by  scolding  the  present  age.  Dickens 
was  wonderfully  active  and  conscientious 
as  an  editor,  taking  the  utmost  pains  with 
the  writings  of  others ;  but  is  Mr.  Fitz- 
gerald justified  in  supposing  that  no 
modern  editor  goes  beyond  the  bare 
performance  of  his  duties,  wastes  no  time 
in  sympathizing  with  his  contributors  or 
making  the  best  of  their  less  fortunate 
efforts  1  We  have  even  heard  of  editors 
of  to-day  who  find  time  in  unofficial  letters 
to  entertain  their  correspondents.  Further, 
it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  editors  of 
to-day  are  much  more  worried  with  un- 
suitable contributions  than  Dickens  could 
have  been.  In  his  time  people  in  general 
did  not  suppose  that  writing  was  their 
forte,  or  a  thing  so  easy  that  it  could  be 
done  without  trouble.  The  world  of 
fashion,  the  professional  sportsman,  and 
the  denizens  of  the  nursery  were  not 
moved  to  present  to  the  public  bad 
grammar  and  worse  taste.  The  art  of 
self-advertisement  was  comparatively  un- 
developed. 

There  is  some  novelty  for  the  ordinary 
reader  in  Mr.  Fitzgerald's  account  of  the 
leading  contributors  to  Household  Words 
and  All  the  Year  Round,  but  we  cannot 
praise  his  critical  appreciations.  Was 
Talfourd  the  most  brilliant  of  Dickens's 
circle  ?  We  hardly  think  so,  though  he  was 
certainly  versatile .  l '  Who  will  forget, ' '  we 
read,  "  his  beautiful  drama  of  '  Ion,'  origin- 
ally set  off  by  Macready's  fine  acting  ?  ' 
We  fear  that  two  generations  have  already 
given  a  pretty  clear  answer  to  this  query. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  are  sure  that  Harri- 
son Ainsworth  is  not  entirely  forgotten, 
and  Mr.  Fitzgerald  may  rest  assured  that 
the  elder  Dumas,  to  whom  he  compares 
him,  has  not  "  long  since  fallen  out  of 
fashion."  The  greatest  books  of  Dumas 
are  as  certain  of  immortality  as  the  best 
things  of  Dickens.  We  learn  that  Dickens 
found  Mrs.  Gaskell  "  aggressive  and  short- 
tempered."  The  evidence  offered  is  that 
she  "  haughtily  dealt  with  him  as  equal 
to  equal,"  and  particularly  resented  "  any 
meddling  with  her  work."  Dickens  did  not 
use  his  revision,  but  wished  his  proof  to 


be  shown  to  her  after  publication,  for  her 
consideration  "  whether  her  story  would 
have  been  the  better  or  the  worse  for 
it."  Mr.  Fitzgerald  finds  comedy  in  this. 
He  will  probably  be  surprised  to  hear 
that  Mrs.  Gaskell  was  a  finer  artist  in  prose 
than  Dickens,  and  fully  justified  in  pre- 
ferring her  own  style  (which  he  himself 
calls  "  finished")  to  the  alterations  of  the 
cleverest  of  editors. 

We  cannot  always  agree  with  our 
author  ;  but  we  must  not  leave  his 
book  without  recognizing  that  it  con- 
tains some  amusing  things  and  neat 
sayings  which  are  much  to  the  point. 
Here  is  a  charming  letter  from  Dickens 
to  the  author  on  his  marriage,  containing 
a  characteristic  scrap  of  verse,  like  his 
letter  to  Charles  Kent  on  the  last  day  of 
his  life  : — 

My  dear  Fitzgerald,  —  I  enclose  a 
cheque  for  501.  Will  you  kindly  advise 
Holdsworth  of  its  safe  receipt  ? 

The  little  victims  play 
— with   ready   money — always   under   these 
circumstances,  I  am  told  ! 

Ever  your  Venerable  Sage, 

Charles  Dickens. 

This,  too,  of  Yates  is  excellent : — 

"In  The  Times  he  signed  always  '  A 
Lounger  at  the  Clubs,'  which  amused  Boz 
wonderfully.  I  once  heard  him  say  :  '  Droll 
notion  that  lounging  at  the  clubs,  for 
Edmund,  who  does  not  belong  to  a  single 
club.'  There  was  no  malice  in  the  speech, 
but  these  inconsistencies  were  with  Boz 
irresistible.  You  would  see  his  eyes  begin- 
ning to  twinkle  with  fun,  then  his  cheeks 
wrinkling  with  anticipatory  enjoyment.  The 
jest  was  coming,  and  must  out  at  last." 

If  Mr.  Fitzgerald  had  given  us  more  of 
this  quality,  we  should  have  felt  really 
enlightened.  We  are  glad  to  see  an  Index r 
an  essential  feature  missing  in  his  book 
of  1905. 

Mr.  Edgar  Browne  has  done  well  in 
publishing  a  book  of  reminiscences  con- 
cerning his  father,  the  chief  illustrator  of 
Dickens.  A  large  section  of  the  public 
still  thinks  that  "  Phiz  "  was  Cruikshank  ; 
and  those  who  are  particularly  interested 
in  H.  K.  Browne  have  been  puzzled  for 
years  by  the  name  Hablot,  often,  as  Mr. 
Browne  explains,  wrongly  spelt  with  a 
circumflex  over  the  last  syllable.  Hablot 
K.  Browne  got  his  name  from  a  French 
officer,  and  was  nearly  called  "  Nonus  " 
as  well,  being  the  ninth  son  in  a  long 
family.  He  brought  up  his  boys  in 
Croydon,  then  quite  a  rural  district  in 
which  the  young  folks  found  it  easy  to 
play  exciting  games  and  assign  to  the 
girls  next  door  the  function  of  female 
slaves.  Mummers,  walking  and  running 
races  on  Good  Fridays,  processions  of 
Jack-in-the-green  on  May  Day,  the  Croy- 
don Walnut  Fair,  and  other  delights  are 
attractively  described. 

All  this  account  of  a  life  very  different 
from  that  of  to-day  is  illumined  by  touches 
of  humour,  which,  indeed,  make  the  whole 
book  agreeable  reading.  Mr.  Browne  is 
discursive,  like  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  and  tells  us 
much  that  we  know ;  but  he  has  an  ex- 
cellent judgment,  and  shows  considerable 
shrewdness  in  his  views  of  the  interesting 


No.  4501.  Jan.  31.   1014 


THE     ATHKX.Kl'  M 


1 


-u 


people  he  came  across,     Dickens  he  saw 

■8  the  man  of  business  not  greatly  in- 
terested in  children.  Lever,  for  whom 
hie  father  did  many  illustrations,  was  as 
festive  as  his  own  wild  heroes,  and  im- 
proved his  adventures  into  excellent 
stories.  Browne's  illustrations  for  both 
had  often  to  be  done  in  a  hurry,  and  with 
incomplete  knowledge  of  the  authors' 
intentions.  His  son.  we  think,  fairly 
shows  that  Dickens  was  exigent  beyond 
reason  concerning  his  text. 

The  illustrator  himself  seems  to  have 
been  casual  in  business  matters,  and. 
though  much  sought  after  as  a  partner 
in  the  most  celebrated  publications  of  the 
day,  not  inclined  to  indulge  in  the  plea- 
sures and  preoccupations  of  the  social 
world.  Still,  the  Croydon  circle  included 
some  notable  people.  Mr.  Browne's  aunt 
married  Elnanan  Bicknell.  the  father  of 
some  notable  sons,  and  a  great  collector 
of  Turner's  works.  Four  of  his  drawings 
hang  in  the  Wallace  Collection,  secured, 
regardless  of  cost,  by  the  Marquis  of  Hert- 
ford. To  Bicknell's  house  came  the  son 
of  a  near  neighbour,  young  Ruskin,  who 
was  greatly  attached  to  Mr.  Browne"s 
aunt,  and  would  read  to  her  long  screeds 
of  a  work  in  manuscript,  or  set  the  whole 
household  astir  in  search  of  colours, 
brushes,  and  paper  to  copy  a  flower 
on  the  spur  of  the  moment.  We  get  a 
later  view  of  him  surrounded  by  a  bevy  of 
ladies,  holding  a  Socratic  conversazione  : — 

"The  professor  asked,  What  is  the  cha- 
racteristic of  Greek  art  '!  A  very  pink  lady 
opined  that  it  was  '  Stronp.'  '  My  dear,'  said 
Mr.  Ruskin  in  a  very  soft  voice,  '  the  Devil 
is  strong,'  and  for  a  time  the  nymphs  were 
covered  with  confusion."' 

Augustus  Manns,  Harrison  Ainsworth 
(learned  in  some  mediaeval  byways), 
S.  C.  Hall  (the  supposed  original  of  Peck- 
sniff), and  many  theatrical  and  musical 
celebrities,  are  the  subject  of  effective 
sketches.  Dickens's  unpleasant  habit  of 
taking  off  his  friends  in  his  books  is  justly 
cen.-un-d.  and  we  wish  that  Mr.  Browne 
had  eliminated  long  pieces  of  quotation 
from  books  accessible  to  evervbodv,  such 
k  Hinton  '  and  '  A  Tale  of  Two 
in  order  to  find  more  room  for 
his  own  comments.  The  drawings  and 
b  ''!•  a  by  his  father  which  he  gives  us 
have  generally  no  relation  to  the  text. 
but  they  are  certainly  striking,  and  it 
seem-  to  an  ordinary  observer  as  if  Browne 
might  have  made  a  success  in  paintings 
and  drawings  if  he  had  had  adequate 
trainiiiL'.  A-  a  youth,  he  studied  etching 
and  engraving.  W.  P.  Frith  advised  him 
to  paint  scenes  from  real  life,  but  the 
delineator  of  '  The  Derby  Day  '  was 
apparently  so  uninventive  that  in  later- 
life  he  offered  1  001.  to  any  one  who  would 
find  him  a  Bubjecl  ! 

Mr.  Browne  suggests— we  think  with 
reason — that  his  father  as  an  illustrator 
of  Dickens  felt  it  his  duty  to  be  comic, 
but.  at  least  in  the  later  hooks,  introduced 

glimpses  of  beauty  for  which  the  public 
did  not  ask.     \o  model  was  ever  used, 

but  he 

"drew  after  the-  fashion  of  a  child  who  will 
draw   you   a   pictun-   of   anything   without 


even     glancing    at    the    reality.     To    this 
faculty  of  reproducing  at   will  unconscious 

impressions  he  owed  most  of  his  excellences, 

together  with  most  of  his  faults." 

lit  fact, 

•"what   the    man    in    the    Btreei    wanted    was 
a    joke    which     he    could     understand     in     a 

drawing  or  a.  paragraph,  and  with  Browne 

and     Dickens    in    conjunction    he    got     what 
he  desired  from  both  of  them. 

The  incessant  strain  of  periodical 
work  clearly  dwarfed  Browne's  powers. 
His  final  years  were  enlivened  by  another 
artist  associated  with  Dickens,  Frank 
Barnard,  who  made  a  speciality  of  ob- 
serving queer  people,  and  was  himself  an 
oddity  given  to  wild  humours. 

Browne's  career  as  a  whole  was  a  dis- 
appointment, as  his  son  admits,  but  we 
read  enough  of  him  in  these  pages  to  see 
that  he  was  a  delightful  man.  and  one 
well  worth  knowing. 


Essays  ami  Studies.  By  Members  of  the 
English  Association.  Edited  by  C.  H. 
Herford.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  5s. 
net.) 

The  outstanding  essay  in  this  volume 
is  that  on  '  English  Prose  Numbers,'  by 
Prof.  Elton.  In  it  he  surveys  the  whole 
subject  of  prose-rhythm  in  English  from 
a  standpoint  which  slightly  differs  from 
that  of  Prof.  Saintsbury's  ;  History,'  and 
attempts  to  restate  the  problems  that  now 
arise  in  the  light  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Clark's  and 
Mr.  John  Shelley's  recent  work  on  it.  It 
is  a  subject  which  must  deeply  interest 
every  writer  of  English  :  not  that  by  its 
study  we  can  ever  produce  good  rhythmi- 
cal prose  mechanically,  but  that  we  can 
learn  to  detect  the  elements  of  style  on 
which  effect  depends.  The  most  impor- 
tant section  of  the  essay  is  that  in  which 
the  rhythmical  relationship  between  verse 
and  prose  in  English,  and  the  intrusions  of 
prose  -  rhythms  into  verse  and  of  verse- 
rhythms  into  prose,  are  studied.  Prof. 
Elton  is  prepared  (and  we  go  with  him) 
to  admit  a  certain  amount  of  verse-rhythm 
into  English  prose,  provided  it  is  not  felt 
as  verse  ;  the  prose-rhythm  must  be 
dominant,  though  the  verse  be  faintly 
heard,  as  in  Ruskin. 

Prof.  Spingarn  deals  with  the  problem 
whether  the  drama  can  or  cannot  exist 
as  a  creative  art  without  theatres  and 
actors,  or  can  be  understood  or  studied 
without  reference  to  them.  His  attack 
on  Mr.  Walkley's  aesthetic  logic  may  be 
safely  left  to  that  vivacious  gentleman 
for  reply;  while  we  note  that  Mr.  (i.  B. 
Baker's  criticism  of  Marlowe's  '  Tambur- 
laine  '  in  this  volume  defends  its  place  as 
great  art  only  by  its  suitability  to  the 
actor  and  theatre,  and  its  complete  de- 
pendence on  them. 

The  real  point  of  difference  between 
Prof.  Spingarn  and  the  dramatic  critics  is 
that  they  have  to  deal  in  general  with  one 

aspect  of  their  art,  and  he  with  another. 

For  them  the  drama   in  the  theatre   is  the 
immediate    subject.       The    real    value    Of    a 

play  as  great  ait  is  outside  consideration 


altogether  by  its  contemporaries  almost 
by  definition,  since  it  can  only  he  deter- 
mined by  posterity.  The  drama  can  only 
be  judged  by  men  of  to-day  by  its  power 
to  make  them  feel,  hear,  and  see,  apart 
from  any  preconceived  standards  of 
criticism,  and  the  dramatic  critic's  dut\ 
is  to  keep  himself  free  from  mere  acci- 
dental deviations  from  the  norm  of  the 
audience.  Even  in  the  great  masterpieces 
— "  Hamlet'  and  *  Macbeth,'  for  example 
— in  any  work  which  is  still  alive  for  stage 
purposes,  the  audience  of  every  age  takes 
something  personal  to  itself  from  the  play, 
and  adds  something  to  the  store  of  emo- 
tion connected  with  it.  This  aspect  of 
criticism  is  as  important  as  the  one  on  , 
which  Prof.  Spingarn  insists,  and  it  is 
not  unfair  to  remind  him  that  the  best  of 
the  dramas  of  the  closet  were  written  with 
the  hope  of  getting  on  the  stage. 

Prof.  A.  C.  (iuthkelch  gives  us 
an  annotated  edition  of  Defoe's  '  True- 
Born  Englishman  '  which  solves  most 
of  the  difficulties  of  the  text.  Mr. 
A.  R.  Skemp's  paper  on  '  The  Plays  of 
Mr.  John  Galsworthy  '  is  a  piece  of  sound 
appreciation.  '  Some  Unconsidered  Ele- 
ments in  English  Place-Xames,'  by  .Mr. 
A.  Mawer,  deals  with  the  counties  of 
Northumberland  and  Durham.  '  Plato- 
nism  in  Shelley  '  deals  with  the  analogies 
and  influences  of  Plato  at  considerable 
length,  and  adds  a  note  on  the  corre- 
spondence between  '  Prometheus  Un- 
bound '  and  Plato's  '  Statesman.' 


Property  :  its  Duties  and  Rights.  Essays 
by  Various  Writers.  With  an  Intro- 
duction by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  5s.  net.) 

The  mere  publication  of  this  book  will  do 
much  to  strengthen  a  growing  conviction 
that  the  Church  at  large  has  been  following 
the  lead  of  the  world,  when  it  ought  to 
have  been  guiding  it,  on  the  question  of 
the  duties  of  property.  We  welcome  the 
spirit  in  which  Dr.  Bait  let  and  the  Bishop 
of  Oxford  have  collaborated  in  issuing 
some  literature  of  a  popular  kind  about 
the  duties  and  rights  of  property,  and 
we  are  glad  that  the  prelate  did  not  follow 
many  others  and  start  the  discussion  before 
putting  pertinent  questions  to  himself. 
Such  a  focussing  on  the  wisdom  of  the 
early  Fathers  of  the  Church  convinces 
us  afresh  how  often  we  have  mistaken 
labyrinthine  windings  for  paths  of  pro- 
gress;   how    often,    instead    of   seeking    tor 

ourselves  a  better  way  of  life,  we  have 
yielded  to  the  small  solicitations  of  eir- 
cumstance.  The  end  of  all  our  scheming 
has  not   been  to  conquer  the  materialistic 

world,  hut   rather  to  BUCClimb  to  it. 

Even  in  the  case  of  the  Church  itself, 

pride  of  posse  — ion.  to  a  lamentable  de- 
gree, lias    taken    the    place    of    the    cespOO 

nihility  of  stewardship.  Ho*  manj  ol 
that    propertied    class   are   yet    readj    to 

acoepl  this  dictum  of  St.  Augustine  I    "i" 

ot     th.-    best    thin;.'-   which    tin-  hook   gives 

back  to  a  forgetful  world.  According  to 
Gratian.  her 


158 


THE     ATHE-N'JEUM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


"  urges  that  the  needs  of  different  people 
vary,  that  the  rich  are  not  to  be  required  to 
use  the  same  food  as  the  poor,  but  may  have 
such  food  as  their  infirmity  has  made  neces- 
sary for  them,  while  at  the  same  time  they 
ought  to  lament  the  fact  that  they  require 
this  indulgence." 

The  Church,  as  represented  here  by 
some  earnest  thinkers,  still  hesitates  and 
accuses  itself  by  the  very  act  of  seeking 
to  mollify  an  attack  upon  its  hesitancy  and 
raising  difficulties  which  would  not  exist, 
had  not  the  flesh  become  so  weak.  The 
call  to  the  really  spiritual  life  is  met 
to-day  with  more  excuses  than  were 
found  by  those  who  refused  to  attend  in 
the  parable  of  the  marriage  supper. 

The  Bishop  of  Oxford  finds  it  necessary 
to  seek  a  philosophy  of  property,  and 
cites  with  approval  Aristotle  as  the  first 
to  discover  in  property  "  the  most  effective 
stimulus  to  character  and  personal  exer- 
tion." Further,  he  looks  to  the  State  to 
take  measures  "  to  redress  the  balance 
[of  wealth]."  He  emphasizes  the  opinion 
that  a  man  should  have  his  needs  supplied, 
and  we  hoped  to  find  the  Augustinian 
quotation  in  juxtaposition,  but  we  did  not. 
In  fact,  the  Introduction  is  eminently 
to  the  point,  and  has  our  whole-hearted 
commendation,  if  it  is  not  quite  what  we 
expect  from  a  spiritual  teacher. 

Prof.  Hobhouse  opens  the  book  itself 
with  a  chapter  on  '  The  Evolution  of 
Property,'  and  we  read  passively,  feeling 
that  we  are  following  an  expert  on 
origins,  and  that  the  account  is  not  only 
pleasant,  but  also  good  for  us.  On  the 
penultimate  page  we  gather  that  the 
writer  himself  favours  something  akin  to 
Guild  Socialism.  On  his  last  page  he 
declares  that 

"  if  private  property  is  of  value,  for  reasons 
and  within  limits  that  have  been  indicated, 
to  the  fulfilment  of  personality,  common 
property  is  equally  of  value  for  the  expres- 
sion and  the  development  of  social  life  "  ; 

his  closing  words  being  : — 

"  We  have  to  restore  to  society  a  direct 
ownership  of  some  things,  but  an  eminent 
ownership  of  all  things  material  to  the  pro- 
duction of  wealth,  securing  '  property  for 
use  '  to  the  individual,  and  retaining  '  pro- 
perty for  power  '  for  the  democratic  state." 

The  next  two  papers — Dr.  Rashdall's 
historic  survey  and  criticism  of  '  The 
Philosophical  Theory  of  Property  '  and 
Mr.  A.  D.  Lindsay's  on  '  The  Principle 
of  Private  Property  ' — are  instances  of 
learned  treatises  by  no  means  devoid 
of  interest,  though  the  present  critic 
prefers  to  consider  in  the  space  at  his 
disposal  such  chapters  as  Dr.  Bartlet's 
on  '  The  Biblical  and  Early  Christian 
Idea  of  Property,'  which  is  quite  as  learned 
and  perhaps  less  academic.  The  last- 
named  writer  avers  that 
"  society  may  be  viewed  primarily  as  a 
community,  the  general  wellbeing  of  which 
is  all  in  all,  or  on  the  other  hand  as  made  up 
of  individuals,  the  particular  wellbeing  of 
whom  is  of  prime  importance  "  ; 

and  declares  that 

"  religion  is  in  principle  all  or  nothing  : 
by  its  fruits  it  is  known  one  way  or  another. 
True,  what  once  had  ethical  meaning  may 
be  narrowed  down  to  mere  sacred  ritual  or 


custom,  with  no  conscious  relations  to  living 
conduct,  individual  or  social.  But  this  is 
simple  lapse  into  unreality  as  regards  one 
aspect,  and  in  all  higher  faiths  the  primary 
aspect,  of  the  full  fact  of  religion,  which  is 
in  idea  coextensive  with  the  whole  life  of 
personal  responsibility.  The  religion  of  the 
Bible  at  least,  and  of  the  Early  Church,  was 
for  the- most  part  really  effective  in  moulding 
men's  social  ideals  and  conduct." 

Dr.  Bartlet's  voluminous  researches 
into  Church-lore  are  enlightening  on  the 
divergencies  of  present  practice,  though 
in  more  than  one  instance  we  welcome 
modern  evidence  of  a  return  to  early 
ways.  Particularly,  perhaps,  is  this  the 
case  where  he  speaks  of  the  sensitiveness 
of  the  ancient  Church  about  morally  doubt- 
ful trades,  and  its  refusal 

"  to  receive  for  God's  service,  especially  the 
relief  of  the  poor  and  needy  conceived  of  as 
God's  special  '  altar  '  for  acceptable  sacri- 
fices, anything  made  from  such  sources." 

He  speaks  of  the  need  that  Roman  law 
imposed  for  a  "policy"  of  recognizing 
slavery  as  legitimate  among  Christians,  if 
their  status  —  alread}r  precarious  —  was 
not  to  be  rendered  quite  untenable.  It 
would  have  been  so  if  colour  had  been 
given  "  to  the  suspicion  that  it  meant 
social  revolution  on  the  part  of  slaves, 
i.e.  the  working  class  as  a  whole."  Here, 
undoubtedly,  was  one  of  the  steps  in 
compromise  which,  as  the  author  says, 
later  led  under  monasticism  to  a  virtual 
dualism  between  true  religious  life  and 
duty  on  the  one  hand,  and  civic  and 
economic  life  on  the  other. 

To-day  the  divorce  between  the  two  has 
so  widened  that,  as  Dr.  A.  J.  Carlyle  says 
in  opening  his  view  of  '  The  Theory  of 
Property  in  Mediaeval  Theology,'  we  are 
no  doubt  very  conscious  of  the  great 
difficulties  which  surround  charity — 

"  difficulties  so  great  and  serious  that  there 
are  some  who  think  that  the  time  is  rapidly 
approaching  when  this  function  of  the  orga- 
nized Christian  Society  must  be,  at  any  rate 
in  large  measure,  transferred  to  other 
organizations." 

This  chapter,  we  think,  successfully 
rivals  all  the  others  as  an  "  apologia  pro 
vita  sua,"  written  by  Churchmen  who  are 
cognizant  of  a  great  need.  Mr.  H.  G.  Wood 
carries  forward  the  account  to  the  Refor- 
mation, and  finds  in  the  division  of  Church 
influence  rather  than  in  the  direct  tend- 
ency of  Puritan  modes  of  thought  the 
reason  for  the  lowered  efficiency  of  the 
Church  as  a  moral  witness  on  the  use 
of  wealth.  We  admit  a  difficulty  in 
accepting  even  such  a  point  of  view,  but 
when  the  writer  first  remarks  that  "  the 
close  connection  between  the  Puritan 
ethic  of  prudence  and  the  spirit  of  capital- 
ism is  undeniable  "  ;  and  follows  it  up 
by  asseverating  : — 

"  The  truth  surely  is  that  the  capitalist 
class  was  largely  created  by  men  who 
branded  all  careless  consumption  as  a  sin. 
The  Puritan  conception  of  stewardship,  and 
the  Puritan  condemnation  of  worldly  living, 
will  be  found  to  have  contributed  more  to 
the  morale  of  capitalism  than  either  the  love 
of  gain  or  any  conscious  adaptation  of  a 
class  to  their  place  in  the  productive  process,"' 

we  can  only  say  that  sympathetic  under- 
standing, in  which  we  had  not  so  far  found 


ourselves  wanting,  failed  us  entirely. 
Wesley,  from  whose  writings  many  quo- 
tations are  given,  is  more  after  our  own 
heart,  though  he  seems  to  have  been  moved 
rather  to  indulge  his  own  leaning  towards- 
an  ascetic  Puritanism  than  to  deny  himself 
because  he  was  convinced  of  the  greater 
need  of  others  around  him. 

We  are  not  able  to  consider  the  closing 
chapter  by  Dr.  Scott  Holland  on  '  Property 
and  Personality '  to  anything  like  the 
extent  which  its  merit  deserves.  We 
admire  it  so  much  that  we  seek  eagerly 
for  the  reason  why  we  do  not  feel  more  at 
one  with  him.  Dr.  Scott  Holland  appears 
to  us  to  place  undue  insistence  on  provi- 
dential entity  outside  of — in  fact,  severed 
from — humanity,  at  least  to  the  partial  ex- 
clusion of  the  divinity  Avithin  humanity  ; 
the  acknowledgment  of  which,  though  it  be 
but  in  the  germ  stage,  must  call  forth 
reverent  service  from  the  seemingly  highest 
to  the  seemingly  lowest. 


A  Civil  Servant  in  Burma.  By  Sir 
Herbert  Thirkell  White.  (Arnold, 
I2s.  Qd.  net.) 

The  story  of  the  annexation  and  pacifica- 
tion of  Burma  has  been  dealt  with  pre- 
viously by  Sir  Charles  Crosthwaite  who,  in. 
'  The  Pacification  of  Burma,'  may  be  said 
to  present  the  strictly  official  side  of  a 
momentous  event  in  the  annals  of  the 
Indian  Empire.  In  '  A  Civil  Servant  in 
Burma  '  we  have  a  more  intimate  and 
personal  side  of  the  events  before  and 
after  the  step  which  brought  a  new 
province  under  the  administration  of  the 
Government  of  India.  On  the  whole,  the 
book  is  well  written,  but  the  author  is- 
not  always  happy  in  his  method  of 
expression — a  certain  clumsiness  is  re- 
vealed in  sentences  of  inordinate  length. 
A  tendency  to  abrupt  dissertations  of  a 
quasi-humorous  nature  is  occasionally 
manifested,  with  disconcerting  results.  A 
work  of  this  nature  is  attractive  only  to 
readers  who  have  some  knowledge  of 
the  subject,  or  who,  at  any  rate,  possess 
a  certain  amount  of  intelligence.  That 
being  so,  it  is  not  easy  to  see  why 
the  author  should  go  out  of  his  way  to 
be  offensive  in  the  opening  remarks  of 
his  introductory  chapter. 

Apart  from  this,  the  book  is  to  be 
commended.  The  tone  throughout  is 
conspicuously  free  from  any  touch  of 
rancour  ;  indeed,  Sir  Thirkell  White  pays 
constant  tribute  to  the  admirable  assist- 
ance rendered  by  his  subordinates  in  the 
Secretariat  and  the  sterling  qualities  of 
his  superiors. 

Small  sympathy  and  no  admiration  are 
revealed  for  the  heaven-born  adminis- 
trator. The  author's  estimate  of  public 
opinion  in  this  country  on  Indian  affairs 
is  summed  up  as  follows  : — 

"  The  tiresome  thing  about  public  opinion 
in  England  is  that  where  interest  might  be 
beneficial  it  cannot  be  roused,  while  in  some 
vital  matter,  in  which  only  the  man  on  the 
spot  has  materials  for  judging,  the  British 
public,  or  its  spokesmen,  insist  on  inter- 
fering." 


No.  4.->01,  Jan.  31,   1914 


Til  E     A  Til  KX  MV  M 


L59 


One  of  the  best  chapters  is  that  entitled 
■  Early  Days  in  Mandalay,'  in  which  the 
initial  difficulties  which  beset  the  Blender 
civil  and  military  staff  are  admirably 
Bel  forth. 

Sir  Thirkell  White  crystallizes  the  ex- 
periences of  his  official  life  in  the  following 
Bentences  : — 

"  The  enthralling  interest  of  Beeing  from 
within  and  from  the  centre  the  making  of  a. 
new  province,  of  taking  a  humble  share  in 
the  work,  was  a  privilege  which  falls  to  few 
men  in  a  generation.  The  receipt  of  reports 
.from  districts,  the  issue  of  the  Chief  Com- 
missioner's orders,  daily  contact  with  men 
oi  distinction  in  arms  or  civic  affairs.... 
tilled  to  overflowine:  the  passing  weeks.... 
Who  wanted  holidays  at  such  a  time  when 
his  work  was  far  more  interesting  and  stimu- 
lating than  other  people's  play  ?  With 
-  -iison,  we  might  say  we  had  the  profit 
of  industry  with  the  pleasures  of  a  pastime." 

The  book  is  illustrated  with  a  few 
admirable  photographic  reproductions. 


A  Father  in  God :  the  Episcopate  of 
William  West  Jones.  D.D.  By  Michael 
H.  M.  Wood.     (Macmillan  &  Co.,  18s.) 

William  West  Jones,  first  Archbishop 
of    Capetown    and    second     Metropolitan 
of  South  Africa,  died  in  May,  1908,  during 
a  visit  to  England,  having  just  completed 
t'\e  seventieth  year  of  his  age   and  the 
thirty-fourth  of  his  episcopate.      He  was 
not  a   great  orator,  not  a  man  of  great 
learning   or   intellect ;    at    Oxford  he  got 
only  a  second  in    'Mods,"  though  that  was 
probably    due    to    ill-health,    which    pre- 
vented   his   reading   for   honours   in    the 
Final  Schools.     But  he  was  a  great  man 
in  the  discharge  of  his  peculiar  office,  a 
great  Colonial  bishop  ;    and  his  influence 
on  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men  was 
tit- -table.     Instances  of  this  abound. 
He  was  always  so  really  a  Father  in 
d    to    us    all.*'    writes    his    successor, 
Dr.   Carter,   speaking  for   all   the   South 
African     clergy.     "  Personal    friend  "     is 
the   common   term   in   the   testimony   of 
South  African  laymen  everywhere.     Cecil 
Rhodes  was  not  a  violent  Churchman,  and, 
further,    on   certain    topics    he    kept    the 
sensitive  reticence  and  shyness  of  a  school- 
Yet  for  the  Archbishop,  it  is  stated 
that  "  he  entertained  sincere  affection  as 
"lie  who  never  hesitated  to  appeal  to 
the    spiritual    side    of    his   nature."     The 
m   of  the   Rhodes  Scholarships  was  in 
the  letter  to  the  Archbishop  dated  Feb- 
ruary 28th,  1900,  in  which  Rhodes  offers 
the   Diocesan  College  School  through  Dr. 
Jones   .i-  Chairman  of  the  College  Council, 
"•  a  scholarship  at  Oxford  of  2502.  a  year' 
t  i     come     into     immediate     operation." 
Among  many  other  benefactions   Rhodes 
mad( — anonymously— a  gift  of  10.000J.  for 
the  site   of  the   new   House  of  Mercy  at 
<   tpetown,    remarking     apologetically    to 
a  friend  that  he  did  this  because  the  Arch- 
bishop     •  wa-     looking    so    anxious    and 
worried.'*     A   few    weeks   before    his   end 
he    suffered    gratefully    a    visit    from    Dr. 
Jones  and  "  a  conversation  of  q   serious 
kind"    which   left   the    Archbishop  con- 


vinced thai  Rhodes  "was  at  heart  a 
really  religious  man." 

By  Churchmen  and  Dissenters,  lepers 
at  Robben  Island,  and  "'  tough  '  ex- 
emplars of  Colonial  manners.  Dr.  Jones 
was  valued  in  life,  and  is  held  now  in 
affeotionate  and  grateful  memory  ;  but 
not  less  by  those,  lay  or  clerical,  whom 
for  conduct  or  policy  he  had  to  reprove. 
And  this  Archbishop  could  rebuke  with 
point  and  vigour.  A  lout  in  a  Capetown 
cafe  who  had  insulted  a  waitress  fled 
upon  the  intervention  of  his  huge  and 
gaitered  form.  One  who  knew  him  speaks 
of  his 

"  ardent  and  affectionate  nature,  which 
brought  with  it  an  occasional  hastiness  of 
manner  and  openness  of  speech,  where  colder 
and  more  cautious  natures  would  have  been 
silent." 

Though  stem  towards  sin,  the  Archbishop 
was  gentle  with  sinners,  and  his  influ- 
ence was  an  effect  of  unusual  tenderness 
conjoined  with  extreme  candour.  Early 
in  his  episcopate  Dr.  Jones  had  to  remon- 
strate with  one  of  the  oldest  of  his  bishops 
on  what  his  biographer  calls  gently  a 
"'  somewhat  unreasonable  spirit  in  local 
affairs,"  and  spoke  his  mind. 

"  I  have  ventured  to  say  what  I  have  said 
[concluded  the  Archbishop]  partly  because 
I  felt  my  position  demanded  my  saying  it, 
and  partly  because  a  son  may  be  allowed 
to  urge  upon  his  father  a  course  which  he 
feels  essential  to  that  father's  happiness." 

Again,  in  1877  certain  hard-bitten  miners 
in  Xamaqualand  required  from  him,  and 
received,  some  plain  speaking.  There  fol- 
lowed presently  a  memorial  signed  by 
some  thirty  or  forty  of  the  chastened, 
thanking  the  Archbishop  for  his  outspoken 
words. 

So  he  prevailed.  It  was  an  unobtrusive 
influence.  Bishop's  Court,  among  its  oaks 
and  stately  pines,  at  a  rare  angle  to  view 
the  silvery  precipices  of  Table  Mountain, 
is  but  a  stone 's-throw  from  Groote  Schuur. 
How  many  of  the  privileged  globe- 
trotters who  found  Rhodes's  house  an 
exotic  centre  of  mundane  interest  and 
distinction  can  remember  to  have  met 
the  Archbishop  of  Capetown  ?  It  was 
possible  to  visit  South  Africa  again  and 
again,  and  not  to  know  him  by  sight. 
One  felt  the  Archbishop  rather  than  saw 
him.  This  heightens  the  interest  with 
which  his  acquaintance  is  renewed,  or  made 
anew,  in  the  ample  pages  of  his  old  chap- 
lain Mr.  Woods  painstaking  and  devoted 
record. 

"  Record  "  is  the  word  here,  rather  than 
"  biography."  Mr.  Wood  writes  admirably, 
but  not  as  an  artist  aiming  at  a  sym- 
metrical portrait  of  his  subject.  In  his 
svmpathetic  Introduction  the  Archdeacon 
of  Northampton  says  that  he 

"believes  that  he  [Mir.  Wood]  has  given 
us  a  book  which  will  take  its  place  per- 
manently among  the  ecclesiastical  records 
of  the  British  dependent 

For  this  successful    issue    two  conditions. 

says  the  Anhdeacon,  wen-  necessary — 

"first, that  we  should  know  what  the  con- 
stitutional settlement  \\a^  and  h<>u  it  was 
reached;   and  secondly,  that  we  should  under- 


stand the  character  of  the  man  during  \\  b 

episcopate  it  was  achieved." 

Thus    Mr.    Wood    is   a    specialist    historian 

addressing  a  special  audience.     Prom  1S74 

to  1908  South  Africa  was  packed  with 
history,  painful  and  poignant  enough,  hut 
of  moving  concern  to  every  Brit  ish  subject . 
and,  indeed,  to  the  whole  world  as  well. 
Those  grim  and  gaudy  events  and  sinister 
or  sonorous  actors  are  here  scarce  glanced 
at.  are  "  out  of  the  saga  *'  for  Mr.  Wood. 
The  problem  of  the  Consecration  oath 
taken  by  the  Metropolitan  on  his  appoint- 
ment is  of  incredibly  more  consequence 
than  the  Sand  River  Convention,  the 
annexation  and  retrocession  of  the  Trans- 
vaal, Amajuha,  Dr.  Jameson's  Raid. 
The  mere  shadow  of  Bishop  ColenSO 
obscures  the  burly,  full-blooded  figures  of 
Cecil  Rhodes  and  Paul  Krugcr.  The  rise 
and  consolidation  of  the  diamond  industry 
andofthe  Witwatersrand  in  one  tremendous 
wilderness  dotted  by  rare  farmhouses, 
with  all  which  that  transformation  has 
implied  for  South  Africa  and  the  world, 
are  here  as  nothing,  and  the  Grahamstown 
judgment  everything.  Mr.  Wood's  far- 
rago libelli  is  the  history  of  the  episcopate, 
and,  incidentally,  of  the  man  in  charge 
thereof,  and  it  is  nothing  more.  Add  to 
this  that  the  record  is  given  in  truly  pro- 
digious detail. 

"  How  glad  historians  would  be  [exclaims 
Archdeacon  Hutton]  if  they  knew  as  much 
about  the  Synod  of  Whitby  or  the  Council 
of  Hatfield  as  future  students  will  know 
about  the  Synods,  their  members,  and  their 
decisions,  which  have  established  the  South 
African  Church  !  " 

There  is,  indeed,  no  point  in  the  constitu- 
tional settlement  of  the  Church  in  South 
Africa,  nor  any  episode  nor  any  agent  in 
all  the  knotted  coil  of  controversy  in- 
volved therein,  or  even  remotely  touching 
the  relations  of  the  Metropolitan  to  his 
Suffragans  and  clergy,  or  the  relations  of 
the  Church  in  South  Africa  to  the  Church 
of  England,  on  which  the  future  student 
can  excusably  plead  ignorance.  All  these 
things  are  here  set  down  in  order — thill 
which  made  up  West  Jones's  work  in  life, 
with  his  part  in  them  patiently  revealed. 
The  Archbishop  kept  a  continuous  chro- 
nicle in  his  own  handwriting  from  1861, 
when  he  was  ordained,  up  to  the  beginning 
of  February,  1908,  a  few  months  before 
he  died;  and  this  chronicle  his  biographer 
faithfully  (and  meticulously)  follows. 

Of  the  five  books  into  which  the  record 
is  divided,  much  is  inevitably  given  up  to 
pure  exposition.  Part  111.,  with  its 
eleven  chapters  tracing  the  constitutional 
struggle  in  the  Province  of  South  Africa 
from  far  back  in  1863,  w  hen  Bishop  (day 
revived      the      Synodical    government     of 

the  Church,  down  to  January,  1910,  and 
the  passing  of  the  church  Properties  Act 
two  years  after  West  Jones  was  in  bis 
grave,  is,  ol  course,  all  entirely  expositor}  . 
But  elsewhere. and  generally,  ohaptei  after 
chapter  pursues  with  almost  dailj  minute- 
ness the  regular  routine  oi  tin-  Metro- 
politan   at     home    or    abroad -now    with 

Bishop's   Court     and    Capetown    ■'-    hi- 

centre.    OOCUpil  d     in     that     SOOial    OT    -him 

work  which  was  bo  fine  a  feature  in  his 


1G0 


T  II  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4.">01,  Jan.  31,  1914 


career  ;  now  at  provincial  synod,  or  at 
Robben  Island  among  the  lepers,  or  setting 
forth  in  discomfort-able  post-cart  through 
the  Namaqualand  desert.  The  record  of 
his  primary  Visitation  through  the  vast 
diocese  is  complete — its  first,  second, 
third,  fourth,  and  fifth  journeys  described 
chapter  by  chapter.  The  Ethiopian  Church 
movement  is  sketched  clearly  and  fully, 
and  '  The  Compact  of  1900  '  given  ver- 
batim . 

So,  too,  the  whole  expansion  of  the 
Church  under  West  Jones's  guidance 
ssems  narrated,  down  to  the  consecra- 
tion of  a  deaconess  or  a  conversazione 
at  Claremont — not,  perhaps,  the  plan 
and  method  by  which  a  professional  man 
of  letters  might  have  chosen  to  paint  the 
portrait  of  the  Archbishop  and  tell  the 
story  of  his  episcopate,  but  a  plan  and 
method  which  in  Mr.  Wood's  hands  are 
justified.  He  seeks  to  relate  the  history 
of  the  Church  in  South  Africa,  alike 
generally  and  during  thirty-four  signifi- 
cant years  ;  and  probably  his  special  audi- 
ence cannot  have  too  full  an  account  of 
the  protracted  conflict  for  the  liberties  of 
the  Church,  or  follow  too  closely  in  the 
daily  footsteps  of  a  great  Colonial  bishop. 

"  All  that  has  happened  [says  Mr.  Wood] 
has,  even  at  the  present  day,  a  lively  interest, 
for  the  Church  not  merely  in  the  Province 
of  S.  Africa,  but  in  other  Provinces  beside, 
notably  in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and 
India,  in  which  countries  the  questions  are 
now  to  the  fore  and  are  being  most  keenly 
debated." 

The  ecclesiastical  world  therefore  receives 
all  the  story,  and  should  be  grateful.  But 
it  says  much  for  the  author  that,  amid  all 
this  superabundance  of  esoteric  matter, 
the  mere  layman  follows  him,  not  with 
respect  only,  but  with  unflagging  interest 
also.  Thus  the  famed  Third  Proviso 
to  Articles  I.  and  II.  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  Church  was  a  fateful 
instrument,  and  demands  that  even  the 
layman  shall  at  least  master  its,  terms, 
ascertain  how  these  affected  the  Judicial 
Committee  of  the  Privy  Council,  even  (by 
ricochet,  as  it  were)  the  movement  headed 
by  Archdeacon  Badnall.  It  is  other 
guess-work,  perhaps,  when  we  are  re- 
quired to  follow  the  Proviso  in  the  debates 
of  provincial  synods  and  diocesan  synods, 
and  in  the  speeches  of  respected,  but  not 
epoch-making  clerics  and  laymen.  Here, 
it  might  seem,  is  less  history  than  the 
materials  of  the  historian  diligently  and 
fully  ordered  for  his  use.  Yet  the  fact 
remains  that  we  do  not  wish  that  Mr.  Wood 
had  been  less  particular.  There  are  all 
the  trees,  but  one  can  see  the  wood. 

For  the  Constitutional  Question,  it  is 
claimed  that  the  Church  in  South  Africa, 
consistently  and  successfully  asserting 
"  her  reasonable  liberty  in  things  spiri- 
tual," has  not  only  vindicated  her  position 
as  free  and  self-governing,  yet  in  unity 
with  the  Church  of  England,  but  has  also 
helped  the  other  Churches  or  Provinces 
out  of  England.  These  are  now  able  to 
obtain  a  like  liberty  from  secular  inter- 
ference without  suffering  a  like  crisis. 
It  is  claimed  that  the  Church  of  England 
itself  stands  stronger.     The  South  African 


Church  bore  the  crisis  and  weathered  it 
by  sheer  patience,  tact,  and  good-feeling — 
all  making  for  union  within  itself,  and,  if 
we  may  say  so  without  flippancy,  by  a 
sort  of  right  reverend  "  sitting-tight  " 
under  the  menace  of  the  Privy  Council. 
For  most  or  much  of  this  result  the  Metro- 
politan was  responsible,  and  his  Church 
secure,  he  enlarged  her  coasts.  On  Christ- 
mas Eve  of  1873,  on  the  eve  of  West 
Jones's  appointment,  Lidclon  wrote  to 
him  : — 

"  I  pray  that  God  may  enable  you  to 
build  up  His  Church  on  the  lines  traced 
by  your  venerable  predecessor.  If  it  is  not 
very  impertinent  in  me  to  say  so,  I  have  no 
doubt  on  this  score." 

The  inference  all  over  that  vast  and  sunlit 
region  of  the  Archbishop's  labours  is  that 
this  prayer  was  granted. 


FICTION. 


Jacob  Elthorne.     P>v  Darrell  Figgis.    (Dent 
&  Co.,  6s.) 

The  question  that  haunts  the  pages  of 
this  five-act  chronicle  of  a  life  is,  what 
effect  Jacob  Elthorne  had  on  the  lives 
he  drew  to  share  his  own,  more  particu- 
larly the  two  women  on  whom  at  varying 
periods  of  life  he  was  so  dependent. 
Their  apologia  is  not  given.  Four  hun- 
dred closely  covered  pages  are  not  enough 
to  hold  all  he  has  to  sa}^  in  full  and  frank 
exposition  of  his  ideals,  sentiments,  and 
growths  of  mind,  body,  and  soul  from 
boyhood  to  the  grave.  Yet  because  he 
has  been  made  real  to  us,  so,  too,  have 
they  in  their  degree.  This  tendency  to 
find  oneself  speculating  on  the  relation 
of  stormy  petrels  of  humanity  —  honest 
thinkers  and  writers  like  Jacob  Elthorne 
— to  others  more  conventional  and  ortho- 
dox is  a  tribute  to  the  quality  of  the 
fiction  which  creates  the  illusion  of  fact. 

His  hard  youth,  the  lost  parents,  the 
sordid  school,  the  years  of  office  routine 
in  the  service  of  an  old  hypocrite,  his 
uncle — all  the  influences  of  environment 
are  described  ;  but  of  the  humour  and 
charity  which  his  parents'  child  might 
reasonably  be  expected  to  develope,  the 
record  gives  little  indication.  Mr.  Figgis 
seems  to  have  felt  this  himself,  for  a  last 
chapter  is  added  by  way  of  obituary,  in 
which  it  is  said  :  "  This  side  of  him  does 
not  appear  in  the  book." 


The  Pnrph  Mists.     By  F.  E.  Mills  Young. 
(John  Lane,  6\s.) 

The  argument  of  this  novel  is,  to  our  mind, 
contained  in  the  following  quotation  : — 

"  '  I  am  no  one's  responsibility,'  she 
cried .  .  .  . '  I  belong  to  myself.  Why  shouldn't 
I  take  care  of  myself  ?  ' 

"  '  Because  God  made  you  woman,'  he 
answered,  '  and  man  has  made  you  depend- 
ent on  him.'  " 

We  fear  woman  cannot  so  easily  throw 
the  whole  responsibility  for  the  tragedies 
of  her  sex  on  to  God  and  man.  As  to 
God's  scheme  of  things,  we  wish  we  had 


the  author's  assurance  of  knowledge  ', 
we  know  a  little  more  about  man's  accom- 
plishment, which  practically  amounts  to 
having  made  of  woman  an  appanage 
instead  of  a  complement  to  himself. 
But  what  of  woman  ?  is  she  to  bear  no 
responsibility  for  the  years  during  which 
her  easy  acquiescence  has  pandered  to 
man's  weakness  for  authoritative  posses- 
sion ? 

In  the  present  tale  it  is  the  man's  posses- 
sive idea,  joined  to  the  belief  that  other 
men  who  love  his  wife  are  necessarily  black- 
guards, Avhich  is  mainly  responsible  for  the 
tragedy.  The  woman's  fault  is  rather 
lack  of  sympathy,  the  outcome  of  ignorance 
of  life  and  the  little  pettinesses  which 
cling  to  what  ought  to  be  its  overmastering 
grandeur.  There  is  much  to  commend 
in  the  telling,  though,  because  the  book 
will  make  appeal  to  the  larger  and  less 
intelligent  novel-reading  public,  we  could 
wish  that  the  author  had  taken  more 
pains  to  set  out  the  underlying  reasons 
why  two  fine,  though  narrow-minded 
people  became  estranged  and  had  pain- 
fully to  pick  their  way  back  to  life's 
broad  sanctuary.  Our  interest  in  the 
character  of  the  second  man,  who  has  so 
much  influence  over  the  couple,  is  almost 
totally  unsatisfied,  a  fact  for  which  we 
OAve  the  author  a  grudge. 


Square  Pegs.     By  Charles  Inge.     (Methuen 
&  Co.,  6s.) 

This  tale,  which  tells  of  a  man's  endeavour 
to  further  his  ideas  concerning  emigration 
and  social  reform,  commands  our  sym- 
pathy, though  Ave  do  not  share  the  pro- 
prietor's apparent  surprise  at  his  want  of 
commercial  success.  His  own  upkeep  was 
clearly  no  small  item  in  the  expenses 
of  management :  the  cigars  he  threw 
away  only  half  smoked  may  not  ha\Te 
been  so  expensi\Te  an  item  as  the  butler 
we  catch  a  glimpse  of,  but  the  conjunction 
of  the  two  items  suggests  more  extended 
waste  and  luxury ;  and  the  emigration 
scheme,  with  its  futile  public  meetings, 
must  have  Avasted  quite  sufficient  gold 
without  his  making  himself  responsible  for 
supplying  the  whims  of  a  \Tilgar  grass 
Avidow. 

In  fact,  the  hero's  inconsistencies  are 
not  of  a  convincing  kind,  nor,  for  the 
matter  of  that,  are  the  villain's,  who,  after 
trying  repeatedly  to  get  him  entirely  into 
his  coils  by  lending  him  money  on  a 
shadowy  security,  finally  buys  from  him 
Avhat  must  have  been  an  otherAvise  un- 
realizable copyright.  Readers  ought,  how- 
ever, to  learn  something  of  the  trials  of  a 
neAvspaper  owner  Avho  refuses  to  giATe 
the  public  just  what  it  likes,  though  Ave 
can  conceive  that  there  Avould  have  been 
more  occasion  for  the  fits  of  despondency 
indulged  in  had  Mr.  Inge's  example  not 
been  a  single  man  with  expectations  from 
a  wealthy  father  and  the  security  of  a 
private  income. 

The  book,  indeed,  has  greater  claims 
on  our  attention  in  its  successful  delinea- 
tion of  the  sordid  life  of  the  suburban 
household  from  which  the  heroine  is 
taken. 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1014 


THE     A  Til  KX.EUM 


Kil 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Canning  iHon.  Albert  S.  C),  THOUGHTS  <>n- 
Christian  History,  7  6  n.  t.  Fisher  Unwin 

A  revised  ami  enlarged  edition. 

Epistles  of  S.  Paul  from  the  Codex  Laudianus, 
edited  by  l-:.  s.  Buchanan,  12  t>  net. 

Heath  &  Cranton 
Includes  an  Introduction  descriptive  of  the 
manuscript  ami  its  correctors,  and  four  collotype 
facsimiles. 

Moore  (George  P.),  Literature  of  the  Old 
Testament,  ••  Homo  LTniversity  Library," 
1/  net.  Williams  &  Norgate 

The  books  of  the  Old  Testament  are  here 
dealt  with  from  the  standpoint  of  modern  know- 
ledge. 

Sajdak  (Johannes^,  Hibtoria  Critica  scholias- 

T.UUM   ET  COMMENTATORUM   QREGORH   NAZIAN- 

EENI,  Pars  Prima.  Cracow,  G.  Gebethner  ; 

Warsaw,  Gebethner  &  Wolfl 
This,  the  first  of  '  Meletemata  Patristica,'  is 
published  by  the  Cracow  Academy  of  Letters  as 
a  prelude  to  the  edition  of  Gregory  shortly  to 
appear.  The  editor  has  brought  together  the 
work  of  various  scholars,  including  his  own.  on 
the  scholiasts  and  commentators  from  the  sixth 
to  the  fourteenth  century,  and  examined  their 
sources  and  authority.  To  complete  the  scheme 
an  Appendix  is  devoted  to  the  writings  commonly 
ascribed  to  Gregory,  while  another  deals  with  the 
Byzantine  commendations  in  prose  and  verse  of 
hiiu  and  his  works. 

Spencer  (Frederick  A.  M.),  The  Meaning  of 
(  hiu-tianity.  2  6  net.  Fisher  Dnwin 

A  second  and  revised  edition. 

LAW. 

Vinogradov  Prof.  Paul),  Common-Sense  in  Law. 
"  Home  University  Library."  1/ 

Williams  &  Xorgate 
Includes  chapters  on  '  Social  Rules,1   '  Facts 
and  Act-    in    Law,'  '  Custom,'  and  '  Judicial  Pre- 
Lents.'      There  is  also  an  Index  of  Cases. 

POETRY. 

Beaumont   (Joseph),    Minor    Poems.    1016-1609, 

ited    from   the  Autograph    Manuscript,  with 

Introduction    and    Notes,  by   Kloise    Robinson, 

-1  Constable 

The  Introduction  contains  an  account  of  the 

Muscript   of   the   minor  poems,   a   Life  of   the 

poet,  and  a  critical  estimate  of  his  work, in  which 

he   is   cmpared   with   other  poets   of   the  scven- 

iih  century. 

Bridges  | Charles  I,  PoEMfi  in  Five  Phases,  2/ 

Bristol,  Arrowsmith 

Iwo  of  the  five  phases  of  this  collection  of 

verse    con-i-t    of    'Sonnets'    and  ■  Battles,'    the 

latter  including  lines  on  the*  Balkans.  1912.'  Other 

mis  are    ■  A  Song  of   Men,'  '  Love's  Sanctity,' 

Daphne  to  Apollo.' 

Dowden  i  Edward,;,  Poetical  Works.  2  vols.,  6/ 
'  h.  Dent 

These  volumes  contain  all  the  verse  that  the 

•'<Tli'.r  left  available  for  publication,  with  the 
eption    of     the   sequence      A    Woman's    Reli- 

qoary.       Bach    book    contains    a     Preface    and    a 

photograph  of  the  poet.      Vol.  I.  contains  original 

dob.   Vol.  II.  being  devoted  to   a   translation. 

wehre    books,    of    Goethe's     '  West-Eastern 

I  >ivan. 

Howard    John  Galen),  Brunblleschi,  a  Poem. 

...  .       San  FranciM-u.  John  Howell 

n   "f   the   poem    take-    place  during 

interval  of  vigour  in  BruneUeschi's  last  illness! 

wl,.„  he  determines  on  a  final  visit  to  the  dome 

-     ■  ,  Maria  del  Kiore.     The  story  is  in  three 

les,  and  the  speaker  throughout  is  the  archi- 

himself. 

Le    Galllenne     Richard  >,   The    Lonely    Dances, 

\\j>  Other  Poems,  •'-    net  Lane 

A  n.w  collection  of  poems,  many  of  which 

are  on  love,  with  a  frontispiece  portrait  by  Irma 

i.e  uallienne. 

MacDonagh    Thomasi,  Lyrical  Poi 

Dublin,  '  Irish  Beview    Office 

includes   the   lyrical   poems   mitten   by   the 

bor    since    the    publication    of   hi-    -Songs   of 

Myself    in  1910, and,  with  the  exception  of  some 

I         'us    in    that,    bock,    everything    that     he    Ul-|,, 

rved    -r    his    previous    work.     Some   ,,f    the 
•   poems,  taken  from  collections  now   out   of 
print,  have  been  altered  bo  tins  publication. 
Procter  (Adelaide  Anne;,   Lboknds    urn   Lyrics 
"  Life  and  Light  "  Books,   I  Bell 

A  new  edition  in  one  volume  of  the  first  and 
second  sei 


Song    of    the  V.A.D.    (The),  with     LBOHND8    of 
Sussex    and    Surrey,    Old    and    New,    by 

Commandant,    I    li   net.  St.   Catherine   Press 

Tin-  piece  which  gives  its  title  to  this  little 
book  is  dedicated  to  the  Voluntary  Aid  Detach- 
ments of  the  British  Bed  Cross  Society.     Besides 

legends,"  there  are  miscellaneous  pieces  such 
as  •  To  a  Golf  Club,'  '  Dancing  on  t  hi'  Green,'  and 
'  The  Spirit    of   the   Queen'-.'    which   records  some 

of  th«'  glories  of  the  West  Surrey  Regiment. 
Twells  (J.  H.),  Jun.,  Moons  of  the  [nnbb  Voice, 

'•'<  »>   net.  Grant    Richards 

A  reflection  of  many  moods,  such  as  .Memory, 
Rebellion,  and  Harmony. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Book-Prices  Current,  Vol.  XXVIII.  Part  I..  25  ti 
per  annum.  Elliot  Stock 

Each  part  of  this  record  is  now  arranged  in 
one  alphabet. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Baerlein     (Henry),     Abu'l     Ala,     the    Syrian*, 
'•  Wisdom  of  the  East  "  Series,  2/  net. 

John  Murray 
A  biographical  sketch  of  Abu'l  Ala,  and  an 
appreciation  of  his  philosophy.  The  second  part 
of  the  book  contains  translations  of  some  of  his 
poems  and  various  kindred  poems  by  Eastern 
writer-. 

Bradley  (F.  H.),  Essays  on  Truth  and  Reality, 
12  ti  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Consists  mainly  of  articles  which  have 
appeared  in  Mind.  There  is  also  a  paper  which 
was  first  printed  in  The  Philosophical  Review, 
besides  some  essays  not  hitherto  published.  The 
book  includes  a  discussion  on  Pragmatism  and 
an  examination  of  '  Radical  Empiricism.' 

Carus   (Paul),  The  Mechanistic  Principle  and 
the  Non-Mechanical,  an  Inquiry  into  Funda- 
mentals, with  Extracts  from  Representatives  of 
Either  Side,  4/  net.      Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 
After   discussing    the    mechanistic    and    non- 
mechanical    principles,    the    author    considers    in 
turn  the  philosophy  of  Mark  Twain,  La  Mettrie, 
Prof.  VV.  B.  Smith,  and  Dr.  Bixby. 

Carus  (Paul),  The  Principle  of  Relativity  in 

the  Light  of  the  Philosophy  of  Science, 

4/  net.  Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 

A  discussion  of  the  principle  of  the  relativity 

of  time  and  space,  with  an  Appendix  containing 

a    letter   from   the   Rev.    James    Bradley   on   the 

motion  of  the  fixed  stars,  which  is  reprinted  from 

the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  1727. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Blunt  (Reginald),  In  Cheyne  Walk  and  There- 
about, containing  Short  Accounts  of  some 
Ingenious  People  and  Famous  Places  that  were 
by  the  Riverside  at  Chelsea,  10/6  net. 

Mills  &  Boon 
The  author  does  not  write  of  the  more  famous 
historic  associations  of  Chelsea,  but  of  persons 
and  places  comparatively  unchronicled  and 
known  only  to  the  few:  of  Mary  As  tell,  "an 
admirable  gentlewoman,"  the  Neilds,  Dr.  Donii- 
niceti  and  his  baths,  and  Salter's  Coffee-House. 
Part  of  the  last  chapter,  on  '  Mrs.  Carlyle  and  her 
Housemaid,'  is  reproduced  from  The  Corvhill 
Magazine. 

Dwelly's   Parish   Records,   edited   by  E.  Dwelly: 

Vol.  II.  The  First  Portion  of  the  Bishop's 

Transcripts   at   Wells   (Section   II.   Parishes 

H-Y),  copied  from  the  Originals  by  Arthur  J. 

.Jewel's,  15/  net.  A.   II.  Mayhew 

This  volume  completes  those  of  the  Bishop's 

Transcripts   of    Parish    Registers   in    the    Diocesan 

Registry   at   Wells   that  are   in   the   most   fragile 

condition. 

From  the  Letter-Files  of  S.  W.  Johnson,  edited  by 
his  Daughter.  Elizabeth  A.  Osborne,  LO/8  net. 
Milford,  lor  Yale  University  Press 
The  correspondence  of  Samuel    W.   Johnson, 
Professor  of  Agricultural   Chemistry  in    Yale    Uni- 
versity   and     Director    of    the    Connecticut     Agri- 
cultural  Station,    bound   together   by   a    thread   of 
narrat  ive. 

Hall  (Thornton),  Enslavers  of  Euros,  l.v  net. 

I  bat  li  A:  ( 'i  -anion 
Thirty   short  -ketches  of  (he  liaison-  entered 
into   by  members  of  the  royal  houses  of   Europe. 

Holiday    iHenry),    REMINISCENCES    OF    >iv    I. tit-:, 

10     net .  |  teinemann 

Tip-   artist's    record    of    his    life   and    work, 

illustrated    by    mounted    coloured    reproductions 

and  others  from  drawings  and  photographs. 

Hutton     (William    Holden),     I'm;    Ti:\<hin<.     of 
Indian  Bistort,  l,      Oxford,  Clarendon  Press. 

See  p.  Pit. 


Pennell  (Alice  M.),  Pennell  of  the  AFGHAN 
Frontier,  the  Life  of  Theodore  Leighton 
Pennell,  L0  ti  net.  Seeley  &  Service 

A     biography     of     Dr.     Pennell.     with     special 
reference    to    his    missionary    work    in    the    ISaunu 

hospital.  There  are  illustrations,  and  an  Intro- 
duction by  Lord  Roberts.  The  profits  of  the 
book  will  be  given  to  the  Afghan  Medical  Mission, 
Plowden  (Walter  F.  C.  Chlcheley),  Records  OF 
tiii:  Ciih  iiKi.F.Y  Plowdbns,  A.D.  L590  1913, 
-'.   "et.  Heath  .v.  Cranton 

The  first  part    of  (his   book  gives  (he   leading 
facts    connected     with     the    elder     branch     of    the 

Plowden  family  in   the  form  of  an  alphabetical 

mde\.  based  on  Barbara  Plowden's  '  Records  of 
the  Plowden  Family';  the  remainder  supplie  a 
history  of  Sir  Edmund  Plowden  of  W  .-instead, 
Karl  Palatine  of  New  Albion,  and  his  descendants. 
Scott  (George  Dlgby),  Tin-:  STONES  of  BRAY,  and 
the  Stories   they   can   Tell   of    Ancient    Times   in 

the  Barony  of  Rathdown,  .V  net. 

Dublin,  Hodges  A.  Figgis 
A  history  of  the  ancient  Deanery  of  Bray, 
corresponding  to  the  modern  Barony  of  Rath- 
down,  told  in  a  conversational  form,  with  Ap- 
pendixes, Index,  and  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs. 

Wesley  (John),  Journal,  edited  by  Nehemiah 
Curnock,  Standard  Edition,  Vol. V.  C.  H.  Kelly 
The  part  of  the  Journal  reproduced  in  this 
volume  treats  mainly  of  Thomas  .Maxlield.  a  lav 
preacher,  .Methodism  in  Ireland  and  Scotland, 
Wesley's  mission  to  children,  and  his  relations 
with  George  Whitelield.  It  covers  the  period 
from  January  1st,  1763,  to  September  12th,  1773. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Gregorovius  (Ferdinand),  Sictliana,  sketches  of 

Naples  and  Sicily  in  the   .Nineteenth   Century, 

translated  from  the  German  by  Mrs.  Gustavus 

W.  Hamilton,  5/  Bell 

These  essays  are  for  the  most  part  translated 

from  the  third  volume  of  Gregorovius's  '  Wander- 

jahre  in  Italien,'  published  in  1853  ;    the  last  one 

is   from   his    '  Kleine   Schriften '    of    1888.     This 

volume  is  not  intended  to  be  a  handbook  to  the 

various  places,  but  a  companion  to  those  travellers 

Mho  are  interested  in  Sicily's  eventful  past. 

Price    (Nancy),    Vagabond's    Way,    Haphazard 

Wanderings  on  the  Fells,  6/  net. 

John  Murray 
The  author  has  wandered  among  tin;  fells 
of  Cumberland — "  avoiding  towns  like  the 
plague  " — and  gives  a  rambling  account  of  her 
experiences.  There  are  illustrations  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Hartrick. 

Weeks    (John   H.),    Among    the    Primitive    Ha- 
KONGO,    10/   net.  Seeley  &  Service 

A  record  of  thirty  years'  int  ercourse  with  the 
peoples  of  ti.e  Lower  Congo,  giving  a  description  of 
their  Court  life,  customs,  and  religious  beliefs. 
There  are  many  illustrations  from  photographs. 

Williamson  (Robert  W.),  The  Ways  of  the 
South  Sea  SAVAGE,  16/  net.  Seeley  A:  Service 
A  record  of  travel  and  observation  in  the 
Solomon  Islands  and  New  Guinea,  part  of  which 
was  published  in  the  section  on  Melanesia  in  '  The 
Customs  of  the  World.'  There  are  illustrations 
and  a  map. 

ECONOMICS. 

Coffin   (Joseph   Herschel),   Tin-:  SOCIALIZED   Con- 
science,   $1.26     Baltimore.    Warwick  A;    York 
This   ethical   study  is  adapted    for  the  use  of 
beginners,  the  method  being  scientific  rather  than 
philosophical,  and  the  presentation  non-technical. 

Dale  (Bernard),  The  Kffect  of  Taxes  on  Food 

STUFFS,   When  and   Why  a  Tax  on   F I  StulTs 

does  not  Increase  the  Cos!    to  tie-  Consumer, 

2/  net.  Effingham  Wilson 

The  author's  aim   is   to   prove   that    taxes  on 

food  stuffs   do   not    necessarily    raise   the   price   of 

the  whole  supply,  whether  produced  abroad  or  at 

home. 

Kinnear  (John  Boyd),  PRINCIPLES  OF  PropbRTT, 
1/  net.  Smith  a    Elder 

Tie-  first  pari  of  thi-  book  deals  with  pro- 
perty in  general.  I  lie  cau-e-  of  inequality,  and  tie- 
function  of  the  Mate  in  regard  to  private  property  ; 

and  tie-  second  i-  a  revised  and  condensed  form 
of  the  author's  •  Principles  of  Propertj   In  Land,' 
published  in  L880. 
Plgou    (A.   C),    Unemployment,    "Home    Dni« 

Venity   Library.      I      net.       William  .  A    Nor| 

An  examination  of  tie-  causes  of  unemploy- 
ment, with  some  suggestions  tor  tie-  alleviation 

of  this  social  e\  il. 

POLITICS. 
Bulow  (Prince  Bernhard  voni,  [MFBRJ  \i.  QBRM  vny, 

1(1      net.  U 

\    ,i  q   of   tie-   foreign   and    hone-   policy 

of  German; . 


102 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


SOCIOLOGY. 

Bennett  (E.  N.),  Problems  op  Village  Life,  1/ 
net,  "  Home  University  Library." 

Williams  &  Norgate 
A  comprehensive  survey  of  the  problems  of 
the   country-side,   with  a  study  of  some  of  the 
suggested  remedies. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Marett  (R.  R.),  The  Threshold  of  Religion, 
5/  net.  Methuen 

A  second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

EDUCATION. 

Baker  (James  H.),  Educational  Aims  and  Civic 
Needs,  3/6  net.  Longmans 

In  these  addresses  the  author  emphasizes 
the  relation  between  school  and  society,  higher 
education  and  democracy,  and  appeals  to  the 
teacher,  student,  sociologist,  and  citizen. 

Pyle    (William    Henry),    The    Examination    of 

School  Children,  a  Manual  of  Directions  and 

Norms,  2/  net.  New  York,  Macmillan  Co. 

The   aim   of   this   volume   is   to   provide,   in 

convenient  form  for  teachers,  directions  for  the 

examination    of    schoolchildren     and     tables    of 

norms    for    the     various     ages.     Supplementary 

material  is  provided  for  nearly  all  the  tests  which 

are  here  included. 

University  of  Liverpool  Calendar,  1914. 

University  Press  of  Liverpool 
Contains    full    information    about    the    Uni- 
versity. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Nunn  (H.  P.  V.),  The  Elements  of  New  Testa- 
ment Greek,  a  Method  of  Studying  the  Greek 
New  Testament,  with  Exercises,  3/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
Intended  mainly  for  those  who  wish  to  learn 
Greek  after  they  have  left  school,  so  as  to  read 
the  Greek  New  Testament.  It  is  therefore  con- 
cerned only  with  words  and  forms  which  are  found 
in  New  Testament  Greek,  and  the  sentences  in 
the  later  exercises  are  taken  almost  verbatim 
from  the  same  source. 

Velics  (Anthony  de),  Adamitics,  an  Essay  on 
First  Man's  Language  ;  or,  The  Easiest  Way 
to  learn  Foreign  Languages,  for  the  Use  of 
Middle-  and  High-Schools,  2/6 

Budapest,  the  Author 
"  Adamitics  is  an  interlingual  and  new  branch 
of  philology,  which,  by  aid  of  physiology,  psy- 
chology, and  logics,  is  destined  to  find  out  the 
oldest  sources  of  human  speech  :  the  evolution 
and  development  of  words  and  ideas." 

The  author  essays  to  prove  the  unity  of  all 
languages  by  applying  to  them  "  a  new  kind  of 
analysis,"  which  distinguishes  the  "  minutest 
common  elements  of  words." 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Arnold's  Junior  Story  Readers  :  The  White  Cat  ; 
Mopsa  the  Fairy  ;  The  Story  of  a  Donkey  ; 
The  Adventures  op  So-Fat  and  Mew-Mew  ; 
The  Two  Brothers  ;  The  Wild  Swans  ; 
Robinson  Crusoe  ;  The  King  op  the  Golden 
River  ;  Sindbad  the  Sailor  ;  The  Christ- 
mas Cuckoo  ;  The  Tempest  ;  and  The 
Little  Sea-Maid,  paper  2d.,  cloth  3d.  each. 
These  Readers  are  suitable  for  Standards  I. 

to  III.     Each  is  printed  in  large,  clear  type,  and 

has  a  frontispiece. 

Bailey    (E.    James),    A    Course    of    Practical 
English,  1/6  net.  Bell 

An  attempt  is  here  made  to  interest  the  pupil 
at  once  in  his  mother-tongue  without  any  of  the 
dreariness  of  the  study  of  mere  grammatical 
details.  Punctuation  is  the  first  subject  dealt 
with,  and  students  are  then  led  on  in  a  natural 
course,  through  various  parts  of  speech  and  the 
construction  of  sentences,  to  composition  proper. 
The  Appendixes  include  a  parsing  table,  exer 
cises,  and  examination  papers. 

Campbell  (Matilda  G.),  A  Text-Book  of  Domes- 
tic Science,  for  High  Schools,  4/  Macmillan 
In  answer  to  an  increasing  demand  from 
instructors  in  Domestic  Science  for  a  book  to  be 
used  as  a  "  laboratory  manual  "  at  school  and  a 
practical  cookery-book  at  home,  this  textbook 
has  been  written. 

It  is  concerned  mainly  with  the  subjects  of 
food,  nutrition,  and  the  application  of  heat  to 
foods,  and  includes  chapters  on  the  '  Relation  of 
Food  to  the  Body  '  and  '  Classification  of  Foods.' 
There  are  also  practical  discussions  on  '  Invalid 
Cookery,'  '  Table  Service,'  and  '  Diet  and  Nu- 
trition.' 


Dennis  (Trevor),  An  Algebra  for  Preparatory 
Schools,  2/  Cambridge  University  Press 

This  textbook  follows  exactly  the  lines  of 
the  syllabus  issued  by  the  Curriculum  Committee 
of  the  Head  Masters'  Conference,  which  lays  down 
the  main  points  of  mathematical  work  in  pre- 
paratory schools.  Special  consideration  has  been 
paid  to  the  capacity  of  the  average  preparatory- 
school  boy,  and  revision  is  introduced  at  every 
stage. 

Euripides,  Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  abridged  for 
Use  in  Junior  Forms  byT.  S.  Morton.  1/ti  Bell 
In  editing  this  play  for  beginners  Mr.  Morton 
has  omitted  the  choruses  and  harder  passages  and 
single  lines  of  the  dialogue  ;  in  a  few  places  he 
has  added  or  altered  a  word  to  fill  out  the  sense 
or  the  meaning,  and  in  corrupt  passages  has 
chosen  the  easier  reading.  There  are  illustra- 
tions, notes,  and  a  Vocabulary. 

Lubbock  (Percy),  A  Book  of  English  Prose: 
Part  I.,  arranged  for  Preparatory  and  Ele- 
mentary Schools  1/;  Part  II.,  arranged  for 
Secondary  and  High  Schools,  2/ 

Cambridge  University  Press 
The  scope  of  each  volume  runs  from  Malory 
to  R.  L.  Stevenson,  and  includes  notable  selec- 
tions from  the  prose  of  each  century.  Part  II. 
contains  some  extracts  of  greater  difficulty  than 
those  of  Part  I.     There  are  also  notes. 

Punnett  (Margaret),  The  Groundwork  of 
Arithmetic,  3/6  Longmans 

A  course  of  arithmetic  or  "  number  "  intended 
for  children  of  about  six  to  eleven  years  old, 
which  is  divided  into  five  sections,  each  of  which 
corresponds  to  a  year's  study. 

A  scheme  showing  the  development  of  the  work 
is  given  at  the  beginning,  and  exercises  and 
Appendixes  are  included.  Throughout  the  course 
tlie  number  is  treated  under  two  aspects  :  in  '"  its 
application  to  the  separate  objects  of  a  group  or 
groups,  and  in  its  application  to  continuous 
quantity." 

We  have  also  received  from  the  same  publishers 
the  author's  Exercises  in  the  Groundwork  of 
Arithmetic,  Books  I.  (4d.),  II.  and  III.  (6d.  each). 

Wallis   (Rev.   John   E.   W.),   A   First   English 

Grammar,    embodying    the    Recommendations 

of     the     Joint     Committee     on     Grammatical 

Terminology,  1/  Bell 

An  elementary  textbook  for  beginners. 

FICTION. 

Askew  (A.  and  C),  Through  Folly's  Mill,  6/ 

Ward  <to  Lock 
Concerns  the  heir  to  a  country  estate  who 
develops  Socialist  tendencies,  and  hence  a  long 
feud  with  his  choleric  father.  He  is  killed  in  an 
accident  at  the  moment  of  their  final  reconcilia- 
tion, and  some  difficulty  about  the  succession  to 
the  estate  arises,  in  the  course  of  which  the  heroine 
is  tried  for  murder. 

Buckrose  (J.  E.),  Gay  Morning,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
A  simple  and  unpretentious  family  in  the 
egg  trade  come  suddenly  into  a  fortune  which 
involves  them  in  great  show  and  extravagance. 
The  story  is  mainly  concerned  with  the  love- 
affairs  of  the  daughter  with  a  neighbouring  squire 
and  a  pompous  young  man  who  is  always  "  gentle- 
manly-looking. ' ' 

Carey  (Alfred  E.),  Time's  Hour-Glass,  6/ 

Greening 

Three  men  are  on  a  walking-tour,  and  the 

story  tells  of  the  various  friends  they  make,  and 

of  their  own  subsequent  lives.     The  scene  is  laid 

in  different  parts  of  England,  and  in  France. 

Dickinson  (H.  N.),  The  Business  of  a  Gentle- 
man, 6/  Heinemann 
This    novel    contains    a    mixture    of    varied 
elements,  which  include  country  life  and  philan- 
thropic movements. 

Figgis  (Darrell),  Jacob  Elthorne,  6/  Dent 

See  page  160. 

Goldring  (Maude),  The  Wonder  Year. 

Erskine  Macdonald 
A    study    on    unconventional    lines    of    the 
influence  of   twentieth  -  century   ideas   upon   two 
young  women. 


Gould  (Nat),  A  Great  Coup,  6d. 
A  new  edition. 


Long 


Haggard  (H.  Rider),  The  Wanderer's  Necklace, 

b/  Cassell 

The  editor  of  this  story,  by  a  method  he 
considers  it  unnecessary  to  divulge,  has  recovered 
much  knowledge  of  a  past  life  of  his  which  ended 
in  the  ninth  century.  The  scenes  are  laid  in 
Jutland,  Byzantium,  and  Egypt,  and  the  hero 
himself — who  undergoes  many  extraordinary 
experiences — tells  the  tale. 


Hocking  (Silas  K.),  Uncle  Peter's  Will,  3/6 

Ward  &  Lock 
The  will  lays  on  the  hero  the  obligation  of 
marriage  within  a  fixed  period,  and  his  experi- 
ences in  fulfilling  this  command  are  here  related. 

Holland  (Clive),  A  Madonna  of  the  Poor,  and 
Other  Stories,  6/  Lynwood 

A  collection  of  short  stories,  with  settings 
in  India,  Japan,  Malay,  the  Latin  Quarter  of 
Paris,  and  elsewhere.  Some  have  already  been 
printed  in  various  magazines. 

King  (Basil),  The  Way  Home,  6/  Methuen 

This  novel  begins  with  the  childhood  of  the 
American  hero,  and  traces  his  subsequent  career 
through  its  varied  and  not  always  creditable 
phases.  At  one  stage  of  his  life  he  deliberately 
disregards  religion,  and  his  relations  to  it  during 
his  latter  days  form  a  vital  feature  of  the  story. 

Law  (John),  The  Horoscope,  4/  net.  Thacker 

The  two  brothers  whom  this  story  concerns 
come  of  a  noble  Kandyan  family  of  devout 
Buddhists,  and  are  educated  at  a  Christian 
College  in  Colombo.  The  younger  is  drawn 
towards  a  life  of  meditation,  and  becomes  a 
Buddhist  monk;  while  the  elder  adopts  the 
Christian  faith,  and  seeks  worldly  gain  until  he  is 
killed  by  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog — the  predictions 
of  a  horoscope  being  thus  fulfilled  in  each. 

Leeson  (Maude),  The  Marriage  of  Cecilia,  6/ 

Fisher  Unwin 
In  order  to  right  a  wrong  the  hero  enters 
into  a  quixotic  marriage  with  Cecilia,  and  they 
part  after  the  ceremony.  Later,  through  an 
accident,  he  becomes  blind,  and  Cecilia  returning 
to  his  side,  they  discover  that  they  love  each 
other.     One  of  the  "  First  Novel  Library." 

Leverson  (Ada),  Bird  of  Paradise,  6/ 

Grant  Richards 
A  tale  of  Society  life  which  ends,  as  the  author 
remarks,  "in  a  manner  no  less  strange  than  un- 
conventional nowadays."  This  strain  of  uncon- 
ventionality  consists  in  the  almost  perfect  happi- 
ness of  three  couples. 

McLaren  (Amy),  Through  Other  Eyes,  6/ 

John  Murray 
An  innocuous  little  love-story. 

Moberly  (L.  G.),  Man  and  Woman,  6/  Methuen 
The  heroine  is  a  confirmed  man-hater  of  27, 
and  the  unhappy  love-story  of  a  friend  only  serves 
to  emphasize  her  poor  opinion  of  the  male  sex.  She 
is  converted  from  this  point  of  view  during  a  voyage 
to  India,  which  gives  her  some  opportunity  of 
broadening  her  mind,  and  the  end  of  the  story  is 
not  unexpected. 

Old  Wood  Carver  (The),  told  by  J.  Saxon  Mills,  1  / 

Stanley  Paul 
This  tale  of  the  fourteenth  century  is  told 
from  the  kinematograph  film  conceived  and  pro- 
duced by  Sir  Hubert  von  Herkomer  and  Mr.  Sieg- 
fried Herkomer.  The  illustrations,  which  were 
taken  in  or  near  Sir  Hubert's  house  at  Bushey, 
show  him  in  the  title-part. 

Pain  (Nancy)  and  Rose  (Winifred),  Crying  for 
the  Moon,  2/  Werner  Laurie 

The  story  of  two  girls  living  in  a  country 
cottage,  and  their  love-affairs.  A  more  sophis- 
ticated element  is  provided  by  the  advent  of  a 
popular  London  actor,  whose  car  is  wrecked 
outside  their  house,  and  who  becomes  a  paying 
guest  owing  to  an  accident. 

Payn  (E.  M.),  Her  Stewardship,  6/ 

Digby  &  Long 
The  story  of  a  girl  who  is  brought  up  by  her 
grandfather  as  a  boy  in  order  that  she  may 
inherit  his  estate.  The  disguise  is  kept  up  through- 
out her  lifetime,  though  there  are  naturally  com- 
plications when  she  falls  in  love  with  the  rightful 
heir. 

Pugh  (Edwin),  The  Cockney  at  Home,  6/ 

Chapman  &  Hall 
A  collection  of  humorous  stories  and  studies 
of  London  life. 

Pugh  (George  and  Jennie),  At  the  Back  of  the 
World,  Wanderings  over  Many  Lands  and 
Seas,  6/  Lynwood 

The  story  of  a  boy  who  went  to  sea  at  four- 
teen, and  of  his  experiences  with  various  crews  in 
distant  lands. 

Ranger-Gull  (C),  The  Lost  Judge,  6/  White 

A  military  secret  is  the  cause  of  all  the  dis- 
guises, machinations,  crimes,  and  thrills  of  this 
novel,  in  which  foreign  spies  are  finally  repaid 
for  their  wickedness. 

Ranger-Gull  (C),  When  Satan  Ruled,  6/ 

Greening 
The  further  adventures  of  John  Commendone, 
whose  adventures  have  been  described  in  the 
author's  '  House  of  Torment.'  The  scene  is  laid 
in  Rome,  and  two  of  the  hero's  friends  are  Michel- 
angelo and  Benvenuto  Cellini. 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1JU4 


T  11  E     A  Til  KN\ET  M 


163 


Rawlence  (Guy),  Thh  Thkee  Tiu:i:s.  i> 

Fisher  (Jnwin 
The  tragic  fate  >>f  an  ancestor's  guilt  follows 
the  hero  throughout  his  lite  till  the  sense  of  (loom 
is  linally  obliterated  from  his  gloomy  and  Intro- 
spective nature  by  his  wife. 

Sims  (George  R.),  Behind  the  Vkii..  2 

Stanley  Paul 

A  collection  of  "true-life"  Btories  which 
concern  those  members  of  society  who  prefer  to 
hide  their  histories  rather  than  publish  them  in 
popular  newspapers. 

"  Sport    Royal,"     Yankee    Doodle,     Billy    & 
COMPANY,  2     net.  Kverett 

Stones  of  animal  life,  published  with  the 
aim  of  doing  some  little  good  to  horses,  ponies, 
and  donkeys  by  teaching  children  a  few  things 
that  make  all  the  difference  to  animals. 

Stacpoole  (Mrs.  De  Vere),  "  London  1013,"  6/ 

Hutchinson 

A   love-story,   a    rich   and   beautiful   heroine, 

various  swindles,  and  an  element  of  South  African 

wealth  are  some  of  the  main  features  of  this  tale 

of  contemporary  life  in  London. 

There    was    a    Door,    by    the    Author   of    '  Anne 
Carstairs,'  6/  Chapman  &  Hall 

There  are  manv  in  this  story  who  do  not  find 
"  the  key  "  to  "  the  door."  A  beautiful  girl  loves 
an  artist,  but  his  art  comes  lirst,  and  she  is 
disappointed,  just  as  the  elderly  woman  to 
whom  the  girl  acts  as  companion  is  disap- 
pointed at  the  girl's  want  of  affection  for  her  ; 
and  the  minor  characters  all  have  some  un- 
satisfied longing  or  hidden  disappointment. 

Warden  (Florence),  Why  She  Left  Him,  6/ 

Long 
A  story  of  the  marriage  of  a  young  viscount 
to  a  gipsy  girl.  She. has  been  betrothed  to  one  of 
her  own  race,  a  desperate  ruffian,  who  steals  her 
jewels,  commits  two  murders,  contrives  to  put 
the  blame  of  one  on  her,  and  threatens  the  life  of 
her  husband.  They  are  mercifully  delivered 
from  his  'malignant  hatred  "  by  a  ganiekeeper, 
who  "  shot  'un  by  mistake  for  a  rabbit." 

Weaver  (Anne),  Thin  Ice,  6/  Long 

A  Society  novel  which  presents  three  men, 
a  widow,  and  a  young  debutante,  and  after  many 
flirtations  and  misunderstandings  —  to  which 
amateur  theatricals  in  fiction  naturally  lend  them- 
's— closes  with  two  very  happy  pairs  and  a 
not  inconsolable  bachelor. 

Wemyss  (Mrs.  George),  Grannie  for  Granted, 
5/  Constable 

This  story  is  told  in  the  first  person  by  an 
old  lady,  and  chiefly  concerns  her  grandchildren, 
whom  she  spoils  disgracefully,  in  the  way  of  all 
kind-hearted  grandmothers. 

White  (Hester),  The  Strength  of  a  Chain,  6/ 

Heath  ..v.  Cranton 
I  young  artist  takes  a  dislike  to  his  friend's 
fiancee,  a  strong-minded  young  woman  with 
modern  ideas,  and.  at  the  suggestion  of  an  older 
man  who  calls  himself  a  professor  of  science,  makes 
hie  experiments  on  her  against  her  will. 
The  author  traces  the  subsequent  change  in  her 
character  and  attitude  towards  her  lover. 

Whitman  (Stephen  French),  The  Isle  or  Life,  6/ 

Constable 
in  Rome  and  the  conversations  of  the  ball- 
he   scene   shifts   to   Sicily   and   a    plague- 
ken  village,  which  becomes  for  the  two  central 
res  a  sanctuary  where — out  of  much  tribula- 
tion— their  souls  are  born  anew. 

Williamson    iW.    H.)    and    "  Canadienne,"    Dis- 

TURUhl:-.  0  Werner  Laurie 

Canada   in  the   latter  part  of  the   eighteenth 

fcnry  is  the  Bcene  of  this  story,  which  vacillates 

between    the   hero's   adventures   with    unfriendly 

Indians  and  the  machinations  of  a  super-flirt  in 

Montreal. 

Wren     Stewart  ,    TBM    Woman    watm    THE    Dw- 
KWOWH,  0  Heath  &  Cranton 

'J  he  adventures  of  ;1  young  artist  who  inter- 
i  •  s  with  the  machinations  of  a  Rang  of  foreigners 
in  their  dealings  with  the  lady,  who  is  a  possible 
heir  to  a  small  European  state. 

Young  >F.  E.  Mills  s   PURPLE  MlSTB,  6/  Lane 

Bee  p.  Hi". 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

History,  a  Quarterly  Magarfne  for  the  Student 

and  the  Bxpeil  :    Jam  wry   M  aim  if,  1/ 

i'.  Hodgson 

The  principal  contents  include  '  The  True 
Importance    of    Magna    Carta,'    by    Mr.   .).    I'.    H. 

Beddow:     and    'The    Personal    Factor    hi    the 
English  Reformation,'  by  Mr.  Waii.r    Lshley. 


Imperial  Institute,  Bulletin,  a  Quarterly  Record 

of  Progress  in   Tropical  Agriculture  ami   Indus- 
tries, 2  ii  John  Hurra  y 

In   addition   to   two   special   articles   on    '  The 

Canadian  Department  ox  Agriculture,'  by  Mr. 
J.  H.  (irisdale,  and   'Agriculture  in   Hausaland, 

Northern  Nigeria,'  by  Mr.  P.  II.  Lamb,  there  are 
reports  of  recent  investigations  at  the  Imperial 
Institute,  and  general  notices  respecting  economic 
products  and  their  development. 

Jewish  Review,  January,  1/6  Boutledge 

In  addition  to  the  editorial  notes  and  reviews 
of  books,  this  number  includes  articles  on  '  Jose- 
phus.'  by  Canon  F.  .1.  h'oakes  Jackson  ;  and 
'  Modern  Jewish  Literature,'  by  Mr.  Israel  Cohen. 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society,  January, 
- ,  8  'J  he  Society 

Includes  articles  on  '  The  Co-operative  Insur- 
ance of  Live-Stock  in  England  and  Wales,'  by 
Sir  James  Wilson  :  and  '  Some.  Material  for  a 
Study  of  Trade  Fluctuations,'  by  Mr.  D.  H. 
Robertson. 
Monist,  January,  2/6 

Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 

Includes  articles  on  the  nature  of  '  Acquaint- 
ance,' by  Mr.  Bertrand  Russell  ;  '  Ceremonial 
Spitting,'  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Godbey ;  and  'Wang 
Yang  Ming,  a  Chinese  Idealist,'  by  Mr.  Frederick 
G.  Henke. 

GENERAL. 

Advertiser's  ABC  (The),  the  Standard  Ad- 
vertisement Directory.  1914,  10/6 

T.  B.  Browne 
Contains  up-to-date  information  on  ad- 
vertising and  advertisements  of  all  kinds. 
Among  the  special  features  of  this  issue  are  the 
Advertisement  Picture  Gallery,  and  an  article  on 
the  '  Future  of  British  Trade,'  by  Mr.  L.  G. 
Chiozza  Money.  There  is  also  a  special  section 
for  the  London,  Suburban,  and  Provincial  Bill- 
posters, with  the  names  of  the  firms  under  the 
towns  in  which  they  are  established. 

Arch     (William     Herbert),     Book-keeping     in 

Verse,   a   Simple   Method   of    Memorizing   the 

Principles,  1/  net.  Effingham  Wilson 

These  verses  are  intended  to  help  the  beginner 

in  learning  the  principles  of  the  system  of  "  Double 

Entry  "  book-keeping. 

Boreham  (Frank  W.),  Mountains  in  the  Mist, 

some  Australian  Reveries,  3/6  net.   C.  H.  Kelly 

Discursive   essays  on  miscellaneous   subjects 

I  such   as    '  A   Bush   Philosopher,'    '  The   Pioneer,' 

'  Mount     Disappointment,'     and     '  Second-Class 

Passengers.' 

Cautley  (R.  W.),  Descriptions  of  Land,  a  Text- 
Book  for  Survey  Students,  4/6  Macmillan 
The  author,  who  has  had  experience  as 
Surveyor  to  the  Land  Titles  Office  at  Edmonton, 
Alberta,  has  written  this  textbook  for  survey 
students  who  are  preparing  the  subject  for 
examination. 

Ernst  (Otto),  Roswitha,  translated  by  A.  C. 
Caton,  art  paper  1/6,  cloth  gilt  2/  Caton 

A  second  edition. 

Finck  (Henry  T.),  Food  and  Flavor,  a  Gastro- 
nomic Guide  to  Health  and  Good  Living,  6/  net. 

Lane 
The  writer  takes  as  the  motto  of  his  book  the 
words  "  The  destiny  of  nations  depends  upon 
what  and  how  they  eat,"  and  proceeds  to  illus- 
trate the  value  of  good  food  and  importance 
of  flavour.  In  1912  he  undertook  a  gastro- 
nomic journey  "to  gather  first-hand  information 
in  the  market-places,  gardens,  and  restaurants 
of  France,  Italy,  Germany,  and  England  "  ;  cer- 
tain of  his  chapters  deal  with  national  charac- 
teristics and  specialities.  The  illustrations  form 
a  notable  part  of  the  book,  and  include  menus 
from  various  parts  of  the  world. 

Green  (Alice  Stopford),  Woman's  Place  in  the 
World  of  Letters,  2/  Macmillan 

Reprinted     from     The     .\i  mtii  nil,      Crnlary, 
June,  1S!)7. 
Handy  Newspaper  List,  lull,  6<f. 

C.  k  E.  Lay  ton 

Contains     full     information     tor     advertisers, 

publishers,    and     others,     concerning    newspapers, 

magazines,    and     other    periodicals    published    in 

the  United   Kingdom. 

Kenlon  (John),  Fires  and  FlBE-FlGHTERS,  a 
History  of  Modern  Fire  -  Fighting,  with  a 
Review  of  its  Development  from  Earliest 
Times,  6/  I  [einemann 

An    account    by   the   Chief   of   the    New    York 

Fire  Department  of  the  evolution  of  flre-flghting, 
in  which  the  writer  begins  with  the  problem  m 
ancient   Rome.     The  hook  includes  reminiscences 

of    several    fires,  and    chapters    on    'Theatres    and 

Fire  Panics,'  '  Gasoline  and  Garages,'  ami  •  Fire 
Control    in    Schools,    Factories,    and    Hospitals. 
There  are  many  Ulusi  rat  ions. 


Kirtlan  (Ernest  J.  B.),  Tun  SrORX  of  BEOWULF, 
translated  from  Anglo-Saxon  into  Modern 
English  Prose,  ::  6  0.  II.  Kelly 

This  translation  of  '  Reowulf  '  is  prefaced  l>\ 
an  account  of  t  he  form  and  contents  Of  the  poem. 

The  notes  include  references  to  t he  various  theories 

on    certain    passages,    and    accounts    of    important 

characters, 

Mable  (Hamilton  Wright),  AMERICAN  [DEALS, 
Character,  and  Life,  8/8  net.  Macmillan 

Sea  p.  is.;. 

Macmlllan's  Pocket  Classics  :  Boswell's  Life  of 
Samuel  Johnson-,  an  Abridgment  edited  by 
Mary  II.  Watson  ;  Tine  MILL  on  THE  Floss, 
by  George  Eliot,  edited  by  Ida  Aushennan  : 
Sense  and  Sensibility,  by  Jane  Lusten,  edited 

by  E.  L.  Miller,  1/  net  each. 

Each  volume   has   a    brief    Introduction   and 

notes. 

Philip  (Alexander).TiiE  Rkimhm  oitiik  Calendah, 
4/(5  Regan  Paul 

The  aim  of  this  essay  is  to  summarize  the 
work  accomplished  by  various  investigations 
into  the  matter  of  Calendar  Reform,  and  to  point 
out  the  practical  conclusion.  Chapters  are 
included  on  '  Proposals  for  Reform  '  and  '  A 
Proposed  International  Agreement,'  and  an 
Appendix  on  '  A  Calendar  Reform  Bill.' 

Phillimore  (W.  P.  W.),  Pedigree  Work,  a  Hand- 
book for  the  Genealogist,  with  a  New  Date 
Book,  1066  to  1914,  Second  Edition,  revised 
by  Thomas  M.  Hlagg,  1/6  Phillimore 

A  little   book  for   beginners   in   genealogical 

research. 

Royal  Navy  List  and   Naval   Recorder,  January, 

lu/  Witherby 

Some  important  changes  are  to  take  place 
in  the  next  number.  The  section  devoted  to  the 
services,  honours,  and  special  qualifications  of 
officers  will  be  amplified  in  accordance  with  a 
systematic  plan,  the  aim  of  which  will  be  to 
provide,  as  far  as  possible,  an  alphabetical 
'  Who  's  Who  '  of  the  principal  officers  of  the 
Navy.  The  co-operation  of  officers  is  therefore 
asked  for  in  obtaining  accurate  information  about 
their  careers.  Future  issues  will  be  published 
annually  instead  of  quarterly,  and  the  first 
annual  issue  will  appear  next  July,  after  the 
midsummer  naval  promotions. 

Selected  English  Speeches,  Burke  to  Gladstone, 
edited  by  Edgar  B.  Jones,  "  World's  Classics," 
Pocket  Edition,  1/  Oxford  University  Press 

Speeches  which  were  preserved  merely  in 
rough  notes  and  from  scanty  material,  and  those 
which,  though  famous,  are  "  on  examination 
found  in  themselves  to  lack  distinction,  their 
fame  being  due  to  exceptional  occasions  or  cir- 
cumstances," are  excluded  from  this  selection, 
which  confines  itself  to  examples  of  speeches 
illustrating  the  highest  level  in  oratorical 
expression. 

Weekley  (Ernest),  The  Romance  of  Names,  3/6 
net.  John  Murray 

See  p.  153. 

SCIENCE. 

Baines  (Arthur  E.)  and  Bowman  (F.  H.),  ELECTRO- 

Pathology  and    Therapeutics,    an  Account 

of  Many  Years'  Research  Work,  the  Discovery  of 

the   Electro-Pathology   of    Local    Pyrexia,   and 

of  an  Effective  Means  <>'  staying  Inflammation, 

5/  net.  Ewart  .v.  Seymour 

The  treatise  consists  of  two  parts  :    the  first, 

by  Dr.  Bowman,  describee  'The  Nervous  System 

in  its  Relation   to  Neuro-Electricity,'  for  which 

investigations  were  made  "  to  endeavour  to  de- 
termine the  nature  of  the  influences  which  favour 
the  growth  and  multiplication  of  inimical  organ- 
isms, such  as  bacteria  in  the  blood,  and  which  are 
a  cause  and  conscquenceofdisea.se."  Pari  II.,  by 
Mr.  Haines,  includes  data  bearing  on  the  electro- 
pathology  of  inflammation,  and  the  writer  claims 
that,  according  to  the  data  he  discusses,  Buff< 
from  pneumonia,  append  hit  is,  and  allied  dis- 
orders   can    he    put     out    of    danger    m    Ol r    tWO 

hours.  Tie  Appendix  deals  With  'The  Coin- 
cidence of  Negative  Deflections  with  tome  vege- 
table Poisons.' 

Ersklne-Murray  (James),  A  BandbooX  -i  Wiki:- 
i.kss  Telegraphy,  it-  Theorj  and  Practice.for 
the  Use  of  Electrical  Engineers,  Students,  and 
Operators,  10  8  net.  Crosby  Lockwood 

A    fifth  edition,  re\  is,, |   .oi.l   enlarged. 

Moores  (Lieut. -Col.  S.  Culsei.  BRITISH  EtBD 
cuoss  soi  1 1.  iv  1 1  v..  mm.  ind  Sanitation 
\i  \m  w„  No.  I.  1/  '  '•"" 

A    handbook    on    the 

.,  field  armies  f"i  the  use  .,f  membei 
the  British  Red  <  -        -     lety. 


164 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


Munro  (Robert),  Prehistoric  Britain,  "  Home 
University  Library,"  1/  Williams  &  Norgate 
The  scope  of  this  volume  is  limited  to  "  the 
period  during  which  man  was  an  inhabitant  of 
Western  Europe,  prior  to  the  invention  of  written 
records."     It  contains  a  Bibliography. 

Records  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India,  Vol. 

XLIIL,  Parts  III.  and  IV..  1  rupee  per  part,  or 

2  rupees  per  vol.  of  4  parts.  Kegan  Paul 

The    articles   include    '  Contributions  to   the 

Geology  of  the  Province  of  Yunnan  in  Western 

China  :      1.  The    Bhamo-Teng-Yueh    Area,'     by 

Mr.  J.  Coggin  Brown,  and  '  The  Correlation  of  the 

Siwaliks  with  Mammal  Horizons  of  Europe,'  by 

Mr.  Guy  E.  Pilgrim. 

Seton  (Ernest  Thompson),  The  Trail  of  the 
Sandhill  Stag,  3/0  net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 
One  of  the  author's  studies  of  wild  life,  with 
full-page  and  marginal  drawings.  The  designs 
for  title-page  and  cover,  and  the  literary  revision 
for  this  new  edition,  have  been  done  by  Mrs. 
Thompson  Seton. 

Turner  (H.  H.),  Tables  for  facilitating  the 
Use  of  Harmonic  Analysis,  1/ 

Oxford  University  Press 
After  the  Tables  the  writer  gives  an  example 
of  how  they  may  be  used. 

FINE    ART. 

Landscapes    of   Corot    (The),    Text   by   D.    Croal 
Thomson,  Part  IV.,  2/6  net.       'Studio'  Office 
This    part    contains    plates    of    '  Les    Petits 
Denicheurs,'  '  Pecheur  rl'Ecrevisse,'  '  The  Wood- 
Cutters,'  '  La  Danse  des  Nymphes,'  and  '  Morning.' 

Van  Gogh  (Elizabeth  du  Quesne),  Personal  Re- 
collections of  Vincent  van  Gogh,  trans- 
lated by  Katherine  S.  Dreier,  7/6  Constable 
These  recollections  by  the  artist's  sister  are 

preceded  by  some  introductory  words  on  the  art 

of  Van  Gogh,  and  are  illustrated  by  reproductions 

of  his  pictures. 

MUSIC. 

Bach  (Joh.  Seb.),  Pianoforte  Works,  edited  bv 
Franklin  Taylor  :  No.  8018,  1.5  Two-Part  In- 
ventions ;  No.  8019,  15  Three-Part  Inventions  ; 
No.  8020,  18  Short  Preludes,  1/  net  each. 

Augener 
In  regard  to  notation  and  ornaments  Mr. 
Taylor  has  compared  many  editions,  and  chosen 
those  forms  which,  in  his  opinion,  are  most  in 
agreement  with  Bach's  usual  methods,  and  has 
retained  the  original  signs  of  the  latter. 

Backer-Lunde  (Johan),  Lady  Moon,  words  by 
Lord  Houghton  ;  The  Owl  and  the  Pussy- 
cat, words  by  Edward  Lear,  2/  net  each. 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
Two  additions  to  the  Norwegian  composer's 
series  of  English  songs. 

Beethoven  (L.  van),  Select  Pianoforte  Com- 
positions :   Menuet  in  E  Flat,  Gd.  net. 

Augener 

Borodine  (A.),  Petite  Suite  (Au  Couvent,  Inter- 
mezzo, Deux  Mazurkas,  Reverie,  Serenade,  et 
Nocturne)  pour  Piano,  1/6  net.  Augener 

Carse  (A.  von  Ahn),  A  Little  Concert,  Very 
Easy  Duets  for  Small  Pianists,  Books  I.  and  II., 
1/6  net  each.  Augener 

Coleridge-Taylor  (S.),  The  Guest  ;  An  Explana- 
tion ;  Tell,  O  Tell  Me  ;  Low  Breathing 
Winds  ;  and  Life  and  Death,  Songs  with 
Pianoforte  Accompaniment,  2/  net  each. 

Augener 
These  are  the  last  of  the  unpublished  songs 
of  Coleridge-Taylor,  and  are  now  published  in  the 
interest  of  his  widow. 

Farrar  (E.  B.),  Miniature  Suite  for  Piano, 
Op.  16,  Prelude,  Valse,  Finale,  2/  net. 

Augener 

Gurlitt-Schafer  Melodic  Piano  Tutor,  2/6  net. 

Augener 
In  editing  Gurhtt's  Tutor  Mr.  Christian 
Schiifer  has  aimed  at  interesting  the  beginner  by 
' '  supplying  tuneful  little  pieces  in  preference  to 
dry  exercises,"  and  simplifying  the  work.  Ori- 
ginal and  modern  studies  and  pieces  have  been 
substituted  for  many  of  the  well-known  tunes  in 
the  '  Tutor,'  to  encourage  the  practice  of  reading 
at  sight  at  an  early  stage. 

Henschel  (G.),  Pater  Noster,  for  Three  Voices, 
3d.  net.  Augener 


Johnstone  (J.  Alfred),  Essentials  in  Piano- 
Playing,  and  Other  Musical  Studies,  4/6 

Reeves 
Divided  into  three  sections,  '  Studies  in 
Piano-Playing,'  '  Singing,'  and  '  Musical  Criti- 
cism,' and  includes  chapters  on  the  '  Importance 
of  Simplicity  in  Pianoforte  Teaching,'  '  The  Art 
of  Emma  Calve,'  and  '  Wagner  and  his  Theory  of 
Music-Drama.' 

Lind  (Gustave),  Andalusian  Serenade  for 
Piano,  2/ net.  Augener 

Lind  (Gustave),  Bygone  Days,  a  Lyric  Suite  for 
Pianoforte,  2/  net.  Augener 

Outgoing  Voluntaries,  a  Collection  of  Original 
Works  by  Modern  Organ  Composers,  edited 
by  A.  Eaglefield  Hull,  3/  net.  Augener 

Parry  (C.  Hubert  H.),  Shulbrede  Tunes  for 
Pianoforte,  3/  net.  Augener 

Petits  Soupers  (Les)  de  Versailles,  12  Chansons 
de  la  Collection  Yvette  Guilbert,  ar- 
rangees  et  harmonisees  par  Helene  Chalot,  3/ 
net.  Augener 

These  songs  have  been  freely  adapted  from 
the  original  sources,  and  most  of  them  are  pub- 
lished for  the  first  time. 

Reed  (W.  H.),  Rosenlied  for  Violin  and  Piano, 
1/6  net.  Augener 

Walthew  (R.),  Queen  Buttercup,  Two-Part 
Song  with  Pianoforte  Accompaniment,  3d.  net. 

Augener 

DRAMA. 

Andrews  (Charlton),  The  Drama  To-day,  6/ 

Lippincott 
This  treatise  has  been  written  to  supply  the 
want  of  a  compendium  of  the  drama  to-day  as  it 
appears  in  England,  and  America,  and  on  the  Con- 
tinent. The  writer  has  made  no  special  attempt 
to  throw  new  light  on  the  topics  he  discusses,  but 
intends  rather  "  to  present  in  small  compass 
accurate  general  information  as  to  the  leaders  of 
the  modern  stage  and  their  work,  and  to  offer,  in 
passing,  some  opinions  as  to  the  prospects  and 
tendencies  of  dramatic  art  in  our  day."  The 
book  includes  chapters  on  British  dramatic  art 
and  on  '  Realism  and  the  "  Literary  "  Drama.' 

Downing  (Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  F.),  Placing  Paul's 
Play,  (id.  net.  Francis  Griffiths 

A  miniature  comedy  in  one  act.  It  portrays 
the  struggles  of  an  author  to  get  his  plays 
accepted,  and  his  wife's  successful  ruse  with 
an  actor-manager  for  the  recognition  of  her 
husband's  genius. 

St.  Clair  (Winifred),  The  Snubbing  of  Fanny, 

a  Play  in  One  Act,  6d.  net.       Francis  Griffiths 

This  little  play  shows  how  an  "  arranged  " 

marriage  was  upset  by  the  falling  in  love  of  the 

man  and  his  fiancee's  French  companion. 

Stephens  (Walter),  The  Pilgrim's  Progress, 
a  Sacred  Drama  in  Four  Acts,  1  /6  net. 

Francis  Griffiths 
A  dramatization  of   John  Bunyan's  master- 
piece. 

Zangwill  (Israel),  The  Melting  Pot,  2/6  net. 

Heinemann 
See  notice  on  p.  171. 


C.  R.  MATURIX. 

19,  Fit ■/. william  Place,  Dublin,  .January  26,  1914. 
I  am  at  present  engaged  on  a  work  on 
Ch.  Rob.  Maturin,  the  novelist,  his  life  and 
writings,  and  I  have  been  advised  to  beg 
you  to  have  the  kindness  to  put  a  notice 
in  your  review  that  I  should  be  grateful  if 
persons  who  possibly  are  in  possession  of 
letters  or  documents  in  any  way  relating  to 
him  would  let  me  see  them.  In  the  use  of 
the  letters  every  discretion  will  be  observed. 
Also,  if  some  one  possessing  any  of  the 
romances  of  Maturin — except  '  Melmoth  ' — 
is  willing  to  part  with  them,  I  shall  be  very 
glad  to  buy  them.  N.  Idman. 


Readers  who  are  interested  in  the 
special  subject  treated  in  our  Supplement 
may  like  to  note  that  The  Sociological 
Review  has  for  many  years  been  the  only 
English  periodical  devoted  to  it.  It  is 
the  organ  of  the  Sociological  Society, 
founded  in  1903  to  afford  a  common 
ground  for  scientific,  educational,  and 
practical  workers.  The  January  number 
of  the  Review  has  papers  on  '  Survivals 
and  Tendencies  in  the  University,'  '  Mo- 
dern French  Thought  as  reflected  in  the 
Novel,'  and  '  Abnormal  Psychology.' 

This  last  article  is  by  Prof.  William 
Brown,  who  is  lecturing  at  the  Society's 
next  afternoon  meeting,  on  February  10th, 
on  '  Psycho- Ana  lysis  and  the  Problem  of 
Personality.'  The  Society  also  holds  even 
ing  meetings.  At  the  next  of  these,  on 
February  24th,  Dr.  Saleeby  will  consider 
'  The  First  Decade  of  Modern  Eugenics, 
1904-14.' 

I.N  his  inaugural  lecture  last  week  as 
Reader  of  Indian  History  at  Oxford, 
Archdeacon  Hutton  paid  a  warm  tribute 
to -his  predecessor,  S.  J.  Owen,  and  inci- 
dentally made  some  striking  criticisms  of 
University  historians.  He  spoke  of  the 
recent  rehabilitation  of  Warren  Hastings, 
due  to  the  efforts  of  Sir  George  Forrest 
and  others,  and  rightly  laid  stress  on  the 
mines  of  interest  and  romance  as  yet  un- 
explored in  Indian  history. 

The  Oxford  Readership  is  restricted  to 
the  period  of  British  occupation,  and  the 
lecturer  regretted  that  nothing  was  done 
by  the  University  for  the  study  of  India 
in  ancient  and  mediaeval  times — a  subject 
in  which  even  the  unlearned  may  find 
abundant  attraction. 

A  memorial  slab  to  the  memory  of 
Andrew  Lang  has  been  placed  in  the 
Chapel  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
The  design — a  bronze  casting  in  a  frame 
of  Greek  Tinos  marble — is  by  Sir  William 
Richmond,  and  the  inscription,  besides 
name  and  dates,  contains  the  following 
Greek  verses  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Shewan  : — 

Y/upe    err    7roAA.'     dyiov     e'8os    'AvSptiov   aA.<~ 

kXvcttov 
kv  f3t,OT«)  eparbv  /cat  Tpnrodrjroi'  der 
vvv  o"  In  (ftiXrepov  ecrcrl  iroki^i'ioVj  6Vrt  kol/j-ovti 
koitov  ep.ol  7rape)(€is  «*  ttovov  at&iov. 

A  new"  magazine,  Mastery  {Qd.),  has 
come  into  our  hands,  the  purpose  of  which 
is  to  give  the 

"  Higher  Thought  teaching  that  will  lead 
to  lasting  good  for  the  race,  together  with 
articles  on  scientific  living — eating,  sleeping, 
breathing,  &c. — which  will  show  how  to 
form  the  best  basis  for  development." 

It  is  to  be  published  monthly  by  the  new 
Education  University  Centre,  Spring  Grove 
House,  Isle  worth. 

The  Charles  Lamb  Dinner,  which  was 
started  at  Cambridge  in  1909,  will  take 
place  this  year  on  Saturday,  February 
7th,  at  the  University  Arms  Hotel. 
Mr.  G.  S.  Street  will  be  the  guest  of  the 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1014 


Til  K     ATIIKX.EUM 


Hi. 


evening,  and  Sir  T.  Clifford  Allbutt  will 
be  in  the  chair.  The  organizer  of  the 
dinner  is  .Mr.  Charles  Sayle,  8,  Trumping- 
ton  Street,  Cambridge. 

The  reception  of  M.  Boutroux  at  (lie 

Academic  Francaise  took  place  en  Thurs- 
day, the  22nd.  The  meeting  had  raised 
a  great  deal  of  expectation,  tor  this  was  the 

first  time  that  a  philosopher  had  beenchosen 
by  the  Academic  since  1871,  when  Can) 
Mas  elected.  The  new  member  had  to  pro- 
nounce the  panegyric  of  General  Langlois, 

whom  he  succeeds.  But  for  a  Professor 
to  have  to  praise  an  officer  is  a  somewhat 
uncongenial  task,  and  this  is  probably 
the  reason  why  M.  Boutroux*s  speech  was 
not  so  brilliant  as  his  admirers  anticipated. 
Tactics  had  all  the  honour,  and  philosophy 
was  kept  in  the  background.  Fortunately 
If.  Paul  Bourget.  who  replied,  made  a 
searching  analysis  of  the  theories  professed 
by  the  author  of  *  La  Contingence  des 
Lois  de  la  Xature,"  and  thus  saved  the  day. 

Tin:  "  Affaire  des  Archives."  as  it  is 
already  styled  (see  Athenaeum  of  Jan.  3), 
i-  not  yet  closed.  The  Commission  ap- 
pointed in  order  to  inquire  into  the 
charges  brought  against  Prof.  Aulard  has 
made  its  decision  public.  Its  members 
declare  that  they  have  found  annotations 
ami  various  signs  on  the  documents  sub- 
mitted to  their  examination.  Some  of 
these  seem  to  bear  a  close  relation  to 
ae  of  M.  Aulard's  works.  They  recog- 
nize, however,  that  these  marks  are  not 
imputable  to  M.  Aulard  himself  ;  but 
they  admit  the  possibility  that  they  may 
trom  the  hand  of  one  of  the  Professor's 
retaries.  They  conclude  that  such 
reprehensible  doings  would  not  have  been 
possible  had  the  documents  been  given 
out  in  the  General  Search- Room. 

The  Minister  for  Public  Instruction  has 
therefore  decided  that  henceforth  no 
documents  will  be  given  out  to  copyists 
outside  the  Public  Room.  M.  Aulard 
declares  himself  satisfied  with  this  deci- 
sion. But  in  a  letter  to  a  French  news- 
paper he  announces  that  he  has.  in  his 
turn,  lodged  a  complaint  relating  to 
ts  disclosed  by  the  inquiry. 

Tin:     first     number     of     Mackirdy' a 
Idy,    an   independent    religious    paper, 
was    published   last   Saturday   under   the 
editorship    of    Mrs.    Archibald    Mackirdy 
(Olive     Christian     Malvery).      From     her 
I    irward      we   learn  that  the   policy  of 
the  paper  is  t.,  ■•  demand  at  all  times  and 
kSOns  "'    a   living  wage  for  all   workers; 
protection    for    children:      the    rights    of 
citizenship  to  all.  regardless  of  Bex,  who 
are  taxpayers  and  perform  the  duties  of 
citizen-  ;      and     the     same     standard     of 
morality  in  men  as  they  demand  in  women. 
It    preaches    total    abstinence    from    the 
Christian    and    social    rather    than    the 
medical  point  of  vieu  ;  intends  to  support 
any  "constructive"  philanthropic  efforts, 
and     •  any   fight   waged   for    Freedom   and 
Righteousness";      and     maintains     -'that 
labour  and  capital,  wealth  and  intelligence, 
are   all   equally    necessary    to    the    com- 
munity." 


Ml?.  EDWARD  LovETT  gave  a  lecture  on 
'The  Folk-Lore  of  London  '  on  Saturday 
last,  in  the  new  lecture  hall  of  the  llorni- 
man  Museum.  Forest  Hill.  He  said  that. 
from  the  point  of  view  of  folk-lore,  no  other 
of  the  forty  towns  and  cities  of  Europe 
in  which  he  had  carried  on  investigations 
was  so  full  of  matter  as  London.  Among 
the  most  interesting  of  his  remarks  were 
those  on  the  glass  witch-balls  which  are 
commonly  found  hanging  in  sweetstuff 
shops.  There  were  mostly  two  of  them, 
and  he  found  that  nothing  would  induce 
the  owner  to  sell  them,  they  being  kept 
for  luck.  He  had  come  across  a  shop 
window  in  Venice  full  of  nothing  but  these 
glass  balls,  which  were  bought  by  peasants 
to  hang  up  in  their  gardens  as  a  charm 
against  witches. 

Prof.  Lane  Cooper  writes  from  Cornell 
University,  Ithaca,  New  York  : — 

"  Referring  to  the  late  Mr.  J.  R.  Tut  in  of 
Hull,  The  Athenceum  (Dec.  20,  1913)  re- 
marks that  he  w/as  the  author  of  a  '  Concord- 
ance '  of  Wordsworth.  The  statement  seems 
to  be  misleading.  Mr.  Tutin  compiled  '  The 
Wordsworth  Dictionary  of  Names  and 
Places,  with  the  Familiar  Quotations  from 
his  Y\  orks/  in  which  the  quotations  and  an 
Index  to  them  occupy  about  seventy-five 
pages  octavo — as  against  the  eleven  hundred 
and  thirty-six  pages  quarto  of  my  '  Concord- 
ance.' The  latter  work — the  appearance  of 
which  he  hailed  with  joy — is  the  only  one, 
I  believe,  that  may  properly  be  styled  a 
Concordance  of  Wordsworth. 

"  In  a  volume  entitled  '  Wordsworthshire,' 
by  Mr.  Eric  Robertson,  there  is  a  so-called 
Concordance  to  Wordsworthshire,  of  some 
thirteen  pages,  which  is  useful  so  far  as  it 
goes,  '  Showing  Persons  and  Places  belong- 
ing to  Wordsworthshire,  as  referred  to  in 
the  Oxford  University  Press  single-volume 
complete  edition  of  Wordsworth's  Poems  '  ; 
but  the  compiler  justly  terms  it  a  '  little 
Dictionary.'  My  Concordance  is  based  upon 
the  same  text.  In  view  of  the  heavy  labor 
and  expense  to  which  both  I  and  my  pub- 
lishers, Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  were 
subjected  in  order  to  provide  an  exhaustive 
work,  it  appears  that  these  facts  should  be 
clearly  set  forth  to  the  public."' 

We  should  have  called  Mr.  Tutin's  work 
a  Dictionary.  We  gladly  recognize  the 
labour  and  trouble  implied  in  Prof.  Lane 
Cooper's  admirable  and  exhaustive  work. 

We  are  authoritatively  informed  that 
the  valuable  collection  of  Macquarie 
manuscripts  which  was  to  be  sold  next 
week  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  has  been  pur- 
chased for  the  Mitchell  Library  of  Sydney, 
which  specializes  in  Australiana. 

We  regret  to  find  that  in  the  review  of 
'  The  Voice  of  Africa  '  in  last  week's 
issue.  ""  Ife  "  was  printed,  instead  of  Ifa. 
in  a  passage  on  p.  \'2'.l.  Ife  is  a  town  in 
the  Yoruba  country;  Ifa  is  the  "'oracle 
of  the   palm-nuts,"   for  which   see.   inter 

(ilia,  Mr.  R.  F.  Dennett's  '  Nigerian 
Studies.'  The  two  words  are  quite  dis- 
tinct. 

Mr.    Norman     Raphael,    lately    with 

Mr.  .John  Lane,  has  acquire  da  controlling 
interest  in  the  firm  of  Max  Goschen,  and 

will    enter    on    his    duties    as    director    iin 

mediately* 


WE  much  regret  that  under  the  heading 
'  Looks     Published    this    Week  '    our    last. 

issue  described  the  'Gypsy  Bibliography' 
by  Mr.  George  I'".  Black  as  published  by 
Messrs.  Constable.  It  is  published  by  Mr. 
Bernard  Quaritcb  at  1 1 ,  (  da  ft  on  Street,  W., 
and  was  printed  by  Messrs.  T.  &  A.  Con- 
stable at  the  Edinburgh  University  Press. 

The  fifth  and  concluding  volume  of 
the  Georgian  Society's  well-known  series 
is  now    all   printed   and   in   the   binders' 

hands.  BO  that  the  members  may  expect 
to  receive  it  within  a  fortnight.  It  con- 
tains 120  plates  of  Country  Houses  in 
Ireland,  and  an  essay  from  the  President 
(Dr.  Mahaffy)  on  the  charge  of  absentee- 
ism, so  constantly  made  against  the  Irish 
landed  gentry  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Mr.  John  Lanf.  is  publishing  next  week 
'  The  Comic  Kingdom,"  by  Mr.  Rudolf 
Pickthall.  who  has  chosen  that  rather 
neglected  period  when  Napoleon  for  a 
brief  space  ruled  Elba  in  a  style  that 
brought  order,  yet  suggested  comic  opera. 
History  and  modernity — Napoleonic  de- 
tails and  the  adventures  of  some  latter- 
day  pilgrims  in  search  of  the  truth — are 
blended  in  a  fashion  that  is  entertaining. 

'  From  Far  Lands  :  Poems  of  North 
and  South,'  by  Gervais  Gage  (J.  Laurence 
Rentoul),  is  to  be  issued  shortly  by 
Messrs.  Macmillan.  Mr.  Bentoul's  work 
drew  lively  praise  from  Dowden. 

Mr.  Warde  Fowler's  new  book  on 
'  Roman  Ideas  of  Deity  in  the  Last  Cen- 
tury before  the  Christian  Era  '  will  be 
published  by  the  same  firm  in  the  course 
of  the  spring. 

The  proprietorship  of  the  '  Cambridge 
University  Calendar.'  with  the  publica- 
tion of  which  the  name  of  Deighton  has 
been  associated  for  more  than  one  hundred 
years,  has  recently  been  transferred  from. 
Messrs.  Deighton.  Bell  <fe  Co.  to  the 
Syndics  of  the  Cambridge'  University  Press, 
who  will  be  responsible  for  its  issue 
in  1914-15  and  succeeding  years. 

Mrs.  William  Morris,  who  died  on 
Monday  last  at  Bath,  was  almost  the  last 
survivor  of  the  little  group  who.  over 
half  a  century  ago,  gave  a  new  direction 
to  English  decorative  art.  Her  delicate 
health  restricted  her  influence  to  a  very 
small  circle,  but  her  judgment  and  taste 
in  colour  and  design  were  faultless,  while 
her  native  grace  and  distinguished  beauty 
have  long  been  famous  through  the 
paintings  of  Rossetti.  His  portrait  of 
her  has   been  on  exhibition   as   a    loan   at 

the  National  Gallery  <>f  British  Art  since 

the  death  of  her  husband. 

Till:     Ll.\  .      I '.i  LKELEY     <>w  i:n     JONES* 

Chancellor  of  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Asaph, 
died  on  the  25th  inst.  at  the  age  of  '.to. 
II,.    was   a    schoolfellow    at    Rugby    with 

Thomas    Eughes,    and    appeal-    in       Tom 

Brown's  School  Days'  a-  "  Sloggei  Wil- 
liams"—his  antagonist  being  Augustus 
Orlebar,  who  died  little  more  than  a  year 
ago,  also  at  an  a«l\ anced  age.  Mr.  < rwen 
.Jones,   who   was   horn   in   Anglesey,   bad 

been     for    lilt  \    eiL'ht     yean     I  ncinn  Went     of 

Ruthin  and  Warden  of  <  hi  ist's  Hospital 

there. 


166 


T  H  E     ATHEN M U  M 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,   1914 


SCIENCE 


Modern  Seismology.     By  G.  W.  Walker. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  5s.  net.) 

Earthquakes  may  be  studied  from  two 
distinct  points  of  view  :  one  geological, 
the  other  physical.  It  is  the  latter 
method  of  study  that  has  made  such 
extraordinary  advance  by  means  of  in- 
strumental observation  in  recent  years 
that  modern  seismology  is  now  recognized 
as  a  new  department  of  physical  science. 
Mr.  George  W.  Walker,  who  has  con- 
tributed this  volume  to  the  series  of 
"  Monographs  on  Physics,"  edited  by  Sir 
J.  J.  Thomson  and  Dr.  F.  Horton,  is 
peculiarly  qualified  to  write  such  a  work, 
inasmuch  as  he  has  officially  installed  at 
the  Observatory  at  Eskdalemuir,  in  Dum- 
friesshire, and  has  had  there  under  his 
personal  observation  day  after  day,  a 
number  of  the  best  instruments  for 
recording  movements  of  the  earth,  includ- 
ing apparatus  of  the  Milne,  Omori, 
Wiechert,  and  Galitzin  patterns. 

Although  Mr.  Walker  works  in  a  dis- 
trict not  remarkable  for  high  "  seismicity," 
his  instruments  recorded  in  1911  no 
fewer  than  235  quakes,  and  of  these 
16  were  sufficiently  important  to  be  classed 
as  "  megaseismic."  It  is  notable,  how- 
ever, that  he  could  never  detect  at  Esk- 
dalemuir any  indications  of  earthquakes 
that  were  reported  to  be  felt  in  Perth- 
shire. Even  the  Glasgow  earthquake  of 
December,  1910,  which  excited  some 
local  stir,  had  no  perceptible  effect  on  the 
Galitzin  seismometers,  though  an  earth- 
quake in  Turkestan  threw  one  of  the 
Eskdalemuir  instruments  out  of  action. 

All  the  types  of  seismograph  used  at  the 
Observatory  are  described  in  this  work. 
The  author  not  only  explains  their  con- 
structive details,  showing  what  means 
are  taken  to  secure  sensitiveness,  magni- 
fication of  movement,  and  accuracy  of 
registration,  but  also  discusses  mathe- 
matically the  theory  of  their  action.  It 
is  important,  further,  to  have  the  methods 
of  testing  and  standardization  explained, 
and  the  manner  in  which  an  instrument 
should  be  installed  at  a  new  station  ; 
and  all  this  Mr.  Walker  does  in  a  masterly 
way. 

Seismograms,  or  instrumental  records 
of  the  movements  of  the  earth,  are  not 
easy  things  to  understand,  and  the 
author  does  his  best  to  teach  us  how  to 
interpret  them.  The  fundamental  ques- 
tion which  all  such  records  suggest  is, 
Where  was  the  origin  of  the  disturbance  ? 
The  solution  of  this  problem  seems  to  be 
much  simplified  by  the  use  of  the  delicate 
apparatus,  with  electromagnetic  registra- 
tion, devised  by  the  Russian  seismologist 
Prince  Galitzin,  now  in  use  at  the  Observa- 
tory at  Pulkowa,  and  also  installed  at 
Eskdalemuir. 

Of  all  the  seismographic  instruments 
described  in  this  work,  the  best  known 
generally  is  the  horizontal  pendulum  of 
the  late  Dr.  John  Milne,  as  made  by 
Mr.  Munro  of  Tottenham.  This  com- 
paratively simple   type   of    apparatus    is 


now  in  use  at  about  sixty  observing 
stations  scattered  over  all  parts  of  the 
globe,  so  that  the  records  sent  to  the 
central  station  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  admit 
of  close  comparison.  The  Eskdalemuir 
instrument  is  of  the  latest  twin-boom 
type.  There  is  no  arrangement  for  arti- 
ficial damping,  but  this  defect  may  be 
remedied.  It  is  pleasing  to  find  Mr. 
Walker  recognizing  Milne  as  the  "  Father 
of  Modern  Seismology,"  and  to  mark  the 
appreciative  way  in  which  he  refers  to 
his  pioneering  work  in  this  branch  of 
geophysics. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  Jan.  22. —  The 
Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres,  Vice-President, 
in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  G.  McN.  Rushforth  read 
a  paper  on  the  painting  of  the  Wheel  of 
Life  at  Leominster  Church.  On  the  north  wall 
of  the  nave  of  Kempley  Church  (Glos.)  are  the 
outlines  of  a  wheel  design,  consisting  of  a  central 
disk,  from  which  radiate  ten  spokes,  each  ending 
in  another  disk.  On  the  wall  of  the  westernmost 
bay  of  the  north  aisle  in  Leominster  Church  the 
same  design  appears,  better  preserved,  and  the 
fragments  of  the  inscription  on  the  outer  circum- 
ference enable  us  to  identify  it  with  the  Wheel 
of  the  Ten  Ages  of  Life  depicted  in  the  British 
Museum  MS.,  Arundel  83,  of  the  early  fourteenth 
century.  The  character  of  the  remains  at  Leo- 
minster (of  which  a  water-colour  sketch  by  Mr. 
C.  J.  Praetorius  was  exhibited)  suggests  the  latter 
half  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  the  fragments 
of  the  inscriptions,  as  well  as  the  traces  of  the 
representations  of  the  ten  ages,  show  variations 
from  the  Arundel  MS.  The  design  of  the  wheel 
may  be  compared  with  twelfth-century  windows 
at  St.  Denis  and  Chart  res,  where  the  seven  gifts 
of  the  Spirit  are  similarly  displayed  in  circles 
connected  by  radiating  spokes  with  a  central 
circle  ;  and  also  with  a  twelfth-century  embroi- 
dery at  Cologne,  where  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac 
are  arranged  in  the  same  way.  This  design  may, 
perhaps,  be  derived  from  the  contemporary  forms 
of  the  wheel  window,  especially  where  {e.g.,  in 
examples  at  Chartres  and  Mantes)  the  centre  is 
connected  with  an  outer  series  of  circles  by  radiat- 
ing shafts.  It  soon  went  out  of  fashion,  and  the 
division  of  life  into  ten  ages,  owing  to  its  inherent 
defects,  is  rare,  except  in  some  popular  Conti- 
nental forms.  Among  the  influences  which  can 
be  traced  in  the  representations  of  the  ages  in  the 
Arundel  MS.  are  those  of  astrology  (the  seven 
ages  dominated  by  the  seven  planets),  of  the 
Wheel  of  Fortune,  and  of  the  calendar  pictures. 

Mr.  Reginald  Smith  described  and  illustrated 
four  stone  carvings  of  the  Viking  period  recently 
found  at  Bibury,  Glos.,  and  presented  by 
Canon  Dutton  to  the  British  Museum.  One 
is  pure  Anglo  -  Saxon  work,  probably  early 
eleventh-century,  that  is  now  imperfect  at  one 
end,  and  seems  to  be  modelled  on  a  wooden 
coffin,  with  two  carrick-bends  on  the  flat  top, 
and  curious  arcading  on  the  front.  The  other 
three  are  of  Scandinavian  style,  and  date  from 
about  the  same  period.  One  is  an  imperfect, 
thick  slab  with  serpentine  interlacing  in  low 
relief  on  one  face  ;  while  the  other  two  are 
examples  of  what  has  been  called  the  Ringerike 
style  (1000-1050),  the  head-quarters  being  in  the 
Buskerud  district  of  Norway.  The  smaller  is  a 
thin  slab  carved  on  both  faces:  (i.)  with  double 
intersecting  segments  of  circles,  the  spaces  being 
filled  with  dots  of  two  sizes  ;  and  (ii.)  a  tapering 
band  forming  a  loop  with  dots  within  its  borders, 
and  two  spirals  in  the  centre.  The  patterns  are 
not  so  complete  as  on  the  fourth  stone,  which  has 
composite  tapering  bands  crossing  about  the 
middle,  and  terminating  above  in  two  grotesque 
human  faces  with  long,  curled  moustaches.  The 
spaces  are  filled  with  dots  and  conventional  leafy 
scrolls  rarely  seen  in  England,  but  closely  allied 
to  the  design  on  a  small  bronze  panel  recently 
exhibited  from  Winchester.  A  few  other  examples 
in  museums  were  cited  of  this  style,  which  may  be 
due  to  Oriental  influence,  and  was  preceded  and 
followed  by  Teutonic  animal  ornament  of  the 
Jellinge  and  Urnes  Schools  respectively. 


Anthropological  Institute.  —  Jan.  20. — 
Annual  Meeting. — Prof.  A.  Keith,  President,  in 
the  chair. 

After  the  Reports  of  the  Secretary  and  the 
Treasurer  had  been  read  and  adopted,  and  the 
Council  for   1011  elected,  the  President  gave  an 


address  on  '  The  Reconstruction  of  Human  Fossil 
Skulls.'  He  maintained  that  the  ordinary 
anthropological  methods,  which  were  employed 
for  the  examination  and  description  of  complete 
skulls,  were  not  applicable  to  fragmentary  fossil 
skulls.  During  the  last  six  years  Ik-  had  en- 
deavoured to  discover  and  perfect  methods  which 
might  be  employed  in  the  reconstruction  of 
skulls  from  fragments.  Recently  fragments  of  a 
human  skull,  representative  of  the  pieces  of  a  fossil 
human  skull  found  at  Piltdown,  had  been  sub- 
mitted to  him  for  reconstruction.  A  cast  of  the 
original  skull  was  kept  by  those  who  submitted 
the  fragments  to  him.  There  was  no  apparent 
trace  on  the  fragments  of  the  middle  line  along 
the  vault.  The  reconstructed  skull  with  a  cast  of 
the  original  was  submitted  to  the  meeting.  The 
cranial  capacity  of  the  original  skull  was  1395  c.c, 
the  estimated  capacity  of  the  reconstruction  was 
1415  c.c.  As  regards  width  and  auricular  height 
the  reconstruction  and  original  were  in  almost 
complete  agreement — the  difference  being  less 
than  2  mm.  In  length,  however,  there  was  a 
considerable  discrepancy,  the  reconstruction  being 
5  mm.  longer  than  the  original.  The  difference 
was  due  to  the  peculiar  character  of  the  forehead 
of  the  original,  and  also  to  a  mistake  as  to  the 
probable  sex  of  the  skull.  The  reconstructed 
skull  had  been  provided  with  eyebrow  ridges  of 
the  male  type,  whereas  in  the  original  they  were 
definitely  female  in  character.  Tracings  of  this 
reconstruction  were  exhibited  side  by  side 
with  similar  tracings  from  the  lecturer's  own 
reconstruction  of  the  skull,  to  show  that  the 
problem  was  the  same  in  each  case,  and  that  in  all 
dimensions  the  cranial  cavity  of  the  Piltdown 
skull  was  larger  than  the  test  skull  submitted  to 
him. 

At  the  close  of  the  address  Prof.  G.  D. 
Thane,  in  moving  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  lecturer, 
expressed  his  admiration  at  the  fidelity  with 
which  the  task  of  reconstruction  had  been  carried 
out,  and  the  exact  methods  which  had  been 
employed  by  the  lecturer  in  his  task. 


British  Numismatic. — Jan.  21. — Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J.  B.  S. 
Macllwaine  contributed  an  account  of  the 
discovery  of  a  hoard  of  silver  coins  near 
Wicklow  in  1897.  Owing  to  the  secrecy  which 
usually  envelops  such  finds,  he  had  been  able  to 
inspect  only  twenty  of  the  pieces,  but  these 
proved  to  be  all  half-groats  of  the  second  issue 
of  Henry  VII.,  with  mint-mark  lys,  and  struck  at 
London. 

Mr.  Shirley-Fox  gave  a  description  of  the 
method  which  he  and  his  brother,  Mr.  Earle  Fox, 
had  devised  for  systematically  classifying  Plan- 
tagenet  coins.  The  general  principle  was  to 
treat  the  obverse  and  reverse  as  separate  units, 
and  by  dividing  them  into  well-defined  classes 
in  tabular  form,  it  was  possible  instantly  to  ascer- 
tain whether  any  given  combination  had  been 
recorded.  Selecting  as  a  typical  example  the 
varied  and  complicated  series  of  half-groats  of 
the  "  leaf-trefoil  "  issue  of  Henry  VI.,  of  which 
he  exhibited  a  large  number,  the  lecturer  showed 
by  practical  demonstration  that  any  selected 
piece  could  be  identified  at  a  glance,  and  placed 
correctly  in  its  column.  The  system  could  be 
applied  as  well  to  gold  as  to  silver  coins,  and  also 
to  those  of  Edward  III.  and  of  earlier  reigns,  issued 
before  a  definite  sequence  of  privy  marks  had 
been  introduced. 

Mr.  W.  Sharp  Ogden  exhibited  a  series  of  silver 
pennies  of  Richard  II.,  Henry  VI.,  and  Edward 
IV.,  illustrating  the  rude  workmanship  of  the 
dies  then  made  in  York  and  Durham  when  com-, 
pared  with  those  of  London  manufacture.  Other 
exhibitions  included  a  half-noble  of  Henry  VI., 
mint-mark  lys,  with  three  pellets  in  the 
second  quarter  of  the  reverse,  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Young  ;  five  groats  of  Henry  VI.,  with  mint- 
mark  voided  cross,  struck  from  the  same 
obverse  die,  but  each  with  a  different  reverse, 
by  Mr.  Shirley-Fox  ;  and  six  specimens  from  a 
small  hoard  of  about  sixty  silver  pieces  of  the 
money  current  at  the  date  of  the  Battle  of  Sedge- 
moor,  and  found  on  its  site,  by  General  C.  S. 
Feltrim  Fagan. 


Society  of  Medicine:  Historical  Section. — 
Jan.  28. — Sir  William  Osier,  President,  in  the 
chair. — Sir  Ernest  Clarke  read  a  paper  in  which 
he  adduced  a  number  of  new  facts  as  to  the 
medical  education  and  qualifications  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith. 

The  paper  was  illustrated  by  various  original 
letters  and  other  documents  of  the  period  of 
Goldsmith's  life,  and  it  appeared  from  it  that 
there  was  no  longer  any  necessity  to  ascribe 
Goldsmith's  medical  degree  of  M.B.  to  a  foreign 
University  such  as  Leyden,    Louvain,   or  Padua, 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


T  1 1  K     A  T  1 1  E  X  M  U  M 


167 


■b  had  been  dene  in  the  accepted  biographies. 
it  was  known  that  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Percy  (after- 
wards Bishop  of  Dromore)a  and  Goldsmith  had 
paid  a  visit  to  Oxford  together  in  February,  1768  ; 
and  though  there  was  nothing  on  the  Bubjecl  in 
the  official  University  records — which  were  kept 
verv  carelessly  at  the  time — examination  recently 
made,  at  the  instance  of  Sir  William  Osier,  of  the 
local  newspapers  of  the  period  had  revealed  this 
entry  in  Jackson's  Oxford  Journal  for  Saturday, 
February  18th,  1769  :  "  Yesterday  Oliver  Gold- 
smith Esq.  Bachelor  of  Physick  in  the  University 

Dublin,    Author    of    'The    Traveller,    a    Poem,' 

of  •  The  Present  state  of  Polite  Learning  in 
Europe,'  and  of  several  other  learned  and  inge- 
nious Performances,  was  admitted  in  Congrega- 
tion to  the  same  Decree  in  this  University." 

It  was  obvious,  therefore,  that  Oxford  had 
.given  to  Goldsmith  on  February  17th,  17ti!>,  an 
*'  ad  eundem  gradum  "  degree  of  M.B.  because 
he  was  already  a  medical  graduate  of  Dublin. 
It  had  not  been  possible,  owing  to  the  imperfec- 
tions of  the  Dublin  Registers,  to  confirm  this  posi- 
tively from  the  Irish  University  records:  but 
Goldsmith  was  already  a  Bachelor  of  Arts  of 
Dublin  (February  27th,  1740),  and  under  the 
Statutes  would  have  been  entitled,  on  compliance 
with  certain  requirements,  to  admission  to  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Physic  at  the  expiration 
of  three  years  thereafter.  It  appeared  probable 
from  various  references  quoted  by  the  reader  of 
the  paper  from  family  letters  and  other  documents 
that  (contrary  to  what  was  commonly  supposed) 
Goldsmith  commenced  to  study  anatomy  at 
Dublin,  resumed  it  after  a  period  of  idleness 
when  he  went  to  Edinburgh  in  1752,  and  con- 
tinued his  medical  studies  in  an  intermittent 
way  at  Leyden  and  other  foreign  Universities. 
The  suggestion  made  was  that,  some  time  after 
he  returned  to  England  from  Ins  Continental 
wanderings  in  1756,  he  may  have  applied  to  his 
Alma  Mater  to  grant  him  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Physic  in  absentid,  and  that  his  application 
granted.  At  any  rate,  he  called  himself 
31. B.  in  an  agreement  with  James  Dodsley 
written  in  his  own  hand  and  dated  31st  March, 
1763  (now  at  the  British  Museum*  ;  and  in  the 
tirst  book  which  had  his  name  on  the  title-page, 
viz.,  '  The  Traveller,'  published  on  December  19th, 
1701,  lie  was  described  as  "  Oliver  Goldsmith, 
M.B." 

In  ('isrussh:g  the  paper  Mr.  D'Arcy  Power 
pointed  out  that  the  reciprocity  of  the  Oxford 
"  ad  eundem"  medical  degree  applied  only  to 
abridge  and  Dublin,  as  it  was  based  on  the 
necessity  of  taking  an  Arts  degree  first.  Gold- 
smith did  not  take  any  degree  at  Cambridge, 
I  it  was  almost  certain,  therefore,  that  he  was 
in  possession  of  the  Dublin  M.B. 


Ti  n. 


Royal.— Jan.   22.— Sir  William   Crookes,   Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. — Messrs.  R.  T.  Glazebrook  and 
1>.    W.  Dye  contributed  a    paper  'On  the    Heat 
Production    associated  with   Muscular    Work  :    a 
e  on  Prof.  J.  S.  Macdonald's  Paper,  Proc.  U.S., 
EL  \  ol.  87." — 'The  Chemical  Interpretation  of  some 
Mendelian  Factors    for  Flower-Colour,'  by  Messrs. 
M.  Wheldale  and  H.  L.   Bassett,  dealt  with  the 
Mendelian  factors  for    flower-colour    in    varieties 
In-irrhinum  majus.     Two  varieties,  ivory  and 
illow,  were  chiefly  considered.    Ivory  is  a  simple 
ielian  dominant  to  yellow,    and    contains   a 
tor  "I"  which  is  absent  from    yellow.      The 
authors  had  previously  identified  the  pale  yellow 
pigment  of   the  ivory  variety  with  a  navone,  i.e., 
jenin.    In    this   paper   it  was   shown    that   the 
iw    variety  contains,  in  addition   to  apiKenin, 
another  navone   pigment,   i.e.,   luteolin,  which  is 
tent  in   the  epidermis  and  which   accounts  for 
the   deeper  yellow  colour  of   the  flower.     Hence 
the  dominant  ivory  factor  may  be  expressed  as  the 
i-ower  to  inhibit  the  formation  of  luteolin  in  the 
epiderrni-. 
The  remaining  papers  were  :  '  The  Determination 
the  Minimum  Lethal  Dose  of  Various  Toxic  Sub- 
stances and  its  Relationship  to  the  Body  Weight  in 
Warm  blooded  Animals,  together  with  Considera- 
tions bearing  on  the  Dosage  of  Drugs,'  by  Prof.  G. 
Dreyer  and  Dr.   K.  W.  A.  Walker,— '  Experiments 
on  the  Restoration  of  Paralysed  Muscles  by  means  of 
.Verve    Anastomosis:   Part  II.  Anastomosis  of  the 
Nerves    supplying    Limb     Muscle*.'    by    Prof.    R. 
Kennedy.— and    'Variations    in   the  Sex  Ratio  of 
.l/».   rattun  following   an    Unusual    Mortality    of 
Adult  Females,    by  Dr.  F.  Norman  White. 


MEKTINCi8    NEXT    WEEK. 

>1  Fo»l    Academy.    *.—  Tlie    <  onatitutlonal    Development    lu 

Median!  Architecture,   Prof.  K.  H.  Prior. 

—  Roval  InitHuli   - 

—  Society  of  Kmriocert.  7  m. 

—  8t    bride  foundation.  "JO  — '  Book  Illustration  and    Decora 

tl.n.  Flft-enth  and  Sixteenth  Centuriee.'  Mr.  R.  A.  Peddle 

—  An.fitelUn.  ".—  Intuitionimi.'  Mrs.  Duddington. 

—  Society   of    Art..    * .  —  '  The    Relation    of    Industry    to    Art. 

re  til  .  Mir  0.  Wald.teln.     iCantor  Lecture.' 
Royal  Institution.  3 .  — '  Animsls  ami   Plants   under  Domeati 
cation.'  Lecture  III..  Prof.  W.  Batcaon. 


Win 


Tin'"' 


Fin. 
Sat. 


Society  of  Arts.  4.:i0.  —  'The  Montreal.  Ottawa,  and  Georgian 
Bay  Canal.'  sir  R.  W.  Perka.    (Colonial  Section.) 

Institution  of  L'ivil  Kngineera,  s — 'The  Problem  of  the  Thruat 
Bearing.'  Mr.  H    T.  Newhlgln. 

Zoological.  S  80.— 'An  Annotated  Llat  of  the  Reptllea  and 
Batrachiaua  collected  by  the  British  Ornithologist*'  Union 
Kxiwilitlon  and  the  Wollaaton  Expedition  in  Hutch  New 
Guinea.'  Mr  Q.  A.  Boulenger ;  Contribution*  to  the 
Anatomy  and  Systematic  Arrangement  of  the  Ceatoidea  : 
XII.  Further  Ohservationa  upon  the  Genua  Urocyatidiuui. 
Beddaid.'  Dr.  F.  !'  Beddard  ;  '  Heport  on  the  Deaths  which 
occurred  in  the  Zoological  Gardens  during  IBIS.'  Mr.  11  G. 
I'M  miner. 

Archtnological  Institute,  4.30.  —  "The  Divinity  School  ut 
Oxford  and  its  Vaulted  Ceiling,'  Dr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope. 

Society  of  Literature.  5.1ft.— 'Leconte  tie  Lisle  and  some 
Knglish  Poets :  the  Ancient  World.'  l'rof.  M.  A.  Gerotn- 
\w>!il. 

Entomological.  S— 'The  Myrmecophilous  Aphides  of  Great 
Britain.7  Prof.  t.  V.  Theobald 

Geological,  8. 

Bocletv  of  Arts.  8.—'  Motor  Fuels,  with  Special  Reference  to 

Alcohol,'  Dr.  W.  R.  Ormandy. 
.Royal  Institution,  3.— 'Types  and    Causes    of    Earth  Crust 
Folds.'  Lecture  I.,  Prof,  sir  T.  H.  Holland. 

Royal,  4  30.— 'The  Conduction  of  the  Pulse  Wave  and  the 
Measurement  of  Arterial  Pressure.'  Prof.  L.  Hill,  Messis. 
.1.  McO_ueen  and  M.  Flack;  'Keport  of  the  Monte  Rosa 
Expedition  of  1911,'  Messrs.  J.  IKrcroft,  M.  Camis.  C  G. 
Mathison,  F.  Huberts,  and  J.  H.  KjrTel;  '  Some  Notes  on 
Soil  Protozoa,'  Part  I.,  Messrs.  0.  A.  Martin  and  K.  Lewln  ; 
and  other  Papers. 

British  Archaeological  Association,  ft. —  'The  Braises  of 
Gloucestei shire,'  Mr  C.  Davis. 

Linnean,  8.— 'The  Vegetation  of  White  Island,  New  Zealand,' 
Mr.  W.  R.  B.  Oliver;  'Lantern-Slides  of  Cape  Plants, 
mostly  in  their  Native  Habitats,'  Mr.  W.  C  Worsdell ;  '  The 
Range  of  Variation  of  the  Oral  Appendages  in  some 
Terrestrial  Isopoda,'  Mr.  W.  E.  Collinge. 

Chemical.  8.30.  — 'The  Absorption  Spectra  of  the  Vapours  and 
Solutions  of  Various  Substances  containing  Two  Benzene 
Nuclei,'  Mr.  J.  E.  Purvis;  'The  Oxidation  of  some  Benzyl 
Compounds  of  Sulphur:  Part  II,  Benzyltetrasulphoxide,' 
Mr.  J.  A.  Smith;  'The  Reaction  between  Iodine  and 
Aliphatic  Aldehydes.'  Messrs.  H.  M.  DawBon  and  J. 
Marshall  ;  and  other  Papers 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 

Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  8.30.— '  Ironwork,'  Mr.  J.  8tarkie 
Gardner. 

Royal  Institution.  9.—' The  Mechanics  of  Muscular  Effort,' 
Dr.  H.  S.  HeleShaw. 

Royal  Institution,  :i.  — '  Neglected  Musical  Composers:  (3) 
Joachim  Raff.'  Prof.  F.  Corder. 


SIR    DAVID    GILL. 

That  the  world  has  lost  a  great  man 
by  the  passing  of  David  Gill  is  evident 
from  a  simple  statement  of  his  career. 
He  began  his  early  manhood  as  a  worker 
in  a  mechanical  business  in  Aberdeen,  and 
he  died  not  only  a  leader  in  British  astro- 
nomy, but  also  the  trusted  counsellor  of  the 
highest  in  the  science  in  other  lands.  Of 
the  many  honours — academic  and  other- 
wise— of  which  he  was  the  recipient,  the 
one  which  Gill  most  prized  was  his  pos- 
session of  the  Order  "  Pour  le  Merite,"' 
bestowed  on  him  by  the  German  Emperor  in 
1910.  This  Prussian  Order  comprises  thirty 
foreign  members,  twenty  of  them  chosen 
for  distinction  in  science,  and  Gill  was  one 
of  the  seven  British  subjects  in  this  class, 
and  the  only  British  astronomer. 

In  1872  Gill,  being  then  29  years  of  age, 
was  engaged  in  the  business  left  to  his  care 
by  his  father,  having  received  at  Aberdeen 
University  a  liberal  education,  of  which 
mathematics  and  physics  formed  a  large 
part.  Clerk  Maxwell  had  been  one  of 
his  instructors.  He  had  gained  consider- 
able local  reputation  for  practical  astro- 
nomy, at  which  he  had  worked  in  his  leisure 
for  some  years,  and  this  led  to  his  acquaint- 
ance with  Lord  Lindsay,  who  was  then  con- 
sidering the  question  of  setting  up  a  private 
observatory  at  the  family  seat  at  Dim  Echt. 
When  the  scheme  was  realized.  Lord 
Lindsay  offered  the  charge  of  the  ob- 
servatory to  Gill,  which  the  latter  accepted 
after  some  consideration,  for  acceptance 
entailed  giving  up  his  business  and  some 
consequent  pecuniary  loss.  Lord  Lindsay 
pursued  his  hobby  with  a  generous  hand, 
and,  as  the  Transit  of  Venus  of  1874  ap- 
proached, planned  and  equipped  an  expedi- 
tion to  .Mauritius  for  its  observation,  (Jill 
being  the  astronomer  in  charge.  This  work, 
with  the  determination  of  longitudes  and 
other  subsidiaries,  occupied  him  until  ISTii, 
and  in  that  year  (Jill  quitted  I  >i  in  Echt 
and  began  preparations  for  an  expedition 
to  the  Guana  of  Ascension  for  the  determina- 
tion of  the  parallax  of  the  sun  by  means 
of  observations   of  the  planet    Mars  at    its 

opposition        in       1877.         It     was    initiated 

by  himself,  but  was  supported  financi- 
ally by  grants  from  the  Royal  and  Royal 
Astronomical  Societies.     The   success  of  his 


work  was  recognized  by  the  award  of  the 
Gold  .Medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  which  he  received  in  1882. 

In  1878  the  post  of  KadclifTc  Observer 
at.    Oxford     became    vacant,     for   wlucli     (Jill 

applied,    though    unsuccessfully;     but    the 

appointment    of  Mr.    K.   .1.   Stone   left    vacant 

the  Directorship  of  the  (ape  Observatory, 

and    in    February,    1879,   Gill    was  appointed 

to  the  office  of   ELM.    Astronomer,   largely 

through  the  Support  of  his  early  friend  Lord 
Lindsay  (then  Lord  (raw  ford). 

The  wisdom  of  the  choice  of  those  re- 
sponsible has  been  amply  justified.  The 
Observatory,  established  in  1820,  had  passed 

through  an  honourable  career  in  the  hands 
of  a  succession  of  men  able  in  various  ways, 
but  the  time  had  arrived  to  render  the  in- 
stitution more  fit  to  take  part  in  the  ad- 
vance of  astronomy.  As  was  shown  in  a  review 
of  Sir  David's  latest  work  published  in  our 
number  of  last  week,  (iill  was  quick  to  see 
and  accept  his  responsibilities.  He  v\ . li- 
able to  make  evident  to  the  authorities  of 
the  home  Government  who  have  the  control 
of  the  Cape  Observatory  the  necessity  of 
increasing  the  resources  of  the  institution. 
He  had  the  power  of  securing  good  men  to 
work  for  and  with  him,  and  his  personality 
and  zeal  were  such  that  a  benefactor  of  the 
science  did  not  scruple  to  make  him  the 
trustee  of  a  noble  instrumental  gift  to 
astronomy.  Gill  welcomed  astronomers  of 
repute  who  were  engaged  in  researches  for 
which  South  Africa  supplied  suitable  ground, 
and  Elkin,  Auwers,  Jacoby,  McClean, 
Cookson,  and  Franklin  -  Adams  each  in 
turn  enjoyed  his  friendship  and  the 
hospitality  of  the  Cape  Observatory,  and 
produced  valuable  work  as  the  outcome  of 
their  visits.  Some  of  the  principal  works 
of  the  Observatory  under  Gill's  direction, 
besides  the  Survey  of  South  Africa  de- 
scribed in  these  pages  last  week,  are  as 
follows:  the  'Cape  Photographic  Durch- 
musterung  and  its  Revision, '  done  in  co- 
operation with  Prof.  Kapteyn  of  Groningen  ; 
'  Researches  in  Stellar  Parallax  by  Helio 
meter  Measures  '  ;  '  Determination  of  the 
Solar  Parallax  from  Observations  of  Minor 
Planets  '  ;  and  a  '  Research  on  the  Mass  of 
Jupiter  and  the  Orbits  of  its  Satellites' — 
all  of  which  were  contributions  of  a  novel 
kind  to  the  staple  work  of  a  Government 
Observatory.  In  1908  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  showed  appreciation  of  this 
fact  by  awarding  to  Gill  the  Gold  Medal 
for  the  second  time  for  his  '  Contributions  to 
the  Astronomy  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere." 
In  addition  to  these  researches,  it  is  to  be 
noted  that  an  almost  chance  photograph 
of  the  Great  Comet  of  1882  caused  Gill  to 
see  the  possibility  of  charting  stars  accu- 
rately by  photography,  and  this  may  I" 
said  to  have  led  to  the  initiation  of  the 
International  Photographic  Chart  of  the 
Heavens,  in  the  carrying  out  of  which  the 
Cape  Observatory-  has  a  large  share. 

Gill  left  the  Cape  in  October,  1906,  and 
retired  finally  in  1907;  but  retirement 
to  a  man  of  his  temperament  BCarcel) 
implied    cessation    from    work,    and    in    the 

latter  years  of  his  lite  he  not  only 
filled  the  offices  of  President  of  th<  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  Foreign  8ecreta»Ty 
of  the  same  body,  President  of  the  British 
Association,  and  Visitor  of  the  Royal  Ob 
vatory,  Greenwich,  but  also  took  an  active 
part  in  the  winking  of  many  other  social  and 
scientific  organizations.  To  his  friends  ami 
acquaintances  his  death  which  took  pi 
in  his  -event Y-first  year  on  (Saturday, 
the  24th  inst.  comes  as  a  shock  ami  a  sur- 
prise, tor  less  than  two  months  ago  be  was 
present  in  their  midst,  a  strong  man. 
vigorous  in  mind  ami  body,  as  he  had  been 
throughout  his  hie. 


168 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


&zuxut  (gossip. 


The  International  Conference  on  Mathe- 
matical Teaching  will  be  held  at  the  Sor- 
bonne  on  the  first  four  days  of  April,  and 
applications  for  tickets  (gratis)  should  be 
sent  in  before  February  26th.  The  points 
to  be  discussed  are  :  ( 1 )  the  results  obtained 
by  the  introduction  of  the  calculus  into  the 
higher  classes  of  secondary  schools  ;  (2)  the 
place  of  mathematics  in  higher  technical 
education. 

Sir  George  Greenhill,  Prof.  E.  W.  Hobson, 
and  Mr.  C.  Godfrey  form  the  British  Com- 
mittee, and  particulars  may  be  obtained 
from  Mr.  H.  D.  Ellis,  12,  Gloucester  Terrace, 
Hyde  Park. 

There  is  a  movement  afoot  to  institute 
a  Statistical  Survey  of  British  Towns,  and 
for  the  publication  of  comparative  municipal 
statistics  such  as  those  published  by  the 
municipalities  of  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna. 
A  Conference  on  the  subject  was  held 
last  week  at  the  County  Council  Hall, 
Spring  Gardens,  Mr.  Geoffrey  Drage  pre- 
siding, and  delivering  an  address  in  which 
he  urged  the  important  economic  and  prac- 
tical advantages  of  taking  exhaustive  cog- 
nizance of  the  resources,  problems,  and 
developments  in  the  way  of  enhancement 
or  depreciation  of  values  with  which  mu- 
nicipal government  had  to  deal.  He  em- 
phasized particularly  the  need  of  complete 
information  of  this  kind  in  order  to  settle 
the  proper  relation  between  municipal 
government  and  Parliament. 

Delivering  the  first  Friday  evening 
lecture  of  this  season  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion, Sir  James  Dewar,  whose  subject  was 
'  The  Coming  of  Age  of  the  Vacuum  Flask,' 
gave  an  account  of  some  investigations  he 
is  carrying  on  which  lead  him  to  believe 
that  there  is  a  slow  evolution  of  hydrogen 
gas  in  progress  throughout  the  whole  animal 
economy.  If  not  accumulating  in  the  air, 
hydrogen  must  either  be  escaping  from 
the  atmosphere  or  undergoing  oxidation  in 
the  higher  regions,  and  returning  to  the 
earth  as  water.  The  lecturer  thought  it 
was  likely  that  both  processes  were  taking 
place. 

It  is  proposed  to  celebrate  the  ter- 
centenary of  John  Napier's  '  Logarithmorum 
Canonis  Mirifici  Descriptio,'  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1614,  by  a  Congress  to  be  held  in 
Edinburgh  on  Friday,  July  24th,  and  follow- 
ing days.  By  the  invitation  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh  a  General  Committee 
has  been  formed,  representing  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  the  Town  Council  of  Edinburgh, 
the  Faculty  of  Actuaries,  the  Royal  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Glasgow,  the  Univer- 
sities of  St.  Andrews,  Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  and 
Edinburgh,  the  University  College  of  Dun- 
dee, and  many  other  bodies.  Mathema- 
ticians and  others  who  may  be  interested 
in  the  celebration  are  requested  to  apply 
to  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Society, 
22,  George  Street,  Edinburgh. 

A  wild  swan  was  recently  so  foolhardy 
as  to  adventure  itself  into  the  marshes  near 
Sheerness.  Why  it  should  not  be  possible 
for  the  rarer  wild  creatures  to  approach 
civilization  with  any  hope  of  safety  is,  when 
one  comes  to  think  of  it,  as  strange  as  it  is 
lamentable.  As  might  have  been  expected, 
the  swan  was  shot.  It  weighed  14  lb.,  and 
is  thought  to  be  the  first  wild  specimen 
secured  in  Sheppey  these  twenty  years.  The 
satisfaction  to  be  derived  from  this  infor- 
mation seems  inadequate  to  justify  the  de- 
struction of  the  bird. 


FINE    ARTS 


Rome  of  the  Pilgrims  and  Martyrs.  By 
Ethel  Ross  Barker.  With  four  Maps. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  12s.  Qd.  net.) 

"  To  visitors  to  the  Eternal  City  who  are 
interested  in  the  early  Christians  this  book 
should  be  invaluable,  for  it  enters  with 
thoroughness  into  their  history,  and  em- 
bodies the  results  of  the  most  recent  re- 
searches." 

This  sentence,  which  we  find  printed 
on  the  book-cover,  is  fully  justified  by 
the  perusal  of  the  text.  In  fact,  we  do 
not  hesitate  to  say  that,  since  the 
publication  of  De  Rossi's  second  volume 
of  the  '  Inscriptiones  Christiana?  '  (1888) 
and  of  Duchesne's  '  Liber  Pontificalis ' 
(1886-92)  and  '  Histoire  ancienne  de 
l'Eglise  '  (1908-10),  no  other  work  of 
reference  has  been  offered  to  students 
dealing  with  the  origin,  development,  and 
evolution  of  Christian  Avorship  in  Rome 
in  a  manner  as  efficient,  clear,  correct, 
impartial,  and  compact  as  that  which 
prevails  in  this  new  volume.  Its  im- 
munity from  errors  in  the  epigraphic 
texts  is  also  refreshing,  if  Ave  consider 
how  many  recent  contributions  to  the 
history  and  topography  of  Pagan  and 
Christian  Rome  are  tainted  with  negli- 
gence and  inaccuracy  in  Greek  and  Latin 
epitaphs,  and  even  in  simple  quotations. 

The  author  begins  with  a  Preface  on 
the  religious  evolution  of  Rome  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries,  the  origins 
of  the  cult  of  confessors  and  martyrs, 
the  sanctification  of  their  graves,  and 
the  influx  of  pilgrims  "  ad  limina."  A 
plan  of  the  city  is  appended  to  this  intro- 
ductory chapter  to  illustrate  the  slow 
but  relentless  process  of  transformation 
of  Pagan  edifices  into  Christian  places  of 
Avorship,  and  this  plan  is  so  trustworthy 
that,  of  the  many  hundred  indications 
which  it  contains,  one  only  seems 
to  be  Avrong — that  concerning  the  course 
of  the  Anio  Novus,  which  the  author 
makes  enter  Rome  from  the  Via  and  the 
Porta  Nomentana,  instead  of  the  Via  and 
the  Porta  Prsenestina  (Maggiore). 

The  introductory  chapter  is  folloAved 
by  an  analysis  of  the  sources  of  informa- 
tion on  "  underground  Christian  Rome/' 
such  as  the  '  Liber  Pontificalis,'  edited 
by  Duchesne  and  Mommsen,  or  the 
Itineraries  of  Salisbury,  Malmesbury,  Ein- 
siedlen,  &c.  In  the  chapter  on  the 
'  Indexes  of  Cemeteries '  Ave  are  made 
familiar  with  their  genesis  from  the 
Imperial  Almanacs  of  the  Constantinian 
era,  as  an  appendix  to  reAased  and 
up-to-date  editions  (fourth  century)  of 
the  '  Xotitia  '  and  the  '  Curiosum.' 

Chapter  x.  deals  with  the  Acta  Mar- 
tyrum,  or  rather  with  the  Acta  Procon- 
sularia — official  records  of  the  trials  of 
martyrs  before  the  prefects  of  the  city  or 
the  praetors  in  Rome,  and  before  the 
governors  or  proconsuls  in  the  provinces. 
Shorthand  notes  AA'ere  taken  of  the  pro- 
ceedings by  clerks,  and  then  copied  in 
good  form  and  deposited  in  the  local 
archives.       The      Christians      sometimes 


sought  permission  from  the  officials  to 
make  copies  of  these  proces-verbaux,  some- 
times they  took  cloAvn  their  own  notes 
in  court.  Many  of  these  authentic  Acts 
were  destroyed  in  the  persecution  of  Dio- 
cletian, and  those  which  escaped  destruc- 
tion were  so  manipulated  and  embellished 
in  subsequent  editions  that  they  lost  all 
traces  of  authenticity.  The  exceptions  to 
this  rule  are  A'ery  few. 

The  compilation  of  chap,  xix.,  on  the 
'  Anthologies  of  Inscriptions '  (of  Einsiedlen, 
Lauresheim,  Verdun,  Tours,  Wirceburg, 
&c),  has  been  made  easy  by  De  Rossi, 
who  deals  ex  jyrojesso  Avith  this  branch  of 
information  in  ato1.  ii.  of  the  '  Inscr. 
Christianas.'  But  the  summing-up  of  the 
case  by  the  author  is  so  careful  and 
trustworthy  in  every  respect  that  students 
can  use  it  as  a  key  or  synopsis  of  the  larger 
work. 

The  volume  ends  with  a  Bibliographical 
Appendix  brought  up  to  the  beginning  of 
last  year. 

In  dealing  with  such  matters,  connected 
with  all  branches  of  Christian  archaeology, 
the  author  has  very  seldom  fallen  into 
incorrectness  of  speech.  Instances  of 
inaccuracy  are  to  be  found  on  p.  5, 
where  the  name  Templum  Sacrae  Urbis 
is  translated  *'  temple  of  the  Holy  City," 
and  on  p.  96,  Avhere  the  ancient  Horrea 
are  described  as  "  warehouses  for  food  "  ! 
Again,  on  p.  5,  the  author  speaks  of 
a  church  of  S.  Andrew  Catabarbara  as 
having  been  "built  "  by  Pope  Simplicius 
;'  in  the  hall  of  the  mansion  of  Junius 
Bassus "  on  the  Esquiline.  Simplicius, 
and  Flavius  Valila  the  Goth,  built 
nothing  aneAv  ;  they  simply  "  aptaverunt 
sacris  caelestibus  "  an  exquisite  basilica, 
constructed  about  a.d.  317  by  Bassus, 
Avithout  eATen  concealing  or  altering  its 
profane  decorations. 

On  p.  9  the  author  speaks  of  the  "  amaz- 
ing splendour  "  of  the  post-Constantinian 
sacred  edifices  in  Rome — hardly  a  happy 
or  correct  statement  Avhen  Ave  consider 
that  even  St.  Peter's,  St.  LaAvrence's,  and 
St.  Saviour's  at  the  Lateran AAere  nothing 
but  an  incongruous  patchwork  of  columns, 
capitals,  friezes,  and  cornices  taken  at 
random  from  Pagan  buildings.  At  p.  11 
the  author  states  that  "  no  traces  ha\*e 
been  discovered  as  yet  of  the  titulus 
Cyriaci,"  OArerlooking  the  fact  that  in 
1874  the  apse  and  part  of  the  na\Te 
of  that  church  Avere  discovered  in  the 
foundations  of  the  Treasury  Buildings 
(Ministero  delle  Finanze),  at  the  corner 
of  the  Via  Pastrengo  and  Venti  Settembre. 
At  p.  15  the  Church  of  Saturninus  (and, 
necessarily,  the  adjoining  cemetery  of 
Thraso)  are  placed  "  just  within  the  Avails  " 
of  the  city,  instead  of  just  Avithout.  In 
the  paragraph  concerning  the  arrange- 
ments for  pilgrims  (p.  25)  only  the  hos- 
pices built  by  Pope  Symmachus  at  St. 
Peter's,  St.  Paul's,  and  St.  Lawrence's,  and 
by  Belisarius  on  the  Via  Lata,  are  men- 
tioned, although  these  are  inferior  in 
every  respect  to  the  Xenodochium 
Valeriorum  on  the  Caelian  Hill,  and  to 
the  Xenodochium  erected  by  Pammachius 
at  the  Harbour  of  Rome  for  the  use  of 
pilgrims   from    beyond    the    seas,   Avhich 


X.».  4501,  Jan.  31,   1914 


T  II  E     A  Til  E  X  .EUM 


111!) 


I  discovered  many  years  ago  in  such 
an  excellent  state  of  preservation  that 
even  a  set  of  Bilver  forks  and  spoons  could 
be  recovered  from  its  refectory  . 

On  ]>.  t>4  the  author  asserts  that  the 
marble  plan  of  the  city  engraved  by  order 
of  Septimius  Severus  and  Caracalla  is 
tost,  save  for  a  few  fragments  preserved 
in  the  garden  of  the  Capitoline  Museum, 
and  that  the  said  plan  was  once  affixed 
to  the  exterior  wall  of  the  Temple  of 
Romulus  in  the  Forum.  As  a  matter  of 
tact,  the  fragments  of  the  plan  saved 
from  destruction  amount  to  twelve 
hundred,  with  the  help  of  which  I  was 
able  to  reconstruct  the  plan  itself  in  its 
genera!  outline  in  the  garden  of  the  Con- 
Bervatori  Palace  :  and.  besides,  this  forma 
was  not  originally  affixed  to  the  Temple 
of  Romulus  (a  round  structure),  but  to 
the  back  wall  of  the  Templum  Sacrae 
Urbis,  overlooking,  not  the  Roman  Forum, 
but  the  Forum  of  Peace. 

These  slight  inaccuracies  in  matters  of 
secondary  importance  do  not  lessen  the 
value  of  the  book  as  a  manual  of  Christian 
antiquities.  As  a  guide  to  the  "  Rome  of 
the  Pilgrims  and  Martyrs  '  it  is  indispens- 
able being  absolutely  trustworthy,  and 
above  party  or  sectarian  feelings. 

Lanciani. 


IAPAXESE    SCREENS   AT  THE 
SUFFOLK    STREET     GALLERIES. 

Again  Messrs.  Yamanaka  have  filled  these 
galleries  with  a  collection  of  screens,  delight- 
ful for  the  most  part,  as  demonstrating  that 
technical  probity  and  readiness  to  please 
have  in  some  favoured  times  and  places  gone 
hand  in  hand.  The  painters  of  these  screens 
hear  their  learning  lightly,  and  it  is  clear 
that  for  them  the  magic  of  the  charmeur  was 
not  a  thing  to  be  despised.  So  far  from 
being  ahead  of  their  public,  these  artists 
give  us  a  luxurious  sense  of  reliance  on 
popular  appreciation,  and.  indeed,  only  thus 
could  such  things  have  been  produced. 

We  feel  that  they  had  not  merely  a  long 
experience    in    painting,    but    also    a     long 
ence    of    vigilant    study    of    its   effect 
The  solitary  artist  knows  that  a 
few  Bimple  rhythmic   lines,   a   few  tones  of 
■ir.  should,  in  theory,  suffice  to  hold  the 
"ii  :     the    painter    who    has    worked 
tin-   midst    of   life   knows   that    they    do. 
can  imagine  a  modern  European  with 
bility    to    produce    such    a    design    as 
daimyo's  procession  passing  before 
Fuj     in,    barred    with    a    raised    pattern    of 
,-entional  clouds),  but  it  is  less  easy  to 
think   of    him    as   doing    it    with    the    same 
simplicity,    with    aloofness    from    a   vulgar 
•  .  without  a  desire  to   confuse  that  taste 
anything      incomprehensible.      These 
are.   many   of   them,   in    a    very   bad 
condition,  which   hlurs   sometimes  their  in- 
tention, and  they  are  often  exotic  in  subject, 
bul    the  typical  aim  of  the  Japanese  artisl 
i-  to  he  it-  clear  as  possible.     "  Epater  le 
bourgeois"   is  no  part  of  his  ambition. 

Hence  the  Bteachni  d   moderation  of 

such  unpretentious,  realistic  motives  as  the 
red  and  white  "  botan  "  of  No.  11,  with  its 
oervous  expressive  drawing  of  foli  I  the 

tranquil  lotus  plants  in  No.  25;  hence  also 
the  brilliance  oi  the  design  of  pale  figures  on 
uning  gold  in  No.  50,  which,  for  all  its 
daring,  appears  aol  sensational,  bul  eleganl 
—ure  oi   itself.     We   do   not    find    bluster 

he(-.-.  but  the  urbane  ease  of  an  art  belonging 


to  its  environment.  The  designer  of  the 
Buavely  spacious  group,  No,   52— a  subtle 

Scheme  in  w  hich  dulled  whites  and  green  and 

buff  are  the  held  for  a  mass  of  "  tango  "  red 

and  spots  of  exquisite  black  could  hardly, 
one  fancies,  be  guilty  of  anything  SO  tactless 

as  revolution.  For  him,  in  Mr.  Binyon's 
words,    "the   artist    is   a    born   adapter   of 

means  to  ends." 

Other    salient    exhibits    are    the    elaborate 
and      truly    mural     decoration.     No.     20,     a 

cavalcade  issuing  from  a  gate  overhung  with 

blossoms;  and  the  pairof  six-leaved  screens 
Xos.  18  and  19,  wherein  an  instinctive  large- 
ness in  the  balancing  and  ordonnanceof  detail 
binds  together  what  at  first  might  appear  a 
mere  splatter  of  detached  sprays.  A  wonder- 
ful pair  of  Korean  painted  panels  in  scarlet, 
yellow,  and  white  are  among  the  most  arrest- 
ing features  of  the  exhibition. 


THE    LATE    JOHX    H.    F.    BACON, 
A.R.A.,    M.V.O. 

The  death  of  John  Bacon  at  his  residence 
in  Lancaster  Gate  Terrace  removes  one  of 
the  most  fashionable  portrait  painters  of 
the  day,  who,  in  certain  branches  of  that 
art,  reflected  so  exactly  the  tastes  and  ideals 
of  the  majority  among  the  well-to-do 
classes  of  our  time  as  to  have  historic 
importance.  Xo  one  ever  painted  a  pro- 
vincial mayor  with  more  single-hearted 
desire  to  satisfy  his  sitteFs  expectations ; 
and  to  his  pictures  and  to  those  of  Mr.  John 
Collier — a  painter  similarly  endowed — his- 
torians of  the  future  must  look  to  see,  not 
exactly  how  the  upper  middle-class  of  our 
day  looked,  but  how  they  fancied  them- 
selves as  looking.  Bacon's  record  is  to  be  com- 
pared, not  with  that  of  a  realist  like  Hogarth, 
but  that  of  an  idealist  like  Watteau  ;  and 
if  the  taste  catered  for  in  his  pictures  is 
rather  less  artistic  than  was  the  case  with 
the  eighteenth-century  master,  it  should  be 
remembered  that  it  was  not  so  much  his  own 
taste  as  that  of  his  employers,  of  whom 
he  was  the  loyal  and  singularly  competent 
servant. 

Born  in  1865,  John  Bacon  had  his  first 
lessons  in  drawing  from  Prof,  (then  Mr. ) 
Fred  Brown  at  the  Westminster  Art  School, 
which  offered  at  that  time  almost  the  only 
teaching  of  direct  draughtsmanship  to  be 
had  in  London.  Most  capable  illustrators 
studied  there,  and  it  was  at  illustration  that 
Bacon  first  made  a  living,  bringing  to  the 
business  from  the  first  the  industry  and 
tireless  capacity  for  taking  pains  which 
were  his  principal  asset.  He  was  ambitious, 
and  when  he  found  a  better  outlet  for 
these  gifts  he  was  quick  to  take  advantage 
of  it.  He  tried  first  some  elaborately 
realized  religious  subjects,  which  he  ex- 
hibited at,  the  Royal  Academy  in  the  nineties. 
The  South  African  War  gave  him  his  oppor- 
tunity by  providing  a  subject  in  which 
every  one  was  interested,  and  his  picture 
of  the  CI.V.'s  at  the  Mansion  House 
made  his  reputation  by  sheer  endurance. 
The  crowd  of  portraits  at  different  distances 
and  apparent  sizes — all  equally  recognizable 
— satisfied  the  popular  demand  to  per- 
fection; it  was  just  how  the  man  in  the 
street  would  have  painted  such  a  scene  if 
he  had   the   ability,   and    it,   appealed    to    the 

wonder  by  quantity  rather  than  quality, 
which  in  our  generation  is  the  more  certain 

appeal       It     was     the     picture    of     the     year. 

won  his  election  into  the  Academy  in  1903, 
and  marked  him  as  the  obvious  painter  of 
Coronation  pictures,  of  which  lie  did  two — 
one  in  1902  and  one  on  the  accession  "i  King 
George.  These  were  on  the  lines  of  the 
Mansion  House  picture,  hut  Bomewhal  less 
marvellous. 


Apart     from     these    commissions,     he    was 
SOmewhal      at      a     loss     for     subject-matter, 

trying  eighteenth  •century  costume  subjects, 

which  he  treated  like  a  heavier  -  handed 
Fortuny.  Commissions  for  portraits,  how- 
ever, were  numerous,  and  in  these  he  brought 

to  the  consideration  of  the  trappings  of  rank 
an  almost  religious  enthusiasm  which  compels 

admiration.       Xo  one  who  would  understand 

the  psychology  of  an  already  vanishing 
phase  of  civilization  can  afford  to  neglect 

his  work.  Without  BO  monumental  a  record, 
the  seriousness  in  which  trivial  things  wen- 
held  would  hardly  bo  credible  to  future 
general  ions. 


^fitte   ^Art   (Gossip. 

A  Memorial  Exhibition  of  the  work  of 
the  late  Sir  Alfred  East  will  be  held  early 
next  month  at  the  Leicester  Galleries,  Lei- 
cester Square. 

The  Annual  (Jeneral  Meeting  of  the 
Peasant  Arts  Fellowship  will  be  held  on 
Wednesday,    February    11th,    at    17,    Duke 

Street,  Manchester  Square. 

The  Royal  Society  ok  Arts,  at  their 
sixth  ordinary  meeting  on  the  21st  hist., 
listened  to  a  lively  address  by  Mr.  W.  S. 
Rogers  on  '  The  Modern  Poster,'  some 
points  of  which  are  worth  a,  passing  con- 
sideration. In  dealing  with  the  nature  of 
the  poster  the  lecturer  found  one  reason  for 
the  shortcomings  of  British  work  in  the 
British  artist's  neglect  to  master  the  tech- 
nique of  lithography. 

Modern  as  any  casual  observer  would  pro- 
nounce the  poster  to  be,  it  had.  Mr.  Rogers 
pointed  out,  its  prototypes  in  Egypt, 
Greece,  and  Italy — to  say  nothing  of  tin- 
East.  The  word  "  poster  :'  itself  he  takes 
to  be  about  forty  years  old  ;  somewhat 
under-estimating  its  aye,  since  it  occurs  in 
'Nicholas  Nickleby.'  The  "posting"  of 
playbills  is  well  known  as  an  expression 
which  goes  back  to  the  sixteenth  century. 
To  be  effective,  the  lecturer  explained,  a 
poster  must  possess  six  qualities  :  a 
good  idea,  simplicity  of  treatment,  con- 
formity to  principles  of  pictorial  composi- 
tion, good  drawing  well  reproduced,  definite- 
ness  and  obviousness  of  meaning,  and 
striking  colour. 

As  a  form  of  art  the  poster  is  bet  ter  under- 
stood in  France  than  with  us.  We,  Mr. 
Rogers  insists,  still  labour  our  designs  too 
heavily,  tending  too  much  to  realism  and 
too  little  to  impressionism  faults  lor  which 
in  many  cases  the  advertiser  is  more  to  be 
blamed  than  the  art  ist. 

In     the     discussion      which     followed     Mr. 

Urwick  spoke  of   Frederick   Walker's  poster 

-  an  advertisement  of  "The  Woman  in 
White  '-  now  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum,  as  being  the  only  one  exhibited 
in  a  public  gallery,  and  urged  that  some- 
where a  permanent  exhibition  of  postercrafl 
should  be  established.  This  suggestion  was 
supported  by  Mr.  Rogers,  on  the  incon- 
testable ground  that  such  an  exhibition 
would   be  of  great    historical  and  BOciological, 

as  w  ell  as  art  ist  ic  interest. 

Dk.  Paget  Toynbeb,  En  a  letter  t.>    / 
Times  of   the  23rd  inst.,  gives   some   inter- 
esting  particulars  concerning   the    tapestn 

maps    ottered    mii     loan     to    l  Ir-    Vi.  tOl  L8    and 

Albert  Museum  by  the  Yorkshire  Philo- 
sophical Society.  They  were,  n  i-  hardly 
doubtful,  woven  at  the  tapestry  works  of 
William  Sheldon  ("''■  1670),  at  Weston, 
Warwickshire,  probably  bj  hi-  master- 
weaver,  Richard  rlickes,  whom  Sheldon 
~.-iii  in  learn  his  art  in  the  low  <  ountrii  -. 
I [orace  w  alpole    bough!    them    at    a    sale 


170 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4o(ll,  Jan.  31,   1914 


of  goods  belonging  to  a  descendant  of 
Sheldon's  in  1781,  and  gave  most  of  them 
to  Lord  Harcourt,  from  whose  possession 
they  passed  eventually  into  that  of  the 
Yorkshire  Philoso  phical  Society. 

Miss  May  Morris,  in  a  letter  to  The 
Times  which  appeared  on  Tuesday  last, 
urges  that  75,  Dean  Street,  should  be 
acquired  as  a  home  for  the  "  Arts  and  Crafts." 
She  points  out  that  when  European  and 
American  friends  and  promoters  of  the 
"  Arts  and  Crafts  "  movement  come  to 
London,  they  marvel  to  find  that  the 
Society  has  no  nucleus  in  the  very  place 
where  it  originated — - 

"  no  visible  symbol  of  our  activity,  no  record  of 
the  men  whose  work  has  inspired  their  own 
schemes.  They  ask  to  be  shown  an  official 
museum  of  modern  arts  and  crafts  where  the 
work  of  William  Morris  may  be  studied  in  chrono- 
logical arrangement,  where  the  book  illustrations 
of  Walter  Crane,  the  lustre-ware  of  William  De 
Morgan,  and  the  like,  may  be  seen  ;  they  ask 
too  where  they  can  visit  work  by  the  modern 
representatives  of  the  body.  And  the  keen, 
orderly  German  mind  cannot  fail  to  be  surprised 
at  such  incoherence,  such  a  scattered  manner  of 
life  in  a  body  that  they  rate  highly." 

We  certainly  think  the  "  keen,  orderly 
German  mind  "  has  here  detected  a  want 
too  long  unfelt — or,  it  may  be,  too  long  un- 
provided for — and  heartily  recommend  Miss 
Morris's  suggestion  to  the  careful  considera- 
tion of  all  whom  it  concerns. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Thompson  writes,  regarding 
his  letter  on  '  An  Introduction  to  English 
^Church  Architecture  '  last  week  : — 

"  I  have  no  claim  to  the  list  which  your  reviewer 
;appears  to  attribute  to  me.  My  part  in  it  is 
clearly  stated  by  Mr.  Bond  in  one  of  his  notes 
.(vol.  i.  p.  22),  and  amounts  merely  to  several 
.additions  and  notes  to  it." 

The  document  completing  the  purchase 
.of  Sulgrave  Manor,  Northants,  the  English 
home  of  the  Washington  family,  by  the 
British  Committee  for  the  Celebration  of  the 
■Centenary  of  Peace  between  England  and 
■the  United  States,  has  now  been  signed.  The 
iproperty  has  cost  8,400£.,  and  further  funds 
are  needed  for  restoration  and  furnishing 
preparatory  to  the  celebration,  as,  too,  for 
permanent  maintenance.  An  international 
Committee  of  Management  has  been  ap- 
pointed, of  which  the  American  Ambassador 
in  London  is  to  be  ex-officio  Chairman. 
Mr.  Lanier  Washington  has  presented  the 
Committee  with  a  copy  of  the  only  authentic 
2)ortrait  of  Mary  Ball  Washington,  the 
mother  of  George  Washington. 

Recently  we  announced  that  a  sale  of 
-the  ground  adjoining  the  Villa  Medicis  at 
Rome  was  contemplated.  Our  readers 
will  be  glad  to  hear  that,  in  consequence  of 
the  violent  opposition  which  came  from 
:all  quarters,  the  French  Government  has 
given  up  the  idea. 

The  Dean  and  Chapter  op  St.  Paul's 
have  arranged  for  reports  on  the  condition 
of  the  fabric  to  be  drawn  up  by  architects 
and  engineers,  and  on  Saturday  last  an 
interim  report  was  submitted  to  their 
consideration.  The  contents  of  this  will 
not  be  made  public  for  the  present,  but  it 
is  expected  that  they  will  prove  to  be  of  a 
nature  to  allay  public  anxiety,  and  that  it 
will  be  shown  that  the  appearances  in  the 
foundations  which  gave  rise  to  the  recent 
alarm  date  back  to  the  time  of  the  building, 
and  represent  difficulties  which  were  dealt 
with  immediately  and  successfully. 

A  large  cemetery  of  the  Gauls  has  just 
been  opened  near  Sogny,  in  Champagne. 
Tt  contains  270  tombs,  of  which  48  are 
jitact.  In  14  of  these  it  was  found  that 
fie  warrior's  chariot  had  been  buried  with 


him.  The  tombs  contained  a  great  number 
of  spears,  swords,  javelins,  poniards,  and 
knives,  besides  pottery  and  some  jewels 
mounted  in  iron  and  bronze. 

A  burial-place  of  the  Stone  Age  has  just 
been  discovered  by  Prof.  Dall'  Osso  of 
Ancona  in  the  Valle  Vibrata,  in  the  Abruzzi. 
This  consists  of  a  number  of  small  huts  large 
enough  to  contain  from  two  to  eight  bodies, 
and  having  on  either  side  low  platforms  which 
slope  towards  the  centre.  Upon  these  the 
dead  are  laid,  with  knees  drawn  up  and  rest- 
ing on  one  side,  the  attitude  being  supposed 
to  be  that  of  prayer.  One  of  the  cabins, 
from  its  containing  no  bodies,  but  a  large, 
circular  hearth,  with  fragments  of  broken 
vessels  and  the  bones  of  animals,  is  thought 
to  have  been  the  scene  of  funeral  banquets. 
The  objects  found  in  the  huts — vases  and 
other  utensils — will  enhance  the  opinion  held 
by  archaeologists  of  the  degree  of  civilization 
attained  in  the  Neolithic  Age. 


COIN    SALE. 


Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  on  Monday,  the  19th 
inst.,  and  the  four  following  days,  the  Greek 
civic  and  regal  coins,  and  the  English  coins  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  collected  by  Mr.  Cumberland 
Clark,  and  another  small  property  of  Greek  and 
Roman  coins.  The  chief  prices  were  :  Naxus, 
Didraehm,  silver,  251.  15s.  Alexander  the  Great, 
Distater,  gold,  30Z.  Syracuse,  gold  Litra  of 
Agathocles,  23Z.  Gold  Litra  of  Hicetas,  26L 
Septimius  Severus,  Caracalla,  and  Geta,  gold  coin, 
43Z.  10s.  Caracalla,  gold  coin,  23Z.  10s.  ;  another, 
22.1.  10s.  Macrinus,  gold  coin,  2QI.  Diadu- 
menianus,  gold  coin,  150Z.  Probus,  gold  coin, 
2\l.  Charles  I.,  half  pound  piece,  Tower  mint, 
21Z.  10s.  ;  silver  memorial  medal,  with  busts  of 
Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria,  1649,  30L 

The  total  of  the  sales  was  3,040L 


MUSIC 


'THE    DANCE    OF    DEATH.' 

Such  is  the  name  of  a  work  by 
Wilhelm  Kienzl,  performed,  for  the  first 
time  in  England,  by  the  Moody-Manners 
Company  at  Kelly's  Theatre,  Liverpool, 
yesterday  week.  It  was  originally  pro- 
duced in  Germany  about  two  years  ago. 
The  libretto,  by  Richard  Batka,  is  based 
on  Rud.  Hans  Bartsch's  novel  '  Little 
Blanchefleur,'  and  the  English  version  is 
by  Romualdo  Sapio.  In  1897  Kienzl's 
'  Der  Evangel imann  '  was  given  by  a 
German  company  at  Covent  Garden,  but, 
although  interesting,  it  met  with  a  cold 
reception,  and  has  not  been  heard  since. 
Text  and  music  were  by  Kienzl.  It  was 
originally  entitled  a  "  Musikalisches  Schau- 
spiel  "  (a  musical  play),  but,  as  it  was  an- 
nounced as  an  "  opera,"  a  wrong  impres- 
sion was  possibly  created  on  the  audience 
at  Covent  Garden.  The  present  work, 
described  in  a  similar  manner,  was 
properly  announced  on  the  book  of 
words.  Kienzl  entitled  his  work  '  Kuh- 
reigen  ' — i.e.,  '  Ranz  des  Vaches.'  Mr. 
Manners,  however,  calls  it — from  what 
happens  in  the  last  act — '  The  Dance  of 
Death.' 

The  action  takes  place  during  the  early 
days  of  the  French  Revolution.  In  Act  I. 
are  seen  and  heard  French  chasseurs  and 
the  Swiss  Guard.  A  quarrel  arises  be- 
tween them,  and  this  indirectly  leads  to 


the  fatal  passion  of  a  Swiss  officer.  Thaller, 
for  Blanchefleur,  wife  of  the  command er 
of  the  army  ;  also  to  lawlessness  and  riot. 
premonitory  signs  of  dark  days  to  follow, 
In  Act  II.  Louis  XVI,  receives  Court 
and  Parliament.  Act  III,  presents  a 
wild  scene  in  a  Revolutionary  Com 
mittee,  with  the  excited  mob  singing, 
or  rather  howling,  the  '  Carmagnole ' 
and  the  '  Marseillaise  '  ;  and  in  the 
final  act  the  aristocrats  —  prisoners  in 
"  The  Temple  ':  awaiting  sentence,  in 
many  cases  of  death — spend  the  time  in 
dancing  and  singing.  Among  them  is 
Blanchefleur,  who  asks  Thaller — now  a 
captain,  and  offering,  but  in  vain,  to 
save  her — to  be  her  partner  in  her  last 
dance. 

The  music  throughout  is  pleasant  and 
picturesque.  The  *  Ranz  des  Vaches,' 
an  old  folk-melody  of  charm  and  sim- 
plicity, may  almost  be  called  a  repre- 
sentative theme,  while  the  Revolutionary 
songs  named  above  are  realistic  additions 
to  an  effective  stage  picture.  In  the  last 
act  the  composer  has  aimed  at  a  strong 
contrast,  which,  however,  was  not  alto- 
gether successful. 

•Berlioz  in  his  '  Treatise  on  Instrumenta- 
tion '  comments  on  an  air  in  '  Iphigenie  en 
Tauride  '  in  which  Orestes  sings  of  a  calm 
which  has  again  taken  possession  of  his 
heart :  his  agitated  feelings,  truer  than 
the  words  he  utters,  are  duly  expressed  in 
the  orchestra.  So,  here,  something  of  the 
same  kind  would  have  intensified  and  kept 
in  remembrance  the  contrast  till  the  last. 

There  is  much  that  is  meritorious 
in  '  Kuhreigen.'  It  sustains  interest, 
which,  however,  is  not  purely  musical. 
This  was  not  intended  by  the  composer, 
hence  he  was  not  tempted  to  over-elaborate 
or  to  dwell  at  undue  length  in  one  mood. 
Kienzl  also  understands  when  and  how 
to  stop. 

The  performance  at  Liverpool  was  good. 
Madame  Fanny  Moody  impersonated 
Blanchefleur  with  skill  and  judgment, 
while  her  diction  was  excellent.  Mr. 
Frank  Christian  as  Thaller  deserves 
praise.  The  members  of  the  chorus  acted 
and  sang  with  zeal,  also  discretion,  and 
the  part  assigned  to  them  recalled  to  some 
extent  that  of  the  Russian  chorus  at  Drury 
Lane  last  season.  Herr  Hans  Winter 
conducted  well,  but  the  orchestral  playing 
was  poor. 


jEusical  (Gossip. 

The  special  feature  of  the  Geloso  Quartet 
at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Monday  evening  was 
the  fine  performance  of  the  Cesar  Franck 
Pianoforte  Quintet,  in  which  the  piano  part 
was  taken  by  M.  Cesare  Geloso.  It  was 
followed  by  a  novelty — a  String  Quartet  by 
M.  Camille  Chevillard.  The  opening  move- 
ment was  long,  and  the  writing  thick  ;  more- 
over, there  was  not  sufficient  contrast.  In  the 
Andante  the  coda  with  the  viola  solo  was 
the  most  impressive  part.  The  concluding  Al - 
legro  was  the  best  of  the  three  sections.  M. 
Chevillard  is  not  modern  either  in  his  themes 
or  in  the  treatment  of  them.  If  the  music 
had  been  inspired,  this,  however,  would  not 
have  proved  an  impediment. 


No    4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


THE    A  TH  E  Ni:UM 


171 


'I'm:  last  but  one  of  the  first  series  of  Bach 
Chamber  Concerts  at  the  Westminster  Cathe- 
dral Hall,  organized  and  conducted  by  Dr. 
R.  K.  Terry,  took  place  on  Tuesday  evening 
tasl  Two  short  church  cantatas  '  Meine 
Seufzer,  meine  Thranen,'  and  '  Meine  Seele 
riihmt  und  preisl  '  were  given.  The  in- 
strumental music  included  the  bright  Con- 
certo in  c  for  two  pianofortes  (originally 
harpsichords),  rendered  with  skill  and  in- 
telligence by  .Madame  Amina  Goodwin  and 
Mr.  1".  A.  [veene.  Dr.  Terry  is  doing  good 
work,  and  it  was  pleasing  to  find  a  large, 
attentive,  and  evidently  interested  audience. 
Baeh  died  163  years  ago.  but  his  greatest 
'music  is  younger,  stronger,  and  healthier 
than  much  that  is  written  at  the  present  day. 

Herr  Arnold  Schonberg.  in  a  letter 
addressed  to  the  members  of  the  Queen's 
Hall  Orchestra,  speaks  in  terms  of  the  highest 
praise  of  their  interpretation  of  his  Five 
Orchestral  Pieces.  That  praise  was  indeed 
well  deserved,  for  they  must  have  exercised 
wonderful  patience  at  rehearsals  and  during 
the  performance.  The  elosing  sentence  of 
Herr  Schonberg  s  letter  is,  however,  enig- 
matical. He  expresses  the  pleasure  he  ex- 
perienced, adding,  "  which  has  only  been 
troubled  by  the  sad  knowledge  that  with  us 
things  are  not  everywhere  as  they  should  be." 
The  reception  given  to  his  orchestral  music 
by  the  English  press  was  for  the  most 
part  unfavourable.  If  that  be  the  cause 
of  the  composer's  trouble,  he  evidently 
objects  to  plain  speaking.  By  his  Sextet 
he  showed  that  he  could  write  in  a 
manner  which  all  could  understand  and 
many  admire  :  but  for  that,  the  speaking 
would,  no  doubt,  have  been  still  plainer. 

The  annual  "  Burns'  Xicht  "  concert  took 

place  at  the  Royal  Albert  Hall  last  Saturday 

evening.     It  does  not  need  a  concert  of  this 

kind    to    remind    the    world    of    one    whose 

poems  are  in  no  danger  of  being  forgotten, 

yei     tlii-    celebration    of    Burns's    birthday 

must   be  pleasing,  especially  to  Scotchmen. 

The    poems    make    a    double    appeal    to   the 

public — on  their  own  account,  and  owing  to 

the  charm  of  the  music  to  which  they  are 

Among  the  singers  at  the  Royal  Albert 

Hall  were  Miss  Ruth  Vincent,  Madame  Ada 

«ley,    Madame     Ida     Drummond,     and 

ssre.    Archie    Anderson  and  Tom   Kinni- 

burgh     The  proceeds   of   the  concert  were 

handed  over  to  the  leading  Scottish  charities 

in  En-land—  the  Royal  Scottish  Corporation 

l  the  Royal  Caledonian  Schools  at  Bushey. 

In  the  notices  in  Le  Menestrel  and  other 
papers   of   the   late   Raoul   Pugno   his   fame 
pianist   was  said  to  have  begun  only  in 
1  B93.      Hut    hist   week  Le  Menestrel   quoted 
from    1  w  et  Gazette  Musicale  of  April 

4tf.   1  B69,  a  notice  which  opens  thus  : — 

"  Up  jeune  pUniste  que  nous  croyons  reserve1  a 
un  brillant  aveni"-.  Raoul  Pu^no,  donnait  Mercredi 
dernier,  &  la  salle  Krarrt.  son  onzieme  concert 
annuel  >.'iare  n'a  que  seize  ans).'' 

Two  autograph  1'ttcrs  of  Beethoven  are 
to  1"  sold  on  February  11th  by  Messrs. 
heby.  Both  are  "believed  to  be  unpub- 
lished The  fir^t,  and  the  more  interesting, 
doe-  no»  appear  in  either  the  Kalischer  or 
Prelinger  collection  of  letters.  The  second, 
however,  is  So.  890  in  the  former  and 
No.  694  m  the  latter. 


PERFORMANCES    NKXT    WEEK 

Concert.  3  30.  Royal  AH*rt  Hall 

Sunday  Concert  nod'tj..-!  JO,  Hnwm  Hall. 

K  mj  I  »i*rr*.  '  '.\«:iit  tiar<l*n. 
'  PanlfaJ  '  firnt  perfo'man-*  In  Enzlnml.  .'>,  Corent  Gaplen 
.•i  Ion  Tn.,    -  .«)    .ttolian  Hall. 
RaclwUln  Hall. 
Leon^r.l  Borwlck'a  Pianoforlo  Keotal.  3.  .K.lian  Hall. 

—  I)al|.l  (  n,\~:%  Pianoforte  Rental.  -.  Be'  h.teln  Hall 

—  Robert  P..IUk'l  '  inrt   t    1  30    -tx.llan  Hall. 

Marched  iV  -tela  Hall. 

—  K'.nl  I  li'.ral  BOcbtjl   1    Royal  *|l«rt  Hall. 

—  8t<x  k  Exchange  urOieitraf  an. I  Choral  Rvdety.  130.   Oueen'i 
Hall 


- 


M 


Ti  >  - 


Fhi. 

- 


I  unri'i  riiniif  irtl  Wiiifl.  1 IB.  ftmwi'l  DJUL 

II  Ballad  C01  ■  •  1  -  1 1 


—        Pircy  Waller  ■  Pianoforte  Rental.  3.15.  Bcciiitein  Hall. 


DRAMA 

THE  MELTING-POT'  AT  THE 
COURT  THEATRE. 

Mb.  Zangwill  is  called  an  idealist,  but 
the  word  "  prophet  "  more  fittingly  de- 
scribes the  aspect  in  which  be  appears  as 
the  author  of    '  The  Melting-Pot,'  which 

has  been  played  thousands  of  times  in 
America,  and  doubtless  held  its  audiences 
there  in  as  tight  a  grip  as  it  has  since 
done  here. 

Produced  at  the  Court  Theatre 
last  Monday  by  the  Play  Actors,  it 
adds  another  to  the  remarkably  few 
"  racial  "  plays  which  the  London  stage 
lias  seen.  It  stands  on  a  different  level 
from  those  of  them  which  owe  their  main 
attraction  to  some  magnificence  of  setting 
or  virtuosity  in  acting.  As  it  is  not 
drama  pure  and  simple,  it  is  idle  to 
sharpen  the  pencil  to  criticize  it  as  such 
when  its  author  is  using  the  stage  as  the 
preacher  does  the  pulpit  or  the  professor 
the  rostrum.  The  complaints  that  have 
been  made  of  over-packed  rhetoric  and 
occasional  theatricality  are  not  strictly 
relevant. 

The  prophet's  eye  is  turned  towards  a 
vision  to  be  realized  in  some  not  far-off 
future — a  vision  of  the  fusion  of  races 
which,  the  Jew  not  excepted,  will  pro- 
duce the  American  in  generations  to 
come.  But  he  utters  the  message  in 
the  ears  of  the  men  and  women  of  to- 
day, at  a  moment  when  the  Jew,  at  any 
rate,  stands  at  the  parting  of  the  ways, 
halting  between  the  two  ideals  expressed 
in  the  words  "  Land  of  our  Fathers  "  and 
"Land  of  our  Children." 

Another  Jew  some  nineteen  hundred 
years  ago  said  that  the  great  cleavages 
of  humanity — Jew  and  Greek,  bond  and 
free,  male  and  female  —  would  find  their 
crucible  in  One — a  Person.  Mr.  Zangwill 
finds  his  crucible  in  America — the  re- 
public, based  on  conceptions  as  lofty  as 
ever  inspired  the  sons  of  men.  This 
ideal  America  fills  the  horizon  of  David, 
the  young  hero  of  the  piece.  His  old 
grandmother  may  mutter,  as  she  pre- 
pares for  the  Sabbath  ritual,  "Cursed 
be  Columbus  " — for  him  America  stands 
for  all  that  patriotism  hymns  on  the 
4th  of  July.  Vera,  who  loves  him,  is  in 
many  ways  wiser,  more  clear-eyed.  A 
rebel  Russian  who  had  almost  become  a 
Siberian,  she  finds  in  America  other 
causes  for  rebellion,  and  foes  more  in- 
sidious, if  less  terrible,  than  those  she 
fought  in  Russia. 

But  David  is  an  artist,  a  musician, 
and  to  such  a  one  a  blanknesa  of  vision 
where  things  unlovely  and  of  evil 
report  are  concerned  may  be  forgiven. 
New  York's  "tour  hundred."  it  is  true. 
are  scorned  and  if  of  the  .Juggernaut 
which      spares      not     the     lives     of      Little 

children — a  blot  on  civilization  scarcely 
less  terrible  than  the  Kischinefi  massacres, 
to  which  the  devastation  of  his  home  was 
dm — nothing  is  said,  it  is.  perhaps,  ae 
well,   for  the  play,  as  it   is,  is  a  borrenl 


of  words  and  ideas.  Although  the  e.\- 
tremest  point  of  division  bid  ween  the 
lovers  is  reached  when  the  chief  execu- 
tioner at  Is. isc hi ne IV  appears  in  the  person 
of  Vera's  father,  Mr.  Zangwill  draws  his 
young  people  together  at  the  close,  leav- 
ing Vera  presumably  to  accept  a  "  Christ- 
less  Creed"  as  a  balance  to  David's  re- 
nunciation of  a  legacy  of  revenge  and 
hate. 

The  acting  of  .Mr.  Harold  Chapin  was 
marked  by  the  great  resolution  and 
tenacity  with  which  he  gripped  the 
difficulties  of  the  part  of  David  Quix- 
ano.  With  Miss  Inez  Bensusan's  wonder- 
fully vivid  study  of  the  devout  old  Jewess 
his  grandmother,  and  Mr.  Clifton  Alder- 
son's  Teutonic  maestro  Herr  Pappcl- 
meister,  his  rendering  of  David  Quixano 
created  an  impression  of  distinction  and 
finish  that  will  not  easily  fade  from  the 
memory.  Miss  Phyllis  Relph  was  more 
successful  after  the  first  act— the  period  of 
her  introduction  to  the  Jewish  household 
of  the  young  musician  whose  race  she  had 
not  previously  realized  ;  later,  with  the 
stirring  of  a  deeper  emotionalism,  she 
seemed  to  release  herself  from  fettering 
conventionalities,  and  gave  a  most  sym- 
pathetic performance.  Miss  E.  X.  O'Con- 
nor as  Kathleen  O'Reilly,  the  Irish 
maidservant,  made  excellent  use  of  the 
pleasant  relief  her  part  afforded.  The 
whole  cast,  indeed,  was  as  satisfactory 
as  it  was  quixotic  —  giving  without  re- 
ward its  service  in  a  play  which,  in  the 
words  of  Jane  Addams,  performs  "  a  great 
service  to  America  by  reminding  us  of 
the  high  hopes  of  the  founders  of  the 
Republic."     

©ramatic   (Bosstp. 

The  occasion  of  the  presentation  of  Mr. 
William  Poel's  new  stage  version  of  '  Hamlet ' 
at  the  Little  Theatre  on  Tuesday  last 
could  not  fail  to  be  interesting.  To  con- 
sider it  in  the  light  of  a  substitute  for  that 
approved  by  a  long  line  of  actor-managers 
is  to  do  the  producer  an  injustice,  the  object 
of  the  performance  being  "  to  show  those 
scenes  in  the  play  which  are  never  acted 
in  the  version  given  on  the  modern  stage." 
In  the  result  Claudius,  presented  as  a  young 
man,  is  brought  into  such  prominence  as  to 
become  visibly  the  mainspring  of  the  action  j 
dramatic   interest   is   heightened   at    the   cost 

of  t  he  philosophic  ;  the  <  i-hosl  and  t  he  ( rrave- 
digger  are  practically  eliminated,  and  Osric 

deleted  altogether.  In  the  confined  space  of 
the  Little  Theatre,  with  I'oelesque  methods 
— the  background  of  dark  curtains,  the  steps 
leading  to,  and  entrances  from,  the  audi- 
torium— the  jostling  of  actors  and  audience 
could  scarcely  be  avoided.  As  the  drawn 
curtains  of  the  firsl  act  revealed  the  new 
King  being  received   by  the   Privy  Council. 

an   admirable  effect,   rich   and    lull   in   colour. 

with  every  face  sharply  outlined,  was 
obtained.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Ghost's 
one  appearance  in  grey  and  win  e  apparel 
became  every  moment  less  ghostly  as  be 
ed  the  stage  tod  acend  the  steps  leading 
to  the  auditorium.  If  the  method i  ol  pi 
duction  left  us  at  one  moment  appreciative 

and  the  ne\t   dubious,  BO  did  the  acting,      M 

Judith  VVogan  made  a  daintj  and  exquisite 

Ophelia,     marred      by     moments     when    |he 

Beemed    as    modern    as    her    modish    little 
dippers ;      Mr.     Desmond     Brannigan 


172 


T  H  E    A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


Claudius,  meagre  and  pale  of  aspect,  was 
excellent  in  elocution  ;  Miss  Edith  Evans, 
his  elderly,  matronly  Queen,  placid  as  a 
figure  in  tableaux,  used  her  musical  voice 
with  delightful  effect  ;  Mr.  Charle  i  Doran 
made  a  noble  Horatio  ;  and  Mr.  Poel  as 
Polonius  gave  a  sound,  humorous  rendering 
of  the  sententious  old  humbug.  But  we 
had  to  endure  feminine  impersonators  of 
Rosencrantz  and  Guilderstern ;  the  loss 
of  a  number  of  lines  by  various  members  of 
the  cast,  owing  to  gabbling ;  and  an  unsatis- 
factory Hamlet,  more  plebeian  than  prince, 
more  idiot  than  deranged,  who  played 
strange  tricks  with  his  voice,  and  languished 
busily  throughout.  If  it  was  with  mixed 
feelings  that  the  performance  was  received, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  uppermost  was  a 
sense  of  indebtedness  to  Mr.  Poel  for  supple- 
menting the  traditional  stage  '  Hamlet '  with 
this  new  version.  A  better  balance  of  the 
play  is  attempted,  and  the  greater  part  of  it 
is  acted  in  a  little  over  three  hours. 

'  Thtc  Music  Cure,'  produced  for  the  first 
time  on  Wednesday   evening   at  the  Little 
Theatre   as   a   curtain-raiser   to    '  Magic,'    is 
certainly  not  magnificent,   but  it  is   Shaw. 
It    is   deficient    in      form    and     point,    but 
funnier  than  the  average  music-hall  sketch. 
Perhaps  so  many  ideas  have  by  this  time 
crossed  the  footlights  of  the  Little  Theatre 
that  an  introduction  of  the  mental  pabulum 
of    the    greatest    number    may    be    held    to 
benefit  its  habitues.     We  can  find  no  other 
justification    for    the    performance    of    the 
sketch.     An    Under-Secretary    of    State    is 
in    a    condition   near   mental  collapse  ;     he 
has  undergone  a  long  examination  before  the 
Macaroni    Committee.     Acting    on    private 
information  that  the  Army  was  to  be  put 
on  a  vegetarian  diet,  he  had  invested  heavily 
in    the    British     Macaroni     Company,    and 
is   publicly   exposed.       In  order    to    soothe 
his     nerves,    his     mother    has     engaged     a 
pianist   with   oddly    coloured    hair   to   play 
classical  music  to  him  for  a  couple  of  hours. 
With  the  entrance  of    this  lady  the  sketch 
becomes   a   conversation   in   which   a   piano 
and   a   concertina  are   the  principals.     The 
lady  is  captivated  by  ragtime.       The  Lender- 
Secretary   is   captivated   by   the   lady.     He 
feels  he  would  like  her  to  trample  on  him  and 
earn  his  living  for  him,  and  she  acquiesces. 
The  curtain  falls  on  the  happy  couple  playing 
"  You  made  me  love  you  :    I  didn't  want 
to  do  it,"  as  a  duet.     It  may  be  that  '  The 
Music  Cure  '  is  a  particularly  subtle  "  sprynge 
to  catch  woodcocks,"  to  induce  them  to  go  to 
'  Widowers'    Houses  '    in    hopes    of   hearing 
more  ragtime ;   but  the  sketch  is  more  likely 
to  add  to  the  number  of  persons  who  believe, 
with  the  American  girl  who  first  gave  the 
story  currency,  "  there  are  two  Mr.  Shaws, 
Mr.    Bernard    Shaw    and    Mr.    C    Bernard 
Shaw,   and  they  are   quite  different."     Mr. 
Shaw  appears  to  be  encouraging  the  sugges- 
tion    that     '  Major     Barbara  '     and     '  Mrs. 
Warren's   Profession  '   are  the  work  of  the 
less   noteworthy   of   the   two.       The   princi- 
pal    parts     were     admirably     rendered    by 
Miss    Madge    Mcintosh    and    Mr.     William 
Armstrong. 

'  Magic,'  which  reached  its  hundredth 
performance  the  same  evening,  is  in  the 
hands  of  a  particularly  able  cast.  Mr. 
Harcourt  Williams  has  taken  the  place  of 
Mr.  Franklin  Dyall  in  the  part  of  the  Con- 
jurer. He  is  not  yet  entirely  at  his  ease, 
but  exhibits  great  subtlety  in  his  handling 
of  the  difficult  situations  in  the  second  act. 

There  will  be  a  special  matinee  at  the 
Little  Theatre  next  Tuesday,  when  Mr. 
Kenelm  Foss  will  produce  three  new  one- 
act  plays :  '  One  Good  Turn,'  by  Martin 
Swayne  and  Eille  Norwood  ;  '  Rahab,' 
by    himself ;    and    '  The   Ladies'    Comedy,' 


by  Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett.  Those  taking  part 
include  Miss  Ruth  Mackay,  Miss  Haidee 
Gunn,  and  Eille  Norwood. 

'  Mary-Girl  '  is  to  be  withdrawn  from 
the  Vaudeville  at  the  end  of  this  week,  and 
will  be  succeeded  in  due  course  by  a  dra- 
matized version,  for  which  Mr.  Richard 
Pryce  is  responsible,  of  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's 
novel  '  Helen  of  the  High  Hand.'  We  are 
glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  James  Welch  is  in 
better  health  and  will  take  the  part  of 
Ollerenshaw.  Miss  Nancy  Price  is  to  act 
the  title-part. 

Mr.  Charles  Frohman  has  selected 
Mr.  Somerset  Maugham's  new  play  '  The 
Land  of  Promise '  for  production  when 
it  becomes  necessary  to  replace  '  Quality 
Street  '  at  the  Duke  of  York's.  '  The  Land 
of  Promise  '  was  produced  at  the  Lyceum, 
New  York,  a  few  weeks  ago,  and  met  with 
a  cordial   reception. 

Mr.  Allan  Aynesworth  and  Mr.  Bron- 
son  Albery  will  start  their  season  at  the 
Criterion  on  February  21st  with  '  Mr.  Sam's 
Stocking,'  a  three-act  comedy  by  Mr.  Cyril 
Harcourt,  author  of  '  A  Place  in  the  Sun.' 
Miss  Lottie  Venne,  Mr.  Sam  Sothern,  and 
Mr.  Aynesworth  himself  will  take  the 
principal  parts.  The  run  of  '  Oh  !  I  Say,' 
comes  to  an  end  on  Saturday  next,  and  the 
theatre  will  be  closed  for  redecoration. 

On  the  23rd  inst.  the  Theatre  du  Vieux- 
Colombier  produced  '  L'Echange,'  by  M.  Paul 
Claudel,  the  author  of  '  L'Annonce  faite  a 
Marie.'  M.  Claudel  is  at  present  the  most 
prominent  among  the  dramatists  of  the  new 
French  school  ;  and,  though  this  play  is 
one  of  his  earliest  works  (it  was  written  some 
twenty  years  ago),  it  was  received  not  only 
with  curiosity,  but  also  with  sympathy. 

The  dramatic  critics  and  the  playgoing 
public  of  Germany  were  prepared  to  be 
thrilled  by  a  new  play  from  the  pen  of 
Herr  Sudermann.  '  Die  Lobgesange  des 
Claudian  '  was  played  for  the  first  time  on 
Wednesday,  the  21st  inst.,  at  the  Deutsches 
Schauspielhaus  at  Hamburg,  and  it  appears 
that  there  was  general  disappointment. 
The  tunes  of  the  Emperor  Honorius,  the 
Goths  and  Huns  and  decadent  Romans 
surrounding  Stilicho,  Claudianus,  and  Alaric, 
the  chief  characters  in  the  play,  seem  not 
to  suit  the  author's  genius  so  well  as  the 
people  of  his  own  day  ;  or  else  the  task  of 
writing  conscientiously  an  historical  drama 
in  five  acts  has  proved  too  burdensome. 

The  Greek  play  at  Oxford  this  term  is  to 
be  '  The  Acharnians  '  of  Aristophanes. 

To  Correspondents.— E.  K.  B.— C.  B.— A.  W.— J.  P.  M. 
— H.  I.  H.— Received. 

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ppearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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A   SONNET :    to   the   Memory   of    his    Parents.      By   Robert 
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RORY  OF  TBE  GLEN.    By  the  Hon.  Gilbert  Coleridge. 

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Dr.  WILLIAM    BROWN  on  Abnormal  Psychology. 

F.  G.  D'AETH  on  The  Unit  of  Social  Organisation  in  Towns. 

S.  H.  SWINNY,  M.A.,  on  Giambattista  Vico. 

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THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4501,  Jan.  31,  1914 


WARD,   LOCK    &    CO.'S.   LIST 


NEW  SIX-SHILLING  FICTION 


READY  SHORTLY 


THE  PATHWAY 


By  Gertrude  Page 


'  The  Pathway '  is  a  truly  great  new  story  by  Gertrude  Page,  whose  novels  of  Rhodesian  life  have 
been  an  almost  phenomenal  success.  This  latest  novel  will  more  than  fulfil  the  expectations  of  the 
public,  which  has  been  enthusiastic  over  '  The  Silent  Rancher,'  '  The  Edge  o'  Beyond,'  and  the  author's 
other  vivid  tales  of  Empire  in  the  making. 

NOW  READY 
THE  MASTER  OF  MERRIPIT  Eden  Phillpotts 

Is  a  Dartmoor  story  in  every  way  equal  to  '  The  Mother,'  and  has  the  same  qualities  which  made 
that  novel  a  masterpiece. 


MAX  LOGAN 


Paul  Trent 


Readers  always  expect  a  powerful  story  from  the  author  of  '  The  Vow,'  and  '  Max  Logan '  is  the 
best  he  has  ever  written. 


UNCLE  PETER'S  WILL 


Silas  K.  Hocking 


One  of  the  most  enthralling  stories  Mr.  Silas  Hocking  has  ever  written 

THROUGH  FOLLY'S  MILL  A.  and  C.  Askew 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Askew  have,  in  the  course  of  this  moving  story,  presented  a  remarkable  problem 
that  is  likely  to  be  the  cause  of  much  discussion. 


TRADER  CARSON 


John  Barnett 


This  novel  was  one  of  the  most-talked-of  features  of  The  Windsor  Magazine  when  appearing 
serially  in  the  pages  of  that  popular  journal,  and  its  publication  in  volume  form  will  be  heartily 
welcomed  by  the  author's  huge  circle  of  admirers. 

NUMBER  13  Fred  M.  White 

*  Number  13 '  is  a  mystery  story  such  as  Mr.  White's  many  admirers  will  revel  in. 

C.  G.  D.  Roberts'  Nature  Books 

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both  old  and  young,  should  love  it  witli  him." — Athenaum. 


HOOF  AND  CLAW 
THE  HOUSE  IN  THE  WATER 
THE  BACKWOODSMEN 
KINGS  IN  EXILE 


NEIGHBOURS  UNKNOWN 
MORE  KINDRED  OF  THE  WILD 
THE  FEET  OF  THE  FURTIVE 


FEBRUARY     WINDSOR 

H.    RIDER    HAGGARD'S 

FASCINATING    NEW    ROMANCE 

THE       HOLY       FLOWER. 

OTHER    FINE    STORIES    BY 
E.  F.  BENSON  HALLIWELL  SUTCLIFFE 

DORNFORD  YATES  EDEN  PHILLPOTTS 

IMPORTANT    GOLF    ARTICLE 

HARRY        VARDON 

THE    ART    OF    PHIL    MORRIS,    A.R.A. 

18    BEAUTIFUL  REPRODUCTIONS  WITH  COLOURED  PLATE    18 


WARD,    LOCK   &.  CO.'S 

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28 
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30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
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39 

4(1 
41 
42 
43 
44 
4.". 
46 
47 
4S 
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50 

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57 


THE  GARDEN  OP  LIES       Justus  M.  Forman 
ANNA,  THE  ADVEKTURESS 

E.  Phillips  Oppenheim 
RAINBOW  ISLAND  Louis  Tracy 

THE  BEAUTIFUL  "WHITE  DEVIL 

Guy  Booth by 
THE  IMPOSTOR  Harold  Bindloss 

THE  LODESTAR  Max  Pemberton 

A  STUDY  IN  SCARLET  A.  Conan  Doyle 

YOUNG  LORD  STRANLEIGH    Robert  Barr 


THE  MOTHER 

THE  CRIMSON  BLIND 

WHEN  I  WAS  CZAR 

IN  WHITE  RAIMENT 

NOT  PROVEN 

A  MAKER  OP  HISTORY 

BUCHANAN'S  WIPE 

THE  PILLAR  OP  LIGHT 

a:bid  FOR  FORTUNE 

THE  DUST  OF  CONFLICT 


Eden  Phillpotts 

Fred  m.  White 

A.  W.  Marchmont 

Wm.  Le  Queux 

A.  and  C.  Askew 

E.  P.  Oppenheim 

Justus  M.  Forman 

Louis  Tracy 

Guy  Boothby 

Harold  Bindloss 


Fred  M.  White 

Guy  Boothby 

A.  and  C.  Askew 

Max  Pemberton 


THE  DAY  OF  TEMPTATION  Wm.  Le  Queux 
TWO  BAD  BLUE  EYES  "  Rita  " 

MR.  WIN  GRAVE,  MILLIONAIRE 

E.  P.  Oppenheim 
THE  CORNER  HOUSE 
IN  STRANGE  COMPANY 
THE  SPORTING  CHANCE 
THE  GOLD  WOLF 
A  DAMAGED  REPUTATION 

Harold  Bindloss 
THE  SOUL  OP  GOLD  Justus  M.  Form  an 

THE  MARRIAGE  OF  ESTHER  Guy  Boothby 
BY  WIT  OF  WOMAN  A.  W.  Marchmont 

LADY  BARBARITY  J.  C.  Snaith 

THE  SECRET  E.  P.  Oppenheim 

THE  WHEEL  O'  FORTUNE  Louis  Tracy 
THE  SLAVE  OF  iSILENCE  Fred  M.  White 
DARBY  AND  JOAN  "Rita" 

THE  RED  CHANCELLOR  Sir  Wm.  Magnay 
THE  TEMPTRESS  William  Le  Queux 

PRO  PATRIA  Max  Pembertox 

THE  FASCINATION  OF  THE  KING 

Guy  Boothby 

WILD  SHEBA 

BY  SNARE  OP  LOVE 

BENEATH  HER  STATION 

HOPE,  MY  WIFE 

THE  MISSIONER 

THE  MESSAGE  OF  FATE 

THE  WAYFARERS 

TOMMY  CARTERET 

DR.   NIKOLA 

THE  SUNDIAL 

WILES  OF  THE  WICKED 

ACROSS  THE  WORLD  FOR 


A  LOST  LEADER 

THE  ETONIAN 

HIS  LADY'S  PLEASURE 

A  COURIER  OF  FORTUNE 

JOURNEYS  END 

PHAROS  THE  EGYPTIAN 


A.  and  C.  Askew 

A.  W.  Marchmont 

Harold  Bindloss- 

L.  G.  Moberly 

E.  P.  Oppenheim 

Louis  Tracy 

J.  C.  Snaith 

J.  M.  Forman 

Guy  Boothby 

Fm  i)  M.  White 

wm    le  Queux 

A  WIFE 
nrv  Boothby 

E    l*   Oppenheim 

A.  and  C.  Askew 

Ha'«"i.d  Bindloss 

A.  w   Marchmont 

Justus  m.  forman 

ijuy  Boothby 


LORD  STRANLEIGH,  PHILANTHROPIST 

Robert  Barr 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  SALISBURY  SQUARE,  LONDON,  E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE    EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE    ATHENAEUM"  OFFICE,   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
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SUPPLEMENT     TO 


THE   ATHENAEUM 

•Relating    to    Sociological    Xiterature. 


No.  4:>01 


SATURDAY,    JANUARY    31,    1914. 


SOCIOLOGICAL  SUPPLEMENT. 

— <•— 

CONTENTS.  page 

Recalling  the  Obvious 177 

The  Labour  Problem  (The  World  of  Labour  ; 
Revolutionary  Syndicalism) 1T8 

iM'i  strial  Combination  and  Co  -  partnership 
(The  Tendency  towards  Industrial  Combination  ; 
Co-partnership  and  Profit-sharing)   ..        ..      179—180 

THE  Land  (The  Case  for  Land  Nationalization  ;  The 
Land  ;  The  Rural  Problem  ;  Problems  of  Village 
Life  ;  A  Pilgrimage  of  British  Fanning)   ..      180—181 

1  ONOMics  (The  Economics  of  Enterprise  ;  Econo- 
mics for  Indian  Students  ;  Wealth  ;  The  Nature 
of  Taxation  ;  The  Credit  System  ;  Influence  of 
the  Gold  Supply  ;  Insurance  and  the  State)      181—182 

I>  Mere  Existence  Desirable.-  (Round  about  a 
Pound  a  Week  ;  The  Small  Family  System)       ..    182 

American    Ideals    (American    Ideals  ;    Labor   and 

Administration) 183 

Democracy  in  New  Zealand      183 

short  Notices  184 


RECALLING  THE  OBVIOUS. 

The  Sociologist   (and  who   to-day  can 
deny    altogether   the    application    of   the 
term  ?)   may  well  echo  the  complaint  of 
the   Biblical   pessimist   as   to  the  endless 
multiplication  of  books.     We  whose  lot  it 
i>  to   pass  in  review  so  many  of  them  at 
close  quarters  may  console  ourselves  with 
the  fact  that,  though  writers  are  only  for 
the  most  part    repeating  what  has  been 
I — and   in   the  vast  majority  of  cases, 
better  said  —  before,  the   mere    constant 
repetition    is    indicative    of    that    more 
•ular  interest  which,  in   the   constitu- 
tion of  the  world    as   it    is   to-day,   is  a 
necessary  prelude   to   action.      So   much 
smoke  indicates  some  fire — so  much  theory 
indicates  some  practice. 

The  need  for  practice  as  well  as  prin- 
ciples, now  emphasized  by  our  Churches, 
H  a  sign  that  ancient  authority  and 
lership  are  bestirring  themselves,  and 
not  before  it  was,  indeed,  high  time.  But 
dinger  is  threatened  by  lay  opinion, 
which,  for  long  only  concerned  with  in- 
dignation at  existing  anomalies,  still  har- 
botm  an  indefensible  because  uneco- 
nomic spirit  of  revenge. 

Education  must  ever  be  the  basis  of 
evolution,  as  opposed  to  the  ignorance  of 
iv volution,  which  seeks  to  accomplish  a 
legitimate  purpose  by  illegitimate  means. 
It  must  not  be  thought  that  we  with- 
hold our  admiration  and  sympathy  from 
those  noble  spirit-  who.'  appalled  by 
the  world's  lethargy,  make  themselves  a 
bridge  to  span  the  gulf  between  the  real 
and  the  ideal.  Pioneers  careless  of  self 
must  ever  lead  the  way,  however  in- 
judicious their  methods,"  and  we  who 
follow  can  only  give  them  that  homage 
which  blesses  those  who  give  more  than 
those  who  receive.     For  the  most  worthy 


of  our  leaders  personal  aggrandizement 
has  no  enticement,  and  their  greatness  is 
in  inverse  ratio  to  their  claim  to  it. 

In  an  ever-changing  world  the  thought 
and  action  of  idealists  can  have  but  one 
purpose  —  that  reshaping  of  all  things, 
great  and  small,  which  makes  towards 
improvement. 

The  idea  of  reshaping  seems  to  us  to 
need  emphasis  when  the  word  "  destruc- 
tion "  rolls  glibly  off  so  many  tongues. 
That  the  reshaping  adopted  by  icono- 
clasts is  destructive  of  usefulness  is,  of 
course,  apparent ;  but  one  would  wish 
to  include  in  such  a  body,  besides  the 
comparatively  few  active  strikers,  police- 
men running  amok,  and  militant  Suffra- 
gettes, that  far  vaster  number  who  con- 
vert for  their  own  pleasure  without  thought 
of  utility.  This  list  may  be  made  to 
include  not  only  a  cannibal  eating  a 
fellow-creature,  but  also  a  man  indulging 
in  other  kinds  of  freak  feasts,  or  even  him 
who  turns  an  expensive  cigar  into  smoke 
without  using  the  stimulus  it  supplies 
as  an  aid  to  the  accomplishment  of  work 
for  his  fellows. 

Another  equally  important  fact  to  be 
faced  is  that  the  admired  business  man 
of  to-day  is  not  he  who  arranges 
exchange  of  commodities  profitable  for 
his  fellows,  but  rather  he  who  schemes 
to  profit  himself  by  the  exchange  ;  and 
this  means  a  transaction  in  which  one 
gains  and  the  other  loses.  That  part  of  the 
profits  of  such  success  is  given  in  aid  of 
modernized  charity  is,  to  our  thinking, 
but  an  aggravation  of  the  offence.  We 
ourselves  have  recently  experienced  at  the 
hands  of  one  of  the  great  captains  of 
industry  callous  disregard  of  our  request 
for  help  in  extending  the  benefits  of  our 
own  industry  among  those  on  whom  he 
has  charitably  "dumped"  some  of  his 
surplus  wrealth.  That  our  request  was  not 
wholly  ill-advised  would  appear  from  the 
fact  that  we  have  since  received  from 
one  of  his  partially  endowed  institutions  a 
suggestion  that  we  should  make  good  his 
omission  out  of  our  own  limited  resources. 

The  spirit  of  the  age  appears  to  be 
against  any  middle  course  between  the 
doling  out  of  money  on  so-called  charity 
and  the  loan  of  it  only  to  industry  which 
holds  forth  the  prospect  of  a  speedy  increase 
of  capital  so  placed.  The  people  most 
wedded  to  such  ideas  are  just  those  who 
complain  most  bitterly  when  the  State 
puts  in  hand  necessary  work  which 
cannot  conform  to  the  conditions  they 
themselves  impose.  Again,  those  who 
possess  the  largest  purchasing  powers  are 
often  those  who  indulge  in  the  modern 
rage  for  obtaining  goods  below  their 
proper  cost.  Quite  recently  we  were  told 
of    a    millionaire    whose    general    topic    of 


conversation  was  to  share  with  his  friends 
a  knowledge  of  the  cheapest  bargains. 
At  the  time  mentioned  he  had  just 
discovered  how  to  obtain  for  a  half-penny 
apples  usually — and  rightly,  in  view  of 
the  needs  of  labour,  &c. — purchased  at  a 
penny.  We  wish  we  could  believe  that 
he  distributed  his  information  with  any 
other  motive  than  the  display  of  what 
he  accounted  his  own  perspicacity. 

To  such  wrong-headed  notions  we  would 
assign  the  real  cause  for  our  industrial 
unrest,  and  without  wishing  to  detract 
from  the  merits  of  those  who  spend  their 
lives  laboriously  collecting  statistics,  we 
may  say  (without  fear  of  contradiction) 
that,  until  the  majority  of  men  think 
differently,  legislative  acts  will  do  little 
more  than  curb  obvious  rapacity.  How- 
ever economically  disastrous  the  methods 
of  those  responsible  for  Labour  wars  may 
be,  we  may  at  least  congratulate  ourselves 
that  such  things  as  strikes  are  usefully  edu- 
cative. A  medical  student,  ruefully  survey- 
ing hands  blistered  by  loading  coal,  may 
yet  learn  the  joy  of  escaping  brain-fag  and 
experiencing  a  sufficiency  of  physical 
exercise  in  a  more  useful  way  than  if  he 
broke  up  meetings  and  destroyed  the 
property  of  those  who  have  not  secured 
his  intellectual  tolerance. 

The  expression  of  such  views  as  these 
will,  no  doubt,  lead  to  our  being  classed  by 
some  among  the  "kill-joys"  and  ascetics, 
though  we  are  ready  to  vie  with  anybody 
in  our  joie  de  vivre.  If  we  harbour  a  grudge 
at  all,  it  is  against  those  who  commandeer 
more  than  their  fair  share  of  things  of 
which  a  sufficiency  Ls  necessary  to  all. 
They  force  those  who  think  as  we  do  to 
curtail  legitimate  claims  in  the  hope  of 
redressing,  if  only  by  a  little,  the  balance 
for  those  burdened  with  an  existence 
which  is  not  only  painful  to  themselves, 
but  also  is — from  a  national  standpoint — 
uneconomic  ;  uneconomic  because  we  have 
a  claim  on  every  human  creature  to  render 
public  service,  but  at  present  that  claim  in 
many  an  instance  is  not  enforceable,  because 
individuals,  owing  to  their  environment, 
lead  an  existence  which  is  as  low  as  that 
which  obtains  in  the  animal  kingdom,  and 
sometimes  even  lower. 

Though  the  world  is  full  to-day  of  Dope 
that  the  sense  of  mutual  responsibility  is 

growing,    Vet     there    are    still    those    who 

suffer  discouragement  because  their  well- 
meant  efforts  seem  often  to  be  devoid  ol 
any  result. 

With  our  closing  words  we  would  remind 

them  that  •'  the  mills  of  (  rod  grind  slow  Iv." 
and  to  those  who  in  their  pride  pit  their 
wealth     againsl    the    inevitable    we    would 

recall  the  fact  that  the  verse  closes  with 
the    words    "yet    they  grind   exceed 

small." 


178 


T  II  E     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  31,  1914 


THE   LABOUR   PROBLEM. 

Since  the  fourteenth  century  there  has 
been  "  labour  unrest,"  manifesting  itself 
in  various  ways,  but  the  difference  that 
is  noted  in  the  twentieth  is  that  Labour 
is  self-conscious,  articulate,  and  definitely 
striving  towards  a  permanent  settlement. 
What  that  settlement  will  be  rests  with 
itself  ;  as  Marx  said,  "  Its  liberation  must 
be  its  own  act."  No  satisfactory  or 
lasting;  solution  can  be  attained  bv  theories 
promulgated  by  benevolent  writers  who 
stud}'  the  problem  from  without.  Hence 
much  of  the  literature  that  is  accumulating 
on  the  subject  does  little  beyond  exciting 
a  mild  interest. 

Even  with  a  good  comprehension  of 
the  developing  ideals  of  Labour,  and  with 
the  best  motives,  very  few  succeed  in 
doing  more  than  sending  out  carefully 
planned  treatises  from  comfortable  homes 
— the  pressure  of  the  economic  factor  is 
not  realized.  But  economics,  or  the 
material  basis,  must  be  perpetually  kept 
in  view  as  the  foundation  of  any  social 
system,  otherwise  the  system  will  inevit- 
ably fall  to  pieces.  This  does  not  mean 
that  nothing  but  the  material  must  be 
considered  in  delineating  the  features  of 
the  society  of  the  future  ;  but  merely 
that  all  must  rest  on  the  material,  and 
be  conditioned  by  it. 

Along  with  the  economic  factor  others 
will  work — education,  religion,  &c. — and 
the  reconstruction  of  society  will  go  on 
synthetically ;  the  almost  unconscious 
assumption  that  one  factor  will  be  a  pana- 
cea must  be  guarded  against.  The  other 
factors  are  working,  and  it  is  futile  to 
ignore  them  ;  but  the  one  that  is  insistent 
to-day  is  the  economic. 

The  sub-title  of  Mr.  Cole's  book  on 
'  The  World  of  Labour,'  '  A  Discussion 
of  the  Present  and  Future  of  Trade- 
Unionism,'  is  descriptive  of  its  contents, 
for  no  other  aspect  of  the  world  of 
Labour  is  more  than  touched.  Mr. 
Cole's  main  hopes  rest  upon  the  trade 
unions,  in  which,  he  believes,  there  are 
"  signs  of  a  half  -  conscious  awakening  of 
the  new  spirit,"  which  is  concerned  with 
not  only  wages,  but  also  questions  of 
"  discipline."  The  present  reviewer  is 
of  opinion  that,  whether  industry  is 
nationalized  or  syndicalized,  nothing  but 
strong  trade  unions  can  prevent  bureau- 
cracy in  the  first  case,  or  can  competently 
manage  it  in  the  second.  But  trade  unions 
in  order  to  become  the  real  force  and  to 
establish  a  sovereignty  of  their  own. 
limited  in  its  sphere  to  the  control  of 
industry,  must  be  grouped  in  a  single 
great  federation  of  industry.  This  Mr. 
Cole  defines  as  "  the  linking  up  of  inde- 
pendent Unions  for  specific  purposes, 
usually  for  concerted  action  in  trade  dis- 
putes," and  he  prophesies  that 

"  the  Greater  Unionism  will  turn  out  to  be 
a  movement  not  only  in  the  direction  of 
consolidation   of   forces.     It   will   also   force 

The   World   of   Labour.    By   G.  D.  H.  Cole. 

(Bell  &  Sons,  5s.  net.) 
Revolutionary  Syndicalism.     By  J.  A.  Estey. 

(P.  S.  King  &  Son,  7s.  6d.  net.) 


the  Unions  to  develop  new  systems  of 
representative  government,  and  to  adopt 
administrative  devolution  such  as  we  see 
beginning,  slowly  but  certainly,  in  Govern- 
ment departments.  It  will  lead  not  only  to 
united  action,  but  also  to  efficient  manage- 
ment, and  will  compel  the  Unions  to  bring 
themselves  up  to  date,  and  to  abandon  the 
conservatism  which,  in  management  no 
less  than  in  structure,  has  too  long  pre- 
vented them  from  realizing  to  the  full  their 
common  interest  in  face  of  the  common 
enemy,  and  equally  from  fitting  themselves 
for  the  new  functions  in  industry  which 
they  are  already  being  called  upon  to  per- 
form ....  In  studying  the  future  of  Trade- 
Unionism  we  shall  be  regarding  it  as  the 
future  partner  of  the  State  in  the  control  of 
industry — no  longer  as  a  mere  fighting 
organization ....  but  as  a  self-governing, 
independent  corporation  with  functions  of 
its  own,  the  successor  of  Capitalism  as  well 
as  its  destroyer." 

The  recent  history  of  trade  unions  in 
England  has  shown  that  they  have  be- 
come "respectable,"  and  not  fairly  repre- 
sentative of  the  working-class  ;  this  is 
the  reason  why  much  mismanagement 
has  been  shown,  much  unstatesmanlike 
facing  of  problems,  and  little  anticipation 
of  difficulties.  But  the  author  believes 
that  the  unions  are  bound  to  go  on 
widening  their  demands,  and  that  "every 
inch  of  footing  gained  in  the  control  of 
industry  is  gained  for  ever." 

The  chapters  on  '  Trade  Union  Struc- 
ture '  and  *  Government '  are  exhaustive 
and  critical,  and  the  same  may  be  said 
of  the  accounts  of  the  Labour  movement 
in  the  United  States,  in  France  and 
other  European  countries  ;  but  Mr.  Cole's 
conclusion  is  surprising  : — 

"  The  greatest  service  that  can  be  done 
us  by  the  intelligent  study  of  foreign  Labour 
movements  is  to  save  us  at  least  from  be- 
coming internationalists." 

The  causes  of  Labour  unrest  are  enu- 
merated as  underpayment,  the  supposed 
failure  of  the  Parliamentary  Labour 
Party,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  agitation. 
Of  the  Labour  Party  the  author  says  that 
"  it  consists  largely  of  men  who  do  not 
believe  in  independent  Labour  representa- 
tion at  all,  and  of  a  small  section  that  does 
not  believe  in  the  Liberal  Alliance  "  ; 
but  his  judgment  regarding  Socialism 
in  that  party  is  not  so  acute,  as  else- 
where he  regards  the  Labour  Party  as 
"  that  sad  failure  of  Socialism  endeavour- 
ing, by  a  trick,  to  seem  stronger  than  it 
really  is."  In  fact,  except  in  the  sphere 
of  trade-unionism,  where  he  is  well-read 
and  competent  to  speak,  Mr.  Cole  is  ap- 
parently uncertain  as  to  fundamental 
principles.  Syndicalism  (which  we  notice 
lower  down)  is  "a  very  ill  -  thought  -  out 
and  vague  assertion  of  the  producer's 
point  of  view,"  and  Mr.  Cole  does  not 
believe  that  it  involves  an  antagonistic 
attitude  to  the  State,  which,  he  says,  is 
"  the  corner-stone  of  the  edifice  of  Capital- 
ism."    Yet  he  can  also  say  : — 

"  The  Unions  have  to  fight  sham  social 
peace  and  shoddy  patriotism  ;  but  they 
have  to  work  for  the  realization  of  that 
real  peace  which  can  only  come  with  the 
dissolution  of  the  capitalist  system  and  the 
substitution  for  it  of  a  Society  dominated 
throughout     by     the    producer's    point     of 


view,  which  is  the  spirit  of  social  service.  . . . 
The  Trade  Unions  must  fight  in  order  that 
they  may  control  ;  it  is  in  warring  with 
Capitalism  that  they  will  learn  to  do  with- 
out it  ;  but  it  is  the  State  that,  in  the  end, 
will  set  them  free." 

Mr.  Cole  would  eliminate  the  control  of 
industry  from  the  sphere  of  the  State, 
and  leave  it  "to  work  for  the  deepening 
of  the  national  life,  for  the  realization  of  a 
greater  joy  and  a  greater  individuality." 
He  looks  upon  economics  as  "  only  a 
branch  of  the  true  politics,"  and  he 
thinks  that  "  the  whole  question  of  the 
control  of  industry  is  not  economic  but 
ethical."  In  a  certain  sense  all  questions 
are  ethical,  but  those  of  the  workers,  the 
control  of  industry,  the  rights  of  the  pro- 
ducers, &c,  inevitably  rest  upon  an  eco- 
nomic basis  ;  a  basis,  however,  is,  we 
repeat,  not  the  whole  of  the  structure, 
but  a  necessary  foundation  without  which 
the  building  falls  to  ruin. 

Mr.  Cole  thinks  highly  of  The  New  Age 
and  its  series  of  articles  on  '  Guild  Social- 
ism.' He  has  appreciative  words  for 
The  Daily  Herald,  and  The  Daily  Citizen, 
but  it  is  strange  that  he  does  not  mention 
Justice,  perhaps  the  most  typical  paper 
of  advanced  thinkers  in  the  Labour 
movement. 

The  last  two  chapters,  on  '  Economics 
and  Politics  '  and  '  Hopes  and  Fears.'  are 
thoughtful  attempts  to  present  all  sides 
of  the  case,  rather  than  definite  solutions 
of  the  problem  dealing  with  "  the  revalua- 
tion and  new  synthesis  "  of  the  State  and 
Labour.  We  do  not  discover  an  essential 
philosophy  behind  the  discursiveness,  and 
outside  the  realm  of  trade  -  unionism  the 
work  does  not  add  to  previous  knowledge  ; 
but  it  forms  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
literature  of  that  subject.  There  is  a 
full  Bibliography. 

Dr.  Estey  publishes,  expanded  and 
recast,  his  thesis  for  the  doctor's  degree  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin,  an  exposi- 
tion, history,  and  criticism  of  Syndicalism 
as  it  has  manifested  itself  in  France.  Mr. 
Lovell  Price  in  the  Introduction  is  antago- 
nistic to  the  principles  of  Syndicalism. 
Dr.  Estey,  who  believes  that  the  move- 
ment, if  it  has  not  already  failed,  will  not 
ultimately  succeed,  separates  the  "  intel- 
lectuals," such  as  M.  Sorel,  from  the  "  men 
of  action,"  such  as  M.  Pouget,  and  points 
out  that  the  ideas  of  one  section  are  not 
always  acceptable  to  the  other.  Syndical- 
ism in  practice  existed  in  the  early  nine- 
ties ;  its  directing  centre,  the  Confedera- 
tion Generate  du  Travail  (the  well-known 
"  C.G.T."),  was  established  in  1895 ; 
but  in  theory  it  was  not  formulated 
in  M.  Sorel's  '  L'Avenir  Socialiste  des 
Syndicats  '  until  two  years  later. 

The  author  traces  the  evolution  of 
Revolutionary  Syndicalism — which  he  calls 
"  a  product  of  circumstances  " — through 
its  various  phases,  from  its  beginning  in 
the  revolt  against  the  Minimum  Pro- 
gramme of  Guesde  (1879),  which  was  to 
be  attained  by  political  methods  : — 

"  This  early  Syndicalism  was  moderate, 
conservative,  opposed  to  violence.  It  leaned 
towards  conciliation  rather  than  antagonism, 
to  social  peace  rather  than  class  war." 


Si 


pp 


.ement,  Jan.  31«   1014] 


TIIK     ATH  ENJIUM 


170 


\'e\t  came  the  formation  of  Bourses  du 
Travail,  or  Labour  Exchanges,  by  the 
militants  of  the  French  Labour  move- 
ment, and  later  the  establishment  of  the 
"C.G.T." 

"an  organization  which,  with  'no  inten- 
tion of  superseding  the  Federation  of 
Bourses  du  Travail,  attempted  such  com- 
prehensiveness us  to  include  it.  It  opened 
it^  door-  to  isolated  syndicate,  to  local 
onions  of  syndieats. . .  .to  federations  of 
crafl  and  industry,  whether  departmental, 
»nal,  or  national ....  It  was  to  be  the 
guardian  in  general  of  the  labouring  classes, 
encouraging  them  to  fight  and  win  their 
own  battles  and  in  their  own  way.  Above 
all.  it  was  to  remain  aloof  from  all  political 
schools,  being  Syndicalist  rather  than 
Socialist.'' 

Tor  some  years  there  was  a  struggle  in 
the  '"  C.G.T."  between  the  pacific  re- 
formers and  the  militants,  but  at  the 
Congress  of  Bourges  (1904)  "  Revolu- 
tionary Syndicalism  as  a  guiding  principle 
in  the  struggle  of  Labour  against  Capital 
made  its  debut.'-  The  Confederation 
General  du  Travail  has  made  its  presence 
and  power  felt  in  the  industrial  arenas  of 
France,  against  Capitalism  and  the  State. 
The  chapter  on  '  The  Question  of 
Method  "  is  excellent  in  its  unbiased  pre- 
8?ntation  of  Syndicalist  premises  : — 

"  Revolutionary  Syndicalism  is  primarily  a 
method  of  action  of  which  the  aim  is  eventu- 
ally to  transform  the  present  industrial 
system  into  something  more  capable  of 
Satisfying  at  once  the  needs  of  production 
and  the  demands  of  distributive  justice.  .  .  . 
[  Its  supporters]  see  in  the  industrial  arrange- 
ments of  to-day  only  a  machinery  whereby 
the  labouring  classes,  the  producers  of  all 
wealth,  are  systematically  exploited  by 
those  who  chance  to  own  the  various  means 
of  production.  .  .  .This  exploitation  of  labour, 
this  exaltation  of  the  bourgeoisie,  \\  ill  dis- 
appear only  with  the  disappearance  of  the 
•••in  itself.  .  .  .The  miseries  of  the  working 
classes. ..  .may  be  alleviated  by  philan- 
thropic   legislation,    they    may    be    glossed 

•  !'  by  schemes  of  solidarity,  profit-sharing, 

rtnership. . .  .but    they    can    never    be 

removed  save  by  the  elimination  of .  .  .  .all 

the    essential    features    of    that    system    of 

production  known  as  Capitalism." 

The  Socialist  political  party,  controlled 
by  intellectuals  "  and  bourgeois  Social- 
ist-, fa  distrusted  by  Syndicalists,  who 
regard  it  as  of  no  permanent  value  to 
the  proletariat.  The  Syndicalist  says 
that  there  is  an  intimate  connexion  be- 
tween the  economic  and  political  systems 
of  every  age  ;  that  the  forms  of  govern- 
ment coincide  with,  and  are  determined 
by.  the  existing  economic  order.     There- 

ire  the 
"  institutions  of  Labour,  the  syndieats.... 
most  be  opposed  to  the  institutions  of 
Capital .  .  .  .The  class  war  admits  of  no  inter- 
diary.  The  action  of  the  labourers  must 
be  direct." 

Descriptions  are  given  of  Syndicalist 
practice  :  (1)  The  idea  of  the  general 
strike,    which    Dr.    Estey    regards    as 

ial  myth."'  and  though  such  a 
strike  has  never  yet  taken  place,  he  de- 
clares that  it  has  failed.  The  statistics 
be  quotes  with  regard  to  single  strikes 
are  scarcely  applicable  to  the  general 
strike,  different  in  its  nature  and  results  ; 
and    the    strike    of     May,     1906,    which 


included  several  trades  in  France,  was  not 
general.      (2)   Sabotage,  defined  as 

••  any  process  whereby  labourers,  whether 
still  at  work  or  in  the  act  of  Striking,  can  do 
damage  to  the  material  possessions  of  their 
employers." 

(3)  Anti-militarism,  and  its  results- 
Syndicalists  aver  that,  when  once  the 
soldier  realizes  that  his  uniform  does  not 
abolish  his  class,  the  army  will  no  longer 
be  the  efficient  instrument  of  capitalistic 
despotism  ;  yet  Dr.  Estey  makes  the  re- 
markable statement : — 

;<  If  it  were  possible  to  suppress  all  war, 
society  would  fall  into  rapid  decay,  and  it  is 
just  because  they  preserve,  in  an  order 
threatened  with  the  decadence  of  social 
peace,  the  invigorating  violence  of  class  war. 
that  Syndicalists  lay  claim  to  the  gratitude 
of  the  world  at  large."' 

(4)  External  pressure,  such  as  wide  dis- 
tribution of  literature  and  pamphlets, 
meetings,  processions,  and  other  public 
demonstrations. 

The  claims  of  Syndicalists  that  their 
solution  of  the  Labour  question  is  an 
"  essential  agent  in  the  civilization  of 
the  world  "  are  very  fairly  presented, 
and  the  Syndicalist  State  is  painted  in 
highly  favourable  colours  : — 

"  Thus  inheriting  from  Capitalism  me- 
chanical processes  developed  to  their  highest 
perfection,  furnished  with  a  technical  educa- 
tion worthy  of  such  a  birthright,  stimulated 
by  a  love  for  work  which  has  become  dignified 
and  honourable,  with  an  affection  for  his 
workshop  which  only  freedom  from  con- 
straint and  exploitation  can  develop,  his 
productive  vigour  and  directive  powers 
strengthened  by  the  sense  of  responsibility 
and  initiative  which  the  struggle  against 
Capital  and  the  peculiar  organization  of 
Labour  have  produced,  the  worker  of  the 
Syndicalist  State  will  display  an  efficiency 
which  will  be  the  surest  guarantee  for  the 
success  of  production.  And  if  production  is 
efficient,  the  future  of  industrial  society, 
as  seen  in  Syndicalist  perspective,  takes  on 
the  rosiest  aspect." 

But  Dr.  Estey  devotes  a  chapter  to  prov- 
ing that  such  a  condition  of  things  is  not 
possible,  and,  if  it  were,  the  results  would 
be  disastrous.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
his  logical  refutation  is  not  equal  to  his 
comprehension  of  Syndicalism  ;  it  is  as  if 
his  reason  applauded  its  methods  and 
aims,  but  his  prejudices  and  the 
outcome  of  class  interest  were  against 
them.  The  arguments  brought  against 
the  Syndicalist  claims  either  beg  the 
question  or  infer  that,  with  the 
progress  of  such  ideas,  there  would 
be  no  corresponding  progress  of  the 
labourer.  In  conclusion,  the  author 
assigns  praise  to  the  Revolutionary  Syndi- 
calists for  three  results :  they  have  en- 
gendered among  workers  habits  of  inde- 
pendence and  self-reliance;  they  have 
pointed  out  the  comparative  impotence 
|  of  Parliamentary  activity;  and  they  have 

insisted  that  "  the  emancipation  of  the 
labourers  must  be  the  work  of  the  la- 
bourers themselves." 

The     whole     study     indicates     laborious 

research  and  considerable  power  of  expres- 
sion, but  it  emanates  from  one  who  has 
only  an  outside-  view  of  the  matter  on 
which  he  writes. 


[NDUSTRIAL  COMBINATION  AXD 
CO-PARTNERSHIP. 

A  COMPHKUENSIVE  KNOWLEDGE  of  t hat 
aspeot  of  the  subject  with  which  he  deals 
is  shown  by  -Mr.  Carter  Ul  'The  Tendency 
towards  Industrial  Combination,'  and 
signs  of  much  industry  in  the  compilation 
of  detailed  instances  appear.  Such  a 
problem  as  that  of  industrial  combination 
is  recognized  as  being  difficult  and  diverse, 

and  the  conclusions  reached  cannot  be 
unqualified.  With  a  few  exceptions,  Mr. 
Carter  is  not  dogmatic,  and  by  adopting 
the  historical  and  comparative  method 
he  is  able  to  trace  the  gradual  develop- 
ment of  combination  in  Great  Britain. 
He  says  : — 

'The  development  of  the  modern  tend 
ency  towards  the  formation  of  industrial 
combinations  is  of  comparatively  recent 
date  in  English  history.  Here  its  appear- 
ance was  later  and  its  progress  slower  than 
is  the  case  with  the  corresponding  develop- 
ments in  U.S.A.  and  on  the  Continent  .... 
The  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  and  t In- 
beginning  of  the  twentieth  has  witnessed 
the  full  and  conscious  development  of  a 
method  of  industrial  organization  which 
aims  at  the  regulation  of  the  competitive 
system  and  the  elimination  of  its  evil  con- 
sequences." 

But  in  the  last  sentence  we  note  the 
omission  of  a  vital  factor  which  scarcely 
appears  in  the  whole  volume.  Labour  is 
not  represented  here  ;  trade  unions  are 
not  mentioned.  The  combinations  of 
Labour  have  interacted  with  those  of 
Capital ;  the  employers  and  employees 
have  powerfully  affected  each  other's 
combinations  and  organizations,  both 
directly  and  indirectly,  and  some  indica- 
tion of  such  a  process  should  have  been 
given.  In  a  book  of  38G  pages  three 
references  only  are  made  to  the  working- 
class,  and  those  passing  ones  such  as  : — 

"  The  appearance  of  labour  troubles  and 
strikes  with  some  firms  might  often  result 
to  the  advantage  of  other  firms  by  putting 
more  trade  at  their  disposal.  Only  in 
special  cases  where  the  terms  of  agreement 
definitely  include  reference  to  joint  action 
against  Labour  does  temporary  combina- 
tion involve  any  increased  power  to  control 
employees.' 

"Amidst  the  hitter  struyides  and  the  un- 
necessary suffering  caused  hy  the  many 
strikes  that  have  taken  place  of  recent  years 
within  the  coal  industry ....  it  cannot  but 
be  suggested  that  some  regulation  of  inter- 
necine competition  by  the  joint  ait  ion  of 
coalowners  might  present  at  least  a  partial 
solution  of  various  difficulties. ..  .There  is 
good  reason  to  suppose  thai   if  some  form 

of  joint    Organization    could    he   adopted.... 

the  results  would  ultimately  prove  bene- 
ficial   to    the  industry  and    the  community 

generally,     and     also     might     minimize     the 

causes    of    dispute    between    masters    and 

men." 

The  aim  of  industrial  combination  is  not 
only  to  restrain  competitive  trade,  but 
also  to  diminish  the  power  of  the  work. 

The  Tendency  towards  Industrial  Combina- 
tion. Bj  l  ieorge  R.  <  art  r.  (<  Sonatable  A 
( 'o.,  ti.v.  net.) 

Co-partm  rehvpand  ProfU-ehan  I  kneurin 
Williams.  "Home  University  Library." 
(Williams  A  Norgate,  1-.  net.) 

8 


180 


THE     ATHENilUM 


[Supplement,  Jan.  31,   1914 


combinations ;  and  a  treatise  which 
totally  omits  that  element  is  necessarily 
false  in  perspective  as  well  as  incomplete 
in  matter. 

Mr.  Carter  is  evidently  of  opinion  that 
the  existing  conditions  of  production  and 
the  wage-system  will  not  give  way  to 
different  ones :  he  says,  "  Industry  in 
England  still  is,  and  must  continue  to  be, 
dominated  by  the  competitive  system  "  ; 
and  elsewhere  :  "  Of  course,  it  is  probable 
that  the  small  firms  producing  certain 
classes  of  iron  and  steel  goods  will  never 
be  eliminated."  (The  italics  are  ours.) 
He  can  see  no  other  remedy  for  the 
monopoly  that  a  combination  of  enter- 
prises tends  to  create  than  the  creation 
of  new  competitors — "  the  maintenance 
of  potential  competition."  But  it  is  not 
improbable  that  the  words  which  follow 
may  bear  a  different  content  from  that 
in  the  author's  mind  : — 

"  However,  much  more  important,  and 
perhaps  much  more  uncertain,  is  the  ques- 
tion as  to  the  probable  sjmere  and  influence 
of  the  combination  movement,  and  also  its 
ultimate  development  and  general  bearing 
on  English  industry ....  Of  the  wider  pro- 
blem— the  distribution  of  the  social  product 
more  equitably  than  is  possible  through 
the  unrestricted  operation  of  the  com- 
petitive system — it  is  well  said  it  will  soon 
have  to  be  dealt  with  in  some  form  or 
other." 

Capitalists,  heads  of  great  industrial 
organizations,  and  employers  of  labour, 
will  here  find  information  of  value,  and 
workers'  organizations  can  discover  signs 
to  warn  them. 

The  Bibliography  and  Index  are  excel- 
lent. 

Mr.  Williams,  who  has  been  practically 
interested  in  his  subject  'Co-partnership 
and  Profit-sharing '  for  over  twenty  years, 
believes  that  they  are 

"  destined  to  do  in  the  industrial  world 
what  the  introduction  of  constitutional 
rights  has  done  in  government. . .  .to  trans- 
form autocracy  and  monopoly  into  demo- 
cracy, gradually,  peacefully,  and  with  profit 
in  the  long-run  to  all  concerned." 

His  whole  treatise,  however,  is  written 
from  the  point  of  view  of  Capital  rather 
than  of  Labour,  and  the  assumption 
is  made  that  business  experience,  tech- 
nical skill,  and  organizing  power  are  to  be 
found  solely  among  the  employers,  and 
that  all  which  labour  requires  is  to  be 
efficiently  "led."  We  doubt  Mr.  Wil- 
liams's knowledge  of  either  middle-class 
or  working-class  families  when  he  can 
state  : — 

"  Now  almost  every  middle-class  family 
has  its  few  hundred,  or  few  thousand,  pounds 
of  capita]  invested  in  the  industries  of  the 
country,  and  fructifying  there,  adding  to 
the  income  of  that  family,  and  standing  as  a 
reserve  between  that  family  and  misfortune. 
Already,  through  building  societies,  co- 
operative societies,  and  so  forth,  a  consider- 
able part  of  the  working  classes  are  accumu- 
lating capital  also."     (Italics  ours.) 

Mr.  Williams  does  not  answer  the 
objections  that  the  prosperity  of  co- 
partnership depends  on  the  prosperity  of  a 
particular  business,  and  that  no  guarantee 
of   permanent   maintenance    is   given    to 


the  workers.  Nor  does  it  abolish  the 
system  of  "  wage-slavery."  In  fact,  very 
little  space  is  devoted  to  the  objections 
of  Socialism  to  Co-partnership,  and  any 
connexion  with  Syndicalism  is  repudiated. 
However,  the  book  gives  a  clear  if  one- 
sided account  of  Co-partnership  and  Profit- 
sharing  in  themselves,  and  of  the  aims 
and  ideals  of  the  employers  concerned  : — 

"  Profit-sharing  and  Labour  Co-partner- 
ship, to  be  fully  efficient,  must,  on  the 
employer's  part,  proceed  from  altruistic 
and  not  selfish  motives." 

There  are  well-informed  chapters  on  the 
history  of  the  movement  in  various  parts 
of  Europe  and  America,  especially  in 
France,  which  is  the  classical  country  of 
Profit-sharing.  Interesting  accounts  are 
given  of  different  employers — successful 
ones  ! — who  have  adopted  some  form  of 
the  system.  Mr.  Williams  thinks  that 
trouble  with  trade  unions  "  does  not  affect 
the  soundness  of  the  principle  of  Co- 
partnership," and  acknowledges  that  they 
have  done  much  ;  but  he  believes  that 
"  workmen  would  get  by  Co-partnership 
far  more  than  the  trade  unions  can  gain 
for  them."  We  doubt,  however,  if  the 
following  description  will  stand  the  test 
of  the  twentieth  century  : — 

"  Thus  Co-partnership  in  its  ultimate 
development,  besides  seeking  to  promote  a 
harmony  of  interests  between  the  workers, 
whether  with  hand  and  brain,  and  those  who 
find  the  capital,  recognizes  also  the  interests 
of  the  consumers,  the  community,  the  State. 
From  Socialism  and  from  Syndicalism,  from 
voluntary  association  and  from  capitalism, 
it  takes  the  best  elements,  and  strives  to 
conserve  and  to  harmonize  them  in  the 
common  interest  of  all." 


THE   LAND. 


The  last  few  years  have  seen  the  publica- 
tion of  a  great  number  of  books — historical 
and  descriptive — dealing  with  land  ques- 
tions. After  diagnosis  comes  treatment ; 
the  output  of  books  continues,  but  schemes 
and  suggestions  of  reform  preponderate. 
Of  the  five  books  before  us,  four  are  con- 
cerned with  remedial  measures,  and  only 
one  treats  of  the  present  and  is,  on  the 
whole,  satisfied  with  it. 

Mr.  Joseph  Hyder  has  been  secretary 
to  the  Land  Nationalization  Society  for 
many  years,  and  in  '  The  Case  for  Land 
Nationalization '  expresses  the  views  of  a 
body  that  numbers  ninety  members  of 
Parliament  among  its  Vice-Presidents. 
It  is  a  matter  for  regret  that  a  proposal 
that  has  such  influential  support  has  not 
found  a  clearer  exponent.  Mr.  Hyder  has 
spoilt  the  powerful  case  there  is  for  drastic 

The  Case  for  Land  Nationalization.  By 
Joseph  Hyder.  (Simpkin,  Marshall,  Hamil- 
ton &  Kent,  2s.  6d.  net.) 

The  Land  :  the  Report  of  the  Land  Enquiry 
Committee. — Vol.  I.  Rural.  (Hodder  & 
Stoughton,  Is.  net.) 

The  Rural  Problem.  By  Henry  D.  Harben. 
(Constable  &  Co.,  2s.  Qd.  net.) 

Problems  of  Village  Life.  By  E.  N.  Bennett. 
"  Home  University  Library."  (Williams 
&  Norgate,  Is.  net.) 

A  Pilgrimage  of  British  Farming,  1910-12. 
By  A.  D.  Hall.     (John  Murray,  5s.  net.) 


land  reforms  by  protesting  too  much.  We 
are  deeply  moved  by  the  appalling  facts  of 
rural  overcrowding  he  uses,  but  the 
restrictions  imposed  on  behalf  of  the  land- 
lords of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  in 
exceptional  circumstances,  by  the  Statutes 
of  Labourers,  do  not  appear  relevant  to 
the  argument  of  the  book.  One  might 
almost  imagine  that  the  author  had  sub- 
scribed for  the  last  twenty  years  to  a 
press-cutting  agency,  and  had  here  given 
his  readers  all  the  clippings  relating  to  the 
misdeeds  of  landlords.  Mr.  Hyder  writes 
of  landlords  with  special  animosity, 
as  if  they  were  less  awake  to  their 
responsibilities,  as  a  class,  than  any 
other  body  of  capitalists.  He  pursues 
them  down  the  centuries,  stumbling  at 
almost  every  step.  "  The  common  fields 
were  invariably  divided  into  three  long 
strips,"  he  assures  us.  Recent  historical 
work — such  as  Prof.  Gonner's  *  Common 
Land  and  Inclosure  ' — seems  to  have  had 
little  effect,  if  any  upon  Mr.  Hyder*s 
indictments.  He  does  not  appear  to 
understand,  for  example,  that  this  country 
would  never  have  survived  the  Con- 
tinental System  without  the  increased 
home  production  of  corn  made  possible 
by  inclosures.  We  do  not  for  a  moment 
maintain  that  the  Inclosure  Acts  of  1775- 
1845  were  all  passed  with  entirely  dis- 
interested motives,  but  the  whole  move- 
ment was  certainly  far  from  undiluted 
robbery. 

Elsewhere  Mr.  Hyder  enumerates 
cases  of  petty  injustices  committed  by 
landlords  distraining  upon  poor  tenants, 
and  later  admits  that  this  particular  form 
of  hardship  has  been  removed  by  the  Law 
of  Distress  Amendment  Act,  1908.  Such 
an  argument  simply  weakens  the  case  ; 
if  a  simple  piece  of  legislation  is  all  that 
is  needed  to  abolish  a  particular  form  of 
hardship,  it  is  surely  futile  to  base  a 
demand  for  far  more  drastic  legislation 
upon  the  same  grounds.  Here,  as  else- 
where, the  book  conveys  the  impression 
that  it  was  largely  written  many  years  ago. 

The  chapter  on  the  taxation  of  lanel 
values  takes  a  view  that  is  certainly  not 
that  of  many  of  the  Vice-Presidential  M.P.s 
— that  land  values  taxation  would  bar  the 
road  to  nationalization.  The  chapter  on 
'  How  to  Nationalize  the  Land  '  is  extra- 
ordinarily inconclusive.  The  reviewer  has 
entire  sympathy  with  the  principle  of  land 
nationalization,  but  regards  the  book  as 
another  instance  of  reason  outrun  by  zeal. 
Indeed,  Baron  de  Forest's  brief  '  Minority 
Report '  on  the  Land  Enquiry  Committee 
presents  a  far  more  convincing  and  prac- 
ticable case. 

The  Report  of  this  Committee  is  cer- 
tainly a  elocument  of  high  importance. 
It  not  only  contains  a  mass  of  authenti- 
cated facts,  but  it  is  also  a'  palpable  piece 
of  evidence  that  the  social  conscience 
is  growing,  while  it  rejoices  the  heart 
of  the  pure  sociologist  by  its  masterly 
arrangement.  Our  readers  will  be  \>y 
this  time  familiar  with  the  principal  re- 
commendations, and  we  do  not  propose 
to  deal  with  them  seriatim.  We  should 
point  out,  however,  that  in  matters  apper- 
taining   to    land    problems,    this    Report 


Supplement,  Jan.  31,   1014] 


THE     A  Til  KX  .ET  M 


lsi 


Mill  be  the  death-knell  of  the  one-remedy 

politician.  Just  as  the  Report  of  the 
Poor  Law  Commission  of  1909  proved, 
once  and  for  all.  that  unemployment  was 
not  one  problem,  but  a  bundle  of  several 
problems,  each  requiring  separate  treat- 
ment, and  that  consequently  neither 
Tariff  Reform  nor  any  other  simple 
Bolution  would  settle  them  all  ;  so  tins 
Report  splits  up  the  Land  Problem  into 
its  constituent  parts,  and  indicates  the 
various  methods  which  will  have  to  be 
■employed  simultaneously. 

The  Report  contains  masses  of  detailed 
facts  about  village  life — terrible  facts 
which,  unfortunately,  could  be  paralleled 
bv  almost  anybody  with  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  conditions  of  even  a 
single  village.  Low  wages  and  insufficient 
and  inadequate  cottages  are  the  two  car- 
dinal evils  of  rural  England,  and  are  the 
causes  of  a  more  utter  hopelessness  than 
is  known  in  the  worst  slums  of  the  great 
<:ities.  We  believe  that  the  facts  will  be 
readily  endorsed  by  a  large  number  of 
Unionist  landowners,  although  the  inquiry 
%\as  made  in  order  to  provide  a  basis  for 
Liberal  legislation.  Indeed,  a  few  Con- 
servative peers  actually  helped  the  Com- 
mittee, realizing  that,  after  all,  the  matter 
was  above  party,  and  concerned  the 
interests  of  all  humanity. 

The  Fabian  Society  formed  a  Committee 
in  1912  to  inquire  into  the  same  subjects, 
although  upon  a  far  less  lavish  scale.  The 
members  of  the  Committee  included  men 
and  women  with  a  special  knowledge 
•of  country  life,  and  received  evidence 
from  many  who  would  certainly  not  be 
described  as  Socialists.  The  chairman  of 
the  Committee  was  himself  a  large  land- 
owner. It  is  interesting  to  find  that  there 
is  virtual  agreement  on  the  general  lines 
■of  reform  between  the  Liberal  and  Fabian 
reports.  The  former  wishes  to  set  up 
a  ■"  Wage  Tribunal  "  in  order  to  establish 
-a   minimum  wage  ;   the    latter,  published 

■  The  Rural  Problem,'  would  enact  a 
minimum  wage  of  23«.  a  week,  and  set 
up  local  Wages  Boards  to  deal  with  points 
of  detail  concerning  wages.  Both  reports 
-would  make  it  the  definite  statutory  duty 
of  every  Rural  District  Council  to  provide 
cottages  wherever  there  is  a  deficit.  The 
Fabian  Report  would  stop  all  Grants-in- 
Aid — for  whatever  purpose — to  District 
Councils  which  were  backward  in  carrying 
out  their  duties. 

Mr.  Bennett's  little  book,  '  Problems 
of  Village  Life,'  joins  the  chorus  of 
claimants  for  a  minimum  wage  and  the 
compulsory  provision  of  cottages.  He 
Strongly  urges  the  reform  of  the  Small 
Holdings  Act  on  the  linos  of  the  Scot- 
tish Act;  that  is,  by  transferring  the 
administration  from  the  apathetic  County 
Councils  to  a  Commission.  He,  too,  is 
in  favour  of  land  nationalization,  and 
Supports  the  simple  method  of  gradual 
purchase.  He  writes  with  a  freedom 
that  we  cannot  look  for  in  the  reports  of 
Committees,  and  is  therefore  able  to  put 
his  opinions  with  refreshing  vigour.  Raif- 
feisen  is  consistently  misspelt  "  Raffeissen." 


Mr.  A.  1).  Hall's  -Pilgrimage  of  British 
Farming'  gains  in  interest  when  read   in 
association   with    the    above    books.     The 
author — who  is  one  of  the  Development 
Commissioners   and   has  a    real   gift    for 
writing — made  extensive  journeys  through 
rural  England   in    1910,    1911,  and  1912, 
and    published    his    observations    in    The 
Times.     He     follows    Cobbett     in     close- 
ness of  attention,  but  confines  it  mainly 
to  the  soil.     His  book  is  to  be  read  as  a 
sequel  to  Mr.  Prothero's  -  English  Farming, 
Past  and  Present';    after  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hammond's    '  The    Village    Labourer  '    it 
woidd     be     unintelligible.     He     describes 
crops  and  soils  with  the  sure  pen  of  an 
acknowledged  expert,  but  he  regards  the 
labourer  as  a  mere  accessory.    "  His  wages 
.  .  .  .nowr  all  over  the   country  are  equi- 
valent   or    more    than    equivalent    to    a 
pound  a  week,"  he  tells  us.     The  Report 
of    the     Board     of     Trade    Inquiry    into 
the  Earnings  of  Agricultural  Workers  in 
1907  (Cd.  5460),    1910,  showed  that  the 
average     weekly    earnings    of     ordinary 
labourers  in  all  the  counties  of  England 
amounted  to  only  17s.  6d.,  of  which  3s. 
was  the  estimated  value  of  payment  in 
kind.     Such  suggestions  as  appear  in  the 
works  we  have  already  noticed  are  gently 
pooh-poohed.     Mr.     Hall     believes     that, 
though  farmers  often  err,  agriculture  is  in 
a    thriving    state    to-day.     We    are    glad 
to   have   this   assurance   from   so   distin- 
guished an  authority. 


ECONOMICS. 


One  swallow  does  not  make  a  summer,  and 
it  is  unsafe  to  generalize  as  to  the  trend 
of  modern  economic  thought  from  Prof. 
Davenport's  '  Economics  of  Enterprise.' 
Yet  we  find  the  following  passage  near  the 
end  of  the  book,  and  accept  it  as  a  happy 
indication  of  the  way  the  wind  is 
blowing  : — 

"  Economics  must  cease  to  be  a  system  of 
apologetics,  the  creed  of  the  reactionary, 
a  defense  of  privilege,  a  social  soothing 
sirup,  a  smug  pronouncement  of  the  right- 
eousness of  whatever  is." 

We  do  not  know  whether  the  Economics 
Professor  at  the  University  of  Missouri 
may  be  taken  as  a  representative  exponent 
of  his  subject,  but  we  rejoice  nevertheless. 
For   the    rest,    apart   from    the    spirit   in 

The  Economics  of   Enterprise.     By   Herbert 

Joseph    Davenport.      (Macmillan    &    Co., 

10*.  net.) 
An    Introduction    to    Economics    for    Indian 

Students.     By   AV.    EL   Moreland.      (Same 

publishers,  5s.  net.) 

Wealth.     By  Edwin  Cannan.      (P.   S.    King 

and  Son,  '.is.  6'/.  n<-t .) 

The  Nature  and  First  Principle  of  Taxation. 

By    Hubert     .Jones.      With    a     Preface    by 

Sidney  Webb.     (Same  publishers,  Is.  ba, 

net.) 

The  ('relit  System.     By  W.  <■.  Langworthy 

Taylor.     (Macmillan  A  ('<>.,  H's.  net.) 
The  Influence  of  the  Gold  Supply  on  Prices 

and     Profits.      By      Sir      l>;i\id      Harbour. 

(Same  publishers,  3s.  «></.  net.) 
Insurana  and  the  State,     By  W.  F.  Gephart* 
(Same  publishers,  5*.  <W.  net.) 


w  hieh  it  is  w  ritteii.  his  book  follows  familiar 
lines,  with  special  stress  on  price  and  cost 
of  production.  We  notice  a  reference  to 
'  industrial  Democracy,'  by  Sidney  and 
••  Alice  "  Webb. 

An  Introduction  to  Economics  for 
Indian  Students'  is  distinguishable  from 
the  ordinary    run    of    "  Elements "    and 

"  Outlines  "   by   its  numerous  applications 

of  economic  theory  to  Indian  conditions. 

We  hear,  therefore,  of  the  effects  of  the 
caste  system  upon  the  mobility  of  labour, 
and  of  the  Government's  tenancy  legis- 
lation upon  the  normal  operation  of  the 
law  of  rent.  Dr.  .Marshall's  '  Elements 
of  Economics  of  Industry  '  has  evidently 
been  taken  as  the  model  for  the  book. 

We  turn  to  Prof.  Caiman's  '  Wealth  ' 
with  real  gratification.  This  work  has 
all  the  merits  of  the  author's  '  Ele- 
mentary Economics,'  but  is  upon  a  larger 
scale.  The  author  surveys  the  economic 
landscape  with  a  fastidious  eye  1  hat  refuses 
to  accept  theories  which  have  merely  an 
ornamental  interest.  He  is  extremely 
practical,  and  specializes  in  noticing  and 
explaining  the  important  omissions  of 
other  economists.  This,  for  example,  is 
probably  the  only  primer  which  contains 
an  adequate  discussion  of  the  causes  of  the 
low  wages  paid  to  women.  Prof.  Cannan 
confines  himself  to  extended  definitions, 
with  the  purpose  of  making  the  beginner 
grasp  the  full  meaning  of  the  language 
of  economics.  It  remains  to  be  said  that 
he  is  the  possessor  of  a  keen  sense  of 
humour. 

To  pass  on  to  more  specialized  works,  it 
is  difficult  to  understand  the  necessity  for 
'  The  Nature  and  First  Principle  of  Taxa- 
tion,'  by    Mr.   Robert  Jones.      He  gives 
an    immense    number    of    extracts    from 
writers  who  have  dealt  with  the   subject 
from  the   authors  of  the   ancient   sacred 
books  of  India  and  China  to  our  own  day 
— with  the  object  of  discovering  the  funda- 
mental   principle    involved.       Naturally, 
he   has    found   that,    in    the  place    of    a 
single     general    principle,    there    are    and 
have    been  a  multitude  of  more  or   Less 
Overlapping  ideas.      Mr.  Jones  has  come  to 
the  conclusion  that  Economy  is  the  Firsl 
Principle  for  which  he  has  been  seeking 
but,   as  his  definition  of    Economy   is   so 
wide  as  to  include  perhaps  most   of  the 
canons     of     taxation     which     have     been 
current    in    modern    times,    his    discovery 
does     not    lead     us    very     far.      When    he 
attempts    to     classify,    he    falls   short,     in 

our  opinion,  of  Prof.  Seligman'a  essay 
on  'The  Classification  of  the  Public 
Revenues.' 

Mr.  Sidney  Webb's  brief  Preface 
contains  far  more  original  thoughl  than 
the  whole  of  Mr.  .Jones's  essay.  Here 
it  is  pomied  out  that  ""  there  are  in 
the  United  Kingdom  of  to-day  aol  a 
lew  taxes  that  we  could  nol  attempt 
to  los<-.  even  if  we  did  nol  need  the 
revenue";  and  the  modern  vie^  ol  the 
object  of  taxation,  as  the  deliberate 
spending  for  the  purpose  ol  making  us 
"healthier,  and  wiser,  and  wealthier,"  is 
stated  in  an  exhilarating  manner  thai 
mn  t  make  the  average  author  ..t  economic 


182 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


["Supplement,  Jax.  31,   1914 


literature  envy  the  freedom  of  '  the 
irresponsible  preface-writer,"  as  Mr.  Webb 
describes  himself. 

Prof.  Langworthy  Taylor's  study  of 
Credit  deals  with  its  subject  as  a  kinetic, 
not  as  a  static  phenomenon.  This  point 
of  view  enables  the  author  to  discuss  crises 
in  a  new  light,  and  to  reach  the  inter- 
esting conclusion  that  the  demand  for  gold 
is  a  consequence  of  the  quantity  of  credit, 
rather  than  the  converse.  He  follows  Dr. 
Marshall  rather  than  Prof.  Irving  Fisher, 
and  demands  an  "  evolutionary,"  and 
not  a  "  psychological,"  consideration  for 
Credit, 

Since  the  Quantit}-  Theory  became  a 
bone  of  contention  among  the  politicians 
of  the  United  States  it  has  undergone  a 
temporary  loss  of  dignity.  Sir  David 
Barbour,  already  known  as  an  authority 
on  Indian  currency,  attempts  a  rehabilita- 
tion of  the  theory  in  '  The  Influence  of 
the  Gold  Supply  on  Prices  and  Profits,' 
with  a  view  to  refurbishing  one  of  the 
most  useful  weapons  in  the  Bimetallist 
armoury. 

Much  ink  has  already  been  shed  over 
the  Quantity  Theory,  especially  since 
Prof.  Irving  Fisher  published  his  '  Pur- 
chasing Power  of  Money.'  Whatever  its 
demerits,  Prof.  Fisher's  well-known  equa- 
tion 

MV+M'V'=RP 
is,  at  any  rate,  susceptible  to  mathematical 
handling.     But  Sir  David  Barbour's 

P=Q4 

where  W  is  the  work  money  has  to  perform, 
and  E  its  efficiency,  has  little  more  than  a 
decorative  interest.  "  I  should  be  very 
unwilling  to  attempt  to  assign  a  definite 
numerical  value  to  E  and  W,  or  even  P, 
at  any  particular  time,"  says  the  author, 
who  states  that  the  value  of  the  equation 
depends  on  its  form  alone. 

There  has  been,  we  believe,  a  steady 
rise  in  the  price  of  practically  every  com- 
modity since  1900.  But  we  venture  to 
doubt  whether  the  prime  cause  has  been 
the  opening  of  South  African  gold  mines 
as  a  result  of  the  Boer  War.  The  rise  has 
been  too  erratic,  too  uneven,  to  be  ascribed 
to  one  particular  origin.  Trade  com- 
binations have  also  done  their  share.  He 
would  indeed  be  a  hardy  upholder  of  the 
Quantity  Theory  who  maintained  that 
the  increased  cost  of  builders'  materials 
was  due  to  the  output  of  gold.  The  danger 
of  allowing  oneself  to  be  ensnared  in 
the  net  of  the  Quantity  Theorist  is  that, 
having  once  succumbed  to  his  argument, 
the  victim  is  logically  led  to  regard  all 
problems  of  prices  and  wages — the  social 
problem,  in  fact — in  terms  of  gold  pro- 
duction. This  is  what  has  happened  to 
Sir  David  Barbour,  who  says :  "  The 
practice  which  appears  to  be  growing  up  of 
attempting  to  remedy  by  Legislation  the 
evils  that  are  due  to  a  rise  or  fall  in  prices 
is  full  of  danger."  Thus  is  laissez-faire 
re-established  by  the  cyanide  process. 

In  reviewing  Prof.  Gephart's  '  Principles 
of  Insurance '  {Athen.,  July  13th,  1912)  we 
pointed  out  that  insurance  profits  were, 


in  a  sense,  analogous  to  land  values : 
both  are  created  and  subsidized  by  the 
community.  The  extension  of  the  work 
of  public  health  departments,  the  in- 
crease in  the  efficiency  of  fire  brigades, 
the  progressive  lengthening  of  life  by 
the  care  of  the  young  in  the  hands 
of  educational  authorities — all  this  means 
a  diminution  of  risks.  This  results  in 
higher  profits  for  the  insurance  companies, 
of  which  the  insuring  public  receives  but 
a  small  proportion  in  the  form  of  bonuses 
and  reduced  premiums.  During  the  last 
two  or  three  years  several  States  have 
taken  steps  towards  the  nationalization 
of  life  insurance.  Italy,  in  particular, 
has  begun  a  specially  drastic  expro- 
priation of  the  existing  companies,  which 
are  not  to  be  indemnified  in  any  way. 
The  problems  discussed  by  Prof.  Gephart 
in  the  rest  of  his  book  on  '  Insurance  and 
the  State '  refer  almost  entirely  to  the 
United  States.  He  looks  to  the  growth 
of  efficiency  amongst  fire  insurance  com- 
panies to  render  State  intervention  un- 
necessary ;  and,  while  admitting  the 
utility  of  social  insurance,  he  believes 
that  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  to 
apply  in  America.  The  subject  of  in- 
surance, from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
public,  has  received  curiously  little  atten- 
tion. We  trust  that  Prof.  Gephart's 
thoughtful  book  will  have  a  good  recep- 
tion. 


IS  MERE  EXISTENCE  DESIRABLE  ? 

Kennington  Lane,  with  its  houses  of 
drab  respectability,  was  the  scene  of  the 
investigations  by  Mrs.  Pember  Reeves  and 
her  co-workers  which  have  led  to  '  Round 
about  a  Pound  a  Week.'  Their  ostensible 
object  was  an  inquiry  into  infant  mor- 
tality ;  but  we  are  wisely  allowed  to 
share  some  of  their  experiences.  If  the 
.sharing  were  actual  and  bodily,  instead  of 
through  the  medium  of  print,  this  night- 
mare of  wasted  lives  would  pass  away.  Mrs. 
Pember  Reeves  says  :  "  If  people  living  on 
11.  a  week  had  lively  imaginations,  their 
lives,  and  perhaps  the  face  of  England, 
would  be  different."  We  believe  rather 
that  if  those  who  have  noughts  added 
to  that  11.  a  week  on  the  right  side  had  a 
little  imagination,  the  quotation  might 
have  that  nasty  word  "  perhaps  "  deleted. 
We  pass  over  in  pained  silence  the  chapters 
on  '  The  District,' '  The  People,'  '  Housing,' 
'  Sleeping  Accommodation,'  and  '  Washing 
Arrangements  '  till  we  come  to  the  chapter 
entitled  '  Thrift.' 

Here  a  sigh  of  relief  escapes  us,  not  at 
anything  that  is  set  down,  but  because 
we  are  reminded  of  a  frontispiece  to  an 
old,  but  unhappily  far  from  out-of-date 
number  of  The.  Labour  Leader,  which 
contrasted  the  old  and  the  new  idea  of 
thrift.     The    old   was   portrayed   by   the 

Round  about  a  Pound  a  Week.  By  M.  S. 
Pember  Reeves.     (Bell  &  Sons,  2s.  6d.  net.) 

The  Small  Family  System  :  is  it  Injurious  or 
Immoral?  By  C.  V.  Drysdale.  (Fifield, 
Is.  net.) 


sweated  worker  starving  himself  physically 
and  mentally  in  an  endeavour  to  lay  by 
sufficient  to  avoid  a  pauper  funeral ;  the 
new  showed  the  working-man  spending 
his  money  on  a  trip  into  fresh  air  and 
sunshine.  In  Kennington  Lane,  unfortu- 
nately, they  still  "  save  "  against  the  need 
for  a  30s.  burial,  but  the  day  is  surely 
coming  when  they  too  will  spend  their 
money  on  living,  and  let  those  who  kill 
bury  the  slain. 

Tragic  incidents  bring  a  smile  —  grim 
withal — to  our  lips  ;  such  a  one  is  that 
of  the  helpmate  "  who  discovered  the 
plan  of  buying  seven  cracked  eggs  for 
3eZ."  As  she  said,  "  it  might  lose  you  a 
little  of  the  egg,  but  you  could  smell  it 
first,  which  was  a  convenience."  Another 
is  the  boy's  answer  as  to  special  features 
which  distinguish  the  days  of  Christ's- 
birth  and  death.  On  the  former  "  you 
git  a  bigger  bit  of  meat  on  yer  plate  than 
ever  you  seen  before,  and  w'en  'E  dies 
you  get  a  bun." 

We  have  chosen  to  consider  Dr.  Drysdale '& 
little  paper-covered  book  on  '  The  Small 
Family  System  '  in  conjunction  with  Mrs. 
Pember  Reeves's  because  there  can  be  no 
hesitation  in  affirming  that  the  very  poor 
are  in  a  large  measure  their  own  op- 
pressors. So  long  as  a  marriage  among 
them  is  the  precursor  to  providing  a  dozen 
wage-slaves  for  capitalism,  they  are  stand- 
ing in  their  own  light.  Far  be  it  from  us  to 
criticize  harshly  their  lack  of  restraint  in 
such  matters.  If  we  must  criticize,  we 
prefer  to  reserve  our  wrath  for  those  who 
monopolize  and  waste  the  means  of  edu- 
cating those  who  show  signs  of  becoming 
their  masters  before  they  have  been  given- 
the  opportunity  to  fit  themselves  for  such 
a  position.  We  are  not  concerned  to 
answer  the  question  put  by  Dr.  Drysdale, 
"Is  the  small  family  system  injurious  or 
immoral  ? "  though,  we  admit,  he  makes 
out  a  strong  negative.  We  would  rather 
borrow  a  phrase  from  St.  Paul,  and  say : 
"  All  things  are  lawful  unto  me,  but  all 
things  are  not  expedient."  Lest  it  should 
be  thought  we  thereby  beg  the  question,  we 
will  affirm  that  small  families  among  the 
very  poor  are  undoubtedly  expedient,  but 
in  our  opinion  the  reason  for  expediency 
must  be  laid  at  the  door  of  those  who 
waste.  Dr.  Drysdale  proves  by  a  wealth 
of  statistics  that  birth  and  death  rates 
rise  and  fall  together,  but  here  again  we 
believe  the  reason  is  to  be  sought  in  our 
disastrous  economic  chaos. 

Preventives  are  no  doubt  alleviators 
of  distress,  but  we  would  rather  look  to 
the  gradual  restraint  of  those  passions 
which  have  so  largely  escaped  control 
through  misuse.  Though  we  should  give 
the  fullest  publicity  to  this  valuable  pam- 
phlet, there  is  a  "but"— and  the  "but" 
is,  to  our  minds,  most  important — many 
reforms  and  reformers  have  become  so 
immersed  in  their  alleviative  remedies  as 
to  forget  the  cure  itself. 


SiTi'LKMKXT,   Jan.  :U.   11)14] 


Til  E     AT  II  KX.KI'  M 


1 83 


AMERICAN    1  DEALS. 

l'vur  of  the  work  of  the  Carnegie  Peace 
Kmlou  menl  consists  in  arranging  for  '*  Ex- 
change Professors  "'  to  go  from  America  to 
Japan  and  vice  versa.  "  to  make  the 
different  peoples  better  acquainted  with 
one  another,  and  to  lay  the  foundations 
of  international  peace  in  international 
knowledge."  Prof.  Mabie  waa  the  first 
o\  such  lecturers  to  go  from  the  United 
States,  and  his  addresses  are  reprinted 
in  '  American  Ideals.  Character,  and  Life.' 
The  spirit  in  which  the  lectures  were 
given  is  indicated  in  the  first : — 

'The  long  separation  of  the  East  and  the 
West   has  made   it    difficult    for,  the   men  of 

the  East  and  the  men  of  the  "West  to  under- 
stand one  another  ;  but  1  utterly  reject  the 
idea  that  they  cannot  understand  one 
another  ;  that  differences  of  landscape, 
climate,  religion,  political  and  social  ideal. 
have  been  so  wrought  into  temperament 
and  character  that  a  permanent  barrier  lias 
been  built  between  the  East  and  the  West. 
Such  a  barrier  may  exist  for  a  little  time  in 
the  minds  of  men  of  selfish  interest  and 
narrow  racial  feeling,  but  it  has  never  risen 
in  the  minds  of  men  of  vision,  East  or  West  ; 
and  the  future  belongs  not  to  traders  and 
race  bigots,  but  to  men  who,  in  statesman- 
ship and  in  commerce,  recognize  that  the 
world,  which  has  become  a  neighbourhood, 
i-  on  the  way  to  become  a  brotherhood."' 

With  large  views  and  in  broad  gene- 
ralizations Prof.  Mabie  recounts  the  cha- 
racteristics of  his  country  in  its  history, 
literature,  education,  and  government. 
The  chapters  on  the  discovery,  explora- 
tion, and  possession  of  the  continent  are 
tinged  with  an  imaginative  colour  that 
i-  rare  in  historical  sketches.  Personal 
touches  concerning  various  authors  make 
the  account  of  American  literature  real 
and  living,  and  the  lectures  show  a  wide 
acquaintance  with  European  writers.  Re- 
-|K-ct  for  scholarship  has  always  been  an 
American  trait,  and  therefore  the  schools. 
Colleges,  and  Universities  receive  full 
treatment.  Of  the  American  College  the 
author  says  : — 

"  It    perpetuates   the   tradition   of   liberal 

rning  which  had  its  modern  birth  in  the 

University    of    Paris    in    the    Middle    Ages. 

which  has  given  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge 

a  quality  that  has  enriched  the  literature  and 

the  lite  of  the   English  people  ;    and  which, 

the  sea,  has  been   shared  by 

-  '■  u  democracy  without  loss  of  its  large- 

l  vision  and   its   power  of  liberating 

men   from  the  narrowness  of   local    interests 

and  provincial  prejudices." 

In  depicting  American  ideals,  to  English 

(feeders     a-     well     as    Japanese   listener-. 

the    author    is    at    his    best  :    but    when 

dealing  with  fee  government  and  economics 

somewhat  astray  : — 

'Education,   fortune,    and    station    have 

D  and  an-  oj.cn  to  all .  .  .  .Success  i-  largely 
[Uestioa  of  ability  and  endurance." 

Ability  and  endurance  are  not  con- 
ducive to  success  without  adequate  oppor- 
tunity, and  this  comes  to  comparatively 

few.  ' 


cm    Ideals,   Character,   nmi   Life.     By 
Hamilton  Wright  .Maine.      (The  .Macinillun 
1  Sompany,  6a  *'»/.  net.) 
L'i>n,r    and    Administration,     By    .John    H. 
Commons.     (Macmillaa  A  Co.,  7*  net.) 


In  speaking  of  charitable  organizations, 
which  he  accepts  complacently,  he  draws 
this  glowing  picture  : — 

'"  The  American  who  does  not  belong  to 
half  a  dozen  organizations  of  this  kind  and 
is  not    working  on   half  a  dozen  committees 

is  a  rare  person.     The  count ry  is  ravaged  by 

societies  formed  to  do  good   to  somebody." 

The  following  is.  to  say  the  least  of  it.  a 
sweeping  statement  about  Americans  in 
general : — 

"To-day  they  have  undertaken  to  re- 
organize their  business  so  as  to  bring  it  into 
accord  with  the  spirit  of  their  institutions 
and  with  the  Christian  ethics  they  profess." 

Of  the  necessity  for  any  reconstruction 
of  the  social  system,  of  the  poverty,  of 
Trusts,  of  corruption  in  political  circles, 
there  is  not  a  word.  Though  the  account 
need  not  have  been  elaborated  in  Japan, 
yet  an  indication  that  some  evils  existed 
should,  in  our  opinion,  have  been  given. 
The  sensational  press  is  all  that  is  cen- 
sured in  social  conditions. 

However,  a  sense  of  futurity  breathes 
through  the  lectures,  as  though  America 
was  destined  to  some  vast  evolution  only 
dimly  felt  by  her  : — 

"  The  country  is  always  planning  for  the 
future.... an  enormous  national  asset  be- 
cause it  stands  for  a  volume  of  undeveloped 
resources  which  are  tangible.  .  .  .the  de- 
velopment of  which  is  a  matter  of  time  and 
capital." 

But  Ave  believe  the  destiny  of  America 
contains  richer  assets  than  these,  and 
they  are  vaguely  felt  in  such  passages  as  : 

"  The  nation  had  an  abiding  faith  in  its 
destiny,  but  it  had  not.... faced  the  pro- 
blems of  a  complex  and  swiftly  developing 
prosperity  and  of  the  sudden  influx  of  races 
bred  under  radically  different  conditions." 

The  atmosphere  of  the  countrj',  says 
Prof.  Mabie,  "  has  a  transforming  quality," 
and  the  genius  of  Washington  only  fore- 
shadowed the  great  task  when  he  urged, 
after  independence  had  been  won,  the 
indissoluble  union  of  the  States,  and 
the  laying  aside  of  "  local  prejudices, 
sectional  jealousies,  and  mutual  suspicion." 
It  is  the  amalgamation  of  widely  differing 
races  into  a  new  nation  that  is  almost 
unconsciously  going  on  in  America,  and 
it  has  been  said  that 

'"when  the  future  casts  up  the  debts  of 
humanity  to  the  nations,  the  chief  gift  of 
America  will  be  recorded.  .  .  .in  the  courage 
and  faith  with  which  it  carried  on  this 
nation-forging  task." 

Therefore,  to  a  greater  extent  than  other 
nations.  America  has  to  achieve  a  solution 
of  political  and  social  problems. 

Prof.  Commons  has  earned  a  right 
to  speak  with  authority  on  labour  problems 
by  many  years  of  inside  experience. 
The  greater  number  of  his  essays  in 
'Labor  and  Administration'  deal  with 
practical  problems  of  trade-unionism  and 
social  work,  and  contain  many  useful 
suggestions,  which  our  own  social  in- 
vestigators would  do  Well  to  consider — 
SUCh,    for  example,   as   those   contained    in 

■  Standardizing  the  Home."  where  atten- 
tion is  drawn  to  the  points  to  be  observed 
in  a  discussion  of  what  constitutes  proper 
housing    accommodation.      Perhaps    the 


most  interesting  essay,  however,  is  that 
dealing    with    the    .Milwaukee     Bureau    of 

Economy  and  Efficiency,  of  which  Prof. 
Commons  was  formerly  Director.  From 
L910  to  L912  a  Socialist  administration, 
for  the  first  time,  had  the  control  of 
Milwaukee.  The  City  Council,  looking 
for  methods  to  put  its  principles  into 
action,  set  up  the  Bureau  of  Economy, 
with  the  object  of  examining  the  work  at 
all  the  executive  departments,  and  elimin- 
ating wastage  of  time  and  money.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  the  Bureau  survived — 
in  principle,  though  not  in  name — the 
defeat  in  1912  of  the  Socialist  administra- 
tion, and  that  it  received  the  warm  ap- 
proval of  the  strongest  opponents  of  the 
views  of  its  founders.  As  was  only  to  be 
expected,  the  Bureau 

"had  to  overcome  all  of  the  obstacles  and 
rule-of-thumb  traditions  of  subordinate  em- 
ployees that  have  blocked  this  kind  of  work 
in  every  city  where  it  has  been  attempted." 

In  many  cases  the  Bureau  merely  re- 
organized the  system  of  accounts,  and 
introduced  new  methods  into  office  routine. 
But  among  its  more  obviously  economical 
innovations  were  the  consolidation  of 
the  fire  and  police  alarm  telegraph 
systems  (which,  it  is  interesting  to  note, 
both  the  respective  chiefs  opposed),  and 
the  utilization  of  by-products  at  the 
refuse  destroyer. 

In  cities  which  have  grown  rapidly  it 
often  happens  that  the  efficiency  of  the 
Town  Hall  staff  has  failed  to  keep  pace 
with  the  increasing  population.  Many 
American  cities  are  now  employing  con- 
sulting experts,  on  the  lines  adopted  by 
the  great  Trusts.  Here  America  is  giving 
some  of  our  great  cities  a  useful  hint. 


Democracy  in  New  Zealand.  By  Andre 
Siegfried.  Translated  by  E.  V.  Burns. 
(Bell  &  Sons,  6s.  net.) 

M.  Siegfried  has  not  given  us  •  the 
soul  of  a  people  "  in  this  sketch  of 
the  social  and  political  conditions  of  the 
New  Zealanders.  His  style  of  writing  is 
journalistic,  and  his  attitude  shows  but 
little  sympathetic  comprehension  of  the 
aims  and  tendencies  of  the  democracy. 
But  he  has  interesting  chapters  on  the 
topography  of  New  Zealand,  and  the  his- 
torical account  is  clear  and  sufficiently 
detailed.  A  large  section  of  the  book 
deals  with  the  political  constitution  in 
general     and    especially    with    the    SeddOD 

Government  and  its  numerous  acts  tor 
the  amelioration  of  Labour.  The  author 
does  not  view  with  favour  the  Com- 
pulsory Conciliation  and  Arbitration  Act. 
Describing  its  workings  ami  results  he  is 
of  opinion  that  the  high  estimation  in 
which       it      i-      held      by      employe.-     will 

probably  diminish  as  soon  as  ratings  go 
against  them.  The  history  of  Old  Age 
Pensions  and  th<-  Land  Legislation  is 
discussed,  and  other  law-  dealing  wi'h  tha 
protection  of  employees  are  described  in  a 
manner  that  signifies  disapproval  ol  such 
•  state    intervention."     The    account    ol 


184 


T  II  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


[Supplement,  Jan.  31,  1914 


the  Feminist  Movement  and  the  working 
of  Woman's  Suffrage  is  contradictory  : — 

"  The  only  women  who  vote  with  per- 
sonal and  reasoned  conviction  are .... 
those  who  may  be  styled  intellectuals.  .  .  . 
Many  '  ladies  '  hardly  trouble  themselves  to 
go  to  the  ballot  box....  The  wives  of 
working-men  are  not  so  indifferent ;  but  as  a 
rule  they  have  no  ideas  of  their  own  and 
follow  their  husbands*  opinion." 

Yet  on  the  next  page  he  remarks  : — 

"  The  female  proletariat  of  the  hearth 
generally  takes  its  political  mission  very 
seriously,  and  can  hardly  be  turned  aside  by 
promise  or  threat." 

In  fact,  when  dealing  with  institutions, 
laws,  geographical  features,  and  historical 
facts,  M.  Siegfried  shows  thoroughness 
and  a  capacity  for  forcible  exposition  ; 
but  he  lacks  the  insight  necessary  to  under- 
stand motives  and  the  human  soul. 
Instead  of  giving  us  an  appreciation  of 
the  spirit  of  New  Zealand — a  fascinating 
study  by  reason  of  the  novel  conditions 
obtaining  there  —  he  depreciates  the 
people,  and  apparently  has  an  innate 
dislike  to  the  working  classes.  According 
to  him,  the  object  of  New  Zealanders  is 
to  advertise  themselves  and  to  set  an 
example  to  the  rest  of  the  world  by  ex- 
perimenting in  all  kinds  of  innovations. 
He  speaks  of  their  "  noisy  self-assertion," 
sa,ys  they  are  "  incapable  of  self -distrust," 
and  allows  them  no  high  motives  : — 

"  Cynically  practical  and  opportunist  the 
New  Zealanders  certainly  are ....  What  the 
New  Zealanders  most  need ....  is  principles, 
convictions,  reasoned  beliefs." 

Throughout  the  book  the  people  are 
accused  of  snobbishness,  of  paying  exag- 
gerated respect  to  titles,  and  of  regarding 
the  King  as  almost  a  divine  being  !  They 
are  given  no  credit  for  disinterested 
motives,  and  scorn  is  poured  over  their 
imperialistic  ideas.     Of  Seddon  we  read  : 

''  The  new  British  demagogy  has  no  more 
typical  representative  than  this  fortunate 
individual,  who  united  round  his  head  the 
double  halos  of  noisy  jingoism  and  of  social 
democracy." 

This  remark  is  typical  of  the  book  ;  but 
it  does  not  suggest  capability  to  compre- 
hend national  ideals  or  to  paint  true 
portraits  of  a  people. 


Adler  (Felix),  Life  and  Destiny,  9d.  net. 

Watts 

From  the  many  addresses  of  Dr.  Felix 
Adler,  the  founder  of  the  first  Ethical 
Society  (New  York),  these  "  gems  of 
thought  "  have  been  selected  and  arranged 
by  the  publishers,  who,  in  the  Preface,  give 
the  three  fundamental  tenets  of  the  Ethical 
Movement  :  "  The  supremacy  of  the  moral 
end  of  life  above  all  i  ther  ends,  the  suffi- 
ciency of  man  for  the  pursuit  of  that  end, 
and  the  increase  of  moral  truth  to  be  ex- 
pected from  loyalty  in  this  pursuit." 

The  subjects  dealt  with  are  such  as  '  The 
Meaning  of  Life,'  '  Love  and  Marriage,' 
'  Moral  Ideals,'  '  Suffering  and  Consolation,' 
&c,  and  fairly  represent  the  thought  of  the 
Ethical  Societies,  also  a  certain  lack  of 
vision  and  definite  statement.  The  senti- 
ments are  curiously  middle-class  ;  the 
thoughts  are  noble,  but  their  expression  is 
wanting   in    poetic    feeling,    and    sometimes 


sinks  to  the  commonplace.  Thus  we 
read  : — 

"  The  experience  of  progress  in  the  past,  the 
hope  of  progress  toward  perfection  in  the  future, 
is  the  redeeming  feature  of  life  ;  it  is  the  one  and 
only  solace  that  never  fails." 

Here  is  an  extract  from  the  passages  on 
'  Love  and  Marriage,'  which  are  for  the 
most  part  ordinary,  though  some  of  them 
show  insight : — 

"  The  present  tendency  to  accentuate  the 
qualities  in  which  the  sexes  are  alike  is  a  tem- 
porary reaction  against  unjust  discrimination  in 
the  past  in  favour  of  men.  The  differences  are 
more  important  than  the  similarities,  and  ere 
long  they  will  again  receive  the  preponderant 
attention  which  is  due  to  them." 

The  booklet  scarcely  deserves  a  place  with 
Thomas  a  Kempis,  Pascal,  and  Emerson, 
though  it  is  claimed  in  the  Preface  that  it 
is  destined  to  be  a  religious  and  ethical 
classic. 

Hamilton  (William  Frederick),  Compulsory 
Arbitration  in  Industrial  Disputes, 
3/6  net.  Butterworth 

Dr.  Hamilton  begins  thus  : — 

"  When  we  consider  the  misery  and  crime 
arising  from  strikes,  the  evil  passions  engendered 
in  the  hearts  of  strikers,  the  widening  of  the  gulf 
separating  employers  from  employed,  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  happiness  of  many  homes,  the  suffer- 
ings of  half-starved  wives  and  children,  the  large 
increase  in  mortality ...  .the  dynamite  outrages, 
the  burning  and  destruction  of  property,  blood- 
shed, murder,  executions,  imprisonment,  exile 
from  home  in  search  of  other  work,  the  dissipation 
of  the  savings  of  years,  waste  of  capital,  perma- 
nent injury  to  the  trade  of  the  country,  and  the 
danger  of  civil  war — it  is  impossible  not  to  sym- 
pathise with  every  effort  to  do  away  with  strikes 
altogether,  or  at  least  to  make  them  of  very  rare 
occurrence." 

The  author's  own  point  of  view  is  here 
clearly  indicated,  and  is  so  one-sided  as 
to  spoil  the  discussion  from  the  start. 
Dr.  Hamilton  would  have  all  strikes  ended 
with  "  firmness,"  irrespective  of  any  con- 
sideration other  than  what  he  calls,  without 
defining  it,  "  the  public  interest."  He  con- 
siders that  where  a  strike  does  not  com- 
mend itself  to  "  the  public,  it  is  bound  to  fail 
if  the  Government  of  the  day  prevents  the 
strikers  from  using  violence  and  intimida- 
tion." 

A  sketch  of  the  working  of  the  legislation 
in  New  Zealand  and  Australia  for  the  settle- 
ment of  industrial  disputes  by  compulsory 
arbitration  is  given,  and  it  is  explained  that 
the  dissatisfaction  of  the  workmen  with 
the  constitution  of  the  Arbitration  Tribunal 
was  one  cause  of  industrial  unrest,  though 
"  the  principal  cause  no  doubt  was  the 
spread  of  Socialism  and  Syndicalism." 

As  an  Appendix  there  is  a  draft  of  a 
Bill  embodying  the  author's  recommenda- 
tions with  regard  to  compulsory  arbitration 
and  a  Wages  Board  system,  framed  on  the 
model  of  the  Queensland  Industrial  Peace 
Act  (1912).  In  answer  to  the  objection 
that  legislation  of  this  kind  would  be  im- 
possible on  account  of  the  opposition  of 
the  Labour  Party,  Dr.  Hamilton  says  that 
"  legislation  of  this  kind  already  exists  in 
countries  where  the  Labour  Party  is  in  the 
ascendant."  But  "  legislation  of  this  kind  " 
can  never  be  successfully  drafted  by  one 
who  has  no  adequate  conception  of  the  case 
which  strikers  make  out  for  themselves. 

Macdonald  (Ramsay  J.),  The  Social  Un- 
rest :  its  Cause  and  Solution,  paper 
1/  net,  cloth  2/6  net.  Foulis 

Another  of  Mr.  Ramsay  Macdonald's  able 
and  intellectual  essays.  It  is  not  the  accu- 
racy of  the  author's  historical  or  present 
knowledge  of  the  position  of  Labour  of 
which  we  have  any  doubt :  it  is  his  willing- 
ness to  suffer  deprivation  of  comforts,  rather 


than  receive  them  at  the  hands  of  his  com- 
rades' oppressors,  that  we  want  assurance 
of.  It  may  be  thought  that  a  big  title  has 
been  put  to  a  booklet  of  only  just  over  one 
hundred  pages,  but  we  believe  the  "  cause 
and  solution  "  could  be  given  in  even  fewer, 
though  we  doubt  whether  the  present  author 
is  the  person  to  do  it.  To  take  one  point  r 
Mr.  Macdonald  says,  "Mere  increases  in 
wages  are  always  to  a  certain  extent  only 
nominal,  because  they  have  to  be  paid  for  by 
increases  in  the  cost  of  consumption."  So 
long  as  he  believes  in  those  words  "  have 
to  be,"  we  do  not  think  he  is  likely  to  give 
the  help  which  his  great  powers  entitle  his 
fellows  to  expect  from  him. 

Trine  (Ralph  Waldo),  The  New  Alinement 
of  Life,  3/6  net.  Bell 

A  mildly  philosophic  method  of  thought, 
originating  in  America  and  now  widely 
popular,  has  evoked  many  volumes,  of  which 
those  of  Mr.  Ralph  Waldo  Trine  are  the  best. 
In  this  last  one  he  attempts  to  make  the 
sayings  of  Jesus  the  guide  for  every  aspec- 
of  present-day  life.  While  rejecting  tradi- 
tional Christianity,  he  regards  its  spirit  as  the 
highest  of  any  religious  system,  and  believes 
that  with  the  general  acceptance  of  Christian 
principles  there  would  follow  reduction  of 
armaments  and  cessation  of  the  conflicts 
between  Labour  and  Capital.  Mr.  Trine  does 
not  strike  us  as  being  sufficiently  conscious 
that  the  conditions  of  Europe  and  America 
in  the  twentieth  century  are  different  from 
those  of  Judaea  in  the  first. 

Arguments  against  traditional  Christianity 
with  regard  to  the  conclusions  to  be  drawn 
from  archaeological  discoveries,  science, 
and  evolution  were  a  particular  phase  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  and  the  demand  for 
a  re-formation  of  the  Christian  faith,  though 
excellent  in  purpose,  is  not  consistent  with 
the  fact  that  the  human  race  progresses, 
not  by  revolutionary  changes  that  destroy 
the  past,  but  by  gradual  growth  upon  and 
use  of  it. 

Mr.  Trine  is  hardly  fair  to  the  work  of 
the  Roman  Church  in  mediaeval  times  ;  he 
assumes  that  its  forms  and  institutions 
were  deliberately  superimposed  on  Chris- 
tianity, whereas  they  were  rather  a  slow 
accumulation.  He  accuses  St.  Paul  of  divert- 
ing the  stream  of  Christianity  from  the 
"  fundamentally  democratic  "  to  the  "  Ro- 
manized imperialistic  culture."  and  speaks 
of  those  two  forms  of  the  religion  as  living 
and  battling  together. 

There  are  long  quotations  from  various 
writers,  and  some  slight  mention  of  the 
philosophies  of  James,  Eucken,  and  Bergson. 
The  style  is  occasionally  awkward  ;  but  it 
is  vigorous,  and  Mr.  Trine  makes  a  deter- 
mined onslaught  against  "  the  two  greatest 
bugbears — Fear  and  Worry."  For  thought- 
ful young  people  there  is  a  message  here,  but 
they  should  outgrow  it. 

Year-Book  of  Social  Progress  for  1913-1914, 

2/  net.  Nelson 

The  publishers  have  given  us  a  wealth  of 
matter  necessary  for  any  one  engaged — 
or  about  to  engage — in  the  work  of  social 
reform,  and  the  general  summaries  should 
be  read  by  all.  Prof.  Ashley  provides  an 
Introduction  written  from  the  advanced 
Liberal  point  of  view,  which  is  in  accordance 
with  the  matter  in  the  book  itself. 


[We  are  obliged  to  hold  over  many  reviews 
and  articles  of  special  interest  to  readers  of  this 
Supplement ;  but  some,  such  as  those  on  '  The 
Life  "Work  of  B.  A.  Moseley'  and  'Property,  its 
Duties  and  Bights,'  will  be  found  in  the  body  of 
the  paper,  as  well  as  notices  under  our  heading 
of  '  Fiction.'] 


v  /  J 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


ru 


Jmmtal  nf  (BngltsI;  antr  JFnrngn  literature,  %i\t\\izr  t\)t  JFiru  Arts^JHusic  attt.  tin?  Stoma. 


No.  4502 


SATURDAY,     FKHUUARY 


1914.  ' 

■Tti*fi1flHf 


EOISTKI 


PRICK 
[XPENCE. 
SI)  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


TTNIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 

A  COURSE  of  8IX  ADVANCED  LECTURES  on  'THE  AGE  OF 
FRASMIS  will  be  given  .it  KINGS  COLLEGE.  STRAND,  by 
P  &  ALLEN.  MA.  at  B  ml,  on  FEBRUARY  10,  18,  17.  20.  M, 
and  17.    Admission  Free,  without  Ticket. 

P.  .1    HARTOG.  Academic  Registrar. 


u 


(B  Durational. 

XIVERSITY        OF        DURHAM. 


The  following  SCHOLARSHIPS  iind  EXHIBITIONS,  tenable  at 
Purbani  t.y  WoMEN.  will  tw  available  In  1914:  Six  Scholarships  of 
707.  per  annum  ;  One  of  401.  per  annum  ;  Three  of  SOL  The  Examina- 
tion for  these  is  in  JUNK. 

The  Winifred  Foster  Scholarship  of  30/.;  Four  Exhibitions  of  20?. 
The6e  are  itiven  on  the  result  of  the  Matriculation  Examination,  and 
the  next  Examination  begius  APRIL  21. 

Women  Student*  must  either  reside  iu  the  Women's  Hostel,  or  live 
as  Home  Students  with  Parents  or  Guardians  in  Durham,  or  within 
easy  access  by  train. 

For  particulars  apply  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
HOSTEL.  Ahhev  House,  Durham,  or  THE  CENSOR  OF  HOME 
STUDENTS.  46.  North  Bailey.  Durham. 

KING  WILLIAM'S  COLLEGE, 
ISLE  OF  MAN. 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  on  MARCH  18 
and  10.  TEN  SCHOLARSHIPS  OFFERED.  501.  to  201.  Also  TEN 
NOMINATIONS  reduciug  the  necessary  fees  to  45J.  ayear.  Place  of 
Examination  arranged  to  suit  candidates.  —  Full  particulars  from 
THE  PRINCIPAL  "or  SECRETARY. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tarn  worth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm.  1.000  acres.  Vet. 
Science.  Smiths  Work.  Carpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
open-air  life  for  delicate  Boys,    charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
gratis*.  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free  of 
charte.  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  POWELL. 
SMITH  4  FAWCKTT.  School  Agents  lestablished  1833),  34,  Bedford 
Street.  Strand.  W.C.    Telephone-7021  Gerrard. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133  135.  REGENT  STREET,  W.,  English  and 
Foreign  Govern'  sse>.  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones.  Com- 
panions. Secret  cries.  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended  and  pros pectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
po  application  .personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  3627. 

THE  CURE  OF  STAMMERING. 
Mr.  .7  BRETHBRTON  HADLEY  receives  a  few  Resident 
Pupils  for  the  treatment  of  Stamtnerinu.  Careful  supervision  In  the 
intercourse  of  home  life  Sea  and  Down  air.  Testimonials  and  full 
particulars  on  application.  —  Dunelm.  Broadwater,  Worthing. 


u 


Situations  tfarattt. 

NIVER8ITY        OF        LONDON. 


Ue  invite  applications  for  the  UNIVERSITY  CHAIR  OF 

-      -   tenable  at  the  Royal  Holloway  College.    The  salary  will 

0/  ayear  in  the  c.se  of  a  Man.  or  500/  a  year  with  board  and 

turni'he.1  residence  .luring  College  terms  in  the  case  of  a  Woman 

Applications  .twelve  c  'pies1,  together  with  copies  of  not  more  than 

wnials  and  the  names  of  not  more  than  three  references, 

>*  received  not  later  than  by  first  post  on  MONDAY,  March  :i 

[,  "HE    ACADEMIC    REGISTRAR.  University  of  London. 

Kensington.  8. W..  from    whom    further   particulars    tnav  be 

ob^loed.  HENRY  A.  MIERS,  Principal. 


*pHE   UNIVERSITY   OF    SHEFFIELD. 

LE   TURESH1P    IN     FRENCH. 
The  Council  are  about  to  appoint  a  LSI  TURBR  IN  FRENCH,  to 
begin  work  in  LfioUr  next,     salary  2001  i>er  annum 
for  further  particulars  apply  to         W.  M.  GIBBONS.  Registrar. 


\  PPOINTMENT  of  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER 

w    .K,.v'     EDWARD     VII.    SCHOOL.     JOHANNESBURG. 
1      RICA 

»2>/J5i*"i)-'"",""'""'r '"r  Hi*  Union  of  South  Africa  requires  an 
R     for     KING     EDWARD     VII.     SCHOOL. 
1  M  \  >  >  r  -  , 

_Ttl  v  b«  resident,  will  be  to  Grade  A  of  the 

Derail*       CUawncatl'.i.  for  I  .Is.  at  a  salary  of  U0/    20i.  Mil 

'.  •«  .|,.,..ll   p^,«»  »   University    Degree  in    Honours,  the 

l5*S*"C*t.l'>nl  iieo-Mary  for   aoi.t  mi    M  ,-ters.  special  quallfi 
.■hng  a  knowledge  rl  Phonetics  and  Inc.  ■ 

",  ;'     '■"'■     '   •'■  »'"l  ■BOOld  I.-  aUe   I  ,  orgirnz-  aril   t  ik-  part  in 

nrmrrled   and  al^ut  30  years  of  age 
Udate  wih  pr.  ,  ilred  to  take  the  highest 

responsible  for  il.>- 
k  iii  t  he  lower  •  I  cases. 

■  rs   marked 

itlon,    Wliiiehiil 
lid  apply   to       O I    -i:    HI. 
•ii  IXrpvtmenl    Whitehall,  London  B.W 
---ewiii  be  required  to  t.ke  upduty  at  Julian- 
ne.l.urg  as  toon  as  can  conveniently  be  arranged. 


They  should 

The  wlectm 

w  ,rk 

■ 

direct 

- 

l-.n.i 

T4KV     - 

UN 


IVERSITY        OF        LO 


$fc 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  That   on  WEDNESDAY.  MTIJL2C 
next,  the  Senate  will  proceed  to  elect  EXAMINERS  in  the  follow?) 
Departments  for  the  year  1914-16. 

FOR  THE  MATRICULATION  EXAMINATION. 

The  Examiners  appointed  will  be  called  upon  to  take  part  in  the  three 
Matriculation  Examinations  of  the  year.    The  remuneration  of  each 
F.xaminership  consists  of  the  inclusive  annual  salary  set  forth  below. 
Full  particulars  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  Principal. 
FACULTY  OF  ARTS  AND  OF  SCIENCE. 

ONE  in  LATIN      851 

ONE  in  GREEK.    501. 

TWO  in  ENGLISH.     1351. 

ONE  In  MODERN  HI  "TORY.    751. 

ONE  in  FRENCH.     1051. 

(INK  in  GEKMAN.     50i. 

ONE  iu  MATHEMATICS  (Elementary  and  more  Advanced).    ltiol. 

ONE  in  ELi-MKNTARY  BOTANY.    45i 

ONE  in  PHYSICAL  AND  GENERAL  GEOGRAPHY.    60'. 

ONK  in  ELEMENTARY  PHYSICS.     1051. 

ONE  iu  ELEMENTARY  CHEMISTRY.    75'. 

In  each  of  these  Subjects  there  are  two  Examiners,  but  in  each  case 
one  of  the  present  Examiners  is  eligible,  and  offers  himself  for  re- 
election, except  in  English,  where  there  are  two  vacancies. 

Candidates  must  send  in  their  names  to  the  Principal,  with  any 
attestation  of  their  qualifications  they  may  think  desirable,  on  or 
before  MONDAY,  February  23.  (It  is  particularly  desired  by  the 
Senate  that  no  application  of  any  kind  be  made  to  its  individual 
Members.l 

If  testimonials  are  submitted,  three  copies  at  least  of  each  should 
be  sent.  '  'riginal  testimonials  should  not  be  forwarded  in  any  case. 
if  more  than  one  Examinership  is  applied  for,  a  separate  complete 
application,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  if  any,  must  be  forwarded 
in  respect  of  each. 

By  Order  of  the  Senate, 

HENRY  A.  MIERS,  Principal. 
University  of  London,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
February,  1914. 


SOUTHLANDS  TRAINING  COLLEGE, 
BATTERSEA. 
WANTED,  a  LADY  PRINCIPAL  for  the  above  College,  to 
commence  duties  on  AUGUST  1.— Candidates,  who  must  be  Members 
of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church,  should  apply  for  particulars  and 
form  of  application  to  the  Rev.  ENOCH  S  ALT,  Westminster  Training 
College,  130,  Horseferry  Road.  London  8.  W. 


w 


OODHOUSE   GROVE 

NEAR  LEEDS. 


SCHOOL, 


WANTED,  a  resident  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  above  School,  to 
commence  duties,  if  possible,  on  MAY  1.  Minimum  salary  3201.— 
Candidates,  who  must  be  Wesleyan  Methodists  and  Graduates  of  a 
British  University,  should  apply  for  full  particulars  and  form  of 
application  to  the  Rev.  ENOCH  SALT.  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Management  for  Wesleyan  Secondary  Schools,  130,  Horseferry  Road, 
Westminster,  London,  S.W. 

THE    APPOINTMENT    OF    THREE    ASSISTANT    MISTRESSES 
TO  THE  EDUCATION   DEPARTMENT  OF  HONG  KONG. 

THE  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  requires 
THREE  ASSISTANT  MISTRESSES  for  the  EDUCATION 
DEPARTMENT,  HONG  KONG. 

Candidates  who  are  between  25  and  30  years  of  age  will  be  preferred. 

All  the  Mistresses  are  required  to  produce  evidence  of  training,  and 
one  of  them  should  be  qualified  to  teach  Kindergarten  Subjects. 

Each  Mistress  is  required  to  be  able  ti  teach  Arithmetic.  Religious 
Knowledge,  History.  English  Language  and  Literature,  and  Geography 
up  to  the  standard  of  the  Senior  oxtord  Local  Examination,  and  also 
two  subjects  of  each  of  the  following  groups  of  subjects  -.—Group  I, 
French.  Sewing.  Swedish  Drill;  Group  II.  Music  (Piano),  Domestic 
Economy.  Drawing,  German,  Latin. 

The  engagement  will  be  in  the  first  instance  for  three  years,  and  if 
at  the  end  of  the  time  their  service  has  been  satisfactory  the  Assistant 
Mistresses  will  be  placed,  if  mutually  agreed,  on  the  pensionable 
establishment  of  the  Colony. 

A  salary  at  the  rate  of  200Z.  for  each  of  the  three  years  of  the 
engagement  will  be  paid  to  the  Assistant  Mistresses,  and  subject  to 
the  permission  of  the  Director  of  Education,  they  may  undertake 
private  tuition.  Half  salary  will  be  paid  from  the  date  of  embarka- 
tion from  England,  and  full  salary  from  the  date  of  arrival  in  the 
Colony.  If  an  Assistant  Mistress  is  placed  on  the  pensionable 
establishment  her  salary  will  be  at  the  rate  of  230f.  a  year. 

One  of  the  appointments  includes  residence. 

Free  passage  is  provided. 

Further  information  may  be  obtained  from  THE  SECRETARY. 
Board  of  Education.  Whitehall,  London.  S.W.  Scottish  candidates 
should  applv  to  THE  SEJRETARY,  Scotch  Education  Department. 
Whitehall,  London.  B.W. 


K 


ENT      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


SCHOOLS  OF  ART,  MARGATE  AND  RAMSGATE. 
WANTED,  a  FIRST  ASSISTANT  ART  MASTER  Candidates 
must  be  thoroughly  competent  in  Design  and  Art  Crafts,  and  be 
able  to  teach  with  nieth  ..I.  Salary  1302.  per  annum,  rising  by  two 
i.iinii.l  Increment!  <>f  101.  to  l.vi/  per  annam.— Formi  of  application 
liny  be  obtained  from  Mr.  E.  IIROOKK.  Town  (  lerk's  office, 
rate,  and  should  be  returned  to  the  Head  Master,  Mr.  G  C. 
DI'Xr.l'RV.  School  "f  Art  Margate,  as  soon  as  possible.  Canvassing 
will  be  consideied  a  disqualification. 

by  oider  of  the  Committee. 

ERAS.   W.  CROOK.  Secretary. 
Sessions  House.  Maidstone,  January  £8,  11H4. 

"PRESTON      GRAMMAR       SCHOOL. 


MIBTRMfl  wanted  immediately  to  work  in  Preparatory 
Department  of  School.    | Boys  only,  from  i  Musi   be  specially 

trained  for  this  work.     Salary  at  rate  of  1001  per  annum  —Apply  to 

THE   HEAD   MASTER.  \    II I  >  W  ARTH.  Town  I  llei  k 

Town  Hall.  Preeton   January  SI,  IS  I 


^utljors'  ^Xnntt; 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  arc  prepared  to 
consider  an. I  pi  10S  M88  fot  early  publication.  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  deoll  with  by  experti  who  plan-  Authors'  Interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— S,  Clement's  Inn.  W.C 


j.  Yein'tjT^ubscjaJi^ryfree  by  post,  Inland, 
£l'feV.;^oi5finjHrl0s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


JJtisrellatuous. 

WANTED,  a  SCHOLAR  to  revise  and  to  form 
for  publication  a  Philosophical  and  Theological  Work  of 
serious  interest.  — Box  2029.  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  London.  E.C. 

MANUSCRIPTS,  Journals,  Diaries,  Log-Books, 
Ac,  relating  to  the  early  days  of  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and 
Polvnesia  are  desired  by  the  LIBRARIAN  OF  THE  MITCHELL 
LIBRARY,  SYDNEY,  who  is  at  present  on  a  visit  to  London- 
Communications  to  be  addressed  to  Mr.  H  WRIGHT,  care  of 
Messrs.  Truslove  &  Hanson.  Ltd.,  153,  Oxford  Street,  W. 


TRANSLATION,  Research,  Indexing,  Articles, 
and  other  Literary  Work.  Classics,  French,  German,  Italian, 
Spanish.  Portuguese.  Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms— Miss 
8ELBY,  25,  St.  Stephen's  Road,  Bayewater- 


rpRANSLATIONS 

German. 


into   English    from   French, 

.  Italian.  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Dutch,  Dano  Norwegian, 
and  8wedish  Research  work.  — Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS.  M.A.,  10,  Hariugey 
Park,  Crouch  End.  N.     Tel.  03  Horusey. 

MA  (London)  wishes  SCHOLASTIC  or 
•  t\  .  LITERARY'  WORK.  Has  done  some  Research  work. 
History,  Literature,  Classics.  Experienced.  Good  testimonials  and 
references.— Box  2011,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  EC. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing  —A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  E.C. 

NOTICE  TO  AUTHORS.— Writers  who  require 
any  help  or  assistance  in  the  sale  of  their  works  should  com- 
municate with  Mr.  STANHOPE  W.  8PRIGG,  Literary  Consultant. 
31.  (  baring  Cross,  Whitehall.  S.W.  For  some  years  Hon.  Literary 
Adviser  to  the  8ociety  of  Women  Journalists.     Fees  moderate. 


s 


PEF:CHES.—  Matter  supplied  for  all  occasions. 

Subjects    suggested.       Capable    co-operation    for    busy    men  — 


~-"  uu  "J^\j\,n       i-  i  i  l:  l:  >.->  i  i-i  i  ,  a^n  c  >.i  i  ti  t-       ttl'U('CI  dl   ion        I  in  UIJBJf        11 

Write  SECRETARY.  London  General  Information  Service,  11 
Stephen's  House.  Westminster. 


St. 


WANTED. —ARUNDEL      SOCIETY'S 
COLOURED     PRINTS,      4c.       A     Collection    or   singly— 
ARUNDEL.  34.  Cecil  Road.  Muswell  Hill.  N. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Al«o  OolleotlonH  or  Single 
Specimens  PnitCHAdEH  at  tbe  BK^T  MAKKh.T  PRTPES  for 
(ash. -SPINK  &  huN,  l.t.l..  Med  alii  it*  to  H.M.  tbe  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  Loudon,  W.  (cIobb  to  Piccadilly  droit). 


W\tpt-WtriUrsf  &c. 

A  UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES, PLAYS, 

i\  ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  ikl.  |>er 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carlwn  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road.  Harrow. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.  (8ri.  per  1,000)  and  Type- 
writing  in  all  its  branches  carefully  and  promptly  executed. 
Clear  Carbon  Copies.  Duplicating.  Excellent  testimonials  —Miss 
F.  M.  FLINT,  r.T.  Moorgate  Street. 


TYPE- WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
and  promptly  executed  at  home.  Syf  per  I  I(,0008d   pel 

Duplicating  and  Cottving,  Translations.  Slu.rtli  .ml     Camhrldea  Local. 
—  Miss  NANCY  M.FARLANE.  11,  Palmeira  Avenue,  WestclilT.  Essex. 


TYPE -WRITING.—  Novels,     Short     Stories, 
Eataya,    LectiireB,     and     Articles    carefully     and    eflOurataly 
OOPIBD.  Bd    per   l.ono  words.— R.    A.    HAWTHORN.   58.   Lai. 
Sweep.  Clapham  Common. 

rnYPE- WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
I      and  promptly  executed.  "</  per  1,000      DnpUi  itlnjtand  Oarbon 

Conies         Authors'     MSS       Kssavs.    and     Sermons    a    speolallt]       I 
QUININGBltoCtill,  IS,  llar.'.nrl  Street,  Newark  on  Trent 

AUTHORS'    MSS..    SERMONS,    PLAYS,   and 
nil   kinds  of  TYPE  H'lilTlMi  executed  promptly  and  aooa- 
rately,  Td   pel  1.000  wordi      rarhoi  '■         claei  refer- 

•Don.— a    m    i* .  i ••.  louth  Kensington,  S.M 

TYPE-WRITING  andarteken  by  Woman  Gradn- 
ate  if'lasslcal  TrlpM,  Glrtofl  imhrldee;  Interm 

Arts.  London  I  Research,  Revision  shorthand  i'AMBRIIKIK 
TI  PR  «  KITING  A i, KM  \.  ■  DUKE  8TRKE1  A  in: I  pill.  W.C 
Ti  l<  phoni     ":  -i  in 

MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  <)./.  per    I.ihki  w 
Carbon  '  ■  ••..  Known  Author!    oxford 

UlghcT  Ln-oU.-M.   KirsG,  ....  fOTNt  fcoa  1.  ILtH  Uardruk,  8.W. 


186 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


Xo.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


J^aks  Im  Ruction. 


Engravings  relating  to  North  America  and  Napoleon. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  February  !l,  anil  Following  Day, 
at  1  o clock  precisely.  ENGRAVINGS,  relating  to  North  America  and 
Napoleon  I.,  the  Collection  of  a  distinguished  American  Gentleman 
deceased)  associated  with  the  Embassy  at  Loudon. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated  copies,  con- 
taining 3  Plates,  price  Is.  each. 

Valuable  Autograph  Letters  and  Historical  Documents. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.U.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  February  11,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  valuable  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  and  HISTORICAL 
DOCUMENTS,  comprising  the  Property  of  Mrs.  JANET  ROSS,  the 
Property  of  KENDALL  HAZELD1NE,  Esq.  Important  Historical 
Manuscripts  from  Castle  Menzies,  Perthshire,  N.B.,  4c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Collection  of  Stone  Implements.  <0c.  formed  by 
CUMBERLAND  CLARK,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  THURSDAY,  Februaiy  12,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, a  COLLECTION  OF  STONE  IMPLEMENTS,  formed  by 
CUMBERLAND  CLARK,  Esq.,  of  22.  Kensington  Park  Gardens,  W., 
and  a  COLLECTION  OF  STONE  IMPLEMENTS  from  Denmark, 
formed  by  the  late  JENS  KORSGAAKD  JENSEN,  Esq.,  of  Vejen. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Choice  Collection  of  Aldines. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  February  13,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  choice  COLLECTION  OF  ALDINES,  and  other  EARLY  PRINTED 
BOOKS. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Early  Italian  Pottery. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  MONDAY.  February  16,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTIONS  of  EARLY  ITALIAN 
POTTERY,  formed  by  Signor  AVVoCATO  MARCION1  and  Cavaliere 
CAPITANO  LUUATELLI,  of  Orvieto. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
copies,  containing  6  Plates,  price  Is.  6d.  each. 

Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  February  11,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock, 
VALUABLE  BOOKS,  comprising  Foster's  Miniature  Painters,  Special 
Edition,  2  vols,  handsomely  bound— a  8et  of  the  Original  Editions  of 
the  Works  of  J.  H.  Jesse,  23  vols.,  in  uniform  morocco  —  Lady 
Jackson's  Works,  14  vols.— Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  67  vols. 
— Brinkley's  Japan,  12  vols.— Illustrated  Books  on  India  and  Rare 
Coloured  Plate-Books,  including  Blagdon's  Ancient  and  Modern 
India,  Doyley's  Costume  of  India,  Eden's  Portraits  of  the  People  of 
India,  Williamson  and  Howitt's  Oriental  Field  Sports,  &c— Lamb's 
Essays  of  Elia,  uncut,  1823,  and  other  First  Editions— Works  of  Oscar 
Wilde,  Japanese  Vellum  Copy,  13  vols.,  &c  ;  also  Original  Water-Colour 
Drawings  for  the  Naval  Chronicle  by  Nicholas  Pocock— Pen  and  Ink 
Sketches  by  George  Cruikshank,  &c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Law  Books,  including  the  Professional  Library  of 
the  Hon.  Mr.  JUSTICE  BUCKNILL  (retiring),  and 
other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY,  February  19,  at  1  o'clock,  VALUABLE  LAW  BOOKS, 
including  the  above  Properties,  comprising  a  Complete  8et  of  the 
Law  Reports  to  1914,  and  another  Set  complete  to  1913— Reports  in 
the  Various  Courts— Lord  Halsbury's  Laws  of  England,  25  vols.— ^ 
Text-Books— Office  Furniture,  &c. 

The  Stock  of  the  late  B.  F.  MEEHAN,  of  Bath,  and  other 
Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY.  February  24,  the  ENTIRE  STOCK  OF  BOOKS  of 
the  late  Mr.  B.  F.  MEEHAN,  of  32.  Gay  Street,  Bath,  com- 
prising Rare  and  Early  Books  on  Bath  and  Modern  Works  on 
the  same  —  Topographical  Books  —  Travel  —  Bibliography  —  Art  — 
Music— Standard  Works  in  all  Departments  of  Literature.  Also 
a  large  selection  of  Recent  Publications  from  the  Library  of  a 
Reviewer— Remainders— &c. 

The  Extensive  Library  of  the  late  J .  B.  JACOBY,  Esq., 
removed  from  Nottingham. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  DURING  MARCH,  the  EXTENSIVE  LIBRARY 
of  the  late  J.  H.  JACOBY,  Esq.,  removed  from  32,  The  Ropewalk, 
Nottingham  (by  order  of  the  Executors),  composing  Incunabula  and 
Early  Printed  Books— Rare  Books  in  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth 
Century  English  Literature— Topographical  Works— Sporting  Books 
with  Coloured  Plates— First  Editions,  &c. 

Manuscripts  and  Autographs,  the  Property  of  the  late 
Prof.  DOW  DEN. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  DURING  MARCH,  MANUSCRIPTS  and  AUTO- 
GRAPHS, from  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late  Prof.  DOWDEN. 
including  the  Original  MS.  of  the  Conversion  of  Sir  Tobie  Matthew 
(1640)— Interesting  Literary  and  Historical  MSS.  of  the  Seventeenth 
and  Eighteenth  Centuries— Autograph  Letters  and  Original  MSS.  by 
Fielding,  Crabbe,  Wordsworth,  Southey,  Browning,  Tennyson,  Rossetti. 
Walt  Whitman,  &c— Original  Holograph  Poem  by  Swinburne,  and 
Letters  relating  to  the  same,  &c. 

Oriental  Books;  also  the  Modern  Library  of  a  Gentleman 
(deceased). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  DURING  MARCH,  an  EXTENSIVE  COLLEC- 
TION of  WORKS  in  Literature,  English  and  Foreign— Texts  of 
Oriental  Classics  and  Philological  Works,  &c— Books  on  Eastern 
Travel— also  the  above  Modern  Library  of  a  Gentleman,  comprising 
Standard  Works  in  all  branches  of  Literature. 

Catalogues  of  the  above  Sales,  when  ready,  will  be  forwarded 
on  application. 


M 


ESSRS.    CHRISTIE,   MANSON   &    WOODS 

respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
HALE8  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  — 

On  MONDAY,  February  9,  OBJECTS  OF  ART 

AND  VERTU,  from  various  sources. 

On  TUESDAY,  February   10,  ENGRAVINGS 

by  the  OLD  MASTERS  and  MODERN  ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAV- 
INGS. 

On      WEDNESDAY,      February      11,      OLD 

ENGLISH  SILVER  PLATE,  the  Property  of  the  late  Dr.  JOHN 
BR1GHOUSE,  the  late  Col.  JOHN  HILL,  and  others. 

On  THURSDAY,  February  12,  DECORATIVE 

FURNITURE  and  TAPESTRY,  the  Property  of  the  late  Sir  GEORGE 
WOMBWELL.  Bart.,  and  PORCELAIN  and  DECORATIVE  OB- 
JECTS of  the  late  Dr.  JOHN  BRIGHOUSE,  and  others. 

On  FRIDAY,  February  13,  MODERN  PIC- 
TURES, the  Property  of  the  late  HENRY  MUNGALL,  Esq.,  and 
others. 

Engravings. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY, 
February  13,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION 
of  M"DEKN  ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAVINGS,  also  Fancy  Subjects, 
Portraits.  Views,  Sporting  Scenes,  Scriptural  and  Classical  subjects, 
Water-Colour  Drawings,  &c. 

Books  and  Manuscripts,  including  the  Library  of  the  late 
Mrs.  HUSSEY,  removed  from  Folkestone,  and  other 
Properties. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  DURING 
FEBRUARY,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  including  the  above 
Library,  comprising  Staudard  Works  in  all  branches  of  Literature 
—  First  Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Ainsworth,  Jefferies, 
Scott,  and  others— Books  on  the  Fine  Arts,  Architecture.  History, 
Sport  and  Travel— Books  with  Coloured  Plates— Rare  Early  Printed 
Books  and  Bindings,  &c,  further  particulars  of  which  will  be  duly 
announced. 


Printers. 


ATHENAEUM  PRESS.— JOHN  EDWARD 
FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Atherueum,  Aotes  and  Queries,  &c,  is 
prepared  to  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK,  NEWS, 
and  PERIODICAL  PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane.  F.  C. 


THE     BLICK     IN 
THE  HOME. 

ITS  IMPORTANCE  TO  LITERARY 
MEN. 


The  adoption  by  many  Royal  personages  of 
the  new  Aluminium  Blick  Typewriter,  which  is 
carried  in  its  leather  case  with  compartments  for 
Stationery,  is  but  an  indication  of  the  growing 
demand  and  importance  of  these  Typewriters  in 
the  Home,  and  especially  to  Literary  Men. 

The  innovation  of  the  Home  or  Literary  Type- 
writer, made  possible  by  the  introduction  of  these 
practical  Aluminium  Featherweight  Blicks,  which 
shine  like  silver,  was  inevitable.  Such  a  machine 
was  badly  needed,  and  especially  by  literary  folk 
and  those  with  considerable  correspondence,  for 
already  over  160,000  are  in  use,  not  only  in 
Libraries  and  Boudoirs,  but  in  Offices  and  on 
many  Ships  in  H.M.  Navy. 

Amongst  the  present  users  of  these  Blick  Type- 
writers are  Ministers,  Naval  and  Military  Officers, 
Authors,  War  Correspondents,  Journalists,  Tra- 
vellers— in  fact,  they  are  used  by  people  in  almost 
every  walk  of  life. 

With  an  Aluminium  Blick  Typewriter  in  your 
Librar}'  you  can  accomplish  prodigies  of  literary 
work.  You  can  dispose  of  much  pressing  corre- 
spondence, and  with  the  utmost  ease. 

A    FREE    HOME    TRIAL. 

The  Blick  Typewriter  possesses  many  advan- 
tages not  found  in  other  machines,  chief  amongst 
which,  perhaps,  is  the  changing  from  one  kind  of 
type  to  the  other,  writing  in  almost  every  style  of 
type  (large  or  small),  script  type,  and  even  imita- 
tion handwriting ;  also  in  Greek,  Hebrew,  and 
most  Oriental  languages,  using  them  all  on  the 
same  machine,  changing  from  one  to  the  other  in 
an  instant. 

The  makers — The  Blick  Typewriter  Co.,  Ltd., 
of  9  and  10,  Cheapside,  and  369,  Oxford  Street, 
London,  W. — are  so  positive  that  the  machine 
will  actually  captivate  every  one  who  tries  it,  that 
they  offer  to  send  one  to  your  home  for  a  free  trial, 
carriage  paid  at  their  own  risk. 

Please  say  whether  "  Scientific  "  or  "  Standard  " 
keyboard  is  required,  but  in  any  case  write  for  the 
booklet  (No.  98),  which  tells  all  about  the  machine 
and  how  to  operate  it. 


THE  LEADING  CRITICAL  WEEKLY. 

THE 

SATURDAY  REVIEW 

Since  its  foundation,  in  1855,  the  SATURDAY 
REVIEW  has  been  noted  for  the  vigour  of  its 
comments  on  POLITICS  and  AFFAIRS  OF  THE 
DAY,  and  for  the  brilliance  and  independence  oj 
its  criticism  of  LITERATURE,  MUSIC,  ART 
and  the  DRAMA.  Its  reviews  of  the  latest  books 
are  contributed  by  critics  who  are  authorities  on 
their  subjects,  and  are  always  varied  and  up  to 
date.  Signed  articles  of  general  interest  by  writers 
of  the  first  rank  also  form  a  feature  of  each  issue. 


Special  Articles  this  Week: 

SOCRATES  AND  A  MINIMUM  WAGE 

By  A.  D.  GODLEY 

MR.  BALFOUR'S  GIFF0RD  LECTURES 

'PARSIFAL'  IN  LONDON 

THE  SMALLER  PARIS  GALLERIES 

By  ERNEST  DIMNET 

THE  DARLING  OF  THE  GODS 

By  JOHN  PALMER 

SULLIVAN  OPERA  IN  THE  WEST 

By  JOHN  F.  RUNCIMAN 


EVERY     SATURDAY,     SIXPENCE. 

10,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

Catalogues. 

CATALOGUE  No.  60.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
and  BOOKS  —  Engravings  after  Turner  and  Girtin  —  Liber 
Studiorum—  Etchings  by  Ruskin,  Palmer,  &c.  —  Illustrated  Books 
—Books  from  the  Kelmscott  and  Doves  Presses— Works  by  John 
Ruskin.  Post  free,  Sixpence.— WM.  WARD,  2,  Church  Terrace, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

WHEFFER    &     SONS,    Ltd.,    Cambridge. 
•    Secondhand  and  New  Booksellers,  Publishers,  and  Printers. 
CLASSIFIED  CATALOGUES  issued  regularly. 
English  Literature,  8cience,  Mathematics,  Oriental,  Theology,  Classics. 
Literary  and  Scientific  Periodicals  a  speciality. 
Libraries   Purchased   or  Valued  for  Probate. 
Telegrams  and  Cables,  "Heffer,  Cambridge."  Unicode. 
Telephone  862. 


B 


OOKS.  —  ALL   OUT-OF-PRINT  and    RARE 

BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Book- 
finder  extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  make 
a  special  feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected 
from  my  various  lists.  Special  list  of  2,000  Books  I  particularly  want 
post  free.-EDW.  BAKKR'S  Great  Bookshop.  John  Bright  Street, 
Birmingham.  Burke's  Peerage,  1910.  new.  15s.— Walpole's  Letters, 
Large  Paper,  16  vols.,  61.  10s.    Yeats,  Collected  Works,  8  vols.,  U.  3s, 

BOOKS.— CATALOGUE  of  VALUABLE  and 
INTERESTING  BOOKS,  being  Selections  from  several  well- 
known  Libraries,  post  free.  Customers'  lists  of  desiderata  solicited  — 
R.  ATKINSON,  97.  Sunderland  Road,  ForeBt  Hill,  London;  Tele- 
phone 1642  Sydenham. 


l^IRST  EDITIONS  OF  MODERN  AUTHORS, 

-L  including  Dickens,  Thackeray  Lever,  Ainsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
traced  by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  4c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
LOGUES issued  and  Bent  post  free  on  application.  Books  bought.— 
WALTER  T.  SPENCER.  27-,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 


NOW  READY. 
THE    SIXTY-NINTH    ISSUE    OF    THE 


N 


EWSPAPER    PRESS     DIRECTORY 

AND    ADVERTISERS'    GUIDE,    1914. 


Full  information  in  respect  to  Newspapers  and  Periodicals  of  the 
Empire,  including  a  Newspaper  Map  of  the  British  Isles  and  a 
Gazetteer  of  all  Foreign  Countries. 

A  remarkable  book  of  reference  and  information  for  every  business 
man.  Post  free,  2s.  6d.  net. 

0.  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  1  and  2,  Snow  Hill.  London,  E.G. 


[Classified  Advertisements,  Magazines,  &c, 
continued  p.  214.] 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


1ST 


CONSTABLES    NEW    BOOKS 


MAXIMILIAN   IN   MEXICO. 

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A    WAY    OF    LIFE.         By    Sir    William    Osier,    Bart,    M.D. 

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MAN'S  REDEMPTION  OF  MAN. 
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By  EDWARD    NOBLE 


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GRANNIE  FOR  GRANTED. 

] | y  Mrs.  GEORGE   WEMYSS 

Author  of  'The  Professional  Aunt,'  &c. 

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wholesome  left  in  the  world,  in  spite  of  much  modern  Botion  to  the  oontrary; 

Life's  little  ironies  are  handled  with  humour  in  ' Grannie  for  Granted, 

and  over  all  a  warm  and  loving  heart  reigns  supreme.'  —  Mornmg  I  Oft. 


CONSTABLE    &   CO    LTD    LONDON 


188 


THE     A  T II E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4502,  Feb 


1914 


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No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1014 


THE     A  Til  EX.EUM 


IS!) 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  :.  1914. 


CONTENTS.  PAQI 

Recent  Books  on  Chinv  (Chlnaw  and  Sumerian; 
Unknown  Mongolia ;  a  Natnialiat  in  Western 
China ;  Annals  of  the  Court  of  Peking)      ..      189  -100 

French  Civilization  in  the  Ninrrbkth  Century    191 

Viscoint  Moki.ky  on  Politics  and  History         ..    192 

Dk.  Joseph  Bbai  mont's  minor  poems        ..       ..    193 

In  Far  New  GUINEA  1911 

The  Welsh  Vocabulary  of  the  Rancor  District 

—A  QLOSSAR)  OF  MEi)i. i:\ai.  Welsh  Law      194—195 

Black  Ivory  ani>  White 193 

royal  Spain  ok  Today      196 

The  Curious  Lore  of  Precious  Stones     ..       ..    196 

ClIKLSEl    VND   ClIEYNE    WaLK  ..  ..  ..      196 

Life  of   the  Viscoi  ntess   de  Bonn.ult  d'Houet  197 

Three  Thousand  Royal  Scarabs        19S 

German  Lyrics  a  la  Francaisb  198 

Through  the  Touii 199 

-Short  STORIES  (The  Cockney  at  Home;  One   Kind 

anil  Another  :  South  Sea  Shipmates)  ..         ..     199 

Books  Published  this  week  (Theology— Law- 
Poetry,  199 ;    Bibliography—  Philosophy— History 

and  Biography — Geography  and  Travel — Education 
—Philology— Literary  Criticism— Anthropology — 
School  •  Books,  200;  Fiction— Juvenile— Reviews 
and  Magazines, -201  ;  General  — Pamphlets— Science 
—Fine  Arts— Music— Dr*ma,  202  ;  Foreign,  203)  199-203 
Paul  Deroulede;  Mrs.  William  Morris;  Trade 
Disputes  and  Unemployment  Insurance;  The 
Pearson  Library  203—204 

Literary  Gossip        205 

Science— The  Foundations  of  Science  ;  Societies  ; 

Meetings  Next  week  ;  Gossip  206—207 

Fine  Arts— Vasari  society's  Publications:  The 

Gospel  story  in  Art;  Current  exhibitions; 

Pictures;  Engr avi tiGS ;  Gossip     ..  208— 209 

Music— '  Parsifal'  at  Covent  Garden;  Mehul's 

•Joski'ii':    ins   New   Shakespeare  Music  at 

the  savoy  ;  Gossip        210-212 

Drama— Gossip  212 

Index  to  Advertisers       212 


LITERATURE 


REGENT  BOOKS    OX  CHINA. 

The   origin   of    the    Chinese   people   and 

their  language  has  long  been  the  theme  of 

wonder  and  ingenious  speculation,  and  it 

does  not  cease  to  exercise  its  fascination. 

There  have  been  times  when  the  immigra- 

tion  of  the  Chinese  from  Western  Asia  was 

spoken  of   as  if  it  were   a  demonstrated 

fact ;    but  of  recent   years  the   tendency 

a  been  to  view  the  question  in  a  more 

■•stir   way.     The  wisest,  perhaps,  are 

those   who   say   that   questions   of   origin 

b  slang  not  to  the  beginning,  but  to  the 

ience ;  and  the  science  of  sinology 

IB  very  far  indeed  from  maturity  as  yet, 

en  among  the  French.     Others  (with  a 

touch  of  odium  tJieologicum)  seem  openly 

rejoice  that  the  fact,  as  they  regard  il. 

the  strictly  indigenous  nature  of  the 

nese    is   a   fatal   blow   to    the    theory 

the  dispersion  of   mankind   from   any 

of  Babel.     Between  the  two  parties 

je  who  declare  that  the  Chinese 

not  mentioned  in  the  ancient  records 

any  nation    but    their   own,    and   that 

md    Sumerian.     By    C.     J.     Ball. 
Hilford,  2L  2s.  net.) 

Mongolia.  By  Douglas  Car- 
ruthera  2vola  (Hutchinson  &  Co.,  11. 10*. 
net.) 

-'  -v"  Western  C)  ina  with  7a 

lum,  Camera,  and  Gun.     By  Ernes!  Henry 

Wilson.     2  voila.     (Methuen  &  Co.,  II.  I" 

id 

-1'  I  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Pel 

and  J.   O.    P.    Bland. 
(Hewemann,  ids.  net.) 


apart  from  the  Book  of  Genesis  (which,  it 

must  be  granted,  does  not  specify  the 
Chinese)  we  have  only  the  monuments 
and  documents  of  the  Chinese  themselves 
to  guide  us.  and  these  supply  no  evidence 
whatever  as  to  the  place  or  time  of  the 
nation's  origin,  though  they  do  seem  to 
give  some  indication  of  the  date  of  the 
beginning  of  civilization  in  Chin:-,  itself. 

Coming  more  particularly  to  the  lan- 
guage, we  find  that  it  is  only  seven  years 
since  a  well-known  French  scholar  wrote 
in  one  of  the  best  summary  accounts  of 
the  Chinese  language  with  which  we  are 
acquainted  : — 

"Chinese  is  a  primitive  language.  That 
is   to   say,    it    is   derived   only    from    itself. 

Dig  down  into  its  most  ancient  monuments  ; 
you  will  find  nothing  but  its  own  native 
foundations.  French  is  derived  from  Latin, 
Celtic  Greek  ;  but  no  ancestors  are  known 
for  Chinese.  Whence  are  the  sounds  de- 
rived ?  We  do  not  know,  and  the  com- 
parisons made  with  the  sounds  of  the  most 
ancient  languages  remain  barren  of  results. 
Or  do  we  ask  about  the  writing  ?  The 
study  of  its  development  through  the  ages 
leads  us  back  to  primitive  drawings  of  the 
things  which  surround  man  emerging  from 
the  savage  state,  and  such  elementary 
designs  might  have  been  made  identically 
at  any  point  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  the 
models  being  the  same  for  all.  Certain 
graphic  resemblances  between  two  scripts 
in  no  way  compel  us  to  conclude  that  the 
writings  had  a  common  origin  or  that  one 
was  borrowed  from  the  other." 

This  view  has  been  endorsed  quite 
recently  by,  perhaps,  the  most  prominent 
student  of  the  ancient  Chinese  script. 

But  all  this  while  Dr.  Ball  has  been 
making  his  "  slender  book  "  '  Chinese  and 
Sumerian  '  a  serious  collection  of  evidence 
to  support  the  conclusion — which  he  thinks 
inevitable  — that  Sumerian  and  Chinese 
are  to  a  great  extent  identical,  or,  as  he 
suggests,  derived  from  a  common  hypo- 
thetical parent  in  Central  Asia.  The  book 
consists  of  an  Index  of  References  and 
Abbreviations,  an  Introduction  on  the 
Nature  of  Sumerian  Writing,  a  Preliminary 
List  of  Similar  Words,  Initial  and  Final 
Sounds  (their  correspondence  and  parallel 
changes),  the  Chinese  Classification  of  Cha- 
racters and  the  Sumerian  Parallels  or 
Prototypes,  and  Progressive  Transforma- 
tion of  Characters  in  Sumerian  and  Chinese. 
These  introductory  chapters  are  followed 
by  a  long  '  Essay  towards  a  Comparative 
Lexicon  of  Sumerian  and  Chinese,'  and 
'  A  Sign-List  '  in  which  old  forms  of 
Chinese  characters  are  compared  with 
Sumerian  congeners  or  prototypes.  The 
last  list  contains  about  1  lo  Sumerian 
signs,  each  with  its  sound,  meaning. 
Chinese  equivalent,  and  the  sound  and 
meaning  of  that  in  parallel  columns.  The 
alleged  likenesses  vary  greatly  in  degree. 
Thus  under  No.  100  the  Chinese  -form, 
sound,  and  meaning     i^  identical  with  the 

Sumerian:   but    a    highly  expert    eye  would 

be    needed    to    detect    any    resemblance 

between  the  pair  of  signs  which  follow.    \ot 

much  weight,  however,  can  be  attached 
to  the  likeness  of  the  signs  or  characters, 
for,  to  our  disappointment,  we  find  that 

Of  the  900  or  I  000  words  in  the  '  Com- 
parative Lexicon,'  only  id  Chinese  words 


are  marked  as  having  characters  which 
show  "  traces  of  possible  connexion  with 
the  linear  form  of  the  corresponding 
Sumerian       word."  Time       will      show 

whether  Dr.  Ball  has  really  succeeded  in 
making  a  great   first  step  towaids  tracing 

the  Chinese  language  to  a  foreign  source. 

That  the  parallels,  as  he  states  them, 
between  the  two  languages  are  striking 
and  numerous,  no  one  will  deny ;  and  he 
is  not  the  first  to  perceive  that  Chinese 
alone  is  able  to   provide   parallels  to  some 

of  the  phonetic  and  other  peculiarities  of 

Sumerian. 

Besides  the  likeness  of  isolated  words 
with  which  Dr.  Ball  is  chiefly  concerned 
(we  have  not  noticed  any  attempt 
to  show  similarity  of  syntax),  Chinese 
presents  some  vague  affinities  with 
Sumerian.  such  as  the  use  of  one  sign  to 
express  words  of  like  sound  but  unrelated 
sense,  some  trace  of  "  male  "  and  "  female  " 
dialects,  and  arbitrary  inversion  of  sylla- 
bles. Dr.  Ball's  Sumerian  authorities  appear 
to  be  recent,  the  dates  ranging  from  1884 
to  11)13  ;  but  for  Chinese  he  does  not  seem 
to  mention  anything  later  than  Ciles's 
'Dictionary'  of  1S<)2,  and  we  wonder, 
without  venturing  to  judge,  whether 
Korean  and  Japanese  ami  Chinese  dialect- 
forms  are  necessarily  safe  guides  to  the 
sounds  of  six  thousand  years  ago  (a 
millennium  before  the  legendary  beginning 
of  Chinese  history),  and  whether,  indeed, 
all  the  words  quoted  (e.g.,  sting,  a  monk) 
stretch  back  as  far  as  that.  Such  a  book 
as  Dr.  BalFs,  if  it  does  nothing  else, 
emphasizes  the  fact  that  there  is  still,  so 
far  as  we  are  aware,  no  European  dictionary 
of  the  Chinese  language  which  even 
attempts  to  give  the  etymology  of  the 
words,  or  trace  the  history  of  their  forms 
and  sounds  and  usage. 

'  Unknown  Mongolia  '  and  '  A  Naturalist 
in  Western  China  '  are  excellent  specimens 
of  a  familiar  type — the  scientific  explorer  s 
popular  account  of  his  travels.  The  first, 
accompanied  by  excellent  new  maps  and 
good,  but  surely  too  numerous,  photo- 
graphs, describes  the  exploration  of  the 
unknown  basin  of  the  upper  Yenisei, 
lying  on  a  terrace  of  the  northern  slop*  ol 
the  Mongolian  plateau,  and  the  journey 
thence  through  Mongolia  to  Kmnul  or 
llami,  ending  with,  the  survey  of  the 
Karlik  Tagh  and  Barkul  Mountains  to  the 
north  and  north-east  of  the  latter  place. 
The  historical  and  antiquarian  chapl 
which  such  a  book  usually  includes  are 
based,    we    gathi  r.    largely  on    the    learned 

works  of   the  many   Russian  antiquaries 

and  travellers  who  have  naturally  out- 
distanced those  <»)'  other  nations  in  the 
exploration  of  the  borderland  of  their 
own  Siberia,  and  they  are,  in  a  sense,  of 
inferior  interest  to  those  which  describi 
airl  hor  a  original  obscn  at  ion--  ami 
exploits.  Yet  they  help  to  give  1  om- 
pletenesa  to  what  is  a  thoroughly  readable 
and  valuable  addition  to  our  knowledge 
of  a  vei-v  little-known  pari  of  the  woi  Id 
which  has  been  in  the  pasl  a  kind  of 
distributing  centre  "I  the  influential  races 
,,:  \~1.1.  and  has  since  Mr.  Carruthers 
v  isiti  d    it .    riai  n   t"    prominence    by    its 


190 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


revolt  from  Chinese  control,  and  its 
consequent  position  as  a  nominally  in- 
dependent state  standing  between  the  great 
opposing  powers  of  Russia  and  China.  The 
author  is  careful  to  explain  that  his  book 
refers  to  Mongolia  as  it  was  just  before 
these  quite  recent  changes.  The  chapters 
on  sport  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Miller  will  interest 
sportsmen,  but  few,  we  trust,  will  care  to 
read  :  "  After  watching  them  for  some 
time ...  .playing  on  the  hill-side,  I  shot 
two  of  the  cubs." 

Mr.  Wilson's  '  Naturalist  in  Western 
China  '  deserves  considerable  notice.  The 
first  volume  deals  chiefly  with  the  author's 
travels  in  Western  China — that  is  to  say, 
principally  in  Ssuch'uan,  on  the  Tibet 
border,  and  in  the  little  -known  and  rarely 
visited  western  part  of  Hupei — and  con- 
tains his  observations,  original  or  borrowed, 
on  the  history,  customs,  and  religion  of  the 
people,  and  especially  of  the  Chiarung  and 
other  non-Chinese  tribes  which  are  now 
attracting  much  attention.  The  second 
volume  is  more  particularly  devoted  to 
botany,  agriculture,  and  sport :  the  last 
we  should  rather  have  called  natural 
history  of  birds  and  beasts,  since  these 
chapters  give  careful  accounts  of  the  chief 
birds  and  animals,  with  mercifully  few 
stories  of  their  slaughter. 

The  whole  book  is  extremely  well  illus- 
trated by  delightful  photographs  (how  won- 
derfully superior  are  the  photographs  of  a 
specialist  to  those  of  the  amateur  tourist !) : 
some,  which  contrive  to  be  really  interest- 
ing, of  glorious  scenery  ;  some  of  speci- 
mens of  animals  or  birds  (with  exact 
measurements),  such  as  Reeves's  pheasant 
(81f  in.  long),  or  the  Tibetan  eared- 
pheasant,  with  his  untidy  tail  feathers — the 
delight  of  Chinese  artists  ;  and,  best  of  all, 
portraits  of  trees  and  flowers,  the  grand 
maidenhair  tree  or  the  rambler  rose. 
Notable  illustrations  of  another  type  are 
'  A  Bamboo  Suspension  Bridge,  70  Yards 
Long,'  '  Irrigation  Wheels  '  (quite  different 
from  those  of  Eastern  China),  and  '  Pea- 
sants transplanting  Rice.'  The  last  is  a 
perfect  representation  of  this  stage  in 
the  laborious  production  of  rice — the 
staple  food  of  half  the  Chinese  people,  and, 
when  growing,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
crops  to  be  seen  anywhere.  Not  a  little 
charm  is  added  to  an  interesting  and 
useful  book  by  the  evident  fact  that  the 
writer  liked,  and  was  liked  by,  the  natives. 

Mr.  Backhouse  and  Mr.  Bland  give  us 
in  '  Annals  and  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
Peking'  the  second  of  what,  we  hope, 
may  be  many  contributions  to  Chinese 
history  from  original  sources.  Extra- 
ordinarily valuable  as  the  book  is,  we 
are  left  in  some  doubt  as  to  its  exact 
ambition.  Is  it  meant  for  the  study  or  for 
the  drawing-room  ?  The  cover  ;  the  curious, 
inconsistent,  and  sometimes  ludicrous  forms 
of  Chinese  words ;  the  absence  of  refer- 
ences even  to  the  titles  of  the  published 
or  manuscript  sources ;  the  many  misprints 
— all  suggest  the  latter ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  greater  part  of  the  contents  is 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  the  most  serious 
student,   and  we    confess    to  being  old- 


fashioned  enough  to  regard  some  sentences 
as  making  the  book  unsuitable  to  be 
left  on  the  drawing-room  table.  The 
authors  are  not  unconscious  that  the 
inclusion  of  such  sentences  may  be  open 
to  criticism,  and  they  have  tried  to  steer 
the  right  course.  It  is,  however,  no  part 
of  their  object  to  show  by  quotation  that 
there  is  nothing  which  a  Chinaman  will 
not  on  occasion  speak  of  without  peri- 
phrasis, and  we  could  point  to  three  or 
four  passages  which  might  well  have  been 
omitted  without  risking  any  approach 
to  the  ideal  of  those  who  would  demand 
the  utter  exclusion  of  "  concubines,  second- 
ary wives,  or  other  forms  of  immorality  ': 
— an  exclusion  which  would  make  the 
history  of  an  Eastern  Court  impossible. 
In  a  less  degree  the  beautiful  picture  of  the 
Goddess  Chang  is  marred  for  us  by  five 
needless  words  ;  and  the  style  of  the 
whole  book  is  blotted  by  incessant  tags 
from  the  Bible  and  Prayer  Book  —  some 
of  them  surely  betraying  a  taste  that 
may  be  regretted. 

In  the  Introduction  and  Conclusion  the 
authors  make  no  secret  of  their  bias — a  bias 
which  few  sympathetic  dwellers  in  China 
can  wholly  miss — towards  passionate  love 
of  the  civilization  of  the  East  as  it  stands 
facing  the  barbarism  of  the  West  ;  and 
we  could  hope  that  the  book  might  be 
read  and  laid  to  heart  by  all  (and  they 
include  thousands  of  Chinese)  who  feel 
"  satisfaction  at  the  prospect  of  a  Euro- 
peanized  China."  The  rather  unfortunate 
description  of  this  barbarism  as  "  Chris- 
tianity's civilization,"  and  one  or  two 
gentle  criticisms  of  Christian  missionaries, 
are  counterbalanced  by  other  phrases  which 
recognize  that  Christianity  itself  and  its 
Founder  are  very  different  from  the 
practice  and  modern  ideals  of  nominally 
Christian  races.  The  rosy  picture  of 
Eastern  morals  suggested  in  the  Intro- 
duction is,  alas  !  not  fully  justified. 
When  the  authors  say  "  the  daily  records 
of  our  divorce  and  police  courts  have  no 
parallels  in  the  East,"  they  may  mean  that 
there  was  till  lately  no  daily  press  to 
record  the  revelations  of  courts  which  did 
not  exist;  but  not  more  than  that.  When 
they  speak  of  "a  race  of  women  which 
instinctively  prefers  death  to  dishonour," 
we  must  compare,  both  for  confirmation 
and  qualification,  the  words  of  the  Manchu 
soldier  at  Yang-chou 

"  During  the  Korean  campaign  hardly  a 
woman  bought  her  life  at  the  price  of  her 
virtue.  Who  would  have  believed  that  the 
inhabitants  of  this  great  Empire  of  China 
could  be  as  shameless  as  this  wench  ?  " 

She  was  not  alone  in  that  time  of  terror. 

With  two  sentences  from  the  Intro- 
duction, which  will  serve  to  show  the 
authors'  position,  we  pass  to  the  book 
itself  :— 

"  Beneath  the  cruelties  and  rapacities  of 
life,  the  brooding  soul  of  the  East  preserves, 
with  its  infinite  capacity  for  suffering,  the 
dignity  of  a  philosophy  and  the  beauty  of 
ideals  which  the  West  has  never  equalled, 
and  from  which  it  has  derived  many  of  its 
noblest  inspirations  and  religions." 

"  The  Chinese,  with  no  desire  to  argue 
about  worlds  unseen  or   the  road    thereto, 


would  be  more  than  human  if  they.... 
failed  to  perceive  the  undeniable  fact  that 
(as  de  Tocqueville  observed  in  America) 
democracy  affords  neither  time  nor  place  for 
that  profitable  meditation  which  makes  for 
the  peace  of  a  man's,  of  a  nation's,  soul," 

The   illustrations    are    not    too    many, 
and,  for  the  most  part,  of  quite  unusual 
interest ;     even    the    six    rather    similar 
views  of  the  "  return  from  the  wilderness  " 
serve  "  the  interests  of  historical  accuracy." 
There  are  twelve  photographs  of  Chinese 
paintings,   and  these   carry  out  the  idea 
of  the  whole  book  ;    that  is  to  say,  they 
allow  the  Chinese  to  tell  us  about  them- 
selves, or,  rather,  to  let  us  overhear  what 
they  have   to   tell  one   another,   for  the 
pictures  we  look  at  of  grave  statesmen 
and  gay  ladies,  and  the  diaries,  annals,  and 
decrees  we  read,  had,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, no  foreign  public  in  view.     We  are 
taken  from  the  Cheng-te  reign  (a.d.  1506— 
1522),  through    the    close    of    the    Ming 
dynasty,  to  the  downfall  in  their  turn  of 
the  Manchus  and  the  establishment  of  the 
so-called  Republic,  not  by  means  of  con- 
tinuous narrative,  but  by  a  series  of  scenes, 
and  those  not  exclusively  of  Court  life. 
The   chapters  are,   of  course,  not  all  of 
equal  interest,  and  possibly  some  of  the 
Manchu  emperors'  decrees   (except  those 
of  Ch'ien-lung)  might  have  been  curtailed, 
though  there  is  a  fascination  in  the  very 
profundity    of    their   dullness ;     and    the 
scenes  of  the  last  chapters  are  such  as  tell 
us  little  or  nothing  of  the  effects  of  which 
they  were  the    causes    in  the  history  of 
the  nation. 

The  picture  is,  on  the  whole,  one  of 
gathering  gloom,  growing  in  the  later 
Manchu  days  to  a  hideous  blackness  of 
selfishness  and  vice  almost  unrelieved. 
The  book  is  full  of  morals,  of  lessons  not 
only  for  China,  but  also  for  the  modem 
world  at  large.  It  is  full  of  incidentali 
corrections  of  what  appear  to  be  popular 
misconceptions  about  China,  especially 
about  the  ''despotic  government"  from 
which  it  was  freed  for  ever  on  Febru- 
ary 12th,  1912  —  of  incidental  testimony 
to  the  unsurpassably  noble  ideals  of  the- 
said  despotic  government,  and  the  un- 
failing patriotism  and  courage  which 
would  have  saved  China  in  her  darkest 
hours  if  the  corruption  of  the  eunuch- 
ridden  and  venal  Court  had  allowed  it  to 
do  so. 

We  wish  we  had  space  to  dwell 
in  more  detail  on  the  many  thoughts 
suggested  by  a  book  which  no  one  who- 
cares  to  know  China  should  leave  unread. 
There  are,  of  course,  statements  which 
all  will  not  endorse.  It  is  a  pity  that 
"  original  sources  "  fail  the  authors  just 
where  they  would  have  been  most  inter- 
esting in  showing  the  real  light  in  which 
the  opium  question  was  viewed  in  1841. 
The  revelations  of  the  later  chapters  should 
surely  have  deprived  the  Empress  Dowager 
TzLu-hsi  for  ever  of  the  oft -repeated 
epithet  "great."  Nor  can  we,  with  the 
best  will  in  the  world,  altogether  share 
the  optimism  which  is 

"  content  to  wait  and  see,  only  hoping  that 
China,  protected  by  her  poverty,  may  escape 
these     undeserved     calamities     [telephones, . 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


Til  E     ATI!  EN  .Kl'  M 


1!)1 


moving  picture  shows,  appendicitis,  sanita- 
tion, baseball  nines,  and  bachelor  maids]." 

■■  The  greatest  danger  [they  say]  which 
(■m\  threaten  the  nation.  .  .  .lies  not  in  foreign 
invasions,  nor  even  in  alien  rule,  but  in  a 
weakening  of  those  ethical  restraints,  of  that 
ancient  moral  discipline,  upon  which  has 
rested  the  world's  oldest  civilization;  of 
those  qualities  from  which  tho  raco  draws 
its  unconquerable  strength." 

We  trust  that  this  book  will  go  far  to 

silence  the  foolishness  of  those  who 
imagine  that  the  very  word  "  republic  " 
must  bring  a  reign  of  "  unexampled 
felicity,"  and  strengthen  those  who  are 
trying  to  lay  in  China  the  foundations  of 
true  Christianity  and  restore 

"  the    dignity    and    wisdom   which    underlie 
the  weather-beaten,  but  unconquered  philo- 
hy  of  China's  Sages." 


French  Civilization  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury :  a  Historical  Introduction.  By 
Albert  Leon  Guerard.  (Fisher  Unwin, 
12s.  6d.  net.) 

[t  is  a  happy  thing  that  such  a  thoughtful 
50k  as  this  should  be  written  by  a  man 
rho  is,  we  understand,  French  by  birth, 
English  by  education,  and  American  by 
loption,  as  with  these  qualifications  an 
uithor  can  set  down  necessary  facts  and 
ipleasant  truths  in  a  way  that  is  for- 
bidden to  an  Englishman.  Gambetta's 
Mtriotism  made  him  contradict  an  Eng- 
lishman who  said  that  French  peasants 
rere  ignorant  ;  but  a  Frenchman  can 
iy  that  and  a  great  deal  more  ;  and 
ice  Gambetta's  day  the  French  them- 
ilves  have  recognized  the  truth  of  the 
Englishman's  remark,  and  have  done 
something  to  remedy  the  ignorance  of 
their  country-side. 

M.  Guerard's  volume  is  full  of  facts  and 
solid  writing,  which  should  help  all  who 
care  for  France  to  a  better  understanding 
of  that  country.  Few  Englishmen  have 
•ever  known  France  better  than  Ham- 
erton  did,  and  many  years  ago  he  told 
n-  that  he  had  no  illusions  about  friend- 
i  between  nations  : — 

"  There  will  never  be  any  firm  friendship 

between  England  and  France,  and  a  moment- 

attachment  would  only  cause  me  anxiety 

on  account  of  the  inevitable  reaction.     All  I 

hope  for,  and   all  that  seems  to   me  really 

rable,  is  simple  mutual  consideration." 

Li  -  to  that  "simple  mutual  considera- 
n  "  that  a  book  of  this  kind  should  lead. 
In  a  most  interesting  chapter  on  '  The 
Nidations '  M.  Guerard  writes  of  the 
intry.  the  race,  and  the  traditions.  He 
plains  that  "  there  is  no  French  race  "  : 

"  France  is  a  racial  medley,  an  epitome  of 
Europe  ;  if  ever  the  natural  increase  of  her 
population   should  fail   to   keep   pace   with 

HOOmic     opportunities,     she     could     draw 

almost    indefinitely    from    her    neighbours 

without  losing  her  synthetic  identity." 

her  soil  La  tilled,  her  language 
spoken,  and  her  ideal  kept  alive,  the  nation 
onot  die." 

If<-  describee  the  power  of  assimilation  of 

French,  and,  in   passing,  names   the 

obvious    fact    (of    which    few    foreigners 

ke    account)    that    the    presence    of    a 


hundred  thousand  Germans  in  Paris  is  a 
factor  which  cannot  hut  make  for  peace 
between  two  neighbours. 

Everything  about  Napoleon  lias  readers 
here  ;  and  M.  Guerard  devotes  some  thirty 
pages  to  a  consideration  of  military  glory 
and  what  it  meant  to  France,  lie  has 
sketched  Xapolcon  as  a  "'  stage  manager"  ; 
he  reveals  the  seamy  side  of  militarism, 
deals  with  looting  on  the  heroic  scale, 
and  shows  that,  while  conscription  drains 
the  blood  of  a  nation,  the  financial  burden 
of  the  Napoleonic  wars  was  comparatively 
light.  We  are  not  disposed  to  clilTer  from 
the  larger  general  views  of  M.  Guerard, 
but  if  we  went  into  detail  we  might 
have  to  contest  some  smaller  points. 
Murat,  for  instance,  may  have  been  a 
"swashbuckler  and  circus -rider  on  the 
heroic  scale,"  but  it  is  not  as  such  that 
he  will  be  remembered.  Again,  --  penni- 
less adventurer  "  may  be  a  true  term  to 
apply  to  Bonaparte,  but  who  thinks  of 
him  as  such  ?  Then  M.  Guerard  says 
that, 

"  for  several  years,  whoever  approached  the 
Emperor  long  enough  not  to  be  blinded  by 
his  halo  of  glory  had  suspected  or  found  out 
that  he  was  no  longer  in  his  right  mind." 

The  marriage  to  Josephine  is  described 
here  as  the  last  link  of  Xapoleon  with 
his  wi  shady  and  revolutionary  past.  He 
severed  it,  and  married  an  Austrian 
Archduchess."  A  more  impartial  his- 
torian would  surely  have  made  some 
reference  to  the  reasons  which  impelled 
Xapoleon  to  look  for  an  heir,  and  might 
have  shown  that  other  people  have 
believed  in  his  affection  for  Josephine,  and 
have  thought  that  the  divorce  gave  him 
real  pain. 

But  if  the  author  feels  himself  bound 
to  dwell  on  the  more  disagreeable  sides 
of  some  of  his  chief  characters,  he  does 
not  fail,  in  most  cases,  to  call  attention 
to  points  which  tell  the  other  way. 

When  we  come  to  the  part  of  the  book 
which  deals  with  the  Constitutional  Mon- 
archy of  1814  to  1848,  we  find  many 
noteworthy  arguments.  That  monarchy 
was  fashioned  on  an  English  model,  and 
.M.  Guerard  shows  how  even  Napoleon, 
during  the  Hundred  Days,  had  to  "  put 
up  with  principles  and  institutions  im- 
ported from  over  the  Channel." 

The  portrait  of  Louis  Napoleon  pre- 
sented by  our  author  is  one  which  the 
majority  of  Englishmen  will  fail  to  re- 
cognize.  To  M.  Guerard  Xapoleon  111. 
was  "  a  Prince  every  inch  of  him."  In 
another  place  he  is  a  "  kindly  and  well- 
meaning  Prince,  whom  no  one  ever  ap- 
proached without  loving,"  and  so  on. 
I  hit  even  here  it  is  only  fair  to  state  that, 
before  he  has  done  with  the  portrait,  he 
gives  it  other  touches  which  make  it  more 
recognizable.  It  is  admitted  that  Napo- 
leon III.  was  a    ■  parvenu," 

"  spoilt  by  an  adventurous  career,  hound  to 

early  companions  and  accomplices,  and  with 
lightly  blurred  sense  of  the  sanctity  of  his 
marriage  vows." 

Ee   could   not    give   a    '    high    moral   tone  " 
to    his   Court;     and    he    was   "an   upstart 

sovereign,"  who  had  to  "drag  Persigny 


and  Morny  like  a  convict  his  chain  and 
ball."  All  this  brings  us  nearer  to  the 
truth  than  the  "  Prince  every  inch  of 
him,"  whom  everybody  loved. 

There  is  nothing  new  of  the  war  of 
1870.  M.  Guerard  is  not  a  believer  in 
"inevitable  wars,"  but  he  tries  here  to 
show  that  no  conflict  was  ever  more 
difficult  to  avert  than  that  between 
France  and  Prussia.  We  note  the  curious 
remark  that,  "  next  to  Jules  Ferry,  Bis- 
marck is  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  the 
French."  This  because  Bismarck  en- 
couraged his  western  neighbours  in  their 
colonial  adventures,  probably — we  agree 
with  M.  Guerard — in  the  hope  of  em- 
broiling them  with  Italy  and  England. 
But  Bismarck  looked  far  ahead ;  and 
those  who  consider  the  distant  future 
may  well  have  doubts  whether  the  posi- 
tion of  France  has  been  really  strengthened 
by  the  possession  of  Tongking  and  some 
other  colonies  and  dependencies. 

When  the  author  discusses  Society 
under  the  Third  Republic  he  makes  fun 
of  the  way  in  which  French  people  delight 
to  give  themselves  titles.  He  knows  their 
weaknesses,  and  shows  how  "  any  printer 
of  visiting  cards  can  confer  nobility  for  a 
few  francs."  He  reminds  us  that  when 
a  Government  announced  its  intention  of 
looking  into  nobiliary  titles  there  was 
such  an  outcry  that  the  proposal  had  to 
be  dropped.  Some  things  change  slowly 
in  France.  There  is  nothing  novel  in 
what  M.  Guerard  says.  Others  before 
him  have  written  on  the  aristocratic  caste 
of  France,  have  laughed  at  the  titles  of 
Frenchmen  (and  of  Englishmen  too), 
and  have  shown  the  harm  done  to  a 
country  when  its  rich  people  despise  and 
abstain  from  labour  that  earns  bread. 
But  M.  Guerard  is  at  his  best  when  he 
describes  the  far-reaching  consequences 
of  this  prejudice  against  work  and  busi- 
ness : — 

"  First  of  all,  the  limitation  of  the  off- 
spring ;  every  one  wants  his  son  to  be  a 
L'ciitleman  as  soon  as  possible,  and  one 
gentleman  in  the  family  is  all  that  an  average 
household  can  afford.  The  eldest  .son's 
privilege  has  thus  been  restored,  in  spite  of 
the  law,  through  the  preventive  suppression 
of  younger  sons." 

The  result  of  this  is  that  the  ""  pro- 
fessions "  are  encumbered  with  aspiring 
young  men,  whilst  agriculture,  commerce, 
and  industry  are  deprived  of  their  natural 
Leadership,  and  the  work  of  material 
production  is  too  often  left  to  ""narrow- 
minded  and  sordid  petty  capitalists." 

It  is  a  gloomy  view;  hut  .M.  Guerard 
has  brighter  things  to  say  of  France.  If 
he  talks  of  the  "  prodigious  literature  " 
denouncing  the  hopeless  decay  of  the 
country  and  the  race,  he  soon  turn6  aside 
to  give  this  happier  touch  about  Hie  first 
twenty  years  of  the  present  Republic  : — 

"Military   defeat,    licentious      literature, 
parliamentary  scandal-,  an. I  even  a  fall 
birth-rate  are  not  special  t<>  France.     Edu<  i- 
tion  was  spreading;    hygiene  fasl    improv- 
ing ;   th<>  death-rate  decreasing  steadily. . . . 
Wealth  was    expanding,  new   colonies  w< 
acquired,  the  Government   was  \ni-  at   I 
from  the  constant  menace  of   coup  tTttat  or 
revolution,    whilst    art,    Bcience,    literature 


192 


THE    A  T  HENJEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


were  not  unworthy  of  France's  glorious 
traditions.  These  years  of  national  dis- 
couragement were  in  many  fields  a  period 
of  very  creditable  activity." 

M.  Guerard  lias  written  with  much 
knowledge  on  education  and  religious 
questions.  We  do  not  follow  him  into  the 
mazes  of  these  eternal  problems,  but  look 
for  a  moment  at  the  concluding  chapter, 
in  which  he  inquires  how  France  stands 
in  the  second  decade  of  the  twentieth 
century.  He  asks  if  she  is  a  wounded 
nation  slowly  bleeding  to  death,  or  still 
a  pioneer.  He  gives  no  direct  answer  to 
his  question,  but  offers  facts  from  which 
readers  may  form  their  own  opinions. 
The  peril  of  the  falling  birth-rate  has,  he 
considers,  been  exaggerated.  "  There  is  no 
actual  decrease  in  the  population  of  France 
from  census  to  census."  The  increase  is 
exceedingly  small,  but  M.  Guerard  finds 
no  proof  that  this  stagnation  is  due  to 
racial  decay,  and  his  view  is  that, 

"  should  the  population  of  France  remain 
absolutely  stationary,  it  would  still  be  large 
enough  to  maintain  an  independent  culture 
second  to  none." 

A  critic  is  disposed  to  ask  how  France, 
with  a  stationary  population,  can  per- 
manently maintain  her  "  independent 
culture  "  or  any  sort  of  real  independence, 
with  Germany  pressing  on  her  eastern 
frontier.  M.  Guerard  admits,  and  no  one 
can  deny,  that  65,000,000  men  have  a 
better  chance  in  war  than  39,000,000.  He 
shows  that  militarism  is  weighing  down 
the  country,  and  that  France  cannot 
go  on  spending  millions  on  social  improve- 
ments and  on  armaments,  and  then  asks  : 

"  ^  *hen  it  comes  to  a  choice — and  the  hour 
cannot  be  long  deferred — will  the  French 
decide  to  protect  themselves  against  the 
problematical  aggression  of  neighbours  with 
whom  they  have  lived  at  peace  for  over 
forty  years,  or  against  ever-present,  relent- 
less foes — ignorance,  disease,  want,  and 
crime  ?  " 

Before  he  leaves  the  subject,  M.  Guerard, 
writes  of  the  growing  number  of  men  who 
see  the  criminal  folly  of  militarism  and 
the  possibility  of  checking  its  further 
growth.  We  wish  he  had  made  it  clear 
how  that  "  folly  "  can  be  checked. 

WTe  leave  aside  his  discussion  of  alcohol- 
ism and  other  causes  of  national  weakness, 
and  prefer  to  end  by  quoting  his  conclud- 
ing words  : — 

"  I  do  not  see  France  as  a  goddess,  austere 
and  remote  :  I  see  her  intensely  human, 
stained  with  indecencies  and  blasphemies, 
scarred  with  innumerable  battles,  often 
blinded  and  stumbling  on  the  way,  but 
fighting  on,  undismayed,  for  ideals  which 
she  cannot  always  define.  An  old  nation  ? 
A  wounded  nation  ? — Perhaps  ;  but  her 
mighty  heart  is  throbbing  with  unconquer- 
able life." 

When  M.  Guerard*s  admirable  book  goes 
to  its  next  edition  he  should  take  off  the 
accent  that  he  has  often  placed  on  the 
name  of  M.  Clemenceau ;  and  we  wish  he 
would  not  use  words  like  "  Exposition  " 
when  a  proper  English  word  is  available. 
We  wish,  on  the  other  hand,  that  he 
would  not  disguise  French  papers  and 
books  by  turning  their  well-known  names 
into  unfamiliar  English  forms. 


Notes  on  Politics  and  History  :  a  Univer- 
sity Address.  By  Viscount  Morley. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  2s.  6d.  net.) 

These  notes  are  an  elaboration  of  Lord 
Morley's  address  as  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Manchester  in  the  summer  of 
1912.     Admirably  balanced  alike  in  style 
and  thought,  they  represent  the  mind  of 
the  philosopher  in  politics,  compared  with 
whom  the  ordinary  political  hand,  whether 
in  Parliament  or  out  of  it,  is  a  sophist  in 
the  ancient  Greek  sense.     The  philosopher 
sought   the   truth,   had   always   an   ideal 
before  him  ;    the  sophist  sought  success, 
victory  in  argument  at  any  cost.     In  a 
world    crowded    with    opportunists    and 
"  arrivists  " — we  really  need  the  French 
word — the  distinction  is  worth  repeating. 
Lord    Morley   asks    his    audience    not    to 
"  wait  and  see,"  but  to  stop  and  think. 
A  master  of  aphorisms,  he  tells  us  what 
this  great  man  or  that  said  of  some  word 
or  dogma  which  has  covered  a  multitude 
of  political  proceedings.     The  charge  that 
he  is  very  pessimistic  has  been  brought 
and  eagerly  refuted  ;    it  is  not,  we  think, 
justified,   though   any  ripe   mind  looking 
back  over  a  long  term  of  years  must  see 
abundance  of  misdirected  effort,  zeal  for 
lost  causes  (Lord  Morley  has  his  word  of 
reproof  for  Universities),   and  deliberate 
deceptions.     But,   after   a   brief   outburst 
concerning  the   "  limits  of  patience  with 
quackish  fungoids,"  he  tells  us  to  follow 
the  advice  of  Spinoza — not  to  laugh,  not 
to  groan,  not  to  be  angry,  but  to  under- 
stand.    The    advice    is    needed,    for    our 
time  is  such  as  makes  the  red-hot  partisan 
for  whom   democracy  is   an    aristocracy 
of  blackguards,  or  the  Wise  Youth  who 
sees  the  eternal  irony  of  it  all  as  a  reason 
for    indifference    and    amusement.     Lord 
Morley   is  always  asking  ns  to  see   both 
sides,    "  to    pray    to    be    delivered    from 
exaggeration,"   to   "  cultivate   a   cautious 
sense   of   proportion."     Not   so   are    suc- 
cessful politicians  made  ;   the  independent 
member  has  disappeared  from  the  House 
of    Commons  ;     and    our    Party    System 
leads  to  idle  and  disastrous    divergences 
at  which  sensible  people  may  well  wonder. 
In  his  opening  words  Lord  Morley  speaks 
of  "  the  obvious  truth  that  democracy  in 
the  discussions  of  the  day  means  govern- 
ment   working    directly    through    public 
opinion."      Is  that  indeed  so  ?      His  later 
remarks  suggest  modifications  of  the  word 
"  directly "    when    he    begins    to    sketch 
some  of  the  signs  of  the  times.     At  least 
we  have  to-day  a  Committee  of  Imperial 
Defence  which  transcends  the  bounds  of 
party  ;      but    generally    the    country    is 
governed  by  an  oligarchy  which  has  its 
own  interests  to  serve,  and  which  is  apt 
to  recognize  the  will  of  the  people  at  the 
moment  when  resistance  to  it  would  be 
fatal.     Popular  demands  in  their  earlier 
stages  are  lulled  by  the  futilities  of  Royal 
Commissions. 

Balanced  opinion,  we  are  told,  would  be 
the  ruin  of  the  morning  paper,  and  Lord 
Morley  adds  that  "  the  press  is  no  safe 
barometer,"  having  been  mistaken  in  its 
forecast  of  at  least  three  remarkable  elec- 
tions since  1874.     That  is  not  surprising, 


and  we  recall  Dilke's  remark  that  the  man 
who  prophesies  in  politics  is  a  fool.  What, 
however,  the  ordinary  man  might  expect 
in  the  press  is  a  diminution  of 

"  the  shortcomings  in  political  opinion  and 
character — the  fatal  contentment  with 
simple  answers  to  complex  questions  :  the 
readiness,  as  Hobbes  put  it,  to  turn  against 
reason,  if  reason  is  against  you  ;  violent 
over-estimate  of  petty  things ;  vehement 
agitation  one  day,  reaction  as  vehement 
the  other  way  the  next  ;  money  freely  laid 
on  a  flashing  favourite  this  week,  deep 
curses  on  what  has  proved  the  wrong  horse 
the  week  after  ;  haste  ;  moral  cowardice  -T 
futility." 

Some  of  these  things  are  inevitable  in  any 
powerful  aggregation  of  human  units,  but 
the  writer  who  has  the  best  part  of  a 
month,  a  week,  or  even  a  single  night  to 
reflect  over  our  politics  and  politicians 
might,  one  thinks,  occasionally  copy  Lord 
Morley,  and  attempt  to  see  both  sides. 
At  present  he  is  worse  than  the  sophist : 
not  only  does  he  strive  for  victory  at.  all 
costs  ;  he  seeks  to  exacerbate  as  well. 

These  '  Notes '  are,  as  Lord  Morley 
acknowledges,  "  dispersive,"  and  they  lead 
us  on  through  a  glance  at  Darwinism  and 
Comte's  List  of  Great  Men  to  "  fortuitous- 
variations  "  in  history.  A  Napoleon  ar- 
rives, and  does  what  he  likes  with  the 
world  and  its  institutions.  His  arrival 
is  not  to  be  foreseen  ;  it  is  an  accident  or  a 
mystery,  and  there  is  for  Lord  Morley 
nothing  more  to  be  said.  He  adds  that 
the  word  "  accident  "  has  not  even  "  an 

impious  flavour,"  since 

* 
"  both  devout  churchmen  and  deep  states- 
men, the  loftiest  champions  of  adherence  to 
the  profoundest  pieties  of  life  and  timeT 
have  been  the  first  and  most  constant  to- 
enlarge  upon  the  impenetrable  mysterious- 
ness  that  hangs  about  the  origin,  the  course, 
the  working  of  human  societies  and  their 
governing  institutions." 

What,  then,  is  the  use  of  the  historic 
method  ?     The  answer  is  that 

"  it  reduces  the  element  of  individual  acci- 
dent to  its  due  proportions  ;  it  conceives  of 
national  character  and  national  circumstances 
as  the  creative  forces  that  they  are." 

Characteristically  Lord  Morley  ,  proceeds- 
to  put  the  objections  to  the  predominance 
of  historic-mindedness,  the  arrangement 
of  ideals  in  classes  and  series,  and  intro- 
duces a  query  which  recalls  Carlyle  in 
matter  and  manner  : — 

"  Stated  summarily,  is  not  your  history 
one  prolonged  '  becoming  '  (fieri,  werden),  an 
endless  sequence  of  action,  reaction,  genera- 
tion, destruction,  renovation,  '  a  tale  of 
sound  and  fury  signifying  nothing'?" 

Later  we  welcome  the  candour  which 
declares  that  we  have  not  come  near  to 
the  definite  creation  of  an  inductive 
political  science.  Various  ideals  of  the 
historian  are  passed  in  brief  review,  though 
hardly  criticized,  and  historic  parallels 
are  declared  of  dubious  value.  Bismarck 
is  introduced  as  an  exponent  of  improvisa- 
tion in  politics  ;  Tame  as  a  man  whose 
history  has  been  "  almost  painfully  ex- 
posed." An  examination  of  Nationality 
and  Progress  follows  which  shows  the 
strange  things  which  have  come  under 
both    headings.     The    idea    of    Progress,. 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1014 


Til  E     A  Til  KNM-1UM 


19! 


as  students  of  history  know,  is  compara- 
tively novel,  and  we  cannot  be  so  com- 
placent as  the  Nineteenth  Century,  which 
took   its   wonderful   advances   in   science 

and  industry  as  if  they  solved  human 
doubts  and  Borrows  and  brought  the  mil- 
lennium appreciably  nearer. 

The  ironies  in  the  human  drama  are 
ruthlessly  revealed  here  :  and  they  do 
not  decrease  :  but  Lord  Morley  reiterates 
at  the  end  his  appeal  against  the  attitude 
of  mockery  and  indolence.  The  man  of 
practical  affairs  and  the  examinee  may 
find  his  discourse  as  inconclusive  as  Henry 
Sidgwick's  views  on  Ethics  and  Politics, 
but  he  is  clear  on  this  point,  that 

"  none  at  least  of  those  who  bear  foremost 
names  in  the  history  oi  nations,  ever  worked 
and  lived,  we  may  be  sure,  in  the  idea  that 
it  was  no  better  than  solemn  comedy  for 
which  a  sovereign  demiurgus  in  the  stars 
had  cast  their  parts." 

Lord  Morley  remarks  that  "  ripe  judg- 
ment and  sensibly  trained  minds  are  not 
always  received  with  open  arms."  "  Xot 
often,"  we  might  almost  say  to-day,  and 
that  is  the  more  reason  for  pondering  over 
a  discourse  like  this.  The  hard-bitten 
Tory  and  the  eager  Democrat  may  alike 
get  profit  from  it,  packed  as  it  is  with 
thought  and  knowledge,  and  rich  in 
suggestion.  In  this  age  of  specializa- 
tion one  thing  that  is  sadly  needed  is  a 
wide  and  tolerant  view  of  life.  Lord 
Morley  quotes  the  glorious  lines  on  the 
wonder  of  man  in  the  '  Antigone  '  which 
the  progress  of  the  centuries  has  not 
bettered  in  harmony  or  imagination,  and 
the  quotation  reminds  us  that  Sophocles 
was  a  man 

who  saw  life  steadily,  and  saw  it  whole. 


The    Minor   Poems   of  Joseph    Beaumont 
D.D.      Edited     from     the     Autograph 
-Manuscript,     with     Introduction     and 
Notes,  by  Eloise  Robinson.     (Constable 
&  Co.,  U.  Is.  net.) 

The  poems   of  Dr.    Beaumont,   third   of 
three  English  poets  of  that  name,  we  owe 
to   certain   temporary   dislocations   intro- 
duced into  the   life   of  a  scholar  and  a 
alist    by  the  triumph  of   Puritanism. 
Driven    from    Cambridge    and    from    his 
fellowship   at    Peterhouse,   Beaumont  he- 
guile. 1  ten  years  of  tedious  retirement  with 
the  production  of  a  long  allegorical  poem 
.die.'  an  abundance  of  Latin  verses, 
fries  of  religious  exercises  preparatory 
fto  the  duties  of  each  day,  and  finallv  a 
number  of   religious  lyrics,   dealing  with 
the  different  aspects,   trials,  and  virtues 
the  Christian  life,  expressing  sentiments 
appropriate  to  the  various  seasons  of  the 
Christian  year,  and  celebrating  the  achieve- 
"t    saints,   Apostles,  and  martyrs. 
it    is,    we    understand,    the    last-named 
collection  which   is  published,  and  pub- 
lished for  the  first    time    intact,  in    the 
volume  now  before  us,  the  source  of  the 
fa  rt  being  a  unique  Ms.,  the  property  of 
Prof.  Geoi .     II  rbert  Palmer  of  1! 
University.      Yei     "poetical    excursions 
were   not    Mr.    Beaumont's    Btudies,    but 
his  amusements,"   writes  J.   (;.,   editor, 


some  hundred  years  after  they  were 
written,  of  a  selection  from  his  lyrical 
works  ;  "  the  serious  business  of  his  life," 
even  during  '  that  long  divorce  from 
books."  was  the  composing  of  *'  a  clear 
account  of  the  book  of  Ecclesiastes  and 
long  critical  notes  upon  the  Pentateuch."' 

\t  the  Restoration  Beaumont  was  not 
forgotten.  In  fact,  the  impression  left 
upon  us  by  Miss  Robinson's  considered 
and  kindly  account  of  him  is  that  he 
was  one  of  those  meritorious  yet  un- 
conspicuous  mortals  to  whom  comfortable 
emoluments  fall  almost  automatically, 
perhaps  because  the  esteem  in  which 
they  are  held  is  quite  unassociated  with 
envy.  He  first  became  chaplain  to 
Charles  II.,  holding  at  the  same  time  five 
rectories  in  various  counties  and  a  canonry 
at  Ely.  At  the  death  of  a  much-beloved 
wife,  he  returned  to  Cambridge,  where 
he  had  already  been  made  Master  of 
Jesus.  The  next  year  saw  him  Master 
of  Peterhouse,  and  seven  years  later  he 
became  Professor  of  Divinity.  The  duties 
of  that  office  he  continued  to  discharge 
for  thirty  years  ;  in  fact,  until  his  death, 
at  the  age  of  84,  on  the  eve  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century. 

Clearly  there  was  nothing  in  Beaumont's 
nature  that  chafed  against  the  dignities 
and  formalities  of  official  life  ;  and,  in- 
deed, his  verse  is  at  its  best  when  state- 
liness  enters  naturally  into  its  theme 
and  texture.  The  following  lines,  for 
example,  entitled  '  Ascension,'  are  char- 
acteristic and  extremely  fine  : — 

Lift  up  your  Heads  great  Gates,  &  sing, 
Now  (dory  comes,  &  (dories  King  ; 
Now  by  your  liigli  all-golden  way 
The  fairer  Heavn  comes  home  to  Day. 
Hark  now  the  dates  are  ope,  &  hearo 
The  tune  of  each  triumphant  sphear, 
Where  every  Angell  as  He  sings 
Keeps  time  with  his  applauding  Wings, 
And  makes  Heavns  loftiest  Roofe  rebound 
The  Treasures  of  this  Noble  sound 

Hallalujah  : 
Which  our  poor  Tongues  shall  as  they  may 
Restore  to  them  again  &  say 

Hallelujah. 

It  was  seldom  that  occasion  and  inclina- 
tion combined  to  elicit  from  Beaumont 
these  large  harmonies,  this  amplitude  and 
concentration  of  utterance.  For  the  most 
part,  as  Miss  Robinson  points  out,  he  is 
content  to  feel,  at  a  far  remove,  the 
impulse  that  gave  Crashaw,  or  more  par- 
ticularly Herbert,  to  our  literature,  and 
enters  rather  info  their  peculiarities  than 
their  inspiration.  His  forms  have  much 
of  the  intricacy,  but  little  of  the  signific- 
ance, of  Herbert's;  and  though  his  admira- 
tion of  Crashaw  is  explicitly  (as  well  as 
implicitly)  expressed  in  his  poems,  they 
are  quite  without  Crashaw's  mystic  and 
transforming  fire.  His  hives  of  Saints 
tend,  naturally,  to  he  the  dullest .  the 
mosl  unending,  of  his  effusions  ;  but  even 
in  this  vein  he  can  occasionally  charm. 
.is   in   these   lii-t    lines  from   the  calling  of 

St.  James  : — 

Love  walking  onoe  by  the  sea  side 
A  knot  oi  busy  Fishers  spide  : 
And  why  may  1  not  fish,  said  Bfe, 

Who  in. ul'-  i  li'-  I'  i  ibe  -.  &  i  lie-  Bea  ! 

Here,  however,  a-  in  many  cases,  Herbert 
has  b  sen  before  him .  and  w  it  h  I  hal  si  roke 
of  hold  and  unforgettable  beauty  :  — 
Who  made  the  eyea  but  I  ! 


In  Far  New  Guinea.     \'<\   Henry  Newton. 
(Seeley,  Service  &  Co..  L6«.  net.) 

W'iikn  you  combine  a  zealous  and  devout 
Christian  priest  with  a  broad-minded  and 
tolerant  man  of  the  world,  you  gel  some- 
thing like  the  ideal  missionary.  No  man 
can  write  a  long  description  of  his  own 
experiences  without  revealing  his  own 
character,  and  alter  leading  Mr.  Newton's 
cheery  and  unaffected  account  of  his 
thirteen  years  with  the  Anglican  Mission 
in  New  Guinea,  we  have  come  to  the  con- 
clusion that  he  fulfils  the  definition  given 
above.  The  remarkable  success  of  the 
New  Guinea  Mission  is  amply  explained 
if  he  is  a  fair  type  of  the  men  who  have 
conducted  it.  If  there  are  people  who  still 
doubt  the  utility  of  missions — at  any 
rate,  in  the  Pacific — we  think  that  all 
their  doubts  will  be  dispelled  after  reading 
such  a  book  as  this.  Mr.  Newton  does  not 
hesitate  to  admit  that  many  missionaries 
have  made  mistakes,  and  have  at  times 
given  some  ground  for  the  accusations 
which  are  brought  against  them,  usually 
by  traders,  and  occasionally  by  adminis- 
trators— "  it  must  be  remembered  that 
missionaries  are  human."  White  people 
who  come  suddenly  into  contact  with 
lower  races  are  apt,  as  he  says,  to  go  to 
one  or  other  of  two  extremes. 

"  Either  they  have  no  conception  of  the 
native  point  of  view,  and  indeed  find  it 
impossible  to  conceive  that  there  can  he  a 
native  point  of  view,  or  at  least  one  that  is 
worth  considering,  and  so  they  ride  rough- 
shod over  native  feelings  and  prejudices.  .  .  . 
Or  else  people  are  so  concerned  with  the 
native  view,  and  the  way  tilings  appear  or 
are  supposed  to  appear  to  the  native  mind, 
that  they  sacrifice  all  the  wisdom  and  all 
the  inheritance  of  civilization  to  the  native 
idea. 

The  earliest  missionaries  erred  in  the 
former  direction  ;  their  attempt  to  intro- 
duce strict  European  ideas  of  clothing, 
for  instance,  into  a  climate  for  which  they 
were  quite  unsuitable,  probably  led  to  as 
many  deaths  as  any  great  military  cam- 
paign in  history.  The  missionary  of 
to-day  is  perhaps  inclined  to  err  in  the 
latter  direction.  Mr.  Newton's  book  sug- 
gests incidentally  how  the  happy  mean 
may  be  attained,  and  his  account  of  the 
success  of  the  Anglican  Mission 
what  good  results  spring  from  it  : — 

"We  have  not  attempted  to  dissociate 
Our  converts  from  the  «  \  <  r\  i  l;i  \  life  "l  the 
village.  We  have  been  conservative  in 
dealing  with  native  customs.  We  have 
aimed  al  training  teachers  from  amongsl  our 
converts,  teachers  who  max  become  mission- 
aries to  t  heir  ou  n  people,  and  we  hope  in 

t  nee  t  hal  i t  "i  t  he  teaching  will  thus  pass 

through  the  medium  of  the  native  mind, 
and  30  he  in. .re  adaptable  to  the  people 
than  n  can  he  when  presented  bj  the 
foreii  tiers  who  can  ne^ er  enter  into  i hal 
mind.  We  have  boldlj  fat  ed  the  risk  oi 
allow  ing  our  ( 'hri-t lan  i  i.'Mr. -II  from  our 
to  go  ba  k  to  the  \  illage  life,  hoping 
thai  they  would  raise  the  tone  and  the  ideal- 
oi  i  heir  p<  qple  e\  en  ii  their  ow  n  tone  and 
ideals  were  lowered,  w  e  have  shrunk  from 
•  gla  ■  ''''' 

again  I  temptal  ion. . .  .We  run  i   had  lament  - 
able  fail  our  nal  r>  e  <  'hristians, 

and    al    .      ■  ■   i     h  ondt  rful  in 


194 


THE    A  T  H  E  NiEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


our  limited  capacity  for  judging  we  reckon 
failure  and  success.  We  have  not  been 
able  to  counteract  the  indifference  and 
the  casualness  of  the  native  character,  the 
lamentable  want  of  sticking  power,  the 
tendency  to  drift  which  is  so  great  a  weak- 
ness of  the  people,  to  the  extent  we  hoped, 
but  it  is  far  too  soon  to  judge  ;  and  there 
are  instances  of  native  Christians  loyal  who 
have  stood  firm  in  spite  of  severe  temptation, 
which  give  vis  courage  and  hope,  which 
strengthen  our  faith,  and  we  try  to  remember 
that  amongst  people  endowed  with  stronger 
characters  religion  is  not  always  the  power 
it  should  be." 

It  is  worth  while  to  quote  the  high 
tribute  which  Mr.  Newton  pays  to  his 
native  .  coadjutors,  the  class  of  "South 
Sea  Island  teachers,"  consisting  of  Mela- 
nesians  who  had  been  recruited  for  work 
on  the  sugar  plantations  in  Queensland, 
and  who  were  there  christianized  by 
mission  agencies  and  educated  at  night- 
schools.  Whilst  these  men  fall  far  short 
in  intellectual  training  of  the  Samoan 
teachers  trained  by  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society — men,  too,  of  a  much 
higher  racial  type — they  seem  to  have 
been  singularly  well  fitted  for  their  work, 
and  their  very  existence  is  in  itself  high 
evidence  of  the  success  of  the  Queensland 
missions. 

"  The  wonder  is  that  they  gained  as  much 
as  they  did,  when  it  is  remembered  they 
began  school  as  fully  grown  men,  and  they 
learned  what  they  did  know  at  night,  after 
working  hard  all  day  in  the  cane  fields.  .  .  . 
They  might  have  hazy  and  incorrect  ideas 
about  the  patriarchs,  and  prophets,  and  Old 
Testament  heroes,  and  of  the  deeper  mean- 
ing and  teaching  of  their  lives — as  hazy, 
and  as  incorrect  indeed  as  that  of  many  an 
English  public-school  boy — but  they  had  no 
doubt  or  confusion  of  mind  about  the  love 
of  God  who  made  them,  the  love  of  Jesus 
who  died  for  them,  the  love  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  who  sanctifies  them.  They  knew  that 
sin  was  sin  against  God  and  His  love,  that 
it  must  be  cleansed  away  before  the  soul 
can  come  to  God.  They  knew  that  God 
gives  blessing  and  grace  through  the  sacra- 
ments. Of  course,  they  had  not  got  rid  of 
the  strain  of  superstition  that  alone  had 
controlled  their  lives  twenty  or  thirty  years 
earlier,  and  which  they  had  inherited  from 
their  ancestors,  any  more  than  have  the 
brilliant  folk  who  will  not  sit  down  thirteen 
at  table." 

The  main  purpose  of  Mr.  Newton's 
interesting  book,  however,  is  not  to 
aggrandize  his  calling — which  he  does, 
perhaps,  for  that  very  reason  all  the 
more  effectually  because  unconsciously — 
but  to  draw  a  vivid  picture  of  the  condi- 
tions of  native  life  in  the  south-east  corner 
of  British  New  Guinea.  This  he  does 
with  great  skill  and  in  an  attractive 
fashion.  He  aims  more  at  human  interest 
than  at  technical  ethnology,  and,  for  all 
his  underlying  seriousness,  finds  plenty  of 
scope  for  his  natural  humour  in  depicting 
the  incidents  which  are  apt  to  make  life 
in  New  Guinea,  as  in  other  parts  of  the 
Pacific,  "  one  long  comic  opera  with 
varying  scenes."  Thus  in  the  early  days 
the  patients  who  came  to  the  mission 
station  for  medical  treatment  brought  no 
fee,  but  expected  to  be  paid  for  their  loss 
of  time.  The  gaol  at  Samarai  had  an 
armed  warder  at  the  gate,  but  no  guard 


on  the  numerous  gaps  in  the  fence.  It 
was  considered  a  breach  of  etiquette  for 
a  prisoner  to  run  away  ;  but  it  is  said 
that  when  the  warder  blew  his  whistle  at 
night  for  the  prisoners  to  fall  in  there 
were  generally  a  few  missing.  They  were 
just  outside  having  a  cocoanut  or  some- 
thing, and  they  would  come  hurrying  in 
through  gaps  to  take  their  places  in  the 
line,  and  then  had  shamefacedly  to  listen 
to  a  lecture.  "  What  name  you  walk 
about  all  the  time  ?  you  no  savee  prison, 
you  savee  fence  !  What  name  you  no 
stop  along  a  fence  all  the  time  ?  What 
name  %  "  As  in  '  Erewhon,'  illness  was 
often  a  misdemeanour: — 

"  I  have  heard  a  story  which  I  believe  is 
quite  true  about  a  signed-on  boy  who  told 
his  master  he  was  going  to  die  to-morrow. 
The  master  said,  '  If  you  do,  I  will  give  you 
the  greatest  hiding  you  ever  had.'  And 
the  boy  got  well.  Quite  likely  the  threat 
saved  his  life  !  " 

The  Wedauan  language  has  two  words 
for  "  we  " — one  inclusive  of,  and  one  exclu- 
sive of,  the  person  addressed.  When  Mr. 
Newton  had  occasion  to  speak  very  seri- 
ously to  a  girl  pupil  at  the  mission,  he 
called  attention  to  what  "  we  (tauta, 
inclusive)  were  doing  for  her  and  her 
people,"  as  an  incentive  to  her  gratitude. 
Very  quietly  she  raised  her  submissive 
eyes,  and  said,  "  Not  tauta,  but  tauai 
(exclusive)  " — and  the  lecture  came  to  a 
sudden  end.  This  review  must  do  the 
same — else  we  could  go  on  for  a  long 
while,  quoting  Mr.  Newton's  amusing 
stories  and  illuminating  sketches  of 
Papuan   character. 


The  Welsh  Vocabulary  of  the  Bangor 
District.  By  0.  H.  Fynes  -  Clinton. 
(Milford,  11.  Is.  net.) 

A  Glossary  of  Mediaeval  Welsh  Law  based 
upon  the  Black  Book  of  Chirk.  By 
Timothy  Lewis.  (Manchester  Univer- 
sity Press.) 

Why  it  is  that  there  is  no  dictionary 
of  the  Welsh  language  on  historical 
principles,  like  the  '  New  English  Dic- 
tionary,' and  how  best  to  supply  such  a 
dictionary,  are  questions  which  are  peri- 
odically discussed  with  great  regularity 
in  the  Welsh  press,  but  with  no  apparent 
result.  It  is  generally  assumed  that  the 
chief  obstacle  is  lack  of  money,  and  that 
the  work  might  at  once  be  taken  in  hand 
if  the  State  or  some  patron  of  learning 
were  to  provide  the  Welsh  University,  or 
its  Guild  of  Graduates,  or  the  National 
Library  of  Wales  with  adequate  funds  for 
the  purpose.  It  would  be  truer  to  say 
that  such  a  task  cannot,  and  should  not, 
be  undertaken  until  the  materials  for  it 
have  been  made  available  in  far  larger 
quantities  than  they  are  at  present.  The 
greater  part  of  the  literature,  especially 
the  poetry,  of  Wales  before  the  seven- 
teenth century  still  remains  in  manu- 
script. Even  of  Davycld  ab  Gwilym,  its 
greatest  poet,  there  is  but  a  very  incom- 
plete edition,  issued  as  long  ago  as  1789. 
The   publication   of  texts  is  clearly  the 


first  necessity,  for  the  texts  would  soon 
be  followed  by  glossaries.  Second  only 
in  importance  as  a  preliminary  to  dic- 
tionary-making is  a  systematic  study  of 
the  dialects  and  the  spoken  language  of 
the  country. 

The  two  books  before  us  are  contribu- 
tions to  the  study  of  Welsh  along  these 
lines  :  the  one  a  glossary  to  the  oldest 
known  copy  of  the  Welsh  laws  ;  the  other 
a  full  record  of  the  words  in  collo- 
quial use  in  one  clearly  denned  area,, 
namely,  the  district  between  the  moun- 
tains and  the  sea  from  Penmaenmawr  to 
Bangor.  The  latter,  which  is  by  the 
Professor  of  French  and  Romance  Phi- 
lology at  the  University  College,  Bangorr 
is  a  massive  volume  of  some  ()00  pages, 
in  which,  to  judge  from  its  four-columned 
Index  of  35  pages,  over  2,000  separate 
words  are  recorded.  The  real  value  of  the 
work,  however,  does  not  He  in  its  lengthy 
inventory  of  words,  but  in  the  abundance 
of  its  illustrative  colloquial  expressions 
and  proverbial  sayings,  and  even  still 
more  in  the  elaborate  thoroughness 
with  which  the  sounds  of  the  language 
are  represented.  As  to  the  phonology, 
almost  the  only  work  in  the  same  field 
that .  the  author  was  able  to  refer  to 
was  an  article  by  the  late  Prof.  Sweet  on 
'  Spoken  North-Welsh  '  in  the  Philological 
Society's  Transactions  for  1882-4.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  groundwork  of  the  book, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  vocabulary, 
represents  the  speech  of  three  persons  :  the 
author's  landlady ;  a  self-taught  quarry- 
man,  unable  to  speak  English  ;  and  an- 
other monoglot  Welshman,  "  who  lived 
in  a  small  two-roomed  cottage,"  and  who 
imparted  to  the  author  "  an  extra- 
ordinary amount  of  information  of  every 
kind,  and,  in  particular,  terms  connected 
with  farming  and  the  sea."  The  land- 
lady's contribution  reminds  us  of  the 
chink  in  the  wall  through  which  J.  M. 
Synge  obtained  much  material  for  his 
plays.  One  other  source  we  expected 
the  author  to  refer  to  is  the  MS.  collection 
of  words  and  phrases  brought  together 
by  the  Dialect  Section  of  the  Guild  of 
Graduates,  but  he  seems  to  be  unaware 
of  its  existence. 

As  many  as  forty-five  distinct  alpha- 
betical symbols  are  employed  in  the  book, 
as  well  as  a  few  others  to  indicate  that 
a  vowel  or  consonant  is  long,  or  a  syllable 
stressed,  these  symbols  being,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  those  of  the  Association  Pho- 
netique.  The  author  also  notes  as  many 
as  twenty-four  diphthongs,  the  existence 
of  at  least  one  of  which,  iu  (=Engl.  u  or 
ew),  was  questioned  by  Sweet.  Some  of  the 
more  interesting  of  the  author's  phono- 
logical observations  may  be  briefly  men- 
tioned. In  sounding  p  and  t  in  Welsh 
the  emission  of  breath  is  much  greater, 
and  the  consequent  breath-glide  (except 
in  certain  specified  cases)  is,  even  when 
final,  much  more  marked,  than  in  English. 
This,  he  says,  is  "  one  of  the  most  notice- 
able points  to  an  English  ear  in  Welsh 
speakers  of  English."  The  sound  sh  is 
described  as  "of  late  introduction,  and 
individuals  are  still  occasionally  to  be  met 
with  who  are  unable  to  pronounce  "  it. 


No.  4502.  Feb.  7,  1914 


T1IK     AT  II  KX.EUM 


195 


We  are  inclined  to  think  that  most  of 
the  natives  of  XorthAYest  Carnarvonshire 
leoiaily  round  Llanberis)  still  Buffer 
from  this  inability.  As  to  the  doubling  of 
certain  consonant-;,  the  propriety  of  which 
is  often  hotly  debated  by  Welsh  writers, 
the  author  declares  : — 

■  There  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that 
jfc,  />,  t.  and  m  are  doubled  at  the  end  of  a 
stressed  syllable  before  a  vowel,  and  that 
the  doubling  of  these  letters  in  general 
written  usage  until  recently  represents  an 
actual  fact.     The  use  of  nn  also  coincides 

very  closely  with  the  older  spelling \ny 

native  with  an  ear  for  sound  can  distinguish 
between  n  and  nn  without  hesitation.  At 
the  same  time  the  distinctness  of  these 
double  letters  is  not  nearly  so  great  as,  e.g., 
in  Italian." 

To  turn  to  the  vocabulary,  its  fullness 
and     the     astonishing    accuracy    of     the 
explanations    reflect    the    greatest    credit 
on    the    author.     Rich    though    it    is    in 
terms    relating    to    agriculture,  there  are 
still — of    necessity    almost — some    omis- 
sions.    Prof.  Fynes-Clinton   gives   a   list, 
with   illustrations,   of   twenty  ear-marks, 
and  says  that,   by  combining  these   and 
using  both  ears,  "  the  number  of  possible 
marks  is  said  to  be  998."     An  illustrated 
shepherds'    manual,    published    in   Welsh 
many      years      ago,     would      have      en- 
abled   him    to  add    considerably    to    his 
list  of  names.     Similarly  a  work  such  as 
Davies's    *  Mew-    of    the    Agriculture    of 
Xorth  Wales  *  (1813)  Avould  have  suggested 
incpoiry  as  to    other   farming   terms.     As 
to  the  use  of  gavr  in  the  sense  of  "  a  small 
bundle  of  corn,  &c."  he  suggests  that  it 
is  the  same  as  the  English  dialectal  word 
"  gavel.''  :"  a  sheaf  or  quantity  of  corn  "  ; 
but  that  is  not  likely  to  be  so,  as  in  other 
parts  of  Wales  a  shock  of  standing  sheaves 
protected    from    rain    by    two    reversed 
sheaves,     fastened    with     wisps    running 
from    one    to    the    other,   is  called   bwch 
(— Engl.  ••  a  he-goat  "),  a  name  perhaps 
suggested  by  the  resemblance  of  such  a 
shock  to  two  goats  rampant.      Gwantan, 
explained  as  "  unsteady  "  or  ';  feeble,"  is 
obviously  the  English  "  wanton."    Chwart 
"v  (  =  '•  great  "quart  ")  did  not  repre- 
ient  a  quart  measure  at  all,  but  a  gallon. 
The  folk-lorist  will  find  much  interesting 
material  in  the  work,  e.g.,  ki  drekkin  (lit. 
"  foul- weather  dog  ")    for  a  partial  rain- 
bow, and  qwr  gwdU,  a  straw  guy  left  at 
Hallowe'en  at    the   house  of  a  girl  by  a 
rejected  lover. 

Mr.    Timothy    Lewis's     'Glossary    of 
Mediaeval  Welsh  Law,'  piously  dedicated 
by  him   to  the  memory  of  Dr.  .Strachan 
(under    whom    he     studied    Celtic),    and 
published    in    the    Celtic    Series    of    the 
r  University,  also  breaks  com- 
paratively new  ground  in  the  study  of 
ilsh.     Apart   from    Dr.    Kuno   Meyer's 
the  romance  of  '  PerednrV  no 
<rt   has  of   recent   years   Keen   made   to 
Uect     material    for    a    dictionary     of 
medieval  Welsh.    It  was,  indeed,  a  bold 
thing  on  the   part  of    a  layman  like  .Mr. 
Lewis    to    attempt    to    explain     obscure 
l«gal   terms,   and   criticize    the    previous 
explanation-  of  some  distinguished  law 
and  philologiste.      But  when   Dr.  Strachan 


advised  his  pupil  to  undertake  such 
work,  he  was  doubtless  satisfied  as  to 
his  capacity  for  the  task.  Xor  does 
the  completed  work  belie  the  promise  of 
those  student  days.  Out  of  the  many 
new  explanations  and  derivations  that 
challenge  attention  we  can  mention  only 
one  or  two.  The  solemn  oath  known  as 
bridiw,  which  folk-etymology  has  ex- 
plained as  •"  bri  Duw  "  (the  dignity  of 
God),  Mr.  Lewis  explains  as  the  oath 
solemnly  taken  "  pro  Deo."  More 
startling  is  his  suggestion  that  the  word 
gu'l/n.  as  in  Kai  givyn  of  the  '  Mabinogion ' 
(usually  translated  as  "  Blessed  Kai  "), 
is  not  the  ordinary  Welsh  adjective  mean- 
ing white  or  blessed,  but  is  the  Welsh 
equivalent  of  the  Irish  fian,  meaning  a 
warrior  or  champion.  If  this  derivation 
be  accepted,  all  passages  where  the  word 
and  its  derivatives  occur  will  have  to 
be  restudied,  and  a  much-needed  light 
may  thus  be  cast  on  the  military  organiza- 
tion of  early  tribal  Wales.  His  explana- 
tions of  cynmvys,  cynnyf,  and  dedellu  will 
also  claim  attention.  If  Mr.  Lewis  fulfils 
the  promise  of  this  first  book,  he  is  likely 
to  render  conspicuous  services  in  the  field 
of  Celtic  philology. 


Black  Ivory  and  White ;  or,  The  Story  of 
El  Zubeir  Pasha,  Slaver  and  Sultan,  as 
told  by  Himself.  Translated  and  put 
on  Record  by  H.  C.  Jackson.  (Oxford, 
Blackwell,  2s.  Qd.  net.) 

A  trader  both  by  birth  and  predilection, 
w'hose  trade  involved  much  warfare  and 
adventure  ;  a  good  Mohammedan  within 
the  limitations  of  his  age  and  class  ;  a 
ruthless  foe,  unscrupulous  in  the  pursuit 
of  ends  which  were  in  general  good  ;  a 
generous  friend  and  great  administrator 
of  the  savage  lands  he  conquered  ;  at 
once  a  pioneer  of  law  and  order,  and  chief 
agent  in  the  slave  trade  —  such  was  El 
Zubeir,  of  whom  Gordon  in  his  last  days 
wrote  :  "It  is  a  sine  qua  non  that  you 
send  Zubeir"  to  save  the  Sudan.  Gordon 
then  saw  in  his  ancient  enemy  the  one 
man  who  had  influence  enough  among  the 
blacks  to  make  successful  head  against 
the  Mahdi.  Zubeir's  influence  was  un- 
doubtedly enormous,  and  it  was  based 
on  real  achievement  and  well-proved 
qualities.  But  the  England  of  1884  had 
heard  of  Zubeir  only  as  the  greatest  of 
all  slave-traders,  and  knew  nothing  of 
his  popularity  and  rare  success  as  an 
administrator. 

In  this  small  book  we  have  his  own 
account  of  bis  achievements,  taken  down 
and  translated  into  English  by  one 
who  had  frequent  opportunities  of  talk 
with  him  in  his  old  age.  H  is  not  the 
whole  truth,  as  the  translator  warns  us, 
but  simply  the  version  of  his  exploits 
which  the  old  man  wished  to  be  accepted 
by  the  English.    Thai  it  hides  the  truth 

at  some   points   is  apparent    from   the   faet 

that  all  mention  of  the  slave  trade  (now 
condemned)  is  here  omitted.    Zubeir  even 

went  so  far.  in  talk  with  Mr.  Jackson,  as 
to  vow  that  1 1  r  -  had  never  in  his  life  "  raided, 
for    slaves  "  ;     and    it    is    possible,    as    .Mr.  ' 


Jackson  suggests,  that,  despite  his  evil 
reputation  in  this  matter,  "the  capture 
of  slaves  was  for  Zubeir  but  an  incidental 
in  a  larger  scheme  of  things" — that  his 
aims  were  always  more  imperial  than 
commercial.  However  that  may  he.  his 
travels  and  adventures,  as  he  himself 
relates  them,  are  extremely  interesting. 
They  remind  us  of  the  voyages  of  Ibn 
Bat  utah. 

"In  this  lake  we  wandered  tor  five  and 
seventy  days  without,  seeing  aught  but,  sky 
and  sea.... then  indeed  did  our  8tx 
become  exhausted,  and  we  ate  what  we 
had  of  skins  and  leather  thongs,  being 
reduced  to  sore  straits  through  hungi  r. 
While  we  were  in  this  sad  condition,  lo  ! 
there  appeared  some  smoke  afar  off.  So 
Amuri  and  I  selected  nine  of  our  men,  and 
we  embarked  in  a  small  skiff,  making  for 
the  direction  of  the  smoke,  but  we  had  not 
gone  but  a  short  distance  from  the  boats 
when  the  smoke  ceased.  Then  the  boats 
drew  away  from  us,  and  we  wandered 
aimlessly  at  random,  suffering  so  much 
from  the  violence  of  our  hunger  that  verily 
we  were  on  the  brink  of  destruction.  In 
the  end  we  saw  afar  off  a  tree  on  a  mound 
in  the  middle  of  the  waters,  and  beneath 
it  we  found  a  large  crocodile.  This  we  shot 
and  ate.... Then  we  turned  to  go  towards 
the  boats,  which  we  reached  after  an  absence 
of  four  days.  While  we  had  been  away,  lo  ! 
we  found  that  eighteen  men  had  died  of 
hunger,  and,  when  the  others  had  heard  of 
our  failure,  straightway  another  died  also." 

The  story  of  his  early  days  is  one  of 
great  endurance,  told  with  shrewd  curt- 
ness,  and  containing  bits  of  observation 
like  the  following  :  "  The  cannibals  did 
not  eat  the  nails  of  their  victims,  but 
removed  them  as  we  remove  the  talons  of 
a  chicken."  Zubeir  does  not  evince  that 
horror  of  cannibalism  which  one  would 
expect  to  find  in  so  correct  a  Muslim.  In 
the  height  of  his  power  he  kept  about 
him  persons  learned  in  religion,  whom  he 
adjured  to  warn  him  always  if  he  dealt 
unrighteously.  That  they  were  now  and 
then  afraid  to  do  so  we  conjecture  from 
his  own  description  of  his  conduct  upon 
one  occasion  : — 

"Their  messengers  chanced  to  see  son  <■ 
of  my  Nyam  -  Xyam  soldiers  who  had 
assembled  round  the  corpse  of  a  dead  man 
and  were  sharing  it  between  them.  SO] 
taking  the  head,  others  the  feet,  others  again 
the  legs  and  chest,  which  they  tried  over  the 
fire  and  ate.  Their  hair  stood  on  end  a!  the 
sight,  and  they  took  the  news  back  together 
u  it  h  my  reply." 

This  incident,  which  he  relates  with  some 
complacency,  since  it  dismayed  his  ene- 
mies, would  not  have  been  so  viewed  by 
his  religious  counsellors.  Ho  show  s  a  sense 
of  humour  and  proportion  in  his  narrative, 
do,-  in  ,1  exalt  himself  or  his  own  prowi 
and  in  more  than  one  place  owns  to  having 

h<  ,n  balf  dead  with  tiigh'  :    \<t   he  foughl 

in  all  a  hundred  and  twenty  battles,  and 
••  by  the  blessing  of  God  "  losl  bu1  thi 

of  them. 

Mr.  Jack-on  in  the  Introduction  to  his 

mating      book     apologizes     for     diort- 

i  omings  which  we  think  imaginarj  .     Any 
ebon  ;it  adornmenl  musl  in  some  d<  m 
have  robtx  d  bis  little  work  of  the  value, 

which     it     now      i>  s,    of    a     human 

do   mil'  nt . 


196 


THE     ATHENiRUM 


Xo.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


Royal  Spain  of  To-day.  By  Tryphosa 
Bates  -  Batcheller.  (Longmans  &  Co., 
1/.  5s.  net.) 

Tins  book  is  an  account  of  great  and 
august  personages  met  and  historical 
places  visited  during  a  pleasant  scamper 
over  a  good  deal  of  Spain  and  a  part  of 
Portugal,  begun  and  mostly  carried  out 
in  a  motor-car  under  the  personal  conduct 
of  Her  Royal  Highness  the  Infanta 
Eulalia  who,  however,  did  not  at  first 
reveal  her  rank.  Not  only  in  the  illus- 
trations but  also  in  the  text  we  find 
intimate  portraits  of  most  of  the  royalty 
and  greater  nobility  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Incidentally  we  get  also  a  fairly 
complete  sketch  of  the  author  who  has 
a  quick  grasp  of  generalities,  is  hasty  over 
detail,  and,  in  all,  proves  herself  as 
pleasant,  enthusiastic  and  really  sym- 
pathetic a  lady  as  her  many  royal  and 
aristocratic  friends  evidently  found  her. 

The  touring  party,  which  consisted  of 
the  Infanta,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bates-Batcheller, 
an  Italian  maid  and  an  exceptionally 
resourceful  chauffeur  of  the  same  nation- 
ality, started  from  Paris  and  are  joined 
by  the  reader  just  as  they  are  about  to 
cross  the  Pyrenees.  The  automobile  was 
perfect,  as  were  all  the  arrangements, 
including  those — not  the  least  in  import- 
ance —  for  providing  the  Infanta  with 
afternoon  tea. 

Throughout  the  trip  nothing  seriously 
untoward  happened,  although  no  one 
except  the  Infanta  herself  appears  to 
have  been  quite  comfortable  during  the 
stay  at  Barcelona,  towards  the  end  of 
which  the  royal  lady's  identity  seems  to 
have  been  pretty  clear  to  several  people. 

At  and  after  Granada,  notwithstand- 
ing an  incognito,  there  were  audiences 
to  be  granted  or  refused  to  governor- 
generals,  important  clerics  and  other 
highly  placed  local  people.  The  task  of 
presenting  or  dismissing  these  fell  to  the 
author  who  herself  marvels  at  the  suffi- 
ciency of  her  knowledge  of  Spanish 
which,  we  are  allowed  to  assume,  she 
first  assimilated  together  with  the  air 
of  the  Pyrenees  at  the  beginning  of  the 
trip.  However,  as  she  says,  she  has  a 
gift  for  languages  and  evidently  con- 
trived to  frame  inoffensive  excuses  for 
getting  rid  of  the  callers  whom  the  In- 
fanta did  not  wish  to  see.  Still,  the 
Spanish  word  for  carnations  is  claveles, 
not  "  clavilles  "  as  she  spells  it. 

The  book  contains  a  few  statistics,  and 
a  good  deal  of  information  accompanies 
the  descriptions  of  places  and  edifices 
visited.  Indeed,  were  it  not  for  its  size 
and  weight  it  would  make  an  excellent 
guide-book  for  any  one  wishing  to  recon- 
struct the  sightseeing  part  of  the  trip. 
There  are  many  excellent  reproductions 
of  photographs  signed  with  eminent  auto- 
graphs and  good  views  and  other  pictures 
taken  by  Mrs.  Bates-Batcheller's  own 
camera.  The  narrative  is  told  in  a  light- 
hearted  fashion  with  the  aid  of  many 
American  colloquialisms.  We  gather  that 
Mrs.  Bates-Batcheller  hails  from  Massa- 
chusstts  and  the  only  quarrel  one  would 


pick  with  her  Americanisms  concerns  her 
description  of  the  wimples  of  the  nuns  at 
Ronda  as  "  face-fittings." 

Some  needless  repetition  and  confused 
punctuation  might  have  been  avoided,  but 
the  get-up  of  the  book  is  good,  and  the 
cover  is  copied  from  that  of  an  old  Missal 
in  Toledo  Cathedral. 


The  Curious  Lore  of  Precious  Stones.  By 
George  Frederick  Kunz.  (Lippincott, 
11.  Is.  net.) 

This  is  a  very  interesting,  if  somewhat 
uncritical  book  on  a  subject  which  will 
attract  readers  of  every  kind — the  magical 
properties  of  precious  and  semi-precious 
stones — if  the  word  "  magical  "may  be  used 
to  cover  the  whole  ground,  from  merely 
physical  but  unexplained  properties  to 
purely  symbolic  attributions  in  apoca- 
lyptic literature.  Dr.  Kunz  has  been 
studying  and  collecting  precious  stones 
for  himself  and  others  during  a  quarter 
of  a  century,  and  possesses  a  great  number 
of  books  about  them :  his  little  volume 
on  the  sentiments  and  superstitions  con- 
nected with  precious  stones  has  reached 
its  twenty-first  edition,  and  his  treatise 
on  the  pearl  is  a  complete  account  of  all 
that  is  known  about  it.  It  would  hardly 
be  accurate  to  say  that  this  book  is 
confined  to  what  is  merely  believed 
about  precious  stones,  for  it  contains  a 
large  number  of  very  good  illustrations 
of  actual  jewels  of  all  sorts,  but  there  would 
be  some  justification  for  the  statement. 
Amulets  and  talismans,  crystal  balls  and 
crystal-gazing,  ominous  and  birth  stones, 
planetary  and  medical  charms — all  find  an 
omnivorous  chronicler  in  our  author. 
He  is  honourably  distinguished  among  his 
fellows,  however,  in  that  he  gives  refer- 
ences for  his  statements,  and  still  more  so 
in  that  these  are  correct. 

Alike  in  the  breastplate  of  the  High 
Priest  and  the  cornelian  seal  of  Napoleon 
lost  from  the  body  of  the  Prince  Imperial, 
in  the  fetish  of  the  Stone  Age  and  the 
lucky  engagement  ring  suggested  for 
the  betrothals  of  to  -  day,  there  is  a 
certain  naive  and  crude  mysticism  which 
shows  how  the  great  majority  of  mankind 
have  always  chosen  to  attach  importance 
to  some  properties  of  substances  which 
science  has  taught  us  to  neglect.  To  them 
all  existence  is  linked  together  by  analogy, 
not  by  the  relation  of  cause  and  effect, 
and  the  more  obvious  the  analogy  to  the 
untrained  observer,  the  deeper  is  the 
sympathy  which  they  suppose  to  be 
produced  by  the  relation.  Of  these 
analogies  perhaps  colour  is  the  most 
obvious.  To  the  chemist  of  yesterday 
the  colour  of  the  ruby  or  sapphire  is 
merely  the  evidence  of  a  trace  of  impurity 
in  the  crystal;  to  the  mystic,  savage  or 
civilized,  its  colour  is  the  property  of 
the  gem  which  brings  it  into  relation  with 
the  universe. 

In  time  a  whole  system  of  natural 
magic  was  evolved  out  of  these  glittering 
baubles,  and  the  reader  may  see  for 
himself     how     curiously    concordant     its 


results  are,  though  part  of  this  agree- 
ment is  no  doubt  due  to  an  unconscious- 
selection  by  a  long  series  of  editors.  Dr. 
Kunz  himself  does  not  take  a  venr  decided 
line.  Of  course,  magic  is  plainly  impossible, 
but  clairvoyants  react  very  markedly  to- 
different  gems ;  and  some  very  queer 
things,  which  he  relates  at  length,  have 
been  seen  in  crj^stals.  In  fact,  he 
would  say,  a  superstition  is  a  shadow  of 
a  truth,  but  he  is  not  prepared  to  say  (nor 
is  any  one  else)  what  are  the  particular 
truths  all  these  interesting  tales  represent. 
In  the  meantime  he  has  given  us  a  very 
useful  compendium  of  legendary  history 
which  will  be  a  mine  of  information  to  all 
those  curious  in  the  matter. 

We  note  a  few  slips  when  the  author 
leaves  his  subject.  Dick  Deadeye's  name 
has  no  reference  to  the  evil  eye,  but  to 
the  dead-eye,  a  pulley-block  without  a 
sheave.  The  date  on  p.  44  is  plainly 
impossible,  even  as  a  misprint,  and 
diamond  dust  would  act  as  a  poison  in 
the  same  way  as  powdered  glass.  There 
is  a  very  good  Index,  and  the  illustrations 
are  excellent. 


The  Greatest  House  at  Chelsey.  By  Ran- 
dall Davies.     (John  Lane,  10s,  6eZ.  net.) 

In  Cheyne  Walk  and  Thereabout.  By 
Reginald  Blunt.  (Mills  &  Boon,  10s.  6d. 
net.) 

Many  books  have  been  written  about 
Chelsea,  but  there  is  still  room  for  these 
two,  both  of  which  relate  to  the  beautiful 
riverside.  The  hero  of  Mr.  Davies's  is- 
Sir  Thomas  More,  and  that  of  Mr.  Blunt's 
Thomas  Carlyle.  A  large  number  of 
celebrated  men  have  been  connected  with 
Chelsea,  and  the  manor  has  been  held  by 
royal  and  noble  personages,  but  the  name- 
that  adorns  the  "  village  "  most  is  that 
of  More. 

The  remarkable  and  delightful  character,, 
which  drew  to  him  all  the  genius  of  his 
age,  is  stamped  indelibly  upon  our  history, 
and  he  lives  again  in  the  vivid  letters- 
of  Erasmus  and  the  wonderful  drawings  of 
Holbein.  Mr.  Davies  gives  us  a  good 
picture  of  More's  family  life,  illustrated 
by  Mr.  Hollyer's  fine  reproductions  of 
Holbein's  portraits.  Erasmus  writes : — 

"  More  hath  built  near  London  upon  the 
Thames  side  a  commodious  house,  neither- 
mean  nor  subject  to  envy,  yet  magnificent 
enough  ;  there  he  converseth  with  his 
family,  his  wife,  his  son  and  daughter-in- 
law,  his  three  daughters  and  their  husbands, 
with  eleven  grandchildren.  There  is  not 
any  man  so  loving  to  his  children  as  he." 

The  same  great  writer  tells  Ulric  von. 
Hutten : — 

"  He  is  of  middle  height,  well  shaped,  com- 
plexion pale,  without  a  touch  of  colour  in 
it,  save  when  the  skin  flushes.  His  hair  is- 
black,  shot  with  yellow,  or  yellow  shot  with 
black  ;  beard  scanty,  eyes  grey  with  dark 
spots- — an  eye  supposed  in  England  to> 
indicate  genius,  and  to  be  never  found 
except  in  remarkable  men."  ■,, 

We  see  in  Holbein's  portraits,  first  in 
importance    the    whole   family;    then  Sir 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


THE     A  Til  EX.EUM 


VX 


John  More,  Sir  Thomas's  father;  John. 
the  eldest  son.  to  whom  Erasmus  dedi- 
cated his  edition  of  Aristotle;  as  well  as 
Margaret  the  devoted  daughter,  upon 
whose  husband,  William  Roper,  More 
exerted  so  strong  an  influence. 

Amongst  More's  visitors  at  "thegreatest 
house  in  Chelsea  "  was  the  King  himself, 
who  would 

" sodenly  sometimes  come  home.... to  be 
merry  with  him,  w  hithereon  a  tyme  onlooked 
for  lu>  came  to  dinner,  and  after  dinner  in  a 
fahv  garden  of  his  walked  with  him  by  the 
space  of  an  houre,  houlding  Ins  arme  about 
his  nock  "  ; 

yet  Henry  VJJJL.  could  send  this  friend  to 
the  scaffold ! 
Although  the  house  has  long  disappeared, 

its  site  should  be  long  remembered  as  the 
meeting  -  place  of  -More  and  his  friends. 
Its  successive  tenants  form  a  goodly 
band,  and  .Mr.  Davies  does  justice  to 
them  all.  telling  a  continuous  story  that 
deals  with  much  important  history  until 
the  destruction  of  the  house  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  Hans  Sloane. 

William  Paw  let.  first  Marquis  of  Win- 
chester of  his  family,  was  a  very  different 
man  from  More,  and  did  nothing  during 
forty  years"  tenancy  to  enliven  the  story 
of  the  house.  His  successful  career  was 
governed  by  a  determination  not  to  be  a 
martyr.  He  described  himself  as  being 
made  of  pliable  willow,  not  of  the  stubborn 
oak.  Knox  hit  him  off,  under  the  name  of 
Shebna  the  scribe,  as 

"  a  crafty  old  fox  [who]  could  show  such  a 
fair  countenance  to  the  King,  that  neither 
lie  nor  his  Council  could  espy  his  malicious 
treason." 

When  Lord  and  Lady  Dacre  had  the 
house,  the  latter's  brother  Thomas  Sack- 
ville.  Lord  Buckhurst,  lived  with  them. 
8  tsequently  Lady  Dacre  devised  her 
Chelsea  property  to  Lord  Burghleyfor  life, 
with  remainder  to  Sir  Robert  Cecil.  The  two 
Villi,  i-  Dukes  of  Buckingham  possessed 
it  for  a  time.  ( ieorge  Digby,  Earl  of 
Bristol,  bought  it  from  the  trustees  of  the 
ond  Duke,  and  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
followed  in  1681.  In  1737  Beaufort 
Bouse  was  conveyed  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane. 
who  pulled  it  down  in  1740.  Beaufort 
Street  took  its  naine  from  the  house,  and 
later  a  block  of  mansions  has  been  named 
M  -  Garden.  Kip's  fine  engraving  of 
the  house  gives  a  good  idea  of  its  ap- 
pearance  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  with  the  fine  garden  running 
down  to  the  river,  where  now  stands 
Cheyne  Walk,  which  Mt.  Blunt  has  made 
the  Bubject  of  an   interesting  volume . 

I  charm  of  Chelsea  has  always 
brought  noteworthy  men  and  women 
it-  old-world  houses.  M  u ■;.  Astell, 
described  by  Henry  Dodwell  as  "an 
admirable  gentlewoman,"  a  forty  years' 
resident,  well  dea  a   chapter  to  her- 

self. Don  Saltero's  tavern  and  museum 
of  antiquities  attracted  a  remarkable 
amount  oi  attention  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  It  was  not  altogether  disdained 
by  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  the  founder  of  a  still 

iter  museum,  for  he  gave  to  it  some 


of  his  •"  gimoracks,"  as  Edmund  Howard 
calls  them.  A  chapter  on  Dominieeti, 
'"  .Kseulapius  Fumiuans."  who  was  sup- 
ported by  Sir  John  Fielding  (I li-ni  \ 
Fielding's  brother  and  successor  at  Bom 
Street),  and  denounced  by  Samuel  .Johnson, 
is  of  value  as  containing  a  description  of 
a  quack  of  parts.  The  famous  china 
factory,  which  had  a  short,  but  brilliant 
history,  is  well  dealt  with  under  the  title 
■  At    the   Sign  of  the  Anchor.' 

The  chapter  on  the  Physick  Garden  and 
its  vicissitudes  contains  a  worth}' record  of 
some  notable  persons — James  l'ctiver  and 
James  Sherard,  who  did  good  work  in 
their  day,  as  did  Dr.  Alexander  Blackwell 
and  his  heroic  wife.     Mr.  Blunt  writes  : — 

"  Sloane  was  a  ruthless  house-breaker 
against  whom  we  who  love  our  Chelsea  have 
many  a  grudge.  But  we  take  off  our  hats 
to  him  this  evening  as  we  pass  out  of  the 
gateway  to  Swan  Walk  ;  for  though  he  has 
robbed  us  of  much  we  would  tain  have 
cherished  and  preserved,  he  gave  us  the 
Physick  Garden." 

The  last  chapter  of  Mr.  Blunt's  book  is  of 
special  interest,  as  it  is  devoted  to  "  Mrs. 
Carlyle  and  her  housemaid."  Mrs.  Car- 
lyle's  letters  to  Jessie  are  delightful,  and 
it  speaks  well  for  Carlyle  himself  that 
Mrs.  Broadfoot,  who  left  his  service  to  be 
married,  was  staunch  in  praise  of  his 
kindness,  and  declared  that  he  was  the 
very  reverse  of  "  bad-tempered." 


Life  of  the  Viscountess  de  Bonnault  d'Houet, 
Foundress  of  the  Society  of  the  Faithful 
Companions  of  Jesus,  1781-1858.  By 
the  Rev.  Father  Stanislaus,  F.M.  Capu- 
chin. Translated  from  the  French  by 
One  of  her  Daughters.  With  Prefaces  by 
His  Eminence  Cardinal  Bourne  and  by 
the  Bight  Rev.  Abbot  Gasquet.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.,  7/6  net.) 

Xot  a  few  people  seem  to  think 
that,  though  it  is  natural  enough  that 
there  should  have  been  Founders  and 
Foundresses  of  Religious  Orders,  and  even 
saints,  in  that  vague  period  which  they 
style  "the  old  days,"  they  would  be  out 
of  place  now,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact 
do  not  exist.  Yet  they  do,  and  work — 
little  as  some  of  their  highly  educated 
fellow-creatures  appear  to  realize  it.  Such 
a  one,  a  modern  analogue  in  some  aspects 
of  St.  Jeanne  Franchise  de  Chantal,  is 
the  subject  of  this  memoir. 

After  ten  months  of  married  life  with 
the  Vicomte    de   Bonnault   d'Houet   she 

was   left   a    widow.     She   devoted    herself 

to  her  son.  looked  closely  after  the  inter- 

Of  her  dependents  on  her  estates,  and 

performed    excellently    all    her    duties 
secular  and  religious. 

She  came  into  touch  with  the  Society  of 

J<  -us.  freed  in  L81  l  from  their  "  suppres- 
sion" by  a  revoking  Bull  of  Pius  VII., 
and  it  was  through  their  influence, 
specially  through  Fere  Varin,  though 
after  many  thwartings  and  trials,  that 
the  first  convent  of  the  Society  u.i- 
founded    at    Amiens.      The    store    of    the 


Society's  fortunes  is  told  at  length  by 
Fere  Stanislaus,  but  his  major  success  is 
with  the  great  Foundress.  All  but  the 
most  wilfully  prejudiced  must  be  won  by 
his  picture  of  interior  life  and  humble 
sanctity.  Madame  d'Houet — as,  to  con- 
ceal her  rank,  she  chose  to  be  called — 
was  an  illuminie,  yet  she  (headed  mysti- 
cism, *'  extraordinary  ways  "  ;  shrinking 
from  everything  which  removed  any  one 
Erom  the  ordinary  course  of  the  Church's 
methods — ""such  things  generally  end 
unfortunately."  She  is  of  the  high  lineage 
of  the  saints.  The  difficulties  put  in  h<  r 
way  (sometimes  rather  incomprehensibly) 
by  her  directors  recall  St .  Teresa's  poignant 
sufferings  in  that  sphere.  She  resembled 
that  saint  too  in  her  marked  business 
ability  ;  once  she  almost  recalls  St. 
Teresa's  great  words  on  practical  religion, 
when  she  warns  her  daughters:  "Walk 
faithfully  in  the  footsteps  of  our  Lord,  not 
in  sweetness  and  prosperity,  but  by  carry- 
ing with  Him  your  crosses  in  patience  "  ; 
and,  again,  there  is  a  touch  of  St.  Teresa's 
humour  when,  speaking  of  a  girl  making 
emotional  display  of  devotion,  she  says : 
L'  She  will  not  suit  us  ;  she  is  too  holy." 
But  not  to  St.  Catherine  of  Siena  herself 
was  the  inner  Voice  more  real,  more 
irresistible,  than  to  Madame  d'Houet  : 
'"  Through  the  shadows  of  uncertainty  He 
makes  Himself  recognised,  and  as  erst- 
while with  the  Apostles  on  the  lake,  we 
too  cry  out,  k  Dominus  est.'  ' 

This  trust  in  the  supernatural  was  not 
mere  talk.  When  the  Community  was 
struggling,  and  despite  the  fact  that 
education  was  one  of  its  aims,  she  wrote  : 

"  The  Community,  if  such  it  could  be 
called,  was  now  reduced  to  three.  Wo  had 
just  dismissed  the  only  one  of  our  number 
who  was  talented  and  highly  educated. 
Such  advantages  appeared  to  me  to  count 
for  very  little,  if  not  coupled  with  a  docile 
spirit  and  one  in  harmony  with  the  holy 
rules  we  had  adopted." 

This  kind  of  reckless  faith  in  adhering  to 
right  principles  surely  might  be  a  model 
now,  when  expediency  seems  too  often 
the  rule,  and  shining  talents  are  misused 
to  find  subtle  excuses  for  shady  pro- 
ceedings. 

Pere  Varin,  her  director,  supplied  her 
with  a  free  variant  of  her  family  motto, 
"  Bien  faire  et  laissez  dire."  By  this, 
"Courage  and  confidence,"  she  lived  and 
taught  her  daughters  to  live,  animated 
by  the  ruling  characteristics  of  her  life — 
immovable  faith,  genuine  humility,  and  a 
charity  almost  <li\  inc. 

The  book  is  well  translated,  and  illus- 
trated by  numerous  pictures  of  the 
convents  of  the  Societies.  Beneath  those 
of  the  French  convents  is  the  sad  legend  : 
••  School  closed  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment." Fortunatelj ,  no  political  force  or 
device  can  quench  the  abiding  influence 
of  eled  souls  like  Marie  Madeleine  Vic- 
Vicomtesse  de  Bonnault  d'Houet. 


198 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


THREE 


THOUSAND 
SCARABS. 


ROYAL 


The  first  volume  of  the  long-expected 
Catalogue  of  Egyptian  Scarabs  in  the 
British  Museum  is  out  at  last,  and  therein 
Mr.  Hall  gives  us  the  description  of  all  the 
scarabs  in  the  Museum  bearing  the  names 
of  kings  or  other  roj^al  personages.  They 
are  about  2,900  in  number,  and  form,  Dr. 
Budge  assures  us  in  a  prefatory  note,  only 
the  fifth  part  of  the  scarabs  under  his  care. 
A  good  deal  more  than  a  hah  of  those  de- 
scribed are  reproduced,  either  by  photo- 
graphs or  in  line,  in  the  present  volume, 
Avhich  will  be  indispensable  to  every 
student  of  Egyptology. 

Mr.  Hall,  we  think  rightly,  will  have 
nothing  to  do  with  any  "  freak  "  theory 
as  to  the  scarab  being  used  as  a  coin  or  the 
like.  According  to  him,  every  scarab — 
including  under  that  name,  as  does  the 
Catalogue,  cylinder  seals,  button-seals, 
and  flat  amulets  bearing  personal  names — 
was  intended  to  be  Avorn  on  the  person, 
and  was  employed  as  a  seal  only.  In  this 
capacity  it  served  many  of  the  purposes 
of  the  modern  key,  and  it  seems  to  have 
been  the  practice,  after  shutting  the  door 
of  a  house  or  cupboard,  to  plaster  a  piece 
of  mud  on  the  fastening  and  to  impress 
the  seal  upon  it,  so  that,  if  it  was  tam- 
pered with,  the  owner  would  discover 
the  fact.  Hence  the  excessive  multiplica- 
tion of  this  form  of  ornament,  which  has 
made  it  so  common  an  object  among 
Egyptian  antiquities  as  to  be  used  as  a 
generic  name  for  them  by  the  baser  sort 
of  American  tourist.  Why  even  those 
which  were  the  property  of  private 
persons  should  so  often  have  borne  the 
name  of  the  reigning  monarch  is  explained 
by  Mr.  Hall  as  due  to  the  magical  ideas 
with  which  nearly  all  Egyptian  beliefs  are 
saturated.  As  the  king  was  looked  upon 
as  a  divine  being,  his  name  was  in  itself 
an  amulet  or  phylactery  of  great  power, 
and  was  therefore  thought  to  avert  evil 
from  him  who  carried  it  about  with  him. 
The  royal  scarab,  therefore,  forms  one  of 
the  surest  means,  and  sometimes  the  only 
means,  of  dating  a  find  of  antiquities.  In 
this  respect,  and  in  this  respect  only,  it 
corresponds  to  the  modern  coin. 

Of  the  scarabs  catalogued  it  is  dim- 
cult  to  give  any  detailed  idea  here.  By 
far  the  greatest  number  bear  the  name 
of  Thothmes  III.,  a  monarch  whose  Asiatic 
conquests  seem  to  have  impressed  his 
subjects  more  than  the  exploits  of  any 
other  ruler  during  five  millennia.  Some 
are  of  great  beauty,  like  the  one  from  the 
Salt  Collection,  of  fine  blue  glazed  steatite, 
mounted  in  a  gold  ring ;  while  others  are 
of  the  roughest  possible  work.  Amen- 
hotep  III.  introduced  a  new  type  of  scarab 
of  a  large  size,  celebrating  his  marriage 
with  the  famous  Queen  Tii  or  his  success 
in  the  hunting  of  lions  in  much  the  same 
way  as  the  modern  commemorative  medal. 
Those  of  the  pretentious  Rameses  II.  are 
rather  disappointing,  none  of  them  here 
figured  being  up  to  the  standard  of  the 

Catalogue  of  Egyptian  Scarabs  in  the  British 
Museum. — Vol.  I.  Royal  Scarabs.  By 
H.  R.  Hall.    (British  Museum,  11. 15s.  net.) 


two  kings  just  mentioned,  although  a 
couple  of  brick-shaped  "  plaques,"  or 
stamps  recording  Rameses'  marriage  with 
the  daughter  of  the  Hittite  king,  are 
interesting.  Queen  Hatasu  or  "  Hat- 
shepset  "  is  well  represented,  as  is  King 
Pepi,  who  must,  we  think,  be  excepted 
from  Mr.  Hall's  somewhat  sweeping  state- 
ment that  the  scarabsof  the  other  Pyramid- 
building  kings,  Unas,  Khufu,  Khafra, 
and  Menkaura,  are  all  posthumous.  One 
fine  scarab  of  the  heretic  Khuenaten, 
which  has  lately  come  from  Nubia,  and  is 
included  among  the  Addenda  is  worth 
special  mention. 

Mr.  Hall's  work  is  well,  and,  so  far  as 
we  can  see,  carefully  done,  and  reflects 
great  credit  on  himself  and  the  Museum, 
while  he  supplies  a  most  useful  touch- 
stone for  distinguishing  posthumous  from 
contemporary  scarabs.  The  only  mistake 
we  have  been  able  to  find  is  his  translation 
of  Moi/oyevijs  in  Horapollo  and  elsewhere 
as  "  only  begotten,"  or  even  as  "  born  of 
one  sole  person."  As  has  been  pointed 
out  many  times  in  The  Athenceum,  "  only- 
begotten  "  would  be  jxovoykwi]ro<i,  and 
fjLovoyevijs  is  only  "  one  of  a  kind "  or 
"  unique."  It  was  thus  applied  by  the 
Orphics  to  several  children  of  Zeus,  and 
by  the  Gnostics  to  Christ,  from  whom  the 
orthodox  borrowed  the  expression  while 
mistaking  its  meaning. 

We  hope  that  the  remaining  volumes  of 
this  valuable  Catalogue  will  not  be  long 
delayed. 


GERMAN  LYRICS  A  LA  FRANQAISE. 

It  is  scarcely  realized  among  critics  what 
a  remarkable  body  of  lyric  poetry  (remark- 
able both  for  its  volume  and  for  its  quality) 
has  been  written  in  Germany  during  the 
last  twenty  years.  The  establishment  of 
the  Reich  in  1871,  and  the  national  en- 
thusiasm thereby  created,  overshadowed 
and  hampered  for  ten  or  fifteen  years  the 
development  of  literature  and  the  arts  : 
the  lyric  poets  were  among  the  first  to 
throw  off  the  incubus  and  let  their  voices 
be  heard  again. 

In  France  German  poetry  has  until 
lately  shared  the  fate  of  the  other  creative 
work  of  the  Deutsches  Reich  :  a  just 
appreciation  of  it  was  unlikely  to  come 
from  a  people  nationally  antipathetic  to 
Teutonic  literary  style,  among  whom, 
moreover,  there  still  lingered  traces  of 
the  animosity  which  1871  bequeathed 
to  the  following  generation. 

It  is  only  by  the  efforts  of  interpreters 
like  the  author  of  this  collection  that  the 
gulf  between  the  two  nations — now  happily 
far  less  wide — can  be  bridged  over  ;  and 
as  M.  Emile  Verhaeren  points  out  in  a 
letter  addressed  to  him,  and  prefixed  to 
the  poems  themselves,  M.  Guilbeaux  is 
one  of  the  first  to  welcome  these  German 
poets  with  a  full  and  complete  cordiality. 
By  so  doing  he  is  working  towards  the 

Anthologie  des  Lyriques  allemands  conlem- 
porains  depuis  Nietzsche.  Par  Henri 
Guilbeaux.  "  Les  Grandes  Anthologies." 
(Paris,  Figuiere  &  Cie.,  5  fr.) 


"  grande  unite  europeenne  "  which  is 
a  need  of  our  civilization,  and  his  effort 
deserves  unstinted  praise. 

In  execution,  however,  the  work  falls 
somewhat  short  of  really  high  quality, 
and  while  making  full  allowance  for  the 
difficulty  of  rendering  German  into  French 
verse,  we  must  point  out  that  his  trans- 
lations seldom  attain  any  great  literary 
beauty.  His  preliminary  essay,  in  which 
he  traces  the  course  of  German  lyrism 
from  the  time  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
War  to  the  present  day  (showing  how 
slow  and  tardy  was  the  reception  given 
in  France  to  its  products),  is  full  of  know- 
ledge and  discrimination  ;  but  how  little 
of  the  wonderful  suggestive  power  of 
Richard  Dehmel  has  passed  into  the 
French  words  !  Read  the  first  verse  of 
'  Die  stille  Stadt,'  with  its  subtle  impres- 
sionism : — 

Liegt  eine  Stadt  im  Tale, 

Ein  blasser  Tag  vergeht ; 

Es  wird  nicht  lange  dauern  mehr. 

Bis  weder  Mond  noch  Sterne, 

Nur  Naeht  am  Himmel  steht ; 

and  note  how  this  delicate  picture  of  a 
silent  city  shadowed  at  nightfall  by  mists 
from  the  surrounding  mountains  has  be- 
come "blurred  in  the  almost  literal  French 
equivalent : — 

Une  ville  est  dans  la  vallee, 

Un  jour  pale  agonise  ; 

Encor  quelques  instants 

Jusqu'a  ce  que — non  pas  la  lune,  ni  les  etoiles, 

Mais  la  nuit  seule  au  ciel  se  fixe. 

But  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  give  in 
French  the  essence  of  a  poet  like  Dehmel. 
M.  Guilbeaux  succeeds  better,  if  not  bril- 
liantly, in  his  renderings  from  certain 
other  German  ^Tists,  and  notably  in  the 
translations  from  the  Viennese  poet  Hugo 
von  Hofmannsthal,  the  spirit  of  whose 
work  is  much  more  closely  akin  to  the 
Latin  spirit  than  is  the  case  with  most  of 
his  contemporaries,  so  that  the  task  of 
presenting  his  verse  in  a  French  dress  is 
much  less  formidable.  We  have  here  also 
some  spirited  versions  of  the  songs  of 
Detlev  von  Liliencron.  whose  appearance 
in  German  lyric  poetry  one  may  con- 
veniently fix  as  the  beginning  of  the 
modern  period. 

With  a  small  number  of  striking 
exceptions,  however,  M.  Guilbeaux's 
own  renderings  go  far  to  discredit  his 
theory,  expressed  in  the  Preface,  that 
the  translator  of  a  poem  should  follow 
the  text  very  closely,  and  reproduce  the 
sense  without  any  attempt  to  reproduce 
the  rhythm.  In  all  good  poetry  the 
element  of  melody  is  at  least  as  important 
as  the  sense,  and  no  success  in  rendering 
the  latter  can  make  up  for  its  loss.  M. 
Guilbeaux's  book  is,  nevertheless,  a  valu- 
able achievement,  for  these  literal  ver- 
sions do  give,  though  in  an  attenuated 
form,  a  true  general  impression  of  their 
originals,  and  with  the  aid  of  the  Preface 
and  the  excellent  biographies  of  the  poets 
represented,  they  should  spread  widely 
in  France  a  knowledge  of  work  as  yet  far 
too  little  known. 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


199 


Through    the    Torii.     By    Yone    Nogaohi. 
(Elkin  Mathews,  5s.  net.) 

Tins  paper-bound  volume,  which  con- 
tains thirty-five  short  essays,  will  do 
little  to  enhance  Yone  Nbguohi's  reputa- 
tion as  a  writer  of  English.  Mr.  Nogaohi 
has  a  reputation,  but  he  must  not  forget 
that  for  most  people  reputations  are 
airy  and  fragile  things,  as  rleeting  as 
the  dew  on  his  own  Japanese  flowers. 
He  has  not  behind  him  the  solid 
rock  of  achievement,  like  the  great 
artists  who  have  materially  added  to 
human  thought  or  humanly  expressed 
beauty  ;  his  place  depends  on  the  "  sug- 
gestivciicss  "  which,  lie  well  knows,  his 
critics  attribute  to  him.  Nevertheless, 
his  chosen  medium  of  expression  is 
language,  and  as  he  is  known,  not  as  a 
writer  of  Japanese,  but  as  a  writer  of 
English,  it  behoves  him  to  look  to  his 
English  grammar  a  little  more  carefully. 
Emphatically  it  is  not  art  merely  to 
multiply  grammatical  blunders  in  the 
language  of  his  adoption.  We  may  for- 
give Mr.  Markino  for  doing  this,  because 
his  work  is  merely  amusing  journalese  ; 
it  can  only  damage  Mr.  Noguchi  to  play 
the  same  trivial  game,  for  he  is  an  artist. 
By  this  we  do  not  mean  to  say  that  he 
must  not  play  at  all  with  our  language  ; 
often  the  strange  turn  of  his  phrases  is 
illuminating  and  delightful ;  but  he  really 
might  get  some  one  to  correct  sentences 
like  the  following  : — 

M  What  difference  is  there  between  us 
human  beings  and  the  caterpillar  ?  Are  we 
not  caterpillar  who  may  live  little  longer  ?  " 

Who  could  read  with  pleasure  many 
pages  written  in  this  style  [ — 

1  The  incense,  an  old  vibration  of  the 
Japanese  heart,  quite  peculiar,  naturally 
fastidious,  gesticulated,  while  stealing  up 
from  a  two-horned  dragon's  mouth,  for  my 
friend  (who  returned  home  from  America 
by  the  last  steamer)  to  stop  his  talk  on 
automobiles  and  sky-scrapers." 
These  two  extracts  are  perfectly  fair 
samples  of  the  whole  book.  Had  his 
>k  not  fallen  into  the  hands  of  a 
conscientious  reviewer,  it  would  probably 
have  remained  half  finished.  Yet  to  leave 
it  so  would  be  a  pity,  for  there  are 
many  dainty  hints  and  glimpses  of  beauty 
in  its  pages. 

The  author  laments  the  loss  of  the  old, 
native  beauty  of  Japan,  and  says  : — 

I-    is  not   difficult  to  see  what  we  shall 
lose  fundamentally  from  coining,  as  we  have 
<•    to-day,    face    to    face    with    Western 
hteratii! 

The  most  interesting  chapters  are  the 
two  dealing  with  the  Hokku,  or  Japanese 
short  poems,  where  he  points  out  with 
justice  the  complete  failure  of  most  of 
the  English  and  American  translations  of 
these   little  gems.     In  anothei  .    he 

•  I  believe  that  the  true  art  has 
no  Bast  or  Weal  ae  it  is  always  born  from 
nowhere."  This  is  profoundly  true.  [:ut 
.Mr.  Nbgachi  must  not  forget  that  true 

art  has  always  a  medium  01  expression — 
marble,  paint,  words,  or  whatever  it 
may  be  ;  and  that  the  use  of  each  medium 
is  regulated  by  deep-lying  laws  of  tech- 
nique. 


SHORT    STORIES. 

The  quick  wit  and  liveliness  in  repartee 
of  the  Londoner  have  often  afforded 
opportunity  to  the  humorist,  and  when — 
as  in  Mr.  Pugh's  case — the  humorist  lias 
a  keen  eye  for  human  foibles,  the  result  is 
more  than  usually  diverting.  He  tells  us 
in  an  amusing  Preface  that  the  stories 
and  studies  in  '  The  Cockney  at  Home  ' 
are  only  a  few  of  the  many  he  has 
written,  and  that  in  preparing  the  book 
for  publication  he  had  to  re-read  them. 
He  confesses  that  they  made  him  laugh. 
It  would  have  been  strange  had  they 
not  done  so. 

Xot  the  least  curious  thing  about  the 
Cockney  is  the  eccentricity  of  his  vocabu- 
lary. Many  people  know  that  a  ki  roz/er  " 
is  a  policeman  and  a  "  tiggy  "  a  detective, 
but  few,  we  imagine,  except  the  initiated, 
would  guess  that  a  "  griddler "  was  a 
street  singer,  and  a  "  chanter  "  a  man 
who  fakes  horses''  with  intent  to  deceive." 
Mr.  Pugh  puts  forward  an  amusing  theory 
concerning  the  griddler.  He  contends — 
and  it  certainly,  on  reflection,  seems  to  be 
true — that  this  worthy  does  not  "  griddle  ''' 
at  all  in  the  summer — only  cold  or 
wet  weather  being  profitable. 

Mr.  Barry  Pain  has,  for  the  moment,  for- 
saken the  Cockney,  and  in  '  One  Kind  and 
Another  '  there  are  only  two  short  sketches 
— both  concerning  the  younger  generation 
at  play  in  Regent's  Park — which  may  be 
said  to  deal  with  London  life. 

One  of  the  complaints  of  the  humorist 
is  supposed  to  be  that  no  one  will  take 
him  seriously.  Mr.  Pain  has  cheerfully 
faced  this  difficulty  and  placed  the  serious 
stories  in  the  front  of  his  collection.  They 
are  ingenious  and  brightly  written,  but 
it  must  be  added  that  they  bear  a  sus- 
picion of  the  magazine  stamp.  The 
author  is  decidedly  happier  when  pur- 
veying lighter  fare.  Perhaps  the  best 
stories  in  the  book  are  the  four  headed 
'  Detection  without  Crime,'  in  which  the 
idea  is  amusingly  elaborated  of  a  man 
with  a  passion  for  amateur  detective  work 
following  up  weird  clues  which  end  in 
ordinary  explanations. 

'  South  Sea  Shipmates '  is  the  title 
of  a  book  which  gives  some  idea  of  a 
sailor's  life  in  Southern  waters.  The 
stories  are  written  in  a  vigorous  and 
lively  manner,  and  some  of  them  are 
amusing,  especially  that  which  tells  of 
the  adventures  of  a  party  of  retired 
and  prosperous  sea  captains  who,  as 
the  result  of  a  wager,  sign  on  before  the 
mast  in  a  sailing  vessel,  and  proceed  to 
criticize  the  conduct  of  her  commander, 
to  whom  they  subsequently  teach  a 
lesson  in  seamanship.  Unfortunately, 
however,  in  most  cases  the  element  of 
bloodshed  and  sensationalism,  although 
handled  in  a  realistic  manner,  has  been 
introduced  to  an  unnecessary  extent. 


The   Cockney  at    Home.     By    Edwin    Pugb. 

(Chapman  4  Ball,  6«.) 
One   !<;,»!  "„>i   Another.     By    Barry    I '.on. 

i  Martin  Becker,  <>*.) 
South    Sea    Shipmates.     By    -i"lm     Arthur 

Barry.     (Werner  Laurie,  (is.) 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Chase    (Frederic    Henry),    Tin:    Gospels    in    THE 

I. nail'  in-   Historical  CRITICISM,    1/   int. 

Macmillan 

This  essay,  reprinted  from  '  Cambridge  Theo- 
logical Essays,'  is  preceded  by  a  Preface  on  '  The 
Obligations  of  the  Clergy'  and  'The   Resurrec- 
t inn  of  our  Lord.' 
i  t.i  i lord  (s.  H.),  Apostolic  Fallibility,  evidenced 

from  an  Examination  of  the  Record  known 

"  The  Acts  of  the  Apostles,"  1/ 

Northampton  Press 
The  author  sets  out  to  show  1  bat  the  Apost  lee 
were   nol    infallible,   and    that   the    Acts  of  the 
Apostles  "  reveals  them  as  being  gradually  super- 
seded because  of  their  vital  spiritual  incapacity.'' 
Knox  (Right  Rev.  E.  A.),  Sacrifice  ob  Sacra- 
ment, 4/(5  net.  Longmans 
The   aim    of   this    treatise    is    "to    shew    tie- 
nature  of  the  crisis  which  lies  before  our  Church 
in  deciding  the  Vestment  controversy." 
Lucas   (Bernard),   Our  Task   in   India  :     SHALL 
we    Proselytise    Hindus    or    Evangelise 
India:-'   2/6   net.  Macmillan 
The  author's  object  is  "  to  give  a  fresh  pre- 
sentation of   Indian   missions,     and   offer  sugges- 
tions for  their  more  effective  working. 
Nairne  (Rev.  Alexander),  The  Faith  of  the  Old 
Testament,  2,t>  net.                          Longmans 
Includes     a     general     introduction     to     the 
subject,  and  aims  at  extracting  essential  principles 
from  critical  studies,  and  simplifying  the  "  truths 
that  matter  to  a  man  who  fears  Cod." 
Revised  Liturgy  (A),  being  the  Order  OB"  the 
Administration     op     the     Lord's     Supper 
according  to  the  Uses  of  the  Chukuh  of 
England,    with    Divers    Enrichments    and 
Alterations,  edited  by  B.  YV.  Randolph,  with 
an  Introduction  by  J.  il.  Maude,  1/6  net. 

Mowbray 
The  editor  has  rearranged  parts  of  the  Com- 
munion Service  in  order  to  bring  it  "  into  greater 
harmony  with  the  ancient  liturgies,"  and  has 
attempted  to  restore  "  those  ancient  and  Catholic 
features  which  in  1552  were  somewhat  ruthlessly 
struck  out." 

Waddell  (Rev.  P.  Hately),  The  Religious  Spirit, 
Sermon  Notes,  2/  net.  Blackwood 

These  are  skeletons  of  sermons,  being  notes 
made  by  the  author  before  preaching,  and  pub- 
lished in  his  retirement.] 

LAW. 

Every  Man's  Own  Lawyer,  a  Handy  Book  of 
the  Principles  of  Law  and  Equity,  678  net. 

Crosby  Lockwood 
Contains  a  variety  of    information  on  legal 
matters. 

POETRY. 

Belben  (May),  As  the  Heart  Speaks,  and  Other 
Poems,  2/6  net.       Amersham,  Bucks,  Morland 

This  volume  contains  a  number  of  sennets 
and  short  pieces,  chiefly  dealing  with  love  and 
friendship. 

Calignoc  (Robert),  Odd  Numbers.  1/  net.         Bell 
A    collection    of    satiric    and    epigrammatic 

verses.     The  cryptogram   "Bog.    Bacon   I'ecrit" 

in  the  author's  name  gives  him  an  opportunity  of 

poking  much  fun  at  Baconians. 

George  (Mrs.  Muriel  E.),  Nature's  [ntbrvxbws, 
and  Other  Poems,  i  6  net. 

Eastbourne,  Alex.  Clayton 
Short    piece's   dealing    with    various   aspects 

of  Nature  both  in  India  and  at  home.     There  are 

verses  on  each  month  of  the  year,  spring,  BUD 

and  similar  subjects. 

Hubbard  (H.  L.),  BETHLEHEM,  IND  OTHEB 
Verse,  l ,  net.  Cambridge,  Beffer  ; 

London,  Simpkin  &  Mar-hall 
•  ij.ihi.h.-m  '    is   a   dramatic   piece   in   fchn  a 
"episodes":    'The  Annunciation,    'The  Adorn 
tion  in  the  Beavens,'  and  '  The  Adoration  on  the 
Earth.'     it    is  followed   by   '  Bona     oi    I  >evotlon, 
•  Songs  of  the  Road,'  and  miscellaneous  pit 

Leigh  (Lormai,  Tin:  White  GATE,  OH)  OTHKB 
p0]  m-.   I  6  net.  Bunii  .  H<  wt  I  on 

\     mall  volume  of  verse  on  such  subiec  I 

lo\ .-,  d.ath.  separal  i children,  and  . 

Rossettl  (Chrlstlnai.  (emus  MARKET,  Tin: 
I-,  qj,  i  -  Proobj  38,  iND  mm  k  Poems, 
■■  \\  orld  i  Classics,     i    net.  Milford 

\      election    <>f    Christ  in  i     II 

Ulil,  ;,  frontispiece  and  Index.-  ..i  Titles  and  first 

I. in.    . 


200 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


Taylor  (A.  L.),  The  Ode?  op  Horace,  translated 
into  English  Verse,  4/6  net. 

Glasgow,  MacLehose 
"  What  seems  repugnant  to  modern  ideas 
has  been  softened,  altered,  or  omitted  "  in  this 
translation.  To  it  the  author  has  prefixed  trans- 
lations of  five  odes  written  in  Alcaics,  Sapphics, 
and  Asclepiads  for  the  sake  of  the  non-classical 
reader. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Barnett  (L.  D.),  A  Catalogue  of  the  Burmese 
Books  in  the  British  Museum,  11.  5s.  net. 

The  Museum 
A     descriptive    Catalogue,    with    a    General 
Index  of  Titles  and  a  classified  Subject  Index. 
Congress  Library,  Report  op  the  Register  op 
Copyrights  for  the  Fiscal  Year  1912-13. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 

Reprinted  from  the  Report  of  the  Librarian 

of  Congress.     It  includes  a  statement  of  recent 

copyright  legislation  and  international  copyright 

relations. 

Wales  National  Library,  Report  on  the  Progress 
op  the  Library  from  Oct.,  1910,  to  Oct., 
1913.  Aberystwyth,  the  Library 

Containing  the  Report  of  the  Council,  notes 
on  some  additions  to  the  Library,  lists  of  donors, 
and  a  financial  statement.  There  are  illustra- 
tions. 

Wigan  Free  Public  Library,  Reference  Department, 

Catalogue   op   Books   by   H.    T.    Folkard  : 
Part  XI.  T.  Wigan,  J.  Starr 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Manen  (Johan  van),  Mrs.  Besant's  Theosophy 

according  to  the  Bishop  op  Madras,  6  annas. 

Adyar,  Madras,  Theosophical  Publisuing  House 

An    answer    to    a    pamphlet    entitled    '  The 

Theosophy  of  Mrs.  Besant,'  written  by  the  Rev. 

E.  W.  Thompson,  and  endorsed  by  the  Bishop  of 

Madras  and  six  missionaries,  which  was  published 

in  Mysore  last  November. 

Religio  Doctoris,  Meditations  upon  Life  and 
Thought,  by  a  Retired  College  President,  $1.25 

Boston,  Badger 

A   collection   of   essays   on   ethical   subjects, 

with  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  G.  Stanley  Hall. 

Russell    (Hon.    Bertrand),    The   Philosophy   op 

Bergson,  1/  net.  Cambridge,  Bowes  ; 

London,  Macmillan 
This  paper  was  read  before  "  The  Heretics  " 
in  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  appeared  in  The 
Monist.  The  pamphlet  also  contains  Mr.  H. 
Wildon  Carr's  reply,  entitled  '  On  Mr.  Russell's 
Reasons  for  supposing  Bergson's  Philosophy  is 
not  True,'  and  Mr.  Russell's  rejoinder,  '  Mr. 
Wildon  Carr's  Defence  of  Bergson,'  which  were 
printed  in  The  Cambridge  Magazine. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Book  of  the  Dufls  (The),  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  compiled 
by  Alistair  and  Henrietta  Tayler. 

Eainburgo,  Willi 'm  Brown 
A  record  of  the  Duff  family  from  earliest 
times,  which  includes  genealogical  tables.  The 
illustrations,  consisting  of  reproductions  of 
pictures,  photographs,  and  sketches,  are  an  im- 
portant feature  of  this  history. 

Bryce    (James),    The    Ancient    Roman    Empire 
and  the  British  Empire  in  India  ;  The  Dif- 
fusion of  Roman  and  English  Law  through- 
out the  World,  6/  net.  Milford 
These  two  historical   essays   are  reproduced 
from  the  author's  '  Studies  in  History  and  Juris- 
prudence.'     The  figures  of  the  last  Indian  census 
and  references  to  recent  legislation  are  included, 
and  the  work  has  been  revised  throughout. 
Cheyney  (Edward  P.),  A  History  of  England, 
from  the   Defeat  of  the   Armada  to   the 
Death  of  Elizabeth,   with  an  Account  op 
English    Institutions    during    the    Later 
Sixteenth    and    Early    Seventeenth  Cen- 
turies, Vol.  L,  16/  net.                         Longmans 
A  history  of  the  last  fifteen  years  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  reign,  with  a  description  of  the  form 
of  government  and  society  existing  at  that  time, 
by  the  Professor  of  European  History  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania. 

Elder  (John  R.),  The  Highland  Host  of  1678, 

5/  net.  Glasgow,  MacLehose 

A     monograph     treating     of     Lauderdale's 

policy  of  coercion  in  dealing  with  the  opposition 

to  Episcopacy  in  the  west  of  Scotland. 

Gretton  (M.  Sturge),  A  Corner  op  the  Cotswolds 

through  the  Nineteenth  Century,  7/6  net. 

Methuen 
Mrs.  Sturge  Gretton,  drawing  on  personal 
memories  of  those  who  were  eyewitnesses  of  the 
old  order,  traces  some  of  the  changes  in  rural 
England  that  took  place  during  the  nineteenth 
century.  Her  study  is  of  the  tableland  between 
the  Coin  and  the  Evenlode  in  East  Gloucester- 
shire and  North-West  Oxfordshire. 


History  of  the  Nations,  edited  by  Walter  Hutchin- 
son, Part  I.,  Id.  net.  Hutchinson 
This  work  aims  at  giving  a  popular  account 
of  each  nation  from  the  earliest  time  to  the 
present  day,  and  will  be  completed  in  not  more 
than  fifty  fortnightly  parts.  It  is  profusely  illus- 
trated. The  present  number  contains  an  Intro- 
duction and  part  of  Prof,  Flinders  Pet rie's  history 
of  the  Egyptians. 

Hug  (Mrs.  Lina)  and  Stead  (Richard),  Switzer- 
land, "  The  Story  of  the  Nations  "  Series,  5/ 

Fisher  Unwin 
A    fourth    impression.     See    notice    in     The 
Athenccum,  Feb.  14,  1891,  p.  213. 

Low  (Sidney),  Egypt  in  Transition,  7/6  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 
This  book,  written  after  visits  to  Egypt  and 
the  Sudan,  gives  the  author's  impression  of  the 
political,  social,  and  administrative  conditions  of 
those  countries  during  the  transitional  period 
between  Lord  Kitchener's  reconquest  of  the 
Sudan  and  his  return  to  Cairo  as  British  Agent 
and  Consul-General.  Lord  Cromer  has  written 
the  Introduction,  and  there  are  portraits  and  an 
Index. 

Low  (Sidney),  The  Governance  of  England, 
3/6  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

A  new  and  revised  edition,  in  his  Introduction 
to  which  the  author  discusses  the  significance  of 
the  Parliament  Act,  the  present  situation  and 
possible  future  of  the  House  of  Lords,  the  Labour 
Unrest,  and  other  political  questions  of  the  time. 
See  notice  in  The  Athenaeum,  Jan.  21,  1905,  p.  79. 

Mann    (Rev.    Horace    K.),    The    Lives    of    the 

Popes  in  the  Middle  Ages,  Vols.  IX.  aid  X., 

12/  net  each.  Kegan  Paul 

Two  further  volumes  of  this  series.      Vol.  IX. 

ranges  from  Innocent  II.  to  Blessed  Benedict  XL, 

and   includes  the  dates   1130-59.     The  scope  of 

Vol.  X.  is  1159-98.     Each  volume  is  illustrated. 

Mowat  (R.  B.),  The  Wars  op  the  Roses,  1377- 
1471,  6/  net.  Crosby  Lockwood 

A  monograph  on  this  period  of  English  his- 
tory, illustrated  with  genealogical  tables  and  a 
map. 

Old  Magdalen  Days,  1847-1877,  by  A  Former 
Chorister,  paper  1/,  cloth  1/6 

Oxford,  Blackwell  ; 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
The  writer  of  these  reminiscences  was  a 
member  of  the  College  and  its  choir  for  thirty 
years,  and  he  relates  many  anecdotes  concerning 
the  numerous  colleagues  with  whom  he  came  in 
contact. 

Outline  of  Ireland's  Story  (An),  ftd.  net.  Stock 
A  sketch  of  Irish  history  from  the  earliest 
times.  In  the  last  chapter,  entitled  '  The  Union 
and  its  Results,'  the  author  takes  his  stand 
against  Home  Rule. 

Records    of    the    Worshipful    Company    of    Car- 
penters :    Vol.  I.  Apprentices'  Entry  Books, 
„    1654—1694,   transcribed    and    edited   by   Bower 
Marsh.  Oxford  University  Press 

The  entries  of  apprentices  from  the  year 
1654  to  1892  were  kept  in  six  books,  the  first 
three  of  which  are  here  reprinted,  following 
closely  the  form  of  the  original.  The  text  is  pre- 
ceded by  an  Introduction,  and  there  are  Indexes 
and  an  Appendix.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  copies 
of  this  volume  have  been  printed,  about  forty  of 
which  are  for  sale. 

Rives  (George  Lockhart),  The  United  States 
and  Mexico,  1821-1848,  2  vols.,  $8  net  per  set. 

New  York,  Scribner 
A  history  of  the  relations  between  the  two 
countries     from     the     time     of     Mexican     Inde- 
pendence to  the  Treaty  of   Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 
illustrated  with  maps. 

Southampton  Record  Society,  The  Port  Books 
of  Southampton  ;  or,  (Anglo-French)  Ac- 
counts of  Robert  Florys,  Water-Bailiff 
and  Receiver  of  Petty-Customs,  a.d.  1427— 
1430,  transcribed  and  edited  from  the  MS.  in 
the  Audit  House  by  Paul  Studer. 

Southampton,  Cox  &  Sharland 
Containing    an     historical      Introduction,      a 

transcript  of  the  Port  Books  with  a  translation 

on  the  right-hand  page,  an  Appendix,  Glossary, 

and  Indexes. 

Taylor  (Henry  Osborn),  The  Medieval  Mind,  a 

History  of  the  Development  of  Thought  and 

Emotion  in  the  Middle  Ages,  Second  Edition, 

2  vols.,  21/  net.  Macmillan 

In  his  revision  of  this  work  the  author  has 

changed     or     amplified     some     statements,     and 

added   a   chapter,   entitled  '  Phases   of   Mediaeval 

Growth,'  upon  the  Crusades  and  the  Towns  and 

Guilds.     See  notice  in    The  Athenccum,  June  10, 

1911,  p.  649. 


Venn  (John  and  J.  A.),  The  Book  of  Matricula- 
tions and  Degrees,  1544-1659,  45/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

This  is  a  catalogue  of  those  who  have  been 

matriculated  or  admitted   to  any  degree  in  the 

University  of  Cambridge  in  the  years  1544-1659. 

Watson  (E.  J.),  San  Miniato,  6d.  net. 

Bristol,  Partridge 
A  sketch  of   the  life  of   Giovanni  Gualberto, 
the  "  Merciful  Knight." 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Bennett  (Frank),  Forty  Years  in  Brazil,  10/6 
net.  Mills  &  Boon 

This  book  gives  some  account  of  the  history, 
natural  resources,  industries,  and  inhabitants  of 
Brazil,  and  is  fully  illustrated. 
Jacomb    (C.    E.),    "  God's    Own   Country,"    an 
Appreciation  of  Australia,  5/  net.  Goschen 

An  account  of  the  conditions  of  life  in  Aus- 
tralia, written  for  possible  English  emigrants  with 
a  Public  School  and  University  education.  The 
author  frankly  acknowledges  his  dislike  for  life 
in  that  country,  but  does  not  regret  his  sojourn 
there. 

Perry-  Ayscough     (H.     G.     C),    and    Otter-Barry 
(Capt.  R.  B.),  With  the  Russians  in  Mon- 
golia, 16/  net.  Lane 
A  record  of  the  authors'  travels  in  Mongolia, 
giving    an    account    of    Russian    policy    in    that 
country.     The     '  Latest     Developments     of     the 
Political  Situation  '  are  discussed  in  an  Afterword, 
and  Sir  Claude  Macdonald  has  written  the  Intro- 
duction.    There    are    many    illustrations    and    a 
map. 

EDUCATION. 

Hoare  (S.  J.  G.),  The  Schools  and  Social 
Reform,  the  Report  of  the  Unionist  Social 
Reform  Committee  on  Education,  6d.  net. 

John  Murray 
Mr.  Hoare  has  been  Chairman  of  the  Sub- 
Committee  appointed  by  the  Unionist  Social 
Reform  Committee,  and  his  report  embodies 
their  views  on  the  present  state  of  public  educa- 
tion in  England.  Mr.  F.  E.  Smith  has  written 
an  Introduction. 

Mark  (Thiselton),  The  Unfolding  of  Person- 
ality as  the  Chief  Aim  in  Education,  some 
Chapters  in  Educational  Psychology,  1/  net. 

Fisher  Unwin 
A  cheap  edition. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Bradley  (Henry),  On  the  Relations  between 
Spoken  and  Written  Language,  with  Special 
Reference  to  English,  1/  net. 

Milford  for  British  Academy 

This  paper,   in  which  it  is   expounded  that 

"  English  is  far  more  unsuited  than  other  European 

tongues  to  be  written  phonetically,     was  read  at 

the  International  Historical  Congress  last  April. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Briggs  (W.  Dinsmore),  Marlowe's  Edward  II., 

12/6  net.  Nutt 

The    text   is   preceded    by  an  historical  and 

critical  Introduction,  and  there  are  copious  notes 

and  an  Index. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Sikes  (E.  E.),  The  Anthropology  of  the  Greeks, 
5/  net.  Nutt 

A  discussion  of  the  Greek  view  of  the  origin 
and  primitive  state  of  the  human  race. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Bacon's  Maps  of  Counties,  2d.  net  each. 

Eight  coloured  maps  showing  the  physical 
features  of  the  following  counties  :  Glamorgan- 
shire, Hertfordshire,  Kent,  London,  Middlesex, 
Northumberland,  Oxfordshire,  and  Surrey. 
Bell's  French  Picture  Cards,  edited  by  H.  N.  Adair, 
Third  Series,  1  /6  net  per  set. 

This  set  contains  twelve  cards,  printed  in 
colour,  with  a  Questionnaire  on  the  back  of  each, 
and  is  intended  for  the  use  of  children  trained  on 
the  "  direct  method  "  in  writing  French  com- 
position. 
Chambers's  Effective  Readers,  Book  V.,  1/6 

Containing  prose  and  verse  extracts  from 
well-known  writers,  with  coloured  and  other 
illustrations.  At  the  end  of  the  book  there  are 
notes  on  the  spelling  and  meaning  of  difficult 
words  and  phrases,  a  few  exercises  on  each  extract, 
and  a  simple  exposition  of  some  rules  of  grammar. 
Gibson  (Samuel),  Mental  Arithmetic  for 
Juniors,  1/  Bell 

This  book,  containing  graded  exercises  in 
mental  arithmetic,  is  arranged  in  three  parts  for 
Standards  I.-IIL,  each  divided  into  forty  weekly 
sections. 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  10U 


THE     ATHEX/KITM 


2( » 1 


Llvy,  Book  XXVII.,  edited  by  S,  G.  Campbell, 
••  Pitt  Press  Series,"  3 

Cambridge  University  Press 
Includes    historical    and    literary    Introduc- 
tion, notes,  and  map  of  Italy. 

Wort  (Frederick^,  Commkkciai.  Geography  of 
thk  BRITISH  Empire,  lxci.rmxii  BRITISH  Isi.ks. 
1  ii  Oliver  &  Boyd 

This  book  treats  of  the  geographical  (actors 
thai  influence  commerce  and  the  various  products 
that  enter  into  the  commerce  of  the  British 
Empire.  It  is  illustrated  with  maps  and  dia- 
grams, and  quest  ions  and  exercises  are  sot  at 
the  end. 

Von  Glenn  (L.  C),  Chouville  (L.).  el  Wells  (Rose), 
Corns  l'i; ANi.-.vis  nr  Ltoxb  Pbbsb:  Premiere 
Partie,  Series  d'Actions,  Recitations,  el  Chan- 
sons, en  Transcription  phonetique  et  en  Ortho- 
graph  e  osuelle,  2  Cambridge,  lienor 

FICTION. 

Arthur  (Frederick),  The  Great  Attempt,  6 

John  Murray 
An  historical  novel  of  the  eighteenth  century 
concerning    the    struggle    which    ended    at    the 
battle  of  Culloden. 

Bindloss  (Harold),  The  (.Sold  Trail,  Id.        Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Blackwood  (Algernon),  Ten  Minute  Stories,  6/ 

John  Murray 
A  collection  of  short  stories  dealing  with   the 
supernatural. 

Bloem  (Walter),  The  [son  Year,  translated  from 

the  German  by  Stella  Bloch,  (>/  Lane 

The    narrative,    with    a    love-story    running 

through   it,   of   incidents   in  the  Franco-German 

struggle   of    1870-71. 

Boothby  (Guy),  A  Bride  FROM  the  Sea,  Id.  net. 
A  cheap  reprint.  Long 

Burgln  (G.  B.),  Within  the  Gates. 

Hutchinson 
The     adventures — mainly     in     a     Trappist 
monastery — of    an    overworked    novelist    and    a 
girl-journalist,  with  the  inevitable  ending. 

Chambers  (R.  W.),  In  the  Quarter,  1/  net. 

Constable 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Couperus  (Louis),  Small  Souls,  translated  by 
Alexander  Teixeira  de  Mattos,  6/ 

Heinemann 
This    novel,    which    is    translated    from    the 
Dutch,  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  four  describing 
the   fortunes   of   the  family    Van   Lowe. 

Cullum  (Ridgwell),  The  Twins  of  Suffering 
Crkkk.  2    net.  Chapman  ic  Hall 

A  reprint  in  a  cheaper  edition. 

Curwood  (James  Oliver),  Kazan  the  Wolf-Dog , 

Cassell 
A  study  of  a   wolf-dog  which    struggles    be- 
tween fidelity  to  a   woman  and  love  of  wild   life 
With  his  blind  mate. 

Farmer  (Henry  ,  slaves  of  Chance,  6/ 

Chatto  A:  Windus 
This  novel   tells  of  mysterious  crimes  com- 
mitted by  an  international  secret  society  and  of 
.    adopted  in  their  unravelling. 

Flynon  the  Sin-Eater,  by  "  A  Whisper,"  6/ 

Hold,  ii  A;  Hardingham 
This     book     is     written     to     show     that     in- 
variably  it    i-    the   woman   who   pays   for  the  sins 
of  other-,,  and  tint  the  man  goes  free. 

Flatau  (Theodore  ,  The  Thru  b-Born,  6/ 

Holden  &  Hardingham 
The  heroine  of  this  -i,  ry  is  a  psychological 
:y.     Her  failings— and  she  has  many— appear 
to  I  to  her  ancestors  for  three  genera- 

tions hack.  Neither  the  exercise  of  will-power 
on  her  part,  nor  the  advice  of  relatives,  proves 
of  .iri_\  ,i  rail  against  t hese  foi 

Fletcher  (J.  S.i,  The  BaNSOM  BOB  London,  6/ 

Long 
\  -•  •■  -  of  three  men  discover  ;.  method  of 
inflicting  instantaneous  death  without  leaving 
any  trace  in  their  victim,  and  threaten  to  destroy 
the  population  of  London  unless  they  receive  a 
of  ten  million  pounds  from  the  Govern- 
ment. The  author  tells  how  they,  while  keeping 
their  own  identity  secret,  demonstrate  then 
powi  Prime  Minister,  and  how  the 

account  is  settled. 

Hope   'Margaret  8/  kfethuen 

\  story  oi  a  woman  of  good  position  who 
nt  to  prison  for  stealing  a  ring,  she  is  unable 
to  conceal  her  guili  from  her  daughter,  and  at 
the  sight  of  the  girl's  misery  runs  away  from 
home  in  the  vain  hope  thai  she  may  be  able  to 
retrieve  the  i 


Ince  (Mabel),  TheOommonpl  LCE  \m>  ('i.kmkntink, 

6  Chatto   A.    Windus 

A     study     in     the    development     of    affection 

between  a  boy  and  girl  who  have  been  brought 

Up   as    brother   ami    sister. 

Johnston   (Mary),   By   ORDER  OF  the  Company, 

1,  net.  Constable 

A  cheap  reprint.  See  notice  in  The  Athe- 
ncBUtn,  .March  It),  1900,  p.  :!(»2. 

Johnston  (Mary),  The  Old  Dominion,  1/  net. 

Constable 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Keating  (Joseph),  The  Makkiace  Contract,  (5/ 

Hutchinson 
The  story  relates  how  a  vain  woman  lost, 
the  love  of  her  husband  through  breaking  her 
marriage  vows.  The  husband's  view  of  the  sanc- 
tity of  the  marriage  contract  compels  him  to 
keep  the  unfaithful  wife  as  the  head  of  his  house. 
In  the  end  his  love  for  the  once-erring,  though 
still  loving  wife  returns  through  an  act  of  self- 
abnegation  on  the  pari  of  a  young  girl  whose 
sympathy  for  Ins  misfortune  is  akin  to  love,  and 
the  result  is  a  happy  reconciliation. 

Mordaunt  (Elinor),  Simpson,  0/  Methuen 

Simpson,  a  retired  business  man  in  the  prime 
of  life,  organizes  a  bachelors'  club  of  congenial 
spirits,  for  which  he  leases  an  old  country  estate 
beyond  the  reach  of  feminine  influence.  This 
story  concerns  the  storming  and  capitulation  of 
their  citadel. 

Overton  (John),  Dickie  Devon,  ft/  Methuen 

The  scene  of  this  story  of  the  Civil  War  is 
laid  in  the  West  Country.  The  hero,  a  Royalist 
oflicer,  forced  by  the  villainy  of  his  commander 
to  be  a  spy,  is  pursued  by  adventure  after  adven- 
ture in  quick  succession.  Most  of  these  circum- 
stances compel  him  to  share  with  a  charming 
girl — and,  needless  to  say,  the  love-interest  is 
not  absent. 

Pope  (Jessie),  The  Tracy  Tubbses,  3/6 

Mills  &  Boon 

A  humorous  recital  of  the  adventures  of  a 

newly  married  couple.      Besides  the  usual  culinary 

mishaps,  their  lot  includes  "  the  menacing  perils 

of  wild  animals,  whales,  ghosts,  and  aviators." 

Salad  Days,  6/  Long 

The  story  of  an  inconsequent  Irish  heiress 
whose  pranks  while  she  is  staying  in  England 
with  a  guardian,  and  later  when  she  returns  to 
her  native  home,  form  the  most  important  features 
of  the  tale. 

Skrine     (John     Huntley),    Pastor    Futurus,    a 
Dramatic  Idyll.  5;   net.  Longmans 

.V  study,  written  in  the  form  of  a  story,  of 
certain  questions  of  Church  polity  resembling 
those  which  have  recently  arisen  in  East  Africa. 
The  book  was,  however,  in  print  before  the 
Kikuyu  controversy  began. 

Spender  (Harold),  One  Man  Returns,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
Cornwall  is  the  chief  scene  of  this  story,  in 
which  the  loss  of  memory  by  the  heir  to  a  country 
estate  is  an  important  feature. 

Vizetelly  (Ernest  Alfred),  Blush-Rose,  a  Soldier's 
Romance  in  the  Days  of  Louis  XIV.,  6/ 

Holden  <v.  Hardingham 
An  abbreviated  translation  of  Amedee 
Achard's  '  Belle  Rose.'  It  affords  a  glimpse  of 
the  chivalry  for  which  France  was  noted  during 
the  sixteenth  century.  The  hero  succeeds  in 
winning  the  lady  of  his  choice  at  the  sword's 
point. 

Walpole  (Hugh),  The  Duchess  of  Whkxk,  her 
Decline  and  Death,  a  Romantic  Comedj  .  8 

Seeker 

\  contrast  is  drawn  bet  ween  the  duchess,  an 

aristocrat     and     autocrat    of     the    Victorian    order. 

and   her  granddaughter,  a   representative  of  the 

new  order,  who  insists  on  Irving  to  think  matters 
out  for  herself,  and  refuses  to  bow  the  knee  in 
terror  before  her  grandmother.  The  story  shows 
how  the  rule  of  the  former  social  type  passed 
away  a  bout  the  time  of  the  Boer  War. 

Weekes  (R.  K.  ,  Seaborne  of  the  Bonnet  Shop, 

6  I  [erberl  Jenkins 

The  Btory  is  filled  with  beautiful  heroines,  one 

of  whom  marries  the  hero  after  serving  in  his  Bhop. 

Difficulties  at  once  arise  which  are  finally  dispelled, 

and  we  leave  him  \>  lor  the  Conservative 

in  an  election. 

Wells  (H.  C),  The  Wae  in  the  Air,  Id.  net. 

Nelson 

\  cheap  reprint.  See  notice  in  The  Aihe- 
naum,  Feb.  5,  1898,  p.  17«. 

Wemyss  (Mrs.  Georges  Tin.  PROFESSIONAL  AUNT, 
1/  net.  i        table 

\  i  heap  reprint. 


WHlmore  (Edward),  SORIL,  a  Story  of  the  Stono 

Age,  True  for  To-day.   1/  net.  Longmans 

V  parable  of  a  prehistoric  journalist  "  afflicted 

with  a  disease  of  thinking,"  and  possessed  with  a 

belief  in  his  mission,  which  is  a  search  for  Truth. 

JUVENILE. 
Caton    (A.    Gertrude),    Old    Timi:    Stories    and 
Old  World  Customs,  l/S'  bfacmillan 

The  lirsl    part    concerns  'The  Ancient    People* 

of  the  World,'  and  the  rest  of  the  book  is  devoted 

to  Britain,  dealing  firs!  With  prehistoric  and  early 
Britain,  and  then  with  'The  .Middle  Ages — and 
Beyond.'      It    is    written    for    young    people,    and 

printed  in  large  type. 

Marryat  (Capt.),  MA8TBRMAN  Ready,  "  Chambers' 
Standard     Vuthors,"   Xd. 

A  cheap  reprint  in  clear  type,  with  a  frontis- 
piece. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Alchemical  Society,  JOURNAL,  January,  2/  net. 

II.  K.  Lewis 
Containing   a    report    of    the   ninth   general 

meeting  of  the  Society  and  a  paper  by  Mr.  Arthur 
E.  Waite  on  '  Kabahstic  Alchemy.' 

Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon  Archaeological  Journal, 
1/6  Elliot  Stock 

Mr.  C.  E.  Keyset'  continues  his  paper  on  the 
churches  of  Ilanney.  Lyford,  Denchworth,  and 
('barney  Bassett  ;  ('apt.  (J.  A.  Kemplhorne 
writes  on  Sandhurst,  Berks;  and  there  is  a  paper 
on  the  '  History  of  the  Parish  of  Beenham.' 
There  are  illustrations,  notes  and  queries,  and 
reports  of  the  various  societies  with  which  this 
journal  is  connected. 

Bird    Notes    and    News,    Winter    Number,  1913, 
3d.  Soci  >ty  for  Protection  of  Birds 

The  contents  include  'Some  Victims  of  the 
Plume-Trade,'  '  The  Trallic  in  Birds'  Plumage,' 
'  Bird  Protection  in  Italy,'  and  a  report  of  Council 
meetings  of  the  Society. 

Celtic  Review,  January,  2/6  net.  Nutt 

In  this  number  Prof.  Mackinnon  continues 
his  paper  on  '  The  Gaelic  Version  of  the  Thebaid 
of  Statins,'  and  also  writes  on  'The  Claim  of 
Celtic  Studies  upon  the  Lowland  Scot.'  Other 
articles  are  '  Ciuthach,'  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Watson, 
and  '  Twentv-One  Years  of  Irish  Art  and  Thought,' 
by  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolleston. 

Church  Quarterly  Review,  January,  'ij 

Spottiswoode 

The    articles    include    '  The    Emperor    Con- 

stantineand  the  Edict  of  Milan,'  by  the  Bev.  A.  C. 

Ileadlani  ;  '  Mvsticism  and  the  Life  of  the 
Spirit,'  by  th  ■  Rev.  W.  R.  Matthews  :  and  '  The 
Essentials  of  a  Valid  Ministry,'  by  the  Rev. 
Harold  Hamilton. 

East  Africa  and  Uganda  Natural  History  Society, 
JOURNAL,   December,   5/4  Longmans 

The  contents  include  articles  on  '  The  Rela- 
tion of  Game  Animals  to  Disease  in  Africa,'  by 
Mr.  R.  B.  Woosnam  ;  'The  Organic  Cell  (Part 
II.),'  bv  Dr.  E.  Wynstone-Waters  ;  and  '  The 
Tribes  of  the  Tana  Valley,'  by  Miss  A.  Werner. 
There  are  some  illustrations. 

Empire  Review  and  Magazine,  1/  net. 

M  iiniillan 

Mr.  E.  G.  Pretyman  writes  on  'The  Land 
Question,'  a  Diplomatist  on  '  Foreign  Allans,' 
and  Mr.  C.  S(  uart -l.inton  on  'Our  Army  Horse 
Supply.'      There  are  other  articles  and   reviews. 

Geographical  Journal,  February,  - 

Geographical  Society 

Includes  articles  on  'The  Imperial  Trans- 
Antarctic  Expedition,  1014,'  bj  Sir  Ernest 
Shackleton,  with  sketch-map,  and  '  [a  the  Earth 
Drying  Up?'  by  Prof.  -J.  W.  Gregory,  with  dia- 
grams and  map. 

Journal  of  Egyptian  Archeology,  Vol.  I.  Pari    '■ 
January,  6  j  net.  Egypt  Exploration  Fund 

This  new  journal,  which  is  to  be  published 
quarterly,  will  include  information  concerning 
Egyptian  excavations,  besides  technical  articles 
and  others  tor  non-specialists.  Current  progi 
in  Egyptology  and  Egyptian  ^rchajology  will 
also  be  discussed. 

Journal  of  Theological  Studies,  I  ii*\  un    3  8  net* 

tfilford 
The  contents  include  '  <  anon  i  atti  ibuted  to 
the  Council  ol  Constantinople.  \.'>-  381 .  bj  Mr. 
c.  ii.  Turner  ;  ■  The  \ i" "  '  >  phal  Bzekiel, 
\>r.  M.  R.  .lam.-:  and  'The  Relation  ol  Clunv 
t,,  ome  oiler  Movements  ol  Won  i  ti<  R<  tormi 
by  \h  -  Bose  Graham. 

Library,   l  un  IRY,  S     net.  \|..rmg 

This    number    includi  on    '  Biblio- 

graphical and   Textual    Problems   nf  the   Enf 
Miracle  Cycles,'  bj   Dr.  W.  W.  Greg  ;    '   \  Lawsuit 
.,     to  an  Early  1  '  he   Pilgrim  -  Pro- 

I..,    m-.   Bern  y  R.  Plomei  :    and  '  lb  out 
Literature,    bj  Miss  Elizabeth  l 


202 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


Library  Assistant,  February,  4/  per  annum. 

Library  Assistants'  Association 
Besides  an  editorial,  a  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Association,  and  some  announcements, 
this  number  contains  articles  on  '  Some  Problems 
of  Classification,'  by  Mr.  F.  W.  C.  Pepper  ;  and 
'  The  Need  of  English  in  L.A.  Examinations,'  by 
Mr.  I.  Briggs. 

M.A.B.,  February,  Id.  Fisher  Unwin 

Containing  notices  of,  and  extracts  from, 
recently  published  books,  with  a  few  portraits  and 
other  illustrations. 

National  Review,  February,  2/6  net. 

In  an  article  entitled  '  An  Ominous  Parallel  ' 
Lord  Roberts  pleads  for  compulsory  service,  and 
in  '  The  Return  of  the  Wanderer '  Mr.  Maxse 
reiterates  his  opinion  of  the  recent  Ministerial 
transactions  in  Marconi  shares.  Other  articles 
are  '  The  Gordon  Riots,'  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson  ; 
'  American  Affairs,'  by  Mr.  Maurice  Low  ;  and 
'  The  Racial  Problem  in  Canada,'  by  Mrs.  Donald 
Shaw. 

Nineteenth  Century  and  After,  2/6  Spottiswoode 
In  this  number  Dr.  Georges  Chatterton-Hill 
writes  on  '  The  Decline  of  the  French  Republic,' 
Mr.  A.  P.  Nicholson  on  '  The  Parting  of  the 
Ways,'  and  Miss  E.  A.  Drew  on  '  Clubland  Two 
Hundred  Years  Ago  ' ;  and  Mr.  Robert  Palmer  and 
Mr.  MacCallum  Scott,  from  opposite  points  of 
view,  discuss  '  Woman  Suffrage  at  Work  in 
America.' 

Occult  Review,  February,  Id.  net.  Rider 

The  contents  include  '  Notes  of  the  Month,' 
by  the  editor,  Mr.  Ralph  Shirley  ;  '  The  Daughter 
of  a  Voice,'  by  Mrs.  H.  Spoer  ;  and  verses  '  To 
the  Maker  of  the  Sphinx,'  by  Mr.  Meredith  Starr, 
and  '  Yonder,'  by  Dr.  C.  J.  Whitby. 

School  World,  February,  6d.  Macmillan 

The  contents  include  '  Thoughts  on  Present 
Discontents  in  English  Education,'  by  Dr.  M.  E. 
Sadler  ;  '  The  Influence  of  the  Older  Universities 
on  the  Curricula  of  Secondary  Schools,'  by  Mr. 
A.  C.  Benson  ;  and  '  The  Teaching  of  History,' 
by  Canon  J.  H.  B.  Masterman. 

United  Service  Magazine,  February,  2/  Clowes 
Notable  articles  are  '  The  Unionist  Party 
and  the  Navy,'  by  Mr.  H.  F.  Wyatt ;  '  February, 
1814,'  by  Capt.  F.  W.  O.  Maycock  ;  and  '  Pro- 
gress in  Aeronautics,'  by  Major  H.  Bannerman- 
Phillips. 

GENERAL. 

A.  K.  H.  B.,  a  Volume  of  Selections,  edited  by 

his  Son,  1/  net.  Nelson 

A  collection  of  essays  and  extracts  from  the 

writings  of  Dr.  A.  K.  H.  Boyd  of  St.  Andrews. 

The  selection  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Charles  Boyd. 

Andreas  [Mui  Shuko],   Gypsy  Coppersmiths  in 
Liverpool  and  Birkenhead,  1/  net. 

Liverpool,  Henry  Young 
Sketches  of  gipsies  with  whom  the  author 
has  come  in  personal  contact,  illustrated  with 
photographs  of  them.  Some  of  the  articles  are 
reprinted  from  The  Manchester  Guardian,  The 
Birkenhead  News,  and   The  Bazaar. 

Bayley  (Stanhope),  In  the  Fall  of  the  Leap, 

wrapper  1/  net,  cloth  1/6  net.     Elkin  Mathews 

Sketches    and    essays    on    such    subjects    as 

'  The   Poet,'    '  Autumn   in   the   Mountains,'    '  On 

the  Palatine,'  and  '  The  Question.' 

Citizen  Series  (The)  Maps  of  London,  edited  by 
William  Stanford,  7/6  net.  Bacon 

A  collection  of  coloured  maps  showing  the 
areas  administered  by  the  various  Government 
departments,  local  authorities,  and  supply  com- 
panies having  statutory  power  in  the  City, 
County,  and  neighbourhood  of  London. 

Copeland  (T.  E.),  Everybody's  Guide  to  Book- 
keeping, 6d.  net.  Brindley  &  Howe 
"  Described   as   a  valuable  vade-mecum  for 
all  engaged  in  accounts." 

Cunningham  (W.),  Notes  on  the  Organization 
op  the  Mason's  Craft  in  England,  1/  net. 

Milford  for  British  Academy 
This  paper  was  read  at  the  International  His- 
torical Congress  in  April  last  year,  and  is  repro- 
duced from  the  Proceedings   of   the  British  Aca- 
demy. 

Dod's  Parliamentary  Companion,  1914,  3/6  net. 

Whittaker 
Contains  full  and  up-to-date  information  on 
all  Parliamentary  matters. 

Eldred   (Engineer-Commander   Charles   E.),   R.N., 
Everybody's  Book  of  the  Navy,  6d.  net. 

Brindley  &  Howe 
The  sections  include  '  Machinery  and  Struc- 
ture   of    a    Super-Dreadnought,'     '  The    Present 
Navy,'  and  '  Some  Notable  Ships.' 


Emilie,  Everywoman's  Guide  to  Home  Dress- 
making, "  Saxon's  Everywoman's  Books,"  Id. 
net.  Brindley  &  Howe 

Contains  practical  information  on  all  aspects 

of  this  subject. 

Hookham  (Paul),  The  Conscience  of  a  Ring, 
and  Other  Pieces,  2/6  net. 

Oxford,  Cottrell  Horser  ; 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
A  collection  of  essays  and  poems,  the  first 
of  which  is  a  soliloquy  put  into  the  mouth  of 
Charles  I.  Other  subjects  dealt  with  include 
'  Unrest  and  Democracy,'  '  Limits  of  Socialism,' 
and  '  The  Third  Murderer  in  "  Macbeth."  ' 

Morgan    (H.    E.),    The    Dignity    of   Business, 
Thoughts  and  Theories  on  Business  and  Train- 
ing for  Business,  2/6  net.       Ewart  &  Seymour 
A  series  of  articles  discussing  the  inadequacy 
of  commercicii  education  in  England,  and  urging 
"  for   business   fuller  recognition   as   a   career  of 
dignity."     One    of    the    author's    suggestions    is 
"  the    establishment    of    Business    Curricula    at 
Public  Schools  and  Universities,  as  well  as  spe- 
cialized commercial  training  schools." 

Osborne    (R.    S.),    Modern    Business    Routine 

Explained      and      Illustrated  :      Vol.      I. 

Home  Trade,  2/6  net.  Wilson 

A  practical  textbook  giving  information  on 

writing  business  letters,  indexing,  precis-writing, 

and  drawing  up  various  commercial  documents. 

Each   chapter  finishes  with  exercises,  and  there 

is  a  Glossary  of  Commercial  Terms. 

Ward  (Wilfrid),  Men  and  Matters,  12/6  net. 

Longmans 
These  studies  include  three  essays  on  dif- 
ferent aspects  of  religious  thought ;  and  some 
papers  read  before  the  Synthetic  Society  are  here 
published  for  the  first  time.  Other  subjects  are 
'  Mr.  Chesterton  among  the  Prophets,'  '  George 
Wyndham,'  and  '  Disraeli.' 

PAMPHLETS. 

Gibbs  (Philip),  The  Tragedy  of  Portugal,  id. 

Upcott  Gill 
These  articles,  written  as  a  protest  against 
the  treatment  of  political  prisoners  in  Portugal, 
are  reprinted  from  The  Daily  Chronicle  and  The 
Contemporary  Review,  with  an  Introduction  by 
Mr.  E.  M.  Tenison. 

Tenison  (E.  M.),  Will  England  save  Portugal  ? 
Our  Hereditary  Obligations  (1373-1914), 
2d.  Upcott  Gill 

A  brief  account  of  the  various  Anglo-Portu- 
guese treaties,  with  a  plea  for  British  intervention 
on  behalf  of  Portuguese  political  prisoners. 

SCIENCE. 

Klein  (Felix),  Lectures  on  the  Icosahedron 
and  the  Solution  of  Equations  of  the 
Fifth  Degree,  translated  by  George  Gavin 
Mojrice,  10/6  net.  Kegan  Paul 

A  second  and  revised  edition  of  this  trans- 
lation. 

Lapworth  (Charles),  The  Birmingham  Country  : 
its  Geology  and  Physiography,  2/6  net. 

Birmingham,  Cornish 

This  article  is  reprinted  from  the  Handbook 

of   the   British   Association  for   the  Birmingham 

meeting,  1913.     There  are  coloured  geological  and 

topographical  maps. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Report  of  the  Secretary 
for  the  Year  ending  June  30,  1913. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
A    report  of  the  activities   of  the   Institution 
during  the  year,  including  a  statement   of   recent 
researches  and  explorations. 

Stanford's  Geological  Atlas  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  with  Plates  of  Characteristic 
Fossils,  edited  by  Horace  B.  Woodward,  Third 
Edition,  12/6  net. 

In  this  edition  a  description  of  the  geological 
structure  of  the  Channel  Islands  has  been  added 
to  that  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  Dr. 
J.  S.  Flett  has  written  notes  on  rocks  personally 
collected  in  Jersey.  A  few  other  additions  have 
been  made,  and  the  text  and  maps  revised 

Vines  (S.  H.)  and  Druce  (G.  Claridge),  An  Account 
of  the  Morisonian  Herbarium,  15/  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
A  description  of  the  Herbarium  of  Robert 
Morison,  the  first  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  of  Jacob  Bobart  the  younger, 
with  biographical  and  critical  sketches  of  Morison 
and  the  two  Bobarts  and  their  works,  and  the 
early  history  of  the  Physic  Garden.  There  are 
a  few  illustrations  and  an  Index  of  Plant-Names. 


FINE    ARTS. 

Archseologia  JEUana,  Third  Series,  Vol.  X.  Mis- 
cellaneous Tracts  relating  to  Antiquity. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Society  of  Antiquaries 
This    centenary   volume,    1813-1913,   of   the 
Society  includes  articles  on  the  '  History  of  the 
Society,'    by  Mr.   John   Crawford   Hodgson,   and 
'  The  Society's  Museum,'  by  Mr.  Richard  Oliver 
Heslop.     Chronological  and  alphabetical   lists  of 
members  are  also  given,  and  biographies  of  con- 
tributors to  the  Society's  literature. 
Archaeological   Survey   of   India,   Eastern   Circle, 
Annual  Report  for  1912-13,  1/9 

Calcutta,  Bengal  Secretariat  Book  Depot 
Containing  Dr.  D.  G.  Spooner's  general 
Report,  Mr.  J.  F.  Blakiston's  report  on  the 
Conservation  work  of  the  Circle,  and  '  Notes  on 
Places  visited  in  1912-13,'  by  the  latter,  with 
statements  of  expenditure,  lists  of  photographs, 
and  other  matter. 

Auction  Sale  Prices,  Supplement  to  '  The  Con- 
noisseur,' Vol.  XV.  January -December, 
1913.  '  Connoisseur '  Office 

A  record  of  the  prices  given  for  autographs, 
books,  pictures,  and  other  objects  of  art  during 
last  year. 

Boisbaudran  (Lecoq  de),  The  Training  of  the 
Memory  in  Art  and  the  Education  of  the 
Artist,  translated  from  the  French  by  L.  D. 
Luard,  with  an  Introduction  by  Selwyn  Image, 
Second  Edition,  6/  net.  Macmillan 

The  text  of  the  translation  has  not  been 
altered  for  this  edition,  but  there  are  a  few  addi- 
tional notes  and  an  extra  illustration. 

Burgess  (Fred.  W.),  Chats  on  Old  Coins,  a 
Practical  Guide  for  the  Collector,  5/  net. 

Fisher  Unwin 

A   condensed   history  of   the  currencies  once 

used-  by    the    most   prominent  nations.       There 

are  numerous  illustrations  and  an  Index. 

Connoisseur,    September    to    December,    1913, 

Vol.  XXXVIi.,  edited  by  J.  T.  Herbert  Baily. 

Otto 
This  volume  also  contains  the  extra  Christmas 
number. 

Cortissoz  (Royal),  Art  and  Common  Sense,  7/6 
net.  Smith  &  Elder 

The  author  maintains  that  a  great  work  of 
art  is  meant  "  for  human  nature's  daily  food," 
and  is  not  a  mystery  which    can  be  understood 
only   by   artists    and    critics.       His   aim   is    "  to 
interpret  the  old  masters  as  human  creatures," 
and  "  to  test  modern  movements  and  reputations 
in  the  light  of  common  sense." 
Manual  of  Heraldry  (The),  a    Concise  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Several  Terms  Used,  and  con- 
taining a  Dictionary  of  Every  Designation 
in  the  Science,  edited  by  Francis  J.  Grant, 
2/    net.  Edinburgh,  J.  Grant 

A  new  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  with 
additional  chapters  on  the  Law  and  Right  to 
Arms  and  on  the  Heraldic  Executive.  The 
chapter  on  Precedence  has  been  superseded  by 
inserting  the  tables  now  in  use  in  England  and 
Scotland. 

MUSIC. 

Carter  (H.),  Petit  Recueil  de  Chants  Francais, 
4/6  net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

With  four  exceptions  the  airs  are  of  French 
origin  in  this  collection,  which  is  intended  for 
school  and  home  use.  They  have  been  edited  by 
Mr.  G.  Dyson  of  Marlborough  College.  Several 
have  been  handed  down  by  means  of  a  French 
nurse,  and  for  the  most  part  the  songs  are  well 
known. 

Parsifal,  and  Tristan  und  Isolde,  the  Stories  of 
Richard  Wagner's  Dramas,  told  in  English  by 
Handle  Fynes  and  Louis  N.  Parker,  1  /6  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 
The  writers  have  "  tried  to  retell  the  stories 
of  two  of  Wagner's  greatest  dramas  in  language 
neither  so  bald  as  to  be  unreadable  nor  so  pedantic 
as  to  be  incomprehensible."  These  versions  are 
not  intended  to  take  the  place  of  the  many  literal 
translations. 

DRAMA. 

Acharnians  (The)  of  Aristophanes,  with  a  Transla- 
tion into  English  Verse  by  Robert  Yelverton 
Tyrrell,  1/  net.  Milford 

This    is    the   version    to    be    played    by    the 

Oxford  University  Dramatic  Society  this  month. 

The   Greek  text    is,   by  permission,   based   upon 

that  of  Messrs.  Hall  and  Geldart  in  the  "  Oxford 

Classical  Texts." 

Griboyedof  (A.  S.),  The  Misfortune   of  being 

Clever  (Gore  ot  Ouma),  translated  from  the 

Nineteenth  Russian    Edition  by  S.  W.  Pring, 

2/6  net.  Nutt 

A  comedy  in  four  acts,  written  originally  in 

rhymed  verse  of  varying  metres. 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


THE     ATIIKNMIUM 


203 


Grundy  (Sydney),  Tim  Play  ok  THE  li  n  BE,  (></. 

I'li'iicli 

This  pamphlet  by"jA  Playwright  of  the  Past  " 
is  an  attack  on  Mr.  John  Palmers  recently  pub- 
lished volume  '  The  Future  of  the  Theatre,'  and 
•a  defence  of  the  Victorian  school  of  drama. 
'  Stage  '  Year-Book.  l!Ut,  1.  net.     '  Stage  '  Office 

This  Year-Book  has  increased  in  size,  now 
containing  342  pages  of  letterpress  and  over 200 
illustrations,  many  of  which  are  in  photogravure 
and  in  colours.  It  deals  with  last  year's  work  on 
the  stage  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  abroad,  and 
the  articles  include  '  The  Drama  of  the  Year,'  by 
Mr.  E.  A.  Baughan  ;  '  Tort  raits  of  Shakespeare,' 
by  Mr.  Austin  Brereton  ;  and  '  .Modern  Scenic- 
Art,'  by  Air.  Arthur  Scott   Craven. 

FOREIGN. 

POETRY. 

Porcbe    (Francois),    Le    Dbssous    du    Masque, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  '  Nouvelle  Revue  Francaise 

A  collection  of  poems  under  divisions  which 
include  the  following  :  '  Larmes  de  la  Yolupte  ' 
and  '  Prisme  strange  de  la  Maladie.' 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Pascal,  Pexsees,  "  Edition  Lutetia,"  lfr.  net. 

Nelson 
This    edition    includes    an    Introduction    by 
_\f.   Emilc  Faguet,  and  the  Preface  to  the  Port- 
Royal  edition    by  Etienne  Perier,  the  nephew  of 
Pascal. 

Richard  (Gaston),  La  Question  Sociale  et  le 

Mouvemext  Philosophique  au  XIXe  Siecle, 

3fr.  50.  Paris,  Colin 

The  author  divides  his  subject  into  two  main 

parts  :    '  La  Philosophic  et  l'lndividualisme  eco- 

nomique  '   and   '  Le  Sociaiisme  scientifique  et  la 

Critique  philosophique.'     A  Bibliographical  Index 

is  also  included. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Le   Grand   (Leon),   Les  Soukces  de  i.'Histoire 

Reliclecse  de  la  Revolution  aux  Archives 

Xationales.  Paris,  Champion 

The  series  of  the  Archives  are  here  dealt  with 

in  the  order  in  which   they  occur  in  the   '  Etat 

sommaire,'  and  the  sources  furnished  by  each  are 

indicated   from    the    point    of    view    of    religious 

history. 

Voltaire,  GE  uvp.es  Ixedites,  pnbliees  par  Fernand 
Caussy  :  Vol.  I.,  Melanges  Historiques. 

Paris,  Champion 
The  first  of  a  series  which  is  to  be  published 
in  nine  volumes,  and  to  include  Voltaire's  corre- 
spondence for  the  years  1712  to  1778. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND   TRAVEL. 

Bardoux  (Jacques),  Ckoquis  d'Outre  -  Maxche, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Hachette 

A  journey  through  the  south-western  counties 
of  England  conjures  up  to  the  writer  pictures  of 
the  land  as  it  appeared  in  former  days. 
Leclercq  (Jules),  La  Flxlaxde  aux  Mille  Lacs. 

Paris,  Plon-Xourrit 
A    second    edition,    which    contains    sixteen 
illustrations  and  a  map. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 
Delcourt    (Joseph),    Essai    sub    la    Laxgue    de 
Sir    Thomas    More,    d'apres   ses    CEuvres    an- 
glaises.  Paris,  Didier 

The  subject  is  treated  from  the  linguistic 
nnd  literary  point  of  view,  with  chapters  on 
'  L'Homme  et  son  CEuvrc  '  and  '  Le  Style.' 
There  are  also  a  Bibliography  and  three  Appen- 
dixes, including  '  Les  Lettres  autographes  de  More 
d'apn-s  les  originaux  conserves  au  British 
.Museum).' 

Fidao-Justiniani,  L  Esprit  Classique  et  la 
Phi  ai-   XVUe  Siecle,  .'ifr.  50. 

Paris,  Picard 

This  volume  also  contains  "  an  discours  et 

un  dialogue  inedite  de  Chapelain  sur  l'amour  et 

la  gJoire."     It    includes  chapters  on   '  De  la 

•<•  par  Rapport  a  L'esprit  classique  '   and 

'  Exegese  sentimentale :    les  Amours  d'un  Pre- 

cieux.' 

Serban  (N.),  LflOFABDl  Sentimental,  Essai  de 
Psychologic  Leopardienne,  Boivi  du  '  Journal 
d'Amour.    inedit  en  Francais,  .'ifr. 

Paris,  Champion 
The  theme   of   this  book  is  discussed  under 
the  following  heads  :    '  Leopardi  Amonn  u     and 
'  Sentiment  et  PesBxmisme.' 

PHILOLOGY. 

Archives  d'Etudes  Orlentales,  pnbliees  par  J.  \. 
Lundell,  Vol.  VII. 

Dpeala,  K.  W.  Appelberg 

Consist-     of     '  Intonation     and     Anwaat     im 
Slavischen,'  by  Signrd  AgrelL 


Dottin  (G.),  Mam  ei.  i>'Ii;i.am>  us  MOTBN,  2  vols.  : 

1.    CiltAM.MAIliE  ;     Li.    TESTES  BT  ( I  l.OSS.UKE. 

Paris,  Champion 

A  grammar  and  reading-book  <<(  the  Irish 
language  between  the  eleventh  ami  fifteenth 
centuries. 

Jespersen  (Otto),  A  Modern-  English  GbaMHAB 
on  Historical  Princiim.ks  :  Pari  II.  Syntax, 
Vol.  1.  Heidelberg,  Carl  Winter 

Contains  the  first  part  of  the  author's  treat- 
ment  of  syntax. 

Ronjat  (Jules),  Le  Developpement  du  Lang  agio 

OBSERVE    CHEZ   UN    ENFANT  BlI.IXGl  K. 

Paris,  Champion 
A   discussion  on  the  results  of  experiments 
made  on  the  writer's  own  son  from  his  earliest 
days. 

FICTION. 

Balzac  (H.  de),  Les  Chouans,  lfr.  25  net,  "  Col- 
lection Nelson." 

This  volume  also  includes  '  Une  Passion 
dans  le  Desert.' 

Lechartier  (G.),  La  Confession  d'uxe  Femme 
du  Monde.  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

Dedicated  to  M.  Rene"  Bazin.  Madame 
Reyrieux,  just  married  to  a  distinguished  young 
officer,  tells  the  story  of  her  introduction  to 
Parisian  society,  and  describes  the  progressive 
degradation  of  her  character  till  she  is  pulled  up 
short  on  the  verge  of  adultery  at  the  moment 
when  she  and  her  husband  have  ruined  themselves 
by  extravagance. 

Lichtenberger  (Andre),  Le  Sang  Nouveau. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
A  very  able  study  of  the  new  France  which 
is  growing  up  under  the  influence  of  athleticism 
and  sport.  Three  generations  of  a  family  are 
shown  :  the  grandfather,  who  dates  from  the 
days  before  1870,  one  of  the  generation  which 
founded  its  hopes  for  the  future  on  science  and 
the  democratic  ideal  ;  the  father,  a  middle-class 
Republican,  a  politician  and  anti-clerical  ;  and 
the  son,  captain  of  the  local  football  club,  and 
soon  to  be  an  expert  aviator.  The  mentality  of 
the  disillusioned  son — to  whom  neither  ideals  nor 
politics  appeal — is  the  chief  interest  of  the  book. 
The  author  sees  in  the  reawakened  desire  for  dis- 
ciplined struggle  among  the  present  generation 
the  hope  of  a  new  future  for  France. 

REVIEWS  AND  MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  Fevrier,  lfr.  25  net. 

Paris,  "  Mercure  de  France  ' 
Includes  articles  on  '  La  Mysticite'  et  le 
Lyrisme  chez  Max  Elskamp,'  by  M.  Francis  de 
Miomandre  ;  and  '  Le  Positivisme,  est-il  un 
Systeme  de  Philosophic  positive  ?  '  by  M.  Georges 
Dauville. 

Revue  Critique  des  Idees  et  des  Livres,  Janvier, 
lfr.  Paris,  155,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 

In  addition  to  notes  on  the  theatre,  politics, 
and  art,  this  number  includes  articles  on  '  Pierre 
de  la  Gorge,'  by  M.  de  Roux  ;  '  Le  Feminisme 
dans  ITslam,'  by  M.  Gilbert  Maire  ;  and  '  Poemcs,' 
by  M.  Louis  Le  Cardonnel. 

GENERAL. 

Descamps  (Paul),  La  Formation  Sociale  de 
l'Anglai*  Moderne,  4fr. 

Paris,  Colin 
The  author  describes  various  aspects  of  the 
life  and  education  of  all  classes  in  England,  and 
aims  at  explaining  the  typical  social  character- 
istics of  the  race.  There  is  a  Preface  by  M.  Paul 
de  Rousiers. 

Laudet  (Fernand),  La  Vie  qui  passe,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 

The  impressions  of  a  year,  with  reflections 
on  various  aspects  of  life. 

Mezieres  (A.),  ULTIMA  Verba,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Hachette 
A  collection  of  recent  essays,  which  includes 
chapters  on  '  Rousseau  Artiste,'  'Bismarck,'  and 
'  Madame  Pasteur.' 

Steiner  (Rudolf),  I. a  Science  Occui.te,  traduit 
de  1'Allemand,  avec  I'autorisation  de  1'auteur, 
par  Jules  Sauerwein,  3fr.  60.  Paris,  Perrin 

This    volume    is    translated    from    the    fourth 

edition,  and  is  to  \n-  considered  as  an  abridgment 

of  the  author.^  idi 

MUSIC. 

Prunleres  (Henry),  L'OPBBA  Itai.ien  en  FRANCE 
avaht  l.i  i.i.i.  Paris,  Champion 

Includes    a    Bibliography    and    chaptet 
'  Lea  Premiers  Operas  representee  h  Pans  (1648 
1646),'  '  Operas,  Concerts,  ei   Ballets  LtaJiens  it  la 
Can-    (1653-9),'    and    'l.'       I  -■       du     tfariage 

royal   (1659    <il).' 


PAUL    DfiROULilDE. 

M.  Paul  Derouledk.  who  died  at  Nice  cm 
Friday  of  last  \\  eek  at  t  ho  u#o  of  07,  had  been 
ill  for  some  time,  and  ordered  by  Ids  doctor 
to  take  complete  rest.  Any  one  could  give 
orders  to  M.  Deroulede,  but  no  one  could 
make  him  obey  them  ;   and,  being  President 

of  the    League  of   Patriots,  a  society  formed 

to  do  honour  to  the  memory  of  the  French 

soldiers    who    fell    in    the    war     of      1870-71, 

he    defied   his    physician,  and    insisted   on 

taking  his  place  at  the  League's  annual 
gathering  in  December,  and  so  perhaps 
fatally  injured  his  health. 

Ho  was  born  in  Paris  in  1846.  His  mother 
was  a  sister  of  Emile  Augier,  and  he  was  a 
passionate  patriot  :  a  poet  whose  songs 
delighted  Louis  Stevenson  ;  a  soldier  devoted 
to  his  country,  and  full  of  enthusiasm  for 
his  military  dvities  ;  a  politician  whose 
work  attracted  at  different  times  immense 
notice,  but  whose  political  career,  judged 
by  results,  was  a  failure. 

M.  Paul  Deroulede  began  his  life  by 
studying  for  the  law,  but  soon  turned 
his  attention  to  literature,  and  showed  that 
he  preferred  the  theatre  to  the  law  courts. 
Before  he  was  23  he  had  abandoned  the  law, 
and  had  succeeded  in  getting  a  one-act  play 
from  his  pen  produced  in  Paris.  In  1870  he 
joined  the  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  was 
wounded  and  captured  at  Sedan.  He 
escaped  from  prison  in  Silesia,  rejoined  the 
French  armies,  and  made  the  campaigns  of 
the  Loire  and  the  East.  A  fall  from  a  horse 
ended  his  military  career  ;  but  before  his 
retirement  he  had  published  his  famous 
'  Chants  du  Soldat,'  which  brought  him 
deserved  and  lasting  fame- 
He  founded  his  Ligue  des  Patriotes  in 
1882,  and  obtained  for  it  the  support  of 
Gambetta.  The  League  was  intended  to 
keep  alive  French  patriotism,  and  perhaps 
the  bitter  memories  of  the  Prussian  war. 
It  took  for  its  motto  the  words  "  Qui  vive  ? 
— France  !    Quand  meme." 

Its  founder  was  twice  elected  to  the  French 
Parliament,  and  when  Boulangcr  appeared 
on  the  scene  Deroulede  threw  himself, 
with  all  his  energy,  into  the  revisionniste 
movement.  He  used  his  League  of  Patriots 
for  the  work  of  Boulangism  ;  and  the 
complete  failure  of  the  campaign  only 
caused  him  to  make  fresh  efforts — such  as 
were  noticeable  in  his  violent  attacks  on 
Dreyfus. 

His  absurd  attempt,  after  the  death  of 
Felix  Faure  and  the  election  of  President 
Loubet,  to  induce  Ceneral  Rogel  and  his 
troops  to  march  on  the  Elysee  "  to  Bave 
the  Republic"  is  not  yet  forgotten.  When 
he  was  tried  for  it,  a  jury  acquitted  him  ;  bul 
within  a  month  or  two  he  was  rearrested 
and  tried  for  plotting  against  the  Republic. 
In  January,  1900,  be  was  condemned  to  ten 
years'  exile,  and    retired    to  San  Sebastien. 

He  was  pardoned  in  1905,  hut  would  tlOl 
accept  the  pardon,  and  only  returned  to 
France  after  the  amnestj  <>i  November  in 
i  he  same  year. 

He  had' in  his  time  foughl  a  -.ore  of  die 

and  had  written  much.  He  was  responsible, 
among  other  things,  for  the  following  pub- 
lications :       '  <  haul  3     du      Soldat   '      |  I  VT_'    . 

'  Nouveaux     Chants    du     Soldat  '     (18' 
■  Ferulles  de  route'  and  '  Nouv<  I  illes 

de  route,'  which  deall  with  the  war  ol  1870. 

As  a  dramatie  author,  he   product  d    '  L'Het- 

man,'  '  La  Moabite,'  '  Me  are  du  Guesclm. 
.,,,.1    -  La   phi-    belle  fille  du   monde.      n 
poetry    included    '  .Mania-    el     jonner  i 
•  Refrains     militaires,1      and     '  <  hams    du 
an.' 
Whether  one  liked  his  opinions  or  hated 
them,  one  fell  thai  he  was  a  greal   French- 


204 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


man  —  a  man  who  occupied  a  foremost 
place  in  the  imagination  and  hearts  of 
many  of  his  countrymen.  He  was  devoted 
to  France.  He  found  his  chief  recreation 
in  travel  in  Italy,  Spain,  Egypt,  England, 
Russia,  and,  as  he  himself  said,  "  in  Germany 
before  1870."  His  love  of  his  country  was 
his  outstanding  characteristic,  unless,  in- 
deed, his  hatred  of  Germany  was  even 
more  remarkable. 


MRS.    WILLIAM    MORRIS. 

46,  Marlborough  Hill,  N.W.,  February  3rd„1914. 
Your  announcement  of  the  death  of 
William  Morris's  widow  awakens  thoughts 
which  one  cannot  easily  refrain  from  ex- 
pressing. It  was,  as  you  say,  a  limited  circle 
that  Mrs.  Morris  directly  influenced,  and 
there  must  now  be  very  few  left  who  had  the 
privilege  of  actually  seeing  her  in  the  glory 
of  that  beauty  and  dignity  which  Rossetti 
did  not  by  any  means  exaggerate  in  the  now 
well-known  portrait  you  mention  or  in 
others  which  I  have  seen,  executed  as  simple 
portraits,  apart  from  the  numerous  pictures 
in  which  her  form  and  features  were  intro- 
duced with  slight  divergences  from  actuality, 
but  always  faithful  to  the  typical  inspiration. 
It  was  in  1869  that  I  first  beheld  Mrs. 
Morris  at  26,  Queen  Square,  a  vision  seen 
through  a  doorway,  standing,  and  hard  to 
believe  in  as  the  sight  of  an  actual  nineteenth  - 
century  Englishwoman ;  and  when  I  last 
saw  her  at  Kelmscott  House,  seated  at  a 
table,  her  hair  almost  white  and  still  very 
beautiful,  there  was  the  same  unconscious 
mediaeval  grace  and  majesty  of  carriage. 
I  have  seen  beautiful  women  in  all  quarters 
of  the  globe,  but  never  one  so  strangely 
lovely  and  majestic  as  Mrs.  Morris. 

It  was  not,  however,  merely  to  expatiate 
on  her  personal  appearance  and  magnetism 
that  your  paragraph  cozened  the  pen  into 
my  hand  ;  for,  by  a  curious  coincidence,  a 
friend  had  just  called  my  attention  to  an 
imperfection  in  my  volume  '  The  Books  of 
William  Morris.'  This  was  the  absence  of 
any  mention  of  two  published  sonnets  by 
him,  the  discovery  of  which  it  would  have 
been  my  bounclen  duty  to  disclose  to  you  at 
an  early  moment.  They  appeared  anony- 
mously in  The  Atlantic  Monthly  for  February 
and  May,  1870,  and  should  have  been  men- 
tioned at  p.  213  of  my  book,  in  the  long 
list  of  contributions  to  periodical  literature, 
as  they  would  have  been  had  I  known  them 
in  1897.  Though  the  author's  name  is  not 
given  in  either  number  of  the  magazine  or 
on  either  wrapper,  the  index  to  the  volume 
discloses  it.  The  titles  of  the  sonnets  are 
'  Rhyme  slayeth  Shame  '  and  '  May  grown 
a-cold.'  They  are  unmistakeably  from  the 
hand  of  Morris  ;  but  I  should  judge  them 
to  be  considerably  earlier  than  1870,  and 
connected  with  the  time  of  the  poet's  under- 
graduate courtship  of  the  lady  whom  he 
won.  They  disclose  nothing  of  incident, 
but  represent  spiritual  phases  in  a  lover's 
life,  and  he  probably  unburied  them  for  the 
editor  of  The  Atlantic  Monthly  about  the 
time  when  he  was  reviewing  Rossetti's 
Poems  (1870)  and  lauding,  with  power  and 
keen  critical  perception,  the  sonnets  of  '  The 
House  of  Life.'  They  are,  like  Rossetti's 
sonnets,  on  the  Guidonian  model ;  and  the 
rhymes  of  the  sestet  are  arranged  on  the 
ABBAAB  scheme,  like  those  in  the  only 
other  sonnet  of  Morris's  which  I  recall,  that 
inscribed  before  his  '  Grettir  the  Strong  ' 
(1869). 

I  wish  these  two  fine  sonnets  had  been 
unearthed  sooner  ;  I  cannot  find  anything 
about  them  in  Prof.  Mackail's  '  Life  of 
Morris,'  or  in  Miss  May  Morris's  sumptuous 
edition    of   her   father's   works,    or   in   that 


handy  and  charming  volume  of  Morris's 
'  Prose  and  Poetrj'  '  issued  by  the  Clarendon 
Press  in  the  "  Oxford  Library  of  Standard 
Authors."  But  when  one  has  to  own  a  sin 
of  omission,  it  is  some  consolation  to  find 
oneself  in  good  company. 

H.  Buxton  Forman. 


TRADE    DISPUTES    AND    UNEMPLOY- 
MENT   INSURANCE.* 

The  present  dispute  in  the  London 
building  trades  between  the  Employers' 
Federation  and  the  workmen  is  bringing 
into  some  prominence  the  incidence  of 
certain  provisions  of  the  National  In- 
surance Act,  1911. 

In  view  of  the  statement  that  the  number 
of  men  involved  will  ultimately  reach  up- 
wards of  100,000,  it  may  be  anticipated  that 
the  Labour  Exchange  officials  have  a  busy 
time  ahead  of  them. 

Whether  in  the  circumstances  of  the 
present  case  benefit  will  be  allowed  to  work- 
men who  are  unemployed  by  reason  of  the 
dispute  is  not  yet  certain.  What  is  beyond 
doubt  is  that  a  certain  number  of  test 
claims  at  least  will  be  made,  and  an  authori- 
tative opinion  sought.  It  should  be  pointed 
out  that,  unless  in  all  cases  the  Courts  of 
Referees  agree  with  the  decision  of  the 
Insurance  Officer,  the  decision  ultimately 
rests  with  the  imipire  appointed  by  the  Crown 
specially  for  this  purpose,  who  is  independent 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  the  department 
responsible  for  the  control  of  the  Unemploy- 
ment Fund. 

Section  87  provides,  inter  alia,  that 

"  a  workman  who  has  lost  employment  by  reason 
of  a  stoppage  of  work  which  was  due  to  a  trade 
dispute  at  the  factory,  workshop,  or  other  premises 
at  which  he  was  employed,  shall  be  disqualified  for 
receiving  unemployment  beneiit  so  long  as  the 
stoppage  of  work  continues,"  &c. 

A  statement  recently  apjaeared  that 
counsel's  opinion  had  been  sought  by  an 
association  of  workmen,  who  were  advised 
that  in  the  particular  circumstances  of  the 
present  dispute  the  disqualification  imposed 
by  the  section  would  not  necessarily  apply. 
There  can,  however,  be  little  doubt  that  the 
scope  of  the  disqualification  is  wide  enough 
to  include  the  present  case. 

Employers,  too,  will  note  with  interest — 
if  not  with  a  feeling  akin  to  some  stronger 
emotion- — that  the  refunds  to  employers 
under  section  94  on  account  of  workmen 
regularly  employed  may  be  imperilled  by 
what  appears  to  many  an  arbitrary  attempt 
to  dictate  the  terms  of  service  to  their  men. 

It  is  common  knowledge  that,  of  the  claims 
under  section  94  made  in  respect  of  the  year 
1912-13,  a  certain  number  were  disallowed, 
for  the  reason  that  continuity  of  service  had 
been  interrupted  by  trade  disputes. 

It  would  seem  that  recent  legislation  has 
therefore  done  something  to  weight  the  scales 
on  the  side  of  negotiation  between  masters 
and  men,  since  if  the  present  is  held  to  be  a 
trade  dispute  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act, 
it  seems  to  follow  that  not  only  will  the 
workmen  fail  to  obtain  unemployment 
benefit,  but  the  employers'  claims  for  refund 
in  respect  of  the  workmen  involved  in  the 
present  dispute  will  also  necessarily  be 
invalidated.  The  refund  may  amount  to 
about  3s.  Qd.  per  head,  and  therefore  in  the 
aggregate  represents  a  considerable  sum.  It 
is  j)erhaps  a  satisfactory  feature  that,  while 

*  We  insert  the  above  in  deference  to  a  correspondent 
who  was  of  opinion  that  our  Sociological  Supplement  of 
last  week  failed  to  deal  with  matters  of  the  moment  We 
thank  our  correspondent  for  his  kindness  in  attempting  to 
make  good  what  he  considers  was  a  defect. 

Since  the  above  was  written  some  cases  have  been 
decided  and  benefit  disallowed.  An  appeal  has  been 
heard  by  one  of  the  Courts  of  Referees,  who  agreed  with 
the  Insurance  Officer's  decision. 


the  amount  may  be  lost  to  the  employers 
and  workmen  concerned,  it  is  to  that  extent 
saved  to  the  Unemployment  Fund,  and 
thereby  makes  a  substantial  addition  to  the 
national  provision  against  unemployment. 
It  is  interesting  to  record  that  in  concluding 
his  first  report  on  the  proceedings  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  under  Part  II.  of  the 
National  Insurance  Act,  1911,  the  director, 
Mr.  W.  H.  Beveridge,  described  this  national 
provision  in  the  following  statesmanlike 
sentences  : — 

"  It  is  at  least  possible  to  look  forward  to  the 
next  depression  from  a  new  standpoint.  The  in- 
vented balance  of  the  Fund  is  1,610,0007.,  and  will 
increase.  The  machinery  for  distributing  the 
Fund  is  established.  The  depression  that  must 
come  in  due  course  will  not  find  the  country  un- 
prepared." 

No  one,  whatever  his  views,  can  con- 
template without  satisfaction  the  fact  that 
by  an  Act  passed  so  recently  no  fewer  than 
2,500,000  workmen  in  the  United  Kingdom 
engaged  in  the  six  great  industries  most  liable 
to  trade  fluctuation — cyclical  or  otherwise — 
have  made  preparation  to  this  extent  to 
bridge  the  inevitable  gaps  between  one  job 
and  the  next. 

It  cannot  be  too  often  pointed  out  that,  as 
the  workman,  the  employer,  and  the  State 
all  contribute  to  the  Unemployment  Fund, 
each  contributor  has  a  direct  interest  in  the 
economical  distribution  of  the  benefits.  For 
the  first  time,  too,  the  employer  is  face  to 
face  with  an  unpleasant  reminder  that 
"  standing  down  "  his  workmen  will  bring 
with  it  not  only  a  loss  of  earning  power  to 
the  industrial  wage -earner,  but  also  an 
additional  diminution  in  the  income  entries 
in  the  employer's  balance-sheet. 


THE    PEARSON    LIBRARY. 

On  Wednesday,  January  28th,  and  the  two 
following  days,  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  the  second 
portion  of  the  library  of  Mr.  John  Pearson,  the 
chief  prices  being  the  following  :  Bacon,  Essaies, 
1624,  201.  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Sturt's 
edition,  1717,  211.  Burns,  Verses  to  the  Memory 
of  James  Thomson,  n.d.,  31Z.  Byron,  Lines  on 
John  William  Rizzo  Hoppner,  1818,  207.  10s. 
Eikon  Basilike,  1648,  in  a  fine  contemporary 
binding,  30Z.  Chaucer,  Workes,  c.  1538, 25Z.  Com- 
post des  Bergiers,  n.d.,  221.  Life  of  Napoleon, 
with  plates  by  G.  Cruikshank,  1815,  2'6l.  Dryden, 
MacFlecknoe,  1682,  40/.  Penelon,  Aventures  de 
Telemaque,  with  illustrations  after  Moniiet,  2  vols., 
1782,  427.  Plamini,  In  Librum  Psalmorum  Brevis 
Explanatio,  1576,  in  a  contemporary  binding, 
387.  Goldsmith,  The  Mystery  Revealed,  "  1742  " 
for  1762,  227.  10s.  ;  The  Traveller,  1765,  207.  ; 
Poetical  Works,  1S46,  in  a  handsome  binding  by 
Bedford,  50Z.  Les  Omelies  Saint  Gregoyre,  Paris, 
Verard,  1501,  907.  Horse  B.V.M.,  French  MS. 
with  13  large  miniatures,  15th  century,  140Z.  ; 
another,  with  18  miniatures,  in  a  morocco  binding 
by  Clovis  Eve,  827.  ;  another,  printed  at  Paris 
1525,  577.  Horatii  Opera,  2  vols.,  1733-7,  J 
Pine's  edition,  207.  10s.  Johnson,  General  History 
of  Highwaymen,  1736,  207.  Lamb,  Prince  Dorus, 
1811,  507.  Longus,  Amours  Pastorales  de 
Daphnis  et  Chloe,  1757,  327.  Lucretius,  Delia 
Natura  delle  Cose,  2  vols.,  1754,  bound  by  Derome 
for  Garrick,  507.  Marot,  CEuvres,  1541,  207. 
Meursius,  Elegantife  Latini  Sermonis,  1770, 
211.  Paradise  Lost,  1668,  fir.->t  edition,  fourth 
title-page,  317.  10s.  Missale  secundum  Usum 
Romanum,  French  MS.  with  31  miniatures,  15th 
century,  607.  Moliere,  GSuvres,  8  vols.,  1682, 
297.  Nelson,  a  collection  of  autograph  letters,  &c, 
by  or  relating  to,  587.  Nuremberg  Chronicle, 
1193,  397.  Palmerin  d'Oliva,  Mirrour  of  Nobilitie, 
1588,  687.  Restif  de  la  Bretonne,  Le  Paysan 
Perverti ;  La  Paysanne  Pervertie,  8  vols.,  1776-84, 
34Z.  10s.  Rowlandson,  Loyal  Volunteers  of 
London,  1799,  28Z.  ;  Compendious  Treatise  on 
Modern  Education,  1802,  39£.  ;  33  original  draw- 
ings for  the  Dance  of  Death,  385Z.  Shelley,  The 
Cenci,  1819,  25Z.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey, 
2  vols.,  1768,  25Z.  10s.  Tasso,  Gerusalemme 
Liberata,  2  voK,  1784.  36Z.  Taylor,  Nipping  or 
Snipping  of  Abuses,  1614,  20Z.  Tillotson,  Three 
Sermons  concerning  the  Education  of  Children, 
autograph  MS.  in  handsome  contemporary  bind- 
ing, 1062,  20Z.  10s.  Westmacott,  English  Spy, 
2  vols.,  1825-6,  33Z. 

The  total  of  the  sale  was  4,618Z.  16s.  Qd. 


No.  4502,   Feb.  7,   1914 


THE    ATHENiEU  M 


2(15 


ICitrmrn    (Dossip. 

The  author  of  •  Africa  in  Transfor- 
mation '  informs  us  that,  with  reference 
to  our  comment  on  the  frontispiece — a 
good     view    of     Blantyre     Church  —  the 

illustration  shows  the  apse  and  north 
porch,  and  was  taken  from  the  mans,' 
verandah,  north-east   of  the  church. 

Mb.  William  Warwick  Bivklano. 
Senior  Tutor  of  Gonville  andCaius  College, 
has  been  appointed  to  succeed  Dr.  E.  C. 
Clark  as  Regius  Professor  of  Civil  Law  at 
Cambridge.  Mr.  Buckland  has  published 
several  works  on  Roman  law.  and,  in 
collaboration  with  the  late  (;.  B.  Finch, 
is  joint  author  of  a  selection  of  cases  illus- 
trating the  English  Law  of  Contract. 

Pkof.  Euckkn  is  to  be  in  England  next 
May,  and  will  be  entertained  at  a  public 
dinner  at  the  Savoy  on  the  2Sth.  Dr.  Boyd 
Carpenter  presiding.  Those  who  desire 
further  particulars  should  apply  to  the 
Professor's  publishers.  Messrs.  Williams  & 
Xorgate,  at  14,  Henrietta  Street.  W.C. 

Mil  Newton  Putt,  son  of  the  late 
Dr.  Khetter  Mohan  Dutt,  a  Bengali  resi- 
dent in  England,  and  connected  with 
several  well-known  publishing  firms  in 
London,  has  been  appointed  Curator  of 
the  Central  Library  of  Baroda  by  the 
Maharaja  Gaekwar.  He  will  be  glad  to 
receive  particulars  of  books,  old  or  forth- 
coming, from  publishers  and  second-hand 
booksellers,  especially  of  such  as  relate  to 
India. 

M.  Maeterltnck*s  works  have  been 
plated  on  the  Index.  The  news  does  not 
make  much,  or  any,  difference  to  his 
reception  in  this  country,  where  the  law 
against  the  unorthodox  book  establishes 
a  principle,  but  is  allowed  to  lapse  in 
practical  life. 

We  published  a  letter  at  the  end  of 
last  ( October  announcing  that  a  Committee 
had  been  formed  to  provide  a  Border 
Memorial  to  Andrew  Lang.  It  has  now- 
been  resolved  to  proceed  with  the  pre- 
paration of  a  tablet  and  medallion  for  the 
Free  Library  of  Selkirk,  his  native  town. 
Aa  the  further  proposals  concerning  the 
study  of  Border  history  and  literature 
depend  npon  the  sum  raised,  and  as  the 
re  to  close  the  fund  as 
soon  ssible,    they   hope    that    all 

friends  of  Andrew  Lang  who  may  still 
wish    t  scribe    will    now    send   their 

jcriptions  to  the  Honorary  Secretary, 
Mr.  .1.  Strathearn  Steedman,  Solicitor. 
Selkirk. 

roBXGATiON  at  Oxford  on  Tuesday 
last  agreed  bj  76  votes  to  (is  to  promulgate 
an  important  statute  proposed  by  Sir 
William  Anson.  It-  effect  i-  to  throw 
open  every  place  on  the  Hebdomadal 
Council  t<,  members  of  Convocation  of  five 
years'  standing  and  do  away  with  the 
representation  in  equal  numbers  of  heads 
of  houses,  professors,  and  members  of 
( ionvocat  ion. 

TJu  Oxford  Uniix  'siiy  GazetU  of  Wed- 
nesday last  publishes  for  the  first  fame, 
in  accordance  with  the  new  statu!    concern- 


ing finance,  details  concerning  University 
expenditure   in    1912.     The   incomes  any 

payments  of  the  various  Colleges  and  their 

contributions  to  the  University  funds  are 
summarized,  and  provide  interesting  read- 
ing. 

Mi;.  William  JaGGABD  is  leaving  Eng- 
land this  week  to  deliver  a  series  of 
picture-lectures    upon    St  ratford-on-A\  on 

and  the  historic'  country  surrounding  that 
town,  to  some  of  the  chief  public  institu- 
tions of  Xew  York. 

Next  Tuesday  Mr.  P.  8.  Allen  is 
beginning  a  course  of  six  lectures  on  '  The 
Age  of  Erasmus  *  at  King's  College.  Strand. 
The  lectures  are  addressed  to  advanced 
students  of  the  subject,  and  admission  is 
free  without  ticket. 

Sir  John  Macdonell,  in  lecturing  on 
Wednesday  last  on  legal  procedure  as 
illustrated  by  historical  trials,  dealt  with 
Germany,  and  in  particular  with  the  ease 
of  the  miller  Arnold,  in  which  Frederick 
the  Great  intervened,  and,  being  dis- 
satisfied with  the  verdict,  himself  dictated 
a  judgment.  Sir  John  remarked  that 
Carlyle's  account  of  the  case  was  not 
always  fair  or  accurate.  The  courts  seem 
to  have  been  at  first  wrong  as  to  their 
law  and  right  as  to  the  facts,  and  the 
King  wrong  as  to  the  facts  and  right  as  to 
law.  His  despotic  action  was  reversed 
in  the  reign  of  his  successor. 

Mr.  Hector  Crosley  Avrites  from 
161a,  Kensington  High  Street,  W.  : — 

';  I  should  be  grateful  if  you  would  kindly 
permit  me  to  appeal  to  your  readers  on 
behalf  of  the  widow  and  daughter  of  the 
late  Prof.  Emil  Reich,  who  have  been  left 
penniless. 

"  Combined  with  this  misfortune  is  the 
most  serious  health  of  Mrs.  Reich,  who, 
owing  to  lack  of  funds,  cannot  obtain  suffi- 
cient nutriment  or  medical  advice. 

"  I  should  be  pleased  to  furnish  you  with 
any  further  information  you  may  require, 
but  meanwhile  I  should  be  most  grateful 
if  any  of  your  readers  would  render  imme- 
diate assistance  in  this  most  necessitous  and 
worthy  case."' 

The  aim  of  The  Candid  Quarterly 
Review  of  Public  Affairs,  Political,  Scien- 
tific. Social,  and  Literary,  is  to  deal  with 
them  faithfully  and  frankly  and  also 
with  candour,  "  having  sole  regard  to  the 
public  welfare."  The  first  number  con- 
tains close  upon  300  pages,  and  we  con- 
gratulate Mr.  Thomas  Gibson  Bowles  on 
the  measure  of  his  achievement,  though 
we  fear  the  crown  he  charges  is  too  high 
a  figure  for  many  who  would  he  glad  to 
study  the  Quarterly. 

We  hear  that  Miss  Edith  Williams  has 
been  appointed  Chevalier  de  la  Legion 
d'Honneur.  Miss  Williams,  who  is  the 
founder  of  the  "Guilds  Internationale." 
has  resided  for  many  years  in  Paris,  and 
has  done  inueh  to  promote  the  study  of 
English  in  France. 

Tin:  .V  \i>i':mii:  l"i:  wcaisi:  met  on 
Thursday  in  last  week  to  award  the  Grand 
Prix  de  Litterature.  At  the  first  ballot  M. 
.han  Variot's  '  Les  Easards  de  la  Guerre  ' 
and  M.  Emile  Clermont's  'Laure'  ob- 
tained nine  votes  each.  A  second  ballol 
gave     exactly    the     same     result.     The 


Academicians,    being    unable    to    agree, 

decided  not  to  award  the  prize  this  year. 

<>\  Thursday.  January  29th,  the  Cercle 
Erancais  de  I'Universite  d'Oxford  had  its 

second  annual  dinner  at  the  new  Masonic 
Hall.  Within  two  years  the  number  of 
members  has  increased  to  1'T  I ,  and  it  is 
now  the  second  largest  club  in  the  Uni- 
versity.  At  its  weekly  meetings  debates 
on  subjects  of  current  interest  are  con- 
ducted in  French,  and  it  possesses  a 
French  library,  towards  which  the  French 
Government  has  generously  contributed. 

At  the  dinner  Mr.  E.  G.  Underwood, 
President  of  the  Cercle,  was  in  the  chair, 
and  its  President  d'honneur,  M.  Cambon, 
t!ie  French  Ambassador,  came  to  Oxford 
to  be  present.  He  gave  "les  jeunes"  an 
interesting  address,  the  chief  burden  of 
which  was  the  Entente  Cordiale. 

Prof.  A.  V.  Dicey  Ins  prepared  a  new 
edition  of  his  -  Lectures  on  the  Relation 
between  Law  and  Public  Opinion  in 
England  during  the  Nineteenth  Century." 
He  has  added  a  comprehensive  Introduc- 
tion dealing  with  (a)  Legislative  Opinion 
at  the  End  of  the  Nineteenth  Century; 
(b)  Course  of  Legislation  from  the  Begin- 
ning of  the  Twentieth  Century  ;  (c)  The 
Main  Current  of  Legislative  Opinion  from 
the  Beginning  of  the  Twentieth  Century 
(Collectivism)  ;  (d)  Counter-Currents  and 
Cross-Currents  of  Opinion;  and  Conclu- 
sions. The  volume  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Macmillan. 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  will 
begin  the  publication  of  '  The  Camhridge 
British  Flora  '  with  the  issue  of  Vol.  II., 
which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  ready  on 
March  10th.  The  work  will  he  completed 
in  ten  volumes.  Its  production  having 
involved  a  heavier  expenditure  than  was 
anticipated,  it  has  been  found  necessary 
to  raise  the  price  from  21.  5s.  to  21.  10s.  net 
per  volume  (21.  5s.  net  to  subscribers  to 
the  complete  work). 

Messrs.  Longmans  have  nearly  ready 
'  Alice  Ottley:  a  Memoir,'  by  Miss  Mary 
E.  James,  with  an  Introduction  by  the 
Bishop  of  Worcester.  This  is  a  brief 
memoir  of  one  whom  the  Bishop  of 
Worcester,  in  a  Preface  contributed  by 
him.  truly  describes  as  '"  a  remarkable 
woman."'  Alice  Ottley  was  for  nearly 
thirty  years  the  first  head  mistress  of  the 
newly  founded  High  School  for  Girls  at 
Worcester,  and  one  of  the  pioneers  in 
organizing  the  secondary  education  of  girls. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  shortly 
■  Education  and  Psychology,'  by  Mr. 
Michael  West.  In  his  opinion  the  ten- 
dency of  modern  psychology  shows  that 
the  purely  liberal  education  i>  diverting 
the  energies  of  the  future  generation  in  a 
useless  direction  and  retarding  natioi 
development.  Education  Bhould  !«•  for 
action,  not  lor  mere  thought  or  know  led-. 

alone,  it  Bhould  aim  uot  al  uniformity, 
hut  at  the  u  idest  possible  differentiation. 
An  actual  scheme  and  a  curriculum  are 
propounded  in  detail.  At  the  -one  tunc, 
l,r.i,  i  ical  suggestions  are  given  a-  to  how, 
under  existing  condition-,  teaching  tor 
examinations  and  training  for  action  may 
he  reconciled. 


200 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


SCIENCE 


The  Foundations  of  Science  :  Science  and 
Hypothesis,  The  Value  of  Science,  Science 
and  Method.  By  H.  Poincare.  Trans- 
lated by  George  Bruce  Halsted.  (New 
York,  Science  Press.) 

This  is  a  translation,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion from  the  late  Henri  Poincare  himself, 
of  his  three  treatises,  '  Science  et  Hypo- 
these,'    '  La  Valeur  de   la   Science,'   and 
'  Science  et  Methode,'  all  which  appeared 
in  the  excellent  "  Bibliotheque  de  Philo- 
sophie  Scientifique  "  directed  by  Dr.  Gus- 
tave  Le  Bon.     Although  in  form  these  are 
discussions  of  science  in  the  abstract,  the 
author  has   contrived,   with   the   literary 
grace  of  an  academician,  to  slip  into  them 
his  appreciation  of  the  latest  discoveries 
in  various  branches  of  physics,  ranging 
from    the    non  -  Euclidean    geometry    to 
Kaufmann's   experiments   upon  the  Beta 
rays  of  radium.     This  is  presented  with 
a  clearness  and  an  authority  that  it  would 
be  hard  to  equal,  but  it  is  a  proof  of  the 
rapid   advance   that  has  taken  place   in 
such    matters    that    it    already   seems    a 
little    old-fashioned ;      and,     as    all    the 
treatises  in  this  volume  have,  if  we  mistake 
not,  long  since  appeared  in  English,  no 
extended    notice    of    them    seems    here 
required.     The  suniming-up  of  the  whole 
matter  is,   perhaps,  to  be  found  in  the 
concluding  pages  of  '  Science  et  Methode,' 
where  the  author  says  that  Prof.  Lorentz's 
theory  obliges  us  to  choose  between  sup- 
posing that  positive  electrons  have  real 
mass   while    their   negative    counterparts 
have  none,  and  the  hypothesis  that  all 
inertia  is  electromagnetic   in  origin  and 
is  inertia  of  the  ether  only,  in  which  the 
electrons    are    merely    holes.     We    fancy 
that  nowadays  most  physicists  incline  to 
the  first  of  these  rival  theories. 

It  is,  perhaps,  in  more  abstract  matters 
than  these  that  the  breadth  and  pene- 
tration  of   Poincare's   outlook   are   most 
immediately    apparent.     His     utterances 
upon  them  show  how  far  removed  was 
the  standpoint  of  such  a  thinker  as  he 
from  that  of  those  men  of  science  who, 
under  the  pressure  of  Nobel    prizes  and 
industrial  competition,   are  daily  scram- 
bling to  secure  some  commercially  market- 
able   discovery.     The    object    of    mathe- 
matical   theories,  he  tells  us,   is  not  to 
reveal  the  true  nature  of  things,  but  to 
co-ordinate   the   physical    laws   disclosed 
by   experiments  which  without  the  help 
of  mathematics  we   should  be  unable  to 
state.     So  he  tells  us  that  the  axioms  of 
geometry  are  but  definitions  in  disguise, 
and  that  all  we  can  truly  say  of  the  funda- 
mental  principle   of   the   conservation    of 
energy  is  that  there  is  something  which 
remains  constant.     For  him,  too,  the  laws 
underlying  phenomena  can  only  be   de- 
tected by  generalization,  and  in  the  choice 
among  the   "  thousand  routes  "  of  gene- 
ralization he  warns  us  that  our  sole  guide 
can    be    analogy.     Hence,    he    says,    the 
views    of    the    instructed    and    the    un- 
instructed  public  as  to  the  value  of  scien- 
tific theories  are  always  opposed  to  each 


other.  He  soars  far  above  the  heads  of 
those  who  see  in  science  only  a  means  of 
money-making  when  he  says  that  it  is 
through  science  and  art  alone  that  civiliza- 
tion has  any  value ;  that  geology  shows 
life  to  be  merely  a  short  episode  between 
two  eternities  of  death ;  and  that  even  in 
this  episode  conscious  thought  has  lasted, 
and  will  last,  but  for  a  moment.  Hence, 
he  says,  we  must,  by  work  and  by  suffering, 
pay  for  our  place  at  the  game,  either  that 
we  may  ourselves  see  or  at  least  that 
others  may  one  day  see.  This  last  sen- 
tence has  a  melancholy  interest  in  view 
of  its  writer's  early  death. 

As  to  the  translation,  Dr.  Halsted 
possesses  the  great  qualification  of  ac- 
quaintance with  the  subject  of  the  work 
translated,  his  own  researches  in  such 
matters  as  the  new  geometry  being  well 
and  favourably  known.  Americanisms 
like  "  straights  "  for  straight  lines,  "  illy  " 
for  ill,  to  our  eyes  disfigure  his  pages,  and 
he  does  not  everywhere  show  a  deep 
acquaintance  with  the  French  language. 
Thus  "  and  that  I  should  convene  to 
call  energy "  is  not  a  translation  of 
que  je  conviendrais  d'appeler  energie  ;  nor 
is  une  mauvaise  plaisanterie  "  a  bad  joke." 
Yet  in  spite  of  these  defects  Dr.  Halsted 
generally  conveys  the  meaning  of  his 
author  adequately,  and  in  some  cases 
with  rare  felicity. 


SOCIETIES. 


British  Academy. — Jan.  28. — Prof.  Bosanquet 
in  the  chair. — Prof.  S.  Alexander,  Fellow  of  the 
Academy,  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Basis  of 
Realism.' 

By  insisting  on  the  equal  claim  of  objects 
with  the  mind  to  be  considered  real,  realism 
seems  at  first  sight  to  depress  the  mind,  and 
make  it  less  real.  But  this  misapprehension 
rest?  upon  the  mi-take  of  confusing  reality  with 
perfection.  Mind  is  not  more  real  than  things, 
but  more  perfect,  i.e.,  more  developed.  In  view 
of  Mr.  Bosanquet's  recent  criticism  of  realism 
(Adamson  Lecture,  1913),  and  to  show  that  by 
depriving  mind  of  its  pretensions  realism  actually 
establishes  the  perfection  of  mind,  it  seemed  well 
to  restate  the  position. 

The  starting-point  is  the  analysis  of  an  act  of 
cognition  into  an  act  of  mind,  its  independent 
objects,  and  their  compresence.  This  is  not 
the  mere  distinction  of  act  from  object,  but  is 
only  understood  as  the  distinction  of  an  enjoying 
subject  from  a  contemplated  object,  separate  from 
it.  This  latter  distinction  is  thus  the  more  im- 
portant. This  initial  proposition  of  realism  is 
"'Inaive  "  and  incomplete.  When  further  examined, 
it  turns  out  to  be  a  particular  case  of  the  corn- 
presence  of  interrelated  reals  cohering  within 
a  universe.  Two  consequences  of  the  analysis  may 
be  stated.  First,  mind  is  a  continuum  of  Tiiental 
functions  which  are  also  brain  functions  of  a 
certain  degree  of  development,  with  the  mental 
quality.  Being  mind  or  consciousness  is  a  new 
empirical  quality  which  emerges  at  a  particular 
stage.  The  mind  is  thus  located  in  the  brain. 
Secondly,  the  alleged  distinction  of  "  contents  " 
of  sense  from  the  "  objects  "  of  thought  dis- 
appears. The  difference  is  one  of  part  and  whole. 
In  each  case  there  is  an  object,  and  not  a  "  con- 
tent." Reasons  were  assigned  to  account  for  the 
contrary  view. 

But  Mr.  Bosanquet  has  urged  that  the  analysis 
fail-,  because  a  mind  is  a  world,  while  its  object 
is  a  fragment.  If  this  were  so,  the  analysis  from 
which  realism  starts  would  be  false  from  the 
beginning.  But  in  fact  the  mind  is  as  nmch  a 
fragment  as  the  object,  and  the  object  is  in  the 
same  sense  a  world  as  the  mind  (and  neither  is). 
His  further  objection  that  the  analysis  fails  to 
account  for  the  riches  of  mind,  its  wealth  of  being, 
or  for  tertiary  qualities  like  beauty,  was 
examined,  and  it  was  shown  (a)  that  the  riches  of 
mind  are  unaffected ;  they  are  but  a  complex  of 
processes  and  tendencies,  always  compresent 
with  their  objects  ;    and  (6)  that  the  reality,  and 


the  more  perfect  reality,  which  is  mind,  enters 
as  a  constituent  into  beauty. 

It  wa  s  then  shown  that  while  obj  ects  are  indepen- 
dent of  the  mind,  the  mind  is  in  a  certain  sense 
dependent  on  objects,  or  rather  implies  them. 
But  again,  to  suppose  that  this  minimizes  the  self- 
existence  of  mind  is  to  confuse  independence 
with  isolation.  The  very  lateness  of  mind  in  the 
order  of  development  is  the  condition  of  its 
perfection. 

But  the  most  searching  objection  to  realism 
is  that  its  objects  are  mere  abstractions  and  dead  ; 
whereas  it  is  urged  they  already  imply  mind,  and 
things  are  thus  continuous  in  kind  with  mind. 
Now,  according  to  realism,  objects  have  all  the 
fundamental  characters,  of  continuity,  retention, 
and  the  like,  which  can  be  seen  more  easily  and 
flagrantly  in  minds.  Thus  the  objection  confuses 
the  specific  characters  of  minds  with  the  cate- 
gorical, fundamental  characters  which  are  common 
to  minds  with  things.  It  may  indeed  be  said, 
metaphorically,  that  all  finites  are  minds  ;  but 
this  is  inexact ;  and  at  any  rate  it  does  not  mean 
that  things  are  "  mind,"  but  only  that  they  are 
different  ranks  of  empirical  existences,  called 
minds  because  in  a  certain  sense  they  "  know," 
that  is  are  compresent  with,  one  another.  This 
led  to  an  attempt  to  define  the  larger  issues 
between  realism  and  (absolute)  idealism.  For  in 
the  case  of  the  latter,  things  are  transformed  in 
entering  into  the  one,  individual  whole.  But 
for  realism,  things  in  certain  respects  at  least 
(intrinsic  ones)  remain  in  the  whole  what  they  are 
already.  The  whole  is  not  the  only  reality,  but 
the  most  complete,  or  perfect  reality,  in  a  second 
sense  of  perfection. 

A  discussion  followed,  in  which  the  Chairman, 
Mr.  Bertram  Russell,  Prof.  Smith,  Dr.  Wolf,  and 
others  took  part. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  Jan.  29. — Sir 
Hercules  Read,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev. 
H.  G.  O.  Kendall  read  a  paper  on  '  Flint  Imple- 
ments from  the  Surface  near  Avebury :  their 
Classification  and  Dates.'  On  various  sites  in 
Wilts,  especially  Windmill  Hill,  one  mile  from 
Avebury,  many  chipped  flints  turned  up  by  the 
plough  closely  resemble  French  cave  specimens. 
They  comprise  keeled  scrapers,  beaked  gravers, 
and  intermediate  forms  of  the  Aurignac  culture. 
Long  scrapers  are  fairly  numerous.  Some  small 
knives  resemble  debased  Moustier  points ;  and 
Solutre  laurel-leaf  forms  occur,  but  are  not  of  fine 
workmanship.  Small  ovate  implements  some- 
times show  the  twisted  edges  of  St.  Acheul. 
Amongst  other  types,  arrowheads  of  various 
forms  and  polished  celts,  re-chipped  and  re-used, 
are  prominent. 

No  single  criterion  can  be  infallibly  applied  to 
all  the  chipped  flints  of  any  district ;  but  with 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  district,  one  can 
classify  the  various  industries  and  give  to  each 
its  comparative  or  approximate  date.  Patina, 
and  style  may  with  due  caution  be  used  to  date 
the  majority  ;  and  re-chippings  in  later  periods 
give  valuable  aid.  The  question  is,  how  many 
periods  are  represented  round  Avebury  'i 

The  .latest  prehistoric  chipped  flints  are  black, 
and  some  a  little  earlier  are  dark  blue.  Amongst 
them  are  regular  truncated  prisms,  rare  in  the 
earlier  periods.  They  have  recently  been  dug 
out  on  a  Late-Celtic  site  with  pottery,  Sec.,  and 
exactly  correspond  to  surface-finds  on  the  top  of 
Hackpen  Hill,  and  to  others  from  Late-Celtic 
pits  near. 

Scrapers  and  barbed  arrowheads  have  been 
found  in  local  Bronze  Age  barrows,  round  which 
chipped  flints  are  usually  numerous  ;  and  re- 
chippings  suggest  that  certain  white  and  bluish- 
white  flints,  not  deeply  decayed,  are  older  than 
the  Late-Celtic  specimens  and  may  be  referred 
to  the  Bronze  Age. 

Careful  study  shows  that  some,  at  any  rate,  of 
the  polished  celts  are  old  ;  also  that  there  are  two 
white  patinas,  the  earlier  of  which  is  seen  on 
scrapers  characteristic  of  the  Cave  period.  There 
are  long  barrows  in  the  neighbourhood,  and 
neolithic  man  occupied  the  district.  His  chipped 
flints  must  be  accounted  for  among  the  surface 
stones,  and  subdivision  into  more  than  these 
three  groups  may  be  necessary  ;  but  flint  s  with 
the  older  white  patina  must  be  approximately 
of  the  same  date,  whether  that  is  Cave  period  or 
later. 

Mathematical. — Jan.  22. — Prof.  A.  E.  H.  Love, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  T.  L.  Wren  was 
elected  and  admitted  as  a  Member  of  the  Society. 

Dr.  Bromwich  reported,  as  Secretary,  that  the 
number  of  members  of  the  Society  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  current  session  was  306,  an  increase 
of  one  as  compared  with  last  session. 

Mr.  S.  T.  Shovelton  read  three  papers  : — (i.)  '  A 
Generalization     of      the      Euler-Maclaurin     Sum 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


T  II  E     ATM  i:\  ilUM 


'207 


Formula-.'  (ii.)  "The  Deduction  of  the  Formulas 
of  Mechanical  Quadrature  from  the  Generalized 
Euler-Maclaurin  Sum  Formulas.'  (iii.)  '  »,  Generali- 
sation of  I  ertain  Sum  Formula  In  the  Calculus  of 
Finite  Differences.1 

Dr.  W.  F.  Sheppard  spoke  in  reference  to  the 
application  of  those  papers  to  statistical  studies. 

Dr.  A.  E.  Western  (Hon.  Librarian)  having 
taken  the  chair,  the  President  made  an  informal 
communication  with  reference  to  evaluating  the 
potential  of  an  electrified  circular  disk  at  a  point 
on  the  surface  of  the  disk  :  the  law  of  density  was 
assumed  known,  and  it  was  required  to  verify 
the  constancy  of  the  potential  by  direst  Integra- 
tion. 

The  President  having  returned  to  the  chair, 
the  following  papers  were  communicated  by  title 
in  the  absence  of  their  authors: — 'On  Binary 
Forms,'  by  Dr.  A.  Young, — and  '  On  Darboux's 
Method  of  Solution  of  Partial  Differential  Equa- 
tions of  the  Second  Order.'  by  Mr.  J.  It.  Wilton. 


Society  of  Engineers. — Feb.  2. — The  imme- 
diate Past-President,  Mr.  Arthur  Valoh,  presented 
the  premiums  aw  aided  for  papers  published  during 
1913,  viz.,  the  President's  Gold  Medal  to  Dr.  Eric 
K.  Rideal  for  his  paper  on  '  The  Corrosion  and 
Rustina  of  Iron  '  :  the  Bessemer  Premium,  value 
5/.  5s.,  to  Mr.  Bernard  L.  Rigden  for  his  paper  on 
'The  South-Eastern  Coalfield';  the  Clarke 
Premium,  value  51.  5s.,  to  Mr.  Gerald  O.  Case  for 
his  paper  on  '  Accretion  at  Estuary  Harbours  on 
the  South  Coast  of  England';  and  a  Society's 
Premium,  value  I!/.  3«.,  to  Mr.  W.  Yorath  Lewis 
for  his  paper  on  '  The  Tram  r.  Pus  Controversy.' 
Mr.  II.  C.  II.  Shenton  was  then  installed  as  Presi- 
dent, and  delivered  his  inaugural  address,  refer- 
ring to  the  need  for  better  organization  of  the 
engineering  profession- 


Challenger. — Jan.  28. — Sir  John  Murray 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  C.  Tate  Began  exhibited  a 
bathypelagic  angler-fish  [Melanocetus  johnsoni), 
from  the  North  Atlantic,  that  had  inside  it  a 
scopeloid  fish  [Lampanyctus  crocodilus)  three 
times  its  own  length.  The  specimen  was  taken 
at  the  surface  of  the  sea, and  it  was  supposed  that 
the  struggles  of  the  captured  fish,  before  it  was 
completely  swallowed,  had  brought  its  captor  up 
from  the  depth  at  which  it  normally  lives. 
Curiously  enough,  the  only  other  examples  of 
Melanocetus  in  the  British  Museum,  two  in 
number,  were  of  nearly  the  same  size  (three 
inches  long),  and  each  contained  a  Lampanyctos 
of  eight  or  nine  inches. 

Mr.  G.  P.  Farran  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Copepoda 
of  a  Set  of  Serial  Tow-nettings  from  the  West 
Coast  of  Ireland.'  In  gatherings  taken  over  a 
series  of  years  at  ten-mile  intervals  on  a  line 
running  sixty  miles  west  of  co.  Kerry,  out  of 
eighty-live  species  that  occurred,  four  were 
neritic,  and  showed  a  uniform  decrease  both  in 
numbers  and  in  frequency  of  occurrence  at  every 
ten  miles  from  the  -hore ;  sixty-six  were  oceanic, 
and  showed  a  uniform  increase  seawards  over 
the  same  stations ;  while  twelve  species  varied 
irregularly  and  seemed  to  be  euryhaline. 


&zima  COosGip. 


T    >• 


1     i. 


Sat. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 
8t.  Bride  Foundation.  7  30.— •  Book  Illustration,  Seventeenth 

and  Kighteenth  Centuries.'  Mr.  K.  A.  Peddie. 
Institute  of  British  Architects.  S.— President  s  Address. 
BuneTors'    Institution.    S— 'Notes    on  Value   as  applied    to 

Keal  Kstate.   Mr.  W.  W.  Hunt. 
Geographical.  9J0.— 'Our  Present  Knowledge  of  the  Antarctic, 

and  the  PrcMems  that  Remain  to  be  Solved,'  Prof.  Edoe- 

Wvrth  I>»M.i. 
Roval  Institution.  X  — •  Animals  and  Plants  under  Domeetica- 

i    Lecture  IV..  Prof.  W.  Bateson. 
Asiatic.  4  -'A  Tour  in  Mongolia,'  Mrs.  H.  Timbrel!  Bulstrode. 
hings  College.  Strand.  0—  The  Age  of  Erasmus  :  1.  Notable 

(i.rman  Scholars.'  Mr.  P.  8.  Allen. 
Institution  of  civil  Kngineers.  i.-  The  New  Harbour  Works 

and  Dockyard  at  Gibraltar.'  Mr.  A.  Scott. 
Anthropological  Institute.  M.-..— 'Psychology  of  Magic  '  Prof. 

1  '.  Head. 

Colonial  In.titute.  -  Ml— ■  British  Interests  in  Argentina,'  Mr. 

rt  Gibwn. 
Cmxrrmj  of  London.  U0.—  'The  Demands  of  Modern  War  ' 

Sir  W    K.  Kobertaon. 
St   Pauls  Ecclesiological  Society.  «.-'The  Order  of  8t.  Johnof 

Jerusalem     Mr    li    W    Fincham. 
H^i*tv  of  Aru,  -.-'History  of  Colour-Printing.'  Mr.  R.  A 

P«: 
R^yal   Institution.   3-'Types    and  Causes    of    Earth    Crust 

Folds.'  Lecture  if..  Sir  T.  II    Holland. 
Royal.     4J0.  —  *  chemical     A'tion     Miat    is    stimulat-d     by 

Alternating  Currents.'  Mr.  8.  G.Brown:     On  the    EITect  of 

the    '.  ..uvium    on    the    Plumbline   in   Northern 

India.    Mr    K     l>    Oldham;  and  other  Papers, 
-ty  of  Art..    J  ;".-■  Khoraaan.   the  Eastern   Province  of 

I     .  .......     -  —'Some    Railway 

Conditions  ir orrrning  El-otritication.'  Mr.  R.  T.  Smith 
ty  of  Antiquaries.  -    0. 
■  .ria  and  Albert  Museum,  'j.3').— '  Silvertmithing,'  Mr.  H. 
Maryoo. 
I  :.ornicaI,  5. 

East   Loudon  college.  -,30—'  Religious  Systems  in   Modern 

I     Mr.T  0.  IIovLson 
M.r,    •  i.  ..-.-, -- 'Koowladfi  in  i  ObuBOtar,' Mr, 

A  S.1S  —'Some  Notes  on  the  Doctrine  of  the  First 

MatUT     Mr    -    Al»lul  All 
1'  I    -'tuition.   :>        i  .   n  of  Neon  and  Helium  by 

Kloctrii    hi.,  barge.'  Prof.  J.  N.  Collie. 
Royal    Institution.   3.  —  'The   llsotrio   Emissivity  of  Matter  : 
.Is.    Mr   •  '.  A.  Hark-r 
Literary,  -.—' Ireland  In  Stone  and  Story.    Mr.   F.   J. 
Bigger. 


The  Galton  Anniversary  Lecture  will  be 
delivered  on  Monday,  the  16th  inst.,  at  1 1  it- 

Hotel    Cecil,     by    Sir     Francis     Darwin,    tin- 

subject  being  'Francis  (ialton.' 

The  Royal  Geographical  Society  has 
sonic  attractive  lectures  in  prospeot.  On 
the  17th  inst.  Mr.  Kipling  is  lecturing  (in 
the  Queen's  Hall)  on  '  Some  Aspects  of 
Travel,'  and  on  the  23rd  inst.  Dr.  Xansen 
and  Jonas  Lied  are  dealing  with  '  The  Sea 
Route  to  Siberia.' 

On  the  17th  inst.  there  will  be  held  at 
oO,  Great  Russell  Street,  a  joint  meeting  of 
the  Royal  Anthropological  Institute  and  the 
Prehistoric  Society  of  East  Anglia.  In  the 
afternoon  there  will  be  papers  and  exhibits 
by  members  of  the  East  Anglian  Society, 
and  in  the  evening  two  lectures  :  one  by 
Mr.  R.  A.  Smith,  on  '  Flint  Finds  in  con- 
nexion with  Sand  '  ;  and  the  other  by  Mr. 
S.  Hazzledine  Warren,  on  'The  Experi- 
mental Investigation  of  Flint  Fracture,' 
both  illustrated  by  the  epidiascope. 

Lord  Tankkrville  has  presented  to  the 
Zoological  Gardens  a  pair  of  the  famous 
Chillingham  wild  cattle.  These  are  the 
first  of  their  race  (pure-bred  since  the 
fourteenth  century)  to  leave  the  Chilling  - 
ham  estate,  and  they  are  given  on  the  con- 
dition that  neither  they  nor  their  progeny, 
if  they  rear  any,  shall  leave  the  Gardens. 

Prof.  Biffen's  paper  on  the  quality  of 
agricultural  seeds,  read  on  Monday  last  to 
the  Farmers'  Club  at  the  Whitehall  Rooms, 
contained  several  points  of  interest.  He 
stated  that  after  a  number  of  analyses  he 
was  satisfied  that  there  was  no  infallible 
method  of  drawing  a  sample.  Seeds  sold 
under  guarantee  he  had  found  for  the  most 
part  excellent,  and  the  guaranteed  per- 
centages approximately  correct — such  error 
as  was  detected  being  to  the  disadvantage 
of  the  buyer.  Seeds  which  the  seller  did 
not  guarantee  were  worthless,  and  he  gave 
an  instance  of  an  unguaranteed  grass  mixture 
which  teemed  with  the  seeds  of  no  fewer  than 
nine  different  weeds.  In  Prof.  Biffen's 
opinion,  though  a  certain  case  might  be 
made  out  for  the  establishment  of  a  Govern- 
ment testing-station,  there  wTas  no  real 
demand  for  this  on  the  part  of  farmers,  and 
the  necessary  work  might  well  be  done  by  the 
advisory  staffs  of  the  Agricultural  Colleges. 

The  latest  Bulletin  of  the  Imperial  Insti- 
tute gives  an  interesting  account  of  the 
conversion  of  liquid  oils  into  solid  fats  by 
the  method  of  Sabatier  and  Senderens, 
which  consists  in  reducing  the  oils  by  hydro- 
gen in  presence  of  a  catalyst.  The  catalyst 
most  in  favour  is  nickel,  on  account  of  its 
cheapness  and  high  efficiency,  though,  in  the 
production  of  edible  substances,  the  possi- 
bility that  it  may  contaminate  them  has  to 
be  taken  into  consideration.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  observe  that  the  catalyst,  which 
according  to  t ho  teaching  of  textbooks  is 
unaffected  by  the  substances  between  which 
it  promotes  reaction,  does,  in  practice, 
siit'ter  deterioration,  losing  its  activity 
through  what  is  called  "  poisoning  "  by 
impurities. 

The  third  volume  of  the  'Records  of  the 
Survey  of  India,'  which  deals  with  the 
period  1911-12,  contains  some  interesting 
matter.  The  Assam  party  working  in  the 
Khasi  and  Jaintia  Bills  and  the  rlamrup 
district  have  made  a  notable  advance  in 
what  is  considered  to  be  a  five  years'  piece 
of  work,  and  deserve  the  more  praise  when 
it  i-;  remembered  thai  a  detachment,  under 
Lieut.  G.  K.  T.  Oakes,  R.E.,  was  told  off  I 
to  accompany  the  Abor  Expedition.     Much 


of    the    work    iii    Kamrup    was   carried    on   in 
the    swampy    marshes   of    the    I  Jrahmaput  i  i. 

where  the  grass  grows  m  20  ft.  in  height. 
The     Brahmaputra     river    itself    was    nol 

difficult  to  Survey,  although   its  rise  is  front 

30ft.  to  .v.  ft.     Towards  the    Bhutan  hills 

marshy    land    is    less   extensive*,    and   for' 
begin  to  appear.      Elephants  afford  tho  only 
mode   ul    transport   up   the  hills. 

The  greater  part  of  the  recess  season  was 
spent  in  the  testing  of  the  isostatie  theory, 
so  far  as  it  is  concerned  with  questions  of 
gravity.  The  particular  formula  employed 
is  that  of  Mr.  Hayford,  which  is  to  the  effe  1 
that  compensation  is  complete  at  a  distance 
of  70  miles.  Above  that  depth,  therefore, 
the  amount  of  matter  in  a  cylinder  standing 
on  a  base  of  unit  area,  and  extending  from 
70  miles  below  sea-level  to  the  earths 
surface,  is  always  the  same,  whatever  the 
height  of  the  cylinder. 

The  most  interesting  section  of  the  volume 
deals  with  the  Triangulation  party  on  tho 
Pamirs.  This  was  sent  out,  in  accordance 
with  a  resolution  of  the  International 
Geodetic  Conference  of  1909,  in  order  to 
effect  a  junction  between  the  Indian  Tri- 
angulation and  the  Russian  work  on  tho 
Pamirs.  Three  schemes  were  proposed,  and 
of  these  that  by  the  Hunza  and  Kanjut 
Valleys,  the  Kilik  and  Mintaka  Passes,  and 
the  Tagdumbash  Pamir  was  found  to  be 
practicable.  In  June,  1912,  the  party, 
under  the  command  of  Lieut.  Gordon  Bell, 
R.E.,  left  Gilgit.  He  met  the  Russian 
party  under  Col.  Tchkeine  at  Boyik  on  the 
Tagdumbash  early  in  July,  and  spent  one 
day  with  him,  and  an  entry  in  his  diary 
shows  that  he  was  very  hospitably  received. 
A  week  later  Bell  was  seized  with  an  attack 
of  appendicitis,  to  which  he  succumbed  at 
Lup  Gaz,  his  last  camp  south  of  the  Mintaka 
Pass. 

Messrs.  Longmans  have  in  the  press 
'  Chemistry  and  its  Borderland,'  by  Dr. 
Alfred  W.  Stewart.  In  this  volume  no 
chemical  symbols  are  employed,  and  purely 
elementary  questions  are  not  dealt  wdth  at 
length.  Dr.  Stewart's  aim  is  to  give  the 
non-technical  reader  an  account  of  some 
recent  developments  hi  chemistry  couched 
in  language  which  need  not  present  any 
impediment. 

We  regret  to  learn  of  the  death,  which 
took  place  on  Tuesday,  January  27th,  of  Mr. 
R.  T.  Omond,  the  meteorologist.  He  was 
appointed  first  Superintendent  ni  the  Ben 
Nevis  Observatory  in  1883,  and  held  the 
post  till  1895,  when  failing  health  compelled 
him  to  resign.  From  1903  he  was  Hon. 
Secretary  of  the  Scottish  Meteorological 
Society,  and  was  joint  editor  of  the  Ben 
Nevis  Observatory  publications,  completed 
three  years  ago.  He  was  a  luminous 
writer,  and,  though  he  suffered  from  an 
incurable    illness,    his   output    was   such   as 

would  have  done  credit  to  a  man  in  full 
health;  while  his  effective  support  of  tin- 
Scottish  National  Antarctic  Expedition 
showed  the  keenness  and  energy  with  which 
he  was  able  to  throw  himself  into  practical 
matters. 

The  deatli  of  Dr.  Albert  Charles  Gunther 
in  his   84th   year    removes   a   distinguished 

naturalist.       A     native     of     W'iirt  ember-.',     he 

was  educated  at  three  German  [Jniversit 
with  a  \  iew  to  a  medical  career,  but  soon 
took  to  natural  history.  He  entered  the 
service  of  the  British  Museum  in  L856,  and 
ros<  to  !"•  head  of  the  Zoological  Department. 
Hi-,  publicat  ions  include  ten  •*  olumea  ol  I 
Museum    ( latalogw  "", 

I,  hi    .     Reptil<  -  "i  Ihii  iah  India.'  '  Gigantic 
i        i  Tortoises,   and    ■■  ■  1  ral  monographs  on 
1  [e  u as  1  he  founder  and  hr-i  editor 
of  The  Record  of  Zoological  Literature, 


208 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


Vasari  Society's  Publications  :  No.   VIII. 
1912-13  ;  No.  IX.  1913-14. 

These  collotype  prints  by  the  Oxford 
University  Press  are  of  a  kind  to  rehabili- 
tate in  our  eyes  the  art  of  reproduction. 
When  applied  to  drawings,  collotype  well 
handled  really  gives  something  which  has 
.almost  all  the  qualities  of  the  original, 
and  escapes  the  condemnation  we  have 
frequently  had  to  mete  out  to  the 
'mechanical  imitation  by  photography 
of  works  executed  in  colour  on  a  much 
larger  scale  and  by  complex  technical 
processes. 

The  folios  now  under  consideration  com- 
prise an  interesting  selection,  No.  VIII. 
in  particular  bringing  forth  from  various 
public  and  private  collections  a  very  mine 
•of  wealth.     The  finest  drawings  are  not 
alwavs  to  be  found  under  the   greatest 
names.     The    Michelangelo    (5)    selected 
from   the    British    Museum    collection    is 
An  indifferent  example,  the  "  facade  "  of 
anatomical  markings  being  over-laboured, 
and  the  realization  of  angle  measurements, 
necessary  to  give  them  interest,  imperfect. 
'The  portrait  of  Baccio  Bandinelli  (6),  on 
the   other  hand,  is  a  masterpiece   of  re- 
strained   and    dignified    characterization, 
and  its  spacing  on  the  paper  bold  and 
•successful.    It  is  ascribed,  at  the  suggestion 
-of  Mr.  Herbert  Home,  to  a   little-known 
artist.  Francisco  del  Prato.     One  is  struck 
by   the    similarity   in    the    compositional 
•conception  of   this   profile    to   the   treat- 
ment of  the  head  of  the  seated  woman  to 
the  left  of  Buonarotti's  National  Gallery 
1  Entombment,'    where,    drapery   cutting 
the  top  of  the  head,  an  accidental  limita- 
tion  of   the   background  in  front  of   the 
face  is  utilized  to  make  a  similar  framing, 
which  draws  attention  to  the  squareness 
of  the  perpendicular  planes. 

In  this  and  in  the  earlier  frieze-like 
•composition  of  (3)  Pollaiuolo,  also  from 
the  British  Museum  collection,  with  its 
plastic  use  of  contour,  we  feel  how  early 
in  Florentine  work  ma}7  be  traced  sugges- 
tions of  the  cameo-painter's  use  of  built- 
up  outline,  the  structural  virtues  of  which 
were  among  the  last  things  retained  by  a 
•decadent  school,  giving  a  look  of  classic 
distinction  sometimes  even  to  Prima- 
ticcio.  In  Dirck  Vellerts's  designs  for 
glass  -  painting  (19  and  20),  from  Mr. 
Frank  Smith's  collection,  we  see  Italian 
influence  utilized  with  a  success  rare  in 
a  Northern  artist ;  the  brilliant  suggestion 
of  colour,  the  expression  of  space  in  the 
landscape,  are  admirable.  Of  the  Dutch 
and  Flemish  masters  we  have  a  wonderful 
page  of  designs  of  the  School  of  Van  der 
Weyden  from  the  Ashmolean  (15-18), 
a  magnificent  Jordaens,  and  a  charming 
view  of  Nantes  by  Lambert  Doomer  (27), 
very  like  Cuyp. 

In  No.  IX.  the  Titian  (8)  from  the 
National  Gallery  of  Scotland  is  one  of 
the  classic  examples  of  landscape  drawing. 


In  its  more  modern  fashion  Callot's '  Foire 
de  Gondreville  '  (26)  is  hardly  inferior. 
Mr.  Oppenhcimer's  Italian  view  (12) 
reveals  a  representative  Canale,  very 
different  from  the  drawing  in  No.  VIII. 
ascribed  to  the  same  name,  as  to  which, 
indeed,  we  are  inclined  to  echo  the  scepti- 
cism of  Mr.  Ricketts. 

The  reproductions  throughout  the 
series  are  of  admirable  quality,  even  the 
Jordaens,  which  is  printed  in  colour,  being 
clear  and  structural,  a  design  which  might 
conceivably  have  been  made  for  the 
technique  of  colour-printing. 


The  Gospel  Story  in  Art.     By  John  La 
Farge.     (Macmillan  &  Co.,  15s.  net.) 

Works  by  a  craftsman  on  any  subject 
intimately  connected  with  his  craft  are 
always  sure  to  be  suggestive,  stimulating, 
and  instructive,  and  they  carry  with  them 
something  of  authority  even  in  the  very 
waywardness  and  limitation  of  outlook 
which  often  mar  them.  A  sentimental 
interest  is  added  to  Mr.  La  Farge's  book 
in  that  this,  the  last  work  of  the  aged 
painter  and  critic,  was  dictated  (so  the 
editor  informs  us)  in  the  intervals  of  pain 
and  weariness.  Nevertheless  the  style — 
precious  almost  and  Pateresque — shows 
no  sign  of  failing  power,  and  none  of  that 
carelessness  of  phrase  or  formlessness  of 
sentence  and  paragraph  usually  associated 
with  the  unre vised  word  of  mouth. 

John  La  Farge  brought  to  his  task  of 
writing  a  book  on  the  representation  of 
the  Christian  story  in  art  many  of  the 
necessary    qualifications.     Through    early 
study  he  had  so  trained  his  eye  and  mind 
that  he  could  recall  the  details  of  colouring 
and  composition  in  a  picture  seen  fifty 
years  before.     He  was  familiar,  not  only 
with  the  classic  writings  of  the  Western 
and  the  Eastern  world,  as  readers  of  his 
works  on  Japan  will  remember,  but  also 
with   the   legends   and   traditions   of   the 
people,  which  inspired  many  of  the  great 
painters  of  the  Gospel  story,  and  which  a 
Raphael  or  a   Michelangelo    used   in   his 
compositions     just     as     a    great    writer 
uses    the      device      of    literary    allusion. 
Knowledge  of  these  things  is  necessary  for 
those   who   would  expound   the   meaning 
and  beauty  of  such  works.     The  chapters 
on   the   Prophets   and   Sibyls   of   Michel- 
angelo and  the  Angels  of  Botticelli  show 
to    what    good    purpose    Mr.    La    Farge 
could    turn    his    curious   lore.      Yet   this 
I  book,   with   its   eighty   finely  reproduced 
'  exemplars  of  the  Christian  story  in  art, 
must  be  welcomed  as  a  contribution  to, 
rather  than  a  complete  exposition  of,  its 
subject.     The    waywardness    natural    to 
an  artist  asserts  itself  on  almost  every 
page    in    choice    or    rejection    of    painter 
or  picture.     The  author's    mind    inclined 
strongly  to  all  that  was  mystic,  strange, 
and  wonderful,  and  it  is  evident  that  his 
devotion  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
whilst    enhancing    his    appreciations    in 
some    directions,    militated    against    the 
catholicity  of  his  taste  and  judgment. 


He  declares,  for  instance,  that  since 
Rembrandt,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
nothing  "  authoritative  "  has  been  done 
in  pictorial  representation  of  the  life  of 
the  Bible.  One  of  those  exceptions  is 
Delacroix,  to  whom  he  awards  praise  which 
is  interesting,  but  which  will  seem  to 
many  excessive.  One  may  excuse  the 
omission  of  any  reference  to  Guido  Reni 
or  William  Blake  or  Holman  Hunt,  but 
scarcely  the  treatment  of  Albert  Diirer. 
For  neither  that  "  great  trumpet  call  of 
the  Reformation,"  the  '  Apocalypse,'  nor 
the  '  Madonna  del  Rosario  '  at  Prague 
is  referred  to,  and  Diirer's  marvellously 
tender  little  picture  at  Dresden  of 
Christ  on  the  Cross,  a  painting  intense 
and  noble  in  expression,  rich  in  colour 
and  precision  of  drawing,  is  dismissed  as 
disappointing ;  whilst  Signorelli's  dis- 
agreeable, if  learned  '  Crucifixion '  is 
praised  as  poetic  and  near  to  Michel- 
angelo. Little  is  said  of  Byzantine  work 
and  the  mosaic-painters  of  Ravenna ; 
bronze  work  is  ignored;  sculpture,  apart 
from  a  few  references  to  Donatello,  Delia 
Quercia,  and  Giovanni  Pisano,  is  scarcely 
noticed.  No  reference  is  made  to  the 
story  of  the  Gospel  as  it  was 
illustrated  by  the  workers  in  glass  and 
stone  in  the  windows  and  porches  of 
cathedrals. 

These  omissions  recognized,  and  these 
limitations  granted,  we  need  not  quarrel 
with  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the  author's 
taste,  for  they  leave  him  a  freer  hand  to 
praise  and  analyze  the  works  of  the  Great 
Masters  whom  he  loves  :  Giotto,  "  the 
man  from  whom  everything  flows "  ; 
Botticelli,  Leonardo,  Michelangelo,  Dona- 
tello, Rembrandt,  Delacroix. 

The  following  passage  shows  the  author 
at  his  best,  and  will  serve  to  give  the 
reader  an  idea  of  the  reverence  and 
understanding  with  which  he  approaches 
his  great  subject : — 

"  In  the  dreams  of  my  youth  I  used  to 
wonder  what  we  should  have  found  in  the 
statues  of  the  Three  Graces,  which  that 
immortal  sculptor  Socrates  made  and  which 
Pausanias  saw.  Did  he  contrive  to  put  into 
those  images  a  meaning,  a  spiritual  expres- 
sion, such  as  his  words  have  given  us  ? 
But  the  statues  have  disappeared,  and  we 
never  think  of  Socrates  as  a  sculptor. 
Perhaps  that  one  case  might  have  changed 
the  notion  of  what  the  Greek  would  ha\re 
done.  .  .  .There  is,  however,  a  new  and  dis- 
tinct feeling,  which  is  wanting  in  the  great 
spiritual  teachings  of  the  ancient  world  ; 
love  has  been  introduced  into  the  necessities 
of  the  soul.  That  is  the  difference  his- 
torically, and  gradually,  all  through  the  art 
influenced  by  Christ,  this  distinct  spiri- 
tuality of  love  has  marked,  almost  without 
intention,  the  turn  of  the  artist's  mind,  and 
more  and  more  his  hand." 

This  quality,  the  author  holds,  has 
entirely  disappeared  from  modern  religious 
painting. 

The  lack  of  an  index  is  a  grievous  fault 
in  a  book  of  this  kind,  which  enumerates 
a  multitude  of  painters  and  paintings. 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   L914 


TIIK     AT  II  EN  .KT  M 


'200 


CURRENT    EXHIBITIONS. 

If  the  paintings  and  drawings  by  Mr. 
Elliott  Seabrooke  at  the  Carfax  Gallery 
hardly  represent  him  bo  favourably  as  his 
previous  show  on  the  same  walls,  the  reason 
is   mainly    that     on     the    earlier    occasion 

the  drawings  were  Car  more  numerous,  and 

it  is  in  the  use  of  monochrome  in  water- 
oolour  that   he   is  at   once  most   proficient 

and  most  spontaneous.  No.  25  in  the  pre- 
sent collection,  View  of  Montefiano,  is  ap 
excellent  performance  on  strictly  tradi- 
tional lines:  it  might  well  have  been  done 
about  1S40.  alongside  of  William  Callow. 
There  is  a  refinement  and  sureness  in  t la- 
flat  lines  of  its  distant  lulls  which  make  it 
more  intimate  in  its  appeal  than  the  other 
drawings  alongside,  in  which  the  slightly 
mannered  drawing-master  s  competence  com- 
mands respect  rather  than  enthusiasm.  On 
Longdate  Fell  (31)  and  Harrison  Stickle  (32) 
are  good  examples  of  such  rather  tame  yet 
indisputable  merit.  A  little  water-colour 
by  Inness,  hung  by  the  door  in  the  outer 
gallery,  has  such  force  and  freshness  in 
handling  a  similar  theme  as  to  forbid  our 
lavishing  superlatives  on  these  praiseworthy 
drawings. 

The  painting  of  Mr.  Seabrooke  has  always 
been    conceived    in    terms  of    its  processes. 
He  offers  you  the  pleasant  spectacle  of  trees 
or   foreground    clearly   struck   over   a   well- 
established  middle  distance  :    his  forms  are 
built  up  in  successive  paintings  on  a  sound 
method.      On  the  other  hand,  he  is  usually 
one  of  the  dullest  of  eolourists,  having  little 
use    for    colour,    yet    introducing    numerous 
infinitesimal    differentiations    of    hue    which 
take  out  of  his   painting   the  freshness  that 
might  result  from  a  touch  often  direct  and 
vivid  enough.      One  picture,  however,   View 
near  Ficsole  (1">).  shows  a  great  advance  in 
this  respect.      A  little  pretty,  and  small   in 
form,  it   does  display  some  attempt  to   use; 
colour    structurally,    and    its    suggestion    of 
clear  air  and  delicate  sunlight   recalls  some 
of  the  smaller  landscapes  of  Trovon.     Excel- 
lent, too.  is  the  use  of  the  nicely  balanced 
contrast  between  the  texture  of  the  canvas 
and    the    texture   of   the   paint   to    establish 
certain  main  plastic  divisions.      This  might 
have  been  done  with  a  more  massive  sens;' 
of  design,  but  technically  the  modulation  of 
the  body  of  paint  is  admirable. 

We  to  finding  the  dullness  of  Mr. 

brooke's  colour  preferable  to  the  garish- 
nese   of   Mr.    Wynford  Dewhurst's   pictures 
the   Baillie   Gallery.     To   the   Catalogue 
Mr.    A.    L.    Baldly    contributes    a    Preface 
_     for    .Mr.     Dewhurst    "remarkable 
independence "  and  a  "dominating  person- 
ality '     which    it    is    ••  impossible    to    cha- 
in any  Bumming-up  of  the  Art  of  our 
tin  We  cannot  but  think  this  an  arbi- 

trary verdict.  The  Impressionist  School  of 
Monet  and  his  followers  invented,  on  the 
whole,  the  most  impersonal  of  modern 
thode  of  painting ;  and  although  its 
initiators  needed  considerable  independence 
tblish  themselves  in  a  hostile  world, 
by  the  time  that  .Mr.  Dewhurst  arrived  on 
the  scene,  attachment  to  that  school  cannot 
I  <•   described   as   an    act    of    independence. 

He    js    not     a    close     imitator,    because     his 
of    tic-     method    lacks    the    precision 
inventors  ;    hot     this    careless,    ap- 
proximate   handling   ,,f   what,    in    Us   origin, 

■new  I,.  .,t  itic      33  stem     of 

id. -a-,    while    it    may    be    personal    to    the 

inter,    ',111    hardly    be   what    .Mr.    Baldry 

means    to    praise.     No.    12,   Tht     Mitt,    I." 

•v     telle,     :•     on      the    whole    the    (,«•->     .,t      ||,.-e 

pictures.  'I  he    flower-bed    of    7'/,,     Palace, 

I'  0  a  certain  brilliance  and 

deftness  of   execution,    though   it    offers   a 

glai  unple  ol  .Mr.  Dewhurst  e  indiffer- 


ence to  just  relations  of  colour  in  regard  to 
the  rest  of  the  picture.  Yellow  flowers-- 
so  situated  in  the  shadow,  and  seen  in 
the   light    of  a   cool   sky— could  hardly  be  of 

that  bone. 

At  the  gallery  of  Messrs.  Goupil  &  Co. 
in  Bedford  Street  are  modern  Dutch  pic- 
tures, mainly  pale  reflections  of  Mauve,  like 

the  Landscape  (27)  of  Cornells  Kuypers, or  of 

W'illem    Maris,    as    in    the    Autumn    (L'S)    of 

Brans  Langeveld.     A  still-life,  Red  Herrings 

(18).   by    -Mrs.    S.    Bisschop    Robertson,    is   the 

best  of  the  exhibits,  displaying  some  virtuo- 
sity. Her  other  pictures  are  slighter,  and 
look  like  imitations  of  Mr.  Dudley  Hardy's 
imitations  of  modern  Dutch  painting.  The 
etchings  by  Mr.  Burnett  X.  H.  Orphoot  in 
the  outer  gallery  are  occasionally  effective 
in  a  melodramatic  way,  as  in  The  Temple 
of  Juno,  Girgenti  (16),  or  The  Arch  of  Titus 
(19),  but  do  not  otherwise — or,  indeed,  in 
this  respect — differ  from  the  average  output 
of  the  modern  "painter-etcher." 

The  panels  by  Mr.  Murray  Urquhart  for 

the  decoration  of  the  Old  Parliament  House 
of  Olyndwr  at  Machynlleth  (shown  at  his 
studio  last  week)  are  conceived  in  a  scheme 
of  mild  colour  pleasant  enough ;  but  they 
rather  lack  interesting  draughtsmanship. 
The  figures  seem  to  have  been  based,  as 
is  so  frequently  the  case  with  academic 
decorators,  upon  studies  done  too  close  to 
the  model  for  the  implied  angle  of  vision  of 
the  picture  as  a  whole,  and  they  have  not 
always  the  merit  of  carefully  realized  detail 
which  usually  goes  with  that  defect,  some 
of  the  hands  in  particular  being  very  weak. 
Yet,  as  the  work  of  one  presumably  a  tyro 
at  this  form  of  art,  the  small  design  of  the 
whole  scheme  is  promising  :  the  adaptation 
of  the  two  panels  originally  ordered  for  the 
room  to  their  place  among  the  four  ulti- 
mately asked  for  indicates  some  resource- 
fulness. 

Mr.  Russell  Flint's  water-colours  at  the 
Fine  Art  Society  show  his  old  cleverness 
of  hand,  but  also  his  old  readiness  to 
take  a  suggestion  from  the  vision  of  all 
sorts  of  artists,  with  little  regard  to  con- 
sistency of  style.  He  appears  to  have  no 
way  of  looking  at  the  world  which  is  his  own, 
but  great  facility  in  assimilating  the  obvious 
aspect  of  any  picture.  In  Xo.  31,  The 
Garden  of  San  Giovanni  degli  Eremeti, 
Palermo,  we  see.  in  a  freedom  recalling  that 
of  the  late  Arthur  Melville,  probably  the 
nearest  approach  to  his  own  natural  bent. 
Yet  even  in  comparison  with  the  not  very 
profound  art  of  that  painter,  the  design 
appears  to  have  been  brought  from  the 
outside — forced  upon  the  subject,  rather 
than  arising  out  of  it. 

Among  the  Japanese  fans  in  the  next 
room  some  deserve  attention,  notably 
Xos.  K5.  41,  45,  71,  and,  best  of  all.  No.  78 
— a  design  of  a  stormy  sea  and  anxious 
sailors  in  an  open  boat,  of  considerable 
dramat  i<-  effect. 


Jftnc   Art   (6ossip. 


PICTURES. 


Messrs.  Chmbtte  sold  on  Friday,  January 
30th,  the  following  pictures  :  A.  Pesne,  Frederick 
the  Great,  in  blue  coat,  breastplate,  and  crimson 
cloak  lined  »\iili  ermine,  holding  ;i  baton  in  hie 
right  hand,  3157.  Anonymous,  Lord  Charles 
Cavendish,  inred  coat  and  white  rest,  holding 
liis  hat  under  J » i -^  arm,  1687. 


K\(.|l  WINGS. 


The  same  Arm  sold  on  Monday,  the  2nd  inst.,  the 
following  engraving  :  Nature  (Lady  Hamilton  . 
after  Roinney,  by  i.  R.  Smith,  Aral  1  ite,2627.  10«. 
The  1  lavering  Children,  after  and  bj  the  same, 
the  title  and  inscription  in  etched  letters,  283/.  10«. 
A  young  Lad]  encouraging  a  Low  Comedian, 
after  Nbrthcote,  by  W.  Ward,  printed  In  coli 
2'.m. 


An  exhibition  of  Paintings,  Drawings, 
Engravings,    and    Colour-Books    by    Blake 

has  just    been   opened    in    the   galleries  of   the 
Manchester   Whit  wort  h    Institute,   this  being 

the  first  exhibition  <>t  Blake's  work  held  in 
the  North  of  England. 

'I'm:  Sitdi.kv  Bowl  has  been  presented 
by  Mi-.  Earvey  Madden  to  the  Victoria 
and  Albert   .Museum.     Formerly  at   Studley 

Royal  Church,  near   Kipon.  it    has  long  been 

will  known  to  lovers  of  mediaeval  craftsman- 
ship, and  a  more  general  public  interest  .• 
aroused    in    it    when,    about   a   year   ago,    its 
fate    had    to    be    determined    by    the    Chan 
cellor  of  the  Diocese,  who  granted   a   faoult) 
for  the  sale  of  it  for  3,OO0Z.  on  condition  thai 

it  was  bought  for  the  Victoria  and  Albert 

.Museum. 

Therk  are  few  more  interesting  church'-- 
in  Norfolk  than  that  of  Tunstead.  It  is  not 
nearly  so  well   known  as  it    deserves,   as   it 

lies  somewhat    remote.       With   the  exception 
of  the    fifteenth-century  chancel,  it  is  all   of 
the   late   Decorated   phase  of  (Jot hie.     Thi 
exterior    is    remarkable    for    the    distinctive 
"  blind  story  "   of  flint  and  stone  over  the 
nave  arcades,  and    the   interior  for  tho  ran 
beauty    and    grace    of    these    arcades,    with 
their    tall   and    slender    quatre   foil-shaped! 
piers.     Tho  special  features  which   unite  in 
making   this   church   cry   aloud   for   careful 
preservation  are  too  numerous  for  recapitu- 
lation.     But  amongst  them  may  be  nan 
the    graceful    ironwork    (c.    l.'JOO— 70)    on  the 
south  door,  which  is  undoubtedly  the  most 
striking    of    its   kind    in    all   England;    tic 
magnificent    rood-screen,     with     its     paint- 
ings  of   the  Apostles    and    the    four    Latin 
Doctors,   and    a  portion    of   the     rood-loft r 
with    the  painted    rood-beam,   several    feet 
above   it,  supported    by  spandrels;  and  the 
raised  stone  platform  behind  the  high  altai 
extending  the  whole  width   of  the  chancelr 
and    probably    designed    for    the    protection 
and  exhibition  of  special  relics.     The  whole 
of  this  invaluable  fabric  is  now  more  or  lees 
in    peril.      Of    late    years    bad    cracks    and 
dangerous     deviations     from     the     perpen- 
dicular   have    multiplied.      The    foundations 
in  places  are  in  need  of  underpinning.     The 
guttering  and  rainwater-pipes  have  deterior- 
ated,   and    are    doing    much    damage.      The 
Vicar,  the  Rev.  A.    K.    Woodward,   has  been 
fortunate  in  securing  Mr.  P.  M.  Johnston  to 
examine  the  church  with  a  view  to  repair-. 
The   builder's  estimate   for  necessary   works 
slightly  exceeds  1,000/. 

The  Athcnamm  can  seldom  find  space  for 
the  admission  of  pleas  of  this  sort  ,  as  they 
are  of  too  frequent  occurrence,  but  heir  an 
exception  should  he  made  Such  a  sum 
cannot  be  raised  from  a  small  and  dw  iinllin  ■• 
village  population,  without  a  single  resident 
of  means,  and  with  a  benefice  of  a  little  over 

200/.    a   year.       If   outside    help     is    11.1t    B 

forthcoming,  the  fabric  will  degenerate  into 
a     ruin.      These     words     arc     written     from 
personal  knowledge,  but  it  is  as  well  bo  a  I  I 
t  hat     a     circular     embodj  in  '     the     ap] 
gives,  with  illustrations,  .1  good  id    1  oi    tl 
details  of  t  his  fine  church. 

It  is  somen  hal   curious  that,  while  V, 
minster  Abbej   has  had  n  -  1  hronicler    ol  all 

of    merit,    the    histoi  1  1    church 
St.    Mai      let .    under   it       ]  adov  been 

1 1|(.  subje  1   ol   on!}    an  oc<  asional  p 
lecture.     1  he   R<  v.   II.   F.    W  1    Hal  1  ,  i 
dian   and    Minor  <  anon   "t    the   Abb 

,  ,1    upon    a    hi    '  I'h 

u  iderable  1  in  e,  and  hi 
',         ,1 1  \     be    published    bj    Mi  1   4 

I  I      will     he     ill  lu 

1  iona  from  old  print  -  and  phi 


210 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,   1914 


MUSIC 


'PARSIFAL'   AT  COVENT  GARDEN. 

The  performance  of  '  Parsifal '  last 
Monday  evening,  the  first  in  England,  was 
an  event  which  was  awaited  with  much 
interest.  When  '  The  Ring '  was  pro- 
duced here  in  1S82,  it  not  only  did  not 
appeal  to  the  general  public,  but  even  met 
with  opposition.  Now,  however,  '  Parsi- 
fal '  is  received  b}^  many  with  enthusiasm. 
The  name  of  the  composer  is  sufficient. 
One  difference  between  past  and  present 
must  be  noted :  over  thirty  years  ago  there 
were  good  artists  for  '  The  Ring,'  but  the 
performances  were  in  many  respects 
unsatisfactory ;  whereas  the  present  pro- 
duction of  '  Parsifal '  was  worthy  of  the 
highest  praise.  That  it  is  a  deeply  im- 
pressive work  is  beyond  question,  but 
does  it,  as  some  think,  show  that  Wagner's 
intellectual  powers  were  on  the  wane  when 
he  wrote  it,  and  that,  in  spite  of  much  that 
is  beautiful  and  even  grand,  it  is  not  to 
be  compared  to  his  former  music-dramas  1 
To  our  mind,  any  comparisons  are  idle. 
The  subjects  of  '  Tristan,'  '  Die  Meister- 
singer,'  and  '  The  Ring '  were  entirely 
secular.  Even  in  '  Tannhauser '  the  whole 
work  was  not  based  on  a  sacred  subject. 

'  Parsifal,'  bjr  reason  of  the  story  as  told 
by  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  is  imbued 
with  the  Christian  spirit  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  Of  course,  Wagner  did  not  merely 
copy  Wolfram,  but  that  was  the  source 
by  which  he  was  first  inspired,  and  from 
that  epic  poem  he  created  what  he  named 
his  "  Sacred  Festival  Drama."  In  '  Par- 
sifal '  the  music  often  reminds  us  of 
'Tristan'  and  'Die  Meistersinger,'  which 
is  not  surprising;  yet,  after  all,  we  find 
hints  rather  than  distinct  reminiscences. 
Wagner  also  employs  his  representative 
themes,  though  they  are  fewer  in  number. 
One  feature  of  the  work  is  the  convincing 
way  in  which  he  creates  a  Christian 
atmosphere  calling  for  restraint,  for  music 
which  appeals  largely  to  the  emotions. 
Another  and  specially  prominent  feature  is 
the  quantity  of  quiet  music  ;  it  is  only 
occasionally  that  the  full  force  of  the 
orchestra  is  employed.  It  must  honestly 
be  confessed  that  there  are  moments,  even 
in  the  "  Grail  "  scene  at  the  close  of  the 
first  act,  in  which  inspiration  is  not  at 
its  strongest.  But  will  any  one  maintain 
that  '  The  Ring '  is  equallv  inspired 
throughout  ?  '  Parsifal '  is  a  long  work, 
yet  only  long  to  those  who,  satisfied  with 
the  music,  do  not  or  cannot  follow  the 
story.  A  case  in  point  is  the  conversation 
in  the  first  act,  where  Gurnemanz  is  ex- 
plaining to  the  esquires  events  of  which 
they  have  no  knowledge  :  or  again,  and 
notably,  in  the  scene  in  the  third  act 
where  Gurnemanz  is  speaking  to  Parsifal. 
In  '  The  Ring  '  there  are  many  similar  in- 
stances, and  occasionally  far  less  excus- 
able. We  mention  this  because  as  part 
and  parcel  of  Wagner's  method  they  are 
accepted.  A  genius  must  be  taken  as  he 
is,  not  as  some  would  like  him  to  be. 

'  Parsifal '  demands  great  artists.  The 
protagonist  was  Herr  Heinrich  Henselt. 


He  may  not  be  an  ideal  Parsifal  in  appear- 
ance or  in  voice,  but  his  rendering  of  the 
part  was  excellent.  When  he  is  first  seen 
his  dress  and  manner  not  inappropriately 
recalled  Siegfried,  a  part  in  which  he  has 
distinguished  himself  at  Covent  Garden. 
But  after  he  had  become  conscious  of  his 
mission,  he  was  dramatic,  and  in  the  third 
act  was  quiet  in  demeanour.  Mile.  Eva 
von  der  Osten  was  admirable  as  Kun- 
dry.  This  is  a  part  for  which  she 
has  exceptional  gifts  :  she  has  a  fine 
voice,  good  presence,  clear  diction,  and 
strong  dramatic  instinct.  In  Act  I.  she 
is  the  weird  witch  ;  in  the  second  she 
tries  by  cunning  means  to  win  Parsifal's 
love,  and  thus  place  him  at  the  mercy  of 
Klingsor,  the  evil  magician  under  whose 
spell  she  lies  ;  and  in  the  third,  in  which 
she  utters  only  one  word,  she  is  repentant, 
and,  following  Parsifal  to  the  Grail  Hall, 
falls  dead  at  his  feet.  Highest  praise 
must  be  given  to  Herr  Paul  Kniipfer  for 
his  Gurnemanz,  and  Herr  Paul  Bender 
was  impressive  as  Amfortas.  The  small 
parts  of  Klingsor  and  Titurel  were  ably 
filled  by  Herr  August  Kiess  and  Mr. 
Murray  Davey. 

The  mounting  of  the  piece  in  some 
respects  is  open  to  criticism.  The  Hall 
of  the  Grail  is  very  fine,  so  is  the  Meadow 
scene.  But  the  moving  scenery  proved 
disappointing.  On  Wednesday  it  was 
not  used  in  the  third  act,  and  there  seems 
no  valid  reason  for  retaining  it  in  the  first. 

Last  of  all  we  mention  Herr  Artur 
Bodanzky,  who  came,  conducted,  and 
conquered.  There  are  many  fine  Wagner 
conductors,  but  he  ranks  among  the  best. 
The  orchestra  of  over  one  hundred  mem- 
bers was  composed  of  thoroughly  efficient 
players,  otherwise  Herr  Bodanzky's  best 
intentions  could  not  have  been  fulfilled. 


MEHUL'S    'JOSEPH.' 

On  Tuesday  evening  was  given  at  Covent 
Garden  a  work  which,  if  old — it  was  pro- 
duced at  Paris  in  1807 — is  still  performed 
in  France,  also  in  Germany.  This  was 
Mehul's  '  Joseph,'  and  the  first  act,  though 
the  airs  are  pleasing,  does  not  offer 
the  composer  any  opportunity  of 
displaying  his  powers  ;  the  contrast 
between  it  and  the  '  Parsifal '  of  the 
previous  evening  seemed,  therefore,  too 
great  to  enable  the  work  to  be  properly 
judged.  In  the  second  act,  however, 
interest  was  aroused — it  became  evident 
that  Mehul  possessed  dramatic  instinct ; 
while  during  the  third  one  even  began  to 
forget  how  old  the  music  really  was.  This, 
it  must  be  acknowledged,  was  partly  due 
to  the  version  used,  for  which  Herr  Wein- 
gartner  has  composed  recitatives  in  place 
of  the  old  spoken  dialogue.  He  evidently 
tried  to  keep  to  Mehul's  style,  though  in 
the  third  act  there  are  one  or  two  modern 
touches.  These  recitatives  are  in  them- 
selves excellent. 

The  airs,  however,  suffer  ;  they  are  not 
of  sufficient  importance  for  an  opera,  but 
exactly  the  right  thing  for  an  opera 
comique  {i.e.,  with  spoken  dialogue). 
Mehul's  music  is,  in  any  case,  still  enjoy- 


able   by   reason   of   its   truthfulness   and 
dramatic  feeling. 

A  performance  of  high  merit  was  given 
by  Herren  Friedrich  Plaschke  (Jacob), 
Johannes  Sembach  (Joseph),  Anton  Hum- 
melshcim  (Reuben),  and  August  Kiess 
(Simeon),  while  Fraulein  Greta  Johnsson 
took  the  part  of  Benjamin.  The  im- 
pressive scene  between  Jacob  and  Simeon 
in  the  last  act  may  be  specially  mentioned, 
though  every  one,  including  the  other 
brothers,  contributed  to  the  artistic  suc- 
cess. Mr.  Percy  Pitt  conducted  carefully. 
The  choral  singing  was  smooth,  and  the 
staging  picturesque. 


THE  NEW  SHAKESPEARE  MUSIC  AT 
THE    SAVOY. 

The  artistic  significance  of  the  music, 
songs,  dances,  &c,  in  the  Elizabethan 
poetic  drama  is  usually  under-estimated, 
and  it  is  often  and  far  too  hastily  assumed 
that  costumes,  scenery,  and  music  had  but 
a  small  share  in  its  production.  Mr.  G.  H. 
Cowling,  in  his  '  Music,  on  the  Shakespearian 
Stage,'  has,  however,  shown  that  the  drama 
of  Shakespeare's  time,  so  far  from  being 
purely  a  literary  production,  made  a  sen- 
suous appeal,  not  only  to  the  ear  with  poetry 
and  music,  but  also  to  the  eye  with  dress, 
properties,  and  painted  scenes  ;  and  that 
"  whilst  the  imagery  of  verse  cast  a  glamour 
over  the  imaginative  effect  of  the  drama 
on  the  intellect  and  the  emotion,  there  were 
music  and  colour  for  the  senses." 

If  we  accept  this  opinion,  and  regard  the 
musical  scenes  and  interludes  in  Shake- 
speare's plays  as  no  mere  decorative  additions 
of  minor  import,  but  rather  an  integral  part 
of  the  drama,  designed  to  heighten  its  effect 
and  carry  on  the  action,  their  adequate 
treatment  becomes  a  matter  demanding 
serious  consideration.  Unfortunately,  the 
question  is  hedged  with  difficulties,  and  the 
right  handling  of  the  songs  and  music  in 
the  acting  of  Shakespeare  presents  to  the 
musician  a  problem  of  a  troublesome  nature. 

Where  the  original  music  used  in  Shake- 
speare's day  has  survived,  the  simplest  and, 
perhaps,  the  safest  course — though  not 
necessarily  the  ideal  one — is  to  retain  it. 
But  how  are  we  to  treat  songs  like  those  in 
'  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,'  for  which 
not  a  single  note  of  contemporary  music  has 
been  preserved  ?  Three  ways  lie  before  us  : 
(1)  we  may  adapt  Elizabethan  music  that 
was  originally  set  to  other  words ;  (2)  com- 
pose music  in  the  Elizabethan  idiom ;  or 
(3)  commission  a  composer  of  our  own  day 
to  write  original  music. 

To  the  adoption  of  the  first  method  there 
is  one  grave  objection.  The  text  and  the 
music  of  the  Elizabethan  song  are  so  closely 
interwoven — the  one  is  so  exact  a  counter- 
part of  the  other — that  the  substitution  of 
other  words  for  the  original  ones,  even  when 
this  can  be  done  without  the  alteration  of  a 
single  note  of  the  music,  will  only  produce 
a  piece  of  palpable  patchwork,  artistically 
worthless. 

The  second  alternative  may  be  summarily 
dismissed.  The  Shakespeare  play  is  the 
last  place  into  which  any  one  would  wish 
to  introduce  anything  of  the  nature  of  a 
"  fake." 

There  is  far  more  to  be  said  for  the  third 
method,  though  even  to  this  many  will  take 
objection.  It  will  be  urged  that  modern 
music  is  out  of  place — an  anachronism — in 
an  Elizabethan  play.  With  this,  however,  I 
do  not  agree.  Indeed,  I  am  prepared  to  go 
further,  and  question  whether,  artistic- 
ally, it    is    advisable  even    to    retain  those 


No.  4502,   Feb.  7,  1914 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  ZEUM 


211 


Elizabethan  Bettings  of  Shakespeare's  songs 
which  have  happily  survived.  A  greal 
many  of  these  are  admittedly  verj  beautiful 
and  characteristic.  The  retention,  bow- 
ever,  bind-;  us  to  the  Elizabethan  attitude 
towards  Shakespeare,  and,  by  Btamping  the 
dramas  as  mere  Elizabethan  products, 
lessens  the  force  oi  the  appeal  which  they 
would  otherwise  make  to  modern  ears. 
To  us  Elizabethan  music  musl  always  sound 
strange,  unfamiliar,  archaic,  and,  to  some 
extent,  "  precious." 

The    archaeologist    will    not,    oi    course, 

>pt  this  \  n-w  of  the  matter.  The  ques- 
tion, however,  lies  outside  his  province;  it 
concerns  the  artist,  not  the  antiquary.  To 
the  artist  the  fact  that  the  plays  were  written 
in  the  days  of  Elizabeth  is  a.  matter  com- 
paratively of  small  import — little  more  than 
a  mere  accident.  Shakespeare  himself  was 
infinitely  more  than  an  Elizabethan.  The 
message  he  delivered  to  his  contemporaries 
has,  as  time  has  proved,  reached  tar  beyond 
them.  Shakespeare  the  man  was  an  Eliza- 
bethan :  Shakespeare  the  artist  and  dra- 
matist belongs  to  all  time. 

This  is  not  to  assert  that  there  are  no 
features  in  the  plays  which  betray  their 
Elizabethan  origin.  On  the  contrary,  there 
are  a  great  many.  But  these  are  not 
mainly  the  essential  elements — those  quali- 
ties which  make  the  dramas  a  living  force 
at  the  present  day.  We  shall,  of  course, 
have  to  discriminate  between  the  essential 
and  the  accidental.  Some  of  the  "  acci- 
dents "  may  not  admit  of  rejection  or  varia- 
tion without  incurring  artistic  loss,  such  as, 
for  instance,  the  special  form  of  stage  used 
in  Shakespeare's  day  ;  while  others,  e.g., 
the  roofless  auditorium,  it  would  be  mere 
pedantry  to  retain.  Each  case  must  be 
judged  on  its  own  merits,  and  upon  artistic, 
not  archaeological  considerations. 

It  is  so  with  regard  to  the  music.  The 
musician,  if  he  feels  that  Elizabethan  music 
sounds  strange  and  archaic,  may  reject  it 
and  substitute  music  of  his  own.  He  is 
entitled  to  claim  full  liberty  to  settle  the 
matter  in  his  own  way,  realizing,  of  course, 
that  his  own  experiment  will  sooner  or  later 
be  itself  superseded. 

Tin-,    indeed,    is    the    fate    that    has    now- 
overtaken    Mendelssohn's    incidental    music 
A  Midsummer  Xi'_rht's  Dream,'  though 
it  won  the  admiration  of  his  contemporaries, 
whose  ideals  it  faithfully  reflected. 

We  of  the  present  generation  are  no  longer 
under  the  influence  of  the  wave  of  (German 
Romanticism  which  swept  over  this  country 
seventy  years  ago,  and  to  us,  there- 
fore, hi-  music  comes  as  an  echo  of  a  past 
he  expression  of  an  ideal  which  is  not 
our~.      And  this  must   always  be  so,  for  the 
olution  of  the  art  of  music  has  been  con- 
tinuoue  :    each  generation  of  composers  has 
been  occupied  with  the  solution  of  particular 
hnical    and    aesthetic    problems.     Conse- 
quently  the   music   of   every   epoch    is   dis- 
til., by    certain    musical    figures    or 
idiom-  which,  to  the  musical  historian,  bear 
evidence  of  the  date  at  which  it  was  com- 
posed. 

While,    then,   we   admit    the   right    of    the 
modern  musician  'o  set   the  -..n_-~  in  Si 

in  his  mi  n  way,  w  e  inu-t    not 

forget  that  this,  at  best,  is  a  temporary  solu- 
tion of  tic-  problem.     Finality  can  only  be 

tiled     by     making     use     of     musie    which 

poc  e  characteristic  of  perma- 

nence   and    Ire-hness   as    the    drama    itself — 

music  which  i-  impervious  to  the  passage  of 

time,    and    will    satisfy    equally    the    artistic 

ideals  of  every  age. 

,   folk-music    i-   the  Only   music   which 

fulfils   these   requirements.     It    is   undated; 
it  belongs  to  no  period  ;    it  is  a  growth,  not 


a  composition — the  product  of  evolution, 
not  the  work  of  an  individual.  It  is  time- 
less in  that  it  Hows  beneath  the  surface 
ripples  set   up  by  the  passing  Hint  nations  of 

taste  peculiar  to  this  or  that  epoch.     Tolstoy 

maintained  that  no  aft  was  worthy  of  the 
name  but    that    which  was  either  created   by 

the  peasant,  or  which   could    he   understood 

and  appreciated  by  him.  Without  endors- 
ing   this     proposition,     it     may    at     least     be 

claimed  that  the  music  of  the  peasant  is,  in 
oiu-  sense,  the  only  permanent  music,  because 

it  appeals  insistent  ly  and  with  equal  force  to 

i  \  ery  age. 

By  using  folk-music  in  the  Shakespeare 
play,  we  shall  then  be  mating  like  with  like — 
the  drama  which  is  for  all  time  with  the 
music  which  is  for  all  time.  An  attempt  to 
show  that  this  is  practicable — or,  at  any 
rate,  might  become  so  in  more  capable 
hands — is  being  made  in  the  present  pro- 
duction. Almost  every  tune  used  in  the 
course  of  the  music  is  either  a  folk-air  or 
derived  from  one.  It  would,  of  course, 
have  been  easy,  by  decorating  the  tunes 
with  modern  harmonies,  to  destroy  their 
folk-character  and  convert  them  into  music 
indistinguishable  from  that  of  our  own  day, 
and  thus  defeat  our  ends.  This  pitfall, 
however,  can  be  avoided — as  is  being  done 
in  tire  present  case — by  the  simple  expedient 
of  using  diatonic  harmonies  only  and  eschew- 
ing modulation. 

That  this  is  an  experiment,  and  a  bold, 
perhaps  an  audacious,  one,  is  freely  ad- 
mitted. Those  who  wonder  why  it  has  not 
been  made  before  should  remember  that  it 
is  only  within  the  last  few  years — i.e.,  since 
our  folk-music  has  been  collected — that  it 
has  become  possible. 

We  know,  of  course,  that  this  is  a  question 
which  is  not  going  to  be  decided  on  theo- 
retical or  logical  grounds.  If  the  method 
advocated  is  to  carry  conviction,  it  must  be 
because  the  folk-tune  is  artistically  better 
suited  for  the  purpose  in  question  than  any 
other  kind  of  music.  Now  the  employ- 
ment of  folk-music  ensures,  or  at  least 
renders  feasible,  a  simple  and  direct  treat- 
ment of  the  text  which  will  preserve  the 
rhythm  and  beauty  of  the  language,  instead 
of  obscuring  its  meaning.  Throughout  its 
evolution  the  music  of  the  folk-song  has 
always  been  subservient  to  the  words,  the 
embellishment  and  interpretation  of  which 
has  been  its  sole  purpose.  The  only  repeti- 
tion of  the  text  that  the  folk-singer  ordi- 
narily allows  himself  is  the  "  doubling  "  of 
the  last  few  words  of  the  stanza. 

Is  not  this  precisely  the  musical  treat- 
ment that  we  should  wish  to  accord  to 
Shakespeare's  songs  ?  If  they  are  to  have 
their  full  effect,  they  must  be  rendered  con- 
cisely and  tersely,  without  verbal  repetition, 
and  in  such  a  manner  that  every  syllable  of 
the  text  may  be  distinctly  heard  ;  and 
with  the  utmost  brevity  too  if  the  musical 
scene  or  interlude  is  to  fall  into  its  proper 
relation  with  the  drama — i.e.,  to  aid  and 
carry  on  the  action  of  the  play,  not  to 
arrest    it. 

Mendelssohn,  of  course,  had  another  aim 

than  this.       He  proceeded  as  though  he  were 

composing    a    secular    cantata    to    be    per- 
formed    in    a    concert  -  hall.      To    him     the 

words  were   mere   pegs   upon    which    to   hang 

his     music,     and     consequently     he     never 
scrupled  to  mutilate  the  texl   and  obscure 

its     meaning.       The     two     method        may     be 
best    exhibited    by    comparing    the    folk- 
setting  of   '  Vim   Spotted   Snakes'   with    Men- 

delssonn's    treatment    of    thi  word-. 

In  the  first  ca-e  tie-  only  repetition  is  of  the 

last    two   lines  of  the  choral   retrain,  and   the 
words    are    set     in    such    a    way    that     then 

no   reason   whs    every  syllable  of  tic   texl 
should  not  be  heard  ae  clearly  a-  if  n  were 


Spoken.  In  .Mendelssohn's  hands  the  words 
become  an   inextricable  tangle.      The  phrase 

"  So,  ( rood-night,"  or  ••  So,  so,  <  rood-night .  ' 

is  reiterated  no  fewer  than  twenty-two  times 

in  each  stanza  ;  while  at  the  end  of  the  four* 

lined  verse  allotted  to  the  Eirsf  Kairy  the 
words  "Hence  away!  '  are  arbitrarily 
interpolated  words  which  do  not  belong 
to    the    song   at    all,    but    an-    directed    to    bo 

spoken  by  the  Second  Fairy  at  the  conclu- 
sion  of   the   lyric.     However   beautiful   the 

music  may  be  in  itself,  such  a  treat  incut  of 
the  text  is  quite  indefensible.  Moreover, 
the  lengthening  of  the  scene  which  this 
method     involves  not   only  delays  the  action 

of  the  drama,  but  also  gives  the  scene  an 
importance  and  prominence  which  it  was 
clearly  never  intended  to  usurp. 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  dances  a 
similar  principle  has  been  followed.  The 
movements  have  all  been  adapted  or  de- 
veloped from  those  of  the  English  folk- 
dance.  The  figures  and  steps,  for  instance, 
of  the  dance  in  the  first  act  have  been 
taken  mainly  from  the  Country  Dance,  and 
those  of  the  two  dances  in  the  fifth  act  from 
the  Sword  Dance. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  produce  a 
realist  ii  effect.  The  absence  of  the  requi- 
site accommodation  for  a  large  orchestra, 
and  the  lack  also  of  any  available  body  of 
expert  dancers  in  this  country,  would  alone 
have  rendered  this  impossible,  even  if  it 
had  been  considered  appropriate.  The 
dances  are,  therefore,  frankly  conventional, 
and  set  throughout  to  folk-tunes  of  regular 
eight-bar   rhythm. 

Although  the  folk-dance  bears  the  same 
relationship  to  the  ballet  as  folk-music  to 
art-music,  there  is  this  important  difference 
to  be  noted.  Eor  while  supreme  within  its 
own  sphere,  folk-music  consists  of  unhar- 
monized  melody  only,  always  used  in  the 
service  of  some  other  art — poetry,  dance,  or 
drama — and  covers,  therefore,  but  an  infini- 
tesimally  small  part  of  the  ground  exploited 
by  the  art-musician.  The  folk-dance,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  far  less  restricted  in  its  range. 
Indeed,  it  is  questionable  whether  the  art 
of  dancing  will  ever  be  carried  very  far 
beyond  the  point  to  which  the  peasant 
dancer  has  taken  it.  At  any  rate,  it  cannot 
be  said  that  any  of  the  attempts  to  extend 
it  have  so  far  been  successful.  These  have 
usually  resulted  in  the  invention  of  move- 
ments that  are  acrobatic,  and,  as  such, 
appeal  to  the  sens"e  of  wonder  rather  than 
that  of  beauty,  or  meaningless,  or  pretty  in 
a  tiresome,  superficial  sort  of  way.  That 
the  futility  of  such  developments  is  now 
becoming  generally  recognized  is  shown,  on 
the  one  hand,  by  the  waning  popularity  in 
this  country  of  the  pantomimic  ballet   of  the 

Italian   School,  and,  on  the  other,   by   the 

enthusiasm  recently  aroused  by  t1  iau 

Ballet,  the  step-  and  figures  Of  which  are 
very  intimately  related  to  tho-e  ,,i  the  folk- 
dance.  All.  indeed,  that  the  IJus-ians  ha\e 
done  is  to  adapt    the  figures  and   movements 

Of    their    native    dances    to     if and     mi 

irregular    rhythms,    to    blend    then    in    fresh 

combinations,    to   adapt    them    to   a    larger 
number  of  performers,   and.   above  all,   to 
develope  a  technique  w  Inch,  in    the   natur 
ot  t  hue/-,  the  folk-dancer  was  never  abl< 
achiei  e. 

If  an   English   Ballet    is  ever  to  be  •  -•  ab- 
[iahed  comparable  w  itfa  thai  of  the  Russians, 
it   will  assuredly  have  to  be  based   in  like 
manner  upon  our  ou  a  folk-dam  e  ,     Perh 
the   tentative   and    modest    effort    th 

been   made  to  develo] ur  native  dan 

for   the   purposes   ol    thie    production    may 

incite  other-  to  make  further  and  more  ade- 
quate attempt  9  in  the  same  direction. 

ii.  Sharp. 


212 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


jHusital   (Gossip. 

Mb.  Leonard  Borwick  gave  the  first  of 
a  series  of  five  pianoforte  recitals  at  the 
yEolian  Hall  last  Wednesday  afternoon. 
The  third  will  be  devoted  exclusively  to 
Beethoven ;  in  the  programmes  of  the 
■  others  there  is  a  pleasant,  and  at  times 
curious,  juxtaposition  of  names.  On  Wednes- 
day Beethoven's  often-played  Sonata  in  c 
.minor,  Op.  Ill,  stood  first,  and  Mr. 
Borwick  gave  a  forcible  rendering  of  it, 
though  at  times  in  the  Allegro  he  seemed 
to  us  more  occupied  with  details  than  with 
,the  general  spirit  of  the  music.  The  Sonata 
was  followed  by  Ravel's  three  characteristic 
'  Gaspard  de  la  Nuit  '  poems.  Technically 
they  are  difficult  to  play,  but  not  for  Mr. 
Borwick,  though,  excepting  in  the  first,  he 
was  not  always  happy  in  catching  the  right 
atmosphere. 

In  the  evening  a  concert  was  given  in 
the  same  hall  by  Mr.  Robert  Pollak,  the 
programme  including  a  Sonata  for  violin 
and  pianoforte  by  Guillaume  Lekeu,  who 
-died  at  the  early  age  of  24.  It  is  a  work  of 
considerable  promise,  though  unequal  in 
merit.  The  first  movement  is  interesting, 
the  second  still  more  so,  and  extremely 
delicate.  The  interpretation  by  M.  Pollak 
and  Madame  Panthes  was  marked  by 
thought  and  feeling.  Madame  Panthes  also 
played  Cesar  Franck's  fine  piano  solo  '  Pre- 
lude, Choral,  et  Fugue.'  The  earlier  portion 
was  good,  but  later  the  tone  became  rather 
'hard  and  the  technique  not  always  clean. 
The  pianist  would,  we  believe,  have  felt 
•more  at  her  ease  without  the  notes  before 
her.  Miss  Gladys  Moger  gave  excellent 
renderings  of  a  group  of  delightful  songs 
by  Franck,  Chausson,  Ropartz,  and  Puget. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Ashton  Jonson  will  deliver  the 
last  of  his  second  course  of  lectures  on 
'  Parsifal  '  at  the  ^Eolian  Hall  on  Monday 
.afternoon  next,  at  a  quarter  past  five.  We 
may  add  that  on  the  following  Friday 
he  will  give  a  lecture  on  '  Nationality  in 
Music  '  at  the  Little  Theatre,  with  illustra- 
tions from  the  works  of  Grieg  by  Madame 
Alice  Montague  and  Miss  Elsie  Hall. 


Dramatic   (£ossip. 

The  three  plays  produced  by  Mr.  Kenelm 
Foss  at  the  Little  Theatre  on  Tuesday 
afternoon  made  up  a  well-balanced  pro- 
gramme. '  One  Good  Turn  ' — the  first — 
and  '  Rahab  ' — the  last — are  histrionically 
•excellent,  smartly  written,  and  well  finished, 
but  their  scenes  and  characters  belong  to 
the  underworld  of  urban  life,  so  Mr.  Maurice 
Hewlett's  whimsical  comedy  sandwiched 
between  made  a  pleasant  interlude. 

'  One  Good  Turn  '  is  a  well-sustained 
piece  of  bluff.  Having  once  upon  a  time 
got  his  father's  manservant  out  of  a  tight 
corner,  George  Sanderson,  caught  intoxicated 
in  a  woman's  bedroom  at  3  a.m.  in 
circumstances  which  suggest  circumstanti- 
ally both  murder  and  theft,  implores  the 
former  employee  (now  Police  Constable  XXX, 
.summoned  to  effect  an  arrest)  to  do  what 
one  good  turn  is  usually  supposed  to  de- 
. serve.  The  woman  having  conveniently 
fainted,  and  the  constable  having  expressed 
himself  as  willing  to  come  to  terms  for  an 
.addition d  1,000Z.,  the  victim  hurriedly  makes 
good  his  escape ;  pseudo-constable  and 
woman  exclaim,  "  Come  on,  Jack,  we  've 
spoofed  him,"  and  the  murdered  man 
emerges  from  behind  a  curtain  with  the 
words  "  What  price  me  ?  "  It  is  a  clever 
and  unexpected  denouement.  The  bewilder- 
ment and  stupor  of  the  intoxicated  Sanderson  I 


were  well  exhibited  by  Eille  Norwood, 
part  author  with  Mr.  Martin  Swayne  of  this 
"  nightmare  in  one  act."  Mr.  James  Berry 
was  good  as  the  counterfeit  policeman, 
and  Miss  Barbara  Everest  as  Mrs.  Loring. 

'  Rahab,'  a  dramatic  episode  by  Mr. 
Kenelm  Foss,  is  painfully  brutal  throughout, 
being  played  by  an  insatiable  woman  and  a 
man  who  visits  her  and  is  unbalanced  by  his 
lust  for  revenge.  Between  them  a  duel  is 
fought,  in  which  first  one  dominates  the 
situation,  and  then  the  other.  Finally  he 
strangles  her  with  words  of  hate,  followed  by 
the  cry,  "  Now  I  can  never  meet  my  son  in 
heaven." 

Miss  Ruth  Mackay  brought  out  a  good  deal 
more  than  the  mere  animal  magnificence 
of  the  woman,  and  had  an  able  collaborator 
in  Mr.  Baliol  Holloway  as  the  red-jerseyed 
fanatic  called  by  tormenting  voices  to  purge 
the  world  of  a  pest,  yet  blinded  on  the  verge 
of  action  by  the  wiles  and  brilliance  of  his 
victim.  There  were  moments  when  the 
scene  recalled  Paphnutius's  mission  to 
Thai's  and  the  play  by  a  nun  of  the 
sixth  century  recently  produced  by  the 
Pioneer  Players.  The  nun's  was  a  play  with 
a  purpose  ;  '  Rahab  '  is  a  peg  on  which  to 
hang  a  few  moments  of  dramatic  intensity. 

Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett's  '  The  Ladies' 
Comedy,'  which  came  between  these  two, 
is  a  Venetian  imbroglio  of  1700,  and 
rippled  gracefully  along  in  three  not  very 
exhilarating  scenes.  Such  slender  trifling, 
however  greatly  assisted  by  verbal  felicities, 
would  have  fallen  a  little  flat  had  it  not  been 
for  the  high-spirited  gaiety  with  which 
Miss  Edith  Evans  as  Isotta  helped  it  along, 
and  for  the  charming  setting  and  costumes 
provided. 

The  play  is  concerned  with  a  certain  low- 
born, passionate  he,  who  disguises  himself 
as  a  maidservant  in  order  to  be  near  his 
beloved — a  great  lady  of  Venice — and 
another  passionate  he  of  noble  birth,  who 
dons  the  livery  of  a  servingman  and  runs 
away  with  a  damsel  who  assumes  his  title 
and  dress. 

Though  the  four  meet  and  fall  in  love 
perversely,  the  culprits  maintain  their 
disguise  till  the  comedy  of  errors  has  almost 
reached  the  wedding-bell  stage,  when  an  easy 
transference  of  hands  and  hearts  takes  place. 

The  comedy  has  some  effective  passages, 
but  it  cannot  be  said  that  Mr.  Hewlett  has 
enriched  the  stage  in  any  way  by  it.  Miss 
Gwen  John  played  the  part  of  Donna 
Camilla  with  perhaps  more  archness  than 
charm ;  Mr.  William  Armstrong  and  Mr 
Edward  Vanderlip,  the  two  sham  servitors 
Eugenio  and  Fabrizio ;  and  Miss  Haidee 
Gunn  the  Countess  Galleotto. 

American  plays  seem  to  hit  the  popular 
taste  at  the  moment,  and  after  '  The  For- 
tune-Hunter  '  at  the  Queen's  Theatre,  we 
have  '  Broadway  Jones,'  by  Mr.  George  M. 
Cohan,  at  the  Prince  of  Wales's.  The  in- 
gredients of  both  pieces  are  somewhat 
similar  :  plenty  of  rollicking  fun,  a  good 
deal  of  sentiment,  and  not  a  little  inanity. 

Briefly,  Broadway  runs  through  his  for- 
tune and  becomes  engaged  to  a  wealthy  old 
woman  for  her  money.  At  this  point,  how- 
ever, his  uncle  conveniently  dies  and  leaves 
him  a  gum  factory.  He  goes  down  to  the 
place  with  a  business  friend,  and  falls  in 
love  with  Josie  Richards,  the  pretty  manager. 
The  rest  may  be  imagined. 

Mr.  Seymour  Hicks  as  Broadway  had  a 
part  to  which  his  lively  temperament  is 
admirably  suited,  and  he  was  well  supported 
by  Miss  Ellaline  Terriss,  Mr.  Thomas 
Meighan,  and  a  competent  cast. 

Plays  as  inept  have  been  not  only  printed 
but  produced  before,  as  a  glance  at  dra- 
matic publishers'  lists  will  show,  but  neither 


'  The  Realist,'  by  E.  H.  Tristan  ;  '  Sharks,' 
by  Mabel  H.  Robins;  nor  'The  Calcutta 
Sweep,'  by  Gladys  Mitchell  Bruce,  presented 
on  Thursday  at  the  London  Pavilion,  reaches 
the  standard  demanded  to-day  by  music- 
hall  audiences  familiar  with  better  things. 

We  regret  to  hear  that  Mr.  James  Welch 
is  not,  after  all,  sufficiently  recovered  from 
his  recent  illness  to  take  the  part  of  Olleren- 
shaw  in  Mr.  Richard  Pryce's  adaptation  of 
Mr.  Bennett's  '  Helen  of  the  High  Hand  ' 
at  the  Vaudeville.  His  place  will  be  filled 
by  Mr.  Norman  McKinnel.  It  is  curious 
that  two  actors  of  such  widely  differing 
temperaments  should  be  chosen  for  the 
same  part. 

Miss  Marie  Tempest  will  produce  at 
the  Playhouse  on  the  12th  inst.  a  new  three- 
act  play  by  Mr.  Norreys  Connell  called 
'Thank  Your  Ladyship.'  The  cast  includes 
Miss  Tempest,  Mr.  O.  B.  Clarence,  and 
Mr.  Ben  Webster.  There  will  be  a  curtain- 
raiser  by  Mr.  Harold  Chapin,  entitled 
'  Dropping  the  Baby. ' 

The  Drama  Society  will  present  three 
new  plays  at  the  New  Rehearsal  Theatre, 
21,- Maiden  Lane,  on  Sunday,  the  8th  inst., 
at  8  o'clock — '  Foudre  d'Amour,'  by  Aldon 
Roen  ;  '  Damages,'  by  A.  von  Herder  ;  and 
'Barn  y  Brodyr  '  ('The  Voice  of  the 
Brethren  '),  a  Carnarvonshire  play  by  T.  R. 
Evans.  The  last-named  will  be  acted  in 
Welsh,  with  a  full  English  synopsis  on  the 
programme.  Tickets  and  all  information 
may  be  obtained  from  Mr.  Rathmell  Wilson, 
International  Club,  22a,  Regent  Street,  S.W. 

It  is  proposed,  in  August  of  this  year,  to 
produce  at  Glastonbury  an  English  music - 
drama  entitled  '  The  Birth  of  Arthur,' 
composed  by  Mr.  Reginald  R.  Buckley  and 
Mr.  Rutland  Boughton.  The  plan  is  some- 
what ambitious — no  less  than  to  inaugurate 
a  "  National  Festival  Theatre  for  Religious 
and  Choral  Drama,"  after  the  fashion  of 
Bayreuth.  For  this  it  may  be  conceded 
that  Glastonbury  has  all,  and  more  than  all, 
the  requisite  associations,  and  that  the 
Arthurian  cycle  offers  in  abundance  the 
right  material.  It  remains  to  be  seen 
whether  the  genius  of  the  English  people 
is  capable  of  this  kind  of  creation,  also 
whether  the  English  ]3ublic  will  give  it  the 
requisite  financial  and  other  support.  A 
temporary  theatre  to  serve  four  or  five 
years  will  cost  about  5,000Z.  The  pro- 
moters of  the  scheme  have  obtained  the  co- 
operation of  several  well-known  authors, 
dramatists,  actors,  and  musicians. 


To  Correspondents.— J.  B.— N.  M.— G.  K.— E.  D.— 

Received. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
ppearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  <fec. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS. 


PAGE 

..         ..  185 

214 

186 

186 

Chapman  &  Hall         .. 216 

Constable  &  Co 187 

ElU'CATIONAI 185 


Authors'  Agents 
Bagster  <fe  Sons 
Blick  Typewriter 
Catalogues 


Francis  &  Co 

Insurance  Companies  . 
Lecturfs 
Longmans  &  Co.  . 
Mai  mili.an  &  CO. 
Magazines 


215 
214 
185 
188 
18S 
214 

Miscellaneous 185 

Pitman  &  Sons 188 

Printers  186 

Sales  by  Auction        186 

Saturday  Review       186 

Shipping  ~        ..        ..  214 

Situations  Vacant 185 

smith.  Elder  &  Co 213 

Type- Writers.  &c 185 

WUI.FING  &  CO 215 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1J)U 


THE     A  THE  X;KUM 


213 


FROM  SMITH,  ELDER  &  GO.'S  LIST. 


FIFTH    EDITION    IX    THE    PRESS.      In  2  vols,  royal  8vo,  42*.  net. 

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surviving  members  of  the  Expedition.     Arranged  by  LEONARD   HUXLEY. 

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With    18   Coloured  Plates,   8   Photogravure   Plates,   4   Facsimile  Pages  from   Capt.   SCOTT'S   Diary, 

2G0  Illustrations  and    Maps. 

Times. — ''The  outstanding  publication  of  1913." 

Geographical  Journal. — "The  Ri«ht  Hon.   Earl  Curzon  of  Kedleston,  in  presenting  the  Antarctic  Medals  to   members  of    the 
Expedition,  alluded  to  '  this  wonderful  book,  one  of  the  most  dramatic  stories  that  has  ever  been  told.'" 


By  E.  C.  MEYSEY  THOMPSON,  M.P. 


India  of  To=Day. 

Demy  Svo,  6a.  net. 

Standard.—"  A  th  muhiful  discussion  of  the  chief  problems  of  Indian  administration." 

Seottman. — " He  discusses  many  questions  which  are  being  debated  at  the  present 

time,  Hiid  shows  in  his  book  an  extensive  knowledge  of  the  conditions  through  which  he 

travelled  " ^^^^ 

Secondary    Education    in    England. 

The  Next  Step  Towards  a  National  System.  An 
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Hon.  See.  Incorporated  Association  of  Head  Masters.  Crown  Svo, 
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attention  to  the  state  of  affairs  " 


Principles  of  Property.      By  j.  boyd  kinnkar, 

Author  of  '  Principles  of  Civil  Government,'  &c.     Crown  Svo,  la.  net. 

Scotunan.— "  An  able,   interesting,   and    well-reasoned    statement    of  some  cardinal 
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A  Memoir  of  John  WestlaKe.     contributed  by 

some  of  the  many  friends  of  the  distinguished  International  Lawyer. 
With  Portraits.     Large  medium  Svo. 


By  the  Rev.    ALFRED 


Studies     in     Modernism. 

FAWKKS.     Demy  Svo.  10.,.  M.  net. 

Birmingham  Dnily  Pout.—"  It  is  not  easy  to  over-estimate  the  value  of  such  a  book  as 
this  The  author  has  had  a  rare  experience,  nor,  only  in  the  outward  observances  of 
religion,  but  in  the  inmost  recesses  of  the  spiritual  life."     . 

The    Romance    of   Australian    History. 

By    \V.    H.    FITCH ETT,    B.A.    LL.D.     With  Frontispiece.     Crown 
- 
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The    Kitchen    Garden    and     the     CooK. 

By  Mrs.  GODFREY  PEARSE.  With  the  Co-operation  of  A.  C. 
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net 

•  ■/■/  Journal.— "The  collection  of  recipes  is  perhaps  the  most  extensive 
p  iblisbed  in  regard  to  the  cooking  of  vegetables." 

Egypt  in  Transition.     By  Sidney  low,  Author  of 

'   \     V  -i  .n    of   In. 'in.'  fcc       With   Portraits,   one    l>"ing  that  of    Lord 

Kitchen*        G  C.M.G      EL  P.,    from  the   painting   by   the    Hon.    John 

lier.      With   an    Introduction    by  the  Right  Hon    the   KARL  OF 

CROMER,  O.M.  P.C.  G.C.B.     Small  demy  8vo,  7a  6d.  net. 

'  Mr   [»w  in  this  welcome  and  well-informed  study  writes  "i\  both  these 

region  s  wr  te  knowledge,  and  in  a  style  that  is  always  entertaining  in  its  lightness 

an. I  ' 

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Art  Editor  of    'h<-  New    Yuri:    7Vtbune,  Author  of  'Augustus  Baint- 
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i  ,  writer  who  believes  that  art  is  nol  an  esoteric  mystery,  com- 

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University  by  one  of  the  most  sympathetic  Shakespearean  scholars  of  his  day. 

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EARLK,  Author  of  '  Pot-Pourri  from  a  Surrey  Garden.'  &c,  and 
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The     Pastor's    Wife.       By  the  Author  of  'Elizabeth  and  her 
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Matthew    Hargraves.      By    s.   g.    tallentyre, 

Author  of  '  Early  Victorian  :  a  Village  Chroniole,' 

Love  the  Harper.    By  elbanor  g.  bayden,  Anthor 

of  '  Islands  of  the  Vale,1  -  Rose  of  Lone  Farm,' 


John    Bulteel's    Daughters.      By    Katharine 

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LONDON:     SMITH,    ELDKR    &    CO.,     15,    WATERLOO    PLACE,    8.W. 


214 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


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Til  E     A  Til  KX  .El'  M 


THE    ATHEN/EUM 

for  Next  Week  (February  14) 

will  contain  a  Special 

Theological    Supplement, 

including  among  its 
contents  Reviews  of — 

Churches   in  the   Modern  State, 

By  Neville  Figgis. 

Rome,  St.    Paul,   and   the    Early   Church, 

By  W.  S.  Muntz. 

The   Eschatology   of  Jesus, 

By  H.  Latimer  Jackson. 

Members  One  to  Another,  Sermons 
preached     in    Sherborne    School     Chapel, 

By  Nowell  Smith. 

The   Teaching   of  Paul   in   Terms   of  the 

Present  Day, 

By  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay. 

NOTES     AND     QUERIES^ 

THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (February  7)    CONTAINS— 

'TES  : — The  Naundorff  Case — Memorials  of  Galileo  in  England — Dryden's  '  Character  of  Polybius  ' 
—  'The  Tudor  and  Stuart  Glossary '—Notes  on  Words  for  the  '  N.E.D.'— Halley  Family,  Derby- 
shire— The  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Martin-le-Grand — '  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  ' — Steam 
Vessels  :    the  Bombardment  of  Algiers. 

QUERIES  :— "  Trapezist "—  "Trash  nail "— " Trenchmore "  —  Lieut.  James  Hope— John  Cassell— 
-t  of  Shells— Will-o'-the-wisp— Constable's  '  Cornfield '  — Armorial  Salver,  1694— Solemn 
League  and  Covenant— Martin  Bulg — Authors  Wanted — Biographical  Information  Wanted— 
Breast  Tackle—"  Rutland's  Place"  :  Sign— Hexagram  as  Symbol  of  the  Trinity— Pyott— Printed 
Form  for  Parish  Register— The  Poet,  Thomson's  Library— Campana  de  Cavelli :  '  Les  Derniers 
Stuart* ' — R.  Short,  Purser — Heraldic— Clerk,  co.  Tipperary — Lord  Mayor's  Sword  and  Mace — 
Colonels  of  the  24th  Regiment. 

REPLIES  :— Damant— Gilbert  Family— London  Nursery  Grounds— Field  Marshal  Sir  George  White — 
"  Lunkard  "— Arno  Poebel :  Tablet  Deciphered— Fire  and  New-Birth— Two  Curious  Place- 
Ottery  St.  Mary— Author  Wanted— "  Bay  "  and  "  Tray  "—Military  :  Coloured  Print 
—Parishes  in  Two  or  More  Counties— Pictures  or  Prints  with  "  Broken-Glass  "  Effects— Fire- 
Walking— Thomas  Cocking— Jan  Weenix—  Locke  Family  —  Lock,  Fanny  Burney's  Friend  — 
— Coffin-shaped  Chapels— The  Secrnd  Folio  of  the  Shakespeare  Plays— "  The  honours  three" 
—Human  Fat  as  a  Medicine— Aphra  Behn's  Comedies— The  Great  Eastern,  the  First  of  the 
leviathans— William  Parsons:  Life  or  Horse  Guards— Words  and  Phrases  in  '  Lorna  Doone '— 
King's  Lynn  as  a  Spa— "Trod,"  "Trode,"  Past  Tense  of  "  Tread  "—Regimental  Badge  of  the 
6th  Foot — "  Rucksack  "  or  "  Rucksack  "—Name  of  Durham— Lists  of  Bishops  and  Deans  in 
Cathedrals — John  Clarke,  Schoolmaster  of  Hull— Sale  of  Pitt  House. 

VOTES  ON  BOOKS.  — '  The  Bridge  of  Dee'— 'The  Naval  Mutinies  of  1797'— '  Ingatestone  and  the 
Essex  Great  Road  '—'Fry's  Guide  to  London  Charities'— '  The  Fortnightly '—' The  Cornhill'— 
'The  Nineteenth  Century.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD  FRANCI8, 
Note*  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


The  Grand  Prix 

/fifcr/iafrc/iaOtfce/uufGcngrvss 
fias  been  aw'arcfec/  io 

SANATOGEN 

6nty  GnmcfJPrix  jjiVen 
in  f/ie  /voefScc/icn 


If  you  need  a  tonic, 

you    need    the     best 

to^c ! 

And  tonic    is 

Sanatogen  'mat  has  been 
proved  beyond  the  shadow 
of  a  doubt. 

It  was  proved  at  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  last 
August,  when  a  committee  of 
the  cleverest  living  physicians 
gave  their  highest  possihle 
award  to  Sanatogen — and  only 
to  Sanatogen — among  all  other 
tonics  and  nutrients. 

Do  you  fully  grasp  what  this  means 
to  you  ?  Where  your  health  is  con- 
cerned you  cannot  safely  experiment 
with  inferior  or  doubtful  preparations. 
If  you  need  a  tonic,  you  need  the  best  tonic .' 
You  need  Sanatogen !  It  is  the  only 
thing-  you  can  depend  on  to  bring  about 
a  real  improvement  in  your  health,  and 
especially  in  the  health  of-your  nervous 
system.  Send  this  coupon  now  for  a 
Free  Sample  and  a  Booklet  explaining 
the  many  uses  of  Sanatogen. 

(Of  all  Chemists, jrom  \s.  <)d.  per  tin.) 

Free  Sample. 


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12.  Chenie.  Street.  London.  W.C. 

Please  lend  me  a  Sample  of  Sanatogen  and  a  Booklrt. 


Name 
Addre« 


S.  146  (Aim 


216 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4502,  Feb.  7,  1914 


MESSRS.  CHAPMAN    &    HALL'S 

FIRST  SPRING  LIST. 


READY  SHORTLY.     With  12  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  7s.  Qd.  net. 

THE      ROMANCE      OF     FRAUD. 

By  TIGHE    HOPKINS, 

Author  of  '  The  Man  in  the  Iron  Mask,'  '  The  Women  Napoleon  Loved,'  &c. 

Mr.  Tighe  Hopkins's  name  is  associated  with  many  books  on  prison  life,  and  he  has  done  much  towards  prison  reform.  He  has  had  ample- 
opportunities,  therefore,  for  collecting  innumerable  true  stories  of  famous  criminals  and  police  adventures,  many  of  which  he  gathers  into  this  handsome  and 
fascinatingly  interesting  volume. 

THE  GOLDEN  AGE  OF  PRINCE  HENRY  THE  NAVIGATOR. 

By  P.  OLIVEIRA  MARTINS. 

Translated  by  J.  JOHNSTON  ABRAHAM  (Author  of  'The  Surgeon's  Log')  and  W.  E.   REYNOLDS. 

Fully  illustrated.      Demy  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net. 

This  sparkling  narr<*»-ve  j8  a  romantic  history  of  the  founders  of  the  fortunes  of  Portugal,  and  abounds  in  anecdotes  of  travel  and  adventure,  battle, 
murder,  and  sudden  death.    I  ^  ^ie  book  is  a  classic  in  several  languages,  this,  it  is  interesting  to  note,  is  the  first  English  translation. 


f!i 


SUPPLY       £  TO  THE  NEW  PUNTO-TAGLIATO  EMBROIDERY. 

By  LOUISA  and  ROSA  TEBBS, 

Authors    of    '  The   New    Punto-Tagliato    Embroidery,'    '  The    Art  x3f    Bobbin    Lace-,'    &c. 
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MISS    WINIFRED    ELLERMAN'S    BOOK    OF    POEMS. 

THE      REGION      OF      LUTANY. 

Yapp,  limp,  fcap.  8vo,  Is.  6d.  net. 

Has  received  a  universal  chorus  of  praise  from  the  Press. 
"  Charming......  Very  welcome  at  a  time  when  there  is  undoubtedly  a  renewed  interest  in  poetry.     She  is  a  writer  with  a  true  sense  of  the  beauty  and 

the  music  of  our  language.     We  await  further  poems  from  her  with  confidence." — Daily  Mail. 

THREE    FINE    NOVELS    IN    ACTIVE    DEMAND. 

RICHARD  FURLONG  -    E.  Temple  Thurston. 

ONE  OF  THE  CROWD        -        -        -    Madame  Albanesi. 
THE  JOY  OF  YOUTH :  a  Comedy.       -    Eden  Phillpotts. 


FOUR    NOVELS    OF    THE    MOMENT. 

THE    REAL    LONDON. 

THE    COCKNEY    AT    HOME. 

By  EDWIN  PUGH, 

Author  of 
*  Harry  the  Cockney,'  '  Punch  and  Judy,'  '  The  Proof  of  the  Pudding,'  &c. 

Crown  8vo,  6s. 

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SPLENDRUM. 

By  LINDSAY  BASHFORD,  Author  of  '  Everybody's  Boy.' 


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OF  CHARACTER. 

THERE    WAS    A    DOOR— 

By  the  Author  of  '  Anne  Carstairs.' 
Crown  8vo,  6s. 


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it  is  a 


A  SPARKLING  ROMANCE  OF  MODERN  SOCIETY. 

THE    POWER     OF     THE     DUCHESS. 

By  EDWARD  QUARTER, 

Author    of  'The    Chalet  in  the  Wood.' 
Crown  8vo,  6s. 

"Full  of  character,  vivacity,  and  keen  observation,  and,  what  is  more  to 
the  point,  it  is  infused  with  a  spirit  of  humour  which  bubbles  over  at  every 
turn.     A  livelier  or  more  satisfying  romance  it  would  be  difficult  to  desire." 

Daily  Telegrapi. 


LONDON:       CHAPMAN     &     HALL,     LTD. 


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Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  80N,  125,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.G.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenseum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIE3  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh.-Saturday,  February  7,  1914. 


T  \ 


THE  ATHENE 

Jmtrnal  nf  (Englislj  mh  Jnrrign  literate*,  %tiznaf  tbz  JFitiB 


No.  4503 


SATURDAY,     FEBRUARY   14,     10U. 


KWSPAPKK. 


Xectares. 


R< 


►  OV  \L  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 

ALBEMARLE  STRUT,  PICCADILLY.  W. 
I    C.OII  ANC/    Litt  D    F.B.A..  will  on  THURSDAY  next. 

Feftuar  y   ffi'Sft  St^SSa^  V"-  THe"  YTn" 
on   'HAMLBT    IN    LEGEND    AND    DRAMA.       I.     THB   MYIH. 

II.     THE  PI.AY. 

Subscription  to  this  Course.  Haifa-Guinea    to  all  the  Courses  in 

the  Season.  Two  Quintal 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.— The  ANNUAL 
MEETING  Of  the  SOCIETY   will  be  held   at  UNIVERSITY 

analog,  on  Wu>U  AND  PS.CH OWg^  ^^ 
11    Old  Square.  Liueolns  Inn,  W.C. 


pEOLOGICAL      SOCIETY       OF      LONDON. 

The  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING  of  this  Society  will  be  held  at 
the  SOCIETY  S  APARTMENTS.  BURLINGTON  HOUSE,  on 
FRIDAY  February  20.  at S  o'clock.  The  Fellows  and  their  Friends 
will  DINE  together  in  the  PRINCES  HALL.  HOTBL  CECIL,  at 
6.S0  p.m.    Tickets  to  be  obtained  at  the  Society's  Apartments. 


ROYAL     HISTORICAL     SOCIETY. 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 
T>e  ANXIVFR«AKY  MEETING  of  the  SOCIBTY  will  be  held  on 
THURSDAY    February  19    lyu.  at  5  p.m.,  at  7.  SOUTH  SQUARE, 
uKAY'S  INN.  W.C  when  the  President  will  give  an  Address. 

H.  E.  MALDEN,  Hod.  Secretary. 


U 


(Btmrational. 

NIYERSITY        OF        DURHAM. 


The  following  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS,  tenable  at 
Durham  bv  WOMEN,  will  be  available  in  1914:  Six  Scholarships  of 
701.  per  annum  :  One  of  40(.  per  annum  ;  Three  of  30i.  The  Examina- 
tion for  these  is  in  JUNK.  __._,.. 

The  Winifred  Foster  Scholarship  of  30?. ;  Four  Exhibitions  of  20?. 
These  are  given  on  the  result  of  the  Matriculation  Examination,  and 
the  next  Examination  begins  APRIL  21. 

Women  8tudents  must  either  reside  in  the  Women  8  Hostel,  or  live 
as  Home  £*udents  with  Parents  or  Guardians  in  Durham,  or  within 
easy  access  uy  train. 

For  particulars  apply  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
HoSTEU  Abbey  House.  Durham,  or  THE  CENSOR  OF  HOME 
8  TD DENTS.  46.  North  Bailey.  Durham. 


KI  N  G      WILLIAM'S       COLLEGE, 
ISLE    OF     MAN. 
ENTRANCE    SCHOLARSHIP    EXA  M  INATION  on    MARCH  18 
and  19.    TEN  SCHOLARSHIPS  OFFERED.  501.   to  201.     Also  TEN 
'  !  NATIONS  reducing  the  necessary  fees  to  451.  a  year.     Place  of 
Examination  arranged  to  suit  candidates.  —  Full  particulars  from 
THE  PRINCIPAL  or  SECRETARY. 


MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C. —An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  for  Boys 
under  11  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.— For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


CAMBRIDGE      UNIVERSITY      TRAINING 
COLLEGE    FOR    8CHOOLMA8TER8. 
Some  vacant  places  remain  to  be  filled  for  the  next  Session,  which 
begin*  on  oi.ToBI 

The  course  for  the  ELEMENTARY  DK.PARTMENT  extends  over 

Three  Yearn.     A'l  Student"  must  become  Matriculated   Meml>ers  of 

the  Cniversiiy.  and  they  will  lie  required  f>  read  for  a   Degree.     They 

accordingly  be  qualified  by  the   Regulations  of  the   Board  of 

Education  for    the   Training  of  Teachers  for   ElemeDtary  Schools, 

AWTIldlt   A      II 

Tb*  ouroefor  IDARY  DEPARTMENT  is  for  a  Year 

consisting  of  three  consecutive  Terms.      Candidates  for  admission 
D'nt  l*  graduates  of  this  or  some  other  University. 

farther  particulars  apply  to  THE  VICE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE 
LEGE.  Warkw,rth  House.  Cambridge. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm.  1.000  acres.  Vet. 
Science.  Smiths'  Work.  t'«r[>«nlry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
open  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.     Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 


MADAME  AUBERT8  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  Hon.*.  IS  US,  REG  BUT  STREET,  W.  English  and 
Foreign  Oovern-sses.  Lady  Professors.  Teachers,  Chaperonea  Com- 
panions. Secretin—  K  ,r  Home  and  Abroad 
Schools  recornmc.  l-.l  sod  prospectuses  with  full  information  gratis 
on  application  i-:r^,n*l  or  by  letter  »Kimg  requirements.'  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays.  10-1      Tel.  Regent  3&ff 

EDUCATION  (ohoioe  of  SCHOOLS  and  TUTORS 
gratis'. 
PROSPECTUSES  of    ENGLISH    and    continental   SCHOOLS 

and  of  ABMY.  CIVIL  SERVICE,  and  UNIVERSITY  TUTOR*. 

Sent     '  to    Parent!  lot    of    requirements  by 

GRIFFITHS,  POWELL.  SMITH  4   EAWCETT.  School  Agents. 

'  ihlithed  1S31  I 
31.  Bedford  Street,  Strand.  Telephone,  70v;l  Gerrard. 


Situations  tfacant. 

IHE   UNIVERSITY   OF    SHEFFIELD. 


LECTURESHIP    IN     FRENCH. 
The  Council  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN  FRENCH,  to 
begin  work  in  October  next.    Salary  200/  per  annum. 
For  further  particulars  apply  to         W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Registrar. 


s 


OHAM,         CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 


The  HEAD  MASTERSHIP  of  the  SOHAM  GRAMMAR  80HOOL 
will  be  VACANT  after  the  Summer  Term.  There  are  between 
50  anil  00  Boys  in  the  School,  which  receives  grants  from  the  Board 
of  Education  and  the  Camhs  County  Council  Salary  150J.  fixed, 
with  Capitation  Fees  probably  amounting  to  at  least  501.,  and  an 
Unfurnished  HouBe.  with  accommodation  for  a  few  Boarders. 

Candidates,  who  must  be  Graduates,  are  to  send  their  applications 
before  MARCH  7.  — For  further  particulars  send  stamped  and 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  T.  P.  l'.ENDALL,  Esq.,  Clerk  to  the 
Grammar  School  Governors,  Soham. 


K 


ENT  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


DARTFORD  LOCAL  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  80HO0L  FOR  GIRLS,  DARTFORD. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  appointments  for  the 
Summer  Term  :— 

(1)  HISTORY  MISTRESS,  with  subsidiary  Elementary  Mathe- 
matics. 

(21  MODERN  LANGUAGE  MISTRESS,  Subjects :  French  and 
German. 

Initial  salaries  100!  to  120!.  per  annum.  A  higher  initial  salary 
may  be  allowed  in  the  case  of  teachers  with  special  qualifications 
and  experience.  University  Graduates  desired,  with  good  Secondary 
School  experience. 

Forms  of  application  and  scale  of  salaries  may  be  obtained  from  Mr. 
D.  F.  BROW,  Technical  Institute.  Dartford. 

Applications  must  be  forwarded  as  soon  as  possible  to  Miss  A.  M. 
BRKiTT,  County  School  for  Girls.  Dartford.  Canvassing  will  be 
considered  a  disqualification. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 

Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  February  6,  1914. 


c 


ITY        OF        MANCHESTER. 


APPOINTMENT  OF    ART    CURATOR. 


The  Art  Gallery  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  appointment 
of  a  CURATOR  of  the  CORPORATION  ART  GALLERIES,  at  a 
salary  of  500!.  per  annum. 

The  Gentleman  to  be  appointed  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole 
of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  the  office ;  to  become  a  contributor  to  the 
Manchester  Corporation  Officers'  Thrift  Fund ;  and  to  sign  the  Man- 
chester Corporation  Deed  of  Service. 

Applicants  must  in  their  applications  state  (inter  alia)  age,  health, 
present  and  previous  appointments,  qualifications,  4c,  and  the  date 
upon  which  the  applicant  can  take  up  the  duties  of  the  office. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent 
testimonials  and  the  names  of  four  references,  must  be  sent  or 
delivered  so  as  to  reach  me,  the  undersigned,  not  later  than  12  noon 
on  THURSDAY.  March  5.  next,  endorsed  "  Art  Curator." 

Canvassing,  directly  or  indirectly,  is  not  permissible,  and  will  be  a 
disqualification.  THOMAS  HUDSON,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Manchester,  February  14, 1914. 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 
A  MISTRESS  is  REQUIRED  for  teaching  FRENCH.  Duties  to 
begin  in  SEPTEMBER  next.  A  Degree,  or  its  equivalent,  is 
desirable  ;  also  training,  good  Secondary  School  experience,  and  a 
knowledge  of  Phonetics.  Candidates  who  have  lived  abroad  will  be 
preferred,  other  things  being  equal.  Salary  130!.  a  year  (non-resident), 
or  according  to  experience  and  qualifications. 

Forms  of  application,  which  can  be  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
must  be  returned  on  or  before  MARCH  15.  1914. 

AUSTIN  KEEN,  Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 


Situations  WLanUb. 

TRAINED  SECRETARY,  two  years' experience, 
excellent  testimonial.  Literary  and  Commercial  French  and 
German.  Shorthand  and  Tvping.  seeks  RESIDENTIAL  POST  with 
Scientist  or  Litterateur.  — Box  2081,  Athenreum  Press.  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  B.C. 


JUttljors'  3.0fnts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MSS.  for  early  publication  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  expert*  who  place  Author!  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2.  Clement  s  Inn,  W.L. 


printers. 


A  THKN'-KI'M     PRE88.     JOHN     EDWARD 

j\_      PRANCI8    Print- r '•'  II..-    AOtttum  '  •/  UinTirt .  k<      11 

red  to  -i  BMIT  KHTIM  ITES  I  .i  all  kinds  o(   BOOK,   NEWS, 

and    PERIODl!  AL     PR1NTIHG.— I*  Loams  Buildings,   Chancery 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


iHisttllamous. 

MANUSCRIPTS,  Journals,  Diaries,  Log-Books, 
Ac.  relating  to  the  early  days  of  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and 
Polvnesia  are  desired  by  the  LIBRARIAN  OF  THE  MITCHELL 
LIBRARY,  SY'DNEY,  who  is  at  present  on  a  visit  to  London  — 
Communications  to  be  addressed  to  Mr.  H  WRIGHT,  care  of 
Messrs.  Truslove  A  Hanson,  Ltd.,  153,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

TRANSLATIONS  into  English  from  French, 
German,  Italian.  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Dutch,  Dano-Norwegian, 
and  Swedish.  Research  work— Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS.  M.A.,  10,  Uariugey 
Park,  Crouch  End,  N.    Tel.  93  Hornsey. 

LITERARY  RESEARCHES  undertaken  at 
British  Museum  Libraries.  Offices  of  Record,  and  Public 
Registries,  in  London  and  elsewhere— Write  M.A.  B.C. L.,  3,  Trevor 
Square,  S.W. 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at  the 
BRITISH    MUSEUM.     Experience.     Testimonials. -Box   1995, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

TO  Publishers,  Authors.  &o. — Wanted  to  pur- 
chase for  Cash.  Copyright  and  Plates  for  Educational.  Juvenile 
Theological.  Illustrated  Books,  and  Popular  Fiction —Particulars  in 
first  instance  to  J.  Hutchinson,  O.A.,6.  Holborn  Viaduct.  London,  E.C. 

NOTICE  TO  AUTHORS— Writers  who  require 
any  help  or  assistance  in  the  sale  of  their  works  should  com- 
municate with  Mr.  STANHOPE  W.  SPKIGG.  Literary  Consultant, 
31,  •  haring  Cross,  Whitehall,  8  W.  For  some  years  Hon.  Literary 
Adviser  to  the  Society  of  Women  Journalif-ts.     Fees  moderate. 

WANTED. —ARUNDEL      SOCIETY'S 
COLOURED     PRINTS.      Ac.      A    Collection    or   singly— 
ARUNDEL,  34.  Cecil  Road,  Muswell  Hill,  N. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BEST  MARKET  PRICES  for 
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Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


AUTHORS'  MSS.  {M.  per  1,000)  and  Type- 
writing  in  all  its  branches  carefully  and  promptly  executed. 
Clear  Carbon  Copies.  Duplicating.  Excellent  testimonials.— Miss 
F.  M.  FLINT,  07,  Moorgate  Street. 

TYPE-WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
and  promptly  executed.  Ptf.  per  1.000.  Duplicating  and  Carbon 
Copies.  Authors  MSS..  Essays,  and  Sermons  a  speciality— F. 
QUININGBROUGH.  13,  Harcourt  8treet,  Newark-on  Trent. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate  (Classical  Tripos,  Qirton  College,  Cambridge;  Intermediate 
Arts,  Londonl.  Research.  Revision,  Shorthand.-CAM  BRIDOK 
TYPE  WRITING  AGENCY.  B,  DUKE  STREET.  ADELPHI.  W.C. 
Telephone:  2308  City. 

MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  9d.  per    1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies.  3d.    References  to  well-known  Authors    Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M.  KING,  M,  Forest  Road.  Kew  Oardeus.  S.W. 

A  UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES.PLAYS, 

-fa  ES8AY8  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy.  9d.  per 
1  000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kyruberley  Road,  Harrow. 


DIFFICULT     HANDWRITING. -Satisfactory 
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218 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


Halts  b|j  Ruction. 


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250  Sermons  on  the   Old   Testament,  by  H.   P. 

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251  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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man, B.D.,  pub.  at  2s.,  Rivingtons         fair 

252  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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253  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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255  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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256  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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257  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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259  J.  H.  Newman's  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons, 

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277  Critical  History  of  the  Doctrine  of  a  Future 

Life,  by  It   H.  Charles,  D.D.,  Adam  &'  C. 

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291  Christianity  at  the   Cross   Roads,  by  George 

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No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


THE     ATHKN/EUM 


219 


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MANUAL 


OF 

EGYPTIAN 

ARCHEOLOGY 

AND 

GUIDE  TO  THE 
STUDY    OF    ANTIQUITIES    IN    EGYPT. 

For  the  use  of  Students  and  Travellers. 

BY 

Sir    <;.    MASPKRO,   D.C.L.  Oxon., 

MeniK-rr  of  the  Institute  of  France,  Professor  of  the  Collage 

de  France,  Director-General  of  the  .Service  of  Antiquities 

in  Egypt, 

Translated  and  Enlarged  by  AGNE8  S.  JOHNS. 

SIXTH     ENGLISH     EDITION. 

With  342  Illustrations. 

From  the  Preface : — 

ice  the  last  edition  was  issued  in  1902  new 
material  has  been  acquired  in  great  abundance. 
Our  knowledge  of  the  earliest  developments  of 
Egyptian  archaeology  baa  been  consolidated  and 
extended  by  farther  careful  and  prolonged  study 
of  the  primitive  remains  th  it  have  come  down  to 
us,  with  results  that  h>ive  widened  our  perspec- 
tive and  extended  our  knowledge  of  Egyptian 
history.  The  discovery  of  v.illey  temples  has 
necessitated  some  changes  in  the  chapters  on 
tombs  and  temples.  It  hi-  theref  >\'-  been  decided 
to  retranslate  the  book,  remodelling  it  where 
absolutely  necessary,  and  introducing  new 
material,  but  pre-i'-rving  its  main  characteristics 
untouched. 

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221 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  i;,  1911. 


CONTENTS.  PJiOl 

VERSR  ok  To-DW  (The  Lonely  Dancer  ;  Poems  in  Five 
Phases  ;  A  Ballad  of  Men  ;  The  Region  of  Ljtany  ; 
More  KhodeMitn  Rhymes)  221 

Egypt  in  Transition  222 

Imperial  Gkkmany 828 

Home  I'mykksiiy  LIBRARY  (Unemployment;  Com- 
mon-Sense in  Law)  224 

Dedications ..       ..225 

Fiction  (Pastor  Fntanm;  Initiation;  The  Duchesse 
of  Wreve  ;  When  (iliosc  Meets  lihost  ;  Pariah  and 
Brahmin  ;  A  Lady  of  Leisure  ;  Letters  from  La-bas  ; 
'     Deep  Sea) 225—227 

Books  Pi  BUSHED  this  Week  (Theology  —  Poetry  - 
Philosophy  — History  ami  Biography— Geography 
ami  Travel,  227;  Sports  and  Pastimes— Sociology 
-  Booaomtca— -  Politics  —  Bduc  Oion  —  Philology- 
Literary  Criticism  —  School  -  Books  —  Fiction- 
Juvenile — Reviews  and  Magazines,  888  ;  General- 
Science— Fine  Arts— Music  — Drama— Foreign)  227—220 

Mr  Balfoi  r  as  Thboloqiam  ;  Mr.  William 
Archer  at  the  moral  Education  LragUb; 
'Tiik  Case  for  Land  Nationalisation';  The 
Dunn  Sai  b 230-231 

Literary  Gossip        838 

Science  — The  Conquest  of   Mount   McKinlkt  ; 

SOCIETIhS  ;  MEETINGS  Next  Week;  Gossip   233—231 

Fine  Akts-Okpen's  Portfolio  of  Dkih  ings  ;  The 
modkrn  socibtt  of  portrait  painters;  the 
Got  pii.  Gallery;  Other  EXHIBITIONS;  Gos- 
sip ;  Medal  Sale 235—237 

Ifosic— The  Music  at  the  Savoy:  'Parsifal'  and 
its  Reception  ;  Shakespeare  and  Folk-Music; 
Gossip;  PERFORMANCES  NEXT  Week       .        237—239 

Drama— The    Drama    To-day;     'A     Midsummer 

Riser's  Dream"  at  the  Savoy  ;  Gossip  .      239—240 

Index  to  Advertisers       240 


LITERATURE 


VERSE    OF    TO-DAY. 

The  voice  of  Mr.  Le  Gallienne  is  some- 
thing unique  among  modern  lyrists,  and 
his  comparative  silence  of  late  years  has 
been  matter  for  regret.  His  new  volume, 
1  The  Lonely  Dancer,  and  Other  Poems,'  is 
rich  in  the  old  delicacy  and  fancifulness, 
in  the  poet's  gift  of  wresting  new  secrets 
from  common  things,  but  there  is  also 
a  change.  Outlook  and  style  are  alike 
matured,  and  he  has  outgrown  the  affec- 
tation, with  its  occasional  banality, 
whir!;  was  wont  in  former  days  to  inspire 
1  justify  the  parodist.  From  '  A  Song 
-  ogers  '  we  quote  the  concluding  lines 
as  significant  : — 

•ve  are  so  tired  of  birds, 
'  u  rainbova  and  the  lovesick  words  ! 
sjn_'  us  tmt  some  manly  tune, 
(Leaving  out  the  rising  moon) 
-•    •  Eope  Eternal 
In  the  face  of  Facts  Infernal, 
And  make  your  ringing  somehow  prove  it — 
Faith  bo  tirm  no  doubl  can  move  it — 
Then  the  beea  will  leave  the  boney 
Which  the  vulgar  world  calls  money. 

Mr.  Le  Gallienne  has  not  himself   tired 
■of  •"  birds"  or  "  rainbows" — to  be  candid, 

The  Lonely  Dancer,  and  Other  Poems.  By 
Richard  Le  Gallienne.      (Lane,  •">*.  uet.) 

Poems  in  Fivt  Phases.     By  Charles  Bridi 
(Bristol,  Arrowsmith;    London,    Simpkirj 

6c   Marshall,  2*.  net  / 

A  Ballad  of  .!/</•.  ",■>/  Otlur  Verses.  By 
William  Blane.  (Constable  A  I  .  3s.  6rf. 
net.) 

The  Region  of  Ltd/any.     By  Winifred  EDler*- 

man.     (Chapman  &  Hall.  ]  ft  fid,  net.) 

More  Rhodesian  Rhymes.  By  Culleo  Goulds- 
bury.     (Bulavnsyo,  Philpott  6c  Collins.) 


he  has  not  even  left  out  "  the  rising  moon  "' 
(pp.  ()(>  and  69) — but  ancient  forms  arc  st  ill 
susceptible  of  new  life  in  the  hands  of  the 
poet,  and  the  dainty  philosophy  of  '  Flos 
^Evorum  ' — 

The  moonlight  of  forgotten  seas 

Dwells  in  your  eves,  and  on  your  tongue 

The  honey  of  n  million  bees. 

And  all  the  sorrows  of  all  song  : 

You  are  the  ending  of  all  these, 
The  world  grew  old  to  make  you  young — 

is,  in  its  wistful  fantasy,  one  with  that 
which  half  transfigured  the  unconscious 
humours  of  *  The  Worshipper  of  the 
Image.'  There  is  much  that  we  are 
tempted  to  quote,  but  the  following 
exquisite  stanza  from  the  little  poem 
called  "  May  is  Building  her  House  '  must 
suffice  : — 

Her  windows  the  morning  and  evening  star, 
And  her  rustling  doorways,  ever  ajar 

With  the  coming  and  going 

Of  fair  things  blowing, 
The  thresholds  of  the  four  winds  arc. 

Mr.  Charles  Bridges  is  a  scholarly  poet, 
and  to  such  the  compelling  power  that 
carries  thinking  men  away,  and  the  elusive 
grace  that  will  sometimes  captivate  the 
unthinking,  are  often  denied.  The  un- 
thinking will  find  little  in  his  '  Poems  in 
Five  Phases  '  of  sufficient  interest  on  the 
surface  to  lure  them  ;  others  it  is  likely 
to  leave  appreciative,  but  cold. 

Wealth  of  imagery,  a  certain  vividness 
of  pictorial  sense,  and  a  nice  observance  of 
form — at  times  somewhat  arbitrary  form 
— are  all  here,  but  there  is  a  heaviness  in 
the  telling,  discernible  even  in  such  a  pre- 
sumably joyous  lyric  as  that  called 
'  April,'  from  which  we  quote  : — 

I  would  not  grieve  wert  thou  not  beautiful  ! 

Beauty  is  tears.     Dost  thou  believe 

Music  that  can  grieve, 

Grief  that  all  music  is? 

And  then  the  bliss  ! 

Just  thee  caught  up  in  song 

The  white  day  through, 

Caught  up  and  tangled  and  enmeshed, 

To  laugh  along 

The  leaping  merriment  of  days 

Of  promise  and  of  praise. 

It  is,  perhaps,  in  the  nature  of  things  that 
Mr.  Bridges's  undoubted  technical  gifts 
should  find  their  most  adequate  expression 
in  the  sonnet,  and  the  sonnet-sequence  in 
Book  IV.  entitled  '  Sorrow,'  with  the  four 
that  succeed  it,  notably  '  Earth's  Lure  ' 
and  '  The  Apostate,'  is  of  unusual  merit, 
though  revealing  the  extent  to  which  that 
form  tends  to  control  the  thought. 

The  author's  meticulous  care  for  dignity 
of  diction  sometimes  flags,  as  when  the 
stately  measure  of  '  Crescendo  '  (descrip- 
tive of  the  disastrous  occupation  of  .Mos- 
cow) stoops  to  such  a  pedestrian  makeshift 
as  : — 

Many  went  down  in  sheer  fatigue, 
Others  it  caught  in  agony. 

"White"  is  an  epithet  particularly 
favoured  of  .Mr.  Bridges,  and  he  applies  it 
freely  and  without   great  discrimination  : 

"'  white  trickle  of  blood."  "  white  flame  of 
Cod,"  ■■  white  swift  lips.'"  and  the  like 
Such  licence  is  venial,  hut  lines  of  hoard- 
school  commonplace  like  the  following 
from  '  A  Song  of  Men."  Pari  II. — 

To  Scholars  then,  and   rooh  aa  seek  to  improve 

their  minds 
With  thought  mid  learning — 

leave  as  wondering. 


Mr.  Blanc's  work  in  '  A  Ballad  of  Men, 
and  Other  Verses,'  ballad,  lyric,  and  sonnet, 
is  conscientious,  but  uninspiring.  We  feel 
that  he  would  not  willingly  countenance 
the  breach  of  a  single  poetical  canon,  but 
also  that  those  sparks  of  the  divine  fire 
which  would  transmute  such  a  breach 
from   crime   to   merit  are  not  for  him. 

His  thought  is  the  thought  of  a  culti- 
vated man  with  a  mild  turn  for  more  or  less 
conventional  contemplation,  such  as  is  to 
be  found  in  the  stanzas  called  •('aim,'  of 
which  we  (piote  the  first  : — 

Calm  !  and  the  tranquil  shades 
Close  on  the  troubled  day. 

Calm  !  and  the  twilight  fades 
To  the  evening's  stilly  grey. 

The  trouble  IS,  if  we  may  use  an  apt 
Americanism,  that  any  one  might  write 
this  sort  of  thing,  and  that,  indeed,  a  good 
many  writers  of  verse  have  done  so  already. 
There  is  more  of  personality  and  vigour 
in  the  poem  on  '  The  Passing  of  Steam,'  but 
the  lyrical  effect  of  such  lines  as 

But,  reckoned  in  calorifics, 

Internal  Combustion  wins, 
For  twelve  per  cent,  of  the  B.T. U. 
Is  the  best,  in  effective  work,  we  do 

And  with  twenty  gas  begins, 

is  not  enhanced  by  the  addition  of  an 
explanatory  and  necessary  foot-note.  The 
verses  called  '  Cecil  John  Rhodes  '  are 
perhaps,  in  spite  of  the  Bvronic  metre, 
the  most  successful  in  the  book,  for  they 
are  more  spontaneous  than  the  rest  of  it. 

It  is  something  of  a  disappointment 
that  the  Isles  of  Greece,  to  say  nothing  of 
Palermo  and  Siracusa,  should  have  in- 
spired such  aimless  versifying  as  Miss 
Ellerman's  in  '  The  Region  of  Lutany.' 
Imagery  is  overstrained  and  metres  halt 
beneath  the  burden  of  verbal  compounds, 
while  grammar  raises  a  query  at  "  Thou 
wished,"  and  a  sort  of  ineffective  pre- 
ciosity brings  forth  lines  like 

A  wind  anemone 
Shaken  with  unrevealed  lonelinesses. 

We  quote  the  following  stanzas  from  a 
'  Song  '  :— 

The  sunset  glows 

Above  the  sea. 
And  faintly  rose 
The  cloudlets  flee : 

The  night  is  near 

And  I  would  dream, 
The  waves  stretch  clear 

A  silver  gleam. 

For  the  rest,  the  fact  that  this  daintily 
bound  little  volume  begins  with  'Region 
of  Lutany'  and  ends  with  '  Tristf ulness ' 
indicates,  in  some  degree,  its  poetical 
scope  and  significance. 

The  author  of  "  More  Rhodesian 
Rhymes'  writes  as  a.  pessimist  who  yet 
draws  a  measure  of  solace  from  his  own 
pessimism,  reeling  olf  spirited  Kipling- 
es.pie  ballads  of  the  se,mi\  Bide  of  <  tolonial 
life  with  a  sort  of  "rim  satisfaction  that 
infects  the  reader. 

While  primarily  appealing  to  those  of 
Rhodesian  experience,  who  are  not  likelj 
to  prove  severe  critics,  the  volume  de- 
serves a  w  ider  public  for  its  \  igOUr,  sanity, 
and    sardonic    humour    as    well    as    for    a 

metrical    versatility   above   the   avera 


222 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


We     quote     the    following    from     '  The 
Rhodesian  Rubaiyat '  : — 

A  Book  on  Cattle-sickness,  and  a  Cow, 
A  flask  of  Dop,  some  Bully-Beef,  and  Thou 
Beside  me,  swearing  at  the  Wilderness, 
That  is  the  Real  Rhodesia,  here  and  now. 

The  opening  stanza  of  '  A  Song  of 
Praise,  Bulawayo,  1906  ' — 

We   are    the    Salt    of    the   Earth !    We    are    the 

Chosen  Elect ! 
We  are  the  lew  who  have  worried  things  through, 
Let  us  with  garlands  be  decked. 
Here  's  to  the  snuffy-faced  Stiff! 
Here  's  to  the  old  Pioneer  ! 
Here  's  to  the  crowd  who  can  chuckle  aloud 
At  the  shadowy  mention  of  Beer ! — 

illustrates  one  of  the  author's  character- 
istic moods. 

'  Ingoldsby  in  Africa,'  a  series  of  imita- 
tions with  which  the  book  concludes,  is 
well  enough,  but  the  Ingoldsby  wit  and 
metre — the  latter  tends  as  often  as  not 
to  mould  the  former — are  a  medium 
scarcely  worthy  of  Mr.  Gouldsbury's 
talent. 


Egypt    in    Transition.     By    Sidney   Low. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  Is.  U.  net.) 

Fortified  by  an  Introduction  from  Lord 
Cromer,  this  book  contains,  indeed,  a 
quantity  of  information  on  the  work 
and  methods  of  officials  in  Egypt  and 
the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  random  glances 
at  the  previous  historjr  of  the  country  in 
relation  to  the  British  occupation,  and 
some  light  discussion  of  the  surface  pro- 
blems of  administration.  But  of  the 
significance  of  the  phenomena  on  which 
he  blandly  touches,  of  the  real  crux  of 
the  Egyptian  question,  Mr.  Sidney  Low 
affords  his  readers  scarce  a  glimpse. 
Controversial  and  (for  Englishmen)  un- 
pleasant points  have  been  omitted.  Thus, 
though  the  Akaba  affair  is  mentioned 
casually,  we  find  not  a  word  of  Denshawai, 
no  review  of  the  disastrous  Gorst  adminis- 
tration, no  note  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
Guildhall  speech.  A  whole  chapter  of 
Anglo-Egyptian  history,  and  that  the 
most  important  to  the  understanding  of 
the  present  situation,  has  been  overlooked. 
It  is  briefly  this. 

In    the    last    year    of    Lord    Cromer's 
autocratic,     but     benevolent     and      up- 
right reign  occurred  the  Akaba  dispute, 
when    the    Egyptian    Muslims    suddenly 
awoke  with  horror  to  the  fact  that  the 
English  were  utoon  the  point  of  forcing 
Egypt  to  make/ war  against  the  Muslim 
Caliphate.     At  (once    the    English    were 
anathema.     The    Khedive,   who    did   not 
love  Lord  Cromer,  was  interested  in  the 
agitation,  whicfli  went  on  increasing  after 
war     with     Turkey     had     been     happily 
avoided.     A    murderous    assault    by    vil- 
lagers upon  some  British  officers  in  uni- 
form,  which   seemed  to  have   been  pre- 
concerted under  lofty  patronage,  was  pun- 
ished with  extreme  severity,  on  account 
of  the  insult  to  the  uniform,  the  badge  of 
our   authority  in    Egypt.     That   severity 
iucensed  a  section  of  the  British  public, 
whose  loud  outcry  in  the  end  alarmed  the 
Foreign  Office  ;    for,  when  Lord  Cromer's 
illness   forced    him    to   retire,    Sir    Eldon 
Gorst  was  sent  to  Cairo  with  instructions 


to  do  everything  he  could  to  quiet  the 
Egyptians.  Sir  Eldon  detached  the 
Khedive  from  the  Nationalist  move- 
ment, thus  rendering  it  harmless,  but  at 
what  a  price  !  The  whole  of  native 
officialdom  was  handed  over  to  the 
Khedive's  patronage  ;  while  the  National- 
ists, regarding  the  change  of  policy  and 
the  relaxation  of  discipline  as  their  vic- 
tory, grew  noisy  and  insolent.  In  three 
years  Lord  Cromer's  patient,  conscientious 
work  was  all  undone.  Then  ex-President 
Roosevelt,  returning  from  a  shooting 
expedition,  was  shocked  at  what  he 
saw  and  heard  in  Egypt,  and  when  he 
arrived  in  London  rebuked  us  strongly 
for  misgovernment.  The  Foreign  Office 
seems  to  have  felt  his  rebuke  ;  at  any 
rate,  it  changed  its  policy. 

It  is  not  a  brilliant  chapter  of  Imperial 
history,  and  hardly  justifies  Mr.  Low's 
conclusion  that  the  British  occupation  of 
Egypt  is  "  the  most  honourable  episode 
in  the  recent  history  of  our  race."  He 
talks  throughout  of  all  our  work  for 
Egypt  as  if  we  did  it  for  the  beaux 
yeux  of  the  inhabitants.  That  tone  is 
much  too  general  with  our  people,  and, 
confuted  as  it  is  by  obvious  facts,  has 
caused  a  good  deal  of  the  irritation  which 
Mr.  Low  observed  among  Egyptians. 
Tiie  Oriental  mind  is  literal  and  logical. 
If  we  said  plainly,  "  We  are  here  for 
our  own  profit  and  convenience,  but  will 
not  ill-treat  you,"  that  would  be  a  propo- 
sition consonant  with  fact  which  the 
Egyptians  would  accept  at  once  as  reason- 
able. It  is  our  incessant  protestations, 
our  claim  to  an  angelic  altruism,  which 
bewilder  them  and  keep  them  restless. 
They  applaud  our  sentiments,  and  stand 
expectant.  When  nothing  comes  of  all 
the  talk,  they  call  us  rogues,  and  hate  us 
for  disturbing  them  without  a  cause. 
Comparatively  few  Englishmen,  even  of 
those  who  have  to  do  with  Orientals,  have 
any  real  conception  of  the  Eastern  mind, 
and,  that  being  so,  it  is  better  for  their 
name  as  rulers  that  they  should  ignore  it 
than  seek  to  play  to  a  gallery  of  whose 
taste  they  have  no  inkling.  That  was 
simply  Lord  Cromer's  method,  and  it 
proved  the  best  for  all  concerned. 

Upon  the  whole,  Mr.  Low  would  seem 
to  think  that  our  capitalistic  social  order 
is  a  boon  conferred  upon  the   Oriental, 
though  he  approves  of  the  "  State  Social- 
ism "  of  the  Sudan  Government  (adopted 
to    protect    the    natives    against   ruthless 
exploitation).     State  Socialism  (i.e.,  des- 
potism in  a  fairer  guise)  and  communal 
Socialism  (i.e.,  patriarchal  village  govern- 
ment) are  the  natural  order  in  the  East. 
Both  forms  have  co-existed  under  many 
tyrannies.     One    of    the    chief   causes    of 
the    increase    of    crime    which    Mr.    Low 
observed    among    the    felldhin    of    Lower 
Egypt  has  been  the  English  failure  at  the 
outset   to   appreciate   this  natural  order, 
which    the     Sudan     Government    wisely 
fosters,  and   our   introduction  of   a  legal 
code  entirely  foreign  to  the  native  genius, 
weakening  the  communal  authority,  and 
in  some  degree  impairing  State  control. 
'Directly    the    village    bullies    knew    that 
they  could   bring   an   action   for   assault 


and  battery  against  the  omdeh  and  his 
watchmen,  ruffianism  took  the  ascendant. 
In  this  connexion  Mr.  Low  has  made  no 
mention  of  the  Exile  Law— our  frank  ad- 
mission that  the  code  has  proved  a  failure 
— which  ahWed  the  bullies  to  be  (prac- 
tically) kidnapped  and  deported  without 
the  small  formality  of  public  trial.  It 
would  seem  to  be  another  of  those  horrid 
gulfs  into  which  our  author  has  decided 
not  to  peer. 

Mr.  Low  alludes  more  than  once  tc* 
the  Ottoman  suzerainty  as  a  hindrance  to 
our  efforts  on  behalf  of  Egypt.  The 
reviewer  cannot  endorse  this  verdict, 
and  the  fact  that  it  is  passionately 
loved  in  Egypt  should  make  us  tender 
of  it.  The  Khedivial  Courr  has  been 
a  greater  hindrance  ;  so  has  the  nervous- 
interference  of  the  Foreign  Office.  When 
in  one  place  Mr.  Low  seems  to  suggest 
that  the  "  Young  Turks  "  were  somehow 
at  the  bottom  of  the  murder  of  the  late 
Prime  Minister  of  Egypt,  we  can  only  say 
that  he  has  been  misled  bj-  somebody. 
To  excuse  the  signs  of  discontent  which  he 
observed  in  Egypt  Mr.  Low  has  written  : — 

"  With  Turkey,  Persia,  India,  China,  stirred 
by  new  ideas  and  strange  emotions,  Egypt 
can  hardly  remain  entirely  unresponsive." 

He  never  mentions  the  attacks  by  Europe 
on  the  first  two  countries,  nor  England's 
close  support  of  Russia,  the  bugbear  of 
the  Oriental — attacks  which,  if  continued, 
are  likely  to  cause  trouble  of  a  serious 
nature,  not  alone  in  Egypt,  but  also 
throughout  our  Eastern  empire. 

Mr.  Low  is  master  of  a  fluent  journal- 
istic style.  Such  phrases  as  "  the  liquid 
treasure,"  "  the  vivifying  fluid,"  "  the 
fertilizing  liquid,"  for  the  waters  of  the 
Nile,  often  repeated,  vex  a  literary  ear. 
He  does  not  claim  to  know  Arabic,  but 
surely  some  acquaintance  might  have 
saved  him  from  making  'dlim  the  plural 
and  vlema  the  singular ;  and  to  speak  of 
"  the  effendim  "  is  a  solecism  exactly  like 
the  French  expression  "  le  milord."  As 
tourist  work  the  volume  is  above  the 
average,  but  it  will  hardly  satisfy  the 
student  or  the  politician.  It  should  be 
added,  however,  that  even  experts  differ 
widely,  and  may  not  agree  with  all  the 
views  we  have  expressed  as  to  the  past 
and  the  present. 


Imperial  Germany.     By  Prince  Bernhard' 

von  Biilow.  (Cassell  &  Co.,  16s.  net.) 
A  candid  friend  is  invaluable,  especially 
when,  as  in  the  case  of  Prince  Bernhard 
von  Biilow,  he  knows  his  facts  and  has 
no  hesitation  in  saying  what  he  wants. 
A  year  ago  a  distinguished  German  general,, 
who  also  knew  what  he  wanted,  and  who 
was  painfully  candid,  published  a  much 
less  valuable  book,  in  which  he  made  it 
clear  that  what  he  wanted  was  war.  not 
only  with  France,  but  also  with  England 
and  the  United  States,  and  he  appeared  to 
be  in  an  almost  indecent  hurry  to  start 
and  get  it  all  over. 

Prince  Biilow  is  a  totally  different 
kind  of  person.  He  writes  as  a  man 
who  has  been  at  the  head  of.  affairs  in. 


J 


No.  4508.  Feb.  14,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


223 


many,  and  writes  with  restraint  and 
admirable  taste.  As  we  have  suggested, 
he  makes  no  attempt  to  eoneeal  his 
thoughts  and  wishes  ;  and  the  Navy 
League  will  find  in  his  pages  ammunition 
sufficient  to  last  for  a  long  campaign. 
Every  Englishman  who  wants  a  strong 
navy  should  be  grateful  to  Prinoe  Biilow 
for  the  German  arguments  and  facts  here 
offered  for  our  consideration.  The  warn- 
ings are  plain  ;  and  those  who  read 
the  book  will  see  that  no  German  now 
.pretends  that  the  naval  policy  of  his 
country  is  limited  to-day  to  a  mere 
necessity  of  defending  a  mercantile  marine. 
The  first  part  of  Prince  Billow's  volume 
deals  with  '  Foreign  Policy.'  and  it  is 
this  which  wril  principally  interest  English 
readers.  The  distinguished  author  shows 
how  the  new  Great  Power,  after  the  last 
of  its  three  big  wars,  was  looked  upon 
as  an  unwelcome  intruder  when  it  entered 
the  company  of  the  other  Great  Powers  of 
Europe,  and  he  quotes  a  remark  made 
to  him  by  an  English  ambassador  at 
R:>me  in  the  nineties  : — 

"  How  much  pleasanter.  ...  it  was  in  the 

w.>rld  of  politics  when  England,  France,  and 

Russia  constituted  the  tribunal  of  Europe, 

and  at  most  Austria  had  to  be  occasionally 

-ulted.'' 


change   since 


Prince   Biilow  sketches  the 
those  days,  describes  the  marvellous  pro 
gress  of  Germany,  gives  figures  in  support 
of  each  of  his  statements,  and  shows  the 
rapid    strides    by  which    Germans    have 
won  a  place  in  the  front  rank  of  seafaring 
nations.     He  quotes  Bismarck's   view   of 
:  many  as  invulnerable    so    far    as   we 
were  concerned  in  1864,  and  then  explains 
why.   with   her    over-sea  trade,    she    has 
become  vulnerable,  and  why  a  fleet  was 
needed    to    protect    her    and    her    corn- 
ice.     Since    Prince    Biilow    wrote    we 
have  had.  in  the  present   month,  a  speech 
Admiral   von    Tirpitz  —  the    admiral 
who,    while     Parliaments    come    and    go, 
remains     permanently    at    the    head    of 
al    affairs — explaining    why    Germans 
ready    to    accept    for    the    moment 
Chun-hill    ratio  of    10  to  10,  though 
year's     holiday  :'     in     shipbuilding 
ir  Bide,  impracticable.  Germans 
it   the    Hito  ID  proposal  because 
never  yet  been  in  a  position 
favourable  ;     but,    if    Prince     Billow's 
anything,  it  shows  that,  when 
carried  out  their  present  pro- 
mme,  they   an-    likely  to  construct  a 

d        ad      dvocate  a  still 
t. 

The    ex-Chancellor    argues    that    the 
mu m   army   has   been   a   factor  in   the 
of  peace,  and  that  the  completion 
of   the   German  "  lines  of    defence  "  by 
the  navy  *' constitutes  an  additional   and 
increased  guarantee  for  peace."      So  long 
Germany   had  no   navy,  her  growing 
international      industrial      interests      pre- 
■  d   a    vulnerable   surface    to    her  op- 
ponents.    She    thinks    that    she    has  now 
proteel  '1  this  weak  spot,  and  has  rendered 
a  naval  attack  on  the  Empire  *'  an  under- 
taking   of    great    risk    for    the    enemy." 
Germany  claims  that  she   has   "  acquired 
the  means  of  effectively  protecting  "  her 


resisting    aggression 


stronger 


interests    and    of 
everywhere. 

Prince  Biilow  explains  what  his  aim  was 
while  he  was  Chancellor.  The  German 
fleet  had  to  be  built,  while  Germany  main- 
tained her  Continental  position,  without 
"  coming  into  conflict  with  England, 
whom  we  could  as  yet  not  oppose  at  sea." 
Patriotic  feeling  had  to  be  aroused,  but 

"  must  not  be  roused  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  damage  irreparably  our  relations  with 
England,  against  whom  our  sea  power 
would  for  years  still  be  insufficient,  and  at 
whose  mercy  we  lay  in  1897.  .  .  .like  so  much 
butter  before  the  knife." 

We  are  told  that  when  German}',  after 
the  solution  of  her  Continental  problems, 
embarked  on  international  politics,  "  she 
was  bound  to  inconvenience  England.  The 
consequences. . .  .could  be  mitigated  by 
diplomacy,  they  could  not  be  prevented." 
We  are  asked  to  believe  that  we  have 
no  reason  to  mistrust  the  expansion  of 
German  industries  or  the  construction 
of  a  German  navy.  "  It  was  both  neces- 
sary and  desirable  for  "  Germany  "  to 
be  so  strong  at  sea  that  no  Sea  Power  " 
could  lightly  undertake  to  attack  her, 
and  she  might  be  free  to  look  after  her 
over-sea  interests. 

There  is  a  curiously  frank  explanation 
of  the  obvious  reason  why  the  Germans 
did  not  go  to  war  with  us  at  the  time 
of  the  South  African  trouble.  It  was  a 
tempting  thing  to  attack  us  at  that 
moment,  with  French  support  ;  but,  from 
Prince  Billow's  own  account,  it  is  clear 
that  Germany  left  us  alone  simply  because 
she  saw  that  it  was  not  to  her  interest 
to  provoke  a  quarrel.  Here  are  the 
Prince's  own  words  : — 

'"  Even  in  the  event  of  defeat  in  the  South 
African  War,  it  was  joossible  for  England  to 
stifle  our  sea  power  in  the  embryo." 

The  ex-Chancellor  more  than  once 
returns  to  the  subject  of  the  South  African 
War.  He  states  that  when  he  was  at  the 
Foreign  Office  he  was  convinced  that  a 
conflict  between  Germany  and  England 
would  not  break  out  if  his  country 
built  a  fleet  which  could  not  be  attacked 
without  serious  risk  to  the  attacking 
party,  if  Germany  did  not  indulge  in 
undue  and  unlimited  shipbuilding  and 
armaments,  and  did  not  overheat  her 
marine  boiler.  His  policy  was  to  prevent 
any  irremediable  In-each  between  the  two 
countries,  and  "  that  is  why  I.  .  .  .resisted 
all  temptations  to  interfere  in  the  Boer 
War." 

Germans  think  that  England  is  dis- 
quieted by  the  rising  of  their  power 
at  sea.  The  case  for  friendship  between 
the  nations  is  well  put  by  Prince    Biilow  ; 

but.  nevertheless,  the  menace  to  us  is 
plain,  and  there  is  no  necessity  to  read 
between   the    lines.      He    says   that   to-day 

Germany,  supported  by  a  navy  which 
demands  respect,  confronts  us  in  a  manner 
very  different  from  that  of  fifteen  years  ago. 
It  was  then  a  question  of  avoiding  conflict 
with  England  "as  long  as  possible, till  we 

had    built    our    fleet.        The    inference     i 

that  the  German  ft»  I  is  now  "  ready  for 

.ice":      and     the     Prince     states     that 

Germans      need  no  longer  take  tjuch  care 


to  prevent  England  from  injuring  our 
safety  and  wounding  our  dignity.  Ger- 
many is  prepared  to  defend  her  ■"dignity  " 
and  "  her  interests  against  Kngland  atsea." 

The  warning  is  clear  enough.  It  eomes 
from  what  Prince  Biilow  himself  lias  de- 
scribed as  "•  the  most  military  and  most 
warlike  of  the  European  nations,"  and  its 
echo  may  be  heard  in  the  first  weeks  of 
the  present  Parliamentary  session  when 
Supplementary  Xavy  Estimates  are  before 
the  House  of  Commons. 

England  is  described  as  the  only  country 
with  which  Germany  has  in  international 
politics  an  account;  with  the  other 
European  Powers  "  the  contra-account  of 
Continental  politics  is  the  decisive  factor." 
Of  France  we  read  : — 

"It  seems  to  me  weakness  to  entertain 
the  hope  of  a  real  and  sincere  reconciliation 
w  itli  France,  so  long  as  we  have  no  intention 
of  giving  iij)  Alsace-Lorraine.  And  there  is 
no  such  intention." 

When  the  Morocco  question  is  con- 
sidered England  is  again  the  enemy.  We 
are  told  in  blunt  fashion  that,  in  return 
for  French  acknowledgment  of  our  un- 
disputed authority  in  Egypt,  we  expressed 
our  approval  of  what  France  had  done  in 
Morocco,  and  we  are  informed  that  we 
"  disregarded. . .  .both  the  international 
settlement  of  1880  and  the  German- 
Moroccan  Commercial  Treaty."'  It  is 
declared  that  we  disposed  "  arrogantly  " 
of  German  interests,  and  that  our  arrange- 
ment with  France  was  intended  to  injure 
German}7.  It  is  possible  to  make  out  a 
case  for  Germany  as  against  England  in 
this  Morocco  business,  if  France  and  her 
grievance  against  Prussia  be  ignored. 
But,  given  the  French  case,  it  was  essential 
that  we  should  stand  by  our  French  friends. 

We  have  dealt  only  with  the  '  Foreign 
Relations '  of  this  important  book,  but 
the  other  half,  dealing  with  '  Home 
Policy,'  merits  attention,  and  the  remarks 
about  Socialists  are  worth  notice.  "  I  nder 
suitable  guidance  it  is  possible  to  re- 
duce the  number  of  their  seats  in  the 
Reichstag "  ;  and  the  first  object  of  a 
Government  is  naturally  to  neutralize 
the  effect  of  the  Socialist  vote.  The 
ex-Chancellor  is  open  enough  about  the 
way  in  which  in  Germany  attempts  have 
been  made  to  "neutralize"  the  power 
of  the  Socialists  ;  but  it  is  difficult  for 
Englishmen  to  realize  how  limited  are  the 
powers  of  a  German  Parliament.  Prince 
Biilow  docs  his  best  to  make  it  clear  : — 

"  Bismarck. ..  .never  ran  any  risk  of 
letting  i he  least  scrap  of  power  --lip  into  the 
hands  ol  Parliament  through  the  influence 
lie  conceded  to  h  majority,  when  he  hap- 
pened to  find  one  at  his  disposal.  Above  all, 
lie  never  dreamt  of  considering  the  wishes 
of  a  majority  unless  bhej  tallied  with  his 
own.  He  made  use  oi  existing  majorif 
i.ut  he  in  \  er  lei  them  make  use  of  him. 

We  are  amused  with  the  following 
complacenl  remark  :  '  In  the  greal  years 
1813  to  1815  Prussia. ..  .finally  shattered 
Napoleon's  power."  This  appears  to 
the  in<»t  recenl  German  version  of  "  How 
Pill  Adams  won  the  Battle  oi  Waterloo.' 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  so  valuable 
a  work  should  have  been  launched  without 

a    preface    or    nn\  thing    to    say    what     it 


224 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


is.  We  believe  it  is  a  translation  of  an 
Introduction  which  Prince  Billow  con- 
tributed to  a  book  on  Germany  published 
at  the  end  of  last  year.  It  is  excellently 
translated,  though  there  are  some  slips, 
some  weak  grammar,  and  an  occasional 
unnecessary  accent. 


HOME    UNIVERSITY    LIBRARY. 

Prof.  Pigou  in  his  book  on  '  Unemploy- 
ment '  makes  a  thorough  examination  of 
the  secondary  causes  of  unemployment, 
but  never  reaches  the  primary  one  em- 
bedded in  our  present  social  system.  He 
holds  that 

"  the  various  aspects  of  the  economic  life 
of  any  modern  country  are  bound  together 
in  an  intimate  unity.  The  consequence  is 
that  attempts  to  deal  with  any  particular 
evil,  as  it  appears  at  one  point,  may  often 
be  followed  by  important  and  not  at  all 
obvious  effects,  breaking  out  elsewhere 
and  capable  of  more  than  neutralizing  what- 
ever immediate  good  may  have  been  done. 
The  only  way  in  which  it  is  possible  to 
contrive  measures  of  social  improvement 
that  shall  be  free  from  this  great  danger  is 
to  found  them  upon  a  close  and  thorough 
study  of  economic  life  as  a  whole.  If  the 
'  art  '  of  social  reform  is  to  be  effective,  the 
basis  of  it  must  be  laid  in  a  '  science.'  ' 

Here  he  treats  the  aspects  of  unemploy- 
ment with  the  cold  clarity  of  scientific 
analysis,  and  the  language  used  renders 
the  book  intelligible  to  the  ordinary 
citizen.  Yet  he  seems  to  show  a  funda- 
mental lack  of  appreciation  of  all  that  is 
involved  in  the  problem.    Such  remarks  as 

"  If  foresight  were  perfect  and  work- 
people were  always  ready  in  times  of  pro- 
sperity to  make  full  provision  for  the  bad 
times  that  might  follow.  ..."     (italics  ours) 

indicate  this  attitude.  Workpeople  do 
not  make  full  provision  for  rainy  days 
to  come  because  the  majority  are  unable 
to  do  so  ;  their  wages  do  not  allow  of  any 
margin  to  be  put  away. 

Prof.  Pigou  acknowledges  that  the 
various  devices  mentioned  by  him  as 
remedies  for  unemployment  would  not 
abolish  it,  and  the  only  conclusion  he 
reaches  in  consecpuence  is  that  palliatives 
must  be  employed  to  alleviate  the  evil 
consequences  resulting  from  it.  It  is 
strange  that  no  mention  of  Socialism 
occurs  in  the  volume,  probably  because 
the  author  pins  his  faith  to  social  reform 
rather  than  social  reconstruction. 

Prof.  Vinogradoff,  who  is  Corpus  Pro- 
fessor of  Jurisprudence  at  Oxford,  begins 
his  little  book  '  Common-Sense  in  Law ' — 
a  valuable  addition  to  a  very  useful  series 
— with  an  apt  quotation  from  the  greatest 
of  all  law  lecturers.  "  Advantages  and 
leisure,"  said  Blackstone  at  the  outset  of 
the  famous  lectures  which  became  the 
'  Commentaries,' 

"  are  given  to  gentlemen  not  for  the  benefit 
of  themselves  only,  but  also  of  the  public, 
and  yet  they  cannot,  in  any  scene  of  life, 

Unemployment.     By  A.  C.  Pigou.      (Williams 
&  Norgate,  Is.  net.) 

Common-Sense    in    Law.     By    Paul    Vino- 
gradoff.    (Same  publishers  and  price.) 


discharge  properly  their  duty  either  to  the 
public  or  to  themselves  without  some  degree 
of  knowledge  in  the  laws." 

This  claim  for  a  wider  recognition  of  the 
value  of  legal  knowledge,  notwithstanding 
the  frequency  with  which  it  has  been 
advanced,  continues,  it  would  seem,  to 
be  unsatisfied.  Mr.  Justice  Atkin,  in  an 
address  he  delivered  before  the  Liverpool 
Board  of  Legal  Studies  a  few  days  before 
Prof.  Vinogradoff's  book  was  published, 
deemed  it  desirable  to  urge  that 

"  English  law  is  a  topic  which  might  very 
well  form  part  of  a  really  liberal  education, 
quite  distinct  from  the  technical  training  of 
the  young  man  who  is  going  to  practise  in 
the  law." 

Whether  a  superficial  acquaintance  with 
legal  principles  and  procedure  would 
broaden  the  intellect  or  cultivate  a  more 
law-abiding  spirit — whether,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  might  encourage  the  technical 
view  of  things  and  foster  the  love  of 
litigation — are  questions  that  need  not 
trouble  us  here.  Any  layman  who  does 
determine  to  begin  a  study  of  the  law 
will  find  in  this  concise  sketch  of  English 
jurisprudence  much  that  is  inspiring  as 
well  as  informative.  He  will  find,  not,  it 
is  true,  an  elementary  exposition  of  the 
laws  affecting  his  daily  life,  such  as  the 
alluring  title  may  lead  him  to  expect, 
but  a  succinct  statement  of  the  nature 
and  domain  of  law,  of  its  evolution  from 
custom,  and  of  the  function  of  the  Legis- 
lature. Perhaps,  if  he  demonstrates  the 
truth  of  Burke's  saying  that  legal  studies 
are  ennobling  to  the  mind,  he  may  dis- 
cover before  he  closes  the  book  that 
English  law,  so  far  from  being  a  code  of 
conventional  rules  invented  by  lawyers 
for  their  own  edification  and  profit,  is 
"  broad-based  upon  the  people's  will," 
though  he  may  hesitate  to  go  the  length 
of  saying  with  the  Lord  Chancellor  in 
'  Iolanthe  '  : — 

*  The  Law  is  the  true  embodiment 
Of  everything  that's  excellent. 

It  is  a  significant  fact,  which  Prof. 
Vinogradoff  is  not  the  first  jurist  to  em- 
phasize, that  in  most  European  languages 
the  terms  for  "  law  "  and  "  right "  coincide. 
The  Latin  jus,  the  French  droit,  the 
German  RecJit,  the  Italian  diritto,  the 
Spanish  derecho,  and  the  Slavonic  pravo  all 
express  not  only  right,  but  also  law.  Here 
in  England,  though  "  law  "  is  distinguish- 
able from  "  right,"  they  are  certainly  not 
unallied,  for  rights  are  mainly  based  on 
law,  and  legal  rules  are  largely  founded 
on  moral  principles. 

What,  to  treat  it  fundamentally,  is  law  ? 
The  author,  who  devotes  the  first  part  of 
his  book  to  this  question,  criticizes  the 
Austinian  theory  that  law  is  a  rule  of 
conduct  imposed  by  a  sovereign  autho- 
rity. Following  the  lead  of  Maine, 
he  points  out  that  laws  have  come  into 
being  where  no  sovereign  power  has 
existed.  Some  of  the  most  fundamental 
of  our  laws — those,  for  instance,  which 
regulate  marriage,  the  tenure  of  land, 
and  succession — originated  in  far-distant 
days  when  there  was  no  authority  capable 
of  making  a  law  in  the  sense  of  a  com- 
mand.    Prof.    Vinogradoff,    who    insists 


upon  the  opposite  doctrine  of  agreement, 
prefers  to  define  law  as  "  a  set  of  rules 
imposed  and  enforced  by  a  society  with 
regard  to  the  attribution  and  exercise  of 
power  over  persons  and  things."  This 
is,  no  doubt,  a  larger  and  truer  definition, 
since  it  includes  not  only  the  legal  rules 
which  had  their  origin  in  primitive  cus- 
toms, but  also  the  "  judge-made  laws  " 
by  which  the  more  powerful  occupants 
of  the  Bench  in  modern  times,  such  as 
Lord  Mansfield,  have  given  legal  sanction 
to  mercantile  practice. 

"  My  lord,  it  is  written  in  the  Book 
of  Nature,"  replied  an  exuberant  advocate 
when  Lord  Ellenborough  asked  him  for 
his  authority  for  some  legal  proposition. 
"  What  book  1  "  inquired  the  sarcastic 
judge,  taking  up  his  pen.  "  The  Book  of 
Nature,"  repeated  the  advocate.  '  Please 
give  me  the  name  of  the  case  and  the 
page,"  said  Ellenborough,  dipping  his 
pen  in  the  ink  in  readiness  to  note  it 
down.  Prof.  Vinogradoff,  who  is  too 
austere  a  writer  to  recall  this  anecdote, 
alludes,  in  an  interesting  chapter  on  '  The 
Law  of  Nature,'  to  a  number  of  cases — 
such  as  Lord  Mansfield's  decision  in  1771 
that  a  negro  slave  who  had  escaped  to 
England  could  not  be  claimed  by  his 
master,  and  Lord  Hardwicke's  decision  in 
1744  that  a  heathen  could  take  a  valid 
oath  according  to  the  ceremonies  of 
his  religion  —  which  show  how  the  legal 
idea  embodied  in  the  naturale  jus  has 
been  recognized  by  English  judges.  A 
less  subtle  professor — Huxley — protested 
vigorously  against  the  idea  that  any 
ethical  rule  of  conduct  could  be  de- 
rived from  nature.  "  You  might  just 
as  well  speak,"  he  said,  "  of  the  law  of 
the  tiger."  Prof.  Vinogradoff,  while  ad- 
mitting that  "  the  law  of  nature  has 
operated  as  a  literary,  but  not  as  a 
direct,  source  of  law,"  realizes  that  social 
changes  are  widening  the  domain  of  law, 
that  appeals  to  the  "law  of  nature" 
are  being  revived,  that  positive  law  is 
being  increasingly  put  to  the  touchstone 
of  morality. 

Whether  the  judiciary  will  continue, 
now  that  the  Legislature  is  more  active, 
to  exercise  its  old  influence  upon  the 
law — whether,  in  other  words,  case-law 
will  retain  its  old  importance  —  may, 
perhaps,  be  doubted.  Some  of  the  de- 
cisions of  the  courts  on  the  Workmen  s 
Compensation  Acts,  to  which  Prof.  Vino- 
gradoff refers,  are  marked  by  an  apparent 
inconsistency  which  may  easily  create 
in  some  readers  of  this  Avork  a  feeling  of 
astonishment  at  the  association  of  "  com- 
mon-sense "  and  "  law  "  in  its  title.  For 
instance,  murderous  violence  has  been 
decided  to  be  a  risk  incident  to  the  calling 
of  a  cashier  to  a  firm  of  colliery  owners, 
who  was  murdered  in  a  train  whilst 
carrying  the  wages  of  the  miners,  but  not 
to  the  occupation  of  a  carter,  who  whilst 
in  charge  of  his  horse  and  cart  was 
fatally  assaulted  by  a  drunken  man.  It  is, 
perhaps,  such  subtleties  that  cause  Prof. 
Vinogradoff,  notwithstanding  his  evident 
desire  to  awaken  a  more  general  interest 
in  the  law,  to  remark  that  "  the  fact  that 
law  becomes  more  and  more  the  special 


No. 


4503, 


Feb.  14,   1914 


THE     ATlTENvEUM 


22; 


province  of  professional  lawyers  is  neither 
strange  nor  regrettable."  But  as  Legisla- 
tion, to  say  nothing  of  judicial  authority, 
touches  life  more  intimately,  the  origin 
and  province  of  law  must  acquire  a  wider 
interest  for  the  thoughtful  citizen,  and 
tie  Professor's  little  work,  written  with 
lucidity  as  well  as  learning,  is  well  de- 
signed both  to  exeite  and  satisfy  it. 


Dedications  :  an  Anthology  of  the  Forms 
used  tram  the  Earliest  Days  of  Book- 
Making  to  the  Present  Tina.  Compiled 
by  Mary  Elizabeth  Brown.  (G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons,  10s.  6d.  net.) 


and 


this  is  one  of  them, 


In  many  eases 

the  way  in  which  a  book  came  into  being 
is  no  inappreciable  element  in  our  enjoy- 
ment of  it.     Here,  the  subject  is  not  a  new 
one  in  our  days,  and  its  treatment  is  un- 
likely to  wake  any  enthusiasm  for  it  in 
the    mind    of    the    average    reader.     Mr. 
Edmund    Gosse    has    touched    upon    an 
aspect    of    it    in    one    of    his    delightful 
essays,    and    Mr.    H.    B.    Wheatley    has 
written  on  it  one   of  the  charming  dis- 
cursive  little   books    in    the   composition 
of    which    he    is    a    master.     The    work 
before  us  makes  no   attempt  at  rivahy 
with  either  ;    it  is  a  collection  of  notabfe 
dedications,    made    for    the    most    part 
during   a    time    when    the    compiler    was 
deprived  of  the   use   of  sight,  and  com- 
pelled to  rely  on  her  memory  and  the  aid 
of  some  friends  to  whom  she  pays  due 
tribute.     We  can  think  of  no  more  plea- 
I    task,  once   begun,  for  a   person   of 
re   and   wide   reading   suffering    under 
such  an  affliction,   than  to  call  to  mind 
book  after  book  of  the  past,  to  have  it 
md  on  the  shelves,  and  to  seek  in  it 
the  personal  note  which  a  true  dedication 
tend  to  it.     It  is  a  pleasure  that  every 
der  of  this  work  can  share,  in  an  in- 
rse    >  use,    turning   back   in   his   mind 
from    each    new    dedication    to    the    book 
it    heralded,    and    relishing    its   peculiar 

laptability  to  time  and  person. 

The  form,  the  origin,  the  value,  the 
umstances,  of  dedications  vary  almost 
indefinitely.  Perhaps  their  history  ought 
to  be  divided  into  two  parts — dedications 
before  the  printed  book  became  familiar, 
and  those  of  later  times.  In  the  days  of 
the  manuscript  and  the  -eriptorium",  we 
nny  feel  sure  that  the  majority  of  books 

ire  written  for  the  use  of  a  single  person, 
however    great    the    author's    persuasion 

may  have  been  that  his  work  would  reach 
I   be   appreciated   by  a   wider  public. 
In  these  cases  the  dedication  often  forms 
part  of  the  book  and  is  not  readily  detach- 
able, and  when  it  is  separate  it  is  liable 
to  be  lost  to  as  by  the  misguided  economy 
of  labour  by  the  copyist.    .More  often  than 
not,  the  composition  of  abook  in  media 
times  was  the  direct  result  of  the  prompt- 
ing of  some  magnate,  and  then  the  dedica- 
tion is  a  tribute,  winch  more  than  one-  is 
the  sole  means  by  which  we  know  of  the 
great    man's    existence.    The    thirteenth 
•century  was  a  notable  age  for  dedications. 
■One  lying  before    us    runs    through    the 
entire  list  of  the  patriarch-  and  prophets 


to  obtain  a  list  of  the  virtues  of  the  patron. 
Roger  Bacon  wrote  his  books  for  Pope 
after  Pope:  .Michael  Scot  for  Frederick  the 
Emperor,   the   "  Stupor  Mundi  "  ;     poets 

laid  their  works  at  the  feet  of  the  ureal 
ladies  of  their  day  ;  while  lesser  bards 
made  a  wider  and  more  direct  appeal  in 
their  dedications  for  the  largesse  of  their 
patrons. 

There  are  some  very  interesting  and 
even  touching  dedications  in  the  centuries 
that  follow.  Chaucer,  who  wrote  his 
'  Astrolabe  '  for  "  my  little  son  Lewis  "  (of 
whom  we  know  nothing  else)  ;  Gower, 
with  the  double  dedication  to  Richard  11. 
and  to  Henry  IV. of  his  poem;  Hoccleve, 
and  Caxton —  all  might  have  been  men- 
tioned in  a  work  which  deals  with  dedica- 
tions from  the  earliest  times,  but  not 
unnaturally  they  lay  somewhat  outside 
the  editor's  range. 

With  the  printed  book  a  new  era  came, 
which,  however,  preserved  in  a  measure 
the  traditions  of  the  old.  The  somewhat 
naive  classification  of  our  author — to 
Deity,  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  to  Royalty, 
and  so  on,  down  to  Any  and  Every  One — 
shows  how  wide  the  book-writer  cast  his 
net  for  patronage.  Tn  a  dedication  profit 
or  pleasure  is  sought :  profit,  either  in  the 
form  of  protection  or  gifts  or  increase  of 
sale  :  pleasure,  in  gratitude  or  admiration 
or  friendship.  A  very  few  dedications 
are  famous,  yet  of  all  but  these  few,  who 
remembers  a  line  of  one  of  them,  or,  open- 
ing this  book  by  chance  without  seeing 
the  ascription,  could  say  for  what  or  to 
whom  it  was  written  \  Still  we  may 
be  sure  that  the  practice  of  dedications 
will  never  die  out  while  gratitude  and 
admiration  and  friendship  fire  the  heart 
of  the  young,  and  live  on  in  those  of  their 
elders.  The  fashion  of  the  time  will 
change,  as  this  book  shows  it  has  often 
changed  before ;  the  reality  behind  will 
alwavs  remain. 


RELIGION   IN    FICTION. 

Dr.  Sktcixi;  calls  his  '  Pastor  Futurus '  a 
"  dramatic   idyll  "  ;    and  that  is  a  proper 
designation,  if  an  idyll   may  be   didactic. 
One  cannot  read  it  without  feeling  that  it 
contains  in  pleasing  form  a  wise  and  earnest 
plea  for  broad-minded  interpretation  of  the 
Christian  faith   and   brotherly   dealing  in 
the  Church's  ministry.     The  author's  ripe 
experience    in   scholastic    and    theological 
affairs  not  only  fits  him  for  this  venture, 
but  also  ensures  more    attention  to  the 
matter  than  the  form  of  its  achievement. 
Before    OUT    eye-    he    raises    the   Carleford 
Theological  College, founded  by  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese,  a  man  of  enlightened  vision, 
and   stalled    by   bis    like-minded   college 
friends.     To  this  hostel   come   some   eager 

young  men, diverse  in  their  circumstances, 
temperament,  and  training,  but  at  one  in 
their  desire  tocopewith  modern  conditions 
of  life  efficiently  and  whole-heartedly.    The 

author's  fictitious  diary  relates  his  la  boms. 

forebodings,  and  ideals  as  Principal  of  such 


Pastor    i'litmus.      \',y  .John    lliintl   y   Bkrinfi, 

(Longman        I      .  5«.  net. ) 
Initiation.       B;       Robert     Bugh     Benson, 
(Hutchinson  .v  ''....  fi/) 


a  foundation — in  a  word,  it  is  a  discussion 
of  Church  polity  in  pictorial  form. 

One  may  not  follow  in  any  detail  the 
enterprise  of  the  Carleford  dignitaries  in 
their  pursuit  of  a  "  new  way  for  the  old 
Church,"  but  together  they  offer  much 
sound  and  opportune  advice  to  clergy 
and  laity.  Even  in  what  is  too  often 
regarded  as  of  minor  importance,  tie 
reading  of  Holy  Scripture,  there  is  ex- 
hortation that  is  surely  needed: — 

'Young  brothers,  what  gracious  oppor- 
tunities are  you  trampling  under  loot, 
when    you    hurry    and    slur   and    Blubber    the 

recitations  which  your  Church  meant  to  be 
the  articulate  and  penetrating  appeal  of 
spiritual  poem,  history,  oratory,  drama,  to 
your  soul  who  read  and  theirs  w  iio  listen." 

Amongst  the  "  militia  Christi,"  as  the 

youthful    theologians    are    called. 


is  one 
fervour 
( Ihurch 
( ihurch 
great)  r 


whose  honesty  of  purpose  and 
of  spirit  are  like  to  be  lost  to  the 
by  his  liberal  conception  of 
doctrine  and  communion.  The 
part  of  the  idyll  concerns  his  fortunes  as 
an  interpreter  of  the  faith,  a  critic  of 
Church  folk  and  their  conventions,  and 
a  reformer  who  precipitates  a  crisis  by 
well-intentioned  heresy.  The  s\  mpathetic 
moulding  of  John  Desmond — and  hi 
typical  of  many — is  the  Principal's  chief 
task  ;  and  it  is  his  message  to  the  Church. 
We  need  the  historic  sense  to  know 

"that  faith  must  grow  with  the  ages,  and 
that  words  which  cannot  keep  pace  with  it 
will  often  cease  to  be  quite  true,  and  yet 
must  be  kept  as  the  symbol  for  the  new- 
truth,  while  the  Church  is  thinking  out  the 
new  words." 

We  are  properly  reminded  that  in  revision, 
whether  it  be  of  the  Prayer  Book  or  of 
the    Church,    we    must   reckon    with    the 
"  two  forces  of  Growth   and   Structure," 
and  must  preserve  a  "  right  proportion- 
ment."     For    these    forces    are    the    bio- 
logical analogies  of   innovation   and   tra- 
dition, or  of  reason  and  authority.     The 
reformer  is  apt  to  say  that  the  fact  of 
religion     is     '"Communion,"     the     soul's 
experience    of   God;     and   not     "Creed." 
The  Church  too  often   declares  creed   to 
be  the  fact,  and  not  communion  without 
creed.     But     the     truest     view,     as     the 
Carleford  Principal   has   it.   is   that    both 
are  the  facts  of  religion — that  as  "  life  is 
interchange.''    so    creed    and    communion 
must  ever  gO  together.      Creed   is   I  he   t<-t 
of  communion,  if  creed   is  "  a  true  com- 
munion of  the  Church  with  the  Christ." 

The  most  noteworthy  thing  in  the  l>ook 
is  its  plea  for  a  ""  ( latholic  Referendum  "  : 

"  Let  us  claim  that  in  the  English  Church 
as  in  the  English  State  there  shall  be  the 
right  of  personal  freedom  :  that  if  a  Habt 
Cor/, us-  protects  the  citizen,  a  Habeas 
Animam  shall  protect  the  Churchman. 
I  hen  Let  the  case  go  to  be  tried  by  the  great 
soul  of  the  People  of  <  Ihrist,  the  <  atholio 
( Ihurch,  all  its  rank-  and  ord< 


has   won   a    public 

v  his  bit .  -t   novel, 


Monsignor    Benson 
which  w  ill  read  eagei 
•  [nit  ia1  ion.1 

To  "  vindicate  the  wi  •■  d  to  n  an  " 

is  now  acknovt  l<  dg<  d  as  a  li  ss  simple  oni 
taking  than  when  Job  re<  eived  from  his 
friends    the    comforting    assurance    that 
only  hidden  wick.  dn<  se  could  account  for 


226 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


misery  like  his  ;  or  even  when  Leibnitz 
and  Pope  proclaimed  to  an  astonished 
world  that  of  all  possible  worlds  this  was 
demonstrably  the  best.  In  Monsignor 
Benson's  v  Theodicce  ' — for  such,  under 
another  name,  is  the  volume  before  us — 
these  worn-out  methods  are  naturally 
set  aside.  His  doctrine,  though  founded 
on,  perhaps,  the  oldest  of  human  beliefs 
—  "The  fathers  have  eaten  sour  grapes 
and  the  children's  teeth  are  set  on  edge  " — 
is  developed,  so  far  as  we  can  judge,  on 
original  lines.  According  to  him,  the 
son  vicariously  bears  his  dead  father's 
iniquity,  under  the  form  of  hereditary 
disease,  in  order  to  improve  the  prospects 
of  that  father's  soul ;  in  other  words,  we 
suppose,  to  shorten  its  spell  of  purgatory. 
Such  a  version  of  the  "  Karma  "  theory 
is  not,  to  our  thinking,  improved  by  the 
author's  assumption — in  flat  contradic- 
tion to  everyday  experience — that  the 
effect  upon  the  character  of  the  vicarious 
sufferer  himself  Avill  necessarily  be  en- 
nobling, health  and  good  spirits  being 
really  rather  dangerous  possessions  than 
otherwise.  His  argument,  indeed,  if 
pushed  to  its  logical  outcome,  would  sug- 
gest that  in  his  view  the  Gospel  miracles 
of  healing  were  impertinent  interruptions 
to  a  beneficent  scheme  in  which  debauchery 
and  drunkeimess  and  the  multiplication 
of  the  unfit  play  their  parts  merrily  along 
with  other  factors.  Yet  we  can  well 
believe  that  '  Initiation  '  will  make  a  wide 
appeal.  For  the  all  too  numerous  victims 
of  physical  agony  it  is  doubtless  more 
consoling  to  regard  their  suffering  as  in 
some  mystic  sense  sacrificial  than  as 
part  of  the  price  paid  by  humanity  for 
its  blunders  on  the  unward  road. 

Jl 

From  the  standpoint  of  craftsmanship 
the  novel  attains,  even  for  its  author,  an 
unusually  high  level.  The  poor  young 
hero's  unsatisfactory  fiancee  seems  to  us 
especially  a  triumph  of  characterization. 
From  the  first  we  suspect  her  of  hypocrisy, 
but  the  particular  moral  beauties  revealed 
under  the  touchstone  are  unlooked  for, 
and  painfully  true  to  a  certain  female 
type.  The  girl's  mother,  with  her  cease- 
less flow  of  chatter  and  the  vein  of 
tragedy  underlying  her  commonplace  ex- 
terior, is  equally  good  in  another  way  ; 
and  so  is  the  shrewd  and  not  over-flattering 
.  sketch  of  the  provincial  priest  in  his  rela- 
tions with  the  better-class  members  of 
his  flock.  The  old  mystic,  who  has 
retired  from  business  to  develope  his  soul, 
is  an  arresting,  if  not  exactly  a  lovable 
figure.  The  hero  himself,  his  aunt,  his 
cousin,  his  school-friend,  are  all  charming 
people.  The  interest  of  the  story  never 
flags.  All,  in  fact,  that  the  novelist's  art 
can  fairly  be  expected  to  do  has  been  done 
to  embellish  a  thesis  which  in  itself  the 
reviewer  can  only  qualify  as  repellent. 


The  Duchesse  of  Wrexe.     By  Hugh  Wal- 

pole.  (Martin  Seeker,  6s.) 
If  the  issue  of  "  Libraries  "  continues,  an 
enterprising  publisher  might  by  now,  we 
think,  find  material  for  one  made  up  of 
novels  dealing  with  psychological  trends, 
arranged  chronologically.     '  The  Duchess 


of  Wrexe  '  is  representative  of  the  Vic- 
torian attitude  —  aristocratic  and  auto- 
cratic. For  the  Duchess  believed  England's 
greatness  depended  on  government  by  a 
few  blue-blooded,  cynical  despots.  Hedg- 
ing herself  about  with  a  theatrical  environ- 
ment of  Oriental  magnificence,  and 
adopting  an  air  of  almost  mystic  aloofness, 
she  frightened  her  relatives  and  friends, 
whom  she  treated  as  her  minions,  into 
becoming  her  subservient  tools. 

Opposition  to  her  comes  from  a  grand- 
child— a  representative  of  the  new  order 
— who  insists  on  attempting  to  think 
matters  out  for  herself,  and  refuses  to 
bow  the  knee,  albeit  she  feels  and  fears 
the  old  lady's  managing  and  masterful 
personality.  On  either  side  are  ranged 
the  supporters  of  the  one  and  the  other, 
also  those  fearful  ones  who  feel  the  battle 
and  sympathize  with  the  younger  genera- 
tion knocking  at  the  door,  but  are  too 
invertebrate  to  be  open  allies. 

When  a  marriage  for  convenience  has 
brought  knowledge  of  the  world  to  the 
grandchild,  the  taint  of  secrecy  she  has 
inherited  almost  brings  her  to  disaster, 
but  her  growing  sense  of  life's  responsi- 
bilities comes  to  the  rescue.  Her  husband 
is  laid  on  his  back  for  life  by  an  accident, 
and  she  finds  consolation  in  loving 
service.  The  tale  ends  with  the  passing 
of  the  old  order  at  the  death  of  the 
Duchess,  and  the  hope  of  the  new  for 
husband  and  wife  in  the  child  that  is  to 
be. 

That  we  live  again  in  the  nineteenth- 
century  atmosphere  throughout  is  due 
chiefly  to  the  admirable  chorus  which  the 
author  provides  to  the  principal  actors. 


When    Ghost    Meets    Ghost.     By   William 
De  Morgan.     (Heinemann,  6s.) 

On  p.  *72  Mr.  De  Morgan  states  that  he 
has 

"  no  aim  in  telling  this  story  beyond  that 
of  repeating  as  clearly  and  briefly  as  may 
be  the  bare  facts  that  make  it  up — of  com- 
municating them  to  whoever  has  a  few 
hours  to  spare  for  the  purpose,  with  the 
smallest  trouble  to  himself  in  its  perusal." 

Anybody  who  says  that  the  reading  of 
these  892  pages  occupied  but  a  few  spare 
hours  is  guilty  of  a  "  terminological  in- 
exactitude." Half  the  book  would,  indeed, 
prove  no  light  task  to  the  busy  reviewer. 

The  best  we  can  say  of  it  is  that  the 
scenes  of  low  life  recall  Dickens,  and  the 
scenes  in  high  life  Thackeray.  Only, 
the  filling-in  is  undiluted  William  De 
Morgan,  and  it  takes  the  form  of  surmises 
as  to  the  why  and  wherefore  of  events, 
the  constant  recurrence  of  which  renders 
the  possession  of  an  imagination  by  a 
reader  an  annoyance. 

The  book  might  well  have  been  dedi- 
cated to  all  to  whom  rest  and  freedom 
from  excitement  are  essential.  It  would 
be  detracting  from  the  enjoyment  of  a 
rest-cure  to  attempt  to  indicate  what  this 
rambling  multitude  of  words  seeks  to  con- 
vey to  the  reader. 


Pariah  and,  Brahmin :  a  Story  of  the 
Home  Civil  Service.  By  Austin  Philips. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  6s.) 

There  is  matter  for  much  reflection  in 
this  study  of  a  young  man's  personality 
and  its  development  under  two  opposing 
influences.  His  sensitive  and  capable 
mind,  with  the  ideals  and  ambitions 
natural  to  its  particular  calibre,  is  re- 
pressed for  twelve  years  by  the  restrictions 
and  conventions  of  a  great  system — 
official  methods,  red  tape,  and  petty  spite. 
In  definite  opposition  to  these  surround- 
ings, the  sane  advice  of  the  woman  to 
whom  the  hero  becomes  engaged,  a  sym- 
pathetic and  successful  novelist,  raises  a 
vital  question  :  Has  the  victim  of  auto- 
cratic officialdom  enough  of  the  requisite 
daring  and  faith  in  himself  to  escape  from 
the  security  of  regulations  and  an  assured, 
if  mediocre  career  to  the  perils  of  self- 
dependence  and  unknown  possibilities  ? 
This  problem,  which  must  be  faced  by 
many  at  some  time  of  their  existence,  is 
cleverly  worked  out,  and  the  supreme 
importance  of  such  a  phase  in  human 
experience  is  fully  recognized  by  the 
writer.  The  intimate  pictures  of  Post 
Office  life  are  drawn  with  expert  know- 
ledge, and  will  be  of  more  interest  to 
civilians  than  to  the  lay  public. 


A   Lady  of  Leisure.     By  Ethel  Sidgwick. 
(Sidgwick  &  Jackson,  6s.) 

Unlike  those  novels  which  chase  one 
another  in  and  out  of  the  circulating 
library,  '  Succession  '  had  a  brilliancy  not 
easily  forgotten.  Miss  Sidgwick's  skill  in 
the  use  of  material  of  a  highly  specialized 
kind  called  down  blessings  on  her  head, 
which  must  also  be  bestowed  on  'A  Lady 
of  Leisure.'  A  change  from  a  Parisian 
home  of  world  -  famed  genius  to  an 
English  country  rectory  has  been  surely 
a  relaxation  for  the  author  as  it  is 
for  the  reader.  In  '  Succession  '  readi- 
ness to  comprehend  and  appreciate  some- 
thing more  than  mere  character-painting 
and  style  was  required.  In  this  case, 
though  it  is  true  that  the  author's  style 
never  permits  dalliance  from  the  path  of 
strict  attention,  the  circle  described  is 
composed  of  less  exotic  specimens  of 
humanity  than  the  Lemaure  family,, 
and  the  story  is  thereby  made  consider- 
ably wider  in  appeal.  It  is  a  pity  that 
the  billiard  match  which  takes  place,  as 
it  were,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
act  is  so  treated  as  to  leave  the  reader — 
and  also,  one  imagines,  one  of  the  parties 
most  concerned — in  doubt  as  to  the 
issues  involved.  All  that  one  is  assured 
is  that  the  match  is  momentous,  sym- 
bolically representing  a  duel  with  pistols 
and  shot.  This  mystification  is  one  of 
the  dangers  of  Miss  Sidgwick's  style. 
We  leave  her  readers  to  make  the  acquaint- 
ance of  two  of  the  most  completely  satis- 
factory gentlemen  that  recent  fiction  has 
presented,  to  follow  the  fortunes  of  their 
respective  children,  and  to  learn  how 
the  adorable  lady  of  the  title  played  for  a 
period  at  work  in  a  Battersea  studio. 


No.  4503,  Ff.il   14,   1914 


THE     ATM  KX.KUM 


227 


Letters  from  Ld-baa.     By  Rachel  Bayward. 

(Heinemann,  6a.) 
It  is  an  easy  matter,  to  aooord  the  name- 
less writer  of  the  '  Letters  from  La-bas  ' 

the  sympathy  denied  her  by  the  man  to 
whom  they  were  addressed,  and  whom, 
after  the  exchange  of  a  few  letters,  she 
promises  to  marry.  His  side  of  the 
correspondence  can  only  be  inferred  from 
slight  references  in  hers,  but  Miss  Hay- 
ward  manages,  without  apparent  effort, 
to  convey  to  us  the  formal  and  business- 
like tone  in  which  they  were  evidently 
written.  To  a  girl  of  an  ardent  and  impul- 
sive nature  this  must  have  been  trying, 
to  say  the  least  of  it,  and  we  are  therefore 
not  surprised  to  find  her  last  letter  one  of 
farewell,  as  she  has  chosen  to  cast  in  her 
lot  with  a  truer,  or,  at  all  events,  a  more 
enthusiastic,  lover. 

The  whole  book  is  full  of  a  natural 
and  human  feeling,  and  the  warm  ima- 
ginativeness of  the  heroine  makes  her 
letters  animated.  The  grey  dreariness 
of  life  in  French  manufacturing  towns,  the 
light  and  colour  of  Nice,  the  struggle  for 
existence  in  London,  are  all  drawn  with 
a  vivid  pen,  and  those  who  know  the  places 
Bhe  writes  from  will  not  fail  to  recognize 
the  truth  of   her  descriptions. 

Some  of  the  minor  characters  are 
delightful  little  sketches.  Here  is  Angele, 
a  "•  bonne  a  tout  fairc,''  at  Lille  : — 

'  This  Angele  is  a  fat  young  Belgian  of 
twenty-four,  who  looks  double  her  age. 
Her  hair  is  more  elaborately  coiffe  than 
that  of  an  Englishwoman  about  to  go  to  a 
ball,  and  she  lives,  moves,  and  has  her 
being  in  a  striped  petticoat,  a  black  cotton 
blouse,  and  a  pair  of  sabots.  She  can  con- 
coct anything  from  a  tisane  to  an  omelette, 
and  will  dig  in  the  garden  or  brush  my  hair 
with  equal  thoroughness  and  enjoyment.  ' 

There  is  only  one  thing  we  find  a  little 
difficult  to  credit.  The  philosophy  of  life 
seed  in  the  following  quotation  is 
baldly  that  of  one  recently  grown  up,  as, 
we  are  led  to  believe,  is  the  case  of  the 
heroine : — 

The  man  who  has  never  loved  woman 
in    th-   plura]   does   not   understand   her   in 

singular Love   with    you    would    be 

•   r  of  reason  and  judgment,  while  I 
with   Carmen   that :     '  L'amour   est 
mt  de  Boheme.'  " 

various  French  phrases  with  which 

the  book  is  liberally  besprinkled  certainly 

air  of  vivacity  and  charm,  but  it 

a    pity    that    numerous     misspellings. 

misplaced    at  and    wrong    genders 

have  been  allowed  to  remain. 


Deep    Sea.     By    Francis     Brett    Young. 

(Martin  Becker,  8 

;:  life  of  tuher-foik  with  its  depend  nee 
upon  weather  and  it-  occasional  catas- 
often  been  depicted.  .Mr. 
Francis  Brett  Young's  story  of  the  Cornish 
coast,  how.-vcr,  takes  in  more  than  the 
elemental  dangers.  He  shows  that  the 
p  culiar  anxieties  of  a  Cornish  fisherm 
wife  do  not  exempt  her  from  the  toils 
that  are  spread  for  her  sister  in  the 
Hackney  Road,  and  that  the  < 
present   possibility  of  a  disaster  on   the 


waves  may  be  less  unsettling  than  the 
worries  due  to  debts  and  doubts.  This 
impressive  study  gains  in  effect  from  the 
admirable  delineation  of  the  small  group 
of  principal  characters.  There  is  little 
plot,  in  the  accepted  sense.  The  story 
turns  on  the  struggles  of  a  sailor  who  has 
been  induced  by  a  money-lender  to  become 
the  owner  of  a  fishing-ketch,  and  his 
entanglements,  which  end  only  with  his 
death.  But  the  events  are  well  knit 
together,  and  there  is  a  coherence  which 
is  not  always  present  in  the  chronicle 
novel. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Brooke  (A.  E.),  S.  Luke,  thk  Historian  of  the 
Infancy,  a  Sermon  preached  before  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  on  Christmas  Day,  1913, 
tid.   net.  Cambridge,  Heffer 

Henson  (Hensley),  Quo  Tendimus  ?  the  Issue  of 
Kikuyu,  with  an  Appendix,  Qd.  net. 

Macmillan 
A  sermon  preached  before  the  University  of 
Oxford  on  the  1st  of  this  month. 

Johnston  (John  Leslie),  Some  Alternatives  to 
Jesus  Christ,  a  Comparative  Study  of  Faiths 
in    Divine    Incarnation,    "  The    Layman's    Li- 
brary," 2/6  net.  Longmans 
A  discussion  of  the  historical  significance  of 
those  religions  which  claim  to  present  an  Incarnate 
God,  and  a  comparison  of  them  with  Christianity, 
concluding  with  two  chapters  on  the  '  Historical 
Features    of    Christianity  '    and    '  The    Marks    of 
Christian  Devotion  to  Christ.' 

Missionary  Conference  in  East  Africa,  C>d.  net. 

Macmillan 
The   Archbishop   of   Canterbury's   answer  to 
the   "  Formal   Appeal  "   made   by  the  Bishop   of 
Zanzibar. 

Raymond  (V.),  Spiritual  Director  and  Phy- 
sician, translated  by  Dom  Aloysius  Smith.  5/ 
net.  Washbourne 

Concerns  the  spiritual  treatment  of  sufferers 
from  nerves  and  scruples  by  the  Chaplain  to  the 
Kneipp  Institute  at  Wo-rishofen.  It  is  intended 
to  be  a  simple  and  practical  guide,  based  on  long 
experience. 

Shebbeare  (Charles  J.),  Religion  in  an  Age  of 
Doubt,  5/  net.  Robert  Scott 

The  substance  of  this  book  was  delivered  in 
lecture  form  to  the  Vacation  Term  of  Biblical 
Study  in  the  Divinity  School  at  Cambridge  in 
1911,  and  deals  with  the  theological  thought 
associated  with  the  name  of  Ilitschl. 

It  forms  one  of  the  series  edited  bv  the  Rev. 
W.  C.  Piercy,  the  "  Library  of  Historic  Theology." 

Simpson  (J.  G.),  What  is  the  Gospel  ?  or,  RE- 
DEMPTION, a  Study  in  the  Doctrine  of  Atone- 
ment, "The  Layman's  Library,"  2/0  net. 

Longmans 
The  aim  of  the  author  is  "to  present  the 
doctrine  of  the  Atonement  to  the  ordinary  mind 
which  has  a  sincere  [desire  to  be  religious,  bul 
has  little  acquaintance  with  theology."  It  begins 
with  a  general  survey  of  the  subject,  and  goes  on 
to  discuss  '  Justification  '  and  '  Salvation  in  the 
Church.' 

Trevelyan  (G.  MA,  Da  BLbretico  Comburbndo  ; 

on.  Tin:  Ethics  <>f  Religious  Conformity,  ad. 

net .  ( !ambridge,  I  Leffer  i 

London,  simpkin  &  Marshall 

This  paper  was  read   before  "  The   Heretics  " 

in  Cambridge  last  October. 

POETRY. 

Jewett    (Sophie),    FOLX-BAIXADS    of    SOUTHERN 
Europe,  6)  net.  Putnam 

Tr.insl.it  ions    of     ballads     taken     from     many 
•  es,   which   include   Piedmont,   Qascony,    Rou- 
mania,  and  Modern  Greece.     There  is  an  Introduc- 
tion and  notes,  and  the  ballads  arc  classed    under 

1 1       objects  with  which  they  deaL 

Low    (Benjamin    R.    C.  ,     \    Wank    and   S 
and  Otheb  Pobxs,  i  0  iM  i.  Lane 

\  collection  of  miscellai is  verses,  Including 

'   \  Prelude  to  Hand.',   ■  Epilogue  to  the  American 
B    rotation,'  and  •  Lii.in>  with  tie-  Evening  Star.' 


Stopes  (Marie  C),  Man,  OTHEB  POEMS,  and  a 
Preface,  3/6  net.  I  [einemann 

The  subjects  on  which  Dr.  Stupes  writes 
include  'Man.'  'The  Idealist's  Love.'  and  ('apt. 
Scott.      In    the    Preface    she    maintains    thai     "  of 

a   certainty  poetry  ought  never  to  be  written  ; 

il   ought,  it   must,  write  itself." 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Samhita  (The),  a  Dialogue  between  Rishi 
ASTAVAERA  \nd  RaJA  .Ianaka,  being  an  Intro- 
duction to  the  Philosophy  of  the  Ved&nta, 
translated   from   the  Original   Samakrita,   with 

an    Introduction,  by  N'ri    Ananda    Arharva.    2/6 
net.  Griffiths 

The  translation  is  prefaced  by  an  Introduc- 
tion which  contains  a  summary  of  V.dic  philo- 
sophy. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Accounts  of  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  Scotland  : 
Vol.  X.1551-0.       Edinburgh,  Stationery  Office. 

London,  Wyman 

This  volume  of  the  '  Compote  Thesaurario- 

rum  Regum    Scoterum  '  contains  six  accounts  of 

the  Lord  High  Treasurer,  and  includes  a  Glossary, 

Hopkins  (Tighe),  The  Romance  of   Fraud,  7  6 

net.  Chapman  &  Hall 

A  series  of  essays  on  famous  prisoners  and 

prisons,   including  a  chapter  on  the  police  force 

in  England  and  India. 

Humphrey  (A.  W.),  Robert  Applegarth  : 
Trade  Unionist,  Educationist,  Reformer. 

National  Labour  Press 
This  Life  of  Mr.  Applegarth  gives  an  account 
of   the   Labour   movement   during    the    last    fifty 
years.     Mr.  Sidney  Webb  has  written  the  Intro- 
duction, and  there  are  a  few  illustrations. 

Jerome  (Thomas  Spencer),  Roman  Memories  in 
the  Landscape  seen  from  Capri,  7/(S  net. 

Mills  &  Boon 
Sketches  of  events  of  classic  times  relating 
to  Campania,  illustrated  with  drawings  by  Mr. 
Morgan  Heiskell,  which  the  author  describes  as 
"  the  results  of  a  synthesis  of  archaeological  study 
and  creative  imagination." 

Mackintosh  (Herbert  B.),  Elgin,  Past  and 
Present,  a  Historical  Guide,  10/6  net. 

Elgin,  J.  D.  Ycadoii 
An  enlarged  edition  of  '  Elgin,  Past  and 
Present,'  written  by  the  author's  father  in  1891. 
It  gives  an  account  of  the  history  of  the  city  and 
its  ancient  monuments,  and  is  copiously  illus- 
trated. 

Mavrogordato  (John),  Letters  from  Greece 
concerning  the  War  of  the  Balkan  Allies, 
1912-13,  paper  1/  net,  cloth  2/  net.  Seeker 

Some  of  these  letters  were  written  in  Greece, 
and  others  in  London  on  the  author's  return 
from  the  war,  to  correct  misstatements  in  tin- 
press.  A  number  of  them  have  already  appeared 
in  various  newspapers.  The  book  is  illustrated 
with  photographs. 

Orsi    (Pietro),    C.vvour   and    thk    Making    of 
Modern    Italy,   1810-1861,   "Heroes  of    tie- 
Nations  Series,''   .V   net.  I'lltlialn 
A  biography  of  Camillo  Cavour,  recording  tie- 
chief  events  by  which  Italian  unity  was  brought 
about. 

Petre  (F.  Loraine),  NAPOLEON  at  Hay.  lsl  I,  10  6 

net.  Lane 

This  volume  deals  only  with  the  military   side 

of  the  war,  and  is  confined  to  tin-  operations  in 

which     Napoleon     was     himself    directly 
Maps  and   plans  are   included. 

Reign  i The  i  of  Henry  VII.  from  Contemporary 
Sources,  selected  and  arrange  I  by  \.  I'.  Pollard, 

Vol.  IIL,    10/6  net.  I 

This    volume    is    divided    into    three    parte, 
dealing  in  turn  with  foreign  relations.  He-  church, 

and     Ireland,     followed      by      \pp,ndi\.        .u.  !         D 

Index. 

Roosevelt   (Theodore),    BlSTOEX    as    LITERATI 
and  Other   Essays,  8    net,  John  Ifurraj 

Addresses    delivered     before    the     \ 
Eistot  it  il    \  social  Ion  and  nl  her  learned   bod 
and  essays  reprinted  from   Th*  Outlook    and 
Century.     The   author's   purpose  is  to  show   thai 
•■  th.-  domain   of   liter  iture   must    be  tm  r  more 
widely  extended  over  the  domain  rod 

science." 

CEOCRAPHY     AND     TRAVEL. 

Hannah  (Inn  C.  .  ( M  n  u  -  Ol    TEE  Not  im  .wdb  : 

T\i  a      OF  Tin   <  m  ii  -  .  6     n.-l. 

Hi  a  I  b    &    <    lanl'.ll 

Tie-  cities  of  which    in  account   Is  given  are 
Thorshavn,    Reykjavik,    Trondhjem,    Chriatiania, 
ilde,  Copenhagen,  \  i  by,  I  p   da,  Stockholm, 
and  s'  •  I''  '   '  iburg. 


228 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Work  (Milton  C),  Auction  Developments,  6/ 
net.  Constable 

This  book  is  supplementary  to  the  author's 
'  Auction  of  To-day,'  and  deals  especially  with 
theories  which  have  developed  during  1913. 
A  section  is  devoted  to  rudimentary  instruction  for 
the  beginner. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Collings  (Right  Hon.  Jesse),  The  Colonization 
of  Rural  Britain,  a  Complete  Scheme  for  the 
Regeneration  of  British  Rural  Life,  2  vols., 
10/6  '  Rural  World  '  Publishing  Co. 

The  author's  contention  is  that  the  economic 
prosperity  of  a  country  rests  on  the  cultivation 
of  its  land,  and  he  advocates  "  honest  purchase  " 
of  land  as  the  basis  of  his  scheme  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  yeoman  and  peasant  proprietary 
system. 

ECONOMICS. 

Loria    (Achille),    The    Economic    Synthesis,    a 

Study  of  the  Laws  of  Income,  translated  from 

the  Italian  by  M.  Eden  Paul,  10/6  net.        Allen 

This  work,  which  now  appears  in  a  somewhat 

abbreviated  translation,  forms  the  complement  of 

the  author's  earlier  writings. 

POLITICS. 

Home  Rule  for  Ireland  ;    or,  The  Downfall  of 

Britain  and  the  Destruction  of  Liberty, 
a  Review  of  Mr.  Asquith's  "  Ladybank  " 
Speech,  by  Mazzini  Minor,  25c. 

Vancouver,  Canada,  British  Overseas 

Distributing  Agency 
A    pamphlet    attacking    the     Government's 
policy  of  Home  Rule  for  Ireland. 

Oliver  (Frederick  S.),  What  Federalism  is  Not, 

6rf.   net.  John  Murray 

Includes    a    definition    of    Federalism,    and 

chapters  on  '  Federalism  Explained  by  Examples  ' 

and  the  '  Attitude  of  Ulster.' 

Raine  (G.  E.),  Lloyd  George  and  the  Land,  an 

Exposure  and  an  Appeal,  paper  Qd.  net,  cloth 

1/  net.  Allen 

"  A    constructive   land    policy   is    unfolded," 

framed  from  the  point  of  view  of  young  Unionists. 

Settlement  by  Consent,  a  Dialogue  in  the  Smoking- 
Room  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

St.  Catherine  Press 
A  pamphlet  written  in  the  form  of  a  conversa- 
tion between  a  Liberal  and  a  Unionist  member  of 
Parliament,  suggesting  a  means  of  compromise  on 
the  Irish  question. 

EDUCATION. 

Cyclopedia  (A)  of  Education,  edited  by  Paul 
Monroe:    Vol.  V.  Pol-Zwi,  21/  net. 

Macmillan 

The     articles     range     from      '  Polytechnics, 

London,'  to  '  Zwingli,  Huldreich.  There  are  several 

full-page    illustrations,  a  list  of  contributors,  and 

analytical  Indexes. 

Gmenberg  (Sidonie  Matzner),  Your  Child  To- 
day and  To-morrow,  some  Problems  for 
Parents,  5/  net.  Lippincott 

A  practical  manual  on  the  upbringing  and 
education  of  children,  with  illustrations,  and  a 
Foreword  by  Bishop  John  H.  Vincent,  Chan- 
cellor of  Chautauqua  Institution. 

Graves  (Frank  Pierrepont),  A  History  of  Educa- 
tion in  Modern  Times,  5/  net.  Macmillan 
An  account  of  the  various  educational  move- 
ments of  the  last  two  centuries,  illustrated  with 
examples  drawn  for  the  most  part  from  the  edu- 
cational institutions  and  practices  of  America. 

Public  Schools  Year-Book  (The),  1911,  5/  net. 

Year-Book  Press 
The  twenty-fifth  annual  issue,  containing 
full  information  on  all  matters  of  educational 
interest.  It  includes  details  of  the  Teachers' 
Registration  Council,  and  the  article  on  Engi- 
neering has  been  completely  rewritten. 

School  -  Masters'  Year-Book  and  Educational 
Directory,  1914,  12/6  net.  Y'ear-Book  Press 

Part  I.  contains  general  information  ;  Part  II. 
is  an  educational  directory  of  University  pro- 
fess ,rs,  lecturers,  &c,  masters  in  secondary  and 
technical  schools,  and  others  connected  with 
education  ;  and  Part  III.  is  a  list  of  secondary 
schools. 

University  Correspondence  College,  London  Ma- 
triculation Directory,  1911,  1/  net. 

University  Tutorial  Press 

Containing  the   Calendar  of  the   College  for 

the  year  1914-15,  and  the  Matriculation  papers 

set  last  month,   with  answers   by   tutors  of    the 

College. 


PHILOLOGY. 

Caesar  (C.  J.),  Commentarii  Rerum  in  Gallia 
Gestarum,  VII.  A  Hirti  Commentaries,  VHI. 
edited  by  T.  Rice  Holmes.  8/6  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
This  edition,  intended  for  general  readers  as 
well  as  teachers  and  pupils,  contains  prefatory 
chapters  of  historical  criticism,  an  Introduction, 
foot-notes  to  the  text,  Appendix,  and  Indexes. 
The  maps  which  illustrate  the  text  are  a  notable 
feature. 

Harrison    (Henry),    Surnames    of    the    United 

Kingdom,  a  Concise  Etymological  Dictionary, 

Vol.  II.  Part  VIII. ,  1  /  net.  Eaton  Press 

The  names  in  this  part  extend  from  Rickward 

to  Rumba  Id. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Chambrun   (The  Countess  of),  The  Sonnets  of 

William  Shakespeare,   New  Light  and   Old 

Evidence,  7/6  net.  Putnam 

In  her  Introduction  the  author  discusses  the 

vailous  theories  relating  to  Shakespeare's  Sonnets, 

and   gives   a   descriptive   analysis   of   them.     She 

has    departed    from    Thorpe's    arrangement,    and 

has    printed    the    Sonnets    in    three    series  :     '  To 

Southampton, '    '  To    the    Dark    Lady,'    and    \  To 

Southampton,'  each  series  being  subdivided   into 

groups.     Rowe's  Life  of  the  poet  is  reprinted  in 

one  of  the  Appendixes. 

Young  (W.  T.),  A  Primer  of  English  Literas 

ture,  2/  net.  Cambridge  University  Pres- 

A  brief  sketch  of  English  literature,  "offered 

as  a  companion  to  studits,"  and  an  introduction 

to  '  The  Cambridge  History  of  English  Literature.' 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Burniston  (Asa),  A  Common-Sense  Algebra  (an 
Elementary  Course),  for  Use  in  the  Upper 
Classes  of  Elementary  Schools,  in  Evening 
Schools,  and  in  the  Lower  Forms  of  Secondary 
and  Technical  Schools  :  with  Answers  2/, 
without  Answers  1/0  Heinemann 

The  language  of  this  introduction  to  the 
subject  of  Algebra  is  such  as  can  be  easily  under- 
stood by  pupils.  Problems  are  begun  at  an  early 
stage,  and  a  special  feature  of  the  book  is  the 
constant  revision.  It  includes  tests  and  a  chapter 
of  definitions. 

Chamberlain  (James  Franklin  and  Arthur  Henry), 
South  America,  a  Supplementary  Geography, 
"  The  Continents  and  their  People  "  Series,  3/ 

Macmillan 
The  authors'  object  has  been  "  to  present 
the  physical  and  human  phases  of  geography  " 
so  as  to  make  children  realize  the  relationship 
between  the  two.  There  are  illustrations  and  a 
map. 

Freytag    (Gustav),    Die    Erhebung    Preussens 
gegen  Napoleon  im  Jahre  1813,  edited,  with 
a  Seleetion  of  Original  Documents  and  Poems  of 
the  Time,  by  Otto  Siepmann,  2/6       Macmillan 
The  text  is  followed  by  notes  and  Appendixes 
on  Words  and  Phrases  for  viva  voce  drill,  Sen- 
tences   on    Syntax    and    Idioms    for    viva    voce 
Practice,  and  Passages  for  translation  into  Ger- 
man. 

We  have  also  received  a  Kev  to  the  Appendixes 
of  'Die  Erhebung'  (2/6),  "and  a  Word  and 
Phrase  Book  for  '  Die  Erhebung  '  (6(7.). 

Source  Book  (A)  of  English  History,  for  the  Use 
of  Schools,  edited  by  Arthur  D.  Innes  :  Vol.  II. 
1603-1815,  3/6  Cambridge  Univ.  Press 

Prose  and  verse  extracts  from  contemporary 
writers,  illustrated  with  reproductions  of  por- 
traits, old  documents,  and  photographs. 

FICTION. 

Benson  (Robert  Hugh),  Initiation,  6/ 

Hutchinson 

See  p.  225. 
D'Ancthan   (Baroness   Albert),   The  Twin -Soul 
of  O  Take  San,  6/  Stanley  Paul 

Owing  to  the  violence  of  his  wife's  temper  an 
English  nobleman  leaves  his  home  and  travels  in 
Japan.  While  there  he  falls  in  love  with  a  native 
girl,  and  the  story  is  mainly  concerned  with  their 
subsequent  history  and  the  reappearance  of  the 
English  wife. 

Deeping  (Warwick),  The  King  behind  the  King, 

6  /  Cassell 

The  scene  is  laid  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II., 
and  the  story  centres  round  the  Peasants'  Revolt. 
Owing  to  his  extraordinary  resemblance  to  the 
King — who  is  here  endowed  with  arrant  cowardice 
— the  hero  takes  his  part  in  meeting  the  rebels  and 
granting  their  requests.  An  adventurous  love- 
story  runs  throughout  the  narrative. 

De  Morgan  (William),  When  Ghost  Meets  Ghost, 
6/  Heinemann 

See  p.  226. 


Down  in  Devon,  told  by  Uncle  Tom  Cobleigh,  3/6 
net.  Heath  <fe  Cranton 

A  collection  of  short  stories  of  rustic  Devon- 
shire life,  which  originally  appeared  in  The  Devon 

and  Exeter  JJail;/  (lar.ette. 

Gray  (Mary  Agatha),  Derfel  the  Strong,  3/6 

Washbourne 

A    romance   of   the    Court   of   Henry   VIII., 

dealing  especially  with  the  career  of  Anne  Boleyn, 

and  the  love-story  of  one  of  Queen  Katharine's- 

ladies-in  waiting. 

Herrick  (Robert),  His  Great  Adventure,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon- 
The  story  of  a  man  who,  from  the  precarious- 
existence  of  an  unsuccessful  dramatist,  becomes- 
the  trustee  of  millions.  In  the  course  of  this 
immense  development  the  author  carries  his- 
readers,  -w  ith  kaleidoscopic  changes,  over  many 
parts  of  the  New  and  Old  Worlds.  In  his  Grea& 
Adventure  to  discover  the  rightful  claimant  the 
hero's  faith  in  humanity  is  much  shaken.  Finally 
the  heiress  discovers  herself,  and  the  consumma- 
tion is  the  usual  love-match. 

Hill  (Headon),  The  Split  Peas,  6/ 

Stanley  Paul 

The  "  split  peas  "  are  the  emblem  of  a 
conspiracy,  in  which  a  Socialistic  Cabinet  Minister 
is  involved,  to  corrupt  the  loyalty  of  the  British 
Army.  The  hero,  a  young  officer  of  the  Guards, 
and  two  enterprising  Etonians  successfully 
defeat  the  plot. 
Newton  (W.  Douglas),  War,  2/  net.         Metbuen, 

A  study  of  the  horrors  of  war,  and  the  suffer- 
ings it  brings  to  peaceful  inhabitants  of  a  country. 
Mgr.  R.  H.  Benson  has  written  a  preface. 

Oppenheim    (E.   Phillips),   The   Way   of   these 

Women,  6/  Methuen. 

The  love  of  two  women  for  one  man,  and  the 

murder  of  a  roue,  are  the  chief  ingredients  in  the 

plot  of  this  novel. 

Page  (Gertrude),  The  Pathway,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
Rhodesia  is  the  arena  of  the  plot.  The 
author  depicts  the  laborious  difficulties  of  Colonial 
pioneers,  and  shows  how  essential  is  the  help  of 
self-sacrificing,  broad-minded  women  in  the  work 
of  empire-building.  The  heroine's  love-affair  does- 
not  run  smoothly,  but  ends  happily. 
Philips  (Austin),  Pariah  and  Brahmin,  a  Story 
of  the  Home  Civil  Service,  6/ 

Smith  &  Elder 
See  p.  226. 
Pickthall  (Rudolf),  The  Comic  Kingdom  :    Napo- 
leon, the  Last  Phase  but  Two,  3/6  net.  Lane 
An  account  of  the  pilgrimage  of  some  modern, 
tourists  with  an  Italian    guide  to  Elba,  blended 
with    details    of    Napoleou's    brief    rule   on   the- 
island. 
Sidgwick  (Ethel),  A  Lady  of  Leisure,  6/ 

Sidgwick  &  Jackson. 
See  p.  226. 

Sims  (Geo.  R.),  The  Devil  in  London,  Qd. 

Stanley  Paul 
A  third  edition. 
Smedley  (Constance),  Una  and  the  Lions,  6/ 

Chatto  &  Windus- 
Una  is  a  young  teacher  who  wins  as  a  Limerick 
prize  a  fortnight's  holiday  in  Florence  ;  the 
"  lions  "  are  some  people  in  the  pension  where  she 
stays.  The  author  recounts  her  heroine's  im- 
pressions and  opinions. 

Stendhal,  The  Red  and  the  Black,  a  Chronicle: 
of  1830,  translated  by  Horace  B.  Samuel,  6/ 

Kegan  Paul 

This  new  translation  of  the  masterpiece  which 

evoked  such  extraordinary  admiration  from  Taine 

has  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  Samuel  dealing  with 

Stendhal's  life  and  work. 

Webster  (Nesta  H.),  The  Sheep  Track,  an  Aspect 

of  London  Society,  6  /  John  Murray 

The  heroine  is  brought  up  by  her  father  on 

original    lines,    his    aim    in    education     being    to 

avoid  the  beaten  track. 

Young  (Francis  Brett),  Deep  Sea,  6/  Seeker 

See  p.  227. 

JUVENILE. 

Andersen   (Hans   Christian),   Fairy   Tales,   and- 

Other    Stories,    revised    and    in    part    newly 

translated  by  W.  A.  and  J.  K.  Craigie,  Oxford 

Edition,  1/6  net  and  2/  Milford 

Containing   a  selection   of   Andersen's   prose 

tales  written  betwem  1835  and  1872. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

American  Historical  Review,  January,   $1. 

Macmillan 
Mr.  W.  A.  Dunning  writes  on  '  Truth  in 
History,'  Mr.  A.  A.  Macdonell  on  -  The  Early  His- 
tory of  Caste,'  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Orpen  on  '  The  Effects 
of  Norman  Rule  in  Ireland,  1169-1333,'  and  there 
are  other  articles,  reviews,  and  notes. 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


THE     AT  II  KX.ET  M 


2',>9 


Antiquary,  FEBRUARY,  tief.  Stock 

Lraong  the  contents  are  papers  on  '  Stoughton 
in  Surrey/  by  the  lu'v.  .1.  B.  McGovern  -,  '  Deco- 
rative Ironwork,'  i>\-  Mr.  .1 .  Taveuor-Perry ;  and 
1  Thomas  Basin  (1413-1491)  and  a  Window  in 
Caudebeo  Church,'  by  Mr.  Charles  Boessler  de 
Gmvillc. 
Child  (The),  .Iantauy,  2,  net. 


Bale  &  Danielsson 
tliis  number  art'  : 
Church    Lads'    Bri- 

Etogers,  and   '  Child 
Brave  Poor  Tilings,' 


Borne  of  the  articles   in 

'  The   Amis   atid    Work,   of   tin- 
trad.-,'    by    the    Rev.    Edgar 
Welfare  and  tli«-  Guild  of  th< 
by  Mrs.  C,  W.  Kimmins. 
Classical  Review,  1- 'i:ih;ivu;y,  1/  not. 

John  Murray 

Besides  reviews  and  short  notices,  there  are 
original  papers  '  On  the  Meaning  of  \6yos  in 
Certain  Passages  in  Aristotle's  "  Nicomachean 
Ethics,"  '  by  Mr.  A.  It.  Lord  ;  '  On  the  Meaning 
of  \<r)os  in  Aristotle's  "  Ethics,"  '  by  Mr.  John 
Burnet  :  and  '  In  Propertium  Betractationes 
Selects,'  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Phillimore. 
Ecclesiastical  Review,  FEBRUARY,  15/  yearly. 

Washbourne 

Prominent  features  in  this  issue  are  papers  on 
1  Hebrew  in  our  Seminaries,'  by  the  Bev.  It. 
Rutin  :  '  The  Pastor  and  the  other  Sheep,'  by 
the  ltev.  A.  B.  (".  Dunne  ;  an  anonymous  article 
on  •  Pere  Edouard  Butard  :  an  Uncanonized 
Martyr  '  :  and  a  translation  of  a  prison  hymn  of 
Fray  Luis  de  Leon,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Walsh. 
Homeland  (The  ,  Id. 

Central  Land  and  Housing  Council 

A  new  journal,  the  aim  of  which  is  to  pro- 
mote the  rural   and   urban  land   reforms  of   the 
Liberal  party. 
Indian  Magazine  and  Review,  February,  3d. 

Constable 

Includes  articles  on  '  The  Ravens  of  Burma,' 
by  Miss  Mary  E.   R.  Martin,  and  '  The  Emperor 
Jahangir's    Treasures    of    Walrus    and    Narwhal 
Ivory,'  by  Mr.  H.  Beveridge. 
International  Journal  of  Ethics,  January,  65c. 

Allen 

Notable  papers  are  '  Ethical  Pessimism  in 
Bergson,'  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Scott  ;  '  Swift  and  Whit- 
man as  Exponents  of  Human  Nature,'  by  Mr. 
R.  D.  O'Learv  ;  and  '  The  Problem  of  Person- 
ality,' by  Mr.  Wilson  D.  Wallis. 
Irish  Book  Lover,  February,  2/G  per  annum. 

Salmond 

The  contents  include  an  article  on  Aubrey  de 
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Irish  Review,  February,  Qd.  net. 

Dublin,  '  Irish  Review  '  Publishing  Co. 

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Values  :     the    Irish    Standpoint,'    by    Mr.    Justin 
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Plunkett  :    reviews,  and  several  poems. 
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'  Open  Court '  Publishing  Co. 

Has  discussions  of  'The  Boundaries  of 
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portraits,  and  of  '  Conservatism  and  Morality,'  by 
Mr.  T.  T.  Blaise. 

Penal  Reform  League,  Quarterly  Record,  Janu- 

aRV. -'/.  The  League 

lie-     contents     include    notices    of    women 

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I    Rehabilitation  :    a  New  Way  of  dealing 

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II.  W.  Can.  and  an  illustrated  paper  entitled  'A 

"■    of     some     '•  Concordant    Auto- 

by  Mi--  Alice  Johnson. 

Sociological  Review,  January,  J  6  net. 

Sherratl  &  Hughes 

Notable    articles    an?    'Some    Currents    of 

■rn    French    Thought     a-     reflected    in    the 

1,'  by  Mi-s  Winifred  Stephens  ;    '  Lbnormal 

by      Prof.      William      Brown;       and 

iety  and  the  "  Individual,"  '   by  Mr.  R.  M. 

M   i  ; 

United    Empire,    U  I    Colonial    Institute 

bruary,  1  '  net.  Pitman 

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Eingaley    I  ;    and    '  (.;  Iritain   in 

l  '•  I  '■'-.  a   Betroepa  t .'  by  Pelope. 

War  and  Peace,  January,  -'.'I. 

SImpkin  \  \i  mball 
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•     rmany   and   the    Fighl    for   CSviliam,'    by 

Norman     Angell ;      'Retrenchment,'     bj      i 

Bylee ;    'The  Fallacy  of  Norman    Lngellisra, 

"A  Rifleman  ';  and  a  letter  from  Mr.  Borden  on 

Militarism. 


GENERAL. 
Begble  (Harold),  The  Bed-Book  of   HAPPINESS, 
t>  l  [odder  &  Stoughton 

An  anthology  of  anecdotes  and  prose  and 
verse  extracts,  chosen  on  account  of  their  expres- 
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Devine  (Henry  C),  Choosing  a  Roy's  Career,  a 
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masters. Glaisher 
A  second  and  revised  edition. 

Do  Miracles  Happen  ?  by  G.  K.  Chesterton, 
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SCIENCE. 
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lated by  Lydia  Gillingham  Robinson,  3/0  net. 

Open  Court  Company 
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( Cambridge  I  diversity  Press 
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I.e\\  is 

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Jiient     of     diseases     that     come     with     approaching 

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Smithsonian  Institution,  United  States  National 
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Poraminifera  of  the  .North  Pacific  Ocean: 
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\     monograph     dealing     with     the     family 

Lagenidffi  of  the  Poraminifera  ae  it  Is  represented 

m  t  he  Noii  h  Pacific  <  Icean. 


FINE    ARTS. 
Maspero  (Sir  G.),  ,\l  \.\i  ai.  ok  Kuyi-tian  Aki  11.1:0- 

j.oo  y  ami  Quids  to  the  Stud's  ok  Antiquities 
in  Egypt,  translated  and  enlarged  by  Agnes  8. 

Johns,   li     net  .  (ii  e\  >  I 

The  sixth  English  edition  of  this  book,  which 
is  intended  for  students  and  travellei-s. 

Street  (George  Edmund),  Some  ACCOUNT  OB 
Gothic  Architecture  in  Spain,  edited  by 
Georgiana  Goddard  King,  -  vols.,  6/  net.    Dent 

A  new  edition,  revised  and  brought  up  to 
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Of  the  author  have  been  retained.  The  editor's 
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sculpture  of  Spain. 

MUSIC. 

Nicholson  (Edward  Williams  Byron),  Early 
Bodleian  Music,  Introduction  to  the  study  of 

some  of    the  Oldest  Latin  Musical  Manuscripts, 

03/  Novello 

A   palsBographical    description   of   the   most 

important  Bodleian  MSS.,  up  to  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  century,  which  contain  neums,  and  of 
those  twelfth-century  examples  of  neum-writing 
which  supply  links  in  the  history  of  English  nota- 
tion, with  seventy-one  collotype  facsimiles. 

DRAMA. 

Aiyar  (T.  S.  Krishna),  Lobd  (live  (the  Founder 
of  the  British  Empire  in  India),  a  Drama  in 
Five  Acts,  1/  net.  Tricbinopoly, 

St.  Joseph's  Industrial  School  Press 

A  patriotic  dramatization  of  the  early  life  of 

Lord  Clive,  dealing  with  events  which  took  place 

in     South     India     during     1748—53.      There     are 

illustrations. 

Ponsonby  (Magdalen),  Idle  Women,  a  Study  in 

Futility,  1'  net.  Humphreys 

Some  idle  Society  women,  for  want  of  some- 
thing better  to  do,  try  to  help  the  leader  of  a  new 
religion  for  the  rejection  of  earthly  temptations. 

Sophocles  in  English  Verse  :  Part  II.  Aias, 
Electra,  Trachtnian  Maidens,  Philoctetes, 
by  Arthur  S.   Way,  3/0  net.  Macmillan 

FOREIGN. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Blache  (Capitalne  Vidal  de  la),  L'Evacuatiov  de 
l'Espagne  et  l'Invasioh  dans  LE  Midi  (Juin, 
1813-Avril,  1814),  Tomes  I.  and  II.,  lOfr. 
each. 

Pan's,  Section  Ilistorique  de  l'Etat -Major 
This  history  is  illustrated  by  maps. 
Grasset    (Capitaine  A.),   La   Guerre    d'Ebpaonb 
(1807-1813):    Tome  I.   Ot'TOBRE,    1807-Aviui., 
1808,  lofr. 

Paris,   Section  Ilistorique  de  l'Etat-Major 
The  first  volume  of  a  history  which  is  to  be 
divided   into   live   parts,    based   on    official    docu- 
ments, and  illustrated  by  maps  and  pictures. 

Passy  (Louis),  In  Ami  de  Machi  avei.  :  FRANCOIS 
Vettori,  sa  Vie  et  ses  QSuvres,  1474-1539, 
2  vols.,  lofr.  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

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Life  of  Vettori,  is  based  upon  original  documents, 
and  is  illustrated  by  reproductions  of  prints. 
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the  literary  work  of  Vettori,  and  Appendixes, 
one  of  which  consists  of  his  '  Voyage  en  Alle- 
magne.' 

SOCIOLOGY. 
Berry  (Georges  and  Jean),  Le  VAGABONDAGE  ET 
LA     BfENDIOTTE,     en     RuSSie,    en    Alleniagne,   en 

Hollande,  en  Belgique,  dans  les  Etats  Scandi- 
naves,  et  dans  le  Canton  de  Berne,  3fr.  50. 

Pai  is,  Figuiere 

A  third  edition. 

POLITICS. 

Dumas    (Charles),    LtbEREZ  lbs    INDIGENES,    ou 
Renoncbz  u\  Colonies,  Sfr.  50. 

Paris,  PigUll 
Hagen  (Maximilian  von),   VOBAU8SBTZ1  nqbm  UND 
VERANLA88UNGEN     PUB      BlSMARCES      KlNTKITT 
IN    DUO    W'Kl.n'Ml.lTIK,    llll.    80. 

Bellill,   (  ii  ell/.l.otell 

FICTION. 

Gebhart  (Emlle),  AUTOI  B  D'UNB  TlABB,  I  '  net. 

Pari     ' 
London,  Dent 
1 1,„.  of  i  be  "  <  ollei  t  ion  Galll  < 
Mason    (A.    E.    W.  ,    El-    SilSTBBIO    DB    LA    Viu   v 
BosA,  tradocida  del  Ingles  p  r  Faustino  Ballve, 
'*  Colecci6n  Espanola  Nelson,"  Ifr.  25  net. 
\  translation  of  '   it  the  \  Ills   H 
of    murder    and    11  -   di  t*  tion.      For   notta 

Minn.,    Oct,    I.    1910. 

Puaux  (Ren6i,  La   M  um.i  BE1  SB   BPTKB,  8fr.  50. 

Pai i  .  Pen  in 
\    econd  edition,  illustrated  from  th<--  authi 
photograph  ■• 


230 


THE     ATHENE UM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


MR.    BALFOUR    AS    THEOLOGIAN. 

The  Gifford  Lectures  were  founded  by- 
Adam  Gifford,  a  Lord  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion, who  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1820, 
and  died  at  Granton  in  1887.  By  his  will 
he  left  25,0007.  to  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, 20,000Z.  each  to  Glasgow  and  Aber- 
deen, and  15,000Z.  to  St.  Andrews,  to  endow 
lectureships  in  Natural  Theology,  subject  to 
no  dogmatic  tests  whatever.  The  first 
lecturer  appointed  was  Max  Miiller,  who  was 
followed  by  Principal  Caird,  E.  B.  Tylor, 
Andrew  Lang,  J.  Hutchison  Stirling  (author 
of  'The  Secret  of  Hegel'),  William  James, 
and  others.  The  Gifford  Lectureships  are 
the  most  liberally  beneficed  of  all  academic 
appointments,  and  are  the  only  University 
posts  the  emoluments  of  which,  during  the 
time  that  they  accrue,  compare  not  un- 
favourably with  those  of  a  popular  comedian. 

Mr.  Balfour,  who  finished  his  first  course 
of  lectures  at  Glasgow  University  on 
Friday  week  last,  took  for  his  subject 
'  A  Belief  in  Theism,'  and  essayed  his 
task  without  the  help  of  notes  other  than 
could  be  contained  on  the  back  of  a 
foolscap  envelope,  and  perhaps  on  that 
account  his  remarks  were  occasionally  some- 
what disjointed  and  his  sentences  strangely 
convoluted.  He  began  by  saying  that 
ho  was  about  to  deal  with  one  of  the 
greatest  subjects  which  could  interest  the 
human  mind,  and  he  maintained  that  the 
preservation  of  values — ethical,  aesthetic,  and 
cognitive — depended  on  our  contemplating 
them  in  a  theistic  setting.  His  material 
was  not  design  as  seen  in  the  external  world, 
nor  his  argument  the  old  and  valuable  argu- 
ment from  design.  He  had  chosen  different 
methods  and  set  himself  a  larger  object. 
The  general  principle  on  which  his  broad 
line  of  argument  was  based  was  the  contrast 
between  the  causes  of  belief  and  the  reasons 
for  belief.  All  our  beliefs  might  be  con- 
sidered as  natural  products,  whatever  more 
they  might  be. 

A  second  general  principle  that  he  enun- 
ciated   was   that,    in    the    consideration   of 
beliefs  as  natural  products,  their  value  would 
be     profoundly    affected    by    their     origin. 
He    laid    it    down    as    a    proposition    that 
unless  we    could  find    in    the    causal    series 
which  had  produced  beliefs,  some  adequate 
source   for   them,   then   these   beliefs  would 
inevitably  suffer  in  value.     If  beliefs  were 
to    be    regarded  from   the    side    of    natural 
production,  we  must  find  in  their  pedigree 
some    source   higher    than    our    own    poor 
reason.     Once  that  was  granted,  the  central 
nucleus    of    his    argument    was    conceded. 
Yet  he  was  forced  to  deal  with  subsidiary 
issues,    because    there    were    two    kinds    of 
mitigating    circumstances   which    might    be 
urged  as  reasons  for  qualifying  his  full  con- 
clusion.    The  first  of  these  arose  out  of  the 
fact  that  beliefs  which  might  be  taken  as 
axiomatic    seemed    to    have    such    absolute 
necessity  that  inquiry  into  their  origin  was 
unnecessary.     To  grant  that,  however,  left 
the  paradox  unanswered.     How  came  they 
to  have  such  certitude  by  intellectual  right  ? 
The  Kantian  theory  of  knowledge  had  made 
out    that    such    fundamental    or    axiomatic 
truths  were  constitutive  of  the  world,  that, 
in  fact,  the  world  was  what  it  was  because 
of   them.     While  he  did  not  intend  to  dis- 
cuss any  form  of  idealism,  he  would  raise 
this   one   point.     The   critical   idealists  had 
attempted  to  construct  all  knowledge  out  of 
absolute,   certain,   and  universal   categories, 
supplemented   by   immediate   and   intuitive 
observation.     As   against   this  he   ventured 
to   show   that   if   we   were   to   construct   or 
justify    the    scheme    of    commonsense    and 
scientific   knowledge,  we  required  unproved 


and  unprovable  assumptions.  There  were 
inevitable  beliefs,  beliefs  not  inevitable,  and 
yet  again  and  beyond  these  tendencies  to 
believe,  probabilities — in  his  sense  of  the 
term — which  we  might  see  influencing  the 
history  of  science.  The  second  mitigating 
circumstance  he  insisted  on  still  more  often. 
It  was  that  natural  selection — or  any  other 
kind  of  selection — was  incapable  of  account- 
ing directly  for  any  of  the  higher  values. 

Why,  in   the   face   of    so   much   criticism 
of  the   Darwinian  theory,    had   he  referred 
to     selection    and    to    it    alone  ?      Because 
selection  was  the  only  substitute  he   knew 
for   design.      It    imitated    design    up    to    a 
point.     Therefore,   if   to   selection   could  be 
traced    back    the   body   of   our   beliefs,    we 
might   mitigate   the   argument   by   showing 
that  they  were  due  not  merely  to  a  colloca- 
tion of  atoms  or  blind  forces,  but  that  some- 
thing had  been  interpolated  imitating  intelli- 
gence.    If  we  could   show   that  the  higher 
principles  on  which  we  acted  had  survival 
effect,    would    this   maintain    their   values  ? 
He  doubted  it.     But  it  would  be  better  than 
to  regard  them  as  the  chance  result  of  the 
unthinking  clash  of  natural  energies.     But 
the  argument  lost  force  in  any  case,  since  no 
one  could  show  that  the  higher  values  had 
survival   effect.     To   maintain   anything    of 
that  kind  would  drive  us  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  further  we  got  from  the  unmitigated 
action  of  selection,  the  more  we  were  cut 
adrift  from  that  which,  on  this  theory,  was 
the  basis  of  all  our  values,  of  all  our  know- 
ledge,  ethical   emotions,   and   aesthetic   feel- 
ings.    It   was   a  wholly   impossible   theory. 
He  attempted  to  show  in  detail  that  natural 
selection    could    not    be    made    responsible 
for   the  higher  values,  and  that  the  higher 
the  value  the  more  it  seemed  removed  from 
the  primitive  consequences  of  natural  selec- 
tion.    This,  in  many  forms  and  concerning 
many  subjects,   was  his  main  line  of  con- 
tention.    It  was  neither  the  argument  from 
design,  nor  an  argument  of  the  metaphysical 
a  priori  type  which  had  played  a  great  part 
in  the  history  of  thought,  especially  among 
the  great  thinkers  of  the  Continent.     It  was 
an   argument   attached   to   no   great   meta- 
physical   system,    and    avowedly    based    on 
commonsense    and    the    scientific     develop- 
ments   of    commonsense,    which    were    our 
working  creeds.     It  was  not  based  on  any 
intuitive  sense  of  religious  values.     He  did 
not  despise  or  underrate  the  direct  argument 
from  religious  values.     A  man  might  be,  and 
was,    quite    right    in    saying    that    religious 
values  could  rest  on  religion,  and  on  it  alone. 
But  that  was  not  an  argument  in  favour  of 
religious   values,   but   a   statement   that   he 
felt  the  value  of  religion.     For  those  who 
weighed  one  side  and  the  other  of  a  discussion 
it  was  possible  only  to  rest  the  value  of  reli- 
gion on  other  values  in  which  they  put  trust. 
It  was  religious  values  he  had  to  prove,  he 
therefore  rested  them  on  other  values  which 
were     acknowledged.     Religion     being     the 
conclusion,  he  did  not  bring  it  into  his  pre- 
mises. 

To  whom,  therefore,  was  his  argument 
addressed  ?  Not  to  the  metaphysicians 
as  such.  They  could  take  little  interest  in 
what  was  not  a  system,  but  a  point  of  view. 
Yet  there  were  certain  aspects  of  these 
problems  which,  he  thought,  ought  to  be 
taken  into  account  by  all  those  who  desired 
in  the  interests  of  philosophy  to  construct 
a  philosophy  of  science  and  of  common- 
sense.  While  this  might  not  be  necessary 
either  for  science  or  commonsense,  it  was 
of  vital  importance  for  philosophy.  His 
own  opinion  was  that  European  thought 
was  lamentably  deficient  in  anything  de- 
serving to  be  called  a  philosophy  of  science, 
and  that  such  attempts  as  had  been  made  in 
this  direction  had  been  wholly  unsuccessful. 


But  the  Gifford  Lectureship  was  not 
founded  mainly  for  the  philosophic,  and  he 
endeavoured  to  speak  mainly  to  others.  Of 
these  others,  whom  had  he  attempted  to 
help  ?  To  many  it  was  wholly  superfluous 
to  argue  in  favour  of  a  God.  To  them  He 
was  a  daily  and  hourly  certainty,  as  real  and 
immediate  as  anything  they  could  conceive. 
They  were  above  his  argument.  Again, 
there  were  others  who  by  temperament  or 
training  had  no  interest  in  such  speculations. 
They  were  probably  too  busy  ;  the  pressure 
of  immediate  necessity  left  them  neither 
time  nor  inclination  for  this  kind  of  reflec- 
tions. The  ordinary  beliefs  of  commonsense, 
science,  and  religion  were  sufficient  for  their 
needs.  On  this  class  depended  the  work  of 
the  world.  He  was  not  one  of  those  who 
urged  every  man  to  make  himself  acquainted 
with  the  arguments  on  all  important  ques- 
tions. God  had  not  so  made  the  world  that 
its  ordinary  business  was  to  be  carried  on 
by  dialectic.  These  practical  men  were  be- 
side his  argument.  He  was  addressing  those 
whose  very  nature  drove  them  to  question 
and  probe  into  their  own  destiny,  and  the 
destiny  of  the  race,  and  to  examine  the  belief  s 
on  which  conduct  turned. 

Even  this  class  consisted  of  enormous 
numbers.  Among  them  we  found  a  kind  of 
shallow,  infinitely  tiresome,  and  wholly 
uninstructed  sceptics,  who  aimed  at  acquir- 
ing a  reputation  for  enlightenment  on  the 
humble  capital  of  a  few  materialistic  tags, 
and  a  few  of  the  obvious  difficulties  which 
had  oppressed  mankind  since  the  dawn  of 
thought.  In  these  he  had  neither  interest 
nor  hope.  At  the  other  extreme  were  the 
great  doubters.  From  these  had  come  pillars 
of  orthodoxy,  leaders  of  the  greatest  heresies, 
founders  of  great  systems  of  thought.  In 
any  given  generation  they  could  be  but 
relatively   few   in   number. 

Between  these  two  extremes  were  a  very 
large  number  of  educated  persons  greatly 
perplexed  by  problems  that  modern  science, 
philosophy,  or  criticism  had  forced  on  all 
desirous  of  taking  a  spiritual  view  of  the 
universe.  Such  men  might  agree  that  a 
world  without  God  was  one  in  which  values 
were  greatly  diminished  ;  but  might  argue 
that  their  intellectual  integrity  might  com- 
pel them  to  relinquish  these  values,  and 
that  if  unfettered  reason  acting  on  the 
problems  of  the  world  so  compelled  them, 
they  must  obey  with  stoical  resignation. 
To  such,  he  thought,  his  line  of  argument 
might  at  least  suggest  consolations.  Theirs 
was  an  honourable  attitude  of  mind,  but, 
he  was  convinced,  profoundly  mistaken. 
It  was  based  on  an  entirely  false  contrast 
between  intellectual  values  and  other 
values.  Such  men  were  misled  also  by  the 
pernicious  fallacy  that  all  speculative  diffi- 
culties began  when  they  left  the  solid 
ground  of  sense  and  experience,  and  reached 
the  super-sensible  and  metaphysical.  There 
were  speculative  difficulties  in  and  around 
us,  in  our  relation  to  things,  the  relation  of 
thought  to  matter,  and  soul  to  soul. 

A  further  mistake  was  the  idea  that  the 
values  of  religion  and  morality  were  to  be 
saved,  but  that  the  things  of  the  intellect 
stood  by  themselves.  He  tried  to  show  that 
the  theistic  setting  was  a  necessary  part  of  all 
values,  including  intellectual  values  as  well  as 
ethical  and  aesthetic  values.  That  was  the  real 
moral  of  his  lectures.  A  belief  in  theism  was 
not  an  accidental  or  unessential  ornament — a 
theistic  belief  is  essential ;  and  Mr.  Balfour 
declared  that  in  whatever  direction  we  look, 
on  whatever  values  we  cast  our  eyes,  if  we 
want  to  retain  these  values,  be  it  in  the 
domain  of  beauty,  or  of  morality,  or  of 
science,  there  is  but  one  setting  in  which 
they  will  retain  their  values  undiminished — 
and  that  setting  is  a  belief  in  God. 


No.  4508,  Feb.  14,   1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


'231 


MR.    WILLIAM     ARCHER     AT     THE 
MORAL  EDUCATION  LEAGUE. 

The  Sixteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Moral 
Education  League  was  held  at  the  Society 
of  Arts.  John  Street.  Adelphi,  on  Feb.  6th. 
Prof.    J.    S.    Mackenzie    was    in    the    chair, 

and  expressed  satisfaction  at  the  pro- 
gress made  by  the  League  during  the  year. 
He  referred  to  various  changes  that  had 
occurred,  and  especially  to  the  tour  at 
present  being  undertaken  by  their  lecturer 
and  demonstrator.  Mr.  F.  J.  Gould,  in  the 
United  States,  where  he  was  successfully 
g  ving  demonstration  lessons.  He  mentioned 
three  new  vice-presidents  of  the  League. 
Prof.  Gilbert  Murray,  Prof.  Patrick  Geddes, 
and  Mr.  William  Archer. 

The  last-named  gave  a  striking  address 
on  '  Knowledge  and  Character."  though  we 
must  not  be  taken  as  endorsing  all  his  con- 
clusions. His  text  was  the  opinion  expressed 
by  Principal  Griffiths  that  our  present  system 
of  education  subordinated  the  development 
of  character  to  the  acquisition  of  knowledge. 
Mr.  Archer  believes  that  the  antithesis  of 
.knowledge  and  character  is  absurd,  and 
would  be  impossible  in  true  education. 
The  latter  he  defines  as  ';  the  unfolding  of 
the  laws  of  life  and  the  investigation  into 
the  history  and  conditions  of  human  society." 
There  is  no  competition  between  this  and 
the  unfolding  of  character  ;  but  incidental 
hints  do  not  constitute  moral  training. 
The  chief  fault  found  by  the  speaker  in  the 
educative  process  is  that  it  is  vitiated  with 
insincerity.  Teachers  have  to  abstain  from 
teaching  what  they  know  to  be  true,  and  in 
consequence  those  highest  intelligences 
-which  cannot  give  up  their  convictions  are 
lost  to  education.  He  wished  that  minds  of 
the  first  order  could  be  induced  to  impart 
knowledge  in  some  great  scheme  of  education. 

The  insincerity  referred  to  was  the  pre- 
tence that  morality  was  subsequent  to  and 
arose  out  of  religion ;  whereas  morality  was 
much  older  than  any  extant  religion.  Old 
1  estament  morality  represents  a  code  which 
had  gradually  grown — a  product  of  the 
human  spirit  in  certain  social  and  geo- 
graphical conditions,  but  one  marked  by 
omissions  and  defects.  Man  has  always  and 
everywhere  been  left  free  to  discover  moral 
laws  for  himself  just  as  he  discovered 
physical  laws.  The  world  had  for  cen- 
turies grown  up  to  the  ideas  imperishably 
I  rvstallized  in  the  Gospel.  But  the  theolo- 
gizing of  morality  had  always  taken  place, 
and  this  Mr.  Archer  considered  an  instinc- 
tive desire  to  safeguard  the  conquests  of  the 
rit  under  the  strongest  sanctions.  Man- 
kind had    toiled     upwards    to    its    present 

ph.. 

Ee  declared  that  we  can  never  unify  the 
educative   process   so    that   knowledge   and 
meter  can  grow  in  beauty  side  by  side 
until   we   place  religion  in  its  true  historic 
■  <■-.,   until   we   regard  man,  not  as 
b  .'    v-  gradually  rising.     The  child  is 
great  host  marching  upward.      Mr. 
Archer  believes  this  setting  of  religion  in  its 
true  place  would  mean  only  the  re-interpre- 
tation of  theological  terms,  such  as  sin,  hell, 
Ac.      He   would   .set  about   it   by  telling  the 
j 'lain,    unvarnished   story  of  the  ascent  of 
man,  beginning  in  the  instincts  of  the  higher 
animals   to   sacrifice   their   desires   for   the 

sake  of  the  race,  wherein  he  sees  the  rudi- 
ments of  individual  and  social  morality. 
He  would  describe  the  emergence  of  man, 
but  not  give  any  dogmatic  teaching  of 
evolution.  The  cave-dwellers  and  lake- 
dwellers  and  their  daily  work  are  of  en- 
trancing interest,  and  it  could  be  shown  how 
familie.-,  flourished  according  as  the  social 
virtues  were  practised.  He  would  by  no 
means  sentimentalize  history,  and  omit  the 


many  failures  and  cruelties  it  presents,  but 
he  would  show  that  the  progress  of  the  race 
depended  on  sacrifice.  Primitive  religions 
were  not  a  moralizing  influence,  but  morality 
germinated  in  every  clime  out  of  the  vory 
substance  of  human  nature.  He  would 
show  the  high  level  of  morality  attained  in 
five  or  six  regions  of  the  ancient  world.  Yet 
it  was  not  from  Greece  or  India,  but  from 
Judea,  that  there  emanated  a  gospel  of  an 
all-embracing  sympathy.  The  true  wisdom 
lies  in  placing  the  Christian  ethic  in  its  historic 
context,  and  he  would  continue  to  show  how- 
theology  took  the  upper  hand  of  morality, 
though  the  moral  sense  was  gradually  grow- 
ing. Morality  was  defined  by  Mr.  Archer 
as  "  Man's  conception  of  his  duty  to  his 
fellow-creatures,"  and  religion  (not  theology) 
as 

"  the  realization  of  the  mystery  and  the  wonder 
of  existence,  the  effort  of  the  individual  soul  to 
enter  into  relation  with  the  universal  soul  or 
principle  or  force." 

Thus  morality  and  religion  can  reinforce 
each  other.  The  world  is  growing  juster, 
kinder,  humaner,  century  by  century,  and 
mankind  has  developed  as  a  race  an  admirable 
fimd  of  social  virtues.  The  growing  child 
should  be  shown  something  of  the  wronder 
and  awe  of  the  growth  of  morality. 

In  summing  up  Mr.  Archer  said  he  re- 
garded education  as  falling  into  three 
departments  :  ( 1 )  Mechanical,  which  in- 
cluded reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  formal 
logic  and  languages  —  an  extravagant  dis- 
proportion of  time  was  devoted  to  this 
department  in  school  life  ;  (2)  Religious, 
including  all  the  non-human  sciences  as 
these  awakened  wonder  and  awe,  and 
"  reverent  awe  is  the  essence  of  religion  "  ; 
(3)  Moral,  which  included  anthropology, 
sociology,  history,  and  literature.  A  com- 
plete education  would  embrace  all  three 
departments,  but  at  present  we  set  children 
to  peck  at  knowledge  at  a  dozen  different 
parts  having  no  connexion  with  each  other. 
The  practice  of  education  should  be  guided 
and  inspired  by  a  large,  enlightened,  and 
securely  founded  theory. 

The  innate  bias  of  the  human  spirit  is 
not  towards  evil,  but  towards  good,  and  this 
is  the  most  wonderful  fact  in  the  universe. 
Evil  as  such  has  not  a  fighting  chance,  and 
an  early  and  clear  idea  of  this  tremendous 
truth  should  be  given  to  children. 


1  CASE  FOR  LAND  NATIONALISATION.' 

February  10,  1914. 

Your  reviewer  of  my  book  '  The  Case  for 
Land  Nationalisation,'  who  is  apparently 
the  same  man  who  reviewed  it  for  The  New 
Statesman,  is  of  course  entitled  to  his  poor 
opinion  of  it.  He  is  a  champion  fault- 
finder. But  I  would  rather  make  mistakes 
(the  man  who  never  makes  them  never 
makes  anything)  than  be  so  unfair  as  to  do 
nothing  else  but  look  for  them  in  others. 
But  his  omniscience  is  scarcely  complete. 
The  statement  as  to  the  arrangement  of  the 
old  common  fields  in  strips,  for  which  he 
derides  me,  he  will  find  in  Sir  Henry  .Maine's 
'Village  Communities'  (Lecture  III.  p.  85). 

The  book  has  been  reviewed  by  Tory 
papers,  and  not  one  of  them  has  been  at  all 
unfair,  and  not  one  so  hostile  as  this  pro- 
fessed Socialist.  Criticism  is  good  for  every- 
body. I  do  not  resent  it;  but  ill-natured 
fault-finding  for  the  sake  of  finding  fault 
is  another  thing  altogether. 

I  am  conscious  of  the  defects  of  my  book, 

and  no  one  who  knows  me  would  call  me 

a  vain  man.     I   never  resenl    the  criticism 

of  a  friend,    but  your   reviewer  writes  as   if 

lie  had  a  personal  grudge;    i,ut   for  thi^  1 

WOUld  not  trouble  yOU  to  read  this. 


At  any  rate,  I  am  fortified  by  the  know  - 
lodge  that  the  book  is  very  differently  re- 
garded by  practically  all  the  others  who  ha\  e 
reviewed  it.  But  1  imagine  that  nothing 
will  disturb  the  self-satisfaction  which  is 
evidently  ono  of  his  chief  characteristics. 
They  are  the  eleven  obstinate  jurymen, 
and  he  is  the  only  ono  that  is  right. 

Incidentally,  I  may  say  that  I  prefer  to 
take  the  democratic  conclusions  of  Dr. 
Slater  to  the  whitewashing  conclusions  of 
Prof.  Conner,  which  he  himself  prefers. 

Joseph  Hydkk. 

***  We  are  glad  to  gather  from  Mr. 
Hyder's  remarks  that  the  anonymity  of  our 
reviewer  is  not  in  the  least  danger.  We 
regret  that  there  is  not  time  to  obtain  any 
opinion  from  him  for  the  present  number. 


THE    DUNN    SALE. 


Ox  Monday,  the  2nd  inst.,  and  the  four  follow- 
ing days,  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  the  second  portion 
of  the  library  of  the  late  Mr.  George  Dunn,  the 
chief  prices  being  the  following  :  Albeit  us  Magnus, 
Liber  de  Laudibus  Marias  printed  at  Cologne  by 
Ulrich  Zell ;  Prefacio  in  Laudea  Maria1,  printed  at 
Maintz  by  Schoeffer,  bound  together  in  a  Diilmcn 
binding,  52/.  A  volume  containing  seven  old 
English  MSS.  relating  to  Yorkshire  abbeys,  12th 
century  to  15th,  44/.  Aretinus,  De  Hello  Italico 
adversus  Gothos,  printed  at  Foligno,  1470,  35/. 
Augurellus,  Iambica,  printed  at  Venice,  1605,  in 
old  stamped  binding,  39/.  Bartolufl  de  Saxo- 
ferrato,  Lectura  super  Codices,  Naples,  1471,  41/. 
Bede,  Historia?  Ecclesiastical  Gentis  Anglorum, 
English  MS.,  12th  century,  51/.  A  collection  of 
several  thousand  rubbings  from  old  bindings, 
9  vols.,  SO/.  Breviarium  <id  usuin  Kcclesiat 
Anglicanae,  a  travelling  friar's  service  book, 
English  MS.,  14th  century,  106*.  Branetto 
Latino,  II  Tesoro,  Treviso,  1474.  37/.  Caoursin, 
Obsidionis  Rhodiae  Urbis  Descriptio,  1496,  70Z. 
Chorale  cum  otTicio  Sancta:  Crucis,  Italian  MS., 
15th-16th  centuries,  61/.  Cicero,  De  Oratore, 
Venice,  c.  1470,  49/.  Clement  of  Llanfhony,  A 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels,  English  MS.,  14th 
century,"  59/.  Dathus,  Elegant  iohc  Latini  Ser- 
monis,  printed  by  Lambert  Palmart,  Valencia, 
n.d.,  31/.  Dialogus  Creaturarum  Moralizatus, 
Gesta  Romanorum,  both  printed  by  Gerard  Leeu 
at  Gouda,  1480,  61/.  Dionvsius  Areopagiticus, 
Italian  MS.,  1436,  67/.  Donatus,  Commentarium 
super  Terentium,  printed  by  the  "  R  "  printer  at 
Strasburg  not  later  than  1473,  33/.  10s.  Erasmus, 
Christiani  Matrimonii  Institutio,  Basle,  1526,  in 
contemporary  stamped  binding,  32/.  10«.  Euclid, 
Elements,  Venice,  1482,  23/.  lO.s.  Gambiglioni- 
bus  de  Aretio,  Tractatus  de  Criminibus,  Paris, 
1476,  32/.  10.s.  Sir  Edward  Hobv,  Commonplace 
Book,  1580-95,  90/.  Horae  B.V.M.  ad  usum 
Gallicanum,  French  MS.  with  11  miniatures,  15th 
century,  in  French  binding  stamped  with  the 
arms  of  Cardinal  Mailly,  46*.  :  another,  with  12 
small  miniatures,  41/.  ;  another,  with  16  hist  on  - 
ated  initial  miniatures,  118/.;  another,  ad  usum 
Romanum,  with  8  semi-arched  miniatures,  49/.  ; 
another,  printed  and  illuminated  by  Gillet 
Hardouyn,  1509,  60/.;  another,  translated  into 
French  by  Pierre  Gringoire,  c.  152.",  60*.  :  another, 
ad  usum  Ecclesia?  Sarisberiensis,  English  MB., 
15th  century,  with  a  full-page  miniature,  con- 
taining a  note  in  the  autograph  of  Margarel 
Pole,  Countess  ,,[  Salisbury.  XXI.  Ketham, 
Fasciculus  .Medicine,  Venice,  1  195,  61*.  Maillard, 
Bermones  de  Adventu,  1518,  in  contemporary 
Bruges  binding,  311.  Martial,  Epigrams,  Basle, 
1536,  in  contemporary  stamped  German  Ian.! 
40/.  Mason,  Vindiciffi  Ecclesiao  Anglicanae,  1626, 
in  a  fine  Lyonese  binding,  19*.  Wirrour  ol  pur 
Lady,  printed  by  Richard  Fawkea,  1530,  51*. 
Monte  Regio,  Kalendaxium,  Venice,  l  176,  SO*. 
Perez,  Tractatus  contra  Judeeos,  &c.,  Valenua, 
lis:,,  .-,o/.  Pliny,  Epistolee,  1611,  in  contempoi 
stamped  binding,  13*.  Propertius,  Carolina, 
Italian  MS.,  16th  century,  '"'■  Psalter,  EngUsta 
MS.,  18th  century,  with  7  large  miniatures,  1 101.  : 
another,  1  ill*  century,  with  1 1  large  Initials,  66*.  i 
Psalterium  Eboracense,  English  MB.,  12th  century, 
with  7  large  Initials,  19*.  Rodericua  ZamoncnsiN 
Episcopus,  Speculum  Bumanffl  Vita;,  In  French, 
Lyons,  1177,  102*.  i  another  edition,  Toulo 
1  isii,  32*.  Seneca,  Proverbia,  French  MS.,  13th 
irj ,  30*.  Thebaldeo  da  Ferrara,  Opera, 
Modena,  1498,  87*.  10».  Valturius,  De  Re 
MiliUri,  \  •  rona,  1  172,  205*.  \  irgil,  <>|"  '  •■  ' 
bound  for  L  mi  X 1 1,  of  France,  60*.  l.-itm 
Bible,  from  the]  librarj  at  Waltham  tbbey, 
English  MB.,  13th  century,  60*. 
,    The  total  "f  the  sale  was  B.268*. 


232 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


At  last  Tuesday's  meeting  of  the 
London  County  Council,  amid  unanimous 
regret  which  ail  who  have  any  affection  for 
London  will  heartily  share,  the  resignation 
by  Sir  Laurence  Gomme  of  his  office  as 
Clerk  to  the  Council  was  received  and 
officially  accepted.  We  are  further  sorry 
to  learn  that  this  step  has  been  required 
of  Sir  Laurence  by  his  medical  advisers. 
We  hope  that  leisure  will  give  him  suffi- 
cient health  to  write. 

The  importance  of  biography  in  the 
study  of  historj7-  was  one  of  the  points 
emphasized  by  Mr.  P.  S.  Allen  in  the  first 
lecture  of  his  course  on  '  The  Age  of 
Erasmus/  given  on  Tuesday  last  at  King's 
College.  Mr.  Allen  dealt  chiefly  with  the 
Adwert  Academy,  with  certain  notable 
German  scholars,  and  the  valuable  per- 
sonal records  which  remain  in  the  letters 
they  exchanged  with  each  other. 

Two  of  the  most  interesting  characters 
discussed  were  Wessel,  at  one  time  in 
contact  with,  and  influenced  by,  a  Kempis, 
and  Agricola  (the  Frieslander),  connected, 
as  also  was  Wessel,  with  the  University  of 
Heidelberg.  It  was  his  friend  Hegius  of 
the  school  at  De  venter  who  taught 
Erasmus,  and  debated  with  Wessel,  in  a 
letter  of  1483,  the  vexed  question  of  the 
unsuitability  of  certain  parts  of  the 
classics  for  school  reading.  The  untiring 
zeal  of  these  scholars  in  the  matter  of 
learning  from  the  past  was  illustrated  by 
extracts  read  from  their  letters  ;  but  the 
lecturer  did  not  fail  to  show  that  their 
interest  in  the  state  of  contemporary 
education,  and  their  criticism  of  con- 
temporary work,  were  equally  careful  and 
keen.  Thus  Agricola  wrote  to  Hegius 
about  his  wish  to  begin  Hebrew,  since  the 
novelty  of  Greek  was  beginning  to  wear 
off  ;  and  his  "  care  for  learning "  is 
evident  in  the  numerous  quotations  from 
the  classics  which  he  uses  in  writing  on  the 
subject  of  word-derivations,  in  days  when 
memory  took  the  place  of  both  grammar 
and  dictionary.  His  enthusiasm  for 
scholarship  even  led  Agricola  so  far  as 
to  undertake  the  somewhat  delicate  task 
of  making  certain  corrections  in  a  letter 
which  Hegius  had  written  to  him.  The 
next  lecture  is  to  deal  with  '  School  Life  ' 
and  Erasmus  at  De  venter. 

The  Daily  Telegraph  informs  us  that 
the  Ottoman  Government  have  decided  to 
open  the  Turkish  Universities  to  women, 
and  to  institute  for  their  benefit  special 
courses  on  hygiene,  gynaecology,  domestic 
economy,  science,  and — 0  tempora,  0 
mores  ! — the  rights  of  women. 

Widcombe  House,  Bath,  built  by 
Inigo  Jones,  is  about  to  be  sold.  This 
announcement  has  been  coupled  in  the 
daily  press  with  the  statement  that  '  Tom 
Jones  '  was  written  there,  which  will  de- 
cidedly not  hold  water.  Fielding's  mas- 
terpiece took  six  years  in  writing  (1743- 
1749),  and  during  that  time  he  was 
certainly  not  the  perpetual  guest  of  Mr. 
Bennet  at  Widcombe  House.  The  ques- 
tion of  the  great  novel's  birthplace  was 


raised  at  Fielding's  bicentenary  in  1907, 
when  Mr.  Austin  Dobson  gave  it  as  his 
opinion  that  it  must  have  been  written 
intermittently  in  many  places,  including 
taverns  and  coffee-houses,  and  conjectured 
that  the  "  little  parlour "  wherein  the 
author,  in  Book  XIII.,  described  himself 
as  seated  at  work,  may  have  been  in 
the  house  at  Twerton-on-Avon  known  as 
"  Fielding  Lodge,"  or,  preferably,  in  the 
cottage  in  Church  Lane,  Widcombe,  once, 
as  a  commemorative  tablet  testifies,  occu- 
pied  by  the  novelist  and  his  sister  Sarah. 

The  Paris  correspondent  of  The  Times 
furnishes  his  paper  with  an  amusing 
description  of  the  sad  plight  to  which 
M.  Bergson — and  with  him  the  study 
of  philosophy  in  France — is  reduced 
through  over  -  great  popularity.  The 
world  of  fashion  crowds  tumultuously 
into  the  College  de  France,  and  ousts 
from  the  lecture-hall  the  students  who 
have  the  first  right  to  places  there, 
whence,  we  gather,  there  arises,  and  very 
naturally,  no  little  highly  unphilosophical 
contention. 

M.  Bergson  attempted  the  other  day 
to  steal  a  march  upon  fashion  by  lecturing 
at  2  instead  of  4.  But  no  !  By  1.30 
the  crowd  was  so  great  that  the  hall  had 
to  be  thrown  open,  and  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  later  the  students  could  not  get  in. 
The  heat  and  the  throng  caused  one  or 
two  young  girls  to  faint,  but.  apart  from 
that,  M.  Bergson's  lecture,  of  which  the 
subject  was  '  Method  in  Philosophy,' 
was  delivered  without  disturbance. 

The  Carlyle's  House  Memorial  Trust 
issued  its  report  last  week,  and  an- 
nounced that  the  soixth  end  of  the  Arched 
House  at  Ecclefechan  has  been  acquired 
for  the  sum  of  110Z.,  through  the  generosity 
of  Mr.  T.  Fisher  Unwin.  It  was,  how- 
ever, in  the  north  end  of  the  house,  sepa- 
rated from  the  other  by  an  archway,  that 
Carlyle  was  born,  and  this  has  not  yet 
come  into  the  market.  During  last  year 
3,346  persons  visited  the  place. 

On  Wednesday  afternoon  last  there 
was  held  at  the  Lyceum  Club  a  highly 
interesting  meeting.  Mrs.  Rentoul  Essler, 
whose  activity  on  behalf  of  the  improve- 
ment of  the  condition  of  authors  is  already 
well  known,  had  convened  it  in  order  to 
consider  the  possibility  of  founding  an 
authors'  periodical  —  one  which  should 
do  for  the  literary  profession  something 
of  what  The  British  Medical  Journal  does 
for  the  medical  profession,  and  conjointly 
with  this,  or  as  an  alternative,  of  founding 
an  authors'  trade  union  or  an  ''Academy." 

Mr.  Israel  Zangwill  was  in  the  chair, 
and  his  opening  remarks  were  decidedly 
of  a  pessimistic  turn.  His  view  was  that 
the  improvement  of  the  condition  of 
authors  must  proceed  rather  from  a 
change  in  the  outlook  and  practice  of  the 
consumer  than  from  any  organization  of 
forces  on  the  part  of  the  producers  of 
literal  wares. 

Mrs.  Essler  desired  the  foundation  of  a 
paper  to  be  conducted  by  and  for  authors, 
partly  in  the  interests  of   sound  criticism 


and  the  raising  of  a  central  standard  for 
literature  in  England,  and  partly  as  an 
aid  to  rescue  sound  work  from  remaining 
unnoticed. 

There  followed  a  lively  discussion,  in 
which  the  commercial  and  practical  side 
of  authorship  was  naturally  more  hi 
evidence  than  the  purely  literary,  though 
Mr.  Hugh  Walpole  stoutly  maintained 
that,  even  if  an  author  was  a  poor  man, 
he  was,  by  virtue  of  his  calling,  happier 
than  other  poor  men.  The  speeches 
rather  illustrated  the  outlook  of  Avriters 
and  their  particular  experience  than  bore 
on  the  question  of  the  desirability  of 
founding  a  new  periodical.  The  "  Aca- 
demy "  and  the  trade  union  found  sup- 
porters, and  there  was  a  suggestion  for 
the  foundation  of  an  authors'  agency. 

Mr.  Zangwill,  in  summing  up,  insisted 
that  for  most  of  the  schemes  proposed 
some  one  strong  man  as  leader  was  the 
first  requisite,  and  that  precisely  such  a 
man  was  nowhere  to  be  found. 

The  meeting  did,  however,  produce 
some  definite  result.  A  resolution  was- 
passed  that  a  Committee  should  be  called 
together  to  consider  what  steps  might 
be  taken  for  the  improvement  of  the  condi- 
tion of  authors — whether  the  formation 
of  a  trade  union  or  the  founding  of  a 
paper — the  Committee  to  be  the  Literary 
Committee  of  the  Lyceum  Club,  with 
power  to  co-opt  members  from  outside. 
There  is  thus  a  possibility  that  Mrs. 
Essler's  ideas  will  issue  in  some  practical 
measure. 

We  welcome  yet  another  magazine  this 
week.  Mr.  Humphrey  Milford  is  respon- 
sible for  The  Political  Quarterly.  The 
price  is  more  than  half  that  of  Mr. 
Gibson  Bowles's  Candid  Quarterly,  and 
the  tone  is  best  described,  we  think,  as 
rather  more  judicial.  Thanks  to  the  re- 
awakening of  a  serious  interest  in  current 
events,  there  exists,  we  believe,  a  public 
sufficient  to  support  both  publications. 

The  seventy-fifth  annual  general  meet- 
ing of  the  Newsvendors'  Benevolent  Insti- 
tution will  take  place  on  the  evening  of 
Thursday,  the  26th  inst.,  at  the  Memorial 
Hall,  Farringdon  Street.  The  President,. 
Col.  Harry  L.  W.  Lawson,  will  be  in  the 
chair,  and  recommendations  to  increase 
the  pension  fist  and  amend  the  rules  will 
be  brought  forward. 

Col.  Vibart,  R.E.,  is  preparing  a  Life 
of  Sir  Harry  Prendergast,  V.C.,  late  of 
the  Madras  Engineers,  whose  varied  and 
distinguished  services  should  supply  ma- 
terial for  an  interesting  book. 

The  Chiswick  Press  is  printing  for 
Mr.  R.  C.  Trevelyan  '  The  New  Parsifal,' 
which  is  described  as  an  "  operatic  fable." 
It  is  a  satyric  drama  in  verse,  contain- 
ing divers  adventures,  and  dealing  with 
modern  aesthetic  fashion.  It  combines 
the  myths  of  Circe  and  the  Phoenix  with 
that  of  Klingsor,  and  recounts  the  later 
history  of  the  Holy  Grail,  emphasizing  at 
the  same  time  its  original  magic  signifi- 
cance. The  book  will  be  ready  for  issue 
this  coming  week. 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


THE     ATIIEN^UM 


233 


SCIENCE 


The  Conquest  of  Mount  McKinley.  By 
Behnore  Browne.  Illustrated  from 
Photographs  and  Sketches.  (Putnam. 
16s.  net.) 

This  book  is  supposed  to  have  a  decisive 
bearing    upon    a    controversy    on    a    far 

different  subject — that  of  Dr.  F.  A.  Cook's 
claim  to  have  reached  the  North  Pole.  In 
1903  and  1906  Dr.  Cook  led  two  expedi- 
tions with  the  object  of  ascending  Mount 
McKinley — the  "  giant  "  of  the  Alaskan 
Ranee,  which  reaches  the  height  of 
20,300  ft.,  and  is  the  highest  mountain 
in  North  America.  On  his  first  venture 
he  attacked  the  mountain  on  its  western 
and  northern  sides,  but  without  success 
— indeed,  without  reaching  a  very  high 
altitude.  In  1906.  with  a  better  equipped 
party,  in  which  Mr.  Browne  and  his  alter 
ego,  Prof.  Parker,  were  included,  he  made 
his  attempt  from  the  south  ;  and  the 
opinion  of  the  majority  of  the  party  was 
that  from  this  direction  the  mountain 
was  unassailable.  They  therefore  returned 
to  their  base  on  Cook  Inlet,  under  the  idea 
that  the  attempt  was  to  be  abandoned 
owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season.  In 
September,  however,  Dr.  Cook  went  back 
to  the  foot-hills  of  Mount  McKinley  with 
a  "  packer "  named  Edward  Barrille, 
concealing  his  intentions  from  the  others, 
and  in  less  than  a  month's  time  returned 
with  a  claim  that  he  had  ascended  the 
great  peak. 

Mr.  Browne,  who  describes  this  ex- 
pedition in  the  first  five  chapters  of 
his  book,  states  that  he  knew  Dr.  Cook 
could  not  possibly  have  made  the  ascent 
in  the  time  and  with  the  means  at  his 
disposal,  and  also  that  he  had  obtained 
from  Barrille  what  amounted  to  an  admis- 

D.  of  the  deception.  He  kept  his  own 
counsel  till  the  appearance  of  Dr.  Cook's 
1  •■<>!<  'To  the  Top  of  the  Continent,' 
describing  his  ascent,  and  by  that  time 
Dr.  Cook  had  already  started  on  his 
Polar  venture.  The  controversy  that 
followed  the  nearly  simultaneous  return 
of  Messrs.  Peary  and  Cook  in  1909  aroused. 
M  i>  well  known,  the  utmost  bitterness  in 
America  ;    and,  according  to  Dr.  Cook,  a 

ge  Bum  was  offered  and  paid  to  Barrille 
by  the  Peary  party  for  an  affidavit  of 
confession  that  they  never  ascended  the 
mountain.  To  this  charge  by  Dr.  Cook 
Mr.  Browne  makes  no  allusion  ;  but,  in 
conjunction  with  Prof.  Parker,  he  organ- 
ized an  expedition  to  Mount  McKinley 
in  L910,  the  main  object  of  which,  we 
may  presume,  was  to  disprove  Dr.  Cook's 

claim.    .\t  least  they  again  approached 

the  mountain  on  it-  southern  side  in  the 
summer  season,  and  confirmed  their  former 
opinion   that   the    best   chance   of   suo 
was  by  way  of  one  of  three  ridges  which 

Hank  the  north-eastern  face  of  the  peak. 
It  was  by  one  of  these — it  is  not  clear 
which — that  Dr.  Cook  claimed  to  have 
in  i'le  his,  ascent  in  sixteen  days  from  the 
southern    foot-hills.     But    the    party    of 

1910  rtained  that  none  of  these  ndj 

can    be    reached    from    the    south  ;     and 


they    profess   to    have    identified    the    peak 

which    Dr.    Cook    photographed    as    the 

Summit  of  the  mountain  with  one  which 
lies  among  the  southern  glaciers,  and  is 
little  more  than  5,000ft.  above  sea-level. 
After  careful  comparison  of  the  photo- 
graphs we  are  not  confident  that  the  two 
peaks  are  identical  ;  for  Mr.  Browne's 
view  is  taken  at  a  greater  distance  from 
his  peak,  and  shows  other  mountains  in 
the  background.  But  in  Dr.  Cook's 
photograph  of  what  his  accusers  call  his 
"  fake-peak  "  there  is  shown  a  considerable 
area  of  fairly  level  rock  that  is  bare  of 
snow  ;  and  this  would  seem  to  be  quite 
impossible  at  a  height  of  over  20,000  ft. 
Mr.  Browne's  statement  that  there  was 
not  sufficient  time  for  Dr.  Cook's  ascent 
is  highly  probable,  but  he  makes  the 
mistake  of  giving  no  specific  dates.  Dr. 
Cook  will,  perhaps,  only  be  rehabilitated 
in  the  minds  of  those  who  doubt  him  by 
the  discovery  of  his  record  in  its  metallic 
tube,  which  he  says  he  left  in  a  L'  protected 
nook  "  near  the  summit. 

The  adventures  of  Mr.  Browne  and  Prof. 
Parker  in  1910  and  1912  form  the  main 
subject  of  the  present  volume.  In  the 
former  year  their  party  consisted  of  eight 
men,  who  proceeded  in  a  motor-boat  to 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  streams 
flowing  south  of  the  Range,  and  then 
"  packed  "  their  supplies  on  their  backs 
over  thirty  miles  of  the  foot-hills  to  the 
base  of  the  peak.  They  made  more  than 
one  fruitless  attempt  to  reach  one  of  its 
north-eastern  ridges  ;  and  on  their  failure 
attacked  it  from  the  south-west,  reaching 
a  height  of  10,300  ft. 

On    the    second  expedition   they  tried 
a     wholly    different     plan,     involving    a 
winter   journey.      With    only   four    men 
and  a  team    of    twrelve    dogs    they    dis- 
covered a  new  pass  through    the  Range 
at  a  height  of    6.000  ft.   to  the  east   of 
the  great  peak,  and    established  a  base 
camp  at  the  timber-line  of  the  northern 
foot-hills  after  an  exhausting  two  months' 
sledge    trip    from    the    Kenai    Peninsula 
south  of  Cook  Inlet.     The  north   side  of 
the    Range    appears    to    be    a    big-game 
paradise.     Moose  are  described  as  plenti- 
ful, though  none  was  shot ;  but  the  party 
replenished    their   supplies    with    caribou 
and    mountain    sheep.     From    here    they 
were  able  to  take  provisions  by  the  dog- 
sledge  to  a  height  of  11,000  ft.  ;   and  from 
this  advance-base  they  made  two  attempts 
upon    Mount    McKinley    in    .June,    1912. 
Their  highest  cam])  was  at  16,615  ft.,  and 
on  the  first  attempt  they  were  driven  back 
by  a  storm   at  only  a  short  distance  from 
the    summit.     The    temperature    on    tin's 
da}- — June  21st — was  15°  below  zero,  and 
the  wind-force  was  estimated  at  55  miles 
pci-    hour.     A    second    attempt     was    less 
successful,  though  they  reached  the  fool 
of    the    highest    dome,    and    shortness    <>l 
supplies  then  compelled  the  abandonment 
of  the  project.     It  was.  indeed,  hard  luck 
to  he  foiled  by  weather  when  success  was 
within     their   grasp;     but    perhaps   the 
feelings  which  deterred  Mr.  Browne  from 
calling    bis   book   'The    First    Ascenl    of 
Mount  McKinley  '  should  have  made  him 
content   with   a   leas   ambitious   title    than 


the    one     he    has    chosen.      Shortly    aftei 

returning  to  their  base  they  experience 
an  appalling  earthquake,  which  did  them 
no   persona!   injury,   but  appears  to  hav< 
altered  the  configuration  of  some  of  the 
peaks  in  the  Range. 

.Mr.  Browne  is  not  a  practised  write!. 
but  he  has  good  powers  of  description 
and  his  enthusiasm  for  the  mountains 
and  for  wilderness-travel  will  appeal  to 
all  who  are  interested  in  the  literature  of 
exploration.  In  his  use  of  the  word  "  serac  " 
for  the  whole  of  an  ice-fall,  instead  of 
the  great  blocks  of  ice  which  compose  it,, 
he  may  be  following  American  custom, 
but  such  an  extension  of  the  meaning  is 
illegitimate.  Originally,  we  believe,  tin 
word  means  a  kind  of  cheese,  to  which. 
these  blocks  were  compared. 

The  photographs  are  remarkably  good, 
and  give  an  excellent  idea  of  the  wild 
scenery  of  the  Range  ;  while  Mr.  Browne's- 
colour-sketches  have  a  charm  of  their  own, 
though  their  scheme  of  colour  is  not 
always  convincing.  His  admirable  map- 
makes  the  scene  of  his  explorations  entire  1\ 
intelligible  ;  it  is  an  immense  improve- 
ment on  the  small-scale  maps  which  were- 
thought  sufficient  for  Dr.  Cook's  volume. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiqitahiks. — Feb.  5. — Sir  Hercu- 
les Head,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  W.  H~ 
St.  John  Hope  read  a  paper  on  'The  Funeral  of 
King  Henry  V.'  Of  this  there  were  at  least  three 
contemporary  accounts  :  a  French  one  of  Knger- 
raud  de  Monstrelet,  a  version  in  Latin  )>y  Thomas 
of  Walsingham,  and  what  is  probably  an  official 
account  in  English  (now  in  the  Heralds'  College), 
There'  is  also  a  later  version  in  English  in  Ediuund 
Hall's  Chronicle.  Theseall  agree  in  the  main  as  to 
the  King's  death  in  1422  at  Hois  de  \  incennes*. 
and  the  removal  of  his  body  after  embalmment  to 
Paris,  and  thence  to  Rouen,  where  it  lay  some  time. 
Thence  it  was  conveyed,  with  great  pomp  and 
solemnity,  to  Abbeville,  and  so  to  Calais,  where- 
it  was  brought  over-sea  to  England.  The  body 
was  landed  at  Dover  just  two  months  after  the 
King's  death,  and  after  resting  at  divers  places 
on  the  way,  at  each  of  which  a  splendid  hers< 
was  set  up,  was  finally  brought  to  London,  and  so 
to  Westminster,  where  it  was  buried  in  the  abbey 
church  of  St.  Peter.  So  magnificent  a  funeral 
had  not  been  seen  in  England  for  200  years. 
There  are  certain  discrepancies  in  the  accounts 
as  to  the  number  of    horses  that    drew    the  eliaret 

with  the  King's  body,  and  effigy  of  boiled  leather, 
and  as  to  the  armorial  devices  on  the  trappi 
.Mr.  Hope  showed  how  these  differences  might 
reconciled,    and    quoted    from    the    accounts   of 

the     sacrist      of     the    Abbey    evidence     that      tl 

were  finally  four  horses  witli  new  trappers  with 
t  he  King's  badges,  all  of  which  became  with  othei 
things  tie'  perquisite  of  the  Abbey  because  the 
horses  drew  the  eliaret  up  the  nave  of  the  church. 
Mr.   Hope  also  discussed  an  interesting  variation 

between    the    badges    nil    the    tripper-    and     1 1 . 

now  visible  upon  the  King's  chantry  chapeL 
These  consist   of  (lie  Bohun  swan  and  the  King's 

antelope   chained    to   beacons   mi   <me   side,   and    U) 

oak  trees  mi  tin-  nther.  Hut  it  is  clear  from  thi 
trappers  and  other  contemporary  evidence  that 
the  King  actualh  bore  the  antelope  in  two  aspects  : 
firs! ,  a-  engaged  in  "  busie  labuui 
a  horse-mill;  ami,  secondly,  as  taking  *i 
torious  rest,-,''  reposing  on  a  Btage,  with  gold 
branches   "\  >  r   him.     On   t  he   chapel   the   hoi 

mill    ha )   I n    blundered    by   the   can  er   ln( 

beacon,    no   example   of    which, 

King  Benry  V.,  Beeins  to  occur  elsewhere 

I),..  t.   m.i  rhiblted  some  fragment  -  ol 

fifteenth-centurj   Engli  -h  stained  :-! 


Phtlolooioaj  .    -Feb.  Q.—  Mr.   FI.    \.   N<  sbitt 
in    the    chair-    Mr.    w  alter   w     Seton    r<  i 
paper  on  two  fifteenth-century   Knglinh    MSB., 
which  he  Is  editing  for  the    Philological    8o<  let} 
and   the  Earlj    English  Texl  Society,  and  w\ 
w  ill  be  published  shi  irl  h  . 

The  iii  ~i   manusi  ripl   i  Ion  of  t  he  Hub 

of   the   Third    order  of   Bt.    Francis,  or   order 
.,f  Penitents.     If    i     ■    MS.    of  nineteen   !■  i 


234 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


written  on  vellum ;  the  first  fourteen  leaves 
contain  the  English  version  of  the  Kule, 
and  leaves  15  and  16  a  Latin  fragment  from 
Bernardino  de  Bustis'  Rosarium,  containing  a 
list  of  members  of  the  Third  Order  who  have 
been  beatified  or  canonized.  The  MS.  was 
formerly  in  the  collection  of  Thomas  Pennant 
(1720-98)  at  Downing  in  Flintshire,  and  passed 
into  the  possession  of  the  Earls  of  Denbigh.  It 
now  belongs  to  Mr.  Seton.  There  exist  three 
main  recensions  of  the  Rule  of  the  Third  Order. 
The  earliest,  dating  from  1221,  was  discovered  by 
M.  Paul  Sabatier  in  a  Capistrano  MS.,  and  is 
divided  into  twelve  chapters.  This  version 
contains  additions  forming  a  thirteenth  chapter, 
probably  added  in  1228.  The  second  recension, 
as  given  by  Luke  Wadding  and  other  chroniclers, 
was  issued  about  1234.  The  third  recension, 
which  is  the  one  contained  in  the  Pennant  MS., 
was  issued  by  JSiicholas  IV.  in  1289  in  the  Bull 
'  Supra  Montem.'  Existing  evidence  seems  to 
prove  that  the  Third  Order  was  founded  by 
St.  Francis  about  1221,  and  that  it  began  either 
at  Faenzo  or  at  Florence  ;  it  was  started  to 
meet  the  needs  of  the  large  number  of  lay-folk, 
both  men  and  women,  who  were  anxious  to  "  do 
penance,"  but  who,  owing  to  the  circumstances 
of  their  lives,  could  not  become  Friars  Minor  or 
Clarisses.  The  form  of  the  primitive  Rule  of 
1221-1228  may  be  attributed  to  Hugolino 
(Gregory  TX.),  and  its  contents  to  St.  Francis. 
The  form  and  contents  of  the  second  Rule 
of  1234  probably  are  the  handiwork  of  Elias 
of  Cortona,  the  Minister  General,  and  they 
reflect  the  tendency  of  separating  the  Third 
Order  from  the  Order  of  Friars  Minor  and 
bringing  it  more  directly  under  the  Holy  See. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Rule  of  1289,  as  con- 
tained in  the  Pennant  MS.,  shows  the  reversal 
of  that  policy,  and  the  connexion  of  the  Third 
Order  once  again  with  the  rest  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan Order. 

The  Pennant  MS.  has  the  peculiarity  that  it 
is  divided  into  twenty-four  chapters,  instead  of 
into  twenty  as  the  Latin  versions  generally  are 
divided.  There  are  indications  that  two  hands 
have  been  at  work  on  the  MS.,  and  that  the 
translator  or  the  copyist,  or  both,  were  un- 
familiar with  Latin. 

The  second  manuscript  is  MS.  Bodl.  5S5,  in 
the  Bodleian  Library,  and  contains  inter  alia 
an  English  version  of  the  Rule  of  the  Second 
Order  or  Order  of  Clarisses.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  a  written  Rule  existed  before  1218. 
The  first  known  Rule  was  contained  in  the 
Hugoline  Constitutions  of  1218.  These  re- 
mained in  force  until  1247,  when  they  were 
superseded  by  a  second  Rule,  issued  by  Inno- 
cent IV.  This  in  turn  was  replaced  by  the  Third 
Rule  of  1253,  granted  to  St.  Clare  by  Inno- 
cent IV.  two  days  before  her  death.  The  Abbev 
of  Longchamp  in  the  diocese  of  Paris  was 
founded  by  Isabella,  sister  of  King  Louis  of 
France.  A  special  Rule  for  this  house  was 
first  approved  by  Alexander  III.,  and  later 
confirmed  by  Urban  IV.  in  1263.  The  Bodleian 
MS.  contains  an  English  translation  of  the 
Isabella  Rule.  External  and  internal  evidence 
combine  in  showing  that  this  particular  MS.  was 
written  for  the  house  of  Clarisses  founded  by 
Blanche  of  Navarre  near  Aldgate  about  1293, 
known  as  "  Menouressis  enclosid,"  and  thus 
givim;  their  name  to  the  street  now  called 
*'  Minories."  The  MS.  probably  remained 
in  the  possession  of  the  convent  until  the 
dissolution  of  the  convent  in  1539.  It  then 
passed  into  the  library  of  King  Henry  VIII., 
and  thence  into  that  of  Charles  Howard,  Earl  of 
Nottingham,  by  whom  it  was  presented  in  1604 
to  the  Bodleian  Library.  Following  the  Rule 
itself  is  a  long  appendix,  apparently  consisting 
of  a  compilation  of  three  other  documents,  and 
containing  mainly  directions  [for  the  conduct 
of  the  various  offices. 


Zoological— Feb.  3.— Sir  John  Rose  Bradford, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report  on 
the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  November 
and  December,  1913.— Mr.  D.  Seth-Smith  exhibited 
a  photograph  of  two  hybrids  between  a  peacock 
and  a  hen  guinea-fowl  which  were  bred  in  Germany 
and  are  now  in  the  Berlin  Zoological  Gardens. 
He  also  showed  the  skin  of  a  hybrid  pheasant 
hen,  one  of  a  number  bred  in  Sussex  by  Mrs.  John- 
stone, between  a  cock  Calophasis  mikado  and  hen 
C.  ellioti. — Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger  gave  an  account 
of  the  batrachians  and  reptiles  collected  by  the 
British  Ornithologists'  Union  and  the  Wollaston 
Expeditions  in  Dutch  New  Guinea.  Four  species 
of  batrachians  and  eight  species  of  reptiles  were 
described  as  new.— Dr.  F.  E.  Beddard  read  a  paper 
containing  further  observations  upon  the  Cestode 
genus  Urocystidium,  Beddard. — Mr.  H.G.  Plimmer 
reported  on  the  deaths  which  had  occurred  in  the 
Society's  Gardens  during  1913. 


Society  of  Biblical  Archeology. — Feb.+  U). 
— Dr.  Gaster  in  the  chair. — Mr.  P.  Legge  read  a 
paper  on  '  The  Greek  Worship  of  Serapis  and  [sis,' 
which  was  in  part  supplemental  to  one  called  '  The 
Legend  of  Osiris,'  read  before  the  Society  in  1911. 
The  view  he  put  forward  was  that  the  Legend  of 
Osiris,  as  it  appears  in  Plutarch's  tract,  is  derived, 
not  from  one  source,  but  from  two  ;  and  that, 
while  the  part  which  narrates  the  war  between 
Horus  and  Set  rests  on  a  real  historical  tradition 
going  back  to  a  civil  war  at  the  time  of  the  Second 
Dynasty,  the  remaining  part,  including  the  Pas- 
sion, Death,  and  Resurrection  of  Osiris,  is  a  variant 
of  the  story  of  the  Dying  God  current  among  all 
the  peoples  of  the  countries  bordering  on  the 
Eastern  Mediterranean.  He  furtner  sought  to 
show  that  in  the  later  phase  of  the  Alexandrian 
religion  the  Supreme  God  was  androgyne  and  self- 
begetting,  forming,  in  fact,  a  triune  Deity  or 
Trinity  in  Unity,  consisting  of  Father,  Mother, 
and  Child. 

Hellenic.  —  Feb.  10.  —  Miss  Jane  Harrison 
read  a  paper  on  '  Poseidon  and  the  Minotaur.' 
She  urged  (a)  that  the  cult  of  Poseidon  on 
the  mainland  of  Greece  was  imported,  not 
autochthonous  ;  (b)  that  it  reached  the  main- 
land from  the  South,  not  the  North  ;  (c)  that 
in  origin  it  was  "  Minoan,"  and  in  subsequent  de- 
velopment became  "  Mycenaean,"  and  ultimately 
Hellenic.  The  aspects  of  the  god  as  Pontius, 
Hippius,  and  Taureus  were  explained  on  the  new 
psychological  method,  which  asks,  not  what  the 
god  is,  but  what  are  the  social  activities  and 
social  structure  of  his  worshippers.  As  Pontius 
and  Pontomedon,  Poseidon  is  the  project  of  a 
people  who  were  fishermen,  traders,  and  thalasso- 
crats,  as  Hippius  of  a  people  of  horsemen,  as 
Taureus  of  a  people  who  as  herdsmen  worshipped 
the  Bull.  Miss  Harrison  then  asked  the  question, 
Was  there  in  antiquity  a  people  who  were  fisher- 
men, traders,  thalassocrats  who  owned  thorough- 
bred horses,  and  who  as  herdsmen  worshipped  the 
Bull.  The  answer  was  obvious.  Minos  of  Crete 
was  the  first  of  the  thalassocrats  ;  his  palace 
accounts  show  his  command  of  horses  and 
chariots  from  Libya,  and  his  people  worshipped  the 
Bull  of  Minos.  The  Minotaur  was  the  primitive 
point  de  repere  round  which  ultimately  crystallized 
the  complex  figure  of  Poseidon. 


§§z'unzt   (5os5ip. 


MEETINGS  next  week. 


Mon. 


Tues. 


Wed. 


Royal  Academy,  4  —'General  Characteristics  of  Greek  Art, 
including  Greek  Painting,'  Sir  0.  Waldstein. 

Surveyors'  Institution,  ".—'Land  Drainage,'  Mr.  C.  B.  Rolfe. 
(Junior  Meeting.) 

St.  Bride  Foundation,  V.30.— 'Book  Illustration  and  Decora- 
tion, Nineteenth  Century,  and  to  the  Present  Day,'  Mr. 
R.  A.  Peddie. 

Society  of  Arts,  8— 'Artistic  Lithography,' Lecture  I.,  Mr.  J. 
Pennell.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 

Royal  Institution,  3.—' Animals  and  Plants  under  Domestica- 
tion,' Lecture  V.,  Prof.  W.  Bateson. 

Anthropological  institute.  —  4.  Papers  and  Exhibits  by 
Members  of  the  Prehistoric  Society  of  East  Anglia.— 8.15. 
'Flint  Finds  in  connexion  with  Sand,'  Mr.  R.  A.  Smith; 
'The  Experimental  Investigation  of  Flint  Fracture  and 
Problems  of  Early  Man,'  Mr.  S.  H.  Warren. 

Statistical,  5.—' The  Census  of  the  Empire,  1911 :  its  Scope  and 
Some  of  its  Results,'  Sir  J.  A.  Baines. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.— 'The  New  Harbour-Works 
and  Dockyard  at  Gibraltar,'  Mr.  A.  Scott. 

Zoological,  8.30.— Lantern  Demonstration  of  the  Helmintbes 
collected  by  8cott's  Antarctic  Expedition,  by  Dr.  R.  T. 
Leiper  and  8urgeon  Atkinson  ;  '  Observations  made  to 
ascertain  whether  any  Relation  subsists  between  the 
Seasonal  Assumption  of  the  "Eclipse"  Plumage  in  the 
Mallard  (Anas  boscus)  and  the  Condition  of  the  Testicle,' 
Messrs.  0.  G.  Seligmann  and  S.  G.  Shattock ;  and  other 
Papers. 

Geographical,  3.45.— 'Some  Aspects  of  Travel,'  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling. 

Irish  Literary,  4  30.— "Edward  Dowden,'  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolleston. 

Royal  Society  of  Literature,  5.15— 'The  Idea  of  Comedy,' 
Prof.  W.  L.  Courtney. 

—  Meteorological,  7.30— 'The  Interpretation  of  the  Results  of 

Soundings  with  Pilot  Balloons,'  Dr.  W.  N.  Shaw:  "Pilot 
Balloon  Ascents  at  the  Central  Flying  School,  Upavon, 
during  1913.'  Mr.  G.  M.  B.  Dobson. 

—  British  Numismatic,  8. 

—  St.    Paul's     Ecclesiological,     8.  — '  Psalmody,    with    Special 

Reference  to  the  Barless  Psalter,'  Kev.  W.  Marshall. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'The  Preservation  of  Wood,'  Mr.  A.  J. 

WaliisTayler. 

—  Folk-Lore,   8  30.  —  President's    Address   on    'Folk-Lore    and 

Psychology.' 
Tiicrs.  Royal    Institution,    3.  —  ' Hamlet    in    Legend   and   Drama: 
(11  The  Myth,'  Prof.  I.  Gollancz. 

—  Royal  Academy,  4.— 'The  Archaic  Period  of  Greek  Sculpture,' 

Sir  C.  Waldsiein. 

—  Royal,  4.30.— 'The   Brain   of    Primitive   Man,    with   Special 

Reference  to  the  Cranial  Cast  and  Skull  of  Eoanthropus 
(thePiltdown  Man), 'Prof  G.  Elliot  Smith  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Royal  Numismatic.  6.— 'Coins  of  the  Kings  of  Hormuz,    Dr. 

Codrington ;  '  A  Find  of  Roman  Coins  in  Dorset,'  Mr.  11. 
Symonds. 

—  Linnean,  8.— Dr.  J.  P.  Lotsy  will  open  a  Discussion  by  a  Paper 

entitled  '  On  the  Origin  of  Species  by  Crossing.' 

—  Chemical,  8.30.— 'Condensations  of  Cyanohydrins,'  Part  II., 

Messrs.  H.  L.  Crowther,  H.  McOombie,  and  T.  H.  Reade ; 
"The  8ystem  Ether— Water— Potassium  Iodide  -  Mercuric 
Iodide,'  Part  II.,  Mr.  A.  C.  Dunningham  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 

—  Victoria   and  Albert  Museum,  8.30.— 'Silversmiths,'  Mr.  H. 
Maryon. 

Geological,  3.— Annual  Meeting. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8— 'The  Use  of  Reinforced 

Concrete  in  connexion  with  Dock  and  Other  Maritime  Work,' 

Mr.  C.    8.   Meik.     (Vernon  -  Harcourt  Lecture :    Students' 

Meeting.) 
Institution   of   Mechanical    Engineers,    8.  —  '  Some    Modern 

Methods  of  Welding,'  Mr.  T.  T.  Heaton. 
Viking,  8.15.— 'North  Jutland  in  the  Viking  Age.'  Prof.  S. 

Muller. 
Royal  Institution,  9.— 'Busts  and  Portraits  of  Shakespeare 

and  of  Burns :  an  Anthropological  Study,'  Prof.  A.  Keith. 
Royal    Institution,  3.— 'The  Electric  Emissivity  of  Matter,' 

Lecture  II.,  Dr.  J.  A.  Harker. 


Fri- 


Sat. 


On  Tuesday  last  Prof.  Karl  Pearson 
delivered  a  lecture  at  the  Francis  Galton 
Laboratory  for  National  Eugenics  on  '  The 
Graduated  Character  of  Mental  Defect, 
and  on  the  Need  for  standardizing  Judg- 
ments as  to  the  Grade  of  Feeble-Mindednes;- 
which  shall  involve  Segregation.'  The  lec- 
ture dealt  almost  entirely  with  the  first 
part  of  the  subject,  the  second  part  being 
treated  only  by  implication.  After  deplor- 
ing the  fact  that  the  records  of  families  in 
which  defect  existed  were  as  yet  but  scanty, 
Prof.  Pearson  passed  to  the  consideration 
of  the  alleged  physical  "  stigmata  "  in- 
dicating feeble-mindedness,  especially  in 
children.  Just  as  Dr.  Goring  had  exploded 
Lombroso's  "  criminal  marks,"  so  the  lec- 
turer could  find  little  to  justify  the  hypo- 
thesis that  there  existed  any  distinguishing 
physical  "  stigmata  "  of  mental  defect.  The 
hypothesis  that  such  defect  was  a  Mendelian 
unit- character  was  an  absurd  notion  which, 
if  true,  meant  that  between  11  and  12  per 
cent  of  the  total  population  were  latent 
defectives.  The  lecturer  criticized  in  some 
detail  Prof.  Davenports  work  on  '  Per- 
missible Marriages,'  and  emphasized  against 
the  eugenists  of  Cornell  the  objections  that 
they  sometimes  treated  alcoholics  as  normal, 
at  other  times  as  feeble-minded  ;  that  they 
only  used  those  minute  portions  of  pedi- 
grees which  appeared  to  substantiate  their 
theories ;  and  that  in  one  pedigree  they 
called  a  man  with  107  feeble-minded  rela- 
tives "  normal."  Prof.  Pearson  exhibited  a 
number  of  photographs  of  normal  and  de- 
fective children,  showing  that  the  presence 
of  the  "  stigmata  "  was  no  guide  to  mental 
efficiency.  The  statistics  which  showed  that 
mental  defect  was  associated  with  loss  of 
weight  or  height,  in  some  cases  at  least,  took 
no  account  of  well-known  anthropometrical 
differences,  e.g.,  Dr.  Lapage  had  compared 
English  defective  children  with  normal 
Scottish  children. 

With  regard  to  psychological  differences, 
Prof.  Pearson  showed  that,  although  it  was 
true  that,  as  a  rule,  defective  children 
responded  to  memory,  intelligence,  and 
"  maturity  "  tests  less  readily  than  normal 
children,  yet  in  each  ease  perhaps  40  per 
cent  of  the  feeble-minded  children  passed 
the  tests  with  the  same  success  as  merely 
backward  normal  children.  Perhaps  the 
only  cases  which  might  be  regarded  as 
defective,  from  the  evidence  of  the  Binet- 
Simon  tests  alone,  were  the  children  who, 
between  six  and  sixteen,  were  at  least  four 
years  behind  their  normal  fellows  in  mental 
growth.  At  present,  however,  "  mental 
defect  "  is  a  term  the  use  of  which  is  seriously 
affected  by  mere  personal  equations,  a 
definite  external  test  being  yet  to  be  found. 

Prof.  Bowley  has  subjected  the  Census 
statistics  of  the  agricultural  population  of 
England  and  Wales  to  an  elaborate  ana- 
lytical treatment,  and  he  is  now  giving  a 
course  of  four  lectures  on  the  results  at  the 
London  School  of  Economics.  In  the  first 
lecture,  delivered  on  Monday  last,  he  de- 
scribed the  method  he  had  adopted  to 
ascertain  the  quantity  of  the  movement  of 
population.  He  had  listed  all  the  rural 
districts  which,  according  to  the  1911 
Census,  appeared  to  have  escaped  suburb- 
anization, and  which  were  not  disturbed  by 
colliery  development,  the  presence  of  military 
camps,  or  other  external  influences,  and  he 
had  allowed  for  the  inmates  of  institutions. 
Cornwall,  Middlesex,  Hampshire,  and  Surrey 
had  been  altogether  excluded.  The  1911 
figures  for  these  districts  were  then  com- 
pared with  the  corresponding  statistics  for 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1014 


T  1 1  E     A  T  1 1  E  X  M  U  M 


231 


1901  and  1891.  The  result  showed  that  in 
virtually  every  county  in  England  there 
had  been  a  decline  in  the  rural  population 
between  1891  and  1901 — amounting  on  the 
average  to  8  per  cent — and  an  almost 
complete  recovery  during  the  following 
decade.  In  Wales,  however,  there  had  been 
a  decline  throughout  the  whole  period. 

Dr.  d"H£rei.i.k  has  discovered  a  way  of 
exterminating  the  locusts  which  constitute 
one  of  the  worst  plagues  of  South  America, 
lie  has  cultivated  the  bacillus  of  a  disease 
which    is    endemic    among    them    to    such    a 

degree   of   virulence    that    it    spreads   with 

extraordinary  rapidity,  and  is  fatal  to  the 
individual  insect  within  twenty-four  hours. 
A  liquid  infected  with  the  culture  is  sprinkled 
on  the  plants  in  the  locusts'  way,  and  the 
effect  is  soon  apparent.  The  dead  locusts 
are  spoken  of  as  collected  by  cartloads. 

It  is  easy  to  understand  that,  from  the 
locusts'  point  of  view,  this  is  a  scheme  of 
no  less  than  diabolical  ingenuity  ;  indeed, 
we  ourselves  must  confess  to  an  irrational, 
yet  unconquerable  dislike  of  it.  The  people 
whose  business  it  formerly  was  to  get  rid 
of  the  locusts,  perceiving  that  their  trade 
was  heme  taken  from  them,  have  not  only 
risen  against  this  too  successful  practical 
application  of  modern  science,  but,  what  is 
more  surprising,  have  also  actually  won  the 
day.  and  have  compelled  Dr.  d'Herelle  to 
return  to  France. 

Mr.  Archibald  Hutchinson  has  com- 
municated to  the  Church  Missionary  Society 
a  graphic  account  of  the  late  earthquakes  at 
K  goshima  and  of  the  eruption  of  Sakura- 
shima.  During  Sunday,  January  11th,  it 
is  said,  there  were  no  fewer  than  64  severe 
shocks  and  48  slighter  shocks  of  earth- 
quake. On  Monday  morning  an  enormous 
column  of  black  smoke  rose  from  near  the 
base  of  Sakurashima,  which  was  followed 
within  half  an  hour  by  other  columns, 
which  began  to  pom*  upward  from  places 
in  the  fields  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain, 
and  from  craters  on  its  summit.  There  was 
not  then,  nor  for  many  hours,  any  great 
noLse,  but  from  Kagoshima,  at  a  distance  of 
four  miles,  showers  of  rocks  could  be  plainly 
a  falling.  At  6.30  there  was  a  terrific 
crack,  and  the  earth  seemed  to  leap  up. 
Hundreds  of  people  waiting  at  the  railway 
ions  were  hurled  to  the  ground,  while 
walls  and  chimneys  fell  in  all  directions. 
The  most  fearful  moment  seems  to  have  been 
I  when  the  alarm  of  a  tidal  wave  was 
raised,   which,   however,   turned  out  to   be 

Tkevob  LiAWBBHCE,  while  leaving  to 
hifl  w  ite  the  whole  of  liis  well-known  collec- 
tion of  plants,  expressed  in  his  will  the 
Wish  that  she  would  present  to  Kew  those 
parts  of  the  collection  which  were  of  purely 
botanical  interest,  or  which  she  might  con- 
sider to  be  BO.  Lady  Lawrence  lias  informed 
Sir  David  Praimthe  Director  of  Kew  Gardens, 
of  her  intention  to  carry  out  her  husband's 
wis! 

Dr.  Jambs  Cam-xixb  has  brought  to  con- 
rable  success  a  highly  interesting  innova- 
tion   in     medical     diagnosis.      He    has    dis- 
covered how    to   use  the  tuning-fork  as  an 
adjunct  to  the  stethoscope  tor  the  examina- 

p    of   the   more  deepdying   organs,    w 
it   i-  difficult  to  ascertain  thi  I   nature 

of  the  disease.  Tin-  fork  is  set  vibrating, 
and  on  the  shaft  being  placed  against  the 
body-wall,  and  moved  about  over  the 
surface  of  the  body,  -i  note  is  transmitted  to 

the    stethoscope    which     varies    according.'     to 

the  density  of  the  organ  over  which  it 
placed.     Xot  only  can  the  exact  limits  of  an 
organ  be  accurately  defined  by  this  mo 


and  the  position  of  fractures  he  made  out .  hut 
Dr.  (ant  he's  further  observations  seem  also 

to  indicate  that  different  states  of  an  org  a 

produce    different     tones.      He    has.    at     an 
rate,  been  able  to  demonstrate  that  the  tones 

given  out  by  a  fatty  liver  are  distinct  from 
those  given  out  by  a  cirrhosed  liver.  The 
discovery,  if  substantiated,  is  not  more 
important  from  a  medical  point  of  view 
than  it  is  interesting  from  the  point  of  view 
of  what  our  grandfathers  called  "natural 
philosophy." 

The  Austrian  Geographical  Society 
has  awarded  posthumously  to  Capt.  Scott 
the  highest  distinction  it  can  confer,  the 
Hauer  Medal.  This  will  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  British  Ambassador  in  Vienna, 
Sir  Maurice  de  Bunsen,  to  be  forwarded 
for  keeping  to  the  British  Geographical 
Society. 

Commander  Evans  lectured  on  the  7th 
inst.  to  the  Berlin  Geographical  Society. 
At  the  close  of  the  lecture  the  chairman, 
Prof.  Hellmann,  called  upon  the  audience  to 
rise  in  their  places  as  a  testimony  of  respect 
to  the  memory  of  Scott  and  his  companions, 
and  announced  that  Commander  Evans 
"  had  been  elected  an  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Society. 

By  the  death  of  Mr.  Horace  Bolingbroke 
Woodward,  which  occurred  on  the  6th  inst., 
there  has  passed  away,  in  his  66th  year, 
a  geologist  who  was  recognized  as  one  of  our 
leading  authorities  on  British  stratigraphy. 
He  was  a  son  of  Dr.  S.  P.  Woodward,  the 
author  of  the  well-known  '  Manual  of  the 
Mollusca,'  and  a  nephew  of  Dr.  Henry  Wood- 
ward, formerly  Keeper  of  Geology  at  the 
British  Museum. 

After  spending  some  time  as  an  assistant 
in  the  library  of  the  Geological  Society, 
Mr.  H.  B.  Woodward  passed  in  1867  to 
the  Geological  Survey,  where  his  field 
work  lay  among  a  great  diversity  of 
strata,  but  especially  those  of  Jurassic  age. 
Possessing  much  literary  ability,  he  was  an 
industrious  and  accurate  writer,  and  several 
Survey  Memoirs  are  the  work  of  his  pen, 
including  three  volumes  on  the  Jurassic 
rocks.  His  '  Geology  of  England  and 
Wales,'  of  which  a  second  edition  appeared 
in  1887,  takes  rank  as  an  authoritative 
work ;  nor  should  his  edition  of  Stanford's 
'  Geological  Atlas '  be  overlooked.  On  the 
occasion  of  the  centenary  of  the  Geological 
Society  in  1907  he  wrote  the  official  '  His- 
tory' of  the  Society,  and  two  years  after- 
wards received  its  great  prize,  the  Wol- 
laston  Gold  Medal.  To  Mr.  Arnold's  "  Geo- 
logical Series  "  he  contributed  the  volumes 
on  water  supply  and  on  soils.  He  was  also 
closely  connected  with  the  geological  part 
of  the  last  edition  of  '  The  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,'  and  for  many  years  acted  as  one 
of  the  assistant  editors  of  The  Geological 
Magazine.  By  his  singularly  modest  and 
amiable  disposition,  Horace  Woodward  en- 
deared himself  to  a  large  circle  of  scientific 
friends,  including  almost  every  geologist  of 
note  in  this  country. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  Miss  Julia  Anne 
Bornblower   Cock    died    on    Saturday,    the 

7th     inst..     in     her     54th     year.      She  was    a 

Doctor  of  .Medicine  of  Brussels  and  Dean  <>f 

the  London  School  of  Medicine  for  Women. 

.sell    OS    an     examiner    for    the     Hoard    of 

Education.       She     wrote     the     memorandum 

on  •  Medic. ii  Inspection  of  Secondary  School- 
tor  (drh  iii  the  fifth  volume  of  the  Report 
of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Secondary 
Education,  1805,  being  herself  inspector 
of   the    North    London   Collegiate   ana    the 

Camden     School-     lor     (oris.       She     hail     also 

been  in  practice  at  Braintree. 


FINE    ARTS 


Portfolio   of    Drawings.     By    W.    Orpen. 
(Chenil  &  Co.,  2/.  2*.  net.) 

In  these  reproductions  the  slight  tendency 
to  a  relative  thickening  of  line  consequent 
upon  reduction  has  sometimes  gone  un- 
corrected— wisely,  we  think,  as  the  draw- 
ings are  in  each  case  improved  thereby. 
The  work  is  such  as  comes  out  well  in 
photogravure,  the  cleanness  and  delicate 
execution  which  were  virtues  in  the 
original  losing  hardly  at  all  by  this  process. 
The  Portfolio  will  be  in  universal  request 
in  Art  Schools,  as  Mr.  Orpen  Lb  on  the 
whole  the  most  capable  living  exponent 
of  the  art  of  drawing  from  the  posed 
model  as  now  in  vogue  in  such  institu- 
tions. Mr.  John — more  brilliant — would 
also  be  more  suspect  because  of  his  less 
photographic  standard  of  accuracy. 

Such  a  single-figure  study  as  '  Kit  ' 
shows  the  possibilities  of  Mr.  Orpen's 
method.  An  elaborate  composition  like 
'  The  Yacht  Race,'  obviously  compiled  a 
figure  at  a  time,  and  connected  by  an 
embroidery  of  landscape  detail,  shows 
its  limitations.  In  '  After  Bathing  '  the 
embroidery  is  more  ingenious,  the  com- 
pilation more  artfully  concealed  ;  yet  it 
has  constructive  unity  only  as  a  thing  in 
the  flat,  though  the  individual  figures  are 
elaborately  modelled.  Suck  works  are 
perfect  models  for  students  so  long  as  we 
regard  the  sole  object  of  their  education  to 
be  a  highly  trained  hand  and  eye.  To  a 
purist  the  actuality  of  these  drawings,  the 
sinuous  quasi-porfection  of  their  line,  ap- 
pears a  pretension  not  quite  warranted  by 
the  facts.  The  artist's  hold  on  the  plastic 
design  of  his  subject  is  never  so  complete 
as  to  justify  the  inclusion  of  such  delicate 
variations — variations  which  have  been 
observed,  indeed,  by  the  eye  in  their  effect 
on  the  contour  as  a  flat  thing,  but  not 
apprehended  by  the  intelligence  as 
connoting  a  line  in  three-dimensioned 
space  at  such  and  such  an  angle  to  the 
other  lines  of  the  composition.  The  practice 
of  drawing  the  figures  of  a  composition 
separately,  each  with  a  fresh  "  point  of 
sight,''  implies  a  fundamental  indifference 
to  such  finer  relations  in  space. 

This  criticism  is  of  course,  on  the  ideal 
plane.  Mr.  Orpen  sins  in  illustrious 
company,  and  would  have  little  difficulty 
in  pointing  ti»  compositions  hy  Titian  and 
others  in  which  figures  of  as  con\  inoing 
solidity  have  evidently  been  pushed  this 
way  and  that  about  the  surface  of  a  picture 
till  they  make  an  agreeable  facade.  None 
the  less,  we  think  such  drawing  tends 
tall  between  two  stools.  It  is  permissibL 
for  an  artist— absorbed  in  tin-  beauty  of 

undulation  of  the   line   a-  such      I"   I"' 

the  real  form  it  stand-  tor.  and  become 
inaccurate.     Set  if  truth  to  fact  he  pi 

ed,  he  is  really  a  ' e  accurate  ai  I 

who  confesses  his  incapacity  to  keep  in 
touch  with  the  very  skin  of  the  object, 
and  analyzes  the  relative  "  set  "  of  everj 
plane    he    u»  -   in    the    picture,    howei 

few    they  may   he.'xvith    some   attempt    at 

perfection. 


236 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4503, -Feb.  14,  1914 


THE  MODERN  SOCIETY  OF  PORTRAIT 
PAINTERS. 

How  docile  and  formless  a  thing  oil 
painting  may  become  is  displayed  in  most 
of  the  more  capable  exhibits  in  this  show. 
The  slow -drying  medium  allows  the  painter 
to  soften  his  edges,  to  smooth  his  surface 
till  the  painting  has  almost  as  little  trace 
of  the  hand  of  the  craftsman  as  the  subtly 
modulated  face  of  a  photograph.  Mr.  Alan 
Beeton's  portraits  (1-5)  are  the  most 
■  completely  successful  in  realizing  this  ideal 
■of  an  elusive  surface  of  paint  which,  like 
that  of  the  photograph,  becomes  transparent : 
-we  cease  to  think  of  it  as  interesting,  or 
indeed  existing  at  all,  but  look  through 
it  at  a  forged  reality — adequate  or  in- 
adequate as  the  case  may  be,  but  in  any 
case  an  attempt  to  reproduce  reality  in  an 
absolutely  literal  manner  rather  than  to 
adapt  what  is  essential  in  that  reality  for 
expression  in  terms  of  paint.  There  is 
something  almost  uncanny  in  the  spectacle  of 
a  man  with  the  dexterity  in  the  use  of  paint 
of  Mr.  Beeton,  who  has  yet  acquired  that 
cleverness  without  ever  being  moved  by 
zest  for  the  real  idiomatic  use  of  the  lan- 
guage he  handles  so  deftly.  Imitatively  these 
portraits  are  exceedingly  clever.  They  belong 
to  a  family  which  has  grown  large  since 
the  invention  of  photography  set  a  standard 
of  literal  exactitude  which  the  client  could 
hold  up  against  the  portrait  painter  for 
•emulation.  We  have  always  wondered  what 
became  of  them,  for  though  they  are  common 
/though  not  always  up  to  the  pitch  of  com- 
petence of  Mr.  Beeton)  in  current  shows,  no 
one  ever  seems  to  think  it  worth  while  to 
disinter  them  for  the  purpose  of  a  retro - 
:Bpective  exhibition  of  painting.  We  imagine 
t'.iat,  as  is  the  case  with  photographs,  their 
power  to  interest  only  prevails  with  the 
beholder  who  is  already  interested  in  their 
subject-matter.  Mr.  Beeton  has  in  more 
tian  one  instance  been  fortunate  with  his, 
and  wins  the  success  which  a  good  story  may 
gain  even  in  the  hands  of  a  somewhat 
pedestrian  and  colourless  author. 

Mr.  James  Quinn  (Henry  Fulwond,  Esq.,  6), 
and  even  to  some  degree  Mr.  Glyn  Philpot 
in  his  portraits  of  Sir  Philip  Sassoon  (44)  and 
Lord  Balcarres  (46),  fall  in  the  same  category 
of  painters.  One  can  imagine  them  peram- 
bulating the  world  on  the  look-out  for  strik- 
ing sitters,  i.e.  sitters  by  whom  their  public- 
would  be  impressed  if  they  could  see  them 
in  the  flesh.  The  true  masters  of  form  are 
rather  those  who  reveal  to  us  the  interest 
and  significance  of  a  type  which  in  life  or  in 
the  passive  reproduction  of  photography  we 
•should  pass  by  as  of  no  account.  In  pro- 
portion as  portraiture  assimilates  itself  to 
a  passive  report,  it  abrogates  its  higher 
functions,  however  skilfully  it  may  meet 
the  patron's  demand  to  be  told  again  what 
he  knows  already.  Mr.  G.  Festus  Kelly — in 
his  smaller  portraits  more  colourless  by 
far  than  Mr.  Philpot — shows  rather  more 
independence  in  his  large  full-length  A!  ma 
•di  me  Alma  (10),  in  which  the  sitter's  some- 
what wooden  figure  in  an  awkward  and  i  1 1  - 
•designed  dress  is  used  with  some  sense  at 
once  of  character  and  decoration. 

Most  of   the  other  paintings  suffer   from 

(while  their  painters  probably  reap  the 
advantage  of)  the  same  enthusiasm  for 
the  copious  and  unmistakable  iteration  of 
the  obvious.  Mr.  Oswald  Birley  (15-18) 
.is  one  of  the  more  capable,  as  is  also 
Mr.  Fiddes  Watt,  whose  Rev.  John  Hart 
closely  resembles  the  well-known  work  of 
-Sir  George  Reid.  Mr.  G.  W.  Lambert's 
portrait  of  the  latter  (23)  is  the  one  trenchant, 
if  rather  ordinary  design  in  the  show.  It 
-.resembles     some     American     poster     for     a 

"  business  "    exhibition.     The    ambition    of 


delicacy  distinguishes  Mr.  Ginnett's  Head 
of  a  Girl  (8),  in  which  both  the  type  of  sitter 
and  the  method  of  painting  recall  Courtois 
and  his  mannered  accomplishment.  The 
drawings  of  Mr.  Alan  Beeton  (87-95)  also 
deserve  mention. 


THE    GOUPIL    GALLERY. 

All  the  three  exhibitions  at  these  gal- 
leries are  of  some  interest.  Mr.  H.  M.  Livens, 
recommended  by  a  very  friendly  and  quite 
interesting  letter  from  the  late  Vincent  van 
Gogh,  which  is  reproduced  in  facsimile  as 
an  introduction  to  his  catalogue,  reveals 
himself  even  more  convincingly  than  usual 
as  a  little  master  in  water-colour,  almost 
every  one  of  his  thirty-two  drawings  being 
well  designed,  delightful  in  their  demure, 
restrained  colour,  sufficient  in  their  revelation 
of  the  beauty  of  everyday  sights.  The 
spaciousness  of  Nos.  28  and  31,  the  origin- 
ality of  theme  in  No.  20,  the  silvery  delicacy 
of  No.  2,  may  be  specially  insisted  on.  As  an 
oil  painter,  on  the  other  hind,  he  does  not 
appear  to  us  to  approach  the  modest  per- 
fection of  the  water-colours,  nor  does  he 
appear  to  be  making  progress  with  what,  to 
him,  is  the  more  refractory  medium. 

An  exception  should  perhaps  be  made 
for  the  still-life  Plate  of  Pears  (41),  in  which 
the  fibre  of  the  paint,  building  up  the  form 
of  the  fruit  in  a  complex  and  singularly 
happy  combination  of  irregular  improvised 
strokes,  expresses  magically  the  harsh, 
forbidding,  yet  attractive  nature  of  that  par- 
ticular kind  of  pear — the  kind  which  offers 
us  perennial  astonishment  that  a  thing  so 
hard  should  melt  so  completely  as  soon  as 
it  is  crushed.  In  his  other  oil  paintings  Mr. 
Livens  uses  pigment  with  the  zest  of  a 
virtuoso,  yet  the  result  is  usually  uncom- 
fortable. He  loves  the  "  quality  "  got  by 
playing  with  semi-opaque  and  semi-trans- 
parent paint ;  he  loves  also  to  use  violent 
extremes  of  positive  colour.  We  are  of 
opinion  that  the  combined  gratification  of 
these  tastes  offers,  from  a  colouristic  point 
of  view,  an  inherent  difficulty  which  he  hardly 
realizes.  For  the  colourist,  juggling  with 
semi  opaque  and  semi  transparent  paint, 
depends  on  an  obvious  physical  law  that 
the  same  mixture — say  of  black  and  white — 
which,  dragged  thinly  over  a  dark  ground, 
looks  cool  and  bluish,  dragged  thinly  over 
a  light  ground,  looks  hot  and  tawny.  Differ- 
ences of  colour  so  produced  may,  of  course, 
be  modulated  with  a  delicacy  greater  than  is 
possible  by  the  use  of  mixed  tints,  of  complete 
opacity.  It  is  thus  a  very  tempting  method. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  range  of  variety 
produced  by  these  means  is  definitely  limited. 
It  is  sufficient  to  make  a  firmly  marked  step 
in  the  short  scale  of  a  sober  scheme  of  colour 
(in  No.  39,  for  example,  it  appears  more  or 
less  functional).  If  you  use  as  short  a  scale 
between  more  violent  extremes,  you  are 
apt  to  find  it  only  dirties  tones  which  need 
to  be  more  strongly  divided  to  appear 
firmly  struck  notes  at  all,  and  this  is  what 
appears  to  be  happening  frequently  in  Mr. 
Livens' s  pictures,  particularly  in  the  flower- 
pieces,  in  which  the  extreme  hues  emerge 
baldly  in  garish  solidity  from  a  jumble  of 
insufficiently  separated  central  tones.  It 
is  not,  perhaps,  entirely  an  accident  that  the 
Old  Masters  of  the  later  Renaissance,  who 
modelled  by  weight  of  paint. — i.e.,  by  glazings 
and  scumblings — worked  also  with  a  limited 
palette,  while  the  modern  painter  with  his 
more  brilliant  pitch  of  colour  works  with 
a  monotonous  wall  of  thick  mixed  paint ;  and 
although  we  would  not  deny  the  possibility 
of  Mr.  Livens  combining  his  two  ambitions, 
it  appears  to  us  that  it  could  only  be  by  a 
more  elaborate  scheme — a  longer  scale  of 
smaller  colour-intervals  throughout.  But  such 


elaboration  calls  almost  essentially  for  a 
deliberate  building-up  of  the  picture  on  a 
preconceived  plan,  distasteful  to  a  man  too 
much  of  a  modern  not  to  feel  so  systematic 
an  approach  rather  cold-blooded. 

In  the  upper  galleries  Mr.  L.  D.  Luard 
shows  occasionally  some  draughtsmanship 
in  his  horses — notably  in  No.  42,  The  Shirker. 
He  has,  moreover,  wisely  returned  again 
and  again  to  the  admirable  motive  supplied 
by  a  certain  steep  slope  down  to  the  Seine, 
a  little  outside  Paris,  where  ascending  and 
descending  teams  furnish  an  excellent  series 
of  fine  subjects.  No.  10,  On  the  Hill, 
Villejuif,  near  Paris,  is  on  the  whole  the 
most  complete  of  the  pictures  resulting, 
though  in  No.  50  the  long  lines  of  the  straining 
backs  of  the  team  contrasted  with  the  con- 
flicting welter  of  scrambling  legs  make  a 
dramatic  design. 

Mr.  Ian  Strang  is  an  artist  of  more  varied 
possibilities — so  varied,  indeed,  that  the 
general  effect  of  his  exhibition  is  somewhat 
diffuse.  He  is  the  most  adequately  trained 
of  the  three  painters  showing  here,  yet 
inadequately  for  his  roving  ambitions. 
From  the  general  impression  of  wide  super- 
ficial accomplishment  rather  dissipated  in 
direction,  there  emerges  the  definite  achieve- 
ment of  a  little  portrait  of  a  Gypsy  Girl  (74); 
of  the  quite  delightful  landscape  design, 
Plage,  Valentin  (64);  and,  in  a  rather  less 
original  way,  of  certain  of  his  etchings 
(Nos.  4,  5,  17,  18,  and  19).  A  few  more 
finds  like  the  '  Plage,  Valentin,'  are  needed 
to  give  point  and  purpose  to  so  varied  and 
professional  a  fluency.  • 


OTHER    EXHIBITIONS. 

The  late  Sir  Alfred  East  was  so  popular 
an  artist  that  it  could  hardly  be  expected 
that  the  memorial  exhibition  at  the  Leicester 
Galleries  would  reveal  him  in  any  new  fight. 
Yet  to  some  extent  the  etchings  and  com- 
binations of  etching  and  mezzotint  now 
brought  together  do  give  us  an  increased 
sense  of  the  fertility  of  his  power  of  design. 
Perhaps  Mr.  Gosse,  in  his  Preface  to  the  cata- 
logue, is  inclined  to  insist  unwisely  on  East's 
scorn  of  tricks  ;  surely  he  knew  and  used 
them  all,  and  it  is  this  sophisticated  clever- 
ness which  in  a  large  exhibition  of  his  works 
sometimes  obscures  a  very  real  feeling  for 
the  romance  of  landscape.  He  was  pene- 
trated by  the  amenity  of  nature,  and  such 
a  picture  as  No.  91,  The  Park,  with  its  suave 
grace  and  sense  of  ordered  well-being, 
represents  the  most  personal  contribution  to 
landscape  art  of  an  artist  whose  influence 
was  none  the  less  salutary  because  it  was 
consolidating  rather  than  innovating. 

With  Mr.  Newton  Benett  (at  the  Walker 
Galleries)  the  love  of  suavity  is  almost 
soporific,  yet  in  such  drawings  as  Nos.  52,  56, 
and  58  there  is  great  technical  skill.  There 
seems  little  observation  of  colour,  but  com- 
parison of  such  works  with  his  monochrome 
drawings  shows  how  invaluable  his  con- 
ventional use  of  colour  is  to  him. 

At  the  Fine-Art  Society  Mr.  Elgood's 
familiar  flower-drawings  have  a  similar  man- 
nered daintiness,  the  foregrounds  of  Nos.  4 
and  63  being  good  examples  of  his  work.  He 
is  quite  unable  to  invent  even  plausible 
generalizations  for  the  multiplicity  of  distant 
forms. 

At  Messrs.  Colnaghi  &  Obach's  Galleries 
we  have  the  facile  generalizations  of  Mr. 
James  McBey,  at  the  opposite  pole  of  water- 
colour  practice,  equally  mannered,  and  at  his 
best  when  most  recalling  Rowlandson,  as  in 
such  a  drawing  as  No.  16,  Zaandam. 

Loose  and  "  staccato  "as  is  Mr.  McBey 's 
style,  his   water-colours  would    seem   vivid 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  AlV  M 


237 


compared  with  the  dull  level  of  tin*  works  in 
that  medium  which  the  Ridley  Art  Club  are 
showing  at  the  Grafton  Galleries,     Miss  Amy 

Atkinson's     compact      design     and      buoyant 

colour  emerge  refreshingly  in  Nos.  ISO  and 
169.  Among  the  oil  paintings  Mr.  A. 
Thornton's  White  Arch  (7)  also  affords  a 
well-placed  silhouette,  but  his  technique 
of  spots  on  a  barely  covered  ground  of 
ordinary  colourman's  priming  seems  a 
doubtful  policy  from  the  point  of  view  of 
permanence,  while  it  seems  to  have  no  real 
function  as  furthering  his  design.  Mr. 
Daeres  Adams  shows  a  well-devised  portrait 
in  the  earlier  manner  of  Mr.  William  Nichol- 
son, but  painted  with  a  rather  surer  hand; 
and  Mr.  Anning  Bell  a  large  Marriage  at 
Cana,  full  of  varied  ability,  somehow  unco- 
ordinated by  a  definite  creative  act. 

Finally,  anions  the  crowd  of  exhibitions 
opened  this  week,  we  must  cordially  recom- 
mend a  little  collection  of  paintings  by  the 
Dutch  artist  H.  A.  van  Daalhoff  at  the  Van 
Wisselingh  Gallery.  The  work  of  a  poet 
in  a  narrow  Held,  they  may  sometimes  recall 
Matthew  Maris,  as  in  Xo.  21 — sometimes, 
oddly  enough,  Calvert  in  the  landscapes  of 
green  tonality  (2-4);  but  the  inspiration  of 
all  is  obviouslv  genuine. 


3Fitu   ^Xrt   (kossip. 

Mr.  Reginald  Blomfield,  the  well- 
known  architect,  was  elected  R.A.  last 
Wednesday  ;  and  Mr.  Richard  Jack,  a 
painter  who  has  won  success  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  an  Associate  of  the  Academy. 

The  Academy  has  undertaken  to  erect 
an  inscribed  slab  on  the  grave,  in  St.  Paul's, 
of  Sir  L.  Alma  Tadema.  It  is  desired 
to  have  some  more  important  public 
memorial  set  up — perhaps  a  bust  of  the 
artist.  A  further  proposal  has  been  made 
to  purchase  for  presentation  to  some  public 
institution  the  fine  archaeological  library 
which  Alma  Tadema  collected  with  much 
care  and  enthusiasm,  and  which,  it  is  known, 
he  wished  not  to  be  dispersed. 

Mr.  P.  A.  AVidener  of  Philadelphia  has 
just  bought  the  small  "  Cowper  Madonna." 
One  of  the  most  charming  examples  of 
Raphael's  work — belonging  to  his  Florentine 
period,  and  next  in  succession  to  the 
'Madonna  del  Gran'  Duca  '  —  it  was  in 
the  Cowper  collection  at  Panshanger,  and 
was  inherited,  on  Lady  Cowper' s  death, 
by  Lady  Desboxough,  who  offered  it  to 
the  Trustee-,  of  the  National  Gallery  last 
September  for  70,000/. 

Thf:  Committee  of  the  Capt.  Scott 
Memorial  Fund  have  appointed  a  sub- 
committee, consisting  of  Sir  Edgar  Speyer, 
Sir  Thomas  Brock,  Mr.  Harry  Lawson,  and 
Mr.  Lionel  Earle,  to  decide  the  question  of 
the  erection  of  memorials  in  London  to 
Capt.  Sott  and  his  companions. 

Mr.  8.  Nicholson  Babb  is  to  design  the 
bronze  tablet  which  is  to  be  placed  in 
St.  Paul's,  on  the  wall  by  the  door  leading 
down  to  the  crypt. 

A  sum  of  7,5001.  has  been  reserved  for  the 

outdoor     memorial,    and,     though    the    site 

haenotyel  been  settled  the  Committee  have 
invited  six  well-known  sculptors  to  send  in 
ms  for  a  group. 

On  Thursday,  the  5th  inst.,  Mr.  Edmund 
unveiled,  in  the  Chiming  Museum  at 
the  Southwark  Central  Library,  a  panel  pre- 
sented  by  Messrs.  Doulton  to  commemorate 
rge  Tinworth.  The  panel,  one  of  his 
characteristic  works,  depict-,  the  Jews  making 
brick-  unci  i  ian  task  ma  bei        id  is 

inscribed  : — 

■  1   in   Terra-Cotta   by  Qeoige    Tinworth, 
born  Nov.  5,  1843,  died  Sept.  1",  1913.     Oeorge 


Tinworth,  a  Walworth  wheelwright,  after  winning 
his  way  under  arduous  conditions  to  the  Royal 
Academy  Schools,  was  for  nearly  fifty  yean 
modeller  and  sculptor  a1  the  Royal  Lambeth 
Potteries,  where,  encouraged  by  Sir  Henry  Doulton, 
he  produced  strikingly  original  works  of  art 
which,  new  to  be  Been  in  places  like  Truro  Cathe- 
dral and  York  Minster,  wen  him  enduring  lame. 
This  panel  was  presented    l>y   .Messrs.    Doulton   as 

a  memorial  of  the  artist  in  his  native  parish. 
Dec,  litl3." 

The  Dutch  artist  Albert  Neuhuijs  died 
recently  at  Locarno.  He  was  born  at 
Utrecht  in  1844,  and  did  a  certain  amount 
of  undistinguished  work  as  a  young  man. 
till  he  came  under  the  influence  of  Israels 
and  James  Maris,  and  was  diverted  from 
historical  work  and  portraits  to  genre  paint- 
ing. In  this  line  his  soundness  of  technique 
and  unpretentiousness  made  him  a  worthy 
inheritor  of  the  traditions  of  the  Duf'ch  little 
masters  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

On  the  north  side  of  Clapham  Common — 
close  to  the  parish  church — stands  a  row  of 
old  houses,  which,  it  is  said,  were  designed 
by  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  are  beautiful 
enough  to  support  that  conjecture.  Mac- 
aulay  and  Hood  were  at  school  in  one  of 
them.  The  Governors  of  Westminster  Hos- 
pital some  months  ago  proposed  this  spot 
to  themselves  for  the  site  of  their  new  hos- 
pital, but  the  intervention  of  the  L.C.C. — 
on  the  ground  of  its  being  very  undesirable 
that  buildings  possessing  so  many  features 
of  interest  should  be  demolished — put  an 
end  to  the  negotiations.  The  houses  have, 
however,  now  been  sold.  The  leases  fall  in 
in  March.  It  remains  to  be  seen  what  are 
the  intentions  of  the  purchasers. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Council  at  the  Guildhall  on  the  5th  inst. 
a  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  Philip  Norman, 
drawing  attention  to  the  Roman  "  pot- 
holes "  which  have  been  discovered  in 
a  bed  of  cement  under  the  site  of  the 
old  General  Post  Office,  and  asking  for 
assistance  in  opening  them.  The  Chairman 
of  the  Library  Committee,  Mr.  Kekewich, 
said  that  the  cost  of  the  undertaking  would 
be  small,  and  the  matter  was  left  in  the  hands 
of  that  Committee. 

The  Building  Committee  of  Khartum 
Cathedral  have  issued  an  appeal  for  funds 
to  complete  their  work:  33,0007.  has  been 
raised,  and  11,0001.  more  is  needed. 

A  definite  scheme  has  been  made  for 
the  erection  of  memorials  in  the  cathedral, 
certain  spaces  being  allotted  for  them,  which 
will  not  admit  of  haphazard  design.  Those 
who  died  with  Gordon  or  in  the  expeditions 
for  the  relief  of  Khartum  will  be  commemo- 
rated by  memorials  in  the  Gordon  Chapel. 
Others  may  have  memorial  tablets  erected 
to  them  in    the  transepts.    . 

The  recent  discovery  in  Russian  Poland, 
in  the  trunk  of  a  tree  struck  by  lightning, 
of  a  golden  crown  alleged  to  bo  that  of  the 
old  kings  of  Poland,  has  attracted  some 
attention.  As  the  result  of  careful  examina- 
tion Dr.  Kadzikovski  states  that  it  is  really 
the  Czech  crown  of  the  Bangs  of  Bohemia, 
and  that,  the  Emperor  Charles  IV.  had  it 
made   tor  himself,  and   wore  it    at    a  wedding 

m  Cracow  in  the  year  L363.  The  chroniclers 
reported  that  he  losl  n  on  his  journey  back 
to  Germany,  and  that  all  efforts  to  recover 

it    were    in     vain.         -Now    an     accident     has 

revealed  its  place  of  concealment , 


MEDAL    SALE. 

The  following  medals  were  Included  In  Mi 
Sotheby's  sale  of  the  8rd  and   !  1 1 »  inst.  :    Orai 
Gold    Medal,    Battle   ol    Maida,    1806,   rtru  k    In 
pi  ii  inum,   231.    10«.      \M"  rl    Medal,    Fit  it    Cut     . 
gold,   awarded    to    P.<  .    <  ok    for   gallant  i 
dynamite  explosion  at  Westminster  Ball,  Jan.  24, 
1  885,  751. 


MUSIC 

— • — 

THE    MUSIC   AT   THE    SAVOY. 

Tut:  question  as  to  the  right  handling  of 
tin'  SOngB  and  music  in  the  act  ingof  Shak<  - 
speare  has  been  discussed  by  Mr.  Cecil 
Sharp  in  the  interesting  article  'The  New 
Shakespeare  Music;  at  the  Savoy,'  which 
appealed  last  week  in  these  columns. 
It  is.  as  he  remarks,  a  question  "  hedged 
with  difficulties.'1  He  himself  has  made 
a  bold  experiment  with  'A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,'  and  if  he  has  not  removed 
all  difficulties,  his  attempt  deserves  serious 
consideration.  On  the  value  of  folk-soi Lg 
there  is  no  need  to  insist,  and,  owing  in 
large  measure  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Sharp 
himself,  its  importance  is  becoming  more 
fully  recognized  by  musicians ;  while 
from  Bach  onwards  all  the  great  com- 
posers made  use  of  it,  but  as  a  means, 
not  as  an  end.  Mr.  Sharp  makes,  by  the 
way,  an  interesting  remark  which  lends 
support  to  our  view.  Speaking  of  the 
steps  and  figures  of  the  Russian  Ballet,  he 
says  that  they  are  "  very  intimate lv 
related  to  those  of  the  folk-dance,"  and 
that  the  latter  have  been  adapted  to 
"  freer  and  more  irregular  rhythms,"  and 
blended  "  in  fresh  combinations  "  ;  and 
the  same  also  applies  to  the  music.  Folk- 
music,  by  reason  of  its  simplicity  and  other 
striking  differences  from  that  to  which  we 
are  accustomed,  would  throughout  a 
Shakespeare  play — with  exceptions,  among 
which  the  one  in  question — not  make  the 
proper  appeal  to  us.  Elizabethan  tnusi 
sounds  to  us  "archaic,"  says  Mr.  Sharp 
and  that,  we  think,  can  also  be  said  ol 
folk-music,  especially  at  the  present  day. 

Mr.    Sharp    believes    that    folk-music, 
like    Shakespearian    drama,    is     for    "all 
time."     That  may  be  true,  but  cannot  bu 
proved.     Again,  Mr.  Sharp  states  that  a 
composer,  if    he    prefers  to    write   music 
of  his  own  for  the  plays,    can   claim  fulE 
liberty  to    do    so,  "  realizing,"   he   adds. 
'•  of  course,  that  his  own  experiment  will 
sooner  or  later  be  itself  superseded         It 
is,  however,  probable  that  few  realize  thi- 
The    hope — nay,  belief — in  the   ease  eel 
tainly    of    the    greatest    musicians,     that 
they  are  writing  works  w  hich  may  win  for 
them     immortality,    stimulates    and    en- 
courages them.     The  swift  changes  in  tin- 
art  are  too    evident  to    be    ignored,    bul 
reminding    composers  of    these    serves   Qi 
useful  purpose. 

"This,    indeed    [continues    .Mr.    Sharp],    i- 

the  fate  that   has  now   overtaken   Mendel 

sohn's    incidental     music    to    -  A    Midsummei 
Night's  Dream,'  though  it   »"n  'he  adm 
lion  ,,t'  ins  contemporaries,  whose  ideal* 
faithfully  reflected. 

If  by  "  contemporaries  "  Mr.  Sharp 
refers  to  the  general  public,  !><•  is  righl  ; 
bul  it  t<>  notable  contemporary  com- 
posers, we  do  not  agree  \\  ith  him. 
The  reason  of  Mendelssohn's  music  qo 
longer  hem-  -  itisfactory  i-  not  "  because 
it  is  an  oho  of  a  pasl  age,"  f"i  much  older 
music  still  has  li\  ing  force  ;  bul  becaus  . 
Mr.  Sharp  admits,  for  Mendelssohn 
"  the  words  were  mere  pegs  on  which  t«> 


238 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


hang  his  music."  Much  of  the  music  is 
still  enjoyable  in  the  concert-room. 

We  believe  that  the  present  expressive 
powers  of  harmony  and  rhythm,  if  pro- 
perly used,  offer  means  for  writing 
music  which  will  enhance  the  greatness 
of  Shakespeare's  plays.  Mr.  O'Neill,  in 
his  recent  lecture  on  '  Music  to  Stage 
Plays,'  truly  remarked  that  "  almost  all 
of  Shakespeare's  plays  gave  the  composer 
[of  to-day]  opportunities  for  expressing 
himself  appropriately,  if  at  no  great 
length." 

Many  good  composers  have  written 
excellent  music  for  Shakespeare's  plays, 
but  the  fact  that  much  of  it  is  effective 
in  the  concert  -  room  proves  of  itself 
that  it  was  not  of  the  right  kind. 

We  comment  here  on  only  one  or 
two  points,  and  would  like  to  add  that 
the  performance,  including  the  music,  at 
the  Savoy  was  delightful  and  thought- 
prompting.  Any  further  steps  Mr.  Sharp 
may  take  to  illustrate  his  views  will  indeed 
be  welcome. 


'PARSIFAL'     AND    ITS     RECEPTION. 

Perhaps  I  may  be  permitted — as  one  of 
the  many  who  "  receive  '  Parsifal  '  with 
enthusiasm,"  as  mentioned  in  your  excellent 
notice  of  the  performance  in  London — to 
differentiate  the  blind  enthusiasm  of  some 
from  that  which,  for  the  want  of  a  better 
qualifying  word,  I  will  term  the  reasonable 
enthusiasm  of  others.  Having  been  present 
years  ago  at  the  Bayreuth  production,  I  have 
little  doubt  that  the  mixed  feelings  with  which 
I  anticipated  witnessing  a  performance  of 
'  Parsifal  '  in  London  were  fully  shared  by 
others.  It  is  to  me,  however,  very  jileasant  to 
join  in  the  general  congratulations  on  a  con- 
spicuous and  praiseworthy  success. 

Yet  there  are  those,  as  the  writer  of  your 
notice  deprecates,  who  make  "  idle  "  com- 
parisons as  to  '  Parsifal  '  with  other  of 
Wagner's  works.  There  are  those  also, 
more  seriously,  who  plunge  into  the  question 
of  his  ethical  teaching,  and  contrast  its 
value  with  risk  in  stage  representation. 
Of  course,  persons  who  thus  late  in  the 
day  raise  such  questions  forget  that  we 
have  already  accepted  as  operatic  themes 
even  more  objectionable  matter,  and  its 
performance  is  not  winced  at. 

Without  defending  the  representation  of 
questionable  subjects,  one  must  say  that, 
from  an  art  point  of  view  alone,  it  is  not  fair 
to  ban  a  German  mode  of  pointing  a  moral 
from  Wagner  in  a  Tristan  or  a  Parsifal, 
when  we  freely  attend  a  French  musical 
interpretation  of  Goethe  and  witness  the 
fall  of  Marguerite. 

As  to  the  question  of  any  particular  per- 
formance, there  is  much — too  much  to  say 
here ;  but  I  must  take  the  opportunity 
presented  to  refer  to  the  remarkably  mag- 
nificent acting  of  Frau  Riische  Endorf  on 
Thursday  in  last  week  as  Kundry.  I*,  The 
question  naturally  arises  whether,  indeed,  in 
the  strictly  artistic  sense,  the  acting  was  not 
more  than  adequate.  Has  it  come  to  this, 
that,  regardless  of  proportion  and  consist- 
ency with  the  character  of  a  work  like 
'  Parsifal,'  we  are  to  accept  the  fine  imper- 
sonation as  a  necessary  concession  to 
realism,  alike  with  the  beautiful  scenery 
and  even  the  excellently  painted  panorama  ? 

But  what  I  desire  to  say,  and  especially 
emphasize,  is  in  relation  to  the  enthusiasm 
for    Wagner's    works    being    sustained    or 


sustainable.  I  think  it  is  admitted  that  the 
emotional  strain  of  such  a  work  as  '  Parsifal ' 
creates  very  great  physical  exhaustion ;  and 
although,  as  we  are  told,  "  a  genius  must 
be  taken  as  he  is,  not  as  some  would  like 
him  to  be,"  that  dictum,  in  the  present 
case,  is  not  without  risk  to  his  continued 
popularity. 

Our  critic  does  not  fail  to  point  out  that 
there  are  more  causes  for  the  exhaustion 
we  suffer  in  '  The  Ring,'  and  of  a  far  more 
inexcusable  nature,  than  in  the  instance 
of  Gurnemanz  in  '  Parsifal,'  who  ad- 
mittedly is  necessary  to  an  extent,  in  the 
Greek  sense,  in  his  chorus  role.  Yet,  after 
all,  this  is  caviare  to  the  general,  who  would 
prefer  to  take  many  things  for  granted, 
rather  than  endure  lengthened  boredom 
long  drawn  out.  We  know  that  the  general 
verdict  in  regard  to  this  would  include 
passages  in  many  works  of  our  great  com- 
poser besides  '  The  Ring  '  and  the  product 
of  his  later  years.  In  too  many  cases  the 
length  and  strenuous  character  of  the  music 
impose  a  tax  on  the  listener  which  militates 
against  appreciation  or  enjoyment. 

Now  I  am  merely  echoing  sentiments  I 
heard  expressed  in  the  theatre  the  other 
night  when  I  repeat  :  "  Why  cannot  we 
have  a  more  popular  and  condensed  ver- 
sion ?  "  I  am  almost  afraid  the  heterodox 
thought  is  anathema,  but  certainly  it  is 
widely  participated  in.  A  friend  and  com- 
panion at  Thursday's  performance  voiced  a 
practical  suggestion  in  his  question  :  "  Why 
cannot  we,  who  are  still  alive  to  enjoy  it,  and 
know  the  men — happily  still  alive — who 
could,  having  known  Wagner,  do  the  work 
reverently,  save  him  from  himself  by  dis- 
creetly cutting  out  his  boring  passages  ?  " 
Wagner's  music  is  too  emotional  to  be  ever 
lost  sight  of,  and  to  share  the  limbo  of  for- 
gotten contrapuntal  operas ;  his  works  will 
be  played  for  many  years  to  come ;  they  will 
fade  in  interest,  and  then  there  will  be  a 
time  of  revival,  when  those  who  knew  him 
not,  nor  will  know  nor  care  for  his  or  our 
traditions,  will  assuredly  and  fatally  score 
and  prune  his  scores,  not  reverently,  but 
probably  damning  by  giving  a  false  im- 
pression of  the  work  of  the  man  whose 
genius  it  should  be  our  effort  to  save  from 
its  redundancy,  exaggeration,  and  insist- 
ence. Philip  H.  Newman. 


SHAKESPEARE    AND   FOLK-MUSIC. 

The  thoughtful  paper  by  Mr.  Cecil  Sharp 
is  good  to  read.  He  boldly  faces  a  problem 
which  has  outfaced  most  musicians  this  three 
hundred  years.  In  folk-tunes  he  finds  its 
solution.  There  is  much  to  be  said  for  this 
theory,  but  there  are  some  thorns  in  the  way 
of  it, 

It  would  cut  out  altogether  such  gems  of 
music  as  Schubert's  "Who  is  Sylvia?" 
(most  perfectly  adapted  to  Mr.  Sharp's 
views  of  not  repeating  the  words  unneces- 
sarily,) "Hark,  hark,  the  lark!"  &c.  It 
seems  to  have  cut  out  Mendelssohn's  music 
to  '  The  Midsummer  Night's  Dream.'  This 
is  surely  a  very  sorry  decision.  The  Over- 
ture is  one  of  the  most  delightful  pieces  of 
fairy  music  ever  written,  and  the  four  chords 
which  announce  the  Overture  and  close  the 
play  with  Puck's  words  are,  in  their  very 
fashion,  supreme.  How  many  have  copied 
Mendelssohn's  fairy  music  !  Of  course, 
most  of  the  incidental  music  is  impossible— 
to  English  people.  It  was  not  to  German. 
And  the  resolute  elimination  of  such  fungus 
as  "I  know  a  bank  "  is  a  self-evident  boon. 

I  am  leaving  out  many  things  to  return 
to  the  English  folk-song  point  of  view. 
While  I  most  thoroughly  agree  with  Mr. 
Sharp  in  the  main,  I  think  there  are  some 


difficulties.  Folk-music  is  itself  open  to 
query  very  often.  Many  examples  come  to 
mind  at  once.  It  is  very  well  that  Mr. 
Sharp  proposes  to  keep  all  the  genuine 
Shakespeare  music.  We  could  scarcely  do 
without  Morley's  "It  was  a  lover  and  his 
lass,"  for  instance;  but  if  the  traditional  tune 
(printed  in  1599)  to  the  clown's  song  in 
'  Twelfth  Night  '  be  anything  like  its  tradi- 
tion, we  can  only  pray  to  be  saved  from  it. 

The  Shakespeare  glory  could  not  be  dead, 
one  would  think,  less  than  seventy  years 
after  his  death.  Yet  if  we  compare  Purcell's 
setting  (e.g.)  of  "Come  unto  these  yellow 
sands  "  with  the  modern  attempt  of  Sullivan, 
we  can  only  be  amazed.  It  is  true  that 
Purcell  wrote  for  Shadwell's  adaptation  of 
'  The  Tempest  '  (1690),  but  the  fact  remains 
that  the  later  delicate  work  of  Sullivan  is 
far  the  better  of  the  two.  Sullivan  was  very 
happy  in  some  of  Shakespeare's  songs. 
Compare  the  "  traditional  "  clown's  song 
(mentioned  above)  in  '  Twelfth  Night  '  with 
Sullivan's  delightful  mocking  melody. 

These  be  small  matters.  The  thanks  of  all 
are  due  to  a  new  experiment  in  what  Mi'. 
Cecil  Sharp  wisely  says  is  an  essential  of 
the    Shakespearian  drama. 

George  Marshall. 


Jltustral   dnssip. 

'  Tristan  und  Isolde  '  was  given  on 
Wednesday  evening  at  Co  vent  Garden, 
and  the  rapt  silence  during  the  performance 
was  far  more  eloquent  than  the  applause  at 
the  end  of  each  act.  Frau  Eva  von  der 
Osten  as  Kundry  proved  herself  a  great 
artist,  but  the  best  artists  are  not  always 
at  their  best  in  every  part  they  under- 
take. In  the  first  trying  act  she  sang 
with  unwonted  clearness,  power,  and  true 
intonation  ;  while  in  the  second  charm  and 
tenderness  were  not  lacking.  Herr  Jacques 
Urlus  was  an  excellent  Tristan,  though  his 
voice  is  not  so  rich  as  that  of  his  partner. 
The  whole  cast  was  good.  Mr.  Albert  Coates, 
the  new  conductor,  who  holds  a  high  position 
at  St.  Petersburg,  greatly  distinguished 
himself  ;  and  the  way  in  which  he  helped 
the  singers  by  reducing  the  tone  at  times 
almost  to  a  whisper  was  a  notable  feature. 
Frau  Osten  was,  in  fact,  the  most  impres- 
sive Isolde  we  have  heard  since  Frau 
Ternina. 

The  sixth  concert  of  the  London  Sym- 
phony Orchestra  at  Queens  Hall  on  Monday 
evening  last  was  interesting,  especially  to 
those  who  follow  the  evolution  (not  neces- 
sarily progress)  of  the  art  since  the  classical 
period  ;  for  the  programme  included  Beet- 
hoven's '  Pastoral  Symphony,'  the  work 
which  seems  to  give  the  composer's  sanction 
to  programme  music  of  the  realistic  order. 
There  are  in  it  certain  touches  of  the  kind, 
but  they  have  been  more  talked  about  than 
the  important  words  written  by  Beethoven 
in  which  he  describes  the  music  as  "expres- 
sion of  feeling  rather  than  tone-painting." 
Realism  dates  from  before  Bach  and  Handel, 
and  all  great  composers  have  made  use 
of  it.  Beethoven's  Birds  offer  a  weak 
specimen,  but  the  Storm  one  of  the  strongest. 
The  performance  of  the  Symphony  under  the 
direction  of  Herr  Fritz  Steinbach  was  excel- 
lent. 

Herr  Bronislaw  Huberman  played  the 
Brahms  '  Violin  Concerto.'  The  tone  was 
scratchy,  and  the  reading,  at  any  rate  of  the 
first  movement,  jerky.  There  may,  however, 
have  been  something  wrong  with  his  strings, 
for  Herr  Huberman  left  the  platform  for  a 
few  minutes  after  the  second  movement  had 
begun. 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1014 


TIIK     ATI!  EN  ZEU  M 


239 


The  oative  novelty  at  the  concert  of  the 
Royal  Philharmonic  Society  on  the  i;)thinst. 
will  be  an  'Irish  Rhapsody'  by  Sir  Charles 
Stanford,  which,  if  one  may  judge  from  hi* 
previous  Rhapsodies,  promises  to  be  of  no 
little  interest.  It  hasasub-title  'The  Fisher- 
man of  Lough  Neagh  and  What  He  Saw.' 
and  in  addition  hears  as  motto  "  Land  of 
Song,"  &C.,  the  second  halt  of  the  first  stanza 
Of  Moore's  '  .Minstrel  Hoy.'      Three  folk-tunes 

from  Ulster  furnish  thematic  material     The 

composer  himself  tells  us  that  the  poetic 
basis  of  the  work  is  the  fisherman's  "  vision 
(if  the  triumph  of  heroism"  :  and  at  the  end 
of  his  score  he  has  written  "  Dark  and  true 
and  tender  is  the  North."  He  seems  there- 
fore to  have  done  much,  d  la  Gluck,  to 
prepare  his  audience  for  the  character  of  the 
music 

Beethovkn's  '  Christus  am  Oelberge,' 
according  to  Ries,  was  completed  in  1800, 
anil  produced  three  years  later.  The  text  by 
Franz  Huber,  and  Beethoven's  music,  were 
both  written  rapidly,  and  the  composer 
did  not  regard  the  latter  as  by  any  means 
a  masterpiece.  That  may  explain  why  it 
had  not  been  heard  in  London  for  very 
many  years  until  last  Wednesday,  when 
it  was  performed  by  the  London  Choral 
Society  at  Queen's  Hall  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Arthur  Fagge.  The  instrumental 
introduction  and  the  closing  "  Hallelujah  " 
chorus  are  the  strongest  movements  ;  the 
latter  is  somewhat  Handelian.  Mr.  Fagge 
perhaps  selected  the  work  to  show  that 
Beethoven  could  write  uninspired  as  well  as 
inspired  music.  The  latter  was  shown  in 
the  great  '  Missa  So lemnis  '  which  followed. 
The  choral  singing  was  very  good. 

'  In  the  Clouds,'  a  pleasing  fantasy  of 
music  and  mirth  in  two  scenes,  written  and 
produced  by  Mr.  Alfred  de  Manby  and  Mr. 
Bertrand  Davis,  with  music  by  M.  Jacques 
tioi.  was  introduced  into  the  afternoon 
programme  of  the  Palladium  on  Monday 
and  Wednesday  last. 

Mi "sical   enthusiasts   may   be    glad    to 

know     that     last     week's    number    of     The 

Musical    Standard    is    specially    devoted    to 

1'arsifal.'    being  illustrated  with  a  portrait 

I     several     caricatures     of     Wagner.      It 

.Is  with   '  Parsifal '  from  many  points  of 

w,  including  the  beginnings  of  '  Parsifal,' 

'Parsifal'    at    Bayreuth   in    1882,   the   full 

•  v  of  the  music-drama,  and  other  articles 

upon  the  philosophy  and  history  of  the  work. 

Thf:  music  of  'The  Joy  Ride  Lady,' which 

>  be  produced  at  the  New  Theatre  next 

turday  evening,  is  by  Jean  Gilbert,  who  is 

"  the  most  popular  light-opera 

composer  in  Germany."  Jf  the  new"musical 

has  work  which  is  at  once  tuneful  and 

kingly  original,  it   will   have  a   marked 

advantage  over  its  contemporaries. 


- 

»  rn. 

lllLR 

1 

6.T. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 

A  Royal  Allien  Hall. 

^ueen*  Hall. 
Ballad  Concert.  7.  Queen's  Hall 

"T»l  Optra,  l.'ovent  Garden 

bam'i  Pianoforte  Recital.  ;   Ht-inwar  HalL 
Tt«  f  raneall  .way  Hall. 

Lula  Mjm  Qmeioer'i  s-nz  Radial.  8.18,  Bachitain  Mall. 
H-nn- '  n'l  Pianoforte  Recll  il.  -.;',.  fiollan  Hall 

(.hriitian  In-.  moforte  Rent  il,  130,  Btelni 

I  Borwlck'i  Pianoforte  Recital,  :.  .Kolian  HaH. 
Katb  uim  K  t.-i,,  h.,11 

wo  \  i.'li  mfl  Violin  !<•  a  HalL 

i  Twelve  o'clock*'  Chamber  Concert.  /RoUan  HalL 
Lena  Kentu  Vocal  Recital.  S.30,  Baror  Hotel. 
Kojal  Philharn,'  •  Hall. 

Madame  Le  Grand  Reed*  noun  Kecital,  f  19.  BecbJteln  Hall 
'Hire  Brrne'a  Pianofort-  I  ,.t»ln  Hall. 

M  irla  I  -ri  .  .■.<•*>•  il  ill. 

Lond       -  Hall 

Pauline  Tbeurer  i  ilu^n  Holer  •  Vocal  and  Piano- 

forte  BacdtaL  I  IS.  M  lian  Hall. 

rha|ipell  Ballad  f'ori'-rrt   KJ  IUI1. 

El-ir  H  ..ii)  ir»p 

Gwjnnr  Kn  ,  Hall 

L'icy    P  iRreen  and  Thorruu  Fujeell  •  Pianoforte  an 
Recital.  3  U,  Bechtteln  Hall. 


I   Violn    J 


DRAMA 

The    Drama   To-day.      By   Charlton   An- 
drews.    (Lippincott,  0*.  net.) 

"  Tiikki:  is  no  brief  compendium  of  the 
drama  to-day,  as  it  is  practised,  not  only 
in  England  and  America,  but  also  upon 
the  Continent,"  is  the  author's  apologia. 
His  qualifications  for  the  task  are  in- 
complete in  one  important  respect — he 
cannot  divest  himself  of  the  influence  of 
the  popular  mind.  His  judgments  are  the 
judgments  of  the  crowd,  and  whatever 
is  unfamiliar  to  him  he  is  inclined  to 
belittle,  if  not  to  misrepresent.  Mr. 
Andrews  is  consequently  at  his  best  when 
dealing  with  American  drama.  After  a 
brief  survey  he  is  forced  to  the  uncomfort- 
able conclusion  : — 

"  Our  stage  to-day  is,  for  the  most  part, 
thoroughly  Belascoized.  That  means  that 
commercial  rather  than  artistic  ideals  too 
often  animate  our  producers,  authors,  and 
players  ;  that  novelty  is  more  sought  after 
than  any  real  criticism  or  reflection  of  life  ; 
that  theatrical  effectiveness — the  '  punch  ' 
— is  often  considered  more  desirable  than 
truth." 

Nevertheless,  Mr.  Andrews  has  little  to 
say  in  commendation  of  those  who  leave 
the  beaten  track.  He  confesses  to  some 
degree  of  admiration  for  Sir  A.  W.  Pinero 
and  Sudermann,  but  more  daring  experi- 
mentalists leave  him  horror-stricken.  He 
writes  of  "  the  close  and  stuffy  atmo- 
sphere of  Ibsen,  the  misty,  sickly  gloom 
of  Maeterlinck,  the  loathsome  putrescence 
of  Hauptmann,"  and  so  on.  A  state- 
ment characteristic  of  his  outlook  is 
that  '  Maeterlinck's  reputation  as  a 
playwright  chiefly  rests  upon  '  Monna 
Vanna  '  and  '  The  Blue  Bird.'  He  can, 
at  any  rate,  understand  a  children's 
play,  although  the  discarnate  souls  and 
the  incarnate  symbols  of  which  the  main 
body  of  the  Belgian's  work  consists  are 
entirely  beyond  his  comprehension.  He 
gently  reproves  Ibsen  and  his  successors 
for  venturing  to  strike  out  into  the  un- 
known :  "  Mysticism  and  symbolism  are 
dangerous  tools  for  dramatists  to  play 
with,  especially  in  combination  with  each 
other  and  with  realism." 

This  opposition  to  innovations,  added 
to  a  contempt  for  the  existing  order  of 
things,  is  not  calculated  to  make  the 
chapter  'Prospective'  altogether  exhila- 
rating. Only  by  the  coming  forward  of 
people  with  "souls  above  dollars"  is 
there  any  likelihood  of  a  permanent 
improvement.  But  with  the  extremely 
limited  scope  grant*  d  them  by  the  author, 

we  fail  to  understand  how  the  soulful  rich 

are  to  be  of  any  use  to  the  drama.  NTor 
do  we  see  much  point  in  the  author's 
suggestion   thai    kinematograph    theatres 

should     I)'-     endowed     by     millionaires     or 

municipalities.  The  organization  of  the 
[rish  Theatre,  with  its  freely  given  Ben  ice, 
is     regarded     by    Mr.    Andrews    as     the 

mo-t   hopeful  oi    auspices.      This   may  well 

be,  but  can  America  father  a  nationalist 
in'  n»  ' 
The  book   i>  a   valuable  illustration  of 
the  deadening  effects  upon  criticism  of  a 


monotonous  environment.  While  Ameri- 
can dramatists  are  enthusiastically  spe- 
cializing in  melodrama,  and  seeking 
for  extravagant  additions  to  the  long 
tale  of  stage  thrills,  we  can  scarcely 
expect  American  critics  to  appreciate  the 
things  they  have  not  seen,  or  the  tenden- 
cies they  have  not  felt. 


'A  MIDSUMMKi;    MO  I  ITS   DREAM' 
AT   THE    SAVON. 

There  is  no  play  from  which  one  can  draw 
more  justification  than  from  'A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream  '  for  bringing 
together,  out  of  any  country  or  time  or 
mythology  one  likes,  details  to  comp 
or  to  decorate  the  production.  Mr. 
Granville  Barker  has  availed  himself 
gallantly  of  this  liberty.  There  is  hardly 
any  idiom  of  pictorial  art  of  which  some 
trace  may  not  be  discovered  in  the 
rendering  of  the  '  Dream  '  now  being 
given  at  the  Savoy  ;  and  so  strongly  are 
all  the  diverse  elements  suffused  with  the 
peculiar  qualities  of  twentieth-century 
imagination,  that,  for  the  most  part,  they 
appear  as  natural  in  their  places  as  stones 
do  in  some  elaborately  wrought  setting 
of  gold. 

Gold  is  one  of  the  prevailing  ideas  of 
the  play  :  every  one  knows  by  this  time 
that  a  golden  Oberon  and  Titania  reign 
over  a  population  of  golden  fairies.  There 
is  something  a  little  trying,  especially  for 
Titania,  in  the  high  lights  that  come  on 
the  shiny  golden  faces,  and  in  the  scene 
with  Bottom  one  has  almost  a  surfeit  of 
gold  ;  but  the  first  scene  in  which  the 
fairy  nation  appears  is  a  triumphantly 
beautiful  spectacle,  nor  can  it  be  denied 
that  by  this  device  they  are  admirably 
separated  from  the  human  inhabitants 
of  the  country. 

Mr.  Dennis  Xeilson- Terry  made  an 
ideally  graceful  and  majestic  Oberon. 
and  Miss  Christine  Silver's  Titania  was 
no  less  charming  ;  but  both  alike  illus- 
trated one  of  the  weaknesses  of  the  pro- 
duction— the  uneven  and  inadequate 
treatment  of  the  verse  of  the  play.  One 
•_r''ts  irresistibly  the  impression  that  these 
actors  belong,  by  instinct,  so  to  speak, 
to  a  school  of  drama  so  widely  diffen  nt 
from  the  drama  of  pure  poetry  thai  they 
are  embarrassed  by  the  very  Loveliness 
of  the  lines  they  have  to  speak.  They 
have  no  convention  to  serve  them,  and 
seem  to  have  no  exact  conception  of  their 
function.  This  weakness,  apparent  even 
amid  the  unfailing  grace  of  diet  ion  in 
Titania  and  Oberon.  was  much    more  con 

spicuous    in    Puck.     Puck     as  th< 

clou  of  the  play  -was  assimilati  d  to  the 
human  beings  in  his  "  gel  up,"  allow.  .1 
to  retain  his  natural  compL  nion  end 
dressi  d  in  si  irlel  with  black  trimmin 
.Mr.  I  ronald  ( lalthrop  worked  hard,  and 
then-  was  no  lackof  happy  touches,  bu«  he 
never  seemed  to  hil  the  mark.  Mi-  g<  m 
appt  arance    su  mbinat 

Paderev  ski  and  Rti  nw  w<  [pet  •    w  hich  in 
n   we  cannot   but   think  unfortunate. 
There  was  no  touch    in   him  of  genuine, 
spontaneous   misohievousness,  or  of   the 


240 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


woodland  spirit,  or  of  rustic  humour.  He 
was  nearer  a  clown  than  an  elf,  and  despite 
his  praiseworthy  antics  suggested  more 
-distinctly  than  did  any  other  figure 
indoor  life — the  life  of  a  comfortable, 
bourgeois  interior,  from  which,  like  a 
naughty  boy,  he  had  run  away  without 
his  hat.  This  jarred  against  the  verses 
provided  for  him :  these,  indeed,  he 
rendered  on  occasion  admirably,  but  even 
more  unequally  than  the  others,  and  some- 
times actually  with  heaviness — which  is 
the  more  pity  because  the  play,  as  a  plajr, 
depends  greatly  on  the  satisfactoriness  of 
Puck. 

The  night-scene,  with  the  "  bank  where- 
on the  wild  thyme  blows,"  was  charming. 
Mr.  Nigel  Playfair  as  Bottom  was  great, 
and  in  general  Quince  (Mr.  Arthur 
Whitby),  Snug  (Mr.  Neville  Gartside), 
Flute  (Mr.  Leon  Quartermaine),  Snout 
■(Mr.  Stratton  Rodney),  and  Starveling 
(Mr.  H.  O.Nicholson)  were  all  that  could 
Tr>e  desired.  Mr.  Baliol  Holloway  as 
Theseus  started  rather  woodenly,  but  im- 
proved in  everyway  as  the  play  went  on. 
Miss  Laura  Cowie's  Hermia  contributed 
the  most  markedly  "  twentieth-century  " 
■element  to  the  whole.  Her  appearance 
was  like  a  resume  in  one  person  of  the 
prettiest  and  most  up-to-date  ladies  on 
recent  posters,  and  her  playing  was  delight- 
ful. Miss  Lillah  McCarthy  gave  Helena 
&  dignity  which  redeemed  the  absur- 
dity of  the  part  by  rendering  the  incon- 
gruity just  faintly  distressing — an  effect 
which  was  excellently  calculated,  being 
nowhere  over-emphasized. 

The  last  act,  where  the  ducal  party 
recline  on  couches  in  front  of  the  stage, 
with  their  backs  to  the  auditorium, 
and  watch  '  Pyramus  and  Thisbe  '  per- 
formed on  the  terrace  of  the  palace,  is 
one  of  the  most  admirably  devised  and 
most  tellingly  enacted  scenes  of  recent 
contrivance,  and  the  close  of  the  play  is 
beautifully,  if  a  little  over-seriously 
imagined. 

The  total  impression  it  leaves  with  one 
is  that  of  something  in  itself  rich,  graceful, 
and  authentic  as  a  work  of  art,  but  having 
in  many  parts  as  slender  a  relation  as  is 
well  possible  to  the  spirit  of  the  play  as 
it  is  expressed  in  the  text,  and  diverging 
from  it  chiefly  in  the  direction  of  too  much 
solemnity. 


Bramattc   Gossip. 

'The  Melting-Pot,  '  Mr.  ZangwhTs 
remarkable  racial  play  recently  introduced 
to  an  English  audience  by  the  Play  Actors, 
is  now  being  presented  to  a  larger  public 
at  the  Queen's  Theatre.  Its  many  interest- 
ing features  should  commend  it  to  those 
to  whom  the  theatre  does  not  ordinarily 
make  a  great  appeal.  A  second  visit  only 
•deepens  the  impression  of  its  sincerity  and 
vitality. 

Miss  Nolan  O'Connor  as  the  Irish  maid- 
■of-all-work.  Miss  Inez  Bensusan  as  the  old 
.Jewess,  Mr.  Clifton  Alderson,  and  Miss 
( Jillian  Scaife  were  all  in  the  original  cast, 
as  was  also  Miss  Phyllis  Relph,  who  now 
acts  with  additional  distinction  the  part  of 
Vera  Revendal.  Mr.  Walter  Whiteside, 
who  replaces  Mr.   Harold  Chapin  as  David 


Quixano,  musical  genius  and  prophet,  has 
played  that  character  during  the  long 
American  run  which  preceded  the  English 
production.  His  is  a  striking  performance, 
obviously  founded  on  careful  study.  He 
never  quite  convinces  us,  however,  of  the 
boy's  genius,  and  does  little  to  sustain  the 
illusion  of  his  virtuosity.  The  festal  music 
played  "on  "  is  a  poor  piece  of  mimicry. 
The  high  spirits,  too,  which,  according  to 
the  author's  direction,  his  entry  is  supposed 
to  bring,  are  but  faintly  suggested,  and  the 
tender  passages  as  he  interprets  them  are 
apt  to  provoke  a  smile  from  the  unkind. 

Mr.  Edward  Cass,  by  another  change  in 
the  programme,  plays  the  Russian  baron, 
director  of  the  Kishineff  massacres,  the 
grim  tragedy  described  with  such  awful 
intensity  by  David.  Here  Mr.  Whiteside 
excelled. 

Five  years  ago  the  People's  Free  Theatre 
Company  was  founded  by  Miss  Gwendolen 
Bishop  in  order  to  present  masterpieces  of 
classical  drama  to  working-class  audiences, 
and  the  response  has  been  most  encouraging 
from  the  start.  The  play  selected  this  year 
is  Euripides's  '  Trojan  Women,'  and  the 
first  performance  took  place  last  Saturday 
at  the  Mansfield  House  University  Settle- 
ment in  Canning  Town.  The  play  was 
simply  and  barely  presented  against  a  back- 
ground of  drab  hangings,  which  harmonized 
well  with  its  unrelieved  gloom.  Miss  Jean- 
ette  Sherwin  sustained  the  exacting  part 
of  Hecuba  with  remarkable  flexibility  of 
voice  and  expression  ;  whilst  the  intensity 
of  her  scorn  for  Odysseus  and  her  fierce 
invective  against  Helen  compelled  admira- 
tion. Miss  Sherwin  should  be  heard  of  in 
the  future. 

Miss  Bishop  gave  a  gravely  tender  render- 
ing of  Andromache  ;  and  Astyanax,  delight- 
fully played  by  a  boy  of  six,  added  a  much- 
needed  human  touch  to  the  play.  The 
actors  did  justice  to  the  music  of  Prof. 
Gilbert  Murray's  translation,  and  it  was  not 
their  fault  if  occasionally  the  click  of  a 
rhyme  seemed  to  detract  a  little  from  the 
dignity  of  tragedy. 

It  should  be  added  that  the  audience  were 
very  quiet  during  the  play,  and  enthu- 
siastic afterwards.  Though  their  impression 
might  be  somewhat  confused,  it  was  evident 
that  they  hard  felt  the  beauty  and  the  pathos 
of  the  play.  Miss  Bishop's  belief  in  the 
ability  of  the  working-classes  to  appreciate 
the  best  in  art  was  justified,  as  it  has  been 
before. 

Canon  Hannay's  '  General  John  Regan  ' 
is  having  in  the  West  of  Ireland  a  curiously 
diversified  reception.  At  Westport.  where 
the  author  was  rector  for  twenty-one  years, 
the  audience  became  strangely  infuriated, 
rushed  the  stage,  set  themselves  to  destroy 
the  scenery,  and  in  particular  attacked  the 
actor  who  was  playing  the  Roman  priest, 
tore  off  his  collar,  and  solemnly  burnt  it. 
The  police  were  quite  unable  to  control  the 
crowd,  which  yielded  only  to  the  remon- 
strances of  the  Administrator  of  Westport, 
Father  Canavan. 

The  other  towns  visited  by  the  play  in  its 
tour  were  Kilkenny,  Galway,  Castlebar, 
Ennis,  and  Sligo.  At  the  last  two  it  met 
with  a  welcome,  at  Kilkenny  with  only  half 
approval ;  Galway  was  unfriendly,  and 
Castlebar  even  hostile.  The  explanation 
offered  by  the  press  is  that  the  people  are 
sensitive  about  representations  on  the  stage 
of  the  Roman  priesthood,  and  in  some  places 
more  acutely  so  than  in  others. 

Sib  George  Alexander  proposes,  when 
j  the  run  of  '  The  Attack  '  is  finished  at  the 
j  St.    James's,    to   follow   it   with    '  The   Two 
Virtues,'  a  play  by  Mr.  Alfred  Sutro. 


On  Saturday  next  Mr.  Cyril  Harcourt's 
comedy  '  A  Pair  of  Silk  Stockings  '  begins 
at  the  Criterion. 

At  the  Royalty  '  The  Pursuit  of  Pamela  ' 
ends  on  the  same  day.  Its  place  will  be 
taken  a  week  later  by  '  Peggy  and  h^r  Hus- 
band,' a  comedy  by  Mr.  Joseph  Keating. 

The  next  production  of  "  The  Play 
Actors  "  will  be  '  The  King,'  a  play  by 
Bjornson,  translated  by  Mr.  P'arquharson 
Sharp.  This  will  be  given  on  the  night  of 
Sundav.  the  22nd  inst.,  and  the  following 
day  in  the  afternoon. 

A  rather  interesting  case  on  copyright  in 
plays  was  concluded  last  week,  when  judg- 
ment was  given  for  Mr.  Robbins,  the  defend- 
ant, against  Miss  Rosemary  Rees,  who 
alleged  that,  his  play  '  The  Beggar  Girl's 
Wedding  '  was  taken  from  a  work  of  her  own. 
The  most  instructive  part  of  the  proceedings 
was  the  illustration  afforded  of  the  strict 
continuance  of  a  rigid  and  elaborate  con- 
vention in  what  Mr.  Justice  Warrington 
called  "  the  class  of  rough  or  East-End 
melodrama."  His  lordship  gave  a  full  and 
neat  account  of  the  convention — the  three 
pairs  of  characters  :  hero  and  heroine ; 
inale  and  female  villains ;  and  the  two 
"  comics,"  whose  function  is  to  relieve  the 
melodramatic  gloom,  and  also  "  to  hold  the 
stage  •  in  front  while  something  happened 
behind  which  might  disturb  a  more  serious 
act."  To  these  must  be  added  the  second 
leading  lady  and  gentleman,  who  assist 
generally,  and  the  "  character  "  part,  to 
which  is  commonly  annexed  an  inconvenient 
acquaintance  with  past  details  of  the  villain's 
career.  A  point  perhaps  less  generally 
familiar,  which  the  Judge  brought  out,  is 
the  convention  that  one  move  of  the  villain 
should  be  defeated  at  the  end  of  each  act. 
Like  a  Greek  tragedy,  this  "  rough  East-End 
melodrama  "  depends  more  on  the  satis- 
faction of  time-honoured  expectations  than 
on  evoking  surprise  at  novelty. 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  notice  Mr.  Justice 
Warrington's  reiteration  of  what  had  been 
admitted  in  Corelli  v.  Gray,  that  a  copyright 
is  not  infringed  if  the  same  result  is  reached 
from  independent  sources,  so  that  a  de- 
fendant produces  something  like  the  work  of 
a  plaintiff. 


To  Correspondents.— H.  H.  J.— W.  B.— J.  M.  B.— 
D.  A.  T— J    H. -Received. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


PAOE 

Authors'  Agents        217 

Catalogues         ..  218 

Church  League  for  Women's  Suffrage      ..        ..244 

CLARK  219 

Educational       217 

Eno's  Fruit  Salt  242 

Gardner,  Darton  &  Co 241 

Grevel  &  Co.      .  219 

Heath,  Cranton  &  Ouseley         241 

Heffer  <fe  Sons  242 

Heinemann  241 

Inquirer -       ■•  243 

Jenkins ~        •-        ••  2-°, 

Lectures  ~        -        -.21/ 

Macmillan  &  Co 220 

Miscellaneous 21' 

Printers  217 

Provident  Institutions 242 

Putnam's  Sons 243 

Sales  by  Auction       218 

Saturday  Review       243 

Scott         220 

Shipping  -        242 

Situations  Vacant 217 

Situations  Wanted 217 

Societies  ..        _        217 

Times  Book  Club        219 

Type-Writers,  &c 217 

Whitaker  _        243 


No.  4503,  Feb.  14,  1914 


THE     A  Til  ENiEUM 


241 


FROM 


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THEOLOGICAL   SUPPLEMENT. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


The  Task  of  Theology  in  the  Twentieth  Century  245 
Modern  Views  and  Discissions  (The  Interregnum  ; 
Churches  in  the  Modern  State  ;  Studies  in  Modern- 
ism ;  sturiies  in  New  Testament  Thought ;  Manuals 
for  Christian  Thinkers ;  Latest  Light  on  Bible 
Lands  ;  Relations  of  Science  and  Religion  ;  Faith 
and  Reality  ;  Our  Task  in  India)        . .  246—249 

The  Old  Tkstament  (The  Faith  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment ;  Layman's  Old  Testament ;  Religious  Ideas 
of  the  Old  Testament ;  Literature  of  the  Old 
Testament ;  Commentary  on  Ezra  and  Nehemiah) 

250—251 

The  Message  of  Jesus  (The  Last  Discourse  of  our 
Lord  ;  The  Esoh:itology  of  Jesus ;  Unwritten  Say- 
ings of  our  Lord) 252—254 

St.  Pail  and  the  Early  Church  (The  Teaching  of 
Paul ;  St.  Paul  and  Mvsterv-Religions ;  Rome, 
St.  Paul,  and  the  Early  Church)         ..        ..      254—256 

Mf.mbers  One  of  Another         256 


THE  TASK  OF  THEOLOGY  IX   THE 
TWENTIETH   CENTURY. 

Many  proofs  come  before  us  of  interest 
in  religion  ;  and  therewith  in  theology, 
which  is  an  attempt  (never  quite  successful) 
to  state  religion  in  scientific  terms.  Books 
on  all  sides  of  this  topic  would  not  con- 
tinue to  be  published  in  such  numbers 
were  there  not  readers  for  some  of  them. 
No  single  point  of  view  may  be 
accepted  by  all,  or  even  predominantly. 
Still,  one  may  be  certain  that  so  vast 
an  output  implies  a  very  widespread 
interest.  Tiiis  is  the  more  noteworthy  as 
many  nowadays  treat  theology  as  entirely 
outworn,  a  mere  survival  with  no  attrac- 
tion for  any  modern  man  or  woman.  That 
(  mnot  be  the  case.  This  wide  and  diverse 
literature  must  perforce  have  a  public 
tar  more  varied  than  the  spinsters  of 
Bournemouth  or  the  curates  of  Plymouth. 
The  books  which  form  the  matter  of  this 
Supplement  give  some  notion  of  the  width 
ami  ran'_r»-  of  the  subjects  now  treated 
under  the  head  of  theology.  In  truth,  the 
1.  i  -would  find  himself  deceived  if  he 
wen-  limited  in  his  notice  even  by  a 
list  so  comprehensive. 

Theology  being  a  departmental  study 
concerned  only  with  its  own  interests; 
rather  it  involves — directly  or  indirectly 
— nearly  every  branch  of  human  science. 
What  is  less  patent  in  these  books 
i-  the  iK-aring  on  it  of  the  kindred 
pursuits  of  art  and  literature.  No  greater 
error  can  be  made  than  that  of  i'_rnorin'_r 
the  importance,  for  the  religions  in- 
'igator,  of  artistic  and  poetic  ideals. 
Th<-  renaissance  of  poetry,  about  which 
we  hear  so  much,  is  a  part  of  the  same 
spiritual  movement  which  displays  itself 
on  another  side  as  a  revival  in  religions 
interest. 


Experts  in  criticism  or  comparative 
religion  —  and  especially  the  theological 
schools  of  the  Universities — are,  in  our 
judgment,  making  a  great  mistake  in 
ignoring  the  religious  significance  of  writers 
like  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  or  books  like  the 
anthology  of  '  Georgian  Poetry.'  One  of 
the  first  elements  in  the  equipment  of 
every  modern  theologian  ought  to  be  a 
first-hand  acquaintance  with  the  popular 
novels  and  dramas  of  the  day.  Religion, 
when  it  is  vital,  tends  ever  to  be  pro- 
phetic ;  and  who  shall  deny  the  prophetic 
character  to  many  of  our  best-known 
writers  ? 

For,  as  we  have  said,  this  revived  in- 
terest in  religion  is  a  fact.  It  need  not, 
and  does  not  always,  mean  a  revived 
orthodoxy,  though  doubtless  orthodox 
Christianity  reaps  part  of  the  harvest  of 
the  new  spirit.  It  does  not  always  mean 
religious  belief,  even  of  the  nebulous  kind  ; 
for  it  can  be  fostered  out  of  purely 
scientific  curiosity,  as  the  study  of  a 
human  phenomenon,  all  the  more  attractive 
if  the  student  happens  to  think  that  we 
are  at  the  end  of  a  specifically  religious 
force.  This  is  most  apparent  in  fields 
such  as  those  of  the  comparative  study 
of  early  religions  and  in  some  of  the. works 
on  the  "  Psychology  of  Religious  Experi- 
ence." But  the  point  to  note  is  the  selection 
of  this  interest  by  an  increasing  number 
of  persons,  and  the  vast  amount  of  new 
knowledge,  both  external  and  internal, 
that  is  pouring  in  upon  the  world.  There 
is  new  historical  knowledge,  new  anthropo- 
logical knowledge,  new  psychological  know- 
ledge, and  fresh  knowledge  of  texts  and 
documents  ;  besides  the  vast  increase  in 
range  of  Oriental  studies,  and  the  expan- 
sion of  our  acquaintance  with  the  mystery- 
religions. 

It  is  impossible  to  say  in  what  way 
this  vast  inrush  of  knowledge  is  going 
to  affect  traditional  standpoints.  We  do 
not  pretend  to  predict  how  the  various 
problems  will  ultimately  be  solved,  but 
we  can  indicate  one  or  two  important 
considerations,  the  weight  of  which  will 
be  apparent  to  any  one  who  reads  the 
signs  of  the  times. 

There  is  first,  and  perhaps  at  this 
moment  foremost,  the  impact  of  com- 
parative religion.  Years  ago  Creighton 
discerned  the  importance  of  this,  and 
it  is  now  patent  to  all.  Are  the  tradi- 
tional religious  organizations  going  to 
find  therein  a  further  Bupport  '.  Or 
will  it  bave  a  solvent  influence,  leading, 
perhaps  to  a  general  estimate  of  the 
value    of    religion,   bul   to  a  diminished 

-■use     of      the      iin  port  ance     of     any    one 

now  existing  i      Again,  our  horizons  are 

widened.     Tin-  COnple  of  millennium-  that 
have   scarcely  elapsed    since    the    birth    of 


Christ  Bee 

to  our  fat  Ik 

to  shrink   before 


>egun 

indeed. 


our  eyes,  and 
Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  has  helped  as  much  as 
any  one  to  bring  this  vividly  to  light. 
Is  Christianity  to  be  what  it  claims  to  be, 
the  central  fact  in  the  spiritual  experi- 
ence of  humanity,  or  is  it  only  one  episode 
soon  to  pass  ?  Obviously  if,  as  Christians 
claim,  it  be  the  first,  the  Christian  Church 
has  a  great  work  before  it  in  the  assimila- 
tion of  all  this  new  matter,  and  some  of 
the  attempts  at  this  work  are  to  be  seen 
among  the  books  reviewed. 

Another  fact  emerges  of  no  less  sig- 
nificance. "  Christianity  is  Christ  "  has 
been  the  cry  for  some  time,  and  every 
other  element  in  historical  Christianity 
has  been  regarded  as  having  worth  only 
in  so  far  as  it  helped  better  to  express  a 
living  faith  in  Christ.  Now,  however,  an 
American  philosopher,  quite  independent 
of  ecclesiastical  attachments,  has  come 
forward  to  argue  that  the  person  of  the 
Founder  is  of  no  importance  at  all,  and 
that  the  whole  notion  is  summed  up  in 
the  claim  of  loyalty  to  a  great  community, 
and  thus  Church  authority'  seems  coming 
to  its  own  once  more,  and  that  in  an  age 
singularly  impatient  of  authority. 

But    that    raises    an    even    more    vital 
problem.     If    Christianity    be    above    all 
things  fellowship  and  a  sense  of  brother- 
hood, how  can  the  Churches  reassert  for 
themselves   a   position    which    they    have 
lost  ?   No  one  can  say  that  at  this  moment 
the  average  man  in  the  street  feels  that  the 
Christian  Church  is  promoting  this  sense  ot 
fellowship.     It  may  be  that  he  is  wrong — 
that  he  ought  to  feel  it.     Put  he  does  not. 
The    ordinary   working-man    is    probably 
of    Mr.    Bernard    Shaw's    opinion,    that 
"  all    religious    organizations    have    sold 
themselves  to  the  rich."     However  power- 
ful the  individual  exceptions  to  this  rule 
may  be,  it    can    hardly    be   denied    that 
there  is  ground  for  this  as  a  rough  generali- 
zation.    If  Christianity    is    to   be  what  it 
claims  to  be,  it  will  have  to  adjust  it-.  II 
far  more  drastically  than  it  has  yet   done 
to  the  new  movements  in  favour  of  social 

justice,  and  to  cease  to  wear  that   aspect 

of  patronage  with  which,  even  in  its  more 
self-denyin<r  forms,  it  often  presents  itself  to 
the  poor.    Books  noticed  in  these  columns 

bear  w  itness  to  this  claim. 

A     Further     important      matter     i-     the 

resurrection  of  the  layman.  Some  of  the 
books  here  discussed,  and  not  the  leasl 
important  of  them,  are  by  laj  mi  a.  There 
appear  grounds  for  taking  Dr.  Bill's 
■  Interregnum  '  as  an  earnest  of  the  fact 
that  most  of  the  best  apologetic  is 
i»einLr  done   by   laymen;    and  we  notice 

to-day    a    volume    in    a    new      '  Layman 

Library,"    which    testifies    to    the    same 


246 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  Feb.  14,  1914 


interest.  Another  book  reviewed  here, 
that  of  Dr.  Figgis  on  '  Churches  in  the 
Modern  State,'  declares  that  the  Church 
of  the  future  must  be  a  layman's  Church, 
although  the  writer  does  not  mean  to 
abolish  the  ecclesiastic.  More  and  more 
does  it  appear  that  the  layman  is  going 
to  count  in  the  future  ;  and  even  Papal 
encyclicals  cannot  alter  this  return  to  the 
primitive  custom. 

This  book  is  only  one  of  the  many 
evidences  of  the  problem  of  the  Churches 
in  relation  to  the  State,  which  Dr.  Figgis 
asserts  to  be  but  a  particular  case  of  the 
problem  of  the  relation  of  smaller  societies 
to  the  communitas  communitatum.  We 
say  nothing  as  to  the  thesis  developed  in 
that  book  ;  but  the  problem  to  which  it 
draws  attention  is  obviously  one  of  the 
most  urgent  in  modern  society. 

The  truth  is  that  the  whole  of  the 
Western  world  is  in  a  condition  of  crisis, 
of  fever,  of  opportunity.  Theolog3r  re- 
flects this  condition  and  shares  it ;  we 
are  witnessing  the  birth-throes  of  a  new 
world.  That  is  the  explanation  of  the 
apparent  anarchy  of  the  day — an  anarchy 
of  thought  first  and  foremost,  but  likely 
soon  to  be  one  of  practice  and  morals. 
What  the  new  world  will  be  like  we  dare 
not  prophesy.  Meanwhile,  it  is  very 
interesting  to  be  alive.  Part  of  this 
interest  has  begun  to  attach  even  to 
theology,  and,  if  theology  becomes  quick- 
ened with  a  genuine  religious  and  social 
enthusiasm,  and  it  shakes  off  the  aca- 
demic incubus,  there  may  be  in  store  for 
it  even  greater  triumphs  than  its  votaries 
themselves  could  forecast. 


MODERN  VIEWS  AND  DISCUSSIONS. 

The  study  of  Apologetics  has  attracted 
many  laymen,  and  they  have  taken  no 
mean  part  in  adding  to  its  literature. 
The  philosophy  of  religion  gains  by  their 
excursions,  for  they  bring  to  it,  not  the 
language  and  categories  of  the  profes- 
sional theologian,  but  a  fresh  and  often 
a  wise  training.  Dr.  Hill's  book  '  The 
Interregnum '  is  a  worthy  contribution. 
It  consists   of   twelve  essays  on  religious 

The  Interregnum.  By  R.  A.  P.  Hill.  (Cain- 
bridge  University  Press,  4s.  6c?.  net.) 

Churches  in  the  Modern  State.  By  John 
Neville  Figgis.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

Studies  in  Modernism.  By  the  Rev.  Alfred 
Fawkes.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  10s.  6c?.  net.) 

Studies  in  Christian  Truth.  By  the  Rev. 
H.  R.  Mackintosh.  (Student  Christian 
Movement,  8c?.  net.) 

Studies  in  New  Testament  Thought.  By 
Rev.  B.  K.  Cunningham.  (Same  pub- 
lishers, 8c?.  net.) 

Manuals  for  Christian  Thinkers. — The  Old 
Testament  and  Archaeology.  By  C.  L. 
Bedale.  The  Books  of  the  New  Testament. 
By  J.  S.  Banks.     (C.  H.  Kelly,  Is.  net  each.) 

The  Latest  Light  on  Bible  Lands.  By  P.  S.  P. 
Handcock.     (S.P.C.K.,  6s.  net.) 

The  Present  Relations  of  Science  and  Religion. 
By  T.  G.  Bonney.    (Robert  Scott,  5s.  net.) 

Faith  and  Reality.  By  J.  Hilton  Stowell. 
(Same  publisher,  3s.  6c?.  net.) 

Our  Task  in  India.  By  Bernard  Lucas. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  2s._6c?.  net.) 


doubt.  These  "  were  not  written  to  prove 
Christianity,"  he  tells  us,  for  he  rightly 
believes  that  it  is  neither  desirable  nor 
possible  "  to  make  a  man  a  Christian 
by  argumentation."  They  have  been 
designed  to  help  a  class  of  men  at  a 
particular  stage  in  their  mental  and 
religious  development — the  stage 

"  when  the  old  beliefs  and  sanctions  of 
childhood  are  lost,  and  they  have  not  yet 
had  time  to  form  new  views  of  their  own." 

That  is  the  Interregnum  ;  and  Dr.  Hill's 
aim  is  to  help  his  fellows  over  its  troub- 
lous and  momentous  times.  He  warns 
us  that  the  "  meagre,  outline  Chris- 
tianity "  presented  in  his  essays  is  not 
his  final,  full-orbed  faith,  but  rather  the 
minimum  to  which  he  would  ask  allegiance 
from  the  perplexed  and  wavering. 

The  first  part  of  the  book  has  as  its 
object  to  show  that 

"  it  is  a  natural,  right,  reasonable,  and  desir- 
able thing  for  a  man  who  would  follow  '  the 
good  '  to  associate  himself  sympathetically 
with  Christians  as  a  Christian  during  the 
interregnum,  even  when  the  balance  of 
evidence  may  seem  to  him  against  Chris- 
tianity." 

Later  a  case  is  made  out  for  Christianity 
against  rival  systems  now  in  vogue.  Dr. 
Hill  is  hard  on  the  clerical  apologist. 
Much  that  is  taught  in  theological  schools 
does  not  go  to  the  root  of  the  matter, 
and  is  useful  only  for  "  skirmishing  "  ; 
while  some  of  the  apologetics  "  recom- 
mended by  well  -  known  preachers  and 
evangelists  is  positively  dishonest."  We 
hope  that  his  verdict  is  too  sweeping. 

One  essay  deals  with  Faith,  three  with 
various  kinds  of  Belief,  and  three  Avith 
Creeds.  Faith  "  is  the  assumption  under- 
lying the  course  to  which  a  man  chooses 
to  commit  himself."  It  is  the  most 
fundamental  thing  in  Christianity,  and 
it  produces  the  cardinal  parts  of  doctrine 
by  its  reaction  on  the  indisputable  facts 
of  life.  We  are  morally  justified,  Dr.  Hill 
tells  us,  in'ehoosing  to  follow  the  highest 
and  to  maintain  the  beliefs  involved  in  it, 
irrespective  of  the  tl  conclusions  about  the 
universe  "  forced  on  us  by  our  intellects. 
These  beliefs  are  of  three  kinds — funda- 
mental, adjuvant,  and  accessory.  Adju- 
vant beliefs  are  the  implications  of  the 
desire  to  follow  the  highest,  and  amongst 
them  are  the  anthropomorphic  figure  of 
thought,  the  practice  of  Bible-reading, 
prayer,  and  association  with  others  for 
religious  matters.  It  is  characteristic  of 
Dr.  Hill  that  he  believes  the  first  of  these 
has  "  complete  justification  from  the 
usage  of  mathematics,"  an  ally  which  has 
already  served  him  in  making  immortality 
a  fundamental  belief.  The  miraculous 
element  in  the  Gospels  provides  an  illus- 
trative discussion  of  accessory  beliefs, 
and  introduces  questions  on  which  Dr.  Hill, 
as  a  man  of  science,  can  speak  with  autho- 
rity. Like  man}r  other  apologists  of 
modern  times,  he  fastens  on  David  Hume. 

"  It  will  be  seen  at  once  [he  says]  that  too 
rigorous  an  application  of  Hume's  doctrine 
would  produce  an  absolutely  unprogressive 
science.  Its  canon  would  be  closed,  and 
would  claim  an  infallibility  beyond  that  of 
any  Bible,  Church,  or  Pope." 


The  author  is  happy  in  his  chapters  on 
Creeds,  which  are  the  media  of  communica- 
tion of  beliefs.  "  No  article  of  a  creed 
is  of  religious  value,  or  can  be,  unless  it 
can  influence  conduct  "  ;  and  the  utmost 
caution  should  be  used  in  the  adoption  of 
any  creed,  for  its  value  lies  in  its  conver- 
sion into  belief. 

"  The  historic  doctrines  [he  says]  are 
venerable,  not  because  they  are  old,  but 
because  they  represent  the  experience  of 
the  spiritual  geniuses  of  the  world,  men  of 
many  temperaments  and  ages,  but  real,  living, 
flesh  -  and  -  blood  men,  faced  with  peren- 
nially recurring  difficulties  and  problems 
....  mostly  much  the  same  as  those  we  meet 
with  to-day." 

Dr.  Hill  has  enough  wisdom  and  his- 
toric sense  to  remind  us  that,  as  our 
thought  and  language  will  be  classed  as 
old-fashioned  by  succeeding  generations, 
we  need  not  be  deterred  by  the  ephemeral 
characteristics  of  bygone  confessions.  It 
is  his  opinion  that  the  adoption  of  the 
essential  doctrines  of  Christianity  "  saves 
a  man's  view  of  life  from  futility."  He 
has  much  that  is  wise  to  say  on  the  differ- 
ence between  the  fact  and  the  theory  of 
Atonement,  as  well  as  on  the  dangers  of 
making  Eternal  Punishment  a  vital  article 
of  Christian  faith. 

The  second  part  of  Dr.  Hill's  book  is 
less  important.  He  discusses  at  some 
length  the  claims  of  the  "  moral  sense," 
and  he  pitches  these  claims  high.  He 
adduces  evidence  to  show  that  men  of 
science,  on  the  whole,  have  been  in  favour 
of  the  main  portions  of  Christian  doctrine, 
and  he  seeks  to  blunt  the  barb  which 
Determinism  points  at  the  faith  of  the 
Church. 

We  believe  that  Dr.  Hill  has  succeeded 
as  well  as  most  in  keeping  an  open  door 
for  those  who  would  enter  the  kingdom 
of  Christian  belief,  and  we  approve  his 
desire  that 

"  the  openness  of  mind  of  the  interregnum 
should  remain  through  life  as  a  broad- 
minded  sympathy  with  the  difficulties  and 
different  views  of  others." 

At  times  the  author's  illustrations  do  not 
convince,  and  his  mathematical  equations 
seem  out  of  place.  He  has  left  some 
questions  without  a  sufficient  answer. 
He  has  not,  for  example,  adequately  dis- 
cussed the  relation  of  his  "  moral  sense  " 
to  reason  ;  he  might  be  hard  pushed,  too, 
by  pertinent  questions  regarding  his 
exact  selection  of  adjuvant  and  accessory 
beliefs.  But  no  apologetic  yet  con- 
structed is  perfectly  unbiased,  and  it 
may  be  doubted  if  unbiased  apologetic 
is  either  possible  or  desirable.  Dr.  Hill's 
book  savours  of  Pragmatism  ;  but  the 
spirit  of  William  James  is  characteristic 
of  our  age,  and  it  is  a  mark  of  true  apolo- 
getic that  it  reflects  prevailing  tendencies. 

Whether  he  writes  on  history  or  on 
religion,  Dr.  Figgis  is  always  interesting 
and  attractive.  He  knows  so  many  of 
the  old  waiters  (ecclesiastical  and  his- 
torical) that  he  has  learnt  some  of  their 
quaintnesses,  and  come  to  know  how  to 
give  "  a  privie  nippe  "  to  an  opponent 
with  the  best  of  them.     But  he  is  also 


SVh'lkmknt,   Fi.ii.   14,   1014] 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  &  I'M 


247 


steeped  in  modern  literature,  and  he  is 
able,  indifferently,  to  imitate  to  the  life 
the  style  of  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  or 
Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  while  he  is  never 
without  a  touoh  of  the  manner  of  Maitlancl 
or  Lord  Acton.  Any  one  who  takes  up  a 
book  of  his  may  be  quite  sure  that  he  will 
not  find  himself  engulfed  in  a  mire  of 
dull  reading.  He  may  think  his  author 
disagreeable  or  shallow,  arrogant  or  flip- 
pant ;  but  he  certainly  will  not  think  him 
uninteresting.  We  find  ourselves  gener- 
ally in  agreement  with  the  writer,  so  our 
enjoyment  of  his  books  is  the  keener  and 
less  critical.  When  we  do  criticize,  it  is 
as  though  we  found  faults  in  a  friend 
whom  we  know  very  well  and  regard 
very  highly.  This  position  Dr.  Figgis  has 
won  for  himself  by  the  thoroughness,  as 
well  as  the  eleverness,  of  his  literary  work. 

"  Churches  in  the  Modern  State  '  is 
made  up  chiefly  of  four  lectures  delivered 
at  Gloucester  more  than  two  years  ago. 
Dr.  Figgis  tells  us  that  he  has  rewritten 
them  since  they  were  delivered,  but  they 
still  bear  the  marks  of  a  date  which,  in 
our  rapid  movement,  we  have  left  behind  ; 
nor  has  he  always  revised  them  even 
in  trivial  matters  :  he  speaks,  e.g.,  still 
of  "  Canon  Hensley  Henson."  It  is 
nothing  to  the  author's  discredit  that 
they  are  less  full  in  treatment  than 
some  of  his  earlier  volumes.  We  find 
repetitions  in  the  book,  and  a  certain 
amount  of  irrelevance  to  the  main  issue. 
It  was  quite  a  good  thing  to  reprint  as  an 
appendix  a  long  paper  from  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Historical  Society. 
though  practically  all  that  it  says  is  said 
more  briefly  in  one  of  the  lectures  them- 
selves ;  and  there  was  no  harm  in  repro- 
ducing from  The  Guardian  the  interesting 
reminiscences  and  criticisms  in  which  a 
clever  and  candid  disciple  summed  up  his 
memories  of  Cieighton  and  Maitland  and 
Acton,  though  there  is  something  in 
them  which  we  should  like  to  contest. 
The  hook  would  have  been  short  without 
them  ;  that  is  the  main,  and  not  in- 
sufficient,  defence. 

The  four  lectures  themselves  are  en- 
titled '  A  Free  Church  in  a  Free  State/ 
'  The  Great  L»-\  iathan  '  '  The  Civic  Stand- 
point,' '  Ultramontanism.'  They  start 
from  an  emphatic  statement  of  the  in- 
dependence of  the  Church,  not  in  itself 
or  by  virtue  of  its  peculiar  functions,  but 
simply  as  a  corporation  or  commvnitas, 
and  as  having  a  rUrht.  as  such,  to  separate 
rules  and  separate  rights.  Dr.  Figgis 
attracts  attention  at  once  by  a  sharp 
criticism  of  Mr.  Justice  hailing.  He  does 
of  aourse,  with  a  touch  of  that  exag- 

ration  which  is  natural  to  him  when  he 
wants  to  score  a  point.  The  judge,  he 
declare-.  Btated  that  a  law  of  God  had 
Keen  altered  by  an  Act  of  Parliament. 
What  he  iealK  -aid  was  that  an  alteration 
hail  been  made  with  regard  to  a  particular 
marriage  "  which  before  was  contrary  to 
the  Law  of  Cod  merthi  because,  the  statute, 
condemned  U  a*  such"  which,  whether 
true  or  not.  is  a  very  different  thing.     Bui 

this  is  only  the  I  i -  ~ t  Blast  of  the  Trumpet 
against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  the 
Lawyers, 


The  reasoned  position  of  the  write! 
is  a  more  serious  and  a  much  more 
convincing  matter.  He  points  out,  to 
begin  with,  that  the  recognition  of  the 

claim  lie  makes  for  the  Church  is  in  no 
wise  dependent  on  questions  of  Establish- 
ment or  Disestablishment:  Scotland,  and 
Other  countries,  afford  proof  of  this,  in 
different  ways.  "  Establishment  "  is  a 
misleading  word,  and  one  that,  in  the 
sense  in  which  it  is  used  popularly  to-day. 
would  have  been  quite  unintelligible  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  Partly  in  consequence  of 
this  fallacious  view,  lawyers  have  grown 
to  deny  to  the  Church  any  real  inherent 
life.  Dr.  Figgis  quotes  Prof.  Dicey  to  that 
effect  ;  but  in  doing  so  he  exaggerates 
the  view  of  the  Professor.  "  It  is  clear." 
he  says,  "  that  the  writer  deprecates  the 
notion  that  the  Christian  Church  can  have 
a  higher  law  than  that  of  the  State." 
This  is  hardly  so  ;  all  he  does  is  to  say 
that  it  may  have  a  different  one.  And 
in  his  Erastianism  does  Prof.  Dicey  go 
so  far  as  Hobbes  ? 

Again,  Dr.  Figgis  appears  to  be  very 
angry,  and  even  rather  contemptuous, 
because  a  member  of  Parliament,  who 
represents  a  great  University 

"  denied  that  it  was  in  the  power  or  right 
of  any  Church  to  superadd  its  own  conditions 
on  what  the  law  considered  to  be  sufficient 
in  the  case  of  civil  marriage  " — 

surely  an  obvious  fact  ;  and  he  asserts  it 
to  be  clear 

"  that  on  this  principle  the  Christian  Church 
in  its  early  development  wTas  acting  wrongly 
in  establishing  for  its  own  members  a  higher 
standard  of  morality  than  that  of  the 
Pagan  world." 

The  italics  are  ours,  but  they  seem  to 
show  that  Dr.  Figgis  has  misconceived 
the  member  of  Parliament,  and  is  tilting 
against  a  windmill.  But  when  he  warms 
to  his  work  Dr.  Figgis  makes  no  such  slips'. 
He  explains  his  contention  by  the  Free 
Church  case,  after  reminding  us  of  an 
argument  of  Lord  Haldane's  "  designed  to 
show  that  from  the  higher  Hegelian  stand- 
point Calvinism  and  Arminianism  were 
really  the  same  thing."  He  illustrates 
it  by  the  Law  of  the  Associations  and 
that  of  Separation  in  France — 

"  under  the  former  the  property  of  the 
English  Benedictines  was  confiscated,  al- 
though they  had  settled  in  France  for  a 
perfectly  lawful  purpose  and  on  the  faith 
of  State  protection,  ft  was  made  criminal 
for  men  or  women  to  live  together  in  a 
common  life;  without  special  leave  obtained 
from  the  Government  "  ; 

by  the  statements  as  well  as  the  policy 
»i'  M. Combes;  and  he  finds, with  obvious, 
even  if  pardonable  exaggeration,  in  the 
famous  statement  of  a  deputy,  "  We  have 
extinguished  in  heaven  those  lights  which 
men  -hall  never  lighl  again,"  the  "  clear 
evidence  "  of  a  definitely  organized  at- 
tempt •■  to  set  ii])  a  Posith  ist  State 
church."  He  tells  again  the  history  of 
the  Kultur-Kampf,  and  declares  thai 
there  is  no  security,  in  England  or  else- 
where that  tin'  (  hiireh  establish*  d  or  dis- 
established, will  he  allowed  the  possession 
of  corporate  freedom.  Any  real  Bocial 
entity  or  any  standard  oi  docti  ine  <"'  dis- 


cipline is  denied  to  the  Church  by  popular 
opinion  :      the    action    of    the     bishop    of 

Hereford  in  inviting  Dissenters  to  Com- 
munion, and  tin  writings  of  Mr.  Janus 
Thompson,  are  quoted  as  instances.  Dr. 
Figgis  says,  happily,  that 

"  the  hopeless  Confusion  of  thought  between 

the   right    of   the   individual   to   choose   for 

QJmseli  and  his  right  to  remain  in  a  society 
pledged  to  one  thing  while  he  hin. self  is 
pledged  to  the  opposite  would    he  incredible 

w  ere  it  not  so  u  iclespread.'' 

He  concludes,  then,  that  in  the  assertion 
of  the  Church's  liberty  he  is  concerned, 
not  with  details  of  ecclesiastical  privilege, 
"  hut  with  the  very  nature  of  the  cor- 
porate life  of  men,  and  therefore  with  t la- 
tino nature  of  the  State."  Whai  he  8(  t> 
out  to  refute  is  the  view  of  M.  Emile 
Combes  that 

"there  are,  there  can  be,  no  rights  except 
the  rights  of  the  State,  and  there  can  be  no 
other  authority  than  the  authority  of  the 
Republic." 

In  his  interesting  attack  on  this  view  he 
shows  it  to  be  ultimately  the  same  as 
Ultramontanism  ;  while  he  himself  claims 
liberty  for  the  Church  on  exactly  the  same 
grounds  as  the  Taff  Vale  case  shows  it 
to  be  claimed  for  trade  unions.  From 
this  point  he  is  largely  dependent  on 
Gierke,  and  we  entirely  agree  with  him 
that  the  whole  of  that  illuminative  writer's 
work  on  political  theory  should  be  trans- 
lated. 

It  is  certainty  true  that  the  relations 
between  Church  and  State  cannot  be  made 
an  isolated  case  in  political  philosophy. 
That  was  the  whole  meaning  of  Ansehn's 
conflict  with  the  two  Norman  kings, 
though,  strangely  enough,  Dr.  Figgis 
never  mentions  him.  These  relations  are 
but  one  aspect  of  the  whole  question  of 
liberty ;  they  go  down  to  the  very  basis 
of  the  constitution  of  civil  society  and  the 
nature  of  man  as  a  political  animal.  In 
many  of  the  assertions  of  the  m<  d<  m 
Church  she  is  simply  the  champion  of  a 
liberty  which,  it  was  supposed,  was  won 
for  every  man  as  an  indi\  idual,  and  could 
not  be  denied  to  societies,  which  have,  as 
Hobbes  well  knew,  though  he  resisted  the 
consequences,  an  organic  life. 

That  is  the  main  contention  of  this  book  ; 
and  it  is  sound.  But  Dr.  Figgis's  theory 
sometimes  involves  him  (or  he-  thinks  it 
does)  in  strange  consequences.  Tin  b,  when 
he  finds  the  State  in  legislation  taking  a 
view  which  is  contrary  to  the  Christian — 
or  the  Church's— moral  teaching,  he  thinks 
that  a  Christian  "  OUghl  not  to  he  asked 
to  oppose"  such  legislation  ""on  grounds 
of  lovaltv  to  the  Church  "  ;    and  he  adds  : 

••  What  I  object  to  being  asked  to  do  is 
to  vote  one  way  or  the  other  on  account  of 
n  \  <  hurchmanship  in  matters  which  concern 
the  life  of  million-  of  people,  many  of  whom 
have  tiot  the  smallest  intention  of  ever  being 
c  hurc  ho  en.  The  (  hristian  law  is  the  law 
of  (  In  i-t  ians  :  who  n  aj  be  w  iae  and  righl 
for  .,  i„,dv  of  nil  faiths  and  every  fad  is  no 
matter  for  the  <  hristian  <  hurch  to  de<  ide." 

This  seems  to  abandon  any  belii  f  in  the  re 

being  an  absolute  standard  of  morality. 
,,,  ,  ,,  I,  a  progressive  one.  as  it  . .  rtainly 
aim.  gat<  -  the  i"  -ition  which  Christianity 

8 


248 


T  II  E    A  T  II  E NtEUM 


[Supplement,  Feu.  14,  1914 


has  always  assumed,  of  being  the  teacher 
of  the  nations.  It  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand why  Dr.  Figgis  can  object  to  being 
asked  to  vote  for  a  proposal  which  embodies 
Christian  moral  teaching,  or  to  vote  against 
one  which  runs  counter  to  it.  He  would 
not  believe  in  Christian  morals  (or,  at  least, 
as  a  Christian  does)  unless  he  thought 
them  good  for  all  men.  Why  then  should 
he  deny  to  the  cause  of  morality  his  vote 
for  or  against  a  particular  measure  ? 
He  may  not  wish  to  enforce  his  own  views 
on  others  outside  the  Christian  Church  ; 
but  undoubtedly  he  must  wish  that  the 
State  should  act  on  Christian  principles. 
Should  he  not  then  desire  to  influence  the 
State  in  that  direction  ? 

When  he  goes  on  to  apply  this  view  to 
social  legislation,  he  seems  to  us  to  assume 
a  position  which,  from  the  Christian  point 
of  view,  is  grotesque.  "  I  do  not  think," 
he  says,  that 

"  any  policy  ought  to  be  forwarded  by  the 
Church  as  a  corporate  society,  and  imposed 
in  its  name,  in  a  State  of  which  Church- 
manship  has  no  longer  anything  to  do  with 
the  qualifications  of  a  citizen." 

He  would  thus,  we  presume,  not  have  the 
Church  as  a  corporate  society  oppose 
slavery,  or  the  White  Slave  Traffic,  or 
unfettered  freedom  of  gambling.    He  even 

says  : — 

"  I  do  not  see  how  such  things  can  be 
preached  to  an  agnostic  or  a  hedonist ; 
they  are  absurd  on  his  principles." 

It  is  a  curious  reaction  of  modern 
individualism  (and  it  sounds  contrary, 
by  the  way,  to  Dr.  Figgis's  corporate 
feeling)  which  brings  a  man  to  argue  that 
nothing  is  to  be  preached  to  persons 
"  outside  "  which  they  are  not  ready  to 
accept.  The  Christian  aim  has  in  the 
past  certainly  not  been  to  accommodate 
its  morals  to  the  principles  of  others,  but 
by  its  preaching  to  alter  the  principles  of 
the  world  into  the  principles  of  Christ. 

'  Studies  in  Modernism '  by  the  Rev. 
Alfred  Fawkes,  is  made  up  of  essays  from 
quarterly  reviews,  most  of  them  from  The 
Quarterly  and  The  Edinburgh.  The  earlier 
papers,  we  are  told,  were  "  written  from  the 
standpoint  of  a  Roman  Catholic,  desirous, 
if  not  very  hopeful,  of  reconciling  the 
Roman  Catholic  standpoint  with  accept- 
ance of  the  methods  and  results  of  historical 
and  critical  science  "  ;  the  later  essays, 
"  from  a  position  of  greater  freedom." 
The  writer's  aim,  we  are  also  told,  was 
to  see  things  as  they  are ;  and  it  is  his 
belief  that  the  difference  between  the 
perspective  of  the  earlier  and  the  later 
papers  is  slight.  All  his  readers  will 
approve  of  his  literary  object,  and  most 
will  admit  that  he  has  largely  achieved 
it ;  but  the  dual  outlook  is  at  times 
puzzling.  One  cannot  conveniently  view- 
theology  from  two  "  standpoints  "  with- 
out change  of  vision. 

It  is  always  difficult  to  find  a  title 
for  essays  that  have  been  gathered 
from  various  sources,  and  probably 
"  Modernism  "  is  as  suitable  as  any ; 
but  it  is  somewhat  inexact  and  misleading. 
Historically,  we  know  what  Modernism 
is,  and  can  trace  it  to  its  origin ;  but  at 


times  our  author  means  by  it  something 
much  wider  and  more  significant  than 
the  by-product  of  the  Renaissance  pon- 
tificate of  Leo  XIII.  Oftener  than  not 
it  represents  the  attitude  towards  Church 
and  creed  of  the  modern  man  imbued 
by  the  spirit  of  loyalty  to  the  findings  of 
history,  science,  and  culture  that  are  freed 
from  the  shackles  of  authority — Roman 
or  Protestant.  This  is  evident  from  the 
almost  motley  character  of  the  page  of 
'  Contents.'  Anatole  France,  Fjmile 
Faguet,  and  Zola  come  between  three 
liberal  theologians  and  six  essays  on 
phases  of  dogmatism,  and  the  whole  is 
completed  by  a  criticism  of  Mrs.  Hum- 
phry Ward's  evangel. 

Mr.  Fawkes  is  at  his  best  in  his  studies 
of  character,  and  his  papers  on  Tyrrell 
and  M.  Loisy  are  particularly  good.  They 
represent  types  that  appeal  to  his  in- 
tellect and  sympathy,  and  he  has  much 
to  say  of  them  that  is  both  shrewd  and 
illuminating.  Tyrrell's  was  not  a  happy 
life  ;  as  a  Churchman  he  lost  his  way, 
and  to  the  end  he  was  a  stranger  and  a 
wanderer.  Miss  Petre's  '  Life  '  makes 
that  plain,  and  our  author  resorts  to 
psychology  for  his  commentary.  In  a 
comparison  with  Newman,  the  "  most 
self-centred "  of  men,  Tyrrell  is  the 
"  most  selfless."  The  former  was  a 
Puritan  in  temperament ;  the  latter  was 
a  curious  Greek — both  were  painfully 
introspective. 

There  was  always  something  incalcu- 
lable in  Tyrrell.  Shy  and  sensitive  as 
he  was,  he  could  deal  trenchant  blows 
at  opponents,  as  Cardinal  Mercier  knew, 
for  he  was  a  Newman  in  dialectic.  He 
showed  little  mercy  in  historical  judg- 
ment, as  a  quotation  from  his  '  Medieval- 
ism '  will  prove  : — 

"  Not  till  the  world  learns  to  look  to  Rome 
as  the  home  of  truthfulness  and  straight 
dealing  will  it  ever  learn  to  look  to  her  as 
the  citadel  of  truth." 

For  Mr.  Fawkes,  Tyrrell  was  a  con- 
structive and  conservative  critic  who  was 
not  deterred  by  fear  of  consequences,  but 
followed  where  thought  led.  The  verdict 
is  substantially  true,  though  one  must 
look  narrowly  at  the  word  tl  conservative." 
Intellectually  he  was  advanced,  and  no 
Church  could  have  delivered  him  from 
the  irksome  bondage  against  wrhich  he 
finally  rebelled.  Catholicism  may  repre- 
sent "  an  arrested  development,"  and  to 
develope  it  may  be  to  break  with  it ;  yet 
most  men  are  Protestant  or  Catholic 
not  by  argument,  but  by  temperament. 
Despite  his  fateful  criticism  of  the  Ency- 
clical '  Pascendi, '  Tvrrell  was  to  the  last 
a  Catholic. 

One  need  not  expect  an  essayist  to 
say  much  that  is  novel  in  regard 
to  Newman,  and  Mr.  Fawkes  adds 
little  to  our  knowledge  ;  but  his  selec- 
tion of  important  points  is  unerring, 
and  he  is  as  sympathetic  as  he  is  pene- 
trating. It  may  be  true,  as  Gladstone 
said,  that  Newman  placed  Christianity 
on  the  edge  of  a  precipice,  Huxley  might 
have  compiled  his  primer  of  infidelity 
from  the  Cardinal's  apologetics,  Stanley 
and  Pattison  may  not  have  been  wrong 


when  they  beheld  a  different  Church  of 
England  had  the  convert  to  Rome  read 
German  ;  but  such  criticisms  point  to  the 
one  significant  truth  that  Newman,  who 
could  have  made  most  men  Charles 
Kingsleys  in  debate,  distrusted  his  own 
weapon  of  reasoning,  and  regarded  it  as 
little  more  than  sophistry.  "  The  tragedy 
of  Newman's  life,"  as  our  author  character- 
istically writes, tk  is  that  with  his  rare  gifts, 
his  in  many  ways  unsurpassed  powers, 
and  his  unique  personality,  he  was  the 
father  of  them  that  look  back." 

One  suspects  that  Mr.  Fawkes  finds 
satisfaction  in  repeating  Gottfried  Arnold's 
paradox  that  "  the  true  Church  in  every 
generation  is  to  be  found  with  those  who 
have  just  been  excommunicated  from  the 
actual  Church,"  for  a  sympathetic  and 
suggestive  paper  on  M.  Loisy  follows  hard 
on  Newman  and  Tyrrell.  He  properly 
pointed  out  what  has  not  been  often  seen, 
that,  though  M.  Loisj^'s  reputation  and  ex- 
communication rest  on  his  Biblical  criti- 
cism, he  is  not  so  much  a  critic  as  a 
philosopher.  Despite  the  Vatican  and 
its  ruthless  dealing,  he  has  achieved 
a  philosophic  defence  of  Catholicism  that 
ranks  with  the  '  Essay  on  Development.' 
He  has  insisted  on  the  necessity  of  treating 
Christianity  in  strict  relation  to  the 
Christian  community ;  and  he  has  re- 
pudiated the  fashionable  attempt  to  select 
one  satisfying  feature  of  Christianity  and 
label  it  as  the  "  essence  "  or  the  kernel  of 
the  whole.  On  these  his  notable  con- 
tributions to  religious  theory  rest ;  and 
naturally  they  suggest  to  our  author  a  com- 
parison between  him  and  Prof.  Harnack, 
and  prepare  the  way  for  a  neat  use  of 
Jowett's  criticism  of  Hegelianism. 

Further  essays  deal  with  Leo  XIII.,  who 
"  started  with  one  great  advantage  :  he 
succeeded  Pius  IX."  ;  '  Pius  X.  and 
France,'  an  expert  review  of  recent 
events  ;  '  Anatole  France,'  a  stylist  who 
has  now  come  into  his  own  ;  and  k  Faguet ' 
and  '  Zola,'  whose  contributions  to  letters 
include  reflections  on  religious  ideals. 

Some  of  the  later  papers — those  en 
'  Development,'  '  Historical  Christianity,' 
'  Evolution  and  the  Church,'  and  '  The 
Age  of  Reason ' — touch  matters  that  appear 
in  the  earlier  reviews  ;  but  all  of  them, 
especially  in  their  asides,  if  one  may  say 
so,  reveal  a  sufficient  knowledge,  breadth 
of  view,  and  ingenious  criticism  that 
make  them  noteworthy.  These  '  Studies  ' 
are  a  well-considered  plea  for  liberalism 
in  theological  matters,  and  while  they 
invite  opposition,  they  demand  attention. 

The  two  booklets  issued  by  the  Stu- 
dent Christian  Movement  suggest  earnest 
souls,  though  limited  in  outlook.  The 
Rev.  H.  R.  Mackintosh  in  his  '  Studies 
in  Christian  Truth  '  is  not  in  touch  with 
human  realities,  although  he  claims  inti- 
macy with  the  divine.  To  say  that 
"  guilt  arises  when  an  individual  or  society 
fails  in  duty  to  God,"  and  "  we  are  self- 
made  men,'  all  of  us,"  is  to  challenge 
retorts  from  slum-dwellers.  He  shows 
insufficient  knowledge  of  other  religions, 
and  even  of  developments  in  his  own. 
The  constant  harping  on  the  sense  of  sin 


Supplement.  Feb.  11,  UH4] 


»p 


P  II  E     A  Til  K\  MV  M 


249 


seems  to  the  present  reviewer  unhealthy  : 
the  attempt  to  disparage  mankind  which 

is  often  made,  and  to  insist  on  its 
degradation  instead  of  encouraging  its 
aspirations,  will  end  in  failure,  if  it  has 
not  already  done  so. 

The  Rev.  B.  K.  Cunningham  in  his 
'  Studies  in  New  Testament  Thought 
rives  daily  readings,  meditations,  and 
questions,  with  comments  for  circles  of 
students.  All  this  seems  elementary,  the 
onlv  interesting  suggestion  being  "  Com- 
pare  and  contrast  the  death  of  Christ 
with  that  of  Socrates."  We  confess  that 
we  should  like  to  see  the  results  of  this 
inquiry. 

The  •"  Manuals  for  Christian  Thinkers  " 
serve  a  purpose  hi  giving  information  in  a 
condensed  form.  Mr.  Bedale  in  '  The  Old 
Testament  and  Archaeology  '  sketches  the 
condition  of  Canaan  and  the  occupation 
of  its  inhabitants,  chiefly  from  material 
supplied  by  Prof.  Maealister.  He  gives 
a  different  version  of  the  Creation  story, 
and  quotes  Babylonian  prayers  and  hymns. 
The  beauty  of  some  of  these  will  surprise 
readers  who  have  not  seen  them  before. 

Dr.  Banks  in  '  The  Books  of  the  New 
Testament  '  gives  notes  on  the  writers, 
dates,  and  doctrines  of  these  books.  Very 
little  critical  spirit  is  shown,  and  the 
following  remark  is  typical  :  "  Take  away 
Christianity,  and  the  Old  Testament  is 
left  hanging  in  the  air." 

'  The  Latest  Light  on  Bible  Lands  '  is 
thoroughly  good,  and  evinces  both  learn 
ing  and  careful  research.  Xo  prejudice 
i-  shown,  but  scarcely  any  controversial 
matter  is  introduced.  Mr.  Handcock  is 
content  mainly  to  let  facts  speak  for  them- 
selves, as  when  he  gives  the  similarities  and 
small  differences  between  the  Khammurabi 
and  Mosaic  codes,  but  makes  little  com- 
ment .  The  book  is  written  for  the  ordinary 
reader,  and  contains  numerous  illustra- 
tions, many  of  which  frequenters  of  the 
British  Museum  will  recognize,  and  we 
pause  in  admiration  of  the  real  artistic 
merit  shown  in  some  of  the  Assyrian 
and  Babylonian  tablets.  The  book  is 
arranged  historically,  and  with  special 
reference  to  the  Israelites,  whose  story 
has  been  amplified  by  the  use  of  the 
wonderful  Babylonian  cylinders  and 
tablets. 

Excavations,  the  development  of 
modern  science,  the  "  higher  criticism." 
and    philosophy   are    all    data    open    to 

Christian  apol  and  their  conclusions 

may  well  profit  from  these  directions  of 
advanced  thought;  yet  the  Rev.  Prof. 
Bonney  actually  remarks  that  "  to  know 
what  others  have  just  been  saying  hampers 
more  than  it  helps  me."  and  adds  that 
"  the  philosophy  of  a  ienoe  and  of  reli- 
gion lie  outside  "  his  present  purpose, 
confessing  that  "  questions  of  this  kind  " 
have  never  attracted  him.  Then  why 
does    he    write    a    hook    on    '  The    Present 

Relations    of    Science    and    Religion    i 

The    first   chapters,    giving   an    account    of 

the  advance  in  Bcience  and  the  position 
of  biology , form  a  useful  resume*  in  ipii 

their  being  collections  of  quotations   and 


of  the  unnecessarily  long  account,  of  the 
well-known  coincidence  in  Darwin's  and 
Wallace's  ideas  on  the  origin  of  species. 
Put  Boaroely  any  mention  of  theology  is 
made,  and  no  refutation  supplied  of  state- 
ments, based  on  Scientific,  facts,  made 
by  Rationalists.  The  quotation  from 
'Creative  Evolution9  gives  a  wrong 
impression  of  "Prof.  Bergson's  meaning. 
The  grave  discussion  on  miracles  ends:— 

*'  It'     we     admit     the     possibility     of     any 

revelation,  we  also  admit  that  miracles.... 
cannot  be  summarily  rejected  as  impossible." 

Tile  analogy  of  electricity,  magnetism, 
&C,  is  not  convincing. 

Prof.  Bonney  discusses  the  credibility 
of  Christianity  in  great  detail,  but  makes 
no  connexion  between  these  chapters  and 
the  preceding  ones.  An  instance  of  his 
method  is  the  following.  He  is  speaking 
of  recognition  after  death  : — 

"  It  is,  of  course,  possible  that  recognition 
may  be  a  consequence  of  some  other  attri- 
bute than  those  dependent  upon  the  sense 
of  sight,  but  is  it  not  equally  possible  that 
the  appearance  which  one  embodied  spirit 
presents  to  another  in  the  life  to  come  may 
often  be  subjective  rather  than  objective, 
so  that  the  same  person  may  wear  a  dif- 
ferent aspect  to  different  individuals  ? 
Parents  may  seem  young  to  the  child  whom 
they  lost  in  the  earlier  years  of  their  married 
life,  and  old  to  those  wrho,  some  forty  years 
later,  had  been  the  solace  of  their  ape.' 

The  author  calls  Christ  the  ';  offering 
for  sin,"  and  asserts  that  his  own  belief  in 
the 

"great  Christian  verities ....  those  em- 
bodied in  the  two  great  creeds  of  the  Catholic 
CI mrch,  is  greater  than  ever." 

We  leave  him  there,  but  we  wish  we 
could  more  heartily  agree  with  him  in  the 
statement  that  the  clergy  especially 

"  have  made  it  their  business  to  secure 
proper  nursing  and  due  medical  care  for  the 
sick,  and  to  lighten  t he  burden  of  ill-health. 
.  .  .  .They  have  striven  to  understand  the 
needs  of  the  labourer  in  the  country,  the 
worker  in  the  mine,  and  the  artisan  in 
the  city,  and  to  become  their  helper  and 
friend." 

In  '  Faith  and  Reality  '  Dr.  Stowell  is 
philosophical  in  method,  and  he  does 
attempt  to  refute  systems  inimical  to 
Christianity,  but  he  is  confused  in  thought 
and  words,  and  does  not  fully  comprehend 
the  systems  he  criticizes.  He  thinks 
that  "  faith. ..  .is  an  essential  clement, 
both  subjectively  and  objectively,  in  the 
approach  to  reality  "  ;  but  he  changes  his 
ground  in  saying  that 

"finite  persons  live,  move,  and  have  their 
being,  only  in  their  relationship  to  the 
Absolute  Person.  This  relationship  is  the 
constructive  principle  of  all  reality,  and  is 
sustained  by  the  movement  of  faith." 

The  confusion  between  faith  and  the 
object  of  faith  continually  occurs  through- 
out the  book,  notably  BO  when  he  speaks 

of  the  systems  "  which  would  eliminate 

Eaith,"  and  includes  among  them  pan- 
theism, ethicism,  and  positivism,  each  of 
which    extols   faith,    though  the    object   of 

their  faith  i-  not  that  of  Christians.  Dr. 
Stowell  is  fair  in  general  in  his  exposition 
of  systems  other  wan  Christianity,  though 

it    is    a    mistake    to    speak    of    "  Comt     B 


refusal  to  look  for  caU8e  in  any  cas  •." 
lie  is  not  so  successful  in  combating  the 
principles  of  these  systems.  Mis  state- 
ments concerning  the  intellect  and  its 
powers  are  contradictory.     He  says: — 

"  The  strictest  inductive  science  for  its  own 
advance  must  look  to  its  inner  possibilities 
through    fertility    in    hypothesis,    through 

(lashes  of  deduct  ive  insight,  Suggesting  new- 
lines  of  induct  ion  "  ; 

and  quotes  Pergson,  Kucken,  and  others 
with  approval  when  they  assert  that  the 
intellect,  is  inadequate  for  solving  the 
problems  of  lite  ;   yet  he  concludes  that 

"the    question    that     intellect     asks    can    be 

answered  only  by  intellect,  though  the 
answer  urges  us  with  a  still  more  compre- 
hensive process  than  the  intellectual." 

We  yield  to  the  temptation  to  quote 
from  '  Creative  Evolution  '  : — 

"  There  are  things  that  intelligence  alone 
is  able  to  seek,  but  which,  by  itself,  it  will 
never  find.  These  things  instinct  alone 
could  find  ;   but  it  will  never  seek  them." 

Dr.  Stowell  shows  a  wide  sweep  of 
philosophical  knowledge,  but  he  carries  us 
back  to  the  Middle  Ages  when  he  asserts 
that  moral  evil  originates  with  the  devil, 
who  is  personal. 

All  will  admit  the  responsibility  of  Eng- 
land for  the  true  welfare  and  prosperity 
of  her  Indian  Empire.  Now  the  religious 
well-being  of  the  native  races  is  an  essential 
element  in  that  welfare,  and  therefore 
the  missionary  problem  in  India  which 
confronts  the  Christian  Church  is  deeply 
significant.  The  aim  of  Mr.  Bernard  Lucas 
in  '  Our  Task  in  India  '  is 

"  to  give  a  fresh  presentation  of  Indian 
Missions.  .  .  .more  in  accord  with  our  modern 
thought  and  feeling  on  the  subject,  and 
to  offer  suggestions  for  its  more  effective 
working." 

Its  opinions  arc  based  on  a  lengthy  experi- 
ence of  missionary  labour,  and  are  pub- 
lished with  the  supreme  desire  for  a 
nobler  Church  and  a  worthier  empire 
in  India. 

Mr.  Lucas's  contribution  depends  on 
a  striking  contrast  which  he  makes 
between  two  conceptions  of  Christian 
activity,  and  these  he  names  Proselytism 
and  Evangelism.  He  is  careful  in  their 
definition,  and  he  does  not  carry  the  con- 
trast too  far,  but  he  contends  that  these 
stand  for  two  attitude's  ado]. ted  by  the 
Church  towards  the  Hindu.  The  dif- 
ference in  method  represented  by  these 
is  traced  back  to  the  days  of  St.  Paul, 
whose    success    against    the    Jewish    prose- 

ivti/.ers  was  owing  to  his  statesmanlike 
Kvangelism.  The'  pertinent  and  oppor- 
tune question  which  the  author  ask-  is 

"  is  our  message  of  Chris!  to  India  to 
be  confined  within  Western  theological  and 
ecclesiastical  moulds,  a    i  onceindai 

of    being   confined    within    Jewish    mouli 
,„■  is  M    o,   be  ;i   message  of  spiritual   life, 
to  l.e  cast  in  fresh  mould-  winch  Indian 
religious   though!    and    feelinj  able   to 

I  ,i..\  id« 
'||„.    final     BU(  or    failure    of     Indian 

missions,  we  are  assured,  depend-  on  the 
answer.     Even    at    it-    best    Proselytism 

m.pli.  -   that   one    particular   religion    mu-t 


250 


THE    A  Til  ENtEUM 


[Supplement,  Feb.  14,   1914 


be  advanced  ;  that  the  convert  to  that 
religion  must  be  separated  from  the 
religious  thought  and  feeling  in  which  he 
has  been  born  and  brought  up  ;  and  that 
such  a  convert  should  unreservedly  accept 
the  creed,  ritual,  and  organization  of  his 
new  faith.  Mr.  Lucas  contrasts  the  spirit 
of  such  ideals  with  that  of  our  Lord's 
ministry,  and  it  is  the  latter  that  helps  him 
to  sketch  the  true  Evangelism.  It  may 
be  that  some  races  need  first  to  be  prose- 
lytes before  they  can  be  converts  ;  but 
Proselytism  must  "  rise  into  Evangelism  "  ; 
for,  "  where  the  mere  Proselytist  might 
feel  he  had  finished,  the  Evangelist  would 
probably  feel  he  had  hardly  begun." 
The  author  advocates  the  adoption  of 
the  conception  of  evolution  as  a  practical 
working  basis  in  the  religious  as  in  other 
branches  of  human  development. 

"  The  true  missionary  evangelist  recog- 
nises in  India  a  religious  soul  of  a  special 
type,  evolved  and  nurtured  by  the  same 
Divine  Spirit  which  has  evolved  and  nur- 
tured his  own." 

The  Hindu  must  be  saved  for  and  not 
from  India. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  indicate  the 
ideal  which  Mr.  Lucas  would  set  before 
the  Christian  Church  in  its  missionary 
enterprise.  In  the  light  of  this  ideal  he 
discusses  the  motive  of  Evangelism,  the 
requisite  training  and  sympathy  of  its 
pioneers,  the  necessity  for  an  Indian 
Church  in  its  own  rights,  and  the  advan- 
tages of  co-operation  and  union  in  the 
Indian  field  amongst  our  Church  workers  of 
every  creed  and  polity.  Mr.  Lucas  has 
made  a  broad-minded  and  well-considered 
appeal  to  the  Christian  Church,  and  we 
believe  that  he  has  pointed  out  the  true, 
if  difficult  path  of  happier  achievement. 


THE   OLD   TESTAMENT. 

Profs.  F.  C.  Burkitt  and  G.  E.  Newsom, 
who  are  the  editors  of  "  The  Layman's 
Library,"  of  which  the  first  volume,  de- 
voted to  '  The  Faith  of  the  Old  Testament,' 
now  lies  before  us,  have  set  themselves  the 
praiseworthy  task  of  building  up,  among 
laymen  or  "non-specialist"  Bible  readers.. 
;'  a  constructive  religious  ideal."  The 
critical  and  historical  difficulties  "  which 
perplex  many  thoughtful  minds  "  are  to 
be  faced,  and  "  while  taking  full  account 
of  the  results  of  modern  criticism,"  the 
contributors  aim  at  offering  a  system  of 
teaching,  "  in  the  spirit  of  a  large  and  firm 


The  Faith  of  the  Old  Testament.  By  Alexan- 
der Nairne.  "The  Layman's  Library." 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  2s.  60?.  net.) 

The  Layman's  Old  Testament.  Edited,  with 
Br  ef  Notes,  by  M.  G.  Glazebrook.  (Oxford 
University  Press,  3s.  6c? .  net. ) 

The  Religious  Ideas  of  the  Old  Testament. 
By  H.  Wheeler  Bobinson.  (Duckworth, 
2s.    6d.  net.) 

The  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament.  By 
Georga  Foot  Moore.  "Home  University 
Library."     (Williams  &  Norgate,  Is.  net.) 

A  Critical  and  Exegetical  Commentary  on  the 
Books  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah.  By  Loring 
W.  Batten.      (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark.) 


churchmanship,"  calculated  to  "  satisfy 
both  heart  and  mind." 

It  is,  of  course,  clear  that,  in  order 
properly  to  fulfil  their  purpose,  works  of 
this  kind  must  resolutely  go  to  the  heart 
of  things.  They  must  lay  hold  with  force 
and  enthusiasm  on  the  eternal  verities 
which  lie  above  the  disintegrating  activities 
either  of  literary  or  historical  criticism. 
This  requirement  has,  we  are  glad  to  say, 
been  to  a  very  considerable  extent  at- 
tained in  the  volume  now  under  review. 
A  note  of  encouragement  and  reassui-ance 
is  sounded  throughout  the  work,  and  the 
language  rises  at  times  to  something  like 
real  eloquence.  "Those  prophets,"  Prof. 
Nairne,  for  instance,  writes, 

"  were  indeed  idealists  who  made  no  truce 
with  superstition.  But  they  were  idealists 
who  strove  at  every  step  to  apply  their 
ideal  practically.  If  their  supra-natural  in- 
spiration is  remarkable,  so  is  the  natural 
variety  of  its  operation.  Isaiah  has  left  us 
the  account  of  his  tremendous  call  in 
chap.  vi.  It  was  as  tremendous  as  St.  Paul's 
ecstasy  in  which  he  heard  unspeakable 
words ;  yet  Isaiah  has  attempted  to  describe 
what  happened,  and  his  attempt  is  marked 
by  consummate  art." 

It  would  ba  easy  to  collect  a  number  of 
other  striking  passages  from  Prof.  Nairne's 
volume,  but  we  must  content  ourselves 
with  saying  that  a  similar  high  tone  is 
maintained  in  the  subsequent  chapters  of 
the  book,  which  deal  respectively  with 
'  Ezekiel  and  the  Law,'  the  Wisdom 
Books,  the  Apocrypha  and  Daniel,  and 
the  Psalter. 

The  only  criticism  we  are  inclined 
to  make  —  and  it  will  be  seen  that 
it  is  a  criticism  which  carries  with  it 
high  appreciation  as  well— is  that  Prof. 
Nairne's  st}de  and  mode  of  viewing 
things  are  often  pitched  too  high  to  be 
sufficiently  useful  to  the  rank  and  file 
of  intelligent  readers.  In  order  to  follow 
him  successfully,  his  public  must  first  of 
all  rise  to  the  level  from  which  he  addresses 
them.  They  must  not  only  be  able  to 
appreciate  his  allusions  to  such  writers  as 
Plato,  Hegel,  iEschylus,  and  the  Cam- 
bridge Platonists,  but  must  also  have 
passed  through  a  course  of  mental  develop- 
ment which  will  enable  them  to  come 
into  close  touch  with  the  author's  own 
atmosphere.  To  take  one  concrete  in- 
stance showing  Prof.  Nairne's  manner — an 
extreme  case,  we  own — of  referring  to 
famous  writers,  how  is  a  "  layman  "  who 
does  not  happen  to  have  had  a  public - 
school  training,  or  something  equivalent 
to  it,  to  appreciate  the  following  quota- 
tion from  a  letter  addressed  by  Fitz- 
Gerald  to  Cowell,  introduced  by  our  author 
for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  effect 
which  the  utterances  of  the  Hebrew 
prophets  make  upon  a  person  fresh  from 
a  perusal  of  the  Book  of  Kings  ? — 

"  And  it  came  upon  me,  '  come  stella  in 
ciel,'  when,  in  the  account  of  the  taking  of 
Amphipolis,  Thucydides,  os  ravra  ^vveypaif/ev, 
comes  with  seven  ships  to  the  rescue." 

Our  conclusion,  then,  is  that  Prof. 
Nairne's  volume  is  likely  to  prove  very  use- 
ful to  many,  but  that  a  work  of  a  similar 
tendency  is  still  needed  for  the  use  of  large 


numbers  of  readers  who  belong  to  the 
intelligent,  though  not  academically  cul- 
tured classes  of  persons. 

'  The  Layman's  Old  Testament '  is  hardly 
likely  to  be  received  with  equal  favour  by 
all  sections  of  Bible  readers.  Its  very  title 
seems  calculated  to  invite  attack.  Is 
there  to  be  one  Bible  for  the  clergy,  people 
may  ask.  and  another  for  the  laity  ?  And 
if  this  is  so,  should  not  the  form  of  the 
layman's  Bible  be  determined  by  corporate 
ecclesiastical  authority  rather  than  by  an 
individual  scholar,  however  high  his 
attainments  %  Nor  can  the  prejudice — or, 
from  another  point  of  view,  the  legitimate 
opposition — be  overcome  by  a  closer 
acquaintance  with  the  contents  of  the 
volume.  Persons  accustomed  to  treasure 
their  Bible  in  its  entirety  are  not  likely 
to  be  appeased  by  what  they  get  if  they 
find  that  five  books  have  been  entirely 
omitted  from  the  collection  of  sacred 
writings,  whilst  all  others  have  been  more 
or  less  shortened  ;  and  a  not  inconsiderable 
number  of  old-fashioned  readers  will  find 
an  additional  stumbling-block  in  the  ad- 
mission of  parts  of  the  Apocrypha  on  an 
apparently  equal  footing  with  the  canonical 
writings  of  the  Old  Testament  as  current 
in  the  reformed  Churches. 

Having  thus  indicated  the  objections 
which  might  from  certain  points  of  view 
be  reasonably  levelled  against  the  publica- 
tion, we  can  for  the  rest  congratulate  Dr. 
Glazebrook  on  the  manner  in  which  he  has 
accomplished  the  task,  no  doubt  under- 
taken by  him  under  a  due  sense  of  public 
duty  and  responsibility.  Particularly 
praiseworthy  is  the  use  he  makes  of  the 
marginal  readings  of  the  Revised  Version, 
though  there  is  naturally  room  for 
diversity  of  opinion  on  a  number  of  points. 

"  The  Bevisers  of  the  Old  Testament,  as 
is  well  known  [he  writes],  placed  a  great  deal 
of  their  most  valuable  work  in  the  margin. 
There,  in  hundreds  of  cases,  are  to  be  found 
correct  translations,  while  the  old  errors 
remain  in  the  text.  But,  so  placed,  they 
are  almost  useless  to  the  ordinary  reader, 
since  the  margin  also  contains  hundreds  of 
wrong  translations,  which  were  found  in  the 
Authorized  Version,  and  rejected  by  the 
Bevisers." 

So  far,  therefore,  as  the  present  edition 
of  the  English  Old  Testament  extends, 
Dr.  Glazebrook  deserves  thanks  for  giving 
readers  the  text  of  the  Revised  Version 
considerably  amended  from  the  materials 
provided  by  the  Revisers  themselves. 

The  brief  notes  at  the  foot  of  the  pages, 
though  "  not  in  any  sense  a  commen- 
tary," will  be  found  very  useful  in  pro- 
viding information  about  the  meaning  of 
Hebrew  names  and  phrases,  the  position 
of  places,  and  other  topics.  Of  great  value 
are  the  maps  (no  fewer  than  eleven  in 
number)  given  at  the  end.  Everything 
stands  out  clearly  on  them,  and  not  in 
the  almost  bewildering  aspect  such  guides 
often  present  to  the  eye.  Dr.  Glazebrook 
has  evidently  paid  special  attention  to 
this  part  of  his  subject,  and  nothing  can 
be  wiser  or  more  helpful  than  the  advice 
he  offers  on  the  use  of  the  maps  in  the 
long  note  which  follows  the  Preface. 


Supplement,  Feb.  14,  1914] 


tv 


Ml  E     ATI!  K\  M  I  M 


251 


Many  b  >oks  have  been  written  regarding 
the  religion  of  the  Hebrews,  and  one  need 
not  always  expert  them  to  furnish  wholly 
new  material.  Scholars  have  busied  them- 
selves for  many  decades  in  Old  Testa- 
ment criticism,  and  have  made  it  hard  for 
their  successors  to  win  fame  through  their 
researches.  .But  there  is  always  room  for 
fresh  treatment  of  results,  and  Mr. 
Robinson  in  '  The  Religious  Ideas  of  the 
Old  Testament '  is  happy  in  his  selection 
and  arrangement  of  relevant  ideas.  He  is 
an  avowed  critic,  and  he 

'  believes  critical  study  of  the  Old  Testament 
•  t<>  l>c  no  obstacle,  hut  a  great  help  to  the 
progress  of  the  Gospel  of  the  New    Testa- 
ment." 

It  is  his  aim  in  this  book  to  present  the 
leading  religious  views  of  the  Hebrews 
in  their  historical  setting,  and  to  give 
s;nno  indication  of  their  theological  and 
philosophical  value,  as  well  as  their 
significance  for  Christianity. 

The  scheme  of  the  book  is  good.  Three 
chapters  deal  respectively  with  the  Ideas 
of  Religion,  God.  and  Man  ;  two  treat  of 
the  'Approach  of  God  to  Man  '  and  the  '  Ap- 
proach of  Men  to  God  '  ;  the  problems  of 
sin  and  suffering,  and  the  national  hope, 
occupy  further  sections  ;  while  the  whole 
is  completed  by  a  discussion  of  the  perma- 
nent value  of  the  Old  Testament.  What 
arc  some  of  these  religious  ideas  ?  They 
are  the  product  of  the  remarkable  history 
of  a  notable  race,  and,  if  we  know  the 
characteristic  features  of  that  history, 
we  can  understand  its  philosophy  of 
religion.  The  Hebrew  nation  was,  first  of 
all,  *"  exposed  to  a  remarkable  series  of 
foreign  influences.''  Again,  the  history 
of  Israel  furnished  wide  scope  for  "  indi- 
vidual initiative."  Each  crisis  in  its 
story  produced  an  interpreter  of  the 
providential  order,  from  Moses  to  Ezra, 
who  took  his  stand  on  moral  principle. 
A  third  aspect  was  the  Hebrew  self- 
cunsciousness  as  a  nation  whose  privilege 
it  was  to  preserve  and  distribute  a  unique 
religion.  That  self-consciousness  revealed 
itself  in  the  Messianic  hope,  and  resulted 
in  an  undaunted  vigour  which  appro- 
priated for  its  own  the  most  alien  ele- 
ments. The  "  teleological  or  providential 
aspect  of  the  history  of  Israel  "  may  be 
taken  as  the  fourth  feature  of  a  history 
"  progressively  creative  of  the  great  ideas 
which  are  the  foundation  of  the  Christian 
faith."  In  the  final  chapter  Mr.  Robinson 
makes  the  claim  that  these  ideas  form 
put  of  a  divine  revelation.  "  Xo  purely 
naturalistic  formula  will  ever  explain 
Israel's  historv,"  for  that  history  discloses 
intense  belief  in  the  "  real  Spiritual  inter- 
course of  God  and  man."  That  inter- 
course might  be  broken,  and  man  was 
estranged  from  God  ;  but  through  suffer- 
ing and  discipline  he  learnt  the  divine 
purpose. 

The  book  is  supplied  with  copious  notes, 
which  not  only  illustrate  the  argument,  hut 
also  reveal  an  exact  and  wide  scholarship. 

The  task  of  giving  a  critical  account  of 
'  The  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament '  in  a 
form  that  is  at  once  concise,  comprehensive, 
and  clear   is    by    no    means  i  asj  ;    and 


Prof.  Moore  is.  therefore,  to  be  con- 
gratulated the  more  heartily  on  having 
accomplished  it  with  a  high  degree 
of  felicity.  Complete  success  is  rendered 
unattainable  by  the  limitation  of  space. 
En  order  to  be  comprehensive  in  the  fuller 
Bense  of  the  term,  a  hook  of  tins  kind 
should  provide,  in  an  easy  form,  sulheient 
indications  of  divergency  of  critical 
opinion  on  all  the  more  important  debat- 
able points  ;  but  no  such  fullness  of  treat- 
ment could  have  been  contemplated  by 
the  publishers  at  the  outset.  Apart, 
therefore,  from  the  general  outline  of 
critical  theory  on  which  most  modern 
scholars  are  agreed,  the  author  could,  on 
a  number  of  details,  give  us  only  his  own 
opinion  ;  and  exigencies  of  space  made  it 
also  necessary  for  him  to  refer  the  reader 
to  some  of  his  other  writings  "  for  a  fuller 
statement  of  the  reasons  for  his  views 
and  a  more  detailed  analysis."  Criticism 
can  naturally  have  but  little  to  say 
regarding  the  different  parts  of  a  work 
which  thus,  from  its  very  nature,  avoids 
critical  controversy,  and  we  therefore 
only  set  down  a  few  remarks  that  may 
serve  the  purpose  of  drawing  attention 
to  some  of  the  more  noteworthy  features 
of  the  little  book. 

Of  great  excellence  as  a  popular  exposi- 
tion of  the  theme  is  the  opening  chapter, 
which  deals  with  the  formation  of  the 
Canon  of  the  Old  Testament  and  its 
history  down  to  late  Reformation  times. 
In  the  second  introductory  chapter  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  are  with  equal  clear- 
ness treated  as  a  national  literature,  pos- 
sessing an  almost  unique  importance  in 
this  respect,  "  apart  from  its  religious 
value  and  authority  for  the  synagogue 
and  the  church." 

Passing  over  the  narrative  portions  of 
the  Canon — to  which,  by  the  way,  the 
Book  of  Jonah  is  attached  in  chap.  xiv. 
by  the  side  of  Esther  and  Ruth — we  note 
that  Prof.  Moore  favours  in  a  rather 
extreme  form  the  theory  of  multiple 
authorship  of  the  second  part  of 
Isaiah,  holding  that  portions  of  it  belong, 
perhaps,  to  the  third  century  B.C., 
""  with  some  minor  additions  of  even 
later  date."  In  the  treatment  of  the 
Book  of  Job  we  miss  a  reference  to  the 
tone  of  irony  with  which  the  hero  of  the 
work  sometimes  confronts  the  self-con- 
stituted defenders  of  the  Almighty.  Prof. 
Moore's  remark,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
Job  w"  appeals  from  the  injustice  of  God 
to  the  just  God  who  some  day  will  have 
to  justify  him,"  savours  rather  strongly  of 
paradox. 

We  conclude  with  a  mention  of  our 
author's  view  that  the  language  of  the 
Song  of  Songs  proves  that  it  belongs 
"to  a  very  late  period  in  Hebrew  lite- 
rature," and  that  the  work  represents 
"an  anthology  of  love  songs."  nothing 
requiring  as  to  suppose  "  that  they  are  the 
production  of  one  poet." 

Prof.  Batten  has.  in  his  investigation 
of  the  many  interesting  and  complicated 

problems   presented   by  the  twin  hooks  of 
Ezra-Nehemiah,  aimed  at  critical  thorough- 

ii'  it    and    fullness    of    detail  and    he    has, 


besides,  evinced  a.  considerable  amount-  of 
independence  and  originality  in  several  of 

his  conclusions. 

The  theory  of  the  original  unity  of 
Ezra-Nehemiah  with  the  Books  of  Chro- 
nicles, to  which  he  unhesitatingly  adheres, 
is  held  by  most  modern  scholars.  But 
there  is  much  diversity  of  opinion  with 
regard  to  the  character  of  the  sources  that 
were  used  by  the  Chronicler,  and  the 
amount  of  revision  which  they  had  to 
undergo  in  order  to  he  made  conformable 
to  the  general  trend  of  his  narrative  ;  and 
in  his  treatment  of  the  questions  thus 
raised  Prof.  Batten  often  takes  a  moderate 
and  what,  in  the  present  stage  of  critical 
controversy,  may  almost  be  called  a 
conservative  line. 

The  edict  of  C}rrus  for  the  return  of  the 
Jews  from  the  Babylonian  exile,  for 
instance,  which  has  been  declared  un- 
authentic by  several  leading  scholars,  our 
author  is  strongly  inclined  to  regard  as 
genuine.  The  corollary,  of  course,  is  that 
the  historicity  of  a  return  from  the  exile 
in  the  time  of  Cyrus  is,  notwithstanding  a 
strong  current  of  adverse  opinion,  once 
more  vigorously  defended,  with  the  qualifi- 
cation, however,  that  the  number  of  per- 
sons Avho  took  advantage  of  the  edict 
was  comparatively  insignificant. 

Prof.  Batten  also  rejects  the  view  held 
by  several  critics  that  the  Chronicler  him- 
self composed  the  Aramaic  documents 
given  in  Ezra,  though  he  considers  that 
only  the  correspondence  with  Artaxerxes 
embodied  in  chap.  iv.  represents  historical 
fact  in  the  full  sense  of  the  word.  The 
edict  of  Artaxerxes  authorizing  Ezras 
mission,  to  name  only  the  last  part  of  the 
Aramaic  section,  has,  according  to  him, 
been  largely  amplified  "  by  one  who 
exaggerated  Ezra's  mission  more  than 
even  the  Chronicler  did."  One  of  the 
grounds  alleged  by  several  critics  for 
assigning  a  late  date  to  these  documents 
is  of  a  linguistic  nature,  the  assumption 
being  that  the  language  of  the  Elephantine 
Papyri,  which  belongs  to  the  fifth  century 
B.C.,  is  much  earlier  than  the  Aramaic 
of  Daniel  and  Ezra  ;  but  Prof.  Batten 
ranges  himself  on  the  side  of  those  who 
consider  that  the  Aramaic  of  the  papyri 
is  identical  with  that  exhibited  in  the 
Biblical  documents. 

In  discussing  the  relation  of  1  Ksdras  t<> 
the  canonical  Ezra,  our  author  pays  due 
attention  to  the  theory  put  forward  with 
much  ingenuity  by  Sir  Henry  Howorth, 
that  the  first-named  recension  was  tin 
original  Septuagiot  rendering  of  the 
Hebrew  text,  whilst  the  Creek  version 
standing  second  in  our  form  of  the  Seotu- 
agint  is  really  Theodotion's  translation. 
After  allowing  that  much  credit    IS  <hie  to 

this  indefatigable  English  investigator 
••  for  his  persistent  efforts  to  bring  Esdrafl 
into  the  prominence  it  deserves,  the 
Professor  expresses  the  \iew  that 
"  bis  fundamental  mistake  is  the  under- 
lying theory  thai  there  m^-  an  authorita- 
in c  and  Btandard  <  (reek  i ranslat  ion  of  the 
Old  Testament  comparable  to  the  Autho- 
rized \  eraion  in  English,  a  sort  ol  official 
textua  recepttu.  The  faol  is  thai  I  and 
:.'  Esdrafl  [2  E  dras  meaning  bere  our  Ezra- 
Nehemiah]  are   quite   independent    transla- 


552 


T  UK     ATTTKX^r  M 


[SlTPbK.MKNT,    Ffjj.    14,    1914 


lions  of  Semitic  originals ....  1  Esdras  had 
one  Semitic  text  of  which  it  is  a  free  and 
idiomatic  version;  2  Esdras  is  a  slavishly 
literal  rendering  of  our  present  Masoretic 
text." 

A  considerable  degree  of  sound  judg- 
ment is  shown  bjr  our  author  in  his 
rejection  of  the  theory  strenuously  advo- 
cated by  his  American  colleague  Prof. 
Torrey,  that  the  person  of  Ezra  never 
existed,  and  that  the  account  of  his  labours 
is  a  creation  of  the  Chronicler.  He 
regards  as  the  strongest  of  his  opponent's 
arguments  the  absence  of  any  mention  of 
Ezra  in  the  '  Praise  of  the  Fathers  '  com- 
posed by  Ben-Sira  about  ISO  B.C.,  and 
embodied  in  Ecclesiasticus,  chaps,  xliv.-l. 
Much  force  is,  of  course,  added  to  this 
argument  by  the  fact  that  Nehemiah 
and  two  other  leaders  of  the  period  do 
get  brief  mention  in  the  composition 
referred  to.  Prof.  Batten,  however,  decides 
that  in  any  case  an  account  of  Ezra's 
activity  must  have  lain  before  Ben-Sira 
in  the  Books  of  Chronicles,  which  at  first 
included  Ezra-Nehemiah,  and  that  it  is 
now  "  impossible  to  learn "  why  he 
omitted  a  name  of  such  importance. 

Our  author's  independence  of  judgment 
asserts    itself    particularly    in     his    view 
of  the  historical  periods  to  which    Ezra 
and  Nehemiah  respectively  belonged.     In 
opposition  to  the  general  trend  of  opinion 
among   critics,   he   separates   the   mission 
of    Ezra    from    that    of    Nehemiah     by, 
roughly,     a     period     covered     by     two 
generations,      Nehemiah     having     been, 
according  to  him,  governor  of  Judah  in 
444-432  B.C.,  under   Artaxerxes  I.  Longi- 
manus,  who  reigned  from  464  to  424,  and 
Ezra    having    received     his    commission 
rather  late  in  the  time  of  Artaxerxes  II. 
Mnemon,  whose  reign  began  in  404  and 
ended  in  359.     But  interesting  and  impor- 
tant as  this  hypothesis  may  be,  if  viewed 
in  the   light  of  an  all  but  fresh  battle- 
ground for  critics,  present  and  to  come, 
we   cannot   say  that   the    arguments    as 
presented  here  are  sufficient  to  convince 
us.     Some  of  the  few  passages  in  Ezra- 
Nehemiah   on  which  Prof.  Batten  relies 
seem  to  us  entirely  devoid  of  the  cogency 
which   we    are    asked    to    see    in    them, 
and    the    remaining    verses,    dealing    as 
they  do  with  names  which  may  occur  in 
successive    generations,  are  also  of  little 
value  in  the  argument.     An  attempt  has 
been  made  to  add  strength  to  the  theory 
from    the    mention    in    the    Elephantine 
Papyri   of    a   Jehohanan  who   was   High 
Priest  at  Jerusalem  in  407  B.C.,  the  suppo- 
sition being  that  he  is  identical  with  the 
Jehohanan  with  whom  Ezra  is  stated  to 
have  been  associated ;  but  unfortunately 
the  Jehohanan  of  Ezra's  time  is  not  styled 
High  Priest,  nor  would  identity  of   name 
in  any  case,  as  has  already  been  intimated, 
necessarily  imply  identity  of  person. 

In  the  textual  notes  great  importance 
is  attached  to  the  evidence  provided  by 
1  Esdras  ;  but  many  of  the  emendations 
and  restorations  are,  in  our  opinion,  of  a 
doubtful  character.  A  special  surprise  is 
the  presence  on  p.  68  of  a  supposed 
Hebrew  form  (D^fQOD)  meaning  "  sur- 
rounding places."  Such  a  form  does  not, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  exist. 


THE  MESSAGE  OF   JESUS. 

A  contribution  by  Prof.  Swete  to  the 
exegetieal  literature  of  the  New  Testament 
is  certain  to  be  received  with  gratitude  by 
those  who  recognize  that  the  documents 
of  religion  must  be  subjected  to  examina- 
tion, and  at  the  same  time  feel  that  rever- 
ence should  direct  the  operation.  His 
book  on  '  The  Last  Discourse  and  Prayer  of 
our  Lord  '  is  manifestly  the  work  of  a  man 
at  once  devout  and  learned,  who  makes 
use  of  his  scholarship  to  determine  the 
exact  meaning  of  the  words  of  the  sacred 
text,  and  his  critical  power  to  interpret 
the  thought  of  the  Lord.  We  are  told 
in  the  Foreword  that  critical  problems 
have  been  almost  wholly  passed  over,  not 
as  being  unimportant,  but  as  foreign  to 
the  intention  of  this  book,  and  also  that 
the  book  makes  no  claim  to  the  character 
of  a  formal  commentary.  The  fact  that 
the  book  is  not  a  formal  commentary  in- 
creases its  literary  value  ;  and  the  notes 
are  of  special  worth,  since  they  do  not 
record  the  opinions  of  eminent  scholars, 
but  are  mainly  devoted  to  throwing  light 
on  the  thought  conveyed. 

Prof.  Swete  admits  that  the  words  of 
Christ  as  they  are  given  in  the  Synoptic 
Gospels  cannot  be  regarded  as  the  ipsissima 
verba  of  our  Lord,  since  they  have  come 
to  us  through  a  translation  and  from 
sources  which  were  originally  not  docu- 
mentary, but  oral.  He  sees,  however,  in 
the  Fourth  Gospel  a  difference  between 
the  earlier  discourses  and  the  last  discourse 
and  prayer.  It  is  not  unreasonable,  he 
thinks,  to  suppose  that  words  spoken 
on  the  last  night  of  the  Lord's  life  pro- 
duced an  impression  which  could  not  be 
effaced,  and  that  one  of  the  hearers  found 
at  the  end  of  a  long  career  the  very  words 
still  ringing  in  his  ears.  Repeated  study 
confirms  Prof.  Swete  in  his  conviction  that 
the  words  approach  as  near  to  those 
spoken  by  our  Lord  as  the  memory  of 
one  who  heard  them  can  bring  us.  There 
is  in  them,  he  says,  "  a  severe  simplicity, 
a  divine  dignity,  a  mystery  of  paradox 
in  which  the  reader  catches  sight  of  un- 
explored depths  of  truth  ;  features  which, 
if  not  absent  from  the  earlier  discourses, 
are  present  here  far  more  conspicuously  "  ; 
and  he  concludes  that  it  is  incredible  that 
the  last  discourse  and  prayer  of  Jesus 
rest  upon  no  historical  foundation,  and 
that  they  represent  only  what  the  Evan- 
gelist conceived  that  He  would  have  said. 

It  is  open  to  any  one  to  affirm  in  opposi- 
tion to  Prof.  Swete  that  the  author  of  the 
Fourth  Gospel  is  responsible  for  the  style 
of  the  last  chapters,  and  that  the  style 
is  affected  by  the  greatness  and  solemnity 
of  his  subject  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
since  the  trained  thought  of  an  experienced 

The  Last  Discourse  and  Prayer  of  our  Lord  : 
a  Study  of  St.  John  xiv.-xvii.  By  Henry 
Barclay  Swete.  (Macmillan  &  Co.,  2s.  Qd. 
net.) 

The  Eschatology  of  Jesus.  By  H.  Latimer 
Jackson.     (Same  publishers,  5s.  net.) 

Unwritten  Sayings  of  our  Lord.  By  the  Rev. 
David  Smith.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton, 
2s.  Qd.  net.) 


critic  must  have  a  high  value,  many  may 
choose  to  accept  Prof.  Swete  as  a  director 
worthy  to  be  trusted.  Yet  there  is 
a  serious  difficulty  in  his  contention 
which  cannot  be  overlooked  when  we 
are  dealing  with  shades  of  meaning  ex- 
pressed by  the  tenses  of  verbs  or  by 
specific  words  as  opposed  to  words  with 
a  general  significance.  The  last  discourse 
and  prayer  of  Jesus  were  uttered  not  in 
Greek,  but  in  Aramaic  ;  and  even  if  the 
Apostle  John  composed  the  Fourth  Gospel, 
he  did  not  write  it,  according  to  tradition, 
till  his  old  age.  But  could  he  so  remember 
the  words  of  Jesus  as  to  render  them 
exactly  in  Greek  ?  and  can  it  be  shown 
that  Aramaic  could  express  the  fine  mean- 
ings or  minute  distinctions  detected  by 
Prof.  Swete  in  the  Greek  words  of  the 
Gospel  ? 

The  examination  of  John  xiv.  2  illus- 
trates the  significance  attributed  to  the 
words  used  by  Jesus  ;  but  as  he  admits 
that  Jesus  spoke  in  Aramaic,  it  is  necessary 
for  Prof.  Swete  to  show  that  the  significance 
of  the  Greek  words  is  to  be  found  in  corre- 
sponding Aramaic  words.  This,  however, 
he  does  not  attempt  to  do.  After  quoting 
the  English  words  of  the  verse  he  adds 
this  commentary :  "  /  am  going,  He 
repeats,  though  He  now  uses  a  word  which 
speaks  of  His  departure  as  a  journey 
rather  than  as  a  permanent  withdrawal 
from  the  world."  The  word  used  is 
iropevouai  and  not  virdya).  Regarding  the 
meaning  of  these  two  words  reference  is 
made  to  Dr.  Abbott,  who  in  his  '  Johan- 
nine  Vocabulary,'  says  concerning  John 
xiv.  2,  "  There  remains  the  most  difficult 
passage  of  all,  in  which  the  Saviour  gives 
up,  for  a  time,  virdyu),  and  substitutes 
TropevojiaL,  go  {on  a  journey). "  In  the 
verse  there  is  mention  of  "  many  abodes  " 
or  "  many  mansions,"  and  Prof.  Swete 
points  out  that  the  disciples,  to  whom 
Jesus  was  speaking,  might  picture  these 
if  they  gazed  on  the  different  chambers 
of  the  earthly  Temple. 

"  Mansions  [he  says]  has  come  into  our 
Authorized  and  Revised  versions,  through 
Tyndale,  from  the  Vulgate  and  Old  Latin, 
where  the  word  bears  its  proper  meaning, 
'  places  where  a  traveller  halts  and  rests 
upon  his  journey  '  "  ; 

and  he  proceeds  to  indicate  that  Jesus 
meant  that  the  disciples  should  think  of 
the  heavenly  temple,  not  as  a  sanctuary  for 
the  Divine  Majesty  alone,  but  rather  as  a 
vast  palace  of  shelter  and  rest  for  as  many 
as  the  Lord  willed.  The  suggestion  is 
made  that 

"  perhaps  there  is  also  latent  in  the  word 
the  thought  that  the  future  life  is  for  the 
blessed  a  progress  in  which  they  '  go  from 
strength  to  strength,'  as  men  in  a  long 
journey  go  from  halting  place  to  halting 
place,  until  the  end  is  reached." 

Undoubtedly  Prof.  Swete's  commentary 
on  the  words  as  he  finds  them  in  the 
Greek  text  is  good,  since  it  is  suggestive 
without  being  strained  ;  but  what  of  the 
Aramaic  words  ?  The  commentary  on 
the  "'  many  mansions  "  is  excellent  indeed, 
but  it  makes  mention  of  the  Church  in  a 
strange  fashion.  Jesus  teaches  that  the 
way  of  the  disciples  into  the  heavenly  world 


Supplement,  Fkh.  14,  1014] 


Til  E     ATI!  EN  .E  ('  M 


253 


must  he  made  ready  by  Bisentranoe  ;  and 

ui'  arc  told,  in  Prof.  Swete's  words,  that 

'  Be    is    Himself   the    forerunner  of   t!u> 

universal    Church  :     the    Church    cannot 

enter  until  He  has  entered   first." 

An  interesting  problem  is  suggested, 
but  not  solved,  in  the  disquisition  on  the 
statement,  "  None  oometh  to  the  Father 
exeept  through  Me."  It  is  alleged  that 
from  one  point  of  view  the  Gospel  is 
exclusive,  and  that  its  very  comprehensive- 
ness and  divine  sufficiency  forbid  an 
alternative  ;  but  it  is  admitted  that  it  is 
another  question  how  inclusive  the  One 
•Way  may  be.  In  significant  words  Prof. 
Swete  Bets  forth  that  "  many,  it  may  be, 
have  travelled  over  it,  and  reached  the 
end  with  little  knowledge  of  Christ  or 
none  ;  saints  of  gene  rations  before  He 
came,  saints  who  never  heard  His  name, 
and  yet  in  some  measure  partook  of  the 
truth  and  the  life."  If  we  ask  how  saints 
who  never  heard  Christ's  name  have 
reached  the  presence  of  the  Father,  we  are 
not  answered,  but  are  told  '"  that  it  is 
enough  to  know  that  all  who  have  reached 
the  Father's  house  have  come  through 
Him,  and  that  all  who  come  through  Him 
attain  at  last."  In  ancient  times  Justin 
Martyr  had  the  problem  before  him,  and 
he  attempted  to  answer  it  through  his 
doctrine  of  the  Logos. 

Many  examples  might  be  given  of 
exegesis  which  shows  a  clear  understanding 
of  the  mind  of  Jesus,  and  is  not  a  mere 
interpretation  of  words.  One  of  these 
may  be  noted.  "  He  that  belie  veth  in 
me,"  Jesus  says.  "  the  works  that  I  do, 
he  shall  also  do  ;  yea,  and  greater  than 
these  shall  he  do,  because  I  am  going  to 
the  Father  "  (John  xiv.  12).  There  is  the 
promise  that  the  disciple  is  to  do  greater 
things  than  the  Master,  and  in  reference 
to  it  Prof.  Swete  points  out  that,  when 
Jesus  sent  the  disciples  of  the  Baptist 
to  their  master  with  a  record  of  wonders 
heard  and  seen  by  them,  He  gave  the 
highest  place  in  that  record  to  the  preach- 
ing of  the  Gospel  to  the  poor.  In  this 
preaching  there  is  an  indication  of  the 
fulfilment  of  the  promise.  Prof.  Swete 
shows  that,  judged  by  outward  appear- 
ances, the  ministry  of  Jesus  was  a  failure  ; 
and  he  proceeds  to  say  that  "  greater 
things  were  done  by  the  Eleven,  by  St. 
Paul  and  his  followers,  by  the  Church  of 
the  early  centuries  ;  greater  things  are 
being  done  by  the  Church  of  the  present 
age." 

In  'The  Eschatology  of  Jesus'  J)r. 
Jackson  i>  not  always  easily  heard 
amidst  the  multitude  of  authorities  he 
has  assembled,  but  when  his  voice  is 
detected  his  words  are  unmistakable. 
lb-  examines  tin-  sources  of  the  Life  of 
Jesus   in   oid<r  that   the   narratives  and 

ingS     which      bear     the     hall-mark     of 

substantial  genuineness  may  be  deter- 
mined, and  conclusions  reached  bearing 
on  His  beliefs  and  opinions  regarding 
Last  Things.  After  iu;ikiri'_r  a 
survey  of  the  old  Testament  and  Apoca- 
lyptic literature,  he  contrasts  the  Escha- 
tology of  contemporary  Judaism  and  that 
of  Jesus.    The   most    significant    chapter 


in  the  book  is  devoted  to  the  Person  of 
Christ,  and  it  is  followed  by  "  an  attempt 
to  differentiate  between  the  transitory 
and  the  permanent  elements  of  an 
Eschatology  which  points  to  One  who.  if 
human  and  divine,  both  spoke  in  the 
language  and  shared  the  conceptions  of  a 
remote  antiquity."  The  inquiry  closes 
with  reflections  occasioned  by  esehato- 
logical  survivals  in  the  Church's  Creeds. 

In  the  examination  of  the  sources  of  the 
Life  of  Jesus  no  theory  of  special  inspira- 
tion of  the  Xew  Testament  writings  is 
admitted  ;  and  Dr.  Jackson,  when  care- 
fully inspecting  the  Gospels,  acts  with 
perfect  freedom  in  separating  the  ideas  of 
Jesus  from  those  of  the  Evangelists. 
There  is,  of  course,  grave  danger  of  error 
in  any  such  method  of  separation,  since 
the  investigator  or  critic  of  the  Gospels 
must  be  the  divider  of  their  substance, 
giving  to  Jesus  or  the  Evangelist  a  portion 
according  to  his  own  opinion.  Yet  it  is 
to  be  admitted  that  there  may  be  necessity, 
in  order  to  secure  a  Christology  satisfactory 
to  the  highest  spiritual  demands,  to 
mark  off  Christ  from  His  biographers  ; 
but,  none  the  less,  wherever  this  separation 
takes  place,  there  is  danger  of  opinion 
interfering  with  judgment,  and  therefore 
the  onlooker,  the  reader,  student,  or  who- 
ever he  may  be,  must  be  on  his  guard. 
The  difficulty  of  reaching  truth  or  fact 
in  history  is  implied  in  Dr.  Jackson's 
statement  that  a  possibility  must  be 
reckoned  with  that  "  the  early  Church 
has  projected  the  glory  of  its  risen  and 
ascended  Lord  back  into  the  earthly  life 
of  Jesus." 

Remarkable  results,  however  else  they 
may  be  styled,  are  reached  by  Dr.  Jack- 
son in  the  process  of  determining  the 
ideas  of  Jesus.  Regarding  the  predictions 
of  the  Passion,  he  says  that  in  His  earlier 
anticipations  Jesus  had  expected  that 
His  appearance  at  Jerusalem  would  bring 
the  decisive  moment,  God  would  intervene 
on  His  behalf,  and  His  recognition  and 
acclamation  as  Messiah-King  would  ensue 
forthwith.  Then  we  are  told  that  "  later 
on  He  begins  to  realize  that,  while  God's 
cause  must  triumph,  it  will  not  be  on  the 
lines  of  earlier  expectations."  Further, 
it  is  made  plain  to  us  that  in  the  thought 
of  Jesus  He  is  Himself  peculiarly  related 
to  the  kingdom,  and  very  conspicuous  is 
"  His  role  in  the  drama  of  the  Last 
Things."  It  is  indicated  that.  '"  through- 
out conscious  of  limitations.  He.  destined 
Messiah  that  lie  is.  eagerly  awaits  eman- 
cipation ;  the  supreme  moment  when  He 
shall  have  passed  through  the  gate  of 
death  to  be  exalted,  as  the  Son  of  Man. 
at  the  right  hand  of  God."  Jesus  was 
absolutely  persuaded,  Mr.  Jackson  asserts, 
that    lie  would  shortly  eoine  to  this  earth, 

in  glory  with  the  clouds  of  heaven,  that 

there  would    be  a   t  ribunal   for  the  nations 
with     Himself    as    judge,    and     that     there 

would    be   no   interregnum   or   period   oi 
Messianic    rule.     No    dubiety    is    to    be 

detected       ill       Dr.      -lack  !       ■  unlit 

and  t In-  fact  remains  t hat   J<  --us  did  not 
return  w  it  h  the  cloud-  o!  I.e.-  .  <  q 

In  the  contrasl  between  the  conceptions 
of  Judaism  and  the  idei      of  J     u     ;' 


shown    that    the    Jews    believed    that    the 
new  kingdom  was  to  be  a  kingdom  of  the 

Jews,    while   Jesus,    though    it    might    seem 

that  He  too  conceived  of  an  essentially 
•  Jewish  kingdom,  did  actually  place  the 
genuinely  devout  Gentile  on  an  equality 
with  the  genuinely  devout  dew.  Thus 
there  was  a  difference  between  Jesus  and 
the  dews  in  regard  to  the  kingdom  :  liul 
Dr.  Jackson,  while  very  strongly  asserting 
that  Jesus  was  separated  from  contem- 
poraries who  satisfied  themselves  with 
low  ideals,  and  admitting  that  now  and 
again  He  transcended  the  \<\\  noblest 
representatives  of  Judaism,  declares  that 
it  is  at  best  a  precarious  assumption  to 
hold  that  He  adopted  the  general  idea 
of  the  miraculous  introduction  of  the 
kingdom  by  God  in  the  near  future,  and 
'transmuted  it  into  that  of  a  spiritual 
kingdom,  already  set  up  in  the  present." 
The  assumption  may  be  precarious,  but 
none  the  less  it  may  be  a  fact  that  the 
spiritual  kingdom  was  not  recognized 
by  men  who  were  looking  for  a  material 
kingdom,  and  could  think  of  or  under- 
stand no  other.  It  is  argued  that  Jesus 
must  have  had  in  His  mind  a  visible 
kingdom,  since  the  Evangelists  could  not 
have  misrepre'semted  Him  entirely;  but 
it  may  be  argued,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
He  who  thought  so  clearly  on  other  sub- 
jects could  not  have  been  altogether  mis- 
taken in  regard  to  the  Last  Things.  The- 
conclusiems  of  Dr.  Jackson  are  unmis- 
takable. No  external  coming  of  the 
Son  of  Man  is  to  be  looked  for  ;  there  can 
be  ne>  anticipation  of  a  Last  Day,  of 
Judgment  set  and  books  opened,  of  a 
kingdom  to  be  established  by  the  eunni- 
potent  God  when  He  shall  have  upheaved 
the  heavens  and  the  earth,  raise  el  the' 
dead,  and  vanquished  and  destroyed  the 
devil  and  all  his  angels.  Yet,  says  Dr. 
Jackson,  "it  was  of  such  things  that 
Jesus  thought;  of  such  things  He-  was 
wont  to  speak;  for  such  a  kingdom  His 
disciples  were  taught  by  Him  te>  pray 
in  the  petition  'Thy  kingdom  come.' 
But  surely  the  iele'a  of  the'  kingdom,  when 
that  petition  was  first  uttered,  could  not 
have-  had  sue-h  a  content  as  that  BUggi  -t<  el 
by  Dr.  Jacksem.  Je'sus  according  to  the- 
Gospel  narrative-,  had  not  propounded  a 
doctrine  of  the  Last  Things  when  He 
taught  His  elisciples  te>  pray,  and  how 
coulel  they  have  interpreted  the  idea  of 
the  kingdom  as  Dr.  Jackson  now  interprets 
it  '.  One  could  not  refute  Dr.  Jackson's 
statements  by  merely  saying  that,  when 
men  now  repeat  the  Lord's  Prayer,  they 
petition  for  a  kingdom  which  can  never 
come,  according  to  the  conception  in  the 
mind  of  Jesus  :  yet  t lie  fact  n  mains, 
if  Dr.  Jackson's  contenl  ion  be  true,  i  hat 
the  kingdom  as  t  nought  ol  \>\  Jet  us  must 
not  or  should  not  l>e  solicit)  <l  in  praj er, 
since  ii  can  nc\  er  come. 

in  a  significant  <  haptei  '  I  tusk  and 
Kernel '  t he  statement  is  made  > hat  it 
is  imperative  to  distinguish  between  the 
■  iv  and  i  he  pd  manenl  bel  we  en 
husk  and  kernel,  in  I  i  Eschatolog\  oi 
Jesus  There  ii  i  omparatively  little  diffi- 
cult;, in  i.  husk.  It  is  the 
i  •  ifically   Apocal)  ptic   M<     i  mism   of 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


[Supplement,  Feb.   14,   1914 


Jesus,"  which  cannot  "  do  otherwise  than 
wax  old  and  vanish  away."  Dr.  Jackson 
claims  that  there  must  be,  on  the  other 
hand,  an  clement  in  the  Eschatology  of 
Jesus  which  has  a  present  value  and 
significance,  and  it  is  the  kernel.  That 
element  was  essential  to  primitive  devo- 
tion ;  and  it  is  asked,  in  what  way  does 
it  affirm  itself  indispensable  as  a  source  of 
vitality  and  energy  in  modern  religious 
life  ?  Dr.  Jackson  represents  that  the 
idea  embodied  in  the  Eschatology  of 
Jesus  is  that  of  the  ultimate  triumph  of 
the  cause  of  God.  We  are  told  that  the 
embodiment  belonged  to  its  own  day, 
also  that  the  idea  is  so  grand  that  it 
cannot  be  other  than  divine  and  of  abiding 
significance.  The  quality  of  grandeur, 
however,  does  not  prove  that  the  idea 
is  the  essential  element  in  the  Eschatology 
of  Jesus.  Between  kernel  and  husk  there 
is  an  intimate  physical  relation,  but  what 
intimate  relation  is  there  between  the 
idea  of  the  ultimate  triumph  of  the  cause 
of  God  and  the  Eschatology  of  Jesus  ? 
Were  the  Apocalyptic  vision  of  Jesus,  with 
its  specific  details,  merely  a  picture, 
would  it  directly  suggest  the  triumph  of 
the  cause  of  God  ?  It  does  seem  as  rf  Dr. 
Jackson  felt  that  he  must  discover  an 
apology  for  the  Eschatology  of  Jesus, 
and  as  if  he  were  satisfied  that  Jesus 
was  none  the  less  the  prophet  of  the  ulti- 
mate triumph  of  the  cause  of  God,  even 
though  He  was  limited  by  the  ideals  of 
His  age  and  predicted  events  which  could 
not  come  to  pass.  Yet  many  of  those 
who  accept  the  judgment  of  the  Christian 
world,  that  there  has  never  been  a  greater 
spiritual  teacher  than  Jesus,  will  find  that 
the  difficulties  in  the  Eschatology  ascribed 
to  Him  are  due  to  His  biographers. 

The  volume  entitled  '  Unwritten  Sayings 
of  our  Lord,'  is  almost  entirely  made  up  of 
lectures  delivered  by  Dr.  Smith  in  London- 
derry on  the  Smyth  Memorial  Foundation. 
Its  aim  appears  to  be  twofold  :  to  deal 
with  a  subject  of  theological  significance, 
and  to  treat  it  in  popular  fashion.  The 
author  has  not  been  more  than  partially 
successful  in  his  difficult  task.  As  popular 
pulpit  discourses  the  lectures  are  good. 
They  all  follow  one  pattern  :  short  intro- 
duction, historical  setting,  exposition, 
and  moral,  the  whole  being  rounded  off 
by  pleasing  phrase,  allusion,  and  anec- 
dote ;  and  it  is  a  pattern  approved  by 
many  speakers  and  audiences.  Some  of 
the  illustrations,  however,  are  so  trite  as 
to  be  unworthy  of  Dr.  Smith's  undoubted 
range  of  reading.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  and 
his  renowned  apple,  James  Watt  and  his 
boiling  kettle,  have  already  done  more 
than  their  fair  share  of  service,  and  should 
be  allowed  to  rest  on  their  homiletic 
laurels.  The  like  privilege  might  be  now 
given  to  the  unhappy  James  VI.,  whom 
countless  sermons  have  pilloried  as  "  God's 
sillie  vassal." 

The  elucidation  of  the  selected  Sayings 
is  not  always  convincing  ;  in  some  cases 
it  is  far-fetched  and  fanciful.  Among  the 
'  Agraphia  '  is  the  inscription  which  Dr. 
Alexander  Duff  found  on  the  gateway  of 
the  Mohammedan  mosque  near  Agra  ; — 


"  Jesus,  on  whom  be  peace,  has  said  : 
'  The  world  is  merely  a  bridge  :  ye  are  to 
pass  over  it,  and  not  to  build  your  dwellings 
upon  it.'  " 

The  tradition  that  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Bar- 
tholomew evangelized  part  of  Hindustan 
makes  it  possible  that  Akbar,  like  Alex- 
ander Severus,  was  willing  to  ornament 
a  sacred  edifice  with  a  sentence  from 
Christ's  teaching.  But  the  character  of 
the  saying  presents  difficulties  which 
Dr.  Smith  would  solve  by  an  "  attractive 
possibility  " — that  Jesus  in  his  journey  to 
Tyre  was  moved  to  speech  b}r  the  mole 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  One  cannot 
help  feeling  that  the  possibility  of  this 
explanation  is  less  than  its  attraction. 
The  exegesis  of  the  first  and  third  Sayings 
seems  open  to  question,  and  the  author 
reveals  the  Scotsman  when,  from  the 
words  "  My  mystery  is  for  Me  and  the 
sons  of  My  house,"  he  deduces  arguments 
for  the  "  spiritual  independence  "  of  the 
Church  as  taught  by  the  Reformers. 

There  are  ample  foot-notes  in  the  book, 
and  these  show  both  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  patristic  literature  and  a  con- 
siderable power  of  turning  it  to  advan- 
tage in  commentary.  But  there  is  little 
or  no  discussion  either  of  the  sources  or 
authenticity  of  the  Sayings.  The  volume 
will  appeal  not  so  much  to  the  scholar 
whose  main  interest  is  theology,  as  to  the 
layman  who  cares  for  a  popular  rendering 
of  things  not  generally  known.  This 
appears  to  be  recognized  in  the  opening 
pages,  where  the  author  is  at  pains  to 
conciliate  those  whom  the  existence  of 
'  Unwritten  Sayings "  might  take  by 
surprise. 


ST.  PAUL  AND  THE  EARLY  CHURCH. 

Sir  William  Ramsay  has  paid  remark- 
able attention  to  the  claims  of  St.  Paul  and 
his  theology.  For  him  the}'  are  so  notable 
that  he  has  in  previous  books  discussed 
with  scrupulous  care  every  aspect  of  the 
Gracco-Roman  world  which  throws  light 
on  Paulinism.  But  he  believes  that  as  a 
creed,  either  of  religion  or  of  philosophy, 
it  is  too  great  to  be  measured  merely  in 
terms  of  its  day.  It  is  the  aim  of  his 
volume  '  On  the  Teaching  of  Paul  in 
Terms  of  the  Present  Day '  to  show  that 
the  teaching  of  St.  Paul  (or  rather  of 
Paul,  for  he  has  a  reasoned  objection  to 
this  use  of  "Saint")  is  significant  for  all 
time  ;  that  it  actually  rids  itself  of  tra- 
ditional difficulties,  and  gains  in  lucidity 
when  interpreted  in  the  light  of  modern 
scientific  principles.  The  author's  esti- 
mate is  sharply  opposed  tothat  of  Deiss- 
mann.     To  the  Berlin  professor  Paul  was 

"  an  uneducated  man,  possessing  no 
literary  excellence  and  no  learning,  a  mere 

The  Teaching  of  Paul  in  Terms  of  the 
Present  Day :  the  Deems  Lectures  in  New 
York  University.  By  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  12s.) 

St.  Paul  and  the  Mystery-Beligions.  By 
H.  A.  A.  Kennedy.  (Hodder  &  Stough- 
ton, 6s.  net.) 

Rome,  St.  Paul,  and  the  Early  Church.  By 
W.  S.  Muntz.     (John  Murray,  5s.  net.) 


writer  of  letters  in  the  vulgar  speech,  having 
a  certain  quickness  in  picking  up  scraps  of 
philosophy  and  poetry  that  circulated  among 
the  people  unknown  to  and  unmarked  by 
the  world." 

To  St.  Luke,  the  historian,  Paul  was 

"  the  centre  of  interest  wherever  he  went, 
dominating  all  by  his  personality,  heralded 
before  he  came,  the  man  that  has  '  turned  the 
world  upside  down,'  educated  in  his  thoughts, 
and  polished  in  his  tone  of  courtesy,  ver- 
satile and  adaptable  so  that  he  moves  at 
his  ease  in  every  class  of  society." 

Sir  William  Ramsay  is  on  the  side  of 
St.  Luke  ;  and  he  seeks  to  make  good 
his  judgment  in  this  book,  which  has 
"  not  a  paragraph  that  has  not  been 
pondered  over  for  years,  and  composed 
word  by  word  in  hard  labour,  before  it 
was  put  on  paper."  His  unique  qualifica- 
tion for  this  task  is  that  he  has  laboriously 
followed  the  very  footsteps  of  Paul 
the  Traveller,  and  he  makes  the  most 
of  this,  often  to  the  disadvantage  of  the 
less  favoured  Deissmann.  Every  ques- 
tion is  discussed  with  minute  reference  to 
topography  and  ancient  culture. 

In  the  first  part  of  the  book,  a  treatment 
of  preparatory  questions,  the  author  deals 
with  the  influence  of  Hellenism  on  Paulin- 
ism, and  has  a  friendly  dispute  with 
Principal  Garvie,  who  minimizes  its  sig- 
nificance. But  there  are  not  the  makings 
of  controversy,  for  Sir  William  does  not 
belittle  Hebraic  elements. 

"  Hellenism  [he  says]  never  touches  the 
life  and  essence  of  Paulinism,  which  is 
fundamentally  and  absolutely  Hebrew  ;  but 
it  does  strongly  affect  the  expression  of 
Paul's  teaching." 

In  the  light  of  this  the  statement  on 
p.  13  might  be  modified.  We  are  con- 
vinced also  that  it  is  too  rash  to  say  that 

"  no  development  in  the  religious  position 
of  Paul  can  be  traced  in  the  letters.  His 
religious  thought  is  as  complete  in  the  first 
as  in  the  last." 

In  this  section,  too,  our  author  gives 
reasons  for  his  belief  that  St.  Paul  knew 
Jesus  on  the  Damascus  road  because  he 
had  previously  seen  Him  in  life.  He  is, 
therefore,  at  one  with  Johannes  Weiss, 
but  he  differs  from  him  in  his  methods  of 
argument.  His  discussion  of  the  relation 
between  St.  Paul  and  St.  John  gives  him 
the  opportunity  of  criticizing  Dr.  Moffatt, 
who  differs  from  him  in  other  matters  of 
Pauline  research. 

The  most  noteworthy  part  of  the  book 
concerns  the  interpretation  of  the  thought 
of  St.  Paul.  The  basis  of  this  is  found  to 
be  twofold — God  is,  and  God  is  good — 
and  faith  is  the  "  initial  force  "  which 
compels  recognition  of  this  creed,  a  creed 
that  is  saved  from  pantheism  by  the 
strength  of  its  Hebrew  traditions.  When 
Sir  William  descends  to  the  particulars  of 
the  teaching  he  is  beset  by  many  difficulties, 
but  he  declares  that,  "  when  the  true 
nature  and  meaning  of  the  Pauline  term 
*  faith  '  is  understood,"  these  are  seen  to 
rest  on  misconceptions.  It  is  "  the  power 
that  sets  man  moving  in  the  right  direc- 
tion," not  an  external  power,  but  one 
that  works  in  and  through  the  mind  of 
man  ;    it  is  at  once  divine  and  human. 


Supplement,  Feb.  14,  1914] 


THE     ATIIEN.EUM 


255 


Human  conduct  is  a  problem  of  growth, 
and  St.  Paul  is  the  preacher  of  growth. 
This  is  the  category  which  resolves 
rv  antinomy.  The  righteousness  which 
justifies  a  man.  which  he  is  attaining  and 
yet  never  attains,  is  a  process  of  growth 
toward  the  supreme  righteousness  of  i'anl. 
\  man  is  free,  not  because  of  what  he  is, 
but  of  what  lie  may  be.  Salvation  is  a 
free  gift, yet  it  is  earned  by  man,  because 
"■  the  Divine  in  man  answers  to  the 
Divine  above  man.  and  makes  a  step  in  the 
long  course  towards  reunion."  The  power 
of  Cod  works  in  and  through  the  indi- 
•  viduality  of  man.  But  there  is  a  condition 
of  growth,  both  for  the  individual  and 
for  the  nation,  and  that  is  hearkening  to 
the  Divine  voice. 

In  the  third  part  of  the  book  subsidiary 
questions  are  discussed.  The  author 
criticizes  M.  Loisy  and  others  who  believe 
that  '"  the  mystery  of  Paul's  conversion 
is  his  conversion  to  the  Mysteries  "  ;  and 
he  has  been  at  some  pains  to  enlist  medical 
authority  for  his  conviction  that  St.  Paul 
was  not  an  epileptic,  but  probably  subject 
to  maLarial  fever.  In  another  chapter  he 
restates  and  supports  his  theory  of  the 
imprisonment  and  "  supposed  trial  "  of 
St.  Paul  in  Rome  ;  while  an  important 
section  on  the  date  of  the  Galatian  letter 
gives  him  the  opportunity  of  modify- 
ing his  previous  opinion  and  criticizing 
the  views  of  others.  The  vexed  ques- 
tion of  St.  Paul's  literary  style  is  also 
treated  at  length  ;  and  though  Sir  William 
dissents  from  the  findings  of  Blass,  he 
strongly  opposes  the  strictures  of  Deiss- 
mann,  maintaining,  with  good  reason, 
that  the  style  of  the  Pauline  epistles,  by 
its  perfect  compatibility  with  their  thought, 
satisfies  the  highest  requirement  of  art. 

The  book  is  a  considerable  contribution 
to  Pauline  literature,  and  by  its  firm 
grasp  of  essential  principles  shows  that  its 
author  must  be  judged  by  more  important 
matters  than  South  Galatian  theories.  If 
there  are  in  it  frequent  criticisms  of  fellow- 
scholars,  there  are  aLso  frank  admissions 
of  fallibility  and  openness  of  mind  to 
alien  opinion.  On  many  pages,  however, 
there  are  expressions — personal,  colloquial, 
and  discursive — that  are  better  suited  to 
the  platform.  The  volume  would  have 
gained  by  delay  in  publication,  as  its  lack 
of  exact  reference  to  authorities,  its  fre- 
quent reminders  that  the  author  is  "  away 
from  books,"  and  its  subdivision  into 
fifty-four  sections  the  connexion  of  which 
is  not  always  obvious,  suggest. 


The  study  of  Comparative  Religion  lias 
led  many  workers  to  extreme  positions, 
and  too  often  similarity  has  been  translated 
into  identity,  while  similarity  itself  has 
been  detected  by  men  having  the  will  to 
detect.  It  is  hardlv  an  exaggeration  to 
say  that  if  the  work  of  all  the  labourers 
in  the  field  of  Comparative  Religion 
was  accepted  at  the  value  claimed  for  it, 
one  result  would  be  that  there  would  be 
nothing  new  and  unique  found  in  Christia- 
nity. Learning  and  severe  exactness  of 
method  are  specially  necessary  in  dealing 
with  the    facts    revealed    by  such    study, 


since  these  may  affect  the  cherished  faith 
of  Christian  men. 

Undoubtedly    Prof.  Kennedy    possesses 
the      knowledge"     and    sobriety    of    judg- 
ment   which    should  be  found  in   a  critic 
of  New  Testament  ideas,  and  his  '  St.  Paul 
and  the  Mystery-Religions'  illustrates  the 
temperate  and  serious  decisions  which  are 
characteristic   of   our   best   English    theo- 
logians.     He  examines  the  State-Mysteries 
of  Eleusis,  the  Mystery-Cults  of  the  Great 
Mother    (with    Attis)    and   of    Isis    (with 
Serapis),     and    the     typically    Hellenistic 
religious  phenomena   connected   with  the 
Hermetic     mystery-literature  ;      and     he 
claims  that  tins  examination  provides  an 
atmosphere   for   the   detailed   comparison 
of  their  conceptions  with  Pauline  ideas. 
A  chapter  is  devoted  to  Mystery-Termin- 
ology, and  it  is  found  that  St.  Paul  fre- 
quently   employs    terms    which    have    a 
more      or     less     technical     meaning     as 
used    in    Mystery-Religions  :     though    at 
the    same   time    it   is  admitted  that  side 
by  side  with  these  terms  are  found  far- 
reach  ing  conceptions  l*  to  which  there  are 
at   least   thought-provoking   analogies   in 
Pagan  religion."     Reasons  are  given  for 
the  assertion  that  it  is  sheer  hypothesis  to 
ascribe  to  St.  Paul  any  direct  acquaintance 
with  Mystery-ideas  through  the  medium  of 
literature,  but  it  is  granted  that  liturgical 
formula?    and    technical    terms    of    ritual 
would    be    familiar    to    him.     Then,    the 
epiestion   is  asked,  how  far  does  the  use 
of  mystic  terminology  involve  the  adop- 
tion of  the  ideas  which  it  expresses  ?     In 
seeking    an    answer    to    this    important 
question,     Prof.    Kennedy    pays    special 
attention  to  the  words   -n-vevpa  and   ^vx^j. 
and  finds  that  St.  Paul's  religious  use  of 
these  and    cognate   terms  "  has   its   root 
in  the  soil  of  the  Old  Testament." 

In  an  interesting  section,  '  St.  Paul  and 
the  Central  Conceptions  of  the  Mystery- 
Religions,'  the  chief  aim  of  the  Mystery- 
Religions  is  set  forth,  and  that  is  the 
offer  of  salvation  (a-Mr^pia)  to  those  who 
have  been  duly  initiated.  We  are  told 
that  the  element  prized  above  all  others 
in  <TMT7)pia  is  the  assurance  of  a  life  which 
death  cannot  quench,  a  victorious  im- 
mortality, and  that  this  boon  is  reached 
by  the  process  of  regeneration.  '  The 
full  significance  of  the  process,"  Prof. 
Kennedy  says,  "  becomes  clear  from  its 
being  frecpiently  described  as  deification 
(tjew07iv<u,dTrode«)6fjv(u),{md  it  always  seems 
to  depend  on  some  kind  of  contact  with 
Deity."  Here  we  come  into  touch  with 
conceptions  which  are  at  least  suggestive 
of  certain  Christian  ideas.  Prof.  Kennedy 
quotes  a  summary  given  by  M.  Loisy  of  the 
Pauline  conception  of  .lesus  Christ,  and 
in  it  the  first  statement  is  that  "  He  was 
a  saviour-god,  after  the  manner  of  an 
Osiris,  an  Attis,  a  Mithra."  hike  them, 
M.  Loisy  affirms,  Ee  had  a  celestial  origin. 
made  an  appearance  on  earth,  accom- 
plished a  work  of  universal  redemption  ; 
like  Adonis.  Osiris,  and  Attis.  died  a  violent 
death  and  was  restored  to  life;  and  like 
them    prefigured    in    His    lot     that,  of  the 

human  beings  who  should  commemorate 
Hi-  mystic  enterprise,  and  prepared  and 


assured  the  salvation  of  those  who  became 
partners  in  His  passion. 

M.  Loisy's  statements  are  in  many  ways 
typical  of  the  rashness  with  which  an 
analogy  between  Christianity  and  the 
Mystery  -  Religions  is  asserted.  Prof. 
Kennedy,  after  observing  that  nothing  is 
more  misleading  than  an  inaccurate  use  of 
terminology,  proceeds  to  say  that  St.  Paul 
never  speaks  of  Jesus  as  a  "  saviour-god," 
and  that  he  knew  Him  as  an  historical 
person,  while  Osiris  and  Attis  were  origin- 
ally mythological  personifications  of  the 
processes  of  vegetation.  The  legends  of 
their  deaths  had  nothing  to  do  with  a 
spiritual  redemption,  and  it  is  a  caricature, 
Prof.  Kennedy  holds.  "  to  compare  the 
murder  of  Osiris  or  the  self -de  struct  ion 
of  Attis  with  that  of  the  self  -sacrificing 
death  of  Jesus."  He  maintains,  too, 
that  there  can  be  no  real  comparison 
between  the  Xew  Testament  view  of  the 
resurrection  of  .lesus  and  the  restoration 
to   life  of  Osiris  and  Attis. 

Much    more    important    for     religious 
thought  is  the  contention  that  there  is  no 
true  analogy  between  the  Xew  Testament 
idea  of  fellowship  in  the  sufferings  of  Christ 
and  the  ritual  sympathy  with  the  goddesses 
who  mourned  the  loss  of  Osiris  and  Attis. 
Self-sacrificing    devotion    is    the    core    of 
Christian    experience,    and    the    love    of 
Christ  constrains  men  to  dedicate  their 
lives  to  His  obedience.     This,  however,  is 
not  ritual,  but  an  "  assent  of  the  will  to 
that  estimate  of  things  which  is  involved 
in  the  cross  of  Christ.     It  means  a  new 
moral  attitude  to  the  world  and  to  God." 
The  effect  of  the  ritual,  on  the  other  hand, 
depends    on    pompous    processions    and 
ascetic     prescriptions.     In     like     manner 
a-oyrrjpia  in  the  Mystery  -  Religions,  though 
it   implies   immortality,   does  not  neces- 
sarily  involve   a   new   moral   ideal ;     but 
the  Pauline  conception,  which  is  many- 
sided,  is  charged  with  moral  implications. 
In  the   Apostle's  mind   salvation   is   the 
Xew  Life,  and  regeneration,  through  which 
the   Xew  Life   is  attained,  is   intimately 
related,   as  in   the   Mystery-Religions,   to 
communion  with  the  divine.     It  is  pointed 
out  that  there  is  scarcely  even  a  difference 
of  metaphor  in  his  affirmation,  but  none 
the    less    his    idea    of    communion    with 
Christ  stands  out  against  the  background 
of    the    Cross.     Further,    Prof.    Kennedy 
claims   that,    though    we    admit   that   the 
initiates  in  the  mystic  cults  regarded  them- 
selves as  having  died  with  the  divine  per- 
sons whose  restoration  they  celebrated,  we 
must  consider  the  death  of  which  St.  Paul 
speaks    as    something    wholly    different. 
■  It  is."  he  says,  ■•exclusively  a   death   to 
sin,  and    its   correlative    is   a    life    t<>  holi- 
ness in  the  most  ethical  sense  conceivable." 
Prof.  Kennedy  is  on  sure  ground  when  he 

insists  on  the  ethical  significance  of  the 
Pauline  conceptions,  and  he  makes  good 

his    contention    that     the    use    <>t    mystic 

terminology  does  n<>\  necessarily  involve 

the    ideas   which    it    expreSSt 

A  chapter  is  given  to  a  consideration 
of  Baptismal  Kit'  -  and  another  t<»  Sacra- 
mental   Meals,    and    the    author    suggests 

that    one    of    die   chief    impn  moat   left 
upon  the  careful  reader  of  the   Epistiei 


256 


THE     A  T  H  ENiEU  M 


[Supplement,  Feb.  14,  1914 


must  be  that  of  the  Apostle's  detachment 
from  ritual  in  every  shape  and  form. 
Quoting  the  statement  of  Prof.  Lake  that 
"  sacramental  teaching  is  central  to  the 
primitive  Christianity  to  which  the  Roman 
Empire  began  to  be  converted,"  he  very 
aptly  points  out  that  the  Apostle  in  his 
first  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians  thanked 
God  that  he  had  baptized  only  a  few  of 
them,  and  declared  that  Christ  had  sent 
him  not  to  baptize,  but  to  preach  the 
Gospel.  Christian  baptism  is  contrasted 
with  that  in  the  Mystery-Religions,  and 
the  spiritual  character  of  the  Christian 
rite  is  emphasized.  Little  is  known  of 
the  significance  of  the  baptismal  rites  in 
those  religions,  but  Prof.  Kennedy  holds 
it  highly  probable  that  they  were  con- 
ceived as  working  ex  opere  operato  ;  and 
he  maintains  that  "  the  faith  which 
welcomes  the  divine  message  of  forgiveness 
and  new  life  in  Christ  crucified  and  risen  is 
invariably  presupposed  as  the  background 
of  the  solemn  ritual,"  and,  further,  that "  it 
is  in  virtue  of  their  faith  that  converts 
proceed  to  baptism." 

A  careful  examination  is  made  of 
the  aspects  of  the  Lord's  Supper  which 
have  been  alleged  to  show  a  kinship 
with  the  sacred  meals  of  paganism, 
and  the  conclusion  is  reached  that  faith 
is  for  St.  Paul  the  indispensable  postu- 
late of  all  that  has  spiritual  value  in  the 
experience  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  It  is 
no  feast  of  initiation,  since  those  who 
partake  of  it  have  already  professed  to 
surrender  themselves  to  Christ  as  their 
Saviour  and  Lord,  and  have  received 
and  welcomed  the  good  news  of  salvation 
through  His  self-sacrificing  death.  The 
bread  and  the  wine,  Prof.  Kennedy  con- 
cludes, are  to  them  symbols  of  all  that 
this  death  involved. 

The  subject  of  '  Rome,  St.  Paul,  and  the 
Early  Church,'  which  is  not  clearly  indi- 
cated by  Dr.  Muntz's  title,  is  the  influence 
of  Roman  law  on  St.  Paul's  teaching 
and  phraseology,  and  on  the  development 
of  the  Church.  In  the  past  writers  con- 
fined themselves  mainly  to  Judaism  as 
the  chief  source  of  the  Apostle's  teaching, 
and  the  fact  that  he  was  a  Roman  citizen 
as  well  as  a  Jew  was  too  much  neglected. 
Attention,  however,  has  been  paid  in 
recent  years  to  the  intellectual  and  spiritual 
influences  which  affected  him,  especially 
in  Tarsus,  before  and  after  his  conversion  ; 
and  the  first  and  important  section  of 
this  work,  which  is  devoted  to  the  con- 
sideration of  a  non -Jewish  influence, 
shows  very  plainly  that  his  thought  and 
speech  reveal  his  acquaintance  with  con- 
ceptions and  terms  of  Roman  law. 
Dr.  Muntz  explains  that  the  major 
portion  of  his  pages  was  written  before  the 
publication  of  Prof.  Deissmann's  '  Light 
from  the  Ancient  East '  ;  but  there  is 
room  for  his  book  in  the  library  of  Pauline 
literature,  since  it  helps  us  to  a  clearer 
understanding  of  New  Testament  theology, 
and  he  is  to  be  commended  for  his  labour. 

It  is  pointed  out  in  the  Preface  that 
St.  Paul's  conception  of  Christ's  death 
involved  the  recognition  of  Jesus  rather 
as  the  Divine  Redeemer  than  the  Messiah, 


disclosing  a  deeper  significance  in  His 
death  and  risen  life,  and  unfolding  new 
aspects  of  His  personality  and  mission  ; 
and,  further,  that  some  have  insisted  that 
the  "  grandly  simple  "  Gospel  of  Christ 
has  been  misrepresented  and  obscured  by 
the  Pauline  teaching.  Dr.  Muntz,  while 
admitting  differences,  denies  any  contra- 
diction in  the  revelation  of  the  Master  and 
His  servant,  and  goes  so  far  as  to  say  that 
the  earlier  conception  was  inadequate, 
and  that  in  the  later  God  was  continuing 
the  revelation  of  His  Son.  The  Synoptic 
Gospels  were  not  written  before  the 
Pauline  Epistles,  though  they  may  contain 
an  earlier  conception ;  but  do  these 
Epistles  convey  a  new  revelation  ?  or  do 
they  not  simply  set  forth  a  theological 
interpretation  of  Christ's  Person  and  work  ? 
The  type  of  Pauline  doctrine  was  certainly 
different  from  that  of  other  Apostles, 
and  Roman  law,  as  is  here  shown,  sup- 
plied terms  and  figures  whereby  spiritual 
conceptions  were  translated  into  current 
speech. 

The  examination  of  the  word  8ov\os 
will  serve  to  illustrate  the  author's 
exposition.  Observing  that  in  the  Au- 
thorized and  Revised  Versions  "servant" 
is  the  synonym  for  "  slave,"  he  insists 
that  by  this  substitution  we  lose  sight 
of  the  aspect  of  St.  Paul's  life  in  which 
he  gloried.  The  Apostle,  he  says,  claims 
no  rights  against  the  Master  who  had 
bought  him  with  a  price,  nor  did  he 
regard  his  high  office  as  one  which  he  was 
free  to  renounce  at  his  pleasure.  It  is 
argued,  too,  that  St.  Paul's  use  of  the 
idea  of  adoption  can  be  explained  only  by 
a  reference  to  Roman  law.  Dr.  Muntz 
points  out  that  English  law  generally 
does  not  recognize  adoption  as  involving 
any  right  on  the  part  of  the  child, 
whereas  by  Roman  law  the  bond  formed 
by  adoption  could  not  be  severed,  even 
by  death ;  and  he  proceeds  to  say 
that  St.  Paul,  in  employing  the  term 
"  adoption,"  desired 

"  to  assure  his  readers  that  the  covenant 
which  God  makes  with  every  believer  in 
Christ  Jesus  is  not  a  capricious  undertaking, 
liable  to  be  broken  at  any  moment,  but  a 
pledge  to  be  observed  by  Him  in  all  its 
fulness,  because  grounded  on  the  Eternal 
Truth  and  Justice." 

Another  interesting  instance  of  the  use 
of  legal  conceptions  by  St.  Paul  may  be 
observed.  The  phrase  "  heirs  of  God  "  is 
unwarranted  if  we  think  only  of  English 
law,  since  heirship  connotes  death — 
the  death  of  the  father  to  whom  the  son 
succeeds.  A  man  may  have  an  heir 
presumptive  or  an  heir  apparent,  but, 
strictly,  no  heir  ;  and  "  heirs  of  God  " 
would  seem  to  imply  that  God  is  capable 
of  death.  The  phrase  becomes  intelligible, 
however,  when  it  is  remembered  that  the 
Apostle  was  employing  a  conception  of 
Roman  jurisprudence. 

In  the  last  chapters  of  his  book  Dr. 
Muntz  turns  to  the  Roman  Rule  and  the 
conceptions  derived  from  it  which  were 
favourable  to  the  growth  r>f  the  Papacy, 
and  considers  the  Canon  Law  as  a  rival 
to  the  imperial  jurisprudence.  The 
subjects   of    this   section,    however,   has 


often  been  treated  by  competent  ex- 
pounders ;  and  the  chapters,  therefore, 
are  less  interesting — as  being  less  novel — 
than  those  which  deal  with  the  influence 
of  Roman  law  on  St.  Paul's  theology. 


Members  One  of  Another  :  Sermons  preached 
in  Sherborne  School  Chapel.  By  Nowell 
Smith.     (Chapman  &  Hall,  5s.  net.) 

England  has  at  last  realized  that  others 
than  those  in  Holy  Orders  are  capable 
of  regulating  and  supervising  the  intellec- 
tual and  moral  growth  of  the  rising  genera- 
tion. Three  or  four  of  our  leading  pub  He 
schools  are  at  the  present  time  in  charge  of 
laymen.  That  these  distinguished  scholars 
will  have  no  difficulty  in  training  the 
intellect  cannot  be  doubted,  but  some 
people  who  cling  to  old  -  fashioned  ways 
of  thought  may  have  felt  some  qualms 
about  the  moral  side  of  the  training  of  our 
boys,  and  perhaps  have  wondered  if  the 
chapel  services  in  these  schools  and  the 
sermons  preached  in  them  are  as  dis- 
tinguished and  effective  as  in  former  days. 
Every  old  public-school  boy  will  readily 
acknowledge  the  importance  of  the  Sunday 
sermon.  It  is  listened  to  by  a  great 
majority  of  those  present,  and  often 
freely  criticized,  at  any  rate  by  the 
older  boys.  Apart  from  the  con- 
firmation classes,  which  in  many  cases 
come  before  a  boy  has  anything  like 
matured  views  on  the  matter  of  religion, 
the  Sunday  sermon  is  the  only  factor  of 
real  importance  in  forming  a  boy's  attitude 
towards  religion  in  his  school  career.  He 
definitely  dislikes  private  talks  with  his 
tutor  or  housemaster  if  he  is  of  the  normal 
healthy  type ;  but  a  school  preacher,  if  he 
hits  the  right  note,  can,  and  often  does,  help 
a  young  mind  which  is  groping  in  the 
dark  and  welcomes  a  strong,  clear  lead  in 
matters  which  he  is  beginning  to  realize 
are  a  vital  issue. 

Mr.  Nowell  Smith,  a  head  master  who 
is  a  lay  preacher,  seems  to  us  to  have  hit 
the  right  note  :  his  advice  is  clear,  definite, 
and  practical ;  he  is  thoroughly  in  earnest ; 
he  is  far  too  wise  to  play  down  to  the 
boyish  level  of  school  slang,  or  to  appeal 
to  the  sentimental  side  of  his  hearers' 
nature  ;  and  his  sermons  are  the  product 
of  a  scholarly  mind,  rising  in  many  cases 
to  a  high  level  of  thought  and  diction. 
Mr.  Nowell  Smith  sees  plainly  a  boy's 
difficulties  and  temptations  ;  he  is  living 
in  no  fool's  paradise  ;  but  in  all  these 
sermons  he  is  bringing  an  active  and 
reverent  mind  to  bear  on  the  difficult 
problem  of  making  the  teaching  of  the 
New  Testament,  as  expounded  in  his  broad- 
minded  way,  at  once  the  standard  of 
action  and  the  ultimate  court  of  appeal  in 
the  lives  of  the  bovs  of  Sherborne  School. 

We  can  recommend  the  volume  to 
readers  of  all  ages,  with  some  confidence 
that  they  will  appreciate  the  point  of  view 
and  method  of  treatment. 


***  Elsewhere  to-day  we  print  reports  of 
Mr.  Balfour's  Gifford  Lectures,  and  of  a  recent 
discourse  by  Mr.  William  Archer  on  Moral 
Instruction. 


THE  ATHEN7EU31 

Journal  nf  (Englislj  anfc  JFnmgn  literature,  §§timtt,  tlje  Jin^rK  ittusk  anb  the  ©raimr. 

MAR  1  2  1914 
No.  4504  SATURDAY,     FEBRUARY  21,     19\^^^jh^ 


B 


R    I    T    I    S    H 


M    U    S    E    U    M. 


THE  READING  ROOMS  will  be  closed  frotu  MONDAY,  March  J. 
to  THURSDAY    March  3   inclusive  ,  „  ,     .     ,  r  •«. 

l     ..     ki-'NYON.  Director  and  Principal  Librarian. 
British  Museum.  February.  1914. 


(filjtfritions. 


KOYAL  SOCIETY   OF  PAINTER-ETCHERS 
and  ENGRAVERS.     5v.  Pall  Mall  Eist.  S.W. 
Mad  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION       Open  Daily  into  6. 
Admi«iou  11  W.  GORDON  MKIN.  Secretary. 


R 


0  Y  A  L     ACADEMY     OF     ARTS. 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN.  That  the  PRESIDENT  and 
COUNCIL  will  proceed  to  ELECT  ONE  CODSINS  ANNUITANT. 
Applicants  for  the  Annuity,  which  is  of  the  value  of  not  more  than 
must  be  deserving  Artists,  Painters  in  Oil  and  Water-Colours. 
Sculptors  Architects,  or  Engravers  in  need  of  aid  through  unavoid- 
able failure  of  professional  employment  or  other  causes.  Forms  of 
application  can  be  obtained  by  letter  addressed  to  the  Secretary. 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  Piccadilly.  W.  They  must  be  filled  in  and 
returned  on  or  before  SATURDAY.  March  T.  1914. 
By  Order. 

YV.  R.  M.  LAMB,  Secretary. 


u 


<f  Durational. 

NIVERSITY        OF        DURHAM. 


The  following  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS,  tenable  at 
Durham  by  WOMEN,  will  be  available  in  1914:  Six  Scholarships  of 
70).  per  annum  :  One  of  V'..  per  annum  ;  Three  of  30).  The  Examina- 
tion for  thes?  i«  io  .H'N  K. 

The  Winifred  Foster  Scholarship  of  30L  :  Four  Exhibitions  of  20?. 
These  are  Riven  on  the  result  of  the  Matriculation  Examination,  and 
the  next  Examination  begins  APRIL  21. 

Women  Student*  most  either  reside  iu  the  Women's  Hostel,  or  live 
as  Home  Students  with  Pareuts  or  Guardians  in  Durham,  or  within 
easy  access  by  ttaiu. 

For  particulars  apply  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
HOSTEL,  Abbey  House.  Durham,  or  THE  CENSOR  OF  HOME 
8TC DENTS.  U  North  Bailey.  Durham. 


u 


NIVERSITY 


OF        LONDON. 


KING  WILLIAM'S  COLLEGE, 
ISLE  OF  MAN. 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  KX.A  MINATION  on  MARCH  IS 
and  1  TEN  SCHOLARSHIPS  OFFERED.  501.  to  201.  Also  TEN 
NOMINATIONS  reducing  the  necessary  fees  to  45!.  a  year.  Place  of 
Examination  arranged  to  suit  candidates.  —  Full  particulars  from 
THE  PRINCIPAL  or  SECRETARY. 

MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C.— An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  for  Boys 
under  ij  on  .'une  11.  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.— For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 

CAMBRIDGE      UNIVERSITY      TRAINING 
COLLEGE    FoK    SCHOOLMASTERS. 

Some  vacant  places  remain  to  be  filled  for  the  next  Session,  which 
begins  on  uCToBBI 

Thecour-  :.EMESTARY  DEPARTMENT  extends  over 

Three  Year-      A'l  Students  must  liecome  Matriculated  Members  of 

the  CniTertity.  and  they  will  he  required  to  read  for  a   Degree.     They 

v  be  qualified  by  the  Regulations  of  the   Board  of 

the   Training  of  Teachers  for  Elementary  Schools, 

Appendix  A    II 

course  for  the  SE<  ON  |i  ARY  DEPARTMENT  is  for  a  Year 
consisting  of  three  consecutive  Terms.      Candidates  for  admission 
■e  Graduates  of  this  or  some  other  University. 
Forfurther  t.irti. -.ilars  apply  to  THE  VICE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE 
i.L'.K.  \\arxw,rth  House,  Cambridge. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm.  1. 000  acres.  Vet. 
Science.  Smiths'  Work,  Carpentry,  Hiding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
open  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prosi>ectus. 


MADAME   AUBERTS  AGENCY  (est.    1880), 
Hi     -  RELENT  STREET.  W  .   English  and 

Foreu  -w.  Lady   Professors,   Teachers.    Chaperoues.  Com- 

panions. Secrete  -     Introduced   for    Home   and    Abroad, 

Schools  re.  .    ind  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 

on  application    personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.     Office 
boon,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel  Regent  3627. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
gratis  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Arm?  '.Vol  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  [free  <d 
charge  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  POWELL, 
SMITH  A  FAWCKTT.  School  Agents  (established  1S33),  34,  Bedford 
Street.  Strand.  W.C.    Telepbone-T'rJl  Gerrard. 


^ituatiens  Uarant. 

CA  N  T  E    R   B   U  R  Y         M    U  S  E  U  M, 
OHUSTOHURCH,  NEW  ZEALAND. 

Applications  an  I  the  position  of  CURATOR  of  the  atwve 

Museum.     -    la  ..   with  allowance  for  passage  —Full 

particulars  and  forms  .ending  starni-  I 

addressed  I  HE   HIGH   COMMISSIONER  for 

New  i  -  n-rt.  London,  B  W  .  by  whom  ooini 

applications  will  be  received  up  to  MAR'  II 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  UNIVERSITY  CHAIR  OF 
PHYSICS,  tenable  at  the  Royal  Holloway  College.  The  salary  will 
be  6001.  a  year  in  the  c«se  of  a  Man.  or  500!  a  year  with  board  and 
furnished  residence  .luring  College  terms  iu  the  case  of  a  Woman 

Applications  (twelve  copies),  together  with  copies  of  not  in  ire  than 
three  testimonials  and  the  names  of  not  more  than  three  references, 
must  he  received  not  later  than  by  first  post  on  MONDAY.  March  9. 
19(4.  by  THE  ACADEMIC  REUISTRAR,  University  of  London. 
South  Kensington,  S.W.,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be 
obtained.  HENRY  A.  MIERS,  Principal. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


TMRKENHEAD 

GIRLS'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  position  of  HE  ID  MISTRESS  of 
the  GIRLS'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 

Commencing  salary.  3001.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments 
of  15!   to3«0!.  per  annum. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  the  appointment. 
together  with  a  Form  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  by 
MARCH  9,  1914.  may  be  obtained  from 

ROBERT  T.  JONES,  Secretary. 

Town  Hall.  Birkenhead.  February  14,  1914. 


K 


ENT  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


DARTFORD  LOCAL  HIGHER   EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  DARTFORD. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  appointments  for  the 
Summer  Term  :— 

(1)  HISTORY  MISTRESS,  with  subsidiary  Elementary  Mathe- 
matics. 

(3|  MODERN  LANGUAGE  MISTRESS,  Subjects:  French  and 
German. 

Initial  salaries  100!  to  120!.  per  annum.  A  higher  initial  salary 
may  be  allowed  in  the  case  of  teachers  with  special  qualifications 
and  experience.  University  Graduates  desired,  with  good  Secondary 
School  experience. 

Forms  of  application  and  scale  of  salaries  may  be  obtained  from  Mr. 
D.  F.  BROW.  Technical  Institute.  Dartford. 

Applications  must  be  forwarded  as  soon  as  possible  to  Miss  A.  M. 
BRK.TT,  County  School  for  Girls,  Dartford.  Canvassing  will  be 
considered  a  disqualification. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 

Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  February  6.  1914. 

A  RCHRISHOP       TENISON'S       GRAMMAR 

-Tl-        SCHOOL,  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  LONDON,  W.C. 

GRADUATE  WANTED  after  Easter  to  take  charge  of  Form  I., 
with  Nature  Study  in  Forms  I.  and  II.,  and  Latin  throughout  the 
school.  Salary  scale  150!.— 10!.-300!.— Apply  to  THE  HEAD 
MASTER. 


C 


ITY        OF        MANCHESTER. 


APPOINTMENT  OF    ART    CURATOR. 


The  Art  Gallery  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  appointment 
of  a  CURATOR  of  the  COF.PORATION  ART  GALLERIES,  at  a 
salary  of  500!.  per  annum. 

The  Gentleman  to  be  appointed  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole 
of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  the  office  ;  to  become  a  contributor  to  the 
Manchester  Corporation  Officers')  Thrift  Fund;  and  to  sign  the  Man- 
chester Corporation  Deed  of  Service. 

Applicants  must  in  their  applications  state  (inter  alia)  age,  health. 
present  and  previous  appointments,  qualifications,  &c.  and  the  date 
upon  which  the  applicant  can  take  up  the  duties  of  the  office. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent 
testimonials  and  the  names  of  four  references,  must  be  sent  or 
delivered  so  as  to  reach  me,  the  undersigned,  not  later  than  12  noon 
on  THURSDAY.  March  5  next,  endorsed  "  Art  Curator." 

Canvassing,  directly  or  indirectly,  is  not  permissible,  and  will  be  a 
disqualification.  THOMAS  HUDSON,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Manchester,  February  14, 1914- 

CENTRAL  FOUNDATION  BOYS'  SCHOOL, 
Cowper  Street.  City  Road.  EC-ASSISTANT  ART  MASTER 
wanted.  Commencing  salary  for  Three  Days' Service  per  Week  72!., 
rising  by  *i!.  per  annum  to  a  maximum  of  150!.  Good  Art  qualifica- 
tirns  and  previous  experience  looked  for.  Applications  should  be 
made  to  THE  HEAD  MASTER  forthwith. 

THE  SIMPLIFIED  SPELING  SOSIETI  iz 
about  til  apoint  a  Sekretari  (man  or  wooman)  at  a  salari  ov  200Z. 
Edyukaishonal  and  jurnalisuk  ekepeeriens  dt-zierabl.  Aplikaishonz 
giving  Three  Referensez  tu  be  sent,  not  laiter  than  M  A  K<H  t;,  tu 
THE  SKKKETARI,  Simplified  Speling  Sosieti,  44,  Great  Kussell 
8treet,  London,  W.C. 

OECRETARY    REQUIRED    for  a   Partner    in 

»J  Printing  and  Publish  in  k  Concern  Some  experience  of  Publish- 
ing Bvrioen  necessary.  Knowledge  of  French  and  Shorthand  essen- 
tial.*-Boi  B0S8,  Athenaeum  Office,  11,  Bream's  Uuildings,  Chancery 
Lane,  London,  E  C. 


Situations;  (ifltantr-o. 

1J1RENCH    LADY    WRITER    (B.    ■      Lettres), 
Perfect   English,    experienoed     Translator,    wishes    Pi 
LITERARY  ASSISTANT,  preferably  In  ■  Newspaper  or   PuMinher's 
\  Press,  11,  Bream's  Bnlldlogl    I  I 


JVutljorV  ^0fnts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  aro  prepared  to 
I  pi  .  ■■••  UH    fOI  I  Tly  pii'.lp  -ill. .ii       lit.  r  irv  w  .rk  'if 
all  Muds  .:  •.  experts   who  dUos    Authors'   internet  lirsU 

Twenty  years'  experience.— S,  Clement's  Inn.  vs 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


iJtisrcllanrons. 

PARTNERSHIP.— Young  man,  with  thorough 
publishing  experience,  particularly  of  book  production,  wishes 
to  hear  of  Opening  in  established  House  offering  satisfactory  IN- 
VESTMENT for  moderate  capital. -G..  Box  2084,  Atlieiucuin  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chain    ry  Lane,  E.C. 

MANUSCRIPTS,  Journals,  Diaries,  Log-Books, 
4c,  relating  to  the  early  days  of  Australia.  New  Zealand,  and 
Polynesia  are  desired  by  the  LIBRARIAN  OF  THE  MITCHELL 
LIBRARY.  SYDNEY,  who  is  at  present  on  a  visit  to  London.— 
Communications  to  be  addressed  to  Mr.  H  WRIGHT,  care  of 
Messrs.  Truslove  &  Hanson.  Ltd..  168,  Oxford  Street,  W. 

TRANSLATIONS    into   English    from    French, 

A-  German,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese.  Dutch,  llano-Norwegian, 
snd  Swedish.  Research  work.— Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS.  M.A.,  10,  Haringey 
Park,  Crouch  End,  N.    Tel.  93  Hornsey. 

LITERARY  RESEARCHES  undertaken,  or 
Genealogies  traced  at  British  Museum  Libraries.  Offices  of 
Record,  and  Registries.  — Write  M.A.,  B.C.L.,  3,  Trevor  Square, 
London,  S.YV. 

T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at   the 

AJ  British  MuBeum  Experience.  Testimonials.  — N.  M  ,  Box  1905, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing —A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

THE    SECRETARIAL    BUREAU,    25,    Queen 
Anne's  Gate,  St.  James's  Park,  8.W.    Tel. :  5691  Victoria.     Miss 
PETHERBRIDGE    (Nat    Sci.    Triposl,   Official   Indexer    to    H.M.'s 
Government.    Private  Libraries  Catalogued  and  Arranged.    Research 
Work.  Foreign  and  English.  Private  Seiretaries  and  Indexers  trained. 
•THE  TECHNIQUE  OP  INDEXING.'  2»,  M.  net.  post  free. 

TO  Publishers,  Authors,  &c. — Wanted  to  pur- 
chase for  Cash,  Copyright  and  Plates  for  Educational.  Juvenile, 
Theological,  Illustrated  Books,  and  Popular  Fiction.— Particulars  in 
first  instance  to  J.  Hutchinson,  C.A.,  B,  Holborn  Viaduct,  Loudon,  E.C. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PCRCHAaEl)  at  the  BEST  MARKKT  PRICES  fur 
Cash— SPINK  &  SON,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 

•Iltttt-Mtrtes,  &r. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.  (8a\  per  1,000)  and  Type- 
writing  in  all  its  branches  carefully  and  promptly  executed. 
Clear  Carbon  Copies.  Duplicating.  Excellent  testimonials— Miss 
F.  M.  FLINT,  57.  Moorgate  Street. 

TYPE-WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
and  promptly  executed,  e<f.  per  1.000.  Duplicating  and  Carbon 
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ALBEMARLE    STREET,  LONDON,  W. 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21.  1014  THE     ATHENiEUM  259 


A  few  of  Dent's  New  Spring  Books 

THE 

WAYFARER'S     LIBRARY 

II  FIRST      TWELVE      VOLS.  »  I 

/  -  NET  READY  TO-DAY  !  1 1  -  NET 

ROMANCE  AND  ADVENTURE  HISTORICAL  FICTION 

1.  A.  E.  W.  MASON  Running  Water     7.  STANLEY  WEYMAN  Shrewsbury 

H.  G.  WELLS  The  Wheels  of  Chance     8.  MARY  BRADFORD  WHITING 

The  Plough  of  Shame 


3.  H.  DE  VERE  STACPOOLE 

The  Blue  Lagoon 

4.  ARNOLD  BENNETT  9.  SIR  A.  QUILLER-COUCH        Troy  Town 


HUMOUR 


The  Grand  Babylon  Hotel 

6.  PERCEVAL  GIBBON 

The  Adventures  of  Miss  Gregory 

SOCIAL  AND  DOMESTIC  FICTION 

5   MRS.  SIDGWICK     The  Professor's  Legacy 


10.  CHARLES  LAMB  Essays  of  Elia 

BELLES  LETTRES  HISTORY,  &c. 

11.  LETTERS  FROM  DOROTHY  OSBORNE 

TO  SIR  WILLIAM  TEMPLE 

12.  G.  K.  CHESTERTON  The  Defendant 


THE    POETICAL    WORKS    OF    EDWARD    DOWDEN 

In  2  vols.     Vol.  I.  ORIGINAL  WORKS.     Vol.  II.  TRANSLATIONS.     Crown  8vo,  6s.  each. 
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TWO    FINE    ART    BOOKS 

RELIGIOUS  ART  IN  FRANCE  OF  THE  THIRTEENTH  CENTURY 

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THE    HISTORY    OF    RUSSIA 


Vol.  III.     By  VALKRIE  KLUCHEVSKY,  late  Professor  of  Russian  History  in  the  University  of  Moscow.     Translated  by  C.  J.  HOGARTH. 
T-.  ML  net. 

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■,.~~„     ^,-m,,~„  TWO    NEW    NOVELS 

JACOB    ELTHORNE 

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ONCE    UPON    A    TIME 

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J.    M.    DENT    &.    SONS,    LTD.,    15,    ALDINE    HOUSE,    BEDFORD    STREET,    W.C. 


260 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,   1914 


Macmillan's  New  Books. 

SECOND  EDITION,  REVISED. 

A  History  of  Greece  to  the 
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book   is  the  author's  boldness  and  courage 

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if  only  by  reason  of  its  obvious  earnestness 
and  sincerity." 

VOL.  V.,  CONCLUDING  THE  WORK. 

A  Cyclopedia  of  Education. 

Edited    by    PAUL     MONROE,    Ph.D. 
With   the   Assistance   of    Departmental 
Editors,  and  several  hundred  Individual 
Contributors.    Vol.  V.,  Pol— Zwi.    Illus- 
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Vol.   II.,   Chu-Fus.      Vol.    III.,   Gai— Lib. 
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Quirdian. — "  To  teachers  and  all  con- 
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pedic of  Education  '  can  be  highly  commended 
lor  purposes  of  reference.  It  has  the  great 
merit  of  being  strictly  impartial,  and  the 
general  accuracy  of  the  articles  upon  Euro- 
pean Movements  and  Institutions  may  be 
relied  upon." 


*»*  Macmillan's  New  Theological  List 
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Letters  to  '  The  Times '  upon 
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With    some    Commentary.    PrB0yf. 

T.  E  HOLLAND,  K.C.,  President  (1913)  de  l'Institut 
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No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEr  M 


261 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  . /,  1914. 


CONTKNTS. 


l'ACF. 


Records  of  Education  (A  History  of  Education;  A 
Cjelopedi*  of  Kdaoatioo) 

A   1\>KNKK  OF   HIK  OOTSWOLDS 

|M\\  dkn's   POUtS  

Maximilian  ih  Mexico      

1  \<  VCLOP  ta>l.\  01    Kki.wuo.n  AMD  ETHICS 

I  hk  WAR8  01    niK  ROSBS 

Two  Vkrsb  Translations  of  the  Classics  (The 

O.ii  g  of  Honce  ;  Sophocles  in  English  Verse) 

iiik  Comic  Kingdom  

'I  UK  Ikon  YEAR— WAR  

I  OOLOGY  (Problems  ami  Discussions— Translations— 
Pwo  Priests  of  Note)  ..  268 

|i)OKS  PUBLISH  RD  THIS  WEEK  (English,  271  ; 
Foreign,  -274)  ..  ..  .         271 

jom>  Numbers ';  Canon  Augustus  Jbssopp;Thb 
Case  for  a  Co-operative  Review;  'Case 
for  Lard  Nationalisation';  Mr.  Bohi.ey  am> 
'tllk  encvclopjeoia  britannica'  ..      274 

i.itekaky  gossip  

Science— Maize ;  New  Plants  from  Southern 
Nigeria;  Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week; 
Gossip  

Fine  Arts— Cuvb  Rem. on  Art  :  The  FkidayCluu  ; 
Paintings  hy  the  Camden  Town  Croup  ;  Other 
Exhibitions;  Etchings ;  Gossip   ..  2-0 

Mtsic    Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week 

liEAMA— Dropping  the  Baby;  Thank  Tour  Lady- 
ship: Damaged  Goods;  Helen  with  the  High 

Band  ;  Gossip  

PLBMBNT  (Publishers  and  Spring  Announcements  ; 
Theology — Poetry — Bibliography,  291 ;  Philosophy 
— History  anil  Biography — Geography  ami  Travel, 
202;  Sport  -Sociology — Economic* — Education  — 
Philology — School- Books  —Literary  Criticism, 
898;   Kiciion— Juvenile,  294) 291 

tVDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS         


261 
262 
MS 
263 
261 
265 

266 
267 

26~ 

270 
-274 


-275 
276 


—279 


-2S2 

2S2 


283 


-294 
2feG 


LITERATURE 


RECORDS   OF   EDUCATION. 

A  VAST  amount  of  research  and  of  hard 

thinking  must  have  gone  to  the  making 

of  Prof.  Graves's  :  History  of  Education  in 

Modern  Times,'  and  the  result  is  a  work  of 

reference  calculated  to  be  of  great  service 

t  >   all  who  are   interested  in  the  theory 

i  practice  of  education  in  Europe  and 

America,  from  Rousseau  to  our  own  day. 

Hardly   before,    we    should   imagine,    has 

such  a  businesslike  synopsis  been  achieved. 

•   difficulties  which  beset  educators  are 

much  the  same  in  all  civilized  communities  ; 

1    in    Prof,    lira \es's     pages    one    can 

ertain  at  a  glance  how  other  countries 

•    dealt,  or  are  dealing,  with  problems 

which  demand  attention  in  our  own. 

To  tin    j  I  English  reader  the  more 

i   sting  because  less  hackneyed  portion 

the  book  will  probably  be  that  which 

the     course     (,f     education     in 

oada  and  in  the  United  Stat 

"  T!       I        di  d    system    [Prof.    <  Graves 
nentary  schools,  high  schools, 
institutes,    and     universities,     is 
ly   unified,   and   the  work  of  each   si 

en  moi  -  ly  t  han 

the  I  ni'.fl  Si 

Prom   this  statement    it  can  be   inferred 

it  though  the  "  Union  Loyalists"  who 

btled    <  hatai  io    carried  the  concept   of 

public  control  of  education  from  the 
ulv  formed)   United   Si   I   -    their  de- 

.1    History  of  Education  in   Modern   '/'■■ 
Bj  frank  Pierrepont  Graves,     (Macmillan 

■..  5e,  Del . ) 

A     Cyclopedia     of     Education.     Edited     by 
P    il Monroe.     Vol.  V.     (Same  publishers, 

11.  la  n 


scendants   have    not    been    backward    in 
perfecting  it   and    extending   its  benefits 

to  the  newer  provinces  of  the  Dominion. 
Further,  we  arc  led  to  believ< — and  the 
assurance,  as  coming  from  a  Pennsyl- 
vanian  professor,  is  doubly  gratifying  — 
that  throughout  the  Dominion  a  wise 
balance  is  maintained  between  the  central 
and  local  authorities,  a  consummation 
specially  desirable  where  rural  education 
is  concerned.  The  province  of  Quebec 
has  a  plan  of  its  own,  the  natural  outcome 
of  its  history  ;  but  the  religious  difficulty, 
heretofore  in  England  always  with  us, 
appears  to  have  been  settled  long  since 
in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  several 
creeds  concerned.  The  Dominion  has 
rejected  secularism  ;  "  even  in  the  public 
schools,"  we  read — those,  that  is,  corre- 
sponding to  our  Council  schools — "  non- 
sectarian  religious  exercises  are  still  con- 
ducted." It  is  evident  that,  from  many 
points  of  view,  the  Canadian  scheme  merits 
a  careful  and  detailed  investigation  on  our 
side  of  the  Atlantic. 

The  author  does  not  conclude  without 
a  survey  of  contemporary  tendencies  in 
education,  and  a  forecast  of  probable 
developments.  We  are  bidden  to  expect 
and  to  welcome  '*  a  constant  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  curriculum  and  methods  of 
teaching, v  with  certain  excellent  objects 
in  view.  But  it  might  be  urged  that 
perpetual  flux,  the  old  philosopher's  iravra 
jid,  is  hardly  an  ideal  one  would  wish  to 
see  enthroned  in  the  high  places  of  educa- 
tion. 

Dr.  Paul  Monroe's  '  Cyclopedia  of  Edu- 
cation,' the  first  volume  of  which  was 
published  three  years  ago,  has  now  reached 
its  conclusion  in  the  fifth  volume,  com- 
prising Pol  to  Zwi.  Each  instalment  has 
been  duly  noticed  in  our  columns,  the 
fourth  having  been  reviewed  by  us  on 
May  3rd,  1913.  Both  editor  and  con- 
tributors are  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
performance  of  a  great  task,  the  first  com- 
petent and  really  comprehensive  con- 
spectus of  education  in  English.  On  our 
shelves  it  stands  by  the  side  of  the  seven 
volumes  of  the  '  Teacher's  Encyclopedia,' 
edited  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Laurie  ;  but  there  is 
room  for  both  of  these,  their  scope  and 
aim  being  different.  Dr.  Laurie's  work 
deals  adequately  with  certain  s  sleet  topics 
in  a  reasoned  order,  while  Dr.  Monroe's  is 
an  exhaustive  treatment  of  the  whole  field 
arranged  alphabetically. 

Looking  at  the  '  Cyclopedia  '  as  a  whole, 
one  is  impressed   with  the  vastness  and 

complexity  of  educational  thought  and 
literature.  Interest  in  educational  pro- 
blems and  practices  is  very  vigorous,  and 

theories  and  methods  are  healthily  diverse. 
It   is  also  true  that .  in  point  of  numbers  of 

it-  practitioners,  education  is  the  largest 
of  all  the  professions;  but  while  it  is 
the  largest  numerically,  it  is  undoubtedly 
the  poorest  paid.  The  disproportion 
between  what  is  expected  of  the  teacher 
and  the  remuneration  he  receives  is  re- 
markable, and  the  sort  of  uncomfortable 
fact  that  many  centuries  of  advancing 
civilization  might  bave  been  expected  t<> 

abolish.      We    doubt    if    an     cn<  vdopa-dia 


devoted  to  the  work  of  any  other  pro- 
fession could  show  so  remarkable  a  body  of 
thought  as  the  one  before  us.  which  has, 
it  seems  to  us,  many  reasons  for  being 
regarded  as  the  best  measure  of  the  state 
of  Western  civilization  in  the  twentieth 
century.       True,  these    pages    are   written 

by  experts,  but  they  would  be  impossible 

apart  from  the  conscientious  work  of  the 
rank    and    file.       We  have    here    positive 
proof    that    the    teachers   of    Europe    and 
America  are,  regarded  as  a  whole,  a  body 
of    steady-working,     sound  thinking    men 
and  women.      Much  is  expected  from,  and 
achieved  by,   the   teacher.     Is    he    fairly 
paid  for  it,  especially  since   the  tendency 
is  to  throw  increasing  responsibilities  on 
him  '\       The     schools     have,     to     a    large 
extent,     taken     over     the     duties     of     the 
parents  :   moral  training,  physical  training, 
instruction     in     amusements     and     social 
graces,  and  even  feeding,  are  expected  of 
them.      Amid    this    mass    of    duties    the 
bewildered  teacher  is  naturally  often  at  a 
loss  for  guidance  in  detail,  and  naturally 
also  tends  to  lose  all  sense  of  proportion. 
Much   the   same   difficulties   beset   educa- 
tional administrators  and  officials.    Hence 
the  exceeding  value   of   a    work    like  the 
present,  which,  though  not  attempting  to 
treat  every  subject  completely,  does  aim 
at,  and,  within  human  limitations,  achieve, 
completeness  of  scope.    The  systematiza- 
tion  of  educational  ideas  presented  in  these 
five   volumes   must  necessarily  assist  to- 
wards    the     unification     of     educational 
thought,  and  a  resultant  improvement   in 
educational  practice.     It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  all  who  are  connected,  in  whatever 
way,    with    the    work    of    education    Mill 
speedily  recognize  that  in  the  '  Cyclop  dia' 
they  have  an  invaluable  corpus  of  educa- 
tional knowledge,  and  will  refer  to  it  tor 
guidance  in  difficulties. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  former  volumes,  we 
will  say  a  word  of  the  contributors  indicate 
some  important  articles,  and  finally  direct 
attention  to  what  is  perhaps  the  chief  merit 
of  this  volume,  the  Analytical  Indexes 
crowning  the  whole  work. 

The  850  double-column  pages  of  this 
volume  are  written  by  nearly  200  con- 
tributors, most  of  whom  are  connected 
with  American  Universities.  There  are. 
however,  several  British  contributors  such 
as  Dr.  Barber  (Leys  School).  .Mr.  G.  G. 
Coulton  (Cambridge).  Dr.  I'indlav  (Man- 
chester). .Mr.  A.  V.  beach.  .Mr.  Aylmer 
Maude.  Profs.  Foster  Watson,  and  W.  II. 
Woodward.  The  following  are  .1111011-  the 
important  articles  :  Poor  Law  (Marion 
Phillips).  Education  among  Primitive 
Peoples  (llutton  Webster)  l'i  h  ate  Schook 
Psychology,  Punishment,  The  Reformation 
and  Education  (A.  F.  Leach  and  oth<  1 
Religious  Education  (G  A  Coe  Nevi  York 
The  Renaissance  and    Education  (W.   II 

Woodward).  Russia   (Anna  T<  -Irn.iii  Smith), 

Scotland    (John    Strong     Montrose     \ 
d  my),  Spain  Student  Life  I  E    E  Slosson 
New  York),  Sunday  Schook  Sweden  (P  K 
Lindst roiiii.    I Iniversities    (G.  G.  < kralton 
and    others),  and    Higher    Education    of 
\\  omen   (A.   V    Leach  and  others;.      All 
these    topics    receive     fairlj     exhaustive 
treatment. 


202 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


We  now  turn  to  the  Analytical  Indexes 
(37  pages),  which  in  themselves  form  a 
scientific  conspectus  of  the  whole  field  of 
education.  We  wonder  how  their  com- 
prehensiveness and  complexity  would 
strike  Plato,  or  Quintilian,  or  even  Rous- 
seau. To  those  likely  to  use  this  '  Cyclo- 
pedia '  we  venture  to  suggest  that  an  hour 
spent  in  making  acquaintance  with  the 
main  headings  and  sub-headings  of  these 
indexes  will  be  time  well  spent,  and  in 
most  matters  except  those  of  the  merest 
detail  a  reference  found  here  will  con- 
duct them  more  surely  to  the  heart  of 
their  subject  than  an  alphabetical  refer- 
ence. Thus  to  look  for  '  Erasmus  '  is  to 
see  him  at  one  glance  in  a  wide  setting, 
as  one  of  some  threescore  humanistic 
leaders  and  educators  who  worked  in 
Italy,  or  Northern  Europe,  or  in  England. 
'  Apperception  '  leads  the  reader  to 
appreciate  the  fact  that  it  is  one  of  ten 
processes  connected  with  the  assimilative 
phase  of  learning  (itself  one  of  four  such 
phases),  and  he  is  at  once  involved 
in  the  more  general  question  of  the  analysis 
of  the  process  of  learning  as  a  whole, 
which  in  its  turn  is  one  of  several 
subdivisions  of  the  philosophy  of  edu- 
cation. 

So  important  are  these  Indexes  that  we 
do  not  apologize  for  attempting  to  give 
some  idea  of  their  scope.  There  are  eleven 
general  headings :  I.  History  of  Education; 
II.  Philosophy  of  Education  ;  III.  Educa- 
tional Psychology  ;  IV.  Teaching  Methods  ; 
V.  Educational  Sociology ;  VI.  Educa- 
tional Administration  ;  VII.  Elementary 
Education  ;  VIII.  Secondary  Education  ; 
IX.  Higher  Education  ;  X.  Physical 
Education  ;  XI.  School  Architecture.  It 
will  be  seen  that  these  are  not  strictly 
logical,  mutually  exclusive  divisions,  but 
rather  practical  groupings  of  the  matter 
contained  in  the  '  Cyclopedia  ' ;  but  they 
are  really  all  the  better  for  that,  and,  being 
few,  can  easily  be  retained  in  the  memory. 
As  a  specimen  of  the  practical  way  in 
which  the  sub-headings  are  arranged,  we 
give  as  a  sample  the  History  of  Education. 
The  sub-headings  are  as  follows  :  History 
of  Education  as  a  Study;  Primitive, 
Oriental;  Greek,  and  Roman  Education  : 
Middle  Ages,  Monasticism  and  Education, 
Early  Revival  of  Learning,  Mysticism  and 
Education,  Studies  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
Scholasticism,  Universities,  Chivalry, 
Medieval  Schools,  Renaissance  Period, 
Humanistic  Leaders  and  Educators,  Re- 
naissance Schools  and  Education,  Courtly 
Education,  Reformation  and  Education, 
Realism  and  Education,  Sense  Realism 
and  Early  Scientific  Tendency,  Disciplin- 
ary Conception  in  Education,  The  En- 
lightenment and  Education,  Pietism  and 
Education,  Naturalistic  Movement.  Philan- 
thropinist  Movement,  Psychological  Ten- 
dency in  Education.  Infant  Schools,  De- 
velopment of  Elementary  School  Systems, 
Development  of  Public  School  Systems, 
Modern  Tendencies,  Educational  Leaders 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  Such  sub- 
headings, with  other  lower  divisions,  should 
enable  the  inquirer  to  light  on  his  par- 
ticular subject  with  ease,  and  see  it  at 
once  in  its  broader  relationships. 


A  Corner  of  the  Cotswolds  through  the  Nine- 
teenth Century.  By  M.  Sturge  Gretton. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

Mrs.  Sturge  Gretton  published  more 
than  ten  years  ago  her  first  book  on  the 
district  to  which  she  now  returns.  She 
tells  us  that  it  was  received  with  enthu- 
siasm, though  she  "  was  at  that  time  a 
novice  at  book-making."  Now  with  riper 
experience  she  has  produced  an  attractive 
book  which  unearths  a  good  deal  that 
people  had  not  been  unwilling  to  forget. 
It  collects  pleasant  stories,  and  it  tells 
with  genuine  sympathy  of  the  memories 
and  aspirations  of  countryfolk  to  -  day. 
Thus  it  makes  a  book  to  sit  in  the  sun 
with,  or  to  think  over  as  j^ou  walk  the 
gusty  Cotswold  uplands  in  spring  ;  per- 
haps to  doze  over  by  the  fire  which  a 
variable  climate  makes  you  keep  up  well 
into  the  month  of  May. 

Mrs.  Gretton  delights  in  the  lore  of 
old  newspapers.  They  are  to  her  much 
what  the  preambles  to  Henry  VIII. 's 
Acts  of  Parliament  were  to  James  Anthony 
Froude  :  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth.  Her  main  autho- 
rity, indeed,  is  The  Oxford  Journal, 
a  notable  old  newspaper  which  J.  R. 
Green  often  utilized,  and  occasionally 
enriched.  In  several  appendixes,  too, 
she  revives  for  us  "  documents "  of 
importance  which  we  are  very  glad  to 
see  preserved.  The  best  of  these  is 
Arthur  Young's  Report  of  the  Agriculture 
of  Oxfordshire  prepared  for  the  Board 
of  Agriculture  in  1809.  This  occupies 
forty-two  pages,  about  a  tenth  part  of 
Mrs.  Gretton's  book.  One  feeLs  that  she, 
as  a  Meredithian,  has  a  peculiar  interest 
in  the  humour  of  agricultural  folk.  If 
she  does  not  always  succeed  in  conveying 
it  to  us,  she  gives  the  material  itself  on 
which  she  has  built  it  up.  Of  to-day's 
records  there  is  a  pretty  little  bit  of  silver- 
wedding  love  -  making  in  the  poem  of  a 
country  worker  called  '  A  Tale  of  Two 
Rings,'  and  there  are  some  charming  talks 
with  village  folk. 

Mrs.  Gretton  reprints  (from  Notes  and 
Queries.  5  S.  ii.,  Dec.  26,  1874)  a  mumming 
play  which  she  attributes  to  Oxfordshire 
and  "  the  beginning  of  the  [?  nineteenth] 
century."  This  is  strangely  unlike  the 
play  now  acted  in  the  district  from  which 
she  writes,  but  may  belong  to  the  south- 
east of  the  shire,  perhaps. 

It  is  an  arbitrary  line  of  locality  which 
Mrs.  Gretton  draws  round  her  stories, 
and  one  which  does  not  answer  to  any 
historical,  geographical,  or  racial  division. 
She  includes  Tetsworth  and  Kelmscott, 
Northleach,  Bourton-on-the-Water,  Wel- 
lesbourne,  and  Chapel  House — all  names  to 
conjure  with  among  those  who  know  them. 
But  she  goes  into  no  tiresome  details  of 
topography ;  that  has  often,  and  very 
lately,  been  done.  She  tries  rather 
to  collect  stories,  and  now  and  then 
to  substantiate  them  by  statistics.  Of 
this  an  interesting  appendix  on  Feargus 
O'Connor's  Socialist  allotments  at  Char- 
terville,  near  Witney,  is  a  good  ex- 
ample, though  it  might  have  been 
improved  by  a  study  of  the  late  Arthur 


Butler's  sympathetic  account  in  The 
Economic  Review.  Except  when  she 
quotes  the  ipsissima  verba  of  forgotten 
authorities,  she  does  not  attempt  to 
achieve  strict  accuracy.  At  Burford,  for 
example,  she  does  not  seem  to  be  quite  at 
home.  She  thinks  that  "  no  addition  of 
any  sort  "  has  been  made  to  the  church 
"  since  the  Reformation,"  not  having: 
seen,  perhaps,  the  south  wall  of  the  large 
western  aisle,  with  its  Sylvester  tombs, 
none  of  them  earlier  than  Elizabeth's 
dajr ;  or  the  curious  twentieth-century 
heating  chamber  with  its  absurd  battle- 
ments ;  the  beautiful  glass,  old  and  new, 
congruous  and  incongruous,  which  has 
been  inserted  during  the  last  thirty  years  : 
or  the  enrichments  due  to  the  generosit}'- 
and  taste  of  Mr.  Meade  Falkner  and  the 
present  vicar.  In  the  town  itself,  which 
she  describes  most  happily  and  sym- 
pathetically, surely  the  illustration  of 
"  the  courtyard  of  the  Little  House  " 
shows  what  is  to  a  great  extent  a 
creation  of  the  present  century.  The 
contrasts,  too,  that  she  would  make  are  a 
little  forced.  The  postmaster  may  be, 
as  she  tells  us,  "  motor  proprietor,  chauf- 
feur,, and  photographer,"  perhaps  chemist 
and  stationer  too,  for  all  we  know  ;  but 
such  a  conjunction  shows  no  breach 
with  old  tradition.  Specialism  was  never 
at  home  in  the  Cotswolds,  except  among 
those  who  make  the  wonderful  un- 
mortared  walls.  But  Mrs.  Gretton  has  a 
knack  of  hitting  off  a  place,  or  an  ex- 
perience, admirably : — 

"  To  go  shopping  in  a  place  like  Burford 
is  not  at  all  necessarily  to  get  what  you 
want,  certainly  not  to  get  it  with  swiftness  ; 
but  it  is  to  negotiate  with  persons  of  dignity 
and  ruminating  character — persons  of  re- 
source too." 

On  the  whole,  we  are  inclined  to  think 
that  the  most  interesting  parts  of 
Mrs.  Gretton's  book  are  those  in  which 
she  deals  with  Enclosures,  and  those  in 
which  she  investigates  the  budgets  of  the 
rural  poor  fifty  years  ago  and  to-day. 
For  the  latter  she  is  indebted  to  a  notable 
survival  of  an  old  family — Mr.  Hambidge 
of  Burford — who  still  carries  on  a  flourish- 
ing local  business.  He  has  supplied  her 
with  an  admirable  description  of  a  grocer's 
shop  circa  1850  which  might  have  come 
straight  out  of  '  Cranford.'  -In  her  account 
of  the  Enclosures  she  keeps  a  just  course 
between  the  Radical  agitator  and  the 
Tory  apologist,  and  she  quotes  with 
approval  what  Mr.  W.  W.  Fowler,  who 
really  knows  the  subject,  has  written  : — 

"  The  mischief  is  not  to  be  ascribed  so 
much  to  enclosures,  against  which  an  outcry 
is  vain,  as  to  the  neglect  of  the  opportunity 
arising  on  every  enclosing  movement,  to 
take  the  true  interest  of  the  agricultural 
labourer  into  consideration,  and  to  redeem 
him  from  the  semi-serfdom  to  which  he 
was  in  danger  of  reverting." 

Apropos  of  serfdom,  one  may  note  the 
recent  use  of  the  word  "  servitude,"  for 
what  is  now  commonly  called  "  service," 
which  Mrs.  Gretton  quotes,  and  assure 
her  that,  if  she  were  to  visit  the  town  early 
enough  in  the  morning,  she  would  still 
see  a  good  deal  of  yearly  hiring  going  on 
at  the  annual  fair. 


No   4504.  Feb.  21,  19U 


Til  K     ATHEN.EUM 


263 


Poems.       By    Edward    Dowden. 
(Dent  A  Co.,  6s.  each.) 


2    vols. 


1'i.Kii  \rs  tin-  chief  pleasure  that  Edward 
Dowden's  poetry  affords  to  us  lies  in  our 
recognition    in    it   of   the   charm   of   his 

personality.  The  history  of  his  associa- 
tion with  poetry  is  itself  illustrative  of  this 
charm.  He  published  a  considerable  bodj 
oi  eloquent  and  accomplished  verse  at  the 
age  of  thirty-three  (his  '  Poems  '  of  1876 
account  for  fully  three-quarters  of  the 
original  compositions  now  put  before  us), 
and,  in  the  words  of  his  present  editor, 
"  felt  the  urge  very  strongly  towards 
making  verse  his  vocation."'  Renouncing 
this  idea  in  order  to  be  able  to  fulfil  closer 
and  tenderer  obligations,  he  yet  found 
means,  as  a  recent  volume.  '  A  Woman's 
Reliquary,'  has  assured  us,  to  associate  his 
love  of  poetry  with  the  love  to  which  he 
had  postponed  it.  and  continued  to  confide 
his  happiness  to  his  wife  through  the 
many  years  of  their  union  in  songs  which, 
while  he  lived,  were  for  her  eyes  alone. 

The  "  Poems  '  of  1876  are  remarkable  for 
the  high  level  of  execution  they  display. 
As  a  sign  of  this  we  note  that  the  collection 
contains  as  many  as  seventy-five    sonnets 
— sonnets   handled,  for  the  most  part,  in 
the  Words  worthian  style,  and  showing  the 
young  artist  never  at  a  loss  for  adequate 
and  appropriate  expression.     Indeed,  the 
ease   and  gracefulness  everywhere   appa- 
rent in  his  work  suggest  a  writer  who  has 
found,  rather  than  one  who  has  still  to  find, 
his  message,  and  preclude  the  idea  that  in 
adopting  criticism  as  his  profession  Dowden 
seriously  deflected  his  powers.     A  great 
-itiveness  to  beauty  breathes  through 
all  his  poems,  associated  with  an  intimate 
religious   dedication  ;     but    the    forms    of 
ae,  with  all  that  the  Muse  can  demand 
ulture  and  refinement,   seem  to  flow 
almost  too  readily,  and  though  power  and 
finality  are  present,  we  have  through- 
out the  impression  of  a  relative  deficiency 
in    these    qualities.     Poetry    reflects    life, 
but  an  essentially  creative  activity  is  its 
only   means   to   that  end.     In   Dowden's 
se  receptivity  is  the  prevailing  feature. 
'  these  resen  ations  should  be  applied 
broadly,  and  in  order  to  give  a  substan- 
tial instance  of  the  central  impulse  which 
moved  Dowden  to  poetic  expression,  we 
II  quote  in  full  a  poem,  '  The  Initia- 
tion,' which  almosl   induces  us  to  with- 
w  what  we  have  said  : — 

ler  the  flaming  wings  <>f  cherubim 
I   moved  to  that  hi^h  altar.     O,  the  hour! 

And  the  lig  1  intenaer,  and  the  dim 

Low  edge*  ol  the  hills  and  the  ^rey  sea 

■\\  ere  caught  and  laj.tur'd  by  the  present  Power, 
My  Boretaea  and  rny  witnesses  to  he. 

Then  the  light  drew  me  in.    Ah,  perfect  pain  ! 
Ah,  infinite  moment  of  accomplishment ! 

n  terror  of  pure  joy,   with  neither  wane 
N'or  waxing,  on)  long  rileooe  and  sharp  air 
A-  womb  -  forsaking   be  ithe.     Hush  :   the 

event 
Let  him  who  wrought  Love's  marvellous  things 
declare. 

shall  I  who  fear'd  not  joy,  fear  grief  at  all! 

I  on  whose  mouth  Life  (aid  bis  sadden  Lips 
Tremble  at  Death's  weak   ki--.  and  not   recall 

That  sundering  from  the  flesh,  the   flight   from 
time, 
The  judgments  -t<-m.  thr-  clear  Kpooalyp 

The  lightnings,  and  the  PreeenoH  sublime  ? 


How  oame  1  back  to  earth  !     1  know  not  how, 
Nor  what  bands  led  me,  nor  what  words  were 
said. 

Now  all   things  are  made  mine,— joy,  sorrow  ;  now 
I  know  my  purpose  deep,  and  oan  refrain  ; 

I  walk  among  the  living,  not  the  dead  : 
My  sight  is  purged  ;  1  love  and  pity  men. 

The  writer  of  such  a  piece  as  this,  and 
particularly  of  its  last  two  stanzas,  might 
well  have  contributed,  with  the  directness 
only  attainable  in  poetry,  to  our  further 
knowledge  of  the  mysteries  and  intimacies 
of  the  spiritual  life.  Yet  such  a  com- 
munication, to  be  effectual,  must  have 
taken  the  form  of  a  distillation  of  essences  ; 
a  ready  and  copious  utterance  would 
hardly  have  favoured  it. 

The  second  of  the  two  volumes  before 
us  is  devoted  to  a  complete  translation 
of  the  twelve  books  of  Goethe's  '  West- 
Oestliche  Divan,'  in  verse  which  follows 
as  nearly  as  possible  the  changing  metres 
of  the  original.  Prof.  Dowden  was  for 
twenty-two  years  President  of  the  English 
Goethe  Society,  and  at  one  period  of  his 
life,  Mrs.  Dowden  now  tells  us,  meditated 
making  a  "  full  study  of  Goethe's  life  and 
works  his  opus  magnum"  (an  unfortunate 
misprint,  opus  magnus,  should  be  corrected 
at  the  first  opportunity),  only  to  be  turned 
aside  from  this  project  by  "  a  call  to  write 
the  life  of  Shelley — a  long  and  difficult 
task."  The  translation  of  the  '  Divan  ' 
was  undertaken,  "  in  one  of  the  later 
years  of  his  life  "  (1907),  ;'  as  recreation 
in  a  summer's  holiday  in  Cornwall,"  and, 
as  he  himself  modestly  says  of  it,  "  even 
to  fail  in  such  a  game  was  to  enter  into 
the  joy  of  V  amour  de  V  impossible." 
Certainly  the  '  West-Eastern  Divan  '  has 
an  unusually  large  proportion  of  untrans- 
latable things,  and  only  a  craftsman  of 
high  resourcefulness  could  have  produced 
the  general  effect  of  aerated,  readable 
numbers  to  which  Dowden  attains.  But 
he  has  given  us,  perhaps,  the  sketch  for  a 
translation  rather  than  a  finished  perform- 
ance, and  his  attention  seems  to  have 
concentrated  itself  upon  the  substance 
rather  than  upon  the  flavour  of  Goethe's 
poetry.  The  rendering  has  thus  a  ten- 
dency to  weaken  at  points  where  the 
whimsicality  or  sprightliness  of  the  original 
requires  most  from  it,  and  we  are  more 
satisfied  when  we  jog  along  from  page  to 
page  uncritically  than  when  we  examine 
the  turns  given  to  our  favourite  passages. 
The  concluding  stanzas  of  '  Selige  Sehn- 
sucht,'  for  instance,  cannot  but  disappoint 
us  : — 

Distance  can  hinder  not  thy  Might  ; 

Exiled,  thou  seekest  a  point  illumed  ; 
And,  last,  enamoured  of  the  light, 

A  moth  art  in  the  flame  consumed. 

And  while  thou  spurnest  at  the  best, 
Whose  word  is  "  Die  to  be  new-born  !  " 

Thou  bidest  but  a  cloudy  guest 

Upon  an  earth  that  knows  not  morn. 

Even    on    Prof.     Dowden's    authority    we 

could  not  accept  this  translation  of 

Kommst  geflogen  nod  gebannt, 

for    gebannt    obviously    hears    here    the 

meaning  "enchanted,"  "compelled."  as 
in  Zauberbann,  &<•.  "exiled  is  an 
inappropriate  suggestion.  As  to  the  last 
stanza,  the  power  of  which,  culminating 
in  the  immortal 

Stirb  und  word'-, 


is   throughout    its  simplicity,    here,   we   can 

>>nl\  say,  a  great  opportunity  is  lamentably 

missed.  The  translation  needed,  perhaps, 
some  revision  :  "  masterpieces,"  for  in- 
stance (.'},  i.),  is  a  curious  slip  for  Must&T- 
bilder.  We  have  noted  also  a  sprinkling 
of  misprints.  2,  xi.  : — 

What  woe  it  works,  what  wear  betimes, 

where  "weal''  was  probably  intended; 
and  5,  v., 

Nay,  none  shall  draw  deal  nut  ions  here, 

where  "destructions''  should  be  "dis- 
tinctions." 


Maximilian  in  Mexico  :  (lie  Story  of  the 
French  Intervention.  By  Percy  F. 
Martin.     (Constable  &  Co.,  1/.  U.  net. 

The  Mexican  Constitution  on  paper  is  an 
admirably  democratic  thing,  but  the  only 
sort  of  government  of  which  Mexico  has 
actual  experience  bears  no  resemblance 
to  that  written  document.  Under  Diaz 
(who  ruled  by  fear,  and  wdiose  victims 
were  said  by  M.  Garcia  Calderon  to  have 
numbered  11,000)  she  had  peace  for 
nearly  thirty  years  ;  but  she  is  now  proving 
to  the  world  that  she  has  learnt  nothing 
and  forgotten  nothing  since  the  days  of 
which  Mr.  Percy  Martin  writes. 

He  gives  us  a  portrait  of  a  delicately 
nurtured  Austrian  Archduke,  whose  know- 
ledge of  the  world,  before  the  .Mexican 
adventure,  had  been  confined  to  the  best 
that  the  world  could  offer,  suddenly 
called  on  to  rule  over  a  half-emancipated 
hot-headed  people  ;  and  his  picture  is  in 
sharp  contrast  to  that  of  others  who  have 
described  Maximilian  as  a  man  with  whom 
"  haughtiness  and  irritability  were  con- 
stitutional."' But  before  the  book  is  done 
it  is  clear  why  the  undertaking  of  the 
Archduke  was  hopeless  from  the  first — as 
hopeless  as  Thiers  knew  it  to  be,  and 
(after  the  crash)  said  it  always  had  been. 

The  first  idea  of  the  .Mexican  expedition 
(according  to  Mr.  Martin)  originated  in  t in- 
fertile brain  of  that  disreputable  person 
Morny,  who  saw  a  chance  of  making 
money  for  himself  :  and  the  fundamental 
cause  of  Maximilian's  failure  is  ascribed  to 
Napoleon  III.  and  his  wish  to  defeat  the 
influence  of  the  United  States  in  Latin 
America — matters  which  lead  Mr.  Martin 
to  consider  carefully  the  whole  question 
of  the  Monroe  doctrine.  The  responsi- 
bility of  Louis  Napoleon  for  the  expedil  ion 

and   its  disastrous  result    is  obvious  .     and 

it  was  the  distrust  of  Napoleon  III  fell 
by  the  English  and  by  the  Spaniards  w  hich 
led  the  British  and  Spanish  Governments 

to    withdraw     their    BUpporl     and    lei     the 

French    go    on    alone      Louis   Napoleon 
is   described    as    "one  of   the   most   per- 
fidious, as  he  \\a>  one  of  the  most  iininind 
IHI.  rulers  who  ever  occupied  a  throne 
and  to  the  Empress  Eugenie  is  allotted  a 
heavy  share  ol  blame. 

We  have  had    Ma  \  iiii  i  han's  own  account 

of  his  life  in  Mexico,  not  to  mention  many 
hook-  from  other  pen-  .    and  Mr.  Martin 


264 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


_^____ 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


lias  gathered  his  materials  with  great  care 
from  all  the  best  sources.  The  result  is  a 
painful  picture  of  a  horrible  tragedy. 
Maximilian's  worst  fault  was  perhaps  his 
fickleness  and  his  inability  to  come  to  a 
decision  or  to  adhere  to  a  resolution  once 
taken.  He  committed  errors  because  he 
tried  to  rule  Mexico  as  though  it  were  a 
civilized  European  state.  He  endeavoured 
to  govern  the  country  by  laws,  when  it  was 
said  of  him  that  "  he  should  have  been 
always  in  the  saddle,  with  sword  in  hand." 

If  fresh  evidence  is  required  of  the 
mistakes  which — naturally  we  think — 
were  made  by  an  inexperienced  European 
prince,  that  evidence  is  to  be  found  here, 
and  Mr.  Martin  has  collected  facts  which 
throw  new  light  on  the  extravagant 
fashion  in  which  the  household  of  the 
Emperor  was  conducted.  Neither  the 
Emperor  nor  the  Empress  knew  anything 
of  the  way  to  manage  household  expenses, 
and  their  waste  was  on  a  grand  scale, 
regardless  of  the  amount  of  a  Civil 
List  which — even  if  the  money  had  been 
forthcoming — did  not  suffice  to  pay  hah 
their  bills.  "  The  best  excuse  that  can  be 
made  for  Maximilian  is  that  he  did  not 
govern,  and  that  it  was  Bazaine  who 
exercised  real  authority,  and  who  should 
have  stayed  in  Mexico  to  bear  the  result 
of  failure. 

At  a  time  when  relations  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico  are,  to  put  it 
mildly,  strained,  it  is  of  interest  to  con- 
sider what  were  the  difficulties  which  the 
French  experienced  with  their  expedition, 
and  the  author  of  this  book  throws 
light  on  the  obstacles  in  their  way. 
It  may  be  noted  that  in  Maximilian's 
day  the  United  States  professed  neu- 
trality, but  did  a  good  deal  to  make 
things  awkward  for  the  French.  The 
United  States,  in  the  name  of  Monroe, 
condemned  the  Mexican  monarchy — a 
case  of  intervention  against  intervention  ; 
and  there  was  in  the  northern  republic  a 
society  (known  as  "  Defenders  of  the 
Monroe  Doctrine,  D.M.D.")  whose 
object  was  the  transmission  of  arms  and 
ammunition  to  the  Mexican  frontier. 

The  saddest  picture  in  the  book  is  that 
of  the  Empress  Charlotte,  who  became 
insane  while  actually  in  the  Vatican 
pleading  with  the  Pope  for  his  help. 
She  is  still  alive,  and  has  been  con- 
fined in  a  chateau  near  Brussels  for  forty- 
seven  years  ;  and  of  the  royal  personages 
chiefly  concerned,  two  others  are  still 
living,  the  Austrian  Emperor  and  the 
Empress  Eugenie,  both  of  whom  are 
strongly  criticized  by  Mr.  Martin. 

We  admire  the  author's  industry,  but 
cannot  praise  his  style,  and  much  of  the 
book  is  in  the  nature  of  padding.  There 
are  some  misprints  (like  Lanenburg  for 
Lauenburg,  and  Sainte  Gedule  for  Sainte 
Gudule),  but  they  are  not  numerous. 
The  work  is  copiously  illustrated — too 
copiously,  for  in  one  instance  the  same 
portrait  appears  twice. 


Encyclopaedia  of  Religion  and  Ethics. 
Edited  by  James  Hastings,  with  the 
Assistance  of  John  A.  Selbie  and  Louis 
H.  Cray. — Vol.  VI.  Fiction — Hyksos. 
(Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark,  11.  8s.) 

At  the  beginning  of  his  instructive  article 
on  primitive,  Oriental,  and  Graeco-Roman 
fiction,  with  which  the  new  volume  of  this 
great  Encyclopaedia  opens,  Dr.  L.  H. 
Gray  calls  attention  to  Mr.  MacCulloch's 
definition  of  the  Saga  on  the  one  hand 
and  the  Marchen  on  the  other,  according 
to  which  the  main  difference  between 
the  two  lies  in  this — that  in  the  Saga  the 
heroes  and  heroines  "  have  definite  names 
and  are  believed  to  have  once  actually 
existed,"  whilst  "  in  the  Marchen  all  is 
vague,  impersonal,  indefinite."  But  to 
this  undoubtedly  true  differentiation  might 
be  added  another  which  appears  to  be  no 
less  true.  The  genuine  Saga  reflects  the 
ideals  and  traditions  of  a  nation  or  a  race, 
whilst  in  the  Marchen  it  is  chiefly  the 
elements  of  wonder  and  folk-lore  which 
strike  the  imagination.  It  is  on  account 
of  these  combined  differences  that  the 
Saga  has  in  it  the  making  of  an  epos, 
whereas  the  Marchen  must  always  re- 
main outside  this  higher  field  of  poetic 
creation. 

Reluctantly  passing  over  Prof.  A.  J. 
Du  Pont  Coleman's  very  thoughtful 
contribution  on  mediaeval  and  modern 
fiction,  as  well  as  over  a  number  of  other 
interesting  topics,  we  note  next  the  two 
articles  under  the  heading  '  First-Born.' 
Mr.  J.  A.  MacCulloch,  who  deals  with  the 
introductory  and  primitive  part  of  the 
subject,  arrives  at  the  conclusion  that  it 
was  only  occasionally  that  the  first-born 
were  singled  out  for  sacrifice,  the  practice 
having  been  ominously  widespread  with 
regard  to  children  generally  ;  but,  so  far 
as  the  ancient  Hebrews  are  concerned, 
Mr.  J.  Strahan  is  no  doubt  right  in 
thinking  that  the  redemption  of  the 
first-born  enjoined  in  the  Pentateuch  was 
in  all  probability  meant  to  supplant  the 
actual  immolation  that  was  in  vogue  in 
primitive  times. 

For  convenience'  sake  we  refer  also  now 
to  the  series  of  articles  on  '  Human  Sacri- 
fice,' the  ritual  slaying  of  first-born  chil- 
dren being  only  a  species  of  the  wider 
practice  of  this  terrible  form  of  devotion. 
We  can,  however,  give  only  a  few  quota- 
tions. In  Mr.  A.  E.  Crawley's  paper  in 
the  introductory  and  primitive  section  the 
following  sentences  are  given  from  Dr. 
Westermarck's  '  Origin  and  Development 
of  the  Moral  Ideas  '  : — 

"  The  practice  of  human  sacrifice  cannot 
be  regarded  as  characteristic  of  savage 
races.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  found  much 
more  frequently  among  barbarians  and  semi- 
civilized  peoples  than  among  genuine  savages, 
and  at  the  lowest  stages  of  culture  known 
to  us  it  is  hardly  heard  of." 

One  of  the  illustrations  given  by  Mr. 
Crawley  of  this  aspect  of  the  case  is  the 
fact  that  "  the  Aztecs  themselves  did  not 
adopt  the  practice  until  the  fourteenth 
century."  This  must,  however,  be 
balanced    against   Prof.    R.    A.    S.    Mac- 


alister's  remark  in  the  Semitic  section  of 
the  subject  that 

"  although,  as  the  notorious  case  of  the 
Aztecs  shows,  the  practice  of  human  sacrifice 
is  not  inconsistent  with  a  high  standard  of 
culture,  it  is  natural  that  the  advance  of 
civilization  should  develope  a  repugnance 
against  the  rite  in  its  crudest  form,  and  that 
various  devices  should  be  invented  to  satisfy 
the  demands  of  the  gods  without  actually 
taking  life." 

Under  the  heading  '  Fortune,'  accounts 
are  given  of  the  meanings  it  bore,  and 
the  beliefs  entertained  regarding  it,  among 
the  Greeks,  Romans,  Chinese,  Jews,  and 
other  sections  of  the  human  family.  M. 
Delphine  Menant  contributes  an  exhaus- 
tive article  on  the  '  Gabars,'  a  name 
'  popularly  applied  to  the  Zoroastrians 
still  residing  in  Persia,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  their  co-religionists  in  India,  the 
Parsis."  The  articles  on  '  Gambling  '  and 
'  Games  '  (the  latter  topic  being  treated 
in  a  Hebrew  and  Jewish  section,  besides 
a  general  one),  will  naturally  attract  many 
readers.  Of  perennial  interest  to  many 
others  is  the  subject  of  '  Giants,'  which 
is  treated  in  a  general  as  well  as  a  Greek 
and  Roman  section. 

Close  upon  Prof.  E.  F.  Scott's  in- 
structive contribution  on  '  Gnosticism  ' 
follows  a  long  series  of  articles  on  '  God.' 
For  a  philosophical  treatment  of  the  idea 
of  God  we  are  referred  to  the  heading 
'  Theism,'  though,  of  course,  the  article 
'  First  Cause  '  in  an  earlier  part  of  the 
present  volume  supplies  materials  for 
some  partial  view  of  the  subject.  The 
key-note  of  Andrew  Lang's  contribution 
on  the  primitive  and  savage  section  of  the 
theme  is  that  of  an  "  All-Father  "  (the 
"  Father  ours  "  of  the  native  tribes  of 
South-East  Australia),  regarded  by  him, 
in  common  with  other  investigators,  as  a 
very  early  form  of  belief  among  savage 
races. 

"  The  idea  of  a  supreme  being  [he  writes] 
is  not  of  late  appearance  in  culture,  and  is 
not  [as  Herbert  Spencer  and  others  thought) 
a  reflection  from  human  kings.  It  is  found 
among  the  democratic  tribes  of  Australia,, 
who,  at  most,  may  have  a  '  head-man  '  of 
the  community,  while  the  council  of  the 
mature  men  make  his  position  more  or  less 
'  constitutional.'  The  All-Father  is  not  the 
glorified  ghost  of  such  an  one,  for  he  was 
before  Death,  in  the  myths,  entered  the- 
world  ;  and  he  still  exists,  usually  in  a  world 
of  his  own,  above  the  sky." 

The  other  parts  of  the  subject  treated 
are  the  pre-Islamic  Arabian,  Assyro- 
Babylonian,  Biblical  and  Christian,  Budd- 
hist, Chinese,  Egyptian,  Greek,  Hindu, 
Iranian,  Japanese,  Jewish,  Muslim,  Slavic, 
and  Teutonic,  each  of  which  contributes 
richly  to  the  great  store  of  facts  and  ideas 
which  may  some  day  serve  as  the  basis 
of  a  comprehensive  work  on  the  develop- 
ment of  the  idea  of  God  in  the  mind  of 
humanity. 

There  are  articles  of  appropriate  length 
on  Goethe,  Herder,  and  Heine  (the  last- 
named  paper  not  being,  however,  free 
from  inaccuracy)  ;  and  many  will  be 
particularly  grateful  for  the  long  and  ex- 
cellent contribution  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Baillie 
on  Hegel,  whose  ideas  were   perhaps,  not 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


THE     A  Til  KX/BUM 


26 


t.) 


muoh  behind  those  of  Kant  in  influenc- 
ing and  moulding  the  philosophical  and 
religious  thought  of  a  great  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

Muoh  curious  and  highly  instructive 
information  regarding  an  important  class 
of  myths  and  mythical  history  among 
many  bianohes  of  humanity  will  be  found 
in  the  long  series  of  articles  on  '  Heroes 
and  Hero-Gods.1  Mr.  A.  C.  Hadden, 
who  writes  on  the  general  and  primitive 
part  of  the  subject,  pays  special  attention 
to  the  evidence  to  be  derived  from  the 
folk-tales  of  the  Torres  Straits  Islanders, 
and  his  main  conclusion  is  that  "  the  hero, 
apart  from  the  ancestor,  has  slight  chance 
of  being  worshipped  while  he  is  still 
recognized  as  a  human  ghost."  and  that 
time,  distance,  and  forgetfulness  are 
required  in  order  to  evolve  a  god  or  "  a 
worshipful  godling."'  It  cannot,  however, 
be  said  that  this  principle  underlies  hero- 
worship  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

We  can  make  only  a  brief  selection  out 
of  the  many  other  valuable  articles  in  the 
volume.  Prof.  F.  C.  Burkitt  gives  a 
critical  account  of  the  four  canonical 
Gospels.  Greek  and  tineco  -  Egyptian 
religion  are  treated  respectively  by  Dr. 
L.  R.  Farnell  and  .Mr.  J.  G.  Milne/  The 
great  subject  of  Hinduism  is  dealt  with  by 
Mr.  W.  Crooke.  The  still  perplexing 
topic  of  the  Hittites  has  been  assigned  to 
Mr.  B.  B.  Charles.  There  are  articles  on 
Homer.  Hesiod,  Heraclitus,  and  Herodotus,  t 
as  well  as  on  our  own  moderns,  Hobbes, 
Hume,  Hooker,  and  T.  H.  Green.  We 
also  note  that  the  papers  on  '  Gorgon  ' 
and  :  Harpies  '  are  accompanied  by  illus- 
trations. The  contribution  on  the  Hyksos, 
which  concludes  the  volume,  seems  ab- 
normally short,  but  the  subject  is  still 
largely  enveloped  in  obscurity. 

'he  part  before  us  completes  the  first 

half  of  the  Encyclopaedia,  this  is  a  fitting 

occasion  for  expressing  our  warm  thanks 

the  editors,  contributors,  and  publishers 

<>f  the  work  for  the  wealth  of  well-ordered 

information  which  they  are  placing  before 

the  world  of   intelligent  readers  and  in- 

_   tors.     We    hope   that   the   support 

en   to    the   undei-taking  will   be   on    a 

le  commensurate   with    its   usefulness 

.and  intrinsic  merit. 


Tht    Wars  of  tin    Rose*,  1377-1471.    By 

I!.  B.  Mow  at.    (Crosby  Lockwood  &  .Soli, 
net.) 

n  period  covered  by  this  useful  mono- 

ph  i-  from  one  point,  of  view  shorter, 

iii    another    longer,    than    the   dates   on 

the  title-page  would  suggest.     Mr.  Mowat 

has  found  it  indispensable  to  give  a  short 

ume     of    the     history    of    the     fir-t     two 

Lancastrian   kin<_'-.  and  of  the  early  part 

Henry   VI  n,  in  order  to'  make 

his  subsequent  story  intelligible  ;  and  he 

even  goes  back  to  the  family  settlemenl 

of  Edward  III.  ;is  the  seed-plot  of  the 

civil  strife  of  the  next  century,      lb-  gives 

detailed    sequence    of    eventc    only 

from  1 160  to  1471  ;    but  he  also  butvi 


the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.. 

and  (though  less  fully)  the  circumstances 
of  the  accession  of  the  Tudor  dynasty. 
We  think,  therefore,  that  if  dates  are  to  be 
given  they  should  either  cover  the  whole 
period  under  review  or  be  confined  to  the 
actual  era   of  the   war. 

Mr.  Mowat  freely  acknowledges  his  debt 
to  earlier  historians,  who  have  treated  his 
subject   either   from   special    standpoints 
or  at    greater    length  —  such  as  Stubl><. 
Sir  J.  H.  Ramsay,  and  Prof.  Oman.     Hut 
a  shorter  history  often  has  tin-  advantage 
of  presenting  the  salient  facts  in  stronger 
relief ;     and    Mr.    Mowat    possesses    the 
qualities  of  a   lucid  style  and  a  judicial 
fairness  in  holding  the  balance  between  the 
contending  sides.     We  are  not  sure  that 
he   is  always  most  effective  where  he  is 
most  original.     He  states  that  one  of  the 
reasons  why  Richard  II.   lost  his  crown 
was  that  he  favoured  the  Lollards.     But 
the  documents  published  by  Mr.   Powell 
and  Mr.  G.  M.  Trevelyan  show  how  fre- 
quently he  issued  writs  for  the  suppression 
of  innovations  in  religion,  and  the  latter 
even   calls   him    "  the    zealous   knight   of 
orthodoxy.'     There    is    no    evidence    of 
Henry    IV. 's    disposition    towards    these 
sectaries    before    his   accession  ;     but    his 
father  had  supported  Wyclif  for  political 
reasons,  and,  if  what  the    people  wanted 
was  a  stalwart  champion  of  the  mediaeval 
Church,  they  would  scarcely  have  turned 
towards  a  scion  of  the  House  of  Lancaster. 
Richard's  cpueen,  Anne  of  Bohemia,  had 
no  doubt  some  sympathy  with  Lollardy  ; 
but  the  statement  that  she   "  had  been 
brought    under    the    influence    of    John 
Huss  "  is  simply  an  anachronism.     Huss 
was  only  twelve  years  old  when  Anne  left 
Bohemia,  and  had  not  long  graduated  at 
Prague  when  she  died  in  England.     Any 
influence    which    she    may    have    had    in 
spreading    reforming    views    was    mainly 
indirect — i.e.,     through     her     attendants, 
who  carried  Wyclif's  tracts  into  Germany, 
where     they    promoted     the     movement 
afterwards  directed  by  Huss.     When  Mr. 
Mowat    comes    to    the    dynastic    struggle 
half  a  century  later,  he  is  doubtless  right 
in    his   view   that    the    English    Church 
was    mainly     Yorkist.     But   it   is  hardly 
fair  to  represent  the  Papacy  as  taking  the 
same   side,   or   to   say   that   because   the 
legate  (the  Bishop  of  Terni)  accompanied 
Warwick  on  his  raid  into  England  in  1460, 
therefore  the  venture  was  "  made  under 
the    banner   of    the    Universal   Church." 
We   now    know   that   the    legate  fell    into 
disgrace  on  his  return   for   exceeding  his 
instructions,  and  that  his  action  in  coun- 
tenancing the  invasion  was  disowned. 

In  general.  Mr.  Mowat's  estimate  of  the 
character  and  motives  of  the  chief  actors 
in  the  drama  of  the  war  is  sound  and  free 
from  partiality.  He  shows  the  pathos  of 
Henrj  VI. 's  position — that,  despite  his 
piety  ami  good  intentions,  he  was  in- 
capable as  a  ruler  and  neglectful  of  public 
opinion;  and  the  picture  drawn  of  the 
high-spirited  queen,  with  her  masterful 
disposition  and  tireless  energy,  enduring 

poverty,      hardship,      and     exile      in      \;un 

endeavours   to   retrieve   a    lost    cause,    ia 

true    to    the    life.      The    portrait    of    "  the 


Kingmaker"  is  less  clear.  We  are  left 
in  doubt  whether  he  was  merely  a  proud, 
Self-seeking      noble,      or      had      occasional 

gleams  of  acting  for  the  common  good. 

The    characters    of    Humphrey,     Duke    of 

Gloucester,   Richard    of    York,   and    the 

two  Somersets  stand  out  with  vividness, 
and  their  careers  are  related  in  a  judicial 
spirit.  If  Mr.  Mowat  has  a  hero,  it  would 
seem  to  be  Edward  IV..  though  he  recog- 
nizes that  he  was  ruthless  and  brutal  ;  he 
omits  some  instances  of  his  bad  faith,  as 
his  execution  of  Lord  Welles,  who  had  put 
himself  in  his  power  on  an  express  promise 
of  safety. 

We  are  not   sure  that    Mr.  Mowat   is  on 
firm  ground  in  contesting  the  unfavourable 
opinion  of    Edward   as  a  ruler  which  was 
held    by    Hallam   and    Stubbs.     Like  Car- 
Lyle,   he   is   too   apt    to   condone   all   faults 
for  the  single  merit  of  strength  ;    and  we 
think  he  mistakes  the  calm  produced  by 
terror  and  exhaustion  for  a  general  spirit 
of  content.     It  is  no  excuse  for  Edward's 
invention   of     k  benevolences  "    that   they 
were   not   unpopular   because   only    a    few 
wealthy    people    paid    them  ;     and    if    his 
later  reign  was  so  successful,  how  was  it 
that  the  address  which    offered  the  crown 
to  his   brother  described     his   rule   a--   in- 
tolerable "  thraldom  and  bondage  "  ?    His 
success  in  ''paying  his  way.      which  Mr. 
Mowat  praises,   must  have   been   largely 
due  to  the  great  number  of  forfeited  lands, 
estimated  by  Fortescue  at  one-fifth  of  the 
kingdom.     The  struggle  "was  in  the  main 
a  "  Barons'  War,"  and  therefore  the  nobles 
were    naturally,    as    a    class,    the    chief 
sufferers.     Mr.  Mowat  gives  an  extended 
list  of  the  supporters  of  each  side  ;    but 
he   does  not  tell  us  how  far  the  baronage 
was  depleted  by  the   war.      It  may    be 
true,  as   he   says,  that  the  middle  classes 
held  the   balance   of  power,   but   as   yet 
their    voice    was    not    articulate  :      they 
had  hardly  begun  to  feed  their  strength. 
In  our  view  it  is  this  fact,  rather  than  the 
absence  of  distress,  which  explains  their 
apparent  apathy.     When  Mr.  Mowat  says 
that  "  the  people  as  a  whole  took  no  part 
in   the    fights,''    he   seems   to   be    under- 
rating the  deep  roots  struck  by  the  feudal 
system.      Ee  tightly  holds  that  the  boons 
were  a  danger,  because  they  were  too  few  . 
and  because  their  holdings  in  land  were 
out  of  all  proportion  to  the  rest  "t  the 
population.     Therefore  in  estimating  the* 
comparative  strength  of  the  two  factions 
it  is  more  important  to  reckon  the  value 
of  their   holdings   than   to   count     up   the 
barons    on   each    side.     Mr.    Mowat    has 

furnished   an    excellent    map,  which  shows 

how  evenly  balanced  they  were  over  the 
whole  country,  and  tin-  s  sems  i"  explain 
why  London,  which  was  steadily  Xbrkist, 
was  able  to  turn  the  scale.  He  has 
taken  great  pains  to  be  accurate  on  minor 

points  and  he  will  not  think  u-  captious 
in  pointing  out  thai  if  the  battle  "t 
Tout, a,     (March    29th,    I  I'd  |     WAS     foug 

on    Palm   Sundaj   (as  was  the  cas      the 
ber  of  that   year  cannot  have  fallen  on 
April    L9th. 


260 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


TWO  VERSE  TRANSLATIONS  OF 
THE  CLASSICS. 

Passion  for  the  impossible,  that  disease 
of  the  soul,  afflicts — surety  in  its  noblest 
form  ? — those  who  strive  to  translate 
Horace.  Mr.  Arthur  Sidgwick  used  to 
say  in  Homer  lectures,  "  Everything  can 
be  done,  if  you  can  only  find  the  way,"  and 
it  is  this  lurking  hope  that  one  day  the 
entirely  happy  turn  will  be  caught  which 
lures  scholars  on,  undeterred  by  their  own 
failures  and  the  failures  of  better  men, 
still  to  fit  Horace  to  English  metres. 
Not  even  Pindar  himself  presents  a  harder 
task.  There  is  first  of  all  the  question  of 
form.  Does  English  possess  any  adequate 
mould  for  the  recasting  of  the  Horatian 
line  ?  Tennyson,  conscious  of  failure  and 
ironically  willing  to  expose  it,  dismissed 
quantitative  English  rhythms  as  a  "  bar- 
barous experiment,"  his  harsh  and  forced 
accent  on  the  last  syllable  supplying  a 
final  touch  to  the  reductio  ad  ineptum. 
Once,  and  once  only,  it  seems  to  us,  was 
the  Sapphic  metre  imitated  with  any 
approach  to  success  in  our  tongue — bjr 
Sir  Edwin  Arnold  in  his  translation  of 
Sappho's  great  Ode.  Wisely,  therefore, 
Mr.  Taylor  in  his  version  of  Horace  has 
contented  himself  with  a  few  fragments 
in  quantity,  not  included  in  the  strict 
text  of  his  work,  but  printed  by  way  of 
introduction,  to  give  readers  who  do  not 
know  the  original  some  idea  of  the  Latin 
rhythms.  He  does  not  better  the  '  Needy 
Knife-Grinder, '  nor  does  he  pretend  to  any 
success.  The  purpose  perhaps  is  served, 
were  it  only  to  emphasize  once  more  the 
hopelessness  of  the  task.  The  Asclepiads, 
one  and  all,  go,  like  Giant  Despair's  lock, 
"  damnable  hard,"  and  while  the  unin- 
formed may  learn  the  stresses  of  the  line, 
they  will  hardly  suspect  its  beauties  in 
the  original. 

It  is  when  he  uses  purely  accentual 
metre  that  Mr.  Taylor  finds  himself.  His 
success  may  not  be  complete — that  is 
not  to  be  expected — and  there  are  long 
passages  where  he  is  hampered  by 
the  mere  effort  to  translate  rather  than 
transmute.  Literal  fidelity  too  often 
blunts  the  poetical  impulse.  The  best 
things,  we  imagine,  arise  when  the  classical 
text  is  banished  from  the  desk,  and  the 
translator,  bringing  to  his  work  a  memory 
steeped  in  the  original,  gives  back  the 
meaning  without  too  much  regard  to  the 
order  of  words  and  phrases  in  his  model. 
He  may  have  to  amplify  and  make 
explicit  for  the  modern  reader  points 
that  are  lightly  implied  in  his  author. 
If  this  leads  him  into  a  freedom  that 
will  puzzle  those  who  seek  only  a  con- 
venient "  crib,"  the  result  is  sometimes 
all  the  more  beneficial.  Idleness  may  be 
mystified,  but  intelligent  industry  will 
find  a  key  to  unsuspected  wealth.     The 

The  Odes  of  Horace.  Translated  into  Eng- 
lish Verse  by  A.  L.  Taylor.  (Glasgow, 
MaeLehose  &  Sons,  4s.  6c?.  net.) 

Sophocles  in  English  Verse. — Part  I.  QZdipus 
the  King,  (Edipus  at  Kolonus,  Antigone. — 
Part    II.  Aias,      Elecfra,      Trachinian 

Maidens,  Philoctetes.  (Macmillan  &  Co., 
3s.  6d.  net  each.) 


thought  underlying  "  Quantum  distet  ab 
Inaeho,"  for  example,  has  puzzled  many 
a  tyro,  and,  missed,  has  hastened  the  rod. 
Mr.  Taylor  may  puzzle  him  still  more, 
at  first,  but  he  will  see  daylight  at  last 
and  be  grateful.  Nor  do  we  think  even 
past-masters  will  quarrel  very  readily 
with  this  opening  of  hi.  19,  daring  as  it  is  : 

Come,  Telephus,  we  're  getting  crusty 

At  all  your  antiquarian  lore, 
Your  dates  and  dynasties  long  dusty 

Too  long,  methinks,  have  held  the  floor. 

Who  cares  for  Codrus,  death  awaiting 
To  save  his  country,  what  to  us 

The  silent  saecla  separating 

I! is  reign  from  Argive  Inachus  ? 

Leave  now  the  line  of  great  Achilles, 

The  war  of  Ilium  resign, 
When  here  of  every  man  the  will  is 

To  know  the  price  of  Chian  wine. 

"  Will  is,"  though  questionable,  may 
pass  ;  for  the  model  is  obviously  the 
'  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse,'  a  truly  Horatian 
lyric  in  English.  Happier  model  could 
hardly  be  for  translating  Horace  in  this 
vein.  WTe  are  tempted  to  quote  one  more 
stanza  : — 

On  with  the  feast ! — Come,  slave,  a  humper 
To  midnight  and  the  new  moon  fill, 

And  to  Muraena,  now,  a  thumper — 
The  Augur  !    Drink  it  with  a  will. 

The  purely  convivial  Horace  slips 
cannily  into  this  metre.  For  the  more 
exalted  lyrics  a  mould  is  hard  to  find. 
To  most  of  the  Sapphic  and  Alcaic  odes 
a  short  English  line  is  essential,  but  that 
found,  the  structure  of  the  stanza  presents 
a  new  problem.  Very  few  recognized 
schemes  will  fit.  Mr.  Taylor  struggles 
with  many,  ancipiti  marte.  Anything 
"  sing-song  "  fails.  It  refuses  to  suggest 
the  dignity  of  the  Horatian  measure. 
Long  lines  are  equally  treacherous.  But 
here  (i.  9)  we  have  some  real  approach  to 
adequacy  : — 

Pile  the  logs  high, 
O  Thaliarchus,  and  bring  down 
The  jar  of  four-year-old  renown  : 

The  frost  shall  fly 
To  see  the  Sabine  vintage  quaffed 

In  the  long,  glorious  draught. 

That,  it  is  true,  though  quieter,  is  still  a 
convivial  song.  This  from  ii.  13  better 
illustrates  our  point : — 

The  shades  approve 
Each  strain,  for  sacred  silence  meet, 
Yet  though  they  find  her  numbers  sweet, 

His  more  do  move, 
Pilling  the  ear  with  murmurings 
Of  wars  and  banished  kings. 

The  loss  of  a  fine  figure  by  the  slurring  over 
of  "  Densum  umeris  bibit  aure  vulgus  "  is 
regrettable,  but  the  really  poetical  effect 
of  the  last  two  lines  condones  much. 

Once  or  twice  Mr.  Taylor  renders  a 
short  lyric  in  sonnet  form,  but  these  are 
not  among  his  happiest  efforts.  With  the 
tempting,  but  perilous  metre  of  the 
'  Dream  of  Fair  Women  '  he  comes  off, 
now  well,  now  ill :  very  well  in  the  short 
hymn  to  Diana,  iii.  22 ;  very  ill  in  the 
immediately  following  "  Caelo  supinas," 
where  Aubrey  de  Vere  so  nearly  got  home. 
Of  the  passages  of  no  inspiration  it  is 
unnecessary  to  speak.  They  are  the  fate 
of  every  translator  who  attempts  a 
complete  version.  Mr.  Taylor's  better 
moments  (and  they  are  many)  have  given 
us  things  to  remember  with  joy. 

We  note  some  uncertainty  of  punctua- 
tion,   of    indentation   for   rhvme,    and   a 


little  falsity  of  rhyme  in  proper  names, 
due.  it  may  be,  to  a  halting  between  the 
English  and  the  Scottish  pronunciation 
of  Latin.  "  Amaboean  "  {sic),  twice  re- 
peated in  a  title,  seems  like  an  unrepentcd 
sin  of  Boeotian  youth;  and  on  p.  116, 
in  the  excellent  "  Quantum  distet,"  1.  10 
has  come  utterly  to  grief  in  the  press. 
But  the  emendation  can  be  puzzled  out. 
Curiously  enough,  in  the  passages  to 
which  one  turns  first,  in  eager  expectancy 
— "  O  Venus  regina,"  "  Persicos  odi," 
"  Faune  nvmpharum,"  "  Pindarum  quis- 
quis,"  "  O  fons  Bandusise,"  "  Eheu 
fugaces  " — Mr.  Taylor  strikes  no  ringing 
note.  For  the  equally  haunting  English 
opening  we  still  wait ;  shall  wait,  perhaps, 
for  ever.  But  here  there  are  compensa- 
tions for  many  stretches  of  plain  prose. 

The  first  volume  of  Dr.  Way's  '  Sophocles 
in  English  Verse  '  appeared  in  1909.  He 
has  since  been  busy  with  other  transla- 
tions of  note,  but  we  are  glad  that  he  has 
found  time  to  publish  the  second  this 
year,  giving  us  a  complete  version  which 
scholars  and  men  of  letters  alike  can  view 
with  genuine  satisfaction.  These  two 
classes  are  not  always  in  accord,  and 
some  famous  scholars  have  given  us 
strange,  crude  renderings  of  the  poets 
they  have  lived  with.  Dr.  Way's  work  is 
of  the  first  order  in  taste  and  knowledge. 

The  supreme  distinction  of  Sophocles 
as  an  artist  in  language  makes  a  heavy 
demand  upon  a  translator,  and  puts  out 
of  court  versions  which,  tolerable  as 
renderings  of  the  mere  words,  give  us 
none  of  the  fire  and  grace  of  the  Greek. 
Dr.  Way  is  never  bald,  never  misled  into 
idioms  which  are  contrary  to  the  spirit  of 
English.  Perhaps  it  is  more  to  say  that 
he  is  never  dull,  having  a  fine  sense  of 
the  colour  of  words,  derived,  we  imagine, 
from  old  acquaintance  with  the  best  of 
English  blank  verse.  His  verse  is  less 
austere,  less  clear  cut,  perhaps,  than  Mr. 
Whitelaw's,  but  it  has  a  compensating 
warmth  which  is  not  amiss  to-day,  when 
the  corpus  of  the  old  dramatists  is  com- 
monly regarded  as  a  mummy  to  be  gal- 
vanized into  life.  The  Athenians  were  as 
keen  and  go-ahead  a  people  as  the  world 
has  seen,  and  much  more  capable  of 
appreciating  good,  live  work  than  the 
average  Briton. 

To  deal  first  with  the  Choruses,  they 
offer  a  problem  which  no  one  has  solved  ; 
their  metrical  scheme  and  language  are 
not  easily  acclimatized.  Unrhymed 
verse  would  need  the  gift  of  a  Milton, 
and  we  think  Dr.  Way's  Swinburnian 
rhythms  are  as  good  as  anything,  though, 
of  course,  they  represent  a  paraphrase  of 
the  original.  Thus  the  first  chorus  in  the 
'  Trachinian  Maidens  '  begins  : — 

0  born  of  the  Night  and  reborn  at  the  hour  when 

her  star-flashing  vest 
From    her    fainting   limbs   is  torn,  who  art  lulled 

yet  again  to  rest 
By   her   amid   splendours   of  flame,  O  Sun-god,  O 

Sun-god,  on  thee 

1  cry — I  beseech  thee,  proclaim  where  the  Son  of 

Alkmena  may  be. 
Tell,    thou    whose    blaze    flashes   bright   as   the 
levin. 
Is  he  threading  the   Strait  in   his  ship  ?— doth  he 
wait  m  here  the  mainlands  twain  are  sundered 
by  sea? 
Speak,  thou  whose  gaze  is  keenest  in  heaven  1 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


Til  E     A  TH  KX.EUM 


"3(57 


Here,  again,  is  the  beginning  of  the  famous 
tribute  to  love  in  the  '  Antigone  '  : — 

Love,  none  may  withstand  whan  thou  workest, 

O  resistless  in  fight  I 
Wealth,  power,  to  thy  thraldom  thou  bendest 
When  Btormlike  thereon  thou  deseendest : 
In  a  maiden's  soft  dimple  thou  lurkest 

Ambushed  through  night, 
Over  surges  of  sea  thou  ridest  : 
'Neath  the  huts  of  the  wilderness  liidest ; 
Not  the  Gods  overliving  may  shun  thee; 
Not  tho  sous  of  a  day  may  outrun  thee; 
And  from  him  in  whose  heart  thou  abidest 

Reason  takes  flight. 

In  rendering  the  iambics  Dr.  Way  is 
both  concise  and  spirited,  and,  thanks 
to  his  excellent  vocabulary,  is  always 
dignified,  yet  free  from  the  stiffness 
which  makes  us  despair  over  many  ver- 
sions. Not  his  the  betise  of  such  a  render- 
ing as 

Thou  hast  no  call  to  utter  that  remark, 

which  in  earlier  days  was  considered 
adequate.  Dr.  Way  makes  effective  use 
of  compounds  such  as  "  presage-echo," 
"  honour-gifts."'  "  warrior-might,"  and 
"  high-stomached."'  Conciseness  is  a  great 
point,  for  it  is  fatally  easy  to  fill  out 
the  text  of  an  author  with  superfluities, 
instead  of  being  plain  where  he  is  plain, 
and  marking  (as  well  as  may  be)  his  orna- 
ment where  he  is  ornate.  In  the  case  of 
a  consummate  artist  like  Sophocles  we  may 
fairly  insist — not,  indeed,  on  a  canine 
fidelity  of  word  for  word,  but  on  a  render- 
ing as  near  as  English  will  allow  in  passages 
where  the  poet  emphasizes  a  point  or  an 
idea  by  special  language.  In  that  subtle 
character-study  the  *  Philoctetes  '  Odys- 
seus has  to  win  over  his  young  and  gener- 
ous -  hearted  companion  to  fraudulent 
methods,  and  he  ends  his  appeal  by 
■aying  : — 

I  know,  my  sou,  thou  art  not  by  nature  framed 

To  speak  or  to  contrive  dishonesty  : 

Vet  victory  is  sweet — stoop  to  it  then. 

Hereafter  will  we  flaunt  our  honesty. 

But  now,  for  one  short  hour,  forget  to  blush, 

And  yield  to  me  thy  soul :    then,  all  life  through, 

<  'utshine  all  men  in  reverence  for  right. 

This  is  vigorous,  and  gives  the  sense  ad- 
mirably, but  it  might  have  been  nearer  the 
text  and  equally  effective.  What  Odys- 
seus Bays  is  that  victory  is  a  sweet  thing 
to  possess — "  a  sweet  prize  to  gain  "  in 
Jebb's  words.  Similarly,  "  forget  to  blush," 

lerived  from  an  adjective  which  belongs 

the  previous  phrase.  "  For  one  short 
shameless  hour,  be  mine,"  or  some  such 
rendering,  seems    to    us    preferable.     We 

sitate,  however,  to  differ  from  an  artist- 
like  Dr.  Wev. 

There  are  a  few  notes  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page  :  for  instance,  the  reader  is 
informed  that  the  strange  passage  in 
which  Antigone  explains  that  she  can 
get  another  husband,  but  never  another 
brother,  is  generally  rejected  by  scholars. 

thing  is  said  precisely  of  the  text ;  but 
it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  it  is 
Jebb's.  Bis  text  ana  renderings  have 
settled  many  a  doubt  for  those  who  come 
after  him.  Thus,  in  the  scene  where 
Hcemon  confronts  his  unhappy  father. 
])t.  Way  translates  : — 

Glaring  at  him  with  wild-beast  eyes,  the  son 

Sp.it  in  his  I 

Jebb  took  rrwas  wpomawt^  literally,  not 
as  a  mere  exaggeration  of  looks  of  loathing. 


The  Comic  Kingdom  :    Napoleon,  (he  Last 
Phase  but  Tiro.     By  Rudolf  Pickthall. 

(John  Lane,  '.U.  (id.  net.) 

••  .Mon    ile    est    bien    petite,"    Napoleon 

sighed,  surveying  the  limits  of  Elba,  and 
dispatched  his  army  of  forty  men  to 
occupy  and  annex  the  barren  island  of 
Pianosa.  It  is  this  comic-opera  aspect  of 
the  great  exile's  sojourn  upon  his  tiny 
kingdom  that  chiefly  exercises  Mr.  Rudolf 
Pickthall's  light  and  facile  pen  in  a  style 
familiar  to  readers  of  The  Evening  Stan- 
dard. At  the  serious  purpose  and  tenacious 
grasp  which  underlay  it  the  reader  is  left 
to  guess. 

Small  as  it  is,  the  island  of  Elba  pro- 
vides its  visitors  with  a  plentiful  supply 
of  historical  emotions.  True,  the  relics 
of  its  king  here  are,  like  other  relics,  not 
always  authentic.  The  bedstead,  for  in- 
stance, upon  which  Mr.  Pickthall's  pil- 
grims exert  much  enthusiasm,  is  no  more 
the  bed  on  which  Napoleon  slept  than  is 
the  Maiden  at  Nuremberg  the  original 
instrument  of  torture  there.  But  your 
true  sentimentalist  does  not  wish  to  be 
biased  by  facts,  and,  after  all,  one  bed- 
stead is  as  good  as  another  to  promote  the 
exercise  of  a  generous  imagination. 

Mr.  Pickthall  extracts  as  much  humour 
as  romance  from  a  visit  to  the  scene  where, 
for  a  brief  interval,  Napoleon  played  at 
being  a  great  king  and  a  great  general. 
High  spirits,  a  flowing  pen,  and  the  re- 
searches of  M.  Paul  Gruyer  carry  him 
gaily  through  a  volume  which  in  heavier 
hands  might  have  proved,  in  the  words 
of  his  Italian  courier,  "  a  dam  histerical 
affair."  For  those  who,  like  Cecilia  in 
this  book,  are  "  dreadfully  interested  in 
Napoleon,"  a  visit  to  Elba  in  Mr.  Pick- 
thall's company  is  both  exciting  and 
instructive,  and  it  has  the  additional  merit 
of  being  a  little  off  the  beaten  track 
without  being  too  uncomfortable. 

Orestes,  the  courier,  is  a  protagonist 
throughout  the  wanderings  of  the  tourist 
party,  and,  being  the  only  person  fully 
conversant  with  Italian,  often  gets  his  own 
way,  and  speaks  his  mind.  The  narrator 
spies  a  boat  at  sea,  and,  hearing  sounds 
of  singing,  remarks,  "  They  seem  to  sing 
everywhere  hereabouts." 

"  '  You  mistake,'  said  Orestes  peevishly — 
nothing  annoyed  him  more  than  eulogies  of 
his  native  land — 'cleyare  only  piscafcori — 
dey  fish.'  Orestes'  tone  was,  as  I  have  said, 
sulky.  I  had  no  wish  to  provoke,  any  more 
references  to  London  or  to  the  country,  so  I 
held  my  peace.  '  Dey  are  all  flam  fools,' 
said  Orestes,  '  dey  tink  by  singing  dey  catch 
de  fishes,  just  like  do  Syphons  in  de  antique; 
time  used  to  catch  de  men.  I  tink  it  great 
silliness.     But  dose  Italians  are  so.'  ' 

The  vagaries  of  great  men  always  make 
attractive  reading,  and  Mr.  Pickthall  affords 
a  curious  insight  into  the  quick  changes 
between  Napoleon's  histrionic  dignity  and 
his  sense  of  humour.  He  swindles  at 
caids  and  relents  next  morning,  except 
where  his  mother  is  concerned  ;  indeed, 
he  seems  to  have  felt  that  he  was  entitled 

at  this  stage  in  his  career  to  get  what  he 
could   out    of   his  family  and   connexions. 

perhaps    because     they   had   abundantly 

profited  through  him  in  the  past. 


FICTION. 

EEKB  are  two  studies  of  war.      The;  first. 

The  Iron  Year,'  has  had  a  large  circula- 
tion in  Germany,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
much  appreciated  by  the  German  Emperor. 
It  is  the  story  of  a  German  general's  daugh- 
ter who  falls  in  love  with  a  French  stall 
officer  just  as  the  Franco  -  German  War 
breaks  out.  She  becomes  a  nursing  sister 
at  the  front ;  and  subsequent  interest 
centres  round  her  work  in  tending  the 
wounded,  her  efforts  to  discover  her  lover, 
and  the  doings  in  the  war  of  various  charac- 
ters who  cross  and  recross  the  pages. 

The  author  has  not  been  afraid 
to  present  in  all  its  brutal  nakedness 
what  is  involved  when  passions  "  that 
see  red  "  are  roused.  He  has  painted  a 
powerful  and  lurid  picture  of  scenes  the 
god  of  war  delights  in,  and  the  sacrifices 
demanded  from  worshippers  at  his  shrine. 
The  varying  feelings  and  emotions  of 
soldiers  going  into  battle — the  metamor- 
phosis, for  instance,  of  a  musical  genius, 
who,  dreading  the  possible  loss  of  a  hand, 
is  nearly  shot  for  cowardice,  into  a  prodigal 
slayer  of  men — are  admirably  depicted. 
The  remorse  of  the  little  German  con- 
script who  wins  money  and  a  medal  for  the 
first  "  kill  "  in  the  war — his  sobs  and  hLs 
wail  of  "  Oh  mother,  Oh  God,  mother  !  "  as 
he  views  the  body,  that  of  "  a  sturdy  young 
fellow  with  a  chubby  good  -  humoured 
face " — is  one  of  many  incidents  that 
leave  a  deep  impression. 

It  is  a  striking  book  and  has  been 
excellently  translated. 

Blood  and  fighting,  disaster  and  hideous 
death,  is  also  the  theme  of  '  War.'  From 
the  Preface  by  Monsignor  Benson  and  a 
hitherto  unpublished  fragment  by  Mr. 
Rudyard  Kipling,  we  learn  that  Mr. 
Newton's  object  is  "  to  make  a  people 
who  have  never  known  invasion  realize 
what  invasion  is." 

"This  book  [says  the  Monsitmor]  will  lie 
called  sensational  and  disgusting.  That  is 
precisely  what  it  is,  because  it  is  an  account 
of  the  sensational  and  disgusting  thing  called 
War  ;  at  least  it  is  an  account  of  a  few  such 
incidents  as  any  single  individual.  .  .  .might 
easily  see  and  experience,  should  his  country 
be  invaded  by  another  of  the  same  degree 
of  civilization  as  his  own." 

It  is  an  ultra-vivid  presentment  of 
the  agony,  the  ruin,  the  hopeless  and 
helpless  state  that  must  lie  the  lot 
of  non-combatants  when  the  tide  of  war 
sweeps  over  them.  There  is  much  good 
writing — at  times,  perhaps,  a  little  too 
strained  artistically  to  achieve  the  desin  d 
effect.  Despite  this,  however,  the  work 
"gets"  near  its  intended  destination, and 

few  readers  can  fail— when,  subsequently, 
they    hear    the    glories    of    Wattle   and    the 

joys   of  conflict   extolled— to    remember 

that,   there    is   another   and    an    Ugly    side 

to  "  legalized  murder." 


Tfu  Iron  Year.  By  Walter  Bloem  Trans- 
lated from  the  German  by  Stella  Bloch. 
(John  Line,  (J.9.) 

War.     By  W.  Douglas  Newton.    (Methuen 

A    I  0.,  20.  net.) 


268 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


THEOLOGY. 

problems  auo  ^Discussions. 

Naville  (Edouard),  Archeology  of  the 
Old  Testament  :  Was  the  Old  Testa- 
ment written  in  Hebrew  ?  5/  net. 

Robert  Scott 

Prof.  Naville's  theory  is,  briefly  stated,  as 
follow?.  The  Pentateuch  was  originally  com- 
posed by  Moses  in  the  Babylonian  language 
and  the  cuneiform  script.  The  same  language 
and  script  were  employed  for  the  other 
earlier  portions  of  the  Old  Testament.  The 
prophetic  and  didactic  books,  "  as  perhaps  " 
also  "  some  of  the  Psalms,"  were  in  all  like- 
lihood originally  written  in  Aramaic,  or, 
if  they  were  primarily  in  Babylonian,  they 
"  must  have  been  put  "  in  that  language 
"  before  the  time  of  the  LXX."  Certainty 
of  original  Aramaic  composition  is  assumed 
for  the  latest  books  of  the  Canon. 

The  first  great  transformation  was  effected 
by  Ezra.  Out  of  the  cuneiform  tablets 
written  by  Moses  arose,  under  the  great 
renovator  of  the  times  following  the  exile, 
an  Aramaic  Pentateuch  ;  and  Ezra  "  per- 
haps "  also  "  collected  and  sifted  the  writings 
which  were  to  form  the  sacred  volume.  As 
it  came  out  of  his  hands  the  volume  was 
entirely  Aramaic." 

The  present  form  of  the  Old  Testament — 
Hebrew — was  only  reached  about  the  time 
of  the  Christian  era,  and  it  is  supposed  that 
the  Jewish  spirit  of  exclusiveness  supplied 
the  motive  for  the  fresh  transformation. 
"  The  writings  were  in  Aramaic,  the  lan- 
guage of  a  considerable  literature  ;  they 
might  be  confused  with  other  writings.  .  .  . 
The  rabbis,'2  therefore, 

"  found  it  necessary  to  give  to  their  books  a 
national  character  and  appearance.  They  turned 
them  into  ITehrew,  the  idiom  spoken  by  their 
fathers,  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  which  was 
certainly  their  own  language,  that  of  Jerusalem," 

and  which  "  they  did  not  share  with  any 
other  people." 

By  way  of  criticizing  the  theory,  together 
with  the  evidence  on  which  it  is  supposed 
to  rest,  it  is  necessary  to  dissect  the  contents 
of  the  volume  into  the  three  different  ele- 
ments which  Prof.  Naville  has  unfortunately 
fused  into  one.  The  question  of  the  archae- 
ology of  writing  is  one  thing,  that  of  lan- 
guage is  another,  and  the  attack  on  modern 
criticism,  though  no  doubt  largely  inter- 
twined with  these,  should — in  the  best 
interests  of  critical  science — have  been 
treated  separately  under  a  third  heading. 

The  two  pivots  of  Prof.  Naville's  theory 
are  the  finds  of  the  Tel!  el-Amarna  tablets 
and  certain  later  cuneiform  inscriptions  on 
the  one  hand,  and  the  Elephantine  papyri 
on  the  other.  The  former  serve  him  as  an 
indisputable  proof  that  during  the  time 
of  the  Eighteenth  Egyptian  Dynasty,  and 
for  a  series  of  centuries  later,  Babylonian 
was  the  only  literary  language  of  Canaan  ; 
and  the  latter  provide  him  with  an  equally 
cogent  demonstration  that  Aramaic,  and 
Aramaic  only,  had  at  one  period  or  another 
succeeded  Babylonian  as  the  literary  dialect 
of  the  same  country. 

But,  if  it  be  granted  that  Moses  himself 
composed,  in  substance,  the  contents  of  the 
Pentateuch,  why  should  he  not  have  em- 
ployed one  form  or  another  of  cuneiform  for 
writing  Hebrew  ?  If — as  we  know — the 
Babylonian  script  could  be  adapted  to 
Persian  and  Susian,  why  not  also  to  the 
closely  allied  Semitic  speech  of  the  Hebrews  ? 
Again,  why  should  the  use  of  Aramaic  by  the 
Jewish  colonies  in  Upper  Egypt  be  regarded 
as  a  positive  proof  that  Hebrew  was  not 
employed  as  a  literary  language  in  Palestine 
till  four  or  five  centuries  later  ?     Bv  way  of 


proving  his  case  Prof.  Naville  declares  the 
Hebrew  of  the  Old  Testament  to  be  a 
translation  from  the  Aramaic,  but  is  not 
this  an  assumption  rather  than  a  proof  ? 
Prof.  Sayce,  who  has  advocated  the  same 
theory  for  parts,  at  any  rate,  of  Genesis,  has 
at  least  tried  to  do  so  on  linguistic  grounds  ; 
but  Prof.  Naville  attempts  to  extend  the 
hypothesis  to  the  widest  limits  without 
furnishing  any  linguistic  criteria. 

In  order  to  show:  furthermore,  that  any 
attack  on  the  general  position  of  modern 
critics  should,  in  essence,  be  treated  under 
a  separate  heading,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
point  out  that  the  chief  deductions  to  be 
drawn  from  the  Tell  el-Amarna  tablets  and 
the  Elephantine  papyri  are  in  reality  in  full 
agreement  with  the  general  outline  of  what 
are  known  as  higher  critical  results.  For 
is  it  not  clear  that  a  theory  which  declares 
the  earliest  Hebrew  literature  to  have  been 
written  down  some  time  in  the  ninth  century 
B.C.  is  perfectly  compatible  with  a  belief  that 
for  several  centuries  previously  Babylonian 
was  the  literary — or,  at  any  rate,  diplomatic 
— language  of  Canaan,  and  that  a  number 
of  centuries  later  Aramaic  was  adopted  by 
the  Israelites  as  the  lingua  franca  both  in 
Palestine  and  outside  it  ? 

One  other  important  point.  If  the  Rabbis 
turned  the  Old  Testament  into  Hebrew  at 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era, 
would  it  not  have  been  natural  for  them 
to  employ  the  dialect  of  the  Mishnah  rather 
than  classical  Hebrew  ? 

Caldecott  (W.  Shaw),  Herod's  Temple,  6/ 

C.  H.  Kelly 

In  reviewing  the  first  of  Mr.  Caldecott's 
series  of  four  works  on  the  Hebrew  Sanctu- 
aries (see  The  Athenceum  for  July  29,  1905, 
pp.  139-40)  we  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  his  reading  of  the  standard  measures 
on  the  Babylonian  tablet  discovered  at 
Senkereh  in  1850,  on  which  his  assumption 
of  an  18-inch  cubit  in  area  measurements 
rested,  was  itself  open  to  much  doubt  ;  and 
as — with  the  exception  of  the  altar,  for 
which  a  cubit  of  ]i  ft.  is  postulated — the 
area  dimensions  of  Herod's  Temple  are  now 
based  on  the  selfsame  assumption,  our 
criticism  on  the  author's  attempt  at  solving 
the  problem  of  the  Tabernacle  measurements 
applies  with  equal  force  to  the  ingenious 
scheme  now  propounded  with  reference  to 
the  last  Jerusalem  Temple. 

Into  this  initial  difficulty  Mr.  Caldecott  is, 
moreover,  constrained  by  the  data  before 
him  to  introduce  further  elements  that  are 
open  to  serious  doubt.  Whilst  firmly 
adhering  to  the  18 -inch  cubit  as  the  basis 
of  measurement  for  the  entire  area  of 
Herod's  Tenmle,  which  according  to  him 
was  square  in  form  and  exactly  double  the 
enclosed  area  of  the  Temple  built  by  Zerub- 
babel,  he  is  obliged  to  assume  that  in  the 
Talmudical  tractate  Middoth  or  '  Measure- 
ments ' — of  which  he  gives  a  translation  in 
Appendix  II. — the  Rabbis  always  give  the 
distances  "  in  building  or  medium  cubits  " 
of  14,  ft.  ;  and  as  if  the  confusion  introduced 
by  this  double  reckoning  were  not  enough, 
he  has  to  add  that 

"wherever  the  Greek  foot  [of  1T67  inches,  or 
thereabouts]  intruded  itself,  as  it  did  in  the 
Portico  called  Solomon's,  there  they  [i.e.,  the 
Rabbis]  omitted  it  from  their  calculations  and 
measurements  as  an  alien  thing  too  unholy  to 
form  part  of  the  sanctuary  of  God." 

We  are  for  these  and  other  reasons 
obliged  to  declare  that  there  is  no  sufficient 
ground  for  the  tone  of  certainty  assumed 
by  our  author  in  his  writings  on  the  ancient 
Sanctuaries,  to  which  he  has — in  a  genuine 
spirit  of  devotion,  let  it  be  added — given  his 
attention  with  much  consistency  and  per. 
severance. 


Buchanan  (E.  S.),  The  Epistles  of  S.  Paul 
from  the  Codex  Laudianus,  12s.  6d. 
net.  Heath  &  Cranton 

The  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  from  the  Codex 
Laudianus  are  now  printed  for  the  first 
time.  The  MS.,  produced  about  800  a.d., 
was  written  by  Irish  scribes  at  St.  Kylian'?.-- 
in  Wiirzburg,  where  it  remained  till  1631r 
when,  after  being  taken  by  the  Swedish 
soldiers  who  sacked  the  monastery,  it  was 
bought  for  Archbishop  Laud,  who  in  1640 
presented  it  to  the  Bodleian  Library.  The 
editor,  who  furnishes  an  Introduction  de- 
scriptive of  the  MS.  and  its  correctors,  is  a 
strong  believer  in  the  value  of  the  Latin 
texts  of  the  West.  He  points  out  that 
Westcott  and  Hort  distrusted  the  old  Latin 
evidence,  while  implicitly  trusting  Codex  B,. 
and  asserts  that  we  of  the  twentieth  century 
have  seen  deeper,  and  have  come  to  place 
no  confidence  in  the  Greek  text  of  Jerome's 
days,  for  the  same  reasons  that  we  place  no- 
confidence  in  the  Vulgate.  "  It  smells,"  he- 
says,  "  of  the  ecclesiastical  lamp,  and  we 
have  come  to  believe  that,  to  match  the 
Vulgate,  it  has  been  re -wrought."  Mr. 
Buchanan  gives  in  English  foi-m  some  of 
the  more  notable  Western  readings  found 
in  the  Codex  Laudianus,  and  holds  that 
we  are  compelled  in  the  interests  of  truth 
to  listen  to  the  striking  Western  evidence. 
The  reading  of  1  Cor.  i.  18  is,  "For  the 
mention  of  the  cross  is  to  them  that  are 
perishing  foolishness  ;  but  to  us  who  are 
being  saved,  it  is  the  supreme  power  of  God.'? 
In  1  Cor.  ix.  18  the  words  are,  "  What  is- 
my  reward  then  ?  That  I  have  preached 
to  the  nations  the  Gospel  of  the  glory  of  the 
Son  of  God "  ;  and  in  x.  29  we  have,. 
"  For  why  should  my  liberty  be  judged  i 
To  Christ  I  stand  and  fall."-  A  survey  of 
the  changed  readings  leaves  Mr.  Buchanan 
convinced  that  Jerome  spoke  the  sober 
truth  when  he  declared  that  the  Church  of 
his  days  suddenly  woke  up  to  find  thatr 
while  men  slept,  she  had  been  Arianized  ; 
and  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  Western  Em- 
pire never  espoused  the  cause  of  Arius  or 
Macedonius,  and  hence,  while  in  Egypt  and 
the  East  in  the  third  and  fourth  centuries- 
Greek  texts  were  depraved,  Latin  texts 
in  the  West  remained  pure.  There  are- 
many  scholars  who  will  not  agree  with 
Mr.  Buchanan  as  to  the  value  to  be  given 
to  the  Western  texts,  but  even  they  will 
be  ready  to  exjjress  their  gratitude  for  the 
extreme  care  which  he  has  devoted  to  the- 
preparation  of  this  MS.  for  the  hands  of 
the  printer,  and  for  the  admirable  form  in. 
which  it  is  now  presented. 

Notes  on  the  Intellectual  Condition  of  ther 

Church  of  England,  by  A  Sexagenarian 

Layman,  1/  Fisher  Unwin 

The  author  of  '  Prayer-Book  Revision,  a 

Plea   for   Thoroughness,'    here   answers   his 

critics,    and   gives   many  press   cuttings   in 

favour  of  revision.     A  strong  case  is  made 

out,    reasonably    and    calmly,    for    drastic 

changes  in  the  formularies  of  the  Church  o£ 

England.     The  author  is  of  opinion  that 

"  religion  is  essential  to  man's  highest  welfare.  .  .  - 
Christianity  is  the  highest  form  of  religion,  and  its- 
Scriptures  incomparably  the  greatest  of  religious- 
credentials  and  so-called  revelations. ..  .It  is 
the  duty  of  the  State  to  see  that  facilities  for 
religious  worship  and  teaching  are  duly  pro- 
vided." 

But  he  shows  no  knowledge  of  other  Scrip- 
tures, and  does  not  discuss  what  Christians- 
other  than  those  of  the  Church  of  England, 
think  of  State  provision  for  worship  and 
teaching.     He  speaks  of  the  Church  thus  : — 

"  She  has  a  noble  liturgy,  though  it  requires 
some  adjustment  to  bring  it  into  harmony  with 
life  and  knowledge  as  we  now  apprehend  them... 
Her  machinery  is,  it  may  be  assumed,  as  perfect 
as  the  thought  and  experience  of  some  eighteen. 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  10U 


THE     ATIIEN^KUM 


209 


centuries  can  make  it.  In  her  buildings,  accumu- 
lated funds,  equipments,  organization,  and  the 
personnel  of  her  staff;  in  her  adaptation,  except 
— and  the  exception  is  extremely  threatening 
and  may  prove  vital — intellectually,  to  the  needs 
of  her  people,  Bhe  is.  generally  speaking,  a  model 
Institution  with  enormous  potentiality.' 

Although  the  author  exhibits  a  love  for 
tin*  Church  and  an  understanding  of  the 
need  for  reforms  to  suit  modern  thought, 
he  is  curiously  blind  to  the  opinions  of  those 
who  do  not  belong  to  the  Established  Church. 
On  the  whole,  however,  the  book  is  mode- 
rate, and  deserves  attention. 

Lewis  (Agnes  Smith),  Light  on  the  Four 
Gospels  from  the  Sinai  Palimpsest, 
3/6  net.  Williams  &  Nbrgate 

Mrs.  Lewis,  who  has  reached  a  high  place 
among  living  scholars,  shows  by  this  book 
that  she  is  a  competent  and  popular  lec- 
turer. When,  however,  she  enters  the  region 
of  theology  she  is  not  so  sure  a  guide  as 
she  is  in  the  domain  of  scholarship.  The 
Sinai  Palimpsest  was  discovered  by  Mrs. 
Lewis,  and  the  Syriac  text  which  it  contains 
was  published  in  1894.  The  suggestion  is 
made  by  her  that  the  Gospels  as  written  in 
Greek  were  translated  into  Syriac.  soon  after 
their  promulgation,  by  men  who  had  been 
eyewitnesses  of  the  recorded  events  or  had 
heard  these  events  described  by  eyewitnesses. 
Words  and  expressions  would  be  remembered 
by  the  translators,  and  the  Greek  text  would 
be  modified.  If  this  theory  is  correct,  the 
Old  Syriac.  as  Mrs.  Lewis  styles  the  Syriac 
text  of  the  Palimpsest,  is  earlier  than  Tatian's 
Diatessaron  (a.l\  160)  ;  and  she  concludes 
that  "  the  Syriac  MSS.  give  us.  in  their  re- 
markable divergences  from  the  received  text, 
a  true  echo  of  what  was  in  the  minds  of  some 
of  the  early  disciples,  as  having  fallen  from 
the  lips  of  their  Master."     Many  examples 

driven  of  the  variants  in  the  Old  Syriac. 
In  Luke  ii.  5  Mary  is  called  Joseph's  wife. 
and  no  such  word  as  "  espoused  "  is  used. 
Mr>.  Lewis  thinks  that  the  English  Revisers 
were  not  wise  when,  they  used  the  phrase 
'"  who  was  betrothed  to  him."  ft  is  pointed 
•  that,  though  Matthew  xvi.  18  is  not 
found  in  the  Old  Syriac,  the  Curetonian  MS., 
which  is  supposed  to  be  a  revision  of  it, 
and  the  Peshitta,  the  Authorized  Version  of 
the  Syriac  Church,  contain  that  verse. 
Syriac  idiom  it  is  plain  that  the 
Church  ts  to  be  built,  not  on  Peter,  but  on 
hi-  ssion.     The    fact     that     in     Luke 

xvi.  20  I.  sarufl  i-  "a  certain  poor  man" 
and  not  |  tain  beggar  "  leads  Mrs.  Lewis 

■  ems  more  entitled 

mi-  respect,  and  to  begin  to  entertain  a 

that    the    Charity    Organization 

would  not  have  improved  him  away. 

The  reading  of  Luke  xvii.   10  is  important, 

•••  the  word  "unprofitable"  is  omitted. 
and  Mr-.  L  tggests that  it  crept  into  the 

■  k  codices  through  the  excessive  humility 

mcienl    scribe.     It    is    worthy   of 

"  that     the.         ■.      m.,rc     variations 

•  •  Revised  Version  and  the  text 

"f   the    Palimpsest    in    the  Gospel  of   Luke 

i   in    tl  o    pn  ceding    ones  "  ;    and, 

Observing  'hi-  l  act,  Mrs.  Lewis  says  :  — 

We  do  ii"'  know  if  this  lends  any  support  to 
I>r.  '  omens  of  tins  Uospel 

having  been  made  by  Lake  himself,  on.-  which  he 
sent  to  Theophilos,  and  one  for  the  Christiana  in 
Rom 

In  her  desire  rxo  alarm  by  talk 

about  various  Mrs.   I. '-wis  affirms 

that  the  Revised  Version  has  not  given  us 

the  last  word  :  and.  declaring  that  when 
any    good    thing    becomes  ped    it 

ceases  to  grow,  she  indulges  in  tie-  aphorism 
that  growth  i-  -t  law  of  life.     If  tin-  aphorism 
is  of  universal  application,  Mr-.  Lewis  m 
be   prepared    to    consider,  and    perhaps    to 
confirm, Prof . Bury's statement  thai  "8* 


Books  are  an  obstacle  to  moral  and  intel- 
lectual progress,  because  they  consecrate  the 
ideas  of  a  given  epoch,  and  its  customs,  as 
divinely  appointed."  Dealing  with  the  Magi 
of  Matthew  ii..  she  asks.  "  How  did  they 
lose  sight  of  the  star  V  "  She  rejects  the 
suggestion  that  the  rain-clouds  hid  it  from 
their  view,  and  proceeds  to  say  that  she 
imagines  that  the  Magi  were  so  possessed 
with  the  idea  that  the  King  of  the  .lews  must 
be  born   in   Herod's    palace  that    they  ceased 

for  some  days  to  follow  its  guidanoe.  It  is 
stated,  further,  that  it  is  not  necessary  to 
suppose  that  till  the  time  of  the  travellers' 
departure  from  Jerusalem  the  star  had  even 
appeared  to  move,  except  for  its  nightly 
progress  westwards.  When  the  Magi  again 
saw  tin*  star  they  had  only  seven  miles  to  go 
in  fore  reaching  Bethlehem.  Unfortunately, 
Mrs.  Lewis,  however  ingenious  her  sugges- 
tions may  be,  does  not  touch  the  difficulty 
of  a  house  or  a  village  being  recognized  by  the 
resting  of  a  star  over  it.  A  peculiar  theory 
is  put  forward  regarding  the  working  of 
miracles  in  the  Apostolic  Age.  An  inex- 
haustible vital  power  was  in  Christ  which 
passed  to  some  to  heal  them,  and  also  to 
those  who  wore  much  with  Him  to  give 
them  power  to  heal.  This  power  could  not 
be  transmitted  to  those  who  had  not  seen 
God  manifest  in  the  flesh. 

Capron  (F.  Hugh),  The  Anatomy  of  Truth, 
10/6  net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

Mr.  Capron.  eleven  years  ago,  published 
in  '  The  Conflict  of  Truth  '  an  argument  for 
religious  tradition,  as  well  as  a  refutation  of 
Huxley,  on  the  basis  of  Spencer's  synthetic 
philosophy.  His  present  book  appears  as 
a  companion  to  the  earlier  ;  and  from 
Conflict  he  turns  to  Anatomy — indeed,  a 
"  genealogical  tree  of  the  animal  kingdom  " 
faces  the  first  page. 

In  a  preliminary  chapter  he  sketches  the 
change  which  during  the  last  decade  has 
spread  over  public  opinion  on  matters  of 
religion.  He  believes  that  Science  has  failed 
to  disturb  the  equanimity  of  her  supposed 
antagonist,  though  she  has  succeeded  in 
establishing  most  of  the  truths  which  in- 
spired her  hostile  criticisms  : — ■ 

"  The  truth  is  that  the  great  nineteenth-century 
struggle  between  Keligion  and  Science  has  termi- 
nated in  the  strangest  reversal  that  has  ever  been 
recorded  in  the  annals  of  controversy ...  .We 
watch  Religion  insj<  I  iously  converting  to  her  own 
uses  the  engines  which  were  designed  for  her 
destruction." 

Mr.  Capron  illustrates  this  by  a  comparison 
of  Tyndall  and  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  on  the 
efficacy  of  prayer  ;  and  he  infers  that  the 
enemy  of  religion  is  now  not  Agnosticism, 
but  Atheism  of  a  Socialistic  type.  Such 
changed  conditions  demand  a  twofold 
method  of  apologetic — the  "  programme  of 
Keligion  must  be  stated  not  only  in  terms 
of  truth  and  error,  but  also  in  terms  of  gain 
and   lo-  Accordingly,    the   author   seeks 

to  demonstrate  the  indestructibility  of 
religion  by 

':  prat  Ing,  on  strictly  scientific  lines,  that  the 
psychical  materials  of  which  Religion  is  built  are 
at  Least  as  real  and  imperishable  as  the  materials 
of  which  the  physical  universe  is  composed. ..." 

and,  that    the   "  promises  and  threatenings 

of   Religion"   are  real   and   substantial.       We 

mot  follow  out  in  detail  the  demonstra- 
tion. I'  is  Bufficienl  to  notice  the  main 
point-  :     that    as  .Judaism    was  grafted    "u    to 

Paganism,  so  Christianity  was  a  fulfilment 

Of     Judaism  ;       that      there     is  ■nilieant 

reason  fin-  thi-,  progression  in  religious 
ideals;    that  as  man  i-  the  product    partly 

of    natural    evolution    and    partly    of    siiper- 

natural  creation,  so  Christianity  is  the  pro- 
due!  "t  tie-  joint  operation  of  -i  natural  and 

.i     -iipi-rnatural    proi  oid    th.it     it     -land- 


to  all  sub-Christ i. in  religions  in  the  relation- 
ship in  which  man  stands  lo  all  sub-human 
beings.  In  line,  human  and  religious  history 
are  each  divisible  into  three  stages  which 
exactly  and  logically  correspond  to  each 
other.  Mr.  Capron  is  so  sure  of  this  dis- 
covery that  he  tabulates  it   as  follows  :  — 

1.  Inorganic  (a)  .Mineral 

2.  ObGANIO        (b)    Plant 

(c)   .Animal 

1.  Natural  Religion     (a)  Paganism 

2.  Revealed  Religion  (l>)  Judaism 

(c)  Christianity 
In  this  way  he  claims  to  have  "identified 
the  anatomy,  both  structural  and  functional, 
of  Religion  with  the  anatomy  of  the  material 
cosmos";  and  he  holds  that  religion  is 
therefore   "a  fixed  and   imperishable   put 

of  the  permanent  fabric  of  the  I'nivorse." 

in  the  second  part  of  Mr.  ( 'apron's  demon- 
stration he  discusses  and  contrasts  self- 
reliant  and  God-reliant  lives,  deals  with 
the  problems  of  time  and  eternity,  and 
reaches  practical  results  affecting  conduct : 

"  The  ideal  Christian  is  a  compound  being,  the 
product  of  two  reciprocal  functions — a  trust  that 
resolves  itself  into  mental  tranquillity,  and  a  love 
that  is  ablaze  with  emotional  energy." 

The  book  is  full  of  scientific  illustration, 
and  contains  much  shrewd,  sustained  argu- 
ment ;  but  its  usefulness  must  not  be  judged 
by  the  success  of  its  apologetic. 

Spurr  (Frederic    C),  Death  and  the   Life 
Beyond,  2/6  net. 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
The  author  informs  us  that  these  six 
lectures  "evoked  extraordinary  interest 
amongst  all  classes  "  in  Melbourne,  and  were 
delivered  "  to  overflowing  audiences."  But 
we  can  find  nothing  remarkable  in  this 
popular  exposition  of  the  arguments  in 
favour  of  immortality.  We  think  Mr. 
Spurr  is  open  to  the  charge  of  inter- 
preting sections  of  the  Bible  according  to 
his  liking,  and  rejecting  the  rest.  At  least 
his  method  is  not  philosophic.  His  idea  of 
the  "Christian  truth  concerning  destiny" 
is  that 

"  we  have  come  from  God  ;  we  return  to  Him  ; 
the  present  life  is  simply  a  passage  :  here  we  pre- 
pare for  a  larger  Hie  ;  death  being  the  entrance  to 
that  larger  life,  the  character  of  which  is  deter- 
mined by  the  manner  in  which  we  conduct  our- 
selves here  below.  Nothing  whatever  can  be 
reasonably  urged  against  this  ;  while  everything 
can  be  urged  on  its  behalf." 

To  quote  M.  Bergson  as  an  authority  for  the 
belief  in  immortality  is  surprising.  Where 
does  that  philosopher  assert  such  a  belief  ? 
and-  to  have  "a  spiritual  conception  of 
things"  does  not  necessarily  imply  a  belief 
in  either  God  or  immortality.  There  are 
many,  moreover,  who  would  dispute  the 
dictum  that 

"the  destruction  of  the  belief  in  immortality  is 
the    destruction,    also,    of    all    greal     ideals.     It 
encourages  selfishness  and  cheapens  human  life.  ' 
We  doubt    whether  those  who  hesitate  in 
their    belief    will     find    conviction     iii     tl 
volume. 

Allen    (Roland),    Missionaby    Pmnctpij 
2/0  net .  Robei  t  Soil ' 

The    mouse    underlying    this    treati 

good,   and   much   labour   has  1  •  Kpendt  d 

in  arranging  can--.  resuH  .  argument  -.  Ac 
under     headings     and     mb- headings.     Mr. 
Allen  believes  thai 

"  fche  BOUT f  all   mi-    LOU  tl  |     '■  «J   I      the   pr.  -nee 

of  Christ  in  the  soul       Wit  ionai  f  life  begins  with 

an  act   oi  n  cept ,  and  an  advam 

knowledge  of  the  Spirit  world- 
wide, all  i  tnbi  i  in  :  Spirit.  The  end  ol  all  mi  - 
ionarj  de  ir<  i  a  Revel  ition  ol  Christ,  a  world- 
wide Revelation,  a  ••  than  worldwide  Revela- 
tion. The  mean  by  which  we  at!  tin  u  the 
Bl  ronge  t  possibl  i  of  1  hat  pu  It  in 
outward  form  over  the  widest   pos  iblo  field 


270 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


The  author  deprecates  appeals  for  material 
wealth,  but  has  to  acknowledge  that  the 
Spirit  works  through  the  material.  In 
our  opinion  the  greatest  mistakes  are  made 
in  not  sufficiently  acknowledging  the  social 
work  of  missionaries,  and  in  advocating  and 
imposing  too  straitened  a  form  of  Christi- 
anity. The  standpoint  of  the  book  is  re- 
vealed in  the  following  conclusions  : — 

"  The  salvation  of  the  nations,  the  salving  of 
the  ship,  is  not  the  end.  The  end  is  that  Christ 
may  be  all  in  all ... .  We  see  to-day  the  grave 
danger  which  arises  if  we  allow  ourselves  to  dwell 
upon  external  conditions.  There  is  a  strong 
tendency  to-day  towards  propagating  social 
theories  which  seem  to  us  Christian,  towards 
making  the  x>rogress  of  the  world  our  hope .... 
They  sometimes  talk  as  if  the  world  were  pro- 
gressing naturally  by  its  own  inherent  character 
towards  a  fulfilment  of  perfection.  Very  often 
they  speak  as  if.... the  leavening  of  human 
thought  with  Christian  ideas  were  the  supreme 
end.  The  result  is  they  would  make  mission- 
aries preachers  of  social  and  political  righteous- 
ness more  than  preacher  <  of  Christ .... 

"  If  we  habitually  speak  and  think  of  the 
perfection  of  the  human  race  as  the  hope  before 
us,  we  inevitably  tend  to  exaggerate  the  import- 
ance of  local  and  imperfect  theories  of  social 
progress ....  But  if  we  habitually  speak  and 
think  of  the  Revelation  of  Christ  as  the  end .... 
we  cannot  rest  in  social  perfection,  we  cannot  set 
a  false  end  before  us,  we  cannot  degenerate  into 
social  reformers." 

Beattys  (Harry  H.),  Smith  and  the  Church, 
2/  net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

Dr.  Beattys's  '  Smith  and  the  Church  ' 
is  a  collection  of  sermons  preached  in  con- 
sequence of  an  article  in  The  Atlantic 
Monthly  by  Mr.  Meredith  Nicholson,  '  Should 
Smitli  go  to  Church  ? ' — the  last-named 
writer  contributing  an  Introduction  to  the 
present  work. 

We  think  the  author  unwittingly  gets 
nearest  to  the  solution  of  the  ordinary 
man's  indifference  to  all  that  the  Church 
stands  for  when  he  seeks  to  assure  him 
that  the  root  of  the  word  "  good  '?  is  God.  If 
our  spiritual  teachers  had  confined  their  aim 
to  instructing  their  fellows  as  to  ideals  for 
attaining  the  highest  good — i.e.  God — not 
only  Smith,  but  also  the  world  generally 
would  have  shown  vastly  more  interest. 
At  last  the  Churches  are  awakening  to 
their  duty  to  Smith,  even  to  the  laying 
aside  of  their  psychological  analysis  of 
what  they  are  still  fond  of  announcing  as 
unknowable.  The  needs  of  Smith  have 
been  neglected,  and  he  has  undoubtedly 
turned  to  other  ways  of  filling  up  the  day 
of  rest.  Recreation  for  him  has  come  to 
mean  fitting  himself  for  a  week  of  competi- 
tion with  his  fellows — success  in  which  is 
measured  by  self-aggrandizement.  It  is  "  up 
to  '-'  the  Church  to  convince  Smith  that  what 
he  needs  is  a  weeklyre-creation  of  ideals  which 
will  fit  himself  to  serve  his  fellows  better, 
and  therefore  himself.  Dr.  Beattys's  ser- 
mons contain  sound  common  sense,  and  if 
they  strike  us  as  rather  materialistic,  per- 
haps he  is  right  in  judging  that  the  world 
must  retrace  its  steps  for  a  while  if  it  is  to 
regain  the  higher  path  along  which  a  more 
satisfying  future  lies. 

translations. 

New  Testament  (The),  the  Authorised 
Version  Corrected,  the  Text  pre- 
jaared  by  Sir  Edward  Clarke,  3/6  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 
Sir  Edward  Clarke  has  set  himself  to 
correct  the  Authorized  Version  of  the  New 
Testament  by  means  of  the  Revised.  No 
one  need  hesitate,  he  says,  "  to  use  this 
recension,  as  it  does  not  contain  a  single 
word  which  has  not  the  sanction  either  of  the 
Authorised  Version  or  of  the  Revisers." 
By  his  own  confession  he  has  no  pretension 
to  scholarship,  though  he  claims  that  for 
many  years  he  has  "  made  a  special  study  of 


the  English  language  as  a  medium  of  ex- 
pression." Fortunately  the  corrections  are 
comparatively  few,  and  the  face  of  the 
Authorized  Version  has  not  been  changed 
beyond  recognition.  Sir  Edward  displays 
good  taste  in  his  preference  for  its  words 
and  phrases,  and,  though  he  has  made 
judicious  corrections,  familiar  sentences 
abound.  Yet  it  is  difficult  to  understand 
the  principles  which  have  guided  him  in 
his  work.  There  is  no  evidence  that  he 
has  selected  or  compiled  a  Greek  text,  and 
followed  the  Authorized  or  the  Revised 
Version  wherever  the  one  or  the  other  is  an 
exact  translation  of  that  text.  In  the  Lord's 
Prayer  as  given  in  the  First  Gospel,  for 
example,  he  adheres  to  the  exact  words  of  the 
Authorized  Version  and  accepts  the  doxology. 
We  have  acknowledged  his  wisdom  in  cleav- 
ing to  that  which  is  old.  but  why  has  he 
rejected  the  Revised  Version  with  the  emen- 
dations suggested  by  scholarship  ?  The 
words  of  Matt.  vii.  14  may  also  be  con- 
sidered, and  these  are  :  "  Because  narrow 
is  the  gate,  and  narrow  is  the  way,  which 
leadeth  unto  life,  and  few  there  be  that  find 
it."-  The  Authorized  Version  has  "Strait 
is  the  gate,  and  narrow  is  the  way,"  for 
which  the  Revisers  substitute  :  "  Narrow  is 
the  gate  and  straitened  the  way."  The 
translation  offered  by  Sir  Edward  is  his  own, 
and  is  unnecessary,  since  it  conveys  no 
meaning  really  different  from  that  given  in 
the  Authorized  translation,  and  is  not  of  any 
special  literary  value.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  gives  the  same  English  for  two  different 
Greek  words.  In  Romans  viii.  24  the 
Revisers  have  the  sentence  "  for  who 
hopeth  for  that  which  he  seeth  ?  "  and, 
commonplace  though  it  is,  it  is  more  in- 
telligible than  "  for  what  a  man  seeth,  why 
doth  he  yet  hope  for  ?  "  which  Sir  Edward 
Clarke  takes  from  the  Authorized  Version. 
The  substitution  (verse  20)  of  "  not  of 
its  own  will"  for  "not  willingly,"  and 
(verse  21)  of  "  that  "  for  "  because,"  throws 
light  on  the  meaning  of  Romans  viii.,  and 
may  be  taken  as  a  simple,  but  valuable 
example  of  correction.  The  Revisers'  plan 
of  indicating  Old  Testament  quotations 
might  have  been  followed.  While  readers 
will  have  difficulty  in  determining  the 
principles  of  correction,  they  will  generally 
value  the  recension  as  one  which  preserves 
the  literary  grace  of  the  old  version,  and 
in  many  instances  is  a  debtor  for  lucidity 
to  the  Revisers. 

Moffatt  (James),   The  New  Testament,   a 
New  Translation,  6/  net. 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 

Dr.  Moffatt  uses  for  his  translation  the 
text  of  Von  Soden  of  Berlin,  adding  altera- 
tions of  his  own  in  notes  here  and  there  at 
the  bottom  of  the  page.  Was  there  not 
an  English  recension  available — that,  for 
instance,  of  Westcott  and  Hort  ? 

The  Introduction  is  so  just  in  its  apprecia- 
tion of  the  difficulties  attached  to  any  ver- 
sion of  the  New  Testament  that  we  study 
the  actual  text  with  high  hopes.  Dr. 
Moffatt  has  certainly  achieved  his  purpose 
of  making  the  purport  of  the  Gospels  and 
Epistles  clearer  to  a  modern  English  reader, 
particularly  in  those  personal  letters  of 
St.  Paul  which  are  really  unintelligible  as 
read  in  the  Authorized  Version. 

A  scholar  like  Dr.  Moffatt  is  able  to  give 
the  words  the  sense  that  the  most  recent 
research  regards  as  correct,  and  it  is  cer- 
tainly an  advantage  to  have  in  English 
"  the  gains  of  recent  lexical  research." 
But  this,  alas  !  does  not  amount  to  English 
style,  which  is  as  subtle  and  difficult  a 
thing  to  achieve,  perhaps,  as  any  know- 
ledge of  the  Greek.  Dr.  Moffatt  has  ap- 
parently consulted  no  friend  as  to  the  ade- 


quacy or  suitability  of  his  version,  and  relies 
solely  on  his  own  taste.  He  gives  us  the 
Scotticism  of  "  will  "  for  "  shall  "  repeatedly, 
and  much  of  his  language  seems  to  us  lack- 
ing in  dignity  to  an  unnecessary  extent. 
We  wish  the  Bible  to  appeal  to  as  many 
people  as  possible,  but  we  do  not  think  that 
a  translator  need  or  ought  to  descend  to 
commercial  English  like  "  See  what  big 
letters  I  make  when  I  write  you  in  my  own 
hand."  Similarly  "  These  men  who  are 
keen  on  you  getting  circumcised  "  is  slack 
English.  "  That  will  teach  them  to  stoj:> 
their  blasphemous  ongoings  !  "  of  Hymenseus 
and  Alexander  in  1  Timothy,  does  not  strike 
us  as  happy.  "  The  peace  of  God  which 
passeth  all  understanding "  (Phil.  iv.  7) 
becomes  "  God's  peace  that  surpasses  all 
our  dreams,"  and  the  next  verse  (the  familiar 
invocation  beginning  "  Finally,  my  brethren, 
whatsoever  things  are  true")  ends,  in  Dr. 
Moffatt' s  rendering,  "  whatever  is  high- 
toned,  all  excellence,  all  merit."  Is  "  high- 
toned  "  (ev<f>i][j.a)  an  improvement  on  "  things 
of  good  report "  ?  and  is  it  advisable  to  sup- 
press the  variety  in  St.  Paul's  sentence 
introduced  by  «  ns  ?  The  phrase  "  able 
for  solid  food  "  (1  Cor.  iii.  2)  does  not  seem 
to  us  English  in  idiom  at  all. 

Dr.  Moffatt  is  occasionally  vigorous,  but 
his  version  is  not  likely  to  satisfy  those  who 
keep  a  jealous  eye  on  their  mother-tongue. 

A  Kempis  (Thomas),  Of  the  Imitation  of 
•  Christ,     translated    "  frae    Latin    intil 
Scots,"    with    Glossary,    by    Henry    P. 
Cameron,  2/6  net.  Paisley,  Gardner 

The  '  De  Imitatione  Christi  '  has  been 
translated  into  many  languages,  but  never 
before  into  Braid  Scots.  Mr.  W.  M.  Met- 
calfe, who  has  written  a  Foreword,  regrets 
that  the  Bible  was  not  translated  into  the 
Scottish  vernacular  at  the  time  of  the 
Reformation,  and  thinks  that  Mr.  Cameron's 
work  may  become  of  standard  value.  Those 
who  are  not  familiar  with  Lowland  Scots 
can  refer  to  an  exhaustive  Glossary  at  the 
end.  As  a  specimen  of  the  author's  lan- 
guage we  give  the  following  : — 

"  Sith  throwe  a  middlin  gainstaunin  ye  fa'  awa 
frae  what  ye  begude,  an'  syne  owre  geenyochly  seek 
eftir  consolement.  The  Strang  luver  hauds  his 
grun  i'  tempins,  an'  hunkers-na  tae  the  pawky 
perswadins  o'  the  fae." 

Zxvo  priests  of  Bote. 

Mace    (Rev.    J.    H.    B.),    Henry    Bodley 

Bromby,  6/  net.  Longmans 

Henry  Bodley  Bromby  was  one  of  those 
rare  persons  who,  after  the  slightest  contact 
with  them,  become  unforgettable.  His 
career — active,  devoted,  and  honourable  as 
it  was — offers,  indeed,  no  extraordinary 
adventures  or  crises.  He  worked  for  twenty 
years  in  Tasmania,  most  of  them  as  Dean  of 
St.  David's  Cathedral,  Hobart ;  then  for 
seven  years  at  St.  John's,  Bethnal  Green  ; 
and  lastly,  for  nineteen  years,  at  All  Saints, 
Clifton.  His  gifts  in  the  way  of  learning, 
eloquence,  or  administration  might  easily  be 
matched.  What  puts  him  a  little  apart  from 
his  compeers  is  his  singular  beauty  of  cha- 
racter. In  him  an  austere,  uncompromis- 
ing holiness  was  combined  with  humour, 
manliness,  an  ardent  love  for  his  fellow-men. 
His  great  work  as  a  priest  lay  on  the  interior 
side  of  religion,  in  dealing  with  individuals. 
He  was,  above  all  things,  a  good  confessor. 
Read  by  themselves,  and  by  those  who  never 
saw  him,  his  letters  have  no  special  interest, 
and  nothing  that  is  left  of  his  sermons  or 
addresses  conveys  what  they  conveyed  to 
those  who  heard  them. 

It  is  fair  to  remember,  in  criticizing  this 
Life,  that  the  author  of  it  had  a  more  than 
usually  difficult  task.  With  but  little  to  go 
upon  in  the  way  of  external  events,  he  was 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,   1914 


Til  E     ATI!  KN/EUM 


271 


inevitably  thrown  back  upon  such  skill  as 
In'  might  possess  in  the  presenting  of  mate- 
rial. Making  every  allowance,  we  are,  how- 
ever, bound  to  say  that  we  think  tho  work 
less  successful  than  it  might  have  been.  It 
strikes  one  as  rather  thrown  together  than 
Composed ;  the  Clifton  part  is  dull  ami 
meagre  ;  even  the  chapter  entitled  '  Cha- 
racteristics and  Last  Days  '  has  a  crudeness 
about  it  which  may  not  be  the  effect  of  hurry, 
yet  looks  like  it. 

Sower  (A)  Went  Forth,  Sermons  by  the 
Rev.  T.  \Y.  M.  Lund,  selected  and  ar- 
ranged, with  Memoir,  by  Gerald  H. 
Rendall,  5/  net.  Longmans 

Dr.  Rendall,  during  the  last  ten  years  of 
his  residence  in  Liverpool,  was  a  member  of 
Mr.  Lund's  congregation,  and  appreciated 
hi>  unaffected  friendship.  The  Preface  by 
way  of  memoir  shows  how  attractive  Mr. 
Lund  was,  eager  alike  in  intellect  and  organi- 
zation, but  sparing  no  pains  to  make  his 
work  as  thorough  as  possible.  He  had 
made  his  influence  and  energy  widely  felt 
at  St.  John's,  Cheetham.  before  he  came 
to  the  Chaplaincy  of  the  School  for  the 
Blind  in  Hardman  Street,  Liverpool,  which 
he  occupied  for  the  last  twenty-eight  years 
of  his  life.  Here  again  he  made  his  mark 
by  his  personal  initiative,  taking  a  deep 
interest  in  civic  obligations. 

The  sermons  show  an  admirable  breadth 
of  mind  and  an  absence  of  mere  rhetoric 
which  is  refreshing.  The  preacher  hates 
cant,  comes  to  the  point  at  once,  and  argues 
closely  and  naturally,  and  the  few  stories 
lie  quotes  are  apt.  He  does  not  shrink  from 
discussing  '  The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray  ' 
or  the  uses  of  humour  in  religion,  and  every- 
where he  shows  a  fine  humility  and  a  sense 
of  the  besetting  difficulties  of  life  as  well 
as  its  opportunities.  The  sermons  are  some 
of  the  best  we  have  read  recently. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Andrews  (Rev.  H.  T.),  The  Value  ok  the  Theo- 
logy of  St.  Paul  for  Modern  Thought.  6d*. 
net.  S.P.C.K. 

An  examination  of  Pauline  theology,  in 
which  the  writer  protests  against  any  abandon- 
ment of  Paulinism. 

Bertrand    Louisi,  Saint  A.CGT78TIN,  translated  by 

Vincent  O'Sullivan,  7  6  net.  Constable 

Wuli  a  few  exceptions  the  quotations  from 

'     nfessions  '  are  here  taken  from  the  version 

Bigf       The  passages  from  '  The  City  of 

an    taken    from    the    seventeenth-century 

islation  ascribed  to  John  Healey. 

Briggs  Charles  Augustus.!,  Theological  Sym- 
bolics, "Internationa]  Theological  Library," 
1"  8  Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 

A  study  of  the  symbols  of  the  Christian  Faith. 

In  >ry  note  .Mr.  I' rani  is  Brown  Bays  that 

the  aim  of  the  late  Dr.   BriggB  was  "  to  show  t  he 
and    essential    oneness   of    the    various 
offld  il  statements  ot  belief  put  forth  by  the  Church 
and  it-  divided  part-  through  the  Christian  cen- 
t  un- 
church (Leslie  F.),  'I'm:  Pbotbbtaht  Churches: 
their  History  and  Beliem,  1    net.     C.  H.  Kelly 
An  account  of  the  origin,  growth,  beliefs,  and 
organization  of  the  various  Protestant  Churches, 
pointing  out  the  common  principles  which  make 
for  ultimate  unity. 

Cohu  (Rev.  J.  R.),  Vital  Pboblbocs  09  Kklioion, 
5    net.  Edinburgh,  'J',  &  T.  Clark 

A    study    of    the    foundations    of    Chri 

aith,  with  a  Foreword  by  the  Bishop  of  Si .  Asaph. 

Cook  fStanley  A.),  Tin:  FodTDATIOire  09  Hi  - 
i.ii.ioN.  •"lie-  Peopli  r  Books,"  84.  net  Jack 
This  book  aim-  at  Introducing  Ihe  rosdcir  to 
certain  fundamental  aspects  of  religion,  and  is 
"based  upon  the  application  |  rchology  and 
psychological  method-  to  the  comparative  and 
historical  study  of  religions  and  religion-  material." 


Hall  (H.  E.),  THH  Shadow  ok  PBTHR,  2/  net. 

Burns  \  ( i. it  ee 
V  study  of  the  Pet  line  claims. 

Harden  (Ralph  William),  Tim  EVANGELISTS  and 

the  Hksukkkction,  ;;  n  net.  Skefflngton 

A  Consideration  Of  the  death,  burial,  and 
resurrection   of   JeSUS   Christ,    as    narrated    by    the 

four  Evangelists. 

Hitchcock  (G.  S.),  Tmo  Godhkad  ok  Jesus,  2/  ml. 

Eeath  &  Cranton 
Four  sermons   preached    last    Advent    at    St. 
Etheldreda's  in  Ely  Place.      They  are  reprinted 
from  The  Universe. 

Hollis  (Gertrude),  Gentle  Jesus,  a  Book  for  Eis 
Little  Children,  2/  net.  S.P.C.K. 

The  story  of  Christ,  told  in  simple  form  and 
illustrated. 

Moore  (G.  F.),  History  of  Religions,  Vol.  I., 
12/  Edinburgh,  T.  ^.  T.  Clark 

A  volume  of  the  "  International  Theological 
Library,"  dealing  with  China,  Japan,  Egypt , 
Babylonia,  Assyria,  India,  Persia,  Greece,  and 
Pome.  The  plan  of  this  work,  which  is  to  "con- 
sist of  two  volumes,  deals  only  with  the  religions 
of  civilized  people.  It  includes  an  annotated 
Bibliography. 

Nicholson  (Reynold  A.),  The  Mystics  of  Islam, 

"  The  Quest  Series,"  2/6  net.  Hell 

A  study  of  the  central  doctrines  of  Sufism, 

with   some   account   of   its   origin   and   historical 

development. 

Practice  of  Christianity  (The),  by  the  Author  of 
'  Pro  Christo  et  Ecclesia,'  4/6  net.  Macmillan 
This  study  is  divided  into  three  books,  the 
titles  of  which  are  '  The  Commonwealth  of  God,' 
'  The  City  of  Destruction,'  and  '  The  Pilgrimage  of 
the  Soul.' 

Richardson    (Dorothy   M.),    The    Quakers   Past 
and  Present,  1  /  net.  Constable 

The  author  attempts  to  show  the  position 
of  the  Quakers  in  the  family  of  mystics,  and  a 
consideration  follows  of  their  method  of  worship 
and  corporate  living. 

Rudman    (Arthur),    The    Medleval    Revival, 

"  Manuals  for  Christian  Thinkers,"  1/  net. 

C.  H.  Kelly 
A  short  sketch  of  mediaeval  religious  history 
from  the  late  twelfth  century  to  the  early  fifteenth. 
Chapters  are  included  on  '  Forerunners,'  '  Foun- 
ders,' and  '  Women  of  the  Revival.' 

Toy   (Crawford   Howell),    Introduction   to   the 

History  of  Religions,   "  Handbooks  on  the 

History  of  Religions,"   12/6  net.  Ginn 

The  author's  aim  is  "  to  describe  the  principal 

customs  and  ideas  that  underlie  all  public  religion." 

LAW. 

Holland   (T.   E.),   Letters   on   War  and   Neu- 
trality (1881-1909),  7/6  net.  Longmans 
A    second    edition,    with    additional    letters 
from  1909  to  1913. 

POETRY. 

Dante  Alighieri,  The  Divine  Comedy,  translated 
by  E.  M.  Shaw,  8/6  net.  Constable 

A  translation  in  blank  verse. 

Harvey  (George  Rowntree),  Green  Ears,  a  Book 

of  Verse.  Aberdeen,  Milne  &  Stephen 

A  slight  book  of  verses,  some  of  which  have 

already  appeared  in  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  Glasgow 

Herald,  and  Westminster  Gazette. 

Kingsley  (Charles),  Poems,  1848-70,  1/6  net. 

Oxford  University  Press 

This    Oxford   edition    includes    '  The   Saint's 

Tragedy,'    with   notes,    '  Andromeda,'    and   other 

miscellaneous    poems.       There   is    a    Preface   by 

F.  D.  Maurice. 

Laurence  (Margaret),   Immortal  Commonplaces, 
"  The  Malory  Treasuries,"  1/  net . 

Erskine  Rfacdonald 
A  small  collection  of  verses,  including  '  Sum- 
mer's Secret,'  '  A  March  Evening,'  '  Easter-Tide,' 
and  '  The  Story  of  Madelon.' 

Miller    (F.    Gerald),    The    New    Ctrcb,    Poems, 

wrappers   1/  net,  cloth  1/8  net.  .Matlews 

A  brief  book  of  verses,  some  of   which  are 

reprinted  from    The    Westminster  Gazette  and  The 

Daily  News. 

Moore  (Bernard),  CoBNlSB  I'm  ass,  2  >'<  net. 

i  .i  ikine  Bfacdonald 

Some    of    the    pieces    In   this    book,   which 

includes  many  verses  In  dialect,  are  reproduced 

from  The  Westminster  Gazette,  Windsor  Magazine, 

Country  Life,  and  other  papers. 

Mozley  (H.  W.i,  SbqckncbS  and  Hymns,  chiefly 
Medieval,  2/8  net,  Longmans 

Includes  tran  lations  from  rhymed  and  un- 
rhymed  originals, 


Ordo   (K.    L.),   Ballroom     Ballads,  illustrated 

by  S.   L.  vere,  '■'<    net.  Goschen 

These    verses     humorous,   satirical,    cynical. 

and    sentimental — are    all    inspired,    as    Ihe    title 
suggests,   by   the  modern   ballroom. 
Raile  (Arthur  Lyon),  THH  Wild  Kosk,  a  Volume 
of  Poems,  7/8  net.  Nutt 

A   new    edition,  containing  some  additional 
verses. 

Ransome     (Henry),     Atil     in     Gorti.and.     and 
Othhh  Pobhs,  2/8  net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

The  poem  which  gives  the  title  to  this  collec- 
tion of  verses  is  a  notable  feature  of  fhe  book. 
Other  pieces  include  '.Near  Drvhorougli,'  'A 
Litany.'  and  '  \  Hymn  of  Vigil.' 
Rickards  (Marcus  S.  C),  EcHOBS  from  the 
Gospbls,  _  8  Clifton,  J.  Baker 

A  volume  of  devotional  verses. 
Rossetti  (D.  G.),  Poems  and  Translations,  1850- 
1870,  ■•  The  World's  Classics,"   1/  net. 

This    selection    includes    '  The    Early    Italian 
Poets  '  and  the  prose  story  '  Hand  and  Soul.' 
Tier  (N.),  Good  Hyk,  and  Other  Poems,  1/ 

Drane 
A  slight  collection  of  pieces,  many  of  which 
deal  with  domestic  life. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Cohn    (Albert    M.),    A    Bibliographical    CATA- 
LOGUE   OB    THE    PRINTED    WOBKS    ILLUSTRATED 

by  George  Ckuikshank.  15/  net.      Longmans 
A  guide  to   the   collector.     It   contains    820 
headings,    arranged      alphabetically     under    the 
names  of  authors,   with   prices  and    brief  descrip- 
tive notes.     Then-  is  a  full  Title  Index. 

Congress  :  Publications  ISSUED  BY  the  Library 
since  1897,  January,  free. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
A  classified  and  descriptive  list,  giving  prices. 

Congress  :    Report  of  the  Librarian  of  Con- 
gress and  Report  of  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Library  Building  and  Grounds  for 
the  Fiscal  Year  ending  June  :m,  1913,  40c. 
Washington,   Govt.    Printing   Office 
These  reports  describe  the  present  condition 
of    the    Library  and    its    building    and    grounds, 
noticing   changes   that   have   taken   place   during 
the    year,    with    financial    and    other   statements. 
The  book  is  illustrated  with  plans  of  the  interior 
and  a  photograph  of  the  exterior  of  the  Library. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Beer  (Margrieta),  Schopenhauer,  "  The  People's 
Books,"  (id.  net.  Jack 

An    appreciation    of    Schopenhauer's    philo- 
sophy, with  a  chanter  on  his  life. 

Holt  (Edwin),  The  Concept  of  Consciousness, 
12/0  net.  Allen 

This  volume  seeks  to  indicate  some  little  way 
of  advance  on  the  initial  quest  of  philosophy. 

Williams  (Stanley),  Principles  of  Logic,  Qd.  net. 

Jack 
A    practical    handbook    in    "  The    People's 

Books." 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Adams  (H.  Packwood),  The  French  Revolu- 
tion, 3/8  net.  Methuen 
An  elementary  book  for  general  readers, 
embodying  the  results  arrived  at  by  -M.  Sorel, 
Prince  Kropot  kin,  .Mr.  BelloC,  and  other  writers 
on  the  period.     It  contains  a  map  of    Puis  in  1789. 

Agate  (Leonard  D.),  LCTHEB  and  tiii:  Rbpobxa- 

TION.     'The   People's    Hooks,"   (ill.    net.  Jack 

A  discussion  of  the  part    played  by   Luther  in 
the  reformation  of  the  .Mediaval  Church. 

Bury  (J.  B.),  History  ok  Greece,  8  <>    Macmillan 

A  new  edition,  containing  several  alterations. 
The  greater  part  of  chap.  i.  has  I □  rewritten  ; 

an  account   of  Cretan  civilization  is  included  ;    tie 

view  that  the  pre-Acluean  inhabitants  of  Greece 
were  not  Greeks  is  abandoned;    and  the  Trojan 

War    is     recognized     as    an     historical     fail.      The 

accounts    of  the   battles  of  Salamia  and   Plal 
have  been  partly  rewritten. 

Cleveland     iThe    Duchess    of),     I'm-:     In  B     UTO 
Letters  or  Lad's  Besteb  Stanhope,  bi  m 
.\!h<  k.   l".     11. 1.  John  Hurra] 

In  .,  prefatorj    note  Lord   Roseberj  •  xpl 
f  hat ,  in  \  i.-u  of  t  he  recent  publication* concerning 
Lady   Bester  stanhope,  ••  >i    1  led    well  !■• 

members  of  her  family  that  tie-  book  unit.,, 
about  her  by  my  mother,  and  privately  circu- 
lated,  BUOUld   now    he   given   to   tie     put. he   as   the 

authoritative  biographj  ol  this  itrange  woman. 

Garnett  (Edwardt,  TOLBTOT,  ins  1. 111:    UCD  Wun- 

dtob,  "  Modern  Biographies,     l    net.   <  unstable 

\    biographical    an. I    critical    monograph  ." 

r.,l  tor,    mth    ■  <    Bibliographj ,     alt  ob  •!    Gat    of 

Us  Writings,  and   an    Ind.  \. 


272 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


Giles  (A.  F.),  A  History  of  Romk,  "  The  People's 
Books,"  Qd.  net.  .Jack 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  Rome  down  to  the 
fall  of  the  Empire,  with  a  Bibliography,  Chrono- 
logical Synopsis,  and  two  maps. 

Gribble  (Francis),  The  Life  of  the  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph,  16/  net.  Nash 

A  record  of  recent  events  in  Austria.  The 
author  holds  that  history  and  "  tittle-tattle  "  are 
inextricably  bound  together,  especially  in  a 
country  like  Austria,  and  accordingly  sketches 
his  portrait  with  "  warts  and  all." 

Jones  (Arthur),  The  Period  of  the  Industrial 
Revolution,  "  The  People's  Books,"  (id.  net. 

Jack 
The  period  covered  by  this  booklet  extends 
from  the  abdication  of  James  II.  to  the  accession 
of  Victoria.  Political  developments,  rather  than 
the  Industrial  Revolution  itself,  are  the  principal 
topics. 

Lodge  (Henry  Cabot),  Early  Memories,  12/6  net. 

Constable 
A  record  of  the   author's  recollections  of  his 
early  life  in  America  and  Europe,  and  of  the  public 
men  he  has  met. 

Macgillivray  (William),  Men  I  Remember,  5/  net. 

T.  &  N.  Foulis 
The  reminiscences  of  a  Writer  to  the  Signet, 
including    sketches    of     the    following  :       Prince 
Bismarck,    Lord    Cockburn,   and    '  Sandy   Thom- 
son, the  Weaver.'     There  are  four  illustrations. 

Martins  (J.  P.  Oliveira),  The  Golden  Age  of 
Prince  Henry  the  Navioator,  translated, 
with  Additions  and  Annotations,  by  Jas. 
Johnston  Abraham  and  William  Edward 
Reynolds,   10/6  net.  Chapman  &  Hall 

The  lives,  adventures,  and  discoveries  of  the 
Portuguese  grandsons  of  John  of  Gaunt,  with 
illustrations  and  an  Appendix.  For  the  transla- 
tion use  has  been  made  of  the  last  edition  pub- 
lished in  the  author's  lifetime. 

Powicke  (Prof.  F.  M.),  Bismarck  and  the  Origin 

ok  the  German  Empire,  "  The  People's  Books," 

6rf.  net.  Jack 

The   author  raises   the   question   "  To   what 

extent  are  political  events  influenced  by  political 

ideas  ?  "    and   in    this    little    book   discusses   the 

relation     between     Bismarck's     career     and     the 

recent  history  of  Germany. 

Saint-M6ry    (Moreau    de),  Voyage    aux  Etats- 
Unis  de  l'Amerique,  1793-8,  edited,  with  an 
Introduction  and  Notes,   by  Stewart  L.  Mims, 
10/6  net.        Milford,  for  Yale  University  Press 
This  diary  of  five  years  of  exile  is  accom- 
panied   by    the    editor's    Introduction    on    the 
author's  life  and  works,  a  frontispiece,  and  full 
notes  on  the  text. 

Veitch  (George  Stead),  Empire  and  Democracy 
(1837-1913),  "  The  People's  Books,"  Qd.  net. 

Jack 
A  survey  of  political  and  literary  movements, 
with   special   attention   to   the   period    since   the 
Boer  War. 

West  Wales  Historical  Records,  Vol.  [HI.,  edited 

by  Fran  is  Green. 

Carmarthen,  Historical  Society  of  West  Wales 

This  is  the  annual  magazine  of  the  Society. 

Among  the  subjects  discussed  in  this  number  are 

'  Carmarthen  Castle,'  '  Marriage  Bonds   and  Fiats 

of  West  Wales  and  Gower,'  and   '  Pembrokeshire 

Parsons.' 

Williams    (Harold    Whitmore),    Russia    of    the 

Russians,    "  Countries    and    Peoples    Series," 

6/  npt.  Pitman 

A  handbook  on  the  history  of  Russia,   the 

growth  of  its  constitution,  and  the  life  and  genius 

of    the    Russian    people,    with    chapters    on    the 

Russian  press,  industries,  and  arts. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

MacHugh  (R.  J.),  Modern  Mexico,  12/6  net. 

Methuen 
A  study  of  present  conditions  in  Mexico, 
with  an  historical  sketch  tracing  the  origin  of  the 
revolution  of  last  year.  Some  of  the  chapters  are 
reproduced  from  The  Daily  Telegraph.  There 
are  illustrations  from  photographs. 

Wignacourt  (John),  The  Odd  Man  in  Malta,  7/6 
net.  Chapman  k,  Hall 

An  account  of  an  English  civilian's  life  in 
Malta,  with  a  description  of  the  antiquities  of 
the  island,  and  the  language,  traditions,  and 
customs  of  the  race. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Dundas    (W.    H.),    Enniskillen,    Parish    and 

Town,   3/6   net,  Dundalk,  W.  Tempest 

A   history  of   Enniskillen,   with   a  map   and 

illustrations     from     photographs,     portraits,     old 

prints,  &c. 


SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 
Maugham  (R.  C.  F.),  Wild  Game  in  Zambezia, 
12/  net.  John  Murray 

A  description  of  the  big-game  animals  of 
the  Lower  Zambezi  Valley,  their  habits  and  sur- 
roundings, written  in  non-teehnical  language  for 
sportsmen.  There  are  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs and  a  map. 

ECONOMICS. 
Verinder  (Frederick),  Land,  Industry,  and 
Taxation,  "  The  People's  Books,"  6rf.  net,  Jack 
This  is  primarily  a  case  for  the  taxation  of 
land  values  ;  the  booklet  also  contains  a  brief 
survey  of  taxation  and  rating  as  they  are  to-day. 
Education. 

POLITICS. 
Bennett   (Arthur),  Some  Plain  Words  to  the 
English  People,  2/6  net, 

Warrington,  "  Sunrise  "  Publishing  Co. 
A  consideration  of  various  political  problems, 
such  as  the  franchise,  the  House  of  Lords,  Home 
Rule  for  Ireland,  the  party  system,  and  conscrip- 
tion. 

Peel  (Hon.  George),  The  Reign  of  Sir  Edward 
Carson,  2/6  net,  P.  S.  King 

An  account  of  the  military  system  estab- 
lished in  Ulster  by  Sir  Edward  Carson  since 
September,  1911. 

EDUCATION. 
Best  (R.  H.)  and  Ogden  (C.  K.),  The  Problem  of 
the    Continuation    School,    and     its    Suc- 
cessful Solution  in  Germany,  a  Consecutive 
Policy,  1  /  net.  King 

An  attempt  to  apply  German  experience  in 
the  matter  of  Continuation  Schools  to  English 
conditions. 

Classical  Association  of  Virginia  (The)  :    A  Plea 

for  Greek  in  the  American  High  School, 

by  Thomas  Fitzkugh.  Univ.  of  Virginia 

A  paper  reprinted  from  The  Virginia  Journal 

of  Education. 

Russell  (L.  J.),  An  Introduction  to  Logic  from 
the  Standpoint  of  Education,  2/6  net, 

Macmillan 

A    book   for   teachers,    describing   the   main 

aspects    of    the   processes    involved    in    thinking. 

The  exercises  deal  as  far  as  possible  with  problems 

arising  out  of  schoolwork. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Diwans  (The)  of  'Abid  Ibn  Al-Abras,of  Asad,  and 
'Amir  Ibn  At-Tufail,  of  'Amir  Ibn  Sa'sa'ah, 
edited  for  the  First  Time  from  the  MS.  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  supplied  with  a  Transla- 
tion and  Notes,  by  Sir  Charles  Lyall.  Luzac 
The  two  Arabic  Diwans  in  this  book  are  from 

a  manuscript  transcribed  in  the  fifth  century  of 

the  Hijrah,  and  acquired  by  the  British  Museum 

in    1907.      There    is    an    Index    of    Words.     The 

volume  is  one  of  the  "  E.  J.  W.  Gibb  Memorial  " 

Series. 

Hamdu'lhih  Mustawfi-1-Qazwini  Ta'rikh-1-Guzida, 

Vol.   II.    (Abridged   Translation    and    Indices), 

by  E.  G.  Browne  and  R,  A.  Nicholson.  Luzac 

Another  of  the  "  E.  J.  W.  Gibb  Memorial" 

Series. 

Simplified  Spelling,  an  Appeal  to  Common 
Sense,  6d.  Simplified  Spelling  Society 

A  third  edition. 

Thucydides,  Book  VI.,  edited  by  Charles  Forster 
Smith,  "  College  Series  of  Greek  Authors,"  6/6 

Ginn 
This  edition  is  based  on  Steup's  revision  of 

Classen's     edition,     published    in    Berlin,     1905. 

Mr.  Smith  writes  an  Introduction,  and  there  are 

foot-notes,  Appendix,  Indexes,  and  maps. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Butler  (F.  W.  Robertson),  Puritanism  in  the 
Poetical  Works  of  Milton,  2/6  net. 

Hunter  <te  Longhurst 
A  study  of  the  influence  of  Puritanism  on  the 
poet, 

De  Selincourt  (Basil),  Walt  Whitman,  a  Critical 
Study,  7/6  net.  Seeker 

The  author's  aim  has  been  "  to  lay  stress 
on  aspects  of  the  subject  which  court,  misunder- 
standing or  have  received  relatively  little  atten- 
tion hitherto."  Among  the  subjects  he  deals 
with  are  '  The  Problem  of  the  Form,'  '  Style,'  and 
'  Democracy  and  the  Individual,' 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Bewsher    (Fred    W.),    Exercises     in     English, 

including    Dictation,    Reproduction,    Analysis, 

Parsing,   Classification,  Synonyms,  Meaning  of 

Words,  &c,  with  Explanation  of  Methods  and 

Grammatical  Terms,   1/  net.  Bell 

This  book,  intended  for  pupils  preparing  for 

the  London  Matriculation  and  other  examinations, 

consists    of    passages    from    well-known    English 

writers,  followed  by  questions  on  grammar. 


Children's  Shakespeare  (The):    Henry  V.,  id. 

.Macmillan 

Containing  scenes  from  the  play  arranged  as 

a  continuous   Reader,  with  introductory  remarks 

to  each  scene,  foot-notes,  questions,  and  exercises 

in  composition. 

David  (Rev.  W.  H.),  First  Steps  in  German 
Composition,  1/6  Oxford  University  Press 

A  book  for  beginners,  containing  graded 
exercises  in  simple  composition,  with  notes  to 
each. 

Dietrich  von  Bern,  adapted  from  the  German 
Saga,  and  edited  by  A.  E.  Wilson,  1   0 

Oxford  University  Press 
The   text   has    been   adapted    from    Schalk's 
'  Deutsche    Heldensagen.'    and    is    followed    by 
notes,  Questionnaire,  and  Vocabularies. 

Hoskyn    (E.    L.),    More    Pictures    of   British 

History,  1/6  Black 

A  companion  volume  to  '  Pictures  of  British 

History-'     More   than   half   the    illustrations   are 

in  colour. 

Kirkman  (F.  B.),  Soirees  chez  les  Pascal. 

Black 
An  illustrated  reading-book  for  children, 
intended  to  provide  a  means  for  creating  an  early 
interest  in  French  literature.  It  is  to  be  regarded 
as  a  story-book,  and  was  designed  primarily  for 
those  who  have  reached  the  third  part  of  the 
author's  '  Premiere  Annee  de  Francais.' 

Source  Book  (A)  of  London  History,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  1800,  edited  by  P.  Meadows, 
1/6  net.  Bell 

These  extracts,  selected  mostly  from  con- 
temporary sources,  are  arranged  chronologically, 
with  introductory  remarks  to  each,  and  reproduced 
in  modern  spelling. 

Usherwood  (T.  S.)  and  Trimble  (C.  J.  A.),  Prac- 
tical Mathematics  for  Technical  Students, 
Part  I.,  3/6  Macmillan 

The  authors  deal  only  with  those  parts  of 

mathematics  which  seem  to  them  to  be  useful  in 

practical  work. 

Wetherill  (H.  B.),  The  World  and  its  Dis- 
covery, a  Description  of  the  Continents  out- 
side Europe,  based  on  the  Stories  of  their 
Explorers,  3/6  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

These  stories  of  exploration  and  discovery  are 
intended  to  supplement  the  ordinary  textbook 
of  geography  in  lower  and  middle  forms. 

FICTION. 

Bailey  (H.  C),  The  Sea  Captain,  6/  Methuen 
This  story  presents  an  Elizabethan  sea 
captain  who  seeks  adventures  as  well  as  mer- 
chandise. His  voyages  take  him  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  bring  him  into  contact  with 
Moorish  corsairs. 

Bain  (F.  W.),  In  the  Great  God's  Hatr,  trans- 
lated from  the  Original  MS.,  "  Riccardi  Press 
Books,"  120/  net  per  set.  Lee  Warner 

Another  of  Mr.  Bain's  Indian  stories  in  this 

series. 

Benson  (E.  F.),  Dodo,  a  Detail  of  the  Day,  Id. 

Methuen 
A  cheap  reprint.     See  Alhen.,  July  22,  1893, 
p.  126. 

Castle  (Agnes  and  Egerton),  The  Golden  Bar- 
rier, 6/  -Methuen 
A  rich  heiress  marries  a  comparatively  poor 
man  who  has  been  acting  for  some  time  as  her 
agent.  Difficulties  arise  between  their  two 
masterful  temperaments,  but  the  inevitable  end 
required  by  a  novel  of  this  genre  constitutes  a 
suitable  reconciliation. 

Cervantes  Saavedra  (Miguel  de),  That  Imagina- 
tive Gentleman,  Don  Quijote  de  la  Mancha, 
translated  into  English  by  Robinson  Smith, 
Second  Edition,  7/6  net.  Routledge 

For  this  edition  the  author  has  written  a  new 
life  of  Cervantes.  There  are,  too,  foot-notes  and 
Appendixes.  The  short  stories  of  the  first  issue 
have  been  excluded  from  the  translation. 

Chase  (Beatrice),  The  Heart  of  the  Moor,  6/ 

Herbert  Jenkins 
A   Dartmoor   book,   in   which  the  plot  plays 
a  subsidiary  part  to  the  atmosphere. 

Gibbs  (Philip),  The  Custody  of  the  Child,  6/ 

Hutchinson 
A  bnok  on  the  question  of  divorce,  and  especi- 
ally on  the  child  of  divorced  parents.  The  sub- 
ject is  dealt  with  from  the  child's  point  of  view 
as  he  grows  to  manhood  and  is  oppressed  by  the 
doubts  and  problems  of  his  position. 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  10U 


Til  E     ATI!  KX.ETM 


273 


Green  (E.  Everett,  BARBED  \\  nu:.  <; 

Stanley    Paul 

The  heroine)  having  been  robbed  ol  a  fortune 
which  she  had  made  by  gambling,  steals  clothes 
from  a  friend  in  order  to  win  back  the  favour  of 
her  wealthy  grandfather,     she  ultimately  inherits 

his  fortune,  and   marries  the  man  whom  she  had 
formerly  hated. 

Gubbins    (Herberts    Tuk    K.i.imk    of    Lite  ;     OR, 
8905  A.D..  a  Novel  of  the  Par  Future,  >; 

Drane 
A  study  ol  the  future  imbued  with  a  scien- 
tific atmosphere. 

Hewlett     (Maurice),     Hai.kw.vy      BoTJSB ;      The 

QUERN'S    QUATB  :     OPEM    Coextuy  ;     Hun.UiU 

XI   v-axd-Nay  :      Little     Novels     OF     ITALY, 

7</.  net  each.  Macmillan 

Reissues  in  a  well-known  Beries. 

Hutchinson  (Horace),  The  Eu;ht  ok  Diamonds, 

ii  llutehinson 

The  story  of  a  week-end  house-party  at 
■which  a  man  of  weak  character  cheats  at  cards. 
In  order  to  shield  the  cheat's  wife  another  man 
takes  the  blame,  but  the  affair  is  eventually 
cleared  up  satisfactorily. 

Inchbold  (A.  C),  Love  ix  a  Thirsty  Land   ii 

Chat  to  A:  Windus 
The  heroine  is  a  young  French  girl  whose 
people  refuse  to  acknowledge  her  lover  while  her 
elder  sister  is  Mill  unmarried.  She  is  sent  away 
and  moved  from  convent  to  convent,  with  the 
hero  and  an  American  lady  journalist  in  pursuit. 
Many  of  the  scenes  are  laid  in  Palestine. 

Kester  (Vaughan),  Johx  o'  Jamestown,  6/ 

llodder  &  Stoughton 

A   seventeenth-century    romance    concerning 

the  founding  of  Virginia,  in  the  course  of  which 

highway  robbers,  Indians,  and  the  separation  of 

lovers  are  important  features. 

Montgomery  (L.  M.),  The  Golden  Road,  6/ 

Cassell 

8    me  young   people  wl  ile  away   a    Canadian 

winter  by  running  a  magazine  among  themselves, 

and   a   few  pretty   tales   are   the   results   of  their 

enterprise. 

Palmer  (John  K.),  From  Darkxess  to  Light,  G/ 

Drane 
A  story  of  domestic  life,  with  a  love-interest 
and  a  religious  atmosphere. 

Penrose  (Mrs.  H.  H.),  Blent  Flax,  6/ 

.Mills  &  Boon 
This  novel  tells  of  the  troublous  times 
experienced  in  the  West  of  Ireland  in  the  early 
eighties  during  the  initiation  of  the  Land  League 
agitation.  Mi's.  Penrose  details  the  cause  and 
me  of  the  discontent,  and  shows  how  easily 
the  professional  propagandist  inflamed  the  minds 
of  the  peasantry  against  the  landlords  ;  the  super- 
stitious failings  of  the  latter  are  generouslv  dealt 
with. 

Perrin  (Alice  ,  The  Happy  Hunting  Ground,  6/ 

Methuen 
Another    of    Mrs.    Perrin's    tales    of    Anglo- 
Indian  life,  pr.  sent  in-;  the  situation  of  a  girl  who 
is  Sent   to  India  to  find  a  husband. 

Rutherford  (C),  The  Blazing  Stab,  6 

Krskine  Macdonald 
A   romance  dealing  with  the  reality  of  con- 
stancy in  love.     The  story  opens  with  a  dispute 
a    knight    and    a    minstrel,    the    latter 
that   constancy  in  love  is  only  a   poet's 
In   the  end   the   knight    proves  his   point 
love   for   a    forest    maid,    and    his 

ttempl    to  save   her  from   the   passionate 

f  tie    fierce  Lord  of  Montsau\ 

Selected     English     Short     Stories,     Nineteenth 

n-i'.Y,     "The     World's    Class  Pocket 

1     let.  Oxford   I'nive   -it  V  P 

This  selection  aim-  at    being  representative 

work  of  th<-  kind  in  the  nineteenth 

l  includes  stone,  by  Wflham  Morn-. 

Meredith,  and  George  Gissing.      Tie-  Bcope 

of  the  volume  om  Sir  Walter  Scott  to 

Hubert  Crackanthoi  | 

Smith  (Essex),  SHHPHKRDxaee  Shbbp,  >.       Unwin 

This    tale,    whirl)    begins    with    a    J I  yde    I'ark 

Cor  ■  lei-  and  his  audiences  in  the  Park, 

concerns  a  mission   with  the  hero  a,  one  of  the 
chief    iet.,is,  and  deals  with  numerous  pi 
London  life. 

Trent  (Paul ,  Max  LooAJr,  Ward  <J 

A  story  of  a  duel  between  two  financiers,  the 
elder  having  been  ti.  ,f  the  min  and  death 

of    the    rounger    mar,',    father.     Between    them 
Stands   the   former,    daughter,    who   at    one   time 
conspires   with   her   father   to   effed    her  !•••. 
ruin. 


Vance  (Louis  Joseph),  Tin:  Day  of  DAY8,  8 

(Irani    Kichards 
Deals  with  the  sudden  and  transitory  plunge 
into  prosperity  and   Society  of  the   hero,  who,  the 
evening  before,  is  at   work  in  an  ollice. 

Wayfarer's     Library:       Running      Water,     by 
A.    K.    W.    Mason  ;     Tin:    PROFESSOR'S    LEGACY, 

by  .Mis.  Sidgwick ;    Shrewsbury,  by  Stanley 

Weyman  ;  The  DEFENDANT,  by  (1.  K.  Chester- 
ton :  Tut':  Astonishing  Bistory  of  Troy 
Town,  by  sir  a.  T.  Quiller-Couch,  1    net  each. 

Dent 

Five  of  the  first  volumes  of  the  "  Wayfarer's 

Library,"  which  is  to  represent  the  "  lighter-  Held 

of   modern   literature."     Each   book   contains   a 

title-page  and  frontispiece  in  colours,  a  bookmark, 
and  specially  designed  end-papers. 

Weyman  (Stanley  J.),  A  Gentleman  of  France, 
"id.  Nelson 

A  cheap  reprint.  See  Athen.,  Dec.  30,  1893, 
p.  900. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Architectural  Association  Journal,  February. 

1  8,  Tuft  on  Street .  West  minster' 
Includes  a  paper  on  '  Bourges  Cathedral,'  by 
Mr.  A.  S.  (i.  Butler,  and  '  Some  .Notes  on  Egypt,' 
by  -Mr.  Palmer  Jones. 

English  Review,  February,  1/  net.  Dixon 

Mr.  IL  G.  Wells  continues  his  novel  '  The 
World  Set  Free,'  and  the  articles  include  '  El 
Tango  Argent-ino,'  by  Mr.  R.  15.  Cunningham e 
Graham,  and  '  The  White  Slave  in  America. ' 
by  Mr.  Brand  Wbitlock,  -Mayor  of  Toledo. 
There  are  several  poems. 

Herald  of  the  Star,  February,  Bd. 

19,  Tavistock  Square,  W.C. 
Mis.  Besant  continues  her  series  of  papers 
on  '  Ideals  of  the  Future.'  Other  articles  are 
"  Life,  and  Life  More  Abundantly.'  by  Mr.  George 
Lansbury  ;  '  Leaves  and  Lives,'  by  Prof.  O. 
Penzig  ;  and  '  The  Religious  Problem  of  the 
Order  of  the  Star  in  the  East,'  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Wodehouse. 

Life-Boat,  February,  3d. 

National  Life-Boat  Inst. 
Containing  an  account  of  '  Some  Heroes  of 
1913,'  a  table  showing  the  various  motor-life-boats 
now  on  the  coast  or  being  constructed,  and  news 
of  the  Life-boat  service  in  the  L'nited  Kingdom 
and  abroad. 

Mastery,  February,  No.  2,  Gd. 

Isleworth,   New  Education  University  Centre 

This  second  number  includes  '  Love,  Marriage, 

and    Art,'    by    Mr.    Guy    Clifford    Stanley  ;     and 

Article  I.   on  '  Department  of  Experimental  and 

Applied  Psychology,'  by  Miss  Miriam  C.  Gould. 

Review  of  Reviews  for  Australasia,  January,  Gd. 

Melbourne,  John  Osborne 
The  contents  of  this  number  include  notes 
on  '  The  Progress  of  tin  World.'  a  paper  on  Earl 
Grey  by  W.  T.  Stead,  Mr.  Henry  Stead's  further 
reminiscences  of  his  father,  and  extracts  from 
articles  in  various  reviews. 

Symons's    Meteorological    Magazine,    February, 

!</.  Stanford 

Containing    reports    of    the    Royal    and    the 

Scottish  Meteorological  Societies;  '  Notes  on  the 
Cyclone  of  October'  27th.  1913,  in  Cheshire.'  by 
Mr.  A.  II.  Hignetl  :  an  obituary  notice  of  Dr.  K. 
Traill  Omoiid  ;  notes  on  t  lie  weather  and  rainfall  of 
last  January,  correspondence,  Are. 

Theosophical  Path,  February,  1/ 
California,  International  Theosophical  Headqtrs. 

The  contents  include  'The  State  of  the 
Christian  Dead.'  by  Mr.  11.  T.  Edge:  '  The 
Creative  Quality,'  by  Dr.  Lydia  Boss  :  and  'Tie 
Testimony  of  Megalithic  Monuments,'  by  Mr.  II. 

Travel,. 

GENERAL. 

Altmaier  (Car!  Lewis),  Commercial  Correspond- 
ence and  To, i\i.  Information,  :;    net. 

\|  aemillall 

A  new  and  revised  edition,  giving  informa- 
tion on  tie-  technique  of  a  business  letter,  making 
contracts  bv  mail  and  telegraph,  tiling,  indexing, 

ate. 

Curtin   (Philips   NOTED   MURDER   Ml  .   7/0 

net .  Simpkin   .V.    Mai  -hall 

Studies  of  various  murder  mysteries,  includ- 
ing 1b'  Mr.  Bravo,  Mane  Lafarge,  and 
Madeleine  Smil  h. 

Eddy     (George    Sherwoodi,    Tin:     Nrw      ERA     IN 

a-ia.  British  edition,  edited  by  Basil  A.  ">  ■ 

lee,  '■'•  6  oi  t.  oiipliant.  Anderson  a  Ferrier 

\    1 1 1 1 1 >  of  t  hi-  recent  religious,  political,  and 

I  changi     m    \  i.i,  < n<l i rix  with  a  chapter  on 

'  Tie-  New  Era  in  World  Mi    ion  . 


Hicks  (Ada),  Garment  CoN8TRU<  tmn  in  Schools, 

I  8  Macmillan 

\  manual  of  method  in  teaching  needlework 

in  elementary  schools,  with  diagrams,  illustra- 
tions, directions,  ami  measurements,  lor  _ 1 1 I s  of 
about  8  to  ii  years  old. 

Methodist  Who  'sWho,  191  I.  8/8  net,    C.  II.  Kelly 
Containing   over   -'ioi)  pages  of    biographies, 
with  some  introductory  pages  giving  information 
on  the  various  branches  of  .Methodism. 

National    Brotherhood    Council,     The    CAMPAIGN 

Handbook:   To  Evert.  Man  in  England,  6d. 

Brotherhood  Publishing  Bouse 

\   statement   of  the  aims  and   method,  of  tie' 
lil'ot  herhooil    Mot  enielit  . 

Singh    (Saint    Nihal),    Japan's    Modernization, 

•'.Manuals   f,,i    Christian   Thinkers,,''    1/   net. 

C.  II.   Kelly 
A  study  of  the  recent  development  ol  Japan 

and    the    problems    that     face    it,    with    a    selected 

Bibliography. 

Singh  (Saint  Nihal),  Progressive  Brittbb  India, 

••Manuals  for  Christian  Thinkers,"    1;   int. 

C.  II.   Kelly 

The  author  traces  the  intellectual,  economic, 

religious,    social,    ami    political    development   of 

India  since  t  lie    British    occupation,    and    gives   a 

selected  Bibliography. 

Sintram,  Herb  Moly  and  Heartsease,  l     net. 

( lhapman  A.  Hall 
An  allegory,  written  in  the  lirst  person  and 
based  on  an  incident  in  the  story  of  Odysseus. 
While  at  a  University  which  is,  the  author  says, 
••  in  many  ways  like  the  island  of  Circe,"  In- 
engaged  in  a  fruitless  search  for-  an  indefinable 
something  :  in  later  life  he  received  in  a  vision  a 
sprig  of  moly  from  Hermes,  and  found  it  gave  not 
heartsease,  but   the  patience  to  endure. 

Williams  (Graeme),  Wonders  of  Land  and  Sea, 
10/6  net.  Cassell 

This  book  is  divided  into  live  sections  :  '  On 
the  Land,'  'In  the  Underworld,'  'On  Hie  Sea,' 
'  In  the  Depths,'  and  '  Man  and  Progress,'  each 
with  subdivisions,  '  Natural'  and  '  Artificial.' 
The  contributors  include  Sir  II.  II.  Johnston, 
Mr.  Grahanie-YVhite.  Mr.  Frank  Bullen,  and  Dr. 
E.  A.  Baker.  There  are  numerous  illustrations, 
some  of  which  are  in  colour. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Religious   Aspect   (The)   of   Home   Rule   and   the 
Ulster  Problem,  by  I!.  J.  s..  ::-/. 

Dublin.  Banna  .v  Neale 
The  author's  advocacy  of   Home   Rule  rests 
on    his    belief   that    it    will   le  sen    the    influence  of 
Roman  Catholic  priests  in  secular  affairs. 

SCIENCE. 

Brown  (Harold),  Rubber:    its  Sources,  Culti- 
vation,   and    1'itEi'AKATiox,    ■■  Imperial    Insti- 
tute  Handbook,.''  (i     net.  John  Murray 
An    account    of    tie-    present     position    of    the 
production  of  rubber,   with  special   reference  to 
West    Africa,    written    for   the   student,    plani 
manufacturer,    and    merchant.     There    are    illus- 
tration-,  ami    a    Preface    by    Dr.    Wyndham    '!• 

I  linistan. 

Heller    (Edmund),     Fori;     New    SUBSPECTES    OF 

Large  Mammals  prom  Equatorial  a \. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  lest. 
\     paper    desi  ;  I  he     new     subspecies 

Hippopotamus  amphibius   kiboko,    Phacochoerus 
ofricanus   bufo,  Equus  quagga  euninghamei, 
(  roriit  a  crocuta  Bsi. 

Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India,  Vol. 
\  II II.  Pari  I.,  i'  8  Paul 

i  Consists  "i"     Indian  Geological  Terminoli 
by  Sir-  Thomas  II.  Eolland  and  Mi.  G.  II.  Tipper. 

Ogilvie  (Alexander i,  LppLlCATlONe  cm 

fob  Non-Technk  \i    Readers,  "The  People's 

Books,"  ii-/.  net.  Jack 

\n  elementary    textbook  setting  forth  some 

of  tie-  mole  common  applications  of  electricity. 

Technical   detail    ha,    been   avoided    as   m  .    i    a, 

pOSSil  le,  and  tie-  text   i,  din-' ra  t .-- !  Willi  di  I 

Rolleston  (J.  D.i,  The  Mi  di<  ul   \-i  i  i  rHB 

Greer    Vntholoi  t.  Bale 

'flu,  pai  ■  I    from  the  P 

ot  the  Royal  Societj  "i  Medicine,  \  "I.  vii. 

Sheppard     (8.     E.  ,     I'm        I  rt- 

Bool     of  PI  I  hetnistr)  -      i 

An  ate,, nnt   of  the  modern  d<  relop 

phi  ■'  •  ■  I  rj  . 

Skene       |  Mncprecor  ,      Who      Ii  'The 

Pi  opli       B<  CW.  net. 

\     m,ll   band : k   - 

n  it  h  I  ii,|,\,-    of  1  h  N  me   .     The 

I  with  d  and  din 


274 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


Stieglitz  (Julius),  The  Elements  of  Qualitative 

Chemical  Analysis,  with  .Special  Consideration 

of  the  Application  of  the  Laws  of  Equilibrium 

and    of     the    Modern    Theories    of     Solution, 

2  vols.,  6/  net  each.  Bell 

The    first    volume    deals    with    fundamental 

chemical  principles  and  their  application  to  the 

subject-matter  of  elementary  qualitative  analysis  ; 

the  second  volume  i<  a  laboratory  manual,  covering 

the  study  of  analytical  reactions,  and  giving  an 

outline  for  elementary  systematic  analysis. 

St.  Mars  (F.),  Feuds  of  the  Furtive  Folk,  5/ 

net.  Heath  &  Cranton 

Sketches  of  animal  life  in  quiet  places  where 

each  lives  in   continual  fear  of  his  foes.     There 

are  coloured  illustrations  by  Mr.  Walter  Starmer. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Bell  (C.  F.),  Drawings  by  the  Old  Masters  in 
the  Library  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  an 
Alphabetical  List  of  the  Artists  represented  in 
the  Collection  (Mounted  Series),  2/6  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

This  index  is  abstracted  from  the  detailed 

manuscript    catalogue   in    the    Library,    and   the 

volume    contains   reproductions   of   one   hundred 

and  twenty-five  of  the  most  interesting  works. 

Bell  (Clive),  Art,  5/  net.  Chatto  &  Windus 

See  p.  280. 

Bell  (Mrs.  Arthur),  Architecture,  "  The  People's 

Books,"  6d.  net.  Jack 

A  handbook  defining  the  distinctive  features 

of  the  architecture  of  ancient  races  and  of  modern 

Europe. 

Foster  (William),  A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
the  Paintings,  Statues,  &c,  in  the  India 
Office,  Fourth  Edition,  1/ 

Eyre  &  Spottiswoode 

This  catalogue  describes  477  items,  273  more 

than  those  enumerated  in  the  first  edition  of  1893. 

Van  Pelt  (John  V.),  The  Essentials  of  Com- 
position as  Applied  to  Art,  7  /6  net. 

Macmillan 
A  new  and  rewritten    edition  of  the  author's 
'  Discussion  of  Composition,'  in  which  attention 
has  been  paid  to  the  advances  made  by  science. 

MUSIC. 

Sharp  (Cecil  J,),  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream 
Songs  and  Incidental  Music,  arranged  and 
composed  for  Granville  Barker's  Production 
at  the  Savoy  Theatre,  January,  1914,  1/6  net. 

Simpkin  &  Marshall 
Includes  Mr.  Sharp's  plea  for  the  folk-music 
he  has  used  for  the  Savoy  production,  as  well  as 
the  arrangements  of  the  songs  and  dances. 

DRAMA. 

Middleton  (George),  Nowadays,  a  Contempora- 
neous Comedy,  6/  net  Bell 
A  Feminist  play  with  an  American  setting. 
The  author  has  sought  "  to  reflect  some  spirit  of 
the  moment  as  expressed  in  the  shifting  standards 
of  man  and  woman  in  relation  to  each  other." 

Morse  (Northrop),  Peach  Bloom. 

New  York,  '  Medical  Review  of  Reviews  ' 

A  play  in  four  acts  dealing  with  the  question 

of  commercialized  vice  and  the  ignorance  of  girls. 

Trevelyan  (R.  C),  The  New  Parsifal,  3/6  net. 

Chiswick  Press 
A  modern  skit  with  a  classical  and  Wagnerian 
background. 

FOREIGN. 

THEOLOGY. 

Hackmann     (H.),     Religionen     und     Heilige 

Schrlften.  Berlin,  Karl  Curtius 

This    inaugural    lecture    was    delivered    last 

December   by   the    Professor   of   the   History    of 

Religion  in  the  University  of  Amsterdam. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Maugny  (Comte  de),  Clnquante  Ans  de  Souvenirs. 

1859-1909,  3fr.  50  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

The  author  of  these  reminiscences  has  played 

an    interesting    part    in    contemporary    history, 

and  this  "  revue  "  deals  with  many  phases  of  his 

career.     There  is  a  Preface  by  M.  Rene  Doumic. 

Plutarque,    Les    Vies    des  Hommes  Illustres, 

traduites  du  Grec  par  Amyot,  Vol.  I.,  "  Edition 

Lutetia."  Paris,  Nelson 

Includes     an     Introduction     by     M.     Emile 

Faguet,  six  of  the  Lives,  and  a  Glossary. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Perret  (Robert),  La  Geographie  de  Terre- 
Neuve,  lOfr.  Paris,  E.  Guilmoto 

A  comprehensive  study  of  the  subject,  and 
for  the  purpose  of  writing  it  the  author  spent  a 
summer  in  "  Terre-Neuve."  There  is  a  large 
Bibliography,  and  a  Preface  by  M.  Marcel  Dubois. 
The  illustrations  are  a  notable  feature  of  the  book. 


LITERARY  CRITICISM. 

Bossert  (A.),  Essais  de  Litterature  Francaise 
et  Allemande,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Hachette 

French  literature  is  here  represented  by 
essays  which  include  '  Louis  Ramond '  and 
'  Auguste  Comte  et  Celestin  de  Blignieres,'  and 
German  by  accounts  of  '  Un  Salon  Allemand  '  and 
'  Hugo  de  Hofmannsthal.' 

Pellissier  (Georges),  Shakespeare  et  la  Super- 
stition Shakespearienne,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Hachette 
The  writer  herein  takes  the  view  that  the 
poet's  faults  offend,  not  only  the  national  taste 
of  France,  but  also,  in  a  slightly  more  cosmo- 
politan sense,  truth  and  nature,  "  au  nom  des- 
quelles  on  pretend  l'admirer  comme  le  dieu  du 
theatre." 

FICTION. 

Acker     (Paul),     Les     Demoiselles     Bertram, 

3fr.  50.  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

The   story    of   three   poor   sisters,    in   which 

their  dreams  and  hopes  are  confronted  by  stern 

realities. 

Constant  (Benjamin),  Adolphe,  1/  net. 

London,  Dent;   Paris,  Cres 
One    of    the    "  Collection    Gallia,"    with    an 
Introduction  by  M.  Paul  Bourget. 
Frapie  (Leon),  L'Ecoliere,  et  Autres  Contes,  1/ 

Nelson 
The  other  stories  of  this   collection  include 
'  La    Menagere,'    '  Les   Deux   Pauvres,'    and    '  Le 
Sergent  de  Ville.' 

Vicard  (Antoine),  Au  Pays  des  Volcans  Morts, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Payot 

A  collection  of  short  stories  in  which  elements 
of  romance  and  travel  are  mingled. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  16  Fevrler,  lfr.  50. 

Paris,  '  Mercure  de  France  ' 
The  contents  include '  Poesies,'  by  M.  Alphonse 
Meterie,  and  '  Utilite  de  1'Observation  des  Insectes,' 
by  M.  V.  Cornetz. 

Revue  Critique  (La),  Fevrier,  lfr. 

Paris,  155,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 

Includes  articles  on  '  Sur  le  Programme  des 

Neo-classiques,'   by  M.   Henri  Clouard,  and   '  Ni 

Fleurs  ni  Couronnes  :    Marie-Georges  Picquart  et 

Francis  de  PressenseY  by  M.  Henry  de  Bruchard. 

Vie  des  Lettres,  Janvier,  3fr. 

Paris-Neuilly,  20  Rue  de  Chartres 
This  number  includes  poetry  by  M.  Frederic 
Mistral  and  Nicolas  Beauduin,  and  studies  by  Louis 
Pierard  on  '  Le  Poete  et  le  Peuple  '  and  A.  de 
Bersaucourt  on  '  La  Promenade  avec  Tristan 
Corbiere.' 

FINE    ARTS. 

Lavedan    (Pierre),    Leonard    Limosin    et    les 
FjMAILleurs  Francais.  Paris,  Renouard 

One  of  the  series  of  "  Les  Grands  Artistes," 
for  which  the  author  has  made  a  special  study  of 
enamels.  Thei;e  are  photographs  of  examples  in 
the  Louvre,  Cluny,  and  other  collections. 

Ruskin    (John),    Les    Peintres    Modernes,    Le 

Paysage,    Traduction    et    Annotations    par    E. 

Cammaerts.  Paris,  H.  Laurens 

This  translation  of  the  chief  passages  from 

'  Modern    Painters  '    is    accompanied    by   sixteen 

illustrations. 

DRAMA. 

Schure  (Edouard),  La  Druidesse,  precedee  d'une 

fitude     sur     le     Reveil     de     l'Ame      Celtique, 

3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

The  play  concerns  the  last  struggle  of  the 

Gauls  against   Rome  under  Vespasian. 


'  ODD  NUMBERS.' 

Park  View,  Gerrard's  Cross,  Bucks, 
Feb.  12, 1914. 

May  I  be  allowed  to  correct  a  slight  mis- 
statement in  your  notice  of  my  new  book, 
'  Odd  Numbers,'  which  appeared  in  your 
issue  of  Feb.  7th  ?  In  what  you  describe  as 
'  a  collection  of  satiric  and  epigrammatic 
verses  "  there  are  more  than  fifty  pieces 
which  are  neither  epigrammatic  nor  satirical. 
I  have  used  the  name  '  Robert  Calignoc  " 
for  ten  years  past  without  being  aware  that 
it  was  the  equivalent  of  "  Rog.  Bacon 
l'ecrit,"  so  that,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the 
word,  there  is  no  question  of  a  cryptogram 
here.  It  is  merely  a  discovery.  There  are, 
however,  cryptograms  running  right  through 
the  book,  as  indicated  in  the  Preface. 

Robert  Calignoc. 


CANON  AUGUSTUS  JESSOPR 

Canon  Augustus  Jessopp,  who  died  on 
Thursday  week  last  at  the  age  of  90,  had 
of  late  been  in  retirement.  In  1911  he  gave 
up  his  living  of  Seaming  in  Norfolk,  and  his 
library  was  sold,  together  with  the  letters  he 
received  from  George  Meredith. 

Educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, he  took  an  ordinary  degree,  and  held 
a  curacjr  in  Cambridgeshire  for  six  years. 
This  he  left  for  the  headmastership  of  Helston 
Grammar  School,  and  after  four  years  there 
became  in  1859  head  master  of  Bang  Ed- 
ward VI. 's  School,  Norwich.  Here  he  won 
the  regard  of  Meredith,  and  was  entrusted 
with  the  care  of  his  son  Arthur.  In  1879  he 
became  rector  of  Seaming,  and  it  was  mainly 
as  a  country  parson  that  he  wrote  his 
successful  articles  and  books.  For  several 
years  he  was  an  Atkenceum  reviewer,  and  he 
contributed  to  our  columns  '  An  Antiquary's 
Ghost  Story,'  which  attracted  a  good  deal  of 
attention  then,  and  later  in  book-form. 

There  was  nothing  of  the  schoolmaster 
(if  scholasticism  means  pedantry)  in  his 
books,  which  won  their  way  by  an  easy  and 
attractive  style,  as  well  as  their  entry  into 
fields  of  research  not  so  crowded  as  they  are 
nowadays.  He  wrote  both  on  local  history 
and  the  life  of  his  time  and  neighbourhood, 
and  on  history  of  a  larger  scope,  especially 
on  the  religious  side.  His  '  Arcady  for 
Better,  for  Worse,'  and  '  Trials  of  a  Country 
Parson,'  were  the  kind  of  literature  which 
A.  K.  H.  B.  provided  for  an  earlier  genera- 
tion of  readers,  done,  however,  in  an  easier 
style,  and  with  some  exaggerations  which, 
if  they  added  piquancy,  did  not  fail  to  arouse 
dissent. 

His  comments  concerning  Arcady  came  as 
a  revelation  on  the  huddled  existence  which 
leads  to  profligacy,  on  religion  and  super- 
stition and  education,  the  last  illustrated  by 
the  little  girl  who,  living  within  a  stone's 
throw  of  a  house  which  belonged  to  Nelson's 
father,  was  asked  about  the  great  admiral, 
and  promptly  replied,  "Please,  sir,  we  only 
do  nouns  and  adjectives  ;  we  have  not  got 
into  verbs." 

His  '  One  Generation  of  a  Norfolk  House,' 
dealing  with  a  Walpole  of  the  Elizabethan 
period,  was  a  labour  of  love  on  which  he 
spent  many  years.  Though  free  from 
fanaticism,  Protestant  or  Papal,  he  showed 
his  warm  interest  in  the  career  of  a  sixteenth- 
century  controversialist,  missioner,  and 
martyr.  In  this  book  Dr.  Jessopp  did  much 
to  correct  the  popular  view  of  the  history  of 
England  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries.  His  '  Coming  of  the  Friars  '  and 
'  Before  the  Great  Pillage  '  similarly  were 
well  calculated  to  remove  misconceptions 
due  to  violent  prejudice  of  one  sort  or 
another.  He  analyzes,  for  instance,  in  the 
latter  book  the  genesis  and  growth  of  the 
parish  in  the  Middle  Ages,  the  position  of  the 
priest,  and  the  sources  of  parish  property, 
and  he  applies  learning  tempered  by  common 
sense  to  the  controversy  concerning  Dis- 
establishment. The  volume  of  stray  papers 
called  '  Frivola  '  suggests  the  defects  of  Dr. 
Jessopp's  good  qualities.  Learned,  moder- 
ate, and  sprightly,  he  occasionally  let  his  pen 
run  away  with  him,  and  was  too  fond  of 
semi-humorous  comment.  History,  how- 
ever, is  of  little  use  unless  it  is  read,  and  Dr. 
Jessopp's  bright  work  probably  brought 
more  of  it  to  the  average  man  than  a  whole 
host  of  unreadable  monographs. 

Genial  in  manner,  with  a  fine  face  and 
voice,  and  genuinely  sympathetic,  Dr. 
Jessopp  won  a  host  of  friends,  especially  in 
literary  circles.  Meredith  bears  witness  in 
his  Letters  to  the  happiness  of  long  intimacy 
with  him  and  his  wife. 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21.  1914 


THE     ATHENvKUM 


27;") 


THE     CASE     FOR     A     CO-OPERATIVE 
REVIEW. 

If  imaginative  literature  is  in  a  satis- 
factory position  in  this  and  other  English- 
speaking  countries,  any  attempt  to  strengthen 
or  improve   it.  would    be  superfluous  :    but 

it  its  position  is  precarious  ;  it'  novelist  and 
poet  are  unlike  uncertain,  not  regarding  the 
quality  of  their  work,  but  as  to  the  recep- 
tion  it   will   be   accorded  ;     if   criticism    of 

imaginative  literature  lias  become  chaotic  ; 
it'  intending  readers  are  bewildered  by  con- 
flicting pronouncements,  so  that,  while  they 
deliberate  as  to  which  is  reliable,  the  books 
under  consideration  are  pushed  aside  by 
more  bustling  successors,  then  something 
may  be  done  to  meet  existing  dangers. 

We  have  a  multitude  of  good  writers 
working  busily,  and  producing,  in  some 
cases,  admirable  results  ;  many  novelists  are 
making  a  great  deal  of  money  by  their 
books  ;  nevertheless,  the  whole  art  is  in  an 
insecure  and  undignified  position.  If  poets 
and  novelists  aspire  either  to  gain  real  emi- 
nence, or  to  maintain  themselves  on  such 
eminence  a<  they  have  attained,  it  is  in- 
cumbent on  them  to  consider  existing  condi- 
tions, and  to  discuss  what  devolves  on  them 
for  self-protection. 

There  is  no  trade,  profession,  or  associa- 
tion, of  anything  like  the  numerical  strength 
possessed  by  producers  of  imaginative  litera- 
ture, that  is  without  any  periodical  mouth- 
piece of  its  own.  Authors  seem  to  think 
that  if  they  produce  books,  other  sections 
of  the  community  will  devote  the  necessary 
time  and  attention  to  classify  and  duly 
reward  these.  But  other  sections  of  the 
community  have  their  own  interests,  usually 
of  an  absorbing  kind,  to  attend  to,  and 
while  the  author  is  waiting  for  the  verdict 
of  his  generation,  his  work  passes  into  the 
limbo  of  forgotten  things.  When  an  author 
comes  into  the  open  to  fight  single-handed 
for  his  work,  his  prestige  suffers  :  his  ad- 
mirers are  sorry  to  see  him  gain  that  form 
of  prominence.  If  authors  had  a  review  of 
their  own,  for  the  discussion  of  what  is 
impersonal,  as  well  as  what  is  personal,  in 
connexion  with  their  art — a  co-operative 
publication,  owned  and  financed  by  them- 
selves— the  present  regrettable  methods 
irted  to  by  some  authors  for  the  purpose 
of  attracting  general  attention  would  fall 
into  disuse  ;  fine  work  would  be  proudly 
acclaimed  by  fine  writers,  and  imaginative 
literature — the  oldest  art  in  the  world,  and 
the    most     influential — would    take    its    de- 

rved    place    in    the    recognition    and    the 

I  nt  the  community. 
(  ould  anything  be  more  serio-comic  than 
the  present  habit  of  advertising  novels  as 
certain  to  be  attractive  and  excellent 
because  they  are  the  work  of  new  authors  ? 
It  would  be  as  reasonable  to  advertise  a 
motor-car  as  certain  to  be  a  good  roadster 
because  it  had  been  built  by  an  apprentice. 
If  the  newness  of  the  author  is  a  merit,  then 
the  accomplished  author  will  necessarily 
be  "  old,'   even  before  he  reaches  the  zenith 

of  his  power.  Let  the  successful  men  and 
women  of  the  moment  reflect  an  instant 
on  this  suggestion. 

Reform  of  any  kind  must  come  from 
within,  if  it  is  to  be  effectual.  If  authors 
desire  to  re-establish  order  amid  the  pre- 
vailing critical  chaos,   they  must    themselves 

p  into  the  disordered  ranks  and  play 
the    music    of    the    march    which    will    mean 

advance.  It  is  not  the  business  of  news- 
papers   to    determine    literary    or    artistic 

values  ;  if  they  choose  to  spice  their  < lolumns 

with     items     from     these     Sources,     WCll     and 

good;  but  it  may  be  observed  that  the 
folly  of  fools  is  more  frequently  served  out 
to  the  genera]  reader  than  the  wisdom  of 


the  wise.  Reviews,  properly  so  called,  have 
come  to  despise  imaginative  literature  for 
obvious   reasons;     The   Athenatum   devotes 

small  space  to  fiction — to  the  loss  of  the 
novelist  and  of  the  novel-reader. 

The  late  David  Christie  Murray  told  in 
his  •  Autobiography '  an  illustrative  and 
illuminatins  story  with  regard  to  newspaper 

criticism  of  a  sister  art.  His  first  press 
appointment  was  as  musical  critic  on  a  daily 
paper.  His  musical  accomplishments  en- 
abled him  to  distinguish  between  '  God  save 
the  Queen  '  and  other  tunes  because  audi- 
ences always  rose  to  their  feet  when  the 
former  was  played  ;  nevertheless  he  went, 
notebook  in  hand,  to  report  on  musical  per- 
formances. "  I  did  my  best,"  he  says  ; 
"  I  treated  the  performer  as  a  contortionist, 
and  discussed  him  accordingly."  Performers 
were  not  satisfied,  and  at  an  early  dato  the 
critic  lost  his  appointment.  Were  a  novelist 
to  write  to  an  editor  that  his  book  had  been 
misunderstood  and  misrepresented,  his  letter 
would  certainly  not  be  made  to  serve  his 
cause,  and  it  is  very  unlikely  that  the 
reviewer  would  lose  his  "  job."  Until  poets 
and  novelists  have  a  periodical  of  their  own 
in  which  they  can  discuss  with  each  other 
all  that  bears  upon  their  work,  they  must 
remain  practically  inarticulate  and  defence- 
less. 

In  view  of  the  popular  belief  that  all 
collective  effort  on  the  part  of  writers  means 
an  attack  on  publishers,  may  I  be  permitted 
to  state  that  some  publishers  know  better  ? 
It  was  a  publisher  who  first  of  all  grasped 
what  is  contemplated  by  the  Board  of 
Authors  of  the  Lyceum  Club,  and  the  first 
offer  of  financial  assistance  to  meet  initial 
expenses  came  from  a  publisher  ;  the 
second  was  from  the  Editor  of  The  Athenaeum. 

Because  the  effort  to  establish  an  inde- 
pendent review  must  be  co-operative  to  be 
successful,  there  is  no  great  danger  of  the 
idea  being  annexed  and  exploited  by  gentle- 
men of  "  influence  "  unobservant  of  the 
boundaries  surrounding  intellectual  property 
still  in  the  nebulous  stage.  There  is  not 
much  promise  of  money  in  the  co-operative 
paper  at  first,  but  so  much  happiness  and 
honour  and  friendship  can  result  from  col- 
lective effort  for  the  general  good  of  any 
section  of  the  community,  that  I  sincerely 
commend  the  idea  to  all  who  regard  the 
story  as  the  best  source  of  pleasure,  and 
the  parable  as  the  most  effectual  medium 
of  imparting  instruction.  A  recent  issue  of 
The  Athenaeum  stated  that  the  taste  of  the 
populace  is  much  better  in  dramatic  matters 
than  the  community  itself  is  permitted  to 
believe  ;  I  would  respectfully  argue  the 
same  regarding  poetry  and  fiction.  Let 
authors  make  this  an  article  of  their  faith, 
show  their  faith  by  their  works — whether 
as  reviewers  or  writers — and  wait  with 
confidence  for  what  will  arrive. 

E.  Rentoul  Esler. 

**  *  Mrs.  Esler  sent  with  the  above  a 
covering  letter  so  kindly  appreciative  of  The 
Alhenceum  that  we  find  it  rather  difficult  to 
reconcile  it  with  her  tone  of  somewhat  severe 
upbraiding.  We,  at  any  rate,  need  not  plead 
giulty  to  "despising  imaginative  litera- 
ture"; a  score  of  columns  which  we  have 
already  devoted  to  it  this  year  sum- 
cientlv    attest     the     contrary,    and,    so      long 

a--    The   Athenceum    lasts,    it  will    certainly 

not      b'      quite     correct     to     maintain     that 

poets    and    novelists    "remain    practically 

inarticulate  and  defenceless.''  Nor  does  it, 
seem    to    us    that    our    contemporaries    merit 

wholesale  rebuke  in  tin-  respect.  A  con- 
liderable  portion  of  their  reviews  is  devoted 
by  most  of  them  to  fiction;    and  it  cannot 

well     be    BOid     that    these   notices   err    on    the 

side  of  harshm 


We  do,  however,  sympathize  with  Mrs. 
Esler  in  BO  far  as  she  wishes  to  see  the  criti- 
cism of  imaginative  literature  better  organ- 
ized, its  principles  better  understood,  and 
the    point    of    \  iew    of    the    author    more 

explicitly  taken  into  consider:!,' ion,  espe- 
cially in  regard,  on  die  one  hand,  to  ques- 
tions of  craftsmanship,  end,  on  the  other, 
to  the  more  mundane  questions  affecting 
distribution,  &c.  We  print  her  letter  as  evi- 
dence  of   this   sympathy,   and    shall    be   glad 

to  open   our  columns  ;,o  a  correspondence 

on  the  subject..  At  the  same  time,  we  may 
mention  that  fiction  is  not  to  be  omitted 
from  the  series  of  •Supplements'  which  we 
are  publishing,  and  that  ;tt  the  present 
moment,  a  scheme  for  a  year's  review  of 
fiction  is  being  contemplated. 

Schemes  of  the  kind,  however,  are  some- 
what expensive,  and  to  do  the  justice  we 
should  like  to  the  whole  literary  output 
of  the  country  needs  something  near  a 
millionaire's  Length  of  purse,  when  the  limited 
support  given  to  honourable  work  is  taken 
into  consideration. 


'CASE  FOR  LAND  NATIONALISATION. 

Our  Reviewer  writes  : — In  reply  to  Mr. 
Joseph  Hyder's  letter  of  the  10th  Lost.,  in 
which  it  was  suggested  that  I  had  not  dealt 
fairly  with  his  book,  I  can  but  answer  the 
one  point  he  plainly  instances.  His  letter 
seems  to  me  to  consist,  with  this  exception, 
of  generalizations.  The  review  quoted  as  a 
characteristic  "  stumble"'  these  words,  "The 
common  fields  were  invariably  divided  into 
three  long  strips,"  which  is  all  that  Mr. 
Hyder  tells  us  of  common  fields.  Neither 
here  nor  elsewhere  does  Mr.  Hyder  say  a 
word  which  would  lead  his  readers  to  suppose 
that  these  "  three  long  strips  "  were  not  the 
actual  holdings.  If  he  had  gone  on  to  quote 
Maine,  he  would  have  found  in  the  same 
passage  the  words,  "  The  several  properties 
consist  in  subdivisions  of  these  strips,  some- 
times exceedingly  minute."  The  three  long 
strips  in  their  relation  to  collective  owner- 
ship are  almost  as  irrevelant  as  the  three 
Ridings  of  Yorkshire. 

Mr.  Hyder's  plaint  that  the  papers  of  the 
party  which  is  most  strongly  opposed  to 
land  nationalization  had  dealt  gently  with 
his  book  calls  for  the  obvious  reply  that  they 
could  well  afford  to  be  generous  about  it. 
The.  Athenceum  is  in  the  happy  position  of 
being  able  to  criticize  ammunition  without 
concern  for  party  batteries. 

I  know  you  wish  your  rule  of  anonymity 
respected,  so  1  will  only  add  this:  a  critic, 
cannot  write  his  best  criticism  tor  two 
papers,  and  1  reviewed  Mr.  Hyder's  book 
for  only  one.  

MR.  BODLEY  AND  '  THE 
ENCYCLOPAEDIA   BRITANNICA.  ' 

In  M.  Albert  Guerard's  interest  ing  '  French 
Civilization  in  the  Nineteenth  Century' 
(recently  reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum)  the 
author   makes    complimentary    allusion    to 

my   work,    for   a   small    portion    of   which,  in 
'  f  he  Encyclopa'dia  Britannica,'  he  gives  me 

a  collaborator,  "  M.  Paul  Wiriath." 

I   have    nol    the   advantage   of   knowing 

eithe,-    •■  M.    Caul    Wiriath  "    or   In-   wnin 

and,  whatever  their  value,  I  have  no  wish  t.. 

share    any    of    the    credit     they    de-e|\'.       My 

only   contributions   to    The    Encyclopaedia 
Britannica  '  are  the  two  long  articles,  und<  r 

the   heading   '  Fran*  e,'  on   ( I )   the    l,,i   rtor 
Eistorj   of  the  Third   Republic,  and  (2)  the 
Diplomat  i. ■  and  Colonial  History  ol  th< 
period.     The-  art  icles  an         tied  with  mj 

initials,     and      were     written      without      any 
collaboration   w  hate\ .  r. 

.).      E.     <    •      K'H'tf.  . 


276 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


litoarg    (gossip- 

Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's  lecture  on 
'  Some  Aspects  of  Travel,'  given  to  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  on  Tuesday 
last,  was  a  more  than  usually  interesting 
utterance.  It  embodied  much  of  the 
special  modern  interest  in  travel,  which 
differs,  by  the  presence  of  more  than  one 
new  psychological  factor,  from  that  of 
earlier  generations.  It  had  that  tingling 
of  expectation  about  it  which,  whether 
one  wholly  likes  it  or  not,  certainly  accom- 
panies any  consideration  of  the  still  fresh 
fact  that  men  can  fly  ;  and  it  had,  further 
— what  seems  to  be  partly  an  outcome  of 
this  recent  conquest  of  the  air — that 
novel  sense  of  the  explorer  being  equal  to 
the  regions  he  explores  which  is  utterly 
absent  from,  say,  the  early  travels 
which  the  Hakluyt  Society  publishes. 
The  microcosm  in  a  curious  way  is  coming 
to  contain  the  macrocosm,  and  the  de- 
tails of  their  reaction  upon  one  another, 
the  images — "  pressure  lines,*'  Mr.  Kip- 
ling called  them — by  which  the  traveller 
keeps  inward  contact  alike  with  the  scene 
before  him  and  with  his  own  purpose, 
seem  as  important  now  in  their  way  as 
any  geographical  or  other  discoveries. 

Not  the  least  interesting  of  his  remarks 
were  those  concerning  the  avoidance  of 
visualizing  on  the  part  of  first-rate  leaders 
of  expeditions  when  actually  on  the 
march,  and  their  adoption,  consciously 
or  unconsciously,  of  a  sort  of  bald 
diagram  as  the  inward  formula  of  their 
task. 

The  qualities  of  a  leader  and  the  sug- 
gestiveness  of  smells  are  subjects  about 
which  much  has  been  said  before  ;  but, 
if  on  these  Mr.  Kipling  was  rather  vivid 
and  entertaining  than  original,  at  any 
rate^he  did  not  in  his  treatment  of  them 
decline  into  the  ineffectively  literary. 

Mr.  P.  S.  Allen,  in  his  second  and  third 
lectures  on  '  The  Age  of  Erasmus,'  dealt 
with  school  and  monastic  life.  For  the 
descriptions  of  Deventer  he  drew  upon 
Erasmus,  also  upon  Butzbach,  who  was 
somewhat  gloomy  in  his  outlook  on  the 
state  of  education,  and  apt  to  extol  the 
past  at  the  expense  of  the  present.  Work 
must,  indeed,  have  been  difficult  under 
conditions  such  as  those  described  by 
Platter  at  Breslau,  where  nine  B.A.'s 
lectured  simultaneously  in  the  same  room. 

The  nature  of  the  school-books  used  was 
illustrated,  among  other  examples,  by  the 
'  Catholicon '  of  John  Balbi,  1286,  a 
popular  dictionary  arranged,  with  some 
misgivings  on  the  part  of  its  compiler,  on 
the  alphabetical  principle.  An  example  of 
his  stjde  and  method  may  be  gathered 
from  this  definition  : 

"  glis  a  gliseo  :  quoddam  genus  murium 
quod  multum  dormit.  Efc  dicitur  sic  quod 
sompnus  facit  glires  pingues  et  crescere." 

Butzbach,  with  his  experiences  atLaach, 
and  Nicholas  Ellenbog,  who  wrote  many 
letters  concerning  his  life  at  Ottobeuren, 
were  the  chief  authorities  for  the  lec- 
turer's description  of  monastic  life. 


The  triple  election  on  the  12th  inst.  at 
the  French  Academy  resulted  in  the  ap- 
pointment of  M.  Capus  to  the  chair  of 
Henri  Poincare  ;  of  M.  de  la  Gorce  to  that 
of  Thureau-Dangin,  the  historian  of  the 
Second  Empire  thus  succeeding  the  his- 
torian of  the  July  Monarchy  ;  and  of  M. 
Bergson  to  that  of  Emile  Ollivier.  The 
first  of  these  elections  was  the  most 
keenly  contested.  M.  Bourgeois,  who 
last  year  might  have  been  President  of  the 
Republic  had  he  consented  to  be  a  candi- 
date, represented  the  so-called  esprit  nou- 
veau.  But  the  reactionary  party  in  the 
Academy  declined  to  forget  his  anti- 
clerical past,  and  he  was  defeated  by  M. 
Capus  by  sixteen  votes  to  thirteen.  The 
President  of  the  Republic  came  to  the 
Institute,  in  his  capacity  of  Academician, 
to  give  his  vote  for  M.  Bourgeois  as  his 
cousin's  successor.  The  discours  de  re- 
ception of  M.  Capus  will  be  looked  forward 
to.  A  writer  of  high  comedy  is  not  often 
compelled  to  pronounce  the  eulogy  of  a 
mathematician. 

The  second  election  was  the  only  one 
which  required  two  ballots  to  ensure  the 
requisite  absolute  majority ;  but  from 
the  first  the  choice  of  M.  de  la  Gorce  was 
never  in  doubt.  For  the  chair  of  Emile 
Ollivier,  M.  Bergson  was  elected  by  nine- 
teen votes  to  nine  given  to  M.  Charles  de 
Pomairols,  a  much  larger  majority  than 
was  anticipated.  M.  de  Pomairols  is  a 
poet  of  nature,  and  some  of  his  work  is  of 
a  high  order.  He  is  a  Catholic  Royalist, 
but  the  voting  showed  that  he  did  not  poll 
all  the  "clerical"  Academicians.  His 
warmest  supporters  were  M.  Maurice 
Barres  and  Pierre  Loti.  The  latter,  of 
course,  is  by  no  means  a  clerical,  but 
so  keen  was  his  support  of  M.  de  Po- 
mairols that  he  is  said  to  have  written 
to  M.  Bergson  begging  him  to  withdraw 
in  favour  of  his  aged  concurrent,  so  that 
he  might  have  the  honour  of  a  unanimous 
election  in  the  near  future. 

By  direction  of  the  L.C.C.  a  bronze 
tablet  was  affixed  last  Monday  to  59-60, 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  to  commemorate 
the  residence  there  of  Spencer  Perceval. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  have  ar- 
ranged for  the  first  publication  in  English 
of  a  new  volume  of  Dostoievsky's  letters. 
These  throw  new  light  upon  the  novelist's 
quarrel  with  Tourguenieff,  and  in  addition 
contain  recollections  of  Dostoievsky  con- 
tributed by  his  friends. 

The  Swedenborg  Society,  in  co-opera- 
tion with  similar  publishing  houses  in 
America,  has  been  engaged  during  some 
years  past  in  reproducing  certain  manu- 
scripts of  Swedenborg,  preserved  in  the 
library  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Upsala  and  other  places. 

The  '  Index  Biblicus,'  a  subject  index 
to  the  Bible,  compiled  by  Swedenborg 
for  his  own  use  in  the  study  of  Scripture, 
will  be  published  this  spring,  as  will  also 
the  '  Adversaria,'  a  notebook  of  Bibhcal 
studies  he  compiled  between  1745  and  1747. 

The  Swedenborg  Society  has  also  re- 
cently published  in  Japan  '  A  Brief  Life 
of  Swedenborg,'  by  Daisetz  Teitaro  Suzuki, 


who  has  further  translated  Svvedenborg's 
'  New  Jerusalem  and  its  Heavenly  Doc- 
trine,' '  The  Divine  Love  and  Wisdom,' 
and  '  The  Divine  Providence,'  which  will 
be  published  in  that  language  at  intervals 
of  a  few  months. 

Mr.  Walter  Emanuel,  who  writes  the 
'  Charivaria '  of  Punch,  is  lecturing  for 
the  National  Book  Trade  Provident  So- 
ciety on  Friday  next  at  Stationers'  Hall, 
Ludgate  Hill.  His  subject  is  '  British 
Wit  and  Humour  of  To-day.' 

It  was  announced  a  few  weeks  ago  that 
'  An  Anglo-Manx  Vocabulary,'  compiled 
by  the  late  A.  W.  Moore,  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Keys,  with  the  assistance  of 
Sophia  Morrison  and  Edmund  Goodwin, 
would  be  published  if  sufficient  sub- 
scribers were  willing  to  pay  15s.  net  for  it. 
Although  the  work  is  of  undoubted  in- 
terest to  students  of  dialects  generally., 
and  the  Manx  language  in  particular,  the 
promises  hitherto  received  do  not  justify 
publication,  which  will  have  to  be  aban- 
doned unless  more  support  is  assured. 
Prospectuses  may  be  obtained  from  Mr. 
Humphrey  Milford,  Oxford  University 
Press,  through  any  bookseller. 

The  library  of  Miss  M.  E.  Gaskell  was 
sold  by  auction  lately  at  Manchester,  and 
a  first  illustrated  edition  of  '  Cranford,'  a 
presentation  copy,  went  for  31Z.,  and  a 
similar  edition  of  '  Cousin  Phyllis '  for 
13L  65.  A  first  edition  of  '  Wives  and 
Daughters  '  fetched  131. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  on 
Sunday  last  of  Mr.  John  Merrie,  head  of 
the  publishing  department  of  Punch  for 
many  years.  Mr.  Merrie  was  born  on 
January  18th,  1839,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Lasswade  School,  Edinburgh,  where 
he  took  several  prizes.  He  came  to- 
London  from  Scotland  as  a  young  man, 
and  found  employment  at  Messrs.  Hamil- 
ton's, leaving  them  for  Messrs.  Bradbury,. 
Agnew  &  Co.,  the  proprietors  of  Punch. 
He  was  a  keen  business  man  who  took  a 
pride  in  his  work. 

He  knew  London  by  heart,  spending 
many  hours  of  his  leisure  in  exploring 
back-streets  and  ways  where  others  feared 
to  tread.  His  memory  was  most  vivid 
and  accurate,  and  up  to  his  last  days  it 
never  failed  him. 

Mrs.  Jacintha  Shelley  Leigh  Hunt 
Cheltnam,  the  youngest  daughter  and 
last  surviving  child  of  Leigh  Hunt,  died 
at  Hammersmith  on  Thursday  of  last 
week  at  the  age  of  86.  Upon  the  death, 
nearly  two  years  ago,  of  her  husband, 
Charles  Smith  Cheltnam,  an  appeal  by  Sir 
William  Bull  brought  her  a  Civil  List 
pension  of  501.  Till  that  time,  for  some 
thirty  years,  her  life  had  been  a  difficult 
one,  chequered  by  much  misfortune,  which 
originated  with  the  breakdown  of  her 
husband's  health.  He  had  worked  as  a 
wood  -  engraver  under  Linton  on  The 
Illustrated  London  News,  and  had  been  also 
on  the  staff  both  of  The  Morning  Chronicle 
and  The  Daily  Telegraph,  and  had,  in  his 
earlier  years,  produced  some  dramatic 
work. 


No.  4504,   Feb.  21,  1014 


THE     A  Til  KN.EUM 


277 


SCIENCE 


Maize  :  its  History,  Cultivation,  Handling, 
and  Uses.  By  Joseph  Burtt-Davy. 
(Longmans  &  Oo.,  1/  5s.  net.) 

Mi:.  I'i  rtt -D\\  v  has  for  some  years 
tilled  with  marked  distinction  the  arduous 
post  of  Botanist,  first  to  the  Transvaal 
Government,  and  now  to  the  Union 
Government  of  South  Africa,  and  in  the 
book  before  us  he  puts  on  record  his  wide 
knowledge  and  experience  of  the  maize 
crop,  h  is  difficult  for  the  average 
Englishman  to  realize  what  an  enormous 
part  maize  [.lays  in  the  economy  of  the 
agriculture  of  the  world,  and  still  more 
difficult  to  realize  that  it  is  more  exten- 
sively grown  than  any  other  ("real,  even 
than  oats,  wheat,  or  rice.  Seventy-five 
per  cent  of  the  world's  supply  comes  from 
the  United  States,  where  no  illusions  are 
held  as  to  its  value  ;  indeed.  American 
economists  are  not  wanting  who  declare 
that  maize  is  the  leading  product  of  the 
Stat   - 

Maize  requires  a  climate  somewhat 
between  temperate  and  subtropical  ;  it 
grows  to  perfection  in  the  so-called  corn 
belt  of  the  United  States,  which  runs 
through  Nebraska,  Iowa.  Indiana.  Illi- 
nois, Ohio,  and  so  on  to  the  East.  It  is 
not  very  exacting  in  its  requirements  ; 
indeed.  Mr.  Burtt-Davy  considers  it  one 
of  the  easiest  crops  to  grow,  for  it  stands 
more  rough  usage,  perhaps,  than  any 
other.  A  favourite  Kaffir  method  of 
planting  is  to  scatter  the  seed  broadcast 
over  the  unbroken  veld,  and  then  plough 
the  ground  :  even  with  this  crude  treat- 
ment 11  to  2  muids  of  grain  {i.e.,  300  to 
400  lb.)  per  acre  are  obtained.  The  de- 
mand is  enormous  and  constantly 
increasing. 

Wide  areas  of  the  British  Empire  seem 
suitable   for   maize,   and   the   author   has 
rendered  a  very  useful  service  in  gather- 
ing into  one  book  so  large  a  fund  of  infor- 
in.it ion   as   to    the   varieties,    methods   of 
tment,   harvesting,  diseases,  and  the 
hundred-and-one   matters   on   which   the 
vrr    is    likely    to    want    advice.     The 
■  k  is  written  with  special  reference  to 
ith  Africa,  and  brinss  out  vividly  the 
it    possibilities    for    the    crop    there. 
•era  to  be  eminently  suitable 
for    make  ;    it    is   necessary   to    mention 
only  the  Heidelberg,  Standerton,  Ermolo, 
I     Lichtenberg     districts;     the    wide 
of  country  known  as  the  Spring- 
bok  Flats;  the  alluvial  soils  of  the    Vaal 
River,  Kaffir  Spruit,  the  Crocodile,  Hex, 
Ifarico,   and    other   Transvaal    streams; 
and  patches  of  rich  soil  on  the  eastern 
of    the     Drakensberg    Mountains. 
Hitherto  the  practice  has  been  to  break 
up  the  veld,  grow  maize  for  three  ye 
and  th<-n  abandon  the  land,  either  because 
it    is  worn  out  or  spoilt    by  weeds.       K\- 
])  triment  has  shown  thai  this  is  uot  a  n  ise 
plan.     The   new    land    usually    gives    poor 

crops  :  ool  till  the  fourth  or  fifth  year  oi 
continuous  cultivation  are  the  best  yields 
obtained.  For  example,  U  wsa  found  al 
Vercenigine   that    new  land  only  yielded 


•>  i 


muids    per     English     acre,    while     the 
sixth   successive  crop  gave  as  much   as 

18.  Suitable  manuring  produces  good 
increases  in  crop:  summer  fallowing  has 
been  found  helpful  ;  this,  however,  is 
essentially  an  economic  problem,  the 
return  not  always  repaying  the  loss  of 
rent  and  interest  on  capital  charges. 
Green  manuring  has  also  been  tried  with 
advantage.  No  systematic  rotations  have 
yet  been  evolved,  but  this  is  obviously  a 
matter  of  time  and  experience.  Numerous 
experiments  have  been  made  with  arti- 
ficial fertilizers,  but,  as  all  of  these  have 
to  be  imported  from  abroad,  the  cost  of 
transport  is  very  high,  particularly  in  the 
internal  provinces.  Where  they  can  be 
used,  certainly  they  give  marked  increases. 
Instances  are  recorded  in  the  book  where 
crops  were  raised  from  3.1  to  8  muids  per 
acre  by  the  use  of  phosphates.  At  Pot- 
chefstroom  superphosphate  proved  the 
most  profitable  manure,  giving  gains  of 
300  per  cent  in  yield,  and  over  21.  per  acre 
in  profit,  at  a  cost  of  18s.  8d.  In  general, 
however,  the  author  states  that  Holm 
recommends  a  mixture  of  superphosphate 
and  bone  manure.  A  remarkable  feature 
is  that  phosphatic  manures  often  have  a 
better  effect  on  the  second  crop  than  on 
the  first  ;  indeed,  the  author  thinks  that 
nowhere  else  is  the  question  of  residual 
manurial  value  so  important  as  in  South 
Africa.  Nitrogenous  manure  is  some- 
times a  useful  addition  to  phosphates,  but 
not  always.  Potassium  salts  did  not 
prove  profitable  in  the  experiments  re- 
corded here. 

The  diseases  and  pests  of  maize  are  a 
source  of  some  trouble,  but  they  have 
not  proved  beyond  the  control  of  the 
Department.  The  conquest  of  the  locust 
is  a  feat  of  which  any  Department  might 
be  proud.  Shortly  after  the  War  the 
crops  were  decimated  by  enormous  swarms 
of  this  pest.  During  the  season  1906-7  the 
scourge  was  very  severe  in  the  northern, 
central,  and  western  districts  of  the  Trans- 
vaal ;  the  wet,  cool  summer  was  partly 
responsible,  as  the  crops  were  late  in 
maturing,  and  the  plague  came  at  a  time 
of  the  year  when  normally  they  would 
have  been  ripe  and  free  from  danger.  The 
situation  was  met  with  characteristic 
vigour  and  promptitude  :  a  Locust  Bureau 
was  established  ;  watch  was  kept  on  the 
laying  of  eggs,  the  hatching  of  voetgangers, 
and  the  migration  of  swarms  from  one 
part  of  the  country  to  the  other.  All  these 
movements  were  reported  by  post  and 
telegraph  ;  mixtures  of  molasses  with 
sodium  arsenite  were  sprayed  on  to  the 
veld  immediately  surrounding  the  swarms  ; 
while  various  locust-eating  Kurds  were 
encouraged.  The  result  was  entirely  suc- 
cessful; the  pest  was  practically  "wiped 
out."  and  the  record  of  the  work  remains. 
so  that  the  machinery  can  again  be  set 
up  if  ever  an  invasion  come-   from  the 

north. 

II  investing  and  marl  eting  problems  are 

also    dealt     with,    and    the    whole    volume 

will  be  found  most  useful  by  all  who  have 

to   deal   with    the   development    of   land    in 

regions  w  here  the  summers  are  hoi  enough 

for  the  crop. 


NEW     PLANTS     FROM     SOUTHERN 
NIGERIA. 

Fl  UTiiKK  details  arc;  now  available  as  to  the 
collection  of  plants  from  Southern  Nigeria 
lately     received     at      the      Natural      History 

Museum  from  .Mr.  and  Mrs.  Amaury  Talbot. 

bust  year  a  special  catalogue  of  new  flowers 
obtained  by  the  same  collectors  in  the  billy 
region  round  Oban  was  published  by  the 
Museum  authorities.  This  contained  fulL 
descriptions,  in  Latin  and  English,  of  1  !'•► 
new  species  and  !)  new  genera,  and  is  but 
another    example    of    the    extraordinarily 

accurate     and     brilliant      work     continually 

being  carried   out   by   the  officials  of   this 

Museum. 

The  collection  just  received  conies  from 
the  low-lying  marsh  lands  of  the  Kkef  dis- 
trict, which  borders  the  Gulf  of  Guinea, 
and  is  drained  by  the  Cross  River  and  the 
Kwa  J  bo.  Although  not  yet  fully  worked 
out,  this  also  contains  a  large  number  of  new 
and  interesting  plants;  among  them  a 
new  genus  of  Leguminosae,  allied  toCyno- 
nietra,  which  has  been  called  Talboticlla 
(Baker  fil.).  This  is  a  hush  with  white- 
flowers  and  pink  bracts,  the  young  leaves- 
of  which  shade  from  bright  mauve  into 
delicate  green,  making  a  beautiful  contrast 
with  the  darker  tones  of  the  older  foliage. 

There  are  a  number  of  new  Kubiaceie,  the/ 
most  striking  of  which  are  the  Randias, 
Galtonii  and  Cunliffea;.  The  flower-tube  of 
the  former  is  eight  inches  in  length,  and  of 
the  latter  over  six  inches.  As  pointed  out 
by  the  Keeper  of  Botany,  Dr.  Rendle,  this 
presents  an  interesting  problem  as  regards 
insect  visits  for  the  purpose  of  fertilization. 
It  is  hoped,  on  a  subsequent  tour,  to  secure 
examples  of  the  night  moths  by  which  the- 
flowers  are  fertilized,  as  their  proboscides- 
must  be  enormous  in  order  to  reach  the 
honey  sac  at  the  base  of  the  long  trumpet- 
like tube. 

Until  these  collectors  started  work  upon 
the  Napoleona  family,  only  a  few  of  this 
interesting  genus — a  very  abnormal  member 
of  the  Myrtaceae  group — were  known.  In 
some  of  the  new  species  the  flowers  are  about 
two  inches  in  diameter,  white  and  pink  in. 
colour,  and  resemble  a  catherine-wheel.  An 
allied  genus  is  the  Cratcranthus  (Baker  fil.),. 
also  discovered  at  Oban,  the  cup  of  which 
strongly  resembles  a  ramequin  case,  of  fluted 
crimson  and  white  in  one  variety,  while- 
another  shades  from  shell  pink  to  vivid 
rose.  Instead  of  being  only  borne  upon 
branches  in  the  usual  way,  these  strarj 
flowers  grow  also  straight  from  the  old 
wood — often  right  from  the  roots  to  the  top- 
most bough — producing  the  effect  of  being 
artificially  fastened  on  to  the  bark,  which. 
in  many  cases,  they  cover  so  thickly 
almost  to  hide  it. 

One  of  the  new  Napoleonas  has  a  winged 

stem,  another  is  borne  upon  a  lime,  while 
several  of  the  new  specie-  in  the  Oban 
collection  differ  entirely  from  those  pre- 
viously known  in  the  character  of  the 
inflorescence.  All  the  new  species  of  this 
interesting  family  have  been  worked  out  by 
.Mr.  E.  <'.  Baker,  the  distinguished  Bon  "t 
the  veteran  botanist , 

The    Cyclocotyla    oligoaperma    (Wernham) 
is  a  new   species  of  a  genus  hitherto  known 
merely  bj  •*  -mall  fragment  1 1  ■  on  the  (en 
This,  one  of  the  most   into  plant-  in 

the  collection,  is  a  member  ol  the  Apocy- 
oa<  ess,  to  w  bich  the  rubber-bearing  plants 
belong.     A  new     i  brub  and 

.-< new   orchids  have  al-..  been  brought 

lion 

I ;.    i<i.      ili already  described,   perhaps 

i  he  i  mt  iful  of  the  new  flow  er   are  I  be 

Gardenia  cunliffea    (Wernham),  and  a  w 
iminous    plant,    th.-    exact    affinity    "i 


278 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


which  has  not  yet  been  determined,  but 
which  may  be  allied  to  the  new  genus 
Talbotiella.  These  two  were  found  upon 
the  upper  stretches  of  the  Ubium  River, 
which  had  never  before  been  explored. 
Both  are  of  exquisite  fragrance.  The  first- 
named  is  a  creeper,  the  long  trails  of  which 
bear  great  bunches  of  flowers,  their  large 
white  petals  splashed  with  vivid  purple. 
The  second  is  a  tree  some  seventy  feet  in 
height;  the  great  tufts  of  its  milky- 
white  blooms,  each  outlined  by  a  fine  line 
of  brightest  crimson,  stood  out  with  startling 
directness  from  amid  dark  glossy  leaves, 
and  mirrored  themselves  in  the  clear,  swift- 
flowing  waters  of  this  mysterious  river,  in 
the  depths  of  which  dwell  strange  fish, 
thought  to  be  inhabited  by  the  souls  of  men. 

Another  very  beautiful  flower  is  one  of  the 
Acanthacese,  Thunbergia  talbotice  (Spencer 
Moore),  the  great  white  blooms  of  which 
Mere  found  hanging  in  festoons  among  the 
thick,  dark  bush  which  still  survives  in  one 
or  two  parts  of  the  district. 

A  striking  feature  of  the  Eket,  as  of  the 
Oban,  collection  is  the  remarkably  large 
n  imber  of  cauliflorous  (i.e.,  bark-flowering) 
trees — a  pro2)ortion  hitherto  unapproached 
in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  reason 
of  this  preponderance  presents  another 
interesting  problem,  the  more  so  as  some 
trees  found  flowering  in  the  ordinary  way  at 
Oban  were  discovered  bearing  cauliflorously 
at  Eket. 

Life-sized  water-colour  drawings  of  most 
of  the  plants  were  made  upon  the  spot,  and 
detailed  notes  taken  of  every  flower  in  the 
collection,  the  first  section  of  which  contained 
over  a  thousand  varieties,  and  the  last  more 
than  eight  hundred. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquaries. — Feb.  12. — The  Earl 
of  Crawford,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  read  a  paper  (in  con- 
tinuation of  that  of  the  preceding  week :  see 
Athen.,  Feb.  14,  p.  233)  on  the  tomb  and 
monument  of  King  Henry  V.  at  Westminster. 
The  site  of  the  King's  burial-place  had  been 
fixed  by  the  King  himself  in  1415  to  be  "  among 
the  tombs  of  the  kings  in  the  pla-e  where 
the  relics  of  the  saints  are  kept."  This  was  be- 
hind the  Trinity  altar  to  the  east  of  St.  Edward's 
shrine,  and  here  a  platform  of  Caen  stone,  supplied 
by  John  Arderne,  was  built  out  into  the  ambu- 
latory in  September,  1422,  for  the  King's  grave 
and  tomb. 

The  platform  was  afterwards  cased  with  marble, 
and  a  tomb  of  the  same  material  set  up  on  it, 
carrying  an  effigy  of  the  King  made  of  oak,  with  a 
plating  and  ornaments  of  silver-gilt.  The  tomb 
was  protected  by  a  closure  of  iron  and  wood  made 
by  Roger  Johnson,  smith,  in  1431.  The  wonderful 
bridge-like  chapel  that  forms  a  cxnopy  to  the 
King's  tomb  was  begun  in  1439,  of  stone  obtained 
the  previous  year,  and  its  setting  up  is  marked  by 
an  entry,  in  the  Sacrist's  account  for  1440-11,  of 
the  plucking  down  and  sale  of  Johnson's  ironwork, 
and  of  the  taking  down  of  the  wooden  closure  of 
the  Trinity  altar  pro  novo  edificio  ibidem  erigendo. 
The  chapel  is  built  partly  of  Purbeck  marble,  and 
partly  of  a  hard  limestone,  but  mostly  of  firestone, 
and  consists  of  a  vaulted  basement  spanning  the 
King's  tomb  and  the  ambulatory,  and  a  chapel 
above  reached  by  twin  stair-turrets.  The  tomb 
was  again  protected  by  an  iron  grate,  but 
this  was  not  sufficient  to  hinder  the  theft 
of  all  the  ornamental  parts  of  the  King's 
effigy  before  1407.  On  account  of  this  a  further 
protection  was  added,  it  is  said  by  King  Henry  VII., 
in  the  form  of  the  existing  iron  screen  and  gates 
at  the  west  end  of  the  chapel  ;  but  burglars  again 
broke  in  in  1545-6,  and  robbed  the  effigy  of  the  rest 
of  its  silver-gilt  plating.  Mr.  Hope  described  at 
length  the  statues  that  adorn  the  turrets,  includ- 
ing those  of  King  Sebert  and  King  Henry  III., 
St.  John  a?  the  pilgrim,  and  King  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, St.  Katharine  and  King  Edmund,  with 
two  figures  of  cardinals,  who,  the  Provost  of 
King's  thinks,  may  be  St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Bona- 
ventura.  Mr.  Hope  also  described  the  arrange- 
ments of  the  chapel,  with  the  remarkable  series 
of  cupboards  around  the  altar,  and  the  great 
display  of  imagery  over  the  altar  with  large  figures 
of  the  Holy  Trinity  (lost),  the  Blessed  Virgin  and 


the  Angel  of  the  Annunciation,  St.  Edmund  and  St. 
Edward,  St.  Oeorgeand  St.  Denis.  The  numerous 
figures  on  the  outside  of  the  chapel  were  associated 
on  each  side  with  a  coronation  scene.  Mr.  Hope 
suggested  that  these  depicted  the  acclamation, 
with  the  simultaneous  donning  of  their  hoods 
(before  coronets  had  come  into  fashion)  by  the 
lords  present,  and  the  enthronement  and  homage 
of  the  peers.  The  King  was  also  represented 
riding  across  country,  in  England,  perhaps,  and  in 
Prance,  with  allegorical  figures  over  him  of  ladies 
holding  books  with  accounts  of  his  great  deeds 
and  works.  The  master  mason  of  the  chapel  was 
John  of  Thirsk,  who  was  appointed  master  mason 
of  the  Abbey  in  1421,  and  died  in  1452.  Above 
the  chapel  are  now  fixed  a  tilting  helm,  a  shield 
formerly  bearing  the  King's  arms  in  painted  gesso, 
and  a  saddle  once  covered  with  blue  velvet. 
These  interesting  objects,  which  were  exhibited 
by  kind  leave  of  the  Dean  of  Westminster,  Bishop 
Kyle,  probably  formed  part  of  the  funeral  trap- 
pings which  became  the  perquisite  of  the  abb  jt 
and  convent,  through  their  being  brought  into 
the  abbey  church  on  the  day  of  King  Henry's 
burial.  Lastly,  Mr.  Hope  referred  to  the  consider- 
able traces  of  the  limewash  with  which  the  whole 
of  the  marble  and  fuvstone  portions  of  the  tomb 
and  chapel,  including  all  the  imagery,  had  origin- 
ally been  covered.  Where  this  remained,  the 
surfaces  were  still  intact ;  where  it  had  gone,  the 
surfaces  were  crumbling  to  powder,  and  there  could 
be  no  question  that  common  sense  called  for  the 
bold  policy  of  a  speedy  renewal  of  the  protective 
distemper,  if  so  grand  a  monument  was  to  be 
handed  on  to  posterity  in  its  present  condition. 


Mathematical. — Feb.  12. — Prof.  H.  F.  Baker, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  W.  E.  H.  Berwick 
and  A.  G.  Veitch  were  elected  members  of 
the  Society.  Prof.  S.  B.  McLaren  was  admitted 
as  a  member. 

Mr.  G.  T.  Bennett  gave  an  exhibition  of  some 
models  illustrating  kinematics.  The  fundamental 
basis  of  the  models  was  the  skew  isogram  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Bennett  in  1903  (Engineering, 
Dec.  4,  1903,  p.  777),  and  about  a  year  later  inde- 
pendently by  M.  Borel  (Comptes  Rendu 8,  Dec.  19, 
1904.)  The  skew  isogram  consists  of  four  rods 
equal  in  pairs,  each  two  adjacent  rods  being 
jointed  by  a  hinge  perpendicular  to  them  both ; 
with  this  particular  arrangement  of  hinges,  the 
figure  is  capable  of  continuous  displacement, 
although  a  skew  quadrilateral  with  four  hinges  is 
in  general  over-stiff. 

The  models  were  made  to  illustrate  certain  new 
properties  of  the  skew  isogram,  contained  in  a 
forthcoming  paper  in  the  Proceedings.  In 
particular  it  was  pointed  out  that  a  succession  of 
skew  isograms  could  be  jointed  together  so  as  to 
form  a  pseudo -spherical  surface,  the  edges  of  the 
isograms  being  asymptotic  lines  of  the  surface. 
Some  recent  developments  of  the  theory  of  skew 
isograms  have  appeared  recently  in  the  Comptes 
Rendus  from  the  pen  of  M.  Bricard. 

Dr.  P.  W.  Sheppard  read  a  second  paper  on 
'  Pitting  of  Polynomials  by  the  Method  of  Least 
Squares.' 

Mr.  S.  T.  Shovelton  made  an  informal  com- 
munication relative  to  a  paper  which  he  had  read 
at  the  January  meeting. 

The  following  papers  were  communicated  by 
title  from  the  chair  :  —  '  Formulas  for  the 
Spherical  Harmonic  P~"1  (/a)  when  1—  fi  is 
a  Small  Quantity,'  by  Prof.  H.  M.  Macdonald  ; 
'  The  Representation  of  the  Symmetrical  Nucleus 
of  a  Linear  Integral  Equation,'  by  Prof.  E.  W. 
Hobson ;  '  The  Differential  Geometry  of  Point 
Transformations  between  Two  Planes,'  by  Mr. 
H.  Bateman  ;  and  '  Studies  on  the  Theory  of 
Continuous  Probabilities,'  by  Major  A.  G. 
McKendrick.      

Folk  -  Lore.  —  Feb.  18.  —  Annual  Meeting. — 
Dr.  R.  R.  Marett,  President,  in  the  chair. — 
The  annual  report  of  the  Council  and  the 
!  accounts  for  the  year  1913  were  presented,  and 
1  the  Council  and  officers  for  the  ensuing  year 
were  elected.  An  address  on 'Folk-Lore  and 
Psychology '  was  delivered  by  the  President. 

He  began  by  congratulating  Dr.  J.  G. 
Frazer,  a  Vice  -  President  of  the  Society,  who 
was  present,  on  the  completion  of  the  third 
edition  of  '  The  Golden  Bough.'  Two  things  are 
especially  to  be  noted  in  regard  to  this  great 
work  :  first,  that  it  is  primarily  intended  as  a 
study  of  the  mind  of  the  primitive  type  of  man  ; 
secondly,  that,  with  this  end  in  view,  it  approaches 
the  anthropology  of  savages  by  way  of  the  Euro- 
pean agricultural  rites  first  elucidated  by  Mann- 
hardt — in  a  word,  by  way  of  folk-lore.  This 
method  differs  from  one  that  has  been  recently 
recommended  by  Dr.  Rivers  in  a  paper  read 
before  the  Sociological  Society,  entitled  '  Survival 
in  Sociology.'     Dr.  Rivers  holds  that  until  further 


advance  is  made  in  the  purely  sociological  corre- 
lation of  social  phenomena  with  one  another,  and 
1  heir  reference  to  social  antecedents,  it  will  not  be 
profitable  to  apply  psychology  to  the  explanation 
of  social  life  in  general,  and  to  that  of  survivals  in 
particular ;  supporting  his  contention  by  the 
analogy  of  geology,  which  resorts  to  physics  and 
chemistry  only  after  having  first  worked  out  the 
stratigraphical  order  of  the  deposits  forming  the 
earth's  crust.  Criticizing  this  view,  the  speaker 
deprecated  the  comparison  thus  instituted  between 
the  study  of  the  inorganic  and  the  study  of  the 
living.  To  abstract  away  the  purposive  aspect  of 
human  history  in  order  to  apply  methods  appro- 
priate to  the  lifeless  is  fatal.  If  science  treats 
man  as  if  there  wTere  no  life  in  him,  there  will  be 
no  life  in  it.  How,  then,  is  psychology  to  assist 
and  vitalize  the  study  of  survivals,  which  is  to  say 
folk-lore  ?  By  concentrating  on  the  question, 
Why  do  survivals  survive  ?  Survivals  are  no 
by-products  of  a  latter-day  civilization,  but  an 
essential  feature  of  human  history.  Something 
is  always  disappearing,  while  something  else  is 
coming  into  being  ;  and  this  continual  give-and- 
take  finds  its  ultimate  explanation  in  terms  of 
will,  namely,  as  rejection  and  selection.  To 
examine  such  a  process  from  within  is  hard  in  the 
case  of  peoples  of  alien  culture  ;  so  we  must  use 
the  peasant  as  a  sort  of  middle  term  between 
ourselves  and  the  savage,  studying  the  play  of 
psychological  forces  that  underlies  the  movement 
of  history  amongst  conditions  near  at  hand, 
before  we  confront  conditions  with  which  we  are 
far  less  familiar. 

The  speaker  next  gave  some  detailed  illus- 
trations of  how  this  might  be  done.  The  folk- 
dances,  folk-songs,  and  ifolk-dramas  of  Europe, 
if  studied  sympathetically,  as  notably  by  those 
who  learn  to  dance,  sing,  and  act  them  for 
themselves,  reveal  an  internal  dynamic  which  helps 
us  to  understand  a  great  deal  otherwise  obscure  in 
the  ceremonial  dances,  songs,  and  dramas  of 
aboriginal  Australia.  Again,  the  workings  of 
the  belief  in  luck,  or  of  the  fear  of  witchcraft,  can 
be  analyzed  as  the  one  or  the  other  occurs  among 
unsophisticated  persons  at  home  (a  most  remark- 
able case  of  alleged  witchcraft  has,  for  instance, 
occupied  the  Guernsey  police  court  this  year), 
and  the  results  so  obtained  form  a  stepping-stone 
to  the  study  of  similar  phenomena  among 
savages.  It  might  be  shown  in  the  same  way 
how  a  civilized  observer  who  has  had  personal 
experience  of  initiation  as  a  Freemason  is  in  a 
better  way  to  grasp  the  inner  meaning  of  the 
primitive  puberty  rite.  Or  once  more,  the  in- 
articulateness so  often  ascribed  to  the  savage  is 
on  a  par  with  that  which  the  folk-lore  hunter 
encounters  amongst  peasants  just  in  so  far  as  he 
cannot  inspire  confidence  by  conversing  with  the 
rustic  in  his  own  didect.  In  short,  so-called 
survivals  survive  because  they  are  the  constantly 
renewed  symptoms  of  that  life  of  the  folk  which 
has  an  inherent  power  of  surviving  in  the  long 
run,  and  constitutes  as  it  were  the  germ-plasm 
of  society.  Because  civilizations  do  not  take 
sufficient  account  of  this  side  of  human  nature, 
they  are  apt  to  be  transitory  ;  whereas  mankind 
endures. 

Eugenics  Education. — Feb.  16. — Major  Dar- 
win, President,  in  the  chair. — The  Chairman  said 
they  had  met  to  celebrate  the  anniversary  of  the 
birth  of  Francis  Galton,  the  great  pioneer  of 
eugenic  thought.  They  desired  an  outward 
expression  of  their  belief  that  posterity  would  owe 
a  great  debt  to  the  man  who  first  made  it  possible 
to  start  a  campaign  in  favour  of  racial  advance- 
ment. They  hoped  it  would  be  the  first  of  a  long 
series  of  such  meetings.  The  aim  of  eugenics 
was  to  increase  the  probability  of  the  men  of  the 
future  being  hereditarily  endowed  with  noble 
qualities,  and  Galton  not  only  taught  them  how 
that  aim  might  be  accomplished,  but  also  showed 
in  his  own  person  what  those  noble  qualities 
were. 

Sir  Francis  Darwin,  in  referring  to  the  Galton 
Lecture  and  its  objects,  began  by  showing,  in  a 
manner  more  imaginative  than  scientific,  that  the 
subject  of  his  discourse,  Francis  Galton,  was  no 
enemy  to  a  simple  form  of  ceremonial.  He  in- 
stanced the  inscription  with  which  Galton  headed 
his  first  notebook  in  preparation  for  his  auto- 
biography, "  Lord,  Lord,  how  subject  we  old  men 
are  to  this  vice  of  lying  !  "  as  an  inverted  appeal  to 
the  goddess  of  truth,  which  no  man  ever  needed 
less. 

Certain  characteristics  of  Francis  Galton's 
mind  were  then  considered,  leading  finally  to  his 
devotion  to  experiment.  A  striking  feature  was 
his  love  of  method.  He  liked  to  know  the  right 
way  of  doing  all  things,  and  he  was  as  original  in 
everyday  matters  as  he  was  in  scientific  investiga- 
tions. He  liked  also  to  teach  his  methods  to 
others,  and  here  the  lecturer  made  an  emphatic 
protest   against   the   idea   that   he   ever   wearied 


No.  4.)04,   Fin.  21,   10U 


r  1 1  K    A  THEN  a:v  m 


279 


or  bored  his  audience.  He  wrote  with  tl»>'  same 
keenness,  and  in  the  same  semi-humorous  atmo* 
Bpheie,  whether  ho  was  telling  a  traveller  !u>w  (<> 
fmd  water  or  break-in  oxen,  or  whether  In-  was 
instructing  a  more  stay-at-home  audience  in  the 
scientific  method  of  cutting  a  cake. 

His  experiments  were  frequently  tried  on  him- 
self. Thus,  when  a  pupil  at  the  Birmingham 
Sospital,  lie  determined  on  a  personal  tesi  of  the 
British  Pharmacopoeia.  With  this  object  he 
dosed  himself  alphabetically,  but  hegol  no  further 
than  c.  where  he  was  finally  discouraged  by  the 
violent  effects  of  Croton  oil.  But  his  most 
interesting  experiments  were  made  on  his  own 
mind.  11>'  is  doubtless  the  only  man  who  ever 
tried  to  solve  the  mystery  of  free  will  l>>  systematic 
self-observations.  Again,  iliil  any  one  before  or 
since  induce  himself  to  acquire  the  terror  of  the 
Savage  for  his  idols  by  an  imaginative  gazing  on 
the  image  of  Mr.  t'linch.as  he  appears  outside  his 
well-known  pages  ?  In  the  same  way  he  con- 
trived to  build  up  the  sensations  of  a  madman, 
which  lasted  an  hour  or  so  longer  t  han  he  bargained 
for.  These  experiments  have  a  certain  interest 
id  relation  to  his  studies  in  eugenics,  lie  believed 
that  a  semi-religious  honor  of  non-eugenic  mar- 
riages might  be  developed.  After  making  a  name 
as  a  traveller  and  meteorologist,  he  gradually 
settled  into  the  line  of  work  by  which  he  will 
always  be  remembered,  the  study  of  heredity  lead- 
ing up  to  his  work  in  eugenics. 

He  was  profoundly  impressed  by  reading  '  The 
Origin  of  Species  "  in  1859,  and  it  was  this  that 
led  him  to  take  up  witli  fresh  energy  inquiries 
into  heredity  which  had  long  interested  him.  He 
characteristically  ascribes  the  ease  with  which  he 
assimilated  that  book  to  the  fact  that  he  and 
Darwin  had  a  common  grandfather  in  Erasmus 
Darwin.  His  first  publication  on  evolution  was 
in  1805,  when  he  wrote  two  remarkable  articles 
in  Macmillaris  Magazine-.  Here  we  have  the 
germs  of  nearly  all  his  future  work.  The 
first     book     to    develope    from    thi>    embryonic 

ge  was  "  Hereditary  Genius,'  which  to  many 
readers  seems  his  greatest  work.  It  was  on  read- 
ing this  book  that  Darwin  wrote  in  a  letter  to 
(ialton  :  "  1  must  exhale  myself,  or  something 
will  go  wrong  in  my  inside  ;  I  do  not  think  I  ever 
in  all  my  life  read  anything  more  interesting 
and  original.''  Galton  is  also  celebrated  for  his 
application  of  statistical  methods  to  the  general 
problem  of  inheritance,  a  study  which  led  him  to 
formulate  what  is  known  as  the  ancestral  law. 

But  to  future  ages  he  will  be  pre-eminently 
remembered  with  gratitude  and  admiration  as  the 
founder  of  the  beneficent  science  of  eugenics. 
Though  he  had  written  on  eugenics  in  1865,  and 
though  he  cared  for  the  subject  with  an  almost 

-lonate  zeal,  yet  the  biological  writings  ending 
in  eugenics  form  a  procession  of  nearly  forty  years 
in  extent.  In  this  he  showed  his  practical  wisdom 
and  his  scientific  restraint.  By  his  munificent 
Eugeni  Foundation  at  University  College,  he 
finally  proved  to  the  world  the  value  he  set  on  this 

ace.  The  Eugenics  Education  Society  is 
justly  proud  of  the  fact  that  Francis  Galton  was 
its  first    Honorary  President. 


^riftta'    (oci'35ip. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


M    - 


Tin  i 


*.t. 


Royil  Academy.  4.— 'The  Highest  Period  of  Greek  Sculpture.' 

Sir  C.  Waldswin. 
Institute    of  Actuaries,  5.— 'On    the  Valuation    of    Benefits 
dependent  upon  Promotion  to  a  Higher  Status.'  Mr.  E.  C 
Thomas 
Instil.  Jte  of  British  Architects,  9.—'  London  Railway  Stations,' 

Mr.  P.  Waterhouse. 
Society  of  Arts.  8 -'Artistic  Lithojrraphy,   Lecture  II.,   Mr. 

J.  Pennell.     .Cantor  Lecture.) 
Geographical,  sjcj— 'The  Sea  Route  to  8iberia.'  Dr.  Fridtjof 
Nansen  and  Mr.  Jonas  Lied. 

.Itural,  3— 'The  Use  of  Expletives  and  of  the  Blow- 
Lamp  in  tl.*  Burden,'  Dr.  H.  E.  Durham. 
Koyal  Institution,  j  -Animal,  and  Plants  under  Domestica- 
tion.  Ucture  VI..  Prof.  \V.  Bateson. 
Colonial  Institute.  4.-' Nigeria  and  its  Development,' Mr.  J. 

■  y  Cooper. 
Society  ff  Literature.  5.— 'George  Meredith— Prance  and  the 
Ffrn.h,'  lir   W.  G.  Hartog. 

'ion  of  civil  Engineers,,  S.-'  Rail-  steels    for    Electric 
IJailw»v;      Mr    W.     Wjllox  ;    'Rail    Corrugation     and    its 
-    t    W    I)  Alte  -iellon. 
Anthro|ol<xrical  Institute.  *  l.'.-The  Bantu  Coast  Tribes  of 

the  E«t  African  Protectorate.   Miss  A.  Werner. 
CniTer.ity  of  LooduD.  I M.— •  National  Service  in  Australia,' 

Ml    L  i>.  Amery. 
Geological.  1 

.<  Art<  *  -'Rural  Housing.' Mr.  T.  Brice  Phillips. 
R.jral  Institution. :;.-' Hamlet  in  Legend  and  Drama  :  121  The 

Play.   Prof   I   QoUaocs. 

Royal  Academy.  4  -'The  Period  of  Decline.'  Sir  C.  Waldstein. 

Koyal.  i  m.— 'On  the  Diffraction  of  Light  hy  Spheres  of  Small 

Kelative  Indas,'  Lord  Kaylei^h  ;  'Studies  of  the  Propeities 

operative  in  Solutions.  XXXI.  and   XXXII..'  Profs.  H.  E. 

Armstrong  and  V  P  Worley  ;  and  other  Papers. 

Institution  of   Electrical    Engineers.   -.—  Motor  and  Control 

ipmenufor  Electric  Locomotive*.'  Mr   t.  I.ydall. 
English  Goethe.  «:*.—•  Goethe  s  Key  to  Fau^t.    Mr.   W.  Page 
Andrews. 

7  of  Antiquaries.  - 

Victoria  and   Albert  Museum.   UOL— 'English    Silversmiths' 

Work  of  the  Medieval  andTudor  Periods.    Mr    W    W.  Watts. 

Institute  of  Civil    Engineers.    -—The     Use    of     Reinforced 

Con'-rete    in  connexion    with    Dock    and     other    Maritime 

Work.      Mr      0      H.    Meik.       .Vernon  Harcourt     Lecture  : 

Student*'  Meef 

Swedenborg.  I  1 5  —  The  Body  and  the  8oul  in  Hwedenborg's 

Philoeopbv.'  Mr  L.  de  Beaumont-Klein. 
Royal  Institution,  i— '  Surface  Combustion.'  Prof  W.  A.  Bone. 
Royal    Institution.    ::.  —  '  Recent     Discoveries     In     Physical 
Science.    Lecture  I..  Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  Thornton 


Mr.  EL  G.  I'i. immi.iv.  the  pathologist  of  the 
Zoological  Society,  has  recently  issued  his 
annual  report  on  the  post-mortem  examina- 
tions   of    animals    which    have    died    in    the 

Zoological  Gardens  during  the  past  year. 
Nearly  half  the  total  number  of  deaths  are 

those  of  animals  which  have  been  under 
six  months  in  the  gardens.  The  journey,  and 
some  injudicious  treatment  cm  the  part  of 
their  captors,  to  a  great  extent  account  for 
this.  In  1913  the  death-rate  of  mammals 
and  birds  was  10  per  cent,  of  reptiles  13  per 
cent,  which  is  a  slight  rise  for  birds,  and  a 
slight  decline  for  reptiles,  compared  with 
1912. 

Pneumonia  remains  the  most  serious 
disease  among  them,  and  is  rather  promoted 
than  diminished  by  the  improvements  in 
the  heating  of  the  reptile-house,  which  have 
made  the  inhabitants  livelier  than  they 
were.  Of  the  animals  which  succumbed  to 
other  than  infectious  diseases  it  is  observed 
that  many  show  traces  of  senile  degenera- 
tion, though  not  enough  is  known  of  their 
longevity  under  natural  conditions  to  sug- 
gest any  conclusions  as  to  the  results  of 
captivity. 

On  Saturday  next  (February  28th),  at, 
3  O'clock,  Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  Thomson  begins  a 
course  of  six  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institu- 
tion on  '  Recent  Discoveries  in  Physical 
Science.'  On  Tuesday,  March  3rd,  Prof. 
Sir  J.  H.  Biles  delivers  the  first,  of  three 
lectures  on  'Modern  Ships' — (I)  'Smooth 
Water  Sailing,'  (2)  '  Ocean  Travel/  (3)  '  The 
War  Xavy';  and  on  Thursday,  March  5th, 
Prof.  C.  F.  Jenkin  begins  a  course  of  three 
lectures  on  '  Heat  and  Cold.'  The  Friday 
evening  discourse  next  week  will  be  de- 
livered by  Prof.  W.  A.  Bone  on  '  Surface 
Combustion.* 

Mr.  Martin  C.  Hinton  is  completing  the 
late  Major  Barrett-Hamilton's  work  on 
'  British  Mammals.'  the  publication  of 
which  will  be  carried  on  without  interruption. 

M iss  E.  M.  Elderton's  lecture  on  Tuesday 
last,  at  the  Francis  Galton  Laboratory  for 
National  Eugenics,  *  On  some  Further 
Points  in  connexion  with  the  Fall  in  the 
Birth-rate,'  gave  particulars,  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  Lancashire,  from  the  Census 
returns  and  the  last  Annual  Report  of  the 
Registrar-General,  going  to  show  that  the 
fall  had  been  greatest  in  residential  districts, 
and  less  marked  in  mining  and  metal- 
working  districts,  as  also  in  the  cotton  towns. 
Her  data,  however,  showed  that  unhealthy 
stocks  were  multiplying  more  rapidly  than 
healthy  ones,  and  that  this  selective  birth- 
rate was  not  completely  counterbalanced  by 
a  -elective  death-rate. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  the  only  practical 
remedy  suggested  for  the  declining  birth- 
rate—the preservation  of  infant  life  at  all 
possible  costs— did  not  seem  very  helpful, 
since  the  diminution  of  the  infantile  death- 
rate  would  not  .i<l<i  considerably  to  the 
number  of  healthy  survivors.  That  death- 
rate  is,  in  fact,  highly  discriminative,  as 
was  shown  by  the  effects  of  an  epidemic 
in  Bradford,  which  proved  nearly  six  times 
;•-  fatal  to  unhealthy  as  to  healthy  children. 

A  com.mittkk  of  the  Norfolk  and  Norwich 
Naturalists'  Society  has  for  some  time  been 
engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a  Flora  of 
Norfolk,  with  Mr.  W.  A.  Nicholson  as  editor, 

and    the-     book    will    shortly     he     published. 

The  only  previous  Flora  of  the-  county  was 

issued     in     \H(><>.       In     addition     In    lull     I 

of  the  flowering  plant-,  ferns,  a  and 

liverworts  of  the  county,  and  the  places  in 
which    they    have    been    noted,    specialists 


have  dealt  with  the  climate,  soils,  physio- 
graphy, and  plant  distribution.  The  book 
will  be  published  by  the  editor  at  SI,  Surrey 
Street,  Norwich,  and  by  Messrs.  West,  New- 
man   &  (  '<). 

A     wktteb    in    Symone's    Meteorviogica 
Magazine,  who   lias   made   observations   on 

visibility  for  some  twenty-three  years,  pro- 
duces data  to  sho.v  that  the  time-honoured 
notion  that  extreme  visibility  is  a  prog- 
nostic of  rain  within  the  next    twenty-four 

hours  is  an  error.  He  has  noted  83  in- 
stances of  extreme  visibility  at  9  A.M.,  of 
which    Only    '.\~>    per    cent    were    followed    by 

rain,  a  smaller  percentage  than  that  of  tin- 
average  number  of  rainy  days  dining  that 
period,  which  was  41. 

M.  Alphoxsk  Bkrtit.lox,  famous  for  his 
contributions  to  criminology,  died  on  tin- 
afternoon  of  the  l.'Jth  inst.  He  had  been 
ailing  for  many  months  ;  and  last  November 
was  in  so  serious  a  condition  from  ana-mia 
that  it  was  thought  necessary  to  carry  out 
transfusion  of  blood  into  his  veins  from 
those  of  his  brother  M.  Georges  Bertillon,  an 
operation  which  for  a  time  restored  his 
strength. 

Bertillon's  taste  for  statistics,  with  his 
skill  in  handling  them,  was  something  of  an 
inherited  faculty.  Both  his  father  and 
grandfather  were  students  of  ethnology  from 
the  statistical  standpoint,  and  the  family 
aptitude  has  also  been  evinced  by  M.  Jacques 
Bertillon,  who  till  lately  was  Director  of  the 
Statistical  Department  in  Paris.  From  an 
interest  in  racial,  Alphonse  Bertillon  passed 
to  a  closer  preoccupation  with  individual 
physical  peculiarities,  especially  in  regard 
to  their  use  for  the  identification  of  criminals. 
As  long  ago  as  1882  he  brought  forward 
his  anthropometric  system,  which  did  not 
at  first  commend  itself  greatly  to  the  police 
authorities  of  Paris,  and,  in  fact,  labours 
under  the  somewhat  damaging  disadvantage 
of  requiring  considerable  allowance  for  the 
personal  equation  in  actual  application.  The 
system  was,  however,  adopted,  and  alongside 
of  it,  as  a  secondary  mode  of  classification, 
Bertillon's  system  of  finger-prints,  which 
was  also  introduced  into  England.  Here, 
however,  after  some  eight  years'  use,  it  was 
superseded  in  1901  by  the  Henry  system. 

Scarcely  less  important  were  Bertillon  s 
studies  in  the  use  of  photography  for  the  re- 
construction of  the  details  of  the  commission 
of  a  crime  ;  and  yet  another  branch  of  his 
detective  ingenuity  may  be  seen  in  his 
systematization  of  handwritings. 

It  is  said  that.  Bertillon  himself  would  have 
been,  if  a  criminal,  beyond  the  reach  of  tin" 
most  formidable  of  his  devices,  for  the 
surface  of  the  skin  of  his  fingers  was  so 
unusually  irregular  that  he  could  never 
make  a,  distinct,  imprint.  No  doubt,  since 
it.  has  been  ascertained,  lie  would  like  the 
fact  to  bo  recorded  that,  his  brain  was  found 
to  weigh  1,.12.">  L'rainines,  which  is  Hi-") 
l: -amines  above  the  average. 

Cor.  At,k\\\\i>i:k  Boss  ClaBRE,  the 
eminent   L'eodcsist,  died   last  week  ■>'    le  i.."" 

;lt      the     ag(       of     85.         He     was     -1 1 1  i.liri  t  .   r  l<  I.   Il  f 

of  tin-  trigonom*  brica]  work  of  the  Ordnance 
Survey  of  the  United  Kingdom  from  1854 
to  1881.  and  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  *  Geodesy, 

w  hieh   remains  a  classic  cm  the  -ub|.-,  I. 

His   determination    of   the   figure   oi    the 
earth  won  for  him  one  of  the  Royal  Medals 
the    Royal    Society.     I*    has    long    been 
common  knowledge  thai   the  earth  i-  not  :i 
phere,  but  i  he  ex  i< '  measun  >  of  i  he 
,l  fTen  ii.  .iitlicult    to  .n.     'I'h. 

i  (  larks  ha\ e  now  been  aim. 
universally  accepted  a-  the  most  corn 
hitherto  found. 


280 


T  HE     AT  II  E  N  M  U  M 


Xo.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


Art.     By  Clive  Bell.     (Chatto  &  Windus, 

5s.  net.) 
♦Several  different  kinds  of  people  will  be 
violently  irritated  by  this  book.     It  has 
.a  malignant  ingenuity  which  will  put  most 
painters,  art-critics,  art-historians,  archaeo- 
logists,   and    connoisseurs    beside    them- 
g  Ives.     "  Another  literary  defence,"  they 
will  cry,   "  of  that  pestilent  charlatanry 
which    is    sapping    the    foundations     of 
modern  art."     The  air  will  be  thick  with 
their  epithets  :    "  impudent,"  "  shallow," 
*'  pretentious,"  "  inaccurate,"  "  ignorant," 
and  so  forth.     For  here  is  a  book,  mostly 
about  painting,  by  a  man  who  has  prob- 
ably never  handled  a  brush  in  his  life, 
which  dismisses  as  garbage — or,  at  least, 
.as  all  more  or  less  soft  fruit — the  vast 
bulk  of  Italian  painting,  the  Renaissance, 
the  eighteenth  century — everything  before 
the  French  Impressionists  began  to  break 
.away.     No  idol,  however  holy,  is  spared. 
The  Elgin  marbles  are  overblown,  and  by 
the  fourth  century  B.C.  Greek  art  is  "  en 
pleine  decadence."    Hellenistic  art  and  all 
the  products  of  Imperial  Rome  are  the 
abomination   of    desolation.      Then,  with 
■Christianity,  comes  the  breath  of  a  new 
life,  mysterious  and  mighty.     The  revival 
— far  superior  to  the  best  Greek  period — 
is  at  its  height  about  500-600  a.d.     But 
the  curve  gradually  sinks  again.     Giotto 
is  already  decadent,  and  since  him  visual 
art  has  only  sunk  deeper  into  the  mire  : 
through  Gothic  "  juggling   in   stone    and 
glass,"  through  Renaissance  rounding  of 
ladies'   thighs,  until    about    1880    a    new 
movement   begins,  with  Cezanne   for   its 
genius— a  movement  which,  when  we  see 
it  in  its  true  perspective,  will  probably 
appear  as  great  an  upward  lift  as  that 
which    produced    St.     Sophia    and    the 
mosaics   of   S.    Vitale.      A  few   geniuses 
here  and  there,  but  no  strong  stream  of 
great  art  between  Giotto  and  Cezanne  : 
thus   may  Mr.    Bell's   historical   view   be 
roughly  summed  up.      But  the  worst  of  it 
is  that  innumerable   young  painters  are 
inspired  by  this  doctrine.     It  is  on  Mr. 
Bell's  historical  chapters  that  the  critics 
and  connoisseurs  will  fasten  with  particular 
fury.     They  will  pull  them  to  pieces  with 
gusto,    accusing    them    of    thinness,    and 
triumphantly  pointing  out,  for  instance, 
that  from  most  of  his  great  period  (500- 
D00    a.d.)    practically    nothing    survives. 
Their    triumph,    or    their   eagerness,    will 
foe  the  louder,  because  this   champion  of 
Post-Impressionism  is  far  the  ablest  that 
has  yet  appeared. 

But  Mr.  Bell  can  perfectly  well  take 
•care  of  himself.  One  thing  is  certain :  the 
hangers-on  of  official  art  who  cross  swords 
with  him  will  not  be  nearly  so  entertaining 
as  he  is.  He  has  an  almost  Gibbonian 
way  with  an  adversary  ;  he  gibes  and  is 
remorseless,  he  recks  nothing  of  good 
taste,  and  is  sure  to  have  the  laugh  with 
him.  A  couple  of  quotations  will  illus- 
trate his  touch : — 

'  In  Tiepolo  there  is  hardly  anything  but 
Tbrilliance  ;    only  when  one    sees    his    work 


beside  that  of  Mr.  Sargent  does  one  realize 
the  presence  of  other  qualities.  \n  Hogarth 
there  is  hardly  anything  hut,  illustration; 
one  realizes  the  presence  of  other  qualities 
only  by  remembering  the  work  of  the  Hon. 
John  Collier." 

Whistler  was 

"  using  his  rather  obvious  cleverness  to 
fight  for  something  dearer  than  vanity.  He 
is  a  lonely  artist  standing  up  and  hitting 
below  the  belt  for  art." 

Mr.  Bell,  too,  hits  below  the  belt ;  that 
is  one  of  the  reasons  why  his  book  is 
so  refreshing.  But  there  is  more  in  it 
than  unacademic  sparring ;  nor  is  it 
merely  a  defence  of  Post-Impressionism  ; 
it  is  an  impassioned  apology  for  Art.  It 
is  the  first  book,  since  Ruskin  began  to 
publish  '  Modern  Painters '  in  1843, 
that  could  even  conceivably  convince  a 
serious-minded  person  of  good  judgment 
that  Art  is  something  more  than  an  agree- 
able ornamentation  and  seasoning  of  life. 
For  that  is  the  normal  view  of  cultivated 
people  ;  asked  what  aesthetic  emotion  is, 
they  will  say  that  it  is  a  feeling  of  pleasant 
satisfaction  evoked  by  beautiful  objects — 
a  feeling  which  gives  interest,  colour, 
variety,  nobility,  to  the  hard  facts  of 
existence,  but  not  a  thing  to  make  a  reli- 
gion of.  Ruskin  saw  that  Art  was  some- 
thing much  more  tremendous  than  that, 
and  for  a  moment,  because  he  thought 
its  importance  lay  in  its  connexion  with 
morals,  he  was  almost  able  to  convince 
the  British  public.  Mr.  Bell,  like  Ruskin, 
rebels  against  the  normal  view  ;  for  him, 
too,  there  is  a  profound  connexion  between 
art  and  morals  ;  but  the  connexion  is 
different,  and  though  his  theory  is  not 
nearly  so  absurd  as  Ruskin's,  there  is 
much  less  chance  that  he  will  persuade  the 
masses.  He  is  disquietingly  precise, 
where  Ruskin  was  mellifluous,  nor  has 
he  any  impressive  system  of  classifica- 
tions calculated  to  lull  and  ensnare  the 
mind. 

The  theory  by  which  he  answers  the 
fundamental  question  of  aesthetics,  What 
is  the  quality  common  and  peculiar  to 
all  good  works  of  art  %  involves  at  least 
one  serious  shock  to  received  ideas.  His 
answer  is,  The  possession  of  significant 
form.  All  works  of  art  that  have  any 
merit — a  Peruvian  pot,  a  Giottesque 
fresco,  a  Rembrandt,  a  splash  of  water- 
colour  by  Cezanne — have  it  for  one  and 
the  same  reason,  to  which  all  else  is 
irrelevant :  the  artist  has  created  signi- 
ficant form.  ^Esthetic  emotion  consists 
solely  in  the  contemplation  of  significant 
form.  There  are,  of  course,  other  plea- 
sures that  pictures  can  give.  They  can 
please  by  imitating  things  we  recognize, 
and  by  suggesting  romantic  ideas  and 
associations ;  but  these  are  not  aesthetic 
pleasures,  and  in  themselves  have  nothing 
to  do  with  Art.  They  are  even  a  hind- 
rance to  Art.  For  not  only,  by  distract- 
ing attention,  do  they  prevent  us  from 
getting  the  full  aesthetic  rapture,  but  also, 
because  an  ever  higher  premium  is  set 
on  the  skill  necessary  to  imitate  reality, 
the  artist  is  encouraged  to  cut  capers,  to 
flatter,  to  suggest  morals — to  do  anything 
and  everything  rather  than  attend  to  his 


proper  business  of  the  creation  of  pure 
form.  Thus  the  corruption  of  Art  pro- 
ceeds apace,  and  the  stream  which  began 
at  Ravenna  and  Constantinople  filters 
out  at  last  in  the  muddy  swamps  of  the 
Tate  Gallery. 

The  hinge  of  the  theory,  then,  is  the 
exaltation  of  the  formal  element  in  Art, 
and  the  rejection  of  representation  as 
theoretically  irrelevant  and  pernicious  in 
practice.  Evidently  this  view,  in  spite 
of  our  common  assumption  that  the 
merit  of  all  pictures  lies  at  least  partly  in 
their  representative  quality,  is  not  absurd 
in  itself,  though  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
even  Mr.  Bell  will  be  able  to  maintain  it 
for  long  in  the  extreme  form  in  which  he 
now  states  it.  He  suggests  a  meta- 
physical justification  for  it,  asking  whether 
the  forms  created  by  artists  may  not  be 
significant  because,  in  the  emotion  with 
which  we  seize  them,  we  have  a  glimpse 
of  the  ultimate  reality  that  lies  behind 
appearances.  This  is  a  very  dubious 
speculation,  but,  as  he  rightly  points  out, 
the  fate  of  his  theory  is  not  bound  up 
with  the  fate  of  his  metaphysics  ;  even 
if  the  connexion  between  significant  form 
and  ultimate  reahty  be  merely  a  pleasant 
dream,  it  might  still  be  true  that  signifi- 
cant form — form,  namely,  that  excites 
a  certain  emotion  called  "  aesthetic  " — is 
the  one  thing  that  makes  visual  art 
valuable.  The  point  round  which  con- 
troversy must  turn  is  whether  imitative 
representation  is  really  as  valueless  as 
Mr.  Bell  thinks — a  thorny  question,  as 
to  which  we  can  only  say  here  that  his 
attack  on  representation  suggests  rather 
a  clever  counsel  for  the  prosecution  in  a 
case  that  looks  rather  black  for  the  de- 
fendant, than  a  philosopher  who  has  con- 
sidered all  the  possible  arguments. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  his  attack  disengages 
the  importance  and  vindicates  the  dignity 
of  Art.  If  he  is  right,  the  function  of  Art 
is  not  to  suggest  ennobling  ideas,  or  to 
reflect  Nature,  or  to  gratify  the  pride  of 
the  eye,  but  simply  and  solely  to  give  us 
the  rapture  of  apprehending  pure  form. 
This  rapture  he  describes  as  one  of  the 
most  intense  of  all  the  passions  of  which 
man  is  capable.  It  is  touched  with 
eternity ;  it  is  like  the  rapture  of  the 
religious  mystic  or  of  the  mathematician 
in  his  world  of  abstract  entities.  It  is 
something  to  live  and  die  for.  Whatever 
else  this  remarkable  book  may  do,  it 
should  make  the  reader,  unless  he  has 
tied  up  his  spiritual  capital  in  a  cultivated 
hedonism,  feel  uneasy.  He  may  disagree 
with  much,  but  it  will  set  him  wondering 
whether  there  is  not  something  in  works 
of  art  which,  poor  pervert  of  centuries  of 
bad  tradition,  he  has  hardly  ever  or  but 
faintly  noticed — something  which,  if  it 
were  more  keenly  felt,  might  make  him 
revise  all  his  judgments  about  visual  art. 
If  he  goes  so  far  as  that,  if  he  ends  by 
thinking  Cezanne  a  great  artist,  and  Sir 
Joshua,  for  instance,  a  manufacturer  of 
elegant  upholstery,  this  will  be  but  the 
least  of  the  services  Mr.  Bell  will  have 
done  for  him.  He  will  find  that  the 
revision  of  his  values  applies  not  only  to 
Art,  but  to  life  and  conduct  as  well. 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1014 


THE     A  Til  EN/EUM 


2.S1 


THE     FRIDAY    CLUB. 

This  exhibition  at.  the  Alpine  Club  Gallery 
is  a  typically  modern  jumble  of  diverse  aims, 
in  which  conspicuous  promise  is  more  than 
usually  plentiful,  though  sustained  achieve- 
ment is  rare.  Few  of  the  drawings  lack 
something  to  recommend  them,  whether 
it  be  the  clear,  candid  aspiration  of  Mr. 
Paul    Nash's    Trees    in    the    Morning   (~.\~) 

and  .1  Canlf*  Landscape  (39),  the  firm. 
authoritative  draughtsmanship  of  Mr.  Ran- 
dolph Schwabe's  Woman  Redlining  (57)  and 
Ablution  (59),  or  the  naive  seriousness  of  the 
design  Fear  (50),  l>\  Mr.  Morris  Goldstein. 
The  drawings  of  Messrs.  Harold  Squire  (35) 
and  Gerald  Summers  (45)  with  a  less  con- 
scious seriousness  show  an  easy,  spontaneous 
execution,  while  the  workmanlike  pro- 
ficiency of  Mrs.  Summers's  etchings  (24  and 
33),  the  more  concise  and  concentrated 
design  of  Madame  Kaverat's  Poplars  (22), 
and.  at  the  opposite  pole  of  invention,  the 
copious  resource  shown  in  Mr.  Allan  Odle's 
illustrations  (58,  67,  and  72),  win  our  respect. 
The  last  are.  indeed,  rather  in  the  nature  of 
ingenious  compilations,  yet,  in  comparison 
with  the  compilations  of  such  an  illustrator 
a-  Mr.  Kay  Nielsen,  they  show  such  a  flood 
of  unctuous  observation  of  detail  that  they 
deserve  some  of  the  superlatives  lavished  on 
that  artist. 

So  we  might  continue  the  list  of  works 
which   successfully  appeal  to  one  mood  or 

5fy  one  kind  of  demand,  to  the  complete 
neglect  of  all  others,  and,  indeed,  we  may 
admit  that    this  Bingle-mindedness  is  of   the 

>nce  of  slight  drawings  like  these,  each  of 
which  represents  a  single  jet  of  artistic  pro- 
ductiveness. When  we  turn  to  the  paintings, 
however,  we  rind,  as  is  usual  in  these  ultra- 
modern shows,  a  similar  slenclerness  of  con- 
tent, a  similar  short-winded  inspiration. 
While  we  admit  that  the  art  of  the  immediate 
past  was  such  as  to  call  for  a  period  of  this 
devotion  to  bare  directness  of  expression, 
yet  repeated  and  copious  doses  of  the  medi- 
cine *•  indicated  "    convince  us  that  there  is 

tething  to  bo  said  for  the  older  ideal. 
A  modern  painter  is  apt  to  be  harsh  and 
doctrinaire  in  his  manner;  you  may  take 
him  or  leave  him,  and.  it  your  mind  has  not. 

:i  specially  prepared  for  his  approach,  you 
as  like  as  not  to  leave  him.  In  a  mixed 
exhibition  of  modern  paintings  all  the  onus 
of  adaptability  is  thrown  on  the  spectator. 
In  the  art  of  the  past  —even  that  which  we 
think  of  a-  most  aloof  and  severe  —painting 
was  a  many-sided  thing,  appealing  to  many 
moods,  yet  bo  single  and  well-knit  tli.it  the 
spectator,  by  whatever  side  he  approached  it . 

-  instantaneously  made  aware  of  its  other 
elements,  made  free  of  a  larger  presence  than 
particular  aspect  which  first  captured 
him.  The  painters  here  are  inclined  to  be 
not  merely  uncompromising,  hut  even  too 
intolerant  to  admit  en  passant  that  the  art 
with  which  they  are  preoccupied  can  have 
any  relation  with  that  of  others.      Taking 

tilt-in    a-    we    find    them,     we     can    appreciate 

charm  of  the  landscapes  of  Mr. Allinson 
H  -      and    Mr.  .John   Currie   (15);    the 

freedom    from  extraneous  ornament  shown 
in  the  linear  --hemes  of  Mr.  Hubert Schlo 

■nd, id  Wharf,  Regent  a  Canal  (162),  ami 
Mr.  Nevinson'e  La  VUlette  (116);  ami  the 
ingenuity  of  Mr.  Romberg's  Ezekiel  (1!»), 
in  which  Dutch  dolls  engage  in  an  elaborate 
gymiia  in  imitation  oi  a  Greek  fret. 

.  e.  however,  as  this  Lasl    undeniably 
i«  in  i'-  complete  abandonment   to  a  single 
mean-  of   interesting  the   beholder,  w 
more  inclined  to  linger  before  Mr.  Nevinson'e 
i  with  it-  restrained  notation 

an  element  I  bisl  design  as  it  arises 
irom  the  study  of  a  striking  head. 


PAINTINGS   BY  THE  CAMDEN   TOWN 
GROUP. 

ALTHOUGH  this  group  must  now  be  con- 
sidered as  dissolved  in  the  larger  London 
Group — if  not.,  indeed,  the  victim  of  more 
definite  disintegration  most  of  its  earlier 
members    are  exhibiting    (alone-    with    Mr. 

Henry    Bishop,    the    well-known    painter    of 

Moorish  subjects)    at  the   Little  Gallery  in 
(heat   Marlborough  Street. 

Few  of  them  are  quite  at  their  best  on  this 
occasion.  Mr.  Waller  Sickert  gives  sugges- 
tions of  the  two  sides  of  his  talent :  his  early 
suave  mastery  in  the  classic  use  of  paint  in 
No.  3  (Da nsense),  and  his  masculine  interest 
in  contemporary  life  in  Chicken  (2)  and 
(Eilladc  (4).  In  the  latter  pair  we  feel  the 
artist's  attempt,  to  design  in  forms  too  small 
for  the  scale  of  touch  he  has  allowed  himself, 
and  a  certain  doctrinaire  refusal  to  make  use 
of  the  adroitness  of  brushwork  which  might 
overcome  that  difficulty.  Mr.  Gilman's 
Indian  Images  (19)  shows  unusual  adapta- 
bility in  this  respect  ;  its  subtlety  appeals 
almost  entirely  to  our  interest  in  seeing  a 
clumsy  brush  so  deftly  used.  The  Portrait  of 
the  Artist's  Mother  (11 )  which  is  his  principal 
exhihit.  shows  him  at  his  maximum  of  clever- 
ness in  pitching  an  elaborate  colour-scheme, 
hut  hardly  at  his  best  as  a  master  of  form. 
Mr.  Spencer  Gore's  Orchard  (9)  is  a  charming 
but  minor  work.  Messrs.  Pissarro  and  Rat- 
cliffe  are  adequately  represented  by  Win- 
chelsea  from  Cadborongh  (10),  and  Victoria 
Embankment  Hardens  (22) ;  Mr.  Charles 
Ginner  less  happily  by  certain  pictures  of 
his  more  cloying  period.  Mr.  Drummond's 
London  Flats  (12)  and  Mr.  J.  B.  Manson's 
Floivers  (13)  are  bright  and  unpretentious, 
and  Mr.  Robert  Bevans  The  Drought  (18) 
offers  an  example  of  the  occasional  value  of  a 
title  as  a  pointer  to  the  sluggish  intelligence. 
Without  this  aid  it  might  not  impress  one  as 
a  piece  of  painting  ;  with  it,  one  sees  that 
what  expressiveness  it.  has  is  admirably 
illustrative  of  its  theme. 

Not  the  least  important  items  in  the  show 
are  the  three  exhibits  of  Mr.  Epstein.  His 
admirable  Homilly  John(?»)m  well  known,  as 
also  the  bronze  figure  (2),  which  we  take  to  be 
a  survival  from  an  earlier  period  of  his  career, 
when  his  bent  towards  stylistic  simplifica- 
tion was  less  pronounced  than  now,  and  the 
gulf  between  it  and  the  naturalistic  simplifi- 
cation of  M.  Rodin  also  less  pronounced.  His 
Bird  Pluming  Itself  ( 1 )  treats  a  theme  of  si  iave 
and  rounded  forms  only  open  to  a  sculptor 
who  is  absorbedly  interested  in  planes.  \\"e 
think  that  the  conception  of  Mr.  Epstein  as 
the  most  representative  figure  among  younger 
British  sculptors  is  just,  though  based  prob- 
ably on  wrong  reasons. 


OTH  E  \i   E  N 1 1 1  BTTIONS. 

At  the  Maddox  Street  (,'alleries  the 
f'amsix  Art  Club  has  reached  a  twelfth 
exhibition  on  what,  appear  to  us  hardly 
Icient  grounds.  <  'ommonplace  vision  and 
sloppy  execution  are  the  rule,  but  Mr.  M.  W. 
Patterson's  water-colours (12  14), and  in  less 
degree  Mr.  E.  M.  Lister's  Oranchester  Mill 
Mi),   have  a.  certain   decorative   tranquillity, 

while    some    of    the     (lower     pieees    of     Mr.     II. 

d'Arcy  I  Carl  (45,  89,  01)  make  true  bouquets 
of  colour,  brilliantly  varied  and  adroitly 
balanced 
The  Triangle  Club  in  the  adjoining  gallery 
a.  more  ambitious  programme,  that  oJ 
the  recovery  by  Bculpture  and  painting  of 
their  true  relation  to  architecture.  Lsisu  oil 
in  Bucfa  circumstances,  i  be  sculptor 
sometimes  to  have  derived  advantage  from 


the  pious  aspiration  on  the  part  oi  the  archi- 
tect, the  poor  painter  never.      1 1  is,  perhaps, 

because  of  this  disability  that  the  promise 
held  out  in  the  [ntroduction  to  the  catalogue, 

of  the  product  ion  of  work  of  an  ideal  nature, 
is  hardly  fulfilled.  All  the  members  "  have 
passed  through  the  schools  of  the  Royal 
Academy,"  and  on  the  whole  this  exhibition 
show-  little  progress  towards  emancipation 
from    its   influence.      The    portraits   are   dull, 

and  the  landscapes  merely  literal.  Mr. 
D.  S.  Gray,  whose    student   work    at    the 

Royal   Academy  held  out    promise  of  colour, 

sends  a  Pool  of  Bethesda  (21).  deplorably  tame 
in  this  respect,  and  without  distinction  of 
form.  Mr.  Blair  Leighton's  alfresco  Tea- 
time  (43)  is  somewhat  more  spontaneous, 
but  its  modelling  is  heavy  and  material  in 
comparison  with  Mr.  Savage's  more  spacious 
Piazza  del  Campo,  Siena  (ti.'5).  In  the  latter 
broadly  designed  picl  ure,  as  w  ell  as  in  certain 
water-colour  sketches  |>y  the  same  artist 
(61,  66,  and  67),  there  is  a  move  towards 
decoration. 

The  work  of  the  sculptors  also  tends  to 
naturalism,  and  shows  little  signs  as  yet  oi 
the  chastening  influence  of  association  with 
architecture:  witness  pre-eminently  Mr.  Allan 
Wyon's  amazing  design  for  a  King  Edward 
Memorial.  Mr.  Ferdinand  Blundstone's  Boy 
and  Fruit  (8)  and  Study  of  a  Tiger  (9),  the 
latter  somewhat  recalling  the  manner  of 
Barye,  are  the  best.  They  have  an  attempt 
at  breadth,  in  the  first  instance  by  means 
of  a  rather  monotonous  roundness  of  form; 
while  in  the  tiger,  if  the  surface  is  better 
analyzed  into  planes,  the  artist  is  apt  to  find 
himself  with  so  many  to  handle  that  he  is 
unable  to  divide  them  clearly  into  cate- 
gories, and  incurious  as  to  what  exactly 
becomes  of  them  when  they  vanish  beneath 
the  surface  of  his  figure.  To  Mr.  Angels 
Bacchante  (3)  a  similar  objection  might  be 
made.  It  is  fumbled  over  from  point  to 
point  on  the  surface,  with  no  vigorous  sense 
of  interpenetration. 


ETCHINGS. 


At  the  exhibitions  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers  and  Engravers  dynasties 
of  artists  handling  the  customary  themes  ol 
landscape  and  architecture  in  the  customary 
fashion  succeed  each  other  so  rapidly,  and 
with  so  nearly  equal  merit,  that  detailed 
review  becomes  impossible.  On  the  whole, 
except  for  an  occasional  etcher  of  outstand- 
ing individuality,  such  as  Messrs.  Cameron 
and  Strang,  now  no  longer  members,  and 
Mr.  Robert  Spence,  who  is  not  this  year  at 
his  best,  we  incline  to  think    that    the   level 

of  capacity  is  higher  now  than  it  used  to  he; 
e.g.,  the  careful  detail  drawing  of  Mr.  Ray- 
mond   Ray    Jones    (17    and     21)     is    he: 
phrased    than    that     of     his     predecesso] 
Mr.   Herman    Webster's    Vieux    Pont,  Notrt 

Dame  (55),  is  also  will  combined  and  con- 
fident !\  characterized;  while  Mr.  Frank 
Short  (IS)  and  Mr.  Sydney  Lee  ('.»7>  handle 
tone,  the  one  with  sobriety,  the  other  with 
vigour.  Mr.  ■'.  R.  K.  Duff's  represental  i< 
of  sheep  ( is  and  23)  show  also  a  mod<  ' 
competence. 

At  the  <  lallerii  -  of  M  '  onnell 

,\   Son  i,  Mr.  I).  Y.  (   iron  and  Mr.  Str 

i  he  principal  attract  ions,  1 l"-  latter  !■■ 
particularly    successful    with     hi 
landscape  Bourg «?<  Bate(fl5).     Mr. Tom  M 
well  follov    close  on  I  he  hei  I   ol  Mr.  • 
in    his    romantic     Edinburgh    from    Corstor- 
phine,  and.  indeed,  m  all  his  work  a  high  level 
is   maintained.      M.    Bejol    >■  in  In 

/'.  wpli  ra   i  1 1  i   from   Id  •'    form 

u  hich  in  -  spoilt  In- -'  ''    '■"'  worl  .  «  hile 

Mr.    |.,m   Stran     !■  a         handsomely  propor- 
tioned design  in  ToguscU  Toledo  (81). 


282 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1914 


fitu  Jlrt   (gossip. 

Mr.  G.  A.  Storey  has  been  appointed 
Professor  of  Perspective  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  This  post  has  been  in  abeyance 
for  half  a  century,  and  is  now  revived  for 
a  teacher  of  the  subject  who  has  written 
on  '  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Per- 
spective.' It  may  be  recalled  that  this 
professorship  was  held  for  thirty  years  by 
Turner,  whose  success  in  practice  was  by  no 
means  equalled  by  his  power  to  convey 
theory  to  other  minds. 

The  exhibition  of  Sir  Alfred  East's  works 
at  the  Leicester  Galleries  has  been  visited  by 
a  large  number  of  people  during  the  first 
week  of  its  opening,  and  a  considerable 
number  of  pictures  have  already  found 
purchasers,  including  the  large  painting 
entitled  '  Autumn  in  England,'  which  has 
been  acquired  by  the  National  Gallery  of 
Brisbane. 

Next  Tuesday  week,  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  Burlington  House, 
Mr.  G.  A.  T.  Davies  will  lecture  with  lantern 
illustrations  to  the  Society  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Roman  Studies  on  '  The  Dacian 
■Campaign  of  Trojan  in  a.d.  102.' 

The  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  Society 
will  be  held  at  the  same  place  on  Tuesday, 
May  12th. 

Herb  Boebner  of  Leipsic,  the  well- 
known  art  dealer,  is  holding  from  March  16th 
to  20th  an  auction  which  should  attract 
many  lovers  of  art.  A  main  feature  of  the 
sale  is  the  collection  of  Arnold  Otto  Meyer, 
who  died  in  1913,  and,  through  inheritance 
as  well  as  personal  association  with  artists, 
formed  one  of  the  finest  private  collections 
known  of  nineteenth-century  German  draw- 
ings. The  first  of  the  well-illustrated  cata- 
logues before  us  reveals  the  variety  and  worth 
of  the  collection.  Romanticists  and  classi- 
cists are  both  well  represented  ;  and  a  charm- 
ing reproduction  shows  the  gifts  of  Ludwig 
Richter  as  a  depicter  of  childhood. 

The  second  catalogue  records  an  excep- 
tional collection  of  the  work  of  Anton  Graff, 
most  of  the  items  being  of  high  rarity,  and 
an  extensive  gathering  of  fine  drawings 
ranging  from  the  fifteenth  century  to  the 
eighteenth,  beginning  with  Albrecht  Alt- 
dorfer,  and  ending  with  Federico  Zuccaro. 
The  thirty-eight  plates  are  sufficient  to  in- 
dicate the  importance  of  the  sale. 

Mb.  Thomas  H.  Mawson,  Special  Lec- 
turer in  Landscape  Design  at  the  University 
of  Liverpool,  has  been  entrusted  by  the  King 
and  Queen  of  the  Hellenes  with  the  enviable 
but  rather  awe-inspiring  task  of  preparing 
plans  for  the  extension,  and  even  for  the 
beautification,  of  Athens.  That  an  English- 
man should  be  chosen  for  this  may  occasion 
many  pretty  reflections  on  the  cosmopolitan 
character  of  the  beautiful,  or,  perhaps  more 
reasonably,  on  the  cosmopolitan  outlook  of 
Europe.  Mr.  Mawson  is  required  to  devise 
a  new  railway  station,  new  law  courts 
and  other  official  buildings,  new  hotels 
and  boulevards,  a  system  of  parks  and 
playgrounds,  and  a  great  avenue  from  the 
city  to  the  Piraeus. 

Moreover,  there  is  an  important  housing 
problem  to  be  solved,  for  a  number  of  hovels 
gathered  at  the  base  of  the  Acropolis  are  to 
be  demolished.  Mr.  Mawson  has  already 
been  busy  with  the  royal  gardens  in  Athens, 
and  the  planning  of  the  royal  burial-ground 
at  Tatoi,  a  few  miles  away,  and  has  also 
work  on  hand  for  Corfu. 

While  digging  gravel  in  a  quarry  at  Caver- 
sham  workmen  have  opened  up  an  ancient 
pit-dwelling.  It  has  a  perpendicular  passage 
leading  to  a  large  circular  chamber  several 


feet  in  diameter.  The  whole  was  found  full 
of  black  earth  and  charcoal,  wherein  were 
the  fragments  of  two  cooking  -  pots — one 
of  them  shows  a  rough  attempt  at  decor- 
ation— a  piece  of  flake  flint,  and  a  bronze 
pin,  which  are  thought  to  belong  to  the 
Bronze  Age.  These  have  been  placed  in 
the  Reading  Museum. 

Capt.  Campbell  Besley,  who  has  re- 
turned from  exploration  in  South  America 
to  New  York  this  week,  reports  wonderful 
discoveries  of  the  civilization  of  the  Incas  at 
Cuzco.  An  Indian  showed  him,  buried  in 
the  luxuriant  vegetation,  buildings  which 
are  said  to  be  highly  remarkable  both  from 
the  architectural  and  the  engineering  point 
of  view.  The  palaces  were  on  a  huge  scale  ; 
the  vessels  used  were  elaborately  orna- 
mented ;  and  stone  walls  were  used  to 
bank  up  the  adjacent  river  as  well  as  for 
purposes  of  fortification. 

Hydon  Ball  is  a  hill-crest  rising  out  of  a 
wild,  heathery  tract  called  Hydon  Heath, 
about  three  miles  south  of  Godalming.  The 
summit  rises  to  about  600  feet  above  sea- 
level,  a  height  which,  in  that  neighbourhood, 
gives  it  a  fine  pre-eminence  over  the  sur- 
rounding hills,  and  a  surprisingly  wide  and 
beautiful  prospect  towards  each  of  the  four 
winds.  Godalming  with  the  Hog's  Back  on 
the  north  ;  the  Weald  and  the  South  Downs 
and  Chanctonbury  Ring  on  the  south  ;  on 
the  west  Hindhead  and  Blackdown,  and 
something  of  that  "  vast  hill  of  chalk  rising 
300  feet  above  the  village,  divided  into  a 
sheep-down,  the  high  wood,  and  a  long  hang- 
ing wood,  called  the  Hanger,"  with  the  de- 
scription of  which  Gilbert  White  begins  his 
history  of  Selborne  ;  and  fine  slopes  of 
wooded  country  on  the  east. 

The  land  near  by  is  being  "  developed  ': 
(the  "eligibility"  of  such  a  site  is  only  too 
patent) ;  and  we  learn  with  pleasure  that  the 
National  Trust  is  warily  securing  a  six 
months'  option  to  purchase  for  5,000Z.  ninety- 
two  acres  of  this  ground, which  will  include  the 
Ball.  The  price  has  been  fixed  so  low  because 
the  present  owner  generously  desires  to  see 
the  spot  permanently  preserved  as  an  open 
space  ;  and  the  National  Trust  propose  to 
acquire  it  as  a  memorial  to  the  late  Oct?  via 
Hill,  the  Memorial  Committee  agreeing  to 
adopt  the  proposal  if  sufficient  public 
support  for  the  scheme  is  forthcoming. 

A  sum  of  5.500Z.  is  being  asked  for,  since 
legal  and  other  expenses,  as  well  as  the  erec- 
tion of  a  caretaker's  cottage,  have  to  be 
provided  in  addition  to  the  purchase  money. 
Contributions  should  be  sent  to  the  National 
Trust,  25,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 

Me.  F.  W.  Speaight  sends  us  details  of  a 
scheme  by  which  Goodrich  House,  Hatfield, 
is  to  be  made  into  a  depot  for  the  collection 
and  sale  of  furniture,  china,  prints,  &c. 
Repairs  will  be  a  special  feature,  and  the 
genuineness  of  all  the  antiques  will  be 
guaranteed.  They  will  not  be  huddled  to- 
gether, but  jilaced  about  the  various  rooms 
of  the  house,  which  has  Adam  mantelpieces 
and  other  attractions. 

Mb.  Geoffrey  Scott  has  written  a  book  ' 
which,  it  seems,  may  be  expected  to  prove 
original.  It  is  a  defence  of  Renaissance 
architecture,  entitled  '  The  Architecture  of 
Humanism,'  and  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Constable  in  the  course  of  the  spring. 

Prof.  Flinders  Petrie's  book  on  '  Amu-  i 
lets  ' — which  is  to  appear  shortly  with  Messrs. 
Constable — is  based  chiefly  on  the  collection 
of  these  objects  at  University  College.  A 
good  deal  of  illustrative  material  from  other 
sources,  and  relating  to  other  countries, 
has  also  been  worked  in,  and  the  book  is 
abundantly  illustrated. 


ittitsiral  (gossip. 

Sir  Henry  J.  Wood  introduced  three 
novelties  at  his  Symphony  Concert  last 
Saturday.  First  came  Strauss's  Overture 
to  '  Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme,'  and  the 
one  to  'Ariadne  auf  Xaxos.'  The  former, 
written  more  or  less  in  the  style  of  the  period, 
is  excellent  in  its  place,  though  scarcely 
important  enough  to  figure  as  an  overture  in 
the  concert-room  ;  still  less  so  is  the  '  Ariadne.' 
Stravinsky's  '  Fireworks  '  Fantasia  was  given 
for  the  first  time  in  England.  It  is  an 
early  work,  and,  if  it  offers  promise  of  a  skill 
in  orchestration  which  later  was  amply 
fulfilled,  it  can  only  count  as  an  attempt 
to  give  a  musical  picture  of  fireworks. 
Fortunately,  like  fireworks,  it  was  of  brief 
duration. 

M.  Alfred  Cortot,  the  distinguished 
French  pianist,  made  his  first  appearance 
at  these  concerts,  and  gave  an  admirable 
rendering  of  Schumann's  Concerto.  An  im- 
pressive performance  of  Beethoven's  Fourth 
Symphony  also  deserves  record. 

Mb.  Victob  Benham  at  his  pianoforte 
recital  at  Steinway  Hall  last  Monday  after- 
noon played  two  sonatas,  and,  naturally 
wishing  to  pay  due  honour  to  Beethoven, 
placed  his  Op.  Ill  in  c  minor  first,  fol- 
lowing it  immediately  by  his  own  in  the 
same  key.  This  at  any  rate  the  two  works 
had  in  common.  The  exacting  sonata 
form  demands  very  different  treatment 
from  that  displayed  by  the  concert -giver. 
In  music  of  a  lighter  kind  he  would  probably 
appear  to  greater  advantage. 

As  a  pianist  Mr.  Benham  has  agile  fingers 
and  a  delicate  touch,  and  if  all  the  six  Chopin 
Etudes  which  he  selected,  principally  from 
Op.  25,  had  been  rendered  as  well  as  certain 
portions,  the  result  would  have  been  favour- 
able. Mr.  Benham,  however,  took  certain 
liberties  with  the  music.  He  apparently 
lacks  the  power  of  self-criticism,  a  gift  whicb 
many  well-intentioned  artists  do  not  possess. 

The  performance  of  Beethoven's  '  Mount 
of   Olives  '    at    the   concert    of   the   London 
Choral  Society  on  the  I  lth  inst.  at   Queen's 
Hall   served   two   good   purposes.     It   acted 
as    a    foil    to    the    great    '  Missa    Solemnis 
which    followed,    and   it   probably   satisfied 
the  curiosity  of  those  present,  some  of  whom 
must    have  wondered  why  an  oratorio   by 
Beethoven  —  the    work    was    originally   an- 
nounced as  such,  but  Mr.  Fagge's  announce- 
ment  of  it   as  a  "  cantata  "  is  much  more 
appropriate — had  not  been  heard  for  many 
years,  with  the  exception  of  the  final   '  Halle- 
lujah '  chorus.     The    reason    is    now   clear  : 
'  The  Mount  of  Olives  '  was  a  piece  d 'occa- 
sion   written    in    a    great    hurry,    and    one 
with    which    in    later  years  Beethoven  him- 
self was  dissatisfied.      The  choir,  we  should 
add,  was  at  its  best  in  the  Mass. 

The  Popular  Concert  to-morrow  at  South 
Place  will  be  devoted  to  the  compositions  and 
arrangements  of  Sir  C.  Villiers  Stanford,  and 
the  principal  items  will  be  the  String  Quintet, 
Op.  85,  and  the  Piano  Trio  in  G  minor,  with 
Mr.  Herbert  Sharpe  as  pianist.  Mr.  Plunket 
Greene  will  be  the  singer. 


Six. 


MoN. — 
Tl'ES 


Wed. 
Tiii/its 


Pri. 


Sat. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 

Concert.  3.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
8unday  Concert  Society.  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Ballad  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sat  (Friday  excepted).     Royal  Opera,  Coven t  Garden, 
.letty  Ingenius's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.15.  Steinway  Hall. 
Vivian  Langrish's  Pianoforte  Recital,  S.15,  Bechstein  Hall- 
Leonard  Borwick's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Royal  choral  Society,  8.  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Twelve  o'Clocks'  Chamber  Concert,  .Aeolian  Hall. 
George  Lalewicz's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Meta  Die8tel'8  Song  Recital.  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Katherine   Doubleday's   Pianoforte    Recital,  8.30,  Bechstein 

Hall. 
Egon  Petri's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Leonard  Borwick's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.15,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Bronislaw  Huberman's  Orchestral  Concert,  8.15.  Queen  6  Hall. 
.losef  Holbrooke's  Chamber  Concert,  8  30,  ArtB  Centre. 
Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  3,  Queen's  Hall, 
olive  Byrne's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,   1914 


THE    ATHEN/EUM 


2«;{ 


DRAMA 


THE       WEE  K. 

The  Playhouse. 

Mr.  Harold  Chapin's  '  Dropping  the 
Baby,1  which  was  produced  at  the  Play- 
house last  week,  is  a  provocative  play — 
tli"  provocation   being  meritorious  so  far 

a  u  induces  thoughtfulne**,  but  a  cause 
of  annoyance  in  those  to  whom  it  con- 
veys no  new  light  on  the  rights  and 
wrongs  associated  with  Feminism.  Did 
woman,  as  suggested  in  this  play,  break  in 
a  pet  the  continuity  of  her  concentration 
on  the  duties  of  motherhood  because  man 
(over-concerned  with  guarding  material 
things  of  which  he  had  possessed  himself) 
failed  in  his  service  of  woman  ?  Was  it 
all  for  the  best  that  it  so  fell  out  ?  Is 
history  now  repeating  itself  with  slight 
variations  I  Does  Mr.  Chapin  suggest  that 
unman  is  dropping  her  concentration  on 
the  home  and  entering  commerce  because 
man  does  not  supply  her  efficiently  with 
what  she  needs  for  the  home  ?  We  are 
insufficiently  informed  concerning  what 
happened  in  the  age  of  the  play — ten 
thousand  years  ago  —  but  we  do  not 
think  it  would  be  a  fair  generalization 
to  say  that  to-day  woman  is  merely 
pettishly  concerned  with  her  own  com- 
fort, or  that  she  will  tolerate  greater 
idleness  in  man  because  she  seeks  to 
help  in  disentangling  the  snarl  that  com- 
petitive commerce  has  got  the  world  into. 
If  in  widening  her  own  sphere  she  does 
]>erpetuate  such  evil,  she  will  have  more 
to  answer  for  than  the  hideousness  of 
mens  apparel  with  which,  incidentally, 
Mr.  Chapin  seems  to  credit  her.  Any- 
way, woman  is  a  rebel  to-day  against  that 
reme  specialization  which  is  accountable 
for  much  that  is  narrow-minded. 

'  Thank  Your  Ladyship.'  by  Mr.  Norreys 
Connell,  need  not  long  detain  us,  as  the 
theatregoing  public  has  by  now  endorsed 
our  opinion  by  refusing  its  support.  The 
■abject  of  clothes  again  intruded  itself,  Miss 

rie  Tempest  making  it  apparent  how 
much  a  piquant  face  can  make  tolerable, 

n  of  the  monstrosities  that  meet  our 
eye  when  we  turn   in  our  morning  paper 

the  page  devoted  to  ladies'  fashions. 
The  only  other  item  worthy  of  note  in  an 
inconsiderable  play  was  the  acting  of 
Mi.  Browne  as  a  footman  trying  to  restrain 
an  uncontrollable  adoration  for  his  mistress 
and  of  Mr.  Clarence  as  a  decrepit  and 
imbecile  duke.  We  congratulate  the 
latter  on  the  fact  that  there  are  signs 
of  revival  of  the  old-time  harlequinade. 
If  Pantaloon  delays  bis  coming  to  the 
zenith  of  popularity  for  some  years,  we 
■hall  also  be  able  to  congratulate  the 
public  on   retaining  for  a  while  a  cjever 

or  in  farcical  drama. 

Tin:   Little  Theatre. 

Lasl  Monday  afternoon  'Damaged 
ids,'  .in  English  version  by  Mr.  John 
Pollock  <,f  m.  Brieux  -  '  Lea  Avarice,  was 
given  at  the  Little  Tbi  atre.  The  pro- 
duction was  denounced  by  at  basl  one 
of  our  daily  contemporaries   in  advance 


The  publicity  thus  given  to  the  subject  of 
syphilis  seemed  to  us  to  militate  against 
the  line  of  argument  taken.  For  ourselves, 
we  should  require  to  believe,  before 
denouncing  discussion,  that  we  might 
with  safety  leave  that  duty  to  parents 
and  guardians;  failing  them,  to  secular 
teachers;  or,  lastly,  to  those  whose  main 
concern  should  be  with  the  spiritual. 
But  if  all  such  agencies  fail  to  effect  reform 
by  dispelling  ignorance,  then  we  welcome 
the  stage,  which  some  good,  but  narrow- 
minded  people  still  look  upon  as  the  work 
of  the  devil  ;  even  if  they  be  right,  we 
accept  the  devil's  aid  in  the  assurance 
that  from  his  point  of  view  he  has  made  a 
faux  pas. 

Before    the    rise    of    the    curtain   Mr. 
Henry  Arthur  Jones  appeared  in  person. 
In  an  address  concerned  with  the  subject 
of    Art     for    Art's     Sake,    or    Art     for 
Morality's  Sake,  he  suggested  that,  if  Art 
was    to    serve     morality    on    the    stage, 
then  it  must  be  sufficiently  good  art  to 
make   the    lesson  worth   repetition   even 
when    it    had   been  learnt.      Proceeding, 
we  understood  him   to    suggest  that   M. 
Brieux's  play  would  stand  even  when  a 
remedy     like     salvarsan   had    effected   a 
cure   for    syphilis.     Here    he    seemed    to 
join   with    M.    Brieux   in    confusing    the 
alleviation  of   a  consequence    of    an  evil 
with  the    cure    of    the    evil    itself.     The 
evil  is  prostitution  in  all  its  forms,   and 
we  should  not  welcome   as   an   unmixed 
blessing  anything  which  rendered  it  free 
from  unpleasant  consequences.    In  other 
words,    we   could  only   accept   it   whole- 
heartedly   if    side     by    side    with     the 
alleviation  of  such  consequences  went  the 
eradication  of  the  evil.     True,  M.  Brieux 
brands  prostitution  in  unmeasured  terms, 
but  he  fails  to   attack  the  indirect    self- 
indulgence  which  is  so  largely  responsible 
for  its  vogue.      Of  sexual   indulgence  he 
speaks  strongly  ;  but  what  of  the  far  greater 
self-indulgence     in    a    dog-in-the-manger 
cornering  of  life's  pleasures,  and  even  of 
life's  necessities,  the  lack  of  which  sends 
many  a  girl  to  the  streets  ?     How  many  of 
the  assembled  audience  were  prepared,  the 
next  time  they  visited  a  theatre,  to  go  in 
the  gallery  instead  of  the  stalls,  and  with 
the  money  thus  saved  buy  tickets  for  those 
who,  finding  life  all  too  drab,  are  tempted  to 
fling  themselves  into  the  vortex  in  order 
to  secure  what  is  denied  them  ?     We  agree 
with  M.  Brieux  in  his  reaffirmation  of  the 
demand  for  knowledge  of  the  consequences 
of  evil,  but  knowledge  of  retribution  will 
not    alone    deter     those    for   whom     the 
present  is  one  of  hellish  monotony. 

Our  thoughts  have  perhaps  carried  us 
beyond  the  exact  limits  of  the  play 
under  discussion,  and  we  may  now  only 
briefly  refer  to  the  acting.  If  we  mistake 
not.  .Mr.  fisher  White  as  the  doctor 
had  a  n,d  grip  of  his  subject  and  his 
sincerity  achieved  a  result  which  his  un- 
doubted possession  of  histrionic  ait   would 

M"t  alone  bave  accomplished.     We  do  nol 

wish  it  to  lie  inferred  that  the  rest  of  the 

last  were  Callous   in    this  respect    hut  their 

ait  was  moo-  obvious.     We  congratulate 
the  producer,  Mr.  Kenelm  Fosa  on  bringing 
■  her  such  an  efficient  company. 


The  Vaudeville. 

On  Tuesday  Mr.  Xorman  McKinnel 
produced  Mr.  Richard  Pryce's  stage 
adaptation  of  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's  L  Helen 
with  the  High  Hand.'  Though  in  lighter 
vein.  Mr.  McKinnel  as  James  Ollerenshaw, 
the  close-fisted  owner  of  house  property, 
rivals  in  quality  his  impersonation  of  the 
name-part  in  *  Rutherford  &  Son.'  The 
weaning  of  the  old  bachelor  from  his 
penuriousnesa  necessarily  suffers  from  the 
concentration  of  the  stage,  but  we  are 
unable  to  suggest  where  the  actor's 
indication  could   be   bettered. 

Miss  Nancy  Price,  who  plays  Helen 
Rathbone,  an  English  Bunty,  is  also 
admirable,  though  purists  may  think 
that  she  gains  her  dominion  over  her 
step-uncle  by  more  of  the  methods  of 
a  sly  puss  than  we  should  expect  of  a 
high-handed  heroine. 

Mr.  Trevor,  too,  as  her  lover  hardly 
prepared  us  sufficiently  for  the  direct 
action  which  made  him  duck  the  suitor 
Helen  employed  to  raise  jealousy,  or  for 
the  masterfulness  which  secured  her  in 
the  end  ;  and  the  angling  of  the  widow 
after  Ollerenshaw  might  have  received 
more  emphasis  at  the  hands  of  Miss 
Rosina  Filippi. 

The  adapter  has  allowed  himself  some 
latitude,  and  has  not  thereby  improved 
the  last  act  ;  but  the  whole  is  sweetly 
savoured,  and  we  believe  there  is  now  a 
large  public  read}'  to  welcome  drama  of 
the  Five  Towns. 

Playgoers  who  hurry  to  the  theatre 
with  a  view  to  prevent  the  discomfort 
occasioned  to  others  by  late  arrival  may 
not  be  pleased  to  find  the  time  advertised 
for  the  beginning  of  the  play  slip  by. 
The  fact  wrould  require  more  serious 
comment  were  not  the  half  -  hour  so 
pleasantly  whiled  away  by  Mr.  Norton's- 
clever  impersonation  of  singers  and  re- 
citers who  conceal  their  insufficient  me- 
mories. 


Uramatic   (5ossip. 

Miss  Rosina  Filippis  experiment  of 
presenting  Shakespeare  at  popular  prices 
will.it  is  hoped,  begin  shortly  at  the  Victoria 
Hall,  Waterloo  Road.  The  plays  selected 
for  production  are  '  The  Merchant  of 
Venice,'  'The  Taming  of  the  Shrew.' 
'Julius  Ca?sar,7  and  'Romeo  and  Juliet,' 
while  the  prices  for  seats  range  from  2d.  to 
Is.  6d.  Mr.  Matheson  Lang  has  Lenl  the 
scenery   and     costumes     for    three     of    the 

plays,     but      »"><>/.      iS     Still      needed       tO      r,,\,l 

the  expenses  of  the  first  month. 

To-dav.  Mr.   Philip  Carr  will  opens   new 
theatre  in    Paris  (Salle   Villiers,  <ii    Rue  du 
Rocher),    to    be    known    under     the    nam. 
i,i    P(  i  n    Theatre    Anglais.     He  intends  to 
produce     about     twice     a     month     English 
plays,  which   will   be  performed   bj   Engli  h 
actors.     The    first    play    will    probably    bi 
•  The  Mi  nil. mi   of   \  eniee,    and  t  be  Becond 
Mr.    ( :.    B.    Shav         Man    and    Sup<  rman. 
Among  i  he  patron    of  this  1  heal  re  w  e  nol  i<  i 
Sir  Franci    Berl  ie,  Mr.  Mj  ron  T.  Herrick,  i  h< 
\n,.  1 1.  in     \mii.i  wador    in     Paris,    Anatole 
Franct  .  and  M.  Augu  te  Rodin, 


284 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4504,  Feb.  21,   1914 


On  Monday,  the  9th  inst.,  'La  Triom- 
phatrice,'  a  new  play  in  lour  acts  by  Mile. 
Marie  Leneru,  was  read  to  the  Committee  of 
theComedie  Frangaise  by  M.  Leon  Blum.  The 
members  of  the  Committee  were  of  opinion 
that  it  should  be  reduced  to  three  aots,  and 
this  the  author  undertook  to  do.  When 
the  alteration  has  been  made  the  play  is  to 
ibe  read  a  second  time,  and  will  then,  in  all 
probability,  be  accepted. 

The  Grand  Duke  Constantine  Con- 
:3TANTiNOViTCJi,  President  of  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Science,  and  Inspector-General 
■of  Military  Schools,  has  recently  brought  out 
a  sacred  play  on  the  subject  of  the  Passion, 
called  '  The  King  of  the  Jews.'  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Holy  Synod  examined  and  con- 
sulted at  length  over  the  play  before  sanc- 
tioning its  production,  which  took  place  at 
■the  Hermitage  Theatre,  belonging  to  the 
Winter  Palace. 

The  King  of  the  Jews  Himself  does  not 
appear  upon  the  scene,  and  the  leading 
characters  are  Joseph  of  Arimathaea  and 
Procula,  Pilate's  wife.  The  first  scene 
represents  the  gates  of  Jerusalem,  through 
which  the  entry  into  the  city  has  just  been 
made  ;  the  last  is  the  garden  of  Joseph,  where 
the  details  of  the  Passion  and  the  Resurrec- 
tion are  related  in  the  conversation  of  the 
soldiers  forming  the  Roman  guard.  The 
Grand  Duke  himself  acted  Joseph  of  Arima- 
thsea. 

Eight  one-act  plays  were  produced  at 
the  Pavilion  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  but 
the  curtain  is  hardly  likely  to  rise  on  any 
of  them  again  except  the  last,  entitled 
'  You,'  though  some  of  the  others  shared 
the  capable  acting  of  Miss  Helen  Russell 
and  Miss  Doris  Bateman. 

Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney  began  lecturing 
last  Wednesday  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
Literature  on  '  The  Idea  of  Comedy.' 
Quoting  Meredith's  definition  of  comedy 
as  that  form  of  drama  which  provokes 
"  thoughtful  laughter,"  he  distinguished 
between  the  various  kinds  of  plays  often 
included  under  that  title,  and  showed  that 
pure  comedy  is  a  late  arrival  in  dramatic 
art  which  is  only  possible  in  a  highly  civilized 


society,   and  concerns   itself  primarily  with 
characterization. 

The  lecturer  then  traced  the  slow  develop- 
ment of  this  kind  of  drama  out  of  the  bur- 
lesques of  Aristophanes,  and  passed  on  to 
the  consideration  of  Shakespeare's  difficulty 
in  evolving  his  formula  of  comedy.  The 
lecture  will  be  continued  next  week. 

The  British  Board  of  Film  Censors 
have  issued  their  report  for  the  first  year  of 
their  existence,  ending  December  31st,  1913. 
Sixty-six  producers  of  films  have  agreed  to 
submit  their  productions  to  this  body  for 
censorship,  which  is  as  much  as  to  say  that 
the  world's  output  of  films  goes  through  their 
hands.  7,488  subjects  have  been  examined 
by  the  censor,  a  number  which  signifies 
7,628,931  feet  of  film.  166  films  were  ob- 
jected to  by  the  examiners,  but  of  these  the 
greater  number  were  eventually  passed  after 
the  alteration  of  some  particulars.  22  films 
were  entirely  rejected.  For  these  rejection 
certificates  were  issued,  the  producers  under- 
taking not  to  sell  them  in  this  country. 
This  undertaking,  so  far  as  the  Board  have 
been  able  to  ascertain,  has  not  been  violated. 

Meanwhile  we  note  that  at  Sutton  Cold- 
field  recently  the  picture  -  theatre  problem 
was  presented  in  a  practical  form.  A 
number  of  lads  were  brought  before  the 
magistrates  charged  with  theft ;  in  fact,  the 
shopkeepers  of  the  town  were  being  terror- 
ized. This  was  said  to  be  the  result  of 
sugsestions  from  the  picture  theatres,  and  a 
petition  was  presented  to  the  magistrates 
asking  for  closer  supervision  of  these  places. 
Several  of  the  lads  were  bound  over  not  to 
enter  a  picture  theatre  for  twelve  months. 

Whether  the  American  cowboy,  ready 
with  his  horse  and  revolver,  who  still  seems 
the  most  frequent  feature  of  these  enter- 
tainments, is  a  desirable  model  for  our  own 
civilization  may  be  doubted.  More  subtle 
in  influence  is  the  pervading  atmosphere  of 
sentimentality. 


To  Correspondents.— A.  P.  G.— R.  C.  J.— P.  O.— 
J.  N.  F.— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  286.] 


The     Society's     100th     Year. 

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is  in  many  respects  unique,  and  those  contem- 
plating Life  Assurance  are  invited  to  apply  for 
the  Society's  "  100th  Year"  Prospectus,  which 
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No.  4504,  Feb.  21,  1014 


THE     A  Til  KX.KT  M 


285 


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PUBLISHERS     AND     SPRING 
ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

Some  of  our  contemporaries  have  tried  to 
exclude  undesirable  features  and  adver- 
tisements from  their  columns,  and  have 
had  t  >  face  the  question  of  existence  with 
them,  or  failure  without  them.  To  these 
life  has  for  the  most  part  Beemed  the 
greater  necessity.  No  paper,  so  far  as 
we  know,  lias  announced  its  intention  of 
refusing  all  advertisements.  Our  adver- 
tisement manager  is  of  opinion  that  in 
certain  eases  we  do  something  almost 
equivalent. 

This  week  we  have  agreed  to  a  com- 
pact with  that  gentleman  and  his 
collaborator.  If  they  will  avoid  insert- 
ing merely  a  list  of  titles,  authors,  and 
publishers,  same  of  which  would  un- 
doubtedly convey  no  information  to  our 
>aders.  we  will  not  say  too  exactly 
.hat  we  think  of  those  publishers 
irho  expect  everything  for  nothing. 
It  appears  useless  to  point  out  to  such 
gentlemen  that  we  have  employed  and  paid 
srudite  and  capable  men  to  criticize  their 
pares,  and  that  they  have  been  glad  to 
transfer  to  advertisements  our  words  of 
jraise,  often  abruptly  torn  from  their 
.•ontext. 

""  Give  us  your  applause,  for  that  is 
Jways  just."  was  the  amended  tag  that, 
the  amusement  of  Dickens,  ended  a 
>rformance  of  '  The  Castle  Spectre." 
"  Give  us  always  your  applause,  when 
re  advertise  with  you,"  ought  to  be  an 
■tpially  comic  proposition.  It  reduces 
the  whole  business  of  criticism  to  a  com- 
lercial  level,  in  which  the  real  value  of  a 
x>k  for  the  reader  is  a  secondary  con- 
sideration. Of  course,  there  are  publishers 
and  publishers,  just  as  there  are  various 
sorts  of  authors.  We  receive  from  time  to 
time  a  welcome  recognition  that  a  review 
by  no  means  wholly  laudatory  is  the  fairest 
that  has  appeared,  and  publishers  and 
authors  are  well  aware  that  our  columns 
are  open  for  corrections,  if  they  feel 
aggrieved.  The  surprise  frequently  ex- 
pressed at  the  mere  fact  of  such  protests 
getting  into  print  is  significant  of  the 
practices  of  to-day.  Reviewers  are  human 
like  other  people,  and  liable  to  error,  but 
we  have  always  striven  to  secure  fair 
judgment.  Doubtless  Martin  Tupper's 
publishers  were  surprised  and  annoyed 
when  we  refused  to  join  in  the  general 
chorus  praising  his  egregious  works,  and 
more  modern  instances  could  be  supplied. 
But  it  seems  to  us  that,  if  our  criticism 
with  all  its  limitations  is  founded  on 
knowledge  and  a  standard  worthy  of 
great  literature,  we  deserve  to  main- 
tain our  independence.  The  word  is  out 
of  fashion  alike  in  polities  and  literature, 
but  there  are  signs  all  around  us  of 
revolt  against  the  leadership  of  the 
money-maker  and  the  opportunist.  The 
fight  is  not  easy  ;  the  big  battalions  are 
Btrong ;  but  we  are  not  yet  prepared 
to  Bay  with  Matthew  Arnolds  defeated 
hero  : — 

Let  the  lon^  contention  06686  ! 
<  JeeHe  are  swans,  and  swans  a: 


Christianity  and  Ethics.  By  \in.  Archi- 
bald B.  D.  ALEXANDER.  (Duckworth.) 
— An  addition  to  the  "Studies  in 
Theology  "  series. 

From  the  Sepulchre  to  the  Throne.  By 
Madame  Cecilia.  (Burns  &  Oates.) — 
Deals  with  tfie  Resurrection  of  our  Lord, 
and  with  the  events  of  the  Great  Forty 
Days.  Side-lights  of  topography  and  Jew- 
ish customs  have  been  thrown  upon  the 
( iospel  narrative. 

Joshua.  By  S.  Holmes.  (Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press.) — A  linguistic  study  in 
which   the  Hebrew  and  Greek  texts  are 

compared. 

Judaism  and  Saint  Paul.  By  C.  G.  Monte- 
more.     (Max     Goschen.)  —  This   volume 

contains  two  essays  :  one  on  'The  Genesis 
of  the  Religion  of  Saint  Paul,'  the  second 
on  '  The  Relation  of  Saint  Paul  to  Liberal 
Judaism.' 

Life's  Compass.  (Headley  Bros.) — A  new 
anthology  by  the  compiler  of  '  The 
Pilot.'  The  theme  is  St.  Mark's  record 
of  the  life  of  Christ,  and  there  are  epigrams, 
anecdotes,  &c,  arranged  for  daily  reading. 
The  book  is  illustrated. 

Making  up  Your  Mind.  By  Father  Adder- 
ley.  (Wells  Gardner.) — A  volume  of 
studies  on  matters  for  thought  and  prayer 
in  the  application  of  the  Christian  faith 
to  everyday  life. 

Nestorius  and  his  Place  in  the  History  of 
Christian  Doctrine.  By  Prof.  Friedrich 
Loofs.  (Cambridge  University  Press.) — 
Four  lectures  given  in  a  course  of  advanced 
theology  at  the  University  of  London. 

Saint  Augustin.  By  Louis  Bertrand. 
Translated  by  Vincent  O'Sullivan. 
(Constable.) — M.  Bertrand's  work  is,  no 
doubt,  familiar  to  most  of  those  who  are 
interested  in  Northern  Africa  and  the 
Levant.  They  will  be  glad  to  think  that 
las  '  Saint  Augustin  '-  is  to  be  made 
accessible  to  readers  who  would  not  be 
able  to  enjoy  it  in  French. 

Spiritual  Reformers  in  the  Sixteenth  and 
Seventeenth  Centuries.  By  Prof.  Rufus 
M.  Jones.  (Macmillan.)  —  That  Prof. 
Jones  covers  a  wide  field  will  be  gathered 
from  a  glance  at  his  chapter-headings, 
which  include  :  Hans  Denck  and  the 
Inward  Word ;  Sebastian  Franck,  an 
Apostle  of  Inward  Religion  ;  Sebastian 
Castellio,  a  Forgotten  Prophet  ;  Coorn- 
hcrt  and  the  Collegiants — a  Movement  for 
Spiritual  Religion  in  Holland  ;  Valentine 
Weigel  and  Nature  Mysticism  ;  Jacob 
Boehme,  his  Life  and  Spirit ;  Early 
English  Interpreters  of  Spiritual  Religion — 
John  Everard,  Giles  Randall,  and  Others  ; 
and  John  Smith,  Platonist,  "an  Interpreter 
of  the  Spirit." 

The  Bible  of  To-day.  By  the  Rev.  Alban 
Bj.akiston.  (Cambridge  University  Press.) 
— This  book  is  designed  to  introduce  the 
student  of  the  Bible  to  the  historical  or 
critical  method  of  studying  the  Scriptures 
and  investigating  their  messages. 

The  Canticles  of  the  Christian  Church, 
Eastern  and  Western,  in  Early  and  Medi- 
zeval  Times.  By  the  Rev.  James  Mearns. 
(Cambridge      University      Press.)  — This 

Sketch    is    believed    to    he  the   first    attempt 

in  any  language  to  cover  the  whole  field 

of  investigation.  It  is  bused  throughout 
upon  the  manuscripts,  the  material-,  hav- 
ing taken  several  years  to  collect  and 
classify. 

The  Offices  of  Baptism  and  Confirmation. 
By  T.  Thompson.  (Cambridge  University 
Press.)  \m  addition  to  th>-  "  Hand- 
books of  Liturgical  study." 


The  Poem  of  Job.  By  Dr.  E.  G.  Kino. 
(Cambridge  University  Press.)  An  Eng- 
lish translation  in  the  metre  of  the  original 
poem,  according  to  the  principle  of  ac- 
cented syllables. 

Thirsting  after  God,  and  Other  Bible  Read- 
ings.    By   Daniel   Crawford.     (Morgan 

&  Scott.)— The  author  of  this  series  of 
studies  has  lived  for  many  years  in  Central 
Africa,  and  is  now  lecturing  in  the  United 

states.  The  hook  will  he  published  next 
week  in  London  and  New  York. 

Thoughts  on  Penance.  By  the  Rev.  Preben- 
dary Dknison.  (Robert  Scott .)  -The  pur- 
pose of  this  hook  is  to  set  forth  the  fact 
that  "penance  represents  in  a  fallen  world 
the  right  attitude  of  creaturely  life  to- 
wards its  Creator." 

poetn?. 

Bail-Room  Ballads.  By  K.  L.  Orde.  (Max 
Coschen. ) — A  volume  of  light  verse  deal- 
ing with  the  Tango  and  other  fashionable 
crazes  of  the  moment.  Illustrated  by 
S.  L.  Yere. 

Collected  Poems.  By  Ford  Madox  Htdsf- 
per.  (Max  Goschen.) — A  Library  edition 
of  Mr.  Hueffer's  poetry,  with  Preface  by 
the  author. 

Side-Slips.  By  J.  Griffyth  Fairfax.  (Max 
Goschen.) — A  volume  of  humorous  verse 
illustrated  in  silhouette  by  Maud  Klein. 

The  Winged  Anthology.  (John  Richmond.) 
— A  collection  of  poems  dealing  with  birds 
and  butterflies  from  1536  to  the  present 
moment.  Among  the  living  poets  whose 
work  is  included  are  Mr.  Austin  Dobson, 
Mr.  Thomas  Hardy,  and  Mr.  William 
Canton. 

Voices  of  Womanhood.  By  Ethel  Carnie. 
(Headley  Bros.) — Miss  Carnie  strives  in 
these  verses  to  give  poetic  expression  to 
the  hopes  and  aspirations  of  present-day 
women. 

Bibliocjrapbs. 

Bibliography  of  Oscar  Wilde.  By  Stuart 
Mason.  (Werner  Laurie.) — Includes  a 
complete  list  of  Wilde's  anonymous  con- 
tributions to  the  press,  several  of  which  are 
here  reprinted  for  the  first  time.  It  con- 
tains also  the  unpublished  scenario  of  the 
lost  play  '  The  Cardinal  of  Avignon,'  and 
the  suppressed  dedication  to  'The  Ballad 
of  Beading  Gaol.'  Mr.  Robert  Ross 
contributes  an  Introductory  Note. 

Conspectus  Incunabulorum.  ByR.  A.  Peddie. 
Part  II.  (Grafton  &  Co.)  —  A  catalogue 
of  all  known  works  printed  before  tho 
year  1501,  and  should  prove  valuable  to 
those  who  handle  early  printed  books. 
The  part  of  the  work  now  announced 
includes  entries  from  C  to  G. 

Ipbiloscpbt?. 

Philosophy:  What  is  It?  By  Dr.  F.  B. 
.Jkvons.  (Cambridge  University  Press.) 
— Based  upon  lectures  given  to  members 
of  the  Workers'  Educational  A  ociation. 
The  style  is  not  technical,  and  through- 
out the  book  Dr.  Jevons  endeavours  to 
consider  the  problems  of  Philosophy 
Btrictly  from  the  poinl  of  *  iew  of  the  plain 
man,  and  to  com  ince  him  that  Philosophy 
is  concerned  w  it  h  practical  life,  and  n<>t  a 
monopoly  of  t  he  s1  udeni , 

The  History  of  Greek  Philosophy.  Bi  Johm 
pi  km  i  (Macmillan.  I  I  his  w  ork  forms 
the  Becond  volume  ol  "  The  Schools  of 
Philosophy,"  a  history  of  the  e\  olul  t « *  i  ■  of 
philosophic  thought,  written  by  variou 
writers,  and  edited  by  8m  Hi. mo  Jones 


292 


111  E     Alii  ENJEUM 


[Sui'i'bKMENT,  Fi:i;.  21,   1914 


The  Philosophy  of  Biology.  By  James  John- 
stons. (Cambridge  University  Press.)  — 
!).■  ils  largely  with  the  philosophies  of 
Driesch  and  Bcrgson. 

•fbistoig  aufc  Btoocapb^. 

A  History  of  the  French  People.  By  Hum  re 
Belloc.  Illustrated  with  Maps  and  Plans. 
(Chapman  <v  Hall.)— This  work  is  to  be 
complete  in  three  volumes,  the  first 
dealing  with  the  '  Foundations,'  and  reach- 
ing to  the  coronation  of  Hugh  Capet; 
the  second  with  the  '  Middle  Ages,'  ending 
with  the  first  years  of  the  sixteenth 
century  ;  and  the  third  with  '  The  Modern 
State.'  It  will  be  divided  into  short 
seel  ions  dealing  with  the  chief  events  of 
the  national  history.  Tables  of  dates,  of 
genealogy,  and  of  comparative  events  will 
be  added  ;  and  particular  attention  will 
be  given  to  military  history. 

A  Life  of  Mrs.  Jordan.     By  Clare  Jerrold. 

(Nash.) — Contains  much  new  matter,  and 
will  be  illustrated  from  contemporary 
prints  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  A.  M. 
Broadley.  Mrs.  Jerrold  has  had  access 
to  a  mass  of  family  papers  and  many 
of  the  actress's  letters. 

A  Martyr  of  Love.  By  Claude  Ferval. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  Sidney 
Dark.  (Stanley  Paul.) — A  life  of  Louise 
de  la  Valliere,  with  an  Introduction  by 
Jean  Bichepin. 

A  Volume  of  Reminiscences.  By  F.  C. 
Philips.  (Nash.) — Mr.  Philips  has  had  a 
varied  career.  Starting  life  in  the  Guards, 
he  acted  as  diplomat,  barrister,  leader- 
writer,  war  correspondent,  novelist,  play- 
writer,  and  theatrical  manager.  He  has 
met  many  interesting  and  famous  people, 
of  whom  he  relates  a  great  number  of 
anecdotes  in  his  book. 

Campan's  Private  Life  of  Marie  Antoinette, 

with  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  Holland 
Bose  ;  Lockhart's  Life  '  of  Burns,  with 
an  Introduction  by  Sir  Walter  Baleigh. 
(Liverpool,  Henry  Young.) — Two  choice 
editions  of  well-known  works  which  seem 
worth  the  bibliojjhile's  attention.  In 
both  cases  the  issue  is  limited,  the  copies 
being  signed  and  numbered.  The  '  Life 
of  Burns  '  contains  reproductions  of 
certain  portraits  which  have  not  been 
published  before. 

Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart.  By  Frank 
Arthur  Mumby.  (Constable.) — A  com- 
panion volume  to  the  author's  '  The  Girl- 
hood of  Queen  Elizabeth,'  continuing  the 
narrative,  as  far  as  possible  in  contem- 
porary letters,  through  the  first  phase  of 
Elizabeth's  rivalry  with  Mary  Stuart. 
Mr.  Mumby  traces  the  origin  of  the  feud 
and  the  secret  history  of  the  events  which 
led  up  to  Mary's  marriage  with  Darnley. 

Fair  Ladies  of  the  Winter  Palace.  By  Dr. 
A.  S.  Bappoport.  (Holden  &  Harding- 
ham.) — Deals  with  the  Court  of  the 
Romanoffs.  The  author  has  also  aimed 
at  delineating  the  history  of  woman  in 
Bussia. 

France  from  behind  the  Veil.  By  Count 
Paul  Vassili.  (Cassell. ) — In  this  volume 
the  author  embodies  his  experiences  of 
the  inner  social  and  political  life  of 
France  during  the  last  fifty  years.  His 
reminiscences  range  from  the  reign  of 
Napoleon  III.  and  the  Empress  Eugenie 
to  the  present  day. 

From  the  Crusades  to  the  French  Revolution. 

By  Winifred  Stephens.  (Constable.) — 
Miss  Stephens  has  here  a  good  subject 
for  a  pen  which  has  already  won  respect 
in  the  history  of  the  La  Trcmoille  family. 


Harrington    and    his    Oceana.    By    H.    F. 

Bus:sell-Smith.  (Cambridge  University 
Press.) — The  political  theories  of  James 
Harrington  are  here  examined,  with  special 
reference  to  their  connexion  with  the 
American  constitution. 

History  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  V.  By  J.  H. 
Wvi.ie.  (Cambridge  University  Press.) — ■ 
A  companion  volume  to  the  author's  'His- 
tory of  Henry  IN".'  The  work  will  prob- 
ably be  completed  in  four  volumes,  tin- 
first  of  which  (1413-1:3)  is  nearly  ready. 

My  Bohemian  Days  in  London.  By  Julius 
M.  Prick.  (Werner  Laurie.)— Mr.  Price 
is  a  war  artist  and  correspondent  of  The 
Illustrated  London  News.  He  had  ten 
years  of  studio  life  in  St.  John's  Wood. 

Napoleon  in  Exile  at  Elba  (1814-15).  By 
Norwood  Young.  (Stanley  Paul.) — Mr. 
Young  made  two  special  journeys  to  Elba 
and  St.  Helena  in  order  to  acquire  infor- 
mation for  this  book.  There  is  a  chapter 
on  the  Iconography  of  Napoleon  at  Elba 
by  Mr.  A.  M.  Broadley. 

Notable  Women  in  History.  By  Willis  J. 
Abbot.  (Greening.) — The  author  discusses 
the  various  parts  played  by  women  in 
history,  from  Cleopatra  to  Mrs.  Eddy. 

Notes  of  a  Son  and  Brother.    By  Henry 

James.  (Macmillan.) — The  second  part 
of  what  may  be  described  as  Mr.  James's 
autobiography,  the  first  volume  of  which 
appeared  last  spring  under  the  title  of 
'  A  Small  Boy  and  Others.' 

Personal  Recollections  of  Vincent  van  Gogh. 
By  Elisabeth  Du  Quesne  van  Gogh. 
Translated  by  Katherine  S.  Dreier. 
(Constable.) — The  complement  of  the 
'  Letters,'  which  were  published  last  year. 

Recollections  of  Sixty  Years.  By  Bight 
Hon.  Sir  Charles  Tupper.  (Cassell.)— 
Beminiscences  of  a  long  period  of  activity 
in  Canadian  affairs.  Sir  Charles  Tupper's 
"  recollections  "  go  back  to  pre-Federation 
days,  when  each  Province  went  its  own 
way  without  regard  to  its  neighbours. 
Letters  written  by  Mr.  Joseph  Chamberlain, 
Earl  Grey,  Sir  J.  A.  Macdonald,  and  other 
prominent  politicians  will  be  included  in 
the  volume.     „ 

The  Autobiography  of  Maharshi  Deven- 
dranath  Tagore.  Translated  from  the 
Original  Bengali  by  Satyendranath  Ta- 
gore and  Indira  Devi.  (Macmillan.) — 
The  writer  of  this  autobiography  is  the 
father  of  Babindranath  Tagore.  There 
are  portraits,  and  an  Introduction  by 
Evelyn  Underhill. 

The  Hero  of  Brittany  :  Armand  de  Chateau- 
briand, Correspondent  of  the  Princes 
between  France  and  England,  1768-1809. 
By  E.  Herpin.  Translated  by  Mrs. 
Colquhoun  Grant.  (Mills  &  Boon.) — 
The  subject  of  this  memoir  was  the  cousin 
of  Bene  de  Chateaubriand,  and  the  book 
presents  a  picture  of  Brittany  during  and 
after  the  Revolution.  The  opening  pages 
describe  St.  Malo  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  give  an  account 
of  the  corsair  shipowners  who  traded 
there,  and  from  whom  the  Chateaubriands 
descended. 

The  Life  of  George  Muller.  By  William 
Henry  Harding.  (Morgan  &  Scott.) — 
A  study  of  the  personality  of  the  founder 
of  the  Orphan  Homes  at  Bristol.  Many 
interesting  Early- Victorian  movements  are 
dealt  with,  and  the  volume  contains  a 
coloured  reproduction  of  an  oil  painting  of 
Muller  in  the  possession  of  the  author. 


Thd  Loves  of  the  Poets  and  the  Painters* 
By  "  Le  Petit  Homme  Rouge  "  (Ernest 
A.  Yj/.etei.i.y).  (Holden  &  Hardingham.) 
— Mr.  Yizetolly  here  makes  further  excur- 
sions into  the  realm  of  romantic  bio- 
graphy which  he  has  explored  in  his 
previous  books.  The  subject  he  has 
chosen  is  one  which  is  l'kely  to  be 
popular. 

The  Official  Life  of  King  George  of  Greece. 
By  ('apt.  Walteb  Christmas.  (Nash.)— 
Dedicated,  by  special  permission,  to  Queen 
Alexandra,  who  has  supplied  photographs 

to  illustrate  it.  King  George  himself 
has  read  and  approved  the  final  proof- 
sheets. 

Through  Two  Wars,  a  Story  of  Macedonian 
Strife.  By  W.  H.  Crawfurd  Price. 
(Werner  Laurie.) — A  study  of  the  Balkan 
Wars  of  1912-13.  The  author  does  not 
profess  to  offer  a  wealth  of  military  detail, 
but  rather  to  present  a  popular  account 
of  the  events  which  have  made  the  past 
four  years  in  Macedonia  of  outstanding 
importance. 

Twenty  Years  of  my  Life.  By  Douglas 
Sladen.  (Constable.) — Mr.  Sladen's  book 
is  likely  to  provide  entertainment  con- 
genial to  a  large  number  of  readers,  since; 
lie  has  been  in  many  places  and  talked 
with  many  people. 

(BeoarapbE  ant>  TTravel. 

A  Woman  in  China.  By  Mary  Gaunt. 
(Werner  Laurie.) — A  new  travel-book  by 
the  author  of  '  Alone  in  West  Africa. * 

African  Camp  Fires.  By  Stewart  Edward 
White.  (Nelson.) — Mr.  White  here  de- 
scribes, rather  from  a  traveller's  than  a 
hunter's  point  of  view,  the  landscape  and 
peoples  of  East  Africa. 

Eight    Years    in    Germany.    By   I.    A.    B. 

Wylie.  (Mills  &  Boon.)— The  fact  that 
'  My  German  Year  '  was  so  well  received 
has  induced  the  author  to  write  a  new 
book  on  German  life,  in  the  hope  that  it 
will  form  some  contribution  towards  a 
better  understanding  between  that  country 
and  ourselves. 

La     Missione     Franchetti     in     Tripolitana. 

(Turin,  Fratelli  Treves.) — Gives  a  detailed 
description  of  Libya  in  its  different 
aspects,  written  by  specialists. 

Life  in  an  Indian  Outpost.  By  Major 
Casserly.  ( Werner  Laurie. ) — An  account 
of  the  life  of  an  Indian  officer  in  command 
of  a  native  garrison  in  a  small  post  on  the 
frontier. 

Morocco.  By  Pierre  Loti.  Translated  by 
W.  P.  Baines.  (Werner  Laurie.) — Pierre 
Loti  was  a  member  of  a  diplomatic  mission 
to  the  Sultan  of  Morocco  at  Fez,  and  in 
this  book  he  gives  an  [account  of  the 
journey  and  of  Fez  itself. 

The  Amazing  Argentine,  a  New  Land  of 
Enterprise.  By  John  Foster  Fraser. 
(Cassell. ) — Last  autumn  Mr.  Foster  Fraser 
made  a  special  visit  to  the  Argentine  to 
gather  material  for  this  book,  which  is 
written  in  a  popular  vein.  Besides  de- 
scribing the  development  of  the  country, 
lie  tells  of  life  amongst  the  Spanish-Italian 
population,  and  deals  with  British  enter- 
prise. 

The  Eastern  Libyans  :  an  Essay.  By  Oric 
Bates.  (Macmillan.) — The  material  from 
which  this  volume  is  formed  was  collected 
for  inclusion  in  a  history  of  Cyrenaica 
upon  which  Mr.  Bates  is  engaged.  Find- 
ing, however,  that  his  Libyan  notes  had 


Supplement,  Feb.  21,  H>14] 


Til  E     A  Til  KX  .El'  M 


293 


grown  so  greatly  in  magnitude  thai  they 
would  constitute  a  disproportionately 
large  feature  of  the  book,  he  decided  to 
publish  them  separately.  H>'  has  aimed 
;u  providing  a  scientific  basis  for  further 
study  of  the  Libyans  east  of  Africa  .Minor. 


The  Land  of  Open  Doors. 

BlCKERSTETH.  (WVIIs 

pent 


By    J.     Bl  RQON 

I .  irdner.)  Mr. 
Bickersteth  spent  two  years  in  Canada  as 
a  layman  on  the  staff  of  the  Ajohbishops' 
mission  at  Edmonton,  and  had  unique 
opportunities  of  seeing  at  first-hand  two 
main  features  of  development  :  the  break- 
ing of  virgin  soil  by  immigrants,  and  the 
construction  of  the  great  trans-continental 
railway  across  the  Rockies.  Incidentally, 
lie  reveals  something  of  the  courage  and 
endurance  needed  not  only  by  settlers,  but 
als«  by  such  wnikers  as  himself.  There 
are  numerous  photographs,  most  of  them 
taken  by  the  author. 

The  Night  Side  of  Japan.  By  T.  Fttjemoto. 
(Werner  Laurie.)-  An  account  of  modern 
life  in  Japan.  The  theatres,  variety  halls, 
streets,  and  parks  are  described  from  the 
Japanese  point  of  view.  The  author  is  a 
native  of  Tokyo. 

The  Orient  Express.  By  Arthur  Moore. 
(Constable)— Under  this  title  Mr.  Moore, 
who    has    been    correspondent    for    The 

Times  in  Persia  and  the  Near  East,  is 
publishing  a  record  of  his  experiences. 
The  list  of  chapter-headings  goes  to  show 
that  his  rangi-  of  interest  is  wide. 

The  Panama  Canal.  By  F.  J.  Haskin. 
(Heinemann. ) — A  semi-official  account  of 
the  making  of  the  great  canal.  The  author 
gives  an  account  of  the  difficulties  that  had 
to  be  overcome,  the  life  of  the  workers, 
and  the  financial  questions  arising  out  of 
tic  completion  of  the  project. 

The  Pursuit  of  Spring.  By  Howard  Tho.m  *js. 
(Nelson.) — A  volume  of  sketches  describ- 
iiiL'  a  walking  tour  from  London  to  the 
Quantocks. 

The  Real  Mexico.  By  Hamilton  Fyfe. 
|  Heinemann.) — Mr.  Fyfe spent  last  autumn 
in  Mexico,  and  gives  here  a  picture  of  that 
country  torn  by  civil  war.  and  an  explana- 
tion of  the  causes  that  led  up  to  it. 

The  Wilds  of  Maoriland.  By  J.  Mackintosh 
Bell.  (Macmillan.) — Mr.  Bell  was  for  six 

y<  u-  Director  of  New  Zealand's  Geological 

Survey,  and  during  this  time  of  almost 
constant  travel  his  work  and  the  love  of 
lorationledhim  into  many  little-visited 
corners  0f  the  country.  He  has  written 
this  book  in  the  hope  of  encouraging  the 
Stranger  to  visit  the  less  well-known 
'•'-■  well  as  t.he  large  towns.      The 

volume   concludes   with   a   description    of 
the  geography  and  climate  of  New  Zealand. 

Through  the  South  Seas  with  Jack  London. 
Mwmi.v  Johnson.  (Werner  Laurie.) 
Mr.  Johnson  was  the  successful  candi- 
date i..r  the  post  of  cook  on  Jack  London's 
ketch  the  Snark,  and  gives  here  his  im- 
pressions ot  the  voyage.  Then  are 
numerous  illustrations  from  photographs 

taken  by  the-  author. 

Through  Unknown  Nigeria.  By  John  II. 
,;  u»a  \i  i  Werner  1.  mrie.)  -The  narra- 
tive of  a  journey  through  the  latest  Brit  isb 

I '--ion.    including   •>    di  jcription   of  a 

400-mile  voy age  down  the  Niger. 

Sport. 

How  to  Become  an  Alpinist.     By   1      Bi  k- 

lincham.     (Werner    Laurie.)  the 

ry  information  as  to  setting  about 

the  pastime  in  .•  propi  r  and  workmanlike 

way. 


Sociology?. 

Marriage  Ceremonies  in  Morocco.  By  Ed- 
ward Westermarck.  (Macmillan.)  Dr. 
Westermarck  has  studied  this  subject 
among   the   people   themselves,     lie    has 

made    fifteen    journeys    to    Morocco,    and 

was  accompanied  through  'he  country  bj 

a  Moorish  friend.  He  intends  this  hook  to 
remedy  an  omission  in  his  'History  of 
Human   Marriage.'    in    which,    he   says,    he 

accorded  too  Little  space  to  marriage  cere- 
monies. 
The  Cure  for  Poverty.  By  John  ("main 
Brown.  (Stanley  Paul.)  The  author, 
who  his  hail  many  years  of  commercial 
experience  in  this  country,  the  United 
States,  and  on  the  Continent,  reviews 
industrial  reforms. 

Woman  under  Polygamy.  By  Walter  M. 
Galuchan.  (Holden  &  Hardingham.) 
A  survey  of  plural  marriage  as  practised  to- 
day in  the  East  and  under  the  Mohamme- 
dan faith.  The  subject  is  treated  especially 
in  regard  to  the  position  of  women  in  the 
harem  and  the  zenana,  and  the  author  has 
collected  the  opinions  and  the  testimony 
of  women  possessing  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  polygamy  in  its  domestic  and 
social  aspects.  The  introductory  section 
of  the  work  treats  of  the  biological 
origin  of  polygamy,  and  the  inquiry  traces 
the  system  from  primitive  people  to  cul- 
tured modern  races. 

Economics. 

The  Ownership,  Tenure,  and  Taxation  of 
Land  :  some  Facts  and  Fallacies  in  con- 
nexion therewith.  By  Sir  Thomas  P. 
Whittaker.  (Macmillan.) — An  attempt 
to  bring  together  such  statistical  and  his- 
torical information  as  is  available,  and  a 
discussion  of  it,  and  of  the  economic,  fiscal, 
and  ethical  principles  and  problems  which 
bear  upon  the  two  distinct  and  limited 
subjects — the  ownership  and  taxation  of 
land. 

JEoucation. 

The  Thinking  Hand.  By  J.  G.  Legge. 
(Macmillan.) — The  subject  dealt  with  in 
Mr.  Legge's  volume  is  one  of  growing 
interest  to  all  those  who  are  engaged  in 
the  work  of  education,  viz.,  the  develop- 
ment of  a  manual  side  in  the  activities  of 
our  elementary  schools.  It  describes  the 
movement  as  it  displays  itself  in  the 
schools  of  Liverpool. 

flMMlOlOGY?. 
C.  Juli  Caesaris  Commentarii  rerum  in 
Gallia  gestarum.  (Lee  Warner.)  —  A 
new  volume  in  the  "  Seriptorum  Classi- 
corum  Bibliotheca  Riccardiana,"  which 
has  the  advantage  of  being  set,  by 
special  permission,  from  the  new  text 
prepared  for  the  Clarendon  Press  by 
Dr.  T.  Rice  Holmes. 

ScbooiyiBoofcs. 

A  Short  History  of  Modern  Europe  from  1558. 
By  Dr.  J.  E.  Morris.  (Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press.)  Intended  lor  school  use, 
and  particularly  for  hoys  preparing  lor  the 
Army  and  civil  Service  Entrance  Exami 
nations.  It  aims  specially  at  showing  how 
closely  the  history  of  Britain  has  been 
bound  up  with  that  of  iic  Continental 
States . 

Applied  Mechanics  and  Heat  Engines,  Fir  I 
year'  I  burse.  1  '>y  A lfred  Coi  i .son. 
"  Union  Series."  (Mills  A  Boon.)  En  the 
opinion  of  t be  author  tin-  budji  ol  ol 
Applied  Mechanics  and  H--.it  Engines 
should  be  taught  concurrently,  and  bis 
book  i-  written  from  that  point  of  view. 
It  will  lie  completed  in  three  parts,  each 
of  which  repri  *  nte  one  year's  work. 


Cassell's  "  Modern  School  "  Series:  Litera- 
ture Section.— The  editor  of  this  new 
series  of  Literat  ureReadershas  endeavoured 
to  provide  a-  carefully  graduated  course 
containing  Mich  selections  ol'  the  master- 
pieces of  English  literature  as  may  create 
in  the  minds  ol'  young  people  a  liking  for 
the  hotter  kind  of  reading.  In  the  Junior 
hooks  the  stories  are  classical  and  tradi- 
tional, hut  the  later  hooks  provide  a  child's 
anthology  ol'  literature.      The  extracts  are 

arranged  chronologically,  each  selection 
being  preceded  by  a  biographical  note. 
The  books  are  similar  in  formal  to  the 
Geographical  Books  of  the  publishers' 
"  Modern  School "  Series;  they  are  printed 
upon  special  hard-pressed,  unglazed  paper  ; 
the  type  used  has  been  carefully  selected, 

and  each  contains  numerous  coloured  and 
black-and-white  illustrations. 

First  School  Botany.  By  E.  M.  Goddard. 
"  Cnion  Series."     (.Mills  &    Boon.)     This 

hook,  which  Covers  the  syllabus  of  the 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  Junior  Local 
Examinations,  is  designed  to  provide  a 
sound  scientific  training  in  botany  for 
Middle  Forms.  The  life  and  structure  of 
the  plant  are  dealt  with  side  by  side,  and 
the  experiments,  which  can  he  performed 
by  ordinary  classes,  follow  one  another  in 
logical  sequence. 

Francis  Chantrey  :  Donkey  Boy  and  Sculptor. 
By  Harold  Armitaoe.  (Mills  &  Boon.) 
— A  Reader  for  upper  standards. 

Introductory  Practical  Mathematics  for  Ele- 
mentary Schools.  By  W.  E.  Harrison. 
"Union  Series."  (Mills  &  Boon.)—  A 
course  for  upper  standards,  adapted  from 
the  author's  'Practical  Mathematics  for 
Preliminary  Students.' 

Perse  Playbooks,  No.  4  (Cambridge,  Heffer), 
consists  mainly  of  prose  studies  by  junior 
boys.  The  first  half  of  the  book  is  taken  up 
with  an  essay  by  the  editor  on  '  The  Play 
Way,'-  in  which  he  gives  a  full  account  of 
the  actual  methods  used  in  the  classroom 
at  the  Perse  School  to  encourage  the  boys 
to  express  themselves  in  prose. 

Poetry  for  Boys.  By  S.  Maxwell.  (Mills 
&  Boon.) — A  new  collection  of  poems  for 
boys'  schools,  printed  in  large  typo  to 
conform  with  the  requirements  of  the 
British  Association  Eyesight  Report. 

Six  Contes  de  Guy  de  Maupassant.  Edited 
by  H.  N.  P.  Sloman.  (Cambridge  I "ni- 
versity  Press.) — The  first  volume  of  "  The 
Cambridge  Modern  French  Series.'  Tin; 
aim  of  the  series  is  to  offer  teachers  French 
texts,  valuable  for  their  subject-matter, 
attractive  in  style,  and  equipped  with 
exercises  such  as  teachers  who  follow  the 
Direct  Method  havo  usually  been  obliged 
to  compile  for  themselves. 

Stinde's  Die  Familie  Buchholz.  Edited 
by  G.  H.  Clarke.  (Cambridge  Univer- 
sity Press.)  -A  volume  in  ''The  Cam- 
bridge Modern  German  Series."  This 
series  is  primarily  intended  for  use  on  the 
Direct  Method  by  pupils  who  ha\  e  com- 
pleted at  leasl  their  first  course  in  German. 
Each  volume  will  contain  a  short   sketch 

of   the   life  and   works  of  the  author,    with 

questions  on  the  narrative,  grammatical 
exercises,  and  subjects  and  outlines  for 
free  composition. 

Xiterarg  Criticism. 

The  Theory  of  Poetry  in  England,  n  Develop- 
ment    in     I  'oil  rim-,    ami     Id'  .1       li  "in     the 

Sixteenth    Century    to    the     Nineteenth 
<  lentury.     By  Pboj  ,  R.  I'.  Co*  l.     (Mac- 
millan.)     Present  -  tl"    fundamental  pi 
iion    ..1    poetic  theory  and  oritioism,  by 

means   of    a   collection    of    the    utteraie 


29 1 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,   Fkb.  21,   1914 


of  great  critics  and  writers,  arranged 
iiiidcr  such  headings  as  'Theory  of  Poetic 
Creation,'  '  Poetry  as  an  [niitative  Art,' 
and  '  Functions  of  Metre.'  A  brief  mar- 
ginal commentary  accompanies  the  text. 

Lectures  on  Dryden.  By  the  late  Dr. 
Vekrali..  (Cambridge  University  Press.) 
The  last  course  of  lectures  given  by 
Dr.  Verrall  as  King  Edward  VII.  Pro- 
fessor of  English  Literature.  Edited  by 
Mrs.  Verrall. 

jfiction. 

A  Mother  in  Exile.  (Everett. )— The  story 
of  ;i  wife  deserted  by  her  husband,  and 
a  met  her  robbed  of  her  children,  culmi- 
nating i?i  a  tragedy. 

Bedesman  4.  By  Mrs.  Skrink.  (Duck- 
worth.)— An  addition  to  the  "Road- 
mender  "  series. 

Bombay  Edition  of  the  Works  of  Rudyard 
Kipling.  (Maemillan.) — Vols.  XIII.  and 
XIV.,  '  The  Day's  Work  '  and  '  Stalky  & 
Co.,'  will  be  published  during  April. 

By  the  Waters  of  Germany.  By  Norma 
Lorimrr.  (Stanley  Paul.) — An  account 
of  a  holiday  among  the  fine  old  towns 
that  overlook  the  waters  of  Germany  with 
a  love-interest  interwoven. 

Full  Swing.  By  Frank  Danby.  (Cassell.) 
— An  intimate  study  of  a  woman's 
character. 

Leviathan.  By  Jeanette  Marks.  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton. ) — A  brilliant  young  pro- 
fessor, about  to  be  married,  finds  himself 
in  the  grip  of  the  drug  habit.  The  story 
concerns  his  efforts  to  conquer  it. 

Limelight.  By  Horace  Wyndham.  (John 
liichmond.) — -Treats  of  the  stage,  chiefly 
of  the  vicissitudes  of  provincial  touring, 
and  also  of  music  -  hall  work.  The 
announcement  we  have  seen  carefully 
states  that,  while  the  characters  are  types, 
they  are  not  "  portraits." 

Outa  Karel's  Stories.  By  Sanni  Meteler- 
kamp.  (Maemillan.) — Folk  -  tales  about 
animals  told  by  an  old  Hottentot  to  his 
master's  children.  The  chief  characters 
are  the  lion  and  the  jackal. 

Princes  of  the  Stock  Exchange.  By  Nemlro- 
vich  Danchenka.  Translated  by  Dr. 
A.  S.  Rappoport.  (Holden  &  Harding- 
ham.) — The  heroine  is  described  as  a 
Jeanne  d'Arc  of  the  Stock  Exchange,  and 
the  story  deals  with  the  nefarious  activities 
of  financiers. 

Reality.  By  Olive  Wadsley.  (Cassell.) 
— The  theme  of  Miss  Wadsley's  new  novel 
is  the  artistic  temperament  in  marriage. 

Rung  Ho  !  By  Talbot  Mundy.  (Cassell.) 
— A  story  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Indian 
Mutiny. 

Scottish  Stories.  By  R.  B.  Cunninghams 
Graham.  (Duckworth.)  —  A  selection 
from  the  author's  books,  to  be  published 
at  a  popular  price. 

Tales  of  Two  Countries.  By  Maxim  Gorky. 
(Werner  Laurie.) — A  new  collection  of 
short  stories,  mostly  dealing  with  Russian 
and  Italian  peasant  life. 

That  Strange  Affair.  By  Walter  Brttgge- 
Vallon.  (Stanley  Paul.) — A  colonel,  a 
detective,  the  heroine,  and  a  Chinaman 
are  involved  in  clearing  vip  this  "  strange 
affair,"  which  concerns  the  s.s.  King 
Malcolm. 

The  Black  Peril.  By  George  Webb  Hardy. 
(Holden  &  Hardingham.) — A  novel  dealing 
with  the  relations  between  the  black  and 
white  races. 


The  Chief  of  the  Ranges.  By  H.  A.  Cody. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton. )— The  scene  of 
this  novel  is  hi  id  in  the  Yukon,  before  the 
invasion  of  tin  white  man.    it  is  a  story  of 

Indians  and  trader-,  and  has  as  its  leading 

character  the  daughter  of  the  chief  of  a 
minor  tribe.  Mr.  Cody  lived  for  many 
years  in  the  country  of  which  he  writes 

The  Crimson  Mascot.  By  Charles  E. 
PEARSE.  (Stanley  Paul.) — The  mascot  is 
a  remarkable  crimson  pearl  which  has  an 
important  place  in  the  lives  of  a  number 
of  the  characters. 

The  Cuckoo  Lamb.  By  Horace  W.  C. 
Newte.  (Chatto&  Windus. )— Mr.  Newte's 

new  novel  will  deal  with  artistic  life  in 
London,  the  suburbs,  and  the  country. 

The  Escape  of  Mr.  Trimm.  By  Irvin  S.  Cobb. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — A  collection  of 
short  stories,  the  prevailing  note  of  which 
is  comedy. 

The  Gates  of  Doom.  By  Rafael  Sabatini. 
(Stanley  Paul.) — An  early  Georgian  his- 
torical romance. 

The  King  of  Alsander.  By  James  Elroy 
Flecker.  (Max  Goschen.) — Admirers  of 
Mr.  Flecker's  verse  will  learn  with  interest 
that  this  is  his  first  novel,  and  that  it  is 
described  as  "  a  fantastic  romance." 

The  Land  of  the  Lotus,  by  Mrs.  J.  T. 
Craham  (J.  W.  Arrowsmith),  depicts  the 
curious  and  unexpected  incidents  that 
occurred  in  the  life  of  an  English  lady  in 
India. 

The  Red  Virgin.     By  G.  Frederick  Turner. 

(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — Into  this  story 
of  the  struggle  for  the  throne  of  Grimland 
the  author  has  introduced,  under  fanciful 
names,  places  and  personages  connected 
with  present-day  movements  in  Great 
Britain  and  on  the  Continent. 

The  World  Set  Free,  a  Story  of  Mankind- 
By  H.  G.  Welts.  (Maemillan.) — One  of 
Mr.  Wells's  imaginative  and  prophetic 
romances.  It  is  at  present  appearing  in 
The  English  Review,  and  is  promised  in 
book- form  in  May. 

Under  the  Incense  Trees.  By  Cecil  Adair. 
(Stanley  Paul.) — A  love-story  of  two 
generations. 

Wessex  Edition  of  the  Works  of  Thomas 
Hardy  :  Vol.  XVIII.  A  Changed  Man, 
The  Waiting  Supper,  and  Other  Tales,  con- 
eluding  with  The  Romantic  Adventures  of 
a  Milkmaid.  (Maemillan.) — This  volutin', 
already  issued  in  another  form,  is  to  be 
added  to  the  excellent  Wessex  set  of  Mr. 
Hardy's  books. 

Where  Pharaoh  Dreams.  By  Mrs.  Irene 
Osgood.  (John  Richmond.) — The  scene 
of  Mrs.  Osgood's  new  novel  is  laid,  as  the 
title  implies,  in  Egypt.  It  has  illustra- 
tions by  Mr.  W.  Gordon  Mein,  and  a 
Foreword  by  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips. 

juvenile. 

The    Bankside    Shakespeare    for    Children : 

The  Merchant  of  Venice  ;  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream  ;  Richard  II.  (Wells 
Gardner.) — Three  additional  volumes  in 
this  useful  series.  The  publishers  desire 
it  to  be  known  that  the  version  of  '  A 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream  '  was  planned 
and  prepared  long  before  Mr.  Granville 
Barker's  production  and  acting  version 
were  announced. 


THINKING   BLACK.      H8th  Thousand.] 

Twenty-two  Years  in  the  Long  Grass  of 

Central  Africa. 

By  DANIEL  CRAWFORD,  F.R.G.S. 

Fully  illustrated  in  Colour  and  Half -Tone. 

Demy  8vo,  cloth  boards,  Is.  6d.  net. 

Oxford      India      Paper,      French      Morocco, 

12a.  (id.   net. 

"IA  remarkable  book,  giving  vivid,  wonderful  knowledge  of 
Central  Africa.  The  crisp  style  gives  uaa  series  of  pictures  of 
African  life  that  are  full  of  charm  and  reality." 

Contemporary  Review. 
"  Mr.  Crawford's  book  is  a  brilliant  production."— Spectator. 

By  the  Same  Author. 

THIRSTING  AFTER  GOD : 

and  Other  Bible  Readings. 

Post  8vo,  cloth   boards,  3*.    6d.  net. 

Oxford    India    Paper     Edition,    Paste   Grain 

Leather,  5s.  net. 

HYMNS  OF  THE  EARLY  CHURCH 

Translated    from    Latin,    Greek,    and     later 
Sources.     With  some  Original  Pieces. 
By  Rev.  JOHN  BROWNLIE,  D.D. 
Cloth  gilt,  2s.  6(7.  net. 

THE  PRAYER  LIFE. 

The    Inner  Chamber   and  the   Deepest 

Secret  of  Pentecost. 

By  Rev.  ANDREW  MURRAY,  D.D.  Litt.D. 

Cloth  boards,  2s.  6d.  net. 

Oxford    India    Paper,    Paste   Grain   Leather, 

3s.  6d.  net. 

MISSIONARY  JOYS  IN  JAPAN. 

By  PAGET  WILKES,  B.A. 

Frontispiece  in  Full  Colour,  and  21  Half-Tone 

Illustrations. 

Demy  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  7s.  Qd.  net. 

"  A  record  of  Missionary  work.   .  .Many  photographs."— Times. 


BOOKS  BY 
AMY  WILSON  CARMICHAEL. 

THINGS  AS   THEY  ARE: 

Work  in  South  India.        [33rd  Thousand.] 
Illustrated  from  special  Photographs. 
Cloth  boards,  2s.  6d.  net. 

LOTUS  BUDS: 

Among  the  Temple  Children  of  S.  India. 

With  50  Full-Page  Photogravures. 

Large  crown  4to,  art  cloth  boards,  14s.  6d.  net. 

Popular  Edition,  with  Half -Tone  Illustrations, 

6s. 

"  The  feature  of  this  book  is  the  photogravure  illustrations :  all 
are  very  charming,  and  will  elicit  high  admiration.  The  book 
will  interest  not  only  supporters  of  missions,  but  all  lovers  of 
children."—  Westminster  Gazette. 


[Owing  to  the  late  receipt  of  information  con- 
cerning forthcoming  works,  we  find  ourselves 
obliged  to  issue  only  half  of  our  Supplement 
with  the  present  number.] 


CARDIPHONIA: 

The  Utterance  of  the  Heart. 

By  Rev.  JOHN  NEWTON. 
With  an  Appreciation  by  Principal 
ALEXANDER  WHYTE.     Cloth,  3s.  U.  net. 
Oxford  India  Paper  Edition,  Purple  Leather, 
7s.  6d.  net. 

"  These  spiritual  letters  are  less  known  than  they  deserve  to  be. 
. . .  Full  of  wise  counsel  to  those  in  doubt  and  perplexity." 

Daily  Graphic. 

BY    PHILIP    MAURO, 

Barrister-at-Law. 

THE  WORLD  AND  ITS  GOD. 

Cloth  boards,  Is.  [7lst  Thousand.] 

GOD'S  APOSTLE  AND 
HIGH  PRIEST. 

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Stan 

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Coleridge's  admirable  edition  of  his  grandfather's  poems.  —Outlook. 

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line  of  the  most  original  and  gallantly  In  II  ted  I U  we  Dare   ever 

had  the  lurk  to  find  in  the  daily  bundle.     From  the  Brsl   | 

list   the  work  of   i  md  a  vh.losopher,  who  gaily 

refuses  to  1. 1  ,io  his  thinking  lor  him 

IRISH     LITERARY     AND     MUSICAL 

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8vo,  250  1>1'    8  •  '"  '• 
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Poetry,  A.,  In  I 

"  Another  quite  lllm »th  r'iia'to™ 

well-i  ;  ' 

,,.. ,  rlooked."-Safiinfa]  R 

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i     id    ito,  i     ('•/.  net 

HI, 
■  lief 

FOLIAGE:     Various    Poems. 

|)A\  I  I   -v      I  •   IP  '"''• 

"Thi  M'    Wl  ; 

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I.        W.      II. 


London:    ELKIN  M  ITHEW8,  Cork  Btwet,  W. 


200 


THE     ATTTKN7KUM 


[Supplement,  Feb.  21,  1914 


From 


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Translated  from  the  French  of  ANDRE 
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him,  but  the  serious  student  as  well — nearly  everything. 
Well  informed,  well  ordered,  well  documented,  it  is  written 
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The  Contemporary  English  View 
of  Napoleon. 

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This  book  is  a  careful  piece  of  research,  with  many 
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comments  of  the  daily  Press. 

Siciliana  : 

Sketches  of  Naples  and  Sicily  in  the 
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By  FERDINAND  GREGOROVIUS.  Trans- 
lated from  the  German  by  Mrs.  GUSTAVUS 
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The  Life  of  William  Pitt. 

By  Dr.  J.  HOLLAND  ROSE,  Reader  in 
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2  vols.  Ids.  net  each. 

Vol.    I.   William  Pitt  and  National  Revival. 
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THE  ONLY  COMPLETE  EDITION  OF  "PEPYS." 

The    Diary    of   Samuel   Pepys, 

M.A.  F.R.S,  Clerk  of  the  Acts  and  Sec- 
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The  Life  of  John  Edward  Ellis.    By  a.  tilney  bassett.     with  Preface 

by  Viscount  BRYCE,  O.M.     Svo. 

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MACMILLAN  &   CO.,  LTD.,  LONDON. 


^/ 


THE  ATHENAEUM 


*}7. 


f  cranial  of 

No.  4505 


into  loaifi  tilrrnturr.  .^rir toe,  the  JFtnt  JUts,  iKnstr  mtb  the  Drama. 


U~- 


?S%|URgAY,    FEBRUARY  28,     1914. 


PRICE 
SIXPENCE. 

REOISTKRK.I)  AS  A  NKWSIWPER. 


ICrrturrs. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRK 
ALBEMARLE  STREET.  PICCADILLY.  \V. 

THIS  PAY  [SATURDAY),  Frhru.irv  m,  at  I  o'clock.  Prof.  Sir 
J  J.  THOMSON.  O.M  l.L.D.  F.R  S..  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy 
at  the  Rov:il  Institution,  First  of  six  Lecture?  on  '  RECENT  IMS 
COYBBIBd  IN  PHYSICAL  SCIENCE.'    One  tJuiuea  tlie  Course 

TUESDAY.  MirchS.  at  1  o'clock.  Prof.  Sir  .1  II.  BIL8S.  1,1,1' 
M  Iust.CE.  Fi-st  of  Three  Lectures  on  'MODERN  SHIPS.'  ID 
•SMOOTH  WATER  SAILING.'  0  '  OCEAN  TRAVEL.'  |3|  'THE 
WAR  NAVY       Ilili  a-Guinea. 

THURSDAY,  March  5.  at  .:  o'clock.  Prof.  C.  F.  JENKIN. 
M  Inst. C.E..  First  of  ihrce  Lectures  on  HEAT  AND  COLD.'  Half- 
a  Guinea  . 

Subscription  to  all  the  Courses  in  the  Season  Two  Guineas. 


U 


NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


CREIGHTON  LECTURE. 

The  CREIGHTON  LECTURE  for   1913-14  will  be  delivered  by  the 

Right    Hon.    the    LORD    CHANCELLOR,    at    University    College. 

Gower  Street,  at  5  p.m..  on  MARCH  6.     The  subject  of  the  Lecture  is 

THE  MEANING    OP   TRUTH    IN    HISTORY.'    The  chair  will  be 

taken  by  the  Rieht  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Grey   K  G. 

The  Lecture  is  open  to  the  public,  admission  free,  by  ticket,  to  be 
obtained  from  the  Secretary.  University  College,  Gower  Street,  W.C. 
P.  J.  HARTOG.  Academic  Registrar. 


(Eibibitions. 

>OYAL  SOCIETY   OF 


ROYAL  SOCIETY    OF   PAINTER-ETCHERS 
and  ENGRAVERS     5a.  Pall  Mall  East,  8.W. 
32nd  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION.     Open  Daily  10  to  6. 
Admission  Is.  VV.  GORDON  MKIN,  Secretary. 


(f  Durational. 


u 


NIVERSITY 


OF 


DURHAM. 


The  following  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS,  tenable  at 
Durham  bj  WOMEN,  will  be  available  in  1914:  Six  Scholarships  of 
701.  per  annum :  One  of  40/.  per  annum  ;  Three  of  301.  The  Examina- 
tion for  these  is  i"  1  0  N  H 

The  Winifred  Foster  Scholarship  of  30i. ;  Four  Exhibitions  of  207. 
These  are  given  on  the  result  of  the  Matriculation  Examination,  and 
the  next  Examination  begins  APRIL  81. 

Women  Students  must  either  reside  in  the  Women's  Hostel,  or  live 
as  Home  Students  with  Parents  or  Guardians  in  Durham,  or  within 
easy  access  by  train. 

For  particulars  apply  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'8 
HOSTEL.  Ablwy  House,  Durham,  or  THE  CENSOR  OF  HOME 
8TUDENT3.  4>;.  North  Bailey,  Durham. 

PRIFYSGOL  CYMRU. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  WALES. 
THREE  FELLOWSHIPS,  each  of  the  annual  value  of  1251., 
tenable  for  Two  Years,  are  open  to  Graduates  of  this  University.— 
Applications  must  be  received  before  JUNE  1.  1914,  by  THE 
REGISTRAR.  University  Registry,  Cathays  Park,  Cardiff,  from 
whom  further  information  may  be  obtained. 

KING  WILLIAM'S  COLLEGE, 
ISLE  OF  MAN. 
ENTRANCE  SiIMLARSHIP  FX  A  \I  IN  ATION  on  MARCH  18 
and  19.  TEN  SCHOLARSHIPS  OFFERED.  501.  to  201.  Also  TEN 
NOMINATIONS  reducing  the  necessary  fees  to  451.  a  year.  Place  of 
Examination  arranged  to  suit  candidates.  —  Full  particulars  from 
THE  PRINCIPAL  or  SECRETARY. 

MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C.— An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  for  Boys 
under  14  on  June  11.  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.— For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  Won  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  lie  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 


CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY  TRAINING 
OOXXBBI    POB    SCHOOLMASTERS. 

Some  vacant  places  remain  to  be  filled  for  the  next  Session,  which 
begins  on  OCTOBER  n. 

The  course  for  th-  ELEMENTARY  DEPARTMENT  extends  over 
Three  Y'ear-.  A'l  Students  must  liecome  Matriculated  Slembers  of 
the  University,  and  they  will  !«  required  tire.,1  f.,r  a  Degree  They 
accordingly  be  uuslified  by  the  Regulations  of  the  Board  of 
Education  fur  the  Training  of  Teachers  for  Elementary  Schools, 
Appendix  A     II 

The  emvaafor  the  SECONDARY  DEPARTMENT  is  for  a  Year 
consisting  of  three  consecutive  Terms.  Candidates  for  admission 
must  be  Graduates  of  this  or  some  other  TTnfversity. 

For  further  parti,  atari  apply  to  THE  VICE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE 
COLLEGE,  Warkw^rth  House,  Cambridge. 

AGRICULTURAL  OOLLRGB,  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  (Monies  Oollan  F«nn.  I.  two  a/.Tes.  V.-t 
Science.  Smith*  Work.  Carpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
open  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.     Charges  moderate.    Get  Prosjiectus. 

MADAME  AUBERT8  AGRNCY  (eHt.    1880), 
Keith    House    IS3  13S,    REGENT   STKKET.    W.    Eofllah  and 
Foreign  S  nee.  Lady    Professors,    Teachers    <  haperones    Com 

panions.   S.  Introduc.  i    (.,,    Home    uid    Abroad. 

Hcbools  reeommi  .  with  full  Information.  - 

on  application    pergonal  or   by  Utl  ig  requirements.     OfAce 

hoars,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1      Tel  Regent  MR 


Situations  ITarant. 


NIVERSITY         OF        BRISTOL. 


Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  A88ISTANT  LE  1TURER 
IN  EDUCATION  lElementary  Training  — Women),  with  special 
qualifications  in  History.    Salary  1501. 

Applications  and  testimonials  Itwenty  copies  of  each)  should  be 
forwarded  on  or  before  APRIL  14  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom 
further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

JAMES    RAFTER,  Registrar. 


c 


NTERBURY        MUSEUM, 

CHRISTCHURCH,  NEW  ZEALAND. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  position  of  CURATOR  of  the  above 
Museum.  Salary  SOW.  per  annum,  with  allowance  for  passage —Full 
particulars  and  forms  of  application  obtainable  bv  sending  stamped 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  THE  HIGH  COMMISSIONER  for 
New  Zealand,  13.  Victoria  Street,  London.  S.W.,  by  whom  completed 
applications  will  be  received  up  to  MARCH  5,  1914. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


DIRKENHEAD 

GIRL9'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  position  of  HEADMISTRESS  of 
the  GIRLS'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 

Commencing  salary,  3001.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments 
of  151.  to  360J.  per  annum. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  the  appointment, 
together  with  a  Form  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  by 
MARCH  9,  1914,  may  be  obtained  from 

ROBERT  T.  JONES,  Secretary. 

Town  Hall.  Birkenhead,  February  14, 1914. 


COUNTY     BOROUGH    OF    SUNDERLAND. 
EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 
BEDE    COLLEGIATE    GIRLS'  8CHOOL. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  M.  E.  BOON,  M.A. 

WANTED,  after  MASTER,  a  JS0IENCE  MISTR  ESS  (Elementary 
Science,  Chemistry.  Botany).  An  Honours  Degree  or  its  equivalent,  and 
good  Secondary  School  experience  essential.  Needlework  a  recommen- 
dation. Salary  100J.  to  150!.  according  to  Scale,  initial  amount  dependent 
on  qualifications. 

Application  form,  which  Bhould  be  returned  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  salary  sc?le  obtainable  on  sending  stamped  addressed  envelope 
to  the  undersigned.  HERBERT  REED,  Secretary. 

Education  Department,  IB,  John  Street,  Sunderland. 
February  23. 1914. 


C 


OUNTY       OF       LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
VISITING  TEACHER  OF  BLACK  AND  WHITE  FOR  BOOK 
ILLUSTRATION  AND  DECORATION  at  the  L.C.C.  Norwood 
Technical  Institute,  Knight's  Hill.  S.R.  The  person  appointed  will 
be  required  for  one  attendance  weekly  (Wednesday  eveniug)  of  about 
two  hours,  at  a  fee  of  12s  6ci.  an  attendance.  A  candidate  actually 
engaged  in  book  illustration  for  commercial  purposes,  and  with  ex- 
perience in  teaching,  will  be  preferred. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars 
of  the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  fool6capenvelope 
to  the  Education  Officer,  London  County  Council,  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C.  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  by 
11  a  si.  on  MONDAY,  March  9,  1914.  Every  communication  must  be 
marked   "  T.l "  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  a  candidate. 
LAURENCE  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
February  24,  1914. 

BATTERSEA       POLYTECHNIC, 
LONDON,  8.W. 
SCHOOL    OF    ART    AND    CRAFTS. 
The  Governing  Body  require  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT  ART 
MASTER  in  the  8chool  of  Art  and  Crafts.     Applicants  must  be  able 
to  teach  general  subjects.    Salary  1201.  mTT™ 

For  particulars  send  stamped  addressed  envelope  to  THE 
SECRETARY. 


w 


OOLWICH    POLYTECHNIC   SCHOOL   OF 

ART. 

WANTED,  ASSISTANT  to  teach  Advanced  Painting  in  8chool  of 
Art.  and  also  to  take  some  part  of  Art  Instruction  of  the  Secondary 
School.  , 

Commencing  salary  1801  -ISO? .  according  to  experience  j  and  if  less 

than  1601  to  begin  with,  to  be  increased  by  annual  increments  of  W. 

toa  maximum  of  1801,  ,.       ,  ,  _ _ _ 

For  further  particulars  and  form   of  application  apply  to  THE 

PRINCIPAL,  The  Polytechnic,  Woolwich. 

By  Order. 

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M 


A    G 


G    S        BROS., 

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JUST  READY. 

CATALOGUE    (No.     154)     of 
valuable  ENGLISH  ami  FOREIGN    BOOKS,   Including  r»x< 

Incunabula— choice    Ornithological   and    Botanical    Works  —  IV 
tions  of  tbe   Koxbur^be  Club— icarcfl    Americana  -  Il'«  km  «>f  Plates  — 
anil    Fine   Editions    of    Stun. laid    Authors. -B.    II.    BLA<  'KVVKLL. 
DO  and  SI,  Broad  Street,  Oxford. 

BOOKS   (over   1,000,000   volumes)  on    Literary, 
Educational,  Law,  Mi  dii  d,  Technical,  and  all  ol 

Second-hand  at   half  prices;    Men  al  W  n»i  cenl   di ml     '  \TA- 

I.*  ii, i iks  post  free     State  wants     Books  eant on  apnroraL— W.  •  8. 
FOTLh,  181   I2S,  ('baring  Cross  Koad    London,  V>  0 

BK     R    T     It    A     M  DO    B    B    L   L, 
SECONDHAND  BOOK8ELLEB    uid  PI  BUSHEB, 

77.  Charii                         I  imlon   W  c 

A    larfl   Btock    oi    Old    mil     Ran      It  >k«   in     Knellsh    Literature. 

Deluding  Poetry  and  the  Drama    sh.i. .  p.  ,•  i  ,i  ,     i 

Puno  '  'ATAl.i'i.l  I  - 
ipptloaUoa. 

BOOKS.       ALL   OUT  OF  PRINT  uid    HARK 
l:<  "  iKh  on  an]  - 1  PPM  Bl>       '1  lie  d 

hmi>  r  i  itanl      Please  il  its  wants  ind  .-k  for 

rloos  lists 


The  moss  rtj-ri   I 
A'i  Ai.'  001     I  make 


IMHtft.    I  '  -r      ""  liri  i    ,r|r.    ,.  ,, 

from  mi  rarl lists      M|  ,  ,ily  wait 

I   |iW      RAKKI  '    1. 1.    Biljfl 

Birmingham      Bur> 

(  vols..  71 10*  Yeats,  loll.-  led  VYoiks.  i  vol*  ,  11.  3s. 


298 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


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The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  KG.  K.T. 

President : 

Col.  The   Hon.   HARRY    L.   W.   LAWSON,   MA.   J. P.   M.P. 

Treasurer : 

THE    LONDON     COUNTY    AND    WESTMINSTER   BANK,     Ltd. 

OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1S39  in  the  City  of 
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PENSIONS.— The  Annuitants  now  number  Fifty,  the  Men  receiving 
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years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  "  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
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W.  WILKIE  JONES,  Secretary. 


^aies  trn  Ruction. 


Fifth  and  Final  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late 
CHARLES  BUTLER,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  MONDAY,  March  2,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  FIFTH  and  FINAL  PORTION  of 
the  extensive  and  valuable  LIBRARY  of  the  late  CHARLES 
BUTLER,  Esq.  (of  Warren  Wood,  Hatfield,  and  Connaugbt  Place,  W.). 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Extensive  and  Interesting  Antiquarian  and  Ethno- 
graphical Collections,  the  Property  of  the  late  WALTER 
L.   BEHRENS,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY,  March  3,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  extensive  and  interesting  ANTIQUARIAN 
and  ETHNOGRAPHICAL  COLLECTIONS,  the  Property  of  the  late 
WALTER  L  BEHRENS,  Esq.,  of  The  Acorns,  Fallowfield. 
Manchester  (sold  by  order  of  the  Executors). 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had- 

Valuable  Modern  Etchings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  FRIDAY,  March  6,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
Valuable  MODERN  ETCHINGS,  Ac,  including  the  Property  of  a 
LADY  COLLECTOR,  and  PRINTS  from  the  Collection  of  a 
GENTLEMAN  in  New  York. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
WEDNESDAY',  March  11,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock, 
VALUABLE  BOOK8,  including  the  LIBRARY  of  a  GENTLEMAN 
lately  residing  in  Amoy,  comprising  Siebold  and  Zuccarini's  Flora 
Japonica,  2  vols.,  Audsley's  Ornamental  Arts  of  Japan,  2  vols., 
Anderson's  Catalogue  of  Chinese  Drawings,  and  other  Books  relating 
to  China  and  Japan— Old  Chinese  Paintings  and  Japanese  Colour- 
Prints— Hunter's  Picturesque  Scenery  of  Mysore  and  other  Books 
relating  to  India,  some  with  Coloured  Plates  —Adair's  North  American 
Indians.  1775  —  Lilford's  Coloured  Figures  of  British  Birds, 
7  vols.,  half  morocco— Sclater's  Monograph  of  the  Jacamars— Blaauw's 
Monograph  of  the  Cranes— Blomefield's  Norfolk.  11  vols  —Books  on 
Ireland— Combe's  Dance  of  Death,  with  Rowlandsons  Plates,  2  vols. 
—Library  Edition  of  Thackeray,  22  vols.— A  Set  of  the  Bankers' 
Magazine,  89  vols.,  1845-1911— Standard  Works  in  General  Literature, 
&c.  Catalogues  on  application. 

The  Library  of  the  late  J.  H.  JACOBY,  Esq.  (removed  from 
°S2,  the  Ropewalk,  Nottingham),  by  Order  of  the  Executors, 
and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.O.,  at  the 
END  OF  MARCH,  the  above  LIBRARY,  comprising  Incunabula 
and  other  Early  Printed  Books  -Rare  Books  in  Seventeenth-Century 
English  Literature— Topographical  Works- First  Editions  of  Dickens, 
Thackeray,  and  others-Sporting  Books,  Ac— A  Collection  of  Rare 
Books  from  the  Aldine  and  Elzevir  Presses,  many  in  old  morocco 
bindings,  and  two  Fore-Edge  Paintings,  the  Property  of  a  GEN- 
TLEMAN ;  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  H.  G.  DAKYNS.  M.  A.  (removed 
from  Upper  Wimpole  Street,  W.),  comprising  Sets  of  the  Journal  of 
Hellenic  Studies  and  the  British  School  at  Athens— Modern  Classical 
and  Historical  Works,  Ac;  also  Books  from  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
VISCOUNT  KNUTSFORD  (removed  from  75,  Eaton  Square.  S.W.). 
Catalogues  are  preparing. 

Miscellaneous  Books. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY,  March  5,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOK8,  including  Specimens 
of  Binding -Early  Printed  Books,  including  the  Erotemata  of  Las- 
caris  (the  first  dated  Aldine)— Works  on  Music  (Vidal's  Instruments  a 
Archet,  Hipkins's  Musical  Instruments,  one  of  50  Artists'  Proofs, 
Ac.)  —  Royal  Academy  Exhibition  Catalogues,  a  Set  —  Memoirs  of 
Jacques  Casanova,  10  vols.  — Payne's  Decameron  of  Boccaccio,  on 
Japanese  vellum— Complete  Works  of  Tolstoy,  21  vols.— George  Eliot's 
Works,  Cabinet  Edition-a  Set  of  Richard  Jefferies's  Works,  all  First 
Editions— an  uncut  copy  of  Shaw's  Staffordshire— Library  Editions  of 
Milton,  Moliere,  Gibbon,  Harrison  Ainsworth,  Bulwer-Lytton,  Ac- 
First  Editions  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  George  Borrow,  W.  M.  Thackeray, 
W.  8.  Lander,  D.  G.  Rossetti,  Lord  Tennyson,  Matthew  Arnold, 
Andrew  Lang.  Ac— 8portiog  Books— Books  with  Coloured  Plates- 
Works  in  General  Literature,  Ac- 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  JameB's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  March  2,  OLD  PICTURES. 
On  TUESDAY,  March   3,  ENGRAVINGS   of 

the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  March  4,  OLD  ENGLISH 

SILVER  PLATE,  the  Property  of  Lieut.-Col.  H  B.  L.  HUGHES  and 

others. 

On   THURSDAY,    March    5,    ORIENTAL 

PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  Lieut.-Col.  H.  B.  L.  HUGHES  and 
PORCELAIN  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE  from  various 
sources. 

On  FRIDAY,  March   6,    PICTURES  by    OLD 

MASTERS,  and  WORKS  of  the  EARLY  ENGLISH  8CHOOL. 

STEVENS'S      AUCTION       ROOMS. 
Established  1760. 
TUESDAY  next,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 
Oriental  China  and  Bronzes  -Cloisonne'  and  Satsuma  Ware 
— A  small  Collection  of  Choice  Japanese  Swords— Native 
Weapons,  Carvings,  and  Fetishes— Plated  Items,  Pictures, 
and  a  variety  of  Curios. 
Mr.    J.    C.    STEVENS  will   SELL  the  above 

Property  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
London,  W.C. 
On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on  application. 

The  Qlevum  Hall,  Southgate  Street,  Gloucester. 

MESSRS.  BRUTON,  KNOWLES  &  CO.  will 
SELL  by  AUCTION,  on  FRIDAY,  March  6,  at  12  o'clock 
punctually,  the  MISCELLANEOUS  LIBRARIES  of  J.  MONT- 
GOMERY CAMPBELL,  Esq.;  the  late  J.  W.  HOWARD,  Esq., 
formerly  Manager  of  the  Gloucester  Wsgon  Co.,  Ltd.  ;  the  late 
OSCAR  CLARK,  Esq.,  A.M.,  M.B. ;  and  other  Properties. 

May  be  viewed  day  prior,  between  the  hours  of  10  and   4,    and 
morning  of  Sale. 

Catalogues  may  be  h        of    the    Auctioneers,    Albion    Chambers, 
Gloucester. 


Jttagapnes,  &r. 

THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 
AND  AFTER. 

MARCH. 
THE  HOME  RULE  BILL  AND  LANCASHIRE 

By  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Welldon 
A  RE8IDENT  LANDLORD'S  VIEW  OF  THE  IRISH  PROBLEM 

By  Capt.  Sir  John  Keane,  Bart. 
THE  HOME  POLICY  OF  GERMANY 

By  the  Eight  Hon  the  Earl  of  Cromer,  O.M 
G.C.B.  G.C.M.G.  K.C.8.I. 
TORYISM  AND  THE  NEXT  ELECTION  By  J.  M.  Kennedy 

THE  FIRST  ENGLI8H  NEWSPAPER  (with  a  Facsimile) 

By  J.  B.  Williams 
VOCATIONALISM  By  Sir  Philip  Magnus,  M.P. 

THE  SOCIAL  DAWN  IN  INDIA  By  F.  H.  Brown 

LORD  MORLEY'S  REFLECTIONS  By  Prof.  J.  H.  Morgan 

THE  SUPERFLUOUS  WOMAN  :  Her  Cause  and  Cure 

By  Mrs.  Archibald  Colquhoun 
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W    Rose. 

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T.  WERNER  LAURIE,  Ltd., 
Clifford's  Inn,  London. 


No.  450;'),  Feb.  28,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


303 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  98,  /.''/;. 


CONTENTS,  pack 

The  Irish  Literary  Renaissance       BOS 

Irishmen  All 304 

MuDonachs  Lyrical  Poems 305 

The  STOWS  OP  Bray           .. 806 

Irish  Witchcraft  ami  Demonolooy 806 

Like  and  Letters  ok  Lady  Hester  STANHOPE     ..  306 

A  Glossary  ok  Ti  dor  and  Stiart  Words           ..  307 

The  Colonization  ok  Riral  Britain  ..        ..308 

FICTION  (Shepherdless  Sheep  ;  A  Lady  and  her  Hus- 
band ;  Two  in  the  Wilderness)  ..         ..      309—310 

M^.  R.  L.  Stevenson  ;  '  Faith  and  Reality  '  ;  A 
Lease  for  999  Years  Expired  ;  AUTOGRAPH 
Lettkrs  and  Historical  Documents  ;  Books 
vm>  Manuscripts         -       _    310 

J'lhlishers'  Sprim;  ANNOUNCEMENTS  (Theology— 
Poetry  — Philosophy— History  and  Biography— 
Ceography  and  Travel,  311 ;  Sociology— Politics- 
Education  —  Literary  Criticism  —  Fiction,  31:> ; 
General— Science,  313  ;  Fine  Arts— Drama,  314)  311—314 

Books  Published  this  Week     ..        „        ..      315—318 

Literary  Gossip       -        ..318 

Science— Indian  Pioeons  and  Doyes  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ;  Finger- 
prints   319-320 

Fine  Arts— Irish  seal-Matrices  and  Seals  ;  A 
Dictionary  ok  Irish  Artists  ;  Water-Colours 
at  Messrs.  Agnew's;  The  National  Portrait 
Society  ;  Other  Exhibitions  ;  Gossip  ;  Picture 

Sale 320-323 

}ilSic— gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week        ..    .523 
Drama-Oi  r  Irish  Theatre  ;  Gossip  ..        ..    324 

Index  to  Advertisers        ..        „        ..        „        ..327 


LITERATURE 


THE    IRISH    LITERARY 
RENAISSANCE. 

The  way  for  what  has  been  called  the 
Irish  Literarv  Renaissance,  well  defined 
by  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolieston 

"  ;us  the  impulse  to  seek  for  Irish  themes,  to 
treat  the  history,  scenery,  legendary  litera- 
ture, and  current  life  of  our  country  with 
the  ennobling  touch  and  the  revealing  insight 
of  poetry," 

had  been  paved  by  a  group  of  Irishmen 
In  the  forties  of  last  century,  led  by  such 
writers  as  Carleton,  Ferguson,  and  De 
Vere,  and  such  editors  as  George  Petrie, 
(  'harles  Lever,  and,  later,  Joseph  Sheridan 
Le  Fanu.  To  Thomas  Davis,  too,  and  his 
\  .iing  Ireland  associates,  including  James 
Clarence  Mangan,  is  due  the  credit  of 
awakening  the  Irish  imagination  in  an 
[riafa  way. 

But  the  arousing  of  real  interest  of  this 
kind  within  this  generation  owes  its  prime 
impulse  to  the  memorable  romantic  work 
of  Mr.  Standish  O'Gradv,  to  whom,  we 
believe,  Mr.  Yeats,  Mr.  Graves,  and 
others  of  the  new  school  have  freely  ac- 
knowledged their  obligations.  Without 
this  impulse  Mr.  Yeats  might  have  taken 
the  place  of  Blake  or  Roesetti  in  English 
literature,   and    Mr.   Graves   might  have 

dined  himself  to  Irish  peasant  themes 
as  a  song-writer. 

Sir  Samuel  Ferguson  lamented  that  in 
Ins  day  there  were  onlv  a  select  feu  to 
listen,  amid  the  din  of  politics,  to  Irish 
literary  themes    such  as  those    he   nobly 


illustrated,    but    lie    prophesied    that    his 
time  would  come.     It  has  not  quite  come 

vet.  although   -Mr.    Yeats's  description    in 
L886  is  no  less  true  to-day  : — 

"  The  author  of  these  poems  is  the  greatest 
poet  Ireland  has  produced,  because  the  most 
central  and  most  Celtic.  Whatever  the 
future  may  bring  forth  in  the  way  of  a  truly 
great  and  national  literature — and  now  thai 
the  race  is  so  large,  so  widely  spread,  and  so 
conscious  of  its  unity,  the  years  are  ripe — 
will  find  its  morning  in  these  three  volumes 
of  one  who  was  made  by  the  purifying 
flame  of  national  sentiment  the  one  man  of 
his  time  who  wrote  heroic  poetry — one  who, 
among  the  somewhat  sybaritic  singers  of  his 
day,  was  like  some  aged  sea-king  sitting 
among  the  inland  wheat  and  poppies — the 
savour  of  the  sea  about  him  and  its  strength." 

But  Ferguson  passed  away,  and  the 
country  wras  in  the  throes  of  a  fierce 
political  conflict.  Indeed,  in  the  year 
1891  it  was  in  a  state  of  civil  war  between 
the  Parnellites  and  Anti-Parnellites.  This 
seemed  a  very  unpromising  time  for  a 
revival  of  Irish  literature,  yet  Mr.  Yeats 
and  his  friends,  supported  by  Sir  Charles 
Gavan  Duffy  —  who  had  returned  to 
this  country  full  of  the  desire  to  revive 
the  literary  traditions  of  the  Young  Ire- 
landers — strongly  felt  that  it  was  possible 
to  unite  thinking  men  and  women,  "  who 
understood  and  valued  the  moral,  spiritual, 
and  industrial  nationality  of  Ireland,  no 
matter  what  were  their  political  views," 
in  cordial  co-operation  within  the  circle 
of  two  Irish  Literary  Societies,  one  to  be 
formed  in  London,  and  the  other  in  Dublin. 

The  inaugural  lecture  before  the  Irish 
Literary  Society  of  London  was  delivered 
by  the  Rev.  Stopford  Brooke,  and  among 
the  speakers  was  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde,  then 
President  of  the  National  Literary  Society 
of  Dublin,  just  inaugurated.  Mr.  Brooke 
took  for  the  subject  of  his  address  '  The 
Need  and  Use  of  getting  Irish  Literature 
into  the  English  Tongue." 

'"  We  have  had  enough  [said  Mr.  Brooke] 
of  the  Greek  stories  of  late  ;  enough  of  the 
Italian  mediae valism,  whether  its  tales  be 
of  saints  or  sinners.  The  Norse  tales  will 
also  for  a  time  be  laid  aside  ;  and  though 
they  have  a  powerful  humanity,  they  have 
little  love  of  nature.  We  have  even  been 
enforced  of  late  to  go  to  India  for  our  sub- 
jects. But  the  Irish  stories  are  as  yet  un- 
touched ;  and  they  have  imagination, 
colour,  romance  of  war  and  love,  terrible  and 
graceful  supernaturalism,  a  passionate  hu- 
manity, and  a  vivid  love  of  natural  beauty 
and  sublimity." 

The  response  to  this  suggestion  has  been 
remarkable.  As  Mr.  Rolieston  has  well 
put  it  in  his  '  Twenty-One  Years  of  Irish 
Art  and  Thought,'  delivered  as  an  address 
before  the  Irish  Literary  Society  on  its 
coming  of  age  : — 

"  When  we  recollect  that  at  the  time  when 
he  spoke  '  Silva  Gadelica  '  had  not  been 
published,  and  that  Mr.  A.  H.  Leahy's 
'Heroic  Romances  of  Inland,'  .Miss  Hull's 
'  Cuchullin  Saga,'  the  two  well-known 
volumes  of  Lady  Gregory,  practically  all 
the  best  work  of  Kuno  .Meyer  and  of  Alfred 
Xutt,  Hyde's  '  Literary  History  of  Ereland,' 
and  the  thirteen  stately  volumes  of  the  Irish 
Texts  Society — to  name  only  a  few  of  the 
outstanding   works- -wire   still    to   come,    we 

can  realize  something  of  the  richness  of  the 
inheritance     which     for     modern     Ireland, 


twenty-one  years  ago,  still  lay  unexplored, 
unknown,  and,  excepl  to  a\  ery  few  scholars, 

inaccessible." 

For  a  year  Mr.  Rolieston  threw  all  his 
energies  into  organizing  the  London  Society, 
and  joined  with  Sir  Charles  Gavan  Duffy, 
its  President,  and  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde  in 
bringing  out  the  "New  Irish  Library," 
which  contained  not  only  the  Presidents 
own  *  Life  of  Thomas  Davis'  and  Davis's 
'  Patriot  Parliament,'  but  also  such  brilliant 
and  useful  work  as  Richard  Ashe  King's 
'  Swift  in  Ireland,'  Mr.  Standish  O'Grady's 
'  Bog  of  Stars,  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde's  '  Stoiy 
of  Gaelic  Literature,'  Mr.  J.  F.  Taylor's 
'  Owen  Roe  O'Neill,'  and  Mr.  A.  P.  Graves's 
'  Irish  Song-Book.'  It  is  interesting  to  be 
able  to  announce,  as  we  do  in  another 
column,  that  the  two  Irish  Literary 
Societies  are  again  uniting,  this  time  under 
Mr.  Graves's  and  Dr.  Hyde's  editorship, 
to  produce  a  fresh  series  of  books  to  be 
entitled  "  Every  Irishman's  Library." 

Meantime  Dr.  Hyde  vacated  the  presi- 
dency of  the  National  Literary  Society  of 
Dublin  in  favour  of  Dr.  Sigerson,  who  has 
held  the  post  ever  since,  in  order  to  take 
the  lead  in  the  Gaelic  League  movement, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  efforts  ever 
made  to  carry  on  linguistic  propagandism 
in  the  face  of  great  difficulties.  Though  it 
is  nominally  non-political,  and  actually  so 
in  great  part,  its  general  tendency  has 
been  to  de- anglicize,  and  therefore  to 
draw  off  Irish  men  and  women  from  the 
study  of  English  literature,  or  even  Anglo- 
Irish  literature.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
movement  has  drawn  together  people  of 
all  classes  and  creeds,  and  stimulated  study 
amongst  those  who  had  previously  been 
in  the  habit  of  reading  little  but  the  news- 
papers. The  leaders  of  the  Gaelic  League 
have  naturally  aspired  to  a  literature  of 
their  own  in  the  Irish  tongue,  and  are 
not  too  ready  to  support  translation  from 
Irish  into  English  on  the  lines  suggested 
by  Mr.  Stopford  Brooke.  It  is  probable 
that  this  extreme  attitude  has  prevented 
that  sympathy  with  their  movement  on 
the  part  of  middle-aged  and  elderly  Irish 
people  which  would  have  materially 
helped  to  promote  it.  For  the  Irish  lan- 
guage is  extremely  difficult,  and  cannot 
readily  be  learnt  by  any  but  the  young 
and  enthusiastic,  whereas  had  their  elders 
been  encouraged  to  read  Irish  books  in 
translation,  they  might  have  gone  much 
further  on  the  road  with  them  than  they 
have  been  inclined  to  do.  But  the  move- 
ment has  set  hundreds  of  young  Irish  folk 
studying  and  thinking,  and  has  indirect l\ 
promoted  their  general  reading,  where 
circumstances  have  prevented  them  from 

earn  ing  the  study  of  the  Irish  language  be- 
yond a  certain  point.  Whether  the  object 
with  which  the  Cache  League  set  out.  the 

restoration  of  the    [rish  language  as  the 

common  speech  and  the  liteiar\    tongue  "I 

the  country,  La  ever  likely  to  be  realized  is 
another  matter.     Present   indications  do 

not  support  BUCh  a  belief.     Still  there  is  no 

doubt  that  but  for  the  movement   nothing 

like  the  attention  now  given  U)  the  study 

and  publication  of  [rish  manuscripts  would 
have  resulted,  and  thus  a  sufficient  stock 

Of  Irish  scholars  is  now  being  0  an  d.  under 


304 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


competent  teachers  to  make  it  certain 
that  the  great  hoard  of  Irish  literary  re- 
mains still  undealt  with  will  ultimately 
pass  through  the  hands  of  Irish  scholars, 
competent  to  translate  them  into  the 
homes  of  the  people. 

The  history  of  the  Irish  Literary 
Theatre,  the  proposal  for  which  was  first 
brought  by  Mr.  Yeats  before  the  Irish 
Literary  Society  of  London,  is  too  well 
known  to  need  more  than  a  few  words 
of  appreciation.  Ireland,  which  had 
till  then  been  without  a  national  drama, 
has  in  a  few  years,  under  the  energetic 
leadership  of  Mr.  Yeats  and  Lady  Gregory, 
found  a  singularly  individual  group  of 
dramatists,  including  themselves,  of  whom 
Synge  has  attracted  the  greatest  attention. 
They  have  trained,  moreover,  a  set  of 
actors  unique  of  their  kind,  including  the 
brothers  Fay  and  Miss  Sara  Allgood. 
They  are  being  followed,  at  no  great 
distance,  by  the  Ulster  Literary  Theatre, 
led  by  Mr.  Rutherford  Mayne,  the  author 
of  '  The  Drone  '  and  other  plays. 

Apart  from  the  translations  from  the 
Irish,  and  books  closely  founded  upon 
them,  a  series  of  interesting  folk-lore  and 
folk-song  collections  have  been  made,  on 
the  one  hand,  by  writers  such  as  Jeremiah 
Curtin,  Larminie,  and  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde — 
on  the  other,  by  Dr.  Joyce,  Mr.  Herbert 
Hughes,  and  Mrs.  Milligan  Fox,  while  Miss 
Eleanor  Hull  and  the  contributors  to  The 
Irish  Folk-Song  Journal  have  been  collect- 
ing for  the  Folk  -  Lore  and  Folk  -  Song 
Societies. 

Irish  myths  and  fairy  tales  have  been 
beautifully  dealt  with  by  Lady  Gregory, 
Miss  Hull,  and  Mr.  Rolleston.  Novels 
and  stories  of  a  finer  technique  than  those 
known  to  the  last  generation  have  been 
written  by  Emily  Lawless,  Martin  Ross, 
George  A.  Birmingham,  Mr.  Shan  Bullock, 
Mr.  Frank  Mathew,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Field, 
Seumas  MacManus,  and  others ;  while 
Mr.  Yeats  and  A.  E.  have  been  followed  by 
a  host  of  younger  poets,  more  or  less  of 
their  school,  yet  containing  individual 
characteristics,  amongst  whom  may  be 
named  Mr.  Padraic  Colum,  Mr.  Joseph 
Campbell,  Miss  Eva  Gore  Booth,  and  Mr. 
George  Roberts.  Standing  apart  from  this 
school,  yet  not  less  remarkable  in  their  own 
way,  are  Katharine  Tynan,  Dora  Sigerson, 
Emily  Lawless,  Miss  Susan  Mitchell,  Miss 
Alice' Milligan,  Moira  O'Neill  (the  author  of 
the  delightful  '  Songs  of  the  Glens  of 
Antrim  '),  John  Stephenson  (the  author  of 
'  Pat  Carty  his  Rhymes  '),Padric  Gregory 
(whose  ballads  are  suffused  with  the  true 
spirit  of  the  Border  minstrelsy),  and  last 
and  latest  comers  in  this  group  of  poets, 
for  the  most  part  of  Ulster  origin,  William 
Drennan's  great  -  granddaughters,  the 
Misses  Dufrin.  Fresh  and  poignant  of 
their  kind,  moreover,  are  the  poems  of 
Miss  W.  M.  Letts,  the  author  of  '  Songs 
of  Leinster.'  Mr.  James  Stephens  alike 
in  pi'ose  and  verse  stands  out,  perhaps, 
most  prominently  of  the  new  Irish  writers. 

Amongst  the  group  of  Irish  literary  song- 
writers, apart  from  the  author  of  '  Songs 
of  Old  Ireland  '  and  many  other  Irish  songs 
and  ballads,  including  v  Father  O'Flynn,' 


mav  be  mentioned  Mr.  Francis  Fahy, 
Mr.'  P.  J.  McCall,  and,  of  course,  Dr. 
Douglas  Hyde.  Of  those  who  unite  the 
gifts  of  narrative  and  lyrical  verse,  still 
living  or  but  lately  passed  from  amongst 
us,  are  Dr.  John  Todhunter,  George 
Francis  Savage-Armstrong,  Mr.  George  A. 
Greene,  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolleston,  and  Mr. 
A.  P.  Graves. 

In  conclusion,  the  name  should  not  be 
forgotten  of  one  recently  called  away  from 
our  midst  in  the  ripest  age,  who  in 
his  Old  Irish  Romances  furnished  a  beauti- 
ful theme  and  a  beautiful  inspiration  to 
Tennyson  and  Burne -Jones  ;  who  by  his 
great  treasure  stores  of  folk-songs  has 
given  Sir  Charles  Stanford  and  Dr.  Charles 
Wood  material  for  their  fine  arrangements 
of  Irish  music  ;  and  by  his  '  Irish  Names 
of  Places '  and  his  L  Social  History  of 
Ancient  Ireland '  put  every  lover  of  his 
country  under  the  deepest  obligation  to 
him — Dr.  Patrick  Weston  Joyce. 


Irishmen  All.     Bv  George  A.  Birmingham. 
(T.  N.  Foulis,  5s.  net.) 

When  Theophrastus,  long  ago,  wrote  his 
'  Characters,'  he  probably  set  before  him, 
not  pictures  of  real  life,  but  what  was 
suitable  to  the  "  Middle  Corned}^  "  on  its 
stage.  In  the  same  way  George  A.  Bir- 
mingham's sketches  seem  admirably  fitted 
to  afford  sketches  for  the  clever  young  men 
who  write  for  the  Abbey  Theatre  in  Dublin. 
The  foibles  of  the  Irish  character  are 
painted  in  very  decided  colours.  There 
are  also  some  virtuous  people  who  spend 
their  life  in  doing  their  duty,  either  con- 
sciously, as  does  his  country  parson,  or 
unconsciously,  as  does  his  farmer.  But 
these  are  obviously  not  prominent,  and 
therefore  not  interesting  characters  for 
the  stage.  Even  in  these  cases  the 
picture  of  the  "farmer's  death-bed,  pa- 
thetic as  it  is,  is  not  complete,  for  the 
priest  is  not  there — a  necessary  figure  at 
that  moment,  whose  absence  would  cause 
great  distress  to  the  family.  Of  the  rest 
we  like  the  publican  best,  because  he  gives 
the  reader  an  insight  into  the  realities  of 
Irish  politics.  There  was  probably  never 
a  democratic  society  where  the  majority 
of  its  politicians  did  not  seek  to  make 
profit  out  of  their  profession,  and  the 
way  in  which  the  publican  bows  before 
the  storm  when  a  movement  adverse  to 
his  trade  comes  like  a  wave  over  the  land, 
and  then  manages  to  draw  a  red  herring 
across  the  trail  and  turn  the  whole  thing 
to  his  advantage,  while  preserving  his 
character  as  a  spirited  public  man — all 
this  is  drawn  with  great  skill,  and,  as 
we  might  expect,  with  a  great  deal  of 
humour.  In  his  essay  on  the  priest  the 
writer  sets  forth  clearly  the  violent  con- 
trast between  the  good  and  the  bad.  We 
might  say,  adapting  Tennyson  : — 

For  men,  at  most,  differ  as  heaven  and  earth. 
But  clerics,  best  and  worst,  as  heaven  and  hell. 

But  in  this  essay  the  writer  becomes  poli- 
tical, and  this  is  not  the  nature  of  his  book. 
For  it  is  distinctly  social,  not  political. 


The  English  reader  will  find  all  through 
that  unreality  which  is  the  most  difficult 
quality  for  any  critic  to  fathom  and 
understand.  Ail  the  various  classes  are 
playing  a  part,  and  they  know  they  are 
not  honest,  and  the  people  round  them 
know  it  also  ;  but  both  the  spectators  and 
the  agents  are  quite  satisfied,  and  nobody 
resents  it.  The  one  hateful  thing  to  do 
would  be  to  tear  off  the  mask  and  expose 
the  sham  and  humbug  of  the  actors. 
There  are,  e.g.,  a  great  many  people  in 
Ireland  who  are  really  Home  Rulers,  and 
expect  not  only  improvement  for  their 
country,  but  also  emoluments  for  them- 
selves, to  flow  from  it.  But  there  are  a 
vast  number  also  who  do  not  believe  in  it, 
and,  nevertheless,  go  on  shouting  for  it 
at  meetings  and  voting  for  resolutions 
in  favour  of  it,  though  they  do  not  want 
it  at  all,  and  would  be  much  alarmed 
were  it  to  come  upon  them  suddenly. 

That  is  the  mental  attitude  of  the  people 
all  through  this  book,  and  to  a  man  who 
really  knows  the  country  this  is  the  sad 
feature  of  it.  How  is  this  insincerity  to  be 
purged  out  of  the  people  ?  how  are  they 
to  be  taught  that  serious  conviction  and 
serious  living  are  better  than  this  life  of 
masquerading  ?  It  is  not  self  -deception  r 
for  they  know  perfectly  that  what  they  are 
sa}ring  and  doing  is  not  the  naked  truth  ; 
but,  then,  the  naked  truth  is  indecent  in 
good  society  there,  and  must  be  draped  to 
avoid  offence.  In  ordinary  society,  and 
at  convivial  entertainments,  this  laxity 
regarding  the  truth  tends  to  make  things 
pleasant.  What  hurts  any  one  is  avoided, 
or  misrepresented  in  bonarn  partem ; 
stories  are  told  which  are  not  quite  true 
— why  should  they  be  ? — but  which  are 
venr  good,  and  the  Englishman  present 
who  asks  "  Is  that  storv  really  true  ?  ' 
is  looked  upon  as  a  stupid  Saxon  who 
does  not  understand  the  amenities  of 
social  intercourse.  The  Radical  M.P. 
who  pays  a  flying  visit  to  Ireland,  and 
attempts  to  solve  the  Irish  question  for 
himself,  is  treated  to  a  perfectly  acted 
comedy  of  poverty  and  rags,  of  desola- 
tion and  oppression,  by  actors  who  burst 
out  laughing  the  moment  he  disappears 
on  his  outside  car.  The  driver,  too,  is  a 
perfect  stage  critic,  who  knows  how  to 
emphasize  the  points  that  suit  the  views 
of  his  fare.  It  was  said  some  years  ago 
by  an  Irishman  whom  most  people  know  : 
"  Ireland  is  a  country  where  the  impossible 
is  always  happening,  and  where  the  in- 
evitable never  conies  off."  The  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  who  was  Lord  Lieutenant 
there  for  some  time,  said  to  the  same 
critic  the  day  before  he  left  :  "  The 
longer  I  live  in  Ireland,  the  more  im- 
possible I  find  it  to  discover  what  is  a 
fact." 

George  A.  Birmingham's  book  is  an 
illustration  and  a  commentary  on  these 
statements.  We  are  already  familiar  with 
his  easy,  clear,  and  attractive  style.  Such 
books  as  these  from  his  pen  will  teach  us 
how  hard  it  must  be  to  solve  the  Irish 
problem,  if  it  can  be  called  one,  and  not 
a  cluster,  like  the  knot  of  serpents  that 
encircle  Medusa's  head. 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  10U 


THE     A  Til  HN.KT  M 


305 


Lyrical  Poems.     By  Thomas  MacDonagh. 
(Dublin.  •  The  Irish  Review,'  6s.  net.) 

W'k  have  here  all  Mr.  MaoDonagh's  lyricaJ 
wort;    w littt-Ti    since    the    publication    of 

*  Songs  of  Myself  '  in  L910,  with  some  of 
the  best  poems  from  "  Through  the  Ivory 
Gate  '  (1902)  and  '  April  and  .May  '  (1903). 
Mr.  MacDonagh  has  not  merely  improved 
upon  his  earlier  work,  he  has  also  succeeded 
in  freeing  himself  very  largely  from  the 
conventional  obsessions  of  the  Irish  poet, 
major  or  minor.  '  April  and  .May.'  for 
example,  led  off  with  a  poem  which 
began  : 

Let  Erin  remember  the  heroes  brave, 
And  u'ild  their  mimes  in  her  story; 

and  continued  in  an  equally  severe  state 
of  indebtedness  to  its  end.  Hut  '  Lyrical 
Poems  '  is  the  work  of  a  writer  who  stands 
on  his  own  feet.  There  are  affinities  with 
other  modern  Irish  poets — Mr.  James 
Stephens  might  well  have  written  '  The 
Man  Upright,1  or  A.  E.  some  parts  of  ;  The 
Tree  of  Knowledge  " — but  there  is  also  a 
distinct  personality  in  these  poems.  Mr. 
MacDonagh  says  what  he  has  to  say 
clearly  and  almost  coldly,  but  never 
artificially.  Only  in  the  *  Litany  of 
Beauty  '  and  '  The  Golden  Joy  '  do  we 
notice  a  strength  of  conviction  which 
deserves  to  be  entitled  passionate.  Even 
the  epithalamium  '  Song  of  Joy,'  though 
perfect  in  its  workmanship,  somehow 
leaves  us  unmoved.  Mr.  MacDonagh 
seems  to  recognize  this  quality  him- 
self :— 

What  of  my  careful  ways  of  speech? 
What  are  my  cold  words  to  the  heart 
That  lives  in  man'.'    They  cannot  reach 
One  passion  simpler  than  their  art. 

This  coldness  saps  the  mystical  verse  in 
'  The  Book  of  Images  :  of  half  its  exalta- 
tion. Perhaps  Mr.  MacDonagh  is  at  his 
-t  when  dealing  with  simpler  subjects. 
'The  Coming-in  of  Summer,'  though 
virtually  a  translation,  is  a  thing  of  real 
beauty.     It  begins  : — 

Yesterday  a  swallow, 

Cuckoo-Bong  to-day, 
And  anon  will  follow 

All  the  flight  of  May, 
For  Summer  is  a-coming  in. 

In    I'aiis'    is  another    little  piece  which 

Lb  by  its  wry  simplicity. 
It  is  extreme!  factory  to  find  an 

Irish  poet  who  is  free  from  the  influences 
which  mark  and  mar  the  work  of  many 
of  the  young  generation.  Here  we  have 
no    mystical  introduced    at   every 

opportunity.     Mr.  MacDonagh's  mysticism 

D  hesitates  a1  a  white  lily.  Jf  the  twi- 
ll doe-  occur  in  his  verse,  it  does  not,  at 
any  rate,  suffer  from  moth-grey  wings. 
Imitation  and  repetition  have  been  the 
bane  of  recent  Irish  poetry,  ju.-t  as,  in  the 
early  part  of  Lasl  century,  it  was  dominated 
by  an  exclusive  handful  of  subjects,  tradi- 
tion-, and  methods.  The  use  of  familiar 
metaphors  and  driftings  into  conventional 
moods  are  conducive  to  a  slovenliness  of 
thought  which  has  spoilt  the  work  of 
many  young  [rish  poets.  In  Mr.  Mac- 
Donagfa  •-.  happily, the  cliche  ha-  no 

phe 


The    Stones   of    linn/.      Bv   George    Digbv 
Scott.  (Dublin,  Hodges'.  Figgis  &  Co.,  6s.) 

This  book  is  written  in  a.  very  pleasant 
way,  and  mainly  with  the  purpose  of 
educating  the  population  round  .Bray,  in 
co.     Wicklow,     a     population    curiously 

ignorant  of  the  traditions  of  the  place. 
So  long  as  it  was  a  fashionable  watering- 
place,  in  the  last  generation,  such  a  state 
of  things  was  perhaps  natural,  but  now 
that  there  is  a  considerable  resident 
population,  apart  from  the  country  squires 
of  the  neighbourhood,  it  is  time  that  they 
should  wake  up  to  the  fact  that  the  whole 
neighbourhood  is  full  of  antiquities,  and 
that  Bray  has  a  very  interesting  ancient 
and  mediaeval  history.  Unfortunately, 
the  absence  of  good  maps  makes  this  book 
troublesome  reading  for  any  but  local 
people.  At  the  outset  there  should 
have  been  a  coloured  geological  map,  for 
from  this  science  the  author  starts,  and 
we  have  no  complaint  against  him  except 
that  he  assumes  the  great  stones  of  a 
cromlech  must  have  been  carried  to 
the  place  by  nature.  Surely  the 
evidence  of  Stonehenge  is  against  him. 
The  great  stones  there  are  held  to  have 
come  from  Cornwall,  or  else  from  Brittany. 
Then,  apart  from  geology,  he  should  have 
provided  readers  with  a  section  of  the 
Ordnance  Survey  of  the  barony  in  a 
pocket  inside  the  cover,  for  this  would 
have  saved  them  from  puzzling  over  the 
homonyms  (Tullow,  Tallaght,  Xew  Castle, 
&c.)  with  which  the  country  abounds. 

We  only  make  these  suggestions  because 
the  book  is  so  interesting,  and  because 
we  have  extracted  (that  is  the  right  word) 
so  much  information  from  it.  Mr.  Scott 
tells  us  interesting  things  about  the  echoes 
of  pre-Celtic  inhabitants  in  Ireland,  but 
seems  inclined  to  class  them  with  fairies 
and  goblins.  In  recent  years  the  question 
of  the  population  of  pre-Celtic  Ireland  has 
become  far  more  serious  than  that,  and 
there  is  now  little  doubt  that  the  great 
stone  monuments  in  England  and  Ire- 
land date  from  an  age  long  before 
the  Celtic  invasion.  How  far  the  present 
population  of  Ireland  represents  pre- 
Celtic  types  is  an  attractive  problem. 
The  two  great  houses  in  the  barony  are 
still  occupied  by  their  ancestral  families, 
and  from  the  Earl  of  Meath's  documents, 
to  which  the  author  has  had  access,  he  has 

supplied  many  interesting  details.  But 
seeing  the  noble  owner's  extreme  kindness 
in  giving  all  help  to  reasonable  inquirers, 
why  did  he  not  learn  something  more 
of  Kilruddery  (the  Earl's  residence)  than 
the  derivation   of  the  name,  and  the   fact 

that  the  presenl  house  is  the  result  of 
Morrison's  rehandling  of  il  \  Now  Morri- 
on  was  a  fashionable  architeel  living  at 
Bray  in  George  IV. 's  time,  a  sort  ol  I  rish 
\V\att.  The  outside  (which  the  author 
pictures)  has  no  merit,  hut  inside  there 
are  at  least  two  carved  wood  mantel- 
[>i  -one    is   Jacobean,    the    other   of 

Queen  Anne-  time  which  .-how  thai 
there  was  an  older,  and  probably  far 
better,    man-ion    OH    the    .-pot.        IVrl. 

the  Chippendale  bookcases,  evidenl  ly  made 


lor    the    library,   would    have    been   worth 
reproducing  as  an  illustration. 

The  same  want  of  closer  study  applies 
to  the  stray  notices  of  Powerscourt,  the 
second  mansion  in  question,  for  its 
owner  is  equally  accessible  and  sym- 
pathetic. Here  our  author  should  have 
sought  the  origin  of  the  name,  which 
points  to  the  fact  that  long  ago  the 
Norman  family  of  Bower  (now  I  )e  la 
Poer)  erected  a  castle  there.  Even  now 
Lord  Powerscourt  is  always  called  1'oers- 
court.  Then,  as  we  have  been  told 
that  Morrison  remodelled  Kilruddery,  we 
should  have  heard  that  about  a  century 
earlier  a  far  greater  man  (Richard  Castle) 
remodelled  Powerscourt,  of  which  the 
north  front  (looking  inland)  is  the  finest 
exterior  which  that  architect  has  left 
among  the  manv  fine  houses  he  built  for 
Irish  gentry  in  George  II. 's  time.  We 
might  also  have  had  a  paragraph  on  the 
visit  of  George  IV.  to  Powerscourt.  when 
there  were  great  changes  made  inside  the 
house,  and  probably  an  upper  story 
taken  out  over  the  grand  saloon,  where 
the  king  held  his  receptions.  We  should 
also  have  liked  something  about  Tinne- 
hinch,  an  old  inn  close  by  Powerscourt, 
bought  by  the  nation  for  Henry  Grattan, 
and  dwelt  in  by  him  for  years — this  too 
still  in  the  hands  of  his  descendants  ;  and 
then  (to  copy  the  author's  chatty  style) 
we  might  have  turned  in  amazement  to 
look  at  the  beech  tree,  on  the  right  side 
of  the  entrance  gate,  which  is  over  23  ft. 
in  girth,  and  larger  than  any  beech  even 
in  Powerscourt,  the  home  of  a  splendid 
avenue  of  that  tree.  Indeed,  the  trees 
and  woods  of  the  co.  Wicklow  have  been 
a  subject  of  great  interest  since  Hayes 
(who  lived  at  Avondale)  wrote  his  book 
on  '  Planting,'  chiefly  illustrated  from  the 
trees  then  in  the  county  (1790). 

Any  critic  even  tolerably  intimate  with 
the  district  could  add  many  more  interest- 
ing facts  ;  and  this  leads  us  to  express  the 
hope  that  Dr.  Lane  Poole's  history  of  the 
county  Wicklow  may  soon  see  the  light. 
Of  course,  when  a  learned  man  like  him 
settles  in  such  a  country,  he  finds  it 
impossible  to  avoid  diving  into  its  history. 
yet  how  few  and  poor  are  the  histories 
of  Irish  counties!  The  majority,  too,  of 
these  studies  date,  from  long  ago,  when 
the  method  of  research  was  not  -o  well 
understood:  and.  moreover,  almosl  all  ol 
them  were  published  in  small  edition-,  and 
are  now  dear  to  buy.  As  for  the  scattered 
memoirs  of  local  owners  and  local  aoci<  tics. 
even  their  very  names  are  mostly  unknown. 

We  tru-t    that    will    not    be   the  late  of    -Mr. 

Scott's  book  in  twenty  or  thirty  years. 


Irish     Witchcraft    and    Demonology.     By 
St.  John    D.  Seymour,    B.D.     (Dublin, 
Hodges,  Figgis  &  Co.  ;  London,  Milford, 
.v.  net.) 
M  \nv  books  have  been  written  on  h 
folk  tales  fairy  legends,  and  ghosl  Btorii  9, 
l mi t     .Mi'.    Seymour    claim-     to    be     the 
firsl    •■  to    colle<  i    the  d     stoi 

.,,,,1  records  of  witchcraft      and  to  t, 
the   de\ei,, | nt    and   decline   ol    super- 
natural   practices    in    1"  land    from    the 


306 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


earliest  times  down  to  the  present  day. 
Writers  on  witchcraft  appear  to  have 
ignored  that  country,  believing  it  to  have 
b?en  either  entirely  immune  from  this 
particular  superstition  or  so  slightly  in- 
fected as  to  be  negligible.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  witchcraft  developed  in  Ireland 
on  much  the  same  lines  as  in  England, 
but  it  was  practically  confined  to  the 
Protestant  population.  Thus  it  prevailed 
chiefly  in  the  north,  and  had  its  strongest 
hold  upon  the  Irish  imagination  during  the 
seventeenth  century,  at  the  time  of  the 
invasion  of  Ulster  by  Cromwellian  settlers. 
But,  unlike  Scotland  and  England,  Ireland 
apparently  possessed  no  literature  on 
the  subject,  and  so  it  may  fairly  be 
assumed  that  witchcraft  never  flourished 
greatly  there.  Mr.  Seymour  is  able  to 
record  only  one  instance  when  torture  was 
applied  to  a  witch  in  order  to  extract  a 
confession,  and  believes  that  burning  at 
the  stake  was  extremely  rare. 

It  is  not  unnatural  that  witches  and 
sorcerers  should  have  attracted  most 
attention,  arousing  both  enemies  and 
sympathizers,  at  times  of  ecclesiastical 
and  secular  interference.  A  reputation  for 
learning  was  sufficient  for  a  man  to  be 
credited  with  supernatural  powers,  and 
it  was  not  an  uncommon  thing  for  a  man 
of  rank  or  power  to  be  accused  of  prac- 
tising sorcery  by  his  enemies. 

The  minds  of  the  people  became  so 
much  imbued  with  stories  of  the  super- 
natural that  coincidences  were  regarded 
as  miracles,  homicidal  mania  as  demonic 
possession,  and  religious  hysteria  as  the 
devil's  "  playing  the  ape  and  counterfeiting 
the  works  of  the  Lord."  Mr.  Seymour 
gives  several  stories  which  may  be 
founded  on  fact,  the  supernatural  element 
being  due  to  the  credulous  minds  of  the 
onlookers.  At  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century  a  girl  in  Antrim  "  innocently  put 
a  leaf  of  sorrel  which  she  had  got  from  a 
witch  into  her  mouth,  after  she  had  given 
the  begging  witch  bread  and  beer  at  the 
door."  The  result  was  terrible.  She 
trembled,  gave  way  to  convulsions,  and 
swooned  away  as  dead.  When  the  minister 
laid  his  hands  upon  her  "  she  began  first  to 
rowl  herself  about,  then  to  vomit  needles, 
pins;  hairs,  feathers,  bottoms  of  thread, 
pieces  of  glass,  window-nails,  nails  drawn 
out  of  a  cart  or  coach-wheel,  an  iron  knife 
about  a  span  long,  eggs,  and  fish-shells." 
The  witch  confessed,  and  was  "  appre- 
hended, condemned,  strangled,  and  burnt." 
Mr.  Seymour  gives  a  common-sense  ex- 
planation of  this  marvel : — 

"  The  oxalic  acid  in  sorrel  is  an  irritant 
poison,  causing  retching  and  violent  pains. 
But  when  once  the  suspicion  of  witchcraft 
arose  the  ejection  of  such  an  extraordinary 
collection  of  miscellaneous  articles  followed 
quite  as  a  matter  of  course — it  would,  so 
to  speak,  have  been  altogether  against  the 
rules  of  the  game  for  the  girl  to  have  got 
rid  of  anything  else  at  that  particular  date." 

The  book  should  prove  of  value  to  the 
student  of  folk-lore,  and  is  written  in 
such  a  lively  manner  that  it  should  secure 
a  wider  public. 

[Reviews   of  other   Irish  books  will   be  found 
in  other  sections  of  the  paper. 


The  Life  and  Letters  of  Lady  Hester 
Stanhope.  By  her  Niece,  the  Duchess 
of  Cleveland.     (John  Murray,  15s.  net.) 

In  a  single  sentence  of  Preface  Lord  Rose- 
bery  explains  that,  a  variety  of  publica- 
tions having  shown  that  a  flicker  of  general 
interest  still  exists  with  regard  to  Lady 
Hester  Stanhope,  the  family  of  his  mother, 
the  late  Duchess  of  Cleveland,  have 
decided  on  issuing  her  book  about  that 
strange  woman  as  the  authoritative  bio- 
graphy. The  publications  to  which  he 
alludes  are  no  doubt  those  of  Mrs.  Roun- 
dell  (1909)  and  of  Frank  Hamel  (1913). 
The  Duchess's  volume  was  printed  for 
private  circulation  in  1897  ;  and  though 
copies  of  it  are  to  be  found  in  the  Library 
of  the  British  Museum  and  elsewhere,  the 
decision  to  make  a  wider  appeal  deserves 
a  grateful  reception.  Sticklers  for  literary 
"  scholarship "  may  complain,  indeed, 
that  it  resolves  itself  into  documents 
loosely  held  together  by  a  running  com- 
mentary, and  that  its  "  sources "  are 
vaguely  indicated.  Yet  the  Duchess's 
criticism  is  so  wise,  her  knowledge  of  the 
period  so  intimate,  that  she  has  produced 
by  far  the  best  record  of  a  woman  who, 
though  passing  strange,  had  about  her 
many  of  the  elements  of  nobleness. 

Lady  Hester  Stanhope  was  rightly 
inspired  when  she  gloried  in  being  the 
granddaughter  of  the  great  Lord  Chatham. 
She  might  have  added  that  she  was  the 
great-niece  of  his  sister,  the  turbulent  Ann 
Pitt,  whose  career  was  a  counterpart  of 
her  own,  though  on  a  smaller  scale.  For 
a  father  she  had  "  Citizen "  Stanhope, 
that  eccentric  genius,  who  combined 
the  public  profession  of  democratic  prin- 
ciples with  the  domestic  exercise  of  an 
iron  tyranny.  It  was  no  wonder  that 
Grenville  common  sense  counted  for  but 
little  in  her  composition.  The  Citizen's 
share  in  her  education  consisted  in  send- 
ing her  out  to  herd  geese  on  a  common  ; 
on  her  own  account  she  waged  battles 
royal  with  her  various  governesses.  Lady 
Hester's  biographer  treats  most  judiciously 
the  episode  of  the  smuggling  abroad  of  her 
eldest  brother — who  was  subsequently  to 
become  the  fourth  Earl  Stanhope  and  the 
sanest  of  historians,  if  possibly  one  of 
the  tamest.  As  the  Duchess  remarks,  her 
affection  for  him  was  purely  maternal ; 
and  in  arrogating  to  herself  the  right  to 
lecture  him  freely  on  the  slightest  pretext, 
she  sowed  the  seeds  of  their  subsequent 
alienation. 

Pitt,  whose  family  instincts  were  firmly 
rooted,  did  a  fine  thing  when  he  took  his 
vagrant  niece  into  his  home.  It  meant 
the  sacrifice  of  all  his  bachelor  habits,  and 
the  responsibility  for  a  high-spirited  young 
woman  whose  disposition  was  utterly 
unlike  his  own.  Yet  Lady  Hester  played 
her  part  worthily,  in  spite  of  her  indiscreet 
salhes  and  disconcerting  talent  in  mimicry. 
She  revered  her  uncle — "  a  guardian 
angel  to  her  and  hers  " — and  fully  appre- 
ciated her  position  as  the  adviser  of 
statesmen  and  prompter  of  patronage. 
Her  social  triumph  lasted,  unhappily,  for 
less  than  three  years. 


The  tragedies  of  Lady  Hester  Stanhope's 
life  were  the  deaths  of  Pitt  and  of  Sir  John 
Moore,  whom  she  hoped  to  marry.  The 
Duchess  of  Cleveland  acutely  defines  the 
relations  between  the  two  as  ':  an  under- 
standing "  ;  no  formal  engagement  existed 
between  them.  "  Stanhope,  remember  me 
to  your  sister,"  was  the  brief  message  of 
the  dying  man.  The  union  between  the 
quiet,  melancholy  soldier  and  the  excitable, 
optimistic  woman  would  admittedly  have 
been  one  of  incongruities.  But  such 
marriages  have  been  known  to  turn  out 
happiby,  and  at  least  it  would  have  given 
Lady  Hester  the  anchorage  she  sorely 
needed.  As  things  were,  she  quarrelled 
with  her  friends  over  the  memories  of  Pitt 
and  Moore — not  altogether  without  cause  ; 
she  wandered  abroad  and  picked  up 
Michael  Bruce  for  a  squire.  We  see  that 
the  Duchess  of  Cleveland  has  been  blamed 
for  ignoring  the  fact  that  the  pair  were 
lovers.  But  the  suppression,  if  suppres- 
sion it  is,  cannot  be  called  vital,  since  the 
connexion  was  probably  a  mere  caprice. 
Lady  Hester  was  reckless  with  the  reck- 
lessness of  Byron,  her  fellow-exile  ;  they 
both  .in  their  bitterness  delighted  in 
flouting  the  respectabilities.  Since  the 
Duchess  quotes  her  familiar  description  of 
the  poet,  it  seems  a  pity  that  she  has 
omitted  his  equally  penetrating  and  un- 
complimentary allusion  to  Lady  Hester  : — 

"  I  saw  Lady  Hester  Stanhope  at  Athens., 
and  do  not  admire  '  that  dangerous  thing 
a  female  wit.'.  .  .  .She  evinced  a.  .  .  .disposi- 
tion to  argufy  with  me,  which  I  avoided 
by  either  laughing  or  yielding." — -'  Byron's 
Letters  and  Journals,'  ed.  Prothero,  i.  302. 

Lady  Hester  had  not  yet  become  a  pro- 
phetess. 

A  prophetess  she  became,  however,  on 
reaching  Asia  Minor,  and  the  examination 
of  the  process  requires  no  profound 
acquaintance  with  psychology.  Her  as- 
cendancy over  pashas  and  tribesmen 
depended  on  gifts  partly  physical  and 
partly  moral.  Lady  Hester  was  an  in- 
comparable horsewoman,  and  her  length 
of  sight  enabled  her  to  descry  roving 
bands  that  escaped  the  vision  of  the 
Bedouins.  She  knew  no  fear  ;  her  gene- 
rosity knew  no  limits  ;  and  she  had  an 
undeviating  feeling  for  justice.  The  mys- 
ticism planted  in  her  mind  by  the  impostor 
Brothers  before  her  arrival  in  the  East 
was  watered  by  the  half -crazed  French- 
man, General  Loustaneau,  and  the  study 
of  astrology  completed  the  indoctrination. 
The  foolish  thought  her  mad — much  as 
they  held  General  Gordon  to  be  mad 
after  her  day,  and  her  enthusiasm  was 
no  doubt  by  several  degrees  in  advance  of 
his.  But  Kinglake  hits  on  the  truth  in 
the  sentence  : — 

"  I  plainly  saw  that  she  was  not  an  un- 
hesitating follower  of  her  own  system  :  and 
I  even  fancied  that  I  could  distinguish  the 
brief  moments  during  which  she  contrived 
to  believe  in  herself,  from  those  long  and 
less  happy  intervals  in  which  her  reason  was 
too  strong  for  her." 

Through  all  Lady  Hester's  credulities 
there  ran  a  strong  vein  of  common  sense. 
There  was  always  some  basis  for  her 
beliefs,  whether  in  the  buried  treasure  at 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


•W 


Ascalon  or  the  property  alleged  to  have 
been  left  her  in  Ireland.  She  made  short 
work  of  pretence.  If  she  did  not  abso- 
lutely pull  the  leg,  as  they  say.  of  La- 
martine.  she  extracted  fine  fun  from  his 
aristocratic  instep.  When  Prince  Piickler 
-Muskau  aent  flummery  to  her  in  order  to 
gain  admission  to  Djoun,  her  answer  was  : 

'  Is  your  object  in  coming  here  to  laugh 

at  a  poor  creature  reduced  by  sickness  to 
skin  and  bone,  who  has  lost  half  her  sight 
and  all  her  teeth  ;  or  is  it  to  hear  true 
philosophy  ?  " 

The  Prince  should  have  felt  rather  small  ; 
still,  he  wrote  about  her  like  a  gentle- 
man, and  had  the  discretion  to  suppress 
her  manifestos.  But,  above  all,  Lady 
Hester's  judgment  never  erred  when  her 
heart  got  into  play.  Xot  long  before  her 
death  she  dissuaded  an  English  merchant 
at  Beyrout.  who  was  a  total  stranger  to 
her,  from  prosecuting  a  French  doctor 
whom  he  believed  to  have  mismanaged  his 
Avife's  case,  and  that  in  a  letter  which  is  a 
model  of  reasoned  sagacity. 

Prophetesses,  unfortunately,  cannot  con- 
duct their  mundane  affairs  without  money. 
Lady  Hester,  like  her  uncle  Pitt,  was  merci- 
lessly fleeced  by  her  servants,  and,  like 
him,  with  her  eyes  open.  Her  noble 
liberality  in  harbouring  the  refugees  from 
Acre  after  its  siege  by  the  ruthless  Ibrahim 
Pasha  was  to  the  honour  of  the  English 
name,  but  it  completed  her  ruin.  And 
then,  as  the  grip  of  Levantine  money- 
lenders closed  upon  her,  Palmerston 
stopped  her  pension.  Lady  Hester  did 
her  case  no  good  by  an  intemperate 
address  to  Queen  Victoria,  but  her  reply 
to  the  Foreign  Secretary,  though  it 
rambles  in  parts,  hits  the  nail  squarely 
on  the  head.  What  right  had  the  future 
author  of  the  "  Civis  Romanus  sum  " 
doctrine  to  commit  such  a  deed  of  oppres- 
sion ?  Palmerston's  letter  hints  that,  if 
the  Consul-General  had  been  compelled 
to  act,  Lady  Hester  would  have  been 
involved  in  some  embarrassment.  Her 
rejoinder  is  fine,  and  it  is  to  the 
effect  that,  as  a  few  true  Englishmen 
must  remain,  she  should  rely  in  confidence 
on  their  integrity  and  justice  when  her 
•  had  been  fully  examined.  *'  Those 
who  have  Pitt  blood  in  their  veins,"  she 
wrote  to  her  true  friend  Lord  Hardwicke, 
14  are  no  iwinMera,  nor  are  they  cowards." 

We  cannot  help  thinking  that  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland  is  hard  on  Lady 
Hester  Stanhope's  much-tried  attendant, 
Dr.  Meryon.  She  censures  the  publication 
of  his  well-known  '  Memoirs,'  though  she 
makes  free  use  of  them,  and  though  it  is 
pretty  clear  that  Lady  Hester  intended 
them  to  serve  as  her  vindication.  They 
certainly  appeared  too  soon,  and  the 
numerous  nllnainna  to  family  dissensions 
should  have  been  edited  out  of  them. 
Again.  Meryon's  conduct  in  leaving  Lady 
Hester  to  die  in  want  and  without  a 
single  European  near  her  has  this  much 
to  be  said  for  it  :  he  was  married,  he  was 
poor,  and  his  mistress  practically  ordered 
him  to  go.  The  doctor  was  no  hero,  but 
his  situation  u, i-  most  difficult.  Yet  Djoun 
had,    besides    Lady    Hester,    a    genuine 


heroine  in  the  timid  maid  Elizabeth 
Williams,  who  endured  its  squalor  with- 
out repining  until  fever  carried  her  off. 
She  ought  to  have  married  Byron's 
Fletcher,  and  to  have  shared  his  Italian 
warehouse  in  Mayfair.  How  interesting 
would  their  fireside  recollections  have 
proved  of  the  two  gifted  beings  who  found 
their  graves  in  the  East ! 


A  Glossary  of  Tudor  and  Stuart  Words. 
Collected  by  Walter  W.  Skeat.  Edited, 
with  Additions,  by  A.  L.  Mayhew. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  5s.  net.) 

No  one  who  has  duly  realized  the  ardent 
and  effective  devotion  of  Prof.  Skeat 
to  Anglo-Saxon  and  English  literature 
will  be  surprised  to  find  that  he  left 
material  for  a  valuable  addition  to  his 
mass  of  published  work  ;  and  the  pages  of 
this  welcome  becpuest  of  a  great  scholar 
furnish  abundant  proof  that  his  collabora- 
tor in  '  A  Concise  Dictionary  of  Middle 
English  '  (1888)  is  the  right  editor  for  this 
useful  and  interesting  Glossary.  Mr.  May- 
hew  has  displayed  great  tact  and  judgment 
in  the  preparation  for  press  of  material 
to  which  Dr.  Skeat  "  had  not  put  the 
finishing  touches ....  and  had  not  even 
finally  settled  the  scope."  The  vocabulary 
"  remains  much  as  "  the  author  left  it, 
and  consists  in  the  main  of  words  now 
obsolete  or  dialectal,  or  of  current  words 
bearing  meanings  no  longer  current,  all 
being  found  in  literature  of  the  period 
indicated  in  the  title. 

The    work    constitutes    a    useful    and 
handy  aid  to  the  study  of  a  most  important 
period  of  our  literature  ;    and  owners  of 
the  '  New  English  Dictionary  '  will  be  glad 
to  supplement  its  lavish  quotations  with 
those    provided    by    Mr.    Mayhew's    un- 
selfish    industry      in     adding    them     to 
Skeat's  references  or  with  the  references 
left  alone.     For  instance,  under  "  sow  "  = 
"  mass  of  metal,"  the  '  N.E.D.'  gives  no 
poetic  illustrations  of  a  "  sow  "  of  precious 
metals,  while    '' '  sowes  of   gold,'   'Mirror 
for  Mag.,'  King  Chirinnus,  Lenvoy,  st.  1," 
is    twenty-seven    years    earlier    than    the 
'  N.E.D.'s  '  "  sowes  of  silver  *'  from  Webbe's 
'  Travels  '  (1590),  the  Dictionary  presum- 
ably preferring  prose   to   verse   for   illus- 
trating general  usage  in  the  limited  space 
allowed  by  its  scheme.    We  read  under 
"elder,"    "It   was  an  ancient  belief   that 
Judas  Tscariot  hung  himself  on  an  elder 
tree,"  with  a  reference  to  Shakespeare's 
punning  allusion  in  ;  Love's  Labour's  Lost,' 
V.  ii.  610,  as  well  as  to  '  Piers  Plowman  ' 
(quoted  in  "  N.E.D.')  and  "  Jonson,  '  Ev. 
Man  out    of   Humour,'    IV.   iv.    (Carlo)." 
Under  "  like,"   "  an   '  elk,'  a  wild  swan," 
is  a  suggestion  as  to  the  origin  of    this 
"elk":    •■  Drayton.  '  Pol.'  xxv.  86,  where 
it  is  remarked  that  it  is  '  of  Hollanders  so 
term'd.'  '      For    "sort  "     rank,    degree, 
Shakespeare,  '  Hen.  V.,'  IV.  vii.  I  13,  "  A 
gentleman  of  great  sort."  is  quoted.     The 
X.lvl).'  corresponding  instances  leave  oni 
to  choose   between   the   meanmga   "cha- 
racter, disposition,  or  lank."    The  refer- 
ence to  Jonson  for  "epitrite"  is  prosody 


is  earlier  than  any  previous  illustration  of 
the  term. 

The  work  is  laudably  free  from  errors, 
and  the  choice  of  the  Italian  form 
"  Spargyrica,"  as  correcting  P>.  Jonson's 
*'Ars  Spagyrica,"  is  neutralized  by  the 
defence  of  the  poet  from  French 
usage  in  *  Additions  and  Corrections." 
The  '  N.E.I). '  heading,  "  Spagyric  "  is 
more  correctly  '"  Spagiric(a),"  after  Para- 
celsus, to  whom  this  term  for  the  alchemy 
of  metals  is  traced.  For  an  inadvertently 
repeated  epiotation  under  "  sooth  "  before 
"Kyd,  'Span.  Tragedy,'  III.  x.  19,"  sub- 
stitute "  Salve  all  suspitions,  onely  sooth 
me  vp." 

From  "  traicte,"  "  to  treat,  Sir  T. 
Elyot,  '  Governour,'  bk.  i.  c.  15,  §  1,"  high 
up  on  p.  416,  to  the  end  of  the  volume, 
p.  461,  more  than  500  words  or  phrases 
are  explained  and  illustrated,  as  to  which 
help  from  the  '  New  English  Dictionar}-  ' 
will  not  be  available  xintil  various  numbers 
of  months  or  years  have  passed,  and  in 
many  cases  no  help  is  forthcoming  from 
any  dictionary  of  the  English  language  : 
for  instance,''  transversaries,"  "'  the  cross- 
pieces  of  a  cross-staff,  which  was  an  old 
instrument  for  taking  altitudes  and  mea- 
suring angles.  Dekker. . .  .Wks.  ii.  233  "  ; 
"twissell,"  "the  part  of  the  tree  where 
the  branches  divide  from  the  stock," 
illustrated  from  Turbervile  ;  "  ugsome  "  = 
frightful,  horrible,  from  Surrey ;  and 
"  ugsomeness,"  from  Latimer.  Under 
"  unfolding  "  (participle)  the  u.  or  morning 
star,  which  is  the  signal  for  letting  sheep 
out  of  foldings,  is  illustrated  from  Shake- 
speare, '  Meas.  for  Meas.,'  IV.  ii.  218  ; 
and  its  opposite,  the  folding  or  evening 
star,  from  Collins  and  Shelley. 

References  to  Shakespeare  and  Fletcher 
are    given    for    ':  unvalued  "  =  invaluable, 
inestimable.     Under  "  ure  "=destiny,  we 
read  "  Hence  as  vb.  to  be  ured,  to  be  in- 
vested with  as  by  a  decree  of  fate,   '  Men 
nowe  a  dayes    so    unhappely   be    uryd,' 
Skelton,' Magnyfycence,' 6,"  which  differs 
trivially  from  the  '  N.E.D.'  version  under 
"  eure,"    vb.     A   quaint   abbreviation   of 
"  what  shall  I  call  "  produced  "  washical  " 
— "  a  name  for  a  thing  one  does  not  care 
to  mention,  'Gammer  Gorton's   Needle.' 
V.  ii.  (Hodge),"  which  is  nowadays  paral- 
leled bv  the   colloquial  sound  of     '  what 
d'ye  call."     The  'N.E.D.'  illustrates  fully, 
"  entreat  "=to  treat,  use:     yet  here   we 
find    five    more   references   or    quotations 
— Shakespeare,   Fletcher,  Spenser,    Bible, 
Tyndale — a  striking  example  of  the  value 
of  this  Glossary  to  the  study  of  Tudor  and 
Stuart  drama.      Perhaps  in  a  new  edition 
a   little   more   help  as   to    pronunciation- 
like  ""  envy  "  distinguished  from  "  envy 
— might   be   added  ;     the   accentuation   of 
"  epiky  "  =  reasonableness,    equity,    for 
example,  is  not  obvious,  especially  in  view 
of  old   French  "  epyeykie,"  though   p 
haps  analogy  permits  the  accented  <-  of 
the  ■  X.K.D."' 

The  list  of  books  referred  to  <»■<  upying 
about  t.n  pages,  constitutes  a  u-<  fa]  guide 
tor  students  of  the  English  language,  and 
the  ■  I  ;Im~  ary  '  reminds  us  once  more -of  the 
great  learning  and  indefatigable  industry 

of  Skeat. 


308 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


The  Colonization  of  Rural  Britain  :  a 
Complete  Scheme  for  the  Regeneration  of 
British  Rural  Life.  By  the  Right  Hon. 
Jesse  Collings,  M.P.  *  2  vols.  (Rural 
World  Publishing  Co.,  10s.  (id.) 

Mr.  Jesse  Collings  may  be  congratu- 
lated on  the  appearance  of  his  book  at 
the  present  opportune  moment.  He  says 
towards  the  conclusion,  "  All  measures 
of  reform  are  effective  in  proportion  to 
their  timeliness."  Likewise  any  socio- 
logical work  must  be  timely  if  it  is  to 
attract  the  attention  of  those  large  sec- 
tions of  the  public  which  only  take  an 
interest  in  such  things  when  they  become 
prominent  on  the  political  platform. 

As  Mr.  Collings  claims  that  his  sugges- 
tions have  so  far  the  support  of  Lord 
Lansdowne,  and  that  possibly  the  Unionist 
leaders  may  frame  their  policy  partly 
under  his  direction,  his  scheme  is  entitled 
to  serious  consideration. 

Mr.  Collings  points  out  in  his  Introduc- 
tion that  we  have  purchased  commercial 
supremacy  at  the  cost  of  decay  in  our 
former  great  industry  of  agriculture.  This 
neglect  Mr.  Collings  attributes  partly  to 
the  concerted  action  of  the  rulers  of  the 
manufacturing  industries,  who  declared 
land  to  be  a  "  raw  material,"  yet  re- 
fused to  give  it  the  protection  accorded 
to  their  own  raw  material,  and  mentions 
their  efforts  in  securing  the  repeal  of  the 
Corn  Laws  in  1846,  as  destructive  to 
agricultural  industry. 

Although  he  dissociates  himself  from 
anything  like  land  nationalization  that 
can  be  termed  Socialism,  and  also  from 
the  presumed  policy  of  the  Liberal  Govern- 
ment, which, he  says, is  Socialism  adopted 
in  instalments,  it  is  difficult  to  read  his 
book  without  coming  to  the  conclusion 
that,  had  there  been  no  Birmingham  school 
of  Unionism  and  Tariff  Reform,  he  would 
at  the  present  tune  have  found  a  place 
in  the  ranks  of  those  whose  policy  he 
now  fails  to  approve. 

All  through  the  book  recurring  phrases 
show  an  underlying  approval  of  what  are 
usually  regarded  as  Socialistic  principles, 
e.g.  :— 

"  All  the  means  of  production  are  in  the 
hands  of  comparatively  few  persons,  by 
whom  the  mass  of  the  people  (who  have 
neither  capital  or  land)  are  controlled." 

"  Absolute  and  unqualified  ownership  of 
land  apart  from  its  uses  is  not  recognized  by 
old  English  law." 

"  There  is  no  such  thing  as  an  absolute 
property  in  land — a  man  can  only  have  an 
estate  in  land.  Every  landowner  in  the 
popular  sense  of  the  term  is,  in  the  eye  of 
the  law,  a  tenant  only." 

The   last,  by  the  way,  seems  to  militate 
against  his  advocacy  of  small  ownerships 
as  shown  later. 
Again  we  read  : — 

"  A  boom  in  trade  which  secures  great 
wealth  to  the  capitalist  class  brings  no 
permanent  improvement  to  the  worker." 

Here  is  a  quotation  from  a  former  work, 
'  Land  Reform  *  : — 

"  Land  being  one  of  the  elements  indis- 
pensable to  human  life  and  happiness,  its 
ownership    is    naturally    subject    to    certain 


conditions   for    the    public   good   which   are 
attached  to  no  other  form  of  property." 

The  policy  which  the  author  presents 
as  the  only  practical  and  efficient  remedy 
for  the  regeneration  of  rural  life  and  the 
repeopling  of  our  country-side  is  that  of 
small  ownership  as  adopted  by  the  Rural 
League,  an  organization  with  which  he 
has  been  connected  for  many  years.  The 
League's  programme  sets  out  six  separate 
proposals,  each  to  be  embodied  in  a  Bill 
introduced  into  Parliament. 

1.  The  Purchase  of  Land  Bill.  Part  I. 
For  the  creation  of  a  class  of  yeoman 
farmers,  i.e.,  to  enable  the  tenant  farmers 
to  become  the  freeholders  of  the  land  they 
cultivate.  (No  limit  is  stated  as  to  the 
acreage  of  farms  that  may  be  occupied  by 
this  class.)  Part  II.  For  the  creation  of 
peasant  proprietors  with  holdings  of  not 
less  than  3  acres  and  not  more  than  100 
acres  in  extent. 

2.  A  Bill  to  amend  the  Small  Holdings 
and  Allotments  Act  of  1908.  Mr.  Collings 
maintains  that  the  provision  for  payment 
of  20  per  cent  of  the  purchase  money  by 
the  suggested  proprietor  renders  this  Act 
practically  abortive. 

3.  The  Agricultural  Education  Bill  for 
the  Promotion  of  Nature  Study  and  for 
the  Teaching  of  the  Elements  of  Agri- 
culture in  Rural  Elementary  Schools.  It 
is  pointed  out  that  this  country  is  well 
equipped  with  colleges  and  institutions  for 
higher  agricultural  education,  but  that  in 
the  Ecoles  Primaires  which  flourish  in 
France  we  are  greatly  deficient,  the 
Dauntsey  Secondary  Agricultural  School 
in  Wiltshire  being  considered  successful, 
and  the  nearest  approach  to  this  type. 

4.  The  Rural  Cottages  BUI  for  the  Pro- 
vision of  Cottages  at  such  Rents  {2s.  to 
2s.  6d.  a  week)  as  will  be  within  the  means 
of  the  labourers.  It  is  claimed  that  under 
the  provisions  of  this  Bill  landowners 
would  be  enabled  to  build  cottages  with  at 
least  one-eighth  of  an  acre  of  garden  land, 
at  a  rent  not  excee'ding  2s.  a  week,  without 
laying  any  new  charge  on  the  Imperial 
Exchequer  or  any  unproductive  burden 
on  the  local  rates.  This  is  to  be  brought 
about  by  the  formation  of  a  u  Rural 
Housing  Account,"  under  Treasury  regula- 
tions, which  is  to  be  credited  with  200,000?. 
called  the  "  Rural  Housing  Grant."  Ap- 
proved grants  to  owners  or  Councils  are 
not  to  exceed  on  an  average  200/.  in  re- 
spect of  each  cottage,  the  grants  to  be 
repayable  in  68 \  years  by  means  of  an 
annuity  of  3|  per  cent  per  annum,  or  at 
such  other  rate  as  will  secure  the  Treasury 
against  loss.  The  rate  charged  is  to 
include  10s.  per  cent  for  a  sinking  fund, 
and  the  residue  is  to  pay  the  interest  on 
the  money  advanced. 

5.  The  Rural  Credit  Banks  Bill,  to 
provide  small  owners  with  money  at  the 
lowest  possible  rate  of  interest.  Examples 
are  given  of  the  increase  of  these  banks 
in  France  and  Denmark,  and  it  is  claimed 
that  they  are  one  of  the  chief  factors 
in  the  agricultural  prosperity  of  these 
countries.  In  the  former,  in  1898,  these 
banks  numbered  1,484,  and  in  1908  num- 
bered 8,780.  In  Ireland  great  success 
has  also  attended  similar    organizations, 


which  between  their  initiation  in  1889  by 
Sir  Horace  Plunkett  and  1912  have  had 
a  turnover  of  25  millions  sterling.  Of 
England  all  that  can  be  said  is  that 
the  Agricultural  Organization  Society  is 
doing  excellent  work  in  educating  the 
cultivators  in  the  idea  of  co-operation. 

It  is  proposed  to  open  an  account  called 
the  "  Rural  Credit  Bank  Account,"  for 
which  an  amount  not  exceeding  250,000/. 
is  to  be  provided  from  the  Consolidated 
Fund.  Advances  from  this  are  to  be 
made  to  the  County  Councils,  which  will  be 
empowered  to  make  grants  to  Rural  Credit 
Banks.  Such  Councils  are  to  be  charged, 
in  addition  to  interest,  not  less  than  10s. 
per  cent  as  a  sinking  fund  for  repayment 
of  the  loans  advanced  to  them.  Borrowers, 
or,  as  they  are  styled  in  the  Bill,  "cul- 
tivators," will  include  cottage  gardeners, 
horticulturists,  allotment  holders,  and 
small  holders  of  not  exceeding  fifty  acres 
or  50/.  rateable  value.  The  loans  are 
only  to  be  used  for  reproductive  purposes, 
e.g.,  seeds,  implements,  manure,  drainage, 
insurance  of  stock  and  crops,  erection  of 
greenhouses,  sheds,  and  similar  require- 
ments. 

6.  The  Agricultural  Loans  Bill,  to  pro- 
vide loans  to  farmers  holding  over  fifty 
acres,  at  the  lowest  possible  rate  of  interest. 
The  machinery  in  this  case  is  the  open- 
ing of  an  "Agricultural  Loan  Account" 
to  be  provided  with  up  to  half  a  million 
sterling  from  the  Consolidated  Fund. 
Loans  are  to  be  for  any  period  up  to  seven 
years,  to  be  repaid  by  agreed  instalments 
plus  interest,  and  a  further  sum  equal  to 
one-fourth  of  the  total  of  the  interest, 
this  obviating  any  permanent  charge  on 
the  Imperial  Exchequer  or  the  local  rates. 
The  committees  responsible  for  lending  the 
money  must  take  such  guarantees  as. 
they  consider  desirable. 

The  author  claims  for  this  measure, 
which  is  framed  on  the  lines  of  a  Belgian 
Act  of  1884,  that  it  would  enable  a  farmer 

"  to  hold  his  produce  and  to  choose  his 
time  for  selling  to  the  best  advantage  when 
the  markets  are  favourable." 

Now  he  is  often  forced  to  sell  immediately 
after  harvest  in  order  to  raise  money  for 
the  purchase  of  stock  or  to  pay  for  feeding- 
stuffs  and  manures. 

We  are  inclined  to  think  that  these 
suggestions  will  find  considerable  support 
during  the  coming  controversy,  and  we 
expect  that  the  main  issue  will  be  between 
small  ownerships  and  long  leaseholds  with 
security  of  tenure. 

As  regards  the  former,  Mr.  Collings 
speaks  of  "  the  magic  of  property,"  and 
in  chap.  xi.  on  '  Agriculture  '  makes  the 
following  points  : — 

'  In  former  times  our  land  system  was 
based  on  cultivating  ownerships.  Nearly  all 
the  cultivators  owned  the  land,  or  had 
important  and  extensive  rights  akin  to. 
ownership. 

"  The  present  land  system  is  bad  for  the 
landlords,  who,  in  respect  to  numbers,  are  in 
an  isolated  position.  They  are  open  to  the 
misrepresentation  and  attacks  of  agitators 
.  .  .  .These  attacks  will  continue  and  increase 
until  landlords  are  reinforced  by  large  num- 
bers of  proprietors,  large  and  small,  a  landed 
democracy. ' ' 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1014 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


:J<>9 


He  gives  other  instances  in  support  of 
his  policy  of  small  ownerships.  He  refers 
to  tlu1  measures  for  the  invigoration  of 
Prussia  which  after  the  reverses  at  Jena 
and  Auerstadl  were  proposed  by  Stein 
and  Eardenberg  at  the  request  of  the 
King.  The  principle  they  advanced  was 
that 

"  the  welfare  of  the  State  w  as  best  con- 
trolled by  maintaining  the  forces  of  the 
individual  and  increasing  the  number  of  free 

peasant  proprietors." 

Again,  it  was  decided  by  the  Select 
Committee   on  the   Small  Holdings  Bill, 

1887. 

■  that  a  system  of  ownership,  however  quali- 
fied, is  preferable  to  any  system  of  tenancy." 

The  Liberal  policy  of  1886  was  that  of 
""  three  acres  and  a  cow."  which  enabled 
Gladstone  to  take  office,  but  was  shelved 
for  Home  Rule. 

"  All  the  discussions  and  suggestions  as  to 
'  security  of  tenure  '  are  but  sops.  There  is 
no  security  equal  to  that  of  occupying 
ownership. 

"  As  for  the  peasant,  he  lias,  as  the  result 
of  the  system,  practically  disappeared. 

'  The  system,  moreover,  is  bad,  most  of  all 
for  the  community,  who  arc  deprived  of  the 
full  yield  of  the  soil,  which  ownership  alone 
can  give." 

Whether  ownership  or  tenancy  is  pre- 
ferred, the  State  will  have  to  provide  the 
money,  and  the  community  in  general  will 
in  its  turn  have  to  furnish  it  by  means 
of  taxation  in  some  form  or  another.  If 
it  is  provided  that  cultivating  owner- 
ship is  the  essence  of  the  contract 
(this,  we  believe,  is  the  intention),  and 
there  are  proper  safeguards  against  the 
aggregation  of  big  quantities  of  land 
under  one  proprietorship,  the  objection 
to  that  policy  becomes  largely  diminished. 
It  is  suggested  that  small  owners  would 
have  a  much  more  lively  interest  in  the 
increase  of  the  productive  qualities  of  their 
land  than  under  the  alternative  policy 
of  '  Long  Leaseholds  with  Security  of 
Tenure."  But.  again,  in  the  latter  case  it 
is  to  be  presumed  that  provision  would  be 
made  for  the  cancellation  of  any  leases 
in  the  event  of  a  tenant  under-farming  or 
neglecting  the  land,  so  that  an  incen- 
tive to  proper  cultivation  would  exist 
under  this  system  also. 

Mr.  Callings  devotes  a  long  chapter  to 
"  The  Emigration  Peril.'  We  are  inclined 
to  think  that  this  is  somewhat  overstated 
and  the  evil  exaggerated.  As  an  Im- 
perialist the  author  ought  to  give 
some  amount  of  credit  to  our  coloniz- 
ing instinct.     Colonies  without  population 

i  hardly  be  considered  as  healthy 
appendages  to  the  Empire.  The  com- 
parative table  of  British  and  German 
emigration  is.  in  the  circumstances,  beside 
the  question. 

If  in  due  time  our  own  land  is  brought 
under  more  beneficent  agricultural  con- 
dition-, we  maj  hope  for  a  healthy 
reinflux  of  younger  and  invigorated  men 
from  the  Colonies,  with  broader  views, 
and  experience  acquired  under  stem 
conditions,  who  will  help  the  old  country 
to  regain  its  former  pie-eminence  in 
agricultural  industry. 


A  valuable  chapter  is  devoted  to 
'  Food  Supply  in  the  Time  of  War  and 
National  Safety.'  The  following  observa- 
tions must  suffice  under  this  head  : — 

"  Of  wheat  we  have  seldom  or  never  more 
than  seven — often  only  three — weeks'  stock 
On  hand. 

"  Even  so  late  as  the  Crimean  War,  in 
1854,  we  practically  produced  all  the  grain 
and  other  foods  that  we  needed. 

'"  Naval  and  military  authorities.  .  .  .agree 
that  the  conditions  of  modern  warfare  are 
such  as  to  make  it  extremely  unlikely.  .  .  . 
that  a  war  woidd  last  more  than  six  months. 
...  .In  that  case  the  extra  production  needed 
over  existing  supplies  would  be  12.1  million 
quarters.  This  would  require  an  addition 
to  the  present  area  in  wheat  of  about  3i 
million  acres.  .  .  .out  of  a  cultivable  area  of 
47  million  acres." 

In  respect  to  land  available  for  cultiva- 
tion, we  find  Mr.  Collings  in  agreement 
with  Mr.  Lloyd  George  as  to  the  Avaste 
lands  of  the  Highlands  and  islands  of  Scot- 
land. He  refers  to  the  Royal  Commission 
of  1892,  which  in  its  Report  of  1895 
declared  that  1,782,785  acres  were  suitable 
for  new  holdings,  the  extension  of  exist- 
ing ones,  or  moderate -sized  farms.  He 
adds  that 

"  Mr.  Lloyd  George's  land  policy  should 
convince  landlords — if  they  be  not  blind — 
that  things  cannot  go  on  as  they  are,  but 
that  a  change  is  necessary  both  in  their 
own  interests  and  in  those  of  the  country." 


FICTION. 


Shepherdless    Sheep.     By    Essex    Smith. 
(Fisher  Unwin,  6s.) 

Mr.  Smith  has  touched  here  a  world- 
wide problem  —  the  search  after  a  reli- 
gion which  will  satisfy  life's  longings. 
We  doubt,  though,  -whether  even  he  ap- 
preciates the  fact  as  well  as  did  Sir  J.  M. 
Barrie  in  '  The  Twelve  Pound  Look  '  that 
the  religion  of  each  and  all  to-day,  with 
the  few  exceptions  which  prove  the  rule, 
is  their  own  individual  success. 

Was  it  really  the  consumptive  preacher's 
object  to  save  souls?  —  was  it  not  to 
be  successful  in  keeping  an  audience 
together,  a  very  common  trait  in  those 
who  desire  to  shine  on  the  platform  ? 
The  man  who  took  his  place  sought 
success  in  the  love  of  women.  His 
business  manager,  who  made  the  latter 
gentleman  so  great  a  lion,  sought  his 
success  in  gross  and  material  comfort. 
The  Cockney  who  became  his  secretary 
sought  his  own  success  as  a  necessary 
help  to  the  popular  preacher.  So  we 
could  go  through  the  characters  in  this 
book,  which  is  not  strongly  written. 

Read  in  this  light,  it  is,  however,  of 
great  human  interest.  Why  are  we  nearly 
all  sheep — more  shepherdless  even  to-day 
than  yesterday;!  Probably  because  the 
old  idea  of  a  hereafter  is  rapidly  beimj 
exploded,  and,  not  having  yet  realized 
that  spiritual   reward  is  attainable  during 

life  by  selfless  devotion  to  the  welfare  of 
others,  we  are  concentrating  on  a  re- 
ward entirely  material,  or  seeking  com- 
plaisance in  self-satisfaction. 


A    Lady   and   her    Husband.     By   Amber 
Reeves.     (Heinemann,  (>*.) 

Tins  is  a  straightforward  and  simple  tale 

of  a  problem  which,  if  it  is  not  already 
making  itself  felt  in  many  rich  house- 
holds, w  ill,  in  one  of  its  many  modifica- 
tions, intrude  itself  there  in  the  near 
future.  In  this  instance  the  husband  is 
responsible  for  his  own  disturbance  of 
mind;  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  will 
probably  he  due  to  the  awakening  of  the 
social  conscience  among  women. 

The  wealthy  owner  of  a  large  number  of 
tea-rooms,  tearing  that  the  marriage  of  his 
last  child  will  bring  a  sense  of  loneliness 
to    his    wife,    suggests    that    she    should 
amuse    herself    in    making    some    kindly 
inquiries  into  the  comfort  of  the  girls  he 
employs.     The  wife  thereupon  engages  a 
lady  secretary,  who  sees  to  it  that  her 
employer  shall  look  below  the  surface  of 
tea-room    livelihood,    not     only    literally 
by  inspecting  the  kitchens,  but  also  more 
broadly,  by  considering  what  effect  long 
hours    and    low    wages    have    on    health 
and  morals.     The  good  woman's  responsi- 
bility,   since   she   has    supplied    half   the 
capital  employed   in  the   concern,  preys 
upon  her  mind,  and  the  seriousness  with 
which   she  regards   her  position  becomes 
vastly  annoying  to  her  easygoing  husband, 
whom   she   has   hitherto   petted   and   in- 
dulged.    After    some    futile    endeavours 
to    get    her    husband    to    improve    con- 
ditions   at    the    expense    of    profits,  she 
comes    to    the  practical  conclusion   that 
she     at     least     must    sacrifice     a    large 
part    of    her   income    on    behalf    of    the 
girls.     At  this  point    the    author    makes 
the    husband    confess    to    an    infidelity, 
and     also     introduces     an     invertebrate 
brother  of  the  wife.     Neither  the  one  nor 
the  other  serves  the  main  purpose  of  the 
story,  though  they  permit  the  author  to 
discuss  the   first  of  -the   two   themes    at 
some  length.    For  our  own  part  we  should 
have    preferred   more    on   the  main   sub- 
ject, which  is   somewhat  unsatisfactorily 
closured  by  the  decision  of  the  husband 
to  pose  as  a  model  employer  with  M.P. 
after  his   name,  since  he    cannot  get  his 
wife's   consent  to   turn  the  business  into 
a  limited  company. 

Our  pleasure  in  perusal  is  mixed  with 
some,  disappointment  because  the  author 
is  a  serious  artist,  and  we  feel  that  she 
might  have  done  better  with  her  subject, 
especially  as  we  believe  her  eminently 
qualified  to  write  on  it. 

A  man  might  well  present  the  other  side 
of   the  picture.      It   is.  a1  least,    equally 

(rue    that     there    IS    many    a    rich    woman 

who  forces  a  weak  husband  to  spend 
money  in  providing  her  with  enervating 
luxuries   when    he    mighl    employ   it    in 

bettering    industrial   conditions.     There   is 

;,    reference    to  the  Employers'  Liability 
Ad  and  factory  inspector-  which  pu/./l 
,,s.  coming   from   one   to  r  hum  error  in 

such     a     matter   would     >cem     impossible  ; 

;md  there  is  something  more  important, 
even  than  the  careless  production  <>f  tho 
work  to  cause  us  surprise  in  the  Bame 
way. 


310 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,   1914 


Two  in  the  Wilderness.     By  Stanley  Wash- 
burn.    (Melrose,  65.) 

Solitary  life  in  the  South  Canadian 
Rockies,  before  engineering  triumphs 
disclosed  virgin  forest,  swirling  rapid, 
and  towering  peak  to  the  tourist's  gaze, 
is  the  setting  of  Mr.  Stanley  Washburn's 
latest  novel.  There  are  two  characters. 
"  He,"  filled  with  restless  obstinacy  and 
a  somewhat  truculent  desire  to  show 
his  father  he  was  capable  of  winning 
wealth  and  recognition  unassisted,  had 
rejected  a  generous  allowance,  and  had 
been  wandering  in  the  wilderness  for 
seven  years,  too  proud  to  return  East,  a 
self -admitted  failure,  to  receive  a  modern 
prodigal  son's  welcome.  Persistent  hard- 
ship and  disappointment  had  dogged 
him,  and  his  reputation  on  the  trail 
was  that  of  a  "  moody  fellow  who  tra- 
velled so  long,  so  fast,  and  so  continuously 
that  no  normal  man  could  keep  the  pace 
he  set."  At  last,  however,  he  had  "  struck  " 
gold,  and  was  trekking  towards  civiliza- 
tion when  "  She  "  comes  into  the  narrative. 
Her  history  till  then  was  similar  to  that 
of  many  a  single  child  of  New  York 
millionaires.  Beautiful,  but  terribly  spoilt 
and  pampered,  she  had  developed  an 
imperious  rudeness — we  ought,  perhaps,  to 
say  vulgarity — towards  those  she  deemed 
beneath  her  that  descended  with  full 
force  on  the  hero  at  their  first  meeting. 
Unusual,  certainly,  are  the  circumstances 
which  compel  the  two  to  journey  alone 
through  600  miles  of  uninhabited  grandeur, 
but  the  author  makes  things  possible  with- 
out undue  and  inartistic  straining  of  co- 
incidence and  possibility.  Love  of  course, 
despite  themselves,  grows  fast  in  the  soil 
of  propinquity.  Its  subjective  working 
on  two  diverse  natures  is  henceforth  the 
main  theme.  The  effect  on  her  is  to 
bring  about  an  appreciation  of  the 
realities  of  life,  and  one  is  left  with  the 
impression  that  her  selfishness  was  but 
a  cloak  for  a  glorious  womanhood.  In 
less  skilful  hands  her  companion  would 
have  become  a  prig  or  a  muscular  nin- 
compoop. 


MRS.    R.    L.    STEVENSON. 

On  Wednesday  of  last  week  Mrs.  Robert 
Louis  Stevenson  died  in  Montecito,  Cali- 
fornia, having  thus  survived  her  husband 
nearly  twenty  years.  Of  Dutch  origin, 
Fanny  van  de  Grift  was  born  in  Indiana 
in  1838.  She  married  in  1857  Samuel  Os- 
bourne,  and  lived  for  some  vears  in  California, 
going,  about  1874,  to  France  with  her  three 
children.  The  story  of  Stevenson's  meeting 
with  her,  of  her  return  to  California  in  1879° 
and  Stevenson's  following  her  thither,  her 
divorce  and  their  subsequent  marriage,  are 
well  known  to  every  reader  of  Stevenson's 
work,  as  are  also  her  devoted  care  of  him, 
and  the  stimulus  and  criticism  which  she 
administered  to  him  in  his  literary  under- 
takings. After  his  death  she  sold  all  of  the 
Vailima  estate,  except  the  patch  of  ground 
on  the  top  of  Mount  Vaea,  which  is  his  tomb, 
and  went  to  live  in  California. 

Mrs.    Stevenson's    ability    as    a    critic    of 
literature   was   not   merely   a    reflection   of 


her  husband's,  but  a  genuine  independent 
gift,  which,  however,  seldom  found  ex- 
pression in  any  literary  work  of  her  own. 
'  The  Dynamiter  '  (1885),  which  she  wrote  in 
collaboration  with  her  husband,  is  not  exactly 
a  success.  The  stories  of  '  The  Destroying 
Angel  '  and  '  The  Fair  Cuban  '  were  entirely 
hers,  and  do  not  carry  off  the  atmosphere 
of  unlikelihood,  like  the  rest  of  '  The  New 
Arabian  Nights.' 

She  was,  however,  a  potent  influence  in 
keeping  the  atmosphere  of  romance,  and 
even  of  make-believe,  about  Stevenson.  At 
Vailima  she  was  the  doctor  of  the  household, 
and  a  successful  gardener,  working  hard  with 
her  own  hands  and  cultivating  many  rare 
plants.  Throughout  his  career  Stevenson 
paid  much  attention  to  her  judgment,  and 
she  was,  as  Sir  Sidney  Colvin  has  said,  "  the 
most  exacting  of  his  critics."  After  reading 
her  detailed  comments  the  novelist  burnt  the 
whole  of  the  first  draft  of  '  Dr.  Jekyll  and 
Mr.  Hyde,'  which  came  to  him  as  an  in- 
spiration on  his  sick  bed. 

His  tribute  to  her  in  '  My  Wife  '  is  at  once 
charming  and  decisive  : — 

Trusty,  dusky,  vivid,  true, 

With  eyes  of  gold  and  bramble-dew, 

Steel-true  and  blade-straight, 

The  great  artificer 

Made  my  mate. 


'  FAITH  AND  REALITY.' 

77,  West  Side,  Clapham  Common,  Feb.  16,  1914. 

Your  reviewer  has  honoured  my  'Faith  and 
Reality  '  with  a  notice  in  your  Theological 
Supplement.  But  it  is  evident  the  book 
has  failed  to  convey  to  his  mind  its  main 
idea.  What  he  speaks  of  as  a  "  confusion  " 
between  faith  and  the  object  of  faith  through- 
out the  book  is  directly  pertinent  to  the 
effort  throughout  to  show  that  there  is 
objectivity  as  well  as  subjectivity  in  faith, 
and  that  faith  is  a  constituent  inseparable 
from  all  reality  whatsoever.  But  chiefly  I 
demur  to  the  unkind  haste  of  his  concluding 
paragraph  : — 

"  Dr.  Stowell. .  .  .carries  us  back  to  the  Middle 
Ages  when  he  asserts  that  moral  evil  originates 
with  the  devil,  who  is  personal." 

My  contention  is  fairly  plain,  and  is  almost 
the  full  reverse  of  this.  Instead  of  moral 
evil  originating  with  the  devil,  it  is  that  the 
devil  originates  with  moral  evil  ;  and  in  any 
case  is  "  personal  "  only  in  a  modified  and 
incomplete  way.  May  I  quote  these  few 
lines  from  the  discussion    (p.  62)  ? — 

"  Upon  God  lies  a  responsibility  for  the  possi- 
bility of  evil,  though,  as  this  possibility  is  in- 
separable from  the  conditions  under  which  moral 
personality  is  realizable  in  a  finite  world,  its 
consistency  with  moral  perfection  is  inferable. 
But  responsibility  for  the  actuality  of  evil  lies  on 
the  first  evil-doer,  and  on  all  subsequent  evil- 
doers, in  respect  of  their  free  choice  of  evil  rather 
than  good.  The  cumulative  committed  evil  of  the 
world  becomes  the  personal  principle  of  evil  or  the 
devil." 

J.  H.  Stowell. 


A    LEASE    FOR  999  YEARS  EXPIRED. 

Waltham  Abbey. 
The  letter  of  your  Ohio  correspondent  Mr. 
W.  P.  Reeves,  in  The  Athenaeum  of  Jan.  24th, 
as  to  a  lease  for  999  years  having  ex- 
pired, raises  a  question  of  considerable 
interest  to  both  lawyers  and  antiquaries. 
In  Notes  and  Queries  of  June,  1887  (7  S.  iii. 
450),  there  was  a  question  asking  for  infor- 
mation on  the  subject  ;  but  although  there 
was  considerable  subsequent  correspondence 
as  to  long  leases  generally,  no  evidence,  so 


far  as  I  am  aware,  has  ever  been  produced 
to  show  that  a  lease  for  such  a  term  has  ever 
fallen  in.  It  would  be  interesting  to  learn 
whence  such  a  careful  writer  as  Dean  Stubbs 
obtained  his  authority  for  the  statement 
attributed  to  him  by  your  correspondent. 

A.    COLLINGWOOD    LEE. 


AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS    AND    HISTORICAL 
DOCUMENTS. 

On  Wednesday,  the  11th,  Messrs.   Sotheby  sold 
autograph     letters     and     historical    documents, 
including    some     important     manuscripts     from 
Castle   Menzies,  Perthshire.     The   most   notable 
lots    were    the    following  :     J.    S.    Bach,    signed 
document,     1731,     38L     Beethoven,     A.L.s.     to 
Herr  Hartmann,  291  ;     A.L.s.  to  Anton  Schind- 
ler,   1823,  247.     Schiller,   A.L.s.  to  Archenholtz, 
July      10,     1795,     321.      10s.      Mozart,     A.L.s., 
Feb.  7,  1778,  to  his  father  about  Aloysia  Weber, 
351.     Chopin,  autograph  music  from  the  Third 
Prelude,    211.     Mendelssohn,    autograph     music 
entitled  Scherzo,  and  dedicated  to  Fraulein  Crull, 
perhaps  unpublished,  38L     Washington,  A.L.s., 
Aug.    11.,   1784,  to  the   Hon.  Jacob  Read,  457. : 
another  long  letter  to   the    same,  Nov.  3,  1784, 
accusing  Great  Britain  of  want  of  faith,   1001.  ; 
another,  Dec.   30,  1773,  about  apportioning  the 
land    under     Governor     Dinwiddle's    proclama- 
tion, 111.  ;     another  to  Messrs.   R.  Cary  &  Co., 
Nov.    10,    1773,    48Z.     Burns,    autograph    poem,- 
'  New  Year's  Day,'  to  Mrs.  Dunlop,  1791,  125/. 
Byron,  A.L.s.  to   R.   C.   Dallas,  Sept.  15,    1811, 
referring   to    '  Childe    Harold,'    20Z.     Charles    I., 
signed  a-nswer  to  the  propositions  of  the  Parlia- 
ment,   May    12,    1647,    561  :     A.L.s.    to    Prince 
Rupert,   July   26,    1645,   287.     Thomas   Fairfax, 
A.L.s.,  Sept.  12, 1645,  to  Ferdinando,  Lord  Fair- 
fax, giving  news  of  the  capture  of  Bristol,  237. 
Goethe,  A.L.s.,  Oct.  21,   1790,  307.     Henry  VI. 
of  England,  sign  manual  to  a  money  order,  267. 
Nelson,  A.L.s.,  June  4,  1801,  to  A.  J.  Ball,  201. 
Montrose,  A.L.s.  to    the    Laird    of    Weems,    51?. 
Mackay,  fifteen  letters  to  the  Laird  of  Weems, 
1689-90,   43Z.     James  V.,  signed  letter,  Dec.  6, 
1537,  to  the  Chancellor,  President,  and  Lords  of 
Council  and  Session,  407.     Mary,  Queen  of  Scots, 
signed   letter  to   the   Laird   of    Weems,  Aug.  31, 
1566,  3007.     James  VI.,  signed  letter  to  the  Earl 
of    Athole,    Jan.    2,      1580,    and     another    sign 
manual,  217.     Henrietta  Maria,  A.L.s.,  Aug.  20, 
1650,  to  the  Marquis  of  Argyll,  expressing  her 
confidence  that  he  will  support  Charles  II.,  597. 
Argyll,  A.L.s.,  May  11,  1661,  to  his  second  son, 
Lord    Neill    Campbell,    during    his    trial,    357.  ; 
another   to   the   same,    May   26,    1661,   the   day 
before  his  execution,  397. 

The  total  of  the  sale  was  2,5917.  2s. 


BOOKS    AND    MANUSCRIPTS. 

On  Tuesday,  the  17th  inst.,  and  three  fol- 
lowing days,  Messrs.  Sotheby  held  a  sale  of 
books  and  manuscripts,  including  selections 
from  the  libraries  of  Major  Hendricks,  Sir 
J.  E.  Gorst,  Mr.  H.  Martin  Gibbs,  Major 
Ricardo,  and  Mr.  B.  H.  Webb,  the  most  important 
books  being  the  following  :  Mayer,  74  aquatints 
of  views  in  Turkey  in  Asia,  n.d.,  257.  10s.  Britton, 
Picturesque  Works,  23  vols,  in  15,  1807-38,  217. 
Dallaway  and  Cartwright,  History  of  the  Western 
Division  of  the  County  of  Sussex,  4  vols.,  1815—32, 
277.  Dugdale,  Monasticon  Anglicanum,  6  vols, 
in  8,  1817-30,  247.  ;  Antiquities  of  Warwickshire, 
2  vols.,  1830,  197.  10s.  Hoare,  Historv  of  Wilt- 
shire, 9  vols.,  1810-43,  367.  Nichols,  History  of 
Leicester,  4  vols,  in  8,  1795-1815,  717.  Sowerbv, 
English  Botany,  41  vols.,  1790-1863,  397.  R.  L. 
Stevenson,  Works,  Edinburgh  Edition,  32  vols., 
1894-9,  617.  Burton,  Arabian  Nights,  16  vols., 
1885-8,  267.  Chaucer,  Works,  Kelmscott  Edi- 
tion, 1896,  727.  English  Chronicles,  1780-1813, 
387.  Architecture  a  la  Mode,  3  vols.,  Paris,  n.d., 
867.  Sternhold  and  Hopkins,  Psalms,  1623,  in 
a  contemporary  needlework  binding,  207.  10s. 
Boccaccio,  Decameron,  5  vols.,  1763,  with  the 
Estampes  Galantes,  651.  Horae  B.V.M.,  printed 
by  Simon  Vostre,  c.  1508,  517.  ;  Horae  B.V.M., 
English  MS.,  14th  century,  307.  R.  Gough, 
autograph  notes  for  a  history  of  Enfield, 
5  vols.,  c.  1771,  377.  Le  Pautre,  GSuvres  d'Archi- 
tecture,  3  vols.,  1751,  287.  Missale  ad  usum 
Ecclesiae  Leodiensis,  14th  century,  237.  10s. 
The  Kit  Cat  Club,  one  portrait  missing,  1735,  307. 

The  total  of  the  sale  was  3,3607.  5s.  6c7. 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,   1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


311 


Publishers'  Spring   Announcements. 

We  have  been  obliged  to  make  a  selection 
from  the  almost  innumerable  paragraphs 
sent  to  us  for  insertion  by  the  publishers 
under  the  above  heading. 


Kikuyu  Tracts.     (Longmans.)— The  authors 

(each  of  whom  is  responsible  only  for  his 
own  pamphlet)  do  not  attempt  to  discuss 
the  immediate  points  at  issue,  but  rather 
aim  at  giving  help  towards  clear  thinking 
on  the  burger  questions  which  lie  behind. 
The  pamphlets  will  be  published  at  Id. 

The  Gods  of  India.  By  E.  Osborn  Martin. 
(Dent.) — The  author  aims  at  giving  the 
student  a  book  accurate  in  detail,  and 
covering  in  a  small  compass  the  general 
scope  of  the  subject.  He  lias  avoided  so 
far  as  possible  technicalities  and  contro- 
versial details. 

The  Holy  Communion  :  What  mean  ye  by 
this  Service  ?  By  Edmund  Sinker. 
(Longmans.)— Written  in  a  popular  style 
for  the  ordinary  churchgoer  and  the 
Confirmation  candidate. 

The  Life  of  Jesus  in  the  Light  of  the  Higher 
Criticism.  By  Alfred  W.  Martin.  (Ap- 
pleton.) — Dr.  Martin's  object  is  to  point 
out  the  great  ethical  significance  of  the 
teachings  of  Jesus  and  of  the  Gospels  as 
given  in  the  Xew  Testament. 

The  Self-Limitation  of  the  Word  of  God- 
By  Forbes  Robinson.  Edited  by 
Charles  H.  Robinson.  (Longmans.) — 
The  two  essays  which  are  included  in  this 
volume  won  the  Burney  and  the  Hulsean 
L'niversity  prizes  at  Cambridge. 

The  Sequel  to  Catholic  Emancipation.  By 
the  Right  Rev.  Mgr.  Bernard  Ward. 
(Longmans.) — A  continuation  of  the  books 
by  the  same  author  on  English  Catholic 
history. 

The  Vatican  :  the  Centre  of  Government 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  World.  By  the 
Right  Rev.  Edmond  Canon  Hughes  de 
Ragna.  (Appleton.) — A  description  of 
the  government  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  a  discussion  of  its  functions 
and  method  of  operation  throughout  the 
world. 

Ipoetrs. 

Cubist  Poems.  By  Max  Weber.  (Elkin 
M  -In  \vs.) — It  is  claimed  for  the  author, 
who  is  an  American  of  Russian  descent, 
that  lie  is  the  first  exponent  of  the  "very 
latest  expression  "  in  poetry. 

England  Over  Seas.  By  Lloyd  Roberts. 
(Elkin  Mathews.) — These  lyrics,  by  a  son 
"t  J  Jr.  Charles  (;.  D.  Roberts,  deal  mainly, 
but  not  exclusively,  with  the  spirit  of  the 
wilderness  and  the  backwoods  of  Canada. 

Notions  for  Nations,  a  Psychical  Geography. 
By  M.  F.  Tbkw.     (Cambridge,  Eeffer.)— 

A   book  of  humorous  verse,  with  illu-tm- 
tions  by  W.  H.  Toy. 

pbtlosopbp. 

Psychology  in  Daily  Life.      Jiy  E  utt  Kuu. 
-more.     (Appleton. )-— Deals  with 

topics  as  Play,  The  Law  in  Olusion,  Mental 
nirement,  Mental  Health,  and  Mental 
Uffieiency. 


The  Humanists'  Library. — Pico  Delia  Miran- 
dola,  A  Platonick  Discourse  upon  Love. 
Translated  by  Thomas  Stanley,  and 
edited  by  Edmund  G.  Gardner.  Giovanni 
Delia  Casa,  The  Galateo     Of  Manners  and 

Behaviour.  Translated  by  ROBERT  PETER- 
SEN, and  edited  by  J.  E.  Simncarn. 
(Grant  Richards.) — The  purpose  of  this 
series  is  to  print  certain  books  selected 
from  Renaissance  literature  in  a  worthy 
form.  The  volumes  will  be  set  in  the 
"  Montallegro  "  type,  and  printed  on 
hand-made  paper.  The  edition  is  limited 
to  150  copies. 

The  Psychology  of  Learning.  By  E.  Meu- 
mann.  Translated  by  J.  W.  Baird. 
(Appleton.) — A  description  of  the  various 
theories  of  memory. 

friston?  ano  BiOGrapbE. 

Demosthenes,  the  Last  Days  of  Greek 
Freedom.  By  A.  W.  Pickard  Cam- 
bridge.—  Cavour  and  the  Making  of 
Modern  Italy,  1810-1861.  By  Count 
Pietro  Orsi.  (Putnams.) — Additions  to 
the  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations  Series. "~ 

Emerson's  Journals,  Vols.  IX.  and  X. 
Edited  by  Edward  W.  Emerson  and 
Waldo  E.  Forbes.  (Constable.) — These 
two  final  volumes  cover  the  years  1856  to 
1873.     An  Index  is  included  in  vol.  x. 

Footfalls  of  Indian  History.  By  the  Sister 
Nivedita  (Margaret  E.  Noble).  (Long- 
mans.)— The  author  is  concerned  with 
the  reinterpretation  of  the  great  ages  of 
Indian  history,  in  relation  especially  to 
the  social  and  religious  consciousness  of 
the  Indian  people. 

Harriet  Beecher  Stowe.  By  Martha  J.  Crow. 
(Appleton.) — The  biography  o&the  author 
of  '  LTncle  Tom's  Cabin.' 

Malcolm  MacColl :  Memoirs  and  Corre- 
spondence. By  the  Right  Hon.  George 
W.  E.  Russell.  (Smith  &  Elder.)— Mr. 
Russell  divides  his  volume  into  Part  I. 
'  Memoir,'  Part  II.  '  Correspondence,'  and 
he  adds  to  Part  II.  a  short  introductory 
note  about  the  circumstances  in  which 
Canon  MacColl  became  acquainted  with 
each  of  his  various  correspondents.  Many 
interesting  letters  from  Gladstone,  Lord 
Salisbury,  Cardinal  Newman,  Dr.  Dollinger, 
Dean  Church,  and  other  well-known  people 
are  included   in  the  correspondence. 

Margherita  of  Savoy.  By  Signora  Zampini 
Salazar.  (Mills  &  Boon.) — The  author 
emphasizes  the  part  played  by  Margherita 
di  Savoia  in  encouraging  every  legitimate 
and  practical  effort  to  enlarge  the  sphere 
of  feminine  action  in  her  country.  Mr. 
Richard  Bagot  contributes  a  Preface. 

On  the  Left  of  a  Throne.  By  Mrs.  Evan 
Xkpi:.vx.  (John  Lane.) — A  personal  study 
of  James,  Duke  of  Monmouth. 

Ouida,  a  Memoir.  By  Elizabeth  Lee. 
(Unwin.) — Miss  Lee  was  the  writer  of  the 
article  on  Ouida  in  the  '  D.N.B.'  Assist- 
ance in  the  shape  of  letters  and  informa- 
tion has  been  generously  rendered  by 
many  who  knew  Ouida  personally. 

The  Correspondence  of  Mary  Russell  Mitford. 
Edited  by  Elizabeth  Lee.      (Unwin.) 

These  letters  to  Charles  J '.oner  were 
written  during  the   last    ten   years  of  .\Ii>- 

M  it  ford's  life.     Thefirsl  is  dated  December 

12th,  1845.  and  the  last.  Christmas  Day, 
1854.  Contemporary  literature  plays  a 
large  part,  and  the  writer  also  records  her 
impressions  of  the  people  she  met,  among 
them  being  Ruskm,  Browning,  Charles 
Kingsley,  and  Hawthorne.  It  i-  hoped 
to  include  new  unpublished  in. it'll. d  bear- 
ing <>n  these  years. 


The    Hussite    Wars.      By   Count   Lutzow. 

(Dent.) — A  sequel  to  the  author's  *  Life 
and  Times  of  Master  John  llus,"  mainly 
founded  on  documents  written  in  Bohemia. 

The  Keats  Letters,  Papers,  and  Other  Relics. 

(John  Lane.) — These  are  reproduced  in 
facsimile  from  the  late  Sir  Charles  Dilke's 
bequest  to  the  Corporation  of  Hampstead. 
There  are  full  transcriptions  and  notes 
edited  by  Dr.  George  C.  Williamson,  fore- 
words by  Mr.  Theodore  Watts-Dunton. 
an  Introduction  by  Mr.  H.  Buxton 
Forma n.  and  an  Essay  upon  the  Keats 
Portraituro  by  the  editor.  The  edition  is 
limited  to  320  copies. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Edward  Young.  By 
Henry  C.  Shelley.  (Pitman. )  —  Mr. 
Shelley  has  had  access  to  a  large  collec- 
tion of  Young's  letters,  and  these,  with 
numerous  unpublished  documents  in  the 
British  Museum  and  the  Bodleian,  have 
furnished  his  principal  data. 

The  Life  of  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Saunders, 
K.B.  By  Edward  Salmon.  (Pitman.) 
— Sir  Charles  Saunders  was  Wolfe's  ad- 
miral at  Quebec,  but  comparatively  little 
is  known  of  him.  Mr.  Salmon  has  been 
engaged  in  research  during  the  last  four 
years  at  the  Record  Office,  the  British 
Museum,  and  elsewhere,  and  with  the 
help  of  members  of  the  Saunders  family 
has  got  together  much  hitherto  unpub- 
lished material. 

The  Lord  Advocates  of  Scotland.  By  G.  W.  T. 

Omond.  (Melrose.) — This  is  the  ^contt 
series  (1834-80)  of  these  historical  studies 
and  appreciations.  They  are  enlivened 
with  numerous  anecdotes. 

The  Millers  of  Haddington,  Dunbar,  and 
Dunfermline,  a  Record  of  Scottish  Book- 
selling. By  W.  J.  Couper.  (Unwin.) — 
The  story  of  a  versatile  Scottish  family  of 
authors,  publishers,  printers,  and  book- 
sellers. 

Winchester  Cathedral  Close  :  its  Historical 
and  Literary  Associations.  By  John 
Vaughan.  (Pitman.) — Contains  chapters 
on  the  Monastic  Walls,  the  Prior's  Refec- 
tory, the  Pilgrims'  Hall,  the  Underground 
Water-Courses,  &c.  The  author  is  a  Canon 
of  Winchester,  and  lives  in  the  Close. 

With  the  Turk  in  War-Time.  By  Marma- 
duke  Pickthall.  (Dent.) — Contains  the 
narrative  of  a  five  months'  sojourn  among 
the  Turks  during  the  Balkan  War,  to- 
gether with  the  views  Mr.  Pickthall 
formed  upon  the  state  of  Turkey. 

(Beograpbs  ano  travel. 

A  Pilgrimage  in  Surrey.  By  J.  S.  Ouii.vv. 
2  vols.  (Routledge,  and  Kegan  Paul.) — 
Mr.  Ogilvy  traversed  the  county  on  foot. 
and  has  both  described  and  painted  it. 
The  first  volume  contains  forty-seven, 
and  the  second  forty-five  coloured  plates. 

Egyptian  Days.  By  Pun.ii'  Sandford  Mar- 
den.  (Unwin.)— The  first  object  of  Mr 
Marden's  book,  wo  gather,  is  to  be  useful 
to  travellers  in  Egypt,  and  with  tin-  end 
in  view  he  details  the  necessan,  prepara- 
tions and  gives  some  account  of  the  condi- 
tions of  life  in  modern  Egypt,  besides 
relating  the  history  of  tic-  Pyramids  an. I 
the  story  of  the  Nile. 

In  Abyssinia,  the  Land  of  the  Barefooted 
King.  J'.y  I  li:iuiiin  S<  iiti.Kiv  (Hutchin- 
son.)    The  author  has  recently  travelled 

in  Abyssinia,  and  gives  here  an  account 
of  the  life  and  manners  of  the  count  ry.  1 1' 
also  describes  its  commercial  resources. 


312 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


Italian  Yesterdays.  By  Mrs.  Hugh  Fraser. 
(Hutchinson.)— Mrs.     Fraser     has     retold 

some  of  Mm  less-known  legends  and 
stories  of  historical  events  in  Italy, 
and  also  includes  descriptions  of  works 
of  art,  buildings,  and  scenery. 

Jungle  Days.  By  Aki.kv  Munson.  (Apple- 
ton.) — The  record  of  a  woman  doctor's 
work  in  India,.  She  sought  out  the  villages 
in  t  lie  dept  lis  of  the  jungle,  and  successfully 
doctored  the  physical  ailments  of  the 
natives,  falling  in  with  many  adventures. 

Reminiscences  of  the  South  Seas.  By  John 
La  Faroe.  (Grant  Richards.) — A  record, 
in  the  form  of  a  continuous  narrative,  of 
the  author's  travels  in  the  South  Seas,  and 
his  observations  of  the  lands  and  peoples 
with  whom  he  came  in  contact. 

The  Cradle  of  Mankind.  Bv  W.  A.  and 
Edgar  T.  A.  Wtgram.  (A.  &  C. 
Black.) — A  description  of  life  in  the  high- 
lands of  Eastern  Kurdistan,  written  by 
two  Englishmen  who  have  enjoyed  many 
opportunities  for  exploring  them.  One 
of  the  authors  has  lived  for  ten  years 
among  the  hill-men. 

The  Motor  Routes  of  Germany.     By  Henry 

Hecht.  (A.  &  C.  Black.)  —  Written  for 
English  motorists  visiting  Germany.  There 
are  numerous  maps  and  town-plans  to 
show  the  best  main  routes  into  Germany 
from  French  and  Dutch  ports. 

5ocioloo£. 

British  Work  and  Wages.  By  J.  Ellis 
Barker.  (Smith  &  Elder.) — Deals  in 
popular  form  with  this  problem,  and  the 
solutions  offered  by  various  schools  of 
thought. 

Industrial  History  of  Modern  England.     By 

George  Herbert  Perris.  (Routledge, 
and  Kegan  Paul.) — Among  the  subjects 
dealt  with  by  Mr.  Perris  are  the  First 
Factory  Acts,  The  Chartists'  Employment 
and  Education,  The  Sweating  System, 
Unemployment,  The  Minimum  Wage,  &c. 

Principles  of  Property.  By  J.  Boyd  Kinnear. 

(Smith  &  Elder.) — Sets  forth  in  simple 
terms  the  fundamental  principles  on  which 
the  doctrine  of  Private  Property  rests. 

Prostitution  in  Western  Europe.  By  Abra- 
ham Flexner.  (Grant  Richards.)  —  Mr. 
Flexner  spent  the  greater  part  of  a  year 
in  studying  this  problem,  and  the  various 
methods  of  dealing  with  it  in  the  great 
cities  of  Europe.  In  this  book  he  has 
summarized  the  results  of  his  inquiry. 

The  Social  Worker  and  Modern  Charity.  By 
William  Foss  and  Julius  West. — Un- 
employment. By  Frederick  Keeling. 
(A.  &  C.  Black.)— In  the  "  Social  Workers 
Series,"  in  which  the  publishers  hope  "  to 
cover  with  authoritative  handbooks  the 
whole  field  of  social  endeavour." 

The  World's  Cotton  Crops.  By  Prof.  John 
A.  Todd.  (A.  &  C.  Black.) — An  attempt 
to  provide  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the 
production  and  consumption  of  the  raw 
material.  The  writer's  point  of  view  is 
that  of  the  economist  rather  than  the 
botanist. 

Women    Workers   in   Seven    Professions,   a 

Survey  of  their  Economic  Conditions  and 
Prospects.  Edited  for  the  Studies  Com- 
mittee of  the  Fabian  Women's  Group  by 
Edith  J.  Morley.  (Routledge,  and  Kegan 
Paul.) — The  professions  dealt  with  in 
detail  consist  of  Teaching,  Medicine, 
Nursing,  Sanitary  Inspection,  Civil  Ser- 
vice, Women  Clerks  and  Secretaries,  and 
the  Stage. 


politics. 

Clear  Thinking  ;  or,  An  Englishman's  Creed. 
By  L.  Cecil  SMITH.  (Pitman.) — The  main 
article  of  this  creed  is  belief  in  Imperial- 
ism and  in  Hereditary  Monarchy,  but  a 
variety  of  subjects  is  introduced. 

Forces  Mining  and  Undermining  China.  By 
Rowland  R.  Gibson.  (Melrose.) — Mr. 
Gibson  has  spent  many  years  in  China, 
and  is  familiar  with  the  language.  He 
writes,  among  other  things,  on  the  com- 
mercial possibilities  of  the  Chinese  mines. 

Land  and  the  Politicians.  By  H.  Grirf.- 
wood  and  E.  Robins.  (Duckworth.) — 
The  subject  is  here  discussed  from  the 
Conservative  standpoint. 

Practical  Statesmanship.  By  J.  Ellis 
Barker.  (Smith  &  Elder.)  —  A  com- 
pendium of  the  sayings  of  great  states- 
men and  writers  on  the  application  of 
political  principles  to  practice. 

The  Government  Ownership  of  Railways.  By 
Samuel  V.  Dunn.  (Appleton. ) — The 
author  deals  with  the  agitation  for  the 
nationalization  of  railways,  and  discusses 
its  probable  advantages  and  disadvantages 
to  the  travelling  public. 

The  Political  Shame  of  Mexico.  By  Edward 
Bell.  (Heinemann.) — A  record  of  the 
recent  political  history  of  Mexico,  in  which 
the  author  claims  to  expose  "  the  methods 
and  doings  behind  the  scenes  of  govern- 
ment." 

Eoucation. 

• 

Education  and  Psychology.  By  Michael 
West.  (Longmans.) — The  author's  belief 
is  that  the  tendency  of  modern  psychology 
is  to  show  that  the  purely  liberal  education 
is  diverting  the  energies  of  the  future  gene- 
ration in  a  useless  direction,  and  retarding 
national  development. 

The  Backward  Child.  By  Barbara  S. 
Morgan.  (Putnam.) — A  practical  manual 
for  teachers  and  students. 

The  Montessori  Maniral.  By  Dorothy  Can- 
field  Fisher.  (Constable.) — Mrs.  Fisher 
had  the  advantage  of  living  with  Dr. 
Montessori  when  she  was  testing  her 
educational  ideas,  and  thus  gained  an 
insight  into  the  main  principles  of  the 
system. 


Xiteran?  Criticism. 

Edmund  Spenser  and  the  Impersonations  of 
Francis  Bacon.  By  Edward  George 
Harman.  (Constable.) — Among  the  sub- 
jects Mr.  Harman  deals  with  are  Spenser's 
Life  and  Circumstances,  The  Poet  Gas- 
coigne,  The  Voyage  of  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilbert,  and  The  Works  of  Samuel  Daniel. 

Notes  on  Novelists.  By  Henry  James. 
(Dent.) — A  collection  of  studies  of  writers 
of  fiction  which  have  appeared  from  time 
to  time  in  various  periodicals.  They 
include  Stevenson,  Zola,  George  Sand, 
and  D'Annunzio. 

Studies  of  Living  Writers,  a  New  Series 
dealing  with  the  Psychology  and  Art  of 
Present-Day  Authors.  (Routledge,  and 
Kegan  Paul.) — The  first  two  volumes  in 
this  series  will  be  '  Joseph  Conrad,'  by 
Mr.  Richard  Curie,  and  '  Bernard  Shaw,8 
by  Mr.  Joseph  McCabe. 


ffiction. 

A  Castle  in  Bohemia.  By  David  White- 
law.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — A  romance 
similar  in  style  to  the  author's  '  Man  with 
the  Red  Beard.' 

Belle  Nairn.  By  Roy  Meld  rum.  (Melrose.) 
— The  story  of  a  Scottish  peasant  girl  who 
is  thrown  into  fashionable  society  and 
eventually  achieves  fame  as  a  dancer. 

Broken  Music.  By  Phyllis  Bottome. 
(Hutchinson.) — A  study  of  a  young  man's 
passions  and  ambitions.  He  eventually 
becomes  famous  as  a  musician. 

Curing  Christopher.  By  Mrs.  Horace  Trem- 
lett.  (John  Lane.) — The  complaint  of 
which  Christopher  finds  it  necessary  to 
be  cured  is  "  loss  of  memory  "  ;  but  in 
reality  his  troubles  are  caused  by  his 
infatuation  for  a  musical  comedy  artist, 
followed  by  a  rough  handling  from  one  of 
the  lady's  admirers. 

Down  among  Men.  By  WrLL  Levingtox 
Comfort.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — The 
earlier  part  of  this  story  is  an  intimate 
study  of  a  young  journalist  in  the  Russo- 
Japanese  War.  The  second  part  has  to 
do  with  love  and  ambition. 

Gold.  By  Stewart  Edward  White.  (Hod- 
der &  Stoughton.) — A  tale  of  the  rush  for 
gold  to  California. 

Handicapped.  By  David  Lyall.  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton.) — A  collection  of  "  human 
documents  "  illustrating  the  power  of 
Christianity. 

Hell's  Playground.  By  Ida  V.  Simonton. 
(Gay  &  Hancock.) — Concerns  the  condi- 
tions of  life  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa. 

James.  By  W.  Dane  Banks.  (Sidgwick  <v 
Jackson. ) — The  story  of  the  rise  of  a 
Lancashire  lad  from  office  boy  to  financier. 

Lismoyle.  By  B.  M.  Croker.  (Hutchinson.) 
— Describes  the  experiences  of  an  English 
heiress  who  spent  six  months  with  an 
unknown  aunt  in  Ireland. 

Love  in  a  Thirsty  Land.  By  Mrs.  Inchbold. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) — The  scene  of  Mrs. 
Inchbold' s  new  novel  is  laid  in  the  East, 
and  the  plot  concerns  the  romantic  history 
of  a  young  novice  who  is  pursued  and  cap- 
tured by  her  lover  before  she  can  be  im- 
mured, as  her  parents  desire,  in  a  convent. 

Maid  of  the  Mist.  By  John  Oxexham. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — A  tale  of  love 
and  adventure,  beginning  on  the  strip  of 
sand  known  as  Sable  Island. 

Mrs.  Vanderstein's  Jewels.  By  Marion 
Bryce.      (John  Lane.) — A  detective  story. 

Oh,  Mr.  Bidgood  !  a  Nautical  Comedy.  By 
Peter  Blundell.  (John  Lane.) — The 
action  of  this  story  takes  place  on  board 
a  steamer  carrying  contraband  in  the 
Eastern  seas  during  the  Russo-Japanese 
War.  The  first  mate,  the  second  engineer, 
and  another  minor  officer  all  enter,  against 
regulations,  into  contracts  to  carry  pas- 
sengers. Consequently,  a,  strangely  as- 
sorted group,  including  two  ladies,  make 
an  adventurous  voyage. 

Only  a  Dog's  Life.  By  Baron  von  Taube. 
(Lynwood.) — The  story  of  a  Siberian 
hound,  with  a  description  of  Russian 
characteristics  and  social  conditions. 

Silver  Sand.  By  S.  R.  Crockett.  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton.) — Mr.  Crockett  has  chosen 
for  his  period  the  stormy  one  of  the  Claver- 
house  dragonnades,  and  his  hero,  who  is 
of  the  gipsy  blood-roval.  is  loved  by  two 
women. 


No.  4605,  Feb.  28,  1914 


Til  E    A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


313 


The  Crowning  Glory.  By  E.  R.  Punshon. 
(Hodder  A  Stoughton.)  —The  story  of 
two  Bisters,  one  of  whom  becomes  a 
hedonist,  the  other  a  mystic. 

The  Fortunate  Youth.  By  \Viu.i\m  J. 
Locks.  (John  Lane.) — Mr.  Locke's  new 
hero  is  a  child  of  the  slums  who  wins  his 
way  in  remarkable  fashion,  but  later  has  to 
struggle  with  adverse  circumstances. 

The  Last  English.  By  George  Babtbam. 
(Sidgwick  <V  Jackson.)  —The  scene  of  this 
novel  is  laid  in  a  Midland  village  of  1840, 

amidst   an  atmosphere  of  poaching,  rustic 

love,  and  jealousy. 

The  Lost  Tribes.  By  Gkobge  A.  Birming- 
ham. (Smith  &  Elder.)— A  tale  of  Irish 
life  in  a  remote  village  of  the  West,  which 
is  agitated  by  visitors  from  America — a 
subject  which  should  give  scope  to  the 
author's  humour. 

The  Making  of  a  Bigot.  J'>y  Host:  Macau- 
lay.  (Hodder  &  stoughton.) — Miss  Mac- 
aulav's  hero,  the  son  of  an  old-fashioned 
Dean,  comes  from  Cambridge,  and  is 
attached  as  a  social  worker  among  the 
London  poor  to  a  High  Church  organiza- 
tion in  South  London.  After  many  ad- 
ventures he  becomes  convinced  that  to  be 
successful  "  a  man  must  be  a  bigot  and 
have  no  belief  that  anvbody  can  be  right 
but  himself." 

The  Making  of  a  Soul.  J5y  Kathlyx  Rhodes. 
(Hutchinson.) — The  marriage  of  a  girl 
with  a  man  intellectually  and  socially  her 
superior  provides  the  theme  of  this  story. 

The  Making  of  Blaise.  By  A.  S.  Turber- 
vii.le.  (Sidgwick  &  Jackson.) — A  study 
of  heredity. 

The  Ragged-Trousered  Philanthropists.  By 
Robert  Tressall.  Edited  by  Jessie 
Pope.  (Grant  Richards.) — A  posthumous 
novel  by  an  author  who  worked  as  a 
labourer. 

The  Sorcerer's  Stone.  By  Beatrice  Gri.m- 
shaw.  Eodder  &  Stoughton.) — The  part 
of  narrator  is  undertaken  by  an  Austra- 
lian, and  the  story  deals  with  the  discovery 
and  acquisition  of  the  Stone,  a  colossal 
diamond,  originally  the  property  of  a 
New  Guinea  sorcerer. 

The  Strong  Heart.  By  A.  R.  Gobjno- 
Thomas.  (John  Lane.)  —  Mr.  Goring- 
Thomas's  new  novel  is  simple  in  theme, 
but  contains  an  abundance  of  character- 
fetches. 

The  Tail  of  Gold.    By  David  Hennessey. 

Hodder    A    Stoughton.) — An    Australian 

ay  on  somewhat  similar  lines  to  those 

of     the    authors    previous    novel     '  The 

Outlaw.' 

The    Tresleys.        By    Henry    Cockbubn. 
Mi   n    ■    |     The  tragic  failure,  many  years 
ago.  of  the  city  and  Glasgow  Bank  form-, 
the  basis  <a  t his  story. 

The  Witch.  By  Maky  Johnston.  (Con- 
stable.)—.A    romance    Of    the    seventeenth 

century,  the  scene  of  which  i-  laid  partly 
in  England  and  partly  in  the  Bermud 
The  principal  char;  »i  the  story  a 

man    banned    by   the   country-side    as   a 

heretic,  and   a    woman    banned  as  a  witch, 

who  escape  from  Km/land  together. 

Unto  Caesar.  By  the  Baroness  Obczy. 
(Hodder   ,v    Stoughton.)     A    romance    of 

ancient  Rome,  in  which  the  patrician  hero- 
ine is  loved  and  converted  by  a  Christian.  I 


General. 

A  Dickens  Pilgrimage.  (Murray.)  \  re- 
print     of      the     series     of     articles     which 

recently  appeared  in  The  Times. 
Advertising  and  Selling.     By  11.  L.  Hoixing- 

WOBTH.      (AppletOn.) — Intended    for    sales 

managers,  advertising  managers,  and  such 
people  as  are  interested  in  the  practical 
side  of  advertising  and  selling. 

British  Shipping  :  its  History,  Organization, 
and  Improvements.  By  Adam  \Y.  Kirk- 
aldy. — The  Coal  Trade.  By  H.  Stan- 
ley JeVONS.  (Routledge,  and  Kegan 
Paul.) — New  volumes  in  the  "National 
Industries  Series,"  edited  by  Mr.  Henry 
Higgs. 

Cambridge  in  South  London,  the  Work  of  the 
College  Missions.  1883-1914.  Edited  by 
X.  B.  Kent.  (Cambridge.  Heffer.) — As  its 
title  indicates,  this  little  book  is  an  attempt 
to  give  an  account  of  what  has  been  and 
is  being  accomplished.  Each  College  Mis- 
sion has  its  own  section,  written  by  some 
one  intimately  acquainted  with  it,  and 
there  are  numerous  illustrations.  The 
Bishop  of  Southwark  has  furnished  an 
Introduction  summing  up  the  significance 
and  value  of  the  movement  as  a  whole. 

Club-Makers  and  Club  Members.  By  T.  H.  S. 
Escott.  (Unwin.)  —  Treats  the  subject 
from  the  evolutionary  standpoint,  start- 
ing with  the  beginnings  of  the  club  idea, 
and  showing  its  development  into  the 
club  life  of  the  present  day. 

Dictionary  of  Madame  de  Sevigne.  By  Ed- 
ward FitzGerald.  Edited  and  anno- 
tated by  his  Great-Xiece,  May  Eleanor 
FitzGerald  Kerrick.  2  vols.  "  Evers- 
ley  Series."  (Macmillan. ) — Consists  of  es- 
says by  FitzGerald  on  persons  mentioned 
in  the  letters  of  Madame  de  Sevigne, 
and  also  notes  by  him  on  the  various  sub- 
jects.    Annotations  by  the  editor  follow. 

Friends  round  the  Wrekin.  By  Lady  Cathe- 
rine Milnes  Gaskell.  (Smith  &  Elder.) 
— A  collection  of  history  and  legend, 
garden  lore  and  character-study,  similar 
to  that  contained  in  the  author's  '  Spring 
in  a  Shropshire  Abbey.' 

Garden  Cities  and  Canals.  By  J.  S.  Nettle- 
fold.  (St.  Catherine  Press. ) — Mr.  X-'ttle- 
fold  is  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  effective 
waterways.  J(l  the  present  book  he  also 
suggests  a  land  and  housing  reform  policy 
for  existing  cities  and  towns. 

Lancashire  Legends.  Selected  from  Roby's 
'  Traditions  of  Lancashire,'  and  edited  by 
M.  DowuAi.r,  and  R.  T.  Campagnac 
(Constable.) — Roby's  'Traditions  of  Lan- 
cashire,' from  which  the  stories  included 
in  this  volume  have  been  taken,  originally 
appeared  in  two  parts,  the  first  in  L829,  the 
eond  in  is.'!!. 

Leaves  from  a  Housekeeper's  Book.  By  the 
Author  of  "  From  Kitchen  to  Garret.' 
(Nash.)  Designed  to  meet  the  need-,  of 
present  -day  housewives. 

Our  Lady  Cinema.  By  Babb-s  Fubniss. 
(J,  \V.  Arrowsmith.)  Mr.  Furniss  has 
illustrated  his  dissi  rtation  on  the  kinema 
by  many  characterisl  ic  -I 

Practical  Town  Planning.  By  J.  S.  Netti  e 
i  oi. i).  (St.  Catheriru  Press.)  Mr.  Nettle- 
fold  deals  with  hi-  mbjocl  on  non  party 
lines.  He  has  had  the  advantage  of  putting 
■  mi-  ot  his  idea-  into  practice,  and  w 
bther  thai  his  methods  are  to  open  up 
cheap  land  and  protect  it  from  overcrowd- 
ing,     hut      not      to     prOA  ale     facihl  tea     for 


development,  such  as  roads,  trams,  sewers. 
Ac.  until  hygienic  and  economical  housing 
has    been    ensured.       lie    also    advocates    a 

reform  of  our  by-law  system,  and  reason- 
able Slate  loans. 

The  Indelicate  Duellist.  Adapted  from  the 
French  by  Mrs.  [bene  Osgood.  (John 
Richmond.)     M.   Jean    Joseph    Renaud 

contributes  the  Preface,  and  Mr.  W. 
Gordon   Mein  the  illustrations. 

The  Principles  of  War  Historically  Illus- 
trated.    Hy  Majob-Genebal  E.  A.  Alt- 

hui.  "Military  Text.  -  Hooks."  (Mac- 
millan.)—  An  attempt  to  illustrate  the 
principles  set  forth  in  Field  Service 
Regulations,  Part  I.,  by  a  study  of 
recent  campaigns.  On  account  of  the 
magnitude  of  these  campaigns,  major 
rather  than  minor  tactics  have  for  the 
most  part  been  considered,  and  restric- 
tions of  space  have  made  it  possible  to 
deal  only  with  the  most  important  of  the 
Regulations.  There  is  a  separate  volume 
of  maps,  and  an  Introduction  by  GENERAL 

Sib  Hobace  L.  Smith-Dorbien. 

Science. 

Flowering  Plants  of  the  Riviera.  By  H. 
Stuart  Thompson.  (Longmans.) — A  de- 
scriptive account  of  about  1,700  of  the 
commoner  and  more  interesting  species, 
with  an  Introduction  on  Riviera  Vegeta- 
tion by  Mr.  A.  G.  Tansley,  and  twenty- 
four  coloured  plates. 

India-Rubber  Laboratory  Practice.  Bj  W.  A. 

Caspari.  (Macmillan.)  —  An  attempt  to 
give  the  specialized  practical  information 
— at  least,  in  broad  outlines — required  by 
chemists  of  sound  general  training  who 
may  be  called  upon,  in  whatsoever 
capacity,  to  deal  with  india-rubber  and  its 
accessories. 

Insect  Artisans  and  their  Work.  By  Edward 
Step. — A  new  volume  in  Hutchinson's 
"  Nature  Library." 

Rock  Gardening  for  Amateurs.  I5y  H.  H. 
Thomas.  (Cassell.) — Aims  at  dispelling 
the  idea  that  rock  gardening  is  difficult 
and  expensive.  It  contains  full,  simple, 
and  practical  instructions  concerning  the 
making  and  planting  of  a  rock  gard<  a, 
together  with  descriptive  lists  of  the 
most  attractive  flowers. 

Submarine  Engineering  of  To-day.   By  C.  W. 

DOMVILLE-FlFE.  (Seeley     &      Seiwieo.) 

A   popular  account    of    the    methods    by 

which  sunken  ships  are  raised,  docks  liuilt. 

tunnels  excavated,  &c,  together  with  a 
description  of  the  latest  types  oi  sub- 
marine. 

The  Annals  of  the  Bolus  Herbarium,  Vol.  I. 
Part  I.  Edited  by  II.  II.  \V.  Peabson. 
(Cambridge  University  Press.)  This  work 
will   be  mainly  concerned  with  botanical 

work    directly    Or    indirectly     inspired     by 

Dr.    Bolus,   and    with    invesl  in- 

ducted in,  or  connected  w  ith,  th<  I  Solus 
I  lerbarium.  The  subji  ct  t  reated  is  the 
vegetation  of  South  Africa  in  particular, 
its  ta  sonomj  .  i  cologj  .  and  i  conomic  and 
geographical  side. 

The  Cambridge  British  Flora.  (Cambridge 
l'im  er  il  y  Pn  \  new  and  fullj   illus- 

trated British  Fiora,  ivritti  n  bj  C  E   Mfo* 

iated    bj    specialists   in   certain   \ 
and   illustrated   from  dr   win§     bj    E.   W. 
1 1 1  \  -.  <,  in  \.     Vol,   II..  w  ith  which  publi- 
i  ion  oi  the  work  bi  ( in     -  ill  b<   n  idj  in 
March,    and    will    deal    with    the    earlii 
Dicotyledonous    families,    including    mo 
the  I  Irit  ish  trees,  as  well  at  the  I  >•  >c\    . 


314 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


Goosefoots,  and  Glassworts.  An  interest- 
ing contribution  will  be  that  on  the 
Birches,  by  the  Rev.  E.  S.  Marshall. 
The  work  will  be  completed  in  about  ten 
volumes,  which,  so  far  as  is  practicable, 
will  be  issued  annually. 

The    Progress    of    Eugenics.    By    C.    W. 

Saleeby.  (Cassell.) — A  review  of  the 
subject  for  the  last  five  years,  based  on 
Dr.  Saleeby's  lectures  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution. 

Woman    in    Science.    By   H.    J.    Mozans. 

(Appleton.) — Dr.  Mozans  outlines  woman's 
capacity  for  scientific  pursuits,  and  takes 
up  her  achievements  in  all  departments. 
Besides  this,  he  discourses  upon  woman 
as  a  collaborator,  and  concludes  with  a 
hopeful  forecast  of  her  future  in  this  field. 

jfine  Hrts. 

Adventures  with  a  Sketch  Book.  By  Donald 
Maxwell.  Illustrated  by  the  Author. 
(John  Lane.) — Mr.  Maxwell  has  travelled 
over  Europe  for  his  subjects.  All  the 
illustrations  are  in  the  text  and  printed 
on  rough  surface  paper,  so  that  they  form 
an  integral  part  of  the  book. 

Amulets.  By  W.  M.  Flinders  Petbie. 
(Constable.)  —  This  study  of  Egyptian 
amulets  is  based  upon  the  collection  at 
University  College,  but  in  order  to  make 
clear  the  purpose  of  the  amulets,  and  the 
beliefs  underlying  them,  the  author  has 
discussed  their  use  in  other  lands. 

A  Short  History  of  Italian  Painting.  By  Miss 
A.  V.  V.  Bbown  and  William  Rankin. 
(Dent.) — A  guide  for  the  beginner,  em- 
bodying the  results  of  modern  criticism. 

A    Study    of    Gothic    Architecture.    By   T. 

Francis  Bumpus.  (Werner  Laurie.) — 
A  general  survey  of  Romanesque  and 
Pointed  Gothic  Architecture  in  Europe,  a 
prominent  place  being  assigned  to  that  of 
our  own  country.     It  is  fully  illustrated. 

Brush  and  Pencil  Notes  in  Landscape.    By 

Slr  Alfbed  East.  (Cassell.)— A  series 
of  thirty  reproductions  in  colour,  and 
twenty-four  in  pencil,  of  sketches  by  the 
late  Sir  Alfred  East,  which  form  an  inter- 
esting record  of  the  artist's  method  of 
work  and  selection  of  subject.  Mb. 
Edwin  Bale  contributes  an  Introduction. 

Frans  Hals  :  his  Life  and  Work.  Edited  by 
Wilhelm  von  Bode.  (Berlin,  Photo- 
graphische  Gesellschaft  ;  London,  Berlin 
Photographic  Co.) — A  sumptuous  work 
in  two  large  quarto  volumes,  printed  in 
red  and  black.  It  contains  an  historical 
Introduction,  a  catalogue  of  the  existing 
paintings  of  Frans  Hals  arranged  accord- 
ing to  the  places  where  they  now  are,  and 
nearly  300  pictures  reproduced  in  photo- 
gravure. The  English  letterpress  has 
been  supervised  by  Mb.  Maubice  W. 
Bbockwell,  and  there  is  an  essav  bv 
M.  J.  Bindeb. 

Greek  Sculpture  and  Modern  Art.    By  Sib 

Chables  Waldstein.  (Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press.) — Lectures  delivered  before 
the  Royal  Academy.  Illustrated  by  more 
than  seventy  full-page  plates. 

History  and  Methods  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Painting.  By  James  Wabd.  2  vols. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) — The  second  volume 
of  this  work  will  be  devoted  to  the  history 
of  the  various  schools  of  painting,  with 
descriptions  and  illustrations  of  the  more 
important  works  of  the  chief  artists  who 
flourished  from  the  days  of  Giotto  to 
modern  times. 


Lives  of  the  Painters,  &c.  By  Giobgio 
Vasabi.  (Lee  Warner.) — The  seventh 
of  the  ten  volumes  in  which  this  new 
translation  by  Mr.  Gaston  de  Vere  is 
presented.  The  ten  painters  in  this 
volume,  from  II  Tribolo  to  II  Sodoma, 
being  closer  to  the  author's  own  time, 
are  dealt  with  at  greater  length  than 
the  earlier  painters.  Illustrations  in 
colour  and  monochrome  are  liberally 
provided. 

Mexican  Archaeology.  By  Thomas  A. 
Joyce.  (Lee  Warner.) — An  introduc- 
tion to  the  archaeology  of  the  Mexican 
and  Mayan  civilizations  of  pre-Spanish 
America  on  the  same  lines  as  the 
author's  '  South  American  Archaeology. ! 
The  volume  forms  one  of  the  series  of 
"  Handbooks  to  Ancient  Civilizations," 
in  which  a  feature  is  made  of  numerous 
illustrations  of  the  objects  of  art  and 
industry  which  have  come  down  to  us. 

Mont  St.  Michel  and  Chartres.  By  Henry 
Adams.  (Constable.) — This  book  deals 
with  the  details  of  the  great  cathedral  and 
the  "  abbaye-chateau,"  and  is  also  a  study 
of  the  development  in  France  of  that  spirit 
for  which  we  seem  for  the  moment  to  have 
no  better  name  than  "  Medievalism." 

Monumental  Classic  Architecture  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  during  the  Eighteenth 
and    Nineteenth     Centuries.     By    A.    E. 

Richabdson.  (Batsford. ) — Illustrates  and 
records  the  examples  of  monumental 
classic  architecture  to  be  found  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  many  of  the  buildings 
and  their  designers  being  but  little  known. 
Mr.  Richardson's  book,  the  result  of  many 
years'  enthusiastic  labour,  promises  to 
have  a  marked  influence  upon  the  future 
of  architecture  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad.  It  is  illustrated  by  a  series  of 
photographs  specially  taken  by  Mb.  E. 
Dockbee,  and  measured  drawings  of  the 
more  important  Neo-Classic  buildings. 

Northern  Buddhism.  By  A.  Getty.  (Mil- 
ford.) — Gives  a  systematic  account  of  the 
iconography  of  the  several  deities,  and  is 
illustrated  by  nine  plates  in  colour  after 
the  original  objects  and  a  large  number 
of  half-tone  plates.  The  author  has  laid 
under  contribution  the  "  Collection  Getty  " 
of  Northern  Buddhist  idols,  and  others 
in  various  European  and  Eastern  museums. 

Oriental  Rugs  :  Antique  and  Modern.  By 
Walter  A.  Hawley.  (John  Lane.) — 
For  several  years  Mr.  Hawley  has  devoted 
his  whole  time  to  studying  Oriental  rugs, 
and  he  has  succeeded  in  revealing  many 
new  facts  which  should  prove  of  interest. 

Palace     and     Mosque     at     Ukhaidir.     By 

Gertrude  Lowthian  Bell.  (Milford.) — 
Miss  Bell  is  already  known  as  one  of  the  first 
explorers  of  the  palace  of  Ukhaidir,  a  great 
mass  of  ruins  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Syrian  Desert.  She  is  mainly  concerned 
here  with  these  buildings,  but  deals  also 
with  other  monuments  of  early  Moham- 
medan architecture,  and  combines  all 
the  known  data  in  a  comparative  study. 
There  are  nearly  a  hundred  plans  and 
photographs  of  Ukhaidir  and  other  build- 
ings. 

Religion  and  Art.  By  Alessandbo  Della 
Seta.  (Unwin.) — A  study  of  the  develop- 
ment of  religious  art  from  prehistoric 
times  to  the  Renaissance. 

Romney.  By  Randall  Davies.  (A.  &  C. 
Black.) — Mr.  Davies  claims  for  Romney 
third  place  in  England  as  a  portrait 
painter — next  to  Reynolds  and  Gains- 
borough. 


The  Book  of  Genesis.  (Lee  Warner.)— 
The  Riccardi  Press  edition,  which  will 
be  uniform  with  '  Marcus  Aurelius  ' 
and  '  The  Heroes  ' — both  of  which  are 
now  out  of  print — will  contain  ten 
water-colour  illustrations  by  Mb.  F. 
Cayley  Robinson. 

The  History  of  Sculpture.  By  Basil  Gotto. 
(Chapman  &  Hall. ) — A  short  history  of  the 
art  of  sculpture  from  the  earliest  times, 
divided  into  six  epochs:  (1)  Egyptian,. 
Cretan,  Assyrian  ;  (2)  Greek  ;  (3)  Graeco- 
Roman  and  Roman  ;  (4)  Gothic  ;  (5) 
Renaissance  ;  (6)  French  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury. One  of  the  objects  of  the  author  is 
to  show  the  influences  which  animated  each 
age  of  sculpture,  and  the  relation  of  each 
school  to  the  one  which  succeeded  it.  He 
also  deals  with  the  influence  of  religion 
upon  sculpture. 

The  Indian  Stories  of  F.  W.  Bain.  (Lee 
Warner. ) — This  ten-volume  edition  in 
the  "  Riccardi  Press  Books  "  will  be 
soon  well  on  its  way  to  completion  by 
the  issue  of  regular  monthly  volumes. 
The  set  is  strictly  limited  to  500  sets 
on  hand-made  paper.  Next  in  order  to 
appear  will  be  '  A  Draught  of  the  Blue.* 

The  Pigments  and  Mediums  of  the  Old 
Masters.  With  a  Special  Chapter  on  The 
Microphotographic    Study    of    Brushwork. 

By  A.  P.  Laubie.  (Macmillan.) — The 
researches,  the  results  of  which  are 
recorded  in  this  volume,  were  under- 
taken by  Dr.  Laurie  with  a  practical 
object.  It  seemed  to  him  that  more  exact 
knowledge  of  the  pigments  and  mediums 
used  at  various  dates  in  the  history  of 
art,  along  with  methods  of  identification 
which  could  be  carried  out  without  injury 
to  the  painted  surface,  would  prove  of 
great  value  in  determining  the  dates  of 
works  of  art  and  detecting  forgeries.  He 
here  gives  the  results  of  his  investigations. 

The  Principles  of  Greek  Art.  By  Pebcy 
Gardner.  (Macmillan.) — This  is  a  revised 
and  largely  rewritten  edition  of  Prof. 
Gardner's  '  Grammar  of  Greek  Art.'  The 
changes  and  additions  are  considerable. 

Velasquez.  By  Randall  Davies.  (A.  &  C. 
Black.) — The  author  has  taken  Sefior 
Beruete  as  his  chief  authority. 

2>rama. 

Damaged  Goods :  a  Play.  By  Eugene 
Bbieux.  Translated  by  John  Pollock. 
(Fifield.) — The  text  of  the  play  produced 
recently  at  the  Little  Theatre.  For  notice 
see  last  week's  Athenceum,  p.  283. 

Five  Plays.  By  Loed  Dunsany.  (Grant 
Richards. ) — Contains  '  The  Gods  of  the 
Mountain,'  '  The  Golden  Doom,'  '  King 
Argimenes  and  the  Unknown  Warrior,* 
'The  Glittering  Gate,'  and  'The  Lost 
Silk  Hat.'- 

Playing  with  Love.  (Gay  &  Hancock.)  — 
A  translation  by  P.  M.  Shand  of  Schnitz- 
ler's  three-act  play  '  Leibelei.'  There  is 
an  Introduction  by  the  translator,  and 
the  volume  also  includes  a  verse -rendering, 
by  Trevor  Blakemore,  of  Hugo  von  Hof- 
mannthal's  '  Prologue  to  Anatol.' 

The  Two  Virtues.  By  Alfbed  Sutbo. 
(Duckworth.) — A  new  play  to  be  pro- 
duced on  March  5th  at  the  St.  James's 
Theatre. 

The  Widowing  of  Mrs.  Holroyd.  By 
D.  H.  Lawrence.  (Duckworth.)  —  A 
drama  in  three  acts  by  the  author  of 
'  Sons  and  Lovers.' 


'No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


:U 


» 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


THEOLOGY. 

Abbott    (Edwin    A.),    Tin:     F.u  ltioi.n    Gospel, 
Section  II.,  12  i>  net.        Cambridge  I'niv.  Press 
This     section,     entitled     •  The     Beginning,' 
l>elongs  to  Pari  X.  of  the  author's  '  Diatessariea.' 
Bethune-Baker  (J.  F.),  Tin;  Miru  i.e  op  Chris- 
tianity, a   Plea  for  "the    Critical    School"  in 
regard  to  the  Use  of  the  Creeds,  tS«\  net. 

Longmans 
This    letter    is    addressed    to    the    Bishop    of 
Oxford,  in  reply  to  one  of  his  which  appeared  in 
The  TimtB  last  December. 

Biggs  (C.  R.  Davey),  Comity.  Concord,  and 
Commvxion.  an  Appeal  to  Anglicans,  with  a 
Note  on  the  Proceedings  at  Kikuvu.  tirf.  net. 

Oxford,  Blackwell 

A  paper   reproduced   in   a  slightly   abridged 

form  from  The  Contemporary   Review,  with  some 

additional  remarks  on  '  The  Proposed  Scheme  of 

Federation.' 

Drake  (F.  W.),  The  Call  of  the  Lord,  2/6  net. 

Longmans 
A   devotional    book   on    the   appearances   of 
Christ  to  His  followers  after  the  Resurrection. 
Monteflore  (C.  G.),  Judaism  and  St.  Paul,  Two 
Essays,  2/6  net.  Goschen 

These  essavs  are  '  The  Genesis  of  the  Reli- 
gion of  St.  Paul  '  and  '  The  Relation  of  St.  Paul 
to  Liberal  Judaism.' 

Some  Counsels  of  S.  Vincent  de  Paul,  to  which  is 

appended   The   Thoughts   of   Mademoiselle 

le    Gras,    translated   and   selected    by    E.    K. 

Sanders,   1  /  net.  Heath  &  Cranton 

The  '  Counsels  of  S.  Vincent  de  Paul  '  were 

addressed   to   the   Companies   of  Mission   Priests 

and   Sisters   of   Charity  ;     the    '  Thoughts  '    were 

written  for  the  help  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  of 

whom  Mile,  le  Gras  was  the  first  Superior. 

Wilberforce    (Archdeacon),   Mystic    Immanence, 

the  Indwelling  Spout,  1/6  net.  Stock 

A  book  of  meditation  in  the  "  Purple  Series," 

containing  four  sermons. 

LAW. 

Clark  (E.  C),  History  of  Roman  Private  Law  : 
Part  II.  Jurisprudence,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
This  work  is  intended  for  students,   and   is 
supplied   with  foot-notes  and   a  selected  Biblio- 
graphy. 

Trial  of  the  Seddons,  edited  by  Filson  Young, 
"  Notable  English  Trials  Series,"  5/  net. 

William  Hodge 
A  verbatim  report  of  the  ten  days'  trial  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seddon,  with   an   Introduction  and 
Appendixes. 

POETRY. 

King  (Edw.  G.),  The  Poem  of  Job,  translated  in 
the  Metre  of  the  Original,  5/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

In  this   translation,   made  according  to   the 

principle   of   accented   syllables,   the   author   has 

avoided  reference  to  textual  criticism.     There  are 

foot-notes  and  a  brief  Introduction. 

Mugge  (Maximilian  A.),  Darts  of  Defiance, 
Sonnets  and  Other  Poems,  2/6  net.  Lynwood 
Some  of  the  pieces  in  this  collection  are 
entitled  '  Fuge  Quaerere,'  '  The  Lover's  Vow,' 
'  Oxford  and  London,'  '  Wahre  Grosze,'  and 
•  Fortschritt.' 

Shlrrefl  (A.  G.),  The  Tale  of  Florentius,  and 
Othkr  POEMS,  1/6  net.  Oxford.  Blackwell 

A  small  collection  of  verses,  with  illustrations 
by  Mi-  Elsie  Lunn.  The  contents,  which  the 
author  describee  in  a  ballade,  include  a  narrative 
piece  'The  Tale  of  Florentius,'  an  ode  to  Hood, 
triolets,  parodies,  and  translations  from  Italian, 
Hindi,  and  Sanskrit. 

Warrack  (Grace),  Piobilboio  DI  Canti  Toscani  : 

Folk-Songs  of  the  Tuscan    Hills,   with    English 

Renderings,  10/8  net.  Iforing 

These    Tuscan     folk-songs,    including     songs 

of   lovers,   mothers,   and    children,    and    song 

-icred   story,  are   printed    in    the    Italian,  with  an 

Knglish   rendering   on   the   opposite   page.     Mi m 

Warrack  has  written  an  Introduction,  and  there 

are  illustrations  from  paintings,  pencil  drawings, 

and  photographs. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Walter    (Rev.    Johnston    Estepi,     Nvniu;    and 
Coonition  of  SPACE  and  Time,    91.35. 

w.  -t  Newton,  Pa.,  Johnston  <v  Penney 
This  discussion  is  based  upon  the  ••  funda- 
mental postulates  "f  dnalistic  Realism." 


Taunton  Public  Library,  BlOHTB  REPORT  OF  the 

Liuhakian,  for  the  Year  ended  iilst   December, 

1918.  Taunton,  E.  Goodman 

A  report  on  the  issues  of  books  and  condition 

of   the   library   during   the  year,   with  statistical 

tables. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Goncourt  (Edmond  and  Jules  de),  Madame  Du 
Barry,    12/6  net.  Long 

An  illustrated  Life,  including  an  account  of 
contemporary  history. 

Haggard  (Lieut.-Col.  Andrew  C.  P.),  Remarkable 
Women  of  France,  from  1431  to  1749,  16/  net. 

Stanley  Paul 
Thirty-one  sketches  of  women  whose  actions 
influenced  the  course  of  public  affairs  in  France 
during  the  period.     There  are  illustrations. 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Nations,  Part  II., 
Id.  net. 

The  article  on  the  Egyptians  is  here  concluded, 
and  Prof.  H.  A.  Giles  writes  on  the  Chinese. 

James  (Mary  EJ,  Alice  Ottley,  A  Memoir, 
6/  net.  Longmans 

This  memoir  of  the  first  Head  Mistress  of  the 
Worcester  High  School  for  Girls,  has  an  Intro- 
duction by  the  Bishop  of  Worcester  ;  it  contains 
an  Appendix  on  Miss  Ottley's  influence,  reprinted 
from  The  Treasury  of  November,  1912,  and  some 
of  her  letters. 

Ledger-Book  of  Vale  Royal  Abbey  (The),  edited 
by  John  Brownbill.  Record  Society 

A  translation  by  Miss  Ethel  Stokes  of  a  seven- 
teenth-century transcript  of  the  Ledger-Book  of 
the  Cistercian  Abbey  of  Vale  Royal  in  Delamere 
Forest,  comprising  a  history  of  the  abbey,  an 
account  of  the  pleas  and  evidences,  and  a  collec- 
tion of  Papal  bulls  granting  privileges  to  the 
Cistercian  Order.  There  are  Appendixes  and  an 
Introduction  by  Mr.  Brownbill. 

Moses  (Robert),  The  Civil  Service  of  Great 
Britain,  "  Studies  in  History,  Economics,  and 
Public  Law,  Columbia  University."  King 

A  study  of  the  reforms  which  have  taken 
place  during  the  last  sixty  years  in  the  English 
Civil  Service,  with  special  reference  to  the  influ- 
ence these  have  had  on  the  Civil  Service  of  the 
United  States. 

Mumby  (Frank  Arthur),  Elizabeth  and  Mary 
Stuart,  the  Beginning  of  the  Feud,  10/6  net. 

Constable 
A  history  of  the  first  phase  in  the  rivalry 
between  the  two  queens,  illustrated  by  contempo- 
rary    letters.       The     book     ends      with     Mary's 
marriage  to  Darnley. 

Navy  Records  Society :  Vol.  XLIV.  The  Old  Scots 
Navy,  from  1689  to  1710,  edited  by  James 
Grant. 

Containing  papers  relating  to  the  Scottish 
Navy  during  the  period,  with  a  General  Introduc- 
tion, Introductions  to  each  chapter,  and  an  Index. 

Nepean  (Mrs.  Evan),  On  the  Left  of  a  Throne, 

a  Personal  Study  of  James,  Duke  of  Monmouth, 

10/6  net.  Lane 

The  author  aims  at  giving  a  study  of   the 

Duke's   personality,   and   indicating   the   part   he 

played  in  the  political  intrigues  of  his  day. 

Pape  (T.),  Warton  and  George  Washington's 
Ancestors,  6d. 

Morecambe,  Visitor  Printing  Works 
An     illustrated     description     of     the     neigh- 
bourhood  and    its   associations    with    the    Wash- 
ington family. 

Pollen  (Anne),  Mother  Mabel  Digby,  a  Bio- 
graphy of  the  Superior  General  of  the  Society  of 
the  Sacred  Heart,  1835-1911,  12/  net. 

John  Murray 
Cardinal  Bourne  has  written  a  Preface  to  this 
biography,    which    throws    light    on    the    recent 
expulsion  of  the  Orders  from  France. 

Reyburn  (Hugh  Y.),  Job x  Cm.vin,  his  Life,  Letters, 

and  Work,  6/  net.  Ilodder  &  Stoughton 

A     detailed     account    of    Calvin's     life,     with 

chapters  on  his  personal  characteristics,  his  work 

and  t  beology. 

Robinson  (Fr.  Paschal),  The  Seventh  Centenary 
of  Roger  Bacon,  1211    1914. 

Washington,  I  >.< '. 
\    paper-  reprinted   from    The  Catholic   Uni- 
versily  Btiuetin. 

Rowan-Robinson  (Major  H.),  Tin:  CAMPAIGN  OF 
Lia<i-Yan<;.  <>  •>  net.  Constable 

A     Study    of     modern     warfare     in     the    series 

"Campaigns  and   their   Lessons,"   in   which   the 

author  records  the  chief  events  of  the  Basso- 
Japanese  War  down  to  the  battle  of  Liao-Yang. 
The  narrative  is  Illustrated  with  maps  and  plans. 


Shortt  (L.  M.),  Lives  and  Leoe.nds  ok  ENGLISH 

S  \INTS,  (>/   net.  Metliuen 

Accounts  of  native  saints,  told  with  due  atten- 
tion to  historical  detail  and  the  beauty  of  the 
various  legends. 

Wylle  (James  Hamilton),  The  Keign  of  Henry 
the  Fifth,  Vol.  I.  (1418—15),  25/  net. 

Cambridge  Univ.  Press 
This   work,   which   will   be   completed   in   four 
volumes,   is  a  continuation  of  the  author's   '  His- 
tory  of   England   under-   Henry   IV.'      The  present 
volume  deals  with  Henry's  preparations  for  the 

French  campaign,  and  ends  with  the  sailing  of  the 
first  expedition  for  llarlleur. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Bosanquet  (Mrs.  R.  C),  Days  in  Attica,  7/6  net. 

Methuen 
A  book  for  the  traveller  to  Athens  who  is  not 
"  the  professed  scholar."  It  gives  sketches  of  the 
history  of  the  city  from  legendary  times  to  the 
present  day,  and  describes  the  antiquities  belong- 
ing to  each  period.  There  are  illustrations  and 
plans. 

Hyatt    (Stanley    Portal),    The    Old    Transport 

Koad,  7/6  net.  Melrose 

Memories  of  life  on  the  old  transport  road  of 

South  Africa,  in  the  days  before  railways  had  been 

built.     There  are  illustrations. 

Ordnance  Survey,  England  and  Wales,  Sheet  35 » 

"  Large  Sheet  Series,"  paper  1/6  net,  linen  2/ 

net.  Unwin 

A  map  of  the  district  of  Bolton,  Warrington, 

and  St.  Helens,  on  a  scale  of  1  inch  to  a  mile. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Gathorne-Hardy  (Alfred  Ersklne),  My  Happy 
Hunting  Grounds,  with  Notes  on  Sport  and 
Natural  History,  10/6  net.  Longmans 

A  sportsman  and  naturalist's  reminiscences 
of  his  hunting  grounds  in  Scotland,  Sark,  and 
Norway.  Portions  of  the  book  are  reproduced 
from  The  Cornhill,  Country  Life,  and  other  maga- 
zines. There  are  illustrations  from  drawings  by 
Mr.  G.  E.  Lodge,  Sir  Frank  Lockwood,  and 
Mr.  W.  A.  Toplis,  and  photographs. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Blaiklock  (George),  The  Alcohol  Factor  in 
Social  Conditions  :  some  Facts  for  Re- 
formers, edited  by  John  Turner  Rae,  1/  net. 

King 
This  is  the  report  of  a  special  inquiry  into 
the  social  and  economic  evils  of  alcoholic  drink- 
ing, made  by  a  Sub-Committee  for  the  National 
Temperance  League. 

ECONOMICS. 

Halifax,  Bankfleld  Museum  Notes,  Second  Series, 
No.  3,  The  Letter  Books  of  Joseph  Holroyd 
(Cloth-Factor)  and  Sam  Hill  (Clothier), 
transcribed  and  edited  by  Herbert  Heaton,  2/ 

Halifax,  F.  King 
These     letters     illustrate     the     nature     and 
organization  of  the  Yorkshire  woollen  and  worsted 
industries  in  the  early  eighteenth  century.     Mr. 
Heaton    writes    an    Introduction,    and    Mr.    Ling 
Roth  (Keeper  of  the  Museum)  a  Preface. 
Knauth  (Oswald  Whitman),  The  Policy  of  the 
United   States  towards  Industrial  MONO- 
POLY",   "  Studies    in    History,    Economics,    and 
Public  Law,  Columbia  University,"  8/ 

King 

An  analysis  of  the  policy  of  the  Congress, 
Executive,    and    Supreme    Court    towards    some 
specific  questions  relating  to  industrial  monopoly. 
Liverpool  Economic  and  Statistical  Society  :     The 
First   Year's   Working   of   thh    Liverpool 
Docks  Scheme,  l>y  It.  Williams.  King 

This  paper,  giving  an  account  of  the  organiza- 
tion and  working  of  the   Liverpool    Dock  Scheme, 
was  read  before  the  Society  last  November. 
Osborne  (Algernon  Ashburner),  BpecqXATIOS  0M 
the  Xew  yobs  Stock  Exchange,  September, 
190-1,   to   March,   1907,  "Studies  In    History, 
Economics,   and    Public    Law,   Columbia    I  Di- 
versity," 0/  ,  .     K,"« 
A  critical  analysis  of  the  functions  oi  organ- 
ized speculation,  in  the  light  ol  event,  "hichtook 

place  during   tie-   period    under  discii-sidi.   witB   a 

chapter  on  remedial  measures. 

POLITICS. 

Ottoman  Public  Debt:  SPECIAL  REPORT,  FOL- 
LOWED   BY.    A    TRAKSLATIOM    01     THE     \nniai. 

Report  of  the  O01  hcel  of  Adminis  raaTioN 

BOB     Tin:      Tiiiut-,-1   li:-r      FINANCIAL      I'EKIol. 

(l  in,   March,  1912,  to  the  18th  March,  1918), 
by  so-  Adam  Block. 
Containing  ■  ■  Bpecial  report  on  the  admini 

tion   of  tin-  Ottoman    Public   Debt,  and    the   annual 
report    on    the   revenue,   e\ p. uses   of   man  1  .-•  ne  nl , 

and    -I  \  Lee  of  1  he  debl  • 


316 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


Sands  (Bedwin),  The  UKRAINE,  Reprint  of  a 
Lecture  delivered  on  Ukrainian  History  and 
Present-Day  Political  Problems,  2/  net. 

Francis  Griffiths 
A  second  impression  of  a  study  of  a  problem 
of  international  politics. 

Wakefield  (Edward  Gibbon),  A  View  op  the 
ART  of  Colonization,  in  Letters  between  a 
Statesman  and  a  Colonist,  with  an  Introduction 
by  James  Collier,  5/  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
In    his    Introduction     Mr.    Collier    gives    a 
sketch  of  Wakefield's  life,  and  discusses  the  cir- 
cumstances  in   which    this   famous    treatise   was 
written. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Johnson,  Life   of  Dryden,  edited  by  A.  J.  F. 

Collins,  2/  University  Tutorial  Press 

The  essay  is  fully  annotated,  and  is  preceded 

by    an  Introduction  giving  a  life  of  Johnson,  an 

appreciation  of  his   critical  writings,   and   a  life 

of  Dryden. 

Poetry  and  Life  Series  :  Browning  and  his 
Poetry,  by  Ernest  Rhys  ;  Wordsworth  and 
his  Poetry,  by  William  Henry  Hudson  ; 
Schiller  and  his  Poetry,  by  the  same, 
1/  net  each.  Harrap 

Three    more    volumes    in   this    series,    which 

aims    at   illustrating   the   life   of   a   poet   by   his 

writings. 

Verrall  (A.  W.),  Lectures  on  Dryden,  edited 
by  Margaret  de  G.  Verrall,  7  /6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
These  lectures  on  the  character  and  influence 

of  Dryden's  work  as  a  prose  writer  and  poet  were 

delivered  at  Cambridge  in  the  autumn  of  1911, 

and  have  been  edited  by  Mrs.  Verrall  from  the 

original  manuscript  notes. 

EDUCATION. 

Benson  (Arthur  Christopher),  The  Schoolmaster, 

a  Commentary  upon  the  Aims  and  Methods  of 

an  Assistant-Master  in  a  Public  School,  Third 

Edition,  1/  net.  John  Murray 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Boyd   (William),   From   Locke   to   Montessori, 

a  Critical  Account  of  the  Montessori  Point  of 

View,  2  /6  net.  Harrap 

In   the    historical   section    of   this    book   the 

author  seeks  to  show  how  far  Dr.  Montessori  is 

indebted  to  her  predecessors  ;    he  then  makes  a 

critical  examination  of  her  system  of  education. 

Franklin  (William  Suddards),  Bui's  School  and 
Mine,  a  Collection  of  Essays  on  Education. 
South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Franklin  &  MacNutt 
Includes  essays  on  '  The  Study  of  Science,' 

'  Part  of  an  Education,'  and  '  The  Public  School.' 

Gilbert  (Charles  B.),  What  Children  Study  and 

Why,  a  Discussion  of   Educational  Values  in 

the  Elementary  Curriculum,  3/6  net.       Harrap 

The  author's  aim  is  to  give  "  a  few  of  the 

practical   psychological    and    sociological    reasons 

for  teaching  the  subjects  found  in  most  of  our 

elementary  school  curricula." 

Kindergarten  (The)  :  Reports  of  the  Committee 

of  Nineteen  on  the  Theory  and  Practice 

of  the  Kindergarten,  3/6  net.  Harrap 

This  volume,  authorized  by  the  International 

Kindergarten  Union,  contains  an  Introduction  by 

Miss  Annie  Laws,  and  reports  by  Miss  Susan  E. 

Blow,    Miss   Fatty   S.    Hill,    and   Miss    Elizabeth 

Harrison. 

Klemm  (L.  R.),  Public  Education  in  Germany 

and  in  the  United  States,  5/  net.         Harrap 

A     collection     of     essays     reviewing     public 

education  in  the  two  countries. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Bell  (C.  W.),  Intermediate  Exercises  in 
French  Grammar  and  Composition,  9d. 

Harrap 

This  course  of  French  Grammar  is  arranged 

in  three  grades  of  easiness,  with  revision  exercises, 

and  selected  pieces  of  continuous  prose  for  boys 

of  the  Middle  Forms. 

Blackie's  Experimental  Arithmetics,  Book  VII., 
bd. 

There  are  here  preliminary  exercises  in  the 
general  rules  of  arithmetic,  followed  by  others 
specially  designed  as  a  preparation  for  the  work- 
shop and  the  office. 

Blackie's  Experimental  Arithmetics,  Constructive 
and  Generalized,  Teacher's  Guide  to  Book 
VII.,  by  Bertram  A.  Tomes,  1/6 

Answers  to   the  exercises  are   given  on  the 
opposite  page,  and  in  some  cases  hints  and  sug- 
gestions for  the  teacher  are  added. 
Braginton  (W.),  Arithmetic  Papers  for  Senior 
Pupils,    Set    in    Civil    Service,    Matriculation, 
Higher    and    Lower    Certificate    Examinations, 
with  Answers,  2/6  Macdonald  &  Evans 

This  collection  of  arithmetic  papers  is  pri- 
marily intended  for  the  use  ofj  candidates  for  the 
Civil  Service. 


Durell  (Clement  V.),  Test  Papers  in  Elementary 

Algebra,  3/6  Macmillan 

A    collection    of    papers    for    home-work    to 

supplement  those  given  in  textbooks.       A  set    of 

graphical    examples    is    added    at   the   end.      The 

book  is  supplied  with  answers. 

Elias  (Edith  L.),  English  Lilerature  in  Prose 

and  Verse,  from  Dryden  to  Burke.  Harrap 

An  anthology  of  prose  and  verse,  illustrating 

English  literature  during  the  eighteenth  century. 

Each   extract   is   preceded   by   brief   explanatory 

notes. 

Fabliaux  et  Contes  du  Moyen  Age,  edites  par  J.  E. 
Mansion,  1  /6  Harrap 

These  stories,  which  are  illustrated,  include 
'  Aucassin  et  Nicolette  '  and  '  Les  Trois  Larrons,' 
and  notes  and  a  Vocabulary. 
Hall  (H.  R.),  The  Threshold  of  History,  1/ 

Harrap 
A  description  of  the  ways  of  life  of  primitive 
people  in  the  Bronze  Age,  written  in  the  form 
of  a  story,  with  illustrations. 

Latter  (H.),  Progressive  Precis  Writing, 
Exercises  in  Preci-i  Writing  progressively 
arranged  with  Instructions,  3/6  Blackie 

This  collection  is  intended  to  cover  the  field 
from  the  beginning  of  the  subject  up  to  the  stand- 
ard demanded  for  the  Entrance  Examination  for 
Woolwich  and  Sandhurst.  It  is  hoped  it  will 
prove  useful  for  all  examinations  in  which  precis 
writing  is  demanded. 

Le  Brun  (Madame),  Souvenirs,  chosen  and  edited 
by  Edith  H.  Herbert,  "  Little  French  Classics," 
id.  Blackie 

Contains  a  biographical  Introduction,  notes, 
and  exercises  on  the  French  text. 
Level    (Maurice)    and    Robert-Dumas    (Charles), 
Contes  de  l'Heure  Presente,  annotes  par 
J.    S.    Norman     and    Charles     Robert  -  Dumas, 
"  Copyright  French  Texts,"  lOd.  Blackie 

The  texts  are  accompanied  by  notes,  a.  Voca- 
bulary, Introduction,  and  subjects  for  exercises. 
Macaulay,    Lays    of  Ancient  Rome,  with  The 
Armada,  Ivry,  and  Naseby,  lOd.  Blackie 

This  edition  of  the  Lays  contains  a  short 
biographical  sketch  of  Macaulay,  the  author's 
Preface,  and  notes.  There  are  also  prefatory 
notes  to  each  ballad  on  the  events  described, 
in  it  and  its  metre. 

Moncrieff  (A.  R.  Hope),  Heroines  of  European 
History,  1/6  Blackie 

Contains  simple  reading  lessons  in  which 
accounts  of  celebrated  women  are  given,  arranged 
so  as  to  illustrate  successive  scenes  of  history. 
The  list  includes  St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary, 
Isabella  of  Castile,  and  Lady  Jane  Grey. 
Richards  (F.  H.),  Hygiene  for  Girls,  2/6  net. 

Harrap 

A    discussion    on   practical   hygiene,    with    a 

study    of    enough    anatomy    and    physiology    to 

form  a  suitable  groundwork  for  the  subject.     A 

special  chapter  is  included  on  '  Emergencies.' 

Scott    (E.    H.)    and    Jones    (Frank),    A   Shorter 

Second  Latin  Course,  2/  Blackie 

An    abridgment  *  of     the    authors'    original 

Second  Course.     The  chief  changes  are  indicated 

in  the  Preface. 

Seidel  (Heinrich),  Der  Unsichtbare,  oder  Die 
Geschichte  des  Jungen  Herrn  Anton, 
edited  by  Alfred  Oswald,  "  German  Texts,"  Qd. 

Blackie 
Includes   notes,   passages    for    retranslation, 
Vocabulary,  list  of  idioms,  and  Introduction. 
Synthetic     Latin     Vocabularies,     arranged     in 
Related    Groups    for    Memorizing,    a    Pre- 
paration for  Sight  Translation,  compiled  by  the 
Rev.  Hedley  V.  Taylor,  1  /  Blackie 

This  vocabulary  contains  some  fifteen 
hundred  words,  arranged  in  groups  such  as 
Government  and  Administration,  Law  and 
Justice,  Religion,  Warfare  ;  the  more  elementary 
terms  have  been  purposely  omitted. 
Theuriet,  L'Oncle  Scipion  et  sa  Promesse, 
edited  by  James  P.  Park,  "  Longer  French 
Texts,"  Hd.  Blackie 

Contains  Vocabulary,  exercises  for  retransla- 
tion, notes,  and  phrase  list. 

Thierry,     Recits     des     Temps     Merovingiens, 

edited,     by     Taylor     Dyson,     "  Little     French 

Classics,"  4<Z.  Blackie 

Includes  a  notice  on  Thierry  as  an  historian, 

notes,  and  exercises. 

Torelle  (Ellen),  Plant  and  Animal  Children, 
How  They  Grow,  2/6  net.  Heath 

Written  especially  for  children  in  elementary 
schools,  and  concerned  with  showing  the  relation  of 
the  facts  and  principles  of  growth  and  develop- 
ment in  the  plant  and  animal  worlds  to  human 
life. 

Vigny    (Alfred    de),    Lamette,    ou    Le    Cachet 

Rouge,    edited    by    Thomas    Keen,     "  Little 

French  Classics,"  id.  Blackie 

Includes  notes,   Glossary,   and  passages    for 

retranslation. 


FICTION. 

Abbott   (Eleanor  Hallowell),  The  White  Linen 

Nurse,  6/  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

An  American  story  in  which  is  related  the 

improbable  courtship  of  a  senior  surgeon  and  a 

hospital  nurse. 

Ayscough  (John),  Monksbridge,  6/ 

Chatto  &  Windus 
The  tale  deals  with  a  quiet  country  town, 
and  the  fortunes,  as  engineered  by  the  eldest 
daughter,  of  a  poor,  but  well-descended  family 
who  have  a  residence  there  left  them  by  will. 
Barnett  (John),  Trader  Carson,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
The    perilous    adventures     of     a    free-lance 
trader  in  West  Africa. 

Cunninghame    (Alice),    Dorothea    of    Romney 
Marsh,  a  Romance  of  the  Commonwealth,  6/ 

Heath  &  Cranton 

The    daughter   of   a   Cavalier   and   a   young 

Puritan  in  the  service  of  the  Commonwealth  have 

many    adventures    before    their    union    is    made 

possible  through  the  self-sacrifice  of  a  rival  lover. 

Futrelle  (Jacques),  The  Master  Hand,  2/  net. 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 

The  adventures  of  the  master  of  a  thieves' 
gang,  and  his  efforts  to  requite  the  inj  uries  done 
to  him  by  one  of  his  men. 
Gallon  (Tom),  It  will  be  Alright,  6/ 

Hutchinson 

The  story  opens  on  board  a  liner  in  mid- 
ocean.  Rowley,  a  wealthy  man  'without  a  defi- 
nite aim  in  life,  and  tired  of  things  generally,  in 
collusion  with  the  ship's  steward  pretends  to 
commit  suicide  by  jumping  overboard.  His 
apparent  death  makes  a  poor  nephew,  Clement 
Strange,  heir  to  the  fortune.  The  sudden  access 
of  wealth  and  the  blandishments  of  Pamela,  a 
clever  adventuress,  turn  his  head.  During  a 
temporary  break  with  Pamela,  Strange  marries 
Dora,  the  love  of  his  struggling  days.  Eventually 
Pamela,  in  conjunction  with  Thurston,  the  un- 
scrupulous lawyer  to  Rowley's  estate,  separates 
the  newly  married  couple,  and  the  money  is  soon 
dissipated,  much  to  the  chagrin  of  Rowley,  who 
cannot  prevent  the  transaction. 

Goring-Thomas  (A.  R.),  The  Strong  Heart,  6/ 

Lane 

The  author  invites  his  readers  to  interest 
themselves  in  two  households  —  one  living  in 
Portland  Place,  the  other  in  a  south-western 
maisonette.  Both  are  dominated  by  women  of 
the  selfish,  foolish,  and  generally  unpleasant 
type  :  the  nominal  heads  of  both  are  mere  ciphers 
in  the  story.  The  point  of  contact  between  these 
twin  themes  is  long  delayed.  When,  however, 
two-thirds  through  the  book,  George  of  Portland 
Place  has  begun  to  visit  the  "  Blue  Lobster," 
where  Barbara  of  the  south-west  suburb  is  earning 
her  living  as  a  barmaid,  one  is  not  unprepared 
for  Book  II.,  which  is  devoted  to  the  subject  of 
their  married  life  and  the  breaking  down  of  the 
opposition  of  Portland  Place. 
Grier  (Sydney  C),  The  Path  to  Honour,  1/  net. 

Blackwood 

A  cheap  edition.  See  Athenaeum,  Oct.  9, 
1909,  p.  421. 

Harris  (Cora),  In  Search  of  a  Husband,  6/ 

Grant  Richards 

The  career  of  an  American  beauty,  and  her 
various  efforts  to  secure  a  husband. 
Hughes-Gibb  (Mrs.  E.),  Gilbert  Ray,  6/ 

Heath  &  Cranton 

The  mental  and  spiritual  experiences  of  a 
man  once  a  member  of  the  Church  of  England,  a 
writer  living  in  retirement.  He  is  suddenly 
brought  into  touch  with  intense  suffering  and 
discontent,  and  comes  to  realize  the  force  and 
meaning  of  the  message  which  he  has  for  humanity. 

Landor  (Buchan),  The  Purple  Light,  6/ 

Holden  &  Hardingham 

The  young  heroine  marries  a  wealthy  peer, 
with  tragic  results,  and  tries  to  solve  the  mystery 
of  the  Purple  Light,  which  is  to  bring  her  happi- 
ness. Curious  adventures  befall  her  before  she 
meets  her  final  destiny. 
Macaulay  (Rose),  The  Making  of  a  Bigot,  6/ 

Hodder  <te  Stoughton 

The  hero  belongs  to  the  Primiose  League  and 
the  Fabian  Society,  and  the  story  deals  with  his 
life,  friends,  and  interests  after  he  has  left  Cam- 
bridge. 
Makgill  (Sir  George),  Blacklaw,  6/  Methuen 

This  novel  presents  a  contrast  in  the  tem- 
peraments of  two  men  :  one  sacrifices  his  children's 
happiness  in  order  to  carry  out  his  own  puritanical 
sense  of  duty,  while  the  other  gives  up  his  life  to 
promote  his  son's  welfare. 

Maquet    (Auguste),    Marcelle    the    Lovable, 
translated  by  G.  F.  Monkshood,  6/        Greening 

A  translation  of  '  Les  Vertes-Feuilles.' 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,   1014 


THE     A  Til  KX.EUM 


:U7 


Reeves  .Amber),  A  Lady  and  iiki;  Husband,  0 

Heinemann 
8      p.  809. 
Russell  (Maries,  Russian  Rebels,  0  Griffiths 

Russian  life  and  characteristics  are  sketched 
at  length  in  this  account  of  an  Rnglish  governess's 
year  in  St.  Petersburg.  The  "  rebels  "  in  question 
are  hex  charges. 

Seth-Smith  (E.  K.),  THB  Way  OB  l.rrn.i:  GrDDLNG, 
;;  6  Allenson 

\  story  of  the  life  at  Little  Gidding,  in  which 
incidents  of  the  Civil  War  ate  described. 

Smith  (C  Fox),  Tin-:  Cm  or  HOPS,  t> 

Sidgwick  &  Jackson 
The  scenes  of  this  novel  are  laiii  in  Western 
Canada,  where  the  hero  has  been  sent  by  his  father 
to  be  schooled.  He  endures  many  hardships,  but 
finds  happiness  with  the  daughter  of  a  drunken 
scamp. 

Talbot  L.  A.),  Jehane  op  the  Forest,  6    Melrose 

A   tale  of  the   days  of   Henry  II.   in  which 

historical     colour     and     various     adventures     are 

notable  features. 

Townshend  i,R.  B.),  A  Girl  prom  MEXICO,  '! 

Methuen 

The  adventures  of  a  young    Oxford  man  who 

falls  in  with  Mormons  and  .Mexican  self-torturers. 

Washburn  (.Stanley),  Two  in  the  Wilderness,  6/ 

Melrose 
-      p.  310. 

Watson  (H.  B.  Marriott),  Once  upon  a  Time.  6/ 

Dent 
A  collection  of  short  stories  which  deal  with 

various  aspects  of  .social  and  adventurous  life. 

Wimbury   Harold),  Julia,  6  Ouseley 

Elements  of  domestic  and  theatrical  life  are 

mingled  in  this  story,  the  scenes  of  which  are  laid 
in  Sussex,  London,  and  Pari.-. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Blackwood's  Magazine,  March,  2/6  Blackwood 
This  number  includes  '  Miss  Amelia,'  a  story 
by  Mr.  St.  John  Lucas;  'My  South  African 
Neighbours,'  by  "  The  Sage  "  :  and  an  article  on 
Britain  and  her  Army. 

Boy's  Own,  March,  6o*.  4.  Bouverie Street 

In  the  present  number  Mr.  \Y.  A.  Millar 
gives  Seme  ••  Rugger  "  Tips."  Mr.  J.  S.  llutcheon 
writes  < 'ii  Lacrosse,  and  Mr.  T.  W.  Wilkinson  on 
'  Homes  and  Belies  of  Famous  Explorers.'  Be- 
sides other  articles,  there  are  serial  and  slu.it 
stories  of  mystery,  adventure,  and  school-life. 

Everyone's,  March,   \hl.  4,  Bouverie  Street 

Among  the  contents  are  '  Spring  upon  the 
Mountain  Slopes,'  by  Mr.  Maxwell  Armfield  ; 
'  The  Air  Age.'  by  Mr.  Grahame- White  and  Mr. 
Harry  Harper  :  and  the  beginning  of  a  serial, 
'The  House  that  Juliet  Built,'  by  Mi—  Grace 
Richmond. 

Fortnightly  Review,  March,  l'  6 

Chapman  ..v.  Hall 
Tie-  articles  include  'A  Plea  for  Home  Rule 
from  the  Protestant  standpoint.'  by  Lieut. -Col. 
Seton  Churchill;  Some  Note-  on  Bal/.ac.'  by 
Mr.  W.  !..  Courtney  :  am!  '  Constable's  Drawings 
and  Sketi  hes,'  by  Mr.  U.  W.  Tomkins. 

Girl's     Own     Paper     and     Woman's     Magazine, 
.Marhi.  ''•</.  1.  Bouverie  Street 

editor,  Mrs.  Henderson-Smith,  writes  on 
-  ime    Interesting     Women.'     and     Mr.     Henry 
Irvine  on   '  The  ivy  Green.'     The  contents  also 
include     -hoit      -tones,    and      articles     on     house- 
keeping,  cooking,   and   needlework. 

Guth  Na  Bliadhna,  Spring,  1914,  1 

Glasgow,  Macla  ren 
Includes  articles  on  'The  Present    state    of 
the  Scots  Nobility    (to  be  continued),  and  'Gaelic 
by  Mr.  it.  Brskine. 

Harper's  Magazine,  March,  1 

A  hitherto  unpublished  essay  on  '  Aspects  of 
Monopoly  One  Hundred  Sean  Ago,'  by  President 
Jane  i-    printed    in    tin-    issue,     'lie: 

short  -t..M'-  include     An  Adventure   in    Paleon- 
tology,'  by  Mr.   Alan  Sullivan;     '  Ninepins  ami 
u  y.    by  Mi--    l  \V.    Huard  :  and 

'  A  Night  in  the  Open,'  by  Mr.  Norman  Duncan. 

International  Theosophical  Chronicle,  February, 

Is.  Bartlett'a  Bldgs. 
articles    are    '  The    Stoi 
Parsifal     :       The    Insistence    of    Theosophy,'    by 
Dr.   I  and     'lie-  Value  of  Anecdote,' 

by  B,  M. 

Journal  of  Genetics,  edited   by   W.   Bateson  and 
R.  c.  Punnett,  February,  in    net. 

1   i  tnbridge  i  'ni\ .  Pi 
The  contents  include  'Studies  of  Inheritance 
and   Evolution  in   Orthoptera,    I..'   by    Mi.  If.  K. 
-   of  the  Kan-      -  .-nit oral  Colli 


Magazine    of    the    Wesleyan    Methodist    Church, 
March,   I  '.</.  net . 

Methodist  Publishing  Hdhse 
To  this  number  .Mr.  Coulson   Kernahan  con- 
tributes   an    article    on    -  Armament  s    and     War: 
Why  I  Support    Lord   Roberts.'  The  Rev.   Ufred 

Sharp     writes     an     appreeiati I"     Mr.     Thomas 

Hardy:  and  the   Rev.   Mark  Guy  l'earse  writes  on 

■  The  Story  of  a  1 1  yum.' 

Modern  Language  Teaching,  Fkurcary,  »></. 

A.  .V  C.  Black 

Includes     sir     Henry     Miers's     Presidential 

Address  on  'The  Needs  of  (he  Adult   Student,' 

delivered     to     the     Modern     Language    Association 

la-t  January  :  and  papers  on  '  Standard  English 
and  its  Varieties,'  by  Mr.   M.   Montgomery,  and 

■  Professors  of  Modern  Languages,'  by  Mr.  L.  E. 

East  lli'l'. 

North  American  Review,  February,  1/  nit. 

1  [<  iiieinann 
Notable  articles  in  this  number  are  "The 
Diplomats  of  Democracy,'  by  the  editor,  Mr. 
George  Harvey  ;  '  Budyard  Kipling  seen  through 
Hindu  Lyes,'  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Sarath-Boy  ;  and  'A 
Scholar's  View  of  -Mr.  Bryan,'  by  Mr.  J.  Kendrick 
Kinney. 

Pall   Mall   Magazine,   March.   <><7.    net.  Iliffe 

The  Spring  Fiction  Number,  which  includes 
six  complete  stories,  an  article  on  '  When  Ireland 
had  Home  Rule,'  and  one  on  Berlin  called  '  The 
City  without   Night.' 

Sunday  at  Home,  March,  &d.  4,  Bouverie  Street 
The  illustrated  articles  in  this  number 
include  '  The  Strength  of  Purity,'  by  the  Rev. 
Arthur  Iloyle  ;  '  Edinburgh,'  by  Mr.  James  S. 
Bamsay  ;  and  '  The  Future  of  the  Salvation 
Army.' 

Windsor  Magazine,  March,  0d.  Ward  &  Lock 
The  notable  features  in  this  number  include 
short  stories  by  Mr.  Barrv  Bain  ('  A  Desperate 
Game'),  Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  ('The  Cigarette 
Case'),  and  Mr.  C.  G.  D.  Roberts  C  Brannigan's 
Mary  ')  ;  and  articles  on  Westminster  School,  by 
Mr.  L.  E.  Tanner,  and  '  Humour  in  Paint,'  by 
Mr.  A.  Chester. 

JUVENILE. 

Gibson   (Charlotte),  In  Eastern  Wonderlands, 
1   ::  Harrap 

An  account  of  the  travels  of  three  children 
with  their  parents  across  America  to  Japan, 
China,  and  India  and  Egypt.  There  are  illus- 
trations from  photographs. 

Ker  (Alfred  J.)  and  Cleaver  (Charles  H.),  Heroes 
of  Exploration,  1/6  Blackie 

Stories  of  great  explorers  from  Pizarro  to 
Scott.      There  are  illustrations  and  maps. 

Snell  (F.  J.),  Boys  who  became  Famous,  l 

Harrap 

Sketches  of  the  boyhood  of  some  famous  men, 

including     Hans     Andersen,     Napoleon,     Lamb, 

Dickens,    and    George    Washington.     There    are 

illustrations. 

Wilmot-Buxton  (E.  M.),  The  Story  op  Jeanne 
d'Arc,  "  Heroes  of  All  Time  Series,"   1/ 

Harrap 
An  account  of  the  life  and  death  of  Jeanne 
d'Arc,  with  illustrations. 

GENERAL. 

Baker  (Ernest  A.),  A  Guide  to  Historical  Fic- 
tion, 21/  net.  Routledge 
An  enlarged  edition  of  the  author's  '  History 
in  Fiction,'  revised  and  rewritten.  The  arrange- 
ment is  under  countries,  the  books  being  set  out 
with  dates  in  the  chronological  order  of  Hie 
periods   and    events   with    which   they   deal.       With 

each  book  also  are  given  explanatory  and  descrip- 
tive notes  and  the  date  of  publication  :  and  the 
Index  runs  to  nearly   L50  pp. 

Carlyle   (Thomasi,   ON    Heroes,    Hero- Worship, 

wo   the    Heroic    iv    History,   edited,   with 

Introduction,     Notes,     and     Bibliography,     by 

Herbert  S.  Miirch.  2  6  Heath 

Dr.    Murch   has   prepared   this  edition   for  the 

use  of  beginners  in  the  Btudy  of  Carlyle.  In  his 
Introduction  he  gives  a  sketch  of  Carlyle's  life 
and  character,  and  then  discusses  the  plan,  Btyle, 
and  teaching  of  '  Heroes  ami  Hero-Worship. 
Coats  (R.  H.),  Travellers'  Tales  of  Scotland, 
2,  ii  net .  I'a i-iev  .  < .., i  dner 

These  sketches  describe  various  eminent 
visitors  to  Scotland,  including  Ben  Jon  on, 
John  Wesley,  Dorothy  Wordsworth,  and  Queen 
Victoria.  Tin-re  La  also  a  chapter  on  the  charac- 
i  eri  '  ics  i  ■!  Sc<  >t  la  ml  a  icl  s<  i  ,i  imen. 
Diocese  of  Chelmsford  and  its  First  Bishop,  6a*.  net. 

Robert  Bcott 

\  short  account  of  the  new  In "i  <  beln 

ford,  illustrated  with  >  portrait  of  tie-  Rev.  J.  E, 
Watts-Ditchfield   and   photographs  of  si.    \i  u 

(  IhUTCh  and   SI  .   .Line-  -I  le-L 


Lane  (H.),  Some  Principles  op  Spiritual 
Healing,  ~i    net.  Lynwood 

\  little  book  on  the  main  principles  of  mental 
and  spiritual  healing. 

Leaves  from  a  Housekeeper's  Book,  by  the  Author 
of  '  From  Kitchen  to  Garret,'  •">    net.  .Nash 

A     book    for    young    married     women    on    the 

management  of  a  house  and  servants. 

Lee  (Vernon),  The  Tower  op  the  Mirrors,  and 

Other  Essays  on  the  spirit  ok  Places,  3/6 

net.  Lane 

Descriptive  essays  in  which  the  author  deli- 

cate]y  suggests  the  "spirit  "  of  the  places  sho 
has  visit  ed. 

London  Diocese  Book,  I  in  1,  edited  by  Prebendary 
Qlendinning   Nash  and  Canon  Adam  Glendin- 

ning    Nash,    1   ii   net.  S.B.C.K. 

This    reference    book    gives    a    history   of   the 

foundation     of      the     Bishopric     of      London,     the 

church  Calendar,  and  information  regarding 
diocesan  administration,  endowments,  clergy  aids, 
and  other  matters. 

Marson  (Charles  L.),  Vir.i.\oi:  Sii.h<>ci:ttes,  2/6 
net.  Society  of  ss.  Peter  and  Paul 

Sketches  of  country  folk,  which  Hit-  author 
describes  as  "an  adumbration  rather  than  an 
imitation."  They  are  reproduced  from  The 
Sunday  Chronicle,  The  Commonwealth,  and  other 
papers,  and  each  is  illustrated  with  a  silhouette. 

Stubbs'  Year-Book  and  Gazette  Index,  I'M  I. 

Stubbs's 
This    forty-fifth    annual    issue    contains    full 
information  on  commercial  matters. 

Wadia  (Ardaser  Sorabjee  N.),  Reflections  on 
the  Problems  op  India.  Dent 

The  author  discusses  the  elementary  educa- 
tion of  India,  its  caste  system,  industrial  develop- 
ment, and  political  future. 

Wells  (H.  G.),  An   Englishman   Looks  at  the 

World,  being  a  Series  of  Unrestrained  Remarks 

upon  Contemporary  Matters,  ii    net.  Cassell 

Among  the  subjects  which  the  author  treats 

of  in  this  volume  of  essays  are  the  contemporary 

novel,    the    Labour    unrest,    divorce,    and    'The 

Disease  of  Parliaments.' 

PAMPHLETS. 

Harrison  (Henry),  "  Romancing  "  about  Names, 
id.  Eaton  Press 
A  criticism  of   Prof.   Weekley's  recently  pub- 
lished  book  '  The  Romani f    Names,'   by  the 

author  of  an  '  Etymological  Dictionary  of  Sur- 
names of  the  United  Kingdom,1 

Soulsby  (L.  H.  M.),  The  Victorian  Woman,  id. 

Longmans 

This  paper,   read  at  the  Church  Congress  at 

Southampton    last    October,   describes   the   ideals 

of  the  "  Woman  of  Vest  erday." 

SCIENCE. 

Barton  (Frank  Townend),  Hounds,  their  Points 
and  Management,  5    net.  Long 

A  description  of  the  various  types  of  British 
hounds,  giving  suggestions  for  their  management 
and  the  treatment  of  the  diseases  to  which  they 
are  subject. 

Caunt  (G.  W.1,  An  Introduction  to  the  In- 
I'lMiKsiMAi.  Calculus,  with  Applications  to 
Mechanics  and  Pbj sics,  12/ 

( >xford,  Clarendon  Press 

In    this    textbook    the    author    has    aimed    at 

presenting  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
Differential  and   Integra]  Calculus  in  as  simple  a 

form  as  possible  ami  introducing  easj  applications 

at  an  early  stage. 

Gardening  for  Amateurs,  edited  by  If.  II.  Thomas. 
Pari    L.  'd.  net.  I  Basel! 

This  new  work,  which  is  to  be  completed 
in  twenty-four  fortnightlj  pari-,  is  a  "simple, 
complete,' .oel  practical  guide  tor  garden  lovers." 
If  is  amply  illustrated  with  coloured  plate  photo- 
graphs, and  sketches,  and  among  tie-  .mil's  in 
ii,!-,   part     an-   the    following:    'Some    Hints   on 

Plj i ,_■  .oel    Planting,    'Old  World    flowers  for 

Vfodern  Gardens,'  and  '  Sweet   \  iolet  9.' 

Illingworth    (S.    Roy.    The     '•■    iperatios 
si  ii. m  e  and  Industry,  1  /6  net.  Griffin 

\    hit  le    I k    m    w  he  h    i  be    imp"i  i  m<  •     "i 

"i    manufactt -'    establish- 
ment -    i      urged.     'I  I  ■              ■    Foreword    by    Sir 

Boverb  »n  Recn I. 

Marchant    iW.    H.  ,     Wnu  I  i  i  i  ..c  win  ,    a 

Handho  the     I    •     ol     '  >p<  ratoi       and 

Student   .  5     Det.  ^  bittaker 

I-,  imai  d\   intendi  d  foi   Iho  i  in  the 

I,,,,,  i,,.,i    0p<  ration    ol    radio  telegraph    in  talla- 

i  iOI]  .  and  foi     i  ud<  a\     »  bo  alr<  adj   i me 

knov  '  '"     book   coal- 

man] iii>:  tratii 


318 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,   1914 


Marriott  (Major  R.  A.),  The  Change  in  the 
Climate  and  its  Cause,  giving  the  Date  of 
the  Last  Ice  Age,  based  on  a  Becent  Astro- 
nomical Discovery  and  Geological  Research,  1/6 

Marlborough 
This  treatise  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
entitled  '  Why  We  May  Expect  Warmer  Winters,' 
'  A  Further  Explanation  of  the  Drayson  Theory,' 
and  '  A  Discussion  of  the  Invariable  Plane.'  The 
author  avoids  technicalities  as  far  as  possible. 

Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,   January,   2/6  Wesley 

Includes  papers  on  '  The  Mean  Latitudes  of 
the  Moon  and  Sun,'  by  Prof.  Ernest  W.  Brown, 
and  '  Hydrogen  and  the  Primary  Constituents  of 
Nebulae,'  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Nicholson. 

Poynting  (J.  H.)  and  Thomson  (Sir  J.  J.),  A  Text- 
Book  of  Physics  :  Electricity  and  Magnetism, 
Parts  I.  and  II.  Static  Electricity  and  Magnet- 
ism, with  Illustrations,  10/6  Griffin 
Contains  an  account  of  the  chief  phenomena 

of  electric  and  magnetic  systems  when  they  are 

respectively  charged  and  magnetized. 

Pull  (Ernest),  Engineering  Workshop  Exer- 
cises, with  a  Chapter  on  Screw-Cutting  and 
Notes  on  Materials,  2/  net.  Whittaker 

Intended  as  a  series  of  exercises  in  engineer- 
ing workshop  practice  for  technical  students  and 
apprentice  engineers.  There  are  thirty-seven 
drawings  and  illustrations. 

Sinel  (Joseph),  Prehistoric  Times  and  Men 
of  the  Channel  Islands,  5/  net. 

Jersey,  Bigwood 
Prof.   Keith  has  written  a  Foreword  to  this 
volume,  which  contains  numerous  illustrations. 

South  Africa  (Union  of),  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, Report,  with  Appendices,  for  the  Period 
1st  January,  1912,  to  31st  March,  1913  (exclud- 
ing Agricultural  Education),  9/6 

Cape  Town,  '  Cape  Times  ' 
The  report  of  Mr.  F.  B.  Smith,  Secretary  for 
Agriculture,  on  the  position  and  prospects  of 
agriculture  in  South  Africa,  followed  by  state- 
ments of  Imports  and  Exports,  and  the  reports  of 
the  Principal  Veterinary  Surgeon,  Superintendent 
of  Dairying,  Plant  Pathologist  and  Mycologist, 
Viticulturist,  and  others. 

Stewart  (Alfred  W.),  Chemistry  and  its  Border- 
land, 5/  net.  Longmans 
An  account  of  some  recent  developments  in 
chemistry  written  in  non-technical  language  for 
the  general  reader. 

Stopes  (Marie  C),  Paleobotany,  its  Past  and 
its   Future.  Knowledge  Publishing  Co. 

An  inaugural  lecture  at  University  College, 
London,  reprinted  from  Knowledge. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Corot,    Landscapes,   Part  V.,  2/6 

'Studio'  Office 
This  part  contains  plates  in  facsimile  colours 
of  '  Souvenir  dTtalie  :  Castel  Gandolfo,'  '  Le 
Passeur,'  '  Villagers  in  the  Valley,'  '  The  Walk  by 
the  Lake  :  Ville  u'Avray,'  and  '  Nymphe  desarmant 
l'Amour,'  with  text  by  Mr.  D.  Croat  Thomson. 

Essex  Archaeological  Society,  Transactions, 
Vol.  XIII.  Part  III.  Colchester,  the  Society 

The  contents  include  articles  on  '  Embezzled 
Church  Goods  of  Essex,'  by  Dr.  E.  P.  Dickin  ; 
'  The  Token  Coinage  of  Essex  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century,'  by  Mr.  William  Gilbert  ;  and  '  White 
Notley  Hall  and  Church,'  by  Mr.  Wykeham 
Chancellor. 

Fletcher  (Banister  F.  and  Herbert  Phillips),  Car- 
pentry and  Joinery,  a  Text-Book  for  Archi- 
tects, Engineers,  Surveyors,  Craftsmen,  and 
Students,   6/  net.  Whittaker 

A  fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged.      The 

authors    have    included    additional    material    and 

a  large   number  of  sketches   relating  to   artistic 

craftsmanship. 

Home  (Gordon),  Winchester,  a  Sketch  Book, 

1/  net.  Black 

A  collection  of  pencil  drawings  of  Winchester, 

including  views  of  the  Cathedral,  i_  ollege,  St.  Cross, 

and  the  Castle  Hall. 

Inscriptiones  Graecae  :  C  ulegit  Otto  Kern,  No.  7 
of  "  Tabulae  in  Usum  Scholarum,"  6/  net. 

Bonn,  Marcus  &  Weber  ;    Oxford,  Parker 

Fifty  pages  of  plates  with  Greek  inscriptions, 

preceded  by  23  pages  of  introductory  matter  in 

Latin    which    supply    brief    descriptions    and    a 

bibliography. 

Shelley  (Henry  C),  The  Art  of  the  Wallace 

Collection,  6/  net.  Simpkin  &  Marshall 

An  account  of  the  founders  of  the  Wallace 

Collection,  and  a  description  of  its  contents,  with 

numerous  illustrations. 


Xitoarg    (gossip. 

On  Thursday  of  last  week  Sir  Arthur 
Conan  Doyle  forwarded  to  the  Prime 
Minister  a  memorial  asking  the  Govern- 
ment to  reconsider  its  decision  in  regard  to 
the  participation  of  Great  Britain  in  the 
Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  to  be  held  at 
San  Francisco  in  1915.  The  signatories, 
who  number  about  thirty,  are  well-known 
novelists,  dramatists,  and  litterateurs  "  of 
various  shades  of  political  opinion,"  and 
they  urge  that  the  expense  involved 

"  appears  to  be  a  moderate  one  as  compared 
to  the  very  great  harm  which  might  come 
from  any  deterioration  of  those  better 
relations  which  have  been  built  up  during 
a  number  of  years  between  ourselves  and 
the  United  States  of  America." 

In  his  fourth  lecture  on  '  The  Age  of 
Erasmus  '  Mr.  P.  S.  Allen  discussed  the 
social  and  intellectual  life  of  the  time. 
He  touched  on  the  position  and  education 
of  women,  and  cited  Lady  Margaret 
Tudor  and  Margaret  Roper  as  examples 
of  women  who  were  specially  fortunate 
in  their  intellectual  opportunities. 

His  fifth  lecture  was  on  '  Pilgrimages,' 
for  which  the  narratives  of  Guilford, 
Torkington,  and  Felix  Fabri  were  the 
chief  authorities.  In  those  days — when, 
even  if  the  requisite  k'  wanton  money  " 
was  forthcoming,  ordinary  holiday  tra- 
velling was  both  difficult  and  dangerous 
— the  conditions  of  pilgrimage  were,  to 
say  the  least  of  it,  rough,  and  the  con- 
temporary Baedekers  recommended  for 
the  journey  various  "  comfortatives," 
such  as  loaf-sugar,  saucepans,  almonds, 
and  barrels  of  clean  water. 

Fabri  was  full  of  good  advice  as  to  the 
demeanour  suitable  to  pilgrims,  and,  ex- 
cept for  his  dislike  of  the  one  feminine  pas- 
senger in  his  ship,  an  inquisitive  and  active 
Flemish  lady,  wrote  as  an  earnest,  matter- 
of-fact  Christian  whose  religious  fervour 
could  not  wholly  overpower  his  hatred  of 
Saracen  thieves,  nor  his  disgust  at  the 
sleeping  accommodation  provided  on 
board. 

At  the  Coming-of-Age  Celebration  of 
the  National  Literary  Society  of  Dublin 
and  the  Irish  Literary  Society  of  London 
a  proposal  was  made  by  Mr.  Alfred 
Perceval  Graves,  the  President  of  the 
latter  Society,  that  the  time  had  come 
for  the  publication  of  a  fresh  library  of 
Irish  books,  if  possible  by  an  Irish  pub- 
lisher, to  meet  that  general  awakening  of 
interest  in  Irish  literature  which  is  in- 
creasingly manifest. 

The  suggestion  was  favourably  received 
by  the  representatives  of  the  two  Societies, 
the  scheme  has  matured,  and  the  Talbot 
Press,  a  young  and  progressive  Dublin 
firm  of  publishers,  has  undertaken  to 
issue  the  volumes  under  the  compre- 
hensive title  of  "  Every  Irishman's  Li- 
brary." Mr.  Graves  will  be  general  editor, 
assisted  by  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde  and  Prof. 
Magennis,  and  a  series  of  twelve  volumes 
at  the  price  of  2s.  each  will  be  issued  next 
autumn,  a  similar  number  being  brought 


out  from  year  to  year  if  the  venture  proves 
as  successful  as  it  promises  to  be. 

The  volumes  arranged  for  are  as  follows  : 
'  Selections  from  the  Prose  and  Poetical 
Works  of  Thomas  Davis  '  (whose  centenary 
takes  place  in  September  next),  edited 
by  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolleston  ;  Maxwell's  '  Wild 
Sports  of  the  West  of  Ireland,'  with  an 
Introduction  by  the  Earl  of  Dunraven  ; 
'  The  Parliaments  of  Ireland,'  by  Mr.  J.  G. 
Swift  McNeill,  M.P.  ;  '  Grattan,'  by  Lord 
Castletown  ;  a  selection  from  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novels,  with  new  Edgeworthiana, 
edited  by  Mr.  Malcolm  C.  Seton ;  '  The 
Humours  of  Irish  Life,'  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  Mr.  C.  L.  Graves ;  '  The 
Mind  of  Burke,'  by  Prof.  Magennis ; 
Gerald  Griffin's  '  Collegians,'  with  a 
critical  and  biographical  Introduction  by 
Mr.  Padraic  Colum  ;  Kirkham's  '  Knock- 
nagow,'  edited  by  Mr.  D.  L.  O'Donoghue  ; 
'  Irish  Christian  Folk  Tales,'  translated 
by  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde  ;  '  Mitchel's  Jail 
Journal,'  with  an  Introduction  by  Father 
John  Finlay  ;  and  '  A  Paradise  of  Irish 
Poetry,  Old  and  New,'  selected  by  Mr. 
Alfred  Perceval  Graves. 

Later  contributors  to  the  Library  will 
probably  include  Miss  Jane  Barlow,  Lady 
Gilbert,  Dr.  Mahaffy,  Mr.  Standish 
O'Grady,  George  A.  Birmingham,  Mr. 
Padric  Gregory,  Miss  Eleanor  Hull,  Mr. 
W.  J.  Lawrence,  and  Miss  Edith 
Somerville  in  collaboration  with  Miss 
Violet  Martin. 

Mr.  James  Shelley  has  been  appointed 
Professor  of  Education  at  University 
College,  Southampton,  in  succession  to 
Prof.  Maxwell  resigned. 

Towards  the  end  of  March,  The  New 
Weekly,  edited  by  Mr.  R.  A.  Scott  James, 
will  appear.  Its  price  will  be  2d.,  and  it 
will  aim  at  being  a  means  of  communica- 
tion between  authors  and  artists  on  the 
one  side,  and  the  great  public  on  the  other. 
It  is  thought  that  there  is  room  for  -a 
paper  which,  while  not  concentrating  its 
main  attention  on  politics,  deals  with  the 
most  intimate  facts  and  vital  ideas  of 
modern  life. 

A  notable  addition  to  the  remains  of 
Sappho  and  Alcaaus  is  to  be  made  by 
Part  X.  of  the  '  Oxyrhynchus  Papyri,' 
which  will  be  ready  for  issue  in  a  few 
days.  The  fragments  in  question,  which 
are  derived  from  four  MSS.,  are  sadly 
mutilated,  but  between  them  contribute 
about  130  new  verses.  Some  small  pieces 
of  a  non-canonical  Gospel  figure  in  the 
theological  section. 

We  regret  that  in  our  announcement 
last  week  of  '  Life's  Compass,'  an  antho- 
logy shortly  to  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Headley  Brothers,  wre  referred  to  the  book 
as  "  illustrated."  Messrs.  Headley  write 
to  point  out  that  they  used  the  word 
"  illustrations  "  in  a  figurative  sense. 

The  death  was  announced  on  Thursday 
last  of  Mr.  William  John  Rivington,  the 
well-known  publisher,  in  his  69th  year. 
He  was  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  The 
British  Trade  Journal,  and  did  much  for 
commerce  in  the  Far  East  by  establishing 
native  trade  newspapers. 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1014 


THE    A  T  II E  N  M  U  I\I 


:U9 


SCIENCE 


Indian    Pigeons    and    Doves.     Bv    E.    C. 
Stuart  Baker.    (Witherby  &  Co., 21.  10s. 

net.) 

This  book,  which  forms  a  companion 
volume  to  the  author's  '  Indian  Ducks,' 
primarily  eaters  for  the  sportsman  to 
whom  this  excellent  form  of  small-game 
shooting  appeals,  and  who  is  enough  of  a 
naturalist — as  the  best  type  of  sportsman 
always  is — to  extend  his  interest  in  the 
birds  beyond  the  mere  killing  of  them. 
Hitherto  there  has  been  nothing  to  meet 
his  needs,  for  books  on  pigeons  are  either 
difficult  of  access  or  prohibitive  in  price. 
Though  the  letterpress  is  much  more  than 
a  mere  compilation,  all  who  have  essayed 
a  similar  task  will  have  sympathy  with 
Mr.  Baker's  plaint  as  to  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  original  sporting  and  field  notes 
before  his  book  appeared  in  print,  to 
form  a  basis  for  discussion.  The  author 
anticipates  criticism,  from  a  scientific 
point  of  view,  because  he  has  introduced 
the  trinomial  system  into  India  for  the 
first  time.  In  the  Preface  he  argues  that 
India  is  essentially  a  country  which  calls 
for  the  recognition  of  sub-species,  and 
reminds  us  that  pigeons  and  doves  have 
l>ccn  shown  by  practical  experiments  in 
America  to  be  peculiarly  susceptible  to 
variations  of  climate.  The  study  is  in 
many  particulars  complex,  and  Mr.  Baker 
has  proceeded  along  the  broad  lines  of 
common  sense  in  his  classification.  He 
writes  : — 

"  When  I  have  found  differences  in  the 
plumage  or  in  the  size  of  birds  inhabiting 
different  areas,  which  are  quite  plain  to  any 
one's  observation,  I  accept  them  as  constitut- 
ing good  species  or  sub-species,  the  former  if 
they  are  not  linked  to  one  another  by 
individuals  which  are  intermediate,  the  latter 
it"  they  are  so  linked.  At  the  same  time  I 
have  not  gone  out  of  my  way  to  hunt  for 
minute  differences  in  tint  or  in  measure- 
ments, but  have  merely  admitted  them  when 
they  are  too  plain  to  be  overlooked." 

The  author  deals  in  all  with  fifty-one 
species  and  sub-species.  The  distinctions 
made  in  dividing  pigeons  into  families,  sub- 
families, and  genera  are,  as  he  points  out, 
undeniably  artificial,  and  adopted  largely 
.i~  a  matter  of  convenience.  To  meet  the 
Is  of  the  sportsman,  a  simplified  key 
for  practical  work  in  the  field  is  sensibly 
pio\  ided. 

The  coloured  plates,  twenty -seven  in 
number,  are  of  paramount  importance  in  a 
work  of  this  kind,  and  have  been  entrusted 
to  such  competent  artists  as  Messrs.  Gron- 
vold  and  G.  E.  Lodge.  These  have  been  as 
admirably  executed  as  ever,  though,  truth 
to  tell,  there  would  seem  to  be  something 
lost  in  the  reproduction.  Pigeons  and 
doves  owe  much  of  their  lx-aut\  to  their 
rounded  contours,  and  somehow  there  is 
a  flat  effect  in  several  of  the  pictures. 
Many  interesting  observations  on  their 
habits  have  been  culled  from  the  volumes 
of  "  Stray  Feathers  '  and  elsewhere  ;  a 
typical  passage  is  the  account  given  by 
Major  II.  R.  IJakerof  a  battue  where  the 
pink  -  necked   green   pigeon    afforded    the 


sport.  The  author  contributes  from  his 
own  experience  valuable  notes  as  to  the 
night  of  various  species  and  their  behaviour 
under  tire,  adding  here  and  there  a  hint 
as  to  their  culinary  properties. 

As  regards  nidification,  the  number  of 
eggs  laid  is  not  the  invariable  two  we  look 
for  in  England.  Most  of  the  great "  Imperial 
pigeons  "  are  content  with  a  single  egg, 
while  the  Indian  red  turtle  -  dove  not 
uncommonly  is  credited  with  three.  The 
dimorphism  of  this  last  species  is  the 
subject  of  an  interesting  note  from  a  corre- 
spondent : — 

"  In  one  of  these  latter  places  the  dry, 
bare  paddy  fields,  shorn  of  their  crops, 
looked  a  rich  magenta  colour  in  patches  from 
the  number  of  male  red  turtle-doves  which 
were  feeding  there.  It  was  curious  to  see 
these  vast  flocks  which  were  composed 
entirely  of  males,  whereas  one  generally  sees 
them  going  about  in  pairs." 

Pigeons  and  doves  in  India  do  not  all  coo 
or  even  grunt ;  various  peculiar  calls  are 
mentioned,  and  it  is  well  known  that 
the  large  class  of  "  gomparatively  "  {sic, 
p.  4)  small  pigeons  known  as  "  green 
pigeons "  may  be  recognized  by  their 
melodious  whistle.  For  information  on 
their  different  habits  as  regards  feeding, 
drinking,  climbing,  fighting  (for  the 
"  gentle  "  dove  tribe  are  notably  quarrel- 
some), and  courting  the  reader  who  secures 
this  important  contribution  to  Indian 
ornithology  will  not  look  in  vain. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquabies. — Feb.  19. — Sir  Her- 
cules Read,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J.  P. 
Bushe-Fox  read  the  report  on  the  excavations 
at  Wroxeter  in  1013. 

During  the  excavations  carried  on  in  1913  an 
area  of  about  1J  acres  was  explored  and  two 
buildings  were  uncovered.  One  proved  to  be  a 
temple,  and  the  other  a  large  dwelling-house.  The 
latter  had  a  frontage  of  115  ft.,  and  extended  back 
from  the  street  line  for  200  ft.,  although  its  limit 
in  this  direction  has  not  yet  been  ascertained. 
As  this  building  was  not  completely  excavated  it 
has  not  been  dealt  with  in  this  report. 

The  temple,  which  measured  98  ft.  by  56  ft., 
consisted  of  a  podium  supporting  a  cella  or 
shrine  which  stood  at  the  back  of  an  enclosed 
space  with  a  paved  courtyard  and  surrounded 
by  an  ambulatory  in  front.  The  entrance  was 
from  the  main  street  under  a  portico  of  six  columns. 
That  the  building  must  have  been  a  fine  one  was 
shown  by  the  number  of  carved  architectural 
fragments  found.  Portions  of  several  life-sized 
statues  were  also  discovered,  as  well  as  the 
carved  head  of  a  horse  and  a  small  female  head 
in  stone.  There  were  also  some  small  fragments 
of  a  bronze  statue.  Although  parts  of  two  altars 
came  to  light,  no  inscription  was  met  with,  so  it 
is  not  possible  to  say  to  whom  the  temple  was 
dedicated.  This  type  of  temple  is  commonly 
found  on  Roman  sites,  and  several  similar  ex- 
amples were  shown  from  the  Continent  and 
North  Africa.  The  building  appears  to  have 
been  erected  about  the  middle  <>f  the  second 
century,  and  to  have  fallen  into  disuse  about  the 
end  of  the  third  century. 

A  great  number  of  small  finds  were  discovered. 
They  consisted  of  many  brooches,  pins,  ornaments, 
&c.  Among  (lie  most  noteworth)  were  a  finely 
cut  amethyst   j » .- ■  - f  < •  gem  engraved  with  a  figure 

of  Venus,  a   small  cameo  of  a   Medusa  head,  add   a 
well-carved    clasp    knife-handle,    in    I  lie   form   of   a 

crouching  tiger.  A  large  amount  of  beautifully 
decorated  Samian  ware  was  found,  a  considerable 
portion  of  if  dating  from  the  first  century.  The 
potters'  stamps  recorded  amounted  to  about  200, 
and  represented  most  of  the  huge  Continental 
•  lies  of  the  period.  The  coins  were  in  excess 
t,i  those  found  in  1912f  and  numbered  476. 
They  ranged  from  the  Bepublican  period  to  the 
end  of  the  fourth  century.  Two  coins  of  the 
Emperor  Theodosius  I.  were  discovered,  thus 
adding  another  decade  i"  the  life  of  the  town. 
Four  silver  coins  of  the  Emperor  I  arausiui 


worthy  of  note  :  one  of  these  Mas  of  the  Adventus 
type,  with  the  k.s.h.  mint-mark,  and  Is  extremely 
rare.  Several  articles  were  met  with  showing  that 
working  in  metal  and  hone  was  practised  on  tlm 
site.  The  excavations  will  be  carried  on  again 
this  summer. 

Air.  P.  II.  Newman  exhibited  an  illuminated 
grant  of  rents  and  lands  to  John  Lambert  of  Cal- 
ton,  Yorkshire,  dated  March  4th,  31  Henry  VIII. 
The  document  is  unusual  from  the  fact  that 
it  is  illuminated,  and  has  on  it  the  coat  of 
arms  of  the  grantee.  Probably  the  decoration 
was  inserted  at  the  instance  of  Lambert  himself, 
who  had  been  steward  to  Bolton  Priory  and  Vice- 
Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  He 
forged  a  considerable  series  of  charters  for  the 
purpose  of  bolstering  up  a  "faked"  pedigree 
showing  his  descent  from  Count  Lambert  of 
Louvainc,  who  died  in  100 1. 

Lord  Bolton  exhibited  a  deed  dated  132& 
between  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  Sawley  and  the 
Abbot  and  Convent  of  Furness,  regarding  the 
tithes  of  the  manor  of  Wynterbourne  in  the  parish 
of  Gargrave.  The  deed  has  the  seal  of  the  Abbot 
of  Furness  attached. 


Royal  Numismatic. — Feb.  19. — Mr.  Percy  H. 
Webb,  Treasurer,  in  the  chair. — Mrs.  Sidney 
Streatfield,  Mr.  V.  B.  Crowther-Beynon,  antl 
K.  u.  K.  Rcgierungsrat  Eduard  Fiala  were 
elected  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Milne  exhibited  specimen  types  from 
a  hoard  of  bronze  coins  of  Temnis,  in  JBohs,  of 
the  third  century  B.C.  Mr.  P.  II.  Webb  showed 
two  memorial  folles  of  Galerius  Maximianus 
struck  by  Maximinus  Daza  and  Diocletian  at 
Antioch.  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  exhibited  a  coining  press 
of  the  reign  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  probably  the 
earliest  press  that  has  been  discovered. 

Mr.  Henry  Symonds  gave  an  account  of  a  find 
of  Roman  coins  made  over  half  a  century  ago  at 
Puncknoll,  in  Dorsetshire,  and  recently  presented 
to  the  Dorchester  Museum.  The  coins,  which 
were  contained  in  an  earthen  jar,  covered  the 
period  253-93  a.d.,  and  were  of  the  Emperors 
Gallienus,  Postumus,  Victorinus,  Tetrieus  I., 
Claudius  II.,  and  Carausius,  and  the  Empress 
Salonina. 

Dr.  Oliver  Codrington  read  a  paper  on  '  Coins 
of  the  Kings  of  Hormuz.'  After  sketching  the 
history  of  Hormuz  under  Muslim  and  Portuguese- 
rule,  the  reader  described  a  number  of  the  gold 
coins  of  the  kings  of  Hormuz  of  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries  which  have  been  hitherto 
unknown.  Dr.  Codrington  was  also  successful 
in  reading  the  names  of  the  same  kings  on  a 
number  of  silver  larins  which  had  been  struck 
from  the  same  dies  as  the  gold  coins. 


Historical.  —  Feb.  19.  —  Annual  Meeting. — 
Prof.  Firth,  President,  in  the  chair. — Col.  E.  M. 
Lloyd,  R.E.,  was  elected  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Society,  rice  Mr.  I.  S.  Lead  am  deceased,  and  Dr. 
J.  11.  Wylie  was  selected  a  member  of  Council, 
vice  Col.  Lloyd.  Mr.  William  Kennedy  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. — The  President 
delivered  his  annual  address,  the  subject  being 
gaps  which  required  to  be  filled  in  preparation 
for  the  further  study  of  the  sevent cent  h  century, 
lie  instanced  the  bringing  together  of  royal  letters, 
now  dispersed  in  several  collections  ;  the  collect- 
ing or  re-editing  of  records  connected  with  the 
Royal  Household,  and  with  the  l'i  ivy  Council  and 
its  Committees  ;  re-editing  the  Parliamentary 
Debates,  diplomatic  documents,  treaties  in 
particular  ;  and  collecting  records  of  the  army, 
the  navy,  and  the  mercantile  marine.  The 
Dutch  Government  had  set  a  good  example, 
appointing  a  commission,  who  reported  in  190  1 
upon  the  gaps  which  required  filling  in  Dutch 
history  by  the  publication  of  new  sources.  In 
1908  an  American  committee  had  reported  upon  a 
plan  to  guide  the  Government  in  future  docu- 
mentary publications. 


British  Numismatic. — Feb.  18. —  Mr.  i-  \. 
Lawrence, V J?.,  bathe  chair.— The  Rev.  it.  Poole 

was  elected   a   .Member. 

Col.  Morriesoo  gave  a  description,  illustrated 
bv  lantern-slides,  of  the  coinage  issued  from  the 
mint  at  Aherystwith  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
from  1887  to  1842,  .and  called  attention  t"  the 
various  differences   which   appear  on   the   coins. 

By    a     comparison    of    flee    details    with    similar 

variations  which  appear  on  the  money  Issued  from 
the  Tower  .Mini  during  the  same  period,  be  was 
enabled  to  arrange  the  consecutive  order,  and  t.. 
date  approximately  Hie  types  and  varieties  of  the 

Ahcrvstwith     coin-",    including    time     bearing    the 

"Declaration."  They  comprised  four  different 
half-crowns,  four  shillings,  five  sixpences)  four 
i,  three  threepences,  three  half-groats,  four 
pennies,  and  one  halfpenny.  Through  the  ie* 
he,  of  Mr.  lienr>  Symonds  he  snowed  that 
the    date— October,    1637-  hitherto     i    igned    U> 


320 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


the  issue  of  the  groats,  threepences,  and  half- 
pence must  now  he  corrected  to  February,  1637- 
Ki38.  Referring  to  the  coins  struck  after  1642 
•which  had  hitherto  been  attributed  to  Aberyst- 
with,  he  doubted  whether  they  had  been  issued 
from  that  mint,  and  gave  his  reasons,  amongst 
which  were  the  continued  absence  of  Bushell  the 
licensee,  and  the  sequestration  by  the  Parliament 
of  his  property  in  the  Welsh  silver  mines. 

In  illustration  of  his  subject,  Col.  Morrieson 
exhibited  a  complete  series  of  the  coins  described. 
Other  exhibitions  were  coins  of  Charles  I.,  includ- 
ing a  circular  clipping  representing  the  whole  of 
the  legend  of  a  shilling  and  a  well-preserved 
Oxford  half-crown  of  1643,  by  Mr.  Charlton;  a 
short-cross  penny,  Class  I.,  of  Henry  II.,  reading 
s\gar  on  oxen,  a  hitherto  unrecorded  moneyer, 
and  a  small  metal  money-box  chased  with  figures 
in  the  costume  of  the  second  half  of  the  sixteenth 
•century,  by  Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


MoN. 


Tuks 


Wkii. 


Royal  Institution.  5  —General  Meeting. 

St.   Bride  Foundation,    7.30.—'  The   Printing   Press    and    its 

History,'  Lecture  I.,  Mr.  K.  A.  Peddie. 

Society  of  Unci r?,  7.30. 

Aristotelian,   8.—'  The  New  Encyclopaedists  on  Logic,'  Prof. 

J.  Brought- 
Society  of  Arts,  8  — '  Artistic  Lithography,'  Lecture  III.,  Mr. 

J.  Peunell.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 
Royal    Institution,    {{.—'Modern    Ships:    (1)   8mooth-Water 

Sailing.'  Prof.  Sir  J.  H.  Biles. 
Society  of  Arts,  4  30  —Discussion  on  'The  Montreal,  Ottawa, 

and  Georgian  Bay  I'anal.'    (Colonial  Section.) 
Institution  nf  Civil   Engineers,  8.— Adjourned  Discussion  on 

'Bail-Steels  for  Electric  Railways '  and   'Rail-Corrugation 

and  its  Causes.' 
Zoological.  8.30. 
Archaeological  Institute,  4  30.— 'The  Corbridge   Excavations, 

1913,'  Mr.  R.  H.  Forster. 

—  Entomological,  8. 

—  St.     Paul's     Ecelesiological,     8.— 'Bangor    and    St.     Asaph 

Cathedrals,'  Mr.  R.  Ironside-Bax. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Travels  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,'  Mr.  C. 

Woods. 
"Thuiis.  Royal  Institution.  3.— 'He-it  and  Cold,'  Lecture  I.,  Prof.  C.  F. 
Jenkin. 

—  Royal,    4  30— 'The    Action    of    Light    on    Chlorophyll,"    Mr. 

Harold  Wager  ;  '  Formaldehyde  as  an  Oxidation  Product  of 
Chlorophyll  Extracts,'  Mr.  C.  H.  Warner;  '  The  Controlling 
Influence  of  Carbon  Dioxide  in  the  Maturation.  Dormancy, 
and  Germination  of  Seeds,'  Mr.  Franklin  Kidd  ;  and  other 
Papers. 

—  Chemical,  8  30.  — '  A  Redetermination  of  the  Atomic  Weight  of 

Vanadium,'  Messrs.  H.  V.  A.  Briscoe  and  H.  F.  V.  Little  ; 
'The  Isomerism  of  the  Oximes:  Part  III.  The  Hydroxy- 
benzaldoximes,'  Messrs.  0.  L.  Brady  and  F.  P.  Dunn  ;  'The 
Constituents  of  the  Leaves  and  Steins  of  Daviesia  latifolia,' 
Messrs.  F.  B.  Power  and  A.  H.  Halway  ;  and  other  Papers, 
—  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  8  30  —'Jewellery,'  Mr.  R.  LI.  B. 
Rathbone. 

Royal  Institution,    9— 'The  Stage    Irishman.'  Canon  J.  0 
Hannay. 

Royal     Institution,     3— 'Recent    Discoveries     in     Physical 
Science,'  Lecture  II..  Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  1  homson. 

Irish  Literary,  8.—'  O'Flaherty  Country.' 


fiu. 


§§z'untc   Gossip. 

The  relative  importance  of  heredity  and 
•environment  in  deciding  general  health  was 
discussed  by  Dr.  Alice  Lee  on  Tuesday 
last  in  her  lecture  on  '  Infant  Mortality 
in  a  Manufacturing  Town,'  at  the  Francis 
Galton  Laboratory  for  National  Eugenics. 
Five  to  six  thousand  records  had  been  ob- 
tained in  the  town  in  question  (name  not 
given),  from  which  certain  conclusions 
.appeared  justifiable.  No  relation  between 
the  employment  of  married  women  and  infant 
mortality  was  statistically  deducible  ;  in- 
deed, the  range  of  the  death  and  delicacy 
rate  of  the  infants  actually  varied  more 
when  referred  to  the  fathers'  employments 
than  to  the  mothers'. 

It  appeared  certain  that  the  health  of 
the  parents  was  more  important  than  hous- 
ing to  the  well-being  of  the  male  infant, 
while  the  female  seemed  to  be  equally 
affected  by  both  factors.  The  lecturer 
concluded  by  emphasizing  the  conclusions 
advanced  the  previous  week  by  Miss  Elderton, 
and  laying  special  stress  on  the  influence  of 
heredity. 

On  Friday  of  last  week  Dr.  R.  T.  Leiper, 
Helminthologist  of  the  London  School  of 
Tropical  Medicine,  left  London  in  the 
steamer  Malwa  for  China.  He  is  to  in- 
vestigate in  the  Far  East  the  spread  of 
trciriatode  diseases,  which  there  attack 
domestic  animals  as  well  as  man,  with  a 
view  to  discovering  some  clue  to  the  mode 
•of  infection  of  the  cognate  jaarasite,  which 
in  Africi  appears  to  attack  man  only,  and 
•during  the  last  Boer  war  caused  no  little 
suffering  to  our  troops,  while  in  North 
Africa   its   ravages   are   even   more   severe. 


All  direct  attempts  to  discover  how  man 
becomes  infected  by  it  have  hitherto  proved 
a  failure.  Surgeon  E.  L.  Atkinson,  who  has 
been  seconded  by  the  Admiralty,  is  accom- 
panying Dr.  Leiper. 

If  time  permits,  Dr.  Leiper  will  also  in- 
stitute research  into  the  spread  of  ankylo- 
stomiasis, a  disease  which  makes  terrible 
havoc  among  the  coolies  in  Ceylon,  and  which 
is  caused  by  a  nematode. 

A  paper  by  Dr.  Nansen  was  read 
last  Monday  to  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  in  which  it  was  stated  that  a  series 
of  observations  taken  from  1882  to  1906  at 
Obdorsk,  on  the  Obi  River,  went  to  show 
that  the  variations  in  the  mean  air  tempera- 
ture during  winter  and  spring  of  the  region 
surrounding  the  Kara  Sea  gave  yearly 
indication  as  to  the  quantity  of  ice  that 
might  be  looked  for  in  the  sea  during  the 
autumn.  It  would  therefore  seem  possible, 
by  getting  information  as  to  the  tempera- 
ture which  had  prevailed  from  November  to 
April,  to  forecast  the  chances  of  navigation 
in  the  coming  season.  For  this  systematic 
research  small  vessels  supplied  with  motors 
and  equipped  with  wireless  telegraphy 
would  be  employed,  while  aeroplanes  and 
hydroplanes  would  also  be  of  service.  The 
development  of  navigation  in  the  Kara  Sea 
would  be  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  Siberia, 
since  it  would  mean  that  the  mouths  of  the 
Obi  and  the  Yenisei  might  be  reached  every 
year. 

The  existence  of  a  grave,  though  little- 
known  hardship  was  revealed  the  other  day 
at  an  inquest  at  Shoreditch  on  the  body  of  a 
fish-porter.  The  man  had  died  from  sudden 
acute  dementia  and  meningitis,  and  his 
brother  told  the  coroner  that  attacks  of 
madness  were  frequent  among  fish  porters, 
the  cause  being  the  heavy  weights  these  men 
have  to  carry  on  their  heads.  The  pad  alone 
on  which  the  load  is  supported  weighs  nine 
pounds.  It  seems  lamentable  that,  while 
carrying  facilities  have  been  applied  to  so 
many  uses  of  doubtful  advantage,  they  have 
not  yet  been  employed  to  relieve  human 
beings  from  such  a  risk. 


FINGER-PRINTS. 


Referring  to  the  late  Alphonse  Bertillon 
in  your  last  week's  issue,  you  say  of  his 
anthropometric  system  of  identification  that 
it  "  was  adopted,  and  alongside  of  it,  as  a 
secondary  mode  of  classification,  Bertillon's 
system  of  finger-prints,  which  was  also 
introduced  into  England." 

The  truth  is  that  the  finger-print  method 
was  never  claimed  by  Bertillon.  Sir  Francis 
Galton,  whose  attention  was  to  be  drawn  to 
my  proposal  of  the  method  (in  1880)  by  his 
cousin  Charles  Darwin,  suggested  that 
Bertillon's  method  of  measurements  (issued 
by  him  a  year  after  my  proposal  of  finger- 
prints was  published)  might  be  used  as  an 
auxiliary  means  of  classification.  How  to 
pigeon-hole  the  records  was  made  known  by 
me  to  an  inspector  from  Scotland  Yard 
officially  deputed  to  meet  me  in  1888  ;  to 
Mr.  Brodrick's  War  Office  Committee  in 
1902  ;  and  has  since  been  published  in  my 
'Dactylography'  (1912).  With  that  aid 
one  can  see  clearly  that  the  finger-print 
method  needs  no  foreign  crutches,  but  can 
grasp  firmly  and  control  easily  a  register  of 
ten  fingers  running  up  into  many  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  persons.  No  system,  how- 
ever, can  be  worked  without  scientific 
direction  and  eternal  vigilance,  and  the 
ominous  silence  of  those  vast  records, 
which  ought  to  be  eloquent  with  pragmatic 
wisdom,  is  just  a  little  scandalous  ;  but  the 
work  is  cheaply  done.      Henry  Faulds. 


FINE    ARTS 


Irish  Seal- Matrices  and  Seals.  By  E.  C.  R. 
Armstrong.  (Dublin,  Hodges  &  Figgis, 
5s.  net.) 

That  early  Irish  metal-work  has  in  general 
a  distinctive  character  is  a  fact  so  familiar 
to  archaeologists  that  it  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  emphasize  it.  The  Ardagh  chalice, 
the  Cross  of  Cong,  the  Tara  Brooch,  and 
the  many  shrines  for  relics  in  the  Dublin 
Museum  bear  testimony  to  the  existence 
in  Ireland  of  a  native  school  of  design 
which  had  few,  if  any,  affinities  with  con- 
temporary Western  work.  Indeed,  its 
source  of  inspiration  must  be  sought,  not 
in  the  Western  world,  but  in  the  Eastern, 
though  at  its  best  period  it  had  developed 
characteristics  which  may  be  described  as 
national. 

There  is  little  of  this  distinctive  quality 
to  be  found  in  the  work  of  the  Irish  seal- 
cutters.  The  art  of  carving  seal-matrices 
was  in  all  probability  introduced  into 
Ireland  by  the  Anglo-Norman  invaders  ; 
the  Irish  craftsmen  learnt  from  the 
English,  and  it  is  natural  that  their  work 
should  show  no  superiorrty  to  that  of 
their  teachers.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the 
early  Irish  work,  while  often  bold  enough 
in  design,  is  decidedly  inferior  in  crafts- 
manship to  that  of  contemporary  English 
and  Continental  examples. 

Mr.  E.  C.  R.  Armstrong  is  an  Irish 
archaeologist  of  repute,  and  his  careful 
study  of  a  number  of  Irish  seal-matrices 
dating  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  nine- 
teenth century  is  a  useful  contribution  to 
contemporary  sigillography.  He  classifies 
the  matrices  dealt  with  in  four  divisions, 
viz.,  equestrian,  heraldic  and  miscella- 
neous, local,  and  ecclesiastical. 

Of  the  equestrian  matrices  described, 
the  most  important  is  that  of  Brian, 
King  of  Kineleogain,  which  is  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum.  It  is  mid- 
thirteenth-century  work  :  the  design  is 
bold  and  well  balanced  ;  and  the  king's 
fluted  sword,  flat  helmet,  and  shirt  of 
mail  are  characteristic  of  the  period. 

In  his  chapter  on  heraldic  and  miscel- 
laneous seal-matrices  Mr.  Armstrong  ex- 
presses the  opinion  that  heraldry  was  not 
adopted  generally  by  the  Irish  chiefs  until 
the  fifteenth  century  or  later.  This  view 
is  probably  correct,  although  individual 
examples  of  an  earlier  use  of  arms 
may  be  found.  The  science  of  blazon, 
like  the  art  of  seal-engraving,  was  a 
foreign  importation  into  Ireland.  But 
the  examples  he  quotes — such  as  that  of 
one  of  the  O'Briens  sealing  with  a  griffin, 
and  another  with  a  galley,  neither  of 
which  is  an  O'Brien  heraldic  charge — do 
not  really  bear  upon  the  point.  The 
badge,  or  cognizance,  of  a  military  leader 
bore  no  necessary  relation  to  his  paternal 
coat  of  arms,  and  often  differed  com- 
pletely from  any  charge  thereon.  When 
it  is  borne  in  mind  that  the  chieftainship 
of  an  Irish  clan  was  elective,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  use  of  such  a  badge  as  a  seal 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,   1914 


Til  E     ATIIEN.EUM 


:*2l 


would  be  more  natural  to  the  chief  than 
that  of  an  hereditary  coat,  even  if  the 
latter  existed. 

Of  tlu>  Local  seals  the  finest  is  un- 
doubtedly that  of  the  New  Tow  not'  Dun- 
dalk.  of  early  fourteenth-century  date. 
It  bears  a  shield  of  arms  with  supporters, 
within  a  cusped  panel.  The  design  is 
satisfying  :  it  tills  the  seal,  as  the  charges 
rill  the  shield.  One  has  only  to  compare 
such  work  with  that  of  the  seventeenth- 
and  eighteenth-century  engraver  to  be 
conscious  of  the  superiority  of  the  earlier 
craftsman  as  a  designer. 

In  the  part  of  the  book  treating  of 
ecclesiastical  seal-matrices  many  beautiful 
specimens  of  the  seal-worker's  art  are 
illustrated  and  described.  Among  them 
may  be  mentioned  the  matrix  carved  for 
Thomas  Barret,  Bishop  of  Elphin  1372- 
1404.  a  tine  example,  having  the  Virgin 
and  Child  beneath  a  pinnacled  Gothic 
canopy.  The  small  matrix  of  the  se- 
cretion of  Stephen  Brown,  Bishop  of  Ross 
(1402),  is  notable  as  showing  some  Celtic 
influence  in  the  interlaced  decoration. 

Most  of  the  seal-matrices  described  by 
Mr.  Armstrong  are  to  be  found  in  the 
collection  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy, 
now  deposited  in  the  National  Museum, 
Dublin. 


eighteenth 


century     nota- 


A  Dictionary  of  Irish  Artists.  By  Walter 
G.  Strickland.  2  vols.  (Maunsel  &  Co., 
1?.  10s.  net.) 

In  publishing  this  exhaustive  '  Dictionary 
of  Irish  Artists  "  Mr.  Walter  G.  Strickland 
has  rendered  a  valuable  service  to  the 
student,  and  has  added  considerably  to 
our  knowledge  of  the  history  and  develop- 
ment of  the  arts  in  Ireland. 

Hitherto  investigation  into  the  details 
of  the  lives  and  works  of  Irish  artists 
has  been  a  difficult  and  toilsome  task. 
Except  in  the  case  of  a  few  well-known 
names,  little  is  recorded  in  biographical 
dictionaries  and  books  of  reference  that 
would  form  the  basis  for  an  historical 
Survey ;  but  in  these  two  volumes  the 
future  historian  will  find,  not  only 
information  as  to  facts,  but  also  guidance 
to  the  fields  from  which  fuller  materials 
may  be  gleaned. 

The  most  noteworthy  characteristic  of 
Mi.  Strickland's  Dictionary  is  that,  while 
the  mure  famous  painters  are  not  neg- 
lected,  details  are  supplied  for  the 
first  time  "f  certain  Irish  painters  and 
engravers  of  distinction  about  whom 
little  has  beeD  known  hitherto  apart  from 
their  work. 

Amongst  the  earliest  of  these  are 
Thomas  Pooley  and  Michael  Mitchell, 
two  seventeenth-century  portrait  painters 
who  are  responsible  for  many  Irish  por- 
traits of  the  period,  both  in  public  and 
private    collections.     No    biographies    of 

either    of    these    painter-    exist,    and     the 

ounts  here  given  of  them  Form  an 
important  addition  to  the  history  of 
British  art,  and  show  that  1'  ol  at  l<  asf 
was  a  painter  of  considerable  merit. 
To  turn  to  a  later  instance,  Hugh  Hamil- 
ton,    the     painter    of    man.     attractive 


portraits     of 

bilities,  finds  in  Mr.  Strickland  his  first 
biographer.  Hamilton  is  now  beginning 
to  be  recognized  in  Kngland  as  one  of  the 
foremost  pastcllists  of  his  time.  Born 
and  educated  in  Dublin,  he  practised  his 
art  first  in  his  native  city,  and  afterwards 
in  London  and  in  Italy.  Returning  to 
Ireland  after  an  absence  of  over  twenty 
years,  he  worked  in  Dublin  until  his 
death  in  1808.  A  full  list  of  his  recorded 
works  is  appended,  which  includes  many 
subject  -  pictures  and  portraits  in  oil, 
besides  the  crayon  portraits  by  which  he 
is  more  generally  known. 

Mr.  Strickland's  Dictionary  shows  evi- 
dences of  painstaking  work  in  the  case  of 
many  other  painters.  He  has  added  to 
our  information  about  Garret  Morphey, 
who  is  referred  to  as  "  Murphy  "  by  Mr. 
Collins  Baker  in  his  standard  book  on  the 
Stuart  painters,  and  as  "  Morphew  "  in 
a  letter  among  the  Portland  papers  at 
Welbeck.  Morphey  is  best  known  by  his 
portrait  of  Archbishop  Oliver  Plunket, 
who  was  executed  at  Tyburn  in  1681. 
He  also  painted  portraits  of  Henry,  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  and  of  Anne  Boyle,  wife  of 
Lord  Mountjoy.  In  the  latter  of  these 
Mr.  Strickland  finds  traces  of  French 
influence. 

The  biographies  of  Richard  Rotlnvell, 
Robert  Home,  Samuel  Collins,  Sampson 
Roche,  Sir  Frederick  Burton,  and  Walter 
Osborne — to  mention  but  a  few  out  of 
many — also  contain  much  that  is  new  ; 
and  in  some  cases  correct  inaccuracies  in 
existing  works  of  reference.  To  give  but 
one  example  of  the  latter  :  in  the  last 
edition  of  Bryan's  ;  Dictionary  '  Walter 
Osborne  is  referred  to  as  "  an  Englishman 
who  settled  in  Ireland."  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  this  painter  was  bom  in  Dublin  of 
Irish  parents,  worked  there  during  most 
of  his  lifetime,  and  died  there  in  1003. 

That  portion  of  Mr.  Strickland's  work 
which  deals  with  the  rise  of  the  Irish 
school  of  mezzotinters  is  of  special  value 
to  students  and  collectors.  Of  the  founder 
of  the  school,  John  Brooks,  he  has  much 
of  interest  to  record,  and  the  complete 
list  of  the  line  engravings  and  etchings 
done  by  this  engraver  before  he  trans- 
|  ferred  his  attention  to  mezzotinting  is  an 
important  contribution  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  subject.  In  the  further  catalogue 
of  Brooks's  mezzotint  work  much  fresh 
information  will  be  found,  derived  chiefly 
from  contemporary  newspapers;  and  the 
dates  of  many  of  his  prints  can  now  for 
the  first  time  be  ascertained.  Mr.  Strick- 
land is  also  able  to  state  many  new  facts 
regarding  Brooks's  assistant  Andrew  J 
Millar,  and  bis  distinguished  pupils  Mae-  I 
Ardell,  Houston,  Spooner,  and  Purcell, 
who  afterwards  revived  the  art  of  mezzo- 
tinting in  England. 

Not  the  leasl  interesting  part  of  Mr. 
Strickland's  book  is  the  Btory  of  the 
foundation  and  development  of  the  Arl 
institutions  of  [reland,  which  is  told  in 
an  Appendix  to  the  second  \ olume. 

\     eai  ly  as   ITo'.t  the   |  mUm  Socii  I  • 
which  had  been  founded  eight  years  before 
with  the  object  of  "  improving  husbandry 


manufacture,    and    the    useful    arts    and 
Sciences,"   offered   premiums  for  works  in 

painting  and  statuary,  and  soon  after- 
wards established  a  School  of  Art  in 
Dublin.  In  1764  "  The  Society  of  Artiste 
in  Ireland  "  was  formed  to  promote 
exhibitions  of  the  works  of  its  members: 
but  it  was  not  till  L823,  nearly  sixty  years 
later,  that  the  Hibernian  Academy  was 
incorporated  by  royal  charter.  The  his 
tory  of  this  institution  is  fully  recorded 
by  Mr.  Strickland,  who  gives  a  list  of  all 
its  members  from  its  foundation  to  the 
present  day. 

The  book  throughout  exhibits  the  most 
careful  research,  and  every  source  oi 
information,  public  and  private,  appeal 
to  -have  been  ransacked  for  facts.  The 
volumes  are  illustrated  by  numerous  por- 
traits of  artists,  and  an  exhaustive  Index 
adds  to  the  value  of  the  work,  which  as 
a  book  of  reference  ought  to  find  a  plate 
in  the  hbrary  of  every  student  of  tin- 
history  of  British  art. 


WATER  -  COLOUR     DKAWfXGS     AT 
MESSRS.     AGNEW'S 

It  must  be  admitted  that  the  later  doveloi 
ments  of  water-colour  painting  in  England 
hardly     commend     themselves     to     modern 
taste.     The    torturing    of    a    light    medium 
to  a  high  degree  of  complexity,  the  elaborate- 
orchestration  of  themes  which   do  not  calf 
for  such  treatment,  weary  us  with  a  sense  of 
mechanical  industry.  De  Wint's  Bray  Church, 
Berkshire  (4),  and  On  the    Witham  (10),  and 
in   slightly    less   severe   fashion    his    Cottage: 
Farmyard    (13),   mark    about    the    limit    of 
realism   the  school  was  capable  of  without 
losing  the  compact  structure  of  the  design 
in    mere    repetition    of    ornamental    detail. 
Cotman's  Alencon  (33)  is  already  a  little  in  the 
direction  of  ingenious  embroidery,  but,  as   i  - 
usually  the  case,  the  sound,  safe  nse  of  an 
habitual  colour-scheme  which  De  Wint  offer 
us  seems  a  little  dull  besides  Cotman's  more 
inspired  brilliance.     The  latter  in  his  luxuri- 
ous use  of  pigment  seems  almost  unerring 
a  decorator,  but    is  rivalled  in    the   present 
show  by  Girtin  in  a  masterly  Rue  St.  Denis, 
Paris  (43),  in  which  the  feu  tones  tranquilly 
and  gravely   laid   upon   the  paper  do  their 
work  with  a  perfect  discretion  given  to  few 
artists  in  this  much-abused  medium. 

Turner  is  reported  to  have  said  that,  had 
Tom  Girtin  lived,  lie  himself  would  have 
starved,  but  we  fear  he  flattered  his  public  ii 
he  imagined  they  would  ever  have  preferred 
the  solemnity  of  the  '  Rue  St.  Denis  '  to  the 
more  obvious  attractiveness  of  his  own 
later  style.  Warwick  Castle  ( 158)  isoneof  the 
pictures  which  seem  "out  "  bo  please  byanj 
and  every  device  available.  It  overdoes  it- 
programme.  The  Colossi  inn.  llnuii  (ltil 
escapes  a  similar  over-  la  \  ish  attractiveness  ol 

multitudinous    episode    by  the  decent   mono- 
tony imposed    by  so  large  a  mass  of  perpen- 
dicular forms  almost  filling  the  paper. 
Storm  (163)  is  a    beautiful    little  design  in 
which    for   once   the  intrinsic    beautj    ol   a 

few     simple     element        !        set      dOW  n     H  ithoill 

irrelet  ant  parade  of  the  art  i  t  e  endless  >  \<-\  er- 
Qi  Callow's  &*.  Rhumbold,  MaUnes(56),  > 

an  iiiilmii  of  brillianth  drawn  detail,  saved 
iron,  mere  show  ineaa  i>>   a  «  nam  primi 
in     the    colour.      It     compari  blj 

w  ni,  bui  Ii  a   t.\  pica!   Bonington  ae    No.    I  Tu. 
77,,    /ii„/i  b  Palace,  \\  I  it  Ii  di  plays  hi     imual 
nalof  i  rii  '•  •  and    h<  >w     to  perfecl  ion  li"\\ 

an  art   n  aj  I"-  facile,  j el    not    ponta 

The  demons!  ral  ion  ■  ■  " 

r,  iterated  b\  hi«  follow  ei    ever  since. 


322 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


THE  NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  SOCIETY. 

The  presence  of  Mr.  Walter  Sickerb's 
beautiful  little  painting  The  New  Home  (103) 
raises  comparisons  too  exacting  for  most 
of  the  pictures  by  which  it  is  surrounded. 
Solid  yet  mysterious  in  paint,  homely  yet 
poetic  in  characterization,  it  is  in  its  way  a 
minor  masterpiece,  and  one  of  the  best 
pictures  Mr.  Sickert  has  shown.  The  girl  is 
very  real  to  us,  but  her  objective  reality  is 
not,  as  with  most  of  the  persons  who  stare 
at  us  from  the  wall,  insisted  on  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  subtlety  which  gives  life  and 
significance  to  her  presence.  Mr.  Orpen  is 
one  of  the  worst  sinners  in  his  pitilessly 
circumstantial  Leonard  Stokes  (53).  We 
cannot  really  suspect  Mr.  Orpen  of  leaning 
on  such  aid,  but  it  is  difficult  to  shake  off 
the  impression  that  this  portrait  has  been 
painted  on  top  of  an  enlarged  photograph,  so 
tamely  methodical  is  the  elaboration  of  each 
passage  of  modelling,  so  innocent  of  any  large 
comparisons  of  the  various  ways  in  which 
different  substances  take  the  light.  Even 
Mr.  Connard's  hasty  sketch  of  Mrs.  William 
Murray  in  Fancy  Dress  (56)  has,  by  its 
painter-like  attention  to  this  problem,  some 
suggestion  of  the  depth  and  infinity  of  nature. 

Mr.  Orpen's  second  portrait,  The  Countess 
Crawford  (77),  shows  his  usual  careful,  delicate 
execution  in  the  painting  of  still  life,  but  as  a 
design  is  weak.  The  detail  is  pushed  to  a 
very  small  unit  of  form  for  so  extensive  an 
angle  of  vision,  and  the  square  lines  of  the 
room  are  the  only  large  shapes  on  which 
these  details  are  arranged.  They  might  have 
sufficed  had  the  treatment  of  the  figure,  and 
above  all  of  the  head,  been  brought  into  some 
sort  of  rhythmic  relation  to  them.  This, 
however,  has  not  been  attempted.  The 
statuette  in  the  shadow  against  the  window 
has  been  treated  with  far  more  sense  of  its 
adaptability.  Yet,  surely,  in  the  infinite 
subtleties  of  light  or  a  living  head,  in  the 
play  of  silhouette  of  a  moving  figure,  there 
was  a  richer  mine  to  draw  upon.  To  see 
surrounding  solids  and  voids  as  reacting  upon 
the  forms  of  a  sitter  and  emphasizing  their 
impressiveness  is  obviously  the  basis  of 
design  in  portraiture,  and  one  of  the  devices 
which  separate  it  from  photography. 

Mr.  McEvoy's  W.  A.  Jowitt,  Esq.  (75), 
has  the  same  lack  of  plastic  unity,  though 
here  it  is  rather  in  the  figure  itself.  The 
sitter  is  placed  so  that  his  hand  is  nearer 
us  and  better  lighted  than  the  head,  and 
Mr.  McEvoy  has  painted  the  former  very 
ably,  and  duly  noted  that  even  the  strongest 
lights  in  the  head  were  lower  in  tone. 
But  instead  of  noting  also  the  lessening 
degree  of  complexity  with  which  the  light 
reveals  forms  as  they  retire  into  obscurity, 
he  has  begun  afresh,  on  the  basis  of  his  lower- 
toned  high  light,  to  model  a  head  just  as 
fully  as  the  hand,  and  without  further 
reference  to  it,  so  that  instead  of  a  head 
more  bathed  in  shadow  than  the  hand,  we 
have  a  head  showing  itself  in  just  the  same 
way,  but  in  dirtier  paint,  i.e.,  with  narrower 
intervals  between  tone  and  tone.  If,  how- 
ever, he  seems  thus  to  lack  the  science  for 
such  full  realism  as  is  here  essayed,  we  have 
nothing  but  admiration  for  those  delicate 
and  distinguished  ghosts  in  water-colour 
monochrome,  Alice  Gardner  (104)  and 
Study  for  Portrait  of  Mademoiselle  Pauline 
Zavier  (101),  in  which  the  finely  consistent, 
yet  slight  suggestion  of  solidity  demon- 
strates that  it  is  not  copiousness  of  statement 
which  necessarily  makes  for  reality. 

It  is  only  occasionally,  when  he  is  doing 
a  portrait,  that  Mr.  Augustus  John  (the 
newly  elected  President  of  the  Society)  falls 
into  that  error.  His  head  of  William 
Nicholson,  Esq.  (170),  is  shrewdly  cha- 
racterized, yet  the  picture  is  pushed  to  a 


degree  of  realism  beyond  what  is  needed 
for  emphasis  of  character,  and  we  feel  it 
to  be  diffuse  compared  with  his  slighter 
Portrait  (63),  the  sensuous  colour-scheme  of 
which,  in  itself  almost  cloyingly  sweet,  is 
admirably  in  character  with  the  sitter. 
Whistler's  hitherto  unexhibited  Robert  Barr 
(66)  will  not  add  to  his  reputation,  and  we 
are  inclined  to  prefer  the  delicate  Portrait 
of  a  Girl  (70),  naively  presented  by  Miss 
Winifred  Howe.  In  a  simple  fashion  there 
is  beauty  or  prettiness,  in  the  better  sense  of 
the  word,  in  La  Poudresse  (188),  by  F.  C. 
Frieseke,  and  Miss  Ruth  Hunt  (48),  by  Mr. 
G.  Sauter.  Mr.  William  Strang's  clear, 
decisive  statements  (80-82)  suffer  from  a 
disproportionate  stress  on  the  coldness  of 
all  the  half-tones  of  flesh,  and  insistence  on 
a  flash  even  across  the  red  of  a  cheek.  Mr. 
Somerville's  Gipsy  (83),  over-slippery  as  it  is, 
gains  by  its  prudent  tendency  to  reduce 
local  colour  to  a  minimum. 


OTHER    EXHIBITIONS. 

Mr.  J.  D.  Fergusson's  large  canvas 
Les  Eus  (20)  in  his  exhibition  at  the  Dore 
Gallery,  makes  a  pleasant  splash  of  colour 
against  the  dark  -  green  wall,  but  hardly 
bears  examination.  In  his  vague  deter- 
mination somehow  to  simplify  his  figures  he 
makes  them  boneless,  and  although  very 
solid,  they  are  not,  as  form,  in  relation  to 
the  ground  which  should  support  them,  nor, 
as  colour,  are  their  surfaces — so  varied  in 
hue — answerable  to  any  consistent  scheme, 
however  imaginative,  of  lighting.  They 
thus  have  rather  the  air  of  stained  bladders, 
particularly  about  the  lower  limbs.  No.  13, 
Pastel  Head,  is  a  clever  drawing.  In  The 
Lady  with  a.  Fan  (11)  the  colours  are  chosen, 
if  not  placed,  expressively ;  and  there  is 
cleverness  of  design  in  the  Cafe  d'Harcourt  (9) 
and  Red  and  Blue  and  Green  (24).  On  the 
whole,  the  painting  tends  to  vulgarity,  com- 
pared with  the  artist's  early  work,  and  we 
think  that  a  milieu  in  which  criticism,  if 
narrower,  was  also  more  severe  than  that 
obtaining  in  the  Paris  of  to-day  would  be 
more  favourable  to  his  talent.  The  difficulty 
nowadays  is  to  find  such  surroundings. 

The  tenth  annual  Exhibition  of  Original 
Colour  Etchings  in  the  adjoining  gallery  is 
of  the  popular  order,  aiming  at  providing 
something  very  like  a  painting,  but  at  a 
cheaper  price.  Only  in  M.  Henri  Meunier's 
River  in  Shadow  (47)  and  M.  Maurice 
Taquoy's  Hunting  Scenes  (62-6)  do  we  see 
some  sense  of  the  legitimate  use  of  the 
material. 

At  the  Diirer  Gallery  Mr.  Mul  ready 
Stone's  etchings  have  almost  all,  if  not  all, 
been  previously  shown,  most  of  them  too 
recently  to  call  for  fresh  notice. 


The  Art  Galleries  Committee  of  Glasgow 
have  prevailed  on  the  Glasgow  Corporation 
to  offer  a  prize  of  400  guineas  for  a  painting 
representing  some  incident,  or  embodying  the 
spirit  of  some  epoch,  in  Scottish  history,  as 
part  of  the  proposed  commemoration  of 
Bannockburn  on  the  forthcoming  600th 
anniversary. 

Amongst  the  recent  additions  to  the 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland  are  a  chalk 
drawing  of  Mrs.  Norton  by  John  Hayter ; 
a  sketch  portrait  of  Balfe  by  Maclise  ;  a 
water-colour  drawing  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton by  an  unknown  artist  ;  an  oil  portrait 
of  the  late  Sir  John  Gilbert  by  Mr.  Lavery  ; 
an  interesting  portrait  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Leland    which  suggests  the  hand  of  North- 


cote  ;  and  a  portrait  of  Swift  by  Rupert 
Barker,  which  has  never  been  reproduced, 
though  it  is  mentioned  by  Sir  Waiter  Scott 
in  his  '  Life  of  Swift.'  In  the  Dublin  room 
there  are  many  interesting  additions  to  the 
early  maps  and  views  of  Dublin  and  its 
environs. 

The  sixtieth  exhibition  of  the  Water- 
Colour  Society  of  Ireland  opened  in  Dublin 
last  week.  Mr.  Bingham  MacGuinness,  Mis- 
Rose  Barton,  Mr.  Orpen,  and  Miss  Mildred 
Butler  are  all  well  represented ;  and  amongst 
the  younger  exhibitors  who  show  interesting 
work  may  be  mentioned  Miss  A.  Griffin,  Miss 
May  Hamilton,  and  Miss  Fraser. 

An  attractive  exhibition  of  pictures  of 
life  in  the  West  of  Ireland  by  Mr.  Jack  B. 
Yeats  was  opened  in  Dublin  on  Monday 
last.  In  addition  to  character-sketches  and 
subject  -  pictures,  it  includes  a  number  of 
landscapes  interesting  for  their  individuality 
of  handling. 

For  some  years  past  the  French  Govern- 
ment has  been  carrying  on  negotiations  with 
M.  Rodin  on  the  subject  of  his  collections  of 
sculpture.  These  include,  besides  fine  speci- 
mens of  Greek,  Roman,  and  Egyptian  art, 
some  of  the  best  examples  of  M.  Rodin's  own 
work,  and  he  is  willing  to  present  his  country 
with  the  whole  of  them,  the  only  condition 
being  that  the  museum  shall  remain  in  the 
Hotel  Biron.  which  he  at  present  occupies. 
The  negotiations  are  at  last  drawing  to  an 
end.  M.  Jacquier,  the  Secretary  for  Fine 
Arts,  is  in  favour  of  the  scheme,  and  has 
prepared  a  Bill  dealing  with  it,  which  will 
soon  be  introduced  into  the  Chamber. 

Those  who  know  their  Paris  down  to  its 
more  recondite  details  will  be  glad  to  learn 
that  the  scheme  for  erecting  a  new  School 
of  Decorative  Arts  on  the  bank  of  the  Seine, 
close  by  Notre  Dame,  includes  the  removal 
of  the  houses  which  now  enclose  Saint  Julien 
le  Pauvre,  and  will  leave  the  frontage  to  the 
Seine  open,  thus  giving  space  to  view  that 
ancient  and  most  interesting  church  to 
advantage. 

The  foundation  dates  from  the  sixth 
century,  and  was  originally  a  hospice.  The 
church  was  destroyed  in  886  by  the  Normans, 
but  reconstructed  not  long  after.  It  was 
restored  in  the  twelfth  century,  and,  until 
the  regular  schools  at  Sainte  Genevieve  were 
erected,  it  was  the  seat  of  the  University. 

It  was  for  a  long  time  the  church  of  the 
Hotel  Dieu — -the  city  hospital — which  for- 
merly stood  near  it,  and  it  was  restored  to 
this  use  after  the  Revolution,  during  which 
it  had  been  used  as  a  storehouse  for  forage. 
It  now  belongs  to  the  Orthodox  Church. 

Two  wells,  once  within  the  walls  of  the 
church,  are  now  in  the  courtyard  in 
front  of  it.  One  of  them  had  a  reputation 
as  affording  a  cure  for  all  ills. 

The  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  are  appealing  to  the  nation  for 
70,000Z.  to  be  spent  on  the  fabric  only,  so 
as  to  carry  out  a  comprehensive  scheme  of 
repairs  rendered  necessary  by  the  weaken- 
ing of  the  superstructure,  on  the  one  hand 
through  disturbance  of  the  foundations,  and, 
on  the  other,  through  the  pressure  of  the 
weight  of  the  dome.  They  have  been  in- 
formed that  a  thorough  and  permanent 
strengthening  of  the  superstructure  must 
be  accomplished  before  the  foundations 
can  be  satisfactorily  attended  to,  and  the 
work  contemplated  includes  the  insertion 
of  new  stone,  cement  grouting,  and  the 
removal  of  the  iron  used  by  Sir  Christopher 
Wren,  which  has  proved  a  source  of  much 
injury  to  the  masonry.  The  question  of  the 
foundations  is  at  least  so  far  clear  :  all  the 
experts  who  have  examined  them  agree 
that  no  work  undertaken  on  the  fabric  will 


No.  4:*>0.->,   Fkh.  i>S,   1014 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


323 


ensure  its  safety  if  any  tunnelling  is  allowed 
in  the  neighbourhood. 

I  ontributiona  to  the  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
Preservation  Final  may  be  sent  to  the 
Receiver,  the  Chapter  Bouse,  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard,  E.C. 

THE  meeting  of  the  London  County  Council 
en  Tuesday  last,  at  which  the  coat  and  crest 
submitted  by  the  General  Purposes  Com- 
mittee were  provisionally  accepted,  was 
not  without  its  dissentients.  We  should 
have  expected  more  criticism  of  the  motto, 
founded  on.  though  hardly  "  taken  from," 
a  passage  in  Tacitus.  '  Annals.'  xiv.  33. 
But  perhaps,  after  the  achievements  of 
St.  Pancras  in  Latin,  anything  thai  can  be 
construed  is  considered  bright  and  attractive. 

The  liveliest  objection  was  to  "flummery  ' 
— one  bound  to  arise;  the  most  cogent,  the 
consideration  that  the  L.C.C.  is  only  a  tem- 
porary body,  that  a  reorganization  of  govern- 
ment was  to  be  hoped  for,  when  the  arms  of 
the  City  might  be  made  available  for  the 
directors  of  the  whole  area  of  London. 
The  amendment  to  refer  back  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  General  Purposes  Com- 
mittee to  apply  for  a  grant  of  arms  was, 
however,  defeated,  and  the  recommendation 
confirmed,  subject  to  the  condition  that  the 
design  for  the  coat  be  submitted  to  the 
Council  after  the  application. 

From  the  '  Annual  Progress  Report  '  for 
the  year  ending  March  31st,  1913,  drawn  up  at 
Allahabad  by  the  Superintendent  of  Muham- 
madan  and  British  Monuments,  we  learn 
that  the  earth  ramps  which  formerly  hid  the 
platforms  of  Akbar's  tomb  at  Agra  have 
now  been  removed,  and  the  platforms  ex- 
posed to  their  full  original  length,  with  the 
result  that  the  tomb  has  regained  its  former 
stateliness.  A  brass  hanging  lamp  and  two 
hand-lamps  of  Mughal  pattern,  made  by 
the  Jaipur  School  of  Art,  have  been  provided 
for  the  mausoleum. 

We  learn  from  the  same  source  that 
improvements  are  being  made  in  the  gardens 
surrounding  the  Taj  Mahal.  A  number  of 
variegated  palms,  which  have  been  found  to 
straggle  too  untidily,  have  been  exchanged 
for  more  compact  plants,  and  cypress  trees 
have  been  planted  along  the  causeways 
which  rim  east  and  west  from  the  mausoleum. 

.Mlssrs.  Macmillax  <fc  Co.  hope  to  pub- 
lish during  the  coming  autumn  a  new  and 
eidarged  edition  of  Profs.  Tsountas  and 
Manatt's  well-known  volume  on  'The  My- 
cenaean Age,"  which  needs  bringing  up  to 
date,  especially  in  regard  to  the  discoveries 
in  Crete. 

Prof.  Manatt  visited  Athens  last  year, 
and  with  his  colleague  made  arrangements 
for  the  new  edition.  Prof.  Tsountas  will 
contribute  a  new  chapter  on  pre-Mycenaean 
A]  haeology,  while  Dr.  George  Karo,  Director 
of  the  German  Institute  at  Athens,  will  con- 
tribute a  substantial  chapter  on  Crete.  Any 
olar  who  has  noted  errata  in  the  original 
text  is  invited  to  communicate  with  Prof. 
Manatt  at  Brown  University,  Providence. 
Rhode  Island,  U.S. 

Just  as  we  go  to  press,  we  hear  of  the 
death  on  Wednesday  1  I  St  of  Sir  John  Tenniel, 
the  famous  cartoonist  and  illustrator,  at  the 
great  age  of  ninety-three. 


PICTURE    SALE. 


IfBBBBS.  ChBISTXS  Sold  on  Friday,  Die  20th 
in-!.,  tin-  following  picturea  :  \.  Palamedee,  Por- 
trait "f  a  Gentleman,  in  black  drees,  with  white 
lai<-  collar-  ami  cuff-,,  seated  at  a  tabic-  writing 
(on  panel),  2417.  10«.  Reynolds,  Mrs.  Keek,  in 
white  dress,  embroidered  with  small  sprigs  of 
dowers,  holding  a  basket  containing  Bowers  and  a 
squirrel,  819/.  10«. 


ittusiral   (5ossip. 

Tin:  performance  of  '  Die  Walkiire  '  at 
Covent  Garden  on  the  18th  inst.  was 
interesting.  There  were  good  artists,  though 
they  did  not  seem  well  suited  to  the  parts 
assigned  to  them.  Fran  Riische-Kndorf 
neither  in  bearing  nor  in  voice  gave  one  the 
idea  of  Wot  an*  brave  Valkyrie.  Then  even 
Frau  Eva  von  der  Osten,  who  was  so  great 
as  Isolde,  was  not  convincing  as  Sieglindo  ; 
moreover,  her  voice  seemed  tired.  Herren 
Paul  Bender  (Wotan)  and  Urlus  (Siegmund) 
were  both  excellent.  Herr  Bodanzky  con- 
ducted. 

In  '  Die  Meistersinger,'  given  on  the  21st 
inst.,  there  was  much  to  praise.  Herr 
Robert  Hutt  as  Walther  did  not  render  full 
justice  to  himself  in  the  first  act,  and  al- 
though he  showed  improvement  in  the  third, 
there  was  neither  sufficient  romance  in 
his  impersonation  nor  charm  in  his  voice. 
Singing  for  the  first  time  in  a  house  new 
to  him,  he  may  have  been  ill  at  ease. 
Hans  Sachs  was  ably  impersonated  by  Herr 
Friedrich  Plaschke.  The  only  thing  we 
missed  was  the  cheerful  side  of  the  poet- 
cobbler's  character,  and  this  made  his  per- 
formance a  t  times  rather  dull.  Fraulein  Claire 
Dux,  the  Eva,  pleasing  in  appearance  and 
manner,  sang  with  fair  success.  In  that 
capacity  she  was  at  her  best  in  the  quintet. 
The  difficult  part  of  Beckmesser  was  taken 
by  Herr  Hans  Erwin,  and  he  sustained  it 
well.  There  was  no  tendency  to  exaggerate. 
We  noticed  this  particularly  in  small 
matters,  as,  for  instance,  the  moderate 
marking  of  the  faults  on  the  slate  in  the  first 
act.  The  tone  of  his  voice,  however,  did 
not  sufficiently  represent  the  man's  inner 
feelings  of  jealousy  and  spite.  Herr  Kniipfer 
and  Herr  Kiess,  as  Pogner  and  Kothner,  were 
impressive.  The  choral  singing  in  the 
street  riot  was  very  good.  Mr.  Albert 
Coates  again  proved  himself  a  Wagner 
conductor  of  high  ability  ;  and  while  attend- 
ing to  the  orchestra,  he  did  not  forget  the 
singers. 

Madame  Ilona  K.  Durigo,  who  gave 
her  first  recital  in  London  at  Bechstein 
Hall  last  Tuesday  afternoon,  has  a  rich 
contralto  voice,  and  interprets  music  of 
various  schools  with  fine  intelligence.  Her 
programme  included  some  seventeenth-cen- 
tury Italian  songs  and  Paisiello's  merry 
'  La  Zingarella.'  A  Schubert  group  of 
Lieder  were  rendered  with  exquisite  taste. 
There  was,  however,  a  certain  lack  of  ease 
and  spontaneity,  which  may  have  been 
due  to  some  passing  cause,  possibly  anxiety. 
Dr.  Kasics  Durigo  was  at  the  piano. 

Mr.  Leonard  Borwick  gave  his  fourth 
pianoforte  recital  at  the  yEolian  Hall  last 
Wednesday  afternoon.  His  performance  of 
Brahms's  Sonata  in  f  minor,  Op.  5,  especi- 
ally of  tho  poetical  Andante  and  Inter- 
mezzo, was  excellent.  This  was  followed 
by  his  transcriptions  of  Debussy's  '  L'Apres- 
midi  dun  Faune'  and  the  Nocturne  entitled 
'  Fetes.'  Without  orchestral  colour,  which 
plays  .so  prominent  a  part  in  these  pieces, 
much  of  their  charm  is  lost .  We  can,  how  ever, 
recognize  the  skill  of  the  transcriptions,  and 

the  finished  rendering  given  of  them  by  the 
pianist.     His  recital   ended   with  a  Chopin 

group,  some  numbers  of  which,  notably  the 
beautiful  Prelude,  Op.  4.1,  are  seldom  heard. 
The  Polonaise  in  a  was  given  with  unwonted 

vigour. 
Tin:  concert   of  the   Royal    Philharmonic 

Society    at     Queen',     Hall    on     the     I!tth     m-t. 

opened  with  Beethoven's  'Egmonl  Over- 
ture, and   tin-  was  followed  by  Dr.  St  ran 

■  Bin    Keldenleben,'   an   interesting  and   in- 


structive juxtaposition.  Beethoven,  though 
conscious  of  his  strength,  kept  within  bounds. 
Strauss  in  the  "  battle  "  episode  kicks  over 
the  traces.  Intemperate  sound  may  be 
Forgiven  in  a  gifted  composer,  but  in  this 
instance  it  is  realism  run  mad  :  mere  noise, 
not  music.  Herr  Mengelberg,  who  obtained 
fine  performances  of  both  works,  did  not 
try  to  temper  the  passage  to  the  ears 
of  those  present.  This,  by  the  way,  w  as 
the  first  time  the  work  had  been  given  at 
these  concerts.  .Mention  has  already  been 
made-  of  the  thematic  material  and  poetic 
basis  of  Sir  Charles  V.  Stanford's  Irish 
Rhapsody  No.  4,  the  novelty  of  the  evening. 
The  first  theme,  quiet  and  quaint,  is  pre- 
sented with  delicate  orchestration,  which 
well  depicts  tho  "  wistfully  in  the  morning  " 
of  the  Petrie  title.  Rhythmic  strength  and 
stateliness  are  the  characteristic  features 
of  the  second  and  third  themes  respectively  . 
which  are  developed  with  skill  and  judgment  ; 
but  the  closing  portion  of  the  Rhapsody 
seems,  at  first  hearing,  less  impressive  than 
what  preceded.  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick  gave  a 
sound  performance  of  Schumann's  Concerto. 
He  is  one  of  the  few  pianists  whoso  reading 
recalls  that  of  Madame  Schumann,  under 
whom  he  studied. 

The  Societe  des  Concerts  Erancais,  faithful 
to  its  scheme,  devoted  a  whole  programme  of 
its  concert  at  Steinway  Hall  on  the  16th  inst. 
to  the  works  of  M.  Elorent  Schmitt,  a  rising 
French  composer  who  is  attracting  much 
attention  in  his  own  country.  His  Quintet 
for  pianoforte  and  strings  formed  the  main 
feature  of  the  programme.  The  earnestness 
of  the  composer  appears  to  have  led  him  to 
undue  length.  Some  thematic  material 
may  bear  long  treatment,  but  in  view 
of  the  character  of  M.  Schmitt's  music,  in 
which  there  seem  unnecessary  repetitions, 
it  would  be  difficult  to  plead  that  by  way 
of  excuse.  His  work,  however,  is  highly 
interesting.  The  themes  are  not,  like  some 
modern  ones,  scrappy  ;  in  fact,  the  music 
shows  skill  and  strong  poetical  feeling.  It- 
was  admirably  rendered,  except  that  the 
pianoforte  part,  of  which  the  composer  had 
charge,  was  occasionally  rather  too 
prominent.  M.  Schmitt  was  ably  supported 
by  the  Parisian  Quartet. 

Madame  Hilda  Roosevelt,  who  has  a  sym- 
pathetic, well-trained  voice,  sang  with  fine 
effect  various  songs,  with  the  composer  al 
the  piano.  Some  are  pec  uliar  and  need 
more  than  one  hearing.  'O  triste  etait 
mon  ame,'  however,  at  once  made  a  strong 
appeal. 

The  last  of  the  series  of  Bach  concerts  was 
held  in  Westminster  Cathedral  Hall  on  Tues- 
day, and  the  chief  item  in  the;  programme 
was  the  Magnificat  in  d,  which  was  well  sung. 
The  Concerto  in  e  for  piano  and  strings  went 
excellently,  although  Mr.  Claude  Biggs 
showed  occasionally  a  tendenc}^  to  excessive 
freedom  in  his  time.  During  the  interval 
Dr.  Terry  made  a  speech,  in  which  he 
expressed  the  hope  that  the  concerts  would 
be  continued.  He  well  deserves  to  receive 
all  the  support   which  is  needed. 

Hkrk   Arnold   Sciionukiu;    is  said    to   l>, 
engaged  on  a  lyric  drama,  based  on  Balza 
'  Beraphita.' 


Hi  -. 

I     - 

M..s   - 

H 


PERFORMANCE    NEXT    WKI.K 

Concert.  :i  :io,  Royal  Alln-rt  Hall. 

Hiimlay  c„ii.  .it  hoi  li-i>.  I  10  UuMD'i  Hall 

li.ll ...i  Oooi  art,  7,  V"  •  "  "  "»ll. 
H.r   Royal  "pan, '  oral  Qajdtu 

Ada  81    John  Wmrlii  .  l»ri  h.-nil  ( 


l\  Knar.  Hall 


OK.       A.iiHi    .l..|ni  Wrlal rlir.tral  Imar 

—  Albart  epaJdiof'a  vlollo  Kadi  .Hall 

-  London  Trio   -    0    Boll  ui  H 


Ti  1  - 

«   M. 

Tin  i". 


H.i 


Bruawli  Quartal    I  IS,  Bachttaln  Hall 

1  laaali  al  i  001  •  n 1  -  Hall 

larllDf  M»' kmUy  >  rtong  xacll  •  l<- Tliaatra. 

Air  Art  Bo.  1.  11  -  I    ill  in  Hall. 

Plunk.!  Qrtona'a  Hong  Rrclu  '     llan  Hall. 

Newell'i  Vooal  H.  I        in  Hall. 

Cbappall't  Kill.  I  Coni.  I  ra  •  Hall 

Benno  Molaclwltarli'a  Pianoforte  Re<-IUI.  3.11.  BacbaUlu  Hall 


324 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


DRAMA 


Our    Irish    Theatre.     By    Lady    Gregory. 
(Putnam,  5/  net.) 

Lady  Gregory's  book  may  be  divided 
into  two  distinct  parts.  The  first  is  his- 
torical, the  second  is  the  tale  of  victories 
won  over  persons  who  saw  in  the  Irish 
plays  only  insults  and  injuries  to  National- 
ist Ireland  or,  as  the  case  might  be,  to 
Dublin  Castle. 

The  Irish  Theatre  originated  for  all 
practical  purposes  in  a  conversation  be- 
tween Lady  Gregory  and  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats 
in  1898,  and  in  the  May  of  the  following 
year  '  The  Countess  Cathleen,'  by  the 
latter,  and  '  The  Heather  Field,'  by  Mr. 
Edward  Martyn,  were  performed.  The 
appropriate  repertory  at  the  time  was 
extremely  limited  ;  Lady  Gregory  herself 
contributed  nothing  to  it  until  1903.  For 
some  years,  it  would  appear,  literary 
Ireland  was  by  no  means  unanimous  as 
to  the  meaning  of  a  National  Theatre. 
Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats  and  John  Eglinton,  in 
1899,  attempted  to  fight  out  in  the  columns 
of  The  Dublin  Daily  Express  a  solution 
to  the  question  "  What  should  be  the 
subjects  of  national  drama  ?  "  During 
the  first  years  the  few  plays  that  were 
performed  were  almost  exclusively  the 
work  of  a  small  circle  of  friends  :  Mr. 
Yeats,  A.  E.,  Mr.  George  Moore,  Mr. 
Martyn,  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde,  and,  a  little 
later,  Lady  Gregory  and  J.  M.  Synge. 
Even  so,  Dr.  Hyde,  the  President  of  the 
Gaelic  League,  had  written  his  plays  in 
that  language  on  themes  supplied  by 
Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats,  and  they  had  to  be  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Lady  Gregory. 
But  "  An  Craoibhin,"  by  his  participation 
in  the  work  of  the  Irish  Theatre,  secured 
for  it  the  active  support  of  the  Gaelic 
League.  Lately  the  Theatre  has  gone 
outside  Gaelic  for  its  translations.  There 
were,  of  course,  Lady  Gregory's  renderings 
of  Moliere  into  the  Kiltartan  dialect ;  but 
there  have  also  been  performed  plays 
by  Sudermann,  Strindberg,  and  Rabin  - 
dranath  Tagore  which  London  has  not 
yet  seen. 

The  pioneers  soon  found  their 
reward  in  the  appearance  of  a  group  of 
young  dramatists  whom  their  example 
had  fired.  It  is  by  this  virtual  creation 
of  a  school,  producing  good  work,  upon 
soil  which  had  hitherto  shown  all  the 
signs  of  sterility,  that  the  Irish  Theatre 
has  succeeded  in  promoting  a  new  lite- 
rary influence  that  promises  to  be  per- 
manent. 

Lady  Gregory  draws  a  picture  of  Synge 
that  will  commend  her  book  to  his 
still  increasing  host  of  admirers.  There 
are  several  stories  of  him.  There  could 
be  a  sharp  edge  to  his  wit,  as  when  he 
said  that  a  certain  actress  (not  Mrs. 
Campbell),  whose  modern  methods  he 
disliked,  had  turned  Yeats's  '  Deirdre  ' 
into  '  The  Second  Mrs.  Conchubar.'  He 
and  Lady  Gregory  first  met  on  one  of 
the  Aran  Islands,  where  each  was  study- 
ing the  islanders  and  resented  the  other's 
presence.     We   hear,   too,   of   the   efforts 


Synge  had  to  make  to  induce  any  pub- 
lisher to  take  his  book  on  those 
islands.  For  four  years  it  hung  fire, 
and  only  appeared  in  1907. 

The  chapters  which  relate  the  opposi- 
tion to  the  Theatre  would  be  really 
funny  if  they  did  not  bear  evidence  of 
such  painful  stupidity.  The  discourage- 
ment— not  amounting  to  prohibition — - 
of  '  The  Rising  of  the  Moon  '  by  Dublin 
Castle,  on  the  ground  that  the  play  "was 
derogatory  to  His  Majesty's  forces," 
might  be  forgiven  as  a  mere  piece  of 
official  silliness  ;  but  the  Irish-American 
campaign  of  1911-12  against  '  The  Play- 
boy of  the  Western  World,'  with  the 
virtual  arrest  of  the  whole  company  of 
actors  in  Philadelphia  on  account  of  the 
alleged  indecency  of  the  play,  empha- 
sizes the  text  on  which  Lady  Gregory 
and  Mr.  Shaw  are  continually  preaching. 
The  sentimental  and  lachrymose  Irish- 
man, both  of  fiction  and  of  fact,  is  no 
ornament  to  his  race,  and  only  his  in- 
veterate belief  in  his  heaven-sent  origin 
prevents  him  from  giving  way  to  his 
more  practical  self.  Not  the  least  im- 
portant object  of  an  Irish  Theatre  is  to 
make  the  sentimentalist  uncomfortable. 
It  is  because  Synge  succeeded  so  notably 
in  achieving  this  end  that  Irish  America 
foamed  at  the  mouth. 

'  Our  Irish  Theatre  '  is  written  in  a 
charming  style  and  abounds  in  interest- 
ing reminiscences  of  the  most  definite 
literary  movement  of  our  time. 


Bramattr   (gossip. 

A  clever  and  creditable  production  of 
the  '  Acharnians  '  of  Aristophanes  was 
given  last  week  in  the  New  Theatre,  Oxford, 
by  the  O.U.D.S.  Amid  somewhat  un- 
inspiring scenery,  though  attractive  decora- 
tion, the  acting  was  uniformly  good;  and 
Mr.  D.  W.  Llewelyn  Jones  was  especially 
successful  in  the  exacting  part  of  Dicaeopolis, 
the  excitable  and  resourceful  farmer.  The 
Euripides  of  Mr.  E.  F.  Jacob,  the  Lamachus 
of  Mr.  W.  G.  K.  Boswell,  and  the  Megarian 
of  Mr.  E.  O.  Coote  were  also  good.  The 
appearance  of  the  small  pig-daughters  of  the 
last  character  was  alluring,  but  as  pigs 
they  were  somewhat  diffident.  The  Chorus, 
with  Mr.  A.  G.  R.  Garrod  as  Coryphaeus, 
sang  well,  but  their  ineffective  movements, 
possibly  due  to  lack  of  space,  were  the  weak 
point  in  the  production.  Individual  members 
were  spirited,  but  the  effect  as  a  whole  was 
untidy  and  irritating.  The  orchestra,  under 
Dr.  Allen  and  Mr.  A.  C.  Boult,  entered  tho- 
roughly into  the  spirit  of  Sir  Hubert  Parry's 
humorous  music,  specially  written  for  this 
production,  and  consisting  of  a  delightful 
potpourri  of  various  popular  tunes.  The 
composer  himself  conducted  part  of  the 
performances  on  Saturday.  The  producer, 
Mr.  Cyril  Bailey,  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  his  successful  achievement. 

All  London  may  well  go  to  pay  a 
measure  of  homage  to  the  spirit  of  Comedy 
in  the  person  of  Miss  Marie  Tempest  in  the 
revival  of  '  The  Marriage  of  Kitty  '  at  the 
Playhouse.  Linked  with  her  name,  this 
play  (which  was  first  noticed  in  our  issue  for 
August  23rd,  1902,  and  is  an  anglicized 
version  of  the  French  farce'  La  Passerelle') 
maintains  its  success.  Its  chief  merit  is 
that  it  provides  Miss  Tempest  with  an  oppor- 
tunity in  which  she  can  display  to  the  full 


that  product  which  is  neither  beauty  nor 
wit,  but  which  borrows  something  of  both, 
and  is  more  potent  than  either.  Not  only 
is  her  own  performance  brilliantly  effective, 
she  is  also  surrounded  by  a  capital  cast  : 
Sir  Reginald  Belsize,  played  by  Mr.  Graham 
Browne,  is  the  most  comically  vacillating 
hero  of  farce  ;  the  fair  Peruvian,  whose 
hysterics  still  excite  much  mirth,  is  imper- 
sonated by  Miss  Hilda  Moore,  handsome  and 
forceful  ;  and  Mr.  Ben  Webster  as  the  lawyer 
whose  marriage  scheme  sets  the  ball  rolling 
is  entirely  successful. 

At  the  Criterion  Theatre  on  Monday  even- 
ing a  comedy  in  three  acts,  entitled  '  A 
Pair  of  Silk  Stockings,'  was  produced  by 
Mr.  Allan  Aynesworth,  who  also  acted  a 
leading  part  with  some  skill.  Mr.  Cyril 
Harcourt,  the  author,  is  fortunate  in  the 
interpretation  of  his  work.  With  a  less 
talented  cast  the  play,  we  imagine,  would 
be  a  very  dull  affair.  Even  as  it  is,  it 
requires  all  the  versatility  of  Miss  Lottie 
Venne,  well  backed  up  by  Miss  Ellen 
O'Malley  and  Mr.  Sam  Sothern,  to  keep  the 
first  act  going,  while  the  second  will  for 
most  people  owe  its  interest  to  the  fast  that 
it  is  a  bedroom  scene.  The  third  act  is 
decidedly  the  best ;  the  denouement  comes 
naturally,  led  up  to  by  some  amusing 
dialogue,  and  leaves  us  with  a  pleasant 
impression  of  the  play. 

The  curtain-raiser,  a  one-act  play  by  Capt. 
Harry  Graham,  was  a  gruesome  little  piece, 
of  which  the  actors  never  seemed  to  get  a 
grip.  This  was  not  altogether  surprising, 
as,  during  the  half-hour  it  took,  the 
audience  were  strolling  in  to  take  their 
seats. 

Next  Friday  Canon  Hannay  (George  A. 
Birmingham)  is  to  deliver  a  lecture  at  the 
Royal  Institution  on  '  The  Stage  Irishman.' 

The  Prussian  Minister  of  the  Interior  has 
forbidden  the  performance  of  a  new  drama  by 
Fritz  von  Unruh,  entitled  '  Louis  Ferdinand, 
Prinz  von  Preussen,'  which  was  to  have 
been  performed  at  the  Deutsches  Theater  in 
Berlin,  and  in  the  Schauspielhaus  at  Frank- 
fort. The  subject  is  the  collapse  of  Prussia 
in  1806.  The  reason  for  the  prohibition  lies 
in  the  regulation  that  no  play  which  brings 
a  Hohenzollern  upon  the  stage  may  be 
performed  without  special  permission  from 
the  reigning  emperor. 

Last  Saturday  the  Little  English  Theatre 
at  Paris — which  is  to  be  conducted  on  the 
same  lines  as  the  Little  French  Theatre  in 
London — was  inaugurated  by  a  performance 
of  '  The  Merchant  of  Venice.'  Mr.  Michael 
Sherbrooke's  Shylock  furnished  the  most 
impressive  acting,  though  the  rendering  as 
a  whole,  if  not  brilliant,  was  intelligent  and 
satisfactory.  The  audience  was  about 
equally  French  and  English. 

The  successor  to  '  The  Darling  of  the 
Gods  '  at  His  Majesty\s  wall  be  a  new  play 
by  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  called  '  Pygmalion,' 
which  was  produced  last  November  in 
Berlin.  The  piece,  which  is  in  five  acts,  is 
quite  modern,  and  concerns  the  transforma- 
tion of  a  Drury  Lane  orange  -  girl  into  a 
fashionable  member  of  Society.  Sir  Herbert 
Tree  and  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  will  play 
the  principal  parts. 

The  Authors'  Producing  Society  have 
decided  to  give  an  additional  performance 
of  Brieux's  '  Les  Avaries  '  at  the  Little 
Theatre  on  Sunday  evening,  March  1st. 


To  Correspondents.  —  S.  C.  —  H.  J.  M.  — W.  H.  H  — 
C.  A.C.-A   S   H.— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


TFor  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  327.] 


No.  4505,  Feb.  28,  1014 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


82; 


FROM     J.    M.    DENT    &    SONS'     LIST 

0    ■      1-M^»— —  ■!■     ■  ■■«■■■„■     p>    ■  H^W     ■>■■■■■       »>■  ■  ■■W—^*— .— —W    ■  »■■■ 

RELIGIOUS    ART    IN    FRANCE     OF    THE    THIRTEENTH 

CENTURY 

A  Study  in  Mediaeval  Iconography  and  its  Sources  of  Inspiration. 

By  KM  ILK  MALE.     Crowned  by  the  Academie  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles- Lettres  (Prix  Fould). 

Translated  from  the  French  by  DORA  NUSSEV. 

Third  Edition.     Revised  and  Enlarged.     With  189  Illustrations.     Demy  4to,  1/.  la.  net. 

Outlook. — "  It  is  diffioult  to  praise  the  work  too  highly,  and,  in  this  instance,  the  use  of  the  old  cliche  is  more  than  justified,  for  truly  henceforward  no 
library  may  be  considered  complete  from  whose  shelves  it  is  absent." 

THE    HISTORY    OF    RUSSIA       Vol.  III. 

By    VALERIE    KLUCHEVSKY,     late    Professor    of    Russian    History    in    the    University    of    Moscow. 

Translated  by  C.  J.  HOGARTH.     7s.  6rf.  net. 

This  is  the  third  and  final  volume  of  what  may  truthfully  be  said  to  be  the  only  complete  History  of  Russia  that  has  yet  been  penned.  The  result 
of  years  of  expert  investigation,  it  contains  much  which  has  never  before  appeared  concerning  the  political,  economic,  legal,  and  religious  institutions  of 
ancient  and  modern  Russia.  Fearless  in  his  criticisms,  as  well  as  independent  in  his  methods,  the  author  combats  certain  accepted  theories  and  propounds 
new  ones  of  his  own. 


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THE    STANDARD.  .. 

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J.    M.    DENT   &   SONS,   LTD.,    15,    Aldinc  House,   Bedford  Street,   W.C. 


326 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


.\To. 


4505,  Feb.  28,  1914 


From    its    foundation    in    1849, 

NOTES    AND    QUERIES 

Has  devoted  much  space  to  the  tracing  of  familiar  or  half-remembered   lines 

of  Poetry,  and  during  its  existence  of  more  than  Sixty  Years  it  has  been    the 

means  of  identifying  the  writers  of  some  thousands  of  such  lines. 

In  the  TENTH  SERIES  (complete  in  Twelve  Volumes,  January,  1904, 
to  December,  1909,  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume  with  Index  ;  General  Index  to  the 
Twelve  Volumes,   10s.  6d.)  will  be  found  Articles  discussing,  and  in  the  great 

majority  of  cases  tracing  to  their  author,  the  following 

QUOTATIONS. 


A  pagan  suckled  in  a  creed  outworn 

A  rose-red  city  half  as  old  as  Time 

A  woman,  a  spaniel,  and  a  walnut  tree 

An  Austrian  army  awfully  arrayed 

An  open  foe  may  prove  a  curse 

And  the  dawn  comes  up  like  thunder 

As  if  some  lesser  God  had  made  the  world 

Attain  the  unattainable 

Behold  this  ruin  !   'twas  a  skull 

Better  an  old  man's  darling 

Black  is  the  raven,  black  is  the  rook 

Born  of  butchers,  but  of  bishops  bred 

Build  a  bridge  of  gold 

But  for  the  grace  of  God  there  goes  John 

Bradford 
But  when  shall  we  lay  the  ghost  of  the 

brute  ? 
Could  a  man  be  secure 
Do  the  work  that 's  nearest 
Dutton  slew  Dutton 
Ego  sum  Rex  Romanus  et  supra  gram- 

maticam 
Equal  to  either  fate 
Even  the  gods  cannot  alter  the  past 
Fair  Eve  knelt  close  to  the  guarded  gate 
Fighting  like  devils  for  conciliation 
From  what  small  causes  great  events  do 

spring 
Genius  is  a  promontory  jutting  out  into 

the  infinite 
God  called  up  from  dreams 
Great  fleas  have  little  fleas 
Habacuc  est  capable  de  tout 
He  who  knows  not,  and  knows  that  he 

knows  not 
Hempseed  I  sow 


I  counted  two-and-seventy  stenches 
I  shall  pass  through  this  world  but  once 
Idols  of  the  market-place 
If  lusty  love  should  go  in  search  of  beauty 
In  marriage  are  two  happy  things  allowed 
In  matters  of  commerce  the  fault  of  the 

Dutch 
Is  he  gone  to  a  land  of  no  laughter  ? 
La  vie  est  vaine 

L'amour  est  l'histoire  de  la  vie  des  femmes 
Les  beaux  esprits  se  rencontrent 
Love  in  phantastick  triumph  sat 
Mr.  Pillblister  and  Betsy  his  sister 
Mon  verre  n'est  pas  grand,  mais  je  bois 

dans  mon  verre 
Music  of  the  spheres 
Needles  and  pins,  needles  and  pins 
Nor  think  the  doom  of  man  reversed  for 

thee 
0  for  a  booke  and  a  shadie  nooke  ! 
Oh  tell  me  whence  Love  cometh 
On  entre,  on  crie 

Pay  all  their  debts- with  the  roll  of  his  drum 
Pearls  cannot  equal  the  whiteness  of  his 

teeth 
Pitt  had  a  great  future  behind  him 
Plus  je  connais  les  hommes 
Popery,  tyranny,  and  wooden  shoes 
Praises  let  Britons  sing 
Prefaces  to  books  are  like  signs  to  public- 
houses 
Quam  nihil  ad  genium 
Quoth  William  Penn  to  Martyr  Charles 
Still  like  the  hindmost  chariot  wheel  is 

cursed 
Swayed  by  every  wind  that  blows 


The  East  bowed  low  before  the  blast 

The  farmers  of  Aylesbury  gathered  to  dine 

The  hand  that  rocks  the  cradle 

The  heart  two  chambers  hath 

The  King  of  France  and  forty  thousand 

men 
The  toad  beneath  the  harrow  knows 
The  virtue  lies  in  the  struggle 
The  world 's  a  bubble 
There  are  only  two  secrets  a  man  cannot 

keep 
There  is  a  lady  sweet  and  kind 
There  is  a  sweetness  in  autumnal  days 
There  is  on  earth  a  yet  auguster  thing 
There  is  so  much  good  in  the  worst  of  us 
These  are  the  Britons,  a  barbarous  race 
They  say  that  war  is  hell,  a  thing  accurst 
This  too  shall  pass  away 
Though  lost  to  sight,  to  memory  dear 
Tire  le  rideau,  la  farce  est  jouee 
To  see  the  children  sporting  on  the  shore 
Two  men  look  out  through  the  same  bars 
Two  shall   be   born  a  whole  wide  world 

apart 
Upon  the  hills  of  Breedon 
Vivit  post  f unera  virtus 
Walking  in  style  by  the  banks  of  the  Nile 
Warm  summer  sun,  shine  friendly  here 
What  dire  offence  from  am'rous  causes 

springs ! 
Wherever  God  erects  a  house  of  pra}Ter 
With  equal  good  nature,  good  grace,  and 

good  looks 
Write   me   as   one  who   loves  his  fellow- 
men 
Ye  shepherds,  tell  me  !    Have  you  seen 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES: 

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Iff: 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS   WEEK'S   NUMBER    (February  28)   CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — '  Widsith ' — John  Wilkes  and  the  ■  Essay  on  Woman  ' — Statues  and  Memorials  in  the  British 
Isles — '  King  Lear ' :  "  Clamour  moisten'd  " — "  Niggerality  " — "  Rome  was  not  built  in  a  day  " — 
Relics  of  London  Churches — '  Punch.' 

QUERIES  :— The  English  Church  in  Rome— Elyas  the  Printer—"  Within  sound  of  Bow  bells  "—Fox 
of  Stradbroke — '  Marriage,'  by  Susan  Ferrier — Paris  in  1780  and  1860 — Younger  Van  Helmont — 
Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Places  in  Dickens — Rev.  Josias  Durant— Colonels  of  the 
24th  Regiment—"  A  fact  is  a  lie  and  a  half" — '  The  Stranger  '— Purchass,  Eighteenth  Century — 
City  Churches  with  Round  Towers — Mrs.  Hutchinson  :  Portrait  by  Lawrence — The  Centumvirate 
Club. 

REPLIES: — "Widows'  Men"— Adjectives  from  French  Place-Names—  Anno  Domini — Shakespeare 
Second  Folio :  Milton's  Epitaph— Octopus,  Venus's  Ear,  and  Whelk — The  Candle— Thomas 
Hudson,  Portrait  Painter— Biographical  Information  Wanted— Cromwell  and  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria — Whitington  Arms — "Of  sorts" — Regimental  History— "  Crains  Aims  Hay" — Rings 
with  a  Death's  Head— Jules  Verne — London  Nursery  Grounds — Feast  of  Shells — "  Throp's 
wife"— Cricket  in  1773— Parish  Registers  of  St.  Botolph  without  Aldersgate — Colonels  of  the 
24th  Regiment — Ilfracombe— Major-General  Duff — John  Thomas— John  Cassell — Saffron  Walden 
—Fire  and  New-Birth— The  Word  "Bill"  in  Wordsworth— Wallace  of  St.  Thomas. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' The  Chronicle  of  Lanercost'— '  Chats  on  Old  Coins '—' Transactions  of  the 
London  and  Middlesex  Archteological  Society  ' — Catalogue  of  the  Wigan  Free  Library  Reference 
Department. 

Booksellers'  Catalogues.  

LAST  WEEK'S   NUMBER    (February  21)     CONTAINS— 

N'  )TES  :—  Lady  Capulet — Bishop  Maurice  of  Ossory  and  Hudson,  the  Portrait  Painter — Wilkes  and 
the  '  Essay  on  Woman  ' — Wood-Paving  Seventy  Years  Ago — Peter  the  Wild  Boy — "  Over  end  " 
=  Straight  up — Freeman:  Day:  Parry:  Pyke — Quotations  in  Abraham  Fraunce's  'Victoria' — 
"  Costrel  "  —  Roads  round  London  Seventy  Years  Ago — Milton  and  Fairfax. 

QUERIES  : — "  To  pill" — Motto  to  a  Sonnet  of  Wordsworth's — First  Barmaid — Henry  James  Chippin- 
dall — Barbers  and  Yellow  — "  Mothering  Sunday  "—Mediaeval  Bell — "Sydney  Carton"  at  Old 
Shrewsbury  School— Biographical  Information  Wanted — Colonels  of  the  24th  Regiment — 
Canopic  Vase — Shuddering  and  Burial — David  Burges — Red  Bull  Theatre — W.  Langham,  fl.  1716 
— Harvard  College  :  Portraits  Wanted— Milton  Queries — W.  Cartwright,  Nonjuror — "  C'est 
prognVs  en  spirale" — Domestic  Iron  and  Other  Metal  Work — Forms  of  "James" — Charles  I. — 
"  Startups  End,"  Tring. 

REPLIES  :— Fire-Walking— The  Wild  Huntsman— De  Glamorgan— W.  R.  Hicks  and  R.  8.  Donnall's 
Trial — Dr.  W.  Quartermain — 'Memoirs  of  Sit  John  Langham' — Bishop  Edward  Wetonhall  — 
King  John's  Grave — Author  of  Play  Wanted  -  Curious  Place-Names — Swinburne  as  Polyglot 
Author  — Groom  of  the  Stole — T.  &  G.  Seddon — Fee-Farm  Rents — Roads  round  London  :  Rhubarb 
— Will-o'-the-wisp— Human  Fat  as  a  Medicine — The  Great  Eastern— Authors  Wanted— Tarring 
—"Marriage"  as  Surname— "Trod,"  "  Trode  "—Upright  Stones  in  Churchyards. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— 'Aylwin'—  'The  Puritans  in  Power'— 'Ancient  Memorial  Brasses '—« The 
Mending  of  Life'  —  'A  (iypsy  Bibliography ' —  'Romance  Tiles  of  Chertsey  Abbey' —  'The 
Antiquary.' 


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Authors'  Agents        j»7 

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Cambridge  University  Press      -299 

Catalogues        

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Printers 

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Sati  iuiav  Review        300 

Shipping    ..  3.:7 

Si  i  i  LTIOIft   Vai  ant 

Situations  wanted s»7 

timi.s  book  ou  b       

Tii'e-Wkiters,  Ac 

H  W(l)  A  Lo<  K 881 


328 


T  HE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  450o,  Feb.  28,  1914 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.'S 

NEW  SIX-SHILLING  FICTION 

From   all  Libraries  and   Booksellers. 


THIRD 

EDITION 

ALREADY 

CALLED 

FOR. 


THEHEAWWOT 

GEJpTOUDE  %ftkGE 


BY  THE 
AUTHOR  OF 
'THE   EDGE 
O'  BEYOND,' 
&c. 


Wm^K 


:|!ig!#MP> 


"  As  a  writer  of  Colonial  life  Miss  Page  has  no  equal,  and  her  high  literary  style  and  fine  descriptive  powers  have  earned  for  her  novels  such 
widespread  popularity  as  few  modern  authors  can  boast.  The  novel  should  meet  with  tremendous  appreciation." — Sheffield  Daily  Independent. 


THE  MASTER  OF  MERRIPIT 

"  A  rattling  good  tale  which  is  likely  to  prove  itself  one  of  the  best  novels  of  adventure  of  the  year." — Standard. 

THROUGH  FOLLY'S   MILL    .. 

"  Is  a  splendid  story — interesting  throughout." — Norfolk  Chronicle. 

MAX  LOGAN 


Eden  Phillpotts 
A.  &   C.  Askew 

Paul  Trent 


"Incident  follows  incident  so  quickly  that  there  is  little  time  for  criticism,  and  the  reader  is  whirled  on  with  a  swiftness  that  rivals  the  cinema 
from  page  to  page." — Everyman. 


UNCLE  PETER'S  WILL    (3s.  6d.) 


Silas  K.  Hocking 


"  Healthy,  plain,  and  interesting Story  goes  forward  always  with  the  firm  and  steady  march,  and  is  interesting  and  manly  all  the  while." 

Scotsman. 


TRADER  CARSON 

THE  CRIMSON  HONEYMOON 

THE   GOLDEN  LADY 

BOSAMBO  OF  THE  RIVER 

AN  ENEMY  HATH   DONE  THIS    (3s 


6d.) 


John  Barnett 
Headon  Hill 
Bertram  Atkey 
Edgar  Wallace 
Joseph  Locking 


THE 

ARCH 


WINDSOR 


FINELY     ILLUSTRATED  ARTICLES. 

WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.  By  L.  E.  Tanner. 

THE   KING'S  CHAMPIONS.  By  G.  F.  Mowbray. 

HUMOUR  IN  PAINT.  By  Austin  Chester. 


BRILLIANT    FICTION    BY 


H.  RIDER   HAGGARD. 
HALLIWELL  SUTCLIFFE. 
EDEN   PHILLPOTTS. 


BARRY  PAIN. 

C.  G.  D.  ROBERTS. 

And  others. 


COLOURED     FRONTISPIECE    BY    J.    C.    DOLLMAN. 


WARD,   LOCK  <S   COMPANY,  LIMITED,    SALISBURY   SQUARE,   LONDON,  E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE    EDITOR"— Advertisements  and   Business  Letters  to  "THE    ATHEN<EOM"  OFFICE,   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.   E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON,  125,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.G.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Agents  'or  Scotland  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  IMENZIES  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  February  28,  1914. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Journal  nf  (Eitglislj  anil  JFnmgn  litoattrrc,  S>dmttf  t\)t  Jim  ^Vrts,  Jffnstt  mi  tin  Dratm 


No.  450(> 


SATURDAY,     MARCH   7,     1914. 


rpicK 
SIXPENCE. 

UEGISTKHKI)  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


ICrrtntrs. 

A  COURSE  OF  THREE  LECTURES 

(Illustrated  by  Lantern-Slides) 

Entitled 

BIOLOGY    IN    RELATION    TO   EDUCATION 

will  be  given  by 

MISS    HOSKYNS- ABRAHALL,     M.A., 

at 

CROSBY  HALL,  CHELSEA,  S.W., 

On    MARCH   13,   17,  and  20,   at  5.30   p.m. 

Lecture      I.     Persona — The  Mask. 
Lecture    II.     Psyche— The  SorL. 
Lecture  III.     Mors  Janua  Yit/e. 


Admission  : 
Reserved  Seats,  1/.   Is.  the  Course. 
Unreserved  Seats,  10s.  Qd.  the  Course. 

Teachers,  5s.  the  Course. 

All  Tickets  Transferable. 
For  Tickets   taken  before   March    13   apply  to 
HERBERT  FLACK,  Stationer,  315,  King's  Road, 
Chelsea,  S.W. 

(B  Durational. 

THE  FEDERATION  OF  UNIYERSITY 
WOM EN  offers  a  PRIZE  FELLOWSHIP  of  1001..  and  invites 
applications  before  APRIL  16.  1914  The  Fellowship  is  open  to 
women  who  have  published  Research  Work  in  Arts  —Particulars  may 
be  obtained  from  THE  HONORARY  SECRETARY,  11,  Hart 
Street.  W.C. 


MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C— An 
KNTRANCR  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  for  Boys 
under  U  on  June  11.  1914.  will  b»  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.— For  particular*  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  Hon  June  1.  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House.  Sherborne,  Dorset. 


CAMBRIDGE       UNIYERSITY       TRAINING 
DOLUS!    FDR    SCHOOLMASTER8. 


>  recant  places  remain  to  be  filled  for  the  next  8ession,  which 
begins  on  'nT'BBK  11 
the  course  for  the  ELEMENTARY  DEPARTMENT  extends  over 
*      -       ents  must  become  Matriculated   Members  of 
nl  th-y  will  be  required  to  read  for  a    Degree.     They 
Ml   inanrdlntly  (m  qualified  tn  tin  Regulations  of  the   Board  <'f 
Education   for    the   Training  of  Teachers  for   Elementary  Schools, 
V  *     II 

The  course  for  the  SECONDARY  DEPARTMENT  is  for  a  Year 
■ire  T-n»«.      Candidate!  for  admission 
mutt  I*  Brennati  ■  mi'  other  Hi 

ipply  to  THE  VICE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE 
1     M.K.r:    ■■•  -■-      i-  i  House,  Cambridge. 

TJNIYERSITY  OF  WI'KZBURG  (BAVARIA). 

SUMMER  TERM    May -July.  1914. 

Complete  Lilt  of  Lectures  poet  free  on  application  to 

THE  SYNDIC. 


AGRICULTURAL     COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 

Trait      ■•        M  l  L^gOO  aercsj,     v.  t 

Sder.  rUry.Rl.ling  Irjg  taught.     Ideai 

— l  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charge*  moderate  ectus. 


MADAME  AUBERT8  AGENCY  (eat.    1880) 
K ■■■>'■  REGENT  STREET.  W      English  and 

Foreu     ■■  mos.  lady   Professors.   TeaHier.     Chaoer -,    i  ,,,„ 

S*?1  tbroad 

tuaee  with  full  Information  »p,tli 
■■"  ipplication  perwnal  ot  brleUei  stating  requlrementa.  Oma 
hours.  1»-S;  Saturdays.  10-1      Tel    I 


S 


TAMM  BRING     PERMANENTLY     CURED. 

Universal  success.     Resident  and   Dally   Pupils  malrad.— Pro- 
Mr      v     '      BCHNELLE, 


-   with 


11*.  Bedford  Co 


as.  Load  m,  W  I       Eitab  1905. 


(SsIjtMttons. 


ROYAL     ACADEMY      EXHIBITION,     1914. 
OPENS  MAY  4,  CLOSES  AUGUST  15. 
RECEIVING  DAYS. 
WATER    COLOURS,     PASTELS.     MINIATURES,     BLACK    AND 
WHITE     DRAWINGS,     ENGRAVINGS.     AND      ARCHITEC 
TURAL  DRAWINGS.  FRIDAY.  March 27. 
OIL  PAINTINGS.  SATURDAY,  March  28.  and  MONDAY',  March  30. 
SCULPTURE,  TUESDAY,  March  31. 

No  Artist  is  allowed  to  send  or  exhibit  more  than  THREE  different 
Works. 

All  Works  must  be  delivered  at  the  Burlington  Gardens  Entrance. 
None  will  be  received  at  the  Piccadilly  Entrance. 
Hours  for  the  reception  of  Works.  7  a.m.  to  10  i'.m. 
Forms  and  Labels  can  be  procured  froni  the  Academy.     Applica- 
tions by  letter  must  be  accompanied  by  a  stamped  and  addressed 
envelope.  W.  R.  M.  LAMB,  Secretary. 


R 


O  Y  A  L        ACADEMY, 


1914. 


Exhibitors  who  desire  to  have  their  work  represented  in  the  Black 
and  White  Guide  should  write  and  send  Photographs  as  early  as 
possible  to  THE  EDITOR,  14,  King  William  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

RGUTEKUNST'S  GALLERY,  10,  GRAFTON 
.  STREET.  BOND  STREET,  W.  ORIGINAL  ETCHINGS  by 
LESLIE  MANSFIELD,  D.  I.  SMART,  E.  HERBERT  WHYDALE, 
and  HENRY  W1NSLOW.  NOW  ON  VIEW  10-6  DAILY; 
SATURDAYS  10-1. 


ROYAL  SOCIETY   OF   PAINTER-ETCHERS 
and  ENGRAVERS.     5\,  Pall  Mall  East.  S.W. 
32nd  ANNUAL  EXHIBITION.     Open  Daily  10  to  6. 
Admission  Is.  W.  GORDON  MEIN,  Secretary. 


Situations  ftarant. 

YMM        GRAMMAR        SCHOOL. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER 
The  Governors  of  the  Lymm  Grammar  School,  in  the  County  of 
Chester,  invite  applications  for  the  HEAD  MASTERSHIP  of  the 
School.  The  gentleman  to  be  appointed  must  be  a  Graduate  of  a 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  must  be  married.  There  is  a 
good  house  and  garden  and  playing  fields.  The  Head  Master  must 
reside  in  the  house.  The  School  is  a  dual  Bchool.  and  adjoins  the 
house.  The  School  has  accommodation  for  about  150  scholars.  Fixed 
stipend  150t.  a  year  and  capitation  fee  of  21.  58.  on  all  scholars 
lexcept  in  the  Preparatory  Department),  numbering  about  128.  Appli- 
cants must  send  in  their  applications  to  the  undersigned  before 
MARCH  25,  1914.  Any  applicant  the  Governors  desire  to  see  will  be 
communicated  with.  Further  printed  information  will  be  furnished 
upon  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  euvelope  on  application 
in  writing  to  the  undersigned. 

T.  J.  RIDGWAY.  Hon.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 
Wildersmoor.  Lymm,  Cheshire. 
March  5,  1914. 


c 


0  U   N  T   Y 


0  F 


LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
HEAD  OF  THE  LANGUAGE  DEPARTMENT  at  the  MYRDLE 
STREET  EVENING  COMMERCIAL  INSTITUTE.  Commercial 
Road.  E.  The  remuneration  will  be  at  the  rate  of  50  Guineas  for  the 
Session.  The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  attend  for  about 
Three  Hours  on  each  of  Two  Evenings  a  Week,  during  the  remainder 
of  the  Session  (till  Whitsuntidel,  to  give  Instruction  in  one  Language, 
to  advi6e  upon  and  supervise  the  Instruction  in  Languages  (chiefly 
French,  German,  and  Spanish),  and,  apart  from  his  own  teaching  work, 
to  make  during  the  remainder  of  the  Session  at  least  Four  Visits  of  a 
supervisory  character  to  other  Classes  in  Languages  at  the  Institute. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars 
of  the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap 
envelope  to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London  County  Council. 
Education  offices.  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C.  to  whom  they  must 
lie  returned  by  11  am.  on  SATURDAY.  March  14,  1914.  Every 
communication  must  be  marked  "T.ti"  on  I  lie  envelope. 

canvassing,  either  directly  or  Indirec'.ly,  will  disqualify  an 
applicant. 

LAURENCE   GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
March  2,  1914. 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE  EDUCATION 
C  O  M  M  I  T  T  E  E. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 
A  UToTRXSJ  is  REQUIRED  for  teaching  FRENCH.  Duties  to 
begin  in  BEPTEMBEU  next.  A  Degree,  or  its  aqulvalent,  is 
desirable;  also  training,  good  Beoondars  Bchool  sjrpenonoe,  sod  % 
knowledge  of  Phonetlcf,  Uandidatea  who  have  live.l  almond  will  be 
preferred,  other  thii'g*  being  equal*  Balarj  1801.  a  year  (non-rebidriiii, 
or  according  t"  expei  tenofl  and  qualification!. 

Forms  of  application,  which  can  !».•  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
must  be  returned  on  or  before  MARCH  It,  1911 

AUSTIN  KEEN.  Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 


COUNTY     BOROUGH     OF     SUNDERLAND. 
BDUCATIOH   COMMITTEE. 
BED1    OOLLEQIATI    QIRU    SCHOOL 

ii.  id   HI  tn  w— MIbj  m   e.  boon.  ma. 

WASTED,  after   RASTER,  a  BOIERCE   MISTRBM  [Elementarr 
i      my  i    An  Honours  Degree  or  Itaequitelont    and 

3-  ).<*o  expel  i  m  men 

atlon.  Salary  M"'l  to  i  -    de.  Inltlalamonntdependont 

HfirMtion*. 

Application  form,  which  should  hi  returned  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  »alarv  ►  o»le  obtainable  on  sending  ittnuwd  sddr?asai  envelope 
to tba  under-:.  HERBERT  REED    -■    ratarr. 

Education  Detriment.  IB   John  Street.  Sunderland. 
February  a.  1914. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

THE  ATHEN^UM  is  published  on 
FRIDAY  MORNING  at  8.30. 

The  Publishers  will  be  much  obliged  to 
any  reader  who  will  acquaint  them  with 
any  difficulty  that  may  be  experienced  in 
obtaining  copies  of  the  paper. 


KINDERGARTEN  MISTRESS  for  Private  Day 
and  Boauliog  School,  Orange  Free  State,  to  take  charge  of 
Kindergarten  and  instruct  two  Students  in  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Kindergarten  Teaching.     Salary  652.  Resident.    Passage  paid. 


MUSIC  MISTRESS  for  Private  Day  and 
Boarding  School  in  the  Orange  Free  Slate,  to  teach  Piano  and 
Violin.  Salary  SO!.  Resident.  Passage  paid.— For  further  particulars 
apply  to  MESSRS  QABBITAS,  THRING  &  CO.,  30.  Sackville  Street, 
Piccadilly.  London,  W. 

SCHOOL  BOARD  OF  GLASGOW.— WANTED, 
SENIOR  MASTER  FOR  M  ATHEM  ATICAL  DEPARTM  ENT 
of  the  HIGH  SCHOOL  OF  GLASGOW.  Salary  according  to  qualifi- 
cations and  experience  (minimum  350?.).  Applications  (which  must 
be  made  on  the  prescribed  form)  should  be  sent  to  THE  CLERK  TO 
THE  BOARD,  l'J'J,  Bath  Street,  Glasgow,  rot  later  thau  MARCH  11, 
1914. 


Situations  Wkankb. 

LADY,  well  educated,  experienced,  expert 
Typist  ami  Shorthand  Writer,  some  Literary  ability,  desires 
Post  as  SECRETARY  to  Author  or  Journalist.— Address  L,  33, 
Portland  Road,  Holland  Park.  W. 


GENTLEMAN  (30),  with  first-class  knowledge 
of  English  and  American  Technical    Bonks,  desires  position  in 


any  capacity.— TECHNICS,  box  9036,  Athenaeum  Press, 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


posit.   _ 
11,  Bream's 


iftisc*Uartf0us. 


TRANSLATIONS  into  English  from  French, 
German,  Italian.  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Dutch,  DanoNorwegian, 
»nd  Swedish.  Research  work— Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS.  M.A..  10,  Haringey 
Park,  Crouch  End,  N.    Tel.  '.»  Hornsey. 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at    the 
British  Museum.     Experience.     Testimonials.  — N.  M.,  Box  1995, 
Athenseum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chaucery  LaDe.  B.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonialH.  Type-writing.— A.  IS.  Hon  106%  Atheuasum  Press. 
11.  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


w 


ANTED.— DURE R   and    Vasari    Society's 

Publications,    also  Arundel    Chromos.  —  Arundel,  .14,   Cecil 
Road,  M unwell  Hill,  N. 

£1    (\(\(\  A     POPULAR     ILLUSTRATED 

c*w-L  ,Vnj\J.  MONTHLY  MAOAZINK  in  for  SALE  Iw'ore 

MARCH. -ii    The  present  sales  amonnt  to  many  thousande  each  month, 

and  it  Is  capable  of  being    workid  hi.  to  i  :  i  >  -initial  lucerne. 

Tin-  resignation  of  th-    Pdltor  hat  wesltatedan   Immediate  sale.— 

Box  8088,  Ailiiii'i'iirn  Press,  ii,  Bream's  Buildings,  <  hum-cry  Lane,  K.I 


PT.AYS  I  Kanagareand  Prodnoare am  ooniUntlj ukloi nj ifor 
un-  1  °  '  Original  Plays  and  Sketches  of  all  descriptions,  Band 
us  yours  to  Insure  nasi  i  i-  We  hare  actually  obtained  a 
rovallv  FonR  TIMES  LARGER  thsn  thai  offered  loan  author 
dm ,,  f»r  ,'„.„„.■  pluy.-CAMHKIHii:  1'1-AV  •G«BOT  S.  B*> 
toil,  Mrirl.  W.C  


C1HE8S  HOOKS  Foil  RALE.     Late  Amateur's 

)    Valuable  Collection    Tbs  Bootaareln  Bngll.ri  ijjan. 

and  German,  all  ",M 

-Visible,  a  '  redlton  Road,  \\    H  ■"""■ 


DVERTI8ER  offen  one  or  two  Literary  Men 


"PARE  coins  and  M  I'.DAI.s  ..f  all  periodaand 

I  L    countries  Al*"    '  ""'                      -insls 

IWImrn        'HI  •■      MAHKH      PKK   I 

Cash-HPINK  A  .-     ■  I  •         Mi     i     >UI      H  M    •!•    Kln|    II 

Piccadilly.  London,  w  loot  to  Pli  oadllly  Clrout), 


330 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4506,  March  7,   1914 


Jlntljors'  ^.awts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MSS.  for  early  publication.  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2,  Clement's  Inn,  W. 


®lipt-WLY iters,  &r. 

MSS.  of  EVERY  KIND  accurately  and 
intelligently  TYPE-WRITTEN  1(W.  per  1,000  words,  with  clear 
Carbon  I'opy  1 8.  3d  per  1.000  Research  Wot k.  Literary  Assistance.— 
Miss  TAPP,  Rosebank.  Great  Elms  Road,  Bromley,  Kent. 


TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate (Classical  Tripos,  Girton  College,  Cambridge ;  Intermediate 
Arts  London)  Research,  Revision,  shorthand.— CAMBH I DGH 
TYPE  WRITING  AGENCY,  5,  DUKE  STREET,  ADELPH1,  W.C. 
Telephone  :  2308  Citv. 


MSS.  OF   ALL  KINDS,  M.  per    1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  3d.  References  to  well-known  Authors    Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M.  KING,  24,  Forest  Road,  Kew  Gardens,  S.W. 


A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES.PLAYS, 

J\  ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  9d.  per 
1  000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road,  Harrow. 


TYPE-WRITING,  SHORTHAND,  and  all 
SECRETARIAL  WORK.-Mrs.  WALKER,  113,  Elm  Park 
Mansions,  Chelsea.  Telephone :  5128  Ken.  Hours  :  10-1  and  2-5, 
Saturdays  excepted.    Apply  Price  List. 


A  UTHORS'   MSS.,   SERMONS,   PLAYS,   and 

i\  all  kinds  of  TYPE-WRITING  executed  promptly  and  accu- 
rately 7d.  per  1.000  words.  Carbons  2d.  per  1.000.  First-class  refer- 
ences—A   M.  P.,  19,  Bute  Street,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.  (8d.  per  1,000)  and  Type- 
writing in  all  its  branches  carefully  and  promptly  executed. 
Clear  Carbon  Copies.  Duplicating.  Excellent  testimonials— Miss 
F   M.  FLINT,  57,  Moorgate  Street. 


T  1TERARY  and  SCIENTIFIC  WORK  TYPE- 

I  J  WRITTEN  with  care  and  expedition.  Authors'  MSS.  9d.  per 
1  000  words.  Translations  Good  testimonials.— Mrs.  FOWLER 
SMITH  Oranford.  Garden  Village,  Church  End,  Finchley,  N. 


TYPE-WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
and  promptly  executed  at  home.  8d.  per  1.000,  15,000  6(1 per  1.000. 
Duplicating  and  Copying,  Translations.  Shorthand.  Cambridge  Local. 
— MisB  NANCY  McFARLANE,  11,  Palmeira  Avenue,  Westchff,  Essex. 


LITERARY  MSS.  should  be  Type -written. 
We  do  it  under  expert  Literaiy  super- 
vision. Neatlv,  Quickly,  Accurately, 
Cheaply.  Work  returned  same  day  as 
received. 
A.  A.  BRIDGES,  20,  East  Parade,    Leeds. 


Scales  bit  Ruction. 


Fine  Engravings,   being  the  First  Portion  of  the  Famous 
Collection  of  the  late  EDWARD  J.  REISS,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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M 


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M 


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Just  Published 

THE    SHUNNED    VICAR 
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By  CAPT.  F.  W.  von  HERBERT 

Author  of  '  The  Siege  of  Plevna.' 

In  literary  form  after  a  seventeenth-century  model,  this 
is  a  work  of  modern  conditions  in  which  a  country  Vicar 
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his  repentance  after  many  years,  and  his  solitary  death,  is 
full  of  pathos  and  suggestion. 


London:    ANDREW    MELROSE,    Ltd. 


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HISTORY   OP    DEPTFORD. 

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No.  4506.   March  7,   1014 


THE    A  THEN  .KUM 


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TWELFTH  EDITION  NOW  READY. 
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CELESTIAL 

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A  Handy  Book  of  Astronomy. 

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BY 

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Member  of  the  British  Astronomical  Association, 

formerly  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich  ; 

Author  of 

'Remarkable     Comets,'    'Remarkable     Eclipses,' 

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BY 

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"'Remarkable    Eclipses'     and      'Remarkable 

Comets' have  been  brought  right   up  to  date, 

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BY 

W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

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MY    GARDEN 
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ALBEMARLE     BTREET,    LONDON,    W. 


332 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


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No.  4506,   March  7,  1914 


THE     ATHEN/EU  M 


333 


SATURDAY,    MARCH   7,   1914. 

CONTENTS.  pace 

■Mexico   am>  BRa/u.  (Modem  Mexico;  Forty  Years 

In  Brail)       -        ••  333 

Wai  r  Whitman,  a  Critical  Stipy       334 

Vagabond's  Wo  335 

Or.  BTOPBS'S  1'okms 335 

With  the  Russians  in  Mongolia        335 

Cavoi'R  and  the  MAKING  OF  Modern  Italy  ..  336 

THE    UaMITONSIURE    EXPERIMENT    IN    EDUCATION      ..      337 

The  Threshold  of  Religion      337 

The  Campaign  ok  Li ao-Ya.ng        338 

Extra-Biiu.ical  Sources  for  Hebrew  and  Jewish 
History       -    338 

Maritime  Enterprise         339 

Eiction-Once  upon  a  Time         3S9 

Books    Published    this    week    (English,    340 ; 

Foreign,  343) 340-343 

'Dictionary  or  Madame  de  Si'.vignk ';  The  late 
Canon  Driver;  James  Hamilton  Wylie;  An 
Authors'  Onion;  a  Lease  for  999  Years 
Expired       343—345 

Literary  Gossip        345 

Scmtca— A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Australia  ; 
The  Morisonian  Herbarium  at  Oxford  ; 
Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week;  Gossip   346—347 

Fine  Arts— Athens  and  its  Monuments;  Exhi- 
bitions; Chelsea  Artists  at  Bradford;  Pic- 
tures ;  Engravings  ;  Gossip 348-349 

Music— Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week       349—350 

Oram i— Marlowe's  Edward  II.;  The  Land  of 
Promise;  Rags  ;  Le  Keve  ;  Gossip  ..      350-352 

Index  to  Advertisers       «        ..    352 


LITERATURE 


MEXICO    AND   BRAZIL. 

Is  spite  of  many  recent  books  there  was 
room  for  -Modem  Mexico,'  for  it  is  the 
result  of  recent  observation  by  a  writer 
who  has  seen  a  good  deal,  and  has 
taken  care  to  make  himself  acquainted 
with  the  present  position  of  that  troubled 
country.  To  critics  who  may  be  disposed 
to  think  that  he  is  too  favourable  to  the 
present  regime,  and  too  hostile  to  the 
administration  of  the  last  President,  he 
offers  some  reasons  why  the  attitude  of 
President  Wilson  has  been  unfortunate, 
and  he  shows  why  he  believes  that  recog- 
nition of  General  Huerta  by  the  United 
would  have  led  to  something  better 
than  the  present  unhappy  state  of  affairs, 

well  aa  infinitely  preferable  to  what  he 

-    i-  yet   to  come. 
A  country  which  has  had  two  Emperors 

I  sixty-two  Presidents  and  Provisional 
Presidents  in  about  ninety  years  (while  two 

the  Presidents  were  in  power  for  some-- 
tiling  like    forty-six  years)    is   one    which 

onot    be    judged    by  comparison   with 
ttl«  d  The  "•  prompt  and 

square  hanging  or  shooting,  without  anj 

elaborate  preliminary  inquiries,''  or  any 

•ion  of  justice,  is  the  method  of 

eminent  which  finds  favour  with  most 
Mexicans  ;  and  much  of  the  success  of 
Diaz  1  iih.  il  to  his  readme* 

comply  with  the  wishes  of  the  majority. 

Mr.     MacHugh     has      made      himself 
i thoroughly  conversant  with  the  peculia- 

Modern    Mexico.       By     R.    J.     MacHugh. 
(Methueo  A  Co.,  12s.  <'>>/.  oat.) 

ly  Y<>ir    a   Brazil.     1 1 .    I ■'■    ok   Bennett. 
Illustrated.     (Mills  &  Boon,  10*.  id  net.) 


rities  of  Mexican  politics.  He  shows  how 
that  admirably  democratic  document,  the 
Constitution  of  Mexico,  was  treated  by  the 

two  or  three  strong  Presidents  who  have 
ruled  the  Republic.  He  condemns  the 
short-lived  Madero  administration,  and 
thinks  that  General  Huerta  was  doing 
something  to  check  the  more  glaring  evils 
of  Madero's  rule,  and  would  have  done 
more  had  it  not  been  for  what  he  terms 
**  the  singular  attitude  of  the  Government 
of  the  United  States."  He  blames  the 
States  for  its  "  half-hearted  suppression 
of  the  traffic  of  arms  and  ammunition 
carried  on  across  the  frontier  "  :  a  matter 
in  which,  we  believe,  there  has  been  change 
since  Mr.  MacHugh  wrote.  That  traffic 
in  arms  is,  of  course,  partly  a  matter  of 
business,  but,  as  the  author  points  out, 
there  is  also  a  political  object,  and  allusion 
is  made  to  the  movement  in  Texas  and 
other  border  States  in  favour  of  territorial 
extension.  There  is  nothing  novel  in  the 
inspired  reports  which  from  time  to  time 
inform  the  readers  of  American  newspapers 
of  the  wish  of  some  of  the  Northern  States 
of  Mexico  to  secede  and  join  the  United 
States  ;  but  Mr.  MacHugh  evidently  feels 
that,  in  spite  of  the  way  in  which  Mexicans 
rebel  against  authority  at  home,  they 
would  resent  any  outside  interference,  and 
that  a  real  prospect  of  foreign  intervention 
would  have  the  effect  of  uniting  all  parties 
to  resist  an  invader. 

President  Wilson  is,  we  are  afraid,  too 
optimistic  a  person.  In  his  message  to 
Congress  last  August  he  stated  that 

"  the  situation  must  be  given  a  little 
more  time  to  work  itself  out  in  the  new  cir- 
cumstances, and  I  believe  that  only  a  little 
time  will  be  necessary." 

A  good  many  months  have  passed  since 
the  date  of  his  message,  and  it  would  be 
difficult  to  find  any  one  who  thinks  that 
things  have  worked  themselves  out  in  a 
satisfactory  fashion.  There  may  be  people 
in  Mexico  who  would  welcome  intervention 
by  the  United  States  ;  but  as  to  diplo- 
matic representation,  we  fancy  that  Mexi- 
cans care  little  or  nothing  about  it,  and 
would  not  be  in  the  least  disturbed  if  they 
never  saw  another  diplomatist  from  Wash- 
ington. Many  writers  have  made  it  clear 
that  the  balance  of  opinion  throughout 
Latin-America  inclines  to  suspicion  of  the 
United  States  ;  and  through  the  whole  of 
South  America  there  have  been  recent 
signs  of  a  growing  dislike  of  the  atten- 
tions of  the  "big  brother."  Mexico  cer- 
tainly objects  to  the  United  States  and 
most  foreigners,  but  at  the  present  time, 
according  to  the  author,  "  English  people 
are  popular  favourites,"  and  Mexicans 
are  convinced  that  the  enterprises  we 
undertake  have  DO  other  object  than  a 
fair  return  for  capital  invested.  The 
Bhooting  of   Mr.   Benton  hardly  supports 

this  view. 

We  have  already  noted  Mr.  MacHugh 'a 
condemnation  of  the  attitude  of  the 
1  ii i i <  <l  States  :  hut  in  an  excellent  chapter 
on  the  foreign  relations  of  Mexico  and  the 
outlook  for  the  future  he  returns  to  the 
Subject,  and  writes  that   Mexico,  if  left  to 

it-elf.  "will  be  brought  to  a  position  of 
absolute  anarchy,  and  the  United  States 


may   eventually   be   forced    to  intervene 

whether  it  wishes  to  or  not."  Mr.  Mac- 
Hugh  estimates  that  we  have  80,000,000?. 
invested    in    Mexico,    and    says    that,  as 

fiance,  Germany,  and  Spain  also  have 
large  sums  in  the  country,  it  is  obvious  that 
none  of  these  countries  can  afford  to  stand 
idly  by,  for  an  indefinite  period,  while 
their  interests  are  being  destroyed.  But 
we  are  all  hampered  by  the  Monroe  doc- 
trine, and  if  the  I'nited  States  continues 
to  cry  "  Hands  off  !  "  to  Europe,  it  is  clear 
that  she  will  soon  find  it  necessary  to  take- 
steps  to  put  down  disorders  for  the  con 
tinuance  of  which  she  will  be  blamed  by 
Europe. 

It  is,  therefore,  well  to  see  what  Mr. 
MacHugh  has  to  say  concerning  the  work 
of  the  United  States  if  she  sent  troops 
into  Mexico,  especially  as  he  has  studied  the 
present  composition  of  the  Mexican  army. 
He  thinks  that  "  it  is  probably  true  to  say 
that  a  United  States  army  of  50,000  men 
could  march  anywhere  it  pleased  through- 
out Mexico  with  comparatively  little 
opposition."  This,  however,  in  Mexico 
would  not  necessarily  mean  much.  Mr. 
MacHugh  knows  the  history  of  the  French 
intervention,  and  he  knows  the  dangers  of 
guerrilla  warfare  in  such  a  country.  The 
French  had  200,000  men  in  Mexico,  but 
they  were  in  constant  difficulties,  and  we 
think  Mr.  MacHugh  feels  that  the  experi- 
ence of  the  United  States  would  be  no 
happier. 

We  have  looked  chiefly  at  the  author's 
remarks  about  the  present  troubles  of 
Mexico  ;  but  those  who  want  to  read  of 
the  resources  and  trade  of  the  country 
will  also  find  valuable  information  in  his 
pages.  He  occasionally  speaks  of  the 
"  present  year,"  when,  we  think,  he 
means  1913.  His  estimate  of  the  number 
of  square  miles  in  Mexico  is  possibly 
right,  but  it  differs  slightly  from  that  of 
other  authorities.  He  states  that  the 
Empress  Charlotte  "  died  in  a  madhouse  ; 
but,  as  we  stated  on  February  21st,  we 
are  under  the  impression  that  the  un- 
fortunate lady  is  still  living. 

Habitual  dancers,  no  doubt,  would  tell 
us  that  Brazil  is  the  home  of  the  ""  Tango  "' 
most  people  remember  that  it  covers  a  good 
section  of  the  map  of  South  America — 
still  a  part  of  the  world  chiefly  associated 
in  our  minds  with  periodic  revolutions. 
Of  the  wonderful  fertility  of  its  soil,  it- 
vast  natural  resources,  its  exceeding 
beauty,  and  its  remarkable  development! 
little  is  known  in  England.  In  'Forty 
Years  in  Brazil  '  we  liud  marshalled 
a  large  number  of  interesting  facts: 
historical,  geographical,  and  concerninj 
variety  of  the  qu<  b1  ions  .1  traveller  in 
Brazil  would  be  likely  to  ask.  The 
volume  should  certainly  be  verj  useful  ; 
but  with  such  varied  experiences,  extend 
ing  over  many  years,  Mr.  Bennett  might 
well  have  been  more  ambitious  in  the 
treatment  of  bis  matei  iaL  Bis  stj  le  is 
clear  and  Bimple,  but  we  miss  al  times  the 
•  |j\  ing  atmosphere  h<-  should  have  been 
well  qualified  to  pnn  ide. 

A  bare  summary  even  of  the  multitude  <  t 
topics  discussed  is    beyond    our  present 


:*34 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


scope.  We  cannot  refrain,  however,  from 
mentioning  an  attractive  description  of 
the  different  fruits  for  which  Brazil  is 
famous.  There  is  a  very  informing  ex- 
cursus on  national  types.  We  learn  that 
in  earlier  centuries  the  Portuguese,  far 
from  disapproving,  definitely  encouraged 
the  intermarriage  of  their  settlers  with 
some  of  the  indigenous  races  of  South 
America. 

"  What  [asks  Mr.  Bennett]  would  have 
been  the  position — politically,  financially, 
and  commercially — of  Brazil  at  this  present 
time,  had  the  Portuguese  navigators  come 
to  it  full  of  that  vigour  and  activity  which 
were  their  national  characteristics  in  the 
days  when  they  first  sallied  forth  across 
unknown  waters ....  and  found  the  fabulous 
riches  of  India  lying  there  ready  for  them 
to  seize  upon  V . "...  It  was  when  they  were 
already  spoilt  and  enervated  by  the  ease  and 
rapidity  with  which  they  had  annexed  the 
treasures  of  India  that  the  Portuguese  be- 
came the  masters  of  Brazil.  Here,  rich  and 
varied  as  were  the  natural  resources  of  the 
country,  they  awaited  development .... 
their  taking  required  time  and  labour.  .  .  . 
and  their  interest  in  their  new  possession  was 
consequently  but  languid." 

There  is  no  question  of  the  writer's 
preference  for  the  Empire  to  the  Republic 
which  succeeded  it.  At  the  same  time 
he  is  impartial  in  his  criticism.  He 
exposes  the  waste,  the  illegality,  and  the 
corruption  that  have  been  rife  in  the 
administration.  The  disastrous  effect  on 
credit  of  ill-considered  measures,  such  as 
the  establishment  of  new  banks  with 
power  to  issue  notes  without  any  gold 
deposit  to  guarantee  them,  is  lucidly 
explained.  Brazil,  it  is  shown,  still 
suffers  from  ridiculously  high  and  un- 
necessary tariffs,  which,  by  raising  prices 
to  an  inordinate  height,  handicap  in- 
dustry and  prevent  expansion  in  count- 
less ways.  The  characteristics  of  the 
people,  however,  must  also  be  remembered 
in  accounting  for  the  Republic's  late 
appearance  in  "  great  "  commerce.  Mr. 
Bennett  lays  stress  on  the  superior 
adaptability  of  the  German  over  the 
British  manufacturer  in  supplying  cus- 
tomers with  what  they  want.  Many  will 
agree  with  him  that  the  "  take  it  or  leave 
it  "  attitude  of  some  of  our  own  traders 
has  been  largely  responsible  for  the 
increase  of  German  business  in  various 
quarters  of  the  globe  as  compared  with 
British. 


Walt    Whitman :     a    Critical    Study.     By 
Basil  de  Selincourt.    (Seeker,  7<s.  Qd.  net.) 

"  Whitman  is  too  clever  to  slip  into  a 
succinct  formula,"  as  R.  L.  Stevenson 
acutely  observed.  "  It  was  his  programme 
to  state  as  much  as  he  could  of  the  world 
with  all  its  contradictions,  and  leave  the 
upshot  with  God  who  planned  it."  It 
consequently  follows  that  his  work,  like 
the  world,  lends  itself  to  very  different 
interpretations.  There  is,  perhaps,  no 
other  writer  of  worldwide  reputation 
with  regard  to  whom,  nearly  a  century 
after  his  birth,  the  critics  are  so  widely  at 


variance.  There  are  still  many  who  deny 
to  Whitman  the  name  of  poet,  without 
making  amends  (like  Stevenson)  by 
acknowledging  that  he  is  a  prophet. 
There  are  many  others  who  could  honestly 
say  of  their  first  acquaintance  with  Whit- 
man's work  what  Dr.  Bucke  said  of  his 
first  interview  with  Whitman  himself  : 
that  they  were  by  it  "lifted  to  and  set 
upon  a  higher  plane  of  existence."  Like 
his  contemporary  Robert  Browning  in 
our  own  country,  Whitman  possessed  one 
of  those  powerful  and  striking  person- 
alities which  invoke  either  affection  or 
anger,  but  never  mere  indifference,  in 
those  who  come  into  close  contact  with 
them.  The  critic  who  finds  himself  run- 
ning into  an  extreme,  whether  of  laudation 
or  the  reverse,  has  always  the  excuse  of 
Mrs.  Browning's  Amy  :  "I  either  hate  or 
love  him  so,  I  can't  be  merely  civil." 
Thus  Stevenson  confessed,  in  the  preface 
to  his  '  Familiar  Studies,'  that  he  had  been 
forced  to  tone  down  his  original  essay  on 
Whitman,  because  it  was  conceived  at  first 
"  in  the  noisiest  extreme  of  youthful 
eloquence."  On  the  other  hand,  we  find 
Swinburne  describing  his  muse  as  a 
drunken  apple-woman  rolling  in  the  gutter. 
The  truth  lies  somewhere  between  these 
extremes,  and  Mr.  de  Selincourt  has 
come  near  expressing  it  in  the  thoughtful 
and  suggestive  study  which  he  has  con- 
tributed to  Mr.  Martin  Seeker's  excellent 
series  of  "  Modern  Monographs."  In  these 
pages  we  find  a  happy  mingling  of  the 
judicial  and  the  enthusiastic,  which  makes 
Mr.  de  Selincourt's  essay  the  best  possible 
companion  for  '  Leaves  of  Grass,'  to  such 
as  think  that  this  wonderful  and  still 
unique  book  stands  in  any  need  of  ex- 
planation. 

It  is  difficult  to  write  of  Whitman  with- 
out enthusiasm,  in  spite  of  all  that  the 
critic  may  sanely  urge  against  a  great 
part  of  his  work.  We  can  admit  the  jus- 
tice of  Stevenson's  description  of  him,  in 
certain  aspects,  as  a  mere  literary  bull  in 
a  china-shop,  without  in  the  least  giving 
up  our  opinion  that,  in  other  aspects, 
he  touched  the  greatest  possible  success 
in  literature  :  the  expression  of  eternal 
verities  in  a  wholly  new  fashion.  Like 
Wordsworth  and  Browning — with  both  of 
whom  he  had  much  in  common — he  is  a 
conspicuous  instance  of  the  want  of 
faculty  for  self-criticism.  Yet  it  has 
never  been  seriously  held  that  the  exis- 
tence of  '  Vaudracourt  and  Julia '  or  of 
1  Pacchiarotto  '  need  hamper  our  admira- 
tion for  '  Tintern  Abbey '  or  fc  Love  among 
the  Ruins.'  We  can  guess  that  Whit- 
man's own  reply  to  most  of  the  adverse 
criticism  on  his  inferior  work  would  have 
been  :  "  Do  I  make  a  fool  of  myself  ? 
Very  well  then,  I  make  a  fool  of  myself." 
Matthew  Arnold  somewhere  suggests  that 
Shakespeare  would  have  given  a  very 
similar  answer,  with  a  broadly  tolerant 
smile,  to  any  one  who  met  him  in  the 
Elysian  fields  and  reproved  him  for  his 
horrible  taste  in  puns.  A  catalogue  was  to 
Whitman  much  what  a  pun  seems  to  have 
been  to  Shakespeare,  or  what  laudanum 
was  to  De  Quincey  :  irresistible  even  at  the 
most  incongruous  moment.     His  literary 


method,  also,  long  stood  in  the  way  of 
critical  acceptance  of  his  work — though, 
as  Mr.  de  Selincourt  well  shows,  it  was 
neither,  as  Whitman  wished  it  to  be 
thought,  the  spontaneous  outcome  of  an 
untutored  mind  ;  nor,  as  Stevenson  rather 
ungenerously  suggested,  adopted  because 
it  was  easy.  Those  who  think  that 
there  was  no  sedulous  art  in  the 
Whitmanesque  scheme  of  verse,  by  the 
way,  may  be  recommended  to  consider 
the  fact  that  he  is  the  only  writer  who 
has  succeeded  in  using  it  with  dignity  and 
harmonious  effect  ;  the  general  failure  of 
his  numerous  imitators  is  the  best  evidence 
of  the  fundamental  brainwork  which  he 
put  into  his  apparently  lawless  numbers. 
Mr.  de  Selincourt's  four  chapters  on  Whit- 
man's form  and  style  sum  up  all  that  can 
be  said  on  this  subject  so  well  that  we 
recommend  the  'interested  reader  to  ex- 
amine them  for  himself  ;  we  shall  not 
attempt  to  summarize  them  here. 

But,  when  everything  that  can  fairly 
be  said  against  Whitman  has  been  freely 
admitted,  we  remain  none  the  less  con- 
vinced of  his  essential  greatness.  It  is 
nearly  sixty  years  since  Emerson  de- 
scribed '  Leaves  of  Grass  '  as  "  the  most 
extraordinary  piece  of  wit  and  wisdom 
that  America  has  yet  contributed  "  ;  and 
Whitman  still  remains  the  one  truly 
original  serious  writer  that  the  United 
States  have  produced  in  a  century  and  a 
half  ;  for  even  Poe  and  Hawthorne  and 
Emerson  fall  naturally  into  place  in  the 
great  roll  of  English  literature,  with  trace- 
able ancestors  and  analogies,  whilst  Whit- 
man stands  by  himself  on  a  pinnacle  of 
high  collateral  glory.  He  was,  as  Mr.  de 
Selincourt  well  says,  "  the  epitome  of 
America." 

This,  in  itself,  is  a  high  claim  ;  but  still 
more  can  be  said  for  Whitman's  work- 
He  was  the  most  intensely  and  sanely 
human  of  all  modern  writers.  "  He  looks 
like  a  Man,"  said  Lincoln— no  bad  judge 
— when  the  poet  was  introduced  to  him. 
That  is  the  final  criticism  of  his  work  :: 
"  This  is  no  book ;  who  touches  this 
touches  a  man."  His  sympathy  with  his. 
reader  is  remarkable,  and  we  can  only 
express  sorrow  for  those  who  do  not  feel  its 
charm.  To  know  him  well  is  a  liberal 
education  in  tolerance  and  modernity.  He 
links  his  devotion  to  the  ideal  of  the  new 
democracy — in  its  noblest  sense — with  a 
keen  appreciation  of  the  most  ancient 
truths.  The  varying  moods  of  nature,  the 
song  of  the  birds  in  spring,  the  recurrent 
miracle  of  the  grass,  the  facts  of  human 
life — birth,  love,  death,  and  cyclic  change 
to  new  and  varied  life — these  are  the  un- 
original chords  that  make  up  the  spheral 
harmony  of  "  the  good  grey  poet."  He 
looks  the  world  in  the  face,  knows  what 
life  and  death  are,  sees  the  wonder  in  the 
human  eyebrow,  and  the  beauty  in  the 
fresh -turned  furrow  : — 

There  's  not  any  law 
Exceeds  his  knowledge  ;  neither  is  it  lawful 
That  he  should  stoop  to  any  other  law. 


No.  4506,   Makvh  7,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


335 


Vagabond'*  Way  :  Haphazard  Wanderings 
on  (he  Fells.  By  Nancy  Price.  (John 
Murray.  60.  net.) 

.Miss  PBIGE  w  rites  of  the  fella  of  Lakeland, 
of  the  grandeur  and  loneliness  of  moor  and 
mountain,  with  a  whole-hearted  love  of 
the  wild  which,  it'  a  little  self-eonseions, 
is  altogether  infectious  and  delightful.  She 
communicates  to  her  readers  something 
of  the  joie  de  rirrc  which  the  bracing  air  of 
the  fells  breathes  into  the  pedestrian  who, 
knapsack  on  shoulder,  abandons  himself 
to  their  freedom  and  their  charm — some- 
thing also  of  the  serenity  which  their 
loneliness  imparts  at  the  time,  and  m 
retrospect,  to  dwellers  in  the  towns.  It  is 
only  the  heights  and  the  loneliest,  wildest 
spots  that  appeal  to  Miss  Price,  as  the 
most  perfect  contrast,  no  doubt,  to  many 
crowded  hours  on  the  stage  which  she 
adorns,  and  therefore  her  '  Vagabond's 
Way  '  leads  her  most  gladly  to  the  witchery 
of  the  crags  and  ghylls  of  Wastwater 
and  Ennerdale,  or  the  desolate  moors  of 
Mardale.  But  will  these  unfrequented 
ways  she  loves  retain  their  character 
long,  if  she  advertises  their  charms  -with 
such  warmth  ? 

We  note  that  her  abandonment  to  the 
call  of  the  wild  has  the  defects  of  its 
qualities.  It  blinds  her  to  the  beauty  of 
many  of  the  loveliest  dales  and  lakes. 
She  resents  the  civilization  of  Derwent- 
water ;  she  finds  Grasmere  dull,  Rydal 
Water  cold ;  Borrowdale  gives  her  the 
blues.  She  thinks  any  clever  gardener 
could  produce  as  good  a  sylvan  glen  as 
Glen  Mary.     Evidently  she  can  never  have 

a  the  force  there  after  a  spate.  She  is 
blind  to  the  exceeding  loveliness  of  curv- 
ing outline,  of  wooded  islets  and  tiny  ba\Ts 
crowned  by  the  panorama  of  mountains 
round  Waterhead.  which  are  the  distinctive 

tares  of  Windermere's  beauty.  To  her 
it  looks  like  a  reservoir,  and  she  will  not 
even  allow  it  the  glory  of  its  char  ! 

But   these    softer    beauties    have    their 

i-  and  Miss  Price  keeps  her  enthusiasm 
for    the  wilder    spots.      She  would    have 

a  'jrievance  against  that  signpost  on 
Ksk-Haws.  by  the  way,  if  she  knew 
how  wide  of  the  mark  she  is  in  sup- 
)>osin<_'  that  she  could  have  walked  from 
the  top  of  Scafell  Pike  to  Wastdale  Head 
in  half  an  hour.  It  is  equally  wide  of  the 
mark  to  say  that  De  Quineey  wrote  '  The 
<  onfessions  of  an  Opium-Eater'  at  Dove 
Cottage;  that  work  was  done  in  York 
■  •  I  harden.  The  book  is  full 
of  happy  observant  touches,  like  that 
which  liken-  Helvellyn  from  the  Thirimere 
side  to  a  "  hippopotamus  taking  a  snooze  "  ; 

I    the    author,    who    has    not    made    the 

mistake  <»f  patronizing  the  fell  folk,  under- 
ads  that  proud  and  kindly  people,  and 
something  of  their  speech.  Bat  "  a 
thrang  -pot  "  does  not  mean  a  ■■  rough  " 
place,  rather  a  "  crowded  "  one. 
Mr.   Hartrick's  line   drawings    are 

illustrations  of  the  country,  and  harmonize 
delightfully    with    the    tone    of    the    hook. 

Avoiding  the  merely  pretty,  he  con 

to    his    audience    the     atmosphere     of     the 

moor,  and  the  strength  and  majesty  and 

lovelv  outline-  of  the  fell.-. 


Man,  Other  Poems,  and  a  Preface.  By 
Marie  C.  Stopes.  (Heinemann,  3s.  tid. 
net.) 

It  is  recorded  of  the  singer  of  '  Love  ia 
Enough  '  that  he,  paradoxically,  eschewed 
all  faith  in  poetic  inspiration.  Dr.  Stopes, 
in  her  modest  and  illuminating  Preface, 
maintains  the  opposite  thesis  with  equal 
conviction,  contending  that  poetry  "ought 
never  to  be  written  ;  it  ought,  it  must, 
write  itself." 

Such,  however,  is  the  elasticity  of  words 
when  employed  in  abstract  discussions 
that  it  may  well  be  that  these  views  are 
not  discrepant  in  essentials.  Thus  Dr. 
Stopes  cites  her  stanzas  '  To  the  Moon  ' 
(p.  20)  as  an  example  of  a  poem  which 
practically  wrote  itself.  It  is  not  a 
felicitous  example,  for  sentiment  and 
diction  are  alike  of  an  everyday  order, 
and  the  lines  would,  perhaps,  have  bene- 
fited by  some  assistance,  just  as  the 
passionate  spell  of  '  Love  is  Enough  ' 
might  have  been  to  seek,  had  not  that 
"  Morality "  given  its  creator  "  more 
trouble  than  any  other  of  his  poems." 

The  poem  entitled  '  Tokio  Snow  ' — con- 
ceived, we  are  told,  under  conditions 
somewhat  similar,  but  less  rapid — contains 
a  fancy  dainty  and  original.  Here  again 
we  feel  that  a  more  leisurely  method  of 
production  would  have  been  an  ad- 
vantage, while  the  '  Light  of  Life  '  shows 
the  author's  lyric  gifts  at  their  best.  We 
quote  the  following  : — 

The  light  of  life  to  saints  seems  white — 
Clear  gleaming  white  ;   and  in  their  eyes 

There  is  no  colour  in  that  light  : 
From  God's  bright  throne  it  does  arise, 

And  its  fair  whiteness  typifies 

To  them  but  its  simplicity, 
In  which  no  tainting  evil  lies, 

So  white  do  they  aspire  to  be. 

And  for  that  purpose  purge  their  lives 
Of  all  they  can,  a  ive  thoughts  of  heaven, 

Unknowing  that   pure  whiteness  thrives 
From  union  of  the  colours  seven. 

The  title-poem,  wherein  is  set  forth 
with  thoughtful  earnestness  and  no  little 
grace  of  language  the  changing  aspects 
of  man  to  the  eyes  of  ripening  woman- 
hood, and  "  The  Profiler,'  a  "  true  and 
unvarnished "  tragedy,  deriving  force 
from  the  very  homeliness  of  its  telling, 
stand  out  most  clearly  in  a  volume  of 
which  the  dominating  qualities  are  clear- 
ness of  vision  and  a  distinctive  point  of 
view. 

Dr.    Stopes'a    theory    quoted     above, 

involving,  as  it  must,  comparative  neglect 
of  "the  loving  Study  Of  words  and 
rhythms."  is  not,  we  think,  supported  by 
the  practice  of  poets  as  we  know    them. 

A   poem    must    seem    spontaneous  ;     there 

art  comes  in.     As  Mr.  \V.   B.  Yeats  has 

w  i  itten  : — 

I        i,  "A  line  will  take  us  boon  maybe, 
Yet,  if  it  doM  no1  went  •  moment*!  thought. 
Our  Btttohing  and  unstitching  haa  been  nought." 


With  the  Russians  in  Mongolia.  By 
H.  G.  C.  Perry- Ayscough  and  Capt. 
R.  13.  Otter-Parry.  (John  Lane,  10s. 
net.) 

Mongolia  is,  at  present,  the  point  on 
which  the  eyes  of  those  who  are  interested 
in  the  advance  of  Russia  towards  the 
British  Empire  and  into  the  Chinese  are 
fixed  ;  and  the  book  before  us  is  of  real 
service  to  those  who  wish  to  follow  that 
advance  intelligently,  for,  together  with 
much  that  will  be  felt  to  be  unnecessary 
—  such  as  rather  ordinary  diaries  of 
journeys  which  appear  to  have  been  of 
little  interest — it  has  a  claim  to  distinction 
in  bringing  the  subject  down  to  within 
about  a  month  of  the  time  of  publication. 
It  has,  however,  an  unusual  and  far  more 
permanent  distinction  in  that  it  gives 
complete  translations  of  various  treaties 
and  agreements  made  by  Russia  with 
Mongolia  or  with  China  in  reference  to 
Mongolia,  and  of  the  Mongol-Tibetan 
Treaty  of  December  29th,  1912.  The 
book  is  written  with  a  feeling,  or  at  least 
in  a  manner,  friendly  to  the  Russians, 
but  at  the  same  time  with  sufficient 
candour  to  enable  the  reader  to  form  his 
own  judgment. 

Sir  Claude  Macdonald,  whose  interesting 
Preface  includes   a  delightful  account  of 
the  old  Mongol  Market  at  Peking  (which 
was,  however,  with  the  Foreign  Legations, 
in  the  south-easier?*  quarter  of  the  Tartar 
city),  points  out  that  the  authors  hardly 
go  far  enough   when   they  suggest  that 
Russia,    determined    not    to    be    caught 
unprepared    a    second    time,    wishes    to 
make  Mongolia  into  a  buffer  state  between 
herself  and  the  presumably  rising  power 
of  China,  and  he  suggests  that  Mongolia  is 
to  be  a  sphere  of  special  interest  which  in 
course  of  time  will  enable  Russia  to  say 
"  Hands  off  !  "  to  everybody  else.     This  is 
certainly  more  credible  than  the  authors 
assurance  that  the  Russians  will  welcome 
the   arrival  even   of   merchants  of  other 
nations,    though     their    views    are     sup- 
ported   by   the    presence    at   Urga   of   a 
tobacco  company  and  a  brewery — which. 
we    trust,    has    no    connexion    with    tin 
increase    of    drunkenness    mentioned    on 
p.   115.     This  assuredly  is  not    the    final 
explanation  of  the  Russian  moves.    When 
we  read  that  the  land —  Russians  and  all — 
depends    on    the    Chinese     traders,     who 
nevertheless  are   being  very  courteously 

escorted  out  of  the  country  at  such  a  rat. 
that  in  little  more  than  a  year  the  Chin. 

population  of  Uliassutai  lias  dropped  from 

2.(100  to  200  ;  that  the  hest  class  of 
Russian  colonists  cannot    be  induced  to  go 

so  unnecessarily  far  from  home:  and  that 

Russian   merchants  are   for  the   most    pail 

a  failure  there  we  feel  thai   Mongolia  is 

ll"t     the    end. 

The  authors  lay  stress  on   the  \.  r\   close 

tics  which  exist  between  Mongolia  and 
Tibet  ties,  of  course,  ol  a  religious 
nature,  both   countries   being    dominated 

by  the  lamas,  anil  the  llu  t  uk  -  t  u 
at     Drgfl     (religious     head,    and    now    civil 

governor,   of   Mongolia)    being   always  a 


336 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


Tibetan  by  birth.  It  is  significant  that 
Russia  seems  soon  to  have  given  up 
her  attempts  to  undermine  the  influence 
of  the  lamas  by  means  of  modern  educa- 
tion. Tibet  lies  to  the  south  of  Outer 
Mongolia,  standing  between  India  and 
China,  just  as  Mongolia  stands  between 
China  and  Russia.  It  is  with  Outer 
Mongolia,  with  its  capital  at  Urga,  south 
of  Lake  Baikal,  that  the  Russians  are  at 
present  concerned,  Inner  Mongolia,  or  the 
part  lying  south  and  east  of  the  great 
desert  along  the  northern  frontier  of 
China  Proper,  having  remained  loyal  to 
the  Chinese  Republic  in  1912.  Yet  the 
book  ends  with  the  news  that  China 
had  been  repeatedly  defeated  by  the 
Mongols,  "  assisted  by  several  Russians," 
only  a  few  miles  from  Kalgan,  which  is 
"  the  gateway  to  Peking,  and  only  114 
miles  by  rail  from  the  capital  of  China." 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Britain,  at  any  rate, 
will  not  wait  too  long  to  see  what  it  was 
that  made  Yiian  Shih-k'ai  sign  a  humiliat- 
ing agreement  with  Russia  on  the  same 
day  that  he  violently  suppressed  the 
Kuo-min  tang,  or  Nationalist  party,  in 
China. 

"  Kuo  Ming-tang  "  our  authors  call  the 
party,  so  offending  against  the  rules  of  the 
needless  new  spelling  of  the  Postal  Service 
which  they  choose  to  adopt,  and  affording 
yet  another  instance  of  additions  to  the 
thousands  of  vagaries  current  in  the  spell- 
ing of  Chinese  words.  The  division  of 
a  three-syllable  combination  in  the  way 
usually  appropriated  to  names  of  persons 
makes  the  "  Nation  -  people  Party  " 
appear  like  "  Mr.  Kuo,  whose  personal 
name  is  Ming-tang." 

To  show  that  the  book  is  not  wholly 
occupied  with  politics  or  trade,  we  close 
with  the  account  of  the  tripos  at  Urga 
University,  an  institution  with  10,000 
students.  They  have  a  severe  trial,  it 
would  seem,  in  viva  voce  : — 

"  The  candidates,  who  must  have  attained 
the  age  of  fifty,  sit  in  the  middle  of  the  hall, 
wearing  yellow  caps  and  gowns.  They  are 
then  cross-examined  by  their  fellow-students, 
who  approach  them  up  a  centre  aisle  and 
shout  questions  at  them,  at  the  same 
time  clapping  their  hands,  and  gesticulating 
wildly,  within  a  few  inches  of  the  examinees' 
faces.  The  questions  asked  and  being 
debated  were  : — 

"  (1)  Does  the  mountain  called  Bukung 
Buru  mentioned  in  the  book  of  Buddha 
rest  in  the  ocean  or  on  the  ocean  ? 

"  (2)  What  is  the  difference  between  a 
man  sitting  on  a  tree  and  a  man  standing 
on  the  ground  ? 

"  The  examiners  sit  behind  the  candidates, 
and  record  the  questions  and  answers  in 
bulky-looking  books.  Judging  from  the 
laughter  which  was  evoked  on  all  sides,  in 
which  the  examiners  joined,  from  the  answers 
given  to  the  above  questions,  and  the 
sarcastic  remarks  made  by  the  questioners, 
the  three  students  seemed  to  have  small 
prospects  of  success." 


Cavour  and  the  Making  of  Modern  Italy, 
1810-1861.  By  Pietro  Orsi.  (Putnam's 
Sons,  5«.  net.) 

Cavour  could  never  inspire  a  biography 
like  Mr.  Bolton  King's  '  Life  of  Mazzini ' 
or  Mr.  Trevelyan's  volumes  on  Garibaldi, 
both  of  which,  it  is  gratifying  to  think, 
are  now  regarded  as  standard  authorities 
in  Italy.  The  statesmanship  and  the 
organizing  power  of  this  cold,  calculating 
officer  of  Engineers  was  concerned  with 
measures  rather  than  men.  He  was 
rarely  eloquent,  and  frankly  admitted 
that  he  had  not  enough  imagination  to 
invent  the  simplest  story  to  amuse  a 
child.  He  directed  the  storm,  but  he  did 
not  ride  in  the  whirlwind.  Consequently 
he  makes  but  little  appeal  to  the  average 
reader.  Yet  Italian  unity  owes  more  to 
Cavour  than  to  any  one  else,  and  it  is 
significant  that  it  is  his  name,  rather 
than  Garibaldi's  or  Mazzini's,  which  is 
here  coupled  with  the  making  of  Modern 
Italy  in  the  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations 
Series."  Signor  Orsi  fully  establishes  his 
claim  to  the  first  place,  if  any  one  is 
inclined  to  dispute  it,  in  the  excellent 
little  monograph  before  us. 

The  title  prepares  us  to  find  the  author 
sinking  the  man  in  the  movement,  and 
his  space,  of  course,  is  limited  ;  but  to 
our  mind  he  has  carried  the  process 
rather  too  far.  The  first  quarter  of 
the  book  is  concerned  almost  entirely 
with  the  progress  of  the  national  ideal. 
Not  till  the  author  definitely  enters  upon 
the  political  stage  do  we  get  into  close 
contact  with  Cavour,  and  even  then  we 
only  get  occasional  glimpses  of  him 
behind  the  scenes.  We  hear  next  to 
nothing  of  his  wonderful  management  of 
his  father's  estates  at  Ceri,  to  which,  like 
Signor  Gioletti  in  our  own  day,  he  was 
fond  of  retiring  during  a  political  crisis ; 
or  of  his  interest  in.  industrial  enterprises. 
Yet  the  experience  thus  gained  was  of 
inestimable  value  to  him  in  the  reforms 
he  carried  out  when  a  Minister.  Nor  are 
we  told  much  of  the  travels  in  France 
and  England  which  had  so  important  an 
influence  upon  his  ideas  in  after  life. 

Cavour  was  slow  in  making  his  way  at 
home.  Though  he  took  part  in  liberal 
demonstrations  and  helped  to  establish 
the  Agricultural  Association  and  Infant 
Schools,  he  was  regarded  with  suspicion  on 
account  of  his  father's  strong  reactionan^ 
views,  even  when  he  founded  the  first 
political  paper  in  Turin,  the  Risorgimento. 
Nor  was  he  at  first  popular  in  the  Chamber. 
For  one  thing,  he  spoke  Italian  with  an 
accent  from  which  he  never  succeeded  in 
freeing  himself  altogether.  For  another, 
he  was  not  unjustly  regarded  as  something 
of  an  Anglomaniac,  and  was  called  "Milord 
Risorgimento  "  by  his  opponents.  More- 
over, when  General  La  Marmora  urged  his 
claims  to  office  on  the  death  of  Santarosa, 
Massimo  d'Azeglio  objected  that  he  would 
turn  the  whole  Ministry  upside  down  in  a 
month.  Victor  Emmanuel  was  equally 
against  him.  "  Can't  you  see,  gentlemen, 
that  this  man  will  kick  you  all  out  ?  ': 
he  exclaimed.  Cavour's  high  -  handed 
methods  justified  this  alarm  ;    but  when 


D'Azeglio,  whose  personal  popularity  was 
invaluable  in  winning  confidence  for  the 
monarchy  during  the  difficult  years  after 
Novara,  endeavoured  to  get  on  without 
him,  he  found  the  task  impossible.  Cavour, 
indeed,  was  never  comfortable  except 
when  enjoying  supreme  power,  and  the 
King  often  found  his  masterful  methods, 
trying.  Yet  he  was  a  loyal  constitution- 
alist, indignantly  refusing  to  govern  with- 
out Parliament  during  a  period  of  crisis  -r 
and  the  Abbe  Darboy,  who  had  met  him 
in  Paris,  declared  that  he  "  had  not  the 
slightest  sentiment  of  hate  in  his  heart." 

Cavour's  first  ministry  in  1853  marks 
the  beginning  of  the  new  epoch.  By  this, 
time  the  futility  of  Mazzini's  system  of 
petty  conspiracies  had  been  brought  home 
to  all  sensible  people.  Piedmont  was  (by 
a  strange  fatality)  the  only  state  in  the 
peninsula  which  had  hitherto  never  en- 
joyed a  period  of  greatness.  But  she 
had  always  been  a  military  power,  and 
was  now  the  one  spot  in  Italy  where 
liberal  ideas  were  not  stifled.  Hence  Italy 
looked  to  her  for  salvation,  and  Cavour 
was  determined  that  she  should  not  look 
in  vain.  It  was  of  Italy,  for  instance,  not 
of  Piedmont,  that  he  was  thinking  when 
he  turned  Spezia  into  a  great  naval  har- 
bour. Piedmont  at  once  became  the 
rallying-point  for  political  refugees  from 
all  parts  of  Italy.  Such  was  the  con- 
fidence inspired  by  the  new  policy  that 
two  years  after  Cavour  had  become 
Premier,  Daniele  Manin,  the  defender  of 
Venice,  issued  a  proclamation  declaring 
that  the  Republican  party  was  ready  to- 
make  a  fresh  sacrifice.  It  said  to*  the 
House  of  Savoy,  "  Make  Italy,  and  t 
am  with  you  ;  if  not,  not."  The 
object  of  the  National  Society  was  to 
spread  this  idea  throughout  the  country. 
Unity  must  come  first ;  forms  of  govern- 
ment were  of  minor  importance.  This 
is  the  meaning  of  Carducci's  remark  that 
monarchy  was  a  mere  name,  and  that  he 
did  not  believe  that  at  heart  King  Hum- 
bert himself  was  a  convinced  monarchist. 
Nor  was  this  confidence  misplaced.  It 
was  thanks  to  Cavour's  diplomacy,  loyally 
supported  by  Victor  Emmanuel/that  the 
little  North  Italian  kingdom  was  enabled 
to  take  its  place  among  the  Powers  of 
Europe  by  fighting  in  the  Crimea,  and 
obtain  the  support  which  enabled  her  to 
provoke  Austria  to  war. 

Cavour's  actions  will  not  always  bear 
close  scrutiny ;  there  was  no  sacrifice  he- 
was  not  ready  to  make  for  the  cause- 
In  this  volume  the  letter  in  which  he 
urges  his  sovereign  to  give  his  sixteen- 
year-old  daughter  to  a  roue  like  Prince 
Jerome  Napoleon,  coolly  pointing  out  the 
unhappy  lot  awaiting  most  princesses,, 
and  quoting  the  four  daughters  of  Victor 
Emmanuel  I.  as  instances,  is  not  pleasant 
reading.  The  Peace  of  Villafranca  was 
probably  the  severest  blow  that  fell  upon 
Cavour  during  his  whole  life,  and  even  he 
can  hardly  have  foreseen  the  rapidity 
with  which  Italy  was  to  fulfil  the  destiny 
prophesied  for  her  by  Napoleon  at  St. 
Helena.  But  Metternich  was  not  mis- 
taken Avhen  he  complained  that  "  there 
is  only  one   diplomatist  left  in  Europe,- 


No.  4500,  March  7,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


337 


and  he  unfortunately  is  against   us  ;    I 

mean  Count  Ca\  our."' 

Signor  Orsi'a  task  carries  him  Ear 
beyond  Cavour  and  Piedmont.  He 
sketches  the  progress  of  the  national  ideal 
and  the  revolutions  which  it  produced 
from  the  beginning  of  the  century,  taking 
each  state  in  turn  and  giving  us  portraits 
of  the  principal  leaders  in  the  movement, 
till  it  was  temporarily  checked  by  the 
reaction  that  followed  the  risings  of 
1S4S  :  and  he  relates  briefly  the  story 
of  the  liberation  of  Naples  and  Sicily  by 
Garibaldi,  for  whom  Cavour  did  so  much 
by  keeping  the  ring.  A  knowledge  of  the 
■events  that  followed  Cavour's  death  in 
1861,  leading  up  to  the  occupation  of 
Rome  by  the  Italian  troops  in  1S70,  is  as 
ssential  for  an  understanding  of  his  true 
3  atnesa  as  for  the  completion  of  the 
story  of  the  making  of  Italy,  and  it  is 
duly  supplied  here.  The  official  notifica- 
tion, which  is  reproduced  in  facsimile 
among  other  numerous  interesting  illus- 
trations, did  not  exaggerate  when  it 
described  the  day  of  his  death  as  one  of 
"  consternation  and  mourning  for  all  who 
desire  and  love  the  liberty  and  the  glory  of 
our  common  country."  His  position  is  often 
compared  with  that  of  Bismarck  in  Prussia. 
In  the  eyes  of  Europe  he  alone  stood  for 
Piedmont,  and  there  was  no  one  in  the 
country  who  could  hope  to  enjoy  a  tithe 
of  his  diplomatic  prestige.  But  great  as 
was  his  influence  in  Europe,  it  was  even 
greater  at  home.  Though  Garibaldi  never 
forgave  him  for  ceding  Xice  to  France,  and 
blamed  him  unjustly  for  the  insults 
inflicted  on  his  redshirts  after  the  Vol- 
turno,  he  at  least  respected  him.  Had 
Cavour  been  granted  some  of  the  length 
of  days  of  Leo  XIII.,  who  was  born  in 
the  same  year  as  himself,  there  would 
possibly  have  been  no  Aspromonte. 
Though  it  is  pretty  certain  that  Mazzini 
would  still  have  continued  to  conspire  in 
the  Veneto,  Victor  Emmanuel  would 
[redly  not  have  entered  into  secret 
relations  with  him  out  of  disgust  at  his  own 
'listrv.  and  it  is  inconceivable  that  the 
final  settlement  after  the  fall  of  Rome 
would  not  have  borne  the  stamp  of  the 
great  statesman's  genius. 


The  Hamptonshire  Experiment  in  Educa- 
ByC.  P..  Ashbee.     (Allen  &  Co., 
3s.  net.) 

M  \  the  volumes  on  primary  educa- 

tion which  have  recently  appeared,  hut 
they  ha  e  dealt  with  it  almosi  exclusively 

;•  i-  found  in  cities.  Yet  there  LS 
certainly  as  much  dissatisfaction  with 
existing  educational  conditions  in  the 
mtry  as  there  i<  in  the  town,  if  not  more. 
The  country  is  less  articulate,  that  is  all. 
But  it  has  found  a  spokesman  at  last.  In 
•  The  Bamptonshire  Experimenl  '  we  wel- 
come a  book  long  overdue,  a  book  of  Bret- 

rate  importance,  written  by  a  man  who  has 
an  intimate  knowledge  and  i  love  of 

rural  life  in  England  :  who  has  laboured 
long  and  sturdily  on  behalf  of  that  divini 
glona  run-  now  eclipsed,  and  who 
befievefl  in  the  possibility  of  its  renewal. 


His  belief  is  founded  not  on  theory,    but 
on    achievement.      If    "  Hamptonshire  ' 
can  do  so  much,  why  not  the  rest  of  rural 
England  ? 

We  do  not  profess  to  know  where  precisely 
in  this  island  Hamptonshire  is  situated, 
and  we  could  find  it  in  our  heart  to  chide 
Mr.  Ashbee  for  his  mystification,  pleasant 
though  it  be  with  its  ancient  -  sounding 
place-names  :  Drowsing  -  in  -  the  -  Hollow, 
Little  Pippington,  Stanton-in-Gordano,  and 
the  rest.  He  must  forgive  us  if  we  have 
failed  to  penetrate  a  simple  disguise,  for 
we  too  are  countryfolk,  and  "'  dwell  among 
our  own  people."  From  internal  evi- 
dence the  word  may  stand  for  a  part  of 
Warwickshire  or  Worcestershire,  or  even 
— unless  the  term  "  market-peart "  be 
used  as  a  red  herring — for  the  sweet  shire 
of  Hereford,  now  turbid  with  revolting 
teachers.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  "  Experi- 
ment "  purports  to  be  a  genuine  one,  to 
have  lasted  over  a  period  of  ten  years,  to 
have  effected  no  little  good,  and  to  be 
about  to  perish  because  it  lacks  material 
support,  unless  the  Board  of  Education, 
or  the  county  authority,  or  the  Develop- 
ment Commissioners,  can  be  roused  from 
their  apathy. 

Before  he  comes  to  his  "  Experiment," 
Mr.  Ashbee  traverses,  in  departmental  and 
correct  classification,  the  zones  of  ele- 
mentary, primary,  and  higher  education, 
of  agriculture,  and  of  art,  as  he  has  ob- 
served them  under  cultivation  in  Hamp- 
tonshire ;  and  in  the  course  of  this  pilgrim- 
age (by  no  means  a  dull  one)  his  arraign- 
ment of  much  that  is  accepted  as  inevitable, 
though  generally  deplored,  is  drawTi  up, 
and  the  reader  thereby  "  educated  "  to 
the  perception  of  those  practical  reforms 
which  the  author  and  his  friends  desiderate 
and  have  in  part  effected.  Here  are  a  fewr 
counts  of  the  indictment :  the  deadening 
influence  of  the  certificate  system  on 
primary  teachers  ;  the  too  rigid  adherence 
to  schedule  and  time-table  ;  the  scamping 
of  domestic  subjects  ;  and  the  lack  of  co- 
ordination— whereby  waste  and  over- 
lapping ensue  —  between  primary  and 
secondary  schooling,  between  different 
grades  of  teachers,  and  between  different 
branches  of  the  inspectorate.  Let  us  hear 
Mr.  Ashbee  on  the  last  point : — 

"What  we  want  for  a  country  district 
is  not,  six  different  inspectors  without  a, 
head  or  a  policy,  each  interested  in  one 
of  the  Whitehall  watertight  compartments, 
but  one  inspector  whose  care  is  the  education 
of  the  whole  district." 

The  existence  of  such  defects  as  these 
points  to  the  need  of  decentralization  and 
variety.  A  system  that  suits  Essex,  Ictus 
say.  need  not  be  good  for  Devonshire.  A 
well-chosen  Bamptonshire  Committee  is 
far  more  likely  to  have  a  real  knowledge 
of  the  needs  and  aspirations  of  Hampton- 
shire than  any  Government  department, 
however  well-intentioned.  An  agricultural 
neighbourhood   might  then  gel    what,  as 

Mi.  R.  E.  Prothero  has  said,  it  most 
wants,  •  some  form  of  elementary  instruc- 
tion adapted  to  the  needs  of  agricul- 
turists," and  more  than  a  tinge  of  api- 
culture    in     its     Secondary     schools     and 

its  higher,  or  technical,  instruction.     We 


arc  doing  grievous  wrong,  as  .Mr.  Ashbee 
points  out,  in  holding  up  industrial  and 
town  ideals  before  the  gaze  of  the  country 
child  :  let  us  aim  at  the  creation  of  more 
numerous  producers — there  will  always 
be  consumers  enough.  The  Development 
Commissioners  might  think  of  purchasing 
and  equipping  instructional  farms  for  the 
education  of  intending  agriculturists  before 
they  embark  on  the  risks  of  afforestation. 
Such  a  farm  was  a  prominent  feature  of 
'  The  Hamptonshire  Experiment,'  and  we 
hope  our  readers  will  go  for  further  en- 
lightenment to  Mr.  Ashbee's  own  account 
of  it.  He  has  written  a  most  timely  and 
stimulating  book.  Every  page  of  it  is 
provocative  of  thought,  and  tempts  one  to 
quotation — or  controversy. 


The    Threshold    of    Religion.     By    R.    R. 
Marett.     (Methuen  &  Co.,  5s ."net.) 

This  is  the  second  edition  of  a  work 
which  we  had  pleasure  in  reviewing  five 
years  ago  {Athen.,  No.  4244,  p.  259). 
It  differs  from  the  first  by  the  addition 
of  an  Introduction,  of  a  preliminary 
argument  to  each  of  the  essays,  and 
of  three  further  essays.  One  of  these 
— '  The  Birth  of  Humility  ' — we  charac- 
terized as  a  "  lucid  and  brilliant  exposi- 
tion "  of  its  subject  when  it  was  delivered 
by  Mr.  Marett  in  1910  as  his  inaugural 
lecture  on  taking  up  the  office  of  Reader 
in  Social  Anthropology  at  Oxford  {Allien., 
No.  4334).  The  others  are  reprints  from 
The  Hibbert  Journal  of  essays  on  Savage 
Supreme  Beings  and  the  Bull-Roarer,  and 
on  a  Prehistoric  Sanctuary.  The  volume, 
as  thus  enlarged,  constitutes  a  complete 
and  coherent  explanation  of  the  author's 
views. 

Those   views,    stated  briefly,   are    that 
animism  is  too  narrow  a  definition  of  rudi- 
mentary religion,  because  too  intellectual- 
istic  ;   that  religion  has  enough  in  common 
with  magic  for  spell  in  certain  cases  to 
develope  into  prayer  ;    and  that  the  rudi- 
mentary religious  idea  has  two  elements  : 
a    tabu   element    and    a    mana     element, 
using  the  expression  ';  mana  "  to  designate 
the   positive   aspect  of  the   supernatural 
or  sacred  or  miraculous,  and  the  expres- 
sion   '-tabu"   to   designate    its   negative 
aspect.     The    supernatural    is    tabu,    not 
to   be   lightly  approached,   because    il    Is 
mana.  that  is,  instinct  with  extraordinary 
power.     The    Supreme    Beings  of  whom 
Andrew  Lang  gave  an  account  as  associated 
with  the  beliefs  and  rites  of  savage  Aus- 
tralian    tribes   may    have    bet  n    in    part 
evolved   out  of  a.   personification   ol    the 
bull-roanr,  which   is  the   vehicle  ol    the 
mana  thai  makes  a.ll  things  grow  and  pros- 
per.    The    earlier    Btage    of    humility    is 
indicated  03  the  tabu  observances  ;    I 
virtue    is   consummated    in    the    positi 
fruition    Ol    mana.     The    pi<  ha     ol 

certain  prehistoric  ritea  ol  Fran  e  may 
bear  an  interpretation  that  would  -up- 
port  these  \  iews. 

The  essay  m  which  this  1  on 

is  made  contains  a  plea-ant  description 
a  riaii  of  the  Prehistoric  department    oj 
the  Association   Francaise  to  Niaux  and 


338 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


to  Gargas,  and  an  argument  that  the  caves 
there  may  rightly  be  designated  as  pre- 
historic sanctuaries — places  not  to  be 
lightly  approached.  The  animal  figures 
at  Gargas  (Aurignacian)  are  unfinished — 
in  magic,  a  part  may  stand  for  the  whole. 
There  are  as  many  as  150  hands,  stencilled 
in  red  or  black,  on  the  cave  walls,  which 
may  register  some  charm  or  vow.  Niaux 
is  iater  (Magdalenian),  with  narrows  to 
squeeze  through  for  which  fasting  would 
be  a  suitable  preparation.  No  one  would 
dream  of  hedging  round  a  mere  picture 
gallery  with  trying  turnstiles.  For  man 
of  the  primitive  pattern  there  are  two 
worlds :  a  workaday,  and  a  sacred. 
The  threshold  between  the  two  is  clearly 
marked.  Whether  we  classify  them  as 
magic  or  religion,  all  genuine  rites  involve 
a  drawing  near  in  awe. 

This  brief  summary  may  serve  to 
indicate  the  charm  which  Mr.  Marett  is 
able  to  impart  to  a  study  such  as  that 
of  the  origin  of  the  religious  idea,  which 
is  not  only  abstruse  in  itself,  but  also 
presents  an  endless  succession  of  puzzling 
problems. 


The  Campaign  of  Liao-Yang.  By  Major 
H.  Rowan-Robinson.  (Constable  &  Co., 
6s.  6d.  net.) 

The  feeling  that  wars  are  often  begun 
without  any  clear  understanding  of  the 
objects  to  be  gained  has  caused  men  to 
argue  that  all  war  is  wicked,  and  that  it 
could  be  avoided  by  Hague  tribunals  and 
things  of  that  kind.  But  there  comes  a 
time  in  the  life  of  every  people  when 
without  self-effacement  it  cannot  sub- 
mit to  the  orders  of  another.  If  there 
had  been  nothing  between  France  and 
Germany  except  the  Hohenzollern  candi- 
dature, war  in  1870  might  have  been 
avoided  ;  and  in  the  Far  East  Major 
Rowan-Robinson  shows  that  there  had 
for  years  been  forces  at  work  driving 
Russia  and  Japan  on  courses  certain  to 
result  in  war.  Both  sides  should  have 
been  ready  for  war.  The  Japanese  were  ; 
and  this  history  of  the  campaign  of 
Liao-Yang  illustrates  the  advantages  of 
preparation  against  an  unready  foe. 

It  is  a  thoughtful  book,  mainly  intended 
no  doubt  for  soldiers,  but  it  may  be  read 
with  advantage  by  all  who  take  an 
interest  in  the  art  of  war.  Major  Rowan- 
Robinson  chose  this  special  campaign  as 
one  which  illustrates  warfare  under  modern 
conditions,  conducted  in  a  theatre  of 
operations  lacking  in  communications,  and 
offering  considerable  difficulties  to  the 
movement  and  feeding  of  armies.  The 
war  was  one  which  should  appeal 
to  Englishmen,  for  it  depicts  the  inter- 
dependence between  maritime  and  land 
operations  in  a  struggle  where  one  army 
has  to  be  transported  across  the  sea,  and 
the  other  side  possesses  formidable  naval 
forces  ;  but  the  author  deals  with  the 
conflict  on  the  waters  only  so  far  as 
is  necessary  to  make  the  land  operations 
clear. 

The  moment  that  the  Japanese  obtained 
command  of  the  sea  the  Russians  found 


themselves  hampered  by  exceptional 
difficulties,  and  conducting  a  campaign 
in  circumstances  which,  they  had  been 
told  by  their  sailors,  could  never  arise. 

In  the  older  histories  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War  it  is  a  commonplace  to  say 
that  in  no  other  campaign  have  the  pre- 
parations made  in  peace  so  largely  in- 
fluenced the  outcome  of  war.  The  same 
kind  of  thing  may  now  be  said,  with  even 
greater  truth,  about  the  careful  work 
done  in  advance  by  the  Japanese  ;  and 
Major  Rowan-Robinson  argues  that  pre- 
paration of  force  is  now  a  factor  of  higher 
value  than  the  application  of  force.  His 
study  of  war  between  a  small  island  and  a 
great  Continental  power  is  full  of  words  of 
warning  for  us. 

His  remarks  about  landing  operations 
upon  a  large  scale  are  specially  applicable 
to  England.  He  shows  that  the  Japanese 
succeeded  in  disembarking  35,000  troops 
of  all  arms  in  nine  days  at  a  bad  landing- 
place,  in  bad  weather,  and  within  sixty 
miles  of  the  Russian  fleet.  The  arrange- 
ments made  and  the  precautions  taken 
are  described  for  our  benefit,  and  in  the 
opinion  of  the  author  they  "  provide  an 
admirable  model  for  imitation."  He  also 
gives  reasons  why  peace  manoeuvres 
cannot  be  said  to  furnish  a  true  indica- 
tion of  the  possibilities  of  disembarkation. 

Major  Rowan  -  Robinson  remarks  that 
French  critics,  disliking  the  success  of 
German  doctrines  in  this  campaign,  point 
to  the  indecisive  nature  of  the  Japanese 
victories. 

"  There  was,  they  say,  no  attempt  at 
manoeuvre  ;  battles  ended  without  pursuit, 
and  the  enemy  was  driven  back  along  his 
line  of  supply.  The  wonder  is,  however, 
not  that  the  victories  were  not  decisive, 
but  that,  with  weight  of  numbers  against 
them,  and  with  such  stolid  fighters  in  the 
trenches,  the  Japanese  gained  victories  at 
all." 

The  author  adds  that  there  can  be  no 
better  vindication  of  the  German  system 
than  the  fact  that  it  succeeded  even 
with  comparatively  small  numbers  and 
insufficient  cavalry. 

When  he  sums  up,  he  writes  : — 

"  Notwithstanding  all  their  preparation, 
the  Japanese  were  attempting  a  task  almost 
beyond  their  powers.  They  were  decidedly 
fortunate  in  not  finding  against  them  leaders 
of  high  capacity.  Had  they  met  a.  Suvarov 
.  .  .  .the  desperate  assaults  of  their  infantry 
might  have  been  delivered  in  vain.  It  was, 
however,  the  greatness  of  their  task  rather 
than  their  mistakes  that  exposed  them  to 
the  chances  of  defeat." 

In  the  opinion  of  the  author  the  Russian 
operations  were  hampered  by  their  un- 
fortunate system  of  dual  control  ;  but 
the  Japanese  methods  were  not  perfect, 
and  in  the  course  of  his  work  Major  Rowan- 
Robinson  has  again  and  again  to  point  out 
mistakes  in  the  methods  adopted  by 
Oyama  and  his  subordinate  commanders. 

In  his  concluding  words  the  author  gives 
reasons  for  thinking  that  increased  means 
of  acquiring  information  (wireless  tele- 
graphy and  aircraft)  will  benefit  the 
German  system  of  strategy  more  than  the 
French. 


He  has  gone  to  the  Russian  official 
account  for  most  of  his  facts,  but  has 
consulted  all  the  authorities  (giving  a  list 
of  their  works) ,  and  has  provided  excellent 
maps  and  plans.  The  book  is  well  printed, 
but  the  word  Sedan  bears  throughout  an 
unnecessary  accent. 


Extra- Biblical  Sources  for  Hebrew  and 
Jewish  History.  Translated  and  edited 
by  the  Rev.  Samuel  A.  B.  Mercer. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  6s.  net.) 

Dr.  Mercer  has  in  the  present  work 
supplied  students  of  Hebrew  and  Jewish 
history  down  to  the  final  catastrophe  in 
the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian  with  a 
highly  important  section  of  the  apparatus 
criticus  that  is  required  for  a  thorough 
handling  of  the  subject.  No  pretence  is, 
indeed,  made  of  exhausting  all  the  extra- 
Biblical  sources  bearing  on  the  history  of 
the  period.  The  author  himself  explains 
that  he  has,  on  account  of  their  easy 
access,  not  considered  it  necessary  to  draw 
on  the  writings  of  Philo  and  Josephus 
(with  the  exception,  in  the  latter  case, 
of  a  short  section  from  Manetho)  ;  nor 
can  it  be  maintained  that  there  was 
nothing  relevant  to  glean  from  the  Pal- 
myrene  and  other  North-Semitic  inscrip- 
tions. But  as  the  groups  of  sources  dealt 
with  are  for  the  most  part  particularly 
discussed  at  the  present  time,  the  young 
investigator  is  likely  to  find  in  Dr.  Mercer's 
volume  all — or  nearly  all — the  data  which 
he  specially  desires  to  have  before  him  in 
a  clear  and  convenient  form. 

From  the  early  Babylonian  period,  in 
which  Khammurabi  (probably  the  same 
as  the  Biblical  Amraphel)  occupies  the 
most  commanding  position,  the  author 
conducts  us  to  the  stirring  times  in  which 
the  political  correspondence  known  as  the 
Tell  el-Amarna  tablets  was  carried  on 
between  Palestinian  chiefs  and  two  suc- 
cessive Pharaohs  of  the  fourteenth  century 
B.C.  In  the  sections  dealing  with  the 
Assyrian  and  the  New  Babylonian  and 
Persian  periods,  which  come  next,  we 
are  constantly  in  touch  with  persons  and 
events  that  have  the  closest  bearing  on 
the  historical  account  given  in  the  Old 
Testament  of  the  northern  and  southern 
Hebrew  kingdoms  ;  and  a  most  welcome 
addition  to  this  part  of  the  book  is  the 
"  chronological  matter  "  drawn  from  both 
Babylonian  and  Assyrian  sources,  and 
including  the  Ptolemaic  Canon,  which 
gives  the  names  of  rulers  both  in  Greek 
and  Babylonian. 

Of  equal  usefulness  is  the  account  given 
of  the  Egyptian  sources,  beginning  with 
the  Old  Kingdom  (2980-2475  B.C.),  and 
ending  with  the  conquest  of  Egypt  by 
Cambyses  in  525  B.C.  Under  the  head- 
ing of  '  Other  Semitic  Sources  '  we  find 
translations  of  the  Moabite  Stone  and  the 
portions  of  the  Elephantine  Papyri  which 
throw  interesting  side-lights  on  the  events 
recorded  in  the  books  of  Ezra  and  Nehe- 
miah.  There  follows  a  section  dealing 
with  Greek  and  Latin  sources,  extending 
from  the  time  of  Cyrus  down  to  the 
Emperor  Hadrian  ;    and  the  volume  con- 


No.  4500,  March  7,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^U  M 


M!) 


dudes  with  Appendixes  supplying  tabular 

views  concerning  the  most  important 
facts,  persons,  and  dates  of  the  entire 
history. 

B}-  Way  of  criticism  we  would  remark 
that  it  would  have  been  better  if  Dr. 
Mercer  bad  in  all  cases  either  confined 
himself  strictly  to  an  account  of  the 
data,  or  had.  whenever  offering  his  own 
opinion  regarding  them,  also  given  alter- 
native views  held  by  other  scholars.  We 
are  thinking  particularly — though  far  from 
exclusively — of  his  interpretation  of  the 
facts  recorded  in  the  Tell  el-Amarna 
tablets.  He  agrees  with  scholars  gener 
ally  in  identifying  the  Khabiri  with  the 
Hebrews,  but  at  the  same  time  he  thinks 
that  the  Israelites  left  Egypt  in  the  reign 
of  Meneptah  over  a  hundred  and  fifty 
years  later.  The  explanation  that  "  the 
terms  "  Hebrews  '  and  "  Israelites  '  are 
not  conterminous  —  all  Israelites  were 
Hebrews,  but  not  all  HebreAvs  were 
Israelites,"  is,  indeed,  highly  interesting, 
and  deserves  —  notwithstanding  some 
serious  difficulties — careful  consideration  ; 
but  the  young  student,  if  not  warned  of  the 
existence  of  other  views  on  the  subject, 
may  be  led  to  think  that  this  is  the  only 
interpretation  of  the  facts  that  can  be 
offered. 

The  value  of  the  book  is  enhanced  by 
the  addition  of  some  useful  maps  and 
illustrations,  but  we  have  seen  much  clearer 
representations  of  the  black  obelisk  than 
that  given  here.  The  Index  is,  we  are 
a  >rry  to  say,  far  from  exhaustive. 


Maritime  Enterprise.  By  James  A. 
Williamson.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press, 
14s.  net.) 

It  is  a  difficult  and  dangerous  thing  to 
attempt  the  history  of  a  small  period  in 
the  life  of  an  institution  which  extends  over 
many  centuries.  The  commerce  of  Eng- 
land is  such  an  institution,  and  to  formu- 
late its  history  in  the  age.  and  still  more 
in  part  of  the  age,  of  the  Tudors,  exposes 
a  writer  to  at  least  the  appearance  of 
limiting  his  estimate  of  the  roots  which 
have  supported  it,  or  of  the  branches 
which  it  has  spread,  as  if  they  served  or 
developed  for  one  purpose  only.  That 
irborne  commerce  of  the  country 
s  in  a  bad  way.  that  the  whole  shipping 
interest  was  atrophied  at  the  accession  of 
Henry  VII  La  a  patent  fact;  but  in 
ginning  their  history  with  that  accession 
I  the  action  of  Henry  there  is  the 
temptation  to  represent  their  uprising, 
not  as  a  revival,  but  as  a  new  birth,  and 
this  is  in  fact  what,  to  a  great  extent,  Mr. 
Williamson    has    done.     We    do    not,    of 

'    this    is   what    he   believes. 
We  have  no  doubt  that  lie  knows  quite  well 

that  what   Henry  did  was  to  strengthen 

and  revivify  a  trade  and  a  navy  which, 
dazing  many  years  of  anarchy  and  civil 
war,  had  threatened  to  die  out  ;  bul 
i  ■     the     careless     or     ignorant     reader 

he      will      convey     the     impression      that, 

before  Benrj  -  reign,  England  had 
aeitfaai  mmeroe    nor    Bea    power 

worthy  of  the  name  ;  and  he  clearly  speaks 


beginning 


of  that  reign  as  ma  iking  tin 
of  the  change  of  the  English  from  an 
agricultural  and  military  people  *'  into  a 
maritime  and  commercial  community" 
a  sentence  which  seems  to  betray  a  want 
of  familiarity  with  at  once  the  agricultural, 
military,  maritime,  and  commercial  his- 
tory of  the  country,  for  agriculture  con- 
tinued the  leading  industry  of  the  country 
till,  perhaps,  150  years  ago,  and  yielded  its 
position  not  to  commerce,  but  to  manu- 
facture ;  while  as  to  the  maritime  develop- 
ment, it  was  sea  power  that  took  the 
English  to  France  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, as  much  as  it  was  sea  power  that 
brought  invaders  to  England  in  the  fourth 
or  fifth.     But  the  author  says  : — 

"  Throughout  the  Middle  Ages  all  the 
strivings  and  ambitions  of  England  were 
concentrated  on  the  conquest,  by  force  of 
arms,  of  the  surrounding  countries." 

This  was  the  idea  of  king,  people,  and 
baronage  alike  ;  but  by  the  accession  of 
Henry  VII.  much  had  changed  : — 

"  The  old  ideals,  the  old  national  instincts, 
and  the  old  social  order  had  gone  or  were 
in  process  of  dissolution,  and  the  work  of 
his  reign  consisted  in  forming  new  ones  and 
giving  direction  to  that  universal  awaken- 
ing of  the  human  mind  which  now  first 
began  to  make  its  influence  felt  in  the 
practical  affairs  of  the  English  nation." 

We  think  this  is  altogether  too  absolute. 
The  contrast,  thinly  veiled,  is  between  the 
policy  of  Edward  III.  and  of  Henry  VII., 
and  leads  to  the  assumption  that  the  claim 
to  the  crown  of  France,  the  ambition  to 
subdue  France  to  the  English  allegiance, 
was  the  sole,  or  at  any  rate  the  main, 
cause  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War.  We  had 
fancied  that  idea  had  died  a  natural  death. 
It  seems  we  were  mistaken  ;  it  lives 
vigorously  in  the  pages  of  Mr.  Williamson. 
But  it  is  wrong  all  the  same.  Here  we  can 
do  no  more  than  refer  our  author  to  the 
writings  of  one  whose  works  ought  to  be 
the  earliest  and  the  latest  textbooks  of  com- 
mercial history — Archdeacon  Cunningham. 
At  any  rate,  whether  he 'will  or  will  not 
accept  the  authority  of  Dr.  Cunningham 
on  what  may  be  considered  a  matter  of 
opinion,  it  is  a  matter  of  fact  that,  more 
than  100  years  before  Henry  VII.,  the 
early  advisers  of  Richard  II.  passed  a 
Navigation  Act  of  the  same  tendency, 
and  with  the  same  design  that  influenced 
Henry,  as  afterwards  the  Commonwealth 
and  Charles  II.  Mr.  Williamson  implies 
throughout  that  the  idea  of  it  was  an 
original  concept  of  Benry's. 

This,  which  we  can  only  call  a  funda- 
mental error,  seems  to  US  to  pervade  the 
whole  of  Mr.  Williamson's  treatise.  Excel- 
lenl    and   suggestive  as  much   of  it   is.  it   is 

emphatically  not  a  book  for  a  beginner 
in  the  inquiry  into  our  economic  his- 
tory. We  can  speak  with  more  com- 
mendation of  the  hook  as  a  sketch  of  the 
greal   era  of  discovery  from  the  English 

point  of  view — one  which,  in  our  enthusi- 
astic reception  of  the  deeds  of  Portu- 
guese, Italians,  and  Spaniards,  we  are 
apl  to  belittle  unduly.  It  is.  indeed,  often 
said  that  the  early  English  discoverers 
were  not  English  ;  thai  we  had  to  !_r't  a 
Venetian  to  show  us  the  way.    To  some 


extent  that  is  so.  But  the  Spaniards  were 
helped  exactly  in  the  same  manner. 
Neither  as  discoverers  nor  exponents 
of  sea  power  have  the  Spaniards  any 
distinguished  record.  We,  at  least,  may 
claim  to  have  been  apt  pupils  as  the  one, 
and  perhaps  not  undistinguished  pro- 
Eessora  as  the  other. 


FICTION. 


Once  upon  a  Time.      By  H.  B.  Marriott 
Watson.     (Dent  &  Sons,  Gs.) 

FEW  authors  equal  Mr.  Marriott  Watson 
in  the  presentation  of  the  matinal  charm 
of  the  civilized  girl.  He  realizes  like  a 
poet  that  the  expression  of  a  promise 
may  be  as  perfect  as  its  fulfilment,  and 
his  art,  having  all  the  pretty  caprices  of 
spring  under  its  observation,  hardly  re- 
quires the  summer  at  all. 

These  thoughts  arise  in  one's  mind 
after  reading  the  two  stories  ("  The 
Picaroon  '  and  *  The  Malings  ')  which 
occupy  more  than  two-thirds  of  his  new- 
book.  *  The  Picaroon  '  is  the  tale  of  an 
impersonation  audaciously  carried  out 
by  a  young  English  clerk  at  the  bidding 
of  a  lovely  German  countess,  whose 
emperor  desires  her  to  marry  a  man  she 
does  not  love.  The  impersonator  of  tin 
noble  and  objectionable  suitor  is  success- 
ful beyond  the  needs  of  farce  ;  for  not 
only  does  he  recall  to  recollection  Aladdin's 
treatment  of  the  vizier's  son,  but  even 
succeeds  in  carrying  off  his  lady-love 
without  the  help  of  a  genie.  Mr.  Watson 
imparts  so  liberal  a  quantity  of  Britannic 
ozone  to  this  story  that  the  dignity  of 
the  heroine's  heart  is  imperilled  thereby. 

1  The  Malings  '  introduces  us  to  the 
daughters  of  a  thriftless  artist,  and  the 
chief  element  of  comedy  is  the  repeated 
interruption  which  postpones  a  proposal 
of  marriage.  The  hero  acts  like  a  Pro- 
vidence, risking  his  reputation  for  straight- 
ness  and  courage  on  behalf  of  attractive 
damsels.  The  life  of  aristocrats  trying 
to  be  gay  in  the  country  is  well  described, 
and  the  Malings  are  differentiated  and 
visualized  with  humour  and  tenderness. 

In  three  of  the  four  short  stories  which 
conclude  the  volume  Mr.  Watson  takes 
us  to  the  Antipodes,  and  treats  passions 
of  Nature  and  man  with  considerable 
power.  In  one  a  rage  for  revenge  is 
transformed  into  altruistic  heroism  in  the 
soul  of  an   innkeeper  who   has   lost    the 

apple  of  his  eye   by  what    he  conceives  to 

be  the  perfidy  of  a  politician;  in  anothei 
a    husband    chases    to    death    his    wit 
lover  ;    and  in  another  an  inexperiend  d 

immigrant   who   cannot    keep   In-    seat    on 

a  buck-jumper  runs  through  •  >  carnival  of 

llames  to  -a\.-  a  family.      It    i-  significant, 

perhaps, of  the  modern  reader's  sympathy 
with  Pangloss's  belief  in  this  world's 
superiority  over  others  that  none  of  Mi-. 
Watson's  innocent  love-stoi  iea  ends  tragic- 

;dl\  .        It      I-    to     he     hoped     that     tho-e     u  ho 

admire  happj  endings,  whether  inevitable 
or  not.  will  also  be  found  among  tho 
who  admire  the  unostentatious  distinction 
ol  Mr.  Wat  Bon1 1  prose. 


340 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 
Adderley    (Rev.    the    Hon.    James),    Making    up 
Yoik  Mind,  1/0  net.  Wells  Gardner 

This  book  is  arranged  for  the  weekdays  in 
Lent,  and  consists  of  "subjects  for  thought  and 
prayer  for  those  who  wish  to  apply  their  religion 
to  everyday  life." 

Berry    (Sidney  M.),   Graces    of   the    Christian 

Character,  2/  R.T.S. 

An   exposition  of  the  graces  proper  to    the 

Christian   character,   consisting  of  articles  which 

have  already  appeared  in  The  Sundai/  at  Home. 

Burrage  (Champlin),  Nazareth  and  the  Begin- 
nings  of   Christianity,    a    New   View   based 
upon  Philological  Evidence,  3/6  net.       Milford 
A  study  of  the  development  of  early  Chris- 
tianity, with  critical  Appendixes,  including  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  birthplace  of  Jesus,  and  the  source 
of   the   prophecy   that   the   Messiah    "  should   be 
called  a  Nazarene." 

Carpenter  (Right  Rev.  W.  Boyd),  The  Spiritual 
Message  of  Dante,  5/  Williams  &  Norgate 
These  lectures,  delivered  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity on  the  iNoble  Foundation,  are  "simply 
thoughts  on  religious  experience  as  exemplified 
in  Dante's  poem."     The  book  is  illustrated. 

Compton  (H.  F.  B.),  Here  Beginneth,  a  Study 
in  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  1/  net.  Mowbray 

A  volume  in  "  The  English  Churchman's 
Library  "  which,  the  author  hopes,  "  may  prove 
'  introductory  '  to  Old  Testament  studies  along 
three  parallel  lines — those  of  History,  Literature, 
and  Doctrine." 

Dawson  (Ernest),  Spiritual  Religion,  2/6  net. 

Longmans 
A  consideration  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Holy 
Spirit. 

Elliott  (Charlotte),  Words  of  Hope  and  Grace, 
1/  net.  R.T.S. 

Extracts  from  the  hymns  of  Charlotte 
Elliott,  arranged  for  every  day  of  the  year.  They 
are  preceded  by  a  biographical  sketch  of  the 
author. 

Galloway  (George),  The  Philosophy  of  Religion, 
"  International  Theological  Librarv." 

Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 
The  author  traces  the  history  of  the  move- 
ments of  religious  experience,   and  discusses  the 
problems  of  religious  philosophy  in  the  light  of 
their  historic  development. 

Green  (Rev.  Peter),  Studies  in  the  Cross,  1/6 
net.  Wells  Gardner 

The  author  suggest?  a  study  of  the  subject 
from  various  points  of  view. 

Margoliouth  (D.  S.),  The  Early  Development 
of  Mohammedanism,  6/  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
The  second  series  of  the  Hibbert  Lectures. 
They  were  delivered  last  May  and  June  to  the 
University  of  London. 

M'Clymont  (J.  A.),  New  Testament  Criticism  : 
its  History  and  Results,  6/ 

Hodder  &:  Stoughton 
The  Baird  Lecture  of  1911.     A  bibliography 
is  added  to  this  survey  of  New  Testament  criti- 
cism. 

Meredith  (Rev.  W.  M.),  A  Plain  Catechism  for 
Little  Children,   Id.  Wells  Gardner 

The  Catechism  is  followed  by  a  Service  for 
Children. 

Newbolt  (Rev.  W.  C.  E.),  The  World,  1/6  net. 

Wells  Gardner 
The  main  object  of  these  sermons  is  to  empha- 
size the  skilful   organization  of    the   evil  which 
is  round  about  us. 

Prothero  (Rowland  E.),  The  Psalms  in  Human 
Life,  2/6  net.  John  Murray 

A  fourth  and  cheaper  edition.  It  is  some- 
what enlarged,  and  contains  further  instances  of 
the  use  of  the  Psalms  by  famous  men  or  in  books. 
See  notice  in  Allien.,  March  12,  1904,  p.  331. 

Tennant  (A.  M.),  Earthen  Vessels  ;   or,  Women 
of  the  Old  Testament,  1/  net.  Mowbray 

Character-studies  of  some  women  of  the  Old 
Testament,  including  Eve,  Sarah,  Miriam,  and 
Deborah.  Mrs.  Romanes  has  written  a  short 
Preface. 

Tyrrell  (George),  Essays  on  Faith  and  Immor- 
tality, arranged  by  M.  D.  Petre,  5/  net. 

Arno'd 
These  essays  are  taken  from  Father  Tyrrell's 
'  Journal,'    which    contained   his    "  spiritual    an  I 
philosophical  jottings." 


Vawdrey  (Rev.  John  C),  The  Meaning  of  the 

Doctrine    of    the    Communion    of    Saints, 

with  some  Remarks  as  to  its  History  and  on 

Praying  for  the  Departed,  2/  net.  S.P.C.K. 

A  second  edition. 

POETRY. 
Fairfax  (J.  Griffyth),  The  Horns  of  Taurus,  3/6 
net.  Smith  &  Elder 

This  collection  of  verses  includes  '  Mischief 
Away,'  reproduced  from  '  Poetry  and  Drama,' 
and  a  selection  from  the  limited  edition  of  the 
author's  '  The  Troubled  Pool.' 

Newman  (Fanny  Hodges),  Out  of  Bondage, 
$2.50  net.  San  Francisco,  Paul  Elder 

These  poems  appear  in  the  Fleur-de-Lis 
Edition,  which  is  limited  to  250  numbered  copies, 
and  is  printed  on  Italian  hand-made  paper.  The 
poems,  many  of  which  deal  with  Nature,  are  pre- 
ceded by  the  author's  Preface  on  the  function  of 
a  poet. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

James  (Montague  Rhodes),  Supplement  to  the 
Catalogue  of  Manuscripts  in  the  Library 
of  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  5/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
This  Supplement  contains  a  revised  table 
showing  the  correspondence  between  the  numbers 
in  J.  J.  Smith's  Catalogue  and  those  subsequently 
added  in  red  ;  descriptions  of  a  few  volumes 
which  were  accidentally  omitted  from  the  Cata- 
logue of  1907—1908,  of  recent  acquisitions,  and 
some  fragments  ;  a  series  of  Addenda  and  Corri- 
genda, and  an  Index. 

Kipling  Index  (The).  Macmillan 

A  guide  to  the  Uniform  and  Pocket  Editions 
of  Kipling's  works,  to  the  editions  of  his  poems, 
and  those  included  in  other  people's  books. 

Norwich  Public  Library,  Readers'  Guide,  March, 
Id.  Norwich,  Library  Committee 

Contains  the  second  part  of  the  Catalogue 
of  the  Biography  Section  of  the  Lending  Library, 
which  is  devoted  to  biographies  of  persons  whose 
surnames  begin  with  the  letters  A  to  F ;  and  a 
classified  list  of  books  recently  added  to  the 
Lending  Library. 

Richardson  (Ernest  Cushing),  The  Beginnings 
of  Libraries,  4/6  net. 

Milford.  for  Princeton  University  Press 
A  series  of  essays  on  the  early  history  of 
libraries. 

Welsh  Bibliographical  Society,  Journal,  February. 
Aberystwyth,  National  Library  of  Wales 
Containing  articles  on  '  Rare  and  Early- 
printed  Books  relating  to  Monmouthshire,'  by 
Col.  J.  A.  Bradney  ;  '  The  Llanover  Manuscripts,' 
by  the  Rev.  Lemuel  J.  H.  James  ;  and  '  The 
Twrog  Manuscripts,'  by  Mr.  D.  R.  Phillips  ;  a 
report  of  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society, 
notes,  and  reviews. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Vvitherspoon  (John),  Lectures  on  Moral  Philo- 
sophy,   edited    by    Varnum    Lansing    Collins, 
6/6  net.         Milford,  for  Princeton  Univ.  Press 
The  first  of  a  proposed  series  of  reprints  of 
the  works  of  early  American  philosophers,  to  be 
published    under   the   auspices   of   the   American 
Philosophical  Association.     Mr.  Collins  has  written 
an  Introduction  and  foot-notes  to  this  volume. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Baring  -  Gould  (S.),  The  Church  Revival, 
Thoughts  thereon  and  Reminiscences,  12/6  net. 

Methuen 
The  first  four  chapters  contain  a  survey  of 
the  history  of  the  Anglican  Church  from '  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  td  the  begin- 
ning of  the  nineteenth.  The  main  portion  of  the 
book  deals  with  the  Tractarian  and  Ritualistic 
movements,  and  contains  the  author's  reminis- 
cences. 

Christmas     (Capt.     Walter),    King     George    of 

Greece,  translated  from  the  Danish  by  A.  G. 

Chater,  15/  net.  Nash 

A    biography   of   the   late   King   of    Greece, 

giving  an  account  of  Greek  history  during  the  last 

half- century.     There  are  illustrations. 

Dennis  (G.  Ravenscroft),  The  House  of  Cecil, 
10/6  net.  Constable 

See  p.  357. 

Edwards  (J.  Hugh),  The  Life  of  David  Lloyd 
George,  with  a  Short  History  of  the  Welsh 
People,  Vol.  II.,  30/ net  the  set  of  4  vols. 

Waverley  Book  Co. 
In  this  volume  the  author  describes  the  life 
of    Mr.    Lloyd    George    from    childhood    to    his 
entrance  into  Parliament. 


Fyfe  (Hamilton),  The  Real  Mexico,  a  Study  on. 
the  Spot,  6/  net.  Heinemann, 

A  study  of  the  present  conditions  of  Mexico. 

Haskin  (F.  J.),  The  Panama  Canal,  6/ 

Heinemann 
An  account  of  the  building  of  the  Panama 
Canal,    with    illustrations    from    photographs    by 
Mr.  Ernest  Hallen. 

Hemmeon  (Morley  de  Wolf),  Burgage  Tenure 
in  Medijeval  England,  8/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Harvard  University  Press- 
A  monograph  which  was  accepted  by  Harvard 
University   in   partial   fulfilment  of  the   require- 
ments for  the  degree  of   Doctor  of  Philosophy,, 
and  was  also  awarded  the  Toppan  Prize. 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Nations,  Part  III.,. 

Id.  net.  Hutchinson 

In  this  part  the  article  by  Prof.  H.  A.  Giles- 

on   the    Chinese   is    concluded,   and   Sir   Richard 

Temple  begins  to  write  on  India. 

Knowles  (Joseph),  Alone  in  the  Wilderness, 
5/  net.  Longmans 

The  author,  a  Boston  artist,  records  his 
experiences  in  the  wilderness  of  Maine,  in  which 
he  lived  for  two  months  last  year  as  a  primitive 
man.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  photographs- 
and  drawings  made  by  him  on  birch-bark  with 
burnt  sticks. 

MacDonagh  (Michael),  The  Speaker  of  the 
House,  10/6  net.  Methuen 

A  history  of  the  origin  and  function  of  the 
Speakership,  with  some  account  of  the  men  who- 
have  filled  that  office.  The  book  is  based  mainly 
on  Parliamentary  records,  and  has  illustrations. 

Macdonald  (Frederika),  The  Secret  of  Char- 
lotte Bronte,  followed  by  some  Reminis- 
cences of  the  Real  Monsieur  and  Madame 
Heger,  3/6  net.  Jack 

A    consideration    of    the    relations    between, 

Charlotte  Bronte  and  Prof,  and  Madame  Heger. 

Mann  (Rev.  Horace  K.),  Nicholas  Breakspear 
(Hadrian  IV.),  a.d.  1154-1159  :  the  Only 
English  Pope,  3/6  net.  Kegan  Pauli 

See  p.  363. 

Moore  (George),  Hail  and  Farewell  !    Vale,  6/ 

Heinemann 
The  last  of  Mr.  Moore's  trilogy,  which  gives- 
an  intimate  history  of  the  Irish  Literary  Move- 
ment. 

Rawson  (Geoffrey),  Life  of  Admiral  Sir  Harry 
Rawson,  12/6  net.  Arnold 

An  illustrated  record  of  the  life  and  public 
career  of  Sir  Harry  Rawson.  The  Appendix 
consists  of  dispatches  sent  home  by  the  Admiral 
after  the  Benin  Expedition. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Image  of  War  (The),  a  Sporting  Autobiography,. 

by  Snaffle,  15/  net.  Blackwood 

Memories   of  sport  with  horse,   hound,   and 

rifle. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

London  (Jack),  The  People  of  the  Abyss,  1/ 

Nelson 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Lytton  (Lady  Constance),  Prisons  and  Prisoners, 

3/6  net.  Heinemann 

A  description  of  the  author's  experiences  in 

prisons   in   various   parts   of   England.     Forcible 

feeding  is  one  of  the  subjects  discussed. 

Social  Problems  in  Wales,  1  /  net. 

Student  Christian  Movement 

A    series    of   lectures    on    some    aspects    of 

social     problems,    particularly    in     rural    Wales, 

which  were  given  at  the  Third  Annual  Session  of 

the  Welsh  School  of  Social  Service  last  September. 

Women  Workers  in  Seven  Professions,  a  Survey 
of  their  Economic  Conditions  and  Pros- 
pects, edited  for  the  Studies  Committee  of  the 
Fabian  Women's  Group  by  Edith  J.  Morley, 
6/  net.  Routledge 

A  series  of  papers  on  the  economic  conditions 
and  prospects  of  women  as  teachers,  doctors,  and 
dentists,  nurses,  sanitary  inspectors  and  health 
visitors,  Civil  Servants,  clerks  and  secretaries,  and 
actresses.  The  editor  has  written  '  Forewords,' 
and  there  are  Appendixes  and  tables. 

ECONOMICS. 

Lennard  (Reginald),  Economic  Notes'on  English 
Agricultural  Wages,  5/  net.  Macmillan 

An  examination  of  the  question  whether 
it  is  possible  to  raise  agricultural  wages  in  Eng- 
land, without  the  advantages  of  the  change  being 
outweighed  by  its  consequences. 


No.  4506,   March  7,  10U 


T  H  E     A  T  II  E  N  JR  U  M 


341 


Sakolski  (A.  M.l,  American  Railroad  ECO- 
NOMICS, a  Textbook  for  investors  and  Students, 
5  ii  net.  Macmillan 

This   book   gives   information   on   the  rates, 
irities,   and   systems   of   the   railroads   of   the 
United  States,  the  character  of  th<'  transportation 
facilities,    efficiency   an<l    economy   of   operation, 
revenues,  and  capital  investment. 

Whittaker  (Right  Hon.  Sir  Thomas  P.),  The 
Ownership,  Tenure,  and  Taxation  of  Land, 
some  Pacts,  Fallacies,  and  Proposals  relating 
thereto,  1-    net.  Bfacmillan 

The  author's  aim  is  to  bring  together  such 
statistical  ami  historical  information  as  is  avail- 
able, and  discuss  the  economic,  fiscal,  and  ethical 
principles  and  problems  that  bear  upon  the 
subject. 

POLITICS. 

Angell  (Norman),  The  Foundations  of  Inter- 

nationai.  Polity.  ■'!  6  net.  Heinemann 

Biz  lectures,  delivered  before  the  University 

of  Wtirzburg,  the  Institute  of  Bankers  of  Great 

Britain,  and  other  audiences.  They  are  preceded 
by  an  Introduction  in  which  the  author  sum- 
marizes his  argument. 

Independent  Labour  Party,  Coming-OF-Age  Con- 
ference,   Bradford,    April    11th,     1914,    and 

Following   Days. 

St.  Bride's  House.  Salisbury  Square,  E.C. 
Resolutions  t<>  be  discussed  on  Monday  and 
Tuesday.  April  I3tb  and  11th.  The  subjects 
include  '  Franchise  and  Electoral  Reform,'  '  Poli- 
tical and  Industrial  Methods,'  and  '  Land  Nation- 
alization.' 

Sewill  (Henry),  A  German  Invasion,  1  '  net. 

P.  S.  Kins 

A   close  examination  of  the  question,  with 

some   discussion   on  the  defects   of  our   military 

organization  and  the  problem  of  voluntary  versus 

compulsory  service. 

Wingfleld-Stratford   (Esme),  An  Appeal  to  the 

British  People,  l    net.  Bell 

A  consideration  of  the  present  Irish  problem. 

EDUCATION. 

Sharp  (H.l,  Progress  of  Education  in  India, 
1907-12,  Vol.  I.,  6 

Calcutta.  Supt.  of  Govt.  Printing 

The    sixth    Quinquennial    Review,    reporting 

the  general  progress  of  education   in  the  British 

provinces  ami  some  of  the  native  States  of  India. 

Yearbook  iThei  of  the  Universities  of  the  Empire, 
191 1.  edited  by  YV.  H.  Dawson,  7/d  net. 

Herbert  Jenkins 
forence  boob  giving  information  concern- 
ing the  activities  of  the  Universities  of  the  Empire, 
changes   in    the   personnel,   and   careers   open   to 
student-. 

PHILOLOGY. 
Green  (Alexander),  The  Dative  of  Agency,  4/6 
Milford,  for  Columbia  University  Press 
A  ■  Chapter  of  Indo-European  Case-Svntax,' 
Mi  a  Bibliography,  and  chapter  on  the  '  Dative- 
strumental    of   Agency  in  the    Germanic   Lan- 
guages.' 

Hurwltz      Solomon     Theodore     Halevy),     Root- 
n-attves  tv  Semitic  Speech,  a  Con- 
tribution to  Semitic  Philology,  "Contributions 
to  Oriental  Bistoryand  Philology,"  4/6  net, 

Milford,  for  Columbia  University  Press 
■lies  r,n  the  "  bUiteral  theory." 

Winther    Fritz  ,   Dab  Gerbttbtb  Venedio,  eine 

Vergleichende  Studie,  "  Univorsitv  of  California 

'J'1'1,  in    Modern   Philology,"    Vol.    in 

N  '•  California,   Berkelev 

play  is  discussed  from  various  points 

and    the   study    includes   an  account  of 

'i:ncs. 

Year's  Work  In  Classical  Studies  (The),  1013, 
edited  for  the  Joun  J  Board  of  the  Classical 
Aseoci.a,,,,,  by  Cyril  Bailey,  2/6  net. 

John  Murray 

Vhe   place  of  the   chapter  on    Philologj 
taken   this    year   by   the   article   on    ■  Grammar 
raphy,  and  Metric,'  by  Prof,  E.  LSonnen- 
n.     otter  chapters  are  '  Greek  Religion  and 

Mythology,  by  Dr.  Paraell  ;  '  (., k  [nscriptioi 

Mr.    Marcus    S.    Tod  :     and    '  Latin    Paheo- 
■by   and  I    <  ritacism,'    by    Mr.     \     c 

■  k. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Bankside     Acting     Edition     of    Shakespeare     for 
Schools.    .  i  ted    by    I'.    J.    if.    Barton  i     The 
Merchant     of     Venice:       \      Htdsdmmer- 
Nioht's    Dream;     and    Kino    Richard    mi 
Se<  oxd,  Qd.  ear-),.  WeUa  Gardner 

'three  further  volumes  in  this  set 


Blackle's  New  Systematic  English  Readers : 
Fikst  Phonic  Pkimek,  .V.  ;  Second  Phonic 
I'hi.mkk.  id.  ;  First  Enfant  Reader,  8d. ; 
Second  Infant  Reader,  8d. ;  Fikst  Reader, 

10</..  by  Eleanor  1.  Chamoers. 

A  series  of  graded  Readers,  with  a  large,  clear, 

and  well-spaced  type.  The  system  is  phonic, 
the  sounds  being  introduced  in  the  order  recom- 
mended by  the  Board  of  Education.      Bach  volume 

has   some    coloured    illustrations,   and   at    the   end 

word-building  tables. 

Britain  and  her  Neighbours  :  Book  V.  The  New 
Ltbbrty,  1485-1688;    Book  Vl.  The  Modern 

World,  1688  to  the  Present  Day,  1/8  each. 

Blackie 

These  two  volumes  record  the  chief  events  of 
British  history  since  1485  in  their  relation  to 
Europe  and  the  other  continents.  Each  contains 
coloured  reproductions  of  historical  paintings, 
black-and-white  illustrations,  maps,  tables,  and 
time-charts. 

Claxton    (William    J.),    Paper    and    Printing  ; 
Wool  and  the  Weaver  ;   In  the  Potteries  ; 
The  Seaman  and  his  Craft;    Leather  and 
Boot.making,    "  Rambles    among    our     Indus- 
tries," 9d.  each.  Blackie 
In    these    Headers    Mr.  Claxton   gives   some 
account  of  the  history  of  each  industry  or  craft, 
and    describes    the    preparation    of    the    required 
material    and     the    various     processes    in    manu- 
facture.     Each    volume    contains    four    coloured 
plates,     besides     reproductions     of     photographs, 
and  illustrations  and  diagrams  in  the  text. 

Macaulay,  Essay  on  Clive,  edited  by  A.  J.  F. 
Collins,  1  /6  University  Tutorial  Press 

Includes  biographical  and  critical  Introduc- 
tion, and  notes. 

Spalding    (E.    H.)    and    Wragge    (Phyllis),    Piers 

Plowman  Histories  :    Junior  Book  VII.  The 

Nation  and  its  Government  from  1485  to 

the  Present  Day,  2/  Philip 

The  authors  trace  the  rise  of  the  nation,  the 

growth  of  the  Empire,  and  the  development  of 

the    British     Constitution.     The     book    is     fully 

illustrated,  and  printed  in  large  type. 

Treves   (A.  S.),   Bamboula,   Livre  de  Lecture  a. 
1'  Usage  des  Eleves  de  Deuxieme  Annexe,  1/ 

Blackie 
A  story  told  in  simple  French,   with  notes 
and  exercises  in  that  language. 

Willson  (D.  A.  Wynne),  Passages  for  French 
Dictation  and  Unseen  Translation,  6d. 

Blackie 
Containing  over  100  short  passages  in  prose 
and  verse. 

FICTION. 

Bartram  (George),  The  Last  English,  6/ 

Sidgwick  &c  Jackson 
A  tale  of  life  among  the  labouring   classes 
about   1840.     The  scenes   are   laid  in  a  Midland 
village. 

Blundell  (Peter),  Oh,  Mr.  Bidgood  !   6/  Lane 

A  nautical  comedy  in  which  some  passengers 
make  an  exciting  voyage  on  board  a  steamer 
carrying  contraband  in  the  Eastern  seas  during 
the  Russo-Japanese  War. 

Catt  (Richard),  And  Afterwards  the  Judgment, 

6/  Chapman  Sc  Hall 

The  hero,  a  wealthy  country  squire,  whose 

marriage  is  childless,  is  persuaded  by  his  wife  to 

take  extreme  measures  to  secure  an  heir. 

Cholmondeley  (Mary),  Red  Pottage,  Id.  net. 

Nelson 
A  cheap  reprint.     See   Alhenceum,  Nov.   18, 
1899,  p.  683. 

Clarke  (Isabel  C),  Fine  Clay,  6/  Hutchinson 

The  heroine  of  this  story,  a  Roman  Catholic, 
unwittingly  marries  a  divorce,  but  leaves  him 
when  she  discovers  bis  position.  The  latter  part 
of  the  book  concerns  the  child  born  of  tie-  mar- 
riage, who  is,  from  a  legal  point  of  view, 
legitimate.      The    father,   a    younger  son,   becomes 

unexpectedly  heir  to  a  title,  and  naturally 
wishes  the  boy  to  succeed  him,  but  the  religion 
in  which  his  mother  has  broughl  him  up  forms 
a   barrier— -owing  to  a  will  excluding  Catholics — 

ami  he  eventually  bee-ones  a  priest. 

Comfort  (Will  Levlngton),  DOWN  AMONG  Mi:v,  6/ 

Bodder  .V  Stoughton 

This  story  opens  with  the  varied  experiences 

of  a  war  corri  ■-.)>■  Hid  en  i  during  the  campaign  of  the 

United   States  Army  in   the   Philippine    and  the 

Conflicts    between    RuSSiS    and    Japan    in    A-ia.       It 
records  the  hardship     and   sufferings  of  .ill  classes 

of  people,  and  tie-  degrading  effect  <>i  warfare. 
The  correspondent's  evolution  from  a  descriptive 

Writer  On    war   to   the   writer-worker  on    behalf  of 

■  rugging  fellow-humans  i-  traced. 


Gerard  (Dorothea),  The  (iit.vss  Widow,  ~d.  net. 

John  Long 

A    cheap   reprint.      See   Alltrntru  m.  .March  12, 

1910,  p.  804. 

Harding  (Peter),  Tin:  CORNER  OF  BARLEY  STREET, 

1/net.  Constable 

A  (heap  reprint. 

Hardy  (Thomas),  A  Changed  Man,  The  Waiting 
Supper,  and  Other  Tales,  7/6  net. 

Macmillan 
In  the  "  Wessex  Edition."      See  Athenaeum, 
Nov.  I,  1913,  p.  188. 

Harrison  (Henry  Sydnor),  Queed,  I /net.  Constable 
A  cheap   reprint.      See    Al/ienceum,  July  22, 

1911,  p.  97. 

Hewer  (W.  F.),  The  Progress  of  Prudence,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
The  heroine,  the  daughter  of  a  ragpicker  in 
Shoreditch  who  has  secretly  accumulated  a  for- 
tune, takes  a  country  house.  The  story  concerns 
her  experiences  of  this  life,  especially  in  the 
hunting-lield. 

Hill  (Headon),  The  Crimson  Honeymoon,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
A  romance  of  mysterious  events.  A  murder 
is  committed  on  the  floor  above  a  baronet's 
hat,  in  which  he  and  his  bride  are  having 
dinner  before  bee-inning  their  honeymoon. 
While  the  husband  is  attending  to  the  murdered 
man  his  wife  unaccountably  disappears.  The 
bridegroom  is  eventually  arrested,  tried,  and 
acquitted  for  the  murder  of  his  wife,  who  cannot 
be  traced. 

Jenkinson  (Emily),  Barbara  Lynn,  6/        Arnold 
The  vicissitudes  of  four  lovers  form  the  chief 
element  in  this  tale,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid 
among  the  Lakes. 

Lyall  (David),  Handicapped,  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
A  collection  of  short  stories  describing  the 
rescue  work  done  by  the  Salvation  Army. 

MacGill  (Patrick),  Children  of  the  Dead  End, 
the  Autobiography  of  a  Navvy,  6/ 

Herbert  Jenkins 
A  tale  of  Irish  peasant  life  and  vagrancy, 
intermittently  broken  by  navvy  work    through- 
out the  United  Kingdom. 

Meldrum  (Roy),  Belle  Nairn,  a  Medley  of  Morals, 
6/  Melrose 

The  career  of  a  Scottish  peasant  girl,  who 
becomes  a  famous  dancer  in  London,  and  eventu- 
ally marries  a  peer. 

Newman  (A.),  The  Pessimist,  a  Confession,  6/ 

Nutt 

A  study  in  temperament  in  which  much  of 
the  interest  is  sociological.  The  author  states 
that  •'  'The  Pessimist'  is  a  more  or  less  exact 
intellectual  history  for  the  four  years  preceding 
my  reception  into  the  Catholic  Church,  and  was 
finished  before  that  event." 
Onions  (Oliver),  A  Crooked  Mile,  6/        Methuen 

A  presentation  of  some  very  modern  people 
who  live  in  Hampstead,  and  air  their  political 
views  in  a  weekly  organ. 

Somers  (Mark),  The  Bridge,  6/  Cnwin 

This  novel  is  a  contribution  to  the  "  First 
Novel  Library,''  and  gives  a  picture  of  Anglo- 
Indian  societ  y. 

Swinnerton  (Frank),  On  the  STAIRCASE,  6 ' 

Methuen 

A  tale  of  London  life,  containing  two  love- 
stories,  and  present  big  the  tragic  career  of  a  young 
man  in  commonplace  surroundings. 

Waineman  (Paul),  A  Roman  run  be,  6/ 

Methuen 

This  story  gives  the  reader  a   glimpse  of  the 

old  Roman  aristocracy  now  existing.  An  im- 
perious, but  penniless  Roman  noble,  proud  of 
Ins      ancient       lineage,     endeavours     t"      force 

his    irrational    ideas    on      his    beautiful     and     only 

daughter  Bianca.     The  latter,  however,  does  not 

share     all      li.-r     fathers      view-,     and.      contrary 

to   family   traditions,  marries  a"plebeian    —an 

Italian   baron. 

Watson  (Helen  H.),  Rebe  i  \  OF  THE  BEIXB.  6/ 

|{.  I  .S. 

lii   this   Btory   tin-   Invalid    son  of  a   i 

nursed  to  recovery  bj  the  heroine  on  a  Yorkshire 

farm     w  lei.-     In      ,-       I.,  J  i. 

Wrench  (Mrs.  Stanleys  Pm  n  B  UTO  OlAT,  '■  ' 

Mi thuen 

\    torj  of  tin-  peasanl  folk  of  the  Midlai 
The  author  «  rite   oi  the  numerou    trial  .  tempta- 

.  and    i-'.     "i   country   worker-'   lives.      I  be 

of       Hie       I    bill'    '■    I  become 

invoked,  bui  .ne    atl  i.iitoriiy  diswntangli  d. 

Yorke  (Curtis),  Tin:  GlBX.  in  OBEY,  7</.  net.     Long 
\   cheap   reprint.      Bee   Athenaeum,   Sept.   a, 
1904,  p.  :;is. 


342 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 
Antiquary,  March,  6c/.  Elliot  Stock 

Among  the  illustrated  articles  in  this  number 
are  '  Tokens  of  the  Southern  Hop-Gardens,'  by 
Mr  Ernest  Smith  ;  '  An  Incised  Slab  at  Grasse 
(Riviera),'  by  Mr.  Walter  J.  Kaye,  jun.  ;  and 
'  The  Old  Halls  and  Manor-Houses  of  Yorkshire.' 

Art  Chronicle,  February  21st,  3d. 

22,  Tudor  Street 
Includes  '  The  Illustrations  of  Gilbert  James,' 
'  Bottom's     Dream,'     and     '  An     Adventure     in 
Posters,'  by  Mr.  Everard  Meynell. 

Bible  in  the  World,  March,  Id.  Bible  House 

In  this  month's  number  Mr.  Sydney  Smith 
concludes  his  account  of  his  journey  in  the  Amazon 
Valley,  and  there  are  illustrated  articles  recording 
the  work  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 

Contemporary  Review,  March,  2/6 

'  Contemporary  Review  '  Co. 
Includes  'The  Future  of  the  Home  Rule  Bill,' 
by  Mr.  H.  B.  Lees-Smith  ;  '  Agricultural  Co- 
operation and  Credit,'  by  Sir  Sydney  Olivier  ; 
and  '  Some  Thoughts  on  Marriage,'  by  Dr.  C. 
Lloyd  Tuckey. 

Cornhili  Magazine,  March,  1  /  Smith  &  Elder 

In  addition  to  the  serials  this  number  in- 
cludes '  Lord  Strathcona,  a  Sketch,'  by  Miss  S. 
Macnaughtan  ;  '  Early  Victorian  Amusements  : 
Eton  and  Elsewhere,'  by  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Green  ; 
and  '  New  Brunswick,  a  Neglected  Opportunity,' 
by  Prof.  L.  P.  Jacks. 

Empire  Review,  March,  1/  net.  Macmillan 

Includes  articles  on  '  Armaments  and  the 
Empire,'  by  Sir  Max  Waechter  ;  '  Local  Regi- 
ments for  India,'  by  Mr.  Arthur  N.  Gordon  ;  and 
'  The  South  African  Labour  Strike,'  by  Mr.  W.  B. 
Taylor. 

English  Review,  March,  1  /  net. 

17-21,  Tavistock  St. 
Includes  a  poem,   '  Tid'apa,'  by  Mr.   Gilbert 

Frankau,  and  '  Love  Letters  from ,'     by  the 

Earl  of  Arran.     Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  continues  '  The 
World  Set  Free.' 

Fleet  Annual  and  Naval-Year  Book  (The),  1914, 
compiled  by  Lionel  Yexley,  1  /  net,  cloth  boards 
2/6  net.  Fleet,  Ltd.,  411a,  Harrow  Rd.,  N. 

Part  I.  deals  in  popular  form  with  certain 
naval  questions,  such  as  '  Developments  in  Naval 
Guns  '  and  '  Oil  Fuel '  ;  Part  II.  gives  informa- 
tion about  the  navies  of  the  world. 

Journal  of  the  Society  of  Comparative  Legislation, 

edited  for  the  Society  by  Sir  John  Macdonell 
and  Edward  Manson,  New  Series,  Vol.  XIV. 
Part  I.,  5/  net.  John  Murray 

Includes  '  Roman-Dutch  Law  in  British 
Guiana,'  by  Prof.  R.  W.  Lee  ;  '  The  New  Bank- 
ruptcy Act,'  by  Mr.  W.  N.  Stable  ;  reviews,  and 
a  '  Review  of  Legislation,  1912.' 

Library  Assistant,  March.  4/  per  annum. 

Library  Assistants'  Association 

Containing  an  article  on  '  Vain  Pursuits  and 

their  Relation  to  Public  Libraries,'  by  Mr.  Arthur 

J.  Hawkes,  reports  of  meetings  of  the  Association, 

and  other  notices. 

Library  Journal,  February,  1/6 

American  Book  Agency 
The  contents  include  articles  on  '  How 
Library  Work  with  Children  has  Grown  in  Hart- 
ford and  Connecticut,'  by  Miss  Caroline  M. 
Hewins,  and  '  Some  Reference  Books  of  1913,' 
by  Mr.  I.  Gilbert  Mudge. 

Mariner's  Mirror,  March,  1/  net. 

Society  for  Nautical  Research 
Includes  an  illustrated  article  on  '  The  Great 
Harry,'  by  Mr.  W.  Boultbee  Whall  ;  '  Naval 
Executive  Titles  :  Commadore  or  Commodore  ?  ' 
by  Rear- Admiral  Sir  R.  Massie  Blomfield  ;  and 
Notes,  Queries,  and  Answers.  We  have  also 
received  the  Index  to  Vol.  III.,  1913. 

National  Review,  March,  2/6  net. 

23,  Ryder  Street 

Includes  '  The  Fight  for  Clean  Government,' 

by  Mr.  L.   J .  Maxse  ;    '  Government  bv  Statistical 

Libel,'   by  Mr.    W.    H.    Mallock  ;      and    '  Rhodes 

Scholars  at  Oxford,'  by  Mr.  T.  F.  Rockliff. 

Nineteenth  Century,  March,  2/6  Spottiswoode 
Some  of  the  articles  in  this  number  are  '  The 
Home  Policy  of  Germany,'  by  the  Earl  of  Cromer  ; 
'  Vocationalism,'  by  Sir  Philip  Magnus  ;  and 
1  The  Superfluous  Woman  :  her  Cause  and  Cure,' 
by  Mrs.  Archibald  Colquhoun. 

Occult  Review,  March,  Id.  net.  Rider 

Includes  '  Madame  Blavatsky :  a  Personal 
Reminiscence,'  by  Scrutator  ;  '  The  Strange 
History  of  Twins,'  by  R.  Lowris  Pearson  ;  corre- 
spondence, and  reviews. 


Russian  Review,  February,  2/6  Nelson 

Mr.  Maurice  Baring  writes  on  '  The  Fascina- 
tion of  Russia,'  Mr.  Harold  Williams  on  '  The 
Russian  Mohammedans,'  and  Mr.  Frederick 
Rennet  on  '  Russia  in  1913.' 

School  World  (The),  Vol.  XV.,  7/6  net. 


The  bound  volume  for  1913. 


Macmillan 


Scribner's  Magazine,  1/  net.  Constable 

Includes  '  Breaking  into  the  Movies,'  by 
Mr.  Richard  Harding  Davis  ;  '  The  Ghost  on  the 
Stairs,'  by  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford  ;  and  '  My  First 
Years  as  a  Frenchwoman,'  by  Madame  Wad- 
dington. 

Statistical  Society,  Journal,  February,  2/6 

The  Society 
Notable  articles  in  this  number  are  '  The 
Fertility  of  Marriage  in  Scotland,'  by  Dr.  J. 
Craufurd  Dunlop,  and  '  On  the  Use  of  Analytical 
Geometry  to  represent  Certain  Kinds  of  Sta- 
tistics,' by  Prof.  F.  Y.  Edgeworth. 

United  Service  Magazine,  March,  2/  Clowes 

The  contents  of  this  number  include  letters 
written  in  1807,  1814,  and  1815  by  Col.  Sir 
George  Hoste,  with  notes  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Hoste  ; 
'  Air  Craft  in  Naval  Warfare,'  by  Gitche  Gumee  ; 
and  '  Progress  in  Aeronautics,'  by  Major  H. 
Bannerman-Phillips. 

Vineyard,  March,  Qd.  net.  Dent 

The  poetry  in  this  number  includes  '  The 
Supper,'  by  Miss  Maude  Goldring,  and  '  The  Song 
of  the  Seed,'  by  Mr.  Godfrey  Blount.  The 
'  Labourer's  Lot,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Baverstock, 
is  continued. 

World's  Work,  March,  1/  net.  Heinemann 

The  articles  include  '  The  Greek  Ideal  in 
Physical  Training,'  by  Mr.  Caryl  Jordan,  and 
'  The  New  Spirit  of  the  English  Theatre,'  by  Mr. 
Arthur  James. 

JUVENILE. 
Brenda,  More  about  Froggy,  2/  R.T.S. 

A  sequel  to  '  Froggy's  Little  Brother.' 

Ridley  (Guy),  The  Word  of  Teregor,  2/  net. 

Nisbet 
Stories   of  the   trees   in  the   days  when  the 
Oak  Teregor  ruled  over  the  forest. 

GENERAL. 

All  the  Papers,  by  the  Authors  of  '  Wisdom   while 

You  Wait,'  1/  net.  Pitman 

Seep.  345. 

Church  of  England,  The    Official  Year-Book, 

1914,  3/  S.P.C.K. 

This  book  gives  information  about  training 

•  for   Holy   Orders  ;     the   work   of    the   Church   of 

England  in  regard  to  Home  and  Foreign  Missions, 

and    Education  ;     statistical    records,    and    other 

matter. 

Dickens  Pilgrimage  (A),  "The  Times  Series,"  1/ 

net.  John  Murray 

A    pilgrimage    to    Rochester,    Bath,    Dover, 

Broadstairs,  Ipswich,  Bury,  and   the   Inns.     The 

articles  are  reproduced  from  The  Timt-i. 

Escott  (T.  H.  S.),  Club  Makers  and  Club  Mem- 
bers, 12/6  net.  Unwin 
The  author's  aim  has  been  to  trace  the  rela- 
tion of  clubs  and  their  representative  members  to 
the  spirit  of  the  time  in  which  they  flourish. 

Johnson  (E.  Pauline)  ("  Tekahionwake  "),  Poetess. 

Toronto,  Musson  Book  Co. 
A  souvenir  containing  a  note  on  the  life  and 
work  of  Pauline  Johnson  by  the  publishers,  and 
reproductions  of  her  favourite  photograph,  and 
the  verses  "  And  He  said  '  Fight  On,'  "  written 
during  her  last  illness. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Bodington  (Rev.  Charles),  The  Doctrine  of  Con- 
fession and  Absolution  in  the  Church  of 
England,  with  Answers  to  Popular  Objections 
to  Confession,  3d.  Mowbray 

A  third  edition.      It  was  first  printed  in  1873. 
Our  Pattern  Prayer,  by  the  Author  of  '  A  Little 
Book  for  True  Hearts,'  with  Prefatory  Note  by 
the  Rev.   R.   Linklater,   Id.  Mowbray 

A  few  thoughts  on  the  Lord's  Prayer. 

SCIENCE. 

Ayling  (R.  Stephen),  The  Model  Abattoir 
Society.  Waterlow  &  Sons 

The  '  Report  on  the  Queries  addressed  to, 
and  the  Replies  received  from,  the  Authorities 
of  Existing  Abattoirs  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  Designs  for  Municipal  Abattoirs.' 

Benson  (Henry  K.),  Industrial  Chemistry  for 
Engineering  Students,  8/  net.  Macmillan 
The  author's  aim  is  "to  describe,  from  the 
standpoint  of  chemistry,  the  more  common  ma- 
terials used  in  the  various  branches  of  engi- 
neering." 


Bowles  (E.  A.),  My  Garden  in  Spring,  5/  net. 

Jack 
Mr.  Bowles  describes  the  trees  and  plants  in 
his  garden,  and  gives  an  account  of  the  way  in 
which  he  has  tended  them.     The  book  is  illus- 
trated with  coloured  plates  and  photographs. 

Caspari  (W.  A.),  India-Rubber  Laboratory 
Practice,  5/  net.  Macmillan 

A  practical  analytical  textbook  on  the 
chemistry  of  india-rubber,  illustrated  with  dia- 
grams. 

Desch  (Cecil  H.),  Intermetallic  Compounds,  3/ 
net. 

A  monograph  in  Messrs.  Longmans'  series  on 
Inorganic  and  Physical  Chemistry.  It  has  some 
diagrammatic  illustrations  and  an  Index. 

Fernie  (W.  T.),  Herbal  Simples,  approved  for 
Modern  Uses  of  Cure,  6/6  net. 

Bristol,  John  Wright ; 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
A  third  edition. 

Holland  (W.  J.),  To  the  River  Plate  and  Back, 
the  Narrative  of  a  Scientific  Mission  to  South 
America,  with  Observations  upon  Things  Seen 
and  Suggested,  15/  net.  Putnam 

An  illustrated  record  of  the  author's  journey, 
including  chapters  on  '  The  Diplodocus,'  '  Argen- 
tina,' and  '  Life  in  La  Plata.' 

Letts  (E.  A.),  Some  Fundamental  Problems  in 
Chemistry,  Old  and  New,  7/6  net. 

Constable 

Dr.  Letts  discusses  the  ancient  views  regard- 
ing the  nature  of  matter,  the  Atomic  Theory,  and 
the  Periodic  Law,  as  well  as  modern  problems 
such  as  radio-activity. 

Paine  (John  Howard),  A  New  Genus  of  Mallo- 
phaga  from  African  Guinea  Fowl  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
A  short  paper  describing  the  characteristics 
of  the  Somaphantus,  a  genus  of  bird-lice,  five 
specimens  of  which  are  in  the  collection  of  Dr. 
E.  A.  Mearns  of  the  Childs  Frick  African  Ex- 
pedition. 

Passivity  of  Metals  (The),  reprinted  from  the 
Transactions  of  the  Faraday  Society,  7/6 

A  general  discussion  held  by  the  Faraday 
Society  on  Wednesday,  November  12th,  1913, 
Prof.  F.  G.  Donnan  in  the  chair.  The  papers 
include  '  The  Photo-Electric  Behaviour  of  Iron 
and  the  Theory  of  Passivity,'  by  Dr.  A.  Stanley 
Allen,  and  '  The  Phenomena  of  Passivity,'  by 
Prof.  Max  Le  Blanc. 

Royal    Anthropological    Institute  :     Occasional 

Papers,    No.    4,    Description    of    the    Test 

Specimen  of  the  Rostro-Carinate  Industry 

found  beneath  the  Norwich  Crag,  by  Sir 

Ray  Lankester.  The  Institute 

A    paper    describing    a    rostro-carinate    flint 

implement  found  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Clarke  in  a  pit 

at  Whittingham,  near  Norwich.     It  is  illustrated 

with  diagrams  and  photographic  plates. 

Standley  (Paul  C),  Studies  of  Tropical  Ame- 
rican Phanerogams,  No.  1. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 
The  first  of  the  results — to  be  published  in 
serial    form — obtained    during    the    recent    bio- 
logical survey  of  the   Canal   Zone  and  adjacent 
parts  of  Panama. 

Temple  (Sir  Richard  C),  Anthropology  as  a 
Practical  Science,  1  /  net.  Bell 

Containing  four  addresses,  delivered  at 
meetings  of  the  British  Association  at  Birming- 
ham, the  Antiquarian  Society  of  Cambridge, 
and  the  Anthropological  Society  of  Oxford. 

Thomas  (H.  H.),  assisted  by  S.  Arnott,  Rock 
Gardening  for  Amateurs,  6/  net.  Cassell 

This  book  gives  simple  directions  on  building 
a  rock  garden  and  planting  and  tending  Alpine 
plants.  It  is  illustrated  with  mounted,  coloured 
photographs  by  H.  Essenhigh  Corke,  half-tone 
plates,  and  sketches. 

Viereck  (Henry  L.),  Type  Species  of  the  Genera 
of  Ichneumon  Flies,  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Bulletin. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
"  The  result  of  an  attempt  to  put  each  Ich- 
neumoid  genus  upon  a  definite  basis." 

Woolman  (Mary  Schenck)  and  McGowan   (Ellen 

Beers),  Textiles,  a  Handbook  for  the  Student 

and  the  Consumer,   8/6   net.  Macmillan 

An  account  of  the  textile  industries,  written 

primarily  for  the  student  of  household  arts,  and 

illustrated  with  photographs  and  diagrams. 


No.  4506,   March  7,  19U 


T  H  E     ATH E N  M U  M 


843 


FINE     ARTS. 

Amsden    (Dora),    with    the    assistance    of    John 

Stewart  Happer,  THE  HERITAGE  OF  HlROSHlOE, 

a  GHintpse  at  Japanese  Landscape  Art .    $2.25 

net.  San  Francisco,  Paul  Elder 

\  genera]  survey  of  Japanese  landscape  art 

and  a   consideration   of   the   work  of    Hiroshige. 

Mr.  .1.  s.  flapper's  discovery  of  the  seal-dating  of 

the    Hiroshige    prints    by    cycle-ciphers    Is    also 

discussed.     The    illustrations    are    reproductions 

of  prints  belonging  to  the  flapper  and  Amsden 

Collections:    there  is  also  an  Appendix,  followed 

by  a  Bibliography. 

Blashtleld  (Edwin  H.),  Mural  Painting  in 
America.  8  n  net.  Batsford 

A  discussion  of  the  modern  tendency  in 
American  decorative  art  and  its  significance. 
The  book  is  based  on  six  lectures  given  in  March, 
1912,  at  the  Chicago  Art  Institute,  on  the  Seam- 
mon  Foundation,  and  is  fully  illustrated. 

Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  Paintings  and  some 
Art  Objects  :  Vol.  I.  Italian  Paintings,  i  y 
Bernhard  Berenson  ;  Vol.  II.  Flemish  and 
Dutch  Paintings,  and  Vol.  III.  German, 
French,  Spanish,  and  English  Paintings 
and  Art  Objects:  Modern  Paintings,  by 
W.  R.  Valentiner. 

Philadelphia.  John  G.  Johnson 
A  descriptive  Catalogue,  300  copies  of  which 

are  printed  for  private  distribution.     Each  volume 

contains  full-plate  illustrations. 

Deane  (Rev.  Anthony  Charles),  A  Short  Account 
of  Great  Malvern  Priory  Church,  1/6    Bell 
A  history  of  the  monastery,  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  its  architecture,  fabric,  ancient  glass  and 
tiles,  and  some  account  of  the  priors  and  vicars. 

Eeles  (F.  C),  The  Church  Bells  of  Linlith- 
gowshire. 2/6  net.  Edinburgh,  John  Orr 
Reprinted  from  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  with    illustrations    and 
a  list  of  the  bells,  arranged  according  to  parishes. 

Furtwaengler  (A.)  and  Urlichs  (H.  L.),  Greek  and 

Roman     Sculpture,     translated     by     Horace 

Taylor,  7  t>  net.  Dent 

A   translation   of   the   revised    text   of   1911. 

There  are  many  illustrations. 

King  (L.  W.),  Catalogue  of  the  Cuneiform 
Tablets  in  the  Kouyunjik  Collection  of 
the  British  Museum:  Supplement.  20/  net. 

British  Museum 
This  Supplement  to  Prof.  C.  Bezold's  Cata- 
logue contains  a  description  and  classification  of 
over  3,000  tablets  and  fragments  of  tablets  from 
Kouyunjik.  It  is  preceded  by  an  Introduction, 
and  there  are  Indexes  and  collotype  plates  at 
the  end. 

Laurie  (A.  P.),  The  Pigments  and  Mediums  of 

the  Old  Masters,  ,s  8  net.  Macmillan 

These  researches  in  the  history  of  pigments 

and  mediums  have  been  undertaken  in  the  belief 

that  the  knowledge  thus  obtained  would  l>e  of 
practical  use  in  fixing  the  date  of  a  picture  and 
detecting  forgeries.  A  chanter  on  the  micro- 
photographie  study  of  brush/work  is  added,  and 

there  are  many  illustrations. 

Lewis  (Dr.  G.  Griffin),  The  Pba<  ncAi  Book  of 
Oriental  Hugs.  21/  net  Lippincott 

A  revised  and  enlarged  edition.  The  addi- 
tions include  a  chapter  on  Chinese  rugs  and  ten 
coloured  plates, 

Madras,   Southern   Circle  :     Annual    Report   of 

the    Arc  h.uoi.ooh -at.    Department    for    the 

7bar1912   13,1  -J.      Madras,  Government  Press 

A  report  of  the  activities  and  expenditure  of 

the    year,    with    Appendixes    and    Conservation 

■ 

With  it  we  have  received  the  Progress  Report 
of  the  Assistant  Archaeological  Superintendent 
on  Epigraphy  for  1912-13. 

Smith  .E.  Baldwin  ,  The  Sttjdt  OF  THE  Bistort 
OF  Art  in  the  Colleges  and  UNIVERSITIES 
of  the  United  States,  u  <;  net. 

Milford.  for  Princeton  University  P  • 
This  pamphlet  gives  under  the  Beparate  Ool- 

1  Universities  the  title  of  ea  h  art  co  i 
name  of  th<    lecturer,  and  other  particulars. 
Mr.  Baldwin  Smith  has  written  an  Introduction. 

United  Provinces,  Northern  Circle:  Annual  Pro- 
gress    Report     of    the    Superintendent, 
Mi  h  \mm  wj\n  and  British  Monuments,  fob 
the  Year  ending  March  8  1st,  191  1.   10  0 
Allahabad,  Government  r 
Contains   a   report    of   the   years   activities, 
with  a  financial  statement)  and  is  illustrated  by 
photographie  pL 


Waldsteln  (Sir  Charles),  GREEK  SCULPTURE  \m> 
Modern  Art,  7/8  net . 

Cambridge  University  Press 

Two  lectures  delivered  to  the  students  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  The  Appendix  consists  of  a 
reprint    from  a  leading  article    in    The     I'iincs   for 

February  21th  on  'Greek  Sculpture  and  Modern 
Ail,'  and  a  letter  from  Sir  Charles  Waldstein 
in  answer  to  this  article. 

Woman  and  Child  in  Art,  an  Illustrated  Catalogue 

of  the  Second  National  Loan  Exhibition,  held 

at    the   Grosvenor    Gallery,    1913-14,    compiled 

by  Francis  Howard,  -12/  net.  Ileinemann 

A  descriptive  catalogue,  illustrated  with  120 

plates.      Mr.   Robert  Ross  has  written  a  Preface, 

containing     '  Some     Reflections    on    the    Second 

National  Loan  Exhibition.' 

DRAMA. 

Campbell  (Oscar  James),  jun..  The  Comedies  of 
Holbbro,  ••  Harvard  Studies  in  Comparative 
Literature,"  10/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Harvard  University  Press 
Prof.  Campbell  gives  an  account  of  Uolberg's 
life,  writes  an  appreciation  of  his  works,  and  dis- 
cusses his   relative  position   in   European   litera- 
ture. 

Chapman     (George),    The    Plays    and    Poems: 

Vol.   II.  The    Comedies,  edited    by    Thomas 

Marc  Parrott,  6/  Routledge 

Dr.  Parrott  has  included  in  this  edition  '  Sir 

Giles    Goosecap,'    which    has    not    hitherto    been 

printed  under  Chapman's  name,  and  has  retained 

'  The  Ball.'     He  has  written  an  Introduction  and 

notes  to  each  play. 

Mooney  (W.  W.),  The  House-Door  on  the 
Ancient  Stage,  a  Dissertation. 

Baltimore,  Williams  &  Wilkins 
A  discussion  of  the  uses  of  the  house-door 
in  the  Greek  and  Roman  theatre.  The  paper  was 
presented  to  the  Faculty  of  Princeton  Univer- 
sity in  candidacy  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy. 

Sapte  (W.),  Curtain  -  Raisers  and  Sketches, 
2  vols.,  1/  net  each.  Francis  Griffiths 

Each  volume  contains  four  short  sketches. 

Shakespeare's  Tragedy  of  King  Richard  the  Third, 
Gd.  net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

A  volume  in  the  "  Oxford  Plain  Text  Shake- 
speare." 

FOREIGN. 

THEOLOGY. 

Dussaud  (Rene),  Introduction  a  l'Histoire  des 

Religions,      "  Bibliotheque     Historique     des 

Religions,"  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Leroux 

Includes    discussion    on     '  Naturisme,     Ani- 

misme,    Preanimisme,'     '  Le    Sanctuaire    et    son 

Organisation,'  and  '  Le  Sacrifice.' 

POETRY. 

Anthologle     des     Ecrivains     Francais     Contem- 

porains,  PoESTE,  publiee  sous  la   direction  de 

Gauthier-Ferri^res,  lfr.  50.  Paris,  Larousse 

This  anthology  contains  a  careful  selection 

of    representative    French    poetry,    and    includes 

examples    from    the    work    of    Rostand,     Henri    de 

Regnier,    Gustave     Kahn,    and    the    Gomtesse    de 

Nbailles.     There  are  short  notices  of  each  writer, 

four  portraits,  and  numerous  autographs. 

Beroul,  Le  ROMAN  DE  Tristan,  Poeme  du 
Xlle  Siecle,  6dite  par  Ernest  Muret,  "  Les 
Classiques  Francais  du  Moyen  Age,"  Sfr. 

Pans,  Champion 

The  text  is  accompanied  by  an  Introduction 
dealing  with  the  manuscript   and  composition  of 

the  poem,  notes,  and  a  Glossary. 

Huon  le  Rol  de  Cambral,  GEUVRBS,  editees  par 
Ariur  Langfors,   "  Les  Classiques   Francais  du 

Moyen  Age,"   lfr.  75.  Paris,  Champion 

This  volume  contains  '  Li   Abeces  par   Kki- 

voche    et   li    Significations    des    Lit  tics.'    '  l,i    Ave 

Maria     CD     Itouinan.-.,'     and     "   La      DeSCriSSioUS    des 

Relegions,'  with  notes,  Glossary,  and  critical 
Introduction. 

Vidal     (Pelre),     PoEsras,     editees     par     Joseph 

Anglade,    "  LeS   Classiques   Francais   du    .Moyen 

\-'-,"  Sfr.  50.  Paris,  Champion 

These    troubadour   poems   are   accompanied 

in  each  case  by  a  modern  French  version,  and  the 

volume  includes  an  Introduction,  Glossary,  and 
notes. 

HISTORY     AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Colllgnon  (Maxlme),  Le  CONSUL  JEAN  GrRAUO  et 

RELATION  lie   L'ATTIQUE    1U    XVII     Sii.cLE, 

2fr.  60.  I'n  is,   Klinek-n N  k 

Reprint  from  '  Memoires  de  l  Academic  di  a 
Insci  iptions  et  Belles-Let) 


Gallly    de  Taurines   (Ch.),    L\    Heine    EORTENSB 

K.N    KXIL,    8fr.    •",().  Paris.   Ha.helfe 

The  story  of  lloilense,  the  wife  Of  Louis 
Bonaparte,  in  her  years  of  exile  at  Arenenberu. 
Tin-  \ppeinlix  contains  a  letter  from  Madame 
de  S.iiupigny,  daughter  of  the  Cointesse  de 
Bouchepom,  lady-in-waiting  to  the  queen,  which 
gives  an  account  of  the  circumstances  attending 
the  birth  of  Louis  Napoleon,  the  future  Napo- 
leon III. 

Hanotaux  (Gabriel),  La  (Juerre  i>k>  Balkans  et 
l'Europe,  h»12  1918,  "  fitudes  Diploma- 
tiques,"  Sfr.  50.  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

Kellections  and  suggestions  on  the  Balkan 
Question. 

Memoires  du  Comte  Roger  de  Damas,  Vienne  de 

1806  k  1811,  suivis  de  Lettres  inedites  de 
Marie-Caroline,  Heine  de  Naples,  au  Comte 
Roger  de  Damas  (1801  181  1),  publics  etannotes 
par  Jacques  Rambaud,  7fr.  50. 

Paris.  Plon-Nourrit 
These  memoirs  are  accompanied  by  a  portrait 
of  the  Comte  de  Damas,  and  a  facsimile  of  a  letter 
of  the  Queen  of  Naples. 

Novare  (Philippe  de),  Memoires,  1218-121:!, 
edites  par  Charles  Ivohler,  "  Les  Classiques 
Francais  du  Moyen  Age,"  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Champion 
Includes  a  critical  Introduction,  Bibliography, 
Chronological  Table,  and  notes. 
Pelissier  (Jean),  Din  Mois  de  Guerre  dans  les 
Balkans,  Octobre,  1912-AouT,  1!)13,  5fr. 

Paris.  Perrin 
This    subject    is    discussed    from     first-hand 
knowledge,   and   includes  accounts  of  interviews 
with  various  officials. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Bendz  (Ernst),  The  Influence  op  Pater  and 
Matthew  Ajinold  in  the  Prose-Writings  of 
Oscar  Wilde,  3/  net. 

Gothenberg,  Wettergren  &  Kerber 

London,  G revel 

The  two  essays  which  form  the  bulk  of  this 

treatise  are  reprinted,  in  a  somewhat  altered  form, 

from  the   Neuphilologischc    Mitleilunyen    of    Hel- 

singfors. 

Edda,  Nordisk  Tidsskrift  for  Litteraturforskning, 
edited  by  Gerhard  Gran,  Vol.  I.,  4kr. 

Christiania,  H.  Aschehoug  &  Co. 

Includes     articles     on     '  Moltke     Moe,'     by 

Gerhard    Gran ;     '  Wergelandiana,'    by    Herman 

Jaeger  ;    and    a    study  in   German    of  '  Literatur- 

forschung  in  Deutschland,'  by  Richard  M.  Meyer. 

FICTION. 

Bijou,  by  Gyp,  lfr.  25  net.  Pari-.  Nelson 

A  volume  in  the  "  Collection  Nelson." 

Bona  (Paul),   Fatseurs   d'  "  Anqes  Gardibns," 

3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

This  "  roman  "  is  preceded  by  an  open  letter 

fo   M.   Marcel    PrevOSt,  whose  point   of  view  in  his 

'Les  Anges   Gardiens  '   differs   from   that    of   the 

author. 

Galdos  (B.  Perez),  Misericordia,  lfr.  25  net. 

Paris,  Nelson 

One  of    the   "  Coleccidn    Espanola    Nelson," 

with  a  Preface  by  the   author   specially  written 

for  t  his  edition. 

Gayet  (Albert),   Le  Roman    m:  CLAUDE  d'Anti- 

OOHB,  (■<■  que  racontent  les  MomieS  d  Vntlii"1  • 
3fr.   50.  Paris.  l'lon-Nouint 

\  story  with  an  historical  background. 

Nodler  (Charles),  Contbs    Fantastiqi  bs,  lfr.  25. 

Palis,  Ores  ;     Loinl  m.    D( 

The    tales    include    '  Jeau-Francois-les-Bi 
Bleus,1    -Les   Aveugles   de   Ohamouny,' and   '  1- 
Bibliomane.' 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  Lee  Mars,  Lfr.  50. 

Include-  ■  Pe  ;uy  et  les  Cahiera  de  Is  Qum- 
zaine,'  by  M.  Francois  Porche  j  '  Le  Probleme  ae 
Rimbaud:  bs  Discussion,'  by  tf.  Marcel  Coulon ; 
and  ■  Chateaubriand  i  I  la  Police,  bj  M.  Louis 
Thomas. 


'  DICTIONARY  OF 

maim  .mi-:  hi-:  si':vn;\i':." 

St.  MarttB'l  Street,  W.C.,  Map  b  ),  1  Ml. 

W'j:  regret  thai  an  error  bas  occurred  in  our 
announcemenl  of  the  editor's  name  in  con- 
nexion with  Edward  FitzOerald'a  'Dic- 
tionary of  Madame  de  SevigneV  and  should 
be  much  obliged  if  you  could  state  thai  the 
editors  name  is  Bliss  Mary  Eleanor  Pitz- 
ld  Kerrich.  Macmillan  A  Co. 


344 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4500,  March  7,  1914 


THE    LATE    CANON    DRIVER. 

Carlyle's  dictum  that  "  genius  consists 
in  the  capacity  for  taking  infinite  pains  " 
could  only  have  been  intended  to  represent 
one  facet  of  a  great  and  many-sided  truth. 
For  even  if  that  all-important  capacity 
were  the  only  kind  of  genius  to  be  found  in 
the  human  species,  its  significance  and  value 
would  still  depend  both  on  the  manner  of 
its  activity  and  the  matter  on  which  it  is 
exercised.  But  in  Canon  Driver,  the  almost 
startling  announcement  of  whose  death  was 
made  towards  the  end  of  last  week,  the 
conditions  necessary  to  impart  to  patient, 
lifelong  industry  something  of  the  character 
of  genius  were  very  happily  united.  He 
combined  comprehensiveness  of  outlook 
with  a  wonderful  mastery  of  detail,  and  his 
fine  critical  faculty  was  distinguished  by 
what  appeared  to  be  a  state  of  never- 
failing  equilibrium. 

Born  at  Southampton  in  October,  1846, 
he  passed  with  uniform  distinction  through 
the  high  classical  training  provided  at 
Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford,  taking 
a  first  class  in  Lit.  Hum.  in  1869.  His 
bent  in  the  direction  of  Semitic  learning 
was,  however,  shown  before  that  date.  He 
gained  the  Pusey  and  Ellerton  Scholarship 
as  early  as  1866,  and  his  steady  advance  in 
what  was  to  become  his  life-study  is  attested 
by  his  successes  in  securing  the  Kennicott 
Hebrew  Scholarship  in  1870,  and  the 
Houghton  Syriac  Prize  in  1872.  He  became 
a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  1870,  and  Tutor 
in  1875.  On  the  vocation  of  his  life,  in  the 
fuller  sense  of  the  word,  he  entered  in  1883, 
when,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Pusey,  he  was 
appointed  Regius  Professor  of  Hebrew  and 
Canon  of  Christ  Church. 

Canon  Driver  was  both  by  temperament 
and  conviction  particularly  fitted  to  exer- 
cise a  steadying  influence  on  the  his- 
torical and  critical  movement  of  his  time. 
Unflinching  devotion  to  faith  was  in  his 
case  combined  with  a  strong  conservative 
tendency,  and  on  the  religious  side  he 
remained  to  the  end  of  his  life  attached  to 
the  belief  that  modern  criticism  can  only 
affect  the  form  of  divine  revelation,  not 
its  substance.  His  first  great  work,  '  A 
Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the  Tenses  in  Hebrew,' 
which  appeared  in  1874  (3rd  edition,  1892), 
and  was  in  its  nature  neutral  with  regard  to 
religious  problems,  exhibits  to  the  full  his 
conscious  and  fully  acknowledged  depend- 
ence at  that  time  on  good  German  models 
on  one  side,  and  his  original  power  of 
elucidation  and  independence  of  judgment 
on  the  other.  The  same  combination  of 
indebtedness  and  originality  is  exemplified 
in  his  '  Notes  on  the  Hebrew  Text  of  the 
Books  of  Samuel,'  which  was  published  in 
1890,  a  much  greater  amount  of  independence 
naturally  showing  itself  on  almost  every 
page  of  the  second  edition  (1913).  Great 
and  helpful  in  every  way  is  his  Commentary 
on  _  Genesis  ('Westminster  Commentaries'), 
which  first  appeared  in  1904,  and  reached  a 
ninth  edition  in  1913.  Among  his  other 
works  are  '  Isaiah  :  his  Life  and  Times  ' 
(1893),  an  edition  of  Leviticus  in  Haupt's 
'  Sacred  Books  of  the  Old  Testament  '  (1894  ; 
'Translation  and  Notes,'  1898),  and  a  Com- 
mentary on  Deuteronomy  (in  the  '  In- 
ternational Critical  Commentary,'  1902). 
Hebraists  are  particularly  indebted  to  him 
for  his  collaboration  with  Drs.  F.  Brown 
and  C.  A.  Briggs  in  the  preparation  of  the 
Oxford  edition  of  Gesenius's  '  Hebrew  and 
English  Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testament.'  But 
the  work  by  which  he  exercised  most  influ- 
ence on  critical  opinion  is  his  '  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament,' 
which  has  just  appeared  in  a  ninth  edition, 


and  has  enjoyed  the  rare  distinction  of  being 
translated  into  German. 

Canon  Driver's  ability  and  earnestness  of 
purpose  received  due  recognition  from  learned 
societies.  He  was  a  D.Litt.  of  Dublin,  a 
D.D.  of  Glasgow  and  Aberdeen,  and  a  Litt.D. 
of  Cambridge.  He  was  made  a  Fellow  of 
the  British  Academy  in  1 902,  and  delivered 
the  first  Schweich  Lecture  before  that  body 
in  1 908  ( '  Modern  Researches  illustrating 
the  Bible'). 


JAMES  HAMILTON    WYLIE. 

The  sudden  death  of  one  of  the  most 
learned  and  industrious  of  English  historical 
writers  will  be  regretted  by  many  fellow  - 
students  and  friends.  Quite  recently  Dr. 
Wylie  was  taking  part  in  debates  at  his- 
torical meetings,  but  it  is  likely  that  his 
devotion  to  work  was  not  beneficial  to  his 
health. 

For  more  than  thirty  years  Dr.  Wylie  was 
engaged  in  performing  the  official  duties  of 
an  Inspector  of  Schools,  and  during  the 
greater  part  of  that  period  he  spent  practi- 
cally the  whole  of  his  leisure  and  his  official 
vacations  in  preparing  an  exhaustive  history 
of  the  reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V. 
The  history  of  the  former  reign  was  pub- 
lished between  1884  and  1898,  and  we 
understand  that  the  preparation  of  the 
latter  was  far  advanced.  The  first  volume  was 
recently  noticed  by  us.  Dr.  Wylie  delivered 
the  Ford  Lectures  at  Oxford  in  1900,  and 
contributed  to  various  learned  publications. 

Dr.  Wylie  was  a  well-known  figure  in  the 
Search  Room  at  the  Record  Office,  where  the 
accuracy  of  his  references  and  his  methodical 
habits  were  duly  appreciated.  In  these 
respects  his  manner  of  working  bore  a  close 
resemblance  to  that  of  the  great  American 
medievalist  Charles  Cross,  and  like  the 
latter  Wylie  was  omnivorous  in  his  researches, 
and  encyclopaedic  in  his  knowledge  of  the 
printed  literature  of  his  own  period.  But, 
perhaps,  the  learned  historian  of  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.  was  apt  to  distract  the  atten- 
tion of  his  readers  by  marshalling  a  great 
array  of  evidences  in  support  of  some 
perfectly  credible  sta£ement.  At  the  same 
time,  the  serried  ranks  of  these  references  to 
the  Chancery  enrolments  and  other  records, 
then  uncalendared,  represent  such  a  laborious 
process  of  research  as  few  historians  have 
essayed,  and  none  has  accomplished,  on 
such  an  extensive  scale.  In  his  shorter 
historical  writings,  all  too  few  in  number, 
Dr.  Wylie  showed  greater  literary  skill. 
Here  his  method  was  less  obtrusive, 
and  his  touch  was  lighter  and  more 
dexterous. 

It  is  perhaps  not  generally  known  that 
he  was  an  effective  debater  on  any  historical 
subject  in  which  he  was  interested.  His 
evidence  before  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Public  Records  (First  Report,  Tenth  Day) 
is  noticeable.  He  was  engaged  during  re- 
cent years  on  work  for  the  Historical  Manu- 
scripts Commission,  and  his  elaborate  report 
on  the  famous  muniments  of  the  city  of 
Exeter  may  be  published  early  next  year. 

It  will  be  a  matter  of  general  regret  that 
Dr.  Wylie  did  not  live  to  finish  the  great 
history  of  the  Lancastrian  kings  which  he 
had  planned  on  such  bold  lines  of  research, 
for  it  will  be  difficult  to  find  any  one  to  com- 
plete this  heavy  task.  But  incomplete  as  it 
is,  and  in  spite  of  its  austerity  of  method 
and  style,  the  work  will  remain  a  lasting 
moniunent  of  patient  and  scholarly  research. 


AN  AUTHORS'    UNION. 

22,  Chepstow  Villas,  Bayswater,  W.,  March  3, 1914.     . 

The  proposals  for  the  formation  of  an 
Authors'  Union,  initiated  by  the  author- 
members  of  the  Lyceum  Club,  and  set  forth 
so  sympathetically  in  the  columns  of  your 
paper,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  vital  interest  to 
all  those  who  have  at  heart  the  welfare  of 
imaginative  literature. 

In  the  opinion  of  your  correspondent 
the  chief  points  to  be  considered  are  these  : 

I.  How  can  the  literary  standing  of 
the  author  be  raised  and  maintained  so 
that  authors  may  be  encouraged  to  produce 
their  best  work  ? 

II.  How  can  that  work,  when  produced, 
be  brought  most  effectively  to  the  notice 
of  the  public  ? 

The  answer  to  No.  I.  is,  to  a  great  extent, 
bound  up  with  the  question  of  reviews, 
which  at  present  are  too  often  hasty  and 
superficial.  In  the  event  of  a  paper  being 
founded  to  carry  into  effect  the  purposes  of 
the  Union,  the  following  points  might  with 
advantage  be  borne  in  mind  : — 

(1)  All  reviews  to  be  entrusted,  not  to 
tyros,  but  to  experienced  writers,  preferably 
those  who  are  themselves  practitioners  of  the 
art  with  which  they  are  called  upon  to  deal, 
viz.,  books  of  poetry  to  be  reviewed  by  poets, 
novels  by  novelists,  and  so  on,  thus  ensuring 
the  consideration  of  one  himself  acquainted 
with  the  difficulties  of  that  particular  form 
of  craftsmanship. 

(2)  All  reviews  to  be  signed. 

(3)  Reviews  in  no  case  to  be  undertaken 
by  any  one  personally  acquainted  with  the 
author  of  the  book  under  review. 

Question  No.  II.  might  be  answered  in 
part  by  establishing  in  connexion  with  the 
Union,  and  in  favourable  localities,  literary 
centres,  in  the  form,  say,  of  reading-rooms 
furnished  with  high-class  reviews  and  peri- 
odicals, where  also  might  be  included  a 
department  for  the  exhibition  and  sale  of 
such  literature  as  the  Union  approved — 
this  literature  to  be  obtained  through  the 
usual  channels,  viz.,  the  publishers.  Ad- 
mission to  these  centres  would  be  free  to 
members  of  the  Union,  a  small  fee  being 
charged  to  non-members.  In  London,  at 
least,  such  literary  centres  ought  to  meet 
with  grateful  recognition  from  all  true  lovers 
of  literature.  W.  J.  Cameron. 

**  *  In  his  various  points  our  correspondent 
enunciates  problems  that  we  have  always  in 
view.  He  raises  a  question  in  suggesting 
that  novels  should  be  sent  to  novelists, 
and  poetry  to  poets,  to  review.  If  this 
were  to  be  generally  done,  with  a  view  to 
encouraging  those  whose  work  is  criticized 
to  produce  their  best,  we  cannot  but  believe 
that,  on  the  whole,  it  would  prove  a  mistake. 
It  is  precisely  because  he  is  not  too  inti- 
mately aware  of  tricks  of  craftsmanship  or 
of  difficulties  overcome  that,  as  judge  of  the 
total  achievement,  other  things  being  equal, 
the  outsider  is  safer  and  more  salutary 
than  the  superior  fellow -craftsman — safer, 
because  more  aloof  and  impartial ;  more 
salutary,  because  tending  to  exercise  pres- 
sure away  from  the  academic  and  in  the 
direction  of  some  active  relation  towards 
"real  life." 

Our  correspondent  seems  to  us  also  not 
to  have  reflected  sufficiently  upon  the  detail 
involved  in  his  scheme.  Those  poets  and 
novelists  whose  own  merit  fits  them  to  be 
critics  are,  perhaps,  not  very  likely  to  con- 
sent to  shoulder  the  burden  it  is  proposed  to 
lay  upon  them.  Granted  even  that  the  crea- 
tive faculty  implies  an  equal  accompanying 
critical  faculty,  the  exercise  of  the  latter  is 
likely  to  interfere  with  the  former.  It  seems 
clear  that  for  a   writer  capable  of  original 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


345 


work  of  permanent  value  ;is  imaginative 
literature  somewhat  nice  limits  are  set, 
beyond  which  it  is  not  well  for  him  to  go 
in  attending  to  other  people's  work,  even  if 
he  has  any  special  capacity  to  do  so  usefully. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  oncoming  author, 
the  subject  of  the  criticism,  would,  we 
believe,  i>e  in  a  far  worse  plight  in  regard  to 

his  art   than  lie  is  now.  if  lie  were  enticed  to 

write,  as  hi'  almost  certainly  would  be,  with 
a  view  to  the  praise  of  a  group  of  reviewers, 
or  intending  to  defy  their  censure.     Works 

composed  either  to  keep  off  or  get  on  an 
Index — either  to  obtain  or  to  flout  an  Im- 
primatur—  no  matter  by  whom  the  power 
in  question  is  wielded — have  a.  character  of 
their  own,  which,  so  far  as  it  pervades  them, 
militates  against  their  being  truly  works  of 
art.  Further,  if  the  authority  is  one  whose 
competence  lies  within  instead  of  without 
the  craft,  so  much — and  even  Aery  mnch — 
the  wo i 

As  ior  "  tyros  "  >•.  "  experienced  writers,"'  it 
is  difficult  to  see  how  we  are  to  get  the  latter 
without  the  former.  Further,  since  fresh- 
ness of  outlook  and  a  certain  flexibility  of 
mind  are  much  to  be  desired  for  the  par- 
ticular kind  of  criticism  we  are  considering, 
it  may  sometimes  happen  that  the  "  tjTO  " 
is  the  better  critic,  provided,  of  course,  it  is 
merely  experience  that  he  lacks — the  sort  of 
experience  that  a  capable  editor  can  supply. 

The  question  of  the  signing  of  reviews  lias 
already  been  much  debated,  and  our  readers 
are  familiar  with  the  reasons  which  still 
keep  us   to  the  tradition  of  anonymity. 

The  paragraph  marked  (3)  is  a  rule  which 
hardly  admits  of  the  proverbial  exception, 
though  we  can  conceive  of  a  case  in  which 
it  is  necessary  to  know  a  personality  in  order 
to  appreciate  to  the  full  the  work  under 
review. 

We  are  glad  to  publish  Mr.  Cameron's 
letter,  especially  because  it  may  lead  to 
helpful  discussion. 


A    LEASE    FOR  999  YEARS   EXPIRED. 

10,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  March  3,  1914. 

It   is    quite   possible    that    the   statement 

attributed   by  your    correspondent  Mr.   W. 

Reeves  to    Dr.  Stubbs — namely,  that 

a  lea>e  of  land  belonging  to  Ely  Cathedral 

PS  expired  about  l<S!t!) — is  correct, 

of  this  kind  must   be  extremely 

rare.      Lord  Coke  says  that  by  the  ancient 

law  of  England  a  lease  could  not,  as  a  general 

rifle.    |„     made  for  more   than   forty   years. 

This    rule,    if    it    ever    really    existed,    was 

tainry  obsolete  in  Richard  EL's  time,  as 

api  im  instances  given  by  Blackstone ; 

but   it  highly  improbable  that  long 

common  at    this  period,  for  the 

tson   that    every   lease  was  at  the 

mercy  of   the  freeholder.     A  term  of  years 

led  .i-  .in  estate  in  the  land, 

but        .     mtract  between  the  lessor  and  the 

)ee  :   if  the  freeholder  suffered  a  recovery, 

coyed.     This  wsb  prevented 

by    tie-    statute    -'1     Henry    VIII..    and    then 

long  terms  ol  Blackstone  tells  us, 

ran  to  be  more  frequenl  than  before. 

•    not   possible  that    lee  •  -   ol   church 

lands  were  treated  a  ception   to  the 

era]  nil"  ':     Even  if  n  lease  was  in  early 

times    merely  ;l  contract,    il    ought,    when 

.   ecclesiasl ^ai  body,  to  have 

had  more  sanctity  than  one   granted  by  a 

layman.  <  ihki.i:-,   BWKKT. 


HCitoartj    (Bnssip, 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Literature  on  the  18th  inst.  Mr.  A.  C. 
Benson  will  give  a  lecture  on  *  ( 'harlotte 
Bronte  '  ;  and  on  the  25th  inst. 
Prof.  Gerothwohl  will  read  a  paper  on 
Carmen  Sylva,  and  Lord  Halsbury  is  to 
admit  the  Queen  of  Roumania  as  an 
Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Society,  the  Rou- 
manian Minister  acting  as  her  proxy. 

In  the  last  of  his  lectures  on  '  The  Age 
of  Erasmus  '  Mr.  P.  S.  Allen  dealt  with 
the  Transalpine  Renaissance,  and  con- 
trasted it  with  the  earlier  movement  in 
Italy.  Points  of  difference  were  shown 
in  the  resistance  offered  by  the  two 
regions  to  the  Renaissance,  and  in  the 
earliest  productions  of  the  press  on 
either  side  of  the  Alps.  The  imperfect 
instruments  of  mediaeval  scholars  were 
exchanged,  by  the  invention  of  printing, 
for  comparatively  accurate  texts  and 
competent  editors. 

The  lecturer  passed  on  to  discuss  the 
rise  of  German  national  feeling,  which  was 
widely  expressed  in  the  letters  of  the 
humanists,  and  quoted  the  letter  to  a 
fellow-countryman  of  a  young  Frieslander 
studying  at  Oxford  in  1499  :  "  Your  verses 
have  shown  me  what  I  never  could  have 
believed,  that  German  talents  are  no  whit 
inferior  to  Italian."  On  the  same  subject 
of  Italian  versus  German  scholarship 
Erasmus  wrote  in  1518,  complimenting 
a  canon  of  Mayence  :  "  One  might  have 
been  listening  to  a  Roman.  Now  let  the 
Italians  go  and  taunt  Germans  with 
barbarism,  if  they  dare  !  "  Reference  was 
also  made  to  the  writings  of  Beatus 
Rhenanus,  Irenicus,  and  Wimpfeling. 

The  Times  knows  of  a  gentleman  who 
recently,  at  Winchester,  bought  (for  the 
sum  of  Is.)  a  box  of  old  books,  and  dis- 
covered among  them  no  less  a  prize  than  a 
first  edition  of  Pope's  '  Homer.'  More 
than  that,  the  volumes  have  in  them  an 
autograph  inscription  by  White  of  Sel- 
borne  :  "  Presented  to  me  by  Mr.  Pope 
upon  my  taking  my  degree,"  with  a  note 
of  the  month  and  the  year — 1743,  the 
year  before  Pope  died. 

The  clever  authors  of  '  Wisdom  while 
You  Wait '  have  written  a  new  skit  called 
'  All  the  Papers.'  It  is  a  *'  journalistic 
revue,"  hitting  off  witli  neat  malice  the 
characteristics  and  extravagances  of  the 
press  of  to-day.  .Mr.  (ieorge  .Morrow,  as 
usual,  has  a  large  share  in  the  collabora- 
tion ;  his  blurred  drawings  caricaturing 
the  reproductions  of  the  "  picture-papers" 
are  most  amusing. 

For  many  years  endeavours  have  been 
made  to  persuade  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  to 
republish  in  a  volume  his  two  studies — 
the  article  on  'Poetry'  which  appeared 
in  "  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  '  and 
'The  Renascence  of  Wonder.'  We  are 
gl.id  to  bear  that  the  two  I  -  are  to  be 

revised  and  published  in  a  volume,  which 
Mr.  [Herbert  Jenkins  hopes  to  have  ready 
next  autumn. 


Messrs.  Chambkrs  are  bringing  out 
this  spring  new  editions  of  their  '  Concise 
Gazetteer  of  the  World  '  and  their  '  Eng- 
lish Dictionary/  The  latter  will  include 
a  Supplement  of  Additional  Words  and 
Phrases  which  runs  to  thirty-nine  pages. 

They  also  announce  an  entirely  new 
edition  of  their  ■Commercial  Geography 
of  the  World,'  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Herbertson 
and  Mr.  J.  Cossar,  the  first  part  of  which 
deals  with  the  British  Isles,  and  the 
second  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  taking 
first  the  temperate  regions  which  most 
nearly  resemble  Great  Britain,  and  tropical 
countries  last. 

Mr.  Rowbotham  will  shortly  publish  a 
national  epic  poem  entitled  '  The  Epic  of 
the  Empire.'  Its  subject  is  the  rise  and 
growth  of  our  Empire  from  the  buccaneers 
and  the  Spanish  Armada  to  the  Boer 
War.  It  tells  the  story  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  the  colonization  of  America,  the 
conquest  of  India,  Xelson,  and  Wellington 
and  Waterloo  and  is  written  in  rhymed 
verse. 

The  contents  of  the  forthcoming  num- 
ber of  The  Constructive  Quarterly,  published 
by  Mr.  Humphrey  Milford  of  the  Oxford 
University  Press,  include  '  The  Construc- 
tive Quarterly  from  Within,'  by  Dr. 
William  Sandav  ;  '  Unity  in  the  Spiritual 
Fact,'  by  Mr.  ^T.  R.  Glover  ;  '  Towards 
Unity,'  by  Cardinal  Mercer  ;  '  The  Place 
of  Symbolism  in  Religion,'  by  Bishop 
Gore  ;  '  Education  and  Religion  among 
Working-Men,'  by  Mr.  William  Temple  ; 
'  The  Labour  Movement  in  Religion,'  by 
Mr.  F.  H.  Stead  ;  and  '  John  Woolman,' 
by  Mr.  T.  E.  Harvey. 

In  our  number  for  February  21st  we 
announced  the  result  of  the  triple  election 
at  the  French  Academy.  Before  the  echoes- 
of  this  important  contest  have  died  out, 
new  competitors  are  arising,  for  MM. 
Paul  Adam,  Louis  Bertrand,  Abel  Her- 
mant,  Camille  Le  Senne,  and  Henry 
Bordeaux  have  already  written  to  offer 
themselves  as  candidates  for  the  chair 
of  Jules  Clare  tie.  The  election  will  not 
take  place  before  June  at  the  earliest. 

Mr.  James  Duff  Brown*,  Chief  Li- 
brarian of  the  Islington  Public  Libraries,, 
died  recently  in  his  52nd  year. 

His  most  notable  services  to  the  manage- 
ment of  libraries  were  his  device  for 
"  safeguarded  open  -  access,"  suggest*  d 
by  what  he  saw  in  a  visit  to  the  United 
States,  and  his  systems  of  classification, 
the  last  of  which  is  now  in  U86  all  over  the 
world.      He     was     the     author    of     several 

works  on  bibliography,  the  management 
of  libraries,  and  music,  publishing  in  1886 
a  •  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Musi- 
cians,' and  in  1901,  in  collaboration  with 

Mi-.  .\.  Moffat.  •  Characteristic  Songs  and 
Dances   of    All    Nations/      At    the    tune    of 

his   last    illness   he   had   in   hand   a    \ 
scheme  of   universal  biography  on  a  n.u 
plan. 

||(.    came    to    London    Imni    GlaSgO*     in 

L890    as    first    Librarian    oi    Clerkenwell 
(now   Finsbury)  Public  Libraries,  and  w\ 
appointed  t<»  Islington  in  1906. 


346 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4500,  March  7,   1914 


SCIENCE 


A  List  of  the  Birds  of  Australia.  By 
Gregory  M.  Mathews.  (Witherby  & 
Co.,  10s.  net.) 
The  writer  of  '  The  Birds  of  Australia  '  has 
supplemented  it  with  a  weighty  work  of 
reference, 

"  containing  the  names  and  synonyms  con- 
nected with  each  genus,  species,  and  sub- 
species of  birds  found  in  Australia  at  present 
known  to  the  author." 

It  becomes  at  once  apparent  that  Mr. 
Mathews  has  a  serious  quarrel  on  hand 
with  the  '  Official  Checklist  of  the  Birds 
of  Australia,'  prepared  a  year  ago  by 
the  Committee  of  the  Royal  Australasian 
Ornithologists'  Union.  He  states  his  case 
very  ably  in  an  Introduction  which  is 
necessarily  polemical  in  tone.  The  author 
regards  the  '  Official  Checklist '  as  worse 
than  reactionary  in  its  declared  intention 
of  delivering  Australian  ornithology  "  from 
the  innumerable  nomenclatural  refine- 
ments and  subtleties  which  threatened  its 
existence." 

Referring  to  the  claim  that  the  trinomial 
system  is  advantageous  to  specialists 
and  students,  the  Checklist  Committee 
decline  to  admit  the  contention  on  the 
curious  ground  that  it 

"  would  only  convey  to  the  former  what  he 
as  a  specialist  already  knows,  and  would  only 
convey  to  the  student  what  he  could  find, 
without  trouble,  in  any  reference-book." 
To  this  Mr.  Mathews  replies  that  so  far  as 
he  is  aware  no  such  reference  list  exists, 
and  that  his  volume  supplies  the  want. 
He  adds  that  in  grouping  every  sub- 
species at  present  recognizable  under  the 
oldest  name  which  appears  as  a  binomial 
for  the  species,  he  has  erred  on  the  side 
of  conservatism,  and,  for  want  of  more 
material,  has  returned  as  synonyms  many 
of  the  names  he  had  recently  given  as 
subspecific.  He  contends  that  the  Com- 
mittee in  making  their  ultimate  appeal 
to  Gould  have  not  only  shown  a  remark- 
able disregard  of  the  discovery  of  new  facts 
which  they  profess  to  have  taken  into 
account,  but  can  hardly  escape  the  charge 
of  inconsistency  or  even  insincerity  in 
their  procedure.  Gould  himself  was  a 
staunch  upholder  of  the  "  law  of  priority," 
as  he  knew  it.  The  Committee  would 
belittle  this  "  law  of  priority  "  as  merely  a 
"'  law  of  expediency,"  whereas  Mr.  Ma- 
thews, with  the  substantial  backing  of  the 
International  Congresses  of  Zoology,  and 
the  tardier  British  Ornithologists'  Union, 
pleads  the  vital  necessity  of  bringing 
individual  predilections  to  the  touchstone 
of  uniformity.  Incidentally  it  is  pleasing 
to  note  the  author's  conviction  that  there 
should  not  be  any  antagonism  between 
the  field-worker  and  the  systematist,  as 
each  necessarily  depends  upon  the  other 
for  assistance.  He  briefly  reviews  the 
progress  of  systematic  study,  and  shows 
the  great  chances  provided  by  the 
Australian  Commonwealth. 

'  With  a  much  more  interesting,  varied, 
and  more  easily  observed  avifauna  than 
probably  any  other  portion  of  the  world, 
the  outlook  is  immense — but  the  workers 
are  few." 


An  Account  of  the  Morisonian  Herbarium 
in  the  Possession  of  the  University  of 
Oxford.  By  S.  H.  Vines  and  G.  Claridge 
Druce.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  15s. 
net.) 

An  account  of  the  Dillenian  collections  pub- 
lished by  the  present  authors  in  1907,  was 
well  received  by  botanists,  and  we  predict 
an  equally  good  reception  for  the  work 
now  under  notice.  Three  interesting  per- 
sonalities are  sketched  in  the  Introduction  : 
Jacob  Bobart  the  Elder,  the  first  curator  of 
the  physic  garden  ;  Dr.  Robert  Morison, 
first  Professor  of  Botany  at  Oxford  ;  and 
Jacob  Bobart  the  Younger,  who  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  the  care  of  the  garden. 
These  seventeenth-century  names  are  not 
familiar  to  present-day  botanists,  and  for 
this  very  reason  the  first  portion  of  the 
book  will  be  read  with  great  interest.  It 
relates  details  respecting  the  acquirement 
of  the  site  for  the  botanic  garden  by  Lord 
Danby,  and  the  formal  laying  of  the  first 
stone  by  Dr.  Pierce,  Vice-Chancellor,  on 
July  25th,  1621.  The  elder  Bobart  made 
the  garden  remarkable  for  its  clipped  trees, 
and  the  wits  of  Oxford  found  a  text 
for  their  humour  in  the  specimens  of 
topiary  work  trained  under  his  direction. 
Evelyn  visited  the  garden  in  1(554  and 
1664,  but  was  not  enthusiastic  about 
the  plants  he  saw  there.  Nevertheless, 
Bobart's  fame  as  a  gardener  may  rest 
on  the  fact  that  an  anonymous  catalogue 
of  the  plants  in  the  garden,  published  in 
1684,  enumerates  no  fewer  than  1,600, 
of  which  number  about  600  were  British 
and  many  were  Canadian. 

The  garden  had  been  established  forty- 
eight  years  before  the  University  got  its 
first  Professor  of  Botany  in  Robert  Morison 
of  University  College,  who  was  elected 
Professor  on  Dec.  16th,  1669.  His  greatest 
work,  the  '  Historia  Plantarum  Univer- 
salis Oxoniensis,'  is  sufficient  evidence  to 
prove  that  he  was  'a  hard  worker  and 
serious  original  botanist,  though  he  ap- 
pears soon  to  have  been  partially  forgotten 
owing  to  the  interest  aroused  by  Ray,  his 
contemporary  for  some  years,  and  later 
by  Linnseus. 

The  third  personality,  Bobart  the 
Younger,  was  scarcely  less  a  botanist 
than  a  gardener.  He  was  entrusted  by 
Dr.  Fell  with  the  publication  of  '  Pars 
Tertia,'  the  last  volume  of  Morison's 
work,  after  the  Professor's  death,  and 
it  is  a  testimony  to  his  skill  and  wide 
botanical  knowledge.  He  did  not  hesitate 
to  alter  Morison's  classification  where  he 
disagreed  with  it,  and  his  emendations 
were  always  improvements.  He  was  a 
good  field  botanist,  and  he  added  ten 
species  to  the  British  flora.  The  Mori- 
sonian Herbarium  was  the  work  of  Bobart, 
and  it  bears  Morison's  name  merely  be- 
cause the  primary  object  of  the  collection 
was  to  illustrate  the  '  Historia  Univer- 
salis.' The  Herbarium  consists  of  about 
5,000  specimens  of  herbs  (including  crypto- 
gams), and  about  1,500  specimens  of 
trees  and  shrubs.  The  preparation  of  the 
account  of  it,  which  occupies  320  pages, 
must  have  been  an  onerous  task,  demand- 
ing skill  and  judgment. 


SOCIETIES. 

Society  of  Antiquaries. — Feb.  20. — Sir  C.  H. 
Read,  President,  in  the  chair. — .Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John 
Hope  submitted  a  report  of  the  excavations 
carried  onb>  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  under  the 
direction  of  Lieut. -Col.  Hawley,  Mr.  D.  H. 
Montgomerie,  and  himself,  on  the  hill  of  Old 
Sarum  in  1913.  The  previous  year's  work  had 
largely  been  devoted  to  the  tracing  of  the  limits 
of  the  destroyed  cathedral  church,  and  pre- 
paring for  the  excavation  of  its  site,  which 
formed  the  work  of  the  past  season.  The  position 
of  the  church  in  the  north-west  quarter  of  Old 
Sarum  had  long  been  known,  and  in  1835  some 
tentative  efforts  were  made,  following  upon 
indications  visible  through  a  dry  summer,  to 
make  out  its  plan.  This  did  not,  however,  agree 
with  the  historical  accounts  of  the  church,  but 
the  recent  excavations  have  made  all  plain. 

Shortly  after  the  removal  of  the  bishop's  see 
from  Sherborne  to  Old  Sarum  about  1075  a  new 
church  was  begun  here  by  Bishop  Osmund,  and 
consecrated  in  1092.  This  is  recorded  to  have 
been  fired  by  lightning  five  days  after  its  hallowing, 
but  was  no  doubt  duly  repaired.  Traces  of  the  fire 
have  lately  been  found  in  the  shape  of  scorched 
and  reddened  stones.  A  cloister,  with  (appa- 
rently) a  chapter-house  raised  above  a  crypt, 
was  added  to  the  church  in  the  twelfth  century, 
and  followed  soon  after  by  a  complete  rebuilding 
and  enlargement,  on  a  much  more  extensive 
scale,  of  the  presbytery  and  transepts,  and  by 
the  beginnings  of  a  western  tower  with  side  wings 
at  the  end  of  the  nave. 

This  church  continued  in  use  until  the  migration 
of  the  capitular  body  and  of  most  of  the  civil 
population  to  New  Sarum  (the  modern  Salisbury) 
in  1227,  but  was  then  dismantled,  and  its  site  and 
ruins  reverted  to  the  King.  In  1331,  following 
upon  a  licence  to  crenellate  their  close,  the  King 
granted  to  the  bishop  and  to  the  dean  and  chapter 
all  the  stonework  of  the  old  cathedral  church 
and  of  the  houses  of  the  bishop  and  canons,  and 
so  all  the  buildings  at  Old  Sarum  were  razed  to 
the  ground  and  the  site  laid  waste. 

Notwithstanding  that  an  important  section 
had  been  destroyed  in  the  rebuilding  of  the 
twelfth  century,  the  excavations  had  brought  to 
light  beneath  the  late  floor-levels  the  complete 
plan  of  Bishop  Osmund's  church,  which  was 
173  ft.  long,  and  consisted  of  anapsidal  presbytery 
of  two  bays,  with  narrow  aisles  square-ended 
without ;  north  and  south  transepts,  each  with  an 
eastern  apse  ;  a  tower  over  the  crossing  ;  and  a 
nave  and  aisles  of  seven  bays.  Against  the  wall 
of  the  main  apse  was  a  block  of  masonry  that  pro- 
bably had  carried  the  bishop's  seat  or  throne. 
The  church,  it  will  be  seen,  belongs  to  a  well- 
known  early  Norman  type,  of  which  St.  Edward's 
church  at  Westminster,  and  those  of  Lanfranc  at 
Canterbury,  of  Bishop  Remi  at  Lincoln,  and 
Bishop  Fl'ambard  at  Christchureh,  were  English 
examples,  built  possibly  in  imitation  of  Jumieges. 
Of  the  cloister  which  "was  added  to  the  church 
only  enough  is  left  to  fix  its  area,  which  was  about 
the  same  as  that  of  the  cloister  of  Christchureh, 
Canterbury.  The  chapter-house  has  also  gone, 
but  of  its  crypt  much  remains  standing,  owing  to 
its  massive  construction.  It  was  60  ft.  long  and 
of  four  bays,  divided  into  two  alleys  by  a  row  of 
stout  columns  which  helped  to  carry  its  arched 
and  ribbed  vault ;  it  also  contained  a  well  6  ft. 
in  diameter.  The  crypt  was  built  almost  touching 
the  north  transept  of  the  church,  from  which 
there  must  have  been  a  way  into  the  chapter- 
house above. 

By  the  additions  to  the  church  that  were  made 
towards  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  its 
length  was  increased  to  316  ft.,  and  the  width 
across  the  transepts  from  113 J  ft.  to  138  ft. 

The  eastern  addition  consisted  of  a  presbytery 
of  four  bays,  with  aisles  of  five  bays  connected 
on  the  east  by  an  ambulatory,  out  of  which 
opened  three  chapels  with  intermediate  stair 
passages.  The  new  transepts  had  a  narrow 
middle  section,  with  arches  on  both  sides  into 
eastern  and  western  transepts.  This  feature  the 
church  shares  with  only  a  few  great  churches  like 
Winchester,  Ely,  York,  Beverley,  and  Lincoln. 
Projecting  from  the  front  of  the  south  transept 
was  a  porch  covering  the  principal  entrance. 
Over  the  crossing  was  a  tower  of  oblong  plan. 
The  old  nave  and  aisles  continued  in  use,  with  a 
new  doorway  in  the  south  side ;  and  at  the  west 
end  were  laid  the  deep  and  massive  foundations 
of  a  tower  with  side  wings,  after  the  fashion  of 
Ely,  and  formerly  at  Winchester  and  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  but  it  is  a  question  whether  the  tower 
was  ever  carried  up. 

Of  the  various  other  discoveries  made  con- 
cerning the  church,  one  of  the  most  un- 
expected was  the  recovery  of  the  pattern  and 
colouring  of  a  large  part  of  the  twelfth-century 
floor.  This  had  consisted  of  squared  blocks  of 
the    white    Chilmark    and    the    green    Hurdcote 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


347 


stone,  faced  on  one  aide  only,  and  bedded  inverj 
thick  mortar.  The  atones  ha«l  almost  all  been 
taken  off,  bul  their  beds  had  been  loft,  filled 
up  with  rubbish.  On  sweeping  this  out,  the 
patterns  formed  by  the  blocks  at  otu-o  revealed 
themselves,  and   fragments  Mill  embedded  gave 

the  key  to  the  eoloUT-SOheme  Of  hands  or  eheekors. 
In  one  of  the  eastern  Chapels  the  stones  had  been 

laid  with  interlacing  circles.  Well  below  the 
Boor-levels  there  was  found  in  the  presbytery 
pari  of  a  smooth  plaster  floor,  scored  with  parallel 

lines  and  parts  of  eireles  to  Serve  as  a  setting-out 

id  for  the  master-mason  during  the  course  of 

the  work.  Another  find  was  that  of  t  lie  skeleton 
of  a  prisoner  who  had  been  buried  in  his  irons. 
Numerous  worked  and  moulded  Btoneswere  found 
in  all  the  deeper  places,  from  which  some  idea 
may  he  formed  of  the  date  and  architecture  of 
the  church  :  and  there  were  also  picked  up  a  con- 
siderable number  of  pieces  of  porphyry  and  verde- 
ahtico  that  had  formed  part  of  some  very  precious 
pavement.  Thetwogreal  churches  at  Canterbury, 
and  that  at  Westminster,  are  the  only  other 
buildings  in  this  country  where  such  rare  materials 
are  known. 

To  the  south  of  the  presbytery  was  a  walled 
enclosure,  wit  h  the  churchyard  cross  at  its  south- 
angle,    that    seems    to    have    served    as    the 
burial-place    of    the    canons.     In    it    were    found 
upwards  of  twenty  marble  and  stone  coffins  and 
graveslabs,  some  with  other  stones  set  up  at  the 
head  and  feet.     Some  were  quite  plain  ;    others 
crosses;    while  two  had  long  Latin  inscrip- 
tions   in    rhyming    hexameters.     One    of    these 
commemorated   one   A 1  ward    of    Ramsbury,    who 
witness  to  a   charter  of  Bishop   Roger  about 
1  L08.      The  other  was  on  the  tomb  of  one  Godwin, 
who  was  ordained  priest  by  Anselm  of  Canterbury 
i  1093—1109  I,  and  "  shone  as  precent  or  in  the  church 
of  Salisbury."     For  the  present    this  interesting 
group  of  memorials  has  been  covered  up  again  for 
-   rvation.     Most     of    them    certainly    belong 
to  the  twelfth  century,  but  one  or  two  may  date 
from  just    before  the  dismantling  and  abandon- 
ment   of    the    church    in    1227.      Another    lot    of 
similar,  but  plainer  tombs  were  found  in  the  lay 
folk's  cemetery  south  of  the  nave,  and  included 
an  interesting  pair  of  coffin-shaped  stones,  both 
charged  with  crosses,  ami  having  head-  and  foot- 
stones  with  crosses  on  both  sides.     The  principal 
cemeter>     of    the    chapter    was    apparently    the 
cloister  garth,   but  time  did   not  permit  of  any 
systematic  examination  of  this. 


Akistotkluln. — Mnrrli  2. — Sir  Francis  Young- 
husband  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Eric  Farmer  was 
elected  a   Member. 

Prof.  J.  Brough  read  a  paper  on  '  Some  New 
Encyclopaedists  on  Logic'  The  intention  of  the 
editors  of  the  volume  on  'Logic'  in  the  'New 
felopsedia  of  Philosophical  Sciences'  is  to 
show  the  unity  that  underlies  the  various  direc- 
tions followed  by  independent  thinkers.  The 
contributors  are  windelband,  Royce,  Couturat, 
l  Enriques,    and     Lossky.     The    primitive 

and  meet  permanent  motive  for  logic  is  a  scheme 
controlling  knowledge  as  a  factor  in  spiritual 
life,  through  self-consciousness.     This  is  brought 

"■ut    with    most    fore-    by    Windelband,    who    puts 
forward    the    view   that    a    full    solution    of    logical 

quires  the  union  of  different  methods 
treatment.     Rut    his  own   programme   is   not 
sufficiently  commended  by  his  appeal  to  normality 
and   self-consistency  between  the  several  stand- 
ivhicta  he  harmonize-,  as  the  test   of  rele- 
ce    in    Logic.     The   departments    into   which 
e*   Logii — Phenomenology  of  Knowledge, 
Pure  Logic,  Methodology,  and  Epistemology— are, 
however,  all  relevant    to  the  primitive  motive; 
although  a  more  direct  appeal  to  it  would  empha- 
l  for  a  fuller  psychology  of  co-opera- 
tive thinking,  a  more  formal  or  axiomatic  expres- 
i  oi  the  constitutive  norma  of  thought,  a  more 
decisive  limitation  of  tie-  function  of  the  logical 
isness  in  Science,  and  a  subordination  of 
epistemological  criticism  to  tie-  consciousness  of 
ility  in  thought.     The  paper  was  fol- 
I'  o\  ed  by  a  discussion. 


Bxoubb  Goethe. — FA.  26.  —  Dr.  r..  T.  Thome 
in  the  chair. — A  highly  interesting  paper  was  con- 
tributed by  Bar.  W.  Page  Andrews  on  'Goethe's 

K. 


we\ 
th 
J 


—  .....-,,..    <mi       uuciuo  a 

ey   to    Faust.'     In    the    subsequent    diacu 

te  Chairman,  Miss  Royds,  and    ■  bant, 

R.  Mozley,  and  Page  took  part. 

It   was    announced    that    Prince    Lichnowaky 

had     accepted     the    Society's    invitation    to    be 

the  guest   of   honour  at    a   dinner  on    May  20th, 

at     tli.-    Trocaderoi    particulars     of   which    may 

!»••   obtained    from   the   8  ,  129,  Add 


MKETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 

Mom.     St.   Bride  FoumUtion,  7.:W.— 'Tim    Printing   Press    and    its 
History,   Lecture  II  .  Mr   K.  A.  Peddie. 

—  Surveyors'   Institution,  S —Adjourned  Discussion    on    "Com- 

ments on  the  Land  Inquiry  Committee's  (Rural) 
Conclusions.' 

—  Geographical.   s::n— 'The  Nigeria-Kamerun    Boundary  Com- 

mission of  1912-13,'  Cant.  W.  V.  Nugent. 
Ti  i:s.     Horticultural,    8.  —  ' Adaptive     Degradations,    the    Cause   of 
M:inv  Cases  of  Evolution  among  Plants,'  Prof.  G.  Henslow. 

—  Royal    Institution.  3.—' Modern    Ships:     CJ)    Ocean    Travel,' 

Prof.  Sir  J.  H.  Biles. 

—  Asiatic.  4.—'  "No,"  the  Japanese  Play  of  Silence,'  Mr.  Yone 

Noguchi. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  8.—  Adjourned  Discussion  on 

'  Rail-Steels  for  Electric  Railways '  and  '  Rail-Corrugation 
and  its  Causes.' 

—  Anthropological  Institute,  S  15.—'  The  Magical  Siege  of  Troy,' 

Mr.  A.  Upward. 

—  Colonial  Institute,  3. :I0 —'Impressions  of  an    Empire  Tour.' 

Lord  Emmott. 
Wed.     University  of  London.  5.30.— 'Initiative  in  War  :   its  Use  and 
Abuse,' Lieut. -Col.  F.  B.  Maurice. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  ».— '  Bacterial  Treatment  of  Peat,    and    its 

Application  as  a  Fertilizer.'  Prof.  W.  B.  Bottomley. 

—  Geological,  8.— 'On  an  Apparently  Palaeolithic  Drawing  on  a 

Bone  from  Sherborne  (Dorset),'  Dr.  A.  8.  Woodward. 
Thl'rs.  Royal    Institution,  3.— 'Heat  and  Cold,'  Lecture  II.,  Prof. 
0.  F.  Jenkiu. 

—  Royal,  4.30. — '  Note  on  a  Functional  Equation  employed  by  Sir 

George  Stokes, 'Sir  James  Stirlim;  ;  "1  be  Electrical  Condition 
of  a  Gold  Surface  during  the  Absorption  of  Gases  and  their 
Catalytic  Combustion,'  Mr.  Harold  Hartley ;  and  other 
Papers. 

—  Irish  Literary,  8. 

—  Institution   of     Electrical     Engineers,    8.— 'The    Design    of 

Rolling  Stock  for  Electric  Railways,'  Mr.  H.  E.  O'Brien. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 

Fur.       Royal  Institution,  d.-'An  Indian  State,'  Sir  W.  R.  Lawrence. 
Sat.       Royal     Institution,     3.— 'Recent     Discoveries    in     Physical 
Science,'  Lecture  III.,  Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  Thomson. 


Road,  X.W 


Sfrwnw   dossip. 

M.  Bresbroeck  of  Uccle,  Belgium,  has 
now  determined  the  orbit  of  the  comet  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Delavan  on  December  17th  : 

"  Time  of  perihelion,  1911,  Oct.  26,  10  p.m.  ; 
least  distance  from  sun,  102 £  million  miles; 
longitude  of  node,  59  deg.  10  min.  ;  arc  from 
node  to  perihelion,  97  deg.  27  min.  ;  inclination, 
68  deg.  6  min." 

The  comet  was  discovered  10]-  months 
before  perihelion — longer  than  in  the  case 
of  any  previous  one — at  a  time  when  it  was 
400  million  miles  from  the  sun.  It  will  be 
in  view  as  an  evening  star  till  April,  will 
then  be  hidden  for  three  months  by  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  and  will  reappear,  much 
brighter,  in  July  or  August,  becoming 
probably  visible  to  the  naked  eye  in  Sep- 
tember, and  continuing  so  through  October. 

As  is  well  known,  a  large  number  of  birds, 
when  migrating,  are  attracted  by  light- 
houses, and  perish  about  them.  It  was 
generally  supposed  that,  dazzled  and  be- 
wildered, they  flew  directly  at  the  light  and 
were  dashed  against  the  glass  ;  but  Prof. 
Thijsse  is  of  opinion  that  they  circle  wildly 
round  and  round  the  light,  become  exhausted, 
and  then,  finding  no  place  to  settle,  fall 
cither  into  the  gallery  of  the  lighthouse  or 
into  the  sea.  Accordingly  he  invented  an 
apparatus  of  wooden  racks  and  perches  for 
their  relief,  and  tried  it  at  the  Terschelling 
Lighthouse  on  the  Frisian  Islands,  where  the 
results  have  fully  borne  out  his  contention. 
The  Royal  Society  for  the  Protection  of 
Birds,  with  theco-operation  of  Trinity  House, 
propose  to  erect  such  an  apparatus  at  Spurn 
Head.  They  have  two  already,  at  the 
Caskets  and  at  St.  Catherine's  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and,  if  subscriptions  are  forthcoming, 
propose  to  employ  the  .system  further. 
Between  SOI.  and  100/.  is  required  for  the 
installation    at    each    lighthouse    of    these 

racks    and    perches,    and    a    further    sum    is 

needed  for  upkeep,  and  the  removal  of 
the  apparatus  during  the  winter  months. 

Mb.   Jonas  Lied  gave   lately  an  addn 
to  the   London  Chamber  of  Commerce  <>u 
'The  Opening-up  of  the  Northern  Sea  Route 

to    Siberia."       Be    had    much    to    say    of    the 

prospects  and  resources  of  tli.it  vasl  terri- 
tory, with  a  population  of  13,000,000  which 
will    probably    be    doubled     in    fifteen    or 

twenty  yean;  and  he  ment  ioned  tin-  Curious 

fact  that  u  ild  deer  arc  there  kepi  in  captivity 
solely  for  tin-  sake  of  their  horns,  which  are 


worth  iOs.  the  pound,  and  are  all  sent  to 
China.,  where  they  are  used  in  the  manu- 
facture  of  an  elixir  of  life. 

On   the   13th,    17th,   and   20th   inst,   Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall   is  delivering   at   Crosby 

Hall  a  course  of  lectures  entitled  'Biology 
in  relation  to  Education.'  She  has  ahead  y 
spoken  and  written  a  good  deal  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  the  present  lectures  are  intended 
to  set  forth  the  results  of  some  work  she 
has  recently  done,  which  has  thrown  new 
light  on  several  educational  problems. 

On  Tuesday  last  Dr.  D.  Heron  lectured  on 
'An  Examination  of  somo  Recent  Studies 
of  the  Inheritance  Factor  in  Insanity  '  at  the 
Francis  Galton  Laboratory  for  National 
Eugenics.  The  studies  in  question  were 
those  of  Dr.  Davenport  of  the  American 
Eugenics  Record  Office  and  Dr.  F.  W.  Mott 
of  the  London  County  Council  Asylums 
staff.  Dr.  Davenport  frequently  repeated 
his  advice  that  persons  who  aro  weak 
in  one  particular  trait  should  inter- 
marry with  those  who  are  strong  in  that 
trait.  He  even  argued,  from  pedigrees 
showing  that  normal  and  neuropathic  persons 
had  intermarried  without  apparent  injury 
to  their  children,  that  a  normal  person  can 
with  safety  marry  one  who  is  insane.  An 
examination  of  the  four  pedigrees  on  which 
this  argument  was  based,  however,  de- 
molished the  evidence.  These  four  cases 
had  in  all  twenty-two  children,  all  with  one 
exception  normal.  Dr.  Davenport  went  no 
further  ;  had  he  done  so,  he  would  have 
found  that  of  thirty-six  grandchildren 
nineteen,  and  of  twenty  great-grandchildren 
eighteen,  were  neuropathic. 

Dr.  Mott  had  collected  a  large  number  of 
cases  of  related  inmates  in  London  County 
Asylums,  from  which  he  had  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  age  of  onset  of  insanity 
in  the  children  of  insane  parents  was  con- 
siderably earlier  than  in  the  parents.  He 
found  that  the  average  age  of  onset  in 
parents  was  50,  in  children  26 — an  apparent 
anticipation  of  twenty-four  years.  The 
lecturer  made  it  clear  that  in  Dr.  Mott's 
method  of  selection  elderly  cases  might, 
easily  be  left  unrecorded,  and  that  the  range 
of  insanity  among  parents  was  necessarily 
less  wide  than  among  children,  since,  if  the 
parents  had  not  been  sane  during  at  least 
their  first  twenty  years,  there  would  have 
been  no  children.  He  showed  that  a  result 
entirely  analogous  to  Dr.  Mott's  could  be 
obtained  by  a  study  of  the  longevity  of  the 
reigning  families  of  Europe.  The  average 
age  of  a  number  of  fathers  at  death  was  56, 
01  their  firstborn  only  35.  Here  there  was 
an  apparent  "anticipation'"  which  might 
be  explained  on  the  same  lines  as  Dr.  Mott's. 

Last  Tuesday  week  a  memorial  tablet 
was  unveiled  in  Upton  Church,  Torqu. 
recording  the  services  to  science  of  Henry 
Forbes  Julian;  also  his  heroism  in  the 
Titanic  disaster,  when  he  worked  hard  to 
save  the  lives  of  others,  and  lost  his  own. 
Mr.  Julian  had  a  wide  reputation  as  a  metal- 
lurgist, and  the  committee  formed  to  com- 
memorate    him     included     several     eminent 

names  in  science. 

Prof.  Joachjmstm  \i  .  Director  of  the 
University  Hospital  for  the  surgical  treat- 
ment of  cripplesal  Berlin,  died  at  <  hninewald, 
near  Berlin,  on  Saturdaj  last.  He  had 
contracted  an  unknown  disease  some  ob- 
scure form  of  poisoning  in  the  course  of 
experiments  on  animal  .  and  died  .>t 
inflammation    o  oompanied 

a  affection  of  the  nerves.    Prof.  Joachims- 

thal  w  a-,  one  of    He  '   (  ■erman    autho- 

rities on  physical    malformations  and  their 
treatment  by  surgery. 


348 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4506,  March  7,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


Athens  and  its  Monuments.  By  Charles 
Heald  Weller.  (Macmillan  &  Co., 
17s.  net.) 

This  volume  is  one  of  Messrs.  Macmillan's 
«3ries  of  "  Handbooks  of  Archaeology  and 
Antiquities."  But  the  scope  and  character 
of  a  work  upon  the  monuments  of  Athens 
seem  difficult  to  fit  into  that  series.  Prof. 
D'Ooge's  book  on  the  Acropolis  of  Athens 
blossomed  out  into  a  larger  and  more 
sumptuous  form ;  and,  although  Prof. 
Weller's  new  volume  is  nominally  in- 
cluded in  the  series,  it  has  also  assumed 
a  larger  size,  while  its  illustrations — over 
260  in  all — are  a  characteristic  feature. 
They  add  greatly  to  its  value  and  use- 
fulness, for  they  are  for  the  most  part  very 
•well  chosen,  and  help  in  the  understanding 
•of  the  text. 

In  dealing  with  the  extant  antiquities 
of  any  town  there  is  a  choice  between 
the  historical  and  the  topographical  order  ; 
where  there  are  so  many  matters  in  dis- 
pute as  in  ancient  Athens,  either  method 
has  its  difficulties.  Prof.  Weller  makes  a 
•compromise  between  the  two  by  giving 
as  introductory  chapters  a  description  of 
the  situation  and  general  aspect  of  the 
•city,  of  its  walls  and  gates,  and  an  historical 
sketch  of  its  development;  and  then,  in 
the  rest  of  the  book,  following  the  route 
>of  Pausanias,  whose  text  he  translates  or 
paraphrases  with  a  running  commentary. 
The  book  in  this  way  becomes  continuous 
.and  readable  ;  the  chief  drawbacks  are 
that  the  order  of  Pausanias  is  not  always 
one  which  commends  itself  as  the  most 
convenient  to  a  modern  writer,  and  that 
Tbuildings  which  he  does  not  mention,  such 
as  the  Pnyx,  the  Roman  Agora,  or  the 
Early  Temple  of  Athena,  have  to  be  inter- 
polated as  occasion  arises. 

The  limited  size  of  the  book,  and  the 
great  mass  of  material  with  which  it  has 
to  deal,  naturally  preclude  a  full  dis- 
cussion of  the  numerous  and  keenly  dis- 
puted problems  that  occur  in  the  study  of 
Athenian  topography.  The  author  re- 
marks on  the  difficulty  of  keeping  "  a 
straight  course  between  doubt  and  dog- 
matism." It  must  certainly  be  conceded 
that  he  has  kept  this  course  with  discretion, 
and  that  he  has  treated  the  various  prob- 
lems in  a  fair-minded  and  judicious  manner. 
He  accepts  many  of  Dorpfeld's  theories, 
"but  is  by  no  means  prepared  to  adopt 
them  all  in  a  too  uncritical  spirit.  One 
turns  naturally  to  the  crucial  example  of 
the  Enneacrounos  and  Thucydides's  state- 
ment as  to  early  Athens.  Here  Prof. 
Weller  adopts  the  same  compromise  that 
has  commended  itself  to  Judeich,  accept- 
ing Dorpfeld's  identification  of  the 
Enneacrounos,  but  recognizing  in  the 
Pythium  and  Olympieum  the  well-known 
temples  near  the  Ilissus.  The  last  word 
has  not  yet  been  said  about  this  matter  ; 
but  there  is  no  doubt  that  Dorpfeld's 
theory  would  have  met  with  more  general 
acceptance  if  it  had  not  been  prejudiced 
Jby  the  improbability  of  his    duplication 


of  the  Pythium  and  Olympieum  under 
the  Acropolis.  Prof.  Weller  makes  the 
situation  clear  by  a  useful  little  sketch- 
map  showing  the  relation  of  the  various 
sites  concerned. 

Another  typical  example  of  his  methods 
is  offered  by  the  little  precinct  found  in 
the  excavations  west  of  the  Acropolis.  He 
states  that 

"by  a  somewhat  extended  course  of  reason- 
ing, which  cannot  be  outlined  here,  the 
precinct  has  been  identified  as  the  celebrated 
Dionysium  in  the  Marshes.  .  .  .The  suggestion 
has  recently  been  made  that  the  precinct  is 
that  of  Heracles  in  Melite.  This  identifica- 
tion rests  largely  upon  the  theory  that  the 
base  which  has  been  taken  for  that  of  a  sacri- 
ficial altar  is  really  for  a  sort  of  sedicula  of 
Heracles.  The  hypothesis  carries  too  much 
with  it  to  be  acceptable  at  present." 

Here  there  is  enough  to  confuse  the 
general  reader,  yet  not  enough  to  satisfy 
the  more  serious  student ;  and  there  is 
no  reference  which  might  help  him  to 
pursue  the  matter.  Similarly,  "  a  valuable 
suggestion  as  to  the  identification"  of  the 
Apollo  on  the  Omphalos  as  Theseus  is 
barely  mentioned.  In  such  cases  it  would 
be  well  to  give  references  at  least  to  the 
most  modern  articles.  Even  if  the  general 
reference  to  Judeich's  book  suffices  for  the 
older  literature,  it  is  useless  for  what  has 
appeared  most  recently  and  is  often  by  no 
means  easy  to  find.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  author  has  evidently  himself  kept  up 
with  the  most  recent  investigations,  and 
in  some  cases  gives  a  full  and  clear 
account  of  them,  as  in  the  case  of  Mr. 
Hill's  interesting  discoveries  as  to  the 
design  of  the  earlier  Parthenon. 

In  a  work  where  brevity  has  been 
necessary  many  statements  must  occur  as 
to  which  difference  of  opinion  is  possible. 
In  a  few  instances  there  are  grounds  for 
more  direct  criticism  in  matters  of  detail. 
The  small  round  dowels  of  wood  in  the 
centre  of  drums  of  columns  can  hardly 
have  sufficed  to  hold  them  in  place,  but 
are  generally  regarded  as  having  been 
used  as  a  guide  in  erecting  the  columns. 
Again,  the  diagram  of  the  Ionic  Order  on 
p.  10  is  unfortunate  for  Athens,  where  all 
extant  Ionic  buildings  have  the  treble 
architrave,  not  the  flat  one  here  shown ; 
the  two  forms  of  Ionic,  as  seen  in  the 
Propylaea  and  Erechtheum,  would  be  more 
useful.  The  identification  of  a  temple  by 
inference  from  its  sculptural  decoration 
may  be  hazardous,  but  it  is  over-stating 
the  case  to  suggest  that  on  such  ground 
the  Parthenon  might  be  attributed  to 
Theseus  ;  and  to  rule  out,  in  the  evidence 
for  the  date  of  the  sculpture  of  the  Nike 
temple,  the  style  of  a  work  as  too  sub- 
jective is  hardly  a  sound  method.  "The 
dance  of  the  Aglauridse,"  on  p.  157,  is 
probably  a  misprint. 

But  enough  has  been  said  in  criticism 
of  details.  The  book  as  a  whole  is  a 
useful  and  impartial  summary  of  the 
present  state  of  our  knowledge.  The 
fullness  and  appropriateness  of  the  illus- 
trations have  already  been  noticed,  but 
a  good  and  clear  map  of  Athens  should 
have  been  added  ;  the  sketch-plan  given  at 
the  end  is  inadequate  for  a  book  of  this 
description. 


EXHIBITIONS. 

The  initial  impression  of  capacity  produced 
by  the  Women's  International  Art  Club  at 
the  Grafton  Galleries  is  mainly  the  result 
of  certain  still-life  paintings  (many  of  them 
wisely  placed  in  the  first  gallery)  and  a  few 
landscapes.  Miss  Mary  Creichton's  Corner 
of  a  Mantelpiece  (2),  Mrs.  Austen  Brown's 
Chrysanthemums  (5),  and  Miss  Ryland's  Grey 
Day  at  Rye  (23)  show  a  certain  power  of 
arrangement,  a  restraint  yet  boldness  in  the 
use  of  colour  allied  to  the  qualities  finely 
displayed  by  women  in  the  one  living  art  of 
to-day — the  art  of  dress.  Miss,  Amy  B. 
Atkinson's  landscaj^es  A  Long  View  (50) 
and  Chill  Twilight  (225)  combine  this  in- 
stinctive taste  in  the  use  of  a  simple  con- 
vention with  a  certain  measure  of  pro- 
fessional ability  in  satisfying  the  demands 
of  realism  by  a  more  complex  statement. 
Miss  N.  Labouchere  in  Portrait  (174)  and 
Sudanese  (199),  Miss  E.  A.  Hope  in  her 
lithographs  (185-7),  and  Miss  Collcutt  in 
her  clever  water-colour  Holly  Hill,  Hamp- 
stead  (101),  are  more  purely  professional: 
i.e.,  we  are  satisfied  that  they  have  done 
something  rather  difficult,  but  less  satisfied 
that  they  really  thought  it  delightful  and 
worth  doing. 

Miss  Ethel  Virtue  sends  a  case  of  jewellery 
(IV.)  of  a  simple  character,  but  with  a 
happy  knack  of  combining  brilliantly  a  few 
elements  of  colour ;  and  there  is  a  very 
beautiful  piece  of  embroidery,  A  Child's 
Dress  (Case  III.),  which,  though  the 
catalogue  does  not  say  so,  is,  we  fear,  an 
eighteenth -century  piece,  and  not  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  craftsmanship  of  to-day. 

The  foreign  contributions  among  the  pic- 
tures are,  it  must  be  confessed,  usually 
inferior  to  the  native  products  ;  witness,  for 
example,  the  pretentious,  but  deplorable  ex- 
hibits by  Anna  Boberg  from  Sweden  (37—41). 
The  Sunset  in  Valda  (228),  however,  by 
Maj  Bring,  also  from  Sweden,  has  a  certain 
rude  vigour  of  design. 

Among  paintings  by  English  artists  already 
shown  in  other  exhibitions,  we  note  that 
Mrs.  Sargent  Florence's  Children  Playing 
Chess  (34)  does  not  look  so  well  here  as 
at  the  New  English  Art  Club,  the  trying 
light  of  this  exceptional  spring  weather 
revealing  defects  of  execution  which  to  some 
extent  discount  its  qualities  of  design. 

At  the  Chenil  Gallery  are  the  works  of 
Mr.  Alfred  AUinson  and  Mr.  T.  Dayrell- 
Reed,  both  to  some  extent  to  be  described 
as  followers  of  Mr.  John  and  Mr.  Inness. 
Mr.  Dayrell-Reed  does  little  more  than 
transmute  the  colour  experiments  of  the 
latter  artist  into  the  more  cloying  garish- 
ness  of  the  pavement  artist,  though  occa- 
sionally as  in  No.  69,  Boardale,  he  produces 
a  handsome  design.  Mr.  Allinson  also  tends 
to  monotonous  over-emphasis  of  colour  for 
the  mere  sake  of  intrinsic  gaudiness,  but 
he  is  a  painter  of  greater  range  and  some 
invention  :  witness  No.  18  (Landscape, 
Alsace)  or  the  operatic  scene  No.  6  (Chopin 
Ballade  No.  1).  He  shows  also  some 
carefully  drawn  heads  (35  and  36),  which 
agreeably  recall  the  unique  gifts  of  Mr.  John 
in  this  genre. 

The  decorations  by  Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis, 
shown  last  week  by  the  Earl  and  Countess 
of  Drogheda  at  their  house  in  Wilton 
Crescent,  prove  a  very  effective  adaptation  of 
an  existing  interior  in  one  style  to  the 
purposes  of  another.  As  we  believe  the 
artist  has  several  other  commissions  for 
interior  decorations,  we  may  defer  a  definitive 
judgment  of  his  powers  in  this  direction 
until  he  has  a  rather  freer  hand.  Ham- 
pered with  a  gold  cornice  of  flagrantly 
Renaissance    pattern    and    other    existing 


No.  4506,   March  7,   1914 


THE     ATIIEN/EUM 


349 


features,  he  shows  greal  cleverness  in 
utilizing  them— though,  perhaps  inevitably, 
rather  for  purposes  of  immediate  sensational- 
ism than  in  a  serious  monumental  spirit. 
The  exiguous  surfaces  open  tor  treatment 
by  painting  are  BO  dealt  with  as;  to  be  snili- 
cienl  as  colour  for  the  decoration  of  the 
room,  yet  (combined,  perhaps,  with  the 
doctrinaire  hatred  of  '"  representation  "  cur- 
rent among  Mr.  Lewis's  supporters)  they 
induce  a  use  of  scarcely  Legible  hieroglyphics, 
and  this  hardly  gives  full  scope  to  the  power 
of  sustained  draughtsmanship  which  makes 
Mr.  Lewis,  in  our  opinion,  the  Leader  of  the 
English  Cubists.  We  should  be  sorry  if  the 
influence  of  his  admirers  led  him  to  regard 
as  "mere  representation  "  any  abstraction 
from  natural  forms  of  elements  capable  of 
being  understood  by  the  ordinary  intel- 
ligent-.   


CHELSEA     ARTISTS     AT     BRADFORD. 

The  Chelsea  Arts  Club,  hitherto  known 
as  a  social  institution,  makes  its  debut  this 
month  as  an  exhibiting  hotly,  by  the  invita- 
tion of  the  Bradford  Corporation.  In  a 
foreword  to  .  the  catalogue  Mr.  Maurice 
Hewlett  makes  an  eloquent  plea  for  the 
eminence  of  art  in  Chelsea,  and  it  is  true 
that  the  majority  of  English  painters  have 
dwelt  there  at  some  time  or  other  of 
their  lives,  so  that  Chelsea  may  legitimately 
claim  many  painters  now  resident  in  Scot- 
land and  elsewhere.  Several  of  these  re- 
tain their  membership  of  the  Club,  and  are 
represented  in  the  exhibition  at  Bradford. 
On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  William  Nicholson, 
Mr.  Orpen,  Mr.  Wilson  Steer,  and  other  dis- 
tinguished artists  associated  with  Chelsea 
do  not  exhibit.  The  collection,  therefore,  is 
not  so  much  representative  of  Chelsea  as  of 
the  Chelsea  Arts  Club,  and  a  feeling  of  good- 
fellowship  towards  the  weaker  brethren  has 
probably  restrained  the  severity  of  the  select- 
ing committee.  A  few  works  have  crept  in 
which  arc  below  the  level  of  the  average  pro- 
vincial exhibition — by  no  means  a  high  stan- 
dard— and  out  of  a  total  of  more  than  five 
hundred  exhibits  the  number  of  works  of 
real  distinction  is  appreciably  small. 

Mr.  Philip  Connard's  large  portrait  group 
by  an  open  window,  Xo.  1,  Cromwell  Gardens, 
Mr.  Theodore  Roussel's  nude  The  Reader, 
Mr.  (..  \\".  Lamberts  Dorothea  in  Fancy 
Dress,  Mr.  Harold  Speed's  Peotino  Gorge  on 
the  Road  to  Italy,  Mr.  La  Thangue's  Pyrenean 
Mountains,  Mr.  Robert  Fowler's  Rocks  and 

ihine,    X.     Wales,    and    Mr.    Alexander 

Jamieson's  .1   Summer's  Afternoon,  are  the 

'     of    the    large    paintings.     Among    the 

Her  works  mention  may  be  made  of 
Mr.  8  Spa     th    Stable,   Mr.    Joseph 

pson'a  The  Spanish  Shawl,  Prof.  Gerald 

ra*s  water-c  lour  of  HantveU  Arches,  Mr. 

Lell  -    Loch    /'/...    .M,.    W.    \V.    Russell's 

Lamplight,   Mr     Howard   Somerville's  Little 

Dancer,  and  the  water-colours  by  Mr.    Fred 

or  and  Mr.  Claude  Shepperson.  Mr. 
Havard  Thomas,  Mr.  Stirling  Lee,  and  Mr. 
Derw.-nt  Wood  contribute  to  the  sculpture 

ion;      while     an      unusually     interesting 

collection  of  black  and  white  includes  some 

Mr.  Will  Dyson's  brilliant  caricatures. 

I'.   R. 


PIOTUBB8. 
Chuistib    sold    en   Friday,   February 
27th,  th.-  collection  of  the   late   Mr."    r.   Griffith 
rden,    including    th.-    following    picture* 

an:  'I'll'-  Edge  of  a  Highland  Loch, 
220J.  10«.;  V  Highland  River,  2101. ;  A  Spate 
in  th-  Highlands,  2021.  Ids. 


ENGRAVINGS. 
Mr--;-.     SoTHaBY    have    recently    told     the 
following  engraving*  :    Jamea   Ward,  after    nor- 
land,   8  ;  '/.     Hodgee,    after    Rembrandt, 

The  Ship's  JJuiMc-r,  printcl  in  clours,  1802,  To/. 


Jine  ]Vrt   (Gossip. 

There  was  only  time  last  week  to  record 
briefly  the  death  of  Sir  John  Tonniel,  the 
most  eminent  of  English  cartoonists,  and 
the  exponent  for  many  years  of  the  good 
sense  of  the  nation.  What  made  his 
drawing  notable  was  not  its  accomplish- 
ment, but  its  extraordinary  sincerity. 
He  maintained  a  childlike  mind,  uniquely 
occupied  in  saying  what  l*e  had  to  say  as 
clearly  as  possible,  without  any  display  of 
cleverness.  His  work  is  thus  curiously 
naive  and  full  of  little  surprises,  the  parts 
of  his  drawings  not  essential  to  the  story 
being  mannered,  but  the  expressive  features 
approached  with  an  open  mind  to  which 
any  shift  was  good  so  long  as  it  "  got  there." 

He  will  be  remembered,  above  all,  by  his 
illustrations  to  Lewis  Carroll's  two  famous 
books.  These  are  generally  confounded  in 
the  memory,  and  it  is  not  realized  that  the 
drawings  for  the  second,  '  Alice  through  the 
Looking-Glass,'  are  enormously  superior  to 
those  in  the  earlier  book,  which,  indeed, 
would  hardly  be  the  basis  of  an  artist's 
reputation  but  for  the  advantageous  circum- 
stances in  which  most  of  the  world  of  to-day 
made  their  acquaintance. 

Tenniel's  genius  appears  to  us  essentially 
Teutonic,  and  if  we  are  to  seek  for  his 
affinities,  it  would  be  among  the  artists 
drawing  for  those  "  German  Sheets  "  which 
delighted  the  children  of  thirty  or  thirty- 
five  years  ago. 

The  Sir  Alfred  East  Exhibition  at  the 
Leicester  Galleries  will  be  succeeded  by  an 
exhibition  of  the  recent  work  in  oils  of 
Mr.  Oliver  Hall. 

The  portrait  of  Emily  Bronte  as  a  young 
girl,  painted  by  her  brother  Branwell,  which 
has  just  come  into  the  possession  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  will  be  repro- 
duced as  a  Medici  Print  in  the  "  National 
Portrait  Series  "  for  early  publication. 

This  portrait  and  another  of  the  three 
Bronte  sisters  had  been  regarded  as  lost, 
but  were  discovered  in  Ireland  a  few  weeks 
ago,  done  up  in  brown  paper,  by  the  second 
wife  of  Charlotte  Bronte's  husband. 

The  annual  exhibition  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy  was  opened  in  Dublin 
on  Monday  last  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 
The  portrait  of  Rabindranath  Tagore  by  Mr. 
William  Rothenstein  attracted  a  good  deal 
of  attention,  as  did  that  of  Mr.  Shan  Bullock 
by  the  President,  Mr.  Dermod  O'Brien. 
Miss  Sarah  Purser  shows  some  fine  portraits, 
while  one  of  the  most  successful  landscapes 
is  the  'Garden'  of  Mr.  Mark  Fisher. 

The  appointment  of  Sir  Hugh  Lane  to  the 
post  of  Director  of  the  National  Gallery  of 
Ireland,  rendered  vacant  by  the  retirement 
of  Sir  Walter  Armstrong,  will  be  welcomed 
by  all  lovers  of  art. 

A  committee  has  been  formed,  under  the 
patronage  of  several  men  of  letters,  for 
the  purpose  of  erecting  a  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Auguste  Angellier,  well  known 
on  this  side  of  the  Channel  as  the  author 
of  a  fine  monograph  on  Burns.    Towards  the 

end    of    his     life    he     gave     up     criticism     in 

order  to  devote  himself  to  poetry,  and  made 

his  mark  in  this  field  also.      'Die  committer 

intends  to  erect  the  memorial  on  the  ram- 
parts of  Boulogne,  often  with  him  the  scene 
of    happy  inspirat  ion. 

Wk  mentioned  recently  two  Catalogues 
dealing  with  the  important  sale  of  the  collec- 
tion  <>f    Arnold    otto    Meyer,    which    takes 

place  from  the  1 6th  to  the  21  Si  of  t  his  mont  h 

in  Leipsic.  A  third  Catalogue  lias  now 
been  issued  by  HerrC.  Q.  Boomer  of  Leipsic, 

at  the  price  of   I   mark. 


Jftustral  Gossip. 

THE  third  performance  of  '  Die  Meister- 
singer  '  this  season  took  plac  i  at  Covent 
Garden  last  Tuesday  evening.  It  is  rare- 
to  hear  the  work  with  a  cast  in  which  all  the 
parts  are  assigned  to  the  artists  best  suited 
to  them.  On  this  occasion  Fraulein  Claire 
Dux,  by  her  personal  appearance  and  her 
pleasing  acting,  gave  satisfaction,  hut  in  her 
singing  she  did  not  bring  out  all  the  beauty 
and  charm  of  the  music.  Then  there  \va> 
the  Beckmesser  of  Herr  Hans  Erwin,  who 
acted  that  difficult  part  exceedingly  well. 
Beckmesser  is  a  man  who  takes  himself 
seriously,  but  there  is  sometimes  a  tendency 
— from  which  Herr  Erwin  is  free — to  present 
him  in  rather  a  comic  spirit,  which  some- 
years  ago  even  caused  occasional  laughter. 
But  in  spite  of  Herr  Erwin's  good  quali- 
ties,  his  tone  of  voice  is  not  that  which 
one  associates  with  the  unsuccessful  rival 
of  Walther  :  it  did  not  sufficiently  express 
envy  and  spite.  Herr  Johannes  Sembach 
as  Walther  was  familiar  with  the  music 
though  his  manner  was  not  sufficiently 
romantic.  Frau  Bender-Schafer  was  very 
good  as  Magdalene  ;  Herr  Paul  Bender 
forcible  as  Hans  Sachs ,  and  Herr  Hermann 
Schramm  a  capital  David.  Mr.  Albert 
Coates  conducted  admirably. 

At  a  recent  concert  of  the  Royal  Phil- 
harmonic Society  the  doors  were  shut  during 
the  performance  of  Strauss's  '  Ein  Helden- 
leben  '  ;  of  this  the  public  had  previously 
been  warned.  There  is  no  break  in  the 
work,  so  that  the  arrival  of  late  comers 
would  have  caused  much  annoyance.  This 
plan  might  be  adopted  also  for  all  sym- 
phonies or  works  in  various  movements, 
such  as  Rimsky-Korsakofi's  '  Scheherazade  ' 
Suite,  and  a  request  added  to  abstain  from 
applause  until  the  end.  Serious  lovers  of 
music  should  certainly  be  considered,  and 
the  general  public  might  learn  to  be  punc- 
tual. Mr.  Plunket  Greene,  in  one  of  his 
lectures,  spoke  of  the  advantage  of  a  few- 
moments'  silence  before  the  singing  of  a 
song,  and  complete  silence  between  move- 
ments of  a  work  would  be  still  more 
advantageous.  Sir  Henry  J.  Wood,  Herr 
Nikisch,  and  other  conductors  and  pianist- 
have  at  any  rate  tried,  and  with  fair 
success,  to  suppress  applause. 

Sib  Henry  J.  Wood  has  recently  pre- 
sented works  by  Schonberg  which  proved 
rather  a  puzzle.  There  was  nothing,  how- 
ever, in  the  programme  of  last  Saturday's 
Symphony  Concert  to  excite  controversy. 
Rimsky-Korsakoi'f's  Suite  Symphonique 
'Scheherazade,'  the  music  of  which  was 
arranged  for  the  ballet  of  that  name,  is  de- 
lightfully fresh  and  admirably  scored  : 
Brahms's  First  Symphony  ranks  as  an  old 
favourite;     Liszt's  E  flat  Concerto,    in    which 

Mr.  Lamond  displayed  his  skill,  has  many 
admirers;  while  Stravinsky's  'Fireworks' 
Fantasia,  repeated  by  request,  is  clever  and 

effective. 

Scbiabin's  symphonic  poem  '  Prometheu  - 
the  Poem  of  Fire,'  will  be  performed  at  nexl 
Saturday  afternoon's  Symphony  Concert 
under  specially  favourable  conditions,  for 
the  composer  himself  w  ill  plaj  the  difficult 
piano  part.  Thus,  although  the  i 
given  of  the  work  a  short  time  ago  bj  Sir 
Henry  J.  Wood  wa  .  ol  o  m  ■  ound, 
it  ui'n  be  satisfactory  fco  hira  to  be  in 
personal  communication  with  the  composer. 

Tin:   Classical   « ton<  i  rl    Society   began 
Springs,  ii.     at  Bechsteki  Hall  last  Wedni 
day  evening.     At  the  he. id  oi  the  program] 


350 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  450(5,  March  7,  1914 


stood  a  Sonata  (said  to  be  by  Bach)  for  violin 
and  figured  bass,  in  e  minor.  A  manuscript 
of  it  was  discovered  in  the  private  library  of 
the  King  of  Saxony.  The  Adagio  is  the 
most  interesting  section.  There  was  also 
a  Fantasia,  Op.  159,  by  Schubert.  When 
that  composer  was  uninspired,  as  in  this 
work,  his  lengths  were  not  "  heavenly." 
This  Fantasia  has  been  shelved  for  many 
years,  and  we  do  not  think  it  ought  to  have 
been  revived.  Dr.  Ernest  Walker  in  his 
'  Notes  '  admits 

"  that  there  are  not  a  few  places  in  this  Fantasia 
that  no  other  great  composer  would  have  been 
satisfied  to  leave  standing  just  as  they  are." 

There  is  one  beautiful  theme  in  it,  "  Sei 
mir  gegriisst,"  borrowed  by  Schubert  from 
himself,  but  the  variations  which  follow 
are  of  the  flimsiest.  The  able  performers  of 
both  works  were  Miss  Fanny  Davies  and 
Mr.  Maurice  Sons.  They  were  afterwards 
joined  by  Mr.  C.  Warwick-Evans,  'cellist,  in 
Beethoven's  Trio,  Op.  70,  No.  1. 

Herr  Henschel  made  his  last  appearance 
at  these  concerts.  He  was  in  fine  voice, 
and  sang  in  his  best  style  Lieder  by  Beet- 
hoven, Liszt,  and  Schumann,  and  in  a 
second  group  four  of  his  own  songs.  They 
were  all  given  in  order  of  composition,  and 
the  third  and  fourth,  the  latest  in  date, 
proved  the  most  characteristic. 

The  first  concert  of  Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke's 
thirteenth  year  of  modern  chamber  music 
took  place  at  the  Arts  Centre  on  Friday 
•evening,  February  27th.  His  perseverance 
in  a  good  cause  deserves  recognition.  The 
scheme  of  the  four  concerts  announced  is 
not  lacking  in  interest  ;  in  addition  to  works 
of  his  own,  he  will  produce  concerted  music 
by  other  native  composers. 

On  Friday  Mr.  Holbrooke's  Quintet  for 
clarinet  and  strings,  Op.  28,  was  given. 
Mr.  Charles  Draper  played  the  important 
clarinet  part,  and  was  well  supported  by 
Messrs.  John  Saunders,  Charles  Woodhouse, 
Lionel  Tertis,  and  Herbert  Withers.  The 
second  movement,  a  Theme  and  ten  Varia- 
tions, was  the  most  attractive.  The  Varia- 
tions were  difficult  to  follow,  and  each  had 
a  heading  such  as  Lament,  Scherzo,  Chorale. 
The  hall  was  in  darkness  during  the  perform- 
ance, and  only  sufficient  light  was  supplied 
for  the  players.  At  the  opera-house  there 
is  a  reason  for  lowering  the  lights  ;  in  a 
concert-room  it  is  foolish,  and  annoying 
to  people  who  wish  to  consult  their  pro- 
grammes for  titles,  and  the  words  of  songs. 
Of  the  latter  there  were  some  excellent 
specimens  by  Sir  Edward  Elgar,  Mr.  Delius, 
and  Mr.  Norman  O'Neill,  ably  interpreted  by 
Miss  Jane  Waterston. 

Mr.  Leonard  Borwick  gave  his  fifth  and 
last  recital,  previous  to  his  tour  round  the 
world,  at  the  ^Eolian  Hall,  on  Friday, 
February  27th.  There  was  nothing  new  in 
the  programme,  but  in  his  clever  transcrip- 
tion of  a  Bach  Organ  Prelude,  and  in  the 
three  poems  by  M.  Ravel  entitled  '  Gaspard 
de  la  Nuit,'  he  was  heard  at  his  best.  At 
one  time  Mr.  Borwick  chiefly,  if  not  entirely, 
confined  himself  to  music  of  the  past. 
In  these  recitals  he  has  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  modern  French  music,  and  this  is  a 
welcome  enlargement  of  his  scope. 

Owing  to  the  great  desire  of  the  public 
to  hear  '  Parsifal,'  the  Covent  Garden 
management  announce  two  additional  per- 
formances on  Monday  and  Tuesday  next. 

The  London  Choral  Society,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Arthur  Fagge,  will  give 
on  April  1st  a  concert  performance  of 
'  Parsifal  '  at  Queen's  Hall.  By  that  time  all 
the  twelve  performances  of  the  music-drama 
will  have  taken  place  at  Covent  Garden. 
Many  of    those  who   heard   it  will  be  glad 


to  make  fuller  acquaintance  with  the  poem 
and  the  music.  The  lights  will  not  be 
lowered,  so  they  can  take  their  vocal  scores. 
It  will  bo  the  first  performance  in  English 
(with  Mr.  Newman's  excellent  translation), 
and  by  English  artists  :  Miss  Carrie  Tubb, 
and  Messrs.  John  Coates,  Thorpe  Bates, 
and  Robert  Radford. 

The  reputation  enjoyed  by  the  Brussels 
Quartet  is  well  deserved.  Their  readings  of 
works  of  different  schools  are  marked  by 
great  sympathy  and  earnestness,  while  as 
performers  they  are  thoroughly  well 
equipped.  At  their  concert  at  Bechstein 
Hall  last  Tuesday  evening  they  presented 
a  programme  striking  in  its  contrasts.  It 
opened  with  Haydn's  Quartet  in  c,  Op.  54, 
No.  2.  In  form  and  style  it  is  old,  but  these 
players  are  able  to  make  one  forget  this. 
Other  Haydn  quartets  would  be  oftener 
heard  if  artists  could  thus  throw  aside  for  a 
time  their  modern  ideas  and  feelings  ;  but 
the  ability  to  do  this  is  rare.  In  Beethoven's 
characteristic  Quartet  in  F  minor,  Op.  95, 
the  Brussels  players  had  fine  opportunities 
of  displaying  their  gifts ;  also  in  Borodin's 
Quartet  in  d.  which,  though  of  less  import- 
ance, is  interesting. 

The  last  opera  which  Massenet  wrote  was 
'  Cleopatre,'  and  it  has  just  been  produced 
at  Monte  Carlo,  where  his  '  Jongleur  de 
Notre-Dame,'  '  Cherubin,'  '  Espada,'  '  The- 
rese,'  '  Don  Quichotte,'  and  '  Roma  '  were 
first  performed.  He  wrote  operas  of  light, 
pleasing  character  which  appealed  to  the 
public,  but  which,  with  few  exceptions, 
achieved  only  momentary  success  ;  and 
that  was  in  part  due  to  the  artists  who 
created  them.  The  compte  rendu  of  '  Cleo- 
patre '  in  the  Menestrel  of  February  28th 
is  sympathetic  rather  than  critical,  but  the 
occasion  was  a  special  one,  and  the  writer 
no  doubt  remembered  the  proverb  "  De 
mortuis,"  &c. 

On  February  25th  at  the  Paris  Conser- 
vatoire the  programme  included  Purcell's 
'  Golden  Sonata.'  It  was  probably  the 
first  time  that  any  work  of  his  has  been 
produced  in  France— at  least  in  modern 
times — and  it  proved  something  of  a  revela- 
tion to  the  few  privileged  persons  present. 
The  departure  was  made  on  the  initiative 
of  Prof.  Charles  Lefebvre. 

The  Triennial  Sheffield  Festival  will 
be  held  next  November,  from  the  11th  to  the 
13th.  Berlioz's  '  Romeo  et  Juliette,'  Liszt's 
'  Faust,'  Beethoven's  '  Missa,'  Bach's  Can- 
tata "  O  fire  everlasting,"  M.  Ravel's 
'  Daphnis  and  Chloe,'  M.  Rachmaninov's 
'  The  Bells  '  (first  time  in  England),  Dr. 
Vaughan  Williams's  '  Sea  Symphony,'  and 
the  second  and  third  acts  of  '  Parsifal  '  are 
the  chief  works.  The  Festival  will  be  under 
the  direction  of  Herr  Michael  Balling. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Putnam 
Griswold,  the  excellent  bass  singer.  He 
studied  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  and 
soon  after  was  engaged  at  the  Berlin  Hofoper, 
also  at  Covent  Garden  last  year.  His  death 
occurred  late  in  February  in  New  York, 
after  an  operation  for  appendicitis.  Mr. 
Griswold  was  in  the  prime  of  manhood. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 


Six. 


Concert.  3.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 

Sunday  Concert  Nooiety,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Ballad  Concert,  7.  Queen's  Hall. 

Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden,  'Parsifal.' 

Julius  Schi Oder's  Orchestral  Concert.  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  'Parsifal.' 

Dorothea  Crompton's  Song  Recital.  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

P.  Weltman's  Violin  Recital,  8.15,  Queen's  (Small)  Hall. 

Orinna  Madrigal  Society,  8  30.  Queen's  Hall. 

Classical  Concert  Society,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Smallwood  Metcalfe  Choir,  8.10.  Queen'B  Hall. 

—  Franz  I.iehich's  Concert,  8  15,  jEoiian  Hall. 

—  Kgon  Petri's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8  30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Tin  us.  .lean  Sterling  Mackinlay's  Hong  Recital,  3.30,  Little  Theatre. 
Elena  Gerhardt'B  Vocal  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Fanny  Copeland's  Song  Recital.  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Koyal  Albert  Hall- 
Mozart  Society,  3,  Portman  Kooms 
Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Wessely  String  Quartet,  3.  Bechstein  Hall. 


Mon. 

Ti-es, 


\V 


Fin. 
Sat. 


DRAMA 


Marlowe's  Edward  the  Second.    By  William 
Dinsmore  Briggs.     (Xutt,  \2s.  d>d.  net.) 

This  volume,  in  addition  to  the  text  of  the 
play,  contains  130  pages  of  introductory 
remarks  on  the  history  and  development 
of  the  Chronicle  play,  while  another  100 
pages  are  taken  up  with  notes  on  the  text 
itself.  As  a  book  of  reference  it  will  take 
its  place  among  the  accredited  works  on 
Elizabethan  drama.  Whether  a  play  of 
this  standing  ought  to  be  studied  as  apiece 
of  the  literary  history  of  the  period,  apart 
from  its  value  as  drama  for  the  theatre, 
is  a  question  on  which  experts  differ.  But 
since  it  is  unusual  for  scholars  to  regard 
plays  as  acting  plays,  no  disparagement  of 
Prof.  Briggs's  book  is  intended  in  stating 
that  the  one  reference  the  author  makes 
to  a  dramatic  performance  of  '  Edward  II.' 
is  relegated  to  a  line  in  a  foot-note.  In 
fact,  Marlowe's  tragedy,  considered  as 
drama,  does  not  form  part  of  the  author's 
study,  although  it  might  well  be  compared 
with  other  and  more  modern  plays,  such 
as  Bulwer  Lytton's  '  Richelieu,'  Brown- 
ing's '  Strafford,'  or  Tennyson's  '  Queen 
Mary.'  Nor  does  Prof.  Briggs  record  that 
the  play  was  revived  at  the  Oxford  Summer 
Meeting  of  1903  by  the  Elizabethan  Stage 
Society,  when  a  critic  wrote  of  the  per- 
formance : — 

"  The  tragedy — or  chronicle — is  one  of  the 
highest  interest,  and  the  wonder  is  not  so 
much  that  it  should  have  held  spellbound  an 
audience,  some  of  whom,  perhaps  many  of 
whom,  were  not  educated  in  dramatic  litera- 
ture, as  that  it  should  all  these  years  have 
been  neglected  of  managers." 

Here,  indeed,  there  was  opportunity  for 
reflection  and  criticism. 

Why  is  it  unusual  for  lecturers  at  a 
University  to  point  out  that  plaj^s  so 
dramatic  in  their  quality  as  '  Edward  II.' 
should  be  given  a  hearing  on  the  stage  ? 
We  believe  it  is  because  few  scholars 
appreciate  Marlowe's  tragedy  as  acted 
drama,  and  in  the  interests  of  dramatic 
art  this  fact  is  to  be  regretted.  The  multi- 
plication of  books  about  plays  in  which 
no  reference  is  made  to  their  use  in  the 
theatre  has  a  degrading  influence  on  the 
modern  stage,  and  encourages  young 
students  to  think  that  Shakespeare  and 
Marlowe  wrote  drama  mainly  to  gratify 
the  superior  intelligence  of  commentators 
and  historians.  Nothing  could  be  further 
from  the  truth. 

In  his  Introduction  Prof.  Briggs  admits 
that  we  must  be  cautious  in  making 
generalizations  about  the  attitude  of  the 
writer  of  Chronicle  plays  towards  his 
material  and  the  licence  permitted  him  by 
his  public  ;  and  he  adds  later  that  "the 
party  at  Court  took  no  special  interest  in 
English  history."  This,  we  think,  is  to 
understate  the  position.  The  Court  viewed 
with  considerable  misgivings  the  historical 
play,  where  the  doings  in  the  past  of 
English  sovereigns  and  the  nobility  were 
held  up  to  criticism  before  the  citizens, 
the  apprentices,  and  even  the  rabble  of  the 
town.     It  is  not  likely  that  Queen  Eliza- 


No.  4506,   Maki  ii  7,   1914 


T  I  [  E    A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


351 


both  ever  visited  the  Globe  playhouse; 
nor  were  the  humours  of  Balstaff  allowed  to 
be  presented  before  her  at  Windsor  until 
the  fat  knight  had  been  taken  out  of  the 
environment  of  princes,  Courts,  and  every- 
thing connected  with  politics  or  govern- 
ments. On  the  other  hand,  we  doubt  if 
English  history  in  the  Queen's  lifetime 
was  ever  staged,  as  Prof.  Briggs  contends, 
••  for  its  <>wn  sake,  or  for  the  Bake  of  its 
intrinsic  dramatic  interest."  Of  course, 
Elizabethan  dramatists  never  would  have 
admitted  that  the  popularity  of  the 
Chronicle  play  depended  upon  the  pro- 
hibited "dozen  or  sixteen  lines"  which 
they  often  inserted  in  it  to  reflect  events 
of  the  day.  Nor  does  the  Prologue  to 
'  The  Poetaster,'  which  is  quoted,  do  more 
than  express  the  well-known  opinions  of 
the  frequenters  of  the  Blackfriars  Theatre. 
who,  representing  the  Court  party,  all  dis- 
liked the  kind  of  play  Shakespeare  was 
giving  his  townsmen  on  the  Surrey  side  of 
the  Thame-.  The  quotations,  in  fact, 
which  Prof.  Briggs  gives,  whether  they 
attack  or  defend  the  Chronicle  play,  are 
but  instances  of  special  pleading  on  the 
part  of  the  writer,  and  before  evidence  of 
real  value  can  be  found  search  must  be 
made  elsewhere.  From  1598  to  1601 
Shakespeare's  plays  became  more  openly 
political,  owing  to  the  active  hostility 
existing  between  Essex  and  the  Court,  and 
probably  the  patriotic  fervour  displayed 
in  '  Henry  Y."  had  a  double  purpose.  In 
'  King  Lear.'  the  reason  why  Shakespeare 
departs  from  his  authorities  is,  we  suggest, 
not  because  he  is  dealing  with  a  legendary 
play,  but  because  the  groundlings  at  the 
(dobe    would   never   have    tolerated   the 

it  of  French  soldiers  defeating  the 
English  ;  and.  unfortunately,  Cordelia's 
troops  had  crossed  the  sea  under  the 
tommand  of  her  husband,  who  was  King 
of  France. 

With  regard  to  Shakespeare  and  Mar- 
lowe, Prof.  Briggs  ably  points  out  the 
limitations  of  the  indebtedness  of  the 
younger  poet  to  the  elder,  yet  proves 
convincingly  how  much  Marlowe  had  done 

give  dramatic  shape  to  the  Chronicle 
play  before  Shakespeare  took  it  in  hand. 
Marlowe's  plays  remained  in  the  possession 
of  Lord  Pembroke's  men,  and  continued 
to  attract  large  audiences  long  after  their 
author's  tragic  death  ;  and  Shakespeare, 
being  on.-  of  the.  Lord  Chamberlain's 
men,  would   he   expected   to  exploit  the 

ie  themes,  and  to  challenge  the  dead 

poet's  supremacy  as  poet  and  dramatist. 

Thus   Shakespeare   found   himself   thrust 

rival    more    than    as    an 

imitator  of  the  Canterbury  poet. 

on  senl  reviewer  agrees  with  Prof, 
ontention  that  James,  by  taking 
upon  himself  the  sole  privilege  of 
s  electing  and  patronizing  players, deprived 
the  theatre  of  its  elasticity  and  its 
freedom.  From  a  distinctly  popular  insti- 
tution the  became  in  general  a  Bemi- 

aristocratic  one.   while   the   theatre   began 
t"   look   more  and   more   to  the  Court   lor 

our  and  support.     Again,  the  Masque 

had    begun    to    undermine  the  influence  of 
drama,  even  in   Elizabeth's  reign,  when 

She  installed  her  chapel  hoy.-  at  tlic   Black- 


friars  Theatre.  We  do  not,  however, 
think  it  was  the  foreign  subject-matter 
that  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  introduced 
into  their  plays,  or  the  competition  of 
second-rate  dramatists,  that  gave  the 
death-blow  to  the  Chronicle  play,  so  much 
a-  the  determination  of  the  Privy  Council 
that  history  plays  should  not  reflect  the 
religious  or  political  questions  of  the  day. 
We  commend  Prof.  Briggs's  Introduction 
to  this  play.  It  is  a  thoughtful  and  care- 
fully prepared  essay  on  an  interesting 
subject.  

THE    WEEK. 
Dttke  of  York's  Theatre. 

Mr.  Somerset  Maugham's  •  Land  of 
Promise,"  produced  by  Mr.  Charles  Froh- 
man  at  the  Duke  of  York's  last  week,  is 
good  enough  to  deserve  careful  examina- 
tion. The  first  act,  which  takes  place  at 
Tunbridge  W7ells,  fills  up  an  extra  half- 
hour  to  rather  better  purpose  than  the 
majority  of  curtain-raisers,  because  it  is 
well  staged  and  acted.  But  it  might 
be  omitted,  so  far  as  it  is  concerned  with 
the  information  that  the  lady  companion 
has  failed  to  realize  her  anticipation  of  a 
legacy;  and  as  a  revelation  of  her  cha- 
racter it  is  merely  misleading.  It  did  not 
prepare  us  for  the  later  impetuous  out- 
bursts from  one  who  has  put  up  for  ten 
years  with  the  selfish  whims  of  a  rich 
crank,  and  that,  we  are  given  to  under- 
stand, from  no  mere  mercenary  motive. 

We  should  also  have  expected  those  ten 
years  of  self-repression  to  help  her  in  the 
next  act,  when  she  finds  herself  taunted 
by  her  brother's  wife,  because  she  is 
unable  to  take  up  rough  domestic  work 
in  a  Canadian  shack.  When  the  author 
makes  her  accept  married  service  in  an 
even  more  lonely  part  of  the  country, 
rather  than  endure  the  sharp  tongue  of  a 
woman  she  has  reason  to  respect,  he 
asks  the  audience  to  forget  her  years  and 
experience. 

Another  surprise,  however,  was  in 
store  for  us.  We  had  every  reason  to 
expect  that  her  husband,  though  uncouth, 
was  in  essentials  one  of  nature's  gentlemen. 
We  were  no  less  mistaken  than  his  wife. 
That  he  should  insist  on  her  performing 
the  service  for  which,  he  said,  he  had 
married  her  was  perhaps  to  be  expected, 
but  that  he  should  brutally  enforce  his 
marital  rights  after  a  brief  poetical  out- 
hurst  seemed  out  of  the  picture.  Had 
the  play  not  yielded  so  many  surprises, 
We  might  also  have  wondered  at  the  degree 
of  connubial  toleration  attained  in  the 
fourth  and  last  act. 

If  the  principal  characters  had  been  in 
less  able  hands  than  those  of  Mr.  Godfrey 
Tearle  and  Irene  Vanbrugh,  there  would. 
we  think,  have  been  more  dissent  than 
applause  among  the  first-night  audience. 

The  ••  nut  "  who  is  sent  out  for  his 
family's  good  IS  excellently  done,  as  is 
also  the  worthy  "bricky"  who,  willing 
to   work,   finds  everything   much   to   his 

taste.      In    fact,    all    the    minor   characters 

are  capable  studio — especially  the  rather 
shrewish,  bu1  sterling  wife  of  the  heroine  e 

brother. 


The  Court  Theatre. 

At  the  Court  Theatre  —  on  a  stage 
frequently  used  for  sermons  on  social 
reform — last  Monday  afternoon  was  pro- 
duced Mr.  Arthur  Applin's  three-act 
comedy,  '  Rags.'  The  first  act,  which 
takes  place  in  Grosvenor  Square,  is  con- 
cerned with  the  revolt  of  an  earl's  mother- 
less daughter  against  continuing  existence 
as  a  sheltered  woman. 

In  the  second  act  we  find  her  in  Whil 
chapel  incognito,  sharing  her  lot  with  a 
consumptive,  sweated  needlewoman,  and 
one  of  the  "  labouring "  class  whose 
violence  cloaks  only  too  efficiently  his 
better  feelings.  The  earl's  daughter  hav- 
ing learnt  that  her  father's  house  is  to  be 
attacked  by  burglars,  it  is  no  surprise  to 
find  her  in  the  third  act  back  in  Grosvenor 
Square,  ready  to  receive  her  visitor  from 
the  East  End.  The  play  ends  with  the 
fraternizing  of  the  denizens  of  East  and 
West, 

We  give  but  a  crude  outline,  and  thus 
summarized  the  play  might  be  classed  as 
futile.  This,  we  believe,  is  far  from  being 
the  case,  and  the  detail — which  we  have 
omitted  because  it  must  be  seen  to  be 
appreciated — is  what  we  are  truly  thankful 
for.  Such  a  touch  as  the  modified  "  'Alle- 
lujah  !  "  with  which  the  Salvation  Army 
captain  receives  the  information  that  the 
earl's  daughter  is  going  to  give  herself  to 
the  cause,  instead  of  a  cheque,  is  human 
and  real. 

Probably  the  author's  sentimental  end- 
ing is  a  concession  at  present  necessary 
to     the     playgoing     public,     though     we 
cannot    help    feeling    a    certain    anxiety 
whether   this  newr   mode   of    instilling    a 
social  religion  will  not  follow  in  the  wake 
of   other  failures,  owing  to   its  excessive 
regard  for  the  peace  of  mind  of  the  con- 
gregation.    Had  we  taken  our  way  home 
in     one     of    the     sumptuous     motor-car 
which  awaited  the  close  of  the  play,  we 
can    well    believe    that    our   conversation 
would  have  dwelt  upon  Mr.  Fred  Lewis's 
felicitous  presentment  of  the  earl  who  lived 
in  Grosvenor  Square  on  the  rents  obtaint  <  I 
from     Paradise     Row     in     Whitechapel, 
the  charming  jilaying  of  his  daughter  by 
Gillian  Scaife,  or    the  manliness  of    Mr. 
Perceval  Clark,  as  the  lover  who  watched 
over   her    during    her   slum    experiences. 
We  might  even  have  justly  commended  tin- 
acting  of  Mr.  Edmund  Breon  and  Gwladya 
Clarke,  as  typical  East-Enders,  as  well  as 
Mr.  Alberl  Ward  as  the  Salvation  Army 
captain.    However,  we  wenl  Underground 
and  sat  with  half  a  dozen  real  "  brickies." 
Their  worn  and   begrimed    countenances 
and   clothes    brought    home    to    us    the 
stunted    lives    which    are    the    outcome    o\ 

the  cleavage  that   sends   one    class  to  a 

theatre  for  knowledge    how    another  co- 
exists. 

'  Bags '  was  preceded  bys  short  piece. 
■  be  Reve,'  which  showed  that  Mr.  Applin 
a    wonderful  versatility,  thougfi   we 
cannot  commend  this  proof  of  it. 


3o2 


THE     ATHENE  UM 


No.  4506,  March  7,   1914 


Dramatic   dossip. 

'  The  District  Visitor,'  a  satire  on  Maeter- 
linck's '  The  Blue  iiird,'  by  the  late  Richard 
Middleton,  which  preceded  '  Rags '  at  the 
■Court  Theatre  at  the  latter  end  of  the  week, 
is  a  sombre  study. 

The  curtain  is  raised  on  art  and  love  in 
the  persons  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Philip  Reason, 
played  by  Mr.  Frank  Randell  and  Edyth 
Olive  respectively.  To  these  two  in  their 
starvation  a  visitor  conies,  interrupting  the 
poet's  search  for  words  of  the  right  colour, 
and  dissipating  his  almost  delirious  visions. 

Introducing  himself  as  representative  of 
his  firm  in  the  Battersea  district,  "  Mr. 
Death"  (Mr.  Arthur  Applin)  unfolds  his 
commission,  to  find  that,  the  entry  before 
the  words  Philip  Reason  being  un- 
decipherable, neither  husband  nor  wife 
is  clearly  indicated  in  the  summons.  The 
mistake  leads  to  further  parley  and  a 
torrent  of  phrases  in  which  Philip  pours 
scorn  on  the  ritual  of  death,  to  the  entire 
approval,  as  it  turns  out,  of  the  District 
Visitor  himself,  who,  scattering  the  summons 
in  fragments,  leaves  them  to  choose  their 
own  time  to  die. 

But  they  seek  him  again  almost  before  the 
echo  of  his  good-bye  is  heard,  lying  down  side 
by  side  to  welcome  him. 

"  When    the   landlord   conies  he  '11   turn  us  out 
into  the  street." 
"  That  won't  matter— we  shan't  be  there," 

is  the  note  of  defiance  and  hope    on   which 
the  curtain  falls. 

The  audience  which  responds  to  the  call 
■of  the  Pioneer  Players  can  hardly  be  called 
"  representative  " — a  fact  which  must  not 
be  forgotten  in  registering  the  enthusiasm 
with  which  '  Daughters  of  Ishmael '  was 
received  on  the  occasion  of  its  production 
by  them  on  March  1st,  at  the  King's  Hall, 
Covent  Garden. 

The  presentation  of  the  play  is  but  one  of 
many  evidences  of  an  awakened  public  con- 
science on  the  subject  of  her  whom  Lecky 
-describes  as  the  saddest  figure  in  history, 
"  blasted  for  the  sins  of  humanity  "  ;  but, 
like  the  book  by  Reginald  Wright  Kauff- 
man  from  which  it  has  been  adapted  by 
A.  D'Este-Scott,the  drama  is  another  instance 
of  that  type  of  pleading  in  which  the  wood  of 
good  intention  is  obscured  by  the  trees  of 
■over-emphasis  and  exaggeration. 

The  acting  of  the  company  was  admir- 
able. Marjorie  Patterson  made  a  distinct 
success  as  Mary  Denbigh,  giving  evidence  of 
genuine  tragic  power,  especially  in  the  scene 
when  she  meets  the  man  who  betrayed  her. 
Janette  Steer  in  the  unpleasant  part  of 
Rose  Legere  was  excellent.  Mr.  Geoffrey 
Goodhart  as  the  drayman,  Hermann  Hoff- 
man, was  very  neat.  Mr.  Raymond  Lau- 
zerte  as  Max  Grossman,  the  procurer,  gave 
a  fine  rendering  of  a  terrible  part.  The 
staging  of  the  play,  by  Edith  Craig,  was 
■exceedingly   well  done. 

We  are  glad  to  be  spared  the  necessity 
of  giving  an  opinion  at  any  length  of  '  Peggy 
and  her  Husband,'  by  Mr.  Joseph  Keating, 
.as  notice  of  its  withdrawal  has  already 
been  given.  A  collection  of  witticisms  does 
not  make  a  play.  We  give  no  names  of 
those  who  took  part  in  the  production  at 
the  Royalty  Theatre.  All  concerned  worked 
hard,  and  lack  of  success  does  not  lie  at 
their  door.  We  congratulate  the  public  on 
the  fact  that  they  require  something  in  a 
play  besides  smartness  in  dialogue  and  lack 
of  costume. 

The  above  piece  was  preceded  by  '  Acid 
Drops,'  by  G.  E.  Jennings.  It  is  a  capable 
representation  of  a    scene   in   a  workhouse 


infirmary  for  women.  Though  not  an  ade- 
quate sequel  to  Lady  Gregory's  '  Workhouse 
Ward,'  it  has  points  in  common  with  that 
little  gem,  and  bears  comparison  with  it. 
Betty  Ward,  who  is  quite  young,  gives  a 
masterly  impersonation  of  old  age. 

A  revival,  of  '  Love's  Labour's  Lost '  will 
probably  follow  '  Magic  '  at  the  Little 
Theatre.  It  is  intended  to  produce  the 
play  "  in  a  distinctively  English  fashion," 
and  we  are  told  that  "something  totally 
unlike  any  other  production  of  Shakespeare 
ever  witnessed  in  London  "  may  be  looked  for. 

Mr.  Charles  Hawtrey  has  selected  as 
successor  to  '  Never  Say  Die  '  a  play  by  Mr. 
Monckton  Hoffe  called  '  Things  We  'd  Like 
to  Know,'  which  is  described  as  "  light 
comedy."  It  is  improbable,  however,  that 
the  new  piece  will  be  produced  before 
Easter. 

Gertrude  Kingston  has  arranged  with 
Mr.  Kenelm  Foss  to  start  a  "  holiday 
theatre  "  at  the  Little.  A  new  play  by  Mrs. 
Percy  Dearmer  entitled  '  Brer  Rabbit  '  will 
be  her  first  production.  The  piece,  which 
will  have  a  musical  setting  by  Mr.  Martin 
Shaw,  will  be  presented  on  Easter  Monday. 

Next  Tuesday  afternoon  at  the  Coronet 
Mr.  Roubaud's  Parisian  company  will  pre- 
sent '  Le  Voyage  de  Monsieur  Perrichon  ' 
at  2  o'clock,  followed  by  Moliere's  '  Les 
Precieuses  Ridicules,'  and  later  by  '  Les 
Fourberies  de  Scapin.'  These  performances 
are  intended  primarily  for  the  instruction  of 
boys  and  girls  at  school. 

The  Bio -opera,  which  was  presented  by 
Ruff  ell's  Exclusives  at  the  Shaftesbury 
Pavilion  on  Wednesday  last,  afforded  a 
pleasant  half  -  hour's  entertainment,  and 
should  certainly  prove  a  success.  The  pro- 
gramme consisted  of  four  songs,  a  duet,  and 
selections  from  '  Faust,'  which  were  all  well 
rendered  by  Miss  Maude  Willby,  Mr.  George 
Parker,  and  Mr.  William  Maxwell. 

On  February  25th  '  Clara  Florise,'  a 
comedy  in  three  acts  by  Mr.  George  Moore, 
was  produced  at  the  Comedie  Royale,  Paris. 
The  play,  though  its  technique  was  a  little 
disconcerting  to  a  French  audience,  met 
with  a  sympathetic  reception. 


To  Correspondents  — H.   J.   G.    R  — R.  C— J.   H.— 
W.  M.— W.  B.— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
/  


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


PAGE 

Authors'  Agents        339 

Bagster  &  Sons _       331 

Batsford 353 

Catalogues         330 

Chambers 353 

Educational       329 

Exhibitions        _        329 

Grafton  &  Co 331 

Heinemann  354 

Insurance  Companies..        ..        „....„  354 

Jack 331 

Kelly         ..        _        352 

Lectures     .        ..        _        329 

Longmans  &  Co 332 

Macmillan  &  Co ...        ..        „  332 

Magazines  and  Periodicals         355 

Miscellaneous   ..        _        329 

Murray _        _        _  331 

Printers 330 

Provident  Institutions      _        ..  330 

Sales  by  Auction       ..        „        „        „        ..        ..  330 
Shipping  „        _        ..        „        ..        ..354 

Situations  Vacant      „        ...        „        329 

Situations  Wanted 329 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co.    „        356 

Type- Writers,  &c.      .. 330 

Unwin         ..         _ 332 

Wulfing  &  Co    ..        ^ 354 


SOME  NEW  BOOKS 

IN    CHARLES  H.   KELLY'S    LIST. 

MANUALS  FOR  CHRISTIAN  THINKERS. 

Edited  by  JOHN  TELFORD,  B.A. 

Art  cloth,  crown  8vo,  Is.  net  (postage  2d  extra);  also  in 
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Press,  Messrs.  Williams  &  Norgate,  Messrs. 
Harper,  or  Messrs.  Jack.  And  they  have  this  ad- 
vantage over  all  these  series— they  are  addressed  to 
a  definite  and  easily  remembered  class  of  readers. 
They  are  written  for  Christian  "Workers." 

PROGRESSIVE      BRITISH     INDIA.       By 

SAINT  NIHAL  SINGH. 

This  Manual  traces  the  economic,  intellectual,  social,  religious,  and 
political  developments  of  the  people  of  Hindostan  from  the  time  when 
the  Occident  began  to  implant  new  ideas  and  ideals  in  their  minds. 

THE   PROTESTANT    CHURCHES:     their 

History  and  Beliefs.     By  LESLIE  F.  CHURCH, 
B.  A. 

The  purpose  of  this  little  handbook  is  to  supply  a  general  working 
knowledge  of  the  separate  origins,  beliefs,  and  practice  of  all  the 
churches  by  tracing  the  outstanding  features  in  their  erowth,  their 
theology,  aud  their  organization  in  such  a  way  as  to  facilitate  detailed 
study. 

THE  MEDIAEVAL  REVIVAL.     By  Arthur 

RUDMAN. 

This  brief  sketch  of  mediaeval  religious  history  is  confined  within 
the  period  commencing  with  the  late  twelfth  and  closing  with  the 
earlv  fifteenth  centuries.  A  study  of  men  and  of  movements  fulfilling 
their  God-given  task  within  and  subject  to  the  Church  of  their  day. 

JAPAN'S     MODERNIZATION.      By    Saint 

NIHAL  SINGH. 

This"  volume,  written  by  one  who  for  years  has  been  employed  by 
the  leading  journals  on  bjth  sides  of  the  Atlantic  and  in  the  Orient 
to  interpret  the  East  to  the  West  aud  the  West  to  the  East,  describes 
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problems  that  confront  it. 

A  Prospectus  giving  a  resume  of  the  above  volumes  and 

■particulars  of  previous  and  forthcoming  titles  will  be  sent 

on  request. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

THE  LIFE  OF  HENRY  J.  POPE,  D.D.    By 

R.   MARTIN    POPE,    M.A.      Photogravure  Portrait. 
Demy  8vo,  cloth  gilt.  5s.  net  (postage  bd.). 
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THE      LIFE     OF     THOMAS      BOWMAN 

STEPHENSON,    B.A.    D.D.        By    W.    BRAD- 
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remain  with  us  "— Expositor y  Times. 

LOVE  AND  LIFE :  THE  STORY  OF  JOHN 

DENHOLM    BRASH    (Fourth   Edition).      By   W. 
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LITERARY. 


THE  STORY  OF  BEOWULF.  Translated 
from  the  unique  Anglo-Saxon  MS.  in  British  Museum 
by  E.  J  B.  KlRTLAN,  B.A.,  B.D.  Large  crown  8vo, 
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Containing  sketches  of  the  life-stories  of  Chopin,  Grieg.  Schu- 
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CONFESSIONS   OF  A  BOOK-LOVER.      By 

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Veldt.       By    E.   C.   RUNDLE    WOOLCOCK.      Cloth 
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THE     ATIIENyETM 


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MONUMENTAL  CLASSIC  ARCHITECTURE 
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By    A.    E.    RICHARDSON, 

Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 

THE  purpose  of  this  book,  is  to  direct  attention  to  the  monumental  qualities  and  academic  aspect  of  Engiish  Neo-Classic  Architecture, 
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THE    A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4506,  March  7,   1914 


NERVOUS    BREAK-DOWN. 

ITS     CAUSE     AND     PREVENTION. 

Are  great  cities  great  curses  ? 

That  is  the  interesting  question  raised  by  a 
physician  in  The  British  Medical  Journal. 
"  We  may  be  quite  certain,"  he  says,  "  that 
the  health  of  the  individual  is  always 
damaged  by  a  town  life." 

But  he  does  not  condemn  the  pleasures 
and  excitements  of  town  life  so  much  as  the 
weary  saineness  of  the  average  person's  lot 
in  "  the  vast  human  hives." 

It  is  the  nervous  system  that  suffers  most 
under  the  strain  of  modern  life,  and  perhaps 
the  best  rule  of  health  for  the  town-dweller 
is  :  Take  care  of  your  nervous  system,  and 
your  health  will  take  care  of  itself. 

But  how  can  a  man  take  care  of  his  nervous 
system  ?  Useless  to  say  :  "  By  avoiding 
worry,  strain,  and  overwork."  Let  him  try 
to  avoid  these  by  all  means  ;  but  there  are 
times  when  he  cannot  help  worrying,  when 
he  must  overwork  and  suffer  undue  strain. 
Besides,  his  nervous  system  may  be  constitu- 
tionally weak,  as  is  often  the  case  with 
people  born  in  great  cities,  and  he  therefore 
easily  falls  a  victim  to  nervous  disorders. 

HOW  TO  STRENGTHEN  THE  NERVOUS 
SYSTEM. 

At  one  time  the  unfortunate  nerve- sufferer 
had  to  take  his  chance  with  drugs.  Perhajis 
he  was  given  a  little  strychnine  to  "  buck 
him  up,"  and  then  a  little  bismuth  to 
"  quieten  him  down  again."  Too  often  this 
would  fail  to  tide  him  over  the  crisis,  and  he 
would  end  with  a  severe  nervous  break-down. 

But  to-day  the  treatment  of  nervous  dis- 
orders is  essentially  a  matter  of  nutrition. 
Instead  of  temporarily  "  bucking  up  "  the 
patient's  nerves  with  powerful  stimulating 
drugs,  he  is  given  a  special  nutrient  called 
Sanatogen,  which  contains  the  principal 
ingredient  of  the  human  nerve-cells,  and  in 
such  a  form  that  these  cells  actually  absorb 
that  ingredient  in  very  large  quantities,  and 
are  thus  renewed  and  invigorated  in  a  per. 
fectly  natural  manner.  This  process  of  cell- 
nutrition  goes  on  steadily,  day  by  day,  until 
the  nervous  system  has  regained  its  normal 
strength  and  tone.  Simultaneously  a  like 
process  goes  on  with  the  other  bodily  cells, 
which  receive  from  Sanatogen  the  special 
proteid  on  which  their  growth  and  well- 
being  depend. 

THE   FIRST  STEP. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  jury  of  the 
International  Medical  Congress  held  in  Lon- 
don  last   August   selected     Sanatogen   from 
all  other  tonics  and  nutrients  to  receive  the 
highest  possible  award — the  Grand  Prix.  And 
readers  of  this  article  must  frequently  have 
seen  the  numerous  letters  which  have  been 
published  by  the  proprietors  of  Sanatogen 
from   distinguished   men   and   women,   who 
testify  to  the  value  of  the  preparation  from 
personal  experience.     Those,  therefore,  who 
realise  the  wisdom  of  "  taking  care  of  the 
nervous  system"  should  hasten  to  acquaint 
themselves   with   the   merits   of   Sanatogen. 
Sanatogen  is  obtainable  of  all  Chemists, 
from  Is.  9d.  per  tin,  and  Trial  Supplies  are 
distributed  by  the  proprietors,  A.  Wulfing  & 
Co.,   12,  Chenies  Street,  London,  W.C.     To 
obtain  one  it  is  only  necessary  to  send  them 
a  post-card  mentioning  The  Athenceum. 


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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS   WEEK'S    NUMBER    (March    7)   CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— Anthony  Munday,  Dramatist— John  Wilkes  and  the  '  Essay  on  Woman  ' — Blackfriars  Road 
— Hyde  Park  Corner,  Leeds — Antony  Brewer — Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava — Shilleto's  Edition  of 
Burton — Memoirs  of  Cameron  of  Fassifern — Wycherley's  Place  of  Birth — "Not  room  enough  to 
swing  a  cat " — Indexing  of  Newspapers. 

QUERIES: — "Treasure-trove" — Altars — Jeremiah  Horrocks,  Astronomer — "Napoleon's  Diversions 
at  St.  Helena  "—Clearances  on  Scotch  Estates — Colonels  of  the  24th  Regiment— Authors  of 
Quotations  Wanted — South  Carolina  Uniform — Medireval  Common  Sense — Rev.  T.  Gale — 
Knights  Templars  and  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem — Magistrates  wearing  Hats — Reversed 
Engraving — Douglas  Family— H.  D.  Inglis — American  Seventeenth-Century  History — Sergeant 
Duncan  Robertson's  'Journal' — "  Mongolian  "—Gladstone's  Involved  Sentences — Biographical 
Information  Wanted — Page  Family — Ayloffe — Abraham  Whittaker — Herodotus  and  Astronomic 
Geography— Musical  Notation — St.  Pancras — "Two  Stones  Farm" — Egyptian  Book  of  the  Dead. 

REPLIES  : — Murder  of  a  Priest  near  Reading — Marten — Heraldry  of  Lichfield  Cathedral — Freeman  : 
Parry — Vanbrugh's  Epitaph — Breast  Tackle— Clementina  Stirling  Graham — Constable's  *  Corn- 
field ' — Clasped  Hands  as  a  Religious  Symbol — Cromwell  and  Queen  Henrietta  Maria — Human 
Fat  as  a  Medicine— Henry  Gower,  Bishop  of  St.  David's — Tying  Legs  after  Death — "  Rucksack  " 
— "Man  is  immortal  till  his  work  is  done" — Wild  Huntsman— First  Barmaid— Brutton — 
"Sough "  —Milton  Queries—'  Havamal.' 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  : — '  A  Short  History  of  London  ' — '  Gypsy  Coppersmiths  in  Liverpool  and  Birken- 
head'— '  A  Primer  of  English  Literature' — 'The  Manual  of  Heraldry  ' — '  Journal  of  the  Friends' 
Historical  Society' — '  Cornhill'— '  Fortnightly  Review' — 'Nineteenth  Century.' 


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British  Empire  — a  monthly  reminder  that  its 
boundaries  are  world-wide ;  that  it  has  been 
won  and  kept  by  the  public-school  pluck  of  our 
soldiers  and  sailors  ;  that  in  warfare,  literature, 
and  art  it  has  a  glorious  history ;  that  its  sons 
have  ever  been  travellers  and  sportsmen,  and 
that  its  politics  have  still  a  strong  strain  of 
conservative  Imperialism.  Old  as  it  is, '  Black- 
wood's' shows  no  signs  of  becoming  old- 
fashioned,  because  it  represents  and  appeals 
to  all  that  is  best  in  the  undying  genius  of  the 
race."— Times,  February  1,  1913. 

'BLACKWOOD' 


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MARCH 


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Britain  and  Her  Army. 

My  South  African  Neighbours. 

By  THE  SAGE. 

Miss  Amelia.  b>-  st.  john  lucas. 

Round  Nanga  Parbat. 

By  EDMUND  CANDLER. 

The  New  Road.  «y  nbil  munro. 

Prize- Money. 
A  Miracle. 

By  MARGARET  BOYILL  and  H.  C.  LUKACH. 

Musings  without  Method. 

England's  View  of  Napoleon— The  Pam- 
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Contents. 


THE  L08T  TRIBES.  George  A.  Birmingham, 

LORD  8TKATHCONA  :  A  Sketch.  8.  Macnuugl.tan. 

ROBERT    BROWNING'S    ANSWERS    TO    OUE8TIONS    CON 

CERNING  SOME  OF  HIS  POEM8.  <;ue-01I"«»    »-"« 

Rev.  A.  Allen  Brockington, 
A  DREAM  OF  FAIR  WOMEN.  La.ly  Cha.-nwood. 

THE  PIANO  AND  ITS  PLAYERS.        Prof.  G.  H.  Bryan,  F  R  8 
EARLY  VICTORIAN  AMUSEMENTS:  Eton  and  Elsewhere 

Rev.  W.  ('.  Green, 
BROTHERSIN  ARMS.  Walter  Frith. 

NEW  BRUN8WICK :  A  Neglected  Opportunity    Prof.  L.  P.  Jackl 
MISS  MATTIE'S  GARDEN.  Katharine  Tynan. 

AFTER  THE  DEATH  OF  EUCLID.  C.  H.  P.  Mayo. 

SIXTY  YEARS  IN  THE  WILDERNESS  :  Nearing  Jordan. 

Sir  Henry  Lucy. 
8PRAGGES  CANYON.  Horace  A.  Vachell. 

London : 

SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.,  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


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THE    EXPOSITOR. 

Edited  by 
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Contents. 

HARNACK  ON  THE   DATES  OF    THE  ACTS  AND  THE 

SYNOPTIC    GOSPELS. 

By  the  Rev.  Maurice  Jones,  M.A.  B.D. 

STUDIES  IN  CHRISTIAN  E8CHATOLOGY. 

2.  OBJECTIONS  ON  THE  THRESHOLD 

By  the  Rev.  Prof.  H.    R.  MACKINTOSH.   D.Phil.  D.D. 

THE  IDENTITY  OF  THE  "  AMBROSIA8TER  "  :    A  FRESH 

SUGGESTION. 

By  Prof.  Alex.  Souter,  D.Litt.  Aberdeen. 

NOTES    ON    THE    FOURTH    G08PEL 

By  the  Rev.  Principal  A.  E.  Garvie,   M.A.   D.D. 

THE    ETERNAL    LOVE    AND    CHRI8TIAN    UNITY 
By  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Walker. 

THE  APPENDIX  TO  THE  FOURTH  GOSPEL 
By  the  Rev.  R.   H.  Strachan,   M.A.  B.A.    Cambridge. 

THE  "SINGLE"  EYE. 
By  the  Rev.  Prof.  U.  W.  Bacon.  D.D.  Yale  University. 

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THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 
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MARCH. 

THE  HOME  RULi:  BILL  AND  LANCASHIRE 

By  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Welldon 

A  RE8IDENT  LANDLORD'S  VIEW  OF  THE  IRISH  PROBLEM 

By  Capt.  Sir  John  Keane,  Bart. 

THE  HOME  POLICY  OF  GERMANY 

By  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  ,  f  Cromer.  O.M. 
G.C  B.  G.C.M.G.  K  <  S.I. 


TORYISM  AND  THE  NEXT  ELECTION 


By  J.  M.  Kennedy 


THE  FIRST  ENGLISH  NEWSPAPER  iwith  a  Facsimile! 

By  J.  B.  William* 


VOCATIONALISM 

THE  SOCIAL  DAWN  IN  INDIA 

LORD  MORLEYS  REFLECTIONS 


By  Sir  Philip  Magnus.  M.P. 

By  F.  H   Brown 

By  Prof.  J.  H.  Morgan 


THE  SUPERFLUOUS  WOMAN  :  Her  Otaae  and  Cure 

By  Mrs.  Archlliald  Coliuhoun 


A  CABINET  MINISTER  FOR  WOMEN 


Bj  i.i dj  Byron 


RECENT  GFItMAN   Kl<  I  H'N  ■    -...,. 

By  Ma, lain,-  Lonfal  I  da  I    nggarda  (Dorothea  Gerard) 

•A  PERFECTLY  IMPARTIAL  A88ES8M1  NT1 

By  K   A.  RhwIiti  r    t  H  I 

THE  PRoBI  KM  OF  DENTAL  HKK\  K  I  I  I ■■'  I  !•«« 

FREE  LABOUR  IN  TROPICAL  AFRICA  By  E.  D.  M     •  I 

the  reconstruction  OF  Tin:  Ml  ONE  ta  \ 

By  J.  A.  Hobaon 

RATIONAL  ski  i  l:iTY:- 

II  BRITISH  UNREADINESS  FOB  WAR:  an   Anthill  and  a 


BoMMtlOD  '         Kl11'  R»r««r 

I'l  THE  UNIVERSITIES  AM'   MILITARY  TRAIRIHG 
I;.,   t    f    <      Hud  llMton  an  I   ''    l     ii.  .       .      law 
Oommaodlni  In 

(11  LABOUR  AND  THE  NAVY 

M'  By  t  R  Thralfall.  an  n  Prtatdont  of  Um 

Tr»>!--  I  Dion  I  ongrcM 

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350 


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k  * 


SUPPLEMENT    TO 


THE   ATHEN^UMj--^ '" 

delating    to    Biographical    Xitjcratiu-Z"    * 


No.  4506. 


SATURDAY,    MARCH    7,    1914. 


- 


,*tfo 


BIOGRAPHICAL   SUPPLEMENT. 


CONTENTS.  page 

F.vMin  Histories  (The  House  of  Cecil ;  The  Book  of 
the  Duffs  ;  Records  cf  the  Chicheley  Plovrdens) 

357—358 

N.u.u.  and  Military  BIOGRAPHY  (Autobiography  of 
Admiral  Dewey  ;  A  Cavalry  Officer  in  the  Corunna 
Campaign  ;  A  Captain  of  the  Gordons^         . .      359-360 

1'okeign  Royalties  and  Courts  (The  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph  ;  Christina  of  Denmark ;  The 
Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  ;  Rose 
Bertin)  300—362 

Pennell  of  the  Afghan  Frontier 363 

The  Only  English  Pope ...        ..363 

short  Notices  (The  Austrian  Officer  at  Work  and  at 
Play  ;  Mursell's  Memories  of  my  Life ;  Norfolk 
Families)        364 


FAMILY   HISTORIES. 

In  his  history  of  'The  House  of  Cecil' 
Mr.  Ravenscroft  Dennis  makes  the  safe 
point  that  the  family  has  been  pecu- 
liar in  that,  having  attained  eminence 
in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
it  practically  disappeared  from  the  page 
of  history  until  the  middle  of  the  nine- 
teenth, when  the  late  Lord  Salisbury  re- 

iblished  its  renown.  The  line  thus 
differs  from  the  Cavendishes,  the  Russells, 
and  the  other  great  houses  which  came  to 
the  front  after  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  had 
cleared  the  way  for  a  new  nobility.  Xone 
of  them  has  risen  to  the  height  of  the 
Cecils,  but  their  influence  on  English 
politics  has  been  more  continuous.  The 
Russells  in  particular  have  been  a  singu- 
larly varied  tribe.  They  have  been 
prominent  in  arms  and  diplomacy ; 
they  touched  conspiracy  with  William, 
Lord  Russell  ;  at  one  time  a  Duke  of 
Bedford  has  been  notorious  as  the  director 
"t  a  ••  Bloomsbury  gang,"  at  another  a 
Lord  John  Russell  has  become  famou 

rliamentary  reformer.  It  has  been 
otherwise  with  the  Cecils ;  and  bv  no 
mean<   the   least    interesting   part   of   Mr. 

onis's  meritorious  volume  deals  with 
the  season  of  .clips,,  which  they  have 
undergone. 

I  >mas  Cecil,  first  Karl  of  Exeter,  for 
example,  inherited  but  little  of  the  great 
Burghley's  intellect,  in  his  youth  his 
idleness  and  dissoluteness  sorely  vexed  his 
sire,  who  wrote  :  "  The  shame  that  I  shall 
have  to  receive  to  have  bo  unruled  a  son 


/{ouse   of   CecQ.     By   C.    Ravenscroft 
i  >•  mm-.     (Constable  A  Co.,  10«.  8A  net.) 

B  ok  of  the  Duffs.  Compiled  by  Alistair 
and  Henrietta  Tayler.  2  vols.  (Edin- 
burgh, Brown,  H.  2a.  net.) 

irds    of    th>     Chicheley     Flowdena.     By 
Walter  I'.  C.  Chicheley  Plowden.    (Heath, 

Cranton  &  Ousel,  y,  1/.  \s.  net.) 


grieve th  me  more  than  if  I  had  lost  him 
by  honest  death.'*  The  Earl  grew  up 
to  be  a  soldier  of  some  parts,  and  an 
upright  and  charitable  man,  but  in  no 
sense  a  distinguished  one.  His  son  Ed- 
ward, Viscount  Wimbledon,  was  the 
Cardigan  of  his  day  :  brave  to  recklessness 
in  the  field,  and  prone  to  duels.  If  Buck- 
ingham is  chiefly  to  blame  for  the  planning 
of  the  raid  on  the  Spanish  coast  of  1625, 
Wimbledon,  totally  devoid  of  experience 
in  naval  warfare,  bungled  its  execution. 

Otherwise  we  get  a  Lord  Roos,  who 
made  a  disastrous  marriage,  and  who  died 
mysteriously  abroad,  after  serving  on  a 
diplomatic  mission  or  two  ;  the  fifth 
Earl  of  Exeter,  who  adorned  Burghley 
with  pictures  and  works  of  art,  and  ap- 
pointed Mat  Prior  as  his  son's  tutor  ;  the 
ninth,  also  a  collector  and  connoisseur  ; 
the  first  Marquis,  who,  after  lie  had 
apparently  connived  at  his  first  wife's 
elopement,  married  Sarah  Hoggins,  Tenny- 
son's "'  village  maiden  "  ;  the  second, 
who  won  the  Oaks  three  times  ;  and  the 
third,  who,  in  the  quaint  language  of 
Mr.  Dennis,  "  achieved  greatness  in  pisci- 
culture and  the  breeding  of  shorthorns." 
The  last  two,  no  doubt,  were  worthy 
magnates,  but  there  was  nothing  of 
Burghley  about  them. 

The  younger  line  had  in  Robert  Cecil, 
first  Earl  of  Salisbury,  a  successor  to 
Burghley  who  bore  much  the  same 
relationship  to  his  greater  father  as  did 
Pitt  to  Chatham.  But  his  son,  the  second 
Earl,  wavered  between  King  and  Parlia- 
ment, to  the  scorn  of  Clarendon  ;  and 
in  his  old  age  was  "  my  simple  Lord  Salis- 
bury "  to  Pepys.  Van  Dyck  has  handed 
down  his  long,  vacuous  face.  The  third 
one  knows  through  Macaulay's  scathing 
comment  on  his  abrupt  conversion  to 
"  Popery,"  and  his  own  heart-cry,  when 
William  of  Orange  landed,  "  O  God  ! 
O  God  !  0  God  !  I  turn'd  too  soon  !  I 
turn'd  too  soon  !  ''  Pope  and  Hogarth 
poked  fun  at  the  sixth  Earl  as  the  driver 
of  the  Hatfield  coach,  with  upsets  as  not 
unusual  incidents.  Horace  Walpole  wrote, 
however,  "  As  matters,  when  they  can 
go  no  lower,  may  mount  again,  who  knows 
what  may  happen,  madam?'  Matters 
did  mount,  though  less  through  the  seventh 
Earl  and  first  Marquis,  a  respectable 
courtier  and  a  favourite  of  i  ieorge  III.,  than 
through  his  wife,  Lady  Mary  Hill,  a 
daughter  of  the  Marquis  of  Downshire. 
She  was  Creevey's  "Old  Salisbury"  or 
■■  old  Saiuin."  a  greal  leader  of  society, 
eminent  in  the  hunting-field,  and  memor- 
able for  her  commenl  <>n  Adam's  conduct 
in  laying  on  Eve  the  blame  for  the  Fall: 
"  Shabby  fellow  indeed  '  It  was  through 
her,  we  suspect,  thai  brains  returned  to 
the  family]  for  though  her  son.  the  late 


Lord  Salisbury's  father,  was  not  par- 
ticularly brilliant,  he  was  an  active  local 
man,  and  a  respected  Conservative  poli- 
tician. 

Mr.  Dennis  deals  with  his  three  illus- 
trious Cecils  on  safe  and  sensible  lines. 
He  makes  no  attempt  to  extenuate 
Burghley's  treachery  to  the  Protector 
Somerset,  or  his  complaisance  to  Mary. 
Burghley  was  indeed  a  cold,  calculating 
man,  who  looked  upon  religion  mainly  as 
an  affair  of  State,  and  did  not  shrink 
from  administering  torture  when  the 
public  interest  seemed  to  require  it.  In 
his  unemotional  way  he  loved  his  country 
well,  and  thoroughly  understood  her 
commercial  needs.  In  foreign  politics 
he  played  a  cautious  game,  his  ruling 
motive  being  to  keep  England  clear  of 
complications.  We  do  not  altogether 
agree  with  Mr.  Dennis  when  he  pro- 
nounces that  Queen  Elizabeth's  proceed- 
ings rendered  Burghley's  task  "  immeasur- 
ably more  difficult  and  dangerous."  It 
may  be  that  her  vacillations  perplexed 
her  ministers,  and  that  in  Leicester  she 
chose  a  light  adviser,  though  we  doubt 
if  he  ever  exercised  much  real  influ- 
ence over  her.  But  the  Queen's  supreme 
merit  consisted  in  bringing  to  policy  that 
touch  of  romance  which  nature  had  denied 
her  sagacious  Secretary.  War  with  Spain 
was  inevitable,  and  when  it  did  come, 
the  Queen  evoked  a  personal  loyalty 
which  counted  for  much  in  the  overthrow 
of  the  Armada. 

Robert  Cecil,  first  Earl  of  Salisbury,  is 
to  Mr.  Dennis  an  enigmatical  figure,  and 
here  again  he  takes  the  conventional  view. 
Of  the  man  in  his  family  life  we  confessedly 
know  next  to  nothing,  since  his  existing 
papers  are  concerned  almost  entirely  with 
public  affairs.     But  even  the  exuberance 
of  language  common  to  that  day  cannot 
obscure    the    steadiness    of    his    friend- 
ships and  his  innumerable   kindnesses  to 
strangers.     The    "  little    beagle "    stands 
out  from  among  his  contemporaries  as  a 
pathetic    figure,    always    anxious,    always 
overworked  ;     he    found    his    nearest    ap- 
proach to  happiness  when  he  was  laying 
out  the  grounds  of   Hatfield   and   flying 
his   hawks.     He   died,   a    worn-out    man, 
before  he  was  fifty,  and  in  his  last  illness 
said    to    Sir    Walter    Cope:       'Ease    and 
pleasure  quake  to  hear  of  death,  but  my 
life,    full    of   cares    and    miseries,    desireth 
to  be  dissolved."     So  long  as   Elizabeth 
lived  things  went   fairly   well    with    him, 
in   spite   ot    Essex's    intemperate    oppo- 
sition.    He    ne\er    worked    in    full    sym- 
pathy  with  James,   whose   peaceful  suc- 
cession he  had  secured  through  thai  famous 
secrel    correspondence    which    bo    nearly 
leaked  out.    The    King's  diplomatic  ex- 
perimentalism  and  his  profligate  largesses 


358 


T  H  E     ATHEN^EU  M 


[Supplement,  March  7,  1914 


to  his  favourites  were  certainly  calculated 
to  affront  every  instinct  of  a  survivor  of 
the  old  system.  As  the  finances  went 
to  ruin,  the  royal  rapacity  thwarted  the 
"  great  contract "  that  might  have  re- 
stored them.  That  was  the  end  of  Salis- 
bury, and  Bacon  summed  up  his  career 
to  his  sovereign  with  some  severity  and 
much  insight :  "He  was  a  fit  man  to 
keep  things  from  growing  worse,  but  no 
very  fit  man  to  reduce  things  to  be  much 
better." 

Mr.  Dennis's  sketch  of  the  late  Lord 
Salisbury  is  so  careful  and  straightforward 
that  we  need  say  but  little  about  it.  As 
he  quotes  Lord  Robert  Cecil  in  palliation 
of  certain  "  blazing  indiscretions,"  we  will 
take  leave  to  remark  that,  although 
"  twenty  years,  resolute  government " 
in  Ireland  may  be  a  reasonable  policy, 
allusions  to  Hottentots  and  Hindus  are 
indefensible.  Again,  when  he  dismisses 
Lord  Salisbury's  Far  Eastern  policy  as  a 
failure,  he  overlooks  the  point  that  before 
many  years  were  over  the  Japanese  made 
it  their  business  to  turn  the  Russians  out 
of  Port  Arthur.  But  the  chapter  will  do 
very  well  as  a  provisional  survey  pending 
the  appearance  of  the  authoritative  bio- 
graphy, and  the  former  is  all  it  pretends  to 
be. 

'  The  Book  of  the  Duffs '  is  welcome. 
Hardly  any  piece  of  British  family 
history  has  been  canvassed  more  widely 
of  recent  years.  The  Duffs  have  long  been 
the  subject  of  amused  and  admiring 
gossip  in  their  cradle  county  of  Banffshire, 
where  the  story  of  their  rise  to  fame  and 
fortune  is  the  subject  of  a  ballad — it 
would  be  interesting  to  know  the  precise 
age  of  the  song  of  '  Creely  Duff.'  That 
story  gained  a  national  popularity  in 
1889,  when  the  Earl  of  Eife  (till  1885  only 
Earl  Fife  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland) 
married  H.R.H.  Princess  Louise  of  Wales, 
and  was  raised  to  a  dukedom.  This 
access  to  power  was  too  much  for  the 
Banffshire  antiquary  Dr.  William  Cra- 
mond,  who  had  made  an  exhaustive  study 
of  the  Duff  charter  chest,  for  on  the  very 
morning  of  the  marriage  he  contributed 
(anonymously)  to  The  Scotsman  a  mordant 
attack  on  the  traditional  Duff  claim  to  a 
descent  from  the  Thanes  of  Fife.  Indeed, 
he  went  so  far  as  to  say  that  they  could 
trace  no  further  back  than  a  certain  small 
farmer,  Adam  Duff  "  in  v  (not  of)  Clunybeg, 
in  the  back-o' -beyond  parish  of  Mortlach, 
who  died  in  1674.  It  would  not  be  worth 
recalling  this  attack  but  for  the  fact  that 
'Burke' and  'Debrett,'  and  even"G.E.C," 
at  once  followed  his  lead,  and  jettisoned 
the  traditional  pedigree,  Avhich  connected 
Clunybeg  with  the  Duffs  of  Muldavit, 
Cullen,  and  through  these  with  the  Thanes 
of  Fife,  whose  alleged  parentage  had  sug- 
gested the  use  of  the  title  Earl  Fife  to 
William  Duff  of  Braco  in  1759.  The 
Macduff  origin  still  remains  in  the  region 
of  legend  ;  but  quite  recently  Mr.  Stephen 
Ree,  the  parish  minister  of  Boharm, 
showed  that  Baird  of  Auchmeddan,  the 
early  historian  of  the  Duffs,  was  right  in 
connecting  Clunybeg  with  the  Muldavit 
family,  though    wrong    in   some   of    his 


details  ;  and  now  comes  a  full-dress 
account  of  the  house  from  the  pen  of 
Mr.  Alistair  Tayler  and  his  sister,  who 
are  descended  from  the  third  Earl  Fife. 

Although  they  are  able  to  show 
that  Clunybeg  Avas  descended  from  the 
Muldavit  Duffs,  they  have  found  very 
little  to  say  about  the  latter  group,  whose 
history  from  1402  to  1715,  when  the 
senior  line  disappears  in  the  swirl  of 
Jacobitism,  is  told  in  25  pages,  whereas 
the  story  of  Clunybeg  and  his  descendants 
blossoms  out  into  358  pages.  So  that, 
after  all,  Dr.  Cramond,  like  Baird  before 
him,  was  right  in  spirit,  though  wrong  in 
the  letter ;  for  it  is  onlv  with  Adam 
(1590-1674)  that  the  fortunes  of  the 
family,  which  have  just  resulted  in  the 
great  lady  of  the  house  becoming  through 
marriage  a  Royal  Highness — not  H.H.,  as 
Mr.  Tayler  makes  it  (p.  ix) — really  begin. 
Small  wonder  that  they  have  been  called 
the  "  Lucky  Duffs  "  ;  that  they  have  made 
the  gossips  talk,  and  supplied  endless 
"copy"  for  what  is  called  the  "  romance 
of  the  peerage." 

How  has  it  been  done  ?  What  is  the 
psychology  of  this  success  ?  Mr.  Tayler 
is  a  genealogist,  and  does  not  supply  the 
answer.  Baird  tells  us  that  Clunybeg 
was  a  "  man  of  natural  sense,  perfect 
integrity,  and  indefatigable  industry." 
But  that  does  not  explain  how,  beginning 
with  a  fortune  of  231.  in  such  an  un- 
promising territory  as  Mortlach,  he  and 
his  son  Alexander  of  Keithmore  managed 
to  lay  the  foundations  of  such  a  fortune ; 
for  even  if  the  latter  became  a  pillar  of 
his  county,  and  conformed  to  the  rules  of 
the  realm  in  pursuance  of  business,  his 
father  had  not  begun  in  that  canny  way 
which  has  been  popularly  supposed  to  be 
the  great  secret  of  the  Duffs.  Clunybeg 
had,  indeed,  a  large  mixture  of  the  old 
Adam  in  him  ;  for,  as  his  Christian  name 
suggests,  he  was  half  a  Gordon — his 
mother  being  a  Gordon  of  Cairnburrow — 
and  all  the  Duff  canniness  could  not  make 
him  escape  the  temptations  of  that  legacy. 
Mr.  Tayler  reminds  us  that  he  was  a 
zealous  Anti-Covenanter.  The  strange 
thing  is  that  he  did  not  go  down  with  that 
party  ;  on  the  contrary,  his  house  rose 
on  the  ashes  of  the  lands  they  had  frittered 
away  in  this  and  kindred  struggles.  But 
Adam  was  guilty  of  the  mere  personal 
ruffianism  of  the  day;  as,  for  example, 
his  attack  (not  detailed  by  Mr.  Tayler) 
on  Robert  Sanders  in  Ardneidlie  in 
December,  1644.  Adam  and  a  gang  of 
twenty-one  men  "  persewit "  Sanders 
home,  and,  "  with  great  trees,  beit,  strak, 
and  dang  him  "  : — 

''  Lykwayes  the  said  Adam  Duff  himself 
at  that  tyme  strak  the  said  complenar  his 
wyf,  being  great  with  chyld,  ane  crewall 
stroak  with  his  foot  on  the  bellie,  swa  that 
she  dwynit  and  pynit  away  the  space  of 
two  monethes  therafter  in  greit  dollor  and 
paine  theroff ,  and  in  end  pairtit  with  chyld 
and  died  herself  of  the  said  hurt." 

How,  then,  did  Clunybeg,  practising 
the  same  lawlessness  as  his  Gordon  kins- 
men and  neighbours,  advance  while  they 
sank  ?  Moreover,  how  did  his  descend- 
ants in    regular  succession    improve    his 


fortune  with  ever-growing  power,  instead 
of  producing  now  and  then  "  bad  lots  "  ? 
Whatever  the  reason,  the  fact  remains, 
so  that  '  The  Book  of  the  Duffs  '  is  one 
expanding  procession  of  successful  notabili- 
ties ;  few  of  them,  it  is  true,  possessed  of 
outstanding  ability,  but  all  of  them 
endowed  with  a  high  order  of  compe- 
tence. 

Mr.  Tayler  deals  in  turn  with  all 
the  lines  which  issue  from  Clunybeg — 
Keithmore,  Dipple,  Braco,  the  Fifes, 
Mayen,  Craigston,  Fetteresso,  Drummuir, 
and  Hatton  (the  family  of  the  present 
Commander-in-Chief  in  India).  Besides 
that,  he  has  shepherded  many  other  Duffs 
into  his  fold,  though  at  present  he  is 
unable  to  connect  them  with  the  Muldavit 
group  ;  and  he  has  much  to  say  of  allied 
families,  notably  the  Gordons,  Aber- 
crombies,  Morrisons,  and  Urquharts.  He 
tells  their  story  in  an  ingenious  blend  of 
genealogy  and  narrative,  and  he  has 
furnished  the  reader  with  a  splendid  series 
of  tables  of  descent  and  a  lavish  Index 
which  render  reference  child's  play. 
As  a  portrait  gallery  '  The  Book  of  the 
Duffs  '  is  unusually  rich,  for  there  are 
thirty-nine  fine  reproductions  of  portraits, 
many  of  them  by  the  great  masters,  and 
not  a  few  reproduced  for  the  first  time. 
Another  excellent  feature,  worthy  of  imi- 
tation, is  the  map  showing  all  the  im- 
portant places  dealt  with  in  the  text. 

'  The  Book  of  the  Duffs,'  in  short,  is 
an  excellent  piece  of  genealogical  work, 
which  is  indispensable  to  the  historian  of 
the  North-East  of  Scotland.  It  is  a  sure 
sign,  too,  that  Mr.  Tayler  and  his  sister  are 
born  genealogists,  though  they  started  the 
production  of  this  exhaustive  cyclopaedia 
as  amateurs. 

The  greatest  of  the  Plowdens  whose 
careers  and  pedigree  are  piously  re- 
corded by  Col.  Chicheley  Plowden  was 
Edmund,  the  Elizabethan  lawyer,  the 
father  of  law  reporting,  and  the  fore- 
runner of  Coke.  His  fine  portrait  forms 
the  frontispiece  to  this  well  -  bound  and 
well  -  printed  volume.  But  the  most 
interesting  figure  is  Sir  Edmund  Plowden 
of  Wanstead,  the  masterful  and  litigious 
Earl  Palatine  of  New  Albion,  who,  after  a 
year  or  two  spent  in  prospecting  in  North 
America,  obtained  a  charter  from  Charles  I. 
to  settle  a  colony  of  that  name  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Delaware  Bay.  The 
author  makes  the  interesting  suggestion 
that  the  pioneer  was,  perhaps,  encouraged 
to  petition  for  the  grant  of  what  was  after- 
wards practically  the  whole  territory  of 
New  Jersey,  by  his  relationship  to  Sir 
Thomas  Lake,  King  James  I.'s  Secretary 
of  State  ;  and  he  further  gives  many 
details  of  his  private  life,  which  help  to 
explain  his  failure  to  make  any  progress 
with  the  plantation.  So  little  trace,  in- 
deed, of  this  enterprise  has  been  left  in 
history  or  on  the  map,  that  some  American 
historians  have  even  thrown  doubt  upon 
the  very  existence  of  such  a  charter.  But 
this  view,  in  face  of  the  documents  pub- 
lished in  the  v  Calendar  of  Colonial  Papers 
for  1632,'  cannot  now  be  seriously  main- 
tained. 


Supplement,  March  7,  1914] 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  M  IT  M 


359 


Col.  Chicheley  Plowden's  records  of 
the  Chicheleya  and  Piowdens  in 
England,  Wales,  and  America  will  be 
read  with  much  interest  by  those  con- 
eerned.  The  author  writes  modestly  of 
his  own  achievements  ;  we  cannot,  how- 
ever, but  regret  that  he  was  not  in  some 
respects  better  equipped  for  his  task. 
The  fatal  tendency  01  the  family  genealo- 
gist to  accept  and  to  publish  without 
proof  or  verification  each  step  in  a  pedi- 
gree is  much  in  evidence,  and  the  curious 
desire  to  date  back  to  the  Conquest  at  all 
hazards  is  amusingly  displayed.  Plow- 
den,  it  is  admitted,  is  not  mentioned  in 
Domesday  Book  ;  but,  the  author  tells  us, 
Cheney  Longville  is  :  and  he  adds  that 
this  property  was  in  the  possession  of  the 
Piowdens  from  904.  Xo  evidence  is 
adduced  for  this  assertion,  and  since 
Eyton  C  Antiquities  of  Shropshire,"  xi. 
369)  apparently  knows  nothing  of  it,  it 
is  badly  in  need  of  some.  The  statement 
that  Elizabeth  Plowden  sold  it  in  1682, 
and  the  fact  that  it  is  three  miles  distant 
from  Plowden  Hall,  will  not  convince  the 
judicious  reader  without  some  documen- 
tary proof. 

The  author  begins  his  pedigree  of 
the  Piowdens  by  making  Philip  de 
Plowden  (1220)  son  of  the  more  or  less 
legendary  Crusader,  Roger  (1191)  ;  but 
omits  any  reference  to  the  William  de 
Pladcn  unearthed  by  Eyton,  who  suggests 
that  he  (the  first  of  that  name,  so  far  as  we 
are  aware,  of  whom  there  is  any  authentic 
testimony)  was  the  father  of  Philip.  A 
similar  instance  of  haphazard  work  ma}r 
be  found  in  the  proposed  derivation  of 
Plowden  from  plw  (Cymric  =  clearing) 
and  den  (Saxon  =  wooded  valley) — a 
hybrid  apparently  carefully  compounded 
to  express  the  not  very  obvious  idea  of  a 
densely  wooded  clearing  !  This  essay  in 
derivations  seems  to  us  on  a  par  with 
the  author's  suggestion  elsewhere  (p.  126) 
that  Chicheley  is  connected  as  a  surname 
with  the  Churchills.  because  a  French 
author,  writing  to  please  Xapoleon  I.,  a 
great  admirer  of  the  first  Duke  of  Marl- 
Borough,  traced  the  origin  of  that  family 

Roger  de  Courcil,  a  good  Frenchman 
who  came  over  with  the  Conqueror  ;  and 
Courcil  is  sometimes  written  Chearchile  ! 

irchill,  of  course,  is  a  Somerset 
place-name,  as  Chicheley  is  a  Bedford- 
shire, and  Plowden  a  Shropshire  place- 
name.  Nbr  can  we  pass  over  altogether 
in  silence  the  explanation  of  the  coat  of 
arms  on  the  cover.  The  quarterings 
attributed  to  the  Chattertons  of  Wat- 
hursl  (presumably  intended  for  Xut- 
hurst  '.)  are  really  the  quarterings  of  the 
Cheethams,  from  whom,  as  .Mr.  W.  H. 
Bird  Bhowed  in  an  entertaining  article  in 
The  Ancestor,  Geoffrey  de  Chatterton 
acquired  his  estate  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. The  striking  feature  in  the  arms 
Wii-    identified    by   Mr.   Oswald    Barron    as 

■  habick,  or  weaver's  tool,  appropriate 
enough  to  a  Lancashire  merchant  (The 
Ancestor,  viii.  p.  «2). 

Col.  Chicheley  Plowden  has,  however, 
brought  together  and  printed  much  in- 
teresting information,  which  should  be  of 
great  use  for  a  critical  survey. 


NAVAL    AND    MILITARY 
BIOGRAPHY. 

To  the  greater  number  of  English  readers 
Admiral  Dewey,  whose  '  Autobiography  ' 
is  before  us,  is  probably  known  only  as 
the  man  who  crushed  the  Spanish  squad- 
ron in  Manila  Bay  ;  possibly  also  as  the 
principal  agent  in  the  capture  of  the  city 
of  Manila,  and  the  American  conquest  of 
the  Philippine  Islands.  In  the  States 
people  know  more  about  him,  but  their 
knowledge  is  due  almost  entirely  to  his 
Manila  fame.  They  naturally  inquired 
about  his  antecedents,  and  found,  as 
might  have  been  expected,  that  the 
commander  of  an  American  squadron 
in  what  was  known  to  be  a  very  critical 
time  was  a  man  of  good  service  and  repute  ; 
that  he  had  a  long  career  to  his  credit 
(not,  indeed,  in  command,  for  promotion 
in  the  United  States  Navy  did  not  come  to 
young  men)  ;  that  his  services  as  a  young 
lieutenant  in  the  Civil  War,  more  than 
thirty  years  before,  had  been  distinguished  ; 
and  that  since  then,  as  lieutenant,  as  com- 
mander, and  as  captain,  he  had,  both 
afloat  and  on  shore,  filled  many  posts 
of  difficulty  and  responsibility.  Now,  in 
his  76th  year,  Admiral  Dewrey  relates  his 
lifelong  story. 

It  may  fairly  be  said  that  in  his  old 
age  he  is  nearly  as  good  at  telling  a  story 
as  he  was  at  executive  work  or  com- 
manding in  his  prime,  and  he  seems 
to  make  the  past  live  again  as  he  writes 
of  early  days  at  the  Naval  Academy,  out 
of  which  he  passed  at  the  age  of  21 — of 
his  midshipman's  cruise  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, or  afterwards  in  the  West  Indies 
and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  a  sentimental 
captain,  who  when  called  on  deck  in  the 
night  watches  usually  wore  a  "  crazy- 
quilt  blouse,"  the  appearance  of  which 
"  bore  out  his  statement  that  it  was  made 
of  remnants  of  his  wife's  silk  dresses." 
This  was  Capt.  Harsterne,  a  South  Caro- 
lina man  of  "  intensely  Southern  sym- 
pathies," and  known  in  England  as  the 
man  who  found  and  brought  over  the 
Resolute,  which  Capt.  Belcher  had  aban- 
doned in  the  Arctic.  Dewey  was  with  him 
in  1860,  when  secession  was  already  in  the 
air  : — 

"  At  a  banquet  given  in  Vera  Cruz  lie 
[sc.  Harsterne]  declared  that  if  South  Caro- 
lina seceded,  he  would  take  the  Pawnee  [his 
ship]  into  Charleston  harbour  and  deliver 
her  over  to  the  authorities  of  the  State 
government." 

The  officers  of  the  ship — mostly,  it  would 
seem,  Northerners — were  somewhat  exer- 
cised as  to  probable  or  possible  events, 
However,  they  were   not   put  to  the  test. 

Autobiography  of  George  Dewey,  Admiral  of 
the  Navy.     (Constable  «.v  Co.,  14s.  net.) 

A  Cavalry  officer  in  the  Corunna  Campaign, 
1808-9  :  the  Journal  of  Capt.  Gordon  of 
the  1-'>ih  Hussars.  Edited  by  COL  II.  C. 
W'vlly.     (John  Murray,  80.  net.) 

A    Captain    of   thr    Cordons  «     Si'rrirc    h'.rpi  ri- 

'  nces,  1900  0.  Edited  by  hifl  Mother, 
Mrs.  Margaret  .Miller,  and  his  Bister, 
Helen  Russell  .Miller.  (Sampson  Low  & 
Co.,  10«.  M.  net.) 


as  secession  did  not  come  till  several 
months  later. 

Admiral  Dewey  as  a  young  lieutenant 
was  fortunate  in  his  employment  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  and  the  account  of 
his  personal  experiences  is  most  inter- 
esting. But  the  history  of  the  war 
has  often  been  told  in  fuller  detail, 
and  "  personal  experiences  "  cannot  be 
condensed  ;  they  must  be  read  in  exttnso. 
He  was  in  the  Mississippi  squadron  under 
Farragut,  from  whom  he  quotes  the  theo- 
retical maxim  which  in  these  latter  days 
has  been  so  forcibly  urged  and  illustrated 
by  Sir  Reginald  Custance  :  "  The  best 
protection  against  an  enemy's  fire  is  a  well- 
directed  fire  of  your  own."  He  was  also  in 
the  Atlantic  squadron  under  Porter,  and  in 
both — at  Xew  Orleans  and  Fort  Fisher — 
wras  station's  -  mate  with  General  Butler, 
whose  name  is  not  so  familiar  now  as  it 
wras  fifty  years  ago,  when — in  England,  at 
least — it  was  a  synonym  for  brutality. 
The  Admiral's  stories  of  him  do  not  con- 
flict with  our  older  impressions,  though 
perhaps  he  appears  in  them  less  of  a 
soldier  than  we  had  supposed  ;  but,  after 
all,  it  was  less  the  fault  of  the  man  than  of 
the  system  which  rendered  it  necessary  in 
time  of  stress  to  put  high  military  com- 
mand into  the  hands  of  a  pettifogging 
attorney,  ignorant  alike  of  military  dis- 
cipline and  military  training.  But  all 
this  we  must  pass  by,  as  well  as  the  many 
interesting  and  instructive  incidents  in 
our  officer's  career. 

It  was  in  November,  1897,  that  he 
was,  as  commodore,  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Asiatic  squadron,  and 
ordered  to  take  a  passage  to  Japan. 
Most  people  in  Washington  believed  that 
the  dispute  with  Spain  would  be  tided 
over  ;  but,  all  the  same,  he  thought  it 
right  to  see  that  the  squadron  was  ready 
for  any  emergency.  It  was  not ;  it  had 
not  "  even  "  a  peace  supply  of  ammuni- 
tion, and  it  was  only  by  strenuous  exer- 
tion that  he  succeeded  in  having  a  further 
supply  sent  out.  It  came  by  the  cruiser 
Baltimore, 

"which  reached  Hong  Kong  only  forty- 
eight  hours  before  our  vessels  left  in  obedi- 
ence to  the  Queen's  proclamation  of  neu- 
trality, and  the  ammunition  was  transferred 
to  the  vessels  of  the  squadron  in  Mire  Baj 
on  the  day  of  the  declaration  of  war. 

This  nearly,  but  not  quite,  compares  with 
the  backwardness  of  the  Spanish  forts 
and  fleet.  Such  a  great  deal  of  nonsense 
has  been  talked  and  written  in  England 
concerning  the  battle  in  Manila  Ma\ 
— silly  exaggeration  at  first,  followed  by 
equally  silly  depreciation  afterwards — 
that  uc  must  devote  some  space  to  out- 
lining   the    facts    as    they    now     appear    in 

Admiral  |)cuc\"s  straightforward  narra- 
tive. 

In    the    firsl     place,    the     United    States 

Navy  wanted,  and  fell  itself  wanting  in, 
prestige.     It   had  mel   no  foreign  enemj 

since  the  short   war  of   IM2.  and  then  only 

in  a  few  frigate  actions,  which,  though 
leaving  a  proud  memory,  did  not  seem  to 
till  the  stage.      The   spirit  of   the   men 

excellent.  Had  it  nol  been  so,  they  must 
have   been   affected    l>v   the   "  reiterated 

9 


300 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  March  7,   1914 


statements  of  the  Hong  Kong  papers  "  as 
to  the  extent  of  the  mine  -  fields,  the 
strength  of  the  forts  and  the  Spanish 
fleet. 

"  At  the  Hong  Kong  Club  it  was  not  pos- 
sible to  get  bets,  even  at  heavy  odds,  that 
our  expedition  would  be  a  success." 

The  feeling  among  their  English  friends 
was,  says  the  Admiral,  "  A  fine  set  of 
fellows,  but  unhappily  we  shall  never 
see  them  again."  We  conclude  that 
he  has  satisfactory  authority  for  this 
anecdote,  though  it  seems  extraordinary 
that  English  officers — naval  or  military — 
should  be  so  ignorant  of  their  own  history 
as  to  take  the  Spanish  defences  at  their 
face-value.  The  American  attack  was 
made  in  earnest,  for  an  earnest  opposi- 
tion was  expected,  but  in  reality  it  proved 
farcical.  If  the  Spaniards  lost  heavily,  it 
was  because  they  had  not  even  the  common 
sense  to  realize  that  they  were  completely 
outclassed.  Admiral  Dewey's  account  of 
it  all  is  quite  the  best  that  we  have  seen 
— the  most  full,  the  most  satisfactory,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  it  explains  the  remarkable 
enthusiasm  excited  in  America. 

Capt.  Gordon,  whose  journal  has  been 
edited  by  Col.  Wylly  under  the  title  of  '  A 
Cavalry  Officer  in  the  Corunna  Campaign,' 
was  one  of  a  well-known  family,  the  Gordons 
of  Ellon,  in  Aberdeenshire.  He  is  said,  in 
the  Introduction,  to  have  been  a  son  of  the 
third  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  and  half-brother  to 
the  Hon.  W.  Gordon,  yet  he  is  nowhere 
in  the  book  styled  otherwise  than  Capt. 
Alexander  Gordon.  Why  his  half-brother 
should  be  given  the  customary  titular 
distinction  of  an  earl's  son  and  he  should 
be  denied  it  is  not  apparent. 

When  Moore  commanded  in  Spain,  and 
with  his  army  set  forth  towards  Sala- 
manca and  Valladolid  to  assist  the 
Spaniards  in  expelling  the  French,  Capt. 
Gordon  accompanied  the  force,  and  kept 
the  diary  from  which  the  narrative  before 
us  was  prepared.  The  story  of  the  un- 
fortunate campaign  has  often  been  told. 
The  additional  light  supplied  here  does 
not  tend  to  enhance  Moore's  reputation. 
Indeed,  Moore  is  so  severely  assailed 
as  to  induce  the  belief  that  the  cavalry 
captain  was  ignorant  of  the  many  diffi- 
culties his  commanding  officer  had  to  face. 
But  while  that  is  no  doubt  true,  there  is 
still  enough  to  show  that  much  was  want- 
ing in  the  management  of  the  force.  The 
state  of  demoralization  and  insubordina- 
tion reached  on  the  retreat  is  unparalleled 
in  the  history  of  the  British  army  ;  worse, 
in  many  ways,  than  what  happened  during 
the  retreat  from  Kabul  in  1842.  Yet 
whenever  there  Avas  a  prospect  of  a  fight 
the  men  stopped  drinking  and  recovered 
a  measure  of  discipline  ;  and  at  the  very 
last,  above  the  harbour  of  Corunna,  14,000 
starving  and  wearied  British  soldiers 
inflicted  such  a  blow  on  Soult  at  the  head 
of  20,000  Frenchmen  that  the  embarka- 
tion was  made  in  safety. 

The  book  has  other  interests  than  mili- 
tary, and  will  repay  careful  perusal ;  it  is 
well  turned  out,  the  type  being  specially 
good. 


'  A  Captain  of  the  Gordons  :  Service 
Experiences,  1900-9,'  consists  largely  of 
the  diary  of  Capt.  D.  S.  Miller  of  the  Gordon 
Highlanders,  edited  by  his  mother  and 
sister.  The  Captain,  who  was  a  born  soldier, 
had  much  trouble  to  get  a  commission,  the 
way  to  which  was  smoothed  by  the  Boer 
War.  He  was  sent  out  to  South  Africa 
about  the  middle  of  1900,  saw  some  rough 
service  with  his  regiment,  and  early  in 
1901  was  appointed  A.D.C.  to  General 
Spens.  In  both  situations  he  attracted 
the  commendation  of  his  superior  officers 
for  great  bravery  and  distinguished  con- 
duct in  the  field.  In  1903  he  was  sent 
to  Somaliland,  and  had  his  share  of  an  ill- 
arranged  and  inglorious  expedition.  He 
next  served  in  India  at  Rawalpindi,  Pesh- 
awar, Murree,  and  the  Gullies,  where  he 
was  put  through  a  musketry  class  and 
other  studies  requisite  for  promotion. 
Of  these  he  says  : — 

"  It  's  quite  astonishing  how  much  they 
make  you  learn  that  can  be  of  no  possible 
use  in  the  field." 

The  remark  is  just,  and  in  a  case  like 
Miller's,  where  long  and  hard  service  had 
been  performed,  common  sense  would 
suggest  waiving  further  examination.  If 
the  diary  may  be  entirely  trusted,  he  kept 
his  health  marvellously  in  trying  condi- 
tions ;  but,  unfortunately,  exposure  and 
bad  food  undermined  his  constitution, 
and  he  died  in  1909.  Two  essays  and  an 
article,  '  The  Two  Editors,'  by  Capt. 
Miller,  are  included  in  the  book. 


FOREIGN  ROYALTIES  AND  COURTS. 

Mr.  Gribble  has  that  power  to  collect 
and  arrange  facts  which  enables  him  to 
produce  many  volumes,  and  by  a  skilful 
compilation  of  material,  gathered  from 
many  sources,  he  has  made  '  The  Life  of 
the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph'  readable. 
Such  is  the  title  of  his  book,  but  he 
might  easily  have  chosen  a  more  appro- 
priate one. 

He  states  that  there  exists  no  Life  of 
Francis  Joseph,  and  no  History  of  Austria 
in  which  the  personal  and  political  aspects 
of  the  subject  are  considered  in  their 
relation  to  each  other,  and  he  adds  that 
in  the  history  of  modern  Austria  it  is 
"  tittle-tattle  "  which  matters  : — 

'  Tittle-tattle,  in  short,  when  one  en- 
counters it,  not  in  sample  but  in  bulk,  ceases 
to  be  tittle-tattle,  but  attains  to  the  dignity 
of  history." 

The  Life  of  the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph.  By 
Francis  Gribble.  (Eveleigh  Nash,  16s.net.) 

Christina  of  Denmark,  Duchess  of  Milan  and 
Lorraine,  1522-90.  By  Julia '  Cartwright. 
(John  Murray,  18s.  net.) 

The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navi- 
gator. By  J.  P.  Oliveira  Martins.  Trans- 
lated with  additions  and  annotations  by 
J.  Johnston  Abraham  and  W.  E.  Reynolds. 
(Chapman  &  Hall,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Rose  Bertin,  the  Creator  of  Fashion  at  the 
Court  of  Marie  •  Antoinette.  By  Emile 
Langlade.  Adapted  from  the  French  by 
Dr.  Angelo  S.  Rappoport.  (John  Long, 
12s.  6d.  net.) 


We  cannot  look  on  the  work  before  us 
as  history,  but  no  one  can  say  that,  if 
Mr.  Gribble  has  failed,  it  is  for  want  of 
tittle-tattle.  Most  of  his  350  pages  are 
filled  with  it,  and  he  has  obtained  it  in 
large  measure  from  the  numerous  and 
often  worthless  memoirs  which  in  recent 
times  have  dealt  with  the  troubles  and 
scandals  in  which  the  Habsburgs  have 
been  involved. 

Mr.  Gribble  also  includes  far  too  much 
about  the  Emperor  Maximilian  (or  as  he 
prefers,  half  a  dozen  times,  to  call  him, 
the  "  pretended  "  Emperor),  "  John  Orth," 
the  ex  -  Crown  Princess  of  Saxony,  and 
figures  like  Countess  Marie  Larisch.  It 
was  necessary  to  allude  to  these  people,  but 
the  story  of  their  lives  need  not  have  been 
recounted  at  inordinate  length  in  what 
professes  to  be  a  Life  of  the  Emperor 
of  Austria. 

The  first  chapters  are  devoted  to  an 
interesting  examination  of  the  origin  of 
the  Habsburgs  ;  and  to  a  study  of  eugenics, 
and  the  results  of  intermarriage.  The 
features  in  the  family  picture  on  which 
the  author  lays  stress  are  a  long  series  of 
degenerates  among  the  Kings  and  Infants 
of  Spain,  and  the  large  number  of  mar- 
riages between  the  Spanish  and  Austrian 
Habsburgs. 

Mr.  Gribble  quotes  from  the  wife  of 
Metternich  her  famous  words  when 
Francis  Joseph,  in  troubled  times,  was 
called  to  the  throne  : — 

"  How  is  an  Emperor  of  eighteen  years  of 
age  to  steer  his  course  amid  such  conflicting 
currents  ?  I  shudder  when  I  think  of  him — 
the  last  hope  which  now  remains  to  us." 

He  also  prints,  twice  over,  the  curse  of 
Countess  Karolyi,  whose  son  had  been  a 
victim  of  harsh  measures  in  the  early  days 
of  the  reign  : — 

"  May  Heaven  and  Hell  blast  his  happi- 
ness !  May  his  family  be  exterminated  ! 
May  he  be  smitten  in  the  persons  of  those  he 
loves  !  May  his  life  be  wrecked,  and  may 
his  children  be  brought  to  ruin  !  " 

He  then  deals  (at  great  length,  as  we 
have  suggested)  with  the  tragedy  of 
Maximilian,  with  the  madness  of  the 
Empress  Charlotte,  with  the  circum- 
stances in  which  the  Crown  Prince 
Rudolph  met  his  death,  and  with  the  life 
and  assassination  of  the  Empress  Eliza- 
beth ;  and  no  one  will  say  that  Mr. 
Gribble's  pages  are  dull.  Some  of  this 
has  a  bearing  on  the  story  of  the 
Emperor ;  but  much  of  it  has  not. 
Such  a  sentence  as  this  is  cheap  and 
smart : — 

"  There  was  a  certain  Polish  Countess, 
but  that  is  too  old  and  unimportant  a  story 
to  be  revived." 

There  are  other  things  of  equal  value, 
and  we  fail  to  see  why  Mr.  Gribble  should 
have  thought  it  his  duty  to  drag  them  in. 
For  many  of  the  unsavoury  stories  no  sort 
of  evidence  is  produced.  In  one  case,  it  is 
true,  the  author  adds  a  foot-note  in  which 
he  does  give  his  authority.  What  is  it  ? 
A  letter  from  the  Vienna  correspondent  of 
a  London  halfpenny  paper,  and  a  state- 
ment that  the  tale  "  was  not  contra- 
dicted "  ! 


Supplement,  March  7,  1914] 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


:{(»! 


We  are  glad  to  turn  to  other  matters, 
and  when  Mr.  Gribble  writes  of  the 
Emperor  as  a  sportsman,  he  has  pleasanter 

things  to  say.  and  has  enlivened  his  pages 
with  more  than  one  good  anecdote  of 
shooting  adventures. 

It  was,  of  course,  necessary  to  touch  on 

the  origin  of  the  Kranco- Prussian  War  of 
1870  :  and  Mr.  Gribble  writes  that  "  the 
Austrian  pledge  of  assistance  [to  Prance] 
was  only  withdrawn  at  the  eleventh  hour." 
The  "  pledge  "  of  Austria,  such  as  it  was, 
was  a  promise  to  fight  at  a  date  later  than 
that  at  which  Bismarck  forced  France  to 
"begin.  It  was  perfectly  understood  in 
France  that  Austria  would  not  be  ready 
to  fight  at  the  date  when  the  French  had 
to  declare  war  ;  and  Emile  Ollivier  has 
told  us  that  the  plans  for  an  alliance  with 
Austria  and  Italy 

'"  were  of  a  deterrent  nature  only— aca- 
demic, so  to  speak — and  were  never  reduced 
to  practicable  effective  shape.'' 

This  remark  by  Ollivier  does  not  support 
Mr.  Gribble.  and  does  not  confirm  what  he 
calls  the  "  French  official  version  "  :  "  that 
France  was  lured  on,  and  treacherously 
left  in  the  lurch." 

The  Archduke  Francis  Ferdinand's  sup- 
posed plan  for  the  future  government  of 
the  Dual  Empire  is  known,  and  is  said  by 
Mr.  Gribble  to  be 

"  the  transformation  of  the  Dual  Monarchy 
into  a  Triple  Monarchy — the  third  of  his 
Trinitv  of  Kingdoms  to  be  a  Kingdom  of 
Slavs." 

The  scheme  is,  of  course,  not  new.  It  was 
in  print  as  long  ago  as  1887  ;  but,  though 
we  are  interested  in  Mr.  Cribble's  remarks, 
we  see  no  signs  that  it  has  made  any 
progress,  or  become  more  popular  in 
recent  years. 

The  final  chapter  deals  with  the  course 
■of  events  after  the  death  of  the  old 
Emperor.  Owing  to  the  morganatic  mar- 
riage of  the  Heir- Apparent,  a  nephew, 
and   not   his   son,  stands  next  in  succes- 

•n.  This  nephew  is  a  son  of  that 
;'  family  scapegrace  "  of  whom,  with  much 
unnecessary  repetition,  the  author  says 
very  disagreeable  things.  The  author 
why  he  believes  that  the  new 
Emperor  when  he  comes  to  the  throne 
will.  Bomehow  or  other,  make  his  son  his 
successor.  Thus  the  Habsburg  super- 
Btition  of  caste  will  die. 

•It      may     die      fighting What     will 

happen  then  lies  in  the  lap  of  the  Gods." 

The  author  does  not  appear  to  be 
sufficiently  impartial  to  write  history.  He 
States  that  lie  formed  the  intention  to 
resist    the    common    tendency   of   a   bio- 

pher  to  credit   his  ••  hero  ""  with  all  the 
virtues.      In  that    he   has  succeeded  ;    but 

his  intensely  anti-Austrian  feelings  have 

prevented  him  from   being  fair,  and  I 
tor>  fond   of  old    Bcandals.      The  book  is 
well  illustrated,  and  is  sure  of  readers; 
but    much    that     i-    printed    should    I. 
been  left  in  obscurity.     If  it  should  go  to 
a    second    edition      attention      should     be 

given   to   the    spelling   of    Schonnbrunri 
Madiera,  and  a  few  other  words. 


'  Christina  of  Denmark,  Duchess  of 
Milan  and  Lorraine,'  suffices  for  the  title 
of  Mrs.  Ady's  book,  but 

"Christina,  by  the  grace  of  Cod  Queen 
of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  Sove- 
reign of  the  Goths,  Vandals,  and  Slavonians, 
Duchess  of  Schleswig,  Dittmarsch,  Lorraine, 
Bar,  and  .Milan,  Countess  of  Oldenburg  and 
Blamont,  and  Lady  of  Tortona," 

was  the  official  style  of  her  heroine. 
For  two  years  Christina  lived  in  Milan 
as  the  child  consort  of  the  last  Sforza 
Duke,  and  for  four  she  was  the  wife  of 
the  reigning  Duke  of  Lorraine  and  Bar, 
whilst  she  actually  died  as  "  Madame  de 
Tortone,"  though  Spain  had  usurped  her 
sovereign  rights  in  her  dower-city.  For 
some  seven  years  she  had  virtually  ruled 
at  Nancy  as  regent  for  her  son  ;  that  was 
the  extent  of  the  direct  contact  with 
affairs  which  the  niece  of  Charles  V.  ex- 
perienced, apart  from  her  masterly  con- 
duct of  the  negotiations  resulting  in 
the  Treaty  of  Cateau-Cambresis.  The 
Northern  titles  were  of  the  nature  of  that 
shadowy  pretension  to  the  kingdom  of 
France  which  British  kings  long  asserted. 

Yet  this  Habsburg  princess  was  un- 
doubtedly one  of  the  greatest  ladies  of 
her  time,  and  was  endowed  not  only  with 
the  charm  assigned  her  by  the  author, 
but  also  with  the  governing  capacity  of 
her  illustrious  house.  But  for  the  jealousy 
of  her  cousin  Philip  II.  she  might  have 
shown  in  the  more  important  theatre 
of  the  Netherlands  that  ability  for  affairs 
of  which  she  had  already  given  proof  in 
Lorraine.  It  is  certain  that  every  one, 
except  the  Spanish  clique,  thought  her 
ecpial  to  the  position  vacated  by  her  aunt, 
the  ex-Queen  of  Hungary,  and  that  her 
popularity  in  the  country  would  have 
given  her  at  least  an  initial  chance  of 
success.  But  it  was  not  to  be  ;  and 
Christina  is  probably  best  known  to 
posterity  as  "  Holbein's  Duchess." 

Mrs.  Ady  has  told  the  story  of  the 
much  -  sought  lady  with  charm  and 
thoroughness,  leaving  little  scope  for 
adverse  criticism  ;  and  the  excellent  re- 
productions of  fine  portraits  by  Holbein, 
Titian,  Diirer,  and  other  artists  add  to 
the  attractions  of  the  text.  The  book 
runs  to  more  than  500  pages  without  the 
Appendixes,  so  that  it  might  have  been 
better  to  omit  or  curtail  the  preliminary 
sections  dealing  with  Christina's  parents — 
the  Habsburg  mother,  and  the  Scandinav- 
ian father,  who  was  deposed  by  his  subjects 
and  bequeathed  little  but  a  title  to  his 
daughters.  Perhaps,  too,  the  section  which 
describes  Christina's  youthful  experiences 
as  Duchess  of  Milan  is  a  trifle  prolix.  Hut 
the  attention  of  the  reader  is  arrested  by 
the  narrative  of  the  competition  in  Europe 
for  the  hand  of  the  young  widow  of  .Milan. 
and    is    fairly    caught     by    the    serio-comic 

episode  of  her  courtship  by  Henry  VIII. 

of  England.  Though  Christina  and  the 
King  never  met,  Henry  fell  in  love  with 
the  portrait  that  Cromwell  had  sent 
Holbein  to  paint,  and  negotiations  for  the 

match  continued  for  two    years.      As  a 

good   daughter  of    her   house    the   niece  of 

Charles  V.  would  doubtless  have  submit  ted 

to  being   Henry's  fourth  wife  instead  of 


the  unfortunate  Anne  of  Clcves,  in  spite 
of  the  hostile  influence  of  her  aunt,  the 
Regent  of  the  Netherlands,  who  had 
a  poor  opinion  of  him  ;  but  political 
conditions  became  adverse,  and  there 
was  a  formidable  difficulty  in  the 
question  of  the  Papal  dispensation  re- 
dered  necessary  by  the  kinship  between 
the  proposed  bride  and  the  late  Queen 
Katherine  of  Aragon.  The  temporary 
allies,  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.,  mocked 
at  the  English  king's  frantic  efforts  to 
bring  about  the  match,  in  the  course  of 
which  one  of  his  envoys  had  lauded  his 
master  to  Christina  as 

"  the  most  gentle  gentleman  that  liveth, 
his  nature  so  benign  and  pleasant  that  I 
think  no  man  hath  heard  many  angry 
words  pass  his  mouth.'' 

In  curious  contrast  with  this  wre  have  a 
report  of  the  gossip  of  the  Netherlands 
Court  (wiiere  Christina  resided  between 
her  two  marriages)  to  the  effect  that 
the  Duchess  refused   the  match  because, 

"  since  the  King's  Majesty  was  in  so  little 
space  rid  of  three  Queens,  she  dare  not  trust 
his  Council,  even  if  site  dare  trust  his 
Majesty." 

Although  there  seems  no  doubt  that 
Christina  really  loved  Rene,  Prince  of 
Orange,  one  of  her  most  brilliant  suitors, 
she  was  induced  by  her  Imperial  uncle  to 
marry  the  heir  of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
and  the  marriage  turned  out  happily. 
Curiously  enough,  this  prince  had  been 
contracted  in  childhood  to  Anne  of  Cleves, 
and  this  was  Henry  VIII.  s  pretext  for 
repudiating  the  latter. 

The   rulers  of   the   duchy   of   Lorraine 
were  in  a  parlous  position  between  France 
and  the  Habsburg  territories  ;    and  after 
the    death    of    Christina's    husband    the 
French  seized  the  young  duke  and  sepa- 
rated him  from  his  mother.     Yet  through- 
out, and  even  after  that  son's  marriage 
to   the   daughter  of   Henri  II.,   Christina 
resisted    Guise   pressure,    and    remained 
faithful  to  her  own  family  and  the  ideal 
of  the   neutrality  of  the  duchy.     As  for 
her    personal    position,    she    refused    the 
most    tempting    overtures    for    a    third 
marriage,  taking  for  her  device  a  solitary 
tower    with    doves    fluttering    round    its 
barred  windows,  and  the  motto,  "  Accipio 
nullas  sordida  funis  aves."     Yet  she  was 
still  barely  25,  and  in  the  prime  of  her 
beauty.      Such     diverse      personages      as 
Catherine  de  Medicis  and   Roger  Ascham 
rated  her  as  the  finest   woman  of  her  day  ; 
and  she  even  won  the  favour  of  her  cold- 
blooded cousin  Philip  of    Spain,  exciting 
the  jealousy  of  his  English  wife.    Christina 
paid   two   visits   to    England   during   the 

reign    of    .Mary,    the    object    of    the    second 

beings  match  between  Philiberl  of  Savoy 
and  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  whom,  how- 
ever, Christina  was  not  even  allowed  to  see. 
Whilst    Duchess  of   Lorraine,  Christina 

had  made  at  least  one  attempt  at  media- 
tion between  her  ancle  Charles  V.  and  her 
uncle  by  marriage  Francis  1.  of  fiance; 

and    fourteen    year-    later    -he    w  a  s    choSCD 

to  preside  over  the  Peace  Congn  —  which 
met  at  Cereamp,  and  afterwards  at 
Cateau-Cambresis.     Her    functions    w< 


362 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


[Supplement,  March  7,  1914 


far  from  being  nominal.  Christina  not  only 
averted  the  break-up  of  the  meeting  on 
more  than  one  occasion  by  her  personal 
influence,  but  was  also  herself  responsible 
for  the  compromise  on  the  Calais  question 
which  made  peace  possible.  The  Venetian 
ambassador  at  Brussels  said  that  by 
general  admission  the  peace  was  chiefly 
due  to  her  "  wisdom  and  efforts." 

But  the  diplomatic  triumph  had  aroused 
the  jealousy  of  Philip  II.  and  his  minister 
Granvelle,  *  who  refused  Christina  the 
Regency  of  the  Low  Countries,  and  even 
encroached  on  her  rights  in  Italy  and  drove 
her  into  retirement.  Philip  prevented  the 
marriage  of  her  daughter  Renee  with 
William  of  Orange,  whom  Christina  would 
according  to  report  gladly  have  married 
herself,  though  this  need  not  be  taken 
as  more  than  a  complimentary  speech. 

Perhaps  the  chief  reflection  inspired 
by  the  perusal  of  this  attractive  book  is 
the  slight  permanent  result  produced  by 
dynastic  alliances  which  were  effected 
at  the  cost  of  so  much  personal  sacrifice, 
especially  on  the  part  of  women.  On  the 
other  hand,  we  get  some  pleasant  pictures 
of  family  gatherings  of  Habsburgs  and 
Guises,  and  some  charming  glimpses  of 
the  genial  personalities  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  and  his  hard-riding,  capable 
sister  Mary  of  Hungary. 

1  The  Golden  Age  of  Prince  Henry  the 
Navigator'  is  the  first  rendering  into 
English  of  the  late  Oliveira  Martins' s  '  Os 
Filhos  de  D.  Joao  I.,'  a  title  which  conveys 
a  better  idea  of  its  scope  and  contents 
than  the  possibly  more  attractive 
one  chosen  by  the  present  translators. 
Certainly  this  book  presents  a  vivid 
description  of  the  beginning  of  a 
literally  golden  age  for  Portugal,  but 
that  description  is  conveyed  by  the 
portraiture  and  the  stories  of  the  lives  of 
the  five  sons  who  attained  manhood  of 
King  John  I.  "the  Great  "  of  Portugal 
and  his  Queen  Philippa,  the  daughter  of 
John  of  Gaunt.  We  also  get  striking 
portraits  of  sturdy  old  John  of  Aviz 
himself,  and  of  the  mother  whose  firm, 
if  outwardly  mild,  character  had  so  much 
influence  on  their  children. 

At  once  high  praise  may  be  awarded  to 
the  translators.  The  book  reads  like 
original  matter ;  the  language,  serious 
and  straightforward,  suffers  neither  from 
archaic  affectations  nor  from  any  ultra- 
modernity  of  phrase . 

The  characters  presented  are  no  mere 
reconstructed  historical  lay  figures,  but 
people  of  flesh  and  blood  who,  but  for 
the  primitiveness  and  fanaticism  which 
prompted  thought  and  action  in  their 
time,  might  well  be  living  to-day.  One 
fully  understands  King  John's  recom- 
mendation to  his  sons — doctrinaire  each 
of  them  in  regard  to  his  own  particular 
aim  and  ambition — to  cease  their  clerking, 
and  pay  more  heed  to  that  common  sense 
which  lay  at  the  root  of  his  own  good 
government ;  while  obstinacy  of  purpose, 
coupled  with  a  certain  neglect  of  the  human 
factor  in  the  idealism  of  their  schemes, 
is  immediately  recognizable  as  a  natural 
heritage  from  their  mother. 


On  her  marriage  Queen  Philippa  found 
the  Portuguese  Court  in  a  state  of  com- 
plete moral  disorder.  Her  puritanical 
severity  was  soon  felt,  and  she  completely 
reformed,  not  only  the  morals  of  the 
Court  and  nobility,  but  also,  as  a  first 
step  towards  that  praiseworthy  end,  those 
of  her  husband.  She  arbitrarily  decreed 
marriage  between  those  of  her  suite  and 
surroundings  for  whom  she  deemed  the 
ceremony  advisable,  and  the  King  sup- 
ported her  in  all  such  decisions.  So  we 
read  : — 

"  '  The  King  and  I  expect  you  to  hurry 
your  wedding.     It  will  be  held  to-morrow.' 
"  '  But  to  whom,  your  Majesty  ?  ' 
"  '  Never    mind,    you    will    know    at    the 
altar.'  " 

One  recalcitrant,  who  does  not  seem  to 
have  fully  understood  the  seriousness  of 
the  royal  command,  was  finally  burnt  at 
the  stake  for  his  persistent  disobedience, 
and  also,  no  doubt,  as  an  example  to 
others  inclined  to  irregularity  of  conduct. 
The  force  of  Philippa's  influence  over  the 
King  in  this  regard  may  be  gathered  from 
the  fact  that,  when  she  once  caught  him 
in  the  act  of  kissing  one  of  the  ladies  of  the 
Court,  the  man  who  on  account  of  his 
sense  of  patriotism  and  justice  and  by  his 
personal  courage,  had  seized  the  throne  of 
Portugal,  could  think  of  nothing  better  to 
do  or  say  than  to  point  confusedly  at  the 
motto  of  the  Queen  ("Pour  bien")  em- 
blazoned on  the  ceiling.  Philippa  gazed 
at  him  fixedly  and  frigidly,  and  silently 
left  the  room,  and  ever  after  her  control 
over  her  husband  remained  complete.  It 
is  only  right  to  say  that  that  influence  was 
always  exercised  "  pour  bien,"  and  fair 
to  her  as  well  as  to  the  King  to  add  that 
he  appears  to  have  loved  her  truly  and 
devotedly.  When  she  lay  dying,  he  iushed 
out  of  the  palace  and  galloped  away  in  a 
frenzy  of  grief  because  he  could  not  bear 
to  see  the  end;  and  she,  who  had  always 
lived  for  her  husband,  her  children,  and 
their  country,  would  not  allow  her  own 
death  to  delay  the  starting  of  the  expedi- 
tion which  was  to  make  the  ill-starred 
conquest  of  Ceuta. 

Such  were  the  parents  of  five  sons,  the 
lives  and  life  work  of  three  of  whom  form 
the  chief  interest  of  the  present  volume  : 
Prince  Duarte,  king  after  his  father's 
death ;  Prince  Peter,  counsellor  of  his 
brother,  and  Regent  during  much  of 
the  minority  of  his  nephew  Alphonso  V.  ; 
and  Prince  Henry  "  the  Navigator." 
All  three  were  men  of  high  character 
and  idealists  in  regard  to  the  aims 
which  they  pursued — all  three  imbued 
with  the  pious  and  chivalric  fervour  of 
their  age,  and  each,  perhaps,  too  ex- 
clusively engrossed  by  his  own  projects  to 
have  any  fullness  of  sympathy  with  those 
of  the  others. 

Duarte,  the  author-king,  did  much  to 
systematize  and  improve  Portuguese  as  a 
written  language,  and  wrote  many  treatises 
laying  down  rules  for  good  government 
and  the  better  writing  of  prose.  In  this 
connexion  Senhor  Oliveira  Martins  says 
some  hard  things  about  the  literary 
temperament  in  general,  which,  he  ob- 
serves, "mistakes  a  cloud  for  Juno,  and 


mere  words  for  actions  "  ;  and  of  King: 
Duarte  in  particular  that  "  he  was  a 
crowned  author,  with  the  weaknesses  and 
virtues  of  this  class  of  man,  with  the 
inertia  of  will-power  that  comes  from 
the  fatal  disposition  to  communicate  in 
writing  his  thoughts  and  wishes." 

There  is  no  doubt  that  Duarte's 
conscientiousness  worried  him  into  an 
early  grave.  He  would  write  down  in 
treatise  form  all  the  arguments  for  and 
against  any  important  proposition  before 
him,  only  usually  to  find  that  they 
balanced  so  evenly  as  to  preclude  the 
possibility  of  his  arriving  at  any  definite 
decision." 

During  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  Prince 
Peter  had  visited  the  chief  courts  of  what 
was  then  "  the  whole  world,"  studying 
customs  and  systems  of  government.  He 
was  a  philosophic  statesman  and  his 
liberal  ideas  were  too  far  beyond  the 
spirit  of  his  age  for  practical  and  lasting 
triumph  over  the  still  powerful  nobility. 
They  were  avenged  for  his  attacks  on  their 
privileges,  and  restored  to  even  greater 
power,  after  his  defeat  and  death. 

Prince  Henry  cared  only  to  devote  all 
his  undoubted  talent  and  energy  to  the 
prospects  of  increased  trade  and  wealth 
for  his  country  through  discovery  and 
colonization.  It  is  characteristic  of  the 
fanatical  determination  of  this  really 
united  and  affectionate  family,  and  of 
the  times,  that  they  allowed  their  brother 
Ferdinand  to  die  in  Moorish  captivity 
rather  than  give  back  Ceuta  to  the 
infidels.  Ceuta  was  put  forward  as  the 
only  ransom  for  his  freedom,  and  Ferdi- 
nand himself  appears  to  have  been  a 
willing  sacrifice  to  the  patriotic  decision. 

The  enterprise  of  Prince  Henry,  not- 
withstanding its  ultimate  consequences 
to  Portugal — first  in  draining  her  already 
scanty  population,  afterwards  in  flooding 
her  with  slave  labour,  and,  lastly,  in 
nearly  exhausting  her  pecuniary  re- 
sources— marks  an  epoch  of  far-reaching: 
importance  to  the  world.  He  it  was  who 
planted  the  first  vines  and  sugar-canes  in 
Madeira,  and  sent  out  the  expeditions- 
which  may  be  truly  regarded  as  the  direct 
forerunners  of  the  voyages  of  Vasco- 
da  Gama  and  the  explorers  who  followed 
him.  The  work  of  discovery  would  even- 
tually have  been  done  by  some  one  had  not 
Prince  Henry  existed  and  enlisted  all  the 
geographical  and  maritime  science  and 
experience  of  the  time.  The  fact  remains 
that  he  did  so,  and  brought  about  the 
dissipation  of  the  discouraging  theories 
that  the  ends  of  the  earth,  situated  at  no 
great  distance  from  Europe,  were  clothed  in 
mephitic  fogs,  and  inhabited  by  loathsome 
monsters,  and  that  the  sea  towards  what 
we  know  as  the  tropics  was  boiling  hot. 

The  book  by  M.  Langlade  on  'Rose 
Bertin,  the  Creator  of  Fashion  at  the 
Court  of  Marie  -  Antoinette '  has  been 
adapted  from  the  French  by  Dr.  Rappoport. 

The  life  of  a  Court  milliner  is  not  usually 
of  great  historic  interest,  but  in  the  days 
of  Louis  XVI., that  age  of  frills  and  feathers 
when  royalty  and  nobility  abandoned 
themselves    completely   to   the   chase   o£ 


Sitplkmknt.    Mabch  7,   1014] T  II  K     A  T  II  K  N  JK  IT  M 


363 


every  Qeeting  fashion,  Mile.  Rose  Bertin, 
nicknamed  the  "  Minister  of  Fashion," 
was  more  influential  than  a  Minister  of 

Finance  or  a  Secretary  of  State.  The 
antechambers  of  the  palace  were  crowded 
with    milliners,    hairdressers,    perfumers, 

and  the  like,  but  Rose  had  free  access  to 
-Marie  Antoinette's  private  apartments. 
Her  influence  over  the  Queen  in  matters  of 
dress  was  almost  unlimited,  and  the  law 
she  laid  down  in  the  name  of  fashion 
involved  her  clients  in  the  most  reckless 
expenditure.  M.  Emile  Langlade's  bio- 
_  phy  of  this  famous  milliner  is,  as 
Dr.  Bappoport  points  out  in  his  Pre- 
face, not  only  a  history  of  Rose  Bertin, 
but  also  a  study  of  the  period  preceding 
the  Revolution ;  it  gives  an  interesting 
account  of  the  fashions,  eccentricities,  and 
general  manners  of  the  Court  at  Versailles 
during    the    last    years    of    the    French 

c?  %,■ 

monarchy. 

At  that  Court  fashions  were  not  merely 
ephemeral  and  exorbitantly  expensive,  but 
also  ridiculous  in  the  extreme.  The 
pouf  aux  sentiments  could  scarcely  be  sur- 
passed for  absurdity.  The  Baroness 
d'Oberkirch  defined  it  in  her  memoirs  as 

"*  a  headdress  into  which  may  be  introduced 

the  likeness  of  any  person  or  tiling  for 
which  one  may  feel  affection,  such  as  a 
miniature  of  one's  daughter  or  mother,  a 
picture  of  a  canary  or  a  dog,  &c,  adorned 
with  the  hair  of  a  father  or  of  a  beloved 
friend." 

On  the  death  of  Louis  XV.,  Rose  Bertin's 
genius  rose  to  the  occasion  and  she  pro- 
duced the  pouf  a  la  circonstance.  It  con- 
tained, among  other  things,  a  tall  cypress 
with  black  marigolds,  a  sheaf  of  wheat, 
and  a  cornucopia  of  melons,  figs,  and 
other  fruit,  and  was  symbolic  of  the 
nation's  grief  at  the  death  of  the  King, 
and  hope  for  the  prosperity  of  the  new 

_rn.  The  fashion  in  headgears  changed 
almost  monthly,  and  Rose  was  quick  to 
seize  any  topical  event  for  a  new  creation. 
Thus  the  King's  vaccination  (June,  1774) 
inspired  the  pouf  a  V  inoculation,  the  rise 
in    the   price    of   flour    (May,    1775)    the 

rmets  d  la  revolte,  and  the  birth  of  the 
Dauphin  (October,  1781)  the  bonnets   au 

".phin.     The  headdresses    were   so   im- 

ose  that  women  were  obliged  to  kneel 
on  the  floor  of  their  carriages.  Rose 
Sted  that  she  had  the  Queen's 
collaboration  in  her  ingenious  inventions. 
W  ten  one  of  her  aristocratic  customers 
complained  at  being  shown  last  month's 
hats,  and  asked  for  the  very  latest  style, 
MIK-.  Bertin  replied  with  impudent  dignity, 
•  Madam,  it  is  nol  possible.  When  1  last 
worked  with  her  Majesty,  we  decreed  that 
the  new  Btyies  should  not  appear  for 
another  week."  Hie  Queen's  personal 
•  penditure  increased  yearly,  and  Theve- 
neau  de  Morande  was  only  one  of  those 
who  complained  that  "  the  extravagant 
notions  and  far-fetched  combinations  ol 
Mile.  Bertin  have  been  the  cause  of 
enormous  ezpena 

The  question  of  dress  had  its  influence 
on  commerce,  and  bo  affected  the  politi- 
cal situation.  While  certain  manufac- 
tures flourished,  others  were  completely 
ruined.    The  people  were  starving,  while 


gigantic  sums  were  being  spent  daily  on 
gauze  and  feathers.  Even  when  the  com- 
plaints of  the  populace  had  become 
ominously  loud,  the  tragedies  of  the  da\ 
were  adapted  to  make  a  new  fashion. 
After  the  murder  of  Foulon,  ribbons  sang 
ili  Foulon  were  displayed  in  shop  windows  ; 
and  bits  of  stone  set  in  gold,  called  jewels 
a  la  Constitution,  were  very  popular  after 
the  fall  of  the  Bastille.  Mile.  Bertin  was 
not  responsible  for  either  piece  of  brazen 
insolence.  She  was  warned  in  time,  and, 
making  her  foreign  customers  an  excuse  for 
travelling,  visited  Germany  and  England. 
The  Queen,  it  is  said,  begged  her  to  leave 
Paris,  where  she  would  be  exposed  to  the 
rage  of  the  Revolutionists,  and  it  is 
possible  that  Rose  acted  as  an  inter- 
mediary between  her  royal  mistress  and 
the  rniigres.  She  gave  financial  aid  to  the 
latter,  many  of  whom  were  heavily  in 
her  debt,  but  there  is  little  foundation  for 
the  story  that  she  burnt  her  account  books, 
which  contained  many  debts  still  due,  in 
order  that  the  Revolutionists  might  not 
obtain  proof  of  Marie  Antoinette's  extrava- 
gance. 

The  book  contains  many  interesting 
portraits,  illustrations  of  contemporary 
fashions,  and  notably  a  photogravure 
frontispiece  of  Rose  Bertin,  showing  the 
plump  and  pretty  face  of  a  saucy,  self- 
seeking,  but  kind-hearted   bourgeoise. 


Pennell  of  the  Afghan  Frontier.  By  Alice 
M.  Pennell.  (Seeley,  Service  &  Co., 
10s.  M.  net.) 

This  book  will  interest  many  readers 
because  it  combines  the  fascinations  of 
'  The  Bible  in  Spain,'  Capt.  Burton's  '  Pil- 
grimages,' and  '  Kim  '  in  the  short  but  use- 
ful life  of  a  medical  missionary  who  lived 
and  worked  amongst  the  Pathans  of  the 
north-west  frontier  of  India.  It  shows  the 
value  of  medical  missionary  enterprise  as 
a  civilizing  agent,  and  it  teems  with 
adventure. 

Theodore  Leigh  ton  Pennell,  the  son 
of  an  English  doctor,  who  practised  at 
Rio  and  married  his  first  cousin,  was 
born  in  1867.  He  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  where  he  obtained  high 
honours,  and  secured  the  degree  of  M.D.  at 
the  University  of  London,  and  the  Fellow- 
ship of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
England.  Even  as  a  student  he  showed 
his  pre-eminent  talent  as  a  trainer  of  boys 
by  his  conduct  of  the  Working  Lads' 
Institute  in  London. 

Becoming  attached  to  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society,  he  was  sent  to  India 
in  1892,  and  began  work  amongst  the 
Pathans  at  Bannu  on  the  frontier 
highroad  beyond  the  [ndus.  He  was 
thus  brought  into  immediate  contact 
with  the  wildest  and  most  vindictive 
thieves  on  the  horde!',  who  were  also 
bigoted  Mohammedans.  Dr.  Pennell  was 
repeatedly  stoned  when  he  began  to  preach 
he  always  did)  in  the  bazaar ;  but  after 

a  time  his  medical  knowledge,  his  justice, 

and  his  absolute  fearlessness  evoked  the 

id  qualities  of  the  tribesmen,  and  g 
him  a  place  in  their  hearts  whit  h  recon- 


ciled them  to  his  Christianity.  The  secret 
of  his  success  was  not  far  to  seek.  Devoted 
to  his  religion  and  his  professional  work, 
he  went  after  and  among  the  people  instead 
of  waiting  for  them  to  come  to  him.  He 
adapted  himself  to  the  life,  the  clothes, 
and  even  the  appearance  of  the  tribesmen, 
lie  abstained  from  wine  and  meat,  seeking 
in  every  way  to  identify  himself  with  his 
surroundings.  He  understood  the  educa- 
tional value  of  sports  as  a  training  for 
manliness  and  self  -  restraint.  He  was 
foremost,  therefore,  in  promoting  football 
and  cricket  amongst  the  native  boys  who 
clustered  round  him,  and  so  taught  them 
that  they  could  win  or  lose  a  hard-fought 
game  by  fair  means  and  with  some  degree 
of  equanimity.  The  winter  of  l'.HKJ-I  was 
spent  on  a  pilgrimage  with  a  chela,  in  the 
usual  manner,  without  purse  or  scrip. 
The  adventures  he  met  with  and  the 
reflections  he  made  form  some  of  the  most 
valuable  and  interesting  pages  in  the  book, 
for  they  show  phases  of  life  in  India  which 
can  be  known  to  only  a  very  few  Euro- 
peans. Much  of  the  journey  was  made 
upon  a  bicycle,  and  Sadhus  on  bicycles 
are  so  unfamiliar  as  to  cause  effects  little 
short  of  consternation  in  uncivilised 
regions. 

The  last  years  of  his  life  were  saddened 
by  many  events,  though  his  marriage 
afforded  him  a  short  period  of  happiness. 
He  died — doubtless  as  he  would  have 
wished  to  die — from  an  acute  attack  of 
blood-poisoning,  contracted  in  an  attempt 
to  save  the  life  of  a  friend  who  was  his 
colleague. 

The  book  is  well  written  by  his  widow, 
who  wisely  allow  shim  to  tell  his  own  story 
in  his  own  way,  and  only  adds  enough 
to  make  a  connected  narrative.  There 
are  two  excellent  maps  and  twenty  illus- 
trations. Mrs.  Pennell  has  added  a  glos- 
sary of  the  Indian  words  used  in  the 
book.  The  profits  on  the  sale  of  it 
will  be  devoted  to  the  Afghan  Medical 
Mission.  Dr.  Pennell  was  a  connexion 
of  Lord  Roberts,  who  has  written  a  short 
appreciative  Introduction. 


Xicholas  Breakspear  {Hadrian  IV.), 
A.D.  1154-9:  the  only  English  Pope. 
By  the  Rev.  Horace  K.  Mann.  (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.,  3s.  6d.  net.) 

Dr.  Mann  has  recently  published  the 
ninth  and  tenth  volumes  of  his  laborious 
history  of  the  Mediaeval  Papacy,  hut  he 
rightly  believes  that  more  readers 
could  be  found  for  a  life  of  the  only 
English  I'oiie  than  for  a  minute  survey  ox 
the  peiiod  in  which  he  lived,  and  the  work 

of  his  immediate  predecessors  and  suc- 
cessors.  He  ha-  therefore  extracted  from 
his  ninth  volume  all  that  relates  to 
Hadrian  IV..  has  added  to  it  a  chapter  on 
the  relations  between  the  Easl  and  the 
West,  and  has  published  it  a-  an  indepen- 
dent work.  Hi-  introductory  chapter  on 
the  social  and  general  histon  ol  the  twelfth 
centun    is   extremely   well   written,  and 

may     i n i .  i .  - 1      those     who     find     nothing 

cially    attractive    in    the    oareei    of 


364 


THE     A  T  H  E  NiEUM 


[Supplement,  March  7,   1914 


Nicholas  Breakspear ;  and  though  it 
occupies  a  disproportionate  space  in  a 
biography,  it  may  enable  readers  to 
understand  better  the  times  and  the 
men  with  whom  Hadrian  was  con- 
cerned. As  to  the  details  of  the  life, 
we  need  only  say  that  they  have  been 
closely  studied,  and  are  carefully  set  down. 
But  a  word  may  be  added  about  the  new 
chapter. 

Dr.  Mann  has  to  deal  with  the  attitude 
of  the  Eastern  Emperors  and  Patriarchs 
towards  the  See  of  Rome.  To  him  it  is  all 
a  question  of  "  submission  to  papal  autho- 
rity."  "  The  differences  in  faith  and 
customs  between  the  Latins  and  the  Greeks 
cannot  be  settled  '  till  the  members  adhere 
to  the  head,'  "  he  says,  referring  to  a  letter 
of  Paschal  II.  to  Alexius  I.  (1112).  Though 
he  quotes  a  letter  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Thessalonica,  Basil,  he  does  not  appear 
to  appreciate  the  meaning  of  its  state- 
ments. From  the  whole  chapter,  indeed, 
we  gather  that  Dr.  Mann  ignores  the 
fact  that  the  Greek  Church  never  accepted 
the  supremacy,  in  spite  of  many  polite 
expressions  about  the  primacy,  of  the 
Roman  bishops.  It  is  quite  true  that 
neither  East  nor  West  thought  in  1054 
that  the  unity  of  the  Church  was  severed  ; 
but  it  is  equally  true  that,  since  the  time 
of  Justinian  at  least,  the  Patriarchs  of 
Constantinople  had  never  varied  from 
their  assertion  of  complete  independence 
of,  and  equality  with,  the  See  of  Old  Rome. 
Dr.  Mann,  steeped  though  he  is  in  the 
mediaeval  chroniclers,  is  too  much  inclined 
to  see  the  history  of  the  past  entirely 
through  Roman  spectacles.  Everybody 
who  writes  mediaeval  Church  history  now 
ought,  at  least,  to  have  read  through 
Mr.  Denny's  l  Papalism.' 

Another  point  of  interest  is  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  bull  '  Laudabiliter.'  That 
Hadrian  IV.  did  make  some  sort  of  grant 
of  Ireland  to  Henry  II.  would,  no  doubt, 
now  be  generally  admitted ;  but  Dr. 
Mann  is  disposed  to  accept  the  bull  itself 
as  undoubtedly  genuine.  He  refers  to 
some  of  the  arguments  of  Mr.  E.  D. 
Mackie,  though  we  do  not  think  he  men- 
tions his  name,  and  grounds  on  some  of 
them  a  conclusion  opposite  to  that  which 
they  were  used  to  establish.  Mr.  Mackie 
argued  against  the  authenticity  from  a 
comparison  with  the  papal  letter  to 
Louis  VII.;  and  we  may  take  it  as  pro- 
bable that  in  doing  so  he  had  at  his  back 
the  authority  of  a  leading  expert  in  diplo- 
matic, Dr.  R.  L.  Poole,  whose  assistance 
he  acknowledges  in  his  Preface.  He 
showed  that  what  was  superfluous  in  the 
'  Laudabiliter  '  was  natural  in  the  letter, 
to  which  it  bears  so  many  resemblances, 
and  that  the  form  of  the  bull  ill  corre- 
sponded with  the  strict  rules  which  were 
followed  by  the  clerks  of  the  papal  chan- 
cery. Dr.  Mann  does  not  appear  to  grasp 
the  force  of  these  arguments,  and,  indeed, 
is  content  to  say  that  the  '  Laudabiliter  ' 
is  more  likely  to  be  genuine  because  it 
resembles  a  letter  on  a  different  subject. 
We  think  that  Mr.  Mackie  has  the  best  of 
the  argument,  and  the  point  illustrates 
the  lack  of  balanced  judgment  which  is 
the  defect  of  Dr.  Mann  as  an  historian. 


Gerard  (Dorothea),  The  Austrian  Officer 
at  Work  and  at  Play,  7/6  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 

The  rumour  that  "  Austrian  Officers  seem 
to  have  nothing  to  do  but  to  sit  in  Coffee 
Houses  "  is  dispelled  by  a  cursory  examina- 
tion of  this  volume.  Equally  removed  from 
the  truth  is  the  often-quoted  statement  that 
they  can  only  waltz  and  make  love.  The 
author  has  set  about  her  task  of  describing 
the  daily  life  of  the  Austrian  officer  in  a 
delightful  and  somewhat  unconventional 
manner.  She  has  given  her  own  impres- 
sions and  experiences  as  the  wife  of  an 
Austrian  officer.  She  pictures  him  as  an 
exceedingly  hard-worked  man  who  takes 
his  vocation  seriously,  and  whose  gaiety  is 
only  superficial.  Most  of  his  time  is  spent 
in  the  arduous  duties  of  garrison  life  in  such 
unattractive  regions  as  Galicia  and  the 
Servian  frontier,  where  even  the  necessaries 
of  life  are  scarce.  It  is  rarely,  and  at  short 
intervals,  that  he  can  enjoy  the  city  life 
of  Vienna  and  Budapest.  She  explains  in 
her  Introduction  that,  "in  order  to  rightly 
reproduce  the  Austrian  Officer  of  to-day,  it 
is  necessary  to  say  a  few  words  about  his 
moral  ancestor,  the  Austrian  Officer  of 
yesterday,  from  whom  many  qualities  and 
some  defects  have  been  transmitted."  The 
great  idol  of  Austrian  military  life  is  Radet- 
zky,  who  had  fought  with  success  against 
Napoleon,  and  as  an  octogenarian  led  his 
country  to  victory  at  Novara  against  tre- 
mendous odds.  We  gain  the  impression 
that  his  example  and  spirit  still  prevail, 
and  that  every  Austrian  officer's  greatest 
wish  is  to  exhibit  the  qualities  of  Radetzky 
when  the  day  of  trial  comes.  The  author  asks 
how  it  is  possible  that  so  heterogeneous  a 
mass,  amid  such  a  Babel  of  tongues,  can  hold 
together.  Her  explanation  is,  in  one  word, 
"Hapsburg."  In  this  she  bears  out  the 
conviction  of  the  Vienna  correspondent  of 
The  Times,  whose  authoritative  work  on 
Austria  has  lately  been  published.  The  book 
ends  with  a  chapter  on  '  The  War  that 
Might  Have  Been,'  and  shows  in  what  a  high 
state  of  readiness  Austria  was  at  the  end  of 
last  year. 

Mursell  (Arthur),  Memories  of  my  Life, 
6/  net.  -  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

For  fifty  years  Mr.  Arthur  Mursell  has 
occupied  a  prominent  place  in  the  life  of 
the  Free  Churches,  and  these  '  Memories  ' 
bring  before  us  many  who,  by  their  work 
and  influence,  have  placed  Nonconformity  in 
the  position  it  now  holds. 

Of  his  father,  the  successor  of  Robert 
Hall  at  Leicester,  the  autobiographer  relates 
that  in  1858  he  was  about  to  take  train  at 
Penrith  when  Lord  Brougham  came  on  the 
platform,  and  dropped  a  glove,  which 
Mursell  picked  up  and  returned  to  him. 
Brougham,  when  thanking  him,  said,  "  You 
appear  to  be  a  minister."  "  Not  a  Prime 
Minister,  I  fear,"  was  the  reply.  Preachers 
became  the  subject  of  conversation,  and 
the  name  of  Robert  Hall  being  mentioned — 
"  One  of  the  finest  pulpit  orators  I  ever 
heard,"  said  Lord  Brougham.  "  I  never 
willingly  miss  the  opportunity  of  hearing 
him  when  I  am  on  the  Midland  Circuit." 

Mr.  Mursell  was  born  on  the  14th  of 
November,  1831.  It  was  a  time  of  great 
political  unrest,  being  within  seven  months 
of  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill.  "Leicester 
was  putrid  with  politics  "  ;  "  the  industrious 
classes  were  at  the  mercy  of  county  magnates, 
who  were  blind  to  their  condition,  and  deaf 
to  their  cries  ;  but  a  righteous  rebellion  was 
beginning  to  find  voice  among  them."  The 
sympathies  of  Mursell's  father  were  "  pas- 
sionately, though  discreetly,  enlisted  on  the 
people's    side,    and    the    six    points    of    the 


People's  Charter  were  the  mottoes  of  my 
first  copybooks,  and  '  civil  and  religious 
liberty  '  was  writ  large  on  my  nursery  walls." 

Among  the  author's  early  recollections  is 
the  visit  of  O'Connell  to  Leicester,  occa- 
sioned by  the  imprisonment  of  Baines  (a 
much-respected  officer  in  MialPs  church) 
for  refusing  to  pay  church  rates.  Cobden 
also  came  to  advocate  Free  Trade,  when 
the  theatre  was  packed.  Young  Mursell 
accompanied  his  father  on  the  stage,  and 
occupied  a  stool  almost  at  Cobden's  feet. 
"  The  tact  and  patience  he  displayed  in 
facing  the  storm  of  interruption  by  which 
he  was  assailed  captivated  the  authors  of 
the  turbulence,  and  he  concluded  a  speech 
of  an  hour  and  a  half  amidst  an  ovation  of 
applause."  A  less  adroit  speaker  roused  the 
people  to  fury,  and  the  surging  crowd 
became  alarming.  "  Cobden,  turning  round, 
seeing  a  frightened  child  beside  him,  drew 
me  on  to  his  knee,  and  converted  me  to  free 
trade  by  his  gentle  assurance." 

After  leaving  school,  young  Mursell  came 
to  London,  and  "  gravitated "  to  Pater- 
noster Row,  where  he  served  as  a  "  collector  '* 
to  Aylott  &  Jones,  whose  names  will  always 
be  associated  with  the  Brontes  as  the  first 
publishers  of  their  poems.  But  the  work 
was  not  congenial  to  him  ;  his  vocation 
was  evidently  that  of  a  Baptist  minister. 
After  two  years  at  Bristol  College  he  was 
appointed  to  a  church  at  Manchester.  There 
he  remained  for  ten  years,  then  came  to 
London  and  became  pastor  of  the  Stockwell 
Baptist  Church,  South  Lambeth  Road. 
Spurgeon  was  then  living  in  Nightingale 
Lane,  Clapham  Common,  and  when  Mursell 
was  walking  with  him  one  day  in  his  garden, 
Spurgeon  pointed  to  an  old  tree  in  which  a 
pulpit  had  been  fixed,  and  said,  "  That 's 
Richard  Baxter's  pulpit." 

The  book  is  full  of  interesting  remi- 
niscences of  men  well  known  during  the 
period  with  which  it  deals — Dr.  Parker, 
Guinness  Rogers,  and  a  host  of  others. 
There  is  an  excellent  likeness  of  the  author, 
but,  should  a  new  edition  be  called  for,  Mr. 
Mursell  will,  we  trust,  add  an  index  of 
names. 

Rye  (Walter),  Norfolk  Families,  42/  net. 

Norwich,  Goose  &  Son 

Mr.  Rye,  who  has  devoted  many  years  to 
genealogical  research,  has  in  this  substantial 
volume  treated  of  nearly  1,400  Norfolk 
families  who  possess  the  right  to  bear  arms 
or  have  attained  celebrity  in  other  ways. 
He  is  one  of  the  modern  exact  school  of 
genealogists,  and  his  pages  are  crowded  with 
authorities  for  the  pedigrees  he  gives.  In 
the  same  way,  when  he  contests  the  accuracy 
of  various  early  pedigrees,  he  supplies  chapter 
and  verse  for  his  objections.  Good  examples 
of  his  methods  are  the  long  discussions  on 
the  Pastons  and  Wodehouse  of  Kimberley. 
Mr.  Rye  puts  in  a  strong  claim  for  Chaucer 
as  a  Norfolk  man.  Among  recent  celebrities 
of  the  county  may  be  named  the  Bulwers, 
the  Palgraves,  the  Pollocks,  and  the  late 
Dr.  Jessopp. 

The  '  Addenda  and  Corrigenda  '  contain 
many  things  of  importance  which  should  be 
noted  by  all  possessors  of  the  work,  of  which 
only  250  copies  have  been  printed.  It  is 
by  no  means  dry  reading,  for  Mr.  Rye  writes 
in  a  lively  style,  and,  if  he  is  severe  on  other 
people  (for  example,  on  p.  78,  "  The  absurd 
claim  made  by  Buiwer-Ly tton . .  .  .  is  too 
silly  to  be  seriously  confuted"),  is  equally 
severe  on  himself,  as  on  p.  1065,  where  he 
remarks,  "  This  is  perhaps  the  most  idiotic 
of  the  many  misprints  which  disgrace  this 
work.?! 


/ 


THE  ATHEN-ZEUM^ 

Jmmtal  nf  (Bnnllsb  tmi  JFnmgn  %iUxatnxtT  %timtz,  the  jFine  ^nst  ptnsic  attt,  iht  Dratm 

1     1914       | 

4^.  PRICK 

SATURDAY,     MARCI       4,     1914.         ^    ^;,s,^pa^!^spapeR. 


^ocittits. 


ROYAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 
Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter  | 
An  ORPINAKY  MEETING  of  the  Society  will  be  held  on 
THURSDAY.  March  1».  1914.  at  .'>  P.M.,  at  7.  SOUTH  SQUARL. 
GRAYS  INN.  W.C..  when  Mr.  H.  R  TEDDER.  F.8.A..  Hon. 
Treasurer  K.Hi-tS.  will  Nad  his  Paper  'CONCERNING  HIS- 
TORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY     II.  E.  MALDEN.  Hon.  Secretory. 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY. —  The 
next  EVENING  MEETING  will  be  held  on  WEDNESDAY. 
March  18.  at  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  Gower  Street.  W.C.,  at 
S  p.m..  when  a  Paper  will  t>e  read  by  Miss  A.  WERNER  on 
•FOLKLORE  OF  EAST  AFRICA.'  The  Paper  will  be  illustrated 
by  Lantern-Slides.  F.  A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inu.  W.C.,  March  9.  1914. 


TOPOGRAPHICAL       SOCIETY. 


T  ONDON 

The  ANNUAL  MEETING  will  be  held  on  WEDNESDAY, 
March  IS.  1914.  at  the  ROOMS  of  the  SOUIKTX  OF  ANTIQUARIES, 
Burlington  House.  Picc.idilly,  W.,  at  4  30  P.M. 

The  Ohair  will  be  taken  by  LORD  WELBY  OF  ALUNGTON. 
6CB..  who  will  deliver  an  Address  upon  'LONDON  SUBURBS.' 
An  Address  will  also  be  given  by  Dr.  PHILIP  NORMAN  (with 
Lantern  Illustrations  uiK>n  'LONDON  CITY  CHURCHES.' 

For  particulars  and  cards  of  admission  apply  to  the  Secretary, 
HAROLD  G.  HEAD,  7,  Upper  Baker  Street,  N.W. 


T 


(Exhibitions. 

HE        GOUPIL       GALLERY. 

THE    LONDON    GROUP. 
5,  Regent  Street.      Admission  Is.    10-6. 


Rt.UTEKUNST'S  GALLERY,  10,  GRAFTON 
.  STREET.  BOND  STREET.  W.  ORIGINAL  ETCHINGS  by 
LESLIK  MANSFIELD,  IV  I.  SMART,  E.  HERBERT  WHYDALE, 
and  HENRY  W1NSLOW.  NOW  ON  VIEW  10-6  DAILY; 
SATURDAYS  10-1. 


<P  Durational. 


MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C  —An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  for  Boys 
under  14  on  June  11,  1911.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
day».-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


S 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  Hon  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

AGRICULTURAL     COLLEGE.     Tamworth.— 
ning  for  Home  or  Colonies.    College  Farm,  1,000  acres.    Vet. 
Science.  Smiths'  Work.  Carpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught.    Ideal 
i  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 


MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  I3S  139,  URGENT  STREET,  W..  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses,  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones  Com- 
panions, Secretin?*.  Readers,  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Scnoob i  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  'personal  or  by  letter',  stating  requirements.  OSce 
boon,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  36^7 

STAMMERING  PERMANENTLY  CURED. 
Universal  lucceM.  Resident  and  Daily  Pupils  received.— Pro- 
•pectui  with  testimonial*  post  free  from  Mr.  A.  O.  SCHNELLE, 
11».  Bedford  Court  Mansions.  London.  W.c.    EsUb  1MB. 


Situations  ITarant. 

UNIYKRMTY      COLLEGE.      DUBLIN. 
•  ollegeof  the  National  University  of  Ireland. 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF    r  I'.K.V  H  AND  KOHAIOl   PHILOI 

Applications  are  in\ite-l  by  the  Governing  Body  of  University 
College.  Dublin,  f  ,r  the  -  i>  rm..i  >u  of  re, .re.,  nutions  to  the  H«n:ite  of 
the  National  Universitv  of  Ireland  in  respect  of  the  appointment  to 
be  made  to  the  above  Prof«-a*orahtp. 

I.rewnt   salary  a-  the  office  I.  4002.  per  annum.    The 

conditions  I    the    office  and  other  particular*  may  be 

•".m  the  undersigned 
Completed  apphcition*.  with  copies  of  thre**   testimonial*  in  each 
eaaa.  must  be  received  not  later  than  A  PB  1 1.  . 

J.  W    BACON,   MA  ,  Secretary  and  Bursar. 
«,  St.  Stephen  -  lin. 

March  10.  1914. 

KINDERGARTEN  MLT8TRB88for  Private  Day 
and  Boarding  I  -it*,  to  take  clurge  of 

K       ergarten  and  Instruct  two  Students  in  Theory  and   I 
Kindergarten  Teaching.    Salary  >>.(    >:• -M-nt.     Paasage  paid. 


MD8IC     MI8TRKSS     for      Private      Day     and 
Boarding  s.  Hool  in  tl  -  I 

Vlolir.  rtl.er  i*rt|r-ular» 

apply  r  I1A-.TII. 

Ficcadllly.  London.  W. 


,  ■>>.  Hackvllle  Street. 


u 


N  I  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y 


OF        LONDON. 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  That  the  8enate  is  about  to  elect 
an  Examiner  in  the  following  department  for  the  year  1914-10. 

Full  particulars  of  the  remuneration  of  the  Exaniiuership  can  be 
obtained  on  application  to  the  Principal. 

FOR  THE  FINAL  EXAMINATIONS  ONLY. 

FACULTY    OF    ARTS    AND    FACULTY    OF    SCIENCE. 

One  in  PHILOSOPHY. 

Candidates  must  send  in  their  names  to  the  Principal,  with  any 

attestation  of  their  qualifications  they  may   think  desirable,  on  or 

before  SATURDAY,  March  81.      (It  is  particularly  desired  by   the 

Senate  that  no  application  of  any  kind  be  made   to  its  individual 

Members.) 

If  testimonials  are  submitted,  three  copies  at  least  of  each  should 
be  sent.     Original  testimonials  should  not  be  forwarded  in  any  case. 
By  Order  of  the  Seriate, 

HENRY  A.  M1ERS,  Principal. 
University  of  London,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
March,  1914. 


N 


EYVNHAM        COLLEGE,        CAMBRIDGE. 


The  post  of  RESIDENT  LECTURER  in  HISTORY  and 
DIRECTOR  OF  HISTORICAL  STUDIES  will  be  VACANT  in 
SEPTEMBER.  Applicants  (who  should  be  women  of  academic 
attainments)  are  requested  to  write  for  information  to  THE 
PRINCIPAL.  Testimonials  are  not  required,  but  names  should  be 
given  of  persons  to  whom  the  College  authorities  may  refer.  Candi- 
dates should  also  send  particulars  as  to  education,  experience,  Ac, 
with  copies  or  titles  of  any  historical  work  they  may  have  published, 
before  APRIL  Jii. 

EAST    SUFFOLK     COUNTY     EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
SIR   JOHN    LEMAN'd    SCHOOL,    BECCLE8. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  this 
Secondary  School.  The  new  buildings  will  be  completed  and  ready 
for  occupation  by  the  middle  of  September,  1914.  and  the  Head 
Master  will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  on  the  first  day  of  that 
month.  Accommodation  ISti  (Buys  aud  Girls).  The  Pupil  Teachers  and 
Scholars,  abiut  50.  from  the  existing  Pupil  Teachers'  Centre  will  be 
transferred  to  the  new  School.  The  salary  will  be  at  the  rate  of  2002. 
per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10!.  according  to  the 
Committee's  regulations  to  a  maximum  of  300Z.  per  annum,  plus  a 
capitation  grant  of  10s  per  annum  for  each  unit  of  average  attendance 
of  fee-paying  Scholars.  The  Governors  estimate  that  68  fee-paying 
Scholars  will  be  entered  at  once,  but  do  not  guarantee  this  number. 
Applicants  must  be  Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  King- 
dom, or  have  other  equivalent  qualifications  as  may  be  approved  by 
the  Board  of  Education.  Applications,  upon  prescribed  forms  (Form 
231,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent  testimonials, 
must  be  received  on  or  before  MARCH  28.  1914. 

W.  E.  WATK1NS,  Clerk  to  Governors. 

County  Hall,  Ipswich,  March  5,  1914. 

T   Y  M  M        GRAMMAR        SCHOOL. 


APPOINTMENT  OF   HEAD   MA8TER 

The  Governors  of  the  Lymm  Grammar  School,  in  the  County  of 
Chester,  invite  applications  for  the  HEAD  MASTERSHIP  of  the 
School.  The  gentleman  to  be  appointed  must  be  a  Graduate  of  a 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  must  be  married.  There  is  a 
good  house  and  garden  and  playiug  fields.  The  Head  Master  must 
reside  in  the  house.  The  School  is  a  dual  school,  and  adjoins  the 
house.  The  School  has  accommodation  for  about  150  scholars.  Fixtd 
6tipend  150(.  a  year  and  capitation  fee  of  2.1.  5s  on  all  scholars 
(except  in  the  Preparatory  Department),  numbering  about  125.  Appli- 
cants must  send  in  their  applications  to  the  undersigned  before 
MARCH  25,  1914.  Any  applicant  the  Governors  de6ire  to  see  will  be 
communicated  with.  Further  printed  information  will  be  furnished 
upon  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope  on  application 
in  writing  to  the  undersigned. 

T.  J.  K IDGWAY,  Hon.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Wildersmoor.  Lymm,  Cheshire. 
March  5,  1914. 


B 


ARXSTAPLE     GRAMMAR    SCHOOL. 


WANTED.  May  H,  an  experienced  MODERN  LANGUAGE 
MASTER  (French  ;t  speciality),  with  Junior  Latin  ami  English. 
Oral  methods  used  in  French.  Games,  especially  Cricket,  a  rec«m- 
rnendation-  Salary  1601.,  rifting  by  annual  increments  of  10/  to  2007.— 
Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  from  me,  the  undersigned,  on 
receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  envelope,  which  should  be  returned, 
properly  filled  up,  on  or  before  MAK<H  2fl  next. 

G.  W.  F.   DROWN,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

The  Strand.  Barnstaple. 

BIRKENHEAD    EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
BIKE  EN  HEAD    I NST1TLTE. 
SECONDARY    SCHOOL    FOR   BOYS. 
Head  Master-J.  SMALLPAGE.  II. A.  (Lond  ). 

REQUIRED,  at  the  commencement  of  next  Term,  a  FORM 
MASTER  for  German.  Elementary  Mathematics  and  Bngllah 
Subjects.  A  Graduate  between  the  agea  <>f  34  and  M  who  ha*  bad 
experience  of  teaching  in  Secondary  School*  and  who  is  willing  to 
supervise  the  ganea  will  1m:  preferred. 

Commencing  salary  U"<   or  illflcationf,  rising 

by  I0L  annually,  luhject to aatiaf actors  lervTce,  to  I 

Canvassing  any  of  the  Governors  will  lis'pialiflca- 

tion. 

Kor  form  of  apph'ti:  Dphrtad  and  returned  bj  MARCH 

-.  endorsed  "Birkenhead  Irutltute")  apply  to  the  Secretary, 
I        .t  ion  Department.  Town  Ball,  Birkenhead. 

Further  Information  maj  be  obial I  from  il,.*  Heed  M  inter. 

ROBERT  T.  JuNEH.  Secretary. 


c 


ITY      OF 


EDUCATION 


8HEFFIELD 

(■nMMIIT  1. 1'. 
TK'IINP  IAL     SCHOOL    Of     ART. 
an     INHTRUCTRKHS    to    taacb     N llework 


REQUIRED,    an     INSTRUCTRKSH    to    teach     N lb-work     and 

Embroidery.  Tin-  applli  ml  ihould  bold  the  City  and  Guilds  of  London 
AdeaJ  !.-ry,    nod   po»»es*  a  kaowUdj 

Deeign. 

Salary  frog  /.  per  annum,  according  to  rjoalifl 

oxoeri'-O'  , 

i  ilare  and  form  of  application   may  1  I  from 

THE  SECRETARY,  Education  Office,  Leopold  Street,  Sheffield. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

T  EEDS        EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


Required  after 
Commencing 

Required  after 


COCKBDRN    HIGH    SCHOOL. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  post*  :— 

EXPERIENCED  KINDERGARTEN  UI0TRB88. 
Easter.  Must  possess  Higher  Frotbel  Certificate, 
salary  110!. 

EXPERIENCED  GYMNASTIC  INSTRUCTRESS. 
Easter.     In  addition  to  Gymnastic  work,  may  be  required  to  give 
assistance  in  ordinary  class  work  with  Junior  Forms.    Commencing 
salary  1001. 

Forms   of   application,   which  must  be  returned    not   later  than 
MARCH  18,  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

JAMES  GRAHAM,  Secretary  for  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Leeds. 

TUTORS  WANTED. -(a)  for  Boy  of  15.  French 
and  German,  Couv.  and  Gram.,  Latin  and  Math.  1401.,  non  res., 
with  lunch  aud  tea.  Man  fond  of  Athl.  and  young  deBired.— (o) 
French,  Conv.  and  Gram.,  for  Army  Candidates,  with,  if  possible,  Essay 
aud  Precis,  or  Science.  120/. .res.  —  For  these  and  manyother  vacancies 
apply  to  BIVER  &  CO.,  University  Scholastic  Agency,  122,  KegeDt 
Street,  W.  Est.  1858. 


Situations  tSEan&tr. 

GENTLEMAN    desires    post    as    LITERARY 
ASSISTANT.    Special  knowledge  in  graphic  art;  would  act  as 
Museum  Cicerone.— Apply  BURIN,  10.  Wakefield  Road,  Brighton. 

SECRETARIAL  or  similar  appointment  sought 
by  Young  Gentleman.  Sound  business  training  ar.d  experience 
(public  and  commeicial),  usual  qualifications.  Intelligent,  accurate, 
and  reliable.  Excellent  recommendations.  — Box  2040.  Athenicum 
Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chaucery  Lane,  London,  EC. 


A  FRENCH  LADY  with  a  thorough  know- 
ledge  of  English  and  French,  University  Degcte,  Part  I., 
desires  Post  as  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  in  London  or  abroad. 
French  and  English  8horthand  and  Type-writing.  Experienced  — 
Address,  Mile.  A.,  Si,  Maitland  Park  lload,  Hampstead. 

LADY,  well  educated,  experienced,  expert 
Typist  and  Shorthand  Writer,  some  Literary  ability,  desires 
Post  as  SECRETARY  to  Author  or  Journalist.— Address  L„  33, 
Portland  Road,  Holland  Park,  W. 


4His«llam»0us. 


TRANSLATIONS  into  English  from  French, 
German,  Italian.  Spanish,  Portuguese.  Dutch,  I'ano-Norwegian. 
and  8wedish.  Research  work.— Mr.  W.  T.  CURTIS,  M.A..  10,  Haringey 
Park,  Crouch  End,  N.    Tel.  (13  Hornsey. 


SOUTH  AFRICA.— Retail  Agent,  unrivalled 
Salesman,  fourteen  years'  experience  of  the  Bale  of  books  isets 
only)  in  Cape  Colony,  Orange  River,  Transvaal,  and  Nat  tl,  now  in 
Lonrio*1,  is  willing  to  represent  (upon  coinniissioiu  enterprising 
Publi.hersor  Wholesale  Booksellers.  Unexceptionable  references, 
and  most  extensive  retail  connexion  in  all  parts  of  the  Union.— For 
personal  interviews  apply,  by  letter  only.  L.  .1  .  Meiers.  Charles 
Barker  &  Sons,  Ltd  ,  White  Lion  Court,  Cornhill,  K  C. 

NOTICE  TO  AUTHORS.— Writers  who  require 
any  help  or  assistance  in  the  sale  of  their  works  should  coin 
miinicate  with  Mr    stanhope  w.  SPRIQO,  Literary  Consultant, 

.'II,  (baring  Cross.  Whitehall,  S.W.      For  some  tern   Hon.  Littrary 
Adviser  to  the  Society  of  Women  Journalists.     Fees  moderate. 

TO  AUTHORS  OF  NOTE.— A  well-known  and 
remarkably  successful  Firm  of  Fiction  Publisher*  have  an 
opening  for  Two  Novelists  who  are  willing  to  bind  themaaWai  to  give 
them  their  whole  work  for  h  period  ol  al  leaai  (wo  yean  The 
Authors  to  receive  areaaonablo  advance  and  royalty,  with  Incri 
royaltieson  sales.    The  Publls]  ntee  lo  work  the  Novels  in  .i 

painstaking  and  Intelligent  manner.    Only  Authors  ol  the  front  ri.uk 
will  be  c  nsidertd.     Applications  may  he  mad,-  direct,  "i  througl 
recogniz-d   Literary   Agents.       A    genuine   offer.  —  Apply     Bo) 
Alloiireum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings.!  Iiao. .  i  .  I    ne,  London    )   • 

AUTHORS'  M88.  placed    with    187    Publishers 
aioi  Periodicals  .-.t   blgheal   price*:     18-page  Proapaotnt  fretv- 
MAONls  s,  Henrietta  Street,  W.O. 


FACTS,   Statistics,    material    ol    all    kinds    for 
Speaker!  and    Writers.      Lib  ran  '"'' 
well-known  Aothor     BUte  requirement*       P 

application    to    THE    BECRETARY,    London   General    Information 
e,  ill,  St  Stephen  ■  Hooee,  Weetminster.  B.W. 


RARK  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  nil  periods  and 
non   rained  ..r 
Bpedmen*    PCRI  HASED  T     MAKKI  T     PKII  I  H    for 

-I'INK  A  BON,  Ltd  to  H.M.  thi    King   i.  at 

Piccadilly,  London,  w   lolOM  to  Plcoadillj  '  ii'  Ol 


Jjttrrirrs'  Acjntt; 


rpHE  AUTHOR8'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 

1  USS    I    i   '   illy  pill'll'  illoll        I  lleial)   WOT!  "I 

all   kinds  deall    »i'l>  \ullioi>    interest    Mist. 

Tweuty  year-  lemi  Dl  I  Inu,  V\ 


366 


THE     A  T  H E  N  M U  M 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


! 


Sanies  Lm  jViutifltt. 

Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.O.,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  March  18.  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS BOOKS,  including  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  H.  G. 
DAKYNS,  MA.  (formerly  of  Higher  Coomhe,  Haslemere),  com- 
rioing  a  Set  of  the  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies  from  1880  to  1911  — 
..'he  Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens  from  1887  to  1904 -Modern 
Classical  Texts  and  Standard  Historical  Works  —  Boydell's  Shake- 
speare Galltry,  2  vols  —Illustrations  to  Wilson  and  Bonaparte's 
American  Ornithology  hy  ('apt.  Brown,  1SS5 ;  BOOKS  from  the 
LIBRARY  of  the  late  VISCOUNT  KNUTSFORD  (removed  from 
75,  Eaton  Square,  8.W.),  including  a  Set  of  the  State  Papers,  from 
1812  to  1883,  and  Historical  MSS.  Commission,  131  vols.,  &c.  ;  also 
other  Properties,  including  Houbraken's  Heads,  2  vols.,  1717-52— 
Lane's  Theatrical  Portraits,  coloured  -  Books  relating  to  India, 
and  Wales  -A  Complete  Set  of  the  Works  of  J.  S.  Bach,  46  vols  ,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  J.  H.  JACOBY,  Esq.  (removed  from 
32,  The  Ropewalk,  Nottingham),  by  Order  of  the  Trustets. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY',  March  26  the  above  LIBRARY,  comprising  Incu- 
nabula and  other  Early  Printed  Books  from  German,  Italian,  and 
French  PresseB— Early  Books  with  Woodcuts  and  Engravings— Rare 
Books  in  English  and  Foreign  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Century 
Literature,  many  in  contemporary  calf  or  morocco  bindings— Topo- 
graphical Works— First  Editions  of  Dickens,  Ainsworth,  Thackeray, 
and  others— Sporting  Books  and  Books  of  Travel,  &c. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Rare  and  Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
FRIDAY,  March  27.  RARE  AND  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  comprising 
Hasted's  History  of  Kent.  4  vols.  —  Brookshaw's  Pomona  Britannica  — 
Abbott  and  Smith's  Lepidoptera  of  Georgia,  2  vols,  morocco— Row- 
landson's  Loyal  Volunteers— The  Present  State  of  New-England  with 
respect  to  the  Indian  War,  with  the  Continuation.  1675-6  -Rare 
Books  and  Pamphlets  on  Trade  and  America— Interesting  and 
Curious  Black-Letter  Books— Chaucer's  Works,  1561 -Ben  Jonson's 
Works,  with  the  Portrait,  2  vols.,  1640-Snckling's  Fragmenta  Aurea, 
1648,  and  Sir  Thomas  Overbury :  his  Wife.  1616,  hot  h  with  the  Portraits- 
Goldsmith's  The  Traveller,  First  Edition,  1765,  and  other  rare 
Volumes  of  Poems -The  Poetical  Magazine,  4  vols.,  &c. 
Catalogues  on  application. 


Modern  Etchings  and  Engravings. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY, 
March  17,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  MODERN  ETCH- 
INGS AND  ENGRAVINGS,  comprising  Portraits,  Landscapes, 
Fancy  Subjects,  &c,  including  Examples  by  and  after 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE.  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sties  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  March  16,  and  Three  Following 

Days,    PORCELAIN    and    OBJECTS   OF    ART,    the   Property   of 
ALFRED  TRAPNELL,  Esq. 

On    FRIDAY,    March   20,   PICTURES    and 

DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  T.  G.  ARTHUR,  Esq  ,  and 
DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  RICHARD  MARTIN,  Esq. 

On  TUESDAY,  March  24,  and  Two  Following 

Days  fine  ENGLISH  and  FOREIGN  SILVER,  the   Property  of  the 
late  EARL  OF   A8HBURNHAM. 


A.  Affleck 
T.  G.  Appleton 
F.  Brangwyn 
H.  S.  Bridgwater 
Samuel  Cousins 
E.  Chiquet 
Hedley  Fitton 
T.  C.  Farrer 
Peter  Graham 
H.  T.  Greenhead 


A.  H.  Haig 
Seymour  Haden 
Albany  Howarth 
Jules  Jacquet 
L.  Kratke 
Maxime  Lalanne 
K.  W.  Macbeth 
Millet 

0.  O.  Murray 
A.  Mathey 


Meissonier 

T.  A.  Prior 

Frank  Short 

Skrimshire 

J.  M.  W.  Turner 

R.  Wallis 

J.  T.  Willmore 

Sydney  Wilson 

J.  Whistler 

and  many  others 


Valuable  Books. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House.  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C..  on  THURSDAY. 
March  19.  at  ten  minutes  pa6t  1  o'clock  preciiely,  VALUABLE 
BOOKS,  including  Thackeray's  The  Snob  and  The  Gownsman- 
Meredith's  Shaving  of  Shagpat,  presentation  copy  —  Stevenson's 
Father  Damien,  Sydney,  1890,  presentation  copy  with  A.L.3.  — 
Hentzy's  Vues  des  Montagnes  des  Suisse— Choice  Extra-Illustrated 
Copies  of  Cunningham's  Nell  Gwyn  and  Cromwelliana— Standard 
Library  Sets— Books  with  Coloured  Plates— First  Editions  of  Modern 
Authors,  &c. 

Baxter  Oil  Prints. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on  THURSDAY, 
March  26,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  fine  BAXTER 
OIL  PRINTS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMEN,  and  from  various 
Collections. 

The  Valuable  Library,  formerly  the  Property  of  the  late 
A.  B.  STEWART,  Esq.,  of  Glasgow. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  hy  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  MONDAY,  March  16,  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  VALUABLE  LIBRARY,  formerly  the  Property 
of  the  late  A.  B.  STEWART,  Esq.,  of  Rawcliffe,  Glasgow  (sold  by 
order  of  his  Widow's  Executors). 

May  be  viewed.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Japanese  Collections,  the  Property  of  the  late 
Sir  ALFRED  EAST,  R.A. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY.  March  17,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  JAPANESE  COLLECTIONS,  the 
Property  of  the  late  Sir  ALFRED  EAST,  R.A..  of  67,  Belsize  Park, 
London,  N.W..  comprising  Colour  Prints,  fine  Surimono,  Original 
Drawings,  Japanese  Illustrated  Books  and  Books  on  Japan,  Lacquer, 
Netsuke,  Tsuba,  Bronzes,  and  Pottery. 

May  be  viewed.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Etchings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  FRIDAY,  March  20,  and  MONDAY,  March 
23,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS.  DRAWINGS,  and 
ETCHINGS  from  various  sources  and  Private  Collections,  including 
the  Property  of  Mrs.  EDMONSTONE,  of  Woodthorpe,  Nottingham; 
Military  Prints  and  Portraits  from  the  Collection  formed  by  the  late 
S.  M.  MILNE,  Esq.,  of  Oalverly  House,  Leeds,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.      Catalogues  may  be  had. 


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at    his    Rooms.    38,    King    Street,   Covent     Garden,    London.   W.C., 
ENGLISH  AND  ORIENTAL  WEAPONS.  Old  Lac  Cabinet.  Chinese 
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TUESDAY,  March  2U,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at   ihis    Rooms,   38.   King   Street.   Covent   Garden,    London,  W.C., 
COLLECTION  OF  CHINA,   Cut  Glass.   Silver  and   Plated  Articles 
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TO  BE  PUBLISHED    ON  APRIL   23,   1914 
AN     IMPORTANT    ADDITION    TO    AaESSRS.     BATSFORD'S 
MAGNIFICENT    RECORDS  OF    ENGLISH  ARCHITECTURE 

Forming  a  volume  (size  15  in.  by  11  in.)  containing-  60  Full-Page  Plates  of  Views  and  Measured  Drawings  finely  reproduced  by  the 
Collotype  and  Half-Tone  processes,  together  with   136  Half-Tone -and  Line  Illustrations  interspersed  in  the  Text.     The  volume  will 

be  handsomely  bound  in  buckram,  gilt,  and  published  at  £4  4s.  net. 

MONUMENTAL  CLASSIC  ARCHITECTURE 
IN  GREAT  BRITAIN  &  IRELAND  DURING 
THE  EIGHTEENTH  &  NINETEENTH  CENTURIES 


By    A.    E.    RICHARDSON 


Fellow  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects 

[HE  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  direct  attention  to  the  monumental  qualities  and  academic  aspect  of  English  Neo-Classic  Architecture, 
which  from  the  period  of  its  inception,  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  until  a  comparatively  recent  date,  shows  a 


m1 


record  of  continuous  development.  The  subjects  chosen  for  illustration  comprise  works  by  John  Carr  of  York,  Sir  Robert 
Taylor,  the  Brothers  Adam,  Sir  William  Chambers,  James  Gandon,  George  Dance,  Henry  Holland,  Sir  John  Soane,  Sir  Robert  Smirke, 
Professor  Playfair,  Harvey  Lonsdale  Elmes,  Professor  Cockerell,  and  Sir  Charles  Barry — to  mention  only  a  few  names  ;  but  special 
attention  is  directed  to  such  masters  of  style  as  Professor  Cockerell  and  Sir  Charles  Barry.  The  great  cities  of  the  United  Kingdom 
have  been  searched  for  notable  examples,  and  the  profusion  of  buildings  thus  brought  to  light  is  revealed  in  the  pages  of  this  volumo- 
To  the  London  collector  the  work  has  a  special  interest,  not  only  on  account  of  the  fine  series  of  illustrations  which  it  contains  of 
existing  buildings,  but  also  of  many  subjects  long  since  destroyed. 

SPECIAL   OFFER  TO   SUBSCRIBERS 

It  has  been  decided  to  offer  the  book  to  Subscribers  until  March  21,  19 14,  at  the  special  price  of  £3  13s.  6d.  net  (instead  ot 
£4  4s.  net,  the  actual  published  price),  and  it  is  felt  that  many  will  wish  to  take  advantage  of  this  special  offer,  and  to  have 
their  names  included  in  the  List  which  will  be  printed  in  the  volume.  It  is  important  to  note  that  after  the  date  mentioned  no  name 
can  be  inserted  in  the  List,  nor  will  it  be  possible  to  obtain  the  work  for  less  than  the  published  price,  viz. :  £4  a.s.  net. 

A   detailed    Prospectus   with   specimen    Plates   will   be  forwarded  post  free   on   application. 

B.  T.   BATSFORD,   Ltd,,    Publishers,   94,   High   Holborn,   London. 


No.  4507,  March  U,  1014 


THE    ATIIENJEUM 


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No.  4507,  Makch  14,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


369 


SATURDAY,   MARCH  l'f,   l'Ji;. 


CONTENTS.  PAGH 

Hie   Sl'EAKEK  OK  THE  HOl'SE         

The  Panama  Canal 370 

The  Om>  Man  in  Malta 370 

Lord  Suffirld'S  Memories        371 

Men  and  Matters 371 

FANCIES,  Fashions,  and  Fads 872 

Napoleon  at  Bay       37-2 

Kissia  of  the  RrssiANS 3V3 

Bartolis  of  Sassokbrrato         373 

The  Highland  Host  ok  167S       374 

The   Religion   ok    the   Renaissance  (Franciscan 

Poets  in  Italy  ;  S.  Bernardino  of  Siena;  Pius  II.  ; 

Cesare  Borgia)        374—375 

Poetry  and  Like  Series  (Browning;  Wordsworth  ; 

Schiller)        _        ..        ..    375 

Folksongs  ok  the  Tuscan  Hills       375 

Prisons  and  Prisoners 370 

Fiction  (Toe  Last  English  ;  Ten-Minute  Stories  ;  The 

M.iking  of  a  Bigot)  377 

Books    Published    this     Week    (English,    378; 

Foreign,  ;W1)_        378-381 

DR.  Ginsuukg  ;  Shakespeare  and  Asbies  ;  The 
Bitler  Library;  An  aithors'  Union         381—383 

Literary  Gossip        383 

science— The  Like  ok  the  Badger  ;  The  Anthro- 
pology ok  the  Greeks  ;  Gossip  ;  Meetings 
Next  Week  »        ..      384— 3S5 

Fine  Arts— Art  and  Common  Sense  ;  Art  in 
Flanders;  The  London  Group  ;  Paintings 
and  Drawings  by  Mr.  R.  Ihlee  ;  Other 
Exhibitions;   Gossip;   Picture  Sale   ..      3S6 -388 

Music— Early  Bodleian  Music;  Gossip;  Per- 
formances Next  week        389—390 

Drama—  The  Tragedie  of  Cymbeline  ;  Gossip    390—391 

Index  to  Advertisers       395 


LITERATURE 


The  Sjyeaker  of  the  House.     Bv  Michael 
Macdonagh.     (Methuen  &  Co*!,  10s.  Qd. 

net.) 

Englishmen  delight  to  grumble  at  the 
weather   and    their  House  of  Commons  ; 
bat  a  good  many  of  them  are  proud  of 
"  the  Speaker  of    the   House,"   and  will 
welcome    this    admirable    history   of    an 
ient  office.     The  bulk  of  the  "informa- 
tion has  been  published  before  in  other 
forms  ;     but    Mr.    Macdonagh    has    dib- 
it ly  garnered   it  from  various  sources, 
•ad,   with  the   aid  of  an  observant  eye 
and  more  than  twenty  years  in  the  Press 
Uery,   lias  produced  a  volume  that  is 
thoroughly  readable. 

Be  traces  the   history  of  the  Speaker- 
ship   from     the     earliest    times,    placing 
at   the    tx-ginning  of  his  book  a   Roll  of 
akera  which  starts  with  the  year  1376  ; 
and   in-    shows    that   for  centuries   it    was 
the  custom  for  th<-  Speaker-elect  to  make 
pretence  of  desiring  to  refuse  the   high 
honour  offered  him.     After  repeated  pro- 
bations  of   his   unfitness  for   the   post, 
and  as  he  was  being  led  to  the  chair,   he 
would    indulge    in    a    show    of    physical 
istancc.     This  comedy  was  repeated  at 
•     •        el.-ction  of  a  Speaker  until  Mitford 
in     1801     declined     to     say    that     he     was 
unfit  for  the  office. 

On  an  early  page  it  is  noted  that  the 
last  time  a  Sovereign  exercised  hi-  veto 

on  the  choice  of  a  Speak  in  the  CSSe 

of  Edward  Seymour,  who  had  served  as 

aker   in   one    Parliament,    and    whom 
Charles  II.   would  not  have   again.     The 


Royal  veto  has  not  been  enforced  since 
that  time. 

It  has  become  the  custom  for  a  Speaker 
to  remain  Speaker  until  he  resigns  or 
dies  ;  but  it  was  not  always  so,  and 
as  we  follow  Air.  Macdonagh  we  see  eases 
where  Speakers  willingly  or  unwillingly 
gave  up  the  (hair  for  a  time,  where 
successors  were  appointed,  and  where 
the  old  Speaker  was  afterwards  summoned 
back  for  a  second  and  occasionally  even 
a  third  term  of  office. 

In  days  not  very  distant  it  was  the 
habit  for  a  Speaker  to  join  in  Committee 
debates  and  divisions  ;  but  this  habit 
has  now  fallen  into  disuse,  and  is  not 
likely  to  be  revived.  The  qualities  re- 
quired for  a  Speaker  are  well  stated  by 
Mr.  Macdonagh.  They  are  sagacity,  tact, 
and  a  common  sense  in  judgment. 

"  He  must  also  have  a  fair  gift  of  speech 
and  a  strong  commanding  voice.  He  must 
be  capable  of  saying  the  right  tiling  at  the 
right  time.  If  lie  can  say  it  in  a  stately 
fashion  so  much  the  better.  .  .  .The  most 
precious  attribute  of  the  Chair.... is  im- 
partiality, and  the  highest  and  most  inspired 
personal  quality  of  a  Speaker  is  command 
and  influence  over  men." 

In  early  days  the  two  scholarly  qualities 
essential  are  said  to  have  been  that  the 
speaker  should  speak  French  well  and 
be  able  to  read  Latin.  In  those  days 
French  was  the  language  of  the  upper 
classes,  and  that  in  which  debates  were 
conducted,  while  Parliamentary  and  legal 
documents  were  written  usually  in  Latin. 

The  solemn  farewells  of  Speakers  have 
often  touched  the  House,  and  there  are  in 
these  pages  some  striking  speeches  made 
by  men  who  were  taking  their  final  leave 
of  office.  The  resignation  of  a  Speaker 
now  involves  his  immediate  departure 
from  the  Commons  ;  but  this  was  not 
always  the  case,  and  Mr.  Macdonagh  shows 
that  Addington,  on  quitting  the  Chair, 
continued  to  sit  in  the  House.  He  suc- 
ceeded Pitt  as  Prime  Minister  in  1801, 
and  gave  place  to  Pitt  in  1804,  and  then 
continued  in  the  House  as  a  private 
member  :  a  record  which  in  these  days 
seems  incredible. 

A  Speaker  on  his  retirement  is  now 
always  rewarded  with  a  peerage,  as  is 
duly  pointed  out.  But  we  do  not  think 
Mr.  Macdonagh  mentions  the  odd  fact 
that  one  recent  Speaker  received  a 
knighthood  while  he  was  still  in  the 
Parliamentary  chair,  and  we  fancy  that  it 
is  not  generally  known  that  Speaker  Brand 
received  his  knighthood  through  a  mis- 
understanding. It  happened  in  the 
eighties,  when  the  Orange  free  State 
was  much  in  the  minds  of  some  Ministers. 
One  of  them  sent  a  note  round  the  Cabinet 
simply  saving  "  Brand  should  he  knighted." 
Gladstone  wrote  "Yes";  and  Brand 
was  knighted.  Bui  the  Minister  who 
suggested  it   had    another   Brand    in    his 

head,    the     President     of    the     free     State. 

We   believe  thai  the  ri'_rht  man  received 

the   honour    at    a    later  date. 

We   talk   of  obstruction    as  a  growth   of 

modern  times  ;   bul  Mr.  Macdonagh  shows 

that  it  was  rampant    in    1604,  and  that   the 

House  then  resolved  that 


'To  prevent  the  idle  expense  of  time,  it 
any  man  speak  impertinently,  or  beside  the 
question  in  hand,  it  standeth  with  the  order 

of  the  House  for  .Mr.  Speaker  to  interrupt 
him  and  to  know  the  pleasure  of  the  I  low-. 
whether  they  will  further  hear  him.'' 

A  little  later  it  was  resolved  : — 

'That  if  any  superfluous  motion  or  tedious 
speeches  he  ottered   to  the    Mouse,   the  party 

is  to  be  directed  and  ordered  by  .Air.  Speaker.'' 

So,  after    all,  the    troubles  of   our    own 
days  are  nothing  new. 

Croke  seems  to  have  been  the  first 
Speaker  to  rule  that  a  member  has  the 
right  to  be  heard,  no  matter  how  objec- 
tionable his  views  may  be.  In  1601, 
when  Serjeant  Hejde  made  a  motion,  "  all 
the  House  hemm'd  and  laughed  and 
talked  "  ;  at  which  Heyle  said  :  "  All 
your  hemming  shall  not  put  me  out  of 
countenance." 

"  So  Mr.  Speaker  stood  up  and  said  :  '  It 
is  a  great  disorder  that  this  should  be  used, 
for  it  is  the  ancient  use  of  every  man  to  be 
silent  when  any  one  speaketh,  and  he  that  is 
speaking  should  be  suffered  to  deliver  his 
mind  without  interruption.'  ' 

The  book  before  us  contains  an  odd 
complaint  by  H.  M.  Stanley.  The  man 
who  had  explored  unknown  parts  of 
Africa  never  realized  that  there  were 
others  in  the  House  who  knew  far  more 
than  he  did  of  the  conditions  of  that  Con- 
tinent as  a  whole,  and  for  whose  views 
the  House  properly  had  more  respect. 
But  Stanley  at  Westminster  was  a  failure, 
and  glad  to  retire  after  one  Parliament. 

To  Speaker  Peel  Mr.  Macdonagh  awards 
very  high  praise  for  his  earnestness  and 
dignity.  Mr.  Gully  is  also  praised  in  a 
minor  key  ;  but  he  "  acted  upon  the  mere 
letter  of  the  rules  with  the  pedantry 
of  the  lawyer."  We  notice  also  an 
admirable  collection  of  those  witticisms 
of  the  present  Speaker  which  delight  the 
House  and  keep  it  in  good  humour  as  well 
as  good  order.  Concerning  Speaker  Shaw  - 
Lefevre  there  are  Mr.  George  Russell's 
wrell-known  words  : — 

"His  special  excellence  as  Speaker  was 
held  to  be  that,  when  there  was  no  precedent 
for  a  particular  course,  ho  always  said  that 
it  was  the  well-known  practice  of  the  House, 
and  that  if  any  one  ever  attempted  to  ques- 
tion these  improvised  authorities,  he  said, 
'  Order,  order  !  the  point  is  already  disposed 
of,'  with  a  voice  and  manner  which  silenci  ' 
all  remonstrance." 

A   Speaker   in  older   days   is   pictured 

as  a  man  in  his  big  chair  who  used  t<> 
have  draughts  of  porter  brought  to  him 
during  the  sitting;    and  Wraxall  reported 

that  he  used  to  drink  so  many  foaming 

tankards  that  they  "produced  incon- 
veniences."' 

Here  and  there  we  ha\c  detected  trifling 

slips  in  -Mr.  Macdonagh's  pleasant   pages. 

He  says  in  one  place  that    the  Speaker 

possesses  a  curious  privilege 

"which  he  enjoys  exciusi\ ely  with  Royalty. 
Thai  is  to  rule  or  drive  through  the  archway 
of  the  Bfor  e  Guards  between  Whitehall  and 

the  Mull. 

Bui  many  Ministers  and  others  have  that 
privilege,  and  an  ivory  pass  used  to  be 
carried    (and    probably    is    still    carried) 


370 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


in  the  vehicles  of  those  who  have  the 
right  to  drive  through  the  arch.  It  was 
the  same  with  Constitution  Hill  until  very- 
recent  times  ;  and  the  ivory  passes  not 
only  took  the  man  whose  name  they  bore, 
but  also  gave  his  secretaries  the  right  of 
way. 

Mr.  Maedonagh  says  that  "  the  Speaker 
....  has  precedence  of  all  the  Commonalty, 
that  mighty  crowd  outside  the  peerage." 
This  was  once  true  ;  but  now  the  Prime 
Minister  has  special  precedence,  and  stands 
immediately  after  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  and  before  any  other  commoner. 

Of  slips  in  names  we  note  that  Herschell 
was  not  "  Sir  Francis,"  but  Sir  Farrer  ; 
that  Lord  Loreburn  did  not  spell  his 
name  Read  ;  that  Gwyder  is  more  usually 
written  Gwydyr ;  and  that  Lord  Fitz- 
maurice  did  not  write  his  Christian  name 
as  it  is  here  printed. 


The  Panama  Canal.     By  Frederic  J.  Has- 
kin.     (Heinemann,  6s.  net.) 

Mr.  Haskin's  book  comes  late  in  the  day. 
He  set  out  to  describe  a  marvellous  piece 
of  engineering  which  has  already  been 
amply  discussed  ;  but  he  has  justified 
his  work  by  giving  in  the  simplest  language 
the  best  and  clearest  account  that  we  have 
seen  of  the  difficulties  overcome,  and  of 
the  machinery  to  be  used  for  passing  ships 
through  the  Canal.  It  may  almost  be 
considered  a  semi-official  book,  as  the 
proofs  have  been  read  by  Col.  Goethals, 
the  man  chiefly  responsible  for  the  success 
of  the  undertaking. 

Of  the  Republic  of  Panama  the  author 
gives  some  curious  particulars.  It  has  no 
debt.  It  has  a  University,  but  there  are 
few  teachers  qualified  to  hold  the  professor- 
ships, and  fewer  students  qualified  to  pur- 
sue the  courses.  It  is  so  incapable  about  the 
management  of  its  affairs  that  it  has  to  call 
in  the  United  States  to  see  that  elections 
are  conducted  with  some  approach  to  fair- 
ness ;  and  its  chief  city  is  described  as 
being  "  famous  for  its  wickedness." 

The  story  of  the  French  failure  is  told  at 
length — sometimes  in  words  which  strike 
us  as  scarcely  fair  to  the  men  who  failed. 
A  third  of  the  French  money  is  said  to 
have  been  spent  on  the  Canal,  a  third 
wasted,  and  a  third  stolen.  Allowance  is, 
however,  made  fof  the  inability  of  the 
French,  through  lack  of  knowledge  in 
their  day,  to  deal  with  fever  and  the  mos- 
quito ;  the  work  they  did  is  said  to  have 
been  done  with  the  utmost  thoroughness  : 
and  the  machinery  they  bequeathed  to 
the  Americans  is  admitted  to  have  been 
of  immense  service.  Many  of  the  charges 
against  Lesseps  and  his  son  are, 
however,  too  crudely  stated,  and  some 
of  them,  we  think,  have  never  been 
proved. 

Mr.  Haskin  gives,  as  others  have  done 
before  him,  figures  to  show  the  number  of 
miles  which  the  Canal  will  save  between 
various  ports  of  the  world  ;  but  the  map 
intended  to  indicate  the  shortening  of  sea 


voyages  is  on  a  scale  too  small  to  be  of 
much  use.  The  most  interesting  thing  for 
Englishmen  to  remember  is  that  the 
journey  from  Liverpool  to  Melbourne  will 
be  shorter  by  some  1,300  miles. 

It  is  well  to  note  that  this  American 
writer  admits  the  part  played  by  his 
country  in  encouraging  the  revolution  in 
Colombia.  He  quotes  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
remark,  "  I  took  Panama,  and  left  Con- 
gress to  debate  it  later  "  ;  and  he  is  pro- 
bably right  when  he  predicts  that  history 
will  justify  the  coup  d'etat. 

A  chapter  devoted  to  the  fortification 
of  the  Canal  gives  full  details  as  to  the 
forts  and  the  guns  and  ammunition  which 
will  eventually  be  stored  there.  One  would 
have  expected  more  secrecy  in  such  a 
matter.  Mr.  Haskin  has  also  something 
to  say  of  the  difficulties  with  us  about  the 
special  tolls  proposed  for  American  ship- 
ping, and  the  rights  of  fortification.  We 
conceded  the  right  of  the  United  States 
to  erect  forts,  but  are  glad  to  find  this 
well-informed  writer  acknowledging  that 
the  language  of  the  treaty  "  seems  plainly 
to  imply  that  the  United  States  had  no 
right  to  fortify  the  Canal."  He  thinks, 
and  we  agree,  that  it  would  constitute  an 
interesting  chapter  in  diplomatic  history 
if  some  one  would  tell  the  real  reason  why 
the  English  Government  waived  its  right 
to  insist  on  a  neutral  canal. 

The  Hay  Pauncefote  and  Clayton-Bul- 
wer  Treaties  crop  up  again  and  again. 
The  author  does  not  commit  himself  to 
any  side  ;  but  it  is  hardly  necessary  for 
Englishmen  to  argue  the  matter  on  its 
merits.  The  merits  have  long  been  ad- 
mitted by  some  of  the  highest  authorities 
in  the  States  ;  and  we  were  waiting  for  the 
considered  views  of  President  Woodrow 
Wilson.  Till  he  spoke  Englishmen  were 
content  with  the  plea  made  in  January 
by  Senator  Root.  He  recommended  the 
repeal  of  the  Free  Toll  Clause  of  the 
Canal  Act,  and  told  his  fellow-countrymen 
that  they  should  live  up  to  their  treaty 
obligations,  and  keep  faith  with  the 
world.  He  showed  that  by  the  Clayton- 
Bulwer  and  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaties  the 
United  States  was  pledged  to  equality  of 
treatment  for  the  shipping  of  all  nations, 
and  could  not  discriminate  in  favour  of 
its  own  shipping  without  violation  of 
treaty  obligations ;  and  we  do  not 
believe  that,  when  Americans  have  had 
time  to  think  over  their  President's 
advice,  they  will  hesitate  to  follow  it. 

The  American  spelling  of  the  book  will 
not  please  English  eyes :  "  theater," 
"  scepter,"  "  defense,"  "  center,"  "  cata- 
log," and  such  words  are  scattered  every- 
where. On  the  other  hand,  phrases  like 
"  spot  cash  "  (ready  money)  and  "  the 
old  bugaboo  about  earthquakes "  will 
amuse  English  readers.  "  Bugaboo  "  was, 
as  the  '  New  English  Dictionary '  tells  us, 
current  in  earlier  English,  and  is  one  of 
the  words  which  has  been  happily  retained 
by  the  vivid  talkers  and  writers  of  the 
United  States. 


The  Odd  Man  in  Malta.     By  John  Wigna- 
court.     (Chapman  &  Hall,  7s.  %d.  net.) 

Comparatively  few  English  people,  out- 
side the  ranks  of  the  services,  know  more 
of  Malta  than  can  be  seen  during  the  pass- 
ing call  of  a  mail  boat.  Yet  it  is  an  extra- 
ordinarily interesting  island,  alike  to  the 
seeker  after  the  picturesque,  the  student  of 
human  nature,  and  the  ethnologist.  Mr. 
Wignacourt  has  written  so  thoroughly 
readable  and  lively  a  book  on  Malta 
that,  after  perusing  it,  any  reader 
should  feel  as  if  he  knew  the  island 
himself.  The  author  —  whose  name  is 
that  of  a  famous  Grand  Master  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John — was  sent  to  Malta 
from  South  Africa  in  the  course  of  his  career 
in  the  Civil  Service.  He  seems  to  have 
spent  all  his  leisure  in  studying  the  island  : 
in  assisting  excavators  of  the  wonderful 
megalithic  monuments,  mixing  freely 
among  the  peasantry,  and  noting  down 
the  continual  picturesque  effects  of  sky 
and  sea  and  sunset.  The  rich  store  of 
impressions  thus  gathered  has  served  him 
as  material  for  one  of  the  best  books  of  its 
kind,  happily  combining  the  elements  of 
humour  and  seriousness.  He  modestly 
describes  his  work  as  his  "  Maltese  scrap- 
book,"  into  which  he  has  pasted  his  odds 
and  ends  to  save  them  from  oblivion.  But 
he  has  given  it  the  added  touch  which 
makes  it  literature  of  no  contemptible 
order,  and  we  hope  that  it  will  meet  with 
the  wide  audience  which  it  deserves. 

Mr.  Wignacourt's  contribution  to  the 
vexed  question  of  Maltese  ethnology 
and  philology  deserves  respectful  con- 
sideration. He  has  carefully  studied  the 
problems  of  the  long-headed  Hamitic 
race,  belonging  to  the  culture  -  circle 
which  once  included  the  whole  of  the 
Western  Mediterranean,  who  erected  the 
remarkable  megalithic  monuments  of 
Hagiar  Kim  and  Hal  Saflieni,  and  who 
probably  were  closely  allied  to  the 
builders  of  Stonehenge.  In  most  parts  of 
Europe  these  people  Mere  dispossessed 
and  crowded  out  of  existence  by  the  later- 
coming  Aryans,  but  in  isolated  Malta  they 
have  persisted  as  a  nearly  pure  racial  type 
only  slightly  modified  by  the  advent  of 
Phoenician,  Carthaginian,  Roman,  and 
Arab  conquerors.  They  still  speak  their 
indigenous  language  ;  perhaps  the  only 
point  in  regard  to  which  Mr.  Wignacourt's 
theories  are  open  to  attack  is  his  assump- 
tion that  this  curious  tongue  is  a  dialect 
of  Arabic,  which  seems  to  have  been  dis- 
proved by  Dr.  Caruana. 

The  lighter  features  of  Mr.  Wignacourt's 
book  we   leave   the   reader    to    examine 
and    enjoy   for    himself  —  but    we    may 
call  attention  to  his  account  of  Maltese 
"  English  as  she  is  spoke."     The  Maltese 
papers  write   a    kind    of    Babu   English, 
e.g.,  from  the  description    of  a  Govern- 
ment   ball :      "  Lady    Jones     shimmered 
in     a     perspicuous     sequined     gown     of 
lace  ;    Lady  Ingram  fefulged  in  peacock 
blue  :   Mrs.  Mifsud  wore  her  pink."     The 
account    of    Busuttil's    '  Maltese  -  English 
Dictionary  '  is  a  pure  joy.    Busuttil  seems 
to  have  been  a  Maltese  Roget  orCotgrave,. 


No.  4507,  Maboh  14,   1914 


THE     ATIIKN  J:i'  M 


871 


land  of  synonyms  and  proverbs  and  fine 
writing,  and  his  work  deserves  to  rank  with 
the   Portuguese  vocabulary  immortalized 

by  Mark  Twain.  Thus  he  translates 
ghandur  by  "  gallant,  neat,  spruce,  sung 
[<sic],  smart,  trim":  xaria  by  "a  brawl, 
squibble,  quarrel  "  ;  mignun  by 

"mad,  foolish,  insane,  deranged,  demented, 
lunatic,  crazy,  crazed,  non-compos,  cracked, 
touched,  of  unsound  or  abnormal  mind  ; 
insensate,  bereft  of  reason,  reasonless,  mad- 
cap, unsettled  ;  daft,  possessed,  forgone, 
maddened,  moonstruck,  mad-brained,  hair- 
brained,  crack-brained,  maniacal,  delirious, 
teie  montee." 

Mr.  Wignacourt  treats  his  author  daintilv 
and  as  if  he  loved  him  (who  could  help 

it  0  :— 

*"  We  feel  lie  is  at  bottom  a  warm,  natural 
man  :  '  It  was  that  rhum  hot  that  com- 
forted me  *  ;  and  afterwards,  but  I  should 
hardly  like  to  say  as  a  consequence,  we  get 
things  of  this  sort  :  '  he  always  dig  good  to 
every  one.'  He  seems  to  have  his  ups  and 
downs,  and  knows  both  the  night  out  and 
the  morning  in  :  '  vertigo  or  giddiness  is  a 
ling  as  if  external  objects  whirled  round 
or  as  one  had  been  whirling  round,  or  were 
about  to  fall,  which  one  tends  to  unless  he 
-p  something  fixed  or  sit  down  :  ;  '  take 
a  doze  of  Epsom  salt  '  ;  'I  saw  a  lot  of 
wiiniis  rounded  into  balls  '  ;  after  that  he 
ns  to  take  to  the  blue  ribbon  :  '  this 
water  is  very  bad,  it  is  debased  by  mixture.'  " 


My  Memories,  1830-1913.     By  Lord  Suf- 
field.    (Herbert  Jenkins,  16s.  net.) 

Tiil  chief  interest  of  Lord  Suffield'a 
memoirs,  which  reach  from  Coke  of  Nor- 
folk to  the  death  of  Edward  VII. ,  lies  in 
their  revelation  of  the  life  of  a  modern 
courtier;  and.  in  particular,  of  one  to 
whom  his  King  gave,  for  the  last  forty 
is  of  his  life,  more  of  his  confidence 
than  to  anybody  else.  Needless  to  say, 
that  confidence  is  not  abused.  A  wonderful 
horseman,  a  superb  whip,  a  great  yachts- 
man, runner,  and  cricketer — the  original 
of  his  friend  Whyte  Melville's  lines, 

A  rider  unequalled— a  sportsman  complete, 
A  rum    uii  to  follow,  a  had  'un  to  beat — 

as  well  as  a  dandy  whose  tailor  was 
adopted  by  his  King,  Lord  Suffield  writes 
very  modestly,  and  it  may  even  be  thought 
that  he  carries  discretion  to  the  pitch  of 
appointment. 

It    was   when   the    Prince    of    Wales   of 
ttier   days    bought    Bandringham,   and 
no  to  convert  that  wind-swept,  barren 
moorland  into  an  ideal  thai  the 

friendship,  begun  in  earliest  childhood,  was 
renewed.  For  close  at  hand  Lord  Suffield, 
on  succeeding  to  Gunton,  bad  set  himself 
pair  and  develope  his  estate,  and  to 
found  Cromer  and  Overstrand.  For  nine- 
he  tells  as,  every  penny  derived 
from  the  estate  was  devoted  to  it-  improve- 
ment. Gunton,  by  the  way.  was  only 
used  as  a  shooting-box  by  the  author's 
grandfather,  Sir  Barbord  Efarbord,  whose 
memory  ha-  been  vindicated  by  Mr.  Bacon, 
in  his  privaJ  ly  printed  '  Life  of  the  First 
Baron  Suffield,'  from  Cokes  unfounded 
suspicion  of  his  friend-  treachery  to- 
ward- him  in  the  election  of  17h4. 


( loosen  to  accompany  the  Prince  of  Wales 
as  Chief  of  the  Household  on  his  journey  to 
India  in  1875,  Lord  Suffield  proved  his 
high  qualities  of  tact,  devotion,  and 
sportsman  like  daring  and  endurance  to  the 
uttermost,  and  though  his  diary  of  that 
tour  might  well  have  been  shortened,  it 
is  a  vivid  picture  of  a  memorable  journey, 
illustrated  by  some  really  excellent 
sketches  by  Sir  Arthur  Ellis.  The  Princess 
had  given  the  Prince  into  his  care,  and 
with  what  devotion  he  interpreted  that 
trust  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
passage  : — 

"  I  went  with  him  everywhere,  sat  beside 
him  ready  to  get  before  him  should  any 
attempt  be  made  on  his  life,  and  I  watched 
Over  him  at  night,  often  never  going  to  bed 
at  all,  when  there  seemed  the  slightest 
danger. 

Of  King  Edward  Lord  Suffield  tells  us 
little  that  is  not  already  known.  He 
bears  witness  yet  again  to  his  bonhomie 
and  charm  of  manner,  to  his  natural 
tact  and  savoir-faire,  which  used  to  extri- 
cate him  from  very  difficult  positions 
when  Queen  Victoria,  without  allowing 
him  her  full  confidence,  called  him  to 
perform  diplomatic  missions,  "  and  he 
had  to  glean  what  he  could  of  the  nation's 
foreign  policy  from  the  ambassadors  of 
other  countries."  But  all  other  attributes, 
Lord  Suffield  declares,  were  secondary  to 
his  strong  sense  of  right  and  fair  play,  as 
shown,  for  instance,  in  his  championship 
of  Sir  Bartle  Frere.  Reference  is  also 
made  to  the  part  he  took  in  promoting 
the  passing  of  the  long-delayed  Deceased 
Wife's  Sister  Bill,  which  was  rejected  by 
the  bishops,  even  after  it  had  passed  the 
House  of  Commons  seven  times,  and  after 
the  Prince,  Lord  Houghton,  and  Lord 
Kimberley,  speaking  for  the  House  of 
Lords,  had  agreed  that  it  should  become 
law.  The  book  is  dedicated  to  Queen 
Alexandra,  whose  portrait  it  contains. 


Men    and    Matters.      By    Wilfrid    Ward. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  12s.  Gel.  net.) 

Nothing  in  this  volume  is  quite  so  good 
as  the  study  of  Mr.  Balfour's  personality 
which  Mr.  Ward  published  in  an  earlier 
book.  What  there  is,  however,  is  of 
great  interest.  The  personal  studies  are 
attractively  written,  and  are  full,  more- 
over, of  that  penetrating  analysis  of  cha- 
racter which  is  Mr.  Wards  forte.  But  the 
best  reading  is  certainly  in  the  first  half. 
The  study  of  .Mr.  Monyperinv's  '  Disraeli  ' 
and  of  Lord  Cromer's  criticism  was 
much  noted  at  the  time  of  its  first  appear- 
ance, and  we  do  not  think  it  needful  to 
say  more  on  that  head. 

Far  mure  vivid  and  original  is  the  long 
account    of    George    tVyndham — in    our 

judgment,  the  most  valuable  piece  in  the 
book.  Not  Only  does  .Mr.  Ward  speak 
from  intimate  knowledge,  but  he  has  also 
made  skilful  use  of  letters  which  he  received 
from  Wyndham.  All  of  them  are  worth 
quoting.  Here  we  can  indicate  only  one 
'  or  two  [Hiints. 


This  is  from  a  letter  written  while  he 
was  at  the  War  Office  : — 

"  After  a  day  spent  in  grappling  with  com- 
plicated detail,   1    lind   that    nothing  short    of 

philosophy  or  poetry  is  of  the  least  use  to 
inc.  !  tried  a  novel  the  other  day,  'The 
open  Question,'  and  it  aggravated  me  beyond 

belief.  1  want  the  very  best,  and  prefer  it  in 
a  different    form    and    remotely   aloof    from 

everyday  life.  I  have  bought  a  Latin 
Prayer  Hook — our  Prayer  Book,  2nd  a\., 
1574— and  find  the  Psalms  very  stately  and 
soothing.  A  little  Latin  goes  a  long  way. 
But  when  your  business  consists  in  ploughing 
like  a  liner  through  seas  of  slip-hod  English, 
you  need  the  very  opposite,  a  dead  language, 
clean-cut  and  frigid  poetry  or  abstract 
thought.  .  .  . 

"  1  have  been  inside  a  good  many  machines  ; 
the  Army,  Irish  Office,  Colonial  Expansion, 
Fleet  Street,  literary  coteries,  and  now  in- 
side of  another  office  ;  and  no  doubt  such 
experience  affects  me.  The  multiplicity  of 
the  parts  defying  philosophic  comprehension, 
and  the  dead  weight  of  each  dragging  down 
individual  energy,  drive  home  the  lesson  that 
no  individual,  or  race,  or  age,  or  movement 
embracing  many  nations  and  some  centuries, 
is  likely  to  give  a  decisive  cast  to  the  direction 
of  development,  or  even  to  reconcile  any 
considerable  number  of  divergent  forces. 
But  this  does  not  daunt  me.  I  see  the 
.Universal  Flux  ;  but  I  believe  in  the  Choric 
Dance.  In  some  ways  business  is  a  capital 
exercise  or  drill.  It  gives  you  a  number  of 
occasions  every  day  for  doing  the  right  thing 
in  the  right  way.  This  is  capital  practice. 
But  far  from  thinking  that  mere  honest 
effort  at  complicated  jobs  would  serve  man- 
kind as  a  substitute  for  philosophy,  religion, 
and  art,  I  do  not  believe  that  the  second- 
class  clerks  could  work  as  they  do  if  we  had 
not  all  the  abstract  speculations  of  3,000 
years  behind  us." 

Other  letters  even  more  surprising  than 
this  might  be  cited,  notably  that  on  the 
management  of  his  estate. 

Another  valuable  study  is  that  of 
John  Stuart  Mill.  Not  much  interest 
is  taken  in  him  just  now,  and  it  is 
well  to  have  on  record  this  account  of 
the  shock  experienced  by  heterodoxy  on 
finding  its  own  peculiar  orthodoxy  im- 
pugned by  the  man  who  was  supposed  to 
be  its  prophet.  Few  of  the  younger 
generation  are  aware  of  the  revulsion  of 
feeling  caused  by  the  posthumous  '  Essays 
on  Religion,' and  how  Mrs.  Leslie  Stephen 
said  to  her  perturbed  spouse  :  '  1  told 
you  so.  I  always  said  John  Mill  was 
orthodox." 

Other  essays  in  the  book  are  of  a  different 
order.  That  on  '  Cardinal  Newman's  Sen- 
sitiveness '  is  a  good  specimen  of  the  kind 
of  apologetic  which  Mr.  Ward  has  on 
many  occasions  put  forward.  Well  de- 
Scribed  in  Miss  IVtre's  '  Life'  of  George 
Tyrrell  as  "  mediating   Liberalism,"   this 

philosophy  harks  back  to  Newman,  and 
forward  to  modern  criticism.  Its  object 
is  to  preserve  the  spirit  and  reality  of  the 
Catholic  system,  while  showing  every 
kind  of  sympathy  within  its  limits  to  those 
enlarged  horizons  alike  in  history  and 
science,  which  arc  the  outcome  of  modern 

inquiry.     It   is  evident   from   his  Preface 

that  .Mr.  Ward  i-  aware  of  the  difficulty   of 

the  task.     Yet   he  is  equally  resolute  to 

take    it    up.      In    an    interesting   essay    on 

s.     Thomas     Aquinas     and     .Medieval 


372 


THE    ATHFJ^UM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


Thought '  lie  points  the  moral  of  the 
parallel  case  of  the  influence  of  Aristote- 
lianism  in  the  thirteenth-century  Church : 

"  Let  it  be  granted  that  some  of  the 
extremely  speculative  conclusions  put  forth 
by  exponents  of  the  higher  criticism  are 
as  extravagant  as  the  medieval  belief  that 
the  syllogism  could  discover  the  secrets  of 
nature.  .  .  .Yet  to  proscribe  the  really  scien- 
tific use  of  that  critical  method  which  has 
hold  of  all  minds  which  think  on  such  sub- 
jects would  be  as  ineffectual  now  as  the  bon- 
fires fed  by  living  rationalists  were  in  the 
Paris  of  1209.  .  .  .If  work  in  the  field  marked 
out  by  the  '  higher  criticism  '  is  occasionally 
touched  by  some  of  the  defects  of  the  method 
it  has  to  use,  that  does  not  make  it  the 
less  necessary.  If  those  few  who  are  com- 
petent to  undertake  it  are  afforded  no  scope 
for  their  energies,  humanly  speaking,  the 
movement  of  criticism  must  lead  widely  to 
the  destruction  of  faith,  especially  in  those 
masses  of  half-educated  people  for  whose 
especial  benefit  the  avoidance  of  unsettling 
discussions  is  professedly  designed." 

We  believe  Mr.  Ward  to  be  entirely  right. 
Valuing,  as  we  do,  the  experience  of  the 
past,  which  is  of  the  essence  of  religious 
authority,  and  deprecating  any  revolu- 
tionary iconoclasm,  we  yet  hold  that  the 
religious  thinker  has  to  look  mainly 
towards  the  future,  and  must  be  allowed 
to  make  trial  of  those  new  ways  of 
thought  and  feeling  which  are  on  all 
hands  being  commended.  To  make  this 
trial  is  to  expose  oneself  to  attacks  on  all 
sides  ;  to  refuse  to  make  it  is  either  to 
give  up  religion  or  to  surrender  all  hope 
of  assimilating  modern  knowledge.  The 
position  is  delineated  in  the  essay  on 
Newman  : — 

"  The  unbelievers  saw  in  him  a  super- 
stitious mind,  which  they  found  it  hard  to 
reconcile  with  unquestionable  symptoms  of 
intellectual  insight  and  depth.  The  average 
Christian  theologian  regarded  his  admissions 
as  to  the  force  of  agnostic  reasoning,  and  the 
melancholy  anticipations  of  the  growth  of  the 
infidel  movement  in  the  world  of  thought,  as 
the  suggestions  of  a  morbid  fancy,  or  as 
signs  of  a  dangeroiis  tendency  to  religious 
liberalism." 

That  judgment  is  notably  correct  in  the 
particular  instance.  It  will  always  be 
true  of  men  who  attempt  a  similar  task 
in  any  age.  Both  sides  will  misunder- 
stand them,  and  both  will  make  use  of 
them. 


Fancies,  Fashions,  and  Fads.     By  Ralph 
Nevill.     (Methuen  &  Co.,  10s.  U.  net.) 

Social  life  plays  but  a  small  part  in 
the  solid  manuals  of  history.  For  the 
most  part  it  seems  too  trivial  to  be  worth 
recording  at  the  time,  and  later  it  can  be 
recaptured  only  by  a  long  study  of  news- 
papers, so  that  historians  are  content  to 
indulge  in  generalizations,  which  may  be 
unfair,  and  are  seldom  founded  on  any 
precise  data. 

Yet  the  public  certainly  welcomes  the 
sort  of  book  which  is  concerned  with 
social  life,  and  the  series  of  reminiscences 
by  Lady  Dorothy  Nevill  deserved  their 
success  in  this  line,  being  far  superior  to 
the  old  stories  and  new  trivialities  of  the 
average  writer  of  town  gossip.     Mr.  Ralph 


Nevill,  an  editor  of  his  mother's  recollec- 
tions, has  continued  her  work  as  a  social 
critic.  His  latest  vohime  is  not  so  amus- 
ing as  '  From  Piccadilly  to  Pall  Mall ' 
(1908),  in  which  he  collaborated  with  Mr. 
C.  E.  Jerningham.  Truth  to  tell,  Mr. 
Nevill  is  somewhat  casual  in  his  style  and 
in  his  comments,  but  still  he  supplies  in 
his  discursive  way  a  good  deal  that  cannot 
readily  be  found  elsewhere  in  book-form. 
His  ten  chapters  range  from  Society, 
Bohemia,  Paris,  Art,  and  Fads  to  Demo- 
cracy. He  notes,  of  course,  the  advent  of 
a  plutocracy  which  is  largely  Hebraic 
when  it  is  not  American.  But  we  cannot 
share  his  view  that  Americans 

"  happily  appear  to  have  little  effect  upon 
our  national  life.  American  ideas  do  not 
seem  easily  to  acclimatize  themselves  on 
British  soil.  Notwithstanding  our  close 
connexion  with  the  United  States,  expres- 
sions or  words  only  with  great  difficulty 
become  part  of  our  daily  speech." 

There  follows  a  description  of  "  swank  " 
as  "  an  expressive  adjective  most  appro- 
priately of  pure  transatlantic  origin " 
(which  we  doubt),  with  another  asser- 
tion of  the  comparative  rarity  of  angli- 
cized American  words.  It  is  clear  that 
Mr.  Nevill  is  not  a  philologist,  nor,  we 
should  say,  an  observant  visitor  to  places 
of  entertainment  to-day,  where  American 
performers  abound.  Did  not  America 
force  the  word  and  the  thing  "  rag-time  " 
on  our  long-suffering  audiences  ?  Has 
Mr.  Nevill  ever  taken  up  an  English 
newspaper  without  seeing  the  word  "re- 
cord "  in  it  ?  It  is  "  up  to  "  him  to 
make  in  his  next  book  a  "  record  "  list  of 
American  locutions  which  are  regarded 
in  most  quarters  as  current  English. 

We  note  some  pungent  remarks  on  the 
marriage  of  rich  American  girls  to  needy 
peers,  and  it  is  even  suggested  that  wise 
parents  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic 
"  keep  a  list  of  eligible  young  noblemen." 
A  mother,  hesitating  between  a  dissipated 
foreign  grandee  and  an  impecunious, 
but  gentlemanlike  English  peer  for  her 
daughter,  is  said  to  have  telegraphed 
"  Grandee  off,  send  along  peer,"  to  an 
accommodating  English  friend,  who  sent 
the  jubilant  nobleman  to  the  States  at  a 
day's  notice.  That  such  things  should  be 
said  of  our  aristocracy  is  unpleasant 
enough  ;  but  our  age  is  notorious  for  the 
sale  of  honours  in  one  way  or  another  ; 
and,  after  all,  a  peer  may  do  worse  who 
is  enslaved  by  the  fortunate  face  to  be 
seen  on  thousands  of  picture  post-cards. 

To-day,  however,  peers  have  little  influ- 
ence, as  Mr.  Nevill  remarks,  and  we  turn 
with  pleasure  to  his  views  of  more  serious 
performers  in  the  field  of  life  and  politics  : 
Gladstone,  Beaconsfield,  and  that  typical 
English  figure,  the  late  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire. Mr.  Nevill  gives  us  some  glimpses 
into  the  attractive  side  of  Disraeli,  who, 
"  when  as  a  boy  he  shook  hands  with 
me,"  had  "the  most  shocking  overcoat 
possible."  Disraeli,  of  course,  was  not  the 
boy.  A  dandy  in  early  years,  he  had  by 
this  time  long  passed  thirty- five,  Avhich 
Shakespeare  gives  as  the  age-limit  for 
devotion  to  the  gickfy  turns  of  fashion. 
Lax    arrangement    of    words    sometimes 


makes  Mr.  Nevill's  text  obscure.  He  is 
not  careful  about  repetitions  either  ;  we 
have  heard  in  a  previous  book  of  the 
aristocratic  club  to  which  he  belonged  at 
Cambridge. 

Clothes  occupy  a  good  deal  of  his  atten- 
tion, especially  uniforms.  We  read  of 
peasants  in  Holland  subsidized  to  main- 
tain their  national  dress  for  the  pleasure 
of  tourists,  and  of  the  "  vast  and  costly 
influence  of  the  army  tailors,"  who  are 
allowed  to  make  huge  profits  : — 

"  The  whole  system  is  iniquitous  to  an 
inconceivable  degree.  If  the  authorities  are 
really  desirous  of  assisting  economy,  why 
do  they  not  (as  prevails  in  efficiently  managed 
armies)  institute  a  special  department  of  the 
army  clothing  factory,  from  which  officers 
should  be  obliged  to  purchase  all  uniforms 
at  the  very  moderate  figure  at  which  a 
properly  managed  tailoring  department  could 
easily  supply  them  ?  " 

Such  comments  are  worth  more  than 
the  many  pages  in  which  Mr.  Nevill  puts 
the  obvious  plea  for  picturesqueness 
above  more  imj^ortant  considerations.  He 
writes  best,  we  think,  on  the  gay  side  of 
entertainment,  the  rise  of  the  "  restaurant 
habit,"  especially  on  Sundays,  and  notable 
figures  in  the  Sheridan  Club,  where 
Charles  Barrington,  a  quaint  character 
who  might  have  stepped  out  of  the  pages 
of  Lever,  was  a  leading  light. 

If  the  book  is  reissued  in  another  form, 
the  opportunity  should  be  taken  to  revise 
it.  A  sampler  we  once  saw  bore  the 
maxim  : — 

How  blest  are  those  who  leisure  find 
To  dress  the  little  garden  of  the  mind  ! 


Napoleon  at  Bay,   1814.     By  F.  Loraine 
Petre.     (John  Lane,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

The  campaign  of  1814  is  one  of  almost 
unique  interest  to  the  student  of  military 
history,  illustrating,  as  it  does,  the  use 
of  interior  lines,  the  influence  upon 
strategy  of  convergent  rivers  enclosing 
the  theatre  of  war,  the  evils  of  divided 
commands,  and  the  power  of  political 
and  diplomatic  forces  to  disarrange  and 
destroy  the  combinations  and  dispositions 
of  generals.  To  the  student  of  Napoleon 
also  it  presents  a  host  of  curious  data,, 
and  offers  more  than  one  fascinatingly 
insoluble  problem.  How  came  it  aboutr 
he  may  well  ask,  that  in  the  first  pursuit 
of  Bliicher,  which  ended  in  the  victories 
of  Champaubert,  Montmirail,  and  Vau- 
champs,  Napoleon  showed  all  his  old 
ability  to  plan  and  to  execute,  yet,  be- 
fore and  after,  committed  such  blunders 
as  the  battles  of  La  Rothiere  and  Arcis- 
sur-Aube  ?  What  crazed  belief  in  Ins- 
own  star  led  him  to  imagine  that,  with 
Paris  and  France  weary  of  his  rule,  with 
his  marshals  at  the  extreme  limit  of  endu- 
rance, and  with  an  army  greatly  inferior 
to  those  of  his  opponents,  he  could  afford 
to  reject  the  not  imgenerous  terms  more 
than  once  offered  by  the  Allies  during  the 
actual  course  of  hostilities  ?  "  Neque  sem- 
per arcum  "  is,  perhaps,  the  only  satis- 
factory answer  to  the  former  of  these 
questions..    After  all.  did  not  Lee  in  the 


No.  4507,  Mahch  14,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


373 


very  heyday  of  his  powers  commit  the 
worst  of  tactical  errors  at  Malvern  Hill 
and  at  Gettysberg  '.  To  the  latter  we 
might  respond  that  Napoleon  throughout 
over-estimated  the  value  oi  his  hold  on 
Austria,  the  stupidity  and  slowness  of 
Schwartzenberg,  the  Austrian  commander, 
and  his  own  personal  influence  over  the 
French  people.  An  even  more  conclu- 
sive reply  lies  in  the  fact  that  Napoleon 
wis  primarily  a  military  genius,  and  that 
no  victory  at  the  council-table  seemed  to 
him  so  complete  and  permanent  as  one 
on  the  field  of  battle.  It  is  certain  that, 
immediately  after  the  defeat  of  La 
Rothiere,  lie  was  prepared  to  consider 
favourably  the  offers  of  the  Allies,  and 
was  only  roused  to  further  action  by 
hearing  of  the  splendid  opportunity  of- 
fered by  Bluchers  movement  to  the 
.Ma me.  Even  so,  however,  there  is  room 
for  speculation  and  theory,  and  these  are 
far  from  being  the  only  problems  raised. 
In  French  the  campaign  has  been  ex- 
haustively treated  by  Houssaye  and  Weil, 
but  in  English  it  has  been  strangely  neg- 
lected, so  that  there  was  a  real  need  for 
the  volume  under  review.  Readers  of 
Mr.  Petre's  previous  Napoleonic  studies 
will  find  in  this  his  accustomed  accu- 
racy of  statement,  excellent  military 
knowledge,  and  lucidity  of  presentation. 
-Mr.  Petre  does  not  belong  to  that  pictu- 

iue  school  of  military  history  repre- 
sented by  the  late  Col.  Henderson  and  his 
successor  Capt.  Battine.  He  attempts  no 
reconstruction  of  historic  scenes  ;  he  is 
careful  to  avoid  all  but  the  absolutely 
necessary  details  of  politics  and  of  diplo- 
macy. But  what  he  professes  to  do  he 
does,  and  the  book  should  be  widely 
as  ful.  The  maps  are  full  and  clear.  We 
only  regret  that  they  are  not  printed 
upon  stouter  material. 

On  one  or  two  points  his  criticism  is 
specially  valuable  and  interesting,  as, 
for  instance,  when  he  notices  the 
strong  element  of  good-fortune  which, 
in   the   first   pursuit   of   Bliicher,   allowed 

ooleon    to    find    the    army   of    Silesia 

ing  out  over  a  wide  extent  of  country, 
instead     of     concentrated.     Critics     have 

o  too  inclined  to  attribute  to  Xapo- 
leon's  calculation  what  must  have  come 
upon  him  as  the  most  welcome  of  surprises. 
M  Petre'a  summing-up  of  the  opera- 
tions of  which  the  battles  of  Craonne  and 
I.    'ii  are  the  chief  events   is   thoroughlv 

md  and  judicial,  and  shows  how  little 
he   is   blinded  to  the    fatal  weakness  of 

poleon's    latter    years,  his  way  of  al- 
ttg    imagination  to  master  fact.        To 
B  icher    Mr.    Petre    extends    far    fairer 
treatment  than  those  writers  who  regard 
him  a-  a  i  illiterate  soldier  with  no 

marked  gift  except  that  of  flogged  pel 
Verance.      We    are    less    inclined    to    agree 

with  him  in  his  only  partial  condemnation 
oi  Napoleon's  action  at  Arcis-sur-Aube. 
Napoleon  may  neither  have  expected  nor 
d  med  that  battle  ;  but  he  had  only  hie 
own  reliance  upon  preconceived  notions 
to  thank  for  the  disastrous  assumption 
that  Schwartzenberg  was  covering  a 
i>  treat,  and  not  executing  a  forward 
movement. 


The  campaign  is  so  important,  and  so 
concerned  with  the  universal  problems 
of  war,  that  we  are  sorry  Mr.  Petre  did 
not  see  his  way  to  some  statement  of 
the  alterations  which  would  have  been 
effected  by  the  conditions  of  modern 
weapons,  means  of  communication,  transit , 
and  reconnaissance.  With  such  an  addi- 
tion the  book  would  have  been  enormously 
increased  in  value  for  the  practical 
student. 


Russia  of  the  Russians.     By  Harold  Whit- 
more  Williams.  (Pitman  &  Sons,  Gs.  net.) 

A  comprehensive  book  on  an  already 
well-worked  subject  is  bound  to  consist 
largely,  if  not  entirely,  of  matter  which  has 
appeared  before.  Dr.  Williams  keeps  to 
the  beaten  track  in  his  chapters  on  Russian 
history  and  social  life.  He  has,  however, 
a  good  deal  to  say  on  the  subject  of  modern 
Russian  literature  that  will  be  new  to 
English  readers.  His  long  chapter  on  its 
history  since  the  death  of  Tourguenieff 
is  of  some  importance,  for  here  we  have 
brought  before  our  notice  (for  the  first 
time)  some  of  the  more  prominent  writers 
of  to-day. 

After  briefly  dealing  with  Chehov  and 
Gorki,  the  author  passes  on  to  Andreev. 
This  generally  morbid,  if  imaginative 
writer,  although  he  '*  lacks  humour,"  is 
perhaps  less  inhuman  than  Dr.  Williams 
would  have  us  believe.  There  is  a  short 
play  by  Andreev — '  The  Love  of  One's 
^Neighbour  '  ('  Lubov  k'Blijhnemu  ')  — 
which  is  extremely  amusing,  though  none 
but  a  cynic  could  have  written  it.  Of 
Feodor  Sologub  we  shall  certainly  hear 
more  in  this  country.  He  is  the  author  of 
innumerable  short  stories,  many  of  which 
are  written  with  a  grace  that  recalls  the 
'  Prose-Poems  '  of  Tourguenieff 's  last  years. 
In  Dr.  Williams's  opinion  the  most  recent 
Avorks  of  Sologub  show  a  distinct  falling- 
off.  A  younger  writer,  from  whom  the 
author  expects  much,  is  Alexei  Remizov, 
who  has  made  use  of  both  present-day 
Russia  and  her  legendary  past  in  his  fiction. 

There  are  a  few  other  prose  writers  of 
whom  we  should  have  wished  to  hear 
something.  The  reputation  of  Artzy- 
bashev,  for  example,  whom  Dr.  Williams 
merely  mentions,  is  no  mere  succes  de 
scandale  ;  his  novel  '  Sanin  '  enjoyed 
its  extraordinary  popularity  because  it 
was  a  remarkable  expression  of  the 
prevailing  state  of  mind,  rather  than  on 
account  of  the  ultra-Xietzschean  practices 
of  some  of  its  characters.  Yushkevitch 
and  Shalom  Ash  are  two  Jewish  novelists 
whose  woiks  appear  to  deserve  some 
mention. 

On  the  whole,  '  Russia  of  the  Russians  ' 
impresses  us  as  a  well-informed  description 
of  the  country.  The  author  retrains  from 
passing    judgments   and   from    prophecies. 

He  has  been  struck  by  the  torpor  which 

Seems  to  have  been  creeping  over  many 
branches     of     intellectual     activity     since 

1!X)5.      But    Russia     is    too    great    for 

generalizations,    and    so    we    are    grateful 

to  l)r.  Williams  because  he  has  set  down 
only  what  he  has  seen. 


Bartolua  of  Sassoh  rrato  :  his  Position  in 
the  History  of  Medieval  Political  Thorn/Id. 
By  Cecil  N.  Sidney  Woolf,  (Cambridge 
University  Press,  7s.  Gd.  net.) 

All  students  of  the  history  of  political 
thought  ought  to  welcome  this  book. 
So  far  as  the  present  writer  is  aware,  it 
is  the  most  careful  and  detailed  study 
that  avc  possess  in  the  English  language  of 
any  political  thinker  between  the  days  of 
Aristotle  and  the  coming  of  Machiavelli. 
In  Germany  and  Italy  the  importance  of 
Bartolua  has  been  realized  for  a  couple  of 
generations.  Attention  has  been  called 
even  in  England  to  the  need  of  a  more 
elaborate  investigation.  The  results  of 
such  inquiry  are  now  before  us  in 
this  book.  It  is  of  a  highly  specialist 
character,  and  it  seems  to  us  rather  a 
pity  that  there  should  be  incorporated  in 
the  text  so  many  quotations  in  Latin. 
Eor  all  that,  Mr.  Woolf  has  amply  proved 
his  thesis  that 

''it  is  not  merely  useful,  it  is  essential  to 
study  Bartolus,  as  illustrating  the  tenden- 
cies of  the  medieval  jurists  ;  it  is  essential 
to  the  full  understanding  alike  of  medieval 
and  of  modern  thought." 

Mr.  Woolf's  essay  not  merely  states  this, 
but  also  shows  it  to  be  true  ;  and  in  the 
process  illuminates  the  whole  of  mediaeval 
politics.  He  explains  how  various  were  the 
interpretations  given  to  "  the  Empire  ; 
how  acute  the  problems  were  which 
followed  the  fall  of  the  Hohenstaufen ; 
how  very  much  more  there  is  in  the  whole 
subject  than  those  imagine  who  look 
upon  mediaeval  history  as  a  conflict  between 
the  unchanging  claims  of  Papal  forces  and 
Imperialists. 

Justice  has  hardly  yet  been  done  either 
to  the  wealth  of  ideas  or  to  the  fact  of 
development  in  mediaeval  politics.  Even 
now  writers  who  ought  to  know  better 
constantly  speak  as  though  the  period 
from  Cicero  to  Savonarola  were  negligible 
to  the  student  of  the  modern  world.  Yet. 
as  Mr.  Woolf  says, 

"  to  understand  the  modern  State  it  is 
not  enough  to  go  bask  to  Aristotle's  woAis; 
we  have  to  go  back  to  the  theologian's 
'Civitas  Dei'  and  to  the  lawyer's  'Civitas 
sihi  princeps.'  The  English  crown,  it  is  well 
to  remember,  was  '  Imperial  '  long  before 
we  had  a  colonial  Empire;  the  idea  ol  the 
State     as     containing     many     churches     and 

religions  is  so  new  as  to  be  still  unaccept- 
able to  many.  To  understand  the  modern 
State,  the  Middle  Ages  must  surely  receive 

as  ample  and   detailed   a  study   as    the    an- 

cient    world    or    the    modem    world    it  s<  It. 

And    to    understand    how    the    modern    State 

has  become  '  Imperial,'  and  whal  thai 
signifies,  we  must  go  back  to  the  medieval 
civilian    and    his    '  Civitas,'    or    '  R<  -     sibi 

princeps.' 

This  is  the  reason  why  we  are  gral  ful 
Eoi  all  this  discussion  of  forgotten  publi- 
cists and  still  more  obscure  lawyers. 
The  wealth  of  expert  knowledge  displayed 
in  this  volume  w  ill  not  in  all  ways  make 
it  more  attractive  ;  bui  it  adds  to 
permanence  and  solidity.  We  are  verj 
glad    to  thai    Mr.  Woolf   recognizes 

The  process  of  development  from  .strictly 
theological  and  Biblical  argument,  through 


374 


THE    A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


the  juristic  stage,  to  the  final  and  political 
period,  when  Aristotle's  '  Politics  '  had 
begun  to  exercise  an  influence  in  Western 
Europe  greater  than  it  ever  had  in  its 
"  domicile  of  origin." 

Minor  points,  and  these  only,  may  be 
criticized.  The  chapters  are  far  too  long. 
Chapter  hi.,  for  instance,  would  have 
been  better  divided  and  subdivided. 
In  discussing  the  phrase  "  Rex  est  Im- 
perator  in  regno  suo  "  Mr.  Woo  If  (unless 
we  are  in  error)  makes  no  mention  of  the 
similar  claim  of  an  English  king  to  be 
"  entier  Empereur  dans  son  royaume," 
a  claim  which  must  have  been  due  to 
precisely  the  same  set  of  legal  notions. 
Also,  in  his  account  of  the  "  Fifth  Mon- 
archy "  conception  of  Bartolus,  it  might 
have  been  well  if  he  had  looked  before  and 
after.  St.  Augustine,  we  think,  held  a 
very  similar  notion,  and  the  seventeenth- 
century  cognate  is  obvious.  These  are 
small  blemishes.  Teachers  rather  than 
learners  will  use  the  book,  and  we  hope 
that  at  least  no  teacher  of  the  history  of 
politics  will  fail  to  read  it. 

The  whole  topic  needs  a  great  deal 
more  study.  Mediaeval  political  thought 
has  more  lessons  for  the  modern  world 
than  most  people  imagine.  For  instance, 
the  impact  of  Dr.  Gierke's  great  work  on 
the  '  Genossenschaftsrecht '  affects  not 
the  learned  world  so  much  as  the  practical 
politician.  Maitland  and  others  who 
have  followed  in  his  steps  have  discerned 
this  truth,  and  its  enormous  significance 
in  regard  to  problems  of  the  political, 
ecclesiastical,  and  economic  order.  Our 
thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Woolf  for  the  further 
light  that  he  has  thrown  on  this  difficult 
path,  and  we  trust  that  his  example 
may  have  many  followers.  A  really  pro- 
found study  of  the  legal  ideas  of  Sinibaldo 
Fieschi  (Pope  Innocent  IV.)  would  just 
now  be  of  real  value,  and  why  does  that 
treatise  of  Ockham  in  the  British  Museum 
remain  unedited  ? 


The  Highland  Host  of  1678.     By  John  R. 
Elder.     (Glasgow,  MacLehose  &  Sons.) 

The  requisition  of  a  Highland  army  to 
occupy  the  south-western  shires  of  Scot- 
land in  1678  was  one  of  the  cruelties 
perpetrated  in  support  of  the  Restoration 
episcopate  ;  but,  unlike  certain  previous 
expedients  of  this  kind,  it  was  a  measure 
rather  of  police  than  of  persecution. 
Lauderdale,  who  then  controlled  the  ad- 
ministration, had  exercised  little  influence 
till  the  attempt  to  enforce  conformity  had 
been  discredited  by  the  Pentland  Rising 
of  1667  ;  and  for  several  years  he  pur- 
sued a  policy  of  conciliation  which 
had  the  eager  support  of  Leighton  and 
Gilbert  Bumet.  Its  only  material  result 
was,  however,  the  reinstatement,  in  their 
own  or  other  parishes,  of  some  ninety 
Nonconformist  ministers  ;  and  Lauderdale 
was  mortified  to  find  that,  whilst  this 
scheme  had  succeeded  in  separating  the 
moderate  from  the  extreme  Presbyterians, 
it  had  made  the  latter  more  troublesome 
than  ever.     No  sooner  was  the  Indulgence 


issued  than  the  practice  of  holding  field- 
conventiclcs,  which  had  been  in  abeyance 
since  the  Pentland  revolt,  began  to  revive  ; 
and  Andrew  Lang  has  shown  in  his  '  Life 
and  Times  of  Sir  George  Mackenzie  '  that 
the  Government  were  really  in  a  difficult 
position  when  these  huge  meetings — 
many  of  them  armed — became  yearly 
more  frequent.  They  had  little  or  no 
mone\r  and  only  a  handful  of  troops,  and 
were  continually  being  appealed  to  for 
protection  by  the  Episcopal  incumbents. 
In  1674,  and  again  in  1677,  they  called 
upon  the  landowners  to  become  surety 
for  their  tenants  that  they  would  not 
attend  conventicles  ;  and  it  was  to  enforce 
this  demand,  with  which  the  landowners 
professed  themselves  unable  to  comply, 
that  the  counties  of  Ayr  and  Lanark  were 
subjected  for  five  weeks  to  the  miseries  of  a 
Highland  occupation.  Even  this  device 
succeeded  only  in  Dumfriesshire,  whence 
Queensberry  reported  that  his  tenants, 
rather  than  expose  themselves  to  such 
a  scourge,  had  signed  the  bond — all  but 
twenty,  whose  obstinacy  was  the  more 
remarkable  as  they  were  "  Annandale 
people,  and  know  no  more  of  religion  or 
civil  deportment  than  brutes."  Thus  the 
disturbances  continued  till  they  reached 
their  natural  development  next  year  in 
the  insurrection  of  Drumclog  and  Both- 
well  Bridge. 

Mr.  Elder  merits  commendation  for  the 
wide  and  microscopic  research,  embracing 
both  published  and  unpublished  materials, 
which   he   has   brought  to   bear  on   this 
episode  ;    but  we  have  dwelt  on  its  more 
general  aspect  because  he  seems  to  us  to 
have    given    too    little    attention    to    the 
historical  setting  of  his  theme.     We  are 
told  in  the  Preface,  and  in  other  words 
elsewhere,  that  Lauderdale  found  it  neces- 
sary to  resort  to  "  armed  intervention  if 
uniformity  of  worship  in  Scotland  were 
to  be  secured."     Not  to  quarrel  with  the 
word   "  worship  " — though  there  was  no 
difference  worth  mentioning  between  the 
Episcopal  and  the  Presbyterian  service — 
this    was    the    pre-Pentland    policy,    in- 
spired   by    Clarendon,  and    subsequently 
revived  by  the  Duke  of  York,  but  was 
never  that  of  Lauderdale,  whose  measures 
were   directed,   not   against   the   Presby- 
terians as  a  whole,  but  against  the  minority 
— soon  to  become  a  remnant — whom  he 
and  many  of  their  own  brethren  regarded 
as  disturbers  of  the  peace.    We  do  not  see 
how   "  Letters    of    Indulgence  "  can    be 
included  (p.  2)  under  "  acts  of  repression  "  ; 
and   the   Covenanters   are   credited   with 
too  little  discrimination  when  Lauderdale 
is  said   to  have  been  "  abhorred  as  the 
author    of    these    acts."     Even    Kirkton, 
the  most  extreme  of  contemporary  Presby- 
terian annalists,  admits  that  during  the 
whole    of    his    administration    "  he    was 
neither    judged   a   cruel    persecutor    nor 
an  avaricious  exactor."     The  attempt  of 
Hamilton   and   other  nobles   to   use   the 
"  Highland  Host  "  as  an  instrument  for 
destroying  Lauderdale's  credit  with   the 
King    is    adequately    described ;     but    it 
ought,    we    think,    to    have    been    men- 
tioned that  this  was  an  outcome  of  "  The 
Party,"  or  constitutional  Opposition,  which 


had  been  formed  under  English  influence 
in  the  Scottish  Parliament.  Mr.  Elder 
has  discovered  that  the  '  True  Narrative  ' 
published  by  the  Government  in  its 
defence,  which  Andrew  Lang  ascribed  to 
Sir  George  Mackenzie,  was  the  work  of 
Lauderdale's  chaplain,  Dr.  Hickes.  Lord 
Perth  at  this  period  was  not  a  duke,  that 
title  being  conferred  upon  him  in  1701  by 
the  exiled  Court. 


THE  RELIGION  OF  THE 
RENAISSANCE. 

The  four  books  we  notice  here  together 
offer  notable  contrasts  in  religious  experi- 
ence, striking  one  after  another  the  highest 
note  of  enthusiasm,  the  deepest  tone  of 
mysticism,  a  fine  worldliness — "  the  reli- 
gion of  all  wise  men  " — and  a  full-blooded 
animalism  which  was  saved  from  being 
hypocrisy  by  never  paying  homage  to 
virtue.  We  turn  from  the  saint  to  the 
ecclesiastic,  and  from  the  ecclesiastic  to 
the  great  potentate,  their  lives  spread  out 
over  a  little  more  than  a  century,  holding 
the  same  doctrines  and  belonging  to  the 
same  Church,  and,  trying  to  fit  them  or 
their  likes  into  any  conceivable  system 
of  sane  society,  Ave  begin  to  realize  what 
a  welter  of  conflicting  beliefs  and  pre- 
judices and  possibilities  underlay  the  fair 
veneer  of  humanism  on  the  Italy  of  the 
Renaissance. 

It  is  not,  fortunately,  necessary  to  dis- 
cuss at  length  the  merits  of  these  bio- 
graphies. Ozanam's  essay  on  '  The  Fran- 
ciscan Poets  '  is  a  book  which  has  long 
since  passed  into  the  ranks  of  a  classic, 
and,  though  the  translation  before  us 
by  A.  E.  Nellen  and  A.  C.  Craig  is  not 
impeccable,  and,  like  most  classics,  the 
book  would  have  been  the  better  for  some 
well-considered  editing  bj^  a  competent 
scholar,  no  other  work  has  been  written 
which  nearly  fills  its  place,  and  it  will 
certainly  be  welcome  to  those  attracted 
by  the  special  charm  of  mediaeval  Italian 
poetry  or  of  the  early  days  of  the  Friars 
Minor. 

To  pass  from  Ozanam  to  Mr.  Howell's 
book  on  '  S.  Bernardino  of  Siena  '  is  to 
become  aware  of  the  immense  change  in 
our  attitude  towards  the  Franciscan  move- 
ment caused  by  the  researches  of  the  last 
twenty-five  years.  Lyricism  has  become 
informed  with  knowledge  ;  enthusiasm  is 
not  lessened,  but  better  directed.  Mr. 
Howell  in  the  early  part  of  his  book  gives 
what  is,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  the 
only  account  in  English,  at  the  disposal  of 
the  ordinary  reader,  of  that  long  struggle 
between  the  two  parties  in  the  Franciscan 

The  Franciscan  Poets  in  Italy  in  the  Thir- 
teenth Century.  By  Frederic  Ozanam. 
Translated  and  annotated  by  A.  E.  Nellen 
and  A.  C.  Craig.     (Nutt,  6s.  net.) 

S.  Bernardino  of  Siena.  By  A.  G.  Ferrers 
Howell.     (Methuen  &  Co.,  10s.  6c?.  net.) 

Pius  II. ,  the  Humanist  Pope.  By  Cecilia  M . 
Ady.      (Same  publishers,  10s.  6c?.  net.) 

Cesare  Borgia.  By  William  Harrison  Wood- 
ward.    (Chapman  &  Hall,  12s.  6c?.  net.) 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


THE     ATIIENzEUM 


375 


Order  which  resulted  in  the  establishment 
of  a  modus  vivendi  in  the  days  of  St.  Ber- 
nardino. The  life  of  the  saint  is  well  told. 
We  gel  a  good  idea  of  the  man  himself 
and  the  methods  and  matter  of  his  teach- 
ing, with  enough  of  the  circumstances  of 
his  time  to  enable  a  student  of  the  period 
to  reconstruct  a  lifelike  picture.  There  is 
a  useful  Index  ;  and  the  work  is  well  illus- 
trated, though  mention  might  have  been 
made  of  the  contemporary  woodcut  of  the 
saint's  emblem,  formerly  in  the  Weigel 
Collection,  and  the  legend  connected  with 
it. 

Miss  Ady*s  excellent  biography  of 
Pius  II.  deals  with  a  man  and  a  period 
already  well  known  to  most  instructed 
readers.  It  was  not  a  little  daring  to 
embark  on  a  task  which  Creighton  had  to 
all  appearance  done  once  and  for  all,  and 
it  is  satisfactory  to  find  the  enterprise 
successful.  As  writer,  diplomat,  and  Pope, 
.Eneas  Silvius  achieved  competence,  but 
not  greatness,  and  Miss  Ady's  picture  of  him 
harmonizes  well  with  that  of  the  youth  in 
Pinturicchio  and  the  man  of  60  in  Charles 
Reade's  great  storv  of  adventure.  Her 
work  is  scholarly,  and  as  nearly  complete 
as  a  book  of  this  nature  can  be,  while  the 
illustrations  are  particularly  well  chosen. 

Prof.  Woodward's  biography  of  '  Cesare 
Borgia  '  is  a  most  important  study  of  the 
history  and  policy  of  Caesar  and  his  father, 
Alexander  VI.,  which  will  take  its  place 
among  the  original  contributions  to  the 
history  of  the  time.  He  is  interested  in 
the  political  and  militar}'  activities  of  his 
hero,  and  almost  every  page  bears  witness 
to  an  intimate  personal  knowledge  of  the 
places  and  documents  of  which  he  writes. 
The  real  tragedy  of  the  Borgias  is  that 
they  could  not  become  monarchs  except 
from  the  steps  of  the  chair  of  St.  Peter, 
and,  though  no  one  was  ever  less  hampered 
by  the  responsibilities  of  their  position 
than  either  father  or  son,  its  inherent 
weakness  brought  ruin  on  one  of  the  wisest 
and  most  daring  of  adventurers.  Prof. 
Woodward's  reading  of  the  political  policy 
of  Alexander  VI.  is  sound  and  attractive, 
and  his  treatment  of  the  scandals  Avhich 
have  made  the  Borgias  a  favourite  subject 
for  romance  sane  and  convincing. 

Looking  back  over  this  century  and  a 
half  of  religious  effort,  one  may  ask 
whether  there  is  any  causal  connexion 
between  the  piety  which  so  far  passes 
the  mean  on  one  side  and  the  indifference 
to  it,  too  complete  to  be  contemptuous,  on 
the  other.  It  s  ems  possible.  Much  has 
been  written  on  the  benefits  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan movement  to  art,  literature,  and 
mankind  at  large,  and  what  has  been  said 
oa  the  other  side  has  been  usually  the  out- 
come of  an  ignorant  hatred  of  religion  or 
priestcraft.  But  there  is  something  to  be 
said  as  to  the  price  Italy  has  had  to  pay 
for  the  work  of  the  friars,  just  as  then  is 
a  price  which  Portugal  has  paid,  and  which 
England  will  have  to  pay,  for  the  coloniza- 
tion of  the  world.  A  community  oannoi 
be  permanently  drained  of  its  best  and 
most  enterprising  members  without  suffer- 
ing for  it.  Portugal  has  never  recovered 
from    its   efforts  of  the  fifteenth  and  six- 


teenth centuries,  while  the  rural  population 
of  England,  and  Ireland  too,  shows  obvious 
effects  of  its  depletion  in  the  last  century. 
The  success  of  the  Franciscan  movement 
in  Italy  removed  from  everyday  lite  the 
finest  of  its  youth  in  its  first  enthusiasm 
for  the  good  and  noble,  and  cut  it  off  from 
the  future  of  the  race.  It  exercised  as 
remorseless  a  selection  as  that  of  the  seed- 
grower  who  passes  through  his  plots, 
removing  any  bloom  which  grows  outside 
his  scheme.  The  race  so  produced  might 
be  easily  moved,  but  not  to  continuous 
action  ;  it  might  believe,  but  its  belief 
would  not  affect  its  deeds — its  range  of 
thought  lay  between  simplicity  and  cyni- 
cism. 

Only  thus  can  we  explain  the  success 
and  the  failure  of  the  Franciscans  in  their 
native  land  ;  they  had  emphasized  their 
opposite.  They  converted  thousands,  but 
the  best  of  their  converts  were  withdrawn 
from  the  life  in  which  they  might  have 
influenced  the  weaker  brethren,  and  the 
sturdy  pagan  type  of  religious  mind 
emerged  as  a  permanent  factor  of  Italian 
life. 


The  Poetry  and  Life  Series  :  Browning  and 
his  Poetry.  By  Ernest  Rhys. — Words- 
ivorth  and  his  Poetry.  By  W.  H.  Hud- 
son.— Schiller  and  his  Poetry.  By  the 
same.     (Harrap  &  Co.,  Is.  net  each.) 

The  series  to  which  these  volumes  form 
the  latest  additions  has  by  this  time 
secured  a  pretty  wide  recognition,  for  its 
general  scheme  has  undoubtedly  much 
to  recommend  it,  and  it  is  being  intelli- 
gently and  efficiently  carried  out.  The 
readers  whom  it  primarily  has  in  view  are, 
we  imagine,  University  students,  pupils 
at  Training  Colleges,  incipient  teachers, 
and  those  who  approach  literature  not 
so  much  from  the  personal  as  from  the 
professional  or  semi-professional  side. 
Xow,  no  one  who  has  had  occasion  to 
observe  the  youth  in  our  educational 
institutions  can  have  failed  to  note  how 
apt  many  of  them  are  to  content  themselves 
with  a  superficial  appropriation  of  the 
accepted  criticism  upon  the  authors,  and 
especially  upon  the  poets,  whom  they  are 
supposed  to  study,  and  how  ready  to  regard 
the  actual  works  as  something  that  may, 
at  any  rate  for  the  time  being,  be  com- 
fortably ignored.  Those  Avho  live  under 
the  shadow  of  examination  are  perhaps 
not  to  be  unduly  blamed  for  such  a 
tendency,  but  it  is  certainly  a  regrettable 
one,  and  any  attempt  to  counteract  it 
is  to  be  welcomed. 

"  The  Poetry  and  Life  Series "  is 
now  endeavouring  to  do  this  by  em- 
phasizing the  personal  element  in  poetry, 
and  so  arousing  the  pupil's  interest  — 
that  is  to  say  by  bringing,  so  far  as  is 
possible,  the  biography  of  the  poet  dealt 
with  into  direct  connexion  with  his  work, 
and  pointing  that  connexion  by  means 
of  quotations  on  a  fairly  extensive  scale. 
So  far  as  is  possible,  we  say,  for  it  must 
be  confessed  that  in  some  instances  it,  is 
difficult  to  make  the  biography  do  very 
much  to  illustrate  the  poetry.      Browning 


is  a  conspicuous  example  of  this,  and  that 
fact  may  perhaps  explain  why  Mr.  Rhys' S 
volume  is  lather  disappointing.  His  atti- 
tude towards  his  subject  is  sympathetic 
enough,  but  we  cannot  help  feeling  that 
his  treatment  is  a  trifle  perfunctory.  His 
commentary  tends  too  much  to  become 
a  catalogue  of  the  poet's  main  productions 
or  a  hasty  recapitulation  of  their  con- 
tents ;  the  poems  quoted  have  too  often 
to  be  curtailed  beyond  reason,  and, 
though  every  now  and  then  we  come 
upon  some  acute  and  sensible  piece  of 
criticism,  the  whole  strikes  us  as  a  little 
ineffectual. 

From  Mr.  Hudson  we  know  well  enough 
what  we  may  expect.  His  work  is 
thoroughly  competent,  and  shows  all  the 
good  qualities  of  the  experienced  pro- 
fessional teacher.  Individual  it  is  not, 
and  even  in  its  passages  of  eulogy  it  does 
not  stir  us  to  any  warmth  of  enthusiasm ; 
but  it  is  always  accurate,  lucid,  well- 
arranged,  and  to  the  point.  The  inclusion 
in  the  series  of  a  representative  of  German 
poetry  is  interesting.  Mr.  Hudson  writes 
well  and  appreciatively  of  Schiller,  and 
presents  the  essential  facts  about  his  life 
and  his  salient  characteristics  in  a  way  that 
is  likely  to  appeal  to  the  youthful  reader. 
Indeed,  both  this  volume  and  the  one  on 
Wordsworth  should  serve  admirably  as 
introductions  to  the  poets,  the  more  so 
as  the  passages  chosen  for  quotation  are 
in  both  cases  full  and  representative. 


Florilegio  di  Canti  Toscani  :  Folk-Songs 
of  the  Tuscan  Hills.  With  English  Ren- 
dering, by  Grace  Warrack.  (Alexander 
Moring,  10s.  Qd.  net.) 

Though  the  popular  poetry  of  Italy  forms 
essentially  a  single  family,  it  assumes 
different  features  in  the  various  provinces, 
and  the  genuine  Tuscan  rispetto  is  not 
met  with  elsewhere.  The  four  lines  that 
rhyme  alternately,  assonance  sometimes 
taking  the  place  of  rhyme,  are  not 
especially  characteristic,  but  the  ripresa, 
the  concluding  couplet  repeating  and 
developing  some  idea  or  phrase  in  the 
body  of  the  poem,  is  distinctly  individual. 
These  rispetti,  which  are  usually  'respectful 
salutations  made  to  the  beloved,"  and 
the  little  three-lined  stornelli  that  are 
found  all  over  Italy,  and  are  generally 
sung  by  peasants  in  friendly  rivalry  while 
working  in  the  fields  or  at  village  gather- 
ings, make  up  the  main  body  of  this  well- 
produced  volume.  The  stornelli  are  at 
best  very  slight. 

()  water,  thou  art  running  to  the  Bea, 

Brine  me  to  peace  with  my  Bweel  heart,  I  pray  : 

I  had  not  wronged  him  when  he  broke  bom  me, 

is  a  fair  sample.      But  many  begin  with  a 

little  flower  invocation,  such  as  "'  fior  di 

cipresso  "  or  "  fior  di  viole,"  often  dragged 

in  without    much    reference   to   the  sense, 

in    place   of   the    first   long  line.      As   they 

are  not  meant  to  be  read,  and  are  usually 

sung    with    a    conventional    refrain,    it    is 

not   easy    to    judge    of    their    effect     in 

their  present  form,  though  Miss  Warrack 

shows  greal  skill  in  reclothing  them  for 
us  in  English.    To  our  mind  the  rispetti, 


370 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


more  especially  those  in  the  longer  eight- 
lined  form,  which  constitute  by  far  the 
largest  part  of  this  collection,  repay  the 
translator  infinitely  better  for  her  pains  : 

t)  thou  of  gentleness,  most  gentle  all, 
Thy  words  the  clove-pink  with  aroma  dowers. 
Also  the  breath  that   from  thy  lips  doth  fall 
Hath  fragrance  more  than  gathered  gillyflowers. 
Hath  fragrance  more  than  almond-tree  or  pine 
The  lovely  mouth,  the  noble  speech  divine  : 
Hath  fragrance  more  than  almond-tree  or  peach 
The  lovely  mouth,  the  gracious,  candid  speech  : 
Hath  fragrance  more  than  almond-tree  or  rose 
The  lovely  mouth,  the  speech  that  love  bestows. 

This  is  longer  than  most,  but  it  is  a  typical 
good  specimen.     Here  is  another  : — 

When  thou  shalt  rise  into  the  Heavenly  Rest, 
I  '11  come  to  meet  thee,  carrying  my  heart  : 
Thou,  full  of  love,  shalt  draw  me  to  thy  breast, 

And  I  will  lead  thee  to  the  Lord  apart. 
The  Sovran  Lord,  our  love  before  him  shown, 
Will  then  make  one  these  hearts  that  love  hath 

know  n  : 
And  he  of  these  our  hearts  one  heart  will  make, 
In  Paradise  amid  the  lights  that  break. 

Occasionally  we  come  across  interesting 
local  colour,  as  when  the  poet  calls  his 
love  more  beautiful  than  "  d'Orvieto  la 
facciata,"  or  than  the  larger  fountain  at 
Viterbo,  or  the  Cathedral  of  Siena. 

In  her  elaborate  Introduction,  which 
shows  a  thorough  mastery  of  the  lite- 
rature of  the  subject  and  deals  largely 
in  quotations  from  Italian  authorities, 
our  author  traces  the  history  of  popular 
poetry  in  the  peninsula  from  the  days  of 
mediaeval  Latin.  No  one  can  help  being 
struck  by  the  purity  of  the  Italian  in  these 
little  poems,  which  often  preserve  beautiful 
archaic  forms,  as  compared  with  the  other 
dialects.  Miss  Warrack  modestly  declines 
to  give  an  opinion  of  her  own,  but  it  is 
clear  that  she  is  too  loyal  to  Tuscany  not 
to  sympathize  with  Tigri,  who  assigns  a 
Tuscan  origin  to  these  rispetli,  rather  than 
with  Prof.  d'Ancona  and  the  major^r  of 
critics,  who  hold  that  Italian  popular 
poetry  first  developed  a  school  of  its  own 
in  Sicily  under  the  cultivated  Norman 
rule,  which  afterwards  spread  through 
Italy,  like  the  Sicilian  literary  poetry. 
These  Tuscan  love-poems  rarely  sink 
below  a  certain  level,  which  is  well  main- 
tained in  the  translations  before  us,  but, 
though  we  are  duly  grateful  for  them,  it 
must  be  confessed  that  they  are  a  little 
monotonous  reading  in  the  bulk.  Nor 
must  we  forget  that  the  rispetli  like  the 
stomelli  are  meant  to  be  sung  to  music. 
Indeed,  some  of  the  tunes  are  printed 
in   this   volume. 

The  Tuscans  are  a  gentle  people  who 
do  not  seem  to  have  produced  a  ballad 
literature  of  their  own  :  but  we  may 
remark,  by  the  way,  that  Miss  Warrack's 
rendering  of  a  Tuscan  version  of  '  The 
Fishing  of  the  Ring  '  is  infinitely  better 
than  Miss  Jewett's  in  her  recent  volume 
of  '  Folk-Ballads  of  Southern  Europe.' 
Hence  these  songs  have  none  of  the 
dramatic  —  some  might  call  it  melo- 
dramatic— passion  of  the  South,  or  even 
of  Piedmont.  Few,  if  any,  of  the  six-lined 
rispetti  show  the  depth  of  feeling  of  this 
Sicilian  blind  woman's  prayer  : — 

My  soul  doth  fail,  my  heart  is  dying  slowT 
For  but  a  little  water  from  Thy  well  ; 

It  is  such  years  that  lacking  it  I  go, 

It  is  such  years  that  far  from  it  I  dwell. 

O  God,  come  give  to  me  the  living  water 

As  Thou  didst  give  it  to  Samaria's  daughter  ! 


The  poems  dealing  with  village  life,  the 
riddles  and  games  in  the  Appendix,  come 
as  a  welcome  relief,  but  it  is  a  pity  that 
our  author  has  not  thought  it  worth  while 
to  treat  them  like  the  others,  and  print 
the  original  form  as  well  as  her  rendering. 
We  could  have  spared  a  number  of  con- 
ventional stomelli  for  the  Italian  of 

Sweet,  why  such  care  ? 
Thou  'It  lose  me  not,  though  to  the  field  I  fare, 
For  Garibaldi  is  my  Captain  there, 

which  has  an  historical  interest  of  its  own. 
But  we  are  glad  to  find  here  the  peasant 
poetess  Beatrice's  improvised  poem  on 
herself. 

Not  that  Miss  Warrack  is  unfamiliar 
with  or  unappreciative  of  the  other 
dialects.  In  the  Introduction  is  an  inter- 
esting Sicilian  poem  which  she  aptly 
compares  with  '  The  Hound  of  Heaven.' 
Sardinian  songs  have  recently  attracted  a 
well- deserved  attention  which  may  be  due 
in  some  degree  to  the  appearance  of  a 
first-class  Sardinian  novelist  in  Grazia 
Deledda.  It  is  fully  shared  by  our  author, 
who  includes  several  of  them  in  her  book. 
The  beautiful  lullaby  to  the  Madonna  is 
so  much  better  than  anything  else  of  the 
kind  in  Tuscan  that  it  certainly  originated 
elsewhere.  Other  versions  are  known, 
but  Miss  Warrack  prefers  to  print  it  in  its 
Tuscan  form  : — 

Dormi,  dormi,  o  bel  bambin, 

Re  divin, 

Dormi,  dormi,  o  fantolin  ! 

Fa'  la  nanna,  o  caro  figlio, 

Re  del  ciel, 

Tanto  bel,  grazioso  giglio. 

Perch  o  piangi,  o  bambinel  ? 
Forse  il  gel 
Ti  <\h  noia,  o  l'asinel  ? 
Fa'  la  nanna,  o  paradiso 
Del  mio  cor, 
Redentor,  ti  bacio  il  viso. 

We  hope  Miss  Warrack  will  cany  out  her 
intention  of  giving  us  a  volume  of  trans- 
lations from  the  other  dialects. 


Prisons  and  Prisoners.  Some  Personal 
Experiences  by  Lady  Constance  Lytton 
and  "  Jane  WTarton,"  Spinster.  (Heine- 
mann,  3s.  (id.) 

Those  immersed  in  the  turbulence  of  the 
Woman's  Movement  in  its  twentieth-cen- 
tury manifestations  are  apt,  like  other 
enthusiasts,  to  forget  that  outside  their 
circle  is  a  sea  of  ignorance  as  to  them  and 
their  doings.  There  are,  for  instance, 
numbers  to  whom  the  "  double  "  author- 
ship of  this  book  will  convey  nothing,  and 
to  whom  its  pages  will  bring  the  first 
knowledge  of  a  deed  of  great  chivalry. 
In  1909  the  author  chose  to  divest 
herself  of  an  historic  name  and  influential 
friends  in  order  as  "  Jane  Warton " 
to  place  herself  among  those  of  no  repute, 
share  with  them  the  lot  of  the  third-class 
prisoner,  and  undergo  the  mental  and 
physical  agony  of  "forcible  feeding." 

There  are  also  a  goodly  number  of  citi- 
zens, and  a  still  larger  proportion  of  their 
women-folk,  who  know  nothing  by  their 
own  experience  of  prison  life.  To  them 
the  report  of  one  who  does  should  have 
all  the  allurements  of  fiction  plus  the 
satisfactions  of  truth,  especially  when  the 


report  is  so  circumstantial  and  vivid  as 
is  Lady  Constance  Lytton's.  Indeed,, 
were  it  not  that  the  tension  occasioned  by 
such  unusual  experiences  as  she  describes 
admittedly  heightens  susceptibility,  her 
power  of  appreciating  and  registering 
matters  of  detail  would  seem  abnormal. 
Though  the  book  suffers  from  over- 
haste  and  lack  of  revision,  it  shows- 
no  mean  skill  in  the  writer's  craft. 
Even  if  it  were  not  so,  the  author's 
stonr  of  her  three  imprisonments  in  her 
own  name,  and  her  one  as  Jane  Warton, 
would  be  impressive  by  reason  of  its 
obvious  sincerity,  and  the  self-effacement 
which  enables  her  to  stand  on  occasions 
as  it  were  outside  herself,  and  admit  the 
reader  to  an  intimate  confidence. 

We  pass  from  a  moving  dedication 
to  Prisoners  to  an  Introduction  which 
sketches  the  drift  of  her  existence  before 
she  became  aware  of  the  movement  she 
was  afterwards  to  support,  tells  of  her 
barren  experiments  in  the  usual  channels 
of  public  service,  and  describes  how 
she  stumbled  eventually  on  a  piece  of 
effective  work  in  Miss  Mary  Neal's 
Esperance  Club.  In  a  chapter  headed 
k  My  Conversion,'  homage  is  paid  to  the 
magnetic  personalities  who  brought  it 
about,  and  to  that  comradeship  amongst 
them  which  obliterates  distinctions  of 
class  or  creed. 

In  February,  1909,  the  deputation  to 
the  Prime  Minister  which  resulted  in 
the  first  of  her  four  imprisonments  took 
place.  In  this  book  they  are  all  minutely 
recorded,  and,  it  must  be  confessed, 
the  tale  is  an  ugly  one — one  which  cannot 
be  read  without  sorrow  and  indignation. 
Exasperated  by  the  latest  outrages,  many 
will  say  that  the  heroism,  the  spiri- 
tual and  physical  courage  of  the  author 
might  have  been  better  spent.  But  all 
question  of  object  and  method  apart,  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  one  result  at  least 
is  good :  those  in  authority  have  been 
shown  the  way  to  improvements  in  sani- 
tation and  hygiene  as  only  women  of  re- 
finement could  show  it,  and  it  is  obvious 
that  officials  who  have  been  brought  into 
contact  with  such  criminals  as  these  can 
never  re-settle  themselves  into  precisely 
the  same  mould  as  before.  This,  if  Lady 
Constance  Lytton's  statements  are  not 
very  wide  of  the  mark,  must  certainly  be 
considered  an  unmixed  blessing. 

The  author  has  written  her  book  with 
a  broadness  of  sympathy  that  adds 
dignity  and  conviction  to  a  document  of 
commendable  frankness.  It  should  serve 
as  a  presage  of  hope  and  reform  for 
those  who  suffer  by  our  present  penal 
system ;  it  also  sheds  much-needed  light 
on  the  hidebound  officialism  that  is  re- 
sponsible for  what  Lady  Constance  Lytton 
has  experienced  and  portrayed.  This  is, 
perhaps,  the  first  time  that  the  inequalities 
of  treatment  meted  out  to  rich  and  poor 
have  been  so  clearly  exposed  in  book-form. 
The  false  assessment  of  human  values  is 
not  restricted  to  reward  :  it  is  made  mani- 
fest in  punishment.  The  special  value  of 
such  a  book  as  '  Prisons  and  Prisoners  ' 
is  the  publicity  it  gives  to  this  serious 
discrepancy. 


No.  4507,  Makch  14,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


377 


FICTION. 

The  Last  English.     By  George  Bartram. 
(Sidgwiek  &  Jackson,  6s.) 

(Jkorge  Bartram  has  chosen  the 
period  of  the  forties  for  this  study  of 
Bnglish  country  life  in  the  Midlands — the 

period  when,  after  a  century  of  the  pre- 
dominance of  the  Whigs,  or  "  town 
party,"  the  great  estates  had  been  ring- 
fenced  at  the  expense  of  commons  and 
small  proprietors,  and  the  yeoman  had 
been  levelled  with  the  hind/  The  intro- 
duction of  agricultural  machinery  had 
lowered  the  earnings  of  the  able-bodied 
labourer  from  an  average  of  fifteen  shillings 
to  an  average  of  seven  shillings  a  week  at 
a  time  of  great  prosperity  for  farmers. 
The'"  Draconian  code  "  perpetually  robbed 
the    country   of    its    men   of   parts. 

The  author  gives  a  vivid,  realistic 
picture  of  the  conditions  of  life  prevailing 
in  his  village.  Tiptry  possessed  a  squire, 
than  whom,  in  the  words  of  a  delightful 
old  innkeeper,  "a  cuter  davvel  no  village 
wer'  ever  plagued  wi'  *'  ;  and  a  parson  who 
(according  to  the  same  philosopher)  was 
"one  that  understands  "rithmetic,  an'  can 
divide  by  ten  wi'  the  best,  never  makin'  a 
mistake  i'  the  way  o'  bringin"  out  the  sum 
too  httle.  I  "ve  only  ten  teeth  left,  and  I 
taly  b  Heve  he  'a  bankerin*  arter  one  of  'em. 
A  poor  preacher,  so  I  've  beerd,  but  hearsay- 
is  no  evidence.  His  wife  is  foil  o'  charity,  an' 
can  look  bigger  over  the  gift  of  a  blanket 
than  most." 

In  the  foreground  of  the  picture 
the  writer  places  a  small  group  of 
characters,  all  of  the  sturdy  yeoman  type, 
whose  every  speech  and  action  has  sig- 
nificance :  Lucy  Burton,  the  deserted 
wife,  as  jealous  as  she  is  devoted  in 
affection,  who  after  twenty  years  of 
widowhood  sets  out  alone  on  foot  to  seek 
her  husband  through  the  length  of  Eng- 
land ;  Mat,  her  son,  who  has  inherited 
her  strength  without  her  bitterness ; 
Tom  Beaver,  a  great,  tender  giant,  who 

irom  the  hips  down  was  a  failure.  It  was 
pathetic  to  view  him  walk  ;  he  seemed  to 
propel  himself  by  the  sbonlders,  that  rocked 
and  heaved  at  every  stride,  as  though  he 
were  dragging  tons  "  ; 

Steve  Gavnor,  an  old  poacher,  returned 
unbroken  from  a  term  at  Botany  Bay  ; 
tlie  innkeeper  before  mentioned";  and 
some  well  varied  women.  The  best  of 
these,  disgusted  with  the  lot  reserved 
them  in  England,  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
book  depart  for  Canada,  and  a  spectator 
of  their  going  remarks  :  "  It  is  England 
that  loses." 

Though  the  period  selected  is  the  forties, 
and  there  are  some  good  descriptions  of 
the  time— notably  that  of  the  hanging  of 
two  poacher^  who  had  killed  a  gamekeeper 
in  fight,  and  of  an  old-fashioned  wrestling- 
match  on  Tiptry  Green— the  reader's 
eyes  throughout  "arc,  with  the  author's, 
on  tie-  present  day.  The  types  described 
may  —rill  be  found  in  country  places  ;  the 
grievances  detailed  are  still  witli  08. 
I'rf'.sides,  the  rush  of  aliens  into  the  towns, 
and  their  control,  by  wealth,  of  politics, 
have  brought  in  social  and  adminis- 
trative ideals  which  arc  foreign  to  our 
English   notions.      George    Hot  ram's   fine. 


warm-blooded  work  is,  in  fact,  a  true 
expression  of  that  English  nationalism 
which  is  tardily,  but  surely,  rising  to 
become  a  movement — the  growing,  fierce 
impatience  of  the  reign  of  peevish  doc- 
trinaires. It  is  a  delightful  epic  of  the 
national  character,  in  treatment  as  in 
subject  truly  English. 


Ten-Minute  Stories.     By  Algernon  Black- 
wood.    (John  Murra}-,  Gs.) 

Mr.  Blackwood's  new  collection  of 
stories  and  essays  is  not  wholly  worthy 
of  his  talents,  inasmuch  as  seven  of  its 
twenty-nine  items  are  failures,  among 
these  failures  being  an  attempt  to  create 
a  human  being  similar  to  Lewis  Carroll's 
White  Knight.  Others  of  the  stories  are 
reminiscent  of  his  previous  work,  and 
narrative  occasionally  degenerates  into  an 
exercise  in  rhetoric. 

Nevertheless,  there  is  enough  that  is 
good  in  the  volume  to  make  it  a  charming 
companion,  fit  to  be  used  as  an  illustra- 
tion of  Mr.  Blackwood's  special  worth 
as  a  novelist.  He  has  a  remarkable 
power  of  giving  anecdotal  shape  to  those 
vague,  half  -  lachrymose  raptures  which 
are  felt  in  woods  and  lofty  solitudes  ;  and 
he  is  peculiarly  qualified  to  interpret  the 
suggestive  mythology  which  lies,  like  a 
great  unsanctified  Bible,  on  the  lectern 
which  men  call  the  earth.  That  tender- 
ness which  by  most  novelists  is  expended 
on  the  tactful  development  of  sexual 
interest  can  in  his  case  find  vent  through 
beauty  in  any  shape.  If  he  uses  occult  terror 
as  a  charm,  he  does  not  ignore  the  right 
of  intelligences  not  human  to  feel  offended. 
His  reader  is  continualby  reminded  that 
"  magic  "  is  a  child's  word  for  unknown 
law.  Mr.  Blackwood  provides,  in  short, 
a  nursery  for  the  teachable  materialist. 

Our  favourite  among  his  new  stories 
is  '  Two  in  One.'  Here  we  see  an  ego- 
tistical author  suddenly  realizing  that  his 
happiness  is  bound  up  with  that  of  a  help- 
ful woman  whom  he  has  taken  into  the 
country  for  a  holiday.  It  is  suggested 
that  their  mental  affinity  causes  an  optical 
delusion  that  they  are  one  object  in 
the  material  w-orld,  yet  the  story  is 
deeply  tinged  with  the  pathos  of  separate- 
ness.  It  is,  moreover,  full  of  know- 
ledge of  the  contrast  betwreen  the  literary 
man,  burdened  with  vanity  and  ideas 
remote  from  tree  and  sunbeam,  and  the 
woman  in  love  with  Nature,  freedom, 
and  love. 

Mr.  Blackwood's  sympatic  with  chil- 
dren is  exhibited  in  an  admirable  study, 
replete  with  honejred  humour,  of  a  child's 
curiosity  in  the  longest  day  ;  and  to  an 
extension  of  this  sympathy  is  doubtless 
due  the  droll  story  of  a  goblin  addicted 
to  the  appropriation  of  small  bright 
objects   such    as   collar-studs. 

.Mr.  Blackwood's  mat  hematics  are  not 
equal  to  the  elucidation  of  the  fourth 
dimension  ;  in  the  region  of  abstract 
thought  he  is  not  a  pioneer  ;  but,  by  virtue 
of     diffusing     a     wholesome     radiance     of 

fraternity  towards  intelligences  ignored  or 
disliked  by  many  people,  his  art  must 
always  command  respect , 


The     Making    of     a    Bigot.       By    Rose 
Macaulay.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton,  (is.) 

The   evolution   of   the  process   described 
in   the    title    reaches   its   climax  on  the 
night  preceding  the   "bigot's"  wedding- 
day,  when  he   sits   down  with  a  pack  of 
cauls  to  decide  finally  upon  the  opinions 
he    will    hold     for    the    rest    of    his    life. 
'  He     cut,    for     instance,    between     the 
League  of  Young  Liberals  and  the  Prim- 
rose League.   The  Young  Liberals  had  it." 
He  has  been  brought  to  this  difficult  situa- 
tion by  an  attitude  of  mind  common  to* 
many  in  their  youth  —  that  of  receptive 
and  omnivorous  enthusiasm  for  all  things. 
But    Eddy    Oliver    certainly    carries    his 
receptiveness  to  great  lengths,  and  even 
in  University  days  there  are  probably  few 
who  can  boast  a  pocket  diary  in  which, 
for    the    same    date,    they    have    entered 
National  Service  League,  Fabians,  Prim- 
rose   League    Fete,    and    E.C.U.    Protest 
Meeting.     The    religious     societies     also 
to  which  he  belongs  are  remarkable  for 
their    incongruities    of    ritual    and    faith. 
Those    reformers   who    are    not    already 
bigots  will  sympathize  with  the  charity 
and  hope   which   accompany   Eddy  upon 
each  of  his  undertakings.     His  life  at  a 
Southwark   Settlement  fails    because — as 
his  vicar  has  to  suggest  to  him — he  cannot 
serve  God  and  mammon,  and  he  has  been 
seeing  too  much  of  the  latter  in  the  guise  of 
Sundays  off  and  other  outings    unsuited 
to  the  atmosphere,  however  liberal,  of  a 
Settlement.     His  work  at  a  boys'  club  is 
also   signally  unsatisfactory  in   the   eyes 
of  many,  owing  to  the  distinctly  conflicting 
elements — religious,  political,  and  social — 
which  he  introduces.       He  even  likes  all 
the  books  he  review's,  and  has  naturally 
to  be  rebuked  by  his  editor  for  lack  of  dis- 
crimination.    The   crisis  comes  with   his 
engagement   to    a   youthful   Tory   whose 
conventional     upbringing    is    largely    re- 
sponsible   for    her    stock     of     hidebound 
principles  and  exclusive   piet}-.     Bigotry, 
with     its     implied     accompaniments     of 
rejection  and  even  hate,  is  an   effective 
weapon  in  this  chaotic  world,  but  Com- 
plete Bigotry  such  as  Eddy  imagines  is  a 
state  to  which,  in  spite  of  his  resolutions, 
he  can  never  wholly  attain.     He  is  con- 
vinced of  its  efficacy  by  the  attitude  of 
those    around    him,    but    we    doubt    the 
reality  or  value   of    his    wilful    accession 
to  their  ranks. 

We  are  relieved  to  find  that  Miss 
Macaulay  purposely  omits  any  description 
of  Eddy's  engagement,  and  that  the 
emotions  attendant  on  the  event  an-  let! 
to   Hie   reader's  imagination.      A   point    at, 

which  we  undoubtedly  cavil  is  the  be- 
haviour of  his  friends  when  invited  to  the 
Deanery;  their  academic  upbringing 
would  not  condone  their  surprising  lack 
of  conformity  to  the  ordinary  manners  of 

guests.    The  writer's  style  and   sense  of 

humour  arc  always  refreshing,  and  her  pic- 
tures of  ;l  oertain  rare  Bpeciea  <>f  domestic 

life  will  delighl  all  those  who  know  its 
worth — and  its   limitation-. 


378 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 
Book     of     Deuteronomy,     Interpreted    and     Ex- 
plained according  to   its   Spiritual  or  Internal 
Sense,  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Maclagan. 

Paisley,  Alexander  Gardner 
Mr.  Maclagan  has  written  explanatory  notes 
and    a    commentary,    and    there    are    numerous 
references  to  the  writings  of  Swedenborg. 

Buttenwieser  (Moses),  The  Prophets  of  Israel 
from  the  Eighth  to  the  Fifth  Century, 
their  Faith  and  their  Message,  8/6  net. 

Macmillan 
A  study  of  the  prophets  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment.    The  substance  of  two  of   the  chapters  was 
delivered  in  lectures  in  Albany,  New  York. 
Hodges   (George),  The  Heresy  of  Cain  ;    The 
Battle  of  Peace  ;  and  Christianity  between 
Sundays,  5/6  net  each.  Macmillan 

Collections    of    essays    in    new    and    revised 
editions. 

Joshua,  the  Hebrew  and  Greek  Texts,  edited  by 

S.  Holmes,  7/  net.     Cambridge  University  Press 

This  investigation  of  the  Hebrew  and  Greek 

texts    dissents   from    the    position    taken   up    by 

Dillmann. 

King  (Bishop  Edward),  Easter  Sermons,  preached 

in  Lincoln  Cathedral,  edited  by  B.  W.  Randolph, 

1/6  net.  Mowbray 

These  sermons  were  all  preached  between  the 

years    1890    and    1910    at     evensong    on    Easter 

Sundays. 

Loofs  (Frledrich),  Nestorius,  and  his  Place  in 

the  History  of  Christian  Doctrine,  3/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

Four  lectures  delivered  at  the  Universitv  of 

London  in  March,  1913. 

Neale  (John  Mason),  Sermons  on  the  Blessed 

Sacrament,  2/6  net.  Allenson 

An    unabridged    edition    of    these    sermons, 

preached  in  the  Oratory  of  St.  Margaret's,  East 

Grinstead. 

Sampson  (Gerard),  Catholic  Truth  and  Unity, 
the  Confessions  of  a  Non-Convert,  1  /0  net. 

Mowbray 

The    author's    own    "  spiritual    experiences, 

thoughts,  and  faith  in  regard  to  the  claims  of  the 

Roman  Church  and  Roman  Catholic  doctrine." 

Sinker  (Edmund),  The  Holy  Communion,  What 

Mean  Ye  by  this  Service  ?  2/6  net. 

Longmans 
A    devotional    book,    including    in    an    Ap- 
pendix some  private  prayers  for  use  before  and 
after  the  Holy  Communion. 

LAW. 

Ames  Foundation  :  Year-Books  of  Richard  II., 
12  Richard  II.,  a.d.  1388-1389,  edited  by 
George  F.  Deiser,  21  /  net. 

Milford,  for  Harvard  University  Press 

Mr.  Deiser  has  written  an  Introduction  to  the 

text,  and  there  are  Appendixes  and  Indexes. 

Haines  (Charles  Grove),  The  American  Doctrine 

of  Judicial  Supremacy,  8/6  net.       Macmillan 

ine   author  s   aim   is    "to   present   in   brief 

compass  the  history,  scope,  and  results  of  judicial 

control  over  legislation  in  the  United  States." 

POETRY. 
Arbuthnot  (Constance),  The  Blessed  Company, 
1/net.  Wells  Gardner 

A  collection  of  verses,  some  of  which  are 
reprinted  from  The  Spectator.  It  includes  '  The 
Child  within  my  Heart,'  '  Donnington  Priorv,' 
and  '  The  Captive  Lark.' 

Burton  (H.  Bindon),  Eolsyne,  and  Other  Poems, 
r,/j^t.  Maunsel 

this  collection  of  verses  is  divided  under 
the  following  headings  :  '  Narrative  Poems,' 
'  Songs  of  J  uda,'  '  In  Varying  Moods,'  '  Pro 
Patna,'  '  Fugitive  Pieces,'  and  '  Political.' 
Morris  (William),  Poems,  "  The  World's  Classics," 
1/  net.  Oxford  University  Press 

This    selection    includes    '  The    Defence    of 
Guenevere  '  and  '  The  Life  and  Death  of  Jason.' 
New  Numbers,  February,  No.  1,  7/6  (4  numbers), 
separate  numbers  2/6  net  each. 

Dymock,  Gloucestershire,  Ryton 
Contains    poems     by    Mr.     Wilfrid     Wilson 
Gibson,  Mr.  Rupert  Brooke,  Mr.  Lascelles  Aber- 
crombie,  and  Mr.  John  Drinkwater. 
Woodberry  (George  Edward),  The  Flight,  and 
Other  Poems,  5/6  net.  Macmillan 

Several  of  the  poems  in  this  collection  origin- 
ally appeared  in  Harper's,  Scribner'b,  and 
The  Atlantic  Monthly.  Twenty  -  three  are  here 
published  for  the  first  time,  and  the  book  includes 
Ihe  Kingdom  of  All  Souls,'  '  The  Poet  in  Italv,' 
and  '  The  Reed.' 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Norwich  Public  Library,  Author  Catalogue  of 
Fiction  in  the  Lending  Library. 

Norwich,  Library  Committee 
A  fourth  edition,  in  which  the  titles  of  150 
volumes  have  been  added. 

Select  Bibliography  (A)  for  the  Study,  Sources, 
and  Literature  of  English  Mediaeval  Economic 
History,  compiled  by  a  Seminar  of  the  London 
School  of  Economics  under  the  Supervision  of 
Hubert  Hall,  5/  net.  P.  S.  King 

This  book  is  the  outcome  of  some  lectures, 
delivered  several  years  ago  by  Mr.  Hall,  on  the 
theory  of  Historical  Bibliography  and  the  dis- 
tribution of  Historical  Sources. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Seashore  (Carl  Emil),  Psychology  in  Daily  Life, 
6/  net.  Appleton 

An  introduction  to  the  study  of  psychology. 
In  the  "  Conduct  of  Mind  "  Series. 

Suzuki  (Daisetz  Teitaro),  A  Brief  History  of 
Early  Chinese  Philosophy,  5/  net. 

Probsthain 
The    contents   of   this    book   were   originally 
published  in  The  Monist  as  three  separate  articles. 
The  writer  has  revised  the  text,  and  added  con- 
siderable matter. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Abbot  (Willis  J.),  Notable  Women  in  History, 
16/  net.  Greening 

Short  sketches,  by  an  American  writer,  of 
eminent  women  of  various  nationalities. 

Bennett  (Arnold),  The  Truth  about  an  Author, 
2/6  net.  Methuen 

This  literary  autobiography  originally  ap- 
peared anonymously  in  serial  form  in  The  Aca- 
demy, and  was  afterwards  published  in  book-form. 
See  Athen.,  Aug.  22,  1903,  p.  253.  Mr.  Bennett 
has  written  a  Preface  to  this  new  edition. 

British  Battles  on  Land  and  Sea,  Part  I.,  edited  by 
Field-Marshal  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  Id.  net. 

Cassell 
This  work,  which  will  be  completed  in  twenty- 
four  fortnightly  parts,  gives  a  survey  of  British 
naval  and  military  history  from  the  time  of  the 
Norman  Conquest.  Each  part  will  include  a 
modern  section,  covering  the  period  from  1797 
to  the  present  day,  and  an  early  section  from 
1066  to  1796.  Part  I.  contains  the  first  instalment 
of  Sir  Evelyn  Wood's  Introduction,  entitled 
'  How  the  Fighting  Services  made  the  Empire,' 
and  accounts  of  the  battles  of  St.  Vincent, 
Teneriffe,  Camperdown,  and  Hastings.  There  are 
numerous  illustrations. 

Calendar  of  Coroners'  Rolls  of  the  City  of  London, 

a.d.  1300-1378,  edited  by  Reginald  R.  Sharpe. 

Richard  Clay 
Includes  an  Introduction  on  the  nine  follow- 
ing Rolls  and  an  Appendix  on  Appraisement  of 
Deodands.  The  Rolls  "  appear  to  be  the  only 
original  Coroners'  Rolls  of  medireval  times  pre- 
served at  the  Guildhall." 

Figgis  (John  Neville),  The  Divine  Right  of 
Kings,  6/  net.  Cambridge  University  Press 
A  second  edition,  containing  three  addi- 
tional essays  on  '  Aaron's  Rod  Blossoming,  or 
Jus  Divinum  in  1646,'  '  Erastus  and  Erastianism,' 
and  '  Bartolus  and  the  Development  of  European 
Political  Ideas.'      For  the  last  i-ee  p.  373. 

Fleetwood  Family  Records,  collected  and  edited 
by  R.  W.  Buss,  3/1 

259,  Holmesdale  Road,  South  Norwood 
This  work  is  privately  printed,  the  issue  being 
limited  to  160  copies.  Part  I.  contains  a  genea- 
logical table,  an  Introduction  by  the  editor,  a 
note  on  the  ancestry  of  the  Fleetwoods,  and 
transcripts  of  some  family  records. 

Haldane  (Viscount),  The  Meaning  of  Truth  in 

History,  1/  net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

The  Creighton  Lecture  for  the  year  1913-14, 

delivered    before    the    University  of  London  on 

Friday,  the  6th  inst. 

Lovat  (Alice,  Lady),  The  Life  of  Sir  Frederick 
Weld,  a  Pioneer  of  Empire,  15/  net. 

John  Murray 
Lady  Lovat  gives  an  account  of  Sir  Frederick 
Weld  s  administration  as  Premier  of   New   Zea- 
land,    and     Governor    successively    of     Western 
Australia,  Tasmania,  and  the  Straits  Settlements  ; 
but  is,  as  Sir  Hugh  Clifford  says  in  his  Preface, 
mainly    concerned    with    the    delineation    of    his 
personality.     The  book  has  illustrations. 
Macaulay    (Lord),    The    History    of    England 
from  the  Accession  of  James  II.,  edited  by 
Charles  Harding  Firth,  10/6  net.         Macmillan 
The  second  volume  of  Prof.  Firth's  illustrated 
edition. 


Russell  (C.  H.),  Surveys  of  History  :    Greek, 

Roman,    English,    French,    Biblical,     &c, 

with  Intervening  Periods,  4/6  Bell 

Intended  as  a   book  of  reference   to  be  used 

with  other  books  ;    also  as  a  help  in  revision  of 

the  study  of  longer  periods. 

Vedder  (Henry  C),  The  Reformation  in  Ger- 
many, 12/6  net,  Macmillan 
A  study  of  the   religious  movement  of  the 
sixteenth    century    from    the    economic   point    of 
view. 

Wilson  (Philip),  The  Beginnings  of  Modern 
Ireland,  5/  net.  Maunsel 

A  cheaper  edition.  See  Athen.,  Oct.  26,  1912, 
p.  468. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Fraser  (Mrs.  Hugh),  Italian  Yesterdays,  16/ 
net.  Hutchinson 

A  collection  of  memories,  personal  and  other- 
wise, with  sixteen  illustrations  in  photogravure. 

Hall  (Mary),  A  Woman  in  the  Antipodes  and 
in  the  Far  East,  16/  net.  Methuen 

An  account  of  a  woman's  experiences  in  the 
outlying  stations  of  the  Empire.  The  author 
travelled  through  New  Zealand,  Australia,  and 
British  New  Guinea,  visited  Hongkong,  Shanghai, 
and  Peking,  and  returned  to  London  by  the  Trans- 
Siberian  Railway.  The  illustrations  are  an  im- 
portant feature  of  the  book. 

Johnson  (Martin),  Through  the  South  Seas 
with  Jack  London,  10/6  net.  Werner  Laurie 
A  detailed  and  illustrated  description  of  the 
voyage  of  the  Snark,  Mr.  Jack  London's  forty- 
flve-foot  ketch.  Mr.  Johnson  joined  the  crew  as 
cook,  and  became  Mr.  London's  chief  companion. 
There  are  an  Introduction  and  a  Postscript  by 
Mr.  Ralph  D.  Harrison. 

Pears  (Charles),  From  the  Thames  to  the 
Netherlands,  a  Voyage  in  the  Waterways  of 
Zealand  and  Down  the  Belgian  Coast,  6/  net. 

Chatto  &  Windus 

An  account  of  a  voyage  which  the  author 

took  with  his  son  in  a  cutter  of  seven  tons.    There 

are   illustrations   in   colour  and  monochrome  by 

Mr.  Pears,  and  maps. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Burlingham  (Frederick),  How  to  Become  an 
Alpinist,  6/  Werner  Laurie 

The  subject  is  fully  discussed,  and  includes 
chapters  on  '  Equipment  and  Training,'  '  Rock 
Climbing  on  the  Clochetons  de  Plan  Praz,'  and 
'  How  to  get  Killed  in  the  Alps.'  The  author, 
who  "  kinematographed "  the  Matterhorn,  also 
deals  with  Alpine  photography,  and  the  book  is 
illustrated  by  his  own  photographs. 

Massy  (Arnaud),  Golf,  translated  by  A.  R. 
Allinson,  2/6  net.  Methuen 

This  practical  study  opens  with  '  Advice  to 
Beginners,'  and  includes  chapters  on  '  Upkeep 
and  Choice  of  Clubs,'  '  Faults  to  Avoid,'  and 
'  Style.'  The  Appendix  deals  with  '  Distances  of 
the  Holes.'  There  are  diagrams  and  photo- 
graphs. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Branford  (Victor),  Interpretations  and  Fore- 
casts,  a   Study   of   Survivals   and   Tendencies 
in  Contemporary  Society,  7/6  net.     Duckworth 
The  author  discusses  among  other  subjects 
the    representative    evidences    of    survival    and 
tendency  in  the  present  position  of  women,  the 
relation  of  the  workers  to  contemporary  culture, 
and  the  renewed  interest  in  drama. 

Ingram  (Kenneth),  Is  Divorce  Needed  ?   6d.  net. 

Wells  Gardner 
A  study  of  the  question  on  the  ground 
of  secular,  national  interests  ;  the  author  con- 
siders that  "  the  Christian  law  is  in  reality  the 
most  progressive  and  the  truest  measure  of  social 
reform." 

Ives  (George),  A  History  of  Penal  Methods, 
10/6  net.  Stanley  Paul 

The  treatment  of  this  subject  is  here  begun 
in  a  chapter  on  '  Penal  Methods  of  the  Middle 
Ages,'  and  includes  Classifications  of  Crimes  and 
Offenders. 

POLITICS. 

Irish   Question    (The),   with    a   Foreword   by   the 

Right  Hon.  Sir  Horace  Plunkett,  6d.  MacmUlan 

A  survey  of  the  political  events  which  have 

led  up  to  the  present  Irish  crisis.      The  essay  is 

reprinted  from  The  Round  Table. 

West  (Christopher),  Canada  and  Sea  Power,  4/ 

net.  Dent 

A  discussion  of  the  economics,  politics,  and 

morals  of  war  in  the  light  of  modern  international 

politics. 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


T  H  E     ATHENJEU  M 


379 


ECONOMICS. 

Usher    (Abbott   Payson),    THE    History    of   THH 
Grain  '1'raoe  in  France,  1400-1710,  8  0  net. 
Milford  for  Harvard  University  Press 
A  study  of  social  questions  in  France,  illus- 
trated by  the  history  of  t he  grain  trade. 

EDUCATION. 

McKeever  (William  A.),  The  Industrial  TRAIN- 
ING of  the  Boy,  2  net.  Macmillan 
.V  practical  handbook  for  parents  and  teachers 
hy  the  Professor  of  Child  Welfare  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kansas.  There  are  a  few  illustrations  from 
photographs. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Blount  (Alma),  Intensive  Studies  in  American 
Literature,  5/  net.  Macmillan 

The  author's  aim  is  to  inspire  in  young 
people  "  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  good 
literature."  In  his  "  rhetorical  introduction  " 
he  discusses  generally  such  questions  as  style  and 
metre,  and  in  the  second  part  of  the  book  draws 
attention  to  special  features  in  the  work  of  par- 
ticular authors. 

SCHOOL. 

Borchardt  (W.  G.)  and  Perrott   (Rev.  A.  D.),  A 

Junior  Trigonometry,  3,(1  Bell 

Intended  to  supply  the  growing  demand  for 

textbook    on    Trigonometry    suitable    for    the 

lowest  classes  of  secondary  schools.     The  earlier 

part  of  the  book  is  suitable  for  younger  students. 

English  Literature  for  Schools,  edited  by  Arthur 
Burrell:   Bibi.e  Stories  (Old  Testament),  6d. 

Dent 
A   selection  of  narrative  passages  from   the 
Old  Testament. 

English  Literature  for  Schools,  edited  by  Arthur 
Burrell :    Longfellow's  Poems,  6tf.  Dent 

A  selection  of  Longfellow's  poems,  with  a 
short  Introduction. 

Gofton  (John  W.),  Talks  about  Trees,  1/6 

R.T.S. 
Studies  of  various  trees  in  simple  language. 
The  numerous  illustrations  are  by  the  author. 

Golden  Treasury  (The),  selected  and  arranged  by 
Francis  Turner  Palgrave,  with  Additional 
Poems,  and  with  Notes  by  C.  B.  Wheeler,  2/6 

Oxford  University  Press 

Mr.    Wheeler   has   prepared   this    edition   for 

the  schoolroom,   and   in  250  pages  of  notes  has 

carefully  explained  "  every  word,  phrase,  or  line 

which  I  found  difficult  myself." 

Hawks  (Ellison),  The  Earth,  shown  to  the 
Children,  2  6  net.  Jack 

A  textbook  of  geology  for  children,  fully 
illustrated  with  photographs. 

Robieson  (W.  D.),  The  Growth  of  Parliament 
\\o  the  War  with  Scotland  (1216-1307),  1/ 

Bell 
One  of  the  "  English  History  Source  Books," 
in  which  the  extracts  are  arranged  in  chronological 
order.  The  "  sources  "  in  this  volume  include 
Roger  of  Wendover,  Matthew  Paris,  Nicholas 
Trivet's  Annals,  and  Walter  of  Iiemingburgh. 

Scottish  Covenanters  (The),  1637-1688,  compiled 
by  J.  Pringle  Thomson,  1/  net.  Bell 

In    this    volume    of    the    "  English    History 
-     iree  Books  "  the  compiler  has  endeavoured  to 
give  a  fair  selection  of  constitutional  documents  ; 
-iderable  space  has  also  been  devoted  to  pas- 
sages illustrating  the  social  life  of  the  period. 

FICTION. 

Atkey  'Bertram),  The  Golden  Lady,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 

A    tale  of  a  cook  who  inherits  a  fortune  of 

two   millions  from   an  uncle  in  Australia.       She 

has  many  lovers,  but  Is   won  by  the  only  honest 

man  among  them. 

Brex  (J.  Twells),  The  Civir.  War  or  1015,  Second 

Edition,  1/  net.  St.  Catherine  Press 

The  author  describes  all  the  horrors  of  civil 

hi   England. 

Cockburn  (Henry),  Tin:  TBK8LHTB,  6/        Melrose 
The  issue   raised   in   this  story   oanceni 

point  of  conscience:    the  hero,  who  has  received 

confidential   information   of  an   impending   bank 

■  sh,  refuses  to  use  his  knowledge  for  his  own 

Cullum  (Rldgwell),  Tin:  GoLDEH  Woman,  2/  net. 

Chapman  .v.  Mali 
A    new    edition.     Bee    Afhenautn.    Feb.    15, 
1013,  p.  1st. 

Cullum  (RldgwelL,  Tin:  WW  OW  Tin:  STRONG, 
0  ( lhapman  \  I  hill 

A  Btory  of  life  in  the  wild-,  and  towns  of 
Canada. 


Flecker  (James  Elroy),  Tin:  Kino  ok  Alsandek.  8/ 

Goschen 

A  fantastic  tale  presenting  a  hero  who  is 
the  son  of  a  country  grocer  and  fairy  mother.  On 
the  advice  of  an  old  poet,  he  sets  nut  for  Alsandcr, 
and.  after  passing  through  many  weird  adventures, 
weds  a  princess  of  the  Royal  house,  and  becomes 
king  of  the  country. 

Gardiner  (Gordon),  The  Reconnaissance,  6/ 

Chapman  &  Hall 
A  character-study  of  a  man  who  through  his 
very  cowardice  wins  the  Victoria  Cross. 

Gerard  (Morice),  A  Heather  Mixture,  0/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 

A  story  of  an  old  feud  between  two  ancient 
Scottish  clans,  and  the  ultimate  reconciliation  of 
the  hostile  parties. 

Hat  ton  (Frederic    and    Fanny  Locke),  Years   of 

Discretion,  6/  Maunsel 

A  story  derived  from  the  play  by  the  authors. 

Horn  (Kate),  Frivole,  6/  Stanley  Paul 

A  young  Society  girl  becomes  engaged  to  a 
reformer  of  doubtful  antecedents  and  honesty. 
The  story  relates  the  methods  employed  by  her 
parents  to  show  her  the  mistake,  she  has  made. 

Howard  (Keble),  So  the  World  Wags,  6/ 

Chapman  &  Hall 
Modern  dialogues  in  a  light  vein. 

Jacomb  (Agnes),  The  Fruits  of  the  Morrow,  6/ 

Methuen 
The  unexpected  death  of  an  unmarried  Irish 
baron  leads  to  the  succession  of  a  man  of  letters 
whose  wife,  loving  him  not  wisely,  but  too  well, 
had  forsaken  her  first  husband  for  his  sake.  The 
illegitimacy  of  their  eldest  son  being  thus  made 
public,  he  seeks  refuge  for  a  wounded  spirit  with 
an  old  nurse  in  the  village  of  which  his  mother's 
first  husband  is  squire.  The  Squire  has  a  daughter 
and  a  devoted  wife,  who  both,  not  unexpectedly, 
play  an  important  part  in  subsequent  develop- 
ments. 

Jordan  (F.  Dormer),  Heirs  of  the  Ages,  6/  Wl 

Nisbet 
A  melodramatic  tale,  in  which  the  hero  and 
heroine  have  been  lovers  in  a  previous  existence 
in  Egypt  of  ten  thousand  years  ago. 

Jordan  (Humfrey),  Carmen  and  Mr.  Dryasdust, 
6/  Putnam 

A  story  of  the  transformation  of  an  eminent 
biologist's  views  of  life.  The  change  in  him  is 
worked  by  his  wife,  and  the  book  contains  a 
considerable  amount  of  satire  concerning  Uni- 
versity intrigue  for  position  and  power. 

Macaulay  (Margaret),  The  Sentence  Absolute, 
6/  Nisbet 

An  open-air  story  in  which  the  pecuniary 
trials  of  the  hero,  a  young  consulting  engineer 
who  has  contracted  debts  at  Cambridge,  are 
brought  by  the  sympathy  of  the  heroine  to  a 
happy  ending. 

Macmahon  (Ella),  The  Job,  6/  Nisbet 

This  novel  gives  pictures  of  Irish  life 
and  work.  It  deals  with  the  inability  of  the 
Irish  worker's  nature  to  withstand  successfully 
the  harassing  ups  and  downs  of  modern  industrial- 
ism, and  shows  how  the  hero,  an  Irish  baronet, 
inculcates  commercial "  grit "  in  his  fellow-country- 
men by  establishing  a  carpet  factory  in  his  native 
town.     The  usual  love-story  is  included. 

Moore  (F.  Frankfort),  The  Ulsterman,  6/ 

Hutchinson 
A  story  of  life  in  Ulster  to-day,  with  a  certain 
amount  of  love-interest. 

Newte  (Horace  W.  C),  The  Cuckoo  Lamb,  6/ 

Chatto   &  Windus 

The    life     and    literary    adventures     of     the 

heroine,  who   begins   her  career  as  apprentice  in 

a    small    shop.      After    various    love-affairs    the 

story  ends  with  her  marriage. 

Openshaw  (Mary),  Sunshine,  9}    Heath  &  Cranton 
The  setting  of  this  love-tale  is  an  old-fashioned 
Village,  and  the  story  ends  Oil  tin-  wedding-day  of 
the  heroine 

Osgood  (Ir6ne), WHHBH  PHARAOH  DhhaMS,  5/ 

John  Richmond 

A   series  Of   fantasies,   "being  the   impressions 

or  a  woman  of  moods  in  Egypt,'  uiih  a  Preface 

by  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips. 

Pemberton  (Max),  Two  Women,  6/  Methuen 

Tin,  novel  deals  with  the  emotional  adven- 
tures of  two  independent!  idle  bachelor  girl-cbums, 

,,,,,!  ..,,.,     ,,,1  account  of  the  many  sensational  inci- 
dents   they    meet     with    in    England    and    various 

places  on  tie-  Continent. 


Purdon  (K.  F.),  Tin-:  FOLK  OF  Furry  Farm,  tiy 

Nisbet 
The  plot  of  this  nOVOl  is  made  up  of  the 
various  adventures  of  a  lame  farmer  in  Western 
Leinster  with  four  women,  each  of  whom  in  turn 
accepts  his  offer  of  marriage.  George  \  Birming- 
ham has  written  an  Introduction  "with  a  note 
on  the  people  of  the  plain." 

Raphael  (Mary  F.),  Piio:i:i:  Maroon,  >'< 

Heath  &  Cranton 
A  story  dealing  with  the  love-affairs  of  an 

artist's  model. 

Roberts  (Morley),  Time  and  Thomas  W'mmno,  6/ 

Eveleigh  Nash 

The  story  of  a  self-centred,  unfeeling  journal- 
ist who,  after  undergoing  a  serious  surgical 
operation,  was  much  changed  in  his  nature,  and, 
almost  uncannily,  became  quite  another  being 
with  wide  sympathies  and  an  abnormally  kind 
heart.  This  change  was  greatly  to  the  benefit 
of  the  love  interests  of  the  different  characters. 

Robertson  (A.  Nugent),  Her  Last  Appearance, 
6/  Mills  «.y  Boon 

The  story  of  a  murder  trial  in  which  the 
suspicion  which  falls  on  a  certain  man  is  dis- 
pelled by  his  wife. 

Sheehan  (Canon  P.  A.),  Lisheen  ;  The  Blind- 
ness of  Dr.  Gray  ;  The  Queen's  Fillet  ; 
MIRIAM  Lucas;  Gi.enanaar  ;  and  Luke 
Delmege,  2/0  net  each.  Longmans 

New  and  cheaper  impressions.      '  Glcnanaar  ' 

was  noticed  in   At/ten.,  Aug.  12,  1905,  p.  201,  and 

'  Luke  Delmege,'  Jan.  18,  1002,  p.  77. 

Singers-Bigger  (Gladys),  Blue  Earth,  2/  net. 

Heath  &  Cranton 
A    collection    of    short    sketches    of    vaiied 
aspects  of  life  in  many  countries.     The  volume 
also  includes  some  verses. 

Tremlett  (Mrs.  Horace),  Curing  Christopher,  6/ 

Lane 
Christopher's  complaint  is  an  attack  of 
infatuation  for  an  unresponsive  actress,  but  his 
young  wife,  believing  lunacy  to  be  in  his  family, 
misunderstands  his  symptoms  and  calls  in 
medical  aid  to  effect  a  cure. 

Turberville  (A.  S.),  The  Making  of  Blaise,  0/ 

Sidgvvick  &  Jackson 
The  hero,  born  of  an  artist  who  had  revolted 
from  the  Philistinism  of  his  family,  and  a  French 
strolling  actress,  is  ultimately  adopted  by  his 
father's  people,  who  try  to  "  save  '  him  from  the 
results  of  his  early  environment. 

Watson  (Kathleen),  Litanies  of  Life,  and  Later 
Litanies,  2/6  net  each.  Heinemann 

Collections  of  short  stories. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Alchemical  Society  Journal,  FEBRUARY,  2    net. 

II.  K.  Lewis 
Containing  a  report  of  the  tenth  general 
meeting  of  the  Society,  and  apaper  entitled,"  Some 
Notes  on  the  Doctrine  of  the  First  Matter,  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Works  of  Thomas 
Vaughan,'  by  Mr.  Sijil  Abdul-Ali. 

Architectural  Association  Journal,  March. 

IS,  Tufton  Street.  Westminster 
The  contents  include  '  Some  Notes  on  Greek 
Architecture,'  a  paper  read  by  Prof.  W.  R. 
Lethaby  on  February  2nd  at  the  Architectural 
Association,  and  '  Norman  Architecture  in 
Sicily.' 

Bradshaw's  General  Railway  and  Steam  Naviga- 
tion Guide  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
.March,  Ik/,  net,  cloth  1/  net.  Blacklock 

Containing  the  Ollicial  Time  Tables  foi    this 
month. 
Ecclesiastical  Review,  MARCH,  1">    yearly. 

Philadelphia,  American   Ecclesiastical   Rev.  : 

London,    Wash  bourne 

Includes    '  Russian    Kcclesiastical    Writers   on 

the     Present     Position    of    the    Orthodox    Church.' 

by  the  Rev.  A.  Palmieri  ;   '  The  Lot  of  the  Village 
Pope,'   bv   Mr.    Itichardson    L.    Wrighl  ;    and   '  A 

Pretended    Marriage.'    by    l'i .   Stanislaus,   O.F.M. 

"  Express  "  (The)  Leaflets,  N<>.  37,  .'!'/- 

Plymouth,  J.  H.  Keys 

Containing  extracts  from  the  writings  of 
Joanna   Southcott,  with  a    note  on   '  Ma  l,e, -Shalttl- 

i-Baz  '  by  the  editor.  Miss  Alice  Seymour. 

Far  Eastern  Review,  Jam  \an  .   *'■'  per  annum. 

Shanghai 
Includes  articles  on  •  International  Intrigues 

in    Chinese     Railway  -       and     '   National     Irrigation 

.in, I  Conservation  in  <  bin*.' 

Indian  Magazine,   MARCH,  3d.  Constable 

The  content  include  articles  on  'How 
Toynbee  Mall  Works.  •  Row  the  TurUsfa  Woman 
I     advancing,'  and  '  literary  Clubs   ba   the  Ligh- 

i,  Century,'  by  Mr.  11.  if.  Wt   tbrook. 


380 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


Irish  Book  Lover,  March,  2/6  per  annum. 

Salmond 

Includes     articles     <>n     'Francis     Davis,'     by 

Mr.  David  Stewart,  and  'John  Mitchel's  Books,' 

hy  Mr.  Francis  Joseph  Bigger. 

New  York  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  Bulletin, 

February,  ki  cents. 

Includes  articles  on  '  The  J.  Pierpont  Morgan 
Collection'  and  'A  Processional  Banner  by 
Spinello  Aretino.' 

Reader's  Index,  March  and  April,  \d. 

Croydon,  Stanley  Russell 

Containing  an  article  on  '  The  Old  Streets  of 

Croydon,'  by  Councillor  J.   O.  Pelton,  notes  and 

catalogues  of  genealogical  works,  and  additions 

to  the  libraries. 

Review  of  Reviews,  February,  6d. 

Melbourne,  Swanston  St. 
Includes    articles     on     '  Can     Radium     Cure 
Cancer  ?  '  by  Mr.  Burton  J.  Hendrick,  which  dis- 
cusses Dr.  Howard  A.  Kelly's  view,  and  '  Railway- 
Building  in  South  America.' 

Scottish  Review,  Spring,  1/ 

Edinburgh,  Oliver  &  Boyd 
Includes    '  Ulster   in   Song,'    by    Dr.    George 
Sigerson  ;    '  Our  Mr.  George,'  by  Mr.  R.  Erskine  ; 
and  '  The  Tax  on  Genius,'  by  Mr.  Allen  Upward. 

United  Empire,  March,  1/  net.  Pitman 

Includes  '  British  Interests  in  Argentina,'  by 
Mr.  Herbert  Gibson  ;  '  French  Equatorial  Africa  : 
an  Administrative  Standpoint,'  by  Major  Arthur 
Glyn  Leonard  ;  and  '  The  60th  Royal  Americans,' 
by  Sir  Edward  Hutton. 

GENERAL. 

Altham  (Major-General  E.  A.),  The  Principles 
op  War  Historically  Illustrated,  Vol.  I., 
with  Maps,  10/6  net.  Macmillan 

The  author's  aim  is  to  illustrate  the  principles 
laid  down  in  t  art  I.  of  '  Field  Service  Regulations  ' 
by  a  study  of  recent  campaigns.  General  Sir 
Horace  L.  Snuth-Dorrien  has  written  an  Intro- 
duction ;  and  in  a  separate  volume  there  are  maps 
of  the  campaign  in  Manchuria,  the  Yalu,  Liao- 
Yang,  and  Sha-Ho,  and  a  strategical  map. 

Deirdrie  and  the  Lay  of  the  Children  of  Uisne, 

literally  translated  by  Alexander  Carmichael. 
Paisley,  Alexander  Gardner  ; 
London,  Kenneth  Mackenzie 
The    story  and  poem  have  been  orally  col- 
lected in  the  Island  of  Barra,  and  are  here  pub- 
lished with  notes. 

Dispute  (A)  between  the  Woman  and  the  Powers 
of  Darkness,  2/  Plymouth,  J.  H.  Keys 

A  reprint  of  one  of  Joanna  Southcott's 
writings,  which  she  was  "  ordered  to  pen  every 
word  perfect."  It  records  "  the  Seven  Days  o*f 
Joanna's  Dispute  with  Satan,  when  she  entered 
upon  her  Private  Lodgings, — Mondav,  August  3, 
1802."  ' 

Every  Age  Library  :  Tom  Brown's  School-Days, 
by  Thomas  Hughes  ;  Rural  Rides  in  Eng- 
land, Vol.  I.,  by  William  Cobbett ;  Does 
Faith  Need  Reasons  :-  by  Frank  Ballard  ; 
The  Tongue  of  Fire,  by  William  Arthur.  lOd. 
ea?h.  C.  H.  Kelly 

1  his  new  Library  is  to  contain  works  in  bio- 
graphy, Action,  poetry,  travel,  belles-lettres, 
classical  translations,  <fcc  It  aims  at  providing 
"  a  series  of  books  of  a  high  standard  suitable  for 
readers  of  all  ages,  that  shall  at  once  edifv  and 
entertain." 

Foreign  Office  List  and  Diplomatic  and  Consular 

Year -Book,    1914,    edited    by    Godfrey    E     P 

Hertslet,  10/6  net.  Harrison 

This    reference    book    gives    a    statement   of 

services    rendered    by    persons     who     are     now 

working  or  have  worked  under  the  Foreign  Office, 

lists  of  foreign  embassies  in  the  British  Dominions^ 

notices   of   appointments,    promotions,    transfers] 

deaths,    and    other    information    respecting    the 

consular  service,  and  is  illustrated  with  maps. 

Kelso  (Alexander  P.),  Matthew  Arnold  on  Con- 
tinental Life  and  Literature,  1/6  net. 

Oxford,  B.  H.  Blackwell 
The  Matthew  Arnold  Memorial  Prize  Essay 
for  1913  ;  it  includes  discussions  on  '  Germany  : 
the  Triumph  of  System,'  and  '  The  Italians.' 

Letters  from  a  Living  Dead  Man,  written  down  by 
Elsa  Barker,  3/6  net.  Rider 

In  an  Introduction  Miss  Barker  explains  that 
these  letters  were  written  automatically  by  her 
in  a  semi-conscious  state  at  various  times,  and 
were  signed  "  X."  The  alleged  communicant, 
"  a  well-known  lawyer  nearly  seventy  years  of 
age,"  died  in  America  at  the  time  when  the  first 
letter  was  written  in  Paris. 


Pasley  (C.  W.),  The  Military  Policy  and  Insti- 
tutions op  the  British  Empire,  edited  in 
the  Light  of  the  Science  of  Organisation  by 
Col.  B.  R.  Ward,  Fifth  Edition.  Clowes 

I'asley's  essay  was  published  in  1810,  and 
reached  its  fourth  edition  in  1812.  It  has  ap- 
peared in  The  United  Service  Magazine  as  a  series 
of  articles  under  the  editorship  of  Col.  Ward, 
who  has  written  an  Introduction.  An  article 
on  '  The  Science  of  Organisation  and  the  Art  of 
War,'  by  Col.  F.  N.  Maude,  is  reprinted  in  an 
Appendix. 

Picture  Stamps,  10  for  Id.  Picture  Stamps  Co. 
These  coloured  stamps  of  places,  men,  and 
books  are  intended  primarily  for  a  hobby,  but 
may  also  be  used  for  advertising  and  other 
purposes. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Hall  (Rev.  H.  W.),  The  "  Kirk  "  Collection  of 
Pottery,  deposited  in  the  City  and  County 
Museum,  Lincoln,  Id. 

Lincoln,  City  and  County  Museum 
A  short  history  of  the  development  of  English 
porcelain,     illustrated     from     examples     in     the 
Museum. 

Olcott  (Frances  Jenkins),  Library  Work  with 
Children. 

Chicago,  American  Library  Association 
An  article   on   the  relation   of   library  work 
with  children  to  general  education,  with  a  Biblio- 
graphy. 

Roberts  (H.  A.),  Careers  for  University  Men, 
6d.  net.  Cambridge,  Bowes  &  Bowes  ; 

London,  Macmillan 
A  series  of  articles  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Appointments  Board,  reprinted  from    The  Cam- 
bridge Magazine. 

Royal  Society  (The)  for  the  Protection  of  Birds, 
Report,  1913.  The  Society 

Includes  information  on  '  The  Plume-Trade,' 
'  Protection  of  Migrating  Birds,'  and  the  educa- 
tional work  of  the  Society  in  public  and  ele- 
mentary schools. 

SCIENCE. 

Abbott  (James  Francis),  The  Elementary 
Principles  of  General  Biology,  6/6  net. 

Macmillan 
The   "  fundamental   generalizations   that  are 
the  product  of  modern  research  in  biology  "  are 
here  presented  in  a  simple  and  elementary  form. 

Barcroft  (Joseph),  The  Respiratory  Function  op 
the  Blood,  18/  net.  Cambridge  Univ.  Press 

The  subject  is  treated  in  three  divisions — 
'  The  Chemistry  of  Haemoglobin  '  ;  '  The  Passage 
of  Oxygen  to  and  from  the  Blood  '  ;  and  '  The 
Dissociation  Curve  considered  as  an  "  Indicator  " 
of  the  "  Reaction  "  of  the  Blood.' 

Brown  (Warner),  The  Judgment  of  Very  Weak 
Sensory  Stimuli. 

Berkeley,  University  of  California  Press 
This    monograph    contains    special    reference 
to    the    "  absolute    threshold    of    sensation    for 
common  salt." 

Carrington  (Hereward),  The  Problems  of  Psy- 
chical Research,  Experiments  and  Theories 
in  the  Realm  of  the  Supernormal,  7/6  net. 

Rider 
Mr.  Carrington  deals  chiefly  with  the  psycho- 
logical phenomena  of  psychical  research,  and , 
assuming  their  reality,  discusses  the  intelligence 
that  controls  them.  The  text  is  illustrated  with 
a  few  diagrams. 

Dalgado  (Dr.  D.  G.),  The  Climate  of  Portugal 
and  Notes  on  its  Health  Resorts,  10/6  net. 
Lisbon,  Published  by  Order  ;    London,  Lewis 
This    study,    which    is    accompanied    by    six 
maps  and  numerous  tables,  gives  a  sketch  of  the 
climate  of  Portugal  as  a  whole,  and  brief  descrip- 
tions of  the  chief  health  resorts. 

Farthing  (F.  Hadfield),  The  Week-End  Gar- 
dener, 3 /6  net.  Grant  Richards 
A  practical  guide  to  the  amateur  gardener. 
The  book  forms  a  companion  to  the  author's 
'  Saturday  in  my  Garden,'  and  is  reproduced  from 
The  Daily  Express.  It  is  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs and  diagrams. 

Hughes   (Arthur  Llewelyn),  Photo-Electricity, 

"  Cambridge  Physical  Series,"  6/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
Some  account  of  the  present  state   of  this 
subject. 

Kirk  (Edwin),  Notes  on  the  Fossil  Crinoid 
Genus  Homocrinus,  Hall. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 
A  reprint  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  with  a  plate. 


Mendelism  and  the  Problem  of  Mental  Defect ;  1.  A 
Criticism  op  Recent  American  Work,  by 
David  Heron,  2/ net ;  2.  On  the  Continuity  op 
Mental  Defect,  by  Karl  Pearson  and  Gustav 
A.  Jaederholm,  1/  net.  Dulau 

Each   thesis   contains  four  diagrams,   and   is 

one  of  the  "  Questions  of  the  Day  and  of  the  Fray" 

Scries. 

Modern  Family  Doctor  (The),  a  Guide  to  Perfect 
Health,  3/6  net.  Jack 

A  practical  guide  to  all  matters  concerned 
with  bodily  health.  The  contributors  include 
Dr.  Mary  Scharlieb,  Dr.  F.  Arthur  Sibly,  and  Dr. 
II.  Maughan  Brown. 

Patton  (Walter  Scott)  and  Cragg  (Francis  William), 
A  Text-Book  of  Medical  Entomology,  21/ 
net.  Christian  Literature  Society  for  India 

Written  with  the  aim  of  providing  a  practical 
textbook  on  the  subject  for  medical  and  veteri- 
nary officers  practising  in  the  Tropics.  The  book 
is  a  guide  to  the  study  of  the  relations  between 
arthropods  and  disease,  and  its  plan  has  been 
suggested  by  the  difficulties  with  which  the  authors 
themselves  have  had  to  contend. 

Schaus  (William),  New  Species  of  Noctuid 
Moths  from  Tropical  America. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 
This  paper,  describing  136  species  of  Noctuidaj 
in   the    United   States    National   Museum,   is   re- 
printed from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Museum. 

Smith   (David  Eugene)   and  Mikami   (Yoshio),  A 
History  of  Japanese  Mathematics,  12/  net. 
Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 
A  survey  of  the  leading  features  in  the  de- 
velopment of  Japanese  mathematics. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Chalmers  (P.  Macgregor),  Glasgow,  the  Cathe- 
dral and  See,  1/6  net.  Bell 
One  of  the  "  Cathedral  Series,"  dealing  with 
the  cathedral  church  of  Glasgow,  and  giving  a 
brief  history  of  the  archiepiscopal  see.  There 
are  many  illustrations,  and  the  volume  includes 
a  chronological  list  of  the  bishops,  archbishops, 
and  ministers. 

Hawley   (Walter  A.),  Oriental  Rugs,  Antique 

and  Modern,  42/  net.  Lane 

An  account  of  rug-weaving  by  an  American 

author,    with    descriptions    of    various    types    of 

Oriental  rugs,  and  hints  for  collectors. 

Oliver     (Andrew),     The    Incised     Effigies     op 

Staffordshire,  14/  Sprague 

Includes  forty  plates,  with  descriptive  par- 
ticulars, Index  of  Names,  and  List  of  Incised 
Effigies,  with  a  brief  account  of  the  examples 
found  in  the  county. 

Shaftesbury  (Anthony,  Earl  of),  Second  Cha- 
racters ;  or,  The  Language  of  Forms, 
edited  by  Benjamin  Rand,  7  /6 

Cambiidge  University  Press 
The  manuscript  of  this  work  was  found 
among  the  Shaftesbury  Papers,  and  was  intended> 
as  a  complement  to  the  author's  '  Characteristics.' 
This  edition  includes  Prefatory  Anticipatory 
Thoughts,  Dictionary  of  Art  Terms,  and  Index 
of  Ease. 

Welch  (Charles),  Illustrated  Account  of  the 

Royal  Exchange  and  the  Pictures  Therein, 

(\d.  Gresham  Committee 

Contains  an  account  of  the  Royal  Exchange 

and    its    founder,    Sir    Thomas    Gresham,    and    a 

detailed  description  and  history  of  each  picture. 

MUSIC. 

Bach  (Joh.  Seb.),  French  Suites,  edited  by 
Franklin  Taylor,  1/4  net.  Augener 

Brahms  (J.),  Favourite  Songs,  with  English  and 
German  Words  :    Wiegenlted  ;    Von  Ewiger 

LlEBE  ;       "  WlE    BIST      DU,    MEINE    K6NIG1N  "  ; 

and  "  Nicht   mehr     zu    dir  zu  gehen,"    1/ 
net  each.  Augener 

Carse  (A.  von  Ahn),  Ballet  Dance,  1/6  net. 

Augener 

Gautier  (Leonard),  Le  Secret,  Intermezzo  Pizzi- 
cato, Piano  Solo,  2/  net.  Augener 
A  new  and  revised  edition. 

Keller  (Oscar),  Sonatinas  for  the  Pianoforte, 
Op.  15  :  No.  1,  in  g  ;  No.  2,  in  f  ;  and  No.  3, 
in  c,  1/  net  each.  Augener 

Krentzlin  (R.),  The  Village  Concert  ;  and 
Phyllis,  Polonaise,  1/  net  each.  Augener 

Lehmann  (Lilli),  How  to  Sing  (Meine  Gesangs- 
KUNST).  translated  from  the  German  by 
Richard  Aldrich,  7/6  net.  Macmillan 

A  new  and  revised  edition. 

Rosenbloom  (Sydney),  Valse  Poem  for  Piano, 
Op.  15,  2/  net.  Augener 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


THE     ATIIENJEUM 


381 


Rontgen  (Julius),  Axzopabdi-Stuoibn,  fur  Clavier, 
Praehidien  durch  a  lie  Tonarten,  Page  und 
Waller  fiber  einen  Canto  Permo  von  Azzopardi, 
3/ net.  Augener 

Russian  Masters  :  PlAKOFOBTB  Works,  revised, 
phrased,  and  Angered  by  O.  Thiimer:  A. 
Ii.ynsky,  Berceuse;  and  A.  Soktabtnb, 
.Mazurka.  1    each.  Augener 

Schiifer  (Christian),  The  Faiky  Castle,  Op.  88  : 
Lmongst  Wiin  EtoeoBB  :  and  'I'm:  Oi.i>  st.uk- 
1  iss,  (W.  net  each.  Angener 

Swinstead  (Felix),  Evhnsong  fob  Pianoforte,  - 
not.  Augener 

Vocal  Student's   Anthology   (The),   fob    Medium 
Voices,  edited  and  arranged,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion, by  Charles  B.  Kabon,  3    net.        Angener 
Containing  extracts  from  well-known  musical 

works  suitable  for  the  development  of  technical 

execution  and  expression. 

West   (Alfred   H.),  The   Butterfly,   for   Piano- 
forte, Id  not.  Augener 
DRAMA. 

Dillon  (Robert  Arthur),  The  Drawing -Room 
Playlets  for  Amateurs,  1/0  not. 

Stanley  Paul 
Five    light    comedy    sketches    intended    for 

drawing-room    or    platform    performances,    and 

lasting  from  twenty  to  twenty-live  minutes. 

Dunsany  (Lord),  Five  Plays,  3/6  net. 

Grant  Richards 
The  plays  contained  in  this  volume  are 
'  The  Gods  of  the  Mountain,'  '  The  Golden  Doom,' 
'  King  Argimenes  and  the  Unknown  Woman,' 
'  The  GUttering  Gate,'  and  '  The  Lost  Silk  Hat.' 
Hamilton  (Clayton),  Studies  ix  Stagecraft, 
5    net.  Grant  Richards 

This    book,    dealing    with    the    principles    of 
modern   stagecraft,    is    a    companion    volume    to 
the  author's  '  Theory  of  the  Theatre.' 
Norton  (Louise),  Little  Wax  Candle,  a  Farce 
in  One  Act,   si. 2.3  net. 

Now  York,  Claire  Marie 
This  little  play  concerns   the   relationship  of 
a  husband  and  wife. 

FOREIGN. 

ECONOMICS. 

Bruneau     (Louis),     L'Allemagxe    en    France, 

Enquetes     Economiques,     Mines,     Metallurgie, 

Produits  C'himiques,  Colles,   Gelatines,   et   En- 

grais,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  PIon-Nourrit 

\  discussion  of  this  industrial  question,  with 

an  inquiry  into  all  sides  of  the  subject. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Poutsma  (H.),  A  Grammar  of  Late  Modern 
English,  Part  II.  Section  1  A,  12/ 

Groningen,  P.  Noordlioil'  : 
London,  Dawson  &  Sons 
The  second  part  of  this  work,  which  is  in- 
tended   for    the    use    of    Continental,    especially 
Dutch  students,  deals  with  parts  of  speech,  and 
includes  nouns,  adjectives,  and  articles. 

FICTION. 

Deroure  (Maurice),  LT^veil,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
This  study  in   temperament  deals  with  the 
mental  problems  of  the  young  hero. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 
Revue  Critique,  25  Fkvrier,  Iff. 

Paris.  155,  Boulevard  St.  Germain 

Some  of  the  contributions  to  this  number  are 

'  Ernile  Faguet,  Historien  de  la  Litterature  Fran- 

-••.'  by  M.  Jean-Marc  Bernard,  and  a   poem, 

Ls  Bois  Vierge,'  by  Iff.  Francois-Paul  Alibert. 

Revue  Hlstorlque,  M ars-Avril,  6fr.     Paris,  Alcan 

Includes  '  Lee  Jesuitesdek  Province d'Aragon 

au  XVlIIe  Siecle,'  l<y  M.  (■.  Desdevisea  du  Dezert, 

and  "  Encore  la  Chronique  du  Pseudo-Fr&legaire,' 

by  M.  P.  Lot. 

GENERAL. 

Graaf    (Dr.  H.  T.  dei,   KabaktBB  EN   Bbhande- 

mro,  ran  Veroordeeldea  Wegena   Landlooperij 

en  Bedelarij.  Groningen,  P.  Noordhoff 

"  fcfet   een   Inleiding    over  Temperament  en 

Karakter. 

Lahovary  (Leon  ,  l.i.-  I.\  1  1:11.1:-   1.1    LBS  Olaivbs, 

Pag.-s   de   Critique   et   d'Histoire    (1911    1912), 

8fr.  60.  Paris,  renin 

A  traveller's   in  arid  other  personal 

remini*  Then    is    a     Preface    by  Mile. 

ll'.  oe  \  .■  ■  i ■ 

PeraRe      Lotus  ,     I.  BsoTBBlBKB     DB     PaBSVAL, 
1.  i.-ot' -i-i-iiii.-  de  la  Vieille  Legends  Celtique  du 
Cycle  d'Ait    -.  ndvia  d'une  Traduction  litl 
<lu  '  PanifaJ  '  de  Bichard  Wagner,  Sir.  60. 

Paris,  Perrin 
The  translation  into  Prencb  1-  preceded  by 

a  study  of  the  origin  and   ln-tory  of  the   I' 
ry. 


SCIENCE. 

Neugebauer  (Dr.  Paul  V.),  Takci.n  BT7R  Sonne, 
Pi.anktkn  iND  Mond,  nebst  Tafeln  der  Slond- 
phasen  fttr  <lio  Zeit  4000  vor  Chr.  bis  8000  nach 
Chr.,  "  Tafeln  zur  astronomischen Ohronologie," 

II,  7m.  Leipsie,  J.  C.  Hinrichs 

FINE    ARTS. 

Guimet  (E.),  Les  Portraits  d'Anttnob  au 
MuSEE  (iiiMKT,  20fr.  Paris,  Hachette 

The  fifth  volume  of  the  "  Annates  du  Musee 
Guimet,  Bibliothequc  d'Art,"  containing  numerous 
illustrations  from  photographs,  some  of  which  are 
coloured, 

DRAMA. 

Pellisson  (Maurice),  Les  Comedies-Ballets  de 
MOUEBB,  Sfr.  50.  Paris,  Hachette 

This  study  deals  with  a  less  well-known 
aspect  of  Moliore's  work,  and  includes  discussions 
on  the  '  Originalite  du  Genre,'  '  La  Po6sie,  la 
Fantaisie,  la  Satire  Sociale  dans  les  Comedies- 
Ballets,'  and  '  La  Comedie-Ballet  apres  Moliere.' 

Racine,  Theatre,  Vol.  I.,  lfr.  net.  Nelson 

Includes  an  Introduction  by  M.  Smile 
Faguet,  and  the  following  plays  :  '  La  Thebaide, 
ou  les  Freres  Ennemis,'  '  Alexandre  le  Grand,' 
'  Andromaque,'  'Les  Plaideurs,'  '  Britannicus,' 
and  '  Berenice.' 


DR.  GINSBURG. 

The  name  of  Dr.  C.  D.  Ginsburg,  whose 
death, at  the  age  of  82,  took  place  on  Satur- 
day last,  will  remain  chiefly  linked  with  the 
study  of  the  Rabhinical  apparatus  eriticus  to 
the  Old  Testament,  known  as  the  Massorah. 
He,  indeed,  in  the  earlier  part  of  his  strenu- 
ous life  gave  himself  to  other  branches  of 
Hebrew  study,  having  produced  learned 
Commentaries  on  the  Song  of  Songs  and 
Ecclesiastes  in  1857,  and  a  Commentary  on 
Leviticus  in  1882,  besides  treatises  on  the 
Kabbalah,  the  Karaites,  the  Essenes,  and 
the  Moabite  Stone  between  the  years  1862 
and  1870. 

A  considerable  amount  of  his  time  must 
also  have  been  taken  up  by  his  work  as  one 
of  the  Revisers  of  the  Old  Testament  ap- 
pointed by  Convocation,  as  well  as  his  con- 
tributions to  Kitto's  '  Encyclopaedia,'  and 
other  literary  efforts.  But  all  these  tasks, 
however  useful  and  interesting  in  themselves, 
were  cast  into  the  shade  by  the  stupendous 
labours  which  began  with  his  edition  of  the 
'  Massoreth-ham-Massoreth  '  of  the  famous 
sixteenth-century  grammarian  Elias  Levita 
in  1867,  and  abruptly  ended  whilst  he  was 
editing  the  latter  portion  of  a  Massoretico- 
critical  text  of  the  Old  Testament  for  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  1 

The  most  important  result  of  these  un- 
wearied efforts  is  his  edition  of  the  Mas- 
sorah itself  in  three  bulky  volumes,  with 
the  addition  of  part  of  vol.  iv.,  in  which 
explanations  of  the  highly  technical  original 
are  given  in  English.  It  is  a  work  thai  will 
remain  indispensable  to  all  students  of  the 
.Massorah,  offering  as  it  does  all,  or  nearly 
all,  the  materials  necessary  for  the  scientific 
appraisement  of  the  work  of  the  Afassorites, 
which  can,  of  course,  only  be  properly  esti- 
mated when  all  the  known  facts  have  been 
critically      examined      and      ro-ordinatod      in 

systemat  ic  form. 

Personally,  Dr. Ginsburg  was  a  genial  man 
1  ■  the  world,  and  endowed  with  a  pari  icularly 

li  -ppy  disposition.     Migrating  in  early  life 
fro  n    Warsaw    to   this  country,   he   quickly 

found     his     Way    tO    the   hearts     of     his     new 

counting  among  his  friends  a 
number  <>t  distinguished  persons,  including 
Gladstone,  who  on  his  final  retirement  from 
politics  n  lommended  him  for  a  Government 
pension.  His  social  gifts  naturally  marked 
him  out  as  .'li  attractive  host.  He  took 
delight  ui  inviting  people  to  his  intere 
home,  being  free  from  the  shyness  which 
1  often  reduces  the  influence  of  a  fine  scholar. 


SHAKKSI'i:  AHI-:    AND    ASBIES. 
I. 
The  story  of  Shakespeare's  Lost  inheritance 

is  the  clue  to  the  shaping  of  the  poet's  life, 
and  therefore  we  ought  to  glean  every  scrap 
of  information  concerning  it.  What  is  com- 
monly known  is  that  Robert  Arden  of 
Snitterfield  and  Wilmcote  had  made  his 
will  in  L556,  Leaving  the  first  (or  the  rever- 
sion of  it  alter  his  wife's  death)  to  be  divided 
among  six  of  his  daughters.1*  Another 
daughter,  Elizabeth  Scarlet,  seems  to  have 
been  otherwise  provided  for  ;  and  tho 
youngest  daughter.  Mary,  either  because 
she  was  his  favourite,  or  because  of  the  old 
Saxon  preference  for  the  youngest-  child,  was 
given  the  sole  right  in  the  freehold  at  Wilm- 
cote called  Asbies. 

There  is  no  record  of  its  purchase.     My 
own    opinion    is    that    Thomas    Arden,    the 
father  of  this  Robert,  was  the  second  son  of 
Sir  Walter  Arden  of  Park  Hall,  who  was  to 
receive,    by   his   father's   will    in    1502,    ten 
marks  a  year  for  life,  his  younger  brothers 
receiving  five  marks  a  year.     They  all  seem 
to    have    been    provided    for    beyond    this 
meagre  allowance.     At  tho  date  of  the  will 
Thomas  was  already  resident  in  Wilmcote. 
How  and  why  he  went  there  is  the  question. 
Aston  Cantlow  had   long  been  part  of  the 
inheritance  of  the  Beauchamps,  who  inter- 
married with  the  Nevilles,   and  some  con- 
nexion of  the  Beauchamps  with  the  Ardens 
can    be    proved    by    the    family    pedigree. 
Elizabeth    Beauchamp    was    godmother    to 
Elizabeth    Arden,    Thomas    Ardens    sister 
(as  French  believes),  and  it  is  quite  probable 
this  little  farm  was  given  to,  or  bought  for,  the 
settlement  of  Thomas  Arden.     What  I  wish 
to  suggest  is  that  Asbies  was  to  the  family 
the  cherished  heirloom,   the   visible  link  of 
connexion    between    their    branch    and    the 
historic  family  from  which  they  sprang,  and 
that  some  family  jealousy  may  have  arisen 
through    its    being    absolutely    left    to    the 
youngest  child. 

We  know  little  about  this  Thomas,  but 
much  more  about  his  younger  brother 
Robert.  He  was  Yeoman  of  the  King's 
Chamber  in  Henry  VII. 's  reign,  and  received 
many  royal  patents  and  grants  during  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VIII. 
Leland  mentions  him  :  "  Arden  of  the 
Court  is  younger  brother  to  Sir  .John  Arden 
of  Park"  Hall"  (' Itin.,"  vi.  20).  Among 
the  Feet  of  Fines  for  Warwickshire,  Trinity 
Term,  18  Henry  VIII.,  is  an  entry  to  the 
effect  that  Robert  Arden.  arm.,  settled  an 
annuity  on  Antonio  Fitzherbert  "  from  the 
manor  of  Ward  Barnes,  formerly  Wilm- 
cote." Whether  this  refers  to  the  uncle, 
"  Robert  of  the  Court,"'  or  the  nephew, 
Kohert   of  Wilnicote.it   refers  to  the    district. 

Now  it  is  not  a  little  remarkable  that  this 
small  property  had  only  "  a  local  habitation 
and  a  name"  of  Asbies  during  the  life  of 
Mary  Arden  and  her  immediate  Arden 
relatives.  It  is  not  known  before;  it  has 
not  been  known  since.     Either  it   changed 

its  name  or  was  swamped  in  a   larger  estafa 

We  cannot   give  its  boundaries.     Balliwell- 

Phillipps  shows  that    it    could   not    have  hcen 

by  the  cottage  /<"»•  called   "  Marj    Arden's 

Cottage  "t  at    Wilmcote.   for   In-    had    traced 

other  owners  back  to  Lfiol  :  but  he  seems  to 
thmk  that  Robert  Arden  had  Lived  in  Asb 

Now  it  is  quite  clear  from  his  will  that  his 
widow,  Agnes,  was  to  have  his  copyhold  111 
Wilmcote,  bo  that  she  allowed  his  daughter 
Alice  quietly  to  enjoy  halt',  and  it  jeemed 
they  had  occupied  that.  This  copyhold 
was  probably  for  three  lives,  and  lapsed  nt 

■  8m  in-,  paper,  Tht  .1        1      .  Jui>  MUi  tad  AagMt 
1  Mh.   1909 

t  The   illuHlniiiunx   in    my   '  si,  a  .    |,.  1    imly,'   in- 

. -Iii'ling  one  of  tblf  i-oltajte,  were  put  in  I"  Mr.  Bitot 
Stock,   without  my  knowledge  .mil  against  my  will. 


382 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


Agnes    Arden's    death    in    1581,    after    the 
trouble  at  Asbies. 

On  Mary's  marriage  an  interest  in  Asbies 
would  accrue  to  her  husband,  which,  by  the 
courtesy  of  England,  he  would  retain  for 
life.  During  Shakespeare's  youth  it  would 
be  the  basis  of  his  father's  farming  industries, 
and  perhaps,  after  the  common  fashion  of 
the  time,  the  prospective  source  of  support 
for  the  family  in  a  manner  stigmatized  by 
the  Earl  of  Leicester  as  lazy,  selfish,  and 
without  public  spirit  or  family  pride.*  It 
is  perfectly  certain  it  was  intended  to  be 
the  inheritance  of  William  Shakespeare, 
and  that  he  was  prepared  to  be  a  small 
farmer,  for  which  reason  he  was  not  trained 
to  any  profession  nor  apprenticed  to  any 
trade.  (All  "  traditions  "  on  this  question 
are  untrustworthy. ) 

John  Shakespeare  had  purchased  in  1556, 
the  year  of  the  settlement  of  Asbies,  a  house 
and  garden  in  Greenhill  Street,  Stratford- 
upon-Avon,  and  another  in  Henley  Street, 
where  he  had  been  living  since  1552  (see 
'  View  of  Frankpledge,  Borough  Stratford,' 
P.R.O.,  Portfolio  207),  so  he  had  a  town 
house  to  offer  the  heiress  of  Asbies  when  he 
married  her  the  following  year.  He  seemed, 
having  been  bailiff  and  chief  alderman,  to 
have  gone  on  in  prosperity  till  October,  1575, 
when  he  again  purchased  two  houses  in  Strat- 
ford, one  of  them  also  in  Henley  Street.  From 
that  date  his  fortunes  declined.  Whether  it 
was  from  failure  in  the  wool  industry,  or  the 
misfortunes  of  his  brother  Henry  at  Ingon,  or 
special  losses  of  his  own,  John  Shakespeare 
was  in  money  troubles  by  1578.  Some  have 
suggested  it  was  through  recusancy,  because 
a  much  later  State  Paper  list  gives  his  name 
among  recusants.  I  have  elsewhere  shown 
that  the  John  Shakespeare  there  mentioned 
was  much  more  likely  to  have  been  the  shoe- 
maker who  disappeared  shortly  after  from 
the  town.  That  the  ex-bailiff  John's  diffi- 
culties were  well  known,  and  that  his  fellow - 
aldermen  sympathized  with  him,  is  shown  in 
the  Chamberlain's  accounts,  where  John  is 
excused  by  his  brethren  from  the  burdens 
they  put  on  themselves.  He  required  money, 
and  must  have  it  somehow.  His  nephew 
Robert  Webbe  had  been  prospering  in 
Snitterfield  while  he  was  declining — was, 
indeed  (stimulated  by  the  ambition  and  help 
of  a  prospective  father-in-law ),  beginning  to 
buy  up  the  shares  of  his  aunts  in  Snitter- 
field. Mary  Arden  had  been  left  no  share 
there,  as  Halliwell-Phillipps  suggests,  but 
apparently  by  this  date,  through  the  death 
of  her  two  next  youngest  sisters,  had  become 
possessed  of  the  share  of  the  one  by  will, 
and  of  the  share  of  the  other,  without  a  will, 
by  partition. 

It  is  nearly  certain  that  John  and  Mary 
Shakespeare  would  have  gone  to  Robert 
Webbe  first  for  a  loan  on  the  security  of 
Snitterfield,  or  even  to  sell  it  outright. 
But  he  had  just  bought  the  share  of  the 
Stringers  (see  Feet  of  Fines,  Easter,  21  Eliz.), 
and  would  be  short  of  money.  They  turned 
to  their  brother-in-law  Edmund  Lambert, 
who  had  sufficient  money,  but  he  would  not 
trust  it  with  John  Shakespeare  in  his  de- 
pressed state  on  any  lesser  security  than  that 
of  the  family  jewel  of  Asbies.  He  drew  up 
an  indenture — purporting  to  be  an  absolute 
sale — for  407.,  with  this  condition,  that  if 
the  money  was  repaid  on  Michaelmas  Day 
at  Barton-on-the-Heath  the  sale  was  to 
be  void.  But  in  the  final  concord,  as  pre- 
served among  the  Feet  of  Fines  for  Warwick- 
shire, Easter,  1579,  there  is  no  allusion  to 
this  condition.     Hence  arose  the  trouble. 

*  See  the  '  Book  of  John  Fisher  of  Warwick  '  :    "  Every 

man  is   only  careful  for  himself given   to   easy  trades 

of  life,  providing  for  themselves,  not  having  consideration 
for  their  posterity,  which  should  not  so  be." 


When  he  had  secured  the  money  John 
made  a  very  complex  arrangement.  Asbies 
had  evidently  been  leased  to  George  Gibbes. 
He  found  Thomas  Webbe  and  Humphrey 
Hooper  willing  to  buy  the  lease  from  John 
and  Mary  Shakespeare  and  George  Gibbes 
for  twenty-one  years  from  1580,  and  to  hand 
it  back  to  George  Gibbes.  There  must  have 
been  money  paid  down  for  that  lease,  as  it 
was  clinched  by  a  fine.  (See  Feet  of  Fines, 
Hilary  Term,  1579,  230.) 

Though  John  had  received  the  40Z.  from 
Lambert  plus  the  fine  from  Webbe  and 
Hooper,  he  was  evidently  still  in  need,  as 
we  may  learn  from  Roger  Sadler's  will. 
Among  the  debts  due  to  him  were  :    "  Item 

of   Edmonde    Lamberte    and    Cornish 

for  the  debte  of  Mr.  John  Shaksper  51." 
(Princ.  Prob.  Reg.,  Som.  House,  1  Bakon, 
17  Jan.,  1578/9). 

We  have  hitherto  had  no  information  con- 
cerning the  events  of  the  following  two  years. 
But  now  it  appears  that  John  must  have 
committed  some  indiscretion  about  that  time 
which  must  seriously  have  affected  his  for- 
tunes. Many  years  ago  I  had  discovered  a  fine 
against  his  name  in  the  Coram  Rege  Rolls, 
but  laid  it  aside  until  I  had  leisure  to  work 
up  the  case.  Not  long  since,  with  the  help 
and  advice  of  Mr.  Baildon,  I  spent  some 
weeks  investigating  likely  papers,  but  found 
no  further  facts  than  those  first  gleaned  : 
two  separate,  yet  connected  cases  among 
the  unnumbered  pages  of  the  "  fines  "  at 
the  end  of  Coram  Rege  Roll,  Trinity,  22 
Eliz.,  a  few  pages  from  the  end,  half  way 
down  '  Anglia  '  on  the  right. 

There  we  are  told  that  John  Shakespeare 
of  Stratford  -  super  -  Avon,  co.  Warr.,  yeo- 
man, because  he  had  not  appeared  before 
the  Lady  the  Queen  in  her  court  at  West- 
minster, as  summoned,  to  be  bound  over 
to  keep  the  peace,  at  a  day  now  past,  was 
due  to  pay  201.,  and  that  his  two  sureties 
were  to  pay  a  fine  of  10Z.  each  for  not 
having  produced  him.  His  sureties  were 
John  Awdeley  of  the  town  of  Nottingham, 
co.  Notts,  hatmaker,  and  Thomas  Colley 
of  Stoke,  in  co.  Stafford,  yeoman.  This 
becomes  more  serious  because  the  next  case 
is  against  John  Awdelay,  hatmaker,  of  the 
town  of  Nottingham,  co.  Notts.  Because  he 
did  not  appear  before  the  court  of  the  Queen 
when  summoned  at  a  day  now  past,  bringing 
sufficient  security  to  be  bound  over  to  keep 
the  peace,  he  was  to  be  fined  40Z.  And 
John  Shakespeare  of  Stratford-on-Avon, 
yeoman,  one  of  the  two  securities  for  John 
Awdelay,  because  he  had  not  brought  him 
before  the  Queen  on  the  day  appointed, 
was  to  pay  20Z.  ;  and  Thomas  Colley,  an- 
other of  the  securities,  was  also  to  be  fined 
20Z. 

I  looked  through  several  terms  before  and 
after  to  see  if  there  were  any  suit  in  the 
Coram  Rege  Rolls  on  which  this  may  have 
been  based — a  difficult  job,  as  I  had  no 
clue  to  the  name  of  a  plaintiff  or  a  county 
to  guide  me.  The  only  further  reference 
was  in  the  Exchequer  Accounts,  where, 
under  'Anglia,'  'Warr.,'  'Villa  Notts,'  and 
'  Staff.,'  the  same  parties  are  entered  for  the 
same  fines  (Exchequer  K.R.  Accounts  109/13, 
m.  22  d.,  Fines  and  Amerciaments  Coram 
Regina,  Trinity  Term,  22  Eliz.).  Here, 
then,  John  had  another  40/.  to  pay  (evi- 
dently unexpectedly)  in  association  with 
two  men  who  have  not  yet  been  connected 
with  his  biography.  Whether  he  did  not 
appear  as  defendant  or  as  witness  in  some 
case  when  summoned,  or  whether  he  had 
committed  some  trespass,  or  had  had  a  free 
fight  with  some  one,  as  his  brother  Henry 
had  with  Edward  Cornwell  in  1587,  I  have 
not  been  able  to  prove. 

In  searching  the  Controlment  Rolls  (Mich., 
22  Eliz.)  I  had  a  surprise.     Among  a  number 


of  names  from  various  counties  of  persons 
who  "  indicati  sunt  de  eo  qud  Corpes  felonici 
interfecere  et  murderfare  [sic]  "  Mas  "  John 
Shakespere."  The  very  date.  It  was  a 
relief  to  see  that  he  was  "  late  of  BaLsall, 
co.  Warr."  I  was  allowed  to  get  out  some 
bundles  of  "  ancient  Indictments  "  which 
had  not  been  searched,  and  found  in  No.  650 
that  the  said  John  Shakespeare,  by  the 
instigation  of  the  Devil  and  his  own  malice, 
made  a  noose  of  rope  fast  to  a  beam  in  his 
house  and  hanged  himself  on  July  23rd,  21 
Eliz.  He  had  goods  only  to  the  value  of 
3Z.  14.s.  4d.,  which  John  Piers,  the  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  as  Chief  Almoner  to  the  Queen, 
granted  by  way  of  alms  to  the  widow, 
Matilda  Shakespeare.  (In  the  inventory  of 
the  goods  are  included  some  painted  cloths.) 

Though  John  of  Stratford's  fortunes  were 
nothing  so  tragic  as  those  of  John  of  Balsall, 
he  was  in  a  bad  enough  way.  His  fine  was 
money  entirely  lost  through  some  folly,  and 
he  seems  to  have  lost  money  otherwise. 
He  had  to  sell  both  the  Snitterfield  shares 
to  Robert  Webbe  outright,  and  he  went 
down  on  Michaelmas  Day,  1580,  to  Barton- 
on-the-Heath  with  the  redemption  money  of 
Asbies  in  his  pocket.  Edmund  Lambert 
refused  to  receive  it  and  release  the  mortgage 
until  John  paid  him  also  other  debts  he 
owed  him  ;  but  we  know  from  later  litiga- 
tion that  he  had  promised,  when  these  other 
debts  were  paid,  to  take  the  40Z.  and  release 
the  mortgage  at  any  time.  And  again 
John  Shakespeare  trusted  his  brother-in- 
law's  word. 

Charlotte  Cakmichael  Stopes. 

(To  be  concluded.) 


THE    BUTLER    LIBRARY. 

On  Wednesday,  February  25th,  and  the  six 
following  weekdays,  Messrs.  Sotheby  were  en- 
gaged in  selling  the  fifth  and  final  portion  of  the 
library  of  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Butler,  the  chief 
prices  being  the  following  :  Aristophanes,  Comce- 
di£e,  1498,  201.  Aristotle,  Ethics,  MS.,  15th 
century,  61/.  ;  Problems,  French  translation, 
MS.,  14th  centurv,  79Z.  Boccaccio,  Decameron, 
1620,  431.  Book  "of  Common  Prayer,  1552,  481. 
Breviarium  Parisiense,  1492,  211.  10s.  Buch  der 
Natur,  1499,  281.  Buck,  Antiquities,  3  vols., 
1774,  30/.  Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales,  1498, 
defective,  201.  10s.  Codice  Atlantico  di  Leonardo 
da  Vinci,  35  parts,  1884-1904,  21/.  Corneille, 
Theatre,  12  vols.,  1764,  39Z.  Crescences,  Livre 
des  prouffitz  champestres,  1529,  251.  Dante, 
Comedia,  1481,  201.  ;  another  edition,  Venice, 
1491,  20/.  10s.  Parker,  Dives  and  Pauper, 
printed  by  Pynson,  1493,  38/.  Duni,  Trois 
Sonates  pour  le  Clavecin,  n.d.,  bound  by  Pade- 
loup,  with  the  arms  of  Poix,  20/.  10s.  Froissart, 
Croniques,  1495,  36/.  Galenus,  Therapeutica, 
1500,  29/.  Glanvilla,  Van  den  Proprieteyten  der 
Dinghen,  1485,  48/.  Gregory,  Nova  Compilatio 
Decretorum,  1473,  27/.  Herbolarium,  Venice, 
1499,  36/.  ;  Den  groten  Herbarius,  1538,  51/. 
Herpf,  Speculum  Aureum,  1474,  29/.  Hierony- 
mus,  Epistole,  printed  at  Ferrara,  1497,  51/.  Ho- 
ratius,  Opera,  1799,  bound  by  Bradel  l'ain6  for 
Napoleon  I.,  71/.  Intrationum  Excellentissimus 
Liber,  printed  by  Pynson,  1510,  20/.  Isidorus, 
Etymologia,  1472,  28/.  10s.  Litta,  Famiglie 
Celebri  Italiane,  11  vols.,  1819-89,  27/.  10s. 
Livy,  De  Bello  Macedonico,  Italian  MS.,  1461,  23/. 
Lodge,  Portraits  of  Illustrious  Personages  of 
Great  Britain,  4  vols.,  1821-34,  20/.  Missale 
Moguntinense,  1483,  35/.  Moreau  le  Jeune, 
Monument  du  Costume,  1789,  90/.  Office  de 
la  Sainte  Vierge,  1714,  elaborately  bound  by 
Padeloup,  47/.  Pergolesi,  Designs  for  Ornament, 
1777-92,  20/.  Piranesi,  Opere  Varie,  &c,  1750, 
42/.  ;  Trofei,  &c,  1753,  40/.  ;  Vedute  di  Roma, 
2  vols.,  1751,  64/.  Hakluytus  Postumus,  5  vols., 
1625-6,  40/.  Scriptores  Rei  Rustics?,  printed  at 
Reggio,  1482,  25/.  Shakespeare,  Third  Folio, 
1664,  38/.  Le  Songe  du  Vergier,  1491,  38/. 
Switzerland,  Collection  of  59  Views  in  Colours, 
n.d.,  86/.  Terentius,  Comcedia*,  Italian  MS., 
1418,  79/.  Valturius,  De  Re  Militari,  1472,  123/. 
Vitruvius,  De  Architectura,  Italian  MS.,  15th 
century,  34/.  Voragine,  Legendario  de  Sancti, 
1503,  24/. 

The  total  for  this  sale  was  6,021/.  Is.  6rf., 
making  the  total  for  the  whole  library 
25,149/.  Is.  6rf. 


No.  4507,   March   14,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


383 


AX    AUTHORS'    UNION. 

17,  Sion  Hill,  Clifton,  Bristol,  March  9,  1914. 

In  his  interesting  suggestions  for  the  above 
Mr.  W.  J.  Cameron  uses  the  phrase  "  books 
of  poetry  to  be  reviewed  by  poets,  novels  by 
novelists,"  phrase  on -which  your  editorial 
comments.  May  I  suggesl  that  the  neces- 
sary criticism  is  neither  a  simple  affirmative 
nor  negative,  but  that  we  need  to  realize 
that,  like  all  other  craftsmen,  a  reviewer  is, 
at  any  rate,  partly  "  born,  not  made  "  ?  The 
desideratum  is,  not  that  he  should  or  should 
not  be  a  novelist  or  poet,  but  that  he  should 
be  a  genuine  critic.  Most  of  us  can  find 
fault :    we  cannot  all  criticize. 

Literature  does  not  yet,  in  England, 
occupy  its  proper  place.  Of  the  branches 
of  Literature.  Fiction,  among  us,  is  the 
Lazarus.  What  further  proof  need  I  offer 
than  the  common  medical  prescription  to 
a  convalescent  returning  from  the  unintelli- 
gence  of  dire  illness  :  "  Get  a  novel  "  ? 
What  is  the  implication,  if  not  that  a  novel 
does  not,  and  should  not,  tax  the  intelli- 
gence ?  How  acerbly  our  French  brethren 
would  smile  at  such  a  proposition  ! 

There  may  be  many  causes  for  this 
popular  depreciation  of  Literature  :  may  I 
suggest  three  ? — (a)  the  common  notion  in 
secondary  schools  that  "  anybody  can 
teach  [sic]  Literature  "  ;  (6)  the  too-fre- 
quent belief  among  academic  scientists 
below  the  top  level  that  Literature  and 
History  are  intrinsically  "  soft  options  "  ; 
(c)  the  too  frequent  journalistic  practice  of 
proceeding  as  if  it  were  true  that  "  anybody 
can  review  anything." 

Something  has  been  done  of  late  years  to 
mend  the  first  :  the  second  is  still  rampant. 
The  third  might  be  altered  radically,  and 
perhaps  finally  killed  by  the  sagacious  and 
energetic  help  of  The  Athcnceum,  whose 
reviews  for  many  years  have  been  highly 
prized  by  all  authors  and  lovers  of  literature. 
Geraldixe  E.  Hodgson. 


1,  Central  Buildings,  Tothill  Street,  S.W. 
March  11,  1914. 

Acting,  for  the  time  being,  as  Vice-Chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  Management  of 
the  Society  of  Authors,  in  the  absence  of 
Mr.  Hesketh  Prichard,  and  with  the  sanction 
of  that  Committee,  I  am  writing  to  you  on 
the  subject  contained  in  Mr.  W.  J.  Cameron's 
letter,  which  appeared  in  your  issue  of 
March  7th,  with  regard  to  the  proposals  of 
the  author-members  of  the  Lyceum  Club. 
Mr.  W.  J.  Cameron  is  a  member  of  the 
Authors'  Society,  and  I  think  it  would  have 
been  as  well,  therefore,  if  he  had  written 
to  the  Committee  of  Management  of  that 
Society  when  desiring  to  raise  any  question 
as  to  protection  of  authors'  rights.  At 
present,  the  Society  is  in  ignorance  of  the 
work  the  author-members  of  the  Lyceum 
<  lub  wish  to  do.  I  understand  that  they 
about  to  embody  their  objects  in  a  report 
which,  no  doubt,  Mr.  Cameron  will  lay 
before  the  aociety  of  which  he  is  a  memlx  i : 
but  I  should  like  to  state  that  the  Society 
•of  Authors — the  established  organization, 
with  its  efficient  machinery  and  a  long 
record  of  valuable  work- — ought  to  be 
consulted  in  the  first  instance  >"  regard  to 
-my  matter  dealing  with  the  protection  of 
the  property  of  those  whom  it  represents. 
There  are  very  few  subjects  connected  with 
authors'  property  which  have  not  been 
discussed  rally  by  the  Committee  from  time 
to  time,  and  there  are  no  proposals  which, 
n  practical,  the  Committee  have  not  been 
willing  to  adopt.  1  would  refer  Mr.  Cameron 
to  a  short  article  in  the  March  number  of 
The  A uthor  dealing  with  the  subject. 

Chabijbb  Gabviob, 

\'iee.(  haii-mam 


Dr.  G.  A.  Cooke,  Oriel  Professor  of  the 
Interpretation  of  Holy  Scripture  at  Ox- 
ford and  Canon  of  Rochester,  has  been 
appointed  Regius  Professor  of  Hebrew 
and  Canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
in  the  room  of  the  late  Canon  Driver. 
Dr.  Cooke  is  well  known  as  an  autho- 
rity on  the  Old  Testament,  and  as  the 
writer  of  many  books  and  articles  upon 
ancient  Hebrew  literature.  His  appoint- 
ment fulfils  a  general  expectation. 

Mr.  T.  C.  Bartlett  of  Winchester  is  the 
gentleman  whom  we  mentioned  last  week 
as  having  acquired  a  unique  copy  of 
Pope's  Homer.  He  Avrites  to  give  us 
fuller  and  more  correct  particulars.  The 
copy — the  '  Iliad  ' — is  in  six  volumes,  and 
the  statement  that  it  was  Pope's  gift  to 
him  has  been  written  by  Gilbert  White 
in  vol.  i.  Two  of  the  volumes  contain 
contemporary  pen-and-ink  sketches  of 
White  in  academicals,  done  by  a  fellow- 
collegian  ;  and  in  another  is  a  diagram,  by 
White's  hand,  of  a  chess  match  between 
himself  and  three  others,  in  which  he  had 
decidedly  the  best  of  it.  These  items, 
interesting  in  themselves,  are  not  so 
attractive  as  the  connexion  between  Pope 
and  Gilbert  White. 

Dr.  Paget  Toynbee,  who  is  engaged  in 
a  search  for  Walpole  letters,  has  just  come 
upon  a  private  collection  which  includes 
more  than  a  hundred,  covering  a  period 
of  thirty-five  years,  addressed  to  Horace 
Walpole  by  the  poet  Gray.  The  earliest 
was  written  on  January  27th,  1735,  from 
Cambridge,  about  six  weeks  before  Wal- 
pole came  up  ;  the  latest  bears  the  date 
September  17th,  1770. 

Considerably  less  than  a  third  of  this 
find  has  as  yet  been  printed,  and  that  much 
not  in  a  correct  text.  These  letters  show 
the  intimacy  between  Walpole  and  Gray  to 
have  been  greater  than  was  hitherto  sup- 
posed. In  some  of  the  earlier  ones  Wal- 
pole is  addressed  as  "  Celadon,"  while  the 
writer  signs  himself  "  Orozonades,"  thus 
settling  an  ancient  literary  doubt. 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  Mr.  A.  G. 
Bradley  is  now  recovering  from  the 
accident  which  has  for  some  time  in- 
capacitated him  from  work. 

The  Times  is  on  Monday  next  to 
be  reduced  to  one  penny,  "  in  view  of  the 
grave  importance  of  the  present  political 
situation." 

Tin:  Reader  in  Rabbinic  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  Dr.  1.  Abrahams, 
lias  prepared  an  annotated  edition  of  the 
Synagogue  Prayer -Book,  which  Messrs. 
Eyre  &  Spottiswoode  will  publish  imme- 
diately. Such  an  edition  has  long  been 
desired,  both  by  those  who  use  the  1'rayer- 
Book    in    deVOtion8,     and     by     those     who 

recognize  the  importance  of  the  Synagogue 
litnrg}  for  various  branches  of  theological 

arch.      Dr.  Abrahams's  notes  are  both 
historical  and  explanatory.      They   run   to 

nearly 300  pages, and  with  the  full  Prayer- 
Boob     in     Hebrew    and     English     make    ;i 

volume  of  960  pages. 


Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  will  have 
ready  shortly  '  Memories  of  John  West- 
lake,'  with  four  portraits.  The  volume  is 
not  a  formal  biography  of  the  distinguished 
international  lawyer;  but  some  of  his 
many  friends — with  Mrs.  Westlake's  full 
sympathy  and  co-operation  —  wish  to 
have  a  short  record  of  his  life  and  in- 
fluence. They  have  therefore  contributed 
personal  memories  of  his  character  and 
career  from  the  points  of  view  from  which 
they  knew  him. 

The  Oxford  University  Press  is 
publishing  immediately  a  pamphlet  by 
Mr.  Champlin  Burrage,  the  Librarian  of 
Manchester  College,  Oxford,  entitled 
'  Nazareth  and  the  Beginnings  of  Chris- 
tianity,' a  new  view  based  upon  philo- 
logical evidence,  with  critical  appendixes, 
including  unnoticed  pre-canonical  read- 
ings, a  discussion  of  the  birthplace  of 
Jesus,  and  the  text  of  what  is  believed 
to  be  the  hitherto  undiscovered  source  of 
the  prophecy  that  the  Messiah  "  should 
be  called  a  Nazarene."  The  pamphlet 
is  said  to  throw  new  light  on  the  history 
and  literature  of  primitive  Christianity. 

Messrs.  Hodgson's  sale  of  books  on 
Wednesday  and  Thursday  next  will  in- 
clude on  the  second  day  many  volumes 
and  sets  of  interest  to  classical  scholars, 
since  the  library  of  H.  G.  Dakyns  is  being 
dispersed.  The  tutor  of  Tennyson's  son, 
he  was  a  man  of  letters  as  well  as  an 
excellent  scholar,  and  his  tastes  are  well 
reflected  in  his  books. 

The  S.P.C.K.  announce  for  publication 
this  spring  about  a  score  of  books,  several 
of  which  promise  to  be  of  more  than 
ordinary  interest.  Thus  they  are  bringing 
out  a  new  version — annotated,  and  con- 
taining the  most  recent  identifications  of 
Pere  Vincent  and  others — of  '  The  Pilgrim- 
age of  Etheria  to  the  Holy  Places  in  the 
Fourth  Century  '  ;  and  a  translation  by 
Mr.  F.  E.  Spencer  of  Johannes  Dahse's 
■  Sources  of  Genesis.' 

Messrs.  Macmillan's  "  Shilling  Theo- 
logical Library  "  has  won  so  much  favour 
that  they  have  decided  to  add  during  the 
Spring  six  more  volumes  to  the  series. 
These  are  '  Christian  Character,'  by  Dr. 
J.  R.  Illingworth ;  '  Conversations  with 
Christ,'  by  the  Rev.  Bernard  Lucas  ;  '  The 
Kingdom  of  God,'  by  the  Rev.  William 
Temple;  '  The  Christian  Ecclesia,'  by 
F.  J.  A.  Hort  ;  '  The  Divine  Library  of 
the  Old  Testament,'  by  Dean  Kirk  pat  rick  ; 
and  -True  Words  for  Brave  Men,'  by 
Charles  Kingsley. 

Mr.  Arthtjb  C.    Benson's  new    bo< 

deals  w  ith  the  subject  of  fear,  and  the  title 

he    has  given    it    is   '  Where  no  fear  Was.' 

Mr.  Benson  confesses  that  he  has  always 

and  in\  ariably  been  hampered  and  maimed 
In  fear,  and  he  seeks  in  this  book  fat) 
see  what     it     is.  where    its    power    lies,  and 

what,  if  anything, one  can  do  to  resist  it. 

Mkssks.     B.    T.     BATSFOBD    will    publish 

next  Thursday  the  third  batch  of  •■  Fellow  - 
ship  Books,"  which  will  include  'Love,' 
by  .Mr.  Gilberl  Cannan  ;   '  The  Meaning  of 

Life,'  by  l>r.  W.  L.  Courtney  :  '  Nature.' 
by   Mr.   W.    II.    Davies  ;     and      l'oeti\       by 

sir  Arthur  Quiller-Couch. 


384 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


SCIENCE 


The  Life  and  Habits  of  the  Badger.  By 
J.  Fairfax  Blakeborough  and  Sir  A.  E. 
Pease.     ('  The  Foxhound  '  Offices.) 

The  subject  of  this  attractive  little 
treatise  can  boast  the  invidious  distinction 
of  having  by  his  very  name  contributed 
to  the  English  language  a  new  verb, 
significant  of  the  prejudice  and  persecution 
and  centuries  of  misrepresentation  against 
which  he  has  made  a  long  and  gallant 
struggle.  The  gamest  of  the  game,  and 
withal  one  of  the  hardest  animals  to  kill 
outright,  "  Brock  " — as  he  is  known  to 
Nimrods — exercises  a  fatal  attraction  for 
terrier  -  fanciers,  who  will  literally  leave 
no  stone  unturned  to  try  the  mettle  of 
their  dogs  by  the  supreme  test  of  "  laying 
at  a  badger." 

The  authors  have  little  difficulty  in 
making  out  a  strong  case  for  the  badger 
from  a  sentimental  point  of  view,  nor 
are  they  content  to  plead  that  he  is  com- 
paratively harmless.  When  the  charges 
against  him  have  been  impartially  ex- 
amined, there  remains  a  distinct  balance 
in  his  favour.  It  is  admitted  that  he  has 
shown  a  liking  for  eggs,  though  Sir  A.  E. 
Pease  is  unable  to  corroborate  this  from 
his  own  experience,  and  considers  that  his 
damage  to  game  is  very  slight,  though  he 
may  often  cheat  the  rabbit-catcher  of  the 
reward  of  his  labours  by  visiting  the 
traps  and  snares.  The  vexed  question  of 
whether  the  badger  is  inimical  or  not  to 
fox-hunting  is  discussed  in  all  its  bearings. 
Undoubtedly  he  is  a  thorn  in  the  flesh 
to  the  earth-stopper,  and  there  is  some 
damning  evidence  as  to  young  fox-cubs 
whose  career  has  been  cut  short  by  a  nip 
at  the  back  of  the  head  ;  but  these  appear 
to  be  isolated  instances  of  unpremeditated 
violence  in  the  uncommon  event  of  a 
vixen  insisting  on  sharing  a  badger's 
quarters.  On  the  much  more  important 
matter  of  mange  among  badgers,  the 
writers  are  strongly  convinced  that  they 
are  not  subject  to  this  scourge,  except  in 
districts  where  it  has  long  been  prevalent 
among  foxes,  while,  on  the  contrary,  their 
cleanly  habits  make  their  earths  ideal 
tenements  for  the  latter,  whose  scavengers 
they  often  prove  themselves. 

Though  the  days  are  gone  when  both 
fox  and  "  grey "  had'  a  price  on  their 
heads  in  churchwardens'  accounts,  it  is 
remarkable  that  until  recent  years 
nothing  like  a  scientific  life-history  of  the 
badger  had  been  written.  Even  the  mono- 
graph published  in  1898  by  Sir  A.  E.  Pease 
is  not  only  out  of  print,  but  also  in  some 
respects  already  out  of  date,  as  the  author 
himself  admits  in  his  contribution  to  Mr. 
Blakeborough's  present  book.  Thus  the 
badger  is  now  classed  in  the  weasel  family 
instead  of  being  placed  in  the  bear  tribe. 
It  is  welcome  news,  too,  that  it  still 
holds  its  own  to  a  far  greater  extent 
than  was  estimated,  and  many  people 
will  learn  with  surprise  that  "  it  would 
not  be  safe  to  say  that  it  is  extinct  in  any 
county  in  England." 


Some  of  the  most  fascinating  pieces 
of  field  observation  recorded  from  the 
experience  of  the  joint  authors  tell  of  the 
spring  cleaning  and  the  singular  method  of 
taking  in  new  bedding;  of  a  hedgehog 
squealing  with  terror  and  apparently  too 
mesmerized  by  a  badger  to  curl  up ;  and 
of  the  finding  of  a  pair  of  badgers  asleep 
in  a  lair  in  the  open.  Though  they  have 
the  power  of  subsisting  for  a  long  time  with- 
out food,  they  do  not  hibernate  in  the  true 
sense.  Perhaps  the  best  chapter  to  read 
in  the  book  is  that  describing  "  a  badger 
dig,"  in  which  the  sporting  characters 
introduced  are  excellent.  The  least 
effective  chapter  is  certainly  that  in  which 
Brock  is  made  to  tell  his  own  story — the 
language  being  long-winded  and  strik- 
ingly inappropriate.  In  this  case  we 
feel  that  the  prisoner  should  never  have 
been  put  into  the  witness-box.  Otherwise 
both  the  authors  are  fine  advocates. 


The  Anthropology  of  the  Greeks.     By  E.  E. 
Sikes.     (Nutt,  5s.  net.) 

Horeebow's  short,  but  pregnant  chapter 
'  Concerning  Snakes  '  in  Iceland,  though 
it  has  passed  into  a  common  jest,  was 
really  quite  in  point,  since  its  object  was 
to  refute  the  rash  statements  of  a  previous 
writer,  to  wit,  a  certain  burgomaster  of 
Hamburg.  Similarly,  Mr.  Sikes  has  pro- 
duced a  short,  but  pregnant  book,  of 
which  the  upshot  might  at  first  sight 
seem  to  be  merely  that  the  Greeks  had 
no  anthropology — a  somewhat  barren  topic 
when  regarded  strictly  in  itself.  It  turns 
out,  however,  that  the  treatment  has 
much  positive  significance  as  well,  in- 
asmuch as  it  follows  directly  in  the  wake 
of  that  brilliant  pioneer  essay  of  Prof. 
J.  L.  Myres  in  '  Anthropology  and  the 
Classics,'  which  proclaimed  Herodotus 
the  father  of  anthropological  science  in 
the  modern  sense,  and  incidentally  pro- 
nounced Anaximander  an  evolutionist, 
Hippocrates  an  anthropo-geographer,  and 
Plato  a  matriarchalist  who  had  leamt 
from  Socrates  and  Archelaus  about  as 
much  as  is  to  be  got  from  McLennan  or 
Bachofen.  Now  Mr.  Sikes  displays  no 
conscious  intention  of  refuting  Prof. 
Myres.  On  the  contrary,  he  most  grace- 
fully acknowledges  a  debt  to  him  for 
having  confirmed  or  corrected  his  own 
preformed  ideas  on  the  subject  of  Hero- 
dotus and  of  Greek  anthropology  in 
general.  Nevertheless,  by  carefully  work- 
ing over  the  same  ground  he  manages  to 
tone  down  the  Oxford  scholar's  burning 
paragraphs  until  the  reader  begins  to  feel 
that  he  might  as  well  go  snake -catching 
in  Iceland  as  hunting  for  anthropologists 
of  the  modern  type  in  the  homeland  of  the 
Muses. 

Thus  Mr.  Sikes,  though  allowing  that 
Herodotus  "  has  been  justly  called  the 
father  of  Anthropology  as  well  as  of 
History,"  goes  on  to  say  : — 

"  T1?6.  absence  of  a  clearly-defined  canon 
of  criticism  made  his  work  far  more  remark- 
able for  its  collection  of  ethnological  facts 
than  for  any  principles  of  general  scientific 
value." 


Next,  Anaximander's  theory  that  ani- 
mals arose  "  in  the  moist,"  and  that  the 
first  men  grew  up  in  fishes  until  puberty 
was  reached,  when  the  fishes  burst  and 
the  mature  human  beings  were  able  to 
look  after  themselves  (a  hypothesis 
possibly  founded  on  observation  of  the 
viviparous  musielus  Uvis),  does  not  amount 
to  "  a  brilliant,  if  premature,  anticipation 
of  Darwin."  The  Ionian  philosopher  "  cer- 
tainly did  not  contemplate  the  evolution 
of  the  human  species  through  a  long  line 
of  inteimediate  foims."  Indeed,  Empe- 
docles  was  more  of  a  genuine  evolutionist, 
though  his  is  the  naive  evolutionism  of 
the  Arunta  of  Central  Australia,  who 
believe  that  mankind  was  developed  out 
of  formless  creatures.  Again,  Hippo- 
crates, we  are  told,  is  one  of  those  Greek 
thinkers  whom  a  modern  ethnologist  will 
not  readily  excuse  for  their  serious  neglect 
of  physique  as  the  basis  of  race.  He  is 
an  anthropo-geographer  in  the  unfavour- 
able sense  that  he  has  succumbed  to  the 
fallacy — which,  perhaps,  is  more  unforgiv- 
able in  the  eyes  of  Mr.  Sikes  than  in  those 
of  Prof.  Myres — that  physical  and  mental 
character  is  entirely  due  to  environment. 
Finally,  Plato's  '  Republic,'  with  its 
sj'stem  of  eugenics  implying  a  rearrange- 
ment of  relationships  on  some  such  lines 
as  those  which  Lewis  Morgan  would  term 
"  classificatory,"  relies  on  zoological  rather 
than  anthropological  clues. 

"  Kinship  between  man  and  other  animals- 
was  an  idea  as  firmly  rooted  in  Greek  as  in 
savage  belief.  .  .  .As  Pheidippides  asks  in 
the  '  Clouds,'  how  do  we  differ  from  cocks, 
except  that  we  have  votes  ?  " 

Though  Plato's  problem  was  perhaps  not 
exactly  how  to  enable  mankind  "  to  live 
like  fighting  cocks,"  yet  a  zoological 
analogy  in  the  shape  of  the  notion  that 
the  guardians  of  the  state  should  be  as 
human  watchdogs  was  quite  enough  to 
suggest  an  application  of  the  methods  of 
the  scientific  breeder  to  the  raising  of 
citizens. 

For  the  rest,  Mr.  Sikes  makes  it  toler- 
ably clear  that  the  Greek  was  not  really 
interested  in  barbarism  at  all.  It  re- 
pelled him.  It  had  nothing  to  teach  him. 
He  had  no  ear  for  "  the  call  of  the  wild." 
The  city-state  is  the  be-all  and  end-all 
of  existence.  So,  too,  nature  in  general 
strives  to  be  rational  and  tidy  ;  conceived 
as  "red  in  tooth  and  claw,"  it  would 
have  utterly  elumbfounded  the  classical 
spirit.  The  Socratics  are  wholehearted 
teleologists.  Though  standing  amid  the 
ruins  of  Greek  civilization,  they  bless  it 
as  the  best  of  all  possible  civilizations,  and 
the  world  that  exists  simply  in  order  to 
support  it  as  the  best  of  all  possible  worlds. 
Theirs  is  the  Catholicism  of  Thomas- 
Aquinas  and  Comte,  aristocratic,  bureau- 
cratic, theocratic.  The  dynamism  of 
James  and  M.  Bergson  would  be  sheer 
blasphemy  in  their  eyes,  as  also  would 
be  the  purely  empirical  outlook  of  modern 
biology  and  anthropology,  because  their 
watchwords  are  growth  and  multitude 
and  chance — all  of  them  no  better  than 
abusive  epithets  hurled  against  the  all- 
sufficiency  of  civilized  man  and  his  so- 
called  cosmos. 


No.  4507,  March  14,  19U 


T II  E     A  T  II E  N  JE  U  M 


385 


9otna  (gossip. 


The  meeting  <>f  the  Royal  Society  on 
Thursday  next  will  be  a  "  Meeting  for  Dis- 
cussion " — under  the  provisions  of  the 
Standing    Orders— and    the    Subject,    opened 

by  Sir  E.    Rutherford,  will  be  'The  Consti- 
tution of  the  Atom." 

On  Monday  last,  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  ('apt.  YV.  V. 
Nugent,  leader  of  the  British  Section  of  the 
Nig<  ria-C'ameroon  Boundary  Demarcation 
Commission  of  1912-13,  gave  an  interesting 
account  of  the  results  of  the  expedition  made 
for  the  purposes  of  the  Commission,  mostly 
through  wild  mountainous  country  inhabited 
by  a  primitive  population. 

He  said  that  the  work  of  marking  the 
boundary  was  watched  with  great  interest 
by  the  Fulanis,  many  of  whose  "kings,"' 
bearing  a  long  stick  surmounted  by  a  brass 
crown,  came  to  salute  the  party.  Thenatives 
air  of  very  small  stature,  and  in  some 
parts  resemble  monkeys  both  in  features  and 
m  activity.  An  interest  ins;  find  in  an  aban- 
doned hut  was  a  witch-doctor's  mask,  which 
no  woman,  on  pain  of  instant  death,  is 
allowed  to  set  eyes  on.  The  Zumperis  to 
whom  this  belonged  are  cannibals,  who  kill 
and  eat  such  victims  as  the  witch-doctor, 
indued  with  this  mask,  singles  out  as  projier 
to  supplement  a  scarcity  of  meat 

On  Tuesday  last  Prof.  Karl  Pearson 
lectured  at  the  Francis  Galton  Laboratory 
for  National  Eugenics  on  '  The  Handicap- 
ping of  the  First-born.'  The  limited  families 
of  to-day  made  the  endowment  of  the  first- 
born a  question  of  special  importance.  The 
first  part  of  the  lecture  dealt  almost  entirely 
with  an  examination  of  the  criticisms  of 
Messrs.  < '.  Udny  Yule  and  Greenwood. 

The  second  part  consisted  of  a  survey  of 
a  large  number  of  collected  data.  Thus  it 
was  shown  that  still-births  took  place  in 
40  per  thousand  of  first-born  children,  but 
only  20  per  thousand  of  second-born 
children.  Again,  the  investigations  which 
some  members  of  the  Laboratory  had  been 
carrying  on  in  Sheffield  showed  that  the 
death-  and  delicacy-rate  was  much  higher 
with  first-born  babies.  Bradford  gave  the 
same  result.  Measurements  taken  at  the 
Lambeth  Lying-in  Hospital  of  legitimate 
and  normal  newly  born  infants  showed  that 
the  first-born  were  both  the  lightest  and 
shortest  at  birth.  Mr.  J.  Matthews  Duncan 
had  obtained  precisely  similar  results  else- 
where. The  obvious  explanation  was  that 
the  first-born  came  of  younger  mothers  than 
the  following  children. 

Pathological  cases  showed  similar  results. 
Riffel's  data  of  tubercular  cases  among  the 
nan  agricultural  classes  indicated  that 
there  was  a  heavy  bias  against  the  first- 
born ;  while  Dr.  Rivers  had  pointed  out  an 
apparent  bias  in  the  cases  of  tuberculosis  and 
cancer.  Insanity  had  been  proved  by  Dr. 
H-  ron  to  hit  the  first-born  hardest,  while  it 
also  affected  the  eldest  children  of  insane 
parents  more  readily  than  the  later  born. 
I>r.  Goring  had  recently  demonstrated  the 
excess  of  criminality  among  the  first-horn. 
So  far  back  as  ]8.">.">  Sir  Arthur  .Mitchell  had 
shown  that  idiocy  was  mosl  prevalent  among 
the  eldest  children.  Prof.  Pearson  added  ■■> 
caution  at  this  point  :  statistics  on  idiocy 
tnplicated  by  tic-  fad  that  mongolism 
t'd  the  last-born  more  than  the  other 
children.  Lastly,  the  study  of  880  cases  of 
albinism  in  Norway  and  Scotland  had  proved 
that  here,  !■>".  I h<  i  an  enormous  I 

against  the  lir-t-l»orn. 

ime  very  interesting  observations  have 
lateh  been  made  public  l>y  Dr.  II.  <  .  M  •- 
kenzie,  who  has  been  keeping  during  the  past 
lour  years  a  careful  physical  record  of  some 


208   lads  from  the   London  slums,  members 
of  the  Hollington  Club,  Camberwell. 

The  general  trend  of  his  remarks  is 
decidedly  encouraging.  The  average  height 
of  boys  between  13  and  14  works  out  at 
•1ft.  8 J  in.,  that  of  boys  between  IS  and 
19  at  5ft.  6]  in.,  both  of  which,  though 
interior  to  corresponding  measurements 
among  the  well-to-do,  are  at  least  better  than 
some  recent  studies  in  poverty  might  have 
led  one  to  expect.  The  average  muscular 
development  was  "unexpectedly  good"; 
only  3 '4  per  cent  showed  definite  signs  of 
pulmonary  tuberculosis,  while  62  per  cent 
had  perfectly  sound  lungs  ;  only  11  per  cent 
had  really  bad  teeth  ;  in  81  per  cent  the 
heart  was  normal.  The  least  satisfactory 
record  was  that  of  the  eyes,  which  showed 
that  only  ol  boys  had  perfectly  normal  sight, 
while  88  of  them  had  both  eyes  affected. 

What  is  yet  more  interesting  is  the 
astonishing  improvement  which  was  ob- 
served after  a  year  of  club  membership. 
The  boys  are  by  no  means  a  "  selected  " 
company  ;  by  rights,  according  to  the 
Eugenists,  many  of  them  ought  to  show- 
disquieting  symptoms  of  degeneracy.  But 
they  do  not.  Dr.  Mackenzie  finds  himself 
at  issue  with  much  of  the  teaching  of  Eu- 
genics as  to  the  offspring  of  unsatisfactory 
parents,  and  is  inclined  to  question 
"whether  many  of  the  statistics  given  in  The 
Eugenics  Review,  showing  how  hopelessly  inferior 
is  the  fruit  of '  bad  stock,'  are  based  on  personal 
examination." 

An  apparatus  designed  by  General  Ne- 
grier,  which  has  been  nicknamed  "  electric 
Niagaras,"  has  been  fixed  on  many  churches 
in  Poitou,  where  it  has  proved  so  effective 
a  lightning  conductor  that  M.  Violle,  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  the  Conservatoire  of 
Arts  and  Crafts,  believes  that  its  adoption 
in  Paris  woidd  ensure  for  the  city  almost 
absolute  protection  from  injury  by  thunder- 
storms. It  is  proposed  to  pass  a  measure 
in  the  Council-General  of  the  Seine  Depart- 
ment to  have  this  apparatus  affixed  to  the 
Eiffel  Tower,  the  Pantheon,  and  the  Church 
of  the  Sacre  Coeur  at  Montmartre. 

On  Thursday,  the  5th  inst.,  Mr.  C.  F. 
Jenkin,  Professor  of  Engineering  Science  at 
Oxford  University,  delivered  at  the  Royal 
Institution  the  first  of  a  series  of  three 
lectures  upon  '  Heat  and  Cold.' 

After  reminding  the  audience  of  the 
incalculably  great  part  played  by  heat  and 
fire  in  every  phase  of  the  world's  history, 
and  touching  on  the  methods  employed  for 
producing  heat  in  the  past,  the  Professor 
explained  that  for  the  generation  of  heat  we 
still  relied  largely  upon  the  combustion,  or 
oxidation,  of  fuels.  He  went  on  to  describe 
some  modern  ideas  for  the  more  com- 
plete consumption  of  fuel,  and  showed  that 
they  had  all  been  in  the  direction  of  obtain- 
ing it  in  a  state  of  extremely  fine 
division,  intimately  mixed  with  the  air. 
Prof.  Bone's  recently  invented  process  of 
surface  combustion  was  exhibited,  also  a 
remarkable  experiment  illustrating  the  com- 
bustion of  petroleum  in  a  Diesel  engine.  In 
this  case  the  oil,  in  the  form  of  a  very  fine 
spray,  is  squirted  into  the  engine  cylinder, 
ami    burns   with   great    rapidity   as  it  enters. 

A  further  application  of  high  temperatures 

was  shown    in  the  oxyaeet  \  lene     jet    for   cut- 

t ing  large  steel  plates. 

Prof.  Jenkin  then  passed  on  to  the  con- 
version of  heal  energy  into  mechanical  work 

in    the    heal    engine,    and    the    properties    of 

the     working     sub-lances     commonly    used, 

in     and    air.       He    pointed     out     that 

Prof.      Callendar'fi       recent      restatement      of 

Carnot'a  theory  of  caloric  was  a  very 
helpful  conception.  According  to  Prof. 
CaUendar,  caloric  and  entropy  a  re  identi- 
cal,   and     may     he     regarded    as    a    fluid. 


Prof.  Jenkin  explained  that  there  aro 
five  properties  of  the  working  substance 
of  a  heat  engine  in  common  use,  and  a  know- 
ledge of  any  two  of  them  is  sufficient  to 
define  the  condition  of  the  stuff.  These 
properties  are  pressure,  volume,  tem- 
perature, caloric  (or  entropy),  and  enthalpy 
(or  total  heat).  He  showed  three-dimen- 
sional wooden  models  which  illustrated  in 
a  graphic  way  the  interrelation  of  any 
three  of  these  properties  ;  and  he  further  ex- 
plained how  the  engineer,  in  calculating  the 
performance  of  a,  heat  engine,  used  plane 
sections  of  these  solid  models  on  which 
measurements  could  more  easily  be  made 

Prof.  Jenkin  then  spoke  of  the  reverse 
process  of  converting  mechanical  work  into 
heat,  and,  particularly,  of  converting 
electrical  energy  into  heat.  Several  types 
of  electric  furnace  were  described,  and  an 
experiment  shown  which  illustrated  the 
latest  invention  in  this  field,  by  Mr.  Ferranti, 
of  an  electric  furnace  in  which  the  undesir- 
able presence  of  electrodes  was  entirely 
avoided  by  making  the  metal  to  be  melted 
itself  the  short-circuited  secondary  winding 
of  an  alternating  current  transformer 

An  important  series  of  monographs  on  phy- 
siology, to  be  edited  by  Prof.  E.  H.  Starling, 
is  announced  by  Messrs.  Longmans.  Each 
work  will  be  in  the  hands  of  an  expert,  and 
will  give  an  account  of  the  direction  and 
tendencies  of  research,  as  well  as  of  the 
present  state  of  knowledge. 

The  following  are  in  preparation  :  '  The 
Involuntary  Nervous  System,"  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Gaskell  ;  '  The  Physiology  of  Reflex  Action,7 
by  Prof.  Sherrington  ;  '  The  Conduction  of 
the  Nervous  Impulse,"  by  Dr.  Keith  Lucas  ; 
'  The  Physiological  Basis  of  the  Action  of 
Drugs,"  bv  Dr.  H.  H.  Dale  ;  '  The  Secretion 
of  Urine,'  by  Prof.  A.  R.  Cushny ;  'The 
Contraction  of  Voluntary  Muscle,'  by  Dr. 
W.  M.  Fletcher  ;  '  The  Cerebral  Mechanisms 
of  Speech,'  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Mott  ;  and  '  The 
Chemical  Mechanisms  of  Integration  in  the 
Animal  Body,'  by  Prof.  Starling. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


Mox. 


'Mr 


Victoria  anil  Albert  Museum.  5.—'  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,' 
Banister  Fletcher. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— '  8urface  Combustion,'  Lecture  I.,  Prof. 

W.  A-  Bone-     (Howard  Lecture.) 
Tubs.    Royal  Institution.  ,3.—' Modern   Ships:   (3)  The  War  Navy," 
Prof.  Sir  J.  H.  Biles. 

—  British    Museum,  4  30.—' The    Artist    Enslaved,'    Mr.  S.  C. 

Kaiues  smith. 

—  Statistical,  '■>.—'  The  8'?.es  of  Businesses,  mainly  in  the  Textile 

Industries,'  Prof.  8.  J.  Chapman  and  Mr.  T.  8.  Ashton. 

—  Musical    Association,  5 15.— '  Progress   and    Pedantry,    some- 

Modern  Problems  for  the  Theorist,'  Mr.  T.  P.  Dunhill. 

—  Institution    of   Civil    Engineers,  8.  —  Adjourned    Discussion, 

'  Kail-Steels  for  Electric  Hallways.'  Papers  :  'Some  Recent 
Developments  in  Commercial  Motor-Vehicles,'  Mr.  T. 
Clarkson  ;  '  Comparative  Economics  of  Tramways  and 
Railless  Electric  Traction,'  Mr.  T.  U.  Gribble. 

—  Zoological.  S  30. 

Win.    Times  Book  Club,  4.—'  Travel  and  Literature.'  Mr.  Max  Pem- 
berton. 

—  Irish  Literary,  4  30.—'  The  Celtic  Woman  and  the  Tribe,'  Mrs. 

Orace  Rhys. 

—  London   Topographical.  4  30.— Annual  Meeting  ;  'London  City 

Churches,  Dr.  P.  Norman. 

—  Society  of  Literature,  5.15.—'  Charlotte  Bronte,'  Prof.  A.  C. 

Benson. 

—  Meteorological,   7  30.—'  Climate  as  tested  by    Fossil  Plants. 

Prof.  A.  0.  Seward. 

—  Entomological,  1  — '  A   Contribution   to   the  Life-History  of 

ldt»  thertita,'  l>r  T.  A.  Chapman. 

—  Folk-Lore.  8.-'  Folk-Lore  of  East  Africa.'  Miss  A    Werner. 

—  St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological.  8.  —  '  A  Norinau  Prayer  Guild.'  Rev. 

J.  K.  Floyer.  „      _    „ 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.-'  House  Flies  and  Disease,    Mr.   E.  H. 

Tin  us.  Royal  Institution,  3.-' Heat  and  Cold.'  Lecture  III..  Prof. 
C.  F.  Jenkin.  _        _   , 

—  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  3  80.— '  Taste,"  Mr.  8.  C.  Kalnes 

Smith.  ,    ,     __ 

_        British    UoMDm.     13".  —  'St.    Bophia.    Constantinople,     Mr. 
Banihter   Kletehei  „         _ 

—  Society    of    Arts.    4  30. —  ' Indian    Water    Gardens,     Mrs.    P. 

Villiers-Stuart.    (Indian  phi 

—  Geographical.:.  -A  Gungraphli  .1  Study  of    Portuguese  East 

Africa  South  of  the  Zambeti,'  Mr    M  <>.  Thleln. 
_        Hjhtoiienl  Mi. tori. «l  Bibliography,    Mr    II.  H.  Tedder. 

—  Royal  NiiiiilHinati.  .  ..        '  tontemporarj  Forgeries  of  Medlara* 

Ik.Ii  Coin*,'  Mr.  II    li.  Barla  Fox. 
_        Institution    ..r     Electrical     Engineers,    8    —Discussion     or* 
'Kteetrli   Battel 

_        Chemical    -  ».— 'Tbalfl "   "(  """"'  Gaseous  Mixtures  by 

n,.     Bli    trli     DIk  h  >»'d.  C.  Cooper. 

,n, I  J   Ja<  ol.. .  mi. I  stow  I'apers. 

iv  ..(  Anil  111  hi.  -.  -  80  ...  v 

Instltul ol   Mechanical    V  -'The  Cheiidoal  and 

M..  Inn"  il  delations  of  IlW  n,  and  C'ai lain.  Profe, 

.1     <>.    Arnold  and    A    A.  Head. 
Viking,   'IS.— '  Result  of  thi     i  .ns  of  St.   Edmunds 

Chapel,  Hunstanton,    Mr   H  Loweriwn 
Royal  Institution,  I  -'  fluid  Motions.'  Lord  it  ij 
Moral     Inst  I  H  nimtnerlcs    in     Physical 

\,    lure  |\      Prof.  Hlr   l    .1    Thomson. 
Irish  Literary,  !  —'The  True  Problem  of  Tudor  Ireland,'  Mr. 
P,  Wilson 


Fin. 


Hm 


386 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


Art  and  Common  Sense.  By  Royal 
Cortissoz.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  7.s.  6d. 
net.) 

Although  we  do  not  find  on  the  title- 
page  of  this  work  the  customary  acknow- 
ledgment to  editors,  it  is  impossible  to 
avoid  the  assumption  that  its  contents 
have  already  appeared  in  the  pages  of 
some  periodicals — probably  the  illustrated 
magazines  with  which  the  Americans  of 
other  dajTs  were  wont  to  educate  them- 
selves. The  republication  of  such  essa}^ 
is  always  a  doubtful  venture.  The 
opinions  of  ten,  even  of  five  years  ago  on 
a  subject  like  art  are  apt  to  appear  pro- 
visional to-day.  Above  all,  such  work 
suffers  from  the  perpetual  demand  made 
upon  the  critic  for  a  definite  verdict. 
When  these  verdicts  are  published  in  the 
permanence  of  "  book-form,"  it  becomes 
patent  to  the  writer  that  no  one  cares 
whether  they  are  just  or  not.  It  is  not 
the  verdict  that  matters,  but  the  reasons, 
and  his  work  becomes  a  contribution  to 
the  literature  of  the  subject  only  in  pro- 
portion as  it  holds  a  new  idea  or  argument, 
even  if  it  be  used  to  support  the  wrong 
side  of  a  quarrel. 

This  limitation,  from  which  journalists 
must  suffer,  and  which  ought  to  warn  them 
against  republication,  falls  especially  heavy 
on  Mr.  Cortissoz,  because  he  seems  to 
have  been  a  person  of  such  reputation  in 
certain  circles  that  his  opinion  on  every 
vexed  question  was  regarded  as  one  of 
light  and  leading.  He  thus  writes  home 
to  America  authoritative  reports  of  what 
he  sees  in  Europe,  appraising  the  work  of 
deceased  painters  as  he  travels  in  Italy  and 
Spain,  or  sees  Ingres's  birthplace  and  the 
museum  there  ;  admiring  Sargent  almost 
unreservedly ;  and  dismissing  the  rest  of 
the  Academy  almost  as  summarily  as  he 
does  the  entire  post-Impressionist  move- 
ment, inquiry  into  which  he  likens  to  the 
action  of  the  man  in  Lord  Bowen's 
familiar  definition  who  "  goes  down  into  a 
cellar  at  midnight  to  look  for  a  black  cat 
that  isn't  there."  We  do  not  say  that 
this  last  opinion  proves  Mr.  Cortissoz  un- 
intelligent, but  it  obviously  limits  what 
he  can  have  to  say  of  interest  on  such 
a  theme  as  Post- Impressionism. 

The  title  of  the  first  essay,  which  gives 
the  title  also  to  the  book,  enables  us  fairly 
to  surmise  what  his  opinion  is  likely  to  be  on 
any  subject ;  he  is  a  prudent  conservative 
of  the  date  of  about  1890-1900,  and  when 
on  p.  323  we  find  him  walking  "  on  the 
outskirts  of  Paris  with  the  late  Philip 
Gilbert  Hamerton,"  we  can  trace  his 
descent  from — surely  one  of  the  greatest 
masters  of  the  obvious  that  ever  lived. 
This  enthusiasm  for  the  literal  truth 
saves  him,  however,  from  the  excesses  of 
most  other  enthusiasms.  He  keeps  his 
head  as  regards  Whistler  and  Rodin,  and 
has  the  wit  to  inquire  concerning  con- 
temporary European  painting :  "  What 
have  the  schools  made  of  the  liberty  of 
which  they  are  so  boastful  ?  "     It  is  true 


that  in  response  the  "  creators  "  whom 
he  adduces  are  MM.  Besnard  and  Henri 
Martin. 

In  his  essay  on  '  The  Magic  of  Mere 
Paint '  we  seem  to  find  a  vein  of  genuine 
critical  relish  for  paint  of  highly  developed 
realistic  suggestion  and  firm  body,  though 
he  avoids  getting  to  such  close  quarters 
in  a  technical  discussion  as  migho  either 
alienate  the  general  reader  or  instruct 
him.  His  sympathies,  moreover,  are  in- 
stinctively with  oil  painting  as  a  semi- 
transparent  medium,  the  word  "  opaque  " 
being  almost  always  used  as  a  reproach. 

Around  this  core  of  real  appreciation 
are  other  expressed  likings — for  the  Im- 
pressionists and  for  the  academic  art  of 
Ingres — which  appear  to  us  to  be  less 
keenly  felt.  Mr.  Cortissoz  forbids  him- 
self pursuit  of  "  the  tempting  issue  as  to 
whether  we  do  not  perhaps  under-estimate 
the  value  of  the  academic  idea."  Yet 
if  he  had  found  it  really  tempting,  we 
cannot  see  it  as  other  than  a  relevant 
inquiry.  Again,  when  contrasting  Ingres 
as  a  draughtsman  with  the  Impressionists 
and  their  discovery  of  the  colour  inherent 
in  light,  he  quotes  the  master's  saying, 
"  Le  dessin  comprend  tout  —  excepte  la 
teinte,"  as  an  example  of  unconscious 
pathos  in  its  admission  of  an  undeniable 
exception.  But  surely  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal achievements  of  Impressionism  was 
to  show  that  the  setting  out  of  a  realistic 
colour-scheme  (wherein  the  colour  reflected 
on  each  plane  is  dictated  by  its  exact 
angle  in  relation  to  the  others  in  the 
picture)  becomes  by  that  very  fact  an 
act  of  draughtsmanship,  and  colour  the 
indispensable  servant  of  draughtsman- 
ship. 


Art     in     Flanders.     By     Max     Rooses. 
(Heinemann,  6s.  net.) 

In  this  handbook  M.  Max  Rooses  traces 
the  development  of  Flemish  art  from  its 
beginnings  to  the  end  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  M.  Rooses,  who  is  Director  of  the 
Plantin-Moretus  Museum  in  Antwerp,  has 
great  knowledge  of  his  subject,  and  has 
made  his  record  most  comprehensive  ;  he 
treats  not  only  of  painting  and  the  kindred 
arts  of  illumination  and  tapestry-designing, 
but  also  of  architecture  and  sculpture. 
There  are,  moreover,  excellent  biblio- 
graphies appended  to  each  chapter,  and 
600  illustrations,  which  render  the  book 
most  valuable  for  purposes  of  reference. 

Beginning  with  the  Romanesque  monu- 
ments of  the  tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth 
centuries,  the  author  reproduces  photo- 
graphs of  the  church  of  St.  Vincent  at 
Soignies  (which  was  begun  as  early  as  965), 
the  Cathedral  at  Ypres,  and  Sainte  Croix 
at  Liege,  while  secular  building  of  the 
period  is  represented  by  the  Chateau  des 
Comtes  at  Ghent.  Passing  to  a  considera- 
tion of  early  illuminated  manuscripts, 
M.  Rooses  treats  at  some  length  a  subject 
of  great  interest ;  for  here  we  have  the 
roots  of  Flemish  painting,  and  we  often 
find  in  these  primitive  miniaturists  an 
emotional  fervour  of  conception  com- 
bined with  a  simplicity  of  execution  which 


is  absent  from  the  art  of  more  accom- 
plished epochs ;  and  thus  it  comes  that 
modern  art,  with  its  tendency  to  subor- 
dinate craftsmanship  to  emotional  and 
spiritual  expression,  is  turning  more  and 
more  to  the  primitive  for  inspiration. 

Chap,  ii.,  which  comprises  the  thir- 
teenth, fourteenth,  and  fifteenth  centuries, 
treats  of  the  transition  from  Romanesque 
to  Gothic,  which  produced  such  charming 
examples  of  church  architecture  as  Notre 
Dame  de  Pamele  at  Audenarde  ;  of  pure 
Gothic  as  shown  in  St.  Martin  at  Ypres 
and  portions  of  Notre  Dame  at  Tongres ; 
and  of  the  later  manifestations  of  the 
style  in  the  singularly  impressive  facade 
of  Ste.  Gudule  at  Brussels,  and  in  the 
Cathedral  at  Antwerp,  with  its  dispro- 
portionate spire,  which  follows  the  various 
transformations  of  Gothic  as  it  rises  to 
the  sky.  M.  Rooses  holds,  however,  that 
the  Flemish  architects  found  their  most 
personal  expression  in  the  great  secular 
buildings  of  the  period  :  the  town  halls  of 
Bruges  and  Brussels,  the  Halle  d'Eau  at 
Bruges,  the  lavishly  ornate  town  hall  at 
Louvain,  and  the  delightful  town  hall  at 
Audenarde. 

This  period  witnessed  the  culmination 
of  the  miniaturists'  art  and  that  golden 
age  of  Flemish  painting  which  produced 
some  of  the  most  marvellous  pictures  in 
the  world  ;  for  to  these  centuries  belong 
the  Van  Eycks,  Robert  Campin,  Rogier 
van  der  Weyden,  Dierick  Bouts,  Hugo 
van  der  Goes,  Memlinc  and  his  pupil 
Gheeraert  David,  Joachim  Patinir  (the 
father  of  the  landscape  painters  of  the 
North),  Jerome  Bosch  with  his  macabre 
imagination,  Quentin  Matsys,  Peter 
Breughel  the  elder  (the  creator  of  modern 
genre  painting),  and  the  innumerable 
petits  rnaitres  whose  names  are  forgotten 
or  unknown.  The  chapter  also  includes 
an  account  of  church  sculpture,  and  the 
achievements  of  the  tapestry  weavers  of 
Arras  and  their  descendants  at  Brussels 
and  other  cities. 

The  history  of  Flemish  art  in  the  six- 
teenth century  is  a  sad  record  of  the 
stultification  of  the  natural  genius  by 
influences  imported  from  Italy.  Here 
and  there  a  name  stands  out.  Mabuse 
(whose  important  '  Adoration  of  the 
Kings '  in  the  National  Gallerv  is  not 
mentioned  by  M.  Rooses)  and  Van  Conix- 
loo  remained  essentially  Flemish  in  spite 
of  their  devotion  to  the  prevailing  fashions, 
and  the  portraits  of  Floris  and  Van  Cleef 
still  retain  the  traditional  directness  of 
vision ;  but  the  real  fire  only  revived  with 
the  advent  of  Rubens. 

To  Rubens,  Van  Dyck,  and  their  school 
M.  Rooses  devotes  the  fourth  chapter. 
He  shows  discrimination  in  reproducing 
an  admirable  drawing  by  Jordaens,  and 
is  appreciative  of  the  adequate,  if  not 
brilliant  talent  of  Sustermans,  and  the 
genial  humour  of  Brouwer  and  Teniers. 

The  eighteenth  centum  was  again  barren, 
and  there  is  little  evidence  of  the  old 
Flemish  genius  in  the  prolific  output  of 
the  late  nineteenth  century  and  our 
own  times.  The  whole  book  is  written  in 
a  scholarly  and  concise  manner,  and  is 
extremely  readable. 


No.  4507,   March  14,  1914 


THE     A  Til  KN.KUM 


387 


THE     LONDON     GROUP. 

This  exhibition  at  the  Goupi]  Gallery  is 
of  unusual  interest  compared  with  the  aver- 
age London  show.  Yet  we  doubt  it  it  really 
justifies  the  creation  of  another  society. 
Would  it  not  have  been  possible  to  find  a 
modus  vivcndi  by  which  its  principal  mem- 
bers went  to  enliven  the  New  English  Art 
Club,  the  older  members  of  which  might 
have   refreshed,    in   their   turn,   the   Royal 

\  ademyj  Things  being  ;1s  they  are,  we 
find  the  men  of  the  newest  schools  surrounded 
by  their  own  more  feeble  adherents,  with  no 
gain  to  unity  of  character  (because  already 
the  exhibition  divides  into  two  main  cate- 
gories of  pictures  mutually  destructive,  yet 
hanging  together  indiscriminately),  but  with 
a  certain  loss  of  gladiatorial  interest.  We 
should  have  liked  an  opportunity  of  compar- 
ing the  attractions  of  the  Cubists,  not  only 
with  colourists  like  Messrs.  Spencer  Gore 
and  Harold  Oilman,  but  also  with  the  more 
definitely  draughtsman's  art  of  Mr.  John, 
or  of  Mr.  Walter  Sickert.  whose  defection 
from  the  London  Group  at  the  eleventh 
hour  is  to  be  deplored. 

The  gladiatorial  interest    is    largely   what 
attracts  the  general  public  to  such  exhibitions 
a-     this.     To     see     Mr.     Harold     Oilman's 
Waterfall.    Xoricay    (3) — a     picture    which, 
according  to  the  painting  traditions  of  yester- 
day,    is     somewhat     violent      in     colour — - 
"  knocked    out  *'     by    Mr.    Edward    Wads- 
worth's  Scherzo  (4),  with  its  more  screaming 
violence   of    pitch,    appeals    to   an   instinct 
which  may  be  decadent   and  brutal  (as  the 
sentimentalist  might  call  it),  or  healthy  and 
virile    (as    Signor   Marinelli   would   have    us 
believe),  but  which  is  in  any  case  a  constant 
factor  in  humanity.     To  indulge  it,  however, 
it  is  obviously  necessary  that  the  exhibition 
should    contain,    not    only    works    like    Mr. 
Wadsworth's,    which    inevitably    extinguish 
any  adjacent  pictures  with  a  notably  narrower 
range  of  colour  or  longer  range  of  intervals, 
but    also    works    like    that   of    Mr.    Oilman, 
which   under    stress    of    such   juxtaposition 
■imps   reduced    to    a    monotonous   slab   of 
dull  slate  colour.      We  do  not  see  why  the 
Oilmans  of  the  future  should  consent  to  be 
thus  butchered  to  make  a  vulgar  holiday — 
the  more  so  as  the  extinction  of  the  picture 
in  the  present  instance  is  purely  ocular  and 
mechanical.     Intellectually,   the     Waterfall, 
Norway,    more   than    holds    its   own.     This, 
doubtless,   is   the   root   of  the   difficulty   as 
between   the   members  of  the  New  English 
Art  Club  and  the  Cubists  and  Futurists.      If 
we  look  back,  we   must   admit   that   here  is 
but  the  final  stacre  of  a  progressive  increase 
of  violence  in   the  use  of  colour  which  has 
been    going  on    for   a    long   time.     We   can 
imagine   Mr.  Wilson    Steer    (whose  complex 
brilliance    of  colour  had  outshone  his  more 
academic     predecessors)      shrinking      from 
proximity    to    Mr.    Oilman's    work,    with    its 
n-'-  01     pigments  as    brilliant     in    intervals 
more  abrupt,  as  from  that  of  a  rival  whose 
superiority   was   one   merely   in    brutality : 
that  was  exactly  what  his  predecessors  said 
of  some  of  his  own  work.     Mr.  Wadsworth, 
unconcerned    by   any   limitation   of  gamut 
imposed    by    the    suggestion    of   an   actual 
of    Nature,    can    push    the    violence 
further, and,  indeed,  to  what  appears  to  be 
the    limit    of    pigment,    though     doubtless 
with    tinsels  more  might  be  done.      We  can- 
not     ourselves      find      these      juxtapositions 

amusing,  and  we  think  it  should  be  a  point 
of    honour    with    Ffanging  Committees    to 

'I    them    as    far    a-    possible.      Were    all 

these  Futurists  and  Cubists  hunt.'  together  in 
a  room  apart,  and  the  other  elements  of  the 
show  gathered  at  some  distance  from  them, 

we    should     have    a     fairer    opportunity    of 

judging  which   room    we   preferred    to     be   in 


— the  more  violent  painting  offering,  cer- 
tainly, a  great   stimulus  to  the  senses,  but 

being  necessarily  rather  monotonous;  while 
tin-  older  art,  by  its  refusal  in  each  picture 
of  certain  of  the  possibilities  of  the  paint-box, 
obviously  gains  in  particularity  and  indi- 
vidual physiognomy. 

The   full   possibilities  of  such   variety  are 
hardly  tested  in  this  exhibition,  the  typical 
Neo  -Realist    being     already    well     on     the 
way  to  painting  every  subject  and  effect  in 
the  same  colours.     Mr.   Spencer  Gore's  The 
Canal  (35)  is  notable,  however,  as  a  survival 
from    an    earlier    school    of    painting    very 
acceptable    in    its    subtlety    and    character. 
Fresher  and  purer  in  colour  than  the  eai'ly 
works  of  Corot,  which    it   recalls  in    its  use 
of   delicately  graded    tertiaries,  it   certainly 
gives  an   ensemble  of  closely  related  tones, 
very    single    in    effect,    and    hardly    to    be 
summed   up   in   fewer   elements.     Our   only 
criticism   concerns  the  intrinsic  delicacy,  to 
which  the  yellowing  of  oil  is  so  dangerous, 
and    the    attractive,  yet    unnecessary    care- 
lessness which  leaves  spots  of  white  canvas 
similarly  open  to  the  modifications  of  time. 
Mr.  Gore  and  Mr.  Gilman  are  evidently  the 
best   among  that   section   of  the   exhibitors 
which  retains  something  of  the  Impressionist 
standpoint.     The  latter  artist's  Eating-House 
(29)  is  sumptuous  in  colour,  and  only  a  little 
inferior  to  the  Waterfall,  the  admirable  com- 
petence of  which  commands  great  respect, 
even   though   it   is  here  put  to  the   service 
of     a     somewhat     commonplace     vision- — a 
vision,    indeed,   almost    identical   with    that 
of   Mr.    Sargent,    though    the    technique    of 
the  painters  may   be   different.     Creditable 
work  in  the  same  school  is  also  shown  bv 
Mr.   Ratcliffe   (7,    10,   and   102);    while  Mr. 
Ginner's    Quai   Duquesne,    Dieppe    (13),  and 
Mr.   Harold   Squire's  Norden  Heath   (5)  use 
with  some  severity  a  more  divisionist  method. 
It    seems    almost    tactless    thus    long    to 
delay  notice  of  a  picture  so  obviously  begging 
for  first  place  as  Mr.   Bomberg's  enormous 
canvas,   In  the  Hold  (67).     It   is  the  most 
entirely  successful  painting  in  the  exhibition, 
and    has    the    attraction    which    belongs    to 
complete  success ;   but  then  it  means   little, 
being  a  well-balanced  design  of  forms  and 
colours  almost  without  significance.     If  we 
imagine  a  welter  of  rectangular  objects  sunk 
in  the  hold  of  a  ship    and  lighted  from  the 
top,  it  is  clear  that  the  tossing  to  and  fro  of 
the  light  from  plane  to  plane  will  result  in  a 
jumble;    that    the    clash    will    be    greatest 
towards  the  middle,  and  will  sink  through 
more   neutral   colour   towards   black   in   the 
corners  ;     that    the   proportion   of   the   con- 
stituent primaries  will  balance  one  another; 
and  that  the  conflict  of  angles  will  also  to 
some  extent  balance.     Mr.  Bomberg's  design 
just  fulfils  these  conditions,  and  we  do  not 
think,  in  this  instance,  the  title  is  a  mysti- 
fication.    Its    interest   is   not  proportionate 
to  its    size,   and   it  appears    to   lack  utility, 
though,  carried  out  in  textiles,  the  enriching 
effect  of  the  perspective  of  folds  might  afford 

a  sufficiently  interesting  design. 

.Mr.  Wadsworth's  Radiation  (33)  would 
also  be  attractive  in  some  textile  form  like 
embroidery,  in  which  the  structural  interest 

of  the  stitching  mighl   justify  the  spreading 

out  over  the  surface  of  a  number  of  shapes 
each    of    rather    individual     character,     With 

little  in  the  waj  of  constructive  principle  to 
bind  them  together.     The  arbitrary  moving 

about,  until  they  make  a  pattern, of  units  of 
form  in  themselves  having  Strong  associa- 
tions is  lere  done  rather  more  acceptably 
than  by  the  Italian  Futurists,  who  probably 
prompted     tie-    experiment.      The    colour    is 

gay  and  daring,  if  it  does  not   quite  reach 

di-.t  inct  ion. 

We  confess  to  real  regret  that  the  besl  ol 
the     English     Cubists    should     be     turning 


futurist     before    our    eyes.     Some    of    Mr. 
Wyndham  Lewis's  works  have  seemed  to  us 

to  justify  to  some  extent  the  claims  of  syn- 
thetic drawing,  and  certainly  to  be  in  this 
respect  examples  of  a  finer  use  of  form  than 
most  of  the  pictures  by  which  they  are 
usually  surrounded.  The  analytic  view  of 
draw  in-  may  be  summed  up  in  Mr.  Sickert \s 
dictum  that  "the  whole  is  the  sum  of  the 
parts."  The  synthesist  says  that  it  is 
nothing  of  the  sort  in  its  essence,  but  con- 
sists in  the  principle  upon  which  those  parts 
are  combined,  and  the  typical  Cubist  sets 
himself  to  offer  a  rendering  of  Nature  in 
which  the  parts  shall  be  entirely  formal,  and 
so  destitute  of  their  natural  character  as  no 
longer  to  compete  in  interest  with  the  funda- 
mental combination  of  a  few  volumes  in- 
geniously interpenetrating  which  are  the 
struct  ural  basis  of  the  theme.  J  f  this  basis  bo 
given — in  whatever  distorted  form — clearly 
and  with  sufficient  particularity,  the  pro- 
gramme may  be  insistent  and  extreme,  but 
it  is  interesting  and  intelligent. 

In  Mr.  Lewis's  latest  works — Nos.  68  and 
78 —  we  are  unable  to  find  any  central 
theme  capable  of  being  thus  read  in 
terms  of  volumes;  and  although  it  is  just 
conceivable  that  this  failure  is  accidental 
(we  found  Mr.  Brzeska's  Alabaster  Group, 
112,  quite  unintelligible  till  a  chance  in- 
spiration revealed  a  pair  of  antlered  deer 
as  the  suggestion  of  the  design),  yet  we  can 
hardly  believe  a  Cubist  of  the  power  of  Mr. 
Lewis  would  fail  to  make  his  forms  clear  if 
he  wished  to  do  so,  though  he  might  leave  us 
doubtful  as  to  what  natural  objects  suggested 
them.  It  appears  to  us  rather  that  the 
artist  has  been  seduced  by  his  furious  mastery 
of  running  line  into  a  purely  arbitrary  design 
on  a  plane,  unfortunately  punctuated  at 
intervals  with  details  so  invincibly  sugges- 
tive of  solid  shapes  that  they  emerge  almost 
as  the  details  emerged  from  the  old-fashioned 
Academy  picture  which  had  no  central 
theme  to  take  precedence  of  them.  This 
does  not,  however,  entirely  submerge  the 
great  merits  of  these  works  as  inspiriting 
gymnastic  exercises.  In  this  capacity  they 
show  a  more  subtle  sense  of  the  demands 
of  the  eye  through  a  great  range  of  eventu- 
alities than  does  Mr.  Bomberg's  meticulous 
marvel  of  boldly  ruled  lines. 

Mr.  Xevinson's  Portrait  of  a  Motorist  (84), 
almost  the  only  example  of  Cubism  left,  is  a 
work  of  some  capacity,  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  The  Non-Sioqj  (23)  by  the  same 
painter.  Here  is  the  dullest  application  of 
the  Futurist  idea  of  flinging  down  un- 
assorted scraps  of  vision,  each  obvious  in 
its  significance,  without  troubling  about  the 
relation  they  may  bear  to  one  another  on 
the  canvas.  We  have  seen  more  extremo 
instances,  of  course,  of  the  carrying  out 
of  such  a  programme.  It  may  reflect  the 
behaviour  of  the  disjointed  sequence  of 
unrelated  impressions  on  the  mind  of  the 
hurried   frequenter  of  motor-buses  and  tho 

like.        But     the    result     is    just     as    silly     as 
would    be   the   ensemble  of    such    impress!, 
if    we  had  no    power  of   grouping,  selecting, 
and  controlling  them. 

There    remain    a    feu    artists    belonging    to 
neither    of     the    groups    already    considered. 

Mr.  Adeney  (34)  shows  a,  a  follower  of 
Cezanne,    with    some    slight     reminiscence, 

perhaps,    of    l'uvis.      .Madame    Cinch    lias    in 

her  large  Jalousie  (I'M)  delightful  passu 
in  the  painting  of  exotic  plants  in  the  back* 
ground—  passages,  perhaps,  over-elaborated 

in  the  number  of  tones  accorded  to  them 
when  we  think  of  the  degree  of  simplifica- 
tion   imposed    upon    the   figure.      Mr.    Harold 

Bund's  Life  under  Water  (97),  a  quite  un- 
pretentious   panel    suitable    for    a    nursery 

decoration,  i-,  one  ol  the  most  charming 
feat  or'  J  Of  1  li'-    -how  . 


388 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


PAINTINGS     AND     DRAWINGS 
BY   MR.    R.    IHLEE. 

Mr.  Ihlee's  collection  of  work  at  the 
<  'arfax  Gallery  is  far  above  what  we  are 
accustomed  to  in  "  one-man  shows,"  and  is 
-especially  acceptable  because  the  qualities 
of  patient,  delicate  workmanship  which  he 
displays  are  so  rare  among  the  younger 
generation  of  painters.  As  a  colourist  he 
has  one  scheme  which  he  has  felt  rather 
keenly,  and  which  he  utilizes  in  subjects  of 
a  few  figures  and  a  setting  of  broken  earth  : 
a,  scheme  of  purples  and  greens  scumbled  in 
ingenious  pattern  on  a  brown  ground,  the 
figures  relieving  in  larger  masses  of  flatter 
colour.  In  his  large  pictures,  The  God- 
less One  (9)  and  the  still  better  In  the 
■Country  (18),  he  uses  this  scheme  with  con- 
siderable decorative  sense  and  a  poetic 
sentiment  which  is  charming,  if  not  very 
robust.  Outside  this  colour  -  scheme  his 
painting  is  inclined  to  be  black,  with  suddenly 
■emergent  and  intrusive  notes  of  raw  pig- 
ment. Behind  the  Garage  (14)  is  the  most 
obvious  instance,  because  it  is  purely  a 
study  from  Nature,  and  not  complicated  by 
the  difficulties  which  beset  an  artist  in  works 
of  greater  invention,  such  as  No.  5,  Le  Bon 
Dieu  sort  de  VEglise,  or  No.  30,  The  Well, 
in  which  a  Pre-Raphaelite  conception  of 
colour  is  used  by  an  essentially  modern 
draughtsman  in  a  way  which  rather  hinders 
him  in  the  latter  capacity. 

Mr.  Ihlee"s  admirable  drawings  shown  in 
a  previous  exhibition  in  the  same  gallery 
find  worthy  followers  in  Nos.  8,  15,  19,  and 
20.  These  show  an  elasticity  by  the  side 
of  which  his  pictures  look  rather  like 
compilations.  In  the  Country  is  the  most 
notable  exception  to  this,  the  figures — clearly 
.subordinate  to  the  interesting  form  of  the 
land,  which  is  the  main  theme — being  admir- 
ably in  place  and  interesting  in  character. 
Here  unity  of  feeling  and  execution  is 
attained  by  abandoning  most  of  the  store 
of  accomplishment  which  we  admired  in 
Mr.  Ihlee's  drawings,  and  he  becomes  an 
idyllic  painter,  rather  negative  and  timid, 
but  entirely  charming.  The  dramatic  power 
of  many  of  his  drawings  is  as  yet  not  effective 
in  his  painting  ;  when  he  tries  to  utilize 
it,  it  is  apt  to  be  an  intrusion. 


OTHER    EXHIBITIONS. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  Mr.  S.  J.  Peploe 
handles  the  Post  -  Impressionist  convention 
of  strong  colour  in  heavily  marked  outline 
with  pleasantness  and  decorum,  if  with- 
out much  variety  of  inspiration.  The 
Harbour,  Cassis  (12),  and  Street,  Evening 
{!),  are  among  the  best  examples,  but  none 
is  ill-chosen.  No.  3,  Champs  Elysees,  seems 
a  relic  of  an  earlier  manner,  and  is  more 
subtly  suggestive  than  the  others. 

In  the  Bull-fighting  subjects  in  the  same 
gallery  Senor  Roberto  Domingo  is  inclined 
to  be  common  in  colour,  though  he  shows 
much  cleverness  in  using  it.  They  have 
almost  all  of  them — Nos.  28  and  34  in  par- 
ticular— the  look  of  being  as  literally  truthful 
in  character  as  photographs,  and  that  in 
subjects  of  such  extraordinary  picturesque- 
ness  is  an  attraction. 

At  the  Fine  Art  Society  are  some  indif- 
ferent presentments  of  Nijinsky  by  Messrs. 
Sargent,  Jacques  Blanche,  Glyn  Philpot, 
and  others,  the  colour  -  study  by  the  last 
named  being,  perhaps,  the  best,  but  hardly 
pretending  to  portraiture.  Mr.  Spencer 
Watson's  paintings  show  a  somewhat  diffuse 
and  miscellaneous  cleverness.  He  seems  to 
have  sufficient  adaptability  to  learn  a  little 
from  every  one,  but  to  lack  the  definite 
direction    needed    for    pushing    home    any 


requirement  quite  severely.  Thus  in  No.  39, 
Hawking,  we  find  an  actual  jumble  of  two 
ways  of  thinking. 

Among  the  water-colours  of  Mr.  Reginald 
Smith  (still  at  the  Fine  Art  Society's 
galleries)  are  one  or  two  drawings,  such  as 
Nos.  10,  45,  and  58,  which  show  competent 
use  of  a  well-worn  convention. 

Mrs.  McClintock's  water-colours  at  the 
Dudley  Galleries  are  often  forcible  and  well 
constructed  (see  Nos.  24,  30,  38,  and  48). 
Clever  —  perhaps  too  consciously  clever  — 
they  have  the  air  of  being  by  one  of  Mr. 
Brangwyn's  more  capable  students. 


fint  ]Vrt  (gossip. 

The  public  still  lacks  the  details  which 
are  really  important  as  to  the  damage  done 
to  the  Rokeby  '  Venus.'  The  press  has,  of 
course,  informed  us  that  the  commercial 
value  of  the  painting  has  been  lowered  by 
something  like  10,000?.  What  serious  people 
want  to  know  is  how  far  the  necessary 
restoration  will  damage  the  technique  of  a 
master.  If  the  '  Venus '  can  be  restored 
without  grave  injury  to  that,  its  value  for 
students  and  artists  will  not  be  sensibly 
reduced.  It  seems  likely  that  the  compara- 
tively fictitious  value  of  the  picture  led  to 
its  being  singled  out  for  insensate  attack  by 
a  Suffragette. 

In  view  of  the  continued  interest  shown 
by  students  and  the  public  in  the  collection 
of  Japanese  colour-prints  lent  to  the  Vic- 
toria and  Albert  Museum  by  Mr.  R.  Leicester 
Harmsworth,  and  exhibited  in  Rooms  71-3, 
it  has  been  decided,  with  Mr.  Harmsworth's 
consent,  to  extend  the  period  of  exhibition 
until  the  end  of  June. 

The  Commission  for  Education  and  Fine 
Arts  at  the  French  Chamber  is  now  discussing 
a  Copyright  Bill  by  which  works  of  art  will 
be  protected  as  well  as  literary  works.  The 
Bill  recognizes  a  proprietary  right  in  all 
paintings,  drawings,  engravings,  sculptures, 
&c,  put  up  for  sale  in  the  lifetime  of  the 
artist,  who  will  be  entitled  to  a  sum  varying 
from  1  to  4  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  the 
sales.  For  fifty  years — to  run  from  the  death 
of  the  artist — the  copyright  will  be  vested 
in  his  legatees. 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  the  coloured 
poster  of  the  Eleventh  International  Art 
Exhibition,  to  be  held  in  Venice  this  year. 
The  effective  design,  by  Augusto  Sezanne, 
represents  the  Rialto  Bridge,  on  which  are 
flying  the  red  and  gold  banners  of  St.  Mark. 

On  Friday  of  last  week  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  unveiled  at  Birmingham  a  bronze 
statue  of  Dr.  Charles  Gore,  the  first  Bishop 
of  the  city,  now  Bishop  of  Oxford.  It 
stands  in  St.  Philip's  Churchyard,  near  the 
west  front  of  the  Cathedral,  and  is  the  work 
of  Mr.  Stirling  Lee.  The  Bishop  is  repre- 
sented in  his  Convocation  robes,  standing, 
his  left  hand  holding  his  pastoral  staff,  and 
his  right  uplifted  in  the  act  of  benediction. 

Dr.  Philip  Norman  will  deliver  an  address 
on  London  City  Churches,  illustrated  by 
lantern -slides,  at  the  Annual  General  Meeting 
of  the  London  Topographical  Society,  to  be 
held  at  Burlington  House  on  Wednesday 
next. 

Prof.  Naville  sent  to  The  Times  re- 
cently a  description  of  the  latest  dis- 
covery made  by  the  Egypt  Exploration 
Fund  in  the  Osireum — no  less,  it  is  believed, 
than  the  tomb  itself  of  Osiris.  It  is  a 
chamber  absolutely  empty,  and  the  texts 
painted  on  the  wall  bear  witness  to  its 
character. 

The  Chinese  Government  have  consented 
to  the  demolition  of  that  part  of  the  walls  of 
Nanking  which  fronts  the  river.     The  walls 


of  Nanking  count  among  the  architectural 
wonders  of  China,  equal  in  massiveness  and 
dignity  to  those  of  Pekin,  and,  with  their 
twenty  miles  of  circumference,  far  surpassing 
them  in  extent.  Along  most  of  the  top  two 
carriages  can  easily  drive  abreast,  and  in 
several  places  their  height  is  from  60  ft.  to 
80  ft.  They  were  completed  in  1390  by  the 
great  Hungwu,  founder  of  the  Ming  dynasty. 

In  consenting  to  a  partial  demolition  the 
Government  is  yielding  to  representations 
on  the  part  of  the  authorities  of  Kiangsu, 
influenced  by  the  merchants  of  the  place, 
who  profess  a  fear  that  the  city,  with  its 
walls  intact,  may  serve  as  an  all  too  effec- 
tive stronghold  for  rebels,  and  a  hope  that 
their  commerce  will  benefit  by  easier  com- 
munication with  the  river. 

The  commerce  of  Nanking  is,  however, 
insignificant,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  Nan- 
king is  the  natural  guardian  of  the  Yangtsze 
Valley,  the  weakening  of  which  seems  a 
questionable  measure.  What  strikes  the 
outsider  as  much  more  lamentable  is  the 
destruction  of  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
and  beautiful  of  the  antiquities  of  China. 


PICTURE    SALE. 


On  Friday,  the  6th  inst.,  at  Messrs.  Christie's, 
some  -good  prices  were  realized  for  Old  Masters, 
works  by  F  Bol  and  W.  van  de  Velde  fetching 
over  2,000Z.  each. 

estThe  following  pictures  were  from  the  Gomm 
Collection  :  L.  Backhuysen,  The  Port  of  Amster- 
dam, 525Z.  ;  A  Coast  Scene,  three  figures  on  a 
mound,  watching  a  fishing-boat  coming  ashore 
on  a  sandy  beach,  a  man-of-war  beyond,  525Z. 
P.  Bol,  Portrait  of  a  Young  Lady,  in  crimson 
bodice,  with  dark  cloak  held  in  front  by  her 
left  hand  ;  wearing  a  large  crimson  hat  with 
white  feather,  2.205Z.  Rembrandt,  Portrait  of  an 
Old  Man,  in  dark  dress  trimmed  with  fur,  and 
with  white  ruff  ;  some  books  and  papers  seen  on 
the  left,  997?.  10s.  S.  Scott,  A  View  on  the 
Thames  at  Westminster,  the  bridge  in  course  of 
construction,  346Z.  10s.  ;  A  View  of  Old  London 
Bridge,  367Z.  10s.  D.  Teniers,  A  Village  Scene, 
before  a  building  on  the  left  a  peasant  holding 
a  spade,  a  woman  scouring  a  pot,  and  another 
woman  coming  through  a  doorway  ;  on  the  right, 
a  peasant  driving  cows,  2101.  W.  van  de  Velde, 
A  Fleet  at  Anchor,  a  calm,  with  a  man-of-war 
on  the  left  having  her  sails  furled,  and  a  small 
boat  full  of  people  alongside  of  her  ;  other  vessels 
at  various  distances,  2,625Z.  ;  Vessels  in  a  Calm, 
on  the  left  a  ship  of  war,  with  all  her  sails  hanging 
loose  on  the  yards,  firing  a  salute,  630Z.  ;  A 
Stormy  Sea,  in  the  centre  a  yacht  with  four  flags, 
336Z.  ;  A  Fishing-Boat  putting  out  to  Sea,  231Z. 

The  remainder  were  from  different  properties. 
Drawings  :  J.  E.  Liotard,  Mrs.  Ann  Fisher, 
in  bright-blue  satin  cape,  and  black  hat  over  a 
white  lace  cap,  2731.  D.  Gardner,  Anthony, 
fifth  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  when  a  boy,  in  white 
Van  Dyck  costume,  seated  on  a  terrace,  pastel, 
189Z.  J.  Russell,  Mrs.  Rowe,  in  white  muslin 
dress,  with  mauve  sash,  holding  a  golden  lyre, 
pastel,  157?.  10s.  M.  Schongauer,  St.  Agnes, 
pen  and  ink,  102Z.  15s. 

Pictures  :  J.  van  Goyen,  Old  Buildings  near  a 
Pool,  241Z.  10s.  A.  Brauwer,  The  Interior  of  a 
Tavern,  a  group  of  boors  seated  round  a  table, 
merrymaking ;  the  nearest,  in  a  pink  coat, 
holds  up  a  stoneware  jug  in  his  hand,  1.974Z. 
Raeburn,  Rev.  Robert  Walker,  D.D.,  in  black 
coat  and  knee-breeches,  skating  on  a  lake,  546Z. 
B.  Bellotto,  A  View  of  Turin,  378Z.  A.  van  der 
Neer,  A  River  Scene,  Sunset,  buildings  among  trees 
on  either  bank,  420Z.  J.  Opie,  Miss  Dee,  in  dress 
cut  low  at  the  neck  and  edged  with  white  muslin, 
997Z.  10s.  T.  Hudson,  Admiral  Charles  Watson 
with  his  Son,  the  Admiral  in  uniform,  walking, 
in  a  landscape  ;  his  young  son,  in  Oriental  costume, 
standing  before  him,  430Z.  10s.  Reynolds, 
Henrietta  Catherine,  daughter  of  Stephen  Croft, 
and  wife  of  N.  Cholmley,  leaning  her  right  elbow 
on  a  pedestal,  252Z.  ;  Maria  Christina,  Lady 
Arundell,  in  rich  dress  and  crimson  cloak,  carry- 
ing her  coronet  in  her  right  hand,  420Z.  ;  Henry, 
eighth  Baron  Arundell,  in  embroidered  surcoat  with 
crimson  coat,  leaning  his  right  arm  on  a  pedestal, 
on  which  is  his  coronet,  304Z.  10s.  ;  Mary,  Lady 
Arundell,  in  white  dress,  and  crimson  cloak 
trimmed  with  ermine,  standing  by  a  gilt  console- 
table,  on  which  is  her  coronet,  525Z.  ;  Henry, 
seventh  Baron  Arundell,  in  embroidered  surcoat, 
resting  his  left  arm  on  a  stone  pedestal,  on 
which  is  his  coronet,  304Z.  10s. 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


389 


MUSIC 


Early  Bodleian  Music  :  Lit  rod  net  ion  to 
the  Study  of  some  of  the  Oldest  Lot  in 
Musical  Manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian 
Library.  Oxford.  By  Edward  Williams 
Byron  Xieholson.   (Novello  &  Co..  3/.  3s.) 

In  hi*  Preface  the  author  (whose  death 
occurred  in  March,  1012)  states  that 

'■  this  volume  is  the  complement  to  the 
splendid  collection  of  "  Early  Bodleian 
Music  "  produced  by  the  late  Sir  John 
Stainer  with  the  assistance  of  his  son, 
Mr.  J.  F.  B.  Stainer.  his  daughter,  Miss  C. 
Stainer,  and  myself." 

He  gives  only  the  most  important  ex- 
amples of  neum-writing  up  to  the  end  of 
the  eleventh  century,  and  such  twelfth 
century  examples  written  in  England  as 
supply  links  in  the  history  of  English 
notation.  Even  so  the  work  has  been 
laborious. 

Of  the  time  occupied  by  his  task  he 
supplies  a  good  idea  when  he  says  : 
"  I  fear  to  guess  how  many  weeks,  or 
rather  months,  MS.  Bodley  775  has  cost 
me." 

Of  these  "  important  "  manuscripts 
we  note  one  or  two.  Bodley  572  — 
the  contents  of  which  were  written  during 
the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  partly  in 
or  near  Brittany,  partly  in  Cornwall 
— is  interesting  because  it  came  most 
probably  into  the  Bodleian  Library  from 
Canterbury,  where  Sigeric  of  Glaston- 
bury lie  came  Archbishop  in  990.  His 
promotion  from  Glastonbury  to  St.  Augus- 
tine's is  the  only  one  on  record  ;  and  we 
are  told  that,  '  bej-ond  any  reasonable 
doubt."'  the  Canterbury  monasteries  got 
their  MSS.  of  this  kind  from  Glastonbury. 
Sigeric  became  Abbot  of  St.  Augustine's 
in  980.  and  from  a  curious  mark — the 
meaning  of  which  is  explained — in  a 
Paschal  table  in  the  MS.  in  question 
Mr.  Xieholson  inferred  that  the  table  was 
written  "  after  Easter,  980,  and  before 
Easter.  981."     The  neums  in  it  are,  how- 

•r,  of  the  eleventh  century. 

Many  pages  are  devoted  to  MS.  775, 
which  consists  of  three  MSS.  bound  up 
together.  The  first  (A)  is  a  Winchester 
Troper,  the  third  (C)  a  Winchester  Proser, 
and  the  second  (B),  written  Liter,  a  Win- 
chesl  S  quentiarv.  The  contents  show 
that  it  is  a  Winchester  book,  and  the 
writings  of  A  and  ('  are  by  typical 
Winchester  hands.  Judging  from  saints 
named  in  the  litanies  of  A.  Mr.  Xiehol- 
son believed  their  source  to  be  Poitiers  or 
Tours.  His  reasons,  and  his  answers  to 
the  objections  of  the  Rev.  B.  Bannister — 
an  authority  in  liturgical  matters,  and 
one  for  whom  Mr.  Nicholson  had  the 
highest  regard— are  too  lengthy  to  give, 
hut  they  certainly  seem  to  justify  his 
opinion.  No  Tours  Troper  is  known  to 
exist,  hut  certain  evidence  adduced  gives 
weight  to  Mr.  Nicholson's  contention  that 
'"with  tin--.-  results  it  i-i  impossible  for 
in <■  to  doubt  that  the  basilica  of  St.  Martin 
outside  Tours  waa  a  great  centre  of  mu 
composition,  whence  tropes  not  only  for 
Martin  hut  for  other  saints  were  obtained 
Martinian    foundations,  and  from   tl 


foundations  borrowed  by  a  tew  others  in 
local  contact  or  communication  with   them." 

"  Let  us  next  enquire,"  says  Mr.  Nichol- 
son, "  how  and  when  a  Tours  Troper 
reached  Winchester."  There  seems  strong 
cumulative  evidence  in  favour  of  there 
having  been  a  book,  but  no  actual  proof ; 
even  Mr.  Nicholson  speaks  of  "  the  Tours, 
or  a  copy  of  it."  His  arguments,  how- 
ever, are  interesting,  especially  what  he 
says  about  .Ethelstan's  sisters  married  to 
the  King  of  France  and  the  Duke  of  Paris. 
One  verse  of  an  '  Alleluia,'  he  adds, 
"leaves  me  in  no  doubt  that  it  originates 
at  Tours  itself." 

In  C  there  is  a  Prose  relating  to  the 
death  of  Martin  which  "  looks  very 
much  as  if  written  by  a  Tours  canon  in 
the  period  shortly  preceding  885,"  when 
the  canons  took  the  saint's  body  from  his 
sepulchre  in  the  basilica  to  a  safer  place. 
Further  and  strong  evidence  is  given 
showing  how  a  so-called  Germanus  Prose 
was  intimately  connected  with  St.  Martin 
or  with  the  community  of  the  basilica 
outside  Tours.     But  we  must  pass  on. 

The   titles  of  tunes  in  B  (the  Sequen- 

tiary)  are  longer  than  in  C.     The  compiler 

of  C  was  evidently  working  with  B  before 

him,  for  they  are  shortened.     Here  is  one 

out  of  fourteen,  by  way  of  illustration  : — 

The  Se<iuentiary  (B).         The  Proser  (C). 
Beatus  vir  Stephanus.  Beatus  vir. 

The  following  explanation  will  help 
readers  : — 

"  The  musical  difference  between  the 
Proser  and  the  Sequentiary  is  this  :  the 
former  gives  the  tunes  over  the  words, 
the  latter  gives  only  the  tunes." 

There  is  one  very  important  fact  to  men- 
tion. In  the  Tours  Sequentiary  there 
are  titles  corresponding  to  those  of  13 
of  the  37  tunes  to  which  Notker  wrote. 
Notker  died  in  912,  and  the  titles  of  almost 
all  these  tunes  "  suggest  that  they  were 
borrowed,  and  not  composed  by  him." 
Hence  we  have  in  A  and  C  and  B 

"  a  body  of  music  not  only  absolutely  inde- 
pendent of  Xotker,  but  anterior  to  him — 
reaching  back  how  far  no  one  knows." 

In  the  Sequentiary  we  find  the  tune  of 
the  '  Candida  Planctus  Cigni '  ('  Plaint  of 
the  White  Swan'),  and  in  Owe  have  both 
tune  and  words.     It  begins  thus  : — 

Let  the  children  complain  with  one  bewailing 

Of  the  winged  swan  which  crossed  the  water  plains. 

The  poem  is  in  a  secular  spirit,  but  it  was 

adapted  to  sacred  purposes.     One  writer 

describes  it  as  an  allegory  of  the  Fall  of 

Man.  Another  lune, '  Greca Pulchra '  ('  The 

Pretty  Creek  Girl,'  or  Melody  ?),  has  been 

set  in  a  Cambridge  MS.   to  sacred  words. 

Thus  in  those  early  days  secular  music 

was  pressed,  as  formerly,  and  even  now, 

into  the  service  of  the  Church. 

Much  more    could    be  said    about   other 

MSS.  described,  but  we  must  confine  our 
remarks   to  that  form  of  the  stave  with 

which    the    name    of     Cuido     of     AreZKO 

is  commonly  associal  d.  Our  author 
quotes Rockstro's  statement  in  the  second 
edition  of  Grove's'  Did  ionary,1  thatGuido's 
claim  to  the  invention  of  lines  and  spaces 
supported  by  trery  strong  evidence 
indeed  hut  Mr.  Nicholson  has  ht t le 
trouble  in  showing  that  it  is  very  weak. 


The  staff  was  begun  with  two  lines 
(red  and  yellow)  before  Guido's  time  ; 
of  the  other  two,  black  ones,  it  can 
only  be  said  that  they  are  attributed  to 
Cuido. 

In  regard  to  the  interpretation  of  the 
neums  before  lines  gave  some  help 
there  are  many  difficulties  :  signs,  marks, 
letters  of  which  the  meaning  is  unknown  or 
doubtful.  In  many  instances  the  neums 
were  probably  a  rough  kind  of  shorthand 
for  the  singers  to  remember  what  the 
priest  had  taught  them. 

The  volume  ends  with  seventy-one 
magnificent  facsimiles,  notable  for  clear- 
ness. 


Jftustral  (Bossip. 

Herr  Julius  Schroder  gave  a  concert 
last  Monday  evening  at  Queen's  Hall.  The 
one  novelty — for,  having  been  performed 
only  once  at  the  Crystal  Palace  Saturday 
Concerts  in  1896,  it  was  probably  new  to 
most  of  the  audience — was  a  Symphony  by 
Herr  Christian  Shading,  whose  songs,  piano- 
forte pieces,  and  chamber  music  are  much 
in  favour.  The  Symphony  shows  skill  and 
earnestness,  but  of  the  four  movements 
the  opening  one  and  the  Finale  are  the 
least  satisfactory.  The  themes  are  good, 
but  there  is  something  formal  in  their 
development,  something  which  savours  of 
effort  rather  than  inspiration.  This  is 
especially  the  case  in  the  Finale.  Pleasing 
touches  are  to  be  found  in  the  Andante, 
although  the  scoring  is  at  times  heavy ; 
and  the  Scherzo  has  character  and  rhythmic 
life.  We  could  discover  no  special  reason 
for  reviving  the  work,  the  composer 
having  since  achieved  success  only  in 
works  of  small  compass.  Herr  Schroder  is 
a  painstaking  conductor,  and  he  seemed 
bent  on  rendering  full  justice  to  the  work, 
which  was  performed  by  the  excellent 
Queen's  Hall  Orchestra  ;  he  therefore  would 
do  well  to  follow  the  advice  of  one  of  the 
Seven  Wise  Men  :  n-qSev  ayav.  Wagner 
songs  were  tastefully  sung  by  Madame 
Gerhardt,  who  was  not,  however,  in  her 
best  voice. 

Senor  Pablo  Casals  appeared  at  the 
second  Classical  Concert  last  Wednesday 
evening,  and  played  with  his  accustomed 
skill  and  understanding  a  Suite  written  by 
Bach  for  a  five-Stringed  instrument-  a 
Viola  Pomposa — which  he  is  said  to  have 
invented.  This  Suite  was  arranged  by 
Griitzmarm  for  'cello.  The  numerous  re- 
peats render  the  Suite  rather  long,  and  might 
well    he   omitted.      They    were   customary    in 

Bach's  time,  and  even  Beethoven's,  and  in 
works    of    large    compass    once    served    a 

definite  purpose  ;    but  many  of  those  marked 

l>v  Beethoven  an'  now  property  omitted. 
Miss  Jelly  von  Aranyi  and  Mr.  !•'.  S.  Kelly 
offered  a  sound  reading  of  Brahms  -  ex] 
sive  Sonata  in  [a  for  violin  and  pi. him.  but 
the  violinist  was  the  more  sympathetic 
interpreter. 

A  oonoebt  was  given  the  same  evening 
by  Hen-  Franz  Liebich  at  the  /ESolian 
Hall,  the  music  being  bj  mod,  m  French 
and     Hungarian     compost  There    were 

tu ,,  Elegit  ^  for  piano,  one  by  Bela 
Bart6k,  the  other  bj  Z61tan  Kodalj  : 
;,i  ,,  a  Sonata  for  cello  and  piano  by  the 
latter.  An  introductory  note  bj  Mrs.  Franz 
I.,,  l .icft  explained  '  heA  the  two  an  i-i  -  just 
i ,  ,i,i  ioned     had     fret  d     I  tungai  ian     mu 

,ui     thai      of     the     e\ot  IC     L'i|,-\  .     I  lie     ah,  n 
(  .,  i man,     and      the     giant       per  "iialit  les      of 

\\  agner    and      Liszt.         In    these    B 


390 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


"  classical  in  form,  though  difficult  at  first 
hearing,"  and  in  the  Sonata  folk-tunes  thus 
clarified  are  "  tightly  cemented."  One  of 
several  songs  sung  by  Madame  May  Cole- 
man was  quite  clear  in  rhythm  and  tonality, 
but  as  regards  the  rest  of  the  pieces  Mrs. 
Liebich  seems  right  in  saying  that  "  to  meet 
with  the  needed  sympathetic  response  their 
peculiar  phraseology  must  be  familiarized 
to  the  listener."  The  continual  change  of 
time  and  rhythm,  and  the  indefinite  tonality 
made  it  impossible  to  form  any  definite 
opinion  respecting  this  purified  Hungarian 
music. 

Mb.  Plunket  Gbeene  gave  one  of  his 
interesting  and  instructive  song  recitals  at 
the  iEolian  Hall  on  the  5th  inst.  There  are 
two  points  to  note.  One,  and  the  more 
important,  is  the  large  space  accorded  to 
British  contemporary  composers,  and  to 
traditional  airs  arranged  by  British  com- 
posers, whose  knowledge  of,  and  love  for, 
such  music  is  well  known.  The  other  is  the 
absence  of  novelties.  Mr.  Greene,  of  course, 
does  not  object  to  them  on  principle,  but 
now  and  again  a  programme  without  any  is 
not  unpleasant,  and  certainly  welcome  to 
the  public.  Mr.  S.  Liddle  at  the  piano 
added  to  the  success  of  the  evening. 

Dr.  Charles  Harriss  has  returned  to 
London  from  his  home  in  Ottawa  for  the 
rehearsals  of  the  Imperial  Choir. 

The  concert  given  by  the  Oriana  Madrigal 
Society  at  Queen's  Hall  last  Tuesday  evening 
was  of  interest.  The  opportunities  of  hear- 
ing Mr.  Frederick  Delius's  '  Sea  Drift,'  pro- 
duced at  the  Sheffield  Festival  of  1908 
under  the  direction  of  Sir  Henry  J.  Wood, 
are  indeed  rare.  In  this  work  the  com- 
poser has  created  a  mood  in  agreement 
with  the  words  ;  and  in  such  a  matter  he  is 
strong.  In  the  solo  part,  Avell  rendered  by 
Mr.  Thorpe  Bates,  he,  however,  seems  in  his 
earnestness  to  have  forgotten  that  it  is  un- 
comfortable for  the  singer,  and,  although 
the  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra  jolayed  with  all 
care,  Mr.  Kennedy  Scott,  the  conductor, 
was  unable,  probably  owing  to  insufficient 
rehearsal,  to  obtain  the  necessary  lights  and 
shades  and  balance  with  the  choir.  Mr. 
Delius's  harmonies  are  so  individual  that 
the  least  exaggeration  of  tone  or  the  reverse 
might  easily  convey  a  wrong  impression. 
Later  in  the  evening  the  composer's  short 
orchestral  piece,  '  On  Hearing  the  First 
Cuckoo  in  Spring,'  was  played,  and  with  good 
effect.  The  music  gains  on  acquaintance; 
it  is  a  charming  tone-poem,  and  of  just  the 
right  length. 

Mr.  Balfour  Gardiner's  impressive  setting 
for  chorus  and  orchestra  of  Mr.  Edward 
Carpenter's  '  April  '  was  admirably  sung.  Mr. 
Gustav  von  Hoist's  setting  of  Prof.  Gilbert 
Murray's  '  Hymn  to  Dionysus,'  for  female 
chorus  and  orchestra,  is  clever  and  quaint. 
He  has  tried,  not  to  imitate,  since  Greek 
music  is  virtually  lost,  but  to  create  a  certain 
Greek  atmosphere.  The  work  was  conducted 
by  the  composer.  The  concert  ended  with 
some  delightful  North-country  folk-tunes, 
arranged  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Wh'ittaker,  and 
given  under  his  direction. 

The  season  at  Co  vent  Garden  came  to  an 
end  last  Tuesday,  when  '  Parsifal  '  was  per- 
formed for  the  fourteenth  time.  During  the 
summer  season,  which  opens  on  April  20th, 
the  German  section  will  include  the  '  Ring ' 
cycle,  which  Herr  Nikisch  will  conduct, 
and  possibly  one  or  two  performances  of 
'  Parsifal '  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Albert 
Coates. 

A  new  Quartet  by  Sir  Charles  Stanford 
will  be  produced  by  the  Wessely  Quartet 
this  afternoon  at  Bechstein  Hall. 

Miss  Kathleen  Schlesinger  will  deliver 
a  lecture  on    '  Harmonics,  the  Basis  of  the 


Evolution  of  Music  and  Musical  Instru" 
merits,'  on  the  21st  inst.,  at  Mr.  Chilten's 
studio,  9,  Hart  Street,  Bloomsbury,  at  3.30. 

Mrs.  Angelena  Frances  Clarke,  whose 
will  has  recently  been  proved,  has  bequeathed 
to  Southwark  Cathedral  a  sum  sufficient  to 
produce  601.  a  year  for  the  support  of  two 
singing  boys  to  be  called  "  the  Clarke 
Chanters."  Each  boy,  so  long  as  he  con- 
tinues a  chanter,  is  to  have  101.  a  year  paid 
to  him  in  cash,  and  201.  a  year  set  aside,  to 
accumulate  for  him  as  a  fund  towards  the 
cost  of  his  education  after  he  has  ceased  to 
be  a  chanter.  Each  chanter  is,  while  singing, 
to  wear  round  his  neck  a  rose-coloured  ribbon 
upon  which  is  hung  a  badge  designed  by 
Mr.  E.  R.  Dalrymple  of  the  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum,  one  of  the  executors. 

There  will  be  a  Municipal  Festival  at 
Brighton,  November  10th  to  13th  ;  but  Mr. 
Lyell  -  Tayler,  the  municipal  conductor,  is 
anxious  that  other  English  conductors  (Sir 
Frederick  Bridge  and  Sir  Henry  J.  Wood, 
Messrs.  Thomas  Beecham  and  Laiidon 
Ronald)  should  be  connected  with  the 
Festival,  and  so  will  take  no  active  part. 

In  1912  Mr.  Basil  Hindenberg  was  ap- 
pointed conductor  of  the  newly  organized 
municipal  orchestra  at  Torquay,  and  in  1913 
a  successful  Wagner  Centenary  Festival  was 
held,  the  orchestra  being  increased  for  the 
occasion.  A  second  festival  will  take  place 
next  month,  at  which  an  early  work  by 
Igor  Stravinsky  will  be  performed,  a  Sym- 
phony in  e  flat. 

Mr.  Arthur  Hervey,  who  has  contri- 
buted attractive  tone-pictures  to  provincial 
festivals  (Cardiff,  Norwich,  and  Brighton)  and 
composed  many  songs  and  violin  pieces,  has 
written  an  opera,  '  Ilona,'  of  which  a  series 
of  performances  for  various  charities  is  to 
be  given  in  May  at  a  West -End  theatre.  A 
one-act  opera,  'The  Fairy's  Post  Box,'  has 
been,  we  believe,  his  only  contribution  to  the 
stage. 

'  Le  Timbre  d'Argent,'  M.  Saint-Saens's 
first  opera,  was  produced  at  the  Paris 
Theatre  Lyrique  in  1877,  the  same  year  in 
which  his  '  Samson  et  Dalila  '  was  given 
at  Weimar,  but  only  the  latter  achieved 
success.  The  composer  is,  however,  of  opinion 
that  the  public  has  never  duly  appreciated 
the  former.  He  has  cut  out  various  numbers, 
and  substituted  recitative  for  the  spoken 
dialogue,  and  in  this  form  the  opera  has  just 
been  revived  at  the  Monnaie,  Brussels.  M. 
Saint-Saens  was  present,  and  the  work  was 
well  received.  However,  it  may  only  have 
had  a  succes  d'esiime.  It  has  never  been 
given  in  London. 

Sir  Henry  J.  Wood  will  again  be  con- 
ductor of  the  Sheffield  Festival,  which  will 
open  on  October  28th  and  end  on  the  31st. 
The  following  novelties  are  announced  : 
'  Spring  Fire,'  tone-poem  by  Mr.  Arnold  Bax  ; 
and  '  The  Tinker's  Wedding,'  by  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton Harty. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 


Sun. 
Mos. 


Ties. 
Wed. 


Concert,  3.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Sunday  Concert  Society.  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Sascha  Culbertson's  Violin  Recital,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Royal  Philharmonic  Society,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Madame  Le  Grand  Reed's  Souk  Kecital,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Scriahin's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Grand  Irish  Festival,  8,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Howard-Jones's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Murray  Kavey's  Song  Recital,  3.15,  jEolian  Hall 
Philip  Levine's  Violin  Recital.  3  15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Tora  Hwass's  Concert.  3  15.  Steinway  Hall. 

—  Classical  Concert  Society.  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Edward  Mason  Choir.  8.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Willy  von  Sadler's  Vocal  Kecital.  8  15  jEolian  Hall. 
Tiil-rs.  Ella  Spraka's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Jane  Sterling  Mackinlay's  Song  Kecital,  3.30.  Little  Theatre. 

—  Alexia  Baseian  and  Adelina  de  Lara's  Matinee,  4,  Claridge's 

Hotftl. 

—  F.  S.  Kelly's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8.15.  ..Eolian  Hall. 
Frances  Klein's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8  15,  Bechstein  Hall 
F.  B.  Ellis's  Concert  of  Modern  Orchestral  Music,  8.15,  Queen's 

Hall. 
Arnolde  Stephenson's  Vocal  Recital.  8.15.  iEolian  Hall. 
Kvelyn  Althaus's  Vocal  Recital,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Dorothy  Moggridge's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Marian  Jay  and  Ada  Thomas's  Violin  and  Pianoforte  Recital, 
3.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 


Fiu. 


Sat. 


DRAMA 

A  New  Variorum  Edition  of  Shakespeare  : 
The  Tragedie  of  Cymbeline.  Edited  by 
Horace  Howard  Furness.  (Lippincott 
Co.,  15s.  net.) 

Last  summer  we  noticed  in  this  excellent 
edition  '  Julius  Csesar,'  annotated  by  Dr. 
Furness's  son.  The  '  Cymbeline  '  before 
us  is  the  last  work  of  the  veteran  scholar, 
and  a  brief  '  Foreword  '  quotes  from  a 
letter  of  his  three  days  before  his  death 
the  words  : — 

' '  I ' ve  many  a  time  gone  to  press  when 
I  've  been  not  nearly  so  ready  as  I  am  now 
with  '  Cym.'  " 

Everything  is,  in  fact,  in  order  except 
the  articles  on  Stage  History,  and  Actors' 
Interpretations,  and  the  List  of  Books 
Consulted,  which  the  son  has  "  not 
ventured  to  supply."  This  seems  to  us  a 
pity,  as  the  Index  has  been  compiled  by 
another  hand. 

It  is  well  to  insist  that  the  dramas  of 
Shakespeare  were  designed  for  the  stage, 
not  for  the  study,  and  any  details  of  acting, 
including  modern  popularity  or  neglect, 
may  help  us  to  realize  the  differences 
between  the  Elizabethan  audience  and 
that  of  later  days.  We  know  at  least  that 
Posthumus  was  one  of  Garrick's  best  parts. 

The  Preface  raises  at  once  the  diffi- 
culties felt  by  most  critics  as  to  the  varying 
quality  of  '  Cymbeline.'  So  far  as  Imogen 
is  concerned,  we  are  at  the  very  height  of 
Shakespeare's  art ;  we  can  regard  her 
with  Swinburne  as  the  crowning  glory  in 
the  long  gallery  of  the  poet's  women,  and 
even  in  the  impulsive  quickness  of  her 
warm  heart  above  Cordelia.  But  Imogen 
and  her  fortunes  are  only  part  of  a  play 
which  we  must  censure  as  ill-constructed, 
and  in  some  cases  appealing  to  the  ground- 
lings in  stuff,  the  manner  and  matter  of 
which  are  some  way  below  Shakespeare's 
level,  especially  in  the  years  after  his  great 
tragedies.  '  Cymbeline,'  '  The  Winter's 
Tale,'  and  '  The  Tempest ' form  a  group  in 
which  the  reaction  from  those  tragedies 
has  (rightly,  we  think)  been  regarded  as  a 
potent  influence.  Ready  forgiveness,  re- 
conciliation, family  reunion,  seem  to  over- 
ride in  this  group  the  chances  and  verdicts 
of  the  harsh  world  ;  we  are  almost  in  the 
region  of  the  fairy-tale  which  presents 
things  as  they  should  be,  and  puts  aside 
the  dark  passions  and  sorry  accidents  of 
human  life. 

Beginning  with  laughter  at  Dr.  John- 
son's severe  remarks  on  the  play,  Furness 
ended  by  admitting  their  justice.  What  is 
the  explanation  offered  ?  It  is  that  in 
weariness  of  soul  Shakespeare  troubled  only 
about  the  story  of  Imogen,  and  all  that 
is  weak  and  trivial  is  the  work  of  another 
man,  an  inferior  assistant  who  did  the 
whole  of  Belarius,  and  even  trespassed 
on  the  ground  sacred  to  Imogen  and  the 
supreme  poet. 

This  is  an  easy  way  out  of  the  difficulty, 
if  we  could  take  it.  We  may  perhaps 
ascribe  to  the  claims  of  pageantry  the 
vision  of  Posthumus  and  the  stilted 
masque  of  the  fifth  act.     These  may  not 


No.  4507,  MJLBCH  14,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


391 


bo  Shakespeare's,  but  of  other  incon- 
sistencies and  weaknesses  we  must  hold 
him  capable.  Down  to  the  end  of  his 
career  he  made  concessions  to  his  audience  : 
he  knew,  for  instance,  that  their  iron 
nerves  would  tolerate,  and  even  rejoice  in, 
scenes  of  blood  and  violence  which  would 
hi-  impossible  on  the  stage  to-day.  He 
mixed  with  exquisite  poetry  and  deep 
philosophy  puns  and  low  jests  which  were 
surely  intended  to  please  the  pit.  A 
remarkable  essay  by  the  Poet  Laureate  in 
the  '  Stratford  Town  Shakespeare,'  vol.  x., 
should  be  read  in  this  regard,  for  its  main 
conclusions  seem  to  us  unassailable.  It 
has  been  too  much  the  fashion  to  regard 
Shakespeare  as  a  national  institution,  and 
so  perfect  at  every  point,  and  consequently 
to  ascribe  to  others  what  in  his  plays  seems 
less  than  perfect.  Even  a  superman  is 
not  always  at  his  high  level  of  perform- 
ance. The  best  of  *  Cymbeline  '  ranks 
among  the  best  Shakespeare  has  given  us. 
Its  obscurity  of  language  and  its  incon- 
sistencies are  to  the  present  reviewer  signs 
that,  worn  by  the  work  of  the  great 
tragedies,  he  could  not,  or  did  not  care 
to,  pay  attention  to  details.  He  had  had 
by  this  time  a  long  and  exacting  course  of 
public  means  which  public  manners  breeds; 

he  was  tired  of  the  town  (why  else  did  he 
return  to  Stratford  ?),  and  gave  it  with 
contemptuous  indifference  much  of  the 
stuff  that  was  good  enough  for  it,  and 
that  it  wanted.  Furness  regards  it  as 
established  that  Shakespeare's  charac- 
ters are  '*  always  perfectly  consistent." 
Can  we  say  as  much  ?  Hardly,  for 
Shakespeare  puts  his  fine  excess  of  wit  into 
characters  which  do  not  deserve  it — even, 
perhaps,  into  a  preposterous  ass  like 
Cloten. 

Turning  to  the  text  in  detail,  we  realize 
after  examining  it  the  amount  of  work 
involved  in  gathering  the  remarks  of  a 
host  of  commentators.  Here  the}'  all  are, 
or,  at  any  rate,  as  much  of  them  as  any 
student  of  Shakespeare  can  desire  to  see. 
It  is  a  great  relief  at  the  end  of  a  confusing 
variety  of  views  on  a  passage  to  come  upon 
the  editor's  own  decision  as  to  the  mean- 
ing, which  is  brief  and  generally  much 
to  the  point.  All  his  drudgery,  too,  did 
did  not  dull  his  brightness,  and  he  is 
entitled  to  his  pleasant  word  on  the  worst 
vagaries  now  and  again.  Thus  Walker 
repeatedly  insists  that  two  syllables  are 
pronounced  as  one,  e.f/.,  "  blowing "  in 
Act  IV.  sc.  i.  224,  and  the  article  which 
promulgates  these  views 

'"  should  be,  1  think,  carefully  avoided  by 
all  who  believe  that  there  is  really  such  a 
thing  as  a  well  <>i  English  pure  and  undefiled. 
....In  th<-  presenl  instance  he  would  have 
to  pronounce  '  blowing  a  monosyllable. 
II'  be  done,  without  recourse  to  the 

ech  of  the  Bowery  or  Whitechapel,  it  is 
not  easy  to  see.     But  ha'ng  laid  down  tin's 

jew'l    of    a    rule    he    is    aide    to    regard    some 

po*ms  written  by  po'ts  as  undy'ng  po'try." 

We  mention  a  few  only  of  many  points 
\\e  have  noted.    The  unpleasant  "vomil 

emptiness"  of  Iaehimo  (I.  \ii.  52)  shows, 
Furn  .inks,  that  the  play  was  written 

late    in    life,    for    "  old    men    are    not    as 

squeamish  in  matters  of  refinement  as  are 

younger  men."      The  text    in    "  cause   of 


fear  "  (IV.  ii.  151)  leads  to  more  than  two 
solid  pages  of  comments  in  small  type, 
which  include  the  suggestion  that  "  the 
Author  may,  through  inadvertence,  have 
said  the  reverse  of  what  he  means "  ! 
On  the  next  page  (302)  a  reference  should 
be  added  to  the  earlier  note  on  "  Luds- 
Towne  "  (p.  174).  "  Creeke  "  (IV.  ii.  198) 
is  noted  as  good  American  for  a  small 
stream,  and  Furness  adds  with  national 
pride  :  "  What  are  rivers  in  England, 
such  as  the  Thames,  would  be  probably 
here  called  '  creeks.'  "  "  Invisible  "  (IV. 
ii.  229)  may  be  for  "k  invincible,"  for  the 
two  are  frequently  confused.  In  Imogen's 
famous  appeal  to  Posthumus 

Why  did  you  throw  your  wedded  lady  fro  you? 
Thinke  that  you  are  upon  a  Roeke,  and  now 
Throw  rue  again, 

Dowden's  ingenious  "  lock"  for"Rocke," 
first  tentatively,  and  then  confidently,  put 
forward  by  him,  has  found  a  good  deal  of 
favour.  The  phrase  "  upon  a  lock  "  as  a 
wrestling  term  has  Elizabethan  authority. 
Furness  praises  the  emendation,  but  ex- 
plains the  text  as  a  comment  on  the  nature 
of  Posthumus  : — 

"  Natures  like  this,  unless  they  are  to  be 
for  ever  feathers  to  every  wind  that  blows, 
must  consent  to  find  peace  and  rest  at  last 
only  on  foundations  as  firm  set  as  earth's 
base.  Such  granitic  foundation  Imogen's 
unshaken  devotion  offered." 

This  seems  to  us  too  subtle.  We  are 
satisfied  with  the  simpler  meaning  :  "  Ima- 
gine yourself  on  some  high  rock,  and  throw 
me  from  you — if  }rou  have  the  heart  to  do 
it."  From  such  a  fearful  and  dizzy  height 
Gloucester  in  '  King  Lear  '  thought  he  had 
precipitated  himself.  Furness  is  right, 
we  think,  as  to  *;  forlorne  "  (V.  v.  482) 
meaning  "  in  poor  beseeming  "  (1.487),  or, 
as  we  might  say  to-day,  "  of  forlorn  appear- 
ance." Cymbeline  calls  Posthumus,  who 
unknown  had  played  a  great  part  in  the 
recent  fray,  "  the  forlorne  soldier."  Dow- 
den  takes  this  to  mean  the  soldier  who 
could  not  be  found,  which  is  possible. 
But  Ave  prefer  Furness's  view.  A  man 
who  fights  in  rags  with  a  naked  breast 
must  be  desperate  or  desperately  poor,  or 
a  "  poor  creature."  Falstaff  says  of 
Shallow  in  his  early  days  that  "  'a  was  so 
forlorn  that  his  dimensions  to  any  thick 
sight  were  invincible,"  a  passage,  by  the 
bjr,  which  also  illustrates  the  confusion 
we  have  mentioned  above. 

The  supply  of  criticisms  at  the  end  of 
the  book  is  clearly  incomplete.  We  find 
Gervinus,  Weiss,  and  R.  W.  Boodle,  but 
not  a  word  from  Dowden.  The  [ndes  is 
useful,  but  not  so  good  as  it  might  be. 


Dramatic   (Bossip. 

When  the  Play  Actors  produced  '  A  King,' 
by  Bjbrnson,  a1  the  Court  Theatre  on  .Mon- 
day last.  one  was  conscious  of  a  sharp 
division  of  opinion  amongst  the  audience. 
Some  endured  it  with  more  or  less  concealed 
impat  tence,  others  were  as  frankly  interested. 

It  ib  not,  however,  to  be  imagined  thai  there 
u<re  any  who  were  not  grateful  to  the 
company  lor  the  opportunity  afforded,  or 
lacking  in   appreciation   of  the  translator's 

work.      Since     Mr.     It.    Farquharson     Sharp's 

version  is  to  be  included  in  a  forthcoming 
volume  of  BjSrnson's  plays  in  Mi     rs.  Dent's 


"  Everyman's  Library,"  it  is  needless  to 
dwell  on  the  titanic  intentions  of  the  drama. 
These  will  be  bettor  realized  away  from 
the  crudities  which  seem  flagrant  in  dra- 
matic exposition.  The  canvas  is  crowded 
with  figures,  each  overcharged  with  sym- 
bolism ;  the  action  of  the  play  consists  in 
their  successive  endeavours  to  relieve  them- 
selves of  tho  burden  p laced  upon  them  by 
a  man  of  genius  unmindful  or  reckless  of 
human  frailty. 

In  the  result  one  found  oneself  mingling 
pity  with  gratitude  over  the  efforts  made  by 
Mr.  Frank  Randell  to  sustain  the  part  of  the 
young  King,  a  kind  of  Hamlet  struggling 
against  the  system  which  makes  him  act 
the  part  of  padlock  on  the  cashbox  of  estab- 
lished institutions.  Mr.  Albert  Ward,  as  a 
peripatetic  2)hilosopher,  acted  with  the 
utmost  vigour;  and  Barbara  Everest,  who 
seems  made  to  play  the  modern  maiden  of 
serious  intent  and  high  purpose,  was  simple 
and  sincere  as  the  Republican's  daughter 
affianced  to  the  King.  Mr.  Norman  Mac- 
Owan  made  excellent  use  of  his  opportunities 
as  a  rich  manufacturer  who  encourages  the 
King's  democratic  tendencies,  and  thus  in- 
curs the  philosopher's  hatred. 

The  opulent  pageantry  of  Mr.  Knob- 
lauch's '  Kismet  '  may  now  again  be  seen 
and  enjoyed  at  the  Globe  Theatre.  Mr. 
Oscar  Asche  and  Lily  Brayton  have 
journeyed  to  the  Antipodes  and  back 
during  the  years  which  have  passed  since 
it  was  first  produced,  but  his  sturdy  ferocity 
and  bombast  as  the  truculent  beggar  have 
lost  nothing  of  their  pungency,  while  as 
Marsinah  she  is  bewitching  in  voice  and 
action  as  before.  Several  who  played 
important  parts  in  1911  are  included  in  the 
cast,  amongst  them  Mr.  Herbert  Grimwood 
as  the  evil  Wazir,  and  Bessie  Major  as 
an  old  nurse.  Mr.  Ben  Webster  as  the 
Caliph  is  replaced  by  Mr.  Frederic  Worlock ; 
and  Suzanne  Sheldon  succeeds  Mrs.  Raleigh 
as  the  Wazir's  revengeful  spouse. 

The  fascination  of  '  Kismet '  is  of  the 
eye  and  of  the  imagination.  Dreams  and 
visions  which  are  almost  a  common  posses- 
sion are  shown  on  a  few  square  yards  of 
staging,  whether  with  or  without  the  support 
of  authenticity  who  cares  ?  The  streets  of 
London  are  hundreds  of  miles  away,  the 
doors  of  harem  and  bazaar  are  open,  and 
nothing  in  tho  whole  procession  of  colour 
recalls  the  prosaic  facts  of  everyday  exist- 
ence. No  wonder  English  folk  appreciate 
the  relaxation  afforded.  With  the  one  ex- 
ception of  the  dancing,  which  somehow 
misses  fire,  the  production  is  a  triumph. 

A   further    important   alteration    in    the 
cast  of   'The  Melting-Pot'    at   the   Queens 
Theatre  was  made  on  Monday  ni^ht,  when 
Grace  Lane  succeeded  Phyllis  Relph  in  tin 
part  of  Vera  RevendaL 

As  the  exiled  daughter  of  a  Russian  noble- 
man who  had  sacrificed  social  position, 
family,    and    (hut    for   a    happy    chance)    1 1<  i 

liberty  itself,  in  the  service  of  her  oppressed 
fellow-countrymen,  the  actress  showed  sym- 
pathetic insight.  She  was  perhaps  at  her 
best  during  the  poignant  culmination  of  the 

third  act ,  w  hen  her  .lew  i  >  h  lo\  <r  recognizee  in 

her  father  the  officer  under  whose  supervision 
his  entire  family  had  been  butchered  before 

his  e\  68. 

Here  an  actress  of  less  experience  might 

bave   been   beguiled   into  an   inartistic  exi  I 

of  hysterica]  emotion.  Grace  Lane,  how- 
ever, exhibited  a  strength  and  restraint 
which,  in  our  opinion,  amply  compensated 
tor  the  Blight  suggestion  of  artifice  in  her 
rendering  of  the  more  sentimental  passages 
ol   the  play. 

If  the  piece  is  to  have  a  long  run,  mo 
would   suggest    some   improvement    in    the 


392 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


setting  of  the  fourth  act.  At  r)resent  this  is 
almost  painfully  crude. 

Mb.  Sutro's  play  'The  Two  Virtues,' 
in  which  Sir  George  Alexander  is  appearing 
at  the  St.  James's,  is  so  void  of  interest,  and 
the  elocution  of  two  of  its  exponents  so 
poor,  that,  apart  from  an  occasional 
sparkle  in  the  dialogue,  our  attention  rarely 
strayed  from  the  one  feature  of  the  pro- 
duction which  cannot  be  overlooked  and  for 
which  credit  must  be  given  to  the  costumiers. 
•Sir  George  as  a  man  of  letters  of  autumnal 
years  with  a  cherished  romance  carries  the 
weight  of  his  part  with  a  gay  light-hearted- 
ness  which  almost  succeeds  in  covering  it 
with  distinction. 

The  three  women  who  complicate  his 
■existence  are  his  sister,  a  false  fair  one  who 
jhad  jilted  him  for  a  posing  poet  (vigorously 
played  by  Mr.  Herbert  Waring),  and  a  third, 
outside  their  social  pale,  whose  upbringing 
has  somehow  or  other  prepared  her  to  act  as 
collaborator  in  the  historian's  magnum  opus. 
The  first  two  of  these  stand  for  chastity 
without  charity,  the  last  for  charity  alone, 
with  the  result  that  a  slur  is  cast  on  both 
virtues,  and  vice  made  attractive  by  com- 
parison. 

Mr.  Justice  Eve  settled  recently  a  rather 
amusing  dispute  as  to  whether  a  Borough 
Council  might  lawfully  permit  public  baths 
to  be  used  for  a  kinematograph  theatre. 
It  seems  that  by  section  5  of  the  Baths  and 
Washhouses  Act  of  1878  Borough  Councils 
may,  for  a  period  of  not  more  than  five 
months  from  November  to  March,  close  any 
swimming  bath  and  let  it  as  an  empty  build- 
ing for  purposes  of  "  healthful  recreation  " — 
provided  always  music  and  dancing  are  not 
understood  as  included. 

What  Mr.  Justice  Eve  had  to  decide  was 
whether  looking  on  at  a  kinematograph 
show  was  "healthful  recreation."  Was  it 
"  recreation  "  at  all  as  contemplated  by  the 
Legislature  ?  asked  its  opponents.  Did  not 
the  Legislature  mean  "  physical  "  exercise  ? 
His  lordship  held  there  was  nothing  to 
justify  this  limitation.  "If  it  were  so 
limited,"  he  said,  "  many  people  who  were 
beyond  physical  exercise  would  be  deprived 
of  recreation  in  these  places  altogether." 
We   think   he   might   have   added   that   for 


people  whose  work  keeps  them  on  their  legs 
all  day,  sitting  still  is  a  decided  "physical 
recreation." 

But,  argued  the  opponent  again,  though 
it  be  "  recreation,"  could  it  be  called  "  health- 
ful "  recreation  ?  there  being  nothing  to 
prevent  an  unwholesome  entertainment  from 
being  given.  That,  his  lordship  ruled, 
"  was  not  the  true  test  to  ajmly.  It  could 
not  be  said  that  a  recreation  was  unwhole- 
some simply  because  it  could  be  so  repre- 
sented as  to  be  unhealthy."  Wherefore  he 
held  that  a  swimming  bath  let  for  a  kinemato- 
graph theatre  was  let  for  recreation  as 
intended  in  the  Act. 

The  inauguration  of  the  Burbage  Memorial 
is  to  take  place  on  Monday  next  at 
the  parish  church  of  St.  Leonard,  Shore- 
ditch.  A  tablet,  designed  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Ansell,  bearing  a  lengthy  inscription  which 
commemorates  not  only  James,  Cuthbert, 
and  Richard  Burbage,  but  also  Somers, 
Tarlton,  Spencer,  Sly,  and  Cowley — other 
"  men  of  the  theatre  " — will  be  unveiled  by 
Sir  George  Alexander. 

Messrs.  Allen  &  Co.  announce  a  new 
edition  of  Prof.  Gilbert  Murray's  original 
play  '  Andromache,'  which  has  long  been 
out  of  print.  Prof.  Murray  has  made  several 
alterations  and  revisions,  and  has  added  a 
Foreword. 

A  performance  of  the  '  Agamemnon,'  in 
an  Italian  verse  translation  by  Signor  Ettore 
Romagnoli,  who  is  also  the  producer,  will 
be  given  in  the  Greek  theatre  at  Syracuse 
on  April  10th. 

To  Correspondents.— W.  B.  G.  F.— C.  C.  S.— M.  S.— 
H.  H.— P.— G  F.  P.— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


fFor  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  395.] 


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No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


393 


AN 


AMERICAN 
GLOSSARY. 


BY 


RICHARD  H.  THORNTON 

In  two  volumes. 


This  Work  is  commended  to  the  at- 
tention of  the  custodians  of  'Public 
Libraries.       The    price    is    30s.    net. 


'  An  American  Glossary '  is  not  a  Slang 
Dictionary,  though  of  necessity  it  includes 
specimens  of  vulgar  diction.  The  illus- 
trative quotations,  which  are  accurately 
dated,  number  14,000;  and  of  these  more 
than  11,000  belong  to  the  period  before 
the  Civil  War.  In  some  instances  a  word 
or  phrase  which  might  be  thought  purely 
American  is  traced  to  an  Elizabethan  or 
Jacobean  origin. 

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(Spectator).  "  It  will  have  a  permanent 
value  for  the  student  of  philology" 
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prehensive and  elaborate  work  which  has 
yet  appeared  in  its  peculiar  field " 
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valuable  work  of  much  research"  (Times). 
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and,  in  places,  as  funny  as  a  farce" 
(Standard).  "  It  must  always  prove 
valuable  to  philologers  who  recognize  the 
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(Scotsman).  "  It  is  an  amazing  collec- 
tion of  what  are  known  as  '  Yankeeisms'" 
(Daily  Excess).  "  We  find  throughout 
dated  instances  which  show  clearly  the 
development  of  language,  and  give  [this] 
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as  is  accorded  to  the  New  English 
Dictionary"  (Atkenceum). 

FRANCIS  &  CO.,    13,    Bream's    Buildings,  E.C. 


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394 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


"  That  delightful  repository  of  forgotten  lore,  '  Notes  and   Queries.'  " 

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10s.  6d.)  contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and 
Replies,  Articles   of   Interest   on   the   following   Subjects. 


FIFTH     SELECTION. 


PHILOLOGY,  GRAMMAR,   AND  ETYMOLOGY. 

"  Antiquarian  "  v.  "  Antiquary  "  —  "  Apostamated  " — ■ 
"  Ataman "  and  "  Hetman,"  the  Titles  differentiated 
— "Aviation,"  its  Derivation — "Awaitful" — "Ayesha," 
its  Pronunciation — Aztec  Names,  their  Pronunciation — 
"  Bacon,"  its  Etymology — "  Badger,"  its  Etymology — 
"Banana,"  its  Etymology — "  Barracoon  " — "Barrage" 
— "Barrar"— "Barrow"— "Battels,"  Use  of  the  Word 
in  1574  —  "  Bayonet  "  —  "  Belappit  "  —  "  Benny  "  — 
"  Beside  "  :  "  Besides,"  their  Meanings—"  Betheral,"  its 
Etymologv— "  Biddy,"  its  Derivation—"  Bilker  "  in  1717 
— "  Bladder  "  and  "  Blather  "— "  Bloom  "  in  Iron  Manu- 
facture —  "  Boast  "  —  "  Bobbery  "  —  "  Bobby  Dazzler  " 
— Bonfires  or  Bonefires — "Bosh,"  Origin  of  the  Word 
— Bough-pots — "  Bridge,"  its  Derivation — "  Bring,"  its 
Archaic  Use — Early  British  Names,  their  Interpretation 
—  "Britisher,"  Use  of  the  Word  —  "  Brooch "  or 
"  Broach  " — "  Brock  "  for  Badger — "  Broom-squire  " — 
"Brumby,"  Australian  Wild  Horse  —  "Butcher,"  its 
Pronunciation. 

EGGLESI0L0GY  AND  THE   BIBLE. 

Banns  and  Lameness — "  Sal  et  saliva  "  in  Baptism — 
Baptismal  Robe — Baptist  Confessions  of  Faith — Bark- 
ing Abbey  and  William  the  Conqueror — Clergyman  with 
Battledore  in  the  Pulpit — Bayham  Abbey — Beating  the 
Bounds — Thomas  a  Becket's  Martyrdom — Bede's  Trans- 
lation of  the  Fourth  Gospel — Detached  Belfries — Dead 
Bell :  Passing  Bell — Bell-ringing  at  Weddings — Bible  : 
"  Bewray  "  in  the  Revised  Version  ;  St.  Paul's  "  Slow- 
bellies  "  ;  "  Let  the  dead  bury  their  dead  "  ;  "  Syco- 
more  "  or  "  Sycamore  "  ;  Silk  first  Mentioned;  Thumb 
Bible ;  "  Knave  of  Jesus  Christ  " — Bidding  Prayer  at 
Oxford  University— First  English  Bishop  to  Marry — 
Bishops :  Punctuation  of  their  Signatures ;  Fourteen 
consecrated  at  one  Time  ;  their  Scarves  —  Arms  of 
English  Roman  Catholic  Bishops — Archbishop  Black- 
burne's  Grave  —  Blandina,  Martyr  -  Saint  —  Book  of 
Common  Prayer :  "  Ashes  to  ashes "  ;  Copy  with 
Shakespeare's  Autograph  ;  Origin  of  Marriage  Service — 
Bibliography  of  Brasses — Brasses  at  the  Bodleian — 
Breviary  or  Missal — Briefs  for  Greek  Christians — Burial : 
Half  within  and  half  without  a  Church  ;  with  the  Face 
Uncovered — Suicides  buried  in  Open  Fields — Noncon- 
formist Burial-grounds. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND   LITERARY   HISTORY. 

Francis  Bacon,  "  The  world's  a  bubble  " — Bacon  and 
Ben  Jonson — Giorgio  Baffo's  Poems — Barham  a  Cardinal 
of  St.  Paul's — J.  M.  Barrie  and  Kensington  Gardens — 
Beldornie  Press — William  Bennet's  '  King  of  the  Peak  ' 
— Sir  Walter  Besant :  Pronunciation  of  his  Name— 
— Bevis  of  Southampton — William  Blake  and  Coleridge 
— Private  Reprint  of  Blake's  '  Songs ' — Remarkable 
Cancels  in  Dr.  Bliss's  Edition  of  Wood's  '  Athenae  Oxoni- 
ensis  ' — Earliest  Book  Auctions — Lines  on  Book-Borrow- 
ing and  Book-Stealing — British  Provincial  Book-Trade — 
Books  sold  by  the  Ton — Cure  for  Mildew  in  Books — First 
Books  of  Authors — Bookseller's  Motto — Bibliography  of 
Bookselling  and  Publishing — Borrow's  '  Turkish  Jester  ' 
— Bradley's  '  Highways  and  Byways  in  South  Wales  ' — ■ 
'  Bradshaw's  Railway  Time  Tables' — "  Breese  "  in 
'  Hudibras  '  — Anthony  Brewer's  '  Lovesick  King  '  — 
Errors  in  Cobham  Brewer's  '  Phrase  and  Fable ' — 
Brightwell's  Tennyson  Concordance — British  Museum 
Catalogues — John  Britton's  Shakespeare  Memorial  Pro- 
ject— Shirley  Brooks  and  Du  Maurier — Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning,  Centenary  Celebration — Robert  Browning  and 
Wordsworth,  Literary  Parallel — Passages  in  Browning's 
Poems — Burns  :  English  Commentators  ;  "  Her  prentice 
hand  "  ;  Letters  to  George  Thomson — Robert  Burton  : 
Errors  in  Shilleto's  Edition  ;  Meswinde  the  Fair — Byron  : 
called  "  the  Pilgrim  of  Eternity  "  ;  Passages  in  '  Don 
Juan  '  and  '  Childe  Harold.' 

MUSIC  AND  THE  DRAMA. 

Academy  of  Ancient  Music,  its  Foundation — Actors 
whipped  at  Newcastle — Burial-places  of  Notable  Actresses 
— Prince  Albert  as  Musical  Composer — G.  Almar,  Play- 
wright and  Actor — Ancient  Concert  Society — Mrs.  Ark- 
wright's  Setting  of  '  The  Pirate's  Farewell ' — Folk-lore 
Medicine  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher — '  The  Beauty  of 
Buttermere,'  Sadler's  Wells  Play — Earliest  Theatrical 
Benefits — John  Bland,  Edinburgh  Actor-Manager — Dr. 
Burney's  '  History  of  Music  ' — Alexander  Campbell,  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  Music  Master — Carini's  Book  on  Theatre- 
building — George  Colman  as  Censor  of  Plays — Children  of 
the  Chapel  Royal — Chetwood's  '  General  History  of  the 
Stage  ' — Three  Choir  Festival,  Early  Notices — '  Christmas. 
Boys,'  Mumming  Play — Church  Music  in  Country  Dis- 
tricts— Musical  Services  on  Church  Towers — Musical  Com- 
posers as  Pianists — Minuet  named  after  Lady  Coventry. 


JOHN    C.  FRANCIS   and   J.   EDWARD  FRANCIS,    Bream's   Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


Til  E     AT  UK  N.EUM 


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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S   NUMBER    (March  14)   CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — Sir  Roger  L'Estrange's  Poem  'The  Loyal  Prisoner' — Birmingham  Statues  and  Memorials — 
John  Wilkes  and  the  'Essay  on  Woman' — Hearth  Tax,  Painswick — Originals  of  Thackeray's 
Characters — Robert  Baron,  Author  of  '  Mirza' — The  Monkey  Nation— "  Occupy  " — Johnsoniana. 

QUERIES  :-Bullivant— The  Stock  Exchange  as  "The  House  "—"  The  Seven  Seas  "—Younger  Van 
Helmont — "  Artigou  " — Early- Victorian  Book  of  Essays — English  Shrines — Author  Wanted — 
"Meg's  diversions" — "Cousins  and  half-cousins" — Early  Map  of  Ireland— Graham  (Gartur 
Family) — Orrok  of  Orrok — W.  Humphrey  Marshall — Wilson's  Buildings— John  Dietrich  Muller 
— '  Montalbert,' Novel  of  1795 — Walker  of  Derry — '  Archreologia ' — Peter  Thresher — Biographi- 
cal Information  Wanted— Palmer's  Royal  Mails — "Vossioner" — Bewickiana — Invention  of  the 
Interview — "Camonds"  of  Westphalian  Barren  Roseweed. 

REPLIES  : — Parishes  in  Two  or  More  Counties— Colonels  of  the  24th  Regiment  :  "Howard's  Greens  " 
— Peter  the  Wild  Boy — Admiral  Sir  Charles  Hamilton— Musical  Congresses — Fire-Walking — The 
Red  Bull  Theatre— Tarring— Shilleto— " Costrel  "— " The  honours  three"— The  Name  James— 
Coffin-shaped  Chapels— "  To  pill"— "Sydney  Carton"  at  Old  Shrewsbury  School— "  Boss  "— 
"  Cest  progris  en  spirale  " — A  Bishop  as  Boxer — Rabbit  Rime — Major-General  Patrick  Duff — 
Henry  James  Chippendale — William  Parsons  :  Life  or  Horse  Guards — Octopus  :  Venus's  Ear — 
Milton  Queries — Seaver  Family — Fox  of  Stradbroke- Shakespeare  Second  Folio — "A  fact  is  a 
lie  and  a  half  " — "  Startups  End  " — Saffron  Walden — Clementina  Sobieski  Douglass. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS:— 'French  Civilization  in  the  Nineteenth  Century'  — 'A  Dictionary  of 
Ecclesiastical  Terms.' 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 


LAST  WEEK'S   NUMBER    (March    7)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— Anthony  Munday,  Dramatist— John  Wilkes  and  the  '  Essay  on  Woman  ' — Blackfriars  Road 
— Hyde  Park  Corner,  Leeds — Antony  Brewer— Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava — Shilleto's  Edition  of 
Burton — Memoirs  of  Cameron  of  Fassifern — Wycherley's  Place  of  Birth  — "Not  room  enough  to 
swing  a  cat" — Indexing  of  Newspapers. 

QUERIES  : — "  Treasure-trove  " — Altars— Jeremiah  Horrocks,  Astronomer — "  Napoleon's  Diversions 
at  St.  Helena  "  —  Clearances  on  Scotch  Estates — Colonels  of  the  24th  Regiment— Authors  of 
Quotations  Wanted — South  Carolina  Uniform — Mediaeval  Common  Sense — Rev.  T.  Gale — 
Knights  Templars  and  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem — Magistrates  wearing  Hats — Reversed 
Engraving — Douglas  Family  — H.  1).  Inglis — American  Seventeenth-Century  History — Sergeant 
Duncan  Robertson's  'Journal' — "  Mongoliau"—  Gladstone's  Involved  Sentences — Biographical 
Information  Wanted — Page  Family — Aylofie — Abraham  Wliittaker— Herodotus  and  Astronomic 
Geography — Musical  Notation— St.  Pancras — "  Two  Stones  Farm" — Egyptian  Book  of  the  Dead. 

REPLIES  :  —  Murder  of  a  Priest  near  Reading— Marten — Heraldry  of  Lichfield  Cathedral  — Freeman  : 
Parry — Vanbrugh's  Epitaph— Breast  Tackle— Clementina  Stirling  Graham— Constable's  '  Corn- 
field ' — Clasped  Hands  as  a  Religious  Symbol  Cromwell  and  (.hieen  Henrietta  Maria — Human 
Fat  as  a  Medicine— Henry  <;<>\v*;r,  Bishop  of  St.  David's — Tying  Legs  after  Death  —  "  Rucksack  " 
— "Man  is  immortal  till  his  work  is  done" — Wild  Huntsman —First  Barmaid  —  Brutton — 
"  Sough  "  —Milton  Queries — '  HavamaL1 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :  -  'A  Short  History  of  London' — '  Gypsy  Coppersmiths  in  Liverpool  and  Birken- 
head ' — 'A  Primer  of  English  Literature '•—' The  Manual  of  Heraldry  ' — '  Journal  of  the  Friends' 
Historical  Society' — '  (Jornhill '—' Fortnightly  Review' — 'Nineteenth  Century.' 

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n   •   n  nc.  .    I  Northumberland  Avenue,  W.C.,  I  ■  nun/iu 
P  &  0  Offices   \  122>  Lea()enhall  Street,  EX..    I  LONDON. 


Judaism  &  St.  Paul 

BY 

C.   G.   MONTEFIORE 

(Author  of  "Outlines  of  Liberal  Judaism"). 
Crown  8vo.      2s.  6d.  net. 

This   volume   consists  of  two  essays :    on 

'  The  Genesis  of  the  Religion  of  St.  Paul,' 

and    on    'The    Relation    of    St.    Paul    to 

Liberal  Judaism.' 

"The  second  of  these  essays  is  a  discussion  on 
what  St.  Paul  has  to  say  to  those  who,  like  the 
author,  range  themselves  under  the  banner  of 
Liberal  Judaism.  The  first  is  of  more  general 
interest,  and  is,  indeed,  a  close  and  illuminating 
piece  of  Pauline  criticism." — The  Times. 

MAX     GOSCHEN,    LTD., 

20,    GREAT    RUSSELL    STREET,    W.C. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  Agents 

Batsford   

Bell  &  Sons 
Catalogues 
Chatto  &  Windus 
Dent  &  Sons 
Educational 
Eno's  Fruit  Salt 
Exhibitions 

Francis  &  Co 

Gardeners'  Chronicle 
Lane 


Longmans  &  Co... 
Macmii.i.an  &  Co. 
Miscellaneous  .. 
I'll  inters    .. 


Provident  Institi  tions      

Eider  a  son      

I  Bales  m  Auction      

Saturday  he\  iew      

Scottish  Widows'  fund  Lii  ■  Assurance  B ri 

Bhippino    ..       ..  

Situations  Vacant 

Situations  Wanted 

-oc  l  I. TIES      ..  —  ..  ..  

J  vi'E  Writers,  <tc.      „        


PAOI 

865 

..  366 

367 
S92 

365 
395 

■ 
..   365 


396  THE     ATHENAEUM  No.  4507,  March  14,  1914 


WHY  NOT  CALL 
IN    AN    EXPERT? 

Those  who  possess  gardens  frequently  need  expert 
advice  on  one  or  other  of  the  many  problems  with 
which  they  are  confronted.  Which  bulbs  to  grow — 
what  varieties  of  roses  are  the  best  for  a  particular 
garden — how  to  increase  the  fertility  of  the  soil — 
how  to  prevent  disease. 

Such  advice   in  all  subjects  appertaining  to  the 
art  and  science  of 

Present   Day  Gardening 

may  be  obtained — at  a  cost  of  threepence  per  week — 
by  subscribing  to  the 


Gardeners'  Chronicle 

(THREEPENCE   WEEKLY) 

The  Leading   Horticultural   Journal  of  the  World. 

BEAUTIFUL   ILLUSTRATIONS    IN   COLOUR. 
Subscription      -       15s.  per  annum,  post  free. 

A    specimen    copy    sent    free    on    application    to : 
The   Publisher   (Dept.  M.),   41,  Wellington   Street, 

Strand,    London,    W.C. 


Editorial  Communii  ations  Bhould  be  addressed  to  "THE    EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE    ATHENAEUM"  OFFICE,   Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  *  80N,  125.  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C.  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.G. 

Agents 'or  Scotland  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIE3  &  CO..  Ltd.,  Edinburgh. -Saturday,  March  14,  1914. 


J 


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f  r/ttmni*  of  English  atto  ^fomgn  littratrtre,  fbivsxat,  the  JFtra  ^.rte,  JEtnstf  atttfii ftfiijB r am|r» 


^PP  1  *  1914 


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SATURDAY,     MARCH   21,     1914. 


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W.SPAPER. 


ICrrturrr.. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET.  PICCADILLY.  W. 

TUESDAY  next.  March  M,  at  3  o'clock.  ARTHUR  H .  SMITH 
Fsq  First  of  Two  Lectures  on  LANDSCAPE  AND  NATURAL 
OBJECTS  IN  CLASSICAL  ART.'  (I)  EARLY  GREECE  AND 
ITS  PRECURSORS.'  (•-*)  '  LATER  GREECE  AND  ROME.  Haif- 
a-Guinea the  Course. 

THURSDAY.  March  SB,  at  3  o'clock.  Dr.  C.  W.  SALEEBY.  First  of 
Two  Lectures  on  'The  Progress  of  Eugenics.  (1)  '1  HE  FIRST 
DECADE  OF  MODERN  EUGENICS.  I9M-14'  021  '  EUGENICS 
TO-DAY:  ITS  COUNTERFEITS.  POWEKS.  AND  PROBLEMS.' 
Haifa-Guinea. 

Subscription  to  all  the  Courses  in  the  Season  Two  Guineas. 

ON  FRIDAY,  March  27.  Mr.  JOHN  M. 
ROBERTSON.  MP.,  will  deliver  the  Fifth  Moncure  Conway 
Memorial  Lecture  at  SOUTH  PLACE  INSTITUTE,  South  Place 
Finshury.  E.C.  The  title  of  the  Lecture  wtll  be  'THE  LIFE 
PILGRIMAGE  OF  MONCURE  CONWAY.'  The  Chatr  will  be  taken 
at  Soclock  by  Mr.  EDWARD  CLODD.  Admission  Free;  Reserved 
Beats.  Is.,  from  E.  J.  Fair  hall,  at  above  address. 


^octettes. 


THE  VIKING  SOCIETY 

FOR  NORTHERN  RESEARCH. 
The    NEXT    MEETING    will    be    held    at    KING'S    COLLEGE, 
STRAND,  on  FRIDAY.  March  20.  at  8.15 PH.,  when  a  Paper  will  be 
read  on  'RESULTS  OF  THE  EXCAVATIONS  OF  ST.  EDMUNDS 
CHAPEL.  HUNSTANTON,  by  Mr.  BELLERBY  LOWCRISON. 

A.  JOHNSTON,  Hon.  Secretary, 
29.  Ashburnham  Mansions,  Chelsea. 


THE  Executive  Committee  of  the  SOCIETY 
OF  GENEALOGISTS  OF  LONDON  desires  to  give  notice  that 
on  and  after  JUNE  1  next  an  ENTRANCE  FEE  of  Haifa-Guinea 
will  be  payable  by  all  cauelidates  on  election.— 227,  Strand  (by 
Temple  Bar',  W.O. 


R 


(Exhibitions. 

GUTEKUNST'S  GALLERY,  10,  GRAFTON 

.  STREET.  BOND  STREET,  W.  ORIGINAL  ETCHINGS  by 
LESLIE  MANSFIELD,  D.  I.  SMART,  E.  HERBERT  WHYDALE, 
and  HENRY  WINSLOW.  NOW  ON  VIEW  10-6  DAILY; 
SATURDAYS  10-1. 

LEICESTER    GALLERIES,    Leicester  Square. 
EXHIBITIONS  NOW  OPEN.  10-8  Daily. 
OLIVER  HALL- 45  Cabinet  Pictures. 
WINIFRED  AUSTEN— '  Birds  and  Beasts.' water  colours. 
SIR  ALFRED  EA8T.  R. A. -Complete  set  of  Etchings. 


(Educational. 


T 


H    E 


LAW        SOCIETY. 


The  COUNCIL  offers  for  AWARD  in  JULY  next 
FIVE  STUDENTSHIPS, 
of  the  annual  value  of  40/.  each,  tenable  on  condition  of  pursuing, 
under  proper  supervision.  Courses  of  Legal  Studies  approved  by  the 
C'ounciL     For  copies  of  Regulations  apply  to 

THE  LAW  SOCIETY.  100,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 

T    IBRARY       ASSOCIATION. 


PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINATION. 

The  NEXT  PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINATION  will  beheld  on 
MAY  4-0.  l'J14,  at  Caxion  Hall.  Westminster.  9.W  ,  and  at  other 
Centres  in  the  Provinces  and  Abroad.  MAY  4th.  Classification. 
5th,  Cataloguing.  >;th.  Library  Organization.  7th.  Library  Routine. 
3th,  Literary  History.  9tb,  Bibliography.  Last  day  of  entry, 
APRIL  18. 

Copies  of  the  Syllabus,  together  with  all  particulars,  can  be  obtained 
on  application  to  ERNEST  A.  BAKER,  M.V  I). Lit..  Hon.  Secretary, 
Education  Committee.  Caxton  Hall.  Westminster.  London,  8.W. 

ROYAL  H  O  L  L  0  YV  A  Y  COLLEGE 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDONI. 
Principal— Miss  E.  O.  HIGGINS.  B.A. 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP*.- ELEVEN  ENTRANCE  SCHO- 
LARSHIPS, from  501  to  601 .  and  several  BURSARlE^of  not  more 
than  301..  tenable  for  Tb re-:  Years  at  the  College,  will  be  awarded  on 
the  results  of  an  Examination  to  be  held  from  J  UN  K  2'J  to  JULY  4. 
r.'ll  Names  must  be  entered  before  MAY.:').  1914.  The  College  pre- 
pares Worii-n  Btodenti  for  l/on.lon  D**gr.  es.  Inclusive  fee.  1002.  a 
yeir.     EASTER  TERM   BEGINS  on  APRIL  IS. 

For  Forms  at  Entry  and  further  particulars  apply  to  THE 
SECRETARY.  Royal  Holloway  College,  Englefield  Green.  Surrey. 

MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C  —An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION  for  Boys 
under  14  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


S 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1.  will  he  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MAoTER, 
School  House.  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

STAMMERING  PERMANENTLY  CURED. 
Universal  succen*.  Resident  and  Daily  Pupils  received.  — Pro- 
spectus with  testimonials  post  free  from  Mr.  A.  O.  SCHNELLE, 
119,  Bedford  Court  Mansions,  Loudon,  W.C.    EsWb  1905. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm,  1,000  acres.  Vet. 
Bcience,  Smiths'  Work,  Carpentry,  Riding  and  Shooting  taught.  Ideal 
open-air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  13:1  133.  REGENT  STREET,  W..  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses,  Lady  Professors,  Teachers.  Chaperones,  Com- 
panions. Secretaries,  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  Ipersonal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays.  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  3627. 


•ttuatiens  Harant. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  DUBLIN. 
A  Constituent  College  of  the  National  University  of  Ireland. 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  FRENCH  AND  ROMANCE  PHILOLOGY. 
Applications  are  invited  by  the  Governing  Body  of  University 
College,  Dublin,  for  the  submission  of  representations  to  the  Senate  of 
the  National  University  of  Ireland  in  respect  of  the  appointment  to 
be  made  to  the  above  Professorship. 

The  present  salary  attached  to  the  office  is  600/.  per  annum.  The 
conditions  of  tenure  of  the  office  and  other  particulars  may  be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

Completed  applicatious,  with  copies  of  three  testimonials  in  each 
case,  must  be  received  not  later  than  APRIL  10,  1914. 

J.  W.  BACON,  M. A.,  Secretary  and  Bursar. 
80,  St.  Stephen's  Green.  Dublin. 
March  10.  1914. 


"NXEWNHAM 


COLLEGE,        CAMBRIDGE. 


The  past  of  RESIDENT  LECTURER  in  HISTORY  and 
DIRECTOR  OF  HISTORICAL  STUDIES  will  be  VACANT  in 
SEPTEMBER.  Applicants  (who  Bhoulel  be  women  of  academic 
attainments)  are  requested  to  write  for  information  to  THE 
PRINCIPAL.  Testimonials  are  not  required,  but  names  should  be 
given  of  persons  to  whom  the  College  authorities  may  refer.  Candi- 
dates should  also  send  particulars  as  to  education,  experience,  Ac, 
with  copies  or  titles  of  any  historical  work  they  may  have  published, 
before  APRIL  26. 

ARMSTRONG        COLLEGE, 
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 
(In  the  University  of  Durham.) 
DAY  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT. 
The  Council  invites  applications  for  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
IN  EDUCATION  (Woman).     Salary  120/ ,  rising  to  130/.  per  annum. 

Particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  on  or  before 
APRIL  16,  1914.  F.  H.  PRUEN,  MA..  Secretary. 

Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


u 


NIVERSITY    OF    MANCHESTER. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 
PRIMARY  BRANCH. 


The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  Post  of  A8SISTANT 
LECTURER  AND  DEMONSTRATOR  IN  EDUCATION, as  successor 
to  Mr.  James  Shelley.  Duties  to  commence  in  September  next. 
Candidates  should  be  qualified  to  give  instruction  in  Drawing  and 
Handwork.  Salary  200/.  per  annum.  Applications  should  be  sent, 
not  later  than  APRIL  21.  to  THE  SECRETARY  TO  THE  SENATE, 
from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

TT  NIVERSITY    OF    MANCHESTER. 

FACULTY  OF  LAW. 
Applications  are  invited  by  the  Council  for  a  READERSHIP 
in  the  FACULTY  OF  LAW.  Stipend  350/.  per  annum.  Candidates 
mutt  not  be  more  than  35  years  of  age.  For  further  particulars  and 
conditions  of  the  appoiutment,  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY  TO 
THE  SENATE,  the  University.  Manchester. 


B 


ARNSTAPLE    GRAMMAR    SCHOOL. 


WANTED.  May  6,  an  experienced  MODERN  LANGUAGE 
MASTER  (French  a  speciality),  with  Junior  Latin  ami  English. 
Oral  methods  used  in  French.  Games,  especially  Cricket,  a  recom- 
mendation. Salary  150/..  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10/  to  200/.— 
Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  from  me,  the  undersigned,  on 
receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  envelope,  which  should  be  returned, 
properly  filled  up,  on  or  )>efore  MARCH  2S  next. 

G.  W.  F.  BROWN,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

The  Strand.  Barnstaple. 

riOUNTY    BOROUGH    OF    SUNDERLAND. 

BEDE   COLLEGIATE    BOYS    8CHOOL. 
Head  Master-Mr.  G.  T.  FERGUSON.  B.A.  B.Sc. 
WANTED,  as  soon  as  possible,  an   ASSISTANT   MASTER,  whose 
main  work  will  be  that  of  a  Modern  Languages  Junior  Master.     Good 
degree,  discipline,  and  ability  to  teach  French  and  German  In  Lower 
Form*,  and  one  of  these  Languages  in  Upper  Forms  essential. 
Salary  1*01,  rising  by  scale  to  2')(i(. 

Application  form  and  scale  of  salary  obtainable  on  seeling  Stamped 
addressed  eneelopeto  the  undersigned,  who  will  reoelve applications 
until  APRIL  1.  HERBERT  REED. Secretary. 

Education  Department,  10,  John  street.  Bonderland. 
March.  191 1 

THE    NOTTINGHAM    MECHANICS 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1837. 
At.pl  cations  are  Invited  from  O. -nth-men  experienced  in  Library 
work  for  Appointment  a-  OHIBf    LIBRARIAN.    The   Institution 
possesses  a   Library  of  14,000    rolomee,    and    applicants    should    be 

experienced  in  Cataloguing  ind  competent  to  idvi d  i  '"•  selection 

of  new  DMka.    Commencing  salary  I B  I      Form  of  application   may 
be  obtained  of  GEORGE  BRYAN,  Secretary. 

March  16,  1014. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


QEVERAL    MASTERS  WANTED   for   various 

kD  Schools  in  the  East.  General  Form  work,  especially  English. 
Some  appointments  under  Government,  with  Pension.  Free  passage. 
Young  Graduates  required.  Salaries  from  300/.  to  380/.  to  commence 
with.— Address  Prof.  LEWIS,  Cambridge. 

EDUCATED  YOUNG  MAN  WANTED  to 
learn  the  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS.  Premium  100/.,  returned 
insalary.— Box  2041,  Athenaeum  Press,  ll.Bream'B  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane,  London,  E.C. 


Situations  Manfcb. 

LADY  SECRETARY,  free  Afternoon  and  Even- 
ing.     Shorthand,    Typewriting,     and     Book  keeping. -Address 
Miss  SYBIL  WILSON,  Hopkinsou  House,  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road. 


iHisallatwons. 


THE  MEEHAN  (BATH  PRINTS) 
COLLECTION. 
The  Bath  Town  Council  have  recently  voted  and  paid  100/.  towards 
the  fund  of  300/.  required  to  purchase  for  the  city  the  Valuable 
Collection  of  Old  Bath  Prints.  Drawings,  Maps.  Plans,  and  Autograph 
Letters  foimed  by  the  late  Mr.  J.  F.  MEEHAN.  The  Committee 
having  the  matter  in  hand  would  be  obliged  if  those  ladies  and 
gentlemen  intending  to  add  their  names  to  the  list  of  Subscribers 
would  kindly  forward  their  cheques  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Bath 
Prints  Fund,  20',  Marylebone  Road,  London.  N.W.,  or  to  THE 
SECRETARY,  Bath  Prints  Fund.  31.  The  Paragon,  Bath,  crossing 
them  London  Couuty  and  Westminster  Bank. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing  —A.  B.,  Box  1002.  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C- 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at   the 
British  Museum.     Experience.     Testimonials.— N.  M.,  Box  1995, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

THE  LEADENHALL  TRANSLATION 
BUREAU  undertake  Literary  Translations,  Type-writing, 
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PLAYS  '  Managers  and  Producers  are  constantly  asking  us  for 
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royalty  FOUR  TIMES  LARGER  than  that  offered  to  an  author 
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rietta Street,  W.C. 

NOTICE  TO  AUTHORS.— Writers  who  require 
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municate with  Mr  STANHOPE  W.  SPR1GG,  Literary  Consultant, 
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Adviser  to  the  Society  of  Women  Journalists.    Fees  moderate. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.  placed    with    187    Publishers 
and  Periodicals  at  highest  prices.    lG-page  Prospectus  free.— 
MAGNUS.  8.  Henrietta  Street,  W.C. 

THE    SECRETARIAL    BUREAU,    25,    Queen 
Anne's  Gate.  St.  James's  Park,  S.W.    Tel. :  8891  Victoria.    Miss 
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RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
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Piccadilly,  London.  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


Catalogues. 


BOOKS.— CATALOGUE  of  VALUABLE  and 
INTERESTING  BOOKS,  being  Selections  from  several  well- 
known  Libraries,  i«st  free.  Customers'  I i-t h  of  desiderata  solicited  — 
R.  ATKINSON,  '■>:.  Sunderland  Road,  Foiest  Hill,  London;  Tele- 
phone IMS  Sydenham. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  OF  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Iiiekens.  Thackeray  I*ver.  Ainswnrth;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G  and  B.  Omihihanh.  Phi*.  BowUndeon  Leach.  Ac.  TJio 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Bale  In  Ul*  World.  OATA- 
LOGUKS  issued  and  sent  post,  fire  <m   application.       Ii.«.ks    tioiiRlit.— 

WALTER  T.  spencer.  Bi  Sew  Owned  Street,  London,  H  C 

BOOKS. —  ALL    OUT-OF-PRINT   and    RARK 
BOON  on   any  tnbject  MU  I'l'l.l  E  I  I.       1  be  !■■■  «t  exnert  Book- 
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I  ,1  feal <i  ....  hanging.  .o>  Bale  ibis  B<  ok*  for  others  sell 

from  my  varloui  II  >  1  particularly  want 

pott  free     BOW     BaKRR'8  Oreal    Bookshop,  John   Bright  Street, 
Birmingham.     Burke*    I  I '.HO.    new.    ISs  —  Wulpoles    Letters. 

Large  Paper,  HI  >ol».,  7(.  )0s.     Yeats.  Collected  Works,  t)  vols.,  31.  3s. 


398 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


HaUr.  Iijt  Ruction. 

Engravings,  Drawing*,  and  Etchings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  HULL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.O.,  on  MONDAY,  March  23.  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
ENGR  WINGS,  DRAWINGS,  and  ETCHINGS,  the  Property  of 
Mrs.  EDMONSTONE,  of  Woodthorpe,  Nottingham;  Military  Prints 
and  Portraits,  many  being  Aquatints  in  Colours,  from  the  well- 
known  Collection  formed  hy  the  lite  S.  M.  MILNE,  Esq.,  of  (Jalverly 
House,  l,i-i  i h  ;  and  other  Properties. 

May  be  viewed.      Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Works  of  Art. 

MESSRS.  80THEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C..  on  TUESDAY,  March  24.  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  GLASS,  PORCELAIN.  POTTERY,  and  other 
WORKS  OF  ART,  the  Property  of  T.  T.  GREG.  Esq.  K.S.A..  of 
Coles  Park.  Runtingford  ;  of  Admiral  .7.  A.  BAKER,  of  the  Dell 
Malvern  Wells;  a  Collection  of  GEORGIAN  SHOE  BUOKLHS.  the 
Property  of  A.  Y.  WHISHAW,  Esq.,  of  Steep,  Petersfield,  Hants; 
and  other  Properties,  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Draicings,  Engravings,  and  Etchings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  hy  AUOTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C..  on  THURSDAY.  March  26,  and  Following 
Day.  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  DRAWINGS  (in  Line  and  in  Colour), 
ENGRAVINGS,  and  ETCHINGS,  comprising  the  Property  of  the 
late  Sir  CHARLES  ROBINSON.  C.B.  F  S.A.  (sold  by  Order  of  the 
Executors),  the  Property  of  Miss  BEEDLE ;  and  other  Properties. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  — 

On  TUESDAY,  March  24,  and  Two  Following 

Days,  FINE  ENGLISH  AND  FOREIGN  SILVER,  the  Property  of 
the  late  EARL  OF  ASHBURNHAM. 

On    FRIDAY,    March  27,    PICTURES    AND 

DRAWINGS. 

STEVENS'S       AUCTION       ROOMS. 
Established  1760 
TUESDAY  next,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 
A     COLLECTION    OF     CHINA,    Cut    Glass, 

Silver,  and  Plated  Articles,  Decorative  Furniture,  and  Miscellaneous 
Items,  the  Property  of  a  LADY,  deceased,  removed  from  a  West-End 
Flat. 

Mr.    J.    C    STEVENS   will   SELL    the   above 

Property  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
London.  W.C. 

On  view  day  prior  from  12.30  till  5.30, 
12  o'clock.    Catalogues  on  application. 


and  morning  of  Sale  till 


Hot xle.r  (Jil  I^rints 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY, 
March  2(i,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  fine  BAXTER 
OIL  PRINTS,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  and  from  various 
Collections. 

Autograph  Letters,  Manuscripts,  and  Historical  Documents. 

PUTTICK  &  SIM  PSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY, 
April  2,  at  2  o'clock  precisely,  a  COLLECTION  OF  AUTOGRAPH 
LETTERS,  MANUSCRIPTS,  AND  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENT8. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  old  Libraries  removed  from 
Devonshire  and  Yorkshire. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square.  W.C.,  DURING  APRIL, 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  including  the  above  Libraries,  com- 
prising Standard  Works  in  all  Branches  of  Literature— BookB  on 
the  Fine  Arts.  Architecture,  Sport,  and  Travel— Books  with  Coloured 
Plates,  &c,  further  particulars  of  which  will  be  duly  announced. 

The  Library  of  the  late  J.  U.  JACOBY,  Esq.  (removed  from 
82,  The  Ropewalk,  Nottingham),  by  Order  of  the  Executors. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY,  March  26,  at  1  o'clock,  the  above  LIBRARY,  comprising 
Incunabula  and  other  Early  Printed  Books  from  German,  Italian,  and 
French  Presses— Early  Books  with  Woodcuts  and  Engravings— Rare 
Books  in  English  and  Foreign  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Century 
Literature,  many  in  contemporary  calf  or  morocco  bindings— Topo- 
graphical Works— First  Editions  of  Dickens,  AinBworth,  Thackeray, 
and  others— Sporting  Books  and  Books  of  Travel,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Rare  and  Valuable  Books. 
jl/TESSRS.    HODGSON   &   CO.    will   SELL   by 

lvl  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.  on 
FRIDAY,  March  27,  at  1  o'clock,  RARE  AND  VALUABLE  BOOKS, 
comprising  Hasted's  History  of  Kent.  4  vols—  Brookshaw's  Pomona 
Britannica,  and  Abbot  and  Smith's  Lepidoptera  of  Georgia,  2  vols., 
both  in  contemporary  morocco— Rowlandsou's  Loyal  Voluuteers— The 
Present  State  of  New-England  with  respect  to  the  Indian  War,  with 
the  Continuation,  1675-6— Rare  Books  and  Pamphlets  on  Trade 
and  America-a  Collection  of  Books  from  the  Aldine  and  Elzevir 
Presses,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  -Interesting  and  Curious 
Blank-Letter  Books— Chaucer's  Works,  1561- Ben  Jonson's  Works, 
with  the  Portrait,  2  vols.,  1610-Suckling's  Fragmenta  Aurea,  1648, 
and  Sir  Thomas  Overbury.  his  Wife,  1616,  both  with  the  Portraits- 
Goldsmith's  The  Traveller,  First  Edition,  1765,  and  other  rare 
Volumes  of  Poems -The  Poetical  Magazine,  4  vols.  —  Two  Early 
Examples  of  Fore-Edge  Painting— Presentation  Copy  of  Swinburne's 
Century  of  Roundels,  1883.  and  other  First  Editions  of  Modern 
Authors— A  few  Autograph  Letters,  including  Dr.  Johnson,  Benj. 
Franklin.  Charles  Dickens,  and  others— an  Original  MS.  by  Thomas 
Cranley  [ca.  1635],  &c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


MSS 


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BIBLIOTHECA 
VINARIA 

A    BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    BOOKS    AND 

PAMPHLETS       DEALING       WITH 

VITICULTURE,  WINE  MAKING, 

DISTILLATION,       THE 

MANAGEMENT,    SALE, 

TAXATION,        USE 

AND  ABUSE  OF 

WINES  AND 

SPIRITS. 

By 

ANDRE    L.    SIMON, 

Author  of  'A  History  of  (he  Wine  Trade  in 
England,'  &c. 

d.  There  is  no  branch  of  commerce  the 
study  .of  which  offers  a  larger  or  more 
varied  field  of  research  than  the  Wine 
and  Spirit  Trade.  Many  books  have 
been  written  upon  the  Vine,  the  culture  of 
which  is  more  ancient  and  more  universal 
than  that  of  any  other  produce  of  agri- 
culture, corn  excepted ;  many  more  have 
published  dealing  in  prose  with  the 
making  of  Wine  and  singing  in  verse  the 
praises  of  the  juice  of  the  Grape  in  all 
times  and  amongst  all  civilized  nations  ; 
numerous  are  the  books  treating  of  dis- 
tillation, the  taxation,  use  and  abuse  of 
Spirits  in  England.  All  such  works  are 
of  considerable  interest,  not  only  to  those 
wine  merchants  who  take  an  intelligent 
pride  in  their  Trade,  but  also  to  students 
of  English  commercial  and  social  history 
and  others,  wine-lovers  and  book-lovers, 
many  of  whom  have  of  ten  failed  to  obtain 
the  information  they  wished  for,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  no  comprehensive  Cata- 
of  Books  on  Wine  and  Spirits  has 
hitherto  been  published. 

(L.  This  important  work  is  the  most 
exhaustive  Bibliography  of  the  subject 
roer  attempted  in  England  or  abroad. 
It  is  printed  by  the  Ballantyne  Press  of 
Edinburgh,  on  pure  rag  paper,  and  is 
bound  in  Hollist on  buckram.    £2  2s.net. 

BY  THE  SAME  AUTHOR. 

IN  VINO  VERITAS: 
a  Book  about  Wine. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth,  2s.  6d.  net. 

GRANT  RICHARDS  LTD., 
7,    Carlton    Street,     London. 


Mr.  Murray's  List  of  Recent  Travel  Books. 

AEGEANDAYS 

AND    OTHER   SOJOURNS   and  STUDIES  in  the  ISLES   OF   GREECE 

By  J.   IRVING  MANATT 

Ph.D.  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  Brown  University  ;  sometime  American  Consul  at  Athens. 

12s.  net. 

"  Professor  Manatt's  book  on  the  Islands  is  one  of  the  most  delightful 
we  recall  on  Greek  travel." — Cambridge  Review.  "  Professor  J.  Irving 
Manatt  is  as  familiar  with  the  modern  life  as  with  the  classical  side, 
and  pours  out  his  knowledge  of  both  with  a  lover's  enthusiasm." — Times. 
"  A  series  of  sketches  or  studies  of  the  places  and  people  such  as  only 
a  cultured  Hellenophile  could  have  written."— Standard. 


WILD  GAME  IN 
ZAMBEZIA. 

By  R.  C.  F.  MAUGHAM  (Author 
of  'Zambezia,'  &c).  "He  is,  as 
every  one  knows,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  big-game  hunters,  but  this  is  no 
mere  record  of  expeditions  in 
search  of  sport."  —  Globe.  "He 
writes  humorously  and  well,  and 
with  great  knowledge."  —  Evening 
Standard.  "  Mr.  Maugham  has  the 
art  of  bringing  the  things  he  has 
seen  before  his  readers." — Manchester 
Courier.     Illustrations.     15s.  net. 

BUDDHIST  CHINA. 

By  R.  F.  JOHNSTON  (Author  of 
'  From  Pekin  to  Mandalay').  This 
book  embodies  the  results  of  wide 
travel  in  unfrequented  parts  of 
China,  and  much  research  in  Chin- 
ese Buddhist  literature.  It  contains 
historical  and  topographical  ac- 
counts of  some  of  the  most  famous 
religious  centres  in  the  empire,  and 
several  of  its  chapters  deal  with 
the  origin  and  growth  of  the 
Mahayanist  branch  of  the  Buddhist 
faith.      Illustrations.     15s.  net. 


A  PEPYS  OF  MOGUL 
INDIA,  1653-1708. 

An  Abridged  Edition  of  the  '  Storia 
do  Mogor,'  by  NICCOLAO 
MANUCCI.  '  Translated  by 
WILLIAM  IRVINE.  Abridged 
and  Edited  by  MARGARET  IR- 
VINE. "  She  has  done  the  work 
of  abridgment  skilfully,  and  Man- 
ucci,  the  stowaway,  the  vagrant, 
the  amateur  apothecary,  the  Court 
physician,  and  the  casual  diploma- 
tist,   comes    out    vividly   in    these 


pages. 


T 


imes.     10s.  6d.  net. 


VAGABOND'S  WAY. 

A  Gossiping  Description  of 
Rambles  in  the  Lake  District.  By 
NANCY  PRICE  (Mrs.  Charles 
Maude).  "  In  this  record  of  '  hap- 
hazard wanderings  on  the  fells  ' 
Miss  Nancy  Price  has  given  us  one 
of  the  most  engrossing  volumes  of 
travel-talk  that  we  have  read  for 
some  time,  a  book  that  will  be  a 
real  delight  to  all  who  know  the 
joys  of  the  vagabond's  way  of 
pedestrianism."  —  Daily  Telegraph. 
Original  Drawings  by  A.  S.  Hartrick 
6s.  net. 


MURRAY'S  HANDBOOK   FOR    INDIA, 

BURMAH,  AND  CEYLON.  The  Handbook  has  been  brought  up  to 
date  and  revised  throughout  under  new  editorship,  and  with  the  co- 
operation of  officials  and  other  residents  in  all  parts  of  India,  Ceylon, 
and  Burmah.  New  maps  and  plans  have  been  added,  and  no  care  or 
trouble  has  been  spared  to  make  the  book  complete  and  thorough  in 
all  details.      With  numerous  Maps  and  Plans.     20s. 

LIFE  AND  HUMAN  NATURE.   SOCIAL  WORK  IN  LONDON. 


By  Sir  BAMPFYLDE  FULLER, 
K  C.S.I. ,  CLE.  (Author of '  Studies 
of  Indian  Life  and  Sentiment  '). 
This  work  is  an  attempt  to  con- 
struct a  natural  history  or  science 
— of  human  nature  by  tracing  be- 
haviour of  mind  or  body  to  im- 
pulses which  actuate,  more  or  less 
definitely,  all  living  creatures,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  Life's  mani- 
festations of  itself,     9s.  net. 


1869-1912.  By  HELEN  BOSAN- 
QUET,  LL.D.  A  History  of  the 
Charity  Organisation  Society. 
8s.  net. 

A  DICKENS  PILGRIMAGE. 

(THE  TIMES  Series  of  Reprints.) 
"  The   erudition   and   charm   of  the 
work  are  beyond  question."      II 
minster  Gazette,      is.  net. 


London:  JOHN    MURRAY,    Albemarle    Street,    W. 


400 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4508,  March  21,   1914 


MR.  EDWARD  ARNOLDS 

LIST. 


MISS  JENKINSON'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

BARBARA      LYNN. 

By  EMILY  JENKINSON, 

Author  of  '  Silverwool '  and  '  The  Soul  of  Unrest.'    6s. 

Times. —"  '  Barbara  Lynn'  will  appeal  to  all  lovers  of 
Westmorland.  How  Lucy,  deserted  by  the  man  she  loved, 
married  the  man  whom  Barbara  loved,  and  how  he  and 
Barbara  bore  themselves  under  the  trial,  is  the  story  of  the 
book  ;  and  the  author  has  so  contrived  it  that  we  shall  feel 
the  kinship  of  Barbara's  nobility  with  the  grandeur  of  the 
scenes  among  which  she  lived.  Miss  Jenkinson  works  by 
means  of  an  imaginative  greatness  which,  in  its  measure,  is 
of  fine  quality." 

Now  ready  at  all  Booksellers  and 
Libraries. 

RICHARD    CORFIELD    OF 
SOMALILAND. 

By  H.  F.   PREVOST-BATTERSBY, 

War  Correspondent  of  the  Morning  Post  in  South  Africa 
and  Somaliland. 

With  Map  and  Illustrations.    10s.  6d.  net. 

THE 

ORIGIN  OF  ATTIC  COMEDY. 

By  F.  M.  CORNFORD, 

Fellow  and  Lecturer  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 

Author  of  'Thucydides  Mythistoricus,'  'From  Religion  to 

Philosophy,'  &c. 

8s.  6<2.  net. 

THE  LIFE  OF  ADMIRAL 

SIR    HARRY    RAWSON, 

G.C.B.  G.C.M.G. 

By  Lieut.  G.  RAWSON,  R.I.M. 

With  Maps  and  Illustrations.  12s.  6d.  net. 
Times. — "Sir  Harry  Rawson's  record  is  well  worth  pre- 
serving and  well  worth  studying,  just  because  it  illustrates 
so  effectively  and  withal  so  unobtrusively  that  abiding 
spirit  of  duty,  service,  efficiency,  and  instant  readiness  for 
all  emergencies  which  has  made  the  British  Navy  what  it 
is." 

A  CLIMBER  IN  NEW  ZEALAND. 

By  MALCOLM  ROSS.  With  numerous  beautiful 
Illustrations  from  the  Author's  Photographs  of  New 
Zealand  Mountain  Scenery.     1  vol.  15s.  net. 

KULU  AND  LAHOUL. 

An  Account  of  My  Latest  Climbing  Journeys 
in  the  Himalaya. 

By  Lieut  -Col.  the  Hon.  C.  G.  BRUCE,  M.V.O., 
6th  Gurkha  Rifles,  Author  of  'Twenty  Years  in  the 
Himalaya.'  With  numerous  Illustrations  from  the 
Author's  Photographs  and  a  Map.     1  vol.  12s.  Cd.  net. 


ESSAYS  ON  FAITH  AND  IMMORTALITY. 

By  GEORGE  TYRRELL.  Arranged,  with  Intro- 
duction, by  M.  D.  PE1RE,  his  Biographer.    5s.  net. 

HANNIBAL  ONCE  MORE. 

By  DOUGLAS   W.    FRESHFTELD,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of   the    Hoyal    Geographical   Society,   Author  of 
'The  Exploration  of  the  Caucasus,'  &c.     Illustrated. 
5s.  net. 
***  In    this    volume  Mr.    Freshfield  has  put  into   final 
shape  the  results  of  his  study  of  the  famous  and  still- 
debated  question,  "  By  which  pass  did  Hannibal  cross  the 
Alps  ?  " 

THE  REVIVAL  OF  THE  RELIGIOUS  LIFE. 

By  Father  PAUL  BULL,  Priest  in  the  Community 
of  the  Resurrection,  Mirfield.     3s.  (id.  net. 

This  volume  forms  a  valuable  and  interesting  contribu- 
tion to  the  problem's  connected  with  communities  in  the 
Church  of  England. 

TEACHING  FOR  LADS. 

For  Use  in  Bible,  Confirmation,  and 
Communicant  Classes. 

By  the  Rev.  PETER  GREEN,  M.A.,  Rector  of 
St.  Philip's,  Salford,  and  Canon  of  Manchester,  Author 
of  'How  to  Deal  with  Lads.'  <fcc.     Cloth,  2s.  6d.  net. 


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THE     ATHENiEUM 


40:3 


SATURDAY,   MARCH  81,   1914. 


CONTENTS.  PAGE 

Two    ASPECTS    OF    Islam    (The   Mystics    of    Islam  ; 

Spanish  Islam)       403-404 

CLUB  Makers  and  Club  Members      404 

Women  Workers  in  Seven  Professions     ..        ..    405 

The  Like  of  sir  Frederick  Weld 405 

Walter  Scott  and  the  Border  (The  Country  of 
sir  Walter  Scott  ;  Highways  and  Byways  in  the 
Bonier)         406 

Books    Published    this     Week    (English,    407; 

Foreign,  410) 407—410 

Inviolable  (Sonnet  by  Florence  Earle  Coates) ;  Book 
Sale;  Cambridge  Finance;  Indirect  Pay- 
ment; Shakespeare  and  Asbies;  Dr.  Augus- 
tus Jessopi'  ;  The  Ethics  of  a  Half-Truth  410—412 

Publishers' Announcements 412 

Literary  Gossip        413 

Science  —  A.n  American  Work  on  Chemical 
Analysis  ;  sir  John  Murray  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ..  ..  414—415 
Fine  Arts  — Henry  Holiday  and  Vincent  van- 
Gogh  ;  The  Royal  Society  of  British 
Artists  ;  Other  Exhibitions  ;  Gossip  ;  Pic- 
tures and  Drawings  ;  Engravings  and  Etch- 
ings      416—418 

Mi  sic  —  Gossip;    Performances    Next    W7eek; 

Purcell's  Music  in  France 418—419 

Drama— The  Comedies  of  Holberg  ;  Gossip       419—420 
Index  to  Advertisers      423 


LITERATURE 


TWO    ASPECTS    OF  ISLAM. 

'  The  Mystics  of  Islam  '  should  be  an 
attractive  title  to-day,  and  Dr.  Nicholson's 
Little  book  reveals  a  side  of  religious 
thought  which  is  well  worth  attention. 
""  All  thinking  religious  Moslems  are 
mystics,"  said  Prof.  D.  B.  Macdonald  in 
his  illuminating  '  Aspects  of  Islam '  ;  and 
he  added,  "  all,  too,  are  pantheists,  but 
some  do  not  know  it."  Much  the  same 
thing  may  be  said  about  a  good  many 
"  thinking  religious "  Christians  in  the 
present  day,  when  mysticism  is  con- 
spicuously in  the  air ;  but  Christian 
mystics  may  be  astonished  to  find  their 
profoundest  emotions  and  most  secret 
aspirations  expressed  by  Moslems  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  Yet  there  is  really  nothing 
surprising  in  this,  since  mysticism  gives 
the  spiritual  content  of  what  is  common  to 
all  theistic  religions,  and  "  all  mystical 
<\j)eriences  ultimately  meet  in  a  single 
point,"  however  apparently  various  the 
ways  by  which  it  is  approached.  The 
paths  by  which  we  seek  God,  say  the 
Sufis,  '"  are  in  number  as  the  souls  of 
men."  Therefore  Sufism,  or  Moham- 
medan mysticism,  is  no  sect,  and  does  not 
lend  itself  to  sectarianism  ;  it  is  rare  to 
find  a  Sufi  among  the  Shi'ah.  It  pro- 
ves no  dogmatic  system,  but  teaches 
only  the  path  to  God,  through  the  stages 
of   repentance,   abstinence,    renunciation, 


The  Mystics  of  Islam.  By  Reynold  A. 
Nicholson.     (Bell  &  Sons,  2s.  <>>L  net.) 

Spanish  Islam:  a  History  of  the  Moslems  in 
Spain.  Jiy  Reinhart  Dozy.  Translated, 
with  a  Biographical  Introduction  and 
Additional  Notes,  by  Francis  Griffin 
Stokes.     (Chatto  <fc  Windus,  1/.   Is.  net.) 


poverty,  patience,  trust,  and  satisfaction, 
from  the  purgative  to  the  illuminative, 
and  finally  the  contemplative  life,  until 
the  soul  at  last  "  passes  away  "  and  unites 
with  ultimate  Reality.  "The  whole  of 
Sufism,"  however — and  in  this  it  differs 
from  Buddhism — 

"  rests  on  the  belief  that  when  the  individual 
self  is  lost,  the  Universal  Self  is  found  ;  or, 
in  religious  language,  that  ecstasy  affords 
the  only  means  by  which  the  soul  can 
directly  communicate  and  become  united 
with  God.  Asceticism,  purification,  love, 
gnosis,  saintship — all  the  leading  ideas  of 
Sufism — are  developed  from  this  cardinal 
principle." 

But,  unlike  Nirvana,  the  cessation  of 
individuality,  the  ;i  passing  away  "  (fana) 
of  the  Sufi  implies  continuance  of  real 
existence  (baqa).  "  He  who  dies  to  self 
lives  in  God  "  ;  but  this  immortality  seems 
to  be  quite  impersonal — self-annihilation 
in  deification. 

The  Sufi  doctrine  that  "  the  kingdom 
of  God  is  within  you,"  and  the  absolute 
supremacy  of  the  infallible  conscience, 
logically  imply  antinomianism  ;  and  there 
have  been  Moslem  mystics,  as  well  as 
Christian  mystics,  who  repudiated  all 
religious  and  moral  law.  Logic,  however, 
makes  little  appeal  to  Orientals,  who  are 
usually  quite  unconscious  of  the  incon- 
gruity of  contradictory  beliefs.  "  There 
are  some  occasions,"  as  Dr.  Nicholson 
says,  "  when  intense  moral  feeling  is 
worth  any  amount  of  accurate  thinking  "  ; 
and  the  Sufi  as  a  rule  felt  intensely  and 
morally,  and  usually  managed  to  accommo- 
date his  mysticism  with  the  practice  of 
the  Mohammedan  religion.  Nothing  would 
appear  less  compatible  than  the  immanent 
universal  spirit  of  love  of  the  Sufis,  and  the 
awful  transcendent  God  of  the  Koran  ; 
but  to  divines  nothing  is  impossible.  The 
Sufi  teachers  picked  out  what  few  mystical 
sentences  they  could  discover  in  "  the 
Book,"  and  interpreted  others  to  suit 
their  views,  and,  we  must  admit,  forged 
a  whole  collection  of  "  Traditions "  to 
match  the  orthodox  Traditions  of  the 
Prophet,  which  were  not  themselves  above 
suspicion.  It  was  obvious  that  men  who 
derived  their  religious  convictions  direct 
from  the  immanent  divinity  could  not 
attach  great  importance  to  the  doctrine 
of  Mohammed,  even  though  some  held  him 
to  be  the  Logos  ;  but  not  many  actually 
repudiated  Islam  like  Abu-Sa'id  b.  Abu- 
1-Kheyr,  who  wrote  : — 

Not  until  every  mosque  beneath  the  sun 
Lies  ruined  will  our  holy  work  be  done  ; 
And  never  will  true  Musalman  appear 
Till  faitli  and  infidelity  are  one. 

A  good  many,  however,  took  the  gnostic 
view  that  all  types  of  religion  are  of 
much  the  same  value  or  worthlessness. 
and  that 

The  true  mosque  in  a  pore  ;md  holy  In-art 

Is  builded  :   there  Id  all  men  worship  God  ; 
For  i  Inn-  lb-  dwells,  noi  in  a  mosque  of  stone. 

Hut  Ghazzali's  philosophical  and  mode- 
rate method  of  bringing  Islam  and 
mysticism  into  some  kind  of  harmony  has 
commended  itself  to  many  centuries  of 
.Moslems,  and  bridges  the  gulf  in  a  way 
that  many  find  satisfactory.  On  the 
other  hand,  Sufism  has  saved  Islam  from 


dry   formalism.     As   Dr.    Nicholson    well 
says  : — 

"  Undoubtedly  [the  Sufis]  have  done  p, 
great  work  for  islam.  They  have  deepened 
and  enriched  the  lives  of  millions  by  ruth- 
lessly stripping  off  the  husk  of  religion  and 
insisting  that  its  kernel  must  be  sought,  not 
in  any  formal  act,  but  in  cultivation  of 
spiritual  feelings  and  in  purification  of  the 
inward  man.  This  was  a  legitimate  and 
most  fruitful  development  of  the  Prophet's 
teaching.  But  the  Prophet  was  a  strict 
monotheist,  while  the  Sufis,  whatever  they 
may  pretend  or  imagine,  are  theosophists, 
pantheists,  or  monists." 


great 


He  adds  that  "  most  of  the 
mediaeval  Sufis  lived  saintly  lives,  dream 
ing  of  God,  intoxicated  with  God,"  and 
he  utterly  repudiates,  as  "  both  super- 
ficial and  incorrect,"  Dr.  Inge's  remark 
that  they  "  appear,  like  true  Asiatics,  to 
have  attempted  to  give  a  sacramental  and 
symbolic  character  to  the  indulgence  of 
their  passions."  The  erotic  imagery  of 
the  Sufi  poets  was  adopted  as  the  only 
means  of  vividly  interpreting  mystical 
experience.  "  Love  is  the  essence  of  all 
creeds,"  and  only  through  the  images  of 
human  love  could  divine  love  be  expressed. 

"  The  love  thus  symbolized  [adds  Dr. 
Nicholson]  is  the  emotional  element  in 
religion,  the  rapture  of  the  seer,  the  courage 
of  the  martyr,  the  faith  of  the  saint,  the  only 
basis  of  moral  perfection  and  spiritual  know- 
ledge. Practically  it  is  self-renunciation  and 
self-sacrifice,  the  giving  up  of  all  possessions 
— wealth,  honour,  will,  life,  and  whatever 
else  men  value — for  the  sake  of  the  Beloved 
without  any  thought  of  reward." 

So  the  saintly  woman   Rabi'a  prayed  a 
thousand  years  ago  : — 

"  O  God,  if  I  worship  Thee  in  fear  of  Hell, 
burn  me  in  Hell ;  and  if  I  worship  Thee  in 
hope  of  Paradise,  exclude  me  from  Paradise  ; 
but  if  I  worship  Thee  for  Thine  own  sake, 
withhold  not  Thine  everlasting  Beauty."' 

Dr.  Nicholson  has  been  engaged  for 
twenty  years  in  collecting  materials  for 
a  great  history  of  Oriental  mysticism, 
and  this  little  book  —  the  only  adequate 
introduction  to  the  subject  as  yet  pub- 
lished in  England — has  profited  by  this 
wealth  ;  for  he  is  able  throughout  to  let 
the  Moslem  mystics  speak  for  themselves. 
Many  of  his  most  striking  extracts  will 
be  unfamiliar  even  to  Orientalists,  and 
few,  indeed,  could  understand  the  cryptic 
utterances  of  Niffari  without  the  trans- 
lator's explanatory  commentary.  His 
discussion  of  the  Sufi  theory  of  the 
origin  of  evil  is  specially  noteworthy, 
and  so  is  his  chapter  on  The  (Jnitive 
State.' 

Of  Dr.  Nicholson's  learning  nothing 
need  be  said  ;  but  the  grace  and 
fidelity  of  his  translations  deserve 
special   praise.      English   readers  inusl    not 

l)e  deterred  from  a  study  of  this  brilliant 
book  by  the  frequent  use  of  Arabic  terms. 

In    philosophy    and    theology    precision    of 

terminology  is  essential     we  wish  this  had 
always    been    realized— and    the    Arabic 

terms   an-    necessary    to   exact    interpreta- 
tion.     All    mystics   will    rear)    with  delight 

this  sympathetic  exposition  of  a  deeply 
interesting   branch   of   their   religion. 


4(U 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


Dozy's  '  Histoire  des  Musulmans  d'Es- 
pagne,'  which  Mr.  Stokes  has  translated 
with  notes,  needs  no  criticism  at  this  time. 
It  was  published  in  1861,  and  has  tri- 
umphantly faced  the  world  of  scholarship 
for  over  half  a  century.  It  is  beyond  any 
question  a  work  of  the  highest  authority, 
based  on  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  sources 
then  printed  and  in  manuscript,  and 
written  with  fine  historical  insight  and  a 
just  sense  of  proportion.  Dozy,  in  fact, 
was  one  of  the  historians  whose  conception 
of  history-writing  has  recently  been  em- 
phasized by  Mr.  George  Trevelyan,  to  the 
confusion  of  the  academic  dovecots. 
Dutch  as  he  was  by  birth,  Dozy  wrote  in 
French  like  the  Frenchman  he  was  by 
descent,  and  the  literary  merits  of  his 
work  equal  its  profound  learning.  It  is 
a  really  fascinating  book,  and  makes  the 
most  brilliant  and  wonderful  period  of 
Spanish  history  a  living  scene.  No  serious 
attack  on  any  of  its  positions  has  been 
made  in  the  past  fifty  years,  and  the 
researches  of  more  recent  explorers  in 
Spanish  records  and  Arabic  texts  have 
produced  little  beyond  a  feAV  verbal 
corrections.  Mr.  Whishaw,  indeed,  in 
his  L  Arabic  Spain  '  offered  some  criticisms 
of  Dozy's  work  which  were  not  to  be 
ignored ;  but  the  motive  seems  to  have 
been  rather  to  rehabilitate  Conde  and 
Gayangos,  both  of  whom  were  disparaged 
by  Dozy  with  too  much  of  the  scholar's 
acrimony,  than  to  depose  the  great  Dutch 
historian  from  his  acknowledged  supre- 
macy. There  are  matters,  and  even 
periods,  where  Dozy  needs  to  be  supple- 
mented and  revised ;  but,  as  a  whole, 
his  history  is  a  consummate  work  of  art 
as  well  as  of  learning. 

It  is  curious  that  it  should  be  trans- 
lated only  now  into  English ;  though 
some  people  will  wonder  why  a  French 
book  should  be  translated  at  all.  The 
justification,  we  think,  lies  in  its  estab- 
lished position  as  the  supreme  authority 
on  its  subject,  and  in  the  fact  that  English 
people,  whatever  they  may  say,  prefer 
to    read    books    in    their    own    language^ 

They  will  unquestionably  enjoy  Mr. 
Stokes's  book.  He  has  done  his  work 
admirably,  and  no  one  who  did  not  look 
at  the  title-page  would  guess  that  the 
book  Avas  a  translation.  It  reads  like  an 
original  English  composition  in  excellent 
style.  In  other  words,  it  is  a  free  version 
rather  than  a  closely  literal  rendering  ; 
but,  although  here  and  there  we  miss  a 
little  of  the  original,  the  translation 
preserves  the  essential  meaning,  and  loses 
nothing  of  the  scholarship.  We  are  not 
sure  that  we  like  the  plan  of  "  lumping  " 
Dozy's  references  to  his  Arabic  autho- 
rities together  at  the  end  of  chapters  ; 
it  makes  verification  onerous.  On  the 
other  hand,  Mr.  Stokes's  additional  notes 
are  often  useful,  though  he  does  not 
include  the  results  of  recent  Spanish 
researches  on  matters  of  detail.  This 
spirited  translation  is  a  worthy  reproduc- 
tion of  a  famous  history. 


Club  Makers  and  Club  Members.  By 
T.  H.  S.  Escott.  (T.  Fisher  Unwin, 
Us.  (id.  net.) 

Club  life  has  attracted  many  pens,  but 
it  still  lacks  its  comprehensive  historian. 
Several  individual  institutions  have  fared 
very  well,  notably  White's  at  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Algernon  Bourke.  The  subject  as  a 
whole,  however,  has  never  received  satis- 
factor}'  treatment,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  its 
vastness  and  seductiveness.  Where  is 
authorship  to  begin  1  Primitive  man  had 
his  club,  for  the  village  community  in 
the  earliest  times  had  many  of  the  essen- 
tial features  of  sodality.  Savage  tribes 
had,  and  still  have,  their  clubs,  in  some 
instances  murder  clubs.  There  are  the 
Greek  and  Roman  types,  to  which  Mr. 
Escott  duly  alludes ;  and  there  are  the 
mediaeval  guilds,  which  he  passes  over  in 
silence.  A  Frazer,  a  Stubbs,  a  Macaulay, 
and  some  modern  man  about  town— Mr. 
G.  W.  E.  Russell,  perhaps,  with  an  auto- 
cratic printer's  reader  at  his  elbow — will 
have  to  enter  into  partnership  before  the 
ideal  book  on  clubland  is  produced.  Even  so, 
the  combination  will  have  to  be  rigorously 
admonished  to  take  up  their  member  as  he 
enters  the  October  Club  or  the  Athenaeum, 
and  to  drop  him  as  he  starts  homewards. 
This  difficulty — a  serious  one,  it  must  be 
confessed— has  been  too  much  for  Mr. 
Escott,  who  wanders  off  into  biography, 
political  history,  and  kindred  topics,  until 
his  book  resembles  less  a  saunter  along 
Pall  Mall  than  the  aimless  pilgrimage  of 
some  countryman  through  Soho  before  its 
maze  had  been  pierced  by  modern 
thoroughfares. 

In  his  discursive  way  Mr.  Escott 
writes  interestingly  about  Hoccleve's 
Court  of  Good  Company,  the  gatherings  at 
the  Mermaid,  the  Apollo,  and  the  Rota. 
He  brings  original  information  to  bear 
upon  the  Civil  Club,  half  tavern  society, 
half  commercial  "  combine,"  which  met 
continuously  in  the  City  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1669  to  its  final  dinner  in  1877. 
These  early  associations,  as  Mr.  Escott 
notes,  were  migratory  :  they  met  at  their 
favourite  eating-house  or  coffee-house, 
and  moved  to  other  quarters  when 
attracted  by  better  fare  or  accommodation. 
The  wits  to  whom  Dryden  discoursed  at 
Will's  were  a  club  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses ;  the  Kit-Cat,  with  its  excursions  to 
the  Upper  Flask  at  Hampstead  and  to 
Jacob  Tonson's  house  at  Barn  Elms — 
now,  though  Mr.  Escott  does  not  tell  us 
so,  the  head-quarters  of  the  RanelaghClub 
— was  a  club  both  in  fact  and  in  name. 
The  evolution  Avas  as  simple  as  Huxley 
held  the  origin  of  species  to  have  been. 
The  unfit— the  bore  and  the  rustic  in- 
truder— had  to  be  eliminated  ;  a  room 
was  therefore  reserved  for  the  elect  at  the 
coffee  -  houses,  and  out  of  these  modest 
beginnings  greAV  the  temples  of  luxury  and 
ease  which  we  knoAV. 

With  Swift  and  Addison  to  guide  him, 
Mr.  Escott  keeps  himself  fairly  well  in 
hand  as  he  discourses  on  the  Wednesday 
Club,  Avith  Whiggism  and  banking  as  its 
moti\res,  and  the  October  Club,  where  the 


Tory  squires  forgathered  under  the  fussy 
direction  of  Mat  Prior.  His  account  of 
the  foundation  of  White's,  however,  is 
confused,  though  Mr.  Algernon  Bourke 
has  clearly  indicated  the  difference  be- 
tAveen  the  Old  and  the  Young  Club  and 
their  relationship  with  Arthur's.  '  The 
Modern  Club  Model  Created  '  serA-es  well 
enough  for  a  title  to  the  chapter,  but  we 
get  too  much  about  Horace  Walpole  and 
Colley  Cibber.  Brooks's  and  Boodle's 
come  off  better,  and  Mr.  Escott  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  the  skill  with  Avhich  he 
has  constructed  an  adequate  narrative 
concerning  the  latter  institution  in  spite 
of  its  policy  of  silence. 

The  author  draAvs  a  clear  distinction 
betAveen  clubs  of  the  earlier  kind — tavern- 
clubs,  as  he  calls  them  —  and  clubs  Avith 
club-houses.  "  The  "  Club,  founded  by  Dr. 
Johnson,  and  Grillion's  belong  to  the  first 
class.  The  second  had,  during  the  first 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  a  good 
example  in  the  Alfred,  Avith  its  queer 
mixture  of  dandies  and  bishops.  Then 
we  come  to  the  Carlton,  promoted  by  that 
astutest  of  Whips,  "  Billy  "  Holmes,  and 
the  Reform,  with  "  Bear  "  Ellice  as  its 
chief  organizer.  Mr.  Escott  imports  much 
oral  tradition  into  his  pages,  and  though 
some  of  it  may  be  legendary,  it  is  all 
amusing.  We  like  the  picture  of  Hudson, 
the  "  Railway  King,"  after  fortune  had 
deserted  him,  still  reigning  in  the  Carlton 
smoking-room,  Avhere,  as  he  used  to  boast, 
not  without  pathos,  "  they  have  made  me 
their  chairman."  EAen  better  is  the 
story  of  Lord  AbergaATenny  stopping 
Disraeli,  arrayed  in  the  flaming  costume 
which  he  imagined  to  be  the  attire  of  a 
country  gentleman,  on  the  steps  with 
"  Dizzy,  this  will  neATer  do.  For  Heaven's 
sake  go  back  to  Curzon  Street  and 
change  !  "  Many  will  learn  for  the  first 
time  that  the  foundation  of  the  Junior 
Carlton  was  mainly  due  to  Markham 
Spofforth,  of  the  firm  of  Baxter,  Rose 
&  Norton,  avIio  secured  Lord  Derbj^'s 
consent,  with  the  proAdso  of  "  the  curtain 
not  drawing  up  until  the  house  was  full." 

Cellars  and  kitchens  contain  no  secrets 
for  Mr.  Escott.  We  get  much  information 
of  the  securing  of  fine  vintages  from  Crock- 
ford's  sale  and  other  sources.  Those 
illustrious  chefs  "Ude  and  Soyer  make 
their  bow,  and  we  are  told  that  Col.  Mure, 
the  historian,  was  wont  to  make  presents 
to  the  Athenaeum  of  Greek  turkeys 
fattened  on  the  olives  of  Hymettus,  for 
he  had  acclimatized  both  on  his  Scottish 
estate.     But  gastronomy  is  a  lost  art. 

Though  Mr.  Escott's  survey  is  wide,  it 
cannot  be  called  complete.  Among  lite- 
rary clubs  Ave  find  no  mention  of  the 
Yorick,  wdiich  has  a  character  of  its  own. 
Sports  and  pastimes  fare  even  worse  ;  the 
Four-in-Hand  and  the  Badminton  are 
included,  but  the  Isthmian,  the  Sports' — 
occupying  a  house  where  the  Junior 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  familiarly  known 
as  the  "  Jock,"  carried  on  a  brief  exist- 
ence— and  the  National  Sporting  Club  are 
omitted.  The  last  is  the  more  to  be 
regretted  because  the  history  of  its 
numerous  predecessors  in  Covent  Garden — 
such  as  Evans's  and  Paddy  Green's   song 


No.  4508,  Marct  21,  1914 


THE     ATHEN.EU  M 


4(1.1 


and  supper  rooms,  and  the  FalstalT  and 
short-lived  Xew  clubs — was  surely  well 
worth  recovering. 

Mr.  Escott  should  have  asked  some 
literary  friend  to  read  his  proofs  for 
him.  We  should  then  have  been  spared 
inadvertences  like  "  Lord  William  Bus- 
Bell  "  for  William,  Lord  Russell  ;  "  Lord  " 
Algernon  Sidnev  ;  Carteret,  "  head  of  the 
Exchequer  "  instead  of  Secretary  of  State  ; 
"  the  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  Wil- 
liam IV.  "  ;  "  Conversation  Sharpe  "  with 
an  c  ;  and  many  more.  Latin  and  French 
words  have  apparently  been  allowed  to 
take  their  chance,  and  the  result  is  some- 
times surprising. 


Women**  Workers  in  Seven  Professions. 
Edited  by  Edith  J.  Morley.  '  (Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons,  6s.  net.) 

There  can  be  no  hesitation  in  recom- 
mending this  book  both  to  those  who 
desire  to  investigate  the  conditions  of 
women's  public  work  in  various  directions 
and  to  those  who  are  hesitating  in  their 
choice  of  a  career.  Prof.  Edith  Morley 
is  responsible  for  the  editing  of  the  various 
essays,  each  comprising  first-hand  evi- 
dence from  those  in  a  position  to  speak 
authoritatively  of  the  profession  winch 
they  follow.  Thus  we  find  under  the 
heading  '  Teaching  Profession  '  seven  sepa- 
rate essays  dealing  with  different  branches 
of  education  by  specialists  in  them.  '  The 
Medical  Profession '  is  treated  by  Dr. 
Christine  Murrell,  with  a  subdivision 
devoted  to  dentistry  by  Mrs.  Eva  Handley 
Read.  Under  '  The  Xursing  Profession  ' 
are  no  fewer  than  twelve  essays  describing 
varieties  of  work  embraced  under  this 
title.  The  work  of  women  as  ;  Sanitary 
Inspectors  and  Health  Visitors  '  is  in  the 
hands  of  Mrs.  F.  J.  Green.  Sections  on 
'  Women  in  the  Civil  Service,'  "  Women 
Clerks  and  Secretaries.'  and  '  Acting  as 
;•  Profession  for  Women ' — the  last  by 
Miss  Lena  Ashwell — are  included,  with 
several  tables,  one  of  winch,  showing  the 
cost  and  duration  of  education  in  arts 
and  science  and  the  scholarships  available 
for  women  students  at  the  various  British 
Universities  is  specially  valuable. 

As  regards  the  genesis  of  the  book,  Prof. 
Mi  >rley,  on  behalf  of  the  Studies  Committee 
of  the  Fabian  Women's  Group,  writes  : — 

'  The  present  economic  position  of  women 
bristles  with  anomalies.  Tt  is  the  outcome 
of  long  ages  of  serfdom,  when  women  toiled 
continuously  to  produce  wealth  which,  if 
they  were  married,  they  could  enjoy  only  at 
the  good  pleasure  of  their  lords—ages  when 
the  work  of  most  women  was  conditioned 
and  subordinated  by  male  dominance.  Set 
in    those   days   the   working   housewife   com- 

manded  the  consideration  always  conceded 

to  a  bread-winner  —even  when  dependent. 
In  modern  times  women's  economic  position 
has  been  undermined  by  the  helpless  de- 
pendenee  engendered  amongst  the  well-to- 
do  by  "  parasitism  '  resulting  from  nineteenth- 
tury  Luxury. ...  Now  a  new  force  is  hi 
work — woman-  demand  for  freedom  to 
work  and  to  choose  her  sphere  of  work,  ;i- 
weD  as  for  the  right  to  <l  of   what    she 


This  book  forms  the  lirstfruits  of  the 
material  accumulated  by  a  group  of 
women  of  the  Fabian  Society  who,  some 
six  years  ago,  banded  themselves  to- 
gether to  unravel  the  tangled  skein  of 
women's  economic  subjection,  and  dis- 
cover how  its  knots  were  tied. 

However  different  their  outlook  in 
other  ways,  however  dissimilar  their  work, 
all  who  have  contributed  to  the  volume 
insist,  unanimously  and  strongly,  on 
two  points — that  ecpial  pay  for  equal  work 
is  not  only  a  measure  of  justice  to  women, 
but  also  imperative  in  the  interests  of  men, 
and  that  the  attempt  to  enforce  upon 
professional  women  resignation  on  marriage 
is  economically  unsound  and  racially 
dangerous. 

The  chapters  on  '  Medicine  and  Den- 
tistry '  may  be  construed  as  invitations  to 
the  woman  with  some  means  of  her  own 
to  enter  professions  where  she  is  likely  to 
find  much  personal  satisfaction  and  valu- 
able opportunities  for  public  service. 
Xursing  in  all  its  branches  still  suffers 
economically  from  its  development  out  of 
the  religious  sisterhoods,  and  from  the  low 
traditions  associated  with  the  Sairey  Gamps 
and  Betsey  Prigs  ;  also,  perhaps  even 
mainly,  from  the  difficulties  under  present 
conditions  of  forming  any  strong  trade 
union  for  nurses.  So  far  as  women  in  the 
Civil  Service  are  concerned,  the  State  is 
far  from  being  the  model  employer  one 
would  fain  imagine  it  to  be,  and  it  is  not 
surprising  that  few  of  the  ablest  and  most 
qualified  women  are  attracted  to  enter 
its  service.  Those  responsible  for  the 
essays  dealing  with  it  are  at  no  pains  to 
conceal  their  opinions  on  the  detrimental 
effects  of  the  political  disfranchisement  of 
their  sex.  It  remains,  however,  for  Miss 
Lena  Ashwell  to  strike  a  note  of  unmis- 
takable warning.  Acting,  she  says,  is 
becoming  a  profession  in  which  it  is  only 
possible  to  survive  if  the  worker  has  some 
private  means  or  a  supplementary  trade, 
and  she  supports  her  statement  by  many 
facts  and  figures. 


The  Life  of  Sir  Frederick  Weld,  G.C.M.G., 
a  Pioneer  of  Empire.  By  Alice,  Lady 
Lovat.     (John  Murray,  16s.  net.) 

The  history  of  the  Dominions  has  been 
made  so  rapidly  that  many  will  be  dis- 
posed to  ask  who  Sir  Frederick  Weld  may 
have  been.  Alice,  Lady  Lovat  supplies 
the  answer  in  this  unaffected  biography, 
which,  based  on  his  letters  and  journals, 
tells  the  story  of  his  nigh-minded  career 
just  as  it  should  be  told.  She  duly  pre- 
faces it  with  an  account  of  the  old  Roman 
Catholic  family,  the  Welds  of  Lulworth, 
Chideock,  and  elsewhere,  from  which  he 
sprang.  But  as  some  of  the  genealogy 
supplied  is  of  the  legendary  kind,  we  are 
rather  surprised   to   find   no  mention   of 

Edward   Weld,    the    first   husband    of   Mrs. 

Fitzherberl . 

Frederick    Weld's   inclinations   were   for 

the  Army, but, as  his  cousin  Lord  Arundel] 

of   WardoUT   shrewdly   advised     him,    the 

profession  was  too  expensive  lot  one  of 


his  prospects.     He  emigrated  accordingly 

to  New  Zealand  in  1843 — if  we  read  Lady 
Lovat 's  somewhat  dateless  narrative  cor- 
rectly— and  entered  into  partnership  with 
his  cousin  Hugh  Clifford  and  William 
Vavasour,  also  of  his  religion.  The  trials 
of  the  young-  settlers  were  severe,  but  they 
"  won  through.-'  Floods,  starvation,  mos- 
quitoes, disease  among  their  sheep,  and 
the  obstruct iveness  of  the  natives,  who 
under  the  weak  administration  of  Governor 
Fitzroy  had  got  out  of  hand,  were  light- 
heartedly  endured.  They  gained  experi- 
ence and  turned  over  their  capital.  Re- 
moval to  a  more  suitable  station  gave 
Weld  some  leisure,  and  we  find  him  making 
an  expedition  through  unexplored  terri- 
tory to  the  famous  Te  Tarata  terraces, 
destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of  1880,  and 
even  sailing  to  Hawaii  to  witness  the  effects 
of  the  eruption  of  Mauna  Loa. 

Lady  Lovat  makes  a  great  point  of 
Weld's  refusal  to  join  the  nominated 
Council  when  invited  by  Sir  George  Grey. 
We  consider  that  she  exaggerates  the 
difference  between  the  two,  which  was 
one  rather  of  degree  than  of  kind.  The 
Governor  was  no  enemy  to  representative 
institutions,  but  he  was  cautious,  and 
Weld  optimistic.  The  pair,  at  any  rate, 
worked  loyally  together  after  Weld,  in 
one  of  New  Zealand's  darkest  hours,  had 
undertaken  to  form  a  Ministry.  That 
Government  accomplished  much  within  a 
brief  period.  The  capital  was  shifted  from 
Auckland  to  more  accessible  Wellington  ; 
order  was  introduced  into  financial  chaos  ; 
and.  above  all,  the  "self-reliant"  policy  cf 
depending  on  Colonial  volunteers,  not  on 
British  regulars,  who  could  not  cope  with 
pahs  and  bush  warfare,  received  a  satis- 
factory trial. 

Weld  was  offered  the  Governorship  of 
Western  Australia  during  a  visit  to  Eng- 
land in  1869  to  recruit  his  health.  He 
proved  himself  the  right  man  to  put  heart 
into  a  derelict  colony.  In  his  tours  of  in- 
spection he  visited  the  scattered  settle- 
ments and  patiently  inquired  into  local 
demands.  The  Forrest  expedition  opened 
up  communications  with  South  Australia, 
and  a  relaxation  of  the  land  laws  opened 
the  way  for  railroads.  By  supporting  the 
mission  of  the  Benedictine, Bishop  Salvado, 
he  taught  the  colonists,  who  had  previously 
regarded  the  natives  as  wild  beasts,  to 
dvat  them  with  humanity.  Before  he 
left  Perth  at  the  end  of  1874,  Weld  had  laid 
the  foundations  of  representative  govern- 
ment, but  his  letter  to  Lord  Granville 
seems  to  show  that  his  enthusiasm  tor 
democracy  had  abated.     The  old  convict 

element    complicated    the    problem,   no 

doubt. 

The  Governorship  of  Tasmania  — his 
"  Capua,"  as  he  called  it— limited  the  scope 
of  Weld's  energies;  still,  he  looked  carefully 
aiter  the  defence  s.  In  L880  he  was  trans- 
fer* d  to  the  Straits  Settlements.  At  this 
point   an  excellent    Preface  by  Sir  Hugh 

Clifford,  the  son  of  Weld's  old  friend,  and 

presenl  Governor  of  the  Gold  Coast,  admits 
us  to  a  dear  conception  of  his  qualities 

as  a  ruler.      He  had  his  defects  ;    through 
his  high  simplicity  h<    was  a  poor  judge  "I 

men.  though  his  association  with  officials 


406 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


of  exceptional  ability  prevented  him  from 
making  many  mistakes.  A  statesman 
rather  than  an  administrator,  he  was  in- 
clined to  neglect  the  Colony  and  to  devote 
his  attention  to  the  Native  States.  But 
their  future  happened  to  be  the  question  of 
the  hour,  and  it  was  Weld's  wisdom  to 
perceive  that  the  rigid  system  of  a  Crown 
Colon}'  would  not  serve  ;  so  he  set  his 
face  against  annexation,  and  made  our 
influence  to  be  felt  through  British  Resi- 
dents. He  did  not  live  to  see  the  federa- 
tion of  the  Malay  States  ;  none  the  less, 
his  seven  years'  work  at  Singapore  enabled 
that  sj-stem  to  come  into  being. 


WALTER  SCOTT  AND  THE  BORDER. 

It  was  certainty  an  excellent  idea  to 
follow  the  footsteps  of  Scott  through  the 
scenes  of  his  poems  and  novels  as  Mr. 
Olcott  lias  done  in  '  The  Country  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott.'  Few  writers  have  so  con- 
stantly or  accurately  described  scenes  of 
natural  beauty  or  historic  interest,  and  the 
author  of  the  book  before  us  rightly  ob- 
serves that  very  many  of  the  scenes  remain 
exactly  as  Sir  Walter  described  them.  He 
garners  his  impression  into  three  excellent 
sentences  when  he  says  : — 

"  The  mountains  and  valleys,  the  rivers, 
lakes,  and  waterfalls,  the  wild  ruggedness 
of  tl  e  seaside  cliffs,  the  quaint  little  old- 
fashioned  villages,  the  ruined  castles  and 
abbeys,  all  brought  back  memories  of  the 
romances  which  he  had  so  charmingly  set 
among  these  scenes.  It  was  actually  like 
living  the  Waverley  novels  to  see  them. 
And  in  seeing  them  we  came  to  know,  on 
intimate  terms,  Sir  Walter  himself  ;  to  feel 
the  genial  influence  of  his  presence  as  if  he 
were  a  fellow  traveller,  and  to  love  him  as 
his  companions  had  done  a  century  ago." 

This  is  certainly  the  experience  of  every 
one  who  has  visited  the  same  scenes  in  the 
same  spirit.  No  writer  ever  put  more  of 
the  scenery  of  his  stories  into  himself,  or 
put  more  of  himself  into  the  scenery  ;  and 
the  impression  is  as  vivid  to-day  as  it  was 
a  century  ago. 

We  take  the  writer,  from  some  allusions 
to  Colorado  and  Rhode  Island,  and  from 
the  unpleasant  phrase,  "  I  mailed  a  photo- 
graph," to  be  an  American  ;  and  if  so, 
he  certainly  offers  an  excellent  example. 
He  is  discriminating  as  well  as  enthusiastic, 
elaborate  without  being  prosy,  quick  at 
seeing  and  noting,  knowing  what  to  look 
for,  and  not  content  till  he  has  found  it. 
He  has  covered  a  great  extent  of 
country  in  his  pious  pursuit  of  his  hero 
and  his  hero's  heroes,  from  Lerwick  south- 
wards as  far  as  Scott  went  himself. 

Briefly,  what  he  has  to  tell — apart  from 
such  places  as  Ashby  -  de  -  la  -  Zouch, 
Woodstock,  or  Cumnor,  or  Kenilworth, 
where  one  never  quite  feels  that  Scott  is 
the  dominant  spirit ;  or  Edinburgh,  where 

The  Country  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  By  Charles 
S.  Olcott,     (Cassell  &  Co.,  6s.  net.) 

Highways  and  Byvjays  in  the  Border.  By 
Andrew  and  John  Lang.  With  Illustra- 
tions by  Hugh  Thomson.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.,  5s.  net.) 


the  history  is  too  vast  to  be  limited  even 
to  what  was  told  of  it  by  the  Wizard  of  the 
North — falls  into  two  great  main  divisions, 
which  no  lover  of  Scott  to-day  should  be 
happy  till  he  has  seen  and  studied.  They 
are  the  scenery  of  Loch  Lomond  and  the 
Trossachs,  with  the  clachan  of  Aberfoyle, 
Loch  Achray,  Loch  Katrine,  and  Ellen's 
Isle — the  land  par  excellence  of  l  The  Lady 
of  the  Lake  '  and  '  Rob  Roy  '  ;  and  the 
valley  of  the  Tweed,  with  the  four  magnifi- 
cent Norman  abbeys,  Melrose  and  Dry- 
burgh,  Kelso  and  Jedburgh,  the  exquisite 
beaut}^  of  the  river  itself,  and  Abbotsford, 
the  most  perfect  example  we  know  of  a 
great  author's  environment  as  he  made 
it  for  himself.  In  each  of  these  Mr.  Olcott 
is  fully  at  home.  We  only  regret  that  he 
did  not  dwell  more  particularly  on  the 
exquisite  beauty  of  Dryburgh — its  posi- 
tion ;  the  Tweed  at  the  bend  of  the  abbey  ; 
the  ruins  and  their  admirable  keeping.  A 
word  might  have  been  spared  for  Fairy 
Glen  ;  and  Jedburgh  is  far  more  magnifi- 
cent and  interesting  than  a  reader  of 
Mr.  Olcott's  book  would  guess.  As  for 
Selkirk,  the  memory  is  too  sad,  as  one 
goes  along  the  "  Shirra's  road,"  for  one  to 
wish  any  more. 

In  the  case  of  a  book  which  should 
certainly  reach  a  second  and  cheaper 
edition  for  frequent  use,  it  is  worth  while 
to  notice  a  feAv  points  for  alteration. 
It  is  a  pity  to  tell  the  story  of  the  bears  of 
Bradwardine  twice,  and  assign  a  different 
origin  to  them  each  time,  and  to  repeat 
three  times  the  record  of  the  generosity  of 
Sir  William  Forbes.  It  is  a  curious  way 
to  express  the  author's  meaning  to  say 
that  "  the  best  way  to  see  the  Trossachs 
is  to  read  '  The  Lady  of  the  Lake.'  "  It 
was  not  Jacobeans  (who  would  have  been 
rather  out  of  date)  who  welcomed  Prince 
Charlie  at  Holyrood,  but  Jacobites.  The 
statement  about  Scott  himself  meeting 
"  an  old  veteran  of  the  German  wars, 
Dalgetty,"  is  at  least  ambiguous.  Edgar 
of  Ravenswood  was  certainly  not  "  killed 
by  a  fall  from  his  horse  "  (p.  228). 

A  pathetic  interest  attaches  to  '  Highways 
and  Byways  in  the  Border,'  for  it  includes 
some  of  the  last  work  of  Andrew  Lang. 
It  is  a  book  he  was  peculiarly  fitted  to 
complete,  but  the  pen  fell  from  his  hand 
when,  as  we  understand,  he  had  written 
only  some  forty  pages.  To  him,  a  son  of 
Selkirk,  more,  perhaps,  than  to  any  other 
Borderer,  every  burn  and  stream,  every 
glen  and  hill  of  that  pleasant  land,  was 
full  of  ballad  notes,  history,  and  romance. 
It  is  many  a  year  since  he  wrote  those 
verses  wherein  he  spoke  of 

Old  songs  that  sung  themselves  to  me, 
Sweet  through  a  boy"s  day-dream. 

But  it  was  not  alone  in  a  boy's  day- 
dream that  they  sounded.  To  the  end 
they  echoed  and  re-echoed  in  his  heart, 
and  no  other  voice  spoke  to  him  so  elo- 
quently as  that  of  Tweed.  "  When  one 
comes  back  to  the  Border,"  he  wrote,  after 
a  visit  to  famed  Killarney,  "  there  one  finds 
the  same  beauty  one  used  to  see  in  the  face 
of  one's  mother,  or  of  one's  old  nurse." 
It  is  finely  said,  and  who  can  forget  that 
1  significant  remark  in  the  introduction  to 


Mr.  Charles  Murray's  '  Hamewith  '  ?  "I 
am  never  so  happy  as  when  I  cross  the 
Tweed  at  Berwick  from  the  South." 
Lang's  love  of  the  Border  hills,  "  the  great 
round  -  backed,  kindly  solemn  hills  of 
Tweed,  Yarrow,  and  Ettrick,"  his  devotion 
to  the  streams  beside  whose  banks  the 
summers  of  his  boyhood  were  spent,  never 
lessened  with  the  passing  years.  In 
prose  and  in  verse  they  continually  broke 
out ;  and  we  have  yet  to  learn  why  he 
sleeps  his  last  long  sleep  at  St.  Andrews 
instead  of  in  his  beloved  Borderland.  Did 
he  not  write 

My  eradle-song,  nor  other  hymn 

I  'd  choose,  nor  gentler  requiem  dear. 

Than  Tweed's,  that  through  death's  twilight  dim 
Mourned  in  the  latest  Minstrel's  ear? 

This,  then,  is  a  book  with  a  double 
interest  —  an  interest  for  its  subject,  an 
interest  for  what  it  contains  of  Andrew 
Lang's  latest  writing.  Mr.  John  Lang 
modestly  disclaims  his  inability  to  cope 
with  the  theme  on  the  lines  which  his 
brother  would  doubtless  have  followed. 
Andrew  Lang's  unrivalled  knowledge  of 
"  the  memories,  legends,  ballads,  and  nature 
of  the  Border"  would,  we  think,  have  led 
him  to  show  various  important  events  in  a 
light  different  from  that  in  which  Mr.  John 
Lang's  less  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
past  has  enabled  him  to  speak  of  them. 
But  on  the  whole,  the  book  is  an  emi- 
nently valuable  contribution  to  the  series 
in  which  it  appears. 

How  could  it  be  otherwise  in  the  hands 
of  any  fairly  competent  writer  ?  For 
here  is  a  "  land  of  romance,"  unrivalled 
for  its  wealth  of  interest,  from  the  time  of 
the  building  of  the  Roman  Wall  down- 
wards. The  saints ;  the  monks ;  the 
wizards  ;  the  reivers  ;  the  Covenanters  ;  the 
battles  ;  the  Border  feuds  ;  the  smugglers  ; 
the  gipsies  ;  the  expeditions  to  the  Border 
of  the  ill-fated  Stuarts ;  the  "  Flowers  of 
the  Forest,"  all  "  wede  awa'  "  at  Flodden; 
Yarrow,  ballad-haunted,  with  its  memories 
of  Scott  and  Hogg  and  Leyden  and  Chris- 
topher North  ;  Ettrick,  recalling  Boston 
of  '  The  Fourfold  State  '  ;  Earlston,  home 
of  the  half -mythical  Thomas  the  Rhymer  ; 
the  Eildon  Hills  ;  Cowdenknowes,  with 
its  "  bonnie,  bonnie  broom  "  of  national 
song ;  Ashiestiel  and  Abbotsford  and 
"  fair  Melrose  "  ;  the  "  glittering  and 
resolute  streams  of  Tweed "  ;  Peebles, 
celebrated  in  a  poem  by  the  Royal  James — 
what  a  country  it  is  !  Between  them  the 
brothers  Lang  realize  it  all  for  us  in  this 
delightful  volume. 

Andrew  Lang's  part  in  the  work  might 
have  been  definitely  distinguished ;  but 
those  who  know  his  style  will  have  little 
difficulty  in  picking  out  his  pages.  Long 
ago  he  deplored  the  incursion  of  the 
"tripper"  and  the  stinking  motor-car 
upon  the  silence  and  sweetness  of  "  lone 
St.  Mary's,"  and  here  the  protest  is  re- 
iterated almost  to  tiresomeness.  Indeed, 
a  finical  reviewer  would  say  that  there 
is  altogether  too  much  of  protest  in  the 
book:  protest  against  the  pollution  of 
the  Border  streams  to  the  detriment  of 
the  angler's  interest ;  protest  against  the 
modern  disregard  of  ancient  historical 
remains,  which  allows   of    such    remains 


No.  4508,  March  8L  1914 


THE     A  T II  E  N  JE  U  M 


407 


ing  carted  away,  and  perhaps  con- 
verted into  a  "jerry"  building.  We 
cordially  agree  in  deploring  all  that,  but 
too  much  is  made  of  it  in  this  volume. 
Otherwise  we  find  it  an  eminently  satis- 
factory piece  of  work,  and  we  hope  it  will 
be  largely  read  by  holiday-makers  and 
others  whose  interests  are  in 

Old,  unhappy,  Far-off  things, 
And  battles  long  ago. 

Mr.  Hugh  Thomson's  illustrations,  150 
or  more,  are  all  marked  by  his  usual  deli- 
•  artistry.     They  add  a  special  charm 
to   the    book. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Authorised  Daily  Prayer  Book  (Hebrew-Eng- 
lish), Annotated  Edition,  with  Historical  and 
Explanatory  Notes,  and  Additional  Matter, 
compiled  in  accordance  with  the  Plans  of  the 
Rev.  S.  Singer  by  Israel  Abrahams,  cloth  3/0, 
leather  5  Eyre  Sc  Spottiswoode 

The  notes  of  the  present  edition,  by  the 
Reader  in  Rabbinic  at  Cambridge  University,  are 
mainly  devotional,  but  he  his  also  given  "  some 
account  of  the  history  and  some  indication  of  the 
sources  of  the  component  parts  of  the  liturgy." 

Clark  (Alb3rt  C.)«  The  Primitive  Text  op  the 
Gospels  axd  Acts,  4/  net. 

Oxford  University  Press 
The  author  compares  different  MSS.,  and  dis- 
cusses interpolations  and  omissions. 

Clayton  (Rev.  H.  J.),  Studies  in  the  Roman 
Controversy.  2  0  net.  Robert  Scott 

A  portion  of  this  book  is  based  on  a  course 
of  lectures  delivered  in  Croydon  last  Lent,  and 
various  chapters  are  reproduced  from  articles  in 
The  National  Church,  English  Church  Review, 
and  The  Croydon  Guardian. 

Craig  (Rev.  Robert),  Apostolic  Religious  In- 
struction, an  Exposition  of  the  First  Chapter 
of  St.  Paul's  Letter  to  the  Philippians,  0  / 

Holden  <fc  Hardingham 
A  discussion  of  St.  Paul's  message  to  the  early 
Christians. 

Harada  (Tasuku),  The  Faith  of  Japan,  5/6  net. 

Macmillan 
Originally  delivered  in  the  form  of  lectures 
at  Hartford  Theological  Seminary.  The  writer's 
object  has  been  to  interpret  the  spirit  of  old 
Japanese  faith  to  "fellow-Christians  of  another 
race." 

Modern  Oxford  Tracts  :    The  .Mural  Perfection 

of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  by  H.  L.  Goudge  ; 

The   Solidarity'    of   the    Faith,    by    Charles 

Gore  ;     The   Threefold    Strand   of   Relief, 

by  Henry  Scott  Holland  ;  The  RELATION  OF  the 

English    Church    to    the     Non-Episcopal 

Communions,  by  \V.  J.  Sparrow  Simpson,  Qd. 

net  each.  Longmans 

This  series   of   tracts   has  resulted    from   the 

discussions  of  a  small  Conference  of  Clergy  who 

met   in    Oxford    "  to    consider    a    difficulty    with 

which  some  of  them  have  had  to  deal  extensively 

in  their  mini-try.' 

POETRY. 

Bangs  (John  Kendrick),  The  Foothills  of 
Parnassus,  5  8  net.  Macmillan 

This  collection  of  poems  is  divided  under  ile- 
headings    'In    Lyric    Vein,'    'In    Lighter   Strain.' 
and    'The    Deeper    Note.'     Som«     have    already 
I     in     Harper's,     Mwuey's,     and     other 
magazin 

Bonn's     Popular     Library:      Blake  s     POETICAL 

Works,  Henry  Vauohan's  Poetical  Works, 

Bmbrson's Pobtical Works,  i    net  each.   Hell 

This  edition  of  Blake  contains  the  prefatory 

memoir  by  Mr.  \V.  If.  Rossetti ;    and  three  poems 

which  on  account  of  copyright  were  omitted  from 

the  187 I  Aldine  edition,  of  which  this  is  a  reprint, 

are  here  included. 

The  Vanghan  volume,  also  a  reprint  from  the 

Aldine  edition,  contains  the-   selec  ion   male    by 

If.  P.  I.yt... 

The  volume  ofHSmerson  contains  the  poems  as 

published    in   1817,    1867,   and    1870,   with   some 
:  tional  pieces  ;    the  text  has  been  collated  and 
i      ised  by  .Mr.  George  Sampson. 


Cowling  (George  H.),  A  Yorkshire  Tyke,  Rustic 
Tunes,  mainly  in  the  I >< >ii .-  Mode,  1/6  net. 

Grant  Richards 

A  slight  collection  of  verses  in  the  Yorkshire 
dialect,  with  a  Preface  by  (he  author. 
Macmillan  (Michael),  The   Bruce  of   Bannook- 
burv,  ;;  li  net.  Stirling,  ESneas  Mackay 

A  translation  into  modern  verse  of  the 
greater  portion  of  Harbour's  •  Bruce,'  with  an 
Introduction  and  notes.  The  translat  or  his  aimed 
at  a  faithful  and  simple  version  of  his  original. 

Plowman  (Max),  The  Golden  Heresy,  2/0  net. 
The  Author,  18,  Fitzroy  Street,  W. 
Some  of  the  pieces  in  this  volume  are  entitled 
'  The  Crimson  Poppies,'  '  A  Marriage  Song,'  '  The 
Crazy  Lad,'  and  '  Alary  and  Martha.' 
Unconditioned  Songs. 

Melbourne,  S.  J.  Endacott 
A  small  collection  of  versas  on  love  and  life 
in  Australia. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Carus  (Paul),  Nietzsche,  and  Other  Exponents 
of  Individualism,  5/  net. 

Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 

A    study    of     Nietzsche's    philosophy,     with 

chapters  on    '  The  Overman,'   '  Zarathustra,'  Mr. 

George  Moore,   '  Nietzsche's  Disciples,'  and  '  The 

Principle  of  Valuation.' 

Plotinus,  Select  Works,  Thomas  Taylor's  Trans- 
lation, edited,  with  Preface  and  Bibliography, 
by  G,  R.  S.  Mead,  1  /  net.  Bell 

A  new  edition  in  "  Bohn's  Popular  Library." 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Doheny    (Michael),    The    Felon's    Track  ;     or, 

History    of    the    Attempted    Outbreak    in 

Ireland,  3/6  Dublin,  M.  H.  Gill 

This    edition   is   reprinted   from   the   original 

edition,  published  in  1819  by  W.  H.  Holbrooke  in 

New   York.     D'Arcy   M'Gee's   narrative   of    1848 

is  included,  ami  Mr.  Arthur    Griffith   has  written 

a  Preface.      There  are  also  notes  on  the  author's 

contemporaries,  an  Index,  and  illustrations  from 

portraits. 

Grisar  (Hartmann),  Luther,  Authorized  Trans- 
lation from  the  German  by  E.  M.  Lamond, 
edited  by  Luigi  Cappadelta,  12/  net. 

Kegan  Paul 
Vol.  III.  of  this  work.     We  noticed  the  first 
volume  on  May  10,  1913. 

Hooper  (George),  The  Campaign  of  Sedan,  the 
Downfall     of     the     Second     Empire,     August- 
September,  1870,  1/  net.  Bell 
.V  new  edition  in  "  Bohn's  Popular  Library." 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Nations,  Part  IV.. 
Id.  net. 

This  part  contains  a  further  instalment  of  Sir 
Richard  Temple's  article  on  India. 
James  (Henry),  Notes  of  a  Son  and  Brother, 
12/  Macmillan 

The  continuation  of  the  author's  auto- 
biography. 

Macaulay  (Lord),  Five  Essays  from  the  '  Ency- 
clopedia Britannica,'  "  Bohn's  Popular 
Library,"  1/  net.  Bell 

These  biographies  of  Atterbury,  Bunyan, 
Goldsmith,  Dr.  Johnson,  and  Pitt  were  con- 
tributed to  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica' 
between  the  years  1853  and  1858.  They  are  now 
for  the  first  time  reprinted  in  separate  form,  and 
are  preceded  by  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  R.  II. 
Gretton. 

Macbean    (Lachlan),    The   Story  of    Pet   Mar- 

JORIE,  2/6  Simpkin  &  Marshall 

Contains  the   complete   story   and    the  diaries 

of  Marjorie  Fleming;    also  many  illustrations  and 

facsimiles  of  her  letters. 

Mackenzie  (Alexander),  The  History  of  the 
Highland  Clearances,  2  ti  net. 

Stirling,  Eneas  Mackay 
A  second  edition,  altered  and  revised,  with  a 
new  Introduction  by  Mr.  Ian  MacPherson. 

Richardson  (Mrs.  Aubrey),  The  Doges  op  Venice, 
12  (J  net.  Methuen 

The  author  claims  thai    her  book  is  "  the  liist 
to    tell    the    stories    of    the    hundred    and    twenty 

Drives  of  Venice  consecutively  ami  in  full  series. 

'I'lii-  account  is  illusl  ral  ed. 

Trelawny    (Edward     John;,    Adventi  res    of    a 

Youngeb     Son,    2     vols.,    "  Bohn's     Popular 

Library,"  I  <  net  each.  Bell 

This  edition  is  reprinted  from  that  of  1835, 

ami    contains    an    introduction    by    Mr.    II.    X. 

Blailsford. 

Tupper  (Sir  Charles),  RECOLLECTIONS  OF  Sixty 
Years,  16,  net.  Oassell 

The  author  records  the  pail  he  has  taken  in 
politics   from   the   time   when    he  gave   his   support 

to  tlw  legislative  union  of  the  Maui  mi.-  Provinces 
of  "  British  North  America."  To  the  auto- 
biography  are   added    a    Biographical    Foreword 

and    Appendixes.       The   hook   is  illustrated. 


Vlzetelly  (Ernest  Alfred),  My  Days  of  Adventure, 
the  fall  of  Prance,   1870-71,  7/tl  net. 

•  'hallo  &  Windus 

This  volume  is  largely  autobiographical,  and 

records  the  author's  experiences  in   Prance  at    tins 

time  of  the  Franco-German  War. 

Ward  (Lester  F.),  Glimpses  ok  the  Cosmos,  a 
Mental  Autobiography:  Vol.  1.  Adolescence 
to  Manhood,  1858-1871  ;  Vol.  II.  SCIENTIFIC 
Career  Inaugurated,  187S  1882;  Vol.  in. 
Dynamic  Sociology,  1882-1885,  10/0  net  each. 

Put  nam 
These    volumes    contain     Dr.    Ward's    lesser 

writings,    arranged    in    chr< logical    order,    each 

supplied  with  an  account  of  the  circumstances  in 
which  it  \\as  written  and  published.  Historical 
sketches  of  his  books,  longer  monographs,  and 
other  excluded  matter  are  introduced  in  their 
proper  place  to  carry  out  the  biographical  charac- 
ter of  the  work.  The  author  has  also  included  a 
Preface,  '  History  of  the  Present  Work,'  a  '  Per- 
sonal Remark,'  and  a  few  illustrations. 
Wellesley  Papers  (The),  The  Like  and  Corre- 
spondence of  Richard  Colley  Wellesley, 
Marquess     Wellesley,    1700  1812,    by    the 

Editor  of  '  The  Windham  Papers.'  2  vols'.,  32/ 

Herbert  .7  en  kins 
The  editor  of  this  hitherto  unpublished  corre- 
spondence has  devoted  much  space  to  Wellesley's 
later  years,  and  has  selected  "  first,  those  letters 
that  throw  light  on  his  character  and  actions,  and 
second,  those  that  supplement  our  knowledge  of 
affairs  during  the  period  of  history  that  comes 
within  his  lifetime."  The  volumes  are  illustrated 
with  portraits. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Bagley  (Arthur  L.),  Walks  and  Scrambles  in 
the  Highlands,  3/0  net.  Skeffington 

Certain  of  these  chapters  are  reprinted  from 
The  Cairngorm  Club  Journal,  The  Climbers'  Club 
Journal,  and  The  Field.  The  illustrations  are  from 
photographs. 

Bickersteth    (J.    Burgon),    The    Land    of    Open 

Doors,    being   Letters    from    Western    Canada, 

7/0  net.  Wells  Gardner 

A  description  of  the  author's    experiences    in 

North-Western  Canada,  with  a  Foreword  by  Earl 

Grey.     Most  of  the  photographs  with  which  the 

book    is    illustrated      have    been    taken    by    .Mr. 

Bickersteth. 

Pickthall  (Marmaduke),  With  the  Turk  in  War- 
time, 5/  net.  Dent 
The  author  determined  last  year  to  investi- 
gate the  state  of  Turkey,  as  far  as  might  be,  from 
a  Turkish  point  of  view.  The  results  of  his 
travels,  which  appeared  first  as  a,  series  of  articles 
in  The  New  Age,  are  here  collected. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Hamel  (Gustav)  and  Turner  (Charles  C),  Flying, 
some  Practical  Experiences,  12/0  net. 

Longmans 
An  account  of  flying  at  the  present  day,  in 
which  the  authors  have  tried  to  keep  strictly  to 
the  practical  side  of  the  subject. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Bosanquet    (Helen),    Social    Work    in    London, 
1809  to  1012,  a  History  of  the  Charity  Organisa- 
tion Society,   9/ net.  John  Murray 
An  account  of  the  origin,  internal   develop- 
ment, and  activities  of  the  Society. 

ECONOMICS. 

Rowntree  (B.  Seebohm),  Tin:  Way  to  [ndustrj  \\. 
Peace  and  THE   PROBLEM  OF  UNEMPLOYMENT, 

2  6  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

Contains     revised     articles     from      The     Daily 
( 'hronicle,  *vc. 

Seager    (Henry    Rogers),     Prtnod?lbs    of     Eco- 
nomics, hi  o  lf'11 
This    is    the    fourth    edition    of    the    author  s 

'  Introduction  to  Economics  '  (1904),  now  pub- 
lished under  a   new  title  "  to  conform  to  the  u- 

which  has  grown  up  of  designating  as  Princip] 

any  treatise  which  covers  the  whole  Held  of  eco- 
nomics." The  hook  has  been  revised,  several  "i 
the  theoretical  chaptera  have  been  rewritten,  and 
new  chaptei  a  inl  reduced. 

EDUCATION. 
Batchelder  (W.  J.),  Notes  OS  THE  TEACHING  OB 
English,  Part    [I.,  1/6  Macmillan 

A  handbook  for  teachers,  containing  chapl 
on  the  use  ol  books,  the  management   ol     chool 

libraries,  the  c lud  of  reading  l<  tad  the 

teaching  of  English  composition. 

Study    (Ai  of    Education    In    Vermont,    Parts     I. 

and  II.     New  York   Oity,  Carnegie  Foundation 

Th,.   report    of   a    Commission   appointed    to 

Inquire  Into  the  educational  system  and  condition 

of  the  Stat.-  of   Vermont  . 


408 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


Ward  (Florence  Elizabeth),  Tech  Montessori 
Method  and  the  American  School,  5/0  net. 

Macmillan 
The  author  gives  her  impressions  "received 
through  an  investigation  of  the  Method  at  first 
hand,''  and  the  results  of  some  experiments  made 
among  children  at  the  Iowa  State  Teachers' 
College.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  many 
photographs. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Classical  Review,  March,  1/  net.  John  Murray 
Includes  '  Notes  on  the  Agricola,'  by  Prof. 
Eaverfield,  showing  how  it  is  illustrated  by  recent 
Romano  -  British  discoveries  ;  further  notes  on 
various  words  and  passages,  and  several  reviews, 
headed  by  one  on  '  Some  Mathematical  Books.' 
Prof.  Gildersleeve's  tribute  to  Robinson  Ellis  is 
quoted  from  The  American  Journal  of  Philology  ; 
and  Prof.  E.  V.  Arnold  sends  a  reply  to  a  review 
of  '  Some  Works  of  Syntax  '  which  appeared  last 
December. 

Smyth  (Austin),  The  Composition  of  the  Iliad, 
an  Essay  on  a  Numerical  Law  in  its  Structure, 
6/  net.  Longmans 

The  author's  aim  is  "to  demonstrate  that 
the  Iliad  of  Homer  at  one  time  consisted  of  13,500 
lines,  neither  more  nor  less,  divided  into  45  sec- 
tions of  300  verses  each,  with  major  divisions  after 
the  15th  and  30th  of  these  ;  from  which  it  follows 
that  the  remaining  2,193  verses  which  appear  in 
our  present  texts  are  more  recent  additions,  and 
ought  to  be  removed." 


LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Henley  (W.  E.),  Views  and  Eeviews,  Essays  in 
Appreciation,  5/  net.  Nutt 

A  third  edition.  See  Allien.,  Oct.  11,  1890, 
p.  476. 

Roberts  (D.  Lloyd),  The  Scientific  Knowledge 

OP  Dante.  Sherratt  <!c  Hughes 

This   lecture  was   delivered   at   the   Victoria 

University  of  Manchester  before   the  Manchester 

Dante  Society. 

Russell  (Right  Hon.  G.  W.  E.),  Selected  Essays, 

1/net.  Dent 

This  collection  includes  '  Arnold  as  a  Poet,' 

'  Twelfth  Night,'  '  Style,'  and  '  Despoiled  Phrases.' 

GAELIC. 

Ancient  Legends  of  the  Scottish  Gael  :  Gillie  A' 
Bhuidseir,  The  Wizard's  Gillie,  and  Other 
Tales,  edited  and  translated  by  J.  G.  McKay, 
2/6  net.  St.  Catherine  Press 

The  translator  has  selected  these  tales  from 
the  manuscript  collections  of  the  late  J.  P.  Camp- 
bell of  Islay.  The  Gaelic  original  is  given  on  the 
left-hand  page,  with  the  English  rendering  oppo- 
site.    There  are  a  few  illustrations. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Gospel  according  to  St.  Matthew  'The),  Pre- 
liminary Edition,  edited  by  the  Rev.  T. 
Walker,  1  /6  Universitv  Tutorial  Press 

This  edition,  intended  primarily  for  pupils  of 

the  ages  of  11  to    14,  contains  an  Introduction, 

notes,  plans,  and  maps. 

Herbertson  (A.  J.),  The  Preliminary  Geography, 
"  The  Oxford  Geographies,"  Vol.  I.,  1/6 

Oxford  University  Press 
A  third  edition,  in  which  the  text  and  diagrams 
have  been  revised. 

Sertum  :     a    Garland    of   Prose    Narratives 
selected    and    edited    by    J.    H.    Fowler    and 
H.  W.  M.  Parr :  Book  II.  Nineteenth-Century 
English  Literature  for  Secondary  Schools, 

'm,         ,     ,.  Macmillan 

Ihe  selections  are  taken  from  Stanley,  Froude, 
Kinglake,  and  Thackeray,  and  the  volume  in- 
cludes notes  and  questions  and  subjects  suitable 
for  composition. 

Siepmann's  Advanced  German  Series :  Prinz 
Friedrich  von  Homburg,  ein  Schauspiel,  von 
Heinrich  von  Kleist,  edited  by  G.  F.  Bridge,  2/6 

t\t      t.  •  ^        ,  Macmillan 

Mr.  Bridge  has  supplied  this  play  with  an 
Introduction,  including  a  life  of  the  author 
and  notes.  The  general  editor  of  the  series  has 
prepared  the  Appendixes,  comprising  '  Words 
and  Phrases  for  Viva  Voce  Drill,'  '  Sentences  on 
Syntax  and  Idioms,'  and  '  Passages  for  Transla- 
tion into  German.'  He  is  also  responsible  for  the 
PhreL  « APPendices  '  (2/6  net)  and  a  '  Word-  and 
Ihrase-Book  for  Home- Work  '  (Qd.),  issued  bv 
the  same  publishers.  7 


FICTION. 

Allatini  (R.),  Happy  Ever  After,  6/ 

Mills  k  Boon 

This    novel    is    mainly    concerned    with    the 

history  of  a  girl  who  yearned  for  a  love  marriage, 

but  missed  her  chance  through  having  written  a 

story  which  contained  autobiographical  details. 

Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments  (The),  translated 

by   Edward   William   Lane,   edited   by  Stanley 

Lane-Poole,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,   "Bonn's  Popular 

Library,"  1/  net  each.  Bell 

This  edition  is  based  on  that  of   1859,   but 

contains  the  two  additional  stories  of  '  Aladdin  ' 

and  'Ali  Baba,'  and  Dr.  Lane-Poole's  Preface  of 

1906. 

Baerlein  (Henry),  London  Circus,  6/  Fifield 

The  adventures  of  a  Syrian  who  comes  to 
England  and  marries  a  housemaid. 

Bloundelle-Burton    (John),    Traitor   and    True, 
Qd.  Long 

A  cheap  reprint.  See  notice  in  Allien., 
July  21,  1906,  p.  67. 

Bohn's    Popular    Library  :     Poushkin's    Prose 
Tales,    translated    from    the     Russian    by   T. 
Keane  ;       The     Betrothed,     by     Alessandro 
Manzoni,  translated,  2  vols.,  1/  net  each.        Bell 
The  first  of  these  volumes  includes  transla- 
tions of  all  Poushkin's  complete  prose  stories. 

The  translation  of  Manzoni  is  a  reprint  of 
that  originally  published  in  "  Bohn's  Novelists 
Library." 

Cameron  (Mrs.  Lovett),  Midsummer  Madness,  Qd. 

Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Conrad  (Joseph),  Lord  Jim,  1  /  net.         Blackwood 
A    cheaper    edition.     See    notice    in    Allien., 
Nov.  3,  1900,  p.  576. 

Dehan  (Richard),  The  Cost  of  Wings,  6/ 

Heinemann 
A  collection  of  twenty-six  short  stories. 

Ellis  (Aleck  T.),  The  Minotaur  of  Capri,  6/ 

Heath  &  Cranton 
A    love-story   based    upon   fact,    the    scene 
being   laid   in   Rome  and   Capri   during  the   later 
life  of  the  Emperor  Tiberius. 

Hocking  (Joseph),  An  Enemy  hath  done  This, 
3/6  Ward  &  Lock 

A  romance  of  the  West  Country  in  the  early 
seventies.  It  tells  of  the  unscrupulous  methods 
of  the  younger  son  of  a  Cornish  family  in  becom- 
ing possessed  of  the  family  inheritance.  Through 
his  duplicity  his  eldest  brother,  a  general,  is 
charged  with  treason,  disgraced,  and  mysteriously 
disappears.  The  hero,  a  doctor,  meets  with  many 
adventures  before  unravelling  the  plot  and  un- 
masking the  villain. 

Hume  (Fergus),  The  Turnpike  House,  Qd.     Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Hyne  (C.  J.  CutclifTe),  Firemen  Hot,  6/  Methuen 
A  collection  of  stories  dealing  with  the 
varied  adventures  of  three  marine  firemen  in 
different  parts  of  the  world.  Capt.  Kettle  also 
reappears  in  this  volume. 

Kitty  Bell  the  Orphan,  possibly  an  Earlier  Ver- 
sion of  Charlotte  Bronte's  '  Jane  Eyre,'  written 
circa  1844,  and  published  as  the  work  of 
Eugene  Sue,  2/6  net.  Pitman 

In  her  Introduction  Mrs.  Ellis  H.  Chadwick 

suggests  that   this   story  is  an  earlier  version  of 

'  Jane  Eyre,'  written  probablv  within  the  period 

1842-5. 

Lowndes  (Mrs.  Belloc),  The  End  op  her  Honey- 
moon, 6/  Methuen 
A  young  couple  are  mysteriously  parted  on 
their  honeymoon  in  Paris,  and  the  wife,  who 
makes  unceasing  efforts  to  find  her  husband,  only 
learns  at  the  end  of  the  book  the  true  cause  of 
his  disappearance.  The  story  has  already  ap- 
peared as  a  serial  in  a  daily  paper. 

Lynegrove  (R.  C),  Lotteries  of  Circumstance, 
6/  Methuen 

This  story  describes  the  matrimonial  adven- 
tures of  two  sisters  belonging  to  the  impover- 
ished German  aristocracy. 

Marsh  (Richard),  Mrs.  Musgrave  and  her 
Husband,  Qd.  Long 

A  cheap  reprint.  See  notice  in  Atheiu, 
July  27,  1895,  p.  124. 

Mathers  (Helen),  The  Sin  op  Hagar,  Qd.       Long 
A    cheap    reprint.       See    notice    in    Athcn., 
June  13,  1896,  p.  775. 

Meade  (L.  T.),  Drift,  Id.  net.  Methuen 

A  cheap  reprint,  See  notice  in  Alhen., 
March  22,  1902,  p.  368. 


Nemirovich-Danchenko,  The  Princes  of  the 
Stock  Exchange,  translated  from  the  Russian 
by  Dr.  A.  S.  Rappoport,  6/ 

Holden  <fc  Hardingham 

This  novel  describes  the  life  and  manners  of 

financiers  on  the  Stock  Exchange  of  St.  Petersburg. 

It  is  the  first  of  this  Russian  novelist's  writings  to 

be  translated  into  English. 

Oppenheim  (E.  Phillips),  The  Amazing  Partner- 
ship, 3/6  Cassell 
The  hero,  reduced  to  severe  straits  of  poverty, 
is  pushed  suddenly  into  an  adventure,  and  goes 
into  partnership  with  a  mysterious  woman  in  a 
series  of  amazing  exploits. 

Orczy  (Baroness),  Unto  Cesar,  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
The    hero,    who    witnesses    the    Crucifixion, 
eventually  becomes  a  Christian. 

Parker  (Sir  Gilbert),  The  Seats  of  the  Mighty, 
Id.  net.  Nelson 

A  cheap  reprint.     See  Alhen.,  May  30,  1896, 
p.  710. 

Praed  (Mrs.  Campbell),  The  Other  Mrs.  Jacob?, 
Qd.  Long 

A    cheap    reprint.       See    notice    in    Alhen., 
Aug.  29,  1903,  p.  280. 

Pratz   Claire  de),  Pomm's  Daughter,  6/ 

Hutchinson 
Pomm  is  a  retired  naval  officer,  and  adopts 
a  little  girl  who  is  suddenly  left  motherless.  She 
reforms  his  untidy  habits  and  bullies  him  gener- 
ally, to  his  complete  satisfaction.  Eventually 
her  real  and  long-lost  father  appears  on  the  scene — 
there  was  a  mild  mystery  about  her  birth — and 
she  marries  a  rising  young  sculptor.  The  greater 
part  of  the  action  takes  place  in  Paris. 

Roberts  (Helen  C),  A  Free  Hand,  6/ 

Duckworth 
The  hero,  who  is  the  son  of  small  shopkeepers 
in  Lewes,  is  launched,  by  the  generosity  of  his 
mother,  on  the  career  of  a  dentist.  He  marries 
an  actress,  and  the  effects  of  the  union  upon  his 
life  are  considerable. 

Savi  (E.  W.),  Baba  and  the  Black  Sheep,  6/ 

Hurst  <fc  Blackett 
The  author  describes  Anglo-Indian  life  in 
a  very  lonely  part  of  India.  The  "  Baba  "  is  a 
young  English  girl  who  inherits  large  estates 
near  the  Ganges,  and  is  regarded  by  the  natives 
as  an  arbitrator  and  magistrate.  Fortune  casts 
her  lot  with  that  of  the  "  Black  Sheep,"  who  has 
the  brand  of  Cain  upon  his  forehead. 

Stacpoole  (H.  de  Vere),  Father  O'Flynn,  1/  net. 

Hutchinson 
An    Irish    love-story    which    illustrates    the 
important  part  played  by  the  Irish  priest  in  affairs 
of  to-day. 

Trollope  (Anthony),  Doctor  Thorne  ;  Framley 
Parsonage  ;  Small  House  at  Alllngton, 
2  vols.  ;  The  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset, 
2  vols.,  "Bohn's  Popular  Library,"  1/  net. 

Bell 
Well-known    stories     among    the    latest  in- 
stalment of  this  Library. 

Warden  (Florence),  Something  in  the  City,  Qd. 

Long 
A    cheap    reprint.       See    notice    in    Allien., 
June  14,  1902,  p.  749. 

Wayfarers'  Library  (The) :  'Twixt  La.nd  and  Sea, 

by  Joseph  Conrad  ;    Under  the  Greenwood 

Tree,     by    Thomas     Hardy ;      The     Widow 

Woman,  by  Charles  Lee,  1/  net  each.  Dent 

Three  of  the  latest  volumes  in  this  Library. 

Mr.  Conrad's  book  first  appeared  in  1912. 

White  (Stewart Edward),  Gold,  Second  Edition, 6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
A  tale  of  the  rush  to  the  Californian  gold- 
fields  in  1849. 

Whitelaw  (David),  A  Castle  in  Bohemia,  6/ 

Hodder  <fc  Stoughton 
The  adventure  -  loving  hero  of  this  novel 
becomes  implicated  in  the  conspiracies  of  a  secret 
political  society,  which  imposes  upon  him  the 
task  of  murdering  one  of  its  victims,  a  count  who 
happens  to  be  the  uncle  of  his  fiancee. 

Wyllarde  (Dolf),  It  was  the  Time  op  Roses,  6/ 

Holden  &  Hardingham 

Part  of  the  scene  of  this  story  is  laid  in  the 

West  Indies,  where  a  French  Creole  flirt  tries  to 

make  the  hero  forget  the  girl  he  loves  in  England. 

This  novel  has  already  appeared  as  a  serial. 

Yorke  (Curtis),  Delphine,  Qd.  Long 

A     cheap    reprint.      See    notice    in    Alhen., 
Feb.  13,  1904,  p.  201. 


No.  4508,  March  21,  19U 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


409 


REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Amateur    Photographer   and    Photographic    News, 
E.MPiiu-:  Number,  2d.  Bazell&  Watson 

Notable  articles  are  'The  Cost  of  Photo- 
graphy,' by  the  Rev.  A.  !•'.  .Murray  ;  -  How  to 
Measure  the  "  Pocus "  of  a  Pens."  by  Mr.  L.  C. 
Northgate  :  ami  '  On  Selling  Prints  to  the  Press,1 
by  Mr.  J.  T.  Wilinot.  The  illustrations  include 
toll-page  reproductions  of  photographs. 

Open  Court,  March,  6rf. 

Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 
In  this  month's  issue  Dr.  Paul  Carus  continues 
his  paper  on  -  The  Portrayal  ot  Christ,"  Mr.  Ernest 
W.  Clement  writes  mi  '  The  Last  of  the  ShogunS,' 
ami  Mr.  Philip  E.  B.  Jourdain  on  '  Philosophy  in 
the  Farm- Yard.' 

Poetry  and  Drama,  March,  2  6 

Poetry  Bookshop 

Includes    poetry    by    Mr.    Maurice    Hewlett 

ami  Mr.  Godfrey  Elton  :  '  The  Repertory  Theatre,' 

by  Mr.   William  Archer:    and   'Reviewing:    an 

Unskilled  Labour,'  by  Mr.  Edward  Thomas. 

Symons's  Meteorological  Magazine,  March,  Id. 

Stanford 
Contains  notes  on  '  The  Weather  of  February,' 
the  Royal    Meteorological    Society,    and    'Inter- 
national    Balloon     Ascents  '     also     reviews    and 
correspondence. 

GENERAL. 

Bain  (F.  W.),  Indian  Stories  :  Vol.  V.  A 
Draught  of  the  Blub,  translated  from  the 
Original  .Manuscript,  120    net  per  set  of  10  vols. 

Lee  Warner 
Another  of  Mr.  Bain's  Indian  stories  in  the 
"  Riccardi  Press  Books. " 

Banister  <C.  L.1,  The  Parson — in  Town,  Coun- 
try, and  Abroad,  2  6  net.  Skeffington 
Sketches  of  a  parson's  life,  training,  and  work 
in  England  and  the  Colonies. 

Clergy  List,  PHI.  Kelly's  Directories 

This     directory  includes     lists    of    benefices 

arranged   under  the  rural  deaneries,  and    lists  of 
private  patrons. 

Fellowship  Books  :  Ln  >ve,  by  Gilbert  Cannan  ; 
The  Meaning  of  Life,  by  W.  L.  Courtney  ; 
Nature,  by  W.  H.  Davies  ;  Trees,  by  Eleanor 
Farjeon  ;  Flowers,  by  J.  Foord  ;  and  Poetry, 
by  Arthur  Quiller-Couch,  2,'  net  each.  Batsford 
The    latest    in-talment    of    volumes    in    this 

series. 

Finot  (Jean),  The  secret  of  Happiness,  trans- 
lated from  the  Tenth  French  Edition  by  Mary 
J.  Safford,  7  6  net.  Putnam 

The  writer  discusses  the  science  of  happiness 

from  various  points  of  view. 

Forsyth  tthe  late  John),  Scottish  National 
Readings,  2/6  net.  Paisley,  Gardner 

A  collection  of  prose  and  verse  extracts  for 
recitations  and  readings. 

Grane  (William  Leighton),  The  Passing  of  War, 
a  Study  in  Things  that  Make  for  Peace,  2/6  net. 

MacmiLlan 
A   fourth  and   cheaper  edition.     See   Athen., 
March  9,  1912,  p.  273. 

Jefferies    Richard  i,  The  Open  Air,  1/  net.     Dent 
A  new  and  popular  edition  of  these  essays. 

London   Jack),  The  Road,  1/  net.       Mills  &  Boon 
A    collection    of    the    author's    reminiscences 
and    adventures    in    various    parts   of    the   world 
which  tii-t  appeared  in  Phis. 

New  Zealand  Official  Year-Book,  Pi  13,  prepared 
by  Malcolm  Fraser. 

Wellington,  X.Z..  John  Mackay  ; 
London,  Eyre  &  Spottiswoode 
The  twenty  -  second  issue,  including  among 
its  special  features  an  article  on  earthquakes  in 
New  Zealand,  by  Mi.  G.  Hogben,  and  an  account 
Of  the  visit  of  H.M.S.  New  Zealand,  by  Mr.  W. 
K.    Spen . 

Talbot  (Frederick  A.i,  Railway  Wonders  of  the 

World,  Vol.  ii..  10  •;  net.  <  ;,..,ii 

A  description  of  some  of  the  famous  railways 

of  the  world.     There  are  twelve  coloured   plate, 

and  many  other  illustration-. 

Wilde    Oscar),  Selected  Prose,  1/  net. 

M'-thuen 
A   selection  of   the  writer's   prose,   and    two 
hitheito  unpublished  letters  to  Mr.  Robert   I; 
who  contributes  tie-  Preface  to  this  volume. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Alexander  Leighi,  I'm:  Kings  or  Ltdia,  UCD  v 
Rearh anoement  ok  BOKH  Fragmknts  IltOM 
Nn  oi.w-  or  DakaSi 

Princeton  CTniversity  Press 
This  Btudy  was  presented  to  the  Faculty  of 
Prin'''       i  niversity  m  candidacy  for  tie-  di 
of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 


Coke  (Hon.  Henry),  Our  Schools  and  the  BrjBLB, 
1/  net.  \.  b.  Humphreys 

In    this    pamphlet     tie-    author    discusses    the 
question  "  Should  the  Bible  be  taught  in  children's 

schools  ?  " 

Fussell  (Joseph  H.),  Mrs.  Annie  Besant  AND  the 
Lbadbbatbr  Advice. 

San  Diego,  Cal..  '  San  Diego  News  ' 
A  protest  againsl  Mrs.  Besant's  reinstatement 
of  Mr.  Leadbeater  in  the  Theosophical  Society. 

Jones    (Griffith),    New    Work    on    the    Welsh 

CHURCH  Hill  Controversy  :    Disendowment, 

Pacts  not  generally  known  by  English  and  Welsh 

People,  .:</.  St.  Catherine  Press 

This  paper  is  based  on    four    articles  which 

appeared  in   The  Westminster  Review. 

Pitiful  Story  (The)  of  the  Performing  Dog,  by  an 
Ex-Trainer,  edited  by  C.  R.  Johns,  2d. 

Animals'  Friend  Society 
This  account  of  the  manner  in  which  perform- 
ing animals  are  treated  has  been  taken  down  from 
the  lips  of  a  practical  trainer. 

SCIENCE. 

Boulger  (Prof.),  British  Flowering  Plants, 
Vol.  I.,  illustrated  by  Mrs.  Henry  Perrin, 
15  guineas  per  set,  subscription  price  12  guineas. 

Quaritch 
This  work,  which  will  be  completed  in  four 
volumes,  contains  300  full-page  coloured  plates 
from  water-colour  drawings  by  Mrs.  Perrin.  Prof. 
Boulger  has  written  an  Introduction  and  detailed 
descriptive  notes  to  each  plate.  This  edition  is 
limited  to  1,000  copies. 

Clark  (Austin  Hobart),  Notes  on  some  Speci- 
mens of  a  Species  of  Onychophore  (Oro- 
peripatus  corradoi)  new  to  the  fauna  of 
Panama. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
A  description  of  four  specimens  now  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum. 

Knowledge,  Vol.  XXXVI.,  15/  net. 

'  Knowledge  '  Publishing  Co. 
The  bound  volume  for  the  year  1913. 

Linton   (Edwin),   Notes  on  a  Viviparous   Dis- 

TOME. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 
Reprinted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum. 

Mearns  (Edgar  A.),  Descriptions  of  Eight  New 
African  Bulbuls. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
Descriptions  of  birds  from  the  collections 
made  by  the  Childs  Frick  African  Expedition 
(1911—12),  the  Smithsonian  African  Expedition 
(1909-10),  and  the  Paul  J.  Rainey  Expedition 
(1911-12). 

Radlkofer  (Prof.  Dr.  L.),  New  Sapindacs.tj  from 
Panama  and  Costa  Rica. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
A  description  of  some  species  found  in  a  collec- 
tion of  Sapindaceae  which  was  made,   chieflv  by 
Mr.  H.  Pittier,  during  1905-12. 

Urquhart  (Alexander),  Odd  Hours  with  Nature, 
5/  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

These  papers,  dealing  with  various  aspects  of 
Nature  in  each  month,  have  already  appeared  in 
The  Dundee  Advertiser.  The  numerous  illustra- 
tions are  from  photographs. 

Wild    Flowers    as    they    Grow,    photographed    in 

Colour   direct   from     Nature   by   H.    Essenhigh 

Corke,    with    Descriptive    Text    by    (i.    Clarke 

Nuttall,  5,   net.  Cassell 

The     Sixth  Series,     containing     twenty-five 

coloured  plates  and  diagrams  in  the  text. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Hrdlicka  (Dr.  Ales),  ANTHROPOLOGICAL  Work  in 
Peru  in  1913,  with  Notes  on  the  Pathology  of 
the  Ancient  Peruvians. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 

An  account  of  some  ant  bropological  investiga- 
tions made  by  tie'  ant  hoc  in  Peru  during  the  early 
part  of  1913.  There  are  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs. 

FINE    ARTS. 

PiranesI,  Selected  Etchings,  Series  I.,  with  an 
Introduction  by  C.  II.  Reilly. 

Technical  Journals 
Containing    an    appreciatory   sketch    by    the 
Roscoe  Professor  of  Architecture  at  Liverpool  Uni- 
versity, and  fifty  plates. 

Sumner  (Heywood),  Excavations  on  Rock- 
rourne  Down,  II ami-shire,  2/  net. 

Ohiswick  Pre  i 
..    description    of    a    Romano-British    farm 
settlement  and  the  relics  found  in  the  excavation, 
illustrated  with  plans  and  drawings. 


MUSIC. 

Bach  (J.  S.),  <),  Jbsu  Christ,  Thou  Prince  of 
Peace,  a  Cantata  for  Soli,  Chorus,  and  Orches- 
tra, edited  by  John  Pointer,  English  Version 
by  Paul  England,  1/  Novello 

Balrstow  (Edward  C),  The  Office  for  the  Holy 
Communion,  set  to  Music  in  the  Key  of  d,  1/6 

Novello 

Dew  for  the  Flow'ret,  Sons,  Words  by  Thomas 
Hood,  Music  by  Marion  Richardson,  1/(5  net. 

Paterson 

Hunting  Chorus,  Part  Song,  the  Words  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  the  Music  by  Joseph  Soar,  3*/. 

Novello 

Hurry  (Jamieson  B.),  Sumer  is  icumen  in,  2/(5 
net.  Novello 

A  second  edition  of  the  description  of  the 
musical  canon  of  this  khik  published  at  the 
unveiling  of  a  memorial  tablet  at  Reading  Abbev 
in  1913. 

Jessie's   Dream,   a   Story   of   the    Relief   of 

Pi  cknow,  the  Words  by  Grace  Campbell,  the 

Music  by  John  Blockley,  Qd.  Novello 

A  song  for  children,  arranged  with    actions 

by  Miss  Ethel  Dawson. 

Mile  (A)  an'  a  Bittock,  Scottish  Song,  Words  by 
R.  L.  Stevenson,  Music  by  John  Greenwood, 
2/  net.  Paterson 

Novello's  Octavo  Anthems,  No.  1013,  Of  the 
Father's  Love  BEGOTTEN,  Anthem  for  Christ- 
mas (founded  on  an  Ancient  Melody)  by  Edward 
C.  Bairstow,  Words  translated  from  Pruden- 
tius  by  Rev.  J.  M.  Neale  and  Rev.  Sir  II.  W. 
Baker,  3d.  Novello 

Novello's  Parish  Choir  Book  :  Magnificat  and 
Nunc  Dimittis,  set  to  Gregorian  Tones  :  No.  6. 
With  Verses  in  Faux-Bourdon  by  Orlando 
Gibbons  (1583-1625),  3d. ;  No.  7.  With  Verses 
in  Faux-Bourdon  by  William  Whitbroke 
(c.  1560)  and  Knight  (c.  1560),  3d.  ;  and 
No.  8.  With  Verses  in  Faux-Bourdon  by  an 
Unknown  Edwardine  Composer  (1517)  ami 
Thomas  Causton  (d.  1569),  2d.,  edited  by 
Francis  Burgess  and  Royle  Shore.  Novello 

Novello's  Part-Song  Book  (Second  Series)  :  No. 
1269,  Weep  You  no  More,  Music  by  Arthur 
Somervell,  3d. ;  No.  1285,  Perfection  (Sinfonia 
Domestica  Choralis),  Music  by  A.  C.  Mackenzie 
(Op.  77),  6rf.  ;  No.  1293,  Sweet  Day,  so 
Cool  (Virtue),  Words  by  George  Herbert, 
Music   by   David  Stephen,  2d.  Novello 

Novello's  Short  Anthems,  No.  218,  O  Saving 
Victim.  Short  Unaccompanied  Anthem  for 
Four  Voices,  composed  bv  Archibald  W. 
Wilson,  lid.  Novello 

Orpheus  (The),  New  Series,  Four-Part  Songs  for 
Men's  Voices  (unaccompanied)  :  No.  542, 
Crossing  the  Bar,  Words  by  Alfred,  Lord 
Tennyson,  2d.  ;  No.  543,  Echoes,  Words  by 
Thomas  Moore,  2d.  ;  No.  544,  Full  Fathom 
Five,  Words  by  Shakespeare,  from  '  The 
Tempest,'  3d.  ;  Music  composed  by  Thomas 
F.  Dunhill.  Novello 

Pearce  (Charles  W.),  Modern  Academic  Counter- 
point, 5/  G.  Schirmer 
The  writer  begins  his  work  with  a  discussion 
of   '  What  Counterpoint  Is.'    Other  chapters  aro 
on    'Counterpoint    in     the     Ecclesiastical    .Modes' 
and  '  The  Tonality  of  the  Old  Church  Modes.' 
Rubinstein  (Anton),  The  Cloud,  Two-Part   Song 
for  Female  and  Boys'  Voices,  3d.  Novello 

Scottish  Mezzo-Soprano  Album,  the  Songs  selected, 
edited,  and  annotated  by  Donald  Ross,  tho 
Accompaniments  composed  and  revised  by 
Alfred  Moffat,  paper  2/  net,  limp  leather  4/  net. 

Paterson 
Mr.  Ross  has  written  historical  and  biographi- 
cal notes  to  these  SOngS,  giving  an  account  of  their 
origin  and  a  sketch  of  their  authors. 
Short  Settings  of  the  Office   for  the   Holy  Com- 
munion,    including     Uenedictcs     and     AGNUS 
Dm,  for  Parochial  ami  General  Use,  edited  by 

Sir    George    0.    Martin:     No.    51,    in    B    Hat,    by 
llemy  G.   Ley,  1/  Novello 

DRAMA. 

Goethe,   Faust,   translated    by   Anna  Swanwick, 
"  Bonn's  Popular  Librarj .     1     net.  Bell 

This  Issue  is  edited,  with    Introduction  and 
Bibliography,  by  Prof.  Karl  Breul. 
Harcourt  (Cyril),  A  Place  in  the  sin.  2/fl  net. 

Josepb  \N  iliion 

Produced  at    theC dy  Theatre  las!  year; 

iee  Athen.,  N"\  •  8,  p.  586. 

Sutro  (Alfred),  Tin:  Two  Vnnt  i-.  a  Comedy  in 

POUT      \e|s,    paper     1     Ii    net,    e|,,||,    2/    DSt. 

I  nickworth 

'lie-  play, now  being  aeted  at  the  St.  .lam. 

which  we  noticed  last  week. 


410 


THP:     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


FOREIGN. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Hanotaux  (Gabriel),  La  France  en  1014,  1/ 

Paris,  Nelson 
A  study  of  '  La  France  et  la  Royaute  avant 
Richelieu,'  which  includes  chapters  on  '  L'Ordre 
Social '  and  '  Les  Questions  Religieuses.' 

Memoires  de  Barthelemy,  1768-1819,  publies  par 
Jacques  de  Dampierre,  7fr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
These  reminiscences   of   a  diplomatic   career 
are  accompanied  by  a  portrait. 

Plutarque,   Les   Vies    des    Hommes    illustres, 

traduites  du  Grec  par  Amyot,  Vol.  II.,  Edition 

Luteiia,  lOd.  Paris,  Nelson 

Contains    an    Introduction      by    M.     Emile 

Faguet,  and  a  Glossary. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  10  Mar?,  lfr.  25. 

Paris,  '  Mercure  de  France  ' 

Includes  '  Le  Rationalisme  contre  la  Raison,' 

by  M.   Jules  de  Gaultier ;     '  Poemes,'   by  M.   J. 

Galzy  ;   and  '  Toulon  et  la  Flotte,'  by  M.  Maurice 

de  Faramond. 

GENERAL. 

Stendhal :  Vies  de  Haydn,  de  Mozart,  et  de 
Metastase,  "  GSuvres  Completes  de  Stendhal," 
publies  sous  la  direction  d'Edouard  Champion. 

Bibliographee  Stendhaleenne,  par    Henri 
Cordier,  "  02uvres  Completes  de  Stendhal." 

La    Vie    Litteraire    de     Stendhal,    par 
Adolphe  Paupe, "  Bibliotheque  Stendhalienne." 

Paris,  Champion 
The  first  volume  contains  the  text  established 
and  annotated  by  M.  Daniel  Muller,  and  a  Pre- 
face by  M.  Romain  Rolland. 

The  '  Bibliographie  '  is  divided  into  two  parts 
— '  GSuvres  de  Stendhal  '  and  '  Ouvrages  et  Articles 
relatifs  a  Stendhal.'  Facsimiles  of  the  titles  of 
the  original  editions  are  included. 

The  '  Vie  Litteraire '  includes  chapters  on 
'  Stendhal  et  1'Histoire,'  '  Une  enigme  Stend- 
halienne,' and  '  Stendhaliana.' 

MUSIC. 

Wyzewa  (Teodor  de),  Beethoven  et  Wagner, 
Essais  d'Histoire  et  de  Critique  Musicales,  5fr. 

Paris,  Perrin 
A  new  edition,  with  portraits  and  other  illus- 
trations. 


INVIOLABLE. 

When  I  hear  men  discoursing  idle  tilings, 
Who    "beauty    and    corruption"    would 

unite — 
As  who  should  say  :    "  Now  call  we  dark- 
ness bright  !  " 
My  wondering  soul  more  passionately  clings 
To  every  image,  every  strain  that  sings 
Of    beauty — still,    ah,    still    the    world's 

delight  ! — 
More  valuing  that  bloom  which  knows  not 
blight, 
To  which  no  touch  of  Time  defacement  brings. 

From  rocky  Chios,  from  sweet  Avon's  side, 
From  Athens,  Sicily — our  earth  to  bless — 
From    each  dear    Land   where    Joy  hath 
dwelt  with  Truth, 

It  comes  adown  Time's  inexhausted  tide 
In  myriad  form,  the  ancient  Loveliness, 
Wearing  its  glory  of  immortal  youth  ! 

Florence  Eari.e  Coates. 


BOOK    SALE. 


Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  Monday,  the  !)th 
inst.,  the  following  books,  the  prope'rtv  of  Mr. 
J.  Griffith  Dearden  of  Waloot  Park,  Stamford  : 
Eyton's  Shropshire,  18?.  Dallawav  and  Cart- 
wright's  Sussex,  3  vols.,  2'.U.  lbs.  Daniell's 
Voyage  round  Great  Britain,  571.  Killigrew's 
Comedies  and  Tragedies,  1004,  2il.  Nichols's 
Leicestershire,  8  vols.,  (il)l. 


CAMBRIDGE    FINANCE. 

The  accounts  of  the  Colleges  are  published 
in  the  Reporter  after  being  sent  to  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  ;  and  those  before  me  {Reporter, 
March  4th,  1914)  are  called  '  Abstracts  of 
Receipts  and  Expenditure  for  the  Year 
ending  Michaelmas,  1912.'  I  confess  that 
I  am  the  last  person  qualified  to  discuss 
accounts,  and  if  in  my  awkwardness  I 
cause  any  embarrassment,  I  must  ask 
for  the  indulgence  granted  to  a  little 
child  when  he  puts  questions  to  his  elders 
on  religious,  moral,  and  social  topics,  the 
inconvenience  of  which  can  only  be  forgiven 
on  the  score  of  ignorance  and  inexperience. 
I  assume  that  these  accounts  are  not  only 
accurate  —  for  I  never  got  so  far  as  the 
correct  addition  of  money  in  my  studies — 
but  also  that  their  correctness  is  in  all 
cases  vouched  for  by  chartered  accountants. 
I  hope  this  is  the  case,  because  Colleges  ad- 
minister their  estates  as  public  bodies,  and 
I  am  told  that  proficiency,  even  in  the 
exacter  sciences,  does  not  make  a  man  an 
auditor  imless  he  has  made  accountancy 
his  special  study. 

Whatever  the  system  of  auditing  adopted, 
it  cannot  be  uniform,  for  items  under  the 
same  heading  do  not  always  mean  the  same 
thing.  Trinity  Hall,  for  example,  has  an 
estate  of  9,080/.  or  so  to  administer,  and  the 
expenses  of  management  are  33/.  Downing 
has  about  the  saine  amount  of  j)roperty 
managed  at  a  cost  of  260/.;  Sidney's  charge 
for  administering  over  15,000Z.  is  953/.; 
whilst  Jesus  spends  just  under  400/.  on  an 
estate  of  over  13,000/.  Caius  devotes  a 
twenty-seventh  of  its  income  to  its  manage- 
ment, King's  a  nineteenth,  St.  John's  a 
twenty-sixth,  and  Trinity  about  the  same. 
Of  course,  in  some  cases  the  estates  are 
widely  scattered,  whereas  in  others  they  are 
in  the  vicinity  of  Cambridge  ;  but  one 
certainly  gathers  from  the  above  figures 
that  College  property  is  managed  far  more 
cheaply  than  any  other.  If  these  figures 
really  represent  the  fact,  I  confess  that  they 
dispel  any  traces  of  cynicism  I  may  have 
unwillingly  have  restrained  as  to  human 
disinterestedness  ;  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to 
imagine  how  the  solicitors,  land  agents, 
surveyors,  &c,  whose  business  is  with 
Colleges,  manage  to  exist.  Perhaps  they 
are  the  secret  benefactors  of  sound  learning 
and  religious  education.  Certainly  all  critics 
of  College  administration  as  cumbersome 
and  costly  ought  to  be  ready  with  abject 
apologies. 

'  Establishment  Charges  '  present  similar 
anomalies.  The  highest  is  Trinity,  with 
its  spacious  grounds  and  large  buildings. 
2,082/.  does  not  seem  a  large  sum ;  but  it  is 
not  easy  to  see  why  Jesus  comes  second 
with  1,666/.  True,  the  College  stands  in 
its  own  fields  and  has  extensive  gardens,  but 
even  then  it  is  strange  that  it  should  exceed 
the  expenditure  of  St.  John's  by  more  than 
400/.  Caius  comes  next ;  and  Queens'  spends 
no  less  than  1,015/.  In  Peterhouse,  St. 
Catherine's,  and  Downing  respectively  the 
cost  is  less  than  400/.  Is  it  possible  that 
under  this  item  the  same  charges  are  meant 
in  all  cases  ? 

The  money  distributed  by  the  Colleges 
among  the  Head  and  Fellows  varies  greatly  : 
Queens'  gives  only  1,091/.,  or  about  a  seventh 
of  its  revenues ;  Emmanuel  about  one- 
fourth  ;  Jesus  and  Corpus  a  third ;  King's  a 
fifth ;  Clare  a  fourth ;  Trinity  a  sixth, 
and  so  on.  The  poorest  Colleges  in  this 
respect  seem  to  be  Queens',  Trinity  Hall, 
and  Pembroke — that  is,  if  the  number  of 
Fellows  be  taken  into  account.  It  is  very 
difficult  to  generalize  on  these  figures  ;  but 
it  may  be  freely  asserted  that  in  every  single 


case  the  Master  and  Fellows  are  paid  with 
due  regard  to  economy,  and  that  the  days 
of  large  and  undeserved  emoluments  are 
gone  for  ever. 

As  regards  the  gross  incomes,  Trinity 
stands  first  with  79,263/.,  and  St.  Catherine's 
and  Magdalene  last  with  a  little  under 
6,500/.  each.  St.  John's,  King's,  and  Caius 
have  over  25,000/.  a  year;  Clare,  Emmanuel, 
Christ's,  and  Sidney  exceed  15,000/.;  whilst 
Jesus,  Corpus,  and  Pembroke  exceed  10,000/. 
A  considerable  proportion  of  this  income  is 
made  by  internal  charges  :  room  rents,  fees 
from  residents  and  non-residents,  and  the 
like.  The  external  income  of  Trinity,  for 
example,  is  only  56,000/.  or  thereabouts.  It 
costs  King's  2,413/.  to  maintain  its  beautiful 
chapel  service  :  more  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public,  perchance,  than  of  that  College, 
which  has  shown  itself  of  late  years  con- 
sistently more  anxious  for  credit  than  emolu- 
ment. Trinity  is  almost  equally  liberal  in 
this  respect,  the  chapel  charges,  including 
chaplains,  being  2,271/.  Were  this  analysis 
to  be  pursued,  I  am  under  the  impression 
that  the  credit  of  the  Colleges  for  adminis- 
tering their  funds  wisely  and  generously 
would  stand  higher  than  it  does,  and  it 
would  be  seen  that  they  do  a  great  deal 
with  comparatively  little  money — far  less 
than  is  popularly  supposed. 

A  considerable  sum  has  to  be  deducted 
by  way  of  contribution  (which  is  exacted  by 
the  Statutes  of  1882)  from  each  College  to 
the  University.  Trinity  (in  luding  the  capi- 
tation tax)  pays  5,475/.,  St.  John's  contribu- 
tion is  2,079/.,  St.  Catherine's  374/.,  and  other 
Colleges  in  proportion.  The  reserves  of  the 
Colleges  vary  extraordinarily.  Some,  like 
Pembroke,  Trinity  Hall,  Jesus,  and  Christ's, 
manage  to  carry  very  little  forward.  The 
larger  Colleges — Trinity,  King's,  and  St. 
John's— have  considerable  balances,  as  have 
also  Emmanuel  and  Sidney ;  whilst  poor 
Colleges,  like  Peterhouse  and  Magdalene, 
have  a  creditable  sum  in  hand.  Thus  the 
accounts  reveal  completely  independent  sys- 
tems of  finance  in  the  different  Colleges ;  but 
it  may  be  pointed  out  that  possibly  I  have 
failed  to  understand  the  principles  on 
which  any  one  of  these  accounts  is  con- 
structed. I  have  already  warned  my  readers 
that  I  am  no  accountant. 

The  real  matter  of  importance  is,  how- 
ever, not  the  manner  in  which  the  accounts 
are  presented,  but  the  management  of  the 
College  estates.  That  they  are  adminis- 
tered honestly,  but  on  the  whole  capably, 
seems  certain  ;  yet  it  is  questionable  whether 
the  system  is  in  any  case  ideal.  In  existing 
circumstances  it  is  doubtful  whether  the 
best  course  is  to  choose  the  Bursar  from  the 
Fellows  of  a  College.  It  does  not  seem  to 
be  recognized  that  the  administration  of  an 
estate  is  now  a  business  requiring  very  wide 
special  knowledge,  and  that  a  Bursar  should 
have  been  trained  for  his  work.  Success  in 
a  Tripos,  or  even  failure  to  secure  a  practice 
at  the  Bar,  does  not  naturally  qualify  a  man 
to  deal  with  large  and  scattered  estates 
under  the  changing  conditions  of  modern 
life.  One  College  has  already  moved  in  the 
direction  of  appointing  a  professionally 
trained  Bursar,  and  others  will  probably 
soon  follow  in  its  wake.  Reformers  are 
loud  in  insisting  that  all  the  College  estates 
should  be  administered  by  a  Commission, 
but  I  am  not  certain  that  either  the  Colleges 
or  the  properties  would  benefit  by  being 
under  a  central  office.  A  more  ideal  condi- 
tion would  be  that  each  College  should  vie 
with  the  others  in  making  its  estate  a  model 
of  good  and  liberal  management.  Hitherto 
the  Colleges  have  been  hampered  by  a 
system  of  leases  and  lack  of  capital,  and  it 
has  been  necessary  to  grant  building  leases 
in  order  to  develope  land  which  has  become 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


411 


more  suitable  for  houses  than  as  agricultural 
property.  But  reoent  legislation  has  taxed 
such  leases  so  heavily  that  it  will  be  dis- 
advantageous to  grant  thru,  and  the  Col- 
leges will  have  to  do  the  development  of  their 
lands  themselves.  As  many  of  these  are  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  growing  towns,  the 
need  tor  professional  Bursars  is  pressing,  and 
it  is  desirable  that  the  smaller  Colleges,  at 
any  rate,  should  combine  to  secure  the 
services  of  trained  men  whose  whole  time 
can  be  devoted  to  the  properties  they  ad- 
.  minister. 

The  ever  -  watchful  Disney  Professor  has 
done  his  best  to  thwart  the  plausible 
action  of  the  Medical  School  to  obtain  a 
Government  grant,  and,  though  he  has 
failed  by  a  narrow  majority,  he  has  at 
least  demonstrated  the  danger  of  allowing 
the  Government  a  pretext  for  interfering 
with  University  education.  It  is  fairly  certain 
that  other  schools  will  try  to  follow  in  the 
steps  of  the  Medical  ;  but  should  they  do 
so,  they  can  hardly  hope  to  get  the  doctors 
from  the  hospitals  to  help  them,  as  on  the 
present  occasion.  J. 


INDIRECT    PAYMENT. 

A  certain  section  of  our  daily  press  would 
have  us  believe  that  the  public  shows  an 
extravagant  delight  at  being  vouchsafed  a 
fresh  opportunity  of  hoodwinking  itself.  In 
other  words,  if  a  larger  sum  of  money  for 
an  article  can  be  extracted  from  it  by  an 
indirect  method,  the  public  is  frenzied  with 
joy  because  a  smaller  direct  payment  is 
made.  It  is  true  that  investigation  has 
led  us  to  regard  the  said  press  as  guilty  of 
considerable  exaggeration,  but  the  gulli- 
bility of  the  public  is,  unfortunately,  a  fact 
only  too  well  accredited. 

We  learn  that  our  own  announcement 
of  the  reduction  of  the  price  of  The  Times 
to  one  penny,  and  the  reason  for  it,  has 
been  regarded  as  cryptic.  It  was,  however, 
a  quotation  from  the  announcement  made 
in  The  Daily  Mail.  We  admit  it  was 
in  contrast  to  the  articles  on  the  subject 
which  appeared  in  other  daily  papers  under 
the  same  control.  We  were  not  able  to 
congratulate  the  public  to  the  extent  that  at 
least  two  of  our  contemporaries  did,  because 
the  change  made  must  be  regarded  as  a 
matter  of  business,  and  business  to-day  gene- 
rally means  the  employment  of  some  method 
by  which  a  proprietary  interest  may  obtain 
for  itself  a  larger  sum  of  money  than  it  has 
hitherto  done  for  supplying  a  certain  article. 
Though  the  case  particularly  under  considera- 
tion is  no  exception  to  the  rule,  we  propose  to 
concern  ourselves  first  with  the  possible  ad- 
vantages to  the  public. 

Owing  to  the  unique  advertising  re- 
sources at  the  disposal  of  the  Northcliffe 
interests,  there  will  undoubtedly  be  a 
considerable  number  who  will  for  the  first 
time  learn  that  it  is  worth  while  to  spend 
a  penny  on  their  morning  paper,  instead 
of  a  halfpenny,  and  those  who  do  so  will 
no  more  be  depriving  themselves  of  any 
of  the  necessities  of  life  than  that  smaller 
public  which  hitherto  spent  twopence.  For 
ourselves,  we  willingly  paid  the  extra  penny 
when  that  was  the  only  means  by  which 
we  could  secure  The  Times  Literary  Supple- 
ment, and  we  are  well  satisfied  now  that  we 
have  a  wide  choice  of  newspapers  for  one 
penny,  and  can  devote  the  other  to  pur- 
chasing the  Supplement  in  question. 

We  see  no  special  reason,  however,  to  sym- 
pathize with  those  on  whose  shoulders  it  is 
proposed  to  place  the  burden  of  paying  for 
the  reduction.  We  suppose  nobody  v.  ill 
deny   that    the   section    of    the   public    from 


whom  it  is  hoped  to  obtain  the  difference 
is  made  up  largely  of  those  whom  advertising 
leads  to  purchase,  and  who  are  often  en- 
ticed to  possess  themselves  of  articles  of 
which  they  have  no  real  need.  We  certainly 
have  no  wish  to  suggest  that  all  advertising 
is  discreditable,  though  a  self-respecting 
advertiser  woidd  naturally  only  seek  to 
bring  to  the  notice  of  the  public  an  article, 
the  purchase  of  which  would  lead  to  mutual 
advantage.  We  leave  it  to  those  who 
purchase  articles  through  advertisements  to 
decide  for  themselves  the  number  of  self- 
respecting  advertisers.  Still,  advertising 
cannot  be  wholly  discredited  because  of 
some  of  its  exponents.  Where  pos- 
sible, the  most  profitable  form  of  it 
to  all  parties  concerned  is  no  doubt  to 
send  to  the  prospective  purchaser  a  genuine 
sample  of  the  goods.  Such  a  method, 
though  possible  in  the  case  of  many  articles 
of  daily  consumption — mental  (as  in  the 
case  of  daily  papers)  or  physical  (as  in  the 
case  of  bread) — cannot  be  adopted  with 
articles  like  motor-cars.  But  we  must  not 
pursue  this  aspect  of  the  subject,  as  the 
main  purport  of  our  argument  is  to  drive 
home  the  fact  that  every  article  exacts  a 
certain  payment — either  directly  or  in- 
directly— for  its  production,  and  one  of  the 
evils  of  our  present  system  is  that  the 
profit  to  the  public  of  such  payment  de- 
creases, the  less  direct  it  becomes. 

To-day  we  have  a  cheap  press — too  cheap, 
to  our  mind,  because  the  public  indirectly 
pays  too  dearly  for  this  specious  cheapness. 
In  cases  where  the  advertiser  possesses 
something  resembling  a  social  conscience  he 
adds  the  cost  of  advertisement  to  the  more 
or  less  adequate  cost  of  labour  spent  in  the 
production  of  the  article,  and  sells  it  to  the 
public  at  a  price  which  recoups  him  for  the 
expenses  he  has  incurred.  In  such  cases 
the  public  payment  may  be  said  to  be  in- 
direct to  the  extent  of  one  remove.  Un- 
fortunately, in  many  cases  the  payment  is 
further  removed  from  directness.  Such  is 
the  case  whenever  an  article  is  purchased 
for  a  sum  which  covers  inadequately  the 
real  cost  of  production  and  advertisement. 
Here  the  public  pays  an  indirect  price  in  a 
different  way,  and  much  less  profitably ; 
the  payment  takes  the  form  of  taxation 
enforced  for  the  upkeep  of  poor  -  houses, 
and  prison  and  other  infirmaries  ;  in 
fact,  in  all  outgoings  which  come  under 
the  multiple  heading  of  relief.  A  Socialist 
was  elaborately  explaining  the  other  day  what 
the  Workmen's  Compensation  and  Insurance 
Acts  were.  Having  listened  to  his  harangue 
with  what  patience  could  be  commanded, 
the  present  writer  suggested  that  he  had 
entirely  omitted  one  thing  that  such  Acts 
were — an  acknowledgment  of  the  under- 
payment of  manual  workers. 

One  of  the  greatest  evils  of  indirect  under- 
payment is  that  the  article  so  purchased  is 
undervalued.  It  will  be  a  matter  for  surprise 
if  The  Times  at  a  penny  is  not  merely 
scanned  instead  of  being  read  intelli- 
gently, and  if  copies  of  it  do  not  go  to  in- 
crease the  litter  of  discarded  matter  in  print. 

Our  readers'  comment  may  well  be:  This 
is  all  evident,  too  evident,  but  where  lies 
the  remedy  ?  The  remedy  lies,  to  our  think- 
ing, in  a  better  education  of  our  social  con- 
science— one  of  the  purposes  towards  which 
all  responsible  journals  ought  to  be  working. 
Governments  to-day,  being  composed  of  men 
who  have,  at  least,  more  time  for  thoughl 
than  the  majority,  are  becoming  increasingly 

aware  of  the  evils  attendant  on  the  under- 
payment of  production,  but  instead  of  making 
it  their  main  purpose  to  educate  tin-  indi- 
vidual, they  Beek  to  set  things  right  by 
Acts  of  Parliament  and  the  us-  of  coercion. 


SHAKESPEARE    AND    ASBIES. 
II. 

The  last  implicit  sign  of  the  family  posses- 
sion of  Asbies  is  preserved  in  a  little  book 
among  tho  State  Papers,  April,  1580  (which 
none  of  the  Baconians  appears  to  have  noted ). 
This  is  a  list  of  "  the  (Gentlemen  and  Free- 
holders of  the  County  of  Warwick."  Among 
these  appear  John  Shakespeare  of  Stratford  - 
on-Avon  (the  name  spelt  so)  and  Thomas 
Shakespeare  of  Rowington.  In  another  list 
the  contracted  form  of  the  name  is  used. 
But  the  freehold  was  slipping  from  him.  He 
could  not  find  sufficient  money  to  pay  every- 
thing at  once.  There  is  no  doubt  that  his 
son's  impulsive  marriage  would  increase  his 
money  difficulties.  So  time  passed  on,  and 
he  was  fighting  from  hand  to  mouth  until 
on  March  1st,  1587,  Edmund  Lambert  died, 
still  holding  Asbies.  Though  John  Lambert, 
the  heir  seems  to  have  been  offered  the 
money,  he  refused  it  and  took  possession. 
He  was  not  going  to  be  bound  by  a  mere 
verbal  promise  of  his  father,  even  if  it  had 
ever  been  made.  There  seem  to  have  been 
family  councils,  friendly,  logical,  and  legal 
pressure  applied.  John  Lambert  refused 
to  give  up  the  desirable  family  property. 
But  a  counter-proposition  was  made  to  him, 
and  under  pressure,  to  secure  peace,  he  seems 
to  have  agreed  on  Sept.  26th,  1587,  at  tho 
house  of  Anthony  Ingram,  gent.,  at  Walford 
Parva,  to  pay  20Z.  more  by  instalments, 
beginning  on  Nov.  18th,  1587.  And  again 
the  Shakespeares  trusted  a  Lambert's  word. 

Now  it  cannot  be  too  carefully  considered 
that  it  was  the  private  discussions  and  deci- 
sions about  the  return  of  Asbies  that  were 
the  deciding  factors  in  William  Shake- 
speare's life.  When  he  learnt  that  John 
Lambert  was  determined  not  to  give  up 
Asbies,  he  knew  they  could  not  go  to  common 
law,  having  for  testimony  only  the  word  of  a 
dead  man.  And  therefore  Shakespeare,  already 
the  father  of  three  children,  felt  that  he  must 
make  a  career  somewhere,  and  determined 
on  trying  London.  Why  not  ?  Many  of  his 
friends  had  gone  there  and  had  prospered. 
His  father  would  have  the  40£.  he  was  ready 
to  pay  for  Asbies.  He  would  have  introduc- 
tions enough,  and  he  probably  reckoned  on 
the  20Z.  that  John  Lambert  was  to  pay  to 
make  up  the  sale-value  of  Asbies  to  a  more 
just  proportion  as  likely  to  come  to  himself. 
We  know  that  he  suffered  disillusionment  ; 
we  know  that  John  Lambert  did  not  pay 
that  20Z.,  denied  even  that  he  had  promised 
it ;  and  the  next  step  taken  was  the  com- 
mencement of  proceedings  against  him  for 
201.  at  common  law.  It  is  logically  certain 
that,  however  it  might  be  entered  in  his 
parents'  names  and  his  own,  William  Shake- 
speare, as  the  heir-apparent,  was  a  party 
to  the  action  —  probably  instructed  the 
attorneys,  and  did  all  thcpersonal  duties 
of  a  "  complainant."  And  thus,  by  a 
peculiar  combination  of  circumstances, 
the  first  time  William  Shakespeare's  name 
was  written  in  London,  the  firs!  time 
it  was  spoken  in  London,  was  in  the  Law 
Courts/  John  Lambert  had  licence  granted 
him  till  the  octaves  of  Michaelmas,  L689 
(Coram  Rege  Roll  131 1,  f.  516,  Mich.  Term. 
31-2  Eliz.,  Westminster).  The  case  teaches 
us  certain  details  which  have  not  yel  been 
made  the  most  of,  but  it  seems  to  have  died, 

possibly  from  lack  of  funds  among  the  com 

plainants.     Lambert  did  not  pay.     And  the 
fierce   fight    with    Fate   which    Shakespe 

made  took  place  during  the  next    few    \«;u 

"There  's  a  divinity  thai  shapes  our  ends. 
Fortune  turned  in  time     Shakespeare  found 
work  at    the  theatre,  seems  to  have  been 
liberally  treated,  though  at   first  servitor  or 

apprentice,  and  soon  hud  a  home  in   Bishops- 
gate  Street,  on  which  he  was  asses- ed  higher 


412 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


than  either  of  the  Burbages.  So  it  may 
reasonably  bo  inferred  he  had  his  family 
with  him  at  least  by  1594  for  a  time, 
when  after  his  '  Lxicrece '  had  been 
published,  Southampton,  then  of  age,  be- 
came liberal.  Shakespeare  never  forgot 
Asbies.  So  when  he  did  prosper,  he  applied 
for  arms  for  his  father,  bought  the  best  house 
in  Stratford  for  his  wife,  and  got  his  father 
and  mother  to  have  another  fight  for  Asbies 
— this  time  in  a  court  in  which  he  thought 
he  had  a  better  chance  of  success.  The 
complaint  and  answer  on  Nov.  24th,  1597,  of 
John  Shackespeare  and  Mary  his  wife  have 
been  printed  among  special  proceedings  in 
Chancery.  Halliwell-Phillipps  has  them,  and 
also  the  decrees  and  orders,  but  the  details 
have  not  been  worked  out.  Again  John 
Shakespeare  committed  an  indiscretion. 
Either  his  attorney  mistook,  or  John, 
thinking  that  William  was  putting  himself 
in  power  too  much,  had  put  forward  a 
second  complaint  in  his  own  name  only.  Of 
course  Lambert  complained  of  this,  and 
was  supported.  John  had  to  withdraw  one 
of  his  complaints  and  pay  the  expenses  of 
both  parties  in  it,  and  Lambert  had  per- 
mission to  change  his  commissioners  if  he 
pleased.  In  Decrees  and  Orders,  May  18th, 
1598,  John  Lambert's  counsel  said  that 
John  had  exhibited  a  bill  in  the  name  of 
himself  and  his  wife,  and  then  a  bill  in  his 
own  name  ;  had  taken  out  his  commission, 
but  examined  no  witnesses  (D.  and  O.,  A. 
1598,  Trim,  706).  On  June  27th  they  had 
powers  given  to  elect  a  commission  to 
examine  witnesses,  directed  to  Richard 
Lane,  John  Combes,  William  Berry,  and 
John  Warner,  by  the  octaves  of  Michaelmas. 
On  July  6th,  1598  (B.  Book,  133),  a  new  com- 
mission was  appointed,  and  John  Lambert 
changed  his  commissioners,  probably  finding 
those  chosen  first  too  much  in  favour  of  the 
Shakespeares. 

The  interesting  part  in  such  cases  is  the 
examination  of  witnesses.  But  the  deposi- 
tions have  not  been  preserved.  (I  have 
sought  for  them  very  carefully,  both  in 
Stratford  and  P.R.O.)  That  they  had  been 
taken,  and  had  been  in  favour  of  the  Shake- 
speares, may  be  inferred  by  the  entry  : — 

"  John  Shakespeere  and  Mary  his  wife  :— Yf  the 
defendant  shew  no  cause  for  stay  of  publication  by 
this  day  sennight  then  publication  is  granted " 
(23rd  Oct.,  Mich.,  41  and  42  Eliz.,  D.  and  0.,  B.  1599). 

This  is  the  last  word  concerning  the  case, 
and  we  are  left  to  surmise  the  sequel. 
Whether  John  Lambert,  finding  himself  about 
to  be  beaten,  put  as  a  bar  the  Coram  Rege 
case  and  the  Shakespeares'  offer  to  accept 
201.  in  lieu  of  the  property,  and  acknow- 
ledged his  willingness  to  pay  it  now,  or 
whether  the  waning  fortunes  of  the  Essex 
party  withdrew  what  Court  influence  might 
have  come  through  the  poet,  we  know  not. 
But  we  know  that  there  was  never  more  a 
"  Shakespeare  of  Asbies,"  and  that  even  on 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1601  (curiously 
enough,  at  the  very  time  of  the  end  of  the 
twenty-one  years'  lease  he  had  drawn  up 
from  1580)  William  instituted  no  further 
proceedings  in  his  own  name. 

One  point  I  should  have  noticed  is  that 
the  final  concord  which  Edward  Lambert 
had  drawn  up  in  1578,  and  had  enrolled  in 
1579,  was  endorsed  with  the  records  of 
fifteen  proclamations.  The  first  could  only 
have  been  at  the  Easter  Assizes,  1581,  at 
Warwick,  after  the  forfeiture  of  Michaelmas, 
1580 ;  it  was  repeated  every  year  until 
the  Shakespeares  began  to  take  proceedings 
in  Chancery.  It  was  stayed  while  the  case 
was  running,  and  never  resumed,  for  John 
Lambert  remained  in  possession  at  Asbies, 
or  on  the  land  which  once  was  called  so. 

Charlotte  Carmichael  Stopes. 


DR.   AUGUSTUS  JESSOPP. 

20,  Broad  Street,  New  York,  March  3,  1914. 

It  was  my  privilege  to  meet  the  late  Dr. 
Jessopp  first  in  April,  1896,  when  I  was 
residing  in  Birmingham  as  United  States 
Consul.  I  was  president  that  year  of  the 
Birmingham  Dramatic  and  Literary  Club, 
and  in  making  my  programme  for  the  Shake- 
speare celebration  of  that  year  I  was  able  to 
bring  as  guests  to  my  house  and  to  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Club  the  late  Thomas  F. 
Bayard,  United  States  Ambassador  to  Lon- 
don, and  Dr.  Jessopp.  I  had  known  the 
former  during  many  years  of  close  associa- 
tion, but  had  made  the  acquaintance  of  the 
latter  through  his  writings,  and  some  result- 
ing correspondence  in  respect  to  them. 

The  thing  that  interested  me  most  was 
the  way  that  these  two  men  met  each  other. 
Almost  of  the  same  age,  occupying  entirely 
different  positions  in  a  country  with  widely 
sundered  interests,  both  students  of  large 
human  conditions,  I  could  but  note  with 
pleasure  how  fortunate  I  had  been  in  bring- 
ing together  two  such  guests.  After  dinner 
and  all  the  incidental  ceremonies  were  over, 
they  settled  down  for  the  evening,  and  until 
early  in  the  morning,  just  as  two  boys  might 
have  done.  Their  enjoyment  of  each  other 
was  so  keen  that  to  be  an  observer  and  a 
hearer  was  quite  enough  for  me. 

One  of  the  things  that  interested  me  most 
about  Dr.  Jessopp  was  the  story,  on  this 
occasion,  he  told  me  of  his  career  as  an 
author.  I  knew  he  had  been  a  schoolmaster 
before  he  became  a  clergyman,  but  I  was  not 
prepared  to  learn  from  his  own  lips,  as  I  did, 
that  practically  everything  that  he  had 
written  for  twenty  years  had  been  returned 
to  him.  He  told  me  that  he  had  persisted 
in  sending  his  historical  writings,  which  at 
this  time  had  acquired  a  large  vogue,  to 
magazines  and  other  periodicals  almost 
without  number,  with  the  result  just  men- 
tioned, so  that  he  was  56  years  old  before  he 
was  finally  able  to  get  a  hearing,  except  for 
the  reprint  he  had  issued  of  Donne's  '  Essays 
in  Divinity.'  When  recognition  finally  came 
he  was  able  to  use  his  long-rejected  work, 
and  thus  to  command  the  attention  of  the 
public  over  a  series  of  years. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  his  influence  in 
bringing  the  English-speaking  people  back 
to  a  study  of  mediaeval  conditions  has  never 
been  appreciated  at  its  full  value. 

George  F.  Parker. 


THE  ETHICS  OF  A  HALF-TRUTH. 

You  unwittingly  raise  what  is  really  an 
important  point  in  literary  ethics  in  your 
review  on  the  7th  inst.  (360)  of  '  A  Cavalry 
Officer  in  the  Corunna  Campaign,'  when  you 
note  that  the  author 

"  is  said,  in  the  Introduction,  to  have  been  a  son 
of  the  third  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  and  half-brother  to 
the  Hon.  W.  Gordon,  yet  he  is  nowhere  in  the  book 
styled  otherwise  than  Capt.  Alexander  Gordon. 
Why  his  half-brother  should  be  given  the  custom- 
ary titular  distinction  of  an  earl's  son  and  he  should 
be  denied  it  is  not  apparent." 

The  real  fact  is  that  his  mother  was  not 
the  Earl's  countess. 

Your  wonder  suggests  that  other  readers 
may  be  put  to  much  trouble  in  trying  to 
verify  the  statement  you  quote.  The  whole 
trouble  arises,  of  course,  from  our  national 
dislike  of  illegitimacy.  But  I  suggest  that 
the  half-truth  only  kindles  curiosity.  The 
question  is  one  of  much  difficulty,  and  it 
would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  there 
is  any  consensus  of  opinion  on  the  point. 

J.  M.  Bulloch. 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

Mr.  Murray  is  about  to  publish  a  series 
of  letters  written  in  1794-6  by  Morritt, 
the  friend  of  Scott,  and  the  connoisseur 
who,  shortly  after  the  Peninsular  War, 
brought  to  England  the  Rokeby 
'  Venus.'  Morritt  at  the  time  of  these 
letters  was  in  his  earlier  twenties,  travel- 
ling through  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  and 
acquiring  that  direct  knowledge  of  the 
scene  of  the  'Iliad'  which  he  turned  to 
good  account  in  his  controversy  with 
Jacob  Bryant,  who  would  have  it  that 
Troy  never  existed  at  all. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  are  publish- 
ing shortly  two  new  novels  which  promise 
well :  '  The  Log  of  a  Snob,'  by  Mr.  Percy 
Westerman,  recounting  the  adventures  of 
an  amateur  yachtsman ;  and '  The  Wonder- 
Worker,'  a  study  of  religious  and  social 
life  in  a  provincial  town,  by  Mr.  Vincent 
Brown. 

The  same  firm  announce  a  book  by 
Mr.  Wadham  Peacock,  entitled  '  Albania,' 
which  deals  with  the  history,  politics, 
customs,  and  scenery  of  the  country. 
Mr.  Peacock,  from  his  experience  as 
Consul,  should  have  much  to  say  that  is 
worth  hearing. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Frazer  has  completed  a  third 
edition,  in  two  volumes,  of  his  '  Adonis, 
Attis,  Osiris,'  which  forms  Part  IV.  of 
'  The  Golden  Bough.'  Dr.  Frazer  has  also 
prepared  a  volume  containing  '  A  General 
Index  and  Bibliography  '  for  the  entire 
'  Golden  Bough.'  All  three  volumes  will 
be  issued  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  shortly. 

Dr.  Bradley's  Preface  to  the  second 
half  of  Vol.  VIII.  of  '  The  Oxford  English 
Dictionary,'  which  will  be  published  next 
week,  announces  that  Mr.  C.  T.  Onions  will 
edit  independently  the  articles  Su-Sz. 
Mr.  Onions  has  already  served  about 
twenty  years  on  the  Dictionary,  under 
Sir  James  Murray  and  Dr.  Bradley,  and 
has  published,  besides  other  works,  '  The 
Oxford  Shakespeare  Glossary.'  The  pre- 
sent distribution  of  work  among  the  four 
editors  is,  in  Vol.  IX.,  S}j-Sq,  Dr.  Craigie  ; 
St,  Dr.  Bradley ;  Su,  Mr.  Onions ;  in 
Vol.  X.  Tr,  Sir  James  Murray. 

The  eight  complete  volumes  of  '  The 
Oxford  English  Dictionary '  have  dealt 
with  182.017  main  words,  48,634  subordi- 
nate words,  and  75,471  combinations, 
illustrated  by  1 ,298,136  quotations.  With 
Ti-Trahysh  a  beginning  has  been  made  of 
the  final  volume. 

The  Manchester  University  Press 
make  the  interesting  announcement  that 
on  March  31st  they  are  publishing  the 
'  Chronica  Johannis  de  Reading  et  Ano- 
nymi  Cantuariensis,'  edited,  with  an  Intro- 
duction and  notes,  by  Prof.  James  Tait. 
Although  both  these  chronicles  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  are  known  to  his- 
torians, they  have  not  previously  been 
printed  in  extenso.  The  importance  of 
Reading's  chronicle  as  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  St.  Albans  chronicle  of  Thomas 
Walsingham,  and  of  the  continuation  of 
the  English  '  Brut,'  has  for  some  time  been 


No   4508,  March  21,  10U 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


413 


recognised,  but  the  full  extent  of  the 
indebtedness  of  subsequent  compilers  to 
it.  and  the  value  of  the  passages  they 
ignored,  have  not  hitherto  been  appre- 
ciated. The  Canterbury  chronicle  has  not 
attracted  the  attention  of  any  historian 
since  Wharton's  time. 

M bssrs.  Longmans  arc  about  to  publish, 
under  the  title  of  '  The  Economic  Organi- 
sation of  England  :  an  Outline  Bistory,' 
the  course  of  lectures  lately  delivered  at 

Hamburg  by  Prof.  \Y.  J.  Ashley,  at  the 
invitation  of  the  authorities  of  the  Colonial 
Institute  of  that  city.  The  purpose  of  the 
volume  is  to  give  a  rapid  sketch  of  the 
whole  course  of  English  economic  develop- 
ment, regarded  especially  from  the  point 
of  view  of  organization. 

Mr.  Martin  Secker  announces  a 
cheaper  issue  of  Mr.  Compton  Mackenzie's 
novel  '  The  Passionate  Elopement/  The 
book,  witli  a  picture  wrapper  designed  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  Mounsell.  will  be  ready  for  the 
Easter  holidays. 

Mr.  Compton  Mackenzie's  health  has 
lately  been  so  bad  that,  though  Mr. 
Secker  expected  until  the  last  moment 
to  announce  this  spring  the  publication 
of  the  second  and  final  volume  of  '  Sinister 
Street,"  it  has  been  found  necessary  to 
postpone  the  book  until  next  September. 
Mr.  Mackenzie  is  at  present  living  in  the 
South  of  Italy,  where  for  the  last  six 
months  he  has  been  completely  incapaci- 
tated from  work.  Mr.  Martin  Secker. 
who  is  now  staying  with  him,  assures  us 
that,  while  there  is  no  cause  for  real 
anxiety,  it  is  important  that  nothing 
should  interfere  with  what,  it  is  hoped, 
may  prove  a  permanent  cure. 

The  first  article  by  Mr.  Roosevelt  on 
his  experiences  as  a  '  Hunter-Xaturalist 
in  the  Brazilian  Wilderness  '  will  appear 
in  the  April  Scribner  (due  to-day),  and 
will  be  illustrated  by  Mr.  Kermit  Roose- 
velt and  other  members  of  the  expedition. 

The  Cornkill  Magazine  for  April  opens 
with  a  poem,  '  Narcissus,'  by  Mr.  Robert 
Bridge-,  and  concludes  with  '  Gerousios 
Oinos."  an  unpublished  poem  by  Browning. 
In  "  Sixty  Years  in  the  Wilderness  :  Xear- 
ing  Jordan,'  Sir  Henry  Lucy  tells  of  the 
earliest  >(  heme  of  '  Home  Rule  all  Round,' 
and  of  •  Mr.  Punch's  Young  Men,'  and 
gives  the  "sequence1  to  the  'Idyll' 
told  last  month,  besides  several  extracts 
from  his  diary  of  1K<)2.  In  "His  Last 
Duty  '  Col.  Sir  E.  T.  Thackeray  narrates 
the  valiant  service  rendered  by  a  native 
officer.  Col.  C.  E.  Callwell  writes  on  '  The 
'  entenary  of  Orthez  and  Toulouse.'  Mr. 
Frederic  Barrison  contributes  an  article 
on  Bath  :  and  Miss  Evelyn  March  Phillippe 
some  interesting  '  Leaves  from  the  .Note- 
books of  Lanoe  Falconer.'  In  '  Knock- 
maroon  '  Miss  W.  M.  Letts  gives  a  picture 
of  a  child's  life  in  an  old  house  near 
Dublin.  Irish  also  is  'The  Gineral  Man.' 
a   sketch    by    Mr.    Alexis    Roche.     Short 

ries  are  '  from  an  Islington  Window. 
Xo.  III..'  by  Miss  Betham-Edwarde  ;  and 
■The  Bowl  of  Roses,1  by  .Mr.  Newton 
Ad  i 


ICitoartj    (gossip. 

Mr.  Hugh  Walpole  gave  an  excellent 
address  on  '  The  Future  of  the  Novel '  to 
a  full  audience  at  the  Women's  Institute 
on  Monday  last.  He  was  both  candid  and 
hopeful,  and  drew  a  much-needed  distinction 
between  the  commercial  author  and  the 
artist  in  romance  or  realism.  With  his 
main  comments  on  the  criticism  of  to-day 
we  are  in  agreement,  but  we  think  there  is 
more  independent  and  honest  work  in  the 
press  than  he  indicated,  though  notices 
influenced  by  other  than  literary  considera- 
tions are  undoubtedly  prevalent.  Perhaps 
such  notices  do  not  take  in  the  wary  reader, 
but  they  serve  to  confuse  his  mind  among 
varying  judgments,  and  he  thus  gives  up 
]  laying  any  attention  at  all  to  criticism ,  and 
relies  on  the  verdict  of  a  friend. 

Visitors  to  the  London  Museum,  which 
is  to  be  opened  to  the  public  on  Monday 
next,  will  be  struck  by  the  simplicity  of 
the  arrangement,  which  is  straightfor- 
wardly chronological.  The  development 
of  the  City  of  London  is  traced  on  the 
ground-floor,  beginning  with  weapons  and 
pottery  belonging  to  Roman  and  Saxon 
times.  In  the  gold  and  silver  room  there 
is  an  especially  attractive  collection  of 
early  seventeenth-century  jewellery  found 
in  London  in  a  wooden  casket,  and  con- 
sidered to  be  probably  part  of  a  jeweller's 
stock  ;  the  workmanship  of  this  collec- 
tion is  beautiful. 

Of  special  interest  are  the  MSS.  and 
printed  books,  among  which  is  a  copy 
of  a  charter  of  Henry  III.  granting  a 
house  to  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  "  and 
the  monks  there  serving  God,"  and  a  copy 
of  the  St.  Albans  '  Chronicle,'  printed  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1497.  One  of  the 
most  valuable  items  in  the  Museum  is 
the  Cromwellian  collection  of  the  late  Sir 
Richard  Tangye.  This  includes  an  inter- 
esting case  of  early  newspapers,  among 
which  are  the  Mercurius  Melancholicus,  or 
Neives  from  Westminster  and  Other  Parts, 
of  1647,  and  The  English  Post  of  1041, 
which  contains  news  from  Truro  of 
'  Turkish  Pyrates."  The  personal  relics 
of  Cromwell  include  various  letters  and 
his  family  Bible,  in  which  occur  auto- 
graphs of  some  of  his  relations  ;  there  is 
also  a  copy  of  his  '  Soldier's  Catechism.' 

Among  the  china  exhibits  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  is  some  fine  Lambeth 
Delft,  made  in  imitation  of  the  Dutch 
ware,  and  often  ornamented  by  portraits 
of  Charles  II.  In  the  sections  dealing 
with  tin-  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  cen- 
turies, the  cases  of  jewels,  dresses,  and 
uniforms  are  especially  noticeable  ;  and 
of  no  small  interest  is  the  doll's  house  of 
1740,  the  model  of  a  typically  Georgian 
dwelling. 

In  the  A ii in 1. 1 1  Report  of  the  ( urators  of 
the  Bodleian  for  M)l:$,  which  we  have  just 
ived,  attention  is  drawn  to  two  special 
features  of  the  past  year.  The  first  is 
the  new  Bodleian  Statute  in  English,  an 
adaptation  of  theold  Latin  form,  accepted 
by  Convocation  Ias1  .May.  The  other  is 
the  construction  of  the  subway  connecting 


the  Bodleian  proper  with  the  Camera  to 
facilitate  the  prompt  delivery  of  books. 
During  the  construction  of  the  subway 
two  book-plates  of  Dr.  Richard  Rawlinson 
[d.  1755),  engraved  on  copper,  were  found 
below  the  surface  of  the  quadrangle. 

The  Report  also  contains  lists  of  the 
chief  donations  of  MSS.  and  printed  books. 
We  note  among  the  chief  purchases  of 
old  printed  books 

"The  Diverting  Jumble:  or,  They  shall  be 
saved.  Being  a  Collection  of  Pamphlet* 
which  might  have  perished  in  Grocers, 
Cheesemongers,  and   Chandlers   Shops.     By 

Obadiah  Bookworm."    2  vols.    Lond.,  1747. 

A  remarkably  fine  portrait  of  George 
Eliot  by  Samuel  Laurence  is  included  in 
Messrs.  Sotheby's  catalogue  of  a  sale  on 
April  8th.  This  portrait  belonged  to 
the  late  Mr.  John  Blackwood,  her  pub- 
lisher, and  an  additional  interest  attaches 
to  it  from  the  fact  that,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  two  portraits  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery,  it  is  the  only  capable 
likeness  of  the  great  writer  which  is  known 
to  exist. 

The  United  States  Government  bas- 
set on  foot  a  search  for  old  British  ballads. 
In    the    circular    distributed    to    board- 
school     teachers   and   others  who   are   to 
make  inquiry  a  list  is  given  of  305  ballads 
known  to  exist ;  and  of  these  56,  with  divers 
variations,  have  already  been  discovered. 
The   search   is   being  pressed  with  some 
degree    of   urgency,    for   remote   corners, 
in    which    till    now    traditions   from    the 
earliest  days  of  settlement  have  lingered, 
are  fast  being  invaded  by  modern  agri- 
culture and  industry.     Most  of  the  ballads- 
taken  down  come  from  the  Southern  Appa- 
lachians, the  wild  and   woody  mountain 
district    which    forms    the    hinterland    of 
Virginia,     the     Carolinas,     Georgia,     and 
Kentucky.     Isolated    Anglo-Saxon    com- 
munities dating  from  the  primitive  times 
of  occupation  have  maintained  themselves 
here  for  generations,  having  for  neighbours, 
in  the  days  when  the  American  colonies 
were  formed,  squatters  who  belonged  to 
the  poorer  or  less    "  desirable  "  class  of 
immigrant — pushed     out     of     the     more 
prosperous   lands,   or   seeking   these   wild 
solitudes  for  their  own  sake.      It  is  easy 
to   xmderstand  that    legends  and  ballads- 
would  have  a  better  chance  of    survival 
amid   such   surroundings,  and   in   such  a 
population,  than  amid  the  main  current  of 
American  life,  and  that  since  that  current 
is  about  to  swamp  them,   it    is  necessary 
to    make  some    haste    in    gathering    this 
little  harvest. 

Prof.    J.    P.    Postdate    is   acting   as 
honorary  editor  of   the   Classical  Section 

of  the  Riccardi  Press  Books.  The  edition 
of  Csesar's  '  Gallic  War.'  lately  announced 
(the.    fifth    of    the    series),    will'  be    the    first 

volume  prepared  under  his  auspices. 
Last  Tbttbsday    Messrs.   Sangorski  & 

Butcllffe     began     an     exhibition     of     their 

bookbindings  and  illuminate  d  manuscripts 

at     L5,    Poland    Street.    Oxford    Street.    \V. 

The  show  will  he  open  till  next  Thursday, 
and  includes  examples  of  the  restoration 
and  cleaning  "t  old  books  and  MSS.  as  well 

as  elaborate  binding. 


414 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


SCIENCE 


AN    AMERICAN    WORK    ON 
CHEMICAL  ANALYSIS. 

These  two  slender  volumes  on  '  The  Ele- 
ments of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis,' 
are,  as  we  learn  from  the  Preface,  a  tran- 
script of  the  lectures  delivered  fry  the  author 
during  sixteen  years'  teaching  as  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 
They  cannot  be  accused  of  cliff useness  ;  and 
we  fancy  that  they  would  be  more  easily 
intelligible  to  one  who  had  actually  seen 
the  experiments  with  which  they  are 
illustrated  performed  before  his  eyes  than 
they  are  to  the  reader  who  has  to  trust 
for  these  either  to  his  memory  or  the 
instructions  in  small  type  here  appended. 
But  the  author  is  of  opinion  that  analysis 
cannot  be  intelligently  pursued  unless  the 
student  has  a  grasp  of  first  principles,  and 
he  therefore  begins  with  a  discussion 
of  the  theories  of  solution  advanced  by 
Van't  Huff,  Arrhenius,  and  other  lights 
of  modern  science.  This  is  very  well 
done,  and  his  generalization  that  sub- 
stances in  dilute  solutions  behave,  as 
regards  osmotic  pressure  and  other  matters, 
much  as  if  they  were  gases,  leaves  little  to 
be  desired. 

Whether  a  knowledge  of  such  matters 
is  really  of  great  importance  to  the  student 
who  desires  to  practise  analysis  pro- 
fessionally is  another  matter.  We  do  not 
find  on  looking  through  Dr.  Stieglitz's 
work  that  the  practical  methods  he  em- 
ploys differ  very  materially  from  those 
employed  by  his  predecessors  before  the 
new  theories  of  solution  were  promulgated. 
Precipitation,  or,  to  put  it  more  plainly, 
the  colour  and  appearance  of  the  precipi- 
tates formed  by  the  addition  of  certain 
tests  to  the  solutions  it  is  desired  to  ana- 
lyze, make  up,  as  ever,  the  staple  of  the 
procedure  adopted. 

Apart  from  this,  we  have  little  but 
praise  for  Dr.  Stieglitz's  book.  His  second 
volume  is  in  effect  a  laboratory  manual, 
thoughtfully  interleaved  with  blank  pages, 
on  which  the  student  is  presumably  ex- 
pected to  make  notes,  and  full  of  technical 
hints,  such  as  the  hardly  needed  one  that 
"  potassium  chlorate  can  produce  very 
dangerous  explosions  with  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid  "  ;  but  it  is  rather  scrappy 
in  places,  and  the  account  of  the  spectro- 
scope given  early  in  the  volume  will 
hardly  be  of  much  use  to  the  student  who 
has  not  handled  that  instrument.  The 
''  Preliminary  Examination  "  of  the  sub- 
stance to  be  analyzed  is  delayed  until 
after  the  middle  of  the  volume,  instead 
of  being  found,  as  might  have  been  ex- 
pected, at  its  beginning  ;  and  one  would 
have  liked  to  see  a  little  more  space 
devoted  to  the  technical  art  of  the  blow- 
pipe.    Yet  the   chapter  on  the   analysis 

The  Elements  of  Qualitative  Chemical 
Analysis.  By  Julius  Stieglitz. — Vol.  I. 
Parts  I.  and  II.  Fundamental  Principles 
and  their  Application.  Vol.  II.  Parts  III. 
and  IV.  Laboratory  Manual.  (Bell  &  Sons, 
6s.  each  vol.) 


of  substances  "  insoluble  "  in  water,  acids, 
and  aqua  regia  (is  not  aqua  regla  an  acid  ? ) 
is  clear,  if  short,  and  the  remarks  on  the 
examination  of  silicates  are  well  worth 
reading.  All  necessary  tables  and  even 
laboratory  instructions  accompany  the 
book  ;  but,  on  the  whole,  we  think  it  will 
be  of  more  use  to  refresh  the  memory  of 
those  who  have  attended  Dr.  Stieglitz's 
lectures  than  to  students  who  have  not 
had  that  advantage. 


SIR    JOHN    MURRAY. 

Sir  John  Murray,  the  eminent  oceano- 
grapher,  was  killed  on  Monday  last  in  a 
motor  accident  near  Kirkliston.  He  was 
born  at  Coburg,  Ontario,  in  1841,  and  came 
to  Scotland  at  the  age  of  17  to  study  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  His  work  there 
was  of  a  miscellaneous  order,  including 
literature  under  David  Masson,  and  science 
under  Tait,  Kelvin,  and  Clerk  Maxwell. 
In  1868  he  visited  Spitzbergen  and  the 
neighbouring  regions  in  a  Peterhead  whaler. 
In  1871  and  the  following  year  he  took  part 
in  the  work  of  organizing  and  equipping 
the  Challenger  Expedition,  upon  which  he 
served,  and  with  which  his  name  will  always 
be  connected.  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  was 
chief  of  the  scientific  staff,  but  Murray  had 
charge  of  all  the  material  collected  during 
the  voyage.  His  own  work  was  a  study  of 
the  deep-sea  deposits,  the  vertebrates,  pro- 
tozoa, and  pelagic  organisms  discovered. 
The  reports  upon  the  collections  occupied 
many  experts  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
in  1882,  upon  the  death  of  Sir  Wyville 
Thomson,  Murray  succeeded  to  the  place 
of  director  and  editor  of  the  Challenger 
publications.  He  was  joint  author  of  the 
narrative  of  the  cruise  and  the  account  of 
the  deep-sea  deposits,  and  sole  author  of 
the  two  volumes  which  summarize  the 
results  of  the  expedition.  His  disinterested 
enthusiasm  may  be  seen  in  the  fact  that 
when,  upon  a  disagreement  arising,  the 
Treasury  declined  to  make  further  contribu- 
tion to  the  publication  of  the  reports, 
Murray  paid  many  thousands  ~oi  pounds  out 
of  his  own  pocket  in  order  that  the  scheme 
might  be  worthily  carried  out  to  the  end. 
He  maintained  at  Edinburgh  an  oceanogra- 
phical  laboratory  where  the  study  of  deep- 
sea  deposits  was  steadily  pursued,  samples 
being  sent  to  him  from  all  over  the  world. 

If  none  of  his  later  work  has  quite  the 
glamour  which  hangs  over  the  Challenger 
Expedition,  it  was  none  the  less  abundant 
and  useful.  He  explored  the  Faroe  Channel 
in  1880  and  1882,  and  the  coasts  and  lochs 
of  Scotland  in  1883  and  1894.  He  estab- 
lished marine  laboratories  on  the  Forth  at 
Granton,  and  at  Milport  on  the  Clyde.  In 
his  investigation  of  the  Scottish  lochs  he 
was  assisted  by  a  number  of  younger  men, 
specialists  in  different  departments,  and  the 
work  on  the  subject  published  through  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  is,  perhaps,  the 
finest  example  of  such  an  investigation  in 
the  world.  It  was  at  his  expense  that  a 
careful  geological  and  biological  examination 
of  Christmas  Island,  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
was  carried  out  ;  he  obtained  a  lease  of  the 
island  from  the  British  Government,  and 
formed  a  company  to  work  the  deposits  of 
phosphates  there. 

He  served  on  the  Scottish  Fishery  Board, 
and  was  British  delegate  at  the  International 
Fisheries  Conference  at  Stockholm  in  1899  ; 
though,  disapproving  of  the  action  of  the 
Government,  he  declined  to  serve  in  later 
Conferences.  He  was  an  ardent  supporter 
of  Antarctic  exploration,  and  did  much  to 


promote  the  National  Antarctic  Expedition. 
A  man  of  decided  opinions  and  resolute 
will,  with  some  touch  of  brusqueness  in 
manner,  he  was  at  heart  genial  and  sym- 
pathetic, and  untiringly  generous  towards 
younger  men. 


SOCIETIES. 


12.— Sir 


Society    of    Antiquaries. — March 
Hercules  Kead,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Lord  Ferrers  read  a  paper  by  the  Rev.  Roland 
Borough  on  the  Chapel  of  the  Earl  Ferrers  at 
Staunton  Harold. 

The  chapel  at  Staunton  Harold  was  built  by  Sir 
Robert  Shirley  in  1653,  and  is  therefore  of  great 
interest  as  being  one  of  the  few  churches  built 
during  the  Commonwealth.  It  stands  close  to 
the  house,  and  consists  of  chancel,  nave,  north 
and  south  aisles,  and  tower  at  the  west  end. 
The  nave  has  a  clerestory,  and  is  separated  from 
the  aisles  by  arcades  of  three  bays.  The  nave 
roof  is  nearly  flat,  and  the  others  very  low  pitched. 

Within,  a  fine  screen  of  good  Renaissance  work 
separates  the  nave  from  the  tower,  and  supports 
the  organ  gallery,  while  another  of  wrought  iron 
divides  the  nave  from  the  chancel.  The  nave 
contains  good  square  pews  with  doors. 

The  chancel  is  on  the  same  level  as  the  nave, 
but  there  is  an  ascent  of  three  steps  to  the  pres- 
bytery. Until  recently  these  steps  were  fitted 
with  movable  kneeling  -  benches  with  flat  tops, 
permanently  hung  with  houseling  cloths  of  dark- 
blue.  or  purple  cloth.  The  original  hangings  and 
cushions  are  still  in  use  on  the  altar.  The  colour 
of  this  hanging  (or  pall)  is  of  a  dark-red  purple, 
with  heavy  gold  fringe.  The  fair  linen  cloth  to  the 
altar  is  fringed  all  round,  and  besides  the  corporas 
there  is  a  long  strip  of  old  linen  which  seems  to  be 
a  survival  of  the  early  mediaeval  type.  The  plate 
is  dated  1640,  and  is  of  silver  gilt.  It  consists  of 
two  candlesticks,  an  almsdish,  two  chalices  with 
covers,  and  two  patens  with  stems  and  covers. 
Until  comparatively  recently  it  was  the  custom 
to  place  an  Epistle  and  Gospel  book  at  each  end 
of  the  altar  respectively,  which  is  a  very  interesting 
survival  of  a  primitive  custom.  It  is  also  interest- 
ing to  note  that  the  Bidding  prayer  has  never  been 
discontinued,  and  that  the  separation  of  the  sexes 
is  strictly  adhered  to.  In  fact,  the  whole  chapel 
and  its  services  are  a  most  interesting  survival  of 
earlier  customs  and  arrangements. 

Mr.  Reginald  Smith  described  the  fragments  of 
two  cinerary  urns  from  Deal  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Hazzledine  Warren,  who  will  present  them  to  the 
British  Museum.  They  date  from  the  Early 
Iron  Age  ;  and  one  with  a  fret  and  panel  design 
incised  on  it  represents  a  Hallstatt  tradition  that 
lingered  on  into  the  period  of  La  Tdne.  Examples 
with  dotted  lines  in  Denmark  and  North  Germany 
are  assigned  to  the  early  centimes  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  Mr.  Smith  also  commented  on  a  gold 
fragment  exhibited  by  Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence.  It 
measures  1  inch  in  length,  and  is  of  butterfly  form, 
the  front  being  ornamented  with  a  serpentine; 
design  in  filigree.  It  was  found  on  the  shore  at 
Selsey,  but  is  not  early  British,  like  most  gold 
fragments  found  there.  The  work  is  Anglo- 
Saxon,  but  not  of  the  best  period,  and  probably 
belongs  to  the  ninth  century,  when  the  art  of  the 
Tara  and  Hunterston  brooches  had  begun  to 
decline. 


Mathematical. — March  12. — Prof.  A.  E.  H. 
Love,  President, in  the  chair. — Messrs.  J. Proudman 
and  Ch.  Jordan  were  nominated  for  membership. 

Prof.  W.  Burnside  read  a  paper  '  On  the 
Rational  Solutions  of  the  Equation  x3  -\-y3  +23  =0 
in  Quadratic  Fields.'  It  has  long  been  known 
that  (except  for  the  trivial  solution  x  =  —  y,  z=0) 
Fermat's  equation  x3  -\-y3-{-z3  =0  has  no  solutions 
in  ordinary  integers.  It  is  proved  here  that  if 
X,  y,  z  belong  to  a  quadratic  field,  there  is  one 
and  only  one  new  type  of  solution,  and  a  general 
algebraic  solution  is  found  ;  an  example  is 
x  =  l  (9  +  V5),  y  =  i  (9— n/5),  z=  -  6. 

Prof.  Harold  Hilton  read  a  joint  paper  by  him- 
self and  Miss  R.  E.  Colomb  '  On  Orthoptic  and 
Isoptic  Loci  of  Plane  Curves.'  The  Plucker 
characteristic  numbers  are  found  for  the  orthoptic 
and  isoptic  loci  of  a  plane  curve  ;  and  certain 
examples  of  specially  interesting  types  are 
completely  worked  out. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Hardy  read  a  paper  '  On  the  Roots 
of  Riemann's  Zeta  Function.'  Since  Riemann's 
celebrated  pa.per  on  prime  numbers,  many  results 
have  been  obtained  as  to  the  distribution  of  the 
roots  of  the  Zeta  function.  In  this  paper  it  is 
proved  that  an  infinity  of  such  roots  exist  with 
their  real  part  equal  to  i  ;  according  to  Rie- 
mann's famous  conjecture,  all  the  roots  should 
have  this  propert  j  . 


No.  4508,  March  '21,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


415 


Dr.   T.   J.    I'A.    Bromwich    read   a  paper    on 
'  Normal    Co-ordinates    in     Dynamics.'     An    ex- 
pression   in     the    form    of   a    oontonr-  integral 
is     given     t<>     find      the     displacement      of     a 
dynamical      system,     at       any     time,     in      terms 

oi  the  initial  displacements  ami  velocities; 
the  system  is  supposed  to  be  performing  small 
oscillations,  and  to  be  subject  to  dissipative  ami 

-tat  ie  forces,  in  ami  it  ion  to  forces  of  I  ho  usual 
conservative  type.  The  extension  to  continuous 
systems  i-  alsj  considered:  tha  corr3?ponding 
contour-integral  can  then  be  identified  with  the 
infinite  series  usually  adopted  for  the  solution 
. -.  for  example,  in  Fourier's  problems  in  con- 
duction of  heat  l.  The  contour  -  integral  can. 
however,  he  expressed  in  other  forms  which 
seem  more  convenient  for  calculation  in  certain 
problems. 

Meteorological.  —  March   is.  —  Mr.  C.  J.  P. 

Cave,  President,  in  the  chair. —Prof.  A.  C.  Seward 
gave  a  lecture  on  'Climate  as  tested  by  Fossil  Plants.' 
The  geographical  distribution  of  plants  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  Palseozoio  era  affords  evidence  of 
the  existence  of  two  botanical  provinces,  the 
northern  province  characterized  by  a  luxuriant 
flora  living  under  conditions  more  genial  than 
those  to  which  the  poorer  Mora  of  the  southern 
hemisphere  was  exposed  A  general  survey  of  the 
Jurassic  flora  of  the  world  leads  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  climate  was  comparatively  uniform,  and 
in  Arctic  and  Antarctic  regions  much  more  genial 
than  at  the  present  day.  The  fossil  floras  of  more 
recent  geological  periods  furnish  clear  evidence  of 
subtropical  conditions  in  Europe  ;  in  later  times 
the  occurrence  of  northern  types  in  Britain  heralds 
the  approach  of  the  Glacial  period,  and  in  post- 
glacial beds  are  found  fragmentary  remains  of 
immigrants  from  neighbouring  floras  which  have 
largely  contributed  to  our  present  flora. 

Alchemical. — March  13. — Mr.  H.  Stanley 
Redgrove,  Acting  President,  in  the  chair. — A 
lecture  was  delivered  by  Mr.  B.  Ralph  Row- 
bottom  dealing  with  the  life,  thought,  and 
influence  of  the  English  alchemist  and  philo- 
sopher Roger  Bacon.  After  stating  that  very 
little  was  known  of  the  early  events  in  Roger 
Bacon's  life,  the  lecturer  pointed  out  that  two 
of  the  factors  which  were  potent  in  the  forma- 
tion of  his  original  and  pregnant  philosophy  were 
his  deep  knowledge  of  mathematics,  acquired 
during  his  stay  at  Oxford,  and  his  study,  at  a 
slightly  later  period,  of  the  best  Arabic  writers. 
The  fact  was  next  emphasized  that  although 
Roger  Bacon  was  celebrated  as  an  alchemist,  his 
great  achievement  was  the  creation  of  a  system 
t"  be  applied  in  the  unravelling-  of  the  laws  of 
nature,  which  was  remarkably  similar  to  what 
we  to-day  call  scientific  method.  The  lecturer 
proceeded  to  deal  with  several  of  Roger  Bacon's 
works,  pointing  out  the  extremely  short  time  in 
which  the  most  important  were  written,  and  he 
finally  gave  the  coastructionof  the  '  Opus  Majus  ' 
in  detail. 

The  lecture  was  followed  by  an  animated  dis- 
cussion. The  full  text  of  the  lecture  and  an 
abstract  of  the  discussion  will  be  published  in 
the  March  number  of  the  Society's  Journal. 


^rinuc   (gossip. 


51EETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


Hon. 


Institute  of  British  Architects.  8.— 'On  Borrowing  in  Archi- 
tecture.' Mr.  L.  March  Pbillit>i>a. 

—  8ociety  of  Arts,   s— 'Surface  Combustion.'  Lecture    II.,   Dr. 

W.  A.  Bone.    (Howard  Lecture.l 

—  Geographical.  8  30.— '  Lost  Explorers  of  the  Pacific' Mr.  Basil 

Thoin-<>ii. 
Ti  i>.    Horticultural.  3.— 'The  Pruning  of  Shrubs.'  Mr.  E.  Beckett. 

—  Royal   Institution.  3.—'  Landscape  and    Natural   Objects    in 

Classical  Art:  Early  Greece  and  its  Precursors.'  Mr.  A.  H. 
Smith. 

—  Colonial  Institute,  4  —'The  Empire  and  the  Birth-Rate,'  Dr. 

C  V.  Iirys.Ule. 

—  Institutionof  Civil  Engineers.  8—  '8ome  Recent  Developments 

in  Commercial  Motor- Vehicles,'  Mr.  T.  Clarkson  ;  'Com- 
parative Economics  of  Tramways  and  Railless  Electric 
Traction.'  Mr  T.  Gribble. 

—  Anthropological  Institute.    8  13.—  'Bellingshausen's    Visit  to 

Ono  i-Lau,'  Sir  E.  Im  Thurn. 
Ifl        Society  of  Art',   i.  0— •  Fashion  in  Art  and  Industrv,' Sir  C. 
Waldstein. 

—  Society  of  Literature.  r..— '  Carmen  Sylva,'  Prof.  Ge'othwohl. 

—  British  Numismatic.  8.-'  A  Leader  of  a  Forlorn   Hope  at  8t. 

Sebastian.  1812.  with  some  Notes  on  the  88th  Foot  and  its 
Medals.'  Major  Freer;  'The  Gold  Collars,  Medals,  and 
Crosses  granted  to  British  Officers  by  the  Portuguese  for 
Services  in  the  Peninsular  War,'  Mr.  C   Winter. 

—  Geological.    8. -'The   Composition  of    Rockallite,'  Dr.   H.  8. 

W  ithington. 
Turin.  Royal   Institution.  .:.— 'The  ProgreM  of   Modern    Eugenics: 
in  The  First  Decade.  ISO!  11.'  Dr.  C.  W.  Haleet.y. 

—  Royal,    ISO.—  'On    the    Nature    of   the  Tubes    in    Marsupial 

Enamel  and  its  Bearing  upon   Enamel  Development.'    Mr 
I     II    Mummery;  'Oxidation  of  Tluosulphate  by  ' 
Bacteria  in  Pure  Culture.'  Mr.   W.  T.   Lockett  ;  'The   Pro- 
duction of  Antho.-y.nini  and  Anthocyanidlns,    Mr.  A.    E. 
rest :  and  other  Papers. 

—  Institution    of    Electrical    Engineers.    -.—'Current  Limiting 

Reactances  on  Large  Power  Systems,' Messrs.  K.  M.  Fayt 
Hansen  and  J.  S    I 

—  Irish  Literary,  8.  — Annual  Meeting. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries, 

—  Victoria    an  1    AP>ert    Museum,    8     ,  _•  Embroideries   of  the 
Greek  Islands.   Mr   A   J.  B    Wace. 

R  yil     Institution,     t  —'Improvements    in     Ling  Distance 

Telephony,'  Prof    I .  A    Fleming. 
Royal  Institution,  3.—'  Recent  Discoveries  in  Physical  Science,' 

lecture  V  .  Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  Thomson. 
Irish  Literary.  8.— '  Irish  Poeta  since  1800,'  Mr.  H.  A.  Law. 


I 

f«.T 


On  Friday  of  lost  week  .Miss  Annie  Cannon 
of  the  Harvard  College  Observatory  was 
made  an  honorary  member  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society.  This  distinction  was 
conferred  on  Caroline  Herschel.  Mary  ttomer- 
ville,  Agnes  Clerke.  and  Mrs.  Fleming, 
who  was  also  on  the  Harvard  staff.  Lady 
Hugging  is,  at  the  present  moment,  at  onco 
the  only  other  honorary  member  and  the 
only  other  lady  belonging  to  the  Society. 
Miss  Cannon  lias  done  distinguished  work 
in  the  determination  of  star  spectra,  and  lias 
completed  the  classification  of  150,000  stars 
on  this  basis. 

Prof.  A.  S.  Eddixgtox,  Plumian  Pro- 
fessor of  Astronomy,  has  been  appointed 
Director  of  the  Observatory  at  Cambridge. 

The  President  and  Council  of  the  Royal 
Society  have  appointed  Sir  Francis  Hopwood 

to  succeed  Sir  Arthur  Riicker  on  the  General 
Board  and  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Xational  Physical  Laboratory. 

The  Faraday  Society  will  hold  a 
general  discussion  on  "  Optical  Rotatory 
Power  "  next  Friday,  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Chemical  Society,  Burlington  House.  Prof. 
Percy  F.  Frankland  will  preside,  and  the 
meeting  will  be  open  to  Fellows  of  the 
Chemical  Society  and  Members  of  the 
Physical  Society  of  London.  Others  de- 
sirous of  being  present  should  apply  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Faraday  Society. 

The  programme  includes  papers  by  three 
foreign  professors,  Dr.  Hans  Rupe  (Basle), 
Dr.  H.  Grossmann  (Berlin),  and  Dr.  Leo 
Tschugaeff  (St.  Petersburg). 

A  collectiox  of  specimens  relating  to  the 
science  of  legal  medicine  has  been  formed 
at  the  Medical  School  of  University  College 
Hospital.  These  illustrate  the  effects  of 
poisons  vipon  the  tissues,  post-mortem 
changes,  gunshot  wounds,  and  bloodstains ; 
and  also  include  several  examples  of  extra- 
ordinary injuries,  such  as  the  suit  of  clothes 
worn  by  a  labourer  who  was  killed  by  light- 
ning, showing  the  clean-cut  hole,  about 
three  inches  in  diameter,  over  the  heart, 
which  was  all  the  damage  done  to  the  clothes, 
though  the  man's  watch  was  fused  ;  and  the 
liver  of  the  victim  of  a  street  accident,  show- 
ing that  the  liver  is  a  brittle  organ,  capable 
of  being  fractured. 

Ox  Tuesday  last  Prof.  Karl  Pearson  gave 
the  concluding  lecture  of  the  public  course  on 
the  work  of  the  Francis  Galton  Laboratory 
for  National  Eugenics.  The  lecture  dealt 
with  '  Some  Recent  Misinterpretations  of  the 
Problem  of  Nature  and  Nurture,'  and  was, 
in  great  part,  a  criticism  of  the  views  on  the 
relative  importance  of  heredity  and  environ- 
ment expressed  by  Prof.  J.  Arthur  Thomson 
and  Major  Leonard  Darwin.  The  lecturer 
ridiculed  the  suggestion  of  Prof.  Thomson 
that  the  limits  of  nurture  had  not  yet  been 
discovered,  that  there  were  still  "  fallow 
areas  "  in  the  brain.  The  remainder  of  the 
lecture  was  occupied  with  an  explanation 
of  the  statistical  methods  employed  by  the 
Laboratory,  with  the  assort  ion  of  the  pre- 
potency of  heredity  over  environment,  and 
with  a  simple  .statement  of  Galton's  thesis 
that  "nature  prevails  over  nurture,"  for 
the   benefit    of    those   critics   who,   it    was 

alleged,  regarded  GaltOD  as  a  great  teacher, 
hut  did  not  take  the  trouble  to  find  out  w  hat 

he  taught. 

TiiK  Social  Research  Prize  of  100/.  offered 
through  the  Governors  of  the  London  School 
of  Economics  by  an  anonymous  donor  has 
been  awarded  to  Mr.  Reginald  Vivian 
Lennard  for  an  essay  on  the  question, 

"  Whether,  and  if  so  under  what  circum- 
ees   and    to    what    extent,    the     agricultural 


[ndustry,aa  it  is  or  as  it  might  be  carried  on  in 

Great    Britain,  COOld  afford  higher  wages  to  those 

engaged  in  it." 

The    essay,  considerably  enlarged,  has  just 

been    published     in     hook-form     by    Messrs. 

Maemillan. 

The  problem  of  the  transmission  of  plague 
has  been  considerably  elucidated  by  dis- 
coveries recently  made  at  the  Lister  Instituto 
by  Mr.  A.  W.  Bacot  and  Dr.  C.  J.  Martin. 
It  has  long  been  known  that  plague  origin- 
ates with  rats,  and  is  communicated  to 
human  beings  by  the  rat-flea  ;  but  since 
the  germs  of  plague  were  never  found 
except  in  the  lower  tract  of  the  alimentary 
canal  of  the  flea,  while  it  was  only  the  flea's 
"  pricker  "  and  mandibles  which  came  into 
contact  with  human  blood,  the  exact  method 
of  the  transmission  remained  a  mystery. 

It  has  now  been  found  that  the  plague 
bacillus  multiplies  in  the  stomach  of  the  flea, 
and  forms  there  solid  jelly-like  masses  which 
block  the  entrance  from  the  gullet  to  the 
stomach.  In  a  flea  thus  infected,  the  blood 
which  it  sucks  into  the  gullet  can  get  no 
further.  Contaminated  by  the  mass  of 
bacilli  upon  which  it  is  driven,  it  is  regurgi 
tated,  and  it  is  thus  that  the  blood  of  the  rat 
or  the  human  being  on  which  it  is  feeding 
has  the  plague  conveyed  to  it. 

It  seems  that  in  Bombay,  where  plague 
has  long  prevailed,  a  race  of  rats  is  emerging 
which  is  resistant  to  the  bacillus — offspring 
of  the  strains  which  have  survived  outbreaks 
of  the  epidemic  through  being  naturally  less 
susceptible  to  infection.  There  is  at  least 
a  possibility  that  in  course  of  time  plague 
may  in    this  way  disappear  from  India. 

We  were  glad  to  see  a  gentleman  who 
describes  himself  as  a  "Landowner  and 
Naturalist  "  putting  in  a  plea  for  our  English 
hedges  against  the  dicta  of  the  leading 
article  on  '  Hedges  '  in  The  Times  of  t  he 
10th  inst.  The  writer  of  the  article  was  of 
opinion  "  that  it  is  not  easy  to  say  anything 
very  convincing  in  defence  of  the  English 
hedge,"  and  took  it  as  settled  that  the 
new  ideal  of  the  English  cultivator  is  the 
Canadian  prairie." 

As  we  are  sadly  aware,  the  only  defence 
of  the  hedge  that  will  count  as  valid  is  the 
proof  that  it  is  the  right  thing  from  the  scien- 
tific and  commercial  point  of  view.  Ques- 
tions of  picturesqueness  must  not  even  be 
mooted,  except  with  a  smile,  by  the  attacking 
side.  So  we  are  the  more  delighted  to  find 
Sir  Herewald  Wake  insisting  that  without 
hedges  isolation  would  bo  impossible,  and 
foot-and-mouth  disease  and  anthrax  would 
rage  from  one  end  of  England  to  the  other  ; 
and  also  that  without  our  hedge  timber, 
summer  drought  would  bo  much  more 
formidable  with  us  than  it  is  now. 

We  may  hesitate  about  making  any 
particular  assertion  on  either  of  these  points, 
but  on  a  third  we  are  sure  Sir  Herewald 
Wake  is  right.  He  says  that  the  hedges  are 
the  homes,  not  of  the  devastating  sparrow, 
hut  of  birds  which  are  the  farmers1  best 
allies,  and,  moreover,  that  neither  sparrows 
— if,  indeed,  they  live  in  hedges  -nor  rats 
would  tend  to  decrease  through  so  small  a 
misfortune  as  the  demolition  of  this  habital  ; 

they    would    prove    quite    equal    to    the    new 

situation,  and   not   a,  detail  of  the  prese.nl 

relentless  war  upon  them  could,  through  the 

destruction  of  the  hedges,  be  omitted. 

I'kok.  W.  M.  Bayi.iss  has  in  preparation 
a  hook  entitled  '  Principles  <>t'  General  Phy- 
siology,'  which  will   he  published  by  .Messrs. 

Longmans.      It  will    treat   of    the   fundi 
mental  properties  of  animal  and  vegetable 
cells  and   organisms,  and    special  attention 

will    be  given  to  phenomena   which  aro    not 
Usually  explained    in  similar  books. 


416 


THE    ATHENyEUM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


HENRY    HOLIDAY    AND    VINCENT 
VAN  GOGH. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  a  more 
striking  contrast  than  that  afforded  by  the 
two  stories  related  in  the  books  before  us. 
In  his  '  Reminiscences '  Mr.  Holiday  tells 
us  of  the  many  things  which  have 
gone  to  make  up  for  him  "  a  busy  and 
a  happy  life."  Painting  has  apparently 
never  appeared  to  him  as  anything 
particularly  difficult  or  absorbing.  He 
has  always  conformed  to  the  Victorian 
standards  of  high  art,  and  has  painted 
pseudo-classical  pictures  something  like 
,Sir  Edward  Poynter's,  designed  stain  glass 
windows  something  like  Burne-Jones's, 
and  supplied  the  print  shops  with  a  Dante 
'"  subject  picture  "  some  way  after  Ros- 
setti.  He  has  thus  consistently  catered 
with  diligence  for  an  existing  market,  and 
has  never  lacked  recognition  or  pecuniary 
recompense.  He  gives  us  a  description  of 
his  method  of  painting  an  imaginative 
picture  : — 

"  I  painted  a  picture  this  year  of  the 
'  Rhine-maidens,'  from  Wagner's  '  Rheingold.' 
For  this  purpose  I  modelled  the  three  nymphs, 
tinted  them,  and  placed  them  in  a  large  tank 
with  a  plate-glass  front,  filled  with  water, 
coloured  transparent  blue-green.  I  also 
modelled  rocks,  and  the  effect  was  curiously 
aiatural." 

He  does  not  reproduce  a  photograph  of 
the  result. 

In  his  life  Mr.  Holiday  has  always  had 
the  respect  for  Victorian  ideals  that  he 
exhibits  in  his  work  ;  and,  although  he 
records  the  fact  that  on  one  occasion  he 
called  a  lady  by  her  Christian  name  on  the 
first  occasion  when  he  met  her,  his  conduct 
appears  to  have  been  otherwise  unim- 
peachable. He  has  moved  in  the  best 
society.  In  Oxford  he  often  called  at  tea- 
time  on  Mark  Pattison  and  his  wife,  and  he 
.supplies  a  list  of  the  distinguished  guests 
at  the  house  parties  to  which  he  has  been 
invited  from  time  to  time — lists  which 
read  like  the  "  Social  and  Personal " 
column  in  a  daily  newspaper.  He  has 
stayed  at  Muncaster  Castle,  and  at  Wilton 
Mr.  Arthur  Balfour  turned  over  the  pages 
for  him  while  he  played  a  slow  move- 
ment of  a  Beethoven  sonata  to  the  com- 
pany. But  duet-playing  has  been  the 
artist's  favourite  drawing-room  accom- 
plishment. He  has  played  duets  Avith 
several  titled  ladies,  and  at  home  with  his 
wife  he  has,  it  appears,  played  a  four- 
handed  arrangement  of  '  Die  Meister- 
singer '  about  thirty-two  times. 

As  behoves  an  Englishman  of  the  cul- 
tured classes.  Mr.  Holiday  has  done  his 
share  of  travel.  He  has  visited  America, 
and   in  1871    he  went  with  Sir  Norman 

Reminiscences  of  my  Life.  By  Henry 
Holiday.     (Heinemann,  16.s.) 

Personal  Recollections  of  Vincent  van  Gogh. 
By  Elizabeth  Du  Quesne  van  Gogh. 
Translated  by  Katherine  S.  Dreier.  (Lon- 
don, Constable  &  Co.  ;  Boston,  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.,  7s.  6d.) 


Lockyer  to  Ceylon  to  make  drawings  of 
the  eclipse  of  the  sun. 

Such  events  belong  to  the  prime  of  Mr. 
Holiday's  life.  Of  late  years  he  has  been 
mainly  interested  in  sociology.  In  1889 
the  perusal  of  '  Looking  Backward  '  exer- 
cised a  profound  influence  on  him  ;  he 
agreed  with  the  author  that  only  by  an 
entire  reconstitution  of  existing  social 
conditions  could  the  ideal  of  Christian  life 
be  accomplished.  He  visited  Bellamy  in 
his  "  pretty  white  wooden  house "  in 
Connecticut,  and  discussed  his  Utopian 
scheme  with  him,  and  since  then,  with  his 
family,  has  in  many  ways  endeavoured 
to  benefit  humanity.  They  joined,  for 
example,  the  "  Healthy  and  Artistic  Dress 
Union,"  and  they  have  held  numerous 
meetings  to  discuss  Women's  Suffrage. 
Mr.  Holiday,  though  in  favour  of  the  move- 
ment, does  not  approve  of  Mrs.  Pank- 
hurst's  methods,  and  "  has  told  her  so." 

Indeed,  Mr.  Holiday  is  not  shy  in 
openly  expressing  his  views.  He  indulges 
in  dogmatic  judgments  on  his  brothers  of 
the  brush.  Take,  for  example,  his  remarks 
on  the  Post-Impressionists.  After  a  visit 
to  the  exhibition  in  the  winter  of  1910-11 
at  the  Grafton  Galleries,  "  the  large 
majority  of  the  pictures  "  seemed  to  him 
"the  work  of  men  who  are  as  blind  as 
posts  to  all  impressions  of  natural  beauty." 
He  describes  the  work  of  the  School  as 
"  a  revelation  of  incompetence,  ignorance 
and  blindness."     He  adds  : — 

"  There  is  one  thing  to  which  I  am  hostile, 
and  that  is  the  attempt  to  pass  off  bad, 
slovenly  work  under  the  cover  of  impudent 
pretensions." 

Now,  among  the  pictures  shown  at  the 
Grafton  Galleries  Exhibition,  upon  an 
isolated  visit  to  which  Mr.  Holiday 
apparently  founds  the  criticisms  quoted 
above,  were  a  number  of  works  by  Vincent 
van  Gogh,  including  the  superb  '  Orchard 
in  Provence  '  (No.  49),  and  one  of  his  most 
famous  still  -  life  pieces,  '  Les  Soleils  ' 
(No.  72).  It  is  regrettable  that  the  painter 
of  the  tinted  nymphs  in  their  tank  looking 
so  curiously  natural  did  not  regard  these 
and  other  works  by  this  master  a  little 
more  attentively  ;  had  he  done  so,  he 
would,  we  think,  have  admitted  that  Van 
Gogh's  eye  was  as  sensitive  to  "  impres- 
sions of  natural  beauty  "  as  his  own. 

The  story  of  Van  Gogh's  life,  as  related 
by  his  sister,  is  one  of  the  most  tragic  in 
art.  In  these  '  Personal  Recollections  ' 
we  read  of  Van  Gogh  in  London,  teaching 
French  and  collecting  overdue  fees  for 
his  employer  from  the  poverty-stricken 
parents  of  his  pupils  ;  of  Van  Gogh  preach- 
ing the  Gospel  to  the  miners  in  the 
Borinage,  and  nursing  the  sick,  and 
starving  himself  to  give  others  bread; 
and,  finally,  of  Van  Gogh  the  artist,  im- 
pelled by  a  burning  desire  to  express  the 
beauty  of  the  visible  world,  working  from 
sunrise  to  sunset  beneath  the  blazing  sun 
of  the  South,  with  money  only  for  the 
barest  necessities,  without  friends  or 
womanhood  in  his  life,  for  he  was  too  poor 
and  too  engrossed  in  the  task  he  had  set 
himself  to  be  able  to  indulge  in  social 
intercourse,  travel  or  duets.  It  is  a  record 
calculated  to  disturb  self-complacency. 


The  Van  Gogh  letters  from  Aries  should 
be  read  in  conjunction  with  this  book. 
The  two  together  supply  a  complete  pic- 
ture of  a  noble  man  and  deep-feeling 
artist.  No  painter  was  ever  more  sincere 
than  Van  Gogh.  He  was  of  the  race  of 
the  prophets.  He  painted  as  Savonarola 
preached,  at  the  dictates  of  an  inner 
necessity,  with  intense  concentration  and 
with  an  absolute  goal,  and  his  work  shows 
this  intensity  and  this  singleness  of  pur- 
pose. He  was  possessed  of  a  great  con- 
viction, a  burning  faith,  and  the  ardour  of 
his  spirit  consumed  his  body  and  his  brain. 
He  ranks  with  those  who  have  given  their 
lives  for  an  ideal. 

The  translation  is  well  done,  reprodu- 
cing the  restrained  but  emotional  charac- 
ter of  the  original,  and  includes  a  sound, 
though  somewhat  affected  Foreword  by 
Mr.  Arthur  B.  Davis. 


THE    ROYAL    SOCIETY    OF    BRITISH 
ARTISTS. 

The  first  exhibition  of  this  Society  under 
Mr."  Brangwyn's  presidency  shows  signs  of  a 
certain  awakening  to  livelier  possibilities. 
The  movement  is  somewhat  spasmodic,  it  is 
true,  as  though  the  result  of  a  conscious 
determination  to  be  vigorous  ;  but  it  is  a 
step  in  the  right  direction.  By  making  a 
special  feature  of  bold,  direct  execution  in 
a  semi-realistic  vein  the  Society  may  again 
have  a  function  in  the  artistic  life  of  the 
country.  With  the  tendency  of  advanced 
artistic  thought  to-day  to  distrust  profes- 
sional accomplishment,  there  may  be  a  place 
for  an  exhibition  which  takes  the  opposite 
view,  and  is  a  theatre  for  the  display  of 
virtuosity. 

This  one  fancies  to  be  the  programme  of 
the  R.B.A.  as  indicated  by  its  choice  of  Mr. 
Brangwyn  as  President,  his  own  contribu- 
tion, The  Bridge,  Avignon  (39),  striking  the 
note  of  rhetorical  flourish  suitable  for  giving 
confidence  to  his  followers.  It  is  obviously 
handsome,  if  built  on  a  series  of  well-worn 
devices,  culminating  in  an  enormous  black 
frame,  which  is,  perhaps,  a  presidential 
prerogative.  We  hope  that  this  is  so,  for 
one  black  frame  in  the  middle  of  a  wall 
looks  magnificent,  if  properly  utilized,  as 
with  Mr.  Brangwyn  it  is  sure  to  be.  An 
exhibition  in  which  any  one  may  have 
a  black  frame  speedily  becomes  intoler- 
able in  its  insistent  competition.  Mr. 
Brangwyn's  influence  may  also  be  seen  in 
Mr.  W.  Walcot's  large  etching,  Antony  in 
Egypt  (180) — better  designed  than  anything 
he  has  yet  clone — and  in  the  well-known  litho- 
graphs by  Mr.  Spencer  Pryse  (151-3), 
shown  here  as  a  triptych.  They  hardly  look 
as  if  they  were  originally  devised  for  such  a 
purpose,  the  right  -  hand  panel,  Workless 
(151),  being  by  far  the  best,  and  nowise 
imj)roved  by  the  neighbourhood  of  the  others. 
It  is  as  good  a  poster  of  the  naturalistic 
order  as  has  been  done  in  England,  and  the 
Independent  Labour  Party  has,  on  the  whole, 
shown  more  aptitude  for  art  patronage 
than,  say,  the  Government  in  commissioning 
the  decorations  in  the  Palace  of  Westminster. 
Mr.  Alfred  Hartley's  Versailles  (22)  re- 
sembles Mr.  Brangwyn's  picture  in  its  ready 
acceptance  of  an  attractive  architectural 
theme,  necessarily  striking  if  painted  simply 
and  boldly  on  so  large  a  scale. 

Other  large  canvases  without  the  same 
decorative  excuse  are  contributed  by  Mr. 
Young  Hunter  (245  and  303),  whose  vision 
is  that  of  an  average  magazine  illustrator, 
and  by  Mr.  W.  Murray  Smith,  who  tries  in 


No.  £508,  March  21,  1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


417 


The  Bridge  (4">)  to  carry  out  on  a  larger  scale 
a  subject  which  he  had  already  handled 
admirably  in  little.     It  looks  rather  bald  and 

empty,  and  its  special  qualities  of  intimate 
observation  would  no  longer  probably  suffice, 
even  if  they  were  pushed  to  the  same  degree 
of  intensity.  This  not  being  done,  the  same 
artist-  Piazzale  Michelangiolo,  Florence  (34), 
with  its  more  modest  and  delicate  workman- 
ship, is  evidently  preferable.  A  little  over- 
suave  and  pretty  in  taste,  its  accomplishment 
i-  evident — the  accomplishment  of  a  slightly 
self-conscious  and  dandified  Corot.  Mr. 
Davis  Hichter  uses  a  simpler  method  of  paint  - 
ing  with  a  like  superficial  and  sophisticated 
cleverness  in  his  flower-piece  Anemone  (19), 
and  more  carefully  in  its  clean  definition  in 
Xo.  o,">,  Wharfside.  Mr.  E.  Handley-Read's 
Mother  and  Children,  Zeeland  (86),  is  also 
noteworthy  for  its  crisp,  well-planned  direct- 
ness of  statement.  Such  work  is,  perhaps,  a 
trifle  uninspired,  but  these  painters  are 
handy  with  their  brushes,  and  know  almost 
too  unquestioiungly  what  they  are  about. 

Among  the  water-colours  there  is  a  larger 
proportion  of  works  of  a  like  reasonable 
efficiency.  The  most  distinguished  are  those 
by  Mr.  \Y.  Blundell  Thompson,  of  which 
Xo.  145,  The  Wethcrsfield  Road,  is  the  best  ; 
but  the  drawings  of  Messrs.  John  Xickal  (149 
and  160),  Charles  Ince  (134),  Henry  Butler 
(131).  A.  H.  Elphinstone  (162),  Harry  Becker 
(265),  and  W.  T.  M.  Hawksworth  (281)  should 
also  be  noticed. 

Of  the  invited  work  by  artists  outside  the 
Society,  Mr.  James  Pryde's  Sinister  Interior 
(5)  is  the  most  noteworthy.  It  is  soundly 
constructed,  from  a  technical  j^oint  of  view, 
though  the  artist's  familiar  type  of  design  is 
on  this  occasion  disturbed  bjr  the  fact  that 
the  enormous  doorway,  seen  apparently 
broadside  on  to  the  spectator,  has  one 
jamb  set  about  six  feet  further  into  the 
picture  than  the  other.  This  gives  it  a 
sudden  twist,  reminding  us  of  Hogarth's 
plate  illustrating  possible  errors  of  perspec- 
tive. Mr.  Pryde's  function  appears  to  us  to 
lie  in  his  respect  for  perspective,  however 
he  may  defy  probabilities  in  the  matter  of 
proportion. 


OTHER     EXHIBITIOXS. 

The  very  latest  developments  of  German 
art  maybe  seen  at  the  Twenty-One  Gallery, 
York  Buildings,  Adelphi,  in  the  prints  and 
drawings  of  Messrs.  Moriz  Melzer,  Kand- 
inaky,  Pechstein,  and  F.  Marc,  and  others. 
Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis  contributes  a  note  to 
the  catalogue  in  which  discussion  of  the  art 
of  wood-engraving  (not  pre-eminently  as 
shown  in  this  exhibition)  is  conducted  in  a 
characteristically  explosive  fashion,  recalling 
the  progress  of  a  motor  bicycle.  At  first  the 
unaccustomed  reader  expects  a  bullet  with 

h  report.  On  the  walls  are  the  same 
modern  abruptness  and  impatience,  the 
same  apparent  indifference  as  to  whether 
what  is  set  down  gets  to  the  spectator  or  not  ; 
and  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  these;  qualities 
have  their  attractive  side,  though  th<> 

cisely  the  qualities  which  a  generation  ago 
the  hall-mark  of  incapa- 
city. We  can  now  Bee  that  this  was  a  mis- 
take, though  we  may  not  all  go  BO  far  a-   t<> 

b  impatience  and  chu  atial 

virtues.     Among  Mr.  Melzer's  coloured  pic- 
tures  The  White   Horse  (11)  appears   to  us 

the  finest — a  spacious,   rather  noble    design. 

Wide  Horizons  (8)  recalls  the  rough  sketches 

■'  Tintoretto.  Mr.  Bote's  Maskenfest  (in 
folio)  is  magnificently  luxurious  in  its  riot 
.•I  richly  varied  proportion  of 
black  and  white.  Mr.  Marc  is  i 
interesting  when  not  too  studiously  imitative 
of  Japan<:-e  models. 


At  the  Galleries  ot'   Messrs.  Goupil  &  Co. 

the    drawings      by     Signor    Alberto     Martini 

belong  to  a  slightly  earlier  phase  of  German 
design,   depending   for   their   macabre    sug- 

gestiveness  on  very  material  devices:  de- 
tails of  decomposition,  the  monstrous  rever- 
sion of  mankind  towards  lower  forms  of  life. 
Signor   Martini    has    certainly    mastered    the 

fait  that  to  us  as  vertebrates  there  is  an 
essential  horridness  in  organisms  lacking  in 
bone,  in  forms  liable  to  unexpected  jelly- 
like swellings.  Thus  he  again  and  again 
achieves  the  disgustful  with  considerable 
success.  There  are  other  drawings,  such  as 
Xos.  69  and  102,  which  show  imaginative 
power  outside  this  his  favourite  realm,  and 
throughout  his  work  his  tight,  literal  hand- 
lino-  is  the  efficient  servant  of  his  very 
definite  power  of  invention. 

In  the  galleries  adjoining,  the  exhibition 
of  the  Black  Frame  Sketch  Club  illustrates 
the  objectionable  effect,  above  referred  to, 
of  such  a  method  of  presenting  pictures. 
Mr.  J.  H.  Lobley's  Winter  Sunshine  (57)  is 
the  best  exhibit.  Mr.  Frank  Emanuel's 
collection  of  etchings  includes  a  graceful 
little  landscape,  Cock-crow  (5),  as  well  as 
some  firmly  drawn  street  scenes,  such  as  La 
vieille  Boucherie  (9). 

At  Messrs.  Tooth's  Gallery  Mr.  Isaac  Israels 
shows  a  collection  of  pictures  not  remarkable, 
though  some  of  them  reveal  a  sound  method 
of  noting  a  colour-scheme,  witness  Xo.  17, 
Morning  in  the  Park.  His  subjects  have 
not  the  sentimental  attraction  of  his  more 
famous  relative's  themes,  but  they  appear  to 
us  more  sincerely  felt,  and  quite  as  well 
painted. 

At  the  Leicester  Galleries  Miss  Winifred 
Austen's  water-colours  of  birds  and  beasts 
are  wonderfully  clean  and  dexterous  in 
manipulation,  but  have  the  slightly  dull 
outlook  which  we  associate  with  the  artist 
who  uses  stuffed  specimens  to  fortify  his 
observation  from  life.  Mr.  Oliver  Hall 
exploits  various  romantic  sites  in  a  series 
of  brown  landscapes,  carefully  designed  in 
detail,  but  lacking  in  breadth  of  vision. 
Xo.  38,  Interior  of  a  Wood,  is  one  of  the  best. 


Jfine  JUt  Gossip. 

The  work  of  restoring  the  cuts  made  in 
the  Rokeby  'Venus'  is  proceeding  satisfac- 
torily, and  it  is  said  that  it  will  only  be 
possible  by  very  minute  inspection  to  detect 
the  damaged  parts.  Meanwhile,  a  portion 
of  the  National  Gallery,  though  it  is  closed 
to  the  general  public,  is  being  opened  to 
.-Indents. 

Viscount  Bryck  has  been  appointed  a 
Trustee  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  in 
the  room  of  the  late  Lord  Knutsford. 

Pomney's  portraits  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Jeremiah  Milles,  painted  in  1780,  and  till 
within  the  last  few  days  in  the  possession  of 
representatives    of    the    Milles    family,    have 

just  been  acquired  by  Messrs.  Walks  of  Pall 

Mall.  .Jeremiah  Milles,  a  handsome  man,  in 
an  old-gold  coat  and    knee-breeches,  with  a 

red  velvet  cloak  thrown  over  his  shoulders, 
stands  in  a  landscape,  holding  a  book  in  his 
I'M  hand.  His  wife  is  in  white,  with  blue 
Bash  and  red  velvet  cloak. 

An  exhibition  of  portraits,  landscapes,  and 

water-colour  drawings  by  Mrs.  Marsh,  .Mrs. 

MacCormick,     and     Miss     Clare     Marsh     was 

opened  last  week  in  Dublin  by  sir  Walter 
Am    troi    .    Mrs.  M  water-colour  land- 

scapes are,   perhaps,   the    most     Latere  ! 
ue  of  tic-  exhibit  ion,  which  is  of  unusual 

merit. 


It  is  said  that  Millet's  picture  '  (Fdipus 
taken  down  from  the  Tree  '  has  been  sold  by 
Messrs.  Cottier  of  Xcw  York  to  a  Canadian. 
It  was  exhibited  at  the  Salon  of  1849,  and 
the  story  goes  that  Millet,  being  short  of 
canvases,  painted  it  atop  of  a  'St.  Jerome' 
which  was  offered  to  the  Salon  in  1846,  and 
rejected. 

Tut':  Au.iki)  Artists'  Association  will 
hold  their  London  Salon  this  year  in  June 
instead  of  July,  and  at  the  Holland  Park  Hal! 
instead  of  at  the  Albert  Hall,  the  move 
having  been  made  in  order  to  get  the  whole 
exhibition  upon  one  [eveL 

The  Art  Workers'  Guild,  which  has 
been  domiciled  iu  Clifford's  Inn  Hall  for  the 
last  seventeen  years,  is  removing  to  its  new 
home  at  6,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury,  in 
April,  having  acquired  the  remainder  of  the 
lease — some  880  years — granted  in  Queen 
Anne's  reign  to  Sir  G.  Xathaniel  Curzon. 
The  Guild,  of  which  William  Morris  was  once 
a  prominent  member,  will  have  its  home  in 
the  same  square  ha  which  he  established  his 
first  studio,  and  worked  until  the  move  was 
made  to  Merton  Abbey. 

Mrs.  Arthur  Strong,  Assistant  Director 
of  the  British  School  of  Rome,  has  been 
elected  a  Foreign  Honorary  Member  of  the 
Archaeological  Institute  of  America.  Mrs. 
Strong  recently  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
at  the  American  and  Canadian  centres  of  the 
Institute.  She  is  lecturing  shortly  at  the 
School  on  '  Great  Works  of  Art  in  American 
Museums  '  (Xew  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia). 

The  German  Archaeological  Institute 
at  Athens  has  been  penetrating  below  tho 
palace  at  Tiryns  uncovered  by  Schliemann 
and  Dorpfeld,  and  has  excavated,  among 
other  habitations,  a  circular  building  about 
fourteen  metres  in  diameter,  built  before 
1500  B.C.,  which  is  probably  the  most  ancient 
palace  of  the  lords  of  Tiryns.  A  "  beehive  " 
tomb  in  good  preservation  has  also  been 
excavated  ;  it  is,  however,  empty,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  been  used  at  some  time  during 
the  Roman  Empire  as  an  oil-mill. 

Some  years  ago  Prof.  Percy  Gardner  wrote 
a  little  work  which  he  called  '  A  Grammar 
of  Greek  Art.'  Of  this  he  has  now  prepared 
a  revised  and  much  enlarged  version,  and 
is  about  to  issue  it  under  the  title  of  '  The 
Principles  of  Greek  Art.'  The  volume  will 
be  included  in  Messrs.  Macmillan's  "  Hand- 
books of  Archaeology  and  Antiquities,"  and 
will   be   illustrated. 

On  Thursday  next,  at  8.30  P.M.,  Mr. 
A.  J.  13.  Wace  will  lecture  at  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum  on  '  Greek  K  i  nbroideries, 
their  Origins  and  Uses  '  ;  and  on  Thursday, 
April  2nd,  at  the  same  place  and  hour,  .Mr. 
A.  F.  Kendrick  will  lecture  on  'Some 
Sources  of  Modern  Textile  Design.'  These 
will  be  the  last  lectures  of  the  current 
session.  It  is  hoped  to  arrange  a  fur: 
series  in  October  next. 

The  Houghton  Mtjtixn  Co.  of    Bo 
and  New  York    have  become  publishers  for 
the   .Museum   of    Fine   Arts,    Boston.     They 
thus   issue,  inter  alia,  The   I'm,/   Collectors' 
Quarterly,  which  appears  in  February,  April. 

October',    and    December,    and    is    edited    |,\ 

Mr.  FitzRoy  <  Harrington,  who  is  Curator  of  the 
Print  Department  of  the  Museum,  and  li  • 
tures  on  eiiL'ia\  ing  at  I  Ian  ard  Uhi\  ersity. 

On  Tuesday   last    the  names  were    pub- 
lished of  those  w  ho  const  it  ute  the  Ad 
Boards  for  England,  Scotland,  and   Wal.    . 
which  have  now  been  formed  b\   the  I 
miseioners    of    Works    under    the    Ancient 
Monument-.  Consolidation  and  Amendmt 
.\.t,  1913.     Mr.  Lionel  Earle  is  chairman  of 


418 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


the  English  Board,  and  Lord  Burghclere 
represents  on  it  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Historic  Monuments ;  Sir  John  Stirling- 
Maxwell  is  chairman  of  the  Scotch  Board, 
and  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  representative  of 
the  Royal  Commission.  Of  the  Welsh 
Board  the  chairman  is  Sir  E.  Vincent  Evans, 
and  the  representative  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission, Lieut. -Col.  W.  E.  LI.  Morgan. 

M.  Maurice  Barres  is  making  determined 
efforts  to  preserve  the  old  churches  of 
France.  These  number  about  80,000,  and 
only  2,000  of  them  have  been  counted  as 
historical  monuments,  and  as  such  entitled 
to  preservation  at  the  hands  of  the  State. 
On  Thursday  of  last  week  M.  Barres  delivered 
a  vigorous  address  on  the  subject  at  the 
Universite  des  Annales,  pointing  out  that, 
apart  from  religion,  the  callous  indifference 
of  some  of  the  communes  to  the  con- 
ditions of  the  churches  was,  from  the 
points  of  view  of  history,  art,  and  morals., 
a  thing  grievously  to  be  deplored. 

On  Saturday  last  the  West  Tower  of  the 
Minster  at  Neuss,  in  Rhenish  Prussia — the 
Quirinus-Kirche,  built  in  1209,  and  one  of 
the  best  examples  of  Rhenish  Gothic — was 
burnt  down,  it  is  supposed  by  a  short  circuit 
in  the  electric  apparatus  for  ringing  the  bells. 
The  six  o'clock  Mass  was  being  celebrated, 
when  suddenly  there  was  a  loud  report,  and 
all  the  lights  went  out.  The  vergers,  hasten- 
ing to  the  tower,  found  the  belfry  blazing. 

The  local  fire  brigade  had  its  steam  hose 
under  repair,  and  could  do  little  against  the 
flames.  By  the  time  the  Diisseldorf  brigade 
came  upon  the  scene,  the  roof  of  the  nave 
was  beginning  to  catch  fire  from  the  showers 
of  sparks.  The  tower  fell  in,  and  the  bells,  with 
a  terrific  crash,  came  down  through  the  vault- 
ing of  the  roof  on  to  the  organ.  Fortunately, 
after  an  hour's  hard  work,  the  roof  of  the  nave 
was  saved,  without  having  been  greatly 
injured,  nor  was  the  East  Tower,  on  which  is 
the  statue  of  the  patron  saint,  much  damaged, 
nor  any  one  of  the  treasures  contained  in 
the  Minster  injured. 

Messrs.  MacLehose  have  nearly  ready 
'  Heraldry  in  Scotland,'  including  a  recen- 
sion of  the  late  George  Seton's  '  Law  and 
Practice  of  Heraldry  in  Scotland,'  by  Mr. 
J.  H.  Stevenson,  Unicorn  Pursuivant.  The 
work,  which  occupies  two  volumes,  and  con- 
tains upwards  of  300  illustrations,  was 
originally  designed  as  a  new  edition  of  Seton's 
authoritative  book,  now  out  of  print,  but 
the  enlargements  and  alterations  are  so 
extensive  that  it  is  virtually  a  new  book. 
It  will  be  published  in  an  ordinary  form  as 
well  as  an  edition  de  luxe,  but  both  issues 
are  limited. 


Jftitsual  Gossip. 


PICTURES    AND    DRAWINGS. 

At  Messrs.  Christie's  sale  on  Friday,  the  13th 
inst.,  N.  de  Largilliere's  picture  of  the  Duchesse 
de  Philaris,  in  yellow  embroidered  dress  with 
mauve  scarf,  fetched  301/.  10s.  II.  Aiken's 
drawings,  The  Paces  of  the  Horse  (a  set  of  six), 
brought  117/.  12s.,  and  Steeplechasing  (a  set  of 
four),  115/.  10s. 


ENGRAVINGS    AND    ETCHINGS. 

On  Monday  and  Tuesday,  the  9th  and  10th 
inst.,  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  the  first  portion  of  the 
collection  of  engravings  formed  by  the  late  Mr. 
Edward  J.  Reiss,  the  chief  prices  being  the  follow- 
ing :  Sir  R.  Strange,  after  Van  Dyck,  King 
Charles  standing  by  his  Horse,  75/.  Nanteuil, 
tinted  drawing,  a  Portrait  of  Himself,  60/.  Bur- 
weiler,  after  Franz  Hals,  The  Guitar  Player,  70/. 

On  Thursday  and  Friday,  the   12  th  and   13th 

inst.,    Messrs.    Sotheby    sold    the    more    modern 

portion  of  the  same  collection  and  other  modern 

.etchings  and  engravings,  when  Sir  F.  S.  Hadcn's 

Etudes  a  l'Eau-forte  fetched  190/. 


M.  Alexander  Scriabin's  '  Prometheus  ' 
('  The  Poem  of  Fire  ')  was  performed  at  the 
Symphony  Concert,  Queen's  Hall,  last 
Saturday  afternoon,  the  composer  playing 
the  difficult  pianoforte  part.  Mention  was 
made  of  this  work  when  it  was  produced 
last  year  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Henry  J. 
Wood,  and  we  are  still  of  opinion  that  the 
composer's  theosophical  programme  cannot 
be  expressed  in  musical  terms.  At  any 
rate,  if  he  considers  it  essential  to  the  under- 
standing and  appreciation  of  the  music, 
a  detailed  description  from  his  pen,  with 
examples,  would  certainly  be  of  considerable 
help.  To  us  the  most  interesting  features 
are  the  new  scale,  the  harmonies,  and  the 
orchestration,  and  of  these  M.  Scriabin 
himself,  or  some  coming  man,  may  make 
more  inspired  use.  Then  again  the  piano- 
forte part,  though  admirably  rendered  by 
M.  Scriabin,  is  disturbing.  The  tone  of  the 
piano  does  not  coalesce  with  those  of  the 
other  instruments.  No  orchestral  work 
with  such  high  aims  was  ever  written  with 
an  important  piano  part. 

The  performance,  under  the  direction  of 
Sir  Henry  J.  Wood,  was  excellent  ;  and 
whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  work,  Sir 
Henry  deserves  thanks  for  giving  opportu- 
nities of  hearing  what  contemporaries  are 
doing,  among  whom  M.  Scriabin  is  promi- 
nent. The  composer  also  played  at  this 
concert  his  early  Pianoforte  Concerto  in 
F  sharp  minor.  It  is  the  pleasant  work  of  a 
skilful  pianist  ;  there  are  no  signs  of  the 
coming  man  ;  in  form  it  is  classical.  The 
playing  was  notable  for  delicacy. 

The  programme  of  the  sixth  Philharmonic 
Concert,  at  Queen's  Hall  on  the  16th  inst., 
began  with  Mendelssohn's  '  Italian  '  Sym- 
phony, which  has  not  been  given  at  a  Phil- 
harmonic Concert  since  Sir  Alexander  Mac- 
kenzie conducted  it  on  November  4th,  1897, 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  composer's 
death.  When  James  Davidson  heard  of  it 
he  exclaimed,  "  Art  is  dead  !  "  But  a  new 
art  had  just  arisen,  which,  after  a  long 
struggle,  conquered.  Mendelssohn,  who  had 
been  overrated,  became  underrated.  Party 
spirit  ran  high  for  a  time  ;  at  the  present 
day  juster  views  prevail.  The  '  Italian  ' 
Symphony  is  not  so  characteristic  as  the 
'  Scotch  '  ;  anyhow,  to  ears  accustomed  to 
Wagner  and  to  much  Russian  music,  in- 
stinct with  rhythmic  life  and  colour,  it  no 
longer  makes  the  same  appeal  as  formerly. 
Moreover,  it  was  followed  by  Strauss's 
powerful  '  Tod  und  Verklarung. '  Herr  Men- 
gelberg  conducted  the  former  work  in  fault- 
less manner,  but  the  latter  with  all  sym- 
pathy and  enthusiasm. 

In  the  second  part  of  the  programme 
came  two  interesting  works  of  Cesar 
Franck  the  symphonic  poem,  '  Les  Djinns  ' 
and  the  Symphonic  Variations,  in  both 
of  which  the  pianoforte  part  was  played  in 
masterful  style  by  M.  Cortot,  the  eminent 
French  pianist.  Between  them  was  placed 
Mr.  Frank  Bridge's  '  Dance  Poem,'  given  for 
the  first  time  under  the  direction  of  the 
composer.  He  has  talent,  and  the  music 
certainly  shows  skill,  but  for  the  most  part 
it  did  not  seem  in  keeping  either  with  the 
general  title  or  with  the  headings  of  the 
various  sections.  Further,  considered  apart 
from  the  poetic  basis,  it  gave  the  impres- 
sion of  being  made,  not  inspired. 

The  programme  of  the  third  Classical 
Concert,  at  Bechstein  Hall  last  Wednesday 
evening,  included  no  novelty  ;  moreover, 
two  of  the  three  instrumental  works  were 
of  a  light  order.  First  came  Beethoven's 
Quartet  in  B  flat,  Op.  18,  No.  6,  and  in  the 


writing,  though  we  may  miss  the  grand 
style  of  a  later  period,  we  get  the  freshness 
of  youth,  which,  with  all  great  composers, 
soon  fades.  The  rendering  of  it  byj  the 
Celoso  Quartet  was  excellent.  Their  pre- 
cision is  remarkable,  though  not  of  a  mili- 
tary kind  ;  their  interpretation  was  full  of 
life  and  soul.  Mozart's  Quartet  in  d  for 
Flute  (Mr.  Albert  Fransella)  and  Strings  i> 
a  bright  work,  though  it  does  not,  like  the 
previous  one,  give  glimpses  of  the  coming 
man.  The  four  Geloso  players  had  their 
finest  opportunity  in  the  Debussy  Quartet 
in  G  minor,  and  of  this  they  availed  them- 
selves to  the  full.  Mr.  Campbell  Mclnnes 
was  heard  in  a  not  very  characteristic  song 
by  Schumann,  and  in  two  by  Schubert,  but 
he  was  not  at  his  best ;  he  seemed  to  sing 
with  difficulty,  as  if  suffering  from  a  cold. 

Mr.  Murray  Davey,  who  sang  so  impres- 
sively the  small  part  of  Titurel  in  the  recent 
'  Parsifal  '  performances  at  Co  vent  Garden, 
gave  an  interesting  song  recital  at  the 
JEolian  Hall  last  Wednesday  afternoon.  He 
opened  with  the  two  songs  '  O  Isis  und 
Osiris  '  and  '  In  diesen  heil'gen  Hallen,'  to 
which  justice  can  only  be  rendered  by  a 
deep  bass  voice  such  as  Mr.  Davey  possesses. 
He  afterwards  sang  Schubert's  '  Der  Tod 
und  das  Madchen,'  ending  on  the  d  an 
octave  lower  than  the  one  printed — an 
improvement  of  which  Schubert,  no  doubt, 
would  have  approved.  The  singer's  render- 
ing of  '  Der  Doppelganger  '  was  dramatically 
powerful. 

Mr.  Davey  also  sang  two  groups  of 
songs  of  his  own  composition,  the  first 
consisting  of  three  settings  of  seventeenth - 
century  poems  by  Herrick,  John  Dowland, 
and  John  Attye.  The  music  is  simple  and 
quaint,  though  without  being  a  mere  imita- 
tion of  old  style.  The  second,  a  French 
group,  were  still  more  to  our  liking.  There 
is  no  straining  after  effect,  and  there  are 
no  strange  chords  or  puzzling  rhythms,  but 
no  lack  of  skill  and  thought.  '  11  etait  une 
Fois  '  and  '  Crapaud  '  are  very  clever. 
Both  groups  were  ably  accompanied  by 
Madame  Poldowski,  and  between  them  Mr. 
Davey  sang  some  of  her  own  delightful 
songs. 

The  Sterling  Mackinlay  Operatic 
Society  will  give  performances  of  Paul 
Lacome's  romantic  opera  '  Ma  Mie  Rosette  ' 
on  Friday  and  Saturday  in  next  week,  at 
King's  Hall,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden. 
The  proceeds  are  to  be  handed  to  the  Eton 
Mission. 

The  grand  season  at  Covent  Garden  opens 
on  April  20th  and  ends  on  July  27th. 
There  will  be  two  cycles  of  the  '  Ring  ' 
(April  21st,  22nd,  25th,  and  27th,  and 
May  4th,  5th,  7th,  and  9th)  ;  and  perform- 
ances of  '  Die  Meistersinger  '  and  '  Parsifal,' 
possibly  also  of  '  Lohengrin.'  They  will  all 
be  given  under  the  direction  of  Herr  Arthur 
Nikisch  and  Mr.  Albert  Coates  :  the  latter 
during  the  recent  German  season  proved  his 
mastery  as  a  Wagner  conductor.  All  works 
named  above  will  be  sung  in  CJerman,  and 
without  cuts. 

Two  novelties  are  announced  :  one  by 
Italo  Montemezzi,  entitled  "  L'Amore  dei 
tre  re,'  the  other  '  Francesca  da  Rimini,'  by 
Riccardo  Zandonai,  whose  '  Conchita,'  per- 
formed at  Covent  Garden,  though  not  alto- 
gether successful,  and  to  a  considerable 
extent  on  account  of  its  libretto,  gave 
promise  of  something  stronger.  Both 
novelties  have  won  favour  in  Italy,  and  the 
first  also  in  America.  There  will  also  be 
some  interesting  revivals:  Mozart's  '  Nozze 
di  Figaro,'  Verdi's  '  Un  Ballo  in  Maschera.' 
'  Falstaff,'  and  '  Otello,'  and  Boito's  '  Mefi- 
stofele.' 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


THE     ATIIENiEUM 


419 


Sib  Joseph  Beeoham  announces  a  second 
Beason  of  Russian  opera  at  Drury  Lane,  to 
open  on  .May  20,  ami  end  on  July  25; 
and  from  the  works  promised  it  ought  to 
prove  as  interesting  and  exciting  as  that  of 
last  year.  The  two  operas  of  Moussorgsky 
and  the  one  by  Kiniskydvorsakot'f  will  bo 
repeated,  and  there  will  be  four  new: 
■  A  Night  of  -May'  and  '  The  Golden  Cock,' 
by  Rimsky-Korsakoff;  'Prince  Igor,'  by 
Borodin;  and  "The  Nightingale,'  by  Stra- 
vinsky. '  The  Golden  Cock  '  was  the  last 
opera  the  composer  wrote,  and  he  died  a  few 
days  after  its  production  at  a  private  theatre 
in  Moscow.  Stravinsky's  is  his  latest  work. 
Rimsky-Korsakoff  and  Glasounov  are  said 
to  have  completed  '  Prince  Igor  '  after 
Borodin's  death  in  1S87. 

There  will  also  be  four  new  ballets: 
Dr.  Richard  Strauss's  'The  Legend  of 
Joseph,1  M.  Maurice  Ravel's  '  Daphnis  and 
Chloe,'  Rimsky-Korsakoff's  '  Antar,'  and 
Steinberg's  '  Midas.' 

Madame  Karsavina  will  return,  also  M. 
Chaliapine.  The  conductors  will  be  MM. 
Thomas  Beecham,  Emil  Cooper,  and  Leon 
Steinberg  mentioned  above  ;  and  for  the 
Ballet  MM.  Richard  Strauss,  Thomas 
Beecham,  Pierre  Monteux,  and  Rene  Baton. 

The  first  performance  of  Herr  Felix 
Weingartner's  new  opera  'Cain  and  Abel' 
will  take  place  under  his  direction  at 
Darmstadt  on  May  17th. 

Mr.  Daniel  Mayer  announces  a  Beet- 
hoven Festival,  to  be  given  at  Queen's  Hall, 
April  20th  to  25th.  All  the  nine  Symphonies 
are  to  be  performed,  four  of  the  five  Piano- 
forte Concertos,  and  the  Concerto  for  the 
Violin.  There  will  also  be  vocal  music,  with 
excellent  songs.  The  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  and  the  Leeds  Philharmonic 
Chorus  (200  voices)  are  engaged.  M.Henri 
Verbrugghen  will  be  the  conductor. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Ivimey  has  been  engaged  by 
the  London  County  Council  to  stimulate 
appreciation  of  music  among  the  students. 
His  first   lecture  was  given  at  Fulham. 

The  scheme  of  the  forthcoming  festival 
at  Torquay,  mentioned  last  week,  includes, 
in  addition  to  M.  Stravinsky's  Symphony, 
an  Orchestral  Suite,  '  The  Pool/  by  Mr. 
G.  H.  Clutsam,  and  an  orchestral  work  by 
Mr.  Percy  Pitt.  Messrs.  Thomas  Beecham, 
Percy  Grainger,  Percy  Pitt,  and  Basil 
Hindenberg  will  be  the  conductors. 

A  German  statistician  lias  calculated  the 
average  length  of  the  lives  of  musicians 
during  the  period  between  January  1st, 
1870,  and  December  31st,  1913,  and  he  places 
it  at  61  years.  The  most  interesting  part 
of  his  calculation  is  the  fact  that  during 
that  period  four  centenarians  passed  away, 
namely,  Elise  Farnesie,  who  died  in  1884, 
aged  105  ;  Johann  Christian  Hilf,  conductor 
at  Baden,  aged  103;  Manuel  Garcia,  in 
his  102nd  year  ;  and  Benedetto  13azetti  of 
Turin.  Only  one  of  these  seems  to  have 
been  of  any  note-. 

Cuts  have  been  made  in  Handel's  'Mes- 
siah ' — and  indeed  in  most,  if  not  all,  of  his 
oratorios — but  an  additional  number  by 
another  composer  would,  at  any  rate  since 
the  days  of  Handel,  when  '  Israel  □  Egypt  ' 
was  advertised  as  ''shortened  and  inter- 
mixed with  songs,"  seem  to  In-  unique.  An 
instance,  however,  occurred  at  Bath  at  the 
beginning  of  last  century.  Dr.  Harrington 
i-,  well  known  as  a  leader  of  the  Bath 
Harmonic  Society,  of  which  he  was  first 
president.  He  composed  various 
and  a  little  sacred  music.  Among  the  latter 
was  a  sacred  dirge 'Eloi!  or,  the  heath  of 
Christ.'      It  was  written    in    1800   "for    the 


solemn  service  of  Passion  Week  "  :  moreover, 
it  was  dedicated  to  Ceorge  111.  The  Doctor 
showed  it  to  Rauzzini — at  whose  house,  by 
the  way,  Haydn  and  Dr.  Burney  spent  three 
days  in  1794  —  who  had  it  performed  at  his 
concerts.  Of  this  composition  the  following 
occurs  in  a  biographical  sketch  of  Dr. 
Harrington,  signed  Philo-Musicus,"  in  the 
third  volume  of  The  Bath  and  Bristol  Maga- 
zine for  1834 : — 

"I  believe  that  it  was  first  performed  in  the 
second  part  of  the  oratorio  of  the  'Messiah.'  In 
which  situation  it  has  always  since  been  sun;;; 
being  considered,  in  Hath,  at  least,  as  admirably 
calculated  to  till  that  place  in  the  oratorio.  It 
has  ever  since  been  sung  at  the  Abbey  Church.'' 

This  '  Eloi  !  '  is  inscribed  on  Dr.  Harring- 
ton's monument  in  that  church.  He  was 
70  years  old  when  he  wrote  it.  Dr.  Burney 
published  a  letter  in  one  of  the  Bath  papers, 
which  ends  thus  : — ■ 

"  The  singing  together  in  prayer  of  supplica- 
tion, fugue  or  imitation,  are  absolutely  prohibited 
by  propriety  and  common  sense.  These  observa- 
tions are  wholly  avoided  in  the  plain  counter- 
point of  the  sacred  '  Eloi.'  " 

Grove's  '  Dictionary  '  mentions  the  Dirge, 
but  not  the  use  made  of  it. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 


Sin. 
Mux 


Ties. 
Wei>. 


Concert,  S.S0,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 

Sunday  Conceit  Society,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Mary  Tomlinson's  Song  Recital.  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

F.  B.  Ellis's  Chamber  Concert,  8  30,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Oxford  House  Choral  Society,  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Elena  Gerhardt's  Vocal  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Bath  Choir,  8.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

Blanche  Newcombe's  Vocal  Recital,  8  30,  .Eoliau  Hall. 

Classical  Concert  Society,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Henri  Etlin's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15,  Steinway  Hall. 

—  Vera  Brock's  Orchestral  Concert.  8.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Helen  Mott  and  Dorothea  Webb's  Sonata  and  Song  Recital 

8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Thuds.  F.  8.  Kelly's  Concert.  3,  ^Eolian  Hall. 

—  Sascha    ulbertson's  Violin  Recital,  3.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Jean  Sterling  Mackiulay's  Song  Recital.  3.30,  Little  Theatre. 

—  Royal  Choral  Society,  8   Royal  Albert  Hall. 

—  Tora  Hwa6e's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.30,  .Loli.i  n  Hall. 

Leo  Ornstein's  Pianoforte  Recital  of   Futurist  Music, 

Stonway  Hall. 
F.    B.    Ellis's   Concert   of    Modern    Orchestral    Music, 

Queen's  Hall. 
JoBef  Holbrooke's  Concert,  8.30,  Arts  Centre. 

Frederic  Lamond's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


Fin. 


Sat. 


3.15, 
8.15, 


PURCELL'S    MUSIC    IN    FRANCE. 

In  noticing  a  performance  of  Purcell's 
'  Golden  Sonata  '  given  at  the  Paris  Conser- 
vatoire on  February  25th,  a  paragraph  of 
'  Musical  Gossip  '  in  The  Athenaeum  of  the 
7th  inst.  remarks  : — 

"  It  was  probably  the  first  time  that  any  work  of 
his  [Purceil'sl  has  been  produced  in  France— at 
least  in  modern  times." 

This  was  far  from  being  Purcell's  first 
introduction  into  France,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  following  list  of  Jo's  music  which  has  been 
produced  in  Paris  by  Mr.  Arnold  Dolmetseh  : 
The  Toccata  for  harpsichord  at  a  meeting  of 
the  S.I.M.  at  the  Bibliotheouo  Xationale, 
November,  1910,  and  at  Mr.  Dolmetseh  s 
concert,  Salle  Gaveau,  April,  Hill', when  the 
Violin  Sonata  was  also  played  by  the  concert  - 
giver ;  '  Fantazia  upon  One  Note  '  for  5  viols, 
at  a  Masonic  Society  concert,  January,  1913, 
and  at  a  concert  of  English  Music  of  the  Six- 
teenth and  Seventeenth  Centuries  at  the 
University  Populaire,  when;  a.  Prelude, 
Ground,  and  Hornpipe  for  harpsichord  were 
also  played,  May,  1913  ;  these  three  harpsi- 
chord    pieces    wen      repeated     at     a    concert 

(under    .Mi-.    Dolmetsch's    direction)    of    the 
('hauteurs  de   la    Renaissance,   June,    1913. 

The    Toccata    and    Ground    were    also    both 

played   on    two    separate   occasions   at    the 
Sorbonne  last    January. 

Beatrice  Horne. 
***  The    paragraph    alluded    to   was    nol 

written    by    OUT    music    critic,    but     was   sent 

by  a  French  correspondent. 


DRAMA 

— ♦ — 

The  Comedies  of  Holberg.  By  Oscar  James 
Campbell.  "  Harvard  Studies  in  Com- 
parative Literature."  (Cambridge. Mass., 
Harvard  University  Press  ;  London, 
Milford,  105.  6d.  net.) 

Prof.  Campbell's  study  of  the  sources  of 
Holberg's  plays  is  the  first  book  in  the 
English  language  to  deal  with  this  im- 
portant dramatist.  The  Danish  Baron's 
influence  never  extended  to  England  ; 
his  imitations  of  Moliere  and  his  modifica- 
tions of  the  commedia  dell  arte  were 
scarcely  calculated  to  find  favour  in  the 
country  of  Congreve.  Translators  at  all 
times  have  fought  shy  of  Holberg's  works, 
and,  up  to  the  present,  only  a  few  plays, 
a  little  histor}^  and  a  satire,  of  all  his 
long  list  of  compositions,  have  filtered 
through  into  the  English  language.  Suf- 
fragists have  yet  to  be  made  aecpuainted 
with  his  case  for  the  political  enfranchise- 
ment of  women,  written  as  long  ago  as 
1722. 

It  was  also  in  1722  that  it  occurred  to 
Holberg  that  the  only  theatre  in  Copen- 
hagen with  the  right  to  produce  comedy 
had  to  rely  entirely  upon  translations 
from  the  French,  and  he  at  once  set  to 
work  to  write  plays  that  should  be  Danish. 
Five  plays  by  him  were  written  and  pro- 
duced the  same  year.  For  three  years  he 
worked  assiduously,  until  he  was  ex- 
hausted by  these  and  other  labours. 
Then  the  theatre  failed,  and  no  more 
plays  were  needed.  In  1750  lie  once  more 
took  up  his  pen  to  write  for  the  theatre, 
and  wrote  six  phws  in  his  old  age. 

The  extent  of  Holberg's  indebtedness  to 
Moliere  has  already  been  studied  by  A. 
Legrelle  in  '  Holberg  Considere  comme 
Imitateur  de  Moliere  '  (1864).  In  the 
opinion  of  Prof.  Campbell,  Legrelle  exag- 
gerated the  similarities ;  Holberg  is  alwaj's  a 
debtor,  but  Moliere  is  not  the  only  lender. 
Prof.  Campbell  has  examined  the  fifty-five 
comedies  in  Gherardi's  collection,  and 
finds  that  Holberg  had  freely  helped  him- 
self to  these  French  modifications  of 
the  original  Italian  commedia  delV  arte. 
He  points  out  the  numerous  recurrences 
of  the  distinguishing  features  of  the 
commedia  in  Holberg's  plays,  showing 
how  he  had  introduced  fresh  modifications 
to  bring  the  original  into  sympathy  with 
the  Danish  character.  The  section  of  the 
book  dealing  with  this  pari  of  the  subject 
impresses  us  as  an  admirably  executed 
piece  of  work.  The  author  lias  spared 
himself  no  pains  to  study  the  plays  which 
Holberg.  in  his  extensive  travels,  might 
have  seen  and    later  used  as  models. 

The    same    thoroughness    i>    applied    to 

•  Holberg  and  English  Literature  ' — a 
chapter  that  La  of  necessity  largely  con- 
jectural. What  plays  were  there  to  In- 
seen  during  (he  two  years  that  Holberg 
was  at  Oxford,  and  what  did  he  think  oJ 
them  I      lb'    himself   says    not    a    word   on 

the  subject.     Holberg  probably  saw  the 

original  of  one  of  his  plays  in  the  adven- 
tures of  Christopher  Sly,  and  lie  may.  on 

general   principles,  have   been  Influenced 


4^0 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4508,  March  21,  1914 


by  Farquhar.  Essays  in  The  Taller  may 
have  given  birth  to  one  or  two  situations, 
but  the  haul  is  minute,  for  so  large  a  net 
as  the  author  has  cast. 

The  humour  of  Holberg  is  either 
satirical  or  made  up  from  a  recipe,  and 
to-day  appears  elementary  and  knock- 
about. His  Henrichs  and  Pernilles, 
adapted  from  the  Arlequin  and  Colum- 
bine of  the  commedia  delV  arte,  are 
the  sources  of  the  fun.  The  Danish 
peasant,  man  or  woman,  is  presented 
occasionally  with  realism.  There  is  no 
attempt  made,  as  with  the  Elizabethans, 
to  dramatize  well-known  stories  or  his- 
torical episodes.  It  is  as  an  adapter  of 
foreign  conventions  that  Holberg  best 
.shows  his  dramatic  gift. 


Dramatic  doaatp. 

'  Helen  of  the  High  Hand  '  is  now 
being  preceded  at  the  Vaudeville  by  '  The 
Rest  Cure,'  a  one-act  play  by  G.  E.  Jennings, 
remarkably  well-knit  in  structure,  and  truly 
■comical  in  effect.  It  represents  the  first 
hour  or  so  spent  by  a  malade  imaginaire  in 
a  nursing  home.  Far  from  proving  the 
refuge  which  the  overwrought  author  of 
■vers  libres  is  seeking,  it  turns  out  to  be  the 
very  antithesis  of  his  or  any  one  else's 
dreams.  Instead  of  quiet,  there  is  an 
unceasing,  nerve-racking  succession  of 
whistles,  screeches,  and  bangs  ;  instead  of 
dainty  food  delicately  served,  tepid  boiled 
mutton  and  suet  pudding  ;  instead  of  a 
glowing  fire  noiselessly  replenished  by  a 
gloved  hand,  a  sulky  grate  fed  by  a  rattling 
avalanche  from  a  scuttle  ;  instead  of  the 
cheerful  society  of  a  ministering  angel, 
there  are  two  attendant  fiends  :  Dark  Cat, 
whose  conversation  dwells  lugubriously  on 
the  imminent  dissolution  of  the  patient, 
and  Fair  Cat,  a  typical  minx.  The  "  nervy  " 
author — -played  to  perfection  by  Mr.  Otho 
Stuart— is  befriended  by  the  maid-of-all- 
work  (Phyllis  Stuckey),  a'cute  young  person 
who  makes  some  cynical  observations  on  the 
raison  d'etre  of  the  nursing  home.  Laughter 
is  a  fine  tonic  :  every  one  who  witnesses  '  The 
Rest  Cure  '  will  have  a  plentiful  dose  of  it. 


Mr.  Sutro's  '  The  Two  Virtues '  is  now 
preceded  at  the  St.  James's  by  an  amusing 
trifle  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Max  Beerbohm 
called  '  A  Social  Success.'  A  young  man 
about  town,  anxious  to  escape  the  boredom 
of  multitudinous  social  engagements,  cheats 
at  jooker,  only  to  find  that  his  friends, 
instead  of  deserting  him,  rally  to  his  side 
in  his  supposed  disgrace,  assuring  him  that 
"  there  are  many  worse  things  in  the  world 
than  cheating  at  cards."  Mr.  Reginald 
Owen  enacted  the  part  of  the  blase  young 
man  with  ease  and  humour.  Mr.  Beer- 
bohm's  dialogue  is  often  witty. 

We  were  glad  to  notice  that  the  elocution 
of  one  or  two  of  the  characters  in  the  longer 
play  showed  improvement. 

At  Drury  Lane  the  popular  melodrama 
'  Sealed  Orders '  resumed  its  run — inter- 
rupted at  Christmas  by  the  pantomime — 
on  Thursday  evening.  There  is  no  im- 
portant alteration  in  the  cast. 

The  "New  Company"  of  the  Abbey 
Theatre,  which  has  been  formed  under  Lady 
Gregory's  management  to  carry  on  its  work 
during  the  absence  of  the  First  Company  in 
America,  produced  two  new  plays  last  week 
in  Dublin.  '  The  Orangeman,'  by  Mr. 
St.  John  Ervine,  is  a  humorous  sketch  of  life 
in  the  north  of  Ireland  ;  while  in  '  The  Lord 
Mayor  '  Mr.  Edward  MacNulty  has  turned 
to  the  untilled  field  of  lower-class  Dublin 
life,  and  has  gleaned  therefrom  a  most 
entertaining  comedy.  The  plays  were  acted 
with  great  spirit.  Lady  Gregory  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  her  new  venture. 

The  inauguration  of  the  Burbage  memorial, 
announced  in  our  last  issue,  duly  took  place 
on  Monday  last,  when,  after  a  short  service, 
Sir  George  Alexander  unveiled  Mr.  Ansell's 
tablet,  and  said  a  few  words  commemorative 
of  the  debt  owed  by  the  stage  to  James  and 
Richard  Burbage.  A  seat  has  been  erected 
in  the  church  garden,  now  a  public  open 
space,  as  a  further  memorial  of  thesa  fellow- 
workers  with  Shakespeare. 


To  Correspondents— J.  P.  M.— H.  G.  R.— O.  S.— M.  S. 
— R.  A.  S.  J— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  423.] 


The     Society's     100th     Year. 

TN  1914  the  Society  will  complete  its  First  Cen- 
tury of  Public  Usefulness.  Its  past  record 
is  in  many  respects  unique,  and  those  contem- 
plating Life  Assurance  are  invited  to  apply  for 
the  Society's  "  100th  Year"  Prospectus,  which 
contains  full  information  regarding  Actual 
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Scottish  Widows'  Fund, 

The  Largest  Office   for 
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Accumulated  Funds:  Claims  Paid- 

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The  whole  Profits  are  divided  among  the  Policyholders. 

HEAD    OFFICE:  LONDON: 

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'  The  Wild  Rose '  is  a  volume  wherein  the  reader  of  poetry  has  but  to  dip  lightly  to  discover  (hat  in  a  world  where  modern 
verse  is  only  too  often  the  wrong  thing  -  this,  for  a  wonder,  is  essentially  the  right  thing.  These  poems  are  Greek  in  this  sense, 
that  they  are  grave  and  stately  records  of  the  phenomena  of  passion  ;  Mr.  Raile"s  poems  might  be  careful  translations  of  a 
genuine  lost  classic  from  Ephesus  or  from  Colophon.  The  reader  wonders  whether  if  we  could  restore  a  lost  set  of  the  poems  of 
Theogius  of  Megara,  whom  Isocrates  called  "  the  best  councillor  of  human  life,"  we  should  not  find  them  extraordinarily  like 
Mr.  Raile's. 


This  new  edition  of  Mr.  Raile's  poems,  '  The  Wild  Rose,"  will  interest  all  those  who  care  for  individuality  of  thought 
beauty  of  Greek  tradition. 


ind 


The  WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE  says  :  "  In  between  the  delicate  fawn  and  gold  of  its  suede  binding.  Mr.  Arthur 
Lyon  Raile's  'Wild  Rose  holds  some  very  delicate  lyrics.  .  .  his  poetry  is  always  careful,  and  its  twilight  charm  veils  a  shadowy 
story  which  brings  all  the  little  poems  together  into  an  intimate  and  rather  melancholy  whole,  which  is  sure  to  please  people  of 
leisure  who  are  also  lovers  of  verse." 

The  GLASGOW  NEWS  says  :  "  From  a  study  of  the  work  it  becomes  apparent  that  Mr.  Raile  is  possessed  of  a  tempera- 
ment highly  refined  and  intelligent,  which  is  essentially  that  of  an  artist." 

The  MORNING  POST  says  :  "  . .  .  he  is  a  craftsman  of  consummate  delicacy,  a  penetrating  student  of  the  movements  of 
the  human  heart,  and  the  master  of  a  discreet  and  sober  melody  which  is  wholly  his  own." 


Published  by  DAVID  NUTT,  17,  Grape  Street,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C, 
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TRAVEL  SUPPLEMENT. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

.     425 


Travellers  and  their  Books    

Roi'M>  the  Mediterranean  (/Egean  Days  ;  Days 
in  Attica  ;  Roman  Memories  ;  Desert  and  Water 
Gardens  of  the  Red  Sea)         426—428 

India  and  Australia  (Thirty  Years  in  Kashmir  ; 
Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither  ;  Reminiscences  of 
India  and  North  Queensland  ;  The  Ways  of  the 
South  Sea  Savage  ;  Through  the  South  Seas  with 
Jack  London)         428—430 

Africa  (From  the  Congo  to  the  Niger  and  the  Nile  ; 
Through  Jubaland  to  the  Lorian  Swamp  ;  among 
the  Primitive  Bakongo  ;  The  Conquest  of  the 
Desert  ;  The  Old  Transport  Road)  . .         . .      431—434 

Mexico  and  South  America  (The  Real  Mexico  ; 
South   America  ;   To   the  River  Plate  and  Back) 

434—435 

From  the  Thames  to  the  Netherlands     .. 

Walks  in  Rome         


436 
436 


TRAVELLERS  AXD  THEIR  BOOKS. 

Dr.  Johnson  declared,  in  1775,  that 
writers  of  travels  were  "  more  defective 
than  any  other  writers."  A  characteristic 
reason  for  this  was  assigned  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  Mrs.  Thrale  :  "  Those  whose  lot 
it  is  to  ramble  can  seldom  write,  and  those 
who  know  how  to  write  very  seldom 
ramble. :'  One  may  observe  in  passing 
that  this  sweeping  condemnation  seems 
to  prove  that  Johnson  had  never  dipped 
into  the  pages  of  Hakluyt,  which  Froude 
truly  described  as  "  the  Prose  Epic  of 
the  modem  English  nation."  Xo thing  in 
literature  is  more  striking  than  the  success 
almost  uniformly  attained  by  the  un- 
known or  forgotten  authors  of  the  English 
voyages  in  vivifying  their  records. 

''  In  most  cases  the  captain  himself,  or  his 
clerk  or  servant,  or  some  unknown  gentleman 
volunteer  sat  down  and  chronicled  the 
voyage  which  he  had  shared ;  and  thus 
inorganically  arose  a  collection  of  writings 
which,  with  all  their  simplicity,  are  for 
nothing  more  striking  than  for  the  high 
moral  beauty,  warmed  with  natural  feeling, 
which  displays  itself  through  all  their  pages." 

We  know  no  more  charming  books  in 
which  to  dip  for  recreation  in  an  idle  hour 
than  the  thirty-two  volumes  in  which  the 
enterprise  of  a  modern  publisher  has  repro- 
duced the  collections  of  Hakluyt  and  Pur- 
chas.  They  show  how  well  the  traveller 
may  be  inspired  when  he  takes  no  account 
of  so-called  "  literary  "  artifice,  but  is 
Content  to  follow  the  advice  of  Sidney's 
muse  : — 

Look  in  thy  heart  and  write. 

The  travellers  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
however,  of  whom  Johnson  was  evidently 

thinking,  had  no  such  simple  and  adequate 
machinery  to  content  them,  and  their 
readers  were  the  sufferers.  We  cannot 
resist  I  he  pleasure  of  quoting  the  delightful 


passage  in  which  Johnson,  in  his  ninety- 
seventh  '  Idler,'  pokes  fun  at  a  kind  of 
traveller  who  is  still  occasionally  to  be 
met  with  : — 

"  Of  those  who  crowd  the  world  with  their 
itineraries,  some  have  no  other  purpose 
than  to  describe  the  face  of  the  country  ; 
those  who  sit  idle  at  home,  and  are  curious  to 
know  what  is  done  or  suffered  in  distant 
countries,  may  be  informed  by  one  of  these 
wanderers,  that  on  a  certain  day  he  set  out 
early  with  the  caravan,  and  in  the  first  hour's 
march  saw,  towards  the  south,  a  hill  covered 
with  trees,  then  passed  over  a.  stream,  which 
ran  northward  with  a  swift  course,  but  which 
is  probably  dry  in  the  summer  months  ; 
that  an  hour  after  he  saw  something  to  the 
right,  which  looked  at  a  distance  like  a 
castle  with  towers,  but  which  he  discovered 
afterwards  to  be  a  craggy  rock  ;  that  he 
then  entered  a  valley,  in  which  he  saw- 
several  trees  tall  and  flourishing,  watered  by 
a  rivulet  not  marked  in  the  maps,  of  which 
he  was  not  able  to  learn  the  name  ;  that  the 
road  afterwards  grew  stony,  and  the  country 
uneven,  where  he  observed  among  the  hills 
many  hollows  worn  by  torrents,  and  was 
told  that  the  road  was  passable  only  part  of 
the  year ;  that  going  on  they  found  the 
remains  of  a  building,  once,  perhaps,  a  fort- 
ress to  secure  the  pass,  or  to  restrain  the 
robbers,  of  which  the  present  inhabitants 
can  give  no  other  account  than  that  it  is 
haunted  by  fairies  ;  that  they  went  to  dine 
at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  and  travelled  the  rest  of 
the  day  along  the  banks  of  a  river,  from 
which  the  road  turned  aside  towards  evening, 
and  brought  them  within  sight  of  a  village, 
which  was  once  a  considerable  town,  but 
which  afforded  them  neither  good  victuals 
nor  commodious  lodging. 

"  Thus  he  conducts  his  reader  through  wet 
and  dry,  over  rough  and  smooth,  without 
incidents,  without  reflection  ;  and,  if  he 
obtains  his  company  for  another  day,  will 
dismiss  him  again  at  night,  equally  fatigued 
with  a  like  succession  of  rocks  and  streams, 
mountains  and  ruins.  This  is  the  common 
style  of  those  sons  of  enterprise  who  visit 
savage  countries,  and  range  through  solitude 
and  desolation  ;  who  pass  a  desert,  and  tell 
that  it  is  sandy  ;  who  cross  a  valley,  and  find 
that  it  is  green ....  He  that  reads  these  books 
must  consider  his  labour  as  its  own  reward  ; 
for  he  will  find  nothing  on  which  attention 
can  fix,  or  which  memory  can  retain."' 

This  amusing  criticism  is  to-day  appli- 
cable only  to  a  small  percent  age  of 
travellers.  Mr.  Kipling  is  not  fond  of  the 
globe-trotter  who  travels  for  days  and 
writes  for  weeks,  the  result  being  some- 
times a  book  which  could  have  been 
spared.  But  on  the  whole  the  modern 
traveller  has  freed  himself  from  the  re- 
proach of  dullness  which  was  brought, 
with  some  justice,  against  his  eighteenth- 
century  predecessor.  To  any  one  who  has 
in  the  course  of  his  business  to  glance 
through  the  hooks  published  week  by 
week  it  is  apparent  thai  hooks  of  travel 
make  the  biggest  heap  after  fiction,  theo- 


logy, and  edueafiolllll  wuiks.  L'lie  sur- 
prising thing  is  that  they  keep  up  to  so 
high  a  standard  of  interest,  as  a  glance 
through  the  reviews  in  this  Supplement  will 
illustrate.  The  world  is  so  well  known 
nowadays  that  it  seems  difficult  for 
the  average  globe-trotter  to  write  a  book 
about  his  experiences  which  has  any  real 
justification  for  existing.  So  far  as  actual 
descriptions  of  landscape  and  scenery,  of 
hills  and  cities,  are  concerned,  this  is  true 
enough.  Most  of  the  world  has  been 
examined  and  described,  mapped  and 
photographed,  and  reduced  within  the 
limits  of  the  adequately  known.  It  is 
only  the  exceptional  traveller  who  has  any- 
thing new  to  tell  under  this  head  ;  and 
even  in  the  books  of  a  Scott  or  a  Shackle- 
ton  it  is  rather  the  adventurous  element, 
the  tale  of  hardships  bravely  borne  or 
resourcefully  surmounted,  than  the  merely 
topographical  element  which  attracts  the 
reader.  The  traveller  who  goes  in  search 
of  purely  geographical  knowledge  is  rare, 
and  those  who  still  aspire  to  interest 
the  wrorld  with  a  record  of  their  journeys 
must  bear  in  mind  Johnson's  further 
maxim  :  "  He  that  wrould  travel  for  the 
entertainment  of  others  should  remember 
that  the  great  object  of  remark  is  human 
life." 

In   the    tantalizing   fragment    of    what 
should  have  been  one  of  the  greatest  of 
travel  books  Stevenson  lays  it  down  that 
the  traveller  who  wishes  to  have  anything 
noteworthy  to  tell  must  learn  to  rouse  and 
share  the  "  sense  of  kinship  "  between  him- 
self and  the  denizens  of  other  lands.     The 
ability  to  do  this — not  merely  among  the 
Marqucsans  or  the   Eskimo,   but  also  in 
Provence,  the  Engadine,  or  the  Cumber- 
land dales — is  the  one  qualification  that 
makes    travel  pleasant  at  the  time  and 
profitable  in  the  retrospect.     We  do  not 
deny  that  a  keen  lover  of  scenery  may 
have  a  thoroughly  delightful  tour  round 
the  world  without  ever  speaking  to  a  soul, 
except  a  steward  or  a  waiter  ;    as  a  race, 
indeed,     Englishmen     are     rather     noto- 
rious for  "  keeping   themselves  to  them- 
selves "  when  they  travel.     But  the  globe- 
trotter who  wants  to  write  a   hook  about 
his  experiences  will  l>e  prudent  to  keep  his 
ears  open  as  well  as  his  cms.  and  fill   his 
note-hook  with  conversations  and  human 
impressions,  rather  than  with  word  paint- 
ings  of   sunsets   and    landscapes.     Such    B 
hook      as      Mr.      Stefansson.      the      young 
Canadian    explorer,    has    lately    given    US 

about  the  Eskimo  is  worth  a  hundred  of 
the  average  records  of  travel,  because  onoe 
for  all  it  answers  the  questions  thai  we  are 

'    inclined   to   ask   ahout    an   exotic   and 


a 

alien    form 
fansson  is  a 
aL'f  writer  oi 


of    life.     But    then   Mr.    Ste- 

professional    whilst    the  aver- 

B  hook  of  travel  is  only  <m 


420 


T  HE    A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


[Supplement,  March  21,   1914 


amateur.  He  devoted  some  five  years 
to  living  with  the  Eskimos  like  an 
Eskimo,  thus  establishing  that  "  sense 
of  kinship "  mentioned  by  Stevenson 
through  which  alone  it  is  possible  to  get 
at  the  heart  of  the  life  oi  any  race.  It 
would  be  unfair  to  ask  every  writer  to 
make  similar  sacrifices  in  devotion  to  an 
idea  ;  but  if  any  one  wants  the  recipe  for 
writing  a  really  notable  travel-book,  he 
cannot  do  better  than  follow  Mr.  Ste- 
fansson's  lead. 

Among  books  of  travel,  however,  as  in 
most  other  departments  of  literature,  it  is 
impossible  to  lay  down  any  definite  rules 
for  success.  The  writer's  enthusiasm  may 
vary  from  the  history  of  the  past  to  the 
developments  of  the  future,  from  a  chance 
of  getting  killed  to  a  chance  of  getting 
statistics  or  orchids.  Here,  as  elsewhere, 
we  are  reduced  to  acknowledge  with 
Voltaire  : — 

Tous  les  genres  sont  bons,  hors  le  genre  ennuyeux. 

The  only  unforgivable  thing  is  to  bore 
your  reader.  As  long  as  that  is  avoided 
it  is  possible  to  write  a  successful  book  of 
travel,  even  if  your  migration  has  never 
been  further  than  from  the  blue  bed  to 
the  brown,  or  (like  Alphonse  Karr's) 
round  the  garden.  We  must  not,  of 
course,  be  supposed  to  mean  that  it  is 
playing  the  game  fairly  to  write  about 
Tibet  without  having,  at  least,  made  an 
effort  to  get  there,  or  to  describe  the 
ascent  of  Chimborazo  without  ever  having 
left  the  base  camp.  We  only  mean  that 
the  man  who  can  see  with  his  own  eyes, 
and  has  the  gift  of  describing  what  he  has 
seen  and  felt  in  that  indefinable  but 
easily  recognized  fashion  which  differen- 
tiates literature  from  book-making,  is  the 
best  of  travel-writers  ;  it  really  does  not 
matter  very  much  where  he  goes.  The 
real  classics  in  this  branch  of  literature  are 
all  "  sentimental  journeys,"  in  which  the 
personality  of  the  author  is  more  impor- 
tant than  his  route.  Stevenson's  '  Travels 
with  a  Donkey  '  and  '  Inland  Voyage,' 
Mr.  Morley  Roberts's  '  Western  Avemus,' 
Clarence  King's  '  Mountaineering  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada,'  Whymper's  'Scram- 
bles among  the  Alps,'  and  Mr.  Hilaire 
Belloc's  '  Path  to  Rome  '  hold  a  place  in 
our  affections  which  is  more  enviable 
than  the  respect  we  pay  to  Cook  and 
Anson,  Stanley  and  Livingstone,  Peary 
and  Nansen.  But  it  must  be  acknow- 
ledged that  nothing  is  more  pitiful  than 
the  "  sentimental  journey  "  which  is  not 
of  the  first  class  :  in  this  respect  it  ranks 
with  poetry — it  is  either  very  good  or 
it  is  horrid.  We  seriously  believe  that  a 
hundred  men  could  write  a  new  '  Crossing 
of  Greenland  '  or  '  Through  the  Dark 
Continent  '  for  one  who  could  satisfy  us 
with  a  new  '  Inland  Voyage.'  These 
masterpieces  are  few  and  far  between. 
Let  us  be  thankful  that  the  publishing 
season  has  introduced  us  to  so  many  agree- 
able travelling  companions,  whose  books 
are  the  best  substitute  for  that  modern 
"  magic  carpet,"  a  ticket  round  the  world. 


ROUND    THE    MEDITERRANEAN. 

The  first  book  before  us,  '  JEgenn  Days,' 
by  Prof.  Manatt,  bears  an  attractive  title. 
Books  of  travel  in  Greece  make  up  a 
library  in  themselves,  but,  as  most  of  them 
are  written  by  cultivated  men  and  scholars, 
there  is  generally  merit  in  them.  Yet  it 
is  not  given  to  many  to  attain  even  a 
limited  immortality.  Curzon's  '  Monas- 
teries of  the  Levant '  is  a  book  still  valued 
and  read,  and  Dr.  Mahaffy's  '  Rambles  ' 
are  now  appearing,  though  forty  years  old, 
in  a  sixpenny  American  edition,  which 
the  author  probably  regards  with  the  same 
feelings  as  Verdi's  when  he  heard  his  "  Ah  ! 
che  la  morte,"  on  a  barrel-organ  in  the 
street.  But  very  possibly  it  is  not  the 
best  that  have  lasted.  Prof.  Manatt 
quotes  delightful  things  from  Tournefort's 
book  published  about  1700  ;  yet  how 
many  people  have  seen  it  ?  Clarke's  and 
DodwelPs  books  have  stores  of  infor- 
mation, though  now  over  a  century  old. 

The  fact  is  that  Greece  and  its  islands 
are  an  inexhaustible  mine  of  interest.  Per- 
haps the  islands  have  received  less  than 
their  due  share  of  attention,  even  since 
Theodore  Bent's  careful  book,  which 
Prof.  Manatt  never  mentions ;  and  the 
present  study  omits  at  least  two  islands  or 
groups  of  much  importance  —  Milo  and 
Thera,  the  latter  now  known  as  Therasia, 
which,  with  its  sister  Santorin,  lies  round 
the  crater  of  one  of  the  largest  volcanoes 
in  Europe.  But  to  compass  the  whole 
iEgean  would  require  at  least  three 
volumes  on  the  present  author's  scale. 
What  we  do  regret  keenly  is  that  the 
book  contains  no  map  of  the  zEgean  or 
of  the  separate  islands  described.  These 
would  have  been  far  more  instructive 
than  the  photographic  views,  which  are 
monotonous,  and  contain  hardly  anj^ 
distinctive  features.  And  why  not  repro- 
duce the  Lion  of  Soulis  (on  Keos),  which 
few  persons  have  seen,  and  which  is 
carved  out  of  the  live  rock,  like  Thor- 
waldsen's  famous   lion  at  Lucerne  ? 

We  think  the  author  more  successful 
when  he  is  treating  history  and  literature 
than  when  he  is  describing  nature.  Pro- 
bably he  may  not  agree  with  us,  but  we 
think  that  there  are  far  too  many  descrip- 
tions of  scenery,  which  few  readers  have 
the  imagination  to  grasp,  and  the  features 
of  the  islands  are,  after  all,  homogeneous 
in  their  varietjr.  Even  such  a  master  as 
Walter  Scott  can  be  tedious  in  his  descrip- 
tions of  the  Scotch  highlands.  When 
Prof.  Manatt  comes  to  a  chapter  on 
Chios  he  is  first-rate,  and  so  he  is  when 
he  is  describing  Dr.  Dorpfeld's  fascinating- 
theory  that  Homer's  Ithaca  is  really  the 
Leucas  (or  Leucadia)  of  histoiy.     When 

JEgean  Days.     By  J.  Irving  Manatt.     (John 

Murray,  12s.  net.) 
Days  in  Attica.     By  Mrs.  R.  C.  Bosanquet. 

(Methuen  &  Co.,  Is.  Qd.  net.) 
Roman  Memories  in  the  Landscape  seen  from 

Capri.     By     Thomas     Spencer     Jerome. 

(Mills  &  Boon,  Is.  M.  net.) 
Desert  and  Water  Gardens  of  the  Bed  Sea.     By 

Cyril   Crossland.      (Cambridge   University 

Press,  10*.  Qd.  net.) 


he  tells  us  of  his  delightful  expeditions 
with  that  famous  explorer,  one  cannot 
but  wonder  why  the  latter  has  been  silent 
since  he  left  Athens,  and  why  we  have  not 
heard  his  voice  from  his  retreat  in  Ger- 
many. We  can  hardly  credit  the  whisper 
that  he  is  silenced  by  the  disfavour  of 
certain  gods  of  Berlin,  to  whom  originality 
not  their  own  is  said  to  cause  annoyance. 
Tantcene  ccelestibus  irce  ! 

The  author  concludes  his  account  of 
Chios  with  a  strong  appeal  against  the 
permitting  of  Turkey  to  reoccupy  the 
islands — especially  this,  the  most  valuable 
of  them,  where  a  rich  and  peaceful  popu- 
lation were  massacred  with  shocking 
brutality  or  carried  into  slaverv  bv  the 
Turks  in  1822.  The  memory  of  those 
horrors  is  still  fresh  on  the  island.  But 
the  author,  writing  this  part  of  his  book 
in  1912,  does  not  anticipate  another 
danger,  which  is  now  far  more  serious — 
the  retaining  of  the  islands  near  the 
Asianic  coast  by  Italy,  who  occupied 
some  of  them,  notably  Rhodes,  during 
the  war  with  Turkey,  and  is  now 
beginning  to  speak  of  the  .Egean  as 
il  nostro  mare.  It  was  so  in  the  great  days 
of  Venice,  and  the  occupation  of  Chios  by 
Genoa  for  some  centuries  may  be  quoted 
in  favour  of  Italy,  though  Morosini's 
crime  in  bombarding  the  Parthenon  is 
one  which  the  civilized  world  can  never 
forgive . 

These  and  many  other  such  general 
considerations  are  suggested  by  our 
author's  fascinating  pages.  If  we  allow 
ourselves  a  criticism,  and  an  anticipation 
why  the  book  may  not  last  longer  than  its 
ephemeral  brethren,  it  is  this  :  it  seems 
to  have  been  composed  at  various  times 
—  piecemeal,  so  to  say.  and  put  to- 
gether without  careful  welding.  It  is  not 
the  work  of  one  jet,  like  the  others  Ave 
have  mentioned,  and  it  is  not  the  careful 
construction  of  a  student  co-oixlinating 
his  materials.  There  are  pages  that  are 
already  antiquated  in  the  writer's  view, 
for  they  are  followed  by  others  telling  us 
so,  and  giving  all  the  new  information 
that  supersedes  them.  This  is  the  case, 
e.g.,  with  the  account  of  the  poet  Bacchy- 
lides  and  with  that  of  Ithaca.  It  may 
no  doubt  be  interesting  to  know  the 
state  of  the  author's  mind,  and  of  his 
knowledge,  at  various  moments  ;  but  it 
prevents  his  book  from  being  a  work  of 
art,  and  it  is  only  works  of  art  in  this 
sense  that  endure.  This  is  the  reason 
that  the  author's  countryman  Mr.  Horton 
has  set  down  the  experiences  of  a  holi- 
day residence  in  Argolis  in  a  way  superior 
to  the  present  work.  The  book  on 
Argolis  Ave  appreciated  years  ago  in  these 
columns,  and  a  handsome  reprint  shoAved 
that  our  judgment  had  been  endorsed. 
Picturesqueness  is  not  wanting  in  the 
present  writer,  as  Avhen  he  speaks  of  an 
island  village  high  aboA^e  him  as  "  looking 
like  a  flock  of  seagulls  lit  on  a  beetling 
cliff,"  but  more  artistic  method  is  needed. 

In  his  details  the  Professor  is,  of  course, 
trustworthy.  He  gives,  hoAveA*er,  too 
much  credit  to  Aldus,  and  speaks  of  him 
as  if  he  were  the  first  or  main  printer  of 
Greek  books.     That  is  not  so.     Far  finer 


Supplement,  March  21,  1914] 


Til  E     A  Til  KX  M  r  M 


427 


Greek  books — e.g.,  the  Florentine  '  Homer1 
and  the  Milanese  '  [socrates  ' — were  printed 
before  Aldus  (J488  and  14'.»:5  respectively), 

ami  if  Aldus  did  anything  for  Creek 
printing,  he  ruined  it  by  taking  four- 
teenth-century MSS.  tor  his  models,  with 
their    ugly  contractions,    instead    of    the 

far  finer  MSS.  of  the  tenth  century  copied 
by  the  earlier  masters. 

When  our  Professor  gets  to  Lesbos 
he  is  full  and  charming  about  Sappho, 
and  gives  us  the  best  renderings  of  tier 
matchless  fragments,  all  except  the  newest, 
in  which  she  speaks  of  one  of  her  pupils 
going  to  Sardis  to  shine  as  the  moon  among 
the  lesser  lights,  and  turns  aside  for  a 
moment  to  an  exquisite  picture  of  dewy 
summer  night.  His  strong  advocacy  of 
Sappho's  morality  as  mistress  of  a  high 
school  of  the  American  fashion  cannot 
stand,  we  think,  against  such  evidence 
as  this.  No  respectable  Greek  parents 
of  the  sixth  century  B.C.  would  have  had 
their  daughters  so  educated,  and  there  was 
only  one  way  for  a  girl  to  shine  as  a  moon 
among  the  stars,  either  at  Lesbos  or  at 
Sardis. 

It  is  impossible  to  do  more  than  touch 
these  few  points  in  a  volume  full  of 
suggestion.,  which  often  excites  criticism. 

We  suppose  that  the  title  of  '  Days  in 
Attica.'     by    Mrs.    Bosancpaet.   was    fixed 
too    soon,  or   else    the    first   sixty   pages 
are  an   afterthought    (as  the  Irish  would 
say),    for    we    begin    with    an    excellent 
account  of  Crete  and  its  marvellous  anti- 
quities,   prefaced    by   a    short   allocution 
on  Greek  travel.     We  have  not  found  the 
details     quite     conformable    to    our    ex- 
perience.    The   author   says   the   railway 
stations    are    never    crowded  ;     we    have 
found   many,  especially  that   at  Athens, 
encumbered  with  idlers   and   loafers.     It 
can  hardly  be  different  now.  and,  indeed, 
the   whole   book   shows   traces  of   having 
been  composed  a  little  while  ago.     There 
is  no  allusion  to  the  tremendous    events 
of  the  last  two  years.     The    author  thinks 
that   fruit,    vegetables,  game.  &c,  which 
are  now  scarce  and  dear  at  Athens,  were 
once  plentiful.     If  so,  it  was  certainly  not 
within    the    last    fifty    years,    as    sundry 
travellers  have  told  us.     But  though  the 
author  has  supplied  a  goodly  list  of  books 
in    her   Bibliography  at    the    end   of    the 
volume,     there     are     some     perhaps    too 
obvious  works  which  she  ignores.     Among 
them  are  Clarke's  celebrate  d  '  Travels  '  and 
Prof.   MahahVs   '  Rambles  and  Studies.1 
The    latter    would    have     told     her     that 
the    meadow    of   asphodel   really    means 
a    desert     where    nothing    el        grows; 
that,    according    to    Dorpfeld's   measure- 
ments, tin-  theatre   al  Athens  would  nol 
hold,   even    with    gangways   filled,    more 
than  15,000  :    also  that   Plato  never 
that   30,000  citizens   heard   any   play  of 
Agathon   at    a    single    perforn  any 

more  than  60,000  Londoners  ever  heard 
a  play  of  Sha  ire    at    the  -tine  per- 

formance Yet  it  would  be  quite  natural 
t<>  Bay  — ■■  Shakespeare,  w hose  plays  oo.immi 
Londoners  are  familiar  with  "  ;  a  in  I  this  is 
all  that  Plato  said. 


As  we  have  said,  there  is  such  a 
Library  of  books  on  Greece  that  a  fierce 
light  beats  upon  any  new  treatment  of 
thi'  great  subject,  and  according  as  the 
critic  is  intimate  with  this  or  that  spot, 
he  can  easily  find  fault  with  small  imper- 
fections. Thus  the  only  objection  which 
other  travellers  have  found  to  the  pepper 
trees, which  ought  to  be  by  this  time  a 
great  ornament  of  Athens,  is  that  the 
owners  of  the  houses  hack  off  branches 
whenever  they  like,  and  so  mutilate  them 
shamefully.  The  want  of  firewood  is, 
of  course,  a  crying  evil  in  Greece,  and  the 
people  whom  the  author  describes  and 
pictures  as  tarrying  brushwood  into 
Athens  are  those  who  actually  dig  out 
shrubs  and  the  stumps  of  trees  by  the 
nmls  so  as  to  make  any  new  growth 
impossible.  This  habit  and  that  of  allow- 
ing Ylaeh  shepherds  to  feed  their  flocks 
on  the  young  shoots  that  do  escape  are 
rapidly  making  Greece  a  treeless  country. 
The  traveller  starting  from  Patras  by 
train  along  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  presently 
passes  through  a  tract  of  land  preserved 
by  or  for  the  Crown  from  such  devastations, 
and  there  he  can  see  the  variety  and 
splendour  of  the  woods  of  Greece  when 
unharmed  by  man.  The  woods  of  Tatoi, 
and  the  Royal  Garden  at  Athens,  of  which 
there  is  here  a  most  delightful  and 
perfectly  faithful  description  —  these  are 
artificial  improvements  upon  Nature, 
yet  not  more  beautiful.  The  author's 
pages  on  this  garden  suggest  to  us  that 
her  book  is  very  much  a  book  of  sentiment, 
and  that  is  perhaps  the  essence  of  a  good 
book  of  travel.  It  must  be  sentimental, 
or  it  will  serve  only  the  use  of  the  moment, 
not  the  pleasure  of  readers  who  are 
educated.  But  the  mixture  of  facts  and 
of  sentiment  in  the  right  proportions  is  a 
matter  of  great  delicacy,  and  hence  it  is 
that  most  authors  miss  perfection.  To 
our  taste  there  is  too  much  fanciful 
writing  hi  the  volume  before  us,  with  a 
consentient  looseness  of  epithets  that  seem 
to  a  sober  reader  a  defect  in  style.  Thus 
the  form  of  the  Parthenon  is  called  pyra- 
midal, and  the  Attic  mountains,  in  spite 
of  their  names,  are  made  feminine  for 
effect's  sake  ;  and  we  have  "  crystal  gulfs 
of  air  "  and  other  phrases  hard  to  realize. 

But  for  all  that  the  book  is  very  good 
reading;  it  contains  a  great  deal  of  sound 
information,  and  brings  out  all  manner  of 
stray  learning  when  one  least  expects  it. 
Thus  the  author  quotes,  from  a  recent  dis- 
cover}" in  the  Bodleian,  (piaint,  but  shrewd 
advices  about  the  finding  and  treating 
of  antique  marbles  supplied  to  the  Earl 
of  Arundel  "  by  a  certain  William  Petty." 
We  think  that  this  must  be  the  famous 
Sir  Win.  Petty  who  afterwards  pur- 
chase d        Lord       Arundel's        house        and 

garden  in  London,  probably  with  it- 
treasures.     There  can   hardly  have   been 

another  man  of  the  same  name.  ye1 
hi-     di  si  endanl    and     careful     biographer. 

I  rd  Fitzmaurice,  knows  nothing  of  this 
Bide  of  Petty's  agitata  <l  life.  The  fact 
thai  in  L661  he  gol  leave  of  absence  from 
his  college  and  went  abroad  (no  one 
knows  whither)  leaves  room  for  our  identi- 
fication.    With    his    other    myriad    ac- 


complishments this  astonishing  man  had 
guessed  where  the  besl  things  in  Greece 
should  he  looked  lor  —  Olympia,  Delphi, 
Delos,  Ephesus,  Pergamum  ! 

But  if  on  such  matters  the  author 
cannot  rival  Petty,  there  is  one  aspect  of 
the  hook  in  which  her  knowledge  is  not 
only  first  hand,  but  also  that  of  a  sym- 
pathetic observer :  we  mean  the  chapters 
on  the  home  life  of  the  Greeks,  and  especi- 
ally of  the  poor.  When  speaking  of  the 
habits  of  the  rich  at  Athens  she  does  not 
perhaps  emphasize  sufficiently  the  Southern 
fashion  of  making  the  midday  dejeuner 
the  state  meal,  and  not  the  late  dinner. 
She  might  also  have  said  a  word  about 
the  peculiarities  of  Greek  cooking.  We 
make  bold  to  add  to  her  information  that 
the  Greek  mayonnaise  of  fish  is  the  best  of 
the  kind  in  Europe,  probably  owing  to  the 
excellence  of  the  olive  oil  of  the  country. 
But  here  we  arc  transcending  our  modest 
duty.  When  she  conies  to  speak  of  the 
peculiarities  of  the  peasants  and  of  the 
servants  with  whom  she  had  to  deal,  any 
one  who  knows  the  Irish  poor  feels  how 
extraordinary  the  likeness  is  —  this,  too, 
others  have  noted.  We  find  the  same 
improvidence,  the  same  optimism,  the 
same  light  regard  for  truth,  the  same 
resourcefulness,  the  same  loyalty.  Here  is 
a  profound  sentence  that  fits  cither  race  : 
"  No  Greek  servant  ever  fails  to  rise  to  an 
emergency.  He  loves  emergencies.  It  is 
the  daily  round  that  gravels  him."  It  is 
an  interesting  problem  whether  nations 
that  have  a  contempt  for  truth  also  have 
a  dislike  of  it.  We  may  infer  from  our 
author  that  it  is  not  so,  and  on  such  a 
question  she  must  be  a  first-rate  authority. 
Nothing  can  exceed  the  clearness  and  the 
interest  of  these  concluding  chapters  of 
her  book. 

Mr.  Jerome's  '  Roman  Memories  in  the 
Landscape  seen  from  Capri'  is  an  instal- 
ment, as  he  tells  us,  of  a  larger  work  on 
the  Julian-Claudian  emperors,  which  he 
hopes  to  publish  this  year.  We  are  well 
pleased  at  the  prospect,  for  the  book 
before  us  is  very  good  reading,  and  exactly 
suited,  as  he  argues,  to  the  immense 
body  of  Anglo-Saxon  readers  who  are 
neither  learned  nor  conspicuously  ignorant. 
But  even  the  learned  have  much  to  learn 
from  the  author's  worldly  and  non-pedan- 
tic view  of  things. 

The  adventures  of  /Eneas,  and  the 
character  of  the  society  he  met  on  his 
travels,  as  compared  with  the  experi- 
ences of  Ulysses,  are  treated  with  great 
good  sense  and  humour.  .Mr.  Ji  mine 
is   particularly   severe    regarding   Virgil's 

.Kneas.  whom  he  regards  as  a  prig  and  a 
tool.  An  interesting  problem  to  discuss 
would  have  been  the  failure  of  Virgil, 
like  the  failure  of  Euripides,  to  draw  a  male 

hero.       In    the   sister  artfl    the    difficulty   is 

female  portraiture,  mid  every  one  knows 
how  much  easier  it  i-  to  pamt  a  atrong, 
uL  i-  man  than  a  beautiful  woman.  At 
the  same  time.  Mr.  Jerome  does  not  ade- 
quately appreciate  the  greatness  of  Virgil 
as  an  artist,  even  though  he  represents 
\iiuu-t  ii  as  listening  to  the  'Georgics'  for 
four  days  consecutively.     When  we  w<  re 


428 


THE    A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


[SfPPLEMENT,    MaKCII    21.     1014 


young,  we  believed  it  was  the  '  /Eneid  '  that 
the  poet  recited,  and  of  it  only  three 
books  (ii.,  iv.,  and  vi.),  in  which  he  showed 
both  his  perfect  judgment  and  his  con- 
sideration for  his  audience. 

The  leading  feature  of  Mr.  Jerome's 
studies  is  the  critical  estimation  of  the 
scandal  circulated  about  Roman  emperors, 
especially  Tiberius  and  Nero.  The  former 
case  has  long  occupied  the  learned.  There 
was  a  German  book  thirty  years  ago 
entitled  '  Tiberius  and  Tacitus  '  (we  have 
forgotten  the  author's  name)  in  which 
the  great  Emperor  was  rehabilitated,  but 
not  in  the  ingenious  way  devised  by  Mr. 
Jerome.  He  argues  with  much  good  sense 
that  the  rumours  spread  about  Tiberius 
during  his  sulky  retirement  from  public 
affairs  at  Rhodes  have  been  transferred 
to  a  period  thirty  years  later,  when  he 
retired  to  Capri.  At  the  former  period 
he  was  in  middle  life  ;  he  had  many 
enemies  in  the  imperial  household  who  were 
intriguing  against  him.  Had  it  not  been 
for  the  early  deaths  of  the  Emperor's 
grandsons,  he  would  have  been  wholly 
set  aside.  The  scandals  invented  and 
circulated  by  his  unscrupulous  enemies, 
especially  the  ladies,  were  intended  to 
disgust  Augustus  with  him,  and  get  rid 
of  him.  They  have  neither  point  nor 
probability  when  brought  against  an  old, 
well-tried,  competent  emperor,  except  to 
give  the  rhetorician  Tacitus  scope  for  his 
masterly  invective.  Suetonius,  a  stupid 
follower  in  the  same  track,  has,  by  his 
coarse  exaggerations,  set  men  thinking 
about  the  evidence,  and  so  he  has 
achieved  what  he  least  expected — the  re- 
habilitation of  his  victim  and  his  own 
discredit.  We  think  that  any  one  who 
weighs  the  case,  as  Mr.  Jerome  has 
done,  will  be  satisfied  that  Tacitus  did 
the  Emperor  a  shocking  injustice,  for 
which  he  deserves  severe  censure .  Whether 
our  author  is  equally  fair  to  Quintilian, 
whose  great  work  '  The  Institutes  of 
Oratory '  he  calls  a  treatise  '  On  Lying 
as  a  Fine  Art,  for  the  use  of  those 
fully  Conscious  of  their  own  Rectitude,' 
is  another  question.  We  do  not  feel 
sure  that  he  has  really  studied 
Quintilian' s  book.  But  that  Greek  and 
Latin  rhetoric  was  regarded  as  the 
art  of  persuasion  is  true.  The  means 
taken  to  persuade  the  hearer  or  reader 
may,  of  course,  be  either  fair  or  foul. 
In  any  case,  one  phrase  about  Tacitus, 
that  he  is  "  exuberant  in  detail,"  is  a 
charge  which  that  author,  we  think,  would 
have  repudiated  more  angrily  and  justly 
than  that  of  garbling  his  facts. 

We  are  not  wholly  at  home  with  Mr. 
Jerome's  vocabulary,  but  the  English 
language  is  changing  so  rapidly  that 
judgments  quickly  become  old-fashioned. 
Nevertheless,  we  will  remind  him  that  an 
apologia  is  not  an  apology  in  the  modern 
sense  ;  and  question  the  use  of  gynophoby, 
and  some  other  unnecessary  coinages. 
It  should  be  part  of  an  author's  art  to 
practise  it  within  the  limits  which  time 
and  use  have  consecrated.  Even  Phidias 
was  a  greater  artist  because  he  designed 
his  groups  for  a  pediment  of  a  form  pre- 


sented to  him,  than  if  he  had  scorned  all 
limitations. 

Among  the  sketches  in  this  history 
which  only  adopts  its  special  Campanian 
point  of  view  so  long  as  it  suits  the  author's 
fancy,  we  are  particularly  pleased  with  that 
of  Sylla,  and  indeeel  the  estimate  of  the 
character  of  the  early  Romans.  We  find 
also  interesting  cbtails  on  the  building  of 
the  great  Roman  roads  which  are  wanting 
in  our  ordinary  histories.  On  the  whole, 
the  style  and  treatment  of  the  subject  re- 
mind us  of  the  historico-journalistic  work 
of  Signor  Ferrero,  except  that  Mr.  Jerome 
has  a  constant  and  most  refreshing  fund 
of  humour  wholty  lacking  to  the  Italian 
master.  We  commend  the  book  before 
us  as  not  only  instructive,  but  also  very 
good  reading. 

The  author  of  '  Desert  and  Water  Gar- 
dens of  the  Red  Sea  '  dwelt  for  years  in 
one  of  the  rare  villages  upon  that 
desolate  and  sparsely  populated  coast 
which  appertains  to  the  Anglo -Egyptian 
Sudan.  It  is  a  place  of  exile  few  would 
covet ;  yet  Mr.  Crossland,  being  gifted 
with  a  healthy  optimism  and  the  turn 
for  scientific  and  artistic  observation 
which  preserves  a  man's  minel  from  sub- 
jective vapours,  finds  in  it  decieled  charms, 
which  he  has  succeeded  in  communicating 
to  his  readers.  If  the  coast  is  arid  and 
inhospitable,  still  it  has  its  moments  of 
transcendent  loveliness  ;  and  beside  it 
there  is  everywhere  the  sea,  which  is  as 
full  of  life  and  vegetation  as  the  land  is 
desolate  : — 

"  There  is  nothing  more  fascinating  than 
the  edge  of  a  reef  in  the  open  sea,  where 
numbers  of  forms  and  their  delightful  group- 
ings can  be  seen  in  succession,  one  below 
another,  till  they  become  hazy,  and  gradually 
lost  in  the  blue  depths,  sixty  to  ninety  feet 
below  us.  There  are  precipices  clothed  with 
a  thick  bush  of  spreading  coral,  some  seeking 
the  light  by  reaching  out  to  it  horizontally, 
others  by  growing  upwards  tree  fashion, 
what  appear  to  be  bare  rocks  turning  out  to 
be  massive  colonies,  as  much  alive  as  the 
more  plant-like  forms  ;  caves,  dark  in 
contrast  to  the  bright  corals  that  surround 
their  mouths,  and  the  white  shell-sand  with 
which  they  are  floored.  .  .  .Anemones  of  all 
sizes  and  colours  abound ;  and  flower-like 
animals,  the  most  beautiful  of  which  are  the 
sensitive  sea-worms,  add  colour  even  to  the 
corals.  The  gorgeous  fish  which  lazily  pass 
in  and  out,  as  though  flaunting  their  beauty, 
have  been  described  by  every  traveller. 
The  association  between  certain  smaller 
fish,  crabs  and  other  higher  animals  with 
corals  is  remarkable.  One  sees,  for  instance, 
a  branched  coral  with  a  shoal  of  tiny  green 
fish  hovering  near,  or  in  another  case  the  fish 
are  banded  vertically  black  and  white. 
Drop  a  pebble  among  them,  and  they 
instantly  disappear  among  the  branches, 
and  if  the  coral  is  taken  out  of  the  water  the 
fish  still  cling  to  their  refuge,  and  most  of 
them  are  captured  with  it.  These  are  but 
two  examples  of  a  whole  world  of  life  found 
only  among  corals." 

Mr.  Crossland's  work  falls  naturally 
into  two  divisions,  the  first  being  con- 
cerned with  the  land  and  its  inhabitants, 
the  second  with  the  sea  and  all  its  varied 
life,  especially  the  different  corals  and 
their  part  in  forming  reefs  and  coral  sand, 
barriers,  lagoons,  boat-channels  near  the 


shore,  and  all  the  other  accidents  of  that 
strange  coast.  As  the  result  of  first-hand 
observation  through  a  period  of  years  by 
one  excellently  equipped  for  such  research, 
this  second  part  deserves  the  notice  of 
the  expert  ;  while  the  author's  evident 
enthusiasm  for  his  subject,  combined  with 
his  lucidity  in  explanation,  is  certain  to 
attract  the  general  reader. 

Mr.  Crossland's  all  too  brief  account  of 
the  folk-lore  of  the  land  he  knows  so  well 
would  have  been  improved  by  some 
acquaintance  with  Mohammedan  tradition. 
The  reluctance  here  observed  to  killing 
cats,  for  instance,  which  he  regards  as 
"  a  relic  of  the  ancient  Egyptians'  rever- 
ence for  these  animals,"  is  found  through- 
out the  Muslim  world,  anel  has  its  reason 
in  tradition  {v.  '  Folk-Lore  of  the  Holy 
Land,'  by  J.  E.  Hanauer,  Sect.  III.  p.  265). 
Also,  the  author's  Arabic  is  not  strong. 
He  writes  "  La  Allah  ill'  Allah  "  (an 
obvious  truism)  for  the  "  La  ilah  ill' 
Allah"  of  the  Muslim  creed;  and  his 
translation  of  "  Hu  hayy  kayyam  "  ("*  He 
is  the  Life,  the  Almighty")  strikes  us  as 
too  free.  When  he  names  the  saint  whose 
little  shrine  was  once  the  only  building 
on  the  coast  where  now  stands  Port 
Soudan,  Shekh  Barud,  he  gives  every  one 
who  speaks  a  word  of  Arabic  to  under- 
stand L'  Saint  (or  Old  Man)  Gunpowder  "  ; 
but  he  himself  translates  the  two  words 
later  as  "  Saint  Flea,"  Avhen  we  realize 
that  what  he  should  have  written  and 
heard  was  Shekh  Burghut. 

But  these  are  trifling  criticisms.  We 
have  no  serious  fault  to  find  with  work  at 
once  modest  and  valuable.  The  book  is 
illustrated  with  good  photographs,  and 
provided  with  the  necessary  maps  and 
diagrams  and  a  sufficient  Index. 


INDIA   AND    AUSTRALASIA. 

'  Thirty  Years  in  Kashmir  '  is  com- 
mended by  the  name  of  its  author,  Dr. 
Arthur  Neve.  Many  books  about  the 
district  and  the  countries  under  the  sway 
of  its  Maharaja  have  been  supplied  by 
him  and  his  indefatigable  brother,  Dr. 
Ernest  Neve.  The  former  arrived  at 
Srinagar  in  1882,  the  latter  in  1886,  as 
medical  missionaries,  and  both  have  since, 
by  their  work,  gained  alike  the  con- 
fidence of  the  people  and  the  goodwill 
of     the     ruler.  Successive     Residents, 

representative    of     the     Government     of 

Thirty  Years  in  Kashmir.  By  Dr.  Arthur 
Neve.      (Arnold,  12s.  6d.  net.) 

Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither,  being  a  Collection 
of  Medieval  Notices  of  China.  Translated 
and  edited  by  Col.  Sir  Henry  Yule.— 
Vol.  II.  Odoric  of  Pordenone.  New  Edi- 
tion by  Henri  Cordier.    (Hakluyt  Society.) 

Reminiscences  of  India  and  North  Queens- 
land. 1857-1912.  By  Robert  Gray.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.,  7s.  6rf.  net.) 

The  Ways  of  the  South  Sea  Savage.  By 
Robert  W.  Williamson.  (Seeley,  Service 
&  Co.,  16s.  net.) 

Through  the  South  Seas  with  Jack  London. 
By  Martin  Johnson.  ( 'Werner  Laurie, 
10s.  6f/.  net.) 


SllTl.KMKM,     M.VKC11    21,     l!»U] 


Til  E     ATM  EN  MV  M 


420 


India,  have  borne  testimony  to  the  ex- 
cellence of  their  labours,  chiefly  from  the 

medical  point  of  view  ;  whilst  the  Royal 
■■graphical  Society  has  awarded  the 
■  Back  Bequest  "  to  Dr.  Arthur  in  recog- 
nition of  important  contributions  to  a 
knowledge  of  the  physical  geography  and 
glaciology  of  the  Himalaya.  He  now  in 
the  volume  before  as  describes  the  Punjab 
in  1881,  his  journey  to  Kashmir,  his 
missionary  companions,  and  the  chief 
events  of  his  thirty  years'  experience.  He 
remarks  with  much  truth  that  during  that 
time 

"  many  things  have  changed,  but  not  always 
for  the  better;  with  the  coming  of  the 
locomotive  and  the  introduction  of  Western 
manufactures  and  education,  some  of  the 
stateliness,  the  grace,  and  the  patriarchal 
relation  of  the  rulers  towards  the  people 
have  faded.'' 

Of  the  Kashmiris  the  Doctor  says  with 
justice  that  they  have  not  the  picturesque 
aspect  or  nature  of  the  Afghans,  nor  do 
they  command  the  respect  which  is  ac- 
corded to  Sikhs  or  Punjabis.  Yet  he 
does  not  despair  of  a  bright  future  for 
the  race,  since  it  has  many  attractive 
qualities.  The  people  are  credited  with 
intelligence,  quick  wit.  and  artistic  sense  ; 
and,  though  proverbially  timid,  they  are 
capable  of  courage  and  determination. 
For  example,  in  extinguishing  a  fire  the 
men  worked  like  demons,  defied  danger, 
and  walked  on  the  burning  timbers  with 
bare  feet. 

In  the  course  of  the  journeys  many  well- 
known  travellers  were  met.  such  as  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Bullock  Workman.  Dr.  T.  Longstaff, 
the  Duke  d'Abruzzi,  and  Dr.  de  Filippi, 
whose  great  work  describing  the  Duke's 
expedition  to  Karakoram  and  Western 
Himalaya  was  reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum, 
December  7th,  1012.  This  naturally  adds 
interest  to  a  volume  the  author  of  which 
is  a  born  mountaineer,  considering  no 
achievement  quite  equal  to  that  of 
reaching  the  top  of  some  stiff  and,  if 
ible,  unclirnbed  hill. 

The  book  is,  perhaps  of  necessity,  a 
little  disjointed  ;  even  the  author's  jour- 
neys do  not  seem  to  follow  the  sequence 
of  date;  and  ancient  stories,  such  as  the 
Sikh  invasion  of  Ladak,  are  introduced. 
-More  care  in  proof-correcting  should  have 
been  taken,  and  it  is  disconcerting,  to  say 
the  least,  to  meet  references  in  the  text — 
•■  photo,"  •'  see  illustration."  "  as  shown 
in  the  picture" — when  there  arc  no 
photographs,  illustrations,  or  pictures 
adjacent.  The  illustrations  vary  con- 
siderably in  merit.  There  is  an  Index, 
but  the  sketch-map  is  inadequate  even  to 
a  reader  familiar  with  the  geography  of 
the  country. 

The  original  edition  (l>s(jb)  of  'Cathay 

and  the  \\  ,,  Thither,'  by  Sir  Henry  Yule, 
having  long  been  OUl  of  print,  and  being 
practically  unobtainable,  the  Hakluyl 
Society  has  entrusted  M.  Henri  Cordier, 
the  distinguished  savant,  with  the  p 
paiation  of  a  new  edition.  Following  the 
in  he  adopt.  .I  in  the  third  edition  of 

Bfarco   Polo,    M.  Cordier   has  bo    largely 

supplemented    Yule's   copious   notes  that 


four  volumes  instead  of  two  arc  required. 
Of  these  Vol.  11.,  describing  the  travels 
of    Friar   Odoric    of    Pordenone,    is   now 

issued,  and  will  be  followed  by  Vols.  111. 
and  IV..  Vol.  1.  coming  last ;  conse- 
quently detailed  review  will  be  deferred 
till  the  book  is  complete,  and  for  the 
present  a  shorter  notice  will  suffice. 

Vol.  11.,  as  now  arranged,  contains 
biographical  and  historical  notices  of 
Odoric  with  a  list  of  MSS.  of  his  narrative 
so  far  as  they  are  known.  The  travels 
of  the  Friar  follow,  extending  from  Tre- 
bizond  to  the  city  of  Soldania,  the  sea 
of  sand,  by  Ormuz,  to  Tana  in  India. 
Then  he  tells  of  the  martyrdom  of  the 
four  friars,  after  their  wonderful  preserva- 
tion from  fire,  and  the  signs  and  wonders 
which  followed  ;  how  he  took  up  their 
bones  humbly  and  devoutly,  and  the 
marvels  that  were  worked  by  their  means. 
Thence  he  proceeded  to  Malabar,  Coro- 
mandel,  Java,  and  to  the  land  called 
Thalamasin,  where  he  saw  trees  that  yield 
flour,  arrows  used  in  blowpipes,  and 
stones  found  in  canes  which  make  people 
invulnerable.     Of  these  he  says  : — 

"And  when  their  boys  are  still  young 
they  take  them  and  make  a  little  cut  in  the 
arm  and  insert  one  of  these  stones,  to  be  a 
safeguard  against  any  wound  by  steel.  .  .  . 
And  thus  through  the  great  virtue  of  those 
stones  the  men  who  wear  them  become 
potent  in  battle  and  great  corsairs  at  sea."' 

Next  we  read  of  Ceylon  and  its  great 
mountain  on  which  Adam  mourned ; 
its  precious  stones,  and  the  birds  with 
two  heads.  From  Ce}don  the  Friar  tra- 
velled by  sea  to  China,  where  he  found 
many  cities,  crowds  of  people,  and  abund- 
ance of  all  things.  At  Kansan  (Shensi  ?) 
he  mentions  great  store  of  rhubarb,  bene- 
ficial alike  to  men  and  beasts.  Thence 
he  visited  Tibet,  a  great  country  where 
dwelleth  the  Pope  of  the  idolaters  ;  finally 
returning  from  foreign  parts  to  Udine,  a 
city  of  Friuli,  whence  "  he  passed  tri- 
umphantly from  this  world  to  the  glories 
of  the  blessed." 

The  volume  is  closed  by  the  Latin  text 
of  Odoric  from  a  MS.  in  the  Bibliotheque 
Xationale,  and  an  old  Italian  text  in  the 
Biblioteca  Palatina  at  Florence.  It  is 
well  turned  out,  the  type  both  of  text  and 
notes  being  good  ;  the  illustrations  appear 
to  be  the  same  as  in  the  original  edition, 
but  the  acknowledgment  that  they  are 
by  Yule  has  been  omitted  on  p.  xii. 
That  should  be  supplied  when  Vol.  I. 
appears.  Yule's  map  of  Asia  revised  by 
M.  Cordier  is  to  be  found  in  a  pocket. 

'Geoffrey  Hamlyn'in  real  life — that  is 
how  one  might  describe  Mr.  Gray's  '  Kcmi- 
niscences  of  India  and  North  Queensland.9 

Those    who    know     Kingsley's    Australian 

classic  will  realize  that  this  is  high  praise. 
Mr.    Gray    was   a   pioneer   in   Queens- 
land,     Where       he      decided       t0     Settle      on 

retiring  from  the  Army  in  1863,  much  as 
Major    Buckley   went    to   Australia    alter 

Waterloo.  .Mr.  (day  has  no  literary  pre- 
tensions and  his  hook  is  very  much  what 
we  should  expect    "Busaco"   Buckley  to 

have  written,  full  of  the  humble  details  of 


the  settler's  daily  round.  'These  are 
only  trivial  incidents,"  he  modestly  says, 
"  and  I  only  give  them  as  instancing  the 
sort  of  life  we  used  to  lead  on  stations  in 
those  days."  Modern  discoveries — espe- 
cially the  advent  of  the  telephone  and  the 
motor-car — have  so  entirely  changed  the 
conditions  of  station  life  in  Australia  that 
Mr.  Gray's  simple1  and  veracious  record 
has  an  historical  value  which  makes  it 
worthy  of  a  permanent  place  on  the 
Australian  bookshelf. 

He  arrived  in  Queensland  four  years 
after  that  Colony  had  attained  a 
separate  existence — up  to  1851)  it  formed 
the  northern  portion  of  New  South 
Wales  —  and  he  seems  only  just  to 
have  retired  from  the  active  life  of  a 
station  owner.  In  his  early  days  the 
owner  of  a  station  had  to  be  prepared  to 
turn  his  hand  to  anything,  and  work 
harder  than  any  of  his  men.  In  1870, 
for  instance,  when  Mr.  Gray  wanted  to 
sell  some  bullocks  to  workers  in  the  new 
goldfields  at  Bavenswood,  he  had  to  drive 
them  down  himself. 

"  In  those  days  drovin<j;  was  done  with  a 
few  hands.  Two  men  would  frequently 
take  a  mob  of  bullocks  several  hundred 
miles,  watching  them  turn  about  at  night,  a 
pack-horse  carrying  their  rations  and  blan- 
kets, and  a  spare  horse  or  two  travelling  with 
the  cattle.  In  this  way  the  cattle  became 
accustomed  to  the  men  and  horses.  At  night, 
when  the  last  beast  had  given  the  long  pufT  of 
breath  which  denoted  that  he  had  lain  down,  I 
used  sometimes  to  dismount  from  my  horse, 
and  putting  the  reins  over  the  saddle  so  that 
if  the  horse  shook  himself  there  would  be  but 
little  noise,  I  was  soon  asleep  holding  the 
reins,  almost  in  reach  of  the  nearest  bullock's 
tail,  knowing  from  experience  that  if  any  of 
them  made  a  move  1  should  be  awake  at 
once.  In  later  years,  however,  a  drover 
would  require  a  staff  of  men, including  a  cook, 
a  cart  to  carry  tents,  blankets  and  rations 
....  and  also  would  probably  ask  for  a  black 
fellow  to  drive  his  spare  horses." 

Another  vignette  shows  the  settler  try- 
ing to  save  the  lives  of  five  thousand  sheep 
in  a  drought.  The  river  was  dried  up,  and 
the  sheep  were  in  no  condition  to  travel 
forty  miles  to  the  nearest  permanent 
water-hole.  So  Mr.  Cray,  as  a  last  resort, 
began  to  prospect  in  the  river-bed. 

"  We  brought  down  to  this  place  a  few- 
sheets  of  galvanized  iron  to  form  the  sides  of 
a  well,  and  after  clearing  away  the  d&bria  of 
leaves  and  sticks,  wo  soon  found  water,  and, 
as  the  sand  was  deep,  it  was  evident  we  had 
struck  at  last  a  good  supply.     Fortunately  I 

had  in  store  a  roll  of  canvas,  almost  twenty 
yards  in  length,  and  whilst  the  well  was  in 
progress,    I    procured   saplings   and    nailed 

them  on  to  posts  along  the  -and.  and  put  the 

canvas  between  the  rails  to  form  a  trough, 
placing  saplings  also  above,  where  the 
sheep's  heads  would  come,  to  prevent  them 
from  getting  into  the  trough.     Then  placing 

a  forked  pole  upright  at  the  well  with  a  long 
Sapling  slung  to  the  fork,  to  one  (iid  of  which 

b  rope  and  bucket  were  attached,  we  had  the 
satisfaction  of  giving  the  sheen  ■<■  good  drink 
early  in  the  afternoon,  and   eeing  I  hem  draw 

out  to  feed  afterwards.    Then,  with  the  object 

mi    |,ro\  iding   a    ■  o  at<  i-   length   of   troughs, 

(  haihe  Basse!  and  I  felled  a  couple  of  hollow 

which  we  found  at  a  distance    of  over 

half  a  mile.       I  I.l     el   was  the   (.art    owner  of 

btle  which  were  running  with  mine, 


430 


'V 


LMIK     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  March  21,  1014 


and  he  happened  to  turn  up  at  this  par- 
ticular time.  When  the  trees  were  on  the 
ground,  with  a  crosscut  saw  we  cut  them  half 
through  at  intervals  of  about  two  feet,  and 
then  with  axes  chopped  off  the  upper  side. 
They  were  nearly  full  of  earth  brought  in  by 
ants,  and  required  considerable  trimming 
and  cleaning  out." 

Like  Robinson  Crusoe  with  his  canoe, 
they  then  found  a  great  difficulty  in  trans- 
port. Only  one  horse  was  available  to 
pull. 

"  As  the  trough  came  forward  one  of  us 
continued  inserting  a  roller  ;  and  though 
the  progress  was  slow,  and  the  halts  were 
many,  the  grand  old  horse  responded  to  each 
call  as  if  he  knew  that  the  lives  of  the  sheep 
were  dependent  upon  him.  After  one  of  our 
frequent  rests,  my  friend,  having  smoked  a 
pipe,  seemed  to  take  a  more  hopeful  view  of 
the  situation.  '  Nelson  never  was  beaten,' 
he  said  as  he  got  up,  '  we  will  get  the  trough 
in  yet.'  So  we  pegged  away,  gaining  a  few 
feet  at  a  time,  and  before  dark  we  had  those 
two  troughs  alongside  the  completed  well." 

We  would  gladly  quote  some  other  of 
Mr.  Gray's  "  trivial  incidents  "  :  the  bush 
fire,  the  bushrangers,  the  fight  with  the 
blacks — all  our  old  friends  from  '  Geoffrey 
Hamlyn  '  are  here.  But  we  cannot  do 
better  than  commend  his  modest  record 
to  readers,  as  a  typical  picture  of  the 
strenuous  backwood  lives  on  which  the 
modern  prosperity  of  the  Empire  is  based. 

'  The  Ways  of  the  South  Sea  Savage  ' 
is  the  story  of  a  visit  to  one  of  the 
backwaters  of  the  world  before  the  torren- 
tial flood  of  human  progress  has  over- 
whelmed it  in  its  seething  vortex.  The 
path  of  those  who  "  travel  among  the 
living  representatives  of  primitive  races 
of  prehistoric  times  "  is  not  along  a  bed  of 
roses.  Mr.  Williamson  certainly  possesses 
the  pluck,  the  pertinacity,  and  the  deter- 
mination necessary  for  such  an  under- 
taking. Despite  his  "  age,  slender  phy- 
sique, and  lack  of  experience  "  ;  despite 
ill-health,  and  the  fact  that  for  a  consider- 
able period  he  could  scarely  hobble,  he 
ventured  —  often  a  solitary  white  man — 
among  tribes  who  were  "officially"  can- 
nibal till  recently,  and  about  whose  pro- 
pensity for  human  food  there  remains  no 
reasonable  doubt. 

The  present  volume  will  appeal  espe- 
cially to  those  interested  in  anthro- 
pology. Of  "  adventure,"  in  the  sense  of 
thrilling  episode,  there  is  but  little. 
Minute  and  careful  descriptions  of  the 
habits  of  the  people,  their  daily  life,  their 
appearance,  their  feasts,  their  marriage 
laws  and  ceremonies,  their  social  organiza- 
tion and  beliefs,  are  rather  what  the  author 
has  successfully  attempted. 

Starting  from  Sydney,  Mr.  Williamson 
spent  some  weeks  in  the  Solomon  Islands, 
principally  among  the  quondam  (?)  head- 
hunters  of  the  Rubiana  district  of  New 
Georgia.  Thence  he  proceeded  to  British 
New  Guinea,  and,  passing  through  the  terri- 
tories of  the  Mekeo  people  in  lowlands  by 
the  coast,  and  through  the  Kuni  villages  in 
the  hills,  he  eventually  reached  "  the 
ultimate  objective  of  his  expedition,"  the 
country  where  dwell  the  cannibal  Mafulu 
tribes  of  the  mountains.     About  the  last 


folk  so  little  was  previously  known  that 
'  the  Avhole  ethnological  map  had  to 
be  filled  in."  In  such  circumstances  we 
can  readily  appreciate  the  difficulties  and 
misgivings  as  to  possible  misunderstand- 
ings that  must  have  oppressed  the  in- 
vestigator when  attempting  to  catechize 
"a  simple  untutored  savage  ....  whose 
language,  for  one  thing,  is  quite  insuffi- 
cient in  its  paucity  of  vocabulary  to 
express  shades  of  meaning."  But  apart 
from  being  "  tormented  by  positive  fear 
in  talking  of  things  supernatural,"  he  is, 
as  the  author  points  out,  not  the  only 
person  who  would  find  it  hard  to  say 
precisely  what  he  meant,  for  instance,  by 
his  "  soul.'' 

From  the  Western  point  of  view,  some 
of  these  "  simple  savages  "  have  singularly 
unattractive  ideas  ;  it  horrifies  us  to  think 
of  a  mother  killing  her  offspring  in  order 
to  suckle  a  pig,  which,  in  certain  parts, 
is  considered  of  greater  value  than  an 
infant.  The  "  nut,"  however,  exists. 
Here  is  a  picture  of  the  Mekeo  variety  : — 

"  His  body  shines  with  the  oily  red  paint 
with  which  he  has  smeared  it.  .  .  .His  black 
frizzy  hair  has  evidently  received  prolonged 
attention.  ,.  .His  perineal  band  (his  only 
wearing  apparel)  of  bark  cloth  is  immaculate 
in  neatness  ;  a  fine  necklace  of  beads  round 
his  neck,  cut  shell  ornaments ....  on  his  arms, 
and  bands  on  his  legs,  below  the  knees, 
render  him  a  figure  of  beauty,  which  hardly 
requires  the  hibiscus  flower  in  his  hair  to 
complete  it.  Pie  is  evidently  paying  court  to 
some  girl.  .  .  .therefore.  .  .  .he  must  not  bathe, 
and  must  refrain  from  all  food,  except  a 
little  roast  vegetable  taken  with  ginger  in 
the  evening ....  His  tight  belt  proclaims  the 
empty  stomach  which  his  abstinence  in- 
volves." 

While  belief  in  the  power — always 
malevolent — of  ghosts  is  an  obsession  of 
their  minds,  dancing  and  gargantuan 
feasting  are  the  principal  recreations  of 
the  New  Guinea  peoples.  Intoxicating 
liquor  apparently  has  not  yet  been 
introduced. 

With  this  pleasing  information  we  must 
regretfully  leave  the  book,  and  its  excellent 
and  curious  photographs,  to  speak  for 
themselves. 

Jack  London  has  already  published  an 
account  of  the  much-advertised  cruise 
of  the  Snark  among  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  ;  but  there  was  plenty  of  room 
for  '  Through  the  South  Seas  with  Jack 
London,'  a  breezy  and  high-spirited  book 
on  the  same  subject  which  has  been  written 
by  one  of  his  adoring  satellites.  Mr. 
Johnson  tells  us  that  he  was  only  twenty 
when  he  had  the  good  luck  to  be  selected 
as  one  of  the  Snark's  crew  ;  he  had  already, 
however,  contrived  to  make  a  trip  from 
Chicago  to  London  and  Brussels  on  the 
sum  of  five  and  a  half  dollars,  returning 
with  twenty-five  cents  to  spare.  So 
when  his  application  to  join  the  cruise 
was  answered  by  a  telegram  saying, 
"Can  you  cook?"  he  had  no  hesitation 
in  replying,  "  Sure.  Try  me  "  ;  after 
which  he  rushed  off  to  a  friend's  restaurant 
and  proceeded  to  take  a  hasty  lesson  in 
tho   culinary   art.     Within   ten   days   he 


worked  his  way  right  through  a  cookery 
book,  though  we  gather  from  incidental 
remarks  that  his  practical  success  as  a 
cook  was  never  very  great.  But  as  an 
enthusiastic  admirer  he  is  perfect. 
When  he  first  made  the  acquaintance  of 
his  employer  he  found  Jack  London  exactly 
the  hero  whom  he  had  idealized  from  his 
books  : — 

"  Jack  is  just  like  a  big  schoolboy,  good- 
natured,  frank,  generous,  and  .Mrs.  London 
is  just  a  grown-up  schoolgirl.  They  are 
good  comrades,  always  helping  each  other 
in  their  work." 

Mr.  Johnson  and  the  novelist  seem  to 
have  made  friends  at  once — a  bond  being 
the  fact  that  they  had  "  snooped  around  " 
much  the  same  places  in  the  East  End 
of  London. 

A  most  amusing  account  is  given  of  the 
building  of  the  yacht,  the  Snark — only 
it  turned  out  to  be  a  Boojum.  Planned 
to  cost  seven  thousand  dollars,  it  cost 
thirty  thousand  :  the  English  boat-builder's 
mouth  will  water  as  he  reads  of  the  ten 
men  employed  at  a  pound  a  day  each  on 
the  work.  Even  so,  an  outlay  of  over 
6,000Z.  on  a  45-foot  ketch  seems  rather  high. 
Of  course,  there  was  a  seventy  horse- 
power auxiliary  engine,  and  the  only  iron 
used  in  construction  was  the  best  gal- 
vanized iron.  The  worst  thing  was  that 
when  this  magnificent  boat  was  finally 
got  to  sea  she  leaked  like  a  sieve  ;  and 
as  it  had  not  occurred  to  any  one  to  have 
a  trial  trip,  the  consequences  were  very 
near  eclipsing  the  gaiety  of  nations. 
None  of  the  crew  seems  to  have  known 
much  about  sailing,  and  the  first  experi- 
ments were  as  unsuccessful  as  those  of 
the  immortal  Capt.  Wicks  on  board  the 
Flying  Scud  : — 

"  Jack  put  the  wheel  hard  down,  and  the 
Snark  never  responded,  but  remained  in  the 
trough.  The  ship  alternately  buried  her 
rails  in  the  stiff  sea.  The  mainsail  was 
flattened  down,  but  without  avail.  Then 
Bert  tried  slacking  it  off,  but  that  had  no 
effect  whatever.  Hoping  to  bring  her  bow 
up  to  the  wind,  they  took  in  all  canvas  but 
the  storm  trysail  on  the  mizzen,  but  still  the 
Snark  rolled  in  the  trough.  Jack  declared 
he  had  never  heard  of  such  a  thing 
before.  '  And  we  must  even  lose  faith  in 
the  Snark's  wonderful  bow,'  he  said  regret- 
fully.     '  It  won't  heave-to.'  " 

Unfortunately,  .there  was  no  Bellman  on 
board,  and  the  ship  was  provisioned 
chiefly  with  pepper  and  decaying  cabbages. 
If  Mr.  Johnson  is  accurate  in  his  details, 
we  can  only  wonder  that  the  Snark  ever 
saw  land  again.  But  it  is  just  possible 
that  he  exaggerates  a  trifle.  Anyway, 
his  book  is  very  entertaining,  and  he 
rattles  along  pleasantly  when  he  gets 
to  the  islands,  where  he  visited  the 
Marquesas — Herman  Melville's  Typee — 
Tahiti,  Hawaii,  Samoa,  and  Fiji,  besides 
the  Dangerous  Archipelago  and  some  of 
the  less-known  islands.  The  whole  thing 
was  a  stupendous  lark,  and  is  told  as  such, 
and  the  reader  who  takes  it  on  these  lines 
will  enjoy  Mr.  Johnson's  book  throughout. 


Si  iri.r.Mi.M,   M  \m  n  '21,   19U] 


Til  E    ATHENAEUM 


431 


AFRICA. 

In  L907-8  Duke  Adolf  Friedrich  of 
Mecklenburg  conducted  an  expedition  to 
Central  Africa  through  the  country  be- 
tween Lake  Victoria  and  Lake  Kiwu, 
and  its  scientific  results  showed  the  gaps 
existing  in  botanical  and  zoological  know- 
ledge concerning  Central  Africa,  and  led 
to  the  larger  expedition  with  which  the 
two  handsome  volumes  entitled  From 
the  Congo  to  the  Niger  and  the  Nile'  are 
concerned. 

The  Duke's  party  was  well  equipped, 
and  he  obtained  the  services  of  scien- 
tific men  who  had  already  travelled  in 
Africa,  had  prosecuted  research  in  such 
matters  as  sleeping-sickness,  and  were 
competent  entomologists.  He  was  par- 
ticularly fortunate  in  having  with  him 
an  artist  so  clever  as  Kerr  lleims.  the 
reproduction  of  whose  water  -  colour 
sketches  shows  what  great  attention  he 
devoted  to  interesting  details.  Some  of 
Kerr  Heims's  pictures  must,  however, 
have  been  done  from  the  sketches  or 
photographs  of  others.  They  do  not 
represent  things  that  the  artist  himself 
saw.  In  addition  to  the  coloured  plates 
there  are  some  hundreds  of  the  best 
African  photographs  that  have  ever  been 
reproduced,  and  also  crayon  drawings  by 
Dr.  Schultze  which  well  depict  types  of 
natives  met  when  he  was  away  from  the 
main  body  of  German  explorers. 

The  Duke's  expedition  was  assisted  by 
the  German  Emperor,  the  German  Colonial 
Society,  and  others  ;  and  it  left  Hamburg 
in  July,  1910.  A  start  was  made  from 
Lagos,  and.  after  visits  to  the  Cameroons, 
to  the  Portuguese  island  of  St.  Thomas, 
to  Spanish  Guinea,  and  to  Libreville  in 
the  French  district,  it  went  to  Boma  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Congo.  There  the  party 
split  up,  and  one  section  set  out  on  a 
geographical,  botanical,  and  zoological 
expedition  through  the  unexplored  part 
of  the  South  Cameroons.  The  main 
body  proceeded  up  the  Congo  and  Ubangi 
rivers,  and  spent  some  time  in  un- 
explored  country  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Libenge.  From  there  the  Duke's  own 
party  visit*  d  the  basins  of  the  Gribingi 
and  Shari  livers,  pushed  on  to  Lake  Tchad, 
and  made  a  stay  of  some  months  in 
B  jirmi.  A  journey  from  the  Shari  to 
the  Nile,  included  in  the  original  pro- 
ame,  was  abandoned  by  the  Duke 
and  Borne  othere  owing  to  political  dis- 
turbances  which  wen-  at  their  height  at 
the    moment    when    the    Germans    wished 

m  tht   Congo  to  the  Niger  and  tfu    Nile  : 
1    ol   i/t<    German    Central    African 
Expedition  of  L910   191  I.     By  Adolf  Fried- 
rich,     Duke     of     Mecklenburg.     2     \<>\>. 
(Duckworth  cV  Co.,  I/.  12«.  pet.) 
Through  Jubaland  to  the  Lorian  Swamp.     B 
I.  X.  Dracopoli.      (Seeley,  Service  &  Co. 
16a.  uet.) 

Among  the  PrimititM  Bakongo.     Bj  John  li. 
\\ '.  eks.      Sa    e  publishers,  16».  net.  i 

Tht    Conquest    of   tht    Desert.     By    William 
donald.     (Werner  Laurie,  7*.  M.  n< 

Old  Transport  Road.     By  Stanlej  Portal 
Hyatt.     (M<h, 


to  pass  through  the  disturbed  regions. 
Two  members  of  the  expedition,  however, 
decided  to  go  on,  and,  by  skirting  the 
disaffected  area,  they  reached  the  Nile 
without  more  trouble  than  was  to  be 
expect  ;(1. 

One  would  gather  from  the  title-page 
that  these  volumes  were  by  the  Duke  of 
.Mecklenburg.  The  statement  is  a  little 
misleading,  as  His  Highness  contributes 
only  the  Preface  and  three  chapters 
on  the  Lake  Tchad  district  to  the  first 
volume  :  while  the  remainder  of  the  first 
volume  and  the  whole  of  the  second  are  br- 
others, who,  however,  from  time  to  time 
give  quotations  from  the  Duke's  diary. 

The  main  zoological  work  of  the  ex- 
pedition was  the  investigation  of  the  fauna 
in  the  northern  portion  of  the  great 
Equatorial  primaeval  forest,  and  of  the 
animal  world  inhabiting  the  adjoining 
plains  of  the  Sudan.  But  the  party 
concerned  itself  also  with  the  collection 
of  ethnographical  details  of  many  of 
the  less-known  tribes  encountered.  The 
scientific  information  is  here  scattered 
throughout  two  big  volumes,  but  it  will  no 
doubt  be  classified  for  use  in  Germany. 

Great  trouble  was  taken  to  secure  new 
flowers,  and  some  of  the  botanical  speci- 
mens were  obtained  by  means  of  field- 
glasses  and  a  rifle— that  being  the  only 
way  to  "  gather  "  them  from  the  tops  of 
trees  when,  with  the  aid  of  the  glass, 
they  were  discovered.  From  one  district 
alone  the  travellers  dispatched  thirty 
large  cases  of  ethnological,  zoological, 
and  botanical  specimens. 

On  the  road  to  Lake  Tchad  and 
among  the  Saras  something  was  seen  of 
the  Jundu  ceremonies,  regarded  by  the 
natives  as  necessary  to  avert  sickness  and 
ensure  good  harvests.  The  young  men 
who  are  to  take  part  in  these  ceremonies 
have  to  live  away  from  their  villages  for 
months,  restricting  themselves  to  a  certain 
diet,  and  avoiding  the  opposite  sex.  They 
allow  their  hair  to  grow  long  ;  paint  their 
bodies  red,  except  the  face,  which  is 
white-washed  ;  and  practise  special  songs 
and  dances.  Women  are  never  allowed 
to  assist  at  the  festivities. 

Of  the  Belgian  Congo,  the  German 
author  responsible  for  this  part  of  the 
book  says  that  every  one  sings  the  praise 
of  the  new  King  of  the  Belgians,  but  the 
writer  significantly  adds  that  it  will  be 
time  enough  to  discuss  the  promised 
Congo  reforms  when  they  have  become 
an  accomplished  fact — "  and  this  is  still 
a  long  way  off." 

The  party  saw  a  good  deal  of  Bagirmi, 
and  from  what  we  read  it  would  appear 

that  medicines  are  as  popular  there  as.  to 

judge  From  the  advertisement  columns  of 
some  newspapers,  they  are  in  England. 
The  Germans  were  shown  a  love  philtre, 
composed  of  fruits  and  roots  ;  also  a 
remedy  for  dog-bites,   which  could  at   the 

ami  time  give  immunity  from  robbery. 
The  root  of  a  tree  us  guaranteed  to  afford 
protection  from  robbers  and  murderers; 

while 

"the  1 1  ■!  t  i  \ '    men   buy   a   powder  which   i 
i    to   render   faithless   women    virtuous; 
it  Lb  extracted  from  the  heart   muscles  of 


certain  animals,  and  is  secretly  introduced 
into  the  lady's  food.'' 

In  the  same  district  perfumes  are 
popular,  but  some  may  be  used  only  by 
Certain      persons.     The     doctors     in      this 

respect  have  a  special  privilege,  and  their 
approach  can  be  scented  from  a  distance 
There  is  also  a  drug  which  gives  protection 
from  medical  rivals,  and  is  a  safeguard 
against  the  murderous  attacks  of  jealous 
colleagues  ;  while  the  skull  of  a  hyena-dog 
is  a  potent  remedy  for  insanity. 

The  description  of  a  visit  to  the  Mang- 
bettu  tribe  is  by  no  means  the  least 
valuable  part  of  this  work.  Their  chiei 
is  allowed  by  the  Congo  State  to  retain 
great  powers  ;  and  the  people,  in  spite  of 
cannibal  tendencies,  are  highly  cultivated, 
as  may  be  seen  from  sketches  of  their 
sickles,  bottles,  pottery,  wooden  shoes, 
lances,  and  arrow-heads. 

At  Bata  in  Spanish  Guinea  note  is 
made  of  the  fact  that  the  Spaniards 
use  the  place  mainly  as  a  source  for 
obtaining  labourers  for  their  Fernando  Po 
plantations  (which  some  members  of  the 
German  expedition  afterwards  visited), 
and  the  methods  employed  by  the 
Spaniards  are  described  as  those  of  "a 
modern  slave-trade."  The  Sub-Governor 
is  said  to  receive  no  salary,  but  to  be  paid 
so  much  per  head  for  every  "  workman  " 
he  supplies.  In  the  interior  of  Bagirmi 
the  slave-trade  still  flourishes,  and  the 
Duke  writes  that,  although  there  are  no 
longer  organized  slave-hunts  for  adults, 
children  are  kidnapped  and  find  a  ready 
sale. 

We  dislike  the  general  labour  or 
'"nigger"  views  held  by  most  of  the 
members  of  this  German  expedition.  J ti 
one  place  the  French  Government  are 
blamed  for  the  misconduct  of  natives. 
We  are  told  that 

"  physical  punishment  is  no  longer  allowed, 
although  all  experienced  French  officials 
admit  that  this  is  the  only  effective  means  of 
educating  the  negroes.  .  .  .There  is  hardly 
any  institution  so  universal,  and  conse- 
quently so  desirable,  among  negroes  as 
physical  punishment." 

On  the  subject  of  bearers  there  were 
constant  troubles  ;  and  the  Duke  himself 
states  that  on  one  occasion  he  "  ordered 
the  chief"  to  find  men,  "threatening 
otherwise  to  attack  the  village. " 

At  another  time  four  or  five  native 
servants  were  bidden  to  push  a  hyena 
into  a  cage,  and  it 

"bit  them  so  savagely  that   tiny  had  I"  lef 

go I  then  beat   the  men   violently  with 

my    hippopotamus   hide   whip,   and    forced 

(hem  lo  lake  hold." 

These   are    the    words  of    Hot    Beims,    the 

artist  of  the  expedition. 

In  Semio's  country  it   was  again  diffi- 
<  ii It    to  obtain   bearers  ;     but   Capt.    \on 
Wi.sc    und    Kaiserswaldau    "seized    hold 
nl    six    natives  "   and   "  fastened    my   Bix 
prisoners  [sic]  with  one  rope.       Alter  tin 
he  made  up  his  mind  to  "  leave  this  inl 
pitable  country   as  rapidly   a-    possible  ' 
and   Inn  i >    on   t<>  the    English  disl  rid  ol 
Bahr  i  I  <  fhazal.     <  ta  a  later  occasion  the 
same   writer  actually   boasts  of  the  fad 

that   when  a   native  guide,   whom   he   had 


432 


THE    ATHKN^UM 


[Supplement,  Maim  h  £1,  1914 


"forced  into  "  his  service,  led  him  astray, 
he  "  punished  him  brutally." 

Crumbling  about  the  difficulties  of  ox- 
transport  is  common  to  most  African 
travellers  ;  but  the  Duke  of  Mecklenburg 
complains  that  French  "humanity"  for- 
bids the  employment  of  native  carriers 
in  all  districts  where  they  can  be  replaced. 
He  exercises  his  sarcasm  at  the  expense 
of  the  French,  and  suggests  that  "  perhaps 
a  happy  day  will  yet  dawn  in  Europe  when 
all  manual  labour  will  be  forbidden  for 
humanitarian  reasons  !  " 

Dr.  Schubotz,  who  is  responsible  for 
part  of  the  second  volume,  shares  the  views 
of  his  fellow-travellers  on  the  subject  of 
natives.  He  expresses  his  anger  that 
blacks  should  refuse  to  act  as  carriers,  but 
confesses  that  "  one  could  hardly  blame 
them,  seeing  that  the  money  they  earn 
is  of  very  little  use  to  them."  A  little 
later  he  complains  that  there  were  not 
enough  native  soldiers  to  secure  carriers 
for  him ;  and  of  the  Sara  native  he  says 
that  he  will  only  carry  a  tin-box  "  if  he 
knows  that  his  refusal  will  result  in 
his  hut  being  burned." 

We  have  dealt  at  length  with  these 
remarks  about  native  labour.  We  do 
not  like  the  revelation  of  the  way 
in  which  the  German  expedition  went  to 
work,  and  we  are  not  surprised  that  it 
had  troubles.  We  remember  the  different 
way  in  which  Mr.  E.  D.  Morel  treated  his 
native  carriers  in  Nigeria,  and  when  we 
read  what  he  said  of  their  devotion  to  him, 
and  note  that  at  the  end  of  a  long  journey 
he  was  able  to  write  "  I  have  not  had  a 
desertion,"  we  confess  that  we  think 
travellers  who  treat  their  men  "  brutally," 
and  then  have  difficulties,  get  pretty 
much  what  they  deserve. 

The  two  volumes  are  handsomely  got 
up  ;  and  we  have  noted  only  one  or  two 
trifling  misprints.  In  one  part  two  spell- 
ings for  one  people  (Mangbettu  and 
Mangbatu)  are  given  several  times  over  ; 
and  elsewhere  we  think  that  the  Duke's 
valet  is,  by  a  slip,  turned  into  a  doctor. 

In  some  districts  the  Maria-Theresa 
thaler  was  a  favourite  coin  ;  but  when 
prices  are  stated  in  that  money,  the  infor- 
■  mation  is  rather  wasted  on  English  people. 
Some  of  the  illustrations  are  marked  with 
a  mysterious  cross — no  doubt  explained 
in  the  German  text,  but  here  left  as  a 
puzzle  ;  and  we  are  told  that  a  certain 
picture  adorns  the  cover  of  vol.  ii.,  but 
in  our  copy  there  is  no  trace  of  any  illus- 
tration. 

Mr.  Dracopoli  has  successfully  accom- 
plished a  very  difficult  journey  through 
country  mostly  unvisited  by  Europeans, 
and  he  has  described  it  with  a  straight- 
forward, graphic,  and  unpretending 
pen  in  '  Through  Jubaland  to  the  Lorian 
Swamp.'  Without  laborious  attempts  at 
word  -  painting,  he  contrives  to  bring 
before  us  the  charm  of  the  barra  in 
spots  like  Jana  Nyeri  and  Rama  Gudi 
as  vividly  as  the  thorns,  mud,  sand, 
mosquitoes,  and  various  afflictions  of  other 
places.  Starting  from  Kismayu,  he  pursued 
a  somewhat  circuitous  course  west  and 
then  north  to  Jeldez,  and  then  north- west 


to  the  Lorian  Swamp,  then  following  the 
Uaso  Nyiro  up  to  Meru,  and  reaching 
Nairobi  by  way  of  Kenya.  The  journey 
was  only  accomplished  by  taking  a  large 
supply  of  water  (ten  iron  tanks,  carried  by 
five  camels),  as  there  were  large  stretches 
of  country  without  permanent  wells,  and 
many  of  the  rainpools  were  found  to  be 
dry. 

Mr.  Dracopoli's  chief  preoccupation 
was  game — rather  from  the  naturalist's 
than  the  sportsman's  point  of  view — and 
he  was  fortunate  in  obtaining  specimens 
of  several  rare  antelopes,  especially  the 
Arrola,  or  "  Hunter's  Hartebeest."  But 
he  also  took  a  number  of  interesting 
photographs,  and  mapped  some  hitherto 
uncharted  country,  and  has  finally  settled 
the  problem  of  the  Uaso  Nyiro,  which, 
he  has  ascertained,  issues  from  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Lorian  Swamp,  though  it  is 
a  permanent  watercourse  for  only  a  few 
miles.  After  this  it  is  known  as  the 
Lak  Dera,  and  is  dry,  except  during  the 
rains  ;  it  seems  to  lose  itself  in  the  sand 
near  Afmadu,  and  never  reaches  the  sea. 

The  people  encountered  were  mostly 
Somali  and  Galla  —  for  the  Bworan, 
though  they  do  not  seem  to  be  aware  of  the 
fact,  are  Galla,  and  recognized  as  such 
by  the  Kofira  and  Barareta  Galla  further 
south.  The  "  Tufi  Boran,"  however, 
who  are  found  north  and  north-east  of  the 
Lorian  as  far  as  Wajheir  and  Eilwak,  can 
hardly,  as  he  himself  points  out,  be  genuine 
Galla.  Their  use  of  bows  and  poisoned 
arrows  would  by  itself  be  a  presumption 
to  the  contrary  ;  and  while  the  Wasanye 
and  Ariangulo,  though  speaking  Galla, 
never  call  themselves  by  that  name,  it 
seems  that  the  "  helot  races  "  in  the 
northern  territories  do  not  keep  up  the 
distinction.  We  find  Vannutelli  and 
Citerni  (' L'Omo,'  1899)  describing  the 
Bworana  as  divided  into  five  "  castes  "  : 
the  Bworana  proper  (or  the  "aristocracy), 
the  Gabra,  Sakuye,  Wata,  and  Tuntu. 
The  Wata  are  evidently  the  Wasanye 
(who  call  themselves,  and  are  called  by 
the  Galla,  Wat),  and  the  Tuntu  (Tumtu) 
are  the  smiths,  who  form  a  separate  caste 
among  the  Galla  as  they  do  among  the 
Somali,  under  the  name  Tomal.  These 
last,  by  the  by,  are  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Dracopoli,  but  we  think  he  has  not  quite 
grasped  the  real  state  of  things  when  he 
says  that  they  are  outcasts  who  are  com- 
pelled to  become  ironworkers,  whereas 
it  is  because  they  are  ironworkers  that  they 
are  outcasts.  Paulitschke  thinks  that,  ori- 
ginally, the  dangerous  nature  of  the  smiths' 
trade,  when  carried  on  close  to  a  number 
of  grass  huts,  led  to  their  banishment 
from  the  villages,  and  that,  when  the 
reason  for  their  seclusion  was  forgotten,  it 
was  supposed  to  involve  something  mys- 
terious and  unholy.  But  one  wonders  if 
this  adequately  explains  the  uncanny  asso- 
ciations of  this  craft  all  the  world  over. 
It  is  not  clear  whether  the  Tomal  and 
the  Tumtu  are  really  of  a  different  race 
from  their  neighbours. 

Mr.  Dracopoli  says  that  the  Galla  are 
"  locally  known  in  Jubaland  as  the 
Werdey  " — a  somewhat  perplexing  desig- 
nation.    Capt.    Stigand   says   that    "  the 


Galla  on  and  near  the  Tana ....  call 
themselves  '  Warde  '  "  ;  but,  so  far  as 
our  knowledge  of  them  goes,  they  never 
call  themselves  anything  but  "  Orma," 
nor  can  we  recall  any  word  at  all  similar 
to  the  above  except  the  personal  name 
Worede,  which  is  fairly  common.  But 
the  authors  of  '  L'Omo,'  already  quoted, 
state  that  the  Bworana  speak  of  some 
former  inhabitants  called  Warda,  who 
excavated  the  remarkable  wells  referred 
to  by  Mr.  Dracopoli  as  attributed  to  the 
mysterious  Maanthinle. 

When  we  say  that  we  have  read  this 
book  almost  at  a  sitting  with  the  greatest 
pleasure,  we  may  perhaps  be  pardoned 
a  few  criticisms  of  detail.  We  believe 
the  author  is  mistaken  in  thinking  porce- 
lain was  ever  manufactured  at  Lamu : 
"  Lamu  china  "  was  imported  from  Persia 
and  China  during  the  Middle  Ages,  and 
subsequently.  Makuti  are  not  "  palm 
fibre  interwoven  with  reeds  and  branches," 
though  their  true  nature  is  not  apparent 
at  the  first  glance.  "  Borassa  "  should 
be  baraza  ;  the  shiraa  (the  peculiar  veil 
of  the  Lamu  women)  is  not  quite  correctly 
described — it  has  two  sticks  only  ;  the 
initials  of  "  Bwana  Reddie,"  the  Pro- 
vincial Commissioner,  are  C.  S.,not  A.  T.; 
and  "  Wiesman  "  is  not  the  proper  desig- 
nation of  the  boat  which  plies  between 
Mombasa  and  Lamu.  "Nahaban"  occurs 
twice  over  for  Nabahan ;  but  for  this 
slip,  we  happen  to  know,  the  author  is 
not  responsible. 

It  is  certainty  refreshing  to  meet  with 
a  traveller  whose  porters,  servants,  and 
guides  were  not  without  exception  a 
collection  of  reprobates  and  imbeciles,  and 
we  gather  that  he  must  have  the  enviable 
faculty  of  attracting  to  himself  the  right 
sort  of  people.  He  not  only  passed 
in  peace  through  a  country  the  inhabi- 
tants of  which  are  reputed  anything  but 
£i;£€i<oi,  but  also  nearly  always  succeeded  in 
making  friends  with  them.  The  chapter 
on  camels  and  the  hints  on  outfit  are  both 
interesting  and  useful. 

We  end  with  an  instructive  quotation 
on  a  different  subject  from  any  hitherto 
touched  on  : — 

"  It  is  not  for  me  to  criticize  the  resources 
of  East  Africa,  or  to  speak  of  its  commercial 
prosperity  ;  I  leave  that  to  those  far  better 
fitted  than  myself.  But  at  the  same  time 
I  confess  that  I  have  been  much  amused  by 
the  glowing  and  often  exaggerated  accounts 
of  the  Protectorate  that  I  have  read  in  books 
and  magazines,  and  have  often  wondered  at 
the  perverted  ingenuity  with  which  those 
who  had  an  axe  to  grind  enlarged  upon  its 
manifold  advantages  and  glossed  over  its 
somewhat  obvious  drawbacks." 

Mi1.  Weeks,  in  the  course  of  some  thirty 
years  spent  on  the  Congo,  has  garnered  a 
vast  amount  of  anthropological  material, 
some  of  which,  dealing  with  the  "  Bangala  " 
tribes  of  the  upper  river,  is  contained  in 
his  previous  volume,  '  Among  Congo 
Cannibals.'  His  present  work,  entitled 
'  Among  the  Primitive  Bakongo,'  describes 
the  customs  and  institutions  of  the 
Bakongo,  sometimes  called  "  Fiote,"  the 
inhabitants  of  the  old  "  Kingdom  of 
Congo,"     whose     paramount     chief,     or 


Supplement,  March  21,  1914] 


THE     ATTTKN.EUM 


433 


••  Ntotela,"  lives  at  Sao  Salvador.  The 
actual  extenl  of  this  kingdom  in  the 
time  of  the  late  ruler,  Dom  Pedro  (or 
EUelo),  is  Btated  to  he  only  that  of  "  a 
small  English  oounty,"  hut.  nominally,  it 
was  a  territory  larger  than  Wales. 

The  culture  of  these  people  presents 
many  interesting  features.  On  the  one 
hand,  we  have  customs  and  institutions 
so  far  resembling  those  of  other  Bantu 
tribes  that  they  apparently  owe  nothing 
to  European  influence,  and.  on  the  other, 
distinct  traces  left  by  three  hundred 
years'  contact  with  the  Portuguese. 
Among  such  indications  we  may  note 
that  '"  the  cross  (Ekuluzu  —  Cruz)  is  often 
used  as  a  charm,  and  the  sign  of  the  cross, 
made  by  the  naked  finger,  or  with  a  piece 
of  chalk,  is  frequently  employed  in  the 
ceremonies  of  some  cults  of  fetish  men." 
Chaps,  iv.  and  v.  contain  a  graphic  and 
racy  account  of  the  Dom  Pedro  aforesaid 
(he'  died  in  1891),  of  whom  Mr.  Weeks 
says.  •"  Personally  I  have  none  but  pleasant 
memories  of  him." 

"  In  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries 
[it  appears]  there  was  a  strong  native 
government  that  had  its  centre  at  Sao 
Salvador,  and  its  circumference  touched 
Kabinda  in  the  north,  Angola  in  the  south, 
the  Sea  in  the  west,  and  in  the  east  it  reached 
nearly  to  Stanley  Pool,  and  away  towards 
the  Kasai." 

This  state,  which  broke  up  during  the 
eighteenth  century,  included  the  kingdom 
of  Luango,  of  which  Mr.  Dennett  gives  an 
account  in  "  At  the  Back  of  the  Black 
Man's  Mind.'  The  hierarchy  of  chiefs 
(their  titles  s-em  to  differ  from  those  used 
in  Luango)  is  given  in  the  fourth  chapter, 
and  the  sixth  contains  some  interesting 
notes  on  government  and  laws.  One 
point  worth  regard  is  that,  when  a  serious 
crime  is  committed,  the  law  against  that 
crime  is  not  only,  in  our  sense,  "  broken," 
but  has  been  rendered  inoperative;  '"it  is 
dead,  and  anarchy  reigns  until  the  law  is 
mend  id,  is  brought  back  to  life — i.e.,  until 
the  culprit  who  destroyed  the  law  has  paid 
the  fine."  Hence-  the  utmost  dispatch 
is  used  in  dealing  with  criminal  cases. 
New  laws  are  rehearsed  at  the  cross-roads, 
where,  too,  the  chief  who  performs  this 
ceremony  invokes  a  curse  on  any  who  may 
break  the  law.  Cross-roads  are  of  great 
importance  in  Bantu  custom,  and  the 
above  seems  to  come  under  the  same 
heading  as  other  practices  recordedfrom 
East  ami  Central  Africa  ;  but  when  we 
find  that  the  Bakongo  bury  suicides  at  the 
cross-roads,  and  that  persons  Bupposed 
to  have  been  killed  by  the  Xzaji  fetish 
('//.,  by  lightning)  ere  not  only  so  buried, 
hat  also  have  two  stakes  driven  through 
their  bodies,  one  suspects  some  innltral  ion 
of  European  ideas.  Chaps,  xv.  and  xvi. 
I  with  th<-  Nclembo  and  Nkimba  guilds 
(which.  t'i«-  author  tells  as,  have  nothing 
t'i  do  with  either  circumcision  or  puberty 
rites.  ;ls  i-  sometimes  supposed);  and 
chap,  xx.,  '  Black  and  Whit<  Magic,' 
merits  careful  study,  especially  in  \i>u 
of  the  chapter  on  Religious  Beliefs'  in 
Mr.  Weeks's  former  book. 

We  have  touched  on  only  a  few  of  the 
points  discussed   in  this  book,  which  we 


heartily  recommend  to  all  students  of 
African  ethnography.  It  is  illustrated 
with  some  excellent  photographs.  Those 
facing  pp.  52,  112.  160,  and  222  deserve 
special  mention. 

In  his  interesting  volume  entitled  '  The 
Conquest  of  the   Desert,'   Dr.  Macdonald 

sums  up  the  results  of  his  observations 
during  a  recent  trip  through  the  "  Great 
Thirst  Land."  The  Kalahari  Desert, 
which  has  long  been  known  under  that 
unattractive  description,  was  termed  by 
Moffat  the  missionary  "  the  southern 
Sahara,"  and  it  has  man}'  features  in 
common  with  the  great  desert  of  North 
Africa.  The  numerous  beds  of  dried-up 
rivers  which  intersect  it  show  that  at  one 
time  this  district  enjoyed  a  much  larger 
rainfall  than  is  the  case  to-day  ;  but  it  is 
suffering  from  progressive  desiccation,  and 
its  120,000  square  miles  supported  only  a 
few  tribes  of  wandering  bushmen  till  quite 
recently.  The  average  annual  rainfall 
does  not  exceed  ten  inches.  Yet  Dr. 
Macdonald  dedicates  his  book  to  "  the 
million  settlers  of  to-morrow  on  the  dry 
and  desert  lands  of  South  Africa,"  of 
which  the  Kalahari  includes  the  most 
important  tract.  He  gives  us  good  reason 
to  believe  with  him  that  this  is  no  merely 
visionary  projection  into  the  future.  We 
all  know,  of  course,  that  irrigation  can 
make  the  desert  blossom  like  the  rose  ; 
the  immemorial  experience  of  Egypt,  and 
the  recent  development  of  countries  like  the 
Central  Argentine,  bear  adequate  witness 
to  that.  But  it  would  be  impossible  to 
irrigate  the  whole  of  a  vast  desert  like  the 
Kalahari,  even  if  it  is  true  that  there  is 
an  abundant  supply  of  underground  water 
to  be  found  by  deep  boring.  It  is  to  a 
modem  branch  of  agricultural  science 
known  as  '"dry  farming"  that  Dr.  Mac- 
donald— who  has  made  a  special  study  of 
this  subject,  and  written  on  it  a  valuable 
book,  now  in  a  second  edition — looks  for 
the  reclamation  of  the  Kalahari. 

In  England — for  meteorological  reasons 
— we  are  not  practically  interested  in  the 
question  of  getting  crops  off  land  where  the 
annual  rainfall  is  only  a  few  inches.  But 
in  the  United  States,  where  there  are  vast 
regions  in  Utah  and  the  neighbouring 
states  with  a  rainfall  of  fifteen  inches  or 
less,  dry  farming  has  been  practised  for 
many  years.  Within  the  last  decade  it 
has  been  studied  with  the  scientific 
thoroughness  which  characterizes  the  U.S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  an  inter- 
national congress  on  the  subject  is  now 
held  annually  in  some  part  of  the  West; 
last  year's  by  the  way.  was  at  Lethbridge, 
in  the  Canadian  province  of  Alberta,  and 
was  attended  by  delegates  from  fifteen 
nai  ions. 

Dry  farming  does  not,  of  course,  mean 
farming  without  water;  it  may  he  <l 
fined  as  the  conservation  of  soil-moisture 
during  long  periods  of  dry  weather  by 
means  of  special  tillage,  together  with  the 
growth  of  plants  particularly  fitted  to  resist 
droughts.  Dr.  Macdonald  ]>  lints  out  tli.it 
the  essential  principles  of  dry  farming 
were  enunciate  d  by  Jethro  Tull,  tin-  cla 
writer  of  English  agriculture,  nearly  two 


cent  mics  ago.  As  now  extended  in  (he 
experiments  made  at  the  Government  Dry 
Land  Station  at  Lichtenburg,  these  prin- 
ciples are  eight  in  number  :  (1)  deep 
ploughing;  (2)  pure  seed;  ()5)  thin  seed- 
ing ;  (4)  drilling  ;  (f>)  frequent  harrowing  ; 
(6)  weedless  lands ;  (7)  few  varieties ; 
(8)  moisture  -  saving  fallows.  The  last 
principle  is  the  most  important  of  all, 
since  by  its  means  the  whole  of  the  scanty 
rainfall  in  an  arid  district  is  stored  up  in 
the  soil  for  the  use  of  subsequent  crops. 
Dr.  Macdonald  gives  an  account  and  a 
photograph  of  a  splendid  crop  of  durum 
wheat  on  which  not  a  drop  of  rain  tell 
from  seedtime  to  harvest. 

This  is  not  the  right  place  in  which  to 
discuss  dry  farming  further,  but  we  strongly 
commend  Dr.  Macdonald's  instructive  and 
enthusiastic  pages  to  all  who  wish  to  under- 
stand a  system  which  will  add  incalculably 
to  the  food  resources  of  the  world  and  the 
economic  possibilities  of  our  Empire. 

The  Romance  of  the  Road  calls  perennially 
to  the  heart  of  man,  and  of  all  roads  there 
is  probably  none  comparable  to  that  which 
runs  from  the  Cape  to  Egypt,  and  which 
Mi'.  Hyatt  considers  in  '  The  Old  Transport 
Road.'  Here  a  sandy  track,  there  super- 
seded by  the  railway,  next  a  respectable 
accepted  highway,  here  a  mere  native  track 
or  hunter's  path,  or  vanished  altogether  in 
a  chain  of  w-aterways  that  becomes  a  river, 
it  is  still  the  same  road  that  began,  as 
Mr.  Hyatt  well  reminds  us,  "  when  the  first 
Dutchman  left  the  shelter  of  the  forts 
at  Capetown,  and  made  his  way  to  the 
back  of  Table  Mountain."  To  follow  it 
in  the  mind  as  it  creeps  slowly,  stage  by 
stage,  up  the  Hex  River  and  over  the 
Karoo,  across  the  great  plateau,  over  the 
drear  desert  of  Bechuanaland,  and — 
rushing  now — into  and  over  the  vast 
rolling  blue  spaces  of  Rhodesia  and  on 
into  the  darkness,  and  out  again  by 
the  lakes  even  to  the  Nile  —  here  is  a 
noble  exercise  for  the  imagination. 

Mr.  Hyatt  was  surely  fortunate  in  his 
theme.  "  Erom  the  very  first  day  I  set 
foot  on  it,  the  Road  appealed  to  me  as 
nothing  had  ever  done  before,  as  nothing 
has  ever  done  since  "  ;  and  a  boy  of  twenty, 
with  a  two  years'  agreement  as  electrical 
engineer  to  a  Matabeleland  mining  com- 
pany, he  had  but  one  thought — to  get 
through  his  time  and  "  go  on  the  Road." 
It  was  .somewhere  in  late  '99,  we  take 
it,  that  his  brother  and  he.  aspiring 
transport-riders,  bought  their  first  team 
of  sixteen  oxen  and  a  donkey  wagon, 
and.  engaging  "an  alleged  driver"  and 
"  a.  piccanini  as  voorlouper  i.e.,  a  small 
black   boy  who  runs  at   the  head  of  the 

team    on    the    march    and    take-    them    to 

water    in    camp  -jolted    out    of   ( }eelong 
towards  Bulawayo. 

"Although  i lie  v. .  i  eason  had  begun, 
i  here  had  been  no  rain  for  "\  er  a  \\  eel.,  and 
id.  weal  lief  w  as  perfei  t.  Vfter  supper,  I 
on  .in  u| a  urned  bucket  an. I  smoked 
until  Ion  after  e\  erj  on<  else  had  gone  to 
ileep.      \    hundred    feel     up,  t     the 

iit<     b(  lulden .   almo  Br    .il></\  e    me 

a  leopard  wa  ling  j   once  or  twice,  from 

i  he  open  count  rj  outside  i  he  k<  pies,  a  lion 
i. H  ..|    in     abominable    voice,    driving    the 


434 


THE     A  T  TT  E  N  M  IT  M 


[Supplement,  March  21,  1014 


game  down  to  his  silent  partner;  whilst, 
in  the  vlei,  a  hyaena  was,  as  usual,  cursing 
the  whole  of  living  creation.  And  still  it 
was  peaceful  amongst  those  hills,  and  I 
turned  in  at  last  beside  the  wagon,  feeling 
that,  after  all,  it  was  a  very  good  world, 
that  it  was  a  splendid  thing  to  be  only 
twenty-two  and  your  own  master." 

This  was  a  good  beginning  of  Mr. 
Hyatt's  three  years'  experience  of  trans- 
port-riding, and  is  an  auspicious  opening 
to  his  book.  Alas  !  in  neither  case  was, 
or  is,  the  promise  sustained.  He  writes 
from  memory,  and  ten  years  after  saying 
farewell  to  the  Road  ;  and,  as  he  tells 
us,  "  the  worst  of  writing  reminiscences 
is  that  one  is  apt  to  get  away  from  the 
main  subject."  Mr.  Hyatt  wanders  and 
is  difficult  to  follow,  and  the  expert 
Rhodesian  who  has  known  the  country 
before  Mr.  Hyatt's  day  and  since  is 
apt  to  find  himself  lost  on  the  veld  of  a 
Matabeleland  and  a  Mashonaland  which 
he  somehow  fails  to  recognize.  To  be 
sure,  Mr.  Hyatt  knew  Rhodesia  at  its 
worst — from  the  first  December  of  the 
South  African  War  to  some  point  in  1902 
after  Rhodes's  death.  He  revisited  the 
country  in  1904,  when  its  fortunes  touched 
their  lowest  pitch,  but  on  Rhodesia  of  to- 
day his  views  strike  us  as  misleading. 

After  leaving  Geelong  with  donkey 
wagon  and  oxen  our  author  and  his 
brother  made  for  the  railhead,  as  it  was 
still  for  transport-riders,  at  Bulawayo  : — 

"  Those  were  the  great  days  of  transport, 
the  good  days ....  Scores  of  wagons  left  the 
town  every  day,  loaded  with  stores  of  every 
conceivable  kind,  from  boilers  weighing- 
eight  thousand  pounds  to  parcels  of 
millinery. ' ' 

The  outlook  of  the  Hyatt  brethren  was 
at  first  gloomy  enough.  Their  plan  was 
plucky — "in  the  following  February"  to 

"  trek  up  to  Fort  Victoria  in  Mashonaland, 
find  a  road  down  from  there  to  the  district 
in  which  we  had  bought  our  cattle,  and  start 
regularly  as  cattle-traders  and  transport- 
riders,  breaking  in  the  pick  of  the  oxen  for 
our  own  use,  and  selling  the  poor  ones  to  the 
butchers." 

But  their  driver  deserted  them  at  Bula- 
wayo for  better  employment  under  the 
military  authorities,  whose  generosity  to 
the  natives  in  the  matter  of  wages  and 
food  Mr.  Hyatt  (in  one  of  his  numerous 
digressions)  denounces  as  iniquitous  : — 

"  Yet  [says  Mr.  Hyatt  in  an  amazing 
passage]  the  army  officers  were  not  wholly 
to  blame — in  fact  they  were  hardly  to  blame 
at  all.  In  Rhodesia  they  were  practically 
in  the  hands  of  the  local  authorities — at 
least  they  had  to  look  to  the  latter  for 
advics  and  information,  and  they  were 
deliberately  led  wrong.  Too  late  they 
realized  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 
Chartered  Company's  officials  were  really 
working  for  the  other  side,  that  everything 
had  been  planned  to  render  the  British 
Army  unpopular." 

To  this  note  in  Mr.  Hyatt's  writing  we 
shall  return.  Meanwhile,  let  it  be  said 
that  a  Basuto  replaced  the  defaulting 
driver,  and  proved  a  treasure. 

The  expedition  began  badly,  with 
much  trouble  in  the  black  mud  of 
vleis,  and  Mr.  Hyatt  could  see,  can  see, 
in  the  high  veld  of  Rhodesia  naught  but 


"  unutterable  dreariness.''  This  is  not  a 
general  opinion.  But  then  at  Victoria, 
which  he  liked  better,  Mr.  Hyatt  tells  us 
gravely  that  the  inhabitants  so  much  dis- 
liked to  be  called  Colonists  that, 

"  wherever  it  was  possible,  married  men 
arranged  to  have  their  children  born  outside 
the  British  Colonies,  so  that  they  should  not 
be  branded  as  Colonial-born.  If  a  wife 
could  not  actually  go  home,  she  was  often 
taken  across  the  border,  into  Portuguese 
territory.  Personally  I  had  the  strongest 
sympathy  with  this  attitude." 

We  feel  happier  and  less  dubious  and 
unconvinced  when  Mr.  Hyatt  is  describ- 
ing the  manners  of  goats,  and,  so  far 
as  his  confused  literary  manner  and 
habitual  interruptions  will  let  him,  the 
process  of  dealing  with  the  natives  for 
cattle.  Mr.  Hyatt  thinks  nobly  of  goats, 
antl  in  at  least  one  relevant  passage 
deplores  the 

"  ignorance  which  makes  people  in  England 
who  own  goats  tether  their  unfortunate 
victims  out  in  all  weathers.  It  may  be 
customary,  I  know,  but  having  had  a 
thousand  or  so  goats  through  my  hands, 
I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  it  is  Hell  for 
the  goats.  And  it  is  so  utterly  foolish,  too, 
for  the  goat  loses  condition  through  sheer 
misery,  and  goes  off  milk." 

Dealing  in  cattle  was  a  slow  business  : 
!C  I  have  often  had  the  discussion  over 
the  price  of  an  animal  drag  out  from 
sunrise  till  dusk."  A  patient  student 
may  be  interested  in  the  chapter  given  to 
this  branch  of  commerce,  and  the  chapter 
following,  entitled  '  Our  Cattle,'  supplies 
some  pleasant  reading.  Biffel  was  the 
pick  of  Mr.  Hyatt's  possessions,  a  better 
bullock  than  Appel,  Basket,  Scotchman,  or 
Dudmaaker,  though  these  were  lusty 
animals.  The  Basuto  man  loved  Biffel 
better  than  his  wife  at  Bulawayo.  A 
habit  of  strolling  towards  strangers  with 
his  head  down  was  sometimes  miscon- 
strued, but  was  only  friendly  curiosity  in 
Biffel.  Dudmaaker  had  the  rare  distinc- 
tion of  killing  a  lion,  driving  a  horn  right 
into  him  and  tossing  him  over  the  fence. 

There  are  other  incidents  almost  as 
moving  in  Mr.  Hyatt's  full-fed  pages,  scraps 
of  information  about  savage  man  and 
beast,  and  the  pangs  and  raptures  of 
the  Road  ;  but  these  call  for  some 
sorting-out.  The  narrative  is  given  any- 
how —  checked,  dammed,  and  split  up 
by  islands  of  disconnected  experiences 
and  moralizing.  The  result  seems  less  a 
book  than  a  number  of  disparate  chapters 
written  after  many  days  by  a  man  of  an 
unequal  memory,  condemned  to  fill  so 
many  pages  and  handicapped  by  need  of 
padding  and  a  bias  which  is  neither  to 
hold  nor  to  bind.  It  is  a  pity,  for  with 
restraint,  order,  and  much  elimination 
Mr.  Hyatt,  in  a  third  of  his  300  pages, 
might  have  given  us  a  book  on  the  Road 
worth  having.  As  it  is,  the  effect  he 
leaves  is  of  a  kinema  show,  excellent  in 
parts,  but  blurred  in  exhibition,  and  in- 
terrupted by  the  voice  of  an  aggrieved 
lecturer. 

The  vision  on  pp.  83-5  of  dawn  among 
the  kopjes  and  the  awakened  caravan  is 
admirably  done.     But  such  passages  are 


rare,  or  they  are  drowned  in  much  in- 
choate, unnecessary  stuff ,  while  the  shadow 
of  the  author  too  frequently  obscures  his 
subject.  We  are  told  a  great  deal  about 
Mr.  Hyatt,  who  appears  almost  a  Byronic 
figure.  He  has  ' '  played  at  death ,' '  it  seems, 
not  in  Rhodesia  only,  but  also  in  other  parts 
of  the  world,  and  "  its  fascination  never 
seemed  to  grow  less.  It  is  one  of  the  two 
or  three  things  really  worth  doing."  He 
is  "  a  very  lonely  man,  one  of  the  most 
lonely  men  imaginable,"  having  "  known 
the  love  of  woman,  and  lost  the  woman  I 
loved  "  ;  and  though  this  disaster,  he 
intimates,  has  been  remedied, 

"  when  I  have  finished  this  book  I  would 
give  much  for  a  drink  of  the  Waters  of 
Lethe,  so  that  I  could  face  the  future  un- 
trammelled by  regrets." 

Then  Mr.  Hyatt's  grievances !  We 
would  fain  be  sympathetic,  for  obviously 
Mr.  Hyatt  has  been  in  sore,  rough  places, 
and  had  at  least  his  share  of  hardship  and 
ill-fortune.  But  an  old  public-school  boy, 
and  one  whose  "  ancestors  were  Robber 
Barons  of  the  most  approved  type — I 
doubt  if  the  people  of  the  south  of  France 
approved  of  them  though,"  might  surety 
bear  his  ups  and  downs  with  less  vitupera- 
tion of  the  country  in  which  he  toiled 
and  that  country's  Government.  Some 
of  the  graver  charges  Ave  must  regard  as 
delusions. 


MEXICO   AND   SOUTH  AMERICA. 


'  The  Real  Mexico  :  a  Study  on  the 
Spot,'  by  Mr.  Hamilton  Fyfe,  does  not 
enter  into  competition  with  the  numerous 
volumes  which  have  recently  appeared. 
Most  of  them  devoted  chapters  to  ancient 
Mexico,  the  Spanish  period,  and  a  con- 
sideration of  past  troubles.  All  these 
things  Mr.  Fyfe  wisely  leaves  aside  ;  and 
he  plunges  at  once  into  an  account  of 
Mexico  of  to-day — or,  at  any  rate,  Mexico 
of  last  October  and  November. 

His  "  Real  Mexico,"  so  far  as  we  under- 
stand him,  is  a  country  of  immense 
resources  and  great  natural  wealth,  which 
would  be  one  of  the  best  places  in  the 
world  if  it  could  ever  secure  a  strong 
and  settled  Government.  But  then  in 
Mexico  nothing  ever  is  settled.  Even 
battles  are  not  finished,  and,  brutal  and 
fond  of  killing  as  the  soldiers  are,  they 
let  the  bugle  be  sounded  when  "it  is 
time  for  dinner."  Fighting  can  wait,  and 
may  begin  again  after  dinner,  unless  in 
the  meantime  the  men  have  been  bribed 
to  go  over  to  the  other  side. 

It  is  a  land  where 

"  dainty  women  talked  unconcernedly  about 
peons  hung  on  telegraph  poles  and  the 
'  funny  way  '  in  which  soldiers  spun  round 
when  they  were  shot," 

and  where  genial  Britons  and  Americans 
approve    of    the    execution    of    prisoners, 

The  Real  Mexico  :   a  Study  on  the  Spot.     By 
H.  Hamilton  Fyfe.     (Heinemann,  6s.  net.) 

South  America.     By  W.  H.  Koebel.     (A.  & 

C.  Black,  7s.  6c/.  net.) 
To   the   River  Plate   and   Back.     By   W.    J. 

Holland.     (Putnam,  15s.  net.) 


Supplement,  Mabch  21,  1914] 


THE     ATHENiUIM 


4.'}. 


and  declare  that  "  if  the  Mexicans  would 

only  exterminate  one  another  the  country 
would  have  a  chance." 

Mr.  Fyfe  estimates  that  60,000  Mexicans 
and  200  Americana  have  already  been 
killed  in  the  present  war  ;  and  in  parts 
of  the  United  States  which  lie  next  to 
Mexico  he  found  feeling  bitter  against 
the  inactivity  of  President  Wilson  (this 
as  long  ago  as  last  October),  though  in 
other  districts  of  the  States  Americans  are 
indifferent  and  *"  densely  ignorant  about 
Mexico." 

The  author  saw  a  great  deal  of  the 
Mexicans,  but  confesses  that  he  "  came 
away  with  his  mind  awhirl."  and  he  found 
all  their  habits  so  different  from  anything 
known  in  Europe  or  the  United  States 
that  he  thinks  it  impossible  to  apply  to 
Mexico,  as  President  Wilson  does, 

"  the  same  tests  and  the  same  standards 
which  obtain  in  countries  where  the  idea  of 
self-government  is  a  plant  of  mature  growth." 

To  the  position  of  the  United  States  Mr. 
Fyfe  constantly  returns.  Once  he  quotes 
an  Englishman  well  known  in  Mexico, 
who  said  : — 

"'  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Bryan  accuse  the 
President  of  being  responsible  for  one  death. 
They  are  responsible  for  thousands.  But 
for  them  the  civil  war  would  have  ended 
long  ago  "  ; 

and  the  comment  on  this  is  that  "  most 
foreigners  in  Mexico  share  that  English- 
man's view." 

A  little  later  we  are  told  that  "  all 
blame  the  Washington  Government. .  .  . 
The  Americans  are  loudest  in  their  con- 
demnation "  of  their  own  Government. 

'"  All  say  that  if  General  Huerta  had  been 
recognized  by  the  United  States,  he  would 
have  been  able  to  suppress  the  revolution.'' 

Mr.  Fyfe  is  not  sure  that  this  view  is 
right,  and  his  chief  reason  for  doubt  is 
that  everywhere  he  found  it  believed 
that  the  Federal  officers  are  not  trying 
to  end  the  war.  From  the  highest  to 
the  lowest  they  are  declared  to  be 
making  money  out  of  their  commands 
and  to  have  no  wish  for  peace.  Mr. 
Fyfe  knows  that  this  is  a  "  monstrous 
charge  "  to  bring  against  an  army,  but 
he  finds  it  hard  to  escape  from  the  con- 
viction that  there  is  truth  in  it. 

Writing,  of  course,  before  the  murder  of 
Mr.  Benton,  but  after  some  200  Americans 
had  been  killed.  Mr.  Fyfe  say 8  that  it  is 
easy  to  bluff  the  Mexicans,  and  that,  had 
the  United  States  been  firm,  their  citizens 
would  not  have  been  robbed  and  mur- 
dered, and  Mexico  might  be  safe  now  for 
foreigners.  He  thinks,  however,  that 
the  theory  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment is  that  "foreigners  have  no  lights 
in  Mexico  and  ought  not  to  expect  pro- 
tection "  :  a  statement  which  hardly 
does  justice  to  the  extremely  difficult 
position  in  which  the  Washington  Govern- 
ment is  placed. 

When  Mr.  Fyfe  look-,  ahead  he  suggests 
that  the  only  hope  for  any  permanent 
settlement  lies  in  joint  peaceable  interven- 
tion by  the  United  States  and  the  Great 
Powers  of  Europe.  To  such  intervention 
he  thinks  Mexico  would  listen,  though  la- 


shows  that  Mexicans  are  so  ignorant 
that  they  believe  themselves  sufficiently 
strong  to  invade  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Fyfe  does  not,  however,  explain  what  the 
next  step  would  be  in  this  "  peaceable 
intervention  if  the  Mexicans  declined  to 
have  anything  to  do  with  it,  and  we 
doubt  if  the  United  States  are  likely  to 
welcome  any  sort  of  European  inter- 
vention. 

Mr.  KoebeFs  '  South  America,'  though 
it  is  interesting,  can  hardly  be  said 
to  fill  a  gap.  Pie  frankly  states  the 
difficulty  of  putting  into  one  volume 
of  handy  size  the  history  of  so  vast  a 
continent  as  that  which  gives  the  title  to 
this  new  work  in  "  The  Making  of  the 
Xations  *'  Series  ;  but  he  has  tried  to 
show  us  something  of  the  authorities  and 
peoples  of  South  America,  rather  than  to 
give  a  catalogue  of  Governors  and  Presi- 
dents. He  speaks  only  of  the  men  who 
have  been  most  prominent  in  the  affairs  of 
that  continent,  and  he  has  avoided  statis- 
tics. History  in  this  condensed  fashion 
can  never  be  lively  reading,  and  we  think 
that  M.  Garcia  Calderon's  book,  from 
which  he  occasionall}'  quotes,  is  still 
the  better  volume  for  those  who  want 
a  general  short  account  of  Latin  America. 
M.  Calderon  filled  his  book  withi  facts, 
as  Mi\  Koebel  has  rilled  his,  but  the 
former  was  successful  in  putting  life 
into  his  dry  facts  and  figures  ;  and  life  is  a 
little  lacking  in  the  pages  before  us. 

After  some  general  chapters  (good  in 
their  way)  on  the  pre-Spanish  days,  on 
Columbus,  the  Spanish  conquistadores, 
the  discovery  of  Brazil,  and  the  conquest  of 
Peru,  and  after  reviewing  the  colonization 
of  the  South,  and  foreign  raids  on  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  colonies,  Mr. 
Koebel  gives  detailed  information  with 
regard  to  most  of  the  colonies  as  they  exist 
to-day. 

He  points  out  that  in  the  disturbed 
days  of  Peru  no  single  leader  was  left  to 
die  a  natural  death  ;  and  the  history  of 
South  America  in  general  suggests  that  it 
would  have  needed  no  great  stretch  of  the 
imagination  to  say  much  the  same  thing 
about  most  of  the  neighbours  of  Peru. 
Chile  is,  we  think,  the  only  country  in 
South  America  which  can  boast  of  having 
had  no  revolution  within  the  memory  of 
living  men  ;  but  even  Chile  had  a  civil 
war  only  two-and-twenty  years  ago  ; 
while  throughout  the  continent  there  are 
innumerable  instances  of  the  method  of 
making  history  which  consists  in  killing 
one  President  in  order  to  set  up  another  in 
his  place. 

.Mr.  Koebel  has  collected  some  interest- 
ing notes  on  the  way  in  which  the  Spaniards 
and  the  Portuguese  treated  their  South 
American  possessions  in  their  early  colo- 
nizing days,  and  he  shows  how  the  unfor- 
tunate dweller  in  South  America  was  not 

allowed   t'>   bargain  or  haggle,   but   was 

forced  to  take  whatever  was  sent  out  at 
the  rate  lixed  in  Europe;  and  how.  in  the 
same  fashion,   he  received  for  his  exports 

exactly  what  the  people  ;it  home  thought 

fit  to  allow  him.  There  is,  of  course,  no 
hint    of    party    politics    in    Mr.     Koebcl's 


w  citing,  but  his  facts  might  be  used  for  the 
upsetting  of  some  of  the  amazing  fiscal 
arguments  which  have  been  made  to  do 
duty  on  party  platforms  in  England  during 
the  last  few  years. 

The  author  seldom  allows  himself  to 
indulge  in  prophecy,  but  at  the  very  end 
of  his  story  he  does  suggest  that  in  Un- 
less set  tied  states  •■  the  age  of  tranquillity  is 
now  at  hand  "  ;  and  he  adds  that,  in  his 
opinion,  "  the  South  American  tempera- 
ment is,  in  itself,  no  more  revolutionary 
than  any  other."  The  argument  is  that, 
when  the  material  circumstances  of  any 
state  have  been  brought  to  resemble  those 
which  prevail  in  Europe,  the  political 
conditions  in  America  and  in  Europe  will 
be  alike.  The  difficulty  with  which  the 
more  advanced  republics  have  to  contend 
is  not,  he  suggests,  revolution,  but  rather 
that  the  strife  of  to-day  tends  to  contests 
between  labour  and  capital.  Y\  e  rail 
attention  to  these  views,  but  think  Mr. 
Koebcl's  arguments  would  have  carried 
more  weight  if  he  had  dealt  also  with  the 
part  played  in  South  America  by  the 
policy  which  bears  the  name  of  President 
Monroe.  That  doctrine  is  changing,  and 
has  in  very  recent  days  passed  from 
the  defensive  to  intervention  and  to 
conquest ;  and  the  people  of  South 
America  are  alarmed  at  the  interference  of 
the  North  in  their  affairs.  Then,  too,  we 
think  that  Mr.  Koebel  should  have  ex- 
amined the  rather  embarrassing  financial 
conditions  of  some  of  the  South  American 
states,  and  should  have  noted  facts  with 
regard  to  what  is  called  the  Japanese 
"  invasion,"  a  matter  which  interests 
Brazil,  Peru,  and  Chile.  But,  so  far  as 
we  remember,  these  matters  (like  the 
Monroe  doctrine)  are  not  considered  by 
the  author. 

He  has  given  us  some  most  interesting 
illustrations  (without,  in  general,  saying 
whence  they  are  derived)  ;  but  his  Index 
is  too  incomplete  to  be  praised. 

An  accurate  description  of  Dr.  Holland's 
'  To  the  River  Plate  and  Back  '  is  afforded 
by  its  sub-title,  "  The  narrative  of  a 
scientific  mission  to  South  America,  with 
observations  upon  things  seen  and  sug- 
gested." 

The  mission  was  for  the  installation  in 
the  La  Plata  Museum  of  a  replica  of  the 
Diplodocus  carnegiei.  The  narrative  of 
the  voyage  and  the  things  that  the  author 
saw  in  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Argentina 
reveals  the  evident  personal  charm  of  the 
author,  and  is  east  in  a  vein  of  pleasing 
discursiveness.  !n  his  observations  Dr. 
Holland  shows  the  effects  of  scientific 
training,  inasmuch  as  they  consist  almost 
invariably  of  careful  deductions  from 
accurately    apprehended    facts.     In    this 

regard      especially      the      book      compares 

favourably  with  a  large  number  of  other 

works,   the    authors   of    which    have    -pent 
but    little     time     in     the     countries     they 

attempt    to    describe.      Particularly    in 

all    (and     one     could     wish     it     had     been 

more)    that    he    says    ahout    Argentina, 
where    he    necessarily  spent    the   neater 

part  of  his  time,  the  author  show  -.  that  .in 

addition  to  his  own  keen  observation,  he 


430 


THE     A  T  H  E N  M U  M 


[Supplement,  March  21,  1914 


lias  exercised  great  selective  care  in  regard 
to  the  information  offered  him. 

The  whole  book  is  eminently  clear  and 
readable  as  well  as  informative.  In  the 
first  chapter  Dr.  Holland  says  that 
'  at  this  point  the  reader,  unless  he  is 
well  versed  in  the  recent  progress  of 
palseontological  research,  may  well  ask, 
k  What  is  a  Diplodocus  ?  '"  After  a 
remark  that  if  any  one  of  the  members  of 
the  Geological  Society  of  America  should 
chance  upon  this  book  (as  they  surely 
all  will)  he  is  at  liberty  to  omit  the  perusal 
of  what  immediately  follows,  comes  a 
clear  summary  of  all  that  is  known  about 
"  the  beast  which  has  made  paleontology 
popular." 

In  like  manner  the  average  reader  will 
find  that,  without  conscious  effort,  he  has 
become  intimate  with,  and  interested  in, 
many  things  regarding  which  he  may  have 
had  but  more  or  less  vague  ideas  before  : 
with  the  vegetation,  animals,  insects,  and 
geological  formations  of  various  parts  of 
South  America,  and  the  numerous  races 
of  men  now  seething  towards  adaptation 
and  homogeneity  in  Argentina  and  the 
other  Southern  republics. 

With  regard  to  vegetation,  it  may  be 
remarked  that,  while,  as  Dr.  Holland 
says,  "  scores  of  European  and  North 
American  weeds  have  found  congenial  soil 
in  Argentina,  and  are  apparently  replacing 
the  native  flora,"  the  characteristics  of 
imported  grasses  have  a  strong  tendencjr 
to  disappear  in  favour  of  those  of  the 
surrounding  native  pasturage. 

The  author  was  fortunate  in  arriving 
in  Buenos  Aires  at  the  time  of  the  great 
annual  cattle  show,  as  to  which  he  ob- 
serves, "  I  doubt  whether  anywhere  in  the 
world  at  the  present  time  a  more  im- 
pressive exhibition  of  this  sort  is  to  be 
seen."  Similar  opinions  are  invariably 
expressed  by  the  many  competent  judges 
from  the  Northern  hemisphere  who  are  to 
be  found  each  year  at  Palermo,  the  sub- 
urban district  in  which  the  show  is  held. 

Though  the  time  at  his  disposal  in  the 
intervals  of  the  difficult  and  delicate  work 
of  erecting  the  "  Diplodocus  "  did  not 
permit  of  his  seeing  very  much  of  the 
'*  camp,"  Dr.  Holland  describes  a  pleasant 
trip  among  the  picturesque  and  fertile 
islands  of  the  Parana,  and  a  flying  visit 
to  the  sugar-fields  of  Tucuman. 

Nearly  everywhere  he  added  something 
to  his  entomological  collection.  He  notes 
that  he  saw  only  one  snake  (a  harmless 
one,  which  he  caught  and  preserved)  in 
Argentina,  and  adds  dryly,  "  It  was  a  real 
snake." 

He  gives  an  interesting  account  of  what 
probably  is  the  true  history  of  the  reports 
current  a  few  years  ago  as  to  the  existence 
of  a  living  mylodon  in  the  southern 
regions  of  Argentina,  and  was  himself 
lucky  enough  to  be  on  the  spot  to  verify 
a  discovery  of  great  interest.  This  was 
the  finding  of  a  piece  of  pottery  em- 
bedded in  the  matrix  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  Middle  Pampean  beds  near  Mar  del 
Plata,  and  close  to  where  Dr.  Holland  and 
his  party  had  just  found  the  remains  of 
mylodon  and  megatherium.  As  to  the 
results  of  this  discovery,  the  author,  while 


acknowledging  that  it  suggests  a  whole 
world  of  inquiries,  gives  it  as  his  own 
reasoned  conclusion  that 

"  the  Middle  Pampean  is  a  Pleistocene  forma- 
tion, from  a  geological  standpoint  compara- 
tively modern,  possibly  laid  down  not  more 
than  fifty  thousand  years  ago,  and  that  man 
was  the  contemporary  of  many  of  the  strange 
animals  which  tenanted  South  America  at 
that  time." 

Towards  the  end  of  the  book  Dr.  Hol- 
land says  that  he  noted,  "  not  without 
surprise,"  that  the  Argentine  press  occa- 
sionally expressed  "  a  feeling  of  suspicion 
and  distrust  as  to  the  integrity  of  the  pur- 
poses of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States." 
In  reality,  while  Argentine  commerce 
does  mistrust  and  fear  anything  which 
appears  to  smack  of  the  introduction  of 
"  Trust "  methods,  the  whole  country 
deeply  and  fiercely  resents  everything 
resembling  foreign  interference  with  its 
customs  and  institutions.  There  is  no 
more  frankly  severe  critic  of  himself  and 
his  country  than  the  Argentine,  and  no 
one  is  more  restlessly  anxious  than  he  for 
improvement  and  progress  ;  but  he  alone 
must  be  his  own  critic,  and  the  chooser  of 
the  remedies  for  his  own  defects.  His 
fervent  patriotism  will  not  permit  any  one 
else  to  dictate  how  he  should  put  his  house 
in  order,  and  he  suspects  the  United  States 
of  a  desire  to  do  so. 

One  slip  may  be  noted,  since  it  is 
of  frequent  occurrence,  not  only  in  this 
book,  but  also  in  others  "treating  of 
South  America,  viz.,  the  spelling  of  the 
word  "  gaucho  "  as  "  gwacho." 

The  book  is  well  got  up,  and,  besides 
reproductions  of  the  author's  colour- 
sketches  of  sea  scenes,  includes  many 
good  photographic  and  engraved  illus- 
trations. The  frontispiece  shows  twelve 
South  American  butterflies  in  their 
natural  colours.  The  back  of  the  cover  is 
adorned  with  a  typical  mate  cup  and  bom- 
billa.  The  Index  has  been  carefully  com- 
piled. 


From  the  Thames  to  the  Netherlands:  a 
Voyage  in  the  Waterways  of  Zealand  and 
down  the  Belgian  Coast.  By  Charles 
Pears.     (Chatto  &  Windus,  6s.  net.) 

To  strike  the  happy  medium  in  the  writing 
of  a  log  is  no  easy  task.  There  are  logs 
which  are  no  more  than  inflated  guide- 
books, and  there  are  others  which  treat 
the  incidents  of  the  voyage  with  such  an 
ecstasy  of  technicalities  that  they  become 
wearisome  even  to  the  amateur  sailor-man. 
The  ideal  log  should  be  guide,  philosopher, 
and  friend,  and  if  Mr.  Pears  does  not 
entirely  reach  the  ideal,  his  lively  pages  at 
any  rate  provide  very  pleasant  reading. 
Sometimes  his  style  is  inclined  to  become  a 
little  florid,  and  sometimes  he  is,  perhaps, 
a  little  over-anxious  to  get  the  utmost  out 
of  a  situation  or  incident.  But  these  are 
small  defects  and  may  easily  be  forgiven. 
The  main  point  is  that  Mr.  Pears 
is  able  to  hand  on  his  enthusiasm  to  the 
reader.  His  log  is  full  of  the  salt  of  life 
and  the  salt  of  the  sea,  and  the  lands- 
man as  well  as  the  sailing -man  will   be 


the  better  for  reading  it.  Mr.  Pears  has 
the  true  cruising  spirit.  In  his  first 
chapter  he  tells  us  that  his  original  inten- 
tion was  to  sail  for  the  North  of  England , 
and  instead  he  found  himself  heading  for 
Holland.  He  gives  a  good  enough  reason 
for  his  change  of  plans,  but  we  suspect 
that  he  might  have  changed  them  in 
any  case.  To  cruise  in  a  small  yacht  with 
a  fixed  time-table  ahead  is  a  fatal  piece 
of  pedantry  that  generally  leads  to  dis- 
aster. 

The  present  log  is  a  companion  work 
to  Mr.  Pears 's  earlier  book,  '  From  the 
Thames  to  the  Seine,'  in  which  he  re- 
counted his  adventures  in  a  four-tonner 
along  the  coast  of  France.  Now  he  is 
off  in  a  slightly  larger  boat,  the  Rose,  a 
sturdy  square-sterned  cutter  of  seven  tons, 
twenty-five  feet  long,  and  a  trifle  over  nine 
feet  broad.  We  notice  that  Mr.  Pears  is 
not  what  the  shoregoing  folk  call  "  house 
proud."  He  does  not  linger  lovingly  over 
a  minute  description  of  all  the  trappings 
of  his  craft.  A  few  words  of  introduction, 
and  he  is  sailing  away  from  Essex,  with 
only  himself  and  his  son  (a  boy  of  14)  to 
make  up  the  ship's  company.  The  Rose 
found  the  North  .Sea  in  a  stormy  mood, 
and  before  the  shelter  of  Flushing  was 
reached  she  had  lost  her  dinghy.  From 
Flushing  she  passed  through  the  canal  to 
Veere,  that  fascinating  little  town  whose 
crumbling  and  deserted  Groot  Kerk  alone 
remains  to  recall  the  memory  of  what 
was  once  a  great  and  prosperous  city. 
Thence  the  Rose  threaded  her  way 
amongst  the  network  of  creeks,  canals, 
and  estuaries  that  lie  northward  of  the 
island  of  Walcheren,  returning  home 
bjr  way  of  the  French  and  Belgian  ports. 
Altogether  it  was  a  charming  cruise  over 
waters  that  offer  an  endless  variety  of 
sailing. 

Mr.  Pears  is  artist  as  well  as  author, 
and  the  book  is  fully  illustrated  with 
his  sketches.  We  prefer  the  pictures  in 
monochrome  to  those  in  colours,  but  that, 
probably,  is  because  colour  reproductions 
on  so  small  a  scale  do  not  do  justice  to  the 
originals. 


Hare  (Augustus  J.  C),  Walks  in  Rome, 
including  Tivoli,  Frascati,  and  Albano, 
Twentieth  Edition,  edited  by  St.  Clair 
Baddeley,  10/6  net.  Kegan  Paul 

The  text  of  this  excellent  little  handbook 
remains  practically  that  of  the  seventeenth 
edition  (published  1905).  Students  who 
wish  to  be  abreast  of  the  latest  discoveries 
and  "  attributions  "  must,  therefore,  supple- 
ment it  by  the  papers  which  are  constantly 
issuing  from  the  various  schools  and  archaeo- 
logical societies  in  Rome,  and  the  more  recent 
reports  of  experts. 

For  the  visitor  who  is  neither  anti- 
quary nor  classical  scholar  it  remains  an 
admirable  introduction  to  a  field  of  observa- 
tion in  which  the  novice  is  apt  to  feel  be- 
wildered by  the  multitude  as  well  as  the 
magnitude  of  the  claims  on  his  attention. 
We  observe  with  satisfaction  that  the 
various  plans  scattered  through  the  volume 
have  been  brought  up  to  date,  showing  the 
new  additions  to  our  knowledge  in  the  Forum 
and  elsewhere.  Tbe  fifty  1  hotographs, 
though  necessarily  small  in  scale,  are  clear 
and  attractive. 


J 


THE  ATHEN 


fmmtal  nf  (SttglisI)  anb  JFomgn  literature,  %titna,  tlje  frnz 


No.  4509 


SATURDAY,     MARCH   28,     1914. 


raittnv 


SIXPENCE, 

Including  Fiction  Supplement. 
RKGISTKKKD  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


s 


(P  Durational. 

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u 


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438 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


^aUs  Iro  JUtiton. 


Books  and  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  March  30.  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising 
Cookery  Books  and  Book6  of  Recipes,  the  Property  of  Dr.  A.  W. 
OXFORD;  a  selected  Portion  of  the  Library  of  Sir  JOHN  HALL, 
Bart  removed  from  Dunglass,  Berwickshire;  the  Property  of  Miss 
SCORER  (deceased),  of  10.  Marlborough  Road,  N.W.  (sold  by  Order 
of  the  Executrix);  the  Property  of  Mrs.  J.  SILLINGTON  HALL, 
formerly  of  Osmington,  near  Weymouth  ;  the  Property  of  EDWARD  J. 
REISS,  Esq.  (deceased),  of  3fi.  Cadogan  Square,  8.W.  (sold  by  Order  of 
the  Executors) ;  and  other  Properties. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  valuable    Collection  of  Engravings,  the  Propeitg  of  a 
Private  Collector. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  April  l,at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS,  the  Property  of  a 
PRIVATE  COLLECTOR,  mostly  acquired  several  years  ago, 
principally  consisting  of  Fine  Mezzotint  Portraits,  by  the  most 
famous  Engravers  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  including  a  few  printed 
in  Colours. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
copies,  containing  two  plates,  price  Is.  each. 

Engravings,  Etchings,  and  Drawings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.  C,  on  THURSDAY,  April  2,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely.  ENGRAVINGS.  ETCHINGS,  and  DRAWINGS, 
comprising  Mezzotint  and  Stipple  Engravings,  many  being  finely 
printed  in  Colours  by  famous  Masters  of  the  English  8chool.  Also 
WATER-COLOUR  DRAWINGS  from  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late 
A.  B.  STEWART,  Esq  ,  of  Rawcliffe,  Glasgow  (sold  by  Order  of  his 
Widow's  Executor) ;  and  a  Series  of  Old  Master  Drawings. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Greek,  Roman    English,   and  Foreign  Coins,  the  Property 
of  KENDALL  HAZELDINE,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  FRIDAY,  April  3.  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
COLLECTION  of  GREEK.  ROMAN,  ENGLI8B,  and  FOREIGN 
COINS,  &c,  in  Gold  and  Silver,  the  Property  of  KENDALL  HAZEL- 
DINE,  Esq.,  of  The  Orchard,  Woldingham,  Surrey. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
Copies,  containing  Five  Plates,  price  Is.  each. 

Autograph  Letters,  Manuscripts,  and  Historical  Documents. 

PUTTICK&  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C..  on  THURSDAY, 
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LETTERS,  MANUSCRIPTS,  and  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS, 
comprising  Letters  written  by  Eminent  Men  and  Women,  Authors, 
Musicians,  Composers,  Naval  and  Military  Men,  Royalties,  States- 
men, &c.  Autograph  Signatures  and  Autographs,  amongst  which 
will  be  found :  W  Harrison  Ain6worth,  Hans  Andersen,  Lord 
Beaconsfield.  Charlotte  and  Emily  Bronte,  Robert  and  Mrs.  E.  B 
Browning,  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  Abralum  Cowley,  Charles 
Dickens,  George  Eliot,  Frederick  the  Great.  George  111.,  W.  E. 
Gladstone.  C.  F.  Gounod,  Sir  F.  Seymour  Haden,  Thomas  Hardy 
Henry  III.  of  France,  Victor  Hugo,  Andrew  Jackson,  James  II., 
Charles  Lever,  Louis  XIV.,  Lord  Macaulay,  George  Meredith 
Napoleon  Buonaparte,  Lord  Nelson,  Adelioa  Patti,  Dante  Gabriel 
and  Christina  Rossetti,  John  Ruskin.  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Mary  Woll- 
stonecraft  Shelley,  Mrs.  Siddons.  Sir  Sidney  Smith's  Corrrespondence, 
Robert  Southey,  R  L.  Stevenson,  Lord  Tennyson,  W.  M.  Thackeray' 
Marshal  Turenne,  Queen  Victoria.  Voltaire,  Richard  Wagner,  J  McN' 
Whistler,  Gilbert  White,  Oscar  Wilde,  John  Wilkes.  William  III ' 
William  IV.,  William  Wordsworth,  &c. 

Manuscripts  and  Autograph  Letters  for  inclusion  in  their  next 
SPECIAL  AUTOGRAPH  SALE  must  be  received  by  APRIL  18. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Old  Libraries  removed  from 
Devonshire  and  Yorkshire. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELLby  AUCTION 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  DURING  APRIL 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  including  the  above  Libraries  com- 
prising Standard  Works  in  all  Branches  of  Literature,  Books  on  the 
Fine  Arts,  Architecture,  Sport,  and  Travel,  Books  with  Coloured 
Plates,  &c,  further  particulars  of  which  will  be  duly  announced 


Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  us.  Chancery  Lane  WC  on 
WEDNESDAY.  April  1,  and  Two  Following  Days  at  1  o'clock 
VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  a  Selection  from  an  old  Country 
Library,  comprising  Meyer'6  Illustrations  of  British  Birds  Original 
Edition,  4  vols..  Blagdon's  History  of  India,  Hunter's  Mysore  and 
other  Books  with  Coloured  Plates-Meyrick's  Ancient  Armour  3  vols 
—  Boydell's  Shakespeare  Gallery,  2  vols.,  old  morocco  —  Snenner'B 
Works,  First  Collected  Edition,  1611.  Sir  Francis  Drake  Revived 
■with  the  Portrait.  1652-3,  Ortelius  Theatrum  Orbis  Terrarum' 
1603,  and  other  Books  in  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth-Century  Litera- 
ture, mostly  in  old  calf  bindings-Cruikshank's  The  Humorist  4  vols 
1819-22 -Dickens'  Oliver  Twist.  3  vols.  1848.  and  other  First  Editions' 
»Sets  of  Lytton.  Thackeray,  Dickens,  and  others;  also  a  LAKGR 
COLLECTION  OF  BOOKS  IN  ORIENTAL  LITERATURE  the 
Library  of  an  Eminent  Scholar,  comprising  Books  on  Egyntol'oev- 
Coptic,  Syriac,  and  Sanskrit  Texts -Books  relating  to  India  includ- 
ing Publications  of  the  Archaeological  Survey  and  Linguistic  8urvev 
of  India-Books  on  Comparative  Religions,  Oriental  Philology,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


s 


ROOMS. 


TEVENS'S      AUCTION 

(Established  1760.) 
TUESDA  Y  next,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 
GREEK  AND    EGYPTIAN    POTTERY    also 

T««T1IG«,?H  JITTERY,  collected  by  SIR  WILLIAM  SER- 
JEANT-Native  Carvings  and  Weapons,  including  Fetishes- 
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Continental  Pistols  and  Swords,  Striking  Clocks,  and  a  variety  of 

Mr.    J.    C.    STEVENS   will    SELL  the   above 

EoXnfwycAUCTI0N'  at  hiS  R0°m8' 38' King  Street-  C°™nt  «arden. 
On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on  applicition. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
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Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely:  — 

On  TUESDAY,   March  31,  ORIENTAL  POR- 

CELAIN,  the  Property  of  the  Right  Hon.  LORD  JOICEY,  and 
PORCELAIN.  FRENCH  FURNITURE,  and  TAPESTRY  from 
various  sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  April  1,  valuable  JEWELS, 

LACE,  and  FUR8. 

On  THURSDAY,  April  2,  ENGRAVINGS  of 

the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL. 

On  FRIDAY,   April  3,  important  PICTURES, 

the  Property  of  EDWARD,  First  EARL  OF  ELLENBOROUGH, 
deceased,  and  others. 


Catalogues. 


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n  O  B  B  E  T  T 

By    LEWIS    MELVILLE. 

SEE 

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441 


SATURDAY,   MARCH  As',   UUj. 


CONTENTS.  PAQK 

Tub  Wki.lesley  Papeks 411 

With  the  TURK  in  Waktime       442 

The  Reformation  in  Germany 443 

Thk  Koto's  Council  in  England        413 

B.  L.  S 444 

Italian  Yesterdays 445 

The  Rise  ok  tub  Saracens         41'. 

The  Divine  Comedy  in  English  Verse       ..        ..440 

Wild  Gamb  in  Zambezi* 446 

Books     Published     this     Week    (English,    447; 

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Literary  Gossip      451 

science  — The  Practical  Side  of  Aviation; 
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Fine  Arts— Cinei form  Tahlets  in  the  British 
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Music— Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week         ..    455 

Drama -Studies  in  Stagecraft;  Gossip      ..      455—456 

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LITERATURE 


The  Wellesley  Papers.  By  the  Editor  of 
'  The  Windham  Papers.'  2  vols.  (Her- 
bert Jenkins,  1/.  12s.) 

Masses  of  Welleslej  papers  have  long 
remained  unexplored  at  the  British 
Museum,  and  it  was  high  time  that  some 
competent  investigator  should  deal  with 
them.  The  editor  of  '  The  Windham 
Papers  '  has  obviously  many  qualifica- 
tions for  his  task.  He  is  well  acquainted 
with  the  politics  of  the  last  century  and 
a  half,  and  knows  a  good  deal  of  the  social 
ramifications  of  the  period,  about  which  he 
often  maintains  a  discreet  and  suggestive 

nee.  For  the  most  part  his  annota- 
tions are  accurate  and  to  the  point, 
though  there  are  some  mistakes  (e.y.,  in 
the  title  of  Henry  Wellesley's  office  at 
Oxford)  and  unnecessary  repetitions  (such 

the  notes  on  Metcalfe,  practically  the 

06  at   a  distance   of  ten   pages),  and   a 

fuller   use   of  the   literature  of  the   time 

would    have    made    the    present    volumes 

more   interesting;    but   there   is  a   good 

1  that  now  appears  in  print  for  the 
first  time  which  we  are  glad  to  see. 

The    editor's    aim     has     been    first    to 
■  throw    light    on     tin-     character    and 

on-  "  of  the  Marques*  Wellesley,  and 

ondly  to  "supplement  our  knowledge 
<>f  affairs  during  the  period  of  history 
that    comes    within    his    lifetime."      The 

ond  aim  is  less  successfully  accom- 
plished  than   the   first,    perhaps   because 

re  is  little  in  the  papei  -  to  add  to  our 
knowledge.  Nothing  new  is  given  about 
India,  the  mosl  important  scene  of 
Well  *ley's  public  sen  ice  ;  nothing  ab  >ut 
his  embassy  to  Spain  (in  regard  to 
which    Spanish    documents    might    have 


been  consulted),  which  was  an  attractive 
episode  in  his  life  ;  very  little  about 
his  tenure  of  the  Foreign  Office  from 
1809  to  1812,  though  a  considerable 
number  of  extremely  interesting  and 
outspoken  letters  from  Canning  find 
a  place  in  both  volumes,  which  serve, 
perhaps,  rather  to  illustrate  that  states- 
man's character,  its  buoyancy,  its  vehe- 
mence, and  its  tendency  to  intrigue,  than 
to  add  to  our  knowledge  of  the  politics 
of  those  years.  There  is  a  good  deal 
that  is  new  in  the  account  of  Wellesley's 
futile  efforts  to  form  a  Government  in 
1812,  which  failed,  no  doubt,  partly  in 
consequence  of  his  own  autocratic  attitude, 
but  also  because  Earl  Grey  and  Lord 
Grenville  definitely  refused  to  join  him. 

That  autocratic  temper  was,  indeed, 
his  political  ruin.  He  had  been  spoilt  by 
India.  He  was  of  a  much  less  adaptable 
nature  than  even  the  Iron  Duke.  It  is 
generally  thought  that  it  is  far  more 
difficult  for  one  who  lias  held  high  military 
rank  to  submit  himself  to  the  rough  and 
tumble  of  politics  than  it  is  for  a  high 
Government  official  to  do  so.  Several 
Indian  or  Colonial  Governors  have  re- 
turned and  risen  to  high  posts  in  England, 
though  there  are  conspicuous  instances  of 
failure.  But  the  example  of  Wellesley 
and  Wellington  looks  the  other  way.  The 
third  genius  among  the  five  brothers 
took  a  different  course,  and  achieved 
high  fame  without  any  difficulty  as  Lord 
Cowley  and  Ambassador  at  Paris.  In 
Ireland  Wellesley  was  not  a  popular  Lord- 
Lieutenant  ;  his  ostentatious  manner  was 
the  very  thing  that  his  fellow-countrymen 
could  not  stomach.  But  he  was  a  deter- 
mined advocate  of  Catholic  Emancipation, 
and  entertained  distinctly  "  Liberal " 
views  on  the  matters  which  divided 
parties.  His  two  terms  of  service  in  Ire- 
land showed  him  in  a  very  sympathetic 
light,  but  he  was  not  properly  supported 
from  home,  and  did  not  achieve  much, 
though  his  biographer  Pearce  not  un- 
fairly pointed  to  several  works  of  public 
utility  for  which  he  was  responsible 
during  his  first  administration,  which 
ended  at  the  beginning  of  1828.  He 
served  there  again  for  a  year  in  1833,  when 
Charles  Greville  made  the  bitter  comment 
*  it  is  a  ridiculous  appointment "  and 
••  the  very  worst  they  could  hit  on,"  a 
severe  judgment  which  he  soon  had  reason 
to  withdraw.  But  Wellesley  had  no  time  in 
1833  to  achieve  anything.  He  had  before 
this  been  Lord  Steward  of  the  Household, 
and  later  under  Melbourne  he  became 
Lord  Chamberlain,  "rather  than  forgo 
power  altogether,"  says  the  i  ditor  of  these 
volumes  rather  too  sharply.  The  truth 
probably  is  that  he  needed  all  the  money 
he  could  get,  and  hoped  that  his  long 
and  distinguished  service  might  give  him 
influence    quite     apart     from    the    office 

uhi'h   he  actually  held.      Hut    the  editor's 

further  comment  is  doubtless  true  : — 

"A  perusal  of  the  correspondence  will 
thai  the  reason  for  In-  exclusion  was 
In-  open  contempt  for  liis  colleagues,  and  his 
dictatorial  manner.  When  he  wa  at  the 
Foreign  Office  he  did  not  deign  t<>  consull 
the  Cabinet.     Perhaps  only  with  Brougham, 


many  of  whose  letters  are  included  in  these 
volumes,  was  it  mure  difficult  to  work." 

In  the  last  year  of  his  life  the  Marquess 

wrote  a  review  of  his  services  to  the 
Empire.  They  were  indeed  great  —  as 
great,  perhaps,  as  those  of  any  other  man 
living  at  the  time.  It  may  certainly  be 
said  that  it  was  he  who  established  our 
power  in  India  on  a  permanent  basis, 
and  he  who  made  the  victories  in  the 
Peninsula  possible  and  hence  ultimately 
caused  the  downfall  of  Napoleon.  But 
he  was  not  content  with  the  achievements 
which  were  genuinely  his  own,  and  was 
always  attributing  to  himself  all  that 
was  done  by  his  subordinates  or  other 
agents  in  the  same  field.  There  was 
never  a  more  conspicuous  instance  of 
megalomania — a  striking  contrast  to  his 
brother  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  Samuel 
Rogers  said  that  Wellesley  eared  for 
nothing  but  display,  while  Wellington 
scorned  it  altogether — an  exaggeration, 
no  doubt,  but  one  not  far  from  the 
truth.  Rogers,  however,  Avas  quite  ready 
to  be  extremely  polite  to  him,  as  was 
another  of  his  back-stabbing  critics, 
Creevey.  But  the  Life  is  a  disappointing 
one  to  read,  and  Wellesley "s  own  dis- 
satisfaction with  his  treatment  was  not 
unnatural  or  unjustified.  The  end  is 
happier  : — 

"  It  is  agreeable  to  be  able  to  record  that 
in  the  evening  of  the  life  of  Wellesley  the 
great  work  lie  had  done  in  India  was  fully 
recognized,  and  substantial  tribute  paid  to 
him." 

The  character  of  the  great  Marquess 
had  conspicuous  blemishes  which  it  i- 
impossible  to  excuse  on  the  ground  that 
moral  laxity  was  common  in  his  da  v. 
But  "  noscitur  a  sociis,"  and  no  man  could 
be  far  below  nobility  of  life  who  was  the 
friend  of  Pitt  and  Canning  and  Wilber- 
force,  who  was  so  good  a  father  and  so 
sincere  and  reverent  (in  spite  of  his  lapses) 
in  his  religion.  The  letters  to  and  from 
his  friends  are  the  pleasantest  part  of 
these  volumes.  There  is  a  most  amusing 
one  to  Lord  Grenville,  written  from  fort 
William  on  November  18th,  1798,  just 
six  months  after  his  landing.  (Morning- 
ton's  letter  to  Sir  Alured  Clarke,  dated 
Kedgeree,  May  Kith.  1798,  still  in  MS., 
is  before  us  as  we  write,  composed  in  a 
less  pompous  style  than  that  which  he 
assumed  a  few  years  later.)  A  really 
good  letter  from  Wilberforce  a  year 
later  is  worth  reading.  (Wellesley,  by 
the    way.    vigorously    denounced    the     bile 

of  his  old  friend,  when  it  appeared  forty 
years  later,  for  "the  shreds  and  patches 
of  morbid  pietcutery  in  which  the  in- 
judicious biographers  have  disfigured  their 
father.") 

One  letter  of  Pitt's  is  given.  It 
was  written  mi  January  12th,  1808 
immediately  on  the  Viceroy's  return. 
Wellesley    siw    him    on    January     Nth 

for    the  'last    time.      On    the    12th    he    had 

written  quite  1 1  <  >  i  n  I  u  1 1  \  :    on  the  23rd  hi 

Was      dead.       Wellesley's      .sketch      uf      his 

Friend  [Quarterly  Review,  vol.  Iviii.)  i- 
the  most  sincere  and  beautiful  thing  he 
ever  wrote.  .\  contrast  t.i  the  warmth 
here  displayed  is  the  frigidity  of  the  two 


442 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


rn 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


letters  from  Lady  Mornington  —  the 
'•mother  of  the  Gracchi,"  as  some  one 
rather  ineptly  called  her  —  which  may 
account  perhaps  for  some  of  the  weak- 
nesses of  her  children's  characters. 

The  letters  from  Canning  show  genuine 
friendship,  continued  when  Wellington 
was  on  bad  terms  first  with  one  and 
then  with  the  other  of  the  friends.  The 
imperious  spirit  of  Richard  Wellesley  and 
the  dogged  obstinacy  of  Arthur  made  their 
relations,  indeed,  frequently  of  a  very 
difficult  character  ;  but  the  editor  of 
these  Papers  probably  does  not  know 
how  emphatic  was  the  Marquess's 
condemnation  of  his  brother,  revealed 
on  one  occasion  when  he  was  in 
Ireland,  to  his  secretary,  who  has  not  long 
passed  away.  Mr.  Charles  Gore,  to  whom 
we  refer,  was  after  his  service  to  Wellesley 
attached  for  some  years  to  Melbourne — a 
strange  change,  in  view  of  the  bitter 
animosity  these  two  statesmen  entertained 
for  each  other. 

Further  letters  show  sides  of  Wellesley's 
life  not  so  well  known.  His  son  Henry 
writes  from  the  Lord  Chancellor's  living 
of  Dunsfold,  announcing  his  engagement 
to  the  daughter  of  the  neighbouring 
rector  of  Hascombe,  and  rejoicing  in  being 
made  a  royal  chaplain.  There  is  at  least 
one  letter  from  his  elder  son  Richard,  and 
one  or  two  from  his  daughter  Hyacinthe, 
Mrs.  Littleton  (the  first  Lady  Hatherton). 
There  are  several  letters  from  or  allusions 
to  the  late  Mr.  Alfred  Montgomery,  and 
to  or  from  the  Marquess's  second  wife,  a 
lady  of  much  intelligence  and  charm. 
But  most  frequent  in  later  life  are  the 
letters  from  Brougham  (to  whom  Wel- 
lesley dedicated  his  '  Primitise  et  Reli- 
quiae '),  which  show  that  acid  and  venom- 
ous personage  in  quite  a  pleasant  light. 
There  is,  in  fact,  a  great  deal  of  personal 
interest  in  the  volumes  ;  enough,  we  add, 
to  make  us  wonder  whether  there  is  not 
much  more  in  the  mass  of  still  unpublished 
materials,  and  whether  a  larger  biography 
than  has  yet  appeared  might  not  be 
desirable. 


THE    YOUNG    TURKS. 

Mr.  Pickthall,  who  knows  the  Muslim 
better  than  the  Christian,  contends  in 
'  With  the  Turk  in  Wartime,'  and  with 
much  reason,  that  the  Turks  have  never 
had  fair  treatment  at  the  hands  of  Europe, 
because  the  old  plundering,  intolerant 
Crusading  spirit  is  still  active,  and  the 
average  uninstructed  Englishman  — 
amongst  others — holds  a  Mohammedan  to 
be  plain  heathen  writ  large  (because  less 
open  to  conversion),  just  as  his  fore- 
fathers did  tempore  Ric.  I.  Christianity 
once  confused  with  its  professors,  it  is  an 
easy  leap  to  the  fallacy  that,  because  it  is  in 
several  respects  a  higher  form  of  religion 
than  its  chief  theistic  rival,  therefore  all 
who  profess  and  call  themselves  Christians, 
even  in  the  most  formal,  lifeless,  and 
ignorant  acceptation  of  the  term,  are 
necessarily  superior  to  all  Muslims.      On 

With  the  Turk  in  Wartime.     By  Marmaduke 
Pickthall.     (Dent  &  Sons,  5s.  net.) 


this  theory  the  Turk  is  manifestly  the 
inferior  of  his  rapacious  Balkan  neighbours. 
But  if  we  could  imagine  the  respective 
creeds  interchanged,  and  the  recent  squalid 
scramble  to  be  one  of  sundry  Muslim 
bandits  against  a  Christian  Turkey,  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  the  sympathy  of 
England  would  be  all  for  the  Turk.  This 
is  Mr.  PickthalTs  view,  and,  unfortunately, 
it  is  shared  by  the  victims  themselves. 

"  All  Muslims  hold  it  more  or  less,  and 
they  are  justified  by  the  whole  course  of 
recent  history.  .  .  .Our  self -righteousness  is 
principally  to  blame  for  the  horror  which  has 
filled  the  East  upon  the  recrudescence  of  the 
wicked  old  crusading  spirit  in  our  midst, 
duly  reported  by  the  Turkish  and  the  Indian 
press,  at  a  time  when  Turkey  was  deserving 
of  all  human  pity.  We  had  talked  as  if 
fanaticism  were  extinct  in  England." 

When  his  Turkish  friends  told  him  that 
the  British  Government  was  "  treacherous, 
faithless,  inconsistent,"  Mr.  Pickthall 
characteristically  replied  that 
"our  leaders  are  not  always  of  the  first 
intelligence.  They  sometimes  make  mis- 
takes, and  dare  not  own  them.  Our  people 
are  tenacious  of  old  prejudices.  We  are, 
upon  the  whole,  a  most  unamiable  nation, 
composed  of  quite  well-meaning  individuals." 

It  is  some  consolation  to  find  that  the 
Turks  still  appreciate  individual  English- 
men, because  they  are  better  educators 
than  the  French,  and  do  not  try  to  make 
their  pupils  English  ;  whilst  "  we  like  the 
Germans,"  said  an  intelligent  Turk,  with  a 
laugh. 

"  With  a  little  practice  and  instruction  they 
make  quite  good  Turks.  But  they  are  too 
pervasive.  We  are  much  afraid  of  them, 
desiring,  as  we  do,  to  keep  our  country." 

The  object  of  this  book,  which  describes 
the  author's  impressions  during  his  long 
stay  in  Turkey  last  year,  is  to  remove  some 
of  the  old  prejudices  of  which  we  English 
are  so  tenacious.  He  would,  perhaps, 
have  been  more  successful  if  he  had 
written  more  temperately  ;  for,  after  all, 
it  was  not  fanatical  Christianity  in  Sir 
Edward  Grey  that  dictated  our  recent 
policy  in  the  Balkan  imbroglio,  and  there 
were  worse  things  to  be  guarded  against 
than  even  the  treacherous  and  wholly 
indefensible  partition  of  European  Turkey. 
Much  as  the  present  reviewer  likes  and 
honours  the  Muslim,  whom  he  too  has 
known  well,  it  must  be  confessed  that  the 
Turk  is  not  always  compact  of  all  the 
virtues,  though  he  is  usually  a  very  decent, 
God-fearing,  virtuous,  and  kindly  human 
being,  much  like  other  people,  only,  per- 
haps, rather  better.  Mr.  PickthalTs  book 
will  do  good  if  it  brings  this  fact  home 
to  English  readers.  He  had  exceptional 
opportunities,  and  his  long  familiarity 
with  Syrians  and  Egyptians  enabled  him 
to  use  these  opportunities  far  better  than 
ordinary  observers.  He  enjoyed  the 
unique  advantage  of  being  domiciled  in 
the  house  of  a  European  Muslima,  a  lady 
with  a  large  Turkish  acquaintance,  and  in 
her  garden,  near  the  Asiatic  coast  of  the 
Sea  of  Marmara,  he  was  privileged  to 
converse  with  numerous  unveiled  Turkish 
ladies,  who  seem  to  have  been  almost 
invariably  young  and  beautiful.  He  pru- 
dently induced  his  wife  to  join  him  after  a 
few  weeks :   but  before  she  arrived  he  had 


been  welcomed  by  the  Mohammedan  ladies 
with  a  friendly,  unconventional  cordiality 
and  entire  absence  of  self-consciousness 
which  will  be  amazing  to  those  who  have 
not  watched  the  recent  development  of 
Muslim  society. 

"  I  was  [he  says]  admitted  fully  to  a  little 
circle  of  advanced  French-speaking  Turks, 
of  which  the  ladies  were  permitted  to  adopt 
me  as  a  brother  ;  while  the  old-fashioned 
men — the  vast  majority — assured  me  that 
their  wives  and  daughters  were  much  looking 
forward  to  my  wife's  arrival.  Kind  mes- 
sages were  sent  me  by  women  who  would 
have  perished  rather  than  be  seen  of  me." 

It   must    be    added    that    this    com- 
paratively  free    intercourse    would    have 
been  impossible  for  a  native.     Mr.  Pick- 
thall tells  of  a  lady  who  had  been  chatting 
unveiled   with   him    in   Misket   Hanum's 
garden,  but  who  immediately  veiled  and 
withdrew  when  a  Muslini  youth  came  in 
sight.     "  What    nonsense     it     all    is !  ': 
grumbled  the  offended  young  man.     "  She 
talks  unveiled  to  you,  a  stranger,  and  hides 
from   me  whom  she  has  known  a  baby  !  ': 
One  reason  for  this  is  that  marriage  be- 
tween a  Muslima  and  a  Christian  man  is 
strictly  forbidden,  and  therefore  the  man 
must  not  even  think  of  her  in  that  light ; 
another  is  that  Europeans  are  accustomed 
to  seeing  women,  and  Turks  are  not,  and 
the  degrees  of  self-control  vary  accordingly. 
But  even  when  "  merry  laughter  "  from 
white-draped  figures  in  the  garden  called 
Mr.  Pickthall  from  his  retreat,  and  the 
girls  rebuked  him  for  his  "  old-fashioned  " 
ideas  and  bade  him  "  recognize  the  great 
advance  the  Turks  had  made  upon  the 
ways  of   my  beloved  Arabs,"  it   is  clear 
that  the  innovation  was  still  new  enough 
to  carry  "  the  flavour  of  an  escapade,"  and 
"  the  voices  of  the  women  died  away  as  we 
drew  near  the  public  road  "  ;    though,  for 
that  matter,  no  Turk   will  be  seen  abroad 
with  his  womenfolk.     The  '  Impressions  T 
of  Zeyneb  Hanum,  the  twice  desenchantee, 
may  have  prepared  some  readers  for  Mr. 
Pickthall's  revelations  of  the   liberty  of 
modern  Turkish  society,  and  not  merely  of 
the  French-speaking  coterie  which  he  first 
met ;  he  not  only  confirms,  but  even  en- 
larges her  views,  and  deliberately  records 
his  judgment  of  Turkish  women  in  these 
uncompromising  terms  :   '*  I  knew  them  to 
be  generally  charming,  trained  to  submis- 
sion, yet  high-spirited,  and  far  less  narrow- 
minded  than  the  women  of  the  West."' 
They  are  also  "  intensely  patriotic,  and. 
as  a  rule,  more  energetic  than  the  men." 

We  have  dwelt  long  upon  this  side  of 
Mr.  Pickthall's  impressions,  because  the 
higher  -  class  women  of  the  East  are  an 
undiscovered  country  to  most  Europeans, 
and  wholly  mistaken  views  prevail  as  to 
their  character,  education,  and  social 
position.  The  future  of  their  nation  lies 
largefy  in  their  hands,  and  it  is  encouraging 
to  hear  so  much  to  their  credit.  But  the 
greater  part  of  this  absorbing  book  con- 
sists of  conversations  with  Turks  of  all 
conditions,  from  the  famous  Tal'at  Bey 
down  to  the  mere  lounger  in  the  street  or 
the  gardener  of  the  author's  hostess.  He 
went  out  with  a  strong  distrust  of  the 
Young   Turkish   party,    and   his   earliest 


No.  4501),  March  28,  1914 


THE     AT1IENJEUM 


443 


acquaintances  belong  to  their  opponents, 
the  "  Liberals  "  who  followed  old  Kiainil 
Pasha  :  hut  he  soon  became  an  ardent 
convert,  and  some  of  the  liveliest  passages 
in  his  book  describe  the  intense  hostility 
between  the  Unionists  (or  Committee  of 
Union  and  Progress  party)  and  the  Liberals 
a-  revealed  in  many  controversies  in  the 
Asiatic  garden.  He  is,  no  doubt,  right  in 
denouncing  the  rcactionarv  attitude  lately 

lined  by  the  so-called  "  Liberals,**  who 
are  more  intent  on  "  securing  their  own 
status  as  the  ruling  class  "  than  on  training 
and  educating  the  masses  of  what,  being 
Mohammedan,  is  essentially  a  democratic 

iety  ;  but  it  is  possible  to  overshoot 
the  mark  in  upholding  the  policy  of  the 
Committee,  and  we  confess  we  should 
like  to  see  the  Young  Turks  cleared  of 
the  charges  brought  against  them  in  regard 
to  the  disarming  of  Macedonia  and  the 
suppression  of  the  Albanians.  It  is  sad, 
indeed,  to  read  the  description  of  the 
starved  and  broken  condition  of  the 
Turkish  Army  of  the  West  on  its  return 
to  Asia  after  these  exploits ;  but  it  needs 
more  than  showing  the  well-known  defects 
of  the  Albanians — the  Irish  of  the  Balkans 
— to  excuse  Javid  Pasha's  admittedly 
'"  ruthless  "  campaign.  "'  Thank  God, 
Turkey  is  now  quit  of  them,"  exclaims  Mr. 
Pickthall.  and  we  cordially  echo  his  thanks- 
giving ;  but  wre  wish  the  latest  scenes  of 
Turkish  intervention  had  been  less  bloody. 
However,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
Young  Turks  have  now  realized  the  futility 
of  their  centralized  Ottomanizing  policy. 
At  all  events,  the  recent  war  has  consider- 
ably restricted  their  opportunities  in  this 
direction  ;  but  it  is  still  more  earnesth^ 
to  be  hoped  that  they  will  not  try  this 
discredited  policy  on  their  Arab  subjects. 
Their  chief  objects,  as  Mr.  Pickthall 
urges,  should  now  be  education  and  the 
training  of  the  whole  nation  in  local  self- 

ernment.  Constitutions  and  magni- 
loquent   views    bulk    large    in    European 

s,  but  what  is  really  wanted  is  gradual 

>rm.      Mr.  Pickthall   is    very  hopeful. 
The  Turks,  he  says, 
"p  >ssess  a  gift  of  management,  and   are  at 

■  nt  making  giant  strides  towards  that 
'  efficiency  '  which  Europeans  generally  deem 
the  highest  good.     They  have  accepted  once 

■  :1I  the  point  of  view  of  Europe,  and  are 
_■  i\  'iv  effort  to  live  up  to  it.    All  tiny  ask 

is  leave  to  work  out  their  own  problems 
and  advance  to  modern  progress  in  the  way 

"  understand ...  .Turkey  is  the  present 
head  of  a  progressive  movement  extending 
throughout  Asia  and  North  Africa.  She  is 
one  hope  of  the  Islamic  world.... 
Daring  the  -ix  months  1  spent  in  Turkey  it 
>\ -ts  my  good  fortune  to  know  many  of  these 
children  of  the  new  regime,  or  my  outlook  on 
the  future  of  that  country  find  of  El  Islam 
would  not  have  been  bo  hopeful  as  i: 
Strict  Muslims  without  superstition,  they  are 

wing  up  in  love  with  duty,  proud  ol  their 
burden  of  responsibility,   devoted   to  their 

country  beyond  word-,  tolerant  of  nil  beliefs 

that  do  not  savour  of  sedition,  thoughtful, 
self-reliant,  trustworthy. . .  .To-day  the  land 
is  free  and  bent  on  pi  d   I   find  no 

excuse  for  continued  Bcorn  of  i'. 

To  many  this  will  seem  the  language  of 

exaggeration  ;    but    then    Mr.    Pickthall 

know-  and  they  do  not.  There  lies  the 
different 


The  lit  formation  in  (.lermany.  By  Henry 
C.  vedder.  (Macmillan  &  Co.,  12*.  Bd. 
net.) 

Prof.  Vedder  "'  frankly  confesses  "  that 
he  is  '*  inspired  by  the  older  idea  of  history, 
now  unfashionable,  of  furnishing  the 
reader  a  logical  clue  to  guide  him  through 
the  labyrinth  of  accumulated  fact."  Per- 
haps the  idea  has  not  been  so  generally 
abandoned  as  he  thinks,  and  perhaps 
also  he  has  not  quite  succeeded  in  the 
task  which  his  publishers  attribute  to 
him.  of  being  the  first  writer  "  in  the 
English  language,  at  least,  to  interpret 
the  religious  struggle  of  the  sixteenth 
century  in  terms  of  economics."  We  do 
not,  indeed,  find  much  originality  in  the 
Professor's  account  of  the  Reformation, 
though  there  is  much  painstaking  study 
of  authorities  (chiefly  Luther's  own  writ- 
ings) in  his  book.  He  might  certainly 
have  remembered,  by  the  way,  that 
Luther,  whom  he  is  always  calling  a 
monk,  was  not  a  monk  at  all,  nor  were  the 
Franciscans  and  Dominicans  monks  either, 
as  he  thinks.  Stubbs  would  have  taught 
him  that,  and  other  matters,  which  might 
have  made  him  view  the  German  Refor- 
mation Avith  more  clarity. 
•  It  is  for  no  novelty  of  details,  or  even 
of  presentation,  that  we  must  look  in 
Prof.  Vedder's  book.  It  is  rather  for  a 
certain  independence  of  judgment,  meting 
out  justice  to  Pope  and  Emperor,  Luther 
and  Erasmus,  soldier  and  reformer — 
a  justice  which  is,  on  the  whole,  even- 
handed.  *'  Was  Erasmus  right  ?  Was 
Luther  wrong  ?  We  may  answer  both 
of  these  questions  affirmatively,"  says 
Prof.  Vedder ;  but  then  he  goes  on  to 
show  that  he  does  not  really  mean  to  do 
anything  of  the  kind.  One  feels  it  would 
do  him  good  to  read  Dr.  Hartmann 
Grisar.  His  independent  judgment  needs 
more  facts  to  play  upon  than  it  has  as 
yet  acquired.  We  may  illustrate  this  by 
briefly  examining  the  conclusions  in 
which  he  sums  up  the  results  of  his  study. 
He  dwells  upon  the  complexity  of  the 
German  Reformation,  the  fact  that  the 
Latin  nations  rather  than  the  German 
originated  the  movement  for  reform,  and 
that  in  Germany  itself  it  was  the  political 
forces  and  social  ferment  rather  than 
religious  fervour  which  carried  it  to 
success.  Yet  the  emphatically  religious 
side  of  the  Reformation  must  not  be 
forgotten — the  protest  against  formalism 
and  a  sacerdotal  system,  the  substitution 
of  personal  responsibility  and  individual- 
ism often  quite  unchecked.  The  in- 
dividual played  a  great  part.  "  Even  the 
hero-worship  is  just  died  by  facts — thai  is 
to  say,  by  part  of  the  facts."  Prof. 
Vedder  hud-  ill  the  leaders  a  genius  for 
religion,  a  consistent  seeking  of  simplicity. 
and      b    firmer   trust    in  <  rod   t  ban    I  he 

Catholic  < 'lunch  encouraged  or  even 
permitted        But  with  equal  candour  he 

adds    that    "  their   great    defect    was    that, 

laving  their  emphasis  chiefly  on  a  right 

relation  between  man  and  God,  they 
regarded  a-  fat  less  important  a  light 
relation    between    man    and    man."      Then 


at  last  he  states  explicitly  his  economic 
interpretation.  The  ethical  teaching  of 
the  Church  made  her  the  foe  of  capitalism  : 
"Capitalism  needed  a  free  hand  if  it  was 
to  develop;  therefore  down  with  the 
Church."  Thus  the  cities  approved  the 
reformers'  action,  and  fought  to  get  rid 
of  the  monastic  corporations  which  had 
control  of  so  much  capital.  The  Refor- 
mation was  the  triumph  of  the  middle 
class.  This,  by  the  way,  is  to  some 
extent  true  in  Germany,  but  the  re- 
verse of  the  truth  in  France  and  in 
Scotland.  The  knights  and  the  peasants 
suffered  by  the  Reformation  ;  both  in 
fact,  says  Dr.  Vedder,  were  ruined. 

His  views  may  be  summarized  thus. 
The  Reformation  from  several  aspects 
was  a  failure.  It  was  a  perversion  of 
the  Renaissance  ;  if  it  freed  the  world 
from  tradition,  it  bound  it  (as  Lessing  said) 
with  the  more  intolerable  yoke  of  the 
letter.  Its  devotees  followed  Luther  and 
Calvin  far  more  slavishly  than  Catholics 
had  followed  Augustine  and  Jerome. 
Its  interpretation  of  Scripture  was  "  freak- 
ish and  inconsistent,"  and  "  discredited 
the  movement  with  all  thinking  men." 
It  was  incapable  of  understanding  the 
idea  of  a  progressive  revelation.  Tims  it 
did  little  for  religious  liberty.  Nor  was 
it  a  great  ethical  force.  It  never  really 
recovered  the  teaching  of  Jesus.  It  was 
the  Anabaptists  who  did  that.  One  sees 
where  one  is  when  one  comes  to  this ;  but 
Prof.  Vedder  adds  that  the  chief  difference 
between  the  Anabaptists  and  the  Lutherans 
is  that  the  former  failed,  while  the  latter 
succeeded . 

What,  then,  is  the  result  of  it  all  ?  The 
opening  of  a  Pandora  box  ;  the  creation 
of  a  Frankenstein  (so  far  as  we  under- 
stand the  Professor,  he  has  made  the  old 
mistake  about  the  monster),  and  the  pro- 
duction and  survival  of  a  new  spirit.  So 
the  book  is  dedicated  to  the  "Prophet  of 
a  Xew  Reformation." 

In  spite  of  these  sparkling  conclusions 
the  book  has  not  a  few  merits,  and  the 
appendixes,  which  give  Luther. s  theses, 
TetzeFs  statements  and  indulgences,  and 

the  documents  of  different  Councils,  will 
be  distinctly  useful  to  young  student-. 


The  King's  Council  in  England  during 
the  Middle.  Ages.  By  .lames  Fosdick 
Baldwin.  (Oxford.  Clarendon  Press, 
18*.  net.) 

WETTING     in     his     Preface    from     memory, 

Prof.   Baldwin  quotes  a  recent  author  as 

saying  "the  history  of  the  King's  ( 'otineil 
cannot  be  written.'*  The  actual  remark 
was  quite  different,  but  the  volume  before 
us  is  a  triumphant  refutation  of  this  par- 
ticular proposition.  In  it  the  author  has 
given  us  a  complete  studj  of  the  history 

and  operations  of  the  King's  ('oiineil 
from  its  first  appearance  to  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.;  he  has  worked  over  all  the 
material  collected  and  arranged  by  earlier 

students,  has  even  add'  d  to  it    by  his  own 

arches,  and   has  indicated  new    -unices 

from    which    further   information    mav    be 


444 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


obtained.  The  book  is  one  of  the  most 
important  constitutional  studies  of  recent 
years,  suggestive  and  well  informed,  and 
though  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  its 
conclusions  will  be  accepted  in  their 
entirety,  it  is  one  that  will  take  a  perma- 
nent place  in  historical  libraries. 

The  only  recent  work  touching  on  the 
history  of  the  King's  Council  is  one  in 
which,  Prof.  Baldwin  says,  "  the  editor 
has  not  availed  himself  of  the  latest 
information."  We  confess  that,  with  the 
exceptions  noted  above,  we  have  been 
unable  to  find  in  this  work  any  information 
bearing  on  the  subject  of  the  earlier 
writer  which  was  not  referred  to  by  him. 
But  as  one  chapter  of  this  work  is  devoted 
to  a  refutation  of  some  views  there  put 
forward,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  examine 
the  point  at  some  length.  Prof.  Baldwin 
insists  strongly  on  the  essential  unity 
of  the  King's  Council,  and  with  great 
justice  ;  Mr.  Steele  laid  down  a  dis- 
tinction, after  a  certain  epoch,  between  the 
ordinary  Council  and  a  Great  Council. 
The  former  works  forward,  and  notes  the 
similarities :  the  latter  finds  in  Stuart  and 
Tudor  times  two  distinct  bodies  with 
different  functions,  and,  looking  backward, 
finds  these  differences  in  earlier  meetings 
of  Councils.  Prof.  Baldwin  looks  for  his 
precedents  to  French  constitutional 
methods ;  Mr.  Steele  finds  his  analogies 
in  Ireland  and  Scotland. 

Now  in  Ireland  the  three  bodies — the 
King's  Council,  Great  Councils,  and  Par- 
liaments— undoubtedly  existed  in  medi- 
aeval times ;  the  Irish  Modus  Tenendi, 
which  Mr.  Steele  has  printed  in  its  entirety 
for  the  first  time,  and  authenticated  so  far 
as  to  show  that  it  was  received  by  the 
State  as  a  genuine  document,  proves  that 
conclusively.  In  Scotland,  the  constitu- 
tion of  which  was  founded  on  English 
models  (though  with  a  constant  tendency 
to  diverge),  the  same  three  bodies  existed  : 
the  Secret  Council,  Conventions  of  Estates 
(which  were  Great  Councils),  and  Parlia- 
ments. Of  the  three  nations,  the  true 
development  of  the  King's  Council  can  be 
best  observed  in  Ireland,  for  in  England, 
as  in  Scotland,  its  functions  were  often 
overlaid  by  those  of  a  Council  of  Regency. 
In  our  country  this  was  the  case  for  large 
portions  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  III., 
Edward  II.,  Richard  II.,  and  Henry  VI.  ; 
in  Scotland  from  James  I.  to  James  VI. 
the  sovereign  was  nearly  always  a  minor  ; 
while  in  Ireland  the  continuity  of  the 
King's  Council  from  its  first  formation 
was  unbroken,  and  its  development  pari 
passu  with  that  of  England  ensured  by  its 
constant  correspondence  with  the  English 
Chancery  and  Council.  The  indisputable 
existence  of  a  Great  Council  in  Ireland 
under  the  Plantagenets  lends  some  support 
to  the  statements  of  the  English  chancery 
clerks  of  the  time  that  such  councils  were 
held  in  this  country. 

Against  these  statements  Prof.  Baldwin 
properly  points  out  that  we  have  only  one 
oath  for  the  King's  Council,  and  that  this 
oath  is  the  criterion  which  marks  off  a 
Councillor  from  the  ordinary  person 
called  in  to  give  advice.     He  also  points 


out  that  the  records  of  these  so-called 
Great  Councils  are  entered  in  the  Privy 
Council  Registers,  often  without  any  dis- 
tinction from  ordinary  meetings  of  the 
Council.  The  first  of  these  objections  is 
weighty,  but  the  argument  from  silence  is 
inconclusive,  and  would  often  apply  to 
mediaeval  meetings  of  Parliament ;  the 
second  ignores  the  fact  that  Conventions  of 
Estates  are  entered  in  the  Scottish  Privy 
Council  Register,  and  Great  Councils  in  the 
Irish  Privy  Council  Registers,  as  they  occur 
in  order  of  date,  mixed  up  with  ordinary 
Council  meetings.  We  do  not  overlook 
Prof.  Baldwin's  very  pertinent  point  as  to 
the  change  in  the  mode  of  summons  to 
Councils,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  us  of 
sufficient  importance  to  justify  the  assump- 
tion that  these  assemblies — which  did 
things  that  the  King's  Council  did  not  feel 
itself  competent  to  do,  which  included 
persons  who  were  not  members  of  the  King's 
Council,  and  which  Avere  called  by  the 
chancery  clerks  of  the  time  Great  Councils 
— should  be  denied  a  separate  existence. 
We  should  like  to  know  from  the  author 
what  name  he  would  give  to  the  assembly 
of  1496. 

Prof.  Baldwin's  mistaken  note  on  the 
Modus  Tenendi  is  due  in  part  to  his 
excessive  devotion  to  French  critics  and 
French  models  for  the  Council,  and  partly 
to  his  predecessor's  method  of  merely 
stating  facts  and  expecting  his  readers  to 
draw  the  conclusions  from  them.  The 
Modus  was  obviously  first  drawn  up  for 
use  in  Ireland  ;  the  mention  of  proctors 
for  the  clergy  in  Parliament,  an  institution 
peculiar  to  Ireland,  is  sufficient  to  show  this, 
while  the  king's  Serjeants  were,  norm- 
ally, members  of  the  King's  Council  there. 
It  is  not  impossible  to  assign  an  approxi- 
mate date  for  its  fabrication  from  the 
quarrels  with  the  Lieutenant  of  Ireland 
as  to  his  presence  in  Parliament  during 
the  early  years  of  Richard  II. 's  reign. 
The  earliest  English  form  known  is  mani- 
festly late  in  Richard's  reign,  as  shown 
by  the  mention  of  York  as  a  city  and 
county  with  London  (Hardy's  text  is 
quite  untrustworthy),  and  was  probably 
brought  in  as  a  weapon  in  the  Parlia- 
mentary struggles  of  the  period,  as  the 
traditions  of  the  Tudor  and  Stuart  Par- 
liamentarians assert. 

Retiirning  to  the  main  subject  of  the 
book,  we  are  glad  to  pay  our  tribute  to 
the  way  in  which  Prof.  Baldwin  has 
handled  the  difficult  questions  of  the 
relationship  of  the  Council  to  the  Ex- 
chequer, the  Chancery,  and  Parliament. 
Doubtless  there  are  many  enigmas  for 
future  constitutional  students  to  puzzle 
over,  whole  tracts  of  the  history  of  the 
Council  to  be  built  up  from  scanty  mate- 
rials, and  conclusions  which  need  revision  ; 
but,  all  reservations  made,  the  author  has 
mapped  out  a  new  and  unfilled  field  in 
masterly  and  complete  outline.  We  note 
the  addition  of  an  excellent  Index  and 
some  good  facsimiles. 


R.  L.  S.      By  Francis  Watt.     (Methuen  & 
Co.,  6s.  net.) 

Of  the  making  of  books  about  Stevenson 
there  is  literally  no  end.  It  shows,  for  one 
thing,  that  the  croakers  who  told  us 
some  years  ago  that  he  was  already  a 
spent  force  in  literature  were,  to  say  the 
least,  somewhat  out  of  their  reckoning. 
No  doubt  a  considerable  part  of  the 
interest  maintained  in  Stevenson  is  due 
to  the  attractive  personality  of  the  man 
himself.  But  there  is  something  more 
than  that.  As  we  said  in  reviewing  the 
four  volumes  of  his  '  Letters  '  published 
in  1911,  Stevenson's  appeal  was  essentially 
aristocratic,  to  his  fellow-craftsmen  above 
all,  and  after  them  to  the  small  world 
of  real  lovers  of  letters.  To  the  end  he 
remained  the  cult  of  a  select  circle,  and 
will  go  on  being  so.  His  name  and  fame, 
we  can  still  affirm,  "  will  no  more  die  than 
Spenser's." 

Mr.  Francis  Watt's  volume  has  some 
defects  of  detail,  especially  in  regard  to 
the  topography  of  the  Pentland  district, 
with  which  Stevenson's  early  life  was 
directly  connected.  Here  Mr.  Watt  shows 
himself  rather  casual  than  intimate.  He 
spells  Caerketton  without  the  first  e,  and 
adds  a  superfluous  i  to  Carnethy.  The 
lang  whang  of  the  Lanark  Road  he  calls 
the  "eauld  whang";  and  the  Buckstone, 
familiar  to  Stevenson,  is  described  as  a 
"rock,"  whereas  it  is  simply  a  three- 
or  four  -  foot  upright  stone  built  into 
a  garden  wall.  The  Kel  -  stane  is  spelt 
"  Kel- stain  "  ;  but  that  may  be  a  mis- 
print, like  "Ramsey"  (of  Ochtertyre) 
for  Ramsay  (p.  150),  and  "  Grindley  "  for 
Grindlay  (p.  196).  What,  however,  is  to 
be  said  for  the  statement  (p.  81)  that 
"  not  a  stone  remains  "  of  Bavelaw 
Castle  ?  The  reviewer  has  passed  the 
Castle  scores  of  times  in  Pentland  tramps 
during  the  last  two  years,  and  recently 
has  had  the  mortification  of  seeing 
it  "restored"  in  modern  iconoclastic 
fashion. 

It  is  a  pity  that  these  and  other  slips 
should  have  disfigured  the  book,  but  they 
do  not  detract  from  its  essential  value  as 
a  work  which,  for  certain  of  its  features, 
must  have  a  distinct  place  in  Stevenson 
literature.     The  author  gives  wisely  little 
more    than    an    outline    of    Stevenson's 
career,    for     its    details    are     sufficiently 
familiar.   His  plan  (and  he  carries  it  out, 
on     the     whole,    very    successfully    and 
judiciously)   is  to  dissect    the  Stevenson 
literary  product,  with  a  view  to  showing 
its    diverse    artistic,   human,  and,    so    to 
speak,  geographical  interests.      Thus  we 
find    Stevenson's    Edinburgh  —  the    real 
Edinburgh — recalled  and  contrasted  with 
the  Edinburgh  of  his  works.     The  Pent- 
lands  again,  with  which  Stevenson  began 
and  (in  '  Weir  of  Hermiston  ')  practically 
ended  his  professional  career,  are  studied  in 
the   same  way ;    the  Lothians   too,  about 
which  we  hear  a  good  deal  in  his  books. 
Similarly,  we  are  taken  with  Stevenson  to 
England,  to  the  Continent,  to  America, 
and  to  the  South  Seas,  the  object  in  every 
case  being  mainly  to  bring  out  the  con- 
nexion between  the   actual  life  and  the 


No.  4509,  March  28,   19U 


T  H  E    A  T  II  ENiEU  M 


44.1 


writings.  All  this  was  worth  doing,  and 
it  is  well  done. 

Further  chapters  treat,  with  insight  and 
sympathy,  of  Stevenson  as   letter  -  writer 

and  playwright ;  of  the  women  in  his  works 
(an  old  question  for  discussion) ;  and  of 
his  religion.  As  regards  the  last  -  named 
we  do  not  wholly  agree  with  Mr.  Watt; 
but  the  matter  cannot  be  debated  in  a 
review,  and  perhaps  should  not  be  debated 
at  all.  at  any  rate  without  a  clear  under- 
standing of  what  "  religion "  exactly 
implies. 

The  book  is  furnished  with  a  good  Index, 
and  has  for  frontispiece  a  portrait  of 
Stevenson  which  will  be  new  to  many  by 
that  distinguished  photographer  A.  G. 
Dew  Smith. 


Italian  Yesterdays.     By  Mrs.  Hugh  Fraser. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.,  16s.  net.) 

One  is  not  surprised  to  read  that  Mis. 
Fraser  found  it  no  easy  matter  to  choose  a 
suitable  title  for  her  latest  volume,  seeing 
that  these  "  Italian  Yesterdavs  '  range 
from  Roniulus  and  Remus  to  her  own 
reminiscences.  Yet  the  fact  that  even  in 
her  day  the  Via  Urbana,  the  street  where 
Tullia  is  said  to  have  forced  her  charioteer 
to  drive  over  the  dead  body  of  her  father, 
Servius  Tullius,  was  still  known  as  the 
Vicolo  Scelerato,  almost  links  the  two 
periods. 

The  first  chapters  are  largely  con- 
cerned with  the  history  of  the  early 
Church  in  Italy  and,  above  all,  in 
Rome,  and  therefore  possess  a  unity  of 
their  own.  Our  author  tells  us  of  the 
martyrdom  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  of 
Oratian  and  Alaric,  and  gives  good 
ac-ounts  of  St.  Cecilia  and  that  unfortu- 
nate mediaeval  saint  Eustochia,  among 
many  other  interesting  stories.  Mrs. 
Fraser  even  provides  a  life  of  Count 
M  ttioli.  who,  she  believes,  was  the  Man 
in  the  Iron  Mask.  Her  last  chapters 
she  devotes  to  Marco  Polo,  Carlo  Zeno, 
and  other  Venetian  heroes,  and  she  has 
something  to  say  of  Verona  and  its 
tyrants.  But  she  might  have  included 
among  the  many  important  events  of 
which  the  famous  amphitheatre  there  has 
been  the  scene,  Eleonora  Duse's  perform- 
ance of  Juliet  at  the  age  of  fourteen  by 
the  light  of  a  few  lanterns,  the  first 
artistic  triumph  of  that  great  actress. 

For  all  its  variety,  we  doubt  whether 
this  volume  will  enjoy  the  popularity  of  its 
predecessors.  Though  Mrs.  Fraser  is  too 
■1  a  story-teller  ever  to  be  anything 
but  eminently  readable,  it  is  only  when 
touched  with  the  glamour  of  her  own 
in  imories  that  these  gleanings  from 
Italian  history  attain  to  the  full  life  of 
tiie  earlier  recollections  of  a  diplomatist's 
wife.  For  those  who.  like  our  author. 
were  so  fortunate  as  to  grow  up  amid  all 
that  was  best  in  the  artistic  and  social 
world  of  papal  Rome,  the  Eternal  City 
lost  something  that  can  never  be  recovered 
when  it  became  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Italy.  We  get  a  glimpse  of  thi- 
vanished  world  in  tin-  description  of  the 
open  table  unci'  kept  in  the  Villa  liorgl 
or  in  the  sight  that  met  the  «  Mi 


Fraser  and  her  sister  when  their  carriage 
took  a  short  cut  across  the  open  Campagna 
to  the  appointed  meeting-place  for  the 
artists'  festival  on  a  brilliant  morning  in 
May :— 

"  Suddenly,  on  the  skyline  of  a.  low  ridge 
just  ahead  of  us.  a  towering  ear  moved  into 
view,  drawn  by  four  white  oxen,  whose 
gilded  horns  were  hung  with  wreaths  of 
roses.  The  heavy  wheels  were  smothered  in 
roses  too,  scattering  pink  and  white  petals 
as  they  revolved  over  the  newly  sprung 
grass.  The  sides  of  the  car  were  all  of 
fretted  gold,  catching  the  sun  in  a  hundred 
lovely  scrolls  and  arabesques  ;  raised  high 
on  a  gold  and  ivory  throne  sate  a  Roman 
emperor,  his  white  robes  covered  with  jewels, 
the  laurel-wreath  on  his  brow  ....  Behind  him 
two  black  slaves  held  huge  fans  of  white 
feathers  over  his  head  to  protect  him  from 
the  heat  ;  at  his  feet,  on  a  swirl  of  panther- 
skins,  sate  his  favourite  of  the  moment,  a 
beautiful  little  Greek  woman,  her  golden 
hair  crowned  with  roses,  her  bare  arms 
covered  with  bracelets  and  gleaming  like 
marble  in  the  sun,  while  a  score  or  more  of 
lovely  girls  in  classical  draperies  leaned  over 
the  gilt  balustrades  that  sank,  tier  below 
tier,  from  the  sides  of  the  throne  down  to 
the  upper  edge  of  the  rose-wreathed  wheels. 
Black  slaves  in  scarlet  tunics  led  the  oxen.'1 

This  was  followed  by  a  long  procession 
of  cars  nearby  as  splendid  as  the  first,  the 
ox-drivers  alone  not  being  as  motionless  as 
statues. 

"  It  was  a  dream  of  Imperial  times,  too 
surprising  to  be  real,  till,  as  the  first  car 
passed  close  to  us,  one  of  the  girls  began  to 
laugh  and  flung  a  handful  of  rose-petals  in 
my  face."' 

It  is  this  life  of  her  own  girlhood,  when 
energetic  young  ladies  might  climb  to  the 
highest  arch  of  the  ruins  of  the  Baths  of 
Caracalla  and  lie  there  basking  in  the  sun  on 
a  stone  that  rocked  beneath  them,  which 
Mrs.  Fraser  has  done  so  much  to  recapture 
for  us  in  her  writings  on  Italy,  and  the 
pages  she  devotes  to  it  here  are  far  the  best 
in  the  book.  The  deseiiptions  of  the  street 
cries  of  Rome,  of  her  birthday  in  her 
beautiful  home  at  the  Villa  Negroni 
where  the  railway  station  now  stands,  of 
the  picnic  parties  at  Egeria's  Grotto,  or  of 
the  lonely  villa  with  its  wonderful  nightin- 
gales which  she  discovered  far  out  in  the 
Campagna.  have  all  the  charm  of  her 
earlier  recollections.  Interesting,  too.  are 
the  stories  of  her  encounters  with  the  wild 
cattle  and  sheepdogs  of  the  Campagna. 
The  writer  was  once  informed  on  good 
authority  that  the  best  way  to  quiet  the 
latter  was  to  sit  down  (since  that  is  the 
position  in  which  thej  usually  see  their 
masters)  and  pretend  to  throw  stone-  at 
them.  But  he  could  never  summon  up 
courage  to  try  the  experiment. 

kull  a-  are  .Mrs.  Eraser's  reminiscences, 
.Marion  Crawford  could  have  added  much 
to  what  his  sister  has  told  us  of  the  Italy  of 

his  day  had  he  lived  to  write  his  memoirs. 
I  hie  is  a  Btory  of  his  which  is  worth  pre- 
serving. One  evening  he  was  -landing  by 
the  piano  in  a  well-known  Roman  salon, 
almost  alone,  listening  to  Liszt,  who  waa 
playing  quietly  to  himself.  The  other 
guests  were  in  the  middle  of  the  room 
gathered  round  Mommsen,  the  lion  of  the 
evening,  lb-  was  disoussing  Roman  hi-- 
w  ith  <  Iregoroi  iua    w  ho  rest  mbled  a 


typical  heavy  Lutheran  pastor  in  appear- 
ance. Suddenly  the  argument  grew  heati  d. 
and  as  Crawford  drew  near  he  heard 
the  Voltaire-like  Mnmmscn  Hash  out  : 
"  Aber,  Heir  ( iregorovius.  sind  Sic  schon 
friiher  in  Bom  gewesen  '.  '  Gregorovius, 
who  had  spent  nearly  half  his  life  in  Home, 
was  completely  reduced  to  silence. 


Cambridge  Medieval  History.     Planned  by 
J.  B.  Bury.    Edited  by  H.  M.  Gwatkin 

and  J.  P.  Whitney.  -Vol.  II.     Tfo  Riai 
of  the  Saracens  and  tin  Foundation  of  the 
Western  Empire.  With  Volume  of  Maps. 
(Cambridge  University  Press,  20s.  net.) 

An  incidental  remark  of  the  editors,  not 
altogether  justified,  concerning  the  wholly 
admirable  chapter  on  Roman  law,  sent  us 
back  to  Gibbon,  whose  second  period  of 
the  '  Decline  and  Pall '  coincides  almost 
exactly  with  that  covered  by  this  volume. 
The  comparison  between  the  two  works, 
overwhelming  as  are  the  difference-  be- 
tween them  from  the  point  of  view  of  his- 
torical scholarship,  is  not  entirely  in  favour 
of  the  new-  as  against  the  old.  Xo  one  at 
the  present  clay  can  hope  to  embrace  the 
whole  field  of  historical  study  with  suffi- 
cient knowledge  of  its  details  to  embark 
on  Gibbon's  task,  but  we  may  regret  the 
loss  of  that  unity  of  aim  and  treatment 
and  st}de  which  makes  his  great  work  one 
of  the  classics  of  our  literature.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  editors  in  future  volumes 
will  expand  the  Preface,  in  which  they  give 
a  somewhat  summary  account  of  the  book, 
into  a  more  connected  study  of  the  nature 
of  what  was  once  called  the  philosophy 
of  history. 

The  observer  usually  finds  in  his  >ub- 
ject  little  more  than  what  he  brings  to 
its  observation.  An  eighteenth -century 
draughtsman  saw  and  preserved  the  noble 
proportions  and  sweep  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, but  utterly  ignored  the  myriad 
beautiful  details  which  are  so  great  a.  part 
of  our  pleasure  in  the  same  building  :  the 
student  of  history  unconsciously  selects 
those  aspects  of  the  facts  before  him 
which  appeal  to  his  personal  predilections 
and  the  general  sentiment  of  hi-  period. 
( ribbon  found  his  ideal  in  Augustan  Rome 
— a  dream-city  of  marble  and  classicism, 
an  ideal  strangely  compounded  of  the  toga 
and  the  periwig,  of  Virgil  and  Lucretius 
and  of  Malherbe  and  Corneille  ;  and  he 
SOUghl     to    discover    how     this    ideal     had 

fallen  to  pieces  and  left  the  world  in  dark- 
ness till  the  new  dawn  of  the  days  ol  the 
Mc  dici  and  the  full  sunlight  <•!  the  age  ol 
Louis  Quatorze.  To  him  Byzantium  was 
the  China  of  the  West;  the  art  and  literature 
of  the  Middle  Ages,  the  formless  babblings 
of  barbarians.  Incapable  himself  of  en- 
thusiasm or  belief,  be  saw  and  desci  ibed  in 
the  records  of  the  past  "  little  more  than 
the  crimes,  follies,  and  misfortunes  ol 
mankind." 

To   us.    whose    minds  and    literature   . 

saturate  d  w  ith  mi  dissval  influences,  thi-^ 
standpoint  i-  entirely  foreign.  The  con- 
tinuity   of    history    appears    in    another 

a-peet    than   that    in   which   Cibbon   -aw    it. 

Byzantium,  like    China,  has  been   redis- 


446 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


covered.  We  recognize  with  gratitude 
the  part  it  played  as  the  bulwark  of 
Christendom  for  seven  centuries,  and  we 
are  beginning  to  appreciate  its  services 
as  a  nursing  mother  to  the  arts  in  the 
dark  ages  of  European  barbarism.  Im- 
perial Rome  itself  is  as  much  an  episode 
in  the  history  of  civilization  as  its  Eastern 
sister  ;  Greek  thoughts,  Greek  methods, 
even  in  the  full  tide  of  the  mediaeval 
Renaissance,  gave  it  its  freshness  and 
strength  as  they  move  us  to-day. 

Thus  the  reader  in  this  volume  surveys 
the  welter  of  barbarism  outside  Byzan- 
tium with  an  eye  for  the  promise  of  the 
new-ordered  civilization  which  is  to  come, 
and  the  shaping  of  the  neAV  poAvers  that 
are  to  contend  with  it.  For  the  first  time 
the  rise  of  Islam  takes  a  place  in  the  chain 
of  events,  no  longer  an  accident  of  the 
appearance  of  the  hero  as  prophet.  For 
the  first  time  the  spread  of  the  Slav  west- 
ward and  southward  from  his  swampy 
fastnesses  is  traced  out,  and  the  results 
of  modern  linguistics  pressed  into  service 
in  a  history  as  fascinating  as  a  novel. 
For  the  first  time  the  story  of  Visigoth 
Spain  is  written  for  the  general  reader. 
There  is  no  period  of  history  of  which  the 
average  student  knows  less  than  that 
covered  by  this  volume,  or  to  which  the 
scholarship  of  the  last  twenty  years  has 
contributed  so  much. 

The  book  itself  rarely  falls  below  a  high 
level.  Perhaps  the  general  impression 
left  by  the  chapters  on  Byzantine  history 
is  a  little  too  sombre,  too  forgetful  of  the 
services  of  that  magnificent  bureaucracy 
which,  in  the  face  of  enemies  outside  and 
its  emperors  at  home,  held  up  the  empire 
for  centuries  from  its  fall ;  perhaps  we 
might  see  an  exaggerated  Teutonism  in  a 
section  on  Germanic  Heathendom  which  is 
devoted  to  Scandinavian  mythologAr,  and 
does  not  mention  the  fact  that  the  names 
of  the  German  deities  in  Germany  are 
most  of  them  Celtic  ;  but  differences  of 
view  such  as  these  are  inevitable,  and 
serve  but  to  bring  into  relief  the  excellence 
of  the  important  chapters. 

The  Bibliography  runs  to  over  100 
pages,  and  the  atlas  is  indispensable. 


The  Divine  Comedy  of  Dante  Alighieri. 
Translated  by  E.  M.  Shaw.  (Constable 
&  Co.,  85.  Gd.  net.) 

The  appearance  of  a  new  verse -translation 
of  the  greatest  Christian  epic  inevitably 
suggests  such  questions  as,  For  what  class  of 
readers  is  it  intended  ?  and,  Does  it  possess 
merit  enough  to  make  the  labour  of  its 
production  worth  while  %  The  answer  to 
the  second  question  is  not  easy  in  this 
case,  for  it  depends  in  some  measure 
on  the  answer  to  the  first ;  and  on  that 
point  the  translator  in  her  short  Preface 
fails  to  enlighten  us.  It  can  hardly  be 
meant  for  those  who  are  unfamiliar  with 
the  poem  and  cannot  read  it  in  the  original, 
for  it  does  not  contain  a  single  note,  nor 
even  any  marginal  identification  of  the 
many  personages  whom  Dante  does  not 


expressly  name.  But  if  Ave  may  take  it 
as  meant  for  those  Avho  have  deeply 
studied  the  poem,  Ave  are  entitled  to  look 
for  a  higher  poetic  standard  than  we 
expect  in  a  version  like  LongfelloAv's, 
which  from  its  wealth  of  illustrative 
matter  is  evidently  Avritten  for  the 
beginner. 

Mrs.  Shaw  tells  us,  strangely  enough, 
that  "  there  was  no  labour  in  the  pro- 
ducing of  it,"'  though  she  admits  a 
certain  amount  in  "  the  finishing  and 
perfecting  "  of  the  Averse.  She  means,  we 
presume,  that  it  Avas  a  labour  of  love,  and 
its  general  character  supports  that  ex- 
planation. There  is  a  smoothness  in 
the  verse  which  in  some  passages  rises 
to  dignity,  and  she  understands  the  art 
of  A7arying  the  cadence  of  the  sentences 
so  as  to  avoid  stiffness.  She  is  anxious  to 
keep  close  to  the  meaning,  and  in  the 
more  scholastic  discourses  of  the  '  Para- 
diso  '  this  effort — which  is  not  always 
successful — detracts  from  the  quality  of 
the  verse.  She  acknoAv ledges  a  deep  debt 
to  Gary's  translation,  and  we  think  that 
she  OAves  as  much  to  Longfellow's,  though 
she  does  not  expressly  admit  it.  Her 
Aversion  is  not  so  literal  as  the  latter,  but  it 
is  less  uniformly  prosaic  ;  and  she  has  taken 
much  pains  with  the  beautiful  similes 
with  which  the  poem  abounds.  She 
makes  an  unnecessary  apology  for  not 
attempting  a  rhymed  translation.  Pre- 
vious efforts  to  render  the  poem  in  its 
original  terza  rima  have  mostly  been  con- 
spicuous failures,  and  this  not  so  much 
for  Mrs.  ShaAv's  too  comprehensive  reason 
that "  English  is  not  a  rhyming  language," 
as  because  it  is  far  poorer  in  rhymes  than 
the  more  melodious  Italian.  The  danger 
of  blank  Averse  is  that  it  too  easily  sinks  to 
the  level  of  prose,  and  Avhere  the  trans- 
lator yields,  as  Mrs.  ShaAV  often  does,  to 
the  temptation  of  ending  lines  with  rela- 
tives, prepositions,  auxiliary  A^erbs,  and 
even  conjunctions,  the  descent  to  prose 
becomes  rapid. 

There  are  some  mistakes  which  a 
little  competent  advice  might  have  pre- 
vented, as  errors  of  quantity,  especially 
in  classical  names  :  "  Orpheus  "  is  ex- 
tended to  three  syllables,  and  "  Sicheus  " 
contracted  to  two  ;  Avhile  "  Cai'na  " — the 
division  in  the  ninth  circle  of  the  '  In- 
ferno ' —  is  dissyllabic  in  one  place  and 
trisyllabic  in  another.  A  more  irritating 
liberty  is  the  dissyllabic  A^alue  sometimes 
given  to  such  Avords  as  "  hour,"  "  fire," 
"  Avire,"  Avhere  the  metre  requires  it, 
though  they  are  often  used  properly  as 
monosyllables.  In  general,  Mrs.  ShaAV 
avoids  the  snare  of  introducing  otiose  ad- 
jectives or  sentences  on  metrical  grounds  ; 
but  in  Canto  IV.  of  the  '  Inferno '  the 
allusion  to  Claudius  Ptolemy  the  astro- 
nomer is  unfortunately  amplified  by  the 
Aveak  line 

Who  knew  to  foster  Alexandria, 

which    can    only    apply    to    a    different , 
person,  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.     Taken  as 
a  Avhole,   the   translation  is  not  Avithout 
merit,  though  it  has  some  serious  defects. 


Wild  Game  in  Zambezia.     By  R.   C.   F. 
Maugham.     (John  Murray,  12s.  net.) 

1  Mr.  Maugham  has  most  skilfully  steered 
a  middle  course  between  the  Scylla  of 
mere  big-game  shooting  "shop"  and  the 
Chaiybdis  of  a  scientific  treatise.  Those 
acquaintc  el  Avith  his  previous  work  will  not 
be  surprised  to  finel  that  he  has  produced 
a  volume  Avhich  proves  both  attractive 
to  the  lay  mind  and  valuable  to  the 
sportsman.  The  treatment  is  pleasingly 
unusual  in  two  respects  :  technical  terms 
are  entirely  absent,  and  we  have  inter- 
esting descriptions  of  the  habits — not  the 
slaughter — of  the  countless  animals,  great 
and  small,  that  dAvell  in  mountain,  sAvamp, 
and  jungle  on  either  side  of  the  great 
Zambezi  river. 

The  author  denounces  in  forcible 
language  the  wholesale  butchery  that  has 
wiped  out  entire  families  of  African  fauna. 
Killing  for  killing's  sake  is  an  abomination, 
and  he  is  a  powerful  advocate  of  more 
numerous  and  better -managed  game  re- 
sents : — 

'  To  my  mind  a  game  reserve  should  be 
conducted  more  or  less  upon  the  lines  of  a 
carefully  tended  botanical  garden." 

There  are  great  possibilities  about  the  neAV 
sport  that  a  few  daring  souls  haA^e  recently 
indulged  in.  We  can  readily  imagine  that 
in  "  hunting  with  a  camera  in  place  of  a 
rifle,  the  excitement  and  difficult}^  are 
greater."  After  all,  to  quote  Mr.  Radclyffe 
Dugmore,  Avhose  wonderful  photographs 
of  Avild  animals  in  their  natural  surround- 
ings are  still  fresh  in  our  memory,  "  the 
life  of  any  animal,  be  it  bird  or  beast,  is 
far  more  interesting  than  its  dead  body." 

A  most  informins:  discussion  on  the 
tsetse  fly  brings  us  to  the  A^arious  methods 
that  have  been  suggested  for  eradicating 
"  sleeping-sickness."  The  author  makes 
out  a  good  case  against  Dr.  Warrington 
Yorkes  proposition  that  the  main  reser- 
voir of  infection  for  the  parasite  of  this 
fearful  malady  would  be  remoAred  if  the 
African  fauna,  small  and  large,  were 
driven  back  (i.e.  extirpated)  from  the 
regions  inhabited  by  man.  Besieles  point- 
ing out  the  almost  insuperable  difficulties 
of  any  attempt  to  do  this  effectively,  Mr. 
Maugham  puts  in  a  plea  for  the  big  game, 
based  on  twenty  years'  experience  and  ob- 
servation in  fly-infested  regions.  There  are 
enormous  tsetse  -  fly  belts  in  Portuguese 
East  Africa  where  the  pest  has  existed  for 
many  years,  but  where  there  is  "  not  the 
smallest  trace  of  game  nor  recollection  of 
its  occurrence  even  among  the  more  elderly 
of  the  native  inhabitants."  What  we 
had  been  rudely  told  Avas  ';  pampered 
softness"  inclines  us  cordially  to  agree 
with  the  advice  to  avoid  "  roughing 
it  "  as  far  as  possible.  It  is  a  relief  to 
find  a  writer  who  argues  in  faA^our  of 
comfort  and  decency  in  camp  life  on 
grounds  of  health  and  expediency. 

We  leave  '  Wild  Game  in  Zambezia  ' 
with  reluctance.  It  takes  a  high  place  in 
the  literature  of  travel  and  wild  life. 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


THE    ATIIENiKlTM 


447 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 
Alexander  (A.  B.  D.),  CHRISTIANITY  and  Ethics, 
i  8  net.  Duckworth 

In  the  ••  studios  in  Theology"  Series.  The 
writer  aims  at  presenting  "  a  brief  but  compre- 
hensive view  of  the  Christian  conception  of  the 
moral  life."  There  is  a  Bibliography,  and  the 
i>ook  is  divided  into  four  sections,  entitled  '  Postu- 
lates,' '  Personality,'  '  Character,'  and  '  Conduct.' 

Barclay  (Florence  L.t,  The  Golden  Censer.  1/6 
net.  Hodder  &  Stonghton 

Eight  short  studies  on  intercessory  prayer. 

Eucken  (Rudolf\  Cam  We  Still  be  Christians  ? 

Authorized  Translation  bv  Lucv  Judge  Gibson, 

3/6  net.  Black 

A  consideration  of  the  attitude  to  be  adopted 

regarding  Christianity. 

Field   (Dorothy),  The   Religion  of  the  Sikhs, 
■•  Tin   Wisdom  of  the  East  Series,"  2/  net. 

John  Murray 
The  author  considers  in  turn  the  teaching  of 
the  Sikh  Gurus,  the  religious  origins  of  Sikhism, 
and  the  doctrines  of  the  Sikhs,  and  in  the  last 
chapter  discusses  the  hymns  from  the  Granth 
sahib  and  the  Granth  of  the  Tenth  Guru. 

Patrick  (John),  Clement  of  Alexandria,  7  T> 
net.  Blackwood 

The  Croall  Lecture  for  1899-1900,  with 
Appendix  and  Bibliography.  In  preparing  the 
book  for  publication  the  writer  has  used  O.  Stahlin's 
text  of  Clement's  works. 

Webster  (F.  S.),  Trusting  and  Triumphing,  2/ 
net.  R.T.S. 

A  collection  of  sermons. 

Weinel  (Heinrich)  and  Widgery  (Alban  G.),  Jesus 

in   the    Nineteenth    Century    and    After, 

10/6  net.  Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 

A    study,    mainly    historical,    based    on    Dr. 

NYeinel's    "Jesus  im  19  Jahrhundert,'    and  revised 

and  brought  up  to  date. 

LAW. 

Hardy  (G.  L.),  The  Law  and  Practice  of  Bank- 
ruptcy, 2/6  net.  Effingham  Wilson 
A  practical  handbook  dealing  with  Acts  of 
Parliament,   Bankruptcy  and  other  Rules,   with 
references  to  cases. 

POETRY. 

Courthope  (W.  J.),  Selections  from  the  Epi- 
grams of  M.  Valerius  Martiauis,  translated 
or  imitated  in  English  Verse,  3/6  net. 

John  Murray 
Containing  '  An  Epistle  of  Thanks  to  the 
Rev.  H.  Montague  Butler,  D.D.,  on  receiving  a 
Copy  of  his  Address  (to  the  Classical  Association) 
"  On  the  Value  of  Translations  from  the  Classics,"  ' 
a  '  Note  on  the  Literary  Character  of  the  Flavian 
Ages  in  Ancient  Rome,'  translations  and  imitations 
Martial,  printed  with  the  originals,  and  notes 
on  the  Latin. 


Kennedy     (James), 
Poems,  4 /net. 
A  new  edition. 


Scottish     and     American 
Oliphant  &  Anderson 


Moore  (T.  Sturge),  The  Sea  is  Kind,  0/  net. 

Grant  Richards 

Twenty-one  of  these  poems  have  not  been 

printed    before ;     others   have   appeared   in    The 

English   Rerun:.  The  Neio  Statesman,  The  Poetry 

Review,  and  other  papers. 

Patterson  (Clara  Burdett),  The  Dryad,  3/6  net. 

Constable 
A  long  piece  in  blank  verse. 

Poet    (The  ,    Lightning  of  Rhythm   and  Rhvme, 
Ming  from   Time  to   Time,  Vol.  1.  No.  i,  by 
Paneumolpos,  3d. 

Parnassus  Press.  289,  Regent  St. 

The  author  calls  these  pieces  —none  of  which 

i-    longer    than     six     lines — "  Fireballs."     They 

include  '  Seleos,'  '  Pantheon,'  '  Grandiloquence,' 

and  '  Idcolatry.' 

Webster     Alphonsus    W.),    Tin;    EnwaKD    Lxqht, 

and  Other  VERSES,  2  >'<  net.  Headley 

lUBoeUaneom    verses,   including   '  Makei     ol 

Music,'  '  Balm  in  Gilead,'  '   \  School  for  Angels,' 

and  '  Venice,  1513.' 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Congress    Library  :     A    l.i.-v   ok    AXHRK  as    Doc- 
iob  w.  Dtcmbtatioks  i'hiviei,    in   loiij,  pre- 
l  by  Charles  A.  Flagg,  80c. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
1    ntainfng    an    alphabetic     list     of    ti, 
ted  in  1912,  rlawifflrd  I  -  ibjecl   Index, 

and   a   list  of   Doctors,  arranged   under   Dhiver- 
sities. 


English  Catalogue  of  Books  (The^  for  1913. 

'  Publishers'  Circular  ' 

This    is    the    seventy-seventh    issue    of     "The 
English  Catalogue,'  anil  contains  (he  t  it  les.  under 

authors  or  subjects,  of  books  published  last  yen', 

as  well  as  some  received   ton  [ate  for  inclusion   in 
the  former  issue. 

Mash    (Maurice  H.  B.).   Cataloguing    Codes,  a. 

Comparison    of    the     "Cutter"     and     "  A.L.A. 

ami    L.A."    Rules,   M.   net.  Stanley  Paid 

This  paper  is  reprinted  from  T.'ie  Librarian. 
Peddie    (R.    A.),    Conspectus    Incunardxoruic: 

Part  11.  C—  («,  1.")/  net.  Grafton 

An     index     catalogue     of     Qfteenth-century 
books,   with    references  to   Haiti's   '  Kepertorium, 
Copinger's  'Supplement,'  Proctor's  '  Index,'  Pelle- 
chet's  •  Catalogue,    Campbell's  '  Annales,'  and  other 
bibliographies. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Wilson   (Floyd   B.),   The   Man   of  To-jiorrow  : 
HUMAN  Evolution,  impelling   Man  onward  to 
God-Consciousness,    "  The    New    Thought    Li- 
brary," 3/6  net.  Rider 
In  his  Prologue  the  author  states  that  it  is 
his  aim  to  "  present  what  my  studies  and  experi- 
ences have  taught  me  as  to  ways  and  methods  of 
using  the  Key  to  unlock  the  slumbering  powers 
within  ourselves." 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Adams    (Ephraim    Douglass),     The    Power    of 
Ideals  in  American  History,  5/  net. 

Milford,  for  Yale  University  Press 

The  author  discusses  the  basic  principles  of 

American  citizenship  and  the  power  of  idealism  in 

American  political  life,  and  protests  against  the 

materialistic  conception  of  history  for  America. 

Burns  (William  J.),  The  Masked  War,  the  Story 

of  a  Peril  that  threatened    the  United  States, 

by    the    Man    who    uncovered    the    Dynamite 

Conspirators  and  sent  them  to  Jail,  7/6  net. 

Hodder  <fc  Stoughton 
In  this  volume  the  author  sets  forth  the  evi- 
dence he  gathered  against  John  J.  McNamara, 
James  B.  McNamara,  and  "  those  of  the  Inter- 
national Bridge  and  Structural  Iron  Workers 
who  betrayed  the  workers  of  that  union  to  the 
Anarchists." 

Butler  (A.  J.),  Bahylon  of  Egypt,  a  Study  in 
the  History  of  Old  Cairo,  4/6  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
In  this  monograph  the  author  sets  out  to 
prove  "  that  for  many  centuries  before  the 
conquest  Babylon  was  the  recognized  name  of  a 
town  or  city  of  great  importance  :  that  the  term 
was  so  understood  at  the  time  of  the  conquest : 
and  that  this  usage  prevailed  for  some  centuries 
after  the  conquest." 

Collectanea  Franciscana,  edited  by  A.  G.  Little, 
M.  R.  James,  H.  M.  Bannister. 

Aberdeen  University  Pre.s 
This  is  the  fifth  of  the  "  Franciscan  Studies  " 
published  by  the  British  Society,  and  contains  a 
study  of  '  Brother  William  of  England  '  and  a 
'  Description  of  a  Franciscan  Manuscript,'  by- 
Mr.  Little  ;  '  The  Library  of  the  Grey  Friars  of 
Hereford,'  by  Dr.  James  ;  '  A  Short  Notice  of 
some  Manuscripts  of  the  Cambridge  Friars,'  by 
the  Rev.  H.  M.  Bannister  ;  and  '  Records  of  the 
Franciscan  Province  of  England,'  also  by  Mr. 
Little.  There  are  four  reproductions  from  MBS., 
Addenda,  and  an  Index. 

Fleischmann    (Hector),    An    Unknown    Son    of 

Napoleon  (Count  Leon),  translated  by  A.  It. 

Allinson,  10/6  net.  Nash 

A  biography  of  Count  LeYm,  with  Appendixes, 

Index,  and  illustrations. 

Hare    (Christopher),    Men    and    Women   of  the 
Italian  REFORMATION,  12/6  net.    Stanley  Paul 
Biographical  studies  of  some  leading  Italian 
Protestants. 

Hutchinson's   History   of   the   Nations,    Part   V., 

edited  by  Walter  1 1  utehinson,  ~'l.  net. 

This  part  contains  ;i  further  ins(;il m i^i I,  of  Sir 
Richard  Temple's  article  on  India. 

Lee  (Elizabeth),  Otjtda  :    A  Memoir,  10/8  net. 

Fisher  I  Ihwin 

An  account  of  the  novelist's  life  and  career, 
told   chiefly  from  her  letters,  with  chapters  on 

Ouida     as     ciitic,      novelist,      hiimanil  arian,     and 

social  reformer. 

Phillips  (Walter  Alison),    Tim:  CoNEBDBBATEON 
Europe,  7  8  net.  Longmans 

six  lectures  delivered  in  the  University 
Schools,  Oxford,  on  •  a  study  of  the  Ruropean 
Alliance,  1813  1823,  as  an  Experiment  in  the 
Internationa]  Organization  of  Peat 

Sandars  (Mary  F.),  BONORS    i":   BALZAC,  hi.  Life 

and   Writings,  •"-     net.  Stanley  Paul 

A    reprint,    with    a    new    Introduction    l>y 

Dr.    w.    L.    Courtney.     See    notice    in    Allen., 

kpril  22,  1005,  p.  193. 


Tilby  (A.  Wyatt),  Soi  IB    Lb-RIOA,   1  isii    L013,  7  .; 
net.  Constable 

This    is    the    sixth     volume     in     the    author's 

series  of   "The    English    People   Overseas,"   and 

brings  to  a  close  tin;  first  part  of  his  history, 
which  treats  "  in  the  main  of  the  founding  of  the 

English  tyi f  civilisation." 

Tout    (Prof.    T.    F.),    THE     PRESENT     State     of 
Medi. kval  Studies  in  Great  Britain. 

.Milford,  for  the  British  Academy 
The    Presidential     Address    delivered     to    the 

Mediaeval  Section  of  the  Intermediate  Historical 
Congress  in  London  last  April.  It  is  reprinted 
from  the  Proceedings  of  the  British  Academy, 
vol.  vi. 

Wertenbaker  (Thomas  J.),  Virginia  under  the 

Stuarts,  1607   1088,  6/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Princeton  University  Press 
A    history  of   Virginia   from    the    founding   of 
Jamestown  to  the  Revolution  of  1688. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  TRAVEL. 
Cox    (J.     Charles),    Gloucestershire,    "  Little 
Guides,"  2/6  net.  Methuen 

In  his  Introduction  the  author  deals  generally 
with  such  subjects  as  the  physical  features  of 
the  county,  its  flora  and  fauna,  history,  worthies, 
and  antiquities,  and  then  describes  each  parish 
in  alphabetical  order.  There  are  illustrations, 
maps,  plans,  a.  Bibliography,  and  an  Index. 

Terry  (T.  Philip),  Terry's  Japanese  Empire, 
including  Korea  anu  Formosa,  21/  net. 

Constable 
A  practical  guide-book  for  travellers,  giving 
a  detailed  account  of  the  country,  and  descriptions 
of  the  Trans-Siberian  Railway  and  the  chief  ocean 
routes  to  Japan.  The  book  is  fully  illustrated 
with  maps  and  plans. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Jessopp   (the    late   Augustus),   England's    Peas- 
antry, and  Other  Essays,  7/6  net.        Ohwin 
Studies  of  rural  life  in  Norfolk. 

ECONOMICS. 

Mallock  (W.  H.),  Social  Reform  as  related  to 
Realities  and  Delusions,  an  Examination  of 
the  Increase  and  Distribution  of  Wealth  from 
1801  to  1910,  6/  John  Murray 

The  author  examines  records  relating  to  the 
amount  and  distribution  of  incomes  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  compares 
them  with  recent  statistics. 

Smart  (William),  An  Introduction  to  the 
Theory  of  Value  on  the  Lines  of  Menger, 
Wieser,  and  Bohm-Bawerk,  1/6  net. 

Macmillan 
A  third  edition. 

EDUCATION. 

Perse  Playbooks :  No.  4,  First-Fruits  of  the 
Play  Method  in  Prose,  3/  net. 

Cambridge,  Heffer 

The  book  contains  a  Preface  by  Dr.  \V.  II.  1  >. 

Rouse,  an  I   an   Essay  on  the  Method  by   .Mi-.    II. 

Caldwell  Cook,  followed  by  examples  of  the  boys' 

work. 

PHILOLOGY. 

New  English  Dictionary:  Shastri — Shyster,  by 
Henry  Bradley,  5/  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Another  section  of  Vol.  VIII. 

Soane  (E.  B.),  Grammar  of  the  Kurmanji  ok 
Kurdish  Language,  8/6  net.  Luzac 

The  sixth  volume  in  the  "  Oriental  Grammar 
Series." 

Wilde  (Archer),  Sounds  and  Sio.vs,  ,i   Criticism 

of  the  Alphabet,  with  Suggestions  for  Reform, 

1/6  net.  Constable 

The  author  discusses  some  reasons  for  reform 

in  spelling,  type,  and   alphabet,  and   ftlso  proposes 

improvements  in  the  two  last-named,  independ- 
ent ly  of  spelling  reform. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 
Arnold's   Literary   Reading-Books:    MaBTBRFOLK, 
Scenes  from  the  Lives  of  Famous  .Men,  as 
describi  d  by  Great  Writers,  i  0 
Short   illustrated  extracts. 

Box  (G.  H.),  Tin;  SECOND  BOOK  OF  Kivos.  1  Q 
,,,.(.  ( Cambridge  inn  ersity  Press 

Containing  an  Introduction  on  Hebrew 
historical  writings,  the  authorship,  date,  and 
sources  of  -  Kings,  and  the  chronology;  the 
text  of  the  Revised  Version  with  foot-notes,  and 

an    Index   of  Subji 

Chaucer     (Geoflreyi,      P  \in.i:\ii:\T     01      Foi  I 
edited  b>  <  ■  VL.  Drennan,  2  0 

I  Inivei  jil  y  Tutoria  I  Pr< 

The  text,  which    follows   in    tie     mini    <i  94.  -7 

in  ii, e  Cambridge  University    library,       accom- 
panied by  an  Introduction,  notes,  and  Glossary. 


448 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


McKay  (Herbert),  A  Child's  Book  of  Arith- 
metic, l()r/.  Methuen 
This  book  is  intended  for  very  young  children, 
and  gives  practical  instructions  on  the  subject 
according  to  kindergarten  methods.  It  is  illus- 
trated by  Miss  Lilian  Fairweather. 

Saintsbury  (George),  A  First  Book  of  English 
Literature.  1/0  Maemillan 

An  outline  of  the  development  of  English 
literature  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  end  of 
l,h»'  nineteenth  century.  Appended  to  the  text 
arc  an  Abstract  and  Chronological  Conspectus  and 
a  Glossary  of  Technical  Terms. 

PSYCHOLOGY. 

Fuller  (Sir  Bampfylde),  Life  and  Human  Nature, 
'■)/  net.  John  Murray 

This  work  is  "  an  attempt  to  construct  a 
natural  history — or  science — of  human  nature  by 
tracing  behaviour  of  mind  or  body  to  impulses 
which  actuate,  more  or  less  definitely,  all  living 
creatures."  The  author  reviews  the  material, 
social,  economic,  and  political  development  of 
man,  and  considers  the  influence  of  race  and 
environment. 

Mind  at  Work  (The),  edited  by  Geoffrey  Rhodes, 

3/6  net.  Murby 

A    handbook    of    applied    psychology,    with 

contributions  by  Dr.   Charles  Buttar,   Mr.   E.   J. 

Foley,  and  Prof.  L.  L.  Bernard. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Peers  (Edgar  Allison),  Elizabethan  Drama  and 

its  Mad  Folk,   the  Harness  Prize  Essay  for 

1913,  3/6  net.  Cambridge,  Heffer 

An  essay  on  the  presentation  of  madness  in 

English  comedy  and  tragedy  down  to  1642. 

Vaughan  (C),  The  Influence  of  English 
Poetry  upon  the  Romantic  Revival  on  the 
Continent,  1/  net. 

Milford,  for  the  British  Academy 
The    Warton    Lecture    on    English    Poetrv, 
delivered  last  October.     It  is  reprinted  from  the 
Proceedings  of  the  British  Academy,  vol.  vi. 

FICTION. 

Allerton  (Mark),  The  Girl  on  the  Green,  6/ 

Methuen 
See  p.  474. 

Cody  (H.  A.),  The  Chief  of  the  Ranges,  6/ 

Hodder  «fe  Stoughton 
See  p.  470. 

Crawford  (Alexander),  The  Alias,  1/  net. 

Blackwood 
A  cheap  edition. 

Edwardes  (Tickner),  Tansy,  6/  Hutchinson 

A  tale  of  village  life  in  the  South  Downs. 

Falconer  (Lanoe),  Mademoiselle  Lye,  1/  net, 

Unwin 
The  first  volume   in  a  cheap  edition  of    the 
"Pseudonym    Library."     See    notice    in   Athm.. 
Nov.  8,  1890,  p.  622. 

Futrelle  (Jacques),  Blind  Man's  Buff,  2/  net, 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
See  p.  470. 

Gould  (Nat),  A  Gamble  for  Love,  6/  Long 

The  hero  of  this  novel  falls  in  love  with  the 
beautiful  widow  of  an  American  multi-million- 
aire, but  in  order  to  prove  hi;  indifference  to 
her  money  he  affects  an  attitude  of  coldn-ss,  and 
hazards  great  stakes  to  win  her  love.  There  are 
several  descriptions  of  horse-races,  and  a  mystery 
regarding  the  heroine's  birth  which  is  slowly 
unravelled. 

Harding  (Mrs.  Ambrose),  A  Daughter  of  De- 
bate, 6/  Werner  Laurie 
A  story  of  love  and  adventure  in  Dominica, 
in  which  the  question  of  "  colour  "  is  an  important 
element. 

Havens    (Munson),    Old    Valentines,    a    Love 

Story,  2/6  net.  Constable 

A  pretty  tale,  in  which  the  hero  and  heroine 

face    poverty    together,    and    eventuallv    reach 

prosperity. 

Hayden  (Eleanor  G.),  Love  the  Harper,  6s. 

Smith  &  Elder 
See  p.  468. 

Keith  (Marian),  The  Pot  o'  Gold  :   at  the  End 

of  the  Rainbow,  6/  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

A     story    of    some    simple-hearted     people, 

mostly  Scottish  and   Irish,   living    in   a   country 

town  in  Canada. 


Lepelletier    (Edmond),    Madame    Sans-Gene,    a 

Romance  founded  on  the  Play  by  Sardou  and 

Moreau,  translated  from  the  French  and  edited 

by  J.  A.  J.  de  Vi  liters.  1/6  net.  Greening 

One  of  the  volumes  in  the  "  Lotus  Library." 

Locke  (W.  J.),  The  Fortunate  Youth,  6/ 

John  Lane 
See  p.  467. 

Macnamara  (Rachael  S.),  The  Awakening,  6/ 

Jenkins 
See  p.  473. 

Marks  (Jeannette),  Leviathan,  the  Record  of  a 
Struggle  and  a  Triumph,  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
See  p.  472. 

Methley  (Violet),  The  Loadstone,  6/ 

Hurst  &  Black ett 
A  story  of  adventurous  and  romantic  life  in 
the  days  of  Napoleon. 

Norris  (Kathleen),  The  Treasure.  Maemillan 
A  study  of  an  old-fashioned  American  matron 
who  resents  the  efficiency  of  her  maid-of-all-work 
— "  the  treasure,"  who  is  a  graduate  of  domestic 
economy — and  is  shocked  by  the  frankness  of  her 
daughter,  who  proposes  to  the  man  she  loves. 

Pearce  (Charles  E.),  The  Crimson  Mascot,  6/ 

Stanley  Paul 
The  story  of  the  theft  of  a   crimson  pearl 
and  the  murder  of  its  owner. 


Rita,  Jill-All-Alone,  6/ 
See  p.  468. 


Stanley  Paul 


Salwey  (Reginald  E.),  The  Education  of  Oliver 
Hyde,  6/  Digby  &  Long 

See  p.  473. 

Straus  (Ralph),  The  Orley  Tradition,  6/ 

Methuen 
See  p.  465. 

Tynan  (Katharine),  John  Bulteel's  Daughters, 
6/  Smith  &  Elder 

This  story  concerns  the  love-affairs  of  four 
young  women  whose  social  position  is  endangered 
by  a  quixotic  action  of  their  father  before  his 
marriage. 

Wallace  (Edgar),  Bosambo  of  the  River,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
Mr.  Wallace  shows  in  this  series  of  stories  the 
manifold  difficulties,  and  activities  of,  one  San- 
ders, a  Colonial  Office  Commissioner,  while  govern- 
ing the  various  tribes  under  British  protection  on 
the  West  Coast  of  Africa. 

Wayside  Neighbours,  by  the  Author  of  '  Wayside 
Lamps,'  2/6  net.  Longmans 

A  collection  of  eleven  stories,  eight  of  which 
are  republished  from  The  Treasury. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Boy's  Own,  April,  Qd.  4,  Bouverie  Street 

This  number  contains  the  first  instalment  of 
a  tale  of  the  Malay  Seas,  entitled  '  The  Black 
Pearl  of  Peihoo,'  by  Mr.  S.  Portal  Hyatt.  The 
articles  include  '  Insect  Photography,'  by  Mr. 
Herbert  Mace  ;  '  Lacrosse,  and  How  to  Play  It,' 
by  Mr.  J.  S.  Hutcheon  ;  and  '  A  Philanthropic 
"  Big  Brother  "  :  Mr.  William  Wheatley  and  his 
Mission,'  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Leask. 

Champion,  March,  3d.  net.  21,  Old  Bailey 

Includes  '  School  Songs  of  Shrewsbury,' 
'  All  about  Ferrets,'  and  '  Thackeray  and  Boys.' 

Girl's  Own  Paper  and  Woman's  Magazine,  April, 
Qd.  4,  Bouverie  Street 

The  items  in  this  number  include  '  House- 
hold Science  in  the  Universities,'  by  Mrs.  Smedley 
Maclean  ;  '  Who  's  Who  among  the  Wild  Flowers,' 
by  Mr.  Henry  Irving  ;  and  '  The  Problem  of 
Truth,'  a  short  story  by  Miss  Mary  Heaton  Vorse. 

International  Theosophical  Chronicle,  March,  Qd. 
net.  18,  Bartlett's  Bldgs. 

Notable  articles  in  this  number  are  '  Peace 
and  War,'  by  Mr.  John  Morgan  ;  '  Parsifal  and 
the  Drama,'  by  Mr.  R.  Machell  ;  and  '  Theosophy,' 
by  Prof.  Daniel  de  Lange. 

Irish  Review,  March,  Qd.  net. 

Dublin,  12,  D'Olier  Street ; 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
The  contents  of  this  issue  include  an  article 
on  the  present  political  situation,  entitled  '  At 
the  Irish  Junction,'  by  Mr.  P.  J.  Sheridan  ;  an 
"impression"  of  'A  New  Poet,'  Mr.  Francis 
Ledwidge,  by  Miss  Lily  Fogarty  ;  and  verses  by 
Mr.  Thomas  MacDonagh,  Sir  Roger  Casement, 
and  others. 


Jewish  Review,  March,  1/6  net.  Routledge 

The  articles  in  the  present  issue  include 
'  The  Progress  of  Education  in  Jewry,'  by  Mr. 
Israel  Cohen  ;  '  The  Observance  of  the  Sabbath 
and  the  Festivals,'  by  Mr.  J.  Mann  ;  and  '  Bacher  : 
a  Personal  Note,'  by  Mr.  E.  N.  Adler. 

London  Quarterly  Review,  April,  2/6 

C.  H.  Kelly 
Notable  papers  in  this  number  are  '  The 
Unity  of  the  Human  Race,'  by  Dr.  A. 
Caldecott  ;  '  Rabindranath  Tagore,'  by  Mr.  E.  J. 
Brailsford  ;  and  '  Rajas  and  their  Territories,'  by 
Saint  Nihal  Singh. 

Modern  Language  Teaching,  March,  Qd.  Black 
Includes  articles  on  '  The  Germans  and  their 
National  Hero,'  by  Mr.  M.  Korner,  and  the 
'  Reform  of  English  Spelling  '  (concluded),  by 
Mr.  C.  S.  Bremner  ;  also  Correspondence,  Reviews, 
and  Editorial  Notes. 

North  American  Review,  March,  1/  net. 

Heinemann 
'  Super-Democracy,'  by  Mr.  B.  I.  Oilman ; 
'  Christianity  and  Christian  Science,'  by  the  Rev. 
Randolph  H.  McKim  ;  '  The  Sea  in  the  Greek 
Poets,'  by  Mr.  W.  Chase  Greene  ;  and  '  Some 
Implications  of  Bergson's  Philosophy,'  by  Miss 
L.  C.  Willcox,  are  the  most  important  items 
this  month. 

Scribner's  Magazine,  April,  1  /  Constable 

Col.  Roosevelt  contributes  the  first  two 
chapters  of  '  A  Hunter- Naturalist  in  the  Brazilian 
Wilderness,'  illustrated  by  Mr.  Kermit  Roosevelt 
and-  other  members  of  the  expedition  ;  Mr. 
George  E.  Woodberry  writes  of  North  Africa  in 
an  article  entitled  '  On  the  Mat,'  and  Mr.  H.  G. 
Dwight  on  '  Greek  Feasts  '  ;  and  there  are  other 
articles,  verses,  and  short  stories. 

Stitchery,  a  Quarterly  Supplement  to  '  The 
Girl's  Own  Paper  and  Woman's  Magazine,' 
No.  7,  3d.  4,  Bouverie  Street 

An  illustrated  booklet  giving  patterns  of 
plain  and  fancy  needlework,  suggestions  for 
children's  clothes,  &c. 

Sunday  at  Home,  April,  Qd.  4,  Bouverie  Street 
The  contents  include  articles  on  '  Christ  in 
the  Home,'  by  the  Rev.  Harrington  C.  Lees,  and 
'  The  Earth  Awakes,'  by  Mr.  Thomas  Cassels, 
and  the  first  two  chapters  of  '  Harebell's  Friend,' 
a  serial  story  by  Miss  Amy  Le  F'euvre. 

Windsor  Magazine,  April,  Qd.  Ward  &  Lock 

Offers  stories  by  Sir  H.  Rider  Haggard, 
Miss  S.  Macnaughtan,  and  Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  ; 
and  articles  on  '  The  Art  of  Val.  C.  Prinsep,  R.A.,' 
by  Mr.  Austin  Chester,  and  '  The  Public  Record 
Office,'  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Black. 


GENERAL. 

Anecdotes    of   Pulpit   and   Parish,    collected   and 
arranged  by  Arthur  H.  Engelbach,  3/6 

Grant  Richards 
Anecdotes  of  well-known  prelates  and  others, 
with  an  Index. 

Begbie  (Harold),  The  Ordinary  Man  and  the 
Extraordinary  Thing,  1/  net. 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
A  popular  edition. 

Caldecott    (W.    Shaw),    Outline    Lecture    on 
Herod's  Temple  of  the  New  Testament,  1/ 

C.  H.  Kelly 
This  lecture  is  illustrated  by  a  photograph  of 
the  author's  model  of  the  Temple. 

Catalogue    of    Valuable    Books    and    Important 
Illuminated  and  Other  Manuscripts,  2/6 

Sotheby 
An  illustrated  catalogue.     The  sale  will  take 
place  on  April  6th,  7th,  and  8th. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Cantor    (Charles),    Parsifal,    an    Analysis    and 
some  Thoughts  on  the  Symbolism,   1/ 

Year-Book  Press 
A  paper  on  the  sources  of  '  Parsifal  '  and  its 
allegorical  significance. 

Holland  (Henry  Scott),  Unity  in  Diversity. 

Oxford,  Blackwell 
A   sermon   preached    at   St.    Mary's    Church 
before  the  University  of  Oxford  last  February. 

Way  of  Unity  and  Peace  (The),  Id. 

Smith  &  Elder 
The  purpose  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  appeal 
to  common  sense  in  the  present  Irish  crisis,  and 
to  indicate  the  way  to  unity. 


No.  4509,  March  28,   1014 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


449 


SCIENCE. 

Barrett-Hamilton  (Gerald  E.  H.)(  A  BISTORT  OF 
BRITISH  Mammals,  Part  XV..  2  ti 

Gurney  &  Jackson 

1'  ils  with  Rodents,  ami  is  plentifully 
illustrated. 

The  publishers  announce  that,  owing  to  the 
lamented  death  of  Major  Barrett-Hamilton, 
Mi.  .Mattin  A.  C.  Hinton  of  the  British  .Museum 
will  complete  the  work.  This  section  contains 
an  appreciation  of  Major  Barrett-Hamilton. 

Boutroux  (Emile),  Xvitkai.  Law  ix  Science  and 

PHTL080PHY,   7   ti   net.  Nutt 

An     authorized     translation     by     Mr.     Fred 

Roth  well. 

Crawford  i  David  L.),  A  Contribution  toward  a 
Monograph  of  thk  Homopterous  Insects 
of  the  Family  Delphacid.k  of  Xorth  and 
s   rrit  America. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
This  paper  is  reprinted  from  the  Proceedings 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

Fantham  (H.  B.)  and  Porter  (Annie),  Some 
Minute  Animal  Parasites  :  or,  Unseen 
Foes  in  the  Animal  World,  5/  net. 

Methuen 
This  book  aims  at  giving  a  popular  and 
accurate  account  of  some  microscopic  protozoal 
organisms  that  produce  disease  in  higher  animals, 
including  man.  It  is  illustrated  by  drawings 
made  from  the  atithor's  own  specimens. 

Hilditch  (T.  P.),  A  Third  Year  Course  of 
ORGANIC  Chemistry:  the  Heterocyclic  Com- 
pounds, Carbohydrates,  and  Terpenes,  6/ 

Methuen 
This  volume  is  a  sequel  to  Dr.  A.  E.  Dunstan's 
'  First  Year  '  and  Mr.  F.  B.  Thole's  '  Second  Year 
Organic  Chemistry.' 

Horticultural  Record  (The),  compiled  by  Reginald 
Cory,  12     net.  J.  &  A.  Churchill 

This  volume  contains  over  180  coloured  and 
half-tone  reproductions  of  some  of  the  plants, 
flowers,  and  rock  gardens  at  the  Royal  Inter- 
national Horticultural  Exhibition  of  1912.  These 
plates  are  preceded  by  articles  by  Mr.  H.  R. 
Darlington,  Mr.  James  O'Brien,  and  others, 
illustrating  the  progress  of  horticulture  since  the 
Exhibition  of  18G6. 

Leith  (C.  K.),  Structural  Geology,  6/6  net. 

Constable 
A  textbook    for    students.     It  is  illustrated 
with  photographs  and  diagrams,  and  there  is  an 
Index. 

Levick  iDr.  G.  Murray),  Antarctic  Penguins, 
6/  net.  Heinemann 

An  account  of  the  habits  of  Antarctic  pen- 
guins by  the  zoologist  to  the  Scott  Expedition. 
The  illustrations  from  photographs  are  an  impor- 
tant feature  of  the  book. 

Proceedings  of  the  Rhodesia  Scientific  Associa- 
tion, Vol..  XII.  Bulawayo,  the  Association 
ntains  papers  read  during  1912-13.  These 
include  '  Some  Ethnological  Questions  affecting 
Rhodesia,'  by  the  Rev.  S.  S.  Dornan  ;  'Social 
Conditions  of  the  Natives  of  Mashonaland,'  by 
Mr.  F.  W.  T.  Posselt  ;  and  '  The  Rise  of  the 
Matabele,'  by  Mr.  II.  Marshall  Hole.  ^ 

Sage  (Arthur  R.)  and  Fretwell  (Wm.  E.),  A$Text- 
Book    or    Elementary   Buildini.    CONSTRUC- 
TION, 3  r,  net.  Methuen 
The  aim  of  thus  book  is  to  give  general  ele- 
mentary knowledge  of  the  principles  of  building 
•  ruction. 

Union  of  South  Africa,  Annt.u,  Rkport  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture   for  the   Pe- 
riod 1912-13,  4/        Cape  Town,  '  Cape  Tim* 9  ' 
A  full  and  illustrated  report. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Carpenter  (Edward),  [NTRRKRDIATB  Ttpbs  AMONG 
PBnanVE  Folk,  a  Study  in  Social  Evolution, 
4/6  net.  Allen 

A  discussion  of  the  intermediate  types  be- 
tween   the   normal    in. in    ami    the    normal    Woman. 

The  b<.ok  i->  divided  into  two  parts,  'The  [nter- 
mediate  in  the  Oct  vice  of  Religion  '  and  '  Tie; 
Intermediate  ..^  Warrior,'  the  former  of  which 
was  originally  published  in  Prof.  Stanley  Sail's 
American  Journal  of  Religion*  I'm i/rholog;/,  .J une, 
1911. 

FINE  ARTS 

Catalogue    of    the    Collection    of    Greek,    Roman, 

English,  and  Foreign  Coins,  &c,  in  Gold  and 

Silver,  the  PROPBBTT  "i    Ki.noai.i.  IIazeuhnk, 

1/  Sotheby 

An  illustrated  i  of  a  collection  to  be 

sold  on  April  8ra\ 


Corot,  Landscapes,  Text  by  I).  Oroal  Thomson, 

Part  VI..  2  (>  net.  '  '  The  Studio  '    Office 

This  number  completes  the  series.  It  con- 
tains plates  in  facsimile  colours  of  "The  Boat- 
man,'  "  I'ne  Soiree.'    '   LagO  di   (Simla  :     Chevriere 

au  Hon!  de  I'Bau,'  '  L'Ouragan,'  and  '  La  Route 
d'Arras.' 

MUSIC. 

Gibb  (Marian  P.),  A  Guide  to  the  Chassevant 
.Method  of  Education,  3/6  net.  Heinemann 
An  explanation  of  Mile.  Chassevant's  system. 
With  this  volume  we  have  received  '  Chassevant 
Method  of  Musical  Education.  Solfege,'  First 
Course  (1/6);  Second  Course  (2/6);  and  Third 
Course  (3/),  adapted  by  Miss  Gibb. 

DRAMA. 

Cornford  (F.  M.),  The  Origin  of  Attic  Comedy, 
8/6  net.  Arnold 

The  author's  hypothesis  is  that  the  tradi- 
tional "  forms  " — which  are  said  by  Aristotle 
to  be  present  in  Attic  Comedy  at  the  date  from 
which  the  record  of  comic  poets  begins  —  still 
traceable  in  the  constant  features  of  the  Aristo- 
phanic  play,  were  inherited  from  a  ritual  drama, 
the  content  of  which  can  be  reconstructed. 

Murray  (Gilbert),  Andromache,  a  Play  in  Three 
Acts,  paper  1/  net,  cloth  2/  net.  Allen 

A  revised  edition. 

Tolstoy  (Leo),  Plays,   translated  by  Louise  and 

Aylmer  Maude,  5/  net.  Constable 

A  complete  edition,  including  the  posthumous 

plays.     There  are  illustrations  and  a  brief  Preface. 

Foreign. 

FOREIGN. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Lettres  et  Documents  pour  servir  a  l'Histoire 
de  Joachim  Murat,  1767-1815,  publies  par  S.A. 
le  Prince  Murat.  VIII.  Royaume  de  Naples 
(9  Septembre,  1809—6  Aout,  1810),  7fr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
The    eighth    volume    of    the    Murat    Papers, 
including   illustrations,  and  an   Introduction  and 
notes  by  M.  Paul  Le  Rrethon. 

Rambaud  (Alfred) ,  Histoire  de  la  Russie 
depuis  les  Origines  jusqu'a  nos  Jours,  6fr. 

Paris,  Hachette 
A  sixth  edition,  revised  and  brought  up  to 
1913. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Table  AIphab6tique  de  la  Bibliographic  de  la 
France,  Annee  1913. 

Paris,  Cercle  de  la  Librairie 
Compiled  from  the  Journal  General  de  I  Im- 
primerie  et  de  la  Librairie. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Luick  (Dr.  Karl),  Historische  Grammatik  der 
Englisciien  Sprache,  4m.      Leipsi",  Tauchnitz 
The  second  part  of  this  study. 

Ovid,  Metamorphoseon  Libri  XV.  Lactanti 
Placidi  qui  ijicttur  Narhationes  Fabu- 
larum  Ovidianarum,  recensuit  apparatu  cri- 
tico  instruxit  Hugo  Magnus,  30m. 

Berlin,  Wcidmann 
Includes    a    text    of    the    '  Metamorphoses,' 
with  critical  notes  below,  an  Index  of  Names,  and 
three  plates  with  reproductions  of  manuscripts. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Courbaud  (Edmond),  Horace,  sa  Vie  et  sa  Pensee 
&  I'fipoque  des  Epitres,  3£r.  50.    Paris,  Hachette 
A    critical    study    of    the    flrst    book    of    the 
Epistles  and  its  connexion  with  the  poet's  life. 

GENERAL. 

Annales  de  la  Societ6  Jean-Jacques  Rousseau, 
v*ol.  IX.,  1913,  lot'.  Geneva,  A,  Julien 

The  Annals  include  several  letters  of  RoUSSeau 
and  a  Ribligraphy. 

Frankfurter    Bucherfreund,    Neue    Folga,    Xr.    I., 

6m.  annually.  Prankfurl  a.M.,  Joseph  Baer 

An     Illustrated      catalogue     including     the 

following    divisions:     Primitive    Woodcuts    and 

Pageant    . 

Monnlot    (Albert),    LB    Chime    Kitiki.    OHRZ    i.i 
J  tii—.  Sfr.  60.  ,     Paris,  Pierre  TeqnJ 

With  a  Preface  by  M.  Edouard  Drumont. 

Schaukal  (Richard),  7,v:\-\  ki.k  \stkn  kinks  Zkit- 
(,i.no--i.\  aus  H  Ufa  Bubobbs  Paptbren,  1m. 

\I  nnieh,  Qeorg  Midler 

Studies  on  varied  subjects  of  literary  and 
genera]  Inten 


AN    AUTHORS'    UNION. 

22,  Chepstow  Villas,  Bayswater,  W.,  March  24,  191*. 

In  reply  to  Mr.  Charles  Garvice's  letter 
in  your  issue  of  the  Nth  inst.,  in  which 
lie  maintains  that  1,  as  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Authors,  should  have  communi- 
cated with  that  Society  before  taking  part 
in  the  discussion  re  the  above  to  which  you 
kindly  opened  your  columns,  I  should  like 
to  say  that  it  ought  to  be  possible  to  discuss 
the  difficulties  and  disabilities  of  authors 
as  craftsmen,  and  yet  remain  loyal  to  the 
existing  Society,  which  has  done,  and  is 
doing,  so  much  for  the  dignity  and  independ- 
ence of  authorship  as  a  profession. 

With  regard  to  the  references  made  this 
week  in  a  contemporary,  in  which  it  is  sug- 
gested that  the  critical  and  the  creative 
faculties  do  not  go  together,  I  would  respect- 
fully submit  that  this  is  not  wholly  correct. 

Every  imaginative  author,  whether  poet 
or  novelist,  must  perforce  endeavour  to 
exercise  the  faculty  of  criticism  and  of 
selection  with  regard  to  his  own  work 
before  submitting  it  to  the  public.  More- 
over, critics,  like  creators  of  literature,  have 
in  some  well-known  instances  had  their 
judgments  reversed  by  that  sternest  critic 
of  us  all,  viz.,  Time. 

For  information  as  to  the  initial  stages  of 
the  discussion  re  an  Authors'  Union,  I  would 
refer  Mr.  Garvice  to  the  views  of  The  Athe- 
naeum of  February  ]4th  and  2 1st. 

W.  J.  Cameron. 


THE   SHAKESPEARES   AND   STOKE. 

Leonard  Stanley  Vicarage,  Stonehouse,  Glos. 

March  15,  1914. 

Referring  to  the  article  in  your  issue  of 
March  14th,  by  Mrs.  C.  C.  Stopes,  on  Shake- 
speare and  Asbies,  it  is  curious  that  John 
Shakespeare  went  all  the  way  to  Stoke-on- 
Trent  for  a  surety,  and  it  suggests  that  the 
Shakespeares  had  relations  living  in  those 
parts. 

The  great  parish  of  Stoke  comprised 
within  its  limits,  if  I  mistake  no1,  much  of 
the  manor  of  Newcastle-under-Lyme. 

It  may  interest  Mrs.  Stopes  to  know  that 
there  was,  in  the  late  fourteenth  century 
and  possibly  earlier  and  later  still,  a  family 
of  Shakespeare  living  in  that  manor.  If 
she  will  consult  the  Newcastle  Manor  Court 
Rolls  at  the  Record  Oft  ice  she  Mill  find, 
under  37  Edw.  III.,  a  "  John  Shakespere  "  on 
the  jury  in  that  year,  and  that  in  the  same 
year  a  "  William  Shakespere  "  was  essoined. 
A  "  John  Shakespere  "  occurs  again  in  17 
Rich.  II.  I  was  searching  those  records 
years  ago  for  very  different  things,  and 
happened  by  chance  to  light  on  those  names. 
I  have  no  doubt  a  search  would  reveal 
other  entries  of  the  name.  It  would  be  a 
singularly  interesting  thing  if  it  could  be 
shown  thai  the  Shakespeares  of  Stratford 
came  originally  out  of  Staffordshire. 

(  'll  AKl.KS    SWYNNKKTON. 


HOOK    SALE. 

ON  .Monday  and  Tuesday,  the  hith  and  J7th 
inst.,  Messrs.  Sotheby  sol. I  the  library  of  the  late 
Mr.   A.    15.  Stewart    of  Kawrlille,  GlaSgOW,  the  chief 

prices  being:  Bannatyne  club  Publications, 
182:t  »i7,    134/.     Gould,   Birds  "f  Great    Britain, 

5  vols.,  1st::,  81*.  Holbein.  Portraits  of  Illus- 
trious  Persons  of  the  Court   of  Henry  VIII.,  17U2, 

26Z.  Bora  B.V.M.,  Pranco-Flemish  MS.,  1 5  th 
century,    '■'■'>'.     Euaitland    Club    Publications,    02 

.  lgso  50,  us/.  Charles  tfathews,  Memoirs, 
r,  \,,i  ..  extra-illustrated,  1889,  21/.  sir  Thomas 
More,  Works,  1667,  2  1/.  I'yne.  Ih  Lay  of  the 
Royal  Residences,  ::  \.>l-.,  1810,  261.  Shake* 
speare,  Work  .  1623,  1632,  1684,  an. I  L686,  lirst 
Four   Polios,   1,2007.     The  total  <"f  Hie  sals  WS* 

ti,  6«.  6d. 


450 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


NOTES     FROM    OXFORD. 

"  O  University  Reform,  what  crimes  are 
committed  in  thy  name  ! "  Such  an  excla- 
mation will  be  found  handy  by  all  parties  at 
Oxford  in  view  of  recent  events.  The  sup- 
porters of  the  proposal  to  abolish  the  three 
orders  composing  the  Hebdomadal  Council 
are  not  unnaturally  wroth  with  the  pro- 
fessoriate and  its  backers.  Having  toiled 
for  the  best  part  of  two  years,  they  are 
brought  to  naught  by  the  adverse  vote  of 
a  narrow  majority  in  Convocation.  Now 
Convocation  represents  that  "  last  ditch  " 
in  which  it  is  seemly  enough  that  an  uncom- 
promising opposition  should  die  magnifi- 
cently. But  if  when  the  routed  foe,  hurled 
back  from  one  position  after  another,  rises 
in  restored  and  reinforced  array  out  of  the 
ditch  in  question,  so  that  it  is  filled  to  the 
brim,  not  with  their  own  slain  bodies,  but 
with  those  of  their  triumphant  pursuers, 
then  it  is  no  wonder  if  the  latter  take  it 
somewhat  hardly.  To  escape  one's  own 
notice  having  been  beaten — how  can  this 
be  a  virtue  in  professors — in  those  whose 
business  and  boast  it  is  to  know  ?  More- 
over, Council  had  certainly  done  its  best, 
by  the  method  of  propounding  alternative 
resolutions,  to  ascertain  what  public  opinion 
demanded  in  regard  to  this  matter,  and 
was  in  honour  bound  to  bring  forward  pre- 
cisely such  a  scheme  as  has  now  suffered 
shipwreck.  Statesmanship  has  not  been 
to  blame,  but  simply  the  stubborn  logic  of 
events. 

The  professors,  on  their  side,  say  that 
they  may  in  principle  claim,  and  do  in  fact 
require,  special  representation  in  Council 
as  the  official  upholders  of  the  cause  of 
learning,  or — to  put  the  same  thing  in 
another  way — of  research.  They  suspect 
the  proposal  to  disfranchise  them  of  being 
no  better  than  a  specious  attempt  to  sub- 
ordinate the  University,  as  focus  and  head- 
quarters of  the  higher  studies,  to  the  system 
of  the  Colleges,  which  are  more  directly 
concerned  with  the  teaching  of  youth. 
Whether  there  was  any  conscious  design 
on  the  part  of  the  abettors  of  the  Bill  to 
strengthen  College  influence  may  be  doubted. 
On  the  other  hand,  academic  liberals  rallied 
in  considerable  numbers  to  the  support  of 
the  professoriate  because  they  feared  lest 
otherwise  the  ideal  of  what  is  termed  "a 
teaching  University  "  should  become  all-in- 
all.  Undismayed  by  taunts  to  the  effect 
that  they  were  pandering  to  vested  interests, 
that,  in  defiance  of  the  spirit  of  democracy, 
they  were  condemning  the  popular  assembly 
to  consider  legislation  initiated  by  those 
who  were  not  its  own  nominees,  and  so 
forth,  they  lent  their  aid  to  the  professors, 
lest  the  higher  studies  should  become  crys- 
tallized in  the  form  of  curricula,  lest  learn- 
ing should  become  identified  with  reading 
for  the  Schools.  There  is  room  within  the 
University  for  a  certain  conflict  of  ideals. 
As  old  Heraclitus  says,  opposite  friction 
keeps  things  together.  Research  and  the 
training  of  youth  go  hand  in  hand  up  to  a 
certain  point ;  but  beyond  that  point 
there  is  bound  to  be  an  incompatibility  of 
aims,  since  to  prosecute  research  for  its 
own  sake,  and  train  others  in  the  methods 
of  research,  demands  the  special  student  ; 
while  for  the  purposes  of  general  education, 
such  as  a  College  seeks  to  provide,  there  is 
needed  a  goodly  number  of  cultivated  men 
of  wide  interests,  ready  to  take  an  active 
part  in  the  moral  and  social  life  of  the  place. 
The  tutorial  system  for  all  good  Oxford  men 
is  a  just  source  of  pride.  It  could  hardly  be 
bettered  in  their  eyes,  and  for  that  very 
reason  is  strong  enough  as  it  is.  On  the 
other  hand,  a  possible  tyranny  of  professors 
at  Oxford  is  almost  unthinkable,  because  in 


existing  conditions  it  taxes  their  utmost 
endeavours  to  assert  even  a  condominium 
with  the  tutors.  If  the  present  struggle  to 
maintain  their  rights  tends  to  augment  their 
corporate  feeling,  it  will  be  all  to  the  good. 
They  need  to  take  counsel  together,  so  as 
to  make  sure  that  the  interests  of  research 
are  worthily  represented,  and  incidentally 
to  see  that  the  drones  occasionally  to  be 
met  with  in  every  hive  of  learning  are  suit- 
ably admonished,  lest  specific  charges  of 
inefficiency  be  generalized  to  the  prejudice 
of  the  entire  order. 

Meanwhile,  the  six  Heads  of  Houses  find 
themselves  preserved  by  the  wholesale 
rejection  of  the  statute,  though  the  thought 
that  they  should  be  disestablished  caused 
pain  to  few,  and  probably  not  even  to  them- 
selves. The  fact  is  that,  for  one  reason  or 
another,  there  are  not  enough  of  them  to 
supply  a  succession  of  persons  able  and 
ready  to  undertake  the  arduous  work  of 
Council.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  Bill  will 
promptly  be  introduced  to  cut  down  the 
number  of  places  reserved  for  them  from 
six  to  half  that  number,  thus  assigning  nine 
out  of  the  available  eighteen  seats  to  those 
who  have  braved  the  test  of  "  free  election." 

It  only  remains  to  add  in  this  context 
that  there  is  a  sound  psychological  reason 
why,  if  the  highest  dignitaries  of  the  Uni- 
versity are  to  be  induced  to  serve  on  Council 
in  sufficient  numbers,  their  path  of  entry 
should  be  made  smooth.  If  there  is  a 
chance  of  the  Head  of  a  House  being  beaten 
in  open  fight  by  a  Junior  Fellow,  or  of  a 
Professor  succumbing  to  a  Demonstrator, 
the  former,  if  endowed  with  the  ordinary 
human  passions,  will  simply  refuse  to  stand. 
As  Plato  says  in  regard  to  a  somewhat 
similar  case,  a  member  of  this  select  band, 
having  tasted  how  sweet  and  blessed  his 
treasure  is,  will  prefer  to  watch  the  madness 
of  the  many  from  afar,  as  one  who  takes 
shelter  beneath  a  wall  on  a  stormy  day, 
unless,  indeed,  he  be  provided  with  a  political 
constitution  suited  to  him.  Well,  the 
requisite  political  constitution,  as  it  turns 
out,  will  be  forthcoming  at  Oxford  after  all  ! 

The  other  matter  that  has  occupied  our 
legislators  during  this  Term  is  the  Reform 
of  Responsions.  The  new  scheme  was 
criticized  adversely  in  the  last  instalment 
of  these  Notes  from  the  standpoint  of  those 
who  do  not  believe  in  compiilsory  Greek. 
A  great  many  amendments  have  been  pro- 
posed, but  hardly  any  have  been  accepted. 
One  important  modification,  however,  has 
been  introduced,  consisting  in  the  admission 
of  the  principle  of  compensation.  Hence- 
forth the  clever  mathematician  who  is  all- 
but-Greekless  may  hope  for  mercy  from  his 
examiners,  if  only  the  latter  can  decide 
amongst  themselves  how  many  lines  of  the 
'  Hecuba  '  wrong  are  equivalent  to  one 
quadratic  equation  right.  This  will  be  all 
the  more  possible  because  the  examiners, 
under  the  new  plan,  will  be  experts  in  school- 
education,  and  some  of  them  even  Cam- 
bridge men.  The  Masters  of  the  Schools  are 
to  be  abolished,  because  those  narrow- 
minded  dons  looked  no  further  than  to  the 
needs  of  their  own  University.  Who  knows 
whether  sometimes  they  may  not  have 
harboured  the  gross  and  sinister  intent  of 
admitting  a  sufficiency  of  students — good, 
bad,  or  indifferent — to  enable  the  University 
and  the  Colleges  to  pay  their  way  ?  But 
now,  in  the  interests  of  the  schools,  a 
higher  standard  of  attainment  is  to  be 
imposed  on  those  who  would  qualify 
for  a  University  career.  Regarded  in  them- 
selves, it  must  be  allowed,  the  new  require- 
ments embody  a  more  liberal  ideal  of  public- 
school  education.  Somewhat  harder  mathe- 
matics, classics  perhaps  a  shade  easier,  and 
at  any  rate  less  cumbered  with  pedantry, 


English  composition,  and  an  extra  subj(  ■< 
— such  a  system  of  tests  would  undoubtedly 
foster  and  bring  to  light  a  genuine  capacity 
for  higher  studies  in  a  way  that  Responsions 
could  never  do.  But  how  can  the  standard 
be  raised  without  lowering  the  number  of 
those  who  pass  ?  It  is  replied  that,  by 
spreading  the  examination  over  two  years 
or  more,  and  by  catching  the  candidates 
young  (before  the  bloom  of  their  classical 
attainments  has  had  time  to  wear  off),  the 
ranks  of  the  successful  will  positively  be 
swelled,  and  every  College  will  be  turning 
away  money  from  the  door.  Well,  this  may 
be  so,  but  if  the  prophets  turn  out  to  be 
wrong,  the  University  will  have  to  pay  the 
piper.  Meanwhile,  outside  the  class  of  the 
classically  trained,  there  would  seem  to  be 
plenty  of  good  material  for  the  highest 
education  in  mathematics  and  natural 
science.  Why  limit  ourselves  then,  except 
for  social  reasons,  to  that  one  class  ?  In 
this  awkward  question  we  have  the  rock 
on  which  the  present  scheme  will  in  all 
probability  split. 

The  Oxford  Magazine  has  been  gallantly 
championing  the  cause  of  the  Demonstrator. 
It  is  certainly  high  time  that  the  status  and 
emoluments  of  those  who  do  yeoman  service 
in  the  scientific  laboratories  were  sub- 
stantially improved.  The  newly  established 
General  Board  of  Faculties  might  well  devote 
immediate  attention  to  the  subject.  It  is 
possible  that,  in  regard  to  fees,  the  system 
of  profit-sharing  in  vogue  in  the  various  de- 
partments does  not  represent  all  that  could 
be  desired.  For  the  rest,  more  fellowships 
might  be  bestowed  on  the  Museum,  such  a 
reward  being  notably  deserved  by  the  De- 
monstrator, who,  by  attention  to  a  special 
line  of  research,  has  won  himself  what 
amounts  to  the  position  of  an  assistant 
professor. 

Oxford  has  long  stood  in  need  of  an 
Institute  of  Social  and  Political  Studies, 
and  a  satisfactory  start  has  at  length  been 
made  in  the  foundation  of  Barnett  House, 
which  commemorates  the  name  of  one 
whose  philanthropy  marched  hand  in  hand 
with  a  scientific  interest  in  the  facts  of  social 
life.  The  provisional  Committee  is  engaged 
in  raising  a  maintenance  fund,  and  its  en- 
deavours have  already  met  with  a  consider- 
able response.  Oxford  provides  ideal 
head-quarters  for  the  study  of  social  pro- 
blems, being  sufficiently  in  touch  with  great 
men  and  great  movements  to  warm  the 
heart,  yet  remote  enough  from  the  welter 
of  contemporary  politics  to  keep  the  head 
cool.  Indeed,  it  is  becoming  one  of  the 
leading  functions  of  the  University  to  enable 
students  of  all  nations  to  obtain  insight  into 
the  methods  and  ideals  of  this  country, 
which  in  so  many  respects  is  the  political 
laboratory  of  the  world.  Barnett  House, 
then,  can  hardly  fail  to  have  an  interesting 
future,  and  with  proper  support  is  likely  to 
develope  into  an  important  focus  of  Uni- 
versity education. 

This  summer  Exeter  College  will  celebrate 
the  six  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  College.  To  signalize  the  occa- 
sion new  windows  have  been  inserted  in 
the  College  Hall  in  commemoration  of 
distinguished  Exonians,  past  and  present ; 
while,  if  sufficient  support  is  forthcoming 
from  old  members,  it  is  hoped  that  further 
improvements  may  be  carried  out  in  respect 
to  the  College  buildings.  The  Rector  of 
the  College,  Dr.  Farnell,  is  likewise  preparing 
a  full  Bibliography  of  the  scientific  and 
literary  works  produced  by  the  Fellows  and 
Tutors  during  the  last  half -century.  Those 
who  are  wont  to  declare  that  the  academic 
life  is,  under  present  conditions,  incompatible 
with  research  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  fail  to 
find  their  crucial  instance  here.  M. 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1014 


THE     A  TH  KNiEUM 


451 


ffittnttg    (Snssip. 

The  objects  of  the  proposed  School  of 

Imperial  Studies  deserve  the  attention  and 
support  of  students  of  history :  but  it 
may  be  pointed  out  that  Mr.  Sidney  Low 
is  under  a  misapprehension  when  he  states 
(as  reported)  that  our  Imperial  archives 
are  left  "  almost  untouched."  and  that  it 
remains  for  some  future  organization  in 
the  University  of  London  to  indicate  the 
uses  of  this  branch  of  our  public  records. 
We  should  have  thought  it  common  know- 
ledge that  a  great  amount  of  skilled  re- 
search  has  been  done  in  this  direction,  both 
by  official  and  unofficial  agencies  ;  while 
the  outlying  documents  are  being  rapidly 
accounted  for  by  the  Historical  Manu- 
scripts Commission,  the  Commission  on 
Public  Records,  and  the  forthcoming 
'  Bibliography  of  British  History.' 

Apart  from  the  above  agencies,  many 
foreign  and  colonial  students,  and  those  of 
at  least  one  college  of  London  Universit3T, 
have  made  extensive  researches  amongst 
the  Imperial  sources,  and  to  claim  this 
field  of  labour  as  virgin  soil  is  scarcely 
fair  to  the  labourers  concerned. 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  C.  Arthur 
Pearson.  Hon.  Treasurer  of  the  National 
Institute  for  the  Blind,  a  letter  containing 
a  very  reasonable  suggestion  to  which  we 
are  glad  to  give  publicity.  A  large  number 
of  kindly  persons  undertake  to  write  books 
in  Braille  by  hand  for  the  use  of  the  blind. 
Many  of  the  works  selected  for  reproduction 
thus  are  of  general  interest,  and  can  only  be 
made  in  sufficient  numbers  by  machinery, 
so  that  their  production  by  hand — a  slow 
and  tedious  process— is  almost  lost  labour. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  small,  but 
often  pressing  demand  on  the  part  of 
individual  blind  readers  for  special  works 
which  would  not  command  a  large  enough 
sale  to  make  their  reproduction  in  Braille 
by  machinery  worth  while. 

Mr.  Pearson  suggests  that  writers  of 
Braille  should  turn  their  attention  to  these, 
and  proposes  to  create  a  department  at  the 
Institute  with  which  blind  students  and 
writers  of  Braille  alike  may  communicate 
— these  to  be  told  what  works  are  required, 
and  those  to  state  their  wants  in  the  way  of 
»ks. 

Tht.  building  begun  some  ten  years  ago, 
and  completed  at  a  co-t  of  600,0002., 
d  signed  to  hold  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
the  University  Library,  and — more  im- 
portant than  the.st — the  Royal  Library  of 
Berlin,  was  opened  on  the  22nd  inst.  It 
Btands  on  the  north  side  of  Unter  den 
Linden,  and  that  part  of  it  dedicated  to 
the  Royal  Library  is  capable  of  accom- 
modating 6,000,000  hook-.  The  Royal 
Library  had  its  beginning  in  the  to  asuri 
from  dissolved  monasteries  collected  by 
the  Great  Elector.  First  housed  in  the 
Royal  cast  le,  it  was  transferred  in  1 780  to  a 
building  opposite  the  Opera-House,  where 
Frederick  the  Great  allowed  the  public 
accss  to  it.  and  where  it  remained  till  it 
was  moved  to  it-  present  quarters.  It 
numbers  more  than  one  and  a  half  million 
volumi 


M.  Paul  Deschanel  has  been  elected 

a  member  of  the  Academic  dee  Sciences 
Morales  et  Politiqucs.  The  fact  is  worth 
notice,  for  the  President  of  the  French 
Chamber  of  Deputies  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Academic  Francaise  since  L899,  and 
it  is  not  usual  for  one  of  the  "  Forty  "  to 
become  a  candidate  for  a  chair  in  another 
academy,  though  the  converse  occurs 
frequently. 

The  February  number  of  The  Russian 
Review — published  quarterly  by  the  School 
of  Russian  Studies  in  the  University  of 
Liverpool — is  decidedly  worth  attention 
on  the  part  of  that  increasing  public 
which  acknowledges  the  fascination  of 
Russia.  It  contains  an  illuminating  paper 
on  that  very  subject  by  Mr.  Maurice 
Baring  ;  discussions  of  the  relations  be- 
tween England  and  Russia  in  early  days 
and  in  recent  years  ;  the  account  of  a 
'  Visit  to  a  Settlement  of  Old  Believers,' 
by  Mi-.  W.  J.  Birkbeck  ;  and  one  or  two 
articles — such  as  Mr.  George  Calderon's 
'  The  Tale  of  Sorrow  '  and  a  translation 
of  M.  V.  G.  Korolenko's  '  The  Old  Bell- 
ringer  '  —  which  illustrate  from  the  more 
intimate  side  the  life  of  the  people.  Mr. 
Harold  Williams's  study  of  '  The  Russian 
Mohammedans  '  and  Anton  Palme's  '  Pro- 
gress of  Russian  Studies  in  Germany  '  are 
also  noticeable. 

The  April  number  of  The  Common- 
wealth is  of  considerable  and  varied  interest. 
It  has  articles  on  the  Free  Church  Council 
at  Norwich,  Colliery  Explosions,  Nietzsche 
and  Eugenics,  and  Christianity  and  Social 
Welfare  in  New  Zealand.  In  all  alike 
appeal  is  made  to  those  hidden  sources  of 
noble  impulse  which  we  recently  heard  a 
preacher,  discoursing  on  '  The  Futility  of 
the  Faithful,'  compare  with  reservoirs  lying 
unused  because  the  machinery  to  draw 
upon  them  has  been  misapplied  or  mislaid. 
It  seems  worth  while  to  draw  the  attention 
of  a  wider  circle  of  readers  to  our  plain- 
speaking,  hard  -  hitting  contemporary, 
whose  bete  noire,  we  gather,  is  piety 
divorced  from  practice. 

Chambers's  Journal  for  April  has  an 
article  on  Queen  Elena  of  Italy  as  "a 
Royal  Archaeologist,"  by  Mr.  L.  A.  M. 
Pynsent ;  a  paper  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Afialo 
entitled  "  Thoughts  of  a  Traveller  '  ;  and 
one  on  '  The  Plague  in  Scotland,'  by 
Mr.  Louis  A.  Barbe.  '  In  Pilgrim  Garb  ' 
(suggested  by  Mr.  Stephen  Graham's  late 
work  on  Russian  pilgrimages),  'Antarctica,' 
'  Nerves  versus  Happiness,'  and  '  Edu- 
cation in  Food  Values,'  ;m  account  of 
methods  adopted  in  the  United  States, 
should  be  worth  attention. 

Harper's  Magazine  for  April  contains  an 
article  entitled  "What  is  Gravity?'  by 
Sir  Oliver  Lodge;  a  story  by  Mary  lv 
Wilkins  (Airs.  Freeman) called  '  Daniel  and 
Little  Han  ' ;  a  paper  on  the  Yucatan  ruins, 
by  J)r.  Ellsworth  Huntington;  and  an 
ly  on  '  Writing  English,'  by  Mr.  Henry 
Seidel  Canby.  Madame  de  Hegermann- 
Lindencrone  writes  on  her  '  First  Visil  to 
the  Court  of  Denmark,'  and  Mrs.  Chapman 
Catl  has  an  article  on  A  Survival  of 
Mai  riarchv.' 


Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  are  publishing 
immediately,  in  two  volumes,  the  late 
Whitelaw  Reid's  '  American  and  English 
Studies.'     These     include     some     of     the 

writer's   more    important   discussions  on 

matters  of  public  interest,  and  illustrate 
both  his  purely  intellectual  outlook  and 
his  point  of  view  as  a  citizen. 

Thk  death  is  announced  in  Edinburgh,  in 
his  65th  year,  of  Dr.  David  Patrick,  editor 
of  "  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,'  the  '  Cyclo- 
paedia of  Literature,'  and  other  works. 
For  some  months  Dr.  Patrick  had  been 
unfit  for  duty,  but  the  immediate  cause  of 
death  was  pneumonia,  to  which  he  suc- 
cumbed last  Sunday.  The  son  of  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Patrick,  Free  Church  minister, 
Ochiltree,  Ayrshire,  he  was  born  at  Loch- 
winnoch  in  1849,  and  educated  at  Ayr 
Academy,  under  Dr.  James  Macdonald,  and 
Edinburgh  University.  He  next  passed  to 
New  College,  with  a  view  of  reading  for  the 
ministry  of  the  Free  Church,  and  subse- 
quently studied  philosophy,  history,  and 
theology  at  the  Universities  of  Tubingen, 
Leipsic,  Berlin,  and  Gottingen.  Owing 
to  conscientious  scruples,  he  did  not  in 
the  end  become  a  minister,  but  took  up 
literary  work,  doing  articles  for  the  ninth 
edition  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  f 
and  for  the  '  Globe  Encyclopaedia  '  before 
joining  the  literary  staff  of  Messrs.  W.  &  R. 
Chambers,  where  he  rose  to  be  chief.  He 
came  first  as  temporary  assistant  to  Dr. 
Findlater  in  1874,  then  returned  as  locum 
tcnens  when  the  editor  was  ordered 
abroad  for  his  health,  and  later  succeeded 
him.  He  saw  through  the  press  the  new 
edition  of  w  Chambers"s  Encyclopaedia,'  the 
'  Cyclopaedia   of  English   Literature,'   the 

■  Gazetteer  of  the  World,'  and  the  -  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary,'  the  last  an  excel- 
lent book  in  which  he  had  F.  H.  Groome 
as  a  collaborator. 

Dr.  Patrick's  vast  stores  of  reading  and 
experience  were  cheerfully  placed  at  the 
service  of  his  employers  and  colleagues. 
He  was  indefatigable  as  a  note  taker,  and 
his  reference  copy  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia  ' 
is  a  mass  of  annotations  culled  from  every 
source.  A  laborious  work  was  his  transla- 
tion for  the  Scottish  History  Society  of 
'  Statuta  Ecclesiae  Scoticanae,  1225-1550. ' 
with  illustrative  notes.  He  had  gathered 
much  out-of-the-way  material  regarding 
the  life  and  works  of  Burns,  which, 
however,  he  never  published. 

M.    Charles    Waddingtoh    died    last 

week.  Born  at  Milan  in  J  SI  <».  he  was  a 
teacher  in  several  lycies,  and  a  lecturer  Eoi 

some    time    at    the    LYole    Xornialc    before 

he  was  appointed  in  1879  to  the  Chair  ol 

Classical   Philosophy  at   the  Sorhonne.      fa 

L888  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Aca- 
demic deS  Sciences  Morales  ct  PolitiqUCS. 
lie  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  '  Dels 

Psychologie  d'Aristote,'  'Ramus,  sa  Vie 
et  ses  Opinions,'  '  Essai  de  Logique,1  and 

■  Aristote,  ficrivainol  Moraliste.' 

\\'i;  regref    to  learn  of    the  death,   in 
his    84th     year,    of     the     distinguished 
Provencal    poet    Frederic    Mistral,   which 
took  place  on  Wednesday  lasl  al  Maillan 
We  shall  publish  a  notice  of  his  life  and 

W  Ork    next    Week. 


452 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


SCIENCE 


THE    PRACTICAL    SIDE     OF 
AVIATION. 

Heee  we  have  a  "  practical  "  manual  of 
flying,  in  contradiction  to  the  many  vol- 
umes that  have  been  written  on  the  theory 
of  the  subject.  It  embraces  the  actual 
•experiences  of  the  authors,  and  for  that 
reason,  perhaps,  is  likely  to  make  a  more 
popular  appeal  than  many  of  the  works 
•on  aviation  that  have  preceded  it. 

Mr.  Gustav  Hamel,  particularly,  is 
known  as  an  intrepid  flier.  Of  his 
authority  to  write  on  the  subject  there 
•can  be  no  question,  and  manjr  who 
have  admired  him  in  the  distance 
will  be  glad  to  make  a  closer  ac- 
quaintance with  him  through  the  medium 
of  the  printed  page. 

They  will  enjoy  their  experience  the 
more  because  there  is  no  suspicion  of 
boasting  or  vain-gloriousness  in  this  enter- 
taining book.  The  authors  are  frankly 
fascinated  with  their  subject,  and  they 
write  with  the  enthusiasm  of  devotees. 
The  "  man  in  the  street,"  who  possesses 
possibly  no  great  desire  to  be  among  the 
■conquerors  of  the  air.  will  yet  be  curious  to 
know  the  sort  of  qualifications  necessary 
for  the  art.     He  will  learn  here  that 

"  the  extremely  excitable  man,  who  is  never 
in  repose,  will  probably  learn  to  fly  easily,  but 
be  has  not  the  qualities  to  become  a  master. 
His  opposite,  the  very  dull,  listless,  heavy 
individual,  will  probably  during  his  lesson 
never  show  the  slightest  perturbation,  and 
will  essay  his  first  solo  flight  with  perfect 
apparent  sang-froid.  He  is,  however,  quite 
likely  to  smash  his  machine  at  this  trial." 

But  these  two  types  of  men  are  both 
-extremes,  and  not,  we  imagine,  more 
common  among  aviators  than  elsewhere. 

The  best  age  to  learn  to  fly  is,  we  are 
told,  from  eighteen  to  thirty.  The  late 
Mr.  S.  F.  Cody,  who  started  at  the  age  of 
forty-seven,  was  an  exception  to  the 
general  rule.  But,  as  in  most  other 
sports,  in  order  to  excel  one  must  begin 
young. 

Another  matter  that  should  prove  of 
peculiar  interest  to  the  average  onlooker  is 
the  question  of  the  cause  and  prevention 
of  accidents.  We  learn  that  they  are 
largely  due  to  carelessness,  and  the  neglect 
of  trivial  details. 

"  It  cannot  be  too  often  laid  down  that 
the  best  pilot  is  not  he  who  exhibits  great 
audacity,  but  rather  the  man  who  makes 
sure  of  his  goal  by  preventing  the  possibility 
of  mishap.  By  vigilance  on  the  part  of  all 
■concerned  flying  can  be  made  safe,  even  on 
the  machines  of  the   present  day." 

This  is  mere  common  sense,  and  the 
■deduction  as  to  safety  is  comforting, 
though  it  would  seem  to  show  that  there 
has  been  a  good  deal  of  fatal  carelessness 
in  the  past. 

To  those  who  see  something  more  in  the 
future  of  aviation  than  the  mere  giving  of 

Flying,  some  Practical  Experiences.  By 
Gustav  Hamel  and  Charles  C.  Turner. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  12s.  Qd.  net.) 


exhibition  flights,  upside  down  or  other- 
wise, the  chapter  on  '  The  Aeroplane  in 
War  '  should  be  attractive.  The  numerous 
illustrations — many  of  them  photographs 
taken  in  mid-air  of  the  panorama  of  city 
or  country  -  side  below  —  are  a  decided 
addition  to  the  book. 


SOCIETIES. 


Bbttish  Academy.  —  March  18.  —  Viscount 
Bryce,  President,  in  the  chair. — Prof.  Haverfield, 
Fellow  of  the  Academy,  read  his  Annual  Report 
on  '  Recent  Discoveries  in  Roman  Britain.' 

The  lecturer  began  by  observing  that  an  annual 
report  such  as  he  had  given  for  some  years  to  the 
Academy  must  necessarily  sound  like  a  chapter 
from  a  narrative  of  which  the  preceding  chapter 
had  been  read  a  year  ago,  and  the  following  one 
could  not  be  known  till  a  twelvemonth  hence. 
Still,  there  seemed  a  demand  for  such  a  summary. 
Abridgments  and  snippets  were,  indeed,  generally 
popular  to-day.  The  past  year  had  seen  much 
archaeological  activity,  which  he  described  with 
lantern  illustrations.  In  the  far  North  Dr. 
Macdonald  and  himself  had  verified  a  Roman 
encampment  at  Ythan  Wells  in  North  Aberdeen- 
shire, almost  in  the  latitude  of  Inverness  ;  at 
some  still  doubtful  date  it  had  sheltered  a  largish 
Roman  force  for  a  few  days,  and  it  was  for  the 
nonce  the  "  Furthest  Known  North  "  of  the 
Romans.  On  the  Wall  of  Pius,  between  Forth 
and  Clyde,  Dr.  Macdonald  had  fixed  the  true 
sites  of  three  forts  and  the  true  line  of  the  Wall 
in  some  doubtful  places  ;  he  had  also  detected  at 
last  the  western  terminus  of  these  frontier  works 
near  Old  Kilpatrick  ;  while  Mr.  Miller  of  Glasgow 
University  had  patiently  excavated  an  interest- 
ing fort  at  Balmuildy,  just  outside  Glasgow. 
The  excavations  at  Corbridge,  for  the  first  time 
since  their  beginning  in  1907,  had  proved  some- 
what disappointing.  But  at  Ambleside,  at  Slack 
near  Huddersfield,  at  Castell  Collen  near  Llan- 
drindod  Wells,  and  at  Gellygaer  in  Glamorgan,  the 
uncovering  of  four  Roman  forts  had  been  com- 
menced or  continued,  and  good  additions  made 
to  our  understanding  of  how  the  Romans  con- 
quered and  held  down  the  hill-tribes  of  Western 
and  Northern  Britain.  At  Chester  a  graveyard 
of  the  legionary  fortress  had  been  examined  by 
Prof.  Newstead  ;  while  eight  miles  away,  at  Holt, 
Mr.  Acton  had  further  explored  the  kilns  in  which 
the  legion  had  made  its  tiles  and  pottery — kilns 
of  much  technical  interest  and  excellent  pre- 
servation. Not  only  did  identically  stamped 
tiles  occur  at  Chester  and  at  Holt,  but  the  Holt 
pottery  was  found  in  Chester — for  instance,  in 
the  graveyard  just  explored. 

To  match  these  finds  much  had  been  yielded 
by  non-military  settlements.  Chief  among  these 
was  the  country-town  of  Viroconium,  or  Wroxe- 
ter,  in  Shropshire,  where  Mr.  Bushe-Fox  had 
enjoyed  a  successful  second  season,  finding  in 
particular  the  foundations  of  a  temple  of  Italian 
rather  than  British  style,  which  was  in  use  during 
the  second  and  third  centuries.  At  Colchester, 
the  "  Colonia  "  on  the  opposite  side  of  Britain, 
the  striking  ruin  of  the  western  or  Balkerne  gate 
had  been  examined  and  planned  by  the  Morant 
Club.  At  Canterbury  another  mosaic  fell  to  be 
added  to  the  evidence  for  this  Romano-British 
country-town.  In  London  clearances  for  new 
buildings  connected  with  the  G.P.O.  had  laid 
bare  rubbish-pits  of  Londinium,  though,  like  many 
London  antiquities,  they  had  gained  scanty 
attention.  Few,  even  among  London  anti- 
quaries, knew  that  little  more  than  a  year  ago 
the  London  Museum  acquired  a  Roman  pot 
scratched  with  the  ancient  Roman  name  "Lon- 
dinium." Less  success  had  fallen  to  excavations 
at  Caerwent  and  Kenchester,  but  a  word  was  due 
to  work  by  Mr.  D.  Atkinson,  Research  Fellow  of 
Reading  College,  at  Lowbury.  Here,  on  a  hilltop 
of  the  Berkshire  Downs,  overlooking  the  Thames 
Valley,  was  a  dwelling-place  or  refuge  of  Roman 
Britons  in  the  last  days  of  the  Empire,  and  close 
by  the  burial-mound  of  a  Saxon  warrior. 

In  all  this  activity  a  pleasant  feature  was  the 
advance  in  provision  of  competent  supervision. 
It  was  to  be  feared  that  a  few  remains  were  even 
still  dug  without  proper  direction,  but  they  were 
now  very  few  indeed  ;  at  Wroxeter  and  elsewhere 
it  was  recognized  that  a  large  excavation  needed 
not  one,  but  three  or  four  men,  to  control  the 
digging  and  list  the  finds,  and  so  forth.  It  was 
pleasant,  too,  to  see  the  Universities  taking  more 
part ;  at  least  five  of  the  just-mentioned  excava- 
tions were  supervised  last  year  by  young  Oxford 
graduates.  This  was  good,  both  for  the  excava- 
tions and  for  the  Universities,  which  thus  widened 


their  studies  and  came  in  closer  touch  with  local 
men  and  local  interests. 

The  lecturer  said  he  hoped  to  issue  shortly,  not  a 
mere  sketch  of  the  finds  of  1913,  but  a  detailed 
account  of  the  Roman  inscriptions  found  in 
Britain  in  that  year,  together  with  a  summary  of 
all  that  had  been  published  on  Roman  Britain 
in  the  same  period.  No  such  summaries  exist 
at  present,  and  he  thought  they  might  prove 
useful  in  focussing  knowledge  of  a  scattered  but 
national  subject. 


Society  of  Axtiquaiues. — March  19. — The 
Earl  of  Crawford,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Charles  ffoulkes  read  a  paper  on  a  carved 
chest-front  depicting  incidents  in  the  battle  of 
Courtrai,  in  the  possession  of  the  Warden  of  New 
College,  Oxford.  The  chest  is  of  Flemish  work- 
manship of  the  early  years  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  is  therefore  practically  contemporary 
with  the  incidents  it  depicts,  the  battle  of  Cour- 
trai having  taken  place  in  1302.  The  chest  is 
carved  in  panels,  which  represent  among  other 
incidents  the  Flemish  horsemen,  headed  by  Gui 
de  Namur,  the  Flemish  footmen  carrying  the  gild 
banners,  two  incidents  in  the  battle  itself,  and  what 
is  apparently  a  sortie  from  Courtrai  and  the 
spoiling  of  the  slain.  The  chest  is,  therefore,  a 
valuable  record  of  the  military  equipment  of  the 
early  years  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  is 
unique  in  that  it  contains  the  only  known  repre- 
sentation of  the  weapon  used  by  the  Flemish 
burghers  called  the  Godendag,  or  planron  (l 
picot.  This  weapon  is  a  long,  club-like  implement 
with  a  steel  spike  at  the  end.  The  only  other 
instance  of  it  was  on  a  wall-painting,  now  de- 
stroyed, discovered  at  Ghent  by  M.  Felix  de  Vigne, 
and  subsequently  published  by  him ;  but  grave 
doubts  were  thrown  on  M.  de  Vigne's  accuracy 
by  Belgian  archaeologists.  The  evidence  of  the 
chest,  however,  goes  far  to  prove  that  M.  de 
Vigne's  representation  of  the  wall-painting  was 
sound,  and  that  he  accurately  represented  this 
interesting  weapon. 

The  heraldry  displayed  by  the  mounted  men 
is  somewhat  difficult  to  elucidate,  but  the  banners 
of  the  trade  gilds  are  clearly  shown.  From 
these  and  other  evidences  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  chest -front  represents  the  battle  of 
Courtrai,  when  the  Flemish  burghers,  under 
Gui  de  Namur  and  Pierre  Conine,  defeated  the 
French  under  the  Comte  d'Artois. 


Historical. — March,  19. — Prof.  Firth,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. — A  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
H.  R.  Tedder  describing  the  plan  and  progress  of 
the  '  Bibliography  of  British  History,  1485-1911,' 
which  is  being  undertaken  by  a  Joint  Committee 
of  the  Royal  Historical  Society  and  of  American 
scholars.  The  first  of  the  three  volumes  is 
approaching  completion. — Mr.  J.  ('.  Davies  was 
'elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. — The  death  of 
Dr.  J.  II.  Wylie,  the  distinguished  historian  of 
the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  and  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society,  was 
referred  to  with  regret. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


Hon. 


TUES 


Jnsiitute  of  Actuaries.  5.— 'The  Treatment  of  the  Deprecia 

tion  in  Assets  due  to  an  Enhanced  Kate  of  Interest,'  Mr. 

K.  R.  Tilt. 
Society  of  Arts,  8— 'Surface  Combustion,'  Lecture  III.,  Prof. 

W.  A.  Rone.     (Howard  Lecture ) 
Surveyors'  Institution,  8.  -'  London  before  the  Fire  as  referred 

to  in  sixteenth-  and  Seventeenth-Century  Literature,'  Mr. 

W.  W.  .lenkinson. 
Boyal  Institution,  3.— 'Landscape  and   Natural   Objects  in 

Classical  Art :  (1)  Later  Greece  and  Rome.'  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  4.30—  'The  Oil  Resources  of  the  Empire,' Mr. 

D.  F.  Mollwo  Perkin.    (Colonial  Section  ) 
Wkd.      Archaeological  Institute,   4  30. -'Nicholas    Stone's    School   of 
Fftigy- Workers,'  'Two  Effigies  attributed  to   Bernini,'  and 
'The  Font  in  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great,  Smitbfield,'  Dr. 
A.  c.  Fryer. 

—  Entomological.  8. 

—  Institution   of    Civil   Engineers,    8. —  Discussion   on    'Some 

Recent  Developments  in  Commercial  Motor  Vehicles,' and 
'Comparative  Economics  of  Tramways  and  Railless  Electric 
Traction  ' 

—  St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological,  8. -'Pages  from  my  Scrapbook,'  Rev. 

H.  B.  Pim. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Sarawak,'  Her  Highness  the  Ranee. 
Tiii-bs.  Royal  Institution,    J.— 'The  Progress    of  Modern   Eugenics: 

(2)  Eugenics  To-day  :  its  Counterfeits,  Powers  and  Problems, 
Dr.  C.  W.  Saleebv. 

—  Royal,   4.30.  —  '  Series    Lines    in    Spark   Spectra,'    Prof.   A. 

Fowler.    (Bakerian  Lecture.) 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— 'The  Signalling  of  a 

Rapid  Transit  Railway,'  Mr  H.  G.  Brown. 

—  Chemical.  8 .30.— '  The  System  :  Ethvl  Ether  —  Water  —  Potas- 

Bium  Iodide-Mercuric  Iodide.'  Part  111.,  Mr.  A.C.  Dunning- 
ham  ;  '  The  Velocity  of  Saponification  of  Acjl  Derivatives  of 
Phenols,'  Part  I.,  Messrs.  H.  McCombie  and  H.  A. 
Scarborough;  'A  Geneial  Method  for  the  Preparation  of 
Glycxale  and  their  Acetals,'  Messrs.  H.  D.  Dakin  and  H.  W. 
Dudley  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries.  8.30. 

—  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  8.30.—'  Some  Sources  of  Modern 
Textile  Design,'  Mr.  A.  F.  Kendrick. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.— 'Fast  Stirlingshire  Water- 
works and  a  Note   on    Earthen  Embankments,'  Mr.  0.  I. 
Bell.    (Students'  Meeting.) 
Boyal  Institution,  9.-' Further  Researches  on  Positive  Rays, 

Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  Thomson. 
Royal  Institution,  3.—'  Recent  Discoveries  in  Physical  Science, 
Lecture  VI.,  Prof.  Sir  J.  J.  Thomson. 


Fm. 


Sat. 


No.  4509,  BIabch  28,  1914 


TUP]     ATHENiEUM 


453 


FINE    ARTS 


NEW   CUNEIFORM  TEXTS    IX   THE 
BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

This  Supplement  to  the  '  Catalogue  of  the 
Cuneiform  Tablets  in  the  Kouyunjik 
Collection  of  the  British  Museum ' 
represent-  in  effect  the  result  of  the 
Museum's  excavations  upon  the  site  of 
Assur-  bani-  pals  Palace  at  Kouyunjik 
in  1903-5.  They  were  carried  on  by  Mr. 
Leonard  King,  at  iirst  with  only  native 
help,  and  during  the  last  year  in  collabora- 
tion with  Mr.  Campbell  Thompson,  and 
resulted  in  the  acquisition  by  the  Museum 
of  more  than  3,000  tablets.  These  are 
here  catalogued  by  their  principal  dis- 
coverer, together  with  some  others  which 
have  either  been  obtained  by  purchase  or 
were  left  over  uncatalogued  from  the 
earlier  excavations  of  Layard,  George 
Smith.  Rassam,  and  Dr.  Wallis  Budge. 
The  same  system  has  been  pursued  in  this 
volume  as  in  the  general '  Catalogue  of  the 
Kouyunjik  Collection,'  published  fifteen 
years  ago.  and  to  this  it  forms  a  valuable 
Supplement. 

Among  the  new  texts  there  is  none, 
perhaps,  of  first-rate  importance,  although 
there  will  be  many  valuable  to  students,  as 
either  confirming  old  readings  or  affording 
support  for  new  ones.  The  most  generally 
interesting  is  a  new  fragment  of  the  Epic 
of  Gilgames,  who  is  thought  to  be  the  Baby- 
lonian prototype  of  the  Greek  Hercules. 
It  is  in  dramatic  form,  and  opens  with  a 
speech  by  some  unnamed  person  to  the 
giant  Gilgames  when  he  has  been  wounded, 
no  doubt  in  his  fight  with  the  tyrant 
Khumbaba.  whose  name  constantly  re- 
appears in  Asiatic  legends  even  in  Chris- 
tian times.  Gilgames  is  exhorted  to 
trust  himself  to  the  guidance  of  his  half- 
beast,  half -man  ally,  Ea-bani  or  Enkidu, 
that  he  may  see  him  safe  through  the 
cedar  forest  of  Elam  to  the  palace  of  the 
Idess  Xinsun,  who  will,  it  is  suggested, 
heal  him  of  his  wound.  He  accordingly 
does  so.  and  the  pair  find  themselves  in 
the  presence  of  Xinsun.  when  Gilgames 
recounts  to  her  their  adventures,  here 
unfortunately  broken  away.  When  the 
narrative  is  resumed,  we  find  some  one 
(probably  Xinsun)  giving  them  advice, 
and  apparently  stipulating  that  in  return 
therefor  Gilgames  shall  come  back  and 
help  the  speaker  in  some  difficulty  that 
threatens  her.  Here  the  tablet  again  most 
piovokingly  breaks  off,  but  we  may  hope 
that  some  day  fragments  will  turn  up 
t   •  complete  the  story. 

There  are  other  curious  relics  in  this 
put  of  the  collection,  including  a  Semitic 
tablet  in  which  Marduk  or  Merodach  of 
Babylon  i-  called  8ar  a/pau,  or  Lord  of  the 
Deep,  a  title  which  is  generally  confined 
t  i  Ea.  This  shows  a  further  progr* 
towards  the  Byncretism  or  theocrasia  which 
led  the  later  Babylonians  to  endeavour  to 

Catalogue  of  //<<■  Cuneifoi <n  Tablets  in  the 
Kouyunjik.  Collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
Supplement   by  L.  W.  King.     (Longmans 

A:  Co.,  1/.  net.; 


fuse  their  deities  in  the  all-embracing  per- 
sonality of  Marduk  ;  but  a  less  advanced 
stage  of  the  process  is  here  exemplified 
by  several  earlier  tablets  wherein  Ea  is 
himself  spoken  of  as  Enlil-banda  or  Mullil- 
banda,  meaning  apparently  "  champion  " 
of  Enlil,  the  Sumerian  god  whom  the 
Semites  transformed  into  the  "  elder 
Bel  "  or  Bel  of  Nippur.  There  is  also 
mention  in  other  tablets  of  the  Sumerian 
goddess  Xin-lil,  wife  of  Xergal,  as  "  Lady 
of  Arbela,"  a  title  afterwards  assigned  to 
the  great  goddess  Ishtar,  while  Zarpanit, 
the  rather  shadowy  consort  of  Marduk,  is 
always  described  as  "  Lady  of  Babylon." 
Among  the  further  objects  catalogued  in 
this  Supplement  is  a  curious  imitation  in 
blundered  hieroglyphs  of  a  seal  of  Seti  I. 
by  an  Assyrian  hand,  which  shows  that 
the  forging  of  Egyptian  antiquities  is  an 
older  crime  than  one  had  fancied. 

The  Supplement  is  executed  with  all  the 
care  and  accuracy  which  we  are  used  to 
associate  with  Mr.  King's  work,  and  will  be 
indispensable  to  every  student  of  cunei- 
form. 


Education  in  Art.  By  Fred  Burridge. 
(L.C.C.  Central  School  of  Arts  and 
Crafts.) 

This  report  of  an  address  by  the  Head 
Master  of  the  Central  School  of  Arts  and 
Crafts  in  Southampton  Row  will  be  read 
with  attention  by  all  interested  in  the 
present  educational  situation,  and  especi- 
ally by  those  concerned  with  that  par- 
ticular branch  of  education  relating  to 
the  needs  of  artistic  manufacture  and 
handicraft.  The  views  put  forward  by 
Mr.  Burridge  have  no  claim  to  be  other 
than  his  own  private  opinion,  but  we  may 
perhaps  take  it  that  what  he  thinks  is  not 
beyond  the  possibility  of  being  incor- 
porated in  the  policy  of  the  County  Council 
which  he  serves.  Once  more  we  find 
foreshadowed  the  likelihood  of  the  Day 
Technical  Schools  being  the  beginnings 
of  a  universal  system  of  (possibly  com- 
pulsory) day  school  attendance  to  take 
the  place  of  the  decaying  system  of  ap- 
prenticeship, Mr.  Burridge  humanely  re- 
cognizing that 

"  a  boy  who  has  worked  all  day  should 
afterwards  have  every  encouragement  and 
facility  for  recreation  ;  it  is  unreasonable 
to  expect  him  to  attend  school  in  the  even- 
ing ;  if  he  does,  he  is  not  in  a  condition  to 
benefit  as  he  should,  and  he  suffers  in  health." 

As  to  this,  the  present  reviewer  has  found 
in  his  own  considerable  experience  as  a 
teacher  that  nature  to  some  extent 
prompts  young  men  wisely  in  this  respect. 
It  is  noticeable  that  there  is  a  type 
which  almost  immediately  on  leaving 
school  works  hard  at  art  in  the  evenings, 
wins  all  the  prizes,  raising  great  hopes 
in  the  breasts  of  those  who  always 
expect  genius  to  be  precocious,  and  then 
unaccountably,  yet  perhaps  wisely,  slows 
down,  either  attending  less  or  working 
with  greater  economy  of  energy.  There  Lb 
another  type  which,  attending  hardly 
at  all  or  els.-  "slacking"  in  early  youth, 
comes  bach  later,  full  of  unnecessary 
repentance  for  wasted  opportunities,  and 

thus     towards     middle     life     picks    up    a 


belated  education  at  least  as  complete 
as  that  of  the  other.  This  is  right 
and  proper,  and  we  have  little  sympathy 
with  those  who  consider  that  public 
money  should  only  be  spent  in  the  art 
training  of  Aery  young  craftsmen.  The 
wiser  teachers  have  long  recogni/.cd  the 
absurdity  of  driving  boys  already  tired 
with  their  day's  work  to  overdo  themselves. 
Indeed,  we  can  remember  an  industrious 
student  who  was  deliberately  ordered 
away  for  a  year  to  kick  his  heels  out  of 
doors.  On  his  return  he  did  in  a  month 
all  he  would  have  done  in  that  year. 

"  It  is  wonderful  [says  Mr.  Burridge) 
how  many  do  voluntarily  study,  but  because 
the  attendance  is  voluntary  and  almost 
recreative,  it  is  frequently  desultory,  and  the 
school  is  not  in  a  position  to  enforce  a 
curriculum.  .  .  .The  greater  proportion  of  the 
students  do  not  gain  a  disciplined  educa- 
tion." 

In  a  large  measure  this  is  true,  but  per- 
haps greater  stress  might  have  been  laid 
on  the  fact  that  the  teacher  is  efficient 
largely  in  proportion  as  he  makes  the 
following  out  of  his  curriculum  appear 
recreative.  Mr.  Walter  Sickert,  perhaps 
the  most  successful  teacher  of  art  under 
the  County  Council,  imposed  his  curri- 
culum (not  perhaps,  in  our  own  opinion, 
quite  a  suitable  one  for  County  Council 
schools,  inasmuch  as  it  prepared  students 
for  what  Mr.  Burridge  would  term  a  "  mori- 
bund trade  ")  because,  besides  being  an  ex- 
cellent teacher,  he  was  a  wit,  a  man  of  the 
wrorld — almost  a  comedian — and  attend- 
ance at  his  classes  was  like  belonging  to 
a  good  club. 

It   would    be    absurd    to    expect   such 
varied    gifts    of    most    of     the    teachers 
employed     at     the     salaries    offered    by 
the     L.C.C,    but    we     think    that     too 
much  sarcasm  has  been  levelled  at  the 
attempt  to   make   these  evening  schools 
popular.      To  make  them  popular  by  the 
negative  process  of  allowing  students  to 
do  anything  they  like,  however  foolish,  is 
lamentable  ;    but  they  should  have  some 
of    the    attractions    of    a    club,    and    the 
pursuit  of  art  should  retain  some  of  the 
elements  of  a   '"  lark,"   for    only  so  can 
students  be  retained  long  enough  to  give 
to   some   of  them  "  a  disciplined  educa- 
tion."    At   an    evening    school    student  - 
attend  only  two  or  three  hours  alter  work 
— say  three  nights  a  week.     It  is  absurd 
to  expect  a  three  years'  course   there   to 
produce    results    analogous     to     a     three 
years'   course  at  the    Royal   Academy  or 
the  Slade,  where  students  have  an  eight- 
hour  day  and  complete  leisure:  hut  if  we 
make    suitable    allowances    for    such    pro- 
portionate opportunities,  there  are  evening 
schools,  we  believe,  in  London  which  might 
not    fear    such    comparisons.     Here  one 
is  bound  to  go   slower  and  !»■  more  in- 
dulgent to  the  persona]  needs  of  students 
whether    in    considering    the    immediate 
demand-  of  "  the  trade  "'  (by  no  means 
always  those  of  ait)  or  in  cone  ding  Mlh 

thing  to  relaxation.    Thus  at  the  L.C.( 

school    in    Boll    Court    there    is   each    y 

a   play   after   the   school   supper,    which 
undoubtedly  takes  some  of  the  energies 

of   certain   students.      It    is   not    a   serious 


454 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


contribution  to  literature,  but  the  stage- 
management  and  costume-designing  are 
excellent,  and  it  would  be  a  narrow  critic, 
after  all,  who  sees  no  relation  between 
these  arts  and  those  of  the  poster  designer 
and  illustrator. 

It  is  a  sign  also  of  the  more  liberal 
attitude  which  is  overtaking  modem 
critics  of  education  that  Mr.  Burridge  even 
ventures  to  raise  a  defence  for  the  teach- 
ing of  amateurs.  Not  so  long  ago  this 
was  the  point  on  which  critics  were 
most  intolerant.  Yet  in  the  reviewer's 
experience  of  evening  classes  the  most 
brilliant  student  was  an  amateur;  his 
value  as  a  pacemaker  to  two  or  three 
generations  of  professional  craftsmen  was 
•enormous.  Here  is  another  instance :  a 
man  who  was  a  clerk  in  a  business 
which  failed,  was  left  unemployed  at  an 
age  which  for  a  clerk  was  almost  hopeless. 
He  had  built  up  a  delicate  and  admirable 
talent  as  a  designer  by  study  at  evening 
classes,  and  is  a  promising  young  artist, 
'■  full  of  work,"  if  somewhat  underpaid. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  diffi- 
culty for  the  serious  amateur  who  would 
become  a  craftsman  is  not  always  that 
he  is  deficient  in  technique,  but  sometimes 
that  his  taste  is  a  little  too  severe.  The 
winning  over  of  the  middleman  and 
employer,  touched  on  by  Mr.  Burridge,  is 
probably  the  most  difficult  task  of  those 
responsible  for  the  management  of  the 
County  Council  Schools.  Indeed,  it  is 
probably  only  if  he  can  render  services 
in  this  direction  that  the  "  whole- time  " 
head  master,  with  his  high  salary,  is 
entitled  to  exist.  Hitherto,  with  all  that 
the  County  Councils  have  done  for  art — 
and  their  work  is  considerable  —  there 
has  been  a  tendency  to  overpay  a  few 
head  masters,  and  so  to  underpay  the 
real  teachers  in  the  schools  as  to  cramp 
the  impulse  towards  technical  research 
and  experiment  in  teaching  methods 
which  is  inborn  in  the  true  teacher,  and 
the  most  hopeful  element  in  the  Council 
Art  Schools. 


EXHIBITIONS. 


In  an  age  given  to  self-questioning  as  to 
•direction  in  artistic  matters,  the  greatest 
success  is  still  to  the  virtuoso  who  remains 
conservative,  absorbed  in  pushing  actual 
accomplishment  on  familiar  lines  to  its 
highest  point  of  precision  and  certainty. 
In  this  category  Mr.  Muirhead  Bone  (who  is 
showing  his  drawings  of  Italy,  together  with 
certain  new  etchings,  at  the  gallery  of  Messrs. 
Colnaghi  &  Obach )  is  clearly  one  of  the  ablest 
men  of  our  time.  He  has  picked  up  some- 
tiling  from  most  modern  architectural 
draughtsmen,  and  in  each  case  made  it  his 
own.  Thus  in  Nos.  10,  11,  14,  18,  and  23 
we  are  led  to  remember  Mr.  Brangwyn,  but 
without  the  reflection,  which  usually  accom- 
panies such  recognition  of  influence,  that 
Mr.  Brangwyn  himself  would  have  done  these 
things  much  better.  It  is  so  with  the 
influence  of  Mr.  D.  Y.  Cameron,  which  one 
might  trace  in  Nos.  6,  17,  and  20 — fine  draw- 
ings all  of  them — or  with  the  sparkling 
adaptation  of  the  earlier  manner  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Pennell  shown  in  Nos.  12,  15,  21,  and 
46.  In  each  instance  the  inspiration  appears 
as  genuine  and  spontaneous  as  in  the  case  of 
the  artists  recalled  by  Mr.  Bone,  while  the 
■executive    skill    is    almost    greater.      Other 


artists  may  appeal  to  us  as  thinkers  or 
speculators  who  have  enlarged  the  boundaries 
of  art ;  he  is  pre-eminently  an  executant,  a 
man  to  whom  the  practice  of  drawing  from 
nature  is  a  sufficient  interest,  but  who 
diligently  searches  the  works  of  other 
draughtsmen  for  hints  which  give  him  the 
key  to  new  themes,  and  make  him  free  of  new 
subject-matter.  No.  34,  Passeggiata  Archeo- 
logica,  shows  a  touch  of  invention  recalling 
those  fictional  "  compositions  of  ruins  " 
which  frequently  turn  up  in  the  portfolios  of 
sketches  left  by  eighteenth-century  architects. 
When  he  is  prompted  by  no  such  reminis- 
cences of  previous  art,  Mr.  Bone's  impulse 
is  to  an  almost  photographic  literalism. 
No.  31,  The  Pantheon,  Rome,  would  have 
delighted  Ruskin.  It  is  a  kind  of  drawing 
hardly  feasible  except  with  architectural 
subjects,  breaking  down  even  on  such  a 
work  as  the  Theatre  of  Marcellus,  Borne  (37), 
in  which  the  broken  forms  of  native  rocks 
piled  on  one  another  suffice  to  muddle  the 
design.  Mr.  Bone  hesitates  to  try  such  a 
meticulous  method  on  pure  landscape,  and 
in  The  Back  of  the  Duomo,  Orvieto  (24),  the  con- 
trast between  the  light  method  used  for  the 
architecture  and  the  freer  execution  in  the 
landscape  foreground  is  a  little  sudden  and 
arbitrary.  As  a  rule,  the  transition  is  better 
managed,  and  is  either  between  the  per- 
manent architectural  features  of  a  city  and 
the  vague  passing  ghosts  of  the  people 
inhabiting  it,  or  in  landscape  between  the 
serene  distance  and  the  more  vaguely 
apprehended  foreground  which  impresses  us 
as  we  walk,  blurring  by  our  own  motion  the 
nearer  objects,  and  seeing  the  distance  only 
clearly  through  a  haze  of  passing  foreground. 

At  Messrs.  Palser's  Galleries  in  King 
Street  is  a  collection  of  early  English  water- 
colour  drawings,  fairly  representative  in  both 
senses,  inasmuch  as  it  shows  the  school 
in  its  power  and  in  its  frequent  dullness.  A 
fine  series  of  Cotmans  (57,  59,  60,  61,  63, 
and  65)  are  the  gems  of  the  collection,  along 
with  an  exceptional  Turner,  Malvern  Abbey 
(87),  which  shows  him  at  the  moment  when 
his  power  over  his  medium  had  reached  its 
maximum,  yet  before  the  display  of  elabora- 
tion for  its  own  sake  had  become  an  ob- 
session. Girtin  is  represented  by  two  draw- 
ings of  1794  (85  and  89),  which,  curiously 
enough,  suggest  that  he  had  been  lured  a 
little  way  on  the  same  path  of  triviality 
before  he  turned  back  to  do  so  severe  a 
masterpiece  as  the  street  scene  now  showing 
at  Messrs.  Agnew's.  Interesting  work  by 
Dayes  (83),  Muller  (45),  and  T.  Wheatley  (24) 
is  also  exhibited,  but,  as  is  usual  on  these 
occasions,  Cotman  is  supreme. 

The  decorations  done  at  Sapphire  Lodge, 
Vincent  Square,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  A. 
Randall  Wells,  which  were  on  view  last  week, 
show  the  somewhat  luxurious  and  eclectic 
taste  which  we  connect  with  the  Arts  and 
Crafts  movement,  and  a  similar  inclination 
to  evoke  vaguely  historical  associations. 
The  result,  if  not  very  robust,  is  sometimes 
charming,  as  in  the  dining-room,  with  its 
lighted  corner  cupboards  full  of  china.  The 
principal  feature  of  the  decoration  is  the 
revival  of  elegant  craftsmanship  in  the  paint- 
ing of  wooden  furniture,  a  tradition  delight- 
fully maintained  in  England  to  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century  or  a  little  later.  In 
the  bedroom  panels  the  floral  designs  are  a 
little  over-lavish  of  detail  and  cloying,  but 
the  whole  work  is  full  of  ingenious  and 
amusing  episodes. 


ENGRAVINGS. 


On  Friday,  the  20th  host.,  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold 
engravings,  including  a  collection  of  ornamental  de- 
signs by  Aldegrever,  &c,  41  lots,  7657.  15s.  Turner, 
after  East  lake,  Napoleon  on  board  the  Bellerophon, 
51/.     Ward,  after  Morland,  The  Thatcher,  861. 


Jfttu   JVrt   (Bossip. 

An  exhibition  of  water-colours  entitled 
'  Rustic  Horse  Life,'  by  Mr.  N.  H.  J.  Baird, 
will  be  opened  at  the  Carroll  Gallery,  George 
Street,  Hanover  Square,  on  Monday  next. 
Twenty  pastels  by  a  Hungarian  artist, 
Charles  de  Belle,  who  has  not  hitherto  ex- 
hibited in  London,  will  be  shown  at  the  same 
time. 

Mr.  James  Sant  has  resigned  his 
membership  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
desiring  to  make  room  for  an  Associate  to 
become  a  full  member.  He  is  in  his  94th 
year,  and  has  been  an  R.A.  since  1869. 
Notwithstanding  his  great  age,  Mr.  Sant  is 
still  at  work,  and  hopes  to  continue  exhibit- 
ing in  the  Academy  every  year. 

The  Marchioness  Arconati  -  Visconti 
has  given  to  the  Louvre  Museum  her  collec- 
tions of  paintings,  sculptures,  and  furniture 
belonging  to  the  Middle  Ages,  the  Renais- 
sance, and  the  eighteenth  century. 

American  ladies  resident  in  England  have 
subscribed  for  the  erection  of  a  statue  of 
Chatham  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington  to 
commemorate  the  centenary  of  peace  be- 
tween this  kingdom  and  the  United  States. 
It  is  to  be  the  work  of  Mr.  F.  Derwent 
Wood,  and  the  artist's  sketch-model  of  the 
whole  statue,  with  his  study  of  the  head, 
will  be  exhibited  in  this  year's  Royal 
Academy. 

Mr.  Lee  Warner  announces,  on  behalf 
of  the  Medici  Society,  that  two  new  volumes 
from  the  Riccardi  Press  may  be  expected 
about  Easter.  '  The  Book  of  Genesis,'  in 
the  Authorized  Version,  has  ten  water- 
colour  illustrations  by  Mr.  F.  Cayley  Robin- 
son ;  and  an  edition  of  Csesar  will  be  printed 
from  the  new  text  prepared  for  the  Clarendon 
Press  by  Dr.  T.  Rice  Holmes. 

Mr.  W.  Russell  Flint  has  just  been 
made  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Water  - 
Colour  Society.  Mr.  Flint  has  recently 
returned  from  Sicily,  where  he  has  been  at 
work  txpon  a  set  of  illustrations  for  '  Theo- 
critus, Bion,  and  Moschus.'  These  draw- 
ings will  appear  in  the  Riccardi  Press 
edition  of  Andrew  Lang's  version,  which 
will  be  published  in  the  autumn. 

Readers  of  Pepys  will  remember  his 
anxiety  to  possess  a  wine-cistern,  and  may 
like  to  have  their  attention  called  to  the 
specimen,  belonging  to  the  Ashburnham 
Collection,  which  was  disposed  of  the  other 
day  at  Messrs.  Christie's.  This  was  a  piece 
of  early  Georgian  work  by  Sleath,  of  oval 
shape,  40  in.  long  by  over  19  in.  high,  en- 
graved with  the  arms  of  Crowley  impaling 
Gascoigne.  Its  date — 1720 — is  of  some 
interest,  as  it  has  been  stated  that  no  wine- 
cisterns  (introduced  from  Italy  in  Charles  I.'s 
time)  are  of  later  date  than  Anne. 

Goodrich  House,  Hatfield,  as  we 
mentioned  recently,  is  to  become  the 
Hatfield  Gallery  of  Antiques.  It  will  be 
opened  in  April  with  an  exhibition  of 
early  English  furniture.  The  house  is 
named  from  Thomas  Goodrich,  Bishop  of 
Ely,  Lord  Chancellor,  whose  arms,  quartered 
with  those  of  the  diocese  of  Ely,  are  carved 
on  the  east  wall.  The  earliest  reference  to  it 
that  has  been  discovered  is  in  1483,  and  in 
1 605  the  owner  was  Sir  John  Leake.  During 
the  recent  reconstruction  of  the  property, 
the  workpeople  found  a  number  of  coins, 
also  the  remains  of  a  timber  building 
that  formerly  stood  on  the  site.  A  good 
example  of  English  domestic  architecture  of 
its  period,  the  house  is  in  itself  well  worth 
a  visit. 


No.  4509,  Bjabch  28,  1914 


THE     ATHENJKUM 


455 


JKttstori   (6ossip. 

MlXE.  Vera    ]>ROCK    gave    an    orchestral 

( oncert  on  Wednesday  evening  at   Queen's 

Hall,  when  she  played  three  pianoforte 
concertos.     The    first    was    by    Henselt    in 

f  minor,  a  work  merely  written  for  a  player 
to  exhibit  his  or  her  virtuosity.  Mile.  Brock 
has  a  refined  touch  and  excellent  technique, 
though  her  sense  of  rhythm  is  not  strong  : 
this  was  especially  noticeable  in  the  Schu- 
mann Concerto  which  followed.  Moreover, 
the  reading  of  the  first  movement  was  cold. 
Although  the  London  Symphony  Orchestra 
«ih  under  M.  Safonoff,  the  accompaniments 
were  too  loud,  and  at  times  rough.  It  was 
difficult  for  M.  Safonoff  to  exert  his  full 
power  in  the  showy  and  shallow  Henselt 
music,  but  even  in  the  interpretation  of 
Schumann  he  was  not  up  to  his  usual 
Btandard. 

The  whole  of  the  concert  of  the  Bach 
Choir  at  Queen's  Hall  last  Tuesday  evening 
was  devoted  to  the  music  of  the  composer 
whose  name  it  bears.  It  opened  with 
the  splendid  '  Magnificat  :  in  d.  The  choir 
B  tng  well,  and  of  the  soloists,  Misses 
Rhoda  von  Glehn  and  Dilys  Jones,  and 
Messrs.  John  Adams  and  Robert  Radford, 
the  last  named  was  the  most  convincing. 
The  London  Symphony  Orchestra  was 
playing  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  H.  P. 
Allen.  He  is  a  sound  conductor,  but 
Bach's  music  wants  a  more  soulful 
rendering.  Miss  May  Harrison  gave  an 
excellent  performance  of  the  Violin  Con- 
certo in  e,  and  the  wonderful  slow  move- 
ment evidently  made  a  special  appeal  to 
Dr.  Allen,  for  he  displayed  more  feeling  here 
than  in  the  Mass.  The  Triple  Concerto  was 
ably  interpreted  by  Miss  Fanny  Davies, 
Mi—  May  Harrison,  and  Mr.  D.  S.  Wood 
(flute). 

Miss  Winifred  Holloway  gave  last 
week  at  the  Steinway  Hall  a  recital  which 
included  burlesques,  parodies,  and  dialect 
studies  written  and  composed  by  herself, 
French  and  English  songs,  and  satires  and 
legends  from  the  fifteenth  century  to  the 
eighteenth.  In  the  first  group  of  carols  and 
legends,  which  included  '  Entre  le  Boeuf  et 
1  Ane  Oris  '  and  '  Saint  Joseph  cherche  logis 
pour  la  Sainte  Vierge,'  Miss  Hollow-ay's 
renderings,  though  sadly  interrupted  by  the 
late  entrance  of  some  of  the  audience,  were 
interpreted  in  the  proper  "  folk  "  fashion, 
without  undue  elaboration,  or  insistence  on 
the  dramatic  element.  The  French  songs 
were,  perhaps,  the  most  successful  items  of 
the  programme,  and  showed  much  variety 
and  charm.  Miss  Holloways  ingenuity  and 
humour  were  apparent  in  the  selection  of  her 
Own  parodies  and  songs. 

The  -erics  of  Classical  Concerts  came 
to  a  close  last  Wednesday  afternoon.  Miss 
Muriel  Foster  sang  Schumann  s  cycle,  'Frauen- 
liebe  und  Leben,'  and  some  Hugo  Wolf 
Lieder.  Mr.  Frank  Bridge's  excellent  setting 
"i  'The  Londonderry  Air,"  and  Mr.  Percy 
unger's  taking  Irish  reel,  -.Molly  on  the 
Shore,1  were  played  by  the  London  String 
Quartet.  Brahma's  Sextet  for  Strings, 
Lorn  given,  represents  him  in  his  early 
period,  and  it  frankly  shows  the  composers 
By  whom  he  was  influenced.     The  autumn 

scn'es  of  concerts  ifl  announced.  They  will 
take    place    a1     Bechstein    Hall    every  week, 

from  October  14th  until  December  16th, 
alternately  afternoon  and  evening. 

Mb.  l'.  s.  Kelly  gave  the  firsl  of  two 
concerts  at  the  JSolian  Ball  on  the  1 9th 
iu.-t.     Be  began  with  Banders  Suite  in  r 

minor,  one  of  that  composer's  beet,  yet 
seldom     played.     More    might     have     been 


made  of  Beethoven's  early  Sonata  in  a  flat, 
Op.  20.     The  Variations  are  pleasing,  and 

the  '  Funeral  March  '  is  true  Beethoven  ; 
but  the  other  two  movements  are  inferior. 
Mr.  Kelly  produced  twenty-four  "  Mono- 
graphs "  of  his  own  composition.  The 
number  is  alarming,  but  they  are  id!  short, 
and  show  taste  and  fair  skill.  What  the 
composer  has  to  say  is,  however,  not  very 
deep.  There  seems  no  good  reason  for 
giving  the  whole  set  ;  a  few  of  them  at  a 
time  would,  we  believe,  show  to  better 
advantage. 

Two  of  the  three  concerts  announced  by 
Mr.  F.  B.  Ellis  have  taken  place.  The  first, 
at  Queen's  Hall  on  the  20th  inst.,  was 
devoted  to  modern  orchestral  music.  It 
opened  with  Mr.  Arnold  Bax's  'Festival 
Overture' — a  bright,  spirited,  and  well- 
scored  work.  His  four  Orchestral  Sketches 
were  also  given,  the  two  middle  numbers  for 
the  first  time.  The  'Dance  in  the  Sun  '  is 
clever  :  it  has  vivid  rhythms  and  effective 
colouring,  and  the  composer  was  wise  in 
stopping  while  interest  was  still  fresh.  Little 
genre  pieces  of  the  kind  soon  lose  their  charm 
if  unduly  prolonged.  No.  3,  '  In  the  Hills 
of  Home,"  also  has  its  good  points  :  expres- 
sive themes — two  of  them  traditional — and 
delicate  orchestration. 

Mr.  George  Butterworth  was  represented 
by  '  A  Shropshire  Lad,'  produced  at  the 
last  Leeds  Festival,  and  an  idyll,  '  The 
Banks  of  Green  Willow,'  the  title  being  the 
name  of  the  first  theme,  which,  like  the  third, 
is  traditional.  The  music  is  promising,  but 
the  composer  does  not  seem  to  have  worked 
up  excellent  thematic  material  so  as  to 
produce  gradation  of  interest.  The  rest 
of  the  music  in  the  first  part  consisted  of  a 
curious  symphonic  poem  by  Dvorak,  entitled 
'  Die  Mittagshexe.'  His  clever  hand  can  be 
traced  in  the  work,  but  it  is  programme- 
music  which,  compared  with  what  we  have 
heard  since,  sounds  mild.  All  the  numbers 
mentioned  were  given  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Geoffrey  Toye,  a  young  conductor 
who  has  temperament,  vitality,  and  musical 
understanding.  He  ought  to  do  well.  Mr. 
F.  B.  Ellis  conducted  Strauss's  '  Don  Quix- 
ote," of  which  he  gave  a  sound  and  inter- 
esting reading. 

At  the  chamber  concert  at  the  iEolian 
Hall  on  the  following  Monday  the  chief 
item  was  a  '  Phantasy  Quintet  '  for  Strings 
by  Dr.  Vaughan  Williams.  It  is  a  clever 
work  without  any  display  of  learning.  The 
two  middle  movements  are  the  most  inter- 
esting, yet  the  whole  seems  to  have  been 
written  by  the  composer  for  himself  and 
his  art.  The  slow  movement  of  calm, 
ethereal  character  is  most  striking.  It  is 
pure  chamber  music.  This  Quintet  was 
admirably  interpreted  by  the  London  String 
Quartet  and  Mr.  James  Lockyer  (second 
viola).  M.  Ricardo  Vines-Roda,  the  pianist, 
performed  some  elaborate  Variations  on  a 
fresh  little  theme  by  Rameau,  composed 
by  M.  Paul  Dukas.  His  best  playing, 
however,  was  in  the  well-known  '  Gaspare! 
de  la  Nuit,'  piano  poems  b\-  M.  Maurice 
Ravel. 


8ln. 

Mm. 

Ti  n. 

Wbd. 

Tii i  » 

r.n. 

8*7. 


.11. 


PERFORMANCES     NEXT    WEEK. 

Concert,  a  .10.  Royal  Albert  Hull. 
Hiimlay  Concert  Society,  3.:K).  yueen'n  Hall. 
Henry  Perry'"  Son*  Recital,  ::.  Mleinwny  Hall, 
fjomlon  Hymphony  OrohestrH.  &,  l^ueenn  Hull 
Johanna    Hermann    ami    IMwanl  Lamhu  Piano   anil    Souk 

Recital  B.W,  !(•■•  lintein  Hall. 

la Thomai'i  Violin  Recital.  -  10,  fiolian  Halt 
Parloviu.  Recital  of  Kutftian  HoeiO,   :  10,  Bteinwaj  H;il 
Oal.rtell"  Valllnnn  »  Vocal  Recital  .1  Ki.  HecliMeln  Hall. 
Royal  Philharmonic  Bocietr.  R,  Qaeeni  II  *ll 
Howar.l  Jonea'i  Pianoforte  Rental,  -1  le.  Bo  h«tein  Hall. 
Victor  Banham'i Bi    Ital         liollan  Hall. 
London  Choral  Society  'PaniUl/l  Ball 

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DRAMA 


Studies  in  Stagecraft.     By  Clayton  Hamil- 
ton.    (Grant  Richards,  56".  net.) 

'  Studies  in  Stagecraft  '  is  described 
as  a  companion  volume  to  the  author's 
■  Theory  of  the  Theatre  '  (reviewed  in 
The  Alhenceum,  Dec.  17th,  1910).  The 
description  is  in  this  case  specially 
accurate  ;  botli  volumes  consist  of  short 
essays  on  dramatic  subjects  put  to- 
gether without  any  sequence,  while  the 
author's  scale  of  values  expands  and 
contracts  without  apparent  relation  to 
any  fixed  standards.  Mr.  Hamilton's 
strongest  point  is  his  ability  to  start  dis- 
cussions. He  seizes  innumerable  matters 
of  detail,  over  which  he  lingers,  throwing 
out  hints,  but  seldom  achieving  a  satis- 
factory definiteness.  He  frequently  says 
something  which  leads  us  to  expect  that 
we  are  at  last  coming  to  new  and  un- 
explored territories.  But  these  are  the 
moments  when  the  clear  streamlets  of 
Mr.  Hamilton's  originality  suddenly  dis- 
appear in  a  misty  sea  of  vague  generaliza- 
tions. 

This  is  easily  seen  in  the  treatment 
of  production.  Mr.  Hamilton  appears 
to  ask  us  to  believe  that  the  progress  of 
this  side  of  stagecraft  during  the  last 
thirty  years  consists,  first,  in  securing 
the  illusion  of  absolute  realism,  regardless 
of  expense,  and,  second,  in  the  reduction 
of  expense.  Xow  while  it  may  be  true 
to  say  that  different  producers,  working 
separately,  have  created  these  two  forms 
of  effects,  it  is  wide  of  the  mark  to  write 
as  if  Dr.  Bernhardt  and  Gordon  Craig 
were  followers  of  Mr.  David  Belasco,  or 
as  if  they  had  ever  considered  his  work 
either  as  a  model  or  as  raw  material. 
Neither  Dr.  Bernhardt  nor  Gordon  Craig, 
in  point  of  fact,  strives  to  produce  the 
illusion  of  realism.  Moreover,  there  are 
many  plays  in  which  complete  illusi<  n 
is  neither  possible  nor  desirable  ;  surely 
the  best  productions  of  '  Hamlet '  are 
those  in  which  a  great  deal  is  left  to  t  he 
imagination  of  the  audience.  If  we  seek 
to  know  what  Mr.  Hamilton  considers- 
will  be  the  future  of  production — and  he 
writes,  he  tells  us,  with  reference  to  the 
future  —  we  learn  little,  except  possibly 
that  the  drama  will  be  impressionist  and 
poetic. 

The  reviewer  is  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  future  of  production  lies  in  the 
direction  of  a  greater  diversity — that 
the  time  will  come   when  the  repertory 

system  will  be  applied  to  producers  as  it 
is  to-day  to  plays.  When  '  Hamlet  '  is 
produced    on     successive     nights      at     the 

same  theatre  by  Gordon  Craig.  Dr.  Rein- 
hardt,    .Mr.    Barker,    .Mr.    Poel,    and    Sir 

Herbert    'Tree,  or   by   their  successors,   the 

public  will  at  last  have  an  opportunity  ol 
realizing    the    enormous    importance    ol 

production  in  the  theatre.  Cut  il  then  all 
efforts  to  oust  one  set  oi  coin  cut  ions  at  the 

expense  of  another  will  be  largely  (utile. 

Mr.  Hamilton's  discussions,  though  in- 
complete, are  sufficiently  provocative  ol 

thought  to  be  Well  Worth  reading. 


456 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


Dramatic   (lossip. 

On  Tuesday  afternoon  three  one-act  plays 
■were  presented  at  the  Arts  Centre,  Mortimer 
Street,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Actresses' 
Franchise  Club.  Only  one  of  them  was 
actively  propagandist,  but  all  three  were 
concerned  with  the  Women's  Movement. 
It  would  be  unfair  to  divulge  the  plot  of 
Mr.  H.  Vernon  Carey's  little  piece  '  Kindly 
Flames.'  It  must  suffice  to  say  that  a  some- 
what familiar  opening  is  followed  by  an 
ingenious  surprise  which  extricates  two  of 
the  characters  from  a  seemingly  hopeless 
tangle. 

'  Which  ?  '  by  Evelyn  Glover,  concerns 
the  problem  of  the  father  who  can  see  no 
vocation  for  his  daughter  but  the  care  of  his 
household  or  marriage,  and  the  daughter 
who  holds  more  modern  views.  The  author 
has  worked  out  the  situation  with  consider- 
q|-)]p  skill 

'  The  Suffragette,'  by  Mr.  Alfred  Bucklaw, 
suffered  rather  from  its  air  of  propaganda, 
but  the  muscular  prowess  of  the  heroine, 
as  practised  on  the  other  character  in  the 
piece — a  tall  and  belligerent  tramp — caused 
considerable  amusement. 

All  three  plays  were  competently  acted  ; 
and,  in  addition  to  those  mentioned,  a 
spirited  monologue  was  given  during  the 
afternoon  by  Miss  Keith. 

Only  one  of  the  five  one-act  plays  pro- 
duced on  Wednesday  afternoon  at  the 
Pavilion  rose  above  sheer  banality,  and  even 
that  one — '  A  Powerful  Remedy,'  by  Kerry 
Oordon — though  it  had  its  moments  of 
humour,  was  loosely  put  together,  dealing 
largely  in  the  commonplace  and  artificial. 
It  seems  extraordinary  that  the  management 
cannot  discover  pieces  of  more  merit — or 
even  of  less  demerit — for  production.  There 
must  be  many  young  writers  who  could  do 
better  stuff,  and  would  eagerly  seize  the 
chance  to  get  their  plays  produced. 

At  the  Court  Theatre,  on  Sunday  evening, 
the  Play  Actors  are  presenting  '  The  One 
Thing  Needful,'  also  a  three-act  comedy,  by 
Estelle  Burney  and  Herbert  Swears.  It 
will  be  preceded  by  a  one-act  play,  '  On  the 
Road  to  Cork,'  in  which  Mr.W.  G.  Fay  will 
take  the  principal  part. 

The  Stage  Players  will  present  next 
Friday  afternoon,  at  the  Ambassadors' 
Theatre,  a  three-act  comedy  by  A.  Kenward 
Matthews,  called  '  A  Royal  Chef.'  Mr. 
Ben  Webster  is  to  appear  in  the  title-part. 

'  My  Lady's  Dress,'  a  new  play  in  three 
acts,  by  Mr.  Edward  Knoblauch,  will  be 
produced  by  Messrs.  Vedrenne  and  Eadie 
at  the  Royalty  Theatre  on  April  21st.  Each 
of  the  three  acts  is  divided  into  three  scenes. 
Gladys  Cooper  and  Mr.  Dennis  Eadie  will 
play  the  principal  parts,  and  Mr.  Edmund 
Maurice  will  also  have  a  prominent  place  in 
the  cast. 

In  order  that  the  cast  which  acted 
M.  Brieux's  '  Damaged  Goods  '  at  the  Little 
Theatre  may  remain  unchanged,  it  has  been 
decided  to  begin  the  further  series  of  per- 
formances of  that  play  at  the  Court  Theatre 
on  Tuesday  next  at  2.30,  instead  of  on 
Sunday,  as  originally  announced.  The  other 
performances  will  be  on  Tuesday,  April  7th, 
and  on  Sunday,  April  19th,  both  at  8.30. 

On  the  16th  inst.  the  members  of  the 
Comit6  de  Lecture  of  the  Coined  ie  Francaise 
decided  to  produce  a  play  ent  itled  '  Les 
Demoiselles  Granger-Martin,'  by  Madame 
Gabriel  Mourey.  This  is  the  second  play 
by  a  woman  which  has  been  accepted  by 
the  French  national  theatre  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year,  Mile.  Leneru's  '  La 
Triomphatrice  '  being  the  other. 


'  Robert  Frank,'  the  play  with  which 
Dr.  Sigurd  Ibsen  made  his  d6but,  is  shortly 
to  appear  in  an  English  translation. 

Mr.  Oswald  Stoll  has  recently  been 
arguing  that  stage  children  may  reasonably 
be  exempted  from  the  operation  of  the 
Children  (Employment  and  School  Attend- 
ance) Bill,  and  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones 
strongly  supports  him.  Mr.  Jones  writes 
from  the  point  of  view,  first,  of  managers, 
who  will  be  exposed  to  the  dislocating  inter- 
ference of  education  authorities  ;  and  then 
of  the  children  themselves,  to  whom,  he 
thinks,  will  be  done  "  a  great  indirect 
injury.... by  choking  the  formation  of  a 
sound  body  of  public  opinion  on  matters 
that  greatly  concern  their  nurture  and  well- 
being."  He  goes,  moreover,  so  far  as  to 
say  that  "  a  stage  without  children.  .  .  .tends 
to  the  production  of  plays  like  the  comedies 
of  the  Restoration." 

Apart  from  what  children  may  see  and  hear 
behind  the  scenes — which  should  not,  how- 
ever, be  lightly  dismissed  as  a  negligible 
danger — we  are  far  from  being  convinced 
that  the  stage  offers  them  an  environ- 
ment physically  and  mentally  wholesome. 
There  is  something  illogical,  something 
morally  absurd,  in  injuring  children,  even  if 
it  were  but  slightly,  and  encouraging  their 
employers  in  indifference  to  their  welfare, 
for  the  pretended  purpose  of  enlightening 
the  humanity,  and  quickening  the  domestic 
affections,  of  the  rest  of  the  public. 

But  the  injuries  inflicted  can 
reasonable  citizen  be  regarded  as 
The  physical  wear  and  tear,  both 
business  of  acting  itself  and  of  the  endur- 
ance of  unnatural  conditions  accompanying 
it,  is  destructive.  Again,  children  employed 
on  the  stage  become  infected  with  the 
vulgar  affectations,  craving  for  notoriety, 
and  distaste  for  whatever  is  not  immediately 
exciting  which  coarsen  and  blunt  the  minds 
of  so  many  of  their  seniors. 


by    no 

slight. 

of  the 


To    Correspondents.  —  W.  E.  G.  F.—  D.—  A.  C.  M.— 
G    Le  G.  N.—  G.  M.— Received. 

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— • — 

PAGE 

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Batsford 438 

Bell  &  Co.  457 

Bell  &  Sons       439 

Catalogues         438 

Constable  &  Co 460 

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Eno's  Fruit  Salt         459 

Francis  &  Co _        „       ..       ..  458 

Gardnkr,  Darton  &  Co „        ..  439 

Griffiths 456 

Heinemann  457 

Hutchinson  &  Co 461 

Insurance  Companies „  459 

Lane  ..        „        475 

Laurie       462 

Longmans  &  Co.  440 

Low,  Marston  &  Co 462 

Macmillan  &  Co 440 

Methuen  &  Co 476 

Miscellaneous   ..        _        437 

Mudie's  Library         459 

Nash  475 

Paul 462 

Printers 438 

Provident  Institutions      438 

Publishers'  Circular         457 

Sales  by  Auction       438 

Saturday  Review       439 

Shipping  „        ..        ..  459 

Situations  Vacant 437 

Situations  Wanted 437 

Times  Book  Club        439 

Type- Writers.  &c.  437 

Williams  &  Norgate 440 


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458 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4509,  March  28,  1914 


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FIRST     SELECTION. 

HYMN0L0GY. 

'  Adeste  Fideles,'  its  Origin — "  And  he  was  a  Samaritan  " 
— "  Oh  !  the  pilgrims  of  Zion  " — '  Rock  of  Ages,'  Latin 
Version — '  Veni,  Creator,'  its  Authorship — Leper  Hymn- 
Writer. 

NURSERY  RIMES. 

"  A  frog  he  would  a-wooing  go  " — "  A  shoulder  of  mutton 
brought  home  from  France  " — "  An  old  woman  went  to 
market  " — "  Bell-horses,  bell-horses,  what  time  of  day  " 
— "  Good  horses,  bad  horses  " — "  Goosey,  goosey  gander  " 
— "  I  had  three  sisters  beyond  the  sea  " — "  King  David 
was  King  David  " — "  Lion  and  the  unicorn  " — "  Little 
Jack  Horner  " — "  Lucy  Locket  " — "  Mary,  Mary,  quite 
contrary  " — "  Matthew,  Mark,  Luke,  and  John  " — 
"  Nanny  Natty  Cote  "— "  Old  King  Cole  "— "  Old  Mother 
Hubbard  "—"  Old  Wives  of  St.  Ives  "—"  Robin  a 
Bobbin  "— "  She  looked  up,  she  looked  down  " — "  There 
was  a  man,  a  man  indeed  " — "  Yankee  Doodle  went  to 
town." 

PROVERBS  AND  PHRASES. 

"  A  l'outrance  "  incorrect — "  Sham  Abraham  " — "  Ad 
majorem  Dei  gloriam  " — "  All  roads  lead  to  Rome  " — 
"  All  the  world  and  his  wife  " — "  As  deep  as  Garrick  " — 
"  As  merry  as  griggs  " — "  As  the  crow  flies  " — "  As  thick 
as  inkle-makers  " — "  At  the  back  of  beyond  " — "Balance 
of  power  " — "  Before  one  can  say  Jack  Robinson  " — 
"  Birds  of  a  feather  flock  together  " — "  Bombay  duck  " — 
"  Call  a  spade  a  spade  " — "  Cast  not  a  clout  till  May  be 
out  "— "  Chops  of  the  Channel  "— "  Cock-and-bull  story  " 
— "  Correct  to  a  T  "— "  Coup  de  Jarnac  "— "  Cut  his 
stick  "— "  Cut  the  loss  "— "  Dark  as  black  pigs  "— "  De 
mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum  " — "  Dish  of  tea  " — "  Dogmatism 
is  puppyism  grown  older  " — "  Drug  in  the  market " — 
"  Entente  cordiale  "  —  "  Et  tu,  Brute  !  "  —  "  Eternal 
feminine  " — "  Every  man  has  his  price  " — "  Every  mickle 
makes  a  muckle " — "  Facts  are  stubborn  things " — 
"Fate  of  the  Tracys "—"  Father  of  his  Country"— 
"February  fill  dyke  "—"  Feed  the  brute  "—"  First 
catch  your  hare  " — "  Fortune  favours  fools  " — "  Fourth 
estate  " — "  Get  a  wiggle  on  " — "  Go  anywhere  and  do 
anything  " — "  God  rest  you  merry  " — "  Going  the  round  " 
— "  Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense  " — "  Humanum  est  errare  " 
— "  In  puris  naturalibus  " — "  Kick  the  bucket  " — "  Like 
the  curate's  egg,  good  in  parts " — "  Lombard  Street 
to  a  China  oraage  " — "  Lynch  law  " — "  Man  in  the 
moon  " — "  Man  in  the  street  "— "  Month's  mind  "— 
"  Moral  courage  " — "  Mors  janua  vitse  " — "  Mother  of 
dead  dogs  " — "  Neither  my  eye  nor  my  elbow  " — "  Never 
Never  Land  " — "  Never  too  late  to  mend  " — "  Nom  de 
guerre  "— "  Nom  de  plume  "— "  Nose  of  wax  "— "  O 
dear  no  1  " — "  Old  ewe  dressed  lamb  fashion." 


CHRISTIAN  NAMES. 

Brothers  and  Sisters  bearing  same  Names — Brothers  of  tho 
same  Name — Women  with  Masculine  Names — Acts  of 
..  the  Apostles — Agnes  and  Anne  temp.  Shakespeare — 
Armorel — Caroline  and  Charlotte — Corisande — Desmond 
— Edmond  and  Edward — Ernisius — Haakon — Hamlet — 
Pamela — Zirophceniza. 

EPIGRAMS. 

"  Bells,  bugs,  and  Christianity  " — "  Cane  decane  canis  ; 
sed  ne  cane  " — Handel  and  Bononcini — "  I  am  the  Dean, 
and  this  i3  Mrs.  Liddell  " — "  I  come  first,  my  name  is 
Jowett  " — "  Invesi  portum,  spes  et  fortuna  valete  " — 
"  On  nothing,  Fanny,  shall  I  write  ?  " — "  Should  a  man 
through  all  space  to  far  galaxies  travel  " — "  Thou  hast 
said  that  they  say  that  I  said  " — Whewell. 

EPITAPHIANA. 

Admiral  Christ — "  Affliction  sore  " — "  Anna  Maria  Ma- 
tilda Sophia  Johnson  " — "As  much  virtue  as  could 
die  " — Epitaph  at  Bowes,  and  Mallet's  '  Edwin  and 
Emma  ' — John  Chalkhill — "  Ere  my  work's  done  my 
thread  is  cut  " — "  Fay  tout  ce  que  tu  vouldras  " — Samuel 
Foote — Epitaph  on  a  Glutton—Greek  Epitaphs — "  Here 
lie  I,  Martin  Elginbrodde  "  — "  Here  lies  the  Earl  of 
Suffolk's  fool  "— "  Here  sleepe  thirteen  together  in  one 
■  Tombe  " — Phoebe  Hessel — "  His  sledge  and  hammer 
lie  reclined "  —  English  Epitaphs  in  the  Hofkirche 
at  Lucerne  —  Epitaphs  at  San  Sebastian  —  Shake- 
speare's Epitaph — "  Earth  goeth  on  the  eartbe  " — King 
Theodore  of  Corsica — Philip  Thicknesse — "  What  we 
gave  we  have  " — Elihu  Yale. 

FOLK-LORE  AND  POPULAR  CUSTOMS. 

All  Hallows  E'en — Apple  in  Dorset — Bees — Brittany — 
Burial  in  Walls  of  Buildings — Three  Candles — Black  Cat 
— Chinese — Clocks  stopped  at  Death — Cobweb  Pills — 
Counting  bringing  Ill-Luck — Creole — Crooked  Billet — 
Crows  crying  against  the  Rain — Daffodil — Death-Birds — 
Diamonds  and  Goat's  Blood — Dolls  in  Magic — Dorset- 
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forecasting  Fire — Horn  Dancing  at  Abbots  Bromley — 
Horseshoes — Indian  — Irish — Japanese — Ladybird  — Leg- 
less Spirits — Life-star — Lithuanian — Lizard  with  Two 
Tails — Hollow  Loaf  foretelling  Death — Moon  and  Hair- 
cutting — Mulberry  and  Quince — New  Year — Nightingale 
and  Death — Owls — Pin  Witchery — Piper's  Hole — Rain 
caught  on  Holy  Thursday — Roumanian — Sailor — Snakes 
— Sneezing — Stepping  over  a  Child — Stones  with  Holes — 
Tigers — Toads  burnt  Alive — Toothache — Twins — Virgin 
Mary's  Nut — Largest  Wave — Weather — Wedding — Wine- 
making  and  Women — Touching  Wood — Yellowhammers 
— Yews. 


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No.  4509.  SATURDAY,    MARCH   28,    1914. 


New  Successful  {61=)  Novels 

"BEARING     THE    BRAND 

HUTCHINSON 

Punch  says : — 

"  Mv  Baronite  rarely  resists  the  temptation  to  take  up  a  novel   bearing-  the   brand 
HUl'CHINSON.     They  must  have  a  taster   of  uncommonly   quick,   true    instinct." 

INITIATION     4tk  Largs  edition  R.    H.    BENSON   cSS'S^rcK  B8L0 

"  A  very  fine  novel.'" — Daily  Chronicle. 

"  '  Initiation'  is  the  most  powerful  and  most  carefully  balanced  novel  Monsignor  Benson  lias  yet  given  us,  and  it 
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"  We  cannot  well  believe  that  it  will  make  a  wide  appeal The  novel  attains  even  for  its  author  an  unusually 

high  level.     The  fiancee  seems  to  us  especially  a  triumph  of  characterization.     The  interest  of  the  story  never  flags." 

Athenaum. 

PANTOMIME     3rd  edition  G.    B.    STERN  A  t^tt^ a  . 

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and  interest." — Hookman.  "  It  deserves  the  success  it  will  achieve."  —  World. 

"Altogether  a  delightful  book  with  plenty  of  laughter,  and  here  and  there  a  suspicion  of  a  tear." — Daily  Express. 

LONDON    1913     *■<*  edition  Mrs.  H.  de  VERE    STACPOOLE 

"  Mrs.  de  Vere  Stacpoole  has  a  happy  touch.     She  can  write  an  exciting  story  which  is  not  melodramatic.     It  is 
a  clever  piece  of  work." — World 

The   CUSTODY   of   the   CHILD     &*  edition  PHILIP   GIBBS 

"  A  novel  of  decided  excellence,  and  the  best  work  that  Mr.  Gibbs  has  yet  done." — Times. 

The   GARDEN   of   DREAMS     **  emtio*  H.   GRAHAME    RICHARDS 

"The  story,  steeped  in  a  well-described  Eastern  atmosphere,  will  certainly  grip  the  reader." — Times. 
"  It  is  the  old  story  of  the  English  lover  and  the  Eastern  pearl,  with  the  Eastern  rival  intervening.     It  is  here 
finely  tieated." — Westminster  Gazette. 

FINE   CLAY  '2*1  edition  ISABEL   C.   CLARKE 

"  It  is  an  interesting  book  with  an  interesting  problem  in  it  and  much  loving  character-study." — Observer. 

WITHIN   the   GATES     T&fiStf  G.    B.    BURG  IN 

"  It  is  an  entrancing  romance."  —  Daily  Graphic. 

"  The  heroine  is  very  charming.     Sufficiently  sensational  to  hold  the  reader  enthralled." — World. 

The   EIGHT  of   DIAMONDS  HORACE    G.    HUTCHINSON 

"  A  moving  story  of  considerable  dramatic  possibilities.     The  ideal  book  for  a  journey  or  a  wet  afternoon." 

Westminster  Gazette. 
"  It  is  an  extremely  ingenious,  thoughtful,  and  entertaining  story." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

IT   WILL   BE   ALL   RIGHT  TOM    GALLON 

"  Mr.  Gallon  has  written  a  most  interesting  and  clever  story." — Evening  Mail. 

The   MARRIAGE   CONTRACT     ***  edition  JOSEPH    KEATING 

"  It  is  the  very  marrow  of  romance.     It  is  in  its  fascination  that  the  strength  of  the  book  really  lies." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

POMM'S   DAUGHTER    just  out  CLAIRE    DE    PRATZ 

"  The  heroine  captures  our  interest."  —  Daily  News.  "  A  really  charming  novel." — Star. 

The   ULSTERMAN     .rr.sr  our  F.    FRANKFORT   MOORE 

TANSY    jrsT  oct  TICKNER   EDWARDES 

JAMES   WHITAKER'S    DUKEDOM     just  out       EDGAR   JEPSON 

READY   MARCH    31. 

2  fine  Novels  for  the  Lihrary  List. 

BROKEN    MUSIC  PHYLLIS    BOTTOME 

The    MAKING    of   a    SOUL  KATHLYN    RHODES 


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WERNER  LAURIE,  Ltd., 
14,    Clifford's     Inn,    LONDON 


Supplement,  March  28,  1914] 


THE     ATH  KXiHIM 


40:i 


FICTION   SUPPLEMENT. 


contents.  pack 

'Imk.  Char.uikr  and  Tendency  01  Contemporary 
Fiction        463 

Anatoi.e  France's  New  Novel 464 

A  Orocp  of  Seven  fl'he  Princes  of  the  Stock 
Kvchanse  ;  Oh,  Mr.  Biilgood  !  And  Afterwards 
the  Judgment  ;  The  Orley  Tradition  ;  The  King 
of  Alsander  ;  Cwddy  Yarborough's  Daughter  ;  The 
Folk  of  Furry  Farm)         465 

social  STUDIES  (A  Crooked  Mile;  Children  of  the 
Dead  End  ;  So  the  World  Wags  ;  A  Girl's  Marriage  ; 
Man  and  Woman  ;  Garden  Oats;  Phu-be  Maroon)  466—467 

Ireland  and  India  (The  Ulsterman  ;  Burnt  Flax  ; 
Baba  and  the  Black  Sheep  ;  The  Happy  Hunting 
Ground  ;  Father  O'Flynn)  467 

Inlikely  Stories  (The  Fortunate  Yout  h  ;  It  Will  be 
All  Right ;  Curing  Cliristopher  ;  Jill-All-Alone  ; 
James  Whitaker's  Dukedom  ;  His  Great  Adventure; 
Years  of  Discretion)  . .      467—468 

Cocntry    Like   (Love  the  Harper  ;   Potter  and  Clay  ; 

A  Free  Hand  ;  The  Master  of  Merripit)  468^69 

Historical  Fiction  (The  Way  of  Little  Gidding  ; 
The  Great  Attempt;  Unto  Ca?sar  ;  The  Sea  Cap- 
tain ;  The  Gates  of  Doom)         469 

CRIME  and  Adventure  (The  Wanderer's  Necklace  ; 
The  End  of  Her  Honeymoon  ;  Two  Women  ;  The 
Crimson  Honeymoon  ;  The  Hidden  Mask  ;  Blind 
Man's  Buff) 469—470 

Tales  of  the  Wild  (The  Way  of  the  Strong  ;  The 
Reconnaissance  ;  The  Chief  of  the  Ranges  ;  The 
City  of  Hope  ;  The  Pathway  ;  The  Rocks  of  Valpre) 

470—  471 

Ethical  Problems  (Time  and  Thomas  Waring ;  The 
Way  Home  ;  Fine  Clay  ;  The  Tresleys  ;  The  Price 
of  Conquest ;  On  the  Staircase ;  The  Pessimist ; 
The  Marriage  Contract ;  Leviathan  ;  The  Sentence 
Absolute) 471-472 

social  Comedy  (The  Cuckoo  Lamb  ;  Simpson  ;  The 
Tracy  Tubbses  ;  Monksbridge  ;  The  Making  of 
Blaise  ;  The  Awakening  ;  It  was  the  Time  of  Roses  ; 
Splendrum  ;  The  Education  of  Oliver  Hyde  ;  The 
Girl  on  the  Green) 473—474 

short  Stories  (The  Lost  Road  ;  Firemen  Hot ;  Later 
Litanies)        .. 474 

French  Stories  (L'E veil  ;  Marcelle  the  LovableJ     ..    474 

The  Cost  of  Wings  — Selected  English  Short 
Stories        ..       _        474 


THE  CHARACTER  AND  TENDENCY 
OF   CONTEMPORARY   FICTION. 

The  critic  wTho  undertakes  to  summarize 
the  qualities,  and  indicate  the  tendencies, 
of  contemporary  fiction  has  not  an  easy- 
task.  He  can  scarcely  pretend  to  have 
an  exhaustive  acquaintance  with  a  branch 
of  literature  so  bewildering  in  extent  and 
variety.  He  must  confess  to  the  exercise 
of  selection,  and  own  that  any  kind  of 
selection  may  involve  omissions  of  capital 
importance.  Still,  in  the  condition  of 
the  English  novel  at  the  present  time 
there  are  several  salient  and  peculiar 
characteristics,  which  seem  to  point  to 
the  possibility  of  a  generalization  neither 
hopelessly  vague  nor  hopelessly  inept. 

The  ""  average  "  novel,  the  mere  lite- 
rary narcotic,  of  one  period  is,  of  course, 
very  like  that  of  another.  It  is  only  on 
consideration  of  the  comparatively  small 
output  of  really  high  artistic  purpose 
that  one  is  compelled  to  ascribe  to  the 
fiction  of  our  day  a  definite  character  of  its 
own.  Such  consideration,  however,  does 
convince  us  that  the  novel  as  treated  at 
present  by  such  comparatively  young 
men  as  Mr.  Wells,  Mr.  Bennett,  and  Mr. 
Galsworthy,  such  positively  young  men 
M  Mr.  Cannan  and  Mr.  Walpole,  has 
certain  general  peculiarities  both  of 
matter  and  manner  which  distinguish  it 
sharply  from  the  English  novel  of  any 
previous  period.  Fiction  at  the  present 
moment  exhibits  a  seriousness  of  aim, 
a  tendency  to  social  criticism,  a  tentative- 
ness    of    form,    and    a    fusion    of    earlier 


methods  which  all  suggest  that  it  is  in 
a  transitional  period.  Many  of  its  cha- 
racteristics are  the  direct  or  indirect 
result  of  the  practice  of  the  later  Victorian 
writers.  It  will  be  advantageous,  there- 
fore, to  institute  a  comparison  between 
the  fiction  of  to-day  and  the  fiction  (let 
us  sa}r)  of  twenty-five  years  ago. 

In  the  last  twenty  years  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  the  English  novel  may 
be  divided  into  three  main  groups. 
'•  Realism  "  dominated  one  of  these,  and, 
accepted  as  a  condition  by  Mr.  Hardy, 
followed  as  an  evangel  by  Mr.  Moore, 
was  probably  the  most  important  and 
fruitful  force  of  the  period.  Romance  had 
still  a  masterly  exponent  in  Meredith, 
though  his  romantic  view  of  life  was 
tempered  by  a  keen  critical  faculty ; 
and  a  powerful  (if  unorthodox)  exponent 
in  Mi*.  Kipling,  whose  supposed  alliance 
with  "  realism  "  was  of  the  left  hand  only. 
Meanwhile,  with  the  work  of  Mrs.  Hum- 
phry Ward  the  novel  was  beginning  to 
claim  for  itself  the  right  to  criticize  con- 
temporary life,  and  to  attempt  the  solution 
of  current  "  problems  " — religious,  social, 
and  ethical. 

The  fiction  of  our  own  day  shows  no 
such    definite    cleavage,    and    is    patient 
of  no  such  convenient  classification.     Its 
leading  examples  combine  the  qualities  of 
all  the  three  above  divisions  with  certain 
modifications  of  method,  so  that  in  the 
work  of  most  of  the  younger  men  we  find 
realism,  romance,  and  criticism  blended 
into  a  new  complex — one,  by  the  way, 
typical  of  the  modem  distaste  for  cate- 
gorical thinking.     Mr.  Wells,  for  instance, 
perhaps  the   most   interesting  and  repre- 
sentative  of    our    living   novelists,   holds 
equally  of  all  three  traditions.     His  mate- 
rial is  usually  of  a  frankly  "  realistic  " 
nature  ;  but  normal  lower  and  middle-class 
life  appears  to  him  as  neither  colourless 
nor    prosaic.     It    is,    on    the    contrary, 
instinct  to  his  imagination  with  incalcu- 
lable   possibilities    of    romance    and    ad- 
venture.    He    finds    it    v"  not    grey,    but 
golden."     Moreover,   he   handles   it  with 
none  of  the  impersonal  aloofness  of  the 
academic  realist.     He   is  eager  to  gene- 
ralize upon  it,  and  subject  it  to  criticism. 
He    has   realized    that    "  problems "    are 
an  integral  part  of  our  mental  outfit,  and 
he  is  curious  to  trace   and  depict  their 
formative   influence   upon  character.     He 
differs,     however,     from     the     aforetime 
"  problem  "   novelist   by   a  desire  rather 
to  represent  men  and  women  as  moulded 
by  the  vexed  questions  of  to-day  than  to 
supply   answers   to   the   vexed   questions 
themselves,     lie  has  modified  the  method 
of  Mrs.  Ward  as  much  as  he  has  modified 
the   method  of   Meredith   or  Mr.  Moore. 
Mr.  Arnold  Bennett  is  a  less,  but  hardly 
less,  marked  example  of  similar  tendencies. 
He  chronicles  the  detail  of  life  as  meticu- 
lously, with    as  subdued   an  emphasis,  as 
the   authors   of    '  .Jude    the   Obscure  '    and 
of  '  A  Mummer's   Wife  '  ;     but    his  chro- 
nicle is  informed  (;>-  theirs  are  not)  by  a 
sense  of  progress.    The  lives  whose  evolu- 
tion he  develops  are  chapters  in  a  history 
of    civilization    not    planned    or    written 


from  the  standpoint  of  the  pessimist. 
His  men  and  women  find  their  romance 
in  their  advance  to  clearer  apprehension 
and  stronger  control  of  a  world  which 
in  the  intimate  conviction  of  their  creator 
is  somehow  good. 

This  fusion  of  method  and  critical 
absorption  in  the  conditions  and  forces 
of  modernity  have  produced  valuable 
work  besides  that  of  Mr.  Wells  and  Mr. 
Bennett.  Under  similar  influences  Mr. 
Onions  has  analyzed  with  fine  irony  the 
mind  of  the  commercial  and  political 
arriviste  ;  Mr.  Galsworthy  has  given  us 
his  studies  of  that  curious  increase  of 
sensibility  and  widening  of  imaginative 
sympathy  partially  (but  only  partially) 
expressed  by  the  term  "  social  conscience  "; 
Mr.  E.  M.  Forster  has  exploited  the 
fundamental  opposition  between  the  per- 
ceptive and  imperceptive,  the  dynamic 
and  static  temperaments,  an  opposition 
immemorial,  indeed,  but  only  now  begin- 
ning to  be  estimated  at  its  full  importance. 
We  are  not,  let  it  be  remembered,  pro- 
posing these  writers  for  admiration  as 
possessors  of  unparalleled  genius,  or 
assigning  to  their  achievement  a  unique 
value.  We  are  concerned  only  to  signalize 
their  break  with  Victorian  categories  of 
method,  and  their  closeness  to  contempo-  ' 
rary  life. 

Ours  is  emphatically  a  day  of  profound 
and  rapid  changes,  mental  and  material, 
and  in  a  common  sense  of   change  and 
the  need  of  readjustment  the  group  we 
have  selected  as  typical  exhibits  another 
bond    of    union.     Each    member    of    it, 
according  to  his  idiosyncrasy,  has  been 
impressed   bj*-  the   alteration  in    thought 
and  the  control  over  life  wrought  by  the 
last   two   decades.       And  this,  it  would 
seem,    will    not    be    a  diminishing    force 
in   the   future.      The  novel  as  a  register 
of  change  will  in    all    likelihood   increase 
and  multiply,  and  with  its  ever-widening 
field  of  observation  will  come  of  necessity 
developments  and  variations  of  form  and 
manner.      Some  of  them  are  already  ap- 
parent.    Mr.  Wells,  in  his  analysis  of  the 
contemporary  mind,  as  influenced  by  the 
opening  of  huge  vistas  of   progress,  and 
burdened  with    the    task  of   constructive 
thought,    has    been    led    to     invent     the 
peculiar  discursive    and  autobiographical 
form  of  fiction  which  has  given  us  '  Tono 
Bungay,'     'The    New    Machiavelli."    and 
'  The  Passionate    Friends.'     Mr.  Bennett, 
proposing  to  himself  the  portrayal  of  men 
and  women  very  gradually  brought   into 
touch  with  modernity,  has  found  himself 
obliged  to  dispense   with  "  plot  "  (in  the 
accepted  sense  of  the  term),  to  trace  the 
growth  of  his  characters  from  adolescence 
far  into  middle  age,  and,  transcending  the 
limits   of   the   single    book,   to   launch   out 

into  the  trilogy.  In  Mr.  Galsworthy's 
curious  technique,  with  its  perpetual 
shifting  of  the  centre  of  interest  and  its 
(at  first  sight)  irrelevant  introduction  of 
purely  occasional  characters,  we  divine 
the  Compulsion  laid  upon  him  by  his  sense 
o|  the  need  for  a  liner  and  wider  edge 
to  our  more  intimate  personal  and  social 
relationships.     Mr.    Onions.    Mr.    Forster. 


464 


T  HE    ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  March  28,  1914 


and  Mr.  Cannan,  all  in  one  way  or  another, 
by  their  treatment  of  the  fictional  form, 
express  their  conviction  that  the  novel  is 
occupied  with  the  assimilation  of  wholly 
new  material. 

Whether  these  developments  will  so 
affect  the  "  kind "  as  eventually  to 
transform  it  into  something  utterly  strange 
is  an  interesting  question,  and  one  that 
may  well  haunt  readers  of  such  books  as 
Mr.  Wells's  '  Passionate  Friends  '  or  Mr. 
Cannan's  '  Old  Mole.'  Each  book  does 
show  a  tendency  to  pass  into  a  mere  dis- 
cussion, to  extend  the  parabasis  to  the 
extinction  of  the  play.  Neither  was 
published  when,  a  few  months  ago,  Prof. 
Saintsbury  raised  the  disquieting  sugges- 
tion that  the  English  novel,  like  the  English 
poetic  drama,  may  have  completed  its 
full  cycle,  and  already  be  on  its  way  to 
a  natural  death.  But  both  might  be  held 
to  give  that  suggestion  support.  In  its 
period  of  adaptation  to  new  circumstances 
and  new  needs  the  novel  is  certainly 
not  immune  from  dangers.  We  must 
not  forget,  however,  that  the  element  of 
discourse  has  been  inherent  in  much 
of  our  best  fiction  since  the  days  of 
Fielding,  and  that  a  certain  loss  of  balance 
and  proportion  in  its  employment  is  not 
necessarily  a  fatal  symptom.  Again,  it  is 
hardly  likely  that  the  attention  of  nearly 
all  the  more  serious  among  our  younger 
writers  can  remain  focussed,  as  it  is  to- 
day, upon  the  social  life  and  social  ques- 
tions of  our  own  country.  Since  the 
beginning  of  the  century  we  have,  as  a 
nation,  been  absorbed  by  self-criticism 
and  the  attempt  to  re-orient  ourselves 
to  new  conditions.  The  novel  has  only 
proved  its  adaptability  and  vitality  by 
reflecting  the  process.  As  our  interests 
change  and  widen,  there  seems  no  valid 
reason  to  doubt  that  it  will  prove  itself 
capable  of  their  assimilation  and  inter- 
pretation. Its  freedom  of  form,  however, 
and  its  critical  spirit  are  likely  to  be 
permanent,  since  they  correspond  to 
the  general  trend  of  thought.  Wayward 
spirits,  we  devoutly  hope,  there  will 
always  be  to  delight  us  with  their  fantasies 
as  we  are  delighted  by  Mr.  Algernon 
Blackwood  or  Mr.  Temple  Thurston ; 
strong  spirits  to  simplify  and 
recreate  our  vexed  minds  as  they  are 
simplified  and  re-created  by  Mr.  Conrad, 
to  whose  genius,  now  at  last,  we  hope, 
recognized  b}r  a  wider  public,  the  stand- 
point of  this  essay  involves  a  grossly  in- 
adequate tribute. 

But  the  main  trend  of  the  novel  seems  to 
us  to  lie  for  many  years  ahead  in  the 
direction  we  have  indicated.  On 
the  whole,  there  is  little  to  regret  in  the 
fact,  if  it  prove  one.  Fiction  may  not, 
indeed,  prove,  as  Mr.  Wells  claims  in  a 
recent  pronouncement,  the  most  potent 
literary  instrument  for  a  necessary  clari- 
fication of  our  thought  and  extension  and 
deepening  of  our  sympathies,  but  in  wise 
hands  it  should  do  very  much  for  the 
furtherance  of  those  aims. 


La  Revoke  des  Anges.     Par  Anatole  France. 
(Paris,  Calmann-Levy,  3fr.  50.) 

This  new  novel  of  Anatole  France  will 
not  go  far  to  conciliate  those  critics  who 
have  found  fault  with  the  licence  he 
usually  allows  himself  in  treating  of  love 
and  religion,  and  those  who  are  not  pre- 
pared to  see  these  topics  dealt  with  in 
an  ultra-Voltairian  spirit  would  be  well 
advised  not  to  attempt  its  perusal.  The 
author  belongs  to  the  class  of  Mr.  Morley 
Roberts's  "  religious  atheists  "  to  whom 
all  religions  are  of  equal  validity,  and  he 
sees  no  reason  why  the  mythology  of  one 
of  them  should  be  more  sheltered  from 
parody  than  another.  In  this  novel  he 
has  chosen  to  parody,  not  Christianity 
indeed,  but  the  popular  mixture  of  Milton 
and  Gnosticism  which  treats  of  the 
relationship  of  the  fallen  angels  and  the 
Deity.  He  describes  a  blindly  conservative 
hierarchical  heaven  in  which  progress  is 
neither  possible  nor  desired,  and  a  world 
in  which  the  fallen  angels  have  brought 
about  all  human  improvements  by  their 
ceaseless  struggle  for  betterment,  till  it 
has,  at  its  best,  far  passed  the  intellectual 
level  of  the  paradise  of  Milton.  In  this 
world  the  guardian  angels  who  enter 
into  the  life  of  their  charges  may  become 
imbued  with  the  spirit  of  revolt  and  fall 
from  their  high  position.  The  career  of 
such  a  one  is  here  recounted. 

The  story  opens  in  a  large  private 
library  in  Paris,  where  the  librarian  has 
elaborated  a  class  catalogue  of  such 
appalling  complexity  that  he  has  effectu- 
ally choked  off  all  would-be  borrowers,  and 
sits  all  day  rejoicing  over  his  well-filled 
shelves.  One  morning,  however,  he  finds 
a  heap  of  his  most  valuable  treasures,  which 
he  had  left  in  their  places  the  night  before, 
in  disorder  on  the  table ;  and  whatever 
precautions  he  takes,  the  same  thing 
happens  again  and  again.  Soon  he  begins 
to  miss  books  and  manuscripts  altogether 
from  the  library,  and  only  after  some 
time  are  they  found  in  the  private  rooms 
of  Maurice,  the  young  heir  of  the  family 
which  owns  the  library,  who  cannot  be 
suspected  of  reading  them. 

At  last  the  mystery  is  revealed.  One 
afternoon,  in  Maurice's  bachelor  flat,  a 
handsome  young  man  suddenly  appears 
to  him  and  announces  that  he  is  his 
guardian  angel,  that  he  has  lost  his  faith, 
and  is  about  to  organize  a  revolt  among 
the  angels.  The  guardian  spirit  has 
lately  been  reading  all  the  literature  of 
the  rabbis,  of  the  East,  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  and  all  philosophy,  physics,  geology, 
and  biology.  Abdiel,  who  now  takes  the 
name  of  Arcade  on  earth,  has  some 
trouble  in  convincing  Maurice  that  an 
angel  is  capable  of  doing  good  or  evil,  and 
only  succeeds  by  dint  of  reciting  a  string 
of  authorities  ranging  from  St.  Jerome 
to  Bede.  He  has  more  trouble  in  proving 
his  identity  to  the  lady  who  is  break- 
ing the  Seventh  Commandment  when 
he  appears  ;  she  cannot  believe  that 
he  belongs  to  "  the  ninth  choir  of  the 
third  hierarchy  "  in  the  absence  of  wings, 


or  that  he  is  pure  spirit,  since  he  has  a 
visible  body.  After  Maurice  has  bought 
him  some  second-hand  clothes,  Arcade 
sallies  out  into  Paris,  and  proceeds  to 
make  the  acquaintance  of  the  other 
fallen  angels  in  that  city,  of  whom,  it 
appears,  there  is  a  considerable  number. 
His  search  introduces  him  to  strange 
places  and  people  :  one  of  the  angels  is  a 
leading  capitalist  who  sees  his  waj*-  to  a 
profit  in  the  supply  of  high  explosives 
for  the  revolt,  and  accordingly  finances  it ; 
another  is  a  gentle  anarchist  with  a  passion 
for  constructing  bombs  ;  a  third  composes 
comic  operas,  which  are  unsuccessful  as 
being  too  tuneful ;  a  fourth  takes  him 
into  the  Russian  and  Polish  colony,  and 
shows  him  the  gardener  Nectaire,  who  was 
formerly  the  god  Pan,  from  whom  he 
hears  the  history  of  human  progress  at 
some  length.  Perhaps  the  most  charming 
incident  is  the  description  of  the  flute  - 
playing  of  Pan  and  its  effect  on  Arcade 
and  his  surroundings  : — 

"  On  croyait  entendre  a  la  fois  le  rossignol 
et  les  Muses,  toute  la  nature  et  tout  1'homme. 
Et-  le  vieillard  exposait,  ordonnait,  develop- 
pait  ses  pensees  en  iin  discours  musical  plena 
de  grace  et  d'audace.  II  disait  l'amour, 
la  crainte,  les  vaines  querelles,  le  rire  vain- 
queur,  les  tranquilles  clartes  de  l'intelli- 
gence,  les  fleches  de  l'esprit  criblant  de  leurs 
pointes  d'or  les  monstres  de  l'lgnorance  et 
de  la  Haine.  II  disait  aussi  la  Joie  et  la 
Douleur  penchant  sur  la  terre  leurs  tetes 
jumelles,  et  le  Desir  qui  cree  les  mondes.  . .  . 

"  Une  alouette,  qui  s'eveillait  tout  proche 
dans  un  champ  sablonneux,  attiree  par 
ces  sons  nouveaux,  s'eleva  rapidement 
dans  l'air,  s'y  soutint  quelques  instants, 
puis  se  lanca  d'un  trait  sur  le  verger  du 
musicien.  .  .  .Un  petit  lezard  gris,  s'etant 
coule  sur  le  seuil,  y  demeurait  fascine,  et 
Ton  eut  pu  voir,  au  grenier,  la  chauve- 
souris ....  a  demi  reveillee  de  son  sommeil 
hivernal,  se  balancer  au  rythme  de  la  flute 
inou'ie." 

The  book  ends  with  the  final  preparations 
for  the  revolt  in  heaven.  Satan  sees  himself 
sure  of  victory,  and  in  a  dream  envisages 
its  consequences  :  how,  enthroned  as  a 
new  deity,  he  will  become  the  centre  of  a 
new  theology  as  despotic  and  unintelligent 
as  that  against  which  he  had  warred. 

The  admirers  of  Anatole  France  will 
find  in  this  novel  all  his  good  qualities 
and  some  of  his  weaknesses.  His  wit,  his 
humour,  his  amiable  comprehension  of 
human  frailty,  his  bitter  scorn  of 
pretence,  are  all  at  their  best ;  his  cha- 
racters, even  the  slightest  of  them,  are 
alive  and  distinct ;  the  follies  of  the  day 
are  caught  on  the  wing,  and  transfixed  with 
delicate  irony  ;  but  his  long  relations  are 
as  wearisome  in  this  work  as  in '  LTle  des 
Pingouins.'  The  English  reader  need 
only  compare  his  account  of  the  finding 
of  the  body  of  Julia  with  that  of  Oscar 
Wilde  in  '  The  Truth  of  Masks  '  to  realize 
the  difference  between  the  two  masters 
of  style. 

It  would  seem  that  there  is  a  natural 
length  of  story  for  Anatole  France,  and 
that,  when  he  is  tempted  to  go  beyond 
it,  his  inspiration  fails,  and  he  produces 
something  which  may  or  may  not  be 
good,  but  is  no  longer  distinctive,  marked 
with  the  touch  which  has  made  his  fame. 


Supplement,  March  28,  1914] 


THE    ATHEN^U M 


40;> 


A   GROUP   OF    SEVEN. 

Fiction,  as  Mr.  Gosse  truly  says,  is  no 
longer  the  Cinderella  of  literature,  nor 
perhaps  would  George  Eliot  declare  nowa- 
days that  she  wrote  "  not  mere  novels, 
but  books.''  The  truth  is  that  the  novel 
has  leapt  so  violently  into  popularity  as 
to  have  shouldered  every  other  form  of 
literary  activity  except  the  memoir 
into  the  background.  The  result  of  this 
plethora  in  the  fiction  market  has  not  been 
altogether  beneficial.  It  has  tended  to 
stimulate  invention  and  ingenuity  at  the 
expense  of  style  and  imagination.  The 
average  fiction  of  to-day  has  come  to 
obey,  implicitly  and  mechanically,  certain 
specific  canons  of  authorship,  so  broad 
and  well  defined  that  there  is  little  oppor- 
tunity for  it  to  run  off  the  rails.  But  these 
canons  of  psychology,  idea,  treatment, 
and  so  on  demand  only  a  minimum  of 
talent.  The  convention  is  at  once  a 
strict  and  a  loose  one.  It  must  be  obeyed, 
but  the  tax  of  obedience  is  absurdly 
easy  of  fulfilment.  And  the  fact  that 
public  taste  is  indiscriminate  and  criticism 
lax  and  indulgent  has  greatly  contributed 
to  force  the  novel  down  upon  a  bed  too 
comfortable  for  vitality. 

These  remarks  are  not  so  irrelevant 
to  the  seven  novels  under  consideration 
as  they  sound.  With  one  or  two  excep- 
tions, themselves  under  the  partial 
tyranny  of  the  convention,  they  illus- 
trate the  limitations  we  have  indicated. 
Danchenko's  book,  '  Princes  of  the  Stock 
Exchange,"  indifferently  translated  by  Dr. 
Rappoport,  is  a  fantastic  example  of  the 
incongruity  of  the  "  happy  ending."  It 
is  a  satire  on  the  newly  fledged  Russian 
plutocracy,  illustrating  the  commercial- 
ization of  human  values.  Wives  are 
bought  as  well  as  shares,  and  it  is  a 
sordid  account  of  intrigue,  treachery, 
cynicism,  and  licence.  It  is  interesting,  but 
utterly  formless  and  chaotic.  Danchenko 
contrives  to  suggest  that  the  heroine,  wrho 
sells  herself  in  matrimony  to  the  financier 
Velinski  to  save  her  father,  and  in  a 
reaction  against  the  infidelity  of  her  lover, 
has,  owing  to  Velinski's  indulgence,  no 
quite  impossible  future  before  her.  It 
is  a  grotesque  desertion  to  the  flag  of 
optimism. 

'  Oh,  Mr.  Bidgood  ! '  does  not  even 
struggle  with  the  formal  requirements  of 
an  entertainment.  Mr.  Bidgood  is  the  chief 

The  Princes  of  the  Stock  Exchange.  By 
Nemirovich-Danchenko.  Translated  from 
the  Russian  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Rappoport. 
(Holden  &  Hardingham,  6s.) 

Oh,    Mr.     Bidgood  I     By     Peter    Blundell. 

(John  Lane,  6*. ) 
And  Ajtervardu  the  Judgment.     By  Richard 

Catt.     (Chapman  &  Hall,  6«.) 
Tin-    Orley    Tradition.     By    Ralph    Straus. 

(Methuen  &  Co.,  6*.) 
Tli'-    King   of   Alaander.     By   James   Elroy 

Flecker.     (Goechen,  6s.) 
Cuddy  Yarboroiirjh'8  Daughter.     By  Una  L. 

Silberrad.     (Constable  &  Co.,  6*.) 
Thi;  Folk  of  Furry  Farm.     By  K.  F.  Purdon. 

( Nisbel  &  Co.,  6*.) 


engineer  of  the  Susan  Dale,  a  ship  which 
is  a  kind  of  stage  for  the  antics  of  a 
number  of  farceurs — the  captain,  a  couple 
of  adventurers,  the  owner,  two  philander- 
ing girls,  and  others.  The  book  adopts 
throughout  a  tone  of  deliberate  face- 
tiousness,  and  is  like  a  watered  solution 
of  Mr.  W.  W.  Jacobs  without  his  spon- 
taneity and  rough  characterization. 

Mr.  Catt's  book  is  more  complicated, 
and  even  more  unlike  reality.  '  And 
Afterwards  the  Judgment '  is  the  story 
of  an  infructuous  marriage.  The  husband 
resents  his  wife's  inability  to  present 
him  with  a  son,  and  she  suggests 
to  him  the  precedent  of  Abraham  and 
Hagar.  A  sentimental  widow  supplies 
the  necessary  son,  falls  in  love  with  a 
hotel-keeper,  but  conceives  herself  un- 
worthy of  him.  Meanwhile  the  wife 
repents  of  the  bargain,  and  at  the  same 
time  falls  in  love  with  an  Italian  artist. 
So  what  could  the  superfluous  husband 
do  but  commit  suicide,  and  pave  the  way 
for  the  two  idyllic  marriages  which  take 
place  in  the  appropriate  last  chapter  ? 
The  artificial  conclusion  is  indeed  well 
adapted  to  the  aimless  and  unnatural 
elaboration  of  events,  at  odds  with  both 
probability  and  sanity  of  attitude. 

'  The  Orley  Tradition,'  though  more 
rational  and  transparent,  is  hardly  supe- 
rior to  '  And  Afterwards  the  Judgment.' 
It  concerns  the  fortunes  of  a  u  sprig  of 
the  nobility,"  who,  after  what  the  author 
conceives  to  be  a  rather  disreputable 
adherence  to  art  and  politics,  returns  to 
the  loftier  traditions  of  golf,  hunting,  and 
management  of  his  estates.  To  make  his 
picture  the  more  convincing,  Mr.  Straus 
couples  with  the  former  pursuit  an 
adventuress,  and  with  the  latter  a  girl  in 
close  association  with  "  the  stately  homes 
of  England,"  whom  the  hero,  finding  her 
to  be  of  the  same  calibre  as  himself, 
eventually  marries.  The  partisanship  of 
the  book  should  please  the  inhabitants 
of  the  stately  homes. 

With  'The  Orley  Tradition'  behind 
us,  we  pass  into  the  company  of  the 
exceptions.  The  worst  of  it  is  that  they 
are  exceptional  only  in  patches  ;  they 
are  parti-coloured,  tarred  (one  might 
say)  by  originality,  and  feathered  by 
convention.  '  The  King  of  Alsander,'  for 
instance,  displays  a  certain  freshness 
and  individuality  of  treatment ;  but  its 
foundations,  like  multitudes  of  other  books 
owning  the  same  allegiance,  rest  firm- 
based  upon  '  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda.' 
The  grocer-boy  who  leaves  his  counter  for 
the  strange  and  degenerate  country  of 
Alsander  becomes  a  member  of  a  patriot 
conspiracy,  deposes  the  mad  young  king, 
and,  after  battling  with  a  counter-con- 
spiracy of  the  reactionaries,  marries  the 
glorious  Princess  [anthe  and  lives  happily 
ever  afterwards:  it  is  easy  to  recognize 
the  paternity  of  such  a  narrative.  .Mr. 
Flecker  is,  we  think,  for  all  the  vigour 
of  his  presentment,  happiest  in  his  digres 

-inns,  lb-re  his  irony,  humour,  and 
lightness  of  touch  have  an  admirable 
playing-field.     It  is  not  a  profound  or  a 


searching  humour,  but  it  is  vivacious  and 
well  salted  : — 

"  And  criminals  ?  O  we  flog  them  still, 
hut  only  the  poor,  violent,  rough  fellow  who 
does  a  bit  of  straightforward  business.  It  is 
that  fat  financier  whose  juicy  back  I  want  to 
see  streaked  with  red  like  a  rasher  of  bacon  ; 
it  is  that  ape-like  vestryman,  whose  yells 
would  be  music  to  my  ears  ;  it  is,  above  all, 
the  proprietor  of  pills  that  I  would  strap 
down  to  his  alliterative  and  appropriate  post, 
the  pillory." 

'  Cuddy  Yarborough's  Daughter  '  is  a 
sincere  study  of  middle-class  country  life, 
well  flavoured  with  gentle  observation  and 
unobtrusive  satire.  Its  cardinal  virtue  is 
unpretentiousness.  The  plot  is  of  the 
simplest — it  is  centred  upon  Countershell, 
the  home  of  the  Yarboroughs,  and  as 
soon  as  the  daughter  gets  back  there 
with  an  appropriate  husband,  after  dolor- 
ous exile  in  other  less  agreeable  places, 
the  book  sinks  naturally  to  its  close. 
Its  atmosphere  is  one  of  kindliness 
— a  subdued  fastidiousness  of  values — 
which  throws  up  the  character  of  Maud, 
the  "daughter's"  self-centred,  casually 
egotistical  cousin,  in  strong  and  salient 
relief.  Otherwise  the  psychology  pre- 
serves a  tranquil  mean,  harvesting  a  store 
of  minor  treasures.  Miss  Silberrad,  in- 
deed, has  sufficient  parts  to  have  made 
her  story  more  ambitious  and  less,  if  we 
may  use  the  word,  crepuscular.  A  bolder 
and  more  confident  workmanship  would 
have  easily  snapped  those  fetters  of  con- 
vention which,  however  lightly,  she  still 
wears.  As  it  is,  the  book  is  a  sort  of  grey 
monotone,  charming  in  its  way,  but  a 
little  insignificant. 

To  '  The  Folk  of  Furry  Farm  '  Canon 
Hannay  writes  an  introduction,  in  which 
he  assures  us  that  he  knows  exactly 
what  position  Miss  Purdon  holds  in  the 
history  of  the  Irish  literary  revival.  But, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  he  does  not.  He 
fancies  that  no  writer  before  Miss 
Purdon  has  revealed  the  life  of  the 
great  central  plain  of  Ireland,  and  he 
will  have  it  that  her  treatment  is  as  unique 
as  her  setting.  What,  then,  of  Mr.  Padraic 
Colum,  who  literally  discovered  the  peoples 
of  Leinster  ?  and  what  of  Miss  Jane  Barlow, 
whose  prose  studies  bear  a  far  closer 
affinity  to  Miss  Purdon 's  than  does  the 
work  of  Mr.  Standish  O'Grady,  "  the 
father  of  the  whole  movement  "  of  prose 
fiction,  as  Canon  Hannay  calls  him  ? 
At  any  rate,  whatever  its  origins,  Miss 
Purdon's  book  is  delightful.  It  is  not 
so  much  a  novel  as  a  loose  collection 
of  semi-detached  short  stories,  over  which 
old  Michael  Heffernan,  in  quest  of  a 
bride,  presides  like  a  choric  emblem.  In 
its  soft  outlines  and  gentleness  of  atti- 
tude  the   book     has  sympathies  with   that 

of  Miss  Silberrad.  Its  triumph  lies,  how- 
ever, not  in  characterization,  but  dialogue. 
The  characters,  pleasant  as  they  are,  are 
not  well  differentiated,  and  lack  force  and 
initiative.  What  matters  is  not  what 
they  are.  but  what  they  •'■ay.  The  whole 
is  written  from  the  peasant  outlook, 
and  in  the  peasant  speech.  What  an 
exquisite  granary  of  phrases  it  is!  phrases 

8 


400 


T II  E    AT  II  ENiEU  M 


[Supplement,  March  28,   1914 


quickened  by  an  alert  and  fecund  ima- 
gination, less  sumptuous  than  Synge's, 
but  closer  to  the  vital  domesticities  of 
Ireland.  Canon  Hannay  quotes,  as  a 
description  of  a  solitary  dwelling,  "  There 
wasn't  a  neighbour  within  the  bawl  of  an 
ass  of  it."  There  are  hundreds  like  it. 
Certainly,  if  Miss  Purdon's  figures  do  not 
stand  out  brilliantly  and  vigorously  from 
her  pages,  their  delicately  humorous 
language  almost  compensates  for  it. 


SOCIAL    STUDIES. 

A    Crooked    M He.      By    Oliver    Onions. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Nowadays,  when  so  many  persons  are 
convinced  that  it  is  their  mission  in  life 
to  accelerate  social  reform,  it  is  easy  to 
stigmatize"  enthusiasm  as  mere  love  of 
notoriety.  Sympathy  with  others  in  fail- 
ing health — mental  or  physical — is  not 
easy  to  the  robust  unless  they  are  aided 
by  some  similar  experience.  From  the 
tone  of  Mr.  Onions's  book,  we  should  not 
imagine  that  his  mental  equipoise  had 
ever  been  in  danger.  Not  lacking  in 
caustic  wit,  he  is  lacking  in  that  deeper 
discernment  which  can  only  be  expected 
from  those  who  perceive  the  sometimes 
narrow  boundary  which  divides  the  enthu- 
siast and  the  fanatic  from  the  crank 
and  the  charlatan.  We  also  miss  that 
good  sense  which  would  have  shrunk 
from  crudely  modelling  the  plot  upon 
contemporary  affairs. 

As  types  the  characters  are  admirable  ; 
it  is  only  in  connecting  them  with  their 
too  patent  originals  that  we  quarrel  with 
their  presentment.  The  moneyed  pro- 
prietor of  The  Novum — well  described 
here  by  a  practical  old  lady  as  having 
"  too  much  money  and  too  little  to  do 
— is  engaged  upon  a  biography  of  his  wife, 
a  pseudo-artistic  woman,  who,  having  once 
painted  a  picture  which  attracted  some 
notice,  has  casts  of  her  own  person  displayed 
about  her  house.  The  twin  brother  to  the 
irresponsible  editor  who  decamps  as  soon 
as  the  paper  bears  its  Dead  Sea  fruit  of 
useless  outrage  on  life,  is  also,  unhappily, 
possible  to-day.  More  human,  we  are  glad 
to  say,  are  the  other  husband  and  wife 
who  scorn  the  marriage  rite  in  public, 
though  they  have  submitted  to  it  in 
private  for  the  sake  of  their  children. 
Besides  these  we  have  the  physical-culture 
lady,  who  parades  her  knowledge  of 
biology  even  more  openly  than  she 
does  her  personal  charms,  and  who  in 
dishabille  makes  one  of  a  company  who 
blush  at  the  purity  of  their  own  thoughts. 
There  are  several  more  ;  but  we  need 
not  further  particularize,  having  said 
enough,  we  hope,  to  send  the  reader  to  a 
most  entertaining  book.  Mr.  Onions  is  a 
real  artist,  and  all  his  work  is  worth 
attention,  though,  perhaps,  he  has  hot  yet 
"found  himself,"  as  he  will  do. 


Children  of  the  Dead  End.     By   Patrick 

MacGill.  (Herbert  Jenkins,  6s.) 
Had  the  sub-title  of  this  book,  '  The 
Autobiography  of  a  Navvy,'  been  more 
literally  true,  we  believe  this  book  would 
have  secured  greater  attention,  and  been 
more  worthy  of  it  even  than  it  is. 

A  reader  of  fiction,  when  in  doubt  as 
to  whether  part  or  a  whole  of  it  is  real, 
decides  the  question  by  asking  himself 
whether  it  is  like  what  he  knows  of 
"  real "  life.  Unfortunately,  so  few  of 
the  crowd  of  readers  know  anything  about 
the  life  this  book  deals  with  that  the 
majority  of  them  will  answer  the  question 
in  the  negative,  not  (as  they  should)  in 
the  affirmative. 

It  is  a  tale  written  to  show  that  the 
beasts  of  the  fields  are  better  tended 
than  some  sons  of  men — especially  if  the 
latter  are  the  offspring  of  Irish  parents 
under  the  heel  of  the  landlord  and  the 
priest.  Some  of  the  passages  will  be 
far  too  lurid  for  "  respectable  "  people, 
and  the  whole  is  full  of  rugged  strength. 
"  Clever  "  people  will  find  many  "  proofs  " 
of  exaggeration — not  so  those  who  are 
familiar  with  the  seeming  anomalies  of 
poverty.  For  example,  the  author  gives 
an  instance  of  a  navvy  producing  a 
watch  from  a  pocket  otherwise  empty. 
Sympathetic  study  would  soon  reveal 
the  fact  that  a  disposition  to  cling  to  the 
comparatively  useless  is  by  no  means 
confined  to  the  "  idle  rich."  In  spite 
of  industrial  progresses  by  royalty,  or 
perhaps  on  account  of  their  stage-manage- 
ment, a  real  understanding  between  class 
and  class  seems  as  difficult  as  ever,  and 
therefore  we  welcome  such  books  as  this. 


So  the  World  Wags.     By  Keble  Howard. 

(Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 
This  is  a  set  of  dialogues  grouped  under 
headings  :  '  The  World  in  Love,'  'The  World 
in  Trouble,'  '  The  World  Day  by  Day,'  and 
so  on.  The  best  of  them  are  really  good 
— not  less  so  than  Keble  Howard's  readers 
will  have  expected — so  good,  in  fact,  that 
one  is  impelled  to  wonder  how  it  comes 
to  pass  that  this  amalgam  of  verve  and 
wit,  this  accuracy  of  ear  and  quickness 
in  catching  the  interplay  between  the 
habitual  set  of  a  person's  mind  and  its 
superficial  caprices,  nevertheless  seldom 
rises  quite  into  the  region  where  it  must 
be  taken  seriously  as  art,  and  sometimes 
flickers  down  into  mere  triviality. 

It  is  partly,  we  think,  a  result  of  the 
writer's  too  complete  mastery  of  the 
trick  of  the  thing,  and  somewhat  too  long 
practice  in  it,  which  seems  to  make  him 
able  to  satisfy  himself  with  an  exercise 
of  craft  upon  any  and  every  suggestion, 
no  matter  how  hackneyed  ;  and  partly  a 
tendency  to  attend  too  exclusively  to 
what  one  may  call  the  more  "  niggling  " 
humours  of  modern  life.  Again,  we  miss 
throughout  the  book  any  consciousness 
of  a  background.  This  need  hardly  be 
perceptible  in  each  separate  dialogue, 
yet  must  surely  disengage  itself  from  the 
work  as  a  whole  if  it  is  to  count  as  art. 

Nevertheless,  it  is  only  fair  to  repeat  that 
the  best  of  these  sketches  are  really  good. 


A    Girl's    Marriage.     By    Agnes    Gordon 
Lennox.     (John  Lane,  6<s.) 

Fay  Beaumont,  whose  parents  died 
when  she  was  very  young,  grew  up  in  great 
happiness  with  three  elder  brothers  to 
take  care  of  her,  and  had  reached  the  age 
of  20  before  any  one  of  these  thought  of 
marrying,  and  also  without  having  herself 
acquired  even  the  faintest  idea  of  what 
marriage  really  is.  When  at  length  her 
eldest  brother  took  to  himself  a  wife,  she 
was  so  greatly  upset  that  she  exacted 
from  the  next  brother — her  favourite 
among  them — a  promise  that  he  would 
never  commit  the  like  absurdity,  but  five 
with  her  always.  This  promise  he  gave, 
but  afterwards  fell  in  love,  and  such  was 
the  honourable  tenacity  of  the  Beaumonts 
in  the  matter  of  their  word  that  Fay 
realized  there  was  only  one  way  to  deliver 
him  from  his  scruples  :  she  herself  must 
marry.  This — still  in  perfect  ignorance — 
she  accordingly  did,  setting  about  the 
preliminaries  with  an  amazing  prompti- 
tude and  straightforwardness.  It  need 
hardly  be  said  that  her  charms  were 
such  that  she  had  suitors — rejected,  but 
persevering — to  choose  from.  It  would  be 
unfair  to  unravel  the  plot  further ;  it 
turns  naturally  on  the  calamities  which 
followed  the  young  woman's  rash  step, 
and  on  the  process  by  which  in  time  she 
was  converted  into  a  most  satisfactory 
wife.  She  is  a  very  nice  girl,  and  the 
book  throughout  is  in  excellent  accord 
with  her,  in  that  it  is  sufficiently  direct 
in  regard  to  its  main  theme  without  being 
either  coarse  or  sentimental.  The  cha- 
racters have  some  measure  of  life  about 
them,  and  here  and  there  a  scene  proves 
telling  ;  but  the  improbable  is  rather  too 
frequent  and  predominant  a  factor  in  the 
sequence  of  incidents. 


Man    and    Woman.      By  L.  G.  Moberly. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Among  the  legislation  which  the  eruption 

of  militant  Suffragism  may  call  forth  one 

beneficent  law  might  enact  that  no  persons 

should    touch     what    has     come     to    be 

known  as  the  "  woman  question  "  unless 

they    contribute    to     it    something    new 

and  vital  in  matter  or  treatment.     Such 

a  law  would  have   spared  us  from   this 

rather   naive    elaboration    of    Tennyson's 

platitude 

The  woman's  cause  is  man's,  they  rise  or  sink 
Together. 

The  book's  faults  lie  not  in  conception, 
but  in  workmanship.  Had  its  highest 
been  its  general  level,  and  had  the  crucial 
instants  risen  in  expression  to  their 
intrinsic  dignity,  it  would  not  have 
merited  the  hero's  stock  condemnation 
"sentimental."  Of  all  the  gifts  and 
graces  by  which  a  human  being  can  live 
in  actual  life,  none  is  more  elusive  and 
incommunicable  than  "  charm,"  and  upon 
that  the  author  relies  for  two  of  the 
leading  characters.  In  fiction  only  a 
master  craftsman  can  hope  to  convey  it ; 
so  simple  an  artifice  as  calling  a  spinster 
of  50  "  Aunt  Delight,"  and  commenting 
at  length  on  her  crown  of  white  hair  and 


Supplement,  Makch  '2s,  1<>U"J 


THE     ATHKN.EUM 


467 


the  beautiful  soul  in  her  blue  eyes,  proves 
quite  ineffective. 

Similarly,  the  profound  theory  of  the 
salutary  quality  in  Pain  is    "  not  a  bow 

for  every  man  to  shoot  in."'  Perhaps  Miss 
Moberly's  failure  to  redeem  her  attempt 
from  an  odd  mixture  of  priggishness  and 
banality  is,  perhaps,  explained  by  her  use 
of  lines  by  a  popular  writer  as  headings 
of  chapters. 

The  descriptions  suggest  that  a  greater 
success  might  have  been  achieved  if  the 
author  had  not  adopted  the  difficult 
method  of  relation  in  the  first  person. 
There  are,  too,  fleeting  gleams  of  wit 
which  should  have,  but  somehow  have 
not.  redeemed  the  book. 


Garden  Oofs.     By  Alice  Herbert.     (John 
Lane,  6s.) 

These  are  the  reminiscences  of  a  young 
girl,  beginning  from  her  earliest  days,  con- 
cerned, as  the  title  suggests,  with  the  sow- 
ing of  mildly  "  wild  oats."  They  lead,  how- 
ever, to  no  serious  results,  and  we  leave 
her  happily  settled  as  a  wife  and 
mother.  There  is  good  material  in  the 
book,  but  the  earlier  chapters  grow 
tedious,  because  they  seem  to  be  leading 
up  to  something  and  merely  telling  inci- 
dents by  the  way,  whereas  presently  one 
discovers  that  there  is  nothing  to  lead  up 
to,  and  the  string  of  incidents  is  the  story 
itself. 

The  heroine  is  the  daughter  of  a  widower 
who  entrusts  her  to  the  care  of  two  old 
sisters,  staunch  "  Plymouth  Brethren  "  ; 
later  he  marries  again,  and  the  girl  is  sent 
for  to  live  with  him  and  her  stepmother. 
The  stepmother's  character  is  the  most 
attractive  in  the  book,  and  rings  truer 
than  much  of  the  storv. 


Phoebe   Maroon.      By   Mary  F.   Raphael. 

(Heath,  Cranton  &  Ouseley,  65.) 
Phoebe  Maroon  is  an  artist's  model  who 
has  sundry  amatory  adventures,  not  all 
of  them  regularized  by  wisdom  or  con- 
vention. Falling  under  the  spell  of  an 
artist  who  is  married,  but  separated 
from  his  wife  owing  to  intemperance, 
Phoebe  lives  with  him  for  some  time  ;  but 
when  the  wife  dies  she  refuses  to  marry 
him,  because  she  conceives  that  marriage 
is  a  barrier  to  his  advance  in  art. 
Further  developments  we  leave  to  the 
reader.  The  character  of  Phcebe  Maroon 
is  skilfully  drawn,  and  not  devoid  of 
charm  ;  in  fact,  the  author  is  singularly 
happy  in  her  feminine  types,  and  should 
be  able  to  write  more  arresting  work. 


IRELAND    AND    INDIA. 

Tht  Ulsterman :  a  Story  of  To-day.  By 
P.  Frankfort  Moore.  (Hutchinson  & 
Co.,  6s.) 

These  is  plenty  of  good  stuff  in  this 
story,  and  the  handling  is,  at  any  rate, 
not  that  of  the  amateur.  The  grimmer, 
more  sordid  side  of  the  Ulster  character, 
and  the  play  of  forces  which  in  greater 
or  lesser  measure  avail  to  break  it  down, 


furnish  the  main  subject.  The  dialogue 
is  not  a  little  heavy,  and  the  characters, 
too,  are  heavily  moulded.  The  writer 
has  felt  the  need  of  introducing  some- 
thing in  the  nature  of  gracefulness  and 
refinement,  were  it  only  to  throw  up  the 
ruggedness  and  vulgarity  of  the  chief 
personages  ;  but  he  has  succeeded  only 
in  contrasting  these  with  stilted  affecta- 
tion and  sentimentality.  The  incidents 
are,  for  the  most  part,  crudely  imagined, 
and  follow  on  one  another  in  a,  so  to 
speak,  inconsequential  order.  The  plot 
relates  to  the  fortunes  of  a  Mid-Antrim 
millowner  and  his  family,  where  the  usual 
differences  between  uneducated  parents 
and  somewhat  more  educated  offspring 
are  aggravated  by  the  sons'  relations  with 
the  daughters  of  Catholic  neighbours. 
A  little  apart  from  this  group  is  an  Ulster 
barrister,  an  Oxford  man,  upon  whom 
Mr.  Moore  has  evidently  lavished  a  good 
deal  of  thought,  and  not  without  purpose, 
for,  on  the  whole,  he  forms  the  most 
finished  study  in  the  book. 

There  are  occasional  happy  turns  in  the 
conversations  and  a  good  epigram  or  two 
in  the  narrative  ;  and  though  some 
of  the  humour  is  far  from  enlivening, 
there  are  passages  which,  in  this  sense, 
make  good  enough  reading. 

Burnt    Flax.     By   Mrs.    H.    H.    Penrose. 
(Mills  &  Boon,  65.) 

This  is  a  tale  of  the  doings  of  the  Irish 
Land  League  thirty  years  ago,  and  it  says 
much  for  Mrs.  Penrose's  tact  in  handling 
her  subject  that,  even  at  the  present  day, 
when  Ireland's  rights  and  wrongs  are  the 
subject  of  so  much  bitter  controversy,  no 
one  could  accuse  her  of  partisan  feeling. 
The  political  aspect  is  not  allowed  to  pre- 
dominate, but  is  simply  a  setting  for  a 
tragic  love-story.  Praise  and  blame  are 
impartially  distributed  to  landlords  and 
tenants  ;  obstinacy,  ignorance,  and  folly 
are  shown  on  both  sides,  leading  to  the 
disastrous  results  which  are  now  a  matter 
of  history. 

Two  characters  in  the  story  stand  out 
as  possessed  of  more  than  usual  merit  : 
Anastasia,  a  gentle  peasant  girl,  and  Timsy, 
a  "  natural,"  but  for  all  that  a  remarkably 
sensible  person.  The  story  closes  with 
the  death  of  these  two,  who  fall  victims 
of  the  vengeance  of  the  Land  League  ;  and 
this  part  is  not  without  real  pathos,  the 
more  telling  because  it  is  restrained. 


Baba  and  the  Black  Sheep.     By  E.  W.  Savi. 

(Hurst  &  Blackett,  6s.) 
The  main  interest  of  this  story  of  life  in 
India  centres  in  a  girl  who  lives  alone 
on  her  estate  on  the  borders  of  the  Ganges. 
We  gather  that  the  estate  is  of  consider- 
able size,  and  that  she  lives  as  a  queen 
among  dependents  who  have  known  and 
loved  her  from  babyhood.  On  the  other 
side  of  the  river  lives  the  "  black  sheep."' 
a  man  of  good  family,  whose  name  is  dis- 
graced, and  whose  friends  in  the  "  Old 
Country"  consider  him  dead.  For  two 
years  these  two  remain  unknown  to  each 
other,  and  then  the  man  saves  the  girl's 
life,  and    she    in    .mot her    way  saves  his. 


Born  and  educated  entirely  in  India,  the 
girl  is  looked  down  on  by  those  who  have 
been  "  home,"  and  her  serious  view  of 
her  duties  to  her  servants  is  ridiculed. 
The  u  black  sheep  "  is  still  fairly  black 
when  we  make  his  acquaintance,  and  very 
uninviting  is  the  description  of  his  home. 
He  has  a  good  friend,  a  rather  colourless 
person,  who  always  does  the  right  thing; 
and  the  girl — on  her  side — has  an  appal- 
lingly vulgar  stepmother,  who  arrives 
unexpectedly.  The  feature  with  which 
most  trouble  has  been  taken  is  the  descrip- 
tion of  Indian  life.  The  Ganges  is  shown 
to  us  in  storm  and  in  calm,  but  otherwise 
the  scenery  is  not  very  clearly  drawn. 
The  writing  and  development  of  the  tale 
are  straightforward  and  clear. 


The   Happy  Hunting   Ground.     By  Alice 

Perrin.  (Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Mrs.  Perrin's  novel  deals  with  Anglo- 
Indian  life,  a  young  wife's  folly  and 
temptation,  and  her  eventual  recovery  of 
happiness.  It  is  not  a  very  strong  story, 
but  it  is  pleasantly  told,  and  some  of  the 
characters  are  well  drawn.  Mrs.  Perrin 
has  done  better  work  in  the  past,  and  will 
probably  do  better  work  in  the  future. 
In  the  interval  this  book  is  readable — the 
production  of  one  who  treats  fiction 
seriously. 


Father  O'Flynn.     By  H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.,  Is.  net.) 

Mr.  Stacpoole's  technical  skill  is  great 
enough  to  impart  even  to  a  baldly  sensa- 
tional and  wholly  incredible  narrative  a 
certain  attractiveness.  His  personages, 
indeed,  are  little  more  than  puppets, 
yet  they  dance  on  their  wires  not  only 
amusingly,  but  also  with  some  semblance 
of  spontaneity.  It  is,  however,  surely  ex- 
travagant to  include,  in  one  comparatively 
brief  story,  an  escape  from  a  epiicksand 
and  another  from  a  fall  over  a  cliff, 
illicit  distillation,  a  secret  staircase,  sub- 
terranean passages,  a  homicidal  maniac, 
and  a  conflagration,  in  addition  to  a 
frustrated  conspiracy  against  an  un- 
popular landlord.  The  next  time  Mr. 
Stacpoole  reviews  his  Irish  material  he  will, 
it  is  to  be  feared,  find  his  stock  running 
a  little  short.  The  dedication  of  the 
volume — "  To  Sir  E.  Carson  and  Mr.  Red- 
mond " — was  a  happy  thought. 


UNLIKELY    STORIES. 
The    Fortunate    Youth.     By    William    J. 

Locke.     (John  Lane,  6«.) 
If  Mr.   Locke's  story   possessed  credible 

characters,  and  were  not  written  through- 
out in  a  high-pitched  falsetto,  it  might 
be  a  good  novel,  since  its  plot  is  both  in- 
genious and,  with  one  glaring  exception, 
plausible.  But  not  the  besl  will  in  the 
world  will  .liable  any  intelligent  reader 
1  < >  believe  either  in  the  young  hero,  who 
rises    from    the    position    of    a    little    male 

Cinderella  in  a  slum  to  that  of  a  young 
Tory  statesman  well  in  the  running  for 

ministerial  honours,  or  in  the  princess 
whom   he  succeeds   in   marrying.      Such   a 


408 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  Makca  28,  1914 


story  might  carry  conviction  if  its  teller 
plainly  believed  in  it,  and  if  the  style  had 
that  direct  simplicity  and  that  artful 
choice  of  apparently  trivial  detail  which. 
in  Defoe's  hands,  render  so  credible  the 
history  of  the  visit  paid  to  Mrs.  Bargrave 
by  the  apparition  of  Mrs.  Veal.  If,  like 
Mr.  Locke,  Defoe  had  assumed  a  manner 
that  invited  us  to  observe  his  own  clever- 
ness, Mrs.  Veal's  ghost  would  have  pos- 
sessed no  more  authenticity  than  she  of 
Cock  Lane. 


It   Will  be  All  Right.     By  Tom  Gallon. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.,  6s.) 

There  is  a  certain  attraction  about  the 
underlying  idea  in  the  plot  of  this  story  ; 
i.e.,  if  you  find  yourself  disappointed  with 
life  as  you  have  hitherto  known  it,  con- 
trive so  to  disappear  that  every  one  will 
think  you  dead,  and  begin  again  with 
a  fresh  identity. 

This,  at  all  events,  was  the  plan  that 
Fergus  Rowley  tried,  and  though  he 
missed  his  first  personality  for  a  time, 
he  gradually  developed  a  much  finer  one. 
The  wealth  he  had  abandoned  lured  him 
back  to  try  to  recover  it,  but,  through 
the  cowardice  of  one  man  and  the  fraud 
of  another,  he  was  forced  to  relinquish 
all  hope  of  regaining  it,  and  having  once 
reconciled  himself  to  the  loss,  he  found 
his  new  self.  His  nephew  Clement,  who 
was  thus  suddenly  raised  from  a  City 
clerkship  with  26s.  a  week  to  an  income 
beyond  his  wildest  dreams,  had  too  vain 
a  nature  to  stand  the  test  of  prosperity. 
He  proceeded  to  spend  wildly,  and  finally 
abandoned  his  young  wife  for  a  worldly 
woman  who  flattered  his  vanity.  The 
book  closes  with  a  prospect  of  reconcilia- 
tion. 

Dora,  the  wife,  is  scarcely  a  convincing 
character,  and  had  it  not  been  for  the 
efforts  of  Fergus,  we  doubt  if  she  could 
have  agreed  with  the  author  about  the 
final  Tightness  of  all  things.  Mr.  Gallon  is, 
however,  a  sentimentalist,  and  hardly  a 
severe  student  of  human  nature. 


Curing    Christopher.       By     Mrs.    Horace 

Tremlett.  (John  Lane,  6s.) 
The  theme  of  this  story — the  infatuation 
of  a  mild  and  stupid  married  man  for  a 
musical-comedy  actress — does  not  appear 
to  us  to  possess  any  great  interest.  The 
charm  of  the  actress  herself  is  not  con- 
vincing, and  we  are  thus  unable  to  enter 
with  sympathy  into  the  clumsy  subter- 
fuges employed  by  the  hero  to  deceive  his 
family.  The  author's  workmanship  is 
good,  and  seems  worthy  of  better  material. 


J  ill- All- Alone.    By  Rita.   (Stanley  Paul  & 
Co.,  6s.) 

The  young  woman  who  gives  her  name 
to  the  book  is  a  foundling  brought  up  by 
an  aged  savant,  who  lives  in  a  hermitage 
buried  deep  in  a  forest.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  story  he  is  found  acting  like  a 
mediaeval  magician,  in  virtue  of  powers 
which  are  supposed  to  have  infused  them- 
selves into  him  in  his  long  contact  with 


Nature.  Nature  is  depicted  according  to 
that  idsa  of  Pan — half  attractive,  half 
malignant — which  has  cropped  up  here 
and  there  in  recent  novels.  This  aspect 
of  the  world  rather  fades  away  as  the 
book  proceeds.  There  are  a  wandering 
youth  who  stays  for  a  time  at  the 
Hermitage,  several  gipsies,  a  villainous 
baronet,  and  an  unaccountable  stranger 
of  great  power  and  learning  (nevertheless, 
he  commits  himself  to  the  statement  that 
there  have  been  no  female  astronomers), 
who  comes  and  goes  mysteriously,  and 
utters  words  of  unfathomable  profundity. 
The  good  ones  live  on  coarse  oatmeal, 
milk,  and  fruit,  with  lettuces  and  water 
brought  in  a  cut-glass  jug.  The  beginning 
and  the  end  of  the  tale  do  not  hang 
together,  and,  though  we  spent  some 
time  and  pains  over  it,  we  do  not  know 
what  it  is  all  about. 


James    Whitaker  s   Dukedom.     By   Edgar 

Jepson.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.,  6s.) 
James  Whitakeb  was  trespassing  in  a 
wood  when  he  was  suddenly  confronted 
by  his  double.  The  next  instant  the 
double  was  struck  by  lightning,  and 
Whitaker  promptly  assumed  the  clothes 
and  position  of  the  dead  man,  and  figures 
to  the  end  of  the  story  as  the  Duke  of 
Lan  Chester,  whose  memory  has  been 
affected  by  a  stroke  of  lightning.  His 
adventures  in  his  new  capacity  are  but 
mildly  comic.  Mr.  Edgar  Jepson  leads 
his  impostor  into  so  many  stock  situa- 
tions, and  leads  him  out  again  by  such 
extraordinarily  improbable  devices,  that 
we  regard  him  in  much  the  same  light  as 
the  invulnerable,  and  therefore  unin- 
teresting, hero  of  a  penny  novelette. 
Everything  turns  out  to  the  advantage  of 
James  Whitaker :  his  wife  takes  an  over- 
dose of  veronal,  the  Duke's  brother  and 
only  relative  dies  of  apoplexy,  and  the 
supposititious  peer  falls  in  love  with  and 
marries  the  only  witness  of  his  usurpation. 


His  Great  Adventure.     By  Robert  Herrick. 
(Mills  &  Boon,  6s.) 

Fortune,  after  frowning  on  Edgar  Brain  - 
ard  from  childhood  to  early  manhood, 
suddenly  relented,  and  cast  at  his  feet  a 
dying  millionaire,  who,  with  his  latest 
breath,  made  him  guardian  of  bonds 
valued  at  several  million  dollars.  Pursued 
by  the  millionaire's  enemies,  the  hero 
flees  breathlessly  from  New  York  to  San 
Francisco,  and  thence  wanders  through 
Arizona  to  Mexico,  where  he  takes  a 
steamer  leaving  Vera  Cruz  for  Havre. 
Through  a  lucky  breakdown  of  the 
steamer,  which  baffles  his  enemies,  Brahr 
ard  arrives  safely  in  Paris  and  negotiates 
his  bonds.  With  the  money  thus  ob- 
tained he  works  a  successful  sulphur  mine 
in  Arizona,  and,  failing  to  find  any  heir  to 
the  dead  man,  uses  the  proceeds  to  found 
a  "  People's  Theatre,"  feeling  that  it  is 
his  duty  as  trustee  to  allow  the  entire 
community  to  enjoy  the  proceeds  of  his 
trust.  The  fortunes  of  the  theatre  it  would 
not  be  fair  to  divulge.  We  will  only  remark 
that  the  story  depends   more  on  its  plot 


than  on  its  characters  to  hold  the  readei's 
attention,  though  people  who  are  tired 
of  the  "  temperamental  "  style  of  novel 
may  welcome  this  tale  of  American  hustle 
as  a  pleasant  change. 


Years  oj  Discretion.  By  Frederic  and 
Fannv  Locke  Hatton.  (Maunsel  &  Co., 
6s.) 

Skill,  in  reviewing  nightmares  or  a  gift 
for  appraising  the  literary  value  of  de- 
lirium is  the  kind  of  equipment  required 
for  satisfactory  estimation  of  this  novel. 
'  Years  of  Discretion  '  is  a  play  turned 
into  a  novel,  and  probably  owes  much  of 
its  distracted  impossibility  to  that  fact. 
The  entertaining  underlying  idea  seems  to 
us  spoilt  in  the  handling  ;  for  even  the 
well-drawn  picture  of  restless,  wearying 
frivolity  at  the  beginning  is  defaced  here 
and  there  by  a  brutality  so  purposeless  as 
to  degenerate  into  vulgarity.  Moreover, 
the  end — the  return  to  something  like  sense, 
the  awakening  to  "  years  of  discretion  " — is 
marred  by  that  sentimentalhVv  which  is  the 
stock-in-trade  of  inferior  plays,  and  is 
even  less  convincing  in  print  than  on  the 
stage. 

Yet  the  literary  style  of  the  book  is 
above  the  average  of  ordinary  novels,  and 
with  all  its  impossible  folly  the  delineation 
of  character  leaves  an  impression  of  living 
people.  It  is  a  curious  performance,  and 
not  quite  a  waste  of  power,  since  it 
suggests  that  the  authors  could  do  far 
better  if  they  dropped  extravaganza.  As 
it  stands,  it  resembles  the  temporary  in- 
sanity of  persons  fundamentally  sane,  but 
tricked  into  incredible  capers  by  some 
irresistible  Puck. 


COUNTRY   LIFE. 


Love  the  Harper.     By  Eleanor  G.  Hay  den- 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  6s.) 

We  expect  this  story  will  be  popular,  and, 
in  a  quite  worthy  sense,  it  will  be  de- 
servedly so.  It  conforms  to  the  general 
imaginative  convention  of  the  last  century, 
which  allowed — nay,  demanded — in  the 
story-teller,  a  willingness  to  launch  out 
into  deep  waters,  and  a  refusal  to  do  more 
than  pretend  to  plumb  their  depths.  The 
scene  is  laid  in  a  village  near  the  Downs — 
in  some  place  where  orange  lilies  are  to  be 
found  flowering  in  the  spring — and  the 
landscape  is  prettily,  if  somewhat  obviously, 
emphasized  as  a  setting.  The  heroine  is 
a  young  woman  who  has  made  an  un- 
fortunate secret  marriage,  which  her 
villain  of  a  husband  before  he  departs 
for  Australia  informs  her,  quite  falsely, 
is  a  bigamous  one.  For  years,  cast  out 
by  her  father,  she  keeps  her  secret 
and  endures  shame,  seeing  her  child  by 
stealth  and  earning  bitter  bread.  When 
her  half-sister — who  knows  nothing  of  this 
history — becomes  mistress  of  the  family 
farm,  better  days  begin,  the  hero  arrives, 
and  the  story  is  set  in  motion.  The  injured 
wife  goes  to  Queensland  towards  the  end 
of  the  story  to  nurse  her  husband  on  his 
death-bed,  and  this  gives  an  opportunity 


Sutlkmknt,  Makcii  S8,  U)W]  Til  K     A  T  TT  K  X  JK  U  M 


400 


for  deftly  worked-up  pictures  of  the  life 
ami  scenery  there.  An  element  of  humour 
— some  of  it  genuinely  amusing — is  pro- 
vided by  two  village  oouples,  of  which 
the  one  tends  towards  the  pathetic  and 
the  Other  towards  the  farcical,  both  having 
about  them  a  touch  of  Dickensian  Lo- 
quacity. The  faults  of  the  hook  are  a 
want  of  grasp  of  character,  whence  it 
comes  aboul  that  the  people  in  it  seem  to 
art  at  random,  and  without  producing 
conviction;  and  a  want  of  proportion  in 
construction,  whereby  the  more  important 
Boenes  are  slightly  sketched  in.  and  the 
less  important  somewhat  over-elaborated. 
Its  merits  are  pleasantness  of  style, 
kindliness  and  w  holesomeness  of  tone, 
and  something,  too,  of  a  distinct  atmo- 
sphere. 


Palter  and  Clay.     By  Mrs.  Stanley  Wrench. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Ik  we  were  asked  to  choose  between  Mrs. 
Wrench's    landscape    and     her    portrait 

studies,  we  should  without  hesitation 
choose  the  former.  A  story  of  village  life 
in  the  Midlands  affords  many  oppor- 
tunities for  depicting  the  beauties  of 
English  scenery,  and  Mrs.  Wrench  avails 
herself  of  them  with  an  artist's  hand. 

The  lives  of  her  villagers,  however, 
in  no  way  correspond  to  these  innocent 
and  peaceful  scenes.  Passion,  treachery, 
and  religious  bigotry  are  the  sources  of 
the  trouble  with  which  the  story  abounds. 
Marah.  whose  name  foreshadows  her  fate, 
escapes  at  17  from  a  brutal  father  by 
marrying  John  Blunt,  a  man  much  her 
senior  in  age.  and  her  superior  in  educa- 
tion. With  him  she  lives  happily  for  some 
years,  until  his  failing  sight  obliges  him 
to  enlist  the  services  of  a  secretary,  Paul 
Haddon,  who  arouses  the  unawakened 
passion  of  Marah's  nature.  Blunt,  on 
becoming  aware  of  this,  goes  off  to  Africa, 
taking  the  secretary  with  him.  The 
voung  man  dies,  and  Blunt  announces  the 
death  as  his  own,  and  returns  to  the 
village  under  the  name  of  Paul  Haddon, 
wearing  a  black  silk  mask  on  the  pretence 
that  half  his  face  has  been  shot  away  by 
savages.  In  an  intricate  series  of  love- 
affairs  this  mask  plays  a  tragic  part,  and 
is  much  dwelt  on  as  a  symbol  of  the 
concealments  of  men  and  women. 


.1    Fret    I  hi  ml.     By   Helen   C.    Roberts. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.,  6s.) 

The  tale  is.  in  this  case,  a  sheer  contra- 
diction of  the  title,  which  would  have 
been  more  aptly  '  A  Tied  Hand.'  The 
picture  of  the  chalk  cliffs  on  the  cover 
also  gives  an  idea  of  freedom  painfully 
at  variance  with  the  "  cabin'd,  cribb'd 
confined  '    life  of  the  hero. 

Appalled  by  the  thought  of  being  con- 
demned to  follow  his  father  in  the  keep- 
ing of  a  stationer's  shop,  the  boy  deter- 
mines to  tell  his  parent-  of  his  desire  for 
Colonial  life.  His  mother,  however,  fore- 
stalls his  outburst  by  informing  him  she  has 
saved  money  to  put  him  into  a  profession. 
Irresolute,  and  disliking  to  give  pain  to 
his     parents,     he     drifts     into     dentistry. 


The  one  resolute  action  of  his  life  is  his 
marriage  ;  but  his  wife,  an  actress,  being 
temperamentally  unfitted  to  him,  they 
drift  apart,  and  finally  he  divorces  her. 
The  story  has  little  to  relieve  it,  but  the 
description  of  Brighton  and  Lewes  and 
the  country  round  will  appeal  to  those 
familiar  with  the  South  Coast  and  the 
Sussex  Downs. 


The  Master  of  Merripit.     By  Eden  Phill- 

potts.  (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Dartmoor  —  and  especially  the  district 
round  Post  bridge — is  once  more  the  scene 
of  Mr.  Phillpotts's  story;  the  time  is 
the  age  of  highwaymen,  and  the  capture  of 
two  particularly  terrible  specimens,  twin 
brothers,  is  the  main  episode  of  the  book. 
There  are  also  two  rustic  love-stories,  and 
enough  is  supplied  in  the  way  of  incident 
and  local  colour  to  sustain  the  reader's 
interest  and  revive  his  knowledge  of  the 
moor. 


HISTORICAL  FICTION. 

The    Way  of  Little  Giddiiuj.     By   E.   K. 
Seth-Smith.     (H.  R.  Allenson,  3s.  Qd.) 

At  first  sight  a  critic  might  demur  to  any 
romance  about  Little  Gidding,  since  a 
parade  of  historical  knowledge  and  an 
affectation  of  seventeenth-century  diction 
might  easily  spoil  so  delicate  a  fragrance 
as  that  which  lingers  round  the  Ferrars. 
But  the  author  has  caught  something  of 
the  remote  peace  and  serene  confidence 
which  that  withdrawn  community  pos- 
sessed ;  her  effortless  writing  and  un- 
strained feeling  just  convey  the  quiet 
strength  of  the  family  who,  whatever 
changes  befall,  must  retain  an  abiding- 
place  in  this  country's  chronicles.  For 
quite  different  reasons,  it  is  as  well  that 
people  to-day  should  be  reminded  of  the 
faithfulness  with  which  men  and  women 
lived,  prayed,  and  died  for  the  Church  ; 
and  as  well  that  they  should  realize — as 
they  may  all  the  more  easily  from  the 
book's  restraint — what  civil  war  actually 
means. 


The  Great  Attempt.     By  Frederick  Arthur. 

(John  Murray,  6s.) 
The  author  of  this  book  writes  a  short,  but 
earnest  Preface  in  which  he  sketches  the 
political  situation  which  led  up  to  the 
rebellion  of  1745,  and  hints  mysteriously 
that  the  events  of  that  period  may  not 
be  without  their  lesson  for  our  own  day. 
He  then  goes  on  to  tell  a  quite  good  story 
of  "  the  cloak  and  rapier  "  order,  with 
any  quantity  of  stirring  incident,  some 
traditional  love  -  making,  and  the  usual 
accompaniment  of  faithful  servants,  brutal 
Hanoverians,  and  supernaturally  cunning 
Catholic  priests.  The  historical  novel  of 
this  kind  was  lamed  for  life  by  Thackeray's 
Esmond';    but  it  has  contrived  to  hobble 

along  somewhere  Dear  the  main  movement 
of  fiction  up  to  the  present,  ami  will  prob- 
ably go  on  doing  so  for  some  time.  Mr. 
Arthur  makes  a  mistake  in  speaking 
of  the  .Jacobite  cause  as  unpopular. 
J'iom  the  days  of  '  Wavcrley    the  Young 


Pretender  has  always  been  a  fictional 
success.  How  many  novels  have  a  Hano- 
verian hero  j     Offhand,  we  can  think  of 

very  few. 


Unto     Cceaar.       By      Baroness     Orozy. 

(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  6s.) 
Tins  is  the  story  of  the  conduct  of  a  man 
called  Taurus  Antinor  Anglicanus,  prefect 
of  Rome,  and  also  a  Christian,  at  a  time 
when  a  conspiracy  threatened  the  life  of 
Caligula,  and  when,  by  accepting  the  offer 
of  the  hand  of  the  beautiful  Augusta,  Dea 
Flavia,  he  might  have  made  himself  Caesar. 
There  is  no  need  to  take  it  seriously  from 
the  point  of  view  of  history.  The  writer 
depicts  with  an  unsparing  fullness  many 
gorgeous  scenes,  and  her  dramatis  persona 
deliver  themselves  of  many  lofty  speeches. 
Here  and  there  are  whiffs  of  atmosphere, 
a  real  vision  of  a  city,  the  sense  of  a  crowd , 
but  individual  characterization,  as  well  as 
incident,  is  blurred  and  lost  in  the  misty 
outpourings  of  sentimentality. 


The    Sea    Captain.     By    H.    C.    Bailey. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Mr.  Bailey  sets  his  story  of  love, 
seafaring,  and  the  rise  to  fortune  of  his 
hero  in  the  days  of  Elizabeth,  and  writes 
it  with  plenty  of  vigour  and  imagination. 
His  Diccon  Rymingtowne  appears  first  as 
a  sort  of  village  idiot  and  rather  disreput- 
able character,  and  goes  through  a  wonder- 
ful metamorphosis.  The  public  that  cares 
for  historical  fiction  will  read  the  book. 
with  pleasure. 


The  Gales  of  Boom.     By  Rafael  Sabatinf. 

(Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Readers  who  have  followed  the  daring 
exploits  of  the  Scarlet  Pimpernel,  Beau 
Brocade,  and  other  heroes  of  romance 
should  find  something  to  suit  their  tastes 
in  Mr.  Sabatini's  latest  contribution  to 
historical  fiction.  He  writes  in  a  brisk  and 
vivacious  manner.  He  is  a  cunning  arti- 
ficer of  dramatic  situations,  and  his  charac- 
ters in  this  instance,  although  sketched  on 
somewhat  conventional  lines,  are  distinctly 
alive. 

The  scene  of  the  plot  is  Georgian  Eng- 
land, the  principal  actor  in  the  drama 
being  a  soldier  of  fortune,  who  is  employed 
on  a  secret  mission  as  a  Jacobite  agent. 
With  due  regard  to  the  encounters  and 
intrigues  of  the  period,  we  must  consider 
some  of  his  adventures  as  truly  amazing. 


CRIME    AND    ADVENTURE. 

T/ir     W a nd <><r' *    Sccklace.     By  H.  Rider 

Haggard.     (Cassell,  6s.) 
In  this  book    Sir   II.    Rider   Haggard  ha* 
returned    to    the    manner   of    his    firs!    ro- 
mances.      The    chief    character    is    a    new 

rendering  of  Allan  QuatennaJn,  and  once 
again  1 1 1 « -  re-incarnation  motif  appears. 
The  wanderer  is  a  Scandinavian  who  comes 
to  the  Court  of  Irene  and  Constantine  VII. 

at  Byzantium,  and  gives  numerous  ex- 
hibitions   of    that    invincible     behaviour 

which    endears    heroes    to    many   youthful 


470 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


[Supi'LEM est,  March  28,   1914 


readers.  Full-length  portraits  are  given 
of  the  ambitious  Empress  and  her  in- 
effective son.  The  usual  semi-occult  strain 
is  introduced  by  such  devices  as  dreams, 
and  a  mysterious  necklace.  The  author  has 
deliberately  allowed  an  element  of  inco- 
herence to  enter  the  story.  The  wanderer 
tells  only  parts  of  his  tale  through  the 
mediumship  of  a  subsequent  incarnation. 
This  too  is  reminiscent  of  some  of  the 
early  romances.  The  numerous  admirers 
of  '  She  '  will  find  much  to  their  taste  in 
k  The  Wanderer's  Necklace.' 


The  End  of  her  Honeymoon.  By  Mrs. 
Belloc  Lowndes.  (Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 
This  is  a  pleasantly  exciting  story  of  the 
possibilities  and  impossibilities  of  a  man's 
disappearance  in  Paris.  On  the  whole,  the 
plot  is  neatly  constructed,  though  it  is  hard 
to  believe  that  the  stranded  girl  would 
have  blundered  so  completely  over  proving 
her  story.  For  instance,  we  have  to  wait 
till  the  eighth  chapter  before  she  produces 
the  address  of  her  old  family  lawyer,  and 
another  five  before  we  learn  that  she  be- 
thought herself  of  the  Rouen  hotel  where 
she  had  stayed  with  the  lost  husband  ;  while 
the  crucial  fact  that  the  carriage  in  which 
they  both  drove  away  from  the  Gare  Saint 
Lazare  was  stopped  by  the  police  and  that 
their  identity  was  noted  —  the  fact  which 
would  have  prevented  the  mystery  —  is 
not  referred  to  again.  Perhaps  that  is  well, 
for  otherwise  an  eminently  readable,  even 
absorbing,  and  easily  written  romance 
would  have  been  frustrated.  It  is  a  novel 
of  plot,  scarcely  at  all  of  character.  Only 
absorption  in  the  mystery  could  account 
for  the  curiously  abortive  treatment  of 
Saigas,  and  the  naive  confidence  shown  in 
the  chattering  Major  Dallas  of  Scotland 
Yard  by  the  Prefect  of  the  French  police. 
But  all  who  value  a  couple  of  hours'  re- 
creation should  be  grateful  to  Mrs.  Belloc 
Lowndes. 


Two      Women.      By     Max     Pemberton. 

(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 
This  story  tells  of  the  escape  from  a  Ger- 
man fortress  of  one  of  the  heroes,  who  has 
been  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  espionage  ; 
of  the  relations  of  the  other,  a  dissolute 
young  peer,  with  a  beautiful  adventuress  ; 
and  of  the  noble  (though  happily  tempo- 
rary) self-sacrifice  of  the  second  heroine. 
The  various  elements  in  the  tale  are  not 
combined  with  any  coherence,  and  in  the 
two  chapters  at  the  end  which  describe 
separately  the  fates  of  the  women  we  have 
a  clumsy  method  of  winding  up  the  double 
theme.  The  book  will  probably  please 
many  readers  by  virtue  of  its  spice  of 
adventure — of  the  certainty  from  the  first 
that  every  character  will  meet  in  the  end 
with  its  due. 


The    Crimson    Honeymoon.     By    Headon 

Hill.  (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.,  6s.) 
A  debonair  villain ;  a  rising  young  bar- 
rister ;  an  amiable  and  titled,  if  foolish 
hero  ;  also  corpses,  racing  cheats,  blood 
dripping  from  the  ceiling  on  to  the  dinner- 
table,  and  finally  a  death-trap  in  a  cellar,  to 
be  worked  when,  as  the  villain' s  chauffeur 


remarks,  "  the  tide  will  commence  to  ebb 
two  hours  after  midnight,  madame  " — such 
are  some  of  the  paraphernalia  of  this  un- 
qualified melodrama. 


The  Hidden  Mask.     By  C.  Guise  Mitford- 

(Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Those  who  have  no  taste  for  murder 
mysteries  and  thrilling  situations  should 
not  take  up  this  novel,  for  if  they  do  so, 
they  will  probably  find  themselves  com- 
pelled against  their  inclination  to  read 
it  to  the  end.  Highly  fantastic  and  grue- 
some, it  does  not  exhibit  any  marked 
degree  of  originality  in  its  conception,  nor 
do  the  characters  strike  us  as  possessing 
much  individuality.  But  the  author  suc- 
ceeds in  stimulating  our  sense  of  expecta- 
tion, and  has  woven  an  intricate  plot. 


Blind  Man's  Buff.     By  Jacques  Futrelle. 

(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  2s.  net.) 
This  story  of  an  American  ignorant  of 
French  searching  for  a  defaulting  bank 
manager  in  Paris  is  comparatively  short — 
under  200  pages — and  has  not  the  inge- 
nious elaboration  of  many  detective  tales  of 
to-day.  The  bank  manager  possesses  a 
daughter,  who,  as  might  be  expected, 
provides  the  love-interest.  Jacques  Fu- 
trelle, however,  wrote  very  much  better 
than  the  average  purveyor  of  mystery. 
This  story  of  his  has  humour  and  vivid- 
ness, though  some  of  the  Americanisms 
will  be  beyond  the  average  reader ;  for 
example,  betting  "  ten  dollars  to  a  hole  in 
a  pretzel."  The  book  shows  also  vivid- 
ness of  an  easier  sort  to  understand  in 
such  phrases  as  "  Here  and  there  across 
the  Seine  some  prodigal  giant  has  flung 
a  handful  of  glittering  stars  in  parallel 
arches,  and  these  are  bridges."  The 
author  was  an  artist  in  his  way,  and  his 
books  are  always  pleasant  reading. 


TALES   OF   THE    WILD. 

The    Way   of   the   Strong.       By   Ridgwell 
Cullum.     (Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 

This  book  opens  amid  one  of  those 
wild  and  desolate  scenes  which  Mr. 
Cullum  well  knows  how  to  impress  on  the 
reader's  imagination :  it  is  the  desert 
heart  of  the  Yukon  in  winter,  "  the  great 
white  land,  broken  and  torn  "  and  silent. 
A  woman  and  the  man  she  loves  are  facing 
the  perils  of  the  winter  trail,  trying  to 
reach  civilization  in  time  for  her  child 
to  be  born  without  shame.  Later 
we  have  equally  striking  descriptions  of 
wide  cornfields  in  the  heart  of  Canada, 
and  it  is  here  the  millionaire's  luxurious 
home  is  set. 

The  "strong  man"  is  primaeval  and 
rough  in  character,  unscrupulous  and  free 
in  his  vengeance  as  in  his  generosity.  At 
first  the  greed  of  gain  entirely  possesses 
him  ;  later  in  life  his  love  for  a  woman 
absorbs  him  as  completely.  The  plot, 
though  in  many  respects  skilfully  con- 
structed, is  yet  at  its  foundation'  weak. 
The  woman  travelling  from  the  Yukon  is 
separated  from  her  lover,  reaches  her 
destination    alone,    and    dies    soon    after 


the  child's  birth.  The  story  then  turns 
on  the  promise  of  her  young  sister,  a  girl 
of  17,  to  bring  this  boy  up  as  her  own,  and 
to  let  it  be  supposed  that  he  was  born  in 
wedlock,  and  that  she  is  a  widow.  That 
a  girl  so  young,  loving  her  unfortunate 
sister,  and  in  the  presence  of  death, 
should  be  willing  to  promise  this,  is  con- 
ceivable ;  what  seems  to  us  curious  is  that 
after  eighteen  years,  when  she  is  about 
to  be  married,  she  should  tell  the  boy  of 
his  unhappy  birth,  but  yet  allow  him  still 
to  believe  that  she  is  his  mother.  She 
thus  sacrifices  herself  to  spare  her  sister's 
memory,  and  breaks  her  promise  in  its 
essential  part.  Upon  this  much  that 
follows  depends,  and  it  could  only  have 
been  made  convincing  if  pity  and  love 
for  the  memory  of  the  dead  mother  had 
been  shown  to  have  some  remaining 
power.     But  this  is  not  the  case. 

There  are  many  complications  in  which 
Socialism  and  Labour  unrest  play  some 
part ;  there  are  also  many  good  situations 
cleverly  handled,  and  several  interesting 
characters  besides  those  mentioned  ;  but 
on  the  whole  we  think  the  book  would 
have  been  better  had  it  been  shorter. 
The  dialogue  is  in  the  strong  Canadian 
idiom,  roughly  picturesque,  which  the 
author  usually  employs. 


The  Reconnaissance.  By  Gordon  Gar- 
diner. (Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 
In  this  volume  is  presented  the  striking 
paradox  of  a  man  who  gains  the  Victoria 
Cross  through  being  a  coward.  As  he 
subsequently  confesses,  it  was  his  over- 
mastering fear  of  being  left  by  himself 
in  the  desolate  veld,  surrounded  by 
hostile  and  savage  natives,  that  made 
it  possible  for  him  to  carry  a  wounded 
comrade  for  twelve  days  over  dangerous, 
difficult  country  where  the  scarcity  of 
food  was  only  equalled  by  the  want 
of  water.  The  contrast  between  Capt. 
Robertson,  the  rough  frontier  policeman, 
and  Bishop  Raymond,  the  aristocratic 
High  Church  African  prelate,  is  one  of  the 
best  things  in  the  book. 

There  are  many  good  points  about 
Leslie,  the  V.C.,  but  the  presentment  of 
Mabel,  the  "  principal  lady,"  though  it 
contains  some  excellent  material,  occa- 
sionally suffers  from  the  weight  of 
"  purple  patches  "  and  emotional  treat- 
ment. We  like  Lady  Grace  Whipham,  a 
fussy,  but  kindly  old  body  with  a  passion 
for  effecting  introductions. 


The  Chief  of  the  Ranges.     By  H.  A.  Cody. 

(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  6s.) 
The  story  is  somewhat  fragmentary  and 
lacking  in  dramatic  interest,  yet  the  author 
displays  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
Indian  life  and  character.  The  book 
deals  with  the  adventures  of  Ouindia, 
daughter  of  an  Indian  chief ;  Natsate,  her 
lover ;  and  Roger  Dean,  an  old  trader  of 
the  plains.  Feuds  between  the  Chilcot 
and  Ayana  Indians  are  well  portrayed,  and 
in  his  description  of  life  in  the  Yukon 
and  the  Canadian  North-West  the  author 
exhibits  a  practical  acquaintance  with  his 
subject. 


Supplement,  March  28,  1014] 


THE     A  Til  KN;E1'M 


471 


The   City  of   Hope.     By  C.   Fox   Smith. 
(Sidgwiek  &  Jackson,  (is.) 

Hope  City  is  one  of  those  curious  products 
of  Western  Canada  that,  when  they  are 
oner  started,  spring  into  full  life  and 
activity  almost  in  a  single  night.  When 
we  first  see  it  in  this  story,  however,  il  is 
still  only  in  the  "  plot  "  stage,  despite  the 
more  or  less  fraudulent  attempts  of  real- 
BState  agents  to  foist  land  on  to  the  public 
at  artificially  inflated  values.  An  English 
solicitor  sends  out  a  son  of  roving  disposi- 
tion while  the  "  slump."  accentuated  by 
bad  harvests,  is  at  its  worst,  and  the  tale 
turns  on  the  hardships  endured  by  the 
youth  and  on  his  marriage  with  the  charm- 
ing daughter  of  a  drunken  scamp.  With 
considerable  force  the  author  shows  that 
"  variety  and  adventure. . .  .incident  and 
splendid  freedom  "  are  not  the  only  as- 
pects of  life  in  West  Canadian  '  back 
blocks  "  to  be  thought  of  : — 

"  People  would  do  well  to  appreciate  the 
facts  before  they  pitchfork  their  difficult 
and  wilful  boys,  those  whom  they  have  them- 
selves shirked  the  unpleasantness  of  school- 
ing, into  the  midst  of  the  hardest  and 
bitterest  school  on  earth.  It  is  a  mistake 
too  often  and  too  fatally  made  to  think  that 
the  wilful  and  wayward  w;ll  be  best  mas- 
t  red  by  harshness." 

The  book  carries  one  on  to  the  end 
without  flagging.  Perhaps  the  best  piece 
of  characterization  is  that  of  the  heroine's 
degenerate  father,  who  is  well  drawn. 


The  Pathivay.    By  Gertrude  Page.    (Ward, 

Lock  &  Co.,  (is.) 
Civen*  a  pair  of  lovers  living  near  one 
another  in  a  country  where  convention  is 
practically  non-existent,  their  tale  of  true 
love  threatens  to  run  much  too  smoothly, 
so  that  one  can  hardly  blame  the  author 
for  the  ruthless  way  in  which  she  separates 
them.  The  heroine,  through  a  chain  of 
events  which  could  have  been  easily 
explained,  is  discovered  by  her  lover  at 
lunch  in  the  house  of  a  rival,  and  this  is 
sufficient  excuse  for  the  hero  to  betake 
himself  to  India  without  deigning  to  leave 
an  address  or  waiting  to  hear  how  she 
came  to  accept  the  invitation.  In  his 
absence  the  heroine  —  after  some  life- 
fang  on  both  Bides — becomes  engaged  to 
a  man  of  importance  ;  but  even  this  rash 
step  did  not  alarm  us.  With  a  confidence 
that  was  fully  justified,  we  relied  on  the 
author  to  bring  back  the  impetuous  Toby 
in  the  nick  of  time-  to  stop  their  marriage. 

Rhodesia  is  the  country  chosen  as  the 
field  of  the  drama,  and  the  writer  pays  a 
well-deserved  tribute  to  the  women  en- 
gaged in  the  task  of  building  up  a  Still 
young  country,  to  their  courageous 
struggle  with  domestic  difficulties,  and 
with  the  loneliness  which  many  of  them 
feel  aeut  lv. 


Th€  Rocks  of   Valpri.     By  Ethel  M.  Dell. 

(Fisher  Unwin,  <>*.) 
Tun  easy  simplicity  with  which  this  story 
i-  told  is  its  chief  merit  ;    its  faults  are 
undue    length    and    too    numerous    love- 

aea.     The    heroine    is   a   childish    girl 


who  at  seventeen  meets  a  young  French 
soldier  on  the  sands  of  Valpre.  Her 
character  is  clearly  drawn  :  winsome, 
sparkling,  but  unstable  ;  and  when  she 
grows  up  and  is  married  to  a  rather 
Sternly  truthful  husband  she  goes  wrong 
through  lack  of  truthfulness.  The  French- 
man becomes  her  husband's  friend  and 
secretary,  and  the  whole  story  turns  on 
their  former  acquaintance  and  adventure 
on  the  rocks.  Here  is  the  weakness  of 
the  plot  :  too  much  mystery  made  of  this 
adventure,  and  no  adequate  reason  shown 
why  the  husband  should  not  have  heard 
of  it. 


ETHICAL   PROBLEMS. 

Time  and  Thomas  Waring  :  the  Study  c/ 
a  Man.  By  Morley  Roberts.  (Eve- 
lcigh  Nash,  6s.) 

It  is  with  sincere  pleasure  that  we  wel- 
come the  appearance  of  a  work  which 
brings  Mr.  Morley  Roberts  within  the 
small  circle  of  fiction-writers  who  may  be 
looked  to  for  a  serious  influence  on  the 
thought  of  our  times.  The  pleasure  is 
all  the  greater  because  it  is  unexpected. 
Nothing  in  the  author's  later  work  had 
prepared  us  for  the  kind  of  outlook  on 
life  here  revealed. 

The  writing  of  this  book  must  have  been 
as  bold  an  adventure  on  the  part  of  Mr. 
Roberts  as  it  is  a  successful  one  ;  it  is 
inconceivable  that  it  can  appeal  with  any 
great  force  to  the  more  youthful  of  his 
accustomed  audience.  The  reader  must 
have  had  some  experience  of  life,  some 
schooling  in  pain,  to  appreciate  the  first- 
hand quality  of  the  observation  it  reveals, 
the  pressure  of  the  problems  set  out  in  it 
for  solution.  In  stating  them  the  author 
has  not  overstrained  his  privilege  as  a 
novelist  to  emphasize  las  situations. 

Thomas  Waring  is  an  efficient  and 
successful  worker.  As  a  father  he 
has  allowed  a  wall  to  grow  between 
him  and  his  children ;  as  a  man  he 
has  insisted  on  the  value  of  conventional 
religion  and  morals  for  other  people, 
while  taking  his  own  way  without 
even  formulating  an  excuse  for  himself. 
His  wife  is  a  brilliant  study  of  the  way  in 
which  a  certain  type  of  Englishwoman 
stays  outside  her  husband's  real  life,  yet 
persists  in  trying  to  dominate  it;  while 
his  daughter  Joyce  and  Jennie  Vale  are 
perfectly  distinct  and  well-drawn  types 
of  fine  modern  womanhood.  The  shock 
which  brings  Waring  s  life  to  a  sudden  stop. 
and  forces  him  to  reconsider  his  whole 
relationship  to  his  surroundings  in  the  light 
of  fa-t  approaching  death — a  very  severe 

operation   —leads  him  to  a  readjustment  of 

values;  In-  perceives  thai  the  only  result 
of  one's  life  to  be  esteemed  is  not  what  one 

does,    hut    how   others   have    b  en    all'eH    d 

by  it .  and  he  Bets  out  to  liquidal  •  his 
responsibilities  to  hi-  world  by  kindness 
and  tolerance,  without  reference  to  any 
religious  sanction.     It  is  a  simple  solution, 

and   not  a  new    one,   hut    it     i-  worked  out 

with  great  ability. 


A  finely  conceived  piece  of  imaginative 
psychology  is  the  account  of  the  return 
of  consciousness  to  Thomas  Waring  after 
his  operation.  Few  or  none,  perhaps, 
can  pronounce  on  its  objective  truth,  but 
any  one  who  has  ever  passed  through  a 
midnight  horror,  and  felt  himself  sus- 
pended in  a  blank  nothingness,  with  ages 
between  the  human  companionship  that 
lay  behind  him,  and  more  ages  to  come 
before  the  dawn,  will  feel  that  so  it 
must  have  been.  Equally  well  observed, 
too,  is  that  metallic  taste  which  often 
accompanies  weakness  and  pain,  and  that 
sudden  loud  beating  of  the  heart  which 
catches  the  attention  at  silent  moments. 
Yet,  however  harrowing  the  story,  there 
is  nothing  over-pressed  in  it,  nothing 
needless  or  inartistic. 

The  mere  writing  of  the  book  is 
masterly.  Its  first  sentences — hard,  clear, 
almost  abrupt,  and  hurried — put  us  at 
once  in  harmony  with  the  patient  as  he 
comes  into  the  operating-room  which  is  to 
be  the  theatre  of  the  struggle  for  his  life. 
As  the  tension  relaxes,  the  style  becomes 
easier ;  and  though  Mr.  Roberts  never 
becomes  lyrical,  he  never  fails  to  rise  to 
the  demands  of  his  situation,  even  at  the 
last,  when  Waring  is  bidding  farewell  to 
the  life  he  has  to  leave. 


The     Way     Home.        By      Basil      King. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  Gs.) 

v  The  Way  Home  '  contains  honest  work 
well   done,    and   the    author  has   a   true 
craftsman's  care  for  his  creation.  Readers 
who  regret  the  facility  of  its  popular  view 
of  religion  may  still  admit   that  it  rises 
above  the  rather  dismal  level  of  present- 
day  novels.      If    it    does    not    carry  en- 
tire   conviction,    it    awakens    interest    in 
the     characters,    who     are     people,    not 
mere    dummies,  and    it   is    well  written. 
Perhaps    the     early    chapters,     perhaps 
even   the   whole    book,   would   not   have 
been     written      had      Romain      Holland 
never  given  the  world  '  Jean-Christophe  '  ; 
nevertheless,  it  is  superior  to  some  echoes 
of  that  great  work.     The  slow  unfolding — 
possibly    a    trifle     too     slow — of    Charlie 
Grace's  character  is  more  successful  than 
that     of     either    of     the     women     whose 
fortunes  are  linked  with  his.     About  them 
both  is  an  uncertainty  of  intention,  which 
in    one    case  amounts  almost    to  a   volte- 
face.     A  pleasant  humour  belongs  to  the 
sacristan,    who,    combining    the     licence 
which   s  •ems   the   property  of  his  voca- 
tion    with     simple    faith,     relieves     the 
sombre  painful  atmosphere  of  the  American 
environment     where  money  rules,  where 
Christianity  suffers  most  at  the  hands  of 
its    professors,    and    where    the    general 
maxim  i>  presented  as  "  Each  lor  himself, 
and   the  devil   take   the   hindmost.1      In 
this  depressing  scene  the  two  priests,  and 
particularly,  through  some  subtle  failure 
m   conception     Mr     Legrand,   hardly   lill 
the  pari-  assigned  them  ;    tiny  contrive, 
however,    to    avoid    that    deplorable   de- 
scent  into  cai  ical  ure  w  hich  often  offends 

and  outrages  facl     on  the   English 

Mid  in  English  fiction. 


472 


THE    ATITENjEUM 


[Supplement,  March  28,  1914 


Fine  Clay.  By  Isabel  C.  Clarke.  (Hut- 
chinson &  Co.,  6s.) 
The  marriage,  unwittingly,  of  a  young  and 
romantic  girl — a  Roman  Catholic — to  a 
divorce,  and  her  break  with  him  when  she 
discovers  his  duplicity,  provide  Miss  Isabel 
Clarke  with  an  interesting  theme  for  her 
latest  novel.  Still  further  to  complicate 
matters,  the  husband,  a  younger  son, 
unexpectedly  becomes  heir  to  a  title  and 
estates,  but  owing  to  a  will,  the  terms  of 
which  exclude  Catholics,  his  son  is 
debarred  from  following  him.  He  and  his 
young  wife,  however,  both  die  early,  and 
a  stern  old  grandfather  tries  hard  to 
bring  up  the  boy — who  is,  of  course,  in 
the  eyes  of  the  law,  legitimate — as  a 
Protestant,  but  without  success.  Miss 
Clarke  has  treated  her  subject  ably,  and 
she  has  a  quiet,  easy  style  which  makes 
the  reading  of  her  book  a  pleasure,  though 
it  is  possible  that  her  insistence  on  the 
superiority  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith 
is  overdone. 

The      Tresleys.      By    Henry     Cockburn. 

(Melrose,  6s.) 
The  point  of  ethics  raised  in  this  novel  is, 
Should  a  man  who  has  previous,  but  not 
confidential  information  about  an  impend- 
ing bank  smash  attempt  to  sell  to  the  un- 
suspecting public  shares  with  an  unlimited 
liability  attached  to  them  ?  Col.  Tresley 
says  No,  and  as  a  consequence  is  utterly 
ruined.  These  shares  were  part  of  a  large 
legacy  that  he  had  unexpectedly  come  in- 
to :  "  Some  malicious  fairy  might  have 
made  it  her  gift,  with  trouble  of  mind  and 
material  loss  for  its  only  results." 

How  his  chivalrous  conduct  is  regarded 
by  the  various  members  of  his  family,  and 
their  reception  of  a  proposal  to  refund  him 
the  generous  portions  that  he  had  given 
them  outright  immediately  on  coming  into 
his  fortune,  form  the  main  subject-matter 
of  the  subsequent  pages. 

Mr.  Cockburn's  first  essay  in  fiction 
promises  well.  There  is  a  pleasing  sim- 
plicity and  directness  in  his  style  ;  he  is 
a  keen  observer  of  human  nature,  and,  if 
some  of  his  characterization  is  a  little  too 
much  "  on  the  surface,"  his  meaning  is 
plain. 

The   Price    of    Conquest.     By   Ellen    Ada 

Smith.  (John  Long,  6s.) 
The  portrayal  of  genius  in  fiction  is  pro- 
verbially difficult,  and  we  rather  feared  for 
Miss  Smith  when  we  found  that  she  had 
made  both  her  hero  and  heroine  brilliant 
violinists.  Fortunately,  our  fears  are  in 
no  way  shared  by  the  author  herself,  and 
though  she  is  no  stylist,  and  is  at  times  a 
little  inclined  to  flamboyancy — sentiment 
and  melodrama  are  by  no  means  without 
a  place  in  the  book — she  carries  us  along 
with  so  much  energy  and  cheery  opti- 
mism that  we  almost  forget  her  imperfec- 
tions. She  has  the  knack  of  telling  a 
story  and  compelling  the  reader's  sym- 
pathy for  her  characters.  Towards  the 
end  of  the  book,  the  emotions  of  a 
great  musician,  whose  wife — a  former 
pupil — is,  as  he  thinks,  outstripping  him 
in  skill  and  popularity,  are  analyzed 
with  no  little  subtlety. 


On  the  Staircase.     By  Frank  Swinnerton. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

We  are  grateful  to  Mr.  Swinnerton  for  his 
selection  of  the  raw  material  of  '  On  the 
Staircase.'  This  novel  presents  a  few 
members  of  a  class  of  English  society 
which  novelists  seldom  depict.  The  in- 
telligent clerk  exists  in  large  numbers  ; 
he  has  solid  intellectual  interests,  he  reads 
such  authors  as  Mr.  A.  C.  Bradley,  and 
prefers  good  lasting  works  to  the  flashy 
and  ephemeral  and  much  -  advertised. 
But  because  he  is  unostentatious  and 
writes  little  he  is  collectively  unnoticed. 
The  affairs  of  two  men  of  this  class,  and 
of  their  sisters,  occupy  a  large  part  of  the 
novel.  The  remainder  is  concerned  with 
the  life,  marriage,  and  death  of  Adrian 
Velancourt,  who  stands  on  the  margin 
of  this  class.  He  is  cast  from  a  different 
mould,  or  perhaps  from  a  mould  that 
was  a  little  twisted,  and  his  hyperesthesia 
leads  to  pain  and  death.  With  a  con- 
sideration of  the  ethics  of  his  suicide  the 
book  comes  to  an  end. 

The  characters  stand  out  from  the  first 
with  admirable  distinctness,  although  the 
author  is  inclined  to  play  with  the  theme 
of  repulsion  as  a  prelude  to  attraction 
perhaps  a  little  to  excess.  It  is  not  al- 
together easy  to  pin  one's  faith  to  a  lady 
who  says  to  her  lover,  "  Sometimes  I 
think  you  so  objectionable  that  I  wonder 
to  find  myself  talking  to  you,"  and  shortly 
afterwards  asks  him  to  repeat  his  pro- 
posal to  her.  But  these  things  may  really 
happen. 


The    Pessimist :     a    Confession.     By    A. 
Newman.     (Nutt,  6s.) 

A  preface  of  aphorisms  printed  in  italics 
is  an  unfortunate  beginning  for  a  novel, 
hardly  improved  by  the  inclusion  of  such 
a  one  as  "  Every  artist  is  a  slave  ;  but 
there  is  an  exquisite  sweetness  in  his 
servitude."  We  must  frankly  admit  that 
we  are  not  acquainted  with  men  of  science, 
bishops,  or  even — to  use  the  author's 
phrase  —  "a  perfect  gentleman,"  who 
endeavour,  like  the  characters  in  this 
book,  to  sparkle  into  epigram  every  time 
they  open  their  mouths,  and  fail  on  every 
occasion.  As  literature  it  is  a  failure, 
as  philosophy  shallow,  as  religion  nil  ; 
yet  it  purports  to  deal  with  all  three. 

It  is  not  even  thought  out  on  its  own 
chosen  lines  ;  for  the  author  has  invented 
an  epoch-making  discovery  which  might 
destroy  the  whole  world  by  breaking  a 
jar  of  germs,  and  a  little  invention  on  his 
part  might  have  saved  his  logic,  if  not 
the  probability  of  things,  by  the  additional 
discovery  of  some  sterilizing  power. 


The  Marriage  Contract.     By  Joseph  Keat- 
ing.    (Hutchinson  &  Co.,  6s.) 

The  most  valuable  idea  in  this  interest- 
ing story  seems  to  us  to  be  the  author's 
contention  that  sin  is  a  disease  of  the  soul, 
and  has  the  same  pathological  conse- 
quences as  disease  of  the  body — i.e.,  the 
sufferer  must  either  recover  or  death 
ensues.  His  argument  is,  therefore,  that 
the  sinner,  purified  by  the  purgative  of 


suffering  and  repentance,  is  entitled  to  be 
considered  in  as  perfect  health  spiritually 
as  the  sick  man,  after  complete  convales- 
cence, has  bodily. 

Delia,  a  wife  false  to  her  marriage  vows, 
gets  for  the  first  time  in  her  shallow  life 
a  glimpse  of  something  greater  than  she 
has  yet  known  when  her  husband  refuses 
to  take  the  usual  legal  compensation  for 
his  wrongs,  but  reinstalls  her  as  mistress 
of  his  home.  Antony's  conception  of  his 
"  marriage  contract  "  did  not  include  any 
provision  for  release  in  the  event  of  one 
of  the  parties  breaking  faith  ;  wherein  he 
differed  from  Society  in  general,  and  his 
Cousin  Jane  in  particular,  whose  anxiety 
to  see  the  faithless  Delia  drink  the  cup 
of  humiliation  to  the  dregs  is  true  to 
life.  The  book  concludes  with  Antony's 
successful  attempt  to  L'  hate  the  sin,  but 
love  the  sinner." 

Mr.  Keating  seems  to  us,  however,  to 
be  on  debatable  ground  when  he  makes 
jealousy  the  root  of  Delia's  renewed  love 
for  her  husband,  and  insists  that  it  is  the 
essential  mire  from  which  the  lily  of 
passion  springs.  Surely  jealousy  was 
merely  a  bitter  flavour  added  to  her  love, 
which  was  really  born  of  the  vision  of  a 
nobility  she  had  not  hitherto  suspected. 
As  a  whole,  the  book  presents  a  large- 
hearted  view  of  humanity  which  should 
make  a  wride  appeal. 


Leviathan.     By  Jeanne tte  Marks.  (Hodder 

&  Stoughton,  6s.) 
A  young  professor  in  an  American  Univer- 
sity who  is  about  to  be  married  has  con- 
tracted the  opium  habit.  Conscious  of  his 
weakness,  the  heroine  of  the  story 
decides  to  marry  him,  with  the  object  of 
devoting  her  life  to  his  reclamation. 
His  reformation  is  at  last  attained,  pre- 
sumably through  the  medium  of  a  number 
of  long  and  wearisome  declamations, 
more  appropriate  in  a  pamphlet  than  in 
a  novel.  The  author  indulges  in  some 
violent  diatribes  in  conjunction  with 
statements  that  are  grossly  exaggerated  ; 
for  instance,  she  writes  : — 

"  Opium  is  the  backbone  of  the  Anglo- 
Indian  Government.  In  England  itself  there 
is  scarcely  a  family  of  any  position  that  has 
not  its  opium  addicts.  And  because  Eng- 
land cannot  do  without  it,  the  Anglo-Indian 
Government  has  put  it  on  record  in  decisions 
that  opium  is  a  harmless  stimulant,  good  for 
all  aaes,  including  babies,  and  that  no  home 
is  really  home  without  it."' 

This   is   a   fair    sample    of   the    author's 
propaganda. 

We  deprecate  such  wild  statements, 
and  we  can  find  nothing  to  commend  in 
the  characteristics  or  stvle  of  the  volume. 


The  Sentence  Absolute.     By  Margaret  Mac- 

aulay.  (Nisbet  &  Co.,  6s.) 
The  ethical  interest  in  this  story  lies 
in  the  expiation  of  a  wrong  committed  in 
a  moment  of  great  temptation.  The  hero, 
a  young  consulting  engineer,  overcome  by 
the  pressure  of  Cambridge  debts  and  the 
importunities  of  moneylenders,  accepts 
the  tender  of  a  firm  which  carries  with  it  a 


Supplement,   March  28,   1014]  THE     ATHENiEUM 


473 


heavy  commission  for  bimself.     His  sin 

finds  him  out.  and  the  heroine  is  faced  with 
a  problem  whieh  puts  her  love  for  him  to 
a  severe  test.  With  the  somewhat  harsh 
ideals  of  extreme  youth,  she  finds  it 
equally  difficult  to  condone  his  fault,  and 
to  realize  the  value  of  his  subsequent 
remorse  and  penance.  The  writer,  who 
possesses  a  simple,  straightforward  style, 
lias  created  two  attractive  young  people  ; 
if  the  mind  of  the  heroine  is  somewhat 
slow  and  unreceptive,  it  is  doubtless  due  to 
her  conventional  though  pleasant,  up- 
bringing and  surroundings. 


SOCIAL     COMEDY. 


C. 


The    Cuckoo    Lamb.     Bv    Horace    W 
Xewte.     (Chatto  &  Windus,  65.) 

Satire  recoils  on  the  satirist  when  it 
condemns  him  to  clog  his  narrative  with 
the  sayings  and  unimportant  doings  of  a 
set  of  pseudo-artistic  people  whose  silliness 
lacks  the  charm  of  the  comic.  That  is 
the  verdict  which  we  feel  bound  to  pass 
on  a  considerable  portion  of  this  some- 
times admirable  story.  Mr.  Xewte  has 
for  his  heroine  a  country  girl  with  an 
aptitude  for  writing  fiction,  who,  after 
experience  as  a  domestic  servant,  blossoms 
under  a  pen-name  into  a  novelist,  and  is 
tempted  to  hide  her  plebeian  past. 

The  first  half  of  the  book  is  distinguished 
by  a  happy  union  of  fancy  and  realism. 
The  indomitably  imaginative  girl  with 
her  two  sweethearts  and  disapproving 
relatives,  in  a  rural  setting  at  once  pretty 
and  horrid,  is  excellently  visualized.  The 
way  in  which  human  vanity  is  pelted 
through  Mr.  Xewte's  pages  by  a  catchword 
taken  from  the  door  of  a  pretentiously 
named  villa  pleases  like  an  apt  Leimotiv ; 
and  the  picture  he  gives  of  the  life  off 
duty  of  the  draper's  shopgirl  who  '*  lives 
in  "  is  humorous  and  convincing.  Satire 
before  it  recoils  on  our  author  does  good 
service  to  his  art,  his  exhibition  of  female 
foibles  being  very  amusing. 


Simpson.        By        Elinor        Mordaunt. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Tile  author  dedicates  this  book  to  lovers. 
We  hardly  needed  the  hint  to  enable  us 
to  foresee  what  would  happen  when  the 
h<ro  and  his  friends  started  a  bachelors' 
club.  Though  the  end  appears  inevitable, 
the  book  is  diversified  by  many  ingeniously 
devised  incidents.  Each  man  takes  to 
the  club  to  avoid  matrimony,  and  each 
there  meets  his  fate  :  some  of  them  even 
exile  and  death.  The  heir,  himself,  a 
delightful  character,  drawn  with  sanity 
and  charm,  has  at  once  the  most  obvious 
and  the  most  happy  lot  apportioned  to 
him.  The  author  writes  pleasantly  and 
with  restraint,  and  shows  some  power  of 
creating  atmosphere  in  her  descriptions  of 
the  house  with  its  gardens,  whieh.  as  the 
scene  of  events,  plays  an  unusually  promi- 
nent part  in  the  development  of  the  tale. 


The    Tracy    Tubbses.     By    Jessie    Pope. 
(Mills  &  Boon,  3.s\  (id.)  ' 

It  is  difficult  to  realize  that  there  are 
people  with  leisure  which  they  cannot 
spend  more  satisfactorily  to  themselves 
than  in  reading  such  unrelieved  farce  as 
"  The  Tracy  Tubbses.'  The  best  which  can 
be  said  of  it  is  that  it  is  absolutely  in- 
nocuous ;  the  worst,  perhaps,  that  it  should 
have  been  very  much  funnier  if  it  was 
to  be  done  at  all.  That  is  not  to  say  that 
it  is  never  funny — it  is  sometimes.  To 
be  persistently  funny  is  given  to  few  of 
us.  Yet  there  is  a  public  for  a  book 
like  this,  which  has  no  connexion  with 
literature,  and  possibly  was  not  intended 
to  have  any. 


Monksbridge.        By      John       Ayscough. 
(Chatto  &  Windus,  6s.) 

This  is  a  study  of  characters,  told  mainly 
by  conversations.  A  family  of  four — the 
mother,  twin  daughters,  and  a  son — have  a 
little  fortune  and  a  house  on  the  borders 
of  Wales  left  to  them  unexpectedly. 
Here  they  meet  a  number  of  people,  and 
the  first  fourteen  chapters  are  taken  up 
with  the  ' '  bright ' '  conversations  by  which 
they  all  make  acquaintance.  There  is  so 
much  of  this  that  it  becomes  tedious. 
One  of  the  sisters  possesses  a  calcu- 
lating and  managing  mind,  and  the  rest  of 
the  book  is  taken  up  with  her  influence 
over  her  family ,  and  over  the  nobility  and 
gentry  of  that  part  of  the  country.  She 
arranges  excellent  marriages  for  herself 
and  her  mother,  but  her  sister  and  brother 
rebel  against  her  plans  for  them.  The  best 
things  about  the  book  are  a  few  sudden, 
vivid  descriptions,  of  a  person  speaking 
or  of  some  little  action,  which  set  a  whole 
scene  before  our  eyes  in  two  or  three  words. 
This  clever  trick  of  the  author's  —  it 
seems  no  more  than  that — is  the  only 
thing  which  relieves  the  monotony  of  the 
book. 


The  Making  of  Blaise.     By  A.  S.  Turber- 

ville.  (Sidgwick  &  Jackson,  6s.) 
For  a  first  novel  this  study  of  tempera- 
mental effects  holds  considerable  promise. 
The  major  part  of  the  story  is  concerned 
with  Blaise's  father,  who  was  the  second 
son  of  a  narrow-minded  father  and  a 
mother  whose  more  broad-minded  per- 
sonality had  suffered  eclipse  at  the  hands 
of  her  husband  and  elder  son.  Of  Blaise 
himself  we  leam  little,  as  his  young  life 
closes  with  the  book.  Of  his  mother  we 
should  have  welcomed  a  more  detailed 
account.  The  author,  in  fact,  has  pro- 
d-iced half  a  dozen  of  what  may  be 
likened  to  crayon  portraits,  all  of  which, 
I)  ing  lifelike  and  conveying  well-marked 
traits,  satisfy  an  artistic  sense  better  than 
tin    curiosity  which  they  arouse. 


The,  Awakening.     By   R.   S.   Maonamara. 

(Herbert  -Jenkins,  0s\) 

To  those  who  buy  their  hooks  straight 
off   a    stall    the     publisher's    precis   of   the 

.story  on  an  outer  oover  has  advantages. 
An  author  searching  for  an  unused  de- 
-criptive    title   deserves   more    sympathy 


than  blame  if  small  success  is  obtained. 
This  tale,  which  deals  with  a  beautiful 
girl's  first  marriage  to  a  sensualist  who 
is  crippled  by  an  accident,  and  closes  with 
her  finding  of  a  better  mate,  is  smoothly 
rather  than  stirringly  written.  The  end 
is  abrupt  and  unsatisfactory,  and  leaves 
the  reader  with  the  impression  that  the 
number  of  words  expected  by  a  pub- 
lisher had  been  attained  sooner  than  the 
author  expected. 

It  was  the  Time  of  Roses.  By  Doff 
Wyllarde.  (Holden  &  Hardingham,  6s.) 
This  book  is  an  early  work  of  its  author, 
differing  in  no  respect  from  many  novels 
produced  by  cleverish  young  women. 
It  possesses  few  of  the  characteristics, 
either  good  or  bad,  that  have  secured 
the  success  of  her  later  books,  and  few 
critics  would  discern  in  it,  if  published 
without  her  name,  the  promise  of  much 
force  or  talent.  If  Miss  Wyllarde  is 
responsible  for  its  publication  in  volume- 
form  (it  has  already  appeared  as  a  serial), 
she  has  been  somewhat  inconsiderate  of 
her  own  reputation  ;  if  she  is  not 
responsible,  she  furnishes  one  more  warn- 
ing to  young  writers  of  the  dangers 
so  which  they  expose  themselves  when 
they  sell  their  copyrights,  instead  of 
selling  only  the  right  to  publish  for  a 
short  term  of  years. 

Splendrum.  By  Lindsay  Bashford.  (Chap- 
man &  Hall,  6s.) 
Splendrum  is  a  huge  industry  which  is 
upheld  by  the  personality  and  business 
capacity  of  its  wealthy  owner,  and  when 
he  becomes  enfeebled  by  drink  appears  to 
be  on  the  verge  of  utter  collapse.  Splen- 
drum, however,  has  a  son — a  failure  at 
school,  despised  by  his  singularly  hard- 
hearted father,  as  depicted  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  story,  an  incompetent,  if 
attractive  boy — who,  bringing  to  bear  the 
capability  which  he  has,  after  all,  inherited, 
and  which  we  detected  in  the  beginning  in 
the  ease  with  which  he  drives  his  motor, 
comes  effectively  to  the  rescue.  It  is  a 
fairly  well  told  story,  though  the  lengthy 
speeches  tempt  the  reader  to  skip,  and  it 
is  at  no  time  easy  to  feel  much  interest  in 
the  two  girls  who  play  a  part  in  it. 

The  Education  of  Oliver  Eya\ i.  By  Regi- 
nald E.  Salwey.  (Digbv,  Long  &  Co., 
6s.) 
Mr.  Salwey  has  the  gift  not  only  of  being 
able  to  make  his  characters  live,  but  also 
of  placing  them  before  his  readers  with 
unmistakable  clearness.  In  his  latest 
volume  he  has  further  succeeded  in  hitting 
off  the  mean  between  plot  and  characteri- 
zation. Both  are  well  conceived  and 
carried  out. 

.Misguided  maternal  instinct  procures  a 

change  of  babies  at  birth,  and   thereby  a 

young  baronel .  who  proves  to  be  an  ait ist  io 

genius,  is  kept  out  of  his  rightful  position 
till    manhood.     The   story  deals  with    the 

discovery  of  the  fraud.     We  cannot  help 

liking  Oliver,  the  innocent,  "  impostor," 
despite  his  faults;  and  the  high-minded 
tutor  is  a  good  study.  The  book  itself 
must  introduce  the  others. 


474 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


[Supplement,  March  28,  1914 


The  Girl  on  the  Green.     By  Mark  Allerton. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Golf,  the  militant  Suffragette,  a  girl's 
college  ideals,  and  love  are  the  main 
strands  in  the  pleasant  web  of  this  tale. 
The  slight  plot  is  quite  workmanlike, 
the  character  -  drawing  sufficient,  the 
humours  happily  enough  conceived.  The 
qualities  the  book  lacks  are  crispness, 
neatness  of  finish,  and  wit ;  or,  as  alter- 
natives, rollicking  fun  and  genuine 
laughter.  It  is  faintly  infected  with 
seriousness. 


SHORT    STORIES. 


The    Lost    Road.     By    Richard    Harding 

Davis.  (Duckworth  &  Co.,  6s.) 
The  seven  short  stories  collected  in  this 
volume  are  admirable  specimens  of  the 
better  sort  of  magazine  fiction,  but  they 
lack  the  exuberant  humour  of  Mr.  Davis 
at  his  best.  Every  one  of  them  has  for  its 
hero  a  sentimental  American,  who  remains 
the  same  man,  although  we  find  him  under 
seven  different  names  in  seven  different 
parts  of  the  world.  There  is  also  a  certain 
monotony  in  the  invariable  surprise  at  the 
end.  Perhaps  the  best  story  is  '  The  God 
of  Coincidence,'  in  which  the  author 
cheerfully  abandons  himself  to  humorous 
improbabilities. 

Firemen  Hot.     By  C.  J.  Cutcliffe  Iiyne. 

(Methuen  &  Co.,  65.) 
The  firemen  are  three — an  Englishman,  a 
Scotchman,  and  a  Yankee — who  will  not 
ship  except  together.  There  is  all  the 
abundance  and  precision  in  the  use  of 
nautical  or  quasi-nautical  terms,  and  in 
the  descriptions  of  a  vessel's  behaviour, 
to  which  Mr.  Hyne  has  accustomed  his 
readers,  combined  with  that  grim,  devil- 
may-care  manliness  which  he  has  also  the 
trick  of  depicting  trenchantly.  These 
things  are  good,  yet  not  quite  sufficient  of 
themselves  for  the  making  of  satisfactory 
short  stories  ;  and  as  the  other  material 
supplied  here  is  slight,  and  somewhat 
roughly  thrown  together,  it  cannot  be  said 
that  this  collection  is  exactly  of  outstand- 
ing merit.  One  or  two  Kettle  yarns  are 
appended  to  it. 

Later  Litanies  ;  and  Litanies  of  Life.  By 
Kathleen  Watson.  (Heinemann,  2s.  6d. 
net.) 
It  is  impossible  to  guess  why  the  word 
Litany  should  have  been  chosen  for  these 
wordy,  shallow,  and  sentimental  laments. 
We  had  thought  the  taste  for  self-centred 
and  feebly  irreligious  moanings  had  gone 
with  the  passing  of  the  century,  so  that 
this  book  comes  like  something  which  is 
born  out  of  its  right  time,  if  indeed  there 
was  ever  a  right  time  for  such. 

If  the  author  desires  to  make  a  moving 
recital  out  of  exiguous  materials,  we 
recommend  to  her  careful  study  some 
such  consummate  instance  as  Maupas- 
sant's '  La  Ficelle  ' ;  it  will  prove  better 
equipment  for  that  most  difficult  among 
hard  achievements,  the  short  story, 
than  a  plenitude  of  sentiment  and  an 
abundance  of  adjectives. 


FRENCH  STORIES. 

L'Eveil.     Par    Maurice    Deroure.     (Paris, 
Plon.) 

This  is,  we  gather,  the  first  work  of  a 
young  author  —  a  recruit,  as  he  says,  to 
"  la  phalange  qui  prepare  une  nouvelle 
renaissance."  Of  this  renaissance  much 
has  already  been  written.  It  is,  in  social 
thought  and  in  the  individual  conscious- 
ness, the  return  to  idealism  and  to  faith  ; 
in  literature  it  may  be  said  to  manifest 
itself  as  the  resurgence  of  the  background — 
of  the  whole  as  against  the  parts,  and  as  a 
study  of  the  relation  of  individuals  to  that. 
M.  Deroure  follows  the  prevailing  tendency 
in  the  new  generation  of  writers  to  make 
the  ancient  Catholic  religion  of  France 
the  medium  of  contact  between  the  indi- 
vidual and  the  whole,  and  its  laws  the 
means  by  which  the  claims  of  the  whole 
are  asserted.  To  this  he  joins,  more 
explicitly  than  most,  the  claims  of  the 
family. 

The  situation  is  simple  and  by  no 
means  novel:  a  young  man  drawn  into 
a  passion  for  a  married  woman.  The 
youth  has  been  educated  strictly, 
and  has  sincerely  responded  to  the 
religious  influences  brought  to  bear  on 
him ;  significantly  these  are  Jansenist. 
Once,  tempted  to  the  very  verge  of  falling, 
he  is  pulled  back  into  safety  by  the  direct 
force  of  his  religion,  by  the  obligation  to 
perform  his  Easter  duties.  The  second  time 
— and  this  is  an  instance  of  fine  insight — 
he  is  saved,  after  long  strain,  and  at  the 
very  moment  of  determination  to  yield, 
by  the  flight  of  the  woman.  She  had  been 
amused  and  attracted  by  the  boy,  in  the 
first  instance  at  an  hotel  where,  half  in 
vanity,  half  in  conscientious  resolution, 
he  had  told  the  hotel-keeper,  it  being  a 
Friday,  "  Je  veux  un  diner  maigre." 
She  had  ascertained  that  the  estrangement 
out  of  which  he  came  back  to  her  wasv 
caused  by  his  having  "  fait  ses  Paques." 
She  confesses  by  a  hasty  retreat  that 
there  is  something  invincible  which  sepa- 
rates them. 

M.  Deroure  is  wholly  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  this  first  essay.  Restraint, 
delicacy  of  touch,  felicity  without  un- 
due exuberance  in  the  invention  of 
detail,  subtlety  in  the  delineation  of  the 
two  principal  characters,  and  steadiness  in 
progress  towards  the  end  proposed,  amply 
atone  for  the  slight  woodenness  of  the 
minor  characters. 


Marcelle  the  Lovable.    By  Auguste  Maquet. 
(Greening  &  Co.,  65.) 

This  is  a  version  of  '  Les  Vertes- 
Feuilles '  of  Auguste  Maquet,  the  col- 
laborator with  Dumas  pere.  The  trans- 
lator claims  for  the  book  that  it  "  contains 
a  superb  scoundrel  and  also  the  most 
adorable  young  woman  to  be  met  in  a 
whole  decade  of  French  fiction."  In  its 
English  dress,  which  fits  it  none  too  well — 
for  in  the  later  chapters  the  style  halts 
painfully  in  something  which  is  neither 
French  nor  English — the  novel  fails  to 
make  so  distinguished  an  impression.     The 


characters,  with  the  exceptions  of  Count 
Gilbert  and  Maitre  Cornevin,  labour  under 
a  stiff  unreality.  The  plot  turns  on  a 
complicated  question  of  estate  ownership 
mingled  with  an  illicit  love.  Some 
of  the  sa3va  indignatio  expended  on  the 
amorphous  love-affair  might  have  been 
kept  for  the  shady  ways  of  the  law  and 
the  lover's  share  therein. 


Dehan  (Richard),  The  Cost  of  Wings,  and 
Other  Stories,  6/  Heinemann 

Twenty-six  narratives  are  included  in 
this  volume,  which  derives  its  title  from  a 
story  of  an  aviator.  The  author  is  up  to  date 
in  noting  the  pursuits  and  extravagances  of 
the  time,  and  has  a  vein  of  cynicism  which 
is  sometimes  effective  and  sometimes  merely 
smart.  Some  of  the  stories  are  in  Mr. 
Kipling's  vein,  and  imitate  a  less  agreeable 
side  of  his  talent  in  such  a  phrase  as  "  Han- 
over-Squared into  one  flesh."  Details  of 
dress  and  furniture  are  overdone.  Apart 
from  a  few  poignant  scenes  between  a  man 
and  a  woman,  the  volume  is  not  distinguished' 
work.  The  author  appears  to  lack  the  zeal; 
for  concentration  and  selection  of  detail 
which  the  short  story  demands. 

Selected  English  Short  Stories  (XIX.  Cen- 
tury), with  an  Introduction  by  Hugh 

Walker,  1/  net. 

Oxford  University  Press^ 

This  addition  to  the  "  World's  Classics," 
Pocket  Edition,  is  very  welcome,  for  it 
contains  a  great  deal  of  good  reading  within 
a  small  space,  from  Walter  Scott  to  Hubert 
Crackanthorpe,  who  died  in  1896.  The- 
best  work  of  the  nineteenth  century  is  well 
represented,  though  the  work  of  the  living 
is  excluded.  So  we  must  suppose,  though 
we  have  found  no  note  of  the  fact.  Mr.  H.  S. 
Milford  has  chosen  the  stories,  but  he  and 
Prof.  Walker  share  a  joint  responsibility 
for  the  whole  book.  The  Introduction,, 
which  goes  back  as  far  as  Genesis,  spends,, 
we  think,  too  much  time  on  origins  before 
coming  to  the  short  story  proper.  Prof. 
Walker  notes  quite  rightly  the  preponder- 
ance of  America  in  this  volume,  about  one- 
third  of  the  tales  being  due  to  the  United 
States  ;  and  even  so,  Mary  Wilkins  (still,. 
happily,  with  us),  the  delicate  work  of 
Aldrich,  and  some  admirable  writing  by 
Mark  Twain  have  not  found  a  place.  The 
Americans  are  likely  to  keep  this  pre- 
eminence, for  their  magazines  are  much 
better  than  ours. 

Coming  to  details,  we  note  at  once  Mr. 
Milford's  admirable  taste  in  including  '  The 
Two  Drovers  '  as  well  as  '  Wandering 
Willie's  Tale.'  The  latter  can  be  compared 
with  '  Thrawn  Janet,'  which  is  given,  as- 
well  as  '  Markheim  '  and  '  Providence  and 
the  Guitar.'  Owners  of  copyrights  have 
also  been  generous  regarding  stories  by 
Richard  Garnett,  Gissing,  and  Mary  Cole- 
ridge ;  all  are  striking,  and  will  be  new  to- 
many  readers.  '  The  Witch  Aunt,'  by  Lamb,, 
and  '  The  Seven  Poor  Travellers '  hardly 
seem  to  us  to  be  short  stories.  We  should  have 
preferred  one  of  the  stories  from  '  Pickwick  ' 
— say,  '  The  Old  Man's  Tale  of  the  Queer 
Client.'  Almost  all  the  authors  here  have 
established  reputations  ;  and  we  think 
research  might  have  discovered  an  example 
or  two  by  comparatively  unknown  hands. 
Prof.  Walker  speaks  of  the  variety  of  the 
collection,  but  we  find  in  it  one  striking 
omission  :  there  is  no  story  of  English  war, 
colonizing,  or  adventure  overseas.  Was 
there  nothing  worthy  of  the  sort  to  be 
found  ?  If  it  is  indeed  so,  it  was  high  time 
for  Mr.  Kipling  to  arrive. 


Supplement,  Mabch  28,  1914] 


Til  E     ATIIENJEUM 


47; 


MR.    JOHN    LANE'S   NOVELS 

SOME  STRIKING  PRESS  OPINIONS  OF 

THE  FORTUNATE 

YOUTH 

By  W.  J.   LOCKE 

6s. 

Times.—  "  Will  delight  his  many  admirers." 

Morning  Post.—4'  Never  has  Mr.  Locke  displayed  his  gifts  to 
more  attractive  advantage." 

Daily  Telegraph. — "  Art  of  narrative,  perpetual  play  of  pretty  wit, 
felicitous  epithet  and  epigram,  and  general  distinction  of  style." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.—"  Delightful  romance.  The  author's  humour 
like  his  charity  never  fails  us." 

Evening  Standard. — "We  read  on  and  on  with  rejoicing  interest. 
Barney  Bill  is  a  character  in  whom  Sterne  might  have  had  a  finger. 
Balzac  had  his  Rubempre  and  his  Rastignac  as  Mr.  Locke  has  his 
Paul  Savelli." 

Daily  Express.—"  Uncommonly   pleasant  reading." 

World. — "The  fine  qualities  by  right  of  which  Mr.  Locke  stands 
in  the  forefront  of  the  novelists  have  never  revealed  themselves  to 
greater  advantage.     Great  charm depth  and   beauty  of  thought." 

A  FINE  LIST  OF  NOVELS,     6s. 


A  GIRL'S  MARRIAGE 
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THE   TREND 

A  New  Novel  by  WILLIAM    ARKWRIGHT, 

Author   of    '  Knowledge   and    Life,'  &c.     6s. 

'  The  Trend  '  is  a  fascinating  romance  telling  of  the  discovery  of 
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undertakes  his  education.  The  gradual  development  of  the  lad's 
reasoning  powers  is  depicted  with  the  greatest  insight,  and  the  dramatic 
scene  of  the  debut  is  presented  with  masterly  skill.  The  climax  is 
most  thrilling.  Mr.  Arkwright's  exceptionally  distinguished  style  and 
powers  of  characterization  which  won  such  high  praise  for  '  Knowledge 
and  Life '  are  again  strongly  in  evidence. 

JOHN  LANE,  THE  BODLEY  HEAD,  VIGO  STREET,  W. 


MR. 


MORLEY  ROBERTS'S 
NEW  NOVEL 


(I 


A    BIG     BOOK 


TIME 


AND 

THOMAS  WARING 

By  MORLEY  ROBERTS 

Price  6s. 
Some  Press   Opinions. 

TIMES. — "An  original  book,  which  will 
enhance  the  literary  reputation  of  a  vigorous 
and  versatile  novelist." 

Sir  Wm.  Robertson  Nicoll,  in  the  BRITISH 
WEEKLY.— "The  impression  of  most  novels 
fades  from  the  mind  in  a  very  short  time,  but 
Mr.  Morley  Roberts's  book  is  both  engrossing 
and  memorable." 

Mr.  H.  W.  Massingham,  in  a  signed  page 
review  in  the  NATION.— "A  remarkabla  and 

original  book of  great  ingenuity  and  original 

force surprising  and  interesting." 

EVENING  STANDARD.— "A  curiously  in- 
teresting book.  Those  whose  nerve  is  fairly 
strong  maybe  confidently  recommended  to  read 
it  carefully  and  think  it  over.  Weaker  vessels 
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GLOBE. — "  It  has  a  dignity  and  fineness  that 
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LIVERPOOL    COURIER.  —  "Dangerously, 

brilliantly  clever If  a  better  novel  is  written 

this  year  it  will  certainly  be  a  good  one.  There 
is  genius  in  it." 

Mr.  F.  G.  Bettany,  in  the  SUNDAY  TIMES. 
— "  A  big  book,  an  honest  book,  the  book  of  a 

big-hearted,    big-brained    man What    we 

hoped  for  has  come  at  last.  The  master  work 
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A  BROTHER  OF  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 

THE  LIFE  OF  KING 
GEORGE  OF  GREECE 

By  Capt.  WALTER  CHRISTMAS.  15s.  net. 
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TIMES.—"  Readers  will  find  a  good  deal  to  interest 
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taste—on  the  private  life  of  the  Royal  Family." 

EVENING  STANDARD.— "Now,  at  last,  Kin^ 
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IN  GREAT  DEMAND 
THE 

LIFE   OF  THE   EMPEROR 
FRANCIS   JOSEPH 

By  FRANCIS  GRIBBLE.    16s.  net. 
STANDARD. -"Deals  with  a  faednattag  subject 
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AN    UNKNOWN    SON 
OF  NAPOLEON 

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TIMES      "A    dramatic    Ntory  of   moving   interest; 
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M-'neval." 


BVELEIGB  N  UBH,  Publisher,  London. 


476 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  March  28,  1914 


MESSRS.     METHUENS     NEW     BOOKS 


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THE     CHURCH     REVIVAL:     Thoughts 

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THE  ATHENAEUM 


Imrrnal  of  (Bngltslj  att&  JFnrngn  literature,  %timaf  tht  jFxtu  .Arts,  Jttnsic 


No.  4510 


SATURDAY,     APRIL   4,     1914. 


•antler 

s.xWciS  %  1914 


y 


REd^STIJRED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER        ,#Q 


Pontius. 

THE  Executive  Committee  of  the  SOCIETY 
OF  GENEALOGISTS  OF  LONDON  desires  to  give  notice  that 
on  and  after  JDNE  1  next  an  ENTRANCE  FEB  of  Half  a-Guinea 
will  be  payable  by  all  candidates  on  election.— 227,  Strand  (by 
Temple  Bar    \V  0. 


C:  Durational. 

TTXIVERSITY  OF  WURZBURG  (BAVARIA). 

8TJMMER  TERM    May-July,  1914. 

Complete  List  of  Lectures  post  free  on  application  to 

THE  SYNDIC. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
8chool  House,  Sherborne.  Dorset. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
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Bcience.  Smiths'  Work,  Carpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught.  Ideal 
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MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
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EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
gratis  .  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
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charge!  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GK1FFITHS,  POWELL. 
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Situations  Uarant. 

1HE       UNIVERSITY       OF       LIVERPOOL. 


FACULTY     OF    ART8. 
RATHBONE  CHAIR  OF  ANCIENT  HISTORY. 

The  Council  invite  applications  for  this  Chair.  8alary  SOW.  Duties 
to  commence  October  1,  1914.  Applications,  together  with  the  names 
of  three  persons  to  whom  reference  may  be  made,  and  twelve  copies  of 
testimonials,  should  be  forwarded  to  the  undersigned  on  or  Defore 
MAY  11.  1914  Further  particulars  regarding  conditions  and  duties 
may  be  had  on  application.  Assistance  will  be  provided.  Women  are 
eligible  for  any  office  in  the  University. 
KDWARD  CAREY,  Registrar. 

SOUTH     AFRICAN     SCHOOL     OF     MINES 
AND    TECHNOLOGY,    JOHANNESBURG. 
CHAIR    IN    ACCOUNTING. 

The  Council  of  the  South  African  School  of  Mines  and  Technology 
invites  applications  for  the  newly  institute  1  CHAIR  IN  ACCOUNT- 
ING, founded  by  the  Transvaal  Society  of  Accountants.  The  appoint- 
ment will  be  for  3  years,  at  a  salary  of  850J.  per  annum.  75*.  wili  be 
allowed  for  travelling  expenses,  and  half  salary  will  be  paid  from  date 
of  sailing  till  arrival  in  Johannesburg. 

Applications,  stating  age  ami  aicompanied  by  testimonials,  should 
be  sent,  on  or  be*  ore  APRIL  30,  to  Messrs.  CHaLMKKB.  GUTHRIE 
k  00.,  '.  Idol  Lane.  London.  E.C.,  from  whom  further  particulars 
may  be  obtained.  Before  appointment,  the  selected  candidate  will  be 
required  to  furnish  a  medical  certificate  of  good  health. 

The  appointment  will  be  made  so  that  the  successful  candidate  may. 
if  posMble.  arrive  in  Johannesburg  about  mid-July;  if  that  be 
impossible,  then  early  in  MM, 

THE       EDUCATION      DEPARTMENT       OF 
NATAL    require    ■    H(  [■H01    MASTER    for    the    PIETER 
MARIT/Bl'KG  GoLLEQI 

Can  'Old    lie    unmarried,    under   30   years    of   age,    and 

graduates  of  a  British  Univernty.  They  should  have  at  lean  3  years' 
teaching  experience  in  Schools  in  Great  Britain.  They  should  !>e 
qtttlifi.d  to  teach  Phy.ics,  chemistry,  and  Mathematics,  the  first  two 
•objects  being  essential 

The  salary  offered  is  30W.,  rising  by  annual  Increments  of  M.  to 
4001.  a  year. 

The  selected  candidate  is  required  to  take  up  work  in  Natal  as  soon 
M  .  - 

Applications  sh'tiM  I*  sent  as  soon  as  possible,  in  covers  marked 
"0*V."  to  THB  SECRETARY,  BOARD  OF  Khl'ATI'iN  White 
hall.     Iz-jn.l   l       -  Vt  Scotli   li     randiilsU*    should    Kiq.ly    to    THE 

SK  KETA  MY,  SCOTCH  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT.  Whitehall 
London,  8.W. 

WANTED.  —  A  Gentleman  for  the  position  of 
-V. '  RKTARY  to  a  Literary  and  Educational  Institution. 
Must  he  of  good  education  and  address  "alary  20i  (  .  rising  to  2801 
1  of  duties  mi  plied  on  application.  Canvassing  will  disqualify 
Applications  to  be  sent  In  not  later  than  aPKII.  s..  Ill  I  endorsed 
" Secretary. "  and  addressed  to  THE  PRESIDENT,  Lyceum,  Oldham. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  DUBLIN. 
A  Constituent  College  of  the  Natioual  University  of  Ireland. 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  FRENCH  AND  ROMANCE  PHILOLOGY. 
Applications  are  invited  by  the  Governing  Body  of  University 
College.  Dublin,  for  the  submission  of  representations  to  the  Senate  of 
the  National  University  of  Irelaud  in  respect  of  the  appointment  to 
be  made  to  the  above  Professorship. 

The  present  salary  attached  to  the  office  is  6002.  per  annum.  The 
conditions  of  tenure  of  the  office  and  other  particulars  may  be 
obtrined  from  the  undersigned. 

Completed  applications,  with  copies  of  three  testimonials  in  each 
case,  must  be  received  not  later  than  APRIL  10.  1914. 

J.  W.  BACON,  M. A.,  Secretary  and  Bursar. 
86,  St.  Stephen's  Green.  Dublin. 
March  10,  1914. 


A 


RM  STRONG  COLLEGE, 

NEWCA8TLE  UP0N-TYNE. 
(In  the  University  of  Durham.) 
The   Council    invites   applications    for   the    LECTURESHIP    IN 
CLASSICS   AND  ANCIENT   HISTORY. 
Salary  150? ,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  lOi  a  year  to  200?. 
Candidates  are  requested  to  send  six  copies  of  their  applications 
and  of  not  more  than  three  testimonials,  before  APRIL  30,  to  the 
undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

F.  H.  PRUEN,  M.A.,  Secretary. 
Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


■pDINBURGH 


MERCHANT 

SCHOOLS. 


COMPANY 


EDINBURGH    LADIES     COLLEGE. 
HEAD   MISTRESS  WANTED. 

Owing  to  the  approaching  retiral  of  the  present  Head,  the  Merchant 
Company  Education  Board  invite  applications  for  the  position  of 
HEAD  MISTRESS  at  the  EDINBURGH  LADIES'  COLLEGE,  one 
of  the  Endowed  Secondary  Schools  of  the  Edinburgh  Merchant 
Company.  The  yearly  salary  has  been  fixed  at  5502.  Candidates  must 
not  be  over  40  years  of  age,  and  must  have  taken  honours  at  a  British 
University.  The  successful  applicant  will  enter  on  full  duty  on 
October  1  next,  but  is  expected  to  assist  in  making  the  arrangements 
previous  to  the  opening  of  the  session.  Applications  with  testi- 
monials (2i!  copies  of  each,  which  will  not  be  returned)  must  be 
lodged  with  the  Subscriber  on  or  before  APRIL  25.  Applicants  must 
state— 11 1 professional  training  ;(2)  University  training;  (3) experience  : 
(4)  age;  (5)  present  position  ;  and  |6I  whether  accepted  or  eligible  for 
the  Scottish  Teachers'  Superannuation  Scheme.  Candidates  are 
specially  requested  not  to  call  upon  members  of  the  Board. 

A.  C  DRUMMOND,  Secretary. 

The  Merchants'  Hall,  Edinburgh.    March  26, 1914. 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  8CHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.  CAMBRIDGE. 
A  MATHEMATICAL  MISTRE88  is  required  for  September 
next.  Mixed  Mathematics  should  be  a  strong  subject,  with  practical 
work.  She  will  be  required  to  help  with  the  Science  work.  Salary 
1301.  a  year  Inon-resident),  or  according  to  experience  and  qualifica- 
tions. Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
and  should  be  returned  on  or  before  MAY  15,  1914. 

AUSTIN  KEEN,  M.A.,  Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 


KINDERGARTEN  MISTRESS  required  by 
JULY  for  Private  Day  and^Boarding School,  Orange  Free  State, 
to  take  charge  of  Kindergarten  and  instruct  two  Students  in  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Kindergarten  Teaching.  Salary  651.  Resident. 
Passage  paid. 

MUSIC  MISTRESS  required  by  JULY  for 
Private  Day  and  Boarding  School  in  the  Orange  Free  State,  to 
teach  Piano  and  Violin.  Salary  80?.  Resident.  Passage  paid. -For 
further  particulars  apply  to  ME88RS.  GABBITAS,  THR1NG  4  CO., 
3S,  Sackville  Street.  London,  W. 


pOMPANION    WANTED,    age   25   to   3o,    for 

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London.— Reply,  giving  full  particulars,  to  K,  Box  .598,  Smith's 
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478 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


T  ITERARY  nnd  SCIENTIFIC  WORK  TYPE- 

XJ  WRITTEN  wMi  care  and  expedition.  Authors'  MSB.  9d.  per 
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THE     ATIIENiEUM 


479 


Magazines  and  Periodicals. 


"  '  Blackwood's  '  is  an  epitonie  in  little  of  the 
British  Empire  — a  monthly  reminder  that  its 
boundaries  are  world-wide  ;  that  it  has  been 
won  and  kept  by  the  public-school  pluck  of  our 
soldiers  and  sailors  ;  that  in  warfare,  literature, 
and  art  it  has  a  glorious  history ;  that  its  sons 
have  ever  been  travellers  and  sportsmen,  and 
that  its  politics  have  still  a  strong  strain  of 
conservative  Imperialism.  Old  as  it  is,  '  Black- 
wood's' shows  no  signs  of  becoming  old- 
fashioned,  because  it  represents  and  appeals 
to  all  that  is  best  in  the  undying  genius  of  the 
race."- Times,  February  1,  1913. 

'BLACKWOOD' 


"THE  MOST 
BRILLIANT 
OF  OLR 
MAGAZINES." 

APRIL 


"'BLACKWOOD' 
REMAINS 
YYITHOLT  A 
RIVAL." 

contains 


Sketched  in  War  Time. 

By  A  WOMAN  RED  CROSS  SURGEON. 

Genesis  and  Exodus— The  Birth  of  a 
Hospital— Outpatients— The  Hosts  of 
the  Wounded-Our  Orderlies- 

One  of  our  Traitors- 
Arthur  Thistlewood.  By  c.  oman. 

Basilissa.  By  J<>HN  buchan. 

Tyger  Key.  By  douglas  g.  browne. 

I.  Story  of  the  Wreck. 

II.  Story  of  the  Island. 

Round  Nanga  Parbat.     II. 

By  EDMUND  CANDLER. 

The  New  Road.  By  neil  munro. 

Night  Thieves.  By  r.  t.  coryndon. 

Norman  Cross.  b>  c.  w.  c. 

From  the  Outposts,  1775— 
The  Defence  of  St.  Johns. 

By  CHARLES  C.  MACONOCHIE. 

Musings  Without  Method:— 

The  Complacency  of  England  —  Cicis 
Romanus  Sum — The  Monroe  Doctrine — 
Canning's  View — Its  Interpretation  in  the 
United  States — An  Imperial  Force — Its 
Discussion  in  the  House  of  Lords— Citizen 
Lucas's  Argument  —  Lord  Haldane  on 
History— Art  or  Science  ? 

THE    TIMES    OF    INDIA    says  : 
"Not    to  read    'Blackwood'  in   these 
aavs  is  to  miss  incomparably  the  most 
literary  and  the  most  interesting  of  the 
monthly  magazines." 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

APRIL.  ■*  •*  net. 

THE  FORTUNES  OF  HOME  RCLK-AND  01  ULSTER. 

By  the  Right  Hon  Sir  Joseph  Compt'inRkkett,  MP. 
THE  MEXICAN  ol'KHTION  Hy  TliomM  Baty,  D.C.L.  LLD. 
BOME  A-PE'.T.-*  •>?  SCOTTISH  HOME  RCLE 

By  J    W.  Oreig.  K.C.  MP 
8AMCEL  ROLLES  DRIVER 

By  the  Rer  O.  Buchanan  Gray.  D.I). 
7IU    lOTCIDE  (Ml:  By  A    MatCallum  Scott.  MP. 

LABOUR  STRUGGLE*  IN  SOOTH  AFRICA. 

Br  H.  3.  PouUma. 

THE  TERCENTENARY    OF    EI.  GRECO       By  Auhrey    F.  O. 

B»II -FLORENCE    NIGHTINGALE   OH    INDIA        By  Sir 

William   WeJ.ler'.urn.    Bart  -DANTKS    MYSTICISM       By 

the    Rer     S      Cdny.-THE     TROUBLE     IN     THE     NEW 

HEBRIDES         Bf     the     Rev      Dr     GeorKi-     Brown -THE 

ER  CATHOLIC       V.y  Francit    McCulUgh.— A  DAILY 

BREAD  MISSION  To  THE   RICH        By  the  Rev     HuWt 

Han.lley-TIIE    DUTCH     IN     MALAYSIA       liyLewl.R. 

Freeman    -SOME     HINDRANCES     T'l     THE       PEACE 

■  MENT.     ByC   E    Maurice  -LEGAL  AID  FOR  THE 

P  |      ■■         .11   Bentwir),  -FOREIGN  AFFAIRS       Ly 

Dr  -LITERARY  SUPPLEMENT. 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 
AND  AFTER. 

APRIL. 

THE  ENIGMA  STILL  UNSOLVED? 

(1)  THE  CRISIS— AND  AFTER.     I!y  Sir  Henry  lihike.  G.C  M.G. 
(BJ  FACTS  AND  THOUGHTS  FOR  UNIONISTS. 

By  Prof.  A.  V.  Dicey. 

(8)  ULSTER  AS  A  "BELLIGERENT.1 

By  Brigadier-General  V.  G.  Stone 

A  CANDID  COLLOQUY  ON  THE  IRISH  DIFFICULTY. 

By  W.  S.  Lilly. 

THE  NATURE  AND  CONDITIONS  OF  PEACE. 

By  Spenser  Wilkinson,  Chichele  Professor  of  Military  History. 

WANTED-AN  ANGLO-SAXON  POLICY. 

By  Major  Stewart  L.  Murray. 

A  FRENCH  AMBASSADORS  IMPRESSIONS  OF   ENGLAND  IN 

THE  YEAR  HW6.  By  His  Excellency  Monsieur  Jusseraud, 

French  Ambassador  at  Washington. 

THE  POLITICAL  SITUATION  IN  FRANCE. 

By  A.  P.  Whyte,  MP. 

THE  TRAFFIC  IN  WORN-OUT  ENGLISH  HORSES. 

By  Miss  A.  M.  F.  Cole. 

OLIVER  GOLDSMITH  AS  A  MEDICAL  MAN 

By  Sir  Ernest  Clarke. 

THE  BATTLE-FIELD  OF  WATERLOO. 

By  Major  T.  Bridges.  D.S.O., 
late  Military  Attache  at  Brussels. 

A  SURVIVOR'S  STORY  OF  THE  RETREAT    FROM    OABUL    IN 
1841.  By  Eman  Oolla  Khan. 

Contributed  by  Miss  K.   Dalhousie  Login. 
THE  TYRANNY  OF  ALCOHOL. 

By  Sir  Harry  H.  Johnston,  G.C. M.G.  K.C.  B. 

ROMAN  GARDENS  OF  THE  RENAISSANCE. 

By  Mrs.  Ady  (Julia  M.  Cartwright). 

WELSH  "DISESTABLISHMENT.'' 

By  the  Rev.  C.  A.  H.  Green,  D.D. 

THOUGHTS  ON  SCHOLARSHIPS.  By  Prof.  Marcus  Hartog. 

"AT  THE  MOUTH  OF  THREE  WITNESSES." 

By  J.  W.  Robertson-Scott  ("  Home  Counties  "). 
THE  NEW  HEBRIDES  EXPERIMENT.  By  John  H.  Harris. 

THE  LATEST  COMEDY  IN  HOME  DEFENCE. 

By  Major-General  Sir  William  G.  Knox,  K.C.B. 

London  :  Spottiswoode  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  5,  New  Street  Square. 


SCR  I  BNER'S  MAGAZINE 

Includes  among  its  Contents  for  APRIL 

The  First  of  an   Important  Series   of  Articles 

11Y 

THEODORE    ROOSEVELT, 

ENTITLED 

A   HUNTER-NATURALIST   IN 

THE    BRAZILIAN    WILDERNESS. 

Illustrations  from  Photographs  by  KERMIT  ROOSEVELT 
and  other  members  of  the  Expedition. 

IN    ADDITION    TO     THB     FOLLOWING .— 
RETURN.     Poem.  By  David  Morton 

ON  THE  MAT.    (North  Africa  and  the  Desert.) 

By  G.  E.  Woodberry 
SOLDIERS  OF  TIME.  By  Barry  Benefleld 

THE  FAIR  IN  THE  COW  COUNTRY. 

By  \V.  Herbert  Dunton 

NIGHT  AND  DAY.     Sonnet.  By  C.  A.  Price 

THE  SINGING  TEACHER.  By  Francis  Rogers 

SIR    JOHN    CHANDOS    AND    THE    EARL    OF   PEM- 
BROKE.   A  Ballad  from  Froissart.     By  E.  Sutton 
WORSE  THAN   MARRIED. 

By  Henry  and  Alice  Duer  Miller 
THE  GIFT  OF  GOD.     Poem. 

By  Edwin  Arlington  Robinson 
GREEK  FEASTS.  By  H.  D.  Dwight 

SPARKS  OF  THE  WIRELESS.  By  Walters.  Hiatt 

ARTIST  AND  PUBLIC.  By  Kenyon  Cox 

HER  FRIEND,  SERGEANT  JOHN. 

liy   Wolcott  LeCL'ar  Beard 
LINES  L'PON  READING  A  OARDEN  ANNUAL. 

By  Mildred  Howells 
THE    POINT    OP    VI KW      The    Business    of    Marriage- 
People    and    Personality  —  "Lessening    your    Denom- 
inator." 
THE   FIELD  OF  ART-Constantin  Meunier-An  Appre- 
ciation.    (Cornelia  Bentley  Sage.)     Illustrated. 

4  Beautiful  Illustrations  in  Colour  and  56 
in  Black  and  White. 

Coloured  cover  designed  by  Adoi.i-II  Tkkidlkk. 

Price  1s.  net.     English  Edition. 

Published    by    CONSTABLE    &    CO..    Ltd., 
10  Orange  Street,   London,    W.C. 


NOW    READY    FOR    APRIL. 


PRICE  is.  NET. 


THE  EXPOSITOR. 

Edited  hy  the  Rev.  8IR  W.  ROBERTSON   NICOLL,  M.A.  LL.D. 
Contents 
L  IMAGE-WORSHIP     AND     IDOL  WORSHIP    IN    THE 
OLD  TESTAMENT.     Ity  the  Rev.  Prof.  Ed   K<iufe    D  1> 
Bonn.  Germany. 
IL  81T,I„\I,EH    1N    <  HRI^TIAN    ESCHATOLOGV.      :i    THE 
55?WS  ,,"7\,tK»ST.     By  the  Rev.  Prof.  H.  H.  Mackin 
tobh,  I). Phil.  D.D. 
III.  NEW    POINTS    OF   VIEW    IN    TKXTUAL  CRITICISM. 
.„      By  Prof.  J.  Rend,-!  Harris.  M.A.  Lilt.D. 
1\.  NOTES    ON     THE     FOURTH    GOSPEL.      By    the    Rev. 

Principal  A   E.  Garvie.  m  a.  d  d 
V.  CONDLCT    AND     THE    KINGDOM.     By  the  Rev    E   W 
\\  instanley.  D.I). 
VI.  THE  CALL  Or  SOD.     By  T.  R.  Glover.  M.A.,  Fellow  of 

St.  .John  b  (  "lleiie,  Cambridge. 
VII.  ON  TWO  POINTS  in  1  TIMOTHY  I.     By  the  Rev     E    H 
Askwith.  D.D 
VIII.  FURTHER     REMARKS      IN     RESPONSE     TO      DR 
ABBOTTS    •MIS<ELL<NEA    EVANGELICA/    By  the 
Rev.  J.  B   Mayor.  Litt.D. 
".*  Subscription*.  12».  perannura.     United  States  and  Canada  3S 
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Vol.  V,  APRIL,  1914.  No  3 

PROF    EUCKEN  AND  THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  SELF  REALIZA- 
TION. Edmond  Holmes,  M  A 
A  JAPANESE  TEMPLE  OF  SILENCE.  Yone  Noguchi 
FICHTES  ANTICIPATION  OF  BERGSON. 

Harold  E.  B.  Speight.  M.A. 
THE  REINCARNATIONIST3  OF  EARLY  CHRISTENPOM. 

The  Editor. 

THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF  FRIENRSHIP.  Colum  Collum 

TRESPASSERS  ON  THE  MYSTIC  WAY.  Walter  Walsh    D  D 

PIVINE  LIMITATIONS.  c  B.  Wheeler,  M.A 

THE  INSPIRATION  OF  GENIUS.  J.  Arthur  Hill 

THE  WELLS  OF  LIGHT.  G.  W.  St.  G.  Saunders   M.A 

THE  SUICIDE.  v.  H.  Friedlaender. 

THE  PEOPLE  OF  GOD.  Aelfrida  Tillyard 

BEHOLD  THY  KING  !  C.  M.  Prevost 

THE  CATACOMB  ORPHEUS.  Ethel  Ross  Barker. 

and  FISH  FRESCOES.  Robert  Eisher,  Ph.D. 

JOHN  M.  WATKIN8, 

21.  Cecil  Court,  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C. 


THE    PEDIGREE    REGISTER. 

Quarterly. 

Edited  by  GEORGE   SHERWOOD. 

Price  2s.  Gd.  ;  by  post  2s.  7Jrf.  ;  10s.  6d.  per  annum  post  free. 

Contents  of  No.  JS  (MARCH). 

PEDIGREE  of  MAY  of  Drayton,  Berks;  Witney;  Henley-on- 
Thames;  London;  Alton,  Hants;  Ipswich;  Westminster- 
Tottenham;  Australia  and  Tasmania.  W.  L  May  and  Perceval' 
Lucafl. 

LIVESEY  of  Eastchurch.  Kent. 

GENEALOGICAL  LETTERS-FOTHERGILL. 

RECORDS  of  the  COURT  of  ARCHES. 

TWO  HUGUENOT  FAMILIES:   DESCARRIERES,  RENVOI/K 

LEAVE8  from  FAMILY  BIBLES,  4c:  No.  .0    HARFORD;  No  :il 

MORSE  ;  No.  32.  BERTHON  ;  No.  33.  BERTHON. 
NOTES,     QUERIES,     4c.       DAWSON     to    8IMP80N     Descent - 

GABRIEL:  MAILLARD  :  STUBBBR. -Pedigree  Work. 

Vol.  I.  (1907-10),  Vol.  II.  (1910-13),  complete,  with  Index, 
35s.  each,  cloth,  gilt  lettered. 

LONDON:  227,  STRAND  (by  Temple  Bar),  W.C. 


THE  ENGLISH  MAIL. 

This  well-known  and  most  widely  rirculated  Englit-h  Journal 
puhlfMhed  on  the  Continent  (Frank  fort-Oil  Ml  OODttllll  in  the 
current  ihtme  a  striking  contribution  hy  Dr.  Heinrich  Pe)hf<rmanu 
if'irrni-rly  Proprietor  and  Editor  <-f  Th>  Ksttumti  r,  l.\f< ,  and  The 
United  s>  rvict  <;-t:,tt,\t  entitled  *  IN  A  TIGHT  UOKNEU. 

Kv«ry  one  who  taken  an  InttTflt  III  the  BOOfftL  polltlod,  literary. 
and  artistic  period  of  those  days.  187!)  1H93,  should  read  it. 

In  the  forthcoming  nurnbt-r  will  appear  an  inten-cly  interesting 
article  hy  the  siune  writer  entitled 

THE  SAVOY  (HOTEL)  IN 
LONDON  "FOR  A  SONG." 

Bf Ogla ooplts or  thtMl  ■-     in  bt  had  at  :-/  Moh fit«mpj 

iccepudlontjppljiii^  to  the  Publishing  Offices  of  'THE  ENol.I-OI 
MAIL.'   Kriiiikr.irl  on  M  ,  On-many. 

NOW     RKADY. 
PHILOSOPHICAL        TRANSACTIONS 

OF    TDK 

ROYAL  80CIKTY  OF  LONDON. 
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THE    ATHEN^UM 


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Macmillan's  New  Books. 

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group  a  novelist  ever  found  to  his  hand 

It  is  a  book  of  a  warm,  as  well  as  of  a 
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By  John  Oliver  Hobbes. 

A  HUSBAND  OF  NO  IMPORTANCE. 

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0TTILIE.  By  Vernon  Lee. 

DREAM  LIFE  AND  REAL  LIFE. 

By  Olive  Schreiner. 

THE  HOME  OF  THE  DRAGON. 

By  Anna  Catiierina. 

T.  FISHER  UNWIN, 
1,     Adelphi     Terrace,     London. 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


4S1 


SATURDAY,  APRIL   ;,  1914 


CONTENTS.  1-ace 

A  Book  Fair  for  London           181 

The  Lkdqbb  Book  of  Vai.k  Royai.  Aiihey  ..        ..  US 

Dr.  Jessoit's  Last  Kss.ws          183 

Pryden    and    Sn.u  i TCBI  RY   (Lectures   on    Dryilen  ; 

Shaftesbury's  Second  Characters)                  .."     4S3— 1S4 
CANADIAN    ElBCORnS     sir     Clnrles    Tupper's    Recol- 
lections ;  The  Land  of  Open  Doors)    485 

Tub  Golden  TREASURY       485 

vlzetelly's  days  of  adventure         486 

Calvin's  Liie,  Letters,  and  Work 486 

The  Spiritual  Msssaob  of  Dantb      4S7 

The  Primitive  Text  of  the  Gospels 487 

A  History  of  Penal  Methods 488 

■88at9  presented  to  prof,  rllxjeway        ..        ..  48!) 

The  Spiritual  Drama  in  the  Lite  of  Thackeray  489 

FOlk-Ballads  of  Southern  Europe 490 

The  Civil  Service  of  Great  Britain          ..        ..  491 

The  Port  Books  of  Southampton      492 

Dr.  Rice  Holmes s  Edition  ok  C.esak         ..        ..492 

Dodo  the  Second      493 

Books  Published  this  Week  (English,  493  ;  Foreign, 

497) 493-497 

Frederic  Mistral;   J.  Payne  Collier       ..        ..  497 

Literary  Gossip        „  498 

Science— Gardening  and  the  Garden  (My  Garden 
in  Spring  ;  Rock  Gardening  for  Amateurs  ;  The 
Week-End  Gardener);  Prehistoric  Times  and 
Men  of  the  Channel  Islands;  Societies; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ..  ..  499-500 
Fine  Arts— Woman  and  Child  in  Art;  Selected 
Etchings  dy  Piranesi  ;  Exhibitions;  Sir 
H.    von    Herkomer  ;    Mr.    Spencer    Gore; 

Gossip;  Sale        501—502 

Music— Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week        ..  503 

Drama— Toistoy's  Plays  ;  Gossip        504 

Index  to  Advertisers       504 


LITERATURE 


A  BOOK  FAIR  FOR  LONDON. 

Lessons  from  Lelpsic. 

Time  was  when  the  chief  markets  of  the 
English  booksellers  were  the  great  fairs, 
such  as  that  of  Stourbridge,  which  con- 
tinued its  Booksellers'  Row  until  wrell  into 
the  eighteenth  century.  To-day  the  only 
books  to  be  seen  at  our  country  fairs  are 
the  outcasts  of  literature — tattered  tomes 
that  may  or  may  not  include  one  grain  of 
gold  among  the  dreary  waste  of  rubbish, 
or  new  books  that,  falling  still-born  from 
the  press,  have  been  scorned  even  by  that 
last  hope  of  the  unfortunates,  the  re- 
mainder market. 

Next  month,  however,  London  is  to 
have  a  Book  Fair  of  its  own — a  sort  of 
ket  edition  of  the  historic  fair  held 
every  year  at  Leipsic.  This  it  is  pro- 
d  to  hold  on  the  occasion  of  the  Print- 
ing and  Allied  Trades'  Exhibition,  which 
the  Lord  Mayor,  also  President  elect 
of  the  Institute  of  Printers  and  Kindred 
Trades,  will  open  at  the  Agricultural  Jlall 
on  May  13th.  Here  it  is  hoped  that  pub- 
lishers and  booksellers  will  meet  together 
on  a  common  platform,  and  discuse  the 
politics  of  their  trade  with  something  of  the 
informality  which  marked  the  old  trade- 
Bale  dinners  in  the  more  leisurely  days  of 
the  past,  when  friendly  gossip  over  the 
nuts  and  wine  helped  to  smooth  away 
many  a  business  difficulty.  That  pleasanl 
custom  died  out  with  B  sntley's  lasl  sale  in 
I  N,<8,  and  there  is  no  intention.  We  beli  jve, 
of  reviving  it  in  any  shape  or  form  at  the 
forthcoming  Book  Pair  in  London,  though 
the   Leipsic  Fair  would   be   anthinkabli 


without  its  banquet  on  Cantate  Sunday — 
the  fourth  Sunday  after  Easter — in  the 
sumptuous  House  of  (Jcrman  Booksellers. 
It  may  be  doubted  whether  the  feast  of 
reason  and  the  flow  of  soul  which  may  be 
anticipated  from  the  promised  lectures 
by  "  leading  literary  men  and  women  "  at 
the  Agricultural  Hall  will  have  the  same 
benignant  effect  as  the  generous  flow  of 
more  material  things,  but  there  should  be 
some  compensation  in  the  unique  spec- 
tacle of  author,  publisher,  and  bookseller 
united  for  once  to  capture  that  unknown 
quantity,  the  general  public.  On  the 
practical  side,  the  bookseller  will  be 
afforded  an  opportunity  not  only  of 
examining  the  stalls  of  the  principal  pub- 
lishers, but  also  of  following  the  life-story 
of  the  book  from  the  moment  when  the 
written  word  is  converted  into  type,  to 
the  finishing  touch  in  the  bindery. 

As  it  happens,  the  opening  of  this  first 
English  Book  Fair  will  coincide  with  the 
holding  of  the  International  Exhibition  of 
the  Book  Industry  and  Graphic  Arts, 
which  the  King  of  Saxony  is  to  inaugurate 
on  May  6th  at  Leipsic,  which  has  been  the 
centre  of  the  Continental  book  trade  since 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
The  Exhibition,  as  well  as  the  great  annual 
Book  Fair,  which  begins  three  days  later, 
should  serve  as  an  object-lesson  to  English 
visitors  in  the  matter  of  trade  organization. 
One  root  cause  of  the  decline  of  book- 
selling as  a  profitable  industry  in  this 
country  is  the  absence  of  any  unifying 
force  to  control  the  destinies  of  the  trade 
as  a  whole.  The  English  book  world  has 
been  too  long  divided  into  independent 
provinces,  mutually  distrustful,  and  jealous 
lest  the  advancement  of  one  should  be  made 
at  the  expense  of  the  others.  Mistakes  and 
jealousies  of  this  description  are  impossible 
in  the  German  book  trade,  the  whole  of 
which  is  under  the  supreme  control  of  one 
responsible  body,  instead,  as  in  our  case, 
of  being  governed  by  separate  councils, 
which  never  meet  except  in  times  of  dire 
necessity,  and  are  naturally  more  con- 
cerned writh  their  own  interests  than  the 
well-being  of  the  trade  at  large.  The 
regulations  of  the  Borsenverein  are  drawn 
up  with  an  eye  to  the  welfare  and  interests 
of  every  branch,  and  though  possibly  in 
some  respects  too  despotic  for  British 
minds,  they  have  succeeded  in  building  up 
a  book  trade  which  is  the  envy  and 
admiration  of  the  world. 

Recognizing  as,  we  believe,  no  other 
country  has  yet  done,  that  the  distribution 
of  books  needs  a  highly  specialized  organi- 
zation which  shall,  above  all  things,  be 
fully  equipped  with  the  latest  literary 
news,  the  Bdrsenverein  publishes  a  daily 
newspaper  of  its  own,  the  Borsenblatt, 
running  from  twenty-four  to  thirty-two 
pages,  and  containing  all  the  book  an- 
nouncements of  the  day.  with  notices  and 
bibliographical  facts  relating  to  foreign 
publications,    as    well    as    German,    and 

articles  of  general  trade  interest.  In  this 
way.   and    by    means  of   weekly,    monthly. 

half-yearly  and  annual  records,  the  German 
bookseller  is  kepi  regularly  posted  in  the 
multifarious    publications    in    b    manner 

undreamt    of  in  the   English   hook    trade. 


to  give 


We  do  not  propose  in  this  artielt 
a  detailed  account  of  the  rules  and  regula 
tions  of  the  ( terman  organization.  To  speak 
figuratively,  the  Bdrsenverein  is  the  par- 
liament of  the  trade,  with  committees  to 
deal  with  questions  of  the  day  and  details 
affecting  the  many-sided  interests  of  its 
various  constituents.  These  include  not 
only  the  booksellers  and  publishers'  union, 
but  also  such  affiliated  societies  as  those 
of  the  newsvendors,  the  printers,  and  the 
paper-makers.  Loyal  obedience  isexacted 
in  regard  to  the  spirit  as  well  as  the  letter 
of  the  laws.  Infringement  involves  ex- 
pulsion, which  virtually  means  extinction 
in  the  trade.  Even  the  author  is 
made  to  feel  the  influence  of  the  all- 
powerful  Borsenverein,  though  we  know- 
nothing  of  the  nature  of  the  rules  govern- 
ing the  relations  between  the  publisher 
and  the  man  of  letters.  Our  own  mem  be i  s 
of  what  has  been  called  the  obstetric 
branch  of  literature  might  be  predisposed 
in  favour  of  the  German  model  if  it 
rendered  impossible  such  inflated  prices 
as  are  commanded,  for  example,  by 
certain  popular  novelists  ;  while  authors, 
on  the  other  hand,  would  have  little 
cause  for  complaint  if  such  an  organiza- 
tion did  away  with  the  possibility  of 
injustice  at  the  hands  of  the  less  reputable 
members  of  the  trade.  Perhaps  this 
savours  of  the  millennium,  but  neither 
authors  as  a  body  nor  publishers  as  a 
body  should  have  anj^thing  to  fear  from 
a  government  appointed  to  look  after  the 
best  interests  of  the  book  world  as  a 
whole. 

In  addition  to  governing  the  politics  of 
the  German  trade,  and  settling  such 
details  as  the  price  of  books  and  the 
discount  to  be  allowed  to  libraries,  the 
Borsenverein  provides  in  its  imposing 
head  -  quarters  in  Leipsic  offices  for 
the  exchange  of  accounts.  Here  pub- 
lishers and  booksellers  forgather  with 
their  agents  from  all  parts  of  Europe  for 
the  great  annual  settlement  on  Cantate 
Monday.  The  agent  is  an  indispensable 
factor  in  the  German  trade.  Every 
publisher  and  bookseller  has  one.  and  all 
business  is  transacted  through  him.  The 
vast  majority  of  these  agents  have  their 
offices  at  Leipsic,  wdiere  they  are  kept 
supplied  with  the  books  issued  by  the 
publishers  for  whom  they  act.  They  may 
sell  only  to  the  booksellers,  who,  in  their 
turn,  deal  only  with  their  agents — not 
with  the  publishers  direct.  The  first 
thing  a  German  bookseller  does  after 
opening  his  letters  in  the  morning  is  to 
read     his     Bdrsi  nhlull .    and     send     off     tin 

regulation  tickets  to  his  agenl  for  the 
books  which  appeal  to  him  in  the  day's 
information  about  new  publications.  These 
books    are    dispatched    at    once    by    the 

agent  if  they  happen  to  be  his  own  pub- 
lisher's   productions;     it    they  are  not    his 

publisher's,  he  sends  the  tickets  to  the 
accredited  representatives,  who.  needless 
to  say,  do  the  same  in  return.    Whenbooks 

are  paid  for  with  ready  money  the  book- 
seller is  allowed  a  small  discount,  other- 
wise    except    in  the  case  ,,i   those  works 

which  he  is  allowed  to  order  on  sale  or 
return— he    is   given    credit    until    Cantate 


482 


m 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


Monday.  Then  be  joins  the  great  gather- 
ing of  the  trade  in  the  Buchhandlerhaus, 
where  all  the  agents  are  assembled  in 
alphabetical  order,  with  little  green  tables 
in  front  of  them  ;  and  the  bookseller 
goes  from  one  to  the  other,  settling  his 
yearly  account  and  paying  the  agent  his 
apportioned  commission.  How  much 
money  changes  hands  on  this  eventful 
day  it  would  be  idle  to  speculate,  but 
some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  book 
trade  in  Germany  may  be  gathered  from 
the  fact  that  the  total  number  of  publica- 
tions in  1912  amounted  to  no  fewer  than 
34,801,  against  the  English  total  of 
12.007.  The  statistics  compiled  in  the 
latest  issue  of  the  year-book  published 
by  the  Borsenverein  show  that  the 
number  of  firms  connected  with  the  trade 
has  grown  during  the  last  half -century 
from  2,797  to  12,412. 

There  is  associated  with  the  Borsen- 
verein, we  believe,  a  school  for  apprentices 
to  the  allied  trades — one  feature  at  least 
which  might  be  adopted  over  here, 
where  booksellers"  assistants  are  nowadays 
allowed,  for  the  most  part,  to  pick  up 
their  knowledge  in  a  sadly  perfunctory 
manner.  As  Mr.  Joseph  Shaylor  says  in 
his  '  Fascination  of  Books,'  the  book 
trade  has  suffered  especially  from  the 
discontinuance  of  the  old  apprenticeship 
system. 

"  I  served  with  many  boys  of  my  day  an 
apprenticeship  of  seven  years,"  he  writes, 
"  and  I  do  not  consider  a  day  of  it  was 
misspent ;  it  taught  me  what  little  I  know 
of  method,  discipline,  and  general  knowledge 
of  the  bookselling  trade,  and  I  know  I  have 
reason  to  be  thankful  for  this  business 
training." 

Another  feature  which  might  be  adopted 
with  advantage  is  the  exhibition  at  the 
head-quarters  of  the  industry  of  the  latest 
publications  from  the  press.  Here  foreign 
as  well  as  German  publishers  may  dis- 
play their  new  books,  and  as  the  general 
public  has  free  access,  the  advantages 
of  publicity  are  obvious.  America  seems 
to  be  realizing  the  possibilities  of  book 
exhibitions  at  the  present  time,  owing  to 
the  enterprise  of  the  Publishers'  Co- 
operative Bureau ;  and  some  central  dis- 
play of  the  kind,  as  a  regular  and  per- 
manent feature,  is  an  idea  that  might  be 
successfully  adopted  in  London. 

The  German  bookseller  owes  it  to  the 
Borsenverein  that  he  has  not,  like  too 
many  of  his  English  confreres,  lost  heart  in 
the  struggle  to  retain  his  rightful  place  in 
the  world  of  letters.  Happily  there  are 
still  booksellers  in  Britain  who  are  an 
honour  to  the  great  trade,  but  they  are 
steadily  decreasing,  and  under  the  exist- 
ing system  they  are  not  likely  to  have 
many  successors.  The  reason  is  not  far  to 
seek.  Bookselling  pure  and  simple,  as 
organized  in  this  country,  holds  out  few 
inducements  to  the  right  man — the  man 
who  turns  to  it  as  much  for  the  love  of  the 
thing  as  to  earn  a  living  wage — and  none 
at  all  for  the  ambitious  man  of  business. 
Obviously  this  is  almost  as  bad  for  the 
publisher  as  for  the  bookseller,  but  the 
obvious  thing  is  too  often  the  longest 
neglected.        Booksellers     complain     (not 


without  reason)  that  they  are  not  suffi- 
ciently recognized  as  an  essential  factor  in 
the  trade.  Publishers  complain  (also  not 
without  reason)  that  booksellers  are  not 
what  they  should  be — that  in  too  many 
cases  they  are  lamentably  lacking  in 
enterprise.  There  is  nothing  new  in  the 
suggestion  that  the  German  system  should 
be  taken  as  our  model  in  a  complete  recon- 
struction of  our  own  organization,  but  the 
present  occasion  seems  not  inopportune  for 
bringing  it  forward  as  a  serious  proposition. 
One  thing,  at  least,  is  certain — the  book 
trade  of  Great  Britain  can  never  be  all  that 
it  might  be  so  long  as  the  existing  hap- 
hazard system  of  divided  councils  is 
allowed  to  endure.  It  needs  some 
sort  of  benevolent  autocracy,  like  the 
Borsenverein  adapted  to  British  ideas,  to 
unite  all  the  scattered  forces  connected 
with  the  production  and  distribution  of 
books,  and  inspire  that  sense  of  mutual 
dependence  and  loyalty  which  is  the  secret 
of  success  in  any  great  industry. 


The  Ledger-Book  of  Vale  Royal  Abbey. 
Edited  by  John  Brownbill.  (Lancashire 
and  Cheshire  Record  Society.) 

The  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Record 
Society  have  done  good  service  to  all  who 
are  interested  in  monastic  studies,  as  well 
as  to  general  historical  students,  by  print- 
ing '  The  Ledger  -  Book  of  Vale  Royal 
Abbey.'  The  original  Ledger- Book  of  this 
once  important  Cistercian  abbey,  hidden 
away  in  the  glades  of  Delamere  Forest, 
was  lost  in  comparatively  recent  years. 
In  1062  it  was  at  Sir  Thomas  Mainwaring's 
at  Peover.  From  it  was  made  the  tran- 
script now  at  the  British  Museum  among 
the  Harleian  MSS.  This  transcript  was 
made  in  a  rather  careless  style  by  Randle 
Holme  III.,  but  a  careful  translation  of  it 
has  been  produced  by  Miss  Ethel  Stokes, 
and  is  here  produced  under  competent 
editorship. 

The  original  book  was  begun  in  the 
time  of  the  fifth  abbot,  Peter,  about  1338  ; 
ind3ed,  it  seems  probable  that  Peter  was 
himself  the  author  or  compiler.  The  plan 
of  it  is  set  forth  clearly  in  the  title.  It 
was  to  be  divided  into  three  sections  : 
(1)  a  history  of  the  abbots  ;  (2)  an 
account  of  the  various  pleadings,  &c, 
in  which  the  abbey  had  been  involved; 
and  (3)  a  collection  of  papal  bulls  confer- 
ring special  privileges  upon  the  Cistercian 
Order.  The  present  volume  does  not  con- 
cern itself  with  the  third  division. 

The  first  part  is  of  much  interest.  It 
appears  from  it  that  when  the  pages  were 
being  penned  some  persons  were  living  who 
remembered  the  beginning  of  the  build- 
ing of  the  conventual  church  in  1277.  The 
writing  was  certainly  after  1330,  the  year 
when  the  conventual  buildings  were  blessed, 
but  no  other  precise  date  occurs  in  this 
section. 

The  foundation  of  the  house  in  the 
midst  of  a  wild  people — the  actual  site 
had  been  the  haunt  of  bandits  and  desper- 
adoes— seems  to  have  been  unpopular 
throughout   the   immediate  district.     The 


bondmen  of  Darnhall  were  severely  re- 
stricted under  the  bailiffs  of  the  Earls  of 
Chester,  and,  though  discipline  somewhat 
relaxed  under  the  milder  sway  of  the 
abbots,  they  not  unnaturally  continued 
to  make  resolute  struggles  towards 
enfranchisement.  The  section  concerning 
the  customs  of  the  bond-tenants  of  the 
manor  of  Darnhall  is  striking.  The  citing 
of  a  single  paragraph  will  suffice  to  show 
the  almost  abject  position  of  these  serfs : — 

"  When  any  one  of  them  dieth  the  lord 
shall  have  all  the  pigs  of  the  deceased,  all  his 
goats,  all  his  mares  at  grass,  and  his  horse 
plso,  if  he  had  one  for  his  personal  use,  all  his 
bees,  all  his  bacon  pigs,  all  his  cloth  of  wool 
and  flax,  and  whatsoever  can  be  found  of 
gold  and  silver.  The  lord  also  shall  have 
all  his  brass  pots  or  pot,  if  he  have  one  [but 
who  of  these  bond-tenants  will  have  a  brass 
pot  for  cooking  his  food  in  ?],  because  at 
their  death  the  lord  ought-  to  have  all  things 
of  metal.  Abbot  John  [the  second  and 
fourth  abbots  were  both  called  John] 
granted  to  them  in  full  court  that  these 
metal  goods  should  be  divided  equally  be- 
tween the  lord  and  the  wife  of  the  deceased 
on  the  death  of  every  one  of  them,  but  on 
condition  that  they  should  buy  themselves 
brass  pots." 

It  is  satisfactory  to  find  that  the  abbots 
granted  a  considerable  number  of  manu- 
missions to  their  bondmen. 

The  fierceness  of  the  surroundings  of 
these  forest  monks  is  illustrated  by  an 
order  directed  by  the  King  to  R.  de 
Holand,  his  Justiciar  of  Chester,  under 
date  of  October  20th,  1320,  to  hold  an 
inquiry  on  the  oath  of  honest  and  lawful 
men  as  to  who  were  the  malefactors 

"  who  villainously  slew  John  de  Boddeworth, 
servant  of  our  well-beloved  in  Christ,  the 
abbot  of  Vale  Royal  at  Darnehale.  and  after- 
wards cut  off  his  head  and  carried  it  away 
with  them,  and  kicked  that  head  with  their 
feet  like  a  ball,  and  made  their  sport 
therewith." 

Amongst  the  appendixes,  the  most 
valuable  is  that  which  deals  with  the  build- 
ing accounts  between  1278  and  1281. 
During  the  three  years  and  part  of  a 
fourth  that  Leonius,  the  son  of  Leonius, 
was  in  charge  of  the  works  of  the  King  at 
Vale  Royal,  he  received  nearly  2,000/.  The 
wages  varied  according  to  the  time  of  the 
year,  a  higher  rate  being  paid  in  the  long 
days  of  summer.  The  ordinary  labourer 
received  from  Sd.  to  2d.  a  week  ;  but  some 
of  the  skilled  artisans  or  craftsmen  as 
much  as  ZOd.  Walter  de  Hereford,  the 
master  of  the  works,  had  2s.  a  day,  equiva- 
lent to  about  700Z.  a  year  at  the  present 
time  ;  he  is  placed  among  the  masons, 
who  were  naturally  the  most  important 
class  of  the  workmen.  A  curious  custom 
was  maintained  by  which  the  employers 
bought  the  tools  of  the  workmen  when 
the  latter  came  to  work  with  them.  Thus 
on  Sunday,  July  10th,  1278,  eleven 
masons  arrived  carrying  their  tools  with 
them,  to  wit,  twenty  hatchets  and  forty- 
eight  irons  for  carving  stone,  and  for 
these  they  received  10s.  The  wages  of 
carpenters,  sawyers,  plasterers,  masons, 
quarriers,  and  smiths  are  all  set  forth 
with  much  nicety,  as  well  as  those  who 
were  diggers  or  other  common  work- 
men. 


No.  4")  10,   Apkii.  4,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


483 


England?*    Peasantry,   and   Other    Essays. 

By  Augustus  Jessopp.     (Fisher  Unwin, 

7a.  (>'/.  net.) 
The  essays  put  together  in  this  volume, 
which  remained  unpublished  at  the 
author's  death,  are  of  unequal  merit,  as 
usual  in  Buch  posthumous  collections, 
■where  the  undiseriminating  piety  of  the 
survivors  of  great  men  of  letters  is  apt  to 
place  inchoate,  uncorrected  studies  which 
the  author  would  surely  not  have  pub- 
lished in  that  state.  We  cannot  think 
that  Dr.  Jessopp  would  himself  have 
sanctioned  the  inclusion  of  a  shapeless 
fragment  like  '  The  Lake-Dwellers  '  in 
any  volume  of  his  work  ;  while  the 
articles  entitled  '  Defence  or  Reform  I  ' 
and  "  Our  Worn-Out  Parsons,'  though 
interesting  as  considered  judgments  upon 
questions  of  Church  discipline,  read  rather 
like  notes  prepared  for  public  speaking. 

But  there  is  nothing  here  derogatory 
to  the  author's  fame  ;  on  every  page  we 
see  the  evidences  of  a  balanced,  learned 
mind  :  and  three  at  least  among  the 
saays  —  '  A  Country  Parson  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century."  '  The  Elders  of 
Arcady.'  and  "  St.  William  of  Norwich  ' — 
are  in  Dr.  Jessopp's  finest  manner.  In 
the  first  we  have  a  description  (based  on 
private  correspondence  of  the  period)  of 
clerical  society  in  the  district  around 
Sandringham  in  the  first  half  of  the 
eighteenth  centurv. 


'  The  picture  which  Macaulay  drew 
[writes  Dr.  Jessopp]  of  the  manners  and  life 
of  the  country  parsons  during  that  dark  time 
when  the  people  of  England  were  painfully 
and  slowly  recovering  from  the  effects  of  the 
Great  Rebellion,  and  the  social  disorganiza- 
tion that  followed,  is  now  generally  acknow- 
tedged  to  be  full  of  exaggeration,  not  to  say 
of  caricature  ;  but  the  mischievous  effect 
which  that  brilliant  piece  of  writing  has  had 
upon  the  half-informed  public  is  chiefly  to  be 
deplored  in  that  whatever  measure  of  truth 
there  may  be  in  Macaulay's  account  of  the 
country  clergy  in  the  days  of  the  later 
Stuarts  is  commonly  believed  to  be  as  true 
of  the  country  parsons  in  the  days  of  the 
first  Georges." 

In  confutation  of  this  common  error 
Dr.  Jessopp  shows  that  in  one  country 
district   at   least  the   clergy   were   men  of 

•  -ducation  and  some  standing,  and  at- 
tended to  their  duties.  The  Incumbent 
"t  Sandringham  was  at  that  time  a  stu- 
dioufl  gentleman  : — 

"  At  Castk  Rising  the  rector  for  the  past 

thirty  years  or  so  was    it,  scholar  and  divine 

some  note  in  his  day,  one  Elisha  Smith, 

M..-\..  a  great  writer  of  hooks  and  esteemed 

ed  personage \t  Barpley  there  had 

actually    Keen    three    doctors    of    divinity    in 

-ion  who  held  the  benefice  between 
1706  and  1714.  one  of  whom  became  a  pre- 
bendary of  Bristol,  and  another  ended  as 
I  ''in  of  Durham." 

Indeed,  the  country  clergy  of  Nbrth-West 

Norfolk  at   that  period    appear   to   have 

i  n  more  teamed  and  efficient  than  they 

are    tO-day  .     and    it    i-    probable,    as    the 

learned  author  suggests,  that  a  district  -.■ 
remote  wot  not  exceptionally  favoured. 

In     •  St       William     of      Norwich  '      hi 

•  l  -- opp.  commenting  upon  the  recent!} 
discovered  MB.  <>f  Thomas  Monemub 


with  a  gentle  irony  which  is  inimitable, 
investigates  the  origin  of  the  charges  <>f 
ritual  murder  brought  against  the  .lews 
so  often  in  the  Middle  Ages.  The  story 
would  be  truly  funny  were  it  not  for  all 
the  bloodshed  it  entailed. 

"The  story  [groundless,  as  the  author  has 

already  demonstrated]  of  the  hoy  crucified 
by  the  Jews  at  Norwich  was  the  first  of  a 
cycle  of  almost  identical  stories,  which  were 
repeated  from  that  time  forward  all  over 
Europe.  .  .  .The  story  of  St.  William  of  Nor- 
wich is  the  earliest,  of  them  all,  and  I  have 
little  doubt  that  before  very  long  it  will  be 
capable  of  something  like  demonstration  that 
it  was  the  source  and  origin  of  them  all .  .  .  . 
It  must  be  remembered  that  the  cult  of  a 
new  saint,  with  attractive  features  of  its  own 
appealing  strongly  to  the  imagination  of 
mothers  and  children,  would  be  sure  to  bring, 
and  did  bring,  a  vast  concourse  of  devotees 
to  Norwich,  and  that  the  offerings  made  at 
the  shrine  woidd  be  very  considerable  in 
amount ...  .If  at  Bury  the  insolent  Jews  had 
brought  the  Abbey  to  the  very  verge  of  in- 
solvency, and  were  going  in  and  out  among 
the  monastic  buildings  as  though  they 
belonged  to  them — and  such  was  the  case 
during  all  those  years  when  the  St.  William 
craze  at  Norwich  was  at  its  height — what 
would  be  easier  than  to  fan  the  flame  of 
anti-Semitic  hatred  even  by  repeating  and 
circulating  the  Norwich  story  ?  But  would 
it  not  be  far  better  to  find  a  boy  saint  of 
their  own  ?.  .  .  .Bury,  too,  found  a  boy  saint 
for  herself — St.  Robert  the  Martyr — and  he, 
too,  wrought  signs  and  wonders." 

With  regard  to  the  real  name  of  the 
monkish  author  (a  contemporary)  of  the 
Legend  of  St.  William,  Thomas  Mone- 
mutensis  or  Monemetensis,  hitherto  trans- 
lated Thomas  Monmouth,  Dr.  Jessopp 
makes  a  curious  suggestion  upon  the 
analogy  of  one  John  Capgrave,  an  Augus- 
tinian  friar  at  Lynn,  who  called  himself 
Johannes  de  Monumento  Pileato. 

"  How  if  our  Thomas  [Dr.  Jessopp  asks 
the  reader]  played  a  trick  of  the  same  kind, 
and  turned  a  patronymic  which  was  Hill  or 
Craves  or  Mount  into  this  Latin  folly  ?  " 

Of  a  boy  who  was  healed  at  St.  William's 
tomb  he  writes  : — 

"  His  father  brought  him  all  the  way  from 
Lincoln  in  a  gig  !  (How  else  am  I  to  trans- 
late '  a  patre  in  vehiculo  rotatili  advehitur, 
quod  civeriam  appellant '  ?)  " 

The  narrative  is  a  mine  of  erudition,  and 
as  entertaining  as  the  finest  fiction. 

But  it  is  in  '  The  Elders  of  Arcady  ' 
that  we  find  the  author  at  his  very  best 
in  his  descriptions  of  old  country  neigh- 
hours  and  their  curious  lore.  To  show 
the  worth  of  oral  tradition  to  the  antiquan  . 
Dr.  Jessopp  tells  of  two  discoveries  of  his 
own  which  are  due  entirely  to  his  love 
of  talking  to  old  village  people.  h\  one 
case  he  learnt  that  the  images  upon  the 
rood -.screen  of  the  chinch  of  kittle  Frans- 
ham  had  remained  in  situ  till  the  second 
decade  of  the  nineteenth  century  from 
an  old   labourer's  remark  : — 

"'Many  'a  tic-  time  I  ba'  rot  in  thej 
'///'/  an i< l<< il  i In  images. 

'You    mean    'lie    an&ela    I     suppose  T ' 

[these   W  e|e    Milder   the   roof  j. 

"  •  No,  I  don't  mean  the  angels  !    S'pose 
I  dunno  a  angel  from  a  image  '.' 

"  '  But     where    were     the     images  '.'       What 

were    they  T. ..  .What   -  the   difference    be- 
tween an  angel  and  an  image  ': 


"' What 's  the  difference  1    \Vh\  el's 

got  wings,  and  a  image  has  gol  his  close  on. 

And  a  angel  ain't  painted  all  manner  o' 
colours,  and  they  images  they  was  dressed  in 
red  and  green,  and  two  on  'em  was  men,  and 
two  was  women  ....  Where  !  Why,  atop  o' 
the  screen,   o'   courst.      There  was  a  kind   of 

balcony  in  front  of  'em,  and  they  stood 
behind  it  ;    and  we  boys  we  "d  watch  'em, 

Cause   lots  on    'em    used    to  say   they'd   seen 

'em  move.1 

There  is  much  more  to  entertain  the 
reader  :  the  magic  house  of  Ihightmoie 
Trollop  which  Dr.  Jessopp  regarded  as 
the  original  of  Mr.  Wemmick's  "  castle 
down  at  Walworth  ;  the  infant  school  of 
Mrs.  Skayce,  a  staunch  Dissenter  who 
made  her  charges — of  from  3  to  G  years 
old — walk  two  miles  to  the  Dereham 
Chapel  every  Sunday  morning,  two  and 
two.  and  who  "  fared  as  if  she  was  defy- 
ing the  gentlefolks  with  her  '  Two  and 
two.  children— two  and  two  !  '  or  the 
sad  fate  of  old  X,  who  would  "  fight  any 
man  for  a  tater." 

We  warmly  recommend  this  last  work 
of  one  who,  though  he  lived  and  died  a 
simple  country  parson,  will  rank  among 
the  great  Victorians. 


DRYDEN    AND     SHAFTESBURY. 

Verrall's  '  Lectures  on  Dryden '  are 
timely  to-day.  It  has  long  been  the 
fashion  to"  decry  that  reach  in  the  main 
stream  of  English  poetry  which  began 
in  a  reaction  against  the  school  of 
Donne,  culminated  in  Pope,  and  finally 
made  way  for  the  romantic  revival 
heralded  by  Burns.  Dryden's  work  has 
shared  too  much  in  the  neglect  due  to 
this  prejudice,  and  it  is  consequently  the 
greater  pleasure  to  read  these  essays, 
the  posthumous  work  of  a  scholar,  an 
original  thinker,  and  a  professed  admirer 
of  his  author. 

On  the  subject  of  Dryden's  life  and 
character  Verrall  is  sympathetic  and  emi- 
nently reasonable.  He  disposes  easily  of 
the  old  ridiculous  view  of  the  poet  as 
a  mean  sycophant,  leading  "  ;t  life  of 
mendicancy  and  adulation."  and  turning 
his  coat  whenever  he  thought  it  to  his  own 
advantage  to  do  so.  Moreover,  he  dis- 
poses of  it  without  straining  the  facts  or 
putting  impossible  constructions  on  simple 
actions.  Dryden  was  a  man  of  strong, 
but  not  immutable  convictions;  in  his 
everyday  life,  in  politics,  in  religion,  and 
even  in  criticism  he  was  a  creature  of 
the  moment.  If  he  held  a  view,  he  held 
it  strongly  enough,  and  was  always 
ready  with  plenty  of  sound  .sense  to  sup- 
port it  :  but  to-morrow  or  next  \ ear 
he   mighl    think  differently.     Why    not  1 

What    blame    is    there    if    he    followed    the 

stream  at  the  Restoration,  il  he  was 
converted  f<>  the  Roman  Church,  or  it  he 
changed  hi-  opinions  about  rhymed  tra- 
gedy \  We  are,  on  the  contrary .  de- 
lighted   to    have    both    '  Religio     Laici  ' 

Lectures   on    Dryden,       Bj    A.    W.    Verrall. 

(Cambridge  University  Press,  Is.  &d.  net.) 
Shaftesbury's  Second  Characters.    Bj  B.  Rand. 

(Same  publishers,  Is.  <W.  net.) 


484 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4510,  Apkil  4,  1914 


and  •  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,'  both 
<  Aurangzebe  '  and  v  All  for  Love.' 
DilTerent  people  are  differently  built, 
and  many  estimable  men  have  had  more 
changeable  mental  constitutions  than 
Dryden  without  ever  being  called  in 
question.  No  one  is  bound  to  be  Milton, 
as  Verrall  reasonably  says. 

But  certainly  the  most  valuable  section 
in  the  book  is  that  which  treats  of  the 
Unities.  This  vexatious  imbroglio,  over 
which  Dryden  and  his  contemporaries 
were  never  tired  of  wrangling,  is  a  tangle 
of  misconception  and  delusion  that  has 
never  before  been  satisfactorily  unravelled. 
Verrall  has  used  his  great  knowledge  of 
Greek  tragedy  to  good  purpose  in  exposing 
exhaustively  and  lucidly  the  various 
underlying  fallacies  on  which  this  moon- 
shine battle  depended  ;  and  it  is  a  service 
to  students  of  literature  which  should 
assure  for  this  book  a  place  in  all  good 
libraries. 

So  excellent  is  this  chapter  that  we 
regret  the  many  interesting  points  on 
which  the  write/ kept  silence.  His  scope 
was  doubtless  restricted  by  the  form  in 
which  his  book  was  cast — that  of  a  series 
of  lectures.  Thus  all  the  plays  are  ruled 
out  together,  with  the  sole  exception  of 
1  All  for  Love.'  Thus,  too,  we  find  no 
discussion  of  Dryden's  merit  as  a  prose 
writer,  or  of  the  origin  of  the  new  move- 
ment in  poetry  for  which  he  stood  sponsor. 
Was  it  all  French,  or  should  we  date  it 
from  the  appearance  in  1642,  before 
Charles  II.  went  on  his  travels,  of  Den- 
ham's  '  Cooper's  Hill '  ?  We  should  have 
liked,  too,  to  have  some  account  of  the 
influence  on  Dryden  of  his  immediate 
predecessors  of  the  school  of  Donne. 
This  influence  was  still  strong  in  1666,  as 
we  may  see  from  the  often-quoted  lines 
in  '  Annus  Mirabilis,'  describing  an  attack 
on  the  Dutch  East  Indiamen  sailing 
home  laden  with  spices  : — 

Some  preciously  by  broken  porcelain  fall, 
And  some  by  aromatic  splinters  die. 

These  lines,  with  their  charming  "  Chi- 
noiserie,"  have  long  been  a  notorious 
stumbling-block  to  the  unpoetical. 

"  Who,  in  a  sea-fight  [says  Macaulay], 
ever  thought  of  the  price  of  the  china  which 
beats  out  the  brains  of  a  sailor  ;  or  of  the 
odour  of  the  splinter  which  shatters  his  leg  ?  :' 

Dryden,  we  may  imagine,  would  have 
been  amused  at  this. 

How  will  sweet  Ovid's  ghost  be  pleased  to  hear 
His  praise  augmented  by  a  British  peer! 

Verrall,  curiously  enough,  takes  a  view 
exactly  opposite  to  Macaulay's.  Far  from 
blaming  Dryden  for  a  failure  in  realism, 
he  finds  in  these  lines  a  repulsive  blunt- 
ness  of  feeling  and  a  morbid  love  of 
horror  which  he  ascribes  partly  to  the 
general  barbarity  of  an  age  when  traitors' 
heads  were  still  exposed  on  London 
Bridge,  and  partly  to  ''an  ungovemed 
passionate  curiosity  for  fact."  It  is 
difficult  to  find  an  argument  that  might 
reach  those  who  can  see  any  horror  what- 
ever in  the  passage  ;  but  clearly,  if  any 
"  facts  "  were  in  question,  they  would 
be  facts  about  china  and  spices,  not 
about  wounds  and  death.  Macaulay  sees 
this,  at  any  rate,  clearly  enough. 


"  Preciously  and  aromatic  [he  says]  divert 
our  whole  attention  to  themselves,  and  dis- 
solve the  image  of  the  battle  in  a  moment." 

But  Dryden  was  neither  trying  to 
describe  the  nasty  wounds  caused  by 
broken  fragments  of  a  piece  of  porcelain, 
nor  attempting  to  produce  a  '  Battle  of 
the  Lake  Regillus.'  He  was,  on  the 
contrary,  Avriting  poetry,  and  the  "  facts  " 
for  which  poets  display  an  ungoverned 
passionate  curiosity  are  facts  of  a  very 
different  order.  What  interested  Dryden 
was  not  wounds  nor  pieces  of  china,  nor 
yet  the  incongruous  notion  of  wounds 
caused  by  pieces  of  china,  but  something 
double-distilled  and  essential,  something 
precipitated  by  his  art  out  of  a  subtle 
combination  of  images  and  sounds,  of 
ideas  and  suggestions  of  ideas.  The 
plain  meaning  of  the  words  is  among 
these  ingredients  ;  we  could  not  appre- 
ciate the  poetry  if  we  did  not  understand 
their  sense.  But  the  value  of  the  poetry 
can  no  more  be  judged  by  the  value  of 
the  meaning  than  by  the  beauty  of  the 
mere  sound. 

All  this,  no  doubt,  would  be  admitted 
by  everybody  ;  but  that  is  not  enough. 
The  good  critic  must  also  see  and  feel  it. 
There  are  many  who  read  and  enjoy 
poetry  ;  the  romance,  the  music  of  the 
verse,  the  fine  and  appropriate  diction, 
most  can  delight  in.  But  just  this,  the 
very  essence  of  a  real  poet's  art,  how  few 
there  are  who  have  eyes  to  see  or  ears 
to  hear !  Verrall,  we  fear,  was  not  of 
their  number. 

Consider,  for  another  example,  his 
comparison  of  a  passage  from  Dryden's 
'  State  of  Innocence,'  the  "  tagged " 
version  of  '  Paradise  Lost,'  with  a  parallel 
passage  from  Milton's  original.  The  lines 
selected  by  Verrall  are  those  describing 
the  vision  of  Death,  and  the  comparison 
is  full  of  interest.  Milton  is  describing  a 
lazar  house  : — ■ 

Demoniac  frenzy,  moping  melancholy 
And  moonstruck  madness,  pining  atrophy, 
Marasmus  and  wide-wasting  pestilence, 
Dropsies,  and  asthmas,  and  joint-racking  rheums — 
Dire  was  the  tossing,  deep  the  groans  ;    Despair 
Tended  the  sick  busiest  from  couch  to  couch  ; 
And  over  them  triumphant  Death  his  dart 
Shook,  but  delayed  to  strike. 

Here  is  Dryden's  view  : — 

Raphael.  Behold  of  every  age  ;    ripe  manhood 
see, 
Decrepit  years,  and  helpless  infancy  : 
Those    who,    by    lingering    sickness,    lose    their 

breath  ; 
And  those  who,  by  despair,  suborn  their  death. 
See  yon  mad  fools,  who  for  some  trivial  right, 
For  Jove,  or  for  mistaken  honour,  fight  : 
See  those,  more  mad,  who  throw  their  lives  away 
In  needless  Avars  ;   the  stakes  which  monarchs  lay, 
When  for  each  other's  provinces  they  play. 
Then,  as  if  earth  too  narrow  were  for  fate. 
On  open  seas  their  quarrels  they  debate  : 
In  hollow  wood  their  iloating  armies  bear  ; 
And  force  imprison'd  winds  to  bring  them  near. 

This  is  excellent  stuff  ;  and,  although  the 
pause  of  suspense  after  the  word  "  Shook  " 
in  the  first  extract  is  in  Milton's  finest 
manner,  we  should  not  seriously  quarrel 
with  Verrall's  decision  in  favour  of 
Dryden  if  his  opinion  were  based  on  the 
very  real  merits  of  Raphael's  speech. 
But  what  is  his  comment  ? — 

'  In  Milton's  description  there  is  too 
much  art,  he  overlays  the  horror.  If  we 
ask  which  picture  is  the  sadder,  we  must 
answer,  that  it  is  surely  Dryden's." 


Here  we  have  the  same  irrelevant  pre- 
occupation with  the  subject-matter.  But 
is  it  really  possible  that  any  one — is  it 
possible  that  Verrall — could  ever  actually 
have  thought  that  the  merit  of  these  lines 
of  Dryden  lay  in  their  being  a  com- 
pendium of  human  folly  and  misery  ? 
What  we  admire  is  something  very  dif- 
ferent. It  is  like  watching  from  some 
pleasant  hill-top,  through  the  clear,  cool 
light  of  morning  in  the  remote  plain  and 
on  the  sea  beyond  it,  the  futile  but  en- 
thralling spectacle  of  a  multitude  of 
small  and  busy  creatures.  Sad  ?  Why, 
it  is  almost  gay. 

The  section  devoted  to  the  Odes  is 
more  satisfactory  as  poetical  criticism, 
and  contains  several  interesting  com- 
parisons with  other  poets,  as  Cowley, 
Gray,  Collins,  and  Tennyson.  Verrall 
had  evidently  a  keen  appreciation  of  the 
beauties  of  these  poems.  He  remarks 
repeatedly  on  the  importance  of  the 
adaptation  of  metrical  emphasis  to 
the  meaning,  and  is  enthusiastic  on  the 
success  with  which  Dryden  has  produced 
similar  effects,  by  changes  of  metre,  in 
the  two  St.  Cecilia's  Day  Odes.  But 
are  not  these  effects  a  trifle  too  obvious 
for  the  highest  praise  ?  Dryden,  like 
"  heavenly  harmony,"  certainly  runs 
"  through  all  the  compass  of  the  notes"  ; 
but  does  he  not  thump  a  little  ?  More 
subtle  effects  of  the  same  kind  Verrall 
seems  to  have  missed,  as,  for  instance, 
where  he  blames  Roscommon  for  metrical 
laxity  in  the  lines 

Let  free  impartial  men  from  Dryden  learn 
Mysterious  secrets  of  high  concern, 

and  suggests  the  insertion  of  "  a  "  before 
''  high."  Had  Roscommon  written  "  af- 
fairs "  instead  of  "  secrets,"  Verrall  would 
doubtless  have  made  no  difficulty  ;  but 
the  inverted  accent  gives  point  to 
the  line,  and  almost  forces  the  reader  to- 
lower  his  voice  and  raise  his  eyebrows. 

But  though,  as  a  poetical  Mentor, 
Verrall  is  hardly  satisfactory,  there  is 
much  else  of  the  highest  interest  in  the 
volume,  which  is  a  welcome,  and  in  some 
respects  invaluable,  addition  to  the  litera- 
ture of  the  subject. 

Those  who  are  interested  in  Shaftes- 
bury's views  on  ^Esthetics  may  be  grateful 
to  Mr.  Rand  for  providing  them  with 
further  instruction  in  the  volume  entitled 
'  Shaftesbury's  Second  Characters.'  At 
his  death  Shaftesbury  was  preparing  a 
volume  on  this  subject  complementary 
to  his  more  ethical  '  Characteristics/ 
but  had  completed  only  two  of  the  four 
sections  which  it  was  to  comprise. 
These  two  —  the  '  Letter  on  Design  '  and 
the  '  Notion  on  the  Historical  Draught 
of  Hercules  '  —  were  incorporated  in  the 
later  editions  of  the  '  Characteristics  ' ; 
and  of  the  other  two,  the  first,  an  essay  on 
the  picture  of  Cebes,  was  never  written  ;. 
while  for  the  last,  a  dissertation  on  Plastics, 
he  had  compiled  a  fairly  complete  skeleton 
of  notes.  These  notes  have  been  un- 
earthed by  Mr.  Rand,  who  has  thus  been 
enabled  to  give  us  an  approximation  to 
the  projected  volume  under  Shaftesbury's. 
intended  title  of  '  Second  Characters.' 


No.  4510.  April  4,  1014 


THE     A  Til  KN.EUM 


485 


Shaftesbury's  view  both  of  the  plastic 
arts  and  of  poetry  is  that  they  are 
simply  means  of  giving  information — very 
Bnperior  information,  of  course,  hut  still 
just  information.  So,  logically  enough, 
lie  looks  upon  the  art  of  painting  as 
exactly  similar  to  the  art  of  making  pot- 
hooks and  hangers.  There  arc.  according 
to  him,  three  kinds  of  Characters  :  First 
Characters  are  purely  symbolic,  such  as 
our  alphabet  and  the  Arabic  numerals  : 
Second  Characters  are  copies  of  actual 
subjects  ;  and  Third  Characters  arc  a 
mixture  of  the  other  two.  such  as  symbolic 
pictures  and  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  So. 
moving  along  parallel  lines,  First  Charac- 
ters developed  into  poetry,  and  S.-cond 
Characters  into  the  plastic  arts.  The 
merits  of  a  picture  depend  very  largely 
on  plastic  truth,  by  which  Shaftesbury 
means  (non  obstante  Mr.  Rand's  Introduc- 
tion, as  the  noble  author  would  have  said, 
a  presentment,  not  of  mere  form  or  colour) 
but  of  manners,  character,  passion,  and 
so  on.  Thus  in  a  picture  of  the  choice  of 
Hercules  that  hero's  attitude  to  the  fair 
sex  is  to  be  shown  by  drawing  him  stand- 
ing rather  than  sitting,  "  in  regard  to  the 
presence  of  t'.ie  two  goddesses."  So  it  is 
that  Second  Characters  are  moral. 

The  aesthetic  speculations  of  a  noble 
virtuoso  are  readable  enough  if  set  out 
in  good  eighteenth-century  prose,  but 
when  we  have  a  mere  bundle  of  notes  they 
become  tedious.  Yet  there  is  a  passage 
or  two  where  this  compressed  form  seems 
to  possess  a  vigour  of  its  own.     Thus  : — 

"•  Chief  support  of  painting  what  ?  Christ  ! 
— Wretched  model.  Barbarian — Xo  form, 
no  grace  of  shoulders,  breast,  no  demarche, 
air,  majesty,  grandeur,  a  lean  uncomely  pro- 
portion and  species,  a  mere  Jew  or  Hebrew 
(originally  an  ugly  scabby  people)  both  shape 
and  physique,  with  half  beard  peaked,  not 
one  or  the  other." 

Shaftesbury's  full-dress  style  was  too 
genteel  (to  borrow  Lamb's  appropriate 
epithet)  to  have  retained  the  force  of 
feeling  in  these  jottings. 


CANADIAN    RECORDS. 

To  the  inquiring  reader  who  desires  to 
!<arn  something  of  modern  Canada  in  the 
course  of  a  short  reading  it  would  not  be 

y  to  recommend  anything  more  prac- 
tically serviceable  than  the  perusal  of 
these  two  books.  Sir  Charles  Tupper'e 
'  Recollections  !  really  form  a  political 
history  of  the  Dominion  since  1850 — since 
a  good  many  years  before  it  became  a 
Dominion,  that  is.  Mr.  Bickersteth's  vol- 
ume, apart  from  its  special  interest  as  a 
persona]  record  of  present-day  Anglican 
mission  work  in  British  North  America, 
forms  one  of  the  truest   and  most  graphic 

'lire-,  the  reviewer  has  come  across  of 
twentieth  -  century  life  and  pioneering  in 

BecoOections  of  Sixty   Years.     By  the  Right 
Hon.  8ir  Charles  Tapper.     (Cassell  <fc  Co., 

lfts.  net.) 

TI'C   1/n, d   of   Opm   1 1  By  J.   Burgon 

Bickersteth.       (Wells     Gardner    ft    Co., 

7s.  6-/.  net.) 


the  Xorth-West.  It  is  a  book  which 
reflects  great  credit  upon  the  author  and 
his  fellow-workers,  is  vividly  real  and 
actual,  and  forms  a  glowing  tribute 
to  the  bravery  and  the  thoroughness  of 
our  Church  workers  in  Canada. 

Sir  Charles  Tupper's  '  Recollections  ' 
take  rank  at  once  as  political  history. 
Among  living  statesmen  of  the  British 
Empire  this  descendant  of  seventeenth- 
century  Puritan  emigrants  to  New  Eng- 
land stands  easily  in  the  front  rank,  by 
right  of  seniority  and  variety  of  experience. 
He  is  now  in  his  93rd  year  ;  his  faculties 
are  unimpaired  ;  and  much  of  his  writing 
in  this  volume  is  as  full  of  fire  and  en- 
thusiasm as  were  his  political  orations 
of  more  than  forty  years  ago,  when  he 
played  a  leading  part  in  the  confederation 
of  those  provinces  which  now  form  the 
premier  British  Dominion. 

*  Next  to  Macdonald,  the  man  who  did 
most  to  bring  Canada  into  confederation 
was  Sir  Charles  Tupper."  So  said  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier,  a  few  years  ago.  in  London. 
Some  would  go  even  further,  without 
abating  a  jot  of  their  respect  for  Sir  John 
A.  Macdonald's  memory  ;  for  while  that 
most  picturesque  statesman's  personality 
dominated  the  foreground  of  Canadian 
politics,  in  the  days  when  "  Canada  "  did 
not  include  Nova  Scotia  or  New  Bruns- 
wick, still  less  the  great  Pacific  Province, 
Sir  Charles  Tupper  was  accomplishing  an 
immense  amount  of  quiet,  but  essential 
work  more  or  less  in  the  background.  In 
breadth  of  outlook  and  imaginative  fore- 
sight no  other  Canadian  statesman  ex- 
cels the  author  of  this  book.  From  his 
own  knowledge  of  Canadian  politics  and 
affairs  the  reviewer  has  annotated  a 
dozen  prophetic  passages  in  Sir  Charles's 
speeches  of  thirty,  forty,  and  even  fifty 
years  ago,  which  time  has  tested  during 
the  present  century  and  proved  true. 
Sir  Charles  has  always  served  high  ends 
with  high  honour.  He  is  one  who  used 
to  think,  and  speak,  and  act  "  imperially  ' 
long  before  that  word  became  fashionable 
among  politicians  of  our  race.  Con- 
federation, preferential  trade,  Empire 
unity  —  he  has  served  these  ends  inde- 
fatigably.  with  all  the  enthusiasm  and 
eloquence  of  which  he  was  capable,  long 
before  they  were  ever  mentioned  in  news- 
papers. His  services  to  his  native  Domi- 
nion and  to  the  British  Empire  have  been 
great ;  and  this  comely  volume  of  400 
pages  forms  a  fitting  crown  to  his  labours. 

The  popular  ex-Governor-General  of 
Canada,  Earl  Grey,  was  recently  visiting 
a  house  in  Clasgow.  A  fellow-guest  showed 
him  a  letter  just  received  from  Mr.  J.  B. 
Bickersteth.  a  lay  missionary  who  with 
other  members  of  the  Archbishops'  Mis- 
sion was  courageously  doing  his  best 
to  meet  the  spiritual  requirements  of 
the  settlers  and  the  men  engaged  on  the 
Grand    Trunk     Pacific    Railway.       The 

result  may  he  stated  in  Kail  (bey's  own 
words  : — 

"  .  .  .  .T  W8S   so  impn      ed    and  fascinated    by 

the  letter  that  I  begged  to  be  included  in  the 
list  of  those,  wiio  might  share  the  pleasure 
of  reading  future  letters  from  tie-  same  pen. 


That  privilege  was  granted  to  me,  and  1  can 
honestly  say  that  few  pleasures  enjoyed 
during  the  year  1913  exceeded  that  of  read- 
ing these  letters  as  they  arrived." 

The  same  pleasure  is  open  now  to  all 
who  care  to  obtain  Mr.  Bickersteth's 
excellently  written  and  well  -  illust  rated 
volume,  with  its  workmanlike  Appendix 
and  Indexes.  Great ly  its  pages  tempt  the 
present  reviewer  to  quotation,  for  scores  of 
them  contain  little  bits  of  first-hand 
observation,  experience,  ami  descriptive 
talk,  put  into  words  on  the  spot,  and 
illustrating  in  graphic  fashion  the  homely 
realities  of  Western  Canadian  life.  Mr. 
Bickersteth  has  the  right  spirit .  and  should 
go  far  in  his  chosen  work.  Meanwhile,  the 
aims  of  that  fine  work  may  be  practically 
served  by  the  production  of  so  interesting 
a  book  as  this,  which  ought  assuredly  to 
reach  the  hands  of  many  who  will  be 
proud  and  glad  to  help,  according  to  their 
ability,  in  the  enlargement  of  service  so 
admirable. 


The  Golden  Treasury  of  the  Best  Songs  and 
Lyrical  Poems  in  the  English  Language. 
Selected  and  arranged  by  Francis  Turner 
Palgrave,  with  Additional  Poems,  and 
with  Notes  by  C.  B.  Wheeler.  (Oxford 
University  Press,  2s.  6d.) 

Mr.  Wheeler's  notes  to  this  enlarged 
edition  of  '  The  Golden  Treasury '  are 
intended  for  the  schoolroom,  and  the 
Preface,  in  which  he  expounds  the  aims 
he  has  kept  in  view  in  his  work,  seems 
to  us  sound — unless,  perhaps,  he  is  need- 
lessly severe  at  times  on  actual  exponents 
or  possible  defenders  of  other  and,  we 
must  hold,  inferior  methods. 

His  conviction  is  that  the  love  of  poetry 
begins  with  the  recognition  that  poetry 
has  an   intelligible   meaning,   or,   at  any 
rate,   that  to  foster  and  develope   it  we 
must  bring  into  relief  the  precise  signific- 
ance and  intention  of  the  poet's  expression, 
while    leaving   the    essential    flavour   and 
atmosphere  of  his  work  to  speak,  in  their 
own     time,     for     themselves.     "  I     have 
never,"  he  says.  "  met  a  boy  who  disliked 
poetrj^  which  he  could  understand  "  ;  what 
a  boy  dislikes  and  resents  is  the  implica- 
tion, with  which  poetry  so  often  conies 
to  him,  that  here  are  all  sorts  of  ethereal 
charms    and    beauties    which    place    him 
under  an   obligation.      A    response    is   de- 
manded from  him.  he  docs  not  know  what  : 
but  he  suspects  that   he  will  he  in  some 
way  judged  wanting  if  he  does  not   make 
it,  and  the  consequence  is  that  he  fights 
shy    of    the     provoking    object,    and    that 
the  \ery  thoughl  of  it  fatigues  him. 

.Mi-.  Wheeler  indulges,  therefore,  in  no 

raptures  ;  he  confines  himself  to  elucida- 
tion,  sometimes   also    including    common- 

sense  reflections  upon  the  sentiments  of 

the     poets    when     they    become     either     ton 

artificial  or  loo  wild.  Admirably  adapted 
for  the  purpose  they  are  Intended  to  serve, 
his  notes  will  be  read  with  pleasure,  and 
perhaps  with  profit,  by  many  who  no 
longer  read  poetrj  with  a  view  to  exami- 
nations,    it   is  delightful  <o  be  assured; 


486 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4510,  Apkil  4,  1914 


in  a  note  on  Gray,  that  "  bird-catching 
and  bowling  hoops  are  not  sports  greatly 
affected  at  Eton  to-day "  ;  and  dry 
humour  of  the  same  kind  gives  its  salt 
to  many  of  Mr.  Wheeler's  remarks.  He 
sometimes  shows  himself  an  exacting 
critic,  as  when  he  observes  concerning 
the  song  "  When  the  lamp  is  shattered" 
that  "it  is  a  pity  that  the  require- 
ments of  metre  made  Shelley  address 
Love  as  '  thou  '  (1.  21),  '  you  '  (1.  23),  and 
now  again  '  thee  '  "  ;  and  he  is  occa- 
sionally obliged  to  confess  his  complete 
divergence  from  the  judgment  of  Palgrave. 
He  will  be  sure  of  general  sympathy  in  his 
note  on  John  Collins, 

"  an  actor  of  some  repute  in  his  day,  who 
published  in  1804  a  volume  of  poems  entitled 
'  Scripscrapologia  '  ;  I  presume  that  this 
deplorable  doggerel  [the  verses  beginning 

In  the  downhill  of  life,  when  I  find  I  'm  declining] 

which  Palgrave  terms  a  '  truly  noble  poem,' 
is  to  be  found  there,  but  I  have  been  unable 
to  find  a  copy  of  the  book." 

Mr.  Wheeler's  activities  have  included  a 
careful  recension  of  the  text,  with  restora- 
tion of  original  readings  in  the  by  no  means 
infrequent  cases  where  Palgrave  stumbled 
or  thought  fit  to  introduce  improvements 
of  his  own.  Thus  the  lyric  "  0  waly  waly 
up  the  bank  "  has 

Wi'  the  green  grass  growing  over  me 

for  its  last  line  in  Palgrave 's  text.  Pal- 
grave, no  doubt,  thought  this  more 
decorous  than  the  true  reading — 

For  a  maid  again  I  '11  never  be. 

But  Ave  must  wonder  at  the  state  of  mind 
of  an  editor  who  could  contentedly  sub- 
stitute a  pretty  commonplace  for  the 
bareness  and  bitterness  of  climax  which 
adds  immeasurably  to  the  strength  of 
the  whole  lament.  Mr.  Wheeler  is  under 
no  illusions  as  to  the  place  which  '  The 
Golden  Treasury '  holds  among  English 
anthologies : — 

"  Unhappily  [he  writes]  education  does 
not  consist  merely  in  the  absorption  of  what 
is  beautiful,  and  from  the  educational  point 
of  view  Palgrave's  selection  is  entitled  to 
the  first  place  mainly  because  it  includes 
many  pieces  which  are  famous  rather  than 
admirable,  pieces  which  we  should  be 
ashamed  not  to  know,  even  if  we  do  not  take 
any  real  delight  in  knowing  them." 


My  Days  of  Adventure  :  the  Fall  of  France, 
1870-71.  By  Ernest  Alfred  Vizetelly. 
(Chatto  &  Windus,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

This  is  a  thoroughly  readable  and,  more- 
over, useful  book  by  one  who  must  surely 
be,  in  length  of  service,  the  oldest  of 
English  newspaper  correspondents  in 
Paris,  Mr.  Vizetelly's  experiences  in  this 
capacity  having  begun  in  1867,  when  as 
a  boy  of  14  he  made  for  The  Illustrated 
Times  a  sketch  of  the  attempt  to  assassinate 
the  Tsar  Alexander  II.  in  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne,  an  incident  of  which  he  was 
an  eye  witness. 


Long  residence  and  varied  experience 
in  France  enable  Mr.  Vizetelly  to  write 
with  a  good  deal  of  authority  on  French 
affairs,  and  it  is  interesting  to  find  him 
confirming  the  scepticism  of  one  or  two 
sober  thinkers  as  to  the  growth  there  of 
an  esprit  nouveau  and  its  influence  on 
the  nation.  Mr.  Bodley  was  the  first  to 
give  expression  to  this  scepticism,  and 
his  opinion  is  strongly  reinforced  by  some 
remarks  in  the  Introduction  to  this 
volume. 

"  I  do  not  know  [writes  the  author]  what 
some  journalists  mean  by  what  they  call  the 
'  New  France.'  To  my  thinking  there  is  no 
'  New  France  '  at  all." 

This  contention  he  supports  by  effective 
instances  drawn  from  his  past  and  present 
observations. 

But  this  is  by  the  way.  The  author 
deals  mainly  with  his  own  experiences  in 
Paris  during  the  siege  up  to  November, 
1870,  and  his  adventures  during  the  rest 
of  the  war,  when,  after  obtaining  a  safe- 
conduct  to  Versailles,  he  proceeded  to 
the  West,  and  was  with  the  army  of 
Chanzy  at  the  series  of  combats  known  as 
the  Battle  of  Le  Mans.  This  narrative  is 
of  special  importance  because  the  valiant 
struggle  in  the  western  district  has  been 
less  noticed  by  English  military  historians 
than  other  operations  of  the  war.  Mr. 
Vizetelly's  account  of  this  campaign  is  so 
good  that  it  ought  to  have  been  illustrated 
by  a  map  of  the  country  in  which  it  took 
place.  To  serious  readers  this  would 
have  been  invaluable,  and  would  have 
corrected  a  few  inaccuracies  in  the  text. 
For  instance,  when  describing  the  march 
of  the  Mobiles  of  Brittany  from  the 
Sarthe  into  Loir-et-Cher,  Mr.  Vizetelly 
speaks  of  Freteval  as  being  "  a  couple  of 
miles  "  from  Vendome,  the  real  distance 
being  about  seventeen  kilometres. 

On  the  whole,  however,  the  book  is 
remarkably  free  from  the  mistakes  which 
often  abound  in  volumes  of  reminiscences. 
Here  and  there  we  have  noted  a  slip, 
such  as  the  antedating  of  Corney  Grain's 
performances  in  London,  and  the  in- 
correct origin  given  for  the  name  of  the 
"  Rue  du  Dix  Decembre."  This  street 
was  not  "  so  called  in  memory  of  Napo- 
leon's assumption  of  the  Imperial  dignity," 
but  to  commemorate  his  election  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Second  Republic  on  Decem- 
ber 10th,  1848.  We  also  wish  that  the 
author,  instead  of  translating  Albert 
Millaud's  "  sprightly  verse,"  had  left  it 
in  the  witty  French  original. 

But  these  are  trifles,  for  the  book  is  of 
real  value  as  an  historical  record,  and  is 
lightened  by  a  good  many  original  and 
hitherto  unpublished  anecdotes  relating 
to  Emile  Ollivier,  Gambetta,  and  other 
men  who  took  leading  parts  in  the  great 
drama  of  1870.  We  hope  that  the  author 
will  be  encouraged  to  give  to  the  public, 
as  he  suggests,  his  recollections  of  the 
Commune. 


John  Calvin :  his  Life,  Letters,  and  Work. 
By  Hugh  Y.  Reyburn.  (Hodder  & 
Stoughton,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

We  have  been  waiting  long  for  a  full, 
discriminating  account,  in  our  own  lan- 
guage, of  the  life  and  work  of  Calvin. 
What  we  have  needed  is  an  accurate, 
well-balanced  biography,  unadorned  by 
rhetoric  and  unspoilt  by  theological  bias, 
written  by  a  scholar  who  deals  only  with 
first-hand  evidence,  and  know7s  how  to 
use  it  fairly  and  fearlessly.  The  time  is 
opportune,  since  Herminjard  and,  most 
of  all,  Doumergue  have  of  late  done  for 
Calvin  what  Brieger  and  Dr.  Grisar  in  their 
respective  fashions  have  done  for  Martin 
Luther.  Mr.  Reyburn's  volume  comes 
near  what  we  want,  and  that  is  saying 
much,  for  few  Scotsmen  could  be  ideal 
biographers  of  one  who  has  so  largely 
moulded  the  traditions  of  their  country. 

Mr.  Reyburn  adds  little  to  our  know- 
ledge of  Calvin's  early  days,  but  by  a 
skilful  use  of  his  materials  he  recounts  the 
story  of  the  student  who,  "  at  the  price 
of  a  weak  stomach  and  broken  health, 
became  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
scholars  of  his  time":  how,  after  the 
manner  of  his  day,  Calvin  held  benefices 
as  moderns  hold  scholarships  ;  how  he 
studied  under  Corderius,  and  won  the 
friendship  of  Olivetan  and  the  Cops ;  how 
he  was  nicknamed  "  the  accusative  case  " 
for  his  industry  and  good  behaviour ;  how 
the  author  of  the  '  Institutes  '  and  the 
founder  of  the  Jesuits  were  fellowr. students ; 
how  L'Estoile  and  Alciati,  to  his  great 
advantage,  trained  him  for  a  profession  he 
did  not  follow  ;  and  how  from  humanism 
he  advanced  to  reformation  through  his 
devotion  to  Holy  Scripture.  He  had  to 
flee  from  France  and  take  refuge  in  Basel, 
where  he  met  Bullinger,  with  whom  he  was 
associated  in  after  years.  It  was  in  1536 
and  in  Basel  that  the  first  edition  of  the 
'  Institutes  '  was  published,  and  it  served 
as  a  manifesto  of  reformed  doctrine.  Its 
dedication  to  the  King  of  France  has  been 
regarded  as  one  of  the  three  greatest 
prefaces  in  literature,  the  two  others 
being  those  of  Casaubon  and  De  Thou. 
The  times  needed  a  leader ;  and,  much 
against  his  will,  Calvin  was  the  man.  His 
own  words  explain  his  position  : — 

"  Whilst  my  one  great  object  was  to  live 
in  seclusion  without  being  known,  God  so 
led  me  out  through  different  turnings  and 
changes  that  He  never  permitted  me  to  rest 
in  one  place,  until  in  spite  of  my  natural 
disposition  He  brought  me  forth  into  public 
notice." 

"  Public  notice  '"  became  Avorldwide 
fame,  and  Geneva  was  the  scene  of  his 
life  -  work.  He  went  there  expecting 
to  remain  no  more  than  one  night, 
but  except  for  about,  three  years 
(during  which  he  was  an  exile  "  for  con- 
tempt of  lawful  authority  ")  he  was  in 
Geneva  till  his  death  in  1564. 

Calvin  was  a  man  of  many  parts,  and 
his  work  was  manifold.  He  was  from 
first  to  last  the  leading  minister  of  Geneva  ; 
he  was  the  austere  and  zealous  censor  of 
its  public  morals  ;  he  was  a  diplomatist  in 
statecraft ;  he  superintended  the  education 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1014 


THE     A  Til  KX.KUM 


-1ST 


of  Che  young;  at  times  he  acted  as  critic 
in  art  ami  drama  for  his  city;  and.  above 
all.  he  was  the  recognized  Leader  of  the 
Reformed  Churches  of  Europe.  Though 
tar  from  robust  in  health,  ho  left  a  record 
i>i  public  service  that  makes  one  marvel 
how  much  can  be  done  in  twenty-eight 
years.  He  was  constantly  publishing 
theological  books.  Almost  all  of  his  cum 
troversies — and  they  were  many — claimed 
a  treatise,  oral  Least  a  pamphlet.  Mr.  Hep- 
burn mentions  here  and  there  in  his  narra- 
tive the  various  commentaries  onScripture 
which  Calvin  wrote,  but  he  has  not  made 
enough  of  them.  They  have  suffered 
undeserved  neglect,  for  most  scholars  have 
passed  them  by.  fearing  lest  they  should 
come  upon  mere  reiteration  of  "Cal- 
vinism *'  ;  yet  in  many  ways  they  are 
-till  unsurpassed  for  skilful  exegesis  and 
reasonable  criticism.  To  any  who  think 
of  Calvin  as  merely  the  champion  of 
'  predestination,"  his  commentaries  on 
St.  John  anil  the  Psalms  will  bring  en- 
lightenment. 

In  a  biography  of  Calvin  one  is  apt  to 
concentrate  attention  on  his  Genevan 
rule,  his  theocracy,  or.  as  Mr.  Reyburn  has 
aptly  called  it.  his  "  bibliocraey."  That  is 
reconstructed  here  by  a  copious  use  of 
old  and  new  materials,  and  we  have  the 
satisfaction  of  reading  an  historical  ac- 
count which  places  the  "  Ordonnances  " 
in  their  proper  context.  In  a  chapter  on 
the  political  constitution  of  Geneva  we  are 
reminded  that  there  was  municipal  super- 
vision of  doctrine  and  morals  before  Calvin 
made  it  famous  ;  and  it  was  a  direct 
consequence  of  that  constitution  that 
even-  ecclesiastical  question  tended  to 
become  civil,  and  vice  versa.  It  was  one  of 
Calvin's  hardest  battles  to  secure  a  dis- 
tinction between  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  the 
State  and  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  of 
the  Church,  and  he  was  often  defeated.  The 
picture  of  a  Genevan  Council  subservient 
to  the  Reformer,  and  existing  only  to  carry 
out  his  religious  whims,  is  unhistorical,  and 
to  the  last  Calvin  and  the  Council  were 
far  from  seeing  eye  to  eye  on  matters  of 
policy.  Some  of  the  severest  regulations 
of  civic  life  were  framed  when  Calvin  was  an 
exile  in  Strasburg  ;  and,  once  more,  it  was 
not  the  Reformer,  but  the  Council,  who 
ordained  that  a  sermon  should  be  preached 
•very  day  in  its  churches. 

But  there  is  always  the  sorry  story  of 
Bervetus  to  remind  us  that  Calvin  fully 
shared  the  persecuting  spirit  of  his  daw 
Rightly.  Mr.  Reyburn  lays  bare  the  whole 
pitiful  tale,  and  does  not  withhold  his 
censure.  Too  much  has  been  made  by 
theologians  of  the  extenuating  circum- 
oce8.  In  speaking  of  the  last  inter- 
view between  Servetus  and  the  Reformer, 
he  says  : — 

Calvin  does  not  appear  well  in  this. 
H.-  own  words  are  convincing  proof  of  a 
coldness  and  hardness  0f  nature  which,  in  the 
sad  circumstances,  makes  him  peculiarly 
unlovable." 

Ameaux  and  Bolsec  and  Trolliet  are 
wit''  -     •  I  alvin  '•  took  himself  and 

his  opinions  too  Beriously,"  and  help  u 
understand  how  Baudoin  would  rather  live 
in   hell   with    Beza   than    in    heaven   with 


Calvin.  But  if  Calvin  had  a  genius  for 
making  enemies,  he  had  many  friends,  and 
we  find  a  pleasing  narrative  "I  his  good- 
fellowship  with  Farel,  Bullinger,  Melanch- 
thon.  and  other  Reformers.  Fewmenhad 
more  antipathies  than  Martin  Luther,  yet 
in  a  letter  he  says  of  Cabin  :  '"  Even  if  he 
should  call  me  a  devil,  I  should  recognize 
him  as  an  eminent  servant  of  God." 

It  is  impossible  in  a  review  such  as  this 
to  notice  all  the  aspects  of  Calvin's  work — 
his  conferences  and  controversies  in  regard 
of  the  sacraments,  his  influence  on  Scot- 
land, his  ideal  of  University  curricula, 
the  impetus  he  gave  to  missions  (when  the. 
author  noticed  Loyola  he  should  not 
have  forgotten  Xavier),  or  his  development 
of  sovereignty  in  theology  to  its  logical 
breaking-point.  Each  of  these  topics  finds 
competent  treatment  here. 

We  note  the  existence  of  a  useful, 
though  meagre  Index,  and  a  list  of  autho- 
rities which  is  not  quite  adequate.  There 
are  a  few  slips,  such  as  "  Wishart  "  for 
"  Patrick  Hamilton  "  on  p.  31,  but  these 
are  unimportant.  In  one  or  two  places 
Mr.  Rej-burn  gives  the  impression  that 
his  knowledge  of  the  contemporary  poli- 
tical history  of  Europe  is  rather  less  than 
his  undoubted  mastery  of  Calvin  and 
Calvinism. 


The  Spiritual  Message  of  Dante.  By  the 
Right  Rev.  W.  Boyd  Carpenter.  (Wil- 
liams &  Xorgate,  os.  net.) 

These  lectures  were  originally  delivered 
at  Harvard  in  1904,  in  conformity  with 
the  Noble  Trust ;  they  were  given  with- 
out manuscript,  and  are  presented  in  this 
volume  as  compilations  from  notes,  not 
as  w'ritten  lectures.  Nevertheless,  they 
are  distinguished  by  the  author's  well- 
known  eloquence,  and  display  a  keen 
enthusiasm  for  the  poet's  work,  together 
with  a  deep  insight  into  its  true  inter- 
pretation. The  Bishop  states  that  "  they 
are  not  intended  as  a  contribution  to  the 
critical  study  of  the  '  Divina  Commcdia,' ' 
but  are  '"  simply  thoughts  on  religious 
experience  as  exemplified"  in  it.  Yet, 
although  there  is  an  occasional  touch  of 
the  homiletic  style,  the  lectures  are  by 
no  means  homiletic  in  form  ;  they  are  a 
serious,  and  at  times  even  a  brilliant, 
commentary  on  the  spiritual  meaning  of 
the  greatest  of  Christian  poems.  As 
such — in  spite  of  the  author's  modest 
disclaimer — they  are  of  real  value  as 
criticism  to  the  reader  who  would  study 
it  from  a  religious  rather  than  a  literary 
standpoint.  It  contains  moral  as  well  as 
intellectual  difficulties,  and  these  the 
Bishop  never  shirks,  but  has  always  some- 
thing illuminating  to  say  upon  each. 

In  his  view  Dante's  supreme  message 
is  that  love  is  over  all  life.  It  is 
■whispered"  in  Hell;  it  is  implied  in 
the  discipline  of  Purgatory;  it  is  "the 
perpetual  song"  of  Paradise.  The 
difficulty     here,     of     course,     is     to     make 

this  mennagf  fil  in  with  the  terrible  retri- 
butive   justice    of    Hell    and    the    hopel< 

endless    suffering    of    its    inmates.    The 


Bishop  admits  that  Dante  was  no  uni- 
versalist  ;  and  he  shows  that  the  righteous- 
ness which  Hell  exhibits  as  an  inexorable 
law  is  as  the  salt  which  alone  could  pre- 
serve Love  from  corruption.  But  he  points 
to  the   inscription  on    Hell's  Cab — where, 

perhaps,  "  Love"  is  merely  named  as  the 

highest  in  the  Trinity  of  God's  supreme 
attributes — and  to  -the  thrill  of  Love" 
caused  by  Christ's  victory,  which  wrought 
momentary  ruin  in  Hell,  as  indications 
that  "  Love  "  is  only  excluded  from  that 
realm  by  the  obstinate  impenitence  which 
refuses  to  embrace  and  aeknow  l<  dge  it. 

On  the  classification  of  sins  and  the 
order  of  their  punishment  in  Hell  and  in 
Purgatory  he  has  many  interesting  re- 
marks. He  explains  in  a  striking  passage 
the  medial  position  in  both  realms  of 
the  vice  of  "  accidie."  or  brooding  dis- 
content : — 

"It  is  tin;  equinox  of  faults ;.... the 
ecliptic  line  from  the  passions  ot'  the  spirit  to 
the  passions  of  a  more  material  order  passes 
through  the  negative  point  where  the  fault 

is  slothful  indifference." 

The  whole  chapter  on  Purgatory  is  not 
only  charmingly  written,  but  also  full 
of  suggestive  comment  on  the  various 
incidents  that  accompanied  the  ascent  of 
the  Mount.  Yet  while,  as  a  preface  to  the 
previous  chapter,  the  author  has  much 
to  say  about  ideas  of  retribution  both 
Christian  and  Pagan,  he  does  not  discuss 
the  question  whether  the  mediaeval  con- 
ception of  Purgatory  is  supported  by 
revelation.  He  notices  one  great  con- 
trast between  Purgatory  and  Paradise 
— that  in  the  former  there  is  "  laborious 
upward  advance,"  while  in  the  latter 
there  is  constant  progress  without 
effort  ;  the  pilgrim  has  but  to  '  sur- 
render himself  to  the  great  divine  tide  of 
goodness  which  sets  Godward." 

The  extracts  given  are  mainly  from 
Longfellow's  translation,  but  are  some- 
times from  the  original.  The  reading 
"'  Caino,"  which  the  Bishop  adopts  in 
Canto  V.  107  of  the  '  Inferno.'  is  surely 
without  authority.  All  Dante  students 
should  be  grateful  for  this  delightful 
volume,  which  treats  high  themes  with 
much  discernment,  yet  with  perfect  sim- 
plicity ;  it  is  brightened  by  excellent 
illustrations,  some  of  which  are  repro- 
duced from  Lord  Vernon's  edition  of  the 
"  Inferno.' 


The  Primitive  Text  of  the  (;<>«/><  Is  and  Acts. 
By  Albert  C.Clark.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press,  4.s.  net.) 

PBOF.  Clark,  passing  from  the  text  of 
Cicero    to    that    of    the    <  rOSpels   and    Ad-, 

deal-  with  the  problem  <»f  omissions  in 
.MSS.     Whenever  there  i-  a  comparison  oi 

two  MSS.  of  different  families,  it  is  found 
that  one  contains  passages  which  arc  UOl 
included  in  the  other  ;    and  it   i-  necessary 

to  determine  whether  these  passages  are 

genuine  or  SpunOUS.  Omissions  may  he 
due  to  what  is  known  as  UOmOBOtefcuton. 
When  a  similar  ending  or  a  similar  word 
OCCUrs  twice  in  a  sentence,  the  cop\  i-t  may 
P&BS  from  the  first   to  the  second,  omitting 


488 


T  HE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


the  words  between  them.  As  there  is  a 
general  recognition  of  homceoteleuton  as  a 
reason  for  omissions,  Prof.  Clark  has  no 
need  to  enumerate  a  multitude  of  examples 
as  arguments  in  favour  of  such  recognition, 
and  he  turns  to  omissions  in  MSS.  which 
are  copies  of  unknown  originals.  He 
affirms  that  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  omissions  in  a  particular  MS.  may 
represent  a  line  or  lines  in  an  ancestor, 
and  he  sets  himself  to  find  an  objective 
criterion  which  will  hell)  us  to  detect  line- 
omissions. 

The  test  which  he  proposes  is  arith- 
metical. He  has  observed  while  work- 
ing at  the  text  of  Cicero  that  short 
passages  which  have  been  suspected  on  the 
ground  of  their  omission  by  a  MS.  or 
family  of  MSS.  contain  the  same,  or 
nearly  the  same,  number  of  letters,  and  he 
concludes  that  a  unit  has  been  discovered 
corresponding  to  a  line  in  an  ancestor.  It 
is  pointed  out  that  the  number  of  letters 
in  a  normal  line  is  more  or  less  of  an  aver- 
age quantity.  Prof.  Clark  shows  that  the 
arithmetical  test  is  of  great  value  when 
we  are  dealing  with  the  longer  passages 
omitted  by  some  MSS.  If  it  is  found  that 
one  long  passage  is  a  multiple  of  another, 
or  that  several  are  multiples  of  one  unit, 
the  probability  is  that  the  unit  corresponds 
to  some  division,  i.e.,  to  a  column  or  page 
or  folio,  in  the  archetype. 

Certain  MSS.  are  subjected  to  a  most 
careful  examination,  and  the  conviction  is 
expressed  by  Prof.  Clark  that  the  principle 
brevior  lectio  potior  is  false,  that  the  Re- 
vised Text  cannot  be  accepted  as  final,  and 
that  the  "  vagaries  "  of  the  Western  text 
are  not  due  to  wholesale  interpolation. 
He  affirms  very  definitely  in  reference  to 
the  New  Testament  MSS.  that  there  has 
been  contraction  and  not  expansion,  and 
that  the  primitive  text,  which  is  the 
longest  and  not  the  shortest,  is  to  be 
found,  not  in  the  Vatican  and  Sinaitic  MSS. 
or  in  the  majority  of  Greek  MSS.,  but  in  the 
Western  family,  i.e.,  in  the  ancient  ver- 
sions and  the  Codex  Bezse  (D).  Further, 
lie  claims  that,  if  his  analysis  is  sound,  we 
are  brought  back  to  an  archetype  of  the 
four  Gospels  in  book-form  which  cannot 
be  later  than  the  middle  of  the  second 
century. 

In  illustration  of  the  use  of  the  arith- 
metical test,  a  result  of  an  examina- 
tion of  the  MS.  Sinaiticus  (Syriac)  may  be 
given.  At  the  back  of  it'  there  is  an 
ancestor  with  an  average  of  eleven  letters 
to  the  line,  and  the  MS.  itself  shows  very 
significant  omissions.  There  is  one  of  26*2 
letters  (Luke  xxiii.  10-13),  one  of  132 
(John  xiv.  10-11),  one  of  128  (Matt.  v.  30), 
and  one  of  65  (Luke  xii.  9)  ;  so  again  one 
of  167  (Matt.  vi.  5),  and  one  of  83  (Matt,  v. 
47).  Prof.  Clark  says  he  cannot  insist  too 
strongly  upon  these  figures,  which  he  vieAvs 
as  the  justification  of  his  method.  Un- 
doubtedly the  method  cannot  be  rejected, 
since  the  figures  which  are  brought  out  by 
it  cannot  always  be  due  to  accident ;  and 
Prof.  Clark's  book  is  an  evidence  of  the 
careful  manner  in  which  it  may  be  applied. 
It  is  significant  that  the  use  of  the  arith- 
metical test  has  caused  him  to  look  with 
favour  on  the  Western  text. 


A  History  of  Penal  Methods  :  Criminals, 
Witches,  Lunatics.  Bv  George  Ives. 
(Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

To  understand  the  object  of  punishment 
it  is  necessary  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of 
its  changing  forms  in  different  ages. 
Though  this  volume  is  scarcely  likely  to 
attain  a  permanent  place  in  the  growing 
literature  on  the  subject — it  reads  in  some 
parts  too  much  like  a  laborious  com- 
pilation from  an  overcrowded  notebook, 
and  in  others  too  much  like  a  rhetorical 
utterance  at  a  meeting  of  a  discharged 
prisoners'  aid  society — yet  it  contains  a 
large  amount  of  material  which  the  less 
experienced  student  of  penology  may 
regard  as  novel  and  interesting.  The 
various  modes  of  punishment,  from  the 
early  practice  of  private  vengeance  to 
the  latest  forms  of  cellular  imprisonment, 
are  described  with  a  considerable 
show  of  detail,  though  not  always  in 
strict  historical  sequence.  Some  of  the 
lesser  penalties  recorded  by  Mr.  Ives — 
"  poetic  punishments "  he  not  inaptly 
calls  them— show  that  they  knew  un- 
commonly well  in  the  Middle  Ages  how 
"  to  let  the  punishment  fit  the  crime." 
A  fisherman,  for  instance,  who  had  been 
convicted  of  selling  stale  fish  was  paraded 
through  the  streets  with  a  collar  of 
stinking  smelts  slung  over  his  shoulder ; 
while  a  zealous  advocate  of  the  strict 
principles  of  Judaism  was  ordered  to  be 
fed  in  prison  entirely  on  pork — a  piece  of 
grim  humour  which,  for  aught  we  know, 
may  have  been  the  origin  of  the  modern 
"  hunger  strike." 

In  one  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  in 
the  book  the  various  forms  of  punitive 
banishment,  from  outlawry  to  transporta- 
tion, are  chronicled.  From  1618 — when  the 
shipping  of  convicts  to  Virginia  became 
customary — to  1867 — when  the  last  ship- 
load was  sent  to  Western  Australia — 
an  enormous  number  of  English  criminals 
(probably  about  a  quarter  of  a  million) 
left  their  country  for  their  country's 
good.  Despite  all  the  horrors  which 
came  to  be  associated  with  it — horrors 
which  not  even  the  vivid  pens  of  such 
novelists  as  Charles  Reade  and  Marcus 
Clarke  could  exaggerate — the  system  of 
transportation  was  not  without  its  merits. 
It  provided  the  Colonies  with  the  labour 
they  required  for  their  early  develop- 
ment, and  it  enabled  the  more  deserving 
of  the  convicts  to  regain  their  liberty  and 
become  honest  men.  But  eventually,  as 
transportation  lost  its  original  character, 
the  convict  settlements  in  the  Colonies — 
such  as  that  on  Norfolk  Island — came 
to  represent  all  that  was  harsh  and 
repulsive  in  penal  methods. 

'  The  guilt  and  stain  round  the  rocks 
of  these  dreadful  prisons  [writes  Mr.  Ives] 
will  hang  and  linger  in  the  memory  of 
mankind  till  the  ocean  of  time,  which  is 
vaster  than  the  Pacific,  engulfs  them,  and 
sweeps  them,  and  us,  away." 

That  is  a  specimen  of  the  rhetorical  style 
in  which  too  often  in  these  400  pages  a 
simple  truth  is  stated. 

Notwithstanding  the  barbarous  bru- 
talities of  ancient  punishments — notwith- 


standing, too,  all  the  filth  and  obscenities 
of  English  gaols  when  prisoners  were  not 
separated— Mr.  Ives  reserves  his  hardest 
epithets  for  the  penal  methods  of  modern 
times.  It  is  the  cellular  system — "  the 
compound  of  monasticism  and  militar- 
ism," as  another  writer  has  called  it — 
that  excites  his  anger  most.  If  the  old 
prisons,  of  which  George  Fox  has  left  so 
vivid  and  unprintable  a  description,  were 
hotbeds  of  disease  and  corruption,  if 
many  of  their  unfortunate  inmates  were 
heavily  loaded  with  irons,  and  flogged 
within  an  inch  of  their  lives,  they  were 
(according  to  Mr.  Ives)  preferable  to  the 
"  ghastly  whited  sepulchres  which  were 
built  in  the  nineteenth  century."  Not 
even  John  Howard,  who  devoted  his 
life  to  reforming  the  old  system,  escapes 
Mr.  Ives's  wrath.  We  are  invited  to 
believe  that 

"  he  was  more  shocked  at  the  irregularities 
which  he  discovered  behind  prison  walls 
than  at  the  actual  misery  which  they 
entailed," 

merely  because,  apparently,  the  famous 
Puritan  laboured,  like  Elizabeth  Fry, 
to  introduce  reforms  which  have  resulted 
in  a  system  of  which  Mr.  Ives  disapproves. 
The  older  penitentiary  methods,  with 
their  long  periods  of  solitary  confinement 
and  their  degrading  system  of  mechanical 
labour,  were,  no  doubt,  scarcely  more 
humane  than  the  frankly  brutal  methods 
they  superseded.  The  "  treadmill  "  and 
the  "  crank "  were  not  much  more 
humanizing  than  the  "  cat-o'-nine-tails." 
But  more  enlightened  methods  have 
now  been  adopted,  including  those  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Prevention  of  Crime  Act, 
1908,  of  which,  though  it  introduced  the 
important  principle  of  preventive  deten- 
tion for  habitual  criminals,  no  mention, 
strangely  enough,  is  made  in  Mr.  Ives's 
pages. 

The  criticisms  which  he  passes  upon 
the  cellular  system  are  too  obviously 
the  outcome  of  his  theories  as  to  punish- 
ment. He  is,  indeed,  the  theorist  rather 
than  the  historian,  the  sentimentalist 
rather  than  the  criminologist.  He  lavishes 
his  pity  upon  the  criminal  who  spends  his 
nights  in  a  cell  from  which  he  never 
catches  a  glimpse  of  the  moon — the 
"  cold  silver  sickle  "  is  what,  character- 
istically, he  calls  it — but  he  gives  not  a 
single  thought  to  the  unhappy  person 
whose  eyesight  the  solitary  captive  may 
have  destroyed  in  a  murderous  assault. 
He  divides  all  crimes  into  two  great 
classes — crimes  of  circumstances  and  crimes 
of  impulse.  In  neither  class,  it  would 
seem,  are  the  criminals  personally  to 
blame,  because 

"  one  great  group  of  offences  arises  from 
the  stress  and  pressure  of  environment ; 
the  other  from  some  defect  or  abnormality 
in  the  nerve-structure  of  the  individual." 

It  is  not  surprising  that  Mr.  Ives,  bur- 
dened with  this  theory,  hastens  to  the 
conclusion  that  "  punishment  is  a  sur- 
vival of  savagery,"  but  it  is  a  conclusion 
the  logical  force  of  wrhich  he  would  appear 
to  be  unwilling  to  face.  He  realizes  that 
some  delinquents  guilty  of  anti-social 
offences   must    be    kept   in    confinement,, 


No.  4ol0,  April  4,   1914 


THE     A  T  H  E N  M U M 


489 


though  lie  desires  that  their  period  of 
incarceration,  which  is  to  be  remedial 
rather  than  punitive,  should  be  largely 
devoted  to  the  playing  of  chess,  which 
■■  teaches  patienoe,  combination,  con- 
Bequenoe."  The  vision  of  two  hardened 
burglars  discussing  the  dashing  tactics 
of  the  King's  Gambit  does  not  readily 
MOSS  the  mind.  Mr.  Ives  realizes,  too, 
that  there  are  certain  types  of  criminals, 
the  degenerates  whose  diseased  impulses 
are  incurable,  with  whom  different  mea- 
sures must  be  taken.  He  would  reform 
them  altogether  :  he  would  "  painlessly 
remove  "  these  "  hopeless  people."  How 
long  would  it  be  before  another  sensitive 
critic  would  arise  who  would  proclaim 
this  "'  painless  removal  "  to  be  an  illus- 
tration of  the  truth  of  Mr.  Ives's  own 
dictum  that  "  punishment  is  a  survival 
of  savagery"  I 


Essays  and  Studies  presented  to  William 
Rid-geway  on  his  Sixtieth  Birthday. 
(Cambridge  University  Press,  11.  5s.  net.) 

The  custom  of  presenting  a  well-known 
scholar  with  a  volume  of  essays  upon  some 
suitable  anniversary  is  commoner  abroad 
than  in  England.  A  sixtieth  birthday, 
however,  seems  an  early  date  to  choose  for 
what  must  be  regarded,  more  or  less,  as  a 
memorial,  since  Prof.  Ridgeway's  activities 
in  Cambridge  and  his  varied  researches 
are  still  carried  on  with  undiminished 
vigour.  Such  a  volume  must  always 
be  somewhat  miscellaneous  in  character, 
because  the  contributors  have  different 
views  as  to  what  is- suitable  for  the  pur- 
pose ;  and  the  variety  is  increased  in  this 
instance  by  the  multifarious  studies  and 
interests  of  the  recipient,  which  have 
induced  a  simdar  character  in  the  contribu- 
tions of  his  colleagues  and  pupils.  Xor  is 
the  method  of  treatment  less  varied  than 
the  subject  -  matter  :  at  the  one  extreme 
we  have  Prof.  Pctrie's  brief  note  on  some 
royal  signets  and  Mr.  Dawkins's  publica- 
tion of  a  re-cut  Melian  gem  ;  at  the  other 
Mr.  Stanley  Cook's  lengthy  discussion  on 
"  The  Evolution  and  Survival  of  Primitive 
Thought. 

The  '  Essays  and  Studies  '  are  divided 
into  three  sections,  entitled    respectively 

Classics      and      Ancient      Archaeology,' 
*  Median  al  Literature  and  History, '  and 

Anthropology  and  Comparative  Reli- 
gion.' The  names  of  the  contributors 
suffice  to  guarantee  the  quality  of  the 
work  ;  the  matters  with  which  they  deal 
arc  in  many  cases  so  dctaUed  or  abstruse 
that  a  complete  review  could  only  be 
written  by  a  commission  of  specialists. 
Some  of  the  contributors  emphasize  the 
value  of  Prof.  Ridge  way's  work  in  the 
application  of  archaeology  to  the  elucida- 
tion or  illustration  of  classical  literature, 
lint  if  one  looks  to  the  first  section  of  this 
book  for  examples  of  this  method  the 
-nits  an  somewhat  disappointing. 
There  are  several  literary  articles,  includ- 
ing a  sympathetic  study  by  Prof.  Conway 
of  the  sixth  book  of  the  -Kneid,'  and 
others  dealing  with  more  minute  points 
of   scholarship   or   criticism  ;     but   these 


illustrate  rather  the  older  kind  of  classical 
studies  in  which  arclueology  had  no  place. 
Miss  Harrison's  and  Mr.  Cornford's  articles 
both  work  out  in  detail   the   importance 
of   the    seed-corn   in   the  light    of   the 
Mundus  at  Rome,  and  certain    parts  of 
the   Thesmophoria    and     the     Eleusinian 
mysteries,  especially  such  as  concern  an 
underground      storehouse    which     is    also 
the   scene   of   the   mystic  wedding.     This 
suggestion,   as  Mr.   Comford   points  out, 
was  made   by  Mr.   Warde  Eowler  in  his 
article  on  the  Mundus.   It  is  interesting  to 
find  mythologists  reverting  to  the  notion, 
long  ago  expressed  by  August  Mommsen 
in  his   '  Heortologie,'   that  such  rites  of 
natural  magic  are  not  so  much  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  the  actual  processes  of  nature 
as  with  human  activities  dependent  upon 
them.     Miss    Harrison    starts    from    the 
elucidation    of    a    passage   in  Sophocles's 
'  Ichneutse,'  which,  she  thinks,  is  derived 
from    an    actual    rite.     Mr.    Tillyard,    in 
publishing  an  interesting  vase  with  Hera- 
cles as  a  fisherman,  seems  to  exaggerate 
its  importance  as  "  being  among  the  first 
representations  of  Poseidon's  trident  that 
exist  "  ;    the  black  figured  lecythi  of  this 
type  are  not  usually  very  early. 

There  is  no  lack  of  contributions  in  which 
conjecture  plays  a  predominant  part. 
Mr.  Richmond  gives  a  new  scheme  of 
Palatine  topography,  which  unfortunately 
— or  fortunate  by — cannot  be  put  to  the 
test  of  excavation,  since  his  reconstruction 
remains,  for  the  most  part,  suspended  in  the 
air.  Mr.  E.  Harrison,  too,  has  caught  the 
spirit  of  cheerful  adventure  when  he  sug- 
gests the  explanation  of  Jupiter  Lapis  as 
8ta  Xidwv,  "  a  god  begotten  by  a  stone  on  a 
preposition."  Nor  is  Mr.  A.  B.  Cook  very 
successful  in  his  attempt  to  trace  references 
to  the  Argive  cult  of  Hera  in  Aristo- 
phanes's '  Birds.'  Prof.  R.  C.  Bosanquet  in 
a  useful,  but  unpretentious  contribution 
corrects  a  common  error  by  which  square 
spearbutts  have  often  been  mistaken  for  a 
peculiar  form  of  spear-head.  But  for  the 
most  part  the  products  of  the  Cambridge 
school  as  here  represented  seem  to  show 
ingenious  theorizing,  rather  than  any 
great  power  of  impartial  weighing  of 
evidence,  or  that  balance  of  mind  which 
the  study  of  classics  and  archaeology  alike 
demands. 

The  anthropological  contributions  are, 
however,  more  solid.  Mr.  Joyce  on  the 
Weeping  God,  Dr.  Myers  on  Examples 
of  Primitive  Music,  Mr.  H.  Balfour  on 
Kite  Fishing,  and  Dr.  Haddon  on  Out- 
rigger Canoes,  all  record  and  classify  a 
large  number  of  interesting  facts.  Prof. 
Elliot  Smith  states  at  some  length  his 
theory  of  the  Egyptian  Origin  of  Megalithic 
Monuments,  white  a  supplementary  dis- 
cussion as  to  their  possible  methods  of 
distribution  is  given  by  Dr.  Rivers  in 
his  paper  on  the  Contact  of  Peoples.  It  is 
impossible  to  discuss  here  these  and  many 
other  of  the  articles  in  the  volume  ;  hut  a 
word  must  be  added  as  to  Dr.  Fra/er's 
characteristically  tentative  solution  of  the 
problem  of  the  serpent  and  the  tree  of  lite. 

Certainly   any    reader  could    find    in    so 

varied  a   volume  matter   for  interest   or 
criticism. 


The  Spiritual  Drama  in  the  Life  of  Thacke- 
ray. By  Nathaniel  Wright  Stephenson. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  G.s\  net.) 
Critical  studies  of  novelists  at  work 
winch  expand  into  estimates  of  their 
individual  significance  as  men  are  always 
interesting.  At  each  stage  of  such  dis- 
cussion the  whole  theory  of  literary  art,  its 
scope,  its  ultimate  value,  is  really  bound 
to  be  challenged.  Such  challenge  is  to  be 
found  almost  in  the  first  sentence  of  Prof. 
X.  W.  Stephenson's  essay  on  Thackeray, 
where  we  are  asked  to  take  it  for  granted 
that  the  novel,  as  the  Victorian  age  knew 
it,  is  dead  and  done  with.  This  theory  is 
worked  into  the  contention  that  Thackeray 
is  to  be  regarded  as  a  writer  who  passed 
through  the  gloom  of  a  dense  fatalism  to  a 
reconcilement  with  human  destiny  ;  that 
first  having  vainly  measured  the  wide 
scheme  he  was  observing  by  the  foot-rule 
of  his  own  experience,  he  rectified  those 
impressions  by  degrees,  till  at  last  he 
embodied  them  in  achievements  which 
left  him  definitely  "  on  the  side  of  the 
angels."  Some  of  this  may  be  true, 
because  none  of  it  is  entirely  ne\V  •  an4 
it  affords  an  excellent  text  for  a  few 
thoughts  concerning  the  spiritual  discern- 
ment of  Thackeray  and  others. 

We  imagine  that  few  people  who  read 
novels  are  able  altogether  to  ignore  the 
fact  that  some  sort  of  personality  lurks 
behind  the  most  trivial  performance  in 
fiction.  We  do  not  deny  that  the 
overplus  of  novels  in  our  day  is  an  evil 
of  competitive  pressure  which  we  should 
like  to  declare  purposeless,  if  we  did 
not  know  for  a  fact  that  an  unworthy 
commercial  purpose  is  at  the  back  of  it  all. 
But  because  we  know  this  we  must  pro- 
test against  the  whole  of  the  nuisance 
being  referred  to  poor  Queen  Victoria, 
whose  reign  left  us  a  legacy  of  novels, 
which  is  not  a  dead  monument,  indeed, 
but  rather  a  foundation  on  which  much  is 
yet  to  be  built.  Again  (and  here  once 
more  we  are  at  variance  with  our  author), 
the  spirit  of  to-day  is  apt  to  take  too 
much  upon  itself,  prating  of  superficial 
changes  and  stridently  declaring,  what 
never  can  be  true,  that  the  depths  of 
humanity  have  altered  too.  True,  myriads 
of  novels  are  published  which  might  as 
well  have  been  suppressed.  But  out  of 
the  mass  there  appear  documents  of  the 
highest  value,  for  the  best  of  them  will 
seem  human  when  their  ink  has  faded. 
From  the  worst  we  know  not  what  may 
yet  be  extracted  ;  but  this  we  do  aver, 
that  even  errant  faculties  often  give 
proof  that  they  are  following  the  gleam, 
and  so  contributing  to  the  "  spiritual 
drama  "  of  mankind.  Such  views  can 
more  effectualh  he  tested  by  considering 
the  work  of  a  master. 

Models,  spiritual  or   practical,  for   the 
novelisl  of   to-day  are  certainly  needed, 

audit    some  one    has  evolved  ThaekeraCs 

secret  so  ae  to  imparl  it,  shall  we  not  all 

be  glad  i      bet  us  hear  what  the  I'rofe- 

basto  say.  The  highway  is  spiritual.  Along 
this  road  passes  Thackeray,  through  tin; 

gloom  of  fatalism    to  felicity.       Does    he  \ 
Such      theories      are      ingenious      enough. 


490 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


Thackeray's  work  has  run  the  gauntlet  of 
criticism  through  half  a  century.  But  before 
one  sets  to  work  to  ventilate  some  special 
theory,  one  really  must  decide  in  one's 
own  mind  from  what  standpoint  the  novel- 
ist shall  be  regarded,  and  not  one  novelist, 
but  all  novelists.  The  art  of  every  novelist 
is  the  same.  It  is  to  produce  life  as  seen 
through  a  temperament.  If  the  tempera- 
ment be  a  fool's,  the  result  will  be  foolish. 
But  there  is  nothing  like  subjectivity  for 
confusing  the  issue.  The  main  task  of  the 
novelist  was,  is,  and  always  will  be  ob- 
jective. There  are  a  good  many  facts 
in  Thackeray's  own  career,  even  in  his 
domestic  experience,  which  are  public 
property.  No  doubt  these  coloured  his 
writing  to  a  certain  extent,  for  it  remains 
true  of  others  than  poets  that  "  they 
learn  in  suffering  what  they  teach  in 
song."  But  if  ever  a  novelist  lived  who 
created  a  world  of  sentient  beings  out  of 
his  own  internal  weal  and  woe,  Thackeray 
was  not  he. 

What  says  Prof.  Stephenson,  however  ? 
He  indicts  Thackeray  first,  and  then  he 
finds  him  "  not  guilty."  We  are  not  deal- 
ing with  our  essayist  in  a  spirit  of  raillery. 
We  are  taking  him  au  grand  serieux.  He 
has  built  up  a  comely  edifice,  as  spiritual 
buildings  must  always  be  built  up,  by 
the  process  of  quiet,  steady  reasoning. 
He  takes  Thackeray  step  by  step, 
first  overshadowing  him  with  the  theory 
—  for  it  is  nothing  but  a  theory  — 
that  the  nineteenth  century  was  "  weary 
and  disillusioned,"  an  idea  "that  helps  to 
vitiate  much  of  the  argument  that  follows  ; 
for  one  might  just  as  plausibly  assume 
that  the  nineteenth  century  was  particu- 
larly energetic  and  venturesome.  But 
we  dismiss  this  overshadowing  from  our 
minds  the  more  readily  because  we  have  to 
pass  forthwith  into  the  deeper  shadow  of  a 
comparison  with  Dickens.  We  are  old- 
fashioned  enough  to  think  that  "  com- 
parisons are  odious."  Stated  very  briefly, 
Prof.  Stephenson's  idea  comes  to  this  :  that 
Thackeray,  striving  toward  mastery  of  his 
chosen  craft,  was  very  much  scared  by  the 
triumphs  of  another,  for  he  "  felt  the 
enormous  popularity  of  Dickens  more  than 
his  worshippers  like  to  admit."  Having 
advanced  thus  far,  our  critic  expounds 
his  theory  further,  giving  chapter  and 
verse,  and  taking  his  illustrations  all  the 
way  along  from  '  Barry  Lyndon  '  to '  Denis 
Duval.' 

'  The  Luck  of  Barry  Lyndon '  was,  we 
learn,  in  the  minor  key,  even  the  key  of 
depravity ;  but  before  Thackeray  had  got 
far  with  '  Vanity  Fair,'  which  continued 

'  the  mournful  symphony,"  and  was  to 
end  in  "  a  dead  march,"  its  tendency 
despairing,  its  very  conclusion  "  unmanly," 
the  craftsman  thought  it  well,  for  his  own 
and  his  public's  sake,  to  take  a  hint  from 
Dickens.  So  we  have  a  talking  show- 
man, "  when  we  wish  to  come  up  square 
against  fact  "  ;    and  '  Vanity  Fair  '  itself 

'  is  a  '  good  story,'  a  good  story  of  the 
school  of  Dickens."  Nevertheless,  there 
is  a  buoyancy,  even  a  beauty,  which  must 
be  explained  away,  since  they  play  the 
greatest  havoc  with  the  Stephensonian 
theory   of   the    spiritual    doldrums.     For 


there  are  pictures,  too,  in  '  Vanity  Fair,' 
and  varieties  of  humour,  and  unexpected 
twists  of  construction,  and  voices  we 
cannot  resist ;  in  short,  the  certain  stig- 
mata of  a  masterpiece.  All  of  them  are  due, 
says  Prof.  Stephenson,  not,  be  it  noted,  to 
psychological  power,  objectively  used,  but 
to  "  one  of  the  most  powerful  stimu- 
lants in  the  world,"  the  "  joy  of  the  work- 
ing." A  different  conclusion  might  have 
been  reached  had  the  starting-point  been 
different.  The  "  accession  of  spirits  " 
and  so  forth  are  verily  there,  because  the 
artist's  capacity  for  enthusiasm  was  in- 
herent. But  Dickens  need  never  have 
been  dragged  across  the  trail.  The  books 
we  know  would  l,ave  been  just  the  same, 
had  Dickens  ne^er  existed.  Thackeray 
posed  on  occasion  :  in  '  Vanity  Fair  '  the 
pose  is  essentially  artistic — a  triumph, 
by  common  consent.  Beyond  this,  far 
beyond  the  trickery  of  technique,  was 
his  spiritual  discernment  of  the  fact 
that  this  world  is  but  a  passing  show. 
That  does  not  make  life  less  real,  but  more 
so,  and  from  this  basis  Thackeraj7  saw 
truth  in  a  way  which  no  theory  of  his  com- 
parative littleness  or  morbidity  has  been 
able  to  discount.  The  themes  varied,  the 
scenes  varied  also,  and  his  characters 
came  vividly  out  of  them  ;  for  Thackeray 
"  saw  life  steadily  and  saw  it  whole  "  : 
this  not  by  fits  and  starts,  but  all  the 
time.  k  Vanity  Fair '  is  different  from 
'  The  Newcomes.'  But  truth  is  always 
consistent. 

If  these  ideas  are  even  partially  well- 
founded,  what  becomes  of  the  proposition 
that,  as  the  earlier  novels  showed  but  a 
wanderer  in  the  vale  of  mortified  life,  so, 
the  "  first  manner  "  being  shed,  a  gradual 
dawn  enlightened  the  soul  of  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray  ?  It  would  be  nearer 
truth  to  say  that  all  through  his  career  the 
versatility  of  an  artist  tended  to  the  con- 
quest of  very  divergent  types  and  situa- 
tions. Even  a  man  who  possesses  but  the 
average  of  wits  will  refrain  from  confusing 
his  own  experience  or  identity  with  the 
larger  life  he  means  to  chronicle.  But 
Prof.  Stephenson,  having  proved  to  his  own 
satisfaction  that  Thackeray  had  a  "  first 
manner,"  a  "  turning-point,"  a  "  re- 
adjustment," thus  providing  room  for 
steps  to  be  retraced — alleged  to  be  accom- 
plished in  l  Esmond ' — closes  his  argument 
by  fastening  his  transformation  theory  on 
Ethel  Newcome,  through  whom,  he  tries 
to  show,  Thackeray  proclaims  a  formal 
recantation  of  his  earlier  devastating 
philosophy.  But  the  devastation  has 
come  to  exist  since  Thackeray  laid  down 
his  pen,  in  the  professorial  mind.  We 
cannot  accept  the  idea,  though  we  are 
glad  to  have  examined  it.  The  objective 
theory,  wre  still  believe,  holds  the  field 
against  all  comers.  The  waste  and  the 
prejudice,  the  toil  and  the  conflict,  the 
subterfuge  and  the  dissension,  are  part  of 
the  human  comedy  that  we  see,  no  less 
than  the  love  and  the  laughter,  and  the 
interwoven  appeal  to  higher  sense,  which 
hovers  about  us,  not  unheard.  Thackeray 
knew  this,  and  the  results  of  his  know- 
ledge, as  it  grew,  he  gave  us,  so  that 
a  scholar  could  read  on  without  his  sense 


of  fitness  being  jarred,  and  a  man  of  the 
world  could  revel  in  their  clear  relation- 
ship to  perfectly  familiar  phenomena. 
We  need  such  witness  to  the  things  that 
matter,  even  in  our  own  time,  and  we  shall 
not  despair  of  finding  them  anew  among 
novelists,  if  some  talents  seem  to  be 
derelict  almost  before  they  are  fully 
launched.  The  value  of  such  analysis  as 
this  lies  in  the  fact  that  suggestion  is 
always  useful,  if  only  as  a  corrective  of 
indifference — above  all,  of  indifference  to 
the  future  of  the  novel. 


Folk-Ballads  of  Southern  Europe.  Trans- 
lated into  English  Verse  b}-  Sophie 
Jewett.     (Putnam's  Sons,  6s.  net.) 

Miss  Jewett  has  spread  her  net  wide  in 
the  collection  before  us,  taking  her  speci- 
mens not  only  from  the  French,  the 
Provencal,  the  Catalan,  and  the  various 
Italian  dialects,  but  even  from  Roumania 
and  modern  Greece.  When  possible,  she 
wisely  prefers  ballads  of  a  generic  cha- 
racter, variations  of  which  are  to  be  found 
in  the  North  as  well  as  in  the  languages 
here  represented.  For  the  Piedmontese 
she  shows  a  special  predibction,  doubtless 
due  in  some  degree  tj  Count  Nigra' s 
admirable  '  Canti  Popolari  del  Piemonte,' 
which  is  worthy  to  rank  with  Child's 
classic  work  on  the  ballads  of  our  own 
country.  Since  her  object  is  to  provide 
students  of  English  ballads  with  specimens 
from  Southern  Europe,  it  would  not  be 
fair  to  lay  stress  on  omissions.  But  in 
the  interesting  Piedmontese  '  Hero  and 
Leander,'  Leander's  lines, 

I'  avniria  'n  po'  pi  sovens 

S'a  fussa  nen  del  re  vost  pare, 

are  left  out  altogether  in  the  translation ; 
and  there  is  nothing  to  indicate  the 
verses  not  included  in  the  Sicilian  l  Scibilia 
Nobili.' 

Our  author  is  most  successful  when  she 
uses  a  simple,  short-lined  metre,  and 
when  the  ballad  is  largely  narrative,  as  in 
'  The  Three  Students  of  Toulouse  '  or  '  Fair 
Jeanne  ton.'  In  a  genuine  lyric  like  '  The 
Ring.'  found  in  Piedmontese  and  most 
of  the  languages  of  Latin  Europe,  but 
here  given  in  a  pretty  Neapolitan  "  bar- 
carola  "  version,  beginning 

Nucoppa  la  montagnella, 

that  might  as  it  stands  be  the  words  of  a 
prize  song  at  the  Piedigrotta  festival,  she 
fails  to  reproduce  the  lilt  of  the  original. 

Ballads  concerning  love  and  murder 
form  by  far  the  largest  group  in  the  col- 
lection. English  and  Scotch  ballads  are 
at  their  best  when  dealing  with  suffering 
and  tragedy,  but  the  famous  Piedmontese 
'  Donna  Lombarda,'  founded  on  the  story 
of  the  Lombard  Queen  Rosamund,  and 
dating  probably  from  the  sixth  century, 
takes  rank  with  the  greatest  of  them, 
and  is  adequately  rendered  here.  '  The 
Poisoned  Lover  '  recalls  '  Lord  Randal,' 
but  the  lover  makes  his  will  in  a  dialogue 
with  his  mother,  as  in  '  Edward,  Edward,' 
though  it  cannot  otherwise  be  com- 
pared with  that  grim  tragedy.  Especially 
noteworthy    is    the     number    of    ballads 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


THE     ATIIEN/EUM 


491 


dealing  with  the  rape  of  a  Christian  wife 

by  a  Moorish  king  and  her  rescue  by  her 
husband,  such  as  '  11  Moro  Saraoeno  *  or 
*  Soibilia  Xobili.'  a  subject  bound  to  bo 
popular  on  the  shores  of  the  -Mediterranean. 

Religious  ballads  arc  of  eourse.  more 
frequent  and  more  varied  in  Roman 
Catholic  countries  than  in  the  North,  and 
Mi<s  Jewett  regretfully  wonders  how 
many  remains  of  sacred  legend  have 
perished  in  the  lands  of  Wyclif  and  Knox. 
Eight  of  them  are  given  here,  the  stories 
often  taking  on  a  curious  local  colour, 
a-  in  the  Sicilian  version  of  '  The  Prodigal 
Son.'  Mary  Magdalen,  who  is  commonly 
confused  with  the  Samaritan  Woman,  was 
a  favourite  theme.  So  also  was  the  story 
of  Dives  and  Lazarus,  for  the  ballad  is 
essentiallr  democratic  hi  origin  and  svm- 
pathy. 

There  is  no  genuine  ghost-story  among 
the  ballads  of  the  supernatural  before 
u>.  Indeed,  they  could  almost  be  added 
to  the  religious  section,  since  they  are 
largely  concerned  with  curses,  or  with 
the  pains  of  hell,  like  '  Count  Arnold,' 
which  reads  like  a  genuine  English  ballad 
in  Miss  Jewett's  rendering  : — 

What  is  it  from  your  mouth  blazing, 

Arnold,  my  knight  ? 
What  is  it  from  your  mouth  blazing  ? 

Help,  God  of  might  ! 

Evil  words  that  I  have  spoken, 

Woman  most  true  ; 
Evil  words  that    1    have  spoken; 

Loyal  a iv  you. 

Here,  too,  we  find  a  touch  of  social 
reform  : — 

"Tis  because  I  paid  bad  wages, 
Woman  most  true, 

is  the  reason  the  Count  gives  for  his 
dwelling  being  deep  in  hell.  '  The  Voice 
from  Underground  '  is  the  only  Greek 
ballad  included,  but  its  origin  is  un- 
mistakable, though  the  translation,  like 
most  of  those  in  long-lined  metres,  is  far 
from  happy.  It  breathes  the  true  pagan 
joy  of  the  Greek  in  life,  and  sounds  like  a 
b  la  ted  echo  from  the  Palatine  Anthology : 

But  I   suffer  and    am    ashamed,  and    with   great 

pain  I  groan, 

.us.-    you  have   despised   me,  treading  across 

my   grave. 
IVrhaps   I   was   not   young,   I   too  1     Was   I   not 

brave  ? 
M  i\.     I  not  walked,   I   too,  by  night   under  the 

moon  r 

It    seems    a    pity,    however,    to   exclude 

osibly    humorous    ballads    altogether. 

I    •■   end'   of   the    Catalan    -  Count     (iari  ' 

contains  almost   the   only  touch   of  real 

humour  in  the  volume. 

The   spread  of  education   has   sounded 

the    death -knell    of     ballad  -  making    in 

most  parts  of  Europe  ;  but  in  Sicily  and 

ithern    Italy    something   of    the    old 

spirit  remains.      Few  town-  are  without  a 

trino,"  or  marionette  theatre,  though 

the  kmematograph  is  doubtless  pressing  it 
hard;  and  hither  the  illiterate  fisherman 
or  cartel-,  whose  children  will  satisfy 
their  thirst  for  adventure  with  the  feuille- 
-  of  cheap  newspapers,  still  repairs 
night  after  night  to  follow  enthralled  the 
story  of  Charlemagne  and  his  Paladin 
bis  father  did  before  him.  lb-  finds  bis 
hero  not  in  the  soldier  returning  from 
Tripoli,  nor  even  in  Garibaldi,  but  in  the 


brigand  of  the  hour,  such  as  the  Calabrian 
Musolino,  whose  enemies  are  his  own 
enemies,  the  policeman  and  the  Govern- 
ment. There  are  only  five  ballads  of 
prisoners  in  this  volume,  but  '  I  Fra 
Diavoli ' is  clearly  of  comparatively  recent 
Sicilian  origin. 

In  her  translations  of  the  wild  Rou- 
manian folk  -  songs  Miss  Jewett  is  seen 
at  her  best:  in  '  Bujor,'  for  instance, 
which  tells  of  that  great  brigand,  the 
champion  of  the  poor,  who  perished  on 
the  scaffold  ;  or  in  '  Shalga,'  the  heroic  lay 
of  the  mighty  Amazon,  warned  by  the 
piping  of  one  of  her  shepherds  that  they 
have  been  attacked  by  bandits.  The 
story  of  her  hastening  to  their  rescue  and 
cutting  off  the  head  of  the  brigand  chief 
is  full  of  fire  and  vigour  in  its  English 
dress.  Less  known  is  the  fragment  of 
'  The  Little  Lamb.'  Yet  there  is  real 
poetry  in  the  Roumanian  shepherd's 
prayer  to  be  buried  in  the  meadow — 

Close  beside  my  herd-hut  small, 
So  I  may  stay  near  you  all  ; 
Stay  among  my  sheep,  and  still 
Lie  and  listen  underground 
To  my  dogs  upon  the  hill .... 
Lambkin,  no  word  shalt  thou  tell 
In  what  wise  my  death  befell  ; 
Say  I  wed  a  royal  bride, 
Wooed  of  all  the  world  beside  ; 
Say  that  when  our  faith  was  given 
A  bright  star  fell  out  of  Heaven  : 
Sun  and  moon  stood  holding  there 
A  marriage-wreath  above  my  hair  ; 
Mountains  tall  were  priests  to  me  ; 
Guests  were  pine  and  alder-tree  ; 
Torches  were  the  flaming  stars, 
Thousand  birds  my  lute-players. 

The  volume  is  provided  with  a  good 
Introduction  and  notes.  These  are  not 
concerned  with  the  interpretation  of  the 
original  text,  which  is  printed  beside  the 
English  translations. 


The  Civil  Service  of  Great  Britain.  By 
Robert  Moses.  "  Studies  in  History, 
Economics,  and  Public  Law."  (New- 
York,  Columbia  University  ;  London, 
P.  S.  King  &  Son,  8s.) 

The  object  of  this  essay  is 

"  to  present  the  steps  in  the  reform  of  the 
English  Civil  Service,  with  special  emphasis 
upon  examinations,  personnel,  and  prospects, 
rather  than  upon  organization,  economy,  and 
conduct  of  business." 

The  author 

"  has  had  constantly  in  mind  the 
influence  of  the  reformed  English  Civil 
Service  upon  the  Civil  Service  of  the  United 

States." 

Mr.  Moses  dates  his  historical  survey 
from  the  year  1853,  which  he  calls  the 
Independence  Year  of  the  English  Civil 
Service.  He  includes  quotations  from 
a  large  number  of  official  documents, 
and  also  from  contemporary  writers, includ- 
ing Anthony  Trollops  and  Charles  Dickens, 
whose  merciless  exposure  of  the  evils  of 
patronage,  in  "The  Three  Clerks'  and 
'  Little  Dorrit  '  respectively, did  much,  on 
the  popular  side,  to  arouse  the  public 
conscience  to  the  evils  of  patronage  in  the 
public  service.  In  his  description  of 
the  steps  taken   to  place   the   recruiting 

of    the    Indian   Civil    Service    on    a   basis  of 

"open  competition,"  he    pays    a    tittim.' 


tribute  to  the  invaluable  contribution  of 
Maeaulav  to  the  solution  of  that  problem. 
In  regard  to  the  question  of  the  admission 
of  the  native  born  to  the  Indian  Civil 
Service,  -Mr.  Moses  is  of  opinion  that. 
'  there  are  as  many  places  open  to  them 
now  as  they  are  reasonably  capable  of 
tilling  without  endangering  British  pres- 
tige." 

There  is  evidence  of  careful  research, 
and  the  numerous  quotations  from  official 
and  other  sources  are  well  chosen.  The 
book  should  appeal  to  a  wider  public  even 
than  that  large  body  of  politicians,  adminis- 
trators, and  schoolmasters  who  may  fairly 
be  said  to  have  a  personal  interest  in  the 
question.  We  think  with  the  author  that 
the  problem  is  really  one  of  education,  and 
we  hope  that  he  will  be  justified  in  his  fore- 
cast that  the  forthcoming  report  of  Lord 
MacDonnell's  Commission  will  recommend 
"free  education  from  primary  schools, 
through  the  Universities,  in  liberal  arts  or 
science,  to  be  insured  to  every  ambitious 
and  deserving  pupil." 

On  the  question  of  interchangeability 
of  Civil  Service  personnel,  the  author 
agrees  with  Sir  George  Cornewall  Lew  is 
that 

"  where  a  general  superintendence  is  re- 
quired and  assistance  can  be  obtained  from 
subordinates,  and  where  the  chief  qualifica- 
tions are  judgment,  sagacity,  and  enlightened 
political  opinions,  such  a  change  of  office  is 
possible  ;  but  as  you  descend  in  the  official 
scale  the  sjieciality  of  function  increases." 

This  is  a  difficult  question,  but  we  do 
not  think  the  author  intended  that  the 
argument  should  be  carried  to  its  logical 
conclusion,  and  we  hope  that  the  Royal 
Commission  will  go  as  far  as  possible,  not 
only  towards  equalizing  the  pa\  and 
conditions  as  between  the  different  offices 
of  State,  but  also  towards  providing,  as  far 
as  possible,  for  a  system  of  exchange  of 
officers  of  all  ranks,  to  the  lasting  benefit, 
we  believe,  of  both  State  and  servants. 

Examples  of  fatuous  questions  set  by 
the  early  Civil  Service  examiners  are  given, 
and  though  matters  have  improved  since 
those  days,  we  have  heard  of  cram- 
ming for  modern  examinations,  whereas 
everything  possible  should  be  done  to 
base  competitive  examinations  upon  the 
work  actually  done  by  the  competitors  at 
their  school  or  University.  We  are  glad 
that  Mr.  Moses  emphasizes  the  fact  that 
the  present  Higher  Division  examination 
continues  to  give  an  undue  advantage  to 
students  of  Oxford.  He  thinks  that  the 
Royal  Commission  will  undoubtedly  re- 
commend "that  this  examination  be 
modified  so  as  to  attract  more  men  from 
the   new    l'ni\ersities."      To   the   critics   ol 

competitive  examination  and  there  are 
doubtless  man}  -we  commend  the  quota- 
tion (on  p.  100)  from  John  Stuart  Mill, 
who   himself    Bpenl    the    better    pari    of 

his    life    as   a    Civil    Servant,    and    in    this 

connexion  we  should  like  to  quote  an 
early  Secretary  of  the  ci\il  Service 
( 'oinmission  : — 

"Feu  persons  now  really  believe  thai 
the  friend-  of  competition  rely  upon  H  a-  .m 
infallible  tesl  of  official  aptitude,  or  a-  any- 
thing more  than  the  beef  available  test.... 
The    onlj    question . . .  .now    i-    a-    to    tie 


492 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


extent  to  which  the  plan,  thus  generally 
appreciated,  should  be  adopted,  and  the 
rate  at  which  we  should  proceed  in  the  work." 

Lest  we  should  be  charged  with  an 
attempt  to  reslay  the  slain,  we  hasten  to 
add  that  the  numerous  appointments  at 
short  notice  made  necessary  by  the  quick 
growth  of  new  Government  departments, 
in  consequence  of  social  legislation,  has 
laid  us  open  to  the  risk  of  a  return  to  the 
evils  of  patronage,  naked  and  unashamed. 
We  cannot  be  too  careful  to  guard  against 
reaction  of  this  kind,  and  the  appointment 
of  Civil  Servants  without  at  least  the  inter- 
vention of  a  Civil  Service  Committee  of 
Selection  is,  we  think,  highly  repre- 
hensible. The  evil  of  patronage  lives  after, 
and  begets  an  evil  brood  in  the  form  of 
nepotism  within  the  services. 

An  old-time  Secretary  to  the  Committee 
of  the  Council  of  Education 

"  saw  no  reason  why  there  should  not  be 
open  competition  for  the  Lower  Division, 
but  quite  irrationally  he  thought  open 
competition  inapplicable  to  the  Higher 
Division." 

Tradition  dies  hard  in  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, for, 

"  strangely  enough,  this  opinion  prevails 
even  now  in  this  Department,  and  has 
staunch  supporters  in  present  and  former 
Secretaries." 

The  young  men  who  are  responsible  for 
the  production  of  The  Civilian,  one  of  the 
best  known  of  the  service  organs,  will  be 
interested  to  learn  that  "  Washington 
clerks  are  quite  incapable  of  such  a  publi- 
cation." On  the  much  debated  question 
of  the  promotion  of  the  Second  Division 
clerk,  Mr.  Moses  is  of  opinion  that  the 
ideas  of  these  clerks'  representatives 

"  of  the  fundamental  constitution  of  offices, 
promotions,  &c,  were  not  very  valuable. 
Only  their  specific  complaints  about 
their  own  offices  were  worth  having. 
They  all  commented  on  their  extraordinary 
responsibilities ....  and  demanded  higher  pay 
and  quicker  promotion." 

He  thinks,  however,  that  the  Royal 
Commission  will  not  do  less  than  recom- 
mend the  abolition  of  the  eight  years' 
rule  in  the  case  of  promotion  to  the 
Higher  Division;  that  more  staff  posts 
should  be  set  aside  for  the  Second 
Division ;  and  that  more  opportunity 
should  be  given  in  that  Division  to  do 
intellectual  or  original  work,  with  recogni- 
tion and  reward  for  Second  Division  men 
who  become  graduates,  barristers,  &c. 

On  the  question  of  a  strike  the  author 
appears  to  think  that  "  the  organizations 
of  Civil  Servants  are  more  terrifying  in 
their  hot-headed  revolutionary  youth  than 
in  their  mature  and  responsible  develop- 
ment." He  wisely  advocates  full  "  recog- 
nition "  and  discussion. 

The  chapter  devoted  to  a  comparison 
between  the  Civil  Services  of  England  and 
the  United  States  is  interesting  and  in- 
forming : — 

'  The  history  of  American  reform  is 
chequered  and  spasmodic.  The  course  of 
English   reform   is   remarkably   steady   and 

uneventful It  has   the  appearance   of   a 

force  moving  irresistibly  forward,  and  driving 


patronage  and  incompetence  before  it 

But  reform  in  the  United  States  has  moved 
forward  slowly  and  painfully  ;  frequently  it 
has  stopped  entirely,  and  at  times  it  has 
actually  been  driven  back." 

We  believe  that  further  reform  of  the 
American  Civil  Service  is  one  of  the  tasks 
to  which  President  Woodrow  Wilson  has 
set  his  hand,  and  students  in  this  country 
will  watch  his  work  with  interest.  It 
appears  that  "  there  is  more  open  compe- 
tition in  the  United  States  than  in  Great 
Britain,"  and  that  at  present  "  295,000 
out  of  391,000  federal  employees  are  in  the 
classified  list." 

On  the  subject  of  rewards  and  decora- 
tions the  author  is  of  opinion  that 

"  in  Europe  titles  and  orders,  and  (in 
Monarchies)  the  exaggerated  respect  paid 
to  Civil  Servants  as  the  visible  symbols  of 
Royal  power,  attract  the  brains  of  these 
countries  into  Government  work  in  spite  of 

low  salaries We  must  pay  our  officials 

fair  salaries,  or  else  we  shall  not  be  able 
to  compete  with  private  enterprise." 


Publications  of  the  Southampton  Record 
Society  :  The  Port  Books  of  Southamp- 
ton. Transcribed  and  edited  from  the 
MS.  in  the  Audit  House,  with  Notes, 
Introduction,  Glossarj^  &c.,  by  Paul 
Studer.  (Southampton,  Cox  &  Shar- 
land,  15s.  9d.  net.) 

The  Southampton  Record  Society  is  to 
be  congratulated  on  good  work  done  and 
doing.  The  publication  of  the  '  Black 
Book,'  '  Oak  Book,'  and  Court  Leet 
Records  of  Southampton  has  now  been 
followed  by  an  edition  of  the  '  Port 
Books'  for  1427-30.  One  would  have 
thought  that  a  mere  glance  at  such  a  docu- 
ment as  these  Anglo-French  accounts  of 
Robert  Florys,  the  Water-Bailiff  and  Re- 
ceiver of  Petty  Customs  for  Southampton, 
would  have  sufficed  to  indicate  their 
worth  both  from  an  historical  and  a  lin- 
guistic point  of  view.  But  the  worth  of 
Port  Books  has  not  been  always  so  easily 
recognized,  and  there  was  a  tendency,  if 
we  remember  aright,  even  in  responsible 
quarters,  to  regard  them  not  so  long  ago 
as  mere  cumbersome  rubbish,  fit  only  to 
be  "  scrapped  "  and  "  pulped."  Yet  these 
lists  of  ships  and  their  cargoes,  the  customs 
they  paid,  the  produce  they  brought,  the 
ports  they  hailed  from,  and  the  ports  they 
cleared  for,  are,  when  analyzed  and  co- 
ordinated, the  very  stuff  of  which  genuine 
history  is  to  be  made.  One  can  well 
imagine  the  delight  with  which  the 
genius  of  a  Macaulay  or  a  Green  would 
have  fastened  upon  such  a  piece  of  docu- 
mentary evidence  as  this,  and  used  it  as 
the  foundation  for  a  picture,  not  only  of 
the  prosperity  of  the  southern  seaport, 
but  even  of  the  whole  seaborne  trade  of 
England  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

What  is  the  life  that  these  '  Port  Books ' 
reveal  ?  It  is  but  a  few  years  since  Harry 
set  out  from  the  West  Quay  with  the 
flower  of  England  to  win  the  fair  kingdom 
of  France  :  Agincourt  has  been  fought  and 
won,   but  a  ceaseless  stream  of  knights 


and  nobles,  and  soldiers  high  and  low, 
is  still  passing  through  Hampton  to  the 
seat  of  war.  The  captains  and  sailors, 
who  return  to  the  port  and  squabble  over 
the  anchorage  dues  and  customs,  have 
many  a  tale  to  tell  of  fights  with  pirates, 
of  the  war  in  France,  and  the  dread 
power  of  the  French  witch,  Joan. 

Nor  was  the  trade  of  the  prosperous  port 
confined  to  the  coast  of  England  and 
Normandy  and  Bordeaux,  or  to  the  fleet 
of  the  Southampton  merchants.  The 
Easterlings,  too,  the  Hanse  merchants 
from  the  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea,  con- 
gregated in  the  Solent,  and  their  tiny 
craft  jostled  the  huge  carracks  from  the 
Mediterranean.  For,  through  the  mer- 
chants of  Venice,  Florence,  and  Genoa, 
Southampton  had  become  one  of  the  chief 
emporiums  of  spices,  wines,  and  all  the 
rich  produce  of  the  East. 

With  the  plentiful  assistance  of  so 
careful  an  editor  as  Dr.  Studer,  the 
recently  appointed  Taylorian  Professor  of 
the  Romance  Language  at  Oxford,  the 
reader  of  Master  Florys's  Port  Book  can 
quickly  form  an  idea  of  the  economic 
status  both  of  Southampton  and  England 
in  the  fifteenth  century.  The  learned 
editor  also  draws  attention  to  its  value  as 
a  treasure-house  of  that  old  French  dialect 
which  had  long  flourished  in  Southampton, 
but  was  now  blending  with  the  Saxon 
speech  and  beginning  to  form  the  new, 
homogeneous  language  of  the  English 
people.  We  wonder,  by  the  way,  whether 
the  inexplicable  word  given  as  "  preves  " 
on  p.  12  (amongst  a  cargo  of  fruit)  is 
not  a  misreading  for  prunes.  There  is  a 
Breton  word  prev  which  Dr.  Studer  does 
not  appear  to  know — but  it  means  a 
"  worm"  ! 


C.    lull   Caesar  is  Commentarii  Per  urn,   in 

•     Gallia    Gestarum    VII.     A.  Hirti  Com- 

mentarius    VIII.      Edited    by  T.  Rice 

Holmes.        (Oxford,    Clarendon    Press, 

8s.  6d.  net.) 

Dr.  T.  Rice  Holmes,  in  his  Preface, 
quotes  a  sentence  from  a  letter  written  in 
1894  by  Mommsen  to  Dr.  Heinrich  Meusel 
on  the  subject  of  Caesar's  '  Commentaries ' : 

"  The  noble  work  deserves  all  the  labour 
that  can  be  spent  upon  it.  The  enormous 
difference  between  these  '  Commentaries ' 
and  everything  else  that  is  called  Roman 
History  cannot  be  adequately  realized." 

This  is  a  stirring  and  true  remark,  and 
deserves  to  be  considered  by  English 
teachers  of  the  ancient  classics,  especially 
at  this  time.  There  is  to-day  something 
of  a  "  slump  "  in  Caesar,  and  even  where  he 
is  read  in  schools  there  is  an  imperative 
need  of  fresh  and  livelier  and  more  pains- 
taking methods.  Certainly  no  teacher 
who  has  failed  to  acquaint  himself  with 
Dr.  Rice  Holmes's  works  is  really  fit  to 
teach  Caesar  to  beginners. 

It  is  a  sound  proposition  that  the 
'  Commentaries  '  should  be  read  rapidly 
through  at  least  once  by  the  highest  forms 
in  public  schools  ;  there  is  plenty  of  room 
for  scholarship  (e.g.,  some  of  those  puzzling 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


THE    ATHENiEU  M 


403 


perfect  subjunctives)  in  the  interpretation 
of  the  text,  and  for  knowledge  of  Rinnan 
history  ;  ami  we  get  at  least  the  starting- 
points  hu-  most  interesting  discussions  on 
ethnological,  social,  political,  ami  religious 
topics  of  several  kinds.  Sixth  -  form 
boys.  too.  are  of  those  who  might  be 
tempted  to  make  personal  acquaintance 
with  the  sites  of  Csesar's  more  important 
military  operations  in  Gaul,  admirable 
directions  for  reaching  which  are  given 
in  an  appendix  of  the  present  volume. 
For  younger  pupils  it  is  still  necessary  to 
urge  that  teachers  should  put  them  in 
possession  of  the  general  setting  of  Caesar's 
writings  before  they  proceed  to  a  line- 
by-line  study  of  a  few  chapters ;  and  un- 
doubtedly a  simplified  version  of  the 
whole  '  Gallic  War  '  read  through  with  an 
eve  to  unit\'  of  impression  is  much  to  be 
preferred  to  the  study  of  half  a  book. 

The  commentary  on  the  eight  books  of 
the  '  Gallic  War '  before  us  is  adapted 
for  the  use  of  teachers  and  senior  pupils. 
The  notes  are  confined  to  explaining 
(  a'sar's  text,  and  information  which  the 
reader  can  easily  acquire  from  the  ordinary 
sources  is  not  supplied.  Critical  notes  are 
printed  along  with  the  others  at  the 
foot  of  the  text.  It  is  now  nearly  three 
years  since  the  completion  of  the  second 
edition  of  '  Caesar's  Conquest  of  Gaul '  ; 
but  all  Caesarian  literature  that  has  ap- 
peared in  the  interim  has  been  considered 
in  the  present  commentary,  and  some  few 
modifications  and  additions  made. 

After  a  series  of  five  sections  deal- 
ing with  the  circumstances  of  the 
■writing  of  the  '  Commentaries,'  the  text, 
the  credibility  of  Caesar's  narrative,  the 
ethnology  of  Gaul,  and  the  discovery 
of  Caesarian  camps  and  earthworks,  we 
have  some  thirty  pages  of  introduction 
on  Gaul  as  it  had  developed  by  Caesar's 
davs.  The  commentarv  is  characteristic 
of  its  author.  It  has  the  freshness  of 
first-hand  topographical  knowledge,  of 
the  man  who  has  been  on  the  spot.  It 
finds  the  safest  interpretation  of  Caesar's 
language  in  all  that  is  extant  of  that  lan- 
guage. It  is  very  cautious  in  the  accept- 
ance of  emendations.  '"  I  never  adopt," 
writes  its  author,  "  an  emendation  unless 
it  seems  absolutely  necessary."  It  puts 
commentator  and  reader  on  terms  of  close 
personal  intimacy  ;  thus,  after  a  suggested 
translation  of  a  word,  we  find  :  "  Perhaps 
you  can  think  of  a  better  word."  It  is 
often  caustic  in  its  treatment  of  the 
errors  of  previous  commentators,  and 
poleon  III.  and  Mommsen  are  treated 
with  some  sarcasm.  Generally  incisive, 
the  notes  often  become  enigmatic  and 
dogmatic    in    their   tera  a  Thus    on 

vii.  3  we  read.  "  quo  dues  not  agree 
with  metre."  This  is  provocative.  \- 
between     the     two     views — whether     quo 

means    "by  which    act"   or   goes    with 

re  (by  which  custom  |  —  many  will 
reasonably  decide  for  the  latter  as  being 
better  Latin.  Tin-  commentary,  as  is  only 
natural,  ha-  some  obvious  omission 


FICTION. 

Dodo    (he     Second.     By    E.     P.     Benson. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  (is.) 

In  introducing  us  to  the  daughter  of  Dodo 
by  her  second  marriage  Mr.  Benson  makes 
possible  the  perpetuation  in  the  direct 
line  of  the  woman  whose  charm  so  closely 
approaches  insolence.  Those  who  appre- 
ciate the  type  will  be  the  more  thankful, 
as  before  the  close  of  the  book  Dodo 
and  her  daughter  both  make  love  matches. 
Psychologically  we  should  deem  such 
events  '*  out  of  the  picture  "  ;  at  any 
rate,  they  portend  the  making  of  saint 
or  devil.  Through  half  of  the  present 
work  the  two  are  merely  unmoral,  and,  as 
such,  even  though  we  may  think  im- 
morality is  to  be  deprecated  in  a  world 
suffering  from  the  prevalence  of  im- 
morality, they  are  distinctly  entertaining. 

Their  dialogue  is  sprinkled  with  good 
things.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  setting 
of  these  gems  often  jars  on  our  nerves  as 
badly  as  does  the  bad  setting  of  real 
jewellery  on  the  nerves  of  one  of  Mr. 
Benson's  male  characters.  Their  speech 
is,  however,  self-revealing,  and  few7  novel- 
ists nowadays  can  claim  so  much. 

For  instance,  Dodo's  daughter  reveals 
herself  in  the  following  remarks,  which  are, 
as  it  happens,  not  quite  up  to  date  : — 

"  '  I  do  not  mean  that  a  man  is  not  a  gentle- 
man becavise  he  is  stupid,  but  I  do  mean 
that  quarterings  cannot  make  him  one. 
The  old  idea  is  so  obsolete,  so  Victorian,  like 
the  old  mahogany  sideboards.  Who  cares 
about  a  grandfather  ?  What  does  a  grand- 
father matter  any  more  ?  They  used  to  say 
'  Move  with  The  Times.''  Now  we  move 
instead  witli  The  Daily  Mail.''  " 

She  is  better  in  displaying  the  unima- 
ginative mind  of  her  mother's  third 
husband  : — 

"  '  There  was  a  clan,  and  we  discovered  h, 
like  Xewton  and  the  orange.' 

"  '  Apple,  surely,'  said  John. 

"  Nadine  looked  brilliantly  round. 

"  '  I  knew  he  would  say  that,  whereas  a 
clansman  would  be  content  to  understand 
what  I  mean.'  "  .  .  .  . 

"  '  Rut  to  bathe  in  the  sea  makes  me  think  : 
it  gives  me  romance.  Poor  John,  you  never 
get  romance.  You  amass  information,  and 
make  a  Blue  Book.'  " 

Her  dialogue,  and  that  of  the  other 
women  for  that  matter,  is  best  summed 
up  by  one  of  the  men  : — 

"  '  What  an  extraordinary  lot  of  words  to 
tell  us  that  you  are  an  intellectual  egoist,' 
he  said.  '  And  you  needn't  have  told  us  at 
all.     We  all  knew  it.'  " 

The  latter  part  of  the  book  shows  a 
distinct  change,  and  we  are  curious  as  to 
the  author's  reason  for  it.  Did  his 
well  of  smart  things  show  a  tendency 
to    become   exhausted,   or  did   he   wish    to 

■  lire  the  attention  of  a  public  to  whom 
heroics  and  sentimentality  arc  a  necessity  ( 
Whatever  determined  the  change,  the 
n  suits  are  more  than  sufficiently  amazing. 

Dodo's  daughter  suddenly  acquires  tender- 
ness.    We  an-   treated  to  a  greal  storm 

scene,     followed     hy    a    shipwreck     and     a 

marvellous  rescue,  a  sick-bed  engagement, 
two  marriages,  an  attempted  murder,  and 

the  birth  of  a  son  to  Dodo  herself.    All  t  his  is 

recounted  in  a  " highfalutin "  style  which 

makes  us  close  the  book  with  relief. 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Campion  (Edmund),  Ten  Reasons,  proposed  to 
his  Adversaries  for  Disputation  in  the  Name  of 
the  Faith,  and  presented  to  tin-  Illustrious  Mem- 
bers of  our  Universities,  "  The  Catholic  Library," 
1/  net.  B.  Herder 

This  volume  contains  the  original  Latin  text, 

with  a   translation   hy   the    Rev.   .Joseph    RickaDV, 

and  an  historical  Introduction  by  the  Rev.  John 
1 1  ungerford   Pollen. 

Cheyne  (Rev.  T.  K.),  FRESH  VOYAGES  ox 
Unfrequented  Waters,  5/  net.  Hlack 

A    continuation     of    earlier    researches     upon 

the  text  and  contents  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Conybeare  (Dr.  F.  C),  Tin:   Historical  Christ, 
8/6  net.  Watt- 

An  investigation  of  the  views  of  Mr.  J.  M. 
Uobcrtson,  Dr.  A.  Drews,  and  Prof.  W .  1$. 
Smith,  which  is  intended  "  as  a  plea  tor  modera- 
tion and  c?ood  .sense  in  dealing  with  the  writings 
of  early  Christianity." 

Daily  Texts  for  a  Year,  edited  by  G.  F.  Chambers, 

(id.   net.  R.T.S. 

The  editor's  Preface  explains  that  this  little 

book  was  originally  compiled  about  1845  by  the 

daughter  of  a  Vicar  of  Eastbourne. 

Dendy  (John),  The  Larger  Life,  a  Way  through 

Experience  towards  the  Truth.  'J.  6  net. 

Essex  Hall.  Essex  street.  W.C. 

A  discussion  of  some  fundamental  principles 

of  religion  and  philosophy.     The  author  does  not 

write  for  students,  but  for  "  the  ordinary  reader." 

Girdlestone    (R.    B.),    The    Mission-    of    Christ 

and  the  Title  Deeds  of  Christianity.  ::  »>  net. 

Robert  Scott 
The   author's   aim   is   to   prove    the   authen- 
ticity of  the  books  of  the  New  Testament. 
Robinson  (Forbes),  The  Self- Limitation  of  the 
Word  of  God  as  mand?ested  in  the  Incarna- 
tion, 3  /6  net.  Longmans 
An  essay  on  '  The  Evidential  Value  of  O.T. 
Prophecy '     is    also    included    in    this    volume. 
There  is  an  Introductory  Note  by  .Mr.  Charles  H. 
Robinson. 

Rolle  (Richard),  The  Fhie  of  Love,  and  The 
Mending  of  Life,  edited  and  done  into 
Modern  English  by  Prances  M.  M.  Comper, 
with  an  Introduction  bv  Evelyn  Underbill, 
3/6  net.  Methuen 

A    modernized    version    of    Richard    Misyn's 

fifteenth-century    translations    of    '  De    Incendio 

Amoris  '    and    '  De   Emendatione    Vitae,1    wi  itten 

by  Richard  Rolle,  who  died  at  llanipole  in  1349. 

The  Introduction  deals  with  '  The  Mysticism  of 

Richard  Rolle.' 

Skrine  (Rev.  J.  H.),  Eucharist  and  Bishop,  1/ 

net.  Longmans 

This  pamphlet  deals  with   certain   questions 

which  have  arisen  out  of  the  Kikuvu  controversy. 

Tait  (Arthur  J.),  Christus  Redemptor,  Medita- 
tions on  1  Corinthians  i.  30,  "  Purple  Series," 
1/6  net.  Robert  Scott 

Five  sermons  delivered  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. 

Westcott  (Frederick  Brooke),  A  Letter  ro  Asia, 
being  a  Paraphrase  and  Brief  Exposition  of 
the  Epistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  to  t  he  Believers 
at  Colossae,  3/6  net.  Macmillan 

This  paraphrase  is  not  intended  tor  "  prac- 
tised scholars,"  but  for  "those  who  -till  have 
time  and  energy  for  ipiiet  Uible  study.  There 
is  an  historical  Introduction,  followed  by  a 
commentary  on  the  text  of  the  Epistle.  \t  the 
end  of  the  volume  the  version  of  I'll  l  and  the 
author's  paraphrase  of  the  Epistle  are  printed 
side  by  side. 

POETRY. 

Cole  (T.  W.),  Quatrains,  fid.  net.  Palmer 

This  booklet   contains  Bixtcen  quatrains    re* 

printed  from  The  Pall   Wall  Gazette  and   M  orcetter 

Herald.     They  include  '  By  the  Hedgerow   ,'  'A 

.Ma  >  -da  y  in  Tow  n.    a  ml   '   Pol  -pi  IU 

Flowers  from  the  Fatherland,  transplanted  Into 
English  Soil  by  \.  M.  Evere  t,  8  8  aet. 

M.  i 'iloiiald 

A  selection  of  translation  man  poetry, 

Including  renderings  of  poems  bj    Heine,  Fall 
leben,  Schiller,  Goethe,  and  Kerm  r. 
Holley    (Horace),    CREATION,     Posl   I  inp 

Poem  .  I     net.  Fifleld 

I  collection  of  miscellaneous  deluding 

•In    a    Factory,'    'The    Vision,1    'The    Crowd/ 
'  K\ e's  Lament .'  and  '  Pilgrim.' 
Keble  (John),  Tin:  ciuo- 1 1  \n    I  net. 

Milford 

\  \  ohune  In  i  be  "  vVoi  m     <  ,  ,  Pocket 

Edit  ion. 


404 


THE    ATHENilUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


Keble     (John),     The     Christian     Year,     Lyra 

Innocentium,    and    Other    Poems,    together 

with     lii.s     Sermon     on     '  National    Apostasy,' 

1/6  net.  Milford 

In  the  "  Oxford  Edition  of  Standard  Authors.  ' 

Macaulay  (Rose),  The  Two  Blind  Countries, 

2/(i  net.  8idgwick  &  Jackson 

A  collection  of  poems,  many  of  which  have 

already  appeared  in   The   Saturday    Westminster, 

The   Spectator,   and    The    Cambridge     Magazine. 

The  book  includes  '  Two  Hymns  for  St.  Andrew's 

Day,'    'Trinity  Sunday,'    'The  City  on  the  Lee 

Shore,'  and  '  The  Tramps'  Highway.' 

Oppenheim  (Edwin),  The  Reverberate  Hills, 

3/6  net.  Constable 

The  author  writes  '  To  a  Departing  Swallow,' 
'  In  the  Pirwood,'  and  on  '  Autumn,'  '  Lac  Tanay,' 
'  A   Winter's    Night   in   the   Rhone   Valley,'    and 
similar  subjects. 
Roberts   (E.   Cecil),  Through   Eyes  of  Youth, 

2/6  net.  James  Clarke 

This  last  volume  of  Mr.  Roberts's  poetry 
includes  '  Ode  to  Theocritus,'  '  Clifton  Church,' 
'  Habberley  Valley,'  and  '  The  Strike.' 

Sackville  (Lady  Margaret),  The  Career  briefly 

set  forth  of  Mr.  Percy  Prendergast,  who 

told  the  Truth,  1  /  net.  A.  H.  Stockwell 

These  verses  tell  how  the  truthful  hero  was 

elected    to    Parliament,    and    finally    appointed 

Prime    Minister.     The    illustrations    are    by    Mr. 

C.  W.  Ingram. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Book-Prices  Current,  Vol.  XXVIII.  Part  II., 
25/6  per  annum.  Elliot  Stock 

A  bi-monthly  record  of  the  prices  at  which 
books  have  been  sold  at  auction. 
Catalogue  of  German,  Dutch,  and  Flemish  Illus- 
trated   Books,    XV.-XVI.    Centuries  :    Part   I. 
A-H,  3/  J.  <fc  J.  Leigh  ton 

Includes  descriptions  of  early  books  and 
prints  representative  of  illustration  and  decora- 
tion in  Germany,  Austria,  Switzerland,  and  the 
Netherlands  before  the  year  1601.  All  details  of 
the  Catalogue  are  first-hand,  and  the  sizes  of 
the  cuts  are  given  in  millimetres,  together  with 
collations  of  every  item. 

Icelandic  Collection  bequeathed  by  Willard  Fiske, 
Catalogue,  compiled  by  Halldor  Hermannsson, 
$6  Cornell  University  Library,  Ithaca,  N.Y. 

An  annotated  Catalogue,  arranged  alpha- 
betically under  the  names  of  authors,  of  some 
9,700  volumes,  comprising  editions  and  transla- 
tions of  Old  Icelandic  and  Old  Norse  tests,  modern 
Icelandic  literature,  commentaries  and  works  on 
the  language,  history,  religion,  and  customs  of  the 
Scandinavian  nations.  The  Runic  literature  in 
the  Fiske  Collection  has  not  been  included. 
Slater  (J.  Herbert),  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  a 
Bibliography  of  his  Complete  Works,  2/6  net. 

Bell 
This  volume  is  the  first  of  a  projected  series 
of  handbooks  for  collectors,  librarians,  and 
others  who  wish  to  trace  the  first  and  early  edi- 
tions of  authors.  The  books  here  described  are 
arranged  alphabetically  according  to  the  first 
words  of  their  titles,  and  notes  are  added  giving 
particulars  of  different  issues  or  editions  and  the 
auction  prices. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Calendar  of  the  Patent  Rolls,  preserved  in  the 

Public   Record  Office:    Edward   III.,  Vol. 

XV.  a.d.  1370-1374,  15/  Stationery  Office 

Part  of  the  series  of  Calendars  of  the  Patent 

Rolls   from   the   reign  of   Edward   I.   to  that  of 

Henry  VII. 

Chronica     Johannis     de     Reading    et    Anonymi 
Cantuariensis,    1346-1367,    edited    by    James 
Tait,  10/6  net.         Manchester  University  Press 
These  two  manuscripts  are  edited  with  Intro- 
duction and  notes  ;  the  volume  includes  Addenda, 
Corrigenda,  Index,  and  facsimiles. 

Couper  (W.  J.),  The  Millers  of  Haddington, 

Dunbar,    and    Dunfermline,    a    Record    of 

Scottish  Bookselling,  8/6  net.        Fisher  Unwin 

This    volume    is    offered    as    a    contribution 

towards  the  history  of  the  book- trade  of  Scotland. 

It  is  illustrated  with  plates  and  woodcuts  in  the 

text,    and    concludes    with    a    Bibliography    of 

'  Books,  &c,  written  or    edited    by    the    Millers 

of  Dunbar  and  Haddington,'  '  The  East  Lothian 

Press,'    and    '  The    Dunfermline    Press,'    and    an 

Index. 

Laurie  (Lieut.-Col.  George  Brenton),  History  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Rifles,  Ordinarv  Edition 
21/,  Library  Edition  30/  Gale&Polden 

A  history  of  the  83rd  and  86th  Regiments, 
constituting  since  1881  the  1st  and  2nd  Battalions 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Rifles.  Prof.  Oman  has  con- 
tributed a  chapter  dealing  with  the  Peninsular 
War.  There  are  many  illustrations,  coloured 
plates,  and  maps. 


Lockhart's  Life  of  Scott,  abridged  and  edited  by 
O.  Leon  Reid,  "  Macmillan's  Pocket  Classics," 
1/net. 

The  editor  has  added  a  brief  Preface,  Intro- 
duction, and  a  few  notes. 

Plowden    (Alfred    Chlchele),    Grain   or   Chaff  ? 

the  Autobiography  of  a  Police  Magistrate,   1/ 

net.  Nelson 

A    cheap    reprint.       See    notice    in    Athen., 

Dec.  12,  1003,  p.  793. 

Sabatini  (Rafael),  The  Life  of  Cesare  Borgia, 
5/  net.  Stanley  Paul 

A  new  edition  in  the  "  Essex  Library." 

Young  (Norwood),  Napoleon  in  Exile  at  Elba 
(1814-1815),  21  /  net.  Stanley  Paul 

An  account  of  Napoleon's  year  at  Elba,  with  a 
chapter  on  the  iconography  of  the  island  by  Mr. 
A.  M.  Broadley,  from  whose  collection  of  Napo- 
leonic prints  and  caricatures  the  illustrations  are 
taken. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Carson  (W.  E.),  Mexico,  the  Wonderland  of  the 
South,    10/6   net.  Macmillan 

A  revised  edition,  including  among  its  new 
features  a  summary  of  events  in  Mexico  from  the 
accession  of  President  Diaz  in  1876  to  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Huerta  in  1914,  and  a 
chapter  on  the  present  political  outlook. 

Cox  (J.  Charles),  Warwickshire,  2/6  net. 

Methuen 
In  "The  Little  Guides"  series,  with  twenty- 
four    illustrations    from    photographs,    and    six 
maps  and  plans. 

Enock  (C.  Reginald),  Ecuador,  its  Ancient  and 

Modern    History,     Topography,     and     Natural 

Resources,  Industries,  and  Social  Development, 

"  The  South  American  Series,"  10/6  Unwin 

This  book  aims  at  presenting  various  aspects 

of   the    country   which   will   interest   the   trader, 

traveller,    and    general   reader   alike.     There   are 

many  illustrations  and  two  maps. 

Freshfield  (Douglas),  Hannibal  Once  More* 
5/  net.  Arnold 

The  author  endeavours  to  treat  the  classical 
texts  relating  to  Hannibal's  passage  of  the  Alps 
from  the  point  of  view  of  an  Alpine  traveller  and 
topographer.  The  book  includes  maps  and 
illustrations. 

Garnett  (Lucy  M.  J.),  Greece  of  the  Hellenes, 
6/  net.  Pitman 

Another  volume  in  the  "  Countries  and 
Peoples  Series." 

Thring  (Mrs.  C.  H.  M.),  The  Trials  and  Plea- 
sures of  an  Uncompleted  Tour,  edited  by 
C.  H.  M.  T.,  12/6  net.  Simpkin  &  Marshall 

The  tour  here  described  was  begun  by  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Thring  in  August,  1911.  They  crossed 
North  America,  and  travelled  in  New  Zealand, 
Australia,  Japan,  and  China.  They  then  went 
to  Calcutta,  visiting  various  places  in  North 
India.  Mrs.  Thring  died  very  suddenly  at  Agra, 
and  the  book  is  compiled  from  her  letters  and 
diary.     It  is  fully  illustrated  with  photographs. 


SOCIOLOGY. 


Indi- 


Day  (Henry  C),  Catholic  Democracy 
vidualism  and  Socialism,  6/  net. 

Heath  &  Cranton 
The  author  discusses  the  social  teaching  of 
the  Catholic  Church,  and  compares  it  with  that  of 
the  new  democracy.     Cardinal  Bourne  has  con- 
tributed a  brief  Preface. 

Gorham  (Charles  T.),  Christianity  and  Civiliza- 
tion, 9d.  net.  Watts 
This  little  volume  in  "The  Inquirer's  Li- 
brary "  contains  chapters  on  '  The  Influence  of 
Religion  upon  Civilization,'  '  The  Reformation,' 
and  '  Christianity  and  Woman.'  A  Bibliography 
is  also  included. 

Seebohm   (the  late  Frederic),  Customary  Acres 

AND    THEIR    HISTORICAL    IMPORTANCE,    being    a 

Series  of  Unfinished  Essays,  12/6  net.  Longmans 
These  studies  of  the  tribal  and  pastoral 
conditions  of  landholding,  and  its  development 
into  the  open-field  system  of  the  village  community, 
are  published  by  the  author's  son.Mr.  Hugh  E. 
Seebohm,  who  writes  a  Preface. 

ECONOMICS. 

Guyot  (Yves),  Where  and  Why  Public  Owner- 
ship has  Failed,  6/6  net.  Macmillan 
The  author  discusses  such  subjects  as 
municipal  activity,  the  housing  of  the  working 
classes,  State  insurance  and  employment,  Govern- 
ment monopolies,  and  State  operation  of  railways, 
his  aim  being  to  discover  what  reforms  have  been 
accomplished  in  those  cases  where  State  owner- 
ship and  operation  have  been  tried. 


POLITICS. 
Foster  (Hon.  George  E.),  Canadian  Addresses, 
edited  by  Arnold  Winterbotham,  5/ net. 

Jenkins 
A  number  of  addresses  on  '  Imperial  Pre- 
ference,' '  Naval  Defence,'  '  Reciprocity  with  the 
United  States,'  '  Some  Problems  of  Empire,'  and 
kindred  subjects,  with  an  introductory  chapter 
on  Canada  of  to-day. 

Land  (The),  the  Report  of  the  Land  Enquiry 
Committee  :     Vol.    II.  Urban,   paper   1/   net, 
cloth  2/  net.  Hodder  <te  Stoughton 

This  volume  embodies  some  of  the  results  of 
an  inquiry  made  during  1912-13  by  a  small  Com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer. It  deals  more  particularly  with  urban 
conditions,  but  "  rating  and  taxation,  the  acquisi- 
tion of  land  for  public  and  private  purposes,  the 
control  of  building  areas,  and,  to  a  certain  extent, 
questions  relating  to  tenure,  are  dealt  with  in 
their  rural  aspects  as  well." 

PHILOLOGY. 

Pokorny  (Julius),  A  Concise  Old  Irish  Grammar 
and  Reader  :  Part  I.  Grammar,  5/  net. 

Dublin,  Hodges  <fc  Figgis 

An  easy  introduction  to  the  scientific  study 

of    Old  Irish,  in  which    the  writer   acknowledges 

his  indebtedness  to  the  grammars  of  Thurneysen 

and  Pedersen. 

Wisdom  (J.  H.)  and  Murray  (Marr),  A  Practical 
Pocket    Dictionary    of    the    French    and 
English  Languages  ;    A  Practical  Pocket 
Dictionary    of   the    German  and    English 
Languages  ;    and  A  Practical  Pocket  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Spanish  and  English  Lan- 
guages, 6d.  net  each.  Melrose 
-These    little    Dictionaries    are    intended   pri- 
marily for  the  use  of  travellers,  and  contain  over 
5,000   words   in   common   use  in   each   language. 
They   are   printed    in    clear    type,    and    measure 
about  6i  in.  by  3  in. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 
Fansler  (Dean  Spruill),  Chaucer  and  the  Roman 
de  la  Rose,  6  /6  net. 

Milford,  for  Columbia  University  Press 
This  monograph  deals  with  Chaucer's  atti- 
tude towards  the  '  Roman  de  la  Rose,'  and  the 
effect  of  the  poem  upon  his  literary  production. 
Well-known  parallels  are  also  discussed,  and  new 
ones  are  presented.  There  are  Appendixes  and  a 
Bibliography. 

Waterhouse  (Gilbert),  The  Literary  Relations 
of  England  and  Germany  in  the  Seven- 
teenth Century,  7/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
This  monograph  traces  the  literary  relations 
of  England  and  Germany  from  the  sixteenth  to 
the  eighteenth  century,  and  includes  chapters  on 
'  Early  Travellers,'  '  The  Latin  Novel,'  '  Later 
Satire,'  and  '  Milton  in  Germany.' 

EDUCATION. 

^Darroch  (Alexander),  Education  and  the  New 

Utilitarianism,    and     Other    Educational 

Addresses,  3/6  net.  Longmans 

These     addresses,     selected     from     a     large 

number  delivered  to  various  societies  during  the 

past  few  years,  deal  with  subjects  of  present-day 

importance  in  the  educational  world.     The  book 

includes  chapters  on  '  Democracv  and  Education, 

'  The  School  and  the  State,'  and  '  Two  Ideals  of 

the  End  of  Woman's  Education.' 

Lyttelton     (Edward),     The     Corner-Stone     of 

Education,  an  Essay  on  the  Home  Training 

of  Children,  5/ net.  Putnam 

The   author's   subject   is   the   general  moral 

training  of  children  in  the  home. 

McKeever  (William  A.),  Training  the  Girl,  6/6 

Macmillan 
This  book  is  a  companion  volume  to  the 
author's  '  Training  the  Boy,'  and  deals  in  turn 
with  the  industrial,  social,  vocational,  and 
"  service  "  training  of  girls.  It  is  fully  illustrated 
with  photographs. 

Montessori  (Maria),  Dr.  Montessori's  Own 
Handbook,  3/6  net.  Heinemann 

Dr.  Montessori  here  gives  an  account  of  her 
method,  and  a  description  of  the  Montessori 
apparatus.  The  book  is  illustrated.  In  a  note 
the  author  states  that  the  present  work  is  "  the 
only  authentic  manual  of  the  Montessori  method," 
and  that  the  English  translation  has  been  autho- 
rized by  her. 

School    Review    Monographs :    No.   V.     Rating, 
Pl\cinc,     and     Promoting     of     Teachers, 
Educational  Surveys,  &c,  2/  net. 
Cambridge  Univ.  Press,  for  Chicago  Univ.  Press 
This  number  contains  papers  by  Mr.  Frank  E. 
Thompson,     Mr.     William     H.     Kilpatrick,     Mr. 
Edward  C.  Elliott,  and  others,  presented  for  dis- 
cussion at  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  College 
Teachers  of  Education,  Richmond,  Virginia. 


Xo.  4510,  April  4,  l!)14 


THE     A  Til  EN.EUM 


40.") 


Truelove  (Mrs.  Kateu  DEMONSTRATIONS  ON 
[nfant  Care  fob  ESldbh  Girls,  8d.  Bell 

Descriptions  of  courses  of  lectures  hold  in 
school.     There  is  a  Preface  by  Lady  St.  Eelier. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Blackie's  New  Systematic  English  Readers  : 
Second  Reader,  by  Eleanor  1.  Chambers,  1/; 
Thiui>  Reader,  l  2 

These  two  Readers  are  printed  in  good  type, 
and  have  coloured  and  other  illustrations.  The 
'Third  Reader'  aims  at  teaching  something  of 
English  grammar  and  composition,  and  contains 
the  end  about  twenty  pages  of  suggestions  for 
i<  achers. 

Britain  and  her  Neighbours  :  Book  I.  Tales  from 

Far    and    Near,    lOrf.  ;     Book    II.  Tales    OP 

Long  Ago,  1/  Blackie 

These   two  volumes    contain    simple    stories 

from  the   history    of    Great     Britain     and   other 

lands.     They  are  printed  in  large,  clear  type,  and 

illustrated  with  sixteen  coloured  plates. 

Butler  (Joseph),  Three  Sehmo.ns  ON  HUMAN 
Nature    and    a    Dissertation    dpon    the 

Nature  of  Virtue,  edited  bv  W.  It.  .Matthews. 

'•  English  Classics,''  1/6  Bell 

This  edition,  prepared  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  the  student  of  ethics,  includes  an  Intro- 
duction, analyses,  and  notes. 


Dramatized    Recitations,    New 
Short  Historical  Dramas  i 
or  arranged  by  Harold  Drum, 
This      volume      contains 
scenes  from  '  King  John  '  and 
dramatized  versions  of  stories 
Philippa,  the  British  slaves   in 
writer  gives   directions   for   act 
that  these  recitations  may   be 
history  lessons. 


and  Old,  being 
x  Rhyme,  written 

sd.  Blackie 

some  abridged 
;  Henry  VI..'  and 
of  Canute,   Queen 

Rome,  &C.  The 
ing,  and  suggests 
used  to  illustrate 


Far  Afield,  1  0 

One  of  the  "  Arnold's  Literary  Reading- 
Book "  Series,  containing  a  selection  of  true 
stories  of  travel,  sport,  and  adventure  in  many 
lands. 

MacMunn  i  Norman),  Differential  Partner- 
ship ;  the  Things  about  Us,  and  a  Few 
Others,  I.  and  II.,  8d.  each.  Bell 

Books    of    easy  French  conversation  on  the 

MacMunn  Differential  Partnership  Method. 

Rambler  Travel  Books  :  Africa,  edited  by 
Lewis  Marsh,  9d.  Rlackie 

This  little  book  contains  extracts  from  writ- 
ings on  Africa  by  well-known  travellers,  such  as 
Borrow,  Mary  Kingsley,  Dr.  Livingstone,  and 
Lord  R.  Churchill.  It  is  illustrated  with  coloured 
and  other  plates. 

Rambles  among  our  Industries  :  Iron  and  its 
Iron  Workers,  by  William  J.  Claxton,  Qd. 

Blackie 

An  account  of  the  iron  industry,  illustrated 

with  coloured  plates,  photographs,  and  diagrams. 

School  and  College  Atlas  (The),  3/6  net.        Bacon 

This   atlas   has    been    specially   prepared    to 

•  ■■•mply    with    the    requirements    of    a    recently 

1  Memorandum  by  the  Board  of  Education. 

contains   103   full-page  maps   illustrating   the 

Relief    of    the    Land,    Distribution    of    Rainfall, 

Variations  of  Temperature  by  Isothermal  Lines, 

Political  Divisions,  and  Trade  Routes. 

Scott  (Sir  Walter),  The  Lord  of  the  Isles, 
edited  by  the  Rev.  F.  Marshall,  1/6 

G ge  Gil! 

This  edition  Ls  intended  mainly  for  students 
preparing  for  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Locals 
-ind  similar-  examinations.  The  fcexl  is  accom- 
panied by  an  Introduction,  including  a  Life  of 
•t,  historical  and  geographical  notes,  maps, 
a    Glossary,   and    several    selected    examination 

Shorter  ^Eneid  (Thei,  selected  and  arranged,  with 

brief  notes,  by  II.  It.  Hardy.  2  8  BelJ 

In  t lii.-,  abbreviated  edition  of  the  '.linen! 

many  difficult  p  and  lines  do  not  appear, 

as    !>•  in^r   covered    by  a  summary  in 

dish.      There   are   a   few   notes    and    an    Index, 

Prof.    II.    E.    Butler    lias    contributed    the 
P  ■  I  u  •    tad  Introduction. 

JUVENILE. 

McMillan  R.  ,  Tin:  DbbhH  o*  THE  WORLD,  2/ 
net.  Watts 

A  book  for  children,  in  which  various  scien- 
tific subjects,  sueh  as  'The  Earth's  Motion,' 
'The    i.,-...    of    Gravitation,1    and     'Force    and 

Energy,     are    discussed    in    simple;    language,    and 

illustrated    by    reproductions    of    diagrams    and 

drawings. 


FICTION. 

Arkwright  (William),  Tin:  TREND,  tl/  Lane 

The  study  of  the  musical  and  artistic  tem- 
perament of  a  boy  who  is  found  singing  in  the 
street,  adopted,  and  given  a  training. 

Benson  (E.  F.),  Dodo  THE  SECOND,  ti/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
See  p.    I!):?.  i 

BIyth  (James),  Napoleon  Decrees,  6/  White 
A  story  of  a  French  spy  sent  by  Napoleon 
in  the  year  1804  for  the  purpose  of  making  certain 
observations  on  the  East  Coast,  of  England. 
Through  treachery  and  deceit  he  impersonates  a 
French  count  at  the  residence  of  a  country  squire. 
The  unsuspecting  host  extends  to  his  visitor  (who 
apparently  comes  with  the  best  credentials) 
every  hospitality.  The  spy,  however,  abuses 
the  kindness  shown  him  by  abducting  the 
daughter  of  the  house  and  her  friend,  both  of 
whom  are  engaged  to  be  married.  The  rest  of 
the  story  is  a  description  of  a  chase,  the  rescue, 
and  the  union  of  two  pairs  of  lovers. 

Bottome  (Phyllis),  Broken  Music,  0/ 

Hutchinson 
The  hero,  a  young  French  baron,  who  was 
left  orphaned  as  a  child,  has  been  brought  up  by 
a  maiden  aunt  in  an  isolated  village.  At  20, 
absolutely  ignorant  of  the  world,  and  cherishing 
only  the  desire  to  become  a  great  musician,  he  is 
sent  to  Paris.  There  he  comes  under  the  spell 
of  two  sirens,  and  suffers  poignantly  from  sub- 
sequent disillusionment. 

Brady  (Cyrus  Townsend),  The  Fetters  of  Free- 
dom ,  6/  Hurst  ic  Blackett 
St.  Paul   and  Nero  are  prominent  characters 
in  this  story.     The  book  is  illustrated. 

Buchanan  (Meriel),  Tama,  6/  Jenkins 

A  tale  of  Society  life  in  Russia,  mainly  occu- 
pied with  the  love-affairs  of  a  young  princess. 

Cobb  (Irvin  S.),  The  Escape  of  Mr.  Trimm,  his 
Plight,  and  Other  Plights.  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
A  collection  of  nine  short  stories. 

Danby  (Frank),  Full  Swing,  0/  Cassell 

The  hero  fails  in  his  "  Little-Go  "  at  Ox- 
ford "  because  his  heart  was  so  full,"  and  fights 
through  the  Boer  War.  The  story  deals  mainly 
with  his  love-affairs  and  the  incompatibility  of 
his  own  and  his  mother's  temperament. 

Gissing  (George),  The  Private  Papers  of  Henry 
R  yecroft,  1  /  net.  Constable 

A  cheap  reprint.  See  notice  in  Allien., 
Feb.  21,  1903,  p.  231. 

Hornung  (E.  W.),  A  Thief  in  the  Night,  Last 
Chronicles  of  Raffles,    Id.  net.  Nelson 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Howell  (C),  Chester  Chase.  Digby  &  Long 

The  first  chapter  introduces  a  ''sanguinely 
complexioned  "  hero  and  three  heroines.  At  the 
close  he  is  exhibited  as  the  lover  discarded  by 
them  all  in  turn;  one  of  the  ladies  has  become  an 
imprisoned  Suffragette,  another — just  encountered 
as  a  humble  cottage  maiden  —  the  wife  of(  a 
baronet,  "  necklaced,  braceleted  and  tiarad." 

Hume  (Fergus),  Not  Wanted,  6/  White 

The  heroine  suffers  much  from  the  hands  of 
her  stepmother,  and  nearly  sacrifices  herself  and 
her  fortune  to  a  man  she  detests  for  the  sake 
of  her  father,  whom  she  believes  to  be  guilty  of 
murder. 

Johnston  (Mary),  Sir  Mortimer,  1/  net. 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Legge  (Margaret),  The  Rehellion  of  Esther,  6/ 

Alston  Rivers 
The  heroine,  a  promising  novelist,  escapes  to 
congenial  surroundings  in  London  from  domestic 
tyranny  and  unhappiness.  she  is  faced  by  the 
problem  of  a  choice  to  be  made  between  her  love 
for-  a  man.  not  morally  free  to  marry,  and  her 
mother's  need  for  ber  protection  and  sympathy 

at   home. 

Le  Queux  'William),  Tin:  M  \ki:k  of  SECRETS,  0 

Ward   .V.    Lock 

In  tin-  train  from  Brighton  to  London  the 
hero  encounters  an  eminent  violinist  who  is 
obsessed  by  a  passion  for  goldfish  :  thereupon, 
in  hi-  endeavours  '■,  solve  tie-  mystery  surround- 
ing the  musician,  the  teller  <>t  the  story  is  plunged 

into  -on ii-  thrilling  advent  □ 

London  (Jack),  Tin:  Hoi  SB  0»  Putin:.  1  /  net. 

Mills  \    Boon 
\     collection    of    short      -tones     Including 

'  Jack    London    by    Himself.' 


Constable 


Sawkins  (Mrs.  Langfield),    Tin:  AoiTATOB  in   Pts- 

QUI8B,  t)/  Heath  A  (rantoii 

The  Scene  of   this  story    is   laid    in    Ireland   ill 

the    eighties    of    t  he    last     century.      The    hero    is 

involved  in  the  Fenian  agitation. 

Scannell  (Florence),  Cinderella's  Bisters,  0/ 

Heath  A  (rant  on 

The  stories  of  three  girls   who  are u-wlia! 

oppressed  by  their-  fashionable  mother. 

Tynan  (Katharine),  A  LITTLE  RADIANT  GlRL,  ti/ 

Blackie 
A  story  for  girls,  dealing  with  the  lives  of  old 
and  honour-able  families  in  England  and  Ireland. 
Two  of  the  principal  characters  are  dealt  with  as 
in  I  bins  Andersen's  '  Ugly  Duckling,'  and  their 
development  is  described. 

Watson  (Grant),  Where  Bonds  auk  Loosed,  •;/ 

l  Duckworth 

A  description  of  the  life  of  an  Englishman 
in  a  very  lonely  part,  of  the  Empire,  where  the 
ordinary  bonds  of  civilization  do  not  hold  good. 

Westerman  (Percy  F.),  The  Log  ok  a  Snob,  <>/ 

Chapman  A  Hall 
An  account  of  the  adventures  oi  an  amateur 
yachtsman. 

Whiting   (Mary   Bradford),   Mkkiel's  Career,   a 

Tale  of  Literary  Life  in  London,  ti/  Blackie 

The  heroine,  an  over-confident,  independent 

girl  of  18,  finds  herself  in  the  somewhat  ludicrous 
position  of  editor  of  a  girls'  magazine,  having  no 
knowledge  of  her-  work,  which  is  done  by  a  capable 
"  sub."  Her  employer  has  engaged  her  solely 
for  the  purpose  of  being  able  to  advertise  the 
"  youngest  editress."  The  tale  deals  with 
Meriel's  gradual  awakening  to  the  fact  that  love 
does  count  in  the  world,  and  that  she  herself 
is  not  a  great  literary  genius.  The  tale,  which 
should  appeal  to  the  "  young  person,"  is  published 
at  a  time  of  year  when  that  class  of  public  is  too 
much  neglected  by  authors. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Antiquary,  April,  6d.  Elliot  Stock 

The  articles  in  this  issue  include  '  Allhallows- 
the-More  and  its  Sanctuary  Ring,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Tavenor-Perry  ;  '  Dartford  Town  and  Church,' 
by  Miss  Mary  P.  A.  Tench  ;  and  '  Fragments  of 
Vestments  of  Bishop  Walter  de  Cantelupe  pre- 
served at  Worcester,'  by  Mr.  George  Bailey. 

Blackwood's  Magazine,  April,  2  '6  Blackwood 
Includes  '  Sketched  in  War  Time.'  by  a 
Woman  Red  Cross  Surgeon  ;  -  The  .New  Road,  by 
Mr.  Neil  Munro  :  and  '  Tyger  Key.'  by  Mr. 
Douglas  G.  Browne. 

British  Review.  April,  1/  net. 

Williams  a  Norgate 
Mr.  Burnell  Payne  writes  an  appreciation 
of  '  The  Work  of  Mr.  Belloc,'  the  Earl  of  Dunraven 
discusses  the  Government's  proposals,  and  Mr.  E. 
Boyd  Barrett  contributes  a  paper  on  '  How  to 
Complete  One's  Education.'  Then-  are  verses 
by  Katharine  Tynan.  Mr.  R.  L.  Gales,  Lady 
Ninian  Crichton-Stuart,  and  others. 

Champion,  April,  3d.  net.  21.  Old  Bailej 

The  articles  include  -Cricket  in  1913  and 
Prospects  for  the  Coming  Season,'  by  Mr.  Cyril 
Holland. 

Connoisseur,  April,  1/  net.  J.  T.  II.  Baily 

This  is>ue  opens  with  an  illustrated  article  by 
Mr.  0.  Reginald  Grundy  on  Sir-  Joseph  Beecham's 
collection  of  works  by  Turner,  and  Mr.  Fred  Roe 
contributes  an  article  with  twelve  fetches  on 
■  Some  Forgotten  Nook-:   a  Rambler's  Itinerary. 

Constructive  Quarterly,  March,  :;    net. 

Oxford    L'niversil  \    Press 

'The  l'la.-e  of  Symbolism  in  Religion,'  by 
Bishop  Gore;  'Education  and  Religion  among 
Working-Men,'    by    the    Rev.    William     Temple; 

and    "The    Nature    of     Divine     Faith:     a     Catholic 

Account,'  by  Prof.  Michael  tfaher  are  features  of 
this  issue. 

Contemporary  Review,  Afttit.  2  ii  , 

•  Contemporary  Rei  tew    '  "• 
si,-   Joseph   Compton-Ricketl    contributes   •> 

paper  on  '  Tie    Fortii I    Bome    Pule  and   ol 

Dlster,' Mr.  J.  W.  Greig  discusses  '  Some    \  i 
of  Scottish  lb,,,!.-  Pule, '.,nd  In.  E.J.  Dillon  m 
notes    on     foreign     affair  .      ( »ther    arte  les    are 

'Florence  Nightingal India.'   by  Sir  William 

Wedderbura  ;  The  Suicide  Club,  bj  Mi.  \. 
ItfacCullum  Scot!  ;  and  '  The  Trouble  in  tie-  New 
Hebrides,   bj  the  Pes.  Dr.  G  Brown. 

Cornhill  Magazine.   Mini  .  1/  Smith  A   Elder 

Includes     \  bj  Dr.  Robert  Bridges  ; 

•  \n   old   Garden  City  :    in   Praise  of   Bath, 
\l, .    Predei  le    Hai  ri  ion  •     and    '  The    "  GinereJ 
Man.    by  Mr.    alexia   Rot  be. 


496 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


Fortnightly  Review,  April,  2/6 

Chapman  &  Hall 
'The  Personality  of  Sir  Edward  Carson,'  by 
Mr.  Edward  Legge ;  'Letters  by  Carlyle  to  a 
Fellow  Student,'  by  Mr.  Daniel  Gorrie ;  and 
'  The  Jews  as  an  Economic  Force,'  by  Dr.  M. 
Epstein  are  notable  features  in  this  number. 

Harper's  Monthly  Magazine,  April,  1/  Harper 
The  articles  in  this  issue  include  '  What  is 
Gravity?'  by  Sir  Oliver  Lodge;  'My  First 
Visit  to  the  Court  of  Denmark,'  by  Madame  de 
Hegermann-Lindencrone  ;  and  '  A  Survival  of 
Matriarchy,'  by  Mrs.  Carrie  C.  Catt.  There  are 
short  stories  by  Mr.  Owen  Oliver,  Mrs.  Mary 
E.  Wilkins  Freeman,  Mits  Elizabeth  Jordan,  and 
others. 

Hibbert  Journal,  April,  2/6  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
Important  features  in  this  number  are 
*  Kikuyu,'  by  Dean  Henson  ;  '  The  Middle  Ages, 
the  Renaissance,  and  the  Modern  Mind,'  by  Prof. 
Norman  Kemp  Smith  ;  '  Criticism  of  Public 
Schools,'  by  the  Head  Master  of  Eton  ;  and  '  The 
Suffering  of  God,'  by  the  Rev.  B.  H.  Streeter. 

Highway,  April,  Id. 

Workers'  Educational  Association 
This  issue  includes  '  Our  Educational  Sys- 
tem :  the  School  Leaving  Age,'  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Greenwood  ;  '  Poetry  and  the  Worker  :  Brown- 
ing,' by  Mr.  W.  O.  Stapledon  ;  and  '  The  Wonders 
of  Plant  Life,'  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Price.  Notices  of 
Summer  Schools  and  the  Summer  Meeting  at 
Cambridge  are  given. 

Hungarian  Spectator,  3d. 

Budapest,  Franklin  Society 
This  paper  contains  editorial  notes  ;  a  review 
of  vol.  vi.  of  the  Hungarian  Shakespeare  Magazine, 
by  Dr.  Hugo  Latzko ;  a  '  Chapter  of  Hungarian 
Literature,'  by  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Yolland  ;  and  an 
article  '  On  Duelling.' 

Journal  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society,  March, 
2/6  The  Society 

Includes  '  The  Census  of  the  Empire,  1911,' 
by  Sir  J.  A.  Baines,  and  '  The  Rate  of  Interest  on 
British  and  Foreign  Investments,'  by  Mr.  R.  A. 
Lehfeldt.  Prof.  F.  Y.  Edgeworth  continues  his 
article  '  On  the  Use  of  Analytical  Geometry  to 
represent  Certain  Kinds  of  Statistics.' 

Mariner's  Mirror,  April,  1/  net. 

Society  for  Nautical  Research 
The  articles  in  this  month's  number  include 
'  Patience,'  by  Mr.  Geoffrey  Callender ;  '  The 
Model  of  the  Hollandia  of  1661-1683  '  (illus- 
trated), by  Mr.  G.  C.  E.  Crone  ;  and  the  fourth 
part  of  '  Stem  Ropes  '  (illustrated),  by  Mr.  H.  H. 
Brindley. 

Munsey's  Magazine,  April,  6d.  Munscy 

Special  features  in  this  month's  number 
are  a  new  novel  by  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  entitled 
\  on  Never  Know  Your  Luck ' ;  short  stories 
by  Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim  and  Mr.  Owen 
Oliver ;  and  articles  on  '  The  Feminist  Movement 
that  Cashes  In,'  by  Mr.  Edward  Hungerford, 
and  The  Passing  of  the  Old  Indian,'  by  Mr. 
John  M.  Oskison. 

National  Review,  April,  2/6  net.  23,  Ryder  Street 
Y\  e  notice  among  the  contents  '  The  True 
Doctrine  of  National  Defence,'  by  Earl  Percv ; 
( The  Free  Traders  in  1014,'  by  Capt.  Tryon  ; 
"  Paper  "  Audiences,'  by  Mr.  Philip  E.  Hubbard  ; 
and  '  Some  Little-Known  Facts  about  Bugs,' 
by  Mr.  Harold  Russell. 

Nineteenth  Century  and  After,  April,  2/6 

Spottiswoode 
rsotable  articles  in  this  number  are  '  A  French 
Ambassador's  Impressions  of  England  in  the 
\ear  1666,'  by  M.  Jusserand  ;  'The  Traffic  in 
Worn-Out  English  Horses,'  by  Miss  A.  M.  F. 
Cole  ;  '  The  Tyranny  of  Alcohol,'  by  Sir  Harry  H. 
Johnston  ;  '  Roman  Gardens  of  the  Renaissance,' 
by  Mrs.  Ady  ;  and  '  Thoughts  on  Scholarships,' 
by  Prof.  Marcus  Hartog. 

Occult  Review,  April,  Id.  net.  Rider 

The  contents  of  this  issue  include  articles 
on  '  Occultist  and  Mystic,'  by  Miss  Lily  Night- 
ingale ;  '  Theatrical  Horoscopes,'  by  "  Regulus  "  ; 
and  'Facts  and  Hypotheses  in  Psychical  Re- 
search,' by  Mr.  H.  S.  Redgrove. 

Round  Table,  No.  14,  2/6  Macmillan 

This  number  opens  with  a  discussion  of 
the  Irish  crisis.  Other  subjects  are  'The 
South  African  Strike,'  'The  New  Autocracy  in 
China,  •  The  Kikuyu  Controversy,'  and  '  Educa- 
1  ion  and  the  Working  Class.' 

Vineyard,  April,  M.  net.  Dent 

Includes  '  An  Easter  Rhyme,'  by  the  Rev. 
R.  L.  Gales  ;  '  Greensleeves,'  by  Katharine  Tynan  ; 
•'"id  '  The  Dorneedy,'  by  the  Cure'  de  Campagne. 


World's  Work,  1/  net.  Heinemann 

There  are  articles  in  this  number  on  '  The 
Greek  Idea)  in  Physical  Training,'  by  Mr.  Caryl 
Jordan  ;  '  The  Countryside  under  Glass,'  by 
Home  Counties  ;  and  '  How  it  Feels  to  be  Blind,' 
by  Mr.  C.  Arthur  Pearson. 

GENERAL. 

Atkinson     (Meredith),     First     Aid     to     Essay- 
Writing,  3d.  Workers'  Educational  Assoc. 
A  second  edition. 

Barrow     (Sir     John),     The     Mutiny     op     the 

Bounty,  1/  net.  Oxford  University  Press 

In  the  "  World's  Classics,"  Pocket  Edition, 

with   an   Introduction   by   Admiral   Sir   Cyprian 

Bridge. 

Benson  (Arthur  Christopher),  Where  no  Fear 
Was,  a  Book  about  Fear,  6/  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 

The  author  discusses  the  subject  of  fear,  its 

power  in  general  as  well  as  over  particular  people, 

such  as  Carlyle  and  Charlotte  Bronte,  and  what, 

if  anything,  one  can  do  to  resist  it. 

Bernhard-Smith,    The    Co  sue    Dictionary,    2/6 

net.  A.  H.  Stockwell 

The  writer's  wit  may  be  gauged  from  the 

following  examples  :    "  Absence-of-mind,  presence 

of  worry  "  ;   "  Fame,  the  loneliness  of  being  known 

to  friends  we  do  not  know  "  ;    "  Strategy,  sudden 

diplomacy."     The    '  Dictionary  '    is    followed    by 

a    '  List    of    Proper    Names,'    treated    in    similar 

fashion. 

Earle  (Mrs.  C.  W.)  and  Case  (Miss  Ethel),  Pot- 
pourri mixed  by  Two,  7/6  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 
The   collaborators  write  chiefly  on  gardens, 
and  include  poems,  recipes,   and  many  illustra- 
tions in  their  book. 

Library  of  English  Prose  :  England  in  the  Six- 
teenth Century,  by  Raphael  Holinshed  ; 
The  English  Mail  Coach,  by  Thomas  de 
Quincey ;  Companions  of  Columbus,  by  Wash- 
ington Irving,  lOd.  each.  Blackie 
Each  of  these  volumes  contains  a  short  Intro- 
duction. 

Scout  and  Red  Cross  Motto  Book,  1/  net.     R.T.S. 
A  calendar  with  a  motto  and  quotation  for 
each  day  of  the  year. 

Sharpe  (Ada  M.),  A  Disturbed  House  and  its 
Relief,  a  Narrative  of  Certain  Occurrences  at 
"  Beth-Oni,"  Tackley,  Oxon,  1905-8,  1/6  net. 

Oxford,  Parker  ; 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
The  writer  gives  an  account  of  her  experi- 
ences in  a  haunted  house,   and  tells  how  after 
three  years  the  disturbances  ceased  through  the 
ministrations  of  priests. 

Shawcross  (Henry  Douglas),  Nature  and  the 
Idealist,  5/  net.  Sampson  Low 

A    collection   of   essays   and    verses,    with   a 
Prefatory  Memoir  of  the  author  by  "Felix." 
Sleeman    (Capt.    J.    L.),    FmsT    Principles    of 
Tactics  and  Organisation,  with  reference  to 
the  "  Field  Service  Regulations,"  Reprint  1912,* 
2/6  net.  Gale  &  Polden 

This  volume  for  officers  and  N.C.O.'s  of  the 
Regular,  Special  Reserve,  and  Territorial  Forces 
deals  with  minor  problems  such  as  a  young  officer 
might  be  called  upon  to  solve. 
Stephenson  (Robert),  How  to  Breathe,  Speak, 
and  Sing,  1  /6  net.  Jarrold 

This  book  contains  the  substance  of  lectures 
delivered  by  the  writer  at  various  centres  in 
London.  He  sets  forth  "  the  main  features  of  the 
Old  Italian  Method  of  voice  production  in  rela- 
tion more  particularly  to  the  study  of  the  speaking 
voice,"  and  shows  that,  whether  for  singing  or 
elocution,  the  same  preliminary  training  is  neces- 
sary. 

Street  (G.  S.),  On  Money,  and  Other  Essays, 
4/6  net.  Constable 

A  collection  of  essays  reproduced  from  The 
Eye-Witness  or  The  New  Witness,  The  English 
Review,  The  Fortnightly  Review,  and  The  Nine- 
teenth Century. 

Tain  Bit  Cualnge,  '  The  Cualnge  Cattle-Raid,' 
the  Ancient  Irish  Epic  Tale,  now  for  the  First 
Time  done  entire  into  English  out  of  the  Irish 
of  the  Book  of  Leinster  and  Allied  Manuscripts, 
by  Joseph  Dunn,  25/ net.  Nutt 

In  the  Preface  the  translator  gives  the  Argu- 
ment of  the  '  Tain,'  and  discusses  its  date,  author- 
ship, and  extant  manuscripts. 

PAMPHLETS. 
Horniman  Museum  and  Library  (The).  Forest  Hill, 
S.E.,  a  Handbook  to  the  Collections  illus- 
trating a  Survey  of  the  Animal  Kingdom, 
Id.  L.C.C. 

This  little  handbook  has  been  writtten  by 
Mr.  H.  N.  Milligan,  the  zoologist  at  the  Museum, 
and  is  edited  by  Dr.  A.  C.  Haddon,  the  Advisory 
Curator. 


Humane  Slaughtering,  edited,  with  Preface,  by 
R.  O.  P.  Paddison,  2d. 

Animals'  Friend  Society 

'  Petitions  to  Local  Authorities,  and  How  to 

Work   Them,'    by  various  organizers,  who   write 

from   Plymouth,    Croydon,   Brighton,   and   other 

towns. 

In  Quest  of  Truth,  2d.  Watts 

A  correspondence  between  Sir  Arthur  Conan 
Doyle  and  Capt.  H.  Stansbury,  reprinted  from, 
the  '  Rationalist  Press  Association  Annual '  for 
1914. 

SCIENCE. 

Bates  (Oric),  The  Eastern  Libyans,  an  Essay,. 

42/  net.  Macmillan 

A   scientific   study   of   the    Libyans    east   of 

Africa  Minor,   illustrated  with  plates,  figures  in 

the  text,  and  maps. 

Cambridge  Tracts  in  Mathematics  and  Mathe- 
matical Physics  :  No.  10,  An  Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Integral  Equations,  by 
Maxime  Bocher,  2/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
A  second  edition. 

Dunstan   (A.   E.)   and   Thole   (F.   B.),  The  Vis- 
cosity of  Liquids,  3/  net.  Longmans 
In  the  series  of  "  Monographs  on  Inorganic 
and  Physical  Chemistry,"  and  contains  diagrams. 

Hale  (Arthur  J.),  The  Synthetic  Use  of  Metals 
in  Organic  Chemistry,  4/6  net. 

J.  &  A.  Churchill 
This  book  is  based  on  a  course  of  lectures 
given  by  the  author  to  the  advanced  students  of 
Finsbury  Technical  College.  To  each  of  the  six 
chapters  the  author  has  added  an  Appendix  of 
practical  work,  illustrating  the  methods  set  forth 
in  the  text. 

Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  February,  2/6  R.A.S. 

Contains  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Council. 

Moss  (C.  E.),  The  Cambridge  British  Flora, 

illustrated  from  Drawings  by  E.  W.  Hunnybun  : 

Vol.  II.  (in  two  parts)  Salicace^e  to  Chenopo- 

diace-E,  50/  net.      Cambridge  University  Press 

Engler's  system  of  classification  is  in  general 

followed,    and    Dr.    Moss    is    being    assisted    by 

specialists  in  certain  genera. 

The  work  is  to  be  completed  in  "  about  ten 
volumes,"  of  which  the  present  one  is  the  first  to 
be  published.  It  deals  with  the  earlier  dicotyle- 
donous plants,  and  is  provided  with  an  Index. 
There  are  over  200  plates  from  pen-and-ink 
drawings  by  Mr.  Hunnybun,  which  are  bound 
separately. 

Saint     Bartholomew's     Hospital     Reports,    Vol. 

XLIX.  Smith  &  Elder 

Includes   medical   and   surgical   papers,   and 

memoirs  of  Mr.  Aired  Willett  and.  Mr.  Etherington- 

Smith. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  United  States  National 
Museum,   Bulletin   71  :     A   Monograph   of 

THE     FORAMIND7ERA     OF     THE     NORTH     PACIFIC 

Ocean,  Part  IV.,  by  Joseph  Augustine  Cush- 
man.  Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

This  part  deals  with  the  Foraminifera  in- 
cluded in  the  families  Chilostomellidae,  Globigeri- 
nidse,  and  Numrnulitidffi. 

Walmsley  (Lionel),  Guide  to  the  Geology  of 
the  Whitby  District,  1/  net. 

Whitby,  Home  &  Son 
A   pocket    guide,    illustrated    by    numerous 
drawings  and  diagrams. 

FINE    ART. 
Antiquary  (The),  Vol.  XLIX.,  7/6  Stock 

The  bound  volume  for  the  year  1913. 

Bell  (Gertrude  Lowthian),  Palace  and  Mosque 
at  Ukhaidir,  a  Study  in  Early  Mohammadan 
Architecture,  42/  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
An  account  of  the  earliest  phases  and  develop- 
ment of  Mohammedan  architecture,  with  a  Sub- 
ject Index  and  Index  of  Names.  It  is  illustrated 
with  figures  in  the  text,  maps,  and  over  ninety 
plates. 

Collings  (Ernest  H.  R.),  Outlines,  a  Book  of 
Drawings,  3/6  net. 

24,  Gorst  Road,  Wandsworth  Commor 
Contains    reproductions    of    twenty    original 
black-and-white  drawings,  which  include  '  Hom- 
age to  Ivan  Mestrovic  '  and  '  Prelude  a  l'Apres- 
Midi  d'un  Faune.' 

Jastrow  (Morris),  Hebrew  and  Babylonian 
Traditions,  the  Haskell  Lectures,  delivered 
at  Oberlin  College  in  1913,  and  since  revised 
and  enlarged,  10/6  Unwin 

A  comparative  study  of  Hebrew  and  Baby- 
lonian folk-tales,  beliefs,  religious  practices, 
myths,  and  modes  of  thought. 


No    4510,   Ami.  4,   1914 


T II  E    ATHEN^UM 


497 


New  York  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  MAKCTT, 
10c. 
Containing  ■  report  of  the  progress  of  die 
Museum  during  L913,  and  illustrated  descriptions 
of  the  '  Department  of  Classical  Art,  Accessions 
of  1913,'  and  '  'I'll,-  William  11.  EUggs  Collection  of 
Arms  Mid  Armor.' 
Peet  (T.  Eric)  and  Loat  (W.  L.  S.),  The  Ce>[e- 

TEKIES  OK  AUYDOS.    l'ait     III..    1912-1913. 

Egypt  Exploration  Bund 
A    report  of   excavations  in  Abydos  during 
tin-   winter    1912-13,   illustrated    with   twenty-Six 
plates. 

Phllllpps  (Lisle  March),  The  Works  of  Maw,  7/6 
net.  Duckworth 

A    new   and    revised    edition.     See   notice    in 
Allien..  April  27.  1012.  p.  476. 
Sladen  (Douglas^,  How  to  See  the  Vatican'.  6/ 
net.  Kegan  Paul 

This  volume  deals  with  the  neglected  or 
usually  closed  parts  of  the  palace,  and  is  based  on 

irtion  of  Mr.  Sladen's  '  The  Secrets  of  the 
Vatican,'  which  has  been  brought  up  to  date. 
Some  new  matter  has  been  included,  and  there 
are  illustrations  from  photographs  and  reproduc- 
tions of  prints. 

Watts  (Diana),  The  Renaissance  of  the  Greek 
IDEAL,  21     net.  Heinemann 

Tin'  writer  offers  a  comparative  analysis 
of  the  physical  development  of  the  ancient 
Greek  and  that  of  the  modern  human  being, 
discusses  the  fundamental  principles  of  move- 
ment and  balance,  and  gives  a  detailed  explana- 
tion of  twelve  exercises.  The  book  is  fully 
illustrated  with  photographs  and  diagrams. 

DRAMA. 

MacSwiney  (Terence  J.),  The  Revolutionist,  a 
Play  in  Five  Acts,  2/6  net.  Maunsel 

Mr.  MacSwiney  adopts  in  this  play  the  French 
method  of  changing  scenes  with  a  change  of 
grouping,  and  discusses  the  subject  in  a  Preface. 
O'Kelly  (Seumas),  The  Bribe,  1/  net.        Maunsel 

An  Irish  play,  concerning  the  election  of  a 
dispensary    doctor,   which   was   produced   in   the 
Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin,  last  December. 
O'Riordan  (Conal),  Rope  Enough,  2/  net. 

Maunsel 

In  this  story  a  woman  is  sentenced  to  death 
for  murdering  her  child,  and  this  incident  has 
considerable  influence  upon  a  large  house-party  in 
the  country. 

Shakespeare  (William),  As  You  Like  It,  edited 
by  J.  W.  Holme,  2/0  net.  Methuen 

In    the    Arden    Shakespeare    Edition.     The 
text  is  based  on  the  First  Folio,  and  extracts  from 
'  Rosalynde '    and    Appendixes    are    included    in 
the  voiume. 
Shaw  (Bernard),  The  Doctor's  Dilemma,  Gd. 

Constable 

A  cheap  reprint  of  the  play,  with  Mr.  Shaw's 
Preface  '  On  Doctors.' 

FOREIGN. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 
Melanges   d'Histoire  offerts  &  M.  Charles  Beinont 
par  see    \mis  et  ses  Eldves  a,  l'Occasion  de  la 
YiiiLrt-Cinquieme  Annee  de  son    Enseignement 
k  l'Ecole  Pratique  des  Hautes  Etudes,  15fr. 

Paris,  Felix  Alcan 
This     volume    is     composed    of    forty-eight 
critical  studies  based  on  original  documents. 

LITERARY   CRITICISM. 

Duclaux   (Madame  Mary),  Madame  DE  Sevignh, 
"  Bibliotheque  Franchise,"  XVI  J.  Siecle,  lfr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nouxrit 

ttody  of  the  life  and  letters  of  Madame  de 
gne,  with  a  portrait,  and  notes  by  Madame 

I  "iclaux. 

Grappe  (Georges),  La  Rochefoucauld,  lfr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrii 
This  volume  in  the  "  Bibliotheque  Fra 
Includes  a    Bibliography  and  a  complete  text  of 
4  Les  Maxiraes.' 

GENERAL. 

Berjane    (Madame  Jaj,     BlSTOffiH   Anbodot 
Dfl  LA  Paiii-ienm:  PAB   i.i:  CeSTUKB,  I.,  1/ 

'1~ .   I-L 1 1  •  1  - 1  •  l_'h  (  i:i  ril.-Il~>.    N.W. 

An  illustrated   accounl   of  the  dreee  of  the 
'Da  Damoisellee  du  Moyen-Age  du  IXme 

au  X\'ne    Siecle.' 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Revue  Critique,  25  Mass,  lfr. 

Parts,  155,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 

Include      Q     ton  Calmette,'  by  Groeclaude; 

'Madame   de   SeVigni   a  Qrignaa    (II.),'    by    M. 

An.  •  I)  Hale-.'    by   M.    fimile   Ibiniot  ; 

and  '  LTIeuru  Feminine,   by  M.  \.  Marroudte, 


FREDERTC    MISTRAL. 

By  the  death  of  Frederic  Mistral  on 
March   2.">th     Franco  lias   lost  her  greatest 

poet — the    man    of    whom    Lamartine   wrote 

as  though  he  were  another  Homer. 

He  died  at  the  little  village  of  Maillane,  in 
the  Bouches  du  Rhone,  at  the  foot  of  those 
desolate  -  looking  Alpilles  which  are  seen 
from  I  ho  train  when  the  traveller  going  South 
lias  passed  Avignon.  His  father  belonged  to 
Saint  -Kemy.  which  -Mistral  describes  as  the 
*'  nid  de  ma  famille."  and  where  one  can  still 
see  what,  the  poet  called  the  "hotel  des 
Mistral  de  Romanin,  connu  sous  le  nom  de 
Palais  de  la  Reine  Jeanne." 

In  his  '  Memoires  et  Recits  '  Frederic 
Mistral  told  us  how  his  father,  a  well-to-do 
farmer,  came  to  marry  the  poor  girl  who 
was  the  daughter  of  the  Mayor  of  Maillane  : 

"  Une  annee,  a  la  Saint- Jean,  mattre  Francois 
Mistral  etait  au  milieu  de  ses  bles,  qu'une  troupe 
de  moissonneurs  abattait  h  la  faucille.  Un 
essaiin  de  glaneuses  suivait  les  t&cherons  et 
ramassait  les  epis  qui  £chappait  au  rsiteau.  Et 
voila.  que  mon  seigneur  pere  remarqua  unejbelle 
fille  qui  restait  en  arriere,  comme  si  elle  eiit  eu 
peur  de  glaner  comme  les  autres.  II  s'avanca 
pres  d'elle  et  lui  dit  : — 

"  Mignonne,  de  qui  es-tu  ?  Quel  est  ton 
nom  ? 

"  La  jeune  fille  re'pondit  : — 

"  .To  suis  la  fille  d'fitienne  Poulinet,  le  maire 
de  Maillane.     Mon  nom  est  Delaide. 

"  Comment  !  dit  mon  pere,  la  fille  de  Poulinet, 
qui  est  le  maire  de  Maillane,  va  glaner  ? 

"  Maitre,  re"pliqua-t-elle,  nous  sommes  une 
grosse  famille  :  six  filles  et  deux  garc-ons,  et  notre 
pere,  quoiqu'il  ait  assez  de  bien,  quand  nous  lui 
demandons  de  quoi  nous  attifer,  nous  r^pond  : 
'  Mes  petites,  si  vous  voulez  de  la  parure.  gagnez- 
en.'     Et  voila  pourquoi  je  suis  venue  glaner." 

Six  months  later  Francois  Mistral  and 
Delaide  were  married,  and  as  soon  as  Frederic, 
the  child  of  this  marriage,  was  old  enough, 
he  was  sent  to  a  school  at  Carpentras,  where 
Joseph  Roumanille  was  an  usher.  Rouma- 
nille  encouraged  the  boy  to  write  verse  in  that 
Provencal  language  which  Mistral  knew 
before  he  learnt  French,  and  speaking  of  these 
early  attempts,  Mistral  in  his  '  Isclo  d'Or  ' 
says : — 

"  J'avais  bien  jusque-la.  lu  quelque  peu  de 
provenQal,  mais  ce  qui  me  rebutait,  c' etait  de  voir 
que  notre  langue  etait/  employee  en  maniere  de 
derision. . .  .Roumanille,  le  premier  sur  la  rive 
du  Rhone,  chantait  dans  une  forme  simple  et 
fraiche  tous  les  sentiments  du  coeur. . .  .Embrasds 
tons  deux  du  desir  de  relever  le  parler  de  nos 
nitres,  nous  etudiflmes  ensemble  les  vieux  livres 
provencaux  et  nous  nous  proposames  de  restaurcr 
la  langue  selon  ses  traditions  et  caracteres  nation- 
aux  ;  ce  qui  s'est  accompli  depuis  avec  l'aide  et  le 
bon  vouloir  de  nos  freres  les  felibres." 

As  soon  as  the  schooldays  were  finished, 
the  lad  returned  to  Maillane,  and  there 
wrote  his  first  poem,  'Li  Meissoun.'  !!<■ 
passed  his  examinations  for  the  law,  but 
poetry  had  cast  a  spell  over  him,  and  he 
never  followed   the  letral  profession. 

In  1852  Roumanille  drew  together  some 
young  writers  in  the  Langue  d'Oc,  and,  with 
Mistrals  help,  published  a  collection  of 
poetry,    '  Li    Provencale,'    which    was    the 

beginning  of  the  Provencal  renaissance. 

Mistral's  father  (of  whom  the  son  said  that 

in  all  his    life  he  read  only  three    books — the 

Mew  Testament,  the  •  Imitation,' and  '  Don 
Quixote  ' )  died  in  1 855.  and  when  t  he  family 

property  was  divided,  the  paternal  farm  w  out 

to    other    members    of     the     family.      To 

Frederic    Mistral's    lot    fell    the   modest    house 
at     Maillane,    in    which     lie    was    to    live    for 

sixty  years,  and  in  which  he  died. 

In  I  s.">  t  Mistral,  with  Roumanille  and  other 
Provencal     poets,     founded     the     Felibrige, 

which    had    lor   its   aim    the    purification    and 

the  restoration  to  literary  use  of  the   Pro- 
vencal  tongue.     In    1856   they   started   the 

annual     '  Armana    prom  encau,    and     it      has 
appeared  each 


Mistral's  '  Mireille  '  was  published  in  1869, 
and   at    once  attracted    the   attention    of   Al- 

phonse  Daudel  and  others.  Lamartine  was 
entirely  charmed  with  it,  and  wrote  to  a 
friend  : — 

"  Bien  n'avail  encore-  para  de  cette  sev« 
nationale,  feconde,  inimitable  du  Midi.  II  y  a 
une  vertu  dans  !<■  soleil.  J'ai  tollement  ei6 
frappe'  a  I'espril  el  au  ccaur  que  j'ecris  on  Ent.c- 
tien  sur  ce  poeme.  Dites-la  a  M-  Mistral.  Oui, 
depuia  les  Eomeridea  de  I'Archipel,  un  tel  jet  de 
poesie  primitive  n'avaii  pas  coule." 

In  the  essay  which   Lamartino  named   he 

wrote  :— 

"  TJn  grand  poete  epique  est  nCI....ITn  vrai 
poete  homerique  dans  ce  temps-ci ;  un  poete  n6, 
comme  les   hommes  de    Deucalion,  d'un  cailloa 

de  la  ('ran  ;  un  poete  primitif  dans  notre  age  de 
decadence;  un  poete  grec  a  Avignon  ;  un  poete 
quiereeune  langue  etunidiome,  comme  I'etrarque 
a  cr66  lit  alien  ;  un  poete  qui  dun  patois  vulgaire 
fait  un  langage  d'images  et  d'harmonie,  raviasant 
l'imagination  et  l'oreille." 

In  1875  appeared  '  Lis  Isclo  d'Or'  ;  then 
'  Nerto  '  (1884),  which  the  Academy  crowned 
as  they  had  crowned  '  Mireille.'  Next  came 
the  '  Reino  Jano,'  a  dramatic  work  ;  and  in 
1897  the  '  Poeme  du  Rhone,'  which  describes 
the  former  life  of  that  river,  and  the  legends 
associated  with  its  banks.  After  the  publi- 
cation of  '  Nerto,'  Mistral  paid  one  of  his  rare 
visits  to  Paris,  but  was  soon  tired  of  that  city 
and  back  at  Maillane  for  work  on  his  '  Lou 
Tresor  dou  Felibrige,'  the  great  dictionary  of 
the  Langue  d'Oc. 

His  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  work  of 
making  his  native  language  into  a  living 
literary  tongue.  He  worked  for  forty  years 
at  the  '  Armana  prouvencau  '  ;  he  founded] 
the  Revue  lelibreenne,  and  was  chief  editor  of 
the  Aioli,  which  was  started  at  Avignon  in 
1885.  In  Ids  '  Tresor  dot;  Felibrige  '  may  be 
found  every  word  and  phrase,  every  proverb, 
every  legend  that  he  had  gathered  during  the 
journeys  of  a  lifetime  in  Southern  France, 
while  the  variations  of  the  Langue  d'Oc  are 
minutely  explained.  In  1904  he  was  awarded 
the  Nobel  prize  for  literature,  and  the  money 
helped  him  to  improve  that  Museon  Arlaten 
where  he  collected  many  interesting  relics  of 
Provencal  art,  and  also,  we  must  add,  some 
rubbish,  and  many  very  bad  waxwork 
figures. 

Mistral's  work  was  much  read  in  Paris  in 
the  French  translations  which  he  himself 
published,  but  he  was  seldom  seen  in  the 
capital.  At  Aries  he  was  always  "  Lou  gran 
maistre  "  with  all  classes.  The  people  of 
the  old  city  were  rightly  proud  of  the  man 
who  wore  a  hat  which  recalled  "  Buffalo 
Bill,"  proud,  too,  of  his  statue  in  the  little 
"  Place,"  though,  as  a  work  of  art,  it  is  one 
o!'  the  worst  erected  in  France. 

He  has  been  buried  at  his  own  village,  in 
the  tomb  which  he  had  prepared  during  his 
life.  He  directed  that  on  it  there  should  bo 
no  name,  and  only  this  epitaph  : — 

Non  nobis  Domine,  non  nobi«, 

Bed   nomini  tuo 

Eh  l'io\  incin  nosl  ree 

Di  gloriam. 


J.  PAYNE    COLLIER. 
Department  oi  Justice,  Washington,  Maran    0,  UH4. 
Fob  the  purpose  of  an  investigation  of  the 
so-called  c:>  I  oilier  foi  I  desire  to  be 

,,ui  in  communical  ion  w  ith  any  member  oi 
Mr.  John  Payne  <  oilier  -  family.  I'  you 
could  give  me  the  name  and  address  I  shall 
l,r  greatly  obliged,  and  the  information 
which  I  might  obtain  mighl  possiblj  be  of 
.  n  ice.  S.   S.  .\sini.M  oh. 


498 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


Xtferarj   (Snsstp. 

The  Johnson  Club  dined  yesterday 
week,  for  the  first  time,  at  17,  Gough 
Square,  in  the  actual  attic  where  the  '  Dic- 
tionary '  was  made.  Mr.  Charles  Hughes 
read  a  highly  interesting  paper  consisting 
chiefly  of  unpublished  letters  from  the 
same  stock  which  produced  his  '  Thraliana.' 
Johnson  was  revealed  as  a  writer  of  crisp 
English,  and  a  man  of  the  world  as  well  as 
a  scholar. 

The  house,  which  was  in  a  ruinous  con- 
dition, has  been  well  and  temperately 
restored  bjr  Mr.  Cecil  Harmsworth,  who 
intends  in  due  time  to  hand  it  over  to 
trustees.  Already  the  nucleus  of  a  suit- 
able collection  of  books,  pictures,  &c,  is 
assured,  and  it  is  hoped,  as  Mr.  Harms- 
worth  well  said,  to  make  the  place  one  for 
cheerful  resort  rather  than  a  dead  museum. 

Mr.  Bodley  writes : — 

"  The  author  of  the  paragraph  in  last 
week's  '  Literary  Gossip  '  apropos  of  the  recent 
election  of  a  member  of  the  French  Academy 
to  the  Academie  des  Sciences  Morales  et 
Politiques  is  quite  mistaken  in  saying  that 
'  it  is  not  usual  for  one  of  the  Forty  to  be- 
come a  candidate  for  a  chair  in  another 
Academy.'  On  the  contrary,  there  are  many 
such  cases  to  be  found  in  the  '  Annuaire  de 
l'lnstitut.'  I  have  not  at  hand  the  collection 
of  the  '  Annuaire  '  further  back  than  my  own 
election  ;  but  merely  among  Academicians 
whom  I  have  known  personally  there  are  the 
following  instances  : — The  Due  de  Broglie 
was  elected  to  the  Academie  Frangaise  in 
1862,  and  to  the  Academie  des  Sciences 
Morales  in  1895  ;  the  Due  d'Aumale  to  the 
Academie  Frangaise  in  1871,  to  the  Academie 
des  Beaux-Arts  in  1880,  and  to  the  Aca- 
demie des  Sciences  Morales  in  1889  ;  M. 
Gaston  Boissier  to  the  Academie  Frangaise 
in  1876,  and  to  the  Academie  des  Inscriptions 
in  1886  ;  Comte  d'Haussonville  to  the  Aca- 
demie Frangaise  in  1888,  and  to  the  Aca- 
demie des  Sciences  Morales  in  1904.  The 
reason  why  members  of  the  French  Academy 
like  to  belong  to  other  '  classes '  of  the 
Institute  is  that  election  to  the  Forty, 
though  a  glittering  distinction,  has  some- 
times not  much  relation  with  the  intellectual 
attainments  of  the  '  Immortal  '  ;  while 
membership  of  one  of  the  fovir  other  Aca- 
demies is  considered  as  a  sure  certificate 
of  some  solid  achievement." 

Mrs.  E.  M.  Shaw  writes  from  Andover 
House,  Alderney,  C.I. : — 

"'  Thank  you  for  noticing  my  translation 
of  the  '  Divina  Commedia  '  in  The  Athenaeum. 
May  I  point  out  that  such  lines  as 

Of  burning  fire,  blotted  out  the  stars. 

'  Purgatorio,'  Canto  XVIII.,  p.  195. 


and 


Straight  to  the  inward  fire  of  the  moon 

'Purgatorio,'  Canto  IX.,  p.  160. 


are  not  ten-,  but  nine-syllabled  lines,  and  will 
gain  much  by  being  so  read  ? 

"  I  am  sorry  to  add  that  I  have  not  had 
the  advantage  even  of  seeing  Longfellow's 
translation." 

What  is  the  difference  between  "ex- 
penses "  and  "  costs "  ?  It  is,  at  any 
rate,  sufficient  to  carry  with  it  the  differ- 
ence between  success  or  failure  in  a 
motion  for  an  order  of  a  Referee  to  be 
made  a  rule  of  the  High  Court.  In  a 
recent  case  in  which  the  Commissioners  of 
Inland  Revenue  were  concerned,  a  Referee 
made    an    order    that    any    "  expenses " 


incurred  by  the  Commissioners  should  be 
paid  by  the  plaintiff,  who  appealed  on 
the  ground  that  the  "  expenses  "  had  not 
been  assessed  by  the  Referee,  and  that 
there  was  no  machinery  by  which  "  ex- 
penses "  could  be  ascertained  apart  from 
a  Referee's  finding. 

Mr.  Justice  Scrutton  upheld  the  appel- 
lant. If  "  costs "  had  been  the  word 
used,  the  motion  would  have  succeeded, 
for  "  costs "  could  be  ascertained  by 
taxation  by  the  Taxing  Master,  who, 
however,  had  no  jurisdiction  to  tax 
"  expenses."  Nor  had  the  Court  any 
power  to  send  the  order  back  to  the 
Referee  for  him  to  assess  the  amount  of 
the  "  expenses."  Wherefore  through  this 
lucky — or  unlucky,  if  regarded  from  the 
other  party's  point  of  view — substitution 
of  "  expenses  "  for  "  costs  "  the  motion 
failed.  No  doubt  the  eagle  eyes  of  the 
compilers  of  the  '  N.E.D.'  have  noticed 
this ;  if  not,  we  commend  it  to  their 
attention. 

The  Twelfth  Vacation  Term  for  Biblical 
Study  will  be  held  this  year  at  Oxford 
from  July  25th  to  August  15th.  The 
subject  which  the  entire  series  of  lectures 
is  designed  to  illustrate  is,  '  The  Vital 
Relation  of  Personal  Religion  to  the 
Corporate  Life  of  the  Church.' 

On  Saturday  last,  at  Bedford  College, 
Dr.  Geraldine  Hodgson,  of  Bristol  Univer- 
sity, gave  a  lecture  to  the  Association  of 
University  Women  Teachers  on  '  English 
Poetry  in  the  Last  Decade  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century.'  She  dealt  with  the  work 
of  Mr.  William  Watson,  Lord  de  Tabley, 
Francis  Thompson,  and  Mrs.  Meynell,  and 
also,  somewhat  more  briefly,  with  that  of 
Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  and  Ernest  Dowson . 

Her  point — and  she  undoubtedly  made 
it — was  that  there  was  no  justification  for 
the  lamentations  over  the  state  of  English 
poetry  which  were  heard  rather  frequently 
before  the  present  school  of  Georgian 
verse  had  established  itself.  The  relations 
between  the  work  of  Francis  Thompson 
and  that  of  Coventry  Patmore  furnished 
one  of  the  most  telling  pieces  of  discrimin- 
ative criticism  in  the  lecture,  and  an 
enjoyable  part  of  it  was  Dr.  Hodgson's 
reading  of  the  verses  chosen  as  illustration. 

Lord  Fitzmaurice  writes  to  say  that 
the  identification  suggested  in  our  Travel 
Supplement  of  March  21st  (p.  427)  between 
Petty  the  art-collector  and  Sir  William 
Petty  the  economist  cannot  be  sustained. 
The  former  was  an  older  man  considerablv. 
He  adds  : — 

"  I  have  seen  the  papers  in  the  Bodleian 
relating  to  him.  I  was  at  first  a  good  deal 
puzzled  by  them.  I  think  Charles  I.  employed 
him  to  buy  pictures  on  the  Continent,  and 
there  is  a  list  of  purchases.  When  my 
ancestor  left  Oxford,  it  was  to  go  to  Ireland 
to  help  the  Commonwealth  party  to  settle 
the  country,  and  he  eventually  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  famous  Survey  called  the  '  Down  ' 
Survey,  which  is  largely  associated  with  his 
name.  He  would,  I  am  sure,  have  gladly 
gone  to  Delos  or  Ephesus,  but  he  had  to  be 
content  with  Waterford." 

Messrs.  Sidgwick  &  Jackson  are  about 
to  issue  in  parts  '  A  Descriptive  Catalogue 
of  the  Library  of  Samuel  Pepys.'  The 
first  two  parts  contain  the  "  Sea  MSS.," 


catalogued  by  Dr.  J.  R.  Tanner,  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  the  early 
printed  books  (to  1558),  catalogued  by 
Mr.  Gordon  Duff.  With  the  latter  will  be 
issued  a  General  Introduction,  giving  a 
history  and  description  of  the  Library. 
The  collection  comprises  some  3.000  vol- 
umes, which,  as  is  well  known,  were 
bequeathed  by  Pepys  to  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  under  such  strict  condi- 
tions that  the  Library  has  always  been, 
and  is,  difficult  of  access  to  students. 

Besides  some  230  volumes  of  manuscripts 
— which  include  not  only  the  original 
Diary  itself,  but  also  State  Papers,  and 
Pepys's  official  correspondence  as  Secretary 
to  the  Navy,  and  his  collectanea  on 
naval  subjects — the  chief  features  of  the 
Librae  are  :  the  books  from  the  early 
English  and  foreign  presses,  including 
several  unique  editions  by  Caxton  and 
others ;  the  Pepysian  Ballads  (1,800 
broadsides)  ;  Elizabethan  and  Restoration 
plays  ;  and  several  collections  of  contem- 
porary topical  literature. 

We  are  only  half-pleased  to  learn  that 
Mr.. Max  Goschen  is  attempting  to  natura- 
lize among  us  the  yellow  paper-covered 
novel  which  has  so  long  been  dis- 
tinctively French.  The  sight  of  it  calls  up 
a  train  of  vivid  associations,  which  it  is 
something  of  a  loss  to  have  confused. 
The  world  is  so  full  of  a  number  of  colours 
that  it  would  surely  be  possible  to  pitch 
on  another  equally  successful  one  for 
England.  The  particular  book  with  which 
this  beginning  is  to  be  made  is  Mr.  George 
Willoughby's  '  The  Adventuress,  and  Other 
Stories,'  and  it  is  to  be  sold  for  two  shillings. 

Not  the  least  precious  part  of  the  lite- 
rary inheritance  of  a  nation  is  the  work  of 
men  who  died  before  their  prime.  Its 
very  inconclusiveness  appeals,  not  merely 
or  chiefly  to  the  reader's  sense  of  regret, 
but  rather  to  his  constructive  imagination. 
Is  there  to  be  one  more  added  to  that 
group  apart  whose  leaders  are  Marlowe, 
Keats,  and  Shelley,  and  which  on  its  outer 
circle  includes  Dowson,  Richard  Middle- 
ton,  and  George  Douglas  ?  The  occasion 
of  the  question  is  the  fact  that  Stanley 
Houghton's  collected  work  is  about  to  be 
published.  It  runs  to  three  volumes,  and 
comprises  a  good  deal  of  dramatic  work, 
besides  the  two  plays  by  which  he  is  best 
known,  as  well  as  articles  contributed  to 
the  press,  and  an  unfinished  novel.  The 
publishers  are  Messrs.  Constable. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
Oliphant  Smeaton  at  Edinburgh  last 
Tuesday.  He  was  a  well-known  journalist, 
and  editor  of,  and  contributor  to,  various 
series,  including  Gibbon  in  six  volumes, 
and  a  '  Life  of  Shakespeare  '  in  "  Every- 
man's Library."  William  Henry  Oli- 
phant Smeaton  was  the  younger  son  of  the 
late  Prof.  George  Smeaton,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Royal  High  School  and  Edin- 
burgh University.  He  went  to  New  Zea- 
land in  1878,  engaged  in  scholastic  work 
there,  and  later  did  a  good  deal  of  journal- 
istic work  in  Australia.  On  his  return  to 
this  country  in  1893,  he  embarked  upon  a 
strenuous  literary  career,  besides  lecturing 
on  the  literature  and  history  of  Scotland. 


No.  4510,  April  4,  L914 


SCIENCE 


GARDENING  AND  THE  GARDEN. 

There  is  always  pleasure  in  reading  of 
the  work  of  a  happy  man.  and  happy 
Mr.  Bowles,  the  author  of  '  My  Garden 
in  Spring  '  obviously  is,  even  if  we 
cannot  quite  apply  the  same  epithet  to 
his  hook.  In  a  curious  limited  way  a 
lover  of  nature,  with  an  almost  complete 
indifference  to  art.  he  is  fond  of  strange 
and  odd  plants,  a  breeder  of  new  varieties, 
and.  above  all.  a  born  collector.  Some- 
thing he  can  indeed  see  of  the  beauty 
of  a  primula  in  the  high  Alps,  but  his 
real  joy  is  in  getting  the  plant  home 
and  making  it  grow,  and  grow  well.  A 
gardener,  in  our  own  sense,  he  certainly  is 
not  ;  not  the  maker  of  a  complete  har- 
monious whole,  not  one  who  must  make 
and  make,  and  go  on  making  toward  per- 
fection. As  such  he  would  not  so  well 
have  fitted  into  his  ancient  and  somewhat 
formless  garden,  of  which  the  main 
features  were  fixed,  with  a  house  ob- 
viously ■•  impracticable."  We  would  not 
have  him  different,  for  to  the  rest  of  us 
such  workers  are  almost  indispensable. 
What  if  he  does  ask  us  to  read  thirty-two 
pages  on  the  varieties  of  the  crocus  ?  Xot 
only  has  lie.  as  grower,  the  joy  of  his  work, 
breeding  and  feeding  his  rarities  in  their 
glass  frames,  but  also  the  result  may  be 
fresh  forms  of  beauty  for  the  use  of 
untoiling  others. 

A^  for  the  book  itself,  it  is  full  of  informa- 
tion concerning  numl>erles  species,  varie- 
ties, and  oddities,  made  useful  by  a  fairly 
good  Index,  and  enlivened  here  and  there 
by  interesting  notes  on  such  various 
mattei>  as  the  use  of  an  electrified  sealing- 
wax  for  transferring  pollen,  the  evergreen 
plants  in  Francis  Bacon's  winter  garden, 
the  rat's  of  the  self-adaptation  of  anti- 
podal  plants  to  our  seasons,  and  the  prob- 
able original  deflexion  of  the  course  of  the 
New  River  to  avoid  a  line  of  yews.  Among 
other  things  there  is  mention  of  a  Parlia- 
mentary candidate  who  "  promises  'em 
anything — a  shower  of  rain  every  night, 
and  a  shower  of  manure  on  Sundays.'' 

The  author  himself  alludes  to  his  writing 
as  ■•  prattle."  The  word  is  not,  indeed, 
altogether  inapt,  but  we  like  his  pleasing 
good-nature  lx-tter  than  such  touches 
as  these,  lb-  will  say.  describing  a  flower, 
that  it  "has  a  lingering  taint  of  the 
hue    of    jealousy,"  1     talks     of     the 

;  proverbial  acidity  of  the  immature  fruit 
of  the  viii.  Some  of  the  coloured  illus- 

trations of  flowers  are  very  good. 

Of  Mr.  Thomas's  Rock  Gardening  for 
Amateurs1  we  can  hardly  speak  too  highly. 

My  Garden    in   Spring.      By   E.  A.  Bowles. 

'('J'.  C  a   E.  I  .  Jack,  5*.  net.) 

Koch  Gardening  for   Amateurs.      By  II.  II. 
I  and  S    Arnott.     a  "* » — •  - 1 1  a    I  -... 

6s.  net.) 

Th.    Week-End  Gardener.      By  F.    Badfield 

Farthing.     (Grant  Richards,  'U.  *>/.  net.) 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


499 


From  our  own  practical  experience  we  can 
say  that  it  seems  to  contain  all  the  inform- 
ation that  is  needed  by  any  one  starting 
such  a  garden.  It  is  simply  and  plainly 
written,  without  any  exasperating  padding; 
the  arrangement  is  excellent,  and  the 
Index  sufficient.  Some  of  the  coloured 
photographs  reproduced  are  surprisingly 
effective. 

A  considerable  improvement  on  the 
ordinary  weekly  work-book  is  *  The  Week- 
End  Gardener.'  The  lists  of  plants  for 
various  purposes,  and  the  clear  diagrams 
explanatory  of  sundry  horticultural  pro- 
cesses, are  likely  to  be  of  considerable  use 
to  the  beginner.  We  would  advise  him, 
however,  in  designing  his  garden,  not  to 
form  his  taste  on  the  photographs  or 
plans  herein  displayed. 


Prehistoric  Times  and  Men  of  the  Channel 
Islands.  By  Joseph  Sinel.  (Jersey, 
J.  T.  Bigwood,  5s.  net.) 

"  I  am  not  writing  [sa\s  the  author]  for 
the  man  of  science,  but  simply  for  the 
general  intelligent  public."  Regarded  as 
a  guide  to  the  most  recent  archaeological 
discoveries  made  in  Jersey — the  other 
Channel  Islands  obtain  but  passing  men- 
tion— this  little  book  could  hardly  be 
bettered.  "  Quorum  pars  magna  fui !  " 
Mr.  Sinel  has  a  right  to  exclaim  about 
these  interesting  finds,  of  which  so  much 
has  lately  been  heard.  Indeed,  the  tour- 
ing archaeologist,  who  nowadays  regards  a 
fortnight  in  the  Channel  Islands  as  essen- 
tial to  his  notion  of  a  liberal  education,  can 
do  no  better  than  explore  every  corner  of 
these  ancient  haunts  of  man,  with  this 
manual  in  his  pocket,  and,  if  possible,  with 
Mr.  Sinel  at  his  elbow.  Dr.  Keith,  who 
contributes  a  Foreword,  has  himself 
enjoyed  the  experience.  He  recalls  "  the 
hours  spent  in  the  well-appointed  museum 
of  the  Societe  Jersiaise  "  ;  and  also  the 

"  delightful ....  occasions  when,  amid  the 
dunes  and  the  strata  sections,  Mr.  Sine] 
showed  me  how  lie  had  deciphered  the 
hieroglyphics  in  which  are  recorded  the 
events  of  far  back  times." 

Mr.  Sinel's  aim  throughout  has  been  to 
put  on  record  his  personal  investigations 
and  the  theories  to  which  he  has  been  led 
thereby.  He  has  done  this,  as  he  tells  us, 
"'  without  looking  to  previously  expressed 
opinions  for  guidance,"  and,  he  might  have 
added,  without  drawing  on  previous 
records  of  observed  fact.  In  a  word,  he 
speaks  on  the  strength  of  what  he  has  seen 
and  handled,  not  of  what  he  has  read. 
Consequently,  the  hook  makes  up  in  fresh- 
cess  and  vital  warmth  for  whatever  it  may 
lack  in  completeness.  The  reader  feels 
himself  to  be  face  to  face  with  a  man  who 

has  both  delved  and  thought  for  himself, 
and  is  still  delving  and  thinking.  Every 
page  perspires  with  the  ardour  of  the  chase. 
We  taste  the  pleasure  of  hunting  the  hare, 
which  every  connoisseur  knows  to  be 
superior  to  that  of  pronouncing  a  funeral 
oration    over    the    poor    beast's    mortal 

remains.  Moreover,  when  an  author 
writes  frankly  in  the  Brsi  person   and  'I 


not  pose  as  the  spokesman  of  the  incor- 
porated wisdom  of  mankind — or,  let  us 
say,  of  the  Societe  .Jersiaise — it  is  open  to 
the  most  humble  of  us  to  contradict  him, 
if  we  choose  to  run  the  risks.  Thus  our 
own  copy  teems  with  question  marks 
scrawled  opposite  Mr.  Sinel's  expressions 
of  opinion,  and  sometimes  even  over 
against  his  statements  of  fact.  Sooner  or 
later,  however,  we  must  in  common  fair- 
ness undertake  to  thrash  out  these  ques- 
tions on  the  spot ;  and  then  we  shall  have 
to  reckon  with  the  Nemesis  attendant  on 
those  who  beard  the  local  expert  in  his 
den. 

As  for  the  necessary  drawbacks  to  the 
personal   method,   the   judicious   man   of 
science — the  "  intelligent  general  public  " 
we  leave  to  take  care  of  itself,  as  some 
how   it  always   manages  to   do — will,   of 
course,  need  to  study  Mr.  Sinel  side  by  side 
with  the  rest  of  the  relevant  authorities ; 
not  to  speak  of  the  first-hand  work  he  must 
do,  both  in  the  three  excellent  museums  of 
the  Channel  Islands — one  in  Jersey  and  two 
in  Guernsey — and   likewise  on  and  about 
the  various  archaeological  sites  themselves. 
In  this  way  only  can  he  view  the  progress 
of  local  research  in  its  historic  perspective  ; 
for,  as  Mr.  Sinel  is  perfectly  ready  to  admit, 
his  handbook  ignores,  because  it  takes  for 
granted,  the  famous  discoveries  of  past 
generations,    such    as    are    most   notably 
associated  with  the  Lukis  family,  whose 
invaluable  collections  are  enshrined  in  the 
Lukis  Museum  of  Guernsey,  a  sacred  place 
In  the  eyes  of  all  true  antiquaries.     Or, 
again,  Mr.  Sinel's  account  of  the  labours 
and  successes  of  himself  and  his  familiars 
is  doubtless  perfectly  accurate  so  far  as  it 
goes  ;    but  he  would  be  the  first  to  allow 
that  it  cannot  be  made  the  basis  of  an 
impartial  assignment  of  the  credit  due  to 
each  and  all  of  the  many  searchers  whose 
joint  endeavours  have  proved  so  fruitfid. 
In  particular,  wre  think  it  a  slip  on  his  part 
if  he  put  forward  a  claim  (qualified,  it  is 
true,  by  an  "  I  believe  ")  to  priority  as 
regards  the  establishment  of  the   palaeo- 
lithic character  of  certain  finds  made  in  a 
cave  in  Jersey  in  1881.     Others,  in  fact, 
of    whom    no    mention    is    made,    were 
in  part  responsible  for  the  actual  excava- 
tion;  and,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  no  attri- 
bution  of    the    spoils    to   a    palaeolithic 
horizon  was  effectively  made  at  the  time, 
nor  for  some  thirty  years  afterwards.     It 
is  possible,  however,  that  we  have  mis- 
understood Mr.  Sinel.  and  that  all  he  means 
to  say  is  that  he  helped  to  discover  im- 
plements  which     afterwards   were    proved 
to  be  palaeoliths. 

Some  admirable  maps,  diagrams,  and 
illustrations  accompany  the  book,  which 
is  in  this  and  all  other  respects  a  credit 
to  the  printer.  A  few  slips  in  the  proof- 
reading —  meriodinalia  (twice),  cenma 
iU \phoa  (it  was  not  quite  so  big  as  that), 
and  golf  for  golfi    (natural   enough    in   the 

home  of    Vardon  and    Raj )     should    be 

corrected   in    a    second    edition,   which    is 
sure  to  he  required  before  long. 


500 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


SOCIETIES. 

Royal. — March  20. — Sir  W.  Crookes,  President, 
in  the  chair. — The  following  papers  were  read  : 
'  On  the  Nature  of  the  Tubes  in  Marsupial  Enamel 
.and  its  Bearing  upon  Enamel  Development,' 
by  Mr.  J.  II.  Mummery,  in  which  the  author 
•endeavoured  to  show  that  the  tubes  are  dentinal 
lubes  and  not  an  enamel  product,  and  that  the 
penetration  of  the  dentinal  fibril  results  from  the 
late  and  imperfect  calcification  of  the  cement 
substance  between  the  prisms, — '  Oxidation  of 
Thiosulphate  by  Certain  Bacteria  in  Pure  Culture,' 
by  Mr.  W.  T.  Lockett,— - '  The  Production  of 
Anthocyanins  and  Anthocyanidins,'  by  Mr. 
A.  E.  Everest, — and  '  Variations  in  the  Growth  of 
Adult  Mammalian  Tissue  in  Autogenous  and 
Homogenous  Plasma,'  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Walton. 
He  described  the  results  of  experiments  performed 
to  obtain  information  as  to  the  presence  in  plasma 
•of  substances  inhibitory  to  the  growth  of  tissue. 
-Several  tissues  were  used  and  several  plasmata 
were  investigated.  The  first  series  of  experiments 
was  conducted  with  a  view  to  discovering  if  tissue 
grew  better  in  homogenous  or  autogenous  plasma. 
It  was  found  that  there  was  no  direct  variation, 
but  the  cells  grew  better  in  some  plasmata  than 
others.  It  also  became  evident  that  the  power  of 
growth  varied  directly  with  the  nature  of  the 
plasmatic  medium,  and  was  independent  of  the 
.cells  used.  Further  experiments  showed  that 
plasma  contains  both  inhibitory  and  stimulating 
substances  to  the  growth  of  cells  ;  that  the  inhibi- 
tory substances  are  destroyed  by  freezing  the 
plasma  from  one  to  three  days,  and  that  the 
.stimulating  substances  are  also  destroyed  when 
the  plasma  is  frozen  for  a  period  of  six  to 
•eight  days. — The  remaining  papers  were:  'The 
Decomposition  of  Formates  by  B.  coli  com- 
munis '  "and  '  The  Enzymes  which  are  con- 
cerned in  the  Decomposition  of  Glucose  and 
Mannitol  by  B.  coli  communis,'  by  Mr.  E.  C. 
■Grey,  the  object  of  the  investigation  being  to 
.determine  how  an  organism  which  produced  only 
a  trace  of  gas  from  a  formate  and  no  gas  from 
:glucose  when  acting  on  these  separately  was  able 
.to  produce  gas  abundantly  from  a  mixture  of  the 
.two, — and  '  Description  of  a  Strain  of  Trypano- 
soma brucei  fi'om  Zululand  '  and  '  The  Trypano- 
soma causing  Disease  in  Man  in  Nyasaland  : 
Part  III.  Development  in  Glossina  morsitans,' 
-by  Surgeon-General  Sir  D.  Bruce,  Major  A.  E. 
Hamerton,  Capt.  D.  P.  Watson,  and  Lady  Bruce. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  March  20. —  Sir 
Hercules  Read,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  A.  Bulleid  read  a  paper  on  '  Romano- 
British  Potteries  in  Mid-Somerset.'  The  pot- 
teries are  situated  in  the  Brue  district,  some  eight 
miles  north-west  of  Glastonbury,  and  are  dis- 
tributed over  a  tract  of  peatland  three  miles  in 
length.  They  consist  of  numerous  mounds 
•containing  fragments  of  pottery  and  briquetage 
adjoining  the  sites  of  kilns.  "  These  heaps  of 
pottery  vary  from  30  to  100  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
from  1  to  5  ft.  in  height.  The  types  of  pottery 
are  for  the  most  part  common  to  Roman  sites 
generally.  The  briquetage  includes  tiles  and  thin 
bricks,  bars  and  parts  of  seggars  or  ovens.  From 
the  associated  finds  the  potteries  appear  to  have 
been  established  before  230  a.d.,  and  to  have 
flourished  during  the  latter  part  of  the  Roman 
occupation. 

Mr.  W.  L.  Hildburgh  exhibited  some  sixteenth- 
■century  watering  irons.  The  irons  were  of 
Austrian,  Bavarian,  and  Swiss  origin,  and  were 
used  for  producing  thin,  crisp  cakes.  They  were 
-all  for  secular,  not  for  ecclesiastical  use.  The 
•designs  upon  them  were  of  various  kinds,  being 
pictorial,  heraldic,  or  conventional  ;  their  inscrip- 
tions were  mottoes,  or  related  to  persons  or  to 
religious  matters,  and  often  included  the  date  of 
manufacture.  The  plates  were  engraved,  chased, 
or  stamped,  or  decorated  by  more  than  one  of 
these  processes.  Engraved  or  chased  work 
seemed  to  predominate  amongst  Germanic  irons 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  as  opposed  to  the  seem- 
ing predominance  of  stamped  work  amongst 
Italian  irons  of  the  same  period.  Renaissance 
stamped  irons  of  Germanic  origin  differed  in 
•character  from  the  Italian. 

Mr.W.  de  C.  Prideaux  exhibited  a  cast  of  the  font 
from  Melbury  Bubb,  Dorset ;  Canon  Beanlands, 
a  copper  gilt  Elizabethan  Communion  cup  ;  Sir 
•George  Sitwell,  an  alabaster  figure  of  St.  John 
Baptist ;  and  Mr.  W.  Page,  a  part  of  a  bone  pax 
with  the  Crucifixion  dating  to  the  early  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century. 


British  Numismatic—  March  25.— Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  Leslie 
■Thorns  was  elected  a  member. — The  meeting  had 


been  reserved  for  an  exhibition  of  war  medals,  and 
short  papers  upon  them. 

Major  Freer  read  some  notes  on  the  38th  Foot 
and  its  medals,  including  an  interesting  account 
of  the  forlorn  hope  at  St.  Sebastian,  1812,  from 
letters  written  by  his  ancesior  Lieut.  George 
Freer,  who  was  one  of  its  leaders.  Major  J.  H. 
Leslie  supplemented  these  notes  with  extracts 
from  the  diary  of  another  officer  who  was  an 
eye-witness  of"  the  storming  of  the  •  fort,  these 
notes  curiously  corroborating  the  details  of  the 
story. 

Mr.  Charles  Winter  contributed  '  The  Gold 
Collars,  Medals,  and  Crosses  granted  to  British 
Officers  by  the  Portuguese  for  Services  in  the 
Peninsular  War,'  a  paper  which  raised  questions  of 
interest.  It  appeared  that  although  these  decora- 
tions were  awarded  by  the  Portuguese,  they  were 
to  be  made  in  England  by,  and  at  the  expense  of, 
the  recipient.  The  result  was  that  many  were 
never  taken  up,  and  it  was  an  open  question 
whether  the  gold  collar  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
which  was  supposed  to  have  been  a  British 
decoration,  was  not  really  one  of  the  two  collars 
awarded  by  the  Portuguese  to  British  officers. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  was  suspected  that  at  least 
one  officer  of  junior  rank  assumed  to  himself  the 
star  given  only  to  commanding  officers. 

General  Arbuthnot  exhibited  the  remarkable 
group  of  medals  earned  by  his  grandfather  Lieut. - 
General  Sir  Robert  Arbuthnot,  comprising  the 
K.C.B.,  the  cross  and  star  of  the  Portuguese 
Order  of  the  Tower  and  Sword,  the  gold  cross 
with  bars  for  Toulouse,  Nive,  and  Orthes,  the 
Portuguese  Campaign  medal,  the  Portuguese  war 
medal,  and  the  Queen's  medal  with  two  bars,  the 
last  proving  that  the  gold  cross  should  have  borne 
a  fourth  bar. — Dr.  A.  A.  Payne  showed  four 
examples  of  the  Portuguese  crosses  and  the 
Brunton  gold  star. — Mr.  S.  M.  Spink  exhibited  a 
series  of  the  medals  of  the  Royal  Irish  Regiment, 
accompanied  by  notes  on  its  history.  He  also 
showed  the  gold  star  and  badge  of  the  Order  of  the 
Tower  and  Sword. — Mr.  Frank  Burton  submitted 
an  original  gorget  and  a  photograph  from  the 
portrait  of  the  Colonel  of  the  Notts  Militia  wearing 
it*  circa  1780. — Mr.  E.  E.  Needes  showed  the  group 
of  six  orders  and  medals  of  Lieut. -Col.  Robert 
Nixon  of  the  28th  Foot,  which  included  the  gold 
medal  for  Egypt,  1801  ;  also  a  large  series  of 
medals  awarded  to  the  77th  Regiment. — Mr.  T.  R. 
Mackenzie  exhibited  a  group  of  three  medals, 
including  that  for  the  forlorn  hope  at  St.  Sebastian  ; 
and  Mr.  M.  A.  Jameson  had  sent  from  Canada  the 
North  American  Indian  chief's  medal,  Treaty 
No.  6,  1870,  "  Big  Bear." 


Royal  Numismatic. — March  19. — Mr.  Henry 
Symonds,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Sir  Thomas  H. 
Elliot,  Capt.  J.  S.  Cameron,  and  Mr.  Sidney  W. 
Grose  were  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  W.  Gilbert  exhibited  an  unpublished  half- 
penny token  of  George  Smith  of  Smithfield. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox  read  a  paper  on  con- 
temporary forgeries  in  the  English  coinage. 
Contemporary  forgeries  went  as  far  back  as  the 
art  of  coinage  itself  ;  in  ancient  times  it  was  a 
common  practice  for  the  authorities  to  issue  a 
certain  proportion  of  plated  coins  and  enforce 
their  currency  to  pay  mint  expenses.  It  was 
impossible  to  forge  the  thin  silver  coins  of  the 
Middle  Ages  by  plating  them,  so  that  the  usual 
practice  was  to  make  them  in  debased  metal. 
The  reader  devoted  special  attention  to  the  coins 
of  the  Edwards,  their  forgeries  and  Continental 
imitations  ;  the  latter  were  of  importance  for 
dating  hoards.  Mr.  Earle  Fox  concluded  his 
paper  with  some  remarks  on  modern  forgeries 
and  the  points  usually  overlooked  by  the  forger. 
Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  and  Mr.  Earle  Fox  exhibited 
two  series  of  forgeries  in  illustration  of  the  paper. 


1EETING3    NEXT    WEEK. 


Mox.      Royal  Institution,  5.— General  Meeting. 

—  Society  of  Engineers,  7  30.— 'The  Utilization  of  Solar  Energy,' 

Mr.  A.  8.  E.  Ackermann. 

—  Aristotelian,  8.— Discussion  on  '  The  Value  of  Logic' 

—  Institute  of  British  Architects,  8.— 'Professional  Practice  and 

Conduct,'  Practice  Standing  Committee. 

—  Geographical,  8.30. 

Tues.    Asiatic,  4  —'The    History   and   Evolution   of   the   Dome   in 
Persia,'  Mr.  K.  A.  C.  Creswell. 

—  Institution    of    Civil     Engineers.    8.— 'The    Transportation 

Problem  in  Canada  and  Montreal  Harbour,'  Mr.  F.  W. 
Cowie. 

—  Zoological,  8  30. 
Wed.    Astronomical,  5. 

—  Geological,  8.— 'The  Evolution  of  the  Essex  River -System,  and 

its  Relation  to  that  of  the  Midlands,'  Prof  J.  W.  Gregory ; 
'The  Topaz  bearing  Rocks  of  Gunong  Bakau  (Federated 
Malay  States),'  Mr.  J.  B.  Scrivenor. 


Arietta   dassip. 


March  has  gone  out  with  the  undesirable 
notoriety  of  being  —  by  a  long  way- — the 
wettest  March  in  London  on  record.  The 
average  rainfall  for  the  third  month  is 
1*75  in.  ;  some  years  ago  a  rainfall  of  3'69  in. 
was  the  greatest  known.  This  year  the  fall 
has  measured  no  less  than  4*51  in. 

By  an  Order  in  Council  dated  October 
14th,  1913,  the  metric  carat  of  200  milli- 
grams became  on  April  1st  the  legol 
standard  of  weight  for  precious  stones  and 
pearls,  and  thereby,  for  the  first  time,  a 
part  of  the  metric  system  of  weights  and 
measures  becomes  compulsory  in  this 
country.  This  unit  of  weight  has  been 
employed  by  jewellers,  without  direct  legal 
sanction,  for  some  time. 

Next  Monday  Mr.  A.  S.  E.  Ackermann 
is  to  read  a  paper  before  the  Society  of 
Engineers  on  '  The  Utilization  of  Solar 
Energy,'  embodying  the  results  of  nearly 
four  years'  work  upon  the  problem  of  sun- 
produced  steam.  Though  many  experi- 
ments with  sun-power  have  been  made 
during  the  last  fifty  years,  this  is  the  first 
paper  of  its  kind.  The  meeting  is  to  be 
held  at  the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neers. 

In  the  '  Proceedings  of  Observatories ' 
included  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  we  note  the  attention 
paid  at  the  Sydney  Observatory  to  the 
popular  and  educational  aspect  of  astronomy. 
The  building  is  open  on  Monday  afternoons 
for  the  reception  of  visitors,  who  have  also 
been  admitted  on  two  or  three  evenings 
every  week.  The  evening  visits  have  be- 
come so  popular  that  for  lack  of  accommo- 
dation names  have  to  be  sent  in,  and  the 
number  attending  limited.  An  electric  lan- 
tern has  been  installed,  and  discourses  are 
given,  illustrated  by  slides. 

The  following  lectures  have  been  arranged 
for  at  the  Royal  Institution  after  Easter  : 
Dr.  Walter  Wahl,  two  lectures  on '  Problems 
of  Physical  Chemistry '  :  1.  '  Study  of  Matter 
at  High  Pressures '  ;  2.  '  Structure  of 
Matter  at  Low  Temperatures  '  (experi- 
mentally illustrated).  Prof.  W.  Bateson, 
Fullerian  Professor  of  Physiology,  Royal 
Institution,  two  lectures  :  1.  '  Double 
Flowers  '  ;  2.  '  The  Present  State  of  Evolu- 
tionary Theory.'  Prof.  D'Arcy  W.  Thomp- 
son, two  lectures  on '  Natural  History  in  the 
Classics  '  :  1.  '  The  Natural  History  of  the 
Poets — Homer,  Virgil,  and  Aristophanes  '  ; 
2.  '  The  Natural  History  of  Aristotle  and  of 
Pliny.'  Prof.  A.  Fowler,  two  lectures  on 
'  Celestial  Spectroscopy  :  Experimental  In- 
vestigations in  connexion  with  the  Spectra 
of  the  Sun,  Stars,  and  Comets.' 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  publish 
next  Tuesday  a  translation  by  Mr.  Montagu 
Drummond  of  the  fourth  German  edition  of 
Prof.  Gottlieb  Haberlandt's  '  Physiological 
Plant  Anatomy,'  a  section  of  botanical 
science  which  the  author  has  made  peculiarly 
his  own. 

Mr.  Dent  is  adding  the  autobiography  of 
Elizabeth  Blackwell,  M.D. — the  first  woman 
graduate  in  medicine  (1849) — to  his  next 
instalment  of  the  "  Everyman  Series."  It 
was  written  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Blackwell's 
adopted  daughter,  Miss  K.  Barry,  and  was 
issued  by  Messrs.  Longmans  in  1895  under 
the  title  of  '  Pioneer  Work  in  opening  the 
Medical  Profession  for  Women.'  It  has 
long  been  out  of  print.  A  Bibliography 
and  supplementary  chapter  have  been  added, 
and  Mrs.  Henry  Fawcett  has  written  an 
Introduction. 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


THE     ATHENE  I'M 


iOl 


FINE    ARTS 


An  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Second 
National  Loan  Exhibition.  1913-14: 
Woman  and  Child  in  Art.  Compiled  by 
Francis  Howard.  Preface  by  Robert 
Ross.     (Heinemann,  21.  2s.  net.) 

The  reproductions  of  pictures  which 
illustrate  this  volume  are  creditably  done, 
•  though  once  again  we  are  reminded  of  the 
vanity  of  reproducing  in  another  medium 
works  which  depend  largely  on  the  virtu- 
osity of  the  painter  in  oils.  The  exhibition 
contained  a  large  proportion  of  English 
works  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  this 
proportion  is  maintained  in  the  illustra- 
tions, and  the  lack,  in  the  majority  of 
these,  of  any  element  of  design  severe 
in  the  sense  of  tending  towards  formality 
of  statement  gives  them  a  look  of  slovenly 
irregularity.  In  the  painting  this  might 
be  excused  by  some,  because  such  pursuit 
of  picturesque  variety  for  its  own  sake 
had  sometimes  the  redeeming  virtue  of 
seeming  to  arise  from  an  easy,  fluent  hand- 
ling of  paint.  Retained  in  a  form  which 
does  not  urge  any  such  defence,  it  seems 
inexcusably  trivial.  Deliberate,  clear  de- 
lineation, even  if  the  painter's  conception 
of  form  be  small,  as  with  Terburg's 
'Introduction'  (LXIL),  bears  reflection  in 
a  photographic  process  better  than  the 
suave  technical  improvisation  which  played 
so  large  a  part  in  the  craftsmanship  of 
the  English  portrait  painters,  for  their 
detail  drawing  is  largely  dictated  by  the 
nature  of  the  forms  which  come  most 
easily  to  the  artist's  habit  of  handling 
paint.  Their  design  has  thus  the  merit 
of  being  inherent  in  their  medium — the 
di  -advantage  of  looking  foolish  when 
divorced  from  it. 

>ir  Philip  Sassoon's  '  L'Odalisque  a 
l'Esclave  :  (LXXVIIa.)  shows  the  charm 
of  Ingres's  tight,  impeccable  draughts- 
manship and  well-considered  placing  of 
every  detail  in  a  design — qualities  which 
in  their  value  in  whatever  form  they 
are  presented  (the  small  attraction  they 
m  to  offer  to  the  artists  of  the  present 
day  can  only  be  a  passing  phase).  The 
print  shows  also  how  much  for  once  Ingres 
may  Lose  by  the  absence  of  colour,  with 
it-  power  of  subordinating  some  parte,  and 
throwing  into  importance  other  passages 
of  the  composition.  In  presence  of  the 
painting  we  were  not  quite  so  conscious  of 
the  feeling  that  the  musician  is  an  absurdly 

atimental  lay  figure. 

Conscious  sentimentality  is  the  vice 
which  to  the  eyes  of  the  modern  painter, 
damn-  a  Large  number  of  the  works 
here  commemorated,  and  although  the 
ral  public  are  aoi  bo  resentful,  we 
believe  that  they  do  but  Lag  behind  in 
this  respect,  and  what  artists  feel  to-day 
they  will  feel  to-morrow — even  more 
intolerantly  because  they  Lack  the  work- 
man's respect  for  a  bad  job  capably 
done.  It  is  thus  quite  likely  thai  thirty 
yean  hence  the  works  of  Reynolds  and 
his  followers  will  !*•  as  much  und'-r- 
estimal  id  afi  they  are  over-estimated  to- 
day in  lay  circles. 


Selected  Etchings  by  Pirancsi.  With  an 
Introduction  by  C.  H.  Reilly.  Series  I. 
(Technical  Journals,  Caxton  House, 
Westminster,  2s.  bV.) 

This  series  of  reproductions  is  issued  to 
offer  an  opportunity  of  acquaintance  with 
Piranesi's  work  at  a  moderate  price,  Mr. 
Reilly  pointing  out  that  not  only  the 
originals,  but  even  "  Mr.  Keith  Young's 
massive  volume  of  reproductions,"  are 
beyond  the  means  of  the  ordinary  practis- 
ing architect.  It  might  be  suggested. 
perhaps,  that  the  scale  of  his  own  illus- 
trations is  almost  too  small  to  allow 
satisfactory  treatment  of  some  of  the 
large  architectural  compositions,  though 
the  selections  from  the  '  Vasi,  Candelabri,' 
&c.,  are  excellent. 

Piranesi  is  too  exclusively  known, 
among  laymen  at  any  rate,  as  the  author 
of  the  '  Carceri,'  and  it  is  certainly  desir- 
able to  popularize  also  his  magnificently 
designed  and  severely  drawn  views  of 
then  existing  buildings.  These  cannot 
but  stimulate  the  imaginations  of  archi- 
tects, though  wre  do  not  quite  endorse 
the  suggestion  that  Roman  architecture 
is  the  one  inevitable  source  and  fountain- 
head  of  inspiration  by  which  modern 
architecture  is  to  be  revived.  Mr.  Reilly's 
analogy  between  our  own  time  and  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  is 
one  that  cannot  be  pushed  far,  the  intro- 
duction of  steel  structure  being  so  funda- 
mental an  element  as  to  differentiate  at 
once  our  difficulties  from  those  of  Robert 
Adam  and  Chambers.  In  a  sense,  it 
might  be  argued  that,  as  architecture 
becomes  a  mere  facade  masking  the  real 
structure,  there  arises  an  opportunity  for 
making  it  an  aerial  fabric,  a  composition 
expressing  the  abstract  principles  of 
structure  in  terms  not  necessarily  the  same 
as  those  actually  employed  in  the  building 
itself.  We  have  that  tendency  doubtless, 
and  the  study  of  Piranesi's  magnificent 
designs,  with  their  mastery  of  the  rhe- 
toric of  the  art  of  building,  may  serve  to 
make  the  work  of  its  devotees  more 
eloquent  and  grandiose.  But  there  re- 
mains the  more  difficult  way  of  devising  an 
architecture  which  shall  not  be  a  gilded 
fairy  mask,  but  a  frank  expression  of  the 
play  of  forces  actually  at  wrork,  and,  while 
in  this  task  we  may  be  stimulated  by 
Piranesi's  sense  of  structure,  we  are  not 
likely  to  find  much  literal  prompting  as 
to  ways  and  means.  Thus  to  us  far  more 
than  to  the  architects  of  the  eighteenth 
century  his  example  is,  as  Mr.  Reilly  puts 
it,  "'  safe  only  in  the  hands  of  the  dis- 
cerning." 

Stress  is  wisely  laid  on  the  difference 
between  the  Roman  impressions  from 
Piranesi's  plates  and  the  later  ones 
print)  (1  by  his  son  Francesco  in  Paris. 
When  .Mr.   Reilly,  writing  of  the  artist's 

youth,  says.  "  In  his  early  years  he  seems 

to  have  been  something  of  an  enfant 
prodigue,  and  is  reported  to  have  been 
able  to  draw  the  architecture  of  Venice 
.it  the  age  of  eight,"  we  are  Left  in  doubl 
whether  he   thinks   thai    enfant   prodigut 

mean-   an    infant    prodigy. 


EXHIBITIONS. 

Within  his  own  chosen  boundaries  of 
extreme  conservatism  Mr.  A.  W.  Rich  ifl  a 
most  capable  water-colour  painter,  and  his 
exhibition  at  the  Baillie  Gallery  maintains 
his  high  reputation.  More  vividly  than 
hitherto,  we  are  struck  with  the  advantage 
he  derives  from  his  frequent  use  of  "sugar 

paper  "  or  similar  absorbent  material.     The/ 

very    disadvantages    of   such  a  paper — the 

difficulty  the  artist  has  in  gauging  preeisely 
the  tone  at  which  a  touch  will  dry  out — 
foree  him  to  set  his  intervals  more  crisply, 
to  allow  for  infinitesimal  modifications. 
The  result  is  that  his  work  done  under  such 
conditions  has  a  boldness  and  decorative- 
character  which  are  usually  lost  when  greater 
intrinsic  subtlety  of  modulation  i.s  attempted. 
The  large  treatment  of  form  and  perfect 
balance  of  his  big  drawing  of  The  Valley  of 
the  Swale  (18)  make  it,  on  the  whole,  the 
best  thing  in  the  collection.  With  less  way 
on  its  line,  Corfe  Castle  (47)  is,  again,  a  fine 
design  of  more  static  character  ;  while  Rich- 
mond Castle  (17),  for  an  enterprising  colour- 
scheme,  deserves  mention  also  as  among 
the  outstanding  exhibits.  A  Cheshire  Manor- 
House  (33)  is  the  most  perfect  example 
possible  of  Mr.  Rich's  gift  for  fancying  him- 
self a  contemporary  of  Cotman  and  carrying 
on  the  saine  tradition. 

At  the  Fine  Art  Society's  galleries  Sir 
William  Blake  Richmond's  paintings  of 
Umbria  and  Assisi  do  not  quite  maintain  the 
quality  of  the  similar  show  of  landscapes 
which  attracted  such  favourable  attention 
a  year  or  so  ago.  They  tend  to  be  cloying 
in  colour,  and  their  realism  lacks  the  touch 
of  classic  restraint  which,  in  the  earlier 
collection,  evoked  souvenirs  of  Giovanni 
Costa.  Nos.  14,  18,  and  25  show  a  certain 
acquaintance  with  modern  ideas  as  to 
lighting,  and  No.  69,  Interior  of  a  FortressT 
S.  Gregorio,  is  a  careful  study  of  a  picturesque 
motive. 

In  the  gallery  adjoining,  Mr.  Keith 
Henderson  deserves  some  credit,  perhaps, 
for  having  turned  from  the  costumed 
romanticism  of  his  earlier  manner  to  some 
study  of  modern  life.  The  change  is 
not  quite  whole-hearted,  Mr.  Henderson 
being  still  inclined  to  regard  the  unusual 
and  improbable  as  the  true  material  of  the 
imaginative  painter,  and  to  disdain  the 
typical  as  commonplace.  His  work  thus 
gives  an  impression  of  cleverness  and 
triviality.  No.  18,  Guillemots  in  Ulster,  i.s 
much  the  best,  and,  indeed,  a  spontaneous 
sketch  of  much  charm. 


SIR    H.     VOX    HERKOMER. 

By  the  death  on  Tuesday  last  of  Sir  Efuberi 
von  Herkomer,  the  Royal  Academy  1" 
one  of  its  most  famous  members.  Horn  in 
1840,  of  poor  but  capable  parents,  Herkomer 
lived  to  be  the  most  successful  portrait 
painter  of  his  day,  and  one  of  the  n i< >--t 
universally  known,  if  not   most   universally 

admired,  artists       He  owed  the  lirst  position 

in  large  part   to  his  native  '_'ii't    for  getting 
a  likeness      that   fundamental  necessity  of 

portrait  lire,    without    which    no   artistic    gifts 

avail.     He  was  quite  tree  from  the  vice  of 
prejudice  as  to  how   be  should  see  the  Face 

thai    came    before    him,    and    approached    his 
sitter    with    his    mind    that     "carefully    pre- 

pared  blank"  which  is  as  essential  to  the 
portrait  painter  as  to  the  cricketer  about  to 
play  a  ball.  His  success  in  other  branches  of 
art  might  be  largelj  traced  to  an  interest  in 
his  public  which  replaced  interest  in  his 
berial.  No  one  had  fewer  technical  scruples 
than    Herkomer.    Technician    he   certainly 


502 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


was  in  the  sense  of  being  tireless  in  experi- 
ment, but  always  in  the  direction  of  extend- 
ing the  possibilities  of  this  or  that  medium, 
never  of  perfecting  it.  He  regarded,  indeed, 
the  public  as  his  material,  the  instrument  on 
which  he  played,  and  he  was  indifferent  to 
paint  or  copper,  stone  or  bronze,  so  long  as 
he  produced  an  effect  on  the  mind  of  the 
beholders. 

This  is  an  attitude  towards  the  artist's 
problem  which  tends  to  be  neglected  to-day, 
and  cannot  be  regarded  as  entirely  illegiti- 
mate. On  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  the  habit  of  playing  to  an 
uncultivated  audience  vulgarized  instead  of 
polishing  the  art  of  the  raw  youth  who 
achieved  fame  at  the  very  outset  by  the  best 
picture  he  ever  painted.  '  The  Chelsea 
Pensioners  in  Church,'  tight  and  photo- 
graphic as  it  may  be,  has  a  sincerity  and 
seriousness  which  place  it  far  above  his  later 
work,  by  which  again  and  again  he  won  the 
general  applause  of  an  ignorant  public — 
applause  rarely  awarded  even  by  the  corre- 
sponding public  of  a  later  day  to  the  same 
kind  of  art.  We  can  thus  hardly  expect 
that  his  will  be  an  enduring  reputation, 
though  he  painted  so  many  people  of  celeb- 
rity that  certain  of  his  portraits  will  retain 
an  interest  as  documents. 

The  possibilities  of  the  popular  moving- 
picture  theatre  naturally  appealed  to  a  man 
of  such  extraordinary  miscellaneous  clever- 
ness as  Herkomer,  and  we  do  not  doubt  that 
with  his  great  physical  vitality  he  would 
have  been  as  popular  and  successful  in  this 
as  in  everything  else  he  touched.  '  The 
Chelsea  Pensioners  in  Church  '  must  be 
accounted  the  high-water  mark  of  his  art, 
and  certain  modelling  reinforced  with 
enamels  his  lowest  depths.  That  so  much 
energy  and  ability  should  not  have  resulted 
in  more  work  of  permanent  value  only  shows 
the  standard  of  taste  for  which  he  worked, 
and  faithfully  represented  within  the  limits 
of  the  arts  of  painting,  architecture,  acting, 
music,  &c,  practised  by  him.  If  he  had  had 
the  handling  of  Madame  Tussaud's  show, 
he  would  have  summed  up  even  more  com- 
pletely the  popular  artistic  ideals  of  his  day. 


MR.    SPENCER    GORE. 

We  much  regret  to  have  to  record  the 
■death,  at  the  early  age  of  35,  of  Mr.  Spencer 
Frederick  Gore,  the  well-known  painter. 
He  died  at  Richmond,  on  Friday  last  week, 
of  pneumonia  after  a  few  days'  illness,  just 
before  the  general  public  became  aware  of 
the  appreciation  which  his  very  personal 
and  spontaneous  art  commanded  from  his 
confreres  of  every  school. 

Gore  received  his  artistic  education  at 
the  Slade  School,  and  had  sufficiently  influ- 
ential friends  (he  was  a  nephew  of  the 
present  Bishop  of  Oxford)  to  have  won 
early  success  ;  but  his  idealistic  nature,  his 
curiosity  in  the  art  of  to-morrow  rather 
than  the  safe  achievements  of  yesterday, 
made  him  the  born  champion  of  every  neg- 
'ected  talent.  He  thus  became  engaged  in 
devising  means  for  displaying  the  work  of 
the  younger  artists  of  London — who  mourn 
the  loss  of  a  man  of  extraordinary  public 
utility,  whose  gaiety  and  natural  disinter- 
estedness made  him  the  trusted  inter- 
mediary between  men  of  every  shade  of 
opinion. 

His  valuable  work  of  organization  did 
not  prevent  him  from  doing  a  vast  amount  of 
painting,  and  almost  everything  he  did  had 
the  hall-mark  of  complete  sincerity  united 
to  a  flower-like  delicacy  of  colour.  His 
work  thus  appears  to  us  as  likely  to  be 
cherished  as  if  it  were  the  work  of  a  great 


artist — which  Gore  hardly  was,  and,  indeed, 
would  have  hated  to  be  called.  He  had  a 
detestation  of  anything  which  pretended  to 
too  much ;  and  we  recall  an  occasion  when, 
on  being  asked,  concerning  a  very  ambitious 
work,  what  he  thought  of  's  "  master- 
piece," he  replied,  "  I  think  it 's  really  awfully 
good — for  a  masterpiece":  surely  one  of 
those  profound  truths  only  occurring  to  the 
simple-minded. 

A  movement  is  on  foot  among  Gore's 
admirers  to  arrange  a  representative  memo- 
rial exhibition,  and,  pending  the  forma- 
tion of  a  Committee,  owners  of  pictures  are 
invited  to  communicate  with  Mr.  A.  B. 
Clifton  of  the  Carfax  Gallery,  who  is  giving 
his  services  to  organize  it. 


Jfitw   ^rt   Glossip. 

Messrs.  F.  Etchells,  G.  Hamilton, 
C.  Nevinson,  E.  Wads  worth,  and  Wynd  ham 
Lewis,  together  with  other  artists  associated 
in  the  production  of  the  forthcoming  Cubist 
periodical  Blast,  have  established  a  centre 
at  38,  Great  Ormond  Street,  at  which  they 
will  hold  Saturday  afternoon  receptions 
similar  to  those  of  the  late  "  Fitzroy  Street  " 
group. 

The  April  Burlington  Magazine  opens  with 
a  reproduction  of  the  newly  discovered  por- 
trait of  Giuliano  de'  Medici  by  Botticelli, 
the  appearance  of  which  —  itself  un- 
doubtedly the  original — settles  the  disputed 
claims  of  the  version  at  Bergamo  and  that 
at  Berlin.  A  curious  feature  in  the  case  is 
the  fact  that  both  the  copies — otherwise 
exact  in  almost  every  particular — are  re- 
versed, having  the  head  facing  the 
right,  while  in  the  original  example  it  faces 
the  left. 

On  Monday  next  the  North  British 
Academy  of  Arts  (Newcastle-on-Tyne)  will 
open  the  eighth  exhibition  of  its  members' 
works  at  the  Crystal  Palace  Art  Galleries, 
Sydenham. 

Dutch  painters  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  their  influence  upon  English 
schools,  were  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Kaines 
Smith  in  his  second  lecture  at  the  National 
Gallery  on  Wednesday.  The '  Family  Group  ' 
of  Franz  Hals  was  first  examined  as  exem- 
plifying the  artist's  study  of  character 
and  the  cool  clearness  of  his  work — a 
characteristic  common  to  Dutch  pictures. 
The  gradual  approach  to  Nature  and  the 
growing  love  of  landscape  for  its  own  sake 
were  shown  in  the  work  of  the  two  Ruysdaels, 
and  the  lecturer  then  passed  on  to  Rem- 
brandt and  the  work  of  his  different  periods. 
He  described  the  course  of  the  painter's  life 
in  its  bearings  on  his  work,  and  cited  '  The 
Woman  Bathing  '  as  an  example  of  his 
return  to  his  earlier  rich  style,  to  which 
he  brought  the  knowledge  of  life,  the 
steady  craftsmanship  and  assured  handling, 
which  were  the  fruit  of  his  experience  of 
evil  days. 

These  lectures,  which  are  well  attended, 
should  prove  of  great  service  to  visitors  ; 
but  the  crowding-in  of  stray  passers-by 
made  the  lecturer  occasionally  difficult  to 
follow. 

Mr.  Harvey  Hadden,  who  recently  pre- 
sented to  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum 
the  Studley  bowl,  has  added  to  this  a  gift 
of  no  less  importance  for  the  study  of  English 
silversmiths'  art  in  the  covered  vase,  silver 
gilt,  with  a  flask  on  either  side,  of  the  time 
of  Charles  II.,  which  was  one  of  the  finest 
groups  of  English  silver  at  the  Ashburnham 
sale.  Such  a  gift  is  the  more  welcome 
because  the  earlier  work  of  English  silver- 


smiths  is   inadequately   represented    in   the 
national  collection. 

The  Summer  Meeting  of  the  Royal 
Archaeological  Institute  will  be  held  at 
Derby  from  Tuesday,  July  14th,  to  AVednes- 
day,  July  22nd. 

At  the  Septingentenary  Celebration  of 
the  birth  of  Roger  Bacon,  which  it  is  pro- 
posed to  hold  at  Oxford  on  June  10th  n  xt, 
a  statue  of  the  great  mediaeval  man  of 
science,  by  Mr.  Hope  Pinker,  will  be  un- 
veiled at  the  University  Museum.  A  me- 
morial volume  of  essays  dealing  with  various 
aspects  of  Roger  Bacon's  work,  written  by 
specialists  in  the  several  branches  of  science 
included,  is  to  be  issued  and  presented  to 
subscribers. 

At  Limnerslease,  Compton,  the  home  of 
Mrs.  G.  F.  Watts,  in  digging  a  trench  in  the 
orchard  the  workpeople  have  discovered 
foundations  of  Bargate  stone,  constructed 
with  the  pink  mortar  which  indicates 
Roman  work.  It  is  thought  that  a  Roman 
villa  occupied  the  spot. 

A  kindred  find,  yet  more  attractive,  is 
that  of  a  square  of  Roman  pavement, 
tessellated  in  natural  stone  (blue  lias,  white 
flint,  and  red  brick),  and  very  little  defaced. 
This  was  brought  to  light  in  Northgate 
Street,  Gloucester,  in  the  course  of  building 
operations,  and  the  owners  intend  to  have 
it  carefully  preserved. 

Daninos  Pasha  writes  to  The  Times  of 
March  30th,  claiming  to  have  discovered  the 
site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Canopus — -the 
predecessor  of  Alexandria — on  the  Bay  of 
Aboukir,  and  asking  for  support  in  further 
excavation,  which  would,  he  believes,  lay 
bare  buildings  containing  monuments,  ob- 
jects of  antiquity,  and  historical  documents, 
preserved  under  a  shroud  of  sand,  much  as 
Pompeii  with  its  treasures  was  preserved 
beneath  ashes.  So  far  he  has  identified  and 
traced  the  site  of  the  quay. 

Messrs.  Batsford  will  publish  towards 
the  end  of  this  month  a  book  by  Mr.  A.  E. 
Richardson  entitled  '  Monumental  Classic 
Architecture  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
during  the  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth 
Centuries.'  It  is  a  study  of  English  achieve- 
ment in  the  matter  of  architecture  which, 
according  to  now  prevalent  opinion,  dis- 
covers in  the  work  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren 
and  the  schools  belonging  to  the  same  tradi- 
tion the  true  line  for  development  of  the 
art  in  the  future. 

Messrs.  John  Smith,  of  Glasgow,  will 
publish  within  a  few  days  a  work  on 
the  Ruthwell  and  Bewcastle  Crosses,  by 
Dr.  King  Hewison,  who,  urging  the 
tenth-century  origin  of  these  monuments, 
goes  somewhat  further  than  supporters  of 
that  opinion  have  hitherto  gone,  and  ven- 
tures to  set  out  a  theory  that  St.  Dunstan 
inspired  their  maker  and  possibly  furnished 
him  with  his  design. 

No.  16  of  the  Journal  of  the  Imperial 
Arts  League,  which  is  just  out,  contains  a 
report  of  the  annual  meeting  in  March ; 
an  article  on  '  Artificial  Daylight  '  ;  another 
on  '  Idealism  in  Photography,'  by  Mr.  W.  J. 
Day,  dealing  chiefly  with  effects  of  light  ; 
and  further  correspondence  concerning  the 
question  of  a  Minister  of  the  Fine  Arts. 

In  discussing  the  report  the  Chairman  of 
the  Council  referred  to  the  quite  inadequate 
penalty  of  101.,  the  maximum  for  forging 
signatures  on  works  of  art. 


SALE. 

In  Messrs.  Sotheby's  sale  on  March  26th  an 
open-letter  proof  of  the  mezzotint  of  Lord  New- 
ton, by  C.  Turner  after  Raeburn,  fetched  1201. 


No.  4510,  Apkml  4,  1014 


THE     ATIIKNiEUM 


5(  >3 


JHusical   (Bosstp. 

Dk.  Vavi;han  Williams's  '  London  '  Sym- 
phony, performed  for  the  first  time  at 
the  second  orchestra]  concert  given  by  Mr. 
1\  B.  Ellis  at  Queen's  Hull  on  March  27th, 
is  the  work  of  a  musician  who  is  ;i  modem, 
yet  no  iconoclast  :  he  is  for  evolution,  not 
revolution.  Some  bold  attempts  are  being 
made  by  a  few  composers  at  the  present 
day  to  ignore  all  rules  and  forms,  and  simply 
to  write  as  they  feeL  Dr.  Williams  adopts 
the  old  symphonic  form,  but  in  a  modern 
Spirit.  His  strong  thematic  material  is  well 
able  to  bear  the  sound  and  clever  develop- 
ments to  which  it  is  subjected;  whereas  the 
short  phrases,  or  rather  figures,  which  nowa- 
days frequently  do  duty  for  themes,  are  not 
interesting  in  themselves,  so  that  even 
clexer  treatment  of  them  is  almost  useless. 
There  is  a  true  poetic  spirit  running  through 
this  •  London  "  Symphony.  In  harmony 
we  note  some  modern  effects,  but  no  per- 
sistent use  of  chromatic  chords,  as  if  dia- 
tonic harmony  had  lost  its  power.  The 
title  of  the  work  gives  an  idea  of  what  was 
passing  in  the  composers  mind  when  he  was 
writing,  and  it  is  not  the  only  clue  : 
we  hear  the  street-call  of  lavender-sellers, 
and  a  street-tune  as  if  played  by  a  mouth- 

gan.  The  latter,  however,  occurs  in  the 
Scherzo,  which  is  chiefly  objective  in 
character  ;  the  former  mixes  with  other 
thematic  material:  it  is  not  a  piece  of 
realism  attracting  notice  on  its  own  account. 
The  orchestration  of  the  work  is  effective, 
often  quiet,  and  when  powerful,  never  noisy. 

Dr.  Williams's  Symphony  is  rather  long — 
it  takes  fifty  minutes  to  perform — and  the 
final  movement  could,  perhaps  with  advan- 
tage, be  slightly  shortened  It  is  not  the 
actual  length  of  which  we  speak,  but  the 
feeling  that  it  i-  not  fully  justified.  Such, 
at  any  rate,  is  our  impression  after  a  first 
hearing.  The  rendering  of  the  work  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Geoffrey  Toye  was 
excellent. 

The  programme  included  a  revised  version 
Of  Mr.  Frederick  Delius's  interesting,  though 
not  altogether  convincing,  '  In  a  Summer 
Garden.' 

A  fine  performance  was  given  of  Brahms's 
'  Song  of  Destiny  '  at  the  Symphony  Concert 
at  Queen's  Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon. 
The  singing  by  the  Sheffield  Musical  Union 
was  rich,  firm,  and  expressive.  Bach's 
church  cantata.  '  Weinen,  Klagen.'  was  also 
well  rendered  bv  the  soloists,  Miss  Carrie 
Tubb.  Miss  Phyllis  Lett,  and  Mr.  Herbert 
Eeyner ;  but  Mr.  Cwynne  Daviess  reading 
of  the  tenor  music  was  uncertain  in  tone  and 
phrasing.  A  concert-hall  is  not  the  right 
place  for  Bach's  church  cantatas,  and  the 
large  choir  (although  the  sinking  was  very 
id),  and  the  additional  orchestral  parts 
which  wen-  written  by  Sir  Henry  .J.  Wood, 
were  too  ~trotiLr  for  Bach's  music.  The 
concert  ended  with  the  Choral  Symphony. 

THE   la-t    concert  of  the   present    season  of 

the  Royal  Philharmonic  Society  took  place 
at  Queen's  Hall  last  Tuesday  evening. 
The]-,  was  no  novelty,  but  the  programme 
included  the  '  Eroics  '  Symphony,  which, 
if  we  mistake  not,  lien-  Mengelberg  con- 
ducted for  the  first  time  in  London.  When 
it  was  originally  produced  at  Vienna  com- 
plaints wen-  made  about  its  length,  and 
this  was  felt  all  the  more  as  it  came  fairly 
late  in  tic  programme  Beethoven  Bug- 
i  that  it  ought  in  future  to  he  placed 

at  the  beginning,  so  that  players  and  lis- 
teners might  be  fresh.  It  was  thus  placed 
on   Tuesday,    and    with    good    results.      Herr 

Mengelberg'e  reading  was  full  of  vitality 
and  colour,   and   the   opening   Allegro   was 


given  with  splendid  energy.  The  omission 
of  the  repeat  in  so  lone;  a  movement  is  most 
reasonable.  Beethoven  may  in  some  cases 
have  felt  that  the  exposition  being  brief, 
required  repetition;  but  in  more  than  one 
instance  he  evidently  merely  followed 
custom. 

Mr.    Frederic    Lamond    gave   a   brilliant 

rendering  of  Tschaikowsky's  B  flat  minor 
Concerto,  though  the  virtuosity  at  times 
proved  somewhat  too  prominent.  Madame 
Muriel  Foster*s  reading  of  Max  Bruch's 
scena,  '  Aus  der  Tiefe  des  Grames,'  was  most 
dramatic.  After  the  concert  Sir  Alexander 
Mackenzie  presented  her  with  the  Gold 
Medal  of  the  Society.  The  final  number  in 
the  programme,  Liszt's  '  Les  Preludes,'  was 
admirably  rendered.  As  a  vivid  interpreter 
of  Liszt  and.  we  may  add,  Strauss,  Herr 
Mengelberg  is  supreme. 

We  learn  that  Sir  Henry  J.  Wood  has 
made  arrangements  with  Prof.  Wallace 
Rimington  to  give  a  performance  of  Scria- 
bin's  '  Prometheus  '  with  the  "  Colour 
Organ  "'  at  a  Symphony  Concert  early  next 
season.  That  work  has  been  produced  in 
Russia  and  performed  here — the  last  time, 
indeed,  with  the  composer  taking  part ;  yet 
a  special  feature  of  it,  the  simultaneous  pro- 
duction of  colours  as  well  as  sounds,  has 
hitherto  been  omitted.  The  different  colours 
are  indicated  in  the  score  by  notes,  for  they 
were  evidently  meant  to  be  produced  by  a 
keyboard  similar  to  Prof.  Rimington's 
"  Colour  Organ."  Whether  this  promised 
performance  will  help  towards  a  better 
understanding  of  the  music  may  be  doubted, 
but  the  double  appeal  to  eye  and  ear  cannot 
fail  to  be  interesting. 

Herr  Arnold  Schonberg  may  be  styled 
a  musician  of  the  future,  for,  if  ever  his  later 
works  become  acceptable  to  the  public,  it 
will  scarcely  be  to  the  present  generation. 
M.  Scriabin  in  a  sense  is  also  a  futurist  ; 
but  though  his  orchestral  music  is  far  more 
intelligible  than  that  of  Herr  Schonberg 
it  will  have  to  become  much  more  familia 
before  it  can  be  calmly  judged,  to  say 
nothing  of  what  he  may  still  produce.  Last 
week  M.  Leo  Ornstein,  a  Russian  who  is 
nineteen,  boldly  announced  a  recital  of 
"  Futurist  Music."  Anything  more  unlike 
music,  as  we  understand  the  term,  it  is 
difficult  to  conceive.  To  judge  from  the 
titles  of  his  pieces,  they  are  intended  to 
be  of  the  programme-order.  In  one,  '  Im- 
pressions of  Notre  Dame,'  we  heard  for 
a  moment  the  sound  of  bells,  and  the 
imitation  was  clever.  Bells  in  a  cathe- 
dral piece  seemed  in  place,  but  similar 
effects  in  other  pieces  were  difficult  to 
explain.  The  moments  in  which  there  was 
anything  intelligible  in  M.  Ornstcin's  com- 
positions were,  indeed,  few  ;  the  rest  was 
wild  scrambling,  and  not  seldom  uncom- 
fortably noisy.  There  is  no  knowing  what 
M.  Ornstein  may  do,  but  for  the  present  we 
can  detect  no  sign  of  a  coming  man. 

'Parsifal'  was  performed  with  certain 
reasonable  cuts  by  the  London  Choral 
Society,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Arthur 
Fagge,  at  Queen's  Hall  last  Tuesday  evening. 
A  concert  performance!  of  the  work  is  a  bold 
undertaking.  .Mr.  Kagge's  intention,  how- 
ever, was  no  doubt  to  give  those  unacquainted 
with  it  some  idea  of  the  music  and  text. 
The  excellent  soloists  were  Mi-.   John  (oates 

(Parsifal),  Mr.  Robert  Radford  (Gurnemanz), 

Mr.  Thorpe  Hates  (Am  fort  as),  Mr.  Dawson 
Freer  (Titurel),  and  Miss  Carrie  Tubb 
(Kundry).      There    was    some    good    singing 

by  the  choir,  especially  at  the  close  of  the 

first   and   beginning  of  the  second  act.      The 

voices  from  the  Height  were,  however,  not 

always   clear,   and    the    bells  were   not    satis- 

factory.     other     shortcomings     could      be 


named.  But  in  view  of  the  difficulties 
against  which  all  had  to  contend,  Mr.  Fagge 
did  well  for  his  large  and  attentive  audience-. 

During  the  three  Tenebrae  offices  of 
Holy  Week,  on  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and 
Friday,  Tallis's  '  Lamentations  '  have  been 
Sung  ever  since  West  minster  Cathedral  was 
opened.  This  year  there  will  be  a  change 
on  the  Wednesday  (April  8th),  when  will 
be  given  an  anonymous  work  of  which 
Dr.  R.  R.  Terry,  the  organist  and  dire  tor 
of  the  music,  found  the  manuscript  parts 
in  the  British  Museum.  They  bear  tic- 
name  of,  and  belonged  to,  Baron  Luiuley, 
who  died  in  1609.  Dr.  Terry  regards  the. 
work  as  by  one  of  the  masters  of  the  Tudor 
period,  and  believes  that  the  composer  was 
so  well  known  that  the  scribe  omitted  to 
mention  him. 

The  two  performances  of  Lacomo's  '  Ma 
Mie  Rosette  '  by  the  members  of  the  Ster- 
ling Mackinlay  Operatic  Society,  at  the 
Comedy  Theatre  on  the  27th  and  28th  of 
last  month,  were  another  successful  attempt 
by  Mr.  Mackinlay  to  revive  light  operas  of 
the  French  School.  Of  the  many  excellent 
works  of  the  kind,  'Ma  Mie  Rosette'  is  a 
good  specimen.  The  performance,  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  who  are  still  studying, 
was  most  satisfactory.  Some  were  naturally 
better  than  others,  but  as  a  whole  the  opera 
was  played  with  care  and  in  the  right 
spirit.     The  diction  was  unusually  clear. 

'  Francesca  da  Rimini,'  by  Riccardo 
Zandonai,  one  of  the  two  novelties  an- 
nounced for  the  forthcoming  season  at 
Covent  Garden,  was  recently  produced  at 
the  Royal  Theatre,  Turin,  and  from  all 
accounts  seems  to  be  a  stronger  work  than 
'Conchita.' 

Dr.  Grattan  Flood  writes  concerning 
the  Harington  paragraph  in  The  Athenceum 
of  March  21st,  which  appeared  to  him  to 
"  insinuate  "  that  Harington  was  buried 
in  Bath  Abbey  ;  but  it  was  only  noted 
that  there  was  a  tablet  to  his  memory 
in  the  Abbey.  Dr.  Flood  names  Kelston, 
near  Bath,  as  the  place  of  burial ;  and  the 
supplement  to  The  Gentleman's  Magazine 
for  1816  (the  year  in  which  Harington 
died),  and  the  article  'Kelston'  in  'The 
Comprehensive  Gazetteer  of  England  and 
Wales,'  edited  by  J.  H.  F.  Brabner,  confirm 
that  statement.  'The  Dictionary  of  Na- 
tional Biography  '  is  mistaken  in  naming 
Hath  Abbey  as  the  place  of  burial. 

Tito  Mattei,  the  composer  of  songs  and 
pianoforte  pieces  (of  which  "  Non  e  ver  " 
and  the  Waltz  were  at  one  time  very  popu- 
lar), died  on  Monday  in  his  7.5th  year.  He 
settled  in  London  in  1864.  In  easy,  senti- 
mental melodies  such  as  that  of  '  Dear 
Heart  '  he  won  popularity  in  an  earlier  age. 

THE  death,  at  the  age  of  78,  is  recorded 
of  Marie  Chassevant,  whose  method  of 
musical  education  has  been  explained  by 
Miss  Marian  P.  Cibb  in  a  work  included  in 
our  last  week's  list  of  new  books.  Marie 
Chassevant,  according  to  the  obituary  notice 
in  Le  Menestrcl lot  March   28th,  developed  a 

scheme    of    teaching    children     by    means     of 
pictures  and    stories    suggested     by  Madame 

I'apct  larpent  ier.     In  1895  she  began  to  teach 

her   method    in    the   (Jeneva   Conservatoire. 


Bi 


Mo». 

Ti  i 


Wmv 


PKKP0KMANCE8    NEXT    WEEK. 

Concert,  3  :i'i.  Royal  Albert  Hull. 

Hini'Uy  Ooni  -  -  Hall 

Oj  r  ii  si. . ,i  t  i  c. ,im  .  ri  <>f  Own  '  ompotlti'Hi. 

nucha  Culbartaon'i  Violin  ReciUl  8.10   Bechitelu  Mull. 

VI, In  lie,,,,  gong  Rot  II  lllU  Hall 

Rrtkjn  Htarr  •  Violin  Hi  '  11*11 

Willy  v..ii  Mm.M.t  »  V  ,  ,1  B*  11*1.  -  IB,  ,V;.,lun  Hall 

OrohMtrmJ  0 rt,  I,  Unam  I  n*H 

K..y»l  Choral  Society,  '  Mawlah,'  7.  Iloy»l  Albert  Ilall. 
H«« Tt-,|  Oooovrti  7  3     (^ueen'i  Hall. 


504 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


DRAMA 


Plays.  By  Loo  Tolstoy.  Translated  by 
Louise  and  Aylmer  Maude.  Complete 
Edition.     (Constable  &  Co.,  5s.  net.) 

The  six  plays  contained  in  this  volume 
have  already  appeared  in  English,  and 
are  all  the  plays  of  Tolstoy  the  world  is 
likely  to  see.  Mr.  Aylmer  Maude  told 
us  in  a  Preface  to  a  volume  of  transla- 
tions that  Tolstoy  wrote  two  early  plays, 
'  The  Nihilist '  and  '  The  Infected  Family  ' 
— the  latter  a  farce — which  are  now  in- 
accessible. But  whatever  may  be  their 
quality,  they  are  scarcely  likely  to  de- 
throne '  The  Power  of  Darkness,'  the 
one  great  play  which  lifts  Tolstoy  into 
the  ranks  of  the  dramatists  whose  work 
matters.  In  his  essay  '  What  is  Art  ?  ' 
he  defined  Art  as 

"  a  human  activity,  consisting  in  this,  that 
one  man  consciously,  by  means  of  certain 
external  signs,  hands  out  to  others  feelings 
he  has  lived  through,  and  that  other  people 
are  infected  by  these  feelings,  and  also 
experience  them." 

'  The  Power  of  Darkness  '  triumphantly 
fulfils  the  requirements  of  this  exacting 
canon,  and  in  doing  so  easily  leaves  the 
other  plays  far  behind.  The  singleness 
of  purpose  necessitated  by  adherence  to 
the  rule  laid  down  is  but  slightly  in  evi- 
dence in  '  Fruits  of  Culture  '  and  '  The 
Light  shines  in  Darkness,'  while  '  The 
Live  Corpse  '  may  be  almost  said  to  sprawl. 
This  play  contains  six  acts,  and  no  fewer 
than  forty-three  speaking  parts,  and  the 
action  is  in  patches  which  remind  us  of  the 
unhappy  chameleon  in  a  well-known  story 
which,  placed  on  a  tartan  plaid,  attempted 
to  adjust  itself  to  a  changing  environ- 
ment. We  can  well  understand  why  '  The 
Live  Corpse  '  was  published  posthumously. 

Tolstoy  speaks  most  clearly  in  '  The 
Light  shines  in  Darkness.'  Here  we  have 
.a  play  in  which  the  principal  character 
may  be  identified  with  the  author,  and 
his  trials  must  surely  have  suggested  the 
situations,  which  are  not  actually  auto- 
biographical. Sarintsov,  interpreting  the 
■Gospels  as  Tolstoy  interpreted  them, 
achieves  nothing  more  than  unhappiness 
for  himself  and  his  family.  There  is  some- 
thing moving  in  this  unfinished  play  ;  it 
reads  as  if  Tolstoy  had  been  preparing  an 
apology  for  his  inability  to  make  that 
renunciation  in  which  both  his  hopes  and 
fears  were  centred  for  many  years.  The 
notes  for  the  unwritten  fifth  act  show  that 
he  saw  no  alternative  to  a  tragic  ending. 
What  must  have  been  his  feelings  with 
regard  to  his  own  family  to  have  caused 
him  to  take  such  a  view  !  The  didacti- 
cism of  the  play  is  rendered  doubly 
effective  by  the  straightforward  portrayal 
of  Sarintsov' s  opponents  :  the  represen- 
tatives of  the  world,  the  flesh,  and  the 
Orthodox  Church. 

Elsewhere  Tolstoy's  didacticism  is  too 
insistent  to  be  successful.  Thus  the  two 
little  plays,  '  The  First  Distiller  '  and  '  The 
Cause  of  it  All,'  are  merely  temperance 
tracts,  in  which  the  action  is  so  one-sided 
that  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  a 


dramatic  form  was  chosen  for  them. 
'  The  Cause  of  it  All '  was  privately  pro- 
duced by  the  Adelphi  Play  Society  two 
years  ago,  and  struck  the  present  reviewer 
then  as  most  unimpressive.  '  Fruits  of 
Culture,'  however,  is  true  comedy.  If  it 
fails  to  obtain  appreciation  from  English 
readers,  we  believe  the  reason  will  be  the 
remoteness  of  its  laughable  figures  from 
the  society  known  best  in  this  country. 
The  social  satires  of  one  country  seldom 
succeed  in  attracting  cosmopolitan  audi- 
ences. We  laugh  at  Monsieur  Jourdain 
because  he  is  more  than  a  Frenchman, 
and  every  nation  has  its  "  Bourgeois 
Gentilshommes."  The  doings  of  the 
Moscow  "  bloods  "  who  are  ridiculed  in 
'  Fruits  of  Culture  '  seem  too  local  to 
attract  wide  attention. 

It  is  easy  to  pick  holes  in  Tolstoy, 
whose  inconsistencies  have  made  his  work 
the  bait  of  a  thousand  shallow  critics. 
We  prefer  to  look  at  the  man  who  was 
so  great  as  to  override  a  mass  of  minor 
defects ;  who,  speaking  from  afar  and 
in  a  little -known  tongue,  profoundly 
influenced  the  thought  of  the  whole 
civilized  world.  These  plays  are  valu- 
able because  they  exhibit  his  mind  at 
work  more  clearly,  perhaps,  than  his 
long  novels,  where,  all  but  unrestricted 
by  considerations  of  form  and  space,  the 
essential  Tolstoy  is  sometimes  lost  from 
our  sight. 


Dramatic  (Hosstp. 

The  recent  production  at  the  Court 
Theatre  by  the  Play  Actors  of  '  The  One 
Thing  Needful  '  was  preceded  by  an  amusing 
curtain-raiser,  '  On  the  Road  to  Cork,'  by 
Nora  Robertson.  Good  work  was  done 
by  Mr.  W.  G.  Fay ;  and  Gertrude  Le  Sage 
as  the  honey-tongued  and  scheming  Irish 
bar-keeper  was  delightful. 

The  three-act  comedy  by  Estelle  Burney 
and  Herbert  Swears  which  followed  concerns 
the  son  of  a  rich  man  who  develops  Socialistic 
views,  and  is  horrified  to  find  that  his  father's 
wealth  is  derived  from  the  sale  of  quack 
pills.  He  marries  a  working-girl,  lives  in 
lodgings  in  Hornsey,  and  devotes  his  time 
to  denouncing  the  pills.  The  result  of  his 
crusade  on  the  business  may  be  imagined 
by  all  who  possess  a  slightly  more  developed 
sense  of  humour,  and  therefore  of  proportion, 
than  the  hero  himself.  The  play  had  its 
incredible  moments,  and  the  number  of 
sudden  happy  endings  was  somewhat  un- 
convincing. It  was  well  acted,  and  the  per- 
formances of  Messrs.  Fewlass  Llewellyn  and 
J.  Cooke  Beresford  were  especially  notable. 
We  must  not  forget  the  excellent  Cockney 
servant  of  Joan  Blair.  Mr.  Henry  Har- 
greaves  as  the  young  hero  gave  a  thought- 
ful rendering  of  his  part,  but  showed  too 
great  an  inclination  to  cling  to  his  bowler 
hat  during  an  impassioned  speech  in  the 
drawing-room. 

Miss  Horniman  begins  her  season  at  the 
Coronet  on  Monday,  the  20th.  Her  reper- 
tory will  include  Mr.  Galsworthy's  '  The 
Mob  '  ;  '  Consequences,'  by  H.  F.  Rubin- 
stein ;  '  Garside's  Career,'  by  Harold  Brig- 
house  ;  and  '  Love  Cheats,'  by  Basil  Dean. 
'  Justice  '  and  '  The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray  ' 
will  also  be  played.  '  The  Mob,'  which 
was  produced  on  Monday  last  at  the  Gaiety 
Theatre,  Manchester,  deals  with  the  South 
African  War,  and  met  with  a  somewhat 
mixed  reception. 


The  Drama  Society  presented  a  triple 
bill  at  the  New  Rehearsal  Theatre,  Maiden 
Lane,  on  Tuesday  afternoon.  Mr.  Rath- 
mell  Wilson  has  made  capable  translations 
of  Alfred  de  Musset's  '  Un  Caprice,"  Andre 
Theuriet's  '  Jean-Marie,'  and  '  Le  Petit 
Abbe,'  by  Henri  Bocage  and  Armand  Liorat. 
In  the  first-named  Lily  Kerr  carried  off 
the  honours,  giving  just  the  right  touch 
of  piquancy  to  the  part  of  the  good-natured 
little  chatterbox  who  effects  a  reconciliation 
between  a  temporarily  estranged  husband 
and  wife.  '  The  Little  Abbe '  is  for 
all  practical  purposes  a  monologue,  and 
Juliette  Mylo  enacted  a  difficult  part  with 
no  little  skill.  The  tragedy  of  '  Jean-Marie  ' 
provided  the  actors  with  their  best  oppor- 
tunity of  the  afternoon.  The  part  of  the 
elderly  husband  was  sympathetically  por- 
trayed by  Mr.  Rathmell  Wilson;  and  Mr. 
Reginald  Denham  displayed  considerable 
dramatic  power  as  the  young  sailor-lover, 
who,  given  up  for  dead  by  his  friends, 
returns  to  find  his  sweetheart  married.  As 
the  young  wife  Winefride  Borrow  scarcely 
rose  to  the  occasion.  Her  performance 
lacked  spontaneity.  The  management 
should  curtail  the  absurd  length  of  the 
intervals  ;  we  saw  more  than  one  person, 
unable  to  wait,  leave  the  building. 

'  Diplomacy  '  will  probably  be  trans- 
ferred soon  after  Easter  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales's,  in  order  to  make  room  at  Wynd- 
ham's  for  Mr.  Sutro's  new  play  '  The  Clever 
Ones.'  A  strong  cast  has  been  secured  for 
the  latter  play,  including  Mr.  Gerald  du 
Maurier,  Mr.  Holman  Clark,  Mr.  Edmund 
Gwenn,  Mary  Brough,  and  Marie  Lohr. 
The  action  of  the  piece,  which  is  in  three 
acts,  takes  place  in  London. 

Yet  another  American  play  is  announced. 
Messrs.  George  Grossmith  and  Edward 
Laurillard  are  producing  at  the  Queen's 
Theatre  on  Tuesday,  the  14th,  Mr.  Montague 
Glass's  '  Potash  and  Perlmutter,'  which  has 
scored  a  success  in  New  York.  The  cast  is 
American. 

We  have  to  record  the  death  of  a 
prominent  Danish  dramatist,  Hjalmar  Berg- 
strom,  one  of  whose  plays,  '  Lynggaard  & 
Co.,'  was  produced  some  years  ago  at  the 
Vaudeville  Theatre. 


To   Correspondents.— G.    N.—  D.  M.    A.— T.    S.    J.— 
H.  G.  R.— Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


PAGE 

Authors'  Agents        477 

Blades,  East  &  Blades       478 

Cass  ell  <fe  Co.     ..        _        -508 

Catalogues         478 

Educational       —  477 

Francis  &  Co „        _        -        ..        ..  506 

Insurance  Companies ..        ..        _  507 

Longmans  &  Co. 480 

Macmillan  &  Co.        ..       ..       „       ~       ..       -  480 

Magazines  and  Periodicals         479 

Miscellaneous   ..        -        477 

Printers 478 

Provident  Institutions      -        ••  478 

Sales  by  Auction        ..        „        478 

Saturday  Review       ..        ..        ~        478 

Shipping    ..       ..        ~        —        ..        —        ••        ..507 
Situations  Vacant      „        ..        ..        —        ..        ..477 

Situations  Wanted     ..        ...       „        477 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co.    -        ^ 

Societies — 4J^ 

Type-Writers,  &c.      „        -        4" 

Unwin        ..        _       48° 

Wardman 606 


No.  4510.  April  4,  1914 


THE     A  T  II E  N  M  U  M 


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506 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4510,  April  4,  1914 


Headers  of  The  Athenaum  who  are  interested 
in  the  re-statement  in  modern  terms  of  the 
Catholic  Faith,  and  in  the  application  of 
the  moral  truths  and  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity to  the  Social  and  Economic  Difficul- 
ties of  the  present  time,  should  subscribe  to 

THE 

Commonwealth 

A  Monthly  Christian 

Social  Magazine. 


EDITED    BY 


HENRY  SCOTT  HOLLAND,  D.D.  D.Litt. 

Regius   Professor   of    Divinity  in  the 
University  of  Oxford, 

AND 

HAROLD  ANSON,  M.A. 


The  Contents  of  the  April  No.  include: 
NOTES  OF  THE  MONTH. 

Henry  Seott  Holland 

IMPRESSIONS  OF  THE  FREE  CHURCH 
COUNCIL  AT  NORWICH. 

A.  S.  Duncan-Jones 
COLLIERY  EXPLOSIONS.  W.  Wright 

NIETZSCHE,    EUGENICS,    AND    CHRIS- 
TIANITY. L.  H.  Green 

WHITE  LISTS.       C.S.M.  Research  Committee 

THE  LOCK-OUT  ON  THE  LAND. 

Watkin  Williams 
LA  CANTINE  SCOLAIRE.  M.  G.  Child 

REVIEWS  Of 

'  Property :  its  Duties  and  Rights  ' ; 
'  The  Development  of  English  Theology 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century ' ;  '  Social 
Welfare  in  New  Zealand';  'The  Life 
and  Writings  of  Michael  Fairless ' ; 
and  'The  English  Novel.' 

ARTICLES  on 

'  New  and  Recent  Books  '  and  '  Some 
Recent  Theology.' 


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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S   NUMBER    (April    4)   CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — The  Cold  Harbour  at  Blackwall — Irish  Family  Histories— Ieaac  Taylor  of  Ross,  Map-Maker 
— The  Place-Name  "Barnet" — Napoelon  and  a  Sea  Captain  at  St.  Helena — Rev.  T.  Gale: 
Hurricane  at  Hornsea — The  Advent  of  Scotsmen  in  England— English  Canonized  Saints — William 
Mavor  and  Thomas  Warton — Fifteenth-Century  Lenten  Recipe. 

QUERIES  :— P.  A.  Wilkinson,  Gun-Maker— Turtle  and  Thunder— Turkey  Company— Dr.  John  Rogers 
— Sir  Jacob  Adolphus — Finds  on  Bookstalls — '  Napoleon  dans  1' Autre  Monde' — Lieut. -Col. 
Macpherson — Pierre  des  Maiseaux — Date  Formulae — ivedei^aro — -Biographical  Information — Law 
.  Maxim — Author  Wanted — Monuments  to  Hampshire  Men — Butchers'  Marks— "  MacFarlan's 
geese"— John  Turnfen— "  0  God,  I  think  again  Thy  thoughts  "—"  Quarrel  d'Olman"— 
Boranskill — Sir  J.  Dynham — Dr.  H.  Owen — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — 'Aut  Diabolus  aut 
Nihil' — Squire  Everton — Pallavicini  :    Jaszberenyi  Miklos — Saxon  Tiles. 

REPLIES  :— Anna  Trapnell— "  C'est  progres  en  spirale  "— Orrok  of  Orrok— Sir  S.  Evance— Milton 
Queries — Map  of  Ireland— Authors  of  Quotations— "  Cousins  and  half-cousins" — Palmer's  Royal 
Mail3—  Gladstone's  Involved  Sentences — Parishes  in  Two  Counties — Herodotus  and  Astronomic 
Geography — Anthony  Munday— Rhubarb — Oil  Painting  on  Brass — Invention  of  the  Interview — 
Stock  Exchange  as  "The  House"— Altars — Chile  versus  Chili— Mrs.  Behn's  'Emperor  of  the 
Moon' — Heart-Burial —Octopus,  Venus's  Ear,  and  Whelk — "Not  room  enough  to  swing  a  eat" 
— Duelling — "  Startups  End" — Royalist  Societies  —  "  Artigou  " — Anglesey  House — Casanovaian 
Henriette — English  Shrines —Passes  to  London  Parks — Jeremiah  Horrocks — Birmingham 
Statues — Coffin-shaped  Chapels — Funeral  Customs — Name  James — "Billion,"  "Trillion." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  : — '  English  History  in  Contemporary  Poetry  ' — Badsey  Churchwardens'  Accounts 
— 'International  Directory  of  Booksellers' — 'Bibliography  of  English  Medieval  Economic 
History' — Reviews  and  Magazines. 


LAST  WEEK'S    NUMBER    (March    28)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — John  Wilkes  and  the  '  Essay  on  Woman  ' — Richard  Cornwallis  :  Caljbutt  and  Fincham 
Families — Birmingham  Statues  and  Memorials — The  Pied  Piper  Once  More  —  '  King  Lear,'  II.  ii. 
—St.  Botolph's,  Aldgate,  1742— "  Chiltern  "—"  Hiren  "—The  Albanian  Title  "  Mpret  "— 
Tramps'  Marks— Eltofte. 

QUERIES  : — Shirburn  Church — Old  London  Violins— Dirent-Jearrad  Family — Leyson  Family — 
Communion  Table  by  Grinling  Gibbons  in  St.  Paul's — '  Gulliver ' :  Bristol  Barrels— Sussex 
Drinking  Custom — Fresh  Wharf — Von  Biickmann  Family — Edw.  French,  Watchmaker — P. 
McTeague — Moss,  an  Actor — Major-General  Miller — Validity  of  a  Presidential  Seal— Marechio 
—  Reference  Wanted — Maywood — Curzon  and  Clerkenwell  — Milo  as  a  Surname — Motto  on 
a  Ring — Cornish  Carol — Arthur  Owen  of  Johnston — Prints  transferred  to  Glass— J.  W.  Gilbart's 
Mother — Lines  in  Peele's  '  Edward  I.' — George  II. 's  Natural  Children — Anthony  Jackson's  Wife 
— Sir  Mackenzie  Douglas. 

REPLIES: — Railway  Smoking-Carriages — "Men,  women,  and  Herveys" — 'Memoirs  of  Sir  John 
Langham  ' — Ayloffe — Egyptian  Book  of  the  Dead — Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava — Magistrates 
wearing  Hats  on  the  Bench — Reversed  Engravings — "Sough" — Famous  Cornish  Regiment  of 
1643 — David  Burges — "Tallest  one-piece  flagstaff" — Blackfriars  Road — Early  Map  of  Ireland — 
"  Meg's  diversions  " — Lesceline  de  Verdon — Sir  Roger  L'Estrange's  Poem — "  Rucksack  " — Second 
Folio  Shakespeare — Justification  of  King  John — Places  in  Dickens — Birmingham  Statues — 
Lamb's  "  Mrs.  S— "— Rabbit  Rime— Red  Hand  of  Ulster. 


NOTES    ON    BOOKS :—' Early    Wars     of 

Nottinghamshire  and  Gloucestershire  '- 
Booksellers'  Catalogues. 


Wessex' — '  Book- Auction    Records' — 'Place-Names    of 
-'  Archneologia  ^liana  ' — '  L'Intermediaire.' 


THE    NUMBER    FOR    MARCH    21    CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — A  Unique  Book  :  Anna  Trapnell — John  Wilkes  and  the  '  Essay  on  Woman  ' — Irish  Family 
Histories— Inscriptions  at  Naples — "  Loci  duleedo  nos  attinet  " — "  Left  his  corps" — The  Taylor 
Sisters — Gilbert  White  and  the  Poet  Thomson — Casanova  and  Henriette— Notes  on  Words  for 
the  'N.E.D.'— "Chick." 

QUERIES:— "  Triforium  "— "  Billion":  "  Trillion  "—Harvard  College  Broadsides-Harwich  and 
George  I. — Blackfriars  :  Ancient  Schemes  of  Drainage — Oil  Painting  on  Brass — Rev.  Dr.  Rigby 
— '  The  Fray  o'  Hautwessell ' — Anglesey  House,  Drury  Lane — "  Leg  of  Mutton  "  Badge — Passes 
to  London  Parks— Duelling — William  Hamilton  Maxwell — Biographical  Information  Wanted — 
History  of  Glass-Making — Dr.  King,  Author  of  '  Anecdotes  of  his  Own  Times' — Lombard  Street 
Bankers  :  Sir  Stephen  Evance — Chile  versus  Chili — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted— John 
Cunningham— Botany  Bay  Female  "Factory" — Mrs.  Behn's  '  Emperor  of  the  Moon' — Hubertus 
Languetus — Fabric  of  Churches. 

REPLIES  :— Fire- Walking  :  Fiji— The  Wild  Huntsman— Page  Family— Clearances  on  Scotch  Estates 
—Author  of  Quotation  Wanted— Luigi  da  Porto— Charles  I.— Breast  Tackle  :  Push  Plough- 
Cameron  of  Fassifern— Heart-Burial — Milton  Queries — "Over  end  "—Centenary  of  the  Cigar — 
St.  Pancras— Anthony  Munday— "The  Faithful  Durham* "—Clementina  Stirling  Grahame— 
Tying  Legs  after  Death— "Not  room  enough  to  swing  a  cat"—"  Within  sound  of  Bow  bells"— 
Second  Folio  Shakespeare — Thomas  Cocking — Botany — Clasped  Hands  as  a  Religious  Symbol 
— First  Barmaid — Altars— Herodotus  and  Astronomic  Geography. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— Kriiger's  «  Schwierigkeiten  des  Englischen  '— '  The  Romance  of  Names.' 


JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD   FRANCIS, 

Notes  and  Queries  Office,  F  ream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


No.  4510,  Aphll  4,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


107 


The  Athenaeum  Supplements 


Supplements    dealing   with    the  following  subjects  have    appeared 
during  the  first  three   months  of  1914  : — 

Jan.   3      French    Literature 

Leading  Article :  'FRENCH  LITERATURE  IN  1913.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings : — Napoleon  and  the  French 
Revolution  —  Cournot's  Reminiscences — Corot  and  his  Predecessors, 
ifcc. — Seven  Pages  of  Classified  Notices. 

„    17      Education 

Leading  Article :  '  ENGLISH  EDUCATION  IN  THE  SEETHING- 
POT.' 

Reviews  of  '  The  Case  for  Co-Education ' — '  The  New  Schoolmaster  ' — 
'  A  National  System  of  Education '  —  '  Secondary  Education  in 
England,'   etc. 


)» 


31    Sociology 

Leading  Article  :  '  RECALLING  THE  OBVIOUS.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings : — The  Labour  Problem — 
Industrial  Combination  and  Co-Partnership — The  Land,  Economics,  &c. 

Feb.  14     Theology 

Leading  Article:  'THE  TASK  OF  THEOLOGY  IN  THE 
TWENTIETH   CENTURY.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings: — Modern  Views  and  Discussions 
— The  Old  Testament — The  Message  of  Jesus — St.  Paul  and  the  Early 
Church,  &c. 

Publishers'  Spring  Announcements 

Announcements  of  the  more  important  books  from  the  Publishers' 
Spring  Lists,  with  a  concise  indication  of  their  scope. 


21 


.Mar.  7    Biography 


Reviews  under  the  following  (headings  : — Family  Histories — Naval  and 
Military  Biography — Foreign  Royalties  and  Courts,  &c. 


21     Foreign   Travel 


Leading  Article  :   '  TRAVELLERS  AND  THEIR  BOOKS.' 


Reviews  under  the  following 


headings  : — Round 


the  Mediterranean- 


India  and  Australasia — Africa — Mexico  and  South  America,  &c. 


28    Fiction 


AND    TENDENCY    OF 


Leading    Article:    'THE     CHARACTER 

CONTEMPORARY    FICTION.' 

Reviews  under  the  following-  headings: — Social  Studies — Ireland  and 
India — Unlikely  Stories — Country  Life — Crime  and  Adventure — Tales 
of  the  Wild — Ethical  Problems     Social  Comedy,  etc. 


NOTE.  -The  issue  for    February  28  devoted  special  attention  to  Irish  Literature. 
Leading  Article:     'THE  IRISH   LITERARY   RENAISSANCE.' 


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508 


THE    ATHENE UM 


No.  4510,  Apkil  4,  1914 


from    CASSELL'S    list. 


READY  APRIL    23. 


The    Progress    of    Eugenics 


By    C.    W.    SALEEBY 

(M.D.  F.R.S.  Edin.)- 


In  1909  Dr.  Saleeby,  under  the  title  of  '  Parenthood  and  Race  Culture,'  told  the  story  of  the  Eugenic  movement 
up  to  that  date.  He  now  reviews  its  progress  during  the  last  five  years,  showing  inter  alia  how  greatly  its 
conceptions  have  been  modified  by  Mendelism.  Every  important  aspect  of  the  subject,  including  the  eugenic 
significance  of  the  National  Birth-Rate  Commission,  is  in  turn  dealt  with  in  the  animated  style  which  is  always 
at  Dr.  Saleeby 's  service.     The  volume  ends  with  a  glowing  forecast  of  the  future  as  viewed  in  the  light  of  eugenic  ideals. 

With    Frontispiece    in    Colour.        Large    crown    8vo,    252    pages,    5s.    net. 


Recollections  of 
Sixty  Years 


By  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  CHARLES  TUPPER,  Bart.,  P.C.,  G.C.M.G.,  C.B. 

(Ex-Prime  Minister  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada). 

With    Rembrandt    Photogravure    Frontispiece   and    16   Illustrations. 

Medium  8vo,  16s.  net. 

Standard  of  Empire. — "  To  those  who  desire  an  understanding  of  the 

position  of  Canada  in  the  Empire  today,  her  hopes  and  aspirations, 

and  the  probable   trend  of   her  development  in   the  future,  we  can 

heartily  recommend  this  excellent  life-story  of  her  'Grand  Old  Man.'" 


An  Englishman  Looks 
at  the  World 

By  H.  G.  WELLS. 
364  pages,  cloth  gilt,  6*.  net. 

The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  says  : — "One  would  give  a  great  deal  to  know 
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antidote  to  intellectual  sottishness,  as  a  vivid  suggestion  of  com- 
parative standards,  and  as  a  trumpet  summons  to  convention  ifc 
has  truly  remarkable  possibilities." 


Rock  Gardening  for  Amateurs         Wild  Flowers  as  They  Grow 


By  H.  H.  THOMAS,  Editor  of  the  Gardener. 

1  Rock  Gardening  for  Amateurs'  contains  full,  simple  and  practical 
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simplest  and  most  beautiful  book  on  rock -gardening  yet  published. 
With  12  Lumiere  Plates  by  H.  ESSENHIGH  CORKE,  F.R.P.S.,  and 
64  pages  of  Illustrations.     Large  crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 


Photographed  in  Colour  direct  from  Nature  by  H.  Essenhigh  Corke, 
F.R.P.S.  F.R.H.S.  With  Descriptive  Text  by  G.  Clarke  Nuttall,  B.Sc. 
So  great  has  been  the  demand  for  these  beautiful  series  of  Colour- 
photograph  compilations  that  this  new  volume  scarce  needs  any 
preface.  As  the  Daily  Telegraph  puts  it  neatly  :  ' '  They  really  do 
show  the  plants  as  they  grow." 
Series  VI.     With  25  Lumiere  Plates.     Fcap.  4to,  5s.  net. 


New  and  Forthcoming  Fiction 


"Frank  Danby's  best  book." 

— Daily  Telegraph. 

Full   Swing  by  Frank    Danby 


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THE    GOLDEN   ROAD 
THE   AMAZING   PARTNERSHIP 
TWO  EYES  OF  GREY  April  16 

THE  HAVEN  OF  DESIRE  April  30 

RUNG  HO  !  AVril  30 


L.  M.  MONTGOMERY 

E.    PHILLIPS   OPPENHE1M 

DAISY  McGEOCH  (1^°^) 

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THE  ATHENAEUM 

$  mi  JFomgn  literature,  %timtzf  tlje  jFitu  Jlrts,  ilttiarc  mb  iht  Dnttna. 


SATURDAY,     APRIL    11,     1914. 


ICfrtnws. 


THE     ROYAL    INSTITUTION    OF    GREAT 
BRITAIN. 
ALBEMARLE  STREET.  PICCADILLY,  W 
LECTTRE  ARRANGEMENTS  AFTER  EASTER,  1914. 
At  3  o'clock  afternoon. 

WALTER  WAHL.  Esq..  Ph.l>.-T\VO  LECTURES  on  'PRO" 
l'.LEMS  OF  PHYSICAL  CHEMISTRY'  i Experimentally  illus- 
trated'.   Ou  TUESDAYS.  April  21. -23.  .     .       „    , 

Prof.  WILLIAM  BATESON.  D  Sc.  FR.8.  Fullenan  Professor  of 
Physiology.  R.I. -TWO  LECTURES  on  (II  -DOUBLE  FLOWERS  : 
c>  THE  PRKSENT  STATE  OF  EVOLUTIONARY  THEORY.' 
On  TUESDAYS.  May  5.  12. 

Prof.  D'ARCY  W.  THOMPSON,  C.B.  D  Litt.-TWO  LECTURES 
on  'NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  THE  CLASSICS.  On  TUESDAYS, 
May  19  96 

Prof  A  FOWLER,  F.R.S.-TWO  LECTURES  on  'CELESTIAL 
SPECTROSCOPY.'    OnTUKSDAYS.  June  2.  9.  „„„„„ 

Verv  Rev.  W.  R.  INGE.  D.D..  Dean  of  St.  Pauls.-THREE 
LE  TCRES  on  'THE  LAST  CHAPTER  OF  GREKK  PHILO 
S"PHY:  PLOTINUSASPHILOSoPHEK.  RELIGIOUSTKACHER. 
AND   MYSTIC    On  THURSDAYS,   April    30.  May    7;   MONDAY, 

Prof.  SVANTE  ARRHENIUS.  D.8c.  Hon.F  R.S -THREE  LEC- 
TURES on  IDENTITY  OF  LAWS:  IN  GrNERAL:  AND  BIO- 
LOGICAL ("HEM  ISTKYV    On  THURSDAYS,  May  14.  21.23. 

Prof.  S1LVANUS  P.  THOMPSON.  D.Sc.  LL  D.  F.R.S.-TWO 
LECTURES  on  'FARADAY  AND  THE  FOUNDATIONS  OF 
ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING.'    Ou  THURSDAYS.  June  4  11. 

THOMAS  E.STANTON.  Esq..  D.Sc.  M.Inst.C.E.-TWO  LE'  :TURES 
on     SIMILARITY  OF    MOTION   IN   FLUIDS.'    On  SATURDAYS. 

p7oi-,CHaVlES  J.  PATTEN.  M.D.  8C.D.-TWO  LECTURES  on 
•BIRD-MIGRATION.'    On  SATURDAYS,  May  ft.  16. 

Prof.  JOHN  W.  GREG  iRY,  D  Sc.  F.R.S.-TWO  LECTURES  on 
'FIORDS  AND  THEIR  ORIGIN.'    On  SATURDAYS.  May  23.  30. 

SIGI9MUND  GOETZK,  Esq. -TWO  LECTURES  on  STUDIES 
ON  EXPRESSION  IN  ART.'    On  SATURDAYS,  June  ti,  13. 


Subscription  (to  Non-Members)  to  all  Courses  of  Lectures  (extend- 
ing from  Christmas  to  Midsummer).  Two  Guineas.  Subscription  to 
a  Single  Course  of  Lectures,  one  Guinea,  or  Haifa-Guinea,  according 
to  the  Length  of  tin  1  ourse  Tickets  issued  daily  at  the  Institution, 
or  sent  by  post  on  receipt  of  Cheque  or  Post-office  Order. 

Members  may  purchase  not  less  than  Three  ningle  Lecture  Tickets, 
available  for  atv  Afternoon  Lecture,  for  Haifa-Guinea. 

The  FRIDAY  EVENING  MEE  I'INGS  will  be  resumed  on  April  24, 
at  9  p  M  ,  when  F.  W.  DYSON,  isq  .  the  Astronomer  Royal,  will  give 
a  Discourse  on  'THE  STARS  AROUND  THE  NORTH  Pol.K.' 
Succeeding  Discourses  will  probably  be  given  by  E.  F.  BENSON.  E6q., 
Prof.  KARL  PEARSON  Prof  F.  KKEBLE,  ROBERT  MOND,  Esq, 
Prof.  J.  C.  BOSK,  Prof  W.  H.  BRAGG,  and  other  Gentltmen.  To 
these  Meetings  Memliers  and  their  Friends  only  are  admitted 

Members  are  entitled  to  attend  all  Lectures  delivered  in  the 
Institution,  the  Libraries,  and  the  Friday  Evening  Meetings,  and 
their  Families  are  admitted  to  the  Lectures  at  a  reduced  charge. 
Payment :  First  Year.  Ten  Guineas ;  afterwards.  Five  Guineas  a  Year ; 
or  a  composition  of  Sixty  Guineas. 

Persons  desirous  of  becoming  Members  are  requested  to  apply  to 
the  Secretary. 


^orictws. 


VIKING  SOCIETY 

FOR  NORTHERN  RESEARCH. 
The  ANNUAL  GENERAL  MEETING  will  be  held  in  the 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.  Prince's  Gate.  South  Kensington,  on 
St.  Magnus  Day.  THURSDAY'.  April  IB.  at  8.30  p.m..  when  Mr.  A.  W. 
JoHNhToN.  F.S.ASot.  will  give  his  Presidential  Address  on 
•ORKNEY  AND  SHETLAND  FOLK:  972-1350.' 

A.  JOHNSTON.  Hon.  Secretary. 
••',  Ashburnham  Mansions.  Chelsea.  8.  W. 


s 


<B  durational. 

HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boyi  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  I*  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House.  Sherborne.  Dorset. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE.  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm.  1,000  acres.  Vet. 
Science.  Mmiths'  Work. '  arpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
«t>en  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charge*  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 


MADAME   AUBERT8  AOKNCY  (est.    1880) 
Keith    House,  mir,.    REGENT  STREET.  W  .   English  and 
roreign  U  I^«dy    Professors.    Teachers     (  haperniiet    Com- 

panions.  St  --,    Introdaoad    for    Bone   and    Abroad 

Schools  recommended  an<i  pro.  t-ect  uses  with  full  information  gn.tit 
on  applicati  m  personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirement*. '  Office 
bouri,  10-S  ;  Saturdays,  10-1      Tel.  Regent  3*27 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  SCHOOLS  and  TUTORS 
•is). 
FSXMFBCTUSES  of    ENGLISH     u>d    CONTINENTAL   schools 

and  of  ARM  V.  t IVILSK.KVH  E  and  I'M  VgKiITY  TCTOR*. 

Sent     fr.e    of    ctnrje     to    P-rent"   '.11    receipt    of    requirements  by 

GRIFFITH'    PoWEI.L    .-MP  II  *  KAWCKTT.  School  Agents. 

-tablishcl  1- 
31.  Bedford  Street.  Strand.  Telephone.  7021  Gerrard. 


STAMMERING  PERMANENTLY  CURED. 
Universal  success  Resident  and  Dally  Pupils  received  -Pro 
•pectus  with  testlmmials  post  free  from  Mr  A  C  HCUNELLK 
118.  Bedford  Court  Mansions,  Loudon.  W  C.     Bst.b.  1906. 


^ttuatiens  llarant. 

A  PPOINTMKNT  OF  AN  INSPECTOR  OF 

I\  DRAWING  AND  CRAFTWORK  IN  THE  PRESIDENCY 
OF  BOMBAY,  INDIA. 

The  Government  of  India  require  an  INSPECTOR  of  DRAWING 
and  CRAFTWORK  for  the  Government  and  Aided  Schools  in  the 
Presidency  of  Bombay. 

The  appointment  will  be  in  the  Indian  Educational  Service  at  a 
salary  of  Rs  750-25-1.000  a  month. 

The  Inspector's  primary  duties  will  be  to  visit  Government  and 
Aided  Scliools,  to  inspect  and  examine  the  Drawing  Classes,  to  give 
advice  to  the  Drawing  Masters,  and  to  report  as  to  the  efficiency  of 
the  classes  and  their  teachers.  It  is  also  proposed  that  he  shall  help 
with  the  institution  of  local  Craft  (lasses  in  the  Presidency.  He 
will  ordinarily  be  stationed  at  Bombay  from  May  until  October,  and 
will  travel  from  October  until  April  each  year. 

Candidates,  who  should  be  not  more  than  about  30  years  of  age. 
should  be  competent  Draughtsmen  and  Designers,  and  should  have 
practical  experience  of  one  or  more  Crafts. 

Applications  should  be  submitted  as  soon  as  possible,  in  cover 
marked  "C.A.."  to  THE  SECRETARY.  Board  of  Educaiion, 
Whitehall,  London,  8.W.  Scottish  Candidates  should  apply  to 
THK  SEHRETARY,  Scotch  Education  Department,  Whitehall, 
London,  S.W. 


s 


OUTH    AFRICAN     SCHOOL     OF     MINES 

AND    TECHNOLOGY,    JOHANNESBURG. 
CHAIR    IN    ACCOUNTING. 

The  Council  of  the  South  African  School  of  Min»s  and  Technology 
invites  applications  for  the  newly  instituted  CHAIR  IN  ACi  OCNT- 
ING.  founded  by  the  Transvaal  Society  of  Accountants.  The  appoint- 
ment will  be  for  3  years,  at  a  salary  of  850i.  per  annum.  75i  will  be 
allowed  for  travelling  expenses,  and  half-salary  will  be  paid  from  date 
of  sailing  till  arrival  in  Johannesburg. 

Applications,  stiting  age  and  accompanied  by  testimonials,  should 
he  sent,  on  or  before  APRIL  30,  to  Messrs.  CHALMERS.  GUTHKIE 
k  CO.,  9.  Idol  Lane,  London.  E.C..  from  whom  further  particulars 
may  he  obtained.  Before  appointment,  the  selected  candidate  will  be 
required  to  furnish  a  medical  certificate  of  good  health. 

The  appointment  will  lie  made  so  that  ihe  successful  candidate  may, 
if  possible,  arrive  in  Jhannesbuig  about  mid-July;  if  that  be 
impoisible,  then  early  in  1915. 

ARMSTRONG  COLLEGE, 

NEWCASTLE  TJPON-TYNE. 
(In  the  University  of  Durham.) 
The    Council    invites    applications    for    the    LECTURESHIP    IN 
CLASSICS   AND  ANCIENT   HISTORY. 
Salary  150<  ,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10?  a  year  to  20"? 
Candidates  are  requested  to  send  six  copies  of  their  applications 
and  of  not  more  than  three  testimonials,  before  APRIL  30.  to  the 
undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

F.  H.  PRUEN,  M.A.,  Secretary. 
Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


c 


O   U   N  T   Y 


OF        LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
TECHNICAL  ASSISTANT  in  the  Education  Officer's  Depirtment  to 
assist  the  Head  of  the  Technology  Branch,  which  deals  with  Technical 
Institutes.  Polytechnics.  Trade  Schools,  and  Evening  Institutes.  His 
work  will,  in  the  first  instance,  be  mainly  in  connexion  with  the 
development  of  the  work  of  the  Council's  Evening  Institutes.  Salary 
3501  a  year,  rising  to  VM  a  year  by  annual  increments  of  25?.  Candi- 
dates must  have  had  a  University  or  other  equivalent  training,  and 
experience  of  Institutions  providing  higher,  though  not  necessarily 
evening  education. 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the 
duties  of  the  office,  and  will  in  other  respects  be  subject  to  the  usual 
conditions  attaching  to  the  Council's  service,  particulars  of  which  are 
contained  in  the  form  of  application. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained  by  sending  a  stamped 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London 
County  Council,  Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C.,  to 
whom  they  must  be  returned  not  later  than  11  a  m.  on  MONDAY. 
April  27,  1914,  accompanied  by  copies  of  three  testimonials  of  recent 
date. 

Every  communication  must  be  marked  "Technical  Assistant"  on 
the  enveloiie. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  Indirectly,  will  disqualify  a  candidate. 
LAURENCE  GoMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  Couuty  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C. 
April  2,  1914. 

EDINBURGH  MERCHANT  COMPANY 
SCHOOLS. 
EDINBURGH  LADIES'  COLLEGE. 
HEAD  MI8TRE88  WANTED. 
Owing  to  the  approaching  retiral  of  the  present  Head,  the  Merchant 
Company  Education  Board  invite  applications  for  the  position  of 
BEAD  MISTRESS  at  the  EDINBURGH  LADIES'  COLLEGE  one 
of  the  Endowed  Secondary  Schools  of  the  Edinburgh  Merchant 
Company.  The  yearly  salary  has  lieen  fixed  at  5501.  Candid  ites  rnii-t 
not  lie  over  40  years  of  age.  snd  mast  have  taken  honours  at  a  British 
University.  The  successful  applicant  will  enter  on  firH  duty  on 
October  1  n»xt.  but  is  expected  to  assist  in  making  the  arrangements 
previous  to  the  opening  of  the  session.  Applications  with  testi- 
monials ISM  copies  of  each,  which  will  not  he  returned)  must  be 
lodged  with  the  Subscriber  on  or  before  APRIL  2r>  Applicants  must 
state- II  (professional  trtlning  ;  !2>  University  training:  |3)  nxparlSDM  ; 
141  ag*;  18)  present  position  ;  and  (81  whether  accepted  or  eligible  fur 
the  Scottish  Teachers'  FuiM-raiinnntion  Scheme.  Candidates  are 
specially  requested  not  to  call  upon  members  of  Die  Board. 

A    I      DROMMOHD,  Secretary. 
The  Merchants'  Hall.  Edinburgh.     March  20.  1914. 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE     E  I)  U  C  A  T  I  O  N 
COMMITTEE 
0AMBBIDSI  AND  i'Ol'MV  H(  Hool,  FOR  GIKLH.f  AM  I1KII  lie" 
A    MATHEMATICAL     MISTRK.HH     is     required     for    September 
next.    Mixed  Hatbematlci  ahonld  be  a  strong  tolrlect,  with  practical 

work.    She  will  le-  required  to  balpwith  the  81 on  work.    »«l«ry 

1101  a  year  inoo-retidentl,  or  acoortiinii  to  ejrMilenca  and  qoajlflca 

tlons.     Forms  of  application   tnuy  )>e  obtained  of   tba   nndartil I. 

and  should  l«e  returned  on  or  before  MAY  IB,  idu 

AUBTIH  KEEN.  MA.    Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 


jRRGIKTERRD  AH  A  NBWSP^ 
*%>»/,»  "r''"M" 

52&8SJTY  n,: 

Yearly  SubscrqrW^i^^t^-pf^iralancI, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


AMGUEDDFA    GENEDLAETHOL    CYMRU. 
NATIONAL    MUSEUM     OF    WALES,     CARDIFF. 

KEEPER  OF  THE  ART  DEPARTMENT. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  appointment  of  KEEPER  OF  THE 
ART  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  WALES. 
The  salary  will  be  300i.  per  anuum. 

Form  of  application  and  terms  of  appointment  may  lie  obtained 
from  the  undersigned,  by  whom  applications  must  be  received  not 
later  than  MAY  13  next. 

WM.  EVANS  HOYLE,  Director. 

TPSWICH         MUNICIPAL         SECONDARY 

-L  SCHOOL    FOR    BOYS. 

Head  Master-MR.  POLLARD  WILKIN80N,  B.A.  B  Sc.  F.R.A.8. 

An  A88I8TANT  MASTER,  Grade  B,  is  required  to  commence 
duties  in  September  next  Salary  1501.  per  annum,  rising  by  10(.  per 
annum  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Head  Master  to  20()(.  (first 
increase  in  January  next).  A  Graduate  preferred,  well  qualified  in 
English  or  Mathemttics.  Strong  disciplinarian  essential.  Can- 
vassing is  prohibited- 

The  School  is  an  Endowed  8chool  under  a  Scheme  of  the  Board  of 
Education.  Number  of  boys  on  roll,  40H.  The  appointment  will  be 
made  by  the  Governors  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Head  Master. 

A  c  >py  of  Jie  conditions  of  appointment  and  School  Prospectus  will 
be  sent  with  the  form  of  application.  Applications  must  be  made  on 
the  prescribed  form  (for  which  apply  at  once),  and  be  delivered  to  the 
undersigned  not  later  than  APRIL  20 

GEORGE  BILLAM,  Secretary  of  the  Governors. 

Tower  House,  Tower  Street,  Ipswich,  April  7,  1914. 

KINDERGARTEN  MISTRESS  required  by 
J  U  LY  for  Private  Day  and  Boarding  School.  Orange  Free  State, 
to  take  charge  of  Kindergarten  and  instruct  two  Students  in  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Kindergarten  Teaching.  Salary  651.  Resident. 
Passage  paid. 

MUSIC  MISTRESS  required  by  JULY  for 
Private  Day  and  Boarding  8chool  in  the  Orange  Free  State,  to 
teach  Piano  and  Violin.  Salary  80i.  Resident.  Passage  paid. -For 
further  particulars  apply  to  MESSRS.  GABB1TAS,  TURING  &  CO., 
88,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 

WANTED.— A  Gentleman  for  the  position  of 
SECRETARY  to  a  Literary  and  Educational  Institution. 
Must  be  of  good  education  and  address.  Salary  200/ .  rising  to  2501 
LiBt  of  duties  supplied  on  application.  Canvassing  will  disqualify. 
Applications  to  be  sent  in  not  later  than  APRIL  27,  1914.  endorsed 
"  Secretary,"  and  addressed  to  THE  PRESIDENT,  Lyceum,  Oldham. 

ECRETARY.— ENGLISH    or    FOREIGN 

LADY  WANTED  for  high  class  Educational  Office  in  West 
End,  London.  Must  be  thoroughly  businesslike  and  energetic. 
Highest  references  required.— M  me.  L.,  7,  Rue  des  Oomniunaux, 
Vevey,  Switzerland. 


s 


iHisreUatuous. 


WANTED  a  Lady  or  Gentleman  with  2507.  to 
5001.  capital  to  finance  the  publication  of  a  valuable  and 
much  needed  LITERARY  YEAR-BOOK  The  book  would  cover 
new  ground,  and  promises  a  remunerative  financial  return— For 
further  particulars  write  Box  2045.  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


AUTHORS  !  We  act  as  Agents  for  the  Disposal 
of  8TORIE8.  ARTICLES.  PLAYS,  and  CINEMA  PLOT8. 
The  submission  of  M88.  soliclted.-O.  F.  DAVIE8.  Limited  lestab. 
lished  190H),  6.  York  Buildings,  Adelphi,  London.  Kindly  note  the 
name  (our  own)  and  tbe  address  (our  registered  office). 


COMPOSERS  and  SONG-WRITERS.— To  place 
your  work  advantageously  send  it  to  the  CAMBRIDGE  MUSIC- 
AGENCY,  the  recognized  medium  between  Publishers,  Composers, 
and  Singers.  Prospectus  free. -8,  Henrietta  Street,  W.O.  'Phone. 
1648  Gerrard. 

A  GENTLEMAN  having  about  40  volumes  of 
the  PUBLICATIONS  of  the  IIARLKIAN  SOCIETY  to  DIS- 
POSE OF  will  be  glad  to  receive  an  offer  for  them,  or  would  give 
them  to  the  Library  of  a  Public  Institution-Apply  M..  34,  Portland 
Place.  London. 


NOTICK  TO  AUTHORS.— Writers  who  require 
any  help  or  assistance  In  t)M  «nb'  of  Ibelr  works  should  com 
munlc.ile  with  Mr.  STANHi'PK  W  SPRIGG.  Literary  Consultant. 
3)  (  baring  Cross.  W  hilrhall.  H  W.  For  some  jear«  Hon  Literary 
Adviser  to  the  Society  of  Women  Journalists.     Fees  moderate. 

"[TOREK. N    STAMPS.      Wanted    to    hoy    Ool- 

"      lection    Dntonobed    llnoa    1MB.— Ba    M     Athonssum    Press, 
11,  Bream's  Bnltdlogl,  Chancery  Lane.  Ixmdon.  K.C. 


RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  reload  or   ntalog I      Also   Collections   or   singlo 

Specimens  PURCHASED  il  the  IIK.HT  MAHKf.T  PRICES  for 
Cash. -SPINK  A  son.  Ltd.,  MadalHstJ  t"  H  M,  the  King.  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  Loudon,  W.  (close  to  I'lccuilllly  Circus). 


510 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


JUtljors'  ]Vgntts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MS*  fur  early  publication.  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2,  Clement's  Inn,  W. 


Hates  bjr  Ruction. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  ADCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street.  St.  .lames's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  - 

On  THURSDAY,  April  16,  PORCELAIN  and 

DECORATIVE  FCRNIT0RE  from  various  sources. 

On  FRIDAY,  April  17,  ANCIENT  PICTURES, 

the  Property  of  Mr.  J.  L  KUTLEY. 


MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  M.  per   1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  3d    References  to  well-known  Authors.   Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M.  KING,  24,  Forest  Road,  Kew  Gardens,  S.W. 


A  UTHORS'  M SS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,PLAYS, 

x\  ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  9d.  per 
1  000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  8TDART,  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road,  Harrow. 


rTYPE-WRITING,      SHORTHAND,     and     all 

I  SECRETARIAL  WOBK.-Mrs.  WALKER,  113,  Elm  Park 
Mansions,  Chelsea.  Telephone:  5128  Ken.  Hours:  10-1  and  2-5, 
Saturdays  excepted.    Apply  Price  List. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.  (8c?.  per  1,000)  and  Type- 
writing in  all  its  branches  carefully  and  promptly  executed. 
Clear  Carbon  Copies.  Duplicating.  Excellent  testimonials— Mi6s 
F.  M.  FLINT,  57,  Moorgate  Street. 


TYPING    at    home    desired   by    well-educated, 
qualified  Lady.     Excellent  refs.     From  M.  1.000  words.     French, 
German  copied.— M.,  65.  Milton  Road,  Hanwell,  W. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate (Classical  Tripos.  Girton  College,  Cambridge;  Intermediate 
Arts.  London).  Research,  Revision,  i-horthand.— CAMBRIDGE 
TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY.  8,  DUKE  STREET,  ADELPHI,  W.C. 
Telephone :  2308  City. 


(Catalogues. 


M 


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PRINTS,  AND  AUTOGRAPHS. 

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BOOKS  (over  1.000,000  volumes)  on  Literary, 
Educational,  Law,  Medical,  Technical,  and  all  other  subjects. 
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BOOKS.  —  ALL  OUT-OF  PRINT  and  RARE 
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a  special  feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected 
from  my  various  lists.  Special  list  of  2.000  Books  I  particularly  want 
post  free.-EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  John  Bright  Street, 
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Large  Paper,  16  vols.,  11.  10a.    Yeats,  Collected  Works,  8  vols.,  3!.  3a. 


Printers. 


ATHENAEUM  PRESS.— JOHN  EDWARD 
FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athenctum.  Xotea  and  Queries,  &c,  is 
prepared  to  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK,  NEWS, 
and  PERIODICAL  PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane.  F  O. 


THE  ENGLISH  MAIL. 

This  well-known  and  most  widely-circulated  English  Journal 
published  on  the  Continent  (Frankfort-on-M.)  contains  in  the 
current  issue  a  striking  contribution  by  Dr.  Heinrich  Felbernosnn 
(formerly  Proprietor  and  Editor  of  The  Examiner.  Lift,  and  Tlte 
United  Service  Gazette),  entitled  '  IN  A  TIGHT  CORNER.' 

Every  one  who  takes  an  interest  in  the  social,  political,  literary, 
and  artistic  period  of  those  days,  1879-1895,  should  read  it. 

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No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  11,  1914. 


THE     ATIIENjEUM 


513 


CONTENTS.  PAOR 

Problems  or  Rki.icion  (Vit  il  Prolilenis  of  Religion  : 
The  Practice  oi  Christianity  ;  What  is  the  Qonpelf 
9oom  Alternatives  to  Jeans  Christ  ;  Essays  on 
Faith  and  Immortality) 513—514 

Old  Testament  Scholarship  (Joshua  ;  The  Poem  of 

Job) 515 

CLEMENT  AND  NESTORIUS  (Clement  Of  Alexandria: 
Nestorius  and  his  Place  in  the  History  of 
Christian  Doctrine i  ..       516—517 

01  IDA  517 

Ox  the  Lett  of  a  Throne  518 

Social  and  CHRISTIAN  Ideals  (Social  Idealism  and 
the  Changine  Theology  ;  The  Socialized  Con- 
science ;  Christianising  the  Social  Order)    ..         ..     519 

Theodore  Roosevelt         520 

Fellowship   Books  (The  Meaning  of  Life  ;   Poetry; 

Love  ;  Nature  ;  Trees  ;  Flowers)         521 

■beats  on  Troth  and  reality 522 

La  Vili.e  Convoitks  (Salonika) 522 

Notes  of  a  son  and  Brother 523 

Like  ok  Admiral  sir  Harry  Rawson  ..        ..    524 

Tub  Brice  ok  Ban  nock  burn      524 

Fiction  (The  Good  Shepherd  ;  James) 525 

Books  Published  this  Week  (English,  525  ;  Foreign, 

527) 525-527 

The  University  ok  Bristol,  a  Statement  Re- 
babding  Certain  Events;  In  Memory  op 
Goldsmith;  'The  SPIRITUAL  Drama  in  the 
Like  ok  Thackeray';  The  Odes  ok  Solomon ; 
Magna  Carta  Commemoration       ..       ..      528—530 

Literary  Gossip        531 

Science— Intermediate  Types  among  Primitive 
Folk;  a  Textbook  ok  Medical  Entomology; 
Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week;  Gossip  ..  532 
Fine  Arts -Some  Account  ok  Gothic  Architec- 
ture in  Spain;  Mural  Painting  in  America; 
Catalogue  ok  a  collection  of  Paintings  and 
Art  Objects;    Exhibitions;   The  Leeds  Art 

Gallery;  Gossip 533—535 

Music— Gossip;  Pekiormances  Next  Week      535—536 
Drama  -  Three    Irish    Plays    (The   Bribe  ;    The 

Revolutionist;  Rope  Enough) 536 

Index  to  Advertisers        539 


LITERATURE 


PROBLEMS    OF   RELIGION. 

In  his  Foreword  the  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph's 
declares  that  Mr.  Cohu's  treatment  of  the 
'  Vital  Problems  of  Religion '  is  new,  and 
shows  soberness,  courage,  and  knowledge  ; 
that  his  style  is  "  singularly  vivid  and 
original,"  and  that  there  is  not  a  dull  page 
in  the  book.  That  is  high  praise  for  any 
volume  dealing  with  the  philosophy  of 
religion,  but  it  is  not  much  exaggerated. 
In  the  author's  words,  his  aim  is 

to  examine,  in  the  light  of  the  best  avail- 
able modem  thought,  from  whatever  quarter 
it  may  come,  the  vital  problems  underlying 
our  spiritual  experience,  and  to  see  how  far 
such  thought  helps  us  to  their  answer." 

In  an  introductory  chapter  the  present 
te  of  theological  speculation   and  con- 
troversy is  reviewed,  and  something  good 
I    about    the    prevailing    "  S.  Thomas 
scientific  temper  and  method  "  of  our  age. 

Vital  ProbU  ma  of  Religion.  By  the  Rev.  J.  R. 
Cohu.     (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.Clark,  5s.  net  I 

The  Print;,,  ,,i  Christianity.  By  the  Author 
of  •  Pro  Christo  <-t  Ecclesia.'  (Macmillan 
&  Co.,  4.v.  ba\  net.) 

What  m  the  Chapelt  or  Redemption,  a  Study 
in  the  Doctrine  oj  Atonement  By  .1.  G. 
Simpson.     (Longmanfl  dt  Co.,  2a.  Qd.  net.) 

Some  Ah, n, >it,,;  j  to  Jeaua  Christ:  <i  Com- 
parotivt  Study  of  Faiths  in  Divine  Incarna- 
tion. By  John  Leslie  Johnston.  (Same 
publishers,  2s.  6d  net.) 
toys  on  Faith  n,,<]  Immortality.  By  ( teorge 
Tyrrell.      (Arnold,  ~>*.  net.) 


I'»\  way  of  illustration,  we  are  reminded 
that  such  household  words  as  the  reign 
of  law,  evolution,  Bible  criticism,  were 
terrors  to  the  religious-minded  of  past 
days;  and  we  arc  comforted  by  a 
quotation  of  Westeott's  words:  "Let  us 
thank  God  that  He  has  called  us  to  unfold 
a  growing  message,  not  to  rehearse  a 
stereotyped  tradition."  The  second  chap- 
ter, 'Through  Nature  to  Nature's  God,' 
is  largely  a  summary  of  a  previous  book 
published  by  the  author  ;  it  is  a 
consideration  of  the  two  natural  sources 
of  man's  knowledge  of  God — nature  and 
the  human  heart.  The  British  Associa- 
tion Address  of  1913,  which  is  often 
(piotcd  throughout  this  book,  is  used  to 
put  the  hypothesis  of  spontaneous  genera- 
tion in  its  right  place,  though  Mr.  Cohu's 
faith  is  robust  enough  to  view  with  ecpia- 
nimity  the  bridging  of  the  gulf  between 
inorganic  and  organic  life  :  "  From  a 
religious  point  of  view,  the  more  simply 
the  whole  thing  is  done,  the  more  divine 
does  it  become  in  our  eyes."  But  he  finds 
within  organisms  a  "  mysterious  psychic 
energy,"  a  creative,  self -directing  con- 
sciousness, which  with  Prof.  Church  he 
names  "  soul-directivity,"  and  this  he 
calls  the  key  of  life  evolution,  thus  making 
the  way  plain  to  a  spiritual  interpretation 
of  matter.  In  another  chapter  this  power 
of  self-determination  is  summoned  to  his 
aid  in  a  discussion  of  the  freedom  of  the 
will,  and  makes  easj^  the  usual  idealist 
doctrine  on  the  subject.  The  problem  of 
evil  has  a  chapter  to  itself,  end  the  author 
finds  himself  in  harmony  with  Prof.  Rash- 
dall  and  many  moderns  in  his  belief  that 
"  moral  evil,  or  the  pitting  of  man's  self- 
will  against  God's  good  will,  is  here  as  a 
salutary  instrument  with  a  view  to  our 
best  good." 

There  is  nothing  startling  in  the 
limitations  which,  in  a  further  section, 
are  placed  on  Science.  As  the  British 
Association  Address  has  put  it:  "No 
ultimate  explanation  is  ever  attained  by 
science — proximate  explanations  only.'' 
Judgments  of  value  are  unknown  by 
science.  In  William  James's  words,  "  We 
use  Science,  but  we  live  by  Religion."  Mr. 
Cohu  rigidly  attaches  importance  to  our 
religious  conception  of  personality,  for 
through  that  lie  proceeds  to  his  final 
statement  of  religious  philosophy  : — 

"Our  heart  and  mind  and  will  |he  says] 
are  the  soul's  faculties  or  channels  of  self- 
expression.  Our  personality  has  an  ideal 
which  it  presents  to  us  as  a  categorical 
imperative." 

Not  the  least  interesting  part  of  the 
book  has  to  do  with  our  attitude  to  the 
creeds  of  the  Chureh.  and  the  author 
wisely  reminds  us  of  the  two  factors  in  all 
confessions  :  the  inner  experience  reflected 
in  the  symbols,  and  the  intellectual 
expression  of  these  in  words  and  ideas  of 
their  day.      Our  duty  is  to  "  individualize 

the  faith  of  our  fathers." 

We  note  at  times  considerable  reitera- 
tion and  requotation,  but   the  volume  is 

distinctly    useful    as   a    summary    in    lucid 
form    of    the    idealist    faith    in    philosophy 

and  religion. 


There  are  looks  which,  by  their  sustained 

and  inexorable  logic,  determine  our  out- 
look on  life  ;  and  there  are  hooks  which, 
by  their  fresh  and  stimulating  treatment, 
urge  us  to  form  this  outlook  for  our- 
selves. Of  this  second  and  better  class 
is  'The  Practice  of  Christianity.'  It  is  a 
well-considered  examination  of  Christ's 
teaching,  not  as  it  appears  in  ecclesias- 
tical confessions,  but  as  it  bears  upon 
social  problems ;  and  it  is  at  once  a 
criticism  and  a  challenge. 

The  book  is  made  up  of  three  parts, 
which  are  happily  named  'The  Common- 
wealth of  God.'  'The  City  of  Destruc- 
tion,' and  '  The  Pilgrimage  of  the  Soul  '  ; 
and  each  of  these  has  several  chapters  for 
its  unfolding.  In  the  first  section  are 
discussed  such  subjects  as  godliness  and 
tradition,  repentance,  t lie  regulative  virtu.  . 
the  Christian  revelation,  and  the  new- 
earth.  The  Sermon  on  the  Mount  was 
a  criticism  of  the  ideas  and  traditions  of 
its  time,  and  "  what  startles  us  most  in 
examining  the  main  notions  He  criticized 
is  that  they  belong  to  our  own  world 
to-day."  If  we  would  practise  Chris- 
tianity, we  must  challenge  our  present 
customs  and  opinions,  which  are  marred 
by  the  "  ignorance  "  and  "  hardness  of 
heart  "  rebuked  by  Jesus  in  His  gospel 
of  charit}r.  "  Man  must  repent  of  con- 
nivance with,  or  resignation  to.  or  making 
the  best  of,  evil,"  for  the  Kingdom  of 
God  is  within  reach  of  all.  Goodness 
depends,  not  on  the  number  and  strength 
of  virtues,  but  on  the  "  regulative  insight 
of  loving-kindness."  Mankind  is  free  to 
create  for  itself  forms  and  environments, 
and  free  also  to  destroy  these.  It  is 
God's  will  that  the  fortunes  of  every 
member  of  the  race  should  be  inseparably 
bound  up  with  the  race,  and  that  "  devia- 
tion from  the  wholesome  and  right 
should  be  a  painful,  disintegrating,  cor- 
porate process."  Salvation  is  not  some- 
thing beyond  the  grave,  something  for 
which  a  "  negative  morality,  tinged  with 
a  little  altruism  and  a  little  repetition  of 
creeds,"  is  fitting  us  ;  it  is  here  and  now, 
and,  above  all  tilings,  social. 

Under  the  curious  but  suggestive  title 
'The  City  of  Destruction'  the  author 
examines  the  penal  system,  warfare, 
thrift,  poverty,  competition,  and  material 
welfare.  His  attitude  is  foreshadowed  in 
his  previous  statement  of  Christian  truth. 
He  complains  thai  no  other  than  the 
penal  method  has  ever  been  systematically 
tried  for  the  reform  of  offenders  againsl 
society:  and  he  justly  belittles  the  social 
gain  from  punishment.  In  its  place  he 
would    put    the    "  method    of    corporate 

friendship.'' 

"Our  social  experience,  when  studied, 
BeemS  to  show    that  our  bonis  command  not 

to  judge  criminals  but  to  forgive  them,  had 

much    more    common    sense    in     it     than    we 
have  been  inclined  to  BUppose.' 

Rather  than  the  spirit  of  war.  which  he 
repudiates  with  all  his  heart,  he  would 
have  the  will  so  to  live  that  others  shall 
live  also — a  will  which  is  no  mere  religious 

aspiration,    but    "exemplified    in    every 

really  statesmanlike  act  in  history.''     The 
ideal  thrift  depends  upon 


514 


T  H  E    A  T  HENiEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


"  the  shuttered  windows  of  our  houses  and 
our  hearts,  upon  our  higher  degree  of 
materia]  privilege  and  our  lack  of  sympa- 
thetic imagination." 

The  Christian  must  ask  whether  de- 
pendence on  the  "  individual  hoard  "  is 
desirable  or  necessary.  After  a  search- 
ing examination  of  competition,  fortune- 
making,  and  the  functions  of  the  millionaire, 
the  conclusion  is  reached  that  the  man 
whose  treasure  is  the  universal  welfare  has 
his  heart  in  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven. 

The  last  part  of  the  book,  dealing  with 
the  soul's  pilgrimage,  discusses  our  rela- 
tions to  God,  to  the  body,  to  the  family, 
and  to  the  world.  These  must  be  en- 
nobled by  the  sanctifying  power  of  love, 
the  supernatural  and  invincible  power  of 
the  Creator  permeating  the  hearts  of  men. 
We  cannot  dismiss  the  book  as  a  message 
of  hard  sayings.  It  is  only  by  such 
counsels  as  it  offers  that  we  may  make 
its  ideals  more  real. 

Canon  Simpson's  book  '  What  is  the 
Gospel  ?  or  Redemption,'  is  the  second 
volume  of  "  The  Layman's  Library," 
which  "  seeks  to  offer  a  religious  ideal 
which  may  satisfy  both  heart  and  mind  "  ; 
and  we  are  told  that  the  volumes  of  the 
Library  are,  in  the  main,  an  attempt  to 
build  up  a  constructive  religious  ideal. 
The  attempt  will  be  commended  by 
serious  men  who  are  perplexed  by  the 
destructive  tendencies  of  many  modern 
critics.  But  what  satisfaction  to  heart 
and  mind  will  be  found  in  Canon  Simp- 
son's statement  that  "  it  is  with  the 
Cross  of  Christ,  not  with  the  teaching  of 
Jesus,  that  Christians  are  primarily  con- 
cerned "  ?     He  proceeds  to  say  that 

"  the  purpose  of  the  appeal  to  the  New 
Testament  is  not  in  the  first  instance  to 
reach  the  Jesus  of  history,  but  to  confirm  or 
correct,  as  the  case  may  be,  the  living  voice 
of  the  Church  by  comparison  with  the 
apostolic  message." 

In  the  ideal  which  Canon  Simpson  attempts 
to  build  the  teaching  of  Jesus  is  not  the 
fact  or  thing  of  primary  importance,  and 
apparently  in  our  valuation  of  the  New 
Testament    the    apostolic    message    is    to 
rank    higher    than    that    teaching.     Con- 
structive   thought    will    not    be    satisfied 
with  a  subordination  of  the  teaching  of 
Jesus  to  any  other  message,  even  though 
it  does  admit,  with  Canon  Simpson,  that 
the  synoptic  record,  without  such  a  com- 
mentary   as    that    given    in    the  Fourth 
Gospel,     the    Pauline    Epistles,    or    the 
Pentecostal  preaching,  is  not  the  whole 
"  fact  of  Christ."     A  presentation  of  the 
whole  "  fact  of  Christ  "  as  a  constructed 
religious  ideal  does  not  necessarily  involve 
the    subordination    of    the    teaching    of 
Jesus,  which  is  implied  in  the  statement 
that   it   is   not   with   that   teaching   that 
Christians  are  primarily  concerned.    Chris- 
tians   are    concerned    with    the    Cross    of 
Christ,  but  religious  thought  will  examine 
all  interpretations  of  the  fact  of  Christ's 
death,  and  will  judge  them  in  the  light 
of    the    teaching    of    Jesus.     What,    for 
instance,  in  reference  to  any  theory  of  the 
Atonement,  is  to  be  said  of  the  beatitude, 
'  Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart :   for  they 


shall  see  God  "  ?  Religious  thought  will 
have  its  questions  and  will  seek  for 
answers  ;  and  these  questions  will  lead 
to  an  examination  of  the  words  of  Jesus. 
But  that  examination  must  not  be  after 
the  fashion  of  Canon  Simpson's  exegesis 
of  the  words  spoken  to  the  Apostle  on 
the  road  to  Damascus,  "  I  am  Jesus  the 
Nazarene,  whom  thou  persecutest,"  which 
apparently  are  to  be  taken  as  meaning 
that  he  had  persecuted  the  Cross  of  Christ. 
In  the  special  study  of  the  doctrine  of 
the  Atonement  Canon  Simpson  frankly 
commits  himself  to  the  theory  of  sub- 
stitution. We  need  not  dispute,  he  says, 
"  whether  the  payment  of  debt  is  a  literal 
statement  of  what  Christ  did,  or  whether  it 
be  merely  a  figure,  so  long  as  it  is  recognised 
that  He  stood  in  our  place  and  so  became 
our  substitute." 

Naturally,  however,  we  do  desire  to  know 
how  He  stands  in  our  place  and  becomes 
our  substitute.  We  are  told  that  when 
it  is  the  Eternal  Son  who  offers  Himself 
without  spot  to  the  Eternal  Father,  the 
ethical  objection  to  a  propitiatory  sacrifice 
vanishes,  and  that  there  is  no  "  trans- 
action "  to  which  God  is  a  party,  but  a 
"  purification  of  sins  "  which  takes  place 
within  Himself.  The  idea  of  a  purifica- 
tion "  within  Himself  "  demands  a  clearer 
exposition  than  that  which  Canon  Simp- 
son gives  ;  and  an  answer  must  be  found 
to  the  ethical  objection — whatever  its 
value  may  be — to  a  propitiatory  sacrifice, 
that  such  a  sacrifice  implies  that  moral 
obligations  can  be  annulled,  just  as  the 
idea  of  the  death  of  Christ  as  a  payment 
involves  the  further  idea  that  moral 
obligations  can  be  transferred.  It  is 
no  answer  to  say  with  Canon  Simpson 
that 

"  when  people  glibly  criticise  the  doctrine  of 
the  Atonement  on  ethical  grounds,  we  do 
well  to  remind  them  that  the  preaching  of 
it  involves  the  most  tremendous  moral  appeal 
that  the  mind  of  man  can  conceive.  It  is 
nothing  short  of  this,  that  the  living  God 
has  torn  out  His  very  heart  in  order  to 
redeem  them." 

The  author  calls  attention  to  the  final 
chapter  on  '  Salvation  in  the  Church ' 
as  the  climax  of  the  book.  His  conception 
of  the  Church  is  wide  and  liberal  ;  and  one 
function  of  the  Church  is  suggested  when 
he  says  that  "  a  narrow  and  undisciplined 
individualism  is  the  last  description  that 
may  appropriately  be  applied  to  the  life 
in  God." 

It  is  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Johnston  in 
'  Some  Alternatives  to  Jesus  Christ,'  an- 
other volume  of  "The  Layman's  Library," 
that  historical  data  make  it  likely  that 
the  Buddhist,  Hindu,  and  Shiah  forms  of 
belief  have  in  their  later  conditions  been 
affected  by  Christianity ,  and  he  shows  that, 
even  independently  of  Christianity,  the 
line  of  development  in  the  non-Christian 
religions  has  been  in  the  direction  of  a 
faith  in  divine  incarnation.  Yet  though 
the  "  pagan  Christs  "  of  these  religions, 
such  as  Osiris  or  Mithras,  were  not  his- 
torical persons,  the  fact  is  of  supreme 
importance  that  their  worshippers  have 
felt  the  need  of  an  incarnation.  A  study 
in  comparative  religion  demonstrates  that 


men  beyond  the  pale  of  Christianity  have 
been  seeking  after  an  incarnate  God,  and 
an  inquiry  naturally  follows  regarding 
the  power  of  any  religion  to  satisfy  those 
engaged  in  that  search. 

Mr.  Johnston  asserts  that  "  it  is  plain 
that,  with  the  possible  exception  of  Christ, 
no  human  figure  had  actually  appeared 
in  whom  God  had  fulfilled  what  these 
'  prisoners  of  hope '  expected  of  Him." 
Types  of  incarnation  vary  from  the 
Bearer  of  the  Light  of  God  to  the 
Express  Image  of  His  Person.  The  former 
of  these  is  a  species  of  superprophet. 
whose  main  work  is  to  teach  true  ideas 
about  God,  but  who  is  himself  only  different 
in  degree  from  other  "  spirit-born  "  men  : 
while  the  latter  is  thought  of  as  one  who 
in  His  own  personality  reveals  what  God  is 
in  Himself.  It  is  possible  to  show  that  in 
the  hope  of  later  Israel  alone  there  ap- 
peared the  presentation  of  a  figure  who,  if 
incarnate,  would  be  verv  God  and  verv 
man  ;  and,  as  the  pages  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment reveal,  Jesus  claimed  to  fulfil  that 
hope.  Christianity  therefore,  among  the 
religions  of  the  world,  makes  the  great 
assertion  that  Christ  is  the  true  and  only 
incarnate  One,  who  is  God  and  man,  and 
as  man  reveals  what  God  is. 

Examining  the  distinctive  character- 
istics of  Christian  devotion  to  Christ,  the 
writer  of  this  book  selects  as  first 
and  most  striking  the  "  unswerving 
insistence  on  the  historicity  of  the  facts," 
and  as  second  "  the  uncompromising 
claim  to  uniqueness  and  finality." 
Thirdly,  as  is  pointed  out,  it  was 
Christ's  figure  which  inspired  what  has 
always  been  another  most  striking  feature 
in  His  followers,  viz.,  that  "  while  wor- 
shipping, they  have  yet  aspired  to  imi- 
tate." There  may  be  no  difference  be- 
tween the  religious  ideal  presented  in  this 
book  and  that  set  forth  in  the  volume 
'  What  is  the  Gospel  ?  '  but  contrasts  are 
'  suggested  when,  on  the  one  hand,  the 
author  of  that  volume  asserts  that  "  the 
purpose  of  the  appeal  to  the  New  Testa- 
ment is  not  in  the  first  instance  to  reach 
the  Jesus  of  history,"  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  Mr.  Johnston  declares,  in  reference 
to  Christ's  followers,  that  "  it  is  the  fulness 
and  richness  of  His  life,  presented  to  them 
as  a  moral  ideal  which  was  lived  before  it 
was  preached,  that  they  have  felt  drawing 
them  to  Him." 

Mr.  Johnston,  in  the  Preface  to  his  book, 
informs  his  readers  that  the  book  itself 
makes  no  claim  to  finality  or  completeness, 
and  no  pretence  to  expert  knowledge  in 
most  of  the  vast  field  on  which  it  touches. 
Those  readers,  however,  will  feel  that  a 
most  competent  teacher  is  instructing 
them,  and  demonstrating  to  them  the 
significance  of  the  Incarnation  in  Christi- 
anity, and  also,  through  the  Incarnation, 
the  supreme  value  of  Christianity  in  con- 
trast with  other  religions. 

The  author's  name  commends  '  Essays 
on  Faith  and  Immortality,'  for  there 
still  lingers  among  us  the  personal 
fascination  which  George  Tyrrell  exercised 
in  his  lifetime,  not  only  over  his  faithful 
friends,  but  also  over  many  who  knew  him 


No.  4511,  Apkil  11,  1914 


THE    ATIIENiEUM 


La 


*  i  -i 


only  from  his  hooks.  The  sincerity  and 
courage  which,  more  than  any  high 
intellectual  power,  were  his  truest  cha- 
racteristics make  all  that  we  know,  ami  all 
that  we  can  still  learn,  of  him  of  deep 
interest  to  thinking  men.  Many  will  feel 
gratitude  to  Miss  Pet  re  for  giving  us  more 
extracts  from  his  notebooks  and  unpub- 
lished material,  more  particularly  from 
that  Journal,  spiritual  and  philosophic, 
in  which  he  wrote  down  from  time  to  time, 
at  less  or  greater  length,  the  thoughts 
which  occurred  to  him  on  the  deepest 
problems  of  human  existence.  There  is 
nothing  of  system  in  this  new  volume, 
though  Miss  Pet  re  thinks  that  the  Journal 
was  intended  (or  rather  that  part  of  it 
written  in  HK>4)  as  "'  the  incomplete 
erne  of  a  definite  work,  which  might, 
perhaps,  have  ultimately  seen  the  light 
as  a  treatise  on  the  Doctrinal  Authority 
of  Conscience."'  But  not  enough  is  left,  as 
we  see  it  now,  to  give  us  any  idea  of  co- 
herence in  the  thought  or  finality  in  the 
•conclusion.  It  is  as  isolated  fragments 
that  these  essays  must  be  received,  and 
-  such  they  will  be  read  with  interest 
and  sympathy. 

Miss  Petre  tells  us  that 

•"  the  writer  of  the  '  Journal  '  of  1904 
had  undoubtedly  set  out  chiefly  to  consider 
the  fundamental  problem  of  faith  ;  but 
day  by  day,  as  lie  put  down  his  thoughts, 
the  question  of  personality,  and  of  personal 
survival,  seems  to  have  appeared  and  re- 
appeared, till  quite  a  series  of  essays  were 
occupied,  almost  exclusively,  with  this 
subject." 

The  essays  themselves  ':  often  express 
a  guess  rather  than  a  conviction  ;  they 
are  gropings,  and  not  treatises."  We 
feel  as  we  read  the  book  that  the  can- 
did and  courageous  inquirer  offers  few 
decisions  on  which  we  may  rely,  but  helps 
us  by  his  thought,  again  and  again,  to 
reach  further  conclusions  for  ourselves. 
Tyrrell  had  not  reached  the  issue  of  his 
own  pursuit.  Whether  he  had  the  mental 
-trength  to  do  so  we  cannot  tell.  Perhaps 
his  guesses  at  truth  have  greater  value 
than  any  achievement  he  could  have 
attained. 

Among  the  striking  savings  with  which 
this  volume  abounds  we  select  a  few-. 
Sometimes  the  thought  is  new;  more 
often,  perhaps,  it  is  the  expression  which 
ifl  vivid  and  helpful.  Occasionally  the 
thought  is  obviously  limited,  more  rarely 
it  seems  almost  deliberately  perverse ;  but 
throughout  it  is  eminently  characteristic 
of  the  writer.  If  it  does  not  show  us  any- 
thing new  in  Tyrrell,  it  shows  him  more 
fully.      Sere,  then,  are  a  few  passages  : — 

'■  Let  us  return,  then,  to  tin-  primary  datum 
religion.     Faith  is  not  a  blind    unrelated 

love    <>r    loyalty    or    devotion,    neither    is    it 

oked  iii  the  first  instance   by  any  idea  <>i 

God,  or  oi  Goodness,  or  of  Right  and  Duty  ; 

these  are   hut    attempted    after-expieuuiona 

object.     What  I  really  encounter  u  a 

Certain  ideal  of  conduct,  that   s«-<-ks  to  impose 
■  If  on    me  and   to  assume   the    control    of 

any  action  in  each  particular  ca 

Again,  in  the  same  essay  on  the   autho- 
rity of  oonsoienoe  : — 

■"  Revelation    is   a   thing    revealed  ;     the 

object  of  my  faith  is  not  primarily  a  doctrine 


or  formulation,  but  a  concrete  fact,  event, 
manifestation;  it  is  the  power  that  reveals 
itself  in  the  workings  of   my  conscience,  or 

in  the  lite,  words  and  actions  of  .Jesus  Christ, 
or  of  the  Church  of  His  servants  and  saints. 
It  is  a  Word  made  flesh,  a  Life  lived.  Faith 
is  therefore  a  loyalty,  a  trust  directed  towards 
my  own  conscience,  towards  Jesus  Christ, 
towards  the  Church:  evoked  by  the  spirit 
(one  and  the  same)  that  reveals  itself  in 
them  all." 

There  is  a  fine  passage  on  '  The  Unseen 
World,'  but  it  is  too  long  to  quote  ; 
another  on  the  '  Domus  Dei,'  in  which 
he  declares  how  little  excommunication 
would  matter  for  those  who  are  numbered 
with  "  the  truthful,  the  sincere,  the  Christ- 
like "  ;  another  on  the  effect  of  criticism 
on  the  Roman  doctrine  about  Mary ; 
another  a  striking  vindication,  or  rather 
explanation,  of  the  vindictive  psalms.  On 
the  other  hand,  we  see,  as  we  read  these 
most  intimate  thoughts,  how  extra- 
ordinarily deficient  so  persistent  a  critic 
was  in  the  true  critical  spirit ;  how  he 
became  more  and  more  academic  as  he 
drew  further  away  from  the  Catholic  faith, 
and,  as  he  began  to  regard  sin  as  merely  a 
stage  in  development,  was  less  and  less 
in  touch  with  the  facts  of  life.  Modern 
destructive  writers  he  seems  to  have 
accepted  without  a  thought  of  analyzing 
their  arguments — Schweitzer,  for  ex- 
ample— with  an  absence  of  acuteness  at 
which  one  can  only  marvel.  He  had 
come  to  believe  that  "  Jesus  Himself 
never  dreamed  of  founding  a  new  religion, 
or  of  seceding  from  Judaism,"  and  that  if 
t:  He  had  a  theology  at  all,  it  was  that  of  His 
people,  full  of  all  the  errors  and  limitations 
which  belong  to  every  effort  to  bring  the 
Boundless  within  bounds  "  ;  and  when  he 
found  a  text  that  did  not  suit  him,  he  dis- 
missed it  as  "  a  curiously  clumsy  and  un- 
sympathetic interpolation  of  early  eccle- 
siasticism."  It  is  with  a  feeling  of  sorrow 
that  one  recognizes  how  even  Tyrrell's 
search  for  truth  fell  into  arbitrary  and 
narrow  ways. 

Miss  Petre  prints  '  A  Perverted  Devo- 
tion/ the  controversy  concerning  which 
was  a  significant  episode  in  the  Life. 


OLD  TESTAMEXT  SCHOLARSHIP. 

Otjb  examination  of  Mr.  Holmes's  work 
on  the  Book  of  Joshua  has  led  us  to  the 
conclusion  that,  whilst  he  has  in  various 
respects  successfully  combated  the  opinion 
of  those  who  upheld  the  superiority  of 
the  Masoretic  text  to  that  which  underlies 
the  Septuagint  version,  he  has  not  suc- 
ceeded equally  well  in  bringing  forward 
convincing  proof  in  favour  of  the  pro- 
position that  the  .Masoretic  form  of  tin- 
book  represents  a  later  text  deliberately 
altered  ifom  the  more  original  one  which 
lay  before  the  Greek  translator  or  trans- 
lators. 

Joshua-   ili'-  Hebrew  "'<</  Greek  Texts.      By 
S.   Holmes.    (Cambridge  University  Pn 

Is.  net.) 

The  I'm  in  of  Job.     Translated  in  the  Metre 
of  the  Original  by  Edwin  c  King.     (Same 

publishers,  5*-) 


Dillmann,  with  whom  a  number  of 
other  scholars  find  themselves  ill  more 
or  less  close  agreement,  based  his  argu- 
ment in  favour  of  the  received  Hebrew 
text  on  a  number  of  passages  which 
appeared  to  him  to  offer  distinct  evidence 
of  deliberate  alteration  made  by  the 
Septuagint  scribe.  He  admitted  that  in 
a  number  of  instances  no  decisive  criteria 
to  the  same  effect  can  be  detected,  but 
he  held  that  we  must  in  our  judgment 
of  the  doubtful  cases  be  guided  by  the 
certainty  which,  in  his  view,  was  obtain- 
able in  other  parts  of  the  book.  Mr. 
Holiness  investigation,  on  the  other  hand, 
tends  to  show  that  the  supposed  certainty 
does  not,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  exist,  and 
that  therefore  the  entire  argument  in 
support  of  the  superiority  of  the  Masoretic 
text  falls  to  the  ground. 

But  what  Mr.  Holmes  has  not  realized 
is  the  fact  that  it  is  only  in  their  character 
as  certainties  that  Dillmann's  suppositions 
may  be  said  to  have  been  destroyed,  and 
that  as  possibilities  they  still  remain. 
As  the  arguments  by  which  our  author 
seeks  to  prove  the  correctness  of  his  own 
view  are  in  their  turn  not  convincing 
enough  to  establish  a  certainty,  but 
compel  only  a  contingent  kind  of  assent, 
we  merely  have  one  set  of  possibilities  con- 
fronting another  set  of  possibilities.  Mr. 
Holmes,  moreover,  omits  to  acknowledge 
that,  besides  the  theory  which  regards  the 
Masoretic  text  as  a  deliberate  late  revision 
of  the  Hebrew  original  from  which  the 
Greek  translation  was  made,  there  is 
another  which  assumes  the  existence  of 
different  recensions  of  the  text.  On  the 
latter  viewr  the  Masoretic  Hebrew  may 
be  at  least  as  old  as  the  text  used  for  the 
Septuagint  translation.  Nor  need,  if  this 
be  the  case,  either  text  be  necessarily 
regarded  as  generally  superior  to  the 
other,  for  each  may  be  found  to  exhibit, 
in  different  parts,  considerable  excellence. 

But  having  thus  expressed  our  opinion 
on  what  we  regard  as  the  weakness  of 
Mr.  Holmes's  position,  we  must  hasten 
to  add  that,  if  his  work  fails  as  a  vade- 
mecum,  it  nevertheless  retains  value 
as  an  effective  stimulus  to  further  in- 
vestigation ;  and  regarding  the  publica- 
tion from  this  point  of  view,  we  believe 
that  serious  students  will  not  be  slow  in 
extending  to  it  a    cordial   welcome. 

Dr.  King's  metrical  version  of  the  Book 
of  Job  is  an  interesting  and,  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  attractive  piece  of  work. 
The  error  of  imagining  that  ancient 
Hebrew  verse  fell  into  line  with  the  severe 
scansion  of  (deck  and  Latin  poetry  is. 
fortunately,  no  Longer  prevalent.     But  it 

would  be  equally  erroneous  to  think  thai 
the  rhythm  employed  by  the  Old  Testa- 
ment poets  was  not  subject  to  laws  capable 
of  being  analyzed  and  formulated.  A 
mere  glance  at  the  general  regularity 
observable  in  the  versification  of  a  poem 

like   that    of   the    Book   of  Job   is   Sufficient 

to  reveal  the  presence  oi    a  fairly  well 

defined  rhythmic  principle  by  which 
the  poet  was  guided.  The  chief  reason 
why  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  acceptance 
for  any  given  theory  of  Hebrew    prosody  is 


516 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4511,  Apkil  11,  1914 


our  apparent  inability  to  form  a  clear 
conception  of  how  the  ancient  Hebrews 
vocalized  and  accentuated  their  speech  in 
either  prose  or  verse.  The  Masoretic  text 
rests,  indeed,  on  a  fixed  basis  of  both 
vowel-points  and  accents  ;  but  modern 
writers  are,  unfortunately,  distrustful  of 
the  synagogal  tradition  thus  handed 
down  to  us,  so  that  any  theory  of  rhythmic 
structure  is  bound  to  be  largely  based  on 
a  special  scheme  of  enunciation. 

Dr.  King  is  in  agreement  with  the 
general  trend  of  recent  opinion  that 
Hebrew  rhythm  "  depends  not  on  the 
number  of  "syllables,  but  on  the  beat  of 
the  accent*' ;  but  with  reference  to  the 
poem  of  Job  it  may  be  questioned  whether 
the  uniform  measure  of  three  beats  to 
a  line  postulated  for  it  can  be  accepted 
as  certain.  The  Masoretic  accentuation, 
which  has,  after  all,  from  a  free  critical 
standpoint,  at  least  as  much  in  its  favour 
as  any  other  scheme  of  beats,  frequently 
shows  a  fourfold  stress  to  a  line,  and 
occasionally  only  two  accents  are  assigned 
to  a  verse  unit  ;  and  it  seems  clear  that 
the  artistic  effect  of  the  Avhole  would  gain 
rather  than  lose  by  the  proper  employ- 
ment of  variety  in  the  rhythmic  flow  of  the 
dialogue.  Dr.  King  is  himself  sometimes 
forced  to  admit  a  line  of  four  beats  in  his 
English  rendering ;  but  as  this  is  very 
rarely  the  case,  the  apparent  need  for 
some  variety  of  enunciation  remains 
unsatisfied. 

In  approaching  the  question  as  to  the 
poetic  value  of  the  new  version,  one  is 
certainly  impressed  with  the  adequacy 
and  effectiveness  of  a  large  number  of 
passages  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  one 
comes  from  time  to  time  upon  lines  which 
are  disturbing  and — to  speak  plainly — 
unsatisfactory.  One  must  suppose  that 
the  accent  assigned  to  the  word  "  under- 
standing "  in 

To  Him  belongs  counsel  and  understanding 

can  be  traced  to  a  printer's  error  ;  but  it- 
should  surely  have  been  possible  to  sub- 
stitute better  lines  for,  e.g.  : — 

May  darkness  deep-gloom  defile  it. 
And  criish  the  wicked  instanter. 
Efficiency  driven  quite  from  me. 

The  first  of  these  lines  would  not  be  much 
improved  if  a  comma  were  placed  after 
"  darkness  "  ;  "  instanter  "  might  do  in 
a  certain  kind  of  light  satiric  verse,  but 
not  in  the  poem  of  Job  ;  and  "  efficiency  " 
by  no  means  expresses  the  meaning  of 
the  original  word,  which  is  in  the  margin 
of  the  Revised  Version  represented  by 
k"  sound  wisdom." 

Another  matter  to  be  considered  is 
whether  the  translator  has  in  difficult 
cases  succeeded  in  catching  the  exact 
bearing  of  the  argument.  Much  has,  of 
course,  to  be  allowed  for  differences  of 
opinion ;  but  we  should  have  thought 
that  there  was  no  need  for  declaring  the 
first  line  out  of  place  in 

0  thou  that  tearest  thy  soul  in  thine  anger, 
Must  for  thy  sake  the  earth  be  forsaken  ? 
And  the  rock  be  removed  from  its  place  ? 

Dr.  King  has  not  recognized  that,  al- 
though the  line  in  question  is  in  the 
original  grammatically  in  the  third  person, 


it  is  Job  who  is  addressed  in  it.  It  should 
be  added  that  in  interpreting  "  the  rock  " 
of  the  third  line  as  "  the  Creator,"  Dr. 
King  appears  to  follow  mediaeval  Jewish 
commentators  ;  but  is  there  any  need  for 
such  an  interpretation  ? 


CLEMENT  AND  NESTORIUS. 

Prof.  Patrick  gives  in  his  Croall  Lecture 
for  1899-1900  a  biographical  account  of 
Clement  and  an  exhaustive  analysis  of  his 
teaching.  Hundreds,  or,  more  correctly, 
thousands,  of  references  to  the  text  of 
Clement  show  the  care  with  which  the  work 
has  been  conducted  ;  and  it  may  be  safely 
said  that  there  is  in  English  no  other  such 
minute  examination  of  Clement's  teaching. 
Though  the  facts  of  Clement's  life  are 
meagre,  the  portrait  of  the  man,  we  are 
told,  stands  out  in  his  writings  as  that  of 
a  singularly  lovable  personality. 

"  He  gives  the  impression  of  a  certain 
intellectual  naivete,  combined  with  a  moral 
austerity.  He  has  a  lofty  conception  of  the 
function  of  the  teacher,  as  well  as  of  the  duty 
of  the  scholar."' 

Till  a  few  years   ago  the  accepted  order 
of  the  writings  was  the  Protrepticus,  the 
Peedagogus,  and  the  Stromateis  ;   but  that 
order  has  been  changed  by  what  Dr.  Har- 
nack      calls     Wendland's      "  discovery." 
According  to   Wendland,  the    order   was 
Protrepticus  ;  Stromateis,  I —IV.  ;  Pseda- 
gogus  ;  Stromateis,  V.-VII.  Prof.  Patrick 
asserts       that      Wendland's      hypothesis 
raises    difficulties     not     less    great    than 
the    traditional    view  which  it    seeks    to 
supplant,   and   he  devotes   a  note  in    an 
Appendix  to  a  proof  of  his  assertion.   Apart 
altogether  from  his  position  as  the  first 
systematic  teacher  of  Christian  doctrine 
and    the    foremost    champion    of    liberal 
culture,  Clement  was,  according  to  Prof. 
Patrick,  the  most  eloquent  exponent  in 
his   own    age,    and   for   many    ages    that 
followed,  of  Christianity  in  common  life. 
Throughout  his  writings  there  is  a  great 
show   of   learning,    and   one   of  his   early 
editors   says   that   he   quotes   more   than 
three  hundred  authors,  of  whom  otherwise 
we  know  not  the  names,  and  is  a  treasure- 
house,  not  only  for  theologians,  but  for 
grammarians,      historians,      philosophers, 
jurists,    and    physicians.     Certain    critics 
have  represented  that  show  of  learning  as 
an  illusion,  if  not  a  fraud,  since  Clement 
borrowed  from  Aristotle,  Musonius,  Aristo- 
bulus,    Favorinus,    Plutarch,    and    Philo  ; 
but,    meeting   this   charge,    Prof.    Patrick 
points  out  that  the  inexhaustible  fertility 
with  which  Clement  can  suggest  possible 
interpretations   of    passages   in   the   New 
Testament    indicates      conclusively    that 
when  he  borrowed,  it  was  not  from  intel- 
lectual   or    imaginative    poverty  ;      and, 
further,  that  as  he  attached  great  value 
to   erudition   as   a   charm    to   win   Greek 

Clement  of  Alexandria.  By  John  Patrick. 
"Croall  Lecture  for  1899-1900."  (Black- 
wood &  Sons,  7s.  6c?.  net.) 

Nesforius  and  his  Place  in  the  History  of 
Christian  Doctrine.  By  Friedri.h  Loofs. 
(Cambridge  University  Press,  '.is.  6d.  net.) 


adherents  to  Christianity,  a  mere  parade 
of  learning  would  not  have  served  his 
purpose.  Whether  he  was  ostentatious 
or  not  in  his  display  of  learning,  Clement 
had  a  very  clear  aim  in  his  teaching,  and 
the  fulfilment  of  that  aim  gives  him  a 
definite  place  in  the  history  of  Christian 
thought.  His  was  an  age  in  which  many 
k*  trembled  for  the  ark  of  God,"  and  would 
not  endanger  the  dignity  of  the  Christian 
faith  by  formulating  it  as  a  series  of  truths 
related  to  one  another  or  by  relating  it 
to  philosophy.  To  substitute,  says  Prof. 
Patrick, 

"  a  Christian  gnosis  for  a  heretical  gnosis 
might  seem  to  some  an  indirect  recognition 
of  a  movement  with  which  there  could  be  no- 
compromise  ;  the  transformation  of  a  here- 
tical watchword,  which  had  become  an  ortho- 
dox byword,  into  a  designation  for  the 
highest  Christian  ideal,  might  seem  a  super- 
fluous and  confusing  concession  to  the  spirit 
of  the  age." 

Clement's  ruling  thought  was  not  that 
of  a  Christian  theology,  but  of  a  Christian 
philosophy,  and  Prof.  Patrick  claims  for 
him  .that  his  originality  did  not  lie  in  the 
details  which  he  borrowed,  but  in  the 
formulating  of  the  unifying  conception 
which  bound  the  scattered  elements  to- 
gether, and  in  the  width  of  outlook  which 
enabled  him  to  co-ordinate  all  the  mate- 
rials. The  unifying  principle  he  found 
in  the  doctrine  of  the  Word  through 
whom  there  is  order  in  the  universe, 
whose  inspiration  history  reveals,  and  who,, 
as  incarnate,  is  the  ideal  of  humanity  and 
the  revelation  of  the  close  relation  of  the 
divine  and  the  human.  The  peculiar  dis- 
tinction of  Clement  is  that  he  saw  that  it 
was  imperative  for  the  Church,  unless  it 
was  to  be  stranded  or  submerged,  to- 
determine  its  relation  to  the  intellectual 
and  moral  forces  that  had  moulded  the 
life  of  nations  and  individuals  ;  and  it  may 
be  said  of  him  that  he  was  "  the  first  to- 
see  the  necessity  of  formulating  a  Christian 
theory  of  the  universe,  a  Christian  philo- 
sophy of  history,  a  Christian  code  of  ethics. ,r 
Prof.  Patrick  quotes  the  saying  of  the  late 
Prof.  Overbeck,  that  the  problem  which 
Clement  raised  and  endeavoured  to  solve 
in  his  writings  is  the  most  daring  literary 
undertaking  in  the  history  of  the  Church. 

In  the  lecture  dealing  with  the  relation 
of  Christianity  to  Hellenic  culture  and 
philosophy  it  is  shown  that  Tatian  and 
Tertullian  represented  those  who  abjured 
philosophy  as  the  source  of  all  heresies, 
while  Clement  followed  Justin  Martyr  in 
regarding  Christianity  as  the  only  true 
and  useful  philosophy,  in  reading  Chris- 
tianity into  Plato,  and  in  taking  all  that 
was  akin  to  Christianity  in  Greek  philo- 
sophy as  his  own.  Clement's  attitude  was 
that  of  one  who  believed  that  a  Chris- 
tianity which  could  claim  as  its  own  all 
that  was  true  in  the  thought  of  the  past 
could  alone  face  the  future  with  confi- 
dence ;  and  pointing  out  that  the  problem 
of  the  Church  to-day  is,  in  loyalty  to  the 
past,  to  adjust  itself  to  the  new  forces  in 
thought,  Prof.  Patrick  declares  that  it 
will  act  wisely  if  it  adopts  the  principles 
underlying  Clement's  attitude.  '  Intel- 
lectual monasticism,"  he  says,  "  is  as  bad 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


THE     A  Til  EN^UM 


517 


for  the  Church  as  moral  monasticism  was 
for  the  individual,  and  can  only  end  in 
lopsidedness  of  development  or  impover- 
ishment." 

Clement's    teaohing    in    regard    to    the 
Euoharist  serves  to  show   that  he  deserves 

praise    for    his    attitude    to    systematic 

thought,  rather  than  for  clear  and  definite 
statements  of  doctrine.  Some  have  argued 
that  lie  set  forth  the  doctrine  of  the  Heal 
Presence,  as  it  is  now  accepted  by  the 
Roman  Church  :  while  others  have  main- 
tained that  his  teaching  is  closely  akin  to 
that  of  Zw  iiiijli.  or  *'  even  might  he  e\- 
pressed  in  the  language  of  the  apologist 
of  Quakerism."  What  may  he  said  for 
him  is.  as  Prof.  Patrick  indicates,  that  lie 
regarded  the  Eucharist  as  an  ordinance 
instituted  by  Christ  ;  that  its  method  of 
administration  was  determined  by  the 
Church  ;  and  that  it  becomes,  when 
received  in  faith,  a  means  of  spiritual 
nourishment.  '  The  Ethics  of  Clement ' 
is  the  subject  of  a  most  interesting  lecture, 
and  in  it  he  is  represented  as  using  lan- 
guage that  suggests  a  Christian  Socialism 
when  he  enforced  the  duty  of  liberality 
and  denounced  the  extravagant  fads  of 
the  rich.  It  may  be  seen,  however,  that 
he  was  vague  in  alleging  that  the  vision  of 
God  is  the  supreme  felicity  of  the  true 
gnostic,  since  he  did  not  clearly  determine 
what  the  vision  is,  and  when,  whether  now 
or  in  the  future,  men  may  see  God. 

The  last  lecture  is  devoted  to  Clement's 
teaching  in  regard  to  the  nature,  inter- 
pretation, and  extent  of  Scripture,  and 
that  teaching  is  important  as  bearing  on 
the  recognition  of  books  which  are  now 
included  in  the  Canon  of  the  Xew  Testa- 
ment. Its  significance,  too.  will  be  recog- 
nized by  the  student  who  seeks  to  under- 
stand the  genesis  and  growth  in  the 
Church  of  the  belief  in  the  inspiration  of 
the  Xew  Testament  writings.  Clement, 
of  course,  accepted  without  hesitation  the 
theory  of  the  inspiration  of  the  Old 
Testament  :  but  in  order  not  to  contradict 
that  theory  he  advocated  the  allegorical 
interpretation  of  passages  making  men- 
tion of  the  hand  and  feet  and  mouth  and 
eyes  of  God.  and  of  H  is  anger  and  threaten- 
ing,  and  he  held  that  God  spake  to  men 
a-  they  were  able  to  hear. 

If  there  is  no  originality  in  Clement's 
ching  regarding  Scripture — indeed,  if 
there  is  no  marked  originality  in  his 
thought  —  there  remains  his  attitude  to 
philosophy,  which  places  him  in  a  unique 
position  in  the  history  of  the  Church  ;  and 
refore  Prof.  Patrick  is  to  be  praised 
for  giving  us  an  admirable  exposition  of 
hi-  writings. 

Four  lecture-  wen-  delivered  by  Prof. 
I.  ■■(-  ;>t  fche  University  of  London  in 
March.  1913  and  have  been  published 
under  the  title  of  Nestorius  and 
his  Place  in  the  History  of  Christian 
1'"  itrine  '     It    is    admitted   in   the    first 

lecture  that  the  -uojeet    may  seem    at   the 

first    glance    to    have    little    interest   for 

modern  men  ;  but  Nestorius,  from  the 
tragedy  of  his  life  and  the  eminence  of  his 
chief  opponent,  has  a  place  in  ecclesiastical 
history,  just  a-  hi-  teaching, from  the  -tii 


which  it  caused,  must  be  considered  in  the 
history  of  Christian  doctrine. 

Within  the  present  generation  atten- 
tion has  been  drawn  to  Nestorius  by 
the  rediscovery  of  his  '  Book  of  Hera- 
elides  '  in  a  Syriac  translation.  In  1910 
an  edition  of  the  Syriac  text  was  pub- 
lished, and  at  the  same  time  a  Krench 
rendering.  It  may  be  conjectured,  as 
we  are  told,  that  the  title  is  pseu- 
donymous, and  that  it  was  devised  by 
an  adherent  of  Nestorius  to  save  his 
master's  apology  from  destruction.  The 
first  part  of  this  '  Book  of  Heraclides  ' 
deals  with  heresies  opposed  to  the  Church, 
while  the  second  contains  an  attack  on 
the  famous  Cyril  of  Alexandria  ;  but  the 
book  also  throws  light  on  the  life  and 
teaching  of  Nestorius.  The  chief  cause 
of  the  opposition  to  Nestorius  was  his 
refusal  to  give  to  Mary  the  title  Oeotoko^. 
This  refusal  was  made  apparent  in  his  well- 
known  first  sermon  ;  but  it  now  appears 
from  the  '  Book  of  Heraclides  '  that  there 
was  a  time  before  the  delivery  of  the 
sermon  when  he  declared  that  the  terms 
OeoroKos  and  dvOfHOTroTOKos,  if  rightly 
understood,  were  not  heretical,  and  when 
also  he  recommended  the  term  x^c-to-tokos. 
His  enemies,  however,  believed  that  in  not 
approving  deoTOKos  he  was  guilty  of  some 
unnamed  heresies  ;  and  Prof.  Loofs  affirms 
that,  "*  more  than  the  heretic  Nestorius, 
the  '  saint  '  but  really  very  unsaintly 
Cyril  is  to  be  held  responsible  for  the 
Nestorian  controversy.  "  Special  refer- 
ence is  made  to  a  letter  which  reveals 
Cyril's  bribes  and  intrigues,  and  Prof. 
Loofs  asks  that  this  letter  may  be  read  by 
anyone  who  holds  that  his  judgment  upon 
Cyril  is  too  harsh. 

In  his  examination  of  the  teaching  of 
Xestorius  consideration  is  given  by  Prof. 
Loofs  to  the  conclusion  of  Prof.  Bethune- 
Baker  that  Nestorius  *  used  the  term 
person  (irpoawirov)  to  express  that  in  which 
both  the  Godhead  and  manhood  of  our 
Lord  were  one."  In  opposition  to  this 
conclusion  we  have  the  suggestion  that, 
while  for  our  notion  of  person  the  main 
thing  is  the  oneness  of  the  subject  or  of  the 
internal  self,  for  Nestorius  the  main  thing 
in  his  notion  of  ivpouomov,  according  to  the 
etymology  of  the  word  and  to  the  earlier 
history  of  its  meaning,  was  the  external 
undivided  appearance.  It  is  maintained 
by  Prof.  Loofs  that  throughout  the  '  Book 
of  Heraclides  '  the  idea  recurs  again  and 
again  that  in  Christ  '"the  manhood  is  the 
-pua-wTTov of  the  Godhead,  and  the  Godhead 
the  tt[)uitmtt<)v  of  the  manhood  "  ;  and  he 
proceeds  to  say  that  we  can  sympathize 
with  Xestorius  when  he  took  the  Incar- 
nation as  meaning  that  in  the  person  of 
Jesus  the  Logos  exhibited  himself  as 
man.  and  "  that  the  man  of  history  was 
the  manifestation  of  the  Logos  in  such  a 
way  that  he  exhibited  himself  to  us  as  the 
eternal  LogOS."  We  too.  Prof.  Loofs  adds. 
understand  what  Xestorius  means  when  he 
said  thai  the  wpStronrov  of  the  one  is  also 
t  hat  of  the  other. 

In  the  last  lecture  ;in  an-ui  r  i-  SOUght   to 

the   question,   Was   Nestorius  orthodox  i 
The  commonplace  answer  is  that  he  was 


not  orthodox,  as  was  shown  by  the  ana- 
thema of  the  Third  (Ecumenical  Council  : 
hut  Prof.  Loots  maintains  that  an  (Ecu- 
menical Council  of  Ephesus  never  existed, 
and.  after  examining  the  decree  of  Chalce- 
don  and  decisions  of  a  later  time,  he  con- 
cludes, in  opposition  to  Prof.  Bethune- 
Baker,  that,  measured  by  the  standard  of 
Church  orthodoxy.  Xestorius  must  be  re- 
garded as  a  heretic  The  inquiry,  how- 
ever, is  not  ended  with  this  judgment,  and 
evidence  is  adduced  to  establish  the  state- 
ment that  the  doctrine  of  Nestorius  has 
more  historical  right  than  the  Cyrillian 
orthodoxy.  Students  interested  in  the 
history  of  Christian  doctrine  will  welcome 
this  volume,  which  reveals  a  lecturer  who 
is  lucid  in  exposition,  sober  in  judgment, 
and  intolerant  only  to  an  intolerant 
saint. 


Ouida :    a   Memoir.     By   Elizabeth   Lee. 
(Fisher  Unwin,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

"  Poor  Ouida  !  ''  Few,  we  imagine,  will 
put  down  Miss  Lee's  judicious  and  well- 
balanced  memoir  of  that  once  popular 
novelist  without  some  such  exclamation 
as  this,  even  though  impatience  be 
mingled  with  pity  for  sorrows  so  much 
of  her  own  seeking.  Success  came  early 
to  her,  and  the  rewards  of  success  in 
ample  wise.  But  those  who  do  not  know- 
how  sieve-like  is  the  capacity  for  cash 
in  certain  possessors  of  the  artistic 
temperament  will  read  of  Ouida's  trials 
with  some  little  surprise,  if  not  disgust. 
It  is  a  tale  of  alternating  splash,  display. 
and  impecuniosity.  of  money  easily  earned 
and  recklessly  spent,  of  friends  and  pub- 
lishers like  the  estimable  Baron  Tauchnitz. 
milked  with  a  frequency  and  fullness 
which  might  make  many  an  author's 
mouth  water.  The  money  (  hiida  extract*  d 
from  the  rich,  whom  she  alternately  aped. 
abused,  and  borrowed  from,  would  have 
saved  a  legion  of  less-known  artists  from 
starvation.  It  was  all  in  vain.  Extra- 
vagance was  in  her  blood.  Extravagant 
in  her  conception  of  immaculate  heroes, 
of  utterly  wicked  or  dreadfully  virtuous 
females  ;  extravagant  in  style  and  diction 
and  political  abuse  ;  extravagant  in  her 
devotion  to  animals,  which  rendered  h<  r 
their  slave  as  well  as  their  champion. 
Ouida  did  everything,  except  die.  beyond 
her  means.  One  would  like  to  believe 
that  her  colossal  vanity,  fostered — a-  the 
editor  shows— from  her  infancy,  may 
have   wrapped    her.   as   it   were,    in   a    mist. 

and    prevented    her   closing    years    from 

being   quite    SO    miserable    as    must    othei 

wise  have  been  the  case,  when  the  nemesis 
of  frantic  litigation,  foolish  pride,  and 
crude  expenditure  ended  in  that  wretched 
Odyssey  of  her-  from  hotel  to  hotel  in 
Florence,  the  while  -he  ted  her  troop-  of 
undisciplined  dogs  upon  meals  that  had 
been  provided  for  herself  by  the  kindn 
of  a  friend. 

It  i>  possible  that  all  author-hip  i>  a 
form  of  vanity,  and  that  all  author- 
arc,   to    a    certain   extent.    \ain  :    hut    f<  v.  . 

small  or  great,  have  equalled  the  Bupreme 
literary  egoism  of  Ouida.     Her  persistent 


518 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


depreciation  of  her  own  age,  country,  and 

fellow-craftsmen  is  the  least  pleasant 
feature  in  a  character,  the  attractive  side 
of  which  does  not  emerge  very  clearly 
from  this  memoir.  To  this  little  woman 
"  with  the  clever,  sinister  face,  and  a 
voice  like  a  carving  knife,"  as  William 
Allingham  described  her,  '  Endymion  ' 
seemed  "  very  poor  stuff  "  ;  Wilde  was 
nothing  more  than  a  poseur  and  a  pla- 
giarist ;  Tolstoy  had  not  much  intellect, 
as  was  proved  by  his  admiration  of 
Dickens  ;  Cecil  Rhodes  had  little  per- 
spicacity. In  short,  much  was  to  be  made 
of  Ouida,  for,  as  she  wrote  to  Baron 
Tauchnitz,  "  now  George  Eliot  is  gone 
there  is  no  one  else  who  can  write  English." 
Not  content  with  this  pre-eminence,  she 
seriously  believed  herself  to  be  a  potent 
influence  in  European  politics. 

If  we  had  to  trace  Ouida's  literary 
pedigree,  we  should  say  that  she  derived 
from  those  masters  of  English  fiction  in 
the  flamboyant  period,  BulwerLytton  and 
Disraeli,  and  more  nearly,  perhaps,  from 
the  almost  forgotten  author  of  '  Guy 
Livingstone.'  Like  George  Eliot,  she  had 
a  wonderful  gift  for  absorbing  the  product 
of  the  intelligence  of  those  who  sur- 
rounded her.  But  as  she  never  verified 
her  references,  and  wrote  with  a  complete 
nonchalance  concerning  places,  countries, 
and  things  she  knew  nothing  whatever 
about,  she  committed  the  innumerable 
lapses  which,  together  with  a  total  lack  of 
a  sense  of  humour,  made  her  the  prey 
of  the  parodists,  and  shocked  cultured 
readers.  These  lapses,  however,  scarcely 
detract  from  her  stories  as  such,  and 
Ouida  could  tell  a  story.  Who  that  has 
read  can  ever  forget  the  exuberant 
vitality  of  her  description  of  Cigarette's 
ride,  or  the  rush  and  movement  of  her 
Grand  National  (however  technically  ab- 
surd) in  '  Under  Two  Flags  '  ?  It  was 
always  easier  to  laugh  at  Ouida  than 
not  to  read  her.  Miss  Lee  does  not,  we 
fancj^,  appreciate  the  story-telling  side 
of  Ouida's  talent  so  much  as  we  do.  It 
is  a  quality  which  will,  we  believe,  carry 
'  Under  Two  Flags  '  to  a  much  riper 
old  age  than  '  In  Maremma,"  which,  on 
purely  artistic  grounds,  Miss  Lee  rightly 
prefers.  WTe  are  glad  to  see  that  Miss 
Lee  ranks  high  Ouida's  charming  short 
stories,  such  as  '  A  Dog  of  Flanders  '  or 
'  Two  Little  Wooden  Shoes.'  The  latter 
has  always  been  a  great  favourite  in 
Italy,  and  is  now,  if  gossip  speak  true, 
shortly  to  form  the  libretto  of  an  opera 
for  the  second,  or  perhaps  the  third, 
time.  As  a  satirist  of  Society,  Ouida  is 
at  her  best  and  truest  when  criticizing 
the  richards  at  a  period  when  social  and 
political  power  in  England  was  beginning 
to  pass  from  the  old  landed  aristocracy 
to  the  new  plutocracy. 

Ouida  was  justified  in  saying  that  the 
'  Massarenes  '  is  "  brasse  dans  le  vrai." 
Such  scenes  as  are  there  described  are 
being  repeated  and  surpassed  in  London 
Society  to-day.  But  then,  if  you  turn 
to  '  Humphry  Clinker,'  you  find  that 
things  were  much  the  same  in  1770,  only 
the  pushing  millionaires  hailed,  not  from 


America  or  South  Africa,  but  from  the 
West  Indies. 

We  are  not  inclined  to  rate  Ouida's 
critical  essays  so  highly  as  Miss  Lee  does. 
Truth  to  tell,  Ouida  was  a  terrible  scold 
on  paper,  violent  in  her  abuse,  ridiculous 
in  her  prejudices,  and  frequently  very 
ill-informed  as  to  her  facts  ;  whilst  any 
judgment  she  might  have  had  was  liable 
to  be  distorted  by  the  King  Charles's 
Head  of  cruelty  to  animals,  including 
the  muzzling  order.  In  her  essays,  in- 
deed, Ouida  indulged  to  the  full  in  what 
she  called  v'  the  supreme  joy  of  saying 
the  truth  as  one  sees  it  "  ;  in  her  case, 
unfortunately,  this  was  usually  an  ill- 
balanced  view  of  events,  literature,  and 
politics.  It  would  have  been  better  not 
to  reprint  her  echoes  from  the  Kruger- 
bought  journals  of  the  Pro-Boer  Con- 
tinental press  such  as  this  : — 

"  I  am  told  that  the  Opposition  dare  not 
attack  Joe  on  account  of  the  tripotages  of 
Asquith  and  Campbell-Bannerman." 

Du  reste,  as  Ouida  would  say,  Miss  Lee 
has  performed  a  very  difficult  task  with 
abilitv  and  tact. 


On  the  Left  of  a  Throne  :  a  Personal  Study 
of  James,  Duke  of  Monmouth.  By 
Mrs.  Evan  Nepean.  (John  Lane. 
10s.  6d.  net.) 

We  have  spent  a  good  man}^  hours  very 
pleasantly,  with  the  frequent  tribute  of  a 
respectful  smile,  in  reading  and  re- 
reading these  brightly  written  and  at- 
tractively feminine  pages.  Mrs.  Nepean 
disclaims  any  idea  of  giving  a  complete 
biography  of  Monmouth,  and  the  reader 
must  therefore  not  expect  to  find  in  her 
"  study  "  any  fact  of  importance  regard- 
ing him  which  is  new  to  historical  students. 
Her  positive  design — in  the  working  out 
of  Avhich  she  has  been  assisted  by  a 
formidable  company  of  eminent  persons 
— has  been  to  give  Monmouth  wt  fair  play  " 
and  "  a  run  for  his  monej^  "  ;  and  this  she 
does,  not  only  as  a  devout  worshipper  of 
the  Stuarts,  but  also  as  a  fond  yet  discri- 
minating mother,  who  sometimes  finds 
her  wayward  child  "  adorable,"  and  at 
other  times  would  like  to  "  shake  him  for 
his  stupidity."' 

Great  as  are  the  pleasure — and  amuse- 
ment— which  we  can  promise  her  readers, 
we  feel  sure  that  Mrs.  Nepean  has  found 
equal  satisfaction  for  herself  in  the  course 
of  her  task.  Her  book  is,  indeed,  a 
revelation  of  herself  as  much  as  of 
Monmouth.  We  seem  to  see  her,  not 
labouring  austerely  at  her  desk,  but 
leaning  back  in  a  comfortable  chair  with 
her  feet  on  the  fender  stool,  discoursing 
out  of  her  abundance  to  some  eager  and 
not  too  critical  friend,  with  the  exclama- 
tions, parentheses,  sporting  phrases,  irre- 
levancies,  and  feminine  touches — "  laugh- 
ing till  she  cries  "  over  things  for  which 
we  cannot  raise  a  smile — which  would 
seem  out  of  place  if  we  regarded  her  book 
as  literature.  Epithets  come  trippingly 
to  the  tongue  in  the    circumstances    we 


have  imagined,  and  the  English  dictionary 
must  contain  few  applicable  to  her 
subject  which  have  not  been  brought 
into  service. 

In  an  intimate  causer ie  of  this  kind  we 
scarcely  expect  a  severe  exercise  of  the 
critical  faculty,  or  a  pedantic  attention  to' 
accuracy  ;  and  we  therefore  merely  note 
without  comment  that  Mrs.  Nepean  ap- 
pears to  regard  the  so-called  '  Memoirs  ' 
of  the  Baronne  d'Aulnoy — that  "  An- 
thony Hamilton  in  petticoats  " — (see  The 
Athenaeum  for  Aug.  16,  1913,  p.  153) 
as  having  authority ;  does  not  wholly 
reject  the  idea  that  Charles  II.  was 
poisoned  ;  asserts  that  History  has 
"  denied  sincerity  "  to  James  II. ;  more 
than  once  describes  William  III.  as  a 
"  Dutchman " ;  and  does  not  tell  us- 
upon  Avhat  grounds  she  calls  Dorothy 
Sidney,  Waller's  Saccharissa,  a  "  far- 
sighted  cat."  For  a  long  time  we  were 
almost  disappointed  at  not  meeting 
the  contemptuous  slap  at  the  present 
Government  which  experience  has  taught 
us  to  expect  in  works  of  this  class  ;  but 
it  duly  appears  near  the  top  of  p.  132. 

It  is  in  her  treatment  of  Monmouth's 
formal  and  loveless  marriage — "  the  hand- 
somest man  of  the  day  "  with  "  the  com- 
paratively plain  wife  "  ;  in  her  story  of 
the  genuine  and  most  affecting  devotion 
of  Monmouth  and  Henrietta  Wentworth. 
who  "  loved  one  another  wrongly  in  the 
right  way  " — a  sketch  drawn  with  true 
Avomanly  insight ;  in  her  touching  and 
forcible  description  of  the  real  dignity 
of  Monmouth's  behaviour  in  the  face  of 
death,  so  astonishingly  inconsistent  Avith 
his  bearing  while  life  was  still  possible  : 
it  is  in  these — though  somewhat  spun  out 
— that  the  reader  will  find  profit  no  less- 
than  entertainment.  As  regards  the  final 
scene,  we  feel  that  Mrs.  Nepean  would 
have  been  even  more  effective  had  she 
pressed  the  contrast  by  giving  full  play 
to.  the  shame  and  disgust  which,  as  a 
"  mother,"  she  obviously  feels,  though  it 
is  expressed  in  only  a  single  parenthetical 
exclamation,  at  Monmouth's  craven  aban- 
donment to  slaughter  of  the  single- 
minded  Western  folk  who  had  trusted 
him. 

In  her  own  fanciful  way  Mrs.  Nepean 
makes  the  most  of  the  pocket-book 
which  Avas  taken  from  Monmouth  AArhen 
he  was  dragged  from  his  ditch,  and  which 
she  thus  brings  before  our  eyes  : — 

"  The  little  slender  volume,  with  its  dark 
leather  coA'er,  lies  easily  between  the  palms, 
warm  and  smooth  ;  it  has  the  feeling  of  a 
handled  book,  one  that  has  been  a  man's 
intimate  companion.  In  such  a  book  there 
is  the  quality  of  the  right  kind  of  dog  ! 
It  might  have  been  drawn  a  moment  ago 
by  fine  '  Van  Dyck  '  fingers  from  a  laced 
coat,  and  handed  over  to  the  reader  with 
one  of  the  charming  smiles  which  we  be- 
grudge to  the  seventeenth  century.  Though 
its  clasps  are  broken  and  its  edges  stained, 
the  whole  presents  a  Avonderful  appearance 
of  youth  not  quite  to  be  described.  Could 
Monmouth,  the  ever  young,  bequeath  that 
gift  of  la  belle  jeunesse  to  his  inanimate 
possessions  ? .  .  .  .  This  book  has  been  wet 
through.  The  sudden  memory  of  a  dripping 
grey  July  morning  and  a  broken  man  at 
bay  must  be  shut  down  as  suddenly." 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  JE  U  M 


519 


The  portraiture  in  the  book  is  profuse. 
but  not  exhaustive.  .Mrs.  Xepean  tells 
us  that  she  lias  omitted  some  portraits 
as  being  well  known  :    but  she  has  other 

Sons.  She  leaves  out.  for  instance, 
the  exquisite  picture  at  Knebworth  be- 
cause she  does  not  regard  it  as  like  .Mon- 
mouth, while  admitting  that  there  is  the 
greatest  dissimilarity  among  all  the  por- 
traits, and  at  the  same  time  that  this 
particular  one  is  like  the  Montagu  House 
miniature  of  his  mother.  Had  she  also 
the  reason  that  it  resembles  Robert 
Sidney,  whose  paternity — so  probable  to 
us — she  will  have  none  of  i  Why  does  she 
not  give  Sidney  "  fair  play  "  and  "  a  run 
for  his  money  "  by  including  the  Althorp 
portrait  '.  Why.  too,  though  much  is 
-aid  of  Monmouth's  mother,  is  there  no 
picture  of  her,  not  even  the  beautiful  one 
from  Knebworth  ? 

Mrs.  Xepean  has  shown  the  greatest 
industry  in  tracing  the  genealogies  of 
the  Scott  and  Wentworth  families,  and  has 
given  excellent  character-sketches  of  Anne 
Scott.  Henrietta,  and  their  respective 
mothers.  We  must  not  forget  to  add 
that  she  has  adorned  her  book  or  rhapsody 
— and  we  use  the  word  "  adorned  "'  ad- 
visedly— with  many  graceful  expressions 
of  her  feelings  in  verse. 


itself 


a   legac\ 


SOCIAL  AXD  CHRISTIAN  IDEALS. 


A  democracy  is  the  natural  home  of 
Pragmatism.  Where  sovereignty  resides 
in  the  common  people,  and  every  exer- 
cise of  it  reacts  directly  upon  its  pos- 
sessors, it  is  quite  natural  that  everything 
should  be  judged  by  the  touchstone  of 
results.  Consequently  the  failure  of  the 
Churches  of  the  Ignited  States  to  attune 
the  life  of  the  country  to  the  ethical 
system  of  Christianity,  and  the  gradual 
alienation  of  the  working-classes  from 
the  religious  bodies,  have  given  rise  to 
great  searching  of  heart  among  American 
divines,  and  to  the  formation  of  a  modern- 
ist school  of  thought,  of  which  Prof. 
Smith  is  a  brilliant,  and  Prof.  Coffin  a 
more  commonplace,  exponent. 

Prof.  Smith,  in  '  Social  Idealism  and  the 
Changing  Theology."  sees  only  one  hope 
for  the  Church,  and  that  hope  lies  in  her 
adoption  of  an  intelligent,  sympathetic, 
and,  above  all,  energetic  attitude  towards 
the  social  problems  of  the  age.  The 
strength  of  the  Church  is  not  in  doctrine, 
but  in  service.  But  though  no  other  age 
has  produced  such  a  maze  of  complicated 
and  urgent  problems  as  the  scientific, 
industrial  age  in  which  we  live,  hardly 
ever  was  the  Church  more  apathetic  to 
the  demands  of  the  situation.  Prof. 
Smith  attributes  this  to  the  fact  that 
accepted    theology   has    not  yet    divested 

Soci"I  Idealism  ",■'/  tin   Changing  Theology. 
Bv Gerald  Birney Smith.  (Macmulan  &  <  '<>■, 

S  .   '"/.  net.) 

The  Socialized  Cot  By  Joseph  Her- 

ache]  Coffin.  (Baltimore, Warw  ick  &  York.) 

i  /.-  ing  tht   Social  Order.     By  Walter 

Rauachenbusch.  (Macmillan  A  < '".,  fy,  <\<l. 
net.) 


of  that  other-worklliness  which  is 
of  the  early  Church.  The  earth 
is  mans  home,  and  OUT  task  is  to  make 
it  a  worthy  home.  Yet  theChurch  has  no 
large  programme  ;  at  the  best  it  confines 
itself  to  a  moreor  less  weak  distribution  of 
charity. 

"  But  the  modern  mind  [remarks  Prof. 
Smith]  would  rather  do  homage  to  a  .lane 
Addams  directing  the  expenditure  of  a  few 
billion  dollars  with  which  to  reconstruct 
our  slums  and  to  provide  medical  ministry 
and  recreational  opportunities  for  the  chil- 
dren who  are  now  aged  before  their  youth  is 
over.  .  .  .To  defraud  men  and  women  of  their 
rightful  opportunities  to  achieve  for  them- 
selves the  things  needful  for  a  wholesome  life, 
and  then  to  attempt  to  supply  these  needs 
by  some  form  of  charity  or  benevolence, 
is  a  distinctly  unmoral  proceeding." 

In  the  Middle  Ages  the  Church  had  its 
finger  upon  every  artery  of  human  life 
and  experience.  It  controlled  scholar- 
ship, it  pronounced  the  deciding  word  in 
politics,  it  regulated  many  phases  of 
economic  life.  But  one  by  one  these 
things  have  been  snatched  from  its  grip. 
Scholarship,  politics,  industry,  have  all 
been  secularized,  and  the  tendency  now 
is  to  secularize  ethics.  If  the  Church, 
which  should  be  the  guardian  of  ethical 
doctrine,  remains  passive  in  the  face  of 
the  moral  problems  created  by  our 
industrial  system,  then  those  problems 
will  be  attacked  and  solved  without  her 
aid. 

It  is  this  secularization  of  the  most 
intimate  sphere  of  Church  work  that 
Prof.  Smith  fears,  and  to  prevent  it  he 
urges  the  adoption  of  a  comprehensive 
policy  for  social  regeneration.  We  think 
that  we  are  not  misinterpreting  him 
when  we  say  that  he,  like  Prof.  Coffin, 
would  be  inclined  to  lay  greater  stress 
upon  the  regeneration  of  society  than 
on  its  regeneration  by  the  Church. 
Bagehot  explained  the  English  Constitu- 
tion as  the  union  of  a  dignified  part,  the 
Crown,  and  an  efficient  part,  the  Cabinet. 
The  duty  of  the  dignified  part  is  to  attract 
reverence  and  loyalty  ;  that  of  the  effi- 
cient part  to  do  the  actual  work.  A 
similar  idea,  though  unrealized,  seems  to 
lie  at  the  back  of  this  movement  among 
the  Churches  of  the  United  States.  The 
religious  part  is  to  attract  loyalty  which 
may  be  used  in  the  actual  work  of  social 
regeneration. 

.Much  of  the  apathy  of  the  modern 
Church  is  certainly  due  to  doubt,  to  in- 
ability to  believe  the  prescribed  dogmas. 
How  can  the  clergyman  or  minister  whose 
own  soul  is  full  of  doubts  take  a  strong 
line  of  aggression  \  Prof.  Smith  well 
explains  the  cause  of  this  situation,  and 
suggests  a  remedy  in  the  frank  acceptance 
of  the  historical  method.  The  .Middle 
Ages  he  regards  as  a  period  of  tuition, 
when  the  barbarian  sat,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Church  to  receive  the  revealed  wisdom 
of  antiquity.  Since  this  wisdom  was 
so   much   superior  to  anything   which    the 

Middle  Ages  could  produce,  it  was  natural 

to  appeal  to  it    as  to  the  best. and   thus  to 
accept     tradition    as    the    guide    of    truth. 

But  science  has  enabled  as  to  surpass  the 

wisdom  of  the  ancients,  and  in  the  vigour 


of  our  own  Strength  we  should  appeal,  not 
to  tradition,  but  to  reason.  The  Church, 
however,  has  thus  far  judged  critical  work 
in  theology,  not  from  the  point  of  view  ol 
the  soundness  of  its  method,  hut  from 
the  point  of  view  of  its  conformity  with 
Biblical  doctrine.  This  attitude  has  given 
rise,  for  instance,  to  attempts  to  reconcile 
evolution  with  the  hist  chapter  of  Genesis, 

which  Prof.  Smith  discredits.  He  advo- 
cates a  whole-hearted  acceptance  of  the 
scientific  method. 

Prof.  Smith's  book  shows  power  and 
vitality.  He  has  an  excellent  style, 
and  his  outlook  is  strongly  optimistic. 
Scarcely  so  much  can  be  said  for  Prof. 
Coffin.  His  writing  in  'The  Socialized 
Conscience'  is  somewhat  heavy,  and  his 
attitude  less  well-defined  than  that  of 
Prof.  Smith.  He  presents  the  problems 
of  our  social  life  but  briefly,  saying  that 
they  may  all  be  solved  if  we  have  the 
knowledge  how  to  solve  them  and  the 
goodwill  to  put  that  knowledge  into  effect. 
But  we  scarcely  needed  a  professor  from 
America  to  tell  us  that. 


Two  lecture  courses  provided  the  nucleus 
for  Prof.  Ptauschenbusch's  volume  '  Chris- 
tianising the  Social  Order,"  and  the  lec- 
ture style  is  mainly  retained,  with  the 
result  that  the  orderly  arrangement 
appropriate  to  works  on  sociological 
questions  is  lost  in  well-meaning,  but 
discursive  elocpuence  of  no  permanent 
value.  Prof.  Rauschenbusch's  basis  of 
principles  is  not  definite,  and  seems 
occasionally  contradictory  ;  he  identifies 
the  moral  sense  of  humanity  with  Chris- 
tianity throughout  the  book,  e.g.  : — 

"  Christianising  the  social  order  means 
bringing  it  into  harmony  with  the  ethical 
convictions  which  we  identify  with  Christ. 
A  fairly  definite  body  of  moral  convictions 
has  taken  shape  in  modern  humanity.  They 
express  our  collective  conscience,  our  work- 
ing religion ....  We  demand  that  the  moral 
sense  of  humanity  shall  be  put  in  control 
and  shall  be  allowed  to  reshape  the  institu- 
tions of  social  life." 

Again,  with  regard  to  Socialism  Prof. 
Kauschenbuseh  seems  undecided.  He  re- 
gards it  as  i;  one  of  the  chief  powers  of 
the  coming  age,"  and  thinks  that  all 
reformers  must  take  leaves  from  the 
Socialist  book,  yet  elsewhere  he  says  that 
there 
'"is  no   way   of   taking   the   wind   out    of   the 

sails  of  die  Socialist  ship  except  to  aail 
alongside  of  it  in  the  same  direction." 

He  confuses  Socialism  with  the  views  of 
individual  Socialists  ;  the  essential  Social- 
ism is  economic,  but  he  ascribes  to  it 
atheism   and    theories  of   fr<  e    love    and 

deprecates  its  adherence  to  a  materialistic 
philosophy  On  account  of  its  anticlerical- 
ism,  identifying  that  word  with  anti- 
religion.     The  economic   basis  on    which 

Socialism     builds    is    misundersl 1     '•» 

imply  that  all  life  consists  ot  economics 
with'  no  moral  ideals,  ye1  'he  author 
himself  agrees  that  there  must  he  a  mate- 
rial foundation  when  he  remarks  thai 
the  social   order   must    Bupply   men  w  ith 

food,  warmth,  and  comfort.      Although  he 


520 


T  PI  E     A  T  HENiEUM 


No.  4511,  Apeil  11,  1914 


wishes  to  eliminate  profits  and  abolish 
capitalism,  his  remedies  and  apprecia- 
tions are  directed  towards  social  reform 
rather  than  Socialism. 

There  is  an  evident  wish  to  he  fair 
s'lown  throughout  the  book,  and  common 
s  snse  and  eloquent  pleading  are  mingled 
with  worn-out  theories  and  doctrines. 


Theodore  Roosevelt  :  an  Autobiography. 
With  Illustrations.  (Macmillan  &  Co., 
10s.  U.  net.) 

Despite    a   widespread    opinion    to     the 
contrary,  Mr.  Roosevelt  would  be  the  last 
man  to  lay  claim  to  special  genius  of  any 
sort.     In   the   present   book,    in   fact,   he 
explains  somewhat  fully,  for  the  encour- 
agement   of    others,   that    his    success  is 
the  result  of  purpose  and  painstaking  in 
the  use  of  quite  ordinary  powers.      This 
exponent  of  the  strenuous  life  did  not  even 
make  a  good  start  physically,  having  been, 
as  babe  and  small  boy,  a  precarious  and 
difficult    weakling   of   the   kind    that   the 
straiter  sect  of  the  eugenists  are  believed 
to  regard  as  an  untoward   phenomenon. 
He     tells     how    his    father    ("  the     best 
man  I    ever    knew  ")    carried    him  about 
the    room    at    night,   to    give    him    ease 
or  keep   him   alive,  and  speaks   of  being 
taken    to    live    in    this    place    and   that 
for    a    better  chance    of  breathing.     But 
though  the  purpose  and  painstaking  by 
which  he  got  over  his  earliest  difficulties 
were    thus    mainly    exercised    by    others, 
there   was    still    enough  left   for    him    to 
do  before   he  made  himself  the  man  the 
world    knows.     As    he    went    on    he    dis- 
covered no  particular  vocation  for  any  one 
of  thoss  healthful  activities — from  broncho 
riding   and    big  -  game    shooting   to    cow- 
punching   and  prize-fighting — which  con- 
duced   so    notably    in    his    case    to    that 
"bodily  vigor"    now  authoritatively  pre- 
scribed by  him  to  all  as  a  method  of  getting 
"  that   vigor  of   soul    without  which   the 
vigor  of  the  body  counts  for  nothing."     It 
is  not  strictly  accurate,  perhaps,  to  name 
prize-fighting   as   among    the    careers   in 
which  he  achieved  success.     That  is  rather 
a  discipline  of  which  he  has  partaken  than 
a  profession  he  has  followed.     But  he  tells 
us  so  much  about  his  boxing,  and  the  men 
of  mighty  prowess  with  whom  he  trained 
(or,  shall  we  say,  took  extra  lessons  ?),  and 
with  whom  he  stood  on  terms  of  hearty 
friendship,  that  we  find  it  almost  as  diffi- 
cult as  he  does  to  keep  things  separate. 
Besides,  he  would  be  the  last  statesman  in 
America  to  claim  to  be  a  better  man  or 
citizen  than  some  of  the  prize-fighters  he 
lias  known. 

But  success,  after  all,  is  not  necessarily 
an  affair  of  special,  and,  so  to  say,  sectional 
faculty  and  endowment.  It  would  seem  that 
there  is  something  compelling  in  the  total 
personal  result  of  qualities  each  individu- 
ally common  in  its  kind  and  degree. 
There  is  genius — "  or  something  very  like 
it"  —  in  the  power  which  some  men 
have  to  impress  themselves  on  the  world, 
though  their  path  through  life  may  re-echo 
with    accusations    of    commonplaceness. 


Finally,  if  it  is  characteristic  of  genius  to 
be  like  itself  alone,  then  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
claim  to  the  title  is  indisputable.  There 
is  no  mistaking  him  for  another,  though 
people  have  once  or  twice  mistaken  what 
he  meant.  His  sign-manual  is  on  all  his 
work,  his  indefeasible  accent  on  every 
word  he  utters.  Were  he  to  throw  a  stone 
through  a  shop  window  at  midnight,  it 
would  be  no  use  trying  to  prove  that  he 
was  at  home  in  bed  when  that  accident 
happened. 

Regarding  the  Autobiography  before  us, 
then,  the  most  adequate  thing  that  can  be 
said  in  a  sentence  is,  that  it  illustrates  the 
author's  individuality  and  abundance  in 
a  way  which  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired. 
Half-way  down  the  first  page  of  the  Fore- 
word we  are  already  in  the  thick  of  the 
well-known  Roosevelt  testimony  to  the 
claims  of  public  duty  and  domestic  virtue. 
We  would  not  be  suspected  to  say  this  in 
mockerv.  Those  who  affect  to  resrard  that 
testimony  humorously — and  the  homme 
rnoyen  litter  aire,  we  are  afraid,  is  apt  to  be 
of  the  number — do  not  sufficiently  bear  in 
mind  that  there  are  thousands  of  entirely 
worthy  people  who  feel  that  they  are  the 
better  for  it,  and  still  more  that  their 
neighbours  need  it  badly.  As  a  manifesta- 
tion of  abundance,  again,  the  book 
commands  our  astonishment.  Produced 
rapidly  as  election  literature,  or  else  as 
a  means  of  working  -  off  the  surplus 
energy  which  an  unsatisfactory  campaign 
had  failed  to  absorb,  it  runs  to  well  over  a 
quarter  of  a  million  words,  every  one  of 
which  is  in  a  context  vividty  or  strongly 
written,  and  concerned  with  acts  and  actu- 
alities, declarations  and  ideas,  to  which  no 
student  of  contemporary  history  can  be 
indifferent.  Nor  need  one  be  a  student 
in  order  to  enjoy  and  profit  by  this  wealth 
of  discourse.  For,  apart  from  the  fact 
that  much  of  the  book  appeals  directly  to 
the  universal  human  interest  in  personal 
adventure  and  exploit,  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
frequent  expositions  of  his  own  moral  and 
political  philosophy  are  always  such  as  the 
average  honest  citizen  can  understand  and 
respond  to. 

The  account  of  his  pedigree,  relations, 
and  childhood  should  be  of  immediate 
concern  to  these,  but  it  has  its  perplex- 
ities for  the  reader  with  a  little  history. 
Ten  years  ago  The  Athenaeum  queried  the 
statement  that  Mr.  Roosevelt's  uncle  was 
the  builder  of  the  Alabama.  It  is  now 
repeated,  without  limiting  phrase,  or  the 
slightest  reference  to  Laird  &  Sons,  and  is 
reinforced  by  the  information  that  his 
other  uncle  Bulloch  was  a  midshipman  on 
board  that  questionable  craft,  and  fired 
the  last  gun  in  her  battle  with  the  Kear- 
sarge.  The  worst  of  the  laxity  of  the  first 
statement  is  that  it  hinders  you  from  being 
properly  impressed  by  the  second,  and 
may  even  (so  subversive  is  the  spirit  of 
doubt  when  once  it  enters)  lead  you  to 
wonder  whether  his  dear  Uncle  Jimmy  was 
"  a  veritable  Colonel  Newcome  "  after  all. 
We  are  on  surer  ground  in  the  chapter 
entitled  '  The  Vigor  of  Life,'  which  gives 
the  history  of  his  own  conquest  of  vigour, 
with  valuable  excursions  by  the  way  on 
what  to  do  in  presence  of  a  charging  lion 


or  rhinoceros.  Mr.  Roosevelt  has  been 
vigorous  himself,  and — as  head  of  the  New 
York  police,  and  later  as  President — a 
cause  of  vigour  in  others.  Thereby  hang 
some  amusing  tales,  and  such  character- 
istic avowals  as  {re  a  Y.M.C.A.),  "  I  don't 
like  to  see  young  Christians  with  shoulders 
that  slope  like  a  champagne  bottle."  Nor 
was  this  such  irrelevant  training  for  poli- 
tical life  as  some  might  suppose.  The 
very  next  chapter  is  entitled  *  In  Practical 
Politics.'  Aged  24,  he  is  already  a  leading 
member  of  the  New  York  Legislature 
(having,  as  was  said,  "  broken  into  the 
party  organization  with  a  jimmy  "),  and 
prepares  for  business  in  committee  on  an 
important  occasion  by  quietly  loosening 
the  leg  of  a  broken  chair,  and  "  putting  it 
down  beside  me  wiiere  it  was  not  visible, 
but  could  be  got  at  in  a  hurry  if  necessary." 

The  incident,  be  it  said,  generalizes  one's 
sense  of  a  large  section  of  this  massive 
and  crowded  volume.  As  member  of 
Assembly,  as  chief  of  police,  as  Governor 
of  his  State,  and  as  President  of  the  Re- 
public— phases  of  life  and  work  each 
treated  with  the  anecdotic  and  declaratory 
abundance  "  which  is  his  "  (to  borrow  a 
favourite  locution  from  these  pages) — Mr. 
Roosevelt  seems  to  be  always  striving 
honestly  to  make  reason  and  righteousness 
prevail,  but  to  be  doing  so  in  a  room  where 
a  loose  chair-leg  is  no  irrelevant  part  of  a 
well-prepared  argument.  Concerning  the 
whole  milieu  of  American  political  life  as 
here  presented  to  us,  the  least  uncivil 
thing  that  can  be  said  is  that  it  probably 
does  not  seem  so  comprehensively  objec- 
tionable to  those  whose  native  air  it  is. 
Something  also  must  be  allowed  for  the 
fact  that  the  biography  of  a  reformer  is 
not  an  account  of  his  dealings  with  the 
saints  and  the  sages.  But,  to  speak  only 
of  the  impression  left  in  us,  raffishness, 
predaciousness,  and  acquired  moral  idiocy 
(each  in  varying  degrees)  seem  to  charac- 
terize a  crowd  of  the  denizens  of  that 
jungle  ;  and  the  description,  we  are 
afraid,  applies  not  only  to  those  against 
whom,  but  also  to  some  of  those  with 
whom,  Mr.  Roosevelt  has  done  his  redoubt- 
able day's  work  for  his  country.  The 
substantial  value  of  the  whole  amount  so 
done  cannot  be  intelligently  questioned, 
even  by  those  who  question  most  loudly 
the  delicatesse,  as  Whitman  would  say,  of 
some  of  his  personal  and  political  associa- 
tions. 

To  these  and  other  criticisms  there  are 
excursive  replies  at  frequent  intervals,  for, 
of  course,  the  book  is  as  much  an  apologia 
as  an  account.  The  apologia  is  generally 
well  made  out,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
Mr.  Roosevelt's  action  towards  Colombia 
in  regard  to  Panama  and  the  Canal  zone. 
His  approval  of  the  proposed  tolls  hardly 
seems  an  issue  of  his  own  character,  or  in 
keeping  with  his  intelligence  ;  but  at 
least  he  Avould  let  the  question  go  to 
arbitration.  Regarding  his  unlucky 
declaration  on  the  subject  of  a  third-term 
Presidency,  his  argument  labours  as  it 
does  nowhere  else.  Clearly  the  declara- 
tion was  a  rhetorical  blunder,  and  was 
made  doubly  binding  by  the  perverse 
emphasis  which  inserted  the  words  "  in  no 


No.  4511,  April  11.   1914 


THE    AT II  E  N  M  U  M 


f>21 


oircumstances  whatever "  while  Leaving 
out  the  aaving  word  "  oonseoutive.1 
Taking  Mr.  Roosevelt's  present  explanation 
oi  his  meaning  we  can  only  say  that  his- 
tory would  be  ransacked  in  vain  for  BUOh 
another  instance  of  a  public  declaration 
carefully  planned  and  badly  drafted.  But 
if  in  this  affair  he  made  a  big  blunder,  he 
has  made  many  better  things  that  are 
bigger  still,  just  as  that  home-virtuous 
passion  of  his  which  makes  us  smile,  and 
that  faculty  for  unselect  friendships  which 
perhaps  makes  others  wee]),  are  small 
matters  when  set  beside  the  vigour  and 
directness  of  his  intelligence. 

Altogether  the  book  is  a  real  autobio- 
graphy, being  entirely  like  the  writer  of  it. 
It  is  plethoric  with  good  matter.  "  always 
interesting  and  often  entertaining  '*  (like 
the  doings  in  the  New  York  Legislature), 
but  by  its  very  variety  and  abundance 
baffling  to  a  reviewer.  That  will  not  be 
felt  as  a  draw  back  by  the  reader  at  leisure, 
to  whom  therefore  the  book  is  confidently 
commended  as  a  substantial  possession. 


imagine, 
generation 


FELLOWSHIP    BOOKS. 

The  '"  Fellowship  Books  "'  are  described 
as  "  a  new  contribution  by  various 
writers  toward  the  expression  of  the 
Human  Ideal  and  Artistic  Faith  of  our 
own  day."'  and  roughly,  we 
represent  the  ideas  of  the 
now  active  in  impressing  itself  on  the 
thought  and  art  of  the  twentieth  century. 
The  writers  of  the  series  differ  con- 
siderably in  age  and  standpoint,  and  the 
editor  does  not  seem  to  have  imposed 
any  limitations  on  their  style  and  outlook. 
This  is,  perhaps,  wise  ;  still,  it  may  seem 
odd  to  some  who  despise  Latin  and  Greek, 
and  know  German  to  be  a  rare  acquire- 
ment, to  find  all  three  used  for  illustration 
and  ornament.  The  very  variety  of  out- 
look revealed  is  characteristic  of  the 
present  day.  It  is  difficult  to  find  com- 
mon ground  between  the  writers  of  these 
books.  Xot  all  of  them  believe  in  God, 
and  perhaps  the  most  prominent  feature 
i-  th<-  use  of  mythology,  old  and  new  .  We 
note  also  an  evident  desire  for  distinction 
in  prose  where  the  books  are  not  the 
work  of  pens  already  known  for  their 
accomplishment.  The  manner  of  the  mes- 
'■n)s  in  some  cases  more  important 
than  the  matter.  Yet  there  is  no  room 
for  writing  off  the  point,  since  some 
sixty  pages  of  clear  and  comely  print — 
the  average  length  of  the  books  before  as 
— are  not  much  for  the  discussion  of  BUCh 
themes  a-  'Love'  and  'Nature.1  We 
expect,  then,  a  bare  outline  which  is  BUg- 
"ive  rather  than  satisfying. 

We  take  firsl  the  two  attempt-  to  bring 

a     little     philosophy     before     the     inexpert 

FeUotoship  Books  : — 
The  Meaning  of  Life.     ByW.  L.  Courtney, 
Poetry.     By  Arthur  Quiller-Couch. 
/."■  ■ .     By  <  lilbert  *  'annan. 

Satan.      By  William   II.   Davi<    . 

I  ■  <  9.     By  Eleanor  Farjeon. 
1'1'nii ,  -.     I'.v  .1.  Foord. 

(B.  T.  Batsford,  la.  net  each.) 


public.  .Mr.  Courtney  and  Sir  Quiller- 
Couoh  both  offer  a  sound  foundation  for 
further  thought  or  research,  instead  of 
trying  to  achieve  that  odd  thing — an  ency- 
clopedic primer.  Writing  with  ease  and 
grace,  and  avoiding  the  little  demon  of 
Pedantry  who  whispers  in  so  many 
scholarly  ears,  both  are  lucid  and  attrac- 
tive. .Mr.  Courtney  explains  the  main 
cleavage  between  the  rival  systems  of 
.Materialism  and  Idealism,  and.  getting 
away  from  that  theoretical  adhesion  to 
beliefs  which  renders  the  work  of  many 
teachers  ineffective,  speaks  in  his  own 
person  of  the  necessity  for  making  up 
one's  mind  on  one's  attitude  to  the  Uni- 
verse as  one  gets  on  in  years.  A  man 
ought,  Mr.  Courtney  says.  "  to  be  able  to 
give  an  account  of  the  faith  which  is  in 
him,  based  on  and  tested  by  his  own 
experience."  The  little  book,  admirably 
free  from  dogmatism,  examines  some  of 
the  fundamental  beliefs  involved  in  a 
philosophic  conception  of  the  world  of 
good  and  evil,  and  decides  in  favour  of 
Dualism  as  against  Monism.  Mr.  Court- 
ney is  fair  to  both  sides  in  his  argument, 
and  less  open  to  attack  than  many  writers 
are  who  seek  to  summarize. 

Sir  Quiller-Couch  deliberately  sets  aside 
questions  of  technique  and  definition, 
and,  beginning  with  Plato,  warns  the 
reader  that  he  is  going  to  be  philosophic. 
He  shows  that  poetry  is  "an  instrument 
for  reconciling  man's  inward  harmony 
with  the  great  outer  harmony  of  the 
Universe,"  and,  on  the  whole,  the  best 
instrument  in  this  imperfect  world.  The 
claims  of  music  are  discussed  in  an  inter- 
esting passage,  and  several  wrell-chosen 
quotations  show  what  poetry  is,  or  should 
be.  The  Professor  is  witty,  and  occa- 
sionally, perhaps,  led  off  his  subject  by 
his  wit  ;  but  his  little  book  is  a  success. 
It  would,  however,  be  too  much  to  expect, 
that  it  will  influence  the  large  and  increas- 
ing class  of  persons  who  imagine  poetry 
to  be  merely  a  way  of  putting  things 
cleverly  with  the  aid  of  rhymes  and 
a  good  vocabulary. 

Mr.  Caiman  views  'Love'  from  the 
point  of  view  of  a  man,  a  conscious 
artist  who  is  always  expressing  himself, 
and  he  traces  with  a  good  deal  of  force 
and  fervour  the  influence  of  married  life, 
children,  friendship,  and  death.  A  born 
romantic  with  a  gift  of  imagination 
beyond  his  fellows,  and  so  not  easily 
understood,  this  man  sees  the  path  of 
life  as  full  of  gold  and  dirt,  and  goes 
through  a  series  of  crises  till  he  acquires 
the  thing  that  sets  him  right  with  the 
world.  That  is  not  religion,  but  humour. 
Mx. Carman  speaks  bitterly  of  the  humbug 

of  religion.      Here  and  elsewhere  he  is.  we 
think,    less    than    just.      But     his    book    is 
finely  written  ;    its  scorn  and  its  insighl 
are  alike  memorable. 
Mr.  Davies  gives  a  purely  personal  view 

of  "  Nature."  his  own  experiences  when  he 

was   inhabiting  a    lonely  cottage   in   the 

OOUntry,  and — since  in  his  earlier  life  he 
had  been  incurious  about  bird,  beast .  and 
flower — making  a  series  of  discoveries. 
The  book    has    all   hifl    gifts    of    direct i 


and  simplicity.  He  sees  for  himself,  and 
does  not  hesitate  to  tell  us  what  he  sees. 
Thus,  in  spite  of  a  host  of  poets,  he  speaks 
of  the  "golden  faces  "  of  primroses;  and 
in  spite  of  the  world  of  today,  he  advises 
authors  to  take  a  delight  in  solitude.  This 
would  hardly  suit  the  vast  company  of 
them  who  live  within  the  London  cab 
radius,  and  prate  of  Nature  and  the  simple 
life  in  the  clubs,  and  incidentally  arrange 
for  good  notices  of  their  books.  Mr. 
Davies  delights  in  children,  but  is 
obviouslv  depressed  by  the  scandal  Society 
talks  :— 

'  I  can't  say  thai  I  enjoy  human  society, 
although  I  like  to  he  thought  well  of.  and  to 
leave  a  good  impression  wherever  I  go.  It 
•lives  me  greater  joy  to  he  alone  in  a  meadow 

than  to  l>e  surrounded  by  my  kind,  even 
when  I  know  for  certain  that  1  am  with  truo 
friends  who  are  devoted  to  me." 

Several  charming  little  poems  vary  the 
simple  prose  of  this  volume. 

Miss  Eleanor  Farjeon  is,  alas  !  anything 
but  simple  on  the  subject  of  '  Trees.'  She 
begins  by  explaining  :  '  I  know  nothing 
whatever  about  trees.  If  I  did,  I  would 
be  writing  of  any  other  matter."  She 
talks  of  the  pedantry  of  textbooks,  and 
goes  on  : — 

"But  when  I  speak  of  that  I  do  not  know, 
I  show  my  pedants  a  pair  of  heels.  Perseus 
sandalled,  with  a  golden  feather  of  fancy  and 
the  blue  wing  of  a  dream  ;  and  I  rise  wiiere 
they  cannot  follow,  way  they  their  heads 
never  so  wisely,  sitting  spectacled  in  a  ditch.'' 

This  sort  of  fantastic  writing  seems  to  us 
unnatural,  and  we  really  cannot  endorse 
the  easy  paradox  that  any  one  who  has 
studied  a  subject  has  lost  his  power  of 
dealing  with  it  imaginatively,  or  making 
those  discoveries  about  it  which  are 
beyond,  and  possibly  above,  reason.  Is 
'  The  Woodlanders."  for  instance — the 
first  book  we  should  think  of,  though  it  is 
not  mentioned  here — less  true  to  nature 
and  art  because  Mr.  Hardy  has  studied 
trees  as  few  men  have  done  before  or 
since  ? 

The  book  is  largely  occupied  with 
legendary  stories  of  Chronos  and  Pan, 
and  others.  We  find  also  a  comparison 
between  Shakespeare's  garden  and  forest 
comedies  which  is  ingenious,  but  hardly 
convincing ;  and  such  comments  on  tree- 
names  as  this  : — 

"Cypress  is  a  veiled  whisper,  Elm  a  low, 
full  murmur;  and  if  Acacia  is  the  hush  of 
the  wind.  Sycamore  is  its  wailing  siL'h." 

The  present  reviewer  finds  the  book  dis- 
appointing, but  perhaps  he  is  disqualified 
by  pedantic  Btudy,  for  his  interest    in  the 

subject  once  led  to  the  suggestion,  "  Be 
von  in  the  timber  trade,  then  I 

In  writing  on  "  Flowers  '  .1.  Foord 
seems  to  us  too  mannered  in  style,  but 
not  to  the  extent  revealed  in  the  last  book. 
Early  knowledge  is  commended  of  the 
sort    which    is   gained    in    the   fields,    for   it 

leads   on    to    more.    The  generalizations 

as  to  colour  and  habitat  are  usually 
sound,  though  not  true  of  all  districts; 
and   in  such  advice  as  is  L'lveu   good   ta-te 

is  shown.    The  attractions  of  old  English 

names    and     of    (lowers    ol     the     East     an! 


522 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


pleasantly  dwelt  on  ;  but  we  must  object 
to  the  statement  that  "  milkwort,  a  little 
Cruciferse,  was  the  '  cross  '  flower."  Milk- 
wort does  not  belong  to  the  Cruciferse  ; 
it  has  an  order  to  itself  ;  and  is  it  correct 
to  speak  of  "a  cross-bearing  plants  "  ? 
The  violet  of  Athens  was  hardly,  we  think, 
the  one  we  know,  but  something  more 
substantial  in  size.  The  punning  title 
of  Parkinson's  famous  book  is  long  and 
awkward  to  shorten,  but  we  cannot  call 
it  '  Paradisi,'  leaving  a  friendless  genitive 
to  stand  by  itself. 

In  the  chapter  '  Of  our  Own  Flowers  ' 
rosemary  is  included,  with  its  use  in 
funerals  and  weddings,  but  the  reason  for 
it  is  not  explained.  Ophelia  and  Perdita 
give  the  right  hint,  for  they  both  connect 
it  with  remembrance.  Parkinson  even 
tells  us  that  the  "  oyle  Chymically 
drawne "  from  rosemary  is  used  "  to 
strengthen  the  memory." 


Essays  on  Truth  and  Reality.  By  F.  H. 
Bradley.  (Oxford,  Clarencion  Press, 
12s.  Qd.  net.) 

Dr.  Bradley  for  some  years  past  has 
enjoyed  all  the  advantages  and  disadvan- 
tages of  being  an  established  institution. 
Any  one  can  fling  a  stray  stone  at  him 
without  doing  him  harm  ;  he  is  as  far 
beyond  the  reach  of  casual  criticism  as  he 
is  beyond  the  need  of  casual  praise.  But 
at  the  same  time  his  position  invites 
organized  attack,  and  against  such  attack 
he  has  a  wide  area  to  defend  ;  a  diligent 
person  can  always  be  finding  a  fault  here 
and  an  obscurity  there.  He  is  therefore 
constantly  forced  to  reply  without  con- 
sulting his  own  wishes,  and  to  give  to  con- 
troversy what  is  meant  for  mankind.  But 
what  a  pleasure  it  is  to  read  even  his  most 
controversial  work  !  What  a  relief  to  turn 
to  its  severe  concentration  and  scrupu- 
lous honesty  from  those  modern  writers 
who  are  topical  at  the  expense  of  thorough- 
ness, and  attractive  at  the  expense  of 
truth  ! 

Only  about  a  fifth  part  of  this  book  is 
absolutely  new.  Of  the  rest,  one  chapter 
was  published  not  long  ago  in  The 
Philosophical  Review,  one  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Aristotelian  Society,  and 
the  others  have  appeared  in  Mind,  with 
two  or  three  exceptions,  within  the  last 
five  or  six  years,  and  are  already  known 
to  students  of  philosophy.  Like  the  new 
part,  they  are  all  illustrations  of  the 
author's  theory  of  ultimate  Reality.  Their 
unity  is  unity  of  subject.  They  show  Dr. 
Bradley  elucidating  and  restating  such 
parts  of  his  earlier  works  as  now 
appear  to  himself  in  some  way  imperfect, 
and  at  the  same  time  replying  to  the 
copious  criticisms  of  his  opponents.  Of 
substantial  change  there  is  very  little, 
though  there  is  some  shifting  of  emphasis. 

The  Pragmatist  controversy  takes  up  a 
good  deal  of  the  book  —more  indeed,  as  Dr. 
Bradley  tells  us,  than  its  place  in  his 
thoughts  warrants ;  but  no  one  will  regret 


it.     It  is  as  good  a  basis  of  discussion  as  any 
other,  and  one  must  begin  somewhere. 

It  is  interesting  to  see  exactly  how  far 
he  goes  in  his  attempt  to  find  common 
ground  with  the  other  side.  In  '  Co- 
herence and  Contradiction  '  he  definitely 
says  :  "  Those  who  teach  the  implication 
of  all  sides  of  our  being  with  and  in  what 
we  call  thought,  deny  no  doctrine  held  by 
me."  This  is  hardly  the  "  intellectual- 
ism  "  which  is  usually  "  cold."  Again  he 
says  :  "  The  whole  of  our  knowledge  may 
be  said  to  depend  upon  immediate  ex- 
perience. At  bottom  the  Real  is  what  we 
feel,  and  there  is  no  reality  outside  of  feel- 
ing." Is  this  the  bogy  "  rationalism  "  ? 
These  statements,  it  may  be  observed,  are 
not  a  revolution  in  idealism,  though  they 
are  as  definitely  a  protest  against  an 
undue  abstraction  on  that  side  as  are  many 
of  the  commonplaces  of  Pragmatist  criti- 
cism. Abstraction  and  false  absolutism 
on  any  side  are  the  enemy,  whether  it  be 
the  abstraction  of  change  as  real  in  itself 
and  unconditionally,  or  the  apotheosis 
of  any  other  distinction  within  the  whole, 
to  the  degradation  of  other  complementary 
aspects  of  the  same  whole. 

It  only  remains  for  us  to  express  the 
hope  that  the  publication  of  this  volume, 
and  the  collection  of  other  occasional 
papers  in  the  future,  will  remove  Dr. 
Bradley's  objection  to  the  reissue  of  those 
earlier  volumes  which,  as  he  now  says,  he 
can  no  longer  hope  to  rewrite. 


La     Ville    Convoitee    (Salonique).     By  P. 
Risal.     (Paris,  Perrin  &  Cie.,  3fr.  50.) 

The  antiquity  of  Salonika,  its  lovely  situa- 
tion, its  long  story  of  war  and  bloodshed, 
the  extraordinary  multitude  of  races  which 
have  coveted  and  seized  it,  only  to  relin- 
quish it  perforce  a  few  years  later,  make 
the  title  of  this  book  an  apt  desciiption. 

Called  Thessalonica  after  a  sister  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  the  place  was,  in 
the  Hellenistic  period  a  centre  of  culture 
and  learning  having  come  into  existence 
not  much  later  than  Epicurus  and  Zeno. 
It  possessed  schools  of  medicine,  law,  and 
military  art  when  Western  Europe  was 
in  a  state  of  untutored  barbarism.  Under 
the  Romans  it  continued  to  expand,  for, 
having  once  suppressed  the  spirit  of  revolt, 
they  exerted  themselves  to  develope  the 
city's  natural  resources,  and,  what  was 
possibly  equally  important,  they  endowed 
it  with  their  own  ideas  of  a  civil  code. 
The  government  consisted  of  a  senate, 
headed  by  a  proconsul,  with  the  municipal 
magistrates  under  him.  Under  this 
orderly  rule  Thessalonica  enjoyed  peace 
and  prosperity  for  three  hundred  years,  but 
with  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  Empire 
it  entered  on  a  never-ending  struggle  with 
the  hordes  of  barbarians  which  poured  into 
Europe  from  Asia. 

It  was  while  Thessalonica  was  still  part 
of  the  Roman  Empire  that  St.  Paul  visited 
it,  in  obedience  to  his  vision  of  an  appeal 
from    Macedonia.     The    Jewish    element, 


always  strongly  marked  in  the  city,  heard 
him  with  alarm,  but  his  proselytes  among 
the  Greeks  being  numerous,  the  Christian 
Church  gained  a  footing  it  never  lost,  and 
Thessalonica  was  eventually  the  means  of 
spreading  Christianity  far  and  wide. 
Here  it  was  that  Theodosius  signed  the 
edict  which  commanded  all  inhabitants 
of  the  empire  to  adopt  the  religion  of  the 
Galilean,  and  here,  too,  he  ordered  the 
wholesale  massacre  which  brought  down 
upon  him  the  stern  rebuke  of  Ambrose  of 
Milan. 

The  account  of  Salonika  during  the 
Middle  Ages  is  interesting,  and  expressed 
with  the  clearness  and  terseness  for  which 
French  prose  seems  to  have  been  specially 
created.  The  following  quotation  might 
almost  be  an  indictment  of  modern  social 
conditions,  yet  it  is  a  picture  of  society 
at  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century: — 

"  Mais  si  une  elite  riche  et  elegante  raene 
une  existence  aisee  et  raffinee,  1' immense 
majorite  de  la  population,  un  monde  chao 
tique  d'humbles  artisans,  de  manoeuvres 
fameliques,  de  marins  braillards  et  degue- 
nilles,  de  proletaires  de  tout  ordre,  d'oisifs 
prompts  a  Femeute,  vit  dans  line  misere 
epouvantable.  Les  nobles,  les  riches  et 
les  ecclesiastiques  sont  pleins  de  morgue 
et  de  cupidite.  lis  commettent,  a  regard  de 
cette  populace,  des  injustices  criantes  et  des 
abus  scandaleux ....  lis  exploitent  cruelle- 
ment  les  pauvres  gens  ;  ils  speculent  sur  leur 
detresse  lamentable,  pretent  a  gros  interets 
aux  malheureux  agriculteurs,  puis  les  pour- 
suivent  sans  quartier,  font  main  basse  sur 
les  proprietes  qui  leur  sont  remises  en  gage. 
....  Aussi,  la  haine  des  petits  envers  les 
grands  est-elle  mal  contenue,  et  deborde 
souvent  en  clameurs,  en  imprecations  et  en 
rixes ....  Les  usuriers  continuent  a  depouiller 
les  artisans  et  surtout  les  cultivateurs. 
Leurs  mefaits  iront  en  augmentant  d'age 
en  age  et  la  misere  du  peuple  croitra  jusqua' 
la  chute  definitive  du  malheureux  empire." 

With  the  fall  of  the  Byzantine  Empire 
Salonika  entered  on  the  cosmopolitan  life 
which  is  her  characteristic  to-day.  Within 
her  Avails  may  be  found  colonies  of  Greeks, 
Bulgarians,  Slavs,  Jews,  and  Italians, 
along  with  the  numberless  fierce  and 
quarrelsome  lesser  nations  which  keep  her 
in  a  chronic  state  of  violence  and  turmoil. 

M.  Risal  deplores  the  fate  which 
threatens  Salonika,  independently  of  the 
greed  of  surrounding  nations.  Miletus 
and  Ephesus  already  have  then  ports 
blocked  up  by  vast  deposits  of  alluvial 
soil  brought  down  by  the  rivers  on  which 
they  stand.  Salonika  has  a  delta  to 
which  the  Vardar  keeps  adding  at  the 
rate  of  fifty  metres  a  year.  Unless  this 
deposit  is  speedily  checked,  and  the  river 
bed  artificially  deepened,  the  port  will  be 
closed  to  all  but  the  smallest  vessels. 

M.  Risal  writes  at  times  like  a 
modern  war  correspondent  (some  of  his 
phrases  are  almost  telegraphic  in  their 
brevity),  and  with  the  certainty  of  one 
who  has  seen  for  himself.  He  concludes 
with  a  plea  on  behalf  of  the  ruined  peas- 
antry of  the  district,  whose  emigration 
would  spell  disaster  to  the  "  coveted 
city." 


No.  4511,  April  11,   10U 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


>23 


Xofes  of  a  Son  and  Brother.     By  Henry 
James.     (Macmillan  &  Co.,  12s.  net.) 

1  \m  fully  aware  as  I  go,  I  should  men- 
tion," writes  Mr.  James,  opening  the 
eleventh  of  the  thirteen  chapters  into 
which  this  new  instalment  of  his  auto- 
biography falls, 

"  of  all  that  flows  from  the  principle  govern- 
ing, l>y  my  measure,  these  recoveries  ami 
reflections — even  to  the  effect,  hoped  for 
at  least,  of  Stringing  their  apparently  dis- 
persed  and  disordered  parts  upon  a  fine 
silver  thread  ;  none  other  than  the  principle 
of  response  to  a  long-sought  occasion,  now 
gratefully  recognized,  for  making  trial  of 
the  recording  and  figuring  act  on  behalf  of 
some  case  of  the  imaginative  faculty  under 
cultivation."  jj        ^ 

He  had  been  haunted,  that  is,  by  the  idea 
of  portraying  the  growth  of  an  artist's 
mind — of  accomplishing,  perhaps,  in  prose, 
and,  as  it  were,  for  prose,  what  Words- 
worth did  in  "The  Prelude'  for  poetry. 
But  in  what  guise,  in  terms  of  what 
personality,  would  the  subject  finally 
embody  itself  to  him  ?  Who  would  be 
his  hero  ?  Neither  the  mystery  nor  the 
surprise  of  its  solution  can  seem  to  others 
quite  so  great  as  the  author  himself 
found  them  to  be  : — 

'"  It  happened  for  me  that  he  was  belatedly 
to  come,  but  that  he  was  to  turn  up  then  in 
a  shape  almost  too  familiar  for  recognition, 
the  shape  of  one  of  those  residual  substitutes 
that  engage  doubting  eyes  the  day  after 
the  fair.  He  had  been  with  me  all  the  while, 
and  only  too  obscurely  and  intimately — I 
had  not  found  him  in  the  market  as  an 
exhibited  and  offered  value.  I  had  in  a  word 
to  draw  him  forth  from  within  rather  than 
meet  him  in  the  world  before  me,  and  to 
make  him  objective,  in  short,  had  to  turn 
nothing  less  than  myself  inside  out." 

The  volume  before  us  is  as  intricate  in 
it-  design  as  are  these  sentences  in  which 
the  author's  concealed  purpose  is  un- 
folded :  and  the  number  of  readers  who 
could  have  arrived,  without  his  help,  at 
a  clear  perception  of  its  governing  motive 
i-  we  imagine,  small.  Few  could  have 
disengaged  his  "  silver  thread,"  and  for 
this  reason  :  Mr.  James  observes  no  dis- 
tinction between  the  vital  principles 
implied  in  the  imaginative  development 
he  depicts  and  the  evoking  impression 
or  stimulative  atmosphere  by  which  that 
development  was  occasioned  and  accom- 
panied. His  attention  passes  without 
ck  from  central  to  subsidiary  issues  ; 
whatever  at  any  moment  his  focus  and 
centre  may  be,  he  is  equally  alive  to  its 
circumference,  and  he  loses  no  oppor- 
tunity of  reminding  us  how  distracting, 
how     multifarious,     are     the     claims     of 

Election.  Moreover,  if  no  distinction 
is  recognized  between  the  unifying  imagi- 
nation and  the  contributory  impressions, 
one  might  say  the  same  almost  of  the 
impressions  themselves  and  the  underlying 

it-,  places,  persons — "vessels  of  inti- 
mations, in  his  characteristic  phrase 
Mr.  James  comments  upon  a  complex 
picture  present  to  his  mind's  eye,  and 
not  to  our-  ;  and  his  method  approaches 
more  nearly  to  a  natural  justification,  or. 

as    -ome    would    -ay.   exposure    of    the 


philosophy  of  subjective  idealism,  than 
that  of  any  other  writer.  He  covers  in 
this  volume  the  ten  or  twelve  years  of  his 
passage  from  the  boy  to  the  man  :  yet 
it  is  but  occasionally  that  his  pages  give 
OS  the  illusion  of  a  direct  experience  of 
the  world  in  which  his  youth  was  passed. 
We  move  among  phantoms  of  comparison 
and  discrimination  and  inference,  feeling 
solid  ground  under  us  at  such  times  only 
as  when  some  theme  of  inescapable 
interest,  such  as  the  American  Civil  War, 
the  name  of  some  writer  or  artist  known 
to  fame,  or,  best  of  all,  the  numerous  and 
delightful  quotations  from  the  family 
correspondence,  throw  the  play  of  analysis 
into  accidental  and  temporary  relief,  and 
give  the  allusions  and  asides  their  back- 
ground. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  tell  Mr.  James's 
many  admirers  how  fine  and  how  just  the 
inferences  and  discriminations  are  within 
the  severe  limits  to  which  his  unique 
sensibility  consigns  them.  Yet  it  ought 
to  be  admitted  that  their  appeal  implies 
what  Mr.  James,  more  than  all  other  living 
authors,  has  the  right  to  count  upon — 
the  prepared  mind,  the  listening  and 
attentive  spirit,  and,  we  should  almost 
say,  the  suspended  judgment,  which  are 
given  to  an  acknowledged  conqueror  and 
hero.  The  beaut}'  of  the  English — when 
it  becomes  beautiful — lies  in  its  mingling 
of  conversational  hesitancy,  of  a  ser- 
pentine and  sinuous  approach,  with  the 
perfect  address  and,  as  it  were,  hawk- 
like seizure  of  the  quarry  when  that  un- 
suspected and  unsuspecting  object  comes 
finally  into  view.  But  the  brief  moments 
of  triumphant  capture  seem  hardly  to 
justify  the  length  of  the  preparatory 
stalking,  the  meticulous  survey  of  the 
ground,  the  arduous  climb ;  and  the 
introduction — no  doubt  as  a  compensating 
feature  —  of  colloquial  licences  on  the 
printed  page  (a  strange  formal  inform- 
ality), brings  with  it  some  further  dis- 
advantage, often  straining  the  language 
for  effects  not  pleasant  in  themselves, 
yet  certain  to  be  imitated  by  hosts  of 
inferior  writers. 

To  devoted  students  these  '  Notes  of 
a  Son  and  Brother '  will  present  them- 
selves as  a  peculiarly  characteristic  and 
peculiarly  victorious  display  of  the 
master's  power.  For  to  the  normal  subtle- 
ties of  moral  and  social  flavour,  in  the 
delineation  of  which  Mr.  James  has  no 
rival,  there  is  here  added  a  continuous 
allowance  for  the  variously  operating 
influences  of  the  backward  view,  so  that 
what  we  have  is.  as  it  were,  a  study  in 
the  perspectives  of  memory.  Yet  over 
and  above  these  sometimes  unseizable 
refinements,  there  is  a  direct  appeal  to 
the  simples!  mind  in  the  letters  we  have 
already  referred  to.  particularly  in  those 
of  Heni\  James,  sen.,  of  William  James, 
and  of  their  relative,  the  beautiful  and 
intrepid  Mary  Temple.  These,  standing 
out    like    mountain    tops   above    the    mist- 

clad  landscape  through  which  recollec- 
tion threads  its  way.  are  in  themselves  a 
treasure    Of    great     price;      indeed.    Mary 

Temple's  letters     she  died  of  consumption 

in  early  womanhood,  and   We  hear  almo-t 


her  last  words — convey  more  fully  than 
anything  else  the  magical  freshness  and 
candour  of  the  whole  circle.  Where  else, 
we  ask  as  we  read  them,  have  human 
beings  ever  been  SO  good,  so  little  restricted 
by  their  goodness  \ 

The  vivacity  and  versatility  of  William 
James  have,  of  course,  long  endeared  him 
to  a  wide  public  ;  it  is  a  new  and  peculiar 
pleasure  to  share  these  qualities  in  their 
first  bloom.  II  is  powers  as  a  draughtsman 
(for  he  studied  and  expected  to  practise 
both  art  and  science  before  finally  settling 
to  be  a  philosopher)  were  clearly  of  sur- 
prising range.  They  furnish  the  volume 
with  half  a  dozen  illustrations  in  various 
styles,  grave  and  gay,  and  all  of  extreme 
interest.  Mr.  James  himself  describes  his 
brother's  portrait  in  oils  of  Miss  Katherine 
Temple  as 

"  a  really  mature,  an  almost  masterly,  piece 
of  painting,  having,  as  has  been  happily 
suggested  to  me,  much  the  air  of  a  character- 
istic Manet  "  ; 

and  his  reproduction  of  it  fully  bears  out 
this  high  praise. 

To  Henry  James,  sen.,  we  feel  ourselves 
still  more  intimately  drawn.  His  Lite- 
rary Remains  were  published,  his  son 
reminds  us,  at  Boston  in  1885,  and  we 
have  registered  a  vow  to  procure  this 
volume.  By  accident  a  Swedenborgian, 
he  was  in  essence  a  man  of  the  rarest 
spiritual  perception  and  attainment,  as 
well  as  a  master  of  style. 

"  Oh  you  man  without  a  handle  ! 
Shall  one  never  be  able  to  help  himself  out 
of  you  according  to  his  needs,  and  be  de- 
pendent only  on  your  fitful  tippings-up  ?  " 

is  his  apostrophe  to  his  near  triend  Emer- 
son ;  and  what  could  be  more  apt  ?  In 
a  letter  from  Europe  to  the  same  friend 
he  writes  : — 

"  Carlyle  is  the  same  old  sausage,  fizzing 
and  sputtering  in  his  own  grease,  only 
infinitely  more  unreconciled  to  the  blest 
Providence  which  guides  human  affairs. 
He  names  God  frequently  and  alludes  to  the 
highest  things  as  if  they  were  realities,  but 
all  only  as  for  a  picturesque  effect,  so  com- 
pletely does  he  seem  to  regard  them  as 
habitually  circumvented  and  st*t  at  nought 
by  the  politicians." 

To  the  writer  the  reality  of  these  "  highest 
things "  was  the  ever-present  postulate 
of  life,  and,  when  his  shrewd  perception 
fails,  it  is  only  because  he  too  readily 
attributes  his  own  spirituality  to  others. 
To  an  inquirer  into  "  psychic  "  mysteries, 
then  beginning  to  be  heard  of,  he  writes  : — 

"  I  haven  t  a  doubt  of  a  single  experience 
you  allege.... I  am  persuaded  now  for  a 
long  time  of  the  truth  of  these  phenomena, 

and  feel  no  inclination  to  dispute  or  dis- 
parage  them  ;     but    at    the  same   time    I    feel 

to  Buch  a  degree  my  own  remoteness  from 
them  thai   I  •""  sun-  I  could  never  gel  any 

personal    contact    with    them.      The    state    of 

mind    exposing   <>ue    to    influences   of    this 

nature,    and    which    makes    them    beneficial 

to  it.  i-  a  sceptical  Btate  ;    and  this  I  have 

never  known  for  a  moment.  Spiritual 
existence  lias  always  been  more  real  to  mo 
(I     was    •join.'     to     say)    than     natural;      and 

when  accordingly  I  am  asked  to  believe  in 
the  spiritual  vi orld  because  m\  enst  are 
getting  to  reveal  it.  I  feel  as  if  the  ground  of 

my    conviction    were    going    to    be    weakened 

rather  than  strengthened. 


524 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,   1914 


In  fact,  religion,  in  its  purest  form  of 
diffused  love  and  worship,  was  the  house- 
hold air  of  the  James  family,  though 
''  church  ':  was  never  heard  of,  and  no 
proselytizing  word  was  ever  said.  Perhaps 
the  quality  of  enduring  and  mellowing 
splendour  in  our  great  novelist's  sestheti- 
cism — a  quality  the  more  remarkable  in 
a  faculty  itself  so  unstable  and  frail — owes 
even  more  than  he  is  himself  aware  to  the 
angelic  influences  that  surrounded  him  in 
his  vouth. 


Life     of    Admiral     Sir     Harry     Rawson. 
By       Geoffre}r       Rawson.  (Arnold, 

12s.  (id.  net.) 

When  a  little  boy  of  not  quite  fourteen, 
Harry  Rawson  found  himself  a  naval 
cadet  on  board  the  Calcutta,  the  flagship 
of  Sir  Michael  Seymour,  then  engaged  in 
settling  a  dispute  between  this  country 
and  the  Celestial  Empire.  In  her,  and 
afterwards  in  other  ships,  he  served  in 
Chinese  waters  for  close  on  seven  years, 
returning  to  England  as  a  lieutenant  in 
1864.  Seven  years  later,  at  the  age  of  28, 
he  was  a  commander,  and  appointed  to 
the  Hercules,  which  at  that  time  was 
looked  on — more  especially  by  the  Navy — 
pretty  much  as  the  Dreadnought  was  a  few 
years  ago  by  the  general  public.  Rawson 
had  grown  considerably  in  years,  in  rank, 
and,  above  all,  in  bulk  from  the  little  cadet 
who,  when  in  the  Calcutta,  had  been, 
perhaps,  most  useful  as  the  saucy  sou- 
brette  of  amateur  theatricals  ;  now,  going 
round  his  new  ship,  and  making  himself 
acquainted  with  the  ins  and  outs  of  her 
lower  regions,  he  attempted  to  pass  through 
the  small  door  of  a  watertight  compart- 
ment. Finding  that  a  little  difficult,  he 
tried  to  go  through  sideways.  That  also 
was  difficult.  "  It  ain't  no  use,  sir,"  said 
the  petty  officer  in  attendance;  "you 
'aven't  got  no  feather-edge."  It  was  not 
that  Rawson  was  then,  or  ever,  unduly 
corpulent :  he  was  just  a  fairly  big  man  of 
thirteen  or  fourteen  stone. 

The  commander  of  a  battleship  is, 
perhaps,  one  of  the  hardest  worked  of 
working-men,  and  it  stands  to  Rawson 's 
credit  that  he  served  through  two 
commissions  in  the  Hercules,  winning 
golden  opinions  for  his  energy  and  tact 
from  those  above  him  and  from  those 
below.  In  1877  he  became  captain — 
flag-captain  to  Lord  John  Hay,  then 
appointed  to  command  the  Channel  Fleet, 
which  early  in  the  next  year  was  sent 
into  the  Mediterranean  to  strengthen  the 
hands  of  Sir  Geoffrey  Hornby  in  the  Dar- 
danelles. Not  that  it  went  there,  but  after 
some  time  at  Malta  and  Crete  it  went  on 
to  Cyprus,  of  which  island  Rawson  was 
appointed  the  first  governor  till  other 
arrangements  could  be  made.  He  held 
the  post  for  only  a  few  weeks,  being  glad 
to  quit  it  and  its  many  discomforts — "  hot 
winds,  Oriental  smeils,  and  mosquitoes, 
sandflies,  and  ants." 

In  the  Minotaur,  as  transport  officer 
in  Egypt,  and  again  as  flag-captain 
to  Lord  John  Hay,  then  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  he  served 


almost     continuously     for     nearly     nine 
years.       A     spell    in    command    of     the 
steam  reserve  at  Devonport,  followed  by 
another     commission    in    the    Mediterra- 
nean, this  time  in  independent  command 
of  the  Benbow,  almost  filled  up  the  fifteen 
years   which   it   then   took   to   reach   flag 
rank.     He  had  actively  served  very  nearly 
the  whole  time,  and  had  the  reputation  of 
being  a  good  officer  with  a  special  gift  for 
managing  men,    and    a   tact   that   would 
prove  equal  to  a  very  awkward  position. 
Of   awkward    positions   he   had  enough 
when  appointed,  in  1895,  to  command  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     He  had  almost 
immediately  to   arrange   a  disputed  suc- 
cession   in    the    chieftaincy    of    an    East 
African  tribe  which  involved  some  displav 
of  military  force.     In  the  next  year  there 
was  a  somewhat  similar  dispute  as  to  the 
throne    of    Zanzibar,    and    he    found    it 
necessary  to  convince  the  self-proclaimed 
Sultan   that  —  in  the   words  of  Punch — 
Rawson  was  one  of   the  early  birds,  and 
he,  the  Sultan,  was  one  of  the  worms.     It 
was  a  sharp  rebuke,  sharply  administered, 
but   probably   saved   some   thousands   of 
lives  which  it  might  have  cost  to  oust  the 
usurper    if    he    had    been    given    time    to 
establish  himself.     This  affair  was  scarcely 
settled  before  Rawson  was   called  on   to 
direct  a  punitive  expedition  against  Benin, 
the  City  of  Blood, the  City  of  Abominations. 
The   mystery  attached   to   this   city,   the 
very  position   of  which  was  not  exactly 
known,  the  resources  of  which  were  abso- 
lutely  unknown,  increased   the    difficulty 
of  the   task,   the   credit  of   its   successful 
issue.    It  was  a   piece   of  work  such   as 
the   Navy  has   often   been   called   on   to 
perform,  and  has  often  performed,  though 
it  takes  men  and  officers  far  from  their 
ships  and  the  sea — in  this  case  even  from 
water.     That  was,  indeed,  the  chief  diffi- 
culty.    All  the  water  for  three  days'  con- 
sumption   had     to    be    carried     by    men 
marching  under  a  tropical    sun  and  by 
difficult  paths.     The  allowance  had  to  be 
limited  to  two  quarts   a   man   per   diem, 
and  one  quart  for  the  carriers.     But  they 
won  through  and  burnt  the  town,  destroy- 
ing the  sights  and  stenches  of  blood  and 
carnage  which  called  aloud  to  high  heaven. 
Rawson  had  after  this  the  command  of 
the  Channel  Fleet,  and  it  was  felt  that  the 
highest    service    employments   lay  before 
him — the  command  in  the  Mediterranean, 
the  command  at  Portsmouth  or  Devonport. 
Still  no  one  was  surprised  when  he  was 
offered   and   accepted   the    civil   post   of 
Governor  of  New  South  Wales.     It  was  a 
post    requiring    much    tact    rather    than 
much   governance.     For   the   latter  there 
was  little  scope,  but  for  the  former  a  great 
deal,  and  he    showed   how   happily    con- 
ceived had  been  his  appointment.     When, 
after  seven  years   of  it,  he   finally  bade 
farewell  to  Australia,  a  local  paper  had  a 
long  appreciation  of  him,  from  which  we 
may  quote  a  few  sentences  : — 

"  Clever  men  have  come  and  gone,  with- 
out having  opportunity  for  doing  aught  for 
or  amongst  us.  Sir  Harry  did  not  wait  for 
opportunity,  he  sought  it,  and  its  name  was 
legion ....  There  have  been  Governors  who, 
as  men,  were  the  thinnest  of  shadows.     The 


Governor  in  them  was  so  much  in  evidence 
that  the  man  was  completely  hidden  ;  but  no 
one  will  say  that  of  Sir  Harry  Rawson.  He 
carried  the  dignity  of  his  high  office  well — 
so  well  that  it  enhanced  him  ;  but  he  carried 
it — it  did  not  carry  him.  Such  n  en  do 
more  to  bind  us  to  the  throne  than  forty 
fleets.  Gentleness  with  strength,  kindness, 
courtesy,  and  patience — whatever  we  may 
have  expected,  this  is  what  we  found,  for 
we  have  looked  on  the  fac-e  of  a  man." 

Rawson  did  not  long  survive  his  home- 
coming. He  died  within  the  year,  on 
November  3rd,  1910,  two  days  before  com- 
pleting his  67th  year. 

The  present  biography,  though  it  occa- 
sionally strikes  us  as  somewhat  bald,  and 
jejune,  is  a  not  altogether  unworthy 
memorial  of  one  who  wras,  as  Lord  John 
Hay  has  put  on  record,  "  a  great  sailor 
and  a  successful  disciplinarian."  and  Avho 
in  civil  life  "  displayed  an  ability  which 
will  be  borne  witness  to  by  thousands  in 
New  South  Wales." 


The  Brace  of  Bannockburn.  Being  a 
Translation  of  the  Greater  Portion  of 
Barbour's  '  Bruce  '  by  Michael  Mac- 
millan.  (Stirling,  Eneas  Mackay, 
3s.  6d.  net.) 

The  manly  single-mindedness  of  King 
Robert  the  Bruce  made  his  career  un- 
usually fit  for  metrical  relation,  and  John 
Barbour's  poem,  both  by  its  subject  and 
its  ease  of  manner,  at  once  won  public 
approbation.  It  appeared  in  1376,  follow- 
ing the  accession  of  Robert  II..  when  the 
humiliations  of  David  II.  were  forgotten, 
and  the  national  cause  after  three-quarters 
of  a  century  of  struggle  was  secure  under 
the  Stuart  dynasty.  '  The  Bruce  '  held 
thenceforward  a  place  of  acknowledged 
authority  and  popularity,  historical  and 
literary.  The  facts  recorded  were  not 
intricate.  Truth  in  King  Robert's  case 
Was  neither  obscure  nor  recondite  ;  the 
theme  was  matter  of  battle  rather  than 
matter  of  diplomacy.  Barbour's  knowr- 
ledge  comes  mainly  from  the  field  ;  his 
narrative  is  not  documented  from  chancery 
records  or  charter  chests.  Its  precise 
source  has  been  suspected  to  lie  in  some 
lost  French  or  Latin  chanson  or  chronicle, 
but  the  suggestion  remains  a  speculation. 
The  story  has  something  of  the  direct  cut 
and  thrust  of  the  sabre  ;  there  are  few — 
though  there  are  some — passes  of  the 
rapier.  Hence  Barbour's  merits  are  chiefly 
those  of  a  chronicler  :  in  that  aspect  lies  his 
main,  yet  by  no  means  his  entire,  literary 
significance. 

Dr.  Michael  Macmillan  has  versified 
'  The  Bruce  '  afresh  as  regards  the  story 
story  down  to  1314,  the  year  of  Bannock- 
burn, of  which  the  sexcentenary  cere- 
monials of  patriotism  are  no  doubt  im- 
pending. The  task  of  verbal  rejuvenation 
was  not  easy  ;  some  critics  might  declare 
the  effort  of  translation  unnecessary, 
others  impossible.  In  the  present  work 
of  facile  and  seldom  forced  versification 
the  rendering  observes  a  close  and  linear 
fidelity  in  sense  to  the  original ;  it  never 
swells  into  bombast,  and  it  always  seeks 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


r>2:> 


the  golden  mean  of  an  energetic  simplicity. 
a  little  undistinguished,  perhaps,  but  still 

harmonious  with  the  verse  oi  which  it 
is  a  transposition.  Barbour's  style  was 
homely;  he  mounted    Bruce,  for  the  most 

part,  not  on  a  charger,  hut  on  a  palfrey. 

Dr.  Macmillan's  ambling  rhyme  does  the 

.same. 

The  lady  disconcerted  by 

The  devil's  speech  made  do  reply. 

This  is  little  worse  than  the  original  : — 

The  wit  oonfusit  wes,  perfay, 
And  durst  no  inair  ontill  him  say. 

Notes  and  an  Introduction  favourably 
estimate  Barbour,  his  poem  and  his  hero, 
and  point  out  numerous  parallels,  in  Greek, 
Latin,  and  other  epics,  to  the  adventures 
of  the  Scottish  warriors.  The  Bruce 
story,  transmuted  into  modern  metre, 
preserve-  its  inherent  force,  and  in  quali- 
fied measure  its  power  to  please. 


FICTION. 


The    Good   Shepherd.     By   John    Roland. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons,  6s.) 

Though  there  was.  perhaps,  no  necessity 
for  the  author  of  a  novel  to  acquaint  his 
readers  with  his  knowledge  of  pathology 
and  anatomy,  it  would  be  churlish  to 
cavil  because  such  details  have  found 
a  place  among  much  other  matter  far 
more  entertaining  and  interesting.  Mr. 
Roland  has  not  only  given  us  some  fine 
character-drawing,  but  has  also  passed  on 
to  his  readers  an  intimate  know  ledge  and 
understanding  of  a  secluded  Tyrolean 
village  and  its  community. 

His  hero  is  far  from  being  an  average 
hero  of  romance.  When  we  are  intro- 
duced to  him  he  is  a  diffident,  morbidly 
introspective,  lonely  medical  student. 
This  student  has,  however,  within  him 
a  desire  for  service  he  has  only  partially 
realized.  He  is  fortunate  in  so  far 
that,  instead  of  being  caught  up  in  the 
maelstrom  of  European  civilization,  and 
anesthetizing  himself  by  a  round  of  more 
or  less  useless  activities  and  quite  useless 
distractions,  he  is  driven  to  throw  in 
his  lot  with  a  community  under  con- 
ditions that  no  fully  qualified  medical 
practitioner  will  accept.  Here,  inrlu- 
enced  by  a  parish  priest  who  is  far 
and  away  the  best  character  in  the  book, 
he  learns  not  only  to  cease  railing  at  his 
fate,  but  even  to  rejoice  in  having  been 
called  to  the  highest  and  humblest  role 
in  life — that  of  an  underpaid  but  beloved 
servant  of  his  fellow  s. 

There  arc  some  lapses  into  mere  senti- 
mentality, especially  towards  the  end, 
which  spoil  the  delineation  of  his  cha- 
racter. Not  so  that  of  the  old  priest  to 
whom  we  have  alluded.  The  shrewd 
common  sense  of  this  far  from  worldly 
old  man  is  most  informing,  and,  withal. 
wholly  delightful. 

\\«-  are  tempted  to  make  quotations 
concerning  the  authors  opinions  on 
Roman  Catholicism,  the  utility  of  village 
"  Mystery  Plays,"  and  conventional  forms 
of  burial,  as  well  as  other  matters  where 


an  agreement  would  need  qualification, 
hut  to  do  so  would  carry  us  far  beyond 
the  space  we  can  afford.  The  hook  is 
an  excellent  Easter  sermon,  provocative 
of  much  thought. 


James.     By  W.  Dane  Bank.     (Sidgwick  & 

Jackson,  6s.) 

The  James  of  the  title  as  a  small 
hoy  plays  for  himself,  not  for  his  side. 
Having  strained  the  family  resources  to 
the  utmost  in  order  to  obtain  the  social 
advantages  of  a  boarding  school,  he 
pushes  himself  to  the  front  in  sport  and 
work.  At  the  close  of  a  year  there,  he 
easily  obtains  a  job  at  eight  shillings  a 
week  in  a  firm  of  hatters  in  the  North- 
Country  town  of  his  birth  ;  but  the  pros- 
pect of  a  mere  three  pounds  ten  a  week  as  a 
salaried  servant  offers  no  lure  compared 
with  the  brilliant  future  held  out  to  a 
clever  bamboozler  of  a  gullible  public  by 
the  sale  of  a  much  -  advertised  "  hair 
restorer."  The  great  business  built  up 
round  "  Superbo  "  is  removed  to  the 
metropolis.  James  becomes  financially 
interested  in  large  "  concerns,"  is  returned 
a  member  of  Parliament  in  the  Conserva- 
tive interest,  and  then,  when  a  crash 
comes  which  might  be  expected  to  ruin 
most  men,  James  does  what  James  would 
do  —  extricates  himself  easily  from  the 
debris,  and  proceeds  to  build  a  new  edifice 
of  prosperity  on  the  ruins.  The  recording- 
angel  would  have  to  put  it  to  James's  credit 
that  he  was  above  the  grosser  snares  of 
the  flesh ;  that  he  was  generous  within 
certain  well-calculated  limits  ;  that  he  was, 
also,  up  to  a  certain  well-defined  point,  a 
loving  son  and  a  devoted  brother.  But 
he  was  ruthless  in  the  pursuit  of  his  own 
advantage,  full  of  ignoble  ambitions,  and 
not  over  -  punctilious  in  the  matter  of 
veracity  and  fair  dealing.  Without  malice 
or  flattery,  the  author  has  produced  a 
finished  literary  portrait  which  is  com- 
mended by  many  excellent  qualities. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Blakiston  (Rev.  Alban),  Thb  Bible  of  To-dat, 
'.'>.  net.  Cambridge  University  Press 

In  an  introductory  chapter  the  author  dis- 
cuses the  question  of  the  [aspiration  <>f  the  Bible, 
and  then  considers  briefly  the  history  of  its 
different  hooks,  ending  with  a  discussion  of  the 
religious  affinities  of  Judaism  and  Christianity. 
His  aim  throughout  is  to  introduce  students  to 
the  historical  method  of  study,  and  accordingly 
a  bibliography  is  appended  to  each  chapter. 

Book  of  Prayers  for  Boys,  TOGETHER  with  Spec]  \i. 
Prayers  ion  the  Holy  Eucharist,  compiled 
by  the  Rev.  0.  II.  Blofeld,  with  a  Preface  by 
the  Rev.  R.  Linklater,  6d.  ;  with  Collects,  &c., 
I  Mowbray 

\  new  edition. 

Cr.ij^e  (Gordon),  Chubch  and  State  a  Theory 
ami  Practice,  "The  English  Churchman's 
Library,"  1  ;  ael .  Mi  >w  bray 

An   account  of  tin'   relation    that    has   existed 

between  the  Church  and  state  in  England. 

Lacey  (T.  A.),  CATHOLICITY,  CONCIONBS  \i> 
Clerum,  -  8  net .  Mow  bray 

Pour  lectures  on  'The  Word  and  tie'  [dea,1 
'  The  Organic  Element, '  '  The  Dogmatic  Element,1 
and  'The  Element  of  Largeness,'  which  were 
addressed  to  tin-  clergy  of  Birmingham  during 
I. 'Hi  last  year.  To  these  an-  added  a-  Appen- 
dixes twi.   essays,  entitled  'Cathedra    Petri     and 

arus  judical  Orbis  Terrarum.' 


Wyatt    (E.    G.    P.),    The    Eucharmtic    PRAYER, 

paper  I      net    ;    pa  p< T  1 10a  rd s.   I    6  net.       Mowbray 

Tins  is  one  of  the  "  Prayer  Book  Revision 
Pamphlets"     published     by     the    Alcuin     Club. 

The  author  discusses  the  question  "  whether  it  be 
desirable  that  revision  should  take  the  direction 
of  approximai  ion  to  t  he  Hoi  nan  Canon  or  not  . 

POETRY. 

Bannatyne  (Philip),  A  Satire  ok  Hades,  1/ 

Diane 
A     satire     on      modern      manners,     in      which 
Satan  is  comforted   on   the  ground   that    "all  's 
wrong  with  the  world." 

Open  Door  (The),  1/  Drane 

This    small    anthology    of  prose    and    verse 

has  been  compiled  by  the  Rev.  Lrthur  Chambers 
for  those  in  trouble. 

Rowley  (Thomas),  The  Maid  of  .Malta,  and 
Other  Poems,  :f  6  Drane 

'The    Maid    of    .Malta'     is    a     long    narrative 

piece  recounting  an  old  Legend  of  a   Maltese  girl 

who  was  sold  as  a  captive,  but  afterwards  rescued 
by  her  lover.  A  good  many  of  the  verses  are 
related  to  Malta,  and  there  are  others  on  incidents 
in  the  Boer  War. 

Steven  (Alexandsr  G.),  Wind  on  THE  Woi.n. 
2/6  net.  Goschen 

These  verses  include  'The  Vision,'  'The 
Faeries,'  '  The  Exile,'  and  '  The  Toll  of  the  South.' 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Stephen    (Geo.    A.),    Guide   to    the    Study    of 

Norwich,  a  Select  Bibliography  of  the  Principal 
Books,  Pamphlets,  and  Articles  on  Norwich 
in  the  Norwich  Public  Library,  Id. 

Norwich.  Public  Library  Committee 
A    classified    list   of   books,    pamphlets,    and 
articles    selected    to    cover    the    most     important 
phases  of  the  history  of  Norwich. 

Wigan  Public  Libraries,  Quarterly  Record. 

Wigan,  P.  Piatt 

This   number   contains   a    further    instalment 

of  the  Catalogue  of  Wigan    \uthors.aud  classified 

lists  of  additions  to  the  Reference,  Lending,  and 

Pembcrton  Libraries. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Meumann  (E.),  The  Psychology  of  Learning, 
an  Experimental  Investigation  of  the  Economy 
and  Technique  of  Memory.  7/6  net.        Ippleton 

A  translation  from  the  third  German  edition 
by  Prof.  John  Wallace  Baud  of  Clark  University. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Bassett  (Arthur  Tilney),  The  Like  of  the  Right 
Hon.  John  Edward  Ellis,  M.P.,  7  <i  net. 

Macmillan 

The  author  has  been  able  to  draw  upon 
materials  which  were  collected  by  Mr.  Joshua 
Rowntree  with  a   view  to  writing  a  memoir  of  his 

brother-in-law  for  private  circulation.     Viscount 

Bryce  has  contributed  a  Preface,  and  there  are 
a  few  illustrations  from  portraits. 

Beard    (Charles  A.),    Contemporary    American 

HISTORY,   1*77    1913,  <>  •>  net.  Macmillan 

A  guide  to  American  politics  during  the  las! 
thirty-five  years  for  the  student  and  general 
reader.  At  the  end  of  the  volume  are  an  Ap- 
pendix (giving  statistics  of  Presidential  elections 
I'l-oiu  is7<>  to  1012),  a  Bibliography,  and  Index 

Jourdan  (George  V.),  The  Movement  towards 

Catholic  Reform  in  the    Early  Sixteenth 

Century,  7  <>  net.  John  Murray 

A  study  of  the  religious  movement  during  the 

years   1496-1528.     There  are  Appendixes  and  an 

Index. 

Masson     (Davldi,     Shakespeare     Personally! 

edited  and  arranged  b\  Rosaline  Masson,  6    net- 

smith  &   Elder 

These  lectures  on  Shakespeare  for i   part 

of  a   course  delivered   by  the  late  Prof.    Masson 
during  his  tenure  of   tie-  (hair  of     English   Lite- 
rature at    Edinburgh    University.     The   authors 
aim   was  to  show    that    "Shakespeare,   anivo 
as  he  was,  Proteus-like  as  he  was,  ha. I  his  cha- 
racteristics as  other  people  have,  did   posse 
physiognomy  which   was  distinctly    his  own  and 
m ,  . .He  else's. 
Newton      (Arthur      Perclvah,      Tin       COLONI8INa 

\,  tin  ii  ess   "'    the    English    Pi  ri  i  \n~.    nut 

,,,.(.  Mill. .id.  for  Y.de   I   iu\  .r-it  v   I' 

Concerns  the  last  phase  of  the  Elizabethan 
struggle  with  Spun,  and  contains  an  Introduction 
i,\  prof.  <  ho  i'  -  M.   kndrews. 

Thaw  (Evelvm,  Tim:  Sr..i:v  OF  my  l.n  i..  I     net. 

John  Lon,' 
\  i. .  ii  ,i  ..f  t  he  author's  experien 


520 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


Wheeler  (Capt.  Owen),  The  War  Office  Past 
and  Present,  12/0  net.  Methuen 

The  author  traces  the  development  of  the 
War  Olfice  from  Pre- Rest  oration  times,  and  gives 
some  account  of  the  men  who  have  been  asso- 
ciated with  it.  The  book  is  illustrated  by  por- 
traits and  reproductions  of  old  prints. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Braun  (Ethel),  The  New  Tripoli — and  What  I 

Saw  in  the  Hinterland,  10/6  net.  Unwin 

Impressions   of   modern   Tripoli,   with   many 

illustrations,   and     chapters     on     '  The    Political 

.Situation,'  '  Improvements,'  and  '  The  Berbers.' 

Nicholson  (Josiah  Walker),  History  op  Crosby 
Garrett,  Westmorland,  2/6 

Kirkby  Stephen,  ,T.  W.  Braithwaite 

A  history  of  the  manor  of  Crosby   Garrett 

in  Westmorland,  with  local  customs  and  legends. 

The  book  includes   a  Foreword   by   Dr.   Fother- 

ingham. 

Queen  '   Newspaper   Book   of   Travel,   a   Guide 

to  Home  and  Foreign  Resorts,  compiled  by 

the  Travel  Editor  (M.  Hornsby),  2/6  net. 

'  Field '  and  '  Queen '  Office 
This  book,  now  in  its  eleventh  year,  contains 
descriptions  of  over  2,000  holiday  resorts  in  the 
United  Kingdom  and  abroad,  and  gives  informa- 
tion about  railway  communications,  customs, 
hotels,  necessary  outfits,  &c.  It  is  illustrated 
with  twenty-one  maps  and  many  illustrations. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Cook  (Alec),  Our  Prison  System,  6/  Drane 

An  account  of  prison  life  and  of  the  philan- 
thropic work  done  by  the  Howard  Association. 
Sutherland  (John),  The  Bonds  op  Society,  10/6 
net.  Heath  «fc  Cranton 

Studies  of  art,  sociology,  industry,  ethics, 
and  other  subjects. 

ECONOMICS. 
Roth   (H.  Ling),   The   Genesis  of  Banking  in 

Halifax,    with     Side-Lights    on    Country 

Banking,  10/6  net.  Halifax,  F.  King 

An  account  of  the  early  history  of  banking 

in    Halifax    from    1779.     It    is    illustrated    with 

forty-three    full-page    collotype    plates    and    one 

copper-plate  of  local  bank  notes. 

PHILOLOGY. 
Swahili  Hymn-Book  (The).  R.T.S. 

A  translation  of  a  hymn-book  into  Swahili. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Alington  (G.  H.),  Plays  for  Schools,  1/6     Bell 
This    little    volume    contains    three    two-act 
plays,    entitled    '  Alexander   the    Great,'    '  Queen 
Bridget  and  the  Dragon, "and  '  The  Magic  Cigar.' 
It  is  illustrated  with  four  photographs  of  children 
performing  or  rehearsing  them. 
Munro  (James),  A  History  of  Great  Britain  : 
I.    The  Shaping  of  the  Nations,  55  b.c.  to 
1485  a.d.,  1/6  Oliver  &  Boyd 

The  writer  "  attempts  to  treat  within  mode- 
rate limits  of  space  the  history  of  both  England 
and  Scotland,"  and  although  giving  less  attention 
to  foreign  than  to  domestic  policy,  he  "  seeks  to 
keep  the  reader  in  touch  with  the  leading  move- 
ments in  the  great  world  beyond  Britain."  The 
book  includes  many  illustrations. 
Reynolds  (J.  B.),  Asia,  1/4  A.  &  C.  Black 

This  book;  in  the  "  Junior  Regional  Geo- 
graphy" Series,  has  been  written  to  suit  the  needs 
of  "  the  upper  classes  of  Elementary  Schools 
and  the  lower  and  middle  classes  of  Secondary 
Schools." 

Scott,  Lay  of  the    Last    Minstrel,  edited  by 
T.  T.  Jeff  ery,  1  /6  University  Tutorial  Press 

The  poem  is  printed  with  an  Introduction, 
notes,  and  a  map  showing  Deloraine's  ride. 

FICTION. 

Bank  (W.  Dane),  James,  6/     Sidgwick  &  Jackson 
See  p.  525. 

Bindloss  (Harold),  Thrice  Armed,  Id.  net.    Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Bodkin  (M.  McDonnell),  The  Test,  6/  Everett 
In  a  London  club  the  writer  is  told  a  thrilling 
story  of  love  and  adventure  by  an  American 
acquaintance.  During  a  subsequent  journey  in 
America  he  hears  the  sequel,  and  assists  at  the 
denouement. 
Brown  (Vincent),  The  Wonder-Worker,  6/ 

Chapman  tt  Hall 
An  old  and  beautiful-minded  couple  are 
moved  by  a  revivalist  preacher  to  confess  to 
their  children  that  they  have  never  been  legally 
married.  The  news,  being  of  great  moment 
to  those  concerned,  causes  revelations  of  cha- 
racter which  their  previously  equitable  career 
had  rendered  latent.  The  tale  also  introduces 
us  to  an  exemplary  Suffragan  Bishop  and  a 
charwoman  no  less  worthy  of  being  imitated. 


Browne  (Isabel),  The  Life  Story  and  Strange 
Adventures  of  Maraquita  de  Solis,  6/ 

Drane 
The  half-Spanish  heroine  returns  to  England 
on  her  father's  death  to  live  with  her  mother's 
people.  Before  her  marriage  to  the  son  of  a 
neighbour  she  becomes  the  victim  of  plots  and 
intrigues  which  involve  her  in  some  strange 
adventures. 

Chancellor    (Olive),    The    Lady    Gardener,    a 
Romance  of  Six  Months,  6/  Drane 

A  wealthy  bachelor  advertises  for  a  lady 
gardener.  As  the  applicant  gives  every  satis- 
faction, the  conclusion  is  not  unexpected. 

Deans  (F.  Harris),  Looking  for  Trouble,  6/ 

Blackwood 
A    humorous     description    of     the     writer's 
experiences  as  a  traveller. 

Lorton  (Lester),  A  Soldier's  Honour,  and  The 
Redemption  of  Humphrey  Cunliffe,  6/ 

Drane 
'  A  Soldier's  Honour '  tells  of  a  captain's 
disgrace  in  India  through  the  treachery  of  a 
native  servant  and  his  eventual  exculpation. 
Mr.  Lorton's  other  story  describes  the  tribulations 
of  an  Indian  Civil  Servant  and  his  mystic 
experiences  after  the  death  of  his  Eurasian  wife. 

Mackenzie   (Compton),  The  Passionate   Elope- 
ment, 2/  net.  Martin  Seeker 
A  new  and  cheaper  edition.     See  Athenaeum, 
Feb.  4,  1911,  p.  124. 

Marshall  (Gilliam),  Wheels  within  Wheels,  6/ 

Drane 
This  story  may  be  divided  into  two  parts — 
the  unexpected  and  successful  claim  to  an  estate 
by  the  son  of  an  elder  brother  of  the  present 
occupier,  and  the  unravelling  of  a  mystery  con- 
cerning the  disappearance  of  a  famous  picture 
belonging  to  the  family. 

Pitneld  (Mrs.  Ada),  A  Breath  of  Scandal,  6/ 

Gay  <te  Hancock 
A   romance   of  a  young  heiress   who   leaves 
her   guardians'    home,   and   insists   on  seeing   the 
world,  accompanied  only  by  an  old  servant. 

Roland  (John),  The  Good  Shepherd,  6/ 

Blackwood 
See  p.  525. 

Rowlands  (Erne  Adelaide),  The  Price  Paid,  6/ 

Chatto  &  Windus 
This  novel  describes  how  an  unscrupulous 
adventurer  takes  advantage  of  a  young  girl's 
love  of  romance  and  worldly  innocence  to  entrap 
her  into  a  mock  marriage.  This  is  a  source  of 
much  unhappiness  and  humiliation  when  she 
meets  the  man  she  really  loves  and  eventually 
marries. 

Weedon  (W.  J.),  In  the  Grip  of  a  Demon,  6/ 

Drane 
In  giving  assistance  to  an  old  gentleman 
in  the  train  the  villain  comes  into  contact  with 
his  future  wife ;  and  round  their  unfortunate 
marriage  a  series  of  plots  is  elaborated  by  his 
own  and  his  confederates'  greed  for  money. 

Wentworth-James    (Gertie   de   S.),   The   Devil's 
Profession,  6/  Everett 

The  adventures  of  a  lady  shorthand-typist, 
who  finds  that  her  work  affects  her  eyesight.  She 
then  enters  the  service  of  a  medical  man  and 
is  employed  in  an  asylum. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Army  Review,  April,  1/  Stationery  Office 

This  issue  includes  articles  on  the  '  Share  of 
General  Staff  in  Preparation  for  War  at  Army 
Head-quarters  in  India,'  by  Major-General  A. 
Hamilton  Gordon  ;  '  Further  Developments  of 
Military  Aviation,'  by  Lieut.-Col.  F.  H.  Sykes  ;  and 
'  Coast  Defence,'  by  Brig.-General  R.  M.  B.  F. 
Kelly.  There  are  two  Appendixes,  maps,  dia- 
grams, and  photographs. 

Empire  Review  and  Magazine,  April,  1/  net. 

Macmillan 
Notable  articles  in  this  number  are  '  Old 
French  Canada  :  its  "  Habitants  "  and  its 
"  Seigneurs,"  '  by  Lady  Jephson  ;  '  Australian 
Trade  -  Unionism  on  the  War  -  Path,'  by  Mr. 
F.  A.  W.  Gisborne  ;  and  '  The  Working  of  the 
Education  Act,  1902,'  by  Sir  George  Fordham. 

English  Review,  April,  1/  net.  H.  E.  Seagers  i 

Mr.  Henry  Newbolt  contributes  a  paper  on 
'  The  Poets  and  their  Friends,'  Mr.  James  Stephens 
writes  '  An  Essay  in  Cubes,'  and  '  Maxims  and 
Reflections '  are  printed  from  the  pen  of  Churton 
Collins.  There  are  verses  by  George  Gissing, 
Mr.  Stephen  Phillips,  the  late  Mrs.  T.  H.  Huxley, 
and  others. 


Eugenics  Review,  April,  1/  net. 

Eugenics  Education  Society 

Includes    '  Francis    Galton,'    by   Sir   Francis 

Darwin,  and  '  A  Contribution  to  the  Biology  of 

Sex,'    by    Mr.    Geoffrey    Smith  ;     also    reviews, 

quarterly  chronicle,  correspondence,  &c. 

Geographical  Journal,  April,  2/ 

Royal  Geographical  Society 
This  number  contains  Mr.  Kipling's  paper  on 
'  Some  Aspects  of  Travel,'  delivered  before  the 
Society  last  February.  Other  papers  are  '  The 
Evolution  of  a  Capital  :  a  Physiographic  Study 
of  the  Foundation  of  Canberra,  Australia,'  by 
Mr.  Griffith  Taylor,  and  '  Relief  in  Cartography,' 
by  Capt.  H.  G.  Lyons. 

Illuminating  Engineer,  April,  1  / 

Illuminating  Engineering  Pub.  Co. 
This  issue  includes  the  conclusion  of  the 
discussion  on  '  The  Lighting  of  Picture  Galleries,' 
opened  by  Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson,  and  a  paper  on 
'  A  Comparison  of  Estimated  and  Observed 
Values  of  Illumination  in  some  Lighting  Instal- 
lations,' by  Mr.  W.  C.  Clinton. 

International  Review  of  Missions,  April,  2/6  net. 

Milford 
The  contents  include  '  Present  Possibilities 
of  Co-operation  in  the  Mission  Field,'  by  Mr.  John 
R.  Mott ;  '  The  Position  and  Prospects  of  Con- 
fucianism in  China,'  by  Mr.  P.  J.  Maclagan  ;  and 
'  The  Ideal  of  Womanhood  as  a  Factor  in  Mis- 
sionary Work,  IV.,'  by  Mr.  Kheroth  M.  Bose. 

Irish  Book  Lover,  April,  2  /6  per  annum.  Salmond 
This  issue  contains  '  Recollections  of  Dow- 
den,'  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolleston,  notices  of  the  Irish 
Literary  Society,  and  notes  on  new  books  and 
pamphlets. 

Journal  of  the  Gypsy  Lore  Society,  New  Series, 
Vol.  VI.  Part  V.,  and  Vol.  VII.  Part  II. 

Liverpool,  21a,  Alfred  Street 
The  part  of  Vol.  VI.  contains  the  Index  to  the 
Old  Series  and  to  Vol.  VI.  of  the  New  Series,  a 
list  of  members,  and  accounts.  The  part  of 
Vol.  VII.  includes  '  Notes  on  the  Heron  Pedi- 
gree collected  by  the  Rev.  George  Hall,'  by  Dr. 
W.  H.  R.  Rivers,  and  '  Die  Zahlworter  der 
Zigeuner  von  Van  in  Ost-Armenien,'  by  Dr.  C.  F. 
Lehmann-Haupt. 

Librarian,  April,  Qd.  net.  Stanley  Paul 

Includes  reports,  reviews,  and  an  article  on 
'  Public  Library  Reform,'  which  is  to  be  con- 
tinued. 

Library  Assistant,  April,  4/  annual. 

Bath,  Cedric  Chivers 
Includes   an   article   on    '  Committee   Work,' 
by   Mr.    William    Law,    proceedings   of   meetings 
and  various  branches,  and  list  of  new  members. 

Monthly  Musical  Record,  April,  3d. 

1 8,  Great  Marlborough  St. 
This  issue  includes  '  The  Elements  of  Musical 
Analysis,'    by    Prof.    Frederick    Niecks  ;     '  Frag- 
ments of  a  Lecture,'   by  Mr.   Cyril  Scott ;    and 
,'  Music  in  Paris,'  by  Mr.  M.-D.  Calvocoressi. 

School  World,  April,  6d.  Macmillan 

This  number  includes  articles  on  '  The  Teach- 
ing of  Shakespeare  in  Public  Schools,'  by  Mr. 
S.  P.  B.  Mais  ;  '  Homework  in  Secondary  Schools,' 
by  Mr.  P.  Shaw  Jeffrey ;  and  '  The  Teaching 
of  Science,'  by  the  Rev.  Stuart  Blof  eld. 
Science  Progress  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  April  , 
5/  net.  John  Murray 

There  are  papers  in  this  number  on 
'  Physics  in  1913,'  by  Dr.  E.  N.  da  C.  Andrade  ; 
'  Prof.  John  Milne,'  by  Dr.  Charles  Davison ; 
and  '  The  Corpus  Luteum,  its  Structure  and 
Function,'  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  O'Donoghue. 
United  Service  Magazine,  April,  2/  Clowes 

Includes  articles  on  '  Boat  Actions  and  River 
Fights,'  by  Commander  E.  Hamilton  Currey ; 
'  The  Infantry  of  the  Special  Reserve,'  by  Col. 
Robert  Holden  Mackenzie  ;  and  '  The  Centenary 
of  Toulouse,  April  10th,  1814-1914,'  by  Capt. 
F.  W.  O.  Maycock. 

GENERAL. 

Adam  (Hargrave  L.),  Woman  and  Crime,  6/  net. 

Werner  Laurie 
An  account  of  women  as  criminals,  organizers 
of    crime,    and    inciters    to    crime.       There   are 
illustrations. 

Dresser  (Horatio  W.),  The  Power  of  Silence, 
an  Interpretation  of  Life  in  its  Relation  to 
Health  and  Happiness,  "  World  Beautiful 
Library,"  1/  net,  Gay  &  Hancock 

A  ninth  edition. 
Freud  (Prof.  Dr.  Sigm.),  On  Dreams,  only  Autho- 
rized English  Translation,  by  M.  D.  Eder  from 
the  Second  German  Edition,  3/6  net. 

Heinemann 
The  translation  has   an   Introduction  by  Dr. 
W.  Leslie  Mackenzie. 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1014 


THE     A  T  H  ENJiU  M 


>27 


Laughton  (A.  M.I,  Vutokian  Ykak-Book.  1912- 
1918.  Melbourne,  Albert  J.  Mullet  t 

The  contents  of  this  thirty-third  issue 
include  information  on  '  Oonstitution  and  Govern- 
ment,' -  Municipal  statistics,"  •  Law  and  Crime,' 
and  •  Social  Condition.' 

Le  Gallienne  (Rlchardi,  Tin:  BlGHWAT  to  Bappi- 
NB88,   Q     net.  Werner   Laurie 

This  allegory  is  decorated  with  green  trees 
and  hillocks  i>y  Mr.  Berber!  Deland  Williams, 

Legge  (Major  R.  ¥.),  Crini-:  TO  Pbomohon  for 
Officers    in    Subject   (a),   I.     Regimental 

DUTIES,  1    net.  Gale  &  Polden 

A   fifth   edition,   revised   and   "corrected   in 

irdance  with  the  latest  editions  ol  the  various 

otlicial  books  and  regulations." 

Nation  (W.  H.  C),  BAD  Old  Times,  some  Leaves 
from  my  Grandfather's  Diary,  1/  Drane 

A  collection  of  historical  anecdotes,  chiefly 
relating  to  the  last  century. 

Pottle  (Emery),  My  Friend  is  Dead,  3/6  net. 

A.  L.  Humphreys 
A  study  of  friendship. 

Society  of  Authors,  Report  of  the  Committee 
of  Management  for  the  Year  ending 
December,  1013.  Bradbury  &  Agnew 

A  report  concerning  the  activities  and  ex- 
penditure of  the  Society  during  last  year. 

Toynbee  (Paget),  Concise  Dictionary  of  Proper 

Names  and  Notable  MATTERS  in  the  Works 

OF  Dante,  7  (I  net.  Oxford.  Clarendon  Press 

This    is    a   condensed   form    of   the    author's 

'  Dictionary  '  which  was  published  in  1898.      The 

articles   have   been   revised   and    some   new   ones 

added,    while    controversial    and    other    matter 

bas  been  omitted. 

Whiting  (Lilian),  The  World  Beautiful, 
'•  World  Beautiful  Library,"  1/  net. 

Gay  <fc  Hancock 
The  twentieth  edition. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Welcker  (Adair),  How  a  Dead  Man  was  drawn 
from  his  Tomb  and  back  AGAIN  to  Life. 

Berks]  y,  California,  Adair  Welcker 
A  discussion  of  charlatanism. 

SCIENCE. 

Boulenger  (G.  A.  and  C.  L.),  Animal  Life  by  the 
Sea-Shore,  -j    net. 

"  Country  Life  '  Office 
An  illustrated  manual  in  the  "  Country  Life 
Library  "  intended  for  the  use  of  the  amateur 
naturalist  at  the  seaside.  The  chapters  were 
originally  written  as  a  series  of  articles  in  Country 
Life. 

Donat  (Joseph),  The  Freedom  of  Science,  10/ 
net.  Joseph  F.  Wagner 

An  inquiry  into  the  "  onprepossession  "  of 
modern  science,  translated  from  the  revised 
edition  of  the  German  original,  with  a  special 
preface  for  the  English  version  by  the  author. 

Ekblaw  (K.  J.  T.),  Farm  Structures,  7/6  net. 

Macmillan 

A  textbook  on  the  construction  of  farm 
buildings,  illustrated  with  diagrams  and  plans. 

Elgie  (Joseph  H.),  The  Stars  Nioht  by  Night; 

Being  tin-  Journal  of  a  Star  Gazer,  1/      Pearson 

This  cheap  edition  is  based  on  the  author's 

'  Night  Skies  of  a  Year.'      It  is  illustrated  with  a 

movable  star  chart  and  many  diagrams. 

Hobbs  i  William  Herbert),  Simple  Directions  for 
the  Determination  ok  the  Common  Minerals 
and  Rocks,  I /net.  Macmillan 

This  booklet  is  a  reprint  of  a  part  of  '  Earth 
1  '■■  itures  and  their  .Meaning,'  published  in  1012, 
and  is  intended  as  a  laboratory  guide  in  general 
geology. 

FINE    ART. 

Burgess  (F.  W.),  Chats  on  Old  Copper  and 
Brass, ,5/  net  Fisher  Unwin 

A  history*  of  the  subject,  beginning  with  a 
chapter  on    'The    Metal    and    its    Alloys,'    and    in- 

duaing  studies  of  'Church  Brass-work.'  'Bells 
and  Bell-Metal  Castings,1  '  Bnamels  on  Copper,' 
and  •  Wrinkles  for  Collectors.'  There  are  nume- 
rous illustrations  and  a  Glossary. 

Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  Graeco-Roman  Branch  : 
I'm:  OxYBHYNCHUe   Papyri,   Pari    X.,  edited, 
with  Translations  and    Notes,   by  Bernard    P. 
fell  and   \> t bur  8.  Hunt .  26 

:',-,  Great    Russell  Street,  W  .<'. 
This    volume    contains    'Theological    Frag- 
ments,' '  Hem  Classical  Texts,'  '  Bxtanl   Classical 
Luthors,'   and      Documents   of   the    Roman   and 
Byzantine  Periods.'     The  texts  are  followed   by 
tweh  i   Indexes  oid  six  pi 


somersetshlre  Archaeological  and  Natural  History 
Society,  10/8  to  Non-Members. 

Taunton,    Uarnicott    A.     l'eane 

The      Proceedings      during     the     year      1013, 

including  '  A  Supplement  to  t  he  Flora  of  Somerset ,' 

by  the  ROY.  ES.  S.  Marshall,  accounts  of  meetings, 
and  descriptions  of  expeditions  made  by  the 
Societ  y. 

Westlake  (H.  F.l,  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
the  Church  of  the  House  of  Commons,  7  (!  net. 

Smith  it  Elder 
A    history    of    the    church,    illustrated    with 
reproductions  of  old  prints  and  photographs. 

MUSIC. 

Macpherson  (Stewart)  and  Read  (Ernest),  Aural 

Culture  based  dpon  Musical  Appreciation, 

Part  II.,  3/6  net.  Joseph  Williams 

This  part   of  the  work  deals  especially  with 

the    factoi's    of    Time,    Rhythm,    and    Pitch  ;     in 

Section    II.    attention    is    drawn    to    the    simple 

underlying  principles  of  musical  structure  or  form. 

Matthay  (Tobias),  Musical  Interpretation,  its 
Laws  and  Principles,  and  their  Application  in 
Teaching  and  Performing,  5/  net. 

Joseph  Williams 
The  writer's  enunciation  of  his  ideas  on  the 
'  Principles  and  Laws  of  Interpretation.'  His 
lectures  covering  this  ground  are  here  published 
as  originally  delivered,  with  additional  matter 
in  the  form  of  notes. 

Mearns  (James),  The  Canticles  of  the  Christian 
Church,  Eastern  and  Western,  in  Early 
and  Medieval  Times,  6/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
"  An  attempt  to  deal,  in  an  uncontroversial 
spirit,  with  a  multitude  of  obscure  and  involved 
questions,  and  to  give,  without  an  array  of  foot- 
notes, the  results  of  recent  research."  Part  I. 
deals  with  '  Greek  and  Eastern  Canticles,'  and 
Part  II.  with  '  Latin  and  Western  Canticles.' 
There  is  a  list  of  plates  in  addition  to  Indexes  and 
supplemental  notes. 

DRAMA. 

Bynner  (Witter),  Tiger,  1/  net.  Rider 

The  story  of  a  young  girl  who  is  trapped 
into  a  house  of  ill-fame. 

Davies    (Hubert   Henry),   The   Mollusc  ;     Lady 

Epping's     Lawsuit  ;      and     A    Single    Max, 

paper,  I/O-  ;    cloth,  2/6  each.  Heineinann 

The     production     of     '  The     Mollusc  '     was 

noticed  in   The  Athcncvum  on  October  26th,  1907, 

p.    527  :     '  Ladv   Epping's   Lawsuit '   on  October 

17th,    1908,    p."  481  ;     and    '  A   Single    Man  '    on 

November  12th,  1010,  p.  601. 

George  (W.  L.),  Dramatic  Actualities,  2/  net. 

Sidgwick  <fc  Jackson 
These  four  essays,  entitled  '  Some  Dramatic 
Criteria,'  '  Drama  for  the  Common  Man,'  '  Plays 
Unpleasant,'  and  '  Religious  Drama,'  are  repro- 
duced from  The  English  Review,  The  Fortnight! u 
Review,  The  Independent  Theatre-Cher,  and  The 
British  Review. 

Palmer  (John),  Over  the  Hills,  a  Comedy  in 

One  Act,  (>cl.  net.  Sidgwick  Ai  Jackson 

A  skit    at    the    expense    of    a    comfort-loving 

man,     who     holds     romantic     views     about      "the 

open  road." 

Scott-Maxwell  (Mrs.),  The  Flash-Point,  a  Play 
in  Three  Acts,  1   ti  net.  Sidgwick  iV.  Jackson 

Another  play  dealing  with  the  struggle 
between  the  older  and  the  younger  generation. 
The  principal  character  is  a  young  woman  with 
progressive  views  who  is  driven  into  taking  an 
extreme  action  by  tin-  sheer  weight  of  the  obliga- 
tions imposed  upon  her  by  her  family. 

FOREIGN. 

THEOLOGY. 

Vernes  (Maurice),  Lbs  EMPRUNT8  de  la  Bihi.e 
BsbBAIqATB  \r  Gebc  ET  ai-  Latin,  7fr.  50. 

Paris,  Leroux 
The   twenty-ninth    volume   of   the   "  Biblio- 
theijue  .I,,-  L'Ecole  des  Sautes  Etudes." 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Jaeger  (Werner  Wllhelm),  NbmesIOG  von  Kmi:-\. 
"<in.  Berlin,  Weidmann 

Studies  on  the  .,f  Neoplstonism  and 

it  -   beginning)  in  Posidonius, 


HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Correspondance  du  Due  d'Aumale  et  de  Cuvillier- 
Fleury  :  IV.  1865-1871,  Tir.  50.  Paris,  Plon 

The  fourth  Volume  ol  these  letters,  with  an 
Introduction  by  .M.  Id ne  Yallery-Kadot  and  a 
"  portrait   inedit." 

Marcais  (Georges),  Les  Arabics  en  Hekberie  du 

XIcauXIV"Sii':ci.i..  Paris,  Leroux 

Includes    genealogical    tallies    and    studies    ol' 

the  'Vie  Economique  des  Arabes  en  Berberie,' 
' Coup  d'ceil  d'Ensemble  but  cette  Eistoire,'  and 
'  Associations  entre  Arabea  el  Indigenes.' 

GEOGRAPHY     AND    TRAVEL. 

Hallays  (Andre),  De   Bretaqne  en  Satntonge, 

5fr.  Paris,  Perrin 

An   illustrated    description    of   the   country, 

including  chapters  on   '  Biadame  de  SeVigne'  en 

Bretagne,'  '  Kontena v-le-Comte,'  and  '  La 
Kochelle.' 

FICTION. 

Behaine  (Rene),  Les  Survivants,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Grasset 
The  "  histoire  d'une  societe." 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  1C1  Avril,  lfr.  2o. 

Paris,  '  Mercure  de  France  ' 
Includes  'Visages  (2*  Serie)  :  V.  Comtesse 
de  Noailles,'  by  M.  Andre  Rouveyre ;  'Philo- 
sophic de  la  Danse,'  by  Mr.  Havelock  Ellis, 
translated  by  M.  Paul  Dermee  ;  and  '  Iliver,'  by 
M.  Louis  Mandin. 

GENERAL. 

Arabic  Proverbs,  collected  by  Mrs.  A.   P.    Singer, 

edited  by  Enno  Littmann.  Cairo,  F.  Diemer 

The  proverbs  are  here  given  in  their  original 

form,  with  a  translation  and  notes  on  their  origin. 

The  Preface  is  by  Dr.  Enno  Littmann 

Marinetti  (F.  T.),  Zang  Tumb  Tuuum,  Adriano- 
Poli,  Ottobre,  1912,  Parole  in  Liberta,  3  lire. 
Milan,  Corso  Venezia,  61 
One  of  the  Edizioni  Futuriste  di  "  Poesia." 

FINE    ART. 

Archiv  fur  Kunstgeschichte,  herausgegeben  von 
Detlev  Freiherrn  von  lladeln,  Hermann  Voss, 
und  Morton  Bernath,  l'art   IV. 

Leipsic,  E.  A.  Seemann 

Another  part  of  this  series  of  reproductions 
of  pictures. 

Boccioni,  Pittura  Scultura  Futuriste,  1  lire. 

Milan.  Corso  Venezia,  01 
In  the  Edizioni  Futuriste  di  "  Poesia,"  con 
taining  fifty-one  reproductions  of  Futurist  sculp- 
ture. 

Foucart  (Paul),  Les  MystEBES  d'Eleusis.  lOfr. 

Paris,  Picard 

In  three  divisions  :  '  Origine  Egypt  ienne  des 
Mysteres  '  :  '  Caracteres  du  Sacerdoee  Kleusinien'; 
and  'Ceremonies  Publiques  et  Kites  Secrets  des 
Mysteres.' 

Perrot  (Georges)  el  Chipiez  (Charles),  ElSTOIBB 
HE  l'Art  dans  i.'Aniioi  rn':.  Tome   X..  30fr. 

Paris.  Bachette 
Deals  with  '  La  Grece  Archaique  '  ami  '  La 
Ceramique     d'Athenes.'      There    are     numerous 
illustrations. 

Trendelenburg   (Adolf),  Pausanias    i\    Oltmpia, 

3m.  Berhn,  Weidmann 

Includes  a  map  of  '  Olympia    in    Rdmischer 

Zeit.' 

DRAMA. 

Corneille  (Pierre),  Tin  \  i  i.i:  <  BOISI,  \  ol.  I ..  I. '.lit  ion 
Lutetia,  I0d,  Nelson 

Includes  '  Le  Cid,'  '  Horace,'  and  '  Oinna,' 
and  a  Preface  bj   M.  Smile  Faguet. 

Lablche    (Eugene),     l.\    Oaonotte,     i.i     Aui 
COMEDIES,    I  Vlmi 

In  the  "  Collection   '  Including  '  Les 

Petite  Oiseaux  '  and  •  l.  \n.ore  de  la  Rue  de 
Lourcine. 

Schmidt  (Johannes  E.),  Shakespbabes  DbamXN 
isi.   -I, in   Si  ii  \i  9PIELBRBEBCTF,    1  mi. 

lie,  h  ii.   fin!    Iloiui  inn 

Critical  -i  adies  of  the  pi 


528 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  BRISTOL  :  A 
STATEMENT  REGARDING  CERTAIN 
EVENTS. 

By  an  Independent  Inquirer. 

1.  In  1906  a  Committee  was  appointed 
by  University  College,  Bristol,  for  the  object 
of  establishing  a  University  in  Bristol. 
Prof.  R.  P.  Cowl,  Professor  of  English  Lan- 
guage and  Literature  in  the  University 
College,  was  appointed  to  act  as  Honorary 
Organizing  Secretary  to  the  movement. 
Prof.  C.  Lloyd  Morgan  (Professor  of  Psy- 
chology) was  then  Principal  of  the  Uni- 
versity College,  and  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Committee  referred  to. 

2.  During  the  progress  of  the  discussions 
of  the  Committee,  differences  naturally  arose 
on  many  points.  Among  these,  opinion  was 
divided  on  certain  schemes  for  amalgamating 
University  College  with  the  Merchant  Ven- 
turers Technical  College,  and,  further,  on 
the  status  and  tenure  of  the  Professorships 
of  the  proposed  University. 

3.  In  these  discussions  Prof.  Cowl  found 
himself  in  opposition  to  the  views  held  by 
several  members  of  the  Committee. 

4.  The  efforts  of  the  Committee  were 
successful,  and  on  May  24th,  1909,  the 
Charter  founding  the  new  University  of 
Bristol  was  granted. 

5.  In  this  Charter  it  was  laid  down  by 
Act  of  Parliament  that  the  Professors  and 
teachers  of  University  College,  Bristol, 
should  be  continued  in  their  appointment  as 
far  as  possible  without  change  in  the  new 
University.  Prof.  Lloyd  Morgan  became 
first  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  new  University, 
but  resigned  at  the  close  of  that  session 
(June,  1909).  He  remained,  however,  act- 
ing Vice-Chancellor  until  the  arrival  of  his 
successor,  Sir  Isambard  Owen,  in  October, 
1909 ;  and  retained  the  Professorship  of 
Psychology  at  the  new  University. 

6.  The  following  is  a.n  abstract  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  new  University  : — 

(a)  His  Majesty  the  King  in  Council 
(represented  by  the  Lord  President  of  the 
Council  for  the  time  being)  exercises  the 
authority  of  Visitor. 

(b)  The  Court  is  the  Supreme  Governing 
Body  of  the  University.  It  is  presided  over 
by  the  Chancellor  or  a  Pro -Chancellor  :  and 
consists  of  between  two  and  three  hundred 
members,  of  which  a  few  are  elected  by  the 
lecturers  and  readers.  The  Court  meets 
once  a  year  in  the  autumn  term,  to  hear 
the  report  of  Council. 

(c)  The  Council  is  presided  over  by  a 
special  Chairman  and  contains  thirty-three 
members,  including  the  Chancellor.  The 
Vice-Chancellor  and  six  representatives  of 
the  Senate  are  also  members  of  the  Council. 
It  generally  meets  several  times  during  each 
term. 

{d}  The  Senate  consists  of  the  Professors  of 
the  University  (about  twenty-five  in  number), 
presided  over  by  the  Vice-Chancellor.  It 
also  meets  several  times  every  term. 

(e)  The  chief  officers  of  the  University  are 
the  Chancellor  and  the  Pro-Chancellors,  all 
of  whom  receive  no  salaries ;  the  Viee- 
Chancellor,  who  is  salaried  :  the  Treasurer, 
the  Deans  of  the  Faculties,  and  other 
officials. 

(/)  The  Convocation  consists  of  practically 
the  whole  staff  and  registered  graduates 
of  the  University,  but  does  not  include  the 
members  of  the  Council  as  such.  Its  function 
is  by  Statute  to  "  discuss  and  pronounce  an 
opinion  on  any  matters  whatsoever  relating 
to  the  Council." 


7.  The  first  Session  of  the  new  University 
of  Bristol  commenced  in  October,  1909, 
and  all  the  Professors  of  University  College 
were  continued  in  it  as  laid  down  by  the 
Charter. 

8.  The  new  Vice-Chancellor  (Sir  Isambard 
Owen),  and  also  the  former  Vice-Chancellor 
(Prof.  Lloyd  Morgan),  were  members  of  the 
new  Council.  Prof.  Cowl,  still  retaining  the 
Professorship  of  English  Language  aud 
Literature,  became  a  member  of  the  Senate 
in  virtue  of  this  office,  and  attended  its 
meetings  throughout  the  Session. 

9.  In  the  meantime  the  Council  had 
appointed  a  Finance  Sub-Committee  to 
consider  the  University  funds.  In  May, 
1910,  this  Finance  Committee  made  a 
recommendation  to  the  effect  that  three 
Professorships  of  the  University  should  be 
abolished  and  the  appointments  of  their 
holders  terminated.  These  were  the  Pro- 
fessorships of  English  Language  and  Lite- 
rature, Classics,  and  Physiology.  It  was 
proposed  that  new  Chairs  should  be  estab- 
lished in  their  place. 

]  0.  The  holders  of  the  three  Chairs  referred 
to  were  given  to  understand  that  the  reason 
for  this  departure  was  that  the  conduct  of 
their  departments  had  not  been  considered 
satisfactory. 

11.  According  to  Section  15,  Paragraph  7, 
and  Section  17,  Paragraph  10  of  the  Statutes 
of  the  University,  Professors  can  only  be 
dismissed  or  Chairs  abolished  by  the  Council 
upon  a  report  of  the  Senate. 

12.  The  proposal  of  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee was  brought  before  the  Senate  of 
the  University,  which  resolved  that  in  none 
of  the  three  cases  should  that  recommenda- 
tion be  carried  out. 

13.  Notwithstanding  this  resolution  of 
the  Senate,  the  Council  abolished  the  Chair 
of  English  Language  and  Literature  (Prof. 
Cowl).  But  it  did  not  accept  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  Finance  Committee  re- 
garding the  two  other  Professorships  (Classics 
and  Physiology). 

14.  After  this  event,  Prof.  Cowl  was 
advised  to  apply  for  the  new  Chair  which 
had  been  instituted  in  the  place  of  the  one 
which  he  had  held.  He  forwarded  his 
aj)p!ication,  and  the  Senate  sent  forward  his 
name  alone  from  a  list  of  candidates  to  the 
Council  for  acceptance.  The  Council  ap- 
pointed a  Sub-Committee  of  its  own  members 
to  consider  this  matter.  This  Sub-Com- 
mittee recommended  another  candidate, 
namely,  Prof.  Skemp,  and  the  Council — 
ignoring  the  recommendation  of  the  Senate 
— adopted  that  of  its  Sub-Committee,  and 
appointed  Prof.  Skemp  and  not  Prof.  Cowl. 

15.  Shortly  afterwards,  in  response  to 
objections  which  had  been  raised  in  the 
Council,  the  Council  instituted  a  new  but 
temporary  Chair,  to  be  called  the  Research 
Chair  of  English — for  two  years  only — at  a 
salary  of  4001.  a  year,  with  no  duties  attached 
and  no  senatorial  status.  It  appointed  Prof. 
Cowl  to  this  new  Chair. 

16.  This  Chair  expired,  as  laid  down,  in 
October,  1912,  and  Prof.  Cowl  consequently 
ceased  to  have  any  further  connexion  with 
the  University  of  Bristol  from  that  date. 

17.  With  reference  to  9  above,  Prof. 
Cowl  was  never  called  before  that  Finance 
Committee  nor  before  the  Council  either 
before  or  after  the  said  recommendations 
were  made  or  were  considered.  Letters 
written  in  his  favour  by  various  persons  and 
forwarded  to  the  Vice-Chancellor  do  not 
appear  to  have  been  laid  before  the  Council 
either  before  or  when  it  decided  upon  its 
action  in  regard  to  the  case. 


18.  Prof.  Cowl  has  issued  a  brief  state- 
ment of  his  case  containing  letters  testifying 
to  his  efficiency  as  a  scholar  and  as  a  teacher, 
including  one  from  Prof.  Lloj^d  Morgan, 
dated  February  12th,  1912,  and  offering  to 
do  anything  which  would  be  of  any  assistance 
to  him  if  consulted  with  regard  to  his  work 
in  Bristol.  Prof.  Morris  Travers,  F.R.S., 
Director  of  the  Indian  Institute  of  Science 
and  formerly  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 
University  College,  Bristol,  has  written  a 
letter  stating  that  Prof.  Lloyd  Morgan  ad- 
mitted in  conversation  with  him  that  a 
mistake  had  been  made  regarding  Prof. 
Cowl,  and  that  the  only  reason  for  not  re- 
instating  him  was  a  financial  one. 

19.  Fifteen  senior  students  submitted  a 
memorial  during  1910  to  the  Council  testify- 
ing to  Prof.  Cowl's  efficiency  as  a  teacher,  and 
various  other  students  have  written  personal 
letters  on  the  subject.  A  second  memorial 
was  addressed  by  these  and  other  students 
to  the  Visitor  and  to  the  Chancellor  of  the 
University.  Lastly,  a  Memorial,  srgned  by 
a  hundred  and  sixteen  men  a  d  women 
of  academic  distinction  from  every  Uni- 
versity in  the  United  Kingdom,  praying  for 
a  thorough  inquiry  into  the  case,  has  been 
submitted  to  both  the  Visitor  and  the 
Chancellor. 

"20.  On  October  17th,  1912,  the  University 
of  Bristol,  on  the  occasion  of  the  installation 
of  its  Chancellor,  conferred  63  honorary 
degrees.  Of  these  no  fewer  than  13  were  con- 
ferred by  the  Council  (in  addition  to  two 
previously  conferred)  upon  members  of  its 
own  body — numbering  33,  includine  the 
Chancellor.  Five  degrees  were  conferred 
upon  the  then  C  hairman  of  Council  and  mem- 
bers of  his  family.  Also  a  considerable  num- 
ber were  conferred  on  members  of  the  City 
Council  and  the  Bristol  Education  Com- 
mittee, who  vote  or  recommend  grants  to 
the  University,  and  about  one-third  of  the 
total  number  to  persons  of  no  previous 
high  academic  standing. 

21.  There  followed  much  public  criticism 
of  this  list  :  first,  with  regard  to  the  quali- 
fications of  the  recipients  and  their  rela- 
tion to  the  conferring  body,  and  secondly 
with  regard  to  the  validity  of  the  procedure 
adopted  by  the  Council.  Regarding  the 
latter  point,  it  is  laid  down  in  the  Statutes 
among  the  Powers  of  the  Senate  that  it  may 
recommend  to  the  Council  names  for  honorary 
degrees.  The  Senate  recommended  on  this 
occasion  only  12  names  for  the  honorary 
degrees  referred  to,  to  which  the  Council  after- 
wards added  the  remainder — namely,  51 — 
upon  the  recommendation  of  a  sub-committee 
of  its  own,  to  which  were  added  the  Deans 
of  the  four  Faculties  of  the  University. 

22.  On  October  24th  a  sjjecial  meeting  of 
Convocation  passed  a  resolution  condemning 
the  indiscriminate  award  of  honorary  degrees 
by  the  Council.  On  October  31st,  at  the 
ordinary  meeting  of  Convocation,  the  Vice- 
Chancellor  attempted  to  put  forward  a 
motion  rescinding  the  previous  protest  of  the 
Convocation  ;  which  motion  was  vetoed  by 
the  Chairman  of  Convocation.  Convoca- 
tion's protest  was  duly  forwarded  to  the 
Council,  which  appears  to  have  taken  no 
action  upon  it. 

23.  On  January  25th,  1913,  the  Bishop 
of  Bristol,  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
U/niversity,  wrote  to  The  Spectator  in  defence 
of  the  Council's  action,  and  complained  of 
the  anonymity  of  most  of  the  criticisms 
which  had  appeared  in  the  press.  He  said : 
"  I  am  prepared  to  welcome  them,  if  only 
they  come  accompanied  by  the  names  of 
people  we  know." 

24.  On  February  2nd  there  appeared  in 
The  Observer  a  letter  signed  by  Dr.  M.  A. 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1014 


THE    A  Til  KNiEUM 


29 


Gerothwohl,  Litt.D..  Head  of  the  French 
Department  in  the  University  of  Bristol  and 
Professor  of  Comparative  Literature  in  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  London,  ro- 
sponding  to  1 1 1  i  ^  invitation  of  the  Bishop, 
and  complaining  of  the  degrees,  and  the 
treatment  of  Convocation  by  officials,  and 
of  the  staff  by  the  Council  and  by  other 
authorities. 

25.  On  February  4th  Dr.  Gerothwohl 
wrote  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Council, 
requesting  a  hearing  of  the  Council  at  its 
meeting  on  February  7ih  in  order  to  consider 
hi-  complaints  and  suggestions  for  internal 
reform.  The  Chairman  did  not  acknow- 
ledge the  receipt  of  the  letter,  and  sub- 
sequently admitted  that  he  did  not  lay  it 
before  the  Council-meeting  referred  to. 

26.  His 


request     lor     a 


hearing 


being 
ignored,  Dr.  Gerothwohl  on  March  8th 
published  his  complaints  in  the  press  in 
more  specific  form,  including  criticisms  of 
the  Cowl  case. 

27  On  March  10th  the  Senate,  through 
the  Registrar,  demanded  an  apology  from 
Dr.  Gerothwohl,  which  he  refused,  on  the 
ground  that  his  request  for  a  hearing  had 
been  ignored  by  the  Council  and  its  Chair- 
nan. 

28.  On  March  27th  the  Senate  decided 
by  resolution  to  relieve  Dr.  Gerothwohl  of  all 
active  duties  during  the  summer  term,  his 
salary  continuing  to  be  paid  as  in  the  past. 
This  resolution  was  reported  on  the  following 
day  to  the  Council,  which  confirmed  it 
"  inierentially  "  by  granting  the  necessary 
fimds.  As  a  consequence,  on  March  28th  Dr. 
Gerothwohl  replied  to  the  Registrar  claiming 
his  statutory  right  of  appearing  before  the 
Council  in  person  to  protest  against  the 
Senates  resolution. 

'_'.'  On  May  8th  he  appeared  before  the 
Council  and  stated  his  objections  to  the 
hit  ion  of  the  Senate.  At  this  hearing 
he  petitioned  the  Council  to  join  him  in  a 
request  to  the  A'isitor  to  institute  an  inquiry 
into  the  whole  matter  of  the  complaints 
reeardintr  the  conduct  of  the  University. 
The  Council  refused  his  request,  and  con- 
firmed the  action  of  the  Senate.  Incident- 
ally during  this  hearing,  the  Chairman 
admitted  that  he  had  not  laid  Dr.  Geroth- 
wohTs  original  letter  of  February  4th  before 
the  Council  on  February  7th. 

30.  The  Council  having  declined  to  refer 
anything  to  the  Visitor,  on  June  3rd  Dr. 
Gerothwohl  petitioned  him  directly  on  the 
matters  in  question. 

31.  On  June  6th  the  Registrar  informed 
Dr.  Gerothwohl  that  the  Council  at  its 
meeting  on  the  previous  day,  having  re- 
ceived no  recommendation  from  the  Senate 
for  his  reappointment  as  lecturer  for  the 
session  1913-14,  had  accordingly  not  re- 
appointed him.  This  apparently  terminates 
Dr.  Gerothwohl's  connexion  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bristol. 

32.  On  June  11th  he  was  informed  by  the 
rk  of  the  Privy  Council  that   the  Visitor 

declined  to  institute  an  inquiry  and  referred 
him  to  th<-  "machinery  provided  for  thai 
purpose  by  the  Charter  and  Statute  B. 

33.  On  June  17th,  1913,  the  Dean  of  the 
Faculty  of  Art-  informed  him  thai  In-  had 
I  •  -I.  i.  quested  to  convey  to  him  on  behalf  of 
hi-  (Dr.  Gerothwohl's)  students  the  expres- 

a  <.i  their  warm  appreciation  of  his  work 
and  help.  It  would  appear  that  this  ex- 
pression    of      the     student-      was     originally 

placed  in  the  form  of  a  memorial  to  he 
;i<i< li > — <  'I  to  the  Visitor,  hut  was  not  for- 
v.  arded  by  the  Dean. 

:;».  On  April  19th,  1913,  there  had  ap- 
I  eared  in  The  Standard  a  letter  from  Miss 


Geraldine    E.    Hodgson,    D.Litt.,    Head    of 

the     Secondary    Training     I  )epart  inent     and 

Lecturer  in  Education  in  the  University  of 
Bristol,  as  follows  : — 

Sir, — I  notice  in  parliamentary  reports,  in 
authorised  statements,  and  I  hear  of  its  being 
written  and  said  in  letters  and  conversations 
thai  there  are  practically  no  complaints  of  treat- 
ment unusual  in  a  university  made  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  staff  of  the  University  of  Bristol. 
We  who  know  that  .-mue  members  of  that  stall 
have   been   thus   treated   .seem   to   he  challenged 

publicly    by    these   statements    and    expressions   of 

opinion.  I  am  not  a  new  or  young  member  of 
the  staff,  and  1  have  had  wide  and  varied  experi- 
ence of  the  educational  world  since  1889,  when 
1  left  Cambridge.  I  am  extremely  loth  to  write 
to  the  Press,  hut  in  the  interests  of  public  educa- 
tion it  seems  inevitable  now. 

While  it  appeared  to  me,  erroneously  or  cor- 
rectly, thai  1  was  the  only  person  subjected  to 
these  methods,  1  accepted  it  in  silence,  for  I 
thought  it  was  probably  a  personal  incompati- 
bility; and  1  have  always  held  that  public 
officials,  while  they  are  bound  to  work  together 
courteously  anil  honourably,  are  under  no  obliga- 
tion whatever  to  "  like  "  one  another  in  the  way 
of  friendship — "  parce  que  e'etait  lui,  parce  que 
eYtait  moi,  as  .Montaigne  expressed  the  thing, 
liut  since  1910,  especially,  cases  have  increased 
openly;  cases  which  were,  no  doubt,  in  nearly 
all  instances,  the  fructification  of  the  past  years. 

Four  days  after  Prof.  Gerothwohl's  lirst  letter 
to  The  Observer  a  document  was  brought  by  a 
member  of  the  junior  staff  to  my  room  for  my 
signature,  which  document  regretted  the  "  tone  " 
of  Dr.  Gerothwohl's  remarks,  and  expressed  satis- 
faction with  things  as  they  are.  I  declined  to 
sign  or  support  it  in  any  way.  On  February  17th, 
in  The  Bristol  Times  and  Mirror,  appeared  a  letter 
from  the  chairman  of  council,  announcing  his 
receipt  of  this  document  with  forty-three  signa- 
tures of  the  junior  staff,  which,  according  to  the 
current  calendar,  numbered  over  110.  I  wrote 
that  day  to  Mr.  Fry,  informing  him  that  I  had 
from  the  first,  "  whenever  a  right  and  honest 
opportunity  occurred,"  openly  protested  against 
Prof.  Cowl's  dismissal,  and  that  I  had  "  openly 
sympathised  most  heartily  "  with  the  other  two 
professors  who  were  attacked,  and  I  added  the 
following  sentence  :  "  I  possess  letters  and  other 
documentary  evidence,  including  a  diary,  extend- 
ing over  many  years,  proving  irrefragably  the 
long-continued  attempts  in  this  university  by  a 
small  number  of  persons — for  what  reason  I 
know  not,  I  have  never  cared  to  find  out — to 
undermine  my  position  and  make  it  impossible." 
I  told  him  these  facts  made  it  impossible  for  me 
to  sign  the  document.  I  further  said  that  had  I 
not  a  real  regard  and  affection  for  the  university 
and  its  students  I  should  have  accepted  Sir 
Nathan  Bodington's  offer  of  a  post  at  Leeds — 
a  far  better  post  than  the  one  I  held  at  Bristol — 
in  1905.  Mr.  Fry  wrote  for  the  names  of  the 
"  small  number  of  persons,"  ignoring  everything 
else  in  my  letter.  I  refused  to  give  the  names  or 
the  documents,  unless  a  formal  public  inquiry 
be  held,  adding  :  "  I  wrote  to  inform  you  lest 
you  should  feel  aggrieved  hereafter  that  I  pro- 
duced in  public  that  of  which  I  had  not  the 
chivalry  to  inform  you  in  private." 

On  March  19th  the  Vice-Chancellor  wrote  to 
tell  me  thai  the  chairman  hail  forwarded  copies 
of  my  letters  and  his  replies  to  the  Senate,  and 
added  :  "  I  am  desired  by  the  Senate  to  say  that 
if  you  wish  the  matter  inquired  into  and  would 
furnish  the  Senate  with  the  necessary  data,  the 
Senate  will  be  ready  to  undertake  an  inquiry." 
On  Faster  Monday  1  replied  that  the  Senate  appa- 
rently misunderstood  the  reasons  which  led  me 
to  write  to  .Mr.  Fry,  and   I  said  :     "  1  therefore  do 

not  propose  while  I  am  a  member  of  this  university 
to  produce  the  evidence  I  possess,  except  for  the 
purposes  of  a  judicial,  public,  and  legal  inquiry, 

should  that  he  ordered  and  held.  For  such  I  am 
bound,  in  the  interests  of  justice  and   in  t  hose  of 

university  education  in  general,  to  produce,  if  it 

Should     he     needed,     (hat      evidence,     and     to     give 

test  imony  on  oat  h." 

The  correspondence  between  myself  and  the 
Senate  is  -till,   I   understand,  proceeding.     That 

is    to    say,    my    last     letter    is    awaiting    the    next 

Senate  meeting.     1  have,  of  course,  copies  of  all 

the  letters  I  have  written  and  the  originals  of  all 
I   have  received  on  these  matters. 

The  above  are  all  the  material  (acts  which — 
as  I  have  declined  to  produce  the  evidence  except 
before  a  legal  inquiry — I  am  willing  to  make 
public.     Put   these,  I  consider,  arc-  called  for  bj 

the-     public    statement-     made    so    often    a-     In    the 

entiic  contentment  of  the-  staff.  I  should  like 
to  emphasise  the  fact  that  I  did  what  we  have 
been  told  Dr.  Gerothwohl  should  have  contented 

himself  wit  h  doing,  viz.,  I  wrote  to  I  he  ant  hoi  il  let. 


All  I  received  was  an  offer  of  an  inquiry  by  a  body 

upon  which  some  of  I  hose  who  have  attacked  Some 

of  us  sit — i.e.,  the  doers  of  deed-  were  to  he  their 
own  judges,  and,  incidentally,  mine,  the  victim. 
It    is  not   a   very   legal  idea   of   justice. — I  am,  Sir, 

5 i 'ins  truly,  • 

(Signed)  (i  i:t:  ai.dim:  K.  Hodgson 
(D.Litt. Trin. Coll.,  Dublin,  sometime  Cob- 
den  Scholar  of  .Xcwnhain  College,  Cam- 
bridge, head  of  (lie  Secondary  Training 
Department  ami  Lecturer  in  Education 
in  university  of  Bristol). 

35.  All  these  events  have;  been  frequently 
discussed  in  the  press,  notably  in  letters  by 
Dr.  Gerothwohl  and  in  a  statement  issued 
by  the  Vice-Chancellor  (.May  14th;  press, 
May  19th,  1913).  Many  questions  have 
also  been  asked  regarding  them  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  they  were  made  tie 
subject  of  a  debate  there  on  April  10th,  1913. 
Lastly.  Dr.  T.  R.  Glover,  Fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  the  official  repre- 
sentative of  that  University  on  the  Court  of 
Bristol  University,  resigned  his  seat  on  that 
body,  and  explained  in  The  Western  Daily 
Press  of  May  3rd,  1913,  that  his  reason  for 
this  stej)  was  the  Council's  apparent  opposi- 
tion to  the  demand  for  an  inquiry,  and  the 
fact  that  he  considered  the  University  was 
"  under  a  cloud." 


We,  the  undersigned,  having  read  the 
above    report,    and    having    also    in    mind 

The  questions  asked  in  the  spring  of  1913 
in  the  House  of  Commons, 

The  various  further  allegations  against 
the  authorities  of  Bristol  University  made 
in  different  quarters  of  the  press,  and 

The  insufficiency  of  such  answers  to  these 
as  have  been  furnished  by  the  Bristol  autho- 
rities both  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Court 
and  elsewhere, 

Are  of  opinion  that  prima  facie  there  is 
cause  why  a  public  inquiry  should  he  held 
into  the  general  administration  of  Bristol 
University,  and  that  such  an  inquiry  is- 
emphatically  called  for  in  the  interests  of 
justice,  of  education,  and  of  the  mainten- 
ance of  a  sound  academic  tradition  through- 
out the  English  Universities. 

VV.  M.  Bayliss, 

Professor  of  General  Physiology  in 
University  College,  London. 

C.  H.  Bryan 

(replacing  the  words  "  a  public 
inquiry  ':  by  "  an  inquiry  "). 

Edward  Carson,  K.C.,  M.P. 

H.  M.  Cwatkix, 

Dixie  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History.  Cambridge  ;  Formerly 
Gifford  Lecturer,  Edinburgh. 

R.   S.    Hkatu, 

Vice-Principal,  University  of  Bir- 
mingham, 

Leonard  Hill. 

James  M  lcKinnon,  Ph.D.,  I). I)., 
Regius  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History,    University    of    Edin- 
burgh. 

Jamks     Hope     Moultok,     D.Lit. 

(I.,, nil. I.        Hon.        D.lUKdin.). 
Hon.    D.CL.    (Durham),    Hon. 

D.Theol.  (Berlin). 
Late  Fellow  of  King's  (allege, 
Cambridge;  Greenwood  Pro- 
fessor  oj  //•  VU  nistic  Greek  and 
Indo-European  Philology  in 
Mancht  ster  I  diversity. 

Ronald  Ross. 


130 


THE    ATHENvEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,   1914 


IN    MEMORY    OF    GOLDSMITH. 

On  Saturday  last  (April  4th),  the  day  on 
which  Oliver  Goldsmith  died,  a  luncheon — 
in  the  large  room  o£  Anderton's  Hotel — 
at  which  addresses  to  his  memory  were 
delivered,  was  largely  attended  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Irish  Literary  Society  of  London, 
Mr.  A.  P.  Graves  being  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Richard  Ashe  King,  author  of  perhaps 
the  most  informing  biography  of  Goldsmith 
yet  written,  set  himself  to  show  that,  though 
a  fool  in  the  conduct  of  his  personal  affairs 
(from  his  Trinity  College  days  to  his  death), 
the  poet  possessed  intellectual  qualities 
with  which  he  has  never  been  fairly  credited. 
In  proof  of  this  the  speaker  pointed  out 
that,  from  the  experience  of  national  cha- 
racter gained  when  wandering  across  the 
Continent,  Goldsmith  had  foretold  the 
French  Revolution  and  the  War  of  American 
Independence,  and  had  given  further  evi- 
dence of  political  sagacity  by  diagnosing 
that  especial  disease  of  the  body  politic, 
agricultural  depression,  for  which  even  now 
we  have  not  found  a  sufficient  remedy. 

Mr.  Ashe  King  made  short  work  of  Bos- 
well's  and  other  contemporary  Scotch 
and  English  accounts  of  Goldsmith's  failure 
as  a  conversational  humorist.  He  showed 
that  in  a  congenial  atmosphere  both  in  Ire- 
land and  Scotland  Goldsmith  had  proved 
excellent  company,  and  gave  delightful 
experiences  of  his  own  of  that  matter-of-fact 
attitude  of  the  English  and  Scotch  mind 
which  takes  the  jocosely  irresponsible  utter- 
ances of  Irishmen  with  laughable  literalness. 
Goldsmith,  according  to  the  "  Jessamy 
Bride,"  enjoyed  making  these  hare-brained 
deliverances  without  a  smile  on  his  face, 
and  so  got  the  credit  of  being  a  fool  when  he 
was  making  fools  of  his  listeners. 

Apart  from  this  he  was  at  the  disadvantage 
of  a  sensitive  Celt  when  he  has  to  meet  con- 
versationalists of  the  knock-me-down,  auto- 
cratic type  of  a  Johnson  or  a  Henley. 

When  he  entered  the  ranks  of  Grub  Street, 
said  Mr.  King,  Goldsmith  became  liable,  but 
never  succumbed,  to  the  three  risks  there 
encountered — the  tendency  to  vise  a  venal,  a 
sc  urrilous,  or  an  indecent  pen.  But,  though 
his  poverty  always  was  with  him,  he  scorn- 
fully rejected  an  offer  to  sell  his  literary 
services  to  a  clerical  bidder;  resisted  the 
natural  temptation  to  retaliate  on  those 
who  attacked  him  venomously  in  the  press; 
and,  though  he  associated  with  people  with 
whom  Sterne  and  Cumberland  would  never 
have  been  seen,  preserved  a  purity  in  his 
writings,  both  for  the  stage  and  the  study, 
without  a  parallel  in  his  day. 

Sir  Ernest  Clarke  had  some  curiously 
fresh  contributions  to  make  to  the  discussion 
on  Goldsmith's  career.  He  referred  to,  and 
indeed  exhibited,  a  manuscript  in  the  hand 
of  Bishop  Percy  which  contained  a  short 
autobiography  of  Goldsmith  dictated  by 
him,  and  which  formed  a  part  of  the  mate- 
rial that  Dr.  Johnson  had  purposed  to  use 
for  his  never-written  Life  of  Goldsmith. 
Full  particulars  as  to  how  this  long-lost 
document  and  others  have  been  recovered 
will  be  found  in  Sir  Ernest's  interesting  article 
on  Goldsmith's  medical  career  in  the  current 
Nineteenth  Century. 

The  speaker  also  proved  himself  a  laborious 
investigator  into  the  history  and  character 
of  the  Irish  songs  and  airs  referred  to  by 
Goldsmith.  One  of  these,  '  Sally  Salisbury,' 
he  finally  ran  down  at  Harvard  University ; 
and  "  Oh,  dear,  when  shall  I  marry  me  !  " 
winch  was  charmingly  sung,  after  Sir 
Ernest  Clarke's  interesting  address  was 
over,  to  the  air  of  '  Old  Langolee,'  by  Mr. 
Jerome  Murphy,  was  thus  again  restored 
to  a  long  -  sundered  partnership  by  Sir 
Ernest's  enterprise. 


Mr.  Graves  contributed  to  the  proceedings 
by  referring  to  a  paper  read  by  his  father, 
the  Bishop  of  Limerick,  before  the  Philo- 
sophies! Society  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
on  Goldsmith's  career  there.  This  has  never 
been  printed,  and,  though  it  is  at  present 
mislaid,  there  is  good  hope  of  its  being  still 
available  for  that  purpose. 

The  Chairman  expressed  a  strong  desire 
that  a  replica  of  Foley's  fine  statue  of  Gold- 
smith, which  stands  in  front  of  Trinity 
College,  should  be  set  up  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  the  Temple,  which  were  afterwards 
visited  by  the  luncheon  party.  G. 


'THE     SPIRITUAL     DRAMA     IN     THE 
LIFE    OF    THACKERAY.' 

21,  Parfiekl  Road,  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool. 
The  review  of  this  book  by  The  Athenaeum 
is  well  to  the  point.     May  something  more 
be  added  to  that  end  ? 

Had  Thackeray  ever  any  "  spiritual 
drama  "  at  all  in  his  writings  ?  Such  terms 
are  of  our  days,  not  his  ;  and  he  would  have 
been  the  first  to  laugh  at  them.  He  dealt 
with  character  (a  thing  which  is  rare),  and, 
when  he  wished,  wrote  fine  English.  That 
is  his  mighty  all.  No  one  of  his  time  did 
both  of  these  things  ;  only  one,  George 
Eliot,  did  the  first  of  them  to  perfection. 

To   say  that   '  Barry   Lyndon  '   is   in   the 
minor,  and  the  conclusion  of  '  Vanity  Fair  ' 
in    the    major,  key    is    wonderful.     And    to 
suggest   that   a    "  talking   showman  "    fresh 
from   Dickens   had   to   be   pressed   into   the 
service  to  make  a  "  happy  ending  "  is  even 
more  wonderful.     The  only  talking  showman 
worth    count    in    Dickens    appeared    after 
Thackeray's   death,   and   might   be  used   to 
prove  an  entirely   opposite  conclusion.     In 
which  of  Thackeray's  great  books  is  there 
a  "  happy  "  conclusion  ?     In  this,  the  idea 
that '  Vanity  Fair  '  represents  "  first  manner  " 
and  '  Esmond  '  a  "  turning-point  "  (in  their 
conclusions,   I   suppose)  makes  one  wonder 
if  the  two  have  ever  been  compared.   Dobbin 
— -mistaken  to  the  end,  as  Thackeray  owned 
elsewhere  —  married     Amelia,     thoroughly 
knowing  her  worth.     The  issue  was  a  girl, 
of  whom   Dobbin   was   "  fonder   than   any- 
thing in  the  world.  . .  .Fonder  than  he  is  of 
me,"  his  wife  sighs.     Between  his  fondness 
for  "  little  Janey  "  and  his  fondness  for  his 
wife  comes  his  fondness  for  his  '  History  of 
the     Punjaub.'     Rebecca     carries     off     the 
honours   of   war.     In    '  Esmond  '    the   hero, 
after    adoring    the    daughter,    marries    her 
mother — old  enough  to  be  his.     Here,  again, 
a   child — a   girl — is   born,   and   in  his  most 
sentimental  fashion  Thackeray  tells  us  that 
"  each  parent  loves  her  for  her  resemblance 
to    the    other."     To    'The    Virginians'    we 
must  turn  for  their  creator's  final  opinion 
of    these    three    people.      '  The    Newcomes,' 
it  should  be  remembered,  was  badly  broken 
by      Thackeray's      temporary      breakdown. 
Ethel,   of  course,  is  fine,   but  where  is  her 
implied  happiness  ?     In  being 
"  immensely  fond  of  his  little  boy  ;    and  a  great 
deal   happier   now   than   they   would    have   been 
had    they   married    at   first,    when   they    took   a 
liking  to  each  other  as  young  people  "  ? 
'  The  Virginians,'  which,  for  all  useful  pur- 
poses, finishes  with  his  last  great  character 
—  Madame     Bernstein  —  proves      nothing. 
'  Lovel  the  Widower  '  shows  how  his  early 
ideas  of  life  were  kept  to  the  last:  it  is  a 
mere  "  sequel  "  of  a  youthful  work.    '  Philip  ' 
is  not   a   "  happy  "   book  ;     and   of   '  Denis 
Duval  '  it  is  most  unfair  to  say  anything  at 
all.     Surely   to   attempt  to   drag   the   great 
Victorian   in   the   same  net   as   the   present 
Georgians  is  a  hopeless  endeavour. 

In  conclusion,  may  I  add  to  your  critic's 
unspoken  verdict,  that  the  "  enormous 
popularity  of  Dickens  "  affected  Thackeray 


quite  as  much  as  Thackeray's  power  affected 
Dickens  (neither  contributors  nor  contri- 
butions in  All  the  Year  Round  and  House- 
hold Words  were  on  a  par  with  CornhiU)  ; 
and  that  Thackeray's  characters  are  so  often 
self -contradictory,  and  therefore  lifelike,  that 
they  simply  defy  any  thesis  that  is  built  on 
them.  George  Marshall. 


THE    ODES    OF    SOLOMON. 

Cambridge,  April  5,  1914. 
Since  the  time  that  Dr.  Rendel  Harris  dis- 
covered the  '  Odes  of  Solomon  '  in  a  Syriac 
MS.  that  had  lain  on  his  shelf  for  some  years, 
the  ingenuity  of  many  great  scholars,  such 
as  Harnack,  Menzies,  Harris  himself,  and 
Bernard,  has  been  much  exercised  to  dis- 
cover their  j^robable  author  and  date.  I 
have  just  "  assisted  "  at  a  discovery  which 
seems  to  throw  light  on  the  subject.  I  am 
editing  the  Syriac  Commentaries  of  Ish'odad 
of  Merv  (circa  850)  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles. 
Yesterday  I  showed  a  sheet  of  my  work  to  an 
eminent  scholar,  Dr.  Alphonse  Mingana,  late 
of  the  Dominican  Seminary  at  Mosul.  His 
attention  was  attracted  by  the  following 
statement  on  Ephesians  v.  14  : — 

"  Awake  thou  thai  deepest  and  arise  from  the  dead, 
&c,  is  said  to  one  of  the  Believers  who  was  at 
Kphesus;  because  at  that  time  there  were  many  in 
Ephesus,  with  different  gifts  of  the  Spirit  ;  and 
they  had  this  also,  that  they  could  make  psxlms 
and  hymns  like  the  Blessed  David." 

Dr.  Mingana  at  once  exclaimed,  "  Perhaps 
they  wrote  the  '  Odes  of  Solomon  '  !  "r  As 
much  of  Ish'odad's  Commentary  is  quoted 
from  Theodore  of  Mopsuestia  (fourth  cen- 
tury), we  at  once  looked  in  Dr.  Swete's 
edition,  where  we  found  : — 

"  Quidam  dixerunt  quoniam  multae  erant  illo  in 
tempore  gratise  Spiritus  quae  dabantur  illis  ;  daba- 
tur  etiam  cum  ceteris  gratia  ut  et  psalruos  facerent, 
sicuti  et  beato  David  ante  Christi  adventum  id 
tribui  evenit." 

If  our  surmise  be  correct,  we  hope  that 
both  Drs.  Harnack  and  Harris  will  find  the 
requirements  of  their  theories  fully  met  ; 
and  that  even  Drs.  Menzies  and  Bernard  will 
see  how  natural  it  was  for  Ephesians  to 
write  odes,  which  these  gentlemen  have  all 
affirmed  to  breathe  the  same  atmosphere  as 
their  divine  contemporary,  the  Gospel  of 
1  St.  John.  It  may  also  solve  difficulties  if  we 
recognize  that  the  '  Odes  '  are  a  collection  of 
spiritual  songs  by  different  writers,  probably 
none  others  than  our  old  friends  the  Ephesian 
Elders  or  Bishops. 

Margaret  D.  Gibson. 


MAGNA    CARTA    COMMEMORATION. 

Royal  Historical  Society, 
6  and  7,  South  Square,  Gray's  Inn,  W.C. 

The  700th  anniversary  of  the  grant  of 
Magna  Carta  occurs  on  June  15th,  1915. 

The  Royal  Historical  Society  is  organizing 
a  commemoration  of  an  event  of  so  much 
importance  in  constitutional  history,  and  has 
invited  English,  American,  and  foreign 
scholars,  and  others  connected  by  their 
family  or  official  traditions  with  the  Charter, 
to  form  a  General  Committee.  That  Com- 
mittee will  appoint  an  Executive  Committee 
to  supervise  the  necessary  arrangements. 

Viscount  Bryce  has  consented  to  act  as 
Chairman  of  the  General  Committee.  The 
following  have  already  given  their  names  as 
members  :  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
the  Bishop  of  Bristol,  Lord  Fitzmaurice,  Sir 
Frederick  Pollock,  Sir  James  Ramsay,  Sir 
Frederick  Kenyon,  Sir  H.  Maxwell  -  Lyte, 
Sir  Adolphus  Ward,  Dr.  Prothero,  Prof. 
Firth,  Prof.  Oman,  Mr.  Frederic  Harrison, 
Prof.  Tout,  M.  Charles  Bemont,  and  Prof. 
Liebermann,  with  many  others. 

H.  E.  Malden,  Hon.  Sec. 


No.  4511,  Ai'Kii.  11,   11)14 


ICitrrarn    (Bnsstp. 

Oub  most  grateful  thanks  are  due  to  t he 
contributors  who    have    with    one    voice 

generously  and  promptly  responded  to  the 
Editors  recent  letter.  He  only  regrets 
that  lie  is  not  able  to  reply  to  each  and  all 
personally  on  behalf  of  Tht  Athenaeum. 

Thi:  Associated  Booksellers  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  are  to  hold  their 
Annual  Conference  at  Edinburgh,  where 
they  will  spend  a  crowded  week-end  from 
June  5th  to  8th.  The  President  is 
Mr.  II.  \V.  Keay,  ex-Mayor  of  Bourne- 
mouth, and  some  of  the  London  pub- 
lishers have  been  invited  to  attend.  The 
programme  includes  a  reception  by  the 
Lord  Provost  and  magistrates.  The  con- 
ference will  be  held  on  Friday  night  and 
on  Saturday  forenoon.  In  the  afternoon 
of  Saturday  a  party  will  visit  Swanston 
Cottage,  associated  with  the  youth  of 
Stevenson,  the  present  tenant  of  which, 
Lord  Guthrie,  lias  in  his  possession  certain 
Stevenson  relics.  Later  there  will  be  a 
garden  party  at  St.  Leonards,  the  resi- 
lience of  Mr.  T.  A.  Nelson,  of  Messrs.  T. 
Xelson  &  Sans.  On  Sunday  morning 
there  will  be  special  service  in  St.  Giles's 
Church.  Monday  will  be  occupied  with 
a  motor  tour  to  the  Scott  country.  The 
route  to  be  followed  is  by  Peebles,  where 
a  halt  will  be  made  at  the  Chambers 
Institution,  founded  by  William  Cham- 
bers in  1859,  and  thence  by  the  valley  of 
the  Tweed  to  Selkirk.  After  dinner  there 
the  party  will  visit  Abbotsford.  Melrose, 
and  Dryburgh,  returning  bv  a  different 
route,  by  Earlston  and  Lauder,  to  Edin- 
burgh, across  the  Lammermoors. 

A  rather  amusing  incident,  illustrating 
German  methods,  is  reported  in  last 
Monday's  papers.  Dr.  Zepler.  publisher 
of  Der  Fffieweg,  and  Herr  Schmidt,  pub- 
Usher  of  Die  Tribune,  have  recently  been 
sentenced   to   six    months'    detention   for 

'  Kronprinzenbeleidigung."  The  charge 
the  publication  of  what  purported  to 
be  the  letter  of  a  highborn  and  senti- 
mental "  Backfisch  "  on  her  return  home 
from  school,  travestying  the  terms  in 
which  the  ""  Kronprinz  "  bade  his  "  fare- 
well to  his  regiment."'  Dr.  Zepler  pleaded 
that  it  was  merely  meant  thereby  to  in- 
sinuate that  the  "  Kronprinz  "  need  not 
be  taken  all  too  seriously:  and  Berr 
Schneidt  pleaded  that  the  satire  was  too 
good  not  to  be  published.  The  question 
to  be  decided  was.  Did  the  satire  convey 
an  insult,  or  did  it  not  '.  For  this  expert 
opinion  was  obtained — from  the  editor  of 

hustige  Blatter,  who  gave  it  that  the 
satire  was  not  insulting.  Perhaps  the 
editor  of  Punch  would  like  to  take  the 
hint,  and  constitute  himself,  or  permit 
himself  to  be  constituted,  expert  adviser 
the  Courts  for  the  determination  of 
the  legal  gravity  of  jokes. 

Ml-.  \V.  K.  DlCKSON,  Curator  of  the 
A  tes'  Library,  delivered  on  Friday, 

the  3rd  in-t.  the  sixth  and  lasi  of  the 
Rhino!  Lectures  in  Edinburgh  on  "The 
Development  of  Writing  and  Printing  in 
Westei  n  Europe.'  The  lecture  \\  a-  specially 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


531 


on  Printed  Hooks,  and  the  lecturer  took 
Occasion  to  mention  that  the  Advocates' 
Library  possessed  a  fine  copy  of  the 
Mazarin  Bible.  He  described  the  work 
of  the  first  Scottish  printers,  the 
Aberdeen  Breviary  of  1510,  Bellcnden's 
'  Chronicles  of  Scotland,'  and  the  Bassan- 
dyne  Bible.  The  story  was  brought 
down  to  the  present,  Mr.  Dickson  main- 
taining that  in  the  essentials  of  a  well- 
produced  book  the  best  Edinburgh  printers 
of  to-day  need  not  fear  comparison  with 
those   of  any  age  or  country. 

The  French  correspondent  who  sent  us 
the  paragraph  concerning  M.  Deschanel's 

recent  election  writes  in  reply  to  Mr. 
Bodley's  letter  in  our  last  issue  : — 

"  I  really  do  not  see  the  point  of  Mr. 
Bodley's  protest.  I  did  not  say  that  mem- 
bers of  the  French  Academy  never  become 
candidates  for  a  chair  in  other  Academies,  but 
simply  that  it  is  not  usual  for  them  to  do  so. 
Xow  Mr.  Bodley  with  his  list  confirms  my 
assertion,  since  he  has  found  only  four 
instances  of  the  practice  which  I  gave  as 
uncommon  ;  and  among  these  those  of  the 
Dues  de  Broglie  and  d'Aumale,  for  reasons 
which  are  obvious,  should,  perhaps,  not  be 
taken  into  account.  It  is  quite  probable  that 
a  complete  collection  of  the  '  Annuaire  de 
l'lnstitut  :  might  supply  other  names,  but 
the  fact  remains  that  at  the  time  of  M.  Des- 
chanel's election  there  was  among  the  living 
members  of  the  Academie  Fran9ai.se  only 
one  writer  —  Comte  d'Haussonville  —  who 
'  liked  to  belong  '  to  the  Academie  des 
Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques,  and  that  the 
last  of  the  elections  enumerated  by  Mr. 
Bodley  took  place  in  1904. 

'  I  think,  therefore,  that  I  was  jus- 
tified in  saving  that  the  thing  is  not  usual. 
Besides,  I  merely  expressed  an  opinion  which 
is  pretty  general  in  France.  My  fellow- 
countrymen  will  not  readily  subscribe  to 
Mr.  Bodley's  appreciation  of  the  respective 
values  of  the  different  Academies.  Though 
they  will  now  and  then  crack  a  joke  at  the 
'  old  lady  ' — because  they  cannot  help 
ridiculing  precisely  what  they  admire  most — 
French  people  are  nevertheless  perfectly 
convinced  that  none  of  the  other  '  classes  ' 
of  the  Inst  it  ut  can  equal  in  prestige  the 
Academie  Frangaise,  which  is  the  most 
ancient  of  them  all  ;  so  much  so  that  the 
word  '  academieien  '  is  practically  synony- 
mous with  '  membre  de  l'Academie  Fran- 
chise,' the  members  of  the  other  Academies 
being  distinguished  by  the  appellation  of 
'  membre  de  l'lnstitut.'  " 

"  Such  an  opinion  may  be  open  to  dis- 
cussion, but  it  is  firmly  established.  And 
that  is  the  reason  why  the  '  Immortal  ' 
generally  think  that  election  to  another 
Academy  cannot  add  to  the  distinction  they 
have  already  secured."' 

Just  as  we  go  to  press  we  learn  with 
regret  of  the  death  on  Monday  last  of  Mr. 
Edward  Marston  in  his  90th  year.  We 
hope  to  say  something  next  week  of  his 
long  career. 

Mas.  IIkm'Jktta  Asm:  Hixi.kv,  the 
daughter  of  I  leni  \  I  leaf  horn,  of  a  Kentish 
family  near  Maidstone,  and  the  widow  of 
Thomas    Henry    Huxley,  died    on    Sunday 

lasi  at  Eastbourne  in  her  89th  year.  Her 
most   obvious  claim   to   remembrance  is, 

no  doubt,  her  husband's  name:  yet  she 
lived,  so  to   put    it.   in   her  own   right,  and 

accomplished  work  of  her  own  somewhal 

more  fully  than  it    1-  given  to  the  wi\e-  of 


most  great  men  to  do.  She  had  a  some- 
what strenuous  and  adventurous  youth, 
of  which  the  outstanding  features  were 
two  years  at  Xeuwied,  where  she  acquired 
a  thorough  mastery  of  German,  and 
several  years  spent  in  Australia,  where 
she  met  the  young  zoologist  on  the  Battle- 
snake  who.  after  eight  years  of  anxious- 
waiting,  became  her  husband. 

Her  sound  taste  in  literature,  and.  in 
particular,  her  insistence  on  clearness  of 
Statement,  were  of  real  use  to  Huxley  in 
his  scientific  work  ;  and  her  mastery  of 
German  was  of  considerable  service  in 
the  translation  of  special  articles  for 
scientific  reviews  in  days  when  that 
language  was,  perhaps,  less  known  to 
the  student  of  science  than  it  is  now. 

She  also  made  some  excellent  transla- 
tions of  German  authors.  The  writing  of 
verse  was  one  of  her  great  pleasures,  and 
as  recently  as  last  summer  she  published 
a  volume  of  poems  which,  if  it  displays 
some  inexpertness  in  expression,  reveals, 
nevertheless,  both  emotion  and  philosophy. 
Verses  of  hers,  written  only  a  few  weeks  ago, 
appear  in  this  month's  English  Review. 

One  of  the  best  things  she  did  is 
the  collection  of  '  Aphorisms  and  Re- 
flections from  the  Writings  of  T.  H. 
Huxley.'  The  vivacity,  singleness  of  aim, 
sense  of  humour,  and  fortitude,  which 
endeared  her  in  her  closing  years  to  a 
large  circle  of  friends,  had  made  her  at 
once  the  inspiration  and  the  mainstay  of 
her  husband  during  the  long  period  in 
which,  despite  his  pre-eminent  and  largely 
recognized  ability,  fortune  refused  to 
smile  upon  him. 

On  Thursday  of  last  week  Paul  von 
Hevse  died  at 'Munich.  Half  a  Prussian 
and  half  a  Jew— not,  it  is  true,  in  the  very 
first  rank  of  the  German  writers  of  the 
last  century — he  yet  made  to  the  litera- 
ture of  his  country  a  distinctive  contribu- 
tion, and  the  recognition  of  his  significance 
abroad  is  attested  by  the  award  to  him 
in  1910  of  the  Nobel  Prize.  Bom  m 
1830,  he  was  invited  by  King  Max  of 
Bavaria  in  1854  to  come  and  live  in 
Munich,  with  a  pension  of  100/.,  in  return 
for  which  he  was  to  take  part  in  the 
symposia  for  the  discussion  of  art.  litera- 
ture, and  history  which  it  was  the  Kmgs 
hobby  to  gather  about  him.  Heyse  and 
his  friend  Gcibel  brought  into  the  genial 
atmosphere  surrounding  these  dilettanti 
the  keenness  and  sternness  of  then- 
northern  characters,  and  lleyse  soon 
became  a  leader  among  them.  In  ISM. 
resenting  treatment  received  by  Ins 
friends,  he  threw  up  his  pension,  but 
continued  to  live  at   Munich. 

Bis    greal     literary    achievement     IS    the 

short  story,  and  it  is  no  doubt  partly  the 
manageableness  of    this    form    from    the 

student's  point  of  view  which  has  made  h  mi 
better  known  among  ourselves  than  many 

of  bis  contemporaries.     In  some  sense  he 

ma\  lie  considered  the  ereatorof  the  form  : 

at    any    rate,    he    brought    together    into 

conscious      theory      the      principles      upon 

which,    more    or    less    unconsciously,     the 

master   Btory  tellers   of    the    world    h. 
constructed  t heir  tales. 


in 


to 


532 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


SCIENCE 


Intermediate  Types  among  Primitive  Folk  : 
a  Study  in  Social  Evolution.  By  Ed- 
ward Carpenter.  (Allen  &  Co.,  4s.  6d. net.) 

'Trie  author  of  this  book  admits  frankly 
that  its  title  is  open  to  criticism.  The 
expression  "  intermediate  "  appears  to 
have  been  adopted  from  a  previous  work 
of  his  entitled  '  The  Intermediate  Sex,  a 
Study  of  some  Transitional  Types  of  Men 
and  Women,'  and  it  does  not  cover  all 
the  human  types  dealt  with  in  the  volume. 
Again,  the  expression  "  primitive  folk  "  is 
not  applicable  to  early  Greek  and  Japanese 
civilization,  with  which  he  is  largely  con- 
cerned. 

The  title,  therefore,  conveys  little  notion 
•of  the  real  contents  of  the  book,  which 
deals  mainly  with  certain  institutions 
affecting  sexual  relations  that  have  existed 
under  various  forms  of  civilization,  and 
traces  their  operation  in  the  service  of 
religion  and  in  war.  Its  argument  is  that 
in  every  community,  besides  the  quite 
normal  man  and  the  quite  normal  woman, 
there  are  men  who  resemble  women,  and 
women  who  resemble  men,  and  these  are 
thus  "  intermediates."  On  the  other  hand, 
there  are  persons  who  manifest  the 
characters  of  their  own  sex  in  a  more  than 
ordinary  degree,  and  therefore  cannot  be 
so  defined,  yet  are  affected  by  the  like 
abnormal  sexual  relations.  It  has  thus 
•come  to  pass  that,  among  the  North- 
American  Indians  and  other  primitive 
folk,  persons  addicted  to  practices  con- 
sidered by  us  revolting  and  actually 
criminal  become  the  prophets  and  priests 
•of  the  community.  With  these  functions 
are  associated  those  of  the  wizard  and  witch 
doctor.  Relieved  from  the  active  pur- 
suits of  fighting  and  the  chase,  and  clothed 
by  superstition  with  mysterious  powers 
.and  faculties,  they  have  the  leisure  and  the 
opportunity  for  research  in  various  direc- 
tions, especially  those  which  tend  to 
confirm  the  faith  of  the  people  in  their 
pretensions,  and  they  become  inventors  in 
.the  arts  and  crafts.  Mr.  Carpenter  suggests 
that  the  blending  in  them  of  masculine  and 
feminine  qualities,  viewed  in  the  light  of 
their  religious  functions,  may  have  led  to 
the  widespread  attribution  of  an  herma- 
phrodite character  to  various  deities. 

The  second  part  of  the  book  deals  with 
the  "  intermediate  "  as  a  warrior,  but, 
according  to  the  author's  admission,  is 
wrongly  so  entitled,  since  it  is  what  he 
•calls  the  "  supervirile  "  person,  or  the  man 
whose  variation  from  the  normal  is  in 
the  masculine  direction,  whom  it  mainly 
affects.  In  support  of  his  views  on  this 
branch  of  his  subject,  he  calls  in  aid 
the  custom  of  military  comradeship 
said  to  have  existed  among  the  Doric 
race  in  ancient  Greece.  He  argues  at 
some  length  that  it  was  not  inconsistent 
with  the  high  status  then  accorded  to 
women,  and  that  it  had  a  close  relation 
to  civic  life  and  to  religion. 

The  subject  is  unsavoury,  and  the  book 
is  hardly  one  for  general  reading ;  but  it 
is  written  with  dignity  and  propriety. 


A  Textbook  of  Medical  Entomology.  By 
Walter  Scott  Patton  and  Francis  W. 
Cragg.  (Christian  Literature  Society 
for  India,  1/.  Is.  net.) 

Time  was,  and  not  so  very  long  ago,  when 
there  was  no  textbook  upon  the  Inverte- 
brata,  and  everything  had  to  be  learnt 
from  lectures.  Then  came  Alleyne  Nichol- 
son's book,  which  was  supplanted  by 
Huxley's  Manual.  Those  who  needed 
more  detailed  knowledge  were  referred 
to  Bronn  and  Gegenbaur.  A  more  exact 
study  of  tropical  medicine  showed  that 
many  diseases  were  causally  connected 
with  insects,  which  acted  as  carriers  and 
transmitters.  The  phylum  of  arthropods, 
of  which  insects  form  only  a  single 
class,  is  so  large,  and  contains  such  an 
enormous  variety  of  forms,  that  Dr. 
Shipley,  the  Master  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  states  that  at  least  seven- 
eighths  of  the  protoplasm  existing  on  the 
surface  of  the  world  is  contained  within 
the  skins  of  the  individuals  constituting 
the  Arthropoda. 

It  is  no  wonder,  therefore,  that  Capt. 
Patton  and  Capt.  Cragg,  of  the  Indian 
Medical  Service,  have  devoted  nearly  a 
thousand  quarto  pages  to  the  subject  of 
medical  entomology,  and  have  published 
a  work  which  is  not  only  creditable  to 
themselves  in  the  highest  degree,  but  also 
reflects  honour  upon  the  service  to  which 
they  belong.  The  book  deals  systemati- 
cally and  scientifically  with  the  whole  class 
of  insects.  It  shows  how  they  may  be 
distinguished,  how  they  breed,  their 
anatomy,  their  life-history,  their  bionomics 
(a  word  which  did  not  find  its  way  into 
the  '  New  English  Dictionary,'  but  has 
since  been  noted  for  inclusion),  and  the 
dangers  they  cause.  A  mass  of  material 
is  collected  which  has  been  hitherto 
available  only  in  monographs  and  original 
articles  scattered  throughout  various 
scientific  periodicals.  But  the  book  is 
far  from  being  a  mere  resume  of  the  work' 
of  others,  because  nearly  every  page 
shows  evidence  of  the  authors'  own 
research,  much  of  which  has  been  done 
at  the  King  Institute  of  Preventive 
Medicine,  Guindy,  Madras. 

In  dealing  with  the  anatomy  of  the 
Arthropoda  a  special  description  is  always 
given  of  the  salivary  glands.  It  is  shown 
that  the  inflammation  which  is  so  often 
associated  with  the  bites  of  the  blood- 
sucking species  is  due  to  the  inoculation  of 
an  irritant  in  the  salivary  secretion,  and 
not  to  the  injury  of  the  bite,  but  it  is  not 
yet  apparent  what  purpose  is  served  by 
this  irritating  property.  The  book  con- 
cludes with  an  interesting  and  suggestive 
chapter  on  the  means  by  which  the  para- 
sites of  the  Invertebrata  leave  their  hosts 
and  gain  access  to  the  tissues  of  the 
Vertebrata,  and  there  cause  disease. 

The  work,  which  is  profusely  illustrated, 
is  primarily  a  laboratory  guide .  but  it  is  too 
big  and  heavy  for  convenient  use.  A 
second  edition  will  no  doubt  soon  be 
demanded,  and  it  would  be  well  if  the 
book  could  then  be  bound  in  two  volumes 
with  flexible  covers,  the  quarto  size  being 
retained  on  account  of  the  plates. 


SOCIETIES. 

Society  of  ANTIQUARIES. — April  2. — Sir  Her- 
cules Head,  President,  in  the  chair. — A  report  was 
presented  by  Messrs.  Reginald  Smith  and  Dewey 
on  excavations  carried  out  last  year  on  behalf  of 
the  British  Museum  and  the  Geological  Survey. 
At  Swanscombe,  Kent,  the  St.  Acheul  horizon 
on  the  100-foot  terrace  was  identified  by  the  dis- 
covery of  a  number  of  twisted  flint  implements, 
which  supplemented  the  series  already  found. 
At  Ingress  Vale,  Greenhithe,  the  ",\ ell-known 
shell-bed  was  reopened  and  yielded  about  500  good 
Hakes,  but  no  implements,  though  many  specimens 
of  St.  Acheul  type  are  known  from  the  deposit. 
The  fauna  represented  in  the  bed  contains  several 
species  best  known  from  the  Pliocene  (Forest-bed), 
and  the  Hakes  exactly  correspond  to  those  found 
in  the  lowest  gravel  at  Barnfield  pit,  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  distant.  The  height  above  O.D.  is  the 
same  in  both  cases,  and  the  deposits  seem  to  be 
the  earliest  of  the  100-foot  terrace.  Another  site 
examined  on  the  same  terrace  is  at  the  north 
end  of  Dartford  Heath,  where  clay  overlies  the 
gravel  on  the  slope  towards  the  Thames.  This 
clay  has  been  considered  to  be  the  filling  of  an 
ancient  river,  running  approximately  east  and 
west  ;  but,  as  no  northern  bank  was  found  during 
the  excavations,  it  is  suggested  that  the  clay  is 
the  latest  member  of  the  100-foot  terrace,  and  was 
deposited  by  the  Thames.  Unrolled  flint  imple- 
ments have  been  found  in  quantity,  suggesting  a 
late  St.  Acheul  or  Le  Moustier  date  for  the  clay- 
deposit. — Flint  implements  illustrating  the  paper 
were  exhibited  by  the  President,  Messrs.  Dewey, 
Davis,  and  W.  M.  Newton,  and  Dr.  Corner. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


Wed. 


Society  of  Literature,  5.15.—'  The  Idea  of  Comedy,'  Lecture  II, 
Prof.  W.  L.  Courtney. 
—       Meteorological,  7.30.— 'The  Insect  Pests  of  Wheat  Crops,'  Mr. 
F.  Enock. 
Thuks.  Viking,  8.30  —Presidential  Address  on  'Orkney  and  Shetland 
Folk,  872-1350.' 


. 


The  Summer  Meeting  of  the  Institution 
of  Mechanical  Engineers  will  be  held  in 
Paris  this  year,  and  will  begin  on  Monday, 
July  6th.  The  programme,  as  at  present 
arranged,  includes  the  reading  and  discus- 
sion of  papers  in  the  Theatre  of  the  Societe 
des  Ingenieurs  Civils  on  two  days,  and  visits 
to  engineering  works  and  places  of  interest 
in  Paris,  and  to  locomotive,  steel,  and 
textile  works  in  Lille,  Roubaix,  Valenci- 
ennes, &c.  It  is  intended  also  to  arrange 
a  view  of  the  works  in  Le  Havre. 

Prof.  J.  W.  Judd  gave  an  interesting 
account  of  the  geology  of  Rockall  at  the 
last  meeting  of  the  Geological  Society. 
Rockall  lies  in  mid-Atlantic,  184  miles  west 
of  St.  Kilda — a  rock  only  100  yards  in  cir- 
cumference, with  a  height  of  70  feet — though 
it  has  been  rejjorted  as  a  large  island,  and 
even  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  Atlantis. 
Its  main  interest  is  strictly  geological,  for  it 
contains  rocks  unrepresented  in  our  own 
islands  analogous  to  those  found  in  the 
Christiania  district  in  Norway,  and  consisting 
essentially — as  the  microscope  and  chemical 
analysis  show  — of  quartz,  albite,  and  the  rare 
soda-pyroxene  aegirite.  Specimens  of  the 
rock  are  very  difficult  to  obtain,  since  the 
island,  surrounded  by  a  bank  on  which  are 
dangerous  reefs,  is  for  the  most  part  in- 
accessible. This  circumstance  gave  occa- 
sion to  a  quaint  remark  on  the  part  of  one  of 
the  speakers  in  the  discussion  following  Prof. 
Judd"s  paper.  Recalling  the  fact  that  a 
North-American  liner  ran  on  the  island 
some  years  ago,  and  was  wrecked  with  loss  of 
life,  he  said,  "  Had  there  been  any  geologists 
among  the  survivors,  more  specimens  of  the 
rock  might  then  have  been  obtained."  That 
might  really  have  been  as  good  as  Brown- 
ing's '  Grammarian,'  who 

Gave  us  the  doctrine  of  the  enclitic  De, 
Dead  from  the  waist  down. 

Mrs.  John  Evershed  of  Kodaikanal,  who 
has  done  some  good  work  on  Southern  stars, 
is  to  publish  early  this  month  with  Messrs. 
Gall  &  Inglis  a  book  on  '  Dante  and  the  Early 
Astronomers.'  The  outcome  of  many  years 
special  study,  it  traces  out  developments  of 
astronomy  from  the  earliest  times. 


No.  4511,  April  11,   19U 


THE    A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


>33 


FINE    ARTS 

Some   Account   of  Gothic   Architecture   in 
Spain.    By    George    Edmund    Street. 

2  vols.     (Dent  &  Sons.  (is',  net.) 

moral  interest  in  the  architecture  of 
Spain  has  been  growing  of  recent  years, 
and  it  is  natural  that  Street's  book  should 
be  reissued.  It  is  now  edited  by  Miss 
Georgians  Goddard  King,  with  just  the 
'notes  which  it  needed.  The  editor  says 
that  it  is  one  of  those  hooks  which  are 
written  for  "  those  who  think  of  going 
somewhere  and  want  to  know  what  to 
expect  "  :  and  she  is  right  in  saying  that 
neither  Murray  nor  Baedeker,  much 
though  they  depend  on  Street,  gives 
quite  what  is  needed. 

Street,  indeed,  was  one  of  those 
architects  (not  very  many)  who  can 
write  as  well  as  design,  and  his  book,  is 
better  than  his  building.  Much  has  been 
discovered  since  his  day.  Especially  in 
regard  to  French  influence  on  the  archi- 
t  scture  of  Spain  artists  and  historians — 
of  the  latter  Senor  D.  Rafael  Altamira  is 
facile  prince  ps — have  come  near  to  a 
final  decision.  But  Street  is  not  super- 
seded. In  regard  to  Moorish  influence 
(on  which  we  await  such  an  original  and 
exciting  comment  as  may  be  expected 
from  the  investigation  of  Commendatore 
Rivoira)  much  remains  to  be  discovered ; 
and  that  undoubtedly  is  the  weak  point 
of  Street's  book.  Its  limitations  must 
be  recognized.  It  was  ignorant  of  the 
'"  Primitives  "  ;  and  the  recent  exhibition 
at  the  Grafton  Gallery  will  not  allow  us 
to  forget  how  important  and  original  was 
their  work.  The  editor,  following  up 
hints  of  her  author,  says  some  good 
things  on  the  history  of  Spanish  painting 
before  the  sixteenth  century.  But  of 
course,  that  is  not  Gothic  architecture ; 
Street  did  not  tie  himself  down  at  all 
strictly.  Another  weakness,  which  the 
editor  has  endeavoured  to  rectify,  is  the 
extremely  meagre  reference  Street  made 
to  the  earliest  churches — those  of  Xarranco 
and  Santa  Cristina  de  Lena,  for  instance. 
An  interesting  editorial  note  makes  it 
clear  that  the  writer  has  been  to  Oviedo 
(though  she  does  not  describe  the  Camara 
Santa)  and  Xarranco,  which  Street  had 
not  ;  but  such  a  book  as  M.  Marcel 
Dieulafoy's  shows  how  much  both  author 
and  editor  need  supplementing. 

Excellently  though  the  editor  has 
supplied  corrections  and  additions  to  the 
accounts  of  places  which  Street  visited, 
hie  omissions  for  the  most  part  remain;  he 
i-  to  !)'•  lead  for  what  he  saw.  not  for  any 
general  view  of  Spanish  architecture.  His 
book  is  most  entertaining  and  vigorous, for 
he  had  something  of  the  humour  of  Ford 
and  something  of  the  vigour  of  Freeman. 
Truly  does  the  editor  say  that  "'  lie  is  never 
dull,  never  irritating,  never  fretful;  and 
stimulating  beyond  the  wont  "  ;  and  that 
"  he  taught  t<>  Europe  the  gloria  <>i  Santiago  ; 
he    teaches    to    every    fellow-traveller    his 

bience  with  foreign  ways  and  his  entire 
devol ion  to  exalted  beauty." 

We  may  add  that  the  reprint  is  in  two 
light  volumes  most  convenient  to  carry* 


Mural   Painting   in   America.     By   Edwin 
H.  Blashfield.      (Batstord,  8s.  Qd.  net.) 

Hkrk  is  a  volume  containing  much  sound 
sense  and  a  good  deal  of  vague,  well- 
meaning  eloquence.  If  the  presence  of 
the  latter  element  make  Mr.  Blashfield's 
writing  loose-fibred — fleshy  rather  than 
nervous  and  forcible — the  cause  is  pro- 
bably to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  much 
of  it  was  delivered  in  the  form  of  lectures. 
and  the  lecturer  (to  paraphrase  one  of  our 
author's  own  sayings)  can  go  no  faster 
than  the  slowest  of  his  audience.  The 
intellectual  (dement  in  Mr.  Blashfield's 
work  is  thus  necessarily  watered  down, 
and  the  reader  must  be  warned  not  to 
look  for  technical  instruction.  There  is 
none,  and,  indeed,  the  "  mural  painting  " 
dealt  with  does  not  appear,  as  a  rule,  to 
have  been  painted  on  walls,  but  on 
canvas  maroufie,  after  the  modern  French 
fashion.  There  is  no  reference  to  the 
revival  of  fresco  even  as  a  possi- 
bility, and  it  is  apparently  assumed  that 
modern  decoration  is  necessarily  oil  paint- 
ing. Mr.  Blashfield, indeed. making  a  defence 
for  the  heavily  loaded  pigment  of  recent 
fashion. 

On  the  other  hand,  Ave  find  clue  insist- 
ence on  the  importance  (obvious  enough, 
but  as  a  rule,  insufficiently  recog- 
nized) of  "  mutuality  "  both  between 
painter  and  architect,  and  between 
the  different  painters  employed  in  a 
building.  It  is  painters  even  more 
than  architects  and  public  who  need  to 
realize  the  value  of  discipline,  and  Mr. 
Blashfield  has  several  things  to  say  of 
practical  value  :  as  when  he  points  out  to 
the  architect  that  painting  can  hardly  be 
other  than  intrusive  when  it  is  confined 
to  a  single  great  panel ;  or  when  he  insists 
on  the  necessity  of  regarding  the  "  flat 
painting  "  of  an  interior  at  its  due  import- 
ance ;  or  argues  the  vanity  of  competitive 
personalities  in  a  single  scheme  ;  or,  in 
dealing  with  the  different  types  of  artists 
available,  points  out,  with  regard  to  the 
men  who  prepare  their  schemes  well 
beforehand,  that  while  they  are  relatively 
safe  their  inelasticity  has  to  be  reckoned 
with  in  those  crises  which  arise  in  the 
carrying  out  of  any  important  work.  "  By 
the  way,"  says  the  architect  (p.  116)  when 
the  artist  has  half  finished  his  composition, 
"  they  will  have  to  set  a  ventilator  in  the 
middle  of  your  wall."' 

The  question  of  the  co-operation  of 
painters  is  more  urgent  in  America  than 
with  us,  because  of  the  scale  on  which 
commissions  are  given — a  scale  which 
makes  it  impossible  for  one  man  to  do 
the  entire  work  ;  and  while  we  regret  that 
nowhere  does  it  seem  possible  to  begin 
the  practice  of  mural  painting  on  a 
mod  -i  acale  and  at  a  modest  price,  we 
cannot  help  admiring  the  enterprise  "I 
America  in  providing  public  patronage 
for  their  painters.  What  will  be  the 
result  it  is  too  early  yet  to  say.  hut  in 
no  other  country  have  artists  the  same 
opportunity  Mr.      Blashfield     argues 

against  the  public  taste  for  open  competi- 
tions, and  deprecates   the   employment  on 


large  Commissions  of  "  the  local  man,"  or 
any    but   men  of  established  experience. 

He  argues  plausibly,  and  we  do  not  sus- 
pect him  of  self-interest;  but  the  illustra- 
tions to  his  hook  offer  a  fatal  commentary 
on  his  claim  that  the  master-decorators  of 
America  "  have  proved  their  ability  to 
lead."  From  the  artistic  point  of  view 
it  is  difficult  to  avoid  the  conviction  that. 
perhaps  with  the  exception  of  Fa  Parge, 
they  have  shown  themselves  deplorably 
incompetent  or  deplorably  uninspired,  or 
both.  What  is  needed  is  a  new  set  of 
leaders,  and  there,  as  here,  enormous 
monumental  undertakings  might  well  be 
postponed  in  favour  of  the  decoration  of 
a  large  number  of  buildings  of  familiar  use 
— cafes  and  restaurants  and  the  like — 
in  dealing  with  which  the  born  decorator 
might  make  himself  known  and  wdn  a 
practical  training.  Some  scheme  of  State 
bounties  to  bear  part  of  the  expense  of 
such  work  woidd  be  the  best  means  of 
restoring  painting  to  its  proper  place 
in  social  life. 


Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  Paintings  and 
some  Art  Objects. — Vol.  I.  Italian  Paint- 
ings, by  Bernhard  Berenson  ;  Vol.  II. 
Flemish  and  Dutch  Paintings,  by  W.  R. 
Valentiner  ;  Vol.  III.  German,  French, 
Spanish,  and  English  Paintings,  and 
Art  Objects,  by  YV.  R.  Valentiner, 
(Philadelphia,  privately  printed.) 

The  Catalogue  before  us  is  a  really 
important  contribution  to  scientific  art 
criticism,  for  the  collection,  which  num- 
bers about  eleven  hundred  pictures,  con- 
tains works  by  the  great  masters  and  the 
petits  maitres  of  many  schools  and  epochs. 
Indeed,  from  the  study  of  this  Catalogue 
alone  the  student  might  form  a  very  fair 
idea  of  the  general  development  of  Euro- 
pean art  from  the  thirteenth  century  to 
the  beginning  of  the  twentieth. 

Some  two  hundred  of  the  pictures  are 
modem.  These  consist  mainly  of  the 
Barbizon  and  Impressionist  Schools  ; 
but  there  are  also  works  by  other 
French  painters  :  Delacroix,  Puvis  de 
Chavannes,  Courbet,  Carriere,  and 
Besnard.  We  note  moreover  the  names 
of  Matthew  and  Jacob  Maris,  Mauve. 
Israels,  Bocklin,  Monticelli.  Whistler,  and 
Sargent. 

But  the  great  bulk  of  the  collection  con- 
sists of  Old  Masters.  First  there  are  the 
Italian  pictures,  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Hern- 
hard  Berenson.  His  name  is  a  sufficient 
guarantee  for  the  quality  of  the  critical 
work,  and  he  has  had  here  ample  oppor- 
tunity for  a  display  of  his  knowledge 
and     intuition    in    matters    of    attribution. 

The  pictures  arc  of  a  high  standard.  We 
have  Sienese  and  Florentine  primitives 
and  important  works  of  the  fifteenth 
century  :  the  '  Purification  of  the  Virgin 
(pt .  38),  for  example,  by  Benozzo  <  k>zzoli — 
which  is  apparently  part  of  the  '  pn  dells 
to  the  altarpiece  once  in  the  chapel  of  the 
Company  of  the  Purification  in  Florence, 
and   now    in   the   National   Gallery     is  a 


534 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,   1914 


thoroughly  characteristic  painting.  Re- 
markable also  for  their  direct  conception 
and  unaffected  execution  are  the  four 
parts  of  a  predella  by  Botticelli  (pt.  44-9). 
There  are  many  other  Florentine  works, 
.and  the  outstanding  feature  of  the  Vene- 
tian pictures  is  the  '  Madonna  '  by  Gio- 
vanni Bellini  (pt.  105),  one  of  the  earliest 
of  his  extant  paintings,  which,  though  far 
inferior  to  his  masterpieces  in  technical 
.accomplishment,  shows  extreme  delicacy 
in  the  treatment  of  the  hands  and  delight- 
ful feeling  throughout.  There  are  also 
pictures  by  Carpaccio  and  Cima  da 
■Conegliano,  and  portraits  by  Palma 
Vecchio,  Lotto,  Titian,  and  Tintoretto. 
JVIost  of  the  other  schools  of  Italy  are  Avell 
represented,  of  special  interest  being  the 
two  panels,  '  St.  John  the  Baptist '  and 
L  St.  Peter,'  by  Cosimo  Tura,  and  the 
four  examples  of  Luca  Signorelli. 

Mr.  Valentiner  has  had  a  similarly 
grateful  task  in  writing  on  the  Flemish 
and  Dutch  pictures.  These  are,  if  any- 
thing, even  finer  and  more  characteristic 
than  the  Italian.  Two  important  pic- 
tures by  Jan  van  Eyck,  '  St.  Francis 
receiving  the  Stigmata  ' — almost  identical 
with  the  picture  in  the  Turin  Gallery — 
tind  a  portrait,  first  claim  the  critic's 
attention.  Then  come  splendid  examples 
of  the  art  of  Memling,  Van  der  Weyden, 
Dirck  Bouts,  and  their  schools.  Here, 
too,  is  an  extremely  attractive  picture  by 
A  Haarlem  artist  of  the  late  fifteenth 
century  representing  '  Scenes  from  the 
Life  of  the  Virgin.'  Mr.  Valentiner  iden- 
tifies the  painter  of  this  picture  with  the 
artist  of  the  '  Augustus  and  Sibyl '  (cata- 
logued "  Manner  of  Dirck  Bouts ")  in 
■the  Museum  at  Frankfort.  He  does  not, 
however,  mention  the  '  Raising  of  Laza- 
rus '  in  the  St.  Carlos  Museum,  Mexico 
(labelled  "School  of  Dirck  Bouts"), 
which  is  undoubtedly  also  by  the  same 
hand.  These  three  pictures  together 
-create  a  new  personality  who  was  an 
artist  of  great  charm  and  skill.  Patinir 
and  Mabuse  are  not  seen  at  their  best, 
but  the  Rembrandt  head  (pt.  479) 
would  hold  its  own  in  any  collection  of 
the  master's  works.  There  are  also  excel- 
lent examples  of  Pieter  de  Hooch,  Ver- 
meer  of  Delft,  Ruysdael,  and  Hobbema, 
and  a  fine  genre  piece,  '  The  Fiddler,'  by 
Brouwer's  talented  pupil,  Arent  Diepraem, 
which  might  have  inspired  a  Goya  or  a 
Manet. 

The  German,  French,  Spanish,  and 
English  "  Old  Masters  "  are  not  quite  of 
the  same  standard.  We  must  except  the 
portraits  by  Albrecht  Diirer,  the  Master 
of  Moulins,  Francois  Clouet,  Corneille  de 
Lyon,  and  the  '  Peasant  Girl '  by  Chardin 
— previously  attributed  to  Frans  Hals — 
all  of  which  are  admirable  in  their  respec- 
tive styles.  Of  the  Spanish  pictures  the 
two  works  by  El  Greco  appear  the  most 
interesting,  and  of  the  English  the  sketches 
by  Constable. 

In  addition  to  the  pictures,  the  collec- 
tion comprises  some  sculptures  and  objets 
(Tart  of  various  periods,  including  works 
by  Houdon,  Barye,  and  M.  Rodin,  and 
Chinese  bronzes  and  porcelains,  rugs  and 
-textiles. 


EXHIBITIONS. 

The  atmosphere  of  reminiscence,  not  in 
itself  disagreeable,  which  hangs  over  the 
exhibition  at  the  Chenil  Gallery  of  the 
drawings  of  Miss  Edna  Clarke-Hall  rerriinds 
us  of  the  gulf  which  separates  to-day,  with 
its  cult  of  the  drawing  for  its  own  sake, 
from  the  time  when  artists  did  drawings  as 
a  preparation  for  a  more  important  work, 
and  did  not  always  take  the  trouble  to 
preserve  them  after  use.  Clearly  there  is 
something  to  be  said  for  the  modern  way 
of  thinking  ;  yet  we  cannot  forget  that  it  was 
under  the  earlier  dispensation  that  the 
drawings  were  done  which  were  the  models 
inspiring — perhaps  at  one  remove — artists 
like  Miss  Hall,  nor  can  we  view  without  a 
certain  disquietude  the  progress  of  a  career 
which  we  looked  upon  as  so  promising  ten 
years  ago,  and  which  to-day  is  still  promising, 
but  showing  the  same  symptoms  of  riotous 
sketching,  and  the  absence  of  continuous 
effort.  These  sketches  vary  considerably, 
from  drawings  in  the  manner  of  some 
Victorian  illustrator  like  John  Leech  to 
life-studies  recalling  the  looser  work  of 
Mr.  William  Orpen.  Almost  all  have  an 
immediate  suggestion  of  nature  which 
enlivens  the  equally  strong  reminiscence  of 
some  other  artist's  work.  Certain  flower 
studies,  such  as  Nos.  28  and  39,  seem  the 
most  original ;  but  even  in  this  department 
there  is  another  flower  study,  No.  53,  which 
by  its  resemblance  to  the  Victorian  Keepsake 
album  suggests  a  point  of  departure  cer- 
tainly greatly  developed  in  the  other  two. 

Even  greater  slightness  marks  some  of 
the  water-colours  of  M.  Henri  Farge,  whose 
varied  exhibition  at  the  galleries  of  Messrs. 
Goupil  &  Co.  in  Bedford  Street  deserves  a 
visit  by  reason  of  the  charming  person- 
ality and  distinguished  sense  of  style  it 
reveals.  Sometimes,  it  is  trvie,  there  is 
hardly  anything  on  the  paper,  yet  the  sense 
of  the  true  classic  use  of  water-colour  is 
invariably  maintained,  and  always  with 
perfect  sjsontaneity.  To  "  place  "  M.  Farge's 
talent  for  those  to  whom  it  is  unknown,  we 
should  have  to  invoke  the  remembrance  of 
Girtin's  architectural  drawings  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  engravings  of  Kandinsky  on 
the  other.  The  influence  of  Chinese  tech- 
nique on  a  European  A'ision  is  also  pro- 
nounced. Two  lie  de- France  landscapes  (59 
and  60)  and  a  handsome  Coliseum  (73)  are 
among  the  gems  of  the  collection. 

Among  the  other  exhibits,  a  full-length 
portrait  of  a  girl  in  fancy  dress,  Hippolyte  (7), 
is  like  an  enlarged  Watteau,  and  superior 
to  M.  Farge's  other  and  more  definitely 
Post-Impressionist  oil  paintings.  It  is  full 
of  character  and  feminine  charm.  His  at- 
tempts at  reviving  the  older  traditions  of 
Venetian  glasswork  show  a  painter's  sense 
of  the  intrinsic  beauty  of  what  in  trade 
circles  might  perhaps  be  regarded  as  flaws 
in  manufacture.  He  has  felt  the  subtle 
qualities  of  certain  large  vessels  of  clear 
glass,  not  quite  clear,  however,  but  slightly 
milky  with  imprisoned  bubbles,  and  avoiding 
the  machine-made  regularity  of  surface 
which  might  spoil  the  liquidity  of  the  mate- 
rial, while  an  ingenious  use  of  quaintly 
designed  white  porcelain  with  gold  decora- 
tion has  the  elegance  of  the  best  Renaissance 
craftsmanship.  Affiliation  to  past,  with  a 
vivid  sense  of  present,  artistic  influences 
makes  M.  Farge,  though  he  is  by  no  means 
a  robust  artist,  a  very  interesting  one. 

At  the  Dore  Gallery  the  paintings  of  Mr. 
Charles  Russell,  the  "  Cowboy  artist,"  show 
the  photographic  cleverness  of  draughts- 
manship typical  of  the  modern  illustrator, 
and  occasionally,  as  in  No.    17,  a  touch  of 


character.  For  the  most  part,  however. 
"  the  West  that  has  passed  "  appears  much 
as  we  find  it  in  the  picture  theatre. 

In  the  room  adjoining,  a  show  of  the  work  of 
a  minor  adherent  of  the  Impressionist  School, 
the  late  F.  S.  Cordey,  has  sincerity,  and 
occasionally,  as  in  the  Passage  a,  Niveau  (44), 
some  accomplishment  akin  to  that  of  M. 
Lucien  Pissarro. 


THE    LEEDS    ART    GALLERY. 

It  is  only  since  Mr.  Frank  Rutter  took 
over  the  directorship  of  the  Leeds  Art  Gal- 
lery that  a  review  of  a  picture  exhibition  in 
Leeds  has  been  made  possible. 

The  fine  arrangement  of  the  present 
Spring  Exhibition,  with  its  270  invited  works 
(the  maze  of  the  thousand-and-one  has  had 
its  day),  engenders  a  state  of  mind  that  is 
necessary  to  the  proper  appreciation  of 
pictures.  An  imposing  group  of  paintings 
by  Mr.  William  Strang  sounds  the  fullest 
note  in  this  exhibition.  These  paintings, 
five  in  number,  show  a  more  masterly 
completeness  than  any  other  group  here. 
The  Masefield  portrait  lias  an  elemental 
sweetness  and  dignity  of  design,  a  grace 
and.  composure  eminently  suited  to  the 
subject.  There  is  a  sense  of  design  in  all 
Mr.  Strang's  paintings,  always  mounting 
toward  a  higher  form,  the  colour  insepar- 
able from  the  pattern. 

Mr.  Strang's  colour  has  developed  a 
personal  note  of  great  charm.  The  Milliner 
is  delicious  in  this  respect,  as  are  the  two 
landscapes,  painted  with  a  fullness  and 
with  the  compactness  of  form  of  a  Cezanne. 
Next  in  importance  is  the  group  of 
paintings  by  Mr.  P.  Wilson  Steer.  These 
pictures,  covering  a  period  of  twenty- 
five  years,  are  to  be  taken  as  illustrative 
of  the  growth  of  this  distinguished  painter. 
The  nude  figure,  which  was  painted  in  1896, 
is  a  grossly  material  essay  on  the  lines  of 
Manet,  and  has  a  certain  subtlety  of 
modelling.  A  garish  painting  of  1 894. 
Children  Running,  has  an  artificial  lumi- 
nosity which  appears  all  the  more  aggressive 
when  one  turns  to  the  exquisite  passages  of 
colour  in  Children  Paddling,  painted  about 
the  same  time.  The  Golden  Valley  (1903) 
is  what  we  have  come  to  look  upon  as  a  Steer. 
In  its  expression  of  Nature  and  knowledge 
of  the  play  of  light  it  puts  Mr.  Steer  above 
most  of  his  fellows  in  this  country. 

Better  than  Bridgnorth  and  The  Break- 
water, two  paintings  in  Mr.  Steer's  latest 
manner,  is  the  small  painting  of  1900,  A 
Woodland  Scene,  Knaresbro '.  This  land- 
scape is  full  of  quiet  beauty,  and  is  a  masterly 
achievement. 

Mr.  Gerald  Kelly  is  represented  by  his 
Alma  de  mi  Alma,  a  portrait  which  exhibits 
a  rare  sensitiveness  of  colour  and  sense  of 
restraint.  The  Vicar,  another  of  his  paint- 
ings, is  a  somewhat  exacting  interior  study. 
Mr.  Philip  Connard  shows  The  Little 
Ballerina,  strongly  reminiscent  of  a  picture 
by  Velasquez  in  composition,  and  some 
invigorating  landscapes  which  have  in  them 
the  soul  and  sentiment  of  fair  weather. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Walter  Bayes  has  some 
subtle  significance.  His  paintings  are  satu- 
rated with  a  strange  and  tranquil  tone,  and 
their  beautiful  draughtsmanship  greatly  en- 
hances their  attraction. 

The  exhibition  includes  some  impres- 
sionistic studies  by  Mr.  Walter  Sickert,  as 
remarkable  in  their  way  as  a  Forain  drawing. 
Mr.  Augustus  John,  Mr.  J.  D.  Fergusson, 
Mr.  Muirhead  Bone,  Mr.  W.  Orpen,  and 
Mr.  Albert  Rothenstein  are  of  the  good 
company.  E.  F. 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1014 


T  H  E     A  T II  E  N  M  U  Til 


535 


JFtttf    Art   (L>ossip. 

Mb  H.  H.  I. a  Thangi  i:  is  to  hold  his  first 
'■  one-man  show  "  this  month  »it  tin-  Leicester 
Galleries.  It  will  occupy  two  rooms,  and 
consist  of  nearly  fifty  finished  pictures. 

Av  official  guide  has  been  appointed  to 
conduct  visitors  round  the  National  Gallery, 
British  Art,  Millbank.  The  guide  meets 
those  who  have  ticket-  for  the  visit  in  the 
Central  Hall  at  LI. 30  a.m.  on  Tuesdays, 
Wednesdays,  and  Saturdays,  and  at  2.! 30 
p.m.  every  day.  Bach  visit  will  last  about 
an  hour,  and  a  definite  weekly  programme 
has  been  arranged, which  includes  a  "general 
visil  "  for  children  upon  the  application  of 
head  teachers  of  schools. 

The  Proceedings  of  the  Somersetshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society 
contain  the  report  of  a  curious  discovery 
connected  with  the  plan  of  Glastonbury 
Abbey,  worked  out  by  Mr.  F.  Bligh  Bond. 
This  is  the  use  of  the  number  37  as  a  unit  of 
measurement,  found  sometimes  in  multiples, 
and  again  fractionally.  The  recurrence 
itself  of  the  dimensions  suggests  that  the 
whole  plan  of  the  Abbey,  including  the 
monastic  buildings,  might  be  found  to  rest  on 
a  basis  of  commensurate  squares.  This  is 
not  uncommon  in  mediaeval  churches  ;  but 
there  would  he  something  novel  in  the  plan 
being  extended  to  the  whole  group  of  build- 
ings.  It  is  possible  to  show  that  the  number 
.'37  had  a  place  of  special  importance  in  the 
numerical  symbolism  of  the  earlier  Christian, 
and  especially  the  Greek,  schools,  whose 
mystical  traditions  influenced  later  builders. 
But  a  theory  of  symbolism  cannot  well  be 
established  till  the  actual  standard  of 
measurement  used  by  the  masons  has  been 
determined,  and  it  is  contended  by  some 
authorities  that  37  inches  are  the  36  inches 
of  the  ordinary  yard  plus  what  was  known 
a-  the  poller  interpositus,  or  "  thumb- 
breadth,"  which,  as  old  documents  attest,  it 
was  a  custom  from  the  eleventh  century  to 
the  fifteenth  to  interpose  between  each  yard 
of  land  conveyed. 

Mr.  Murray's  new  announcements  include 
'  Ancient  and  Medieval  Indian  Architecture,' 
by  Mr.  E.  B.  Havell.  who,  completing  his 
survey  of  the  subject,  takes  its  history  back 
to  the  earliest  times,  and  traces  it  down  to 
the  Mohammedan  conquest.  The  period 
includes  all  the  great  sculpture  of  Mediaeval 
India,  which  is  not  so  well  known  as  it  ought 
to  be. 

The  death  is  announced  at  Seville  of 
Adolph  F.  A.  Bandelier,  the  American 
archaeologist,  who  had  gone  to  Spain  in 
order  to  make  researches  for  the  completion 
of  his  ■  Documentary  History  of  the  Rio 
Grande  Pueblos,'  to"  be  published  by  the 
Carnegie  In-titution.  Born  at  Berne, 
in  1  >s  to.  be  emigrated  as  a  youth  to 
the  United  States,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  archsBologica]  and  ethnological  work 

amOng  the  Indians  Of  the  South-Western 
United   States,   Mexico,  and  South   America, 

and  made  himself  one  of  the  leading  autho- 
rities on  the  prehistoric  civilization  of 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Later  he  worked 
in  Ecuador,  Bolivia,  and  Peru.  He  showed 
the     falsity     of     various     historical      myths, 

especially  those  concerning  the  Enca  civiliza- 
tion   of  Pern.     He    was   a    man    of    great 

mental  ability,  which  resisted  unimpaired 
the  physical  ailments  of  his  later  years.  Hi 
wide  knowledge  oi  the  earlier  and  contem- 
porary Spanish  authors  on  all  the  subjects 
which  he  treated  was  united  with  a  con- 
siderable gift  for  historic  criticism.  As  an 
archaeologist  he  was  remarkable  for  his 
iry  care  in  the  description  of  his 
finds. 


/Husiral   (Bosstp. 

A  lecture  was  delivered  l>y  Mrs.   Franz 

l.iehieh  hefore  the  London  Section  of  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Musicians  at  the 
Polytechnic  Institute  last  Saturday  after- 
noon. Her  suhject  was  "Modern  Music 
and  the  New  in  the  Old."  Much  of  what  is 
written  at  the  present  time  is  puzzling, 
so  that  it  was  interesting  to  hear  what  she 
hail  tt)  say  concerning  a  suhject  to  which 
she  has  devoted  much  time  and  thought. 
In  the  days  when  the  classics  flourished, 
objections  were  raised  to  the  New  in  the 
Old,  but  principally  by  theorists.  Of  the 
false  relations  in  the  Introduction  to 
Mozart's  Quartet  in  c  (K.  46o)  Sarti  was 
one  of  the  loudest  to  complain ;  and  Berlioz 
has  told  us  how  another  theorist,  Fetis, 
not  only  found  fault  with  certain  passages, 
hut  even  made  corrections  and  printed 
them.  It  has  been  stated  again  and  again 
that  Beethoven's  music  was  not  appre- 
ciated by  the  public  of  his  day.  His 
Symphonies  and  Overtures,  also  his 
chamber  music,  were  constantly  being 
performed  during  his  lifetime,  not  only  in 
Vienna,  but  also  in  England,  France,  Russia, 
and  throughout  Germany.  His  works 
showed,  especially  in  earlier  days,  more  of 
the  old  than  of  the  new.  The  forms  used 
by  his  predecessors  were  still  in  force, 
though  modified,  and  the  rules  of  harmony 
and  part-writing  handed  down  from  the  past 
were  generally  respected. 

The  music  of  to-day,  said  Mrs.  Liebich, 
was  accused  of  being  revolutionary.  It  was 
also  spoken  of  as  a  New  School,  but  she 
declared  that  it  had  links  with  the  past,  and 
was  merely  a  further  unfolding  of  Nature's 
harmonies  ;  that  old  modes  and  Oriental 
scales  were  being  revived,  and  the  diatonic 
scale,  a  bar  to  progress,  had  been  killed.  There 
is,  of  course,  truth  in  what  is  said  about  the 
scales,  though  the  treatment  of  dissonances 
as  consonances,  the  determination  to  avoid 
the  old  diatonic  harmonies,  prevalent  in  much 
modern  music,  together  with  the  frequent 
abolition  of  the  classical  forms,  cause  the  New 
element  to  be  vastly  in  excess  of  the  Old. 
Hence  the  difficulty  of  judging  (or  rather 
appreciating)  the  New  School  is  in  some  cases 
very  great ;  moreover  the  rising  generation 
will  enter  into  the  spirit  of  it  sooner  than 
those  who  have  first  to  shake  off  old  associa- 
tions. 

One  thing  is,  however,  pretty  certain : 
all  that  is  now  being  produced  will  not 
stand  the  test  of  time  ;  some  of  it  is  genuine, 
some  merely  intended  to  mystify.  The 
public  are  too  apt  to  consider  what  they 
cannot  understand  as  too  deep  for  them. 

The  term  "  Music  of  the  Future  "  was  in 
early  days  applied  to  the  works  of  Wagner, 
but  in  1860  the  famous  "  Declaration  " 
against  the  "New  German  School,"  signed 
by  Brahms,  Joachim,  Grimm,  and  Scholz, 
was  directed  principally  against  Liszt  and 
his  Symphonic  Poems.  The  '  Faust  '  Sym- 
phony, composed  between  1853  and  18o7, 
although  it  retains  more  of  the  classical 
symphonic    form    than     Liszt's   Tone-Poems, 

clearly  -hows  that  he  was  opening  new 
paths. 

This  work  which    has   not    been   heard    for 

many  years,  was   performed    lasl    Saturday 

afternoon  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Shapiro 

at    his    concert     in     Queen's     Hall.      The 

Conducting  was  good,   though   it    showed    no 

enthusiasm.  Mr.  Shapiro  must  have  fell 
that  the  revival  was  not  convincing 
those  present  that  a  threat  work  had  been 
unjustly   neglected.     It    interested   some   in 

tint  it  was  an  e.uly  step  toward-,  the  Sym- 
phonic Poems  "i  Strauss,  who,  whatever  one 


may  think  of  the  realism  which  prevails  in 
them,     is    stronger    than     Liszt     in     thematic 

development  and  orchestration.  '  Faust  ' 
and   '  Dante  '  are  the  only  symphonies  Liszt 

wrote;   they  are  longer  than  the  Symphonic 

Poems,  hut  are.  on  the  whole,  (hill  ;  there 
is  a  sense  of  effort  in  both.  Liszt  chose 
suhject s  which  appealed  to  him,  hut  did 
not  fully  inspire  him.  There  are  fine  passages, 
hut  the  interest  is  not  sustained.  Liszt  as 
pioneer  is  worthy  of  high  praise.  He  felt 
that  there  must  he  modification  of  the 
classical  forms  and  rules  to  suit  the  new 
romantic  spirit  of  his  day,  which  was  not 
solely  confined  to  the  art  of  music.  Beet- 
hoven, a  greater  man  than  Liszt .  although  he 
did  not,  like  the  latter,  express  his  views  by 
writing,  had  already  come  to  the  same  con- 
clusion. Liszt,  indeed,  acknowledged  in  his 
writings  his  indebtedness  to  Beethoven,  also 
to  his  contemporary  Berlioz. 

At  Mr.  Cyril  Scott's  concert  of  his  own 
compositions,  at  Bechstein  Hall  last 
Monday  evening,  the  programme  opened 
with  a  short,  quaint  piano  solo  '  In  the 
Temple  of  Memphis.'  This  was  followed  by 
a  Quintet  for  Strings  and  Pianoforte.  In 
the  classical  days  the  pianoforto  was  men- 
tioned first  in  the  titles  ;  duets  for  that 
instrument  with  a  violin  were  even  called 
"  with  an  accompaniment,"  as  in  Beet- 
hoven's Op.  30.  The  change  is  for  the 
better.  Mr.  Scott's  Quintet  is  without 
breaks  between  the  movements,  but  that, 
especially  in  his  music,  in  which  there  is 
often  more  head  than  heart,  and  in  which 
cadences  are  studiously  avoided,  seems  an 
unnecessary  strain.  Mendelssohn  and  Schu- 
mann wrote  symphonies  without  breaks, 
but  each  movement  came  to  a  close  ;  their 
aim,  which  even  conductors  disregard,  was 
evidently  to  prevent  disturbance  by  applause. 
The  Quintet  in  question  opens  with  fine 
thematic  material,  and  there  are  also 
excellent  passages  in  the  course  of  the 
work,  but  as  a  whole  it  is  weakened  by 
rcmplissages.  A  forcible  rendering  of  the 
pianoforte  part  was  given  by  the  composer, 
and  he  was  ably  supported  by  Lady  Speyer 
and  Messrs.  Maurice  Sons,  Lionel  Tertis, 
and  Arnold  Trowell.  Some  violin  solos 
were  expressively  played  by  Lady  Speyer. 
A  '  Sonnet  '  with  sounds  of  "  distant  evening 
bells"  is  most  delicate.  'Cherry  Ripe'  is 
simple  and  charming;  while  there  is  cha- 
racter in  Nos.  1  and  3  of  the 'Tallahassee 
Suite."  Mr.  Scott's  gifts,  so  far  as  we  know 
him,  are  displayed  at  their  best  in  works 
of  short  compass. 

Bach's  b  minor  Mass  was  performed  by 
the  Bach  Choir  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
H.  P.  Allen  in  Westminster  Abbey  on  Friday 
in  last  week.  The  choir  and  soloists  sang 
well,  and  Dr.  Allen  was  successful  in  his 
contrasts  between  the  quick  and  joyful 
numbers  and  those  in  a  quiet  vein.  The 
•  Crucifixus  '  and  '  Et  Incarnatus  '  were 
especially  notable  in  a  reverent  and  striking 
performance. 

MlSS  Susan  nk  Mokvav,  w  hen  she  made 
her    debut    in     London    a    few    seasons    ago, 

gave  a  delightful  rendering  of  Liszt's  diffi- 
cult  Sonata  in  b  minor.  She  played  il 
again  at  her  recital  last  Thursday  week  al 
the    .Kolian     Hall,    hut     her    reading    was 

laboured.  The  same  thing  wa-  nliscrvable  in 
Schumann's  '  Etudes  S\ mphonii jues  '  ;    more- 

over,  the  technique  was  not  always  clear. 
In  some  Chopin  solos  she  was  far  more 
satisfactory;  there  was,  indeed,  charm  and 
simplicity  in  her  plaj  ing. 

Is  an  interview  w  ith  Dr. < reorg<  Senschel  in 
la -i  Sunday's  Observer,  the  well-known  Binger 
and  conductor  is  reported  as  suggesting  thai 
it  would  he  a  good  thing  if  some  patrons  oi 


53(3 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  45(1,  April  11,   1914 


\ 


music  would  found  an  institution  which 
would  give  a  yearly  scries  of  classical  con- 
certs, so  that  the  growing  generation  could 
hear  the  master  works  of  the  past.  Beet- 
hoven is  well  cared  for  :  Sir  Henry  J.  Wood 
gives  performances  of  the  Symphonies  during 
his  seasons  of  Symphony  Concerts,  and  the 
■complete  cycle  of  nine,  with  the  exception  of 
the  choral  part  of  the  Ninth,  every  season  of 
the  Promenade(  loncerts;  moreover,  the  Quar- 
tets and  Pianoforte  Sonatas  are  constantly 
to  be  heard.  More,  however,  might  be 
done  for  Bach  and  Mozart.  As  regards 
painting,  masterpieces  of  the  past  can  be  seen 
at  the  National  Gallery,  but,  as  remarked 
by  Dr.  Henschel,  "  musical  students  find  it 
difficult  to  hear  old  master  works  of  music, 
for  they  are  seldom  played."  But  the  scores 
are  in  the  British  Museum,  and  those  before 
Mozart  are  so  simple  that  students  could 
easily  read  them.  Readers  are  not  admitted, 
it  is  true,  to  the  British  Museum  until  the 
age  of  21,  but  jjre-Mozartian  scores  would 
not  be  much  in  request  until  student  days 
were  over. 

The  orchestral  suite  'The  Pool,'  Mr. 
G.  H.  Clutsam's  new  work  for  next  week's 
musical  festival  at  Torquay,  is  founded  on  a 
ballet  mimo-drama  produced  two  years  ago 
at  the  Alhambra  Theatre.  It  consists  of 
six  numbers  :  '  Overturette,'  '  Spinning- 
Wheel,'  '  Dance  of  Melisande,'  '  Nocturne,' 
*  Stately  Court  Dance,'  and  '  Grotesque.' 

Signor  Puccini's  '  Boh  erne  '  will  be 
given  on  the  20th  inst.,  the  opening  night  of 
the  season  at  Co  vent  Garden.  Madame 
Melba  will  impersonate  Mimi,  and  Signor 
Malatesta  Rudoll'o.  The  orchestra  will  be 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Albert  Coates. 

There  are  four  important  festivals  on  the 
Continent  this  year.  The  first  is  the  one  at 
Bayreuth.  '  Parsifal  '  will  be  given  seven 
times,  on  July  23,  Aug.  1,  4,  7,  8,  10,  and  20  ; 
two  cycles  of  '  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen,'  on 
July  25,  26,  27,  and  29,"  and  Aug.  13,  14,  15, 
and  17  ;  and  three  performances  of  '  Der 
Fliegende  Hollander,'  Aug.  5,  11,  and  19. 

At  Munich  sjieeial  attention  will  be  paid 
to  '  Parsifal,'  of  which  there  will  be  six 
performances  :  July  31  (the  opening  day), 
Aug.  10,  19,  and  28,  Sept.  7  and  15.  Here,  as 
at  Bayreuth,  there  will  be  two  cycles  of  the 
'  Ring,'  on  Aug.  12,  13,  15,  and  17,  and 
Aug.  31,  Sept.  1,  3,  and  5.  '  Tristan  und 
Isolde  '  and  '  Die  Meistersinger  '  will  each  be 
given  three  times :  the  former  on  Aug.  4  and 
22,  and  Sept.  10,  the  latter  on  Aug.  5  and  23, 
and  Sept.  11.  During  the  off  nights  perfor- 
mances will  ts>ke  place,  as  in  previous  years, 
of  Mozart  operas  at  the  Residenz  Theater  : 
'  Figaro  '  on  Aug.  2  and  27  ;  '  Die  Ent- 
fiihrung  aus  dem  Serail  '  on  Aug.  6  and 
Sept.  14  ;  '  Don  Giovanni  '  on  Aug.  9  and 
Sept.  9  ;  and  '  Cosi  fan  Tutte  '  on  Aug.  24. 
The  two  performances  of  '  Die  Zauberflote  ' 
on  Aug.  9  and  29  will  be  given  at  the  Royal 
Court  Theatre. 

At  Salzburg  from  Aug.  10  to  22  a  festival 
will  be  held  in  honour  of  Mozart,  at  which 
three  performances  will  be  given  of  '  Don 
Giovanni,'  and  two  of  'Die  Entfuhrung,' 
under  the  direction  of  Herr  Muck.  There 
will  also  be  performances  of  two  Masses,  and 
two  concerts  conducted  by  Herren  Nikisch 
and  Muck.  On  Aug.  1 1  the  inauguration  of 
the  new  Mozart-Haus  will  take  place. 

Finally,  there  is  to  be  a  Bach  Festival 
at  Vienna  from  May  9  to  11,  organized  by 
the  Neue  Bach  Gesellschaft.  The  scheme 
includes  the  '  John  '  Passion,  church  can- 
tatas, and  chamber  music. 


DRAMA 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 

Bi'N.       Sunday  Concert  Society  3  30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Sat.       M07.  irt  Society.  3.  Portnian  Rooms. 
—       New  Symphony  Orchestra,  3.15.  Queen's  Hall. 


THREE    IRISH   PLAYS. 

There  is  little  in  common  between  the 
three  plays  before  us  except  the  bare  fact 
that  their  authors  are  Irishmen.  But 
they  are  fruit  of  the  same  tree  ;  had  it  not 
been  for  the  National  Theatre  Society  of 
Dublin,  it  is  unlikely  that  they  would  have 
been  written.  Even  '  Rope  Enough  ' 
must  be  attributed  to  the  same  source  ; 
for,  although  the  play  deals  with  an 
English  Home  Secretary  amid  English 
surroundings,  and  with  the  problem  of 
capital  punishment,  it  was  the  Abbey 
Theatre,  of  which  after  the  death  of  J.  M. 
Synge  he  became  a  director  for  a  while, 
that  originally  moved  Mr.  O'Riordan  to 
write  drama.  But  there  all  the  similarity 
ends. 

The  first  two  acts  of  '  The  Bribe  '  are 
closely  knit  and  convincing.  A  Board  of 
Guardians  has  been  advertising  for  a 
Medical  Officer.  There  are  two  applicants, 
the  less  qualified  of  whom  bribes  the  guar- 
dians freely  to  secure  his  election.  The 
Board  is  evenly  divided,  and  the  Chairman 
is  won  over,  after  a  struggle,  by  a  substan- 
tial douceur,  from  his  attitude  of  incor- 
ruptible aloofness  to  the  side  of  the  less 
capable  candidate.  In  the  third  act  comes 
retribution.  The  Chairman's  wife  and 
abettor  is  taken  ill,  and  dies  at  the  hands 
of  the  new  Medical  Officer.  The  other 
doctor  is  leaving  the  neighbourhood  at  the 
moment,  and  is  sent  for.  On  his  arrival 
he  can  only  say  that  had  he  been  called  in 
earlier  he  could  have  saved  the  woman's 
life.  The  last  act,  indeed,  is  more  in  the 
nature  of  an  appendix  than  of  a  climax, 
and  this  discontinuity  is  not  adequately 
compensated  by  the  clever  craftsmanship 
of  the  acts  taken  separately.  The  second 
act,  with  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Guardians,  is  specially  worthy  of  praise. 
The  members  are  a  somewhat  disreputable 
crew,  but  their  individual  differences  are 
excellently  portrayed.  There  is  more 
humour  and  vigour  in  '  The  Bribe  '  than  in 
'  The  Shuiler's  Child,'  but,  in  our  opinion, 
Mr.  O'Kelly's  earlier  play  is  the  more 
effective. 

Mr.  MacSwiney  prefaces  '  The  Revolu- 
tionist '  with  a  plea  for  the  adoption  of 
French  usage  in  the  distinction  of  scenes, 
believing  that  this  would  tend  to  eliminate 
illogicalities  and  irrelevances.  We  doubt 
if  any  such  admirable  result  is  to  be 
obtained  merely  by  adherence  to  a  routine 
method.  Certainly  it  has  not  given  this 
play  the  consecutiveness  required  of  a 
five-act  tragedy.  The  action  of  '  The 
Revolutionist  '  may  be  described  as  inci- 
dents in  the  life  of  Hugh  O'Neill.  The 
bearer  of  this  historic  name  is  a  young 

The  Bribe  :  a  Play  in  Three  Acts.  By  Seumas 
O'Kelly.     (Maunsel  <fe  Co.,  Is.  net.) 

The  Reiiolutionist :  a  Play  in  Five  Acts.  By 
Terence  J.  MacSwiney.  (Same  pub- 
lishers, 2s.  6rf.  net.) 

Rope  Enouah :  a  Play  in  Three  Acts.  By 
Conal  O'Riordan.  (Same  publishers, 
2s.  net.) 


Irishman  who,  at  some  period  when 
a  measure  of  Home  Rule  has  been 
vaguely  indicated,  sets  out  to  overcome 
those  Nationalist  malcontents  who  would 
make  their  victory  complete  by  Fenian 
methods  and  secret  societies.  He  puts 
up  a  good  fight,  denouncing  secrecy, 
which  "  means  men  will  go  on  making  a 
virtue  of  not  professing  openly  what  they 
believe";  he  founds  a  paper,  opposes  a 
priest,  falls  in  love,  and  dies  of  pneumonia, 
complicated  by  overstrain.  The  unreality 
of  the  background  handicaps  the  charac- 
ters' claims  on  the  reader's  sympathies ; 
and  a  few  short  pieces  of  dialogue  alone 
evoke  our  admiration. 

The  moral  of  '  Rope  Enough  "  is  that 
anybody,  given  the  opportunities,  may 
become  morally  responsible  for  murder. 
In  this  play  the  person  upon  whom  this 
truth  forces  itself  is  an  Anglican  bishop 
vho  sowed  wild  oats  in  his  youth.  But 
the  main  thesis  takes  a  long  while  to 
emerge  from  the  mass  of  epigrammatic 
conversation  and  conflicts  of  opposing 
ideals  which  practically  fill  the  first  and 
second  acts.  Sometimes  a  derivation 
from  Mr.  Shaw  suggests  itself,  as  in  these 
lines  : — 

Colonel.  I  defy  you  to  prove  from  the  Bible 
that  I  ever  did  anything  wrong. 

Bishop.  Before  you  attempt  to  under- 
stand the  Bible  you  must  learn  your  Cate- 
chism. 

Colonel.  O,  bosh  !  You  talk  to  me  as  if  I 
were  a  little  child. 

Bishop.  No,  Colonel,  I  do  not.  I  have  not 
for  you  so  much  respect. 

The  action  revolves  about  the  Bishop, 
a  brother  of  a  new  Home  Secretary  with 
humanitarian  views.  When  the  former 
returns  to  his  family  from  his  diocese  of 
Hippo,  and  learns  that  a  woman,  a  close 
friend  of  his  brother's  fiancee,  has  just  been 
sentenced  to  death  for  the  murder  of  her 
son,  he  has  "  no  feeling  in  the  matter,"  and 
later  admits  that  the  judge  in  delivering 
sentence  "  spoke  in  my  name,  and  in  the 
name  of  every  man,  woman,  and  child 
within  the  Christian  community."  Then 
the  blow  is  struck,  and  he  realizes  that 
he  is  the  father  of  the  dead  boy.  His 
behaviour  subsequently  is  indicated  rather 
than  presented.  The  play  probably  reads 
better  than  it  would  act.  The  moral  may 
appear  to  some  to  be  based  on  insufficient 
evidence ;  but  the  ensemble  and  the 
characterization  are  undoubtedly  good 
examples  of  the  dramatist's  craft. 


To  Correspondents.—  C.  A.  M.  F.— B.  S.— P.  T.  C— 
M.  M.  H.-O.  M  —Received. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


Coriugendim.— P.     503,    col.   2,    1.    15    from    foot,    for 
"Tuesday"  read  Wednesday. 


[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  539.] 
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rom    HODDER    &    STOUGHTON'S    LIST. 

THE  BAIRD  LECTURE.     DR.  J.  A.   M'CLYMONT'S  NEW  WORK. 

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THE    GOSPEL    OF    THE    HEREAFTER. 

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Volume,  contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and 
Replies,  Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following  Subjects. 

THIRD     SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Key  to  '  Abbey  of  Kilkhampton ' — Academy  of  the 
Muses,  its  History — Addison's  Maternal  Ancestry — 
Abstemius  in  iEsop's  Fables — Akenside's  Birth — Errors 
in  Allot's  '  England's  Parnassus  ' — '  Anecdotes  of  Polite 
Literature  '  and  Horace  Walpole — '  Arabian  Nights,' 
Edition  with  Vowel  Points — Matthew  Arnold's  '  Church 
of  Brou  ' — Stephen  Austen,  Bookseller  of  Newgate  Street 
— Parodies  of  Alfred  Austin's  Poems — "  Author  "  used 
for    "  Editor  " — Authors    and    their  First  Books. 

ECCLESI0L0GY  AND  THE  BIBLE. 

Premonstratensian  Abbeys — Abbeys  and  Priories  Confused 
— Mitred  Abbots — Funeral  Garlands  at  Abbot's  Ann — 
Adam's  Commemorative  Pillars — Use  of  the  Term  "Aisle  " 
— Anchorites'  Dens — Angels,  their  Division  into  Choirs 
and  Hierarchies — Apostles  suffering  from  Toothache — 
Archdeacons'  Marks  in  Bedfordshire  Church — Arms  of 
English  Roman  Catholic  Bishops — Royal  Arms  in  Churches 
— Artahshashte  for  Artaxerxes  in  Barker's  Bible — Chapel 
of  the  Ascension,  Oxford  Road — Ascension  Day  Obser- 
vance— Axholme  Priory,  its  History. 

HISTORY. 

Abdul  the  Damned,  Origin  of  the  Appellation — Death 
of  Pope  Adrian  IV. — John  Bright  and  the  Cave  of  Adullam 
— English  and  French  Losses  at  Agincourt — Emperor 
Akbar's  Likeness — City  Aldermen — Alexander  the  Great's 
Wry  Neck — Queen  Alexandra's  Surname — King  Alfonso 
and  Queen  Victoria  of  Spain — Anagrams  on  Pope  Pius  X. 
— The  House  of  Anjou — Queen  Anne  compared  with 
Jezebel — Anne  of  Austria,  why  so  called — Comte  d'An- 
traigues  murdered  at  Barnes — Error  in  Sir  Edwin  Arnold's 
Memorial  Inscription — Prince  Arthur,  and  Window  in 
St.  Margaret's,  Westminster — Port  Arthur,  its  Name — 
Mrs.  Charlotte  Atkyns  and  Marie  Antoinette — Western 
Australia  and  the  Fenians. 

TAVERN  SIGNS. 

Bacchanals,  or  Bag-o' -Nails — Badger's  Bush  or  Beggar's 
Bush — Bombay  Grab — Bonnie  Cravat — Brokenselde — 
Bull  and  Mouth — Case  is  Altered — Coal  Hole,  Strand — 
Crooked  Billet — Dog  and  Pot — D  >n  Saltero's,  Chelsea — 
Doves,  Hammersmith  Bridge — Essex  Serpent — Four  Alls 
or  Five  Alls — Mourning  Bush — Mourning  Mitre — Old 
Bell,  Holborn  Hill — Pestle  and  Mortar — Protector's 
Head — Ram  Jam — Red  Lion,  Henley-on-Thames — Salu- 
tation, Billingsgate — Salutation  and  Cat — Saracen's  Head 
— Scole  Inn,  Norfolk — Ship  Hotel,  Greenwich — Sol's 
Arms,  Wych  Street — Star  and  Garter,  Pall  Mall — Sun 
and  Anchor,  Scotter — Three  Cups — Vine,  Highgate  Road 
— World  Turned  Upside  Down. 


QUOTATIONS. 


"  La  vie  est  vaine  " — "  L'amour  est  l'histoire  de  la  vie 
des  femmes  " — "  Les  beaux  esprits  se  rencontrent  " — 
"  Love  in  phantastick  triumph  sat  " — "  Mon  verre  n'est 
pas  grand,  mais  je  bois  dans  mon  verre  " — "  Music  of 
the  spheres  " — "  Needles  and  pins,  needles  and  pins  " 
— "  Nor  think  the  doom. of  man  reversed  for  thee  " — "  O 
for  a  booke  and  a  shadie  nooke  !  " — "  Oh  tell  me  whence 
Love  cometh  " — "  On  entre,  on  crie  " — "  Pay  all  their 
debts  with  the  roll  of  his  drum  " — "  Pearls  cannot  equal  the 
whiteness  of  his  teeth  " — "  Pitt  had  a  great  future  behind 
him  " — "  Plus  je  connais  les  hommes  "  —  "  Popery, 
tyranny,  and  wooden  shoes  " — "  Praises  let  Britons  sing  " 
— "  Prefaces  to  books  are  like  signs  to  public-houses  " — 
"  Quam  nihil  ad  genium  " — "  Still  like  the  hindmost 
chariot  wheel  is  cursed  " — "  Swayed  by  every  wind  that 
blows  " — "  The  East  bowed  low  before  the  blast  " — 
k'  The  farmers  of  Aylesbury  gathered  to  dine  " — "  The 
fate  of  the  Tracys  " — "  The  hand  that  rocks  the  cradle  " 
-"  The    heart   two    chambers    hath  "— "  The    King    of 


France  and  forty  thousand  men 


The  toad  beneath 


the  harrow  knows  " — 'c  The  virtue  lies  in  the  struggle  " — 
"  The  world  's  a  bubble  " — "  There  are  only  two  secrets 
a  man  cannot  keep  " — "  There  is  on  earth  a  yet  auguster 
thing  " — "  Ther,e  is  so  much  good  in  the  worst  of  us  " — 
"  These  are  the  Britons,  a  barbarous  race  " — "  They  say 
that  Avar  is  hell,  a  thing  accurst  " — "  This  too  shall  pass 
away  " — "  Though  lost  to  sight,  to  memory  dear  " — ■ 
"  Tire  le  rideau,  la  farce  est  jouee  " — "  To  see  the  children 
sporting  on  the  shore  " — "  Two  men  look  out  through 
the  same  bars  " — "  Two  shall  be  born  a  whole  wide 
world  apart  "— "  Upon  the  hills  of  Breedon  "— "  Vivit 
post  funera  virtus  " — "  Walking  in  style  by  the  banks 
of  the  Nile  " — "  Warm  summer  sun,  shine  friendly  here  " 
— "  What  dire  offence  from  am'rous  causes  springs  " — 
"  Wherever  God  erects  a  house  of  prayer  " — "  With  equal 
good  nature,  good  grace,  and  good  looks." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Abbreviations — Initial  Letters  instead  of  Words — Acqua 
Tofana,  Composition  of  the  Poison — Acre  as  a  Measure  of 
Length — Yew  Trees  planted  by  Act  of  Parliament — 
Adams's  Museum,  Kingsland  Road — Aeroplanes  and 
early  Flying  Machines — "  Angel  "  of  an  Inn — Animals, 
their  Immortality — Dead  Animals  exposed  on  Trees  and 
Walls — Apparitions — Apples,  their  Old  Names — Army 
Lists,  their  History — Army  Regimental  Marches — Army 
Service  Corps  Nicknames — Athenian  Fleet  saved  by  a 
Comma — Attorney-General  to  the  Queen — Aurora  Borealis 
in  Lincolnshire  in  1640 — Autograph  of  Satan — Aviation. 
Early  Attempts. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.    EDWARD   FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,   Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1014 


T 11  E    A  T 11  E  N  M  U  M 


139 


THE  EVER=POPULAR   HOUSEHOLD  REMEDY 

which  has  now  borne  the  Stamp  of  Public  Approval  for 
OVER     FORTY    YEARS. 

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PLEASANT  TO  TAKlf,  REFRESHING,  AND  INVIGORATING. 

There  is  no  simpler,  safer,  or  more  agreeable  aperient  which  will,  by  natural  means,  get 
rid  of  dangerous  waste  matter,  without  depressing  the  spirits  or  lowering  the  vitality. 


a 


It  can  be  Safely  Used  every  day  even  by  Invalids  and  Children. 
The  Best  of  all  Household   Remedies  at  all  Times. 

Gentle  and  safe  in  its  action,  it  does  not  cause  griping  or  weakness.     Always  keep  it  in 
the  house  or  in  your  travelling  bag  in  readiness  for  emergencies. 


PREPARED  ONLY  BY 

J    C.    ENO,  Ltd.,     FRUIT    SALT'   WORKS,    LONDON,    S  E. 

SOLD  BY  CHEMISTS  AND  STORES  EVERYWHERE. 


$ 


IS 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (April  11)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — Jack  Cide,  his  Native  Place  and  his  Rebellion — Birmingham  Statues  and  Memorials — Ellis 
of  New  Bond  Street — "  Bore"—  Southwark  Bridge— Burton's  Quotations  from  "Loechceus" — 
Notes  on  Words  for  the  '  N.E.D.' 

QUERIES  : — Doynell  Family — Shakespeare  and  the  Warwickshire  Dialect — Queen  Elizabeth  and 
Walsingham — 'Ethics  of  the  Dust' — Author  of  Quotation  Wanted— Arms  of  See  of  Lichfield — 
Silk-Weaving — Bewickiana  —  Biographical  Information  Wanted  —  Pluralities — "Blizard"  as 
Surname — Goddard  Dunning,  Painter  :  Mellichamp,  Painter— Carthagena  Medal— Casuistry — 
G.  W.  Curtis — Heraldic —Printers'  Athenamm— '  The  Fisher- Boy' — Bons  Mots— Capt.  John 
Cameron,  Northern  Fencibles — Pumbersfelten — William  Ive. 

REPLIES  :— Page  Family— 'The  Fray  o'  Hautwessell'— "Rucksack"  or  "  Rucksack"— Botany— 
William  Hamilton  Maxwell  — Charles  I.  :  Royalist  Societies — Bishop  Henry  Gower — Tarring — 
The  Second  Folio  Shakespeare— Prints  transferred  to  Glass — Passes  to  the  London  Parks — 
Saffron  Walden — Communion  Table  by  Grinling  Gibbons  in  St.  Paul's— Sir  R.  L'Estrange's  Poem 
'The  Loyal  Prisoner' — Shilleto — Death  Folk-lore — Ayloffe—  Arthur  Owen  of  Johnston,  co. 
Pembroke — Early  Map  of  Ireland — The  Taylor  Sisters -The  Great  Eastern— Gladstone's 
Involved  Sentences — Voltaire  on  the  Jewish  People — "A  fact  is  a  lie  and  a  half" — Moss,  an 
Actor—  Major-General  Miller — Rev.  John  Rigby,  D.D. — Red  Bull  Theatre — Reversed  Engravings 
— Lombard  Street  Bankers— "  Over  end"  =  Straight  up. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :  -"  The  People's  Books  "— '  The  Manor  Book  of  Ottery  St.  Mary.' 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 

LAST  WEEK'S   NUMBER    (April   4)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— The  Cold  Harbour  at  Blackwall — Irish  Family  Histories — Isaac  Taylor  of  Ross,  Map-Maker 
— The  Place-Name  "Barnet" — Napoleon  and  a  Sea  Captain  at  St.  Helena — Rev.  T.  Gale: 
Hurricane  at  Hornsea — The  Advent  of  Scotsmen  in  England— English  Canonized  Saints — William 
Mavor  and  Thomas  Warton — Fifteenth-Century  Lenten  Recipe. 

nUERIES  :— P.  A.  Wilkinson,  Gun-Maker— Turtle  and  Thunder— Turkey  Company— Dr.  John  Rogers 
— Sir  Jacob  Adolphus — Finds  on  Bookstalls — '  Napoleon  dans  l'Autre  Monde' — Lieut. -Col. 
Macpherson — Pierre  des  Maiseaux — Date  Formuhe — iveSd^aro — Biographical  Information  — Law 
Maxim — Author  Wanted — Monuments  to  Hampshire  Men — Butchers'  Marks—"  MacFarlan's 
geese" — John  Turnfen— "  0  God,  I  think  again  Thy  thoughts "— "  Quarrel  d'Olman"— 
Boranskill — Sir  J.  Dynham — Dr.  H.  Owen— Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — 'Aut  Diabolus  aut 
Nihil' — Squire  Everton — Pallavicini  :    Jaszben-nyi  Mikliis— Saxon  Tiles. 

REPLIES: — Anna  Trapnell — "Cest  progrcs  en  spirale" — Orrok  of  Orrok— Sir  S.  Evance — Milton 
Queries — Map  of  Ireland — Authors  of  Quotations  — "  Oiusins  and  half  cousins" — Palmer's  Royal 
Mails— Gladstone's  Involved  Sentences — Parishes  in  Two  Counties — Herodotus  and  Astronomic 
Geography — Anthony  Munday — Rhubarb — Oil  Painting  on  Brass  — Invention  of  the  Interview — 
Stock  Exchange  as  "The  House"— Altars— Chile  versus  Chili  — Mrs.  Behn's  'Emperor  of  the 
Moon* — Heart- Burial— Octopus,  Venus's  Ear,  and  Whelk — "  Not  room  enough  to  swing  a  cat" 
— Duelling  —  "  Startups  End  " — Royalist  Societies—"  Artigou  " — Anglesey  House— Casanova  and 
Hcnriette — English  Shrines  -  Passes  to  London  Parks— Jeremiah  Horrocks — Birmingham 
Statues — Corhn-shaped  Chapels— Funeral  Customs — Name  James — "Billion,"  "Trillion." 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  English  History  in  Contemporary  Poetry  ' — Badsey  Churchwardens'  Accounts 
— 'International  Directory  of  Booksellers'—'  Bibliography  of  English  Mediaeval  Economic 
History' — Reviews  and  Magazines. 

JOHN    C.    FRANCI8    and    J.    EDWARD  FRANCI8, 
Xoles  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


jjrobiu-ntt  Snatitntions. 

NEWSVENDORS'   BENEVOLENT  AND 
PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 
Fouimed  MM. 
Funds    exceed    31.0001. 
Office:  IS  anil  16,  Farrmguon  Street,  Loudon,  EC. 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EA11L  OF  KO.HKBEKY,  KG.  K.T. 

President : 

Col.  The   Hon     IIARRY    I,    W.    LAWSON     M.A.    J. P.    MP. 

Treasurer : 

THE    LONDON     COUNTY     AND    WESTM1N8TER    BANK,    Ltd. 

OBJECTS—  This  Institution  wan  established  in  1S39  in  the  City  of 
London,  under  the  Presidency  of  the  late  Alderman  Banner,  for 
granting  Pensiouf  and  Temporary  Assistance  to  principals  and 
assistants  engaged  as  vendors  of  Newspapers. 

MEMBERSHIP.  — Every  Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  whether  Publisher,  Wholesaler,  Retailer.  Employer,  or 
Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 
enjoy  its  benefits,  u|H>n  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
Guineas  for  life,  provided  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
Newspapers,  and  Buch  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 
of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 

PENSIONS— The  Annuitants  now  number  Fifty,  the  Men  receiving 
251.  and  the  Women  'Ml.  per  annum  each. 

The  "  Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund."  commemorating  the  great 
advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  < >f  Her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  provides  201.  a  year  each  for  Six  WidowB  of 
Newsvendors. 

The  "Francis  Fund'  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  2!)l.,  and  One 
Woman,  201..  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  6,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Athenteum.  lie  took  an  active  anil  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  "Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  "  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  employes  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  251.  per  annum  for 
one  man.  in  perpetual  and  grateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd, 
who  died  May  12,  1899. 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rules  governing  election  to  all  Pensions 
are,  that  each  Candidate  shall  have  been  ill  a  Member  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  not  less  than  ten  years  preceding  application  ;  (2)  not  less 
than  fifty-five  years  of  age ;  (3)  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Newspapers  for  at 
least  ten  years. 

RELIEF.— Temporary  relief  is  given  in  cases  of  distress,  not  only 
to  Members  of  the  Institution,  but  to  Newsvendors  or  their  servants 
who  may  be  recommended  for  assistance  by  Members  of  the  Institu- 
tion ;  and,  subject  to  investigation,  relief  is  awarded  in  accordance 
with  the  merits  and  requirements  of  each  case. 

W.  WILKIE  JONES,  Secretary. 


THE 

BOOKSELLERS'  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION 
Founded  1837. 

Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 

Invested  Capital,  £30,000. 

A     UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 

Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 

A  Young  Man  or  Woman  of  twenty-one  can  invest  the  sum  of 
Thirteen  Pounds  (or  its  equivalent  by  instalments)  and  obtain  the 
right  to  participate  in  the  following  advantages  :— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 

8ECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice. 

FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  for  aged  Members. 

FIFTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  needed. 

For  further  information  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY  of  the 
Institution,  Stationers'  Hall  Court,  Ludgate  Hill  E.C. 


T\ODSLEY'S     FAMOUS     COLLECTION    OF 
POETRY. 

By    the   late    W.    P     COURTNEY. 

SEE 

NOTES    AND    QUERIES 

For  Nov.  10.  24.  1908;  Jan.  5.  Feb.  2,  April  13.  May  25,  June  S,  Aug.  17, 
Sept.  7.  Nov.  16.  Dec.  7,  1907;  Jan.  4.  March  7,  April  25,  June  13, 
Aug.  8,  Sept.  26,  Oct.  17,  Nov.  21.  1908 ;  Jan.  23,  Feb.  20,  April  24, 
July  24.  1909. 

Price  for  the  23  Numbers,  7s.  6d. ;  or  free  by  post.  8s. 

JOHN    C.    FRANCI8   and   J.    EDWARD    FRANCIS, 

Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 

— •— 

PAO* 

Authors'  Agents        510 

Casseli.  <fe  Co.     ..        ~        ~  687 

Catalogues         'l" 

Educational       509 

Eno's  Fri  it  Salt         589 

Francis  &  Co 518 

gardeners'  Chronic  lb      6H 

hoddf.r  &  stol'iiiiton  587 

Lectures    ..        ..        „        

Macmii.i.an  &  Co Ill 

Metiiuen  &  Co 

Miscellaneous   ..        _        509 

Printers 510 

Provident  INSTITUTIONS       -         ..   689 

Balm  n  auction      oio 

Sati  rdav  Review        610 

Shipping -        ..        -        ..        ..  610 

.Situations  Vacant      „        609 

Societies 509 

Tl  PI  Writers,  Ac 610 

Wariiman 610 

Warner MO 


540 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


No.  4511,  April  11,  1914 


The    Medici    Society    has    the    honour    to    announce    a    MEDICI 
PRINT,  in  the  NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  SERIES,  after  the 

Portrait  of  Emily  Bronte 

by     Patrick     Branwell     Bronte        I 

lately    acquired    by    the    National    Portrait    Gallery. 

fl^  This  is  the  portrait  of  the  Poetess  and  authoress  of 
'  Wuthering  Heights'  which,  with  another  group  of  the  three 
sisters,  was  painted  by  their  unfortunate  brother,  Patrick 
Branwell  Bronte,  as  mentioned  by  Mrs.  Gaskell  in  her 
biography  of  Charlotte,  and  was  entirely  lost  to  sight  until 
accidentally  rediscovered  in  Ireland  only  a  few  weeks  ago. 
She  is  shown  at  about  the  age  of  twenty-seven.  The  canvas 
when  found  was  folded  into  four,  and  had  at  some  time  been 
roughly  cut  from  the  group  of  which  it  originally  formed  a  part. 

CThe  Medici  Society  has  been  privileged  to  obtain  negatives  from  the  original,  showing  the  portrait  as  it  is  now 
preserved  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery — stretched  and  laid  down  on  canvas,  but  without  any  other  attempt  at 
"  restoration  "  or  repair.  The  Print  is  an  exact  facsimile,  both  as  to  size  and  colour.  "  The  portrait,  which  reveals  her  when 
at  the  height  of  her  powers,"  says  a  writer  in  the  Saturday  Review,  "  has  evoked  the  admiration  of  all  who  care  for  her  work. 
The  painting  has  all  the  appearance  of  an  old-world  fresco,  a  peculiarly  fitting  background  for  the  pale  face  and  the  wistful 
eyes  of  one  who,  unflinching,  met  an  early  death." 

#T  The  Medici  Print,  measuring  19  by  12  in.  (colour  surface),  will  be  issued  in  a  Limited  Edition  of  500  copies,  price 
^"»  £1  5.y.  net  (to  be  raised  on  September  1st  to  .£1  js.  6d.).  Its  publication  may  be  expected  about  July  1st.  Orders 
may  now  be  placed  at  The  Society's  Galleries,  where  an  early  proof,  imperfect  in  colouration,  is  now  on  view. 

^T  The  above  Print  is  added  to  the  National  Portrait  Series  of  the  Medici  Prints,  in  which  have  been  or  will  be  published 
^-L»     the  following  famous  Portraits  : 


LITERARY  : 

John  Milton  at.  10,  after  Janssen 

(15*0 

William    Shakespeare,    after    an    un- 
known painter,  Stratford -on- Avon 

(15*-) 

Thomas  Carlyle,  after  Whistler 

(17s.  6d.) 


Horatio  Nelson,  after  L.  F.  Abhott 

ds*o 

William  Pitt,  after  Gainsborough 

(IS*-) 
King  Henry  VIII.,  after  Holbein 

{lis.) 

William  Wilberforce,  after  Lawrence 

05*) 


HISTORICAL  : 

Oliver    Cromwell,    after   Lely 

(12s.  6d.) 
A  Lady  of  the  Court  of  Mary,  Queen 
of  Scots,  after  Quesnel  {Limited,  255. ) 

Elizabeth  Fry,  after  G.  Richmond 

(IS*-) 

Queen  Elizabeth,  after  Zucchero 

(215.) 


In  preparation  : 

Richard  II.,  after  Beauneveu 

(2IJ-.  6d.) 

George  Washington,  after  G.  Stuart 

(15*) 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  after  Zucchero 

(155.) 


The  National  Portrait  Series  is  issued  under  the  gracious  Patronage  of  H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  and,  by 
permission  of  the  Trustees,  under  the  General  Editorship  of  C.  J.  Holmes,  Director  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  An 
illustrated  and  annotated  List  of  the  Series  will  be  sent  post  free  on  request. 

f\      The  Society's  illustrated  Prospectus  and  Catalogue  of  THE  MEDICI   PRINTS  will  be  sent  for 
6d.  post  free ;  or  a  Summary  Catalogue  2d.  post  free.    An  Annotated  List  of  New  Prints,  post  free. 

THE    MEDICI    SOCIETY,    LTD., 
7,  Grafton  Street,   Bond  Street,  London,  W.,  and  83,  Church  Street,  Liverpool. 


Editorial   Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE    EDITOR"— Advertisements  and   Business  Letters  to   "THE    ATHENJ3CM"  OFFICE,   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,   E.0. 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  *  SON,  125,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.G.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.G. 

Agenta  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIES  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh. -Saturday,  April  11.  1914. 


THE  ATHENE 


Itrarnal  nf  (Sttgltslj  ant.  JFnrrign  literature,  %timaf  t\jt  jFt/te 


No.  4512 


SATURDAY,     APRIL   18, 


nstt 

4  AY  fi      1914 


■MM 


■    i _"  air—  '■'  •' 


Jlnnrnr. 


CK 
ENCE. 

H  A  NEWSPAPER. 


ICrrtuws. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET,   PICCADILLY,  \V. 

TUESDAY  next.  April  21.  at  3  o'clock.  WALTER  WAHL.  Esq, 
PhD  hi-:  of  Two  Lectures  ou  PROBLEMS  OF  PHYSICAL 
CHEMISTRY      1  ■  'SITDY  OF  MATTE*  AT  HIGH  PRESSURES.' 

•  -STRUCTURE  OF  MATTE*  AT  LOW  TEMPERATURES ' 
i  Experimentally  Illustrated).    Half  a-Guinea  the  Course 

THURSDAY,  April  ii.  L«ture delayed  until  APRIL  80. 

SATURDAY.  April  45.  at  3  o'clock.  T.  E.  STANTON,  Esq.  D.Sc  , 
Fintof  Two  Lectures  ci  -SIMILARITY  OF  MOTION  IN  FLUIDS.' 
1)  'THE  THEORY  OF  SIMILARITY  OF  MOTION  IN  FLUIDS 
AND  THE  EXPERIMENTAL  PROOF  OF  ITS  EXISTENCE.' 
•_"  THE  GENERAL  LAW  OF  SURFACE  FRICTION  IN  FLUID 
MOTION.'     Haifa-Guinea. 

Sut-scription  lo  all  the  Courses  iu  the  Season.  Two  Guineas. 

The  FRIDAY  EVENING  DISCOURSE  on  APRIL  21  will  be  de- 
livered by  F.  W  DYSON.  Esq  .  LL.D  F.R.S.  (The  Astronomer  Royal), 
on  'THE  STARS  AROUND  THE  NORTH  POLE.' 


^orietus. 


ROYAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 
An  ORDINARY  MEETING  of  the  80CIETY  will  be  held  on 
THURSDAY,  April  23.  1914.  at  5  p.m.  at  V.  SOl'TH  SQUARE, 
GRAYS  INN.  W.O..  when  Mr  J.  E.  MORRIS,  D.Litt.  FR.HistS.. 
will  read  his  Paper  on  'MOUNTED  INFANTRY  IN  MEDI.EVAL 
WARFARE.  WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  ANGLO- 
SCOTTISH  CAMPAIGNS.' 

H.  E.  MALDEN,  Hon.  Secretary. 

THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.— A  MEETING 
of  the  Society  will  be  held  at  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE.  Gower 
Street,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY.  April  22,  at  8  ph..  when  a  LEC- 
TURE on  the  'FOLKLORE  OF  LOND  IN,'  illustrated  by  Lantern- 
Slides,  will  be  delivered  by  Mr.  E.  LOVETT. 

F.  A.  MILNE.  Secretary. 
11.  Old  Square.  Lincoln  s  Inn.  April  14  1914. 

THE  Executive  Committee  of  the  SOCIETY 
OF  GENEALOGISTS  OF  LONDON  desires  to  give  notice  that 
on  and  after  JUNE  1  next  an  ENTRANCE  FEE  of  Haifa-Guinea 
will  be  payahle  by  all  candidates  on  election.— 227,  Strand  (by 
Temple  Bar-.  W.C. 


(Badjilntions. 


AT  the  TWENTY-ONE  GALLERY,  Paintings 
by  J.  KERR  LAWSoN,  and  Etchings  by  EDGAR  WILSON. 
Daily  10.30  to  6,  including  Saturdays. 


(^durational. 


K 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

I     N    G  '  S  COLLEGE. 


COMPLETE  COURSES  of  STUDY  are  arranged  in  the  following 
Faculties  for  Degrees  in  the  University  of  London.  Students  may 
also  oin  for  any  of  the  subjects  without  taking  the  complete  course. 
Facilities  for  research  are  given. 

FACULTY  of  ARTS,  including  Secondary  Teachers'  Training 
Course.  Day  Training  College,  and  Oriental  Studies. 

FACULTY  of  LAWS 

FACULTY  of  8CIKNCE  —  <ai  Natural  8cience  Division,  fbj  Medical 
8cience  Division,   (C  Bacteriological  and  Public  Health  Department. 

FACULTY  of  ENGINEERING. -Civil,  Mechanical,  and  Electrical 
Engineering. 

For  full  information  apply  THE  SECRETARY',  King's  College, 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 

CRYSTAL  PALACE  SCHOOL  OF  PRACTI- 
CAL ENGINEERING.  Principal.  J.  W.  WIISON.  MICE., 
M  I  Mecfa  E. -The  NEW  COURSE  will  COMMENCE  on  WEDNES- 
DAY". April  a*.  New  Students  should  attend  at  the  School  on  the 
Previous  day.  April  as,  between  in  a.m.  and  1  p.m..  for  Examination, 
rospectus  forwarded  on  application  to  THE  REGISTRAR,  8chool 
of  Engineering.  Crystal  Palace,  8.E. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  lion  June  1.  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  1«  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House.  Sherborne,  Dorset. 


WEYBRIDGE  LADIES'  SCHOOL,  SURREY. 
— CouluU-d  by  Miss  E  DA  WE*,  M.A.  D.Litt.  lLondon). 
The  comfort*  o'  a  refined  borne.  Thorough  education  on  the  principle 
of  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body.  Preparation  for  Examinations  if 
desired  French  and  Get  nun  a  speciality.  Large  grounds,  high  and 
healthy  position. 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm.  1.000  acres.  Vet. 
Bdence.  Smiths'  Work,  i  "arpentry.  Riding  and  Shooting  taught.  Ideal 
open  air  life  for  delicate  Boys.     Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

MADAME  AUBBRT8  AGENCY  (est.  1880) 
Keith  House.  1X1135.  REGENT  STREET.  W..  English  and 
roreign  Oovern-Me<.  Lady  Professors,  Teachers,  ('haperoues  Oka 
pinions.  Hecret.ries.  H/svl-n.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad 
ocnooli i  recommended  and  prospectuses  with  full  information  gratis 
on  application  personal  or  byletterl  >l ,ori<  requirements.  Office 
hours.  10-S  ;  Saturdays.  10- 1 

I  EDUCATION  (choice  of  School*  and  Tutors 
-i  gratis1  Prospectus  at  Kngli.h  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  '  nil  Service,  and  University  Tutors.  «>-nt  lr»  .,( 
ch>r.-  ,,t    of    requirements    '-.    GRIFFITH!     POWELL 

SMITH  *  EAWt  ETT.  School  Agents  .established  13331,  31.  L 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.    TeIephone-7721  Gerrard. 


s 


Situations  Barant 

UTH    AFRICAN     SCHOOL     OF     MINES 

AND    TECHNOLOGY,    JOHANNESBURG. 
CHAIR    IN    ACCOUNTING. 

The  Council  of  the  South  African  School  of  Mines  and  Technology 
invites  applications  for  the  newly  instituted  CHAIR  IN  ACCOUNT- 
ING, founded  by  the  Transvaal  Society  of  Accountants.  The  appoint- 
ment will  be  for  3  years,  at  a  salary  of  8502.  per  annum.  751  will  be 
allowed  for  travelling  expenses,  and  half-salary  will  be  paid  from  date 
of  sailing  till  arrival  in  Johannesburg. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  accompanied  by  testimonials,  should 
be  sent,  on  or  before  APRIL  30,  to  Messrs.  CHALMERS,  GUTHRIE 
&  CO.,  9,  Idol  Lane,  Loudon,  EC,  from  whom  further  particulars 
may  be  obtained.  Before  appointment,  the.  selected  candidate  will  be 
required  to  furnish  a  medical  certificate  of  good  health. 

The  appointment  will  be  made  so  that  the  successful  candidate  may, 
if  possible,  arrive  in  Johannesburg  about  mid-July;  if  that  be 
impossible,  then  early  in  1915. 


p  LASGOW 


ATHEN.EUM 

COLLEGE. 


COMMERCIAL 


(Constituted  a  Central  Institution  under  the  8cotch 
Education  Department.) 

LECTURER   IN   FRENCH. 

Applications  are  invited  from  Gentlemen  qualified  for  the  above 
post,  vacant  through  the  death  of  M.  Rohert-Tissot,  M.A.  (Oxon.j. 

The  classes  meet  in  the  Afternoon  and  Evening  from  September 
to  April,  thus  giving  opportunity  for  Private  Teaching  as  approved 
by  the  Council. 

Minimum  salary  300?.  per  annum. 

Applicants  must  have  teaching  experience  and  a  University 
degree. 

Canvassing,  either  direct  or  indirect,  will  be  a  disqualification. 

Forms  of  application  and  memorandum  of  particulars  regarding 
the  post  may  be  obtained  from  GEORGE  P.  LAIDLA  W,  M.A.  B.Sc, 
Director  of  Studies. 

Forms  must  be  returned  along  with  one  copy  of  three  recent 
testimonials  not  later  than  FRIDAY,  May  8. 


St.  George's  Place,  Glasgow. 


STUART  S.  FORSYTH,  Secretary. 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  CAMBRIDGE. 
A  MATHEMATICAL  MISTRESS  is  required  for  September 
next.  Mixed  Mathematics  should  be  a  strong  subject,  with  practical 
work.  She  will  be  required  to  help  with  the  Science  work.  Salary 
1301.  a  year  (non-resident),  or  according  to  experience  and  qualifica- 
tions. Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
and  should  be  returned  on  or  before  MAY  15,  1914. 

AUSTIN  KEEN,  M.A.    Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 


N 


EWCASTLE  -  UPON  -  TYNE     EDUCATION 

COMMITTEE. 

RUTHERFORD  COLLEGE  SECONDARY  DAY  8CHOOL  FOR 

BOYS. 

Head  Master-Mr.  J.  B.  GAUNT,  B.A.  B.8c. 

WANTED,  in  8EPTEMBER,  a  HIGHER  GRADE  FORM 
MASTER  for  History  and  English.  Salary  150«  per  annum,  rising 
by  10*.  per  annum  to  2001  ;  also  a  SENIOR  FORM  MASTER  for 
History,  English,  and  Latin.  Salary  1601.,  ribing  by  101.  per  annum  to 
1801. 

In  fixing  the  commencing  salaries,  allowance  will  be  made  for 
suitable  experience  and  satisfactory  service  in  other  Secondary 
Schools  by  reckoning  three  quarters  of  each  completed  year's  previous 
service,  but  omitting  any  fraction  of  a  year  below  one  half,  and  in  no 
case  exceeding  the  maximum  of  the  Committee's  scale. 

Application  forms  may  be  obtained  by  forwarding  stamped 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Education 
Office,  Northumberland  Road.  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Applications  must  be  received  not  later  than  MAY  19,  1914. 


K 


ENT      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


TUNBR1DGE    WELLS    AND    80UTHBOROUGH    HIGHER 
EDUCATION   SUB-COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  TUNBRIDGE  WELL8. 
WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER:  (II,  a  FORM  MISTRESS,  to  teach 
French  throughout  the  School.  (21  a  FORM  MISTRESS,  to  teach 
English,  with  Junior  French  and  Arithmetic  as  subsidiary  subjects. 
Salaries  according  to  the  Kent  Education  Committee's  scale.  Forms 
of  application  and  scale  of  salary  may  be  obtained  from  Dr.  J. 
LISTER,  Technical  Institute.  Tunbridge  Wells.  Applications  should 
be  returned  to  Miss  E.  M.  HUGHES.  County  School  for  Girls,  Tun- 
bridge Wells,  as  soon  as  possible.  Canvassing  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK.  Secretory. 
Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  April  3,  1914. 


K 


ENT    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


ORAVESEND  HIGHER  EDUCATION   SUBCOMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOB  GIRLS. 

HEAD  MISTRESS  HHjUIHBD  In  HE1TKMRER  for  the  new 
County  School  (the  present  mixed  School  will  )>e  divided  Into  two 
separate  Schools!.  Cei.didates  must  be  Gni.hrites  of  a  British 
University.  end  experienced  In  Secondary  Bcbool  wnik.  Initial 
salary  not  le*s  tlmn  9001,  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications  and 
cxjierience.  with  Inert tnents  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's 
.,  ,[.■ 

Forms  of  application  and  scale  of  salaries  may  be  ol.taincl  from 
Mr.  J.  A.  kiikton.  Technical  Infill  -■  ....  •  i,  to  whom 
applications  ibonld  lie  sent  not  Istrr  i)ihd  noon  ou  MAY  18,  1914 
Canvassing  will  he  considered  a  illxunallfh ntlon 

By  Order  of  tin-  Committee, 

FHA-v   W.  CROOK.  Secretary. 

Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  April  14,  II   k 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


KEIGHLEY  TRADE  AND  GRAMMAR 
SCHOOL. 
WANTED,  early  in  MAY  next,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTBR  for  the 
English  Department  of  the  above  named  Secondary  School.  The 
successful  applicant,  who  must  be  a  Graduate,  will  be  ri quired  to 
teach  Latin  and  English.  Applications,  with  four  copies  of  recent 
testimonials,  to  be  scut  to  the  undesigned  on  or  before  APRIL  22, 
1914  Salary  1801.  per  annum,  rising,  under  satisfactory  conditions  of 
service,  by  10(.  per  annum  to  2001.  per  annum  'I  here  is  also  an 
opportunity  for  taking  Evening  Classes  in  the  Technical  8chool,aud 
for  this  work  extra  payment  is  made. 

H.  MIDGLEY,  Secretary. 
Education  Offices.  Cooke  Street,  Keighley. 
April  9,  1914. 


w 


EST  SUFFOLK  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 


COUNTY  8CHOOL  (MIXEDi  AND  PUPIL  TEACHER 
CENTRE,  BURY  BT.  EDMUNDS. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  ASSISTANT  MASTER. 
Salary  150(  ,  non-retident.  Particulars  and  forms  of  application 
which  must  be  returned  not  later  than  APRIL  22,  1914,  may  be 
obtained  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  the 
undersigned. 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES,  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 

WANTED. — A  Gentleman  for  the  position  of 
SECRETARY  to  a  Literary  and  Educational  Institution. 
Must  be  of  good  education  and  address.  Salary  2001.,  riBing  to  250?. 
List  of  duties  supplied  on  application.  Canvassing  will  disqualify. 
Applications  to  be  Bent  in  not  later  than  APRIL  27.  194,  endorsed 
"Secretary, "  and  addressed  to  THE  PRESIDENT,  Lyceum,  Oldham. 


Situations  Mantua. 


THE  former  German  Lecturer  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  Queen's  College.  Lor  don,  is  OPEN  for  ANOTHER 
APPOINTMENT  or  Private  Coaching.— Address  Mr.  HORRW1TZ, 
29,  Torrington  Square,  W.C. 

TO  PUBLISHERS.— POSITION  DESIRED  by 
a  GENTLEMAN  with  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  Printing, 
Proof-reading,  and  Estimating,  and  *2A  years'  experience  in  the  Office 
of  a  well-known  and  old-established  Literary  Journal  ANewsp<ptr 
or  Publisher's  Office,  where  hie  experience  in  Modern  Fiction  and  the 
Drama  could  be  utilized,  would  be  preferred.  Fair  knowledge  of 
Book-keeping  and  French.— Box  2044.  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


Jftisttllawous. 


WANTED,  temporary  assistance  of  a  Gentle- 
man in  copying  and  calling  over  MS.  for  press.  Will  be 
wanted  Five  Days  a  Week  from  10  to  1  o'clock.  Must  wiite  neatly  anil 
clearly.  Able  to  read  Litin  words  and  to  write  Greek  words.  — Apply 
by  letter  to  E.  B.  KNOBEL.  32,  Tavistock  Square.  W.C. 

WANTED  a  Lady  or  Gentleman  with  250/.  to 
SOW.  capital  to  finance  the  publication  of  a  valuable  and 
much  needed  LITERARY  YEARBOOK.  The  book  would  cover 
new  ground,  and  promises  a  remunerative  financial  return.— For 
further  particulars  write  Box  2045.  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
BuildingB,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  EC. 

TRANSLATIONS  of  Literary  and  Scientific 
Works,  Articles,  PamphlefB.  Ac.  from  German  and  French  into 
English  iType-wrltten).— P.  DC  RING,  5fi,  Feruleigh  Road,  Winch- 
more  Hill,  London,  N. 

AUTHORS  !  We  act  as  Agents  for  the  DiFposal 
of  STORIES.  ARTICLES.  PLAYS,  and  CINE1IA  PLOTS. 
The  submission  of  M88.  solicited.- O.  F  DAVIES.  Limited  .estab- 
lished 1908),  fi.  York  Buildings.  Adelphi,  London.  Kindly  note  the 
name  (our  own)  and  the  address  lour  registered  office). 

POMPOSERS  and  SONG-WRITERS.— To  place 

\->  your  work  advantageously  send  It  to  the  CAMBRIDGE  MUSIC 
AGENCY',  the  recognized  medium  between  Publiidiers,  Composers, 
and  Singers.  Prospectus  free.-8,  Henrietta  Street,  W.C.  Phone. 
1648  O.rrar.l. 


N 


OTICE  TO  AUTHORS.— Writers  who  require 

a.iy  help  or  assistance  in  the  sale  of  their  works  should  00m 
munirute  with  Mr.  HTaNHoI'F.  W.  RPRI80,  Literary  Consultant, 
31  Charing  Croat,  Whitehall,  s  W  For  some  jenr«  Hon.  Literary 
Adviser  to  the  Society  of  Women  Journalists.     Fees  moderate. 


AUTHORS  WANTED,  known  and  unknown, 
to  communicate.  Every  description  of  Lifemrv  Work  required 
No  fees  whatever  -Write  for  particular.  PUBLISHER,  IS8,  Sell's 
O  Hires.   Fleet  SI  ■ret.  E.C     Special  ul  trillion  to  New  Writ. 

A   NT  A  RCTIC     SOUVENIRS.     Tim 

l\       REMAINDER     of     ktM    STAMPS     lamed     to     the     Lite    C„,,t 
srtiTT    lire   now   obtainable  at   M    tech    with  official  guarantee  — 
THE  8 El  RKTARY.  90,  FArringdoo  Hire,  t,  I  c 


rrilE    SECRETARIAL    BUREAU,   25,    Queen 

A  mo    -  I.  ,r.      -I      'ii         I  I'.il,   «»'       M  I  or  la       Mini 

PETHERBRIDQB    IRal    Pel     Tripos).   Official   [ndexer    to    B.H.'i 

..iii'l.t      Prtveta  I  Ibrariet  Catalogued  end  Arnti'pcd      Reoeeri  h 

Work   Foreign  end  English    I  reUrles  end  Indexere  trained. 

•THE  TEl  HNIOj  if  1)1  IM'KXIM.;  as.  M.  net.  |*»t  free. 


542 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4512,  April  18,   1914 


HOUSE  FOR  SALE  at  a  low  price,  North 
Kensington  main  road,  five  minutes  from  Btation  for  City  and 
West-End  shops  and  cabs.  Kleven  rooms,  bath,  4c.  Long  Lease.— 
HOUSE,  care  of  Oliver,  Stationer,  High  Street,  Ealing,  W. 

FOREIGN    STAMPS. —Wanted    to    buy    Col- 
lection  untouched  since   1885.— Box  2042,    Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  Loudon,  E.C. 


EARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  P(JRCHAaEI>  at  the  BEST  MARKET  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  &  SON,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


^ales  bjr  Ruction. 


THE  JOHN  ELIOT  HODGK1N  COLLECTIONS. 

The  famous  Collections  formed  by  that  well-known  Antiquary 
and  Collector,  the  late  JOHN  ELIOT  HODGKIN,  Esq., 
F.S.A.  F.R.Hist  S  [sold  by  Order  of  the  Executors). 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SBLL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  each  Sale  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  — 

On  MONDAY,  April  20,  and  the  Following  Day, 

THE  WORKS  OF  ART. 
On  WEDNESDAY,  April  22,  and  the  Following  Day, 

THE  MEDALS  AND  TOKENS. 
On  WEDNESDAY.  April  22,  and  the  Following  Two  Days, 
THE  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  AND  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS. 
On  FRIDAY,  April  24,  THE   ENGRAVINGS. 
On  MONDAY,  April  27,  and  the  Following  Day, 

THE  TRADE  CARDS,  BOOK-PLATES,  BROADSIDES. 
Each  portion  of  the  Collection  will  be  on  view  two  days  prior  to  the 
Sale.     Catalogues  of  each  portion  may  be  had.     Illustrated  Copies, 
price  Is.  each,  for  the  Works  of  Art,  Medals,  Engravings,  and  Trade 
Cards,  and  2s  each  for  the  Autographs. 

Valuable  Law  Books,  including  the  Professional  Library  of 
a  Barrister  (retired). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115.  Chancery  Lane.  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY,  April  23.  at  1  o'clock,  VALUABLE  LAW  BOOKS, 
including  the  above  Library  and  other  Properties,  comprising  Two 
complete  Sets  of  the  Law  Reports  from  1865  to  1913,  also  a  Set  of  the 
New  Series  from  1875  to  1913-a  Set  of  Reports  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  other  Reports  in  Chancery,  King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas,  &c  — 
Seton's  Forms  of  Judgments  and  other  Modern  Text  Books  ;  also 
Mahogany  Tables,  Bookcases,  and  other  Office  Furniture. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  L?ne,  W.C.,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  April  29,  and  Two  Following  Days,  VALUABLE 
BOOKS,  including  a  Library  removed  from  an  old  Country  House, 
comprising  Early  Printed  Books.  Ben  Jonson's  Works,  2  vols..  1616-31, 
Gerarde's  Herbal,  1633,  Pyne's  Horace,  First  Issue,  2  vols.,  1733,  The 
Baskerville  Press  Addison,  &c ,  6  vols-,  Pennant's  London,  with 
Harding's  Portraits,  old  morocco  extra,  1814,  and  other  Topographical 
and  Antiquarian  Books,  many  in  morocco  and  calf  bindings— Surtees' 
Analysis  of  the  Hunting  Field,  First  Edition,  1846  -Books  with 
Coloured  Plates— Standard  Works  in  General  Literature,  &c. 
Catalogues  on  application. 


Valtiable  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late  Mr. 
JAMES  HOLIDAY,  of  Ik,  Southampton  Street,  Fitzroy 
Square,  W. ;  also  Libraries  removed  from  Devonshire  and 
Yorkshire. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on  THURSDAY 
April  30  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely 
VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  the  above  LIBRARIES,  comprising 
Standard  Works  in  all  Branches  of  Literature,  including  First 
Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Scott,  Lamb,  Lever,  &c- Books  with 
Coloured  Plates— Books  on  Architecture,  the  Fine  Arts  Sport 
Travel,  Early  Printed  Books,  &c.  Further  particulars  will  be  duly 
announced. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  M ANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  — 

On  MONDAY,  April  20,  OLD  PICTURES,  the 

Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  and  others. 

On  TUESDAY,   April  21,  ENGRAVINGS   of 

the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL. 

On  TUESDAY,  April  21,  and  WEDNESDAY, 

April  22,  OLD  ENGLISH  SILVER  PLATE,  from  various  sources. 

On    THURSDAY,     April    23,    DECORATIVE 

FURNITURE   and   PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  A.  A.   WEBBE, 
Esq  ,  deceased,  his  Honour  JUDGE  8NAGGK,  deceased,  and  others. 

On     FRIDAY,      April    24,     ANCIENT    and 

MODERN   PICTURE8. 


s 


TEVENS'S        AUCTION 

Established    1760. 
Curiosities. 


ROOMS. 


TUESDA  Y  next,  April  VI,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C., 
EGYPTIAN  and  other  ANTIQUITIES-Coins -Ancient  Stone  Im- 
plements found  in  Denmark— Roman  Glass — choice  Japanese  Porcelain 
—  Lacquer,  &c— old  Sevres  and  other  China-Cloisonne -Bronzes— 
Satsuma  and  other  Japanese  Objects ;  also  Collections  of  Native  and 
other  Weapons,  &c. 
On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on  application. 


WEDNESDA  T  next,  April  22,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C., 
PICTURES— Chinese  and  Japanese  Jade  and  other  Specimens  ;  also 
the  contents  of  Eleven  Cases  of  Porcelain— Chinese  Bronzes— Jade  and 
other  pieces,  received  direct,  to  be  sold  without  reserve. 

On    view   two   days   prior   and   morning   of   Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 


JUtljtrra'  ^gfttts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MSS.  for  early  publication.  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2,  Clement's  Inn,  W. 


MSS 


literary. 


PLACED  BEFORE  PUBLISHERS. 

Fiction.  Serious  Works,  Music,  Drama,  Collaboration, 
Careful  Revision  and  Proof-Reading,  Research  Work. 

CHARLES  A.  PLATT,  60,  8tapleton  Road,  8.W. 


Jtatttr*   Hhtbg  anu   Uotang. 

TNSTRUCTIVE  NATURE  STUDY  Cases  and 
*-  Specimens  for  Class  Work  as  supplied  to  Universities, 
Colleges,  Schools,  &c. 

Birds,  Mammals,  Crustaceans,  Shells,  Butterflies,  &c, 
carefully  mounted  for  Painting  Studies,  School  Museums. 

Over  300,000  Specimens  of  British  and  Tropical 

Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera. 

Lists  from — 

A.  FORD,  Naturalist,  Stourfield,  Bournemouth,  Hants. 


[Classified  Advertisements,  Magazines,  &c, 
continued  p.  570.] 


SALE. 

THE  COLLECTIONS   OF 

Alfred   Bitter  von    Pfeiffer    of  Vienna 

WILL   BE   SOLD   BY    AUCTION  BY 

C.     G.     BOERNER,     Leipsic, 

MAY   4    to    9,    1914. 

1.  LIBRARY. 

Valuable  Illustrated  Books  of  the  Fifteenth  to  Eighteenth  Century. 

2.  COLLECTION  OF  ENGRAVINGS. 

Copperplates  of  Old  Masters— English    and   French   Coloured    Prints   of    the    Eighteenth   Century- 
Collected  Works  of  Engravers — Books  of  Original  Drawings. 

The  richly  Illustrated  Catalogues,  2a.  each,  may  be  had  of  C.  G.   BOERNER, 

26 1,    Universitatsstrasse,   Leipsic. 


An  Exhibition  of  the  finest  items  of  the  Collection  will   be  held  at 
the   Hotel  Cecil,  London,  on   April  20  and   21,  from    10   to  2    o'clock. 


BLACKIE'S   LIST. 


THE  GROUNDWORK  OF  BRITISH 
HISTORY. 

By  GEORGE  TOWNSEND  -WARNER,  M.A., 

Sometime  Fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  Master  of 

the  Modern  Side  in   Harrow  School  ;  Author  of   '  A  Brief 

Survey  of  British   History,'   &c,   and 

C.  H.  K.  MARTEN,  M.A., 
Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  Assistant  Master  at  Eton  College. 

With  Maps,  Time  Charts,  and  Pull  Index.  764  pages, 

super-crown  8vo,   6s.     Also  in  Two  Parts.  3s.  6d.  each. 

Also  issued  in  Three  Sections,  2s.  6d.  each. 

THE  WARWICK  SHAKESPEARE. 

Edited  by  Prof.  HERFORD,   Litt.D. 

The  best  and  most  widely  used  Edition  of  Shakespeare  for 
School  purposes.    Price  Is.  and  Is.  6d. 

BLACKIE'S  ENGLISH  TEXTS. 

8d.  each.     Blue  limp  cloth  covers.     Over  100  Volumes.     To 

be    used    in    correlation     with    the    study    of    English 

Literature  and  History. 

BLACKIE'S 
LONGER    FRENCH    TEXTS. 

From  Modern  French  Literature.  Printed  in  large.clear  type, 
with  Brief  Notes,  Exercises,  Phrase-List,  and  Vocabulary. 
Fcap.  8vo,  8d.  each. 

BLACKIE'S 
LITTLE  FRENCH  CLASSICS. 

Representing  all  important  Frenjh   Authors  from    Mon- 
taigne to  Bourget.     Fcap.  8vo,  4d.  each. 

THE  PLAIN-TEXT  POETS. 

A  New  Series,  in  which  each   Volume  contains  a  repre- 
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Poets.    With  an  Introduction  by  a  Teacher  of  experience 
and  position,  but  without  further  notes. 

Fcap.  8vo,  6d.  each. 


BLACKIE'S  GERMAN  TEXTS. 

A  Series  of  interesting  and  characteristic  selections  from 
standard    German    authors,    carefully    edited,    with    Bio- 
graphical Sketch  and  short  Explanatory  Notes. 

6d.  each. 


BLACKIE'S 
SMALLER  ENGLISH  CLASSICS. 

Selections  from  Standard  Authors. 

Edited  by  Competent  Scholars,  with  Biographical  Sketch 
and  Explanatory  Notes. 

Each  paper,  2d. ;  limp  cloth,  3d. 

HEROINES    OF    EUROPEAN 
HISTORY. 

From  the  Dawn  of  Modern  History  to  last  Century 

By  A.   R.   HOPE  MONCRIEFF. 

With  12  Full-Page  Illustrations. 

Cloth  boards,  Is.  6d. 

EUROPE    SINCE    NAPOLEON 

(1815-1910).    By  ELIZABETH   LEVETT, 
Tutor  in   Modern   History,  St.  Hilda's   Hall,  Oxford. 

With  10  Maps  (2  in  Colour).    Cloth  boards,  3s.  6d. 
Times. — "  A  sensible,  clearly  told  book  intended  for  the 
use  of  middle  forms  in  schools,  as  an  introduction  to  the 
history  of  the  nineteenth  century  in  Europe." 

BRITAIN  and  HER  NEIGHBOURS 

In    Six    Books.      A    new    Series    of    Historical    Read  ers 
correlating  Home  and  Foreign  History. 
Schoolmaster. — "  We  are  doing  teachers  and  others  a  real 
service   by  drawing    their   attention    to    these  unusually 
interest'ng  and  well-designed  historical  readers." 

Full  particulars  on  application  to— 

BLACKIE  &  SON,  Ltd.,  51,  Old  Bailey,  London,  E.C. 


No.  4512,  April  18,   191'4 


THE     ATIIEN7EUM 


»43 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.'S  LIST 


NEW    SIX-SHILLING    FICTION 

FROM  ALL  LIBRARIES  AND  BOOKSELLERS. 


THE   PATHWAY     (Third  Edition) 


Gertrude  Page 


•'  As  a  writer  of  Colonial  life  Miss  Page  has  no  equal,  and  her  high  literary  style  and  tine  descriptive  powers 
have  earned  for  her  novels  such  widespread  popularity  as  few  modern  authors  can  hoast.  The  novel  should 
meet  with  tremendous  appreciation."— Shejfi-hi  Daily  Independent. 

THE  MASTER  OF  MERRIPIT  .  Eden  Phillpotts 

"A  rattling  good  tale  which  is  likely  to  prove  itself  one  of  the  best  novels  of  adventure  of  the  year."— Standard. 

THROUGH  FOLLY'S  MILL        .  .  A.  <S  C.  Askew 

••  It  is  a  splendid  story— interesting  throughout.'— Xor/olk  Chronicle. 

MAX  LOGAN  ....  Paul  Trent 


"Mr.  Paul  Trent  tells  a  tale  like  this  well.     He  has  a  narrative  style  that  grips  and  interests,  and  w 
grateful  to  him  for  a  real  and  enjoyable  story." — Morning  Post. 


e  are 


UNCLE  PETER'S  WILL  (3s.  6d.) 


Silas  K.  HocKing 


"Healthy,  plain,  and  interesting  _.  .Story  goes  forward  always  with  the  firm  and  steady  march,  and  is 
interest itiii  and  manly  all  the  while."— Scotsman. 


TRADER  CARSON 


John  Barnett 


"  'Trader  Carson  '  is  a  story  crowded  with  thrills  without  being  melodramatic.   It  is  the  sort  of  tale  one  wants 
to  read  at  a  sitting,  and  yet  return  to  again  and  again  for  a  further  taste  of  gay  adventure." — Liverpool  Courier. 


THE  CRIMSON  HONEYMOON 


Headon  Hill 


"  Mr.  Hill  has  contrived  a  most  ingenious  puzzle,  and  he  has  unfolded  it  with  skill.     There  is  clean,  good 
workmanship  and  clever  invention  in  his  excellent  plot." — Saturday  Review. 


THE  GOLDEN  LADY 


Bertram  Atkey 


"Mr.  Bertram  Atkey  in  his  latest  book  has  proved  himself  a  humorist  of  high  order,  and  humour 
is  the  keynote  of  the  whole.  'The  Golden  Lady'  is  calculated  to  dispel  the  most  ultramarine  '  fit  of  the 
blues.'" — Wetttrn  Daily  Press,;  Bristol. 


BOSAMBO  OF  THE  RIVER 


Edgar  Wallace 


"  Mr.  Edgar  Wallace's  stories  of  the  West  Coast  are  always  welcome,  and  his  latest  will  be  as  popular  as  any 
of  its  predecessors,  for  the  masterful  methods  of  Mr.  Commissioner  Sanders  are  an  abiding  delight."— Referee. 

AN  ENEMY  HATH  DONE  THIS    (3s.  6d.)    Joseph  Hocking 

"A  thoroughly  enjoyable  story,  without  a  dull  page,  and  in  the  front  rank  of  the  author's  work.     Plot  and 
characterization  are  equally  good."— Financial  Times. 


NUMBER  13 


Fred  M.  White 


"Fertile  in  character,  sustained  interest,  and  dramatic  situations,  '  Number  13'  is  one  of  the  most  readable, 
and  should  prove  one  of  the  most  successful,  of  the  many  popular  novels  Mr.  White  has  written." 

Irish  Independent. 


THE  HEIR  TO  THE  THRONE 


A.  W.  Marchmont 


This  new  novel  of  Mr.  Marchinont's  is  more  attractive  than  any  that  have  preceded  it.     From  cover  to 
cover  it  compels  attention. 


THE  YEARS  OF  FORGETTING 


Lindsay  Russell 


'The  Years  of  Forgetting '  should  attain  even  greater  popularity  than  the  author's  last  novel,  'Souls  in 
Pawn,'  of  which  many  large  editions  were  issutd. 


THE  MAKER  OF  SECRETS 


Wm.  Le  Queux 


"  'The  Maker  of  Secrets  '  is  one  of  this  writer's  most  sensational  mystery  stories.     It  has  a  well-constructed 
plot,  and  the  story  is  vividly  told."— SfwjHeld  Daily  Telegraph. 

april  WINDSOR 

Large   instalment  of  the   fascinating 
New  Romance  of  African  Adventure. 

THE    HOLY    FLOWER 

BY  H.  RIDER   HAGGARD. 

STORIES    BY 

HALLIWKLL  SUTCUFFE  S.   MACNAUOHTAN 

EDEN  PHILLPOTTS  DORNFORD  YATES 

EDGAR  WALLACE 

THE     PUBLIC     RECORD     OFFICE 

Illustrated   from   many    Photograph.". 

THE     ART     OF    VAL     C.     PRINSEP,     R.A, 

Many   Illustrations,   including  Coloured   I'Ute. 


HOLIDAY  GUIDES. 

1s.net.     ENGLAND  &  WALES.    1s.net. 


Aberystwyth 
Aldeburgh-on-Sca 
Anglesey  and  N.  Wales 
Bangor  and  N.  Wales 
Barmouth,  Ac. 
Barnstaple       and       N.W. 

Devon 
Bath,  Wells,  &c. 
Bettws-y-Coed  and  North 

Wales 
Bexhill,  Battle,  &c. 
Bideford,  Clovelly,  Ac. 
Bognor,  Selsey,  Ac. 
Bourne  mouth,    the     New 

Forest,  Ac. 
Brecon  and  8.  Wales 
Bridlington,  Filey,  Ac. 
Bridport  and  8.  W.  Dorset 
Brighton  and  Hove,  Ac. 
Broads,  The,  of    Norfolk 

and  .Suffolk 
Broadstairs,  Ramsgate,  Ac. 
Bude  and  N.  Cornwall 
Budleigh  Salter  ton,  &c. 
Buxton,  Dovedale,  Ac. 
Canterbury,    Heme    Bay, 

Ac. 
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Carnarvon      and       North 

Wales 
Channel  Islands,  includes 

St.  Malo,  &c. 
Chichester,  Bognor,  Ac. 
Clevedon,  Wells,  Ac. 
Colwyn    Bay   and   North 

Wales 
Conway  and  N.  Wales 
Crieoieth     and      Cardigan 

Bay 
Cromer,  Sheringhani,  Ac. 
Dartmoor,  Chagford,  Ac. 
Dawlish,   Teignmouth,  Ac. 
Deal,  Walmer,  Sandwich 
Dover  to  Calais,  Boulogne, 

Ac. 
Dovercoiu't,      Felixstowe, 

Ac. 
Eastbourne,  Seaford,   &c. 
English  Lake  District 
Exeter,  Sidmouth,  Ac. 
Exmouth  and   South- East 

Devon 
Falmouth  and  South  Corn- 
wall 
Felixstowe,   Harwich,  Ac. 
Filey,  Bridlington,  Ac. 
Folkestone,    to  Boulogne, 

Ac. 
Fowey  and  S.  Cornwall 
Harrogate,  Kipon,  Ac. 
Hastings,  Sr.  Leonards,  Ac. 
Hereford    and     the     Wye 

Valley 
Heme  Bay,  Ramsgate,  Ac. 
Hythe,  Folkestone,  Ac. 
Ilfracombe,  Lundy  Island, 

Ac. 
Isle  of  Man 
Isle  of  Wight 
Leamington,  Kenilworth 
Littlehampton,  Worthing, 

Ac. 


Liverpool,  Birkenhead,  Ac. 
Llanarindod    Wells    and 

Ceni  raj  Wales 
Llandudno  and  N.  Wales 
Llangollen,  Corwen,  Bala, 

Ac 
London  and  Environs 
Looo  and  S.  Cornwall 
Lowestoft  and  the  Broads 
Lyme    Regis,    Weymouth, 

Ac. 
Lynton     and     Lynmouth, 

Minehead,  Ac. 
Malvern,  Worcester,  Ac. 
Margate,  Canterbury,  Ac. 
Matlock  and  South  Derby- 
shire 
Minehead,  Linton,  Ac. 
Newquay,  Boacaetle,  Ac. 
Nottingham       and       the 

Dukeries 
Paignton  and  South  Devon 
Penmaenmawr  and  North 

Wales 

Penzance,  Scilly  Isles,  Ac. 
Plymouth  and  South- West 

Devon 
Pwllheli  and  Cardigan  Bay 
Ramsgate,  Canterbury,  Ac. 
Rhyl  and  Noith  Wales 
Hipon,  Ac. 

Seaford,  Newhaven,  Ac. 
Seaton,  sidmouth,  Ac. 
St.      Ives      and      Western 

Cornwall 
Scarborough,  Flam- 

borough,  die. 
Sheringham,  Ac. 
Sherwood     Forest,     the 

Dukeries,  Ac. 
Sidmouth  and  Soulh-East 

Devon 
South  wold,  Aldeburgh 
Stratford-upon-Avon 
Swanage,  Corfe,  Ac. 
Teignmouth,  Dawlish,  Ac. 
Tea  by  and  South  Wales 
Thames,  The:    Putney  to 

Ciicklade 
Torquay,   Paignton,    Dart- 

muutb,  Ac. 
Towyn,  Aberdovey,  Ac. 
Wales,  North  (A\  Section  . 

Llandudno,  Chester,  Ac. 
Wales,  North  ($.  Section.) 

Aberystwyth,  Shrewsbury, 

Ac. 
Wales,    South,    Newport, 

Swansea,  Ac. 
Warwick,        Leamington, 

Kenilworth 
Weston  -  super  -  Marc, 

Cheddar,  Wells.  Ac. 
Weymouth,      Dorchester, 

Swanage,  Ac. 
Whitby,  Scarborough,  Ac. 
Worcester  and  District 
Worthing,  Littlehampton, 

Ac 
Wye  Valley,  from  Source 

to  Mouth 
Yarmouth  and  the  Broads 


SCOTLAND. 

Aberdeen  and  the  Moray  i  The  Highlands 

Finh  Coast  Inverness,  Hneyalde,    and 

Edinburgh    and    Environs       the  .Moray  Kirtli  Coast 
Glasgow    and    the    Clyde,    Oban,    Fort  William,  Iona, 
Burns's   Country,  Dunoon,       Stall  i    and     the     Western 
Aitan,   Ac.  Highlands 

IRELAND. 

Antrim   (County),     Fort-    Donegal  Highlands 

ru»b,    Giant's    Causeway,       Bumloran,      Londonderry 
Donegal,  Ac.  *c 

Dublin  and    County    Wick- 
Belfast  and  District.  Ac.  I"W 

Killurnoy  and   South  West 
Cork,    Glengariff,   and    the        Ireland 
South- West  of  Ireland  Londonderry 


HALF-A-CROWN    HANDBOOKS. 


Continental. 

BELGIUM 

HOLLAND 

NORWAY 

PARIS   &    ENVIRONS 

(also  at  i».  i 

ROME 
SWITZERLAND 


British. 

ENGLISH    LAKE  DI8- 

TKIC  r 
LONDON  (wiih  additional 

M.ii>^  and  complete  Index 

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NORTH    WAI  .FN    (N.i 

i  ben  end    Bombers    Si  c 

tions  combined) 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.,  LLMITED,  SALISBURY  SQUARE,  LONDON,  H.G. 


544 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4512,  April  18,   1914 


Macmillan's  New  Books. 

The  Life  of  John  Edward 

EIllS.  By     ARTHUR       TILNEY 

BASSRTT.      With  a  Preface  by  VIS- 
COUNT   BRYCE,    O.M.      With    Por- 
traits.    8vo,  78.  6d.  net. 
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for  the  glimpses  it  affords  of  political   life 
from    1885  to   1910,  and   convincing   as  the 
presentation  of  a  man  of  sterling  character." 

The  Eastern  Libyans,     An 

Essay.  By  ORIC  BATES,  B.A. 
F. R.G.S. ,  late  of  the  Nubian  Archaeo- 
logical Survey.  With  numerous  Illus- 
trations and  Maps.     4to,  42s.  net. 

DR.  WESTERMARCK'S  NEW  BOOK. 

Marriage    Ceremonies    in 

MorOCCO.  By  EDWARD  WESTER- 
MARCK,  Ph.D.  LL.D.,  Martin  White 
Professor  of  Sociology  in  the  University 
of  London,  Author  of  'The  History  of 
Human  Marriage,'  &c.     8vo,  12s.  net. 

THIRD  EDITION  OF  PART  IV. 

The  Golden  Bough,     a  study 

in  Magic  and  Religion.  By  J.  G. 
FRAZER,  D.C.L.  LL.D.  Litt.D.  Third 
Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.     8vo. 

Part  IV.    ADONIS,   ATTIS,  OSIRIS. 

Studies  in  the  Hist  >ry  of  Oriental  Religion. 
2  vols.     Third  Kdition.    20s.  net. 


Vol.  XII.  Final  Volume, 
to  the  whole  work. 


General  Index 

[Shortly. 


The  Foundations  of  Cha= 

racter.        Being    a    Study    of    the 

Emotions   and    Sentiments.       By 

ALEXANDER  F.  SHAND,  M.A.  8vo, 
12s.  net. 

%*  The  volume  is  divided  into  three  Parts 
or  "Books."  The  first  deals  with  'The 
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'The  Tendencies  of  the  Primary  Emotions' ; 
and  the  third  with  '  The  System  of  Desire.' 

A   First   Book   of   English 
Literature.    By  george  saints- 
bury,  M.A.  D.Litt.,  &c.     Globe  8vo, 
Is.  Qd.  [First  Books  of  Literature. 

Times. — "Prof.  Saintsbury's  little  book  is 
cordially  to  be  welcomed,  more  especially  as 
it  represents  rather  the  essence  of  his  learn- 
ing than  any  abridgment  of  the  larger  his- 
tories of  English  literature  by  which  his 
reputation  is  established.  It  is  directed 
specially  to  young  students  just  beginning 
to  make  acquaintance  with  the  great  writers 
of  the  past." 

A   First   Book   of   English 
History.  By  f.  s.  c.  hearnshaw, 

M  A.  LL.D.,  Professor  of  History  in 
King's  College,  University  of  London. 
Illustrated.     Gl"be  8vo,  Is.  6cZ. 

[First  Books  of  History. 

PART  II.  JUST  PUBLISHED. 

Ancient  Egypt.    Edited  by  prof. 

FLINDERS    PKTRIE,    F.R.S.    F.B.A. 

With  Illustrations.  Published  Quarterly, 
2s.  net.  Yearly  Subscription,  7s.  net. 
Principal  Contents: — Work  at  Lahun.  By 
G.  Brunton.  —  Bvzantine  Table  of  Fractions. 
By  Sir  Herbert  Thompson.  —  Egyptian 
Ethics  (Lecture  by  Dr.  Alan  Gardiner). — 
Egyptology  in  Japan.  By  K.  Hamada  and 
Prof.  T.  Chi  ha. — The  Earliest  Inscriptions. 
By  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie,  &c.     Illustrated. 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  London. 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  CO.'S  LIST 


"This  is  quite  the  best    book  on   Flying  that 
we  have  yet  seen.  "—Spectator. 

FLYING  '.  Some  Practical  Experiences. 

By   GUSTAV    HAMEL 

and   CHARLES   C.    TURNER. 

With  numerous  Illustrations.     8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

CUSTOMARY  ACRES  and  their 
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By  the  late  FREDERIC  SEEBOHM, 

Hon.  LL.D.(Edin.), 

Author  of  'The  English  Village  Community.' 
8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

MY    HAPPY    HUNTING 
GROUNDS. 

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By  ALFRED  ERSKINE  GATHORNE-HARDY. 

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LOCKWOOD,     and     from     Photographs,    &c.        8vo, 

10s.  6d.  net. 

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"A  MODERN"   ROBINSON    CRUSOE" 

Yorkshire  Post. 

ALONE  IN  THE  WILDERNESS 

By  JOSEPH   KNOWLES. 

With  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  5s.  net. 

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8vo,  12s.  (id.  net. 

Contents: — Disraeli— Lord  Cromer  on  Disraeli — George 
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"  They  constitute  a  remarkable  gallery  of  figures  treated  by 
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THE 

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No.  451?,  April  18,  1914 


T II  E  A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


545 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  IS,  1914, 


CONTENTS.  PAGE 

EDUCATION  in  Tiikoky  and  PkaCTICB  (From  Locke 
to  M ontsaeori ;  Dr.  Montassori's  Own  Handbook; 
The  Kindergarten;  What  Children  study;  Your 
Child  To-diy  and  To-morrow;  Problem  of  the 
Continuation  School  ;  Public  Education  in  Ger- 
many and  the  United  States)    545—546 

Alice  Otti.f.y  ok  Worcester      ..  ..        . .    516 

Classical  BTODIB9  (Magnus's  Edition  of  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses ;  The  Composition  of  the  Iliad  ;  Selec- 
tions from  Martial)  547-548 

The  New  Tripoli       54$ 

Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart 549 

The  Oxford  Dictionary 550 

An  Unknown  son  ok  Napoleon  551 

Where  No  Fear  Was        551 

The  Divine  Riciit  ok  KINGS       552 

Victorian  Year-Book        552 

Books  Published  this  Week  (English,  553 ;  Foreign. 

655) 553-555 

Before  the  Cross;  Mr.  Edward  Marston  :  Mr. 
Walter  G.  Anderson;  The  National  Union 
of  Teachers  at  Lowestoft:  Changelings  by 
Request;  The  International  Book  -  Trade 
Exhibition;  The  Book  Fair  at  Leipsic  ;  A 
Prize  and  its  Adjudicators;  'Roman  Memo- 
ries'; 'The  Literary  Year-Book' ;  The  Odes 

of  Solomon;  Book  sale       555—550 

Publishers'  announcements      659 

Literary  Gossip        560 

Science— An  Introduction  to  the  Infinitesimal 
Calculus;  Two  Books  on  Chemistry  (Some 
Fundamental  Problems  in  Chemistry  ;  Chemistry 
and  its  Borderland) ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next 

Week;  Gossip      ..  561—563 

Fine  Arts— The  Pigments  and  Mediums  of  the 
Old  M.asters  ;  Engravings  ;  Coins  ;  South  Ken- 
sington—Drawings and  Paintings  ;  Gossip  563—564 
Music— Musical  Education  (Aural  Culture;  The 
Chassevant  Method  of  Education):  Music  at 
Torquay;  Performances  Next  Week  ..  565-566 
Drama— Elizabethan  Drama  and  its  Mad  Folk  ; 

'Pygmalion' ;  Gossip 566—568 

Index  to  Advertisers       570 


LITERATURE 


EDUCATION'  IX  THEORY   AXD 
PRACTICE. 

THE   MONTESSORI  SYSTEM. 

Thk  first  part  of  Dr.  Boyd's  volume, 
1  From  Locke  to  Montessori,'  traces  the 
history  of  educational  thought  through 
Locke,  Pereira,  Condillac,  Rousseau, 
Itard,  and  Seguin  to  Dr.  Montessori,  and 
shows  that,  in  ideas,  the  latest  of  prac- 
tical reformers  is  but  developing  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  seventeenth-century  philo- 
-■•pher    who   declared    that    "  there    are 

From  Locke  to  Montessori  :  a  Critical 
Account  of  the  Montessori  Point  of  View. 
By   William   Boyd.     (Harrap,  2s.  6d.  net.) 

Dr.  Montessori's  Own  Handbook.  By  Maria 
IConteasori.     (Heinemann,  '.is.  6d.  net.) 

The  Kindergarten  :  Reports  of  the  Committee 
of  Nineteen  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
the  Kindergarten.  Authorized  by  the  In- 
ternational Kindergarten  Union.  (Harrap, 
3*.  M.  net.) 

What  Children  Study,  and    Why  :   a  Discus- 
of  Educational  Values  in  the  Elemen- 
tary Curriculum.      By  Charles  B.  Gilbert. 
Same  publishers,  3*.  (id.  net.) 
Your    ChUd    To-day   and    To-morrow.        By 
donie    Matznec    Gruenberg.        With    ;i 
Foreword     l>y     Bishop     John     Vincent. 
Illustrated.    (Lippincott  &  Co.,  .",-.  net.) 
Tl"  Problem  of  the  Continuation  School.      By 
EL  lb  Best  and  C.  EL  Ogden.      P.  -    Bang 
cv  Son,  1*.  net.) 

blic  Educati  ,  and  tht   I  rnited 

States.       By    L.     K.     EOemm.       (Han 

os.  net.) 


possibly  scarce  two  children  who  can 
be  conducted  by  the  same  met  hod," 
and  who  saw  that  it  was  a  wise 
economy  to  let  children  learn  subjects  to 
which  they  were  inclined,  and  at  the  times 
when  they  were  so  inclined.  But  it  is  no 
defect  in  Dr.  Montessori's  system  that  it  is 
rather  a  continuation  than  a  new  depar- 
ture.    As  Dr.  Boyd  says  : — 

"  So  far  from  this  lack  of  originality  being 
a  weakness  of  Montessori's  case,  it  consti- 
tutes its  real  strength.  ..  .Originality  in 
practical  matters  is  more  properly  exhibited 
in  the  discovery  and  elaboration  of  new 
applications  of  principles  already  accepted 
in  their  vague  generality.  The  concrete 
interpretation  of  an  old  idea  in  a  new  practice 
or  method  is  a  genuine  addition  to  the  sum 
of  human  wisdom." 

The  difference  between  the  teaching  of 
Rousseau's  imaginary  '  Emile,'  and  that 
of  the  little  Italians  in  '  The  Children's 
House,'  is,  theoretically,  almost  non- 
existent, but  in  fact  there  is  all  the  differ- 
ence between  education  for  the  few  and 
education  for  the  many.  In  practice, 
indeed,  Madame  Montessori  triumphs,  but 
sometimes  at  the  expense  of  her  principles, 
and  Dr.  Boyd,  in  the  second  part  of  his  vol- 
ume, lays  a  critical  finger  upon  the  discre- 
pancies. Her  pupils  are  not,  in  fact,  left 
entirely  free  ;  guidance  and  control, 
though  unobtrusive,  are  not  absent,  and 
the  maxim,  "  Leave  them  to  themselves," 
becomes,  in  action,  "  Leave  them  to  them- 
selves as  much  as  possible." 

'  Dr.  Montessori's  Own  Handbook  '  con- 
tains much  the  same  material  as  did  '  The 
Montessori  Method,'  but  in  a  clearer  form, 
although  the  translation  is,  as  before, 
somewhat  clumsy,  using  such  terms  as 
"  didactic  material "  instead  of  educa- 
tional apparatus.  Even  the  warmest  ad- 
mirers of  the  earlier  book  had  to  admit 
that  there  was  in  it  some  element  of  con- 
fusion, and  in  particular  some  doubt  as 
to  the  limits  of  the  teacher's  functions. 
It  was  not  easy  to  find  out  whether 
each  child  sought  out  for  itself  whatever 
part  it  chose  of  the  apparatus,  or  whether 
each  part  was  presented  by  the  instruc- 
tress at  a  period  considered  suitable. 
The  principle  of  liberty  for  the  child  was 
made  clear,  but  not  the  second  principle, 
now  clearly  enunciated,  of  organization  of 
work.  '"  The  whole  history  of  civiliza- 
tion," says  Dr.  Montessori,  "  is  a  history 
of  successful  attempts  to  organize  work 
and  to  obtain  liberty,"  and  experience  in 
the  Children's  Houses  shows  that,  under 
her  combination  of  these  principles,  the 
little  citizens  are  calm,  orderly,  con- 
tented, and  extraordinarily  aide  to  acquire 
new  powers.  The  continual  movement 
which    is    the    main    characteristic    of    the 

young  human  being  is  to  be  not  repressed, 

but  guided 

"to   those  action-;  towards  which  bis  efforts 

are  actually  tending.  .  .  .Once  a  direction  is 
given  to  them,  the  child's  movements  are 
made  towards  a  definite  end,  so  that  he 
himself  grows  quiel  and  contented,  and 
becomes  an  active  worker,  a  being  calm 
and  full  of  joy." 

"  1 1   i-  necessary  for  the  teacher  to  guide 

the     child      without     letting     him      feel      her 


presence  too  much,  so  that  she  may  be  readj 

to  supply  tin-  desired  hdp,  but  may  never 

be   the   obsta.de    between    the    child   and    his 

experience." 

'The  didactic  material,  in  tact,  docs  not 

offer  to  the  child  the  '  content  '  of  tho  mind, 
but  the  order  for  that  '  content.9 

'  'The  children  have  shown  a  love  of  work 
which  no  one  suspected  to  be  in  them, 
and  have  attained  a  calm  and  an  orderliness 
in  their  movements  which,  surpassing  the 
limits  of  '  correctness,'  have  entered  into 
those  of  'grace.'  The  spontaneous  dis- 
cipline, and  the  obedience  which  is  mani- 
fested throughout  the  whole  class,  constitute 
the  most  striking  result  of  our  method." 

Hitherto  the  published  accounts  of  Mon- 
tessori schools  deal  only  with  children  of 
tender  age,  and  attentive  readers  have 
found  themselves  wondering,  as  they 
closed  the  books,  what  later  development 
lay  before  these  children  to  whom  com- 
prehension had  come  so  early  and  so 
easily.  Dr.  Montessori's  mind  has  been 
busy  with  thoughts  of  the  same  nature. 

"  Our  children  [she  says]  must  have  a  new- 
kind  of  school  for  the  acquisition  of  culture. 
My  experiments  in  the  continuation  of  this 
method  for  older  children  are  already  far 
advanced." 

All  persons  who  care  about  education — 
and  who  that  thinks  can  fail  to  do  so  I — 
will  look  eagerly  for  her  report  of  these 
experiments.  It  is  a  commonplace,  alas  ! 
that  brilliant  children  become  dullards 
when  they  grow  up,  and  overstraining  of 
youthful  faculties  has  had  in  our  experi- 
ence disastrous  results.  We  shall  be  glad 
to  know  what  the  Montessori  children  do 
when  they  enter  the  battle  of  life  for 
themselves,  and  have  to  fight  with  the 
rest  of  the  world.  They  seem,  at  any 
rate,  to  be  well  equipped  with  a  love  of 
work. 

EARLY  AND  LATER  TRAINING. 

There  is  ground  for  the  complaint  that 
literature,  art,  appeals  to  the  imagination, 
and  genuine  play  are  left  out  of  the 
Montessori  scheme.  From  one  point  of 
view  this  omission  in  the  case  of  young 
children  is  almost  a  relief.  The  senti- 
mentality, the  would-be  symbolism,  the 
systematic  make-believe  of  much  that 
goes  by  the  name  of  kindergarten  teaching- 
are  so  enervating  and  remote  from  all 
actuality  that  a  return  to  the  purely 
concrete  is  wholesome  and  refreshing.     At 

least   the  .Montessori  pupils  do  real  things, 

and  do  them  for  themselves.  They  are 
back  in  that  bracing  Edgeworthian  atmo- 
sphere   which    makes    the    histories    of 

'  Simple  Susan  '  and  of  '  Lazy  Lawrence  ' 
delightful  to  all  normal  children,  and  w  Inch 
made  EdgeWOrthstOWD  a  place  wherein 
the   numerous  and   cheerful    progeny  of  a 

theorist  lather  did  not  shed  a  tear  once  a 
uiont  h. 

It  would  be  unfair,  however,  to  attribute 

to   the   whole   kindergarten   inowment    the 

feebleness  and  inaccuracy  thai  character- 
ize the  first  report  in  'The  kindergarten.' 
This  document,  however,  has  received   the 

approbation  of  ten  members  a  majority 
— of  a  Committee  appointed  by  the  Inter- 
national Kindergarten  Union,  and  its  tone 


540 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


is  that  of  authoritative  exposition.  In 
style  it  is  verbose  and  confused,  and  its 
vocabulary  includes  such  words  as  "  capa- 
citate," "k  finitize,"  and  "  evaluate." 
Clear  definitions  are  lacking,  and  vague 
terms  such  as  "  self-activity  "  appear 
again  and  again.  More  than  once  the 
author  glides  imperceptibly  into  the  em- 
ployment of  an  analogy  as  an  argument, 
and  seems  to  give  way  to  the  American 
taste  for  rhetoric.  She  writes,  for  in- 
stance : — 

"It  is  no  chance  connection  which  binds 
the  dome  of  our  National  Capitol  to  the 
dome  of  heaven.  Without  that  heavenly 
dome  the  limit -transcending  power  to  which 
we  give  the  holy  name  of  freedom  might 
never  have  wakened  in  the  human  soul, 
and  without  the  awakening  consciousness 
of  freedom  men  would  never  have  known 
the  correlative  idea  of  justice.  The  fore- 
shortening of  infinitude  in  the  spherical 
form  of  space  is  God's  primal  suggestion  of 
his  own  infinite  being." 

Yet  Miss  Susan  Blow,  who  writes  thus, 
must  be  fully  aware  that  there  is  no 
'•  dome  of  heaven,"  and  that "  the  spherical 
form  of  space  "  is  but  the  illusion  of  the 
circular  human  eyeball.  Unfortunately, 
fluffy  rhetoric  of  this  kind  appears  impres- 
sive to  the  half-educated,  and  there  will 
be  teachers  of  an  inferior  kind  who 
will  pass  on  the  supposed  connexion  be- 
tween the  "  dome  of  heaven  "  and  the 
cupola  at  Washington.  If  the  present- 
ment here  given  of  Froebel's  aims  and 
methods  could  be  accepted  as  just,  it 
would  become  the  first  duty  of  educational 
reformers  to  sweep  away  kindergartens. 

The  ambiguous  title  '  What  Children 
Study,  and  Why,'  covers  an  examination 
into  the  value*  of  different  educational 
subjects.  Most  of  the  chapters  are  fair, 
reasonable,  and  rather  commonplace ; 
but  when  he  comes  to  English  grammar, 
Mr.  Gilbert,  although  he  quotes  Mill's 
warm  appreciation  of  the  study  as  a  train- 
ing in  logic,  seems  to  have  no  conception 
of  how  a  grammar  lesson  can  be  made  both 
to  interest  and  to  educate  the  thinking 
power  of  any  child  old  enough  to  under- 
stand a  sentence.  He  almost,  indeed, 
appears  to  confound  grammar  with  inflec- 
tion, and  to  forget  that  the  laws  of  verbal 
relation  are  immutable,  whether  they  are 
marked  by  changes  of  form  or  no. 

Mrs.  Gruenberg's  little  book  about  the 
training  of  children  in  their  homes,  entitled 
'  Your  Child  To-day  and  To-morrow,'  con- 
ceals beneath  a  style  at  which  an  educated 
reader  must  needs  wince,  and  which  does 
not,  it  is  devoutly  to  be  hoped,  really 
represent  the  colloquialism  of  ordinary 
American  family  life,  a  substratum  of 
excellent  common-sense.  In  particular  the 
chapter  headed  '  Children's  Gangs,  Clubs, 
and  Friendships  '  deserves  to  be  read, 
marked,  and  inwardly  digested  by  every 
parent  of  boys  or  girls.  The  boy,  as  Mrs. 
Gruenberg  points  out,  joins  a  group  of 
comrades  not  because  he  is  wicked,  or 
ambitious  to  lead,  or  imitative  of  other 
boys,  but 

"  because    it    is    his    instinct    to    join    with 
others  in  carrying  on  the  activities  to  which 


other  instincts  drive  him.  If  you  stand  in 
the  way  of  the  gang,  you  are  fighting  against 
one  of  the  strongest  forces  in  human  nature." 

The  wise  adult  will  endeavour  not  to 
thwart,  but  rather  to  direct  this  natural 
force,  and  to  bring  it  into  relation  with 
the  interest  and  duties  that  survive  into 
adult  life,  so  that  the  gang  may  insensibly 
develope  into  a  club.  Too  much  direction, 
however,  may  do  almost  as  much  harm 
as  total  neglect. 

"  The  great  danger  is  that  when  adults 
take  a  hand  in  these  matters  they  fix  their 
attention  upon  the  civic  and  moral  virtues, 
and  overlook  the  instincts  of  activity  and 
sociability  which  call  the  gang  into  being, 
and  the  club  degenerates  into  a  preachy 
Sunday-school  class." 

The  collaboration  of  an  employer  of 
labour  and  the  editor  of  The  Cambridge 
Magazine — each  of  whom  had  arrived  by 
independent  personal  investigation  at  con- 
clusions almost  identical— has  produced  in 
'  The  Problem  of  the  Continuation  School ' 
a  modest  and  inexpensive  treatise  likely 
to  be  of  great  practical  value.  They  recite, 
in  considerable  detail,  the  various  charac 
teristics  of  Munich's  vocational  schools, 
and  add  illustrations,  from  Dusseldorf  and 
elsewhere,  of  the  judicious  mixture  of  com- 
pulsion and  enticement  presented  to 
German  boys.  They  conclude — and  few 
persons  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
problems  of  industrial  employment  will  be 
found  to  disagree — that  trade  schools 
should  teach  in  the  daytime,  should  be 
universal,  should  by  degrees  become  com- 
pulsory, and  should  be  preceded  in  the 
elementary  school  by  the  teaching  of  more 
drawing  than  is  generally  given,  and 
some  handwork  during  the  last  school 
year.  When,  however,  they  suggest  that 
these  vocational  schools,  being  of  a  new 
type,  imply  the  need  for  a  new  controlling 
authority,  and  propose  the  handing  over 
of  them  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  they  set 
themselves  in  opposition  to  the  helpful 
theor\r  that  all  State  intervention  in  educa- 
tion should  come  under  one  and  the  same 
department.  We  cannot  believe  that  the 
admirable  trade  schools  of  the  London 
County  Council  would  be  improved  by 
transference  to  non-educational  control. 

The  most  interesting  of  Dr.  Klemm's 
forty-four  disconnected  essays  on  '  Public 
Education  in  Germany  and  the  United 
States  '  contains  an  account  of  that 
remarkable  movement  in  Berlin  towards 
open-air  life  which  under  municipal 
guidance  has  led  to  the  erection,  in  separate 
garden  patches,  of  thousands  of  temporary 
summer  dwellings,  in  which  families  spend 
their  leisure  by  day,  and  sometimes  their 
nights  as  well.  The  main  defect  of  his 
book  lies  in  his  firm  conviction  of  the 
inferiority  of  what  he  calls  Li  the  feminine 
mind."  He  bewails  bitterly  the  preva- 
lence of  women  teachers  in  American 
public  schools,  and  cites  instances  of  un- 
intelligent instruction  which  woidd  be  more 
impressive  if  he  had  not  incidentally  men- 
tioned that  a  majority  of  the  teachers  were 
extremely  young.  Immaturity  rather  than 
sex  seems  to  be  the  true  defect  of  many 
American  instructresses. 


Alice  Otlley,  First  Head-Mistress  of  the 
Worcester  High  School  for  Girls,  1883- 
1912.  Compiled  by  Mary  E.  James. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  6s.  net.) 

The  decade  between  1875  and  1885  saw 
several  important  departures  in  the  edu- 
cation of  Englishwomen.  What  was  done 
during  those  years  has  very  largely  deter- 
mined what  we  see  in  action  to-day.  It 
was  of  the  essence  of  the  undertaking  that 
women  themselves  should, as  far  as  possible, 
direct  the  course  and  initiate  the  detail, 
as  well  as  create  the  characteristic  spirit 
of  the  new  movement.  In  the  absence  of 
University  tests,  or  the  publicity  given  by 
great  organizations,  these  leaders  had  to 
be  sought  in  private  life.  One  of  the 
remarkable  features  of  the  later  nineteenth 
century  in  England  is  the  rise  of  a  group 
of  women  who,  without  the  training  which 
is  now  supposed  to  be  indispensable, 
proved  equal  to  starting  the  new  move- 
ment effectively  on  its  way.  Among  these 
women  Alice  Ottley  has  a  foremost  place  : 
first,  because  of  her  conspicuous  ability 
and  of  what  it  achieved  ;  and  secondly, 
because,  somewhat  more  definitely  than 
most  of  them,  she  represented  among  her 
compeers  a  distinct  ideal  in  the  matter 
of  the  education  of  girls. 

She  was  born  at  Acton  in  Suffolk  in 
1840,  the  fourth  child  of  an  unusualiy 
large  family.  In  1850  her  father,  the 
Rev.  Lawrence  Ottley,  was  appointed 
Rector  of  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  the 
place  to  which,  in  after  years,  she 
always  looked  back  as  "  home."  Her 
gift  of  motherliness  drew  upon  her  a 
principal  share  in  the  bringing  up  of  her 
many  younger  brothers  and  sisters,  one 
or  two  of  whom  were  specially  her  charge. 
Upon  her  father's  death  in  1861  the  family 
moved  to  Hampstead,  where,  in  order  to 
provide  schooling  for  seven  boys,  Mrs. 
Ottley  received  into  her  house  a  small 
number  of  girls  —  of  ages  ranging 
from  about  fifteen  to  twenty  —  to  be 
educated  with  her  younger  daughters. 
The  education  thus  given  was  under  the 
direction,  and  in  great  part  actually  the 
work,  of  Alice,  who  spent  upon  it  the  next 
twenty  years  of  her  life.  She  developed 
here  her  rare  gifts  as  a  teacher,  and  availed 
herself  also  most  diligently  of  such  oppor- 
tunities for  learning  as  London  then 
afforded  women  —  in  particular  of  the 
lectures  given  at  University  College  by  the 
generous  band  of  professors  -who  had 
formed  the  Educational  Association  for 
Women. 

In  1880  her  work  at  Hampstead  came 
to  an  end,  and  she  then  joined  a  friend 
who  had  a  school  of  her  own.  Those  who 
knew  her  well  greatly  desired  for  her  some 
more  ample  scope.  In  1877  she  had  been 
asked  to  take  charge  of  the  Oxford  High 
School  for  a  few  weeks,  its  head  mistress 
being  ordered  instantly  abroad,  and  this 
episode  had  at  length  revealed,  both  to 
herself  and  to  others,  something  of  the 
range  of  her  capacity.  Short  as  was  the 
time  during  which  she  held  the  reins, 
the  school  had  felt  her  hand,  and  had 
responded  as  to  a  fresh  inspiriting  touch. 


No.  4510,  Aikil  18,   1914 


T  H  E     A  T  II  E  Ni]UM 


547 


At  length,  in  1883,  Canon  Butler — later 
Dean  of  Lincoln — summoned  her  urgently 
t<>  Worcester  to  be  the  maker  of  the  High 
School  for  Girls,  which  he  was  founding  in 
that  city.  It  was  there,  at  the  age  of  43, 
that  she  took  up  what  was  to  be  the  chief 
work  of  her  life — a  work  which  she  did  not 
lay  down  till  1912,  a  few  weeks  only  before 
her  death.  Her  success  was  complete  ; 
indeed,  the  character  of  Worcester  High 
School — the  Alice  Ottley  School,  as  it  is 
now  called — is  too  well  known  for  descrip- 
tion to  be  necessary. 

The  secret  of  what  she  accomplished 
lay  in  a  peculiar  manner  within  herself. 
She  possessed — to  use  the  word  literally — 
an  extraordinarily  radiant  personality. 

"  The  story  goes  that  at  a  dinner-party  in 
one  of  the  canons'  houses  some  twenty  years 
,  the  question  was  asked,  '  Who  is  tho 
most  influential  person  in  Worcester  ?  '  and 
the  answer,  unhesitatingly  given  by  each 
and  all  of  the  mixed  assembly,  was  '  Miss 
Ottley.'  " 

Despite  the  fact  that  she  came  to  take 
an  important  share  in  educational  work 
outside  her  school,  she  would  herself  have 
been  amazed  to  hear  this. 

The  deeper  secret  of  that  radiance  itself 
comes,  perhaps,  most  nearly  into  sight  in 
the  simple,  unemphatic  words  quoted 
here  from  a  letter  of  hers  to  an  "  Old 
Girl  "  whom  ill-health  had  finally  de- 
barred from  entering  a  Community  : — 

'*  I  am  grieved  for  you,  for  I  know  well 
^  hat  this  means  ;  for.  you  know,  I  went 
through  a  similar  experience. 

"  I  think  all  you  can  do  is  to  keep  an 
"  elastic  v.  ill,'  and  to  wait  for  the  guidance 
which  is  sure  to  come." 

Her  own  call  to  the  religious  life  had 
been  outwardly  thwarted  ;  inwardly  it 
persisted  and  dominated  her.  The  fact 
of  it  lent  her  her  joyful  detachment, 
her  originality,  her  freedom  from  after- 
thought, her  tireless,  selfless  sympathy, 
and  her  unflinching  self -discipline.  She 
could  not  bear  to  hear  teaching  spoken  of 

a  profession  :  in  her  eyes  it  was  a  voca- 
tion ;  and  she  differed  from  many  of  the 
|* spirits  finely  touched"  to  these  '"fine 
i-sues  " — who  see  in  it  primarily  a  vocation 
to  the  service  of  man — in  that  for  her  it 
was  primarily  a  vocation  to  the  service  of 
Cod. 

No  doubt  it  is  by  her  shining  goodness 
that  she  will  be  best  remembered,  but,  in 
anyone  less  saintly,  such  intellectual  ability 
and  such  knowledge  as  were  hers  would 
have  counted  as  remarkable.  She  had  a 
ire  of  information  upon  many 
subjects  ;  a  strong  mental  grasp  of  any- 
thing upon   which   she  was  occupied  ;     a 

."larly  appreciation  of  literature;  and 
no  mean  range  of  accomplishment  in 
it.  and  manual  skill. 

Nor  was  she  less  conspicuously  endowed 
with  practical  power-.  She  had  excellent 
judgment  alike  in  the  management  of 
affairs  and  the  guidance  of  persons.     She 

had  a  <|iiiek  eye  for  the  difference  between 

the  possible  and  the  impossible,  and  for 

the  means  proper  to  a  given  end  :  -he 
knew  when  to  wait  and  when  to  press  on. 
JSut  the  pj    ,  of  the  school  sufficiently 


attests  this  side  of  her  capability,  as  it 
does  also  her  special  talents  as  a  teacher 
and  a  counsellor  of  individuals.  Perhaps 
no  woman  ever  turned  her  own  frequent 
experience  of  sorrow  to  better  account  in 
the  service  of  other  people.  She  retained 
also  to  the  end  her  love  and  understanding 
of  very  little  children,  and  her  beautiful 
skill  in  dealing  with  them. 

The  ideal  towards  which  she  drew  the 
school  was  a  very  definite  one.  It  was 
above  all  things  religious,  and,  ad  ma- 
jorem  Dei  gloriam,  it  exacted  the  utmost 
finish  and  perfection  in  all  things  small  and 
great.  Her  feeling  for  the  worth  of  detail, 
and  her  incessant  care  about  it,  wrere 
among  her  marked  peculiarities.  There 
was  a  fiery  outspokenness  in  her  dedica- 
tion of  everything  and  everybody  under 
her  rule  to  God  :  "  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
is  the  Head  Master  of  this  school,"  she 
was  fond  of  saying. 

Her  spiritual  counsels  are  amply  illus- 
trated here.  They  are  those  which  come 
naturally  from  an  English  Catholic,  for 
whom  the  Blessed  Sacrament  is  the  spiri- 
tual centre  of  earthby  life,  and  in  so  far 
carry  to  those  in  agreement  with  her  a 
still  undiminished  force,  though  as  to 
phraseology  and  some  minor  matters 
they  appear  touched  now  with  something 
of  old-fashionedness.  The  difference  be- 
tween one  generation  and  another  may  be 
seen  in  the  great  part  Tennyson  and  Keble 
play  in  them,  as  well  as  in  the  curiously 
restricted  list  of  books  recommended  to 
her  girls,  whether  for  devotional  or  for 
other  study. 

Inevitably  she  encountered  opposition 
here  and  there,  and  it  may  be  reckoned 
one  of  the  faults  of  the  book  before  us 
that  virtually  nothing  is  told  us  about  this. 
It  is  not  really  to  Miss  Ottley's  advantage 
that  we  see  her  here  so  exclusively  from 
the  point  of  view  of  those  with  whom  she 
was  in  sympathy,  and  in  particular  of 
those  who  owed  her  more  than  they  could 
ever  repay.  It  would  have  been  good  to 
have  her  as  she  appeared  to  her  equals, 
and  to  those  whose  educational  ideals 
clashed  somewhat  with  hers.  Again,  we 
are  led  to  understand  that — especially 
when  she  was  abroad — Miss  Ottley's 
impulsiveness  and  eager  kindness  led  to 
several  delightful  incidents,  to  many 
original  and  charming  actions.  If  it  was 
possible  to  gather  up  some  of  this  material 
— and,  from  what  is  said,  we  gather  that 
with  patience  and  trouble  it  would  have 
been — we  should  gladly  have  forgone  for 
the  sake  of  it  Borne  of  the  less  character- 
istic letters  and  discourses  printed  here, 
and  even  some  of  the  oft  -repeated  ex- 
patiations  on  Miss  <  >ttley's  sympathy  and 
spirituality  :  for  in  a  biography,  as  else- 
where. "  actions  speak  louder  than  words."' 

We  would  not.  however,  end  on  a  note  of 
dispraise.  Despite  occasional  diffuseness 
and  more  frequent  slightness,  the  writer 
has  succeeded  in  imparting  to  us.  to  Borne 
considerable  extent,  the  feeling  of  being 
in  the  presence  of  a  strong  and  real  and 
very  human  person,  and  in  that  com 
mendation  we  have   probably  given   her 

the  chief  of  what  she  desired. 


CLASSICAL    STUD  IKS. 

Til  i:  full  and  valuable  critical  edition  which 
Dr.  Magnus  has  published  of  the  '  Meta- 
morphoses '  of  Ovid  is  bound  to  super- 
sede all  others,  and  to  remain  the  standard 
work  on  the  subject  for  a  long  time  to 
come.  It  contains  a  text,  testimonia.  the 
variants  of  a  great  number  of  MSS..  and  the 
prose  paraphrase  {narrationes)  of  Lactan- 
tius  Placidus,  also  with  apparatus  criticus. 
It  is  therefore  an  invaluable  storehouse 
of  material  for  the  Ovidian  student.  The 
text  itself  is  very  conservative,  and  rightly 
so  in  a  book  of  this  character,  but  the  con- 
jectures of  scholars  are  quoted,  and  the 
reader  is  generally  left  to  form  his  own 
opinion.  We  regret,  however,  to  see  the 
hideous  barbarism  Progne  standing  there 
unashamed,  even  when  the  first  syllable  is 
short ;  and  conservatism  surely  goes  too 
far  when  it  comes  to  printing 

prominet  inmodicum  pro  longa  cuspide  rostrum 

at  vi.  673,  even  though  the  antidote 
"  prse longa  "  is  to  be  found  at  the  foot  of 
the  page.  Why  give  the  reader  the  trouble 
of  hunting  for  it  ? 

But  these  are  trifles.  As  a  rule,  the 
editor  shows  discrimination  in  his  choice 
of  readings,  and  is  not  hampered,  as  his 
predecessor  Merkel  was,  by  blind  in- 
fatuation for  any  particular  MS.  It  may 
be  hoped  that  this  work  will  promote  the 
study  in  England  of  a  poem  Avhich,  despite 
its  rather  absurd  scheme,  is  full  of  charm- 
ingly told  stories,  and  the  influence  of 
which  upon  English  literature  has  been 
very  great. 

Mr.  Smyth's  discovery  concerning  the 
'  Iliad '  may  be  briefly  stated  in  his  own 
words : — 

"The  object  of  this  essay  is  to  demonstrate 
that  the  Iliad  of  Homer  at  one  time  con- 
sisted of  13,500  lines,  neither  more  nor  less, 
divided  into  45  sections  of  300  verses  each." 

If  we  ask  how  this  startling  theory  was 
arrived  at,  we  learn  that  it  is  based  on 
the  fact  that  the  first  book  falls  naturally 
into  halves  of  311  and  300  lines  respec- 
tively, and  it  is,  of  course,  easy  to  reduce 
the  former  half  to  300  by  a  little  judicious 
excision.  So  far,  so  good.  We  next 
proceeded  to  test  the  theory  by  looking  at 
the  author's  treatment  of  the  twenty- 
fourth  book.  We  found  that  the  theory 
necessitated  rejection  of  lines  362  468,  the 
scene  between  Priam  and  Hermes,  which 
contains  some  of  the  most  touching  and 
exquisite  poetry  ever  written  on  this  earth. 
And  Mr.  Smyth  ventures  to  mention 
(]>.  188)  the  venerable  name  of  Procrustes  ' 
We  have  tested  his  results  in  many  other 
places,    and    can    only    say    that    a    more 

/'.  Ovidi  Nasonis  Metamorphoseon  Libri  .VI'. 
Recensuit  Apparatu Critico  instriuril  Hi;  i 
Magnus.     (Berlin,  Weidmann,  30m.) 

The  Composition  of  /I"  Iliad:  <n*  Essay  mi 
a  Numerical  /.</"•  "<  its  Structure.  l-> 
Austin    Smyth.     (Longmans    &    Co.,    6s. 

net.) 

Selections  from  the  Epigrams  oj  M.  Valerius 
Martialis.  Translated  or  imitated  in 
Engli  'i  \  i  rse  by  W.  .).  <  lourt  hope. 
(John  Murraj ,  •'!>.  >>'/■  net.) 


548 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


arbitrary  and  unsubstantial  thesis  was 
never  maintained  even  in  the  field  of 
Homeric  criticism.  It  seems  to  us  a  pity 
that  a  good  scholar's  time  was  not  more 
profitably  employed. 

Mr.  Smyth  is  equally  unsuccessful  in 
seeking  to  prove  that  the  Odyssey  was 
composed  in  cantos  of  450  lines,  and  that 
the  chronology  of  the  Iliad  falls  into  five 
periods  of  exactly  eleven  days  each.  One 
notes  also,  with  (or  perhaps  without)  sur- 
prise, that  he  rejects  the  tenth  Iliad 
altogether,  and  accepts  the  whole  of  the 
twenty-fourth  Odyssey,  with  the  exception 
of  one  solitary  line. 

The  prelude  to  Mr.  Courthope's  pleasant 
little  selection  of  translations  from  Martial 
has  a  timely  significance  that  tempts  the 
reviewer  to  say  a  word  or  two  about  it 
before  passing  to  the  consideration  of  the 
subject-matter  proper.     For  here  we  have 
a  spirited  defence  of  a  dying  cause  by  one 
of  the  Old  Guard  of  scholars,  who  views 
with  regretful  concern  the  growing  dis- 
favour of  the  ancient  classics,  not  only 
in  a  hard  mechanical  world,  but  even  in 
Oxford — no  longer,  it  would  seem,  a  sure 
city  of  refuge  for  lost  causes.     Mr.  Court- 
hope  finds  his  motive  and  cue  in  the  speech 
delivered    at    Sheffield    to    the    Classical 
Association    by    the    Master    of    Trinity. 
There,  as  will  be  remembered,  Dr.  Butler 
stated  once  more  the  case  for  the  educative 
importance  of  Greek  and  Roman  literature 
in  general,  and   emphasized  the  "  unique 
and   lasting   value "    of   translation   both 
from  and  into  prose  and  verse.     It  is,  he 
said,  "  an  admirable  and  priceless  training 
which  it  would  be  at  once  a  folly  and  a 
calamity  to  destroy."     No  one  who  has 
at  heart  the  welfare  of  education  in  its 
true  sense  will  require  any  prompting  to 
utter  a  devout  "  Amen  !  "  to  that  ;    and  if 
Mr.  Courthope  had  been  moved  to  support 
Dr.  Butler  with  reasons  in  a  learned  prose 
essay,  he  could  not  have  failed  of  a  sym- 
pathetic hearing.     But  he  has  done  better. 
He   has    given   practical   examples   of    a 
beautiful  and  useful  art,  and  such  special 
pleading  as  he  has  thought  it  necessary 
to  set  down  by  way  of  preface  he  has 
thrown  into  the  form  of  a  rhymed  epistle 
to  the  Master  of  Trinity.     There,  with  the 
point   and    polish    of    Pope,    he    sketches 
allusively  tc  Rome's  Imperial  agony,"  but, 
amid  ruin,  the  ultimate  triumph  of  her 
culture  over  the  Gothic  conquerors  : — 

Where'er  the  soul  of  German  Freedom  thrived, 
The  buried  life  of  Greece  and  Rome  revived. 
On  stocks  of  Attic  taste  and  Latin  lore 
The  wild  barbaric  graft  new  offspring  bore. 

And  so  forward  to  the  Renaissance,  and 
the  deplorable  reaction  of  the  present  day  : 

Not  Bembo's  art  and  imitative  hand 
Plutocracy's  dire  plague  can  now  withstand  ; 
But,  with  the  modern  blood  you  would  infuse, 
You,  like  Erasmus,  may  preserve  the  Muse, 
And  though  ungrateful  Oxford  spurn  the  Greek, 
An  English  Plato  may  in  Jowett  speak. 

Mr.  Courthope  touches  the  vital  place 
when  he  recalls  the  personal  charm  of 
Dr.  Butler's  teaching  in  those  old  Harrow 
days  when  the 

.  .  .  .scholars  caught 
The  swift  contagion  of  the  classic  thought. 


It  is  by  the  teacher's  inspiring  power 
that  something  may  be  saved  from  the 
impending  wreck  of  true  scholarship.  Dr. 
Butler  sees  that  sacrifices  are  inevitable, 
but,  if  the  original  tongues  cease  in  great 
measure  to  be  studied,  he  would  advocate 
the  "judicious  use  of  translations"  as  a 
prominent  part  of  all  modern  education. 
Thus  a  hurrying  century  may,  although 
at  second  hand, 

.  .  .  .note  how  well  the  records  of  old  wit 
The  various  fortunes  of  our  age  befit. 

In  that  couplet  Mr.  Courthope  happily 
describes  Dr.  Butler's  lessons  from  the 
fountain  head.  Fewer  of  this  generation 
will  drink  there,  but  even  a  translation 
may  serve  what  is,  after  all,  the  most 
useful  end  of  the  ancient  classics,  that  of 
illustrating  the  new  times  by  the  light  of 
the  old. 

It  is  precisely  this  object  that  Mr. 
Courthope  has  pursued  in  making  these 
versions  of  Martial,  who  is,  as  the  trans- 
lator remarks, 

"  of  all  the  Flavian  poets  the  most  directly 
representative  of  his  society  ;  and  as  that 
society  had  reached  a  stage  of  civilisation 
at  which  individual  self-consciousness  came 
into  sharp  collision  with  old  custom  and 
belief,  his  epigrams  often  recall  to  the 
modern  reader  moods  of  feeling  with  which 
we  ourselves  are  acquainted." 

Martial,  though  hard  enough,  offers 
certain  facilities  to  the  English  translator. 
The  frequency  of  hendecasyllabics  resolves 
with  comparative  ease  the  vexed  question 
of  an  approximately  corresponding  form. 
But  there  the  battle  is  only  begun.  The 
point,  the  condensation,  and  the  finish 
of  the  original  call  for  a  style  that  shall 
be  above  all  lucid  and  neat.  It  is  to  the 
antithetic  method  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury that  we  must  look  for  a  model.  Here 
it  is  that  Mr.  Courthope  succeeds.  He  is 
armed  cap  a  pie,  with  the  very  English 
his  task  requires.  His  is  the  temper  that 
recognizes  our  language  as  an  instrument 
of  superb  compass.  Modern  preciosity, 
picking  out  and  lingering  over  cherished 
words  and  phrases  for  their  own  sake, 
will  not  do  here.  All  well-franked  words 
are  admissible,  so  they  be  right.  It  is  in 
their  very  Tightness  that  the  essence  of  the 
style  consists.  The  translations  are  not 
always  exactly  literal,  but  they  are  the 
just  modern  equivalent  for  the  Roman 
thought.  So  the  version,  as  every  good 
rendering  must,  acquires  a  new  life  of  its 
own,  and  rises  free  from  what  is  too  often 
the  dead- weight  of  the  original.  Thus  in 
'  Ad  Silium  '  (iv.  14)  "  ingenti  ore  " 
becomes  "  mighty  line,"  and  "  severitate," 
by  a  perfectly  consistent  licence,  "  stern 
pen."  If  in  the  last  four  lines  of  the 
same  "  madidos "  be  ignored  (could 
"  sappy  "  have  done  the  trick  ?),  that 
does  not  spoil  the  light  and  facile  turn  of 
the  English  : — 

Nor  frown,  but  leniently  look 
On  the  light  jests  of  our  poor  book  ! 
So  might  Catullus,  as  a  friend 
His  '  Sparrow  '  dare  to  Virgil  send. 

The  deprecatory  diminutive  lurking  in 
"  libellos "  comes  out  well,  if  at  some 
expenditure  of  words. 


'  Ad  Severum '  (v.  80)  reappears  as 
'  Friends'  Corrections,'  a  little  piece  so 
modern  in  its  appeal  to  penmen  that  we 
cannot  forbear  to  quote  it  in  full : — 

"  A  spare  half  hour  perhaps  you  '11  spend, 
Severus,  to  oblige  a  friend, 
In  trimming  up  my  trifling  Muse  ?  " 
'  'Tis  hard  one's  holiday  to  lose  !  " 
"  Still,  as  a  friend,  the  loss  excuse  ! 
And  if  to  yours  you  '11  add  the  sense 
(Or  is  the  thought  sheer  impudence  ?) 
Of  learn'd  Secundus,  well  I  know 
My  book  will  to  your  kindness  so 
Par  more  than  to  the  author  owe  ; 
Secure  that  Sisyphus's  fate 
That  lucky  page  can  ne'er  await, 
Which,  with  Severus'  friendly  smile, 
Has  also  felt  Secundus'  file." 

Happy  and  appropriate  freedom  in 
translation  has  seldom  been  better  exem- 
plified than  in  the  equivalent  of  "  Sed 
numquid  sumus  improbi  ?  " — indeed,  in 
the  whole  playful  fragment.  Instances 
might  be  multiplied  ;  and  one  is  tempted 
to  hail  Mr.  Courthope  as  upio-ros,  "  most 
Martial."  The  Latin  text  given  is  that  of 
the  Corpus,  but  critical  questions  do  not 
here  arise. 

A  final  word  must  be  spared  for  the 
section  of  '  Imitations,'  as  distinguished 
from  translations  proper.  These  excel  in 
sprightliness,  and  the  '  Valediction  to  the 
Book  '  (iv.  91)  closes  on  a  topical  note 
that  completes  our  realization  of  Martial 
as  a  writer  of  "  vers  de  societe."  For 
the  well-known  lines 

Jam  librarius  hoc  et  ipse  dicit : 
Ohe  jam  satis  est,  ohe  libelle, 

reappear  as 

"  Enough  !  "  John  Murray  cries,  "  Enough  ! ,r 

Delightful ;  but  we  really  cannot  believe 
it  of  Mr.  Murray,  and  we  hope  that  he 
will  soon  persuade  Mr.  Courthope  to 
continue  his  lively  services  in  the  cause 
of  a  so-called  "  dead  "  language. 


The  New  Tripoli,  and  what  I  Saw  in  the 
Hinterland.  By  Ethel  Braun.  (Fisher 
Unwin,  10s.  Qd.  net.) 

In  '  The  New  Tripoli '  we  feel  that,  pri- 
marily, the  author  is  returning  thanks  for 
a  most  pleasant  visit — first  to  the  Italian 
authorities  who  afforded  her  "  every 
facility,"  and  after  them  to  every  one 
who  helped  her  to  enjoy  her  stay.  The 
work  is  thus  politely,  cordially  super- 
ficial, and  all  unpleasant  references  are 
avoided.  For  example,  of  the  unpro- 
voked and  cruel  raid  upon  a  land  whose 
sole  offence  was  to  be  ill-defended,  which 
shocked  the  civilized  world  two  years  ago, 
we  find  no  other  mention  than  may  be 
discovered  in  the  following  sentence  : — 

"  It  strikes  us  as  a  very  interesting  page- 
in  the  history  of  Tripoli  that  the  Italians 
should  have  returned  to  the  possession  of 
this  country  in  which  the  Romans  have 
left  so  many  wonderful  monuments." 

Again,  of  the  three  days'  massacre  of 
Tripoli  the  author  writes  : — 

"  It  is  unnecessary  to  dwell  upon  the  story 
of   treachery   and   punishment ;     rather  let 


No.  451-2,  Apkil  18,   1014 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


>40 


us  stop  and  pay  a  visit  to  the  memorial 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  93rd  Infantry 
And  the  10th  Artillery,  built  on  the  very 
spot  where  they  fought  and  Cell. ...They 
show  us  a  mosque  here  where  those  brave 
bersaglieri  were  found  crucified  alive  by  the 
Arabs  after  terrible  tortures.'" 

I  uit  story  of  the  hading  of  some  bersa- 
eri  crucified  in  a  mosque  seems  very 
strange  to  all  who  know  the  customs  of 
the  Muslims.  Had  the  men  been  found 
impaled  outside  a  mosque  we  should 
have  been  more  impressed  with  its  veri- 
similitude. That  it  should  be  given  here 
without  the  story  of  the  massacre  of 
people  who.  whatever  may  have  been 
their  attitude  towards  the  invaders,  were 
at  least  defending  their  own  country, 
-hows  the  author's  bias. 

These,  however,  are  questions  of  the  past- 
and  they  may  well  be  buried  if  the  future 
of  Italian  Tripoli  proves  but  half  as  bril- 
liant as  the  author  sees  it.  The  most 
interesting  chapters  in  her  book  are  those 
concerned  with  the  Italian  projects  of 
.administration,  exploitation,  and  reform. 
We  are  glad  to  learn  from  an  eyewitness 
■of  the  excellent  work  that  has  been  done, 
in  sanitation  and  police,  by  the  Italians  ; 
and  to  be  assured  that  the  latter,  in  their 
plans  for  the  future,  are  showing  due 
consideration  for  the  people  and  religion 
of  the  conquered  territory.  The  author 
sees  a 

"  elose  analogy  between  the  difficulties  the 
Italians  have  to  face  in  the  conduct  of  their 
j lew  colony  and  those  with  which  we  are 
familiar  in  the  administration  of  our  own 
Mussulman  dependencies  "  ; 

but  the  difference  implied  in  the  words 
•"  colony  "  and  "  dependencies  "  precludes 
a  "'  close  analogy,"'  in  our  opinion.  The 
author  would  seem  to  claim  some  know- 
ledge of,  at  any  rate,  colloquial  Arabic  ; 
yet  of  the  Arabic  words  and  phrases 
-which  she  quotes,  it  is  no  exaggeration 
to  say  that  nine  out  of  ten  are  wrong  in 
-  '/lie  way  or  other.  The  Mohammedan 
•creed  is  not  "  Allah  il  Allah  !  Mohamed 
rhazul  il  Allah/'  -  Beslemma "  (bi 
aldmah .  we  suppose)  means  not "  Health 
to  you,"  but  in  safety.  The  salutation 
used  at  funerals,  here  given  as  "  Barca 
tecum,"  is  el  bdgi  fikum,"  and  has  a 
different  meaning  from  that  adumbrated 
by  the  author.  Maktub  means  "  It  is 
written,"  and  is  a  common  formula  of 
resignation  ;  the  author  writes  of  "  sitting 
down  to  contemplate  Maktul) — the  will 
■of  Allah  !  '  But  the  gem  of  all  is  in  the 
final  paragraph  : — 

"  And  we  say  goodbye  to  Tripoli,  the  city 

which   we   have   learnt    to   love,   and   whose 

inge  charm  has  stamped  it  indelibly  on 

our    memory.      Our    visit    is    over.     '  Ma- 

feeeh  !  '— •  U  ie  ended.1  " 

MafUh  (a  vulgar  abbreviation  of  ma  fihi 
■I'm)  means  "  There  is  nothing,"  and 
sometimes  used  against  demanders  of 
bakhshieih  in  the  sense  of  ""I  shall  give 
you  nothing."  In  that  case  it  may  have 
a  flavour  of  finality,  but  it  certainly  does 
not  mean  "  h  jg  ended." 

The  book  is  illustrated  with  a  number 
of  good  photographs. 


Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart  :  the  Begin- 
ning of  the,  Feud.  By  Frank  Arthur 
Mumby.     (Constable  &  Co.,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Mr.  Mumby's  latest  step  in  the  course  of 
his  praiseworthy  enterprise  of  showing  to 
readers  of  English  history  how  it  struck  a 
contemporary,  and  of  supplying  them  with 
a  connected  narrative  illustrated  by,  and 
largely  composed  of,  published  correspon- 
dence of  the  time,  is  a  brief  one.  It 
covers  only  half-a-dozen  years.  But  those 
few  years,  1559-1565,  contain  more  of 
romance,  and  were  historically  of  more 
crucial  importance  to  England,  than  per- 
haps any  other  period.  When  Mary  I. 
died  it  seemed  as  if  the  only  question  at 
issue  was  whether  England  would  remain 
under  the  yoke  of  Spain  or,  with  Scotland, 
fall  through  Mary  Stuart  into  the  hands 
of  her  champion,  France.  To  borrow  the 
comparison  of  an  astute  agent  in  Flanders, 
England  was  like  a  bone  thrown  between 
two  dogs.  Still,  the  improbability  of  the 
actual  event  astounds  us  as  in  Mr.  Mum- 
by's pages  we  once  more  watch  Elizabeth 
playing  off  one  Catholic  Power  against 
another,  gradually  establishing  herself 
securely  on  her  throne  and  in  the  hearts 
of  her  people,  and  saving  her  country 
from  foreign  domination  and  the  grasp  of 
Rome.  To  gain  that  end  she  had  need  of 
consummate  diplomacy  and  statesman- 
ship. She  proved  herself  a  supreme 
exponent  of  the  "  wait  and  see  "  policy,  of 
the  art  of  "  shelving  business  with  fair 
words,"  as  the  exasperated  Spanish  ambas- 
sador described  it. 

She  used  all  the  weaknesses  of  a  woman 
to  paralyse  the  strong.  She  made  play 
with  every  weapon  in  the  female  armoury 
—  vanity,  passion,  fickleness,  cajolery, 
caprice— to  outwit  the  subtlest  statesmen ; 
to  deceive  the  deceiver,  and  to  dazzle  the 
craftiest  calculators  of  Europe.  Knowing 
herself  to  be  incapable  of  motherhood,  and 
determined  to  maintain  that  state  of 
single  blessedness  which  from  the  first 
she  had  declared  "  likes  me  best,"  she 
turned  to  the  advantage  of  England  the 
misfortune  of  England's  Virgin  Queen. 
She  revelled  in  her  own  cleverness  ;  so 
that  her  changeableness  made  even  her 
faithful  and  clear-sighted  Secretary,  Cecil, 
sick  at  heart.  If  he  was  puzzled  by 
her  apparent  inconsequence,  how  much 
more  were  the  keen  diplomatists  of  the 
wily  Philip  maddened  and  misled  by  this 
troublesome  baggage,  as  the  Count  de 
Feria  terms  her,  and  by  her  c;  blind  and 
bestial  Councillors,"  with  whom  he  could 
make  no  headway!  Luckily  for  England 
and  Elizabeth,  there  was.  across  the  seas, 
another  sovereign  equally,  but  less  wisely, 
enamoured  of  a  policy  of  procrastination. 
Had  Philip  acted  with  boldness  and  de- 
cision, and  struck  whilst  the  French  peril 
was  acute  in  Scotland  :  had  lie  accepted 
the  offers  of  the  English  Catholics,  or 
married  his  son  Carlos  to  .Mary  Stuart,  or 
made  common  cause  with  the  Guises, 
England,  and  possibly  all  Europe,  might 
have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Spain.     But 

Philip  doubted  and  tempori/.i  d.  whilst  the 

consolidation  of  England  went,  on.  in  spite 


of  the  urgent  warnings  of  his  ambassadors 
in  those  dispatches  first  used  by  Fronde, 
and  since  rendered  familiar  to  scholars 
through  Major  Martin  Hume's  Calendar 
of  the  Archives  of  Simaneas. 

Mr.  Mumby's  book  consists  mainly,  in- 
deed, of  selections  from  the  well-known  and 
valuable  series  of  State  Papers — Foreign, 
Venetian,  Spanish,  or  Scottish — the  (Veil 
and  Burghley  Papers,  and  so  forth,  pub- 
lished by  H.M.  Government.  But  he  has 
gone  further  afield  than  that,  and  when 
dealing  with  the  long  intrigues  between 
Elizabeth  and  her  sister,  he  refreshes  that 
oft-told  tale  by  printing  a  hitherto  unpub- 
lished letter  from  the  Ego  ton  MSS.  at  the 
British  Museum.  His  chief  business,  how- 
ever, has  been  to  supply  the  thread  of 
explanatory  narrative  needed  to  connect 
the  dispatches  of  the  picked  observers  and 
protagonists  of  events  which  were  in- 
tended to  mould  or  to  interpret  them .  This 
task  he  performs  exceedingly  well,  so  that 
his  book  combines  all  the  fascination  of 
history  with  the  charm  of  biography  and 
good  letters.  It  brings  out  too,  as  only 
the  study  of  original  authorities  can  do, 
the  ebb  and  flow  of  events  as  determined 
by  the  change  and  stress  of  foreign  affairs, 
ignorance  of  which  often  renders  history, 
both  ancient  and  modern,  incomprehen- 
sible to  the  outside  observer. 

It  is  not  a  very  edifying  spectacle  to 
which,  pointing  pole  in  hand,  Mr.  Mumby 
directs  our  attention.     But  then  politics 
at  first  hand  seldom  are,  and   diplomacy 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  newly  inspired 
by  the   precepts    of    Machiavelli,   never. 
Even  so,  it  is  a  little  amazing  to  find  Eliza- 
beth writing  to  Mary  Stuart,  with  regard 
to    the    slaughtering  of    the    Huguenots: 
"  Pregnant   women    strangled,    with    the 
sighs  of  infants  at  mothers'  breasts,  do  not 
stir   me."     One   can   imagine   with   what 
delight  Cobbett,  writing  his  pamphleteer- 
ing travesty  of  history  on  Bloody  Elizabeth 
and  Good  Queen  Mary,  would  have  seized 
upon  this  callous  confession  to  prove  his 
favourite    thesis    that    Elizabeth    was    a 
monster  !     So,  in  fact,  the  sentence  stands 
in  the  '  Calendar  of  Scottish  Papers.'     But 
it  gives  the  exact  opposite  of  the   sense 
of   the  original,   which  is  correctly  para- 
phrased by  Froude.     Mr.  Mumby   makes 
a  tentative  correction,  but  if  he  had  con- 
sulted the  original  at  the  Public  Record 
Office  (S.P.  Scotland,  Elizabeth,  vii.),  he 
would  have  found  that  the  sentence  in  the 
original   is   incontestably  conditional  :     '  I 
would  pass  over  in  silence  the  murders  of 
men. . .  .if  strangled  women  did  not  move 
me,"  &C.      We  are   bound   to  admit,   how- 
ever, that  the  editor  of  theScottish  Papers 
collected   from    the    Public    Record   Office, 
British    .Museum,   and   elsewhere,   did   not 
make  the  task  of  verification  easier  when 
he   omitted   all   references   from    hi-    bonk. 

The   inconvenience   and   futility  of   that 

method  of  calendaring  may  be  commended 

to  the  notice  of  those  critics  who  incline  to 
think  that  some  Calendars  savour  too  much 
,,!'  the  catalogue. 


550 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


A  New  English  Dictionary. — Shaslri- 
Shyster.  (Vol.  VIII.)  By  Henry 
Bradley.    (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  5s.) 

The  designation  of  a  Hindu  student 
of  religious  lore  and  an  American  slang 
term  for  a  low-class  lawyer,  both  of  which 
appear  in  the  title  of  this  enlarged 
double  section  (160  pages),  may  suggest 
at  least  an  average  amount  of  words 
imported  into  our  vocabulary  from  foreign 
languages  or  local  dialects  ;  whereas  Dr. 
Bradley  draws  attention  in  his  prefatory 
note  to  the  fact  that,  in  contrast  with  the 
previous  issues,  "  by  far  the  greater  part 
of  the  section  is  occupied  with  words 
which  have  come  down  from  Old  English," 
i.e.,  from  Anglo-Saxon.  This  is  due  to 
the  initial  sh-  reducing  the  inclusion  of 
"  words  adopted  or  derived  from  Greek, 
Latin,  French,  and  Old  Norse  "  to  a  very 
small  percentage  of  the  average  proportion, 
the  words  "  shrine  "  and  "  shrive  "  of 
Latin  origin  being  Old  English.  Though 
'"  shawm  "  and  "  shock  "  (= an  encounter, 
violent  impact,  &c.)  and  the  allied  verb 
are  from  French,  and  have  derivatives, 
the  words  of  French  derivation  in  the 
part  before  us  do  not  occupy  more  than 
two  pages,  .most  of  the  remaining  Galli- 
cisms being  words  of  unique,  random 
spelling,  e.g.,  "  shattow  *:  (= chateau), 
"  sheff onier,"  "  shekyr  "  (— "  chequer," 
sb . ,  in  the  sense ' '  table  of  the  Exchequer  " ) , 
"  sheroot  " — so  spelt  by  Scott,  '  St. 
Ronan's,'  chap,  xv.,  end,  1824 — the  quo- 
tations for  which  had  evidently  not  come 
to  hand  when  the  ch-  words  were  issued, 
in  1889. 

The  first  page  presents  as  man}'  as  ten 
additions    to    the    corresponding    portion 
of  other  English  dictionaries,  not  counting 
dialectal     uses     or     "  shattow,"    among 
these  novelties  being  Carlyle's  "  shatter- 
ment,"   T.   Moore's   "  shatteringly,"    and 
J.  H.  Stirling's  "  shatterer  of  the  world," 
as  a  designation  of  Kant  in   The  Fort- 
nightly   Review,    October,    1867,    p.    381, 
rendering  "  The  Alles-zermalmender ,"  ap- 
plied, we  are  told,  by  M.  Mendelssohn  to 
Kant,  and  rendered  by  De  Quincey  before 
that  date  "  world-shattering."     The  figu- 
rative  sense   of    "  shave,"    "  to    practise 
exaction  or  extortion  upon,"   quoted  as 
early  as   Chaucer,   appears   in  Latimer's 
newly   registered    derivative    "  shavery," 
quoted  from  a  passage  which,  we  are  told, 
"  refers  to   the  avaricious  oppression  of 
tenants,"  viz.,  "  1549. . . .'  1st  Serm.  bef. 
Edw.  VI.'. . .  .All  suche  procedynges. . . . 
do  intend  plainly,  to  make  the  yomanry 
slauery,  &  the  Cleargye  shauery."      The 
succeeding   quotation   from    Southey,    in 
which  the  application  of  a  razor  is  meant, 
seems   to   be   a   parody  of   the   bishop's 

jingle,  thus—"  1838 '  Doctor,'  cliii, 

One  colour  is  born  to  slavery  abroad,  and 
one  sex  to  shavery  at  home."  Among 
the  many  words  which  have  not  appeared 
in  previous  dictionaries  is  "  shear-legs  " 
— also  spelt  "  sheer-legs,"  "  A  device. . . . 
for  raising  heavy  weights,"  as  to  which 
we  read :  "  1900,  Engineering  Mag., 
xix.  675.     At  the  Chicago  yard  there  is 


a  steel  sheer-legs  100  feet  high  and  of 
100  tons  capacity  "  ;  while  Sir  A.  Quiller- 
Couch  is  quoted  for  the  verb  "  sherry  " 
=to  supply  with  sherry,  "  1909,  '  True 
Tilda,'  xxi.  294,  Nursed  by  a  careful 
butler. . .  .a  single  bottle  will  sherry  twelve 
guests  "  ;  and  sibilant  sounds  are  repre- 
sented by  "  shish,"  "  Also  schisch,"  with 
three  quotations  from  1881  to  1908,  by 
"  shshsh,"  1848,  "  shshshing,"  1873.  It 
is  hard  to  believe  that  "  shiverer  "=one 
who  trembles,  first  appeared  in  print 
in  1883,  and  in  Meredith. 

There  are  no  colossal  articles  in  this 
section,  the  longest,  on  "  short,"  adj., 
quasi  -  sb.,  and  sb.,  occupying  about 
sixteen  columns  ;  but  there  are  forty  words 
or  more  which  occupy  from  a  column  and 
a  half  to  sixteen  columns,  or  an  average 
of  more  than  a  page  to  a  word,  not  to 
mention  many  articles  of  about  a  column 
in  length.  Reason  for  this  is  given  in 
the  Note,  namely,  that  most  of  the  "  words 
which  have  come  down  from  Old  English 
....  in  the  course  of  their  long  history,  have 
developed  a  multitude  of  senses,  many  of 
Avhich  have  become  obsolete."  A  good 
example  is  the  verb  "  shear,"  the  article 
on  which  extends  to  a  page  and  rather 
more  than  half  a  column.  The  earliest 
use,  apparently  by  more  than  two  cen- 
turies, is  to  cut  "with  a  sharp  instrument," 
e.g.,  sword,  axe,  sickle,  from  '  Beowulf  '  ; 
and  there  are  a  host  of  other  meanings. 
Hitherto  the  word  has  been  treated  as  if 
a  pair  of  "  shears "  were  its  parents 
instead  of  relatives,  possibly  collateral. 
By  the  way,  "  Kelpuv,  to  shave,"  does 
not  give  the  earliest  sense  of  the  Greek 
word,  and  is  not  even  a  certainly  correct 
rendering. 

We  accept  with  full  confidence,  after 
careful  examination  of  the  subject,  Dr. 
Bradley's  very  modest  statement  that 
"  in  most  of  the  articles  above  referred 
to  " — which  might  be  equivalent  to  "  in 
about  three  dozen  articles  " — "  the  ety- 
mology of  the  words  has  been  treated 
with  greater  fullness  or  precision  than  in 
previous  Dictionaries."  This  claim  to 
superioritjr  may  be  extended  to  most  of 
the  etymology  in  the  '  N.E.D.'  We  are 
invited  to  notice  the  solution  ("  not 
altogether  certain")  of  the  problem  pre- 
sented by  the  origin  of  the  pronoun  "  she." 
Nearly  hah  a  column  of  very  small  type 
establishes  a  strong  probability  for  this 
personal  pronoun  being  "  an  altered  form 
of  the  O.E.  fern.  dem.  pron.  sio,  seo.  sie." 

The  origin  of  the  verb  "shiver" 
(= tremble)  is  not  clear  in  spite  of  its 
careful  and  cautious  treatment ;  perhaps 
the  influence  of  ' '  shimmer ' '  and ' '  shudder ' ' 
(Middle-English  "  shod(d)re  "),  words  of 
similar  meaning,  as  well  as  association 
with  "  shake,"  helped  to  change  ch-  to  sh-. 
The  derivation  of  "  shock  "  (= collide) 
from  French  "  choquer  "  is  made  more 
secure  by  the  treatment  of  the  obsolete 
word  "  chock  "  in  four  distinct  senses  of 
the  verb  "  choquer  "  as  a  distinct  word 
from  "  shock,"  and  furnishes  an  article 
— in  effect — which  is  omitted  in  its  proper 
place,  though  the  cross-reference  to 
"  shock  "  now  retrieves  it. 


Students  of  English  history  will  find 
the  articles  on  "  sheriff  "  and  its  deri- 
vatives and  combinations  and  that  on 
the  substantive  "  shire  "  very  interesting 
and  instructive. 

To    the    two    quotations,    about    1684 
and  1726  by  unknown  authors,  for  "  sheet " 
meaning  "  a  pamphlet  "   may  be  added 
the  interesting  extract,  with  the  house- 
wifely addition  "  of  paper,"  from  Lady 
Russell's  letter  to  Dr.  Fitzwilliam,  April  1st, 
1687,   "  There  is  a  sheet  of  paper  writ, 
as  the  King  hath  said,  by  Dr.  Burnet,  to> 
give  reasons  against  taking  away  the  test." 
This  Burnet  did  write  the  said  "  sheet," 
and  in  his  '  Life  and  Death  of  Rochester,' 
(1680),     speaks     thus    of     his     subject's 
schooldays,  "Those  shining  parts,  which 
have  since  appeared  with  so  much  lustre, 
began    then    to    show    themselves,"    the 
phrase    "  shining    parts "    being    quoted 
in  the  'N.E.D.'  from  The  Spectator,  1711, 
No.    73,    while    in    its    quotation    dated 
c.  1665,  "  Nor  was  his  soul  less  shining  in 
honour,"   &c,  "  shining  "   is  scarcely  an 
adjective.    The  instances  of  "  make  shift," 
ceasing  at  1685,  suggest  that  it  became 
"  make  a  shift  "  before  1800,  as  "  a  shift  " 
only  is  cited  later,  viz.,  1865,  George  Eliot, 
1882,  Stevenson  ;  whereas  Lamb,  Essays, 
'  Decay  of  Beggars,'  yields  "  could  have- 
made   shift  with   yet  half  of  the  body- 
portion  which   was   left  him."     For  the 
absolute  use  of  "  shock  "  (= cause  sudden 
nervous     or    mental    disturbance)     only 
Belzoni     (1820)     is     quoted,    "  [customs] 
which  shock  at  first  sight";    Lamb,  'On 
the  Artificial  Comedy,'  wrote,  "  His  first 
appearance  must  shock  and  give  horror," 
the    context   showing   that   the   physical 
sensibilities   are    to    be   disturbed   before 
the    moral    by    the    presentment   of    the 
"  downright   revolting   villain."     Bumet, 
in  the  above-mentioned  '  Life,'  has  "  the 
showing  of  a  trick,"  which  may  be  accept- 
able as  illustrating  the  verbal  substantive's 
use  in  the  seventeenth  century.     Probably 
the    lively  "  Who    can    have    put   up  a 
shyster  [explained  in  a  note  as  "  A  low 
lawyer"]  like  that?"  Stevenson  and  Os- 
bou'rne.  '  The  Wrecker,'  chap.  ix.  (1892), 
would  have  been  preferred  by  many  to 
Boothby's  mere   "  The  shvster  lawyer " 
(1902). 

Bound  up  with  the  sheets  before  us  are 
the  title-pages  and  prefaces  to  Vol.  VIIL 
and  to  the  second  part  of  Vol.  VTII.,. 
with  Additions  and  Emendations  pertain- 
ing to  the  latter.  Five  paragraphs  of  this 
supplementary  matter  concern  shi-,  sho- 
words,  the  last,  on  the  combination  "  shoe- 
thong,"  being  the  most  important,  as  it 
consists  of  three  quotations  for  the  com- 
bination "  shoe-thong,"  one  dated  about 
1000,  the  others  about  1200.  It  is  an 
amusing  illustration  of  the  impossibility 
of  lexicography  keeping  pace  with  the 
lavish  growth  of  vocabularj^  that  the 
preface  to  S-Sh,  edited  by  Dr.  Bradley^ 
contains  the  derivative  verb  "  re-subedit," 
apparently  not  yet  manufactured  when 
Dr.  Craigie  edited  Reserve-Ribaldry. 

A  further  portion  of  Vol.   X.,  by  Sir 
James  Murray,  from  Trahysh,  is  to  appear 
I  on  July  1st. 


No.  451-2,  April  18,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


551 


An  Unknown  Son  of  Napoleon.  By 
Hector  Fleisohmann.  (Eveleigh  Nash, 
108.  6d.  not.) 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  Count 
Leon,  this  book  about  him  by  M.  Hector 
Fleischmann  is  the  most  complete  record 
that  lias  appeared,  or  is  ever  likely  to 
appear  ;  and  it  will  be  found,  by  any  who 
ire  for  Napoleonic  literature,  extremely 
interesting  from  the  first  word  to  the  last. 
But  the  main  facts  are  by  no  means  new, 
and  most  of  them  may  be  found  elsewhere. 
We  are  not  sure  if  the  author  or  his  English 
translator  is  responsible  for  the  rather 
misleading  title,  but  we  think  it  would  have 
been  better  to  give  the  name  of  Count  Leon 
on  the  title-page,  instead  of  putting  it  only 
on  the  cover  of  the  book.  French  writers, 
some  of  whose  works  were  published  more 
than  eighty  years  ago,  and  from  some  of 
whom  31.  Fleiachmann  quotes,  have  told 
us  a  great  deal  about  Count  Leon ;  and  if 
only  the  bare  facts  about  the  man  were 
wanted,  they  can  be  found,  in  a  concise 
and  accurate  form,  in  a  recent  English 
work,  Mr.  Vizetelly's  '  Court  of  the  Tuile- 
ries,'  which  was  published  in  1907. 

Eleonore  Denuelle  de  la  Plaigne,  the 
mother  of  Count  Leon  (his  name  was 
taken  from  the  latter  part  of  "  Xapofe'cm  "), 
was  born  in  1787.  She  lived  till  1868,  and 
her  tomb  maybe  seen  at  PereLachaise.  She 
was  at  Madame  Campan's  famous  board- 
ing-school— where  were  also  Bonaparte's 
sisters — and,  while  she  was  there,  met  a 
man  named  Revel,  to  whom  at  an  early  age 
she  was  married.  Two  months  after  her 
marriage  Revel  was  arrested  on  a  charge 
of  forgery,  and  sent  to^prison.  "  Caroline 
Murat.  who  had  known  Eleonore  at  school, 
took  pity  on  the  young  wife,  and  had  her 
to  stay  at  her  house.  It  was  at  the  Murats' 
house  that  Xapoleon  met  her.  and  induced 
her  to  become  his  mistress. 

Their  son.  whom  Xapoleon  always 
acknowledged  as  his  child,  was  born 
December  13th,  1806,  and  lived  till  1881, 
and  the  only  thing  that  can  properly  be 
called  '"  unknown  :'  about  him  is  the  exact 
spot  of  the  pauper's  grave,  marked  at  the 
time  only  by  a  wooden  cross,  in  which  he 
was  buried. 

Revel,  the  first  husband  of  Eleonore, 
was  fond  of  litigation,  and  for  years  carried 
on  lawsuits  in  his  efforts  to  raise  money. 
After  his  time  in  prison  and  his  divorce, 
he  attempted  to  get  his  ex-wife  convicted 
for  bigamy,  and  even  for  "  trigamy,"  and 
this  particular  business  dragged  on  for 
years.  Another  of  his  many  lawsuits  was 
brought  against   the  child   Leon,   in   dis- 

owalof  paternity — a  case  which  was  not 
finally  lost  till  1822,  by  which  time  it  had 
cost  the  guardians  of  the  boy  a  considerable 
sum  of  money.  But  scamp  as  Revel 
undoubtedly  was,  the  reader  of  31. 
Flei.-ehmann's  pages  is  tempted  by  the 
author's  harsh  words  to  feel  something 
pretty  much  like  sympathy  for  the  unfor- 
tunate wretch  whose  wife  had  been  appro- 
priated by  Bonaparte.  That  Revel  had 
ability  is  clear,  and  that  lie  was  persistenl 
and  ingenious  in  his  attempts  to  gel  money 
is  certain.     At  the  end  of  all  the  miserable 


business,  after  Napoleon's  death,  it  is  odd 
to  find  Revel  writing  : — 

••  1  deserve  to  bo  listened  to.     Napoleon 

committed  a  crime  when  lie  laid  hands  on  my 

wife.  He  was  guilty  of  a  fault  when  he  for- 
got me  at  his  death,  it  is  for  his  friends  to 
make  good  at  once  the  crime  and  the  fault," 

by  cash  down.  The  "  peculator  in  every 
regiment  "  (to  quote  one  of  M.  Fleisch- 
niann's  descriptions)  grumbled  at  having 
been  forgotten  in  the  will  which  Xapoleon 
made  at  St.  Helena  ! 

But  Revel  had  drawn  money  regularly 
from  the  guardians  of  Leon  ;  and,  when  the 
son  was  about  to  come  of  age,  Revel 
feared  that  his  pension  might  cease. 
Leon,  however,  behaved  well  to  the  man 
who  had  been  his  mother's  first  husband, 
and  made  him  an  allowance  of  2,400  francs, 
which  Revel  enjoyed  till  he  died  in  1835. 

Meneval,  who  knew  all  the  facts  con- 
nected with  the  birth  of  the  child,  had 
found  Baron  de  Mauvieres  (his  father-in- 
law)  to  act  as  guardian  for  the  boy  ;  and 
in  1812  Mauvieres  appeared  before  the 
Juge  de  Paix  at  the  Mairie  of  the  Second 
Arrondissement,  and  stated  that 

"  a  child  of  the  male  sex,  born  of  a  father 
now  absent,  and  a  certain  Eleonore  Denuelle, 
was  at  the  present  moment  at  a  boarding- 
school,  where  '  an  unknown  individual  '  had 
hitherto  provided  for  all  his  needs.... An 
income  was,  at  an  early  date,  to  be  settled 
on  the  said  child.  .  .  .The  appointment  of  a 
guardian  was  pressing  '  in  the  mother's 
absence,  and  even  in  view  of  the  doubt  they 
were  in  as  to  her  existence.'  " 

Eleonore  had,  as  a  fact,  not  disappeared 
at  all ;  but  Mauvieres  was  made  guardian. 
Xapoleon  provided  ample  funds  for  the 
boy,  and  full  particulars  of  the  moneys 
given  at  this  time  and  before  1815  have 
been  preserved.  After  Waterloo,  and 
before  leaving  Paris  for  ever,  Napoleon 
handed  over  a  further  100,000  francs  for 
the  benefit  of  Leon  ;  and  we  know  of  the 
curious  leave-taking  at  Malmaison,  where 
Xapoleon  said  good-bye  to  Leon,  and  also 
to  Madame  Walewrska  and  his  other 
acknowledged  child,  the  Comte  Walewska 
— the  two  elder,  illegitimate,  half-brothers 
of  the  King  of  Rome.  To  Leon's  mother 
Xapoleon  had  paid  large  sums  in  cash,  and 
he  gave  her  also  a  house  in  the  Rue  de  la 
Victoire. 

When  Xapoleon  was  at  St.  Helena,  he 
said  ""  I  should  not  be  sorry  were  my  little 
Leon  to  enter  the  magistracy "  ;  and 
when  he  made  his  will  he  left  him  300,000 
francs,  getting  over  the  delicate  epiestion 
of  relationship  by  referring  to  him  in  a 
roundabout  way  as  "  the  ward  of  Mene- 
val's  father-in-law." 

Leon  did  not  enter  the  magistracy,  but 
made  a  feeble  attempt  to  follow  the  army 
as  a  career.  Trouble  with  his  superiors 
soon  caused  him  to  be  suspended  for  two 
months.  He  went  to  England  to  see 
Joseph  Bonaparte,  who  was  there  in  exile, 
and  on  him  at  first  made  a  good  impression, 
He  returned  to  Paris  to  live  in  very  shady 
circumstances  with  a  fortuneteller;  and 
another    visit    to    London    to    see    .Joseph 

Bonaparte  only  resulted  in  his  being  show  n 
the  door. 

Leon's  remarkable  facial  resemblance  to 
Xapoleon    has    often    been    the    Subject    of 


comment.  But  to  call  him  "tall,"'  and 
then  to  say  that  he  was  ""  five  feet  six  at 
least.''  seems  somewhat  of  a  contradic- 
tion. According  to  Mr.  Vi/.etellv.  "  his 
origin  was  stamped  upon  his  face,  he  was 
physically  the  living  portrait  of  the  great 
captain  "  ;  but  it  may  be  added  that  the 
illustrations  of  Count  Leon  in  the  present 
work  do  not  bear  any  si  liking  resemblance 
to  Xapoleon. 

Leon  was  evidently  a  habitual  gambler, 
and  no  sooner  had  money  than  he  lost  it. 
Masson  thought  that  he  had  ""  im  certain 
desordre  mental.'"  and  stated  that,  when 
he  died,  he  was  certainly " irresponsable." 
If  Masson  is  right,  we  can  see  one 
reason  for  the  miserable  life  of  Leon.  At 
any  rate  his  poverty  was  incurable,  and  he 
became  a  mere  writer  of  begging  letters. 
His  habits  may  be  judged  by  a  letter  to 
General  Gourgaud,  dated  February  7th, 
1848,  in  which,  writing  from  Paris,  he  says  : 

"Thank  God,  I  have  rented  a  room  in  the 
Rue  Joubert,  at  No.  !»,  but  it  has  been  im- 
possible for  me  to  put  a  bed  in  it  as  yet,  so  as 
to  sleep  there,  for  want  of  money.  [  am 
sleeping  for  the  time  in  a  miserable  furnished 
room  at  20  sous  a  day,  where  I  am  very  un- 
comfortable." 

Gourgaud  sent  him  forty  francs,  and,  as  is 
usual  in  such  cases,  received  as  his  reward 
a  succession  of  begging  letters. 

The  fresh  information  in  the  book  comes 
chiefly  from  the  papers  belonging  to  Baron 
de  Meneval,  who  is  a  descendant  of  Leon's 
guardian,  and  who  has  allowed  M.  Fleisch- 
mann  to  print  new  letters  from  the  Meneval 
archives. 

The  volume  is  attractive,  and  the  trans- 
lation has  been  well  done. 


Where  No  Fear  Was.  By  Arthur  Chris- 
topher Benson.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co., 
6s.  net.) 

Vividly  conscious  of  the  various  bogies 
which  tortured  the  imagination  of  his 
boyhood,  and  which  have  pursued  him 
through  later  years,  Mr.  Benson,  in  his 
pensive,  sermonizing  way,  recounts  his 
experiences  for  the  benefit  of  similar 
sufferers,  with  that  naive,  uncpiestioning 
interest  in  his  own  sensations,  and  belief 
in  the  helpful  nature  of  his  advice,  which 
have  proved  popular.  He  reflects  that  be 
has  ""  always  and  invariably  been  ham- 
pered and  maimed  by  Pear,''  when  he  has 
yielded  to  it,  and  that  has  been  often. 
He  thinks  that  fear  is  the  shadow  in  the 
lives  of  many  men  and  women,  and 
accordingly  he  has  written  a  book  '  to 
track  it  to  its  lair,  and  to  see  what  one 
can  do  to  resist  it,"  maintaining  the  while 
that  unreasoning  timidity  can  co-exisl 
with  courage  and  self  control,  in  abnormal 
temperaments,  as  we  should  be  inclined  to 

add,   like  those  of    Dr.  Johnson,  <  'harlotte 

Bronte,  John  Sterling,  or  Carlyle,  whom 
Mr.   Benson  uses  to  illustrate  his  theme. 

Prohably  a  rational  indulgence  in  some 
out-of-door    occupation,     or  one    of     those 

games  which  .Mr.  Benson  thinks  a 
waste  of  time,  would  do  more  to  banish 
the  chronic  forebodings  and  futile  worryings 


552 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


over  his  weekly  engagements,  which  dis- 
tress him,  than  writing  a  book  about  them. 
Or  one  touch  of  humour  might  save  this 
twentieth  -  century  Hippias  from  the 
hauntings  of  his  own  mind.  But  then 
we  should  have  been  cheated  of  this  deli- 
cious reminiscence,  intended  apparently  as 
an  example  of  the  evil  results  that  accrued 
from  the  state  of  'k  atrocious  terror  of 
everybody  and  everything  "  in  which  he 
lived  as  a  boy  at  school : — 

"  I  had  a  wild  idea  of  giving  the  maid 
of  my  dormitory  a  kiss  when  I  went  away, 
and  I  think  she  would  have  liked  that.  But 
I  did  not  dare  to  embrace  her." 

Mr.  Benson  is,  no  doubt,  correct  in 
suggesting  that  many  of  the  terrors  of 
childhood  are  derived  from  the  ancient 
experiences  of  the  race,  and  represent  the 
old,  and  in  some  cases  the  outworn,  need 
of  vigilance  and  wariness.  Our  instinctive 
hatred  of  snakes,  and  a  child's  fear  of  the 
dark  and  wild  beasts,  are,  we  should  say, 
exactly  analogous  to  a  tame  horse's 
ineradicable  tendency  to  shy  at  the  sight  of 
a  fluttering  piece  of  paper,  or  any  sudden 
movement  at  the  side  of  the  road  sugges- 
tive of  the  leap  of  a  lurking  beast  of  prey, 
even  though  generations  have  passed  since 
its  sires  had  anything  of  the  sort  to  fear. 
On  the  other  hand,  all  civilized  beings  do 
not  lead  cloistered  lives  in  schools,  col- 
leges, and  country  rectories  ;  and  we 
cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Benson's  monastic 
view  that  under  modern  conditions  we 
have  no  longer  need  for  courage,  no  longer 
any  occasion  for  returning  a  blow — that  we 
are  no  longer  on  what  Mr.  Micawber  called 
those  glorious  terms  with  our  fellow-man 
when  we  can  punch  his  head  if  he  offends 
us  ;  but  that  all  sense  of  insecurity  and 
precariousness  in  life  is  a  figment  of  the 
imagination,  a  mere  inherited  weakness. 
In  the  past,  Mr.  Benson  holds,  fear  has 
played  an  enormous  part  in  the  progress 
of  the  human  race  itself.  He  maintains 
that  man,  though  "  by  no  means  the  best 
equipped  for  life,"  has  through  his  imagi- 
nation raised  himself  to  the  top  of  creation, 
because  his  inventiveness  has  been  largely 
developed  by  his  terrors.  It  is  rather 
begging  the  question  to  call  man  a  "  very 
weak,  frail,  and  helpless  animal,"  and 
entirely  to  ignore  the  immense  pull  he 
obtained  over  other  forms  of  life  when,  by 
assuming  an  upright  gait,  he  freed  his  hands 
for  the  struggle  for  existence.  He  was  so 
far  much  the  best  equipped  for  life.  But, 
if  Mr.  Benson  has  a  fault,  it  is  vagueness  of 
thought  and  vagueness  of  writing  of  this 
kind.  The  sermonizing  style  has  many 
pitfalls,  but  it  is  something  of  a  shock  to 
come  across  anything  so  bathetic  as  this 
outside  the  first  sermon  of  the  curate  (the 
italics  are  our  own)  : — 

"  And  I  feel  assured  of  this,  that  the  one 
universal  and  inevitable  experience,  known 
to  us  as  Death,  must  in  reality  be  a  verv 
simple  and  even  a  natural  affair/' 

One  wonders  whether,  as  the  result  of 
profound  excogitation,  Mr.  Benson  in  his 
next  volume  will  arrive  at  the  same  im- 
mensely reassuring  view  as  to  our  being 
born. 

Mr.  Benson's  sympathies  do  not  usually 
extend  beyond  his  own  experiences.     For 


financial  worries  he  has  nothing  but 
contempt,  although  they  are  the  most 
real,  the  most  common,  and  perhaps  the 
least  selfish  of  the  terrors  that  beset  the 
ordinary  person,  and  even  the  man  of 
genius  who  is  physically  robust.  Tenny- 
son has  written  of  "  that  eternal  want  of 
pence."  The  dread  of  catching  cold, 
which  leads  a  country  parson  of  his  ac- 
quaintance always  to  put  on  his  hat  when 
preparing  for  the  great  adventure  of  pass- 
ing from  one  room  to  another,  is  the  kind 
of  heroic  agony  of  the  imagination  which 
appears  to  appeal  to  him  most  forcibly, 
and  for  which  he  prescribes,  in  a  mildly 
Maeterlinckian  style,  gentle  Ruskinian 
remedies  of  the  spirit,  bidding  us  to  collect 
a  treasure  of  interests,  and  hopes,  and 
beautiful  visions,  and  emotions  to  combat 
such  portending  catastrophes,  and  to  aim 
at  serenity. 


The  Divine  Right  of  Kings.  By  John 
Neville  Figgis.  (Cambridge  University 
Press,  6s.  net.) 
Dr.  Figgis  won  the  Prince  Consort  Prize 
at  Cambridge  by  an  essay  on  the  Divine 
Right  of  Kings  in  1892,  and  four  years 
later  published  it  in  an  expanded  form. 
It  has  remained  the  best  study  of  the 
subject,  brief  though  it  is  ;  and  he  now 
meets  the  demand  for  a  new  edition. 
Following,  as  it  seems  to  us,  the  brief 
account  of  the  meaning  of  the  theory 
given  by  S.  R.  Gardiner,  who  was  the  first 
in  modern  days  to  vindicate  its  reasonable- 
ness as  a  study,  Dr.  Figgis  pointed  out  the 
moral  basis  and  the  Aristotelian  principle 
on  which  it  rested.  He  showed  its  his- 
torical growth  as  a  serviceable  weapon, 
first  against  imperial,  and  next  against 
democratic  pretensions  to  omnipotence. 
Then  he  traced  the  theory  to  its  full 
flower  under  the  Stuarts  in  England 
and  the  Bourbons  in  France.  At  last 
he  decently  buried  it  under  a  conclusion 
that  its  effects  on  politics  were  bene- 
ficial, and  that  "  it  is  well  that  most 
men  should  regard  resistance  to  laws, 
however  unjust,  as  practically  prohibited 
by  the  moral  law."  The  sense  of  the 
majesty  of  law  and  the  duty  of  obedience, 
which  seemed  to  him  at  that  time  specially 
to  mark  Englishmen,  was,  he  believed, 
"  the  priceless  legacy  bequeathed  to  our 
own  day  by  the  believers  in  the  Divine 
Right  of  Kings." 

The  new  edition  finds  its  author  in 
somewhat  of  a  different  mind.  He  com- 
plains that  the  main  body  of  the  book, 
and  even  so  comparatively  recent  a  part 
of  it  as  the  extremely  interesting  essay 
on  Erastus  and  Erastianism  (reprinted 
from  The  Journal  of  Theological  Studies), 
were  "  written  beneath  the  shadow  of 
the  Austinian  idol."  He  has  himself 
abandoned  Austin,  to  whom  he  traces 
the  prevalent  doctrine  of  sovereignty  :  he 
does  not  say,  by  the  way,  if  he  considers 
that  the  doctrine  of  Hobbes  must  be 
rejected  with  it.  His  own  most  recent 
view  was  explained  in  his  '  Churches  in 
the  Modern  State  '  (see  The  Athenceum  of 
February  14th,  p.  246),  and  we  find  little 
of  it  in  the  present  volume  except  in 
regard  to  the  Church,  where  it  is  sketched 


in  two  papers,  added  in  this  edition,  on  the 
Jus  Divinum  in  1646  and  Bartolus.  Each 
of  these  advances  (the  former  especially) 
the  contradictory  view  to  Rousseau's  as- 
sertion of  the  individuality  of  sovereignty. 
and  pleads  for  inherent  life,  and  hence  a 
certain  real  sovereignty,  as  belonging  to 
all  associated  bodies,  from  Churches  to 
trade  unions. 

Dr.  Figgis  tells  us  that  he  has  done  the 
best  that  he  could  with  the  second  edi- 
tion ;  but  we  much  wish  that  he  had  been 
able  to  enlarge,  and  in  some  places  to 
correct  and  revise,  his  early  work.  He 
still  refers  to  Mainwaring  without  ex- 
plaining his  views,  but  illustrates  them 
by  telling  us  to  take  into  account  Laud's 
"  own  opinions  on  the  royal  authority," 
and  then  omits  to  describe  what  these  were. 
He  still  quotes  the  veTse  "  They  that  resist 
shall  receive  to  themselves  damnation." 
as  if  the  seventeenth-century  writers  in- 
terpreted it,  when  applied  to  a  royal 
demand  for  money,  as  settling  the 
eternal  state  of  the  passive  resister.  We 
should  have  been  glad  of  a  study  of  the 
political  theories  of  Luther,  the  omission 
of  which,  as  Dr.  Figgis  says,  is  the  chief 
defect  of  the  book,  and  though  we 
welcome  an  Index,  we  confess  to  regret 
that  it  omits  the  names  of  authors  so 
important  in  this  connexion  as  Gierke, 
Mainwaring,  and  Maitland. 


Victorian  Year-Book,  1912-13.     By  A.  M. 

Laughton.  (Melbourne,  Mullett.) 
We  have  received  the  new  issue  of  '  The 
Victorian  Year- Book,'  edited  again  by  the 
Government  Statist,  Mr.  Laughton,  who  is 
to  be  congratulated  on  its  accuracy.  It 
has  long  been  known  as  one  of  the  best 
works  of  its  kind,  and  it  contains  much 
information  which  should  be  of  use  to 
those  in  this  country  who  wish  to  know 
how  far  the  interesting  legislative  experi- 
ments of  Australia  may  be  said  to  have 
succeeded  or  failed.  Some  of  the  new 
features  in  this  volume  which  deserve 
attention  are  the  Tables  showing  the 
numbers  of  private  dwellings,  their  weekly 
rentals,  and  numbers  of  persons  living  in 
houses  built  of  stone,  brick,  wood,  &c.  ;  a 
statement  of  the  rules  by  which  the  pro- 
perty of  persons  dying  intestate  is  dis- 
tributed ;  the  rates  of  mortality  in  certain 
towns ;  and  figures  showing  the  assistance 
rendered  by  public  hospitals  to  people 
living  in  different  portions  of  the  State. 

The  section  relating  to  Defence  has  been 
rewritten,  and  it  now  gives  a  clear  account 
of  the  steps  which  have  been  taken  to 
establish  a  Commonwealth  fleet  unit.  It 
also  shows  that  Australia  has  started 
factories  for  cordite,  rifles,  small  arms,  and 
military  harness,  saddlery,  and  clothing. 

The  figures  with  regard  to  the  move- 
ment of  the  population  show  that  since- 
1891  290,000  people  have  emigrated  from 
Victoria  to  Western  Australia,  and  though 
Victoria  also  receives  immigrants  from. 
Western  Australia,  her  net  loss  to  the 
newer  colony  has  been  no  fewer  than 
84,000  persons. 

The  book  contains  a  very  full  Index 
which  is  a  model  of  its  kind. 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


553 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Genner  (E.  E,),  Thh  Chubch  in*  the  New  TESTA- 

ioenTi   "Manuals  tor   Christian   Thinkers,"  1/ 

net.  C.  U.  Kelly 

A  discussion  of  the  principles  of  Church  life 

riven  in  the  Now  Testament. 

Greater    Men    and    Women    (The)    of    the    Bible, 

edited   by  James   Hastings:    Vol.   II.   Mosas- 

samson.   in  Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 

The  chief  studies  in  tins  volume  arc  of  Moses, 

Joshua,  and  Samson.     A  Bibliography  is  Included. 

Gurnhill  ;Rev.  J.).  The  spiritual  Philosophy  as 

AFFORDING   A    KEY   TO    THE   SOLUTION    OF    SOME 

OF   THE    PltOBlEMS   OF   EVOLUTION,    7,1)    net. 

Longmans 
A  sequel  to  tko  author's  '  Some  Thoughts  on 
God.' 

Hawkins  (F.  H.),  Through  Lands  that  "were 
Dark.  6d.  mi.  L.M.S. 

An  illustrated  record  of  a  year's  missionary 
journey  in  Africa  and  Madagascar. 

Madagascar  for  Christ,  0</.  net.  L.M.S. 

Impressions  of  nine  missionary  visitors  to 
Madagascar,  July  to  October.  1913,  with  a  map 
and  Appendixes. 

Muss-Arnolt  (William),  The  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  among  the  Nations  of  the  World, 
7  6  net.  S.P.C.K. 

This  history  of  translations  of  the  Prayer- 
Book  of  the  Church  of  England  and  of  the  Pro- 
testant Episcopal  Church  of  America  is  a  study 
based  mainly  on  the  collection  of  Dr.  Josiah 
Henry  Benton. 

Salmon  (George),  The  Infallibility-  of  the 
Church.  2  0  not.  John  Murray 

A  fourth  edition  which  is  a  reprint  of  the 
second,  without  any  alteration. 

Tisdall  (Rev.  W.  St.  Clair),  Great  Truths  Simply 

Explained  in  the  Light  of  Holy  Scripture 

and  the  Teaching  of  the  Early  Fathers, 

paper  3d.,  cloth  1  maids  6d.  Thynne 

A  second  edition,   containing  a  new  chapter 

on  the   Christian   ministry  and   a   few  additional 

paragraphs. 

POETRY. 

Bradford  Rev.  E.  E.),  In  Quest  of  Love,  and 
Other  Poems,   1  6  net.  Kegan  Paul 

The  author  sings  especially  of  love  between 
men  and  hoys.  He  also  writes  on  '  Shake- 
speare's Prince  Arthur,'  '  The  Catholic  Faith,' 
'  The  Humour  of  Heaven,'  and  '  To  a  Morose 
Puritan." 

Ledoux    Louis  V.  ,  The  Shadow  of  .Etna.  5,  not. 

Putnam 
This  little  volume  contains  '  Persephone  : 
a  Masque,'  and  several  short  pieces,  including 
'  Letters  from  Egypt.'  "Slumber  Song,'  and  'A 
Threnody  :  In  Memory  of  the  Destruction  of 
Messina  by  Earthquake.' 

Maquaire    Arthur),  A  Rhapsody  for  Lovers,  1/ 

net.  Bickers 

'•  These  bursts  and  these  closes  "  are  offered 

to  lovers.      The  decoration  of  the  book  is  by  Mr. 

Lindsay  Symington. 

Meredith    George  ,  selected  Poems,  l    net. 

( 'onstable 
A    cheap   reprint    of   the   selection   made   by 
Meredith.     See   notice   in    Athen.,  Oct.    2:?,  1897, 
p.  560. 

Norton    Allen  ,  Saloon  Sonnets,  with  Sundry 

Ei.t  tini.s.   $1.25.  New  Fork,  Claire  Marie 

Tlo'  first  pari  of  this  volume  contains  fifteen 

nets,     among     which     are     'Impressions     of 

ir    Wilde.'    'Donald    Evans:     bis    Tie.'    and 

'Vegetables.'     The    latter    pari     contains    some 

lyrical     pieces,     BUCfa     as     'Shelley.     J     would     have 

walked  with  you.'     shall   we  meet   in   London?' 
aiol  '  Paris  ■  G  irden.' 

Osgood  Irene  and  Wyndham  (Horace),  The 
Winged  Anthology,  '.'>  8  net.  Richmond 

A  collection  of  representative  poems  relating 
to  birds,  butterflies,  and  moths,  from  1536  to 
1914.  The  volume  include,  'The  Darkling 
Thrush,'  by  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy;  'Summer's 
Queen.'  by  Dekker;  '  Leucophaea,'  by  Mr.  Selwyn 
i  -'<■■■  and  'Tli.  Blackbird  in  Town,'  by 
Katharine  Tynan. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Chelsea  Public   Library,   QUARTERLY    LIST,   April. 

The  Library 
Tie    contents    include   I i — t  —   of   additions   to 
the'Lem  Reference  Departments. 


Hyett  (Francis  Adams)  and  Bazeley  (Canon), 
ChATTBRTONIANA,  with  numerous  additions  by 

E.  A.  11.  Gloucester,  John  Bellows 

A  classified  catalogue  of  books,  pamphlets, 
magazine  articles,  and  other  printed  matter 
relating  to  the  life  or  works  of  Chatterton,  or 
to  the  Rowley  controversy.  Reprinted  from  'The 
Bibliographer's  .Manual  of  Gloucestershire  Lite- 
ral ure 

Newberry  Library,  REPORT  of  the  Trustees  for 
THE    YEAR    1913.  Chicago 

Containing  the  report  of  the  Librarian 
relating  to  the  general  administration  of  the 
library  and  the  activities  of  its  several  depart- 
ments, statistics,  lists  of  donors,  and  a  statement 
of  expenditure. 

Toronto  Public  Library,  Thirtieth  Annual 
Report,  for  the   Year  1913. 

Toronto,  Armac  Press 

Containing   the   reports   of   the   Chairman   of 

the  Board  and  the  Chief  Librarian,  reports  from 

the  various  departments,  statistical  returns,  and 

financial  and  other  statements. 

Wigan  Public  Libraries,  Quarterly  Record, 
October  to  December,  1913. 

Wigan,  R.  Piatt 
Includes   classified   lists  of   additions   to   the 
Lending,  Reference,  and  Pemberton  Libraries. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Malthus  (T.  R.),  On  the  Principles  of 
Population,  2  vols.,  "  Everyman's  Library," 
1/  net  each.  Dent 

With  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Layton. 
Poincare   (Henri),  Science  and  Method,  trans- 
lated by  Francis  Maitland,  6/  net.  Nelson 
To  this  translation  Mr.  Bertrand  Russell  has 
contributed  an  appreciatory  Preface. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Bickley  (Francis),  The  Life  of  Matthew  Prior, 

7/6  net.  Pitman 

A  biography  of  the  poet,  giving  an  account 

of  his  relations  with  his  eminent  contemporaries. 

Capes  (Sister  Mary  Reginald),  Richard  of  Wyche  : 
Labourer,  Scholar,  Bishop,  and  Saint  (1197- 
1253),  5/  net.  Sands 

A  Life  of  St.  Eichard,  Bishop  of  Chichester, 
with  a  description  of  his  early  and  later  surround- 
ings and  their  influence  upon  him.  The  book  is 
illustrated. 

Casserly     (Major    Gordon),    Life    in    an    Indian 

Outpost,  12/6  net.  Werner  Laurie 

A  description  of  the  life  of  an  English  officer 

in  a  lonely  hill-station,  with   chapters  on  sport. 

There  are  illustrations  from  photographs. 

Cibber  (Colley),  An  Apology  for  his  Life, 
"Everyman's  Library,"  1/  net.  Dent 

The  "volume  includes  Hazlitt's  '  Apprecia- 
tion '  and  a  Bibliography. 

Everyman's  Library  :  Pioneer  Work  for 
WOMEN,  by  Dr.  Elizabeth  Blackwell  ;  The 
Oxford  Reformers,  by  Frederic  Seebohin, 
1/  net  each.  Dent 

Dr.  Blackwell's  book  includes  an  Introduc- 
tion by  Mrs.  Fawcett. 

Hakluyt  Society,  Second  Series,  No.  XXXII.  : 
The  Quest  and  Occupation  of  Tahiti  by 
Emissaries  of  Spain  during  the  Years 
1772-1776,  told  in  Despatches  and  Other, 
Contemporary  Documents,  Vol.  I.,  translated 
into  English  by  Bolton  Glanvill  Corney,  20/  net. 

Quaritch 
The  editor  has  contributed  an    Introduction 

and    notes,    and    the    volume    is    illustrated    with 

plates  and  chart--. 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Nations,  Part  VI., 
edited  by  Walter  Hutchinson,  Id.  net. 

Hutchinson 

This  number  contains  the  end  of  the  article 

on  'The   Babylonian   Nation'  and    the  first    instal. 

ment  of  •  The  Hittites,'  by  Air.  Leonard  \V.  King# 

King  (Hugh  B.),  A  SHORT  III -Tory  OF  FEUDAL- 
ISM in  Scotland,  3/6  net. 

Glasgow,  Hodge 
A  study  of  Scottish  feudalism,  with  a  criti- 
cism of  the   Law  of  Casualties,  and   a  chapter  on 
the    Ancient    and    Later   Constitutions   "I    Inde- 
pendent Scotland. 

Pipe  Roll  Society  Publications:  Vol.  XXXIY. 
The  Great  Roll  of  the  Pipe  tob  the  Thirty- 
First  Year  or  the  Reion  of  Kim.  Eenry 
the  Second,  \.i>.  i  184   i  in">. 

st .  <  'at  herine  Press 

These  documents  are  here  printed    for  the 

Hit  tune  from  the  original  in  the  custody  of  the 

Master     of     the      Rolls.        Dr.     .1.      H.      Hound 

written  an  historical  Introduction,  and  there  an' 

full     Illdexe-. 


Tedder  (Henry  R.),   B.    W.    I!.    NICHOLSON  (Hod- 
ley's  Librarian  1882  1912):    In    Mhmoriam. 
Aberdeen  University  Press 

This  paper  was  read  at  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  Library  Association  at  Bournemouth  last 
September.     The  writer's  two  aims  are  "  to  place 

on  record  the  services  of  .Mr.  Nicholson  in  relation 
to  the  lirsl  organization  of  the  Library  Associa- 
tion," and  to  present  "  a  picture  of  a  great  libra- 
rian and  a   man  of  line  and  striking  personality." 

Xenophon,  Oyropjedia,  "Everyman's  Library," 
1/  net.  Dent 

The  translation,  by  the  late  II.  G.  Dakyns, 
his  been  revised  by  Miss  P.  M.  Stawell. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Jarintzoff  (Madame  N.),  Russia:    the  Country 
of  Extremes,  16/  net.         sidgwick  &  Jackson 
A  study  of  modern  Russia,  with  illustrations 
from  paintings,  drawings,  and  photographs. 

Mann  (J.  J.),  Round  the  World  in  a  Motor 
Car,  10/6  net.  Bell 

An  account  of  the  author's  tour  in  a  15-20 
h.-p.  six-cylinder  Dclaunay-Belleville,  with  illus- 
trations, chiefly  from  his  own  photographs.  The 
journey  occupied  twelve  months,  and  the  places 
visited  included  Egypt,  India,  Australia,  and 
Canada. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Tucker  (T.  G.),  Platform  Monologues,  3/6 

.Melbourne,  Lothian 
Six  essays  which  have  been  delivered  as 
public  addresses.  "  Their  common  object  has 
been  to  plead  the  cause  of  literary  study  at  a 
time  when  that  study  is  being  depreciated  and 
discouraged."  They  include  '  The  Supreme 
Literary  Gift,'  '  The  Making  of  a  Shakespeare,' 
and  '  The  Future  of  Poetry.' 

Tucker  (T.  G.),  Sappho,  2/6      Melbourne,  Lothian 
A     lecture     delivered     before     the     Classical 
Association  of  Victoria  last  year. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Westermarck  (Edward),  Marriage  Ceremonies 
in  Morocco,  12/  net.  Macmillan 

An  account  of  the  wedding  ceremonies  of  the 
Mohammedan  natives  of  Morocco.  The  book  is 
provided  with  an  Index  of  Arabic  Words  and  a 
General  Index. 

PSYCHOLOGY. 

Shand  (Alexander  F.),  The  Foundations  of 
Character,  12/  net.  Macmillan 

An  analysis  of  the  tendencies  of  the  funda- 
mental emotions. 

EDUCATION. 

L.C.C.  Trade  and  Technical  Education  in  France 
and  Germany,  1/  L.C.C. 

"  Report  by  Education  Officer  submitting  a 
report  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Smail,  Organiser  of  Trade 
Schools  for  Boys,  on  Trade  and  Technical  Educa- 
tion in  France  and  Germany." 

West  (Michael),  Education  and  Psychology, 
5/  net.  Longmans 

A  handbook  of  educational  psychology, 
"  primarily  intended  for  a  larger  public  than  the 
school  and  the  training  college.  It  is  therefore 
made  free  from  unnecessary  technical  terms  and 
discussions  of  subjects  of  purely  professional 
interest." 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Alcott  (Louisa  M.),  Little  Women,  "Children's 

Classics,"   or/.  Macmillan 

The  story  is  adapted  for  children  of  eleven 

to  fourteen  years. 

Chambers's  Practical  Concentric  Arithmetics,  by 
a  Head  Teacher,  edited  by  W.  Woodburn, 
Book  V.,  paper  Id.,  cloth  •"></. 

Further  exorcises   in   practical  arithmetic. 

Hearnshaw  (F.  J.  C),  A  PiBST  Hook  ok  ENGLISH 
History,  "  Firsi  Books  of  History,"  i  0 

Macmillan 
The  author's  aim   is  to  give  the   most    impor- 
tant [acts  of  English  history  in  the  form  of  a  con- 
tinuous narrative  for  children  who  are  just  begin- 
ning a  systematic  study  of  the  subject.     The  text 

is  illustrated. 

Keary    (A.   and    E.i,   THE   GODS   OF   THE    North, 

"  Children's  Classics,"  '■'>[</.  .Macmillan 

Adapted    for-  children    from    nine   to  eleven 

years  from  'The  Beroes  of  asgard.' 

Moore   (Rev.  H.   Kingsmlll),    Iki-ii    BlSTOBY   for 

Yorvo     READERS,    "   In    I     BooltS    of    History," 

I    ,,  Macmillan 

\      ketch    of    Irish    history    from    the    carlo    I 

times,   told    in   simple   language.      There   are   illu   - 

trations  in  the  text. 


►"  X  A 

554 


THE    A  T  H  E  N  M U M 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


FICTION. 

Buchanan  (Meriel),  Tania,  a  Russian  Story,  0/ 

.Jenkins 
The  heroine  breaks  her  engagement  to  her 
phlegmatic  fiance,  and  finds  herself  entrapped  by 
a  former  admirer.  To  free  herself  from  the 
latter  she  attempts  to  represent  herself  as  com- 
promised with  her  rejected  lover.  The  ending  is 
happy. 

Croker    (B.    M.),    Lismoyle,    an    Experiment    in 
Ireland,  6/  Hutchinson 

Two  familiar  types  in  fiction  are  here  pre- 
sented :  the  popular  heiress  who  wearies  of 
Society  life  and  wishes  to  be  loved  for  herself, 
and  the  stern,  impecunious  hero  whose  pride 
rebels  at  marrying  any  one  richer  than  himself. 

Filippi  (Rosina),  The  Heart  op  Monica,  3/6 

Cassell 
This  novel,  which  was  published  anonymously 
five  years  ago,  is  here  reissued  in  a  revised  and 
improved  form. 

Fletcher  (J.  S.),  The  Marriage  Lines,  6/  Nash 
The  hero  conceals  his  illegitimate  birth  from 
honest  fear  that  his  intemperate  half-brother 
would  be  ruined  by  inheriting  the  property. 
He  marries  his  foster-sister,  whose  murder  of  an 
old  woman  is  described,  and  on  his  illegitimacy 
becoming  known  the  pair  emigrate  to  Canada. 

Graham  (J.  M.),  The  Land  of  the  Lotus,  5/  net. 

Bristol,  Arrowsmith 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
An  illustrated  record  of  travel  and  domestic 
life  in  India. 

Johnston  (Mary),  Audrey,  1  /  net.  Constable 

A  cheap  reprint.  See  Allien.,  April  12, 
1902,  p.  463. 

Littlestone  (Gilbert),  My  Lady  Bountiful,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
A  country  estate  is  in  a  precarious  condition 
due  to  the  extravagance  of  the  autocratic 
owner,  who  sells  gradually  its  valuable  collection 
of  curios.  The  advent  of  an  unconventional 
niece  from  Australia  causes  a  distinct  change 
and  reformation  in  the  life  of  the  place  and  its 
inhabitants. 

Livesay  (Jessie),  Sink,  Red  Sun,  6/ 

Heath  &  Cranton 
The  heroine,  for  love  of  her  sister,  gives 
what  she  imagines  to  be  poison  to  her  brutish 
brother-in-law.  Later  she  discloses  her  secret  to 
her  husband,  and  in  remorse  takes  the  same  pow- 
der, thereupon  discovering  that  it  is  harmless 
and  that  her  victim  had  died  a  natural  death. 
Many  of  the  scenes  are  laid  in  India. 

Marchmont  (A.  W.),  The  Heir  to  the  Throne,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
The      hero      comes      across      a      Hungarian 
countess  in  mufti  at  Southampton,  and  his  sub- 
sequent   relations    with    her    are    fraught    with 
danger  and  romantic  episodes. 

McGeoch  (Daisy),  Two  Eyes  of  Grey,  6/   Cassell 
A  love-story  written  round  the  song   '  Two 
Eyes  of  Grey,'  by  the  composer. 
Murdoch  (Gladys),  Mistress  Charity  Godolphin, 
6/  John  Murray 

An  historical  novel  relating  the  adventures 
of  an  officer  who  fought  for  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  describing  the  privations  and  horrors 
of  war. 

Philips  (F.  C.  and  A.  T.),  Judas,  the  Woman,  6/ 

Eveleigh  Nash 
The  story  of  a  beautiful  adventuress,  told  in 
the  form  of  diaries  written  by  her  and  two  men 
with  whose  lives  her  own  is  closely  linked. 

Richardson  (Samuel),  Pamela,  2  vols.,  "  Every- 
man's Library,"  1/  each.  Dent 
With  an  Introduction  by  Prof.  Saintsbury. 

Robin  (E.  Gallienne),  Perilous  Seas,  3/6  net. 

Washbourne 
A  tale  of  Catholics  in  the  early  years  of  the 
French    Revolution.     Many    of    the    scenes    are 
laid  in  Guernsey. 

Snaith  (J.  C.)»  Broke  of  Covenden,  6/    Constable 
A    revised    edition.       The    novel    was    first 
published  in  1901. 

Splinters,  6/  Hurst  &  Blackett 

This  novel  contains  a  number  of  letters  that 
passed  between  a  man  and  a  woman  who  were 
lovers,  but  who,  through  a  misunderstanding, 
had  separated. 

Warner  (Anne),  Sunshine  Jane,  the  Story  of  a 
Girl  with  a  Novel  Mission,  6/  R.T.S. 

A  book  for  girls.  The  heroine,  whose  dis- 
position is  described  in  the  title,  nurses  an  invalid 
aunt  in  the  country,  and  finds  happiness  while 
she  is  trying  to  bring  it  into  the  lives  of  those 
around  her. 


Westbrook    (H.    W.)    and    Grossmith    (Laurence), 
The  Purple  Progs,  6/  Heath  &  Cranton 

A  humorous  romance  dealing  with  the 
married  life  of  a  middle-aged  baronet  and  his 
young  wife.  The  husband,  suspecting  an  intrigue 
between  his  wife  and  a  friend,  writes,  and  reads 
to  the  suspected  couple,  a  novelette  entitled 
'  The  Purple  Progs.'  The  reading  of  this  fails 
to  disclose  any  duplicity,  and  there  is  a  happy 
ending.  The  illustrations  are  strains  of  "  Futurist " 
music. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Architectural  Association  Journal,  April,  Qd. 

18,  Tufton  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 

The  contents  include  papers  on  '  The  Serious 

Art   of   Thomas    Rowlandson,'    by   Prof.    Selwyn 

Image,    and     '  Architecture    and     Environment,' 

by  Mr.  W.  S.  Purchon. 

Bird  Notes  and  News,  Spring  Number. 

Royal  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Birds 
The  chief  item  in  this  issue  is  a  report  of  the 
debate  on  the  second  reading  of  the  Government 
Plumage  Bill,  giving  the  division  list. 

Bulletin  of  the  British  Library  of  Political  Science, 
April,  1  /  per  annum. 

London  School  of  Economics 
Includes  a  List  of  Recent  Donors,  and  infor- 
mation  on    Important    Donations,    Additions    to 
the  Library,  and  New  Publications. 

Christian  Service,  Id.  Partridge 

Includes  '  Daily  Bible  Reading  for  April,'  by 
the  Rev.  Dr.  P.  B.  Meyer  ;  '  Self-Discipline  in 
National  Life  ' ;    and  '  Theology  and  the  Church.' 

Ecclesiastical  Review,  April,  15/  per  annum. 

Washbourne 
Among  the  articles  in  the  present  number  are 
'  The  Breviary  Hymns,'  by  the  Rev.  William  L. 
Hornsby ;  '  The  New  Typical  Edition  of  the 
Roman  Ritual,'  by  the  Bishop  of  Covington, 
Kentucky  ;  and  '  Within  my  Parish  :  Notes  from 
the  Day  Book  of  a  Deceased  Parish  Priest,' 
edited  by  Dr.  James  Loomis. 

Essex  Review,  April,  1  /6  net. 

Simpkin  &  Marshall 
Some  of  the  articles  in  this  issue  are  '  Walden 
Abbey  Advowsons,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  Clark ; 
'  The  Essex  Melody  and  the  Essex  Harmony,' 
by  Mr.  G.  W.  J.  Potter  ;  and  '  John  Hall  of 
Wivenhoe  :  Historical  Engraver  to  King  George 
the  Third  '  (illustrated),  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Lewer. 

Gallery  of  Fashion,  April,  1  /  net. 

Manzi  &  Joyant 
Includes  articles  on   '  A  Spring  Pilgrimage,' 
by    Mr.     Albert    Plament,    and     '  Fashion    and 
Fashions,'  by  Miss  Sybil  de  Lancey.     The  illus- 
trations are  a  notable  feature. 

Land  Union  Journal,  April,  3d.  Land  Union 
Articles  in  this  number  include  '  Influence 
of  Sport  in  Agricultural  Districts,'  '  Housing  at 
Rosyth,'  and  '  The  Land  Question  '  (continued), 
by  Sir  Graham  Bower. 

Old-Lore  Miscellany  of  Orkney,  Shetland,  Caith- 
ness, and  Sutherland,  Vol.  VII.  Part  I.,  2/6 

'_j  Viking  Society 

•    The  contents  include  further  instalments  of 

Mr.  John  Firth's  paper  on  '  An  Orkney  Township,' 

and    '  A   Visit   to    Shetland    in    1832,'    from   the 

Journal  of  Dr.  Edward  Charlton. 

With    the    Miscellany    is    issued    the    Annual 

Report  of  the  Council. 

Science  Progress,  April,  5/  net.  John  Murray 
This  issue  includes  articles  on  '  Organic 
Derivatives  of  Metals,'  by  Prof.  G.  T.  Morgan  ; 
'  Physics  in  1913,'  by  Dr.  E.  N.  da  C.  Andrade  ; 
and  '  Prof.  John  Milne,'  by  Dr.  C.  Davison. 

Scottish  Historical  Review,  April,  2/6  net. 

Glasgow,  MacLehose 

Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  writes  on  '  The  Battle 
of  Bannockburn,'  and  other  articles  are  '  The 
Principals  of  the  University  of  Glasgow  before  the 
Reformation,'  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  James  Cooper, 
and  '  Early  University  Institutions  at  St.  Andrews 
and  Glasgow :  a  Comparative  Study,'  by  Mr. 
R.  K.  Hannay. 
Town  Planning  Review,  April,  2/6  net. 

Liverpool  University  Press 

The  contents  include  Mr.  John  Burns's 
address,  delivered  at  the  inaugural  dinner  of  the 
Town  Planning  Institute,  and  illustrated  articles 
on  '  Roads  and  Streets,'  by  Mr.  Raymond  Unwin  ; 
'  Civic  Engineering,'  by  Mr.  H.  E.  L.  Martin  ;  and 
'  The  Town^Planning  Act,'  by  Mr.  Patrick  Aber- 
crombie. 

United  Empire,  April,  1/  net.  Pitman 

this  issue  includes  '  Some  Impressions  of  an 
Empire  Tour,'  by  Lord  Emmott ;  '  Commercial 
Developments  in  the  German  Kamerun,'  by 
Major  A.  G.  Leonard  ;  and  '  Zanzibar  and  its 
Possibilities,'  by  Mr.  A.  R.  Galbraith. 


Welsh  Outlook,  April,  3d. 

Cardiff,  '  Welsh  Outlook  '  Press 
The  articles  in  this  number  include  '  Can  we 
Town-Plan  the  Valleys  '1 '  by  Mr.  Raymond  Unwin  ; 
'  The  Educational  Outlook  in  Wales  '  ;  and  the 
second  instalment  of  Prof.  Gilbert  Norwood's 
'  Present  Renaissance  of  English  Drama.'  There 
are  verses  in  Welsh  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Gruffydd,  and 
in  English  by  Mr.  Lascelles  Abercrombie. 

Women's  Industrial  News,  April,  6d. 

Women's  Industrial  Council 
Includes  articles  on  '  The  Barmaid,'  by  Mrs. 
Bernard  Drake  ;  '  What 's  Wrong  with  our  Indus- 
trial Legislation  ?  '  by  L.  Wyatt  Papworth ; 
and  '  The  Trade  Boards  :  their  Determinations  to 
Date,'  by  D.  M.  Zimmern. 

JUVENILE. 

Allen  (Phoebe),  "  All  Famous  Fellows  We," 
told  by  Certain  Leading  Residents  of  the 
Kitchen  Garden,  Part  III.,  1/  net. 

S.  G.  Madgwick 
This  little  book  gives  some  account  of  the 
history  of   certain  fruit   trees,  flowers,  and  vege- 
tables, told  in  the  form  of  conversations  in  the 
kitchen  garden. 

Le  Feuvre  (Amy),  Olive  Tracy,  3/6  R.T.S. 

A  new  edition. 

Wood  (Eric),  The  Boy  Scouts'  Roll  of  Honour, 

3/8  net.  Cassell 

Stories  of  heroism  on  the  part  of  Scouts,  with 

a  Foreword  by  Sir  Robert  Baden-Powell.     There 

are  illustrations. 

GENERAL. 

Glyn  (Elinor),  Letters  to  Caroline,  2/  net. 

Duckworth 
These     letters,     containing     a     godmother's 
advice  on  all  manner  of  subjects,  are  reproduced 
from  Nash's  Magazine. 

Gordon  Memorial  College  at  Khartoum,  Report 
and  Accounts  to  31st  December,  1912. 

Vickers 
Includes  accounts  of  work  done  during  the 
year  in  Research,  the  School  of  Engineering,  and 
Archaeology. 

Hitching  (Wilena),  Baby  Clothing  on  Health- 
ful, Economical,  and  Original  Lines,  2/6 
net.  Chambers 

Miss  Hitching  gives  directions  for  making 
simple,  comfortable  garments  which  fasten  in 
front.  The  text  is  illustrated  with  photographs 
and  diagrams,  and  paper  patterns  are  given 
separately  in  an  envelope.  Sir  James  Crichton- 
Browne  has  contributed  an  Introduction. 

Hodgkin  Collections,  Catalogues  of  Autograph 

Letters    and    Historical    Documents,    2/ ; 

Trade     Cards,     Book-Plates,    Broadsides, 

&c.,  1/  Sotheby 

These  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogues 

include     collections    of    documents    relating    to 

Samuel     Pepys,    the    two    Pretenders,    and     the 

Chevalier  d'Eon.     There  are  also  Early  English 

Newspapers,     1623-1728  ;      German     and     other 

Broadsides,  1480-1706;  and  Ballads,  News-Sheets, 

&c,  illustrative  of    English    history,   1553-1797. 

The  Autograph  Letters,  &c,  are  to  be  sold  on  the 

22nd,  23rd,  and  24th  inst. ;  and  the  Trade  Card*, 

&c,  on  the  27th  and  28th  inst. 

Liverpool  University,  School  of  Local  History  and 
Records,  Annual  Report  for   1913. 

Containing  an  account  of  the  publications 
and  other  work  by  members  and  students  of  the 
School,  a  report  of  the  educational  work,  and  a 
financial  statement. 

Modern  Chesterfield  (The),  being  a  Serihs  of 
Letters  from  a  Self-Made  Baronet  to  his 
Son.  . .  .incidentally  there  is  sketched  out 
the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  House  of 
Budgen,  edited  by  Max  Rittenberg,  3/6  net. 

Hurst  &  Blackett 
A  satire  on  the  methods  of  the  halfpenny 
press.  The  baronet  is  an  unscrupulous  business- 
man, the  chief  proprietor  of  The  Daily  Truth, 
a  Liberal  organ  with  the  motto  "  The  News  that 
Matters,"  and  many  minor  papers. 

Palmer  (W.  Scott),  A  Modern  Mystic's  Way, 

2/6  net.  Duckworth 

A  new  edition. 

Phyfe  (William  Henry  P.),  Eighteen  Thousand 
Words  Often  Mispronounced,  6/  net. 

Putnam 
This  is  a  "  revised,  enlarged,  and  entirely  re- 
written "  edition  of  the  author's  '  Twelve  Thou- 
sand Words  Often  Mispronounced.' 


No.  4512,  April  18,   1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


.)•>;) 


Reid  (Whltelaw),  Amewh  an  asi>  English 
M'nui's  12  vols..  l.">     net.  Smith  &  Elder 

In  an  Introduction,  .Mr.  Royal  Cortissoz  writes 
thai  these  essays  by  the  late  author  are  "  designed 
to  illustrate  both  his  purely  intellectua]  habit  and 
his  point  of  view  as  a  citizen."  The  first  volume 
deals  with  government  and  education,  and  the 
second  with  biography,  history,  and  journalism. 

Stebblng  (William),  Truths  or  Truisms,  Part  III., 
4/  net.  Milford 

A  further  series  of  essays,  including  '  If 
Fame?'  'Shakespeare  at  Hornet'  'Literary  Bio- 
graphies,'  ami  '  Nerves.' 

Wollaston  (Tullie  C),  The  Spirit  of  the  Child, 
5/  Melbourne,  Lothian 

Letters  written  to  children  by  their  father, 
who  has  been  ordered  a  sea  voyage  for  his  health. 
In  them  he  draws  lessons  from  a  flower,  bird,  tree, 
and  precious  stone  which  are  peculiar  to  Australia, 
and  there  is  some  love-interest.  The  book  is  illus- 
trated with  coloured  plates. 

PAMPHLETS. 

London  County  Council,  Indication  of  Houses 

of    Historical    Interest    in    London,    Part 

XXXIX.,  Id.  P.  8.  King 

This  part  notes  the  commemoration  of  Arthur 

Onslow   at   20,  Soho  Square;     Mrs.  Gaskcll  at  93, 

Cheyne  Walk;  and  Spencer  Perceval  at  59   and 

60,   Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 

Panama  Canal  Tolls,  a  Question  of  Honor. 

Po  r t  la  nd,  O  r egon 
An  address  delivered  before  the  Progressive 
Business    Men's    Club    of    Portland,   Oregon,  and 
also  before  the  Current  Events  Class,  by  a  Port- 
land Merchant. 

Toronto  Housing  Co.,  Ltd.,  First  Annual  Report, 

1913,  Better  Housing  in  Canada,  "  The  Ontario 

Plan."  Toronto,  Parliament  Buildings 

This  pamphlet  contains  the  address  of  the 

President,    Mr.    G.    Frank    Beer,    reviewing    the 

work  of    the   year,   the   housing    propaganda    of 

the   Company,  a   list    of    shareholders,  and   some 

plans  of  cottage  flats  and  houses. 

SCIENCE. 

Bolton  (Gambier),  Ghosts  in  Solid  Form,  an 
Experimental  Investigation  of  Certain  Little- 
Known  Phenomena  (Materialisations),  1/  net. 

Eider 

This   little    book   contains    the    results   of    a 

series  of  experiments,  most  of  which  were  carried 

out  in  the  presence  of  the  writer. 

Haberlandt     (Dr.     G.),     Physiological     Plant 

Anatomy,  25/  net.  Macmillan 

A  translation  from  the  fourth  German  edition 

by    Mr.     Montagu    Drummond.        The    book    is 

illustrated  with  nearly  three  hundred  figures  in 

the  text. 

Lyell  (Sir  Charles),  The  Antiquity  of  Man, 
"  Everyman's  Library,"  1/  net.  Dent 

Includes  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  R.  H. 
Rastall. 

Sedgwick  iS.  N.  ,  Seaside  Wonders,  and  How 

to  Identify  Them,  1/  net.  C.  H.  Kelly 

A     small      handbook      for      holiday-makers, 

illustrated    with    sketches,    photographs,    and    a 

coloured  plate. 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Vol.  LXIII. 
Xo.  3  :  A  New  Ceratopsian  Dinosaur  from 
the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Montana,  with 
Note  on  Hypacrosaurus,  by  Charles  W. 
Gilmore.  Washington,  Smithsonian  Inst. 

The   fossil    remains   described   in   this   paper 

were  collected   by  the  writer  last  summer  while 

\\ Miking  under  the  auspices  of  the  U.S.  Geological 

Survey  on  the  Blackfeet  Indian   Reservation  in 

North-Western  Montana. 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Vol.  LXIII. 
No.  4  :  On  the  Relationship  of  the  Genus 
Aulacocaiu'L's.  with  Description  of  a  Now 
Panamanian  Species,  by  II.  Pittier. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
A  description  of  a  new  representative  of 
Aulacocarpos  which  tin-  writer  discovered  during 
Ms  exploration  of  the  forests  of  Eastern  Panama 
in  191 1.  Jlis  aim  here  is  to  prove  that  "  Aulaco- 
carpos is  not  a  true  Ifyztoid,  but  must  be  placed 
among  the  Leptospermoid< »." 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Vol.  LXIII. 
No.  5:  I)i  -i  I'.n-i  ions  ,,r  PrVB  New  Mamhai,- 
from  Panama,  by  B.  A.  Qoldman. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
The   new  specie    hen   described    are   Chiro- 
in  ilea   panamnuti»,    Lonchophylia   concava,    Lutra 
/■■  panda,  Felis  -pirrctisix.  and  Aoiue  zonalit. 
Watson     (George    W.),    The    Br/BXHBSfl     Motor 
Handbook,  i  ,»;  i  Oaesell 

This  handbook  is  based  on  a  scries  of  lectures 
given  by  the  writer  to  the  drivers  of  the  Com- 
mercial Koto*  Dsera'  Association  last  year,  and 
is  illustrated  with  diagram-. 


Zoological  Society  of  London,   Reports  of  the 
Council  and  Auditors  por  the  Vkak  L913. 

WaterlOW  &   Sons 

The  Report  prepared  for  tin;  annual  general 
meeting  to  be  held  on  the  29th  inst.     It   reviews 

the  scientific  work  of  the  Society  during  the  year, 
and  reports  on  the  development  of  the  gar-dens 
arid  menagerie,  giving  a  list  of  donors  and  dona- 
tions. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Frazer  (J.  G.),  The  Golden  Bough,  a  Study  in 

Magic  and  Religion  :    Part  IV.  Adonis,  Attis, 

Osiris,    Studies    in    the    History    of    Oriental 

Religion,  2  vols.,  20/  net.  Macmillan 

A  third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

FINE    ART. 
Archaeological  Survey  of  India,  Annual  Report 
of  the  Director-General  of  Archeology, 
Part  I.,  1911-12,  2/3 

Calcutta,  Superintendent  Govt.  Printing 

This  part  contains,  besides  other  information, 

an  account  of  the  most  important  achievements 

of  the  Department  during  the  year. 

Boston    Museum    of    Fine    Arts,    Thirty-Eighth 

Annual  Report,  for  the  Year  1913. 

Boston,  T.  O.  Metcalf 

Containing    the    reports    of    the    President, 

Treasurer,  and  various  Curators,  lists  of  purchases, 

donations  and  loans,  and  other  matter. 

Christie  (Alex.  H.),  The  Abbey  of  Dundrennan, 

3/6  net.  Dalbeattie,  Thomas  Fraser 

A  history  of  the  Abbey  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1112,  with  a  descriptive  account  of 
the  ruins,  monuments,  and  memorials.  There 
are  illustrations  from  photographs,  pen-and-ink 
drawings  by  the  writer,  and  a  ground-plan  of  the 
Abbey. 
Hodgkin      Collections,      Catalogues      of      the 

Works  of  Art,  and  Commemorative  Medaxs 

and  Seventeenth-Century  Tokens,  1/  each. 

Sotheby  &  Wilkinson 
The  Works  of  Art,  to  be  sold  on  Monday  and 
Tues  lay  next,  include  pewter,  glass,  fans,  and 
furniture.  Among  the  Medals,  to  be  sold  on 
Wednesday  and  Thur.-day,  are  oval  badges  of 
Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria,  and  Prince 
Rupert ;  others  relate  to  the  struggle  for  naval 
supremacy  with  the  Dutch  and  French  in  the 
time  of  the  Commonwealth  and  Charles  II. 
Jones     (Ronald    P.),     Nonconformist    Church 

Architecture.  Lindsey  Press 

This  volume  attempts  to  reason  out  the 
problem  of  modern  church  design  as  it  presents 
itself  to  Nonconformity.  The  writer  bases  his 
conclusions  on  his  observations  of  existing 
churches. 
London     County     Council     Survey    of     London : 

Vol.   V.      The  Parish    of   St.  Giles-in-the- 

Fields,  Part  II.,  21/ 

Spring  Gardens,  S.W.,  L.C.C. 
The  present  volume  completes  the  record 
of  the  parish  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields.  It  con- 
tains drawings,  illustrations,  and  architectural 
descriptions  by  Mr.  W.  Edward  Riley,  and  is 
edited,  with  historical  notes,  by  Sir  Laurence 
Gomme. 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  Quarterly  State 

ment,  April,  2/  net.  2,  Hinde  Street,  W. 

Containing  news  of  the  Fund,  notes  and 
queries,  reviews,  and  articles,  including  '  The 
Praises  of  the  Land  of  Israel,'  by  Rabbi  Joseph 
the  Scribe,  and  '  Jamnia  during  the  Presidency 
of   Gamaliel  II.,'   by  Archdeacon   Dowling. 

We  have    also  received    from    the    Fund    its 
Annual    Report,  including    financial    statements 
and  a  list  of  subscriptions  for  last  year. 
Walters  (H.  B.),  Catalogue  of  the  Greek  and 

Roman  Lamps  in  the  British  Museum,  18/6 

net.  The  Mus  sum 

This  illustrated  Catalogue,  which  omits  the 
collections  of  a  distinctively  Christian  character, 
includes  the  Greek  and  Roman  lamps  in  the 
Department  of  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Antiqui- 
ties, and  those  which  are  preserved  in  the  Brit ish 
Department  as  having  been  found  in  Britain. 

DRAMA. 

Boyer    (Clarence    Valentine),    The     Villain    as 
Hero  in  Elizabethan  Tragedy,  6/ 

Pout  ledge 

In   this   essay    tin-    author   attempts   to    line 

back  to  Seneca  tin'  origin  of  plays  iii  which  the 
villain  is  hero.     He  also  discusses  the  different 

types  of  villains  to  be  found  in  Elizabethan  drama, 
and  considers  the  influence  of  Marina  villi  upon 
t  hem. 

Buckingham  (Duke  of),  The   Rehearsal,  edited 
by    Montague  Summers,   7/8   net. 

Btratford-on- A  von,  Shakespeare  Head  Press 
The  present  text  is  reprinted  from  the  third 
edition  of  1675,  and  is  accompanied  by  an  Intro- 
duction of  twenty-live  pages,  full  notes,  and  an 
Appendix. 


Lawrence    (D.    H.),    The    Widowing    of    Mrs. 

IIoi.koyd,  a   Drama  in  Three  Acts,  8/6    net. 

Duckworth 
This  play  gives  a  picture  of  life  in  a  coal- 
miner's  cottage.  Mr.  Edwin  BjSrkman  con- 
tribute- an  Introduction  with  a  biographical 
sketch  of  Mr.  Lawrence  and  a  brief  appreciation 
of  his  writings. 

FOREIGN. 
THEOLOGY. 
Allier    (Raoul),    La    COHPAGNIB    or    Thes-Kaint- 
Sacrement   in;   i.'Ai  Ti:i.  a  Toulouse  :    une 

ESQUISSE   DE  son    HisToihe,  .'ill'. 

Paris,  ( 'hampion 

An  account  of  a  secret  religious  society  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Audouin  (Edouard),  Essaj  sir  l'Ahmee  Koy.uk 
au  Temps  de  Phdlippe  Augusts,  7fr. 

Paris,  Champion 
A  new  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

Eliade  (Pompiliu),  La  Roumanie  ai;  XIXe 
Siecle  :  II.  Les  Triors  Presidents  Pleni- 
potentiaires  (1828-1834),  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Ilachette 
This    history    includes    a    Bibliography,  and 
sections  on  '  Les  Circonstances    Kxterieurcs  '  and 
'  Les  Gens  et  les  Sentiments.' 

Jagot  (Henry),  Les  Originhs  de  la  Guerre  de 
Vendee,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Champion 

An  historical  study  in  the  "  Bibliotheque  de 
la  Revolution,  de  l'Empire,  et  de  la  Restauration." 
Noblemaire  (G.  C),  Histoike  de  la  Maison  des 
Baux,  25fr.  Paris,  Champion 

The  history  of  a  Provencal  family,  illustrated 
with  thirteen  photographic  plates  and  nine  genea- 
logical tables.  The  edition  is  limited  to  300 
copies,  printed  on  papier  de  Holland  ■  ran  Gelder. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 
Rambeau  (Prof.  Dr.  A.),  Aus  und  Uber  Ameiuka, 
6m.  Marburg,  X.  G.  Elwert 

The  first  series  of  "  Studien  fiber  Amerikan- 
ische  Kultur." 

PAMPHLETS. 
Crisenoy  (Carl  de),  Parsifal  et  la  Critique. 

Paris,  13,  Hue  Mechain 
Reprinted  from  '  Entretiens  Idcalistes.' 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Lefranc  (Abel),  Grands  Kckivains  Krancais  de 
la  Renaissance,  7fr.  50.  Paris,  Champion 

These  studies  include  '  Le  Roman  d'Amour 
de  Clement  Marot,'  '  Marguerite  de  Navarre,'  and 
'  .lean  Calvin  et  le  Texte  Krancais  de  son  "  Insti- 
tution Chretienne." 

GENERAL. 

Chenier  (Andre),  (Euvres  Inedites,  publiees 
d'aprvs  les  Mamrsciits  originaux  par  Abel 
Lefranc,  7fr.  50.  Paris,  Champion 

The  volume  contains  an  '  Essai  sur  les 
Causes  et  les  Effete  de  la  Perfection  et  de  la  Deca- 
dence des  Lettres  et  des  Arts,'  an  '  Apologie,' 
and  several  fragments  and  notes.  M.  Lefranc 
has  contributed  over  thirty  pages  of  prefatory 
remarks. 
Cruchet    (Dr.    Rene),    Les    Universites    Alle- 

MANDES  AU  XXc  SlECLE,  4fr. 

Paris,  Armand  Colin 
An  account  of  the  origin,  customs,  and  tradi- 
tions   of    the    Universities    of    Germany,  with    a 
Preface  by  M.  Carnille  Jullian. 


BEFORE    THE    CROSS.* 

Come,  ye  Three,  here  see  your  King 
His  last  woe  accomplishing. 

Poesy,  once  more  unbind 
Thy  sad  laurels  :   sec  entwined 
On  His  white  brow,  so  marred  and  torn, 
The  sanguine-splendid  crown  of  thorn. 

Music,  hark  fch<  u  not  alone 
To  His  sad,  Eis  solemn  tone; 
Hear  too  His  (horded  triumph  quel] 

The  rageful  dissonance  of  Hell. 

Picture,  look  beyond  the  cloud 
Dark  as  any  night .  or  shroud  : 

'I  lion    It   see  the  pearl  of  Heaven's  mite, 

Flung  open  w  ide,  this  King  await. 

Coine,  ye  'I  luce,  here  see  your  King 

His  last  woe  accomplishing. 

<;.    K08TBEVOB   Hamilton. 

*  A    s'qiiel   In  tlic  lines  'Before  the  Cradle  '  printed  in 
The  Alhntoum  of  December  '-'Till  last. 


556 


THE     ATHENvEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


MR.    EDWARD    MARSTON. 

The  well-known  veteran  of  the  publishing 
trade,  Mr.  Edward  Marston,  passed  pain- 
lessly away  last  Monday  week  in  his  90th 
year.  Of  late  he  had  been  living  retired  in 
a  serene  and  cheerful  old  age.  In  1904  he 
published  a  volume  '  After  Work,'  which 
affords  many  interesting  glimpses  of  his  life. 

Born  in  1825  at  Lydbury,  he  was  the 
son  of  a  farmer,  and  always  retained  a 
strong  affection  for  country  life.  He  was 
educated  at  Lucton  School,  and  began  his 
bookish  experience  in  1840.  For  four  years 
he  was  a  sort  of  idle  apprentice  to  a  local 
bookseller.  After  a  brief  stay  with  Messrs. 
Willmer  &  Smith  in  the  newspaper  business 
at  Liverpool,  he  came  to  London  in  1846, 
and  entered  the  house  of  Sampson  Low, 
who  were  then  booksellers  and  ke2?t  a  circu- 
lating library.  In  1849  the  latter  was  sold, 
and  Mr.  Low  established  himself,  with  his 
sons,  in  Fleet  Street  as  a  publisher.  Mr. 
Marston's  long  connexion  with  the  firm 
lasted  till  1903.  In  1852  he  left  it  to  orga- 
nize the  sale  of  English  books  in  Australia, 
but  he  returned  in  1856  and  became  a 
partner.  His  half  -  century  of  publishing 
brought  him  into  pleasant  relations  with  a 
host  of  writers.  '  Lorna  Doone,'  refused 
elsewhere,  was  one  of  the  firm's  greatest 
successes,  and  Mr.  Marston  had  much  to 
tell  of  Blackmore.  Victor  Hugo  was  auto- 
cratic and  lordly  about  the  translation  of 
'  Les  Travailleurs  de  la  Mer ' ;  and  from  1871 
Jules  Verne,  in  English,  proved  a  mine  of 
delight  to  young  people.  From  1872  till 
his  death  Stanley  had  cordial  relations  with 
the  firm.  It  published  also  a  series  of  works 
by  William  Black,  and  some  of  the  earlier 
novels  of  Mr.  Hardy. 

In  publishing,  as  in  other  ways,  Mr.  Marston 
was  an  optimist,  but  sensibly  protested 
against  "  gambling  in  futures  "  as  unsound 
business. 

Mr.  Marston  wrote  himself  a  number  of 
books  which  emphasize  pleasantly  his  joy 
in  the  open  air.  In  '  How  does  it  Feel  to 
Grow  Old  ?  '  (1907)  he  confesses  to  restricted 
hours  of  sleep  modified  by  reading,  but 
declares  himself  still  able  to  walk  ten  miles 
a  day  and  go  a -fishing.  Writing  as  the 
Amateur  Angler,  he  won  the  regard  of 
correspondents  all  over  the  world,  and  he 
liked  to  discover  parallels  between  himself 
and  Izaak  Walton,  for  whose  memory  his 
son,  Mr.  R.  B.  Marston,  has  done  so  much. 
Both  were  born  in  the  country  ;  both  dwelt 
in  the  purlieus  of  St,  Dunstan's,  Fleet 
Street,  for  more  than  fifty  years ;  and  both 
were  vestrymen  of  the  same  parish.  Mr. 
Marston  paid  two  pilgrimages  to  the  Walton 
and  Cotton  Fishing  House  (not,  by  the  by, 
certainly  connected  with  Walton),  and 
fished,  like  Piscator,  in  the  Test,  the  Itchen, 
and  the  Lea.  '  An  Amateur  Angler's  Days 
in  Dove  Dale  '  came  out  in  1884 ;  and  in  1903 
•  Thomas  Ken  and  Izaak  Walton  '  followed 
with  enthusiasm  the  latest  discoveries  con- 
cerning Walton  and  his  family,  such  as  his 
connexion  with  Droxford.  Mr.  Marston's 
earliest  book,  '  Frank's  Ranch  ;  or,  My 
Holidays  in  the  Rockies'  (1881),  went 
through  several  editions. 

Mr.  Marston's  long  life  was  due  partly, 
perhaps,  to  his  immunity  from  serious 
illness,  but  also,  we  cannot  doubt,  largely 
to  that  geniality  and  love  of  simple  pleasures 
in  the  open  air  which  made  him  a  real 
counterpart  of  the  author  of  '  The  Compleat 
Angler.' 


MR.   WALTER  G.   ANDERSON. 

After  a  very  short  illness,  which  developed 
into  pleurisy  and  other  complications,  Mr. 
"Walter  Gowanlock  Anderson,  of  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Oliphant,  Anderson  &  Ferrier, 
publishers,  London  and  Edinburgh,  and 
Messrs.  Anderson  &  Ferrier,  bookbinders, 
Edinburgh,  died  on  the  9th  host,  at  his 
residence,  31,  Drummond  Place,  Edinburgh, 
in  his  48th  year.  He  was  the  elder  son  of 
the  late  Robert  Anderson,  who  for  several 
years  represented  one  of  the  City  Wards 
in  the  Edinburgh  Town  Council.  Coining 
to  the  firm  in  1885,  he  in  1893  joined 
his  father  and  the  late  John  Scott  Ferrier 
as  a  partner.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Ferrier 
in  1910  he  became  senior  partner. 

In  public  life  Mr.  Anderson's  activities 
were  many  and  various.  In  1894  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Edinburgh 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  he  held  the  office  of  Treasurer  of 
that  body.  He  was  a  very  keen  and  active 
worker  for  the  National  Book-Trade  Pro- 
vident Society,  and  was  on  the  Committee 
of  the  Board  of  Management.  He  had 
of  late  been  busy  with  the  production  of  the 
special  Edinburgh  number  of  The  Rolarian 
Magazine,  published  in  America.  This 
number,  which  is  designed  to  give  pro- 
minence to  the  industries  of  Edinburgh, 
will  be  in  the  hands  of  the  British  public 
in  a  few  days. 

Mr.  Anderson  filled  a  worthy  place  in  his 
church,  business,  and  social  relationships, 
and  widespread  regret  is  felt  at  his  untimely 
death. 


THE  NATIONAL  UNION  OF  TEACHERS 
AT  LOWESTOFT. 

The  Forty-Fifth  Annual  Conference  of  the 
National  Union  of  Teachers  opened  on 
Monday  last,  at  Lowestoft,  when  Mr. 
W.  B.  Steer,  of  the  Municipal  Secondary 
School,  Derby,  having  been  installed  as 
President,  delivered  the  customary  presi- 
dential address.  His  subject  was  the 
threatened  dearth  of  teachers,  a  gloomy 
prospect,  of  which  the  cause,  as  admitted  by 
the  President  of  the  Board  of  Education  him- 
self, was  the  present  unattractiveness  of  the 
teaching  profession.  This  unattractiveness 
was  to  be  referred  partly  to  the  unsatisfactory 
status  of  the  elementary  teacher,  partly  to 
his,  in  many  cases,  most  unsatisfactory 
remuneration. 

With  regard  to  the  latter  point,  Mr.  Steer's 
figures  seem  worth  reproducing  in  full.  He 
said  : — 

''  There  was  one  head  master  who  received 
more  than  500/.  a  year,  but  there  were  two  who 
received  less  than  50/.  There  were  103  who 
received  more  than  400/.  a  year,  but  501  who 
received  less  than  100?.  There  were  227  who 
received  more  than  350/.,  but  2,153  who  received 
less  than  120/.  Similarly,  while  there  were  79 
head  mistresses  who  received  between  300?.  and 
350/.  a  year,  there  were  three  who  received  less 
than  50/.,  and  1,162  who  received  less  than  80/. 
There  were  275  who  received  more  than  250/.  a 
year,  but  there  were  2,876  who  received  less  than 
90/.  If  they  added  the  4,496  certificated  class 
masters  who  received  less  than  100/.  a  year,  and 
the  5,127  certificated  class  mistresses  who  received 
less  than  70/.  a  year,  it  would  be  obvious  to  the 
most  rigid  economist  that  there  were  at  least 
14,650  fully  qualified  teachers  serving  to-day  in 
the  nation's  schools  who  could  not  be  said  to  be 
earning  a  living  wage . .  .  .Those  low  salaries  were 
the  main  obstacles  to  the  securing  of  a  constant 
supply  of  efficient  teachers  ;  they  had  a  most 
depressing  influence  on  the  teaching  profession, 
and  they  seriously  diminished  its  attractiveness 
to  potential  recruits.  The  average  salary  of 
146/.  3s.  which  the  nation  paid  its  certificated 
masters,  and  of  101/.  which  it  paid  its  certificated 


mistresses,  was  absolutely  and  relatively  inade- 
quate— absolutely  because  it  compelled  the 
teacher  to  live  a  narrower  life  both  socially  and 
mentally  than  was  good  for  the  influence  which 
he  was  required  to  wield,  and  relatively  because, 
with  equal  capacity,  a  man  could  secure  a  much 
better  remuneration  in  other  professions.  The 
potential  recruits  would  not  enter  the  teaching 
profession  until  the  nation  could  assure  an 
eventual  salary  of  at  least  200/.  a  year  to  every 
man  and  160/.  to  every  woman,  with  higher 
remuneration  still  in  the  event  of  a  promotion 
to  a  head-teachership." 

Mr.  Steer  went  on  to  assign  eleven  causes 
as  contributory  to  this  undesirable  state  of 
things,  of  which  we  may  mention  three  in 
particular  as  appearing  to  us  fundamental : 
the  fact  that  the  qualities  which  the 
country  demands  from  its  teachers  it  does 
not  hold  in  real  esteem  ;  the  denial  to 
teachers  of  a  share  of  the  control  of  educa- 
tion ;  and  the  division  of  the  profession  of 
education  into  watertight  compartments. 
He  further  urged  that  the  pathway  to  all  the 
higher  educational  posts  should  be  through 
the  school,  and  through  the  school  alone  ; 
so  that  even  to  be  Chief  Insjjector  of  England 
or  Permanent  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Education  should  not  be  beyond  the  dreams 
of  a  newly  certificated  teacher,  and  he 
exhorted  teachers  to  press  for  a  fuller  recogni- 
tion of  their  right  to  act  in  an  advisory 
capacity  to  their  education  authorities, 
since  the  presence  of  a  teacher  of  sound 
judgment  would  tend  to  rationalize  many  a 
ciirriculum  which  sadly  needed  that  reform. 

He  went  on  to  deal  with  the  position,  laid 
down  by  the  Teachers'  Registration  Council, 
that  the  proposed  Teachers'  Register  should 
eventually  include  none  but  those  who  had 
passed  through  a  successful  academic  career 
in  a  training  college,  and  who  had  also 
shown  themselves  possessed  of  undoubted 
skill  in  their  work.  Finally,  he  contended 
that  the  Board  of  Education  were  both 
actively  and  passively  responsible  for  the 
belittling  of  the  teacher's  certificate,  and  the 
unsatisfactory  status  of  teachers  thereby 
occasioned.  They  compelled  intending 
teachers  to  acquire  that  certificate,  and  then 
detracted  from  its  value  by  appointing  to 
inspectorships  only  those  who  had  had 
University  training. 

On  Tuesday  the  questions  of  the  pay  of  the 
class  teacher  and  the  size  of  classes  came 
under  discussion.  Mr.  J.  T.  Boulter,  in 
moving  a  resolution  urging  the  Executive  of 
the  Union  to  increased  efforts  with  regard  to 
the  matter  of  pay,  declared  that  the  majority 
of  local  education  authorities  were  not  spend- 
ing what  they  ought  on  salaries,  though  they 
had  the  money,  and  said  he  desired  to  stir  up 
those  which  had  no  scale.  The  authorities 
did  not  realize  that  teaching  was  a  pro- 
fession, and  nowadays  the  possibility  of 
promotion  from  class  teacher  to  head 
teacher  had  almost  disappeared.  Mr.  W.  D. 
Bentliff,  speaking  on  the  same  lines,  and 
alluding  to  the  concern  expressed  by  the 
Board  of  Education  at  the  falling  -  off  of 
entrants  into  the  teaching  profession  during 
the  last  two  or  three  years  by  about  50  per 
cent,  said  that  parents  were  becoming 
anxious  as  to  what  were  the  prospects 
in  the  way  of  salary  for  their  children  when 
they  should  have  reached  the  age  of  30  or  40, 
and  that  there  were  teachers  in  this  country 
at  the  present  day  who  were  actually  looking 
forward  to  pension  day  for  an  increase  in 
their  means. 

Miss  H.  L.  Croxon  moved,  and  Miss  New 
seconded,  an  amendment  to  delete  the  condi- 
tion that  "  women  teachers  employed  in 
boys'  schools  should  be  remunerated  at  the 
same  rate  as  the  men  teachers  in  those 
schools,"  on  the  ground  that  this  would  set 
up  a  barrier  against  equal  pay  for  all  men 
and  all  women  which  would  never  be  broken 
down.     The  amendment  was  lost  on  a  show 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  JR  U  M 


;>.), 


of  hands,  as  was  a  Farther  one  to  secure  equal 
pay  for  men  and  women. 

On  the  problem  of  the  size  of  classes,  Mr. 
C.  T.  Wing  moved  a  resolution  calling  atten- 
tion to  the  way  in  which  many  of  the  educa- 
tion authorities  are  evading  the  spirit  of  the 
regulations  of  the  Board  ot  Education  as  to 
the  size  of  classes,  ami  Mr.  Taylor,  in  second- 
ing it.  asked  why  a  teacher  of  special  sub- 
jects might  teach  only  eighteen  or  twenty- 
five  in  a  class,  while  a  teacher  <>f  the  ordinary 
■curriculum    might    teach    a    class    of  sixty. 

Wednesday  was  mainly  occupied  with 
half-time  labour,  the  aire  of  exemption,  and 
continuation  classes,  introduced  by  Mr. 
Sharpies  oi  Manchester,  who  moved  a 
resolution 

"That  all  regulations  recognizing  the  half- 
time  system,  labour  examinations,  and  other 
forms  of  early  exemption  from  attendance  at 
Bchool  should  be  abolished  : 

"  That  no  child  should  be  exempt  from  attend- 
ing under  the  age  of  11  : 

That  local  authorities  should  be  empowered 
to  make  by-laws  requiring  the  attendance  of 
children  up  to  the  age  of  15  ; 

"  That  all  wage-earning  work,  and  particularly 
all  street  trailing,  should  be  prohibited  for  all 
children  under  11,  both  in  urban  and  rural 
districts  ;    and 

'*  That  a  system  of  compulsory  attendance  at 
continuation  classes  should  be  established  for 
children  between  the  ages  of  1  1  and  18  who 
are  not  otherwise  receiving  a  suitable  education, 
such  a  system  to  be  accompanied  by  a  statutory 
limitation  of  the  hours  of  child-labour." 

In  addressing  the  Conference  upon  the 
resolution,  lie  urged  that  if  half-time  was 
wanted,  and  he  believed  it  to  be  a  very 
valuable  principle,  it  should  not  be  before  the 
of  14.  He  stated  that  200,000  of  the 
500,000  children  working  for  wages  attended 
school  before,  between,  and  after  work,  and 
that  it  was  the  artisan  who  received  good 
wages  who  sent  his  children  to  the  mill. 
Miss  Wood,  who  seconded  the  resolution, 
referred  to  medical  opinion  on  the  effects  of 
.street  trading  and  other  wage-earning 
occupations  on  schoolchildren,  and,  as  an 
illustration  of  the  existence  of  other  factors 
than  economic  pressure  in  the  problem,  men- 
tioned a  family  she  knew  of  whose  wages 
amounted  to  41.  6s.  6d.,  yet  one  of  the 
small  children  sold  papers  for  sixteen  hours 
a  week  for  2s.  Gd. 

Mr.  T.  P.  Sykes,  speaking  in  support  of  an 
amendment  to  Mr.  Sharples's  resolution,  gave 
details  of  the  statistics  of  accidents  to  young 
people  in  factories  and  workshops,  stating 
that  in  1912  9.3  boys  and  11  girls  had  lost 
their  lives  by  such  accidents  ;  while  in  that 
year  4.867  accidents  in  mines  had  happened 
to  children  under  15  years  of  age,  of  whom 
36  were  killed.  He  said  there  were  tens  of 
thousands  of  boys  and  girls  at  the  present 
day  at  work  on  dangerous  machines  which 
ought  not  to  be  watched  by  young  children. 


CHANGELINGS   BY  REQUEST. 

It  is  many  years  since  politicians  and 
philanthropies  (the  two  terms  are  not  in- 
variably synonymous)  were  first  disturbed  at 
the  overcrowding  of  cities,  and  the  depletion 
of  rural  district-,  and  began  to  bestir  them- 
selves in  attempts  to  readjust  matters.     But 

BO  tar  a-   I   am  aware,  these  attempts,  seldom 
Successful,    have      always     taken     the     form 

of  persuadin'_'  or  assisting  full-grown  men  to 

Settle  on  the  land.      And,  from  the  nature  oi 
things,  th  •  men  who  would   be  willing  to  be 

transplanted  would  generally  be  those  who 

were  failures  in  town  life  ;    and  failure  m  one 

direction  is  certainly  no  encouragemeni   to 

hoj  -  in  another. 

One  may  well  be  surprised  that  no  experi- 
ments have  been  made  in  the  direction  ot 

transplantation  in  boyhood  ;   more  especially 


in  view  of  the  success  of  such  institutions  as 

Dr.  Barnardo's,  which  export  youngsters  to 

the  Colonies  with  excellent   results.     Some- 
thing might  be  done  on  these  lines  by  training 

suitable  boys  in  such  trades  as  carpentry, 
baking,  or  smithy  work,  which  are  in  neces- 
sary demand  in  every  village,  and  finding 
them  situations  as  apprentices  when  suffici- 
ently trained.  The  object  of  this  art  icle,  how- 
ever, is  to  suggest  a  scheme  by  which  this 
transplantation  would  be  automatic,  effected 
by  impulses  from  within  the  subjects  them 
selves,  which  should  surely  be  some  augury 
of  success. 

The  scheme  is  based  on  the  idea  of  taking 
the  town  child  while  young,  and,  if  he  has  any 
natural  tendencies  in  that  direction,  giving 
him  the  opportunity  of  gaining  a  taste  for 
country  life  which  will  piovide  him  with  new 
ambitions,  and  will  not  improbably  end  in 
his  settling  down  in  the  country  as  soon  as 
lie  is  free  to  do  so. 

It  will  be  said  that  this  is  already  done  by 
fresh-air  funds,  various  charitable  societies, 
and  individual  kindness.  But  (besides  being 
costly  and  limited  by  insufficient  funds) 
these  efforts  only  give  the  town  child  a  few- 
hours,  or,  at  the  most,  days,  in  the  country. 
He  may  decide  that  the  country  is  a  jolly 
playground — though  I  have  known  of  chil- 
dren being  bored  to  tears— but  the  very  short- 
ness of  the  time,  together  with  the  fact  that 
he  is  generally  herded  with  his  fellow-towns- 
children,  gives  him  no  real  insight  into  rural 
life,  and  provides  no  hints  that  would  be 
helpful  if  he  were  to  transplant  himself 
thither.  His  teacher,  or  whoever  is  in  charge 
of  his  party,  may  show  him  the  difference 
between  wheat  and  barley,  or  primroses  and 
cowslips  ;  but  is  that  knowledge  likely  to  be 
of  any  real  value  to  him  ? 

The  child  is  not  a  trained  observer  who 
can  watch  and  learn  from  the  outside.  To 
discover  the  quality  of  country  life,  its 
merits  and  drawbacks,  he  must  live  that  life 
himself  as  an  integral  part  of  the  rural 
community,  for  a  period  lozig  enough  for 
him  to  be  properly  acclimatized.  Otherwise, 
in  some  cases  a  real  talent  for  country  life 
will  remain  undiscovered,  and  in  others  an 
imaginary  bent  will  be  acted  on,  with 
inevitable  failure.  Your  half-grown  boy  is, 
how  ever,  very  quickly  adaptable  ;  a  month 
or  two  bears  a  far  larger  proportion  to  his 
total  experience  than  it  does  in  the  case  of 
grown  men  ;  after  three  months  he  will  be 
as  much  at  home  in  a  place  as  if  he  had  lived 
there  all  his  life. 

Taking,  then,  this  hypothesis,  that  a  stay  of, 
perhaps,  three  months  in  the  country,  and  as 
an  ordinary  dweller  there,  at  the  age  of  12  or 
thereabouts,  would  lead  those  who  are  really 
fitted  for  rural  life  to  migrate  to  the  country 
when  they  are  of  age  to  support  themselves  ; 
the  next  question  is,  how  to  put  such  a 
theory  into  practice.  The  town  child  must 
be  so  placed  in  the  country  that  he  shall  have 
to  live  the  normal  country  life,  not  only  for 
pastimes  and  leisure,  but  more  particularly 
for  work.  it  might  be  possible  to  find  a, 
certain  number  of  villas  families  where  a 
tow  n  boy  would  be  accepted  as  a  paying  guest , 
but  who  would  pay  V  If  the  boy's  parents, 
either  they  or  the  paid  hosts,  or  both, 
would  feel  they  had  made  a  bad  bargain  ; 
and  if  the  State  paid,  that  would  mean 
seriously  heavier  taxes  tor  the  nation. 

Hut  Suppose  the  payment  were  not  in 
money,  but  in  identical  services!  Why 
should    not     All'    Smith    of    Hoxton      change 

places  tor  a  term  with  Georgie  Farmer  of 
VViddicombe  ?  Apart  from  the  expenses  of 
travelling,  neither  family  would  have  to  p.i\ 
a  penny  more  than  usual  ;  Alt'  and  Georgie 
would  exchange  with  each  other  their  meal  . 
their  sleeping-space,  their  household  duties, 

their  little  errands  and   utilities,  their  places 


in  school,  and  their  playmates,  on  the  first 
day  of  a  term  ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  term 
Alt'  would  come  back  brow  tier  and  sturdier, 
with  a  working  know  ledge  of  rural  lite,  while 
( reorgie  would  ret  urn  with  a  general  sharpen- 
ing-up  of  his  wits,  and  would  soon  regain  his 
country  tan.  And  eight  years  later  Alt' 
would  be  down  in  Widdieotnbe,  starting  a 
revolution  in  farming  methods  with  his 
Cockney     ingenuity,     and      perhaps      wooing 

Georgie     Farmer's    sister;     while    Georgie 

would  know  enough  of  the  reality  of  London 
life  to  avoid  trying  his  hick  and  looking  for 
golden  pavements  in  the  metropolis,  unless 
he   were   very   sure   of   himself. 

Nor  should  one  overlook  the  general 
improvement  that  might  be  expected  in 
manners  and  habits,  not  only  in  the  children, 
but  in  the  parents  also  ;  for  the  positions  of 
host  and  guest  alike  make  us  feel  instinc- 
tively that  we  must  be  on  our  best  behaviour. 

The  mechanism  of  the  scheme  should 
be  very  simple.  Interchanges  during  the 
board  school  terms  would  probably  bo  more 
effective  than  during  the  holidays  ;  it  is  in 
term  time  after  all  that  a  boy's  life  is  fullest, 
and  that  he  comes  into  closest  contact  with 
his  fellows.  During  each  term,  then,  the 
parents  of  Board  School  children  of  the 
selected  age  in  town  and  village  would  be 
asked  whether  they  would  care  to  exchange 
children  for  the  next  term,  with  parents  in 
village  or  town  respectively.  The  school 
teachers,  collaborating  with  the  district 
visitors,  sanitaiy  inspectors,  or  whatever 
officials  are  best  cognizant  of  the  conditions 
in  the  children's  homes,  would  make  out  and 
send  in  to  head-quarters  a  list  of  those  in 
their  school  who  were  willing  and  likely 
subjects  for  interchange,  and  whose  parents 
had  fit  homes  to  accommodate  a  child  in 
return.  (It  would  not,  for  instance,  be  very 
prudent  to  exchange  a  child  from  an  exces- 
sively drunken,  squalid,  or  criminal  home, 
only  to  put  a  stranger's  child  into  the  same 
environment.)  The  head-quarters  clearing- 
house could  easily  pair  off  the  children  ;  the 
only  essential  would  be  to  interchange 
children  of  the  same  standard  of  work,  so 
that  they  could  take  each  other's  places  in 
class.  There  would  probably  be  need  of 
some  territorial  arrangement  by  counties  or 
districts,  to  save  the  children  from  unduly 
long  journeys ;  and  some  consideration 
might  be  possible  for  individual  tastes,  send- 
ing a  child  to  the  family  of  a  tinker  or  a 
tailor,  a  fruit  or  cattle  farmer,  according  to 
his  bent. 

The  railway  expenses  of  the  scheme  should 
not  be  great — if,  indeed,  the  various  railway 
companies  could  not  be  persuaded  to  convey 
the  children  gratis — as  the  average  journey 
of  each  child  would  probably  be  not  more 
than  twenty  miles,  and  this  expense  might 
very  reasonably  be  borne  by  the  State.  An 
additional  allowance  of  a  pound  or  two  for 
each  school  should  suffice. 

There  are,  of  course,  many  detail-;  which 
would  have  to  bo  settled  —whether,  for 
instance,   the  arrangements   for   the   whole 

kingdom  should  be  made  from  London,  or 
whether  each  district  should  have  its  own 
exchange  bureau,  only  sending  up  to  London 
in  case  it  had  a  superfluity  of  tow  n  or  country 

boys   who    might    be    matched    againsl    some 

districl    of   the  other  extreme;    but    these 

details  are  not    essential   to   the  spirit    of  the 

scheme,  and  may  well  be  Left  to  the  future. 
The  essence  of  the  matter  is  to  provide  for 
the  interchange  of  children   between  town 

and  country  homes  ;    nor  i-  there  any  reason 

why  these  exchanges  should   be  limited   to 

boys  Only,  thOUgh  it  WOUld  probably  be 
prudent    tO  exchange  boys  only  for  bOJ  !,  and 

girl  i  for  girls. 

It    is  not    unlikely  that    in   VOTy  man;. 

where  the  State  had  originally  been  respon- 


558 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


sible  for  an  interchange,  the  boys  themselves, 
or  their  parents,  would  be  glad  to  repeat  the 
experiment  subsequently  ;  and  in  this  they 
should  meet  with  every  encouragement,  for 
it  would  imply  that  the  children  were  moving 
towards  the  life  for  which  their  individu- 
alities were  best  adapted. 

Is  it  too  much  to  hope  that  the  State  will 
take  up  a  scheme  which,  on  the  face  of  it, 
promises,  with  very  little  trouble  or  expense, 
alleviation,  if  not  complete  cure,  for  one  of 
our  most  pressing  difficulties  ? 

G.   B.   Lee. 


THE    INTERNATIONAL    BOOK-TRADE 
EXHIBITION. 

3  and  4,  Paternoster  Buildings,  E.C. 
April  7,  1914. 

At  the  forthcoming  International  Book- 
Trade  Exhibition  at  Leipsic  this  summer 
a  section  of  the  British  department  will  be 
devoted  to  a  national  loan  exhibit  of  Illus- 
trated and  Children's  Books.  It  has  not 
been  difficult  to  arrange  the  more  general 
portion  of  this  historical  exhibit  ;  but  the 
subsection  dealing  with  Children's  Books 
before  1826,  with  which  I  have  the  honour 
to  be  entrusted,  has  a  few  gaps  which  it 
is  very  desirable  to  fill,  though  private 
collectors  have  kindly  contributed  enough 
to  form  a  representative  exhibit.  May  I 
beg  the  hospitality  of  your  columns  to  ask 
if  any  of  your  readers  know  of,  and  can  lend 
{for  six  months  or  so),  copies  of  the  works 
on  the  subjoined  list  ?  Probably  few  copies 
of  these  books  exist,  and  I  know  of  no  other 
means  than  this  of  discovering  their  where- 
abouts. 

The  Exhibitions  Branch  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  (which  has  sole  control  of  the  British 
section)  will  take  full  charge  of  any  books 
lent,  and  pay  all  carriage  and  insurance  ; 
acknowledgment  of  any  loans  will  be  made 
in  the  Exhibition  Catalogue.  Books  should 
be  sent  to  the  Board  of  Trade  ;  but  I  should 
be  glad  if  lenders  would  first  communicate 
with  me.  Only  those  books  and  those 
editions  named  are  required. 

F.  J.  Harvey  Darton. 

Winter  Evening  Entertainments.  By  Richard 
Burton  (i.e.,  Nathaniel  Crouch).  With  woodcuts. 
1737,  or  any  earlier  edition. 

The  Father's  Blessing  :  Penn'd  for  the  Instruc- 
tion of  his  Children.  By  W.  J.,  M.A.  (Early 
eighteenth  century.)     With  woodcuts. 

A  Little  Book  for  Little  Children.  By  Thomas 
White.  The  edition,  undated,  with  Queen 
Anne's  portrait  for  frontispiece. 

Any  translation  of  Perrault's  or  Madame 
d'Aulnoy's  Fairy  Tales  published  before  1750. 

The  Paients'  Assistant  (1796)  and  Moral  Tales 
(1801).     By  Maria  Edgeworth. 

Sandford  and  Merton.  By  Thomas  Day. 
Vol.  I.,  1783  ;    Vol.  IL,  1786  ;    Vol.  III.,  1789. 

The  Fairchild  Family.  By  Mrs.  Sherwood. 
Part  I.,  1818. 

Grimm's  German  Popular  Stories.  Illustrated 
by  George  Cruikshank.     1826. 


THE  BOOK  FAIR  AT  LEIPSTC. 

To  one  whose  position  has  been  that  of  an 
interested  and  enforced  constant  spectator 
for  some  years  of  the  English  book  trade  the 
leading  article  in  your  issue  of  the  4th  inst. 
seems  of  such  great  possible  utility  that, 
seeing  the  matter  was  not  taken  up  in  your 
last  issue,  I  venture  to  send  a  few  comments. 
In  a  day  of  specialization  and  organization 
it  is  a  curious  anomaly  to  find  a  learned 
trade  so  totally  unorganized  as  to  have 
to  rely  for  existence  either  on  the  busi- 
ness methods  of  a  very  cute  runner  of  a 
dry-goods  store  or  largely  on  what  may  be 
termed  side-shows.  The  prevalence  of  the 
first  method,  if  not  already  apparent,  will 
become  painfully  so  if  a  stroll  through  the 


business  quarter  of  any  town  of  considerable 
size  be  taken,  and  evidence  of  the  latter  is 
to  be  found  in  the  streets  of  any  small 
provincial  town.  It  is  not  therefore 
necessary,  in  my  opinion,  to  take  up 
your  space  otherwise  than  in  seeking  for  the 
cause  and  remedy  for  the  existing  state  of 
things. 

Quite  apart  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
trade,  I  feel  very  strongly  that  the  larger 
interests  of  the  general  public  are  also  at 
stake.  And  my  reasons  are  as  follows  :  I 
know  there  are  associations  of  booksellers  and 
publishers,  but  I  have  yet  to  find  that  they 
exercise  any  very  beneficial  control  over  the 
trade.  The  general  public  can  obtain 
practically  no  guidance  from  bookseller, 
publisher,  or  library,  and  little  from  reviews. 
A  few,  like  myself,  know  that  a  certain 
bookseller  is  competent  to  recommend, 
that  the  imprint  of  a  certain  publisher 
means  a  certain  standard,  that  a  librarian 
may  be  usefully  consulted,  even  that  a 
review  in  a  certain  paper  is  unbiased  by 
hope  of  advertisements.  But  in  each  case 
I  feel  that  there  is  no  unity  ;  my  special 
bookseller,  publisher,  library,  or  paper  is 
content  to  keep  his  individual  name  un- 
tarnished, and  makes  but  little  effort  to 
secure  the  co-operation  of  his  fellows. 
Could  not  you  do  something  towards 
bringing  together  those  who  believe  that 
there  exists  among  those  connected  with 
letters  a  noblesse  oblige  to  cry  "Halt!" 
to  this  increasing  commercialization  of  an 
honoured  and  historic  calling  ? 

A  great  opportunity  was  lost  when  the 
power  of  the  press  besan  to  pass  from  the 
penny  to  halfpenny  journalism.  Instead  of 
guiding  the  taste  of  the  multitude,  and 
raising  it  to  a  higher  level,  it  proceeded  to 
lower  its  own  tone,  and  give  the  public  what 
it  wanted.  Who  will  deny  that  some  of  the 
best  traditions  of  English  journalism  have 
been  sacrificed  in  this  way  on  the  altar  of 
circulation  ?  There  were  never  so  many  axes 
to  grind  in  English  journalism  as  at  the 
present  day ;  with  the  result  that  Fleet 
Street  is  slipping  deeper  and  deeper  into  the 
melting-pot  to  make  fresh  axes  for  the  big 
battalions.  To  the  credit  of  the  book  trade 
be  it  recorded  that  it  has  adapted  itself  to  the 
age  of  cheapness  with  less  ignoble  ends  in 
view,  as  may  be  witnessed  in  the  countless 
number  of  popular  series  and  reprints  of 
books  of  popular  educational  influence  and 
priceless  worth.  The  danger  in  the  case  of 
the  book  trade  seems  to  me  that  many  of  the 
excellent  efforts  in  this  direction  are  robbed 
of  the  full  measure  of  success  which  they 
deserve  by  the  suicidal  competition  of  other 
publishers.  The  pity  of  it  is  that  this 
competition  is  not  always  due  to  the  inevit- 
able keenness  of  trade  rivalry,  but  too  often 
to  a  fatal  lack  of  mutual  confidence  and 
esprit  de  corps.  If  such  a  central  govern- 
ment as  the  writer  of  your  article  suggests 
could  succeed  in  restoring  this  confidence,  not 
only  between  bookseller  and  publisher,  but 
also  between  publisher  and  publisher,  it 
could  hardly  fail,  in  my  opinion,  to  prove 
of  inestimable  service  to  the  whole  trade. 

A.  M. 


A   PRIZE    AND   ITS   ADJUDICATORS. 

9,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.,  April  6,  1914. 

I  desire  to  call  the  attention  of  your 
readers  to  a  matter  of  public  interest  in 
connexion  with  the  award  of  the  valuable 
"  Swiney  "  Prize  to  the  author  of  tli9  best 
published  work  on  Jurisprudence. 

The  award  is  made  jointly  by  the  Royal 
Society  of  Arts  and  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians. 

In  the  Journal  of  the  former  body  it  was 
announced  last  year  that  the  award  for  the 


year  1914  would  be  for  General  Jurispru- 
dence, and  that  "  any  person  desiring  to 
submit  a  work  in  competition  should  do  so 
by  letter  addressed  to  the  Secretary  "  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Arts. 

In  June  last  I  addressed  a  letter  accord- 
ingly, offering  to  submit  my  work  entitled 
'  Law  and  Politics  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  a  new 
edition  of  which  was  to  be  published  in  the 
autumn  of  1 9 1 3.  The  Secretary  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Arts  replied,  promising  to  place 
the  book  before  the  Committee  for  the  award,, 
and  naming  a  date  which  permitted  a  copy 
of  the  forthcoming  edition  to  be  sent. 

The  copy  was  sent  in  due  course  ;  and  on 
January  23rd  I  was  informed  by  letter  of  the 
Secretary  that  the  prize  had  been  awarded 
to  another  work.  The  copy  submitted  by 
me  accompanied  this  letter  ;  and  I  was  about 
to  replace  it  on  my  shelves,  when  my  atten- 
tion was  attracted  to  the  fact  that  all  the 
leaves,  with  the  exception  of  about  20  (out  of 
a  total  of  352  pages),  remained  uncut. 

Deeming  this  fact  to  be  somewhat  of  a 
reflection  on  the  excellent  binding  provided 
by  my  publisher,  Mr.  Murray,  I  wrote  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts, 
suggesting  that  the  invitation,  which  I  have 
quoted  above  hardly  implied  that  the  prize 
would  be  awarded  on  the  outward  appearance 
of  the  works  submitted,  and  requesting  to 
be  favoured  with  an  explanation.  A  corre- 
spondence followed  (in  regard  to  which  I 
desire  to  acknowledge  the  personal  courtesy 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Society)  ;  and  after 
the  work  had  been  returned  for  examination, 
the  official  explanation  was  given  that  the 
Council 

"  were  satisfied  that  at  least  one  of  their  Com- 
mittee, a  very  high  authority  on  all  legal  matters, 
upon  whose  judgment  the  Committee  specially 
relied,  bad  stated  that  he  was  familiar  with  the 
book,  and  the  other  members  of  the  Committee 
therefore  considered  it  unnecessary  to  examine  it 
for  themselves." 

I  venture  to  submit  that  this  explanation 
reveals  a  somewhat  unsatisfactory  method  of 
executing  an  important  public  trust.  The 
rewards  of  the  study  of  jurisprudence  are 
few,  and  the  number  of  works  on  the  subject 
is  small.  I  have  no  means  of  knowing  how 
many  works  were  submitted  in  the  present 
case  ;  but  from  my  knowledge  of  the  litera- 
ture of  the  subject,  I  venture  to  think  it 
cannot  have  exceeded  six.  The  object  of 
entrusting  an  award  to  a  body  of  adjudi- 
cators is,  presumably,  to  ensure  that  the 
award  shall  be  based  on  a  common  decision,, 
judicially  arrived  at,  rather  than  upon 
individual  preferences  or  prejudices.  With 
regard  to  the  merits  or  demerits  of  my  book,. 
I  am  not  qualified  to  speak  ;  but  I  think  I 
shall  hardly  be  accused  of  arrogance  if  I 
claim  that  a  work  which,  on  its  publication,, 
received  the  honour  of  a  long  and  laudatory 
article  in  The  Athenceum  (which  even  ranked 
it  alongside  the  work  of  Prof.  Maitland),  which 
was  described  by  a  Times  reviewer  as  "  one 
of  the  most  important  on  the  subject  which 
have  appeared  for  many  years,"  and  which 
is  prescribed  as  a  textbook  for  advanced 
students  by  several  Universities  in  different 
parts  of  the  world — at  least  deserved  to  be 
considered.  I  think  I  am  also  entitled  to 
doubt  whether  the  familiarity  even  of  the 
one  member  of  the  Committee  on  whose 
judgment  the  Committee  apparently  relied, 
extended  to  the  new  edition  of  the  book. 

Perhaps  I  may  be  permitted  to  add  that, 
on  the  several  occasions  on  which  I  have 
served  as  an  adjudicator  in  similar  awards, 
my  colleagues  and  myself  have  invariably 
assiuned,  as  a  matter  of  course,  that  it  was 
our  duty,  each  of  us,  to  read  the  whole  of 
every  work  submitted.  It  is  difficult,  indeed,, 
to  imagine  how,  by  any  other  method,  real 
justice  can  be  done.  Edward  Jenks* 


No.  4512,  ArinL  18,   1014 


THE     ATHKNJEU  M 


■)■) 


!) 


•  ROMAN   MEMORIES.' 

Villa  OtstoUo,  Capri,  Italy,  March  '2S,  1914. 

I  rxobke  thai  the  obscurity  of  my  livn- 
suage  lias  Led  your  most  amiable  reviewer  of 

4  Roman  Memories  '  (March  2lst,  p.  427)  to 
suppose  thai  these  brief  and  meagrely  anno- 
tated sketches  are  instalments  of  a  forthcom- 
ing treatise.  This  more  pretentions  work 
could  not  admit  as  part  of  itself  narratives  so 
imperfectly  supplied  with  evidence,  or  refer- 
ences thereto,  as  to  leave  a  benevolent 
reviewer  in  donbl  about  the  author's  having 
studied  Quint  Mum's  '  Centeel  Art  of  Telling 
Fibs '  before  disparaging  its  devotion  to 
veracity — to  resolve  which  doubts  the 
author  provisionally  submits  the  accompany- 
ing pamphlets;  or,  as  to  fail  to  substantiate, 
by  such  examples  as  the  accounts  of  the 
6iiicides  of  Libo,  Silius,  or  Cremntius,  the 
charge  impugned  by  the  reviewer,  that 
Tacitus  is  indeed  more  "  exuberant  in 
detail  "  about  the  prosecution  of  a  single 
noble  than  about  all  the  alleged  ravish- 
ments and  horrible,  but  unspecified  fates 
of  so  many  anonymous  aristocratic  children 
during  the  remarkable  orgy  of  Tiberius  on 
Capri. 

We  all  agree  in  deprecating  the  use  of 
neologisms,  but  difficulties  arise  from  the 
different  decrees  of  readiness  in  various  places 
and  classes  to  extend  toleration  or  friend- 
ship to  verbal  new-comers.  The  reviewer  is 
doubtless  right  in  questioning  gynophobia. 
Literature  is  less  hospitable  to  strangers 
than  is  science,  and  English  academic  ortho- 
doxy joins  with  race  prejudice  in  declaring 
that  the  selection  of  words  because  of  their 
scientific  efficiency  is  obnoxious  to  the  genius 
of  the  language  ('The  King's  English,'  p.  25). 

One  point  I  hope  my  friendly  critic  will 
reconsider.  He  reminds  me  "  that  an  apo- 
logia is  not  an  apology  in  the  modern  sense," 
referring,  I  suppose,  to  my  calling  the  Pre- 
face an  apologia,  that  is  to  say,  a  defence, 
as  I  meant  it  to  be.  Xow,  thanks  to  my 
English  censor  jocorum,  the  perilous  element 
of  humour  has  been  not  only  recognized,  but 
also  tolerated,  and  even  commended  by  my 
gentle  critic.  If,  however,  my  prefatory 
concession  that  the  book  falls  short  of  per- 
fection seems  to  him  to  import  something  in 
the  nature  of  an  apology,  then  I  fear  that 
our  disagreement  is  in  the  incommensurable 
valve-judgments  of  humour,  rather  than  in 
the  reconcilable  divergences  of  terminology. 

With  many  thanks  to  my  generous  and 
complimentary  reviewer. 

T.  S.  Jerome. 

***  Mr.  Jerome  encloses  papers  writ  ten  by 
him  on  '  The  Orgy  of  Tiberius  at  Capri  '  and 
on  'The  Tacitoan  Tiberius:  a  Study  of  His- 
toriographic  Method.' 


'THE   LITERARY   YEAR-BOOK.' 

April'.),  1014. 
Mv  attention  has  been  drawn  to  an 
advertisement  appearing  on  the  front  page 
of  The  Athenaeum  of  11th  inst.,  under  the 
heading  '  Miscellaneous,1  wherein  the  adver- 
r  seeks  capital  to  finance  the  production  of 
a  '  Literary  Year-Book. '  To  avoid  mis- 
apprehension in  the  minds  of  those  who  may 
have  Been  this  advertisement,  I  write  to  say 
that  it  hae  nothing  to  do  with  '  The  Literary 
Year-Book, '  oi  which  I  have  been  editor  and 
proprietor  since  1909,  and  which  has  been 
published  annually  since  1897,  and  is  now 
published  by  Beath,  Cranton  A:  Ouseley, 
Ltd.  I  should  be  much  obliged  if  you 
would  kindly  give  publicity  in  your  next 
issue   to    this    disclaimer. 

Basil  Stewart. 


THE    ODES    OF    SOLOMON'. 

I  find  that  the  chain  of  ovidonco  for  an 
Kphesian  origin  of  the  Odes  of  Solomon  is 
stronger  than  I  at  first  supposed  (see  last 
week's  Athenaeum,  p.  f>30).  Besides  the  links 
of  Lsh'odad  (ninth  century)  and  Theodore 
(fourth  century),  wo  may  add  SeverianuS 
(end  of  fourth  century),  who  says  (cf.  Swete, 
'  Theodore,'  p.  181,  foot  nolo) : 

"  Arise  thou  that  steepest  ff.  is  not  found  written 
anywhere  in  the  Old  or  New  Testaments.  What 
is  it  then  ?  There  was  a  gift  at  that  time  both  of 
prayer  and  psalms,  the  Spirit  suggesting  (1  Cor. 
xiv.  15).  It  is  therefore  evident  that  what  he 
remembered  {was  in  one  of  these  spiritual  psalms 
or  prayers  "  ; 

and  Origen  (third  century),  who  says  (cf. 
Swete,  'Theodore,'  ibid.)  :— 

"  Some  other  person  says  that  the  Apostle  was 
representing  some  of  the  things  said  through 
the  Spirit  in  order  to  turn  to  repentance." 

Also  the  Apostle's  own  words  in  Eim.  v.  1 9  : 

"  Speaking  to  yourselves  in  psalms  and  hymns 
and  spiritual  songs,  singing  and  making  melody 
in  your  heart  to  the  Lord." 

Compare  the  quotation  in  Eph.  v.  14 — 

"  Wherefore  it  saith,  Awake  thou  that  sleepest, 
and  arise  from  the  dead,  and  Christ  shall  give 
thee  light  " — 

with  Ode  8 :  I  translate  from  the  Syriac  a 
passage  near  its  beginning  : — 

"  To  speak  with  watchfulness  by  His  light. 
Rise,  and  be  raised,  ye  who  for  a  time  have  been 
laid  low  ;  ye  who  were  in  silence  [that  is,  dead], 
speak  !   since  your  mouth  has  been  opened." 

The  likeness  here  to  the  first  part  of  St. 
Paul's  quotation  is  sufficiently  close.  "  Christ 
shall  give  thee  light  "  may  be  the  Apostle's 
own  addition,  or  a  transposition  from  the 
first  member  of  the  sentence  in  the  Ode  ; 
or  possibly  he  was  quoting  from  memory, 
as  he  does  in  other  places.  In  writing  to 
the  Ephesians  he  undoubtedly  uses  expres- 
sions he  had  used  in  his  speech  to  their 
Elders  at  Miletus  ;  in  like  manner  he  may 
have  been  reminded  of  some  of  their  own 
verses.  It  is  not  likely  that  he  had  a  copy 
of  them  with  him  in  his  Roman  prison.  Dr. 
Mingana's  suggestion  places  the  Odes  before 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  and  even 
before  the  Gospels. 

Makgabet  D.  Gibson. 


BOOK    SALE. 


Messrs.  Sotheby's  last  book  sale  before 
Easter,  held  on  Monday,  the  6th  inst.,  and  the 
two  following  days,  included  the  property  of 
Messrs.  II.  W.  F.  Hunter  Arundcll,  E.  Bromley 
Martin,  W.  L.  Turner,  and  Kendall  Hazeldine 
and  Lady  Ritchie,  the  chief  lots  being  the  follow- 
ing :  Horre  B.V.M.,  printed  by  Hygman,  1517, 
36/.  ;  another,  French  MS.,  with  12  miniatures, 
C.  1450,  120/.  ;  another,  with  15  miniatures, 
r.  14S0,  25/.;  another,  Franco-Flemish,  with 
7  miniatures,  15th  century,  281.  \  another,  with 
\  miniatures,  30/.;  another,  printed  by  Kerver, 
1507,  lo/.;  another,  printed  for  Simon  Vostre, 
c.  1508,  In/.-,  another,  printed  by  Pigouchet, 
1198,  17o/.  Walton  and  Cotton,  Complete 
Angler,  1008,  21/.  Aiken,  National  Sports, 
1825,  502.  Houghton  Gallery,  1788,202.  Lorris  et 
De  ftfeung,  Roman  de  la  Rose,  French  MB., 
llth  century,  Ml/.:  another,  851.  .Missal, 
Italian  MS.,  c.  1480,  wilh  a  large  Flemish  full- 
page  painting  inserted,  1002.  Enchiridion  Ecclesie 
Sarum,  printed  al  Paris,  1528,  202.  Shakespeare, 
Romeo  and  Juliet,  m::7.  802.  i  Whole  Contention, 
1619,  502.  j  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  1034,  382.; 
Works,  Third  Polio,  1664,  802.  Terence,  Le 
Grant  Thereoe  en  Erancoyq,  1539,  332.  a  oollec- 
i  ion  of  277  water-colour  drawings  ot  Indian  l>ir«|s, 
animals,  fishes,  and  Bowers  by  Lady  GuiUira, 
ism  5,842.  Indulgence  of  Pope  Innocent  VIII., 
printed  by  Vvjnkyn  de  Worde,  1408,  692.  j  an- 
other copy,  65*.  A  collection  of  740  engravings 
by  French  artists  at  the  Court  <>f  l> mis  XIV., 
902.  Engravings  after  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  1835  10, 
'Jul.  Collections  relating  to  Cent,  13  vols., 
1596  L828,  502,  Seppelwhite,  Cabinet  Maker's 
Guide,  1  ~'!\,  2"/.     Lafontaine,  Conti     <l  Nbuvellea 


en  Vers,  2  vols.,  1762,  lacking  12  plates,  25/.  10s 
Buff  on,  Eistoire  Naturelle  dee  Oiseaux,  0  vols., 
1770-84,     22/.     Coryat,     Crudities,     1611,     232- 

Arnold's  Croniele,  ft  1505,  2n/.  Chaucer,  WorkeSi 
15  12,  202.  De  Bry,  Voyages  to  India,  in  Latin, 
Parts  I.  to  XII.,  I  vols.,  [698-1628,  502.  Prois- 
s.ui,  Cronycles,  1525,  21/.  Rondelet,  Bistoire 
entiere  des  Poissons,  1558,  802.  Waller,  Poems, 
1668,  in  a  tine  contemporary  binding,  25/. 
Richardson,  1'amela,  I  vols.,  1741-2,  162.  Lever, 
A  Kent  in  a  Cloud,  n.d.,  21/.  Kipling,  Works, 
27  vols.,  18117-101 3,  202.  5«.  Stevens,,,,,  Works, 
34    vols.,    1891-1003,    58/.      Sliellev,    Queen    Mai., 

1813,  100/.  Lovelace,  Lucasta,  1640,  IW. 
Dickens,  Christmas  ('and,  1844,  an  experimental 
copy,  25/.  Byron,  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrims 
1S12,  presentation  copy  from  the  author  to 
W.  .1.  Bankes,  562,  Daniel,  First  Poure  Bookes 
of  the  Civile  Wars,  1505,  ll/.  Greene,  Euphues 
his  Censure  to  Philautus,  1587,  1002.  Chapman, 
Various  Plays,  2  vols.,  1605  54,  1402.  Kate 
Greenavvay,  Hook  of  Games,  n.d.,  with  an  original 
drawing,   21/.     Thackeray,    Notes   for   the    Pour 

(ieorges,  MS.,  partly  autograph,  3052  :  auto- 
graph MS.  of  some  unpublished  travels,  85/.; 
about  75  sketches  to  illustrate  'A  Journey  from 
Cornhill  to  Cairo,'  400/. ;  upwards  of  150  drawings, 
&c.,  sent  to  E.  FitzGerald,  7302.  S.  Laurence, 
Pencil  Portrait  of  George  Eliot,  I860,  602.  Eight 
leaves  from  an  illuminated  MS.  of  the  Apoca- 
lypse, Anglo-French  MS.,  llth  century,  1502. 
Robinson  Crusoe,  1710,  85/.  Surtees,  Works, 
1853-60,  20/.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  03 
parts,  1871-06,  402.  Gafurius,  Theoricum  Opus 
Musicas  Disciplinae,  printed  at  Naples,  1180,  60/. 
Kirbye,  First  Set  of  English  Madrigalls,  6  parts, 
1507,  402.  Spenser,  Faerie  Queene,  2  vols., 
1590-96,  30/.  Breviarium  Romanum,  French 
MS.,  15th  century,  bound  by  Derome  le  Jeune, 
88/.  Gould,  Monograph  of  the  Trochilidae, 
5  vols.,  1861,20/.;  Mammals  of  Australia,  3  vols., 
1863,  23/.  Hakluyt,  Voyages,  1580,  312. 
The  total  of  the  sale  was  6,829/.  15s. 


PUBLISHERS'  ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

The  agitated  readers  of  The  Times  who 
are  inundating  that  newspaper  with 
opinions  and  protests  on  the  subject  of 
women's  dress  might  make  a  note  of  a 
book  called  '  Correct  Dress,'  which  Messrs. 
Harper  are  to  publish  within  a  few  days. 
It  is  the  work  of  collaborators,  among 
whom  we  are  only  told  the  name  of  Jean 
Worth  of  Paris.  This  should,  however, 
be  sufficient  to  recommend  it,  particularly 
to  the  feminine  novelist. 

It  does  not  deal  so  much  with  the 
fashions  of  the  moment  as  with  :  the 
great  permanent  principles  of  good  taste 
in  dress."  A  hasty  mental  survey  of  the 
varieties  of  dress  peculiar  to  different 
climes  and  ages  and  occasions  arouses 
some  curiosity  as  to  these  "  principles," 
especially  in  so  far  as  they  are  supposed 
to  be  permanent.  We  should  not  imagine 
them  to  be  numerous. 

Mr.  Milford  of  the  Oxford  University 
Press  will  publish  next  week  '  Sonic 
Oxford  Libraries,'  by  Mr.  Strickland 
Gibson,  a  little  book  mainly  intended  for 
those  who  wish  to  learn  more  about  the 
older  Oxford  libraries  than  may  be 
gathered  from  hooks  of  reference  or  guide 
books.  The  author  describes  the  Bod- 
leian, and  the  libraries  of  Merton,  Corpus, 
St.  John's,  Jesus  College,  Queen's,  All 
Souls,  the  Radcliffe  Camera,  &c. ;  and 
there  are  a  dozen  illustration-. 

Du.  Geoboe  II  w  i:x  Puts  \m  is  well 
known  on    both    side-    of    1 1 1 « -    Atlantic    .is 

a    publisher  and  a   writer  of  hooks.    Be 

lias    already     written     '  .Memories    of     my 

South,'  .i  volume  of  reminiscences  cover- 
ing the  years  1*11  66,  and  be  proposes  to 

continue    ins    autobiography    under    the 


l\ 


500 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


title  of  '  Memories  of  a  Publisher,'  giving 
glimpses  of  his  firm's  relations  with 
notable  writers.  The  interesting  memoir 
he  published  in  1912  of  his  father,  George 
Palmer  Putnam,  shows  that  there  is  an 
abundant  store  of  such  material  to  draw 
upon. 

Messrs.  Smtth  &  Elder  are  publishing 
on  May  1st  Mr.  G.  W.  E.  Russell's  bio- 
graphy of  the  late  Canon  MacColl,  '  Mal- 
colm MacColl :  Memoirs  and  Correspond- 
ence.' The  latter  division  includes  letters 
from  Gladstone,  Salisbury,  Newman,  Dol- 
linger,  and  Church  ;  and  the  biographer 
gives,  in  the  form  of  a  short  note,  the  cir- 
cumstances which  brought  Canon  MacColl 
into  contact  with  each  of  his  correspond- 
ents. 

The  Scottish  Historical  Review  for  April 
contains  articles  on  Bannockburn  by 
Sir  Herbert  Maxwell ;  on  MS.  and  other 
sources  of  the  Constitution  and  Statutes 
of  Glasgow  University,  by  Mr.  R.  K, 
Hannay :  and  on  the  Pre-Reformation 
Principals  of  that  "  College,"  by  Prof. 
Cooper.  Mr.  J.  D.  Mackie  deals  with  a 
pretended  "  will  "  of  Queen  Mary,  and 
Mrs.  Stopes  edits,  from  an  Irish  MS.,  a 
high-pitched  contemporary  elegy  on  the 
death  of  James  VI. 

The  Edinburgh  Review  for  April  con- 
tains an  article  by  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse, 
'  A  French  Satirist  in  England  '  ;  a  paper 
by  Dr.  Marett,  entitled  '  Magic  or  Reli- 
gion 1  '  a  study  of  Carducci,  by  Mr.  Orlo 
Williams  ;  and  an  account,  by  Prof. 
Hoops,  of  the  '  Oxford  Dictionary.'  The 
first  place  is  given  to  the  Dean  of  Durham's 
discussion  of  '  The  Issue  of  Kikuyu.'  The 
editor  has  a  contribution  on  '  The  Straggle 
for  Freedom,'  and  there  is  an  article  on 
'  The  Significance  of  Kingship.' 

Col.  Roosevelt  will  continue  the 
narrative  of  his  explorations  in  the 
Brazilian  wilderness  in  the  May  issue  of 
Scribner's  Magazine  with  an  article  about 
'  A  Jaguar  Hunt  on  the  Taquary ' ;  and 
Prof.  George  E.  Woodberry  concludes  his 
articles  on  '  North  Africa  and  the  Desert ' 
by  describing  his  visit  to  Tripoli. 

Chambers's  Journal  for  May  will  include 
'  The  Old  Spanish  Mines  of  Mexico,'  by 
Mr.  W.  N.  Musgrave ;  '  Hobart,'  the 
future  deep-water  port  of  the  Australian 
Commonwealth,  by  Mr.  F.  A.  W.  Gisborne  ; 
'  Feudalism  against  Udalism  '  ;  '  The  Re- 
turn of  the  Birds,'  by  Miss  G.  Graham 
Murray  ;  '  The  Wane  of  Parliamentary 
Customs,'  by  Mr.  Michael  MacDonagh  ; 
and  '  Two  Nineteenth-Century  Types,'  by 
Mr.  T.  H.  S.  Escott. 

The  Review  of  Reviews  announces  a 
book  called  '  Advertising  and  Progress,' 
by  Mr.  E.  S.  Hole  and  Mr.  John  Hart. 
It  undertakes  to  say  all  that  there  is 
to  be  said  in  favour  of  advertising,  and 
to  prove  that  the  cost  of  this  uncon- 
ventionalized  public  service,  which  has 
certainly  been  open  to  much  criticism, 
is  "  immeasurably  "  exceeded  by  its  ad- 
vantages. A  competent  history  or  philo- 
sophy of  advertising  is  a  real  desideratum, 
and,  if  these  gentlemen  have  now  furnished 
one,  we  shall  be  duly  interested  and 
appreciative. 


Next  Wednesday  afternoon  Sir 
Sidney  Lee  is  delivering  the  Aldred 
Lecture  before  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts, 
on  '  Shakespeare's  Life  and  Work.' 

In  the  evening  of  the  same  day  Mr.  E. 
Lovett  is  lecturing  to  the  Folk-Lore 
Society  on  the  '  Folk-Lore  of  London,'  at 
University  College,  Gower  Street.  Mr. 
Lovett's  investigations  show  a  permanence 
of  tradition  which  the  average  Londoner 
would  hardly  believe  possible. 

On  May  1st  Mr.  E.  F.  Benson  will  offer 
to  the  Royal  Institution  '  A  Criticism  on 
Critics,'  which  should  be  lively.  Criti- 
cism is  often  undertaken  in  too  casual  a 
spirit,  and  the  ordinary  person  has  the 
fond  delusion  that  nothing  is  easier  than 
to  "  notice  "  a  novel. 

In  the  latest  London  University  Gazette 
we  note  two  interesting  series  of  lectures 
to  be  given  during  the  Summer  Term. 
One  is  a  series  of  four  lectures  by  Prof. 
John  Adams  on  '  The  Art  of  Lecturing,' 
which,  to  judge  by  what  is  set  out  in  the 
syllabus,  will  afford  a  most  comprehen- 
sive treatment  of  the  subject.  Thus,  to 
select  a  few  items,  Prof.  Adams  contrasts 
lecturing  with  preaching  and  teaching  ; 
details  the  symptoms  of,  and  remedies  for, 
inattention  ;  treats  of  the  "  ghostly  audi- 
ence "  (by  which,  we  conjecture,  he  means 
people's  memories  or  associations)  ;  and 
estimates  the  relation  between  earnestness 
and  sincerity  in  the  lecturer  and  the  his- 
trionic element. 

The  other  is  Mr.  C.  Delisle  Burns's 
course  of  six  lectures  on  '  The  Greek  Gods,' 
which  begins  on  Friday  next.  The  titles 
are  (1)  '  General  Features  of  Greek  Reli- 
gion,' (2)  "The  Elder  Gods,'  (3)  L  Pan,' 
(4)  'Athena,'  (5)  'Dionysus,'  (6)  'The 
Mysteries.'  Athene  is  "  the  goddess  of 
city  civilization  and  of  consistent  thought  " 
and  '•  the  goddess  of  creative  reason." 
The  Olympians,  as  such,  are,  it  will  be 
seen,  out  of  fashion. 

On  Tuesday  of  last  week  Mr.  Nelson 
Page,  the  American  Ambassador  at  Rome, 
communicated  to  the  Shelley  Association, 
at  their  meeting  there,  the  interesting 
fact  that  he  had  seen  a  letter  addressed 
to  Byron  at  Rome,  to  the  care  of  the 
banker  Torlonia,  who  had  forwarded  it  to 
the  poet  at  66,  Piazza  di  Spagna.  It  is 
thus  at  last  possible  to  identify  the  house 
in  which  Byron  stayed  at  Rome  ;  till 
now  it  was  only  known  that  it  was  one  of 
those  in  the  Piazza. 

No.  66 — thus  become  suddenly  inter- 
esting— stands  between  the  Via  Condotti 
and  the  Via  Borgognona,  almost  opposite 
the  house  which  Keats  occupied.  It 
remains  externally  much  as  it  was  in 
1817,  and  fortune  has  accorded  it  the 
rather  appropriate  distinction  of  being 
the  Roman  domicile  of  the  Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals. 

Mr.  Grant  Richards  will  preside  at 
Stationers'  Hall,  Ludgate  Hill,  on  Friday 
next,  when  Mr.  Walter  Raymond 
will  give  a  "  Dramatic  Lecture-Recital," 


entitled  '  Humour  and  Pathos  of  English 
Country  Life,'  on  behalf  of  the  National 
Book  Provident  Society. 

The  Daily  Herald  is  celebrating,  beneath 
the  illumination  afforded  by  a  cluster  of 
shining  names,  and  over  the  extent  of 
twenty-four  pages,  the  second  anniversary 
of  its  emerging  into  existence.  It  is  still 
well  within  the  time  of  life  Avhen  birth- 
days count  as  really  important  events, 
upon  which  hoary  elders  may  reasonably 
be  expected  to  smile  congratulation. 

We  do  accordingly  congratulate  The 
Daily  Herald,  and  the  more  cordially 
because  it  has  had  something  of  a  tussle 
with  circumstances  ;  and  if,  as  we  are 
glad  to  learn,  it  is  now  beginning  to  feel 
the  ground  rather  firmer  beneath  it, 
pluck  has  had  more  to  do  with  it 
than  luck. 

Prof.  Henri  Bergson  will  deliver  his- 
first  course  of  eleven  Gifford  Lectures  at 
Edinburgh  University  on  Tuesdays  and 
Thursdays,  beginning  on  the  21st  inst. 
His  subject  is  '  The  Problem  of  Per- 
sonality.' Two  of  the  lectures  only  will 
be  delivered  in  English. 

Prof.  Osborn  Bergin  will  lecture 
before  the  School  of  Irish  Learning  r 
St.  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin,  this  summer, 
on  '  Early  Modern  Irish,  particularly 
Bardic  Poetry,  its  Language,  Metres,  and 
Style.'  The  lectures  will  begin  on  Mon- 
day, August  10th. 

We  regret  to  record  the  death  of  Mr. 
Henry  T.  Cox,  formerly  librarian  of  the 
Carlton  Club.  Mr.  Cox,  born  in  1863,  was 
educated  privately,  and,  after  a  short 
service  under  the  London  School  Board, 
joined  the  staff  of  the  London  Library  in 
1883,  remaining  there  until  his  appoint- 
ment in  1895  as  librarian  to  the  Carlton 
Club.  This  post  he  held  until  1912,  when 
ill-health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  it. 
Mr.  Cox  compiled  a  catalogue  of  the  library 
of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  a  catalogue 
of  the  late  Dean  Bradley's  collection  of 
pamphlets,  and  the  first  printed  catalogue  of 
the  Carlton  Club  Library,  which,  with  the 
aid  and  support  of  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell, 
he  signally  improved  ;  and  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother,  head  clerk  of  the  London 
Library,  he  drew  up  a  catalogue  of  the 
library  of  the  Charity  Organization 
Society. 

WTE  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
Hubert  Bland,  which  occurred  somewhat 
suddenly  on  Wednesday  last,  though  he 
had  been  in  failing  health  for  some  time. 
Mr.  Bland,  who  was  58,  was  well  known  for 
his  bright  and  earnest  journalism.  A 
bank  manager  for  some  years,  he  later 
became  an  ardent  Socialist,  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Fabian  Society.  His 
Fabian  tracts,  his  weekly  article  in  The 
Manchester  Sunday  Chronicle,  and  his 
occasional  reviews  elsewhere  attracted 
considerable  attention. 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  Science,  including  a  report  of  the 
recent  lectures  by  Miss  Hoskyns-Abrahall 
on  '  Biology  in  Relation  to  Education.' 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1014 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


.01 


SCIENCE 


An  Introduction  to  the  Infinitesimal  Cal- 
culus, with  Application*  to  Mechanics  and 
Physics.  By  G.  W.  Caunt,  (Oxford 
University  Press,  12s.) 

It  is  sufficient  to  compare  this  book  with 
the  standard  English  treatises  of  fifteen 
years  ago  to  realize  the  enormous  advance 
that  has  been  made  in  the  teaching  of  the 
subject. 

This  change  has  been  due  to  two  causes. 
In  the  first  place,  the  rise  of  the  philo- 
sophic school  has  brought  about  a  thorough 
overhauling  of  the  foundations,  and., 
secondly,  the  comparatively  recent  ad- 
vances in  pedagogy  have  developed 
methods  of  presentation  suitable  for  the 
average  student.  In  most  schools  for- 
merly (and  in  some  still),  elementary 
algebra  and  geometry  were  simply 
drammed  into  boys.  Beyond  that,  they 
got  textbooks,  and  were  told  to  work 
at  them.  The  explanations  given  in 
these  books  were  generally  faulty,  but  the 
examples  were  many.  Hence  the  better 
boys  acquired  a  certain  facility  in  the 
subject,  while  the  weaker  ones  did  not 
understand  it  at  all.  But  even  the 
brighter  students  obtained  only  a  mechan- 
ical dexterity — they  learnt  to  turn  the 
handle — and  it  is  still  said  in  Cambridge 
of  one  such  school  that  they  get  scholar- 
ships, but  not  fellowships.  As  for  the  rest, 
a  differential  coefficient  remained  for  them 
a  symbol  to  be  avoided. 

Nowadays,  all  this  is  altered.  It  has 
been  demonstrated  that  the  elements  of 
the  calculus  can  be  appreciated  and  used 
by  the  average  boy  of  fourteen.  All  that 
is  recpiired  is  careful  treatment  from  the 
beginning.  Mr.  Caunt  is  evidently  one  of 
those  who  have  applied  these  new  ideas. 
In  this  book  he  has  developed  the  subject 
in  admirable  fashion.  It  has  been  sug- 
gested recently  that  integral  calculus 
should  be  taught  before  differential,  but 
.Mr.  Caunt  adheres  to  the  old  order.  The 
difference  in  difficulty  of  comprehension 
i-  BO  small  that  the  easier  mechanical 
manipulation,  and  wider  range  of  applica- 
tion, of  differential  calculus,  leave  it  still, 
we  think,  the  prior  claim. 

Of  course,  before  all,  a  thorough  grasp 
of  the  notion  of  a  limit  is  required.  Many 
teacher-  come  to  grief  over  this,  but  here  it 
i-  treat*  d  clearly  and  accurately.  »Some 
stress  (perhaps  not  enough)  is  laid  on  the 
fact  that  the  limit  of  series  is  not  one  of  the 
terms  of  the  series. 

After  these  ground-breaking  chapters 
come  several  others  devoted  to  simple 
applications  to  mechanics  and  physics,  and 
to  maxima  and  minima.  These  should 
stimulate  the  student's  interest,  and  make 
him  regard  the  work  as  something  more 
than  mere  ju^ling  with  X  and  //. 

Then  we  come  to  the  chapter  on  '  [nte- 

_  ition,'  and  here  we  mu-t  profess  dis- 
zreement  with  the  author.  Of  the 
alternative  definitions,  he  begins  with  that 
which  regards  integration  as  the  inverse  od 
differentiation.     We  consider  it   wiser  to 


introduce  the  idea  of  the  limit  of  a  sum 
first,  and  then  to  show  that  it  is  equivalent 
to  the  inverse  problem. 

Simple  examples  on  this  follow,  and  then 
two  chapters  on  the  exponential  functions 
with  a  discussion  of  their  convergency,  one 
on  harder  differentiation,  and  one  on  the 
Mean  Value  Theorem.  This  virtually 
completes  the  first  part.  The  next  200 
pages  deal  with  various  harder  applications 
in  mechanics  and  physics. 

The  book  is  excellent,  the  examples  being 
plentiful  and  interesting,  and  the  print- 
ing and  diagrams  clear.  It  is  one  we 
recommend  in  all  confidence  to  teachers, 
and  especially  to  students  working  by 
themselves. 


TWO    BOOKS    OX    CHEMISTRY. 

Dr.  Letts,  who  has  been  Professor  of 
Chemistry  at  Belfast  since  1879,  has 
the  advantage  over  younger  men  that 
he  is  able  to  survey  the  advances  in 
science  of  the  last  decade  from  the 
standpoint  of  those  versed  in  what  he 
calls  "  the  older  chemistry/'  This  is 
evident  in  '  Some  Fundamental  Problems 
in  Chemistry,'  where  he  holds  the  balance 
fairly  true  between  undue  attachment 
to  the  earlier  theories,  and  the  idea 
common  in  some  quarters  that  the  new 
facts  are  in  effect  revolutionan\  He 
discusses  the  change  in  scientific  ideas 
brought  about  by  the  discovery  of 
radio  -  activity,  and  shows,  we  think 
clearly,  that  it  is  a  necessary  con- 
sequence of  the  grouping  of  the  ele- 
ments known  as  the  Periodic  Law  of 
Mendeleeff.  The  greater  part  of  the  book 
is  taken  up  with  the  problems  raised  by 
radium  and  its  congeners,  wherein  Dr. 
Letts  appears  as  the  enthusiastic  cham- 
pion of  Sir  William  Ramsay,  and  his  own 
former  pupil  Prof.  Norman  Collie,  with, 
perhaps,  some  slight  leaning  against  the 
more  mathematical  school  of  Cambridge 
physicists.  Thus  he  thinks  the  transmuta- 
tion of  radium  into  helium  is  absolutely 
proved  by  the  experiments  of  Sir  William 
Ramsay  and  Mr.  Soddy,  and  although  he 
does  not  absolutely  vouch  for  the  fact 
that  helium  and  neon  are  actually  built 
up  within  the  tube  in  Messrs.  Collie's 
and  Patterson's  now  famous  experiments, 
he  says  that  his  "  accpiaintance  with  the 
exceptional  experimental  skill  "  of  the 
former  makes  the  suggestion  that  these 
gases  found  their  way  in  from  extraneous 
sources  "  practically  impossible." 

In  these  controversies  the  experimenters 
named  can  be  trusted  to  give  a  good  ac- 
count of  themselves,  even  without  Dr. 
Letts's  powerful  support  ;  and  in  some  "I 
the  matters  arising  out  of  them  he  makes 
several  valuable  suggestions.  Thus  he 
inquires  whether  there  is  not  Borneo  here  in 
existence  a  fifth  halogen  or  salt-former  in 
addition  to  chlorine     iodine,  bromine,  and 

Si, mi      I'liiiitmin  n/fil     l'fotilrni.1     in    Ch. niixlijl, 

oh/  and   New.      By  E.  A.  Letts.      (Con- 
stable &  Co.,  18.  6d.  net.) 

Chemistry  and   its   Borderland.      By  Alfred 
W    Stewart.      (Longmans  &  Co.,  Ss.  net.) 


fluorine,  and  thinks  it  may  be  the  body  with 
a  supposed  atomic  weight  of  three  which 
Sir  Joseph  Thomson  claims  to  have  dis- 
covered  by  his  new  method  of  analysis 
with  the  positive  ray.  So,  too,  he  remark- 
that  the  slight  radio-activity  of  potassium 
and  rubidium  may  be  due  to  a  new  and 
active  element  associated  with  them  as 
radium  is  with  barium,  lie  also  shows 
himself  fully  alive  to  the  problem  raised 
by  the  experience  of  Dr.  Klasehner  in  l(J0Sr 
when  a  cup  of  lead  and  paraffin  containing 
a  mixture  of  mercuric  chloride  and  ammo- 
nium oxalate,  placed  near  a  bulb  containing 
a  large  quantity  of  radium  bromide  and. 
hydrobromic  acid,  seemed  to  inhibit  the 
evolution  of  gas  by  the  last-named  mixture- 
This  experiment  has  since  been  repeated 
several  times  by  Sir  William  Ramsay  and 
Dr.  Whytlaw  Gray  without  producing 
the  same  effect ;  but  it  is  evident,  as  Div 
Letts  hints,  that  if  there  exists  in  nature 
any  substance  capable  of  retarding  the 
disintegration  of  the  radium  atom,  all  our 
ideas  on  radio-activity  may  have  to  be 
revised. 

In  more  general  matters,  Dr.  Letts- 
contents  himself  with  stating  Prof.  Bragg"s- 
view  that  the  X  and  Gamma  rays  are 
due  to  streams  of  positive  and  negative 
particles  linked  in  "  doublets,"  as  an 
alternative  theory  to  the  one  which  would 
make  them  pulses  in  the  ether,  and  he  is- 
evidently  much  attracted  by  the  views  of 
the  formation  of  elements  in  the  sun  and 
hotter  stars  put  forward  by  Sir  Xorman 
Lockyer  and  Prof.  Svante  Arrhenius.  He 
thinks  that  the  assumption  of  Sir  Joseph 
Thomson  and  his  school,  that  the  negative 
electron  is  the  sole  constituent  of  matter r 
has  been  abandoned  even  by  its  principal 
advocate  ;  and  in  this,  as  in  other  matters, 
he  seems  to  take  a  sound  and  conservative 
line  of  thought. 

We  notice  some  slips  here  and  there  r 
doubtless  due  to  insufficient  correction 
of  proofs,  as  where  Pherecydes  is  spelt 
"  Pherekides,"  and  phosphorus,  "  phos- 
phorous." In  quoting  the  supposed 
opinions  of  Thales  from  Lewcs's  'History 
of  Philosophy,'  Dr.  Letts  seems  to  be  una- 
ware that  water  was  the  origin  of  all  things- 
in  the  earliest  cosmogonies  of  both  Baby- 
lonia and  Egypt,  and  that  Thales's  dogma 
to  that  effect  was  more  likely  to  have  had 
a  religious  than  a  philosophical  basis.  So 
too,  the  birth  of  alchemy,  instead  of  being 
"  shrouded  in  obscurity,"'  is  plainly  to  be 
attributed  to  the  Coptic  monks  of  the  earl} 
Christian  centuries.  But  these  are  trifle* 
in  a  readable  and  interesting  volume. 

'Chemistry  and   its    Borderland'   is  a. 
delightful  book.      In  untcchnical  langUS 
and  with  hardly  a  diagram,  Dr.  Stewart 
shows     the    way   through     physical    chem 
istry,    "  immuno-chemistry  " — a    horrible 
woid — bio-chemistry,  radio-chemistry,  and 

many  other  of  the  newest  studies,  with  such 
ease  that  the  book  is  as  interesting  B4B 
most  novels,  and  the  reader  takes  in 
instruction    without     knowing    that    he    is 

being  instructed.  This  Dr.  Stewart  docs 
neither  by  gb  ing  mathematical  expression 

to  his  facts      which  is  for  most  students  to 

repeal  the  cruelty  of  those  old-world 
schoolmasters     who    wrote    their    Creek 


►02 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


grammars  in  Latin — nor  by  describing  the 
history  of  the  discoveries  he  chronicles — 
which  is  apt  to  be  tedious — but  by  the  free 
use  of  analogy,  which  enables  the  reader  to 
picture  to  himself  things  unfamiliar  to  him 
by  means  of  those  familiar.  It  may,  of 
course,  be  said  that  analogy  is  an  imperfect 
guide,  and  so  it  is ;  but  surely  one  must  run 
some  risk  if  one  is  to  get  the  picture  into 
the  average  reader's  head  at  all. 

Take  as  an  instance  Dr.  Stewart's 
account  of  the  action  of  platinum  in 
a  colloidal  or  very  finely  divided  state 
upon  hydrogen  peroxide,  the  decomposi- 
tion of  which  it  hastens  enormously.  He 
says  that  this  action  can  be  inhibited  by 
the  addition  of  prussic  acid  to  the  colloidal 
solution,  and  notes  that  the  ferment  called 
emulsin  has  the  same  action  and  is  in- 
hibited in  the  same  way.  In  both  cases 
he  merely  remarks  that  the  reagent  is 
poisoned  or  killed  by  the  prussic  acid, 
and,  although  this  is  probably  not  what 
really  happens,  the  expression  at  once  pro- 
duces a  lively  picture  in  the  reader's  mind. 
It  may  be  doubted  if  pages  of  elaborate 
explanation  would  do  more.  That 
Dr.  Stewart  has  the  merit  of  being  up-to- 
date  may  be  judged  from  his  giving  a 
most  readable  and  clear  account  of  Prof. 
Norman  Collie's  and  Mr.  Patterson's 
experiments  in  the  building  up  of  helium 
and  neon  atoms  out  of  hydrogen  and 
electricity,  which  were  not  announced  to 
the  Chemical  Society  till  last  June,  and 
which  Prof.  Collie  introduced  for  the  first 
time  to  a  popular  audience  in  his  Royal 
Institution  lecture  of  February  last. 

To  this  survey  Dr.  Stewart  appends  a 
chapter  on  the  '  Organization  of  Chemical 
Research,'  with  a  scheme  for  that  end,  and 
the  regulations  of  the  Carnegie  Trust  (for 
Scotland).  The  last  may  be  of  assist- 
ance to  the  struggling  student,  who  often 
finds  such  information  hard  to  come  by. 
As  to  Dr.  Stewart's  scheme,  it  is  marked 
by  the  strong  common -sense  which  dis- 
tinguishes the  didactic  part  of  his  book, 
and  seems  well  calculated  for  its  purpose  ; 
but  to  what  good  ?  Did  the  want  of  such 
training  or  assistance  hinder  the  Curies 
from  discovering  radium,  Lord  Rayleigh 
from  giving  us  argon,  or  Sir  William  Ram- 
say from  producing  out  of  the  atmosphere 
helium,  neon,  and  the  other  inert  gases  ? 
and  has  Germany,  where  research  is 
organized,  like  most  things  German,  on  the 
best  lines  imaginable,  anything  to  show 
against  these  ?  It  is  true  that  Ave  ought 
to  blush  with  Dr.  Stewart  that  we  have 
as  a  nation  allowed  "  the  whole  trade  of 
organic  technical  chemistry  "  to  pass  from 
our  hands  into  German  ones,  in  spite 
of  Sir  William  Perkins's  discovery  of  the 
coal-tar  products,  which  set  the  industry 
on  foot,  having  been  made  and  worked 
for  the  first  time  in  this  country.  This, 
however,  was  due  not  to  our  students'  want 
of  training,  but  to  the  lack  of  enterprise  in 
our  manufacturers,  and  it  is  therefore 
industry  rather  than  research  which  re- 
quires organization.  The  Carnegie  Trust 
is  another  matter,  and  may  be  held  to  have 
justified  its  existence  by  giving  us  Dr. 
Stewart,  himself  a  Carnegie  Research 
Pellow. 


SOCIETIES. 

Asiatic. — April  7. — Sir  II.  Mortimer  Durand, 
Director,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  K.  A.  C.  Creswell  read  a  paper  on  '  The 
History  and  Evolution  of  the  Dome  in  Persia.' 
Persia,  he  said,  had  played  a  very  important  part 
in  the  evolution  of  this  form  of  roofing.  In  order 
to  illustrate  his  meaning,  he  first  briefly  reviewed 
the  dome  in  antiquity.  There  could  be  no  doubt 
as  to  the  age  of  this  form  of  roofing,  as  domes 
existed  in  Egypt  at  least  as  early  as  the  Tenth 
Dynasty,  as  a  model  of  a  house  found  at  Iiifeh 
belonging  to  this  period  showed  a  terrace  roof 
with  three  little  domes  just  emerging — a  type 
which  may  be  seen  in  many  parts  of  the  Near 
and  Middle  East  at  the  present  day.  In  Chaldea 
the  dome  was  known  as  early  as  700  B.C.,  as  may 
be  seen  from  Layard's  slab,  which  shows  domed 
peasants'  huts  of  the  period.  The  lecturer  said 
that  there  was  one  feature  common  to  all  these 
domes,  viz.,  they  were  all  small,  and  used  in  build- 
ings of  secondary  importance.  This  was  always 
the  case  in  Egypt,  and  even  in  Chaldea,  where 
the  great  palaces  of  Sargon  and  Sennacherib  were 
built  without  domes,  the  vault  being  adopted 
instead.  He  suggested  that  this  was  due  to  the 
absence  of  a  satisfactory  "  pendentive,"  whereby 
a  dome  could  be  set  over  a  square  chamber,  an 
essential  device  before  the  dome  could  be  used 
in  complex  buildings  such  as  palaces.  Without 
it  the  use  of  the  dome  would  be  confined  to 
circular  buildings  such  as  granaries  (as  was  the 
case  in  Egypt),  to  the  circular  hot-chamber  of 
the  bath  (as  at  Pompeii),  or  to  small  huts  (as 
seen  on  Layard's  slab ),  where  the  transition  from 
the  square  to  the  circle  was  probably  slurred  over 
— a  thing  that  could  not  be  risked  on  a  large 
scale).  He  therefore  held  that  the  Persians, 
who  were  the  first  people  to  devise  a  satisfactory 
pendentive,  played  for  this  reason  a  very  im- 
portant part  in  the  evolution  of  domed  construc- 
tion, as  they  did  for  the  East  what  the  discovery 
of  the  spherical  pendentive  did  for  the  West, 
raising  the  dome  to  the  front  rank  as  a  method 
of  roofing.  The  earliest  example  of  the  use  of 
this  device  was,  he  said,  the  palace  of  Firuzabad, 
which  showed,  for  the  first  time,  a  really  large 
dome  (45  ft.)  set  over  a  square  space.  This  was 
effected  by  means  of  a  squinch,  a  device  wholly 
Persian,  which  here  consisted  of  a  series  of  con- 
centric arches  thrown  across  the  angle,  and 
advancing  one  over  the  other,  thus  reducing  the 
square  to  an  octagon,  upon  which  it  was  easy  to 
set  a  dome.  This  palace  was  followed  by  Sar- 
vistan,  where,  besides  the  three  domes,  there 
were  a  series  of  piers  and  recesses  which  provided 
abutment,  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  or  very 
thick  side-walls.  It  was  chiefly  on  account  of 
this  advanced  planning  that  he  reversed  the 
usual  order,  putting  Sarvistan  after  Firuzabad, 
which  he  would  place  before  230  a. d.,  and  possibly 
much  earlier,  owing  to  the  Egyptian  reed-cornice 
over  the  door-frames.  He  added  that  all  the 
affinities  of  Firuzabad  were  with  the  past  ; 
whereas  Sarvistan,  in  planning,  was  the  proto- 
type of  buildings  in  Mesopotamia  erected  between 
the  sixth  and  ninth  centuries. 

He  then  discussed  the  origin  of  the  dome. 
Pointing  out  that  domes  were  built  by  the  most 
primitive  people  all  over  the  Near  and  Middle 
East  wherever  wood  was  lacking,  which  is  the 
case  in  Eastern  Persia  especially,  he  concluded 
that  the  dome  was  probably  evolved  in  those 
regions  where  the  absence  of  wood  forced  its 
invention ;  and  far  from  admitting  a  Mesopo- 
tamian  origin  for  the  domes  of  Firuzabad  and 
Sarvistan,  he  considered  them  as  a  development 
of  indigenous  construction.  Lest  an  independent 
origin  for  the  dome  should  appear  improbable, 
he  showed  on  the  screen  domes  of  sunburnt  clay, 
20  ft.  in  diameter  and  30  ft.  high,  found  by  Miss 
Macleod  in  the  German  Kameruns. 

Coming  to  the  Mohammedan  period,  he  men- 
tioned the  dome  of  the  Great  Mosque  at  Kum, 
built  878,  as  the  earliest  known  to  him.  He  then 
showed  the  Kala-i-Sang  of  Kerman,  said  to  be 
the  oldest  building  there.  In  the  twelfth  century 
Sultan  Sanjar  (d.  1157)  built  his  mausoleum  at 
Merv  ;  a  view  of  the  interior  showed  the  squinch 
pendentive,  a  feature,  the  lecturer  said,  that  might 
almost  have  been  predicted  with  certainty. 

He  then  showed  the  mausoleum  of  Mohamed 
Khudabunda  at  Sultanieh,  built  about  1307, 
which  had,  he  said,  the  finest  dome  in  Persia, 
as  it  was  84  ft.  in  diameter  and  of  very  scientific 
shape,  its  beautiful  outline  not  being  obscured  by 
the  piling  up  of  material  on  its  haunches — an 
ugly  feature  frequently  found  in  Western  domes. 
This  piling  up  of  material  was,  he  said,  quite  un- 
necessary :  for  which  statement  he  cited  as  his 
authority,  a  paper  by  E.  B.  Denison,  '  On  the 
Mathematical  Theory  of  Domes,'  Amongst  the 
interesting  results  arrived  at  in  Mr.  Denison's  paper 
was   the    conclusion    that    pointed    domes    were 


superior  to  hemispherical  ones — interesting,  he 
said,  because  most  domes  in  the  East  were  poinl  ei  I . 

About  1400  A.D.  a  new  type  of  dome  appeared, 
consisting  of  the  former  type  covered  over  by  a 
slightly  bulbous  shell  which  was  superimp^-'  I 
on  it,  leaving  a  large  space  between.  This  style 
only  appeared  towards  the  end  of  Timur  \s  reign, 
his  earlier  buildings  not  having  this  feature. 
The  mausoleum  of  his  wife,  Bibi  Khanum,  an  1 
his  own  mausoleum,  the  Gur  Amer,  were  the 
first  buildings  in  which  it  appears,  after  which 
it  soon  became  a  constant  feature  in  Persian  archi- 
tecture. Some  writers  ignored  the  problem,  while 
others  had  suggested  an  Indian  origin  ;  but  .is 
those  buildings  which  were  standing  in  India  at  the 
time  of  Timur  of  which  remains  have  come  down 
to  us  (of  which  there  are  about  seventeen)  have 
low  domes  built  in  horizontal  courses,  the  lecturer 
did  not  think  this  theory  tenable.  The  suggestion 
that  the  slightly  swelling  shape  had  constructive 
advantages,  and  added  to  the  stability  of  the 
dome,  he  also  disagreed  with,  as  it  was  not  borne 
out  by  the  laws  of  mechanics.  In  other  words, 
it  could  not  have  sprung  from  constructive 
necessities  in  brick  or  stone.  He  said  that  when 
this  was  the  case  with  other  features  in  archi- 
tecture they  generally  turned  out  to  be  copies 
of  construction  in  wood,  such  as  the  Lycian  tombs, 
the  mortised  joints  of  the  stone  rail  round  the 
Sanchi  Tope,  &c.  He  therefore  concluded  that 
it  was  also  the  case  with  the  domes  of  the  Bib  I 
Khanum  and  the  Gur  Amer,  the  origin  of  which 
he  traced  back  to  the  Great  Umayyad  Mosque  at 
Damascus,  which  in  Timur's  time  was  double  and 
of  irood,  according  to  the  description  of  Ibn 
Jubair.  Timur,  he  added,  was  at  Damascus 
over  two  months,  and  had  ample  opportunities 
for  being  impressed  by  this  building,  which  was 
one  of  the  Four  Wonders  of  the  World  of  mediaeval 
Islam,  and  he  undoubtedly  had  this  dome  in  his 
mind  when  he  ordered  the  construction  of  the 
Bibi  KhanQm  and  the  Gur  Amer.  That  Timur, 
strange  as  it  may  seem,  did  take  a  great  interest 
in  architecture  was,  the  lecturer  said,  a  fact 
mentioned  by  his  biographer,  Sharaf -ud-din 
Ali,  and  other  writers.  He  added  that  the  dome 
at  Damascus  and  the  dome  of  the  Bibi  Khanum 
were  of  almost  exactly  the  same  diameter.  After 
the  death  of  Timur  this  type  of  dome  spread 
over  Khm-asan,  being  found  at  Meshed  in  1418, 
and  at  Herat  c.  1500.  In  the  sixteenth  century  it  ap- 
peared in  India  in  the  mausoleum  of  Humayun. 
After  1700  it  became  more  and  more  bulbous, 
until  it  culminated  at  Shiraz  during  the  last 
century. 

Persian  domes  were  generally  covered  with 
faience,  but  in  the  case  of  sacred  shrines  gilded 
tiles  were  used,  as  may  be  seen  at  Meshed,  Kum, 
Najaf,  and  Kerbela. 

Summing  up,  he  divided  Persian  domes  into 
three  groups  : — 

1.  The  pre-Mohammedan  type  of  elliptical 
shape. 

2.  Domes  of  the  Mohammedan  period  down  to 
1400,  the  dome  at  Sultanieh  being  the  finest 
example. 

3.  The  double  dome,  introduced  by  Timur  after 
his  stay  at  Damascus,  which  culminated  at  Shiraz. 

A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Mr.  Finn, 
Mrs.  Villiers-Stuart,  Sir  Henry  Howorth,  Mr.  It.  F. 
Chisholm,  and  Cols.  Plunkett  and  Sykes  took  part. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


Mon. 


Institute  of  British  Architects,  S.  — '  Prof essional  Practice,'  Mr. 
Max  Clarke. 

—  Surveyors'  Institution,  8.— 'Comments  on  the  Land  Enquiry 

Committee's  (Urbanl  Conclusions,'  Mr.  Dawbarn  Young. 
Tuf.s.    Horticultural,  3.—'  The  Probable  Origin  of  Existing  Flowering 
Plants,'  Kev.  Prof.  G.  Henslow. 

—  Royal    Institution,    3. —  'Problems   of  Physical    Chemistry: 

(1)  Study  of  Matter  at  High  Pressures,'  Dr.  W.  Wahl. 

—  Statistical.  5. 

—  Musical  Association.  5.15— 'Elizabethan  Choirboy  Play6 and 

their  Music,'  Mr.  G.  E.  P.  Arkwright. 

—  Institution   of   Civil   Engineers,   8.— Further  Discussion  on 

'The  Transportation  Problem  in  Canada  and  Montreal 
Harbour.' 

—  Zoological,  8.30. 

Wed.      Irish  Literary,  4.30.—'  The  Clan  Bard,'  Miss  E.  Hull. 

—  Society    of  Arts,    4  30.  — 'Shakespeare's  Life    and  Work,    Sir 

Sidney  Lee.    (Aldred  Lecture.! 

—  Society  of  Literature,  5.— 'The  Native  Literature  of  Christian 

Kgypt,'  Mr.  S.  Gaselee. 

—  Meteorological,  7.30.— 'Report  on  the   Phenological  Observa- 

tions for  1913,'  Messrs.  J.  E.  Clark  and  K.  H.  Hooker  ;  "A 
Small  Anemometer  for  Tropical  Use.'  Mr.  A  J.  Bamford. 

—  Faraday,    8.  — 'Recording   Pyrometers.'    Mr.   C.    R.    Darling; 

Discussion  on  'The  Embrittling  of  Iron  by  Caustic  Soda' ; 
'  Diffusion  and  Membrane  Potentials,'  Mr.  E.  B.  B. 
Prideaux  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Folk-Lore,  8.—'  The  Folk-Lore  of  London,'  Mr.  E.  Lovett. 

—  British  Numismatic,  8  30. 

Thurs.  Society  of  Arts,  4  30.— 'The  Port  and  City  of  Bangoon,'  Mr. 
G.  C.  Buchanan. 

—  Geographical,  5. 

—  Institution    of   Electrical  Engineers,  8— 'Electrification    of 

Railways  as  affected  by  Traffic  Considerations,'  Mr.  H.  W. 

Firth. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  8.— Frame  Thomson  Lecture. 

'  Kngineering   Contracts,'   Mr.  A.  A.  Hudson.     (Students' 

Meeting.) 
Institution    of    Mechanical    Engineers.    8.—' Application   of 

Electrical  Driving  to  Kxisting  Roller  Mills,'  Mr.  L.  Rothera. 
Royal   Institution,   9.—'  The   Stars  round   the  Noi  th  Pole,' 

Mr.  F.  W.  Dyson. 
Royal    Institution,     3—  'Similarity    of     Motion     in     Fluids: 

(1)  The  Theory  of  Similarity  of  Motion  in  Fluids  and  the 

Experimental  Proof  of  its  Existence,'  Dr.  T.  E.  Stanton. 


Fm. 


Sat. 


No.  451'3,  Apbix  18.   1914 


THE     ATI!  KNyEUM 


563 


9riena 


Onvjstp. 


Last  wkkk  brought  to  the  world  one  of 
those  scientific  discoveries  which  may. 
without  much  exaggeration,  be  described 
epoch-making,  hike  that  of  radium,  it 
\\.i»  made  by  a  woman,  and  in  a  laboratory 
in  Tims.  Madame  Victor  Henri  lias  estab- 
lished the  tact  that  under  the  influence  of 
ultra-violet  rays  microbes  may  be  modified 
to  a  degree  that  is  virtually  equivalent  to 
transformation  into  a.  new  species.  The 
significance  of  this,  not  merely  in  medicine, 
but  also  for  biology  in  general,  hardly  needs 
emphasizing. 

()\  Tuesday  next,  at  3  o'clock  Dr.  Walter 
Wahl  will  deliver  the  first  of  two  lectures 
at  the  Royal  Institution  on  '  Prohlems  of 
Physical  Chemistry,1  dealing  with  '  Study  of 
Matter  at  High  Pressures  '  ;  and  on  Saturday 
Dr.  T.  E.  Stanton  begins  a  course  of  two 
lectures  on  '  Similarity  of  Motion  in  Fluids  ' 
with  '  The  Theory  of*  Similarity  of  Motion 
in  Fluids  and  the  Experimental  Proof  of  its 
Existence.'  The  Friday  evening  discourse 
next  week  will  be  delivered  by  Dr.  Frank 
Watson  Dyson  (the  Astronomer  Royal),  on 
'  The  Stars  round  the  Xorth  Pole." 

Dr.  Barthe  de  Santjfort  read  a  paper 
before  the  Academy  of  Medicine  at  Paris  on 
Tuesday  last,  in  which  he  gave  details  of 
thirteen  years'  work  in  the  treatment  of  gout, 
rheumatism,  ulcers,  and  sores  by  baths  of 
melted  wax. 

Dr.  de  Sandfort  had  been  the  physician  in 
charge  of  a  thermal  establishment  in  which 
mud  baths  are  given,  and  had  conceived  the 
idea  of  there  being  some  substance  which 
might  be  a  substitute  for  mud,  and  also 
mi'_rht  render  visits  to  a  watering-place  un- 
necessary. 

He  began  by  the  local  use  of  mineral 
waxes,  which  was  attended  with  great  success, 
and  after  several  years  decided  to  try 
whether  complete  immersion  in  a  wax  bath 
was  possible.  He  began  by  plunging  himself 
into  a  vat  containing  300  litres  of  paraffin  at 
1303 — in  the  petrol  refinery  of  M.  Deutsch 
de  la  Meurthe — and  found  that  instead  of 
being  cooked  alive,  he  experienced  no  more 
than  a  pleasant  warmth.  Since  then  he  has 
treated  gouty  and  rheumatic  patients  with 
complete    wax     baths,     and    with     striking 

SUCC. 

I.v  an  interesting  paper  in  The  Geographical 

•  ■a!,   Mr.    Griffith    Taylor   discusses    the 

physiography  of  the  territory  chosen  for  the 

new  capital  of  the  Australian  Commonwealth 

—Canberra.     Large    quantities    of    building 

stone  will  naturally  be  required,  and  it   is 

fcory  to  learn  that,  in  addition  to  those 

advantages     which     determined     its     being 

chosen,    tin-    capital    area    is    supplied    with 

r.d   types  of  rock  which  may   he  used   as 

building  stones. 

Mr.  I-].  A.  Fisher's  paper  on  '  Science  and 

Modern     Poetry  '     in    Science    Pror/ress    for 

April   winds   up   with    a    curious   distinction 

ctly  the  inverse  of  that  which  we  should 

have  expected.       We  have   long  been   looking 
for  the  time  when  poetS  WOuld  take  poSSefi    ion 

of  science,  much  in  the  same  way  as  they 
have  taken  possession  of.  Bay,  war;  select 
and  adopt  from  it-  vocabulary,  and  use 
otitic  ideas,  both  in  imagery  and  in  con- 
struction, just  a-  they  have  used  the  vocabu- 
lary and  practices  that  belong  to  war.  But 
Mr.  Fisher  proposes  thai  science  shall  so  ne- 
how  become  a  substitute  for  poetry,  arguing 

that 

"science  can  play  on  the  imagination  ;iii'i  emo- 
tions of  men  t<>  an  > ••  roely  Inft  rior  m  that 
«.f  poetry,  and  it  Lb  only  by  n  doing  thai  science 
become  and  remain  ■  living  thing,  and  of  real 
.••nil  lasting  interest  to  mankind." 

e  est  >I<  numstrandum. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Pigments  and  Mali  urns  of  the  Old 
Masters.  By  A.  P.  Laurie.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.",  8s.  Grf.  net.) 

In  dealing  with  Mr.  Laurie's  lectures  at 
the  Royal  Academy  we  complained  of  his 
sacrificing  that  occasion  to  the  mere  ex- 
position of  means  for  testing  the  genuine- 
ness of  Old  Masters.  Such  an  objection, 
valid  when  applied  to  lectures  which  were 
intended  for  the  instruction  of  practical 
art  students,  does  not,  of  course,  hold 
with  regard  to  the  present  volume,  any 
chemist  being  entitled  to  turn  his  talents 
in  any  direction  that  he  chooses. 
It  is  well,  however,  to  make  clear  that 
'  The  Pigments  and  Mediums  of  the  Old 
Masters  '  are  here  discussed  almost  solely 
with  the  object  of  providing  means  for 
deciding  when  and  by  whom  a  picture 
was  painted.  The  question  of  how  or 
why  is  hardly  touched  upon.  Mr.  Laurie 
has  devised  an  apparatus  like  a  cheese- 
taster,  consisting  of  a  tiny  hypodermic 
needle,  ground  and  sharpened  so  as  to 
take  out  a  circular  section  from  a  picture. 
He  has  a  list  of  reagents  suitable  to  dis- 
criminate between  pigments  capable  of 
being  confounded  with  one  another,  and 
these  tests  are  supplemented  by  the  use 
of  a  polarizing  microscope. 

"  If  oil  of  Cassia  [says  Mr.  Laurie]  is  used 
to  mount  a  fragment,  it  will  be  found  that 
blue  and  green  verditer  and  verdigris  have 
refractive  indices  below  that  of  oil  of  Cassia, 
while  azurite  and  malachite  have  refractive 
indices  above,  and  can  thus  at  once  be  dis- 
tinguished." 

Lastly,  by  the  use  of  a  camera  fitted  with 
lenses  for  magnifying  small  passages  of 
brushwork,  he  compiles  a  dossier  of  ex- 
amples of  the  handling  of  this  or  that 
artist  in  a  ready  form  for  comparison. 

The  book  embodies  the  result  of  a 
certain  course  of  inquiry  on  these  lines,  the 
experiments  being  for  the  most  part  made 
with  certain  illuminated  manuscripts  — 
above  all,  the  Court  Rolls  in  the  Record 
Office  —  and  the  Venetian  Ducali,  which 
have  the  advantage  for  the  purpose 
of  being  definitely  dated.  We  thus 
find  a  table  of  pigments  arranged 
chronologically  to  show  the  dates  of 
their  introduction  and  their  period  of  use 
in  various  countries,  together  with  in- 
formation as  to  the  pigments  or  media 
used  in  certain  pictures. 

These  experiments  are  obviously  capable 
of  large  extension,  but  readers  will 
gather  that  Mr.  Laurie's  book  is  invalu- 
able to  any  one  interested  in  testing  bhe 
authenticity  of  alleged  Old  Masters.  It 
may  as  cordially  be  recommended  to  the 
other     large    class    which    is    interested    in 

evading  those  tests.     Already  forgers  are 
careful  to  eschew  Prussian  blue  in  pictu 
claiming  a  date  before  1704;   henceforth 

they   will   be   careful   in   selecting   ultra 

marine  of  good  quality  only  for  work-  ol 

the  thirteenth  century  or  later,  and  to 
avoid  blue  verditer  in  the  production  of 


Primitives.  Any  forger  worth  his  salt 
will  be  careful  to  use  a  mixture  of  verdigris 
and  ultramarine  when  he  manufactures  a 
Watteau.  Thus  we  shall  very  speedil\ 
be  where  we  were.  So  long  as  what  is 
valuable  in  a  picture  is  not  its  quality, 
but  its  authenticity,  commercial  enter- 
prise will  produce  something  very  like 
authenticity. 

We  confess  that  inquiry  into  what 
const  it  ides  quality  Of  paint  appears  to  us 
a  worthier  subject  for  scientific  inquiry,  but 
obviously,  had  Mr.  Laurie  occupied  him- 
self with  that,  his  book  could  not  have 
claimed  the  attention  of  the  two  classes 
to  whom  we  recommend  it.  We  cannot 
help  wondering,  however,  whether  in  such 
capable  hands  the  microscope  would 
throw  any  light  on  what  really  happens 
in  the  way  of  the  joining  up  of  one  film  of 
paint  with  another  under  various  condi- 
tions, or  on  the  ultimate  distribution  of 
the  different  elements  in  an  emulsion  after 
long  drying.  Chap.  X.  is,  from  a  practical 
point  of  view,  the  most  interesting  part  of 
the  book.  In  its  touching  on  the  evidence 
for  the  use  of  an  emulsion  of  egg  or  size 
with  oil  varnish  by  Van  Eyck,  and  in  the 
suggestion  of  a  typical  method  of  building 
up  a  picture  on  a  ground  of  size  with  a 
final  layer  of  oil  and  varnish,  and  an 
intermediate  layer  of  glue  and  varnish 
having  common  elements  enabling  it  to 
bind  both  ways,  we  find  a  sympathy  with 
the  technical  problems  of  the  painter  too 
valuable  to  be  lost  in  mere  archaeology. 
We  could  have  wished,  in  the  interesting 
notes  on  pigments,  to  find  greater  stress 
laid  on  the  white  used.  Artists  would 
like  to  know  whether  in  earl}'  tempera 
pictures  white  lead  was  universally  used, 
and  if  so,  why  it  has  hardly  ever 
darkened,  although  the  water  -  colour 
heightening  of  drawings  has  constantly 
deteriorated.  We  should  have  been 
grateful,  also  (apropos  of  Mr.  Laurie's 
theory  of  the  introduction  of  diluents 
such  as  turpentine  or  petroleum  as  the 
determining  factor  in  the  revolution  of 
methods  of  painting  in  the  High-Renais- 
sance), for  authoritative  information  as 
to  the  effect  of  the  use  of  such  diluents  on 
a  film  of  paint  laid  by  means  of  them. 


ENGRAVINGS. 


Messrs.  Sotbxbt  have  recently  sold  the  follow- 
ing engravings:  Agar,  after  Cosway,  Mrs.  Duff, 
printed  in  colours,  ■>-'■  Dickinson,  after  Rey- 
Dolds,  Mis.  Pelham  reeding  Chickens,  "J. Ail.  ; 
Elizabeth,  Lady  Taylor,  I  MM.  V.  Green,  after 
Reynolds,  Mary  Isabella,  Duchess  <'i  Rutland, 
962.;  Anne,  Viscountess  Townshend,  2101  J.  It 
Smith,  after  Romney,  Louisa,  Ladj  Btonnont, 
851,     c.  Turner,  after  Eoppner,  Miss  (  bolmonde- 

|,.\  .  Kin/.  :  I ..'  I  \  Louisa  M.iini'i  .  Tii/.  T. 
Watson,  after  Reynolds,  Mrs.  Hardinge,  Ta/.  ; 
after  Gardner,  Mi  .  W  ilbraham,  printed  in  colours, 
89*. 


COINS. 

on  Friday,  the  3rd  Inst.,  Wesai  -    Bothobj    K>ld 

..,  colle<  1 1 . .  i  ■  oi  ' !"    proper!  |  of   \n.  Kendall 

[lazeldine,  the  chiei  lot*  being  the  Following : 
KyracuHo,  Dccadrachm,  by  BiuBnetos,  1121.  ; 
Man  I.  of  England,  Half-Angel  in  gold,  201.  L0». 
I..  Bpur-Ryal,  201.  Cromwell,  Fifty- 
Shilling  Piece,  by  Thomas  Simon,  1666,  \~>-  The 
total  "i   the  sale  «ras  9361. 


564 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


SOUTH    KENSINGTON:    DRAWINGS 
AND  PAINTINGS. 

The  rehanging  (  none  too  soon)  of  what 
■was  surely  one  of  the  dreariest  of  London's 
waste  spaces — the  Water-Colour  Galleries  of 
t lie  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum — has  had  a 
perceptible  effect  in  making  the  place  look 
Jess  like  a  cemetery.  We  can  recall  few 
influences  more  depressing  than  that  of 
rthese  monuments  of  misplaced  industry, 
frequented  only  by  a  few  copyists,  victims  of 
ihe  same  vice  ;  one  of  whom  we  remember 
perched  on  a  high  stool,  diligently  detailing 
.a  mountainous  landscape  with  her  right  hand 
-while  a  finger  of  the  left,  resting  on  the  glass 
-of  the  original  work,  kept  her  place  as  she 
reproduced  the  peaks  one  by  one.  We  no 
longer  feel  that  this  type  of  person  is  the  only 
possible  visitor  to  such  a  collection  of  work, 
though  if  one  approaches  the  exhibition,  as 
did  the  present  writer,  in  the  reverse  of 
•-chronological  order,  it  seems  at  first  sight 
uninspiring  enough.  Wre  believe  the  autho- 
rities of  the  Museum  have  some  thought  of 
-replacing  some  of  the  worst  of  the  frames, 
which  certainly  contribute  something  to  the 
g3neral  discomfort.  In  the  meantime, 
■they  have  admirably  pleaded  the  danger  of 
•exposing  the  entire  collection  permanently 
to  the  light,  and  show  only  a  part  at  a  time, 
.-and,  by  arranging  the  exhibits  chronologi- 
cally, have  still  further  limited  the  display  of 
the  worse  periods,  so  that  the  better  works 
;are  not  so  submerged  in  the  flood  of  medio- 
crity as  heretofore. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  historical  arrange- 
ment makes  clear  how  largely  the  story  of 
-water-colour  painting  in  England  has  been 
•one  of  degeneration.  We  plume  ourselves 
on  our  national  art  because,  at  the  outset,  we 
had  a  few  fine  water-colour  painters  ;  but  our 
supremacy  is  maintained  by  the  exclusion 
■from  comparison  of  the  nations  who  pre- 
-eminently practised  water-colour,  i.e.,  those 
•of  the  East.  In  the  first  room  (82)  are  the 
•exponents  of  the  simpler  technique,  who 
«oc-f  asionally  remind  us  of  a  possible  kinship 
•with  Chinese  art :  artists  like  A.  Cozens  (10, 
Landscape  with  Ruin),  J.  Robert  Cozens  (25, 
'Tt  mb  of  the  Horatii  and  Curatii),  and  Samuel 
Eieronymus  Emm  (20,  Trees  by  the  Thames 
opposite  Hammersmith),  all  of  whom  have 
.•something  of  the  nobility,  the  suave  gravity, 
which  belongs  to  the  classic  use  of  water- 
colour.  Rowlandson  and  Dighton,  and  the 
■&tk.  hitectural  draughtsmen  of  that  time,  have 
^usually  the  saving  virtue  of  the  conventional 
;art  ist,  that  they  would  rather  be  formal  than 
picturesque;  witness  the  fine  Londonderry 
<16)  by  William  Pars,  or  the  St.  James's 
Park  (52)  of  Edward  Dayes.  The  always 
valuable  qualities  of  clear  statement  and 
"well-balanced  arrangement  are  the  rule  in 
these  early  works,  wherein  the  function 
■of  colour  is  limited  to  the  well-considered 
■discrimination  of  a  few  main  categories. 
"Girtin  almost  remains  in  the  same  group 
in  his  sober  View  on  the  Wharf e  (15,  Gallery 
81),  and  Turner  in  his  early  work  St.  Albans 
{ 1 9 ).  With  Cotman' s  Fishing-Boat,  however, 
colour  has  become  more  complex — complex, 
indeed,  already  beyond  the  capacity  of  any 
lout  a  few  to  handle  in  a  method  calling  for 
•siijh  prompt,  precise  action  as  is  demanded 
•of  the  water-colour  painter.  Cotman  is 
•al  nost  unerring,  but  for  how  many  others 
•does  the  structural  unity  of  ordered  distri- 
bution become  henceforth  unattainable,  to 
tie  replaced  by  a  superficial  unity  of  in- 
.finitely  subtle  blendings  of  tone,  a  running 
together  of  liquid  pigment,  or  a  hail  of 
impulsive  strokes — by  the  parade  of  haste 
.■and  flurry.     In  De  Wint  is  the  beginning — so 


discreet  as  to  be  almost  an  added  charm — of 
this  policy.  His  fine  Gloucester  (104)  shows 
how  little  he  needed  to  depend  on  the  more 
obvious  attraction.  With  Miiller  ( Venice, 
109)  and  Pyne  (Landscape,  108)  it  is 
carried  further,  but  still  with  sufficient  tradi- 
tion of  the  old  method  to  save  their  works 
from  the  parti -coloured  muddle  into  which 
English  water-colour  was  to  sink,  and  which 
is  fairly  exhibited  by  the  drawings  of  Callow, 
which  in  Room  88  are  far  from  represent- 
ing him  at  his  best. 

Naturally  it  was  in  drawings  of  architec- 
tural subjects  that  traces  of  the  analogy 
between  the  technical  structure  of  the  water- 
colour  and  the  actual  structure  of  the  scene 
represented  were  longest  maintained.  The 
architect ,  along  expected  lines,  has  done  the 
organization  to  some  extent  for  the  painter  : 
complexities  of  colour  may  here  be  more 
readily  reduced  to  rule.  W'orks  like  the  View 
near  the  Palais  Royal,  Paris  (57,  Room  87),  are 
the  most  frequent  successes  during  the  hey- 
day of  British  water-colour  art,  when  unity 
of  plan  was  giving  way  to  unity  of  surface. 
That  process  was  fairly  complete  when  with 
Walker  (22  and  24)  there  comes  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  repudiation  of  technical  structure 
as  anything  beyond  an  appalling  sum  in 
simple  addition  of  stroke  to  stroke.  One 
can  just  see  how,  by  the  decay  of  previous 
traditions,  this  ideal  also  had  the  specious 
appearance  of  being  an  advance.  Not  even 
Madox  Brown's  intensity  of  observation  can 
make  us  suppose  to-day  that,  technically,  his 
Elijah  with  the  Widow's  Son  (54)  is  in  kind 
as  good  as  a  Cotman.  By  its  refusal  to  pre- 
tend to  the  same  qualities,  however,  it  is 
vastly  preferable  to  the  usual  water-colour 
work  of  that  time,  which  did  pretend  to  them, 
and  falsely.  Among  minor  works  by  rela- 
tively unknown  men  we  should  note  the 
appearance  at  a  comparatively  late  date  of  so 
starkly  direct  a  design  as  Richard  Dadd's 
Idleness  (7,  Room  88).  With  Melville  and 
his  disciple  James  Herald  we  have  work  of 
our  own  times,  with  an  attempt,  it  is  true,  at 
direct  execution,  though  a  little  spasmodic 
and  superficial,  yet,  after  all,  superior  to 
much  from  the  middle  years. 

In  the  Indian  Section  of  the  Museum  the 
collection  of  Indian  paintings  of  the  "New 
Calcutta  School  "  appears,  if  we  are  not  mis- 
taken, to  consist  of  two  elements  :  some  seven- 
teenth- and  eighteenth-centu^  examples — - 
of  which  the  fine  Farrukh-Sigar  equestrian 
portrait  is  the  best — and  a  large  number 
of  what  we  should  assume  to  be  con- 
temporary works,  perhaps  done  under  the 
influence  of  enthusiasts  like  Messrs.  Havell 
and  Coomaraswamy,  whose  desire  to  promote 
the  development  of  Indian  art  on  national 
lines  is  well  known,  and  has  our  considerable 
sympathy.  Except  for  an  occasional  credit- 
able following  of  a  refined,  but  slightly 
colourless  type  of  Indo-Persian  portraiture, 
few  of  these  artists  appear  to  have  escaped 
European  influence  ;  and  although  their  work 
is  based  on  Indian  models,  one  feels  that  they 
rarely  make  anything  out  of  that  influence 
which  is  really  fundamentally  different  from 
what,  say,  Mr.  Edmund  Dulac  might  get 
out  of  it.  At  the  same  time,  some  of  the 
pictures  by  Mr.  Abanindro  NathTagore  show 
great  ability  in  their  attempt  to  reconcile 
the  practice  of  East  and  West.  Mr.  Gogon- 
endra  NathTagore  is  more  definitely  Oriental, 
but  less  personal,  as  if  he  belonged  to  the 
category  of  everyday  craftsmen,  among 
whom  probably  there  is  to  be  found  the 
greatest  body  of  tradition.  When,  as  occa- 
sionally, the  bolder  school  of  design  of  the 
Ajanta  wall-paintings  is  the  point  of  depar- 
ture, one  almost  feels  it  to  be  as  exotic  an 
influence  upon  the  artists  as  it  would  be  with 
ourselves. 


During  his  absence  in  Australia,  Sir  R.  C. 
Munro -Ferguson  has  lent  eleven  paintings  to 
the  National  Gallery  of  Scotland  from  his 
house  at  Raith.  Six  of  them  are  portraits 
by  Raeburn,  three  by  Zoffany,  one  by  an 
unknown  artist,  and  one  a  small  landscape 
by  Gainsborough.  In  consequence  of  a 
rearrangement  of  the  National  Portrait  Gal- 
lery, several  portraits  have  also  been  trans- 
ferred thither,  including  four  Raeburns,  so 
that  the  room  No.  1  on  the  British  side  has 
been  devoted  to  hanging  these  Raeburns  and 
others.  A  bronze  bust  by  M.  Rodin  of  W.  E. 
Henley  is  also  on  exhibition. 

Mb.  Tom  Mostyn's  "  one-man  "  show  at 
the  Grafton  Galleries  opens  to-day.  It 
includes  two  canvases  illustrative  of  the 
Parsifal  legend — '  The  Garden  of  Enchant- 
ment '  and  '  The  Garden  of  Desolation ' — ■ 
painted  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  Claude 
Phillips.  None  of  the  pictures  has  been 
exhibited  in  London  before,  and  many  have 
been  lent  by  private  owners. 

The  late  Spencer  Frederick  Gore,  whose 
death,  at  the  early  age  of  35  we  noticed 
in  our  issue  of  the  4th  inst.,  has  left  a  widow 
and  two  children.  We  have  received  a  letter, 
signed  by  many  names  well  known  both  in 
art  and  literature,  stating  that  it  is  pro- 
posed to  buy  a  representative  canvas  by  him 
for  a  public  gallery,  and  to  give  the  net 
proceeds  to  Mrs.  Gore,  and  inviting  sub- 
scriptions for  this  object.  We  are  glad  to  be 
able  to  give  our  readers  the  opportunity  of 
supporting  this  scheme.  Cheques  should  be 
sent  to  Mr.  A.  B.  Clifton,  24,  Burv  Street, 
St,  James's,  S.W. 

The  Thirty-Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  for  1913, 
shows  that  that  institution  has  to  congratu- 
late  itself  on  some  important  acquisitions. 
Thus  it  has  purchased  Turner's  '  Falls  of  the 
Rhine  at  Schaffhausen  '  ;  has  been  presented 
by  a  friend  with  a  mastaba  chamber  from 
Dr.  Reisner's  excavations  in  Egypt  ;  and  has 
acquired  the  Macomber  collection  of  Chinese 
pottery.  Dr.  Ross  has  given  an  early 
Chinese  stone  figure  in  memory  of  M.  Oka- 
kura.  In  the  Print  Department  the  acces- 
sions by  gift,  bequest,  or  transfer  number 
2,912,  of  which  the  chief  is  the  Bullard 
Bequest  of  1,815  prints,  including  Mantegna's 
'  Battle  of  the  Sea  Gods,'  11  proofs  of  Hol- 
bein's '  Dance  of  Death,'  34  woodcuts  by 
Albrecht  Diirer,  and  535  prints  of  Turner's 
'  Liber  Studiorum.'  This  last  forms  the 
most  comprehensive  set  ever  brought  to- 
gether. 

Last  Wednesday  being  the  second  anni- 
versary of  the  loss  of  the  Titanic,  the  cloister 
erected  at  Godalming  in  memory  of  John 
George  Phillips,  the  chief  wireless  operator, 
who  was  a  native  of  the  town,  was  unveiled 
by  Mr.  St.  Loe  Strachey,  High  Sheriff  of 
Surrey.  A  memorial  tablet  occupies  the 
centre  bay  of  the  screen  wall  opposite  the 
entrance,  with  a  blocked  bay  on  either  hand, 
and  two  open  arches  right  and  left.  The 
screen  wall  is  built  with  purple  bricks,  and  on 
the  outside,  between  two  buttresses,  is  a 
covered  seat  under  a  pitched  gable.  The 
covered  walks  are  of  heavy  oak  timbers  and 
posts,  with  projecting  eaves,  having  eight 
bays  north  and  south.  The  main  entrance 
is  on  the  west  side.  The  exterior  of  the 
cloister  is  plain,  and  intended  to  be  covered 
with  creepers.  The  design  is  the  work  of 
Mr.  H.  Thackeray  Turner. 

The  Duke  of  Norfolk  has  been  elected  a 
Vice-President  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts 
in  place  of  the  late  Sir  Wrilliam  Lee-Warner. 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


THE     A  Til  EN  /El'  M 


565 


\Yk  are  glad  to  learn  that  the  public  are 
responding  with  some  alacrity  to  the  appeal 
of  the  Chapter  of  St.  Paxil's  Cathedral  for 
contributions  towards  the  Preservation  Fund. 
The  Clothworkers'  Company  have  voted 
1,0002.,  the  Mercers'  Company  500X,  the 
Vintners'  Company  1061.,  and  the  Eccle- 
siastical Commissioners  have  agreed  to  give 
a  tenth  part  of  the  money  expended,  up  to 
7. "00/.  The  total  of  the 'fund  at  present  is 
10.000/.  This  is,  however,  still  far  from 
what  is  required,  and  tin-  Chapter  urge  that 
throughout  the  country  those  who  are 
anxious  to  see  the  Cathedral  made  secure,  at 
least  against  ordinary  risk,  should  send  in 
their  contributions  as  soon  as  possible. 
Delay  unduly  prolonged  may  prove  of 
melancholy  consequence,  and  the  most 
difficult  and  delicate  of  the  necessary  opera- 
tions, that  oi  making  safe  the  supports  of 
the  dome,  will  alone  be  a  very  expensive 
undertakirj 

A  eeplica  of  Bristol  Castle  —  long 
since  destroyed — will  be  amongst  the  inter- 
esting features  of  the  Bristol  International 
Exhibition  which  opens  on  May  28th.  The 
castle  was  razed  utterly  to  the  ground  by 
order  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  it  is  only  after 
arch  in  our  national  museums  and  the 
Record  Office  that  the  architects  of  the 
Exhibition  have  been  able  to  "  reconstruct  " 
the  building.  The  structure,  which  is  being 
erected  in  the  Exhibition  grounds,  will  be 
devoted  to  the  accommodation  of  a  loan 
collection  of  relics  of  the  Navy  and  Army. 
A  strong  London  Committee  for  securing 
this  collection  has  been  formed — of  which  Sir 
trge  Frampton,  Mr.  "William  Hole,  Mr. 
Guy  Taking,  and  Mr.  A.  G.  Temple,  are 
members,  and  Mr.  ('.  R.  Chisman,  and  Mr. 
F.  A.  Kincaid-Fergusson  joint  secretaries. 
It  has  already  been  successful  in  securing 
many  objects  of  interest,  and  we  are  asked 
to  invite  readers  who  may  be  in  possession 
of  any  such  associated  with  the  personnel  of 
the  Navy  and  Army,  past  and  present,  and 
are  willing  to  contribute  them  towards  the 
collection,  to  communicate  with  any  of  the 
above.  The  Committee  meets  at  61,  Craven 
House,  Kingsway,  AV.C. 

The  French  Chamber  of  Deputies  has 
recently  passed  a  Bill  creating  an  office, 
endowed  with  a  special  fund,  for  the  preser- 
vation and  restoration  of  all  monuments 
of  local  interest.  This  office  will  be  under 
the  control  of  the  Ministry  for  Public 
I  -t ruction  and  Fine  Arts,  by  which  it 
will  be  subsidized. 

AVe  have  received  the  first  number  of  a 
little  monthly  publication,  brought  out  in 
glisfa  and  French,  entitled  Art  in  Europe, 
and  edited  by  Mr.  Seymour  de  Ricci.  "A 
monthly  paper,''  says  the  editor,  in  his  pre- 
liminary paragraphs  on  '  Our  Aims  and 
Methods,'  '"  is  in  the  position  to  combine 
reliable  information  with  scientific  accu- 
Theee  matters  are  so  nearly  com- 
1 'iued  by  the  nature  of  things  that  it  might  be 
thought  that,  so  far  as  they  are  concerned, 
the  efforts  of  an  editor  were  almost  super- 
fluous. However,  the  former  at  least,  con- 
veyed in  short  pithy  paragraphs,  and  fetched 
frorn  sources  not  easily  accessible,  should  be 
widely  welcome.     9         and  collections  fur- 

nish  the  chief  substance  of  the  present  num- 
ber, of  which  the   illustrations  are   good  and 

the  English  quaint. 

Messrs.  Cassell  announce  the  issue  in 
fortnightly  parts  of  'Great  Pictures  by 
( treat  Painters,'  which  will  present  a  hundred 
masterpieces  of  various  schools  and  conn  trie-, 
with  notes  by  Mr.  Arthur  Fish.  The  picture* 
will  be  leproduei-d  l»y  the  latest  colour  pro- 
■nd  will  be  printed  on  canvas  screen 
paper  in  order  to  retain  as  far  as  possible 
the  glow  and  warmth  of  the  originals. 


MUSIC 


MUSICAL  EDUCATION. 

Aura!  Culture  bated  upon  Musical  Appre- 
ciation. Bv  Stewart  Macpherson  and 
Ernest  Read.  Part  II.  (Joseph  Wil- 
liams, 3s.  (id.  net.) 

A  Guide  to  the  Chasserant  Method  of  Educa- 
tion. By  Marian  P.  Gibb.  (Heine- 
mann,  '6s.  6d.  net.) 

To  many  musicians  it  may  seem  strange 
that  there  is  any  necessity  to  emphasize 
the  fact  that  musical  knowledge  without 
corresponding  development  of  musical 
perception  is  useless.  At  one  time,  if  a 
teacher,  understanding  its  importance,  hap- 
pened to  explain  to  a  pupil  what  phrasing 
meant,  or  spoke  to  him  about  form  or 
style,  parents  would  at  once  remind  him 
that  their  child  was  not  going  to  become 
a  professional  musician  or  composer — 
that  he  was  merely  to  learn  to  play  the 
piano.  The  result  was  as  unsatisfactory 
as  would  be  learning  to  read  words  with- 
out knowledge  of  their  meaning,  connexion, 
and  relative  importance.  In  early  days, 
in  order  to  teach  the  piano  to  children, 
the  only  qualification  generally  thought 
necessary  was  a  fair  stock  of  patience. 
There  was  no  attempt  made  to  interest 
them  in  any  way,  or  to  induce  them  to 
think  and  express  their  thoughts.  If  the 
notes  of  a  piece  were  correct  as  given  in 
the  book,  it  was  regarded  as  learnt ; 
while  other  teachers  who  probably  knew 
better  thought  that  sufficient  for  the  time 
being.  Efforts  are  now  being  made  to 
train  teachers  in  their  business,  and  make 
them  understand  that  the  right  training  of 
children  is  a  responsible  yet  delightful 
occupation.  It  will  take  time  to  get  rid 
of  the  old  methods,  which  easily  led  to 
the  prevalent  and  still-existing  notion 
that  classical  music,  though  clever,  is  dry. 

This  second  part  of  Messrs.  Stewart 
Macpherson  and  Ernest  Read's  work  on 
'  Aural  Culture  '  is,  like  Part  I.,  solely  a 
"  Guide  to  Teachers."  To  enter  into  its 
details  is  not  necessary.  The  authors  are 
men  of  wide  knowledge  and  experience  ; 
moreover,  they  do  not  wish  their  Guide 
to  be  regarded  as  setting  forth  any  rigid 
form  of  teaching. 

Madame  Chassevant    is    mentioned  as 

'•  one  of  the  first  pioneers  of  what  is  now- 
regarded  as  sound  musical  education,"  and 
in  this  Guide  we  are  constantly  reminded 
thai  her  method  is  of  the  right  kind.  One 
point  specially  strikes  us,  namely,  the  im- 
portance she  attaches  to  ear- training.  Her 
firsl  work  on  musical  (ducat  ion  appeared  in 
I  872,  and  at  that  time  ear-training  was  not 
the   burning  question  it    is  today:    many 

conscientious  teachers  had  never  thought 
of  it.  and  •  learning  music  "  was  to  most 
pupils  and  then  parents  synonymous  with 
••  learning  to  play  the  piano."  The  points 
of   agreemenl    between    Madame   Chs 

vant's  method  and  that  of  today  are 
numerous.     Time    and    the    idea    of    har- 


mony are  ingeniously  taught  by  means  of 
stories  and  pictures. 

A  method  may  be  good,  but  its  suc- 
cess depends  alike  on  the  personality  of 
the  teacher  and  the  capacity  of  the  pupils. 
The  author  justly  remarks  that  "  the  best 
teachers  seldom  take  two  classes  in  the 
same  way."  If,  therefore,  the  letter  rather 
than  the  spirit  of  the  Chassevant  method  as 
described  by  Miss  Gibb  is  followed,  the 
result  may  prove  disappointing.  Of  the 
stories  just  mentioned  we  are  told  that 
they  are  "  merely  suggestive."  The  great 
feature  is  the  appeal  to  the  imagination 
of  children.  Those  engaged  in  teaching 
may  not  agree  with  every  detail  in  the 
book,  but  all  must  admire  the  broad 
lines  on  which  the  method  is  based. 

Three  Courses  of  Solfege  on  the  Chasse- 
vant Method,  forming  a  series  of  studies- 
and  exercises  (many  of  them  folk-tunes  of 
various  nationalities),  have  been  prepared 
by  Miss  Gibb.  Each  Course  is  published 
separately,  Is.  <dd.,  2s.  M.,  and  3s- 
respectively. 


MUSIC   AT   TORQUAY. 

Mr.  Basil  Hindenberg,  who  was 
appointed  municipal  conductor  at  Tor- 
quay in  1912,  arranged  a  Wagner  Festival 
in  the  following  year.  The  local  orchestra 
was  reinforced  by  players  from  London, 
and  the  scheme  Avas  carried  out  with 
conspicuous  success. 

This  year  the  orchestra  is  still  largerr 
including  in  all  seventy  members,  and 
the  programmes  offer  works  by  various 
composers,  notably  British.  At  the  first 
concert,  Bach  was  represented  by  the  short 
'  Brandenburg  '  Concerto  in  G  for  Strings, 
but  with  the  exception  of  that  and  the 
bright  '  Carneval '  Overture  by  Dvorak, 
the  rest  of  the  music  was  quite  modern. 
No  slight  to  the  classical  and  early  ro- 
mantic schools  was  intended.  Mr.  Hin- 
denberg, at  the  ordinary  concerts  through- 
out the  season,  is  performing  all  manner 
of  works,  from  Bach  to  Brahms.  The 
programmes  of  the  other  two  concerts, 
on  Thursday,  were  of  the  same  kind  ; 
these,  however,  came  too  late  for  notice 
this  week.  It  is  evidently  intended  to 
give  the  Festival  a  special  modern  cha- 
racter. The  public,  it  is  true,  does  not 
fight  shy  of  novelties,  as  in  earlier 
days  ;  yet  the  scheme  implies  a  consider- 
able   amount    of    enterprise,    and    so    far. 

we  are  glad  to  find,  the  attendance  bas 
been  large.  Seaside  resorts  certain!} 
want   instruction  in  the  art   of  music. 

The  endeavour  of  the  municipal  authori- 
ties  is  evidently   to   make  Torquay   the 

greatest     musical    centre    in    the    We-t     oi 

England.  They  have  built  an  excellent 
concerl  hall,  in  which  there  is  Beating 
accommodation  for  1,800  persons.  The 
total  income  for  the  firsl  year  was  over 
16,0002.    Thai  amount  did  not  cover  the 

but   it   included  large  initial  e\pen 

thai  this  year  a  much  more  favourable 
report  \t  expected.    There  seems  no  reason 


566 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


■why  Torquay  should  not  rival  Bourne- 
mouth in  music.  Mr.  Hindenberg  is  an 
intelligent  conductor,  and  something  of 
an  enthusiast. 

The  first  concert  last  Wednesday  after- 
noon opened  with  Dvorak's  bright  '  Car- 
neval '  Overture,  after  which  came 
Strauss's  symphonic  poem  '  Till  Eulen- 
spiegel,'  which  was  given  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Thomas  Beecham.  This  is 
■one  of  Strauss's  most  genial  works,  and 
therefore  most  suitable  to  present  to  an 
audience,  many  of  whom  probably  were 
not  acquainted  with  the  music.  The 
rendering  of  it  was  remarkably  good,  both 
in  letter  and  in  spirit.  Among  the  few 
great  interpreters  of  Strauss's  music  Mr. 
Beecham  holds  a  high  place.  Many  con- 
ductors may  know  what  they  want,  but 
cannot  convey  it  in  the  same  magnetic 
manner. 

The  novelty  of  the  afternoon  was  an 
orchestral  suite,  '  The  Pool.'  Mr.  G.  H. 
Clutsam,  the  composer,  has  within  recent 
years  had  one  opera  produced  at  Covent 
Garden,  and  another  in  Germany. 
This  suite  is  based  on  a  mimo- 
drama  produced  at  the  Alhambra  in 
London  in  1912  ;  the  music,  however,  for 
concert  purposes  has  been  considerably 
altered.  There  are  six  sections,  of  which 
the  '  Dance  of  Melisande  '  and  '  Nocturne  ' 
seem  the  most  taking.  The  music  is 
natural,  graceful,  and  effectively  scored. 
Mr.  Hindenberg  secured  a  successful 
performance  of  it. 

Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke  was  represented 
by  his  Symphonic  Variations  on  '  The 
Girl  I  left  behind  Me,'  a  work  in  which 
he  has  tried  to  appeal  to  the  public  by  a 
well-known  melody  and  the  introduction 
of  other  national  airs,  and  to  musicians 
by  various  contrapuntal  devices  and  out- 
of-the-way  orchestration.  The  result  can 
scarcely  be  considered  felicitous.  An  ex- 
cerpt, '  Wavering  Fires,'  was  also  given 
from  his  '  Children  of  Don,'  the  ungrateful 
vocal  part  of  which  was  sung  with  courage 
by  Mr.  Mullings.  Mr.  Holbrooke  is  a 
clever  musician,  but  what  he  offered  was 
not  of  his  best. 

Miss  Carrie  Tubb  was  heard  in  the 
closing  scene  from  '  Salome.'  Tiiere  were 
very  good  points  in  her  singing,  but  the 
performance  did  not  produce  the  right 
atmosphere.  It  may  have  been  Miss 
Tubb's  first  attempt,  and  as  such  deserves 
a  good  word. 


DRAMA 


PERFORMANCES   NEXT  WEEK. 

Hon.      CoDcert,  3.30,  Royal  Alhert  Hall. 

—  Sunday  Concert  Society,  3  30,  (Queen's  Hall. 
SI     .—Sat.  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Mox,      Beethoven  Festival,  3,  Queen'**  Hall. 

—  elicia  Borelle's  Violin  Kecital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
T       .    Beethoven  Festival,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Wed.     Beethoven  Festival,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Ernst  von   Dohuanvi    and    Louis    Pecskii's    Pianoforte    and 

Violin  Recital,  8  15.  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Society,  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Thdr  .  Beethoven  Festival.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Lily  Foxon's  Pianoforte  Kecital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

m.       Josef  Holbrooke's  Concert,  8.30,  Alts  Centre. 

Thomas  Perceval  Fielden's  Pianoforte  Kecital,  3,  Bechstein 
Hall. 

—  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Beethoven  Festival,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 


Elizabethan  Drama  and  its  Mad  Folk : 
the  Harness  Prize  Essay  for  1913. 
By  Edgar  Allison  Peers.  (Cambridge, 
Heffer  &  Sons,  8s.  6d.  net.) 

The  distinction  between  the  writers  for 
the  theatre  in  Shakespeare's  time  and 
those  of  to-day  is  that  the  former  were 
acknowledged  poets.  This  did  not  infer 
that  they  were  necessarily  to  be  regarded 
as  men  of  culture,  since  Elizabethan 
poetry  was  the  spontaneous  expression 
of  the  national  mind,  and  language  had 
not  yet  become  differentiated  by  the 
speech  of  the  artisan  or  of  the  tradesman 
from  that  of  the  courtier.  Whether  it 
was  Spenser  the  laureate  or  Taylor  the 
Water-poet  who  wrote  in  verse,  the 
imagery  and  feeling  which  made  it  poetry 
gave  the  writers  little  personal  claim  to 
fame.  Poetry,  indeed,  was  the  less  valued 
because  all  those  who  wrote  plays  made 
use  of  it,  and  thus  earned  for  themselves 
the  then  unenviable  position  of  "  dra- 
matic poets." 

But  the  lesson  which  all  dramatists 
should  take  to  heart  is  that  drama  which 
is  not  also  literature  cannot  last  longer 
than  the  age  which  it  mirrors.  Those 
who  may  search  through  the  plays  of 
T.  W.  Robertson  or  H.  J.  Byron  two 
hundred  years  hence,  to  discover  what 
were  the  writers'  notions  of  that  half- 
developed  creature  the  imbecile,  will  not 
find  a  description  to  equal  in  felicity  of 
expression  and  accuracy  of  definition  that 
of  Fletcher  : — 

I  asked  her  questious,  and  she  answered  me 
80  far  from  what  she  was,  so  childishly, 
So  sillily,  as  if  she  were  a  fool, 
An  innocent. 

True  it  is  that,  whether  we  consider  the 
mad  folk  of  the  Elizabethan  dramatists 
as  men  and  women  or  as  puppets  of  a 
playwright,  they  stand  the  test  of  a  critical 
examination  even  from  a  philosophical 
standpoint.  The  minds  of  these  "  dra- 
matic poets  "  were  stamped  on  every  line 
they  wrote.  Their  memories  stored  reali- 
ties Avhich  their  imaginations  idealized. 
Thus  they  were  word-painters  of  humanity, 
as  it  appeared  in  their  time.  Now  their 
plays  have  become  living  repositories  to 
which  the  historian  turns  for  information 
as  readily  as  he  would  throw  open  a 
window  to  discover  what  is  passing  in  the 
street  below. 

Even  objects  which  are  commonplace 
or  repulsive  came  under  the  spell  of  the 
Elizabethan  poets.  They  put  mad  folk 
in  their  plays,  knowing  that  uncanny  folk 
aroused  the  spectator's  interest  and  ex- 
cited a  new  emotion.  In  this  way 
attention  was  more  steadily  fixed  on 
the  beauty  of  a  character  influenced 
by  reason  and  moderation.  Maniacs 
in  themselves  are  rarely  tragic  figures, 
and  critics  may  dispute  for  ever  as 
to  the  purposes  they  serve  in  drama. 
But  in  reality  the  question  depends  upon 
the  skill  shown  in  the  construction  of  the 
play,  upon  the  dispositions  of  the  charac- 
ters, and  upon  the  amount  of  thought  and 


observation  revealed  by  the  poet  in  de- 
picting a  madman.  If,  however,  mad  folk 
are  to  be  considered  only  as  objects  for 
scientific  observation,  they  fill  no  void 
in  the  imagination.  They  resemble 
rather  some  object  of  natural  history 
reproduced  on  an  engraver's  plate,  some 
anatomical  specimen  which  excites  no 
general  interest.  To  a  medical  expert  on 
matters  dealing  with  the  insane,  such  as 
was  Dr.  Bucknill,  mad  folk  were  mad  folk, 
and  nothing  more  ;  they  were  but  the 
doctor's  patients  waiting  to  be  examined 
in  his  surgery.  There  they  were  re- 
incarnated by  Dr.  Bucknill  in  Shake- 
speare's characters,  which  then  ceased  to 
be  the  creations  of  the  poet's  brain ;  so 
that  we  can  say  with  Cardenes  : — 

.  .  .  .doctor  there  your  reading  fails  you. 

Those  who  know  something  of  the 
dramatist's  art  and  of  his  methods  are 
tempted  to  be  satirical  in  their  comments 
on  physicians  who  use  plays  to  illustrate 
what  is  immaterial  to  the  playgoer,  and, 
in  fact,  of  little  consequence  to  any  one 
outside  the  medical  profession.  It  may 
have  served  their  purpose,  but  it  is  the 
great  merit  of  the  present  volume  that 
it  is  written  by  one  who  takes  stock  of 
his  mad  folk  in  a  sane  manner ;  who 
realizes  that  the  sympathies  to  which 
the  poet  appeals  are  not  those  of  the 
medical  man,  but  of  the  general  reader  ; 
of  persons  possessed  not  of  technical 
knowledge,  but  of  ordinary  everyday 
intelligence.  The  interpretation  of  science 
does  not  give  an  intimate  sense  of  madness. 
In  this  the  imagination  of  the  dramatist 
is  superior  to  that  of  the  man  of  science, 
because  the  former  exercises  his  powers 
of  reason  and  intellect,  while  at  the 
same  time  portraying  nature  and  passion. 
As  the  author  of  this  book  realizes,  it  is  not 
Dr.  Bucknill  who  can  help  the  reader  to 
understand  the  tragedy  of  madness,  but 
the  poet  who  spoke  for  Lear  when  the 
blind  Gloster  wished  to  kiss  his  sovereign's 
hand  : — 

Let  me  wipe  it  first  :  it  smells  of  moitality  ; 

or  in  Lear's  heartrending  petition  : — 

Let  me  have  surgeons, 
I  am  cut  to  the  brains. 

We  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  this 
is  quite  the  best  book  yet  written  upon  a 
subject  which  hitherto  has  not  received 
the  attention  it  deserves.  Moreover, 
it  is  a  work  which  should  help  the 
general  reader  to  appreciate  the  plays 
of  the  Elizabethan  dramatists,  for  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  subject  and  in 
its  treatment  there  is  no  lack  of  interest. 
Although  we  have  refrained  from  pointing 
out  some  instances  where  we  differ  in 
opinion  from  the  views  of  Mr.  Peers,  we 
cannot  avoid  challenging  the  statement, 
endorsed  by  Dr.  Bradley,  that  not  Lear, 
but  Goneril,  Edmund,  and  Regan  are  the 
leading  characters  in  tlie  play.  They 
are  to  the  present  reviewer  but  instruments 
in  Shakespeare's  hands,  the  machinery  he 
employed  to  bring  about  the  tragedy,  which 
consists  in  crushing  out  the  heart,  the 
brain,  and  finally  the  life,  of  the  strong, 
unyielding,  but  lovable  King  Lear. 


No.  4512,  April  18,  1914 


THE     ATI!  ENiEUM 


567 


< 


PYGMALION     AT    Ills    MAJESTY'S. 


of 

in 


the 

the 


being 


the    portico 
of    St.   Paul, 


Mb.  Shaw  has  proved  himself  more 
adaptable  to  the  environment  of  Sir 
Herbert    Tree    than    the   acting 

latter  gentleman  has  to  his  part 
play,  though,  at  the  risk  of 
derided  aa  easy  jesters,  we  can  only 
describe  modified  Shaw  as  "  shorn  " 
Shaw.  From  the  standpoint  of  the  ordi- 
nary playgoer,  however,  the  combination 
of  our  most  lavish  actor-manager  and 
our  greatest  li\  ing  satirist  is  all  to  the 
good.  It  means  that  on  the  rise  of 
the  curtain  the  audience  is  visibly  trans- 
ported half  a  mile  to 
of  Inigo  Jones's  Church 
Covent  Garden,  and  made,  at  least  in 
Bympathy,  uncomfortable  by  the  realism 
of  the  too  familiar  rain  that  is  clearing 
the  roadway  in  a  fashion  to  make  even 
an  up-to-date  road  -  sweeper  look  for 
protection  to  his  trade  union.  Shelter- 
ing from  the  downpour  is  a  company 
mixed  as  is  only  possible  between  the 
closing  of  the  theatres  and  midnight : 
two  apparently  derelict  ladies,  later 
joined  by  a  "nutty"  cavalier  who  has 
failed  to  find  them  any  conveyance  ;  the 
usual  loafers  :  a  rlower-girl  (Mrs.  Patrick 
Campbell),  the  Galatea  of  the  play;  Col. 
Pickering  (Mr.  Philip  Merivale),  an  Anglo- 
Indian  interested  in  Indian  dialects,  who 
has  come  home  to  meet  a  world-famous 
professor  of  phonetics  ;  and  that  gentle- 
man himself,  in  the  person  of  Prof. 
Higgins  (Sir  Herbert  Tree),  otherwise 
Pygmalion.  This  last  person — we  care- 
fully adopt  a  description  which  stands 
for  the  non-recognition  of  womanly  sen- 
sibility —  by  making  notes  concerning 
the  accents  of  those  around  him  arouses 
an  animosity  like  that  Pickwick  evoked 
in  the  cabman.  By  way  of  reassuring 
those  about  him  he  tells  them  not  only 
their  suburban  birthplaces,  but  also,  in 
the  case  of  the  Anglo-Indian,  his  public 
school,  university,  and  after-career,  where- 
dpon  an  introduction  is  accomplished. 
The  flower-girl,  however,  seeking  a  more 
substantial  salve  to  her  feelings  than 
the  boast  that  her  accent  could  be  so 
altered  as  to  enable  her  to  pass  for  a 
duchess,  has  so  much  coin  flung  around 
her  that  she  is  able  to  avail  herself  of 
the  taxi  that  the  "  nut "  has  at  last 
procured  for  the  ladies,  who  on  the  cessation 
of  the  rain  go  off  in  search  of  a  more 
plebeian  conveyance. 

The  next  act  finds  Hig'_n'ns  and  Picker- 
ing as  bachelor  cronies  with  like  interests 
installed  in  the  Wimpole  Street  phonetic 
laboratory  of  the  former.  To  them  enters 
a  much-suffering  housekeeper,  Sirs.  Pearce, 
a  matronly  characterization  by  Geraldine 

OOiffe,  to  announce  that  the  flower  girl 
insists  on  an  interview.  The  Professor 
citing  fresh  records,  consents,  and 
-  from  her  a  take  -  it  -  or  -  lea 
it  offer  of  one  -< r i i  1 1  i 1 1 -_r  an  hour  for  lessons 
to  improve  her  accent,  in  order  that  she 
may  set  up  as  an  indoor  florist.  She 
n  iturally  accounts  the  sum  handsome,  as  a 
"  pal  "  pays  only  eighteenpence  for  leas  ms 
in  the  French  lan'_rna<_rc.    The  Professor 


moved  by  the  large  proportion  of  her 
income  she  is  willing  to  expend — equal, 
as  he  says,  to  a  millionaire's  (>(>/. — and 
because  he  has  wagered  that  he  can  in 
a  few  months  pass  the  flower-girl  off  as  a 
duchess,  takes  the  trouble  to  overcome  her 
scruples  to  being  cleaned,  &o,  and, 
after  a  colloquy  which  is  far  too 
long  drawn  out,  persuades  her  to  stop. 
During  the  bath  interlude  her  father, 
a  dustman,  arrives,  and  we  receive 
his  views  on  life  and  the  "  ginger  "  to  be 
got  out  of  it  bva  member  of  the  undeserv- 
ing  poor.  His  income  is  mostly  derived 
from  "touching"  people  for  money,  and 
though,  being  convinced  of  the  honourablc- 
ness  of  the  Professor's  intentions,  he  some- 
what regrets  that  he  cannot  ask  50/.  instead 
of  5/.,  he  makes  good  his  claim  to 
that  amount  out  of  the  transaction. 
The  Professor  expressing  a  wish  to  make 
it  10/.,  we  get  one  of  the  most  incisive 
touches  of  the  play.  The  dustman  prefers 
a  "*  fiver,"  which  is  the  amount  he  can 
"  blue  "  with  the  greatest  irresponsibility, 
whereas  10/.  might  induce  a  feeling  of 
prudence.  That  one  point  alone  might 
well  serve  to  unlock  the  understanding  of 
many  who  talk  glibly,  but  ignorantly, 
concerning  the  lack  of  thrift  among  the 
poor. 

The  period  which  elapses  between  this 
act  and  the  next,  when  Eliza  makes  an 
afternoon    call   on   Higgins's    mother,    is 
advisedly  left  undefined.     Her  pronuncia- 
tion     has      been      altered,     but     it     is 
now   almost    as   stilted   as   her    fund   of 
small   talk,    which    is   culled    from    such 
sources    as    the    meteorological    reports. 
As  soon,  however,  as  conversation   flows 
be3rond     the     weather,     she      astonishes 
the   assembled   company   by   the   use   of 
language    vividly    descriptive    of    occur- 
rences common  to  her  unreformed  pho- 
netic days  and  expletives  common,  thanks 
to  her  intimacy  with  the  Professor,  to  both 
periods  of  her  life.     One  expletive,  which 
many  men  share  with  the  so-called  lower 
class,  made  quite  a  successfid  stage  debut, 
though  a  young  lady  caller,  who  surmises 
she  has  been  treated  to  the  latest  Society 
phrase  and    repeats    the    adjective    when 
she    makes    her    exit,    appears    to    have 
shocked  at  least  one  of  our  sensitive  eon- 
temporaries.     We  admit  that  its  senseless 
repetition  has  often  annoyed   us,  but   we 
consider  Mr.  Shaw's  use  of  it  as  pointed 
as  was  that  of  the  bricklayer  who,  under 
different   conditions,   after   vainly   trying 
to  explain  the  idea  of  the  single  vote,  found 
that  the  only  way  to  the  comprehension 
of  his  mate  was  by  placing  the  adjective 
before    the    words     "  single     vote  "     and 
"  Bingle   man."     If  other  justification  for 
the    introduction     is    wanted,    it     may    be 
found    in    the    fact     that     it    enables     the 
a'-tors  to  give  8  revelation  of  their  character 
in   the   face    of    the    unusual,    which    they 
accomplish  to  the  life.     For  instance,  the 
"nut,     Freddy  Eynsford-Hill,  admirably 
acted    by    Mr.    Algernon    Greig,    whose 
hilarity  at    the    girl's   anachronisms    has 
been   hut    ill-concealed,   is  flabbergasted; 
while  Carlotta    Addison    as    his    mother, 
used    to    the     conventional     restrictions 
imposed  by  respectable  poverty,  shudders 


with  shocked  sensibility.  After  her  callers 
have  all  gone,  Higgins  s  mother,  recogniz- 
ing the  callous  and  ignorant*  selfishness  of 
the  male  in  pursuit  of  a  comparatively 
ephemeral  purpose,  gives  vent  to  her 
feelings  in  a  repeated  cry  of  "  Oh,  men  !  ;' 
which  conveys  a  far  more  real,  though 
severely  brief  invective. 

On  the  night  of  Eliza's  successful  im- 
personation of  a  duchess  Higgins  is  given 
the  chance  of  recognizing  that  he  is  dealing 
with  a  human  being,  and  not  a  mechanical 
toy.  Arriving  home  more  than  usually 
weary,  he  misses  one  of  Eliza's  numerous 
small  attentions,  and  brings  not  only  his 
slippers  hurtling  at  his  head  from  the 
hands  of  his  pupil,  but  also  some  plain 
speaking  as  to  the  dreariness  of  her  future 
outlook.  This  scene  will  no  doubt, 
during  the  run  of  the  piece,  afford 
Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  the  opportunity 
for  the  display  to  the  full  of  her  gift  for 
tragedy.  On  the  first  night  we  missed 
an  expected  intensity,  though  in  the  other 
phases  of  the  character  she  more  than 
fulfilled  our  expectations.  Eliza,  realiz- 
ing the  uselessness  of  expecting  recognition 
of  her  womanhood,  leaves  the  house,  and 
is  found  the  next  morning  at  the  house  of 
Higgins's  mother. 

Before  she  is  called  into  the  presence 
of  the  distraught  gentlemen  who  have 
followed  her  thither,  we  are  treated  to 
another  scene  with  the  dustman-father, 
so  well  played  by  Mr.  Edmund  Gurney. 
Transformed  and  greatly  inconvenienced 
by  the  possession  of  3,000/.  a  year,  he 
comes  to  accuse  Prof.  Higgins  of  being 
the  cause  of  his  having  been  made  the 
victim  of  a  middle-class  morality  which 
insists  upon  the  marriage  he  is  on  his 
way  to  take  a  principal's  part  in.  After  a 
long  life  governed  by  few  self-imposed 
restraints,  he  dreads  a  future  wherein  he 
is  in  turn  to  become  the  victim  of  the 
touching-for-money  process.  The  exposi- 
tion of  .Shavian  views  is  here  Mr.  Gurney's 
principal  purpose,  but  we  found  ourselves 
wishing  for  a  greater  retention  of  the 
diction  and  characteristics  which  gave 
so  inimitable  a  touch  to  his  first  appear- 
ance. 

Had  we  left  the  theatre  shortly  after 
the  reappearance  of  Eliza,  we  should  have 
saved  ourselves  from  listening  to  a  good 
deal  of  what  seemed  more  or  less  nieanhi"- 

■ 

less  dialogue  to  the  accompaniment  of 
(piite  meaningless  fist  thumping  on  the 
part  of  Sir  Herbert  Tree.  We  can  only 
hope  that  so  well  versed  an  actor  will 
agree  to  such  mollification  of  exuberance 
as   will   not   obscure   what    is    really  an 

admirable  character  study. 

Eliza's  future  is  left  uncertain,  Inn 
the  moral  of  the  play  is  contained  in  the 
Professor's  query,  "  !)<>  any  of  us  under- 
stand what  we  are  doing,  and  should  we  do 
it  if  we  did  ?"  At  leasl  Mr.  Shaw  trio 
to  help  us  to  understanding,  and  he  can 
hardly  he  blamed  it  most  of  the  playgoing 
public  prefer  the  retention  oi  their  own 
self-sufficiency. 


568 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4512,  April  18,   1914 


Dramatir  (Sossip. 

Geniality  is  the  effect  produced,  at  any 
rate  on  the  audience,  by  the  mixture  entitled 
'Potash  and  Perlmiitter,'  produced  at  the 
■Queen's  Theatre  last  Tuesday.  The  author, 
Mr.  Montague  Glass,  is  to  be  greatly  con- 
gratulated on  resuscitating  the  belief  that 
there  still  exists  a  large  public  which  wants 
light  amusement,  free  from  any  underlying 
innuendo.  The  protagonists  are  two  Jewish 
gentlemen,  partners  in  a  ladies'  clothing 
business.  The  soft  manner  of  the  one  and 
the  exterior  hardness  of  the  other  lead  to  a 
constant  bickering  which  is  quite  delightful, 
because  it  is  at  once  realized  that  nothing 
"will  ever  shake  the  real  respect  each  bears 
for  the  other. 

Those  accidents  which  happen  in  the  best 
regulated  office,  such  as  the  tout  gaining 
admission  to  the  partners,  and  being  mis- 
taken for  a  multi-millionaire,  add  to  the 
gaiety  of  the  piece.  The  pathos  is  just  as 
simply  obtained  by  portraying  the  conjugal 
love  of  one  partner,  and  the  other  partner's 
wooing  of  their  head  designer.  For  tragedy 
the  play  relies  on  the  arrest,  on  a  capital 
political  charge,  of  a  young  Russian  whom  the 
partners  have  befriended.  From  a  capable 
■cast  Madeline  Seymour  stands  out  as  the 
firm's  designer,  but  the  American  Yiddish 
lingo  and  actions  of  the  two  partners  as 
presented  by  Messrs.  Robert  Leonard  and 
Augustus  Yorke  are  the  greatest  attractions. 
The  piece  is  all  the  more  refreshing  in  that 
no  reliance  is  placed  on  intricacy  of  plot. 

We  reproduce  the  following  from  a  corre- 
spondent aged  8  : — 

"  The  play  that  is  being  performed  in  the  Little 
Theatre  in  London,  namely  '  Brer  Rabbit  and 
Mr.  Fox,'  is  very  attractive  to  children  of  ages 
■from  7  to  10.  Uncle  Remus  tells  the  story  very 
well.  Brer  Rabbit  is  also  very  good  ;  he  shows 
great  tact  for  his  riding,  because  he  rides  Mr.  Fox 
(who  is  always  on  the  watch  for  him)  to  the  frolic 
in  Brer  Rabbit's  wood  (the  frolic  has  been  ar- 
ranged by  Miss  Meadows,  who  is  one  of  the  village 
girls ).  The  dresses  are  very  good ;  they  have 
very  nice  and  gay  colours. 

"  In  the  first  scene  Uncle  Remus,  who  seems  full 
of  stories,  and  who  is  a  nigger,  explains  a  bit  of 
the  story  to  two  children,  who  sit  either  side  of 
him.  After  [he]  is  ended,  the  curtain  is  drawn  up, 
revealing  to  the  audience  Brer  Rabbit's  wood  ; 
the  rabbit's  burrow  is  at  the  back  of  the  stage,  it 
is  shaded  by  trees.  Brer  Rabbit  and  his  friend 
Brer  Fox  are  discovered  talking  together  to  the 
left  of  the  stage. 

"  Brer  Fox,  who  vows  he  will  make  a  rabbit  pie 
of  Brer  Rabbit,  gets  a  tar  baby,  which  he  sticks  up 
just  beside  the  rabbit  burrow;  this  is  because  he 
thinks  Brer  Rabbit  will  touch  this  baby,  and  so 
etick  to  the  tar  of  which  it  is  made.  Brer  Bear, 
who  is  rather  inquisitive,  touches  it,  and  imme- 
diately gets  stuck  by  his  paw,  but  Brer  Fox 
•rescues  ;  but  his  fur  is  suddenly  torn  away,  he 
whimpers  a  little  over  it,  but  not  for  long."  All 
then  go  off  into  the  wood.  Then  Brer  Rabbit 
■creeps  out  of  his  burrow  ;  he  has  long  ears,  brown 
fur  costume,  and  a  little  white  tail.  He  sees  the 
baby,  and  begins  to  talk  to  it  ;  of  course,  it  never 
speaks  ;  then  Brer  Rabbit  gets  angry  and  strikes, 
consequently  he  gets  stuck  by  the  arm  of  his  coat. 
Then  Brer  Fox  and  Brer  Bear  come  in  and 
begin  to  laugh  at  him  ;  they  decide  to  burn  the 
poor  rabbit,  but  his  kindred  come  out  of  the 
burrow  and  take  off  his  coat,  therefore  he  is 
released. 

"  At  the  biggening  of  each  scene  Uncle  Remus 
[tells]  a  little  of  the  story ;  after  he  has  finished  in 
Scene  If.,  the  curtain  is  drawn  up,  revealing  out- 
side the  house  of  Mr.  Man  (Mr.  Man  is  a  nigger 
who  lives  in  the  wood).  Miss  Duck  is  discovered 
washing  clothes  just  outside  the  house;  she  has  a 
white  head,  large  Happy  wings,  and  a  checked 
apron. 

"  Jeanne  (who  is  Mr.  Man's  daughter)  is  looking 
out  of  the  window.  Just  then  Brer  Rabbit  enters  ; 
he  tells  Miss  Goose  that  she  better  roost  high  that 
evening,  because  Brer  Fox  whicjcs  [!]  to  eat  her. 
So  Miss  Goose  climbs  a  tree  with  the  aid  of  Brer 
Rabbit,  who  had  been  talking  to  her  when  Brer 
Bear  entered.  Just  then  they  hear  Mr.  Man 
corning  home,  so  Brer    Bear   goes    off    into    the 


wood,  and  Brer  Rabbit  hides  himself  by  the  side 
of  the  house. 

"  The  scenery  is  very  good,  but  I  think  the 
human  faces  could  be  more  completely  hidden 
under  the  animal  masks  than  they  are." 

The  manuscript  is  evidently  disjointed 
and  fragmentary  ;  there  is  much  more 
of  it,  but  we  have  quoted  sufficient  to  show 
not  only  that  Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer  can 
interest  her  audience  while  in  the  theatre, 
but  also  that  the  interest  remains  after- 
wards. We  fully  endorse  the  praise  of 
Mr.  Frank  G.  Dunn  as  Uncle  Remus,  and 
Fvelyn  Althaus  as  Sindy  Ann  was  most  satis- 
factory ;  but  the  manner  of  Mr.  Hayden  Coffin, 
though  reminiscent  of  bygone  nautical  parts 
in  light  opera,  appeared  to  us  out  of  place, 
and  we  fear  he  was  suffering  from  loss  of 
voice.  The  general  effect  was  most  com- 
mendable, and  the  music  and  dancing 
excellent.  More  than  a  score  of  animals 
and  human  creatures  unite  to  please  young 
and  old.  The  antics  of  the  former  might  be 
increased.  Mother  Goose's  waddling  to 
and  fro  and  terrified  cackling  in  the  face 
of  danger  were  highly  effective. 

The  idea  of  a  Matinee  Holiday  Season 
has  our  warmest  support,  and  the  present 
writer  would  rather  spend  an  afternoon  with 
a  child  at  the  Little  Theatre  than  at  any 
other  entertainment  in  London. 

A  new  one-act  play,  '  Kinship,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Bernard  MacCarthy,  was  produced  last  week 
at  the  Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin,  by  the  new 
company,  and  was  followed  by  Lady  Gre- 
gory's amusing  adaptation  of  Goldoni's 
comedy  '  Mirandolina,'  in  which  Miss  Carleen 
Shedden  acted  with  vivacity  in  the  title-part. 

Two  new  plays  by  Miss  Annie  Lloyd  and 
Mr.  Cruise  O'Brien  were  also  given  last 
week  at  the  Abbey  Theatre  by  an  amateur 
company.  '  Candidates.'  by  Mr.  O'Brien,  is 
an  entertaining  comedy  of  the  humours  of  an 
Irish  election  ;  while  Miss  Lloyd's  play,  '  A 
Question  of  Honour,'  showed  considerable 
talent  in  the  handling  of  a  difficult  situation. 
Both  plays  were  excellently  staged  and 
acted. 

At  the  National  Union  of  Teachers' 
Conference  at  Lowestoft,  which  we  notice 
in  another  column,  great  success  attended 
the  display  of  a  kinematograph  film 
showing  Dr.  Montessori  teaching  in  one 
of  her  well-known  "  Children's  Houses  " 
in  Rome.  Special  matinees  were  arranged 
by  Messrs.  Heinemann,  the  publishers,  and 
Messrs.  Philip  &  Tacey,  manufacturers  of 
the  Montessori  apparatus.  In  addition  to 
the  film,  a  short  account  of  the  system  was 
given. 

M.  Andre  Antoine  has  resigned  the  post 
of  Directeur  of  the  Odeon.  The  reasons  for 
this  decision  are  numerous  ;  but  the  chief 
seems  to  be  that  M.  Antoine  fell  a  victim 
to  his  too  scrupulous  artistic  conceptions. 
He  maintained  the  principle  that  a  play, 
however  short  its  run,  should  be  produced 
with  the  greatest  luxury  of  costume  and 
scenery  ;  and  he  gave  an  average  of  more 
than  forty  plays  a  year,  some  of  them  being 
performed  only  once  or  twice.  For  the  last 
year  or  two  he  struggled  with  difficulties 
which  can  easily  be  imagined,  and  quite 
lately  the  Minister  for  Fine  Arts  had  to  help 
by  granting  him  an  additional  subsidy  of 
5,0001.  But  this  proved  insufficient,  the 
liabilities  a.mounting  to  12,000Z.  It  is 
hoped  that  the  Government  will  find  a  way 
to  save  M.  Antoine  from  the  disgrace  of 
being  declared  insolvent. 


To  Correspondents. — I.  T.— H.  W.  K.— F.  J.  H.  D.— 
C.  C.  S.— J.  C.  H.— Received. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  570.] 


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Authors'  Agents        542 

Blackie  &  Son             '.'.  "542 

BOEHNER "  "   542 

Catalogues         \\  "  570 

Dent  &  Sons       "  .!  569 

Educational       \\  \'  541 

Exhibitions        ..  '"  '    541 

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THE    A  T  H  E  N  M U  M 


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MARTIN  SEGKER'S  SERIES 
OF      CRITICAL      STUDIES 

WALT     WHITMAN 

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1      ''      ,  '-■    -     %HT  In  the  Irish  An-.iquities 

■      Airplications  for  nomination  to  soomnta  at 

n   f,,r  this   post   •hoillil    l>e   Slid  I— Sid    to   THE 


KETAHY.  In  re  and  Technical  InstrnrUoD, 

'     I  m   whom  forms  of  application 

and    further    particulars    can    l«    obtained.      The    latest    date    for 
mg  applications  is  MAY  11. 
Apri. 


G 


LASGOW 


ATHEN.KUM 

COLLEGE. 


COMMERCIAL 


(Constituted  a  Central  Institution  under  the  Scotch 
Education  Department.) 

LECTURER  IN   FRENCH. 

Applications  are  invited  from  Gentlemen  qualified  for  the  above 
post,  vacant  through  the  death  of  M.  Robert-Tissot,  M.A.  (Oxon.). 

The  classes  meet  in  the  Afternoon  and  Evening  from  September 
to  April,  thus  giving  opportunity  for  Private  Teaching  as  approved 
by  the  Couucil. 

Minimum  salary  3007.  per  annum. 

Applicants  must  have  teaching  experience  and  a  University 
degree. 

Canvassing,  either  direct  or  indirect,  will  be  a  disqualification. 

Forms  of  application  and  memorandum  of  particulars  regarding 
the  post  may  he  obtained  from  GEORGE  P.  LAIDLAW,  XI. A.  B.Sc, 
Director  of  Studies. 

Forms  must  be  returned  along  with  one  copy  of  three  recent 
testimonials  not  later  than  FRIDAY,  May  8. 

STUART  S.  FORSYTH,  Secretary. 
St.  George's  Place.  Glasgow. 


u 


NIVERSITY        OF         DUBLIN. 


TRINITY  COLLEGE. 

REID   PROFESSORSHIP  OF  PENAL  LEGISLATION. 

CONSTITUTIONAL    AND    CRIMINAL    LAW    AND    THE 

LAW    OF    EVIDENCE. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  Reid  Trust,  an  Examination  for  the 
above  Professorship  will  be  held  in  Trinity  College  on  JUNE  !),  1914, 
and  Two  Following  Days. 

The  Programme  of  the  Examination,  and  information  as  to  the 
conditions  of  tenure,  duties,  and  salary  of  the  office,  can  be  obtained 
on  application  to  THE  REGISTRAR,  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 


B 


RE WOOD      GRAMMAR 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 


SCHOOL, 


A  HEAD  MA8TER  is  REQUIRED  for  the  above  School,  to  enter 
upon  his  duties  after  the  Summer  Vacation.  8alary  200i.,  with  capitation 
fees,  amounting  to  10"!.  for  the  year  1913.  Accommodation  for  thirty- 
five  Boarders  in  the  Head  Master's  Hou6e.  The  School  is  in  receipt 
of  grants  from  the  Board  of  Education.  There  is  an  agricultural  side, 
maintained  by  special  grants  from  the  Staffordshire  County  Council, 
great  importance  being  attached  to  its  efficiency.  Candidates  must  be 
Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Applications, 
accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent  testimonials, 
and.  if  desired,  the  names  of  referees,  must  be  received,  on  or  before 
MAY'  15  next,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars 
can  be  obtained. 

FREDERICK  T.  LANGLEY,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

79,  Darlington  Street,  Wolverhampton. 
April  21, 1914. 


WATFORD    BOYS'    GRAMMAR    SCHOOL. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 

The  Governors  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of  HEAD 
MASTER  of  the  WATFORD  BOYS'  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  (a 
Secondary  Day  School).  Salary  ."lOOt..  rising  by  251.  a  year  to  MOi. 
The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  take  up  duties  on 
SEPTEMBER  14.  1914. 

Applicants  must  be  between  the  ages  of  27  and  40.  and  must  be 
Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  present  number  of  Scholars  is  310. 

Full  particulars  of  the  appointment  and  printed  form  of  applica- 
tion, which  alone  can  be  received,  may  be  obtained  from  the  under- 
signed on  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope. 

Application  forms  to  be  returned  not  later  than  MAY  30,  1914. 

Canvassing  a  disqualification. 

FREDERICK  WILSON,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Watford  Place,  Watford,  April  24,  1914. 


K 


ENT    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


GRAVESEND  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 
HEAD  MISTRESS  REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  for  the  new 
County  School  Ithe  present  mixed  School  will  be  divided  into  two 
separate  Schools).  Candidates  must  be  Graduates  of  a  Briti«)i 
University,  and  experienced  in  Secondary  School  woi  k.  Initial 
salary  not  less  than  200i.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications  and 
experience,  with  increments  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's 
scale. 

Forms  of  application  and  scale  of  salaries  may  lie  obtained  from 
Mr.  J.  A  STIRTON,  Technical  Institute,  Gravcsend.  to  whom 
applications  should  lie  sent  not  later  than  noon  on  MAY  18,  1914. 
Canvassing  will  tie  considered  a  disqualification 

By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

ERAS    W    CROOK,  Secretary. 
Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  April  14,  1914. 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 


ASHFoRD  LOCAL  HIGHER  Klil'CATI'iN    SC  I;  CUM  MITTEE. 
i  :.  i  |  m  HOOl   KM  girls,  asiikhrd. 

WANTED       IMMEDIATELY.       in       ASSISTANT       MISTRESS. 
,lly  qualified    In    Fren -b      Mathematics  »nd  gencial    Krmli-li 
Ixiui-r  Forms  a  recommendation,    Go<,.|  sxportenos  and 
traiiii'  il     Initial  snJary  1«I.  per  annum,  rising,  subji 

►atndm  tori  mi  i  li  I,  by  annual  Increments  to  i  ■•  ■'  per  annum 
Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  from  Mr    W    ■)    BPICIR, 
■    I     i,    Btreel    Ashford,  and   should   he  c  mpleted  and  returned, 
,.r   with    tlim-    n  !-.   «"  "'"in   »»  poaalhle  l 

•  • ...  Mi--  DA\  KY.  at  i  on  Is  too,  i  ollejs  Road,  Ulswottb, 
Mlddli 

Canvassing  will  Ik-  considered  a  dl»qii«llficallnn- 
Bj  Order  of  the  Comm 

i  it  «.s   \v   (  ROOK,  Si.i.tsry. 
Sessions  House.  Maidstone.  April  II,  1914. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  «5y  p'ost^  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

The  Publishers  will  be  much  obliged  to 
any  reader  who  will  acquaint  them  with 
any  difficulty  that  may  be  experienced  in 
obtaining  copies  of  the  paper. 

THE  ATHENiEUM  is  published  on 
FRIDAY  MORNING  at  8.30. 


/BOUNTY    BOROUGH    OF    SUNDERLAND. 

BEDE  COLLEGIATE  GIRLS'  80HOOL. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  M.  F.  BOON.  M.A. 
WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER,  a  SCIENCE  MISTRESS  (Chemistry. 
Elementary  Science,  Botany).  An  Honours  Degree  or  its  equivalent 
and  good  Secondary  School  experience  essential.  Needlework  a 
recommendation.  Salary  100Z.  to  I  BO  J.  according  to  scale;  initial 
amount  dependent  on  qualifications. 

Application  form,  which  should  be  returned  not  later  than  MAY'  19, 
and  salary  scale  obtainable  on  sending  stamped  addressed  envelope 
to  the  undersigned.  HERBERT   REED,  Secretary. 

Education  Department.  IS,  John  Street,  Sunderland. 
April,  1914. 


MANCHESTER  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

WANTED,  for  8EPTEMBER,  TWO  ASSISTANT  MISTRESSES 
who  must  lie  College  Women.  Salary  according  to  scale.  Pension 
Fund.     Posts  vacant  are:— 

1.  Mathematical  Specialist  to  prepare  for  College  Scholarship 
Examinations      High  Honour  Degree  essential 

2-  Junior  Geography  Mistress.  Must  also  be  qualified  to  teach 
either  Mathematics,  English,  or  French. 

Apply  to  THE  HEAD  MISTRESS  before  Whitsuntide. 


LONDON  TRAVELLER  WANTED  by  firm 
of  Publishers.  Commission  and  small  weekly  salary.  Good 
opening  for  energetic  and  experienced  man.— Apply  by  letter  to 
PUBLISHERS,  care  of  Pool's,  92,  Fleet  Street,  EC. 


Mi&ttlla.ntau&. 

SERIAL  FICTION  WANTED.  — Editor  of 
Popular  Periodicals  desires  Serial  Stories.  Must  make  a  ready 
appeal  to  Women  readers,  be  strong  in  pathos  and  love  interest,  rapid 
in  action,  abundant  in  incident,  and  told  largely  in  dialogue.  Length 
from  60.000  to  80  000  words.— Apply  H.care  of  W.  W.  Smiles  A  to., 
Norwich  House,  Southampton  Street.  W  C. 

COMPOSERS  and  SONG-WRITERS.— To  place 

\J  your  work  advantageouslv  send  it  to  the  CAMBRIDGE  MUSIC 
AGENCY,  the  recognized  medium  between  Publishers.  Composers, 
and  Singers.  Prospectus  free. -8,  Henrietta  Street,  W.C.  Phone. 
1648  Gerrard. 


LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Typewriting  -A.  II  ,  Box  I0S9,  Athenaeum  Press. 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London.  E.G. 


T>ARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 

I\  countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Ab<>  Collections  or  Singlo 
Bpedmens  PURCHASED  at  the  BaWT  MARKKT  PRICES  for 
Cash  SI'INK  A  snN.  Ltd..  Medallists  to  II  M  th<  Kin*.  I ;  and  is, 
Piccadilly.  London.  W.  (close  to  Ploondlllj  I 'ncusl. 


JUttljors'  ^0nits. 

THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  arc  prepared  to 
consider  and  plane  MBS  i-i  early  publloatlon     utanr*  i 

all   kinds  di  ilt    nub    b]   SIperti    Who   plaM    Aiithms'   interest   first. 
Twenty  years'  experience     i  Clemen t'l  Inn.  w, 


printers. 


ATHEN.KCM     PRES8.— JOHN     EDWARD 
FRANCIS   Printer  of  the  /tfAeno"        '         and  OsMrtse>  Aft.  li 
C.MI'I    EHTIMATESf.il   all  km, I.  of   liniiK.   NEWS, 
and    PERIOD"!  AL     I'UIVII.M,  -U,  " 
1  I    I 


kinds  oi  BOOK, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery 


574 


T  H  E    A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


^akr.  bn  Ruction. 

7'I/tf  JOi/iV  ELIOT  110DGK1S  COLLECTIONS. 

The  famous  Collections  formed  bq  that  well-known  Antiquary 
and  Collector,  the  late  J  J  UN  ELIOT  UOOGKIN,  Esq., 
F.S.A.  F.R.Uist  S  (sold  by  Order  of  the  Executors). 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.O.,  each  Sale  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely:  — 
On  MONDAY,  April  27,  and  the  Following  Day, 

THE  TRADE  CARDS,  BOOK-PLATES,  BROADSIDES, 
&c,  including  a  large  Collection  of  French  Book-Plates,  embodying 
thesuptrb  Collection  of  the  MARQUIS  DE  110/ IE  KE3,  and  many 
important  examples  from  the  Collection  of  the  late  BARON  JEROME 
PICHuN,  &c. 

On    TUESDAY.    May    12.    and    Three     Following    Days,    and    on 
MONDAY,  May  IS,  and  Following  Day,  the 
LIBRARY. 
Each  Portion  of  the  Collection  will  be  on  view  two  days  prior  to  the 
Sale.     Catalogues  of  each  Portion  may  be  had.     Illustrated   Copies, 
price  Is.  each,  for  the  Trade  Cards,  and  2s.  6<(.  each  for  the  Library. 

Ancient  and  Modern  Pictures  and  Drawings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  April  29.  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cis ly.  ANCIENT  and  MODERN  PICTURED  and  DRAWINGS,  in 
Water-Colours  and  Pastel,  including  the  Property  of  LORD 
GLANUSK;  the  Property  of  MAJOR-GENERAL  STERLING,  of 
249,  Knightsbridge,  S.W.;  the  Property  of  LORD  BRAY E.  and  other 
Properties. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
Copies,  containing  2  Plates,  price  Is.  each. 

Autograph  Letters  and  Historical  Documents. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street.  8trand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  April  30,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  oclck  precisely.  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  and  HISTORICAL 
DOCUMENT-*,  the  Property  of  Mrs.  8CHLOESSER,  Admiral  J.  A. 
BAKER  of  the  Dell,  Malvern  Wells,  and  other  Pr opeities. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Modern  Etchings,  Engravings,  Draivings,  and  Lithographs. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  FRIDAY,  May  1,  and  MONDAY,  May  4, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  MODERN  ETCHINGS,  ENGRAVINGS, 
DRAWINGS,  and  LITHOGRAPHS,  comprising  the  Property  of  the 
late  ARTHUR  BAKER,  Esq.  (sold  by  order  of  the  Executors),  and 
other  Properties. 

May  be  viewed  two  davs  prior.  Catalogues  may  be  had.  Illustrated 
Copies,  containing  Two  Plates,  price  Is.  each. 

Valuable  Books,  including  Libraries  removed  from 
Devonshire  and  Yorkshire. 

PUTTIUK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY, 
April  30,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock 
precisfly,  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  the  above  Libraries,  com 
prising  a  Collection  of  Works  on  Dancing -Set  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  and  Archaeologia— Chamberlaine's  Imitations  of  Original 
Drawings  by  Holbein,  First  Edition  — Books  with  Coloured  Plates  and 
Sporting  Books,  including  the  Dance  of  Life,  Life  in  London, 
Analysis  of  the  Hunting  Field,  Gambado,  &c  — First  and  Standard 
Library  Editions,  Medical  Works,  and  Books  in  all  branches  of 
Literature. 

Engravings,  including  the  Property  of  the  late  W.  H. 
Taylor,  Esq  ,  of  Gravelly  Hill,  Birmingham  (sold  by  Order 
of  the  Executors). 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House, 47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY',  May  1, 
at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS,  com- 
prising Fancy  Subjects,  Portraits.  &c,  the  Property  of  a  NOBLE- 
MAN ;  Caricatures,  Naval  and  Military  Subjects,  Sporting,  Hunting, 
and  Coaching  Incidents,  the  Collection  of  Topography  formed  by  the 
late  W.  H.  TAYLOR,  Esq.,  of  Gravelly  Hill,  Birmingham  (sold  by 
Order  of  the  Executors)  ;  Water-colour  Drawings,  the  Property  of  a 
LADY,  removed  from  North  London,  and  Modern  Etchings  and 
Engravings. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square:— 

On  MONDAY,  April  27,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 

the  REMAINING  WORKS  of  the  late  J.  H.  F.  BACON,  Esq.,  A.R.A. 
M.V.O.,  and  PICTURES  from  other  sources. 

On  MONDAY,  April  27,  at  2  o'clock  precisely, 

the  CELLAR  of  WINES  of  WILLIAM  JAMES,  Esq.,  deceased,  late 
of  West  Dean  Park,  Chichester. 

On  TUESDAY,  April  28,  and  Following  Day, 

at  1  o'clock  precisely.  OLD  ENGLISH,  CONTINENTAL  and 
ORIENTAL  PORCELAIN  from  various  sources,  and  PERSIAN 
FAIENCE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On  THURSDAY,  April  30,  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, old  ENGLISH  SILVER  PLATE,  the  Property  of  the  late 
PAUL  BUTLER,  Esq.,  and  from  various  sources. 

On   FRIDAY,    May   1,    at    1    o'clock   precisely, 

MODERN  PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late 
Mrs  COTTIER. 

Twelve  Days'  .Sale. 
FAWSLEY  PARK,   DAVKSTRY,  NORTHAMPTON- 
SHIRE. 

1$  miles  from   Charwelton,  5  miles  from   Woodford  station 
(Great  Central  Railivay). 

MESSRS.  CHANCELLOR  &  SONS  will  SELL 
by   AUCTION,  on   the  Premises,  at  1  o'clock  each  day,  the 
whole  of  the  contents  of  this  Historic  \\  Mansion,  iucluding 

THE    WELL-KNOWN    LIBRARY, 
containing  about  10.000  volumes,  including  mmy  nre  folio   works, 
illustrated. 

FlFrKENPH.SIXTEENTH.&SEVEVrEENTH-CENTURYB  >OK9 
Old  Manuscripts  Coloured  and  other  Engravings  and  Colour  Prints 
by  Bartolozzi  Banbury,  J  R.  Smith  Cruik6hank,  Hodgetts.  Rey- 
nolds. J.  G.  Murray,  linjiire,  Dunkeiton,  Laudseer,  W.  Dickenson, 
S.  Cousins,  W.  Ward   &c  ,  Rowlandson.  Cries  of  London. 

On  view  April  30.  May  1  and  2  Catalogues  at  the  Mansion  and  of 
the  Auctioneers.  Estate  Offices,  Staines,  Middlesex;  Ascot  and 
Sunmngdale,  Berks 


Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUOTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  L?ne,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  April  29,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock, 
VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  a  Library  removed  from  an  oil 
Country  House,  and  other  Properties,  comprising  Incunabula,  and 
rare  Eirly  Printed  Books,  Ben  Jonson's  Works,  2  vols.,  1616-31,  Pyne's 
Horace,  First  Dsue,  2  vols.,  1733.  The  Baskerville  Press  Addison,  &c  , 
6  vols.,  Pennant's  London,  with  Harding's  Portraits,  old  morocco 
extra,  1814,  and  other  Topographical  and  Autiquarian  Books,  many  in 
morocco  and  calf  bindings  — Booth's  Rough  Notes  on  British  Birds, 
3  vols.,  and  other  Ornithological  Works  — Eden's  State  of  the  Poor, 
3  vols.,  1797-Daniell  and  Ward's  Views  in  Hindostan,  1803.  and  other 
Books  with  Coloured  Plates— Surtecs'  Analysis  of  the  Hunting  Field, 
First  Edition,  1846 -First  Editions  of  Oscar  Wilde  and  other  Modern 
Authors— Standard  Works  in  General  Literature,  &c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


Rare  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY.  May  13,  and  Two  Following  Days,  A  LIBRARY 
FORMED  DURING  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  NINETEENTH 
CENTURY  (the  Property  of  a  LADY),  comprising  Fine  Folio  Archi- 
tectural and  Antiquarian  RookB— Quarto  Booksof  Travel,  some  with 
Coloured  Plates  — Bacon's  Works,  by  Basil  Montagu.  17  vols —Sets  of 
Spenser,  Shakespeare,  Pope.  Congreve  and  Addison  (Baskerville 
Editions),  Defoe,  Sterne,  &c.  —  The  Elzevir  Virgil,  and  other 
Editions  of  the  Classics— Grammont's  Memoirs,  with  Portraits, 
3  vols.,  and  other  Court  Memoirs  by  Walpole,  Buckingham,  &c,  in  the 
original  cloth— Books  on  the  French  Revolution  and  Napoleon, 
including  the  Table  Alphabetique  du  Moniteur  with  the  Portraits  by 
Levachez,  6  vols.,  and  others  in  Euglish  and  French— French  Illus- 
trated Books,  and  Sets  of  the  Writings  of  Le  Sage,  Rousseau,  Saint 
Simon.  &c,  the  whole  in  fine  condition  and  many  in  contemporary 
calf,  russia.  or  morocco  bindings ;  also  rare  First  Editions  of  Modern 
Authors,  &'■ 

Catalogues  on  application. 


A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES.PL AYS, 

i\  ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road,  Harrow. 


T^YPE-WRITING,      SHORTHAND,     and     all 

I  SECRETARIAL  WORK.-Mrs.  WALKER,  113,  Elm  Park 
Mansions,  Chelsea.  Telephone :  5128  Ken.  Hours  :  10-1  and  2-5, 
Saturdays  excepted.    Apply  Price  List. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate (Classical  Tripos,  Girton  College,  Cambridge ;  Intermediate 
Arts.  London)  Research,  Revision,  fhorthand.— CAMBRIDGE 
TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  5,  DUKE  STREET,  ADELPHI,  W.C. 
Telephone :  2308  City. 


MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  9d.  per   1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  3d.   References  to  well-known  Authors.   Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M.  KING,  24,  Forest  Road,  Kew  Gardens,  S.W. 

A  UTHORS' MSS.  accurately  TYPE- WRITTEN. 

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THE     ATHENE  II  M 


577 


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CONTENTS.  r.viu? 

MODERN  Poetkv  (The  Horns  of  Taurus;   The  Sea  ta 
Kiiul  :   The  Two  Blind  Countries  ;   New  Numbers) 

577 

Mkmco,  tiik  Wosdkki  im>  ok  the  Soi  in    ..  B78 

Mr.  Strket's  Hssays 578 

tbs  fourfold  gospi1 •''"'•, 

JOHH  Edward  Kllis  580 

Franciscan  Studies 5*1 

Greece  01  the  Hellenes o 

The  Philistines        ..        _        &S- 

Ll'THF.R 5S2 

Canadian  addresses         583 

Trials  and  PlbaSURBS  OF  an   I'm  omim.eted  Ten  r    5S3 
Fiction  (The  Highway  to  Happiness;    The   Ragged 

Trousered  Philanthropists) 581 

Books  Published  this  week  (English,  5S5  ;  Foreign, 

538)        585—588 

Another  Dkbt  OF  John  Shakespeare;    Change- 
LINGS  HY  BlOjUEST;  Holiday  (Poem  by  Frederick 

Riven);    Herod's  Temple 588 

Literary  Gossip       5S9 

Biology   in  Relation  to   Education,  Lech  re  I. 

590—596 
science— Antarctic  Penc.cins  ;  The  Respiratory 
Function  ok  the  Blood  ;  Geology  (structural 
Geology;  Waves  of  Sand  and  Snow) ;  Electricity 
and  Physics  (Photo-Electricity;  A  Text-Book 
of  Phy.-ics) ;  NATURAL  Law  in  Science  and 
Philosophy;   Gossip;   Meetings  Next  Week 

596-599 
Fine  Arts  — The  Bronze  Age  in  Ireland; 
Oriental  Rugs  ;  International  Society's 
Spring  EXHIBITION;  The  Goupil  Gallery; 
Other  Exhibitions;  sales  ;  Gossip  ..  599—602 
Music— Beethoven  Pistital  at  Quern's  Hall; 
The  Torquay  Festival;  Gossip;  Perform- 
ances Next  Week        602-603 

Drama— My  Lady's  Dress:  The  Mob;  Gossip    603—604 
Index  to  Advertisers       604 


LITERATURE 


MODERN    POETRY. 

Mr.  Fairfax,  whose  former  work  we 
welcomed  as  above  the  ordinary,  has 
followed  it  up  with '  The  Horns  of  Taurus.' 
To  detect  and  visualize  underlying  signi- 
ficances in  Nature — as  that  word  is  gener- 
ally understood  by  those  whose  profession 
is  to  write,  not  poetry,  but  merely  about 
it — to  say  something  new  of  a  sunset, 
something  individual  about  the  sea  or  the 
stars,  is  to  prove  the  sayer  a  poet — and  a 
p  «et  of  potentialities.  It  is  also  proof 
that  such  a  one  should  not  limit  himself 
to.  these  and  kindred  commonplaces,  nor 
should    he    indulge    overmuch    in    that 

personification  of  abstract,  ideas" — 
L  i .  •  Death,  Life.  Laughter,  and  the 
rest — which  Wordsworth  "  utterly  re- 
jected "' — perhaps  on  grounds  hardly  ade- 
quate— "'  as  an  ordinary  device  to  elevate 
the  style."  The  singer  who  can  sin^  thus 
well  can  also  Bing  better  and  to  more 
serious  purpose. 

The  author  can  deal  with  sunsets  and 

i  in  the  manner  indicated;  bu1  Ins 

new  volume  carries  with  it  a  certain  Bense 

Homs    »i    Taurus.     By    J.     Griffyth 
Fairfax.     (Smith,  Elder*  Co.,  3*.  <W.  net.) 
a    is    Kind.     By   T.    Sturge    .Moore. 
(Granl  Richards,  to.  net.) 

7    o   Blind  Countries.     By   Rose  Mac- 

aulay.     (Sidgwick  <v  Jackson,  2s.  Od.  net.) 

New   Numbers.     V6L    I.    No.    I.     Februaryi 

1914.   (Ryton,  Dj  mock,  Gloucester, 2*.  6d.l 

7f.   (!'/.  ;.early.) 


of   disappointment   in    that   his   poetical 

horizon  does  not  seem  to  have  appreciably 

widened. 

With  few  exceptions,  his  inspirations 
are  conventional,  delicately,  even  delight- 
fully expressed,  but  bearing  on  the  surface 
too  close  a  kinship  to  the  stock  inspiration 
of  minor  verse.  His  lyrics  are  dainty 
(rilles — but  trifles,  and  these  are  un- 
satisfying when  we  feel,  in  the  background. 
the  capacity  for  higher  things.  Word- 
pictures,  sensitive  and  noteworthy,  are 
abundant,  such  as  : — 

Counting  those  stars  the  spider  Night  bad  caught 
In  the  grey  \veh  she  weave! h  of  her  skill  ; 

or  : — 

A  splendid  city,  like  a  splendid  ship. 

With  all  sail  set  against  a  western  Sun, 
Drives  where  t  he  gray  plains  lean  and  lift  and  dip, 

And  where  the  sea-winds  chase,  long  shadows 
run. 

Such  a  pleasant  piece  of  lightsomeness  as 
'  A  Little  Song  of  Compensations,' 

Would  you  were  wise  as  you  are  sweet, 

O  little  lips  that  smile  so  much, 
Have  such  soft  kisses  to  repeat 

And  mean  so  little  !     Being  such, 
To  blame  the  lightness  of  your  touch 

Were  captious,  dear,  and  indiscreet, 
For  Wisdom's  lips  smile  not  so  much, 

And  wise,  you  would  not  be  so  sweet, 

indicates  the  line  of  least  resistance 
which  Mr.  Fairfax  seems  to  have  chosen 
for  his  muse.  The  poem  called  '  Deirdre,' 
from  the  selection  from  '  The  Troubled 
Pool,'  which  forms  the  second  section  of 
the  book,  suggests,  however,  a  sterner 
power  which  courts  development.  We 
cpiote  it  in  full : — 

There  is  death  beyond  in  the  darkness. 

If  is  feet  move  on  the  wind, 
A  deep  grave  dug  in  the  darkness, 

Death  before  and  behind. 

Soon  shall  the  golden  liair  be  rusted, 
The  red  lips  pale  wherefore  they  lusted, 
And  the  bright  eyes  be  blind. 

Long  after,  when  all  these  lie  sleeping, 
Shall  their  tale  be  told  over,  weeping, 
And  their  ways  wake  to  mind. 

There  is  life  beyond  even  darkness, 
His  wings  heat  up  the  wind  ; 

Love  and  light  beyond  the  darkness, 
Before  death  and  behind. 

Mr.  Sturge  Moore's  volume, '  The  Sea  is 
Kind,'  contains  several  poems  from  '  The 
Vinedresser '  and  '  The  Little  School ' 
which  did  not  find  a  place  in  Mr.  Sturge 
Moore's  Collected  Poems'  (1906),  with 
some  that  have  not  appeared  in  book-form 
before. 

On  the  whole,  '  The  Sea  is  Kind'  presents 
its  author  as  a  poet  of  far  more  moods  than 
'  Collected  Poems."  The  earlier  volume 
was  entirely  dominated  by  a  single  set  of 
ideas.  It  employed  the  wilder  products 
of  Greek  mythology,  surrounding  them 
with  a  tissue  woven  of  sensuous  elements. 
At  times  a  gnarled  harshness  appeared  to 
creep  into  the  expression,  but  on  examina- 
tion the  unsightly  protuberances  would 
discover  themselves  as  condensed  and 
pregnant  metaphors.  From  the  more 
recent  poems  of  Mr.  Sturge  Moore  these 
characteristics  are  by  no  means  absent, 

but    new    notes   are   audible    in    his   BOngS. 

Thus  'Judith,1  to  take  .hi  extreme  instance, 
is  a  ballad  as  far  removed  in  mood 
from  '  The  Centaur's  Booty'  or  '  Theseue 


Medea,    and     Lyrics  '    as    is    well    possible. 
It  begins  : — 

Wh.il  have  you  in  your  apron  wrapped  ? 

Four  face  is  fell  with  fright  ; 
^  our  shadow  hurries  to  catch  you  up, 

A.  ross  i  lie  blank  moonlight. 

Why  is  your  maid  BO  white  and  w.m  ? 
What   makes  her  BO  alert  ? 

Why  with  her  hands  dues  she  fumble  thus 
And  w  i|>'-  I  hem  en  her  skirt  ? 

The  atmosphere  is  made  tense  by  several 
stanzas  of  such  interrogative  description 
before  the  climax  is  reached  with  the 
production  of  the  head  of  Holof ernes. 
The  last  two  stanzas,  in  our  opinion,  suffer 
slightly  through  the  abandonment  of  the 
stark  and  simple  language  of  the  rest  of 
the  poem. 

The  poems  from  '  The  Little  School 
also  are  an  agreeable  set-off  to  those  in 
Mr.  Sturge  Moore's  neo-classic  manner,  and 
will  be  the  more  appreciated  as  the  little 
volume  in  beautiful  Eragny  Press  type,  in 
which  they  originally  appeared,  has  been 
out  of  print,  we  believe,  for  some  years. 
'  Nursery  Enactments,'  '  Shoes  and  Stock- 
ings Off,'  and  the  two  '  Lullabys'  are  of 
great  beauty,  but  it  is  not  altogether  a 
childlike  beauty;  rather  is  it  what  an  artist 
might  imagine  about  a  child's  feelings  than 
a  child  might  feel  for  itself.  Beauty,  too. 
of  a  serene  and  lofty  type  belongs  to  the 
sonnet  sequence  '  The  Deed,'  and,  of  a  less 
restricted  quality,  to  '  The  Phantom  of  a 
Rose,'  an  imaginative  little  essay,  warm 
with  an  exuberant  vitality,  on  Nijinsky's 
dance  in  '  Le  Spectre  de  la  Rose.'  It  has 
not  been  given  to  many  living  poets  to 
achieve  such  success  in  such  diverse 
strains.  But,  after  all,  it  is  for  subjects 
suggested  by  Greek  legend  and  poetry  that 
Mr.  Sturge  Moore  seems  to  care  most. 
The  dialogues  between  Menalcas  and 
Eucritos,  telling  the  tale  of  a  sea-nymph 
come  to  earth,  show  the  author  at  his  best. 
On  these  he  has  lavished  his  jewels. 

Miss  Rose  Maeaulay's  slender  volume 
of  elusive  poetry,  which  she  calls  The 
Two  Blind  Countries,'  is  happily  named. 
In  suggesting  that  her  title  stands  for 
Imagination  and  Reality,  we  interpret 
somewhat  crudely  a  message  which  is 
wrapped  and  hidden  and  furtive.  Bui 
little  less  than  this  will  emerge  to  the 
sympathetic  sense.  Most  men  and  women 
must  be  conscious,  when  they  think  at 
all.  of  an  alienation  from  the  materialistic 
concept  of  existence  to  which  the  work-a- 
day  world  as  a  whole  seems  committed. 
Take  the  casual  examples  of  a  stock- 
broker dreaming  in  his  garden,  or  a 
publisher    drowning     business     cares — not 

to    suggest     remorse — in    a     cabinet     i 
crystals.     The  parallels  arc  from  our  own 

experience,    and     we    introduce    them     he 
cause    .Miss    Macaulay    often    comes   down 

to  earth  from  her  mystic  cloudland,  and 

thus    turns    the    paradox     the    other    w.i 
round. 

It     is    the    "  alien  "    of    the    init  ial    poei  I 

who  holds  the  dual  field  throughout   this 
little  volume.     There  is  illusion  on  either 

side  of  him.      Illusion   and  disillusion   an 
like  genius  and  madness,  near  akin.      ( )n<  e 
the    poet     sees    this,    yet     chooses    for    the 

nonce  to  play  merely  the  onlooker's  pan. 


57<S 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4513,  Apkil  25.  1914 


there  is  a  chance  to  stand  on  the  border- 
land and  see  beyond  the  border.  This  is 
what  is  done  here,  and  it  is  something  of 
an  achievement.  Coming  down  to  earth, 
by  the  way,  does  not  mean  calling  a 
spade  a  spade  ;  though  this,  of  a  rough 
wayfarer,  may  be  an  exception  to  prove 
a  rule  : — 

Iligh  above  the  road  the  wire  makes  a  song, 

To  hush  a  drowsy  tramp  to  sleep. 
In    the  boot-strewn  ditch  he  will  perhaps  sleep 
long  ; 

Among  jampots  he  may  sleep  deep. 

This  rash  realism  is  good  observation,  if 
as  poetry  a  little  perverse ;  but  it  is 
alive  all  the  same.  At  the  root  of  every- 
thing you  find,  in  Miss  Macaulay's  utter- 
ance, Heaven  as  criterion  and  Earth  as 
test,  and  so  come  glimpses  of  concrete 
things  and  actual  places.  There  is  Cam- 
bridge, for  instance.  Cambridge  has  mys- 
tery in  the  wind — for  are  not  cities  but 
"  thin  veils  woven  of  thought  "  1 — and 
at  sight  of  a  scarlet  gown  on  Trinity 
Sunday  you  can  transmute  the  seen  or  the 
unseen  at  will.  Miss  Macaulay's  trans- 
mutations will  make  themselves  felt 
beyond  Cambridge.  Her  microscopic 
sense  is  corrected  by  her  telescopic  range. 
But  we  must  get  back  to  disillusion. 
An  occasional  hint  that  we  may  "  forget 
the  unforgettable  "  only  lightens  a  little 
the  gloom  sufficiently  explained  in  such 
titles  as  l  Keyless,'  '  The  Devourers,' 
'  The  Losers,'  '  Emptiness,'  '  On  Crying 
for  the  Moon.'  All  these  pieces  have  a 
strange  power  ;  they  draw  us  into  dream- 
land and  leave  us  there  adrift.  Even 
there,  and  in  the  other  poems,  we  are  face 
to  face  with  things  of  beauty  which  we 
know  well.     Hopes  even  enter  : — 

God  has  made  of  the  lilac's  breath, 
And  the  sweet  of  the  clover, 

A  wine  shall  conquer  death, 
A  honey  for  the  lover. 

We  can  emerge,  too,  for  outside  this 
dreamland  men's  blood  may  yet  be  fired 
wherever  it  is  spring  : — 

Such  quick  fire  is  in  youth 
(And  this  youth  knows,  having  no  other  learning) 

That  where  it  moves,  in  truth, 
Its  touch  shall  set  the  dead  earth's  soul  a-burning. 

We  can  honestly  say  that  Miss  Macaulay 
has  opened  up  in  her  "  two  blind  coun- 
tries "  visions  beyond  normal  sight,  and 
that  through  her  command  of  imagery 
and  music  she  awakens  those  emotions 
which  in  their  turn  will  lull  despair  to 
sleep. 

'New  Numbers'  is  the  initial  venture 
of  a  periodical  the  aim  of  which  is,  we 
presume,  to  provide  our  younger  school 
of  singers  with  an  opportunity  of  making 
themselves  heard.  The  contributors  in 
the  present  case  are  Mr.  Wilfrid  Wilson 
Gibson,  Mr.  Rupert  Brooke,  Mr.  Lascelles 
Abercrombie,  and  Mr.  John  Drinkwater. 

Mr.  Gibson's  '  Bloodybush  Edge  ' — a 
species  of  "  heart-to-heart  chat  "  between 
the  village  idiot  and  a  London  tramp  at 
a  lonely  spot  on  the  Scottish  border  at 
midnight — seeks  to  emulate  Mr.  Masefield 
in  his  heroic  endeavours  to  invest  the 
unlovely,  sometimes  the  unsignificant,  with 
poetical  glamour.  The  verse  is  not  in- 
effective ;   often,  indeed,  it  shows  a  vigour 


of  imagination  that  is  noteworthy,  as  in 
the  lines  : — 

As  (hough  the  great  black  hills  against  the  sky 
Had  come  alive  about  me  in  the  night  ; 
And  they  were  watching  me  ;    as  though  I  stood 
Naked,  in  a  big  room,  with  blind  men  sitting, 
Unseen,  all  round  me,  in  the  quiet  darkness, 
That  was  not  dark  to  them  ; 

but  we  look  for,  and  are  entitled  to,  some- 
thing more  of  a  denouement. 

The  four  sonnets  by  Mr.  Brooke  are 
delicately  moulded  with  much  originality 
of  fancy  and  a  satisfying  mastery  of  his 
medium  ;  while  Mr.  Abercrombie's  con- 
tribution, '  The  Olympians  '• — a  poem 
striking  in  conception,  and  abounding  in 
fine  and  suggestive  imagery — has  its 
precise  purport  somewhat  obscured  by 
a  reference  to  the  Crucifixion.  Mr.  Aber- 
crombie, moreover,  is  a  bigot  in  the 
matter  of  spelling,  and  such  words  as 
"  talkt,"  "  smackt,"  or  "  horrour  "  do 
not  enhance  appreciably  the  beauty  of  a 
page.  Mr.  John  Drinkwater's  five  lyrics, 
though  somewhat  slight,  are  a  fitting  com- 
plement to  a  volume  of  exceptional 
interest. 

We  trust  that  there  is  a  future  in  store 
for  this  enterprising  little  publication. 


Mexico :  the  Wonderland  of  the  South. 
By  W.  E.  Carson.  (The  Macmillan 
Company,  10s.  Qd.  net.) 

We  are  not  sure,  but  presume  that  Mr. 
Carson  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 
He  leaves  his  figures  in  dollars,  and  uses 
some  American  spelling ;  and  when  he 
talks  of  "  this  country,"  we  fancy  that 
he  means  America,  not  England.  What 
he  promises  us  is  a  revised  version  of 
the  book  which  he  published  in  1909, 
with  some  supplementary  chapters  in- 
tended to  explain  what  has  happened 
since  the  fall  of  Diaz  and  the  accession 
to  power  of  Huerta.  He  claims  to  have 
brought  his  facts  up  to  date,  and  to 
have  made  them  "  fresh,  accurate,  and 
inclusive  "  ;  but  he  has  produced  a  dull 
and  heavy  book  which  contains  much 
small  talk  and  gives  no  clear  view  of  the 
Mexico  of  to-day.  What  we  get  is  an 
excellent  account  of  certain  towns  in 
Mexico,  a  good  deal  of  ancient  history 
(given  in  many  other  books),  and  an 
insufficient  note  of  the  movements  and 
changes  of  the  last  few  years.  But  it  is 
a  little  absurd  to  talk  of  "the  latest  de- 
velopments," and  then  to  print  statistics 
for  1908. 

Mr.  Carson  sits  down  to  show  us  some- 
thing of  the  brighter  side  of  Mexico,  but 
we  cannot  agree  with  him  when  he 
regards  it  as  unfortunate  that  most  of 
the  recent  books  on  that  country  have 
made  us 

"  unduly  familiar  with  such  subjects  as  the 
horrors  of  the  peonage  system,  the  corrup- 
tion of  the  government,  and  the  atrocities  of 
revolutionists." 

These  are  surely  the  very  things  that 
matter,  and  the  more  light  that  is  thrown 
on  them  the  better  the  chance  for  some 
reform. 


The  author  points  out  that  the  Mexicans 
are  essentially  Spanish,  and  that  imitation 
of  Spain  is  noticeable  in  their  habit  of 
procrastination.  Time  in  Mexico  is  idled 
away,  and  no  man  can  be  depended  on  to 
keep  an  appointment,  "  punctuality  being 
regarded  as  the  vice  of  a  bore."  Even  the 
newspapers  are  dilatory,  and  a  Mexican 
editor  is  reported  as  saying  : — 

L"  <  rood  news  is  like  good  wine  ;  it  improves- 
with  age.  It  is  always  better  to  hold  news 
over  for  a  week.  If  it  is  true,  we  shall  get 
more  facts,  and  if  it  proves  to  be  false,  why 
should  we  print  it  ?  " 

When  we  look  for  Mr.  Carson's  views  on 
the  future  of  Mexico  we  find  this  : — ■ 

"  What  Mexico  needs  is  a  strong  central 
government,  headed  by  such  a  man  as  Lord 
Kitchener,  one  of  unblemished  record,  a 
soldier,  statesman,  and  administrator  ;  and 
what  Lord  Kitchener  accomplished  in  Egypt 
might,  to  a  great  extent,  be  brought  about 
in  Mexico.  But  as  a  Kitchener  is  not  to  be 
found  in  Mexico  to-day,  the  place  must  needs 
be  filled  by  a  Mexican  substitute,  a  man  of 
strong  character,  who  understands  his 
countrymen,  who  has  the  confidence  of  the 
army,  and  is  able  to  restore  order.  .  .  .The 
first  step.  .  .  .must  be  the  suppression  of  the 
present  insurrections  and  the  establishment 
of  peace." 

This  does  not  help  us  much  ;  but  Mr. 
Carson  says  of  intervention  that  it  would 
probably  mean  that 

"  the  Mexicans  would  stop  fighting  among 
themselves,  and  unite  to  repel  invasion. 
As  the  revolutionists  have  done,  they  would 
ignore  the  rules  of  civilized  warfare  ;  and, 
furthermore,  owing  to  the  mountainous 
character  of  the  country,  and  the  vast 
stretches  of  desert,  it  would  be  extremely 
difficult  to  conduct  a  successful  campaign.' 

Like  other  recent  writers,  Mr.  Carson 
holds  the  view  that,  had  the  Huerta 
administration  obtained  early  recognition 
from  the  United  States,  '*  peace  might 
have  been  speedily  re-established  "  ;  and 
then  (writing,  of  course,  before  the  latest 
events)  he  says  that 

"  as  events  are  now  shaping  themselves  it 
would  seem  that  the  possibility  of  interven- 
tion by  the  United  States  has  constantly 
become  greater." 

The  United  States  has,  indeed,  at  last 
discovered  what  the  rest  of  the  world 
knew  long  ago — that  its  policy  of  sitting 
with  folded  hands  is  misunderstood  in 
Mexico.  It  is  now  announced  that  the 
whole  of  the  Atlantic  fleet  of  the  United 
States  has  been  ordered  to  Tampico,  that 
large  numbers  of  marines  have  been  sent 
south,  and  that  naval  guns  have  been  in 
action  at  Vera  Cruz.  But  we  still  doubt 
whether  President  Huerta  will  be  greatly 
moved  even  if  the  United  States  should 
bombard  Tampico  and  other  ports,  and 
destroy  a  certain  amount  of  property — 
belonging  to  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  to  other  foreigners.  If  President 
Wilson  makes  no  formal  declaration  of 
war.  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  he  can  main- 
tain an  effective  blockade  against  neutral 
shipping.  In  the  meantime  there  is  serious 
risk  of  a  rising  against  foreigners  in 
Mexico  City  and  other  places. 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


THE     A  THE  N;EUM 


579 


Some  of  Mr.  Carson's  information  Btrikea 
us  as  elementary — for  instance,  the  state- 
ment     that      ••  geographically     speaking 

.Mexico  is  in  North  America."  Some  of  it 
is  inaccurate,  as  when  he  speaks  of  Mexico 
being  "'  well  within  the  tropics."  Be 
states    in   one    place    that    the    Empress 

Charlotte   went    mad   after   her   husband's 

death,  but  she  became  insane  before  the 
Emperor  w  as  shot. 

Il     is    a    pity    that     no    map    has    Keen 

provided. 


l>n  Money,  and  Other  Essays.     By  G.  S. 
Street."   (Constable  &  Co.,  4s.  07/.  net.) 

It  is  something  to  the  good  that  in  these 
days  of  haste  the  leisurely  essayist  is  still 
with  us.  One  does  not,  however,  expect 
this  suggestion  to  be  swallowed  all  at 
once.  Even  Mr.  Street,  we  note,  sounds 
the  conventional  half  apology  when  he 
says  that  he  treats  things  "  as  closely  as 
1  can.  with  my  frailty  of  thought  running 
hither  and  thither."'  But  he  is  just  as 
conscious  as  we  are  of  the  greatness  of  the 
boon,  and  proceeds  with  a  certain  con- 
fidence to  administer  to  a  jaded  generation 
little  sedatives  for  the  nerves  and  little 
"  drops  of  comfort  "  for  the  brain.  His 
style  is  effervescent  like  a  pick-me-up  ; 
he  himself  smiles  with  the  benevolence  of 
a  physician  prescribing  a  timely  tonic. 

Not  without  reflection,  evidently,  has 
the  fragment  on  *  Monev  '  secured  the 
first  place  in  his  pages.  Is  that  because 
in  a  well-ordered  procession  that  which  is 
of  real  consequence  comes  last  \  "  Money 
talks,"  no  doubt,  in  our  day  as  it  never 
talked  before,  but  all  the  same  there  are 
some  things  still  left  which  money  cannot 
buy.  Here  you  may  contrast  the  quaint 
turns  of  thought  which  circle  round  the 
control  of  cash  and  the  fear  of  losing  it, 
with  the  grave  and  tender  impulses  that 
belong  to  a  name  like  George  Wynd- 
ham's.  That  tribute  brings  us  up  squarely 
as  it  were  with  some  of  the  pleasantest  and 
finest  things  of  our  time.  Mere  achieve- 
ment seems  to  pass  away — a  sort  of  myth 
— in  the  light  of  outstanding  personality 
and  brilliancy  of  character.  Thus,  alter- 
nately following  the  grave  and  the  gay, 
one  may  touch  the  bedrock  of  Mr.  Street's 
philosophy,  especially  as  he  has  amused 
himself  in  the  interval  with  a  fancy  drawn 
from  the  image  of  his  own  changing  per- 
sonality  during  a  long  spell  of  years. 
Twenty-five  met  with  thirty-five  once 
apOB  a  time;  now  that  thirty-five  is  to 
be  interviewed  by  forty-five  (with  twenty- 
five,  again,  for  whip  or  chorus),  what 
does  the  world  seem  like  '. 

The  world  presented  here,  truly,  is  the 
world  very  much  as  it  must  look  to  the 
man  in  the  train  or  the  "  tube.''  and  very 
unlike  the  world  we  feel  to   have  been 

rationed    by   older    essayists.     We    do 
not  say  that  Mr.  Street's  range  is  incon- 
siderable, but  he  does  not  crowd  his  p 
with  remote  allusions  ;  he  docs  not  ramify. 

catalogue,    or   co-ordinate.     He    rambles 

to   and  fro   in   scenes   that  are   familiar  to 

the  least  travelled  and  the  lea^t    adven- 


turous, and  the  highest  compliment  we 
can  pay  to  his  art  is  to  say  that  three 
times  out  of  four  we  find  ourselves  agreeing 
with  him.  Genial  he  is.  nearly  always, 
though  a  grievance  crops  up  here  and 
there,  and  he  nearly  always  gets  home 
with  his  dislikes.  He  flagellates  some  of 
his  creatures  without  mercy,  and  some  of 
them,  like  the  slanderer,  are  by  no  means 
creatures  of  the  imagination.  Lesser  pests 
are  treated  with  a  delightful  humour  :  the 
truculent  people,  for  example.  Who  has 
not  wished  that,  as  he  goes  abroad,  some 
people  would  stay  indoors  '.  But  they 
are  all  over  the  place,  these  "  dreadful 
people,"  and  they  wear  their  aggressive- 
ness, men  and  women,  in  all  sorts  of  ways. 

"  One  habit  all  these  truculent  creatures 
have  in  common,  that  they  look' with  pro- 
nounced hatred  on  the  slightest  departure 
from  the  ordinary.  If,  for  example,  you  like 
the  fresh  air  on  your  head  and  walk  with 
your  hat  in  your  hand,  you  might  be  a 
naked  savage  for  their  amazement  and 
disgust,  and  you  may  hear  them  exchange 
bitter  comments  on  your  absurdity.  .  .  .1 
said  I  should  not  feel  justified  in  slaying  them, 
but  if  I  had  the  secret  power  of  inflicting  a 
sharp  spasm  of  internal  pain  I  doubt  I  should 
use  it  sometimes.  It  would  be  a  comfortable 
thing,  when  one  is  met  with  an  unprovoked 
stare  of  surprise  and  contempt,  to  see  the 
starer  and  contemner  double  up  and  sud- 
denly cry  aloud." 

So,  to  use  his  own  phraseology,  Mr. 
Street  treats  his  subjects  as  ':  a  bigot  for 
simplicity  and  lucidity  "  might  be  expected 
to  treat  them  ;  and  whilst  his  ideas  never 
lack  suitable  clothing,  he  has  no  affinity 
with  the  crowd  of  writers  whose  chief 
title  to  attention  lies  in  their  "  beautiful 
insistence  on  a  world  which  does  not 
exist."  On  the  other  hand,  the  world  at 
our  doors,  which  can  never  be  too  much 
"  with  us,"  opens  more  temptingly  for 
exploration  at  the  bidding  of  this  cheery 
guide. 


The    Fourfold    Gospel. — Section  IT.    The 

Beginning.      By     Edwin     A.  Abbott. 

(Cambridge  University  Press,  12s.   6rf. 
net.) 

Ix  the  introductory  volume  which  pre- 
ceded this  book  Dr.  Abbott  suggested  that 
the  author  of  the  Fourth  Gospel  intervened, 
though  he  did  much  more,  "  in  behalf  of 
Mark,  in  order  to  explain  harsh  or  obscure 
Marcan  expressions  altered  or  omitted  by 
Luke  (and  sometimes  by  Matthew  also).'" 
'The  Fourfold  Gospel'  deals  with  such 
expressions  and  the  corresponding  inter- 
ventions, and  attempts  are  made  to  under- 
stand the  Johannine  meaning  and  deter- 
mine the  Johannine  motive.  In  an  intro- 
ductory chapter  attention  is  drawn  to  the 
fact  that  the  local  and  temporal  environ- 
ment of  the  Evangelist  probably  modified 
the  form  of  the  Johannine  Cos  pel  ;  and  it 

is  pointed  out  that  Kphe>us.  from  which 
by  tradition  the  Cospel  emanated,  was  a 
home  of  magic,  and  consequently  in  the 
Church  of  EpheSUS  there  would   he  a   ten 

dency  to  turn  the  doctrines  of  Jesus  into 
magical  prescriptions  or  charm-doctrines. 

In  such  a  city,  Dr.  Abbott  says,  "  it  might 


be  thoughl  expedient  to  publish  a  Gospel 

of  Jesus  Christ  that  might  omit  every  one 
of  His  acts  of  exorcism,  and  also  every 
reference  to  such  acts."  Further,  in  such 
a  city  it  might  be  deemed  necessary  to 
anticipate  and  check  a  tendency  to  convert 
God's  attributes  into  angels,  principalities, 
or  powers  intervening  between  God  and 
men.  Towards  the  end  of  the  introduc- 
tion Dr.  Abbott  maintains  that  the  Fourth 
Gospel  often  intervenes  where  the  Three 
Gospels  differ  in  words,  as  though  it  said. 
'  I  cannot  tell  you  the  words  of  Christ,  but 
I  can  tell  you  His  mind,  as  it  was  revealed 
to  the  disciple  whom  He  loved  "  ;  and  he 
goes  so  far  as  to  say  that  the  Evangelist, 
if  asked  the  question,  "  Who  is  your 
Lord  ?  '  would  perhaps  have  replied, 
although  the  Lord  was  enthroned  in  his 
heart,  "  Indeed,  I  cannot  tell.'' 

The  first  chapter,  bearing  the  title  '  The 
Beginning  of  the  Gospel,'  illustrates  the 
author's  methods,  and  affords  an  example 
of  what  he  conceives  to  be  the  intervent  ion 
of  the  Fourth  Gospel.  The  opening  words  of 
Mark  are  "  The  beginning  of  the  Gospel  of 
Jesus  Christ,"  and  the  narrative  proceeds 
to  give  an  account  of  the  work  of  John  the 
Baptist.  But  Christians  for  the  satisfac- 
tion of  their  own  thought,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  material  for  an  answer 
to  opponents,  would  inquire  what  God 
was  doing  for  mankind  before  that  begin- 
ning. Matthew,  after  the  record  of  the 
preaching  of  John  and  the  temptation  in 
the  wilderness,  tells  that  "  from  that  time 
Jesus  began  to  preach  "  ;  while  Luke, 
though  showing  elsewhere  that  Jesus 
"  was,  when  beginning,  about  thirty 
years  old,"  does  not  mention  any  definite 
beginning  of  preaching.  In  answer  to  the 
question,  What  preceded  '"the  beginning  "  '. 
the  most  that  can  be  said  of  the  three 
Evangelists  is  that  Mark  implies  in  the 
reference  to  Isaiah  the  prophet  that  the 
coming  of  John  was  foreordained ;  that 
Matthew,  by  referring  to  J)avi<l  and 
Abraham  as  Christ's  ancestors,  indicates 
God's  desire  to  make  men  righteous ;  and 
that  Luke,  in  order  to  prove  the  fact  of 
that  desire,  connects  it  with  the  sending 
of  John  the  Baptist  according  to  God's 
special  purpose.  When  John  the  Evange- 
list intervened,  he  was  able,  by  his  words 
about  "  the  beginning,"  to  answer  minor 
questions  arising  out  of  Mark,  and.  at  tic 
same  time,  to  teach  a  doctrine  of  divine 
development  which  was  important  for  its 
own  sake.  Nb  extravagant  demand  is 
made  when  we  are  asked  to  believe  that 
the  writer  of  the  Fourth  Gospel  wished 
to  avoid  the  sudden  or  arbitrary  beginning 
of  the  Gospel  as  represented  by  Mark, and 

that  the  scheme  of  the  world's  redemption 
required  the    beginning    to  be  set   in  (•!•  I 
nity  itself.      Jesus  was  one  w  ith  the  Logos, 
and    the    LogOS    was    with    God    from    the 

beginning. 

Dealing    with     the     Prologue    to    the 
fourth    Gospel,    Dr.    Abbott    points   out 

that    though     lo\e    is    not     mentioned    till 

toward  the  vw\  of  the  book,  it  is  every- 
where in  the  book.  The  writer  of  the 
Gospel  saw  that ,  wore  love  nicntioned.it 
would    1m-    misunderstood    and    taken    for 


>80 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4513,  April  2.",,  1914 


ordinary  love,  and  that  it  could  not  be 
known  except  by  knowing  the  Son.  The 
remarkable,  but  not  convincing  statement 
is  made  that  the  author  of  the  Gospel 
would  not  be  called  John  the  son  of 
Zebedee,  or  by  any  proper  name.  John 
as  a  proper  name  must  be  reserved  for 
the  "  man  sent  from  God,  whose  name  was 
John,"  and  who,  though  preparing  the 
way  for  the  baptism  from  above,  was  him- 
self from  the  earth.  For  the  author  it  was 
enough  to  be  called  "  the  disciple  whom 
Jesus  loved,"  and  so  to  show  God's  Only- 
begotten  that  His  disciples  seeing  Him  saw 
the  Father. 

The  use  of  the  term  "  Only-begotten  " 
leads  to  a  suggestive  exposition.  It  may 
be  felt  by  some  that  the  introduction  of 
Monogenes,  almost  in  the  character  of  a 
new  god,  hinders  their  appreciation  of  the 
simple  statement  that  "  the  Word  became 
flesh."  It  is  to  be  remembered,  however, 
that  the  Evangelist  was  writing  for  edu- 
cated people,  and  the  term  Monogenes 
would  convey  a  meaning  spiritually  valu- 
able as  a  protest  against  philosophical 
error.  Plato  in  the  '  Timaeus  '  had  intro- 
duced Monogenes  to  the  Greeks,  and  Cicero 
in  his  translation  of  the  '  Timaeus '  had 
passed  it  on  to  the  Romans ;  but  the  Evan- 
gelist would  not  apply  the  term  to  the 
Cosmos,  and  would  use  it  only  for  the 
incarnate  Son,  "  after  whom  Plato  was 
groping  and  feeling  his  way." 

In  the  second  chapter,  '  John  baptizing 
the  People,'  reference  is  made  to  the  rule 
of ' '  Johannine  non-intervention  in  matters 
affecting  John  the  Baptist ' '  ;  and  the 
reference  illustrates  Dr.  Abbott's  acute 
criticism.  After  showing  that  there  are 
differences  between  Mark  and  Matthew 
on  the  one  hand,  and  Luke  on  the  other, 
lie  says  that  we  cannot  expect  the  Fourth 
Evangelist  to  intervene  here,  as  the  details 
are  of  no  importance  to  him,  since  they 
refer  to  the  Baptist  in  his  relation  to  the 
people,  and  not  to  Jesus.  The  rule  is, 
then,  that  the  Evangelist  does  not  inter- 
vene when  the  Baptist  is  brought  into 
connexion  with  the  people,  but  only  when 
he  is  directly  associated  with  Jesus. 

Included  in  the  volume  are  three  impor- 
tant Appendixes  :  Nazarene  and  Nazoraean; 
the  Disciple  that  was  known  unto  the  High 
Priest ;  and  the  Interpretation  of  Early 
Christian  Poetry.  In  each  of  these  Appen- 
dixes, as  in  the  whole  book,  wide  learning 
and  accurate  scholarship  are  displayed  ; 
and  praise  will  be  given  to  Dr.  Abbott  even 
by  those  who  do  not  agree  with  all  his 
conclusions,  and  cannot  follow  him  when, 
for  example,  he  identifies  Judas  Iscariot 
with  the  disciple  known  to  the  High  Priest. 
This  identification  is  not  a  novelty,  and 
Dr.  Abbott  does  not  content  himself  with 
a  mere  statement  or  suggestion,  but  seeks 
to  adduce  evidence  from  the  text.  Yet  in 
spite  of  the  evidence  nothing  remains  but 
a  conjecture  that  Judas  was  the  disciple 
who  took  Peter  into  the  High  Priest's 
palace  ;  and  against  it  may  be  placed 
another  conjecture — that  Peter,  after  the 
betraj^al  of  His  Master,  would  not  have 
been  led  by  Judas,  but  would  have  turned 
from  him  in  horror. 


The  Life  of  the  Rt.  Hon.  John  Edward 
Ellis,  31. P.  By  Arthur  Tilney  Bassett. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  7*.  (id.  net.) 
John  Edward  Ellis  inherited  from 
generations  of  Quakers  that  sturdy  inde- 
pendence which,  as  Lord  Bryce  in  an 
admirable  Preface  points  out,  causes  men 
of  the  Ellis  type  who  enter  the  House  of 
Commons  to  make  their  presence  felt. 
Since  the  death  of  John  Bright  the  type 
had  been  for  many  years  represented  in 
the  House  by  Ellis,  and  outside  by  the 
late  Dr.  Spence  Watson.  In  the  opinion 
of  Lord  Bryce  the  feature  of  Ellis  which 
stood  out  above  all  others  was  an  un- 
swerving loyalty  to  duty.  He  held 
definite  convictions,  and  felt  bound  to 
stand  by  them. 

'  He  was  courageous  by  nature  as  well  as 
by  training,  always  thinking  for  himself, 
never  afraid  to  withstand  the  multitude, 
whatever  might  happen  to  himself ...  .To 
stand  firm  was  his  duty.     That  was  enough. ' ' 

This  biography  by  Mr.  Arthur  Tilney 
Bassett  is  an  amplification  of  a  privately 
circulated  memoir  by  Joshua  Rowntree 
(sometime  M.P.  for  Scarborough),  Ellis's 
brother-in-law,  and  throughout  life  his 
closest  political  confidant.  It  gives  the 
reader  an  admirable  idea  of  the  man,  even 
though  its  pages  are  made  needlessly 
heavy  by  many  solid  extracts  from 
'  Hansard.' 

John  Ellis  gave  up  his  chance  of  a 
University  education  in  order  to  travel 
in  America  with  his  father,  and  his  papers 
appear  to  show  that  he  never  regretted 
this  decision.  He  began  life  as  a  Con- 
servative, and  in  1861  we  find  one  of  his 
friends  writing  that  he  "is  a  sad  Tory, 
but  I  hope  that  age  will  convince  him 
that  many  of  his  opinions  are  not  reason- 
able." "  Age  "  turned  him  into  a  sturdy 
Liberal,  and  in  later  years  he  described 
himself  as  "a  Conservative  by  Nature, 
and  a  Liberal  by  Grace."  As  to  party 
ties,  his  biographer  says  that,  though  he 
was  always  in  public  life  a  member  of  a 
party,  he  was  "  never  a  slave  to  party." 
Perhaps  the  biographer  is  right,  but  many 
of  Ellis's  friends  counted  him  as  a  pretty 
strong  party  Liberal.  It  is  true  that  at 
times  he  spoke  against  his  party — for 
instance,  on  matters  connected  with  the 
Navy.  He  was  not  a  ' '  peace  at  any  price  ' ' 
Quaker,  but  was  certainly  a  "  Little 
Navy  "  man.  Yet,  in  spite  of  his  views 
on  armaments,  he  managed  to  give  steady 
support  to  one  party. 

Another  tiling  connected  with  defence 
has  an  interest  derived  from  recent 
troubles.  There  is  a  note  that,  at  a 
dinner  at  which  Gladstone  was  present, 
the  conversation  turned  on  militarism 
and  its  tendency  to  demand  more  as 
more  was  conceded.  Gladstone  turned 
to  Ellis,  and,  bringing  down  his  hand  on 
the  dinner-table  with  a  force  which  made 
everything  shake,  said  : — 

"  The  Services,  Mr.  Ellis,  the  Services.  If 
you  throw  the  reins  on  the  neck  of  the  Ser- 
vices, they  will  ride  you  to  the  devil." 

Of  Gladstone  there  is  also  this  tale, 
which  we  believe  to  be  new  : — 

"  At  Reform  Club  lunched  with  G.  W.  E. 
Russell.     Expressed    to    him    how   well    his 


life  of  W.  E.  G.  had  been  written.  He  said, 
'  Mr.  G.,  when  I  went  to  him,  said  he  would 
not  follow  the  example  of  Phillpotts,  Bishop 
of  Exeter,  and  apply  for  an  injunction  in 
Chancery  against  me,  but  that  was  all  the 
help  he  would  give.'  'You  must  not  be 
hurt,'  said  Mr.  G.,'at  my  saying  I  will  not 
read  a  line  of  it  I  never  read  anything 
about  myself  if  I  can  help  it.'  " 

If  Ellis  is  forgotten  for  other  things, 
the  House  of  Commons  will  remember 
that  it  was  he  who  killed  the  Derby  Day 
adjournment ;  and  in  his  Diary  for  1891 
he  noted  : — 

"  My  spirit  was  stirred  within  me  at  the 
scandal  of  an  adjournment  for  a  horse  race 
after  so  many  reminders  in  the  House  of  the 
uncertainty  of  life." 

In  the  following  year  he  led  the  opposition 
to  the  adjournment  and  secured  a  ma- 
jority, "  thus  ending  the  practice." 

Unlike  John  Bright  and  at  least  one 
other  Quaker  Privy  Councillor,  who  were 
relieved  from  the  necessity  of  wearing 
swords  at  levees,  Ellis  appears  to  have 
borne  that  weapon,  for  it  is  noted  that 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Civil  List  Committee, 
which  he  attended  in  uniform,  he  laid 
aside  his  sword  "  according  to  old  rule." 

He  was  among  the  regular  attendants 
at  Westminster,  and  soon  made  himself 
such  a  master  of  its  complicated  procedure 
that  Avhen,  in  1895,  a  new  Speaker  had 
to  be  elected,  he  notes  that 

"  for  an  hour  or  so  that  office  was  within 
my  reach.  Have  never  regretted  my  de- 
cision, knowing  my  own  limitations." 

With  him  farming  was  for  years  a 
passion,  as  may  be  seen  by  his  remarks 
on  pedigree  Guernsey  cattle,  and  his 
tabulated  records  of  milk  -  yields.  But 
he  had  many  interests  in  life,  and  one  day 
we  find  him  at  Eastbourne,  whither  he 
had  gone  to  watch  the  Salvation  Army 
riots  ;  at  another  time  holding  a  Bible 
class  on  sand-dunes,  and  afterwards  listen- 
ing to  an  eloquent  sermon  by  a  market 
gardener. 

On  some  points  the  book  is  curiously 
reticent.  There  is,  for  instance,  much 
about  the  Jameson  Raid,  but  not  a  single 
hint  as  to  what  happened  behind  the 
scenes  on  the  Committee  which  inquired 
into  that  business.  Ellis  and  Labouchere 
Avere  put  on  that  Committee  as  the 
watchdogs  of  the  Liberal  party.  We  have 
now  had  the  Lives  of  both  men,  and  they 
have  revealed  nothing  Avhatever  of  the 
inner  history  of  that  affair.  In  Ellis's 
story  of  the  South  African  trouble  there 
is  only  one  thing  of  real  interest,  and  that 
is  in  a  private  letter  from  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
dated  October  14th,  1897,  in  which  the 
then  Colonial  Secretary  Avrote  : — 

"  Have  you  and  others  thought  what 
would  be  the  consequences  of  driving  Rhodes 
to  the  wall  ?  If  in  his  despair  or  desperation 
he  joined  forces  with  the  extreme  Dutch 
element  and  took  advantage  of  the  pre- 
judices so  easily  roused  against  the  '  unc- 
tuous rectitude  '  of  a  British  Government, 
we  could  hardly  keep  the  Cape  Colony  with- 
out a  war.  Is  it  worth  Avhile  to  risk  this  for 
the  satisfaction  of  depriving  Rhodes  of  his 
barren  honour  of  the  Privy  Councillorship?  " 

We  have  said  that  the  book  is  somewhat 
spoilt  by  its  lengthy  extracts  from  speeches. 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


THE     ATHEN7KUM 


iSl 


Anotherdeleot  La  thai  many  of  the  extracts 

from  letters  and  diaries  are  extremely  un- 
important. The  biographer  has  thought 
it  necessary,  for  instance,  to  inform  us  that 

"  one  night  lie  elicited  the  acknowledg- 
ment that  a  Clerk  of  the  Peace  at  Sligo  was 
ignorant  of  the  Jury  Act  which  he  was 
bound  to  administer,  and  had  been  totally 

■disregarding. " 

■On  another  occasion  Ellis 

"  lirought  to  light  the  fact  that  a  hotel- 
k(  eper  in  Ireland  had  been  lined  21.  For  dis- 
playing the  words  ■  Cod  Save  Ireland.' 

Such  items,  when  collected  in  large 
quantities,  are  tedious,  and  break  the 
thread  of  the  story. 

There  arc  few  misprints  ;  but  one  name 
on  p.  123  is  wrong  ;  and  on  p.  129  "  Tired  " 
is,  we  fancy,  a  slip  for  Tried. 


\ 


British  Society  of  Franciscan  Studies. — 
Vol.  V.  Collectanea  Franciscana  I.  Edi- 
•derunt  A.  G.  Little,  M.  R.  James, 
11.  M.  Bannister.  (Aberdeen  University 
Press,  10^.  6c?.  to  Subscribers.) 

Few  people  are  aware,  even  among 
enthusiastic  readers  of  Franciscan  litera- 
ture, that  one  of  the  intimate  companions 
of  the  saint  was  a  foreigner,  and  that 
foreigner  an  Englishman,  Brother  William 
of  England.  History  is  silent  about  him  : 
we  do  not  know  who  he  was  in  the  great 
world  outside,  or  where  he  met  the  saint, 
or  how  long  he  was  his  fellow.  Long 
after  his  death,  when  legends  had  clus- 
tered thick  round  St.  Francis,  and  had 
made  a  list  of  twelve  companions,  like 
the  twelve  Apostles  of  his  Master,  it  was 
said  that  one  of  them,  too,  was  a  traitor, 
and  that  the  unknown  Englishman  had 
been  called  in  to  take  his  place.  A  slab 
in  the  great  church  at  Assisi  covers  his 
remains,  and  there  we  read, 

''Brother  Elias — seeing  that  Brother  Wil- 
Jiam  of  England,  layman,  who  had  been 
perfect  in  religion,  being  buried  in  the 
basilica  of  St.  Francis,  was  coruscating  with 

t  miracles  moved  by  zeal  for  St.  Fran- 
cis, went  to  his  sepulchre  and  commanded 
the  dead  man  with  much  confidence  and 
faith   not    to   darken   the  glory  of  the   holy 

her  Francis.  From  that  time  he  per- 
formed no  more  miracles.'1 

Brother  William  was  one  of  the  witnesses 
for  the  Indulgence  of  the  Portiuncula  ; 
he  died  in  12:52.  and  a  relic  of  him  was 
preserved  and  shown  to  the  faithful  at 
Assisi  down  to  the  end  of  the  fourteenth 
century. 

There  is.  however,  some  remarkable 
evidence  of  a  connexion  with  England, 
and  even  with  one  of  its  best-known  men 
of  the  time,  which  is  brought  forward  by 
Prof.  Little  in  the  volume  before  us.  In 
a  chronicle  written  by  Matthew  Paris 
tewhere  between  I2.'{<5  and  1250  he 
gives  an  account  of  the  Rule  of  the  Friars 
Minor  a-  approved  by  Honorius  III.  in 
1221.     In  the  margin  of  the  manuscript 

he    give^    .,    drawing    of    a    friar    with    the 

label     '  Prater  WiUelmus  uacione  Anglus 

s  >cius    >ancti    Francieci."     The    drawing 

does  not  look  like  a  portrait,  though  it  i-, 


most  valuable  as  a  note  of  the  costume  of 
the  first  friars.  Bid  besides  this,  another 
drawing  of  much  greater  artistic  value 
has  come  down  to  us  through  the  hands 
of  Matthew  Paris.  In  a  manuscript  of 
additions  to  his  Chronicle  now  in  the 
British  Museum  there  is  a  beautiful 
Italian  drawing  of  the  early  thirteenth 
century,  representing  our  Lord  among 
the  seven  candlesticks  of  the  Revelation, 
holding  up  His  right  hand  in  blessing, 
with  the  keys  in  His  left.  On  one  side  is 
the  inscription  :  "  Alpha  et  Omega  vivens 
in  secula  seculorum  "  ;    on  the  other  : 

"  Hoc  opus  fecit  frater  Willelmus  de 
ordine  minorum  socius  beati  Francisci, 
Secundus  in  ordine  ipso,  conversacione 
sanctus,  nacione  anglus  "  [i.e.,  This  is  the 
work  of  Brother  William  of  the  Order  of 
Minors,  the  companion  of  St.  Francis,  second 
in  that  order,  holy  in  conversation,  English 
by  birth]. 

The  drawing  is  seemingly  unknown  to 
students  of  early  Italian  art,  and  is  evi- 
clentlv  an  original,  while  it  stands  alone 
as  the  work  of  an  English  artist  of  the 
time. 

Two  other  Franciscan  drawings  of  great 
interest  are  also  reproduced  in  this  article, 
the  first  of  five  which  go  to  make  up  a 
valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of 
the  early  days  of  the  Minorite  Order. 
Dr.  James  writes  on  the  library  of  the 
Grey  Friars  of  Hereford  with  his  usual 
knowledge  of  such  matters,  which,  how- 
ever, Prof.  Little  has  been  able  to  supple- 
ment in  the  case  of  the  Lumley  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum.  A  notice  of  some 
MSS.  of  the  Cambridge  Friars  now  in  the 
Vatican  is  written  by  the  Rev.  H.  M. 
Bannister.  The  main  part  of  the  book 
is  taken  up  by  the  description  of  an 
important  Franciscan  manuscript  recently 
sold  in  London,  which  throws  much  light 
on  the  Latin  text  of  the  *  Fioretti  '  and  the 
'  Speculum  Perfectionis.'  Altogether,  the 
volume  maintains  the  high  level  of  scholar- 
ship which  distinguishes  the  British  Society 
of  Franciscan  Studies. 


Greece  of  the  Hellenes.  By  Lucy  M.  J. 
Garnett.  "  Countries  and  Peoples 
Series."     (Pitman  &  Sons,  6-s.  net.) 

We  think  the  editor  of  this  series,  who 
has  adopted  the  "  France  of  the  French  ' 
formula,  should  have  adhered  to  it,  and 
called  the  book  '  (J recce  of  the  Greeks,' 
since  the  other  suggests  the  people  of 
classical  times,  and  that  is  exactly  what 
the  author  does  not  treat.  So  '  Turkey  of 
the  Turks  '  and  '  Holland  of  the  Hol- 
landers '  are  in  judiciously  changed  in 
other  volumes  into  'Turkey  of  the  Otto 

mans  '  and  '  Holland  of  the  Dutch.'  Thus 
a  taking  formula  has  been  spoilt.  I5ut 
apart    from    this    trifle,    the    study    of    the 

present   (decks   here   presented   to   us   is 

exceedingly    interesting    and    done     by    a 
\  ery  competent  hand. 
The  Greeks  of  to-day  an-  getting  -  >me- 

what  tired  of  hearing  the  customary 
laudations    of    their    ancestor-,    and     were 

delighted  with  a  speaker  at  the  Congress 


of  1912  in  Athens,  who  compared  them 
to  a  young  man  of  his  acquaintance 
who.  when  he  grew  up  and  went  into 
society,  was  always  met  by  the  formula  : 
"  Sir.  I  knew  your  grandfather  ;  he  was 
a  very  great  man  ;  J  hope,"  &c.  The 
young  man  complained  that  after  hearing 
this  a  do/en  times  he  was  getting  bored 
with  his  grandfather.  Hence  this  hook 
ought  to  content  the  new  nation.  It  Bays 
hardly  a  word  about  the  old  Hellene- 
hut  gives  a  full  and  mostly  accurate 
account  of  the  present  Greeks  in  many 
aspects.  All  this  is  very  well  done,  and 
such  pages  as  that  on  the  making  of 
the  sacred  bread,  on  the  word  elements. 
as  used  by  St.  Paul  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment, which  means  "  genii  "  or  "  spirits," 
are  most  instructive.  The  author  is  also 
well  versed  in  folk-lore,  but  does  not 
proceed  to  draw  from  such  tales  the 
random  conclusions  we  find  in  the 
writings  of  many  folk-lofiflti.  She  thinks 
the  character  of  the  people  can  be  inferred 
from  these  stories,  and  gives  several  in- 
stances of  the  high  esteem  in  which 
courteous  manners  and  gratitude  are 
held  in  them.  But  surety  there  must  be 
others  which  imply  savagery  and  cruelty 
as  common  features  in  this  people.  Any 
one  who  reads  the  history  of  the  War  of 
Liberation  (1821-9)  cannot  but  find, 
along  with  daring  and  heroism,  the  most 
revolting  cruelties  to  helpless  prisoners, 
and  the  doings  of  the  Klephts  fifty  years 
ago  were  stained  with  similar  horrors. 
To  read  the  present  book  means  the  ignor- 
ing of  the  darker  side  of  the  Greek  cha- 
racter. If  this  is  a  fault,  it  is  at  all  events 
the  fault  of  a  kindly  author  ;  so  we  find 
in  her  account  of  the  Royal  family  and 
of  the  chief  politicians  all  the  pleasant 
features  extolled,  while  there  are  no  flaws 
or  crimes  mentioned.  Of  course,  no 
author  well  known  in  Greece,  and  writing 
of  a  people  from  whom  she  has  received 
kindness,  could  with  decency  adopt  an\ 
other  course,  but  the  faults  even  of  kings 
and  queens  must  ultimately  be  judged  at 
the  bar  of  history. 

Here  and  there  we  note  omissions 
which  we  regret.  Thus  regarding  funeral 
customs  we  should  have  been  told  that 
the  coffin  is  usually  carried  open,  and 
the  cheeks  and  lips  of  the  dead  coloured 
to  represent  life — a  gruesome  thing  for 
the  foreigner  to  meet  in  the  streets  of 
Athens.  We  are  told  that  the  Vlachs  are 
a  Latin  race,  which  they  are  not  :  and 
we  are  not  told  that  the  reason  for  requir- 
ing a  quorum  of  more  than  half  the  House 
of  Parliament  to  pass  a  Hill  is  simply  thai 
with  a  single  House  without  check  a 
minority  might  otherwise  impose  its  will 
on  the  whole  people.  We  did  not  think 
any  one  would  describe  the  new  Stadium 
at      Athens     as     "an     enormous     roofless 

erection,"  any  more  than  the  open  theatre 
there.  It  i>  quite  new  to  us  that  Alex- 
ander the  Great  should  have  completed 
the  drainage  of  bake  Copais  begun  bj  the 
prehistoric    Minyae.     Nor    have    we    ever 

seen    the    flesh  coloured    marble    for    which 

I 'a  ids  has  from  ancient  times  been  famou-  ' 

Apart     from     the^e    curiosities,    some    of 

which  the  author  might  either  abandon  or 


582 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


vindicate  in  a  new  edition,  we  have  found 
the  book  excellent,  and  Ave  congratulate 
the  author  on  having  added  to  the  myriad 
works  on  Greece  one  that  is  unusually 
clear  and  distinctive,  and  almost  ignores 
what  is  the  leading  feature  in  most  of  the 
rest — classical  Hellas. 


The  Philistines  :  their  History  and  Civili- 
zation. By  R.  A.  Stewart  Macalister. 
The  Schweich  Lectures,  1911.    (Milford, 

2s.) 

Prof.  Macalister  has  done  wisely  in 
recasting,  for  purposes  of  publication,  the 
three  Schweich  Lectures  delivered  by 
him  in  1911.  Neither  the  time-limit 
properly  imposed  on  public  lectures  nor 
the  particular  arrangement  of  the  subject- 
matter  necessitated  by  a  fixed  number  of 
meetings  can,  as  a  rule,  be  made  to  tally 
with  the  essential  requirements  of  that 
freedom  of  presentation  which  should 
be  conditioned  only  by  the  nature  of  the 
theme  and  the  mental  characteristics  of 
the  author.  Another,  though  probably 
subsidiary,  consideration  is  to  be  found 
in  the  fact  that  the  mode  of  producing 
a  desired  effect  by  means  of  the  living 
voice  must  be  different  from  that  of 
effecting  the  same  purpose  through  the 
medium  of  the  printed  page.  Anyhow, 
the  result  as  it  now  lies  before  us  is 
almost  as  admirable  as  could  be  wished, 
and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that 
our  author's  monograph  on  the  Philistines 
is  one  of  the  finest  works  yet  produced 
under  the  auspices  of  the  British  Acaden^. 

Several  attempts  have  at  different 
times  been  made  to  unravel  the  origin 
of  the  Philistines,  but  the  right  answer 
to  this  important  question  appears  to  be 
provided  by  three  converging  lines  of 
evidence,  respectively  derived  from  the 
Biblical  narrative,  the  Egyptian  inscrip- 
tions, and  the  treasures  brought  to  light 
by  excavations  in  Crete.  That  the  term 
Keftiu  of  the  Egyptian  inscriptions  stands 
for  Crete,  or  at  least  that  it  denotes  "  a 
centre  of  distribution  of  the  products  of 
Cretan  civilization,  and  therefore  a  place 
under  tlie  influence  of  Crete,"  is  clear  from 
the  identity  in  form  of  offerings  made  by 
Keftian  envoys  to  Pharaohs  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Dynasty  and  of  some  of  the 
masterpieces  of  Minoan  art ;  but  Keftiu  is, 
notwithstanding  the  absence  of  the  final  r, 
probably  the  same  as  Caphtor,  which, 
according  to  Hebrew  tradition,  was  the 
original  liome  of  the  Philistines,  so  that 
this  point  alone  may  be  held  to  contain, 
as  it  were,  in  a  nutshell  the  solution  of  the 
problem  before  us. 

In  an  inscription  of  Ramessu  TIL,  pre- 
served in  the  temple  of  Medinet  Habu,  we, 
moreover,  meet  with  the  Pulasati,  un- 
doubtedly to  be  equated  with  the  Philis- 
tines, Avho,  as  members  of  a  large  body  of 
invaders  coming  from  the  north,  Ave  re 
repulsed  by  the  Egyptian  forces  shortly 
after  1200  b.c.  ;  and  the  inference  seems  to 
be  well  founded  that  the  same  Pulasati, 
together  with  certain  allied  races,  finding 
themselves  unable   to   gain  a  footing  in 


Egypt,  settled  not  long  after  on  the  less 
strenuously  defended  coast  of  Canaan. 
The  inscription  referred  to  does  not 
mention  Crete  or  neighbouring  territory 
as  the  original  home  of  the  Pulasati,  but 
there  is  the  important  fact  that  the  plumed 
head-dress  worn  bjr  captives  of  that  race, 
as  shown  in  the  inscription  of  Medinet 
Habu,  is  very  similar  to  that  depicted  in 
one  of  the  graphic  signs  found  on  the 
famous  terra-cotta  disk  discovered  in  the 
palace  of  Phsestus  in  Crete. 

Another  interesting  argument  may  be 
based  on  the  fact  that  the  best  explanation 
so  far  offered  of  the  name  Cherethites, 
borne,  amongst  others,  by  a  section  of  the 
bodyguard  of  the  early  HebreAV  kings,  is 
that  it  represents  the  Hebrew  equivalent 
of  Kp-PjTes;  and  if  the  Pelethites  men- 
tioned by  the  side  of  the  Cherethites  were 
— as  appears  likely — a  body  of  Philistines 
under  a  someAvhat  modified  form  of  the 
name,  it  Avould,  in  the  light  of  the  other 
extant  eAudence,  seem  right  to  assume 
that  the  Cherethites  and  Pelethites  Avere 
not  only  associated  together  as  members 
of  a  royal  bodyguard,  but  Avere  besides 
closely  allied  by  race  or  nationality.  In  a 
somewhat  venturesome  effort  at  identifica- 
tion, Prof.  Macalister  further  thinks  that 
the  Carites,  avIio  in  three  passages  in  the 
Masoretic  text  of  the  Old  Testament  take 
the  place  of  Cherethites,  Avere  probably 
none  other  than  Carians  originally  hailing 
from  the  south-western  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 
The  supposition,  of  course,  is  that  they, 
like  several  other  races  in  that  part  of  the 
Avorld,  had  been  dominated  by  Crete  in  the 
prosperous  period  of  its  history.  But  be 
this  as  it  may,  the  main  result  as  to  the 
identity  or  close  association  of  the  Philis- 
tines with  some  branch  or  other  of  the 
ancient  Cretans  seems  to  be  as  Avell  estab- 
lished as  in  the  present  state  of  knowledge 
one  can  expect. 

In  full  accord  with  this  view  are  the  facts 
to  be  gathered  from  the  interesting  story 
contained  in  the  Golenischeff  papyrus, 
with  which  the  second  chapter  of  Prof. 
Macalister's  work  begins.  The  first  landing- 
place  of  Wen-Amon,  who  about  1110  B.C. 
Avas  sent  from  Thebes  to  the  Syrian  coast 
to  buy  timber  for  the  construction  of  a 
sacred  barge  for  Amon-Ra,  chief  of  the 
gods,  Avas  a  port  named  Dor,  lying  south 
of  the  promontory  of  Carmel,  Avhich  was 
inhabited  by  the  Zakkala,  a  people  ex- 
pressly associated  with  the  Pulasati  in  the 
inscription  of  Medinet  Habu  already 
referred  to  ;  and  a  complete  Adew  of  the 
facts  of  the  case  warrants  the  classification 
of  this  people  as  a  branch  of  the  Philistines, 
or,  at  any  rate,  as  a  race  closely  allied  to 
them.  Prof.  Macalister  further  suggests 
that  the  name  of  Zakar-Baal,  prince  of 
By  bios,  AArho  Avas  subsequently  visited  by 
Wen-Amon,  is  merely  a  faulty  rendering, 
by  the  ignorant  Egyptian  envoy,  of  a 
designation  meaning  "  Lord  of  the  Zak- 
kala." But  the  conjecture  is  probably  of 
too  hazardous  a  character  to  justify  the 
assumption  of  Philistine  domination  OArer 
Phoenicia  which  our  author  seeks  to  con- 
nect with  it. 

The  remaining  sections  of  chap.  ii.  give 
us  a  critical  survey  of  the  history  of  the 


Philistines  as  delineated  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment ;  and  as  a  supplement  to  this  part 
may  be  regarded  the  excellent  account 
supplied  in  chap.  hi.  of  their  chief  cities, 
and  the  extension  of  Philistine  rule  over 
neighbouring  territories. 

The  fourth  and  last  chapter  deals  with 
the  language  of  the  Philistines,  their 
organization,  their  religion,  and  their  place 
in  history  and  civilization.  Very  little 
definite  information  is,  unfortunately,  to 
be  gathered  about  their  language,  though 
Prof.  Macalister  holds  that 

"  the  close  relationship  of  the  Etruscans 
to  the  Philistines  suggests  that  the  Etruscan 
inscriptions  may  some  time  be  found  to 
have  a  bearing  on  the  problem." 

What  our  author  says  on  the  other  topics 
named  is  also  highly  suggestive,  and  full 
of  interest.  We  do  not,  howeATer,  think  that 
his  proposal  to  derive  alphabetical  writing 
from  the  forty-fiA^e  signs  of  the  Phaestus 
disk  will  meet  with  much  encouragement. 
It  does  not,  in  fact,  seem  to  us  that  Prof. 
Macalister  has  on  a  number  of  points 
escaped  the  temptation  of  OA^errating  the 
capabilities  and  influence  of  the  people 
whose  history  he  has  laid  before  us  with 
conspicuous  learning  and  uniform  clearness 
of  expression. 


Luther.  By  Hartmann  Grisar.  Au- 
thorized Translation  from  the  German 
by  E.  M.  Lamond.  Vol.  III.  (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.,  12s.  net.) 

As  the  English  translation  of  Dr.  Grisar*s 
Life  of  Luther  proceeds — it  will,  it  is  now 
announced,  occupy  six  \Tolumes —  its  in- 
terest increases.  As  we  see  the  great 
Reformer  in  the  thick  of  his  Avork  and  the 
heyday  of  his  life,  the  absorbing  attrac- 
tion of  his  personality  takes  hold  of  us 
more  and  more  strongly.  His  stupendous 
force,  his  amazing  vitality,  his  super- 
human interest  in  life,  impress  themselves 
upon  us  with  redoubled  effect.  We  find 
him  the  most  multiform,  the  most  para- 
doxical of  men.  No  one  else  has  seen  this 
so  clearly,  or  expressed  it  so  Avell,  as 
Adolf  Hausrath,  whom  Dr.  Grisar  quotes 
Avith  a  certain  tepid  appro\Tal : — 

"  The  \-ery  union,  so  characteristic  of 
him,  of  mother -wit  and  melancholy,  is  quite 
peculiar.  His  wanton  humour  seems  at 
times  to  make  a  plaything  of  the  Avhole 
world,  yet  the  next  moment  this  seemingly 
incurable  humorist  is  oppressed  with  the 
deepest  melancholy,  so  that  he  knows  not 
what  to  do  with  himself.  .  .  .In  one  corner 
of  his  heart  lurks  a  demon  of  defiance,  who., 
when  roused,  carries  away  the  submissive 
monk  to  outbursts  which  he  himself  recog- 
nizes as  the  work  of  some  alien  force, 
stronger  than  his  firmest  resolutions  He 
Avas  the  greatest  revolutionary  of  his  age, 
and  yet  he  was  a  conservative  theologian, 
yea,  conservative  to  obstinacy.  .  .  .He  in- 
sisted at  times  upon  the  letter  as  though 
the  sanation  of  the  entire  Church  depended 
upon  it,  and  yet  we  find  him  rejecting  whole 
books  of  the' Bible  and  denying  their  Apo- 
stolic spirit.  Reason  appears  to  him  as  a 
temptress  from  the  regions  of  enchantment, 
intellect  as  a  mere  rogue,  Avho  proves  to 
his  own  satisfaction  just  what  he  is  desirous 
of  seeing  pro\Ted,  and  yet,  armed  Avith  this 
same  reason  and  intellect,  Luther  Avent  out 


No.  4513.  April  18,  11)14 


Til  E     A  Til  KN.-KUM 


183 


boldly  into  th<  battle-fields  of  the  prolonged 
religious  war."    •'  Luthers  Leben,'  iv.  p.  vii. 

The   inoonsistenoiea  of    Luther's    cha- 
ir arc  a  delight  to  Dr.  Grisai  in  the 
exposure    of    them.     He    clearly    enjoys 
dwelling  on  the  black  side — on  the  coarse 

indecency,   the  Bavage   violence,   the  reck- 
ssness  of  his  language  :     not   in  them- 

Belves,  of  course,  but  as  illustrations  of 
what  seem  to  him  almost  the  necessary 

onsoquence  of  obstinate  apostasy.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  in  some  respects  he  proves 
his  case  to  the  hilt  :  there  is  not  a  trace 
of  exaggeration,  the  ipsissima  verba  are 
appealed  to  as  evidence.  We  need  men- 
tion as  examples  only  two  cases.  The 
first  is  the  curious  lack  of  "'  zeal  for 
-mils  "  which  marked  the  Protestant 
Reformer.  He  seems  to  have  wished 
rather  to  confine  his  ministrations  to 
the  religiously  disposed  than  to  attempt 
the  conversion  of  the  ungodly.  When 
some  one  asked  him  how  to  behave 
towards  those  who  had  never  been  to 
church    for   twenty    years,    he    answered  : 

"  Let  them  go  to  the  devil,  and.  when  they 
die,  pitch  them  on  the  manure  heap." 

The  other  example  is  his  attitude 
towards  marriage.  The  extraordinary 
looseness  with  which  he  regarded  the  tie, 
the  facilities  for  divorce  which  he  allowed, 
the  permission  of  polygamy,  not  only  in 
his  writings,  but  also  in  one  notorious 
case,  are  probably  to  be  explained  by  the 
very  definite  view  which  he  held  upon 
the  institution.  It  was  a  matter  for  the 
temporal  authority,  he  stated  several 
times  in  his  Table  Talk,  and  expressed 
in  the  treatise  '  On  the  Babylonish  Cap- 
tivity of  the  Church  '  thus  : — 

'  The  Sacrament  Mas  not  Divinely  in- 
stituted, but  one  invented  in  the  Church 
by  men  led  astray  by  their  ignorance  alike 
Of  tilings  and  of  words." — See  '  Luther's 
Primary  Works,'  Wace  and  Buchheim,  p.381. 

It  is  certainly  true  that,  as  Dr.  Grisar  says, 

"  in  speaking  of  sexual  questions  and  of 
matters  connected  with  marriage,  Luther 
^ould  adopt  a  tone  calculated  to  make  even 
the  plainest  of  plain  speakers  wince." 

On  the  other  hand,  Dr.  Grisar  rightly 
rejects  the  specific  charges  often  advanced 
against  the  Reformer's  morals  (in  the 
narrow  sense  of  the  word).  He  was  self- 
indulgent,  no  doubt ;  but  then  he  had 
a  theory  that  this  was  the  way  to  conquer 
melancholia. 

A  great  part  of  this  volume  is  taken 
up  with  these  '"  glimpses  of  a  Reformer's 
morals. "  More  important  perhaps,  as 
well  as  much  pleasanter  reading,  are  the 
chapters  in  which  Dr.  Grisar  deals  with 
Luther's  political  attitude  and  his  idea  of 
the  organization  of  a  new  Church.  In  L530 
he  signed  a  Becret  memorandum  declaring 
the     unlawfuli!'    -      of     WSJ     against      the 

Emperor  on  religion-  grounds  ;    this  was 

published  in  1531  by  Cochheus.  into  whose 
hands  it  had  fallen.  Within  a  few  years 
Luther  entirely  altered  bis  opinion. 

The  later  part  of  the  volume  is  con- 
cerned with  the  relations  between  Luther 
and  Ifelanchthon.  Dr.  Grisar  proves  that 
in    essentials    th<-    latter    was    quite    at 

adi  am  -  d  "  ae  the  former,  and  he  tra 


the  growth  of  divergence  between  them, 
showing   how.   for   example.    Melancht  lion 

gradually  reached  the  Zwinglian  doctrine 
of  the  Communion.  Between  Zwingli 
and  Luther  there  was  never  any  real 
harmony  of  opinion,  and  the  German 
received  the  new  a  of  the  death  of  the  Sw  iss, 
with  Carlstadt  and  Pellicanus,  on  the 
battle-field  of  Cappel,  with  something  not 
far  removed  from  glee.  Dr.  Grisar  deals 
also  with  Luther's  relations  with  Carl- 
stadt, Sfthenk,  Johann  Agricola,  Egranus, 
Bugenhagen,  and  others,  and  carries  the 
story  down  to  1543. 

The  present  volume,  which  is  admirably 
translated,  deals  rather  with  the  moral, 
social,  and  personal  side  of  Luther's 
career  than  with  his  theology. 


Canadian  Addresses.     By  the  Hon.  George 
E.  Foster.     (Herbert  Jenkins,  5s.) 

The  past  decade  has  brought  sensible 
advancement  for  the  people  of  Great 
Britain  in  the  matter  of  understanding 
the  politics,  progress,  and  affairs  generally 
of  their  kinsfolk  in  the  oversea  portions 
of  the  Empire.  A  good  deal  of  this  impor- 
tant progress  is  due  to  the  efforts  as  public 
speakers  of  leading  statesmen  in  the 
Dominions.  Such  gatherings  in  England 
as  those  of  the  Imperial  Conference, 
combined  with  the  unofficial  visits  of 
oversea  politicians  to  the  Mother  Country 
(which  improved  transport  facilities  have 
made  much  more  frequent  than  they  used 
to  be),  and  the  work  of  such  bodies  as  the 
Dominions  Royal  Commission,  have  served 
to  give  our  public  in  this  country  some 
sense  of  personal  acquaintance  with  the 
men  who  shape  the  legislative  develop- 
ment of  the  different  young  nations 
whose  union  forms  our  worldwide  British 
Commonwealth.  Among  these  men,  some 
few  are  gifted  with  that  power  of  oratory, 
that  notably  articulate  order  of  person- 
ality, which  enables  individuals,  here  and 
there,  to  school  the  thoughts  of  com- 
munities, and  to  affect  materially  the 
relationship  existing  between  peoples  sepa- 
rated by  wide  seas.  Mr.  Alfred  Deakin, 
the  ex-Prime  Minister  of  Australia,  and 
"King  Dick''  Seddon  of  New  Zealand, 
came  into  this  category  ;  as  does  also,  to 
-Mine  extent,  that  sturdy  speaker,  the 
present  Prime  Minister  of  Canada.  But, 
upon  the  whole,  the  present  reviewer  is 
inclined  to  assign  first  place,  in  this 
particular  direction,  to  the  Canadian 
.Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  .Mr. 
»rge  E.  Foster,  who  during  the  past  two 
or  three  vears  has.  by  his  speeches  alone. 
played  a  really  potent  part  in  drawing 
closer  together  the  people  of    Australia, 

New    Zealand.    Canada,    and    the    .Mother 

Country . 

It   ma\  be  interesting  to  readers  of  Tht 

A  lh  run- a  in,  to  know  that  in  Canada  this 
brilliant   speaker  has  more  than  once  been 

compared  with  the  late  Sir  Charles  Dilke, 
with  reference  both  to  his  influence  and 
position   in   Parliament,  and   to  his  gifts 

and    personality.       Certainly    the    SOOpe   of 


his  knowledge  is  vcrywide.  Intellectually, 
he  is  a  full  man.  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  the  I  louse  of  Commons  at  Ottawa 
numbers  among  its  members  any  one  of 

riper  and  wider  knowledge.  His  forceful 
personality,  despite  a  certain  characteristic 
coldness  or  austerity,  secures  the  enthu- 
siasm of  his  audiences,  t  hough  he  never, al 
any  time,  panders  to  sentimentality  or 
Superficiality.  Without  descending  to  the 
mawkish  or  merely  emotional  level  o\ 
some  speakers,  his  addresses  are  fre- 
quently illumined  by  their  real  patriotism. 

for  these  reasons  we  are  sincerely  glad 
to  welcome  the  modest  little  volume 
(issued  at  a  price  that  bring-;  it  easily 
within  the  reach  of  most  people)  which 
gives  us  ten  of  the  noteworthy  addresses 
delivered  during  late  years  by  Mr.  Foster. 
The  book  is  described  as  edited  by  .Mr. 
Arnold  Winterbotham,  and  his  task  cannot 
have  been  difficult,  for  Mr.  Poster  is  a 
finished  speaker,  from  the  reporter-' 
standpoint  as  in  other  respects.  The 
little  Introduction  to  the  volume  is  not 
a  biographical  study  by  its  editor,  but 
an  introduction  to  Canada  and  her  affairs 
and  aims  from  the  pen  of  .Mr.  Foster 
himself.  This  is  much  to  the  point  ;  but 
the  addition  to  the  completed  book  of  a 
brief  biographical  study  of  Mr.  Foster 
would  have  been  welcome,  especially  to 
readers  who  have  not  followed  his  career. 
But  possibly  Mr.  Poster's  modesty  forbade 
the  undertaking,  and  it  may  be  admitted 
that  his  addresses  speak  eloquently  for 
him.  They  present  the  man  and  the 
general  trend  of  the  workings  of  his  busy 
mind,  though  the  reviewer  is  of  opinion 
that  he  has  listened  to  finer  and  more 
stirring  speeches  from  Mr.  Foster  than 
the  best  of  those  contained  in  this  instruc- 
tive little  book. 


The  Trials  and  Pleasures  of  an  Uncotn- 
pleled  Tour.  By  Mrs.  C.  11.  M.  Thring. 
(Simpkin  &  Marshall,  12«.  ()d.  net.) 

Tins  interesting  book  is  pathetically 
dedicated  to  the  memory  of  "  the  bright- 
est, most  devoted  and  unselfish  wife 
that  ever  man  possessed  and  lost.''  .Mrs. 
Thring  was  well  known  as  an  American 
actress,  under  the  stage-name  of  "  Anne 
Caverly,"  who  played  "'character"  parts 
in  the  late  Augustin  Daly's  company  in 
New  York  and  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  She  was  descended 
from  a  family  of  Puritan  ministers  in 
Nova    Scotia,    and    was    popularly    known 

as  -the  Puritan  actress.''     On  her  friend 

Mi  Daly's  death  she  left  the  stage,  and 
a  legacy  from  an  aunt  enabled  her  to 
travel   and   study   in    England,    Belgium, 

Holland,  and  Paris.      Wherever   she    went 

her  strong  sense  of  humour  and   intense 
sympathy   with   all   types  of   mankind 
qualities   which   are   illustrated    in  every 
page  of  this  book     won  her  the  Friendship 

and    admiration    of    all     with     whom     -he 

became  acquainted. 

In    1908    -he    married    Mr.  C    H     M 

Thring.  a  nephew   of    the    Famous   Ibad 


»,S4 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


Master  of  Uppingham,  and    in    11)11   the 

couple,  set  out  to  make  an  extended 
tour  round  the  world  :  through  America 
and  Canada,  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
Japan  and  China,  Burma  and  India. 
Mrs.  Thring  intended  to  write  a  book 
describing  this  tour  on  her  return  to 
England,  and  to  that  end  kept  full 
diaries  of  her  experiences.  Unfortunately 
her  health  was  never  strong  ;  the  strain 
of  constant  travelling  and  pleasurable 
excitement  did  not  improve  it  ;  and  in 
February  of  last  year  she  died  quite  sud- 
denly at  Agra,  her  illness  being  so  brief 
that  her  husband,  who  was  away  tiger- 
shooting,  was  not  able  to  return  in  time 
to  see  her  alive. 

It  would  have  been  a  great  pity  if  the 
impressions  of  so  keen  an  observer  and 
en  j  oyer  of  life  had  been  withheld  from 
the  reader.  Mr.  Thring's  pious  task  of 
preserving  them  is  for  once  more  than 
the  inane  munus  which  is  usually  all  that 
can  be  paid  to  the  memory  of  the  dead. 
Out  of  the  diaries  left  by  his  wife,  and 
the  copious  letters  which  she  was  in  the 
habit  of  writing  to  her  friends  at  home, 
he  has  made  a  very  bright,  unconven- 
tional, and  readable  book,  which  will 
keep  green  the  memory  of  its  accom- 
plished author.  As  an  example  of  Mrs. 
Thring's  natural  skill  in  description  we 
may  quote  her  notes  of  the  sunsets  on 
the  way  from  Sydney  to  Manila— sunsets 
which  are  among  the  most  wonderful 
recollections  of  all  voyages  in  tropical 
seas,  but  are  mighty  difficult  to  put  into 
words.      Mrs.  Thring  does  this  really  well  : 

"  Later  a  delicious  shower,  and  then  the 
most  wonderful  sunset ...  .The  background 
was  green  turquoise  enamel,  and  on  this,  in 
fantastic  shapes,  orange  tones  ;  then,  away 
up  to  the  zenith,  opal.  .  .  .The  sea  was  a  dead 
grey,  and  so  were  all  the  heavens  except  the 
sunset  side/' 

Again  : — 

"  I  first  noticed  the  indigo  blue  of  the  sea 
yesterday.  The  sea  is  not  so  '  sick  '  as  it 
was  going  down  the  Pacific,  and  is  more  the 
coloeir  of  the  sea  at  Nice  and  Monte  Carlo. 
Also  there  is  a  wonderful  turquoise  colour 
in  the  sky  at  sunset  which  I  have  never  seen 
before.  One  sees  the  greys  and  violets  and 
flaming  orange  near  Honolulu,  but  this 
turquoise  is  like  enamel,  clean  and  wonderful. 
Dab  great  blotches  of  orange .  .  on  it,  and  then 
imagine  wonderful  dove-greys,  with  all  the 
tones  of  mauve  and  violet,  and  you  will  have 
an  idea  of  what  we  see  at  sunset  here.  One 
forgets  all  the  discomfort  and  the  heat,  and 
does  not  mind  if  one  will  be  kept  awake  by 
it,  for  the  sake  of  these  experiences." 

We  regret  that  Mrs.  Thring  had  not 
time  to  try  her  hand  at  an  account  of 
the  Taj  Mahal  at  Agra.  That  perfect 
and  exquisite  dream  in  white  marble  is 
almost  beyond  description  :  Mr.  Kipling's 
distant  view  in  *  Letters  of  Marque  :  is 
probably  the  best  attempt,  but  Mrs. 
Thring  might  have  come  pretty  near  it. 
Her  Japanese  diaries  are  charming,  and 
her  account  of  the  ordinary  ups  and 
downs  of  the  globe-trotter  is  always 
vivacious. 


FICTION. 

The  Highway  to  Happiness.     By  Richard 
Le  Gallienne.    (Werner  Laurie,  6s.  net.) 

Bv  an  easy  method  of  allegory  Mr.  Le 
Gallienne  leads  his  reader  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  devotion  to  self  incapacitates  a 
man  for  the  joy  of  conjugal  love,  infects 
him  witli  the  gloom  of  monomania,  and 
deprives  him  of  hope.  The  principal  cha- 
racter is  called  Youth,  and  his  companions 
bear  names  equally  candid  and  important. 
Woman,  in  one  form  and  another,  is  the 
caxise  of  his  degeneration  and  loss  of 
noble  friendship. 

Mr.  Le  Gallienne's  well-known  aptitude 
for  sensuously  conveying  to  literature 
the  attractiveness  of  muliebrity  is  prettily 
displayed  in  this  allegory,  although  he 
strictly  favours  propriety  in  his  artistic 
attitude  towards  the  woman  of  undis- 
criminating  lust  and  the  person  whom  he 
enthrones  as  Queen  Folly.  He  manifests 
his  sympathy  for  the  slaves  of  Capital  in 
the  horrible  picturesqueness  of  his  illus- 
trations of  the  cost  of  fantastic  luxun^. 
Youth  loses  his  soul  in  a  wager  against 
"  the  lord  of  Gold,"  and  it  may  be  re- 
marked that  the  meaning  and  effect  of 
this  misfortune  are  not  indicated  with 
sufficient  clearness.  The  verses  occasion- 
ally to  be  found  in  the  book  are  of  un- 
equal merit.  A  song  of  Hope  to  Youth 
which  made  him  forget  "  the  face  of  her 
who  had  promised  him  forgetfulness  in 
exchange  for  a  kiss  "  (a  damsel  named 
Suicide)  is  hardly  good  enough  to  be 
recommended  as  a  tonic  for  people  medi- 
tating self-destruction.  Nevertheless,  feli- 
cities of  phrase  and  tune  are  to  be  met 
with  here  and  there. 

An  unusual  feature  of  the  book  is  a 
series  of  drawings  by  Mr.  Herbert  Deland 
Williams,  printed  in  green  ink — partly 
on  the  margins  and  partly  under  the 
text,  which  inflexibly  and  ruthlessly  occu- 
pies precisely  the  space  which  would 
belong  to  it  without  these  "  decorations." 
As  Mr.  Williams,  satisfied  with  maintain- 
ing a  sort  of  arboreal  prettiness,  has  not 
troubled  to  follow  the  local  changes  of  the 
allegory,  he  deserves  less  sympathy  than 
we  should  otherwise  accord  him. 


The  Ragged  Trousered  Philanthropists.    By 
Robert  Tressall.     (Grant  Richards,  6s.) 

The  author  of  this  book  evidently  set 
out  to  write  a  Socialistic  tract,  but  despite 
such  a  handicap  has  produced  a  story  of 
vivid  realism  and  grim  humour  concerning 
the  lives  of  some  working-men  who,  with 
himself,  were  associated  with  a  firm  of 
house  painters  and  decorators  in  a  pro- 
vincial town.  In  the  course  of  a  volume 
extending  to  nearly  400  pages,  he  shows 
us  the  sordid  lives  of  these  men,  their 
opinions  of  other  sections  of  humanity, 
their  attitude  towards  politics  in  general, 
and  their  vieAvs  of  Socialism  in  particular. 
We  follow  the  author  with  interest  as 
he  faithfully  records  the  hopes  and  fears 
that  animate  his  comrades,  their  fatalistic 
philosophy  of  life,  and  their  dull  round  of 
toil,  displayed   in  the  Avorkshop   and   by 


their  relations  with  the  "  boss  "  and  t  he- 
foreman,  a  Zolaesque  character  nick- 
named "  Old  Misery."  The  struggle  of 
the  women  is  also  depicted,  and  the 
tragedies  of  the  children  in  homes  where- 
in security  of  work  and  low  wages  are  an 
ever-present  problem  for  the  strongest 
to  endure,  and  the  weakest  to  abandon 
in  despair. 

Easton,  a  fellow-worker  of  Tressall's. 
arrives  home  dispirited  and  tired  to  find 
the  household  budget  disorganized  by 
the  accumulation  of  debt  resulting  front 
his  periods  of  enforced  unemployment. 
His  wife  has  struggled  hard  and  bravely, 
but  the  crisis  has  mastered  all  the 
strategy  of  poverty,  and  she  explains, 
to  Easton  how  matters  stand.  He  listens., 
and  then,  in  ignorance  rather  than  anger, 
taxes  her  with  carelessness  and  neglect. 

"  The  woman  did  not  reply  at  once 
She  was  bending  down  over  the  cradle 
arranging  the  coverings  which  the  restless 
movements  of  the  child  had  disordered. 
She  was  crying  silently,  unnoticed  by  her 
husband. 

"  For  months  past — in  fact  ever  sine  - 
the  -child  was  born  —  she  had  been  ex- 
isting without  sufficient  food.  If  Easton 
was  unemployed  they  had  to  stint  them- 
selves so  as  to  avoid  getting  further  into 
debt  than  was  absolutely  necessary.  When 
he  was  working  they  had  to  go  short  in 
order  to  pay  what  they  owed;  but  of  what 
there  was  Easton  himself,  without  knowing 
it,  always  had  the  greater  share.  If  he  was 
at  work  she  would  pack  into  his  dinner 
basket  over-night  the  "best  there  was  in  the 
house.  When  he  was  oxit  of  work  she  often 
pretended,  as  she  gave  him  his  meals,  that 
she  had  had  hers  while  he  was  out.  And 
all  this  time  the  baby  was  draining  her  life- 
away,  and  her  work  was  never  done.  She 
felt  very  weak  and  weary  as  she  crouchcel 
over  there,  crying  furtively  and  trying  not 
to  let  him  see." 

Then  the  man,  still  blind  to  the  patient 
heroism  of  his  wife,  again  complains, 
and  the  woman  gives  vent  to  her  pent-up 
despair : — 

"'Oh,  I  am  so  tired  —  I  am  so  tired. 
I  wish  I  could  lie  down  somewhere  anel 
sleep  and  never  wake  up  any  more.' ' 

We  wish  that  Miss  Pope,  into  whose 
hands,  we  learn,  the  manuscript  of  the 
novel  came,  had  bestowed  more  time  and 
care  on  it.  She  tells  us  in  a  short  Preface 
that 

"  it  came  from  the  pen  of  Robert  Tressall, 
house-painter  and  sign-writer,  who  recorded 
his  criticism  of  the  present  scheme  of  things, 
until,  wearv  of  the  struggle,  he  slipped  out 
of  it "  ; 

and  that  her  task  has  been  merely  to  cut 
away  superfluous  matter  and  repetition. 
She  has  not  done  either  duty  satisfac- 
torily. Repetition  has  not  only  escaped 
her  pruning-knife,  but  there  is  also  at 
least  one  apparent  hiatus  which,  rightly  or 
wrongly,  Ave  have  debited  her  Avith.  In 
the  interests  of  novel  -  readers  to  whom, 
the  subject  is  little  known  it  ought,  Ave 
think,  to  have  been  explained  that  the 
descriptions  deal  Avith  men,  masters,  and 
conditions  of  Avork  and  life  far  below  the 
average,  and  Ave  feel  a  measure  of  sym- 
pathy with  the  impatience  that  his 
felloAv-Avorkers  expressed  at  the   author's, 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1014 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


585 


Socialistic  discourses.  There  is  a  mea- 
Bure  oi  truth  in  the  latter'a  contort 
tion  that  they  are  ao<  informed  as  to 
the  root-cause  of  poverty.  The  nearest 
we  get  to  it  is  that  it  is  the  outcome  of 
private  monopoly.  To-day  it  is  too  much 
the  fashion  to  shelter  the  individual 
behind  the  system.  It  is  at  least  open 
question  whether,  if  workers  secured 
control,  there  would  be  safety  —  security 
of  decent  life  and  fair  wages — in  numbers 
alone,  and  no  one  can  be  blamed  for 
questioning  also  whether  the  more  edu- 
cated working-man  should  not  educate 
his  fellows  better  before  the  majority  take 
control. 

Nevertheless,  we  commend  this  work 
to  the  sociologist  and  the  politician 
alike  :  while  the  general  reader  will  find 
its  pages  a  document  of  compelling 
interest  and  tragic  stress.  It  is  a  book 
that  by  no  means  should  be  overlooked 
or  ignored. 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Butler  Fredrick  W.)j  Personality  and  Revela- 
tion, a  Statement  of  the  Grounds  of  Christian 
Certainty,  2    net.  Cambridge,  Heffer 

The  author's  aim, is  "to  indicate'  the  main 
lines  of  a  defensive  statement  of  the  Christian 
religion  in  view  of  modern  knowledge." 

Fosdick    Harry  Emerson),  The  Manhood  of  the 

Master,  l  >;  net. 

Student  Christian  Movement 

This  little   book,   presenting  a   study  of  the 

character  of  Christ,   was  originally  prepared  for 

American  students,  and  i~  now  issued,  with  a  few 

alterations, for  English  readers.     It  is  divided  into 

turns,  with  Daily  Readings,  and  a  'Comment 
for  the  Week  '  for  devotional  reading,  or  discussion 
in  a  •■  Bible  study  circle." 

Mozley  ij.  K.  .  Christian  Belief,  FourAddr< 

on  the  Christian  View  of  find  and  the  World. 
with  a  Sermon  entitled  Tin:  Gospel  axj> 
Theology,  1    net.  Cambridge,  Beffer 

These   four   addresses,    entitled.    'Creed    and 
.'  •  Jesus  Christ,'  '  God.  sin.  and  Atonement,' 
and  •  Tie-  Christian  Way.'  were  delivered  in  Pem- 
broke t  ..lie-,,  chapel  during  the  Michaelmas  Term, 
L913. 

Pownall  A.  du  T.  ,  Elementary  Bible  Studies, 
being  -on,..  Notes  on  the  Historical  Hooks  of 
the  ()!.!  Testament,  paper  6d.  net.  cloth  1    net. 

Longmans 

An   elementary   handbook   prepared   for  the 

use  of  candidate,  fOP  Church-work  in  the  Colonies. 

Simpson    .\V.   J.   Sparrow),   Tin:   Catholic   Con- 
iTioN-  os  riu:  Church,  a  Study  of  the  Tradi- 
tional idea  of  the  Nature  and  Constitution  of 
the  Church,   "  Library  of  Historic  Theology," 
■'    net  Robert  Scotl 

'J  he  author  first  considers  Christ's  teaching 
erninif  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven  and  the 
wh.  and  then  traces  "  the  course  of  the 
Catholic  conception  of  the  Church  through  a 
development  ol  1900  years,"  treating  chiefly  of 
great  writers  of  the  primitive  Church. 

POETRY. 

Cropper  'Margaret,   Poems,   paper   I'  net,   cloth 

1  ,;  "••••  Elkin  Mathews 

•\     slight      collection     of     v.?-.-..     including 

-  nigs   in   a    Valley.'    '  Deirdre  on   Ship-board,' 

and  '  At  Tran  •  1 i ■—an.'  • 

Cain  and  Loss,  s  Lyrical  Narrattve,  and  Other 
Verses,  by  E.  K.  v.  1  -;  net. 

st .  Caf  berine  I ' 
ii  and  Loss,'  the  chief  item  in  this  small 
TOhnne  "i  ....I-  an  experience  of  love, 

',".".'    w  divided   into   many  short  pieces,  such    a- 
'  The  Tryst,'  •  Renouncement,'  and  '  May-Time.' 
Gilbert    Bernard  ,  Parjong  Lays,  2    net. 

Prank  Palmer 

1  b<  we     undei  -t  ind     from     the 

Publisher  -    P  •     .       been    re<  ited    to,  and 

acclaimed  by,  local  experts  in  village  inns.     There 

are  marginal  decorations  b;   Mr.  W.  8.  Lear. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Congress  Library,  List  op  References  on 
Federal  Control  of  Commerce  and  Cor- 
porations: Special  Aspects  \m>  Applica- 
tions, com  pile.  I  under  the  Direction  ol  Hermann 
II.  B.  Meyer,  15c. 

Washington,  I  '-"\  i .  Print  ing  ( Ifilce 
The  first  part  of  this  '  l.i-t  of  References  ' 
was  published  in  March,  1913.  The  present  part 
deals  with  various  special  aspects  of  the  subject, 
ami  is  divided  under  the  headings  '  Regulation 
of  Interstate  Commerce,'  '  Industrial  Corpora- 
tions,  Trusts,'   and    "Federal    Anti-Trust    Cases.' 

Author  and  Subject   Indexes  are  added. 
Nottingham  Library  Bulletin,  May,   \<l. 

Nottingham 
Containing  lists  of  new   books  added  to  the 
Library,  notices  of  new  novels,  and  notes. 

HISTORY     AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Baildon  (W.  Paley),  BArLDON  and  the  Baildons, 

a    Histor     of  a    Yorkshire  Manor  and  Family, 

Vol.    I.  Privately  printed 

The  firsl    volume  of  a   manorial  and   family 

history,     illustrated     by    numerous     plates    and 

blocks  in  i he  text. 

Clan  Campbell,  Abstracts  of  Entries  relating 
to  Campbells  in  the  Sheriff  Court  Hooks 
of  Perthshire,  and  i.v  the  Particular 
Registers  of  Hornings  and  Inhibitions 
for  that  County,  from  the  Campbell  Collec- 
tions formed  by  Sir  Duncan  Campbell  of  Barcal- 
dine  and  Glenure,  prepared  and  edited  by  the 
Rev.  Henry  Paton.  Edinburgh,  Schulze 

Mr.   Paton  contributes  a   brief  Introduction. 

and  Indexes  of  Persons  and  Places  are  given. 

Memories  of  John  Westlake    ii    net. 

smith  &  Elder 
This  is  not  a  formal  biography,  but  a  collec- 
tion of  tributes  from  various  friends  of  John 
Westlake.  including  Mr.  A.  V.  Dicey,  Lord  Court- 
ney of  Penwith,  and  Dr.  J.  X.  Renter.  There  is 
an  introductory  chapter  by  Mr.  J.  Fischer  Wil- 
liams, and  the  book  is  illustrated  with  port  rails. 

Morgan  (Rev.  J.  Vyrnwy),  The  Philosophy  of 
Welsh  History,  12/6  net.  Lane 

The  author's  purpose  is  "  to  dwell  upon  the 
dramatic  phases  oi  historical  events  and  upon  the 
religious  and  sociological  phenomena,"  and  to 
discuss  the  problems  involved  in  the  development 
of  the  country. 

Naval  and  Military  Essays,  "Cambridge  Naval 
and  Military  Series.''   7  (i   n.t. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

A  collection  of  papers  which  were  read  in 
I  he  Naval  and  Military  Sect  ion  at  t  he  Internal  ional 
Congress  of  Historical  Studies  last  year.  They 
are  edited  by  the  general  editors  of  the  series. 
Mr.  Julian  Corbet!  and  Col.  II.  .).  Edwards,  and 
include  contributions  by  sir  .1.  K.  Laughton, 
Mr.  Corbett,  Dr.  .1.  Holland  Hose,  and  Prof. 
C.  W.  C.  Oman. 

Omond   (G.   W.   T.),   The    Lord   Advocates   ov 

SCOTLAND:  Second  Series,  1834-188(1    21     int. 

.Melrose 

The  writer's  former  work,  published  in    188:5. 

traced  the  history  of  the  office  from  the  fifteenth 

century  to  the  passing  of  the   Reform   Hill.     In 

this  volume  he  continues  the  story  of  the  political 

and  Legal  adventures  of  the  Lord   Vdvocates  down 
to  the  "Parliament   of  I  880. 

Roscoe  (E.  S.i,  Penn's  Country,  being  Literary 

and  Historical  Studies  of  the  Country  of  Penn, 
.Milton,  Gray,  Burke,  and  the  Disraelis,  2/ii  ml. 

Longmans 
A    revised    anil    enlarged    edition,    containing 
illustrations  and   a    map. 

Salazar  (Fanny  Zampini),  M  \i«.hi-:kit\  of  Savoy, 

First  Queen  or  [tali  :   heb  Ldte  and  Times, 

10  <i   net.  Mills  A  Boon 

\  study  of  the  life  of  the  Queen-Mother  of 

Italy,   euimr  special   regard   "to  the   protection 

and  incentive  she  has  afforded  to  movements  m 

Italy  affecting  the  condition  of  women  in  social, 

economic,    and    educational    fields."       Mr.    Richard 

Bagot  writ  es  a  Preface,  and  there  are  illustrations. 
Turquan  'Joseph)  and  D'Auriac  iJuIes),  A  GREAT 
Adventuress:     Lady    Hamilton     wi>    the 
Revolution  in  Naples,  1763  1815,  12  <>  net. 

Jenkins 

This   edition    has    been    translated   from   the 

French  by  Miss  Lilian  Wiggins.     There  are  many 

illusl  pat  ion-    from    poi  I  rait  s. 

Worcester  (Dean  C),  The  Philippines,  Past 
and  Present,  2  vols.,  80  net.  Mills,'  Boon 
An  account  of  the  past  and  present  political 
situation  in  the  island -.  with  a  description  of  their 
climate,  natural  resources,  and  commercial  possi- 
bilities. The  writer  was  a  member  of  the  U.8. 
Philippine  Commission  (\x'.>'->  1901),  and  since 
1901  has  been  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  th< 
Insular  Government.  The  volume,  are  illus- 
trated. 


GEOGRAPHY     AND    TRAVEL. 

Maltland  (Francis  J.  G.),  CHILE,  its  Land  AND 
People,  the  History,  Natural  Features,  De- 
velopment, and  Industrial  Resources  of  a  Great 
South  American  Republic,  10/fl  net. 

Francis  Grifflt  b- 
A    survey   of   the   country, 
many  ph.  .t.  igra  phs. 

Peacock   (Wadhami,    Albania, 
State  op  Europe,  7  >>  net. 

The  writer  "  deals  with  a  phase  in  the  history 
of     Ubania  which  is  passing  away.''  and  gives  a 


illustrated    with 

THE     FOUNDLDTO 

Chapman  &   Hall 


chap)  or   tot  he   consi.  |.  la  I  ion 

new     kingdom.     The    book 

photographs. 

Thomas  'Edward),  l.\  Pursuit  of  Spring,  5/  net. 

.Nelson 
The  author  records  a  pilgrimage 
to  the  Quantoci  Hills  in  March  and 
are  six  mounted   illustrations  from 

Mr.   Lines!    Ilaslehust. 
White   (Stewart  Edward),   AFRICAN 
5    net. 

A  record  of  ( ravel  a  ml  sport   i 
illustrations  from  photographs. 

POLITICS. 

'I 


f  the  future  of  the 
is    illustrated    with 


from  Condon 
April.    There 

lira  w  ih'.;s    by 

Camp  Fd&es, 

Nelson 

i  Africa,  wit  h 


ik  Truth  about  Ulster, 

Nash 


Moore  (F.  Frankfort 

7/6  net . 

The  writer  records  his  memories  of  riots  in 
Belfast   and  other  places,  and  bis  impressions  of 
Ulster  and    Ulstermen.     The  book   is  illustrated 
with  photographs.. 
Stepankowsky  (V.),  Tin:  Uissian  Plot  to  Skizk 

Galicia  (Austrun  Ruthenia),  6d.  Hall 

The  writer's  ami  is  "  to  arouse  the  attention 
of  Englishmen"  to  the  "feverish  preparations 
on  the  pari  of  the  Russians,  and  their  renewed 
determination  to  deal  a  violent  blow  to  the  cause 
of  the  national  revival  "  in  Western  Ruthenia. 
Walling  (William  English),  Progressivism — and 
After,  i>  6  net.  Macmillan 

The  author  discusses  and  criticizes  progres- 
sive movements,  being  mainly  concerned  with 
their  development   in  the  United  States. 

SOCIOLOGY. 
Chadwick  (W.  Edward),  The  Church,  the  State, 

and  THE  Pool!,  a  Scries  of  Historical  Sketches, 

6,    net.  Robert  Scott. 

A  discussi if  the  ways  in  which  the  Church 

ami  the  State  have  attempted  at  various  times  to 

deal  with  the  problems  of  poverty. 

ECONOMICS. 

Hoag  (Clarence  Gilbert),  A  Theory  of  Interest, 
ii  6  net.  Macmillan 

The  author's  aim  is  to  present  a  solution  of 
the  problem  of  interest. 

Temple  (Frederick),  Interest,  Gold,  and  Bank- 
ing, a   Dis,-,, iirse  on  Democratic  Finance,  Orf. 

Effingham  Wilson 
An     address  dealing  with  the  effect    of  usury 
on  societ  y. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Bradley  (William),  Tin:  Early  Poems  of  Walter 
Savage  Landor,  2/6  net.  Hugh  Pees 

This  study  of  Landor's  development  and  his 

debt    to   .Milton   has   been   submitted   as  a   doctoral 

thesis  to  the  Faculty  of  Philosophy  in  the  Wil- 
helm's  University  of  .Minister,  Westphalia. 

EDUCATION. 

Leeds  University,  TENTH  Report,  1912   13. 

I Is,  Jowet  t  &  Sowry 

Containing  a  report  of  the  activities  of  the 
various  departments  of  the  University,  a  list  of 
works,  original  papers,  &c,  published  by  its 
members  during  the  year  1912  IS,  notices  of 
recent  appointments  gained  bj  students,  and 
other  informal  ion. 

SCHOOL. 

Brabant   (H.   S.),   Test   Papers   on   the    \hmv 

Mathematb  m.  Syllabus,  I  6  net.  Relfe 

\  collection  of  papers  ■■  designed  to  represent 

the   hauler  tyj f  questions  set    in   the    Lrmy 

Exa  tninal  ions." 

Dobbs  (W.  J.i,  Answers  to  the  Exebx  [sbs  in-  \ 
School  »  Iourse  in  i  .i  ombtri  .  dd. 

In      Longmans'       "  Modem       Math  maticaJ 

Series." 

English    Author    Revision    Card:     SHAKESPEARE, 

The  Tempest,   prepared   for  the  Oxford   and 

Cambridge  Local  and  the  College  of  Preceptors' 

Examinations,  bj    L  P.  Colman,  3d.  Relfe 

This   eaid    contains   eighty   quotations   from 

■The  Tempest, '   and   is  intended   to  test    pupils' 

knowledge  of  the  text.     With   ii    ta  providea^a 

Ke\  . 


580 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4513,  April  2r>,  1914 


French   Unseens,   Seniob   Course,   selected   and 

arranged  by  A.   R.  Florian,  1/6         Rivingtons 

A  hundred   and  fifty-one  passages   in    prose 

and  verse   from    French  writers,   followed  by  an 

Index  of  Authors. 

Hodgson  (Rev.  H.  J.),  Practical  Geometry  for 
Junior  Examinations,  1/6  Relfe 

A  second  edition. 

Latin  Vocabulary,  Hd.  net.  Relfe 

This  little  book  consists  of  words  and  phrases 
especially  selected  for  the  translation  of  Caisar 
and  for  Latin  prose  composition.  There  are 
Appendixes. 

Maupassant  (Guy  de),  Six  Contes,  edited  by 
Harold  N.  P.  Sloman,  2/6  Oamb.  Univ.  Press 
A  volume  in  the  Senior  Group  of  the  "  Cam- 
bridge Modern  French  Series."  It  contains  the 
stories  '  Le  Horla,'  '  Le  Trou,'  '  Les  Prisonniers,' 
'  Qui  Sait  ?  '  '  Menuet,'  and  '  L'Aventure  de 
Walter  Schnaffs,'  which  are  edited  with  a  brief 
Introduction,  exercises  in  the  Direct  Method,  and 
a  "  Lexique." 

Minssen   (B.),   Single   Term  French   Readers, 
in  Six  Elementary  Books  of  Graduated   Diffi- 
culty, Term  III.,  1/  Rivingtons 
This  little  book   contains  a  story  rewritten 
for    beginners,    "  mainly    founded "    on    part    of 
'  Bertrand  du  Guesclin,'  by  Emile  de  Bonnechose, 
followed   by   notes   in   French,    exercises   on   ele- 
mentary French  grammar,  and  a  French-English 
Vocabulary. 

Nicholls  (Sophie  M.),  Scenic  Studies  op  the 
Bible  Background,  3/6  net.  Longmans 

This  book  is  written  to  supplement  wall- 
pictures  of  Palestine  in  a  classroom.  It  is  illus- 
trated with  photographs  and  maps  ;  there  is  a 
Preface  by  Mrs.  Bryant ;  and  Indexes  of  Geo- 
graphical Subjects  and  Scripture  References  are 
added. 

Perrault  (C),  Contes  des  Fees,  I.  and  II.,  3d. 
each.  Relfe 

The  first  booklet  contains  '  Les  Fees  '  and 
'  Cendrillon,"  and  the  second  '  Le  Petit  Chaperon 
Rouge  '  and  '  La  Belle  au  Bois  Dormant.'  Each 
has  two  black-and-white  illustrations  and  a 
Vocabulary. 

Relfe  Brothers'  Junior  Contour  Atlas,  1/6  net. 
There    are    thirty-six    coloured    plates,    con- 
taining, forty-nine   maps   and   diagrams,    and   an 
Index. 

Soullier  (G.),  Easy  French  Phonetics,  with 
Reader  and  Exercises,  1/  Relfe 

A  systematic  course  of  lessons  in  the  pho- 
netic method  for  beginners. 

Soullier  (G.),  Simple  Lessons  on  Free  Composi- 
tion in  French,  1/4  Relfe 
This    book    contains    a    series    of    exercises 
written    in    simple    French.     Mr.     J.     Lift    has 
added  an  Introduction. 

Spenser  (Edmund),  The  Faerie  Queene.  Book  II., 
edited  by  Lilian  Winstanley,  "  Pitt  Press 
Series,"  2/6  Cambridge  University  Press 

In  her  Introduction  Miss   Winstanley' writes 
an  appreciation  of   '  The  Faerie   Queene/   a  dis- 
cussion of  the  literary  sources  of  Book  II.,  and 
an  essay  on  Spenser  and  Aristotle.     She  also  con- 
tributes about  fifty  pages  of  notes  to  the  text. 
Stinde  (Julius),   Die  Familie  Buchholz,  edited 
by  G.  H.  Clarke,  2/6       Cambridge  Univ.  Press 
A  volume  in  the  "  Cambridge  Modern  German 
Series,"  edited  with  exercises  in  the  Direct  Method, 
and  a  German-English  Vocabulary. 
Taylor   (W.   R.),   The  Junior   Geography  and 
Atlas,  1/6  Belfe 

A  second  edition. 
Taylor  (W.  R.),  Old  Testament  History,  1/ 

Relfe 
A  brief  sketch  of  Old  Testament  history  for 
the  use  of  schools. 

FICTION. 

Adams  (Arthur  H.),  The  Knight  op  the  Motor 

Launch,  1/  Sydney,  N.S.W.,  Bookstall  Co. 

A  tale  of  love  and  adventure,  followed   by 

two  short  stories,  '  Honi  Soit  '  and  '  A  Rich  Man 

and    Some   Shells.'     They   are   reproduced    from 

The  Lone  Hand  and  The  Bulletin. 

Bain    (F.  W.),    Indian    Stories  :    Vol.    VI.  An 

Essence  op  the  Dusk,   translated  from  the 

Original  Manuscript,  120/ net  per  set  of  10  vols. 

Lee  Warner 
This  story  was  first  published  in  1906. 

Cullum  (Ridgwell),  The  Compact,  2/  net. 

Chapman  &  Hall 
The  story  is  written  round  the  events  which 
followed  the  earlier  Majuba  incident,  and  led  to 
the  establishment  of  the  U\  o  small  republics  of 
Goshen  and  Stellaland.  The  "  compact  " 
is  one  made  between  two  men,  by  which  the 
affections  of  a  woman  are  to  be  tested  for  a 
year  in  order  to  discover  which  of  the  two — her 
husband  or  the  man  he  supposes  his  rival — she 
prefers. 


Findlater  (Mary  and  Jane),  Crossiuggs,  Id.  net. 

Nelson 
A    cheap    reprint.        See    notice    in    Athen., 
May  16,  1908,  p.  600. 

Grey  (Lincoln),  Sarah  Midget,  6/  Methuen 

A  melodramatic  story  concerning  a  million- 
aire emporium  proprietor,  who  in  the  days  when 
he  was  a  shop  assistant  had  married  little  Sarah 
Midget,  and  had  later  deserted  her  for  a  painted 
lady.  The  son  of  the  latter,  while  a  student  at 
an  Agricultural  College,  meets  Sarah,  and  their 
friendship  develops  without  either  realizing  the 
other's  identity. 

Heathcote  (Millicent),  Entertaining  Jane,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
A  story  of  a  young  girl  who  tries  to  earn  her 
living,  first  as  a  typist,  and  then  as  an  entertainer 
in  a,  hydro.  When  she  is  reduced  to  5\d.,  and 
is  contemplating  "  sausage  and  mashed  "  as  her 
last  meal  on  earth,  the  handsome,  sunburnt 
hero  finds  her  in  the  nick  of  time,  and  takes 
possession. 

Litta  (The  Duke),  Monsignor  Villarosa,  6/ 

Fisher  Unwin 
The  central  figure  is  a  Liberal  Bishop  of  the 
Roman  Church,  the  publication  of  whose  magnum 
opus  results  in  his  condemnation  to  the  severest 
ecclesiastical  punishment.  A  subsidary  interest 
concerns  the  remarriage  of  a  divorcee  loved  by  the 
Bishop's  nephew. 

Lyall  (Edna),  Derrick  Vaughan,  Novelist,  Id. 
net.  Methuen 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Maartens  (Maarten),  An  Old  Maid's  Love; 
God's  Fool;  The  Greater  Glory ;  My  Lady 
Nobody;  and  Her  Memory,  3/6  each. 

Constable 
Five  volumes  in  a  new  uniform  edition  of 
the  novelist's  works.  They  were  noticed  respec- 
tively in  The  Athmceum  on  the  following  dates  : 
May  9, 1891,  p.  601  ;  Oct.  29, 1892,  p.  585  ;  Feb.  10, 
1894,  p.  176  ;  June  29,  1895,  p.  835  ;  and  Oct.  29, 
1898,  p.  604. 

Mack  (Louise  :  Mrs.  Creed),  The  Music  Makers, 
the  Love  Story  of  a  Woman  Composer,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
The  heroine,  whose  reputation  as  a  composer 
is  already  established,  has  accepted  as  her  own 
the  opera  of  a  poor  and  unsuccessful  friend. 
She  intends  to  announce  the  authorship  on  the 
first  night  of  its  performance,  but  he,  hearing 
accidentally  of  the  work's  production,  believes 
her  guilty  of  theft,  and  it  is  long  before  the  Iwo 
are  united.  There  are  several  subsidiary  cha- 
racters, whose  affairs  contribute  to  a  complicated 
plot.  ri        ^^  £ 

Meade  (L.  T.),  The  Wooing  op  Monica,  6d.   Long 
A    cheap    reprint.        See    notice    in    Athen., 
March  17,  1900,  p.  330. 

One  Year  of  Pierrot,  by  the  Mother  of  Pierrot,  6/ 

Putnams 
A  simple  story  told  by  an  eighteen-year-old 
mother,  whose  child  is  born  some  months  after 
the  death  of  her  husband.  Pierrot,  her  son,  only 
lives  one  year,  and  during  that  time  makes  many 
friendships. 

Ruck  (Berta  :  Mrs.  Oliver  Onions),  His  Official 
Fiancee,  6/  Hutchinson 

A  story,  told  in  the  first  person,  of  a  girl 
typist  who  became  officially  engaged  to  her 
"  governor  "  on  the  understanding  that  the  ar- 
rangement was  to  be  broken  off  at  the  end  of  a 
year. 

Savile    (Frank),    The    Red    Wall,    a    Modern 

Romance,  2/  net.  Nelson 

A  novel  dealing  with  the  efforts  of  a  European 

Power  to  get  a  footing  in  the  zone  of  the  Panama 

Canal. 

Sinclair  (May),  The  Judgment  of  Eve,  6/ 

Hutchinson 
This  volume  contains  a  series  of  short  stories 
with  morals.  The  narrative  that  gives  the  title 
to  the  book  is  a  study  of  a  youn°'  couple  in 
poor  circumstances,  and  shows  the  difficulties  of 
their  married  life. 

Tallentyre  (S.  G.),  Matthew  Hargreaves,  6/ 

Smith  &  Elder 
A  character-study  of  a  City  man  of  the  last 
century. 

Travers  (John),  Second  Nature,  a  Study  in 
Contrasts,  6/  Duckworth 

The  hero  is  left  a  fortune  by  his  uncle  on 
condition  that  he  marries,  within  a  year,  a  woman 
who  has  been  sentenced  to  serve  time  in  prison. 
He  eventually  obeys  the  terms  of  the  will,  but, 
as  Society  is  shocked  at  his  wife's  manners,  he 
takes  her  to  a  lonely  station  on  the  Indian  frontier. 


Tressall     (Robert),     The     Ragged     Trousered 

Philanthropists,  6/  Grant  Richards 

See  p.  584. 

Troubridge   (Lady),  This  Man  and  this  Woman, 

6/  Eveleigh  Nash 

The  author  describes  the  unfortunate  married 

life  of  a  young  and  irresponsible  couple  who  belong 

to  modern  society,  but  gives  a  happy  ending   to 

her  tale. 

Winter     (John     Strange),     The     Countess     of 
Mountenoy,  Qd.  Long 

A  cheap  reprint. 

JUVENILE. 
Elias    (Frank),   A    Boy's    Adventures    in    t    e 
South  Seas  ;    or,  With  Williams  to  Erro- 

MANGA,   2/  R.T.S. 

A  story  in  the  "  Brave  Deeds  "  Series,  with 
a  coloured  frontispiece  and  other  illustrations. 

Le  Feuvre  (Amy),  Bridget's  Quarter  Deck,  3/6 

R.T.S. 

A  new  issue. 

Shaw   (Gertrude),   West   Indian   Fairy   Tales, 

2/6  net.  Francis  Griffiths 

These  fairy  tales  are  told  for  children,  and 

are  illustrated  in  black  and  white  by  Mr.  H.  J. 

Stock. 

Tate    (Gertrude    M.),    Windflowers,    Verses   for 

Young  Children,  Ad.  Relfe 

Simple    pieces,     such    as     '  Pussv    Willow,' 

'Brownies,'     '  Good  -  Night,'     and     '  5ly    Dolly,' 

printed  in  large  type. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Alchemical  Society  Journal,  March,  2/  net. 

H.  K.  Lewis 
■  This  number  contains  a  report  of  the  eleventh 
general  meeting  of  the  Society,  a  paper  on  Roger 
Bacon  by  Mr.  B.  Ralph  Rowbottom,  with  a 
report  of  the  discussion  that  followed  it,  and 
reviews. 

Baptist    Historical    Society    Transactions,    April, 

2/6  Baptist  Union 

Containing  articles  on  '  John  Ward,'  '  Two 
Hardcastles,  Presbyterian  and  Baptist,'  '  Paul's 
Alley,  Barbican,  1695-1768,'  '  Kentish  Mis- 
sionaries to  Virginia,  1714,'  and  '  Theobalds  and 
Colonel  Packer,'  and  notes. 

Dublin  Review,  April,  5/6  net.  Burns  &  Oates 
Mgr.  Barnes  contributes  an  article  entitled 
'  Martin  Luther,  Augustinian  Friar.'  The  editor, 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward,  writes  on  '  A  Visit  to  America,' 
Sir  H.  E.  H.  Jerningham  on  '  Three  Ambassadors 
of  the  Victorian  Age,'  and  Prof.  T.  M.  Kettle  on 
'  Labour  and  Civilization.' 
English  Historical  Review,  April,  5/ 

Longmans 

The  articles  include  '  The  Strength  of  English 

Armies  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  by  Sir  J.  II.  Ramsay  ; 

'  The    Early   Life   of   John   de   Vere,    Thirteenth 

Earl  of  Oxford,'  by  Miss  Cora  L.  Scofield  ;    and 

'  Frederick  the   Great  and    England,  1758-1763,' 

Part  II.,  by  Dr.  J.  Hollan  1  Rose. 

Girl's  Own  Paper  and  Woman's  Magazine,  May, 

6c7.  4,  Bouverie  St.,  E.G. 

The   present  number  includes   '  The  Begam 

of  Bhopal,'  by  Mary  Frances  Billington  ;     '  The 

House  that  Juliet  Built,'  by  Grace  S.  Richmond  ; 

and  '  In  the  Merry  Maytime,'  by  Maud  Angell. 

Imperial    Institute    Bulletin,    Vol.    XII.    No.    1, 
2/6  John  Murray 

This  number  contains  reports  of  recent 
investigations  at  the  Imperial  Institute,  an  article 
by  Mr.  E.  Leplae  on  '  Agriculture  in  the  Belgian 
Congo,'  general  notices  'respecting  economic  pro- 
ducts and  their  development,  a  report  of  the 
'  Recent  Progress  in  Agriculture  and  the  Develop- 
ment of  Natural  Resources,'  and  a  general  state- 
ment and  notes. 

Indian  Review,  March,  8  annas. 

Madras,  G.  A.  Natesan 

This  number  includes  articles  on  '  American 
Plans  to  Exclude  Indians,'  by  Mr.  Saint  Nihal 
Singh  ;  '  The  Real  and  the  Ideal,'  by  Dr.  Rabin- 
dranath  Tagore  ;  '  The  Late  Lord  Minto,'  by 
Mr.  G.  A.  Natesan  ;  and  '  Journalism  for  Young 
Indians,'  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Fraser  Blair. 
International  Theosophical  Chronicle,  April,  6d. 
net.  18.  Baitlett's  Buildings,  E.C. 

The  contents  include  articles  on  '  Copan  and 
its  Position  in  American  History,'  by  Mr.  William 
E.  Gates  ;  '  Rejuvenation  in  Art,'  by  Mr.  R. 
Mr.chell ;  and  '  Wild  Flowers  in  Lomaland,'  by 
the  Brownie  Botany  Class. 
Journal  of  Theological  Studies,  April,  3/6  net. 

Milford 

Dr.  W.  Sanday  contributes  a  brief  tribute  to 
Baron  Hermann  von  Soden.  The  papers  include 
'  Von  Soden's  Text  of  the  New  Testament,'  by 
Mr.  H.  C.  Hoskier  ;  '  The  Work  of  Menezes  on 
the  Malabar  Liturgy,'  by  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Connolly  ; 
and  '  The  Patristic  Testimonia  of  Timotheus 
^Elurus,'  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Conybeare. 


No.  4513  April  25,   1914 


THE    ATIIENjEUM 


587 


Monist,    \ri:u  .  J  t>  Open  Court  Publ.  i\>. 

The  items  include  a  second  instalment  ol 
an  article  entitled  'On  the  Nature  <>f  Acquaint- 
ance,' by  Mr.  Bertrand  Russell  :  '  The  Principles 
Mechanics  with  Newton  (1666-1679),'  by  Mr, 
riu)i|>  K.  B.  Jourdain  :  and  '  Purposivenesa  in 
Nature  and  Life,'  i>>*  Mr.  Edmund  Noble. 

North  American  Review,  April,  1    net. 

Hednemann 
The  editor,   Mr.   George   Harvey,  writes  an 
'  Appeal  to  the  Presidonl  :    To  Save  Mexico;    to 
e  his  Party  :    to  Save  Himself.'     The  articles 
include   '  Gold'win   Smith:     a    Reminiscence,'   by 
Viscount     Bryce  :      '  Government     Railroads    in 
vi.'  by  Mr.  Carrington  Weems  :    and  '  Twen- 
tieth-Century    Christianity,'     by      Bear-Admiral 
A.  T.   M  ihaii. 

Open  Court,  April,  10c  Open  Court  Publ.  Co. 
Mr.  Paul  Cams  concludes  his  paper  on  'The 
Portrayal  of  Christ,'  and  also  writes  on  'The 
Romance  of  a  Tibetan  Queen.'  Other  items  are 
'  The  Scientists,'  by  the  late  Henri  Poincare,  and 

■  A  New  Co-operative  Colony."  by  Mr.  Hiram 
Vrooman. 

Pall  Mall  Magazine,  Mat,  lirf.  not.  Uiffe 

This  number  celebrates  the  twenty-first 
birthday  of  the  magazine.  Mr.  Albert  Kinross  in 
an  article  entitled  'Coming  of  Age'  reviews  its 
history,  and  recalls  the  eminent  writers  and 
artists  who  have  contributed  to  it  at  various 
times.  Special  features  are  short  stories  by 
Mr.  Compton  Mackenzie.  Mr.  Morley  Roberts, 
George  Birmingham,  and  others;  an  article, 
'What  You  Will,'  by  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc  :  and 
s  '  To  a  Child,'  by  Mr.  Walter  de  la  Mare. 

Review  of  Reviews  for  Australasia,  March,  (></. 

Melbourne,  Swanston  St. 
The  articles  in  this  number  include  '  The 
wn  Prince  of  Germany."  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Gardiner  ; 
'  The  Defence  of  Australia.'  and  '  The  Position  of 
Indians  within  the  Empire.'  Other  items  are 
'  Leading  Articles  in  the  Reviews  '  and  '  History 
of  the  Month  in  Caricature.' 

Sunday  at  Home,  May.  M.  1,  Bouverie  St.,  E.C. 
The  contents  include  an  article  on  Henry 
Holiday,  by  Mr.  Harry  Cooper;  'A  Fountain 
under  the  Sea,'  a  story-sermon  for  children,  by  the 
Rev.  Stuart  Robertson  :  and  under  the  heading 
'My  Most  Encouraging  Experience'  we  have 
some  anecdotes  by  such  people  as  Sir  John  Kirk, 
Mr.  Ilalliwell  Sutcliffe,  Prebendary  Webb-Peploe, 
Bishop  Welldon,  and  others. 

Theosophical  Path,  April,  1/ 

California,  Point  Lonia 

Mr.    H.   Travers   writes   on    '  Reincarnation,' 

Mr.  Percy  Leonard  on  '  A  Marvel  of  Motherhood  : 

■  Record  of  Observations  on  the  Founding  of  a 
Colony  of  Honey-Ants,'  and  Mr.  Kenneth  Morris 
on  '  The  Drama  in  Wales.'  The  photographic 
illustrations  are  a  notable  feature. 

Yale  Review,  April,  T.'c. 

Yale  Publishing  Association 

The  present  number  contains  articles  by 
Mr.    Robert    Derrick   on    '  The    American    Novel,' 

Basanta  Koomar  Hoy  on  'The  Personality 
of  Tagore,'  and  Miss  Helen  McAfee  on  '  An  .Ana- 
tolian Journey,'  A;c.  There  are  verses  by  Mr. 
John  Erskine  and  Mr.  Walter  Peirce 

GENERAL. 

Advance  Date  Book,  July,  1014,  to  .Jink.  1916, 

1  8  Lecture  Agency 

A  diary  for   public  speakers  and  others  who 

obliged  to  make  engagements  some   time  in 

incc. 

City  of  London  Year-Book  and  Civic  Directory  for 
1914,  5/  net .  Collingridge 

V  handbook  giving  fu'l  information  on  the 
municipal,  commercial,  and  social  life  of  the  City. 
li  includes  list-,  of  membership  of  the  City  Guilds, 
the  new  Committees  of  the  Corporation  and  the 
London  County  Council,  and  particulars  of  City 

•  ols. 

Coutts  iHenry  T.>,  LIBRARY  Joke-   \ni>  JOTTINGS, 
llection  of  Stories, partly  Wise, bul   mostly 

Otl  2    8    net.  fto'll 

The  author,  who  is  President  of  the  Library 

•  i.ition,  has  here  collected  humo- 

■    incident!    and    anecdotes,    many   of   which 

re  come  under  his  notice  during  the  course  of 

his  professional  dut  i 

India  Office  List  for  191*,  10  Harrison 

Containing  n  biographii  .1  Record  of  Sen 
of  nam.-,  in  the  Honoui  i  the 

iiH-iiibers   of   the   ,..  i  ouncils   and 

Governor -G  I    uncU,    and    much     other 

information  compiled   from  official   i 


In    the    Next    World  :     ACTUAL    Narratives    OF 
PERSONAL    EXPERIENCES    iiv   Some   who   HAVE 

PASSED    OK,   compiled   and    elucidated    by  A.   1'. 
Sinnett,   1   ti  net.  Theosophical  Publ.  Co. 

The  writer  says  he  has  had  favourable  oppor- 
tunities of  "free  speech  with  friends  who  have 

passed   over   into   the   astral    life,"   and    her*'  gives 

"  fragments  of  astral  biography  "  which  he  has 
reeefr  ed. 

James    (A.    F.    Brodie),    Nitrate    Facts    and 
FIGURES,    litll,  2/ti  net.  Mathioson 

This  booklet  is  in  its  eleventh  year  of  issue. 
It  contains  much  statistical  information  for 
shareholders  and  producers,  lists  of  directors 
and  the  companies  they  direct,  and  tables. 
John  Rylands  Library,  Manchester,  A  Brief  His- 
torical Description  of  tub  Lirrary  and 
its  Contents,  i>./.  net. 

Manchester  University  Press 
This  volume  gives  a  sketch  of  the  inception, 
foundation,  and  growth  of  the  Library,  and  brief 
descriptions  of  its  chief  literary  treasures  and 
architecture.  There  arc  illustrations  and  fac- 
simile's of  manuscripts  and  early  printed   books. 

Maxims  from  the  Writings  of  Mgr.  Benson,  by  the 

Compiler  of  '  Thoughts  from  Augustine  Birrell,' 

&C,  1/3  net.  Washboume 

These  maxims  are  arranged  for  the  days  of 

(he  year,  and  are  preceded  by  a  brief  Foreword 

giving  a  biographical  sketch  of  Mgr.  Benson  and 

a  list  of  his  chief  books. 

Owen   (Douglas);   Ocean  Trade  and  Shipping, 

"  Cambridge  Naval  and  Military  Series,"  10/6 

net.  Cambridge.  University  Press 

The  author  summarizes  the  process  of  ocean 

trade  and   methods  of  ocean  traders  in   time  of 

peace,    discusses    the    situation    arising    on    the 

sudden  outbreak  of  war,  and  reviews  the  relations 

between    neutral    masters    and    belligerent   naval 

officers  at  such  a  time.      The  book  is  intended  for 

naval  and  military  officers,  and  is  illustrated  by 

photographs  and  facsimiles. 

SCIENCE. 

Drysdale  (A.  L.),  Greater  Profits  from  Land  : 
the  Secret  of  Successful  Farming.  10/  net. 

Fisher  Unwin 
A  practical  treatise  on  land,  including  a  full 
report  of  the  Dalmeny  experiments  and  tables  of 
manurial  treatment.      It  is  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs. 

Haeder  (Herman),  A  Handrook  on  the  Steam 

Engine,  with  Especial  Reference  to  Small 

and  Medium-sized  Engines,  translated  from 

the  German,  with  Considerable  Additions  and 

Alterations,  7/6  net.  Crosby  Lockwood 

The    fourth     English     edition,    revised    and 

enlarged.     The  chief  addition  is  an  Appendix  of 

about  sixty  pages  on  Steam  Turbines,  containing 

Mr.  Haeder's  formula;  and  diagrams. 

Housden  (C.  E.),  Riddle  of  Mars,  the  Planet, 
3/6  net.  Longmans 

The  writer,  by  an  independent  method,  has 
arrived  at  the  same  conclusion  as  Prof.  Lowell 
with  regard  to  the  artificial  nature  of  the  canals 
and  oases  of  the  planet. 

Park   (James),   A    Text-Rook  of  Geology,  for 

Use  in  Mining  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Secondary 

Schools,  15/  net.  Griffin 

This  book,  by  the  Professor  of  Mining  in  the 

University   of    Otago,    is    based   on   a   course  of 

lectures  •■  revised  and  expanded  so  as  to  cover 

the  requirements  in  Geology  as  now  defined  for 

Engineering.    Mining,    and    Agricultural    Schools 

and    Colleges."      It    is     illustrated     with     seventy 

plates  and  numerous  other  illustrations. 

Robson  (Forster;,   British  Trees,  and  How  to 

Name  them  at  a  Glance,  without  Botany, 

Ti/.  net.  Holden  «y  Hardingham 

The  writer  has  grouped   trees  according  to 

the  shape  of  their  leaves.  "  adding  other  not  iceable 

points    to    aid     identification."      There    are    many 
illustrations  in  the  text,  and  air  Index. 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Opinions  bendered  ry 
-rni;     International    Commission    on    Zoo- 
logical Nomen<  i  a'ii  it e.  Washington 
This  pamphlet  contains  Opinions  57  t<>  •)•"». 
Smithsonian    Institution,    PROCEEDINGS    of    the 
United  States  National  Mi  sbi  u,  Vol.  15. 
Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
The  scientific  papers  in  tins  volume  include 
'A    Fossil    Flower    from    the    EJocene,'    by    Mr-. 
Edward   W.   Berry  ;    '  Treeshrewa  :    an   Account 
of   the    Mammalian    Family  Tupaiidae,'    by    Mr. 
Marcus  Ward  Lyon,  inn.  ;   arid  a  '  Description  of 
a    New  Carcharioid   shark   from   the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago,' by  Mr.   II.  M.  Smith. 

Stelner     'Rudolph),  An     OUTLINE     OF     OCCULT 

S(  rENCB,  ~  8  ii'-'.  Thee  ophical  I'm'. I.  Society 

An   authorized  translation   From   the   fourth 
odil  ion. 


Steiner  (Rudolph*,  Three    Kssays  on    Uaeckbl 

and  K\km\,  8/8  net.    Theosophical  Publ.  Sor. 

\-i  authorized  translation  from  tie-  German 

of  the  three  essays  'The  Working  of  Karma.' 
'  Haeckel  and  his  Opponents.'  and  "  llaerkel. 
"  Riddle  of  the  Universe,"  and  Theosophy.' 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Geikie  (James),  Tin:  ANTIQUITY  ok  Man  in 
Europe,  10/6  net.       Edinburgh,  Oliver  &  Boyd 

The  Monroe  Lectures  lor  1918.  The  writer- 
says  that  "  they  make  no  pretension  to  be  other 
than  an  outline  sketch  of  a  somewhat  complicated 

subject,  but  they  may  serve  to  indicate  t he  present 
position  of  geological  opinion  on  the  question  of 
the  antiquity  of  man.'"  The  book  has  full-page 
plates,   illustrations   in   the  text,  and   maps. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Great  Pictures  by  Great  Painters,  SELECTED  PROM 

the   Public   Galleries   of   Great    Britain 

and  'nil-:  Continent,  with  descriptive  notes  bv 

Arthur  Fish,  Fart   I.,  Id.  net.  OasseU 

This   pari    contains  reproductions   in   colour 

of  the   '  Arrival  of  the  Pardon   of  Saint    Anne  de 

Fouesnaul  at  Concameau,'  by  M.  Alfred  Guillon  ; 

'Girl  leaning  on  her  Hand."  by  (oeii/e  •  '  ]814,' 
by   Meissonier  ;     and    'At    tin-    Fireside,'    by    Heir 

Bernardus  Johannes  Blommers. 

Kandinsky    (Wassily),    Tin-:    Art    of    Spiritual 

Harmony,  translated,  with  an  Introduction,  by 

Michael  T.   11.  Sadler.  Q}  net.  Constable 

The    book    is    divided    into    two    sections — 

'  About  General  .Esthetic  '  and  '  About  Painting  ' 

— and  is  illustrated. 

Pageant  of  the  Birth,  Life,  and  Death  of  Richard 
Beauchamp,  Earl  of  Warwick,  K.G.,  1389-1430, 

edited  by  Viscount  Dillon  and  \Y.   II.  St.  John 
Hope,  21/ net.  Longmans 

This  volume  contains  fifty-five  plates,  photo- 
engraved  by  Mr.  Emery  Walker  from  the  outline 
drawings  of  the  Warwick  Pageant,  a  Cottonian 
MS.  (Julius  E  IV.)  in  the  British  Museum.  There 
are  historical  notes  to  each  plate  and  an  Introduc- 
tion. 

Richardson  (A.  E.),  Monumental  Classic  Archi- 
tecture in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
during  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth 
Centuries,  81/  net.  Batsford 

The  object  of  the  writer  is  "  to  direct  atten- 
tion to  the  monumental  finalities  and  academic 
aspect  of  Neo-Classic  architecture,"  and  to  trace 
its  development  from  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  volume  is  illustrated 
with  a  series  of  photographs,  taken  by  Mr-.  E. 
Dockree,  and  measured  drawings,  and  contains 
sixty  full-pane  plates  and  over  a  hundred  and 
thirty  illustrations  in  the  text. 

Stevenson  (J.  H.),  Heraldry  in  Scotland.  2  vols., 
81/ net.  Glasgow,  MacLehose 

This  work  contains  a  recension  of  '  The 
Law  and  Practice  of  Heraldry  in  Scotland,1  pub- 
lished by  the  late  Qeorge  Seton  in  1863.  Some 
of  the  additional  matter  is  based  on  notes  made 
by  Mr.  Seton.  The  volumes  are  illustrated 
from  woodblocks  used  in  '  The  Law  and  Practice,' 
as  well  as  with  full-page  coloured  plates,  photo- 
gravures, &c.  The  edition  for  sale  is  limited  to 
54-0  copies. 

MUSIC. 

Trotter  (T.  H.  Yorke),  The  M akin-,  of  Musicians, 

the  Rhythmic  Method   of   teaching  Music,  3/8 

net.  Jenkins 

Dr.    Forke  Trotter-   hen-  explains   his  system 

of  musical  training. 

DRAMA. 

Neave  (Adam),  Woman  and  SuPERWOMAN,  a 
Comedy  of  1063,  in  Three  Acts.  it.  net. 

Francis  <  rriffiths 

A    satirical    piece   depicting   a    future   slate   of 

society  in  America  when  women  have  tie-  upper 

hand  and  enforce  eugenic  principles  La  extremi    . 

Ould    (Hermon),    BETWEEN    SUNSEI     IND    DAWNi 

a  Play  in  Four  Scenes,  paper  l     oet,  cloth  1/0 

,,,.( .  Sid:;w  iclt   &  Jacl    •  •.. 

This  play  was  produced  by  Mr.  Norman 
McKinnel  at  the  Vaudeville  Theatre  lasl  October. 

Bee  notice  in  Minn..  Noi .  I.  L013,  p.  604. 

Sapte   (W.).   Curtain    Raisers    \m>  Sketch]    . 

Vols.    Ill-  and    IV..    I      re  I    ..oh.  Griffiths 

\-,,i.  in.  contains  '  'lie-  ^.ctor,'  '  Lea  .hold 
Marriage,'  'Harmony,'  and  '  Mortara ;  or,  The 
I-,, i  oned Chalice  ';  and VoL IV. '  Conway  Chauf- 
feur,' '  \m.i    \i.in\    Sfeai   .    '  \n    Lften □  'all,' 

a iid  ■  Tie-  I  i. me    • 

Strlndberg  (August',  Plays,  Vol.   IV..  translated 
by  Kdith  and  Warner  Oland,  8  fl  net.      Palmer 
This  volume  contains'  Swanwhite,'  '  Advent,' 
..iid  •  Tb.- storm,"  with  .■  Foreword  bj  tie-  ii  i 
latoi  . 


588 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,   1914 


FOREIGN. 

SOCIOLOGY. 
Clasen    (P.   A.),    Der   Salutismus,    cine    sozial- 
wissenschaftliche     Monographic     tibev    General 

Booth   und  seine  Jleilsainiee. 

Jena.  Diederichs 
A  concise,  but  thorough  and  comprehensive 
account  of  the  origin,  history,  and  theory  of 
the  Salvation  Army,  considered  from  a  socio- 
logical point  of  view  —  a  work  which  is  rather  a 
handbook  of  facts  than  a  discussion,  yet  expresses 
some  definite  conclusions  on  the  writer's  part. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Abreu  (J.  Capistrano  de),  Ba-txa  Hu-ni-ku-i, 
a  Lingua  dos  Caxinauas  do  Bio  Ibuacu,  Afllu- 
ente  do  Muru    Prefeitura  de  Tarauaca),  820 

Bio  de  Janeiro,  Leuzingcr 
Grammar,    texts,    and    vocabulary   of      the 
Caxinauas 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 
Mecheroutiette,    "  Constitutionnei.    Ottoman," 
Avril.  Paris,  115,  Bue  de  la.  Pompe 

The  articles  include  '  Le  Comite  Union  et 
Progres  contre  le  Khalifat,'  '  Les  Beformes 
Armeniennes,'  and  '  L'Usage  du  dernier  Emprunt 
et  ses  Consequences.' 

Mercure  de  France,  Aveii,  16,  lfr.  25  net. 

Paris,  Bue  de  Conde 

The  articles  in  this  issue  include  '  Frederic 

Mistral,    Poete    et    Patriote    Provencal,'    by    M. 

Ernest  Gaubert ;    and  '  Scenes  de  la  Vie  Litteraire 

a  Paris,'    by   M.    Andre    Billy. 

Revue  Critique  des  Idees  et  des  L'vres,  Avril,  lfr. 
Paris,  155,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 
This  number  pays  special  "  hommage  a 
Mistral  "  in  five  articles  entitled  '  Mistral  Civilisa- 
teur,'  by  M.  Gabriel  Boissy ;  '  Mistral  et  le 
Felibrige,'  by  M.  Jean  Marc  Bernard  ;  '  Mistral 
et  l'Europe,'  by  M.  Marcel  Provence  ;  '  Le  Beau 
Linguiste,'  by  M.  Jean  Longnon  ;  and  '  Les 
Dernieres  Fetes  celebrees  par  Mistral,'  by  M. 
Charles  Benoit. 

GENERAL. 
Sammlung    Alfred    Ritter    von    Pfeiffer,    Wien  : 

I.   BlBLIOTHEK  ;       II.    KUPFERSTICH,  2m. 

Leipsic,  Boerner 
Two   well-illustrated   Catalogues   which   con- 
tain numerous    items    of    importance  to  be  sold 
from  May  4th  to  91  h. 


ANOTHER  DEBT  OF  JOHN 
SHAKESPEARE. 
Sinck  my  article  on  '  Shakespeare  and 
Asbies  '  appeared  (Athen.,  March  14  and  21) 
I  have  had  two  communications  about  the 
Shakespeares.  The  later,  from  Mr.  Young, 
seems  to  suggest  another  mysterious  debt 
of  some  John  Shakespeare. 

Henry  Higford,  gent.,  of  Solihull,  War- 
wickshire, in  his  own  person  appeared  on 
the  fourth  day  against  John  Shakysper, 
formerly  of  Stratford-upon-Avon  in  county 
Warwick,  "  whyttawer,"  and  against  John 
Musshen,  formerly  of  Walton  Dobell  in 
said  county,  on  the  plea  that  each  of  them 
should  pay  him  30/.  which  they  owed  him  ; 
and  against  John  Wheler,  formerly  of 
Stratford-on-Avon  in  said  county,  yeoman, 
on  the  plea  that  lie  should  pay  him  80s. 
which  lie  owed  him,  and  unjustly  detained. 
And  if  they  did  not  come  and  pay,  that 
the  Sheriff  should  bring  their  bodies  here  on 
Easter  Day  in  five  weeks  (Common  Pleas 
Roll  1313/ membrane  399,  Easter,  15  Eliz., 
1573). 

Now  this  was  a  "  whyttawer  nuper  de 
Stratford."  Could  this  mean  a  leather- 
dresser  for  making  gloves  ?  Or  could  it 
mean  a  leather-dresser  for  making  shoes  ? 
Was  it  the  John  Shakespeare  who  went  to 
live  in  Clifford  Chambers,  and  was  confused 
with  our  John  by  earlier  writers  ?  And  could 
he  be  a  relative  of  the  John  Shakespeare  who 
ran  his  race  in  Stratford  as  "  corvizer " 
from  1580  till  1592  ? 

All  these  questions  might  be  asked,  as 
well  as  the  more  important  one  :  Is  there 
any  reason  to  believe  that  the  language  at 
that  date  could  fit  John,  William  Shake- 
speare's father  1  I  should  be  glad  to  know. 
Charlotte  C.  Stopes. 


CHANGELINGS    BY    REQUEST. 

Mr.  Lee,  in  his  suggestive  article  with 
the  above  heading  in  your  last  issue, 
has  undoubtedly  glanced  over  the  brim  of 
one  of  the  stagnant  pools  that  the  present 
stage  of  civilization  is  accountable  for. 
The  'cuteness  of  the  city  urchin  reaches  a 
degree  of  pointless  sharpness  which  is 
appalling  to  those  whose  endeavour  it  is 
to  make  him  or  her  serviceable  to  the  com- 
munity. In  the  same  way  the  knowledge 
possessed  by  the  village  child  is  often  too 
much  like  a  liquid  in  a  bottle  with  so 
small  an  aperture  that  its  flow  is  impeded, 
and  for  all  practical  purposes  it  might  as 
well  be  empty. 

Mr.  Lee  suggests  that  exchange  of  environ- 
ment will  make  for  the  greater  mental  and 
physical  health  of  both  town  and  country 
children,  and  I  agree.  But  probably  only 
one  who  has  actually  tried  a  plan  of  the 
sort  knows  how  great  the  difficulties  are. 
If  a  start  is  to  be  made  among  our 
board-school  children,  I  may  suggest  that, 
to  avoid  a  failure  which  will  discourage 
further  attempts,  it  will  be  necessary 
to  effect  an  exchange  between  a  small 
class  in  town  and  village,  and  this  class 
must  be  accompanied  by  its  teachers  — 
the  latter  being  chosen  specially  for  the 
breadth  of  their  education.  Without  such 
assistance  the  change  in  school  and  home 
environment  will  merely  mean  for  the 
temperamentally  retiring  the  very  acme  of 
discomfort — a  discomfort  which  will  be 
uselessly  inflicted  on  others  by  those  whose 
temperament  errs  as  much  the  opposite  way. 

In  conclusion,  may  I  urge  that  such 
changes  need  not  be  confined  to  school- 
children ?  Those  employers  who  are  suffi- 
ciently well  circumstanced  to  reside  many 
miles  from  their  places  of  business  might 
well  agree  to  some  amount  of  •  disarrange- 
ment, even  to  financial  loss,  such  as  neces- 
sarily accompanies  an  exchange  between  city 
and  country  employees,  for  they  should  be 
more  than  compensated  by  the  knowledge 
that  they  will  be  enabling  others  "  to  live 
more  abundantlv."  E. 


HOLIDAY. 


MISANTHROPE  ?     All,  say  not  so, 
Though  I  turn  aside  and  go 
From  the  highway's  dust  to  hide 
One  day  where  the  gods  abide. 

Better  shall  I  live  my  life, 
All  the  days  amid  the  strife. 
For  this  one  day  out  of  it, 
Where  men  are  not  and  birds  flit  ; 

Better  gauge  what  things  are  worth 
Running  after  on  this  earth  ; 
Love  my  friends  the  more  for  these 
Hours,  forget  mine  enemies. 

Here  's  no  strain  and  here  's  no  fret  : 
Here  blue  bell  and  violet, 
Each  itself  and  without  hate 
Of  the  other's  hue  or  state. 

Here  "s  the  wind  among  the  trees, 
Symbol  of  Eternity's 
Immemorial  mystic  sea 
Round  Time's  islet  where  we  be. 

Frederick  Niven. 


HEROD'S     TEMPLE. 

Villa  Marinucci,  Pozzuoli,  Italy. 

The  Athenamm  of  February  21st  promises  a 
welcome  to  the  communication  of  any  mis- 
understood or  aggrieved  author.  Let  me 
avail  myself  of  this  permission  to  refer  to  the 
notice  of  a  volume  by  me,  called  '  Herod's 
Temple,'  in  the  same  issue. 

The  reviewer  begins  his  notice  by  referring 
to  some  opinion  as  to  another  of  my  books, 
published  ten  years  ago,  and  entitled  '  The 
Tabernacle.'  The  matter  in  dispute  then 
was  a  purely  technical  one  as  to  the  interpre- 
tation to  be  given  to  a  single  cuneiform 
character  found  on  a  Babylonian  tablet  dis- 
covered at  Senkereh  in  1850.  Each  side  in 
the  controversy  agreed  that  the  ideograph 

£lTTT£l  (ammatu)  stood  originally  for  "cubit." 

On  one  side  its  sense  was  limited  to  this 
meaning ;  while  on  my  side  it  was  con- 
tended that  the  ideograph  had,  in 
addition,  a  secondary  and  conventional 
sense  in  which  it  stood  for  "  and/'  e.g., 
"three  cubits  four  sossi"  became  "three 
'and'  four  sossi,"  the  word  "cubit"  being 
understood.  Having  now  two  meanings, 
the  character  was  afterwards  used  in  other 
connexions,  the  sense  of  "cubit"  being 
dropped. 

I  am  not  able  to  refer  afresh  to  Dr.  Sayce, 
who,  I  believe,  is  in  the  Sudan.  But  I  think 
that  I  would  carry  him  with  me  in  this  his- 
tory of  the  word.  In  the  Preface  to  '  The 
Tabernacle  '  volume  he  represents  the 
original  meaning  of  the  word  when  parting 
company  with  the  author.  But  on  p.  139 
of  the  same  book  he  allows  that   in  later 

Assyrian  ^TTT^I  sometimes  has  the  mean- 
ing of  "«."  or  "and."  As  no  date  is  given 
to  the  Senkereh  tablet,  I  accepted,  and 
still  accept,  this  opinion  as  governing  the 
case.  I  used  it  as  the  equivalent  of  plus, 
and  as  the  character  occurs  twenty-five 
times  in  Rawlinson's  transcription  of  the 
tablet,  it  may  be  seen  how  much  depends 
upon  the  meaning  given  to  it.  Both  Rawlin- 
son's transcription  and  my  interpretation  of 
it  I  have  published — -the  former  in  a  photo- 
graph of  his  plate. 

But  this  is  not  all.  During  the  last  ten 
years  a  mass  of  architectural  evidence  has 
been  collected  and  published,  in  my  three 
subsequent  books  on  the  Temples  of  the 
Jews,  as  to  the  existence,  first  in  Babylon, 
and  then  in  Palestine,  of  a  cubit  of  three 
lengths,  each  with  its  own  specific  applica- 
tion. To  ensure  this  falling  under  the  eye  of 
reviewers,  an  outline  of  the  evidence  was 
given  in  the  Preface  to  '  Herod's  Temple,' 
and  an  invitation  thrown  out  to  Biblical 
archaeologists  to  examine  it. 

This  evidence  your  reviewer  passes  by,  and 
contents  himself  with  observing  that  the 
introduction  of  a  second  cubit  into  the 
specification  of  '  Herod's  Temple  '  confuses 
the  issue,  and  that  in  spite  of  the  author's 
"  tone  of  certainty  "  "  serious  doubt  "  still 
remains.  That  the  Biblical  cubit  was  of 
more  than  a  single  length  should  not  be  open 
to  question.  Ezekiel  was  a  Jew  who  wrote 
in  Babylonia.  He  used  a  cubit  of  two 
lengths,  one  of  wh;ch  was  a  palm-breadth 
longer  than  the  other.  With  his  words  let  me 
conclude.  They  a  e  taken  from  the  A.V.  : 
"  A  measuring  reed  of  six  cubits,  by  the  cubit 
and  an  hand  breadth  "  (Ezek.  xl.  5).  "  The 
cubit  is  a  cubit  and  an  hand  breadth " 
(Ezek.  xliii.  13).  Let  these  sentences  dis- 
count my  reviewer's  criticisms. 

W.   Shaw  Caldecott. 

***  We  insert  Mr.  Caldecott's  letter, 
though  we  should  have  been  glad  if  he  had 
been  able  to  condense  it. 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


THE     ATITENjEUM 


589 


ICitrnirn    (Bassip. 

Db.  GeoBOE  Havf.n  Pi  CNAM,  whose 
autobiography  we  mentioned  last  week, 
has  just  arrived  from  New  fork  on  bis 
annual  visit  to  England.  Be  completed 
his  70th  year  on  April  2nd,  and  the  occa- 
sion was  marked  by  a  dinner  at  the 
Century  Club  of  New  York,  at  which  a 
large  circle  of  publishing  and  other  friends 
gathered  to  do  him  honour. 

FOURTEEN  little  books,  chiefly  of  Eliza- 
bethan interest,  are  being  lent  by  Dr. 
K  M.  Cox  to  the  London  Library  for 
exhibition  in  the  Reading-Room.  Among 
them  are  the  only  perfect  copy  known 
of  the  1596  edition  of  /Esop's  '  Fables' 
in  English  :  one  of  the  three  perfect  copies 
known  of  Gabriel  Harvey's  "  Pierce's 
Supererogation,  or  a  new  Prayse  of  the 
old  Asse  '  (1593)  :  and  a  copy  of  Cut- 
wode's  '  Caltha  Poetarum,  or  the  Bumble 
Bee.'  the  poem  which  Archbishop  Whit- 
gift  ordered  to  be  burnt. 

Ox  Thursday  next,  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution. Dean  Inge  will  deliver  the  first  of 
three  lectures  on  '  The  Last  Chapter  of 
Greek  Philosophy  :  Plotinus  as  Philosopher, 
Religious  Teacher,  and  Mystic.' 

Xi.xt  Tuesday,  in  the  studio  of 
Leighton  House.  Mr.  Sivori  Levey  will 
give  a  reading  of  Browning's  '  Saul,' 
accompanied  by  original  music  on  the 
piano.  The  proceeds  are  to  be  devoted  to 
the  establishment  of  a  Browning  Theatre 
in  London,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Robert  Browning  Guild.  .Mr.  Levey  will 
also  give  renderings  of  some  others  of 
Browning's  poems. 

The  Times,  in  its  last  week's  Literary 
Supplement,     printed     matter     of     some 
interest,  hitherto  unpublished,  connected 
with   Keats.     There  are  three  poems  by 
him     (hitherto    unpublished),    concerning 
the    intrinsic    value   of   which   no   one   is 
likely  t  >  be  under  any  delusion  :  two  very 
interesting    letters    from    Severn,    written 
t  >   Haslam  on  the  journey  to  Italy — one 
on  board  the  Maria  Crowther.  the  other 
after  the  writer  and  Keats  had  landed  at 
pies  :    and  two  letters  embodying  con- 
temporary    ideas     of     Keats — one     from 
Richard  Wbodhouse  to  Mary  (Proglej  '.): 
other  from  John  Taylor  to  his  partner 
Hew.     giving  the  details  of  a  lively  con- 
versation  with    Blackwood   the   publisher 
on   fche  treatment   meted  out    to    Keats   in 
Blackwood's    Magazine.      All    the    letters 
well    worth     having,    and    that    of 
em,  written    amid   all    the   actual    dis- 
<•  imfort   and  danger  of   storm    and   sea- 
tnesa    add  good    touches    of 

actuality   to    what    we    have    been    told   of 

Keats  in  that   trying  scene.    Sir  Sidney 

1     Kin   has  provided   the  settin<_'  for  this 
new     matter,    which    i>    derived    from    an 

album  and  a  collection  of  papers  relating 

t  i  Ke  ,t-  in  the  pooooooioD  of  Lord  ( Irewe. 

Th i ( iatalogneoi  the  Fawsley  Park  Bale, 
which  m  to  be  held  next  month,  describes 

a     number    of     carious     item-.         Among 
them    we    notice    a    book    of      I  li-torical 


MSS..  being  an  Abstract  of  Observations 

in  the  Parliament  holden  at  Westminster, 
October  27  December  1«>,  1601,'  collected 
by  Heyward  Towneshend;  and  two  books 
Of  -MSS.  by  Sir  Richard  Knight  lev. 
member  of  Parliament  from  1623  to  1640, 
gi>  ing  accounts  of  proceedings  in  Parlia- 
ment during  that  time.  There  are  three 
Nelson  letters:  one  dateil  from  the  "Vic- 
tory at  Sea.  March  loth,  1X<)5,"  recom- 
mending ('apt.  Layman  to  the  protection 
of  the  first  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  . 
another — also  dated  from  the  Victory — 
written  in  April,  1804,  to  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  ;  while  the  third,  to  the  same 
correspondent,  is  of  1795,  from  S.  Fio- 
renzo,  asking  for  reinforcements. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Wells's  new  volume  of 
fiction,  -The  World  Set  Free,'  will  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  on  May 
8th.  The  book  purports  to  give  an  ima- 
ginary history  of  the  world  for  the  next 
seventy  or  eighty  years,  presenting  a  great 
conflict  between  the  ancient  traditions  of 
law  and  property  and  nationality,  and  the 
gigantic  and  revolutionary  possibilities  of 
science. 

Mr.  Murray  announces  that  the  next 
volume  of  the  "  Wisdom  of  the  East  " 
Series  will  be  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Yone 
Xoguchi,  and  will  be  on  '  The  Spirit  of 
Japanese  Poetry.'  It  will  contain  many 
renderings  from  Japanese  poets,  both 
ancient  and  modern,  and  a  chapter  on  the 
X6.  These  "  dances,"  or  dramas,  have 
been  both  enthusiastically  belauded  and 
somewhat  contemptuously  depreciated  by 
Western  critics,  and  Mr.  Noguchi's  ex- 
position of  them  may  well  be  expected 
with  interest. 

A  volume  dealing  with  '  Shakespeare's 
Country,'  from  the  pen  of  Archdeacon 
Hutton.  is  about  to  be  added  to  Messrs. 
Macmillan's  *  Highways  and  Byways 
Series."  Mr.  Edmund  H.  New  has  supplied 
a  large  number  of  illustrations. 

Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  is  about  to  pub- 
lish *  Florentine  Vignettes.'  being  sonic 
metrical  letters  of  the  late  Vernon  Arnold 
Slade,  edited  by  Wilfrid  Thorley.  The 
editor  is  the  author  of  the  letters,  which 
are  supposed  to  be  from  an  art  student 
newly  arrived  amid  the  wonders  of  the 
Tuscan  capital. 

Me.  W.  WaBDE  FOWLEB  is  about  to 
issue,  through  Messrs.  Macmillan.  a  new 
study  of  Roman  religion  and  life,  which 
is  entitled  "  Roman  Ideas  of  Deity  in  the 
Last  Century  before  the  Christian  Era,' 
and  consists  of  six  lectures  delivered  in 
Oxford  for  the  Common  University  Fund. 

Messes.  Longmans  are  publishing  next 

month  a  life  of  Walt:'  Bagehot  by  his 
sister  -  in  -  law,  Mis  Russell  Barrington. 
The  career  of  that  brilliant  writer  ended 
thirty-seven  years  ago.  a  space  of  time 
during  which  most  of  those  who  were 
closely  associated  with  him  have  die. I.  I' 
appears  that  tin-  letters  be  addressed 
to  correspondents  have  been  mainly 
destroyed,  and  lie  himself  preserved  only 
those   he   received    from   one  or   two   of 

his  most  intimate  friends.     Then  thus 

KHne     imu-M.il    difficulty     in    retrieving 


materia]  for  a  life  of  him,  and  we  are  glad 
that  the  work  has  not  been  longer  delayed. 

MESSES.  GeoEOE  Piiii.ii>  have  in  the 
press  for  early  publication  a  new  work  by 
Sir  Alexander  llosic,  formerly  Commercial 

Attache  to  the  British  Legation  in  China, 
and  British  Delegate  to  the  Shangai 
International  Opium  Commission.  It  is 
entitled  '  On  the  Trail  of  the  Opium 
Poppy,'  and  will  be  issued  in  two  volumes, 
with  illustrations  and  a  map. 

Mr.  Samuel  Rt/theefobd  Crockett, 
the  novelist,  has  died  suddenly  at  Avignon, 
whither  he  had  gone  for  the  sake  of  his 
health.  He  was  born  at  Little  Duchrae 
Kirkcudbrightshire  ;  studied  for  four  years 
at  Edinburgh  University;  and.  as  a  youth 
under  20,  came  to  London  to  try  his  hand 
at  journalism.  In  this  he  was  unsuccess- 
ful, and,  after  an  interval  occupied  by  a 
travelling  tutorship,  returned  to  Scotland, 
where  he  settled  down  for  some  time  as 
minister  of  the  Free  Church  at  Penicuik, 
and  took  to  writing  stories. 

ilis  material  came,  to  begin  with, 
from  a  country  and  from  people  that  lie 
knew  well — that  belonged  to  him  as  he 
to  them  ;  hence  his  early  books  have  a 
welcome  originality  and  freshness,  and 
it  is  not  surprising  that  they  gained  for 
him  a  large  and  eager  circle  of  readers. 
Thus  encouraged,  he  plied  his  pen  with  a 
diligence  which,  though  it  enabled  him 
to  produce  as  many  as  50  volumes  in 
21  years,  must  be  regretted  by  his 
more  discerning  admirers,  since  it  put 
upon  his  powers  a  strain  to  which 
they  were  certainly  not  equal.  He  was 
compelled  to  go  further  afield  for  material, 
and  in  dealing  with  historical  events, 
and  with  scenes  not  radically  familiar 
to  him,  inevitably  lost  the  truthfulness  and 
directness  which  had  been  his  chief  dis- 
tinction, though  he  retained  his  verbal 
dexterity  and  the  knack  of  vivacity,  and 
was  careful  to  keep  them  in  play.  In 
virtue  of  these  he  remained  to  the  end  a 
workmanlike  and  clever  writer,  and  no 
doubt  he  has  to  his  credit  a  greater 
number  of  hours  of  pleasure  conferred 
on  his  fellow-creatures  i  tan  many  novelists 
of  his  generation. 

Sir  Edwin  Duenino-Laweence  died 
on  Tuesday  last  in  Ins  78th  year,  after  a 
brief  illness.  Created  a  baronet  in  1898, 
he  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Truro 
from  1895  to  1906.  Ilis  chief  interest  in 
life,  however,  especially  in  his  later  years, 
was  the  Bacon  Shakespeare  controversy 
in  which  he  espoused  the  Baconian  Bide 
with  a  vehemence  which  recalled  methods 
of   controversy    more    usual    among   our 

forefathers  than  at  the  present  day. 
He    brought    out     in     1910    a     book    called 

■  Bacon  is  Shakespeare,' and  two  years  later 
an  abridgment  of  this  called  '  The  Shake- 
speare   Myth,'  which   did.  indeed,  contain 

some  mythical  matter,     finally  his  beliel 

became   an    obsession,   and.   unable   to  see 

the  conflicting  evidence,  he  forced  hie 
views  on  all  w  ho  would  listen. 

On:    next     ISBUe  will    contain  an  article 

on   Book-Trade    Reform  from  the    Bo< 
seller's  Point  of  View,  to  he  followed  bj 
one  on  the  Publisher's  Point  of  View. 


590 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


SCIENCE 


BIOLOGY   IN   RELATION    TO 
EDUCATION. 

A  Course  of  Three  Lectures  given  by  Miss 
Hoshyns-Abrahall  at  Crosby  Hall,  on 
March  13th,  17th,  and  20th,  1914. 

[These  lectures  were  illustrated  by  nearly  two 
hundred  slides,  and  the  omission  of  these  has 
necessitated  some  curtailment  of  the  matter 
which  depended  on  them,  and  also  some  re- 
arrangement.] 

Lecture  I. 

PERSONA:  THE  MASK. 
The  Mask  a  Universal  Idea. 
The  first  aspect  of  the  mask — and  one 
which  it  would  be  well  to  have  in  mind 
throughout  the  lecture — is  its  frequent 
use  in  ancient  times,  and  in  our  own  day 
among  savage  peoples,  in  performances  of 
religious  significance.  Such  performances, 
as  every  one  knows,  are  essentially  dra- 
matic. Tiiey  develope  in  process  of  time, 
on  the  one  hand,  into  drama,  as  we  under- 
stand it  among  ourselves  ;  on  the  other, 
into  different  rituals,  the  mask  for  various 
reasons  being  often  abandoned.  It  is 
important  to  realize  that  the  mask  served 
both  to  reveal  and  to  conceal  the  character 
of  the  being  playing  behind  it,  also 
that  much  of  what  is  effected  on  the 
modern  stage  by  means  of  curtains  and 
scene-shifting  was  originally  effected  by 
a  mere  change  of  mask  and  attire. 

Even  the  cursory  inspection  of  a  number 
of  masks  belonging  to  different  centuries 
and  different  peoples  will  show  how 
striking  is  the  resemblance  between  them. 
Compare,  for  example,  those  used  by  the 
Egyptians  and  Greeks,  and  those  un- 
earthed in  Sardinia,  with  the  masks  of 
the  South  Sea  Islanders,  or  those  from 
Nigeria,  of  which  Mr.  Amaury  Talbot  gives 
photographs  in  his  recent  book  '  In  the 
Shadow  of  the  Bush.' 

It  is  not  necessary  to  labour  the  point  : 
the  use  of  the  mask,  and  to  a  great  extent 
the  form  of  the  mask,  are  virtually  uni- 
versal throughout  mankind.  But  when 
we  have  affirmed  that  much,  we  have 
stated  good  reason  for  suspecting  that, 
fundamentally,  the  use  of  the  mask  is  bio- 
logical— has  a  biological  origin  and  a 
biological  import. 

The  very  fact  that  the  lines  "  All  the 
world  's  a  stage  "  have  become  so  hack- 
neyed witnesses  to  some  general  recogni- 
tion that  they  are  apt,  that  they  represent 
truth.  But  Shakespeare's  intuition  was 
more  profound  and  exact,  and  what  he 
says  carries  with  it  a  more  strict  reality 
of  meaning  than  most  of  those  who  quote 
the  lines  as  metaphor  or  rhetoric  have 
any  idea  of  Not  only  by  its  appearance 
but  mainly  by  its  actions  can  we  tell  the 
character  of  a  living  being.  Quite  literally, 
when  he  has  entered  upon  this  world's 
stage,  "  one  man  in  his  time  pla}rs  many 
parts." 

Diversity   behind    Unity. 

We  will  consider  first  that  aspect  of 
the  subject  which  comes  out  in  the  study 
of  what  is  known  as  "  multiple  person- 
ality " — a   study  which   is   exciting   just 


now  a  good  deal  of  interest.  It  is  con- 
cerned with  those  human  beings  who,  not 
successively  at  different  and  separate 
epochs  of  their  lives,  but  in  alternations 
at  short  intervals  within  one  period, 
display  markedly  diverse — even,  as  we 
should  think,  incompatible  —  characters. 
With  us  the  study  is  almost  exclusively 
pathological.  Among  the  ancients — and 
I  mean  by  these  the  peoples  unknown  to 
history  whose  science  and  traditions  come 
within  our  horizon  most  clearly  through 
the  Orientals  and  Egyptians — multiple 
personality  was  recognized  as  a  normal 
condition  of  human  existence  ;  and  I  may 
mention  in  passing  the  significant  fact 
that  the  Egyptians  imputed  at  least  ten 
persons  to  every  human  being.  From 
the  point  of  view  of  modern  biological 
science  the  problems  of  human  personality 
will,  I  believe,  only  be  elucidated  when 
we  get  the  co-operation  of  workers  in 
many  fields  of  biology :  bio-chemists,  bio- 
physicists,  anthropologists,  mathemati- 
cians, linguists,  poets,  artists,  andespecially 
educationalists,  alienists,  and  parents. 

Meanwhile  it  is  instructive  to  con- 
sider what  has  been  arrived  at  through 
observation  of  disease,  and  I  may  remark 
in  passing  that,  from  the  point  of  view 
of  personality,  I  believe,  "disease"  has 
meanings  widely  different  from  our  current 
associations  with  it. 

Diversity  as  Shoivn  Pathologically. 

The  chief  authorities  in  the  study  of 
multiple  personality  from  the  pathological 
side  are  the  French.  We  will  take  first  the 
conclusions  of  M.  Ribot.  M.  Ribot  assents 
to  the  now  familiar  conception  of  the  sub- 
conscious, and  takes  consciousness  to  be 
a  state  superadded  to  this,  "  which  in  no 
way  modifies  physiological  processes,  but 
which  acts  like  a  shadow  opposite  a  body." 
He  affirms  that  unconscious  phenomena 
are  purely  physiological  phenomena.  M. 
Richet  in  his  work  on  Hypnotism  has 
shown  that  conscious  personality  may  be 
put  to  sleep  ;  more  than  that,  it  may  be 
transformed.  Every  remembrance  of  the 
original  personality  may  be  effaced  from 
the  memory  and  a  fictitious  personality 
substituted. 

This,  I  may  mention  at  once,  is  a  most 
important  consideration  in  education. 
Substitution  of  personality — a  fictitious 
personality  for  that  which  is  native  and 
fundamental — is  one  of  the  chief  things 
being  effected  more  or  less  completely, 
more  or  less  permanently,  by  our  modern 
education.  The  child  at  school  is  one 
person,  the  child  at  home  is  another ; 
school-life  over,  there  comes  the  great 
question  which  is  to  dominate — the  fic- 
titious, imposed  personality  or  the  native 
"  home  "  personality,  which  has  been, 
during  education,  repressed  and  left  un- 
trained. 

That  personality  which  is  conscious 
takes  for  granted  that  certain  activities 
are  peculiar  to  itself  alone — that  it  is  in 
control  of  the  whole  being.  But  in  per- 
manent semi-somnambulism,  which  occurs 
in  many  so-called  "  normal "  persons, 
there  is  an  unconscious  ego  which  watches, 
contemplates,    gives    attention,    reflects, 


forms  inferences,  and,  lastly,  performs 
acts,  all  unknown  to  the  conscious  ego. 
M.  Richet  is  of  opinion 

"  that  thought  can  be  transmitted  from  one 
brain  to  another  without  the  intervention 
of  signs  appreciable  to  our  senses." 

Of  this  I  shall  have  more  to  say  in  the 
second  lecture.  A  line  of  investigation 
which  should  illustrate  that  position 
from  another  point  of  view  is  the  one 
followed  by  another  Frenchman,  Egger, 
who  is  examining  internal  audition — 
that  is,  hearing,  not  from  the  surrounding 
world,  but  from  an  inner  personality. 
Research  at,  so  to  speak,  the  opposite 
pole  is  being  done  by  Espinas,  also  a 
Frenchman,  who  is  studying  animal 
communities — i.e.,  multiple  personalities 
in  a  more  extensive  form. 

We  may  now  briefly  review  some  of  the 
data  concerning  multiple  personality  which 
have  been  established  by  pathological 
work.  The  first  are  manifested  through 
the  phenomena  of  anaesthesia,  which 
forms  a  barrier  between  two  conscious- 
nesses when  a  portion  of  the  body  or 
of  -the  skin  becomes  insensible  to  pain. 
This  insensibility  may  occur  in  small, 
scattered  patches.  For  example,  a  small 
area  in  the  palm  of  the  hand  may  be 
insensible  to  pain.  Pins  may  be  pushed 
in — nothing  is  felt ;  the  skin  may  be 
pinched  or  burnt — nothing  is  felt.  But 
if  the  operator  advances  to  the  edge  of 
the  patch  or  passes  it,  the  puncture  or 
the  burn  will  cause  acute  pain.  Or  the 
anaesthesia  may  affect  a  whole  limb  or 
one-half  of  the  body  :  on  one  side  of  a 
vertical  plane  the  head,  trunk,  arm,  and 
leg  may  be  insensible,  on  the  other  pre- 
serving normal  sensibility.  In  cases  where 
for  all  practical  purposes  the  whole  body 
is  insensible  it  usually  happens  that  one 
side  retains  some  very  slight  capacity  for 
sensation,  as  distinct  from  the  other. 

Suppose,  now,  a  subject  having  the 
right  arm  quite  insensible,  incapable  of 
feeling  any  pain  ;  a  penholder  is  placed 
in  the  insensible  hand.  It  is  taken  for 
granted  that,  when  in  health,  the  person 
had  been  accustomed  to  writing.  Thee37es 
are  blindfolded,  or  a  screen  of  some  kind 
is  placed  between  the  eyes  and  the 
hand,  or  the  attention  of  the  subject 
engaged  so  completely  towards  the 
other  side  that  she  does  not  see — 
ex  hypothesi,  she  cannot  feel — what  the 
right  hand  is  doing.  What  happens  ? 
After  a  little  time  the  hand  holding  the 
pen  arranges  itself  for  writing.  You  may 
burn  or  puncture  it,  and  it  will  feel  no- 
thing ;  but,  on  the  pen  being  put  within 
its  hold,  it  sets  itself  to  write. 

What  causes  this  ?  It  cannot  be  direct 
nerve-stimulation.  The  writing  is  auto- 
matic. It  is  common  knowledge  that 
many  normal  individuals,  as  well  as  many 
so-called  hysterical  individuals,  can  prac- 
tise automatic  writing.  Whatever  be  the 
guiding  impulse  in  this,  it  is  clear  that 
it  operates  internally  by  that  within  the 
organism  which,  consciously  or  sub- 
consciously, receives  ideas. 

But  the  converse  also  holds  good.  If 
we  cause  certain  movements  in  the  in- 
sensible part,  we  set  up  the  corresponding 


— 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


THE     A  Til  KX;EUM 


591 


thoughts  in  the  oonscioua  personality. 
Thus,  to  quote  one  or  fcwo  experiments, 
the  finger  of  a  lady  whoso  hand  was  in- 
sensible was  moved  twice  up  and  down. 
a  screen  being  interposed  between  her 
eyes  and  the  action.  She  was  asked  : 
•'What  do  you  happen  to  be  thinking 
about  !  "  and  replied  :  "  I  was  thinking 
ah  >ut  two."  Unconscious  of  what  had 
been  done  to  her  hand,  she  was  under  the 
impression  that  the  thought  was  entirely 
her  own.  Similarly  coins  were  placed  in 
the  palm  of  an  insensible  hand  unperceived 
i>y  the  subject,  who,  on  being  asked  what 
Bhe  was  thinking  about,  answered  :  '  I 
was  thinking  of  two  or  three  pence." 
\  ain,  upon  ten  punctures  being  made  in 
a  band  which  was  insensible  to  pain,  the 
owner  declared  that  the  idea  of  the  number 
ten  occupied  her  mind. 

There  are  two  points  here  to  be  observed: 
first,  the  ""  doubleness  "  of  the  conscious- 
ness, the  existence  of  a  second  "  ego  " 
•which  is  able  to  count,  to  recognize  objects. 
and  to  perform  complicated  intellectual 
acts  ;  and.  secondly,  the  fact  that  the 
separateness  of  the  two  consciousnesses 
does  not  preclude  intercommunication  : 
in  some  way  they  interact  with  one 
another.  An  idea  in  the  first  conscious- 
ness will  initiate  movement  through  the 

ind  consciousness,  and  a  movement 
set  up  by  the  second  consciousness  will 
awaken  an  idea  in  the  first. 

Yet  there  may  be  curious  limitations 
and  anomalies  in  this  interaction  between 
the  two.  Thus  M.  Binet  once  trained 
the  affected  hand  of  a  person  suffering 
from  anaesthesia  to  write  the  word 
'  Paris."     This  word  would  be  repeated 

era]  times.     Then  the  conscious  person 

-  rcii nested  to  write  the  word  "'  Lon- 
don."    To    the    surprise    of    the    subject 
the  pen  would  not  ;    it  went  on  writing 
Paris." 

One  may,  perhaps,  pause  and  reflect 
what  bearing  this  has  on  those  impulses 

aid-  crime  of  different  kinds  which 
we  occasionally  hear  of  as  working  them- 
-xlves  out  to  the  horror  of  the  conscious 

first  personality,  who  cannot  control 
them,  and  is  hardly  to  be  held  responsible 
for  them.  Yet  we  must  not  be  too  hasty 
in  drawing  our  conclusions  here,  for  some 
further  light  is  thrown  upon  the  question 

yet  another  experiment.  If  you  guide 
the  hand,  insensible  in  anaesthesia,  of  a 
person  used  to  writing,  to  write  a  well- 
known  name,  and  omit  a  letter  and  spell 
name  wrongly,  you  can  get  the  hand 
to  re  peat  the  writing  alone;  but  after  a 
time  it  will  come  to  hesitate  at  the  wrong 
part,  and  finally  omit  the  wrong  letter 
and    insert    the    right    one.     Plainly   the 

oond  consciousnee  exercises  some 
im-a-sure  of  real  control,  contains  some 
element  of  what  ma\  be  called  "  guiding 
thought." 

Yet  more  interesting  and  significant. 
perhaps,  is  the  "  doubleness  "  of  our  sight. 
There  are  distinct  kinds  of  visual  centres 
in  the  cerebral  cortex :  centres  whicb  are 
in  >nocular,  which  act  when  one  eye  alone 
I-  ojM-n  ;  and  others  binocular,  which 
act  with     both    eyes.      The   right   rye.    we 

\vill  say,  does  not  perceive  •'  certain  colour 


— violet.  Open  both  eyes,  and  the  colour 
IS  easily  distinguished,  and  that  though 
the  violet  patch  is  not  within  the  field  of 
sight  of  the  left  eye.  By  merely  adding 
the  visual  organ  of  the  left  eye  to  the  right 
eye,  you  have  enabled  the  right  eye  to 
see  a  colour  it  could  not  see  before  : 
by  superposition,  as  it  were,  a  further 
vision  is  attained.  It  is  clear  that  the 
conditions  of  binocular  vision  are  distinct 
from  the  conditions  of  monocular  vision, 
and  it  follows  that  at  least  two  separate 
consciousnesses  act  in  normal  vision,  one 
member  of  which  is  stronger  visually  and 
of  greater  acuteness  than  the  first. 

Another  set  of  experiments  with  regard 
to  vision  is  also  instructive.  Letters 
were  "  printed "  on  a  blackboard,  and 
the  subject  asked  to  copy  them  down. 
He  declared  he  could  not  do  so  because 
he  could  not  see  the  letters.  Meanwhile 
his  hand  had  been  put  upon  paper  and 
a  pencil  supplied,  and  he  had  written  the 
whole  thing  down  correctly.  The  "  ego  ': 
which  looked  at  the  blackboard  and  could 
not  see  the  letters  was  separate  from  that 
which  not  only  guided  the  hand  in  writing, 
but  also  perceived  the  letters  and  copied 
them.  The  subject  was  asked,  since  he 
could  not  see  letters,  at  any  rate  to  copy 
what  he  could  see.  He  said  he  saw  a  zigzag, 
and  then,  applying  the  volition  of  that  ego 
to  the  hand — which,  left  to  itself,  had 
copied  the  letters  correctly — he  made  a 
zigzag. 

All  the  evidence  we  have  about  it  goes 
to  show  that  the  second  personality — 
subconscious  below  consciousness  —  is 
sleepless.  It  may  increase  its  activities, 
it  may  come  to  assume  the  initiative  in 
conduct  and  manage  the  whole  body 
instead  of  the  first  or  conscious  personality, 
so  that  the  first  is  deposed  and  practically 
dies.  Then,  of  course,  Ave  have  the 
inception  of  a  new  state,  the  rule  of  a  new 
king.  This  is,  in  truth,  the  basis  of  all 
history  :  the  deposition  of  one  personality 
by  another  which  succeeds  it.  At  critical 
periods  of  life  the  character  changes.  A 
part  of  memory  may  disappear.  For 
weeks  or  months  of  life  a  "  second  " 
state,  with  memories  of  its  own.  may  arise 
and  obliterate  the  character  and  memories 
belonging  to  the  first  state.  Then  that 
may  stop,  may  be  submerged,  as  the 
first  state  and  its  memories  return.  The 
'  -econd  "  state  in  its  turn  is  obliterated 
from  remembrance:  the  two  "persons," 
with  their  appropriate  memories  and 
characteristics,  alternate  with  one  an- 
other: they  are  not  co-existent,  but 
successive. 

One  clear  conclusion  may  be  drawn  from 
this  body  of  facts  which  are  absolutely 
scientific    and    well    proved:     it    is    that 

where  consciousness  is  absent   there  is  not 

of  necessity  unconsciousness.  When  a 
person  appears  to  lie  unconscious  we  bave 
no  reason  whatever  to  asserl  that  he  or 

She  is  not  and  cannot  lie  conscious  still 
in    another   than    the.    to   us.   usual    way; 

in  fact,  probably  with  a  greatl)  extended 
consciousness. 

Man]  people  argue  that  the  phenomena 
we  bave  been  considering  may  lie.  or  are 

the     product     of         suggestion."      I     may 


mention  that  such  a  practical  French 
psychologist  as  Binet,  from  whose  works  I 
have  been  quoting,  will  not  hear  of  that 
explanation.  '*  Suggestion  "  in  his  view 
"  is  merely  a  makeshift,  resorted  to  in  order 
to  dispense  people  from  the  trouble  of 
carrying  out  more  serious  and  delicate 
investigations." 

It  is  important  to  remember  that  we 
all  of  us  possess  this  second  consciousness 
— this  double  consciousness.  No  one  is 
without  it.  In  some  of  us — more  com- 
monly in  women — the  second  member  is 
strong;  in  others  it  is  \er3r  weak.  Its 
action  may  be  observed  to  a  certain 
extent  in  quite  ordinary  occupations. 
Take  for  example  a  German  girl  going 
to  school,  and  knitting  as  she  goes. 
She  knits  swiftly  and  accurately;  she 
talks  to  her  companions  ;  she  looks 
about  her ;  she  takes  the  right  road  ; 
she  walks  along  balancing  her  body.  In 
proportion  as  she  is  a  well-trained,  well- 
braced  girl  she  is  unconscious  of  most  of 
these  activities  :  of  the  knitting  among 
them.  Her  conversation  with  her  com- 
panion probably  engages  the  greater  part 
of  her  first  consciousness.  Nor  can  we 
suppose  that  below  the  first  consciousness 
the  different  "  persons  "  which  manage 
those  different  simultaneous  activities 
are,  what  we  should  call,  conscious  of  one 
another. 

The  new  scheme  of  dancing  and  exer- 
cises which  has  been  called  "  Eurhythmies  " 
is  fundamentally  an  attempt  to  associate 
the  first  consciousness — at  any  rate, 
partially — with  a  number  of  actions  which, 
normally,  are  performed  subconsciously, 
and  thereby  to  strain  them,  so  to  speak, 
apart.  In  ordinary  dancing  there  is  in 
reality  a  separate  dance  of  head,  trunk, 
legs,  arms;  but  a  girl  who  was  dancing, 
if  perfect  in  her  dance,  could  hardly  tell 
you  at  a  given  moment  what  her  legs 
were  doing.  The  separate  persons  co- 
operating are  subordinate  to  the  first 
or  conscious  personality,  but,  though  not 
obviously  so,  they  ore  separate  none  the 
less. 

Multiple  personality  may,  however, 
manifest  itself  in  a  more  complicated  way 
than  those  we  have  hitherto  been  con- 
sidering. There  is  a  well-known  case  of 
this,  which  is  a  sort  of  standard  example, 
and  which,  though  much  has  already  been 
said  about  it,  it  will  be  useful  to  notice 
afresh.  It  is  that  of  Miss  Beauchamp 
— the  name,  I  may  remark,  is  a  pseu- 
donym—which  has'  been  fully  described 
by  Dr.  Morton  Prince. 

In  this  lady  the  multiple  personality. 
normal  throughout  humanity,  had  w  hat  we 
may    call    its    factors    so    widely    strained 

apart,  that   it   became  disintegrated   per 
Bonality,  the  personality  being  broken  up 

into  si\  distinct    persons.      \ow    one.  now 
the    other    of    these    took    the    reins  ;      the 

ruling  person  would  lie  changed  from  hour 

to    hour,    and    with    each    change    came    a 
transformation   alike   of   character  and   oi 

memories.   Three  of  these  •■  persons  "  were 

most    distinctly    marked,   each    having    1' 
definite  and    recognizable  views,   trains  of 

thought,    beliefs,    ideals,    tastes,    babite, 


592 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,   1914 


acquisitions,  experiences,  and  tempera- 
ment. Each  varied  from  the  other  two 
and  from  the  original  Miss  Beauchamp. 

"Two,"  the  writer  of  the  account  tells  us, 
"have  no  knowledge  of  each  other,  or  of  the 
third,  except  such  information  as  may  be 
obtained  by  inference,  or  second  hand.  In 
the  memory  of  each  of  these  two  there  are 
blanks  corresponding  with  the  time  when 
the  others  are  in  the  flesh.  Of  a  sudden  one  or 
the  other  wakes  up  to  find  herself  she  knows 
not  where,  and  ignorant  of  what  she  has  said 
or  done  a  moment  before.  Only  one  of  the 
three  has  knowledge  of  the  lives  of  th3 
others." 

The  personalities  come  and  go  in 
kaleidoscopic  succession — many  changes 
in  twenty-four  hours. 

"  So  it  happens  that  Miss  Beauchamp,  if 
the  name  be  used  to  designate  several  distinct 
people,  at  one  time  says  and  does,  and  plans, 
and  arranges  something  to  which  a  short 
time  before  she  most  strongly  objected, 
indulges  tastes  which  a  moment  before 
would  have  been  abhorrent  to  her  ideals, 
and  undoes  or  destroys  what  she  had  just 
laboriously  planned  and  arranged." 

A  case  of  this  kind  should  be  called,  in 
Dr.  Morton  Prince's  opinion,  one  not  of 
"  multiple,"  but  of  "  disintegrated  per- 
sonality, for  each  secondary  personality 
is  a  part  only  of  a  normal  whole  self." 
Xo  one  of  them  embraces  the  whole 
psychical    life    of    the    individual. 

Consciousness  being  broken  up, 

"  the  conscious  states  that  still  persist, 
synthetized  among  themselves,  form  a  new 
personality  capable  of  independent  activity. 

This  second  personality  may  alternate  with 
the  original  undisintegrated  personality 
from  time  to  time."  There  may  be  a 
second  simultaneously  acting  consciousness, 
or  subconsciousness. 

By  the  disintegration,  then,  of  the 
original  normal  whole  individual  second- 
ary personalities  may  be  formed.  It  may 
happen  that  such  a  secondary  personality 
never  obtains  complete  independent  exist- 
ence, but  only  comes  out  of  its  shell, 
definitely  reveals  itself,  when  the  subject 
goes  into  a  "  trance."  The  external  life 
of  such  a  subordinate  consciousness,  tem- 
porarily and  incompletely  independent,  is 
extremely  restricted,  and  artificially  in- 
duced types  of  disintegration  rareiy,  if 
ever,  are  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  iden- 
tified as  separate  personalities.  It  is, 
therefore,  the  more  worth  while  to  dwell 
a  little  on  the  clearly  identified  person- 
alities in  Miss  Beauchamp. 

According  to  Dr.  Prince's  analysis  the 
three  principal  personalities  might  serve 
as  allegorical  representatives  of  the 
three  great  tendencies  of  man  :  they  were 
the  "  saint,"  the  "  woman,"  the  "  devil." 

The  "  saint  " — Miss  Beauchamp  in  her 
proper  person,  or  Bl — 

"  personified  those  traits  which  expounders 
of  various  religions,  whether  Christian, 
Buddhist,  Shinto,  or  Confucian,  have  held 
up  as  the  ideals  of  what  human  nature 
ought  to  be. 

To  her  mind  selfishness,  impatience, 
rudeness,  uncharitableness,  a  failure  to  tell 
the  truth  or  a  suppression  of  half  the  truth, 
were  literally  sins  to  be  cast  out  by  fasting, 
vigils  and  prayer." 

The  "  woman  " — B4 — personified 


"  the  frailties  of  temper,  self-concentration, 
ambition,  and  self-interest,  which  ordinarily 
are  the  dominating  factors  of  the  average 
human  being.  Her  idea  in  life  was  to 
accomplish  her  own  ends,  regardless  of  the 
consequences  to  others,  and  of  the  means 
employed." 

B3  was  '"  Sally,"  the  devil.  She  was 
not  so  much  an  immoral  devil  as  a  mis- 
chievous imp,  "  one  of  that  kind  which,  we 
might  imagine,  would  take  pleasure  in 
thwarting  the  aspirations  of  humanity. 
To  her  pranks  were  largely  due  the  moral 
suffering  which  Bl  endured,  the  social 
difficulties  which  befell  B4,  and  the  trials 
and  tribulations  which  were  the  lot  of 
both." 

Bl  had  the  poorest  health  ;  B3,  "  Sally," 
was  a  stranger  to  ache  or  pain  ;  B4,  the 
"  idiot,"  so  named  by  "Sally,"  was  more 
robust  than  Bl,  and  capable  of  mental 
and  physical  exertion  beyond  Bl,  but 
she  was  not  equal  to  "  Sally." 

With  these  facts  in  our  minds,  we  may 
turn  now  and  ask,  What  of  the  body 
which  is  the  vehicle — the  mask — for  this 
multiple  consciousness  or  multiple  per- 
sonality ?  Is  there  in  it  anything  which 
corresponds  with,  anything  which  in  any 
way  explains  or  illuminates,  that  multi- 
plicity ?  What,  again,  has  biology,  the 
science  of  living  matter '  in  general,  to 
say  on  the  subject  ? 

Multiple  Personality  as  a  Biological 
Phenomenon. 

(a)     Simultaneous. 

I  hope  to  show  you  that,  biologically, 
multiple  personality  can  be  readily  ex- 
plained. At  the  same  time  I  would 
remind  you  that  the  explanation  it  fur- 
nishes, though  a  helpful  one — and  though 
radically  necessary  if  we  are  to  go  on  and 
try  to  understand  further — is  yet,  so  to 
speak,  an  external  one  only.  The  ex- 
planation from  within  is  at  present  be- 
yond us. 

We  Avill  begin  by  considering  living 
matter  in  what,  from  our  point  of  view,  is 
its  very  beginning.  Prof.  Lehmann  af- 
firms that  there  is  no  line  to  be  drawn 
between  living  and  non-living  matter. 
I  cannot  here  discuss  his  views  as  to  that 
point,  but  he  has  at  any  rate  shown  con- 
clusively that  all  living  things  are  crystals 
in  a  colloid  form,  the  difference  between 
the  perfect  crystal  and  the  colloid  being 
that  the  former  is  symmetrical,  while  the 
latter  is  not  so.  All  living  things  are 
colloid. 

Another  German  worker,  Prof. 
Schroeder,  has  ascertained  the  fact  that 
in  crystals,  at  different  periods  of  their 
existence,  there  are  three  different  kinds 
of  movement :  vertical,  longitudinal,  and 
serpentine.  This  may  recall  to  us  the 
characteristic  scheme  of  muscular  move- 
ment, which  is  threefold  —  transverse, 
longitudinal,  and  circular.  Again,  it  has 
been  ascertained  that  crystals  are  com- 
posed of  molecules,  and  that  the  electro- 
magnetic waves  of  the  X-rays  are 
reflected  from  the  invisible  parallel  planes 
of  atoms  in  the  interior  of  a  crystal. 

Among  the  Mycetozoa,  or  what  may  be 
termed  the  "  slime-animals,"  there  is  a 
form  known  as  Badhamia  utricular  is.    Its 


of 


a    sort    of   slime 
no    definite    shape, 


appearance    is    that 

(Plasmodium),    with 

which  crawls  on  the  surface  of  dead  wood 

or  dead  leaves,  and  may  cover  an  area  of 

40-50  square  inches. 

It  is  endowed  with  rhythmic  movement, 
centripetal  and  centrifugal  ;  can  advance 
and  retreat ;  concentrate  itself  on  its 
food  and  digest  it  ;  having  eaten, 
it  rests,  then  expands,  travels  abroad, 
secretes  and  excretes.  Thus  there  are 
definite  resting,  active,  feeding  states. 
The  resting  state  may  be  prolonged  for 
three  or  four  years  in  times  of  drought, 
when  the  whole  creature  retires  into  a 
case  or  sclerotium  and  hibernates.  Repro- 
duction takes  place  by  a  certain  portion  of 
the  "  slime  "  encysting  to  form  spores 
with  cellulose  cases  ;  the  nuclei  of  the  Plas- 
modium in  their  so-called  "  spindle  stage," 
in  the  process  of  karyokinesis  for  new 
growth,  are  crystal-like  in  outline.  The 
Plasmodium  has  no  definite  organization 
or  separation  into  parts,  but  consists  of  a 
fusion  of  amoebae.  For  the  moment,  how- 
ever, what  I  chiefly  want  to  emphasize 
is  the  significance  of  this  form  as  serving 
to  illustrate  the  present  view  of  science 
that  between  crystals  and  living  matter 
no  hard-and-fast  line  can  be  drawn. 

Our  ideas  about  the  importance  of 
structure  are  becoming  somewhat  modi- 
fied. It  was  not  long  ago  believed  that 
there  could  be  no  movement — i.e.,  volun- 
tary movement — without  some  form  of 
nervous  system.  Xo  nervous  system  has 
been  found  in  Badhamia.  I  believe 
myself  that  response  comes  before  the 
nervous  system  —  even,  in  a  degree, 
what  we  recognize  as  voluntary  response  ; 
that  it  is,  in  action,  independent  of 
protoplasm  —  merely  acting  through  pro- 
toplasm as  it  were. 

What  are  we  to  say  of  Personality  ? 
Is  the  amoeba,  the  essential  primordial 
cell — the  unit  of  the  Badhamia  Plasmo- 
dium— the  physiological  unit  of  metazoic 
life  ?  Prof.  Haeckel  has  expressed  the 
opinion  that  where  suck  cells  as  amoebae 
are  built  up  into  tissues  —  into  bodies — 
they  have  each  a  separate  psychical  entity, 
a  separate  thinking  part,  a  soul.  Perhaps 
also,  from  this  point  of  view,  the  exquisite 
beauty  of  the  shapes  of  the  cases  which 
innumerable  unicellular  organisms  form 
for  themselves  has  not  been  sufficiently 
considered.  These  marvellously  perfect 
structures  are  somehow  the  work  of  the 
specks  of  protoplasm  which  inhabit  them 
— that  is,  they  express  or  bear  witness  to 
definite,  real  powers  within  that  proto- 
plasm ;  they  represent  a  satisfaction,  an 
attainment. 

Let  us  consider  for  a  moment  one  or 
two  of  the  simpler  instances  of  organisms 
made  up  of  "  persons  "  which,  taken 
separately,  resemble  amoeba.  One  of 
the  most  beautiful  is  Volvox,  l-50th  in. 
in  diameter,  a  perfectly  spherical  sac, 
the  centre  of  which  is  occupied  by  a 
glass-like  substance  (hyaline  protoplasm), 
while  around  it,  enclosing  the  whole 
ball,  is  a  network  formed  of  cells  and 
filaments.  Each  member  of  the  net- 
work projects  into  the  water,  through 
the    thin    enclosing    pellicle,    two    little 


No.  4513,   Aim;il  -2),   1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


503 


filaments,  whoso  motion  enables  the  l>all 
as  a  whole  to  whirl  through  the  water: 
and  each  of  these  cells  carries  also  a  red 
spot  which,  so  far  as  can  be  made  out. 
responds  to  light— that  is.  is  virtually 
an  eye.  so  that  it  may  be  said  the  creature 
lias  eyes  all  round  it.  It  progresses  with 
a  peculiar  revolving  movement — with 
no  jar.  or  shake,  or  shock.  Frequently 
the  sphere  contains  several  "  daugh- 
ter "  spheres,  derived  from  the  net  and 
these  again  "  granddaughter  "  spheres, 
all  embedded  in  the  common  jelly.  At 
the  moment  when  a  ■•daughter  sphere  ' 
is  ready  it  floats  out  from  the  net  :  its 
inner  portion  expands,  the  filaments 
extend  themselves,  the  eyes  appear: 
another  '•person  of  persons"  has  arisen. 
In  the  sexual  generation  there  are  in  one 
and  the  same  sphere  male  and  female 
persons.  The  females  are  simply  longer 
than  the  members  of  the  net,  but  as  many 
as  128  males  may  proceed  from  one 
mother-cell.  By  the  union  of  the  male 
and  female  "  persons  "  and  successive 
division  into  2.  4.  8,  16.  and  so  on.  a  young 
V  >lvox  arises. 

From  the  present  point  of  view  the 
ordinary  classifications  of  biology  are 
not  relevant,  so  that  I  may  speak  here — 
as  resembling  Volvox  for  our  purpose — 
of  an  insect  of  which  the  great  French 
naturalist  Fabre  writes  with  extraordi- 
nary enthusiasm.  It  is  a  little  yellow 
creature,  parasitic  on  the  terebinth  tree, 
which  possesses  neither  father  nor  eggs. 
All  the  individuals  are  mothers,  and  pro- 
duce their  living  young  in  shape  like  their 
own.  To  this  end  of  reproduction.  Fabre 
says. 

"'  almost  the  whole  of  the  maternal  substance 
i-<  disintegrated  and  renewed,  and  con- 
globated to  form  the  ovarium.... a  whole 
world  in  formation,  a  nebulosity  as  of  white 
of  egg,  in  which  fresh  centres  of  life  are  forni- 
iir_r  as  the  suns  are  condensed  in  the  nebula? 
of  the  heavens." 

Take  as  another  example  a  group  of 
animals  —  familiar,  but  for  our  present 
inquiry  very  instructive,  the  Hydrozoa, 
a  form  of  which,  Hydractinia  echinata,  is 
found  making  a  fleecy  white  network  on 
whelk  shells.  Up  from  the  surface  of  the 
net  spring  hollow  stems,  or  "  persons.'' 
having  each  a  mouth  and  an  alimentary 
canal,  all  of  which  communicate  with 
one  another  and  the  network,  and  thus 
procure  and  transmit  food  for  the  colony. 
All  these  'nutritive-persons'  form  the 
asexual  generation.  From  rudimentary 
arsons "  arise  eggs.  Here  then  are  at 
two  kinds  of  "p ersons" — "sexual" 
and  ••  asexual." 

Take  yet  another  group,  the  Siphono- 
phora,  representing  freely  swimming 
Hydrozoa  -tocks  in  which  the  "  persons 
have  become  more  highly  differentiated 
and  are  modified  for  special  functions. 
In  Physophora  there  are  (I)  a  float,  by 
which  the  whole  colony  is  buoyed  in  tin- 
water;  (2;  Bwiinming bells, or "  persons  " ; 
(•5)  leaf-hl  '■  persons  "  (4)  feeding 
"  persons,"  armed  with  a  battery  of 
thread  cells;  and  then  buds  which  are 
not  only  '  jmt-ui-  hut  bearing  the 
potentiality    of    Incoming    ""  per-on>        of 


persons,"  are  able  to  float  off  and  start 
a  new  organism  which  repeats  that  of  the 
parent. 

In  another  allied  form  we  have  again 
the  float  "  person,"  the  alimentary  and 
stinging      '  persons,"     as     also     pumping 

persons."  The  use  of  the  word  "'  per- 
son "  for  the  particular  organisms  we 
arc  now  considering  is  usual  among 
biologists  in  referring  to  these  members 
of  colonies. 

To  those  who  may  like  to  reflect  on 
instances  of  combinations  of  "  persons  " 
kindred  to  these,  I  may  suggest  the 
segmenting  asexual  "  Person  "  the  parent 
form  of  "jelly-fish,"  with  its  series  of 
similar  "  persons  "  appearing  together,  like 
an  interval  in  music  ;  or  others,  such  as  the 
■"  sea-urchins."  with  successive  *'  per- 
sons "  as  the  notes  in  a  melody.  Mean- 
while we  may  pass  on  to  multiple  per- 
sonalities at  a  somewhat  higher  level, 
so  to  speak,  which  also  evolve  from  one 
another  according  to  different  principles. 

There  are  in  the  first  place  combinations 
of  "  persons  " — themselves  multiple — in 
an  elongated  series,  of  which  any  member 
may  be  nipped  off  and  presently  reproduce 
the  whole  series.  A  good  instance  of  this 
is  the  tapeworm,  which  may  grow  to  a 
length  of  6  ft.,  the  wrhole  organization  of 
which  consists  of  a  series  of  like  members 
set  end  to  end,  each  of  the  same  length, 
and  provided  with  all  that  is  necessary  for 
reproduction,  and  with  the  power  of 
growing  any  subordinate  part  rendered 
necessary  by  its  severance  from  the  whole. 
Potentially  a  multitude  of  *"  persons," 
such  as  forms  the  whole,  is  contained 
within  each  several  part. 

(b)  Successive. 

A  deeply  significant  series  of  combina- 
tions on  a  somewhat  different  principle 
may,  however,  be  illustrated  by  the 
ant-lion.  This  insect  lives  in  a  hole 
in  sand,  buried,  with  only  its  jaws 
free.  Creatures  crawling  along  the  sand 
slide  down- into  the  hole,  and  the  ant-lion 
grasps  them  in  its  jaws  and  devours 
them.  It  is  a  carnivorous,  voracious 
animal.  But  the  ant-lion  is  in  reality  a 
larva  ;  the  imago,  the  perfected  form,  is  a 
beautiful  gauzy-winged  fly  which  feeds 
on  nectar  and  floats  in  air.  Nevertheless, 
the  •"  person  "  of  the  fly  is  present  within 
the  ant-lion. 

Yet  another  type  of  what  I  have  called 
"  a  person  of  persons  "  is  the  hive.  The 
bees — the  many  "  virgin  "  worker  bees, 
the  drones,  the  single  queen — arc  persons 
belonging  to  one  whole,  but  not.  like  the 
'persons'  of  Siphonophora,  joined  physi- 
cally on  to  one  visible  stock.  Yd  they 
work  together  as  a  single  individual, 
whereof  the  Queen  is  the  riding  personality. 

We  will   next   consider  two  well-known 

forms,  whose  very  familiarity  may  help 

me    to    make    my    next     point    the    more 
clearly:     the    butterfly    and    the    frog. 

In    both    of    these    the    change    from    one 

personality— from  one  mask,  we  max  aaj 

to  the  next— is  of   a  kind  that   we  should 

consider  startling  if  we  did  not  know  it  so 

well    as    almost    to    think    nothing    of    it. 
Consider    for    a    moment    the    inert    <•<_'!.'  : 


the   voracious  caterpillar;     the  still  chr\- 

salis,  never  eating ;  the  butterfly.  About 
the  chrysalis  stage — in  its  withdrawal  of 
the  creature  from  the  outside  world,  in 
its  comparatively  greater  helplessness,  in 
the  destruction  and  rebuilding  of  tissue 
going  on  within  it — there  is  something, 
not  identical  with,  but  to  a  certain  extent 
analogous  to,  the  states  which  we  describe 
as  disease,  illness.  The  same  remark  may 
apply  with  greater  force  to  the  change 
from  the  tadpole  into  the  frog.  The 
tadpole  undergoes  this  development  at 
the  expense  of  what,  viewed  apart  from 
the  end  at  which  it  arrives,  could  only  be 
considered  serious  illness.  The  whole 
organism  is  disintegrated  and  built  up 
again.  The  tail  is  lost,  absorbed  by  the 
white  blood  corpuscles  ;  the  gills  are  drawn 
in  and  absorbed.  Amid  destruction  here, 
rearrangement  there,  preservation  of  old 
tissues  here,  emergence  of  new  characters 
there — out  of  what  we  cannot  but  believe 
must  be  discomfort,  of  what  may  be  at 
some  moments  acute  suffering — at  any 
rate,  out  of  a  condition  which  has  obvious 
analogies  with  pathological  conditions — 
emerges  the  adult  form,  the  final  disposi- 
tion of  personality,  the  new  "  person  " — 
implicit  once,  now  dominant.  This  ought 
to  suggest  many  lines  of  thought  as  to 
the  relation  between  the  phenomena  of 
disease  and  its  possible  significance  as 
operating  a  change  of  personality  :  but 
I  cannot,  in  these  lectures,  go  more  fully 
into  it  than  this. 

(c)  Latent. 

Yet  another  aspect  of  multiple  person- 
ality is  illustrated  by  the  axolotl.  This 
animal  is  an  example  of  a  form  that,  in 
the  conditions  to  which  most  of  the  indi- 
viduals are  subjected,  never,  properly 
speaking,  becomes  adult.  retaining 
throughout  life  its  gills,  the  marks  of  a 
larval  state.  But  Madame  de  Chauvin 
succeeded  in  so  altering  the  con- 
ditions that  from  the  ordinary  axolotl 
she  produced  in  time  the  fully  grown 
axolotl,  which  turned  out  to  be  identical 
with  Amblystoma — a  form  once  supposed 
to  be  a  distinct  species.  Now  the  point 
to  be  observed  is  that  the  axolotl.  the 
quasi-larval  form  which  has  not  arrived 
at  the  true  end  of  its  term,  yet  reproduces 
its  kind. 

Again,  it  constantly  happens  that  one 
among  the  many  "  persons  "  latent  lie- 
hind  the  general  mask  comes  to  the  front, 
is  for  a  time  manifest  or  even  dominant, 
then  sinks  hack  into  latency.  Something 
of  this  kind  is  the  true  explanation  of  the 
remarkable  changes  which  take  place  in 
the  progress  towards  adult  life  in.  let  us 
say.   birds,  where  often  the  downy  chicks 

are   in   almost    every   possible   particular 

widely  different   from  the  full-grown  form. 

But  perhaps  the  most  striking  instance  of 
this  among  birds  is  the  hoatzin,  which 
begins  life,  after  batching  out .  by  climbing 
trees  with  a  pair  of  hands.     Full  grown,  it 

Hies,  and  no  longer  OSes  its  hand-.     Wecon- 

sider  this  a  modern  survival  from  ancient 

times;  it  is  also  w  ort  h  while  to  look  upon  it 
as    evidence     for     the     presence     in     that 

organism     indeed, in  bird  ola <>fa 


i94 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


climbing  "  person  "  provided  with  hands 
which,  failing  the  right  conditions  for  the 
development  of  a  flying  "person"  with 
wings,  might  have  established  itself  as  the 
predominant  factor  in  the  mask. 

And  now  we  descend  somewhat  deeper 
into  the  mystery  we  are  studying.  The 
mask,  through  which  each  being  makes 
itself  perceived  by  and  acts  in  the  world 
outside  itself,  includes  a  great  number  of 
"  persons  "  so  differentiated  in  capacity 
that,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  things,  they 
will  never  perform  any  but  certain  special 
functions  ;  but  it  also  includes — at  any 
rate,  during  the  first  stages  of  the  develop- 
ment of  an  organism — "  persons  "  which 
retain  the  potentiality  of  themselves 
reproducing  the  whole  organism  and  its 
component  persons. 

We  have  abundant  evidence  of  this 
possibility,  alike  among  fish,  birds,  and 
mammals,  in  the  formation  of  two  embryos 
in  one  ovum,  and  in  so-called  "  monsters," 
many  of  which  represent  double  embryos 
attached  together,  one  of  which  has  domi- 
nated, but  insufficiently  dominated,  the 
other. 

Origination  of  Multiplicity  in  Personality. 

The  nearest  we  can  get  to  the  origin  of 
the  separate  persons  is  by  a  realization 
of  the  way  in  which  the  ovum  divides. 
The  division  of  the  ovum  is  a  very  dif- 
ferent matter — not  in  principle,  but  in 
method — from  the  division  of  the  amoeba. 
The  one  divides  simply,  without  compli- 
cations ;  the  other  division  is  attended  with 
numerous  complications,  more  like  the 
division  of  Badhamia.  The  secret  of 
these  lies  in  the  nucleus  of  the  ovum, 
which  includes  a  highly  intricate  network. 
When  division  is  about  to  take  place 
there  form  at  the  two  poles  of  the  nucleus 
two  starlike  bodies — "  centrosomes  " — 
which  proceed  to  move  rhythmically  about 
the  nucleus  in  what  Fol,  the  French  savant, 
has  called  "  the  dance  of  the  centro- 
somes." Indeed,  the  movement  may 
well  remind  one  of  the  figures  of  a  dance. 
The  two  "  stars,"  the  "  centrosomes," 
strain  the  protoplasm  between  them  into 
the  form  of  a  spindle  or  double  pyramid; 
and  the  nuclear  network  resolves  itself  into 
chromosomes — thirty-two  in  the  human 
ovum.  These  chromosomes  split  longi- 
tudinally, and  each  hah  passes  to  either 
pole  of  the  spindle  centring  round  its  polar 
star.  Even  while  this  is  in  progress  the 
division  is  accomplished.  You  have  a  sort 
of  dance,  a  rapid  whirl — and  there  are  two 
'  persons  "  where  before  there  was  one. 
In  that  original  one,  the  ovum,  were 
latent  those  two  "  persons  "  ;  and  in  those 
two  "  persons  " — both  together,  and  also, 
if  it  so  work  out,  separately — is  the  whole 
human  body,  held  together  by  the  jelly- 
like protoplasm. 

Given  its  proper  nourishment,  each 
species  develops  in  its  ovum  its  charac- 
teristic number  of  chromosomes,  and 
those  chromosomes  arrange  themselves 
during  division  processes  in  sound-forms 
which,  to  the  ear  which  could  hear,  utter 
a  characteristic  musical  note.  Each  crea- 
ture in  the  universe  has,  as  it  were,  its 
own  keynote.     As  long  as  it  maintains  its 


own  keynote  the  body  is  in  harmony ; 
when  it  does  not  maintain  it  the  body  is 
in  disharmony.  Harmony  belongs,  not 
only  to  the  great  cosmos,  but  also  to  the 
microcosm  of  each  man's  individual  self. 
Advance  or  degeneration  may  be  brought 
about  by  change  of  key. 

The  ovum  divides  into  2,  4,  8,  16,  so 
that  you  have  at  a  given  moment  sixteen 
ova — these  are  called  "  blastomeres  " — 
where  originally  there  was  one. 

Biologists  have  taken  ova  thus  sub- 
divided— ova  of  fish,  amphibia,  and  of 
certain  invertebrates,  such  as  sea-urchins — 
and  have  very  gently  shaken  them  so  that 
the  blastomeres — two,  or  four,  or  eight, 
or  sixteen,  as  the  case  might  be — which 
naturally  adhere  together,  have,  without 
injury,  fallen  quite  apart.  Up  to  sixteen 
each  blastomere  has  developed  into  a 
separate  living  individual  of  its  species  ; 
though,  of  course,  the  individuals  become 
smaller  and  weaker  in  proportion  as  the 
original  ovum  was  more  or  less  advanced 
in  segmentation. 

Now,  if  looking  at,  say,  eight  individuals 
thus  produced,  we  are  really  looking  at  one 
ovum,  on  the  other  hand,  looking  at 
one  ovum,  or  a  single  individual  who  is 
the  entire  outcome  of  one  ovum,  Ave  are 
looking  at  eight.  And  these  eight,  or  it 
may  be  sixteen,  persons  which  have  been 
merged  to  compose  the  completed  mask 
are  potentially  themselves  "  persons  of 
persons." 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  embryos 
of  all  vertebrates  bear  at  certain  stages  of 
development  a  most  striking  resemblance 
to  one  another ;  yet  what  we  know  as  the 
final  outcome  in  the  several  species  shows 
wide  diversities,  greatly  different  appear- 
ance and  capacities.  Where  do  the  differ- 
ences originate — I  mean,  the  differences 
in  the  vehicle  itself,  the  mask  or  system  of 
outer  persons  ?  It  is  due  mainly  to  the 
difference  in  the  dominant  ferments 
characteristic  of  the  different  bodies. 
If  you  could  alter  the  dominant  ferments, 
you  would  alter  the  whole  being — change 
the  key,  as  it  were.  What  is  the  nature  of 
a  ferment  we  can  hardly  be  said  to  know, 
nor  are  we  exactly  able  to  distinguish,  in 
isolation,  one  ferment  from  another.  But 
we  know  there  are  differences  between 
them  from  observation  of  the  differences 
in  the  effects  they  produce. 

The    Unifying   Principle. 

Yet  again,  as  long  ago  as  1830  it  was 
known  in  this  country  that  the  blood  is 
a  crystalline  solution,  and  it  is  now  matter 
of  common  knowledge,  which  has  reached 
the  popular  press,  that  the  blood  of  dif- 
ferent species  holds  differently  shaped 
crystals  in  solution.  The  blood  of  the 
bull  has  one  form  of  crystal,  that  of  the 
guinea-pig  another,  the  chimpanzee  an- 
other, man  another — and  so  on.  Each 
single  animal  is  Avhat  it  is  by  virtue  of 
its  characteristic  crystalline  solution  in 
the  blood  and  of  its  characteristic  ferments. 
When  we  look  at  other  animals  or  other 
races  we  are  looking  at  crystalline  solu- 
tions of  a  different  formation,  and  prob- 
ably at  ferments  vibrating  at  a  different 
rate,  from  our  own.     The  ferments   are 


determined  by  the  nature  of  the  chromo- 
somes ;  while  the  chromosomes  first, 
and  then  the  characteristic  crystal  forma- 
tion in  the  blood,  combine  together  in 
vibrating  to  give  forth  the  characteristic 
note  of  which  I  spoke  just  now. 

In  order  that  that  note  may  be  pure, 
balanced,  steady,  there  must  be  neither 
contamination  to  set  up  destruction  of 
the  blood  and  other  tissues  within,  such  as 
occurs  in  many — and  those  the  most 
terrible — forms  of  disease,  nor,  especially 
in  youth,  unfavourable  pressure  on  the 
organism  as  a  whole  from  the  outside 
world.  Surroundings  influence  the  grow- 
ing creature  even  more  profoundly  than 
we  are  apt  to  think  :  they  may  help  to 
preserve  that  original  note  in  its  purity, 
or  they  may  wrest  the  vehicle,  the  instru- 
ment, into  such  disharmony  that  the  pure, 
balanced  note  becomes  impossible. 

Range  of  Response  to  External  World. 

Now,  this  effect  of  surroundings  implies 
power  of  response  on  the  part  of  the 
organism.  That  to  which  a  living  thing 
is  completely  inert  will,  on  the  whole, 
have  a  negligible  effect  on  it  compared 
with  that  to  which  it  itself  responds. 
What,  then,  are  we  to  say  of  the  range  of 
response  among  ourselves  ?  Response  is, 
of  course,  principally  mediated  by  our 
senses — our  normal  senses,  and  determined 
by  their  nature  and  range.  For  the 
world  as  we  now  know  it  the  principal 
sense  is  sight.  It  is  a  pity  that  the  sense 
of  hearing  is  not  used  and  reckoned  with 
at  least  equally  with  sight,  for  it  is  in 
reality  the  higher  and  more  valuable  sense 
of  the  two.  We  have  eleven  and  a  half 
octaves  for  hearing,  and  only  one  for 
sight.  Twelve  vibrations  a  second  is- 
about  the  lowest  rate  of  vibration  which 
will  stimulate  our  auditory  nerves,  and 
will  convey  to  us  a  sensation  perceived 
as  a  deep  bass  sound.  From  sixteen  up 
to  sixty  thousand  vibrations  a  second 
will  stimulate  the  ear.  Then  comes  a 
blank.  Beyond  about  forty-five  thousand 
vibrations  a  second  nothing  affects- 
us  until  the  vibrations  have  been  acceler- 
ated to  no  fewer  than  375  billions  a  second. 
At  that  our  eyes  respond,  and  as  ac- 
celeration goes  on  they  continue  to  respond 
up  to  about  712  billions,  which  gives  us 
the  range — the  very  tiny  range — of  norma! 
sight.  Think  of  what  vast  possibilities  lie 
between  the  fields  of  hearing  and  of  vision, 
and  again  beyond  the  utmost  of  our  vision , 
and  you  can  hardly  help  agreeing  with  me 
that  Ave  hear  almost  nothing  of  what 
there  is  to  be  heard,  and  as  to  sight  are 
almost  in  outer  darkness. 

Not  only  so,  but  let  us  consider  what 
is  the  course  within  the  eye  itself  of  those 
vibrations,  that  light  by  which  we  see.  It 
passes  first  through  the  membrane  called 
the  conjunctiva,  which  conveys  the  tears 
all  OA^er  the  eyes ;  then  through  the 
cornea,  which  is  a  structure  of  several 
layers  with  lymph  in  the  layers  ;  then  past 
the  pupil,  Avhich  leads  to  the  crystalline 
lens — again  a  structure  of  layers  ;  then 
through  the  vitreous  humour  ;  and  then 
to  the  eight  layers  of  cells  of  the  retina, 
with  limiting  membranes  between.     Then 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


Til  E     ATM  KN.EUM 


595 


we  are  supposed  to  see.  But  light  as  it 
passes  through  different  media  Buffers 
refraction.  Refraction  takes  place  not 
only  in  the  world  outside  us.  bul  within 

our  own  eyes,   in  the  very  process  of  the 

entrance  into  them  of  the  Light.  There- 
fore, so  far  as  direct  sight  is  concerned, 
■we  may  be  Baid  to  have  no  sight  at  all. 

Yet  more  :  lymph  and  blood,  as  we 
noticed,  tills  in  the  spaces  in  the  cornea 
and  the  retina.  But  the  nature  of  that 
lymph  is  determined  by  the  food  we  eat. 
the  life  we  live.  The  blood  is  a  fluid 
tissue  in  which  Moat  corpuscles,  red  and 
white.  The  white  are  living,  the  red  are 
enclosed  in  a  dead  pellicle.  Blood  cells 
are  derived  from  the  marrow  and  from 
various  glands    of    the   body,    and    were 



originally  amceboid  and  nucleated.  There- 
fore the  pellicle  on  the  red  blood  corpuscles 
in  our  body  forms  a  dead  screen  between 
us  and  reality,  and  obstructs  our  vision. 
We  flatter  ourselves  that  we  are  in  full 
light :  in  reality  we  are  looking  mainly 
at  reflections  of  dead  matter. 

Time  forbids  our  touching  on  the  true 
condition  of  hearing.  It  is  enough  for 
the  purpose  of  these  lectures  if  we  realize 
that  normal  vision  is  so  limited  and 
obstructed  that,  compared  with  full  and 
true  seeing,  it  is  hardly  vision  at  all. 
We  are,  indeed,  like  the 

"captives  chained  in  Plato's  subterranean 
cave  with  their  backs  to  the  light,  so  that 
they  see  but  the  shadows  of  the  objects 
which  pass  behind  them,  and  to  these 
shadows  attribute  a  perfect  reality." 

Multiple    Personality  from    the    Point    of 
View  of  Education  and  Practical  Life. 

The  mere  existence  of  multiple  per- 
sonality is  momentous  from  the  point  of 
view  of  education,  but  from  that  point  of 
view  perhaps  even  more  momentous  is 
the  incessant  shifting  which  is  going  on — 
the  changes  in  the  relations  and  domina- 
tion of  the  different  persons  behind  the 
external  mask,  which  are  of  the  very 
nee  of  growth.  Every  child  you  look 
at  is,  beneath  the  visible  skin,  as  it  were 
the  scene  of  a  constant  movement  and 
interchange  of  parts.  Thus,  to  take  one 
'  example,  in  an  early  stage  of  develop- 
ment the  diaphragm  is  up  near  the  neck. 
Ajb  growth  proceeds  it  descends,  altering  its 
angle  also  as  it  moves.  During  the  same 
period  the  glands  are  all  altering  ;  some 
arise  (different  persons  with  their  differ- 
ent ferments),  and  presently  disappear. 
Others  establish  themselves,  but  go 
through  different  stages,  and  appear  at 
one  time  dominant,  at  another  subordi- 
nate, in  relation  to  the  whole.  All  the 
characteristic  behaviour  of  children,  in 
its  liveliness  and  variety,  is  the  outward 
indication  of  t lie  rise  and  activity  of  these 
different  persons.  We  need  to  watch 
children  very  carefully  in  regard  to  tins, 
noting  the  persons'*  to  be  restrained 
and  those  to  !><•  encouraged.  Many  a  man 
is  a  murderer  because  of  the  untoward 
thwarting— or,  on  the  other  hand,  it  may 
be  because  of  the  equally  untoward  liberty 
of  action — of  an  inner  "  person.''  Many 
a  poet  never  appears,  many  a  genius  w 
flowers,  because  the  "  person   within   the 


person  "    which    carried    the    promise    had 
no  opportunity  for  revealing  himself. 
In    mentioning    the    butterfly    and    the 

frog  we  touched  very  briefly  on  a  possible 

relation  between  all  this  shifting  of  per- 
sons, these  recurrent  changes  in  the  balance 

of  personality  and  disease.  So  far  as  we 
ran  see,  so  far  as  we  can  learn  from  the 
highest  ami  most  august  traditions,  suffer- 
ing is  a  necessary  factor  in  the  change  of 
personality,  and  in  so  far  as  what  we  call 
"  disease  "  is  that,  it  is  not  to  be  deplored, 
but  welcomed — it  is  not  an  evil,  but  a 
good.  But  our  trouble  is  that  we  con- 
found two  things  under  the  one  name 
'"  disease,"  under  the  one  conception 
*'  disease."  The  first  is  that  series  of 
wholesome,  albeit  amid  modern  conditions 
often  painful,  changes  which  upset  the 
balance  of  personality  only  to  restore  it 
in  a  higher  mode.  The  second  is  that 
miserable  condition  of  real  decay  which  is 
brought  about  by  poisons,  dirt,  dreadful 
infections,  destructive  exertion,  and  which 
obstructs  our  proper  zigzag,  or  rather 
spiral,  course  of  change  upon  change. 
We  have  lost  the  power  of  dis- 
tinguishing the  one  from  the  other.  We 
either  think  of  all  suffering  as  in  some 
way  blessed,  or — the  more  common  opinion 
in  our  own  time — we  think  of  all  suffering 
as  the  accursed  evidence  of  evil.  In  this 
more  almost  than  in  any  other  matter  we 
show  how  far  we  are  from  ancient  wisdom. 

What  we  know  to-day  is  but  a  crumb 
from  the  rich  man's  table  of  the  past. 
Xo  one  need  be  in  a  hurry  to  boast  that 
he  is  the  first,  or  second,  or  third  to  dis- 
cover this  or  that.  All  the  knowledge  we 
have  to-day  is  derived  from  the  ancients, 
and  they  knew  far  more  about  how  to 
deal  with  the  human  body  than  any 
living  person  to-day — except  such  as, 
though  they  are  there,  we  never  hear  or 
see.  And  the  ancient  wisdom  Avas  all 
bent  on  this — on  such  a  right  and  salutary 
control  of  the  body  that  though,  owing 
to  its  instability,  there  might  be  suffering, 
there  should  be  no  disease,  as  we  com- 
monly understand  the  word.  If  from 
the  very  beginning  we  knew  what  we 
ought  to  do,  if  we  truly  knew  ourselves, 
if  from  the  very  beginning  each  of  us 
were  properly  guided  and  trained  up — 
then,  as  the  different  natural  crises  of 
life  approached,  we  should  know  how  to 
act.  It  is  the  ignorance  of  what  is 
required  at  each  different  stage  of  life 
which  makes  disease.  And  in  spite  of  an 
apparent  advance  in  medical  knowledge, 
the  modern  tendency  for  both  sexes,  all 
ages,  all  classes  and  dispositions,  and  all 
races  to  do  all  the  same  things  and  live 
in  the  same  way,  or  at  least  aim  at  doing 
so,  is  increasing  our  ignorance  by  blunting 
what  little  intuition  into  our  true  nature 
we  have  left. 

The  ancients  had  little  occasion  for 
dealing  with  real  disease.  What  they 
had  to  supply  was  such  habits  of  mind 
and  body,  such  knowledge,  and  such  skill 

;i~  would  prove  the  right  corrective,  the 
right  steadying  or   guiding  or  stimulating 

force  required  in  periods  of  relative 
instability.  This  demanded  foresight  on 
the    part    of    elders,    since    what    ifl  Deeded 


dining  a  period  of  instability  must  be 
acquired     beforehand    if    it    is    to     be   of 

service. 

This    indicates     pretty    completely    the 

scope  of  ancient  therapeutics.    Their  me 

thod  was  largely  gymnastic — but  rather 
the  dance  than  the  sort  of  gymnastic 
practices  common  in  our  time 

They  would  never  have  recommended 
these  to  the  learner,  as  many  of  our 
gymnastic  experts  do.  by  dwelling  on 
their  effect  in  producing  a  fine  bodily 
shape.  The  first  reference  of  ancient 
gymnastics  and  ancient  therapeutics  was 
to  the  world  beyond  this  world.  They 
aimed  at  preserving,  developing,  correct- 
ing the  body  to  reach  a  condition  which 
would  promote  the  progress  of  the  soul 
to  the  next  stage,  into  the  future  state. 

One  of  their  principles  was  an  equable 
development ;  thus  they  took  care  that 
the  clonic  muscles  were  exercised  as  well 
as  the  tonic  muscles.  In  the  more 
vigorous  '*  tumbling  "  thus  made  possible 
the  blood  flowed  better,  and,  what  was  of 
prime  importance,  the  lymph  separated. 

They  had  little  or  nothing  in  the  way 
of  apparatus.  The  gymnasts  had  all  they 
needed  within  themselves.  The  more 
apparatus  used — the  bigger  the  buildings, 
the  more  expensive  the  paraphernalia — 
the  more  certain  you  may  be  the  persons 
have  little  in  them. 

They  realized,  as  we  have  almost  ceased 
to  realize,  the  direct  action  of  true  work 
upon  the  worker.  This  was  exemplified, 
in  a  sense,  in  what  we  said  earlier  in  the; 
lecture  of  the  effect  of  certain  unconscious 
actions  or  movements  of  the  hand  upon 
the  central  personality.  Occupations 
which  are  both  profitable  external  work 
and  at  the  same  time  favourable  to  the 
development  of  the  inner  "  person  "  are 
handiworks  like  weaving  and  lace-making. 
And  these  are  more  particularly  happy  in 
their  results  if  the  individual  comes  to  them 
with  a  certain  store  of  unconsciously 
acquired  familiarity,  such  as  that  of  the 
child  who,  from  before  it  can  remember, 
watched  its  mother  working,  and  followed 
the  delicate  craftsmanship  closely  though 
childishly. 

In  this  way — and  in  view  of  a  future 
state — the  occupations  of  so-called  savages 
are  very  greatly  superior  to  the  occupa- 
tions of  so-called  civilized  peoples.  They 
are  happier  also  for  the  most  part  in  their 
surroundings,  in  that  they  are  more  often 
carried  on  out  of  doors. 

And  savages  have  retained— what  all 
civilized  peoples  have  lost — the  true  use 
of  the  dance. 

Even    the    poor    and    empty   dancing   of 

the   present   daj    is  a   good  deal   under 
rated  in  regard  to  its  value  in  education. 
It   is   not  sufficiently    remembered    that 

movement  in  a  beautiful  rhythm  never 
tires  the  body.  1  ha\c  known  girls 
dance  lor   1    hours  without  a  break    and 

say  they  were  not  a  bit  tired.  So  long 
as'  there  is  rhythm,  and  the  rhythm  i^ 
appropriate  to  the  body,  the  body  feels 
no  fatigue,  or  only  after  a  most  surprising 

length  ot  exercise.  Each  several  race  has 
Ik  ow n  characteristic  rhythm. 


596 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


Aristotle,  we  remember,  put  dancing 
on  the  same  level  with  poetry  and 
music.  Lucian  called  it  the  science  of 
imitation  and  exhibition  which  explained 
the  conceptions  of  the  mind,  and  certified 
to  the  organs  of  sense  things  naturally 
beyond  their  reach.  To  such  a  degree  of 
refinement  was  the  dance  carried  that  it 
is  said  a  Pythagorean  could  show  the 
whole  system  of  his  sect — and  that  was 
an  elaborate  philosophy — more  clearly  in 
the  movements  of  a  dance  than  in  words. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remind  you  of 
the  fact  of  the  religious  significance  of 
dancing,  but  it  may  be  useful  to  remark 
that  that  religious  significance  was  most 
intimately  bound  up  with  the  development 
— in  their  right  sequence,  towards  their 
proper  end — of  the  persons  within. 

I  have  no  time  to  describe  even  a  few 
of  the  very  many  varieties  of  the  dance 
practised  by  different  peoples,  and  for 
the  most  part  true  dances,  effective  for 
their  highest  end,  in  proportion  to  the 
distance  between  the  dancers  and  the 
Western  civilized  peoples.  What  I  should 
like  to  remark  is  that  the  different  rhythms, 
in  so  far  as  they  are  unspoilt,  correspond 
to  the  different  natures  of  the  people,  and 
that  this  again  corresponds  to  the  differ- 
ence of  their  blood  in  microscopic  detail. 
The  primitive  peoples  themselves,  though 
they  would  not  express  it  in  our  terms, 
know  that  the  true  characteristic  rhythm 
which  belongs  to  each  of  them  is  deter- 
mined by  the  blood  of  each. 

In  conclusion,  we  ask,  "  What  of 
character  ?  "  What  does  character  mean 
in  the  face  of  this  mask,  its  constant 
changing,  which  covers  so  many  obscure 
yet  vigorous  persons,  interacting  and 
struggling  for  mastery — having,  some  of 
them,  the  right  at  certain  periods,  each 
when  its  turn  comes,  to  dominate  the  rest. 
Some  of  this  will  become  clearer  in  the 
two  other  lectures.  What  I  want  to 
emphasize  here  is  the  value  of  having  a 
certain  set  or  order  amid  this  multiplicity. 
Instability  is  of  the  very  essence  of  the 
life  of  the  growing  child  ;  Ave  shall  seldom 
be  called  upon  to  reinforce  that  side  of  its 
development.  But  steadiness  is  harder 
to  get,  and,  besides,  it  must  be  a  steadi- 
ness which  supports  the  dominance  of 
the  highest  "  persons,"  and  represses  the 
lower.  It  behoves  those  who  have  the 
guardianship  of  a  child  to  watcli  and  see 
what  "'  persons  "  are  emerging  ;  to  spare, 
or  eradicate,  or  foster  these  according  as 
they  severally  tend  to  promote  the  child's 
welfare  beyond  this  world  or  not  ;  but 
also,  in  so  doing,  to  try  to  build  up  in 
the  relations  of  the  "  persons  "  to  one 
another  a  something  of  settled  discipline, 
a  steadiness  (as  we  called  it  before)  ;  in 
fact,  a  character.  For  the  value  of  cha- 
racter— of  the  firm  coherence  together 
and  disciplined  working  together  of  good 
powers  in  a  personality — is  that,  in  the 
transition  from  one  stage  to  another,  more 
and  more  is  gained  with  less  and  less  of 
loss  :  not  so  many  new  beginnings  need 
be  made,  nor  so  great  inward  turmoil 
endured  ;  and  when  this  life  is  ended,  and 
the  next  begins,  the  inner  being,  which 
drops  the  present  mask,  goes  over  more 


sound  and  complete,  more  ready  and 
balanced,  more  humble  because  more  wise, 
into  its  new  inheritance. 

I  would  conclude  with  the  prayer  of 
an  ancient  philosopher  who  knew  more 
than  we  know  of  the  nature  of  men.  He 
knew  the  difficulties,  the  complexities,  of 
the  human  body.  He  knew  the  multi- 
plicity of  the  "  persons  "  within,  and  how 
we  can  never  be  sure  when  the  new 
'"  person  "  will  appear,  or  what  his  nature 
must  be,  or  what  Ave  can  do  about  him. 
Every  day  he  prayed  thus  : — 

"  O  God,  giA'e  strength,  and  from  strength 
give  discretion,  and  from  discretion  give 
knowledge  of  truth,  and  from  knowledge  of 
truth  give  love  of  the  right,  and  from  Jo\Te 
of  the  right  give  loA'e  of  all  things,  and  from 
loAre  of  all  things  give  lo\re  of  God." 

(To  be  continued.) 
REVIEWS. 


Antarctic  Penguins:  a  Study  of  their  Social 
Habits.  By  Dr.  G.  Murray  Levick. 
Illustrated.     (Heinemann,  6s.  net.) 

Seldom  has  any  form  of  bird  life  been 
made  the  subject  of  more  close  and 
sympathetic  study  than  is  devoted  to  the 
Adelie  penguin  in  this  admirable  A^olume. 
The  book  is  a  marvel  of  cheapness,  for  the 
illustrations  alone,  seArenty-five  in  number, 
from  photographs  taken  by  the  author, 
are  Avorth  much  more  than  its  modest 
price.  The  only  criticism  possible  is  that 
they  are  not  always  AA*ell  placed  in  the  text. 
But  they  are  no  mere  embellishment  to 
the  book  ;  they  really  "  illustrate  "  it. 

Dr.  Levick  spent  a  recent  Avinter  and 
spring  at  Cape  Adare  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  one  of  the  largest  knoAArn  rookeries  of 
the  Adelies,  which  he  estimated  to  contain 
750.000  birds.  All  explorers  speak  of  the 
numerous  "  human  traits  "  of  this  species, 
which  must  haAre  suggested  to  Anatole 
France  the  idea  of  his  extraordinary  satire. 
But  Ave  are  sure  that  Dr.  Levick  would  not 
endorse  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Murray,  the 
capable  zoologist  of  the  Shackleton  expedi- 
tion, that  the  Adelies  "  ha\Te  no  true  social 
instinct,"  and  "  are  merely  gregarious," 
with  "  no  thought  of  the  general  good." 
On  the  contrary,  he  tells  us  that  parties 
from  the  tAvo  rookeries  of  Cape  Adare  and 
Duke  of  York  Island,  twenty  miles  apart, 
used  early  in  the  season  to  meet  constantly 
hah- way  on  the  sea  ice,  though  the 
Adelie's  range  of  vision  cannot 
exceed  a  mile.  When  their  chicks 
are  so  Avell  groAvn  that  the  efforts  of 
both  parents  are  needed  to  provide  them 
Avith  food,  they  are  "  pooled  "  in  clumps 
or  "  creches,"  under  the  charge  of  adult 
birds,  to  protect  them  from  skua-gulls 
or  other  enemies  in  their  parents'  absence. 
This  startling  fact  was  expressly  noted  by 
Dr.  Wilson  ten  years  ago  in  '  The  Voyage  of 
the  Discovery.'  Not  only  do  they  help 
each  other  in  this  Avay,  but  they  even  take 
their  relaxations  together,  whether  it  be 
in  bathing,  diving,  climbing  cliffs  or  bergs 
(which  they  seem  to  do  for  amusement), 
or  taking  "  joy  rides  "  in  company  on  the 
ice-floes  which  float  past  the  rookery. 
The  "  headers  "  Avhich  they  take  from  the 


ice-foot,  and  the  reverse  process  Avhen  theAf 
land  on  it  Avith  an  upward  leap  of  five  feet 
from  the  sea,  are  splendidly  depicted  in  the 
illustrations  ;  their  apparent  reluctance  to 
be  the  first  to  dive  is  explained  by  fear  of 
a  lurking  sea-leopard. 

It  is  impossible  to  mention  a  tithe  of 
the  interesting  facts  described  in  the 
volume :  the  fights  betAveen  the  gallant 
young  cocks.  Avhen  the  hens  often  try 
to  separate  them ;  the  depredations  of 
the  skuas ;  the  dangers  from  snoAV  and 
rock  slides;  and  the  efforts  made  by 
the  old  birds  to  teach  the  chicks  to 
swim.  Dr.  Levick  even  describes  a 
sort  of  military  drill,  which  Avent  on  for 
hours  betAveen  large  bodies  simultaneously 
turning  and  marching — a  relic,  he  thinks, 
of  the  massing  for  the  annual  migration, 
Avhen  their  Avings  Avere  adapted  for  flight. 

He  devotes  only  seATen  pages  to  the  large 
Emperor  penguin,  of  which  his  experience 
AAras  more  limited.  It  has  been  Avrongly 
described — notably  by  Mr.  Bemacchi — 
as  "'  a  solitary  bird  "  ;  but  this  was  before 
the  discoA^ery  of  the  rookery  at  Cape 
Crozier  in  1902,  Avhen,  on  the  first  visit 
about  400,  and  on  the  second  (not  the  first, 
as  stated  by  Dr.  Levick)  about  1,000, 
Avere  found  congregated  there.  During 
the  retreat  southAvard  of  his  party  under 
Commander  Campbell,  after  their  adven- 
turous Avinter  in  1912,  Dr.  Levick  noticed 
"  large  gatherings  "  of  Emperors,  which 
indicated  other  rookeries  in  the  southern 
part  of  McMurdo  Sound. 

We  cannot  praise  too  highly  the  patient 
and  careful  observation  Avhich  is  evident 
in  eA'ery  page  of  this  delightful  book. 


The  Respiratory  Function  of  the  Blood. 
By  Joseph  Barcroft.  (Cambridge  Uni- 
ATersity  Press,  185.  net.) 

This  highly  technical  monograph  upon 
the  respiratory  function  of  the  blood  is 
dedicated  by  the  author  to  the  Provost 
and  FelloAvs  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  society  he  is  a  Fellow.  The 
primary  object  of  Mr.  Barcroft's  work 
Avas  an  endeaArour  to  ascertain  the  oxygen 
pressure  in  the  tissues,  and  determine 
the  means  Avhereby  the  tissues  obtain  and 
regulate  their  supply  of  oxygen.  The 
research  Avas  divided  into  three  parts. 

The  first,  which  is  introductory,  was  an 
investigation  to  discoA7er  whether  haemo- 
globin is  always  identical,  or  Avhether  it 
differs  in  different  species,  and  eATen  in 
different  individuals  ;  AA'hether  the  amount 
of  oxyhsemoglobin  depends  upon  the 
concentration  of  oxygen  in  a  solution 
containing  oxygen,  oxyhemoglobin,  and 
reduced  haemoglobin  ;  and  Avhether  tem- 
perature has  any  effect  upon  the  affinity 
of  haemoglobin  for  ox3Tgen. 

These  important  points  having  been 
cleared  up  in  relation  to  the  carrying 
medium  of  oxygen,  the  second  part  con- 
siders the  passage  of  oxygen  to  and  from 
the  blood,  and  answers  in  the  affirmative 
the  extremely  interesting  question  whether 
there  is  any  metabolism  of  the  blood  itself. 
The  call  of  the  various  tissues  for  oxygen, 
and  the  mechanism  by  which  the  call  is 
ansAvered  and  the  supply  regulated,  are  next 


No.  4:>13,  April  25,  19U 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


597 


considered,  and  these  are  followed  by  ex- 
periments to  -how  the  rate  of  oxidation  and 
reduction  of  the  blood.  The  author  then 
discusses  the  mechanism  by  which  the 
blood  acquires  oxygen  in  the  lungs,  and 
point-  out  the  theories  held  respectively 
by  the  Oxford  and  the  Cambridge  schools 
lit  physiology  at  the  present  time. 

Part  111.  deals  with  the  dissociation 
curve  as  an  "  indicator  "  of  the  *  re- 
action of  the  blood  in  man,  and  the 
effects  of  rest,  diet,  exercise,  and  high 
■altitudes,  with  and  without  exertion.    This 

tion  forms  the  most  interesting  part 
of  the  book  to  the  general  reader,  and 
amongst  other  things  the  author  throws  a 
Dew  light  upon  mountaineering  acci- 
dent-, which  often  seem  inexplicable 
when  they  occur  to  seasoned  climbers. 
In  speaking  of  the  effects  of  altitude  on 
the  brain  he  says  : — 

'  You  are  one  person  in  one  place,  another 
in  another.  At  the  Alta  Vista,  I  became  as 
one  incapable  of  arithmetic.  At  Col  d'Olen 
1  have  heard  two  clever  and  distinguished 
physiologists  pause  to  discuss  whether  or 
no  four  times  eight  made  thirty -two.  At 
Johannesburg  I  have  been  told  that  a  cricket 
team  representing  England  so  lost  their 
nerve  that  they  laughed  like  children  with 
quite  trivial  turns  in  the  course  of  the  game, 
and  fell  an  absurdly  easy  prey  to  their 
v  ith  African  opponents.  At  the  Marghe- 
rita  hut  I  have  seen  one  of  the  pleasant  est 
and  most  considerate  of  companions  behave 
as  though  he  Mere  suffering  from  alcoholic 

ess  in  a  mild  degree.  Y\1iat  of  the  sur- 
prise that  comes  to  us  when  we  hear  of 
cautious  and  skilful  climbers  losin»-  their 
lives  doing  extravagantly  reckless  things  ? 
Such  incidents  are  caused  by  the  little 
recked  of  cerebral  changes  which  appear 
trom  time  to  time  as  the  incidents  of  life 
at  high  altitudes.  They  are  doubtless  the 
results  of  acid  intoxication.  The  climber 
depends  for  the  most  part  on  his  cerebellum, 
his  cerebrum  takes  its  chance  and  is  little 
considered.  One  day  these  psychological 
changes,  which,  in  my  opinion,  appear  much 

tier  than  cerebellar  ones,  such  as  defective 
co-ordination   and    giddiness,    or   medullary 

-.  such  as  vomiting,  will  be  studied  for 
their  own  sake." 

The  monograph  is  a  sound  piece  of 
malwork  upon  a  difficult  and  obscure 
part  of  physiology,  and  it  serves  to  show 
that  the  Cambridge  school  is  as  active  and 
as  well  able  to  hold  its  own  as  it  was  in  the 
days  when  Foster,  Gaskell,  and  Langley 
built  it  out  of  nothing. 


GEOLOCY. 


All  textbooks  of  general  geology  must 
I-  say  more  or  less  about  the  struc- 
tural features  of  rocks,  but  the  usual 
treatment  of  the  subject  is  not.  in  the 
opinion  of  Prof.  Leith.  by  any  means 
adequate.  He  has.  therefore,  written  for 
student-  •  Structural  Geology  '  a  rather  full 
exposition,  dwelling  specially  on  the  sec- 
ondary structures  developed  by  movements 

lured    Geology.       By     < '.      K.     Leith, 

(Constable  <fc  Co.,  69.  (if.  net.) 

Waves  ></  Sand  and  Snow,  and   /!"■    Eddies 
'■>  Make  T/iem.      By  Vaugban  Cornish. 
(Fisher  Unwin,  10*.  net.] 


in  the  crust  of  the  earth.  Although  such  a 
work  may  not  be  marked  by  much  origin- 
ality, it  has.  nevertheless,  distinct  value, 
since  it  lays  before  us  in  a  compact  and 
convenient  form  a  mass  of  matter  that 
must  otherw  ise  be  sought  in  official  reports 
of  geological  surveys  and  the  publications 
of  various  scientific  societies. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  trace  in  this  work 
the  influence  of  the  teaching  of  Prof,  van 
Hise,  the  distinguished  geologist  who 
presides  over  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, where  the  author  holds  the  Chair 
of  Geology.  This  influence  is  notable  in 
the  early  chapters,  relating  to  the  fracture 
and  flowage  of  rocks.  Most  rocks  near 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  when  subjected 
to  sufficient  stress,  suffer  rupture,  with 
production  of  joints  and  faults  ;  but  it  is 
believed  that  at  a  great  depth  rocks 
become  deformed,  not  by  fracture,  but 
by  flow.  Certain  changes  of  a  mechanical, 
mineralogical,  and  chemical  character  are 
brought  about  in  the  internal  structure 
of  a  deep-seated  rock,  whereby  there  is 
produced  in  many  cases  a  parallel  arrange- 
ment of  the  constituents,  so  that  the 
rock  without  loss  of  integrity  may  acquire 
cleavage  or  schistosity,  or  perhaps  even 
a  gneissic  structure.  The  zone  of  flowage 
characterized  by  such  changes  is  not 
limited  to  any  definite  depth  in  the 
lithosphere,  but  varies  in  different  rocks 
and  in  the  same  rock  under  different 
conditions,  depth  being  only  one  factor  in 
determining  such  deformation. 

Rock-folds  are  structures  that  claim  a 
good  deal  of  attention  in  such  a  work  as 
Prof.  Leith 's,  and  the  study  of  folds  and 
faults  leads  naturally  enough  to  that  of 
mountain  ranges.  Whatever  may  have 
been  the  origin  of  these  wrinkles  on  the 
face  of  the  earth,  their  shape  has  in  most 
cases  been  largely  modified  by  differential 
erosion,  a  fact  on  which  many  writers 
have  hardly  laid  sufficient  emphasis,  but 
which  the  author  is  disposed  to  recognize. 
In  speculating  on  the  origin  of  the  grander 
features  of  the  surface,  such  structural 
units  as  continental  masses  and  ocean 
basins,  more  frequent  reference  might 
have  been  made  to  the  views  of  Suess. 
Prof.  Leith  holds  that  in  most  cases  what 
are  regarded  as  the  larger  uplifts  of  the 
surface  are  probably  only  apparent  eleva- 
tions. w*  Earth  movements  are  dominat- 
ing v  centripetal  "  ;  the  sinking  of  certain 
segments  of  the  earth  causes  a  lowering 
of  sea-level,  and  as  a  consequence  the 
apparent  rise  of  land.  Whilst  avoiding 
direct  discussion  regarding  the  probable 
origin  of  the  earth,  the  author,  in  seeking 
to  explain  the  deformation  of  the  crust, 
is  necessarily  faced  with  two  rival  theories  : 
the  old  contractional  hypothesis  on  the 
one  hand,  and  on  the  other  the  principle 
of  isostasy,  which  has  been  carefully  worked 
out  in  America.  They  arc  not.  however, 
mutually  exclusive,  and  the  book  makes 
use  of   both. 

Nearly  twenty  years  ago  Dr.  Cornish 
was  led  to  take  up  the  study  of  waves  with 
the  view  of  comparing  and  co-ordinating 
the  various  types  of  wave  that  may  In- 
formed in  air,  and  water,  and  earth  ;   in  the 


atmosphere,  the  hydrosphere,  and  the  lithe - 

sphere  of  our  planet.  For  this  general 
study  of  the  subject  he  suggested  the 
term  "  kumatology,"  and  regarded  it  as 
a  branch  of  physical  geography.  With 
remarkable  persistence  he  has  continued 
this  work,  and,  as  his  results  have  from 
time  to  time  been  communicated  to- 
various  scientific  societies,  and  published 
in  their  journals,  they  are  fairly  familiar 
to  the  specialist.  In  '  Waves  of  Sand  and 
Snow,  and  the  Eddies  which  Make  Them  ' 
he  sets  forth  in  detail  his  researches,  so  far 
as  they  relate  to  undulations  formed  on 
the  surface  of  sand  and  snow.  In  order 
to  extend  his  knowledge  of  these  super- 
ficial corrugations,  the  author  has  visited 
the  desert  dunes  of  Egypt,  and  the  snow- 
drifts of  Canada  in  winter. 

Probably  the  most  characteristic  feature- 
of  these  researches  is  their  quantitative 
accuracy,  wherever  measurement  is  pos- 
sible. It  is  this  feature  that  shows  Dr. 
Cornish  to  be  an  observer  imbued  with  a 
truly  scientific  spirit.  In  cases  where  the 
ordinary  geographer  would  be  satisfied 
with  merely  vague  estimates,  he  has  sought 
to  introduce  the  exactitude  of  the  physicist,- 
and  thus  bring  the  phenomena  within  the 
range  of  strictly  scientific  discussion.  It 
is  notable  that  seolian  sand  waves,  which 
are  formed  as  ridges  and  furrows  trans- 
versely to  the  direction  of  the  wind,  seem 
to  have  the  same  average  steepness,  or 
ratio  of  length  to  height,  whether  in  a 
desert  in  Egypt  or  on  the  coast  of  Dorset,, 
the  length  being  about  eighteen  times  the 
height ;  and  a  like  ratio  appears  to  hold 
with  the  small  ripples  that  diversify  the- 
surface  of  large  waves.  To  investigate 
the  conditions  of  rippling,  recourse  has  been 
had  to  experiments  at  a  factory  where  the 
sand  -  blast  is  used  for  engraving  glass. 

The  author  has  not  confined  his  attention* 
to  the  corrugations  on  sand  and  snow  due 
to  the  action  of  the  wind,  but  has  also 
made  some  interesting  observations  on 
waves  and  ripples  in  the  sands  of  streams 
and  estuaries,  and  on  marine  sandbanks, 
where  the  subaqueous  material  requires 
for  its  close  examination  an  engineer  of 
rather  amphibian  habits.  Dr.  Cornishs- 
work  on  current  -  mark  and  ripple-mark 
will  command  the  attention  of  the  geo- 
logist, who  finds  similar  ridges  and  furrows 
in  old  sandbanks  and  other  deposits  m 
the  sedimentary  strata.  In  describing  a 
'  mackerel  sky,"  the  author  points  out  the- 
curious  fact  that  the  true  aerial  ripple- 
mark  is  better  shown  on  a  negative  photo- 
graph than  on  a  positive  print. 

Photography  has  greatly  aided  Dr.  Cor- 
nish  in  recording  the  results  of  his  investi- 
gations. His  attractive  volume  is  illus- 
trated by  no  fewer  than  eighty  reproduc- 
tions of  photographs,  among  which  are 
some  interesting  views  of  mushroom- 
shaped  snow -caps  crowning  the  stumps  of 
trees  in  the  Selkirk  Range,  west  of  tl 
Rocky  Mountains. 


598 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,   1914 


ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

Some  sixteen,  years  ago  it  was  discovered 
that  if  ultra-violet  light — that  is  to  say, 
light  of  shorter  wave-length  than  the 
visible  spectrum — were  allowed  to  fall 
upon  a  negatively  charged  metal  plate,  it 
lost  its  charge,  and  that,  if  uncharged, 
it  acquired  a  positive  one.  This,  which  is 
sometimes  called  the  "  Hallwachs  effect," 
from  the  name  of  one  of  its  earliest  investi- 
gators, was  found  to  depend  very  much 
upon  the  cleanness  of  the  metal  used,  while 
it  also  appeared  that  a  positively  charged 
plate  lost  none  of  its  charge.  From  all 
these  facts  it  was  deduced  that  what 
really  took  place  was  an  emission  of  nega- 
tive electrons  from  the  newly  cleaned 
surface,  and  this  is  the  interpretation  of 
the  phenomenon  generally  accepted  by  Sir 
Joseph  Thomson  and  other  modern  physi- 
cists. Mr.  Hughes,  who  is  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  the  Rice  Institute  in 
Texas,  has  put  into  book-form  most  of  the 
recent  investigations  into  the  matter,  and, 
as  his  volume  '  Photo-Electricity  '  forms 
one  of  the  useful  tv  Cambridge  Physical 
Series,"  we  may  suppose  that  it  has  received 
the  imprimatur  of  the  Cavendish  Labora- 
tory. 

The  new  facts  imparted  by  it  are  interest- 
ing, if  not  very  numerous.  Prof.  Hughes 
thinks  that  the  effect  of  the  light  is  to 
ionize  the  atoms  on  the  surface  of  the  plate, 
and  thus  cause  them  to  emit  electrons, 
some  of  which  get  away  into  the  surround- 
ing atmosphere,  while  others  remain. 
Every  substance,  he  seems  to  say,  ex- 
hibits this  effect,  but  the  wave-length  at 
which  it  begins  varies  with  the  substance. 
For  the  alkali  metals — potassium,  sodium, 
^vnd  the  like — this  wave-length  occurs 
within  the  visible  spectrum,  and  this 
rather  contradicts  what  he  says  later 
about  the  "  ionizing  light  "  being  "  located 
far  in  the  ultra-violet. "  The  apparent 
discrepancy  is  perhaps  explainable,  be- 
cause the  effect  varies  very  much  with  the 
medium  in  which  the  experiment  is  con- 
ducted, gases  like  carbon  dioxide  and  oxy- 
gen proving  powerful  absorbents  of  the 
ionizing  light.  That  arsenic  and  selenium 
should  give  off  what  Prof.  Hughes  calls 
photo  -  electrons  was,  perhaps,  to  be 
expected  from  the  variable  resistance  of 
the  selenium  "  cell,"  but  it  is  more  sur- 
prising to  learn  that  dust-particles  do  the 
same  to  an  appreciable  extent.  So  do  ice 
(but  not  water),  the  halogen  salts  of  silver, 
shellac,  and  fuchsine  dye. 

One  of  the  best  chapters  in  the  book  is 
that  dealing  with  fluorescent  and  phospho- 
rescent substances,  the  difference  between 
the  behaviour  of  the  two  being  explained 
by  the  author's  hypothesis  that  in  the 
latter  case  the  electrons   emitted  escape 

Photo  -  Electricity.  By  Arthur  Llewelyn 
Hughes.  "Cambridge  Physical  Series." 
(Cambridge  University  Press,  6s.  net. ) 

A  Text-Booh  of  Physics,  Electricity,  and  Mag- 
netism.— Parts  I.  and  II.  Static  Electricity 
and  Magnetism.  By  J.  H.  Poynting  and 
Sir  J.  J.  Thomson.  (Griffin  &  Co., 
105.    6d.) 


beyond  the  sphere  of  influence  of  the 
centre,  and  as  an 

"  electron  returns  to  a  polarized  centre,  an 
emission  of  light  occurs  whose  period  is  deter- 
mined by  the  disturbance  produced  as  the 
electron  settles  down  to  its  equilibrium 
position  in  the  centre." 

In  fluorescent  substances  the  electron,  he 
thinks,  is  disturbed,  but  does  not  escape 
from  the  sphere  of  influence,  a  theory 
which,  whether  well  founded  or  not,  is 
highly  ingenious. 

On  the  vexed  question  of  photo-electric 
"  fatigue,"  or  the  observed  phenomenon 
that  metals  exposed  to  ultra-violet  light 
soon  lose  their  power  of  emitting  electrons, 
only  to  recover  it  after  rest,  Prof. 
Hughes,  we  think  wisely,  says  merely 
that  its  cause  is  still  obscure.  He  also 
draws  attention  to  the  experiments  of 
Dember  on  the  emission  of  positive  rays  as 
well  as  of  negative  electrons  by  metals 
exposed  to  ultra-violet  light.  It  is  hardly 
the  case,  as  he  says,  that  "  the  existence 
of  a  positive  current  (from  an  illuminated 
plate)  has  never  been  suggested  directly 
or  indirectly,"  because  Dr.  Gustave  Le  Bon 
not  only  suggested,  but  even  proved  it  by 
his  experiments  published  some  ten  years 
ago.  Prof.  Hughes  suggests  that  a  mea- 
surement of  the  ratio  ejm  for  the  positive 
rays  from  different  metallic  surfaces  should 
tell  us  something  about  their  origin. 
There  is,  in  fact,  plenty  of  room  left  in  the 
field  for  other  experimenters  and  writers 
on' the  subject. 

It  is  something  like  fifteen  years  since 
'  A  Text-Book  of  Physics,  Electricity,  and 
Magnetism '  was  promised,  and  it  comes 
almost  as  a  shock  to  realize  that  it  is 
finished  at  last.  The  preceding  volumes  on 
'  The  Properties  of  Matter,' l  Heat,'  and 
'  Sound '  were  good  in  their  way,  and  the 
achievements  of  Sir  Joseph  Thomson  and 
Prof.  Poynting  in  electricity  and  magnetism 
led  us  to  expect  more  than  we  find  here. 

The  Preface  tells  us  that 

"  the  experiments  are  selected  chiefly  for 
their  value  in  establishing  the  fundamental 
principles  ;  while  the  mathematical  develop- 
ment is  only  carried  so  far  as  is  needed  for  the 
account  of  the  experiments  described.  The 
aim  is  to  build  firmly  the  foundation  on 
which  the  mathematical  theory  may  be 
raised." 

There  are  some  mathematicians  for 
whom  the  subject  of  magnetism  and  elec- 
tricity consists  of  a  series  of  equations  with 
only  the  remotest  connexion  with  real  life. 
Such  students  are  rare  nowadays,  but  to 
those  that  remain  the  book  may  be  useful 
in  indicating  the  experimental  evidence 
for  the  various  theories  put  forward. 

Again,  there  is  the  student  who  has  been 
taught  the  experimental  side,  but  not  the 
theoretical ;  to  him  also  the  book  may  be 
useful.  This  criticism  applies  specially  to 
the  earlier  chapters  in  each  section,  which 
show  uncertainty  as  to  how  much  should 
be  taken  for  granted.  In  chap,  iii.,  for 
instance  (on  the  '  Inverse  Square  Law  '), 
the  Potential  is  introduced  without  any 
warning  as  a  "  useful  quantity,"  and 
then  the  authors  find  its  character- 
istic property,  instead  of  proceeding 
first  from  the  idea  of  the  work  function. 


Perhaps  this  method  was  considered  too 
advanced  ;  yet  in  the  next  chapter  the 
application  of  Green's  theorem  is  used. 

In  the  chapters  on  the  '  Dielectric  '  and 
on  w  Crystalline  Media  '  the  treatment  i- 
much  freer,  and,  although  occasionally 
condensed,  inspires  confidence. 

The  second  part  (on  Magnetism)  is  an 
improvement  on  the  earlier  ;  it  is,  perhaps, 
on  account  of  the  renewed  interest  in  the 
origin  of  magnetism  that  the  authors  take 
particular  care  in  expounding  the  elemen- 
tary phenomena  and  the  deductions  from 
them.  The  chapter  on  Weber's  Mole- 
cular Hypothesis  is  very  clear,  and  a  brief 
account  is  given  of  Langevin's  "  Mag- 
neton "  theorjr. 

The  succeeding  four  chapters  are  mainly 
mathematical,  and  in  them  the  conse- 
quences of  the  inverse  square  law  and  the 
forces  on  magnetized  bodies  are  worked 
out. 

A  fairly  full  description  of  the  experi- 
mental methods  of  measuring  permeability 
is  given ;  and  the  chapter  on  '  Para- 
magnetic and  Diamagnetic  Substances  ' 
will  be  found  more  satisfactory  than  in 
most  English  textbooks. 

A  sketch  of  Gauss's  theory  of  terres- 
trial magnetism  is  included,  also  a  short 
account  of  the  connexion  between  mag- 
netism and  light.  No  doubt  this  latter 
subject  and  others  that  have  been 
treated  cursorily  here  will  be  dealt  with 
more  fully  in  the  next  volume,  on  '  Dy- 
namic Electricity  and  Magnetism.'  The 
text  embodies  copious  references  to 
original  papers. 


Natural  Law  in  Science  and  Philosophy. 
By  Emile  Boutroux.     (Nutt,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

M.  Boutroux  discusses  our  ideas  of  what 
are  known  as  "  natural  laws  "  in  order  to 
discover  the  relation  these  laws  bear  to 
reality,  and  the  position  of  the  human 
individual  with  regard  to  nature.  His 
ultimate  aim  is  to  attempt  to  decide 
whether  in  the  present  state  of  natural 
knowledge  we  may  consider  ourselves 
possessed  of  any  freedom  of  action  or 
of  any  reality  as  persons.  His  method 
consists  in  an  examination  of  the  laws  of 
each  division  of  science,  as  to  their  nature, 
their  objectivity,  and  their  meaning.  Pro- 
ceeding on  these  lines,  he  makes  a  short  sur- 
vey of  the  laws  of  logic  and  mathematical, 
mechanical,  physical,  and  chemical  laws — 
and,  passing  on  to  the  realm  of  life,  dis- 
cusses the  nature  and  meaning  of  the 
biological,  psychological,  and  sociological 
laws  which  appear  to  govern  it. 

Ancient  philosophy  was  based  upon  a 
dualism  which  prevented  determinism 
from  becoming  absolute,  but  the  ten- 
dency of  modern  science  is  to  abolish  this 
duality.  Mathematics  imparts  to  science 
necessity  ;  experience — empirical  know- 
ledge— imparts  conformity  with  facts. 
This,  the  author  considers,  is  the  root  of 
modern  determinism. 

"  We  believe  everything  to  be  necessarily 
determined,  because  we  believe  everything, 
in  essence,  to  be  mathematical.     This  belief 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


599 


is  the  spring,  manifest  or  unperceived,  of 
scientific  investigation." 

M.  Boutroux.  however,  who  is  not  a 
believer  in  modern  determinism,  extricates 
himself  from  this  impasse.  For,  in  his 
opinion,  there  is  a  hierarchy  of  sciences 
and  a  hierarchy  of  laws  which  we  can 
compare  with  one  another,  but  cannot 
blend  into  a  single  science  of  external 
things  and  into  a  single  law.  A  correct 
idea  of  natural  law,  he  says, 

"'  restores  man  to   true  self-possession,  and 
at  the  same  time  assures  him  that  his  free- 
m   may   be   efficacious   and   control   phe- 
nomena." 

There  is  little  certitude  in  such  in- 
quiries. We  are  no  more  able  to  answer 
them  now  than  we  were  twenty  years 
ago.  when  the  lectures  upon  which  this 
volume  is  founded  were  delivered  by  the 
author  at  the  Sorbonne.  They  are  beyond 
the  scope  of  science  proper,  and  belong  to 
that  ill-starred  field  of  metaphysics  in 
which  ©pinions  vary  according  to  the 
bias  of  the  individual  and  of  the  period. 
In  his  Preface  M.  Boutroux  puts  the  ques- 
tion whether  the  idea  of  natural  law  is  the 
sune  for  the  man  of  science  as  it  is  for  the 
philosopher.  He  attempts  to  define  these 
terms,  and  then  advances  the  theory  that 
there  is  no  absolute  coincidence  between 
the  laws  of  nature  as  science  assumes 
them  to  be  and  the  laws  of  nature  as  they 
really  are.  Possibly  he  is  correct,  but 
he  does  not  prove  his  thesis,  which  there- 
fore remains  a  hypothesis. 

Although  his  volume  cannot  be  said  to 
add  much  to  our  knowledge,  the  discus- 
sion is  not  without  interest,  and  the 
translator  has  provided  a  readable  version 
of  the  original. 


J^rifrtre   (fjossip. 

At  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  at 
jecial  meeting  to  be  held  on  Tuesday, 
May  5th,  Mr.  Frederick  William  Lanchester 
will  give  the  James  Forrest  Lecture, 
taking  for  his  subject  'The  Flying  Machine 
from  an  Engineering  Standpoint.' 

AMONG    the    '  Opinions   rendered    by    the 
International     Commission     on     Zoological 
Nomenclature  "    (57   to   65,   in  the   publica- 
tion of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Wash- 
ington,    for     March)     there     is     a     rather 
amusing  one  on  the  emendation  of  "  Chaeme- 
pelia  "   to  Chamaepelia,     Mr.    \\\   E.   Clyde 
dd,  who  submitted  the  case  lor  opinion, 
-   obviously   right    in   imputing  the   first 
lling    to    inadvertence    on    the    part    of 
Swainaon,    who    invented    the    word    as    a 
rendering  for  "  ground-dove."     He  used  it, 
atly,  without  citing  the  Englishname, 
or  giving  any  chie  a^  to  bis  new  word  being 
derived  from  the  Greek,  so  that,  as  it  was 
pointed     out,     people    unacquainted     with 
vernacular  names  might  question 
whether  it   were  not   based  on  some  family 

1  hremepeL     He  did,  however,  con 
the    lapeus    calami,   or    printer's    error,    in 
the    Index   to  his   'Classification  of  Birds,1 
1837. 

The    Commission,    nevertheless,    al    first 

cided  that    the  derivation  was  not   suffi 

ciently     "evident,"     and     that      therefore 

the   word   should    not    be   amended.     The 

voting  showed  such  a   variety  of  opinion, 


and  the  view  of  the  Secretary  (against 
emendation)  was  carried  by  so  small  a 
majority,  that  it  was  considered  necessary 
to  submit  the  question  again  to  the  Commis- 
sion at  the  Monaco  meeting.  Hero  several 
votes  were  changed,  and  finally  twelve  Com- 
missioners against  seven  expressed  them- 
selves in  favour  of  emendation.  So  the 
ground-dove  is  now,  in  the  international 
language  of  science,  "  Chamsepelia." 

Mr.  H.  I).  O'Neill  bestows  an  alarming 
piece  of  information  on  the  public  through 
Monday's  Times.  Londoners  during  the 
next  few  weeks  are  to  experience  an  increas- 
ing amount  of  bronchitic  and  catarrhal 
irritation,  and  unless  the  children  are  kept 
out  of  the  parks  and  gardens  they  will 
suffer  severe  post-nasal  catarrh — in  other 
words,  have  tiresome  colds  in  the  head. 

They  are  all  invited  to  examine  their 
clothes  carefully  with  magnifying  glasses, 
whereupon  they  will  discover  that  they  are 
bestrewn  with  myriads  of  minute  spicules 
which,  floating  numberless  in  the  air,  have 
also  been  breathed  into  the  respiratory 
system.     Whence  do  these  come  ? 

The  culprit  is  no  other  than  tho  plane 
tree,  which  has  been  so  often  unsuspectingly 
praised  for  its  friendliness  to  towns  and 
abundant,  refreshing  shade.  It  is  just  now 
breaking  up  its  fruit-balls,  which  fly  off 
in  tufts  that  divide  and  subdivide  till  soon 
they  are  nothing  but  an  invisible,  far- 
spreading  mass  of  these  irritating  spicules. 
Mr.  O'Neill  says  that  the  Germans  have 
recognized  the  "  danger  "  attaching  to 
plane  trees,  and  in  some  parts  have  forbidden 
their  being  planted  near  schools.  His  sug- 
gestion for  London — where  more  and  more 
plane  trees  are  being  planted — is  that  the 
fruit -crop  should  be  picked  before  it  is 
ripe,  or  else  that  the  trees  should  be  sterilized. 

The  latest  Bulletin  of  the  Imperial 
Institute  has  an  interesting  account  of  wild 
silk  from  Mexico.  This  is  said  to  be  found 
hanging  on  certain  trees  in  the  states  of 
Vera  Cruz  and  Oaxaca,  and  to  be  used  by 
the  Indians  for  making  rope.  It  is  of 
good  lustre  and  tolerable  strength ;  but 
it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  comb  and 
irritating  to  the  skin.  These  difficulties 
make  it  improbable  that  this  Mexican 
silk  will  for  some  time  have  any  commercial 
value.  It  might  be  of  interest  to  learn 
whether  the  Indians  who  use  it  tolerate  the 
inconvenience  of  the  irritating  quality  in  it, 
or  do  not  feel  it,  or  have  found  a  means  of 
obviating  it. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


M'.v 


Ti  i  -. 


Wi  i. 


Institute  of  Actuaries. : 5.—'  Section  11  of  the  National  Insur- 
ance Act:  some  Other  Features  of  Friendly  Societies  and 
National  Insurance,  including  a  Note  on  the  Proposed 
Belgian  National  Insurance  Act,'  Mr   E.  It.  Nathan. 

Society  of  Arts,  B.— 'Home  Recent  lieveloniuents  In  the 
Ceramic  Industry,'  Mr.  W.  Burton.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 

Boyal  Institution.  J.— '  Problems  of  Physical  Chemistry: 
1*21  Structure  of  Mutt'-rut  Low  Temperatniea,'  J)r.  \V.  Wahl. 

8ociety  of  Arts,  4  :i0.  — '  The  Adintniflttation  of  Imperial 
Telegraphs,'  Mr.  e.  Bright     (Colonial  Section.) 

Institution  ol   civil  Engineers,  8.— Annual  General  Meeting. 

Anthroiwtlogical  Institute,  8.1.").- 'Some  Hopi  Textiles  from 
the  Pueblo  of  llano.'  Miss  B.  F.  M.-irrcco. 

Geological.  8.—' On  the  Lower  Jaw  of  an  Anthropoid  Ann 
I  lirjophh'-cusl  frrni  the  Upper  Miocene  of  l/ii.U  [8paln),' 
Dr.  A.  H.  Woodward  ;  'The  Structure  of  the  Carlisle  Bolway 
BaBin  and  the  Ht'iuciioe  of  its  I'ei  iiii.in  and  Triassic  Rocks.1 
i  .    .1    W.  Qrtgory. 

—  Society  of  lArts.  8.— 'The   Need   for   Better  Organization  of 

t       i.onii'-  and  Industrial  Resources,'  Mi    0,  K.  Knock. 

Tares.  Royal  Institution. :!.  —  'The  La*t<  hnpter  of  Greek  Philosophy  : 
PlotlntU  as  Fhibsopher,  Religious  Teacher,  and  Mystic,' 
Lector'-  I  .  Dean  Inge. 

—  Boyal.  LW.— 'On  the  Lack  of  Adaptation  In  the  Triitlc! 

and  Podoetrmaceo.'  Dr.  J  0,  Willis;  'On  the  Qenetloi  of 
Tetrnploid  plants  m  Primula  M  Hi    B,    P    Gregory; 

'The    Action    at     Certain     Itiikh     on    the    Isolated    Minimi 

Uterus' Mr  J.  a  Sunn;  'The  Presence  ol  Inorganic  Iron 
Coinp  nods  in  tin-  t  hloroplasts  of  the  Green  Cells  of  Plants. 
considered  in  relationship  to  Natural  photo-synthesis  and 
she  Origin  of  Life/ Pi   I    B   afoore:  and  other  Papers. 

—  I ri >- !■  Literary.  8.—' It  I       lih  Museum,  Mr. 

B    I   '■'.    i 

I'm.  Royal  Institution.  —  .'.  Annual  Meeting- !".  'A  Criticism  on 
Criti',.'  Mr.   El      I. 

Sir.  Royal  Institution.  .'..  — '  HimiUrllv  of  Motion  in  Fluids:  B)  The 
General  Law  of  Surface  Friction  in  Fluid  Motion,'  Dr. 
T.  E.  Stanton. 


FINE    ARTS 

The  Bronze  Age  in  Ireland.  By  George 
Coffey.  (Dublin,  Hodges,  Figgis  &  Co., 
6s.  net.) 

With  this  volume  Mr.  Coffey — who,  we 
regret  to  learn,  has  just  retired  on  account 
of  ill-health  from  his  curatorship  at 
the  Dublin  National  Museum — completes 
his  trilogy  on  Irish  antiquities.  In  1909 
he  dealt  with  the  latest  phase  in  his 
highly  appreciated  '  Guide  to  the  Chris 
tian  Antiquities  '  under  his  charge  ;  in 
1912,  under  the  title  of  '  New  Grange 
and  other  incised  Tumuli  in  Ireland,' 
he  summarized  the  results  of  his  re- 
searches into  the  Neolithic  monuments, 
and  traced  what  he  considered  to  be 
the  influence  of  Crete  and  the  ./Egean 
upon  the  art  of  the  West  of  Europe.  His 
present  work  links  these  extremes  to- 
gether, and  describes  the  products  of  the 
Bronze  Age  in  Ireland  from  about  1800  to 
350  B.C.  This  approximate  chronology 
does  not  greatly  differ  from  that  of  Dr. 
Montelius,  except  in  dating  the  end  of  the 
transitional  copper  period  (also  included 
in  this  treatise),  and  consequently  the 
first  bronze  period,  somewhat  later  ;  but 
Mr.  Coffey  offers  it  half  reluctantly,  since 
dates  are  uncertain,  and 

"  the  succession  of  types  is  really  of  con- 
siderably more  importance.  .  .  .as  it  enables 
objects,  finds,  and  interments  to  be  arranged 
in  a  progressive  series,  and  shows  the  general 
trend  of  advance  and  culture."' 

The  construction  of  such  a  series  is 
peculiarly  difficult  in  Ireland  by  reason  of 
the  general  ignorance  or  carelessness  of 
excavators,  who  rarely  recorded  the  asso- 
ciated contents  of  a  find.  That  Mr.  Coffey 
has  succeeded  so  well  in  spite  of  this 
obstacle  is  due  partly  to  his  complete 
knowledge  of  the  corresponding  series  in 
other  parts  of  Europe,  and  still  more  to 
his  trained  eye  for  detail  in  decorative 
development.  Apart  from  this,  his  great 
gift  as  an  archaeologist  is  his  steady 
sobriety  of  judgment.  He  reads  every- 
thing, listens  to  all  new  theories,  but 
refuses  to  budge  an  inch  from  his  facts,  or 
to  strain  his  evidence  by  a  hair's  breadth. 
No  doubt  theories  and  speculations  are 
much  more  exciting  than  proved  facts, 
but  we  consider  that  Mr.  Coffey's  cautious 
reserve  is  one  of  the  most  encouraging 
signs  in  recent  archaeological  work  in  Ire- 
land, a  land  where  there  has  been  far  too 
much  futile  speculation.  Indeed,  then 
are  still  people  there  who  wish  to  dig  for 
the  Ark  of  the  Covenant  in  the  Hill  of 
Tara.  and  it  is  lo  he  regretti  d  thai  the  Act 
for  the  protection  of  the  feeble-minded 
does  not  extend  to  such  visionaries,  or 
their    congeners,    the    BO -called    "British 

Israelites"  or  seekers  after  the  (happily) 
Lu-t  Tribes. 

As  in  his  ot  her  volumes,  .Mr.  <  loffey  aims 
at  concise  inclusion.  Everything  <>f  signi- 
ficance  relating  to  the  subject  is  menl  ioned, 
Imt   in  die  briefest    possible  terms.     tttu 

tli  nts  who  wish   to  go  further  are  referred 
in   foot-notes    to    the    author's    and     other 

archaeologists'     papers     contributed     b 

various. societies,  insomuch  that  the  present 


000 


THE    ATHENJ^UM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


book  is  at  once  an  epitome  and  a  select 
(bibliography.  Another  valuable  and  also 
very  attractive  feature  is  the  abundance 
of  illustrations.  Basides  eleven  photo- 
graphic plates,  there  are  eighty-five  ex- 
quisite drawings,  made  directly  from  the 
-objects,  including  many  by  Miss  E.  Barnes, 
whose  splendid  drawing  of  the  Tara  brooch 
in  the  Christian  Antiquities  '  Guide  ' 
^evoked  general  admiration.  In  cases  of 
intricate  and  deep-cut  designs,  involving 
awkward  shadows,  photographs  cannot 
compete  with  drawings  such  as  these. 
The  large  number  of  gold  ornaments  here 
illustrated  form  the  special  characteristic 
of  the  Bronze  Age  in  Ireland.  That 
country  was,  in  Mr.  Coffey's  phrase,  "  the 
El  Dorado  of  the  western  world  "  ;  no 
other  land  produced  anything  like  its  great 
output  of  gold.  Old  Irish  literature 
abounds  in  references  to  gold  ornaments 
-and  payments  in  gold  by  weight ;  and  the 
.men  of  Leinster  were  called  "  Lagenians 
of  the  gold,"  because  most  of  it  came  from 
the  Wicklow  mountains.  It  Avould  seem 
that  Ireland  even  supplied  Europe  with 
-ornaments  of  the  precious  metal :  the 
iGauls  in  Italy,  we  know,  had  a  passion  for 
■gold  tores  ;  and  it  is  no  wonder  that  the 
Gaels  came  over  to  possess  themselves  of 
vsuch  treasures  without  the  necessity  of 
purchase.  They  appear  to  have  exhausted 
the  supply,  for  very  little  gold  has  been 
discovered  in  Ireland  since  their  arrival. 
The  workings  in  the  "  Golden  Valley," 
•shortly  before  the  Union,  did  not  prove 
remunerative ;  and  what  gold  there  is  in 
Ireland  in  the  present  day  is  chiefly 
iborrowed  from  England. 


Oriental  Rugs,  Antique  and  Modern.     By 
Walter  A.  Hawley.     (John  Lane,  21.  2s. 

net.) 

Within  the  last  fifteen  years,  the  appre- 
ciation, and  in  consequence  the  monetary 
value,  of  antique  rugs  in  this  country  has 
<b3en  increasing  by  leaps  and  bounds.  Up 
.to  about  1900  it  was  possible,  and,  in  fact, 
jather  easy,  for  the  collector  to  satisfy  his 
acquisitiveness  at  a  moderate  expenditure. 
About  that  time  the  colony  of  Armenian 
and  Turkish  dealers  in  London  began  to 
.assert  itself,  with  the  result  that  prices 
immediately  rose  higher  ;  and  now  the  best 
specimens  of  these  works  of  beauty  and 
utility  are  within  the  reach  of  those  only 
who  have  a  well-lined  purse.  The  London 
.auction-rooms,  in  which  in  former  days 
bargains  were  frequently  to  be  acquired, 
are  now  practically  taboo  to  the  bargain- 
seeker,  the  most  dilapidated  specimens 
.readily  realizing  big  prices. 

The  excellent  work  Mr.  Hawley  has 
presented  will  have  a  stimulating  effect 
■on  every  collector  who  peruses  it.  He  sets 
out  in  a  most  interesting  manner  the 
physical  features  and  history  of  the  rug- 
producing  lands,  the  materials  and  dyes 
used  in  the  manufacture,  methods  of 
weaving,  and  the  significance  of  the  signs 
and  symbols  employed.  Lengthy  chapters 
appear  on  the  rugs  of  Persia,  Asia  Minor, 
ithe  Caucasus,   Central   Asia,   India,  and 


China,  each  chapter  being  subdivided 
under  headings  of  the  principal  rug- 
producing  towns  and  places  of  each 
country.  Persia,  for  instance,  comprises 
about  thirty-two  important  rug-produc- 
ing towns  or  districts.  To  each  of  these 
is  added  a  description  of  the  people, 
their  customs  and  mode  of  life,  and  the 
special  characteristics  of  the  rugs. 

In  the  chapter  devoted  to  '  Designs  and 
Symbols '  interesting  reference  is  made 
to  the  patterns  of  the  Namazlik,  or 
prayer  rug,  and  to  the  shape  of  the 
arch,  or  mihrab,  which  is  the  principal 
feature.  For  example,  in  Persian  rugs 
it  is  formed  by  gracefully  curving  lines, 
and  in  others  is  of  geometrical  design. 
The  arch  being  a  symbol  of  the  mosque, 

"  at  call  for  prayer  the  faithful  Moslem 
spreads  his  rug  with  arch  directed  towards 
Mecca,  and  kneeling  with  the  palms  of  his 
hands  at  each  side  of  the  centre,  he  bows 
his  head  till  it  touches  the  rug."' 

As  these  are  held  sacred  by  the  Moham- 
medans of  Persia  and  seldom  sold,  they 
can  only  be  actually  distinguished  from 
those  made  for  trading  purposes  "  by 
the  well-worn  nap  showing  where  the 
knees  of  father  and  son  have  often 
pressed."  Reference  is  also  made  to  the 
universal  employment  of  the  Swastika, 
indicating  abundance  and  fertility,  and 
the  frequent  use  of  the  Tree  of  Life, 
which  has  a  religious  significance  amongst 
many  races. 

It  is  useful  to  note  that  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  rug  are  indications  of  the 
purpose  to  which  it  is  assigned,  e.g.,  the 
large  square  centre-piece  (the  Khali)  is 
used  to  cover  the  centre  of  the  assembly 
hall,  and  the  narrow  strips  (the  Kenares) 
are  placed  at  the  sides  and  ends  for  the 
servants  and  less-honoured  guests.  Other 
chapters  on  how  to  distinguish  and  pur- 
chase rugs  will  be  of  great  assistance  to 
the  collector. 

For  the  information  of  the  uninitiated, 
Mr.  Hawley  rightly  points  out 

"  that,  however  pleasing  the  design  or  ela- 
borate the  detail,  it  is  principally  in  the 
colouring  that  these  rugs  claim  our  interest 
and  admiration.  The  different  shades 
have  different  moods,  expressing  peace, 
joy,  pensiveness,  sorrow,  the  deep  meaning 
of  which  the  Oriental  mind,  with  its  subtle 
and  serious  imagination,  has  grasped  as  has 
none  other." 

In  the  highest  grade  of  antique  rug 
we  find,  as  in  all  real  works  of  art,  that 
excellent  combination  of  work  for  the 
love  of  work  and  personal  distinction  in 
handcraft  which  results  in  satisfaction 
to  its  creator  as  well  as  its  possessor. 
With  these  happy  conjunctions,  and  the 
use  of  wool  of  the  finest  texture  and 
colours  carefully  derived  from  vegetable 
and  animal  dyes,  have  been  produced 
those  delightful  tones  which  only  time  can 
produce.  Mr.  Hawley  gives  expression 
to  this  feeling  Avhen  he  says  : — 

"  There  was  a  time  when  the  Oriental  had 
not  learned  the  meaning  of  tempus  fug  it  or 
seen  the  glitter  of  Western  gold,  when  his 
dyeing  and  weaving  were  proud  callings 
into  which  entered  his  deepest  feelings." 


IXTERXATIOXAL  SOCIETY  OF  SCULP- 
TORS,   PAINTERS,    AND     GRAVERS. 
SPRIXG  EXHIBITION. 

The  sixteenth  London  Exhibition  of  the 
"  International  "  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting of  its  recent  shows,  and  although  its 
interest  is  virtually  one  of  execution  only, 
positive  achievement  of  any  kind  in  painting 
has  always  been  so  rare  that  there  remains 
an  importance  for  the  painter  who  proposes 
no  more  than  ''to  do  his  job" — -the  old 
job — as  well  as  possible.  The  international 
character  of  the  exhibition  is  not  very 
noticeable,  though  two  large  news  by  Heer 
Breitner  (31  and  73)  look  at  first  sight  im- 
portant, acquisitions  :  closer  examination 
reveals  a  looseness  and  vagueness  of  form 
which  reduces  them  to  the  rank  of  gigantic 
sketches.  It  seems  absurd  that  in  The 
Canal  at  Amsterdam  (31)  the  foreshortened 
boat — the  one  passage  which  might  have 
confirmed  and  clarified  oxa  conception  of 
the  implied  perspective  of  a  picture  which 
otherwise  consists  of  little  more  than  an 
"  elevation  "  of  houses  seen  broadside  on 
—should  have  been  shirked  as  it  has  been. 
The  pictures,  however,  have  a  certain  easily 
maintained  breadth  of  tone,  and  we  so 
rarely  see  a  handsome  mass  of  brown  paint 
in  a  really  modern  exhibition  that  it  impresses 
as  almost  in  itself  subtle. 

The  truth  is,  of  course,  that  Heer  Breitner 
has  used  mainly  the  old  earth  colours — 
matcliless  in  their  natural  beauty  of  pigment 
— and  used  them  at  about  their  full  strength. 
The  same  is  done,  but  done  to  a  pitch  of  per- 
fection  only  possible  for  a  great  virtuoso, 
in  the  Interior  (52)  by  Alfred  Stevens.  It 
suffers  from  the  obviously  accidental,  but 
fundamental  weakness  of  splitting  into  two 
parts,  the  interior  being  painted  in  one 
scheme  of  colour,  the  figure  in  another  and 
cooler  one ;  and  even  apart  from  this  defect, 
it  is  a  loose  and  scattered  design.  The 
scale  of  colours  is  perfectly  chosen  alike  for 
the  harmony  of  their  relation  and  for  sug- 
gestion of  the  qualities  of  the  objects  repre- 
sented ;  but  these  colours  are  used  without 
any  high  degree  of  economy  in  their  dis- 
tribution, so  that  we  have  a  sense  of  repeti- 
tions which  are  thoughtless  and  accidental — 
the  mere  result  of  setting  down  literally  the 
arrangement  of  a  given  room.  The  use  of 
transparent  and  semi-transparent  paint  is 
masterly :  we  see  no  such  workmanship 
to-day,  though  it  may  appear  to  the  eye — 
perhaps  because  our  own  habit  of  painting 
runs  in  the  opposite  direction — a  little  over- 
suave  in  its  blending  of  tone  with  tone. 

Dividing  modern  painting  broadly  into 
two  classes,  one  may  say  that  in  the  deep- 
toned  painting  with  semi-transparent  pig- 
ment, practised  till  nearly  the  end  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  to  blend  tones  was  easy, 
to  keep  them  steady  and  well  divided  in 
orderly  sequence  more  difficult  :  while  with 
the  light-toned  opaque  painting  of  such  a 
typical  modern  executant  as  Mr.  ( George 
Lambert  it  is  easy  to  keep  the  distinction 
crisp  between  one  tone  and  the  next,  and 
difficult  satisfactorily  to  unite  them.  To  this 
practical  detail  of  his  work  Mr.  Lambert,  in 
his  large  and  handsome  composition  Import- 
ant People  (6-4),  brings  unusual  skill  and  care. 
Even  so,  his  treatment  of  form  would  look 
abrupt  and  "chippy"  alongside  of  Stevens's 
painting,  and  this  not  because  his  feeling  for 
form  is  less  subtle  (for,  indeed,  the  Belgian 
master  could  never  handle  a  life -sized  group 
such  as  this  without  coming  to  grief),  but  be- 
cause, his  statement  being  made  in  open,  clear 
tones,  any  faults  of  design  are  clear  and 
evident  also.  These  faults  spring  from  the 
old  source  which  saps  the  foundation  of  much 
modern  | painting  —  the  very  sculpturesque 
treatment  of  a  design  somewhat  lacking  in 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


()01 


sculpturesque  qualities.  Asa  linear  cartoon, 
one  ran  imagine  it  to  have  held  together 
well  enough ;  even  the  fantastic  packing 
into  the  corner  of  the  fragmenl  of  buff  and 
Bee  is,  from  that  point  of  view,  quite  success- 
ful. When  it  oomee  to  the  painting  of  the 
picture,  however,  with  Mr.  Lambert's  clear 
and  deliberate  treatment  of  form,  it  becomes 
evident  that  in  this  passage,  while  the  tones 

k-  >  | >  their  places  for  purposes  Of  representa- 
tion, the  planes  do  not  exercise  their  func- 
tion of  having  anything  pertinent  to  say  to 
the  main  planes  of  the  group.     In  the  group 

•itself,  moreover,  the  very  care  with  which 
the  figures  are  realized  in  the  round  makes 
them — the  central  one  in  particular — over- 
elaborate  in  detail  for  the  plastic  unity  of 
tin'  group.  This  is  a  typical  fault  of  the 
Titianesque  Old  Masters,  though  somewhat. 
minimized  in  their  case  by  the  heavy, 
emphatic  stain  of  local  colour,  which  tended 
to  divide  the  figures  more  clearly  into 
Beparate  silhouettes,  the  silhouette  of  a 
figure  Vicing  obviously  a  simpler  thing  than 

volume.  By  discarding  the  glamour  of 
glazes  and  scumbles  the  modern  painter 
challenges  a  more  severe  judgment  of  the 
plastic  hasis  of  his  picture. 

With   all   deductions,    however,   we   must 
do    justice    to    Mr.    Lambert's   picture    as   a 

irageous     and     direct     piece     of     work  : 

itiful   in   colour,   and   containing  in   the 
figure  of  the  woman  a  passage  of    assured, 

delicate  painting  such  as  we  rarely  see. 
Our  only  anxiety  is  lest,  tiring  of  this  modern 
painting  in  bald, opaque  tones,  artists  should 
retreat  too  soon,  with  their  special  lesson 
unlearnt,  to  the  older  use  of  deep,  transparent 
colour — more  exacting  technically,  but  less 
obviously  exacting  of  unity  in  plastic  con- 
ception. Perhaps  there  is  a  sign  already  of 
such  a  change  of  fashion  in  Mr.  Eric  Kenning- 
ton's  Costermonr/ers  (3),  a  work  which  may 
in  part  be  traced  to  the  example  of  Mr. 
Strang's  recent  compilations  of  directly 
d  morcenux,  but  which  is  very  largely 
akin  to  the  imitations  of  the  English  Pre- 
Kaphaelites,  such  as  we  are  accustomed  to 

.it  the  Royal  Academy.  Mr.  Kennington 
here  shows  himself  one  of  the  most  capable 
of  recent  arrivals  on  the  artistic  scene, 
though  with  our  knowledge  of  what  has 
followed  similar  debuts  at  Burlington  House 
we  should  hesitate  to  call  him  one  of  the 
most  promising.  He  is  very  skilful  in  the 
combination  of  opaque  and  transparent 
colour,  though  this,  perhaps,  presents  a  less 
difficulty  when  object  after  object  is  fired 
at  the  beholder,  each  with  a  violent  realism 

straining  the  full  resources  of  the  palette 
that  we  can  hardly  help  accepting  them  as 
completely  rounded,  sharply  individual  enti- 
ties. Moreover,  in  the  modelling  of  cer- 
tain individual    heads  there    is   a  feeling  for 

■  idly     lighted,     massive     surfaces     which 
for  handsomeness  and  simplicity  of 
characterization  also.     Bui  the  picture,  as  a 
whole,  -hows  the  mos  rushing  indiffer- 

ence to  the  relation  of  the  differenl  objects. 
It  is  almost  impossible  to  sort  them  out  as 
near  or  far,  while  the  fighting  seems  neither 

indoors  nor  out  of  door--,  and  lacks  any 
consistent  plan.  The  hard,  clearly  defined 
Outlines    give    a    certain     distinction     to     its 

intensity  of  piecemeal  realism. 

Millais  s    well  -known     portrait      of     Mrs. 

Heugl  (61)  has  an  even  more  intense  power 

realization   and    tar  greater  elasticity   and 

control  of  ensemble.  On  the  other  hand, 
while  humanly,  as  a  i  it  has  distinc- 

tion, technically,  as  paint,  it  baa  very 
little.  Rembrandt's     work     has     rightly 

en   compared   with   it.   for  only   in    Etem- 
ndt    do    we    find    a    man    with    ^>    e 
ordinary    a    control    of    the    resources    of  , Ins 
Craft,    and     s,    little    respect     fop    their    liter 

logic.     The    portrait    at    the  Grosvenor— 


bewildering  in  its  technical  cleverness,  yet 
miscellaneous  and  lacking  in  economy — shows 
this  in  a  high  degree.  A  passage  like  the 
hand  lying  in  the  lady's  lap  makes  a  far 
tiner  picture  than  the  work  itself. 

The  artists  already  noticed  suffice  to 
make  the  exhibition  noteworthy,  and  we 
can  only  briefly  notice  other  important 
exhibits,  such  as  Mr.  .lames  I'ryde's  accom- 
plished treatment  of  one  of  his  usual  themes. 
The  Courtyard  (1!)}.  and  Mr.  Albert  Hot  hen- 
stein's  sound  study  The  Hal  (22),  which  we 
seem  to  remember  at  the  show  of  the  Allied 
Artists*   Association. 

Among  the  drawings  should  be  men- 
tioned those  of  Miss  Svlvia  Gosse  f  177 
and  181),  Sir  William  Eden  (17!)  and  214), 
and  Mr.  H.  M.  Livens  ( 124).  Mr.  Strang's 
Picnic  (38)  is,  we  trust,  only  a  moment- 
ary, though  deplorable  lapse  ;  Mr.  Kelly's 
Rosa  Maria  (40)  a  less  obvious  one,  yet 
the  more  disquieting  in  corroborating  the 
suggestion  of  not  a  few  of  the  artist's 
recent  works — -that  he  is  inclined  to  settle 
down  to  portraiture  akin  to  that  of  Mr.  J.  J. 
Shannon. 


THE    GOUPIL    GALLERY. 

The  Coral  Necklace  (40)  by  Mr.  H.  Oilman, 
the  Victoria  Station  (34)  by  Mr.  CO  inner,  may 
be  taken  as  representing  their  respective 
authors  to  most  complete  advantage.  The 
former  is  an  admirably  found  arrangement, 
a  scheme  justly  observed,  and  set  down  with 
an  extreme  force  of  colour  which  becomes 
pleasantly  united  by  the  play  of  light  on  the 
heavily  corrugated  surface  of  paint  which  in 
this  instance  is,  at  its  proper  distance,  excel- 
lently suited  to  the  scale  of  touch  employed. 
In  Mr.  Ginner's  '  Victoria  Station '  the  colour- 
scheme  is  more  complex,  the  subdivisions  of 
colour  more  numerous,  but  their  brilliant 
division  is  secured  in  spite  of  an  even  heavier 
impasto  by  each  being  inlaid  like  a  smooth 
solid  bead  against  its  neighbour.  This  picture 
shows  great  resource  in  the  play  of  colour 
maintained  through  the  deeper  tones,  and 
a  gift  for  design  in  the  simple,  yet  in- 
genious planning  of  its  four  main  categories: 
a  pool  of  sunlight,  a  passage  of  reflected 
sunlight,  a  stretch  of  shadowed  objects  in  the 
distance,  and  a  foreground  also  in  shadow. 
Clayhidon  (45)  is  another  of  his  best  works. 

la  the  Catalogue  Mr.  Oinner  reprints  from 
The  New  Age  an  article  on  Neo-Realism. 
It  consists  mainly  of  the  contention  that 
it  is  the  intimate  study  of  his  immediate 
surroundings  which  is  the  artist's  only  per- 
manent inspiration.  This  for  most  artists 
is  probably  largely  true.  He  also  runs 
through  history,  begging  the  question  that 
the  pictures  which  happen  to  attract  his 
own  taste  are  those  which  pre-eminently 
result  from  such  first-hand  study  of  Nature. 
He  lays  down  the  rule  as  to  technique  that 
"'  it  is  only  out  of  a  sound  and  solid  pigment 
that  good  surface  and  variety  can  be  got ,  and 
durability  in  the  ages  to  come."  We  are 
not  quite  sure  in  this  whether  he  does  not 
mean  "  sound  "  and   "  solid  "  to  he  taken  as 

interchangeable.     We  submit  that  they  are 

not.      There   is  very  solid    painting  which     is 

doubtfully  sound  :  and,  indeed,  Mr.  Oilman's 
portrait  of  his  Mother  '•"■  ems  to  us 
already  declining  from  the  brilliance  of  its 
first  aspect  of  a  year  or  so  back;  while  history 
tells  us  that  most  of  the  sound  painting  of 
tin-  past  has  not  l.een  extraordinarily  solid. 
solidity  appear-  to  the  Neo-Realisl  of 
to-day.  Also,  in  the  caseof  his  own  pictures, 
it  appears  to  us  that  Mr.  Ginner  uses  his  im- 
pasto, not.  a-  does  Mr.  Gilman,  to  secure 
variety,  hut  tor  the  ike  of  uniformity  of 
a  quality  for  his  purpose  more 
valuable.  In  Mr.  Oilman's  Warytj.  (41)  there 
is    so   much   varietj    of     surface    that    the 


distinction  of  planes  becomes  drowned  in  a 
foam  of  seething  edges  of  paint. 

Among  the  best  of  W  p.  ( Inman's  other  works 
also  are  The  Eating -1  louse  (37);  The  Water- 
jail.   Norway   (39),   already  noticed   at    the 

recent   exhibition  of  the  London  Oroup  ;  and 

the  intensely  characteristic  head,  Mrs. 
Broun  (16).  The  delightful  tinted  drawing 8 
of  Mr.  Ginner  (10,  12),  for  pictures  shown 
in  the  gallery,  are  in  some  respects  more 
completely  satisfactory  than  the  works 
t  hemselves. 

It  cannot  he  denied  that  to  pass  from  the 
two  Xeo- Realists  to  t  he  work,  in  an  adjoining 
room,  of  artists  like  Mr.  .John  Copley  and 
Miss  Ethel  Oabain,  with  their  ambition  of 
freer  and  more  inventive  design,  is  to  suffer 
a  slight  sense  of  artificiality  and  pose.  Yet 
both  have  considerable  ability  in  draughts- 
manship :  Mr.  Copley  most  notably  in 
such  characteristic  illustration  as  The  Cri- 
minal Judge  (in  portfolio)  ;  Miss  Oabain 
in  more  intimate  portraiture  like  Studies  JI. 
and  IV.  (125  and  127).  The  poses  of 
celebrated  dancers  seem  to  offer  the  least 
inspiration  of  any  of  the  subjects. 


OTHER    EXHIBITIONS. 

Mr.  H.  H.  La  Thangue's  exhibition  at  the- 
Leicester  Gallery  must  be  ranked  as  very 
disappointing.  His  outlook  is  photographic, 
his  subjects  seem  to  jostle  their  frames,  and 
his  painting  has  not  even  the  force  of  imi- 
tative realism  which  it  once  possessed. 

At  the  Grafton  Oalleries  the  impulsive  out  - 
put  of  Mr.  Tom  Mostyn  suggests  the  value 
of  some  power  of  self  •  criticism.  He 
is  convinced  of  the  paramount  virtues  of 
improvisation,  which  Titian  assured  us 
never  leads  to  fine  work-.  In  the  case  of 
Mr.  Mostyn,  two  canvases  emerge  as  in  some 
sort  justifying  his  practice,  if  they  had  no- 
neighbours  to  denounce  it.  The  Eye  of  the 
Storm  (7)  is  the  most  completely  reputable 
of  his  works  :  compactly  designed,  impressive, 
and  directly  painted,  recalling  somewhat 
the  manner  of  Dupre.  The  ingenious  and 
fantastic  use  of  paint  in  No.  17,  Curiosity* 
rises  to  a  higher  level,  and  is,  indeed,  most 
original.  Hero  is  a  vision  of  uncanny 
suggest iveness  which  Monticelli  might  have 
been  pleased  to  sign,  though  it  has  nothing 
of  his  rather  heavy  and  cloying  atmosphere. 
Its  weakness  is  that  it  has  a  little  of  the 
look  of  a  vignette — a  weakness  general 
throughout  the  exhibition  of  a  man  who 
seems  almost  destitute  of  any  sense  of  the 
beauty  of  the  geometric  element  in  form. 
In  this  instance  the  weird  dancers  have  a 
look  of  supernatural  reality  worths-  of  more 

serious  treat  ment. 

The  other  works  are  on  a  very  different 
plane,  grading  downwards  to — anything 
you  phase.  Strife  (12)  is  among  the  better 
ones,  faintly  Suggestive  of  Decamps,  hut 
much    more    unsteady    and    frayed. 

At    Messrs.    Woolrieh'x    galleries  in    South 

Molton  Street,  .Mr.  Charles  Sykes  exhibits 
bronzes  and  pastels.  Among  the  former 
.1  Pagan  Idyll (9) shows  a  certain  attempt  at 
academic  finish  of  surface;  and  among  the 
latter  ('/>/anite  (36)  treats  with  attractive 
impudence    a    motive    of    light    gallantry. 

Similar  themes  appear  in  many  of  the  draw- 
ings,   yet    we    find    little    /.est    or   sparkle    in. 

any  hut  t  his. 


SALES. 

<>x  Friday,  tin-  17tb  Inst.,  at  Me   its.  Christ  I 
,-i    picture    of    the    Netherlandish    School,      'I  be 
Descent    <.f   the    Holy   Spirit,'    fetched    294/. 

tin  Tuesday,  tin-  21st  Inst.,  Me  i  ,  Christie 
in<  hided  in  their  sale  of  engravings  the  following  : 
Mi  Jacob  .  after  Reynolds,  by  .1.  Spilsbury, 
in  i  i  id-,  before  any  letters,  105/.  Higglers 
preparing  for  Market,  and  lie  Postboy's  Return, 
after  Morland,  bj  i».  Onne,  in  colours,  ill/.  16s. 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


fine  Jltt   dtossip. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Whitechapel  Art 
Oajlery  have  decided  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  Canon  Barnett  by  adding  two 
large  frescoes  to  the  entrance  hall  of  the 
<  Jallery.  These  will  be  painted  by  Mr.  II.  F. 
Garrett,  and  will  relate  to  the  Art  Gallery 
and  the  work  of  the  Children's  Country 
Holiday  Fund.  A  Memorial  Tablet  is  also 
included  in  the  general  scheme  for  the 
decoration  of  the  entrance  hall  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Townsend,  the  architect  of  the  Gallery.  It 
is  hoped  to  make  the  hall  a  resting-place 
for  passers-by. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  scheme  is  750'., 
and  towards  this  contributions  will  be 
received  by  Mr.  C.  Campbell  Ross,  Secretary, 
at  the  Gallery,  High  Street,  E. 

Next  Friday  Dr.  Tancred  Borenius  will 
begin  his  course  of  nine  lectures  on  '  The 
History  of  Italian  Renaissance  Painting1  at 
the  Slade  School  of  Fine  Art,  University 
College,  London.  The  first  lecture  is  on 
Giotto. 

R.  writes  : — 

"  The  Spring  Exhibition  of  Water-Colours 
recently  opened  at  the  Manchester  City  Art 
Gallery  is  exclusively  devoted  to  water-colours 
and  pastels,  over  four  hundred  numbers  being 
entered  in  the  catalogue.  Notwithstanding  the 
width  of  range  thus  permitted,  the  collection  is 
not  fully  representative  of  the  best  contemporary 
practice  in  these  media.  A  show  of  contemporary 
water-colours  without  Messrs.  Francis  E.  James, 
A.  W.  Kich,  and  J.  S.  Sargent  is,  however  we  cast 
the  parts,  something  like  '  Hamlet  '  minus  the 
Prince  of  Denmark,  Horatio,  and  Laertes.  We 
-also  miss  Mr.  Henry  Tonks,  Mr.  'Walter  Bayes, 
Mr.  Cayley  Robinson,  and  many  of  the  more 
gifted  of  our  younger  aquarellists. 

"  A  group  of  six  fine  drawings  by  Mr.  Wilson 
Steer  does  much  to  maintain  the  interest  of  the 
exhibition  ;  and  good  water-colours  are  also  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Francis  Dodd,  Mr.  Mark  Fisher, 
Mr.  Hamilton  Hay,  Mr.  A.  J.  Mavrogordato,  and 
M.  Maurice  Asselin,  the  only  foreign  exhibitor. 

"  The  most  interesting  things  in  the  pastel 
room  come  from  Messrs.  J.  R.  K.  Duff,  George 
Sheringham,  and  W.  L.  Rruckman,  and  Mrs.  Esther 
Sntro  ;  but  here  again  we  miss  Mr.  George  Clausen, 
Mr.  Will  Rothenstein,  and  other  well-known 
workers  in  pastel.  Altogether  the  exhibition  is 
rather  disappointing,  and  does  not  attain  the  high 
standard  which  Manchester  has  set  in  the  past." 

The  newly  formed  Pastel  and  Tempera 
Society  of  Ireland  is  now  holding  its  first 
exhibition  in  Dublin.  Amongst  the  ex- 
hibitors are  Mr.  T.  H.  Nicolet,  Miss  May 
Hamilton,  Mr.  James  Ward,  Miss  Kathleen 
Fox,  and  Mr.  Oswald  Reeves.  The  last 
named  shows  amongst  other  decorative 
designs  one  for  a  stage  scene  somewhat  in 
the  manner  of  Gordon  Craig.  Mr.  Crampton 
Walker,  the  founder  of  the  Society,  has  some 
pleasant  landscapes,  and  Mr.  Dermod 
O'Brien  two  interesting  figure  studies. 

Three  important  pictures  have  just  been 
presented  to  the  National  Gallery  of  Ireland 
by  the  new  Director,  Sir  Hugh  Lane.  They 
are  '  The  Vision  of  St.  Francis,'  by  II  Greco  ; 
a  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  by  Paul  Veronese  ; 
and  a  decorative  group  of  four  figures  in 
a  landscape,  by  Piazzetta,  a  little-known 
seventeenth-century  "painter,  supposed  to 
have  been  the  master  of  Tiepolo. 

The  portrait  by  Veronese  is  a  beautiful 
and  dignified  work,  very  delicate  in  tone. 
The  lady  wears  a  red  brocade  dress  and 
pearls,  and  holds  a  glove  in  one  hand. 

The  large  group  by  Piazzetta  is  a  brilliant 
work,  remarkable  for  its  chiaroscuro,  its 
rich  colour,  and  the  Watteau-like  grace  of 
the  grouping.  The  Greco  is  a  fine  example 
of  this  master's  work. 


MUSIC 


BEETHOVEN   FESTIVAL    AT 
QUEEN'S   HALL. 

The  Festival  which  opened  at  Queen's 
Hall  last  Monday  afternoon,  and  which 
ends  this  evening  with  the  Choral  Sym- 
phony as  chief  attraction,  offers  a  striking 
contrast  to  the  modern  music  which  has 
recently  been  given  in  this  Hall.  Those 
who  believe  that  Beethoven,  at  any 
rate  as  a  symphony  composer,  has  never 
been  surpassed,  are  right  ;  others  who 
maintain  that  in  symphonic  music  he  is 
unsurpassable  may  prove  to  be  right.  We 
certainly  have  had  ample  experience  of  his 
and  other  men's  work.  It  will  in  a  few 
years  be  the  centenary  of  Beethoven's 
death,  and  since  that  event,  though  many 
great  and  illustrious  composers  have 
written  symphonies,  none  is  so  powerful 
as  the  c  minor,  or  so  romantic  as  the  one 
in  A.  There  may  be  new  masters,  but 
we  cannot  conceive  of  a  time  when  Beet- 
hoven will  cease  to  impress  the  minds  and 
to  touch  the  hearts  of  musicians. 

For  the  moment,  however,  we  are  con- 
cerned with  the  first  two  days  of  the 
present  festival.  On  Monday  the  Sym- 
phonies in  c  and  D  were  performed.  Beet- 
hoven imitated  Mozart  consciously  in  the 
Bonn  days,  and  later  probably  sub- 
consciousby  ;  moreover,  he  was,  of  course, 
influenced  by  the  teaching  and  advice  of 
Haydn.  These  early  Symphonies  are  at- 
tractive as  music,  and  of  marked  his- 
torical value  owing  to  the  foreshadowings 
of  a  riper  period  ;  yet  they  can  hardly 
now  excite  strong  interest.  Mr.  Henri 
Verbrugghen,  the  Festival  conductor,  at 
once  proved  that  he  is  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  scores ;  also  that  he 
understands  the  art  of  conducting  and 
how  to  convey  his  ideas  to  the  orchestra — 
on  this  occasion  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra.  But  in  the  performances  there 
were  certain  accents  and  quick  tempi 
which  seemed  as  if  he  were  t^dng  to  freshen 
up  music  which  he  felt  to  be  old.  The 
same  thing  happened  on  the  second 
evening,  when  he  was  engaged  on  the 
'  Eroica  '  Symphony,  a  work  which  does 
not  stand  in  any  need  of  extra  polish.  It 
was  really  a  remarkably  fine  performance — 
fine  in  spirit  as  well  as  in  letter.  In  the 
slow  movement,  however,  there  were 
occasionally  slight  over-markings.  As 
everything  was  so  good,  we  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  this  was  merely  due  to 
Mr.  Verbrugghen  being  over-anxious  ;  for 
he  was  on  his  trial  in  a  city  in  which 
the  best  conductors  (native  and  foreign) 
are  constantly  appearing. 

The  pianist  at  the  first  concert  wras  Mr. 
Frederic  Lamond.  His  reputation  as  an 
interpreter  of  Beethoven  is  certainly 
great,  but  his  rendering  of  much  of  the 
solo  part  of  the  E  flat  Concerto  was  not 
up  to  his  highest  standard.  The  actual 
playing  was  good,  yet  there  were  times 
when  lie  seemed  to  look  on  the  orchestra 
not  as  playing  with  him,  but  merely 
accompanying  him.  The  reading  of  the 
slow  movement,  however,  was  impressive. 


Herr  Ernst  Dohnanyi,  who  appeared 
on  the  Tuesday,  played  in  the  first 
two  Concertos,  which  are  seldom  heard, 
and  did  his  part  in  a  delightfully 
unpretentious  manner.  The  music  is 
pleasing,  because  it  is  thoroughly 
honest,  but,  to  judge  from  Beethoven  a 
remarks  in  a  letter  to  a  publisher,  he 
himself  did  not  attach  any  particular 
value  to  it. 


THE    TORQUAY    FESTIVAL. 
II. 

M.  Igor  Stravinsky's  Symphony  in 
e  flat,  No.  1,  was  the  special  feature  of  the 
programme  on  the  afternoon  of  Thurs- 
day in  last  week.  In  these  modem 
times  few  composers  write  symphonies  ; 
most  would  probably  regard  the 
writing  of  them  as  "  une  occupation 
inutile."  Mr.  Hindenberg\  however — if  it 
was  he  who  decided  to  give  the  one  in 
question — selected  the  work  of  a  man  whose 
ballets  are  now  attracting  much  notice, 
and  whose  opera  *  Le  Rossignol '  is  about 
to  be  produced  at  Drury  Lane.  The  Sym- 
phony, an  early  work,  is  said  to  have  been 
written  eight  years  ago,  and  the  composer 
is  now  only  a  little  over  thirty ;  the  music 
therefore  belongs  to  the  period  during, 
or  soon  after,  his  student  daj^s  at  the 
St.  Petersburg  Conservatoire.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  know  whether  the  idea 
of  writing  a  symphony  on  classical 
lines  was  Stravinsky's  own  idea,  or  was 
suggested  to  him  as  the  safest  course  by 
Rimsky-Korsakoff ,  under  whom  he  studied. 
The  thematic  material,  of  old  pattern, 
in  the  first  and  last  movements  and  in  the 
Scherzo  is  good,  though  not  striking, 
and  the  treatment  of  it  formal,  not 
organic ;  though  the  bright  melodious 
music  hides  to  some  extent  its  weakness. 
None  of  the  four  movements,  fortunately, 
is  unduly  spun  out,  and  that  is  an  advan 
tage.  The  ballets  '  Petrouschka '  and 
'  L'Oiseau  de  Feu  '  have  shown  us  that 
the  composer  can  display  his  gifts  far 
better  in  a  freer  form.  Mr.  Hindenberg's 
reading  of  the  work  was  excellent. 

Another  novelty,  the  Suite  de  Ballet, 
'  Sakura,'  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt,  produced  at 
the  final  concert  on  Thursday  evening,  was 
unfortunately  presented  with  maimed  rites. 
The  composer  was  unable  to  come  as 
announced ;  moreover,  the  band  parts 
reached  Torquay  so  late  that  the  last  two 
sections  could  not  be  properly  rehearsed, 
and  were  consequently  omitted.  The 
first  three,  if  expressive,  are  somewhat 
conventional.  We  shall  no  doubt  soon 
have  an  opportunity  of  hearing  the  com- 
plete work  in  London. 

Mr.  Percy  Grainger  conducted  his 
'  Colonial  Song  '  (the  soprano  and  tenor 
parts  of  which  were  sung  by  Miss  Carrie 
Tubb  and  Mr.  Eisdell)  and  '  Molly  on  the 
Shore.'  Both  have  been  heard  in  Lon- 
don. The  only  difference  here  in  the 
second  was  the  arrangement  of  the  music 
for  full  orchestra,  instead  of,  as  before, 
only  for  strings.  The  effect  is  very 
piquant  ;  the  composer  has  made  deft 
use  of  the  extra  instruments  for  colour,  so 
that  the  light,  winsome  setting  of  the 
folk-tune  is  not   spoilt. 


No.  4513.  April  25,  1914 


T  II  K     A  Til  KNyTCUM 


(;<>:* 


Strauss  was  the  most  prominent  name 
on  the  programmes,  and  be  was  repre- 
sented by  'Till  Eulenspiegel,1  which  was 
given  under  the  masterly,  if  at  times  some- 
what demonstrative,  guidance  of  Mr. 
Thomas Beeoham,  while  'Don  Juan'  and 
'Tod  und  Verklarung '  wore  performed 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Bindenberg,  who 
showed  himself  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  these  and  other  scores  with  which 
he  had  to  deal.  His  beat  is  clear,  and 
he  is  fortunate  in  having  constant  practice 
In  conducting,  so  that  he  can  develops 
the  natural   gifts  which  he   undoubtedly 

ssesses. 

Mr.  Percy  Grainger  played  the  solo  part 
of  Mr.  Frederick  Delius's  Pianoforte  Con- 
certo, and  Miss  Carrie  Tubb  sang  the*"  Mad 
S  ne  "  from  Ambroise  Thomas  skilfully, 
while  her  delivery  of  the  "  Salce  "  from 
Verdi's  '  Otello  '  was  specially  notable  for 
lyrical  charm  and  dramatic  feeling. 

The  whole  scheme  of  the  festival  was, 
a-  mentioned  last  week,  modern,  and  the 
ilt  shows  that  the  judgment  of  the 
Festival  Committee  and  conductor  was 
sound.  Only  works  of  moderate  length 
were  selected  ;  rising  English  composers, 
indeed,  seem  to  have  discovered  that  it  is 
not  wise  to  be  lengthy.     The  artistic  suc- 

—  was  great.  Another  festival  next 
year  is  already  being  discussed,  and  on  a 
larger  scale. 


iRusiral  (Sossip. 

The  i  ipera  season  opened  at  ( Sovent  <  'arden 

.Monday  with  a  performance  of  Puccini's 

'  Boheme.'     Madame     Melba     impersonated 

Mimi,  and  though  in  the  first  act  her  singing 

-  a  little  lacking  in  life,  she  was  quite 
herself  in  the  third  act.  Her  voice  is  still 
rich  :  and  even  if  that  were  not  the  case,  her 
if  interpretation  and  perfect  produc- 
tion of  voice  would  not  be  affected.     The  able 

_'••!•  and  actor  Signor  Giovanni  Martinelli 
appeared  a-  Rodolfo  for  the  first  time  here. 
The  performance,  generally,  was  good  ;  and 
a  notable  feature  was  the  spirited,  and,  as 
iH-  the  singers,  tactful,  direction  of 
Mr.  Albert  Coat*  -  who  as  a  Wagnerian 
conductor  gave  groat  satisfaction  during 
fehe  recent  German  season. 

<  >n   the  following  evening  the  first   cycle 

"The    Ring'    began.     For    '  Rheingold ' 

there  was  a  fine  <    -•.     Of  the  impersonations 

Mich   artists   as    haees   (Alb -rich),   Hans 

ein    (Mime),    Madame    Kirkbv    Limn 

cka),  and  the  two  giant-  Paul   Kniipfer 

Johannes  Fonss,  it   is  sufficient   to  -.<\ 

tb  it    they    were    at    their    best.      Loge    is, 

perhaps,  the  most  difficult  part  in  the  piece, 

and   Ihrr  Sembach's  rendering    i-  interest- 

appeared    in    that    character   a    lew 

go.     Herr  Arthur  Nikisch  was  once 

ii  at  the  head  of  the  orchestra  :  he 
knows  how  at  times  to  reveal  its  full  Htrengt  d. 
and  af   Others  how  to  make  the  music  sound 

almost    a-   at    Bayreuth  with    the    players 

hidden. 

In  ■  Die  Walkure,1  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing,  the  temperamental  acting  ol  Mile. 
Maude     I-  Bieglinde    deserves    note  ; 

hut   her  \oice  u.i-  i,,,'   fimte  equal  to  some 

the  compost  acting  demands      Herr 

Cornelius  was  the  Riegmund.     Fr&ulein  Ci-r- 
trud   Kappel  ha-  a  good   voice,  and   kno 
how  to  use  u  ;   o.  this  was  largely  owing  h<-r 
Brfinhilde. 

Dr.  Gxobos  Hi.N-rm-.i.  gives  iii-  farewell 
recital  a'    Bechstein   Hull  on  the  29th  inst. 


He  will  lie  greatly  missed,  for  since  1 S 7 7 . 
when  he  made  his  debut  here,  t  his  worthy 
artist  has  taken  an  active  part  in  musical 
life  both  in  and  outside  London.     In    1881 

he    established    and    conducted    the     London 

Symphony     Concerts,    which   lasted  eleven 

J  t  ars.  1  lis  vocal  recitals  have  always  proved 
sources  of  keen  enjo\  nient. 


S,  v 

Hon  - 
Mow. 

TUKS. 


Win. 


Thcks 


Fin. 


PEKFOKMANCKS    NEXT    WKKK. 

Concert.  ::  30,  Koyal  Allien  Hall. 
Sat.  HojaJ  opera,  i  o\ent  Garden. 
Theodore  liyard's  Recital,  ::  IB,  He.  1, stein  Hall. 
Mm  i  Hesa'a  Pianoforte  Recital,  -  18,  Bechetein  Hall. 
Winifred  Christie's  Pianoforte  Kecital.  3.15.  Bechttcin  Hall. 
Elena  Uerliardfs  Vocal  Recital,  8.15,  Hec  lutein  Ball 
Irene  Scliarrer's  Orchestral  Concert,  8  IE  Oueen'a  Hall 
Phyllis  Dnld  Ktdner'a  'Cello  Kecital,  B  SO  Xolla.ii  Hall. 
Victor  Boerrt '«  Pianoforte  Kecital,  :i,  Bechstein  Hall 
(Jeorge  Heutchel'a  Farewell  Recital,  B  IS,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Helen  Sealj  ami   Poland  Jackson'a  Violin  and  Vocal  Kecital, 

3.80,  .Koliau  Hall. 
Dva  Hedmondt'a  Vocal  Recital.  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Kva  Rich'a  ■'onij  Kecital.  g.18.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Ethel   Holiday  and   Alhert  Sainnions'a  Pianoforte  and  Violin 

Recital,  S  .'!0  koliau  Hall. 
May  and   Beatrice  Harrison's  Violin  and  'Cello  Recital,  3.1.r> 

Bechstein  Hall. 
Anton  Maaskoft'i,  Violin  Kecital.  8-15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  .).  Koyal  Alliert  Hall 
Dorothy  Grinstead's  Pianoforte  Kecital.  ::  IS,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Heuriette  Miclielson's  Pianoforte  Kecital.  8.15,  .Eoliau  Hall. 
New  Symphony  Orchestra,  3  15,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 

'MY  LADY'S  DRESS'   AT   THE 
ROYALTY. 

We  have  to  thank  Mr.  E.  Knoblauch  for 
another  novelty  at  the  Royalty.  '  Mile- 
stones '  dealt  with  three  distinctive  stages 
in  recent  times.  '  My  Lady's  Dress,'  which 
was  given  last  Tuesday,  traces  the  making 
of  a  silk  dress.  Though  it  is  not  so 
well  developed,  the  later  idea  seems  to 
have  greater  possibilities. 

•  My  Lady's  Dress  '  has  to  rely  on  the 
stuff  that  dreams  are  made  of.  A  lady 
having  contracted  a  headache  whilst  pur- 
chasing a  fifty-guinea  gown,  in  which  she 
means  to  ogle  a  prospective  patron  of 
her  husband's,  takes  a  sleeping-draught 
to  ensure  the  rest  necessary  before  the 
evening  fray.  We  see  her  moving  in 
a  dream-trance  with  her  husband  through 
various  scenes  connected  with  the  making 
of  the  gown.  In  the  course  of  half 
a  dozen  of  these  Gladys  Cooper  and 
Mr.  Dennis  Eadie  play  as  many  parts  in  a 
style  which  varies  from  what  is  not  far 
removed  from  mere  buffoonery  in  a  lace- 
making  Dutch  scene  to  what  reaches  real 
tragedy  in  the  last  scene.  Did  all  the 
scenes  bear  even  comparison  with  the  last, 
the  whole  would  have  been  a  great  play — 
greatly  acted.  Indeed,  we  recognized 
with  real  regret  that  convention  would 
insist  on  an  awakening  scene.  When  it 
came  it  had  one  gem  in  it  which  made  it 
really  significant.  The  tragic  incidents  of 
my  lady's  dream  are  so  vivid  as  to  change 
her  ideas  ;  she  not  only  proposes  to  her 
husband  that  she  should   wear  sonic  other 

dress,  but  even  that,  so  soon  as  the  post 

he  COVetfl  has  been  attained,  they  should 
turn   their  attention  to  helping  others  less 

well  circumstanced.     Rarely,  if  ever,  has 

the    fact   that    procrastination    is  the  thief 

of  altruism  been  better  exemplified. 
There  are  other  good  points  in  the  play, 
but  this  is  the  best  e  \  pi  eSSUlg  as  it  does 
the  perpetual  postponement  of  one's  duty 
to  one's  neighbour  owing  to  the  almost 
universal  wish  to  possess  just  one  more 
coveted  thing. 


'THE  MOB'   AT  THE  CORONET. 

Monday  night  saw  Mr.  John  Gals- 
worthy's 'The  Mob'  produced,  for  the 
first  time  in  London,  by  Miss  llorniman's 
company  at  the  Coronet  Theatre. 

It  must  be  said  at  once  that  those  who 

expect  a  play  comparable  with  'Strife' 
and  •  The  Silver  Box  '  are  likely  to  be 
disappointed.  It  is  not  because  the 
theme  is  less  good,  but  because  the  in- 
terest remains  latent,  in  the  idea  of  the 
play — never  emerges  into  the  play  itself. 
A  man  who  has  presumably  hitherto  been 
a  dependable  party  man— at  the  opening 
of  the  piece  he  is  an  Under-Secretary  wit  h 
a  future— determines  that  his  conscience 
makes  it  necessary  for  him  to  denounce  the 
Covernment's  prosecution  of  a  small  war. 

In  the  first  scene  we  listen  to  ex- 
postulations from  his  relatives  in  the 
army,  and  friends  on  the  press;  but  ol 
arguments  such  as  might  appeal  to  a 
high-souled  idealist  there  is  none.  These, 
perhaps,  were  not  to  be  expected,  but 
we  had  hoped  for  something  of  the  sort . 
since  the  action  of  the  piece  is  placed  in 
the  future.  When,  however,  we  were 
treated — amid  the  solitude  of  a  deserted 
feast — to  a  rehearsal  of  the  speech  to  be 
made  in  the  House  of  Commons,  we  were 
amazed  to  find  that  the  reformer  relied 
solehr  on  the  free  use  of  rhetoric  for  the 
conversion  of  Parliament. 

The  next  morning  brought  more  talk 
concerning  the  personal  cost  of  his  action, 
and  tangible  evidence  in  the  shape  of 
loss  of  position  inside  and  outside  the 
House.  One  felt,  in  fact,  a  certain  sym- 
pathy with  the  indignation  of  relatives, 
friends,  and  constituents  against  a  man 
who  had  apparently  given  little  cause 
hitherto  for  suspicion  as  to  the  "  correct- 
ness "  of  his  attitude. 

The  next  act  furnishes  a  fresh  surprise 
— the  high-souled  patriot  being  caught 
and  stoned  by  a  mob  when  he  is  escaping 
by  the  stage  door  from  a  meeting  he  has 
been  addressing.  A  word  of  praise  is  due 
to  a  hero-worshipping  private  secretary 
(Mr.  Eric  Barber)  for  his  acting  in  this 
and  other  scenes.  A  meeting  between 
husband  and  wife  follows,  at  which,  after 
ten  years  of  married  life  with  a  man  of 
adamantine  principle,  she  only  seeks  to 
dissuade  him  from  his  course  by  alluding 
to  sentimental  considerations,  finally, 
deserted  by  all  but  one  servant,  he  meets 
his  deatli  at  the  hands  of  a  mob  which 
has  broken  into  his  palatial  residence. 
The  curtain  rises  once  again  to  show  us  a 
statue  erected  in  alter  years  to  his  memory, 
a  piece  of  irony  like  a  circular  saw 
warranted    to    cut    from    whatever   side    it 

is  approached. 

The  play  itself  Failed   to  carry  any  eon 
viction   of   reality  or   utility.      .Mr.    .Milton 
Itosmer.     however,    gave    a    convincing 

presentment  of  an  obst  mate  self  -ulliciency 
which    leaves    no    room    either    for    sweet 

reasonableness  in  argument  or  deep  sym- 
pathy with  one's  fellow  men  and  their 
stinted  opportunities.  Kither  of  tie  i 
virtues  might  have  helped  the  politician  a 
cause  more  than  the  martyrdom  after 
which   he  M'ems  to  have  hankeie  I.      Irene 


004 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4513,  April  25,  1914 


Rooke,  as  his  wife,  was  what  we  should 
conceive  a  good  woman  to  be  who, 
brought  up  in  luxury,  suddenly  discovers 
herself  married  to  a  stranger  hampered  by 
n  fanatical  obsession  of  idealism  concern- 
ing one  particular  phase  of  political  life. 
The  play  is  filled  in  with  bits  of  mawkish 
sentimentality  and  other  incidents  which 
not  so  long  ago-  would  have  been  con- 
sidered in  the  light  of  encroachments  on 
East-End  preserves. 


Dramatic   (gossip. 

'  Mam'selle  Tralala,'  taken  from  the 
■German  of  Georg  Okonkowski  and  Leo 
Leipziger  by  Mr.  Arthur  Wimperis  and  Mr. 
Hartley  Carrick,  with  M.  Jean  Gilbert's 
music,  was  presented  last  Thursday  week  by 
Mr.  Philip  M.  Faraday  at  the  Lyric  Theatre. 

It  has  more  of  the  atmosphere  of  the  revue 
■even  than  most  musical  plays.  The  plot  is 
just  sufficient  to  keep  matters  going,  and 
there  is  a  good  supply  of  comic  situations 
throughout  the  three  acts.  The  scenes  are 
laid  in  Paris,  and  the  story  concerns  a  lottery 
-ticket  and  a  little  dressmaker. 

The  outstanding  features  in  the  piece 
were  the  impersonations  of  Yvonne  Arnaud 
and  Mr.  James  Blakeley.  The  former  in 
the  title-part  was  charming.  Although  she 
possesses  a  small  voice,  one  is  helped  to 
forget  the  fact  by  her  artistic  treatment 
of  it,  and  vivacious  acting.  The  latter,  who 
-took  the  part  of  Bruno  Richard,  caused 
plenty  of  fun  in  his  difficult  situations. 
Mr.  Charles  Trevor  also  deserves  praise  for 
bis  acting  as  the  lottery  agent,  which  was 
a,  clever  piece  of  work. 

The  music  is  light  and  tuneful,  and  the 
chorus  work  is  good,  but  at  times  somewhat 
overbalanced  by  the  volume  of  the  orchestra. 

An  amusing  one-act  play  dealing  with  life 
in  co.  Antrim,  '  The  Cobbler,'  by  Mr.  A. 
Patrick  Wilson,  was  produced  last  week  at 
the  Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin.  It  was  excellently 
acted  by  the  new  company,  being  given 
under  the  direction  of  the  author,  who  him- 
self took  the  part  of  the  Cobbler. 

Their  Majesties  the  Kino  and  Queen 
have  signified  their  intention  of  being  present 
•at  the  special  matinee  in  aid  of  the  King 
George's  Pension  Fund  for  Actors  and 
Actresses,  to  take  place  at  His  Majesty's 
Theatre  on  Friday,  May  22nd.  The  play 
selected  is  '  The  Silver  King,'  and  the  cast 
includes  many  of  the  leading  actors  and 
actresses  of  the  day. 

Mr.  Cyril  Maude  is  returning  to  London 
shortly,  and  will  produce  on  May  13th 
'  Grumpy,'  a  four  -  act  detective  play  by 
Messrs.  Horace  Hodges  and  T.  Wigney 
Percyval,  which  is  having  a  successful  run  in 
New  York.  Mr.  Maude  has  secured  a  West 
Fnd  theatre,  the  name  of  which  is  not  yet 
announced. 

'  With  her  Husband's  Permission,'  a 
one-act  play  by  Mr.  Herbert  Jenkins  the 
publsher,  is  to  be  given  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Bristol,  on  May  13th,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  Masefield's  '  Nan.'  The  produc- 
tion is  under  the  management  of  Muriel 
Pratt,  whose  able  acting  in  '  Hindle  Wakes  ' 
will  be  recalled  by  London  playgoers.  She 
is  playing  the  leading  part,  and  the  piece 
will  be  seen  later  in  the  year  at  a  West-end 
theatre. 

On  May  3rd,  at  the  Ambassadors' 
Theatre,  the  Pioneer  Players  will  give  '  The 
Patience  of  the  Sea,'  by  Conal  O'Riordan 
(Norrsys  Connell).     The  principal  woman's 


part  is  to  be  played  by  Gertrude  Kingston, 
who  will  ho  supported  by  Mr.  Harcourt 
Williams,  Mr.  Basil  Hallam,  and  Lilian 
Tweed.  There  will  he  a  public  performance 
on  the  afternoon  of  May  4th. 

The  sixth  special  matinee  given  under  the 
auspices  of  the  West  End  Productions,  at  the 
Pavilion  on  Wednesday  afternoon,  produced 
a,  programme  more  distinguished  by  quantity 
than  quality.  It  was  difficult  to  discover 
any  justification  for  the  performance  of  at 
least  five  of  the  six  one -act  plays  that  made 
up  the  long  programme. 

'  The  Temperament,'  by  Claire  Thorpe  ; 
'  The  Fool,'  by  Norman  P.  Greig ;  and 
'  Whispering  Tongues,'  by  W.  H.  Abbot, 
might  possibly  be  worthy  of  production  if 
reconstructed  by  an  expert,  and  acted  by 
competent  players. 

The  fourth  play,  entitled  '  Why  She 
Didn't  Tell,'  was  a  passable  kind  of  sketch, 
in  which  a  husband  suffering  from  heart 
disease  discovers  that  a  man  he  formerly 
regarded  as  a  friend  has  contracted  an  illicit 
admiration  for  his  wife.  The  wife  fails  to 
tell  her  husband,  thinking  that  the  shock 
might  prove  fatal;  but  he  rises  totheoccasion, 
and,  finding  his  wife  both  loyal  and  guiltless, 
apparently  recovers  his  faith  and  his  health 
as  well.  In  this  sketch  (we  can  call  it  nothing 
more)  there  was  some  excellent  acting  by 
Mr.  Sydney  Valentine  as  the  husband,  and 
Dorothy  Massingham  as  the  wife. 

'  The  Girl  from  Australia '  and  '  A  Captain 
of  Industry,'  written  respectively  by  Mrs. 
E.  H.  Harris  and  William  Margrie,  require  no 
notice.  An  amusing  little  duologue  entitled 
'  He  and  She,'  in  which  Grace  A'Hearn 
and  Mr.  Roy  Beard  played  with  considerable 
distinction,  deserves  a  word  of  praise. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  While  German  critics,  seeking  for  Quellcn, 
have  been  attempting  to  trace  affinities  between 
Mr.  Shaw's  '  Pygmalion  '  and  a  play  of  Smollett, 
a  far  more  obvious  source  of  inspiration  has  been 
overlooked.  Rousseau's  little  '  scene  lyrique,' 
'  Pygmalion,'  contains  these  lines  (Pygmalion  is 
speaking) : — 

'  Je  me  suis  trompe  :    j'ai  voulu  vous  faire 
nymphe,  et  je  vous  ai  faite  deesse. 

'  II  te  manque  une  ame  :    ta  figure  ne    peut 
s'en  passer.' 

"  '  Pygmalion,  ne  fais  plus  des  dieux,  tu  n'es 
qu'un  vulgaire  artiste.' 

"  May  we  not  believe  that  in  Rousseau  Mr. 
Shaw  found  the  kernel  of  his  own  play  'i  " 


To  Correspondents.— C.  C.  S.— F.  X.— J.  T.— H.  J.  G.  R. 
— Received. 

J.  E.  M  —  W.  M.  M.  S.-Not  suitable  for  us. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS. 


PAGE 

Authors'  Agents        573 

Catalogues         574 

Educational       573 

Rno's  hruit  Salt         606 

Francis  <fc  Co ,.        _        „        ..        ..575 

Gardeners'  Chronicle        607 

Laurie        605 

Lockwood  &  Son         605 

Ma<mili.an  &  Co.         ~  576 

Magazini-s,  &c 575 

Miscellaneous  573 

Natukai,  History        574 

Printers  573 

Provident  Institutions       ..        ..  574 

Putn»m's  sons 604 

Rider  &  Son  676 

Sales  by  Auction        ..  574 

Satukday  Review       575 

Shipping  _        ..        ..  fiofi 

Situations  Vacant      ..        ..  „        ..        ..  573 

Societies  ..        ..  573 

Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge   ..  608 

Times  Book  o.ub        ..        ..  575 

Type-Writers  for  Sale 574 

Type-Writing,  &c.       .. ..574 

Unwin        ..       _       .576 


G.  P.  Putnam' s  Sons 

THE  CORNERSTONE 
OF  EDUCATION 

An    Essay   on    the   Home    Training   of    Chil- 
dren.       By     Rev.     The     Hon.      EDWARD 
LYTTELTON,  D.D.     5s.  net. 
"  As  the  considered  opinion  of  the  Headmaster 
of    Eton,    a  statement  which    calls  for   the   close 
attention  of  all  parents.     It  amounts  to  a  demand 
which  it  is  dangerous  for  the  nation  to  ignore." 

Times. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  THOMAS 
JEFFERSON,  1743-1790 

With  an  Introduction  by  P.  L.  FORD,  and 
a  Foreword  by  G.  H.  PUTNAM,  Litt.D. 
6s.  net. 

THE  BACKWARD  CHILD 

By  BARBAKA  S.  MORGAN.    Cloth,  5s.  net. 
It  is  a  study  of  the  psychology  and  treatment 
of  the  child  who  is  lagging  in  mental  efficiency. 

CAV0UR,  AND  THE  MAKING  OF 
MODERN  ITALY,   1810-1861 

By  PIETRO  OR6I.    Fully  illustrated.  5s.  net. 
("Heroes  of  Nations"  Series.) 
"  This  wise  and  dependable  introduction  to  the 
study  of  his  life  and  work." 

G.  M.  Trevelyan  in  Cambridge  Review. 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  HAPPINESS 

By  JEAN  FINOT.     7s.  M  net, 

"  Readers  who  do  not  know  him  in  French 

will  be  glad  of  this  translation They  will  be 

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Mr.  Finot  is  a  stout  optimist who  sees  happi- 
ness  as  the  true  goal  of  social  life  and  the  basis 

of  morality." — Times. 


CARMEN  AND  MR. 
DRYASDUST 

By  HUMFREY  JORDAN.     6s. 
"  A    story    about   Cambridge,    almost    a    scory 

against  Cambridge it  hits  Oxford  as  shrewdly." 

Daily  News. 

ONE  YEAR  OF  PIERROT 

By  THE  MOTHER  OF  PIERROT.     6s. 

This  warm-hearted  story  is  characterized  by 
the  sincerity  of  its  sentiment,  and  the  faithful, 
impressive,  and  beautiful  picture  of  babyhood 
which  it  gives. 

SHEARS  OF  DELILAH 

By  VIRGINIA  T.  VAN  DE  WATER.    With 
Coloured  Frontispiece.     6s. 
A  series  of  dramatic  stories  concerning  the  little 
tragedies  of  married  life. 


JAVA  AND  HER  NEIGHBOURS 

By  ARTHUR  S.  WALCOTT     With  48  Illus- 
trations and  a  Map.     10s.  Qcl.  net. 

18,000  WORDS  OFTEN 
MISPRONOUNCED 

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LATIN  SONGS 

Ancient.  Medieval,  and   Modern,  with  Music. 
By  CALVIN  8.  BROWN.     9s.  net 

24,  BEDFORD   STREET,    LONDON,    W.C. 


\o.  4513.  April  25,  1914 


Til  E    ATHENE U  M 


(JO  .-j 


WERNER  LAURIE'S 

NEW    BOOKS. 
LIFE  IN  AN  INDIAN  OUTPOST. 

By    MAJOR     CASSERLY.      Fully     Illustrated. 

Demy  >vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 
This  is  a  thrilling  account  of  the  life  of  an  Indian  Officer 
in  command  of  a  native  garrison  in  a  small  post  on  the 
frontier.  It  gives  a  wonderfully  vi»  id  idea  of  the  peculiarity 
and  loneliness  and  risks  of  such  a  life.  Major  Casserly 
tells  his  story  in  a  manly,  straightforward  and  direct  way, 
and  the  book  "ill  appeal  to  all  lovers  of  sport  and  daring. 

THE   HIGHWAYS   TO   HAPPINESS. 

By  RICHARD  LE  GALLIENNE.     Illustrated. 

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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (April  25)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES:— A  Charter  of  Richer  de  Laigle — Birmingham  Statues  and  Memorials — Webster  and  the 
'N.E.D.' — Rudy ard  Kipling's  Letters  of  Travel— American  Pony  Express — "  The  Secretary  at 
War  " — Chinese  Proverb  in  Burton's  '  Anatomy  ' — Lethe  :  a  Classical  and  Ancient  Blunder. 

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Authors  Wanted — Emmeline  Lott— Manor-Court  Powers— Enchanted  London  Well — Goethe  : 
St.  Philip  Neri — Dodd  Family — Registers  of  Deaths  of  Roman  Catholics  before  1837 — G.  A. 
Walpoole — "  Bushel  and  Strike  "—Joshua  Walker,  M.P. — Walter  Fenwick  :  Magdalene  Hunt — 
Wildgoose. 

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Children — May  wood — Lines  in  Peele's  'Edward  the  First' — The  Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava — 
Crouch  Family  of  Rye — Rabel's  Drops — Shilleto — Moss,  an  Actor — Bons  Mots  :  Authors  Wanted 
— Turtle  and  Thunder  — 'Ethics  of  the  Dust' — G.  W.  Curtis — Altars — Arms  of  the  See  of 
Lichfield — Shakespeare  and  the  Warwickshire  Dialect— Ay  loffe. 

NOTES     ON    BOOKS: 
Dunfermline.' 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 


The  Oxford    Dictionary  —  •  The    Millers    of    Haddington,    Dunbar,    and 


LAST  WEEK'S   NUMBER    (April    18)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— The  Widener-Stevenson  Collection— Webster  and  the  'N.E.D.'— A  Wolfe  Dispatch- 
Great  Fire  of  London:  Contemporary  Letter — "  Plowden  " — '  N.  &  Q.'  in  Fiction— Phil  May 
and  his  Biographers — Allsop  Place— Samuel  Annesley — King's  College  Hospital — "T.  K." 
Identified. 

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Chapel  —  Sir  Nathaniel  Mead  —  Kendrick  of  Reading  —  "  Burganes  "  —  An  Opera  Pass — 
"  Kemendyne." 

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Counties — F^e-Farm  Rents— Sir  John  Dynham. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS: —I' Dedications '—Marlowe's 'Edward  II.'— 'The  Divine  Right  of  Kings'— 
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Five  Lectures  on  the  Gospel  according  to  St.  Mark.  By  the  Rev.  E.  H.  PEARCE, 
M.A.,  Canon  of  Westminster.     Small  post  8vo,  cloth  boards,  Is.  net. 

THE  CHINESE  PEOPLE. 

A  Handbook  on  China. 

By  the  Ven.  ARTHUR  EVANS  MOULE,  D.D.  With  Map  and  numerous  Illustra- 
tions.   Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  boards,  5s.  net. 


EARLY    CHURCH    CLASSICS. 
THE  COMMONITORY  OF  ST.  VINCENT  OF  LERINS. 

Translated  by  the  Rev.  T.  HERBERT  BINDLEY,  D.D.    2s.  net. 

TERTULLIAN  ON  THE  TESTIMONY  OF  THE  SOUL 
AND  ON  THE  "PRESCRIPTION"  OF  HERETICS. 

Translated  by  the  Rev.  T.  HERBERT  BINDLEY,  D.D.    2s.  net. 


MODERN  SUBSTITUTES  FOR 
TRADITIONAL  CHRISTIANITY. 

By  the  Rev.  Canon  E.  McCLURE.  Second  Edition,  with  an  additional  Chapter  on 
Modernism.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  boards,  2s.  net. 

"  Most  excellent  and  valuable." — The  Very  Rev.  Dr.  Inge,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's. 

"  Just  the  work  that  is  wanted  at  the  present  moment." — Prof.  Sayce. 

Prof.  T.  G.  Bonney,  lately  President  of  the  British  Association,  says  :—"  It  is  excellent, 
and  cannot  fail  to  be  most  useful.  I  hope  it  will  have  a  wide  circulation.  It  is  aggressive, 
sometimes  severe  in  tone,  and  I  think  this  is  quite  .justifiable— opponents  of  Christianity 
express  their  opinions  of  it  and  of  its  advocates  in  very  uncomplimentary  terms,  and  it  is 
time  the  latter  should  hit  back— keeping  within  the  rules  of  fair  righting— whenever  they 
see  a  chance." 

RADIUM  AND  RADIO-ACTIVITY. 

By  A.  T.  CAMERON,  M  A.  B.Sc     With  numerous  Diagrams.  ("  Romance  of  Science 
Series.")    Small  post  8vo,  cloth  boards,  2s.  6d.  net. 
"  Any  one  «Tho  wishes  to  have  a  summary  of  the  present  state  of  knowledge  on  this 
subject  i-innut  do  better  than  obtain  a  copy." — Knowledge. 

CHEMICAL  RESEARCH  IN  ITS  BEARING 
ON  NATIONAL  WELFARE. 

Incorporating  a  lecture  delivered  by  Dr.  EMIL  FISCHER  in  Berlin,  January  11, 1910. 
("Romance  of  Science  Series.")    Small  post  Svo,  cloth  boards,  Is.  6<i.  net. 
"Serves  to  give  the  general  reader  an  admirable  view  of  the  importance  of  progress  in 
chemical  sciences." — Nature. 

THE  ANIMAL  KINGDOM. 

With  27  large  Plates  of  Coloured  Illustrations.    Large  4to,  half  cloth,  8s.  (id.  net. 

WAVES  AND  RIPPLES  IN  WATER, 
AIR,  AND  AETHER. 

Christmas  Lectures  delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain  by  J.  A. 
FLEMING,  M.A.  D.Sc.  F.R.S.  Second  Issue,  Revised.  Large  crown  8vo,  cloth 
boards,  2s.  6d.  net. 

THE  WONDERS  OF  WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY. 

Explained  in  Simple  Terms  for  the  Non-Technical  Reader. 

By   J.   A.    FLEMING,   M.A.   D.Sc.   F.R.S.      With  numerous  Diagrams  and  other 

Illustrations.     Second  Edition,  Revised.     Crown  8vo,  cloth,  3s.  6d.  net. 

"Prof.   Fleming  is  one  of  our  best  exponents  of    the  art  of    explaining  scientific 

principles  and  results  in  popular  language — an  art  to  which  the  non-scientific  reader  owes 

much  gratitude  in  these  days  of  extreme  specialization  and  technicality.     He  is  also  one 

of  our  highest  authorities  on  electrical  engineering." — Spectator. 

BUTTERFLIES  AND  MOTHS. 

In  Romance  and  Reality. 


By  W.  F.  KIR  BY,  F.L.S.  F.E.S. 
Small  4to,  cloth,  5s.  net. 


With  28  Coloured  Plates  and  other  Illustrations 


FLOWERS  OF  THE  FIELD. 

By  the  late  Rev.  C.  A.  JOHNS,  B.A.  F.L.S.  Thirty -third  Edition.  Entirely  revised 
by  G.  S.  BOULGER,  F.L.S.  F.G.S.,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  City  of  London 
College.  With  Portrait  and  Memoir  of  Author.  Numerous  Black-and-White  Illus- 
trations, also  64  Coloured  Plates.  (The  Artist.  GRACE  LAYTON,  obtained  the 
Silver  Flora  Medal  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  for  these  Drawings.)  Large 
crown  8vo,  cloth  boards,  6s.  net.  * 

BRITISH  WILD  FLOWERS 

IN  THEIR  NATURAL  COLOURS  AND  FORM. 

Text  by  Prof.  HENSLOW.  With  over  200  Coloured  Illustrations.  (The  Artist, 
GRACE  LAYTON,  obtained  the  Silver  Flora  Medal  of  the  Royal  HorticulturaJ 
Society  for  these  Drawings.)    Large  crown  Svo,  cloth  boards,  8s.  net. 

BRITISH  BIRDS  IN  THEIR  HAUNTS. 

Being  a  popular  Account  of  the  Birds  which  have  been  observed  in  the  British  Isles, 
with  their  Haunts  and  Habits,  their  Systematic,  Common,  and  Provincial  Names  ; 
together  with  a  Synopsis  of  Genera  and  a  brief  summary  of  Specific  Characters.  By 
the  late  Rev.  C.  A.  JOBNS,  B.A.  F.L.S.  New  Edition.  With  16  Coloured  Plates. 
Post  8vo,  cloth  boards,  5s.  net. 

BIRDS  (A  CHAPTER  ON):  RARE  BRITISH  VISITORS 


By  R.   BOWDLER  SHARPE,  LL.D.  F.L.S. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  boards,  3s.  6d. 


With  18  beautifully  Coloured  Plates. 


THE  PROCESS  OF  THE  YEAR. 


Notes    on    the    succcession    of    Plant   and    Animal    Life.     By  HENRY  HILTON 
BROWN,  F.E.S.    With  numerous  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  boards,  2s  6d.  net. 


The  S.P.C.K.  has  arranged  for  the  Sale  of  recent  Standard  Books  of  all  Publishers,  and  has  set  apart  a  Showroom 
in  Northumberland  Avenue,  where  these  books  can  be  seen.  A  visit  will  convince  clients  of  S.P.C.K.  that 
nowhere  else,  perhaps,  can  such  a  carefully  selected  collection  of  important  books  be  seen.  A  similar  display 
is  made  at  the  S.P.C.K.  Depots  in  the  City  and  at  Brighton. 


LONDON:  9,  NORTHUMBERLAND  AVENUE,  W.C.;  43,  QUEEN  VICTORIA  ST.,  E.C.    BRIGHTON:    129,  NORTH  STREET. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE    EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE    ATHENAEUM"  OFFICE.   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,   E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  80N,  125,  Fleet  Street.  London,  B.C.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  London,  E.O. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIES  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgb.-Saturday,  April  25,  1914 


J 


THE  ATHENAEUM 


Journal  af  (Kttglisb  anb  JFnrngn  ^iterator*,  ^tmxttf  t\)t  Tint  %\ 


IW 


Drama* 


No.  4514 


SATURDAY,     MAY   2,     1914. 


PRICK 


may  1 1  iWpemie. 

REGISTKRKD^a^NEWSPAPER 


B 


R    I    T    I    S    H 


M    U    S     E    U    M. 

"T?he  PKINT-ROJH  will  ha  OPEN  la  Students  ou  and  after 
FKIPAV.  M«  S.  The  new  EXHIBITION  OALLEtUE*  wiU  be 
OPEN  to  the  Public  on  the  stiu'  date. 

F.  O.  KEN  VON.  Director  and  Principal  Librarian. 
ApriL  1914. 

DOLMETSCH  CONCERTS  OF  OLD  MUSIC  — 
MAT    J.    13.    and    JO. -Particulars    from    Mi8S    BEATRICE 
HORNE.  Sli,  Mortimer  Street.  W. 

•ttctims. 

ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARUS  STREET.  PICCADILLY.  W. 
TUESDAY  nevt.  May  5.  at  3  o'clock.  Prof.  WILLIAM  BATESON. 
DSc    F  KS      First  of  Two  Lectures  on  (1)  "DOUBLE   FLOWERS 
jj    "THE    PRESENT    STATE    OF    EVOLUTIONARY    THEORY.' 

TOffiS*  M«n"i  3  o'clock.  Prof.  CHARLES  J.  PATTEN. 
M.D.  8cD..  First  of  Two  Lectures  on  "  BIRD-MIGRATION.      Haifa- 

Subscription  to  all  the  Courses  in  the  Season,  Two  Guineas. 


u 


XIVERSITY  OF  LONDON,  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE 


A  COURSE  OF  NISE  LECTURES  ON 
THE  HISTORY  OF  ITALIAN  RENAISSANCE  PAINTING 
will  be  given  by 
DR.  TANCRED  BORENIU8 
On  FRIDAYS,  at  4.30  p.m..  beginning  on  May  1, 1914. 
FEE  II.  It. 
ADDlications    for   admission   should  be  addrebsed  to  the  under- 
rirneS  WALTER  W.  SEToN.  M.A.,  Secretary. 

University  of  London,  University  College.  Gower  Street,  W.C. 


T 


StorieittS. 

HE    ROYAL    GEOGRAPHICAL    SOCIETY. 


The  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING  of  the  SOCIETY  for  the  election 
of  President  and  Council.  Ac.  will  be  held  in  the  THEATRE. 
BTKLlMiTON   GARDENS,  ou   MONDAY,   May  18,  at  3  r  m„  the 

^^AN  NU  AL  IMNN  ER  will  beheld  at  the  HOTEL  METROPOLE, 
WHITEHALL  ROOMS,  at  7  30  p.m.  for  8  m. 

H   G.  LYON" °N    }Hon.  Secretaries. 

J.  8.  KELTIE,  Secretary. 
Lowther  Lodge,  Kensington  Gore.  S.W. 


T 


(Exhibitions. 


GALLERY. 


HE         REMBRANDT 

A  Loau  Collection  of  Etchings  and  Dry  Points. 

By  Mr.  MUIRHEAD    BONE. 

ROBERT  DUNTHORNE,  5.  Vigo  Street,  W. 


5pr0tii0£itt  Institutions. 

ARTISTS'     GENERAL     BENEVOLENT 
INSTITUTION. 
For  the  Relief  of  Distressed  Artists,  their  Widows,  and  Orphans. 
Preeident-Sir  EDWARD  J.  POYNTER.  Bart.,  K.C.V.O.  P.R.A. 
The  One  Hundredth   ANNIVERSARY'   DINNER  will  take  place 
at  the  WHITE  HALL  ROOMS,  HOTEL  METROPOLIS,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY, May  6,  at  7.15  o'clock. 

H.R.H.     PRINCE    ARTHUR    OF    CONNAUGHT, 
K.G.  K.T.  P.C.  G.C.V  0.,  in  the  Chair. 
Dinner  Ticket*,  including  Wines.  One  Guinea. 
Donations  will  I*  received,  and  thankfully  acknowledged,  by 
Sir  ASTON  WEBB.  K.C.V.O.  C.B.  R.A.,  Treasurer. 
ARTHUR  8.  COPE,  R.A..  Hon.  Sec. 
DOUGLAS  H    GORDON.  Secretary. 
No.  3.  Charles  Street.  St.  James's  Square,  S.W. 

(£  Durational. 

rPHE       UNIVERSITY       OF      LIVERPOOL. 

WILLIAM  NOBLE   FELLOWSHIP. 

Value  )M.  Tenable  for  one  year.  The  holder  must  engage  in  a 
piece  of  research  under  the  direction  of  the  School  of  English  Litera- 
ture at  the  University.  Applications,  accompanied  by  published  or 
MS.  work,  and  unless  graduates  in  Arts  in  the  University  of  Liver- 
pooli  three  names  a*  references  to  be  forwarded  before  JUNE  1  to 
the  Registrar,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

EDWARD  CAREY,  Registrar. 


N 


I    \V    N   H    A    M 


COLLEGE. 


The  Trustees  of  the  Mary  Ewart  Trust  Fund  invite  applications 
from  past  or  pre^nt  members  of  Newnham  College  for  a 
TRAVELLING  H  HoLARtUlP  of  1ML,  for  purposes  of  study,  to 
be  awarded  in  June.  1 

Application*  must  be  sent,  not  later  than  JUNE  10,  to  Mm 
CLOUGH.  Newnham  College,  from  whom  all  particulars  can  I* 
obtained. 

ROYAL      HOLLOWAY        C  0  L  L  K  1 1  1 1 
IUNIVERHITV  01  bOHIl 
Principal-Miu  ■    0    BIBOIHB,   BA. 
KNTRAN'E    SCHOLARSHIPS- M,h'.  IN    ENTRANCE    8CHO- 
LAKSHIPH.  rromoOl   to  M    and  .everal  BCRMAKIES  of  not  more 
than  101..  Unable  for  Three  Years  at  th-  College,  will  txi  aw.nled  on 
the  results  of  an  Examination  to  l>e  he'd  fr  I  to  JULY  * 

1C14.  KuKiini»tW(i,i»r.i)l*l'.7-  MU  >.  1914.  Tbe  College  pre- 
paree  Women  Students  for  London  Degr.es.  Inclusive  fee,  100J.  a 
year. 

For  Fovms  of  Entry  and  further  particulars  apply  to  THE 
SECRETARY.  Royal  HoUoway  College.  EuglefMd  Green  Surrey. 


MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C—  An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION,  for  Boye 
under  14  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


S 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 


WEYBRIDGE  LADIES'  SCHOOL,  SURREY. 
—Conducted  by  Miss  E.  DAWK8,  M.A.  D.Litt.  (London). 
The  comforts  ot  a  refined  home.  Thorough  education  on  the  principle 
of  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body.  Preparation  for  Examinations  if 
desired.  French  and  German  a  speciality.  Large  grounds,  high  and 
healthy  position. 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  Tamworth.— 
Training  for  Home  or  Colonies.  College  Farm,  1,000  acres.  Vet. 
Science,  Smiths'  Work,  Carpentry,  Riding  and  Shooting  taught  Ideal 
open-air  life  for  delicate  Boys.    Charges  moderate.    Get  Prospectus. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133  135.  REGENT  STREET,  W.,  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses,  Lady  Professors,  Teachers.  Chaperones.  Com- 
panions, Secretaries.  Readers,  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gmtis 
on  application  (personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.    Tel-  Regent  3627. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
gratis).  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free  of 
charge)  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  POWELL, 
SMITH  A  FAWCETT,  School  Agents  (established  1833),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.O.    Telephone-7021  Gerrard. 


^itnatiens  ITarant. 


B 


REWOOD      GRAMMAR 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 


SCHOOL, 


A  HEAD  MASTER  is  REQUIRED  for  the  above  School,  to  enter 
upon  his  duties  after  the  Bummer  Vacation.  Salary  2001.,  with  capitation 
fees,  amounting  to  10T.  for  the  year  1913.  Accommodation  for  thirty- 
five  Boarders  in  the  Head  Master's  House.  The  School  is  in  receipt 
of  grants  from  the  Board  of  Education.  There  is  an  agricultural  side, 
maintained  by  special  grants  from  the  Staffordshire  County  Council, 
great  importance  being  attached  to  its  efficiency.  Candidates  mu«t  be 
Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Applications, 
accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent  testimonials, 
and.  if  desired,  the  names  of  referees,  must  be  received,  on  or  before 
MAYT  15  next,  by  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars 
can  be  obtained. 

FREDERICK  T.  LANGLEY,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

79,  Darlington  Street,  Wolverhampton. 
April  21,  1914. 

NE WCASTL E  -  UPON  -  TYNE     EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 

RUTHERFORD  COLLEGE  SECONDARY  DAY  8CHOOL  FOR 

BOYS. 

Head  Master-Mr.  J.  B.  GAUNT,  B.A.  B.Sc. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER,  a  HIGHER  GRADE  FORM 
MASTER  for  History  and  English.  Salary  1501  per  annum,  rising 
by  10i.  per  annum  to  2001.;  alco  a  SENIOR  FORM  MASTER  for 
History,  English,  and  Latin.  Salary  1501.,  rising  by  101.  per  annum  to 
1801. 

In  fixing  the  commencing  salaries,  allowance  will  be  made  for 
suitable  experience  and  satisfactory  service  in  other  Secondary 
Schools  by  reckoning  three  quarters  of  each  completed  year's  previous 
service,  but  omitting  any  fraction  of  a  year  below  one  half,  and  in  no 
case  exceeding  the  maximum  of  the  Committee's  scale. 

Application  forms  may  be  obtained  by  forwarding  stamped 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Education 
Office,   Northumberland  Road.  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Applications  must  be  received  not  later  than  MAY  19,  1914. 


HU       L       M       E  HALL. 

Residential  Hostel  in  connexion  with  the 
VICTORIA     UNIVER8ITY     OF     MANCHESTER. 
The  Governors  of  Hulme  Hall  invite  applications  for  the  post  of 
WARDEN.     The   Warden    mut-t   l>e  a    member    of    the    «  hurch   of 
England,    not   necessarily    In    Holy  Orders,    and    a    Graduate  of    a 
Univemity  in  the  Unitecl  Kingdom.      He  will  lie  required   to  reside 
and  begin  his  duties  on  October  1  next.     1  he  commencing  iMnend  i» 
4001.  a  year,  with  )*>ard   and  liouxe  for  the    Warden  and  his   family. 
A pi'lications,  stating  aae  and  whether  mulled,  "iid  eooompanfed  by 
not  more  than  three  teetlmoniabi  and  three  referent  •■*.  should  !>e  sent 
before  JUNK  (i  to  the  I  lerk  at  n.  John    llalton  Street.  Mauchester, 
from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained  if  desire  1 
Dated  litis  SBth  day  ol  April.  1914 

STAFFORD  TAYLOR,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


pOUNTY 


BOROUGH     OF    SUNDERLAND. 


BEDE  COLLEGIATE    GIRLS'  SCHOOL. 
Head  Mbitrrns-MlM  M    K.  BOON.  M.A. 
WANTED. in  HEPTEMl;ER.  a  BCIISCI  MHTKKHH  |(  l.emlntry. 
DementAiy  0denoi     i.  An   Hononri   Degree  or  111   rqulTml»nt 

and    g'  od    Secondary    Hchool    experience    eeaentleJ.      Needlework    a 
.rni-ridntion.      Halm)    1001    to   II0&   according    to  scale;    initial 
amount  d<  pel  dent  on   quallfb-ntlons. 

A  [.plication  for  in    w  hi'  b  IboaM  be  retimed  not  Inter  than  MAY  19, 
and   salary  ocale   obtainable  00  seodlDg  »lemi  ad  envelop* 

to  the  umler.iiM.nl  ■         HkRHKKT    KEED,  Secretary. 

Education  Department.  K,  John  Street.  Sunderland 
April    1914. 


)y  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  FoFfcign,  fTlOs.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

The  Publishers  will  be  much  obliged  to 
any  reader  who  will  acquaint  them  with 
any  difficulty  that  may  be  experienced  in 
obtaining  copies  of  the  paper. 

THE  ATHEN£JUM  is  published  on 
FRIDAY  MORNING  at  8.30. 


CAMBRIDGESHIRE     EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  CAMBRIDGE. 

A  MATHEMATICAL  M I8TRE88  is  required  for  September 
next.  Mixed  Mathematics  should  be  a  strong  t-ut.ject.  with  practical 
work.  She  will  be  required  to  help  with  the  Science  work.  Halary 
1301.  a  year  (non-resident),  or  according  to  expeiience  and  qualifica- 
tions. Forms  of  application  may  be  obtained  of  the  undersigned, 
and  should  be  returned  on  or  before  MAY  15,  1914 

AUSTIN  KEEN,  M.A.,    Education  Secretary. 

County  Hall,  Cambridge. 


c 


O   U  N   T  Y 


OF        LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  following 
positions  vacant  in  September,  1914. 

Candidates  for  these  positions,  with  the  exception  of  that  of  ART 
MIf-TRESS,  must  have  passed  a  Final  Examination  for  a  Degree  held 
by  a  recogniztd  University.  In  special  cases  the  Degree  requirement 
may  be  relaxed,  provided  the  candidate  is  otherwise  specially  qualified. 
The  commencing  salary,  except  where  otherwise  ttnted.  is  from  1201. 
to  1701.  a  year,  accoruing  to  previous  experience,  rising  to  220J.  by 
yearly  increments  of  10'. 

THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.  CHELSEA. 
FORM  MISTRESS,  with  special  qualifications  in  Geography.    Eco 
nomics  as  a  subsidiary  subject  desirable. 

THE  COUNTY  8ECONDARY  SCHOOL,  ELTHAM. 

1.  FORM  MISTRESS,  with  special  qualifications  in  Classics.  Candi- 
dates should  have  obtained  Honours  in  a  Final  Examination  for  a 
Degree  held  by  a  recognized  University.  Mathematics  as  a  rubfiidiary 
subject  desirable. 

2.  FORM  MI8TRE8S,  especially  qualified  in  Geography.  Ele- 
mentary Science,  Nature  Study,  and  Handwoik  as  subsidiary  subjects 
desirable.    Gocd  previous  ex]>erience  necessary  in  each  case. 

THE  COUNTY   SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  FPLHAM. 

1.  ASSISTANT  MI8TRE8S.  to  teach  Geography  throughout  the 
School  and  assist  with  Junior  Mathematics  or  English. 

2.  ASSISTANT  MI8TRE88.  to  teach  Classics  up  to  the  standard 
required  for  University  Scholarships  I  andidates  should  have 
obtained  Honours  in  a  Final  Examination  for  a  Degree  held  by  a 
recognized  University.    History  as  a  subsidiary  subject  desirablo. 

THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  KENTISH  TOWN. 

1.  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS,  to  teach  German  and  French. 

2.  A8SISTANT  MISTRESS,  to  teach  Geography  and  History. 

THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.  PLUMSTEAD. 
JUNIOR  FORM  MISTRESS,  specially  qualified  to  teach  Geography 
and    Mathematics.      Ability    to    help    in    School   games    will    be   a 
recommendation. 

THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.  8TREATHAM. 
SENIOR  MATHEMATICAL  MISTRESS.    Games  desirable. 

THE  COUNTY   SECONDARY   SCHOOL.  FULHAM. 
ART    MISTRESS.    Good  Secondary  School  experience  with  large 
lasses  essential.    Salary  1801  fixed. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolncap  envelope 
to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER,  London  County  I  oanoll,  Education 
i.ffices.  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C.  to  whom  they  miint  I*,  retained 
by  11  a.m.  on  MONDAl.  May  IS.  A  seiiarute  form  mu.t  be  used  for 
each  apjiointment  for  which  application  li  made,  Kv.ry  communica- 
tion mutt  be  marked  "II  -t "  on  the  envelope 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly.  Will  disqualify  an  applicant. 
No  candidate  is  eligible  for  appointment  in  h  school  of  which  a 
relative  is  a  member  of  the  adfiforj  Ban-Committee, 

LAURENCE  ()"MME.  (lerk  of  the  London  IVuiity  Council. 

Education  Office",  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
April  24,  1914. 


c 


O    U   N   T    Y        OF       L   O   N    I)   O   N. 


The  Lorulon  Tnuiitv  (V.iiih'H  liiv.l»'p  nppllriiiloiip  for  the  poaitlon  of 

DISTRICT    IN8PECTOH    la   Lbfl    Bduoat i.i...r«    I>f|*rlment. 

HhIht)  400/  k  jrar,  ifxft'fr  I'V  ftnnn.i]  n>«  mm.-  nt*  .  t  S' I   to  600)   nyrnr. 

TIm-  pnrTton  ■ppolntcd  »ni  )m*  r* quired  tofiva  bfi  *bob  timi  t"  th« 
dotlei  of  bU  i  'ffloa  coDtUilng  ol  the  li  tpecih  n  «  f  Pobllr  FWaientary 
li  K\<  niDtf  IntUtDtoa,  and  othor  educational  h  itltailona,  urn. 
to  tiit-  prrfotmoDO*  ol  inch  of  hat  do  tin  n*  mtj  b#  tntnittcd  to  him 
1  lie  In* pert 01  will  bo  rtqnlrr d  to  dot oU  1  wj  I  of  bU  tfno  to  Pby»loal 
I'daoatiofi,  hi" i  matt,  Iborrfofo,  po»§e»i  » peel* I  qoell0e>i lofii  for  that 

WOrt         WOBMU    Hrr   tllflblt    for   Ihll    n|  I*  li.tlin  t.t         <   fft«  lull    of    tlte 

Cod  art  I  ure  ool  prw  Laded  from  »ppljlDf. 

Au  [loath  m  ni  ^t  be  on  rorma  !■■  be  obtained  with  i«rilrulnri  of 
I  hf  iij  {x-li-i  mriit     by  tendlnc  a  ■temped  addreaaed  loom    , 

ti,  id.-  y\>\  i  ATK'N  orriCKB    Lond ni.iv  i  .  until   Bd oration 

■  '.iia  Fmbaokmant,  \\  r  .  to  wbom  t  in  >  moet  be  returned 
be  u  *w   en  M"M>aY,  Maj  Rretj   Dommuoloailon  moat 

■>r  Banked  '  iii'i,M  tetahip'  on  the  rn*< ' 

t  aovaadnif,   eilhet    dlreotly    *>r    jimIiih -tly.    will    .llp<,tiallfjr    for 

:tl  |-/liit  11  •  i>t 

I.MHKM  ■  OOH1IB.  Clerk  <f  the  London  County  Council. 
BduoaUoo  Ufflcet   Victoria  Kiul«nkiii<  nt.  W  I 


610 


THE     ATHENtEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


L1IGH     SCHOOL     FOR     BOYS,     CARDIFF. 

WANTED  in  SEPTEM  RER.  SENIOR  MODERN  LANGUAGE 
MASTER  to  teach  French  to  the  highest  standard  (Intermediate, 
Civil  Service.  Scholarships.  4c.)  and  good  Spanish  or  German. 
Salary  175!..  rising  hy  101.  per  annum  to  2>0i. —  Apply  HEAD 
MASTER. 


C 


IVIL     SERVICE     COMMISSION. 


FORTHCOMING  EX AMINATION.-.TONIOR  APPOINTMENTS 
in  certain  Departments  (18  -19J),  M  AY  28. 

The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications  can  be 
received.  They  must  be  made  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  par- 
ticulars, from  THE  SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Burlington  Gardens,  London,  W. 

f  ADY     SECRETARY     WANTED,     for    Con- 

I_i  fidential  Post  in  large  Newspaper  Business.  One  with  Jour- 
nalistic experience  preferred— Address,  stating  experience  and  salary 
required,  R.R.,  Box  2047,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


Situations   tiEatttoo. 

GRADUATE  OF  GIRTON  COLLEGE,  Cam- 
bridge (nlass  II.  Honours  in  two  Triposes),  Fluent  French 
Hchilar,  with  knowledge  of  Bibliography,  Indexing,  and  Library 
Work,  seeks  POST.-Apply  Box  2049,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Breams 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  EC. 

LADY  SECRETARY.— Graduate  Oxford. 
Literary.  Excellent  general  education ;  fluent  French  and 
German  acquired  abroad.  Good  Typewriting,  Shorthand,  and  Book 
keeping.  Compete-it  and  responsible.— Box  2050,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  K.C. 


JHisallatutms. 


MANORIAL  RECORDS.— Mr.  NATHANIEL 
J  HONE,  Author  of  the  Manor  and  Manorial  Records, 
UNDERTAKES  the  TRANSCRIPTION  or  TRANSLATION  of 
COURT  ROLLS  and  other  documents.  Materials  supplied  for  Family 
and  Local  History.— Address  137,  Hartswood  Road,  W. 


TO  AUTHORS.— Messrs.  Digby,  Long  &  Co. 
(Publishers  of  'The  Author's  Manual, '3s  61.  net,  Ninth  Edition) 
are  prepared  to  consider  MSS.  in  all  Departments  of  Literature  with 
a  view  to  Publication  in  Volume  Form.— Address  16.  Bouverie  Street, 
Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 

DRESDEN.— GERMAN  LADY,  with  lovely 
home,  and  easy  access  to  this  fine  educational  centre,  is 
desirous  of  receiving  TWO  or  THREE  ENGLISH  GIRLS  of  about 
16-20  years  of  age.  10i.  monthly  Excellent  English  references.— 
Apply  F..  B>x2043,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
ROOM-!  of  the  ART-WORKERS'  GUILD,  recen'  ly  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings.  Concerts,  and  Exhibitions. -Apply  to  SECRE- 
TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

VERY     QUIET,     bright    UPPER    PART     of 

'  V  PRIVATE  HOUSE  arranged  as  Flat.  S  rooms,  bath  every 
convenience ;  comfortably  furnished.  1  min.  Tube  and  District.  No 
children.  30s.  to  35s  weekly.— B.,  Box  2046.  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BE8T  MARKET  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  4  80N,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  Loudon,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


®tJp£-CMrit*rs  for  £aU. 
STANDARD   TYPEWRITERS   FROM   £3. 

We  have  some  excellent  second-hand,  rebuilt, 
and  shop-soiled  new  machines,  fully  guaranteed. 

Interchangeable  type,  automatic  action,  THE 
machine    for    professional    and    private    use. 

THE  HAMMOND  TYPEWRITER  CO.,  LTD., 

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TYPE- WRITERS. —Latest  Model  No.  5  Oliver, 
Tabulator,  Back  Spacer,  and  all  latest  improvements.  10!.; 
Model  No.  3  Oliver,  61  ;  Royal  Standard,  11. ;  Empire,  51.  10s.  All 
visible  writing,  and  guaranteed  perfect  condition.— G.  A.  REY- 
NOLDS, 13,  Delamere  Uoad,  Wimbledon,  London. 


Natural  Histarrj. 
WATKINS     &     DONCASTER, 

NATURALISTS, 
36,     STRAND,     LONDON,     W.C. 

(Five  Doors  from   Charing  Cross), 

Keep  in  stock  every  description  of 

APPARATUS,         CABINETS,         BOOKS, 

AND    SPECIMENS    FOR    COLLECTORS. 

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Mansions,  Chelsea.  Telephone :  5128  Ken.  Hours :  10-1  and  2-5, 
Saturdays  excepted.    Apply  Price  List. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate (Classical  Tripos,  Girton  College,  Cambridge ;  Intermediate 
Arts,  London)  Research,  Revision,  Shorthand.— CAMBRIDGE 
TYPE  WRITING  AGENCY,  5,  DUKE  STREET,  ADELPHI,  W.C. 
Telephone:  2308  City. 


MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  9d.  per    1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  3d.  References  to  well-known  Authors.   Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M.  KING,  24,  Forest  Road,  Kew  Gardens,  S.W. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.  and  TYPE-WRITING  of 
every  description  accurately  and  promptly  executed.  Short- 
hand Typists  provided.  Meetings,  Lectures,  Sermons  reported. — 
METROPOLITAN  TYPING  OFFICE,  27,  Chancery  Lane.  Tel. 
Central  1565. 


TYPING    at    home   desired    by    well-educated, 
qualified  Lady.    Excellent  refs.    From  8d.  1,000  words.    French, 
German  copied.— E.,  16,  therington  Road,  Hanwell,  W. 


TRANSLATIONS  of  Literary  and  Scientific 
Works,  Articles,  Pamphlets,  4c,  from  German  and  French  into 
English  (Type-written).— P.  DURING,  56,  Fernleigh  Koad,  Winch- 
more  Hill,  London,  N. 


A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES.PL AYS, 

X\  ESSAY8  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  9cf.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road,  Harrow. 


HaUs  bjr  ^.urtton. 


Modern  Etchings,  Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Lithographs. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  May  4,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
MODERN  ETCHINGS,  ENGRAVINGS,  DRAWINGS,  and  LITHO- 
GRAPHS. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


Valuable  Roman,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  Norman  Coins. 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  8trand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  May  4.  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  ANGLO  SAXON  and  NORMAN  COINS, 
the  Property  of  H.  M.  REYNOLDS.  Esq.,  of  Silver  Birches,  Kirkley 
Park  Road,  8outh  Lowestoft;  also  a  SMALL  COLLECTION  of 
ROMAN  COINS  in  Gold,  silver,  and  Copper,  the  Property  of 
GENERAL  ETTORE,  of  11,  Corso  Italia,  Rome  —  Numismatic 
Books— Coin  Cabinets. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.   Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
copies,  containing  two  plates,  price  Is.  each. 

Antiquities. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY,  May  5,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
ANTIQUITIES,  comprising  Etruscan  Objects,  the  Property  of  the 
MARQUIS  DECASTELTHOMOND  and  Mr.  GEORGE  B.  MART- 
Ancieut  Egyptian  Rings,  Seals,  Amulets,  4c— Roman  and  Phoenician 
Glass— Greek  Marbles  and  Roman  Bronze  Helmets,  4c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selected  Portion  of  the  Valuable  Library  of 
Lieut.-Col.  H.  B.  L.  HUGHES. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  8ELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.  on  WEDNESDAY,  May  6,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
a  Selected  Portion  of  the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  Lieut.-Col.  H.  B.  L 
HUGHES,  of  Kinmel  Park,  Abergele,  North  Wales  (sold  with  sanction 
of  the  Court). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selected  Portion  of  the  Library  of 
C.  E.  S.  CHAMBERS,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  8ELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  May  7,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  a 
Select  Portion  of  the  LIBRARY  and  of  a  COLLECTION  of  AUTO- 
GRAPH LETTERS,  the  Property  of  C  E.  8.  CHAMBERS,  Esq.,  of 
44,  Drumsheugh  Gardens,  Edinburgh. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Japanese  Colour  Prints. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  May  7.  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  JAPANESE  COLOUR  PRINTS,  largely  by  Artists 
of  the  best  period. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  well-known  Collection  of  Wesleyana  formed  by  the  late 
JOSEPH  G.  WRIGHT,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  8ELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
8treet,  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  FRIDAY.  May  8,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
well-known  COLLECTION  of  WESLEYANA  formed  by  the  late 
JOSEPH  G.  WRIGHT.  Esq. 

May  be  viewed  two  day  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane.  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  May  12,  and  Following  Day.  at  1  o'clock.  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS BOOKS,  including  the  Property  of  the  late  LADY 
GROVE  (removed  from  Sydenham),  by  order  of  the  Executors,  com- 
prising FitzQerald's  Omar  Khayyam.  Second  Edition,  original 
wrapper— First  Editions  of  Victoiian  Poets,  4c,  some  presentation 
copies— The  Cambridge  Shakespeare,  9  vols.,  and  other  Libraiy 
Editions  of  Standard  Works-Cooke's  Fungi,  8  vols.— Books  of  Travel 
in  America  and  Works  relating  to  the  Revolution— Autograph 
Letters-Two  Etchings  by  Whistler— Mezzotint  Portraits.  Engravings, 
4c  Also  a  Collection  of  Musical  Scores  by  Handel,  Haydn,  Mozart, 
Beethoven,  4c,  mostly  well  bound,  and  a  few  Oil  Portraits  of 
Musicians.  Catalogues  on  application. 

Rare  Books— a  Choice  Collection  of  Fine  Modern  Books,  <i-c 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.  on 
WEDNESDAY,  May  20,  and  Two  Following  Days,  A  LIBRARY 
FORMED  DURING  THE  EARLY  PART  OF  THE  NINETEENTH 
CENTURY  (the  Property  of  aLADYl,  comprising  Folio  Architectural 
and  Antiquarian  Books— Bacon's  Works,  by  Montagu,  17  vols.— Sets 
of  Spenser,  Shakespeare.  Pope,  Congreve,  and  Addison  (Baskerville 
Editions),  Defoe,  Sterne,  4c  —Court  Memoirs- Books  on  the  French 
Revolution  and  Napoleon,  the  whole  in  fine  condition  and  many  in 
contemporary  calf  or  morocco  bindings;  also  A  CHOICE  COLLEC- 
TION OF  FINE  MODERN  BOOKS,  and  other  Properties,  including 
Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  Original  Edition,  16  vols.— The  Hulh 
Library,  Large  Paper,  29  vols.— Hakluyt  Society.  32  vols.,  including 
Y'ule's  Cathay-Pepys's  Diary,  by  Wheatley,  Large  Paper,  10  vols.— 
Editions  de  Luxe  of  Kipling,  Pater,  Tennyson,  Lamb,  and  others— 
Ruskin's  Works,  Library  Edition,  36  vols.— Original  Issue  of  the 
Germ-Ackermann's  Microcosm.  Original  Edition,  3  vols.— Dickens's 
Pickwick  Papers,  and  Sponge's  sporting  Tour  and  Ask  Mamma,  by 
Sur tees,  in  the  original  parts— Barham's  Ingoldsby  Legends,  3  vol6., 
and  other  rare  First  Editions  of  Thackeray,  Dickens,  Jefferies, 
Kingsley,  Swinburne,  Lang,  and  other  Modern  Authors -Memorial 
Edition  of  Meredith,  27  vols.— Books  illustrated  by  Rackham— 
Tomkinson's  Japanese  Collection,  2  vols.,  and  other  Books  on 
Japanese  Art,  4c. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


M 


ESSRS.    CHRISTIE,   MANSON  &  WOODS 

respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  8t.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely. 

On  MONDAY,  May  4,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and"  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  L.  E  CRAWFORD,  Esq.,  and 
others. 

On   TUESDAY,   May   5,   and   Two    Following 

Days,  the  COLLECTION  of  DRESDEN  PORCELAIN  of  H.  J. 
KING,  Esq. 

On  FRIDAY,  May  8,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  Mrs.  ALICE  VENABLE3 
BRUNTON,  and  others. 

STEVENS'S    AUCTION    ROOMS. 
Established  1760.) 
Curiosities. 
TUESDAY  next,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 

PORCELAIN,     LACQUER-WORK,    SNUFF- 

BOXES.  NET8UKE8,  being  the  FIRST  PORTION  of  the  COL- 
LECTION formed  by  the  late  THOMA8  LAYTON,  Esq.,  of  Kew 
Bridge,  also  Oriental  Porcelain  and  Cloisonne— Native  Curios— China 
and  Glass— Silver  and  Plated  items  — Ivory  Carvings,  and  a  variety 
of  interesting  Curios. 

Mr.    J.    C.    STEVENS   will   SELL  the  above 

Property  by  AUCTION,  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden, 
London,  W.C 

On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale 

Important  Seven  Days'  Sale. 
"SUNDORNE  CASTLE,"  SHREWSBURY, 
About  S  miles  from  Shrewsbury  Station. 
AMPTON    &     SONS    are    instructed  by 

W.  A  L.  FLETCHER,  Esq.,  to  8ELL  by  AUCTION,  on  the 
Premises,  on  TUESDAY,  May  19,  and  Following  Days,  the  CONTENTS 
of  the  above  MANSION,  including 

"THE  VALUABLE  LIBRARY  OF  3,000  VOLUME8. 
In  all  Classes  of  Literature,  most  expensively  bound,  and  including 
finest  works  on  Ornithology.  Architecture,  Natural  History,  Old 
English  Dramatists,  Poets  and  Essayists.  French  Authors— Books 
with  Coloured  Plates  Early  Voyages  and  Travels,  Scrap  Books,  Ac- 
matchless  set  of  Gould's  Works  on  the  Birds  of  Australia,  Asia,  New 
Guinea,  Great  Britain,  and  Humming  Birds,  all  complete  with 
Supplements— Piranesi's  Veduti  di  Roma.  Drake's  Eboracum,  Nash's 
Mansions  of  England  (Coloured  Copy),  Ornie's  Field  Sports,  Daniel's 
Views  in  India  —  Best  Library  Editions  of  Racine,  Moliere, 
Corneille,  4c. 

Note.— The  LIBRARY  will  be  SOLD  on  the  last  two  days,  MAY 
26  and  27. 

Catalogues.  Is.  each,  post  free,  or  Books  only  free  on  application  to 
the  AUCTIONEERS,  3,  Cockspur  Street,  London,  S.W. 


H 


JVuiljnrs'  JVgmts. 


THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MSS.  for  early  publication.  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2,  Clement's  Din,  W. 


B 


Catalogues. 


OOKS.— CATALOGUE  of  VALUABLE  and 

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THE     A  T  H  E N  M U  M 


611 


A     BOOK     TO     LIVE    WITH. 


BRIMFUL     OF     HUMOUR. 


NADIR    THE    PERSIAN 

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INDIAN     EDUCATIONAL    SERVICE, 

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Statesman. — "  Spirited  and  dramatic charming  and  admirable." 

Pioneer. — "A  master  of  narrative rattling  good  stories each  story  grips 

the    attention constant    freshness    and    variety characters    all 

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METHUEN    &    CO.,    LTD.,    36,    ESSEX    STREET,    LONDON,    W.C. 

The    Contents    of    the    MAY    Number    of 

The  COMMONWEALTH 


INCLUDE 


Notes  of  the  Month :  The  Drama  of  Easter— Bishop  Gore's  Call  to 
Clear  Thinking-The  Comedy  of  Boots— The  Tragedy  of  Hats 
— Ulster-The  Women's  Opportunity— Peace  Questions— The 
Welsh  Bill  -The  Chance  of  the  Dog— Subterranean  Labour 
—Mr.  Denman's  Bill— "Our  Task  in  India" 

Henry  Scott  Holland,  D.D.  D.Litt. 

What  is  the  Army  forP      Harold  Anson 

The  Women  and  Children  of  the  Pilgrim's  Progress         Miss  Church 

Social  Awakening  in  Canada      E.  B.  Mitchell 

Civic  Religion R.  B.  De  Bary 


The  Reward  of  Labour,  and  the  ultimate  Basis  of  Property 

Mary  Cay  ley 

Nietzsche,  Eugenics,  and  Christianity  L.  H.  Green 

Healing  Of  the  Mind  Harold  Anson 

The  Eschatology  of  Jesus  C.  K.  Hone 

The  Spirit  Behind  the  Work       Agnes  Lathes 

A  Jealous  God  Robert  Keeble  (Zanzibar) 

Mary  on  the  Doorstep       Elizabeth  (Jreen 

Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer's  New  Play 

Articles   on   New   and   Recent    Books,   History   and    Biography, 
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No.  4514,   May  2,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


018 


Si  TURDA  Y,  MA  Y  -2,  1914. 


CONTENTS.  PAGE 

The  War  Okfice  Past  and  Prksknt 613 

shakespeare  personally 614 

The  Corner  Stone  of  Education        614 

The  Basis  or  Anglican  Fellowship 615 

South  Africa,  1488-1818 616 

Prok.  Clark  on  Jurisprudence         616 

Huntinc  the  Elephant  in  Africa 617 

The  Grain  Trade  in  France 618 

Letters  to  Caroline         61S 

Books  Published  this  Week- 619 

Book-Trade  Reform  :  The  Bookseller's  Point  of 
View  ;  Lost  Argosies  (Sonnet  by  Enid  Dauncey)  ; 
Duty  on  Books  in  the  United  States  ;  The 
Eliot  Hodgkin  Sale;   A  Laureate  Poem  by 

SKKLTON         -  ..       623—625 

Literary  Gossip        625 

B  iknce— On  Dreams;  Biology  in  relation  to 
Education,  Lecture  IL  ;  Societies;  Meetings 
Next  Week  ;  Gossip 626—630 

Fine  Arts  —  Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Brotherhood  ;  The  Royal  Aca- 
demy ;  Other  Exhibitions;  Loan  Exhibition 
of  Etchings  at  Glasgow  ;  Gossip  ..     630—633 

Music  —  The  Opera;  Beethoven  Festival  at 
Queen's  Hall;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week  633-634 

Drama— The  Clever  Ones ;  Account  Rendered  ; 
The  People's  Theatre  Movement  ;  Gossip  635—636 


LITERATURE 


The  War  Office  Past  and  Present.  By 
Capt.  Owen  Wheeler.  (Methuen  &  Co., 
12s.  6d.  net.) 

There  was  room  for  a  history  of 

"  a  very  slow  office,  an  enormously  expensive 
office,  a  not  very  efficient  office,  and  one  in 
which  the  Ministers  intentions  can  be 
absolutely  negatived  by  all  his  sub-depart- 
ments, and  those  of  each  of  the  sub-depart- 
ments by  every  other." 

The  quotation  is  from  Florence  Nightingale ; 
and  though  times  have  changed  since  she 
wrote,  we  doubt  whether  in  essentials  the 
War  Office  has  changed  with  them. 

The  publishers  of  this  volume  claim 
that  it  is  the  first  comprehensive  history 
of  the  War  Office,  and  Capt.  Wheeler 
explains  that  he  has  himself  never  served 
in  the  Office,  but  believes  that  his  "  abso- 
lute independence  "  makes  up  for  any 
deficiency  caused  by  his  being  an  "  out- 
-ider."  The  first  part  of  the  book  does 
not  suffer  from  lack  of  Office  experience, 
but  the  latter  chapters  fall  short  of  giving 
that  inside  picture  which  was  required. 

For  authorities  up  to   the  time  of  the 
Peninsular  War  Capt.  Wheeler  has  relied 

gely  on  Mr.  Bbrtescue's  '  History  of  the 
British  Army.'  J-'or  the  pre- Restoration 
days  he  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to 
the  Calendar  of  State  Papers  and  to  Prof. 
Firtlis  'Cromwell's  Army,1  and  he  ap- 
pears to  have  studied  with  great  care 
most  of  the  official  and  private  publica- 
tions; 

A  chapter  on   the   War  Office   in    pre- 
Restoration    days    makes    it    clear    that 


in  those  times  there  was  no  such  thing. 
But  as  far  back  as  1620  "  there  was  some- 
thing in  the  nature  of  a  standing  Council 
or  Committee  of  War,"  and  even  in 
Commonwealth  days  there  was  a  steady 
adherence  to  the  principle  of  a  central 
military  authority  closely  in  touch  with 
Parliament.  It  is,  however,  really  with 
the  Restoration  that  the  book  begins.  It 
was  not  until  the  year  of  the  Union  of 
England  and  Scotland  that  the  military 
establishments  of  the  two  countries  were 
made  one ;  and  Ireland  continued  to  have 
its  own  military  establishment  until  the 
Union  of  1801. 

The  author,  himself  a  soldier,  has  no 
prejudices  in  favour  of  or  against  civilian 
control.  In  the  course  of  his  studies  he 
has  seen  the  evils  of  military  control,  and 
when  he  has  to  deal  with  political  associa- 
tions, he  says  that  as  a  matter  of  historical 
fact 

"  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  quote  a  good 
many  cases  in  which  the  army  has  probably 
profited  a  good  deal  more  by  '  civilian  inter- 
ference '  tfian  it  would  have  done  under  a 
purely  military  dispensation." 

A  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  time  when 
the  War  Office  was  controlled  by  Frederick, 
Duke  of  York,  a  period  in  which  the  author 
has  shown  that 

"  corruption  and  loose  notions  of  honour 
flourished  freely,  in  which  political  ani- 
mosity led  to  personal  attacks  of  almost 
fantastic  virulence,  in  which  the  lampooner 
and  caricaturist  went  to  lengths  which  to 
modern  taste  are  often  revolting." 

The  Duke  of  York's  career  was,  it  will 
be  remembered,  interrupted  by  a  scandal, 
which  Capt.  Wheeler  discusses  at  some 
length — perhaps  at  too  great  length. 
But  it  was  necessary  to  speak  of  it,  and  the 
chapter  is  at  any  rate  not  dull,  as  are 
a  good  many  parts  of  the  book.  The 
traffic  in  commissions  had  assumed  pro- 
portions no  one  could  now  believe  possible, 
wrere  it  not  for  convincing  evidence,  of 
which  Capt.  Wheeler  produces  samples. 
The  scandal  was  notorious,  but  the  army 
and  the  public  stood  it  patiently  until  the 
Duke  of  York's  mistress,  Mary  Ann  Clarke, 
actually  obtained  for  her  footman  a 
lieutenant-colonel's  commission  in  a  regi- 
ment serving  in  the  West  Indies. 

Capt.  Wheeler  has  something  to  say 
about  the  linked-battalion  system  and  the 
localization  of  regiments,  which  he  calls 
the  "  third  and  supreme  reform  effected 
by  Mr.  Card  well."  He  is,  of  course,  right 
in  saying  that  the  reform,  which  came 
from  the  civil  side  of  the  War  Office,  had  a 
marked  effect  upon  the  whole  conduct  of 
the  Office,  lifted  it  to  a  higher  level,  and 
won  for  it  on  all  sides  increased  respect. 
But,  even  if  we  admit  that  the  linked- 
battalion  system  has  been  a  boon  (and  to 
do  that  would  be  to  disregard  the  interests 
of  India),  the  argument  of  the  author  is 
curiously  incomplete.  He  asks  us  to  con- 
trast the  attitude  of  the  public  to  Army 
head-quarters  at  the  close  of  the  Crimean 

War  with  the  general  satisfaction  evoked 
by  the  Egyptian  expedition  of  1SK2  ;  and 
we  can  only  wonder  why  he  stopped  at 
1SS2.  and  did  not  refer  to  the  feeling  of  I  he 
public  about  the  waste  of   money  and   the 


distressing  incompetence  of  the  War  Office 
at  the  time  of  our  recent  South  African 
War. 

We  have  found  much  of  Capt.  Wheeler's 
book  heavy  ;  but  interspersed  with  what 
is  dull,  there  is  much  pleasant  reading.  It 
is  refreshing,  for  instance,  to  think  that 
once  upon  a  time  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  War  received  only  i)l/.  D.s.  per  annum, 
and  that  the  stationery  of  the  War  Office 
was  all  bought  for  201.  a  year.  Items  of 
that  kind  help  us  to  endure  many  solid 
pages  which  give  little  but  the  names  of 
undistinguished  and  unknown  servants  at 
the  Horse  Guards  and  in  Pall  Mall.  At 
other  times  the  author  leaves  the  path  he 
set  out  to  follow,  and  introduces  odds  and 
ends  which  amuse,  but  slightly  divert  one 
from  the  theme  of  the  book. 

Unfortunately,  when  he  came  to  write  on 
recent  years  at  the  War  Office,  and  especi- 
ally on  the  Haldane  era,  Capt.  Wheeler 
found  it  impossible  to  set  down  a  clear  or 
sufficiently  detailed  account  of  life  inside 
the  walls  of  the  new  building  in  Whitehall, 
and  of  the  changes  made  by  Lord  Hal- 
dane, and,  in  consequence,  the  last  chap- 
ters in  the  volume  are  unsatisfactory. 
They  tell  us  nothing  that  was  not  already 
public.  They  will  convey  little  or  nothing 
to  the  ordinary  reader,  and  if  any  attempt 
were  to  be  made  to  deal  with  these  latest 
times,  the  changes  should  have  been 
described  with  more  care  and  in  more 
detail. 

We  are  very  glad  that  Capt.  Wheeler, 
who  is  always  most  impartial,  has  drawn 
attention  to  the  way  in  which  the  staff  of 
the  War  Office  is  growing.  He  notes  that 
several  new  services  have  arisen  of  late 
years,  necessitating  the  formation  of  new 
Directorates  ;  but  he  points  out  that, 
while  the  establishment  at  head-quarters  is 
increasing  somewhat  rapidly,  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  numerical  strength 
of  the  regular  army  has  been  considerably 
reduced  in  the  last  eight  years,  that  the 
special  reserve  is  weaker  than  the  old 
militia,  and  that  the  County  Associations 
do  the  greater  part  of  the  work  connected 
with  the  Territorial  force.  Some  answer 
is  needed  to  Capt.  Wheeler's  question, 
"  Where,  then,  is  the  need  for  all  this 
expansion  at  head -quarters  ?  ' 

Of  small  flaws  we  note  that  no  sort  of 
credit  is  given  to  those  Army  reformers 
outside  Parliament,  and  in  Parliament  but 
out  of  office,  who,  by  their  writings  and 
speeches,  forced  on  the  War  Office  reforms 
which  are  discussed  by  Capt.  Wheeler,  and 
for  which  the  whole  credit  is  given  to 
Royal  Commissions  and  Committees,  and 
Secretaries  of  State,  w  ho  often  did  nothing 
more  than  accept  the  reforms  unwillingly 
and     in     response     to     pressure.  Capt. 

Wheeler  is  also  inclined  to  he  too  kind  to 
his  War  .Ministers.  We  do  not  think 
that  many  will  agree  with  his  praise  of 
the    late    Mr.    Stanhope;    and    we   are   sure 

that  it  is  rash  to  describe  Mr.  Brodrick  .i- 

"one  of  the  very  hest  War  .Ministers  the 
country  ever  had.'' 

The  Index  is  an  unsatisfactory  produc- 
tion, as  may  be  judged  bythefacl  that  it 

does  not  contain  the  name  of  Col.  Seely, 
who  is  many  times  spoken  of  in  the  book. 


614 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,   1914 


Shakespeare  Personalty.  By  David  Mas- 
son.  Edited  and  arranged  by  Rosaline 
Masson.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  6s.  net.) 

We  are  grateful  to  Miss  Masson  for  giving 
us  the  Shakespeare  Lectures  which  for 
thirty  years  formed  part  of  her  father's 
professorial  course  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity. From  1865  to  1895,  we  learn, 
he  was  constantly  revising  and  adding  to 
them,  and  they  are  now  published  in 
accordance  with  the  wish  he  expressed 
shortly  before  his  death. 

The  six  lectures  occupy  less  than 
240  pages  of  excellent  print,  which  does 
not  seem  a  large  allowance  for  a  theme 
of  transcendent  interest  in  which  the 
details  are  nothing  like  so  clear  or  so 
easily  comprehensible  as  the  average 
reader  supposes.  To  Milton  especially 
Masson  devoted  all  his  care  and  erudition. 
He  would  not  have  claimed,  we  think,  to 
be  a  specialist  on  Shakespeare,  and  the 
lectures  are  only  a  brief  outline  inciting 
to  further  study.  As  such  they  are 
highly  suggestive  as  well  as  often  eloquent, 
and  perhaps  the  better  for  being  unen- 
cumbered with  the  names  of  the  numerous 
biographers  and  commentators  who  have 
made  guesses,  declared  that  this  passage 
or  that  certainly  represents  Shakespeare's 
own  views,  discovered  prototypes  with 
the  eagerness  of  a  devout  Dickensian, 
and  generally  added  to  the  pile  of  infer- 
ential biography.  Some  of  these  guides 
are  handicapped  by  their  ignorance  of 
Elizabethan  life,  and  it  is  well  to  empha- 
size strongly  the  fact  that  our  own  times 
are  widely  different.  In  view  of  '  Titus 
Andronicus  '  Masson  might  have  explained 
that  the  national  temper  in  Shakespeare's 
day  was  as  prone  to  savagery  as  it  now 
is  to  sentimentality.  The  influence  of 
the  audience  on  Shakespeare's  art  is 
surely  a  matter  of  importance  in  consider- 
ing the  poet's  personal  ideas  and  wishes. 
Why  did  the  creator  of  Falstaff  indulge 
in  so  many  sorry  jests  ?  Why  did  he 
who  could  write  of  the  highest  and  the 
lowest  with  such  exquisite  understanding 
stoop  to  common  coarseness  ?  Masson 
supplies  no  answer  to  these  queries  ;  yet 
they  must  be  answered  when  we  ask 
ourselves  what  sort  of  man  Shakespeare 
was. 

We  should  have  been  glad,  too,  to 
see  a  reference  to  that  aspect  of  Shake- 
speare which  '  The  Diary  of  Master 
William  Silence,'  published  after  Masson 
had  resigned  his  chair  at  Edinburgh, 
admirably     illustrates.  Shakespeare's 

keenness "  for  the  open  air  and  country 
sports  is  a  trait  sufficiently  unusual  in 
men  of  letters.  Walter  Scott  is  the  only 
great  example  that  occurs  to  us.  He 
won  from  his  little  son  this  explanation 
of  his  reputation  :  "  It 's  commonly  him 
that  sees  the  hare  sitting."  Young  Eliza- 
bethans innocent  of  literature  may,  one 
thinks,  have  paid  the  same  tribute  to 
Shakespeare.  But  fancy  Milton  inquir- 
ing the  price  of  bullocks  at  Stamford  Fair, 
or  knowing  that  you  cannot  always  judge 
a  deer  by  the  antlers  alone  !  The  "  pecu- 
niary prudence  "  which  seems  to   shock 


many  in  Shakespeare's  case  Scott  could 
not  claim,  but  the  attitude  of  both  to 
criticism  was,  perhaps,  pretty  nearly  the 
same — to  laugh  and  make  no  other  reply. 

On  Shakespeare  in  social  life  Masson 
offers  some  highly  interesting  conclusions. 
He  credits  him  with  habitual  abstinence 
from  criticism  of  his  contemporaries  or  of 
public  affairs.  The  one  notable  excep- 
tion is  the  elaborate  royal  compliment  in 
'  Henry  VIII.,'  and  we  certainly  do 
question  "  the  amount  of  Shakespeare's 
work  in  this  historical  play,"  though  the 
Professor  declares  it  unnecessary  to  do  so. 

It  is  clear  that  Shakespeare  was  excellent 
company,  and  that  he  saw  and  observed 
all  sorts  of  people.  Here  a  further 
deduction  is  discovered  : — 

"  Shakespeare  had  from  the  first,  from 
natural  fastidiousness  of  taste,  and  from 
reflection  on  what  he  saw,  taken  up,  for  the 
regulation  of  his  own  conduct,  a  decided 
principle  of  non-Bohemianism.  He  would 
be  among  the  Bohemians ;  he  could  not 
help  it  ;  he  would  enjoy  their  humours,  mix 
with  them  in  their  merry  meetings,  and  even 
like  some  of  them  much  personally  and 
befriend  them  all  he  could  ;  but  he  could 
not  and  would  not,  himself,  be  permanently 
one  of  them."' 

Of  all  this  we  cannot  be  sure.  Of  course, 
Shakespeare  did  not  remain  a  Bohemian  ; 
no  Bohemian  of  sense  does  at  the  period 
when,  instead  of  being  an  ill-requited 
artist,  he  can  afford  to  live  a  decent  life 
of  comfort.  But  in  the  early  period  when 
Shakespeare  had  newly  come  to  London 
he  surely  had  much  to  learn  concerning 
life  and  taste.  This  book,  we  are  glad  to 
see,  takes  the  Sonnets  as  records  of  things 
which  actually  occurred.  If  that  record 
is  true,  we  know  that  Shakespeare  was 
human — all  too  human,  and  played  a 
painful  part  in  a  sinister  drama  like  that 
Catullus  rages  over  in  his  passionate 
poetry. 

The  best  part  of  these  lectures,  to  our 
mind,  is  the  development  of  the  theme 
that  certain  ideas  are  so  frequently  or  so 
vividly  insisted  on  in  the  plays  that  they 
must  be  regarded  as  an  essential  part  of 
Shakespeare's  philosophy.  The  study  of 
these  Recurrences  and  Fervours  leads  to 
some  remarkable  results,  especially  in 
regard  to  that  metaphysical  quality  of 
Shakespeare's  art  which  has  not  escaped 
the  attention  of  fine  critics.  Other  great 
writers  have,  and  more  definitely,  this 
deep  sense  of  Death,  Change,  Mortality, 
Time,  but  how  many  of  them  exhibit  also 
the  play  of  delighted  fancy,  interest  in 
all  the  lore  of  the  country  as  well  as  all 
the  hearts  of  men  and  women  ? 

When  well-apparell'd  April  on  the  heel 
Of  limping  winter  treads, 

Shakespeare  is  with  us  among  the  flowers  ; 
he  does  not  make  for  the  city,  like 
Socrates,  because  trees  and  fields  have 
nothing  to  teach  him. 

We  are  glad  to  see  an  Index,  which  adds 
materially  to  the  usefulness  of  the  book. 
The  notes  are  scanty,  and  might  have 
given  more  hints  of  recent  additions  to 
Shakespearian  knowledge. 


The  Corner-Stone  of  Education  :  an  Essay 
on  the  Home  Training  of  Children.  By 
Edward  Lyttelton.  (Putnam's  Sons, 
os.  net.) 

Mr.  Lyttelton's  book  is  a  trumpet-call 
to  the  parents  of  this  age  to  recognize 
that  theirs  is  the  prime  responsibility  in 
the  matter  of  the  education  of  their 
children.  It  rests  with  parents  to  implant 
an  ideal  which  can  do  battle  with  and 
vanquish  the  life  according  to  mere  in- 
clination, and  they  can  do  this  effectively 
by  means  of  parental  love  and  practical 
example.  By  the  time  a  boy  has  reached 
his  public  or  even  his  private  school  it 
is  too  late  to  begin  inculcating  the  ideal 
of  service  to  God  and  man,  and  parents 
cannot  reasonably  throw  the  responsi- 
bility for  the  success  or  failure  of  their 
offspring  on  to  the  shoulders  of  the  school- 
master. 

Such,  in  few  words,  is  the  drift  of  Mr. 
Lyttelton's  book.  Whether  this  age  stands 
in  special  need  of  this  lecture  to  parents 
is  probably  an  arguable  question.  On 
the-  whole,  we  incline  to  think  that 
parents  of  a  century  ago  needed  such  a 
vigorous  reminder  of  their  duty  far  more 
than  parents  of  to-day ;  but  this  mav 
be  allowed  to  pass,  as,  in  fact,  Mr.  Lyttel- 
ton's warnings  are  of  the  kind  that  are 
always  needed.  We  advise  parents  to 
read  these  pages,  not  because  they  make 
altogether  pleasant  reading — they  go  too 
straight  to  the  mark  of  parental  infirmities 
not  to  cause  some  heart-searching — but 
because  the  main  steps  in  the  argument 
are  just,  and,  as  it  is  imperative  to  face 
such  facts,  they  will  be  led  up  to  them 
by  one  whose  experience  and  study  of 
adolescent  life  make  him  a  sympathetic 
monitor. 

We  have  certainly  about  us  enough  of 
self-complacent,  conventional,  prosperous 
men  and  women,  and  enough  life-failures, 
to  justify  the  moral  tightening-up  which 
is  attempted  in  these  pages.  Perhaps  the 
most  interesting,  certainly  the  most  easily 
read,  chapter  in  the  book  is  that  which 
sketches  some  average  types  of  failure  ; 
they  are  well  done,  and  incidentally  show 
that  Mr.  Lyttelton  has  at  least  one  good 
novel  in  him  if  he  could  find  time  to  write 
it.  He  sketches  some  careers  of  men 
who  have  started  out  in  life  without  any 
equipment  for  an  ideal  implanted  at  home,, 
and  who  have  gradually  succumbed  to> 
selfishness  either  in  the  form  of  sensuality 
or  in  the  form  of  pride.  These  are  careers- 
too,  which  few  who  are  not  carefully  trained 
to  observe  would  readily  pronounce  to  be 
failures. 

In  the  next  chapters  we  reach  the  base 
of  the  Avhole  matter,  in  the  discussion 
'  Where  is  the  Source  of  Virtue  1 '  Mr. 
Lyttelton,  with  something  of  the  fire 
of  a  Bunyan,  calls  parents  to  hearken 
more  readily  to  the  "  Stern  daughter 
of  the  Voice  of  God."  Recognizing  fully 
the  mysteriousness  of  all  goodness,  he 
lays  down  some  tangible  principles : — 
at  the  bottom  of  character  -  decay  lies 
the  master- vice  of  egoism ;  every  life 
is  a  thrilling  struggle  between  the  two 
allegiances,  God    and  self  ;   the   ultimate 


No.  4514,  May  '2,   1914 


THE    A  T II E  NiEUM 


615 


issue  (and  this  must  not  be  judged 
at  the  age  of  twenty  or  thirty,  but  of 
fifty  or  sixty  or  seventy)  is  mostly  deter- 
mined by  a  self-committal,  either  to  Cod 

or  self,  which  took  place  in  childhood  ; 
later  conversion  by  school  life  or  personal 
influence  wears  the  aspect  of  a  special 
divine  interposition  ;  the  only  antidote 
to  egoism  is  the  firm  implanting  of  the 
sense  of  the  unseen  ideal  in  the  earliest 
years  : — 

"  The  method  of  so  doing  is  for  parents 
to  exhibit  continually  to  the  child  a  life 
devoted  not  to  self,  but  to  the  servico  of 
(!od  (which  inevitably  takes  the  form  of 
labouring  to  increase  the  happiness  of  our 
fellow  men),  combined  with  such  teaching 
-hall  explain  the  motive  of  such  a  life 
and  its  hope." 

This  is  Mr.  Lyttelton's  message,  and  it  is 
one  of  profound  national  importance. 

We  cannot  say  that  on  the  whole  the 
book  makes  attractive  reading.  It  is 
oast  in  a  highly  argumentative  and  dry 
logical  mould,  and  its  excessive  repetitions 
are  somewhat  trying.  There  are  many 
blemishes  of  diction.  To  say  that 
the  precepts  of  the  Gospel  '*  are  trotted 
out  at  intervals "  suggests  flippancy ; 
and  we  venture  to  enter  a  protest  against 
the  use  of  such  a  word  as  "  gutter-snipe  " 
in  what  is  intended  to  be  a  colourless 
way.  This  word  can  never  be  used  with- 
out a  suggestion  of  contempt ;  and,  like 
•'  mob,"'  in  ninety-nine  cases  out  of  a 
hundred  it  is  misapplied.  We  should 
prefer  the  omission  of  the  word  in  all  its 
contexts  in  this  work,  e.g.  pp.  30,  69,  100. 
Again.  "  the  mother  in  the  slums  "  and 
the  parents  of  elementary-school  children 
are  too  often  used  by  Mr.  Lyttelton  as 
types  of  bad  parenthood;  and  we  fail  to 
see  the  humour  of  the  possible  identifica- 
tion of  the  slum  father  with  "  a  cat's- 
meat  man  "  (p.  47). 

There  are  several  misprints  in  these 
pages,  and  several  aberrations  from  gram- 
mar. In  the  sentence  at  the  top  of  p.  16 
we  can  find  no  sense.  The  fallacious 
Uing  "foregoing"  for  forgoing  finds  a 
place  on  p.  194.  In  a  work  of  this  calibre 
such  blemishes  irritate  ;  we  naturally 
should  wish  so  serious  a  lecture  to  be 
-  teres  at  que  rotundus. 


The  Basis  of  Anglican  Fellowship  in  Faith 
and  Organization.  By  Charles  Gore. 
Bishop  of  Oxford.  (Mowbray  &  Co., 
fid.  net.) 

Tin:  Bishop  of  Oxford's  "pen  Letter' 
to  his  clergy  is  important  chiefly  owing  to 
the  circumstances  which  have  produced 
it.  It  does  not  say  positively  anything 
in' ire  than  Dr.  Gore  has  said  in  times 
past.  Indeed,  he  admits  this.  The  sub- 
stance of  the  letter  i-  an  expansion  of  the 
three  points  which  were  taken  up  by  the 
Bishop  in  a  letter  written  to  The  Times 
during  the  height  of  the  Kikuyu  contro- 

That  substance  U  a-  follow-  The 
English  branch  of  the  Churcli  stands  for  a 
certain  definite  position,  and  from  three 
aides  within   the  Chnrofa    that   standpoint 


is  now  threatened.  That  position  is  de- 
fined by  Dr.  Gore  as  a  liberal  and  Scrip- 
tural Catholicism.  In  his  judgment  the 
Church  is  committed  to  a  continuity  with 
its  past  in  doctrine  and  organization  which 
was  repudiated  by  the  majority  of  Con- 
tinental Reformers.  The  essential  necessity 
of  episcopacy  is  the  cardinal  instance  of 
this.  In  the  same  way  the  Church  of 
England  stands  committed  to  the  ancient 
Creeds  in  a  way  which  few  of  the  non- 
episcopal  bodies  would  allow.  Yet  she  is 
equally  Protestant  in  her  attitude  towards 
mediaeval  accretions  and  Papalist  auto- 
cracy. This  is  substantially  the  Caroline 
doctrine  of  the  Ecclesia  Anglicana,  freed 
from  its  Erastian  affinities,  and  developed 
in  face  of  modern  critical  knowledge. 
This  we  take  Dr.  Gore  to  regard  as  the 
irreducible  minimum  of  Anglicanism  ; 
and  this  is  now  threatened.  On  the  one 
hand — and  this  is  far  the  most  important 
part  of  the  letter  —  a  certain  group  of 
critical  scholars,  who  cannot  away  with 
the  idea  of  miracle,  have  been  asserting  an 
entire  freedom  for  inquiry  within  the  limits 
of  the  Society,  which,  as  the  Bishop  points 
out,  is  fatal  to  the  idea  of  any  corporate 
faith.  It  is  obvious,  if  criticism  is  to  be 
entirely  free,  that  office,  and  perhaps  high 
dignity,  in  the  Church,  may  be  conferred 
not  merely  on  a  Christian  who  denies  the 
Virgin  birth,  but  also  on  a  follower  of 
Drews,  who  denies  the  whole  Gospel 
narrative.  If  a  man  is  to  be  free  to  think 
and  say  anything  he  pleases,  and  still  be 
counted  a  fit  candidate  for  a  bishopric, 
there  can  be  no  corporate  principles  of  any 
kind  at  the  back  of  the  Churcli.  Here  we 
think  the  Bishop  is  right.  The  Church 
is  a  society,  and  it  must  have  some  mean- 
ing, and  therefore  some  limitations  ;  and 
a  man  cannot  be  free  while  acting  as  an 
officer  of  any  society  to  take  a  line  which 
is  opposed  to  its  raison  d'etre. 

On  the  other  hand,  we  think  Dr.  Gore 
wrrong  in  laying  such  emphasis  on  the 
cpuestion  of  sincerity.  In  regard  to  all 
the  formularies  other  than  the  Creeds 
Dr.  Gore  seems  to  approve  of  the 
modern  view  that  all  that  is  required  for 
sincerity  is  a  general  loyalty  to  the  total 
spirit  of  the  Church.  His  adversaries  are 
certain  to  ask  him  how  it  is  possible  to 
treat  differently  the  details  of  the  Creeds. 
In  the  Eucharistic  and  Baptismal  Services 
statements  are  made  about  the  Flood,  and 
the  passage  of  the  Red  Sea,  which,  in  the 
form  they  are  given,  we  suppose  few 
modern  men  would  now  accept — certainh 
not  Dr.  Gore.  If  it  is  not  essential  to 
sincerity  to  believe  in  the  literal  truth  of 
the  one  statement,  why  is  disbelief  in 
the  other  a  breach  of  personal  honour  '. 
We  are  largely  with  Dr.  Gore  in  his  main 
contention,  but  we  think  that  he  and 
other-  .ue  ill-advised  Who  seek  to  preclude 
discussion  by  raising  the  point  of  honour. 
\W  do  not  intend  to  imply  that  the  Creeds 

do  not   hold    a  very  special  position,  as 

expressions  of  the  mind  of  the  Church  ;    but 

we  wish  that  the  Bishop  had  paid  a  little 
more  attention   to  the  arguments  of  PrO- 
•  i  Bethnne-Baker. 
On  the  topic  of  episcopacy   Dr.  Gore 

reiterate-   his   well-known   views.      On  the 


topic  of  Romanizing  we  wish  that  we  could 

hope  for  a  good  healing  on  the  part  of  the 

extremer  section.  But  it  is  doubtful. 
The  Romanizing  party  in  the  Church — 
we  do  not  mean  what  is  known  as  the 
Catholic  party,  but  a  tiny  section  of  it — 
has  gone  further  than  even  Dr.  Gore  sup- 
poses ;  and  so  far  from  wanting  Roman 
practices  apart  from  the  Papacy,  it  is  now 
openly  crying  out  "  Viva  il  Papa  re!" 
It  rejects  criticism,  and  seems  to  have 
lost  touch  with  realities.  Yet  it  is  so  sure 
of  itself  that  we  fear  these  warnings  by 
the  Bishop  (whom  above  all  others  it. 
ought  to  follow)  will  fall  upon  deaf  ears. 

One  practical  point  Dr.  Gore  argues. 
He  declares  in  regard  to  the  non-natural 
interpretation  of  the  Creeds  that  the 
tolerance  of  the  English  episcopate  has 
almost  reached  the  point  where  it  becomes 
complicity.  To  purge  themselves  from 
this  charge,  the  Bishop  not  obscurely 
suggests,  a  declaration  of  their  own  sense 
is  needful  ;  and  he  uses  words  which  imply 
that,  unless  some  such  declaration  is 
forthcoming,  he  will  be  driven  to  resign 
his  see. 

We  sincerely  trust  that  this  calamity 
will  be  averted.  The  Bishop's  zeal  for 
social  reform,  and  his  real  sense  of  the 
terrific  evils  of  modern  capitalism,  make 
him  a  tower  of  strength  to  all  wrho  are 
hoping  for  a  more  sympathetic  attitude 
of  the  Church  in  these  matters.  Besides 
this,  in  spite  of  his  High  Church  opinions, 
Dr.  Gore  is  probably  more  popular  with 
Nonconformists  than  any  other  prelate 
now  on  the  bench.  We  see  no  object  ion 
to  a  declaration  in  the  sense  suggested  by 
Dr.  Gore,  provided  it  be  confined  to  a 
statement  of  the  bishops'  own  interpreta- 
tion, and  perhaps  of  settled  policy  in 
regard  to  ordination  candidates.  We  do 
not  think  it  would  be  wise  to  raise  the 
question  of  sincerity,  and  we  are  glad  to  see 
that  Dr.  Gore  is  opposed  to  any  attempt 
at  prosecution. 

This  is  all  one  can  say  here.  Everybody 
who  is  interested  in  religion  should  buy 
the  pamphlet.  It  costs  but  sixpence,  and 
is  written  with  that  grasp  and  lucidity 
which  are  no  less  characteristic  of  Dr. 
Gore's  writings  than  their  lack  of  graces 
of  stvle. 


The  English  People  Oversea*. —  Vol.  VI. 
South  Africa,  1486-1913.  By  A.  Wvatt 
Tilby.      (Constable  &  Co..  Is.  6U  net.) 

A  PICTURESQUELY,  rather  brilliant  ly,  w  rit- 
ten  volume  on  '  South  Africa.  I  Jsti  L913,1 
completes    Mr.     Wyatt     Tilby's     '  English 

People  Overseas.'     Probably    or  internal 

evidence  is  at  fault  Mr.  Tilby  has  no 
great  first-hand  knowledge  of  the  country  ; 
but  he  has  the  "authorities"  evidently 
at  his  fingers"  ends,  and  the  library  of  .Mr. 
Mendelssohn,  the  bibliographer  of  South 
Africa,  was  in  a  good  hour  placed  at  his 
disposal.  Never  was  historian  more  meti- 
culous in  research.  Me  comes  after  Sir 
Charles  Lucas,  and  perhaps  a  ecu.-  of 
"short  histories''  conveniently  informing 
and  readable.  Vet  the  excellent  puipOM 
to  which  he  has  read  brings  freshness  to  the 


<>!(> 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


familiar  narrative.     In  the  account  of  the 
beginnings  quaint  notes  are  struck   out 
of  such  early  South  African  classics  as 
Mr.  Ian  Colvin's  delightful  '  Cape  of  Ad- 
venture '    introduced    to    many    English 
readers.     Janssen's  battle  with  Baird  in 
1806  is  given  with  spirit  from  Janssen's 
own  narrative,  though  beyond  a  reference 
to  the  Reit  Vlei  we  are  given  no  inkling 
where  in  the  Cape  the  fight  took  place. 
Slachter's  Nek  Mr.  Tilby  has  apparently 
got  up  for  himself  from  the  archives  of 
Mr.    Leibbrandt,    and    he    can    quote    a 
British   Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  in 
his    place    in    the   House    of    Commons, 
a.d.   1819,  on  the  amenity  of  the  Cape 
climate.     Occasional    slips    of    no    great 
consequence  impress  us  from  the  author's 
very    mastery    of    detail.     He    omits    to 
mention  that  Britain  gave  up  Java  to  the 
Dutch   in   return  for  Cape   Colony  ;   and 
6,000,000i. ,  not  3,000,0002.,  was  the  sum 
paid   in   settlement.     Also,   Mr.   Tilby  is 
regrettably  unsound  upon  Constantia,   a 
great  wine  in  its  day,  much   laid  down 
by  Keith  in  his  Scottish  seat  of  Tulliallan, 
presented  to  him  for  taking  the  Cape,  and 
fairly  excellent  in  the  cellars  thereof    to 
this  hour.     On  the  other  hand,  the  Boers 
are    treated    handsomely  in   Mr.   Tilby's 
fourth  chapter — nay,  almost  in  the  manner 
of  Gibbon  : — 

"  The  isolation  of  the  settler  in  the  interior 
of  Cape  Colony  from  the  moving  tide  of  the 
world's  events  and  contemporary  thought 
was,  perhaps,  as  much  to  blame  for  his  heavy 
lethargy  as  the  coarse  and  too  plentiful 
cooking  for  his  table.  And  in  this  respect 
the  South  African  farmer  was  indeed  lonely  ; 
but  he  was  contented  to  be  lonely,  to  lie  at 
peace  in  a  back-water  of  life,  while  others 
more  active,  or  at  least  more  restless, 
sought  the  main  stream  of  human  endeavour. 
For  if  society  was  lacking  in  the  remoter 
districts  of  the  Colony,  the  Cape  Dutchman 
showed  little  inclination  to  substitute  the 
silent  company  of  literature  for  the  social 
intercourse  which  his  solitary  situation 
forbade.  ..  .In  general  these  men  were 
prosperous.  Great  wealth  was  not,  indeed, 
their  portion.  But  most  gained  more  than 
a  bare  subsistence,  and  many  were  able 
to  spend  their  surplus  in  improving  their 
estates,  and  enlarging  their  great  rambling 
houses.  Labour  in  the  days  of  slaves  and 
paternal  rule  was  cheap  —  the  price  of  the 
labourer  was  his  cost ;  and  the  Dutchman, 
one  of  the  most  domestic  of  human  animals, 
often  put  his  slaves  to  build,  and  spent 
an  admirable  care  on  the  decoration  of  his 
home.  The  beauty  of  these  old  Dutch 
houses  in  Cape  Colony  and  their  slumbrous 
air  of  quiet  ease  spoke  of  a  homely,  happy 
breed  of  men,  who  found  their  pleasures 
with  their  family  and  serving -folk  at  home." 

The  description,  with  some  allowance  for 
Mr.  Tilby's  majesty  of  phrase,  is  applicable 
to  the  Dutch  country  gentleman  of  the 
Cape  Peninsula  in  old  days,  not,  alas  ! 
to  the  Cape  farmer  passim  of  any  date. 
But  we  like  (in  moods)  an  author  who 
is  not  afraid  of  a  little  fine  writing.  This 
is  how  Mr.  Tilby  prefaces  his  account  of 
the  English  immigration,  1820-42  : — 

'  The  thirty  years  after  the  close  of  the 
Napoleonic  wars  in  1815  saw  Britain  faced 
with  a  prolonged  industrial  and  social  crisis. 
Many  an  honest  man  in  those  years  found  no 
work  to  his  hand  ;  many  was  without  a  roof 
to  his  head,  or  a  bed   for  his  wife,  or  bread 


for  his  child.  Distrust  of  the  present  and 
despair  of  the  future  drove  hundreds  to  out- 
rage and  crime.  Side  by  side  with  the 
wealth  that  made  the  presence  of  poverty 
more  grim  by  contrast,  utter  destitution 
stalked  the  land  ;  and  so  threatening  was 
the  outlook  at  times,  that  thare  were  some 
who  even  feared  that  nineteenth  -century 
England  might  suffer  the  fate  of  eighteenth- 
century  France,  and  see  the  very  foundations 
of  society  dissolve  under  the  stress  of  those 
for  whom  society  seemed  to  have  no 
recognized  place  within  its  ranks." 

Mr.  Tilby  likes  to  improve  the  occasion 
here  and  elsewhere,  and  certain  passages 
in  his  history — not  this — are  coloured  out 
of  verisimilitude.     But  it  is  an  admirable 
chapter    which    follows     this    induction. 
Admirable,   too,  and    informing   are   the 
chapters  on  the  development  of  the  North, 
on  the  history  of  missionary  endeavour  in 
South  Africa,  and  those  tracing,  with  clear- 
ness and  substantial  accuracy,  that  amaz- 
ing course  of  events  which  led  from  the 
Great   Trek   and   the  foundation   of   the 
Boer  Republics — by  stages  like  the  Boer 
War  of   1881,   the  establishment  of   the 
gold     industry    in     Witwatersrand,     the 
troubles  of  the  Uitlanders  and  the  Jameson 
Raid,  and  the  South  African  War — to  the 
reconstruction    of    South    Africa    under 
Lord    Milner's    guidance,    and    the    con- 
summation of  that  Act  of  Union  which, 
following   on    the    grant    of    responsible 
government  to   the  new   colonies  in  flat 
defiance  of  his  policy,  was  nevertheless 
the  direct  fruit  of  his  labours.     Mr.  Tilby 
praises,   as  well  he   may,   the  Lyttelton 
Constitution   for   sound   statecraft.      The 
Liberal    Constitution,     "  judged     by    its 
results,  was,  by  accident  or  design,  great 
statesmanship."     We  welcome  the  qualify- 
ing clauses.     Adroitly  enough,  indeed,  in 
Mr.     Tilby's     phrase,     "  the     paths     of 
liberty  and  party  advantage  were  made  to 
coincide  "  the  Transvaal,  by  the  grant  of 
responsible    government,    being    left    to 
settle   the   problem   of   Chinese   labour — 
nearly  four  years   later  there  were  still 
6,516  indentured  Chinamen  on  the  Rand 
— and  the  Imperial  Government  absolved 
from   its  election  promises.     But   so  far 
as  the  future  of  South  Africa  was  con- 
cerned the  new  Constitution  was  nothing 
but  a  gamble.      Three  elements  saved  it 
from   the   fate    which    is   apt   to   attend 
gambles  :  the  excellence  of  the  work  of  re- 
construction, which  General  Botha  admit- 
ted in  private  was  "  too  fine  to  destroy  "  ; 
the  personal  characters,  mutual  sympathy, 
and  idealism  of   General  Botha   and   Sir 
Starr  Jameson  ;  and  that  other  legacy  of 
Lord  Milner's  to  South  Africa,  the  impulse 
to  Union,  which  his  old  pupils  and  lieu- 
tenants, remaining  in  the  country  after 
their   chief's   return   home,    carried   to    a 
triumphant  conclusion. 

Of  the  permanent  fruits  of  the  Union 
Mr.  Tilby  writes  with  a  confident  expec- 
tation which  we  only  hope  will  be  justified. 
We  do  not  the  less  appreciate  his  chapters 
on  the  Union  —  the  best  in  his  book — 
because  we  remark  on  a  tendency  to 
smooth  over  old  difficulties,  and  to  present 
certain  phases  in  a  key  of  colour  a  little 
more  brilliant  than  the  truth.  Can  it  truly 
be  said  that  "  Milner's  honesty  and  that 


of  the  Imperial  Government  in  dealing 
with  these  stubborn  people"  in  1902-6 
"  were  not  without  effect,"  or  that  the 
Boer  generals  (who  had  not  put  out  a  finger 
to  help)  "  prepared,"  after  the  final 
rebuff  from  the  Colonial  Office  to  their 
preposterous  demands,  "  to  organize  their 
own  people  in  readiness  for  co-operation 
with  the  British  "  %  Mr.  Tilby  takes  for 
granted  that  Hertzogism  is  dead  and 
done  with  : — 

"  South  Africa  as  a  whole  [he  writes  in 
his  concluding  pages]  now  began  to  tarn 
from  the  settled  subject  of  Union  to  those 
other  issues  of  economics  and  industry  and 
agricultural  or  trade  development,  from, 
which  attention  had  been  too  long  diverted 
by  the  white  men's  quarrel." 

The  Union  has,  indeed,  troubles  on  its 
hands — the  vexed  problem  of  white  labour, 
not  less  troublous  for  the  victories  of 
labour  candidates  at  the  recent  elections  ; 
the  vast  and  always  gathering  problem 
of  the  black  man — questions  only  to  be 
tackled  successfully  by  a  united  nation, 
South  African,  neither  Dutch  nor  English. 


History  of  Roman  Private  Law. — Part  II. 
Jurisprudence.  2  vols.  By  E.  C.  Clark. 
(Cambridge  University  Press,  1Z.  ls.net.) 

It  is  eight  years  since  Prof.  Clark  published 
the  first  part  of  the  '  History  of  Roman 
Private  Law,'  of  which  these  two  volumes 
are  nominally  the  second.  The  large 
enterprise  on  which  he  started  is  unfortu- 
nately in  some  danger  of  not  being 
carried  out. 

"  This  work  [he  writes  in  a  Prefatory 
Note]  was  written  as  part  of  a  History  of 
Roman  Private  Law,  which  I  can  scarcely 
hope  to  complete,  but  for  which  I  have  been 
collecting  notes  and  other  materials  during 
many  years." 

Though  we  hope  that  Prof.  Clark,  who 
has  given   many  proofs  of  his  learning 
and    acuteness    as    a    legal    writer,    will 
succeed  in  carrying  out  his  original  plan,, 
we  regret  that  he  has  made  the  present 
work    a   nominal   part   of   it.     It   is   an 
independent  work  on  jurisprudence,  rather 
than  an  instalment  of  a  history  of  Roman 
private    law,    and    the    misleading    title 
under  which  it  is  published  may  interfere 
with   a  proper  recognition,   not  only  of 
its  scope,  but  also  of  its  merits.     It  is 
concerned   not  so  much  with  the  history 
and  influence  of   Roman  law  as  with  the 
origin    and    domain    of    all    law.     The 
development  of  custom  into  law,  the  re- 
lations of  law  and  morality,  the  functions 
of   Parliament,   the  influence  of  judicial 
decisions,  the  nature  of  private  property 
— on  all  these  matters,  as  on  the  Austinian 
theorjr  that  law  originated  in  a  command 
by    a    sovereign    authority,    Prof.    Clark 
makes  an  impressive  use  of  his  powers  of 
lucid  exposition  and  penetrating  criticism. 
To  the  usual  sources  of  law — custom,  the 
Legislature,  and  the  Bench — he  adds  one 
which  has  not  always  obtained  the  recog- 
nition it  deserves,   and  few  passages  in 
these  800  pages  are  more  instructive  than 
that  in  which  he  indicates  the  influence 
which    famous    textbook    writers    have 


No.  4514,    May  2,   1914 


THE    A  T II  E  N  JE  IT  M 


617 


exercised  in  the  domain  of  constitutional 
and  international  law  : — 

"In  Internal iomil  Law  the  part  of  the 
Text-book  writer  lias  been,  and  still  is. 
infinitely  more  important  than  in  National. 
Between  independent  States  there  is,  ex 
hi/potfn^i.  no  Sovereign,  and  therefore  no 
overriding  oroompeting  legislation,  statutory 
or  judicial.  To  tabulate  precedents,  which 
could  only  be  regarded  as  binding,  on  a  pre- 
sumption of  consistency,  upon  the  National 
executive  or  judicative  from  which  they  pro- 
i  ceded ;  principles,  which  had  often  to  be 
inferred  trom  agreements  only  valid  between 
the  parties  to  them  :  to  build  together  these 
materials  with  a  structure  based  on  general 
grounds  of  justice  and  humanity — this  was 
the  noble  work  of  Grotius  and  his  successors  : 
iUid,  until  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  it 
must  be  regarded  as  their  work  alone." 

In  the  effect  of  the  writings  of  great 
jurists  upon  the  modern  rules  of  war  is, 
perhaps,  most  clearly  to  be  perceived  the 
truth  of  the  trite  saying  that  "  the  pen 
is  mightier  than  the  sword." 

Some  of  the  strong  expressions  of 
opinion  in  these  two  volumes  would 
create  an  agreeable  sense  of  novelty  even 
in  an  ordinary  work  on  jurisprudence. 
Prof.  Clark  strays  not  infrequently  into 
the  well-trodden  fields  of  current  politics. 
The  constitution  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
the  working  of  the  Parliament  Act,  the 
merits  of  the  Referendum,  the  Irish 
demand  for  Home  Rule,  the  growth  of  the 
Labour  Party,  the  admission  of  women 
to  the  franchise,  and  the  incidence  of  the 
income  tax  are  among  the  highly  con- 
troversial subjects  he  discusses  with  the 
vigour  that  usually  belongs  to  the  jurist 
who  turns  politician.  Occasionally  he 
would  seem  to  refrain  from  carrying  his 
views  to  their  logical  conclusion  : — 

"  Utopian  as  it  may  seem  at  present,  I 
still  believe  in  the  justice  and  wisdom  of 
making  Income  Tax  payable,  pro  rata,  by 
every  single  voter,  without  either  distinction 
or  allowance,  down  to  a  low  minimum,  and 
on  an  assumed  yearly  value  below  that 
minimum.  Until  which  principle  be  estab- 
lished, it  is  submitted  that  a  double  vote 
ought  to  be  given  to  every  Income  Tax 
payer." 

If  a  man  who  earns  2001.  a  year  is  entitled 
to  two  votes  as  against  a  man  who  earns 
but  1001. ,  how  many  votes  ought  a  man 
to  have  who  pays  income  tax  on  200,000Z.  ? 
This  is  an  obvious  problem  which  the 
Professor,  who  is  precise  and  resourceful 
in  dealing  with  purely  juristic  questions, 
makes  not  the  slightest  attempt  to  solve. 
He  is  on  safer  and  more  orthodox  ground 
when  he  criticizes  the  ambiguity  of  Acts 
of  Parliament.  Prof.  Clark,  forgetting 
that  even  in  Cromwell's  day  the  laws  of 
England  were  "  an  ungodly  jumble,"  and 
that  the  pernicious  system  of  legislation 
by  reference  is  largely  responsible  for  the 
chaotic  condition  of  the  Statute  Book, 
is  rather  too  ready  to  ascribe  the  imper- 
fect phraseology  of  modern  statutes  to 
the  democratic  form  of  government,  but 
in  the  main  his  criticism  is  sound  as  well 
as  interesting  : — 

"As  wo  look  at  the.  yearly  additions  to 
the  English  Statute  Book, we  must  feel  that 
4-le.irness  or  consistency   cannot    be   much 

relied  upon  in  direct  legislation  by  a  popular 


assembly,  with  unlimited  power  of  '  amend- 
ment '  by  individual  legislators,  the  majority 
of  whom,  though  they  may  not  treat  every- 
thing as  a  party  question,  are  yet  in  the  main 
as  ignorant  of  the  general  principles,  notions, 
and  distinctions  of  Law  as  they  are  of 
Political  Economy.  1  fear  it  would  be  a 
counsel  of  perfection  to  prescribe  a  study  of 
Jurisprudence  as  a  panacea  for  this  common 
blemish  in  the  more  democratic  Parliamen- 
tary Legislatures.  The  main  hope  for 
greater  brevity,  clearness,  and  consistency 
lies,  perhaps,  in  a  greater  appreciation  and 
use  of    expert  committees."' 

If  ever  the  ordinary  legislator  is  required 
to  begin  a  study  of  jurisprudence,  he 
could  not,  perhaps,  do  better  than  en- 
deavour to  make  himself  well  acquainted 
with  this  instructive  and  lucid  work, 
though  neither  its  ill-chosen  title  nor 
Prof.  Clark's  livel}'-  allusions  to  the  short- 
comings of  popular  assemblies  are  calcu- 
lated to  encourage  him  to  undertake  the 
task. 


Hunting  the  Elephant  in  Africa,  and  Other 
Recollections  of  Thirteen  Years'  Wander- 
ings. By  Capt.  C.  H.  Stigand.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.,  10s.  Od.  net.) 

In  the  Introduction  Col.  Roosevelt  bears 
testhnony  to  the  author's  qualifications 
for  the  task  he  has  undertaken.  Not 
only  is  he  one  of  the  most  noted  African 
sportsmen  and  travellers,  he  is  also  of 
recognized  rank  as  a  naturalist ;  conse- 
quently, with  the  ample  opportunities  he 
has  enjoyed,  his  observations  are  entitled 
to  respect.  Among  other  things  he  has 
specially  studied  the  intricate  and  vexed 
question  of  "  protective  coloration "  ; 
his  conclusions,  agreeing  generally  as  they 
do  with  those  of  Mr.  F.  C.  Selous,  are  com- 
mended, whilst  those  scientific  men  who 
hold  other  views  are  rebuked  for  following 
a  "  fad  which,  for  quite  a  time,  carries 
even  sane  men  off  their  feet."  Some  species 
are  protective ly  coloured  ;  some,  notably 
the  smaller  mammals  and  birds,  doubt- 
fully so  ;  others,  including  most  big  birds 
and  mammals,  are  certainly  unprotected 
by  their  coloration.  These  are  the  con- 
clusions at  which  Col.  Roosevelt  has 
arrived,  and  he  claims  Capt.  Stigand  as  a 
supporter. 

That  officer  has  in  the  course  of  his  ser- 
vice had  many  opportunities  for  the  pur- 
suit of  big  game  in  Africa,  and  has  recorded 
his  opinion  that  the  elephant  surpasses  all 
other  animals  in  affording  sport.  He 
says  : — 

"  There  is  something  so  fascinating  and 
absorbing  about  elephant  hunting  that  those 
who  have  done  much  of  it  can  seldom  take 
interest  again  in  any  other  form  of  sport .... 
Everything  else  seems  little  and  insignificant 
by  comparison." 

He  laments  the  lot  of  the  hunter  now 

as  contrasted  with  what  it  formerly  was — 
exorbitant  and  restrictive  licences  in  place 
of  unlimited  numbers  and  no  licence. 
Set,  apart  from  the  financial  aspect  of  the 

expeditions,   We   dO   not    see   great    cause  of 

complaint :    unlimited  slaughter  in  a  fen 

years  of  animals  which   take  a  great    pari 

of  a  century  to  mature  is  pool  eoonomy, 

and  can  have  but  one  result. 


The  first  expedition  described  was  to 
the  Aberdare  range,  where  the  climate  is 
sometimes  too  cold  to  be  pleasant.  Thus, 
when  a  good  bull  was  being  selected — one 
of  the  two  allowed  by  the  licence — sleet, 
which  soon  turned  to  hail,  began  to  fall,  and 
became  so  severe  that  the  sportsmen  could 
not  stand  up  to  it,  but  had  to  seek  shelter 
behind  a  tree.  They  were  soon  benumbed, 
and  on  looking  round  saw  two  rhinos  calmly 
surveying  the  scene.  One  was  fired  at 
with  a  Mannlicher,  but  reloading  was  pre- 
vented by  a  big  hailstone  jamming  the 
breach  ;  fortunately  Capt.  Stigand's  com- 
panion finished  off  the  rhino,  and  the  other 
one  bolted.  An  elephant  which  had  been 
wounded  was  followed,  but  the  hail 
obliterated  the  tracks,  and  it  was  never 
recovered.  Another  was  lost  for  want  of 
time  to  follow  it  up,  and  apparently 
through  doubt  as  to  which  path  it  had 
taken,  for  a  Swahili  offered  the  consolation, 
"  It  was  the  two  paths  which  defeated 
the  old  hyaena,"  referring  to  the  story  that 
in  a  moment  of  doubt  the  right  legs  of 
the  beast  took  the  right-hand  path,  the 
left  legs  the  other,  and  so  it  split  in  two  ! 

The  power  of  tracking,  that  is,  of  follow- 
ing game  by  its  footprints  or  other  traces 
of  its  path,  is  much  more  developed  in 
Asia  or  Africa  than  with  us  ;  indeed,  in 
Northern  and  Western  India  it  was  culti- 
vated to  an  extraordinary  perfection.  The 
tracker  in  old  times  was  the  most  useful 
person  to  catch  a  thief,  or  to  follow  stolen 
animals,  seldom  failing,  even  though 
footprints  were  much  obliterated  or  con- 
fused by  crowds  of  the  same  animal  having 
passed  the  same  route.  The  art  is  for 
the  most  part  lost,  but  still  on  occasion 
great  skill  is  shown.  The  author  reports 
that  in  Africa  trackers  vary  greatly  in 
different  localities  :  in  one  place  they  are 
good,  in  another  bad,  and  British  East 
Africa  has  the  worst. 

Of  rhinoceros,  Capt.  Stigand  says  they 
are  generally  killed  easily,  and  that  he  is  not 
interested  in  shooting  them  ;  yet  he  has 
had  a  sufficiently  exciting  time  with  one. 
Having  fired  and  turned  one  from  a  charge, 
he  found  another  bearing  down  on  him. 

'  There  was  no  time  to  reload,  so  I  tried 
to  jump  out  of  his  path,  with  the  usual 
result  in  thick  stuff,  that  one  tripped  up. 
He  kicked  me  in  passing,  and  then,  with  a 
celerity  surprising  in  so  ponderous  a  creature, 
he  whipped  round,  and  the  next  moment  1 
felt  myself  soaring  up  skywards.  1  must 
have  gone  some  height,  as  my  men  on  the 
elephant  track  said  thai  they  saw  me  over 
the  grass,  which  was  ten  or  twelve  feel  high. 

....Next  I  looked  round  for  my  rifle,  and 
espied  it  on  the  ground  a  little  way  off.  I 
picked  it  Up  and  examined  it  to  see  it  it  had 
been  injured.  While  doing  this  J  suddenly 
found  that  a  finger  nail  had  been  torn  on 
and  was  bleeding.      Directly  I  discovered  it, 

it  became  very  peinful. 

"  Whilst    examining    this    injury    some    of 
my     men     appeared     and     uttered     cries    of 

horror.     I  could  not  make  out  why  they  were 

so  concerned  till  I  glanced  at  my  chest  and 
saw    thai     my    shirt    had    been    ripped    open 

and  was  covered  with  blood,  whilst  there 
was  a  tremendous  gash  in  the  left  side  of  my 
chest,  just  above  the  spot  in  which  the  heart 
is  popularly  supposed  to  lx>  situated.  Small 
bits  ot  mincemeat  were  also  lying  about  on 
my  chest  and  dun . 


018 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


Though  thus  dazed  and  damaged,  he 
walked  to  the  nearest  village,  where  he 
dressed  his  wound  and  tried  to  sleep.  An 
Indian  hospital  assistant  arrived  on  the 
scene,  skilfully  stitched  up  the  wound,  and 
in  three  weeks  Capt.  Stigand  was  able  to 
inarch  240  miles  in  ten  days. 

Next  we  have  more  elephant  hunting, 
and  are  then  introduced  to  the  buffalo. 
The  old  question  is  raised  which  game  is  the 
most  dangerous :  lion,  elephant,  rhino, 
leopard,  or  buffalo.  Capt.  Stigand  places 
them  in  that  order,  but  remarks  that  the 
question  is  like  asking  whether  steeple- 
chasing  or  motor  racing  is  the  more 
dangerous,  and  adds  that  personally  he  is 
more  afraid  of  the  buffalo,  because  he  has 
not  yet  been  mauled  by  one  ! 

Chapters  on  lions,  servants,  curious 
hunting  incidents,  camp  hints,  insects  and 
their  mimicry,  and  protective  coloration 
follow,  and  all  are  good  reading  and  worth 
attention.  The  book  is  sufficiently  illus- 
trated, the  type  is  good,  and  there  is  an 
Index. 


The  History  of  the  Grain  Trade  in  France, 
1400-1710.  By  Abbott  Payson  Usher. 
(Oxford  University  Press ;  Harvard 
University  Press,  8s.  6d.  net.) 

The  enormous  masses  of  documents 
relating  to  the  grain  trade  in  France 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  municipal 
archives  of  the  country  are  almost  virgin 
soil  so  far  as  economic  history  is  con- 
cerned. The  multiplicity  of  sources  and 
the  lack  of  obvious  landmarks  have  made 
Dr.  Usher's  task  one  of  the  greatest 
difficulty.  All  endeavours  to  arrive  at 
generalizations  are  in  vain  before  such 
a  complication  of  rival  interests  as  the 
grain  trade  presents.  Province  com- 
petes with  province  for  permission  to 
export ;  city  competes  with  city  to  obtain 
the  greatest  benefit  from  one  particular 
area  of  supply. 

The  author  devotes  special  attention 
to  two  great  cities  and  their  areas  of 
supply.  The  cases  of  Paris  and  Lyons 
present  many  striking  differences.  The 
large  Paris  area,  in  the  Upper  Seine  Valley, 
could  be  relied  upon  to  produce  regularly 
crops  of  the  necessary  size.  At  the  worst, 
the  neighbouring  areas  of  Rouen  and 
Orleans  could  be  tapped.  But  Lyons 
was  in  an  altogether  different  position. 
The  narrow  Rhone  basin  from  which  it 
drew  its  grain  was  geographically  isolated, 
and  the  pressure  of  dearth  was  keenly 
felt.  Languedoc  and  Provence  had  to 
be  drawn  upon,  but  this  only  meant  a 
redistribution  of  misery. 

A  relation  of  great  interest  is  worked 
out  when  Dr.  Usher  is  dealing  with  the 
regulation  from  Paris  of  the  grain  trade. 
Even  to-day,  with  all  our  Governmental 
machinery,  aspirations  are  almost  as 
difficult  as  ever  to  translate  into  legis- 
lation. The  theories  of  Colbert  and  those 
incompletely  developed  views  which  were 
later  elaborated  by  the  Physiocrats  are 
curiously  reflected  in  the  Edicts  of  the  time. 

Efforts  to  secure  an  adequate  distribu- 
tion   led    to    some     strange    results.     A 


"  Chambre  d'Abondance  "  came  into  exist- 
ence at  Lyons  in  1528,  when  a  system  of 
municipal  trading  was  initiated  which  out- 
lasted the  seventeenth  century.  But  it 
attempted  to  provide  the  inhabitants  of 
Lyons  with  grain  under  cost  price,  and 
was  by  no  means  popular.  The  ex- 
pedient which  finally  solved  the  problem  of 
the  food  supply  of  Paris  was  the  simple 
one  of  the  wholesale  market.  Nicolas 
Delamare,  a  Paris  official,  who  appears 
several  times  in  the  pages  of  this  book, 
was  chiefly  responsible  for  the  innovation. 
He  seems  to  have  been  a  pertinacious 
person,  with  a  sharp  eye  for  engrossers. 
He  noticed  the  good  effects  of  an  open 
wholesale  market  at  Bray,  and  in  1709 
started  a  more  important  market  at 
Vitry.  This  immediately  allowed  Paris 
to  benefit  by  the  produce  of  Lorraine,  and 
secured  the  organization  of  the  growers 
on  the  Marne. 

There  is  a  certain  lack  of  consecutive- 
ness  in  Dr.  Usher's  treatment  of  the 
subject,  no  doubt  due  to  its  diversities. 
But  he  has  clearly  not  spared  himself 
in  the  production  of  this  substantial 
chapter  of  the  history  of  European  trade — 
a  history  that  is  as  yet  largely  unwritten. 


FICTION. 


Letters    to    Caroline.     By    Elinor     Glyn. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.,  2s.  net.) 

That  numerous  public  which  hangs  expec- 
tant on  Mrs.  Glyn's  creations  will,  we 
venture  to  think,  acknowledge  a  slight 
feeling  of  disappointment  in  her  latest 
departure.  By  previous  experiences  her 
admirers  have  been  led  to  associate  her 
name  with  the  gay,  the  audacious — in  fine, 
with  the  "  spicy  "  note  in  fiction.  In  the 
present  case  their  only  compensation  for 
the  absence  of  such  attractions  will  be  the 
novelty  of  finding  their  author  throughout 
in  a  moralizing  vein.  The  morality,  it  is 
true,  is  of  no  lofty  order,  and  cannot  be 
said  to  be  even  distantly  tinged  with 
emotion.  But  these  qualifications  by  no 
means  make  against  dullness — rather  the 
contrary ;  and  that  unpardonable  sin  is 
avoided,  if  avoide'd  at  all,  only  by  the 
narrowest  possible  margin. 

Caroline  is  a  girl  of  17,  an  heiress,  and 
apparently  an  orphan,  and  the  letters  of 
the  title  are  addressed  to  her  by  her  god- 
mother, a  circumstance  giving  rise  to  some 
curious  reflections.  From  Scripture,  and 
perhaps  from  personal  observation,  we 
know  that  a  friend  may  sometimes  be 
closer  to  us  than  a  brother.  But  few  value 
the  intercourse  of  friendship  above  that  of 
kindred  as  affording  superior  opportunities 
for  hearing  uncomfortable  truths  about 
ourselves.  Yet  in  Mrs.  Glyn's  view  it 
would  seem  that  the  tie  formed  at  the 
baptismal  font  confers  privileges  in  this 
kind  far  surpassing  those  of  blood  relation- 
ship. We  are  confident  that  if  a  mere 
mother — much  more  a  mere  aunt — were 
to  express  herself  in  the  spirit  of  uncom- 
promising candour  which  animates  this 
volume,    a    family    feud    of    respectable 


magnitude  would  be  the  result.  As  it  is, 
we  are  left  wondering  whether  Caroline, 
while  ostensibly  accepting  her  schooling 
with  grateful  submission  (she  is  even 
"  sweet  enough  "  to  ask  for  more  !),  is  not 
all  the  while  determined  that  her  first 
action  on  acquiring  a  house  of  her  own  will 
be  to  close  its  doors  against  the  Mentor. 
As  specimens  of  godmotherly  solicitude 
we  may  mention  three  comments  on  the 
poor  girl's  portrait  (drawn  at  Paris  by  a 
friend,  and  forwarded  to  the  inexorable 
critic  in  a  spirit  of  pathetic  confidence) : 
"  I  must  confess  it  shocks  and  disconcerts 
me."  "Her  type is  not  distin- 
guished." "  Her  style,  I  must  frankly 
say,  is  common."  Or  take  this  gracious 
prediction,  which  for  the  younger  lady 
must  have  opened  out  an  entrancing 
prospect  indeed : — 

"  If  when  I  see  you  I  perceive  that,  though 
sweet  and  well  educated,  you  are  still  of  a 
commonplace  turn  of  mind,  I  shall  desist 
from  teaching  you  to  be  a  personage,  but 
encourage  you  to  take  sensible  pleasure  in 
the  thing  suitable  to  your  brain  capacity." 

Only  a  very  exalted  or  very  contempt- 
ible character  could  endure  such  language 
without  resentment,  and  both  these  ex- 
tremes Mrs.  Glyn  is,  above  all  things, 
anxious  to  deprecate  for  her  goddaughter. 
The  inculcation  of  a  golden,  or  at  all  events 
a  lucrative  mediocrity,  in  action  alike  and 
motive,  is  her  avowed  aim.  Thus  Caro- 
line, if  she  draws  an  unlucky  number  in  the 
matrimonial  lottery,  must  "be  a  noble 
woman  and  do  her  duty,"  on  the  ground 
that 

"you  will  not  always  be  young,  and  that 
many  years  of  your  life  will  probably  be  passed 
when  the  respect  of  the  world,  a  good  position, 
and  the  material  advantages  will  count  more 
than  the  romantic  part  of  love.''' 

(The  italics  here,  and  in  many  other 
passages,  are  the  author's.)  She  should 
"  remain  faithful  to  her  friends,"  subject 
always  to  the  consideration  that  "  you  will 
be  wise  never  to  be  drawn  into  a  set  one 
iota  lower  than  the  one  you  wish  to  shine 
in."  When  any  "  new  thing  is  started," 
she  is  to  reserve  judgment  till  it  is  quite 
clear  whether  the  best  people  will  adopt 
it.     For  although, 

"if  a  girl  or  woman  is  of  a  sufficiently 
distinguished  personality,  and  is  endowed 
with  prestige  and  great  social  position,  she 
can  start  originalities  herself  if  she  pleases," 

it  must  already  be  painfully  obvious  to 
the  reader  that  none  of  these  conditions 
is  fulfilled  by  poor  Caroline. 

Quaintest  of  all  are  the  exhortations  to 
act  as  "  the  inspiration  of  some  nice  young 
husband,^  in  keeping  before  him  his 
obligations  to  his  country.  Perfect 
grooming,  and  an  accurate  knowledge  of 
the  social  shibboleth,  are  scarcely— in  the 
absence  of  anything  remotely  approaching 
an  ideal — an  adequate  equipment  for  an 
inspirer  of  noble  deeds.  For  such  a  pur- 
pose humanity  turns  rather  to  the  dowdy 
philanthropist,  to  the  spectacled  student, 
to  the  hunger-striking  Suffragette,  to  the 
Ritualistic  ascetic  ;  to  those,  in  short, 
whose  outlook  in  this  selfish  world 
extends  beyond  their  own  convenience 
and  advantage. 


No.  4514,  May  2,   1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


<;i9 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Book  of  Ruth  (The),  Unpointed  Text,  Second 
Edition,  !>(/.  net.     Manchester   University  Press 

The  text  is  printed  without  vowels,  so  that 
tlie  student  may  have  practice  in  adding  them,  and 
i>  interleaved  with  blank  pages  for  notes. 

Hort  (Fenton  John  Anthony),  The  Christian 
Eccxbsia,  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  Early 
History  and  Early  Conceptions  of  the 
Ecclesia,    and    One    Sbbmon,    "  Theological 

Library,"   1/  net.  Maemillan 

A  new  edition.  See  notice  in  Athen., 
July  17,  1S97,  p.  94. 

Illlngworth    (J.    R.),    Christian    Character, 

being    some    Lectures    on     the     Elements    of 

Christian  Ethics,   "  Theological  Library,"   1/ 

net.  .Maemillan 

A   cheap    reprint.        See   notice   in    Athen., 

July  1,  1905,  p.  11. 

Kingsley  (Charles),  True  Words  for  Brave 
Men,  "  Theological  Library,"  1/  net. 

Maemillan 
A  new  edition. 

Klrkpatrlck  (Very  Rev.  A.  F.),  The  Divine 
Library  of  the  Old  Testament  :  its 
Origin,  Preservation,  Inspiration,  and 
Permanent  Value,  Five  Lectures,  "  Theo- 
logical Library,"  1/  net.  Maemillan 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Legg  (J.  Wickhara),  English  Church  Life  from 
the  Restoration  to  the  Tractarian  Move- 
ment, 12/6  net.  Longmans 
The  author's  aim  is  "  to  draw  attention  to 
points   that   have   been   hitherto   but   little   dealt 
with  by  writers ....  and  especially  to  emphasize 
the  existence  in  the  period  of  practices  and  ideas 
in  which  it  has  been  often  assumed  that  the  time 
was  most  wanting." 

Longman  (Heber  A.),  The  Religion  of  a  Natu- 
ralist, paper  1/  net;  cloth  2/  net.  Watts 
The  author,  who  was  brought  up  as  a  Non- 
conformist, '"  after  many  years  of  thought  and 
study  and  a  period  of  practical  work  as  a  natural- 
ist, has  gladly  come  to  the  emancipated  position 
of  an  Agnostic,"  and  here  describes  the  influences 
which  affected  him  during  the  period  of  mental 
change. 

Lucas  (Bernard),  Conversations  with  Christ, 
a  Biographical  Study,  1/  net.  Maemillan 

A  reprint  in  Messrs.  Macmillan's  "  Theo- 
logical Library." 

McCabe  (Joseph),  The  Religion  of  Sir  Oliver 
Lodge,  2/ net.  Watts 

This  volume  has  been  issued  for  the  Rational- 
ist Pi.  -  \~--ociation.  The  author  examines  and 
criticizes  the  religious  beliefs  of  Sir  Oliver  Lodge, 
and  incidentally  expresses  his  own. 

Mumford  (A.  H.),  Hard  Words,  Practical  Ex- 
positions of  some  of  the  Diflicult  Words  of 
Christ.  2/6  net.  Pilgrim  Press 

The  author  has  written  this  book  primarily 

for  business  men  wiio  teach  in  Sunday  Schools. 

Rattenbury  (J.  Ernest),  The  Twelve  Studies  in- 
Apostolic  Temperament,  3/6  net.     C.  H.  Kelly 
This    volume    is    reprinted    from    verbatim 
rts    of    fifteen    sermons     delivered    on    con- 
secutive    Sunday     mornings,    in     Kings  way    Hall, 
in  the  autumn  of  last 

Robertson   (John  M.i,  The    I. hi:   I'ii.oimm  \..i;  or 

tfOHCUBB  Damon.  Conway,  \ul.  net.         Watte 

The    Conway    Memorial    Lecture,    delivered 

eh    at    South    Place    Institute.      With    it 

i-  printed  the  Introductory  Address  of  the  Chair- 
man, Mr.  Bdward  Clodd. 

Seeklngs  (Herbert  S.),  Tin:  MEN  or  Tin.  I'mi.ine 

OlBt  1. 1..   :'.    'i    net.  0.    II.    Kelly 

Studies  of  the  men  who  came  into  association 
with  St.  Paid,  arranged  in  groups  under  the 
heading!  'The  Distinguished,  'The  Obscure,' 
4  The  Official,1  and  '  The  Unknown.' 

Southwell  (Ven.  Robert),  The  Tun  mphs  over 
Death,  together  with  the  Epistle  to  his  Father, 
the  Letter  to  his  Brother,  the  Letter  to  his 
Cousin  "  W.  K.,"  and  A  Soliloquy,  edited  from 
the  Manuscripts  by  John  William  Tiolman, 
1/ net.  Herder 

Another  volume  In  the  "  Qatholic  Library." 
In  Appendixes  the  editor  discusses  the  text  of 
4  The  Triumphs  over  Death,'  give-  brief  -ketches 
•of  Southwell  pendente,  and  in   parte 

puta  forward  a  new  theory  with   regain   to  John 
Trussoll    and    the    authorship    of    Shak. 
plays. 


Temple    (William),   Tin:     KINGDOM    OF   (ion,   a 

Course     of     Four     Lectures,     "Theological 

Library,"  1/  net.  Maemillan 

V     new     edition.        See     notice     in      Athen.. 

.May  18.   1912,    p.  557. 

Williams  (Rev.  T.  Rhondda),  Tin:  Workino  I-'aitii 

ok  A  LIBERAL  THEOLOGIAN,  5/  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
This  book  is  "  the  outcome  of  honest    theo- 
logical  thinking  and   of  religious  experience   in   a 
strenuous    life    in    the    ministry    of    twenty-five 

years." 

Wilmshurst  (Walter  Leslie),  CONTEMPLATIONS, 
being  Studies  in  Christian  Mysticism,  3/6  net. 

Wat  kins 
These  essays  are  reproduced  from  The  Seeker, 
The  Occult  Review,  and   The  Annals  of  Psychical 
Science. 

LAW. 

Trial  of  John  Alexander  Dickman,  edited  by  S.  O- 
Rowan-Hamilton,  5/  net.  Hodge 

A  volume  of  the  "  Notable  English  Trials." 
It  is  illustrated  by  five  photographs  and  a  map. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Catalogue  of  the  Printed  Books  in  the  Library  of 
the  Honourable  Society  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
alphabetically  arranged,  with  an  Index  of 
Subjects,  by  C.  E.  A.  Redwell,  3  vols.,  to 
Members,  5/  ;    Non-Members,  10/ 

Vols.  I.  and  II.  contain  a  Catalogue  arranged 

alphabetically     under    the     names     of    authors, 

with  a  Preface  by  Mr.  Bedwell,  and  Vol.  III.  the 

Subject  Index. 

Gibson  (Strickland),  Some  Oxford  Libraries, 
2/6  net.  Milford 

This  little  book  gives  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
history,  and  a  description  of  the  contents,  of 
some  of  the  older  Oxford  libraries — namely,  the 
Bodleian,  Merton,  Corpus,  St.  John's,  Jesus  College, 
Queen's,  All  Souls,  and  the  Radcliffe  Camera. 
There  are  twelve  illustrations. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Knox  (Howard  V.),  The  Philosophy  of  William 
James,  1  /  net.  Constable 

The  writer  gives  a  summary  of  William 
James's  philosophy  by  "  stringing  together  his 
own  expositions  of  his  most  important  doctrines, 
with  a  minimum  of  explanatory  comment." 

Varisco  (Bernardino),  The  Great  Problems, 
translated  by  R.  C.  Lodge,  10/6  George  Allen 
'  I  massimi  Problemi  '  was  published  in 
Milan  in  1910,  and  is  the  first  of  the  author's 
works  to  appear  in  an  English  form.  The 
translation  includes  the  additions  and  alterations 
made  in  the  second  edition. 

POETRY. 

Bouch   (Thomas),  Will  o'  the   Wisp    and    the 

Wandering  Voice,  3/6  net.       Smith  <fc  Elder 

Some    of    these  verses    are    hunting-songs, 

and    others    are    lyrics.     The    longest    piece    is 

'  Phaeton  and  Neaera,'  in  five  cantos. 

Catty  (Charles  Stratford),  Poems  and  Legends, 
5/  net.  Smith  tc  Elder 

This  volume  contains  several  "  Legends  of  the 
Gods  of  Greece  '  in  heroic  couplets,  a  new  render- 
ingof  '  Aucassinand  Nicolette,  and  some  historical 
pieces,  as  well  as  verses  on  modern  subjects. 

Des  Imagistes,  an  Anthology,  2/6  net. 

Poetry  Bookshop 
This  anthology  includes  pieces  by  Sir.  Richard 
Aldington,  Mr.   Ezra    Pound,  and  Mr.   Ford    Madox 
Mueller. 

Florentine  Vignettes,  being  some  Metrical 
Letters  of  the  late  Vernon  Arnold  Slade, 
edited    by    Wilfrid    Thorley,  2/6  net. 

Klkiu  .Mathews 
Verses  written   in    Florence  dining  the  winter 

of  1906-7. 

Keats  (John),  Isabella,  ob  thb  Pot  of  Basil,  9d*. 

Oxford,  <  'larendon  Press 

Sir    Arthur    Quiller-Oouch    has    written    the 

Introduction,    and    there   are    notes    by    Mr.    M. 

Robertson.      The   text    of  the   poem   is   interleaved 
with  blank  pages  for  notes  by  the  reader. 

Mosscockle    Rita  Francis;,  POEMS,  5    net. 

Flkm  Mathews 
\  collection  of  miscellaneous  verses,  Includ- 
ing '  .\  star  Reverie,'  '  \  Coronation  Ode,  1001,' 
'  Lose  in  the  Glade,'  and  •  The  Service  of  tin. 
King.'  '  The  Golden  Quest,'  '  Follow  Ale,'  and 
some  shorter  pieces,  which  were  originally  pub- 
ii  bed  bj  M.-  i  .  Kegan  Paul,  are  reproduced, 
Newman  (John  Henry),  I'm:  l>in:\M  oi  GHHONTCl  -. 
and  Other  Poems,  l  S  net.  Milford 

In  the  "  Oxford  Edit  ion  of  Standard  Authi 


Scott    (A.    Boyd),    Tin:    LoBD's    MOTHER,    Saint 
Luke's  Quest,  a  Dramatic  Poem,  5/  net. 

Constable 

This    book    is    divided     into    live    parts,    and 

purports  to  record  conversations  held  by  St.  Luke 

with  Antokus  the  Fruit -Seller,  St.  Thomas 
DidymUS,  ('Icon  tile  Physician,  the  Lady  Joanna, 
and  St.  James  the  Brother  of  Jesus.  Each  pari 
has  an  introductory  Preface. 

Vale  (Edmund),  Elfin  Cn  \i  s  i  s   \m,   Railway 
Rhythms,  paper  1/  net,  cloth  1/6  net. 

Flkin  Mat  hew  s 
These  verses  include  'The  Child's  Night- 
mare,'  'The  Spirit  of  Night,'  and  'The  ltoyal 
Mail.'  Some  of  the  pieces  are  reprinted  from 
The  Contemporary  Review,  The  Westutinstt  ,■ 
Gazette,    The  Urania,  and  other  magazines. 

Weber    (Max),    Cubist   Poems,    paper    1/   net, 

cloth  1/6  net.  Flkin  Mathews 

The   pieces   in   this   slight    volume    include 

'  The    Eye    Moment,'    '  Timelessly    More,'    and 

'  The  Rare  Naked  Tree.' 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Calendar  of  Letters,  Despatches,  and  State  Papers, 
relating  to  the  Negotiations  between  England 
and  Spain,  preserved  in  the  Archives  at  Vienna, 
Brussels,  Simancas,  and  Elsewhere:  Vol..  X. 
EnWABD  VI.,  edited  by  Royall  Tyler.  Wyman 
This  volume  in  the  Spanish  series  of  State 

Papers   includes  the   years  1550,  1551,  and  1552. 

There  is  an  historical  Preface  of  over  fifty  pages 

by  the  editor,  and  a  General  Index. 

Dutt  (Toru),  a  Sketch  of  her  Life  and  an  Ap- 
preciation of  her  Works,  "  Hiographies  of 
Eminent  Indians,"  4  annas.  Madras,  Natcsan 
A  sketch  of  the  brief  career  of  the  author  of 

'  Ancient  Ballads  and  Legends  of  Hindusthan.' 

Frank  (Tenney),  Roman  Imperialism,  10/6  net. 

Maemillan 
The  author's  aim  has  been  "  to  analyze. .  . . 
the    precise    influences    that    urged    the    Roman 
republic  toward  territorial  expansion." 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Nations,  Part  VII., 
edited  by  Walter  Hutchinson,  Id.  net. 

Hutchinson 
This  number  contains  the  conclusion  of   Mr. 
Leonard  W.  King's  article  on  '  The  Hittites  '  and 
the  first  instalment  of  his  '  The  Assyrians.' 

Law    (Narendra    Nath),    Studies    in    Ancient 

Hindu  Polity  (based    on    the  Arthasastra  of 

Kautilya),  Vol.  I.,  3/6  net.  Longmans 

A  description  of  the  civil  government  oi  the 

ancient    Hindus    as    given    in    the    Arthasastra    of 

Kautilya.       Prof.     Radhakumud      Mookerji      has 

written  an  introductory  essay  on  '  The  Age  and 

Authenticity  '  of  that  work. 

Lybyer  (Albert  Howe),  The  Government  ok  the 
Ottoman  Empire  in  the  Time  of  Suleiman 
the  Magnificent,  8/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Harvard  Univ.  Press 
An  historical  study  of  the  Ottoman  Turks 
in  the  time  of  their  greatest  power.  It  was 
"originally  prepared  in  partial  fulfilment  of  the 
requirements  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philo- 
sophy in  Harvard  University.'' 

Melville  (Lewis),  The  Berry  Papers,  being  the 
Correspondence,  hitherto  Unpublished,  of  Mary 

and  Agnes  Rerry  (1763-1852),  20/  net. 

John  Lane 
The  correspondence,  now  published  for  the 
fust  time,  includes  letters  written  by  or  addressed 
to  the  Misses  Berry.  Maria  Kdgeworth,  Lord 
I'almerston,  Lady  Charlotte  Campbell,  and 
many  others.  The  editor  has  written  an 
introductory  chapter  giving  a  brief  Sketch 
of  the  life  of  the  two  sisters  up  to  the  year 
1790;  "from  that  date  the  letters  have  I n  al- 
lowed, so  far  as  possible,  to  carry  on  t  he  nan  at  Ive." 
There  are  many  illustrations. 

M'Laren  (Rev.  Kenneth  D.i,  Memoib  of  THE 
Very  Reverend  Prof.  Charterib,  l    net. 

Edinburgh,  R.  &  R.  Clark 

\u  appreciative  sketch  of  the  life  and  work 

of  Dr.  Oharteris,  with  a   Foreword  by  the  Righl 

Rev.   A.   Wallace  Williamson. 

Rose  (Gina),  Tin:  Ueaitiii  i.  \k\uki.i.\  PbXFPS, 
\m»  Othbbs,  :s  ii  net.  Elliol  Stock 

Reminiscences  >>f   the   author's   friends   and 
acquaintances  during  si\t y  >■ 

SaroJInl  Naldu  (Mrs.  ,  v.  Sketch  oi    SBB  I. hi:  \m> 

w     Lppbboiatiom    ei-    in  is     Works,    "  B 
graphics  of  Eminent  Indians,"  I  nnn 

\l..iii a  .  Mai 
To   this   -ketch   are   added    in   an    Suppendii 
three  speeches  by  Mis.  Sarojini  on  tin-  '  Personal 
Element    in   Spiritual    Life,'    'The    Education   of 

Indian    Women,     .nnl      True    Hi  ot  hd  hood. 


620 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


Stanhope  (Aubrey),  On  the  Track  of  the  Great, 

Recollections   of    a    "  Special    Correspondent," 

7/6  net.  Eveleigh  Nash 

An  account  of  the  writer's  experiences  as  a 

"  Special    Correspondent  "    during   more    than    a 

quarter  of  a  century  of  "  almost  unceasing  activity 

in  four  continents." 

Tagore  (Rabindranath),  a  Sketch  of  his  Life 
and  an  Appreciation  of  his  Works,  "  Bio- 
graphies of  Eminent  Indians,"  4  annas. 

Madras,  Natesan 
An  appreciation  of  Dr.  Tagore's  work,  con- 
taining many  extracts  from  his  writings.  At  the 
end  is  printed  Mr.  Ramsay  MacDonald's  descrip- 
tion of  the  Bholpur  School,  which  originally 
appeared  in  The  Daily  Chronicle. 

Thirty  Years  in  Moukden,  1883-1913,  being  the 
Experiences  and  Recollections  of  Dugald 
Christie,  edited  by  his  Wife,  8/6  net. 

Constable 
This  book  gives  the  pergonal  impressions  of 
a  medical  missionary  of  the  United  Free  Church 
of  Scotland  who  went  out  to  Manchuria  in  1882. 

Tillyard  (E.  M.  W.),  The  Athenian  Empire  and 
the  Great  Illusion,  1/  net. 

Cambridge,  Bowes  &  Bowes 

This    essay   was    awarded   the   prize   offered 

by    the    Garton    Foundation    to    the    Cambridge 

University  War  and  Peace  Society  for  the  year 

1912-13. 

Vassili  (Count  Paul),  France  from  behind  the 

Veil,  Fifty  Years  of  Social  and  Political  Life. 

16/  net.  Cassell 

The  author  settled  in  Paris  in  1868,  having 

been  appointed  secretary  to  the  Russian  embassy 

there,  and  here  records  his  reminiscences  of  men 

of  eminence  in  various  spheres  with  whom  he  was 

associated.     The    publishers    have    brought    the 

manuscript   up    to    date   with    regard   to    certain 

incidents  which  have  occurred  since  the  author's 

death. 

Woodburn  (Rev.  James  Barkley),  The  Ulster 
Scot,  his  History  and  Religion,  5/  net. 

Allenson 

A  history  of  the  Scoto-Irish  people  and  the 

Irish  Presbyterian  Church,  illustrated  with  maps. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Bashford  (H.  H.),  Vagabonds  in  Perigord,  4/6 
net.  Constable 

An  account  of  a  walking  tour. 

Fraser  (John  Foster),  The  Amazing  Argentine, 
illustrated,  6/  Cassell 

A  survey  of  the  conditions,  resources,  cha- 
racteristics, development,  prospects,  and  problems 
of  Argentina,. 

Harris  (John  H.),  Dawn  in  Darkest   Africa, 

with  an  Introduction  by  the  Right  Hon.  the 

Earl  of  Cromer,  6/  net.  Smith  &  Elder 

A  popular  illustrated  edition.     See  notice 

in  Aihen.,  Jan.  11,  1913,  p.  33. 

Hutton    (W.   H.),    Highways   and   Byways   in 

Shakespeare's  Country,  5/  net.  Macmillan 
The  author  tells  his  readers  in  the  Preface 
that  he  has  "  known  '  Shakespeare's  country  '  for 
nearly  forty  years,  and  wandered  about  in  it, 
whenever  he  could,  in  many  a  holiday."  The 
book  is  illustrated  by  Mr.  Edmund  H.  New,  and 
is  provided  with  an  Index  and  map. 

Ridger  (A.  Loton),  A  Wanderer's  Trail,  being 
a  Faithful  Record  of  Travel  in  Many  Lands, 
10/6  net.  Grant  Richards 

The  writer  has  travelled  in  America,  in 
Europe,  in  the  Far  East,  and  in  Africa,  and 
here  describes  his  experiences.  There  are  illus- 
trations from  photographs. 

Settlers'  Guide,  Greater  Britain  in  1914,  a 
Summary  of  the  Opportunities  offered  by  the 
British  Colonies  to  Settlers  of  all  Classes,  edited 
by  G.  Gordon  Brown  and  G.  Noel  Brown, 
2/6  net.  Simpkin  &  Marshall 

A    handbook    giving   much    information    for 

emigrants  to  the   Colonies.     It  is  illustrated  by 

maps. 

Whitman  (Sidney),  Turkish  Memories,  7/6  net. 

Heinemann 
This  book  is  the  outcome  of  prolonged  visits  to 
Asiatic  Turkey  during  the  years  1896  to  1908. 
The  author's  aim  is  "  to  show  by  a  recital  of  actual 
experiences  that  the  Mohammedan  Turk ....  is 
far  better  than  his  repute." 

Wylie  (I.  A.  R.),  Eight  Years  in  Germany,  10/6 
net.  Mills  &  Boon 

The  author  gives  "  the  sincere  impressions 
and  experiences  of  eight  very  happy  years  "  in 
Germany,  and  has  "an  instinctive  sympathy  " 
with  the  people  of  that  country.  The  book  is 
illustrated  by  photographs. 


SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Cooper  (Reginald  Davey),  Hunting  and  Hunted 

in  the   Belgian  Congo,   edited   by  R.   Keith 

Johnston,  10/6  net.  Smith  &  Elder 

An  account  of  the  author's  adventures  as  an 

elephant  hunter,  illustrated  by  photographs. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Advertising  and  Progress,  a  Defence  by  E.  S. 
Hole,  and  A  Challenge  by  John  Hart,  5/  net. 

'  Review  of  Reviews  ' 
Two    economic    studies    of    advertising    as    a 
social    force.     Mr.    E.     Osborne    has    written    a 
Preface. 

POLITICS. 
Dyson  (Will),  Cartoons,  Id.  net.     '  Daily  Herald  ' 
This    book    contains    forty    cartoons,    repro- 
duced    from     The    Daily     Herald,  dealing    with 
recent  political,  industrial,  and  Suffrage  agitation. 

Producers  versus  Parasites  ;  or,  The  British 
Workman's  Burden,  6d.  net. 

St.  Catherine  Press 
A  survey  of  modern  political  problems,  illus- 
trated by  cartoons. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Columbia  University  Indo-Iranian  Series  :  Vol.  I. 
A  Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  Persian 
Manuscripts,  including  also  some  Turkish 
and  Arabic,  presented  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art,  New  Y'ork,  by  Alexander 
Smith  Cochran,  prepared  and  edited  by  A.  V. 
Williams  Jackson  and  Abraham  Ybhannan, 
6/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Columbia  University  Press 
There  are  full  descriptive  and  historical  notes, 

an  Introduction,  illustrations,  and  an  Index. 

Tyrrell  (Robert  Yelverton)  and  Purser  (Louis 
Claude),  The  Correspondence  of  M.  Tullius 
Cicero,  arranged  according  to  its  Chrono- 
logical Order,  with  a  Revision  of  the  Text,  a 
Commentary,  Introductory  Essays,  and  Ad- 
denda, Vol.  III.,  12/  Longmans 
A  second  and  revised  edition. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 
Charles    Dickens  :    Extra    Number     of    '  The 
Bookman,'  5/  net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

The  literary  contents  include  articles 
by  Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton,  Sir  Robertson  Nicoll, 
Mr.  William  De  Morgan,  and  Mr.  Alfred  Noyes, 
and  verses  by  Leigh  Hunt,  Bret  Harte,  Mr.  William 
Watson,  and  Swinburne.  There  are  numerous 
illustrations  in  colour  and  black  and  white  from 
drawings  by  well-known  illustrators  of  Dickens's 
works,  such  as  Cruikshank,  John  Leech,  Tenniel, 
and  Mr.  Harry  Furniss  ;  facsimiles,  and  reproduc- 
tions of  photographs. 
Hubbell    (Harry   Mortimer),   The   Influence   of 

ISOCRATES    ON    ClCERO,    DlONYSIUS,    AND    ARIS- 

tides,  5/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Y'ale  University  Press 
A   thesis   presented    to    the    Faculty   of   the 
Graduate  School  of  Y/ale  University  in  candidacy 
for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 
Balzac  (H.  de),  Le  Cure  de  Village,  edited  by 
Stanley  L.  Galpin,  3/6  net.  Milford 

The  text  is  edited  with  an  Introduction  and 
notes  for  use  in  schools  or  colleges. 

Ceppi   (Marc)   and   Rayment   (Henry),   Sentence 
Expansion,    leading   to    Free    Composition 
in  French  by  the  Direct  Method,  1/     Bell 
Containing  a  series  of  lessons  in  "  sentence 
expansion,"    with    questions    and    exercises.     At 
the  end  of  the  book  are  extracts  from  the  writings 
of    well-known    French    authors,    which    are    in- 
tended as  exercises  in  analysis. 
Goodacre  (Herbert  H.),  Holmes  (Edw.  F.),  Noble 
(Charles  F.)>  and  Steer  (Percy),  Bell's  Outdoor 
and     Indoor     Experimental     Arithmetics, 
3/6  net.  Bell 

This  book  comprises  the  five  years'  courses 
for  pupils  in  Standards  III.  to  VII.,  together  with 
explanatory  notes  and  illustrative  plates. 
Mathematical  Papers  for  Admission  into  the 
Royal  Military  Academy  and  the  Royal 
Military  College,  edited  by  R.  M.  Milne,  6/ 

Macmillan 

These    papers    cover    the    period     1905-13. 

Answers  are  given  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

Selections     from     Classical     German     Literature, 

from  the   Reformation  to  the  Beginning 

of    the    Nineteenth    Century,    by    Klara 

Hechtenberg  Collitz,  7/6  net.  Milford 

Each  extract  is  preceded  by  a  brief  sketch  in 

English  of  the  author's  life  and  writings ;  and  a 

list  of  literary  references  and  Indexes  are  added 

at  the  end  of  the  book.     It  is  a  continuation  of 

Dr.    Collitz's    '  Selections    from    Early    German 

Literature,'    and    is    published    in    the    "  Oxford 

German  Series." 


FICTION. 

Arnold  (Mrs.  J.  O.),  Megan  of  the  Dark  Isle,  6/ 

Alston  Rivers 
The  scenes  of  this  novel  are  laid  in  the  Isle  of 
Anglesey  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  It 
deals  mainly  with  people  of  the  farmer  class  at  a 
time  when  local  peculiarity  and  tradition  had  not 
succumbed  to  easy  access  to  an  outside  world. 

Beresford    (J.    D.),  The   House    in    Demetrius 

Road,  6/  Heinemann 

Another    detailed     character-study   by    the 

author  of  '  Jacob  Stahl,'  in  which  the  ways  of  a 

dipsomaniac  are  studied. 

Birmingham  (George  A.),  The  Lost  Tribes,  6/ 

Smith  <Sc  Elder 
A  tale  of  life  in  a  remote  village  in  the  West  of 
Ireland.  It  humorously  tells  of  the  patriotism  of 
an  Irish- American  who  had  never  lived  in  Ireland, 
the  life  mission  he  bequeathed  to  his  widow,  and 
the  manner  in  which  she  carried  out  his  request. 

Blackmore  (R.  D.),  Lorna  Doone,  1/  net. 

Milford 
'  Lorna  Doone  '  was  published  in  the  "  World's 
Classics  "  last  year.  This  reissue  has  an  Intro- 
duction by  Mr.  T.  Herbert  Warren,  to  which  is 
prefixed  a  poem  addressed  by  him  to  Blackmore 
in  1896. 

Booth  (Oliver),  The  Adventures  of  Mr.  Wel- 
laby  Johnson,  1/  net.  Bristol,  Arrowsmith 

Various  adventures  of  a  commercial  tra- 
veller on  his  rounds  for  different  employers.  Illus- 
trated by  the  Whitefriars  Studio. 

Chambers  (R.  W.),  The  Reckoning,  6d. 


A  cheap  reprint. 


Constable 


Crippen  (Layton),  Clay  and  Fibe,  3/6  net. 

Grant  Richards 
A  survey  of  the   defects  that  have  accom- 
panied progress  and  modern  civilization. 

Crockett  (S.  R.),  Silver  Sand,  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
An  historical  romance  of  "  the  wonderful 
youth  of  John  Faa— most  often  called  Silver  Sand 
— but  by  the  grace  of  God,  and  the  belting  of  King 
James  the  Sexth  and  First,  rightful  Lord  and  Earl 
of  Little  Egypt."  The  story  is  told  by  Nathan 
Crogo,  "  Dominie  in  Leswalt,"  for  "  such  as  love 
the  Quaint  and  Humorsome."  This,  the  last  book 
written  by  the  author,  is  published  a  few  days  only 
after  his  death. 

Curtois  (M.  A.),  The  Story  of  a  Circle,  6/ 

Methuen 
A  foolish  young  wife,  with  time  on  her  hands 
and  with  social  ambitions,  has  the  idea  of  starting 
a  "  Circle  for  Psychical  Experiments,"  which, 
however,  only  meets  once.  The  greater  part  of 
the  book  describes  the  various  professors  of  the 
occult  whom  she  calls  to  her  aid  ;  their  compli- 
cated motives  and  relations  pave  the  way  to  an 
unconventional  and  tragic  ending. 

Dwyer  (James  Francis),  The  Spotted  Panther,  6/ 

Melrose 

The  "  Mission  of  Providence  for  us  three  " — Red 

Templeton,  Chieo  Morgan,  and  the  hero — who  pass 

through  strange  adventures  among  the  Dyaks  of 

Borneo. 

Garvice  (Charles),  The  Woman's  Way,  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
The  tale  of  a  virtuous  young  man  who   even- 
tually weds  an  equally  virtuous  young  woman.   A 
wicked  peer,  a  long-lost  father,  and  other  subsidiary 
characters  figure  in  the  story. 

Grimshaw  (Beatrice),  The  Sorcerer's  Stone,  6/ 

Hodder  &  Stoughton 
This  is  a  story  relating  the  adventures  of  an 
Englishman  and  his  friend,  a  French  nobleman 
among  one  of  the  Papuan  tribes  on  the  New  Guinea 
coast.  The  interest  in  the  story  lies  in  the  curiosity 
of  the  Frenchman  to  witness  a  magic  display  by  a 
native  sorcerer.  Afterwards  the  two  friends  dis- 
cover that  the  sorcerer  has  in  his  possession  a 
diamond  of  immense  value,  and  this  they  deter- 
mine to  obtain  at  any  price.  After  much  adventure 
the  prize  is  secured. 

Hanshew  (T.  W.),  Cleek  of  Scotland  Yard,  6/ 

Cassell 
A  series  of  detective  stories  linked  together 
in  order  to  form  a  more  or  less  connected  narra- 
tive. Cleek  is  an  ex-cracksman  who  decides 
to  devote  his  energies  to  the  elucidation  of 
mysterious  crime,  and  the  author  provides  the 
familiar  thick-headed  friend  to  act  as  a  foil  to 
the  hero's  brilliance. 


No.  4514,  Mat  2,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


(>21 


Jessop    ^George    H.\    Dksmo.ni>    O'Connor,    the 

Romance  of  an  Irish  Soldier,  6/         John  Long 

Tlif   story    of   a    wandering    Irishman   who 

entered  the  service  of  France  after  tin-  siege  of 

Limerick,  and  fought  and  loved  in  Flanders. 

Kaye-Smith  iSheila\  Thhkk  .uiaixst  thh:  World. 
6/  Chapman  ft  Hall 

Exhibits  the  tragic  fortunes  ot  an  unlucky 
family. 

Keate  (Edith  M.>,  A  Oardkx  ok  THE  (ions,  6/ 

Alston  Rivers 
A  simple  love-tale  of  a  girl  who  wandered  with 
bet  little  brother  into  a  beautiful  garden, where  she 
made  friends  with  a  man  of  better  birth  than  her- 
self who  was  temporarily  a  cripple. 

Knox  (Marcus!,  Im  '  vtiation,  6/  Ashley 

"It  is  perhaps  as  well  to  state  that  the 
characters  and  motives  for  the  actions  in  this  story 
arc  taken  from  real  life  "  (Author's  note). 

Describes  the  development  and  eventual  renun- 
ciation of  worldly  love  on  the  part  of  a  member  of 
the  Order  of  Santa  Croce  for  an  English  girl.  The 
scene  is  laid  in  a  small  Italian  town. 

Littlejohn  (John),  Shadows  of  the  Past,  a  Modern 
Romance,  6/  Chapman  &  Hall 

A  story  of  a  man  who  is  falsely  accused  of 
murder,  the  problem  being  unravelled  by  a  pro- 
fessor of  criminology. 

Maartens    (Maarten),    The    Sin    of   Joost    Ave- 
lixgh,  a  Dutch  Story,  3/6  Constable 

A  revised  edition.  See  notice  in  The  Athe- 
7}(€iim,  Dec.  7,  1S89,  p.  777. 

Mackellar  iDorothea1   and  Bedford  (Ruth),  Two's 
Company,  6/  Alston  Rivers 

The  third  party  implied  in  the  title  of  this  novel 
plays  an  important  part  in  the  story,  which  is 
chiefly  concerned  with  the  love  -  affairs  of  an 
Australian  mining  engineer. 

Magnay  .Sir  William),  The  Price  of  Delusion, 
»/  .  Stanley  Paul 

A  detective  story  concerning  a  young  architect 
whose  employer  is  mysteriously  murdered. 

Maxwell  (H.),  The  Beloved  Premier,  6/ 

John  Long 
The  author  draws  an  imaginary  picture  of 
England  when  the  authorities  governed  with 
such  disinterestedness  that  "  there  was  no  out- 
standing public  question  of  any  sort  to  be  dealt 
with,"  and  "  positively  nothing  for  members  to 
do  but  draw  their  salaries." 

Meredith    (George),    The    Tracic    Comedians,    a 
Study  in  a  Weil-Known  Story,  6d.       Constable 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Mundy  (Talboti,  King  Ho,  6/  Cassell 

A  novel  about  India,  describing  the  training 
and  development  of  a  young  English  ollicer  under 
the  auspices  of  a  native  officer  who  extends  to 
the  son  the  devotion  he  had  for  the  father. 
Treasure,  two  rival  Rajahs,  a  Scotch  missionary 
and  his  daughter  (who  duly  becomes  engaged  to 
the  young  English  officer)  play  their  respective 
parte  in  various  scenes. 

Neuman  iB.    Paul;,   (hignktt   Street,   a   Pro- 
vided School,  ti  Smith  .V   Klder 
Short  stories  "t  s  hool  life. 

O'Donovan  (Gerald  ,  Waiting,  6/  Macmillan 

'I  he  trials  and  difficulties  of  a  young  Irish 
ol-teacher  who  courts  adversityby  his  an- 
nisni  t«.  the  clerical  regime  of  ultra-Catholicism. 

Oxenham  iJohnt,  Maid  of  the  Mist,  6/ 

Hodder  A;  Stonghton 
I  nest.,:  juple  on  a  lonely  island. 

Playground   (Thd,   by  the  Author  of    '.Mastering 

'■'lane-,    A  Mills  6c  Boon 

The   author   deals    with    the    problem    of   a 

ried  couple  whose  interests  are  at  variance. 

In    this   case   the   man,   who   is   devoted    to   the 

cause     of     social    reform,    marries    a    celebrated 

actress,  and  expects  hex  to  give  op  all  connexion 

wit  h  the  sts 

Punshon  <E.  R.  .  Tin    <  kowning  Olory,  0/ 

Hodder  ft  St  ought  on 

\    story  dealing  with    the    London     business 

'ai-ers     of      two     educated     country     girls.         It 

ribes  Me-  heroine's  training  in  a  stockbroker 
office,  and  the  successes  and  failures  she  experienced 
in  her  financial  and  !ov.  -affairs. 

Rawson  (Maud  Stepney),  THH  Pbicelbbs  THING' 
,;  Stanley  Paul 

Ihe  "priceless  thing"  is  a  document  con- 
taining Shakesp*  Igneture,  the  safety  of 
which  can*  .,  j„.,.r     I,,, ,,|,  anxiety. 

Ridge  (W.  Pett  ,  -  un  to  Hayxk,  M.P.,  nd- 

( 'on  -t  i  hie 

A  cheap  reprint.  ' 


Russell  (Lindsay),  Tine  Vkaks  of  Fohgkttinu, 
0/  Ward  ft  Lock 

A  romance  of  Australian  life  which  depicts 
the  betrayal  and  desertion  of  a  young  girl  by  a 
priest,  and  her  exertions  to  make  a  living  for 
herself   and    child.       Eventually   she    comes    into 

a  fortune  and  is  loved  unavailingly  by  a  faithful 

man.  The  priest  who  deceived  her  becomes 
bishop  of  the  diocese  in  which  she  lives.  The 
ending  is  tragic. 

Shottland  (Maxlme  S.),  The  Iron  Passport,  6/ 

Hammond 
A  story  describing  the  plots  of  Russian 
anarchists  and  the  sufferings  of  prisoners  in 
Siberia.  The  heroine,  who  is  a  princess  and  an 
anarchist,  receives  a  passport  from  her  cousin  the 
Tsar,  which  preserves  her  from  arrest,  in  return 
for  a  promise  that  his  life  shall  be  safe. 

Skrlne  (May  T.  H.),  Bedesman  i,  2/6  net. 

Duckworth 

The  plot  of  this  story  is  slight,  and  concerns 

the  career  of  a  quarryman's  son,  who  is  enabled 

through  the  help  of  an  Oxford  professor  to  gain 

the  education  he  requires. 

Thompson  (Maravene),  The  Woman's  Law,  6/ 

Eveleigh  Nash 
The  heroine,  on  discovering  that  her  husband 
is  a  murderer,  helps  him  to  escape  for  the  sake 
of  their  child's  honour.  She  is  fortunate  in  finding 
in  the  streets  of  New  York  a  man  with  a  befogged 
brain  who  is  his  double.  The  stranger  is  charged 
with  the  crime,  but  acquitted  on  the  ground  of 
insanity,  and  sent  to  an  asylum.  After  some 
months,  though  still  suffering  from  complete 
loss  of  memory,  he  recovers  his  reason,  and  is 
anxious  to  make  amends  to  the  woman  and  boy 
he  thinks  he  has  wronged. 

Vallon  (Walter  Brugge  i,  That  Strange  Affair, 
6/  Stanley  Paul 

An  amateur  detective  story.  A  German 
crossing  over  from  America  apparently  meets  with 
foul  play  and  disappears.  The  relations  of  the 
murdered  man  place  the  case  for  investigation  in 
the  hands  of  a  fiiend — a  detective — who  satis- 
factorily solves  the  mystery. 

Warwick  (Sidney),  Conscience  Money,  6/ 

Greening 

A     story     of       the     varied     career      of      a 

young  man  who    finds    himself    implicated    in    a 

murder  mystery,  inherits  and  loses  a  fortune,  and 

becomes  tne  owner  of  a  wonderful  diamond. 

Westcott  (Arthur),  The  Sun  God,  3/6 

Heath  &  Cranton 
A  tale  of    the    Roman   Empire  in   the    third 
century.     The  love  interest  emphasises  the  trials 
of  the  early  Christians. 

Willoughby   (George),    The    Adventuress,    and 
Other  Stories,  2/  net.  Max  Goschen 

Fourteen  realistic  stories. 

Wren  I  Perclval  Christopher),  Snake  and  Sword, 
6  /  Longmans 

A  story  of  a  man  who  inherits  an  overwhelm- 
ing fear  of  snakes.  The  scenes  are  laid  chiefly  in 
India. 

Wynne  (May),  The  Silent  Captain,  6/ 

Stanley  Paul 

One  of  the  author's  historical  romances.      The 

"Silent  Captain"  is  Cond6,  and  the  story  concerns 

the   strife    between    Catholic   and     Huguenot    in 

France  during  the  sixteenth  century. 

2010,  by  the  Author  of  '  The  Adventures  of  John 

Johns,'  6/  Werner  Laurie 

A    novel   of  futurity,  describing  the  invasion 

of  the  West  by  the  East  and  the  ultimate  victory 

of  tin-  European  race. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 
Bedrock,  April,  2/0  net.  Constable 

The  contents  of  this  issue  include  '  The  .Milk 
Problem,'  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Buchan  ;  '  The  Evolution 
of  Mimetic  Resemblance,'  by  Prof.  E.  B.  I'oulton  ; 
and  '  The  Instruction  of  School  Children  in 
Matters  of  Sex,'   by  Mrs.  T.   La  Chard. 

Blackwood's  Magazine,  May,  2  8  Blackwood 

This  number  contains  the  first  nine;  chapters 
of  a  new  story,  entitled  '  Aladore,'  by  Mr.  Henry 
Newbolt.  Other  items  arc  'A  New  .Method 
with   the    Dry   Ely,'    by   Mr.    Horace    Hutchinson  ; 

'  "  Scatty,"  tint  story  of  a  Perfect  Gentleman,'  by 
Mi.  Ian  liny  ;  and  '  The  Early  Victorians — and 
After,    by  C.  W.  C. 

Bodleian  Quarterly  Record,  Vol.  I.  No.  1,  M.  net. 

Oxford,  Horace  i [art 

This    journal    is    issued    by    tie-    slalT    of    the 

Library  under  tin-  sanction  of  tie-  Curators,  and 

is  intended   to  appeal   "  to  readrrs  in  the   Library, 

to  Oxford  residents,  and  to  a  wider  literary 
circle."     The  pie  ent    i  me  ivmtains  '  Notes  and 

News,'  a  h^t  <d  recent  accessions,  notes  on  original 
documents  ill  the  Library,  and  a  front  i-»piec<:  of 
Sir  Thomas  Bodley. 


British  Review,  .May,  1/  net. 

Williams  ,v  Nbrgate 

Notable  items  in  this  issue  are  '  The 
National  Important f  Higher  Scientific  Edu- 
cation,' by  Principal  Griffiths;  '  Brian's 
Battle,'    by    Mr.     I'adraic    Colum  ;      ami     '   I'oets 

as  Patriots,'  by  Mr.  Robert   Lynd, 

Chinese  Review,  Afbzl,  1/  net. 

12,  Billfleld  Road,  N.W. 

The  first  number  of  a  review,  the  aim 
of  which  is  "  to  give  the  Chinese  view  on  ques- 
tions of  moment  and  interest."  It  includes 
article's  on  '  The  Bclipse  of  Young  China,'  bv 
the  editor;  '  The  Spirit,  of  the  Chinese  People,' 
by  Ku  Hung  .Mini,'  ;  and  '  An  Anglo-Chinese 
Entente,'  by  .Mr.   II.  Wilson  Harris. 

Cornhill  Magazine,  May,  1/  Smith  &  Elder 

This  number  opens  with  a  hitherto  unpub- 
lished poem  by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning, 
addressed  to  Robert  Lytton.     Dr.  A.  E.  Shipley 

contributes  a  sketch  of  '  Sir  John  Murray,  a  Great 
Oceanographer  ' ;  and  other  articles  are  'Round 
About  the  Marble  Arch,'  by  Sir  Algernon  West, 
and  '  Charles  Dickens  and  the  Law,'  by  Sir 
Edward  Clarke. 

Fortnightly  Review,  May.  2/8      Chapman  &  Hall 

This  number  opens  with  a  poem  entitled 
'  Channel  Firing,'  by  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy.  Dr. 
W.  L.  Courtney  contributes  the  first  instalment 
of  a  paper  on  '  The  Idea  of  Comedy ' ;  and  Mr. 
Henry  Newbolt  writes  on  '  Futurism  and  Form 
in  Poetry,'  and  Mr.  John  F.  Macdonald  on 
'  English*  Life  and  the  English  Stage:  Pyg- 
malion.' 

Good  European  Point  of  View,  issued  by  Thomas 

Common,  Easter,  3rf. 

Edinburgh,  8,  Whitehouse  Terrace,  Corstorphine 
This  "  philosophical  quarterly  "  was  last 
published  in  1909.  The  new  issue  contains  short 
articles  and  notes,  among  which  may  be  named 
'  Who  is  the  Good  Man  ?  '  and  '  The  Pons 
Asinorum  of  Morals.' 

Irish  Review,  April,  Qd.  net. 

Dublin,  '  Irish  Review '  Publishing  Co.  ; 
London,  Simpkin  &  Marshall 
Mr.  Edward  Martyn  writes  '  A  Plea  for  the 
Revival  of  the  Irish  Literary  Theatre,'  and  Mr. 
Justin  Phillips  on  '  The  Policy  of  "  The  Depart- 
ment." '  The  contents  also  include  verses  by 
Mr.  James  Stephens,  Mr.  Thomas  MacDonagh, 
and  Mr.  Joseph  Plunkett,  and  a  short  story  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Colet. 

Journal  of  Egyptian  Archaeology,  April,  6/  net. 

Egypt  Exploration  Fund 
The  contents  include  papers  on  '  Papyri  and 
Papyrology,'  by  Prof.  A.  S.  Hunt ;  '  Some  New 
Examples  of  Egyptian  Influence  at  Nineveh,'  by 
Mr.  L.  W.  King  ;  and  '  The  Relations  of  iEgean 
with  Egyptian  Art,*  by  Mr.  II.  R.  Hall. 

Modern  Language  Review,  April,  4/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
Notable  articles  in  this  issue  are  '  The  "  An- 
cren  Riwle "  :  II.  The  English  Text,'  by  Mr. 
G.  C.  Macaulay  ;  '  "  Palamon  and  Arcitc  "  and 
the  "  Knightes" Tale,"  '  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Williams; 
and  '  The  "  Battifolle  "  Letters  sometimes  attri- 
buted to  Dante,'  by  Mr.  E.  Moore. 

Nineteenth  Century  and  After,  May,  2/6 

Spottiswoode 
Some  of  Hie  articles  in  this  issue  are  '  The 
Appeal  to  the  Nation,'  by  Prof.  A.  V.  Dicey  ; 
'  A  New  German  Empire,'  by  M.  Andre  Geraud  ; 
'  Oxygen  and  Cancer,'  by  Mr.  Lionel  Cre.sswell  ; 
and  "'  Addison  in  Ireland,'  by  the  Rev.  Robert 
H.  Murray.  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford  contributes  'A 
Woman  Alone  :    a  Modern  Play.' 

Quarterly  Review,  April,  6/  John  Murray 

The  present  issue  includes  articles  on  '  Milton 
and  Vaughan,'  bv  Miss  Louise  Imogen  Ouiney  ; 
'The  Letters  of  Thomas  Gray,'  by  Mr.  T.  II. 
Warren;  'The  New  (■'recce,'  by  Principal  R.  M. 
Burrows;  and  'Aircraft  in  War,'  by  Lieut.-Col. 
F.  II.  Sykes. 

Royal  Astronomical  Society,  MONTHLY    Notices, 
M  \it<  ii.  2/6  W.  Wesley 

Includes  '  The  Terms    in    the    Moon's    Motion 

depending  on  the  Node  '  and  '  Perigee  and 
Eccentricity  of  the  Moon,  1760  to  1901?  by  Dr. 
Ernest   W.   Brown  ;    '  The   Spectra  of   Hydrogen 

and  Helium,'  bv  Dr.  .1.  W.  Nicholson  ;  and 
'  On  the  Total  Light  of  the  Stars,'  by  Dr.  S. 
(  'Im  pman. 

Scrlbner's  Magazine,  May,  1/  net.  Constable 

Col.    Roosevelt  continues  his  reminiscences  of 

hunting  in  BrasU  in  an  article  entitled  '  \  Jaguar- 
Hunt  ou  the  Taquary.'  other  article,  are 
'Tripoli,'  by  Prof.  (i.  K.  Woodbcrry;  'A  New 
field  for  Mountaineering,'  l>y  Miss  Elizabeth 
Parker;  and  'The  Light  Cavalry  of  the  Seas,' 
by   Lieut. -Commander  Pratt    Mannix. 


622 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


Socialist  Review,  April,  Gd.  net. 

Independent  Labour  Party 
'  The  Socialist  Movement,'  by  Mr.  J.  Bruce 
Glasier  ;  '  The  Pioneer  of  the  I.L.P.,'  by  Mr. 
Keir  Hardie  ;  and  '  The  Fallacy  of  Over- 
production,' by  Mr.  Percy  Wallis,  are  features 
of  this  issue. 

Windsor  Magazine,  May,  Gd.  Ward  &  Lock 

The  short  stories  in  this  issue  include  '  The 
Order  of  the  Bath,'  by  Mr.  Dornford  Yates  ; 
'  Our  Colonel  Newcorae,'  by  Mr.  Paul  Neuraan  ; 
and  '  Aerial  Manoeuvres,'  by  Miss  Jessie  Pope. 
Among  the  illustrated  articles  are  '  The  Highway- 
man in  Tradition  and  in  Fact,'  by  Mr.  G.  F. 
Mowbray,  and  '  The  Art  of  John  Phillip,  R.A.,' 
by  Mr.  Austin  Chester. 

JUVENILE. 

Green  (Lincoln),  Camp  Cookery,  a  Book  for  Boy 
Scouts,  Gd.  net.  Stanley  Paul 

A  small  handbook  giving  directions  for 
cooking,  simple  recipes,  and  suggestions  for  home- 
made appliances. 

GENERAL. 

Doyle  (Arthur  Conan),  The  Case  op  Oscar 
Slater,  Gd.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

A  third  edition  of  this  booklet,  reissued  in 
view  of  the  recent  interest  taken  in  the  case. 

Holmes  (Oliver  Wendell),  The  Autocrat  op 
the  Breakfast-Table,  edited  by  C.  R. 
Rounds,  1  /  net. 

This  volume  of  Macmillan's  "  Pocket 
Classics  "  is  edited  with  a  biographical  sketch 
of  Holmes,  a  Bibliography,  notes,  and  an  Index. 

Kaufman  (Herbert),  The  Clock  that  Had  No 
Hands,  and  Nineteen  Other  Essays  about 
Advertising,  2/  net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

A  collection  of  essays  on  the  necessity  of 
advertising  in  order  to  attract  trade,  by  an  Ame- 
rican writer. 

Menzies  (Mrs.  Stuart),  Love's  Responsibilities, 

6/  Holden  &  Hardingham 

A  collection  of  twelve  essays  on  such  subjects 

as  the  duty  of  parents  to  their  children,   '  How 

Men  Love,'  and  '  Woman's  Ways.' 

Millar  (Martha),  Useful  Hints  on  Sick  Nursing 
for  the  Home  ;  Useful  Hints  on  Household 
Management  ;  and  Useful  Hints  on  Health 
and  Habits  for  the  Home,  Gd.  net  each. 

Blackie 
Small  handbooks  containing  much  practical 
information.     Each  has  a  coloured  frontispiece. 
Mookerji    (Radhakumud),    The     Fundamental 
Unity  of  India  (from  Hindu  Sources),  3/6 

Longmans 

This  essay  is  reproduced,  with  additions  and 

alterations,     from      The     Modern     Revieiv.       Mr. 

Ramsay  MacDonald  contributes  an  Introduction. 

Palmer  (William  T.),  Odd  Yarns  op  English 

Lakeland,  Narratives  of  Romance,  Mystery, 

and  Superstition  told  by  the  Dalesfolk,  2/6 

ne,t-  Skefflngton 

This  book  contains  many  stories  recording 

old     customs     and     superstitions      which     Mr. 

Palmer   has    collected  "  over   a   long    series    of 

years  in  all  sorts  of  places  in  our  land  of  dales 

and    lakes    and    fells."      Mrs.    Humphry    Ward 

contributes  the  Preface. 

Pearson  (Ada  T.),  A  Handbook  op  Cookery  for 
School  and  Home,  Gd.  net.  Blackie 

A  companion  volume  to  those  of  Miss  Millar 
mentioned  above.  It  contains,  besides  numerous 
recipes,  hints  on  marketing  and  cleaning,  and  a 
chapter  on  invalid  cookery.  There  is  a  coloured 
frontispiece. 

Pearson  (Edith),  Ideals  and  Realities,  2/6  net. 

Washbourne 
A  collection  of  essays  on  '  Books,'   '  Father 
Ryan's  Poems,'  '  Sympathy,'  and  other  subjects. 
Rubber  Facts  and  Figures,  May,  1/ 

F.  C.  Mathieson 
A    small    volume    containing    particulars    of 
Companies,  Monthly  Outputs,  the  Forward  Sales 
of  3011,  &c. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Civil  War  and  Party  Lawyers,  2d. 

'  Farm  and  Home,'  63,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 

The  writer — Mr.  W.  Robinson — having  been 
fined  for  neglecting  to  pay  insurance  contributions 
for  his  employees,  has  here  published  his  "  honestly 
felt  opinion  of  the  acts  of  our  fatuous  Govern- 
ment and  some  of  its  members." 
Fussell  (Joesph  H.),  Mrs.  Besant's  Policy. 

San  Diego,  Cal.,  '  San  Diego  News  '  Press 

The  writer  attacks  Mrs.  Besant's  policy  as 
being  inconsistent  with  her  actions,  and  par- 
ticularly blames  her  for  her  support  of  Mr.  Lead- 
beater,  and  her  statements  regarding  Mrs. 
Katherine  Tingley. 


Hull  Museum  Publications  :  Quarterly  Record 
of  Additions,  No3.  XLVI.  and  XLVIL,  edited 
by  Thomas  Sheppard,  Id.  each. 

Hull,  the  Museum 
Two  illustrated  pamphlets,  containing  notes 
on   recent  additions  to   the  Museum,   which  are 
reprinted  from  The  Eastern  Morning  News. 

Jones  (H.  Lee  J.),  National  Health  Insurance 
and  Character,  a  Grave,  Wide-based  Indict- 
ment, Id. 

Liverpool,  119  and  121,  Limekiln  Lane 
A  part  of  this  pamphlet  originally  appeared 
in  letter  form  in    The  Liverpool   Courier.      It  is 
"  mainly  founded  on  extracts  "  from    The  Edin- 
burgh Review  of  July,  1913. 

Solly  (J.  Raymond),  Notes  and  Reflections  on 
the  Treatment  of  Stammering,  Gd  net. 

Hugh  Rees 
A  short  essay  on    stammering    by  one  who, 
after  suffering  from  that  ailment  for  thirty  years, 
succeeded  in  curing  himself. 

SCIENCE. 

Henderson    (Junius)    and  Harrington  (John  Pea- 
body),  Ethnozoology  of  the  Tewa  Indians. 
Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 
This  paper  contains  part  of  the   results    of 
researches    in    New    Mexico    conducted     by    the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  and  the  School  of 
American    Archaeology    during    1910    and    1911, 
and   is   published   as   Bulletin   56   of   the   former 
institution. 

Nuttall  (G.  Clarke),  Wild  Flowers  as  they 
Grow,  Seventh  Series,  5/  net.  Cassell 

The  illustrations  from  photographs  in  colour, 
taken  direct  from  nature  by  H.  Essenhigh- 
Corke,  are  an  important  feature  of  this  work. 
The  text  is  also  illustrated  by  diagrams,  and  to 
it  are  added  General  and  Classified  Indexes. 

Orton  (J.  Louis),  Rational  Hypnotism. 

National  Institute  of  Sciences 
The    writer   gives   a   survey   of   the   modern 
history  of  hypnotism,  and  pleads  for  its  adoption 
as  an  educational  adjunct. 

Ostwald  (Wilhelm),  The  Principles  of  Inor- 
ganic Chemistry,  translated  with  the  Author's 
Sanction  by  Alexander  Findlay,  18/  net. 

Macmillan 
A  fourth  edition,  revised  in  accordance  with 
the  third  German  edition  of  1912.  The  trans- 
lator has  revised  the  last  chapter  on  radio-active 
substances  "  in  order  to  bring  the  treatment  of 
this  rapidly  changing  subject  more  into  harmony 
with  the  present  state  of  knowledge." 

Saleeby    (Caleb    Williams),   The    Progress    of 

Eugenics,  5/  net.  Cassell 

This  book  is  based  on  two  courses  of  lectures, 

one  delivered  before  the  National  Council  of  Public 

Morals  and  the  other  before  the  Royal  Institution. 

Spolia  Zeylanica,  edited  by  Joseph  Pearson, 
Vol.  IX.  Part  XXXV.  Colombo,  H.  C.  Cottle 
Dr.  E.  Bugnion  contributes  two  articles 
on  '  LTmago  de  VEutermes  lacustris  de  Ceylan  ' 
and  '  Eutermes  hantance  de  Ceylan.'  Dr.  J. 
Pearson  writes  on  the  '  Proposed  Re-Classi- 
fication of  the  Genera  Miilleria  and  Holo- 
thuria  '  and  on  '  The  Sub-genera  Argiodia  and 
Actinopyga.'  Capt.  R.  B.  S.  Sewell  has  a  long 
paper  entitled  '  Notes  on  the  Surface  Copepoda 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mannar ' ;  and  there  are  reviews, 
notes,  and  a  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Ceylon  Natural  History  Society.  The  articles 
are  illustrated* 

Thompson  (H.  Stuart),  Flowering  Plants  of 
the  Riviera,  a  Descriptive  Account  of  1800 
of  the  More  Interesting  Species,  10/6  net. 

Longmans 
Mr.  A.  G.  Tansley  contributes  an  Introduc- 
tion on  Riviera  Vegetation,  and  the  book  is  pro- 
vided with  a  short  Glossary  of  Botanical  Terms 
and  an  Index.  There  are  coloured  plates  after 
water-colour  drawings  by  Mr.  Clarence  Bicknell 
and  reproductions  of  photographs  by  the  author. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Beautiful  England  :  Bath  and  Wells,  described 
by  Arthur  L.  Salmon  ;  Ripon  and  Harrogate, 
described  by  R.  Murray  Gilchrist  ;  Scar- 
borough and  Neighbourhood,  described  by 
the  same ;  and  Warwick  and  Leamington, 
described  by  George  Morley,  2/  net  each. 

Blackie 
Each  of  these  books  is  illustrated  by  twelve 
coloured  plates  from  paintings  by  Mr.  Ernest  W. 
Haslehust. 

Beautiful     Switzerland  :      Lausanne     and     its 

Environs,  painted  and  described  by  G.  Flem- 

well,  2/  net.  Blackie 

Containing    twelve    coloured  plates   and   de- 

1  scriptive  text. 


Catalogue  of  Modern  Etchings,  Engravings, 
Drawings,  and  Lithographs,  1/  Sotheby 

An  illustrated  catalogue.  The  sale  takes 
place  on  May  1st  and  May  4th. 

Catalogue  of  Oriental,  Egyptian,  Greek,  Roman, 
and  Etruscan  Antiquities,  1/  Sotheby 

An     illustrated     catalogue     of     antiquities, 
including  ancient  Egyptian  rings,  seals,  amulets, 
&c,  Roman  bronze  helmets,  and  Greek  marbles. 
The  sale  will  take  place  next  Tuesday. 
Catalogue   of  the   Valuable   Collection  of   Anglo- 
Saxon    and    Norman    Coins,    the    Property    of 
H.   M.   Reynolds,   Esq.,  and   Other  Proper- 
ties, 1/  Sotheby 
An  illustrated  catalogue  of  coins  to  be  sold 
next  Monday. 

East  (Sir  Alfred),  Brush  and  Pencil  Notes  in 
Landscape,  10/6  net.  Cassell 

This  volume  contains  a  large  number  of 
reproductions  from  water-colour  and  pencil 
sketches  by  Sir  Alfred  East,  which  are  preceded 
by  his  essay  on  '  The  Artist's  Attitude  towards 
Nature,'  an  appreciatory  sketch  of  his  work  by 
Mr.  Edwin  Bale,  and  verses  '  On  the  Opening  of 
the  Alfred  East  Art  Gallery,  Kettering,'  by  Mr. 
William  Toynbee.  The  frontispiece  is  from  a 
portrait  by  Mr.  Philip  A.  L^szlo. 

Gardner  (Percy),  The  Principles  of  Greek  Art» 
10/  net.  Macmillan 

This  work  is  an  enlargement  of  the  author's 
'  Grammar  of  Greek  Art,'  published  in  1905. 
Two  of  the  chapters  are  new,  and  the  rest  are 
either  rewritten  or  revised  and  corrected,  and 
the  number  of  illustrations  has  been  increased. 
History  of  the  Society  of  Dilettanti,  compiled  by 
Lionel  Cust,  and  edited  by  Sir  Sidney  Colvin, 
25/  net.  Macmillan 

This  work  is  reissued  with  a  supplementary 
chapter,  recording  the  history  of  the  Society  from 
1898  to  1913,  and  a  supplementary  List  of  Mem- 
bers elected  during  that  period.  The  edition  is 
limited  to  350  copies. 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts  Bulletin,  April,  10  cents. 

Boston,  Massachusetts 
It  includes  an  illustrated  article  on  the  new 
acquisitions  of  the  Egyptian  Department. 

MUSIC. 

Garcia   (Gustave),   A   Guide   to   Solo    Singing, 

containing  Full  Instructions  on  Singing,  with  a 

Detailed  Analysis  of  some  Well-Known  Works 

and  Songs,  2/  Novello 

The   course   here   suggested   is   divided   into 

progressive    chapters,    each    preceded    by    vocal 

exercises. 

Krall  (Emil),  The  Future  of  Musicians,  a  Plea 
for  Organization,  1/  net.  Bell 

The  author  reviews  "  the  economic  position 
of  musicians  in  the  general  struggle  for  sub- 
sistence," and  proposes  the  formation  of  another 
union  for  those  in  the  musical  profession. 

Manchester   Public   Libraries  :     List   of   Glees, 

Madrigals,  Part-Songs,  &c,  in  the  Henry 

Watson  Music  Library,  compiled  by  J.  A. 

Cartledge.  Manchester,  the  Library 

This  Catalogue  of  songs  is  divided  into  three 

parts — for  Mixed  Voices,  Male  Voices,  and  Female 

Voices — each  part  being  arranged  first  under  the 

names  of  composers  and  editors,  and  then  under 

titles. 

Stainer  (John),  The  Music  of  the  Bible,  with 
some  Account  of  the  Development  of  Modern 
Musical  Instruments  from  Ancient  Types,  5/ 
net.  Novello 

This  new  issue  has  been  edited  with  supple- 
mentary notes  and  a  preface  by  the  Rev.  F.  W. 
Galpin.     There  are  also  some  new  illustrations. 

DRAMA. 
Brieux,    Damaged    Goods,    translated    by    John 
Pollock,  1/  net.  Fifield 

This  translation  of  '  Les  A  varies  '  was  pro- 
duced at  the  Little  Theatre  last  February  (see 
notice  in  The  Athenmum,  Feb.  21,  p.  283).  Mrs. 
Bernard  Shaw  has  written  a  Foreword  giving  the 
history  of  the  English  version ;  and  that  portion 
of  Mr.  Shaw's  Preface  to  '  Three  Plays  by  Brieux  ' 
(1911)  which  related  to  'Damaged  Goods'  is 
reprinted. 

Layton  (Frank  G.),  "  Stephen  Andrew,"  Philip's 

Wife,  a  Play  in  Three  Acts,  1/  net.  Fifield 

The  subject  of  the  piece  is  similar  to  that  of 

'  Damaged  Goods,'  but  it  was  written  before  the 

author  had  heard  of  that  play. 

Schnitzler   (Arthur),  Playing  with  Love  (Liebe- 

lei),  translated  by  P.  Morton  Shand,  2/6  net. 

Gay  &  Hancock 
The  play  is  preceded  by  a  Foreword  and 
'  The  Prologue  to  Anatol  (Yesterday  and  To-day),' 
translated  from  the  German  of  Hugo  von  Hof- 
mannsthal  by  Mr.  Trevor  Blakemore. 
Vansittart  (Robert),  Dusk,  1/  Humphreys 

(See  p.  635. 


Xo.  4514.  May  2,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


623 


BOOK-TRADE    REFORM. 

The  Bookski.i.krs  Point  of  Yikw. 

It  has  not  in  the  least  surprised  us  that 
while  nearly  every  one  concerned  professes 
to  have  read  with  the  deepest  interest  the 
article  in  The  Athena  um  of  April  4th  on  the 
proposed  regeneration  of  t  lie  Book  Trade,  no 
two  opinions  agree  as  to  the  hest  methods 
of  improvement.  Many  booksellers  have 
an  uneasy  feeling  that  the  publishers  regard 
them  as  past  praying  for;  most  publishers 
are  eloquent  on  the  intolerable  nuisance  of 
conflicting  interests  among  publishers  and 
booksellers  alike  ;  but  the  vision  of  a  revolu- 
tion winch  would  place  every  branch  of  the 
trade  under  one  central  government  on  the 
I  lexman  model,  and  create  confidence  where 
little  confidence  at  present  exists,  is  regarded 
for  the  most  part  as  too  good  to  be  realized. 
Whole-hearted  support,  on  the  other  hand, 
comes  from  the  well-informed  author  of 
'  The  Bookshop  '  article  in  The  Glasgoxv 
News,  who  writes  : — • 

"  However  drastic  the  change  of  our  British 
system,  or  lack  of  system,  to  the  German  method, 
it  would  be  worth  attempting.  Nothing  could 
be  worse  than  the  present  state  of  bookselling  in 
this  country." 

If  this  be  true  at  a  period  of  national 
prosperity,  and  in  an  age  when  there  were 
never  so  many  books  published  since  the 
world  began,  it  is  surely  time  to  rebuild  the 
whole  trade  on  a  new  and  worthy  basis  ;  to 
reorganize  it  so  that  all  the  disunited  parts 
work  together  for  the  common  good,  as 
well  as  for  their  individual  interests.  Only 
in  this  way  will  it  be  possible  to  retrieve 
the  existing  situation,  and  rear  a  new  race 
of  booksellers  thoroughly  trained  in  their 
business,  and  sufficiently  encouraged  to  be 
enterprising.  To-day,  when  towns  without 
number  could  be  mentioned  in  which  every 
craft  is  worthily  represented  except  book- 
selling—  and  in  the  present  article  we 
are  particularly  concerned  with  that  aspect 
of  the  problem — there  is  little  but  the  love 
of  books  to  attract  the  right  kind  of  man  to 
enter  the  trade. 

Reorganization  alone  can  mend  matters 
in  this  respect,  and  develope  a  keenness  which 
will  see  to  it  that  all  these  untapped  sources 
of  bookbuying,  as  well  as  the  cities,  shall 
be  properly  worked.  Even  our  cities  are 
far  indeed  from  being  all  that  they  might 
be  as  centres  of  bookbuying.  Xo  one  would 
seriously  propose  to  adopt  in  its  entirety 
the  perfect  Bystem  which  is  possible  only 
to  a  race  such  as  the  Germans,  to  whom 
discipline  and  organization  are  as  the  very 
breath  of  their  nostrils;  but  it  should  not 
be  impossible,  as  suggested  in  our  original 
article,  to  find  some  profitable  means  of 
adapting  their  model  to  suit  the  British 
character.  Mr.  Joseph  Shaylor,  whose 
opinion  is  entitled  to  every  respect,  believes 
that  the  time  has  come  to  call  a  joint  meet- 
ing in  which  the  various  bodies  should 
!y  ;inr|  frankly  discuss  such  a  scheme 
in  all  its  beam  . 

Apropos  of  the  previous  remarks  relating 
to  tin-  old  apprenticeship  system,  and  the 
d  of  proper  training  to-day,  Mr.  Shaylor 
showed  the  writer  the  original  documents 
relating  to  the  examination  for  booksellers' 
assistants  organized  some  years  ago  by  the 
Association  of  London  Booksellers,  when 
Mr.  Shaylor  acted  as  one  of  the  examiners, 
and  Sir  Walter  I;,  sant  distributed  the  prizes. 
It  is  interesting  to  learn  that  the  flflflifltanl 
who  took  the  first  prize  on  that  one  and  only 

n  of  the  kind  now  occupies  a  leading 
place  among  the  best-known  booksellers  in 

the  kingdom,   but    some  of   the  examination 

papers  returned  by  other  competitors  wen' 
more  astonishing  t  ban  praist  wort  by.  Bacon's 
'Essays'    were    credited    to    an    Ancriean; 


'  The  Christian  Year  "  to  Thomas  a  Kempis  ; 
'Paul  and  Virginia  '  to  Thackeray;  '  Pamela  ' 
to  Lever:  and  'The  Kaerie  Queene  '  to 
Herbert  Spencer;  while  one  reckless  assis- 
tant, asked  to  name  a  leading  theological 
book,    gave    '  Brown's    Forty-Nine    Articles.' 

In  one  of  his  pleasant  essaj  s  in  '  The  Fascina- 
tion of  Books,'  Mr.  Shaylor  compares  these 
questions  and  answers  with  the  examination 
which  Venetian  booksellers  were  obliged  to 
pass  by  the  laws  of  their  own  powerful  guild 
in  the  eighteenth  century. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  questions 
which  had  to  be  answered  in  those  days  : — 

Name  the  principal  Saints  and  Fathers, 
both  Latin  and  Greek. 

Name  the  principal  expositors  of  Holy 
Writ. 

Xame  the  principal  writers  in  Ecclesi- 
astical History. 

Xame  the  principal  ancient  writers  on 
Philosophy  and  History. 

Also  the  principal  poets,  tragic  as  well 
as  comic,  in  Greek  and  Latin  Literature. 

Name  the  principal  writers  on  the  Pine 
Arts  :  Painting,  Scvdjiture,  and  Architecture, 
Civil  and  Military. 

Name  the  principal  writers  on  Natural 
History  and  Botany. 

Imagine  the  consternation  of  the  average 
bookseller  in  England  to-day  if  suddenly 
confronted  with  a  set  of  questions  on  the 
above  lines.  Of  course,  no  one  expects 
encyclopaedic  knowledge  of  the  kind  in  the 
present  multiplicity  of  books,  but  in  view 
of  the  haphazard  system  of  training  assistants 
nowadays  it  is  not  surprising  if  expert  know- 
ledge in  the  trade  is  lamentably  deficient. 
This  is  not  altogether  the  bookseller's  fault. 
He  cannot  afford  to  pay  for  fully  qualified 
assistance,  and  he  needs  more  encourage- 
ment than  he  receives  at  present  to  put  his 
own  heart  and  soul  into  the  business.  That 
at  least  seems  to  be  the  prevailing  opinion 
among  those  booksellers  with  whom  we 
have  discussed  the  subject. 

After  hearing  so  much  of  the  decay  of  the 
bookseller,  it  is  refreshing  to  receive  an 
optimistic  note  from  Mr.  A.  Iredale,  the 
well  -  known  bookseller  of  Torquaj%  who 
writes  with  forty  years'  experience  : — 

"  The  condition  of  the  bookselling  trade  to-day 
as  compared  with  forty  years  ago  is  as  light  is  to 
darkness.  The  improvement  has  been  brought 
about  mainly  by  means  of  the  Associated  Book- 
sellers of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  an  institution 
in  the  foundation  of  which  I  took  an  active  part, 
and  which  I  continue  earnestly  to  support.  Now 
booksellers  are  brought  together  in  council  and  in 
large  numbers  at  the  annual  meetings,  whereas 
forty  years  ago  there  was  no  community  of  in- 
terest, and  no  personal  knowledge  of  each  other. 
The  Association  is  in  constant  touch  with  the 
publishers  ;  trade  matters  are  discussed  by  pub- 
lishers and  the  officials  of  *he  Association,  and 
an  excellent  feeling  exists  between  t  lie  two,  all 
tending  to  good.  There  is  a  better  understanding, 
abetter  knowledge  of  the  needs  of  each  and  of  their 
respective  business  standpoints.  This  is_a  dis- 
tinct fain. 

"  But  I  am  desirous — and  so  are  you — of  seeing 
this  principle  of  unity  between  publisher  and 
bookseller  st  ill  further  extended,  we  are  working 
in  this  direction.  We  may  learn  something  from 
the  German,  and  if  the  Bdrsenverein  is  not  actually 

our  ideal,  we  may  approach  its  constitution  with 

advantage  to  all  concerned.  The  greatest  prac- 
tical gain  that  has  accrued  to  bookseller  and 
publisher  through  the  formation  of  the  Book- 
sellers' Association  is  the  establishment  of  the 
net  system.  Wo  wish  to  see  it  still  further  ex- 
tended.    All  these  things  mean  protection,  a  word 

perhaps  not  agreeable  to  all  ears,  but  every  pro- 
fession and  almost  every  trade  accept  it.  Why 
should  we  stand  aloof  '? 

Ofber    booksellers    join    in    an    urgent    plea 

for  the  extension  of  the  net  system.  This 
reform  lias  worked  wonders  in  removing  the 

incubus  of  ruinous  di-counts  from  the  p ar- 
ticular branches  of  literature  affected  suae 
it-  inauguration  at  the  beginning  of  1000; 
but  n  i-  urged  that  the  time  has  arrived  to 


extend  the  system  to  the  whole  of  fiction, 
making  6.9.  novels  4s.  6d.  net,  and  so  on; 
as  well  as  to  all  juvenile  books,  in  the  case 
of  which  the  trade  has  to  face  the  abnormal 
discount  demands  of  educational  authorities 
and  other  institutions  not  always  fairly 
entitled  to  such  reductions  in  price.  Mr. 
rleinemann  and  certain  other  publishers 
have  made  bold  experiments  in  the  field  of 
fiction,  but  nothing  of  the  kind  is  likely  to 
succeed  without  concerted  action  and  the 
support  of  the  whole  trade.  Tho  way  in 
which  American  publishers  are  spreading 
tho  net  system  over  the  bulk  of  fiction. 
in  order  to  strengthen  the  position  of  the 
legitimate  bookseller,  is  a  precedent  which 
might  possibly  be  followed  with  advantage 
in  this  country. 

A  more  stimulating  move  would  be  the 
introduction  of  some  standardized  system 
of  relieving  booksellers  from  time  to  time  of 
their  derelict  stock.  Nothing  is  so  depress- 
ing to  the  keen  book-lover  as  to  find  the 
shelves  of  many  bookshops  overflowing, 
not  with  the  newest  books,  nor  even  with 
tho  standard  works  and  classics  that  en- 
joys for  ever,  but  with  the  accumulated 
failures  of  the  last  few  years,  and  the  serried 
ranks  of  cheap  reprints.  There  is  much 
to  be  said  for  the  German  system  which 
enables  the  bookseller  to  return  or  exchange 
every  year  all  unsold  books  ordered  on  that 
understanding.  It  is  this  method  which 
largely  accounts  for  the  healthy,  up-to-date 
service  in  the  German  trade.  Tho  German 
bookshop  is  alive  all  the  time,  and  is  suffi- 
ciently remunerative  to  be  run  by  the 
ambitious  man  of  business,  as  well  as  by  the 
bookworm.  Isolated  attempts  have  been 
made  to  solve  the  problem  of  unsold  stock 
in  the  British  trade,  but  in  this,  as  in  the 
additional  handicap  of  the  remainder  market, 
there  is  no  settled  uniform  policy  among  the 
publishers.  Booksellers  themselves  might 
do  much  to  relieve  one  another  of  their 
surplus  stock  if  they  could  organize  some 
workable  means  of  intercommunication. 
In  a  mild,  ineffective  way  this  is  done 
at  the  present  time,  but  the  problem  needs 
tackling  on  broad,  comprehensive  lines  for 
the  benefit  of  the  trade  as  a  whole.  Mr. 
Wilson,  of  Messrs.  Jones  &  Evans — one  of 
the  ardent  spirits  of  the  trade — is  in  favour 
of  a  great  clearing-house  for  the  regular 
disposal  of  the  stifling  stock  of  unsold  books. 
He  also  agrees  that  publishers  would  find  it 
worth  their  while  to  combine  with  the  book- 
sellers in  helping  to  relieve  them  of  this 
perpetual  burden  ;  but  the  crying  evil  of 
the  trade,  in  his  opinion,  is  the  present 
hurried  method  of  "subscription."  Books 
are  taken  round  by  the  publishers'  travellers 
often  only  a  few  days,  sometimes  only  a 
few  hours,  before  publication,  and  in  the 
busy  seasons  of  the  year  booksellers  have 
to  decide  practically  at  a  moment's  notice 
for  how  many  copies,  if  any,  they  wish  to 
"subscribe.''  If  they  d<>  not  order  at  once, 
they    lose    discount     afterwards.      Xo    other 

i  rade,  it  is  objected,  is  compelled  to  purchase 

its  goods  without  having  a  reasonable 
Opportunity  of  knowing  what  it  is  buying. 
Publishers    who    complain    that    booksellers 

light   shy  of  so  many  new  books  do  not   fully 

realize  'the  bookseller's  difficulty  in  this 
respect,  surrounded  as  he  is  with  the  object 

lesson    of   Crowded    Shelves   of   failures.         Mr. 

Wilson  firmly  believes  that  a  round-table 
conference  on  the  subject  would  remove 
many  of  the  grievances  which  undoubtedly 
exist   in  the  trade  at   the  present   moment, 

and  increase  thai   mutual  Confidence  which  is 

,  ential  to  the  welfare  of  booksellers  and 
publishers  alike. 

Such,  in  bri(  f.  is  i  he  case  for  i  he  book- 
seller.       \e\t  week  WB  ho|.e  to  say  something 

from  i  he  publisher's  point  of  view. 


624 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


LOST  ARGOSIES. 

The  days  of  youth  are  sunk  behind  thee 
now, 
Galleons  that  sailed  so  proud  and  fair  and 

free 
On  far,  dim  stretches  of  life's  stormy  sea, 
Laden  with  untold  wealth  from  stern  to  prow  : 
Enchanted  Pegasus,  the  Golden  Bough, 
The  Magic  Apples  gathered  on  the  shore 

Of    faery    bays    that    thou    shalt    see    no 
more, 

Youth's  ecstasy  and  love's  first,  trembling 
vow .... 

"Gone!     gone!"    thy   cry;     "All,    all   for 
ever  lost !  " 

And  weeping,  all  regretfully  dost  try 

To  stretch  thy  finite  senses  for  reply 

To  futile  tasks  of  counting  up  the  cost. 

Weep  not,  for  thou  shalt  see  them  by  and 

by 
Sail  into  Port  beneath  a  cloudless  sky. 

Enid   Dauncey. 


DUTY    ON    BOOKS    IN    THE    UNITED 

STATES. 

Dr.  George  Haven  Putnam,  Secretary 
of  the  American  Publishers'  Copyright 
League,  has  found  occasion  for  a  report  to 
the  members  of  the  League,  which  is  ex- 
plained in  a  recent  number  of  the  (American) 
Publishers'  Weekly. 

Mr.  Putnam  calls  attention  to  a  recent 
ruling  of  the  U.S.  Treasury  Department  in 
regard  to  the  term  "  dutiable  value,"  which, 
if  strictly  carried  out,  must  constitute  a 
serious  interference  with  the  importation  of 
editions  of  books  brought  over  for  publica- 
tion in  the  United  States.  Publishers  in 
Great  Britain  have  an  interest — no  less 
direct  than  that  of  the  importing  publishers 
in  America — in  any  measure  that  may  stand 
in  the  way  of  the  arrangements  which  have, 
during  the  past  years,  been  increasingly  made 
for  the  publication  of  books  on  "  joint 
account."  Under  such  an  arrangement,  the 
cost  of  production  is  divided  between 
the  English  and  the  American  market,  the 
American  publisher  taking  over  for  the 
latter  a  substantial  portion  of  the  edition 
printed,  and  sometimes  as  much  as  half 
of  it.  This  is  practicable  only  when  the 
duty  is  assessed  upon  the  actual  manufac- 
turing cost  of  the  books  as  landed  in  New 
York,  or  upon  a  dutiable  value  which  is 
substantially  in  line  with  the  manufacturing 
cost.  In  a  letter  from  the  Acting  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  bearing  date  January  30th, 
1914,  the  Department  takes  the  ground  that 
the  dutiable  value  for  books  shall  be,  not 
the  price  paid  by  the  importing  publisher 
for  one  thousand  copies  (more  or  less),  but 
the  price  at  which  quantities  were  sold  at 
wholesale  in  the  "market  of  origin." 

The  Secretary  states  further  that,  if  no 
supplies  of  a  book  have  as  yet  been  sold  in 
the  home  market  (as  a  matter  of  routine, 
the  American  supply  is,  as  a  rule,  delivered 
in  New  York  in  advance  of  the  date  of 
publication  in  London),  the  selling  price  in 
London  of  a  book  of  similar  character  and 
compass  shall  be  taken  by  the  appraiser  as 
a  guide  in  fixing  the  dutiable  value. 

Mr.  Putnam  points  out  that  for  an  illus- 
trated book  published  in  London  at  24s., 
the    edition    of    which    has    been    divided 


between  the  English  and  the  American 
publisher,  the  actual  manufacturing  cost  or 
price  paid  for  a  supply  of  one  thousand 
copies  more  or  less,  landed  in  New  York, 
would  be  from  4s.  up  to  6s. 

The  price  at  which  wholesale  quantities 
are  sold  in  London  would  range  from  18s. 
down  to  16s. 

The  requirement  that  the  duty  (now  fixed 
at  1 5  per  cent )  shall  be  payable  upon  a  valua- 
tion for  such  a  book  of  16s.  or  18s.  would 
render  the  importation  unprofitable  and 
impracticable.  A  book  upon  which  such 
a  cost  has  been  j^laced  cannot  be  handled  in 
the  American  market,  in  view  of  the  outlays 
for  advertising,  review  copies,  travelling 
salesmen,  &c,  which  have  to  be  incurred 
if  it  is  to  be  published  and  effectively  brought 
to  the  attention  of  buyers  throughout  the 
country. 

The  Treasury  bases  its  contention  on  the 
ground  that  books  must  receive  the  "  same 
treatment  that  is  accorded  other  imported 
merchandise,"  and  the  Secretary  points  out 
that,  according  to  the  Customs  regulations, 
the  dutiable  value  of  other  merchandise  is 
not  the  price  paid  by  the  importer,  but  the 
price  at  which  similar  supplies  are  sold  in 
the  market  of  origin.  The  Secretary  fails 
to  accept  the  contention  submitted  by  Mr. 
Putnam  (a  contention  which  has  been 
emphasized  from  year  to  year  for  a  long 
period  with  the  Customs  authorities  in  New 
York  and  elsewhere)  that  the  purchase  for 
the  American  market  of  supplies  of  books 
printed  in  England  is  made  under  conditions 
that  do  not  obtain  in  the  case  of  other 
merchandise. 

An  American  importer,  for  instance,  who 
purchases  in  Bradford  a  supply  of  woollens, 
pays  in  New  York  a  duty  on  the  actual 
amount  of  his  purchase  invoice,  because 
the  Bradford  manufacturer  is  making  sales 
in  the  home  market  of  similar  supplies. 
The  fact  that  no  sales  of  books  in  quantities 
similar  to  those  required  by  the  American 
importing  publisher  are  made,  or  can  be 
made,  puts  (or  ought  to  put)  books  in  a  class 
different  from  wool  or  other  imported 
merchandise. 

There  is — and  under  the  conditions  of  the 
book  trade  there  can  be — no  sale  in  the 
British  market  of  .  1,000  copies  of  a  book 
of  which  the  first  edition  is,  say,  2,000. 
The  sale  by  the  London  publisher  to  the 
wholesale  dealer  ranges  from  25  copies 
down  to  12  copies. 

The  sale  to  the  American  publisher,  par- 
ticularly if  it  be  made  to  a  firm  which  has 
a  branch  house  in  London,  is  actually  made 
in  London  ;  but  the  Secretary  insists  that, 
if  the  sale  has  been  made  for  export,  it 
cannot  be  accepted  as  the  basis  of  dutiable 
value.  He  takes  the  ground  specifically  that , 
if  12  copies  of  a  book  constitute  the  "usual 
wholesale  quantity,"  the  price  at  which  12 
copies  are  sold  in  London  must  constitute 
the  "  value  "  for  the  assessment  of  duty  in 
New  York. 

The  books  chiefly  in  question  are  those 
for  which  American  copyright  is  not  required. 
They  belong  to  the  class  of  illustrated  publi- 
cations, and  are  largely  technical  in  cha- 
racter. They  are  books  needed  by  American 
instructors  and  students,  and,  in  case  the 
book  is  not  offered  in  an  imported  edition, 
the  demand  must  be  supplied  by  the  impor- 
tation of  a  single  copy  or  of  small  lots, 
and  the  American  student  will  be  called 
upon  to  pay  a  very  much  higher  price  for 
his  copy. 

The  business  of  publishing  books  for 
"joint  account  "  and  in  international  series 
is  one  of  importance  for  the  interests,  not 


only  of  the  contributing  authors  and  of  the 
publishers  collaborating  in  such  international 
undertakings,  but  also  of  readers  and 
students  throughout  the  world.  When  the 
original  cost,  covering  such  items  as  the 
payment  for  authorship,  duty,  illustrations, 
&c,  can  be  divided  between  several  markets, 
the  cost  of  production  and  the  final  price  to 
the  consumer  are  proportionately  lessened. 
It  is  this  international  business,  of  literary 
and  educational  importance,  the  extension 
and  the  continuance  of  which  are  now 
threatened  by  a  novel  and  narrow  inter- 
pretation, on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
Treasury  Department,  of  the  provisions  of 
the  Tariff  Act  concerning  books. 

Mr.  Putnam  emphasizes  in  his  com- 
munication to  the  members  of  the 
Publishers'  Copyright  League  the  import- 
ance, for  the  sake  of  American  literary 
and  educational  interests,  of  securing  a 
more  equitable  interpretation  of  the  term 
"dutiable  value." 


THE    ELIOT    HODGKIN    SALE. 

On  Monday,  April  20th,  Messrs.  Sothehy  began 
the  sale  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  Eliot  Hodgkin's  collec- 
tions. Of  the  Autograph  Letters  the  most  impor- 
tant were  the  following  :  A  contemporary  copy  of 
Magna  Carta,  50?.  Henry  VI.,  sign  manual,  1470, 
26?.  Edward  IV.,  signed  letter  to  the  Due  de 
Bourgogne,  Aug.  7,  1480,  35?.  Lucretia  Borgia, 
signed  letter  to  Cardinal  d'Este,  Jan.  14,  1502, 
24.51.  Sir  Thomas  Bolevn,  A.L.s.  to  Margaret 
of  Austria,  Aug.  14,  1514,  47*.  Henry  VIII., 
signed  letter  to  the  same,  Nov.  2,  151S,  24*.  10s. ; 
another  to  the  Cardinal  of  Ravenna,  Jan.  18,  1529, 
30/.  Letter  from  the  Principals  of  the  University 
of  Wittenberg  to  Frederick,  Elector  of  Saxony, 
1547,  32?.  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  six  documents 
indicating  the  exact  places  where  she  stayed, 
1549-51,  4.21.  ;  signed  letter  to  the  Count  Rhein- 
grave  respecting  the  restitution  of  Havre  de  Grace, 
Sept.  21,  1563,  100?.  Mary  I.,  signed  letter  to  the 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  June  1,  1557,  501.  Catherine 
dei  Medici,  signed  letter  to  the  Bishop  of  Limoges 
respecting  the  Coronation  of  Charles  IX.,  May  26, 
1561,  501.  Bernardin  Bochetel,  Bishop  of  Rennes, 
signed  letter  to  Charles  IX.,  giving  information 
about  Elizabeth,  Marv,  Queen  of  Scots,  &■«., 
July  1, 1566,  52?.  Marguerite  de  Valois,  A.L.s.  to 
Henri  IV.,  e.  1580,  21?.  D'Alencon,  A.L.s.  to 
Henri  III.,  Nov.  8, 1581,  40?.  10s.  Henri  of  Navarre 
the  oath  he  took  with  the  Huguenots,  May  24, 
1581,  251.  Ladv  Arabella  Stewart,  A.L.s.  to  the 
Countess  of  Shrewsbury,  Feb.  8,  1587,  351.  Eliza- 
beth, L.s.  to  the  Sheriff  of  Norfolk,  Oct.  10,  1601, 
261.  ;  L.s.  to  the  Sheriff  of  Warwick,  July  28, 
1602,  321.  Notification  of  the  Virginia  Company 
soliciting  subscriptions  of  10,000?.,  Dec.  5,  1610, 
59*.  Eton  School  Bills  of  Con  O'Neill,  1615-19, 
35/.  Inigo  Jones.  L.s.  relating  to  the  building  of 
the  Banqueting  Hall  at  Whitehall,  July  15,  1620, 
46?.  Pepys,  his  copy  of  the  oath  which  he  took 
as  Younger  Brother  of  Trinitv  House,  Feb.  15, 
1661,  21?.  ;  A.L.s.  to  Sir  B.  Browne,  Feb.  7,  1672, 
24?.  10s.  ;  another  to  the  Rev.  John  Hudson, 
Sept.  20,  1702,  20?.  5s.  Evelyn,  A.L.s.  to  Pepys, 
June  25,  1680,  20?.  Oliver  Cromwell,  signed 
document  addressed  to  Capt.  John  Leveret, 
Sept.  18,  1656,  49?.  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  signed 
letter  about  the  petrified  bone  of  a  fish,  20?. 
Charles  II.,  A.L.s.,  Oct.  8,  1676,  to  Sir  William 
Temple,  23?.  Danby,  29  letters,  including  the 
drafts  of  the  two  letters  on  which  he  was  im- 
peached, 1677-8,  65?.  James  Edward,  the  Old 
Pretender,  A.L.s.,  Jan.  22,  1716,  to  the  Earl 
of  Panmure,  21?.  Ormonde,  a  large  collection 
of  documents  relating  to  the  wars  in  the  Low 
Countries,  1712,  &c,  21?.  10s.  Nelson,  A.L.s., 
3  pp.  4to,  to  Lady  Hamilton,  Sept.  16,  1805,  210?. 
A  large  collection  of  documents  relating  to  the 
Chevalier  d'F^on,  170?.  The  total  of  the  sale  was 
3,414?.  17s. 

The  Tokens  and  Medals,  also  sold  last  week, 
realized  1,381?.  18s.  ;  and  the  Engravings, 
1,087?.  Is.  6rf. 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


025 


A  LAUREATE  POEM  BY  SKELTON. 

I  FOfN'D  this  poem  by  Skolton  (which  I 
believe  to  be  as  yet  unpublished)  many  years 
s  ice  when  I  was going  through  the  Wardrobe 

>iuits.    I  copied  it  for  my  own  interest, 

but,  desiring  to  sh>  it.  among  Skelton'8 
works,  I  went  through  them  in  all  the 
•  lit ions  I  could  lay  my  hand  on  without 
finding  it.  I  showed  it  to  Mr.  Pollard, 
who  said  he  did  not  know  it,  and  that 
it  would  be  wise  to  print  it.  I  take 
no  responsibility  further  than  that  of  an 
accurate  transcript  and  full  reference,  for 
I  know  nothing  of  Skelton,  but  others 
maybe  able  to  add  details. 

[Without    title.      A    Laudation    of    Henry    VIII  ] 
(Miscel.  Ace.  Excheq.,  T.  of  R.,  228.) 
("  Out  of  Bl  p.  1518,  vol.  11.") 

YThe  Rose  both  white  and  rede  "[Candida 

In  one  Rose  now  dot  lie  grow  :  Punica, 

Thus  t  ho  row  every  stode  fes. 

There  of  the  same  dot  he  blow  : 
Grace  the  sede  did  sow  : 
England  now  gadder  llowres 
Exclude  now  all  Dolowrs. 

^Noble  Henry  the  eight  ^Nobilis 

Thy  loving  souereine  Lorde  Henricus, 

Of  Kingis  line  moost  straight  &c. 

His  titill  dothe  Recorde  : 
For  whome  dothe  well  Acorde 
Alexis  yonge  of  Age 
Adrastus  wise  and  sage  : 

HAstrea  Justice  hight  *|Sedibus 

That  from  the  Starry  Sky  etheriis, 

Shall  now  come  and  do  right  :  Arc; 

This  handled  yere  skantly 
A  man  kowd  not  Aspy 
That  Right  dwelt  us  Among 
And  yt  was  the  more  wronge. 

^Right  shall  the  foxes  chare  "Wrcebit 

The  wolves  the  hares  also  Vulpes, 

That  wrowghte  have  moche  care  &c. 

And  browght  Englond  in  wo 
They  shall  wirry  no  mo 
Nor  wrote  the  Rosary 
By  extort  trechery. 

UOf  this  our  noble  King  fNe  tanti 

The  law  they  shall  not  breke  Regis, 

They  shall  come  to  rekoning  &c. 

No  man  for  them  wil  speke  : 
The  pepil  durst  not  crake 
Theire  grevis  to  complaine 
They  browghte  them  in  soche  paine  : 

^Therfor  nomore  they  shall  IfEcce 

The  commounes  overbase  platonis 

That  wont  wee  over  all  sella,  ice. 

Both  Lorde  and  Knighte  to  face  : 
For  now  the  yeris  of  grace 
And  welthe  ar  com  agayne 
That  ruakcth  England  faine. 

^Adonis  of  Ereshe  colour  «  Kcdiit 

Of  youth.-  tin'  godely  Hour  jam 

Our  prince  of  bib  honour  Pulcer 

Our  |> hi. m,  our  succour  Adonis, 

Our  King,  our  F'.uipcrour  &c. 
Our  Priamus  of  Troy 
Our  wi-lth,  our  worldly  joy  : 

^Upon  us  lie  doth  raigne  '  \uglorum 

That  rnak<  th  «.ur  hartis  glad  Radians, 

As  King  mooetfl  ■onecdne  ic<-. 

That  cut  Ku-lorid  bad 
Demure,  sober,  and  sad 
And  Marti*  lusty  Knight 
God  BMW  him  in  hiv  right. 

Amen. 

Bien  menaonient, 

P«  m-  Lanrigernm  Britomnn  BkeKonida  Vatenv 

The  allusion  to  the  foxes  and  wolves  now 
departed  seems  to  be  applied  to  Einpson  and 
Dudley,*  and  helps  to  date  this. 

C.  C.   Stoj-i.s. 

"  Henry  sneceedwt  April  22nd,  crowned  Jane  21th,  1.109. 
Kmpson  and  Dudley  were  at  once  arrested.  The  King 
intended  to  spare  their  liven,  l>ut  such  an  outcry  wan  rained 
against  them,  they  were  executed  on  August  lHth,  1510. 


littrarn    (§0ssip. 

The  English  Association  is  Holding 
its  summer  meeting  next  Friday.  Mr. 
A.  J.  Balfour  will  deliver  his  Presidential 
Address  at  Bedford  College,  Regent's 
Park,  at  5.30  p.m.,  and  the  annual  dinner 
will  follow  at  the  Cafe  Monico  at  7.30. 
The  American  Ambassador  and  Mrs. 
Flora  Annie  Steel  will  be  the  guests  of 
the  Association,  and  Prof.  W.  McNeile 
Dixon  and  Mr.  John  Buchan  will  also 
speak. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Helm,  whose  lecture-recital 
on  Jane  Austen  we  noticed  with  pleasure 
last  year,  is  discoursing  in  a  similar  style 
on  '  Charles  Dickens  and  his  Novels  '  on 
the  evening  of  Tuesday,  the  12th  inst..  at 
the  Grafton  Gallery.  Tickets  may  be  ob- 
tained from  Mr.  Helm  at  21,  Brondesburv 
Park,  N.W. 

The  English  Goethe  Society  an- 
nounces a  dinner  at  the  Trocadero  on  the 
20th  inst.  The  President,  Sir  A.  W.  Ward, 
will  be  in  the  chair,  and  Prince  Lichnowsky , 
the  German  Ambassador,  will  be  the  guest 
of  honour.  Tickets  for  the  dinner  may  be 
obtained  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Society 
at  129,  Adelaide  Road,  N.W. 

Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  will  give  an 
address  on  '  The  Press  and  the  Public  '  at 
Kingsway  Hall,  Kingsway,  next  Tuesday, 
at  8.30  p.m.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Webb 
will  also  speak.  The  Fabian  Society, 
which  has  assisted  in  the  organization  of 
the  meeting  (held  specially  for  The  New 
Statesman),  has  a  limited  number  of 
seats  at  its  disposal,  which  may  be  had 
free  by  applying  to  the  Fabian  Office, 
3,  Clement's  Inn,  Strand,  W.C.  Applica- 
tions, which  should  be  accompanied  by  a 
stamped  and  directed  envelope,  will  be 
dealt  with  in  the  order  of  their  receipt. 

The  Rev.  Walter  John  Barton  has 
been  appointed  Head  Master  of  Epsom 
College.  The  post  will  become  vacant  at 
the  end  of  the  Summer  Term  by  the 
resignation  of  the  Rev.  T.  X.  H.  Smith- 
Pearse,  who  has  been  Head  Master  for 
twenty-five  years. 

At  Oxford  Mr.  Barton  took  a  "  first  " 
both  in  Moderations  and  Literae  Humani- 
ores.  For  the  past  seven  years  he  has 
been  an  assistant  master  at  Winchester 
College,  his  old  school,  and  for  the  last 
four  years  lias  been  Recorder  of  the 
Geographical  Section  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation. 

Messrs.  Mac.mh.i.a.n  &  Co.  will  publish 
shortly  'Mvsticism  and   the  Creed,'    by 

the  Rev.  W.*F.  Cobb,  D.I).  In  the  volume 
new  ground  is  broken  in  the  interpretation 
of  the  ('reed  by  the  attempt  to  provide 
for  its  articles  a  mystical  base. 

Tuk  Cambridge  I'niversity  Press  has 
in  preparation  a  'Cambridge  History  of 
American  Literature,'  which  will  deal 
with  the  subject  from  Colonial  times  to 
the  present  day,  and  will  form  two  volumes 
Supplementary  (»,  and  modelled  upon. 
The  Cambridge  History  of  English  Lite- 
rature.' 


The  editorship  is  being  undertaken  by 
Profs.  W.   P.  Trent,  John  Erskine,  Carl 

van  Doren,  and  Stuart  P.  Sherman.  The 
chief  American  writers  will  be  treated  in 
separate  chapters,  but  emphasis  will  be 
laid  on  the  periods  of  transition  and 
development  in  American  culture.  The 
relations  between  American  and  English 
literature  will  be  investigated  in  some 
detail,  and  new  material  will  be  included 
bearing  on  the  attitude  of  Europe  towards 
American  literature,  as  well  as  on  the 
influence  of  American  writers  abroad. 
There  will  be  an  account  of  the  types  of 
literature  and  modes  of  publication  pecu- 
liarly characteristic  of  America,  such  as 
the  short  story  and  the  popular  magazine  ; 
of  the  newspaper  press  and  of  popular 
education.  The  Bibliographical  Appendix 
which  is  to  be  supplied  to  each  volume 
is  receiving  particular  attention. 

Mr.  Rabindranath  Tagore  is  about  to 
issue  with  Messrs.  Macmillan  translations 
into  English  of  two  of  his  plavs,  under  the 
titles  of  '  Chitra  '  and  '  The  Post  Office.' 

The  Report  of  the  Scottish  Record 
Society  for  last  year  shows  that  there  has 
been  issued  to  subscribers  the  '  Register 
of  the  Parish  of  Melrose,  1642-1820,' 
edited  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Romanes.  This  con- 
tains baptisms,  marriages,  and  proclama- 
tions of  marriages.  Under  the  editorship 
of  Mr.  F.  J.  Grant,  the  Parish  Register  of 
Canongate  has  been  continued.  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Angus  has  edited  the  '  Protocol  Book 
of  Gilbert  Grote.'  There  are  in  prepara- 
tion an  Index  to  the  Parish  Register  of 
Melrose,  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Romanes ;  the 
Parish  Register  of  Dunfermline,  by  the 
Rev.  Henry  Paton  ;  a  continuation  of  the 
Parish  Register  of  Canongate,  by  Mr. 
F.  J.  Grant ;  and  the  Yester  Inventory 
of  Writs,  by  Mr.  Cleland  Harvey.  A  new 
departure  by  the  Society  is  the  copying  of 
some  of  the  older  inscriptions  in  St.  Cuth- 
bert's  churchyard. 

Those  who  are  interested  in  education 
may  like  to  know  that  Messrs.  Macmillan 
are  publishing  an  English  edition,  by 
Mr.  C.  K.  Ogden,  of  Dr.  Georg  Kerschen- 
steiner's  '  The  Schools  and  the  Nation.' 
Lord  Haldane  has  furnished  an  Introduc- 
tion. 

Dr.  George  Haven  Pits  wis  '  .Memo- 
ries of  my  Youth,  1844-1805,  which  we 
mentioned  recently,  will  include  a  record 
of  impressions  of  England  in  1844,  1861, 
and  1860  ;  his  experiences  as  a  student  in 
Paris,  Berlin,  and  Gdttingen  ;  and  an 
account  of  Service  in  the  American  Civil 
War,  extending  from  September.  1862,  to 
September,  1865,  and  covering  campaigns 
in  Louisiana  (including  the  Red  River  Ex- 
pedition and  work  in  the  completing  of 
Col.  Bailey's  Dam),  the  campaign  with 
Sheridan  in  the  \  alley  of  the  Shenandoah, 

and    the   decisive   action   at    Cedar  Creek. 
There    are    also    skei  I     Libby    and 

Danville  prisons  during   the   last    year  of 
the  war.  and  a  supplementary  chapter  on 

service  in  maintaining  order  in  Savannah 
after  the   war  was  ended,    but    before   the 

re  establishment  of  civil  government. 


620 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


SCIENCE 


On  Dreams.  By  Prof.  Dr.  Sigm.  Freud. 
Only  Authorized  English  Translation, 
by  M.  D.  Eder.   (Heinemann,  3s.  Qd.  net.) 

Prof.  Freud  is  well  known  as  a  student 
of  those  mental  operations  to  which 
physiologists  and  psychologists  apply  the 
term  "  unconscious."  The  results  of  his 
studies  lead  him  to  maintain  the  thesis 
that  no  "  unconscious "  experience  is 
wholly  lost.  Many  have  sunk  so  deeply 
into  the  mind  as  to  have  vanished  from 
ordinary  memory,  though  they  still  remain 
subconsciously,  and  in  as  organized  and 
real  a  form  as  if  they  were  still  a  part 
of  the  conscious  personality.  These  sub- 
conscious memories  manifest  themselves 
physiologically  in  dreams  ;  pathologically 
in  the  various  baseless  fears  and  obses- 
sions which  harass  many  nervous  and 
hysterical  persons.  Prof.  Freud  believes 
that  subconscious  memories  can  be  re- 
gained by  the  method  of  "  psycho- 
analysis "  with  which  his  name  is 
specially  identified.  It  consists  in  concen- 
trating the  mind  upon  the  disturbing 
factor,  and  communicating  to  the  medical 
attendant  the  ideas  which  then  arise 
successively.  Prof.  Freud  maintains  that 
in  this  manner  one  link  after  another  is 
brought  to  mind  until  the  original  experi- 
ence, which  had  been  entirely  forgotten, 
comes  again  into  distinct  remembrance. 
He  claims,  further,  that  when  the  original 
cause  of  the  unreasoning  dread  or  obses- 
sion is  once  made  clear,  the  patient  is 
cured,  for  the  whole  mystery  is  finally 
dispelled. 

A  similar  method  of  psycho-analysis 
can  be  applied  to  the  interpretation  of 
dreams.  These  figments  of  the  imagina- 
tion he  classifies  as  dreams  which  have  a 
meaning  and  are  intelligible,  the  dreams 
of  children  ;  dreams  which  are  coherent 
and  have  a  distinct  meaning,  like  these, 
but  are  irreconcilable  with  the  mental 
life  of  the  dreamer ;  and  dreams 
which  are  incoherent,  complicated,  and 
meaningless — the  majority.  Prof.  Freud 
gives  instances  of  each  group,  and  seeks 
to  explain  them  ;  but  the  results  he  reaches 
are  unconvincing  to  the  Teutonic  mind, 
and  seem  hardly  worth  the  trouble  and 
ingenuity  he  has  expended.  The  book 
is  thus  an  introduction  to,  and  a  summary 
of,  Prof.  Freud's  large  work  on  '  The 
Interpretation  of  Dreams,'  which  was 
recently  noticed  in  our  columns  (The 
Athenceum,  April  19,  1913,  p.  424.) 

Dr.  Eder  has  performed  the  work  of  trans- 
lation faithfully,  but,  in  spite  of  his  skill, 
the  differences  in  manner,  customs,  and 
idioms  cause  the  translation  to  lose  some 
of  the  force  of  the  original,  whilst  a  sum- 
mary has  been  made  of  a  few  sentences 
which  English  opinion  would  not  allow 
to  be  translated  in  full.  An  interesting 
essay  on  the  author  and  his  methods, 
from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Leslie  Mackenzie, 
forms  an  Introduction  to  the  volume. 


BIOLOGY   IN   RELATION    TO 
EDUCATION. 

A  Course  of  Three  Lectures  given  by  Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall  at  Crosby  Hall,  on 
March  13th,  17th,  and  20th,  1914. 

[These  Lectures  twere*  illustrated  by  nearly  two 
hundred  slides,  and  the  omission  of  these  has 
necessitated  some  curtailment  of  the  matter 
which  depended  on  them,  and  also  some  re- 
arrangement. The  first  Lecture  appeared  last 
week.] 

Lecture  II. 

PSYCHE:   THE  SOUL. 

It  has  been  asked,  What  exactly  is 
the  aim  of  these  lectures  ?  They  are 
given  in  the  hope  that  they  may 
lead  to  some  reconsideration,  first,  of 
our  present  ideas  and  methods  in  educa- 
tion ;  secondly,  of  our  treatment  of 
the  suffering,  more  particularly  of  the 
insane  ;  and  thirdly,  of  our  treatment  of 
the  dead.  There  is  in  my  opinion — and, 
indeed,  in  that  of  many  persons — much 
that  is  radically  wrong  in  all  three  of 
these.  The  errors  are  due  to  ignorance 
of  biological  facts,  coupled  with  a  lack  of 
imagination  which  involves  a  lack  of  what 
may  be  called  "  constructive  sympathy  " 
for  others.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  if  the  aim  of  science  were  purely  the 
amelioration  of  the  condition  of  humanity, 
this  would  long  before  now  have  attained 
to  a  high  level  of  spiritual  happiness. 
Unfortunately,  where  science  is  con- 
cerned, intellect  is  very  commonly  divorced 
from  heart. 

The  Relation  to  One  Another  of  the  Persons 
behind  the   "  Mask:' 

We  have  seen  that  each  human  indi- 
vidual— and,  indeed,  the  greater  number 
of  living  things — consists  of  a  number  of 
"  persons  "  ;  that  these  "  persons  "  may 
appear  either  successively,  as  do  the  notes 
in  a  melody,  or  simultaneously,  several 
at  different  intervals  being  united  as  in 
harmony  ;  and  that  all  may  come  and 
go  behind  a  mask  which  gives  but  little 
evidence  of  the  changes  taking  place 
behind  it — changes  which  constitute  trans- 
formation, whether  favourable  or  un- 
favourable, of  character.  This  last  seems 
to  be  our  own  case. 

The  ancients,  long  before  the  tune  of 
the  Egyptians  and  even  of  the  people  of 
Cnossus,  were  well  acquainted  with  these 
facts,  and  lived  their  lives  and  practised 
their  therapeutics  with  a  definite  view 
to  such  a  development  of  each  individual 
as  should  ensure  that  each  "person"  as 
it  advanced  into  prominence  should  have 
its  chance,  and  no  more  than  its  fitting 
chance — the  development  of  the  different 
characters  being  guided  in  strict  accord- 
ance with  the  ideal.  Just  as  in  a  drama 
the  aim  or  tendency  may  be  to  promote 
in  the  mind  of  the  audience  good  or  evil, 
unworldliness  or  worldliness,  elevation  of 
thought  or  its  degradation,  so  it  was  with 
ancient  religion  and  therapeutics,  and 
the  developing  ego.  Full  instruction  was 
given,  full  preparation  made,  and  the 
right  surroundings  provided  ;  and  then, 
at  a  certain  stage,  when  the  decisive 
moment  came,  the  child  or  adolescent  was 


in  a  condition  of  equilibrium,  and  able  to 
make  a  definite  choice  between  God  and 
Mammon.  But  this  preparation  of  the 
child  necessitated  a  knowledge  far  beyond 
our  present  ken :  a  knowledge  of  the 
requisite  pre-natal  conditions  in  the 
mother,  and,  after  birth  and  during  child- 
hood, of  the  proper  diet  and  exercises. 
It  required  also  a  discerning  eye  to  detect 
as  it  arose  the  need  for  carefully  calculated 
manipulation,  by  which  blood  and  lymph, 
life  -  giving  fluids,  ferments,  and  secre- 
tions— should  be  drawn  off  from  any 
"  person  "  who  might  be  absorbing  too 
much,  and  thereby  arresting  the  growth 
of  another,  possibly  a  higher,  "  person." 

Our  so-called  normal  sense-perception 
is  extremely  limited.  We  hear  more  than 
we  see,  but  the  range  of  our  sight  and 
hearing  together  is  only  a  very  small 
fraction  of  the  Avhole  range  of  vibrations. 
Our  vision  in  particular  is  through  many 
barriers,  and  those  barriers  are  clogged 
with  impure  lymph  and  red  blood  cor- 
puscles, covered  by  a  "dead"  pellicle. 
It  is  of  great  importance  that  we  should 
realize  how  confined  and  how  imperfect 
is  normal  vision. 

With  this  imperfection  in  the  matter  of 
sense-perception  there  is,  as  we  have 
seen,  the  possibility  of  the  disintegration 
of  personality.  The  case  of  "  Miss  Beau- 
champ  "  is  not  unique  ;  it  is  only  pushed 
to  an  extreme  easier  to  observe  than 
most  are.  What  caused  the  phenomenon 
was  a  series  of  shocks  following  upon  the- 
strain  of  an  unhappy  childhood.  In  the- 
environment  of  to-day,  so  relentless  in  its 
unceasing  and  varied  onslaughts  upon 
that  vehicle  of  the  human  soul  which  we 
have  been  considering  as  "  the  mask," 
thousands  are  being — not  so  conspicuously, 
somewhat  more  subtly,  but  just  as  really 
— shattered  into  separate  fragments  of 
themselves,  disintegrated. 

Ancient  Doctrine  concerning  the  "  Soul.'' 

It  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  on  the  fact 
that  the  doctrine  of  the  existence  of  an 
immaterial  and  indestructible  soul  in 
human  beings  has  formed  part  of  the 
teaching  of  ancient  philosophers.  We 
may  for  our  present  purpose  generalize 
the  slightly  varying  accounts  of  it  back 
to  a  conception  of  the  soul  as  an  effluence 
or  emanation  from  the  Divine  Spirit,  the 
Eternal  Essence,  the  Great  Mother  abso- 
lute, self-sustaining  and  immortal.  The 
soul  has  two  modes  of  action,  centrifugal 
and  centripetal,  causing  a  swing  of  action 
and  reaction,  a  swing  between  time  and 
eternity.  A  certain  right  kind  and  degree 
of  energy  must  be  present  if  at  either  term 
the  soul  is  to  displaj^  and  use  all  its  powers. 
Aristotle,  it  will  be  remembered,  held  that 
nothing  is  done  without  the  soul,  or  psyche, 
which  to  him  appeared  to  be  pre-eminently 
practical  in  its  tasks,  presiding  over  all 
the  functions  of  the  human  frame  :  the 
digestion  of  food,  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  and  the  direction  of  all  the  various 
actions  of  the  body.  He  remarked  that 
though  some  were  of  opinion  that  fire  was 
the  cause  of  nutrition  and  growth  in 
animals,  it  was  so  only  in  co-operation 
with  the  psyche.     Plato  says  with  regard 


No.  4")U,  May  2,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


(527 


to  the  psyche  that  there  are  some  persons 
\\  ho  draw  down  to  earth  all  heavenly  and 
invisible  things.  grasping  with  their 
hands  rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  maintain- 
ing that  nothing  real  exists  but  what 
offers  resistance  and  can  be  felt,  holding 
*•  body  "'and  "  existence''  to  be  synonymous ; 
and  when  others  say  that  something  may 
exist  that  is  incorporeal,  they  pay  no 
heed  to  this,  and  will  no  longer  listen  to  it. 
Among  many  people  the  psyche  is  held 
to  be  associated  with  different  parts  of 
the  body,  or  a  series  of  souls  is  thought 
to  exist,  one  within  the  other. 

Symbols  of  this  idea  are  to  be  found  in 
various  religions.  Thus  the  ancient  Assy- 
rians  represented  it,  for  the  teaching  of 
the  people,  by  means  of  squares  one  within 
the  other,  having  the  Great  Mother,  the 
Dweller  in  the  Innermost,  in  the  last  and 
inmost  of  them.  The  Egyptians  conveyed 
the  same  idea  by  means  of  human  forms  : 
Isis  seated  with  Horus  on  her  lap,  and 
bearing  on  her  head  a  small  female  form 
supporting  a  sphere.  In  Christian  art 
the  analogue  to  this  is  the  "  Tree  of  Life," 
in  front  of  which  are  St.  Anne  and  the 
Virgin  and  Child. 

The  '•  Soul"  in  Modem  Civilization. 

Nature  presents  us  with  two  different 
-subjects  of  investigation :  the  external 
universe  and  the  internal  perceptive 
mind.  All  philosophy  must  be  incom- 
plete which  does  not  embrace  both  these 
spheres  of  research  :  both  the  macrocosm, 
the  external  universe,  and  the  rnicro- 
•cosm,  the  internal  universe.  Each  of  us 
has  a  cosmos  which  corresponds  to  the 
workings  of  his  or  her  own  inner  mind, 
and  apart  from  the  perceiving  mind  there 
i- — so  the  ancients  taught — no  cosmos. 
Ho  much  is  common-place  ;  what  is  not — 
at  least,  for  the  current  thought  of  the 
present  day — commonplace  is  the  literal- 
ness  with  which  this  was  taken  by  the 
ancient  teachers,  the  closeness  with  which 
in  the  practices  of  life  they  acted  upon  it. 

The  fundamental  error  of  the  present 
day  is  the  too  exclusive  preoccupation 
with  li  objective "  material  phenomena 
•of   one    or  two   kinds  only.      We    have 

rtain — all  too  narrow — ideas  of  Nature 

and  the  place  of  man  in  Nature,  and  any 

phenomenon  which  appears  foreign  to  this 

of  ideas,  yet  which  we  cannot  dismiss 

in  tola,  we  are  apt  to  refer  to  imaginary 

ises,  being  incapable  of  appreciating  its 
true  nature  and  value. 

litre  the  learned,  in  consequence  of 
their  pn sporeesskms  and  prejudices,  are 
probably  less  capable  of  exercising  a 
■oond  and  impartial  judgment  than  are 
the  unlearned,  for  to  problems  of  the 
doubtful  sort  we  have  in  view  they  gener- 
ally projwse  an  immediate  dogmatic 
■Oration,  without  giving  themselves  the 
trouble  of  instituting  an  experimental 
inquiry.     Vet  a  new  truth,  once-  rightly 

apprehended,     will     throw     light     on     all 

department-  of  knowledge;  it  frequently 
substitutes  reality  for  illusion,  and  revi-.ii- 
how  different  things  are  in  nature  from 
what  they  appear  to  he  in  our  preoon- 

<ei\  ed  -ystems. 


According  to  the  popular,  the  most 
widely  received,  and  most  generally  acted 
upon  teaching  of  to-day,  whatever  is  not 
manifest  to  the  senses  does  not  exist  ; 
and  the  senses  by  which  *v  reality  "  is 
thus  tested  are  normal  senses.  Verbally, 
I  am  aware,  a  certain  number  of  people 
would  dissent  from  this :  my  point  is 
that  the  general  practices  of  society, 
the  current  judgments,  the  education 
given  to  children,  and  the  treatment 
of  different  forms  of  suffering  and  disease 
more  and  more  indicate  that  this  is  the 
belief,  or  unbelief,  that  the  mass  of  men 
actually  live  by.  It  is  reinforced  by  our 
continually  increasing  control  of  the 
"  objective "  material  world ;  and,  I 
suppose,  hardly  am^  one  hearing  of  a 
new  mechanical  invention  pauses  to  ask 
himself  whether,  by  these  multitudinous 
externalizations  of  his  powers,  man  is 
really  in  himself  advancing  or  profiting. 

Yet,  in  the  first  place,  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  it  is  by  means  of  powers  within 
ourselves  beyond  those  of  our  "  normal " 
senses  that  these  very  novelties  and 
advantages,  which  we  come  so  to  depend 
on — so  greatly,  as  I  think,  to  overvalue — 
have  been  obtained  for  us  ;  and,  in  the 
second  place,  that  there  are  people  who,  with 
very  inconsiderable  external  apparatus, 
have,  by  retaining  a  fuller  use  of  their 
own  powers,  and  by  living  according  to 
ancestral  tradition,  escaped  many  evils 
to  which  we  are  a  prey,  and  preserved 
many  good  things  which  we  have  been 
compelled  to  forgo.  Take,  for  example, 
the  Botel  Tobagans.  These  have  no 
machinery  ;  each  person  makes,  more  or 
less,  the  few  and  simple  things  he  uses  ; 
disease  is  unknown  among  them,  and 
happiness  is  general.  Like  them  are  the 
Bubis,  living  in  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  ;  and  others  might  be  mentioned. 
True,  they  are,  from  our  point  of 
view,  small  and  dwindling  peoples ;  that 
does  not  affect  my  point  —  that  they 
are,  individual  for  individual,  living  in 
greater  happiness,  and,  what  is  more, 
exercising  a  wider  range  of  internal 
faculty,  than  the  homme  sensuel  moyen  of 
Western  civilization  at  the  present  day, 
and  that  they  are  doing  so  by  means  of 
the  traditional  wisdom  of  their  ancestors. 

Intuition. 

By  what  means  does  this  wisdom  reach 
them  ?  Partly,  no  doubt,  by  literal 
tradition — by  its  direct  and  conscious 
communication  from  one  generation  to 
another ;  but  partly  also  by  a  more 
universal  method  which  operates  through- 
out the  whole  kingdom  of  life — by  obe- 
dience to  the  voice  of  the  soul  within,  by 
what,  since  the  word  lies  ready  to  hand, 
I  will  speak  of  as  "  intuition."  It  is  by 
the  teaching  of  an  inner  voice,  as  distinct 
from  reasoning  and  conscious  thought, 
that  the  movements  of  the  dance  of  life 
are  directed  ;  by  obedience  to  it  that 
they   are    performed    with    success,    and 

result  in  growth,  happiness,  harmony. 
It  is  this  inner  voice  by  which  the  filk- 

uorm  caterpillar  is  taught  when  the  time 
has   come   to   leave  eating,   to   spin   the 

OOOOOn,  to  lie  inert  and  passive  while  the 


inner  change  takes  place.  It  is  the  inner 
voice  which  prompts  the  chrysalis  to 
bestir  itself  at  length,  to  split  its  case,  and 
to  emerge,  and  which  directs  the  motion 
of  the  young  moth  as  she  gently  raises 
and  stretches  her  yet  feeble  wings  for 
flight.  Every  living  thing  possesses  this 
'  intuition  " — this  power  of  response  to 
an  inner  dictate  which,  on  the  whole, 
makes  at  once  for  harmony  and  for  de- 
velopment. 

Human  beings  living  in  "  civilized  " 
conditions  are,  in  respect  to  it,  unfortu- 
nate. The  inner  voice  is  "  still "  and 
"  small,"  and  apt  to  be  drowned  in  the 
multitude  of  sense-impressions  and  fac- 
titious cravings  which  "  civilization  "  forces 
upon  us.  Still,  it  is  there  ;  and  some  of 
us  obey  it  better  than  others.  To  see  its 
absolutely  direct  working  we  must  turn 
to  the  simplest  and  least  spoilt  of  creatures. 
The  beauty  of  its  sound-forms  is  made 
visible  in  the  microscopic  Radio laria,  and 
in  the  spirals  of  shells,  in  the  flowers  of 
sea  and  land  ;  and  its  beauty,  of  another 
order,  may  be  traced  in  the  habits  and 
works  of  undomesticated  animals. 

We  have  already  seen  something  of  its 
human  manifestation  in  the  life  of  some 
"  savages."  How  far  we,  the  civilized 
peoples  of  the  earth,  have  departed  from 
that  happy  closeness  of  obedience  may 
be  seen  in  nothing  better  than  in  the 
attitude  common  in  the  young  people  of 
the  present  day.  A  savage  girl  or  boy 
would  not  for  one  moment  assert  his  or 
her  opinion  against  that  of  their  elders 
or  the  tradition  of  their  ancestors.  Our 
own  girls  and  boys — and  sometimes  those 
of  what  I  may  call  the  '*  coarsest  fibre  " — 
on  the  strength  of  a  few  snippets  of  science 
and  literature,  learnt  parrot-wise,  think 
themselves  as  good  as  Aristotle  and 
Shakespeare  rolled  into  one.  This  temper 
is  so  common,  has  so  often  been  lamented, 
that  it  has  partly  lost  for  us  its  signifi- 
cance. It  means  a  whole  generation,  a 
whole  race,  impervious  to  the  higher  and 
profounder  tradition  ;  creating  for  itself 
a  superficially  easier  and  more  exciting, 
but  inwardly  impoverishing  —  nay,  de- 
structive— tradition  of  even  greater  de- 
pendence on  the  immediate  and  the 
material. 

Intuition  in  relation  to  Education. 

Let  me  turn  aside  for  a  moment  to  say 
that  I  am  not  about  to  advocate  what 
would  be  considered  generally  a  more 
careful  education  of  children.  Still  less — 
jar  less — would  I  advocate  any  scheme 
of  education,  pleasurable  or  otherwise, 
which    depends    in    any    hut    the   slighted 

degree  upon  apparatus  invented  ml  hoc. 
I  could  not  exaggerate  the  strength  of  my 
conviction  that  dependence  upon  expen 

si\c  external  apparatus  of  itself  marks  a 
scheme  of  education  as  radically,  as 
fatally  unsound. 

1    have    before    my    mind's    eye    a    little 

scene  which  typifies  the  beginnings    and 

illustrates  also  in  great   part   the  course- 
Of  the  ideal  education.      It    is  a  scene  at  a 
railway     station     in      India.      Unlike     our 
Stations    il    hai    its    platform   on   the   level 
of    the    ground.      A    young    mother,    with 


028 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


her  parcels  and  her  baby,  is  waiting 
for  the  train.  The  child  is  little  cumbered 
with  clothing,  and  is  free  to  move  every 
limb  as  it  will.  No  one  takes  any  par- 
ticular notice  of  it.  Suddenly  the  inner 
vibration  of  the  little  being  is  answered 
from  without — in  other  words,  the  child's 
attention,  wandering  vaguely,  is  attracted, 
and  responds.  Immediately  the  babe 
proceeds  to  crawl  on  all-fours  in  the  direc- 
tion indicated. 

In  this  action  the  child  unconsciously 
makes  clearer  to  itself  something  that 
is  growing  within  it.  The  great  thing  is 
that  it  is  unnoticed —  free  from  the  inhibi- 
tive  action  of  the  adult  eye,  of  the  adult 
cerebro  -  spinal  system,  since  there  is 
nothing  in  the  intuitive  action  which  is 
injurious  or  calls  for  interference,  and 
likely  enough  the  mother,  herself  "  intui- 
tive," has  the  practical  wisdom  to  avoid 
interference — to  realize  value  of  move- 
ment as  a  revealer.  It  is  worth  noticing 
that  the  merely  physiological  effects  of 
the  movement  are  most  beneficial :  the 
growing  limbs  are  stretched,  the  lymph 
and  the  blood  flow  easily,  and  upon  this 
easy,  unforced  motion  and  gentle,  unim- 
peded flow  depends  security  from  many 
troubles    of    growth. 

Compare  this  simple  little  scene  with 
the  circumstances  of  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  young  children  such  as 
this  in  our  oAvn  country.  They  are 
at  school ;  they  may  play  at  intervals ; 
but  the  play  is  not  intuitive,  it  is 
imposed  and  mainly  automatic.  The 
Indian  babe  went  on  its  own  expedi- 
tion, directed  by  intuition :  a  very 
different  affair  from  going  on  some  one 
else's  expedition  —  a  proceeding  which 
inhibits  and  eventually  destroys  intuition, 
and  which,  further,  has  no  effect  in  eliciting 
or  in  controlling  the  "  persons." 

Intuition  in  relation  to  Occupation. 

Another  aspect  of  the  working  of  intui- 
tion is  displayed  in  the  occupations  of 
untaught,  uncivilized  women  all  the  world 
over.  Tradition,  combined  with  intui- 
tion, guides  as  to  what  food  to  obtain 
and  how  to  prepare  it.  In  this  connexion 
not  nearly  enough  is  made  of  the  value  of 
the  bodily  movements  required.  All  over 
the  world  the  pestle  and  mortar  are  found 
as  domestic  implements.  They  are  of 
large  size,  and  demand  a  certain,  but  yet 
not  too  great,  exertion  of  force.  The 
whole  process  of  pounding  the  grain 
not  only  serves  to  prepare  the  food  for 
the  body,  but  also  to  prepare  the  body  to 
assimilate  the  food.  The  actions  of  rais- 
ing the  great  wooden  pestle,  letting  it 
drop  into  the  mortar,  and  twirling  it 
therein  serve  to  develope  arms  and  chest, 
to  produce  an  upright  spine,  to  give 
balance,  and  also  to  develope  concentra- 
tion. 

There  is,  besides,  a  definite  object  set 
before  the  worker,  and  that  one  of  far- 
reaching  importance,  as  the  daily  food, 
properly  and  carefully  prepared,  means 
not  only  health  from  a  superficial  point  of 
view  but  intuition  and  the  growth  of 
the  soul  and  intuitive  powers  in  her  family. 

Compare  with  this  physical  exercise  in 


vogue  among  '  primitive "  peoples — 
peoples  of  "  lower  culture  " — the  gym- 
nastic exercises  of  our  schools,  where 
self-development  without  an  ideal  is  the 
direct  aim.  The  exercises  have  lost  the 
spiritual  value  of  work  done  for  others, 
which  in  a  double  sense  benefits  the 
worker. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  when  dis- 
cussing subconscious  action  we  saw  how 
a  finger  which  was  itself  in  an  insensible 
condition,  on  being  moved  twice,  produced 
in  the  mind  of  the  subject  the  idea  of  two. 
Now  we  have  to  realize  that  number 
and  rhythm  are  inseparably  connected  : 
they  are  in  fact,  at  bottom,  one  and  the 
same  thing.  Who,  then,  shall  say  what 
faculty  for  number  and  for  artistic  work 
may  be  developing  when  the  untaught, 
unhindered  Zulu  babe  crawls  to  a  stone 
and  proceeds  to  dab  mud  on  it  to  its 
heart's  content  ? 

We  may  see  some  of  the  outcome  of 
freedom  in  intuitive  action  —  guided 
indeed,  by  tradition — in  the  drawings 
done  by  Eskimos  (included  in  Dr.  Rink's 
account  of  these  peoples),  in  the  draw- 
ings of  Bushmen,  in  the  exquisite  pottery, 
the  fine  spinning  and  weaving,  and  the 
embroideries  of  "  savage  "  women,  and  in 
the  art  of  the  Orient. 

All  this  intuitive  work,  be  it  noted,  is 
done  without  any  technical  schools  and 
with  but  little  apparatus,  for  it  would 
seem  that  if  "  the  soul  needs  no  incen- 
tive," it  needs  also  but  little  external 
visible  apparatus. 

The    Sympathetic  System. 

We  come  now  to  consider  what  is  the 
physical  instrument  of  "  intuition."  (I 
may  repeat  that  I  use  the  word  because 
it  is  familiar  and  covers  what  I  mean  ; 
not  because  I  would  limit  "  intuition  "  to 
some  form  of  seeing.)  Upon  what  part 
of  the  body  do  those  influences  play  which 
are  perceived  by  "  intuition  "  ?  What  is 
the  inner  apparatus  which,  by  its  method 
of  reception  and  control  of  response, 
determines  for  the  subject  the  limits 
and  mode  of  intuition  ?  To  this  there 
can  be  but  one  answer  :  nervous 
system.  During  growth  the  sympathetic 
system  is  the  representative  in  the 
"  higher  "  animals  of  the  primary  form 
of  nervous  system,  and,  being  nearest, 
alike  in  origin  and  in  situation,  to  the 
tissues  themselves,  is  in  immediate  rela- 
tion with  their  vital  processes.  It  is, 
further,  distributed  over  the  entire  body. 
Hence  we  find  it  in  action  at  either  pole 
of  sentient  life.  All  the  operations  of  the 
viscera  are  carried  on  through  its  agency, 
without  consciousness  of  them  in  the 
normal  subject  —  in  '  normal  '  good 
health  ;  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  associated 
also  with  our  strongest  feelings.  Tears 
of  joy  or  sorrow,  the  acceleration  of  the 
heart-beat  under  the  stress  of  emotion, 
the  trembling  of  the  limbs  in  fright,  the 
flush  of  Avrath,  the  deadly  sickness  or 
fainting  on  the  reception  of  bad  news,  are 
as  much  the  affair  of  the  sympathetic 
system  as  the  secretion  of  bile  or  the  peri- 
staltic action  of  the  intestine. 


It  is  here  worth  while  to  consider  some- 
what more  closely  the  structure  and  func- 
tions of  this  system,  familiar  though  such  an 
outline  will  be  to  any  student  of  physiology. 
The  normal  unit  of  the  nervous  system  is, 
a  ganglion  cell,  with  a  conducting  cord  and 
a  terminal  cell  or  cells.  These  ganglion- 
cells,  in  the  vertebrate  body,  are  for  the 
most  part  drawn  together  to  form  masses 
of  nervous  tissue — the  ganglia  ;  and  the 
main  feature  of  the  sympathetic  system 
is  a  double  chain  of  these  ganglia,  extend- 
ing from  the  skull  down  to  the  base  of 
the  spine,  one  on  each  side  of  the  verte- 
bral column.  In  the  cervical  region  seven 
of  the  ganglia  are  fused  into  three.  The 
original  chain  of  the  sympathetic  system 
followed  the  segmentation  of  the  body  as 
it  would  have  been  if  it  had  not  been 
altered  by  the  imposition  of  the  cerebro- 
spinal system  ;  but  the  upper  members 
of  the  chain  have  been  made  thus  to 
follow  the  tendency  which  is  one  of  the 
main  characteristics  of  the  cerebro-spinal 
system — I  mean,  the  tendency  to  pull  or 
contract  upwards,  without  giving  time 
for  the  due  development  of  the  "  persons  " 
as  they  appear.  One  may  think  of  it  as 
resembling  a  ladder,  drawn  hurriedly  up, 
and  throwing  off  any  one  who  may  chance 
to  be  on  the  rungs  affected.  In  contrast 
with  the  sympathetic,  the  cerebro-spinal 
system  inhibits  and  controls.  Except 
within  a  certain  narrow  range,  it  exercises 
over  our  present  life  and  activities  an 
excess  of  inhibition.  Civilized  man  has 
become  so  content  with  the  range  allowed 
him,  so  oblivious  of  possibilities  beyond  it, 
that  he  hardly  realizes  these  exist,  and,  if 
they  are  brought  to  his  notice,  repudiates 
the  very  notion  of  them  with  disgust. 

The  sympathetic  system,  on  the  other 
hand,  has  large  powers  of  initiation — 
larger  in  the  young  than  in  the  adult — and 
is  also  the  means  of  that  rhythm  in  action 
and  habit  which  is  a  condition  of  health — 
nay,  of  life  itself — and  seems  to  be  also  a 
condition  of  intuition.  It  presides  over 
the  life  of  the  organs  or  "persons"  in 
the  body,  maintaining  first  and  foremost 
the  rhythm  of  the  viscera  and  the  rhythm 
of  nutrition.  Looked  at  from  one  point 
of  view,  we  are  mainly  a  chain  of  ferments, 
and  the  sympathetic  system  controls  the 
secretion  of  all  the  ferments  and  juices  of 
the  body. 

The  sympathetic  system,  as  we  have 
seen,  consists  primarily  of  a  double  chain 
of  ganglia  or  knots,  but  at  intervals  these 
knots  are  drawn  together  to  form  four 
large  ganglia  and  great  plexuses  or  net- 
works of  nerves.  The  places  in  which 
these  occur  are  (1)  around  the  larynx 
(pharyngeal)  ;  (2)  by  the  heart  and  lungs 
(cardiac)  ;  (3)  behind  the  stomach  (epi- 
gastric or  solar  plexus)  ;  (4)  in  the  pelvis 
(generative,  &c).  In  addition  there  is  a 
peculiar  mechanism  at  the  ends  of  the 
nerves  called  the  peripheral  apparatus, 
disturbance  in  which  is  revealed  by  indi- 
gestion and  similar  discomforts.  The  solar, 
epigastric,  or  "  abdominal  "  brain  consists 
of  a  meshwork  of  nervous  ganglia  in  two 
main  masses  behind  the  stomach.  The 
mass  to  the  left  is  more  closely  packed 
than  that  to  the  right ;    the  shape  of  a 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


029 


chemical  retort,  but  solid.  The  right  gan- 
glion is  less  solid,  flatter,  wider,  having 
more  the  character  of  a  network.  Here,  in 
this  "  abdominal  brain."  we  have  the  great 
centre  from  which  the  rhythms  of  the 
body  arc  maintained.  Branches  go  from 
it  to  the  vascular  system  and  to  the 
lymphatic  system,  passing  along  the  walls 
of  the  bloodvessels,  dilating  or  contract- 
ing these  where  necessary.  They  enter 
.  into  all  the  hollow  organs  and  vessels  of 
the  body,  directing  the  play  of  all  the 
movements  therein,  as  in  the  viscera  and 
glands,  and  holding  the  balance  between 
the  normal  blood  tissues  and  the  sub- 
stances to  be  excreted.  Through  this, 
too.  is  mediated  that  change  in  the  domin- 
ance of  ferments  which  takes  place  at 
different  ages  in  the  individual.  One  set 
of  ferments  dominates  in  infancy,  another 
in  adolescence,  another  in  old  age  ;  the 
secretion  of  these  and  their  working  belong 
to  the  sympathetic  system,  centralized 
with  us  principally  in  the  '*  abdominal 
brain."  The  extraordinary  ductless  glands 
come  also  in  this  category. 

We  shall  view  the  sympathetic  system 
with  the  nearest  imaginative  approach 
to  truth  if  we  think  of  it  as  a  network 
— such  a  network  as  that  of  Volvox, 
which  holds  together  the  colonies  of 
the  young  ;  or  as  the  nuclear  network 
in  the  ovum,  which  holds  suspended  in 
the  chromosomes  the  ferments  destined 
in  time  to  dominate  the  body.  In  think- 
ing of  it  thus,  however,  we  must  not 
forget  the  fact  that  the  sympathetic 
system  is  capable,  on  its  own  account,  of 
violent  and  of  inhibitory  action.  In  an 
encounter  with  disease,  or  injurs',  or 
>ck  it  may  manifest  itself  in  movements, 
in  glandular  activity,  and  in  changes  of 
circulation  of  astonishing  energy. 

There  is  a  tendency  now  in  physiological 
work  somewhat  to  diminish  the  excessive, 
the  almost  exclusive,  importance  imputed 
t<>  the  cerebro-spinal  system.  The  true 
account  of  the  matter  would  seem  to  be 
that  the  sympathetic  system  must  be 
given  freedom  to  develope  during  growth, 
since  it  supplies  the  food,  as  it  were,  for 
the  developing  cerebro-spinal  centres. 
Where  its  action  is  hurried  or  thwarted 
ttain  ferments  are  not  given  in  proper 
proportion,  and  hence  certain  intuitive 
-  are  lost.     The  cerebro-spinal  sys- 

i.  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  servant, 
limited  as  to  its  powers,  but  in  the  world 

we  know  it  considerably  to  the  fore  ; 
in  fact,  dominating  the  whole  man  more 
than  it  should,  inhibiting  the  proper 
rhythms     of     the     sympathetic     system, 

I  producing  a  state  like  that  in  the 
outer  world  when  the  stupid  and  ignorant 
— who  may  be  high  in  place — make  laws 
for  those  who  are  in  reality  better  and 
greater  than  themselves. 

The  "  abdominal  Krain "  is  larger  in 
the  female  than  in  the  male,  the  female 
having  also  more  distinct  ganglia  and  more 
marked  conducting  cords.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  it  controls  nutrition: 
hence  it  comes  that,  since  in  boys  the 
cranial  brain  grow-  Easter  than  the 
'"  abdominal     brain.  '     boys    suffer    more 


from  malnutrition  than  girls,  and  more 
often  die  young. 

In  the  sympathetic  system,  then,  we 
get  what,  so  far  as  we  can  see,  is  the  point 
— or,  perhaps  one  should  say,  the  area  of 
contact — between  the  physical  tangible 
bod}-  of  man  and  the  invisible  soul  of 
the  world  from  which  the  human  soul 
comes.  In  its  activities  in  this  world — 
externally — it  operates  largely  by  means 
of  the  cerebro-spinal  system  and  the  sense- 
organs  which  are  attached  to  this.  But 
— and  here  we  come  upon  considerations  of 
vast  importance — it  may  act  immediately. 
It  may  act  through  sense-organs,  without 
the  cerebro-spinal  system  ;  it  may  act  with- 
out the  use  of  the  ordinary  sense-organs. 

It  is  well  to  realize  that  normal  vision 
is  exceedingly  limited  ;  but,  having  done 
so,  it  is  well  to  realize  that  in  individual 
cases  these  limits  have  been  passed — i.e., 
that  even  for  the  same  rigidly  differen- 
tiated cerebro-spinal  system  and  sense- 
organs  there  is  a  possible  flexibility.  Thus 
there  are  recorded  instances  of  persons  who 
possessed  visual  powers  which,  if  not  in 
kind,  yet  in  degree,  much  exceeded  the 
normal.  The  astronomer  Prof.  Heis 
preferred  to  rely  on  his  naked  eye  rather 
than  on  a  telescope.  He  published  im- 
portant books  and  monographs  on  astro- 
nomy, and  drew  up  star  atlases  and  cata- 
logues without  the  aid  of  any  visual 
apparatus  other  than  his  own  eyes. 
Valerius  Maximus  mentions  the  extra- 
ordinarily long  sight  of  a  man  called 
Strabo,  who,  in  the  First  Punic  War,  saw 
and  counted  vessels  sailing  out  of  the 
harbour  of  Carthage,  distant  390  miles 
from  where  he  was.  Julius  Caesar  seems 
to  have  had  something  of  the  same  sort 
of  faculty.  There  have  been  people  who 
could  see  the  satellites  of  Jupiter. 

This  much  may  be  the  effect  of  better 
or  more  delicate  structure  in  the  sense- 
organ  or  the  cerebral  centre  ;  but  the 
following  examples  should  probably  be 
referred  to  some  intervention  of  intuition 
proper — i.e.,  to  some  direct  response  to 
stimulation  in  the  sympathetic  system. 
There  are  persons,  most  commonly  women, 
who  are  able  to  perceive  luminous  emana- 
tions proceeding  from  the  human  body 
and  surrounding  it  like  a  halo.  It  has 
been  proved  that  the  emanations  are 
truly  there,  but  they  are  so  highly  attenu- 
ated that  to  "  normal  vision  "  they  are 
imperceptible.  They  are  generally  de- 
scribed as  being  of  an  azure  colour.  From 
mme  parts  of  the  body — as  the  hair,  the 
eyes,  the  palms  of  the  hands,  and  especi- 
ally the  tips  of  the  fingers — luminous 
emanations  are  seen  by  such  persons  to 
issue  in  regular  streams.  Similar  phe- 
nomena may  be  observed,  by  less  extra- 
ordinary visual  acuteness,  in  the  Arctic 
regions,  where  the  air  is  very  dry  and  rare. 

At  Lisbon  in  the  seventeenth  century 
there   was  a   Spanish    woman    whose  Bight 

could  penetrate  the  crust  of  the  earth  to 

a  considerable  depth.  She  could  also  sec; 
into  the  interior  of  the  human  body,  per- 

eeive  the  circulation  of  the  blood  and  the 
processes  of  digestion,  and  disooi  erdises 
which  had  escaped  the  observation  of  tin- 
most     al>l<-    and     experienced     physicians. 


This     lady     was     pensioned     and     highly 
honoured  by  the  King  of  Portugal. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  people 
gifted  with  this  faculty,  or  extension  of 
faculty,  are  necessarily  weak  and  sickly. 
There  was  a  certain  Swiss  woman  r 
Catherine  Beutler,  stout  and  phlegmatic, 
and  all  her  life  in  the  enjoyment  of  un- 
interrupted good  health.  She  could  jeel 
springs  of  water  underground.  Coal  she 
was  sensible  of  at  once  by  its  taste,  and 
she  measured  and  defined  the  principal 
seams  of  any  coal-bed  to  which  she  was 
brought,  and  described  their  thickness. 
In  Maasmunster  she  once  spent  two 
sleepless  nights  from  being  uncomfortably 
aware  of  a  salt  deposit  under  the  town. 
She  felt  similar  discomfort  in  the  Grisons, 
where  she  discovered  a  quicksilver  mine. 
Her  sensations  in  these  connexions  were 
usually  in  the  soles  of  her  feet  and  in  the 
tongue.  She  required  no  rod,  but  in 
measuring  a  deposit  beneath  the  surface 
of  the  ground  used  a  strip  of  whalebone 
for  readier  definition.  She  could  further 
discover  the  existence  and  nature  of 
diseases,  and  cure  them  by  the  touch  of 
her  hand  or  finger.  She  had  this  natural 
gift  always,  but  it  showed  itelf  more 
powerfully  at  some  times  than  at  others. 
Her  actions  were,  of  course,  ascribed  to 
the  devil,  and  no  doubt  if  she  had  lived  a 
little  earlier  she  would  have  been  burnt 
as  a  witch. 

To  what  exactly  ought,  then,  her  experi- 
ences to  be  ascribed  ?  Obviously  an  ex- 
haustive account  of  this  is  out  of  the 
question,  but  it  is  of  importance  to  realize 
that  the  nervous  system  in  the  distri- 
bution of  its  branches  all  over  the  body 
bears  at  the  end  of  these  branches,  not 
only  cells  filled  with  solutions,  but  also 
sense-organs,  which — surprising  as  it  may 
seem  to  any  one  who  hears  it  for  the  first 
time — are  capable  indifferently  of  func- 
tioning as  eyes,  ears,  taste-organs,  or 
smell-organs,  but  are  ultimately,  and  so 
to  speak  essentially,  organs  of  touch. 

In  shape  these  tactile  cells  or  corpuscles 
are  like  a  grain  of  wheat,  varying 
from  l-15th  to  l-10th  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  in  breadth  about  l-20th 
of  an  inch.  In  appearance  they  are 
whitish  and  opaline,  and  each  corpuscle 
is  supported  on  a  slender  stalk. 
Watery  fluid  of  the  nature  of  lymph 
bathes  them  and  the  adjacent  tissues. 
These  tactile  corpuscles  are  found  on 
every  joint,  at  the  ends  of  all  our  tingers- 
and  toes,  and  scattered  in  great  numbers 
over  the  skin,  and  that  not  only  in  the 
outer  layers,  hut  also  in  the  inner  ones,  e\  en 
in  the  delicate  innermost  layer  or  mucous 
membrane.  The  body,  as  was  indicated 
above,  is  covered  as  with  a  net  of  sense- 
organs,  and   the  soul  communicates,  or 

may     communicate,     with     the     external 

world  by  means  of  movements  in  the  net. 

That  we  are  in  general  BO  little  aware  of 
this  conies  partly  from  our  concentrated 
use  of  our  two  highly  differentiated  eyes, 
and    partly    from    a    tendency    to    despise 

feeling"  and  to  neglect  the  "  heart," — 

i.e.,  the  emotions  and  the  sympathetic 
system. 

(To  be  continued.) 


630 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


SOCIETIES. 

Historical. — April  23. — Col.  Lloyd,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair. — The  election  was  announced  of  Mr. 
Charles  Bellamy  and  Mr.  P.  C'nllen  as  Fellows. 

A  paper  was  read  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Morris  on 
'  Mounted  Infantry  in  Mediaeval  Warfare,  with 
■Special  Iteference  to  Anglo-Scottish  Campaigns.' 
Dr.  Morris  pointed  out  that,  apart  from  the  dis- 
mounting of  men-at-arms  to  fight  on  foot,  the 
exigencies  of  Scottish  guerrilla  warfare  led  to  the 
employment,  first  of  "  hoblers  "  (light  cavalry 
from  Ireland),  to  bring  in  intelligence,  and  force 
the  Scots  to  action  ;  and  secondly  of  mounted 
archers,  so  that  the  effective  and  offensive  infantry 
could  be  brought  into  play  against  an  elusive 
enemy. 

Mathematical. — April  23. — Prof.  A.  E.  H. 
Love,  President,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  J.  Proud- 
man  and  Ch.  Jordan  were  elected  Members. 

The  President  announced  the  death  of  Prof. 
G.  M.  Minchin,  and  alluded  to  his  services  to 
mathematics  ;  Prof.  Minchin  was  a  member  of 
the  Society  for  nearly  forty  years. 

Major  P.  A.  MacMahon  read  the  following 
papers  :  (1)  '  On  a  Modified  Form  of  Pure  Reci- 
procants  possessing  the  Property  that  the  Alge- 
braical Sum  of  the  Coefficients  is  Zero  '  ;  (2)  '  On 
Lattice  and  Prime-lattice  Permutations.'  In  the 
first  of  these  papers  it  was  shown  that,  by  modify- 
ing the  definition  given  by  Sylvester  for  a  Pure 
Reciprocant,  it  is  possible  to  obtain  reciprocants 
with  the  property  stated  in  the  title  ;  this  pro- 
perty is  a  familiar  characteristic  of  invariants. 
At  the  same  time,  the  coefficients  in  the  modified 
form  become  considerably  smaller,  as  a  general 
rule,  than  in  the  original  form. 

The  second  paper  considered  the  problem  of 
finding  the  true  (as  distinguished  from  the  crude) 
generating  functions,  which  give  the  number  of 
lattice-permutations  of  two  letters,  each  repeated 
a  given  number  of  times  ;  and  it  was  pointed  out 
that  the  corresponding  problems  for  three  or  more 
letters  appear  to  involve  further  difficulties,  and 
that  these  problems  still  remain  for  solution. 

Major  MacMahon  answered  various  questions 
asked   by   the   President   and   other   members. 


British  Numismatic. — April  22. — Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — Herr  Maurits 
Schulman  of  Amsterdam  was  elected  a  Member. 

Mr.  H.  Alexander  Parsons  read  a  paper  on 
'  Some  Coins  of  Sigtuna  in  Sweden,  inscribed 
with  the  Names  of  iEthelred,  Cnut,  and  Hartha- 
cnut,'  in  which  he  showed,  by  the  design,  lettering, 
and  weight,  that  the  pieces  bearing  the  name  of 
^Ethelred  were  copies  of  the  pennies  of  that  Anglo- 
Saxon  king  struck  by  a  moneyer  in  Sigtuna  under 
Olaf,  the  contemporary  Swedish  prince.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  coins  of  the  same  mint 
bearing  the  names  of  Cnut  and  Harthacnut  were 
noticeable  for  the  regularity  of  their  workmanship 
and  the  purity  of  their  inscriptions,  which  sug- 
gested that  they  were  not  due  to  the  mere  copying 
of  Anglo-Saxon  money,  but  that  they  were  an 
intentional  issue  by  skilled  moneyers  acting 
under  definite  instructions  for  the  inscriptions 
used.  These,  in  the  case  of  the  coins  of  Cnut, 
included  the  Swedish  royal  title  ;  and  by  close 
reasoning  based  on  contemporary  and  later 
records  the  lecturer  urged  that  the  historical 
silence  of  events  in  the  summer  of  a.d.  1027 
should  be  broken  by  the  assumption  that  Cnut 
reopened  the  campaign  against  Sweden,  and 
emerged  therefrom  a  victor.  Hence  the  issue  of 
the  coins  of  Sigtuna  bearing  his  name  and  that 
of  his  son  and  successor.  The  coins  referred  to, 
or  their  casts,  with  others  for  the  purposes  of 
comparison,  were  exhibited  by  Mr.  Parsons  ;  and 
Mr.  L.  L.  Fletcher  showed  the  recent  centenary 
medal  of  Australia's  first  coinage,  in  1813,  de- 
signed and  issued  by  Mr.  Alfred  Chitty. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


MilN. 


Tubs. 


Royal  Institution,  S.  —  General  Meeting. 

9ociety  of  Engineers.  7.30. 

Aristotelian,  8.— 'The  Psychology  of  Dissociated  Personality, 

Dr.  W.  Leslie  Mackenzie. 
8ociety    of  Arts,    8—  'Some   Recent    Developments    in    the 

Ceramic  Industry,'  Lecture  II.,  Mr.  W.  Burton.     (UaDtor 

Lecture ) 
Surveyors'  Institution,  8.— Resumed  Discussion  on  '  Comments 

on  the  Land  Enquiry  Committee's  (Urban)  Conclusions.' 
Horticultural,  3  —'The    Value    to  Gardens  of    some    of  Mr. 

Wilson's  Introductions  from  China,'  Mr.  W.J.  Bean. 

—  Royal  Institution,  3.—'  Double  Flowers,'  Prof.  W.  Bateson. 

—  Zoological,    8  30.—  'The    Manners    and    Customs    of    Adelie 

Penguins.'  Surgeon  G.  Murray  Levick ;  'On  Two  New 
Species  of  Tapeworms  from  the  8tomach  and  Small  Intestine 
of  a  Wallaby.  Laf/orchentes  conspicillatus,  from  Hermite 
Island,  Monte  Bello  Islands,'  Mr.  R.  O.  Lewis ;  '  Diagnoses 
of  New  Genera  and  Species  of  Zonitidas  from  Equatorial 
Africa,'  Mr.  H.  B.  Preston. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  9 — '  The  Flying  Machine  from 

an  Engineering  Standpoint,'  Mr.  F.  W.  Lanchester.    (James 
Forrest  Lecture.) 
«  no.     Archaeological  Institute,  4.30.— 'Carvings  of  Mediaeval  Musical 
Instruments   in    Exeter    Cathedral  Church,'    Miss    E.   K. 
Pndeaux. 

—  Entomological,  8. 

—  Society   of   ArtB,    8.— 'Inexpensive    Motoring,'    Mr.    A.    L. 

Clayden. 


Turns.  Royal  Institution,  3.  — '  The  Last  Chapter  of  Greek  Philosophy  : 
Plotinus  as  Philosopher,  Religious  Teacher,  and  Mystic,' 
Lecture  II.,  Dean  Inge. 

—  Royal,  4.30.— '8ome  Calculations  in  illustration  of  Fourier's 

Theorem,'  and  '  On  the  Theory  of  Long  Waves  and  Bores,' 
Lord  Rayleigh  ;  '  On  Protection  from  Lightning,  and  the 
Range  of  Protection  afforded  by  LightningKods,'  Sir  Joseph 
Larmor  and  Mr.  J.  8.  B.  Larmor ;  '  The  Flow  in  Metals 
subjected  to  Large  Constant  Stresses, '  Mr.  E.  N.  Da  C. 
Andrade  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  4  30.—'  The  Punjab  Canal  Colonies,'  Sir  J.  M 

Dome.  (Indian  Section.) 
Linnean,  8. —  'The  Botany  of  the  Utakwa  Expedition  in 
Dutch  New  Guinea,' Mr.  H.  N.  Ridley  and  others;  'The 
Genus  Lemseodiscus,  F.  M  Oiler,  1862.'  Mr.  Geoffrey  Smith  ; 
'The  Botanic  Gardens  at  Sibpur  (Calcutta),  and  the  Govern- 
ment Cinchona  Plantations,'  Major  Gage. 

—  Chemical,  8.30.— '  Researches  on   Santalin,'  Part  II.,  MesBrs. 

J.  C.  Cain.  J.  L.  8imonsen,  and  C.  Smith ;  'The  Nature  of 
Molecular  Association  :  its  Relation  to  Chemical  Combina- 
tion,' Messrs.  W.  E.  8.  Turner  and  S.  English ;  '  The  Action 
of  Diastase  on  Starch  Granules,'  Messrs.  J.  L.  Baker  and 
H.  F.  E.  Hulton ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Bociety  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 
I'm.       Astronomical,  5. 

—  English  Association,  5  30.— Address  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour. 

—  Royal  Institution,  9.—'  Albinism  in  Men  and  Dogs,'  Prof.  K. 

Pearson. 
8at.      Royal  Institution,  3.— 'Bird  Migration,'  Lecture  I.,  Prof.  C.  J. 
Fatten. 


§§tima   dassip. 

Mr.  Stappers,  a  Belgian  explorer,  has 
recently  made  soundings  in  Lake  Tangan- 
yika, establishing  its  depth  at  4,425  ft., 
which  is  the  greatest  ascertained  depth  of 
any  such  water,  except  Lake  Baikal.  Mr. 
Stappers  also  discovered  that  the  lake  is 
traversed  from  east  to  west  by  a  ridge 
varying  in  altitude  above  its  bed  from 
400  ft.  to  1,900  ft.  This  discovery  supports 
Livingstone's  view  that  originally  there 
were  two  distinct  lakes. 

The  Journal  of  Egyptian  Archaeology  has 
an  interesting  article  by  Mr.  A.  Lucas  on 
the  mode  in  which  natron — the  natural  soda 
found  in  Egypt — was  used  in  mummifica- 
tion. The  point  in  dispute  among  Egypto- 
logists is  whether  the  bath  in  which  the 
body  was  soaked  before  burial  was  ever  a 
solution  of  natron.  Natron  has  been  found 
in  vessels  within  tombs,  as  a  deposit  upon 
mummies,  also  in  body  -  wrapping  cloths. 
Herodotus  and  Diodorus  both  mention  that 
a  body  to  be  mummified  was  soaked  for 
seventy  days  in  a  solution  of  "  natron,"  but 
it  has  been  doubted  whether  they  meant 
the  substance  now  called  by  that  name. 
Natron,  being  a  strong  alkali,  would,  it 
is  contended,  have  disintegrated  rather 
than  preserved  the  tissues,  and  have 
rendered  the  body  itself  alkaline,  whereas 
the  tissues  of  mummies  are  found  to  be  acid. 

Mr.  Lucas,  however,  in  the  first  place 
notes  that  disintegration  such  as  would  be 
expected  is,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  found  in 
mummies,  which  in  particular  are  deprived 
of  the  epidermis. 

Next,  he  has  himself  carried  out  experi- 
ments with  the  bodies  of  fowls  which  go  to 
show  that  disintegration  is  greater  in  a  solu- 
tion of  common  salt  (the  alternative  to 
natron)  than  in  natron.  He  accounts  for 
the  acid  reaction  of  the  tissues  by  the  fact 
that  the  actual  amount  of  natron  absorbed 
would  be  small  ;  that  it  would  tend  to  be 
reduced  by  the  scrupulous  washing  which 
took  place  before  the  body  was  wrapjaed 
up ;  and  that  what  remained  would  dis- 
appear in  combination  with  the  equivalent 
amount  of  the  fatty  acids  produced  in  the 
body.  Direct  experiment  upon  tissues  has 
confirmed  the  theory  of  the  use  of  natron — 
at  least,  in  a  number  of  cases  —  and,  it  is 
interesting  to  note,  endorses  the  account 
given  by  Herodotus  of  the  treatment  of  the 
bodv  with  resin  before  it  was  placed  in  the 
bath. 

By  the  death  of  Prof.  Eduard  Suess  at 
Vienna  on  Saturday  last  in  his  83rd  year,  the 
world  loses  a  leading  geologist.  He  made  a 
reputation  as  a  young  man  by  his  scheme  for 
bringing  water  to  Vienna.  He  is  best  known, 
however,  by  his  masterly  studies  of  the 
earth's  crust,  which,  begun  in  '  Die  Ent- 
stehung  der  Alpen,'  reached  classic  form  in 
his  treatise  '  Das  Antlitz  der  Erde.' 


FINE    ARTS 


Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood.  By  W.  Holman-Hunt. 
Second  Edition.  Revised  from  the 
Author's  Notes  by  M.  E.  H.-H.  2  vols. 
(Chapman  &  Hall,  11.  Is.  net.) 

When  in  January,  1906,  we  reviewed  the 
first  edition  of  this  work  we  welcomed  it 
as  one  of  the  most  valuable  contributions 
to  the  history  of  nineteenth-century  art 
that  had  appeared.  It  was  as  interesting 
as  a  story  of  adventure  ;  it  told,  indeed, 
of  an  adventure,  of  a  youth  setting  out 
in  search  of  an  ideal  which  he  pursued 
single-mindedly  throughout  his  life.  Hol- 
man-Hunt in  his  best  work  is  not  only  a 
great  artist,  but  also  an  incarnation  of  the 
English  temperament  in  art.  The  didactic 
purpose  which  informs  and  governs  the 
pictures  he  would  have  considered  his 
greatest  fades  away  into  the  back  of  his 
imagination  when  he  is  painting  '  The 
Hireling  Shepherd  '  or  '  Strayed  Sheep ' ; 
but  it  is  always  present,  even  in  his  most 
strenuous  and  downright  assaults  on  the 
lions  in  his  path.  It  is  the  chief  note  of 
this  book,  and  it  is  characteristic  of  him, 
that,  though  before  its  publication  he  had 
given  many  years  to  its  composition,  he 
continued  to  retouch  it  to  the  last. 

This  edition   is  in  many  respects  new : 
omissions  of    details    are    frequent,  new 
stories  are  told,  and  an  enormous  number 
of  illustrations  have  been  added,  so  that 
the  work  of  Holman-Hunt  and  his  friends 
is  almost  completely  before  us.     His  views 
on  art  are  expressed  at   length,  but  are 
hardly  likely  to  meet  acceptance  to-day  ; 
it  is  the  fate  of  elders  to  give  good  advice, 
which  is  not  taken.     On  one  point  he  is 
inflexible — the  definition  of  Pre-Raphael- 
itism.       We   are  reminded   of    the    aged 
Scottish  lady    who    limited    the  number 
of  the  elect  to  herself  and  the  minister, 
and  was  "  not  so  sure  of    the  minister." 
The  world  has,  however,  decided  to  give 
the  name  of  Pre-Raphaelitism  to  a  move- 
ment which  included  not   only  Holman- 
Hunt    and    John    Everett     Millais,    but 
also  Ford  Madox  Brown,  Rossetti,  Burne- 
Jones,  Morris,  and  others  outside  the  fold. 
It  is  a  little    hard    on    the    inventor   of 
the   title,  and   the   first    sufferer   in   the 
fight,  to   see   the  banner  snatched    from 
his  hand  and  borne  to  victory  by  another 
army   in   another   cause.     On   the   other 
hand,  if  the  author's  contention  prevailed, 
the  meaning  of  the  term  Pre-Raphaelitism 
would  be  strangely  limited,  to  something 
approaching     a     synonym     of     Holman- 
Huntism — a  movement  the  effect  of  which 
on  the  world  of  art  has  long  died  out. 
Perhaps  the  author's  greatest  achievement 
among   his   fellow-painters   has   been   his 
success  in  impressing  the  need  for  obtain- 
ing  pure    and   permanent   pigments     by 
precept  and  example. 

Among  the  new  illustrations  is  one  of 
the  famous  series  of  cartoons  of  London 
Society  by  Richard  Doyle  which  ap- 
peared in  the  early  numbers  of  The  Cornhill. 
We  have  often  regretted  that  no  one, 
before  it  was  too  late,  had  attempted  to 


No.  4514,   May  2,   1014 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


(131 


identify  this  wonderful  gallery  of  portraits 
of  the  men  of  the  fifties.  The  documents 
contained  in  the  Appendix  are  of  varying 
interest— some  of  them  reprints  of  articles 
or  controversial,  while  others  might  have 
been  worked  into  the  substance  of  the  book 
with  advantage. 

The  editing  is  well  and  simply  done, 
and  it  is  evident  that  no  effort  has  been 
-pared    to    make     the     book    a    worthy 
.  monument  to  its  author. 


THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 

(First  Notice.) 

Visitors  to  the  hundred  and  forty-sixth 
exhibition  of  the  Royal  Academy  will  ox- 
press  once  more  their  wonder  at  the  un- 
changeableness  of  an  institution,  a  just 
review  of  which,  we  are  sometimes  assured, 
might  be  written  without  our  taking  the 
trouble  to  visit   it.      Yet   no  one   can  fail  to 

that  that  marvellous  compound,  an 
Academy  Exhibition — a  compound  of  many 
and  varied  ingredients  so  closely  packed 
together  that  it  must  recall  to  the  foreigner 
our  national  dish  "  le  plum-pudding" — 
does,  in  fact,  slowly  change  all  the  time. 
The  dominant  flavour  of  any  given  year 
i<  never  the  same  as  that  of  ten  years 
before,  though  it  was  always  present 
in  some  degree  in  the  ensemble.  The  one 
-tant  feature  is  the  negative  one 
that  there  is  never  to  be  found  in  it  any 
fruit  quite  fresh  from  the  tree.  This 
produces  an  effect  of  sameness,  and  tends 
to  reduce  criticism  to  an  inquiry  into  the 
degree  of  preservation  maintained  by  the 
various  familiar  elements.  The  pioneer  artist 
has  no  place  in  these  shows. 

Some  clearly  become  stale  more  rapidly 
than  others,  and  one  of  the  few  surprises 
of  recent  years  has  been  the  comparative 
stability  of  our  interest  in  the  work  of  certain 
•  he  older  Academicians.  It  is  probable, 
indeed,  that  the  charming  little  landscape 
by  the  veteran  Mr.  James  Sant.  The  Druid's 
Walk,  Xorbury  Pork,  Surrey  (420),  and  the 
even  more  delightful  small-scale  portrait  by 
Mr.  Storey,  Edward  Creasy,  Architect  and 
(135),  are  early  works;  that  of 
Mr.  Storey  has  strongly  the  look  of 
being  contemporaneous  with  certain  paint- 
ing by  the  Belgian  Alfred  Stevens.  Yet  the 
attractiveness  of  these  pictures,  together 
with  the  relative  complacency  with  which 

Edward  Poynter's  Sea  Bath  (.'350)  con- 
fronts comparison  with  more  recent  arrivals 

Burlington  House,  supplies  food  for 
reflection. 

While  we  may  have  some  pictures  at  the 

demy  which  are  better  than  others, 
then-  is  little  to  choose  between  the  different 
schools    which,    each    arriving    upon    these 

waIN   a   little   alter   their   first    zest    is   gone, 
ha\  ly  dominated  the  exhibitions. 

•  thing  da-  been  learnt,  or  learnt  with 

more    certainty,  since    the   days   when    Sir 

ir. I   Poynter  laid  the  foundations  of  his 

art.  but  it  is  equally  clear  that  the  men  who 

have   learnt    it    have — as  a  rule  -forgotten 
something  else    equally   valuable,   and    his 

■fully    painted    little    picture    has   a    lei- 
ling  of  t  be  tranquillity 
of  the  cool  green  shade  of  the  hath  bo 

by   no    means   without    eharm.      If   we   coin- 
it    with   the   earlier  and    finer   work    by 

which  he  is  represented  al  the  Tate  '  latlery — 

well-known    '  Vi-at    to    JSsCulapiuS  ' — we 

realize  that  in  hi-  abandonment ,  for  purpo 

of    intimacy,  of    the    safe    traditional    CIS 


poses,  the  customary  proportion  of  figures 
and  background,  he  reveals  an  innocence  of 
the  art  of  space  composition  which  the  earlier 
picture  did  not  betray.  His  figures  are 
over-analyzed  into  mean  and  petty  forms, 
having  no  relation  to  the  ample  surfaces  of 
shadowed  vaulting  on  which  they  are  set, 
and  in  this  respect,  in  comparison  with  Mr. 
Sims's  Little  Archer  (349)  alongside,  the  work 
appears  amateurish  in  design,  for  all  its 
delicacy  of  sentiment.  This  failure,  how- 
ever, is  duo  not  to  its  academic  qualities, 
which  wear  well  enough,  but  to  its  lack  of 
academic  efficiency  in  one  direction. 

If  we  could  compare  the  '  V.'sit  to 
iEsculapius  '  with  this,  the  best  contribu- 
tion of  Mr.  Sims  to  this  year's  Academy — 
or,  indeed,  with  any  typical  example  of  the 
younger  artist's  experiments  with  classic 
themes — we  should  realize  the  essential 
similarity  of  the  subject-matter  of  the  two 
artists.  Each  is  interested  in  the  contrast 
between  the  compact  elegance  of  line  of 
nude  figures,  and  the  spreading  forms  of 
vegetation  (the  two  typical  characteristics  of 
animal  and  vegetable  life) ;  and  we  should 
probably  find  Sir  Edward's  greater  formalil  y 
of  line  and  economy  in  the  use  of  colour 
more  permanently  satisfactory  than  the 
loose  picturesqueness  of  Mr.  Sims,  with  his 
lavish  subdivision  of  colour  into  elements 
often  more  numerous  than  he  can  use  for 
purposes  of  design.  This  little  "  Cupid  " 
picture  is,  in  the  latter  respect,  satisfactory, 
and  for  that  reason — in  spite  of  a  slight 
mawkishness  in  the  draughtsmanship  re- 
minding us  of  Bouguereau — it  is  much  to  be 
preferred  to  his  muddled  Cage  aux  amours 
(644),  or  his  slippery  and  unsubstantial 
Spring  Song  (156). 

At  his  worst,  however.  Mr.  Sims's  triviality 
is  rather  due  to  a  weakness  of  judgment, 
failing  in  control  of  a  too  facile  hand,  than  to 
any  inherent  incapacity  to  think  in  terms  of 
space.  It  may  be  argued  that  this  makes 
his  almost  invariable  failure  to  achieve 
dignity  of  space  composition  only  the  more 
reprehensible.  In  Mr.  F.  C.  Cowper's  amaz- 
ingly elaborate  Lucretia  Borgia  reigns  in  the 
Vatican  in  the  Absence  of  the  Pope  Alex- 
ander VI.  (103)  we  have  a  subject,  the 
impressiveness  of  which  depends  on  the  clear 
expression  of  certain  large  proportions  in 
space,  handled  by  a  man  who  has  apparently 
never  studied  the  use  of  colour  to  such  an  end. 
The  Pre-Raphaelite  method  of  piecing  to- 
gether an  embroidery  of  "  moreeaux,"  each 
carefully  painted  one  at  a  time,  is  in  practice 
only  really  applicable  to  subjects  in  which 
the  figures  are  spread  out  in  facade  in  the 
direction  of  the  picture  plane.  When  the 
painter  has  to  keep  in  touch  with  figure 
behind  figure  at  measurable  distances  of 
space  through  a  large  range  of  recession,  the 
carpentry  of  the  subject  can  only  be  main- 
tained by  the  strenuous  division  of  the  tones 
and  colours  of  the  design  into  certain  struc- 
tural categories,  the  proportions  of  which 
constitute  the  draughtsmanship  of  the  com- 
position. .Mr.  Cowper  (almost  inevitably 
with  his  method  of  painting)  has  frittered 
away  these  fundamental  divisions  as  he 
laboriously  compiled  his  patchwork  of 
figures  of  different  sizes,  in  each  of  which, 
whether     near     or     far     off,     the     transition 

between    light,    half-tone,   and    shadow    is 

rendered  with  the  -ame  de|j« ■>'■<  care.  In- 
evitably we  see  not  neai  and  distant  figures, 
but     large    and     small    ones,    some    of     them 

arbitrarily  lighted  in  more  brilliant   fashion 

than    other-.       The    di\i-ion    of    the    tones    ol 

red  in  the  cardinal's  robes  has  no  consistent 

reference   to   the   typical  changes  of   plane  on 

which  it  -ho ii Id  be  based,  and  thus  the  dsxker 
red  of  the  more  distant  robes  suggi    tsnot  the 

Same    Stufl    differently  conditioned   &S   to   the 


lighting,  but  a  different  dye.  Passages  of 
distant  form  constantly  cling  to  passages  of 
t  ho  foreground  without  intervening  space 
and  air;  nor,  we  hasten  to  add,  given  the 
subject  and  the  method  of  the  paintei,  are 
such  defects  in  any  way  astonishing.  In 
a  passage  of  simpler  form  on  the  vaults  and 
pendentives  of  the  ceiling,  which  offers 
less  temptation  to  piecemeal  elaboration, 
we  see  tones  finely  and  consistently  used. 
if  wo  regard  this  fragment  as  a  picture  in 
itself. 

Mr.  Sargent  s  portrait  of  Mr.  Henry  Jam*  8 
(343)  offers  another  instance  of  a  narrow 
technique  perfected  for  a  special  purpose,  and 
now  stretched  beyond  its  limits  of  applica- 
bility. The  few  well-divided  notes  of  colour 
which,  by  answering  to  the  few  forceful  planes 
of  the  head  of  an  obviously  characteristic, 
sitter,  enabled  Mr.  Sargent  to  produce  such 
striking  and  picturesque  portraits  in  the 
past,  were  combined,  as  a  rule,  in  a 
compact  and  simple  design  not  beyond 
expression  by  means  of  direct  painting 
of  no  great  technical  complexity.  The 
subtle  personality  of  Mr.  James  seems  to 
have  evaded  such  summary  treatment,  and 
the  painter  appears  to  have  felt  too  much  the 
importance  of  the  occasion  not  to  face  up 
to  the  difficulties  of  adequate  record.  The 
result  is,  we  are  assured,  an  excellent  like- 
ness, but  it  is  indifferent  painting.  It  is 
heavy  and  laboured  with  retouchings,  and 
the  colour  is  not  complex  enough  in  relation 
to  so  elaborate  a  statement  of  form  to  be 
plastically  relevant — not  simple  enough  to 
retire  to  the  humbler  duty  of  tinting  a 
decent  and  respectable  monochrome  painting. 
There  must  in  painting  be  a  certain  analogy 
between  technique  and  subject-matter,  and 
Mr.  Sargent's  downright  emphatic  method 
may  suffice  to  render,  "  tant  bien  que  ma  I. 
a  headlong  impulsive  character,  but  for  more 
elaborate  statement  a  more  complex  method 
is  needed,  if  that  method  is  not  to  look  over- 
strained and  laboured  in  its  application.  If 
we  look  at  such  a  preposterously  elaborate 
line  as  that  between  light  and  shadow  down 
the  cheek  of  this  portrait,  we  must  feel  that 
it  would  more  spontaneously  have  been 
reached  in  two  movements  (one  in  intention), 
and  the  perfect  method  of  painting  will  be 
analogous  to  the  sequence  of  muscular  action 
in  a  limb,  in  which  the  effect  of  a  few  large 
muscles  giving  the  main  direction  of  a  move- 
ment is  carried  on  and  given  precision  by  the 
many  and  smaller  muscles  towards  the 
extremity.  In  Mr.  James's  own  style  we 
have  an  extraordinary  instance  of  such 
sustained  continuity  of  direction.  It  uevei 
seems  to  get  such  a  "way"'  on  it  as  to  escape 
his  control,  or  require  that  correction  l>\ 
patching  which  with  Mr.  Sargent's  portrait 
mars  the  fluidity  and  perfect  interdependence 
of  the  whole.  With  a  more  obvious  design. 
the  painter  is  more  successful  in  his  Lady 
Roeksavage.  (356),  though,  leaning  so  heavily 
as  it  does  on  a  stereotyped  pattern  of  arti- 
ficial portraiture  of  the  Kneller  type,  its 
vivacity  looks  Slightly  fictitious.      The  direct 

impulsive  use  of  heavy  paint  appears  more 

legitimate  in  BUCh  a  landscape  as  Cy presses 
and  Pines  (220),  with  its  more  direct  in- 
spiration from  nature,  and  less  deliberate 
art  itice. 

The    use   of    firniK     toothed     dry    pigment 

in  Mr.  Clausen's  studj  Primavera  (161)  is 
beautiful.     Thesuddenlj  contrasted  Blipperj 

paint    in    such    '-mall    details    a-    the   drapcr\ 

and  flowers  is,  perh  meuhat  intrusive, 

but.  with  the  exception  of  the  slightly  senti- 
mental      I  ll  I  I  ..<  •  •  I       of       t  he      head,      t  here 

a    flavour    of    cool     austerity    about     the 

irmance   which   makes   it  an  unusually 

■  ctable  example  of  t  he  male  a-  admi    ibl< 

in  t he  Roj al  Academy . 


G32 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4514,  May  2,  1914 


OTHER  EXHIBITIONS. 

No  artist  of  our  time  has  so  strong  a 
•conviction  as  Mr.  Sickert  of  the  reality  and 
importance  of  the  conditions  of  time  and 
place  that  give  particularity  to  a  scene.  To 
anany,  indeed,  the  most  important  tilings  of 
life  appear  to  be  those  that  are  constant, 
a-eeurring  in  every  age  under  various  dis- 
guises ;  and  there  is  a  type  of  artist  who 
»regards  it  as  his  function  to  clear  away  those 
disguises  and  paint  the  fundamentals  only. 
Mr.  Sickert,  while  by  no  means  blind  to  their 
existence,  would  regard  a  bare  statement  of 
the  abstract  elements  of  existence  nrmch  as 
.an  epicure  would  regard  a  plain  roast  without 
sauce  or  other  accessories.  So  far  from 
having  any  quarrel  with  the  concrete 
trivialities  behind  which  reality  lurks,  the 
mask  is  his  subject,  and  for  those  who  are 
within  a  little  of  being  his  contemporaries  to 
visit  a  collection  of  his  work  like  that  at  the 
•Carfax  Gallery  is  to  be  haunted  by  ghosts  of 
the  past,  the  more  fantastically  unreal  for 
their  convincing  truthfulness.  Only  in  Lon- 
don of  the  immediate  past  could  we  find  such 
a  type  and  setting  as  are  commemorated 
in  Army  ay  id  Navy,  2 1(  which,  we  are  happy  to 
see,  has  been  acquired  by  the  Contemporary 
Art  Society),  a  masterpiece  of  pomposity  and 
amusing  egotism  such  as  Mr.  Sickert  always 
delights  in.  In  his  drawings,  which  are  a 
-true  comedy  of  manners  of  his  day,  we  feel 
strongly  the  separate  existence  of  each 
personage,  the  limitations  of  personality 
.against  which  the  abstract  thinker  chafes 
being  to  Mr.  Sickert  among  the  delightful 
things  of  life  as  making  for  intensification. 
In  contrast  to  the  modern  movement 
towards  emancipation  in  every  direction,  here 
is  a  man  who  hugs  every  one  of  his  chains. 
The  selfishness  and  the  ignorance,  the  narrow- 
ness and  the  stupidity  of  mankind  are  the 
anain  springs  of  drama  which  he  would  not 
lose  for  anything. 

It  is  interesting  to  see  so  absorbed  a  stu- 
dent of  particular  character  taking  up  the 
painting  of    landscape,  which  at  first  sight 
•seems  to  involve  the  abnegation  of  his  most 
personal  gift.     The  Elderbush  (12)  is   a   fine 
•study  of  deep  reverberating  tones  in  which 
the   painter  only  is   concerned.     The   large 
picture  of  Le   Vicux  Colombier  (22)  is  more 
intimate  in  its  choice  of  subject,  an  untidy 
•debris  of  felled  tree-trunks  which,  we  feel, 
have  lain  there  so  long  that  we  have  only  to 
move  one  to  find  a  whole  colony  of  insect 
life  beneath  it.     Petit  Bois  (3)  is  the  best  of 
.all  in  its  poignant  expression  of  what,  to  the 
town-dweller,  is  the  desolating  monotony  and 
loneliness  of  the  woods  in  summer.     The  time 
is   near  noon,   and  the  high   sun,  breaking 
through  the  tops  of  the  trees,  drops  here  and 
there  little  pools  of  dazzling  light,  the  fatigu- 
ing sparkle  of  which  has  a  hypnotizing  effect. 
We  seem  obliged  to   watch   the  just  visible 
(movement  of  the  patch  of  light— movement 
which  is  nevertheless  so  slow  as  to  become  ex- 
.asperating   in  its  insistence  on  the  intermin- 
able sameness  of  a  summer  day.     We  find  a 
subtle  piquancy  in  the  union  of  great  struc- 
tural beauty  of  pigment  with  this  expression 
•of   disenchantment.     The  paradise  to  which 
we  have  come  for  poetic  refreshment  is  just 
&  lot  of  leaves  with  a  pitiless  sun  on  them. 
An  effect  which,  when  handled  by  Mr.  Sar- 
gent and  other  painters  in  a  generalized  way, 
becomes  reduced   to   a  logical   interplay  of 
immaterial     coloured     reflections,     is     here 
treated  with  more  retention  of  the  element 
of  local  colour.     It  thus  remains  concrete, 
and  has  the  cold,  forbidding  look  often  found 
in  such  a  scene  in  spite  of  the  sunny  spangle  of 
light  it  offers  when  viewed   impressionistic- 
■&Uy  by  the  specialized  vision.     How  many 
painters  have  seen  it  thus  with  a  normal  eye, 
found    it   rather   unpleasant,    and    assumed 


another  and  more  romantic  manner  of  vision 
as  the  only  way  in  which  it  could  be 
"  treated  "  !  Yet  in  Mr.  Sickert's  sincere 
acceptance  of  the  thing  as  it  really  struck  him 
there  is  flavour,  and  once  more  truthfulness 
is  justified  by  the  result. 

Mr.  Edgar  Wilson's  etchings  at  the 
"  Twenty-One  "  Gallery  are  important  in 
proportion  as  they  express  more  or  less  per- 
fectly the  "  suburban  "  mind,  ready  to 
interest  itself  contentedly  in  things  not 
intrinsically  exciting,  and  sensitive  to  the 
merest  hint  of  external  romance.  In  many 
of  these  plates — The  Wandle  (11)  is  a  good 
instance — we  are  shown  sluggish  back- 
waters wherein  a  glimpse  of  the  masts  of  a 
ship  becomes  a  sensational  episode,  a  symbol 
of  the  world  of  adventure  outside.  One 
fancies  the  artist,  as  in  one  of  Maeterlinck's 
plays,  watching  for  a  lifetime  the  boats  go 
and  come,  yet  never  shipping  in  one,  his 
mind  sufficiently  furnished  with  a  vague  sense 
of  the  presence  of  an  unknown  world  of 
enchantment. 

It  is  an  odd  juxtaposition  to  place 
alongside  of  these  plates  the  paintings 
of  Spain,  Italy,  and  Africa  by  Mr.  Kerr- 
Lawson,  who,  actually  travelling  so  much, 
seems  to  find  travel  a  somewhat  common- 
place business.  In  his  careful  studies  in 
neutral  tones  of  single  figures  Mr.  Kerr- 
Lawson  commands  respect  by  a  certain 
reticence  and  severity,  but  his  use  of  positive 
colours  in  outdoor  subjects  cheapens  his 
work. 

The  exhibition  of  works  by  Futurist 
painters  at  the  Dore  Gallery  shows  them 
much  as  they  were.  Signor  Balla,  however, 
has  a  design,  Luminous  Successions — Dis- 
placements (39),  of  some  beauty,  and  another, 
lightly  and  adroitly  drawn,  which  he  calls 
Walking  Lines  (43),  which  might  have  been 
suggested  by  the  crossing  forms  of  water 
ripples  and  their  shadows  and  reflections  upon 
a  river-bed  beneath.  This  interest  in  one 
linear  pattern  seen  through  another  is,  from 
the  practical  point  of  view,  the  single  fruitful 
inspiration  of  the  Italian  Futurists,  but  it  has 
rarely  resulted  in  such  clarity  as  this.  More 
often  it  produces  such  a  muddle  as  one  might 
expect  to  get  by  laying  lace  over  lace.  The 
literary  accompaniment  to  the  catalogue 
shows  the  usual  paralysing  profusion  of 
abstract  nouns. 


LOAN    EXHIBITION   OF   ETCHINGS 
AT  GLASGOW. 

The  Corporation  of  Glasgow  has  organized 
a  remarkable  loan  exhibition  of  etchings 
and  engravings  at  the  Kelvingrove  Art 
Gallery,  with  the  object  of  arousing  interest 
in  the  subject,  so  that  a  section  devoted  to 
black  and  white  may  be  added  to  the 
municipal  collections.  Seldom,  if  ever,  has 
such  a  collection  of  fine  prints  been  shown 
outside  London,  Oxford,  and  Cambridge. 
No  living  etcher  is  represented.  The  Com- 
mittee, guided  by  Mr.  D.  Y.  Cameron  and  one 
or  two  other  well-known  experts,  have  wisely 
endeavoured  to  show  somewhat  fully  the 
achievement  of  the  few  masters,  rather  than 
to  illustrate  the  less-inspired  efforts  of  many 
second-rate  artists.  Drawing  freely  on  a 
number  of  rich  collections,  several  of  which 
are  in  Glasgow  and  the  West  of  Scotland, 
the  Committee  have  assembled  a  representa- 
tive series  of  the  plates  of  Diirer  (23).  Rem- 
brandt (82),  Meryon  (29),  Whistler  (42), 
Haden  (12),  and  Legros  (18) — the  figures 
in  parentheses  indicating  the  numbers  of 
prints  by  each  artist  that  are  on  view. 
Twenty-three  other  men  are  represented  by 
one  or  more  well-chosen  examples,  making 


a  total  of  271  prints,  which  are  nearly  all  in 
the  finest  condition,  and  have  been  admir- 
ably mounted  and  catalogued.  Such  a  col- 
lection is  the  best  introduction  to  the  study 
of  etching  that  one  could  have. 

Among  the  early  pieces  are  a  choice  im- 
pression of  Schongauers  Nativity  ;  the  niello 
of  Orpheus;  the  Descent  into  Hell,  which  is 
surely  a  school-piece,  and  not  by  Mantegna 
himself,  as  the  Catalogue  suggests  ;  and  a 
fine  example  of  Domenico  Campagnola's 
spirited  Battle.  The  Dtirers,  chiefly  lent  by 
Mr.  James  Mann,  are  excellent.  Notable 
arc  the  superb  prints  of  Adam  and  Eve  and 
the  Great  War-Horse ;  a  most  delicate  im- 
pression of  the  Melencolia  in  which 
Diirer  sums  up  his  art  and  his  philosophy  ; 
a  faultless  proof  of  The  Coat  of  Arms  with  a 
Cock,  formerly  in  the  Holford  Collection ; 
the  smaller  Albrecht  of  Brandenburg,  and  the 
rare  Two  Angels  with  the  Sudarium.  Diirer, 
as  engraver,  eclipses  all  others,  but  it  is 
pleasant  to  see  near  his  prints  some  capital 
examples  of  H.  S.  Beham,  including  the 
masterly  little  Melancholia,  if  only  to  be 
reminded  how  high  was  the  standard 
of  contemporary  work  which  Diirer  sur- 
passed with  ease.  A  good  print  of  the 
St.  Catherine,  usually  assigned  to  Rubens, 
and.  certainly  executed  in  his  school,  and 
three  rare  and  exquisite  first  states  of  Van 
Dyck's  artist  heads,  including  his  own, 
herald  the  seventeenth  century  and  Rem- 
brandt. 

The  pre-eminence  of  Rembrandt  among 
etchers  is  not  unfairly  emphasized.  The 
eighty-two  prints,  representing  nearly  as 
many  different  plates,  reveal  once  more  his 
immense  vitality,  his  mitiring  search  for  new 
effects,  his  skill  of  hand,  and  his  boundless 
humanity.  The  profound  impression  pro- 
duced by  the  British  Museum's  exhaustive 
exhibition  of  the  etchings  fifteen  years  ago 
is  confirmed  by  this  collection,  which  includes 
a  fourth  of  Rembrandt's  authentic  works, 
and  nearly  all  the  finest  of  them.  Among 
the  choicest  things  may  be  noted  the  second 
state  of  the  Death  of  the  Virgin,  with  a  good 
margin  ;  the  rare  second  state  of  the  Christ 
at  Emmaus  of  1654  ;  a  very  light  early  proof 
of  the  Blindness  of  Tobit ;  a  first  state  of 
Dr.  Faustus ;  a  good  fourth  state  of  The 
Three  Crosses,  with  the  grandiose  chiaroscuro 
that  many  admire,  and  a  few,  strangely 
enough,  condemn ;  a  fourth  state  of  the 
Ecce  Homo,  which  as  a  composition  was 
afterwards  improved  ;  a  perfect  first  state, 
very  lightly  printed,  of  The  Hog  ;  and  an 
exquisite  first  state  of  the  small  Raising  of 
Lazarus.  The  landscapes  also  are  especi- 
ally well  represented. 

Passing  by  a  few  other  Dutch  prints  and 
a  single  Piranesi  —  from  the  Carceri,  of 
course — -we  come  to  a  small  group  of  Goyas, 
including  a  second  state  of  The  Bull-Fight 
and  some  of  the  less  horrible  of  the  Caprichos. 
Five  of  the  rare  dry-points  of  Andrew  Geddes 
are  shown,  including  a  first  state  of  The 
Artist's  Mother,  an  attractive  piece  which 
was  his  best  work.  There  are  also  two  of 
Wilkie's  slight  but  clever  essays  in  the  same 
medium.  Among  half  a  dozen  of  Millet's 
powerful  but  rather  coarse  plates  are  his 
Going  to  Work,  the  painted  version  of  which 
belongs  to  Glasgow,  and  the  Grande  Bergere. 
For  students  of  Meryon  the  exhibition  is 
important,  thanks  to  Mr.  B.  B.  Macgeorge's 
noted  collection.  For  example,  there  are 
the  first  five  states  of  Le  Stryge,  as  well  as 
the  eighth ;  in  the  first  the  tower  and  the 
vampire  figure  are  wanting.  So,  too,  in  the 
very  rare  first  state  of  VAbside  de  Notre 
Dame,  the  right  side  of  the  cathedral  is 
elaborately  finished,  but  the  left  side  is 
wanting,  and  there  is  no  distance  above  the 
bridge  ;  again,  in  the  first  state  of  Le  Pont 
au  Change  one  sees  nothing  above  the  bridge. 


No.  4514,  May   3,   1014 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


033 


Clearly,  the  successive  states  of  Meryon's 
etohings  illustrate  better  than  in  the  oase  of 

most  other  etchers  l>ot  li  his  technical  nut  hod 
and  bis  way  of  approaching  a  subject,  which 

was  distinctly  unusual,  to  say  the  least.  A 
very  light  trial  proof  of  St.  Eti-:>t)ic  du  Mont, 
a  tirst  state  of  La  Morgue,  and  a  third 
state  of  Le  Pont  Nettf  on  Japanese  paper, 
before  letters,  are  remarkable.  Beside  these 
Fortuity's  graceful  and  clever  pieces,  such 
a-  A   J>(H'l  Arab,  seem  very  conventional. 

The  long  series  of  Whistlers  is  line  in 
Quality,  and  representative,  of  all  his  phases, 
from  the  early  Mere  Gerard,  Saveme,  and 
/.  verdun,  down  to  Nash's  Fruit  Shop  and 
The  Smithy.  Mr.  Harrington's  proof  of 
The  Kitchen  is  exceptional  in  its  beauty  of 
tone.  The  Thames  and  Venice  sets  are 
nearly  all  shown,  with  some  of  the  best  of 
the  set  of  1886.  On  the  margin  of  the  exqui- 
site Nocturne  :  Palaces,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Andrew  Roid,  Whistler  has  noted  some  of 
the  newspaper  criticisms,  and  also  a  letter 
from  P.  G.  Hamerton  complaining  that  the 
artist's  reference  to  him  as  "  a  Mr.  Hamer- 
ton "  was  "  a  breach  of  ordinary  good 
manners  in  speaking  of  a  well-known  writer  " 
— the  last  four  words  being  underlined  with 
ironic  intent.  The  Seymour  Hadens,  all 
lent  by  Dr.  Naseby  Harrington,  include  a 
superb  first  state  of  Out  of  my  Study  Window, 
and  several  interesting  trial  proofs  of  Sunset 
on  the  Thames,  Sunset  in  Ireland  (without 
the  sun),  and  other  well-known  works. 
Lastly,  there  is  a  very  well-chosen  set  of 
plates  by  Legros,  including  an  early  state  of 
/.'/  Mort  du  Vagabond  and  a  good  impression 
of  the  delicate  landscape  Le  Paysage  aux 
M  vies,  which  shows  the  brighter  side  of 
Legros's  temperament. 

As  will  be  seen,  the  exhibition  testifies 
throughout  to  the  discriminating  taste  of 
its  organizers.  H. 


Jfitu   ^.rt   (Gossip. 

A  loan  exhibition  of  Indian  paintings  is 
now  being  held  at  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum,  and  will  be  open  throughout  this 
month.  It  contains  more  than  200  examples 
of  the  work  of  the  New  Calcutta  School,  lent 
by  the  Indian  Society  of  Oriental  Art,  and 
other  examples  lent  by  Mr.  Havell  and  Dr. 
1  unaraswamy.  One  of  the  most  striking 
exhibits  is  the  picture  of  King  Asoka's 
queen  contemplating  the  destruction  of  her 
husband's  favourite  Bodhi  tree,  painted  by 
Mr.  Ahanindro  Xath  Tagore,  and  lent  by 
Queen  Mary. 

Two  other  artists  represented  here,  Mr. 
I>hwara  Prasad  and  Mr.  K.  Venkatappa,  are 
descended  from  families  of  hereditary  Court 
painters.  The  former,  we  are  told,  was  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Havell  working  as  a  designer 
in  Manchester  piece  goods  for  a  European 
firm  in  Calcutta. 

It  i~  proposed  that  this  year's  exhibition 
of  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund  shall  he 
devoted     entirely     to     the    discoveries    at 

Antinoe,  on  the  ground  that  they  represent 
with    unusual     completeness    the    daily    Life 

of  the  people  in  a  Romano-Egyptian  city. 
()n<-  find  is  an  inscription  commemorating 
■.<   Platonic  philosopher  who  was  one  of  the 

mTor/iivoi    (v  t<;i    MoiKTCM)  aTt\i7<;,   i.e.,    those 

who  as  scholars  secured  free  meals  in  the 
Museum  at  Alexandria. 

Sib  Chasues  akd  Lady  Waldstkts  have 
presented  to  the  Pitzwilliam  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge, two  early  water-colours  bv  Turner. 
It  will  he  remembered  that  Ruskui  in  ls»;i 
anted  the  Pitzwilliam  Museum  with 
twenty-five  Turners  belonging  to  all  periods 
of  the  paii,  >rk. 


Wk  learn  from  The  Cambridge  Review  that 
the  water-colours  and  sketches  of  Antarctic 
scenes  made  by  Dr.  E.  \.  Wilson  are  to  be 
on  view  at  the  Museum  of  Areh:eoIogy  and 
Ethnology  in  Cambridge  next  Saturday. 
The  collection,  which  has  already  been 
exhibited  at  the  Alpine  Galleries  in  London, 

in  Cheltenham,  heeds,  and  elsewhere,  is  of 
exceptional  interest. 

At  the  anniversary  meeting  of  t  ho  Society 

of  Antiquaries  on   St.    (I -ge's    Day,    April 

23rd,  the  customary  elections  took  place  of 
officers  and  Council  for  the  ensuing  year. 
Sir  Arthur  John  Evans  was  elected  President ; 
Mr.  William  Minot,  Treasurer  ;  and  Sir 
Edward  William  Brabrook  and  Mr.  Charles 
Reed  Peers  were  elected  respectively  Director 
and  Secret  ary. 

In  The  Quarterly  Record  of  Additions,  pub- 
lished by  the  Hull  Museum,  there  is  an 
illustration  of  an  early  inscribed  brooch 
which  belongs,  it  is  thought,  to  about  1400, 
a  period  for  which  relics  of  this  kind  are  not 
common.  It  was  found  near  Kirkella  in 
the  course  of  excavation,  together  with  a 
quantity  of  pottery.  It  is  of  the  annular 
type,  li  in.  in  diameter,  and  bears  an 
inscription  in  Gothic  characters,  with  a 
"  rose  "  between  the  words. 

Mr.  W.  T.  Oldrieve,  principal  architect 
of  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  Edinburgh,  gave  a 
lecture  to  the  Old  Edinburgh  Club  on  Thurs- 
day in  last  week  on  King  David's  Tower 
at  Edinburgh  Castle,  with  lantern  illustra- 
tion. The  discovery  of  this  Tower  of  1.367 
was  the  result  of  excavations  begun  in  the 
autumn  of  1912  from  the  Half-Moon  Battery. 
Many  curious  articles  were  found  in  the 
course  of  the  excavations,  and  an  ancient 
well  to  the  north  of  the  Tower  has  been 
surveyed. 

A  memorial  wall-tablet  to  Dr.  Alexander 
Taylor-Innes,  author  of  '  Law  of  Creeds  in 
Scotland '  and  other  works,  was  unveiled 
last  Saturdav  in  the  church  of  St.  Duthus, 
Tain. 

A  commemorative  tablet  has  been  placed 
in  the  Church  of  San  Simone,  Mantua,  to 
James  Crichton  of  Eliock  and  Cluny,  known 
as  the  Admirable  Crichton.  Mr.  Douglas 
Crichton,  the  promoter  of  the  memorial,  has 
for  some  years  been  engaged  in  writing  a 
work  on  the  house  of  Crichton  in  all  its 
branches,  and  in  hunting  for  materials  has 
made  researches  in  State  and  other  archives 
regarding  the  careers  of  famous  Scotsmen  in 
Italy  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Mr.  Murray  is  publishing  early  this 
month,  under  the  title  of  'The  Inner  Life  of 
the  Royal  Academy,'  the  reminiscences  of 
Mr.  G.  D.  Leslie,  R.A.  Besides  dealing  with 
some  popular  misconceptions  in  regard  to 
the  work  and  usefulness  of  that  institution, 
the  book  gives  racy  details  concerning  the 
artistic  activities  and  friendships  of  the 
author. 

Mr.  E.  Harrison  Barkkr  has  for  some 
time  past  been  engaged  upon  a  life  of  his 
grandfather,  Thomas  Barker  the  painter, 
who  was  born  in  1709,  and  became  known 
by  his  picture  '  The  Woodman  '  (engraved  by 
Bartolozzi)    before     he    was    twenty    years    of 

age.     fn  1826  he  painted  a  fresco  30  ft.  by 

I  1  It.,  "The  Massacre  of  the  Seiotes,'  on  the 
wall  of  bifl  gallery  at  Bath,  after  the  method 
of    the    Italian    masters      a    work    which    on 

technical  and  ot  her  grounds  is  of  considerable 

interest.      There  are  paintings  by  him  in  the 

National  Gallery,  and  in  several  other  public 
institutions.  -Mr-  E.  Harrison  Barker  would 
he  grateful  tor  information  respecting  works 

in  provincial  museums  and  private  collec- 
tions.     This  should    he   addressed    to    him    at 

LeTreport,  Beine-Inferieure,  Fran 


MUSIC 

— ♦ — 

THE    OPERA. 

'  Parsifal  '  was  given  last  Thursday 
week  at  Covent  Garden,  when  the  pro- 
tagonist u-as  Berr  Johannes  Sembaoh.   His 

singing  was  good,  though  on  the  whole  he- 
was  less  impressive  than  Heir  Heinrich  Hen- 
selt,  who  appeared  at  the  first  performance 
of  the  recent  German  season.  Frau 
Pfeilschneider  impersonated  Kundry.  She- 
gave  a  less  characteristic  rendering  of  the 
part  than  that  of  Mile.  Eva  von  der 
Osten  ;  but,  although  good  in  the  short 
scene  with  Klingsor,  afterwards,  in  the 
Magic  Garden  with  Parsifal,  she  showed 
coldness  both  in  her  voice  and  manner. 
Herren  Carel  van  Hulst  and  Paul  Kniipfer 
were  both  impressive :  the  former  as 
Amfortas,  the  other  as  Gurnemanz.  Mr. 
Albert  Coates  conducted  with  all  care 
and  understanding. 

It    is    a    far    cry    from   '  Parsifal '    to- 
Signor    Puccini's    '  Manon    Lescaut,'    the 
opera   given   on    the    following   evenings 
It    is     an    early    work,    in  which   there 
are     foreshadowings     of     '  Tosca.'      The 
heroine — as,  we  suppose,  Manon  must  be 
called — is  a  selfish,  heartless  woman,  and 
the  whole  story  is  artificial.     In  the  second 
act   the  scene  in   Manon's  room  is  in  its- 
theatrical  way  effective,  while  the  strongly 
realistic  one  at  Havre  is  impressive.     The 
short  Intermezzo  which  precedes  was  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  Coates  as  if  to  the  Italian 
manner   born ;     it    is    a   bit   of    genuine 
Puccini    music.     There    were    two    new 
singers.     Madame  Bianca  Bellincioni,  who- 
impersonated  Manon,  is  the  daughter  of 
Gemma  Bellincioni,  who  was  the  originaF 
Santuzza  in   '  Cavalleria  Rusticana.'     Of 
her  voice  it  is  difficult  to  speak,  for  she 
showed  signs  of  being  nervous.     She  is, 
however,  used  to  the  stage.     Signor  Giulio 
Crimi  has  a  very  good  voice,  but  was,  un- 
fortunately, suffering  from  a  severe  cold. 
The    rest    of    the    cast    was    more    than 
satisfactory. 

The  performance  of  the  closing  section 
of  the  first  cycle  of  '  Der  Ring  '  last  Mon- 
day was  excellent.  Herr  Cornelius  as 
Siegfried  more  than  maintained  the  repu- 
tation he  has  already  won.  Equal  praise 
may  be  bestowed  on  Fraulein  Gertrud 
Kappel,\vho  isoneof  the  best  Briinnhildefl 
on  the  stage  at  the  present  day.  Miss 
Maude  Fay  as  Gutrunewas  as  sympathetic 
as  in  'Die  Walkiire,'  and  her  action  was 
appropriate.  Hen-  Kniipfer,  the  Hagen, 
had  not  the  repelling  look  and  tone  of 
voice  of  some  who  take  that  part.  The 
orchestral    playing,     under     the    direction 

of  Herr  Xikiscli.  was  magnificent. 

Parsifal,'  which  is  to  be  given  this 
evening,  will  be  repeated  on  the  15th, 
Isth.  aiid  21  st  of  this  month. 

'La    Boheme'  was  given  on  Tuesday 

evening   With    Madame    Bianca    Bellincioni 
as    Minii.    thus    affording,    it    seemed,    an 

opportunity  of  judging   her  voice.     1  n- 
fortunately,  however,  she  had  an  apology 

made  for  her.  as  she  was  Buffering  from  a 
Severe    cold;     and     the    necessity    for    the 


034 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4514,  May  2,   1914 


apology  soon  became  evident.  Signor  Giu- 
seppe Tacconi,  a  new-comer,  took  the  part 
of  Rodolfo.  His  voice  sounded  unequal,  but 
he  may  appear  in  another  opera  to  better 
advantage.     Mr.  Albert  Coates  conducted. 

A  splendid  performance  was  given  of 
'  Die  Meistersinger  '  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing. Herr  Paul  Bender  as  Sachs  was 
dignified,  and  his  singing  admirable. 
Herr  Johannes  Sembach  impersonated 
Walther  von  Stolzing,  and  he,  too,  was 
in  fine  voice.  Though  an  experienced 
actor,  he  did  not  in  manner  quite  picture 
the  young  and  ardent  knight.  Fraulein 
Greta  Merren  as  Eva  was  very  pleasing. 
Her  singing  is  good,  and  her  diction  par- 
ticularly clear.  In  trying  to  make  the 
most  of  her  part,  she  was  inclined  slightly 
to  overdo  it.  Herr  Jan  Hemsing  as 
Beckmesser  deserves  high  commendation. 
There  was  no  tendency  to  make  the  part 
comic.  It  would  be  impossible  to  over- 
praise the  orchestral  playing  under  the 
direction  of  Herr  Nikisch. 


BEETHOVEN   FESTIVAL    AT 

QUEEN'S    HALL. 

II. 

The  remaining  performances  of  this 
Festival  were  as  fine  as  those  noticed  last 
week,  but  the  three  most  notable  during 
the  week  were  those  of  the  '  Eroica '  and 
the  Eighth  and  Ninth  Symphonies.  Mr. 
Verbrugghen  has  achieved  success.  He 
is  a  skilled  conductor,  and  he  had  the  excel- 
lent London  Symphony  Orchestra,  which 
was,  of  course,  an  immense  help.  But  the 
secret  of  the  deep  impression  created  was 
the  enthusiasm  of  Mr.  Verbrugghen  him- 
self. Many  masterly  performances  have 
been  given  of  Beethoven's  Symphonies, 
from  the  days  when  Dr.  Richter  was  here 
down  to  the  present,  and  by  conductors 
who  feel  the  importance  and  grandeur  of 
the  music,  but  who  are  specially  interested 
in  Wagner  and  still  later  composers. 
Judging  from  what  Mr.  Verbrugghen  has 
achieved,  we  believe  he  has  devoted  him- 
self specially  to  Beethoven.  Art  did  not 
end  with  Beethoven,  but  he  was  the 
greatest  master  of  the  Classical  School. 

Concert-halls  are  larger  than  in  Beet- 
hoven's day,  and  therefore  orchestras  have 
increased  in  size,  but  the  additions  have 
been  made  principally  in  the  strings. 
Mr.  Verbrugghen,  however,  also  increased 
the  wind,  and  with  good  results.  Beet- 
hoven, by  the  way,  in  1817,  when  the 
London  Philharmonic  Society  made  him 
an  offer  to  come  and  conduct  new  works, 
wrote  to  his  friend  Ries  asking  the 
strength  of  the  strings,  and  whether 
there  was  single  or  double  wind.  It  is, 
therefore,  most  likely  that,  at  the  great 
concert  given  at  Vienna  in  1813  for  the 
benefit  of  the  soldiers  wounded  at  the 
Battle  of  Hanau,  when  the  Symphony  in  a 
was  produced,  Beethoven  doubled  the  wind; 
for  his  orchestra  on  that  occasion  num- 
bered over  a  hundred,  and  among  the 
strings  were  many  of  the  best  players  then 
in  Vienna. 


The  five  Pianoforte  Concertos  were  per- 
formed last  week,  and  the  poetical  render- 
ing of  the  one  in  G,  by  Mr.  Max  Pauer,  calls 
for  special  note.  The  Third,  in  c  minor, 
is  more  interesting  than  the  first  two,  but 
it  sounds  old.  These  lesser  works  help, 
however,  the  hearer  to  appreciate  the 
greater. 

Beethoven's  songs  are  not  of  special 
interest.  Excellent  singers  were,  however, 
engaged,  Madame  Tilly  Koenen  and  Herren 
Paul  Reimers  and  Anton  van  Rooy.  The 
last  named  was  unfortunately  suffering 
from  a  bad  cold. 

The  Leeds  Philharmonic  Chorus  (200 
voices),  which  took  part  in  the  Choral 
Symphony,  attacked  the  trying  vocal 
music  with  courage  and  zest.  They  also 
sang  '  A  Calm  Sea  and  Prosperous  Voyage  ' 
with  good  effect  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  A.  Fricker.  Although  dedicated  to 
Goethe,  whom  Beethoven  admired,  this 
short  composition  is  of  small  interest. 
But  there  was  little  choice  :  Beethoven 
wrote  no  short  choral  work  of  importance. 

Mr.  Daniel  Mayer  announced  on  the 
last  day  that  another  Festival  would  take 
place  in  April  next  year,  to  be  devoted  to 
Bach,  Beethoven,  and  Brahms.  Mr.  Van- 
brugghen  and  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  have  already  been  engaged. 


Jltustral  (Hassjp. 

At  the  Symphony  Concert  last  Saturday 
afternoon  at  Queen's  Hall  the  programme 
consisted  of  standard  works  by  Bach,  Beet- 
hoven, Schubert,  and  Wagner,  ending  with 
Strauss's  '  Don  Juan.'  But  the  special 
item  which  drew  an  immense  audience  was 
doubtless  the  Brahms  Violin  Concerto,  with 
Herr  Kreisler  as  soloist.  He  has  not  been  in 
London  for  some  time,  and  he  is  not  yet  an 
artist  who  has  to  live  on  his  reputation. 

It  was  difficult  to  realize  that  the  recital 
given  by  Dr.  George  Henschel  at  Bechstein 
Hall  on  Wednesday  evening  is  to  be  regarded 
as  a  farewell.  For  close  upon  forty  years 
the  singer  has  been  faithful  to  the  highest 
ideals  of  his  art,  and  it  was  an  interesting 
fact  that  his  programme  on  this  occasion 
began  with  an  aria  from  Handel's  '  Rinaldo,' 
the  first  song  in  which  an  English  audience 
made  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Henschel's 
art  in  the  old  St.  James's  Hall  as  long  ago 
as  February,  1877.  So  finely  was  it  sung 
that  one  regretted  the  more  that  so  sincere 
an  artist  is  at  length  to  seek  retirement. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  well  that  he  should 
take  leave  of  us  before  time  has  had  its 
inevitable  effect  upon  his  work.  The  power 
and  virility  in  his  singing  of  an  exacting 
programme  might  have  been  envied  by 
many  a  younger  artist,  and  even  now,  though 
the  voice  naturally  has  lost  something  of  its 
resonance,  few  singers  could  approach  in 
truth  and  subtlety  of  feeling  his  treatment 
of  such  songs  as  Schubert's  '  Der  Doppel- 
ganger,'  Rubinstein's  beautiful  '  Der  Asra,' 
and  Loewe's  protracted  ballad  of  '  Archibald 
Douglas.'  Beethoven's  '  Mit  Madeln  sich 
vertragen,'  too,  was  given  with  irresistible 
gaiety,  and  in  this,  as  in  the  other  songs, 
the  singer  accompanied  himself  with  remark- 
able skill.  Several  laurel  wreaths  and  a  lute 
were  handed  up  to  Dr.  Henschel,  who,  at 
the  end  of  the  evening,  acknowledged  the 
enthusiasm  of  his  many  admirers  in  a  grace- 
ful little  speech  of  thanks. 


Willy  Ferrero,  a  conductor  who  is  not 
yet  eight  years  old,  has  come  to  London,  and 
will  give  four  concerts  at  the  Royal  Albert 
Hall  on  the  evenings  of  the  6th  and  13th  inst., 
and  in  the  afternoons  of  the  9th  and  16th. 
The  New  Symphony  Orchestra  will  play 
under  his  direction  works  by  Beethoven, 
Wagner,  Berlioz,  Grieg,  &c.  The  reports  of 
his  wonderful  gifts  have  raised  high  expec- 
tations. On  Tuesday  afternoon  he  con- 
ducted a  programme  of  music  at  the 
Royal  Albert  Hall  at  a  reception  specially 
given  in  order  to  introduce  him.  It  was 
strange  to  see  a  small  boy  conducting  with- 
out book,  indicating  in  the  clearest  manner 
his  intentions,  and  insisting  on  their  being 
carried  out.  The  idea  of  his  having  been 
coached  in  the  art  of  conducting,  or 
taught  certain  things  to  say  to  the  orchestra, 
becomes  untenable  when  once  one  sees  him. 
While  he  is  conducting  his  face  lights  up  in 
an  extraordinary  manner,  and  the  sponta- 
neity and  decision  of  his  gestures  are  remark- 
able. He  never  uses  a  score,  for  he  cannot 
read  music.  His  powers  of  memory  and 
appreciation  of  music  extend  beyond  those 
of  the  best  of  musical  prodigies. 

Dr.  R.  Armstrong  Jones,  lecturing  last 
Tuesday  to  the  Sociological  Society  on 
'  Genius  and  Insanity,'  remarked  that 
in  both  "  the  perceptions  were  quicker 
and  the  associations  keener."  He  knew 
a  man  who  could  recite  'The  Decline 
and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  '  from  cover 
to  cover,  but  "  did  not  understand  what  he 
dramatically  recited."  Willy  Ferrero,  how- 
ever, seems  to  understand  and  feel  what  he  is 
conducting.  It  is  sincerely  to  be  hoped  that 
all  care  will  be  taken  of  so  gifted  a  child. 

Mr.  Arnold  Dolmetsch  announces  three 
concerts  of  old  music,  to  take  place  on  the 
5th,  13th,  and  20th  inst.,  in  the  New  Hall  of 
the  Art-Workers'  Guild,  Queen's  Square, 
Bloomsbury,  at  which  English  music  of 
the  period  1550-1700  will  be  largely 
represented.  At  the  second,  music  will  be 
given  for  viols  and  violins  by  William  Yong 
from  a  unique  copy  at  Upsala  and  a  contem- 
porary MS.  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Dol- 
metsch. 

The  Imperial  Choir,  two  thousand  in 
number,  will  be  heard  at  the  Albert  Hall  on 
the  evening  of  the  14th  inst.  This  notable 
body  of  singers  will  appear  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Dr.  Charles  Harriss,  by  whom  it  was 
founded  in  1909. 

Senor  Tomas  Bret6n  is  one  of  the  best- 
known  Spanish  composers,  and  Director  of 
the  Madrid  Conservatoire.  A  symphonic 
poem  by  his  son,  Sefior  A.  Bretdn,  entitled 
'  Open  Eyes,'  after  a  romantic  legend  by 
the  Spanish  poet  Senor  A.  Becquer,  has  just 
been  produced  at  a  Symphonic  Orchestra 
Concert  at  Madrid,  and  favourably  received. 

Miss  Kathleen  Schlesinger  will  deliver 
a  course  of  five  lectures  on  '  Musical  Instru- 
ments :  their  Origin,  Construction,  and 
Development,'  in  the  University  Buildings, 
Imperial  Institute  Road,  South  Kensington, 
on  Tuesdays,  May  5th,  12th,  19th,  and 
26th,  and  June  9th. 

PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 

Six       Special  Concert.  3  30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 

—  Sunday  Concert  Society,  3.30.  Queen  8  Hall, 
Mux. -Sat    Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Won-  Leila  Doubleday's  Violin  Kecital.  8.30.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Mary  Tracy's  Aria  and  Song  Kecital,  9.  jEolian  Hall. 
Tees  Winifred  Purnell'e  Pianoforte  Recital.  3,  Beehittin  Hall. 

—  Ernest  Groom's  Vocal  Recital,  3.15  ^olian  Hall. 

—  Arthur  Rubinstein's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8  15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Malvina  Shanklin's  Song  Becital,  8.15,  .Slolian  Hall 
Wed  Madame  KiDg  <  lark's  Vocal  Recital,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  London  Trio,  3  30,  J3olian  Hall.  , 

—  Mary  Bruce  Brown's  Scottish  Concert,  8,  Queen  s  Hall. 

—  Manorie  Wigley's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.16.  -Eolian  Hall. 

—  Willy  Ferrero's  Orchestral  Conceit,  8.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Tuiiis.  DohnAnyi  aDd  Mainardi's  Pianoforte  and   Cello  Recital,  J.io 

.Eoliau  Hall.  _  ,, 

—  Madame  Albani's  Evening  Concert,  8.15  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Nora  Moon's  Vocal  Recital,  8.1B,  Bechstein  Hall 
Fin.       Helga  Petri's  Song  Recital,  3.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Kathleen  Thomson's  Pianoforte  Becital,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Bat.      Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  Endowment  Fund  Concert,  8,  yueen  s 

Hall. 


No.  4514,  Mai  2,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


(135 


DRAMA 

•THE    CLEVER    OXES '     AT 
WYNDHAM'S   THEATRE. 

Or  the  two  plays  by  Mr.  Sutro,  "The  Two 
Virtaee  '  at  the  St.  James's  and  '  The 
( fever  Ones  '  at  Wyndham's,  the  latter, 
produced  on  the  night  on  which  we  went 
to  press  last  week,  is  in  onr  opinion  by 
far  the  better.  Stage  exaggeration  of 
adverse  social  conditions  has,  we  hope, 
been  consistently  deprecated  by  us.  Here 
we  have  the  evils  of  these  and  other 
exaggerations  in  life  relentlessly  mirrored. 
The  "  clever  ones  *'  are  two  sisters,  one  of 
whom  is  the  mother  of  a  clever  daughter. 
The  last  named  is  bent  upon  carrying 
forward  to  the  next  generation  the 
superficial  cleverness  of  the  mother,  in- 
tensified and  even  further  divorced  from 
common  sense  or  useful  purpose. 

The  piece  opens  with  a  scene  between 
the  would-be  master  of  the  house — played 
by  Mr.  Edmund  Gwenn  in  that  inimitable 
manner  associated  with  him  as  the 
originator  of  the  "  Twelve  Pound  Look  " 
— his  wife,  and  her  sister  (Florence  Hay- 
don  and  Margaret  Watson),  consequent 
upon  the  announcement  of  the  daughter's 
engagement  to  an  artisan  who,  from  the 
ladies'  point  of  view,  has  the  somewhat 
redeeming  quality  of  being  an  Anarchist. 
This  distinction,  however,  carries  with  it 
no  salve  to  the  temper  of  the  merchant  in 
hops,  who  prides  himself  on  the  possession 
<>f  mental  equilibrium  while  giving  free 
rein  to  his  ungovernable  temper.  The 
daughter  on  her  appearance  opposes 
his  browbeating  methods  with  a  self- 
sufficiency  which  her  father  attributes  to 
her  having  been  to  Girton,  instead  of 
recognizing  that  college  life  must  not  be 
relied  upon  to  eradicate  earlier  home 
influences.  The  introduction  of  the  son 
with  the  announcement  that  he  has  found 
a  publisher  for  a  book  he  has  written 
appears  to  have  no  other  purpose  than 
to  indict  a  system  by  which  any  fool  can 
get  ink  and  paper  misused  by  payment 
to  one  among  the  many  unworthy  fol- 
lowers of  a  trade  which,  above  all  others, 
aid  be  confined  to  men  of  real  edu- 

bion.  The  episode  is  pointed,  and  so, 
though  it  has  no  essential  connexion  with 
the  plot,  we  view  it  with  satisfaction. 

last  new  character  in  the  act  to 
appear  is  Mr.  Gerald  du  Maurier,  as  the 
artisan  and  Anarchist  lover.  In  his  best 
manner  he  treats  us  to  an  exposition  of 
bis  principles.  So  well  does  he  act  the  part 
that  we  share  to  the  full  the  surprise  of  the 
father  when,  having  i^ot  rid  of  the  others, 
he  is  informed  that  his  future  son-in-law  is 
really  quite  a  "  respectable  "  member  of 
iety.  who  has  adopted  a  pose  because 
nothing  ordinary  would  win  his  daughter. 
With  the  ■•  mi  ■  i  •»  ion  of  a  plan  of  campaign 
by  these  now  united  conspirators  against 
the  extravagance  of  the  women  folk  the 

The  next  ad  translates  us  to  the  top 
floor  in  the  Bethnal  Green  Road  when-  a 


philosophic  Anarchist  attempts  to  live 
according  to   his   ideas   of    using  as  few 

of  this  world's  goods  as  possible,  in  order 
not  to  deprive  others  who  have  more  need 
of  them  than  he  has.  lu  furtherance  of 
the  plan  to  disgust  bis  fiancee  with  the 
environment  of  social  reform,  the  pseudo- 
Anarchist  exaggerates  the  disadvantages 
of  his  friend  the  real  Anarchist's  apart- 
ment, but  has  to  play  second  riddle  to  the 
said  friend's  daughter.  We  learn  that 
formerly  there  was  a  mutual  attraction  be- 
tween these  two.  Why  exactly  the  young 
lady  seeks  to  modify  the  plan  of  campaign 
we  did  not  discover,  but  when  the  ;>  clever 
ones  "  at  length  arrive  the  company  is 
motley  enough,  consisting,  in  addition 
to  those  already  mentioned,  of  a  very  real 
paid  agitator,  a  footman  masquerading  as 
a  rebel,  and  a  charwoman  (Mary  Brough) 
who  submits  under  protest  to  shaking 
hands  all  round  and  taking  tea  with  the 
company.  The  scene  is  distinctly  enter- 
taining, though  its  raison  d'etre  is  not 
convincing.  The  "  clever  ones  "  finally 
decide  to  run  a  Hampstead  Social  Reform 
League. 

The  piece  closes  with  the  downfall  of 
the  League  owing  to  lack  of  adherents, 
the  discovery  of  the  true  characters  of 
the  deceiving  ones,  and  a  consequent 
re-sorting  of  the  engaged  couples.  Though 
the  play  does  not  quite  fulfil  the  promise 
of  the  first  act,  it  is  nevertheless  one  not 
to  be  missed  by  any  who  are  able  to  find 
in  a  concave  mirror  an  exaggeration  of 
their  own  features.  We  have  mentioned 
only  one  or  two  actors,  but  the  whole 
of  the  cast  is  good. 


'ACCOUNT     RENDERED'    AT    THE 
LITTLE    THEATRE. 

In  a  producer's  Foreword  to  the  play 
presented  at  the  Little  Theatre  on  Friday 
in  last  week  we  are  informed  by  Mr.  Kenelm 
Foss,  in  reference  to  '  Account  Rendered,' 
that  it  demands  "  queer "  treatment 
because 

"  it  is  a  satire  not  only  on  modern  manners, 
but  upon  the  ancient  situations  of  drawing- 
room  melodrama — because,  in  two  words, 
it  is  both  whimsical  and  new." 

If  the  producer's  conception  of  "  queer  " 
treatment  merely  comprises  some  garish 
lighting  effects  playing  on  a  suite  of 
"  Futurist  "  draw  ing-room  furniture,  deco- 
rated in  a  startling  shade  of  green,  we 
cannot  see  in  what  manner  this  serves 
to  dispel  the  depressing  influence  of  a 
dull  and  mechanical  play.  The  story 
is  merely  crude  and  improbable. 

Lady  Mary  Burjoice  is  a  clever  and 
ambitious  woman  whose  husband  occu- 
pies a  position  in  the  Cabinet  for  no  other 

apparent  reason  than  his  irreproachable 

manners   and    well-tailored   suit.      We   arc 

asked  to  believe  thai  his  intelligence  is  of 
so  low  an  order  that   he  is  compelled  to 

look  to  his  wife  for  political  facts  and 
information,    all   of    which    he    Could    lia\  e 

obtained  from  a  competenl  secretary  or  a 

I  trustworthy  year  book.  Then  Mr.  Gershon, 

M  I'.,  a   member  of   the  Opposition,  and 


a  person  of  noisy  and  offensive  manners, 
appears  on  the  scene,  ostensibly  as  a  friend 

of   the   family,    but   in   reality   as  a   secret 

admirer  of  Lady  Mary.  Having  supplied 
her  with  some  trivial  and  unconvincing 
tacts  relating  to  a  railway  contract,  he 
begins  to  levy  blackmail  in  the  approved 
and  melodramatic  manner,  but  receives 
no  consideration  in  return. 

Lady  Mary,  having  picked  his  brains, 
has  no  intention  of  compromising  her  repu- 
tation by  indulging  in  the  vulgar  liaison 
which  Gershon  suggests,  in  the  coarsest 
possible  terms,  as  the  payment  he  requires. 
Moreover,  she  loves  her  husband,  and  has 
merely  used  Gershon  as  an  auxiliary  to 
advance  his  career.  Others  drawn  into 
the  vortex  of  her  activities  on  the  flaccid 
Minister's  behalf  comprise  a  journalist, 
who  is  content  to  receive  a  card  for  her 
receptions  as  his  reward,  and  a  young 
man  in  business  who  wants  a  Govern- 
ment contract,  but  feels  adequately  paid 
by  her  smiles.  Of  course,  the  catastrophe 
occurs  when  Burjoice  finds  out  the  facts 
through  the  instrumentality  of  Gershon, 
who,  in  the  one  episode  that  is 
dramatic,  taxes  the  unhappy  man  with 
carving  his  way  to  success  through  the 
agency  of  other  men's  brains. 

Mr.  Robert  Elson,  the  author  of  the 
play,  has  completely  failed  to  make 
effective  use  of  a  theme  capable  of  much 
better  treatment.  Except  here  and  there, 
the  dialogue  is  commonplace  and  dull, 
and  when  humour  scintillates  it  is  the 
humour  of  the  obvious.  We  are  willing 
to  concede  the  imbecility  that  characterizes 
the  average  party  politician,  but  we  refuse 
to  believe  that  the  types  depicted  by 
Mr.  Elson  are  more  than  mechanical 
dummies. 

In  regard  to  the  acting,  Ruth  Mackay 
played  the  part  of  the  ambitious  wile 
quite  cleverly,  and  at  moments  with 
some  resemblance  of  reality.  Mr.  Thomas 
Weguelin  as  the  helpless — and,  we  may 
add,  hopeless — husband  was  good,  and 
played  with  considerable  artistic  restraint. 
Mr.  Roland  Pertwec  made  a  very  pleasant 
figure  as  a  young  man  after  a  contract ;  and 
Mr.  Fred  Lewis  was  excellent  as  the 
accommodating  and  impressionable  Prime 
Minister.  Mr.  James  Carew  played 
the  part  of  Gershon  with  a  l-obustness 
more  suitable  to  the  Lyceum  than  the 
Little  Theatre. 

'  Account  Rendered  '  was  preceded  by 
'  Dusk,'  a  Persian  fantasy  by  Mr.  Robert 
Vansittart,  and  described  in  the  pro- 
gramme as  "  an  attempt  to  recreate  the 
heady,  woolly-outlined  ecstasy  of  a  hachish 
dream.         This  somewhat  pretentious  little 

piece  concerns  the  drowning  of  a  child  bride 

by   her   Persian    husband    because  she  had 

cast  eyesof  favour  upon  a  young  European, 

who.  at    the    end    of    the    sketch,  explains 
that    the   play   is   mereb    a    dream.      With 
Considerable     compression     and      tin      e\ 
elusion     of     much      blank      \cr>e       Dusk 
might     be    made    an    acceptable    curtain 
raiser.      It    is    artistically   mounted    and 
well  played     in  particular, by  Alice  Bowe 
as  the  child-bride. 


636 


THE     ATHENilU  M 


No.  4514,  May  2,   1914 


THE     PEOPLE'S     THEATRE 
MOVEMENT. 

Under  the  auspices  of  a  Provisional  Com- 
mittee which  seeks  to  stimulate  public 
interest  and  support  on  behalf  of  a  movement 
to  provide  high-class  drama  for  the  working 
■classes  at  cheap  prices,  a  meeting  was  held  at 
Drury  Lane  Theatre  on  Friday  afternoon 
in  last  week.  Sir  William  Treloar,  who 
presided,  was  supported  amongst  others  by 
Sir  H.  Beerbohm  Tree,  Sir  George  Alexander, 
.Sir  John  Hare,  Bishop  Welldon,  Mr.  T.  P. 
■O'Connor,  M.P.,  and  Miss  Bosina  Filippi. 

Sir  Herbert  Tree  proposed  "That  the 
People's  Theatre  be  instituted  on  the  basis  of 
&  shilling  subscription,"  which  was  seconded 
by  Mr.  O'Connor.  In  the  course  of  a  brief 
■speech  Sir  George  Alexander  suggested  that 
the  People's  Theatre  Movement  should  be 
linked  up  with  the  work  of  the  National 
.Sunday  League,  and  intimated  that,  if  Sun- 
-day  evening  performances  were  given  under 
«uch  auspices,  the  proposal  would  have  the 
•support  of  every  actor  and  manager  in  Lon- 
don. From  this  proposal  Bishop  Welldon 
•dissented,  emphasizing  the  necessh"y,  from 
every  point  of  view,  of  maintaining  a  day 
•of  rest  for  the  theatrical  profession.  Miss 
Rosina  Filippi,  who  may  be  regarded  as  the 
pioneer  of  the  movement  in  England,  gave  a 
very  interesting  account  of  her  performances 
at  the  Royal  Victoria  Hall,  where  opera  and 
Shakespearian  productions  have  been  pro- 
vided at  cheap  prices  before  large  and 
enthusiastic  audiences  of  the  working 
•classes,  who,  we  were  informed,  behaved 
with  remarkable  propriety:  let  us  hope,  at 
least,  better  than  many  habitues  of  West- 
End  stalls.  The  meeting  resulted  in  a  sum 
of  some  407.  being  promised  or  contributed 
for  the  purpose  named. 

Unfortunately  the  general  tenor  of  the 
speeches  seemed  to  serve  the  purpose  of  a 
discursive  review  of  the  drama  in  general, 
■with  an  altercation  in  regard  to  the  Sunday 
•opening  of  theatres,  rather  than  any  scheme 
of  practical  significance  for  the  particular 
objects  of  the  meeting.  Any  well-considered 
scheme  for  democratizing  the  drama  can, 
if  adequately  supported,  be  made  a  potent 
agency  for  educational  progress.  This  being 
•so,  we  regret  that  no  representatives  of 
the  working  classes  were  on  the  platform 
to  speak  on  a  subject  that  closely  concerns 
their  own  interests  and  outlook. 

In  regard  to  Sunday,  Sir  George  Alexander 
anay  or  may  not  accurately  represent  the  views 
of  the  managers  in  his  statement,  but  we 
think  that  he  speaks  with  little  or  no  authority 
from  those  who  minister  to  the  art  of  the 
theatre.  In  the  present  state  of  the  English 
■drama  we  are  not  particularly  sanguine  that 
any  material  advancement  of  this  project 
will  be  derived  from  the  leaders  of  the  stage. 
For  instance,  if  our  actor  -  managers  are 
sincerely  anxious  to  make  a  dramatic  appeal 
to  the  intelligence  of  the  workers,  they  might 
initiate  such  an  experiment  at  once  by  the 
simple  expedient  of  reducing  the  present 
price  of  seats  at  certain  performances. 
While  abnormal  salaries  are  paid  to  "  stars," 
■we  fear  this  reform  is  not  likely  to  be  ad- 
vanced, and  consequently  the  People's 
Theatre  must  look  for  support  to  those 
whom  it  desires  to  serve.  If  the  work- 
ing classes  demand  good  drama  at  a  price 
within  their  means,  it  should  be  possible  to 

suppiy  it- 


Dramatic  (Hosstp. 

At  the  King's  Hall,  Covent  Garden,  next 
Friday,  a  performance  will  be  given  by  the 
Irish  Workers'  Dramatic  Society,  in  aid  of 
Miss  Delia  Larkin's  co-operative  scheme  for 
the  women  workers  of  Dublin.  In  addition 
to  Mr.  William  Boyle's  '  The  Building  Fund  ' 
and  Lady  Gregory's  '  The  Workhouse  Ward,' 
the  programme  includes  some  Irish  dances 
and  songs,  and  selections  by  Irish  war  pipers 
in  native  costume.  The  subscription  to  the 
Society  is  6d.  per  annum,  and  the  Hall  being 
unlicensed,  tickets  can  only  be  purchased  by 
members.  Further  information  can  be  ob- 
tained of  the  Hon.  Secretary,  Miss  S.  Seruya, 
21,  Tudor  Street,  E.C.  ;  or  of  the  Hon.  Trea- 
surer, Miss  V.  Tillard,  care  of  I.W.F.  Club, 
9,  Grafton  Street,  W. 

At  the  Playhouse  on  Wednesday  next 
Marie  Tempest  will  present  '  The  Wyn- 
martens,'  a  new  four-act  piece  by  Mr. 
Richard  Powell.  She  5s  to  play  the  part 
of  a  young  widow,  and  other  members  of 
the  cast  include  Mr.  W.  Graham  Browne, 
Mr.  Franklin  Dyall,  Kate  Serjeantson,  and 
Mr.  O.  B.  Clarence. 

The  French  season  at  the  Ambassadors', 
under  the  direction  of  MM.  Gaston  Mayer 
and  Maurice  Froyez,  begins  on  Monday, 
the  11th  inst.  During  the  opening  week 
Jeanne  Granier  will  appear  in  the 
comedy  '  Les  Sonnettes,'  which  is  to  be 
preceded  by  '  L'Attaque  Nocturne,'  from 
the  Grand  Guignol.  '  Plantons  des  Capu- 
cines,'  described  as  a  "  revuette,"  will  follow. 

A  new  comedy  by  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond, 
called  '  The  Dangerous  Age,'  is  promised  for 
Tuesday  evening  next  at  the  Vaudeville. 

A  "  Dramatic  Charity  Week  "  is  to  be 
held  at  the  Court  Theatre  during  the  last 
week  in  this  month,  when  the  Countess  of 
Roden's  company  will  present  three  plays  : 
'  The  Other  John,'  '  Cousin  Kate,'  and 
'  Capt.  Drew  on  Leave.'  Lady  Marcia 
Jocelyn  is  playing  the  chief  feminine 
parts.  The  performances  are  in  aid  of 
various  charitable  institutions,  and  tickets 
may  be  had  until  the  7th  inst.  from  the 
Countess  of  Roden,  Tullymore  Park,  Bryans- 
ford,  co.  Down  ;  after  that  date  at  the  usual 
London  booking  offices. 

The  Theatrical  Garden  Party  this  year 
will  be  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Gerald 
du  Maurier  and  Mr.  Anslow  J.  Austin  (of 
26,  Old  Buildings,  Lincoln's  Inn),  to  whom 
all  communications  should  be  made.  They 
have  prepared  a  little  brochure  giving 
particulars  of  this  popular  fete,  with  a 
detailed  programme,  for  which  >q 'plication 
is  invited. 

Mr.  William  Greet,  who  died  on  Satur- 
day last  at  the  age  of  sixty-one,  had  a  long 
career  as  a  theatrical  manager.  He  started 
by  himself,  but  had  for  many  years  been  in 
partnership  with  Mr.  E.  C.  Engelbach. 
Success  came  to  them  abundantly  when 
they  secured  the  Lyric  Theatre  after  H.  J. 
Leslie  gave  it  up.  '  The  Sign  of  the  Cross  ' 
at  this  house  was  the  most  lucrative  of  their 
many  ventures.  Genial,  energetic,  and 
modest,  Mr.  Greet  will  be  missed  by  a  host 
of  friends. 


To   Correspondents.— W.   H.   S.   A.-F.    H.— G.   C— 
J.  F.  B.— Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 


WHY  BE 
CONTENT  WITH 

47.  1 

when  you  can  obtain  with  greater 
security  6%,  8%,  10%,  15%,  or 
even  20%  according  to  your  age. 

The  cost  of  living  is  rising ;  incomes  derived 
from  investments  are,  in  many  cases,  falling. 
What  is  to  be  done '!  The  prudent  investor  is 
turning  his  attention  to  "Sun  Life  of  Canada' 
Annuities.  This  Company,  one  of  the  soundest 
concerns  in  the  world,  deals  with  the  whole 
problem  of  Annuity  Insurance  on  progressive 
and  comprehensive  lines. 

You  can  buy  a  ' '  Sun  Life  of  Canada  "  Annuity 
out  and  out,  or  you  can  buy  a  Deferred  Annuity 
and  pay  for  it  out  of  your  income — so  much  per 
year  until  the  Annuity  becomes  due.  You  can 
buy  Joint  Annuities  for  yourself  and  your  wife, 
and  Educational  Annuities  for  your  children ; 
you  can  buy  Annuities  with  the  whole  return 
of  your  capital  guaranteed.  And  these  are  but 
a  few  of  the  various  forms  of  Annuities  purchas- 
able. Investigate !  Your  inquiry  may  mean, 
probably  will  mean,  the  doubling  or  quadrupling 
of  your  present  income.  What  the  increase  is, 
depends  upon  the  amount  of  money  you  invest  in 
the  annuity  and  your  age  when  making  the 
arrangement.  You  will  gain  in  every  way  by 
taking  out  a  "Sun  Life  of  Canada''  Annuity. 
Your  income  will  be  larger  and  more  amply 
secured.  If  you  happen  to  be  in  indifferent 
health  when  the  arrangement  is  made  you  will 
have  still  better  terms  offered. 

The  "Sun  Life  of  Canada"  has  assets  of 
£11,300.000  invested  under  the  strict  supervision 
of  the  Canadian  Government.  A  present  un- 
divided 'surplus  of  £1,000,000  over  all  liabilities 
makes  assurance  with  the  "  Sun  Life  of  Canada  " 
doubly  sure. 

WRITE    TO-DAY    FOR    BOOKLETS. 
This   Form   is   inserted   for    your    convenience 
when  applying  for  further  particulars.     A  letter 
or  postcard  will  do. 


To  J.  P.  .TONKIN  (Manager), 

SUN    LIFE    OF    CANADA, 

10,  CANADA  HOUSE,  NORFOLK 
STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 

Please  send  me  particulars,  explanatory 
booklets,  &c,  of  your  various  forms  of 
Annuity  Insurance. 

(Enquirer  should  state  age,  particulars  of 
Annuity  required,  &c,  the  communication 
being  regarded  as  confidential.) 


Name 


Address 


Date  of  Birth 


No.  4:>U,  May  2,  1914 


THE    A  T HENiE  U M 


637 


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obtained. 


MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C.— An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION,  for  Boye 
under  14  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

\TADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 

i-'-l-  Keith  House.  133  135,  REGENT  STREET,  W„  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses,  Lady  Professors,  Teachers.  Chaperones.  Com- 
panions, Secretaries.  Readers,  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  (personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  3627. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  SCHOOLS  and  TUTORS 
gratis). 
PROSPECTUSES  of    ENGLISH    and    CONTINENTAL    SCHOOLS. 

and  of  ARMY,  CIVIL  SERVICE,  and  UNIVERSITY  TUTORS. 

8ent  (free    of    charge)    to    Parents  on   receipt    of    requirements  by 

GRIFFITHS,  POWELL.  SMITH  &  FAWCETT,  School  Agents. 

(Established  1833.) 
34,  Bedford  Street.  Strand.  Telephone,  7021  Gerrard. 


Situations  Vacant. 

WANTED.  —  PROFESSOR     OF     ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE    AND   LITERATURE. 

Applications  are  in vite.l  for  the  post  of  PROFE380R  OF  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE  in  the  CENTRAL  COLLEGE, 
BANGALORE.  SOUTHERN  INDIA.  The  candidate  selected  for 
the  post  will  be  on  probation  for  three  years,  at  the  end  of  which 
period  the  Government  of  His  Highness  the  Maharaja  of  Mysore  will 
be  at  liberty  to  terminate  the  contract.  Car>did»tcs  should  be  dis- 
tinguished University  men  who  have  taken  First  Clas*  Honours  in 
Classics  and  made  a  special  study  of  English  Language  and  Literature, 
or  tak*-n  the,  M.A.  Degree  with  First  Class  Honours  in  English 
Language  and  Literature  in  a  Scottish  or  British  University.  Those 
who  have  in  addition  received  training  in  Theorv  and  Practice  of 
Teaching  or  have  had  experience  of  Professorial  Teaching  in  a  Uni- 
versity College  and  are  between  Ml  and  30  years  of  age  will  be  preferred. 
The  successful  candidate  is  expected  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time 
in  training  students  for  the  Uuiversity  Intermediate,  Pass  and 
Honours  B.A.  Degree  Courses.  The  pay  will  be  Ri.  500  a  month,  rising 
by  annual  increments  of  Rs.  r>0  to  Rs.  1,000  a  month.  On  confirmation, 
leave  and  pension  will  be  eccordlDg  to  the  Mysore  Service  Regulations. 
The  Professor  selected  will  be  given  a  free  single  First  Class  passage 
to  India,  also  back  to  England,  if  the  contract  is  terminated  at  the 
end  of  the  third  year  of  service.  Candidates  should  love  educational 
work  iDWiig  nauVee  <>f  I  Ddta  and  be  fond  of  outdoor  games.  Applica- 
tion*, with  onplef  <>f  testimonial*,  will  he  received  by  the  lnsi>ector- 
Qenrral  of  BdnoaUon  In  Ifyeore.  Bangalore,  South  India*  up  to 
.JULY  l.'.  1914  The  Mlactod  candidate  will  be  expected  to  join  du»y 
as  early  as  j>OBBiblu.  M.  H1IAMA   R*o. 

Enipeotor^Oeneial of  Education  in  tfyiore, 

April  15,  1'jU.  Bangalore,  South  India. 

HU       L       M       K  HAL       L. 

Residential  Hostel  in  connexion  with  the 
VICTORIA     UNIVERSITY     01     MAM  'HESTER. 
Tbs)  Governor*  of  Hulinc  Hull  invite  applications  for  the  jiost  of 
Warden      lb'-   Warden    most   ba  a    member  of   the   ihui.li   <■< 

England.     DOt     D*0*SS*rill     1"      1 1 •  •  1  >'    lildei-.     and    a    Graduate    of    a 

UnlVerMt)  nit),.-  United  Kingdom.     He  will  boraqulred   to   i 
and  begin  his  dntls*  on  OctobsT  1  next.    Tbo  oommenctDg  stipend  >« 

4001  a  jear.  with  )x>ard   and   DOOM  f"r  the    Warden  and  bis   family. 
Applications,  staling  aire  and   wbeth'T   married,  an-!  ■  ■•!    'v 

not  Dior*  than  t  ),!>■•■  teatimonlala  ai<d  throe  rwfOTODI  M,  should  bi  nrot 
bsfor*  .M'Ns   '.  to  the  i  lark  si  B,  John    Daltoo  Btraat,  Manchester, 
CrOB  whom  further  particulars  may  bi  obtained  if  <i> 
listed  this  j-lh  ,l.i>  of  April 

HTAiT"KI)  1  AYLOK.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

THE  ATHENAEUM  is  published  on 
FRIDAY  MORNING  at  8.30. 


H 


OME     SCIENCE      DEPARTMENT, 

KINGS    COLLEGE  FOR    WOMEN. 
UNIVERSITY    OP    LONDON. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  LE  TURER  IN  PHYSICS. 
The  pt'St  is  for  part  time  only,  and  is  open  to  Men  and  Women.  The- 
Lecturer  will  be  required  in  OCTOBER.  1914, 

Applications,  accompanied  by  not  more  than  three  testimonials  or 
references,  Bhould  he  sent  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Home  Science 
Department.  King's  College  for  Women,  Kensington  Square,  W.,  by 
SATURDAY,  May  23,  from  whom  further  particulars  can  be 
obtained.  . 

HULL  MUNICIPAL  TRAINING   COLLEGE 
FOR   MEN    AND   WOMEN. 

REQUIRED,  to  take  up  duties  about  the  beginning  of  SEPTEMBER 
next,  a  LECTURER  (Woman)  in  Botany.  Nature  Study,  and  Geo- 
graphy; and  a  LECTURER  (Man)  in  Mathematics  and  Method. 
Other  combinations  and  subjects  may  be  considered. 

Further  particulars  and  application  forms  (to  be  returned  not  later 
than  MAY  30)  may  be  obtained  from 

IVOR  B.  JOHN,  M.A.,  Principal 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF   LONDON.) 
Regent's  Park,  N.W. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  MATHEMATICS. 

In  consequence  of  the  appointment  of  Mr  T.  L.  Wren  to  lecture  at 
St.  John's  College.  Cambridge,  the  Council  will  shortly  proceed  to 
appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  the  DEPARTMENT  OF 
MATHEMATICS. 

The  salary  offered  is  105!.  a  year,  rising  to  2001.,  non-resident.  The 
appointment  is  open  to  Men  and  Womeu  equally. 

Six  printed  or  typed  copies  of  applications,  and  of  not  more  than 
three  recent  testimonials,  Bhould  be  sent  not  later  than  TUESDAY. 
June  2,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be 
obtained. 

(Signed)  ETHEL  T.  M.  KNIGHT.  Secretary  of  Council. 


C 


OUNTY        OF       LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invite s  applications  for  the  position  of 
DISTRICT  INSPECTOR  in  the  Education  Officer's  Department. 
Salary  400!.  a  year,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  '.»(.  to  6001.  a  year. 

The  person  appoints  d  will  be  r-quiied  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the 
duties  of  his  Office,  consisting  of  the  icspeclion  of  Public  Elementary 
Schools,  Evening  Institutes,  and  other  Educational  Institutions,  and 
to  the  performance  of  such  other  duties  as  may  be  entrufittd  to  him. 
The  Inspector  will  be  required  to  devote  part  of  bis  time  to  Physical 
Education,  and  must,  therefore,  possess  special  qualifications  for  that 
work.  Women  are  eligible  for  this  apiiointment  Officials  of  the 
Council  are  not  precluded  from  spplying. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  the  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London  County  Council.  Education 
Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.t'.,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
by  11  am  on  MONDAY.  May  25.  1914.  Eveiy  communication  must 
be  marked  "  Inspectorship  "  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  for 
appointment. 

LAURENCE  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


J"  EICESTER 


MUNICIPAL 

ART. 


SCHOOL      OF 


WANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER  1.  an  INSTRUCTOR  to  teach 
Architectural  Design,  History  of  Architecture,  Building  Construction, 
and  Furniture  Design. 

Candidates  must  be  either  Fellows  or  Associates  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects.  Practical  knowledge  of  a  Building 
Craft  would  be  a  nc  mmendation. 

Commencing  salary  -200i.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  printed  forms  obtainable  from  the 
Secretary,  and  be  returned  to  him  not  later  I  ban  M  «  V  -Ji. 

T.  GROVES.  Secretary. 

GROVE      PARK      COUNTY       SCHOOL, 
WREXHAM. 
A  SENIOR  MATHEMATICAL  MASTER  is  REQUIRED,  to  take 
up  duties  In  SEPTEMBER 
Honours  degree  and  experience  in  teaching  eesentlil. 
Salary  1801..  rising  by  annual  Increment!  <>'  i"'  to  -"Ji/. 
Applications,  stating  nge.   qualiili  itlons,   .'.-  .  together  with  testi- 
monials, to  be  sent  to  Til  E  H  KAli  M  A  ST  ER  l>cfore  M  A  Y  31. 

SOUTHLANDS    TRAINING    COLLEGE, 
liATTI'lt-KA. 

Applicatloni  are  Invited  for  tha  poaj  o!  reaidenl  vihtkkss  nf 
METHOD,  to  enter  upon  dut»  in  BBPTEMBIOH  nasi      Hilary  UM  . 

rlsinn  to  a  maximum  ot  2001   In  annu  il  lm  re nt-  of  ml      For  par 

tlculan  and  form  <>f   application,  apply  TEU   MMKETAin. 
lli.inf.-rry  Boad,  Wertmlniter,  s.w 


ASWKSTRV       PUBLIC       LIBRARY. 

The  Oswestry  Public  I.lbrsn  Committal  require  th»  services  of  a 
I  IBRARIAH  AM>   OARBTABI  B  OR  Ml  -KIM      J-.biry  10) 
annum     appolDtmi  nl  fr..n,  .U'l.Y  I,  101 1     A  schedule  ol  dutlai,  4r  . 

end    form  "'   application    oan  be   obte I  from    the  undersigned 

Women  an  Ineligible  i"i  tbe appointment  '  ani  mall  I  'be  Members 
,,!  tbe  Committee  will  dlequallf]  an  ippllcanl  Appllaatlone,  »nb 
Limoniali  and  tbe  name  ol  one  person  i"  abom 
,,  r. ,, ,,. .  i  ,i,  be  in  "le  ii, um  be  in  the  bands  ol  tbe  uudei 
,.i  before  WRDNBHDAY,  ««j ".:".  1014.  Bnrelopai  lonuiiilnK  sppli 
cations  must  be  marked  "  Librarian." 

i,     v.     |  Ml  III  NGTt'N.  Soli,  it-  r.  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 

18.  Arthur  Street,  Oswtitry. 


642 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


WANTED  in  SEPTEMBER,  for  ten  months, 
ORGANIZING  SECRETARY  fjr  the  MANCHESTER, 
SALFOKD  anil  DIBTKIOT  WOMEN'S  TRADES  UNION  COUNCIL. 
Salary  lot  to  WOl  per  an. .vim.  according  to  experience.— Apply,  with 
testimonials  (copies),  before  MAY  18,  to  Mrs.  ALDRIDGE,  9,  Albert 
Square,  Manchester. 


WANTED,  expert  LADY  STENOGRAPHER- 
TYPIST,  with  Journalistic  experience.  A  knowledge  of 
languages  an  advantage.—  Apply  (letter  only)  to  THE  EDITOR, 
gardener)'  Chronicle,  41,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 


C 


I  V  I  L     SERVICE     COMMISSION. 


FORTHCOMING  EX AMINATION. -JUNIOR  APPOINTMENTS 
in  certain  Departments  (18 -19|),  MAY  28. 

Ths  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications  can  be 
received.  They  must  be  made  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  par- 
ticulars, from  THE  SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Burlington  Gardens,  London,  W. 


MiudlBmonz. 


LATIN      AND       MODERN       LANGUAGES 
(Spanish    and     Italian)     for    SPEAKING    and    EXAMS.-F. 
T  A  VAN  I,  172,  Portsdown  Road,  W. 


WANTED,  a  GENTLEMAN  accustomed  to 
Fead  and  Revise  for  Publishers  Scientific,  Philosophical,  and 
Theological  Works— Address  Box  2053.  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

/GEOGRAPHY.— A  Fellow   of  the   Royal  Geo- 

"  JC  graphical  Sooiety  and  Member  of  the  Geogriphical  Association, 
experienced  in  teaching  the  subjsct  on  Modern  Lines.  COACHES 
FOR  EXAMINATIONS  or  visits  Schools,  in  or  near  London,  for 
1  .ectures  and  Classes.— Apply  Box  2052.  Atheuteum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


A      WELL-KNOWN    PUBLISHING    HOUSE 

CX.  REQUIRES  PARTNER.  One  with  ideas  and  practical  know- 
ledge of  the  business  and  some  capital.- Write  YHLDOG.  Box  2055, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


M 


ANORIAL    RECORDS.— Mr.  NATHANIEL 

J  HONE,  Author  of  the  Manor  and  Manorial  Pecords. 
UNDERTAKES  the  TRANSCRIPTION  or  TRANSLATION  of 
COURT  ROLLS  andoth»r  documents.  Materials  supplied  for  Family 
and  Local  History— Address  137,  Hartswcod  Boad,  W. 

ADVERTISER,  representing  important  Pub- 
lishing Firms— Midland.  North,  Scotch,  and  Irish  journeys  — 
•eiuld  give  profitable  representation  to  one  other  firm  of  high  standing. 
commission  and  pirt  expenses.-Rox  2051,  Athenaeum  Press,  11, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Typewriting— A.  B.,  Box  1062.  Athenaeum  Press, 
41,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

RESEARCH     undertaken     at    the     BRITISH 
MUSEUM.      Experience.      Testimonials.-N.    M.,     B>x    2051. 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

A  UTHORS'     MSS.     Criticized,     Revised,     and 

XI.  Prepared  for  Press.  Type-writing  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
und  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— C.  M.  DUNCAN,  Grasmere,  Grasmere  Road,  Purley, 
Surrey. 

T7ERY    QUIET,     bright    UPPER    PART    of 

V  PRIVATE  HOUSE  arranged  as  Flat.  5  rooms,  bath,  every 
convenience  ;  comfortably  furnished.  1  mio.  Tube  and  District.  No 
children.  30s  to  35s  weekly.  — B.,  Box  2046.  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

MX)   SOCIETIES.— The    HALL    (42  by  28)  and 

L  ROOMS  of  the  ART-WORKERS' GUILD,  recently  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings,  Concerts,  and  Exhibitions.— Apply  to  SECRE- 
TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Qieen  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BEST  MARKET  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  &  SON,  Ltd..  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


©npt-Mrittng,  &c. 

WPE-  WRITING,      SHORTHAND,     and     all 

l  SECRETARIAL  WORK-Mrs.  WALKER,  113,  Elm  Park 
Mansions,  Chelsea.  Telephone :  512S  Ken.  Hours  :  10-1  and  2-5 
Saturdays  excepted.    Apply  Price  List. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 
ate (Classical  Tripos.  Girton  College.  Cambridge:  Intermediate 
Arts.  London).  Research,  Revision,  Shorthand. -CAMBRIDGE 
TYPE-WRITING  OFFICE,  5,  DUKE  STREET,  ADELPHI,  WC 
Telephone :  2308  City. 


MSS.  OF   ALL  KINDS,  9d.  per    1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  3d.    References  to  well  known  Authors    Oxford 
Higher  Local.— M.  KING,  24,  Forest  Road,  Kew  Gardens,  S.W. 

A  UTHORS'    MSS.    and    TYPE-WRITING    of 

XA_  every  description  accuntely  and  promptly  executed.  Short- 
hand Typists  provided.  Meeting),  Lectures,  Sermons  reported.— 
METROPOLITAN  TYPING  OFFICE,  27,  Chancery  Lane.  Tel. 
Central  1565. 


HPYPING    at    home   desired    by   well-educated, 

l      qualified  Lady.     Excellent  refs.    From  Sd.  1.000  words.    French, 
German  copied.— E.,  10,  (  herington  Road,  Hanwell,  W. 


A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES.PL  A  YS, 

il  ESSAY8  TYPE-WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  9d.  per 
1.000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  8TUART,  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road,  Harrow. 


>a!Us  tin  Jluction. 


The  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  Collection  of  Coins  of 
the  late  JO  UN  DUD  MAN,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  May  11.  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  SECOND  PORTION  of  the  COLLECTION  of 
COINS  of  the  late  JOHN  DUDMAN,  Esq.,  25,  The  Grange  Drive, 
Winchmore  Hill,  N.  (sold  by  Order  of  the  Executors). 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  J.  E.  HODGKIN  COLLECTIONS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  TUESDAY,  May  12.  and  Three  Following 
Days,  and  on  MONDAY,  May  18,  and  Following  Day.  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  Valuable  LIBRARY  formed  by  the  late  JOHN  ELIOT 
HODGKIN,  F.S.A.  F.R.Hist  Soc.  (sold  by  Order  of  the  Executors). 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
copies,  containing  8  Plates,  price  2s.  Sd.  each. 


M 


ESSRS.    CHRISTIE,   MANSON  &  WOODS 

respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square  :— 

On  MONDAY,  May  11,  at  1   o'clock  precisely, 

Fine  OLD  PRINTS  IN  COLOURS. 

On  TUESDAY,  May  12,  and  Following  Day,  at 

1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  English,  Continental,  and 
Oriental  PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  W.  A.  L.  FLETCHER,  Esq  , 
D.S.O. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  May  13,  at  about  2  o'clock 

(after  the  Sale  of  the  Collection  of  W.  A.  L.  Fletcher,  Esq.,  D.8.O.), 
PORCELAIN  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE,  the  Property  of  a 
NOBLEMAN,  and  from  various  sources. 

On   Thursday,   May  14,    at  1   o'clock  precisely, 

GEORGIAN  SILVER  PLATE,  being  a  PORTION  of  the  COUTTS 
HEIRLOOMS. 

On  FRIDAY,  May  15,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 

PICTURES  by  OLD  MASTERS,  the  Property  of  W.  A.  L.  FLET- 
CHER, Esq.,  D.S.O.,  and  others. 

On   MONDAY,   May   18,    and   Two   Following 

Days,  and  MONDAY,  May  25,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  the  Important  COLLECTION  of  EARLY  ITALIAN 
WORKS  OF  ART,  of  M.  MAX  LYON,  of  Paris. 

Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  May  12  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o'clock,  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS BOOK?,  includii.g  the  Property  of  the  late  LADY 
GROVE  (removed  from  Sydenham),  by  order  of  the  Executors,  com- 
prising Tennyson's  Poems  by  Two  Brothers,  First  Edition,  and 
FitzQerald's  Omar  Khayyam.  Second  Edition,  both  in  the  original 
wrappers -First  Editions  of  Victoiian  Poets,  &c  ,  some  presentation 
copies— Cambridge  Shakespeare,  9  vols.,  and  other  Library  Editions 
of  Standard  Works  —  Cooke's  Fungi,  8  vols.  —  Books  of  Travel  in 
America  and  Works  relating  to  the  Revolution— also  a  Collection  of 
Music,  comprising  early  Folio  Scores  by  Handel,  Corelli,  Haydn, 
Mozart,  &c.  bound  by  De  Coverly,  and  a  few  Oil  Portraits  of 
Musicians— Two  Etchings  by  Seymour  Haden— Mezzotint  Portraits, 
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London:  HUMPHREY    MILFORD, 
Oxford  University  Press,  Amen  Corner,  E.C. 


No.  4515,   May  9.    1914 


THE    A  T  HEN^UM 


U4. 


.S\l  TURDA  Y,  MA  Y  9,  1914. 


contexts.  page 

Napoleon  at  Blbi  645 

Two  Postiiimois  Books  (The  Keijrn  of  Henry  V.  ; 

Customary  Acres  and  their  Historical  Importance)    616 

THE  Ancient  East  (The   Eastern   Libyans;   Hebrew 

and  Ritnioni.in  Traditions) 647—648 

Mei)I.k\  At.  HISTORY  (Burgage  Tenure;  Select  Biblio- 
graphy for  English  Media-val  Economic  History  ; 
Chronica  Johannis  de  Heading  et  Anonymi  Can- 
tuariensis  ;  Year- Books  of  Richard  II.)       ..       649—650 

The  Life  of  Matthew  Priok 650 

The  Jewish  pkvyek  Book  651 

The  World  Set  Free        652 

Books     Published    this    Week    (BnglUh,    6.V2; 

Foreign,  656)  652—656 

The  Eliot  Hodgkin  Sale;  AUTOGRAPH  Letters  ..    656 

Book-Trade  Reform  653 

Sw  vim. i  and  its  Literature;  Another  Deut  of 

John  Shakespeare       657 

Literary  Gossip       658 

Science— The  Golden  Bocc.h  ;  Biology  in  rela- 
tion to  Education,  Lecture  II.  (Conclusion); 
Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week  ..  659—663 
Fine  Arts— Greek  and  Roman  sculpture  ;  Greek 
Sculpture  and  Modern  Art  ;  Babylon  of 
Egypt  ;  Royal  Academy  ;  Paintings  and 
Drawings 603—666 

Music— The  Opera  ;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 

WEtK  666—667 

Drama— Consequences;  Gossip 667-668 

Index  to  Advertisers 671 


LITERATURE 


XAPOLEOX  AT  ELBA. 

Mr.  Norwood  Young's  work  on '  Napoleon 
in   Exile  :   Elba   (1814-1815),'  deals  with 
events  which  happened  between  the  entry 
of  the  Allies  into   Paris  on  March   31st, 
1814,  and  the  return  from  Elba  on  March 
1st,    1815  ;     and   the   author,    in   offering 
the  customary  excuses  for  a  new  book, 
explains   that   in   his   opinion   the   Elban 
episode  has  not  received  the  attention  it 
deserves.     He    has    been    allowed   to    use 
some  unpublished   material  collected  by 
the   late   Earl   of   Crawford,   and   he   has 
evidently    obtained    all    the    information 
that  could  be  got  at  Elba  and  Leghorn. 
The  result  is  a  book  closely  packed  with 
is.     They   are   trustworthy,   but  there 
tot  much  that  is  new  and,  at  the  same 
time,  important.     No  work  with  Xapoleon 
it-  chief  character  is  likely  to  be  dull, 
but    Mr.    Xorwood    Young    has    not    suc- 
led    in    compiling    a    history    that    is 
lively,   though   Mr.   Rudolf   Pickthall   has 
ently  shown  in  '  The  Comic  Kingdom  ' 
•  humorous  Bide  of  Napoleon  in  Elba. 
None    the    less,    we    look    forward    with 
■  n  -t  to  the  two  volumes  on  St.  Helena 
which    .Mr.    Toting   promises  for  the  cen- 
tenary of  Waterloo. 

The   author's    view    is    that  during;   the 
fighting    which    took    place    immediately 
before  the  Allies  <  ntered    Pari-  in    181  I 
when   it  had   become  known  to  all   the 
world  that  the  end  was  near,  Napoleon 

Nat  i;ihn  [1814  I'll..     B 

Norwood  Young.     (81  Paul   A  <  •>. 

1/.  Is.  net.) 


still  assumed  that  *' it  was  ordained  by 
fate  that  he  should  emerge  triumphant  "  ; 
and  Mr.  Young  argues  that  Xapoleon 
never  faced  the  situation,  that  he  believed 
no  combination  of  Powers  against  him 
could  succeed  : — 

"  The  mere    thought. ..  .was  an  impiety. 

The  general  Vulgar  belief  that  lie  was  a  god, 

an  instrument  of  destiny,  had  entered  into 

his  Own  brain." 

It  is  from  this  standpoint  that  Napoleon 
is  viewed  in  the  days  immediately  before 
Elba  and  during  his  stay  in  that  island. 

Mr.  Young  retells  the  journey  of  the 
fallen  Emperor  from  Fontainebleau  to 
the  coast,  and  he  describes,  in  well-chosen 
words,  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  crowds 
and  the  fears  of  Xapoleon  that  he  would 
be  murdered.  The  shouts  of  the  threaten- 
ing mob,  the  appearance  of  the  disguised 
Emperor,  the  discomforts  of  the  flight — 
all  these  things  are  set  forth  as  well  as 
possible.  One  naturally  thinks  of  the 
triumphant  return  in  March  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  it  is  difficult  to  realize  the 
almost  miraculous  change  which  occurred 
in  the  space  of  a  few  months. 

As  soon  as  the  Emperor  was  settled 
in  Elba,  he  showed  his  anxiety  to  obtain 
news  from  France,  and  from  time  to  time 
there  are  notes  of  his  exultation  on  hearing 
that  the  Bourbons  were  not  popular.  He 
had  from  the  first  an  expectation  of  return 
to  power,  and  the  only  reports  which 
reached  him  from  Paris  were  of  a  nature 
well  calculated  to  give  him  hope.  Sir 
Xeil  Campbell  was  at  Elba  as  "  British 
Resident  "  ;  but  he  had  no  duties  and 
no  powers,  and  wras,  as  Mr.  Young  puts 
it,  really  a  spy.  Campbell  was  no  match 
for  the  Emperor,  and,  if  he  was  not  always 
deceived,  he,  at  any  rate,  played  his  cards 
as  though  he  were.  Xapoleon  had  at  his 
orders  the  Inconstant,  a  war  brig  of  300 
tons,  and  he  sent  that  vessel  on  several 
trips,  ostensibly  for  cows,  sheep,  books, 
and  other  things.  Everybody  except 
Campbell  had  a  pretty  shrewrd  suspicion 
that  the  real  object  was  to  take  emissaries 
from  Xapoleon  to  people  with  whom 
he  was  in  correspondence.  But  as  late 
as  Xovember  12th,  1814,  Campbell  was 
reporting  to  the  British  Government  that, 
if  money  matters  were  made  smooth. 
Xapoleon  *'  will  pass  the  rest  of  his  life  " 
in  Elba  "  in  tranquillity." 

With  these  questions  of  finance  Mr. 
Young  has  dealt  at  length — indeed,  at 
inordinate  length  ;  but  the  detailed  ac- 
counts of  receipts  and  payments  at  Elba 
which  he  reproduces  bear  him  out  when 
he  says  that  there  was  no  very  real 
anxiety  about  finance,  and  that  Xapoleon 
knew  this,  and  said  bo  himself  afterwards 

at  St.  Helena.  Had  he  stayed  in  Elba, 
Xapoleon  would,  it  is  true,  soon  have 
been  practically  bankrupt ;  but  the  short 

DOSS  of  cash   in  some  ways  helped    him    in 

the     great      business     he     had     on     hand. 

Louis  XVIII.  had  confiscated  the  Bona- 
parte property  in  Prance,  and  had  pled 

him8elf  to  the  Allies  to  pay  certain  sums 
to    Xapoleon    and    his    family.      He    found 

it  convenienl  to  break  his  promise,  and, 
when  reminded  of  it   by  Castlereagh,  only 


said  that  he  would  do  something.  Talley- 
rand, for  once,  was  more  frank  ;  and,  when 
the  Tsar  complained  that  the  French 
were  breaking  their  treaty  obligations, 
Talleyrand  replied  that  there  might  be 

"  danger  in  furnishing  the  means  of  intrigue 
to  the  persons  \\  ho  must  be  supposed  to  have 
tendencies  in  that,  direction." 

The  Allies  clearly  broke  their  treaty. 
They  broke  it  with  regard  to  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Bonaparte  family  in  France  ; 
they  did  not  pay  the  pensions  which  were 
owing  ;  they  did  not  bestow  the  princi- 
palities promised  to  Napoleon's  son,  and 
they  broke  their  pledges  about  the  Empress 
and  her  child.  They  conveniently  forgot 
the  clause  which  secured  to  Bonaparte 
the  inviolability  of  Elba  ;  and  when 
Mr.  Young  considers  these  matters  he 
describes  the  action  of  Louis  XVIII.  as 

"  an  attack  upon  Napoleon,  and  an  act  >  f 
war.  He  [Napoleon]  was  legally  and  morally 
free  to  accept  the  challenge  and  to  make 
war  on  France  in  return." 

Such  dealings  added  to  the  unpopu- 
larity  of  the  new  King  and  made  French- 
men sympathize  with  their  fallen  Emperor. 
But  Campbell  did  not  appreciate  the 
position.  He  continued  to  report  to  his 
Government  that,  if  Xapoleon  escaped, 
it  would  be  to  land  in  Italy  and  raise 
trouble  there;  and,  when  the  time  came, 
Campbell  was  easily  induced  to  be  out 
of  the  way  at  the  moment  when  Xaj)oleon 
meant  to  leave. 

There  are  many  little  things  of  interest 
in  Mr.  Young's  book.  There  is,  inci- 
dentally, a  capital  account  of  the  island 
of  Elba — an  island  even  now  rarely 
visited  by  tourists,  for  whom  its  stormy 
seas  have  apparently  as  little  attraction 
now  as  a  hundred  years  ago.  There  is 
a  good  description  of  Napoleon's  arrival 
in  the  island,  and  it  is  shown  that  when 
he  landed  nothing  had  been  prepared  for 
him.  He  had  to  lodge  at  the  Town  Hall, 
but  immediately  set  to  wrork  to  find  more 
suitable  residences.  On  his  second  day 
in  the  island 

"  he  was  up  at  4  A.M He  told  Pons  that 

he  had  many  proofs  that  the  dawn  was  the 
time  when  the  brain  was  most  keen  and 
precise.  Another  advantage  of  early  rising 
was  that  it  enabled  him  to  escape  the  crowds. 
He  went  ou  foot  for  several  hours  beforu 
breakfast,  inspecting  the  forts  and  maga- 
zines." 

Mr.  Young,  perhaps,  attaches  too  much 
importance  to  the  Memoirs  of  Pons.     It 

is  true  that  at  St.  Helena  Xapoleon  said 
that    Pons  alone  knew  the  truth  about   his 

plans,  and  that  neither  Bertrand  nor 
Drouol  was   in    the  secret  of  the  return 

from    Elba.      Hut.  all    the    same,   it    is  not 

possible  to  believe  implicitly  in  Pons,  a 
man  too  ready  to  swallow  any  stupid 
tale.  In  his  book  Pons  wrote  as  though 
he  considered  Xapoleon  to  be  a  tender- 
hearted man.  essentially  religious.  But 
he  was  writing  with  a  purpose,  and 
did   not    always  desire  to  -tale  the  truth  : 

and  Campbell's  reports  gave  an  account 

which  should  make  any  historian  a  little 
shy  of  I'ons. 

At  the  end  of  the  book  18  a  chapter  on 
'  Iconography  and    other    Side  lights.'    by 


646 


THE     ATHEN^llM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


Mr.  A.  M.  Broadley  ;  and  one  great  charm 
of  Mr.  Young's  work  is  that  it  contains 
hfty-one  excellent  illustrations,  well  repro- 
duced from  pictures  and  engravings  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Broadley.  We  have 
noted  a  few  misprints  in  names  which 
should  be  corrected  in  a  new  edition. 


TWO  POSTHUMOUS   BOOKS. 

The  sudden  death  of  Dr  .Wylie  immediately 
after  the  publication  of  the  first  volume 
of  his  '  Reign  of  Henry  the  Fifth '  will 
be  felt  as  a  great  loss  by  all  students 
who  are  acquainted  with  his  work.  Six- 
teen years  ago  he  completed  his  '  Reign 
of  Henry  IV.'  in  four  large  volumes ; 
and  it  may  be  hoped  that  he  has  left 
material  for  at  least  another  volume  of 
the  work  under  notice.  The  amount  of 
reading  and  research  revealed  in  the 
notes  to  this  volume  can  only  be  described 
as  stupendous  ;  yet  the  author  shows  by 
his  enthusiasm  for  his  subject  that  to  be 
discursive  is  not  necessarily  to  be  dull. 

But  the  question  inevitably  arises 
whether  it  is  possible  for  an  historian  to 
be  too  well  equipped  for  his  task.  Dr. 
Wylie  has  accumulated  a  mass  of  mate- 
rial so  large  that  a  lesser  man  would  have 
been  completely  "  snowed  under "  by 
it  ;  yet  his  methodical  habit  of  mind  has 
enabled  him  to  marshal  it  clearly  and  in 
perfect  order,  though  some  details  of  his 
arrangement  may  seem  open  to  criticism. 
We  own  to  an  opinion  that  the  amount 
of  illustrative  matter  in  the  notes  is 
altogether  excessive,  and  that  it  would 
have  been  better  to  confine  this  depart- 
ment rigidly  to  the  citation  of  authorities. 
But  such  a  rule  would  have  entailed  the 
suppression  of  a  vast  store  of  curious  and 
miscellaneous  information  —  mostly  un- 
published— which  has  its  value,  though 
in  a  history  of  a  definite  period  much  of 
it  seems  out  of  place.  Dr.  Wylie's 
method  may  be  called  microscopic  :  he 
does  not  despise  the  veriest  minutiae 
of  history  ;  and  he  cannot  mention  the 
most  insignificant  individual  without  an 
array  of  references,  mostly  from  docu- 
mentary sources,  even  to  his  private  and 
domestic  affairs.  Thus  his  history  re- 
sembles a  map  of  some  country  on  a 
scale  so  prodigious  that  every  bypath 
finds  accurate  record,  and  even  every  tree. 
The  achievement  of  such  a  feat  by  a 
single  writer  necessarily  involves  some 
sacrifice  of  proportion,  as  one  man's 
vision  is  limited.  In  most  of  the  arts 
ancillary  to  "  the  fine  art  "  of  history  he 
is  a  master  ;  but  in  one  that  is  highly 
important — "  the  art  of  omitting" — he 
is  gravely  deficient. 

In  nearly  every  chapter  there  is  much, 
not  only  in  the  notes,  but  also  in  the  text, 
which  a  more  selective  writer  would  have 

The  Reign  of  Henry  the  Fifth.  —  Vol.  I. 
1413-1415.  By  James  Hamilton  Wylie. 
(Cambridge  University  Press,  U.  5s.  net.) 

Customary  Acres  and  their  Historical  Im- 
portance: being  a  Series  of  Unfinished 
Essays.  By  the  late  Frederic  Seebohm. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  12*.  6d.  net.) 


rejected  as  foreign  to  his  purpose.  For 
instance,  in  the  chapter  on  Ireland  there 
are  details,  most  interesting  and  sug- 
gestive, of  two  visits  by  foreigners  to  the 
"  Purgatory "  called  St.  Patrick's  Hole 
on  Lough  Derg  ;  but  neither  of  them 
belongs  to  Dr.  Wylie's  period,  the  first 
visit  having  been  paid  under  Richard  II., 
the  second  under  Henry  IV.  In  the 
delightful  chapter  on  the  two  religious 
houses  founded  by  Henry  V.  at  Sheen  and 
Twickenham  our  historian  is  not  satis- 
fied with  giving  all  particulars  of  the  two 
foundations.  He  must  also  relate  all  the 
subsequent  vicissitudes  of  the  site  at 
Sheen,  including  the  villa  of  Sir  William 
Temple,  with  notices  of  those  more  famous 
inmates  of  his  household,  Swift  and 
Stella  ;  he  gives,  too,  the  later  fortunes 
of  the  community  on  the  other  side  of  the 
river,  both  abroad  and  at  home,  down  to 
the  present  day.  In  his  general  narrative 
Dr.  Wylie  evidently  revels  in  episodes — 
such  as  that  of  the  astrologer  Fusoris — 
which  certainly  help  to  brighten  his  pages, 
though  they  distract  attention  from  the 
main  lines  of  his  subject.  As  to  the  notes, 
we  should  have  advised  the  reader,  at 
a  first  reading,  to  skip  them  altogether, 
if  it  were  not  that  our  author's  fondness 
for  obsolete  words — which  even  there  are 
not  always  explained — would  then  make 
some  of  the  text  unintelligible. 

But  the  book  is  a  mine  of  information 
on  the  social  life  of  the  time  ;  it  deserves 
not  a  mere  cursory  reading,  but  serious 
and  sustained  study.  Probably  no  his- 
torian has  made  more  fruitful  use  of 
manuscript  sources  which  are  as  yet  un- 
calendared  ;  while  the  author's  work  is  as 
remarkable  for  sound  judgment  as  it  is  for 
painstaking  accuracy.  He  is  as  intimately 
acquainted  with  foreign  history  as  with 
English  ;  and  it  is  a  necessary  part  of  his 
plan  to  give  a  graphic  picture  of  the  in- 
ternal disorders  of  France  before  the 
English  invasion.  He  alludes  only  inci- 
dentally to  the  Council  of  Constance,  the 
chief  European  incident  of  these  two  event- 
ful years — perhaps  because  he  had  already 
treated  it  at  length  in  his  Ford  Lectures 
at  Oxford.  But  he  has  given  us  the  full 
story  of  the  long  and  tortuous  negotiations 
with  France,  Avhich  seem  to  have  been 
conducted,  at  least  on  the  English  side, 
with  no  other  object  than  to  gain  time. 

The  present  volume  takes  us  down  to 
the  date  of  the  final  rupture,  when  Henry 
sailed  for  Harfleur  in  July,  1415.  The 
character  of  the  king,  as  drawn  by  Wylie, 
is  very  much  on  familiar  lines.  But  he 
lays  great  stress  on  his  "  conversion,"  to 
which  he  devotes  a  whole  chapter.  His 
conclusion,  after  a  careful  survey  of  the 
evidence,  is  that  "  the  new  king  did  really 
turn  away  from  his  former  self  and  from 
the  wild-headed  promise  of  his  greener 
days,"  and  that  recent  research  tends  to 
establish  even  the  Shakespearian  story 
of  his  robbing  his  own  retainers  when 
Prince  of  Wales.  But  his  conduct  of  the 
French  negotiations  reveals  a  darker  side 
of  his  royal  character  scarcely  noticed 
by  his  clerical  eulogists.  Wylie  describes 
his   simultaneous  offers  to   Burgundy  a3 


"  not  merely  steeped  in  prevarication  and 
duplicity,  but  charged  with  downright, 
hard,  official  lies."  In  his  dealing  with 
the  Lollard  rising  of  1414  he  showed  great, 
nerve  at  a  critical  moment ;  but  his  new- 
found piety  made  him  leave  the  proceed- 
ings against  these  fanatics  too  exclusively 
to  the  bishops.  Wylie  takes  a  generous 
view  of  the  Lollards  ;  he  emphasizes  the- 
fact  that  Sir  John  Oldcastle  was  "  no 
mere  pestilent  demagogue  "  plotting  "  to 
pull  down  Church  and  throne "  ;  the 
charges  against  him  plainly  show  that 
he  was  a  sufferer  for  conscience'  sake. 
A  statute  of  the  Leicester  Parliament 
in  1414  respecting  hospitals,  or  "  Gods- 
houses,"  gives  occasion  to  a  most  learned 
chapter  on  these  institutions,  in  which 
minute  details  are  given  of  the  Hotel 
Dieu  at  Paris  as  typical  of  the  rest. 

A  defect  of  this  volume  is  that  there  is. 
no  list  of  authorities,  and  this  is  the  more 
unfortunate  as  Wylie's  practice  in  the 
notes  is  to  refer  to  them  merely  by  the 
name  of  the  author,  Avithout  specifying 
the  work.  Perhaps  this  omission  was  to 
have  been  remedied  in  a  later  A'olume  -r 
at  any  rate,  the  notes  refer  frequently  to 
appendixes  which  are  not  yet  printed. 
We  sincerely  hope  that  a  further  instal- 
ment of  the  work  may  be  practicable  in 
Avhich  these  will  appear. 

Any  work  of  Frederic  Seebohm  com- 
mands our  respectful  attention,  and  in  the 
highest  degree  the  last  of  the  series  of 
which  '  The  English  Village  Community  * 
Avas  the  first,  for  '  Customary  Acres  and 
their  Historical  Importance,'  a  collection 
of  unfinished  essays,  represents  the  final 
labours  of  one  who  has  left  a  permanent 
mark  upon  the  study  of  economic  history. 
There  must  nearly  always  remain  doubts  as 
to  the  wisdom  of  publishing  a  posthumous 
and  uncompleted  book,  and  in  this  case  it  is 
obvious  that  the  author's  purpose  changed 
Avith  the  progress  of  his  inquiry,  and  time 
was  not  given  to  him  to  remodel  his  work  ; 
but  on  the  Avhole  we  believe  that  his 
son  is  justified  in  placing  these  studies- 
— incomplete  and  uneven  as  they  are — 
"  within  reach  of  any  student  of  History 
whose  purpose  they  may  serve." 

Seebohm  Avas  evidently  attracted  by 
the  likenesses  and  differences  in  the 
Ararious  measures  of  land,  both  superficial 
and  linear,  Avhich  Avere  found  in  these 
islands  in  the  mediaeval  period,  and  in 
part  survived  until  comparatiA*ely  recent 
times.  He  believed,  as  Ave  gather,  that 
an  examination  of  such  eA'idence  as  i» 
available  might  lead  to  a  fuller  under- 
standing of  the  history  of  agriculture  and 
agricultural  organization  ;  that  an  inquiry 
into  the  differing  miles  and  differing  acres 
and  their  distribution  over  the  country — 
an  inquiry  which  should  extend  to  a 
comparison  of  British  land  measures  with 
those  of  Northern  France  and  the  Medi- 
terranean basin  as  a  Avhole — might  enable 
us  to  penetrate  to  some  extent  the  gloom 
that  envelopes  the  early  economic  history 
of  this  country  and  Europe  generally. 
As  he  proceeded  in  the  task  he  had  set 
himself,  Seebohm  appears  to  have  been 
led  to  the  belief  that  "  customary  acres  '"' 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1014 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


047 


— acres,  that  is.  which  differ  in  dimension 
from  the  statute  arre.  and  have  had  local 
rec  ignition  from  a  remote  period — were 
the  important  element  in  his  inquiry ; 
that,  in  the  words  oi  his  introductory 
chapter, 

••  it  may  be  possible  with  more  or  less  success 
to  follow  them  [customary  acres]  back  to 
the  central  home  from  which  the  Celtic 
n-ibcs  or  possibly  earlier  immigrants  wan- 
dered into  the  western  extremities  of  Europe, 
bringing  with  them  as  a  part  of  their  racial 
possession  whatever  of  civilisation  they  had 
already  attained  to,  whether  derived  from  a 
still  earlier  home,  or  gathered,  since  their 
-  •lenient  in  Central  Europe,  from  the 
cultural  methods  of  the  great  corn- 
wing    regions    of    the    nearer    or    farther 

St." 

But,  as  we  have  said,  the  author's 
purpose  changed  while  the  work  was 
under  his  hand  :  the  first  two  essays  in 
this  volume  were  evidently  written  before 
he  conceived  the  thesis  which  is  outlined 
in  his  Introduction,  and  it  is  at  times 
difficult  to  trace  a  continuous  and  binding 
idea  linking  in  any  very  intimate  connexion 
the  various  sections  of  which  the  book  is 
composed.  We  have  presented  to  us  a 
rather  bewildering  mass  of  evidence  tracing 
relations  between  the  various  linear  and 
superficial  measures  in  use  in  modern  and 
ancient  times,  not  only  in  these  islands, 
but  also  in  France.  Germany,  Italy,  the 
Danube  Valley,  the  Baltic  region,  in 
Homeric  Greece  and  ancient  Egypt,  in 
Magna  Graecia,  in  Spain  ;  but  we  get  no 
conclusion — nothing  more  than  hints  of 
possible  hypotheses.  Of  set  purpose  the 
likenesses  alone  are  put  before  us,  and 
we  may  use  the  evidence  as  we  will. 

"  Had  he  [Seebohm]  lived  to  go  on  with 
this  work,  its  final  form  would  have  been 
very  different.''  says  the  Preface;  and 
criticism  is  disarmed.  We  cannot  pre- 
tend that  the  book  ranks  with  others  of 
the  author's  :  some  sections  remain  mere 
groups  of  notes,  and  would  have  lost 
nothing  and  gained  in  clearness  by  being 
put  into  tabular  form  ;   and  only  now  and 

in  do  we  come  across  chapters  that 
would  not   in   all  probability  have  been 

ttly  altered  or  recast  had  the  work  of 
final    revision    been    possible.     The    first 

>y — which  seeks  to  trace  a  connexion 
between  the  hide  and  the  Celtic  units  of 
tribute  and  food-rent — appears  to  us  the 
best  in  the  volume  ;  and  the  brief  essa) 
which  follows,  a  single  chapter  upon  '  The 
Old  Britisli  Mile,9  is  attractively  written 
and  suggestive;  but  no  reader  will  find 
the  book  easy  to  master,  although  a  large 
number  of  ingenious  diagrams  should  be 
a  help  to  the  understanding  of  the  relations 
between  the  many  apparently  independent 
units  of  measurement  examined  in  the 
course  of  the  inquiry. 

We  have  already  expressed  our  opinion 
that    the    author's    son    was    justified    in 

ing    to    the    world    these    anfinished 

lies  "  ju-t  ;i-  they  are  "  ;  and  if  we 
have  any  criticism  of  his  editing  to  make. 
it  is  this,  that  when-,  at  i^  lather  fre- 
quently the  case,  precise  references  I  i 
authorities  are  wanting,  they  might  have 

i   supplied. 


THE    ANCIENT    EAST. 

The  title  of  Mr.  Bates's  essay  'The 
Eastern  Libyans'  will  be  attractive  to 
the  scholar.  The  Libyans  in  ancient 
times  played  an  important  part  in  history, 
and  it  looks  as  if  their  activity  in  this 
respect  were  by  no  means  exhausted. 
When  we  first  hear  of  them  they  were 
wandering  over  the  great  desert  which 
forms  the  western  flank  of  the  Nile  Valley, 
whence  they  raided  the  cultivable  belt  in 
much  the  same  way  as  the  Scottish  High- 
landers did  the  Lowlands  ;  and  they  seem 
from  the  earliest  times  to  have  formed 
settlements  of  their  own  in  the  midst  of 
their  unwarlike  neighbours.  Nomadic  in 
their  habits,  and  fighting  men  above  all, 
they  made  more  than  one  organized  attack 
upon  Egypt,  and  gradually  became  the 
backbone  of  the  mercenary  army  which 
the  Pharaohs  of  the  New  Empire  formed 
for  the  defence  of  their  throne.  Like  mer- 
cenaries in  all  ages,  they  soon  began  to 
covet  the  position  of  their  paymasters, 
and  when  Egypt  sank  so  low  under  the 
rule  of  the  feeble  Ramessides  as  to  be  a 
negligible  quantity  in  Oriental  politics, 
they  raised  their  leader,  Sheshonq  (the 
Shishak  of  the  Bible),  to  the  throne.  He 
gave  the  Xear  East  an  Egyptian  master 
for  well-nigh  the  last  time,  and  his  conquest 
of  Jerusalem  split  the  newly  founded 
Hebrew  kingdom  in  two.  When  the  Per- 
sians took  possession  of  Egypt  the  Libyan 
soldiers  formed  their  only  dangerous 
opponents,  and  not  long  after  their  sub- 
jugation we  hear  of  them  furnishing, 
after  their  manner,  a  large  contingent 
to  the  huge  army  of  Xerxes.  In  the  West 
they  repeated,  in  the  countries  which  are 
now  Tripoli,  Algeria,  and  Morocco,  the 
part  acted  by  them  in  the  Nile  Valley  ; 
and  it  was  to  the  valour  of  the  Libyan 
mercenaries,  as  Mr.  Bates  reminds  us,  that 
Livy  attributed  the  Carthaginian  victory 
at  Cannae.  Xor  is  the  end  yet.  The 
"  Arabs  "  who  are  still  opposing  the 
Italian  conquest  of  the  ancient  kingdom 
of  Cyrene  are  the  direct  descendants  of 
those  fair-haired  Libyans  who  gave  such 
trouble  to  the  sedentary  Egyptians,  and 
it  remains  to  be  seen  how  modern  Italy 
will  imitate  her  Roman  ancestress  in 
bringing  them  under  the  yoke  of  European 
civilization. 

This  people  have,  therefore,  plenty  of 
interest  for  the  student  of  modern  times 
as  well  as  the  archaeologist ;  yet  it  is 
astonishing  how  little  is  known  about 
them.  Dr.  Randall  Macfver  and  the  late 
Anthony  Wilkin  did  something  to  lighten 
OUT    darkness    in    their    "Libyan    .Votes'; 

and  now  Mr.  Bates,  a  young  American 
scholar  who  has  been  working  for  many 
years  with  Dr.  I'eisner.  has  collected  into 
a  fairly  large  quarto  volume  all.  or  nearly 
all,  that  has  been  said  about  them  by 
those  ancient    and   modern   authors  whose 

writings  will  stand  the  test   of  criticism. 

'l'li>    Eastern   Libyans:   <<"  Essay.     By  Oric 
I :    ■    .     (M     n  illan  <v  I  !o.,  -'.  -■••.  net.) 

"Hebrew    ">"/    Babylonian    Traditions.       By 
Morris  Jaetrow.    "The  Haskell  Lectures. 
(Fisher  Unwin,  Ids.  (>>/.  net.) 


He  is  extremely  well  fitted  for  the  task, 
having  studied  the  North  Central  African 
races  on  the  spot,  besides  having  been  lor 
some  time  engaged  in  the  Archaeological 
Survey  of  Nubia,  where  the  remains  of 
Libyan  settlements  are  plentiful  ;  yet 
even  he  is  obliged  to  confess  that  the 
origin  of  the  Libyans  is  a  problem  still 
unsolved.  He  gives  many  excellent 
reasons  for  supposing  that  they  were  not 
indigenous  to  Africa,  but  were  themselves 
invaders  of  "  Nordic  "  blood,  being  per- 
haps an  overflow  from  a  southward  rush 
of  Europeans  driven  from  their  own 
fatherland,  like  the  Varangians  of  the 
Middle   Ages. 

This  is,  it  should  be  noted,  mainly 
conjecture.  All  that  can  be  said  with 
certainty  is  that  the  Libyan  race  seem  to 
have  extended  from  the  Mediterranean  to 
the  deserts  north  of  the  Sudan,  and  from 
the  Xile  Valley  to  the  Gulf  of  Gabes  in 
the  French  Protectorate  of  Tunis.  On 
the  eastern  part  of  this  huge  area  the 
thinness  and  sparseness  of  the  population 
probably  kept  their  blood  fairly  pure. 
In  the  western  part  they  were  so  inter- 
mingled with  the  Berbers  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  separate  them.  We  may,  if  we 
like,  declare  that  the  Libyans  are  "  proto- 
Berbers  "  ;  and  it  is  certainly  true,  as 
Mr.  Bates  points  out,  that  Berber  or  proto- 
Berber  was  the  language  of  the  whole  of 
Xorth  Africa  from  the  earliest  times,  and 
that  a  Berber  element  is  to  be  found  even 
in  Egyptian.  Yet  this  hardly  takes  us 
further.  Language,  it  is  now  generally 
recognized,  is  no  certain  test  of  race  ;  and 
Berber  is  neither  Semitic,  nor  Mongoloid, 
nor  Aryan  in  its  affinities.  We  can  only 
say  with  Mr.  Bates  that  its  origin  is 
unknown. 

The  Egyptian  monuments,  however, 
which  supply  representations  of  the 
Eastern  Libyans — Mr.  Bates  seems  to 
use  this  adjective  to  distinguish  those  of 
whom  he  writes  from  their  kinsmen  in 
Morocco  and  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard — 
over  a  period  of  nearly  two  millennia,  do 
indicate  racial  characteristics  which  afford 
us  some  sort  of  a  clue.  The  Libyan 
during  the  whole  of  this  long  period  is 
invariably  portrayed  as  wearing  feathers 
in  his  hair  and  a  peculiar  loincloth  or 
girdle  which  takes  the  form  of  a  puden- 
dal sheath.  The  feathers,  which  appear 
to  be  ostrich  plumes  like  those  worn 
by  the  modern  coster -girl,  perhaps 
mean  nothing  more  than  that  their 
wearers  of  choice  frequented  those  lati- 
tudes where  the  ostrich  is  to  be  found; 
bill  the  sheath  is  also  represented  on  a 
few  Cretan  monuments,  and  is  worn  at 
the  present  day  by  tribes  on  the  Upper 
Nile,  such  as  the  Dinkas  and  Shilhiks  ; 
by  the  inhabitants  of  German  Togoland, 
by  the  natives  of  New  Caledonia  and  New 
Guinea,  and  in  a  modified  form  by  the 
Zulus.  Its  only  possible  use  is  the  pro- 
tection of  the  wearer  when  making  his 
way  through  thorny  bush  or  jungle,  and 
it  therefore  su<_rL'e--ts  (|i;,t  £ne  Libyans, 
before    invading    Egypt,    dwelt    in    some 

country  having  a  more  abundant  vegeta- 
tion than  the  sandy  desert.  Mr.  Bates  does 
not.    perhaps,   make  sufficient    reference 


648 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


to  the  fact  that  the  carved  slate  plaques, 
sometimes  but  wrongly  called  "  palettes," 
which  form  the  earliest  historical  records 
of  ancient  Egypt,  show  the  Pharaohs  of 
the  earliest  dynasties  trampling  on  a  race 
thus  clad  ;  but  this  is  the  only  fault  that 
we  can  find  with  Avhat  he  says  on  the 
subject. 

The  other  Libyan  characteristics  which 
he  gives  us  are  interesting,  but  do  not 
belong  to  the  race  exclusively.  As  he 
says,  the  Libyan  seems  to  have  been 
always  one  of  the  healthiest  of  mankind, 
and  "both  Herodotus  and  Sallust  bear 
witness  to  the  fact  that  disease,  and 
especially  epidemic  disease,  seems  to  pass 
him  by.  No  Libyan  inscriptions,  says 
Mr.  Bates,  are  of  earlier  date  than  the 
fourth  century  B.C.  ;  and  these,  contrary 
to  the  usage  of  any  other  script,  read 
from  below  upward,  and  in  almost  every 
direction  other  than  that  they  might 
have  been  expected  to  take.  He  gives 
many  instances  of  these  characters,  which 
are  for  the  most  part  rock-cut,  and  corrects 
the  readings  of  explorers  not  so  well 
informed  as  himself.  He  thinks  it  pos- 
sible that  the  Libyans  at  an  early  stage 
were  matriarchal,  which  may  possibly 
be  explained  by  the  relative  paucity  of 
women  often  found  among  nomads.  Hos- 
pitality was  with  them  one  of  the  most 
important  points  of  religion,  and  he 
thinks  that  they  worshipped  their  an- 
cestors to  an  extent  unknown  among  other 
nations.  The  names  of  the  Libyan  gods 
which  he  supplies,  including  "  Ash  "  and 
"  Sinifere,"  seem  rather  unconvincing, 
and  the  latter  looks  perilously  like  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  name  of  the  Pharaoh  of  the 
Fourth  Dynasty  called  "  Seneferu."  Mr. 
Bates  duly  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  so-styled  Ammon  of  the  Oasis  whose 
oracle  Alexander  the  Great  consulted 
was  sometimes  represented  as  a  lump  of 
stone,  in  which  he  would  see  the  "  Tikanu  " 
or  human  sacrifice  of  the  early  Egyptians 
wrapped  in  a  skin.  He  shows,  too,  that 
Neith  of  Sais,  Avho  has  for  long  been 
thought  a  Libyan  goddess,  can  be  fairly 
identified  with  the  Athena  of  those  Au- 
surians  whom  readers  of  Kingsley's  '  Hy- 
patia '  will  remember  as  the  terror  of 
the  Pentapolis  in  the  time  of  Synesius. 
The  Libyans,  unlike  the  Egyptians,  were 
never  circumcised. 

Mr.  Bates  is  always  fair  to  his  pre- 
decessors, and  provides  at  the  end  of 
his  book  a  bibliography,  in  which  he 
quotes  with  fine  impartiality  the  works  of 
Renouf,  Sir  Gaston  Maspero,  and  Dr. 
Naville  along  with  those  of  Dr.  Erman 
and  Dr.  Eduard  Meyer.  He  accepts  the 
chronology  of  the  last-named,  apparently 
out  of  loyalty  to  his  fellow-countryman 
Dr.  Breasted,  for  whose  learning  he  ex- 
presses great  and  deserved  admiration. 
But  he  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
Pan-Semitism  of  the  Berlin  School  which 
would  make  Berber,  together  with  Bi- 
sharin,  Bega,  and  other  quasi -Egyptian 
dialects,  of  Arabian  extraction.  His  book 
is  written  in  excellent  English,  words  here 
and  there  like  "  mensual "  and  "rock- 
glyphs  "  alone  betraying  a  transatlantic 
writer.     It  is  also  excellently  illustrated 


with  about  a  dozen  fine  plates,  besides 
many  figures  in  the  text ;  while  a  capital 
map  of  North  Africa  in  the  cover,  and 
many  others  in  the  body  of  the  work, 
should  be  of  great  use  to  the  reader. 
We  congratulate  Mr.  Bates  on  having 
produced  an  admirable  book,  which  will, 
if  we  mistake  not,  for  some  time  be  the 
classic  on  its  subject. 

Dr.  Jastrow's  new  work  on  '  Hebrew 
and  Babylonian  Traditions '  deserves  a 
particularly  warm  welcome  from  wide 
circles  of  readers.  Biblical  archaeologists 
have  hitherto  dwelt  chiefly,  and  at  times 
even  exclusively,  on  the  close  affinity 
that  undoubtedly  exists  between  the 
early  Hebrew  records  and  the  Assyro- 
Babylonian  inscriptions  ;  but  the  special 
characteristic  of  the  series  of  lectures 
which,  "in  an  entirely  revised  and  con- 
siderably enlarged  form,"  now  lie  before 
us  consists  in  the  stress  that  is  laid  in 
them  on  the  marked  divergences  between 
the  final  form  assumed  by  the  Hebrew 
traditions,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  myths, 
beliefs,  and  practices  that  were  prevalent 
in  the  Euphrates  Valley  on  the  other. 

Starting  from  a  common  stock  of 
primitive  religious  and  ethical  ideas, 
which  apparently  took  their  rise  at 
Eridu  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  Palestinian 
culture  moved,  indeed,  for  a  time  in 
parallel  lines  with  the  civilization  of  the 
Semitic  races  whose  centres  of  activity 
were  nearer  the  original  home  whence 
the  ancestors  of  the  Hebrews  are  believed 
to  have  migrated  about  the  beginning  of 
the  second  millennium  B.C.  ;  but,  as  both 
the  literary  presentation  and  the  relative 
influence  of  the  two  civilizations  on 
humanity  in  general  clearly  show,  a 
period  came  during  which  the  higher 
thought  of  the  Hebrews  took  a  course 
which  led  ever  further  away  from  the 
mainly  materialistic  ideals  pursued  by 
their  powerful  neighbours  on  the  east  of 
Palestine. 

"  Despite  many  features  in  common 
[writes  Dr.  Jastrow],  each  of  these  civiliza- 
tions went  its  own  way,  the  one  unfolding 
great  political  strength,  supported  by  an 
elaborate  military  organization,  and  pro- 
ducing, as  outward  expressions  of  this 
strength,  monuments  of  gigantic  proportions, 
• — temples  and  palaces  filled  with  works  of 
art  ;  it  built  great  cities,  created  an  exten- 
sive commerce,  and  made  certain  perma- 
nent contributions  to  the  thought  and 
achievements  of  mankind  ;  the  other,  with 
little  of  outward  display,  politically  insig- 
nificant, working  out  its  destiny  with  appa- 
rently no  thought  of  any  extension  of  its 
influence  beyond  narrow  boundaries,  yet 
becoming  one  of  the  most  potent  factors 
in  the  religious  history  of  mankind." 

On  one  point  the  passage  just  quoted 
requires  considerable  qualification,  the 
universalism  of  the  greater  prophets  hav- 
ing acknowledged  no  boundaries,  and 
much  less  "  narrow  boundaries  "  ;  but 
that  the  contrast  here  drawn  between 
the  two  most  famous  ancient  Semitic 
civilizations  is  in  the  main  correct  no 
one  can  doubt.  This  being  so,  the 
question  arises,  What  gave  Hebrew  de- 
velopment the  special  impulse  to  move 
in  the  direction  that  finally  led  to  the 


religious  and  ethical  achievements  which 
have,  together  "  with  the  heritage  of 
Greek  and  Roman  "  civilization,  become 
the  basis  of  the  highest  culture  for  the 
most  influential  part  of  humanity  ? 

Dr.  Jastrow's  answer  is  by  no  means 
new,  but  its  merit  lies  in  the  emphasis  it 
lays  on  the  bearing  of  an  obvious  fact  on 
the  historical  differentiation  between  two 
lines  of  development  in  the  ancient 
Semitic  world,  an  emphasis  which  has- 
become  necessary  as  a  counterbalance  to 
the  theory  of  Pan-Babylonianism  persist- 
ently advocated  of  late  years. 

"  The  point  of  departure  in  the  Hebrew 
religion  from  that  of  the  Semitic  in  general 
[he  writes]  did  not  come  until  the  rise  of  a 
body  of  men  who  set  up  a  new  ideal  of  divine 
government  of  the  universe,  and  with  it  as. 
a  necessary  corollary  a  new  standard  of 
religious  conduct.  Throwing  aside  the  bar- 
riers of  tribal  limitations  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  deity,  it  was  the  Hebrew  Prophets  who 
first  prominently  and  emphatically  brought 
forth  the  view  of  a  divine  power  conceived 
in  spiritual  terms,  who,  in  presiding  over  the 
universe  and  in  controlling  the  fates  of 
nations  and  individuals,  acts  from  self- 
imposed  laws  of  righteousness  tempered  with 
mercy." 

In  thus  ascribing  the  starting-point  of 
the  new  development  to  the  activity  of 
the  prophets,  Dr.  Jastrow  does  not  mean 
to  deny  the  existence  of  previous  influ- 
ences in  the  same  direction.  He,  indeed,, 
considers  that,  in  a  true  sense,  the  higher 
religious  and  ethical  movement  began 
with  Moses,  who 

"  had  invested  the  national  Yahweh  with 
certain  ethical  traits.  ..  .which  paved  the 
way  for  the  fuller  and  more  complete  con- 
ception of  the  Prophets  of  a  power  of  uni- 
versal sway  "  ; 

but  whilst  in  the  time  that  passed  between 
Moses  and  the  great  literary  prophets  the 
bulk  of  the  nation  appears  to  have- 
often  reverted  to  the  materialistic  prin- 
ciples-of  the  majority  of  the  Semites r 
there  set  in,  about  the  middle  of  the 
eighth  century  B.C.,  a  more  consistent 
and  powerful  influence  in  the  direction  of 
ethical  monotheism,  which  finally  pro- 
duced an  absolute  cleavage  between  the 
ancient  religions  of  the  Euphrates  Valley 
and  the  Hebraism  Avhich  was  to  become^ 
the  forerunner  of  Christianity. 

We  have  purposely  paid  full  attention 
to  the  main  purport  and  true  raison  d'etre 
of  Dr.  Jastrow's  book.  He  himself  regards- 
the  careful  and  unbiased  differentiation 
between  Hebraism  and  Babylonianism  as 
the  soul  (if  we  may  here  use  the  term) 
which  animates  his  work  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  end,  and  it  is  only  right  that 
an  author's  idea  should  be  clearly  reflected 
in  a  review  of  his  book.  This  central  idea 
the  reader  will  find  lucidly  brought  out 
in  much  detail  in  each  of  the  five  chapters 
which  represent  the  Haskell  Lectures 
(dealing  successively  with  the  relations 
between  Hebrews  and  Babylonians,  the 
accounts  of  Creation,  the  Sabbath,  life 
after  death,  and  the  ethics  of  the  two 
civilizations),  as  well  as  in  the  equally 
important  Appendix,  which  includes  a 
complete  account  of  the  various  Baby- 
lonian narratives  of   the  Deluge,   partly 


No.  4515,  May  0,   1914 


T  H  E     A  T  II  E  N  JR  U  M 


(i-11) 


based  on  a  yet  unpublished  work  of  Dr. 

Poebel  dealing  with  the  latest  excavations 
-it  Nippur. 

We  have  in  our  reading  of  the  work 
noted  some  points  on  whieh  differences  of 
opinion  may  arise.  Thus,  for  instance, 
we  think  that,  in  view  of  what  follows  in 
the  same  part  of  the  book,  the  statement 
on  p.  25t).  that  in  the  entire  course  of 
Assyro-Babylonian  history  the  relation- 
ship to  the  gods  never  rose  "  above  a 
materialistic  level,"  can  hardly  be  main- 
tained without  some  substantial  qualifica- 
tion. It  is.  indeed,  not  necessary  to  deny 
the  presence  of  all  higher  striving  among 
the  Babylonians  and  Assyrians  in  order 
to  bring  out  in  proper  relief  the  paramount 
moral  greatness  of  the  Hebrew  prophets. 

The  points  to  which  exception  may 
justly  be  taken  are.  however,  but  few, 
and  they  leave  undiminished  our  high 
appreciation  of  the  work  as  a  whole. 


MEDIEVAL  HISTORY. 

Dr.  Hemmeon's  careful  and  scholarly 
work  on  ;  Burgage  Tenure  in  Mediaeval 
England '  is  a  welcome  contribution  to 
the  history  of  the  mediaeval  borougb.  As 
the  title  implies,  it  is  concerned  with  the 
economic  and  legal  aspects  of  landholding, 
and  very  rarely  does  the  author  step 
beyond  his  limits.  He  even  denies  himself 
the  pleasure  of  discussing  at  any  length 
the  origin  of  the  peculiar  features  of  the 
tenure  which  lie  is  at  pains  to  describe 
in  all  its  varieties.  Such  discussion  is  to 
him  "  profitless  ploughing  of  desert  sands," 
■and  the  utmost  he  sets  out  to  do  in  this 
way  is  to  try 

"'  to  make  it  clear  that  the  development  of 
feudalism  in  England  was   antedated    by  a 

•  em  of  landholding  in  the  boroughs  whieh 
later  was  called  the  burgage  tenure." 

If  Dr.  Hemmeon  does  not  cause  us  to 
modify  to  any  extent  the  general  features 
of  the  picture  we  had  already  formed  of 
landholding  in  the  English  mediaeval 
borough,  he  enables  us  to  fill  in  the 
outline  in  the  greatest  detail.  He  brings 
out  forcibly  the  wide  divergencies  that 
exist  d  between  town  and  town,  and 
makes  us  realize  with  added  clear- 
ness how  difficult  it  is  to  select  any  one 
Pjaca  as  the  typical  borough  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  [Miss  Bateson's  study  upon 
the  •  Laws  of  Breteuil  '  comes  in  for  severe 
criticism  ;    but  although  some  of  her  con- 

Bvrgage  Tenure  in  Mediaeval  England.  By 
Blorley  de  Wolf  Bammeon.  (Milford,  for 
Harvard  University  I'  .  ba\  net.) 

A  Select  Bibliography  for  the  Study,  Sources, 
I  Literature  of  English   Mediaeval  Eco- 
nomic History.     I  tompiled  by  a  Seminar  of 
the  London  School  of  Economics  under  the 
ervifflon  <>i  Hubert  Hall.      (P.  S.  King 
<V  Son,  fa  net.) 

Chronica  Johannis  de  Beading  <i  Anonymi 

'nut,,,,,,.  ,,8L»,  1346-1367.  Edited,  with 
Introduction  and  Notes,  by  .James  Ta.it. 
(Manchester  I  faiversity  Press,  10*  (id.  net.) 
Ycor-Books  of  Richard  II.:  J  J  Hi,  hard  II. 
A.D.  1388-1389.  Edited  tor  the  Ames 
Foundation  by  George  I'.  I  »■  ,  er.  m  .un- 
l>rid.  Etorvajd  University  Press;  London, 
-Milford,  U.  \s.  net.) 


elusions  may  need  to  be  revised  in  detail 
in  the  light  of  the  facts  adduced  by  Dr. 
Hemmeon,  we  do  not  think  that  the 
importance  of  Iter  work  is  seriously 
diminished.  Just  as  the  really  valu- 
able contribution  to  economic  history 
contained  in  Miss  Bateson's  brief  essay 
was  her  demonstration  that  we  must  look 
to  Normandy  if  we  are  to  understand  all 
the  influences  which  affected  the  boroughs 
created  hi  England  and  the  sister  kingdoms 
during  the  later  Middle  Ages,  so  the 
general  student,  if  not  the  specialist,  may 
be  chiefly  grateful  to  Dr.  Hemmeon 
for  the  suggestive  manner  in  which  he 
has  disclosed  affinities  between  the  older 
boroughs  of  England  and  those  of  other 
Germanic  lands. 

Except  in  the  shortest  chapter  of  his 
book,  the  author  confines  himself  to  the 
method  of  description  and  enumeration. 
He  groups  under  three  chapters,  each 
appropriately  subdivided,  the  facts  he  has 
collected  in  regard  to  the  incidents  of 
burgage  tenure,  burgage  rents,  and  the 
mobility  of  real  property  in  the  mediaeval 
borough.  But  the  method  he  adopts, 
necessary  and  valuable  as  it  is,  has 
inherent  defects  :  the  fatal  dullness  of 
the  catalogue  is  apt  to  creep  in,  particu- 
larly when  a  work  is  devoted  largely  to 
recording  small  divergences  in  detail.  Dr. 
Hemmeon  is  evidently  well  aware  of  this 
danger,  and  endeavours,  by  quip  and  jest, 
to  enliven  a  journey  which  he  fears  may 
be  a  little  tedious.  We  are  grateful  to 
him  for  his  anxiety  to  keep  us  amused, 
and  Ave  are  not  disposed  to  quarrel  with 
the  plan  he  has  adopted  to  accomplish 
this  end  ;  but  his  sprightliness  occasion- 
airy  betrays  him  into  unguarded  phrases. 
We  may  smile  when  he  remarks  upon 
';  the  well-known  poetic  grace  and  ro- 
mantic nature  of  the  mediaeval  English 
burgess  "  ;  but  we  read  only  with  regret 
such  comments  as  "The  English  burgess's 
gift  [of  rents  to  religious  foundations]  was 
commonly  the  outcome  of  credulity  and 
superstition,"  and  "  But  for  the  fear  of 
death  [on  the  part  of  burgesses]  many 
a  monk  might  have  been  an  honest 
worker."  Again,  we  fail  to  see  how 
an  inquisition  ad  quod  damnum  could 
'"  awaken  "  "  the  conscience  of  the  com- 
munity," and  more  particularly  in  the 
case  quoted  (p.  25),  where  (as  Dr.  Hem- 
meon's  authority  would  tell  him)  the 
inquisition  failed  to  reveal  the  fact  that 
a  legitimate  heir  was  alive,  although 
abroad,  with  the  result'  that  a  burgage 
already  in  the  king's  hands  as  an  escheat 
was  granted  to  a  third  party. 

Some  few  points  of  detail  call  for 
comment.  Dr.  Hemmeon  apparently  re- 
ds forfeiture  as  including  escheat 
propter  delictum  tenentia,  and  this  leads 
him  (in  a  number  of  cases  where  escheats 
are  so  named)  gravely  to  correct  the  texts 
ho  cites  ",  We  would  submit  that  in  matters 
of  this  kind  it  is  the  wiser  course  to  follow 
medieval  practice,  or  at  least,  to  refrain 
from  suggesting  that  mediaeval  jurors  and 
clerks  did  not  know  the  meaning  of  a  term 
with    which    they    were    entirely    familiar. 

Religioaut,    a    favourite     word    of     Dr. 
Hemmeon's,  is  not  generally  used  to  cover 


secular    clergy  ;     and    we    may    point    out 

that  the  question  whether  a  reltgiosus 
"  kept,  his  vows  "  or  not  would  not  affect 
the  possibility  of  his  leaving  heirs,  as  the 
author  seems  to  imply  (p.  27).  We 
do  not  understand,  since  Dr.  Hem- 
meon is  well  acquainted  with  "Borough 
Customs,'  how  he  could  come  to  write: 
"Concerning  freedom  of  devise.. .  .Miss 
Bateson  seems  to  have  known  nothing 
whatever"  (p.  171).  The  proofs  have 
been  read  with  care,  but  there  are  a  fewr 
slips  :  the  twentj  sixth  year  of  King 
Edward  cannot  be  of  Edward  IV.  (p.  23)  ; 
"  juratores  dicunt  Henricus  rex....dedit 
. . .  .terre"  (p.  44  n.)  cannot  be  construed, 
and  does  not  represent  the  text  of  the 
Hundred  Rolls  ;  "  Torskey  "  (pp.  46,  1G3, 
and  Index)  should  be  Torksey ;  and 
"•  unfortuitous  "  (p.  1!)1)  has  escaped 
correction. 

But  we  do  not  want  to  end  on  a  note 
of  criticism,  and  we  would  conclude  by 
commending  this  study  to  the  regard  of 
all  serious  students  of  mediaeval  economic 
and  legal  history,  and,  if  perchance  our 
words  may  weigh  with  them,  also  to 
future  writers  of  English  towrn  histories,  for 
whose  predecessors  Dr.  Hemmeon  has 
a  scornful  contempt ;  they  will  find  for 
their  assistance  a  good  Index  and  a 
good  Bibliography. 

The  '  Select  Bibliography  of  English 
Mediaeval  Economic  History '  before  us  will 
lighten  the  labours  of  those  concerned  with 
such  studies,  who,  as  Dr.  Hemmeon's 
and  many  kindred  books  bear  witness,  are 
constantly  growing  in  number.  Nor  will  its 
appeal  be  limited  to  students  of  economic 
history,  for  the  largest  section  of  the  book 
(Part  II.)  gives  in  a  hundred  pages  an 
excellent,  though  necessarily  brief,  survey 
of  the  records  of  England,  her  sister 
kingdoms,  and  her  Continental  neighbours  ; 
considerable  space  in  Part  I.  is  also 
devoted  to  records. 

It  is,  perhaps,  inevitable  in  works  of  this 
kind  that  there  should  be  one  or  two 
strange  omissions,  and  that  the  classifica- 
tion should  at  times  puzzle  us  ;  here,  for 
example,  we  fail  to  find  the  Paston  Letters, 
and  meet  Miss  Bateson's  essay  on  '  The 
Laws  of  Breteuil  '  under  '  The  Law 
Courts,'  separated  by  more  than  thirty 
pages  from  '  Borough  Customs  '  (correctly 
placed  under  '  The  Towns  ').  We  do  not 
think  it  was  altogether  wise  to  retain  in 
Part  III.  (•  Modern  Works')  the  occasional 
references  to  Continental  literature  dial- 
ing with  Continental  subjects:  as  the 
Preface    states,    "the    select  ion ....  is    not 

exhaustive,  and  is  even  arbitrary,"  and 
only  the  tact  that  the  references  included 
were  a pproximately  representative  would, 
in  our  v  Lew,  entirely  justif 3  their  presence  ; 
hut  no  Btudenf  who  has  read  the  prefatory 
remarks  will  be  misled.  We  are  glad  to 
n,, i,-  that  this  valuable  addition  to  English 
historical  bibliographies  concludes  with  an 
exhaustive  Index. 

In  theirFirsl  Report  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion upon  Public  Records,  in  suggesting 
thai  the"  Rolls  Series  "  might  be  revived, 
dnu  attention  to  the  many  historical 
texts  of  importance  which  have  still  to 


650 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


be  consulted  in  manuscript  or  in  editions 
of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies. The  publication  of  two  texts  of 
the  former  class,  Reading's  Chronicle  and 
another  by  an  anonymous  Canterbury 
hand,  serves  to  remind  us  that,  so 
long  as  that  suggestion  remains  un- 
fruitful, the  enterprise  of  scholars  and 
learned  societies  will  increase  the  number 
of  individual  volumes  which,  valuable  as 
they  may  be,  are  yet  edited  upon  no 
general  plan,  and  are  for  the  most  part 
likely  to  be  far  less  accessible  than  an 
official  series. 

The  first  text  which  Prof.  Tait  now 
supplies,  and  which  he  calls  '  Chronicon 
Johannis  de  Reading,'  has,  unlike  that 
which  follows,  been  the  subject  of  fre- 
quent reference  during  the  last  fifty  or 
sixty  years  ;  it  is  not  a  complete  work, 
but  consists  of  the  concluding  portion  of 
a  chronicle  compiled  at  Westminster 
ending  in  the  year  1367.  Reading,  who 
is  first  mentioned  as  a  monk  of  West- 
minster in  1339-40,  and  appears  to  have 
died  in  1368-9,  in  all  probability  took  up 
the  pen  c.  1366,  and  is  responsible  for  the 
entries  for  the  years  from  1346  onwards. 
He  was,  therefore,  contemporary  with  the 
events  he  describes ;  and  his  work, 
although  ill- written  and  ill-informed,  and 
largely  reproduced  by  other  writers  whose 
compilations  are  already  in  print  and 
well  known,  has  yet  sufficient  value  to 
justify  its  publication.  It  is  of  interest 
to  notice  that,  while  Reading's  Chronicle 
appears  to  have  been  used  for  the  con- 
tinuation of  Higden*s  '  Polychronicon,' 
for  the  '  Chronicon  Anglige,'  and  for  other 
related  Latin  chronicles,  it  formed  also 
one  of  the  sources  for  the  English  '  Brut.' 
The  passages  which  are  now  printed  for 
the  first  time,  although  fairly  considerable, 
are  of  comparatively  little  importance ; 
perhaps  the  most  valuable  information 
contained  in  the  new  matter  relates  to  a 
few  incidents  in  the  municipal  history  of 
London  and  the  internal  history  of  West- 
minster Abbey. 

The  text  which  the  editor  entitles 
'  Chronicon  Anonymi  Cantuariensis  '  is 
the  concluding  part  of  a  chronicle  that 
consists  of  the  Latin  '  Brut '  with  a  conti- 
nuation down  to  the  Battle  of  Najera  ;  no 
entry  before  1346  is  here  printed,  and  the 
period  represented  is,  therefore,  the  same 
as  that  covered  by  Reading's  Chronicle. 
This  second  text  is  far  the  briefer  and  less 
elaborate  and  its  chief  value  lies  in  the  fact 
that  from  1348  it  is  apparently  indepen- 
dent of  any  other  chronicle.  The  author 
seems  to  have  been  a  monk  of  Christ 
Church  (although  not,  it  would  appear, 
Stephen  Birchington,  as  Wharton  sup- 
posed), and  the  fresh  details  of  which  he 
puts  us  in  possession  relate  principally  to 
events  at  Canterbury.  His  additions  to 
our  knowledge  are  of  no  great  moment, 
but  some  items  relating  to  the  war  with 
France  and  his  notice  of  the  pestilence  of 
1361  are  interesting. 

The  two  texts  contained  in  the  volume 
together  extend  to  129  pp.,  while  the 
Introduction  and  notes,  both  in  smaller 
type,  extend  to  91  and  143  pp.  respec- 
tively.    We  trust  that  we  shall  not  be 


thought  hypercritical  if  we  suggest  that 
the  importance  of  the  texts  scarcely 
justifies  the  elaborate  treatment  which 
they  have  been  accorded,  and  if  we  add 
that,  while  the  critical  discussion  and 
annotation  leave  little  or  nothing  to  be 
desired  in  the  way  of  scholarship,  we  are 
a  little  puzzled  to  know  for  whom  the 
notes  are  in  all  cases  intended.  We  take 
as  an  example  the  note  upon  Reading's 
reference  to  Archbishop  Islip's  canon  of 
1362  regulating  the  stipends  of  chaplains. 
The  text  reads  : — 

"  Assignavitque  idem  archiepiscopus  non 
plus  dari  sacerdotibus  pro  annua  pensione 
quam  lxvis.  viiic?.  ;  quod  plures  iurari 
coegit  ac  praedari  "  ; 

and  the  editor,  deeming  this  notice  to  be 
"'  so  brief  as  to  be  misleading,"  attempts 
in  about  250  words  to  give  an  account  of 
the  rise  in  clerical  salaries  after  the  Black 
Death.  But  since  Reading's  statement, 
in  the  almost  identical  words  in  which  it 
appears  in  other  chronicles,  has  long  been 
in  print,  and  since  the  whole  question  of 
clerical  stipends  has  been  dealt  with  at 
some  considerable  length  by  more  than 
one  recent  writer,  a  brief  reference  to 
Wilkins's  '  Concilia  '  and  possibly  to  the 
Rolls  of  Parliament  and  the  Statutes  of 
the  Realm  would  surely  have  been  suffi- 
cient. As  the  note  stands,  it  will  give 
no  "further  assistance  to  serious  students 
of  ecclesiastical  history,  and  in  the  rather 
improbable  circumstance  of  a  young- 
student  having  recourse  to  this  volume 
for  the  general  history  of  the  period,  it 
will  certainly  prove  "  so  brief  as  to  be 
misleading."  Before  we  leave  the  subject 
of  notes,  we  may  remark  that  we  do  not 
understand  the  statement  at  p.  333  that 
there  was  an  inquiry  (in  the  year  1366) 
"  into  the  number  of  men  it  would  be 
possible  to  raise  from  lands  held  by 
scutage,  on  a  basis  of  one  man  per  fifteen 
librates,"  when  the  text  reads  "  quod 
quisque  decern  libras  annui  redditus  valens 
annuatim." 

The  book  is  well  bound  and  handsomely 
printed  on  good  paper,  and  there  is  a  full 
Index,  but  the  number  of  misprints 
which  have  remained  unnoticed  in  the 
Corrigenda  hardly  reflects  credit  on  a 
University  press.  We  may  mention 
"  numerenter  "  (p.  82),  "  AnnoZ  "  (p.  89), 
"  transienque  "  (p.  121),  "  oecisa  "  (p.  152), 
and  "  kwlendas  "  (p.  163).  Our  curiosity 
being  aroused  by  "  Roet.  Pari."  on  p.  311, 
we  found  on  collation  that  two  errors 
appeared  in  the  brief  passage  taken  from 
the  source  indicated.  Misprints  of  the 
character  we  have  noted  unfortunately 
shake  our  faith  in  the  text  before  us  when 
we  come  to  passages  difficult  or  impossible 
to  construe,  and  Prof.  Tait's  work  is  too 
good  to  be  subjected  to  baseless  suspicions. 

The  section  of  the  Year  -  Books  of 
Richard  II.  edited  by  Mr.  Deiser  appears 
in  circumstances  of  special  interest.  The 
reign  of  that  king  has  the  unique  ill- 
fortune  of  never  having  had  any  of  its 
Year-Books  printed,  either  in  old  or  new 
editions.  Accordingly,  when  America  con- 
templated making  its  first  contribution 
towards  a  complete  modern  edition  of  our 


mediaeval  law  reports,  for  which  Mait- 
land  put  in  so  eloquent  a  plea,  it  natur- 
ally chose  this  reign  for  its  field  of 
work.  An  unhappy  fortune,  similar  to 
that  which  left  others  to  carry  out  in 
England  the  work  which  Maitland  had 
begun,  deprived  the  American  series  of 
its  projector  and  organizer,  the  late 
Prof.  J.  B.  Ames  of  Harvard.  His 
untimely  death  retarded  the  production 
of  the  work  on  which  he  was  already 
engaged  ;  but  Mr.  Deiser  has  now  carried 
out  this  stage  of  the  undertaking,  and  the 
"  Ames  Foundation  "  has  appropriately 
"  made  possible  the  appearance  of  this 
volume." 

We  may  congratulate  Mr.  Deiser  on 
having  completed  this  arduous  work  on 
scholarly  lines,  though  it  is  never  very 
easy  to  take  up  a  half  -  done  task,  and 
there  are  obvious  difficulties  in  editing 
from  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  texts 
derived  frcm  manuscripts  which  are 
kept  in  England.  Essentially  the  work 
follows  the  methods  first  pursued  by  Mr. 
L.  0.  Pike,  and  afterwards  given  wider 
currency  by  Maitland.  The  Introduction 
has  a  touch  of  lightness  and  ease  that 
suggests  Maitland  himself;  and  Mr.  G.  J. 
Turner  has  indicated  the  references  to 
the  records  of  certain  of  the  cases  which 
Mr.  Deiser  has  caused  to  be  transcribed. 
The  text  and  translation  are  cempetently 
done,  despite  an  occasional  painful  aberra- 
tion like  that  which  "  extends  "  "  pro- 
fecturus  in  comitiva "  to  "  prefectuius 
in  comititia,"  and  translates  it  "  because 
he  is  a  prefect  in  the  service  of  "  !  Occa- 
sionally, too,  a  little  more  intrcductory 
matter  on  the  cases  would  have  been 
helpful ;  and  neither  the  Index  nor  the 
lists  of  counsel,  though  accurate,  seem  quite 
exhaustive.  An  interesting  feature  shew- 
ing a  development  in  legal  history  is  the 
fact  that  the  first  two  cases  reported  were 
argued  in  the  Exchequer  ;  but  by  far  the 
greater  part  of  the  volume  deals  with 
reports  of  cases  heard  in  the  Ccmmon 
Bench. 


The  Life  of  Matthew  Prior.     By  Francis 
Bickley.     (Pitman  &  Sons,  Is.  6d.  net.) 

The  record  of  a  poet's  life  is  generally  a 
dull  affair  :  a  tedious  collection  of  triviali- 
ties through  which  we  struggle  as  a  sort 
of  tribute  to  Culture.  Could  we  see  into 
the  minds  of  dead  men  as  we  see  into  our 
own,  no  doubt  the  poet's  walk  round  his 
garden  would  be  found  as  enthralling  as 
the  general's  survey  of  the  field  of  battle  ; 
but  it  makes  indifferent  copy,  ami;"  few 
indeed  are  the  biographies  of  poets  that 
any  one  would  either  write  or  read  for 
their  intrinsic  interest. 

The  case  of  Matthew  Prior  provides  a 
notable  exception.  The  everyday  busi- 
ness of  his  life  was  not  the  tour  of  his 
garden,  but  the  fulfilment  of  diplomatic 
duties  at  the  Hague  or  in  Paris,  at  the 
centre  of  the  foreign  policy  of  the  period. 
Nor  was  his  own  share  an  insignificant 
one  ;  the  historian  cannot  pass  him  by. 
"  Matt's  peace,"  the  popular  name  for 
the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  scarcely  exagge- 
rates   the    importance    of    the    part    he 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


T  II  EAT  II  E  N  JR  U  M 


651 


\ 


played  in  the  negotiations.  Born  in  the 
lowest  rank  of  life,  he  was  employed  as  a 
boy  in  a  tavern  which  by  good  fortune 
was  frequented  by  the  ^  its  ;  here  Lord 
I  k>rse1  found  him  one  day  reading  Horace, 
-and  generously  undertook  the  charges  of 
his  education.  Prior's  own  talents  did 
the  rest,  and  the  poor  joiner's  son  lived 
to  call  the  great  Bolingbroke  plain 
"  Harry."  and  to  be  a  persona  grata  with 
Louis  XIV.  With  such  materials  Mr. 
Bickley  has  written  a  biography  that  is 
rea  lable  and  informing,  giving  us  a  good 
insight  not  only  into  Prior's  capacity  for 
affairs  and  gay  temperament,  but  also 
int  >  his  relation  to  the  parties  and  politics 
of  those  troubled  times. 

Hut  Prior  belongs  rather  to  literature 
than  to  history,  and  his  verse  is  more  to 
the  world  than  his  share  in  the  Treaty  of 
Utrecht.  On  this  score  Mr.  Bickley, 
per. laps,  uses  Matt  a  little  unsympa- 
thetically.  He  frankly  tells  us  he  dislikes 
the  eighteenth  century.  Prior  might  have 
won  a  higher  place,  he  thinks,  "  had  he 
not  been  born  into  the  most  sterile  and 
sophisticated  age  of  English  poetry." 
This  is  a  kind  of  criticism  which  has  always 
seemed  to  us  to  be  futile.  It  is  as  though 
we  were  to  say  of  a  cup  of  tea  that  it 
would  be  better  if  it  were  a  glass  of 
wine  ;  whereas  the  truth  is,  that  though 
we  may  well  prefer  wine  to  tea,  yet  there 
is  a  time  for  both,  and  Ave  should  be  very 
sorry  when  teatime  comes  round  to  find, 
instead  of  our  Prior,  some  second-rate 
Herrick. 

In  the  case  of  Prior  this  talk  of  the 
sterility  and  artificiality  of  the  eighteenth 
century  is  specially  inept.  For  the  work 
he  lives  by — those  score  or  so  of  lyrics, 
light,  witty,  and  of  a  delicate  perfection 
— give  us  the  very  essence  of  that 
sophisticated  and  artificial  age.  Indeed, 
for  the  man  Matt  to  belong  to  the 
eighteenth  century  was  the  greatest  piece 
of  good  fortune  ;  what  sort  of  a  figure 
would  he  have  cut  as  an  Elizabethan 
dramatist  or  a  Lake  poet  ?  The  good 
fortune  is  ours,  too.  Prior's  longer  and 
more  serious  poems  have  not  stood  the 
of  time  ;  yet  they  contain  passages 
of  merit,  and  were  highly  thought  of  in 
their  day.  One  of  these,  '  Henry  and 
Emma.'  which  Mr.  Bickley  declares  to 
be  intolerable  except  to  "  keen  amateurs 
of  the  ludicrous,"  but  which  Horace 
W  Ijxde  considered  a  masterpiece,  is  a 
paraphrase  of  the  celebrate:!  '  Xut-Brown 
M  id.'  The  idea  of  improving  older 
poems  by  translating  them  into  a  more 
"  polite  "  style  was  popular  in  the  eigli- 
tei  ith  century,  and  amateurs  of  the 
tndicrouB  may  be  reminded  thai  Pope 
ntemplated  treating  Milton  in  this 
way. 

"I  hope,"  wrote  Dr.  Atterbury  to  him, 
"you  won't  utterly  forget  whal  passed  in 
th<-  coach  about  *  Samson  Agonistes  . . .  .some 
time  <>r  other  I  wish  you  would  review  and 
polish  that   piece. ..  ,i1   d<  your  fare 

and  is  capable  of  being  unproved,  with  Little 

b      ible,    into   B    perfed    model    and    standard 

of   tragic    poetry— always   allowing   for   its 
b<ii  g  a  story  taken  oul  of  the  Bible." 

The  relation  of  '  Henry  and  Emma  '  to 
'  The  Xut-Brown  Maid  '  is  much  what   we 


should  imagine  from  their  titles  ;  but  the 
comparison  is  apt  to  make  us  underrate 
Prior's  work.  The  following  passage  may 
stand  for  an  example  of  his  more  serious 
verse  at  its  best : — 

Thou,  ere  tlimi  goest,  unhappiesl  of  thy  kind. 

Must  leave  the  habit  and  the  sex  behind. 

\<>  longer  shall  tby  comelj  tresses  break 

In  flowing  ringlets  on  I  hy  snowy  neck  : 

Or  --it  behind  thy  head,  an  ample  round, 

In  graceful  braids  with  various  ribbon  bound  : 

No  longer  shall  thy  bodice,  aptly  laced, 

From  thy  fidl  bosom  to  thy  slender  waist. 

Thai  air  and  harmony  of  shape  express, 

Fine  by  degrees,  and  beautifully  less  : 

Nor  shall  thy  lower  garments'  artful  plait, 

From  thy  fair  side  dependent  to  thy  feet, 

Arm  their  chaste  beauties  with  a  modest  pride, 

And  double  every  charm  they  seek  to  hide. 

The  ambrosial  plenty  of  thy  shining  hair, 

Cropt  oft'  and  lost,  scarce  lower  than  thine  ear 

Shall  stand  uncouth  :  a  horseman's  coat  shall  hide 

Thy  taper  shape,  and  comeliness  of  side  : 

The  short  trunk-hose  shall  show  t  hy  foot  and  knee 

Licentious,  and  to  common  eyesight  free  : 

And,  with  a  bolder  stride  and  looser  air, 

Mingled  with  men,  a  man  thou  must  appear. 

This  is  far  from  intolerable.  But,  of 
course,  Prior  owes  his  place  among  our 
poets  to  his  delightful  "  vers  de  societe  " 
— models  of  perfection  which  have  been 
often  imitated,  but  never  surpassed.  Of 
this  kind  of  poetry  Cowper  has  an  excel- 
lent passage,  which  is  quoted  by  Mr. 
Bickley  : — 

"  Every  man  conversant  with  verse 
writing  knows,  and  knows  by  painful  ex- 
perience, that  the  familiar  stjde  is  of  all 
styles  the  most  difficult  to  succeed  in.  To 
make  verse  speak  the  language  of  prose, 
without  being  prosaic,  to  marshal  the  words 
of  it  in  such  an  order  as  they  might  naturally 
take  in  falling  from  the  lips  of  an  extem- 
porary speaker,  yet  without  meanness, 
harmoniously,  elegant ly,  and  without  seem- 
ing to  displace  a  syllable  for  the  sake  of  the 
rhyme,  is  one  of  the  most  arduous  tasks  a 
poet  can  undertake.  He  that  could  accom- 
plish this  task  was  Prior  ;  and  many  have 
imitated  his  excellence  in  this  particular, 
but  the  best  copies  have  fallen  far  short 
of  the  original.'"  I   j    \ 

The  last  few  words  unfortunately  apply 
to  the  frontispiece  of  Mr.  Bickley's  book, 
a  piece  of  work  unworthy  of  the  volume. 


Annotated  Edition  of  the  Authorised  Daily 
Prayer  Book,  with  Historical  and  Ex- 
planatory Notes,  and  Additional  Matter. 
Compiled,  in  accordance  with  the  Plans 
of  the  Rev.  S.  Singer,  by  Israel  Abra- 
hams.    (Eyre  &  Spottiswoode,  3s.  6d.) 

The  Jewish  Prayer  Book  has  so  far  not 
received  from  liturgiologists  the  attention 
which  it  deserves.  Even  a  superficial 
acquaintance  with  its  contents  would 
reveal  the  consistency  of  its  structure,  its 
dignity  of  language,  and  the  peculiar 
fervour  which  characterizes  it.  But  its 
chief  claim  to  recognition  tests  on  its 
value  as  a  long  piece  of  religious  history. 
It-  beginnings  date  hack  to  the  time  when 
Bacrificial  worship  was  still  offered  in  the 
it  Jerusalem  Sanctuary.  When  the 
city  fell,  and  Judaism  finally  parted 
company  with  the  newly  arisen  Christian 
('hutch,   the   central   and    most    Bignificanl 

portions  of  the  Prayer  Book  were  formu- 
lated   by  way  of  definitely  substituting 

prayer    for    sacrifice.      But     the    body    of 
doxologies,    prayers,    and     hymne    oon 


staidly  increased  as  time  went  on,  s  > 
that  in  the  Service  Book  as  it  now  lies 
before  us  synagogal  compositions  eighteen 
or  nineteen  hundred  years  old  arc  found 
almost  side  by  side  with  pieces  belonging 
to  the  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  whilst  some  Eastern  forms  of  the 
ritual  include  hymns  of  a  still  later  period. 

The  spirit  which  finds  eloquent  expres- 
sions in  these  Services  exhibits  a  peculiar 
combination  of  the  purely  national  with 
aspirations  of  the  widest  possible  form  of 
prophetic  universalism.  Nor  will  the 
liturgical  investigator  fail  to  recognize, 
amidst  much  that  is  decidedly  particularist 
and  occasionally  even  hostile,  distinct 
traces  of  close  affinity  with  the  Christian 
ritual,  thus  clearly  pointing  back  to  the 
tune  when  no  impassable  gulf  was  yet 
fixed  between  the  two  religions. 

The  present  edition  contains  t  he  Hebrew 
text  authorized  for  use  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  all  British  possessions, 
accompanied  by  the  late  Mr.  S.  Singer's 
translation,  both  of  which  have  been 
several  times  reprinted  ;  and  in  addition 
we  now  have  for  the  first  time  a  long 
series  of  historical  and  explanatory  notes, 
amounting  almost  to  a  full  commentary, 
by  Dr.  Israel  Abrahams. 

The  chief  authority  on  which  the 
annotator  relied  for  the  notes  was,  as  he 
himself  explains,  the  Hebrew  Commentary 
published  in  1868  by  S.  Baer,  a  careful 
scholar,  who  is  pretty  widely  known  as 
the  collaborator  with  Eranz  Delitzsch 
in  the  production  of  a  Masoretic  edition 
of  the  text  of  the  Old  Testament.  Dr. 
Abrahams  had,  however,  also  some  recent 
researches  into  the  history  and  develop- 
ment of  the  Prayer  Book  before  him.  and 
the  result  will  no  doubt  prove  very  useful 
and  helpful  to  a  wide  circle  of  persons 
approaching  the  subject  from  various 
points  of  view. 

By  way  of  criticism,  some  few  remarks 
only  need  be  offered  in  this  place.  Dr. 
Abrahams  appears  hardly  justified  in 
confidently  assigning  the  substance  of  the 
Prayer  of  Eighteen  to  the  second  century 
B.C.,  the  extant  evidence  seeming  rather 
to  point  to  the  latter  part  of  the  first 
century  a.d.  as  the  time  of  its  composi- 
tion. The  Gamaliel,  moreover,  whose 
name  is  linked  with  the  early  history 
of  the  prayer,  was  the  second  of  that 
name,  and  should  have  been  so  designated 
in  the  not:-s.  Misleading,  and  probably 
due  to  inadvertence,  is  the  statement 
that  ■•the  reading  of  the  Law,  as  intro- 
duced by  Ezra,  became  a  regular  Feature 
of  the  service."  We,  as  a  matter  o!  fact, 
only  know  that  K/.ra  read  the  Law  to  the 
people,  hut  there  are  n<>  details  concern- 
ing it  which  would  justify  the  clause    "  as 

int  roduoed  by  Ezra." 

Some  other  points  might  be  men- 
tioned, hut  we  will  close  \\  ith  a  reference 
to  the  Famous  hymn  beginnii)  "  Adon 
ohm."  Dr.  Abrahams  L'i\cs  the 
rhythmic  scheme  of  the  poem  on  p.  i\. 
hut  in  the  piece  itself.  ;is  vocalized  on 
|).  :{.  the   licences  of  enunciation   which 

the    poet     allowed     himself   ha\c    been    dJS- 
trded,    and    as   a    consequence   some   of 
1  he  lines  do  not  >can. 


652 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


FICTION. 

The    World  Set  Free.     By  H.   G.   Wells. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Mr.  Wells's  new  book  can  be  classed 
as  fiction  only  in  a  limited  sense ;  it 
is  his  latest  Utopia,  the  confession  of  the 
faith  that  is  in  him  concerning  the  future 
of  mankind.  All  Utopias,  since  the  first 
of  them,  have  been  in  the  nature  of 
criticisms  of  existing  society  ;  Mr.  Wells 
criticizes  it  for  its  waste  of  energy  just 
as  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  William 
Morris  attacked  it  for  its  waste  of  the 
pleasure  possible  in  work.  Like  Morris, 
he  sees  that  our  modern  society,  as  un- 
stable as  a  muddy  edd^y  in  a  torrent,  is 
breaking  clown  from  the  sheer  impossi- 
bility of  employing  all  its  members  in 
the  sole  occupation  which  it  recognizes 
for  them — the  production  of  profit;  and, 
again  like  him,  predicates  a  catastrophic 
ending  of  the  present  state  of  affairs. 
It  is,  we  may  remark,  curious  that  none  of 
our  seers  has  sufficient  faith  in  the  power 
of  ideas  to  believe  that  mankind  as  a  whole 
can  ever  be  brought  to  reconsider  its 
position  without  some  deus  ex  machina, 
some  unnecessary  violence  to  bring  it 
to  a  halt  on  its  way. 

The  catastrophe,  in  this  case,  only 
slightly  forestalls  the  inevitable  break- 
down of  society  owing  to  the  enormous 
simplification  of  production  caused  by  the 
disco  very  of  the  way  in  which  the  energy 
of  the  atom  can  be  made  available,  the 
simultaneous  depreciation  of  gold  by 
its  manufacture  as  a  by-product,  and 
the  displacement  of  labour  this  simplifica- 
tion entails.  War  is  the  only  way  in 
which  this  human  waste  can  be  employed, 
and  when  it  comes,  the  new  force  liberated 
is  so  potent  for  destruction  that  the 
whole  framework  of  society  is  dissolved, 
and  mankind  is  set  free  to  build  up  a  new 
life  for  itself.  The  story  of  the  conven- 
tion of  notables  and  ex-rulers  who,  with 
real  power  in  their  hands  for  the  first 
time,  embark  on  the  task  of  reorganization, 
forms  an  amusing  interlude,  with  a 
touch  of  melodrama  in  the  fate  of  the  king 
who  tried  to  profit  by  the  opportunity  of 
the  moment  to  make  himself  master  of 
the  Avorld  on  the  old  lines. 

It  is,  however,  in  the  New  World  which 
Mr.  Wells  brings  before  us  that  we  are 
most  interested.  We  are  afraid  that  it 
cannot  be  described,  like  that  of  Morris, 
as  an  epoch  of  rest.  It  is  a  scientific 
paradise  with  dark  hints  of  synthetic 
foods,  though  its  inhabitants,  wonderful 
to  say,  prefer  for  the  present  field-grown 
vegetables,  and  Ave  are  not  told  that 
meat  is  prohibited.  Mr.  Wells  is  well 
disposed  to  art,  without  any  real  under- 
standing of  what  art  is.  "  The  majority 
of  our  people  are  artists,"  he  says  of  his 
new  world,  not  realizing  that  the  essential 
quality  of  art  lies  not  in  what  is  done, 
but  how  it  is  done,  and  that  it  is  incon- 
ceivable that  a  free  man  doing  freely 
chosen  work  for  his  own  pleasure  should 
not  show  that  pleasure  in  his  work.  We 
have  mistrusted  Mr.  Wells's  views  on  the 
arts  since  he  proposed  to  substitute  for  one 


of  the  most  pleasant  of  them,  building,  a 
machine  squeezing  walls  out  like  paint 
from  a  collapsible  tube. 

As  his  readers  will  readily  surmise, 
Mr.  Wells  attacks  once  more  the  sphinx 
problem  of  civilization,  the  question  of 
the  relation  between  men  and  women, 
and  incidentally  of  love.  If  we  are 
to  take  Karenin  as  his  exponent,  we 
are  to  look  forward  to  the  abolition  of 
much  that  our  poets  and  writers  describe 
as  love,  a  mixed  feeling  which  gets  in  the 
way  of  rational  human  companionship 
between  men  and  women.  It  is  the  feeling 
of  possession — hardly  separable  in  our 
present  conception  of  love  from  its  other 
relationships — which  has  to  be  eliminated 
from  it.  Woman  "  must  cease  to  be  our 
adventure — and  come  with  us  on  our 
adventures."  It  may  be  that  when  life 
opens  up  more  freely,  the  relative  import- 
ance of  personal  love  will  diminish,  and 
take  its  place  among  the  elementals  of  life 
without  obtruding  itself  into  the  good- 
comradeship  of  every  day. 

We  remark  with  pleasure  signs  of  a 
greater  attention  to  the  prose  rhythm  of  this 
book— passages  of  high  merit.  The  first 
essential  of  a  good  prose  style,  at  any  rate 
as  long  as  thought  is  rigorously  chained  to 
speech,  is  that  it  can  be  read  aloud. 
But  every  now  and  then  the  author's 
vigilance  has  relaxed  with  unfortunate 
results.  Such  a  sentence  as,  ''It  was 
the  first  record  of  the  first  apparatus 
heavier  than  air  that  ever  maintained 
itself  in  the  air  by  mechanical  force," 
should  never  have  been  written  by  any  one 
with  an  ear  for  the  music  of  our  language, 
or  a  feeling  for  his  craft. 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Foster    (A.    E.    Manning),    Anglo-Catholicism, 

"  People's  Books,"  fid.  net.  Jack 

A    study    of   the    Anglo-Catholic   movement, 

with  a  brief  Introduction  by  Dr.  R.  L.  Langford- 

James. 

Fowler  (W.  Warde),  Roman  Ideas  of  Deity  in 

the    Last   Century    before   the    Christian 

Era,  5/  net.  Macmillan 

Lectures  delivered  in  Oxford  for  the  Common 

University  Fund. 

Mothers'  Union  :   Little  Book  of  Prayers,  Id. 

Mowbray 
A   few   prayers   for   the   use   of   mothers   on 
various  occasions. 

Owen  (D.  C),  The  Infancy  of  Religion,  "  The 
S.  Deiniol's  Series,"'  3/6  net.  Milford 

The  author  has  examined  the  most  primitive 
and  rudi7Xientary  forms  of  religion  in  order  to  dis- 
cover whether  it  "  could  legitimately  be  called 
an  instinct  of  human  nature,"  and  as  a  result  of 
his  studies  is  "  more  convinced  than  ever  of  the 
reality  of  the  religious  sense,  and  of  the  tenacity 
of  its  hold  upon  primitive  folk." 

Thompson  (T.),  The  Offices  of  Baptism  and 
Confirmation,  "  Cambridge  Handbooks  of 
Liturgical  Study,"  6/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
An    account    of    the     liturgical     history     of 
baptism   and   confirmation,   showing  the  develop- 
ment of  the  services  and  the  relation  of  various 
rites  to  each  other. 

Westminster   Version    of    the   Sacred   Scriptures  : 

The  New  Testament,  Vol.  III.  :  St.  Paul's 
Epistles  to  the  Churches  :  Part  II.  The 
First  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  by  the 
Rev.  Cuthbert  Lattey,  paper  1/  net,  cloth  1/6 
net.  Longmans 

Containing  an  historical  Introduction,  text, 
foot-notes,  and  Appendixes. 


Wood  (Michael),  The  Life  of  Prayer,  Qd.  net. 

Mowbray 
A  little  book  for  devotional  reading. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Catalogue  of  the  Books  and  Manuscripts  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  in  the  Library  of 
the  late  Harry  Elktns  Widener,  with  a 
Memoir  by  A.  S.  W.  Rosenbach. 

Philadelphia,  Privately  Printed 
This  Catalogue  "contains an  almost  complete 
list  of  the  first  editions  of  the  author's  works." 
It  is  illustrated  with  reproductions  of  title-pages, 
autograph  letters,  &c,  and  Mr.  Rosenbach  con- 
tributes an  appreciation  of  H.  E.  Widener.  The 
edition  is  limited  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  copies, 
for  private  circulation  only. 

Hodgkin  (J.  E.)  Collections,  Catalogue  of  the 
Valuable  Library,  2/6  Sotheby 

An  illustrated  catalogue  of  the  library,  com- 
prising illuminated  and  historical  manuscripts, 
early  woodcut  books,  and  examples  of  old  stamped 
bindings.  The  sale  will  take  place  on  May  12th 
to  15th  inclusive,  and  May  18th  and  19th. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Alexander  (S.),  The  Basis  of  Realism,  1/  net. 

Milford 
This  paper  is  reproduced  from  vol.  vi.  of  the 
Proceedings  of  the  British  Academy. 

Driesch  (Hans),  The  Problem  of  Individuality, 
a  Course  of  Four  Lectures  delivered  before  the 
University  of  London  in  October,  1913,  3/6  net, 

Macmillan 
The  first  two  lectures  form  a  brief  revision  of 
the  subject  as  treated  by  the  author  in  his  Gifford 
Lectures  on  '  The  Science  and  Philosophy  of  the 
Organism  '  ;  in  Lecture  III.,  on  '  The  Logic  of 
Vitalism,'  he  develops  his  "  general  theory  of 
Becoming,"  and  in  the  last  lecture  discusses  the 
problem  of  Monism. 

Kant's  Critique  of  Judgement,  translated,  with 
Introduction  and  Notes,  by  J.  H.  Bernard, 
10/  net.  Macmillan 

A  second  and  revised  edition. 

Prince  (Morton),  The  Unconscious,  the  Funda- 
mentals of  Human  Personality,  Normal  and 
Abnormal,  8/6  net.  Macmillan 

An  introduction  to  abnormal  psychology. 

POETRY. 

Abbott    (W.    H.),    Vision,    a    Book    of    Lyrics, 

2/6  net.  Elkin  Mathews- 

This   volume    contains   many  sonnets :    some 

miscellaneous  pieces,  such  as  '  Convent  Pictures* 

and  '  Song  :  Lisette  ' ;   and  translations  from  Heine, 

Albino,  (Francis  Edward),  On  Sorrow's  Harp,  2/ 
net.  Washbourne 

Plaintive  verses  on  '  Death's  Whirlwind,'" 
'  Dumb  Preachers,'  '  The  Problem  of  Evil,'  &c. 

Arensberg  (Walter  Conrad),  Poems,  $1  net. 

Boston,  Houghton-Mifflin  Co, 
A  collection  of  miscellaneous  verses,  sonnets, 
quatrains,  and  translations. 

Brock    (Blanche    Adelaide),    Bequeathed    Mid- 
Ocean,  3/6  net.  John  Long 
A  narrative  piece  written  in  heroic  couplets. 

Cadwaladr  (J.  J.),  "Eos  Gwalia,"  Songs  for  Music, 

and  Other  Verses,  1  /  Drane 

Some  patriotic  pieces,  such  as  '  An  English 

Toast,'    '  The  King,'   '  Wake   Up,   England !'   and! 

other  verses. 

Cammell  (Charles),  Fafryland,  3/6  net. 

Humphrey* 
A  long  piece  in  three  cantos :  '  Faeries  of  the 
Sea,'    '  Faeries   of  the   Forest,'    and    '  Elizabeth's 
Faeryland.' 

Gage  (Gervais),  From  Far  Lands,  Poems  of 
North  and  South,  5/  Macmillan 

In  the  earlier  verses  Mr.  J.  Laurence  Rentout 
records  his  life  in  North  Ireland,  England,  and 
Germany.  The  verses  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
volume  were  written  in  Australia,  "  the  Far  Land 
of  his  adoption." 

Hardy  (Blanche  C),  Artegal,  a  Drama  ;  Poems 
and  Ballads,  3/6  net.  John  Long 

'  Artegal,'  a  play  of  early  Britain,  is  written 
mainly  in  blank  verse.  Some  of  the  short  pieces- 
are  reproduced  from  The  Westminster  Gazette, 
Vanity  Fair,  and  other  papers. 

Moffatt  (Warneford),  New  Canadian  Poems,  2/$ 

net.  Simpkin  &  Marshall 

This  volume  contains  many  patriotic  pieces, 

as    well    as    verses    of    personal    experience    and 

reminiscence. 


No.  4515,  May  9.  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


653 


Okelelgh  (Credita>,  V  Wreath  op  ROSEMARY,  OH 
Melodies  from  Far  Away,  1/  Drane 

\   small   collection   of   verses,   including   '  A 
lUnu'li  of  White  Violets.'  •  The  White  Lane,   and 
■  The  Garden  of  Illusion.' 
Roberts  ,  Lloyd),  Enoland  ovek  Seas,  2  t>  net. 

Blkin  Mathews 

\  small  collection  <>f  verses,  including  '  The 
Homesteader,'  '  The  Berry  Pickers,'  and  '  The 
-     riot  Trails.' 

Safroni-Middleton  (A.),  A  Vagabond's  Philo- 
sophy in  Various  .Moods,:;  6 net.  Constable 
Miscellaneous  verses,  including  '  Songs  of  the 

■onto  Seas.' 

Songs  of  the  South  :  Choicb  Selections  from 
Southern  Poets  from  Colonial  Times  to  the 
Pbbsent  Day.  collected  and  edited  by  Jennie 
Thornley  Clarke,  with  an  Appendix  of  Brief 
Biographical  Notes,  and  an  Introduction  by 
Joel  Chandler  Harris.  .">    net.  Moling 

A  third  and  revised  edition. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Allen  (P.  S.»,  The  Age  or  Erasmus,  Lectures  de- 
livered in  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  London, 
i!     not.  Oxford,   Clarendon   Press 

Those  lectures,  when  delivered  in  London, 
were  noticed  briefly  in  The  Athenaeum  on  Febru- 
ary 11.  p.  2112:  February  21,  p.  270  :  February  28, 
p.  318;  .March  7.  p.  345. 

Barrington     (Mrs.     Russell),     Life    of    Walter 

Bagehot.  12  (i  net.  Longmans 

An    account    of   Bagehot's   life   and   writings, 

by    hi-    sister-in-law.      There    are    portraits    and 

other  illustrations  in  the  book. 

Clay  (Rotha  Maryi,  The  Hermits  and  Anchor- 
ites of  England,  "  The  Antiquary's  Books," 
7  6  not.  flffethuen 

A  description  of  the  daily  life  of  "  the  lonely 
dwellers  in  fen  and  forest,  hillside  and  cliff, 
cloister  ami  churchyard,"  and  account  of  the 
iniluence  these  men  had  on  the  community. 
There  are  many  illustrations. 

Ditchfield  (P.  H.),  London  Survivals,  a  Record  of 
the  Old  Buildings  and  Associations  of  the  City, 
10;  6  net.  Methuen 

An  account  of  the  treasures  of  antiquity 
which  still  survive  in  London,  with  over  a  hun- 
dred illustrations  by  -Mr.  E.  L.  Wratten. 

Early  English  Text  Society  :  The  Coventry  Leet 
Book  :  OR,  .Mayor's  Register,  containing  the 
Records  of  the  City  Court  Leet  or  View  of 
Frankpledge,  a.d.  1420-1555,  with  Divers 
Other  .Matters,  transcribed  and  edited  by  .Mary 
Dormer  Harris,  Part  IV.,  10/  Kegan  Paul 

Containing   an    Introduction,    the   remaining 

part  of  the  text,  with  foot-notes,  Glossary,  and 

Index--. 

Hall    (Thornton^,    Romances    of   the    Peerage, 

12  <i  net.  Holden  &  Hardingham 

Including  sketches  of  Barbara  Villiers,  Lady 

Mary   Wortley   .Montagu,  and   Lord   George  Ben- 

tinck.      The  book  is  illustrated  with  portraits. 

Jerrold  | Clare  t,  The  .Story  of  Dorothy  Jordan, 
15      net.  Nash 

The  author  has  examined  documents  regard- 
ing Dorothy  Jordan's  parentage,  her  baptismal 
name,  and  dates  of  birth  and  death,  and  claims 
to  have  cleared  away  much  of  the  mystery  with 
which  lor  name  has  previously  been  surrounded. 

Lutzow    Count  ,  The  Hussite  Wars,  12/6  net. 

Dent 
This  work  may  he  regarded  as  a  sequel  to  the 
author's  '  Life  ami  Times  of  Master  John  Bus  '  ; 
ds  with  "  the  lengthy  wars  in   Bohemia  and 
the  neighbouring  countries  that  were  the  inevit- 
able result  of  his  unjust  condemnation." 

MacColl    Malcolmi,  Memoirs  and  Correspond* 

v  the  Right    Hon.   George   W.   E. 

Russell.  io/8  net.  Smith  ft  Elder 

The  Jo r  portion  of  this  book  is  given  over 

to  the  Memoir.  The  second  part  contains  letters 
from  (-lad-tone.  Lord  Salisbury,  Cardinal  New- 
man, and  other  well-known  people,  and  short 
introductory  notes  about  the  circumstances  in 
which  (anon  HacGoll  became  acquainted  with 
Ins  various  correspondent  -. 
Masson     Rosaline  ,    BoBHBri    LOOIS    STEVENSON, 

id.   net.  Jack 

A  little  memoir  in  "  The  People's  Books." 

Petrarch,  the  First  Modern  Scholar  and 
Mam  or  i.i.ni  Selection  from  hi     Corre- 

spondence, translated  from  the  Original  Latin. 
together  with  Historical  Introductions  and 
Notes,   by    |  Harvey    Robinson,  with  the 

laboiation     of     Henry     Winchester     Rolfe, 

7    <•   ■  Pttt  nam 

A  revised  edition  containing  ,-i  new  chapter 
on  Petrarcii       8     ret.' 


Putnam  (George  Haven),  Memories  of  «v 
Tooth,  bstt   1865,  7/fl  net.  rut  nam 

The  author  records  his  student-days  in 
France   and    Germany,    visits   to    England,    and 

active  service  in  the  Civil  War.  It  is  his  purpose 
to  continue  the  story  of  his  life  in  another  volume, 
under  the  title  of  '  Memories  of  a  Publisher.' 

Ragnau  (Right  Rev.  Edmond  Canon  Hugues  de), 
The   Vatican,   the   Center  of   Government  of 

the  Catholic   World,   16/  net.  \ppleton 

An  examination  of  the  constitution  and 
Organization  of  the  Catholic  Church  and  its 
iniluence  on  modern  civilization. 

Review  of  Historical  Publications  relating  to 
Canada,  edited  by  George  M.  Wrong,  II.  II. 
Langton,  and  W.Stewart  Wallace,  Vol.  XVIII., 
$1.50.  Toronto,  Glasgow  iV  Brook 

Reviews  of  hooks  on  Canada  published  during 
191.'?,  classified  under  such  headings  as  '  Canada's 
Relations  to  the  Empire'  and  'Provincial  and 
Local  History.' 

Stanhope  (Ghita),  The  Life  of  Charles,  Third 

Earl    Stanhope,    revised    and    completed    by 

G.  P.  Gooch,  10/  net.  Longmans 

This   biography  of  the   third    Earl   Stanhope 

was     begun     by     his     great-groat -granddaughter. 

After  her  death  in  1012  Mr.  Gooch  undertook  the 

editing   of   the   manuscript,   and   has   contributed 

several  chapters. 

Tchobanian  (Archag),  The  People  of  Armenia  : 

their  Past,  their  Culture,  their  .Future, 

1/6  net.  Dent 

A    translation    of    M.    Tchobanian's    lecture, 

given  in  French,  by  Lieut. -Col.  G.  Marcar  Gregory, 

with  an  Introduction  by  Viscount  Bryce. 

Waddington  (Mary  King),  My  First  Years  as  a 

Frenchwoman,   10/0  net.  Smith  &  Elder 

Reminiscences    of    political    and    diplomatic 

circles  in  Paris  in  the  years  immediately  following 

the  Franco-German  War. 

Winstanley  (L.),  Tolstoy,  "  The  People's  Books," 

Qd.  net.  Jack 

A  sketch  of  Tolstoy's  life  and  a  description 

and  criticism  of  his  waitings. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Baedeker  (Karl),  Russia,  with  Teheran,  Port 

Arthur,  and  Peking,  Handbook  for  Travellers, 

18/  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

This  handbook  is  illustrated  with  forty  maps 

and  seventy-eight  plans. 

Bell    (Alured    Gray),    The    Beautiful    Rio    de 

Janeiro,  42/  net.  Heinemann 

A   description   of   the   city,    its   architecture, 

gardens,     government,     and     various     activities. 

The  book  is  illustrated  by  numerous  reproductions 

of  paintings,  caricatures,  and  photographs. 

Fairford  (Ford),  Canada,  "  The  People's  Books,'' 

Orf.  net.  Jack 

A  brief  account  of  the  history,  natural   and 

social    conditions,     products,    and    industries    of 

Canada. 

Walcott  (Arthur  S.),  Java  and  her  Neighbours, 

a     Traveller's     Notes     in     Java.     Celebes,     the 

Moluccas,  and  Sumatra,  10/0  net.  Putnam 

An   account  of  travels   in   the   East   Indies, 

giving  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  the  islands 

and  their  present  position  under  Dutch  rule.      The 

book  is  illustrated  with  many  photographs  and  a 

map. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Best  (Harry),  The  Deaf  :  their  Position  in 
Society  and  the  Provision  for  their  Educa- 
tion in  the  United  States,  $2  net. 

New  York,  Crowd  1 
A  study  of  the  attitude  of  the  State  towards 
the  deaf  in  the  United  States. 

Mecklin  (John  Moffatt),  Democracy  and  Race 
Friction,  a  Study  in  Social  Ethics,  5/0  net. 

Macmillan 
A  discussion  of    certain    racial    problems  by 
the    Professor  of    Philosophy    in    the    University 
of  Pittsburgh. 

Munsterberg  <Hugoi,  PSYCHOLOGY  and  Social 
Sanity,  :>/  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

A  study  of  various  problems  in  practical  life 
made  from  tin-  psychological  standpoint.  The  rob- 
dealt  with  include  Sex  Education,  Socialism, 
Thought  Transference,  Advertising,  and  Naive 
Psychology.  The  aim  is  to  show  that  social  diffi- 
culties are  dependent  on  mental  conditions  with 
which  modern  psychology  can  oope, 

Veblen  (Thorstein,  Tin:  Instimt  oi  WORKMAN- 
BHIP,  6/8  net.  Macmillan 

\  urvey  of  the  correlation  between  industrial 
custom  and  the  other  facts  thai  go  to  make  op  any 
given  phase  of  civilization.  The  analysis  is  I 
on  the  materialistic  assumptions  of  modern  science, 
and  the  subject  is  treated  historically  from  primi- 
tive technology  to  the  maohine  industry. 


ECONOMICS. 
Bilgram   (Hugo)   and    Levy   (Louis   Edward),   Tin: 
Cause    of    Business    Depressions    as    Dis- 
closed by  an  Analysis  of  the  Basic  Prin- 
ciples op  Economics,  8    net.  Lippincott 

A  study  of  the  economic  causes  of  industrial 
depression. 

POLITICS. 

Stevens  (E.  J.  C), '  Jest  Evans,"  White  and  BLACK  , 
an   inquiry   into  South   Africa's  Creates!    Pro- 
blem,  0/   net.  Simpkin    ,V    Marshall 
A  discussion  of  the  colour  question   in  South 
Africa. 

PHILOLOGY. 
Aristophanes,  The  Acharnians,  edited  from  the 
MSS.    and    Other    Original    Sources    by    Richard 
Thomas   Elliott,   1  1/  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Containing     an     Introduction,     revised     text. 

notes,   and    "excursuses    upon     Athena  us's    Text 

of  Aristophanes,  the  Papyrus  Fragments  of  'The 

Acharnians,'  and    the  Greek    Dialects   in  Aristo- 
phanes." 

Philological    Club    of    the    University    of    North 
Carolina  :  Studies  ix  Philology,  Vol.  XI. 
Menasha  Wisconsin,   George   Banta    Pub.   Co. 

Contains  '  The  Shopheards  Calender,  II.,'  by 
Mr.  Edwin  Greenlaw:  "The  Celtic  Origin  of  the 
Lay  of  Yonec,'  by  Mr.  T.  P.  Cross  ;  '  A  Note  on 
Phormio,'  by  Mr.  George  Howe  ;  and  '  Authorship 
and  Interpretation  of  the  e\-  rrjs  fxoi'criKrjs  itrropias, 
by  Mr.  Wilbur  II.  Koyster. 

LITERARY     CRITICISM. 

Gratacap  (L.  P.),  The  Substance  of  Literature, 

4/  net.  Stevens  &  Brown 

An  essay  dealing  chiefly  with  "  the  influence 

of    the    subject-matter    of    Sin,    Ignorance,    and 

Misery  in  Literature." 

Tillyard  (H.  J.  W.),  Greek  Literature,  "The 

People's  Hooks,"  6d.  net.  Jack 

An  outline  of  ancient  Greek  literature.     Each 

chapter   has  a  selected   Bibliography,   which   "  is 

coniined  to  books  needing  no  knowledge  of  Greek." 

EDUCATION. 
Anarchy    or    Order,    Twelve    Papers    for    the 
Times,  1/  Duty  and  Discipline  .Movement, 

117,  Victoria  Street,  S.W. 
The  various  writers  all  urge  the  necessity  for 
discipline  in  training  children. 
Badley  (J.  H.),  Co-Education  in  Practice,    1/ 
net.  Cambridge,  Heffer  ; 

London,  Simpkin  iV.  -Marshall 
This  pamphlet    contains   the  substance  of  an 
address    delivered    to    "  The    Heretics  "    in    Cam- 
bridge  last   February,    with   some   additions   and 
three  Appendixes. 

MacMunn  (Norman),  A  Path  to  Freedom  in  the 
School,  2/  net.  Bell 

A  discussion  of  the  '  Theory  of  Child  Fman- 
cipation,'  with  a  plea  for  a  system  of  teaching  in 
partnership  and  the  establishment  of  Common- 
wealth schools. 

Morgan     (Barbara     Spofford),     The     Backward 
Child,  a  Study  of  the   Psychology  and  Treat- 
ment of  Backwardness,  .">    net.  Putnam 
A    practical     manual     for    teachers,    with    an 
Introduction  by  -Miss  Elizabeth  F.  I'arrell. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 
Carson  (G.  St.  L.)  and  Smith  (David  Eugene),  Ele- 
ments of  Aloerra,  Part  I.,  3/  Ginn 
This  textbook  is  an  introduction  to  Algebra, 
and  contains  revision  papers,  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
history  of  the  subject,  an. I   Logarithmic  Tables. 
Here  and  There  Stories:    JUNIOR,  CHILDREN  of 
Herb  and  There,  3d.  :    and  Senior,   Herb 
and  There  in  America,  .v.              .Macmillan 

Paper-COVered      Headers,     with     illustrations. 
The     latter     contains     extracts    from    Washington 
Irving,   Charles    Kingsley,  and   other  writers. 
How  and   Why  Stories:    JUNIOR,   CfflLDREN  of 

the  Fields  and   W< s:    Bow  they  Hunt 

and    Why    THEY     Hide,    '■'•<!.  :     and    Intermi. - 
DiATB,  The  Magic  Garden,  by    Elsie   nioin- 

lield,  id.  Macmillan 

lllust  rated  Readei  a  In  Nature  study. 
Isaiah    XL.-LXVL,    edited    by    Rev.    W.    A.    L. 

Blmslie  and   Rev.  John  Skinner,   I    »i  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
Containing  an  historical  introduction  on  the 

traditional      authorship,      external      and      internal 
evidence,  and   the  teaching  and   religious  value  of 

the  book  i  a  Chronological  Table  •,  the  text  oi  the 
Revised  Version,  with  foot-notes  j  and  an  index. 
Then  and   Now   Stories:    JUNIOR,   0BTLDHBM   OF 
Thin   and    Now,   3d,  :     INTERMEDIATE,  STORY- 
TELLERS 01    THEN  and  Now.  id.  :    and  SENIOR, 

i. ii  i.  an  England  Them  and  Now,  ."></. 

.Macmillan 
Header-  punted   in  cleat   type  and  Illustrated. 


654 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


John  Long 


FICTION. 

Baker  (C.  P.),  The  Magic  Tale  of  Harvanger 
and  YOLANDE,  0/  Mills  &  Boon 

A  fantastic  tale  of  a  youth  of  humble  birth. 
Whilst  minding  his  father's  cattle  on  the  hills,  he 
meets  on  three  occasions  a  stranger  who  inquires 
the  way  to  Scaur  Gap — beyond  which,  he  was  told, 
was  to  be  found  "  the  best  thing  in  the  world.' 
On  the  death  of  his  parents  he  determines  to  set 
out  on  the  same  errand,  and  learn  something  of 
the  world. 

Belloc  (Hilaire),  The  Girondin,  Id.  net.      Nelson 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Bindloss  (Harold),  Blake's  Burden,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 

The  hero  voluntarily  bears  the  disgrace  of 

cowardice  which  his  cousin  incurred  in  a  frontier 

skirmish,   and    afterwards    seeks    his    fortune    in 

Canada. 

Cleeve  (Lucas),  His  Italian  Wife,  Qd. 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Fiastri  (Virginia  Guicciardi),  From  Opposite 
Shores,  translated  from  the  Italian  by  Helene 
Antonelli,  "  Library  of  Translations,"  6/ 

Goschen 

This    novel    describes    conflicting   social    and 

clerical  influences  in  the  district  of  Reggio  at  the 

close    of    the    nineteenth    and    beginning    of    the 

twentieth  century. 

Griffith  (George),  The  World  Masters,  Qd. 

John  Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Henry-Ruffln  (M.  E.),  The  Shield  of  Silence, 
5/6  New  York,  Benziger  Bros. 

The  story  of  a  crime  told  in  confession  to  a 
priest,  who  is,  of  course,  bound  to  secrecy.  Some 
of  the  scenes  are  laid  in  the  United  States,  and 
others  in  Northern  Spain. 

Hillis  (Newell  Dwight),  The  Story  of  Ph^drus, 

How  we  got  the  Greatest  Book  in  the  World, 

5/6   net.  Macmillan 

A  story  of  a  Greek  slave,  Phgedrus,  who  came 

under  the   influence   of   Christianity.     There   are 

illuminations  by  Mr.  George  W.  Bardwell. 

Jones  (Margam),  Angels  in  Wales,  6/ 

John  Long 
A  tale  of  Welsh  life  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

Kernahan  (Mary),  Dr.  Ivor's  Wife,  6/  Allen 

In  order  to  fulfil  the  terms  of  an  old  lady's  will 
and  to  secure  thereby  a  fortune,  a  marriage  of 
convenience  is  arranged  between  an  impecunious 
schoolmistress  and  an  embittered  doctor.  The 
story  shows  the  process  by  means  of  which  his 
chilled  heart  is  thawed  and  her  reil  sentiments 
fi  nd  expression. 

MacLaren  (Emily),  The  Web  of  Circumstance,  a 
Romance,  1  /  net.  Murray  &  Evenden 

A  story  of  ancient  Rome. 

Martindale   (C.   C),  The    Waters  of    Twilight- 
3/6  net.  Longmans 

A  study  in  religious  faith  by  a  Roman 
Catholic  priest.  The  principal  characters  are 
Catholics,  who  only  realize  how  much  their  creed 
matters  to  them  when  confronted  by  difficult  and 
unforeseen  situations. 

Shaw  (Capt.  Frank  H.),  The  Haven  of  Desire,  6/ 

Cassell 
A  story  of    adventures  at  sea  concerning    a 
sailor  who  makes  an  unhappy  marriage. 

Shaw  (M.  H.),  Eve  and  the  Minister,  6/ 

Murray  &  Evenden 
The    love-story  of   a   beautiful    Society    lady 
and  a  Nonconformist  minister. 

Stevens  (E.  J.  C),  Leentas,  a  Tale  of  Love  and 

War,  6/  Allen 

A  story  of  the  South  African  War,  in  which 

the  heroine  disguises  herself  as  a  Boer  in  order  to 

take  revenge  on  the  man  who  wronged  her  sister. 

Turner  (G.  Frederic),  The   Red  Virgin,  or  The 
Interregnum,  6/  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

A  second  edition. 

Vachell  (Horace  Annesley),  Quinneys,  6/ 

John  Murray 
This  novel  tells  the  life-story  of  an  antique 
dealer.  It  shows  how  by  honest  dealing  the 
hero  became  a  celebrity  known  to  all  the  great  art 
collectors  in  both  hemispheres.  Blended  with  the 
business  part  of  the  book  are  several  love  affairs. 

Water  (Virginia  Terhune  Van  de),  The  Shears  of 
Delilah,  6/  Putnam 

Ten  short  stories  dealing  with  some  of  the 
reasons  for  unhappy  marriages. 


Wells  (H.  G.),  The  World  Set  Free,  6/ 

Macmillan 
See  p.  652. 

Westrup  (William),  The  Toll,  6/ 

Hurst  &  Blackett 
A  story  dealing  with  the  gold  mines  of  South 
Africa — Johannesburg  in  particular  "  The  Toll  " 
being  the  lives  demanded  by  the  mines  for  the 
extraction  of  the  precious  metal.  The  inex- 
pressible dreariness  of  the  miner's  lot  is  de- 
picted, and  the  tragedy  of  two  lives  among  the 
many  forms  the  substance  of  the  story. 

JUVENILE. 

Quiller-Couch  (Mabel),  Cornwall's  Wonderland, 
3/6  net.  Dent 

A  collection  of  legends  and  fairy-tales  of 
Cornwall  which  the  author  heard  as  a  child. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Antiquary,  May,  Qd.  Elliot  Stock 

The  illustrated  articles  include  '  Roman  and 
Other  Triple  Vases,'  by  Mr.  Walter  J.  Kaye,  and 
'  The  Howes  of  the  Manor  of  Scotter,  in  Lindsey,' 
by  Mr.  T.  B.  F.  Eminson. 

Book  Monthly,  May,  Qd.  Cassell 

Mr.  Robb  Lawson  discusses  the  need  of  a 
school  for  novelists,  and  Miss  Eillen  Alder  exa- 
mines '  The  Welsh  Story  To-day.' 

Britannic  Review,  May,  1/  net. 

Eyre  &  Spottiswoode 
Some  of  the  items  are  '  The  Menace  of  the 
Anglo-Japanese  Alliance,'  by  Dr.  F.  B.  Vrooman  ; 
'  The  Georgian  Bay  Canal,'  by  Sir  Robert  Perks ; 
and  '  The  Ideal  Empire  of  our  Time,'  by  Mr. 
Richard  Jebb. 

Celtic  Review,  April,  2/6  net.  Nutt 

'  Dan  Cuimhne,'  verses  bv  Mr.  G.  P.  T. 
MacRae  ;  '  The  "  Picti  "  and  "  Scotti  "  in  the 
Excidium  Brittania?,'  by  the  Rev.  A.  W.  Wade- 
Evans  ;  and  '  Henry  White — "  Fionn,"  '  by 
M.  M..  are  among  the  contents. 

Connoisseur,  May,  1/  net.  Herbert  Baily 

Some  of  the  features  of  this  number  are 
'  Staffordshire  Pottery,'  by  Mr.  C.  Vernon,  and 
'  On  Making  a  Collection  of  Old  Drawings,'  by 
Mr.  H.  S.  Reitlinger. 

Contemporary  Review,  May,  2/6 

10,  Adelphi  Terrace,  W.C. 

'  Frederic   Mistral,'    by   Count   de    Soissons  ; 

'  The   Humanity  of  the   Labour   Exchanges,'   by 

Miss  Constance  Spender  ;    and  '  The  Badger,'    by 

Miss  Frances  Pitt,  are  among  the  contents. 

Empire  Review,  May,  1/  net.  Macmillan 

The  arti  lei  include  '  Local  Government,' 
by  Mr.  H.  D.  Gregory  ;  '  Foreign  Affairs  and  their 
Lessons,'  by  "  Diplomatist  "  ;  and  '  Tariff 
Reform,'   by  Mr.   J.   C.   Simpson. 

English  Review,  May,  1/  net. 

17-21,  Tavistock  Street,  W.C. 
Mr.  Austin  Harrison  contributes  "  a  Renais- 
sance Masque  "  entitled  '  King  Carson  ' ;  Mr.  L. 
March  Phillipps  writes  on  '  Art  and  Life  ' ;  and 
there  are  verses  by  Mr.  John  Helston  and  Mr. 
H.  G.  Dwight. 

Geographical  Journal,  May,  2/ 

Geographical  Society 

Containing   '  The  Sea-Route  to   Siberia,'   by 

Dr.   Fridtjof   Nansen  and   Mr.   Jonas   Lied  ;     '  A 

Journey   through   Central   Arabia,'    by   Capt.    G. 

Leachman,  and  other  papers. 

Highway,  May,  Id.     Workers'  Educational  Assoc. 
Includes   an   article    by   Mr.    Arthur    Green- 
wood on  technical  education. 

History,  April-June,  1/  net. 

89,  Farringdon  Street,  E.C. 

Includes    '  Discoveries    and    Colonies    of    the 

Scandinavians,'  by  Prof.  Raymond  Beazley,  and 

'  Lollardy  and  the  English  Reformation,'  by  Mr. 

Walter  Ashley. 

Irish  Book  Lover,  May,  2/6  per  ann.  Salmond 

Includes  a  summary  of  a  discourse  by  Mr. 
T.  W.  Rolleston  on  the  Rev.  John  Gwynn's 
'  Book  of  Armagh,'  and  a  memoir  of  T.  D.  Sulli- 
van. 

Librarian  and  Book  World,  Qd.  net. 

Stanley  Paul 
Includes     an     article     on      '  Public     Library 
Reform,'  by  Mr.  Robert  W.  Parsons. 

Library  Assistant,  May,  4/  per  annum. 

Stoke  Newington  Public  Library 
Containing  '  Impressions  of  the  Fourth 
Easter  School,'  by  Mr.  Harry  Grindle  ;  '  Par- 
liamentary Commissions  of  Enquiry  and  their 
Reports,'  by  Mr.  C.  H.  R.  Peach,  and  various 
notices. 


Mariner's  Mirror,  May,  1/  net. 

Society  for  Nautical  Research 
In  this  issue  Mr.  H.  II.  Brindley  continues 
his  paper  on  '  Stem  Ropes,'  and  Mr.  Douglas  Owen 
writes  on  '  The  Devonport  Figureheads.' 

Modern  Language  Teaching,  April,  Qd.  Black 
'  French  Poetry,'  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Whitehouse  ; 
'  Modern  Languages  in  Scotland,'  by  Miss  Mary 
Tweedie  ;  and  '  Elocution  and  Voice  Production,' 
by  Miss  Margery  Dale,  are  some  of  the  features  in 
this  number. 

National  Review,  May,  2/6  net. 

23,  Ryder  Street,  S.W. 
Mr.  Austin  Dobson  writes  an  appreciation  of 
Aaron  Hill,  Mr.  A.  Maurice  Low  discusses  Ameri- 
can affairs,  and  Earl  Percy  has  an  article  on  '  The 
"  Pogrom  "  Plot.' 

Occult  Review,  May,  Id.  net.  Rider 

Mr.  Sax  Rohmer  writes  on  '  The  Occult  East,' 
and  Mr.  Reginald  B.  Span  on  '  The  Psychic  Ex- 
periments of  Sir  William  Crookes.' 

Royal  Statistical  Society  Journal,  April,  2/6 

9,  Adelphi  Terrace,  W.C. 

Contains  papers  on  '  The  Sizes  of  Businesses, 

Mainly  in  the  Textile  Industries,'  by  Prof.  S.  J. 

Chapman  and  Mr.  T.  S.  Ashton,  and  the  '  Prices 

of  Commodities  in  1913,'  by  Sir  George  Paish. 

School  World,  May,  Qd.  Macmillan 

Some  of  the  items  in  this  issue  are  '  The 
Public-School  Education  of  the  Average  Boy,'  by 
Mr.  Cloudesley  Brereton  ;  '  Plays  for  Villagers 
and  Others,'  by  Miss  Fanny  Johnson  ;  and  '  Accu- 
racy and  the  Direct  Method,'  by  Mr.  E.  Creagh 
Kittson. 
United  Empire,  May,  1/  net.  Pitman 

Notable     features     are      '  Development     of 
Agriculture  in  South  Africa,'  by  Mr.  D.  H.  Led- 
ward,    and    '  The    Empire    and   the    Birth-Rate,' 
by  Dr.  C.  V.  Drysdale. 
War  and  Peace,  May,  3d.     Whitehall  House,  S.W. 

This   issue   includes   articles   on    Mexico,    by 
Norman     Angell,     and     '  A     Democratic     Peace 
Programme,'  by  Mr.  Keir  Hardie. 
World's  Work,  May,  1  /  net.  Heinemann 

Special  features  are  '  Ceres,  Rome,'  by  "  Home 
Counties";  'The  New  France  in  Development,' 
by  Mr.  J.  J.  Conway  ;  and  '  A  New  Field  for 
Railway  Conquest,'  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Talbot. 

GENERAL. 

Bainbridge  (Oliver),  The  Lesson  of  the  Anglo- 
American  Peace  Centenary,  2/6  net. 

Heath  &  Cranton 
This    essay    is    followed    by    numerous    con- 
gratulatory   messages    from    eminent    men    and 
women  of  America,   Great  Britain,  France,   and 
other  countries. 

Binnie-Clark  (Georgina),  Wheat  and  Woman, 
6/  net.  Heinemann 

The  author  records  her  experiences  in  manag- 
ing a  small  holding  near  Fort  Qu'Appelle.  There 
are  illustrations  from  photographs. 

Brooke  (Rev.  C.  W.  A.),  Modern  Methods  of 

Parochial  Organization,  3/6  net.      Mowbray 

A  handbook  recounting  various  methods  of 

organization  in  use  in  different  parishes. 

Brother  Richard's   Book-Shelf  :    No.   6,  Visions 

of    the     People,     taken     from    Lamennais's 

'  Words  of  a  Believer,'  Id.  Dent 

Mr.  Tom  Bryan  has  written  an  Introduction, 

and    there    is    a    brief    Foreword    by    "  Brother 

Richard." 

Ideals  for  Working  Days,  Thoughts  from  the 
Works  of  the  Most  Rev.  Randall  Thomas 
Davidson,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
selected  by  E.  E.  M.   1/net  Mowbray 

One  of  the  "  Fleur-de-Lis  Booklets,"  con- 
taining extracts  for  each  day  of  the  year. 
Pennsylvania  Society  Year-Book,  1914,  edited  by 
Barr  Ferree.  New  Y'ork,  249,  West  13th  Street 
Containing  a  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Society  during  the  past  year,  and  a  summary  of 
contemporary  patriotic  and  historical  activity  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Spiritual  Healing,  1  /  net.  Macmillan 

The  report  of  a  clerical  and  medical  com- 
mittee of  inquiry  into  spiritual,  faith,  and  mental 
healing,  containing  the  conclusions  of  the  com- 
mittee and  a  summary  of  evidence  given  by  various 
witnesses. 

Taber  (Edward  Martin),  Stowe  Notes,  Letters, 
and  Verses,  12/6  net.  Bell 

The  author,  who  died  in  1896  at  the  age  of  33, 
was  obliged,  on  account  of  ill-health,  to  live  for 
many  years  a  solitary  life  in  Stowe  in  Northern 
Vermont.  This  volume  contains  his  notes,  verses, 
and  literary  fragments,  and  is  illustrated  by  repro- 
ductions of  his  sketches  in  oil  and  pencil.  The 
editor  has  added  a  few  personal  records  and  some 
letters. 


No.  4515.  May  9.  1014 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


(»; 


).) 


i 


Thomas    (W.    Beach)    and    Collett    (A.    K.),    Thh 

ENGLISH   Yi:\k:   Si'iiim;.   10  t>  net.  .lack 

After  an  introductory  chapter  on  '  Spring,' 

the   letterpress   is  divided  into  sections  entitled 

March  Calendar,'   '  \pril  Calendar,'  ami   'May 

Calendar.1  Mr.  A.  II.  Patterson  is  responsible 
for  a  few  contributions.  The  book  is  illustrated 
with  reproductions  in  colour  from  the  work  of 
Sir  Alfred  Bast,  Charles  Conder,  Mr.  Tom  Mostyn, 
and  others:  and  there  are  drawings  in  the  text  by 
Mi.    V.  \V.  Seaby. 

Viking  Society  for  Northern  Research,  Saga  Book, 
Vol.  VIII.  Part  I.  The  Society 

Containing  a  report  of  the  meetings  of  the 
Society  in  1912,  and  a  number  of  papers,  which 
include  '  Some  Points  of  Resemblance  between 
Beowulf  and  the  Qrettla  (or  Ci  rot  t  is  Saga),'  by  Mr. 
Douglas  Stedman,  and  '  A  Map  of  Denmark, 
l!»ini  Years  Old,'  by  Dr.  Gudmund  Schutte. 

PAMPHLET. 

Willis  (Fred),  The  Ideals  of  Richard  Jefferies, 
3d.  The  Author,  23,  Clifton  SI  reet,  Swindon 

This  pamphlet  contains  a  brief  sketch  of 
the  life  and  works  of  Richard  Jefferies,  a  discus- 
sion of  his  ideals,  and  a  Bibliography. 

SCIENCE. 

Aflalo  (F.  G.),  Birds  ix  the  Calendar,  3/6  net. 

Seeker 
Sketches  on  birds  appropriate  to  each  month 
of    the    year.     They    are    reproduced    from     The 
Outlook: 

Allbutt    (Sir   Thomas   Clifford),   Palissy,   Bacon, 

AND  THE  KEVrVAL  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCE,  1/  net. 

Milford 
This    paper    was    read    at   the    International 
Historical  Congress  in  April,  1013,  and  is  repro- 
duced  from    vol.    vi.    of   the    Prove  d'ngs  of    the 
British  Academy. 

Barger  (George),  The  Simpler  Natural  Bases, 
6/  net.  Longmans 

One  of  the  series  of  "  Monographs  on  Bio- 
chemistry." It  gives  an  account  of  "  those  basic 
substances  of  animals  and  plants  which  are  of 
general  biological  interest."  Special  attention 
has  been  given  to  the  Bibliography,  which  con- 
tains'over  fortv  pages,  and  extends  to  the  autumn 
of  1913. 

Baxandall  (F.  E.),  On  the  Enhanced  Lines  of 

Manganese    in    the    Spectrum    of     a    An- 

dromed.e.  Astronomical  Society 

This    paper   is   reprinted    from    the   Monthly 

Notices  of  the  Boyal  Astronomical  Society. 

Canada,  Department  of  Marine  and  Fisheries, 
Report  of  the  Meteorological  Service,  for 
the  Year  ended  December  31st,  1910,  2  vols. 

Ottawa 
Containing  an  Introduction,  detailed  report, 
and  Appendix. 

Cornish  (C.  J.),  Life  at  the  Zoo,  Notes  and 
Traditions  of  the  Regent's  Park  Gardens,  1/  net. 

Nelson 

Includes  chapters  on  animal  a>sthetics,  dealing 

with  the  sensibility  of  animals  to  beauty,  scents, 

and  music.     Part  of  the  book  is  reproduced  from 

The  Spectator. 

Dickson  <W.  E.  Carnegie),  Bacteriology,  Man's 

Microbe     Friends    and    Foes,     "The    People's 

ks,"  r„l.  net.  Jack 

This  little  book  gives  a  brief  account  of  the 

history  and  present  scope  <>f  the  scientific  study 

of   bacteria.      It    is   illustrated    by  diagrams,   and 

there  is  a  selected  Bibliography  at  the  end. 

Eugenics  Record  Office,  Bulletin  No.  11,  Reply 
to  tie-  Criticism  of  Recent  American  Work  by 
Dr.  Heron  of  the  Galton  Laboratory,  by  C.  li. 
Davenport  and  A.  J.  Rosanoff,  10  cents. 

fold   Spring  Harbor 

This    booklet     contains    two    papers    entitled 

'  A    I-  n  of  thej  Methods  ami    Results  of   Dr. 

Heron's  Critique,'  by  Mr.  Davenport,  and  '  Men- 

delism     and     Neuropathic     Heredity,'     by      In. 

■  ff. 

Forsyth     lA.     R.j,     LECTURES    IVTKODUf Tory     TO 

the  Theory  of  Functions  of  Two  Complex 
Variables,  i<>  net.  Cambridge  im  v.  Pre-,, 

These    lectures    •■■■•!■     delivered    before    the 
Pniv  : -it >-  of  Calcutta  last  year. 

Geological  Society,  Abstracts  of  the  Proceed- 
in,.-.  No.  957,  •!'/. 

Tie-  Society,  Burlington  House,  w. 

Containing   summaries    of    papers   on    'The 

ntion   of   !,.      |  River-System,   and    it, 

'ion  to  that  of  the  Midlands,'    by  Dr.  .1.  W. 

Gregory,    and     '  Tie-    Topaz-bearing    Bocks    of 

Gur  tan,'  by  Mr.  .J.   B.  Scrivenor,  and  of 

the  discussion  which  followed  them. 


Jones  (Walter),  NUCLEIC  Acids  :  their  CHEMICAL 

Properties    and    Physiological    Conduct, 

3/t5  net.  Longmans 

One  of  the  "  Monographs  on    Biochemistry." 

It  includes  Appendixes,  a  full  Bibliography,  and 

Index. 

Kaye  (G.  W.  C),  X  Bays,  an  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Rontgen  Rays,  ■*>    net.  Longmans 

Tins    handbook    gives    an    account    of    some 
methods  and  apparatus  in  use  at  the  present  time. 
It  is  illustrated  with  diagrams  and  photographs. 
Kippax  (John  R.l,  The  Call  of  the  Stars,  a 

Popular    Introduction    to    a    Knowledge    of    the 

Starry  Skies,  10/6  net.  Putnam 

A  non-technical  description  of  the  chief 
stars  and  planets,  with  an  account  of  the  myths 
and  legends  associated  with  them  at  various  times. 
It  is  illustrated  by  photographs,  charts,  and  dia- 
grams. 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Vol.  62, 
No.  2:  Hydro  mechanic  EXPERIMENTS  with 
Plying  Boat  Hulls,  by  H.  C.  Richardson. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
A  report  of  an    investigation    carried    out   at 

the  Model  Basin,   Washington   Navy  Yard.      It  is 

illustrated  with  six  plates. 

Walpole-Bond    (John),    Field-Studies   of   some 

Barer  British  Birds,  7/6  net.  Witherby 

The  Preface  st  ites   that    practically  all    the 

matter  in  these  essays  "  comes  from  long,  personal 

observation   and   research."      Some   chapters   are 

reproduced,  with  alterations,  from  British  Birds, 

Country  Life,  and  other  magazines. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Hartland   (Edwin   Sidney),   Ritual  and   Belief, 

Studies  in  the  History  of  Religion,  10/6  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
A  series  of  essays  on  '  Learning  to  "  Think 
Black,"  '  '  The  Relations  of  Religion  and  Magic,' 
'  The  Boldness  of  the  Celts,'  '  The  Haunted 
Widow,'  '  The  Philosophy  of  Mourning  Clothes,' 
'  The  Rite  at  the  Temple  of  Mylitta,'  and  '  The 
Voice  of  the  Stone  of  Destiny.' 

Martin  (Rev.  E.  Osborn),  The  Gods  of  India,  a 
Brief  Description  of  their  History,  Character, 
and  Worship,  4/6  net.  Dent 

In  two  introductory  chapters  the  author 
discusses  the  development  of  Hindu  mythology 
and  the  Sacred  Books  of  the  Hindus,  and  then 
passes  on  to  a  consideration  of  the  chief  Hindu 
gods,  classifying  them  under  the  three  headings 
'  Vedic  Deities,'  '  Puranic  Deities,'  and  '  Inferior 
Deities.'  The  book  is  fully  illustrated,  and  pro- 
vided with  an  Index. 

FINE    ART. 

Brown  (Alice  van  Vechten)  and  Rankin  (William), 

A  Short  History  of  Italian  Painting,  7  [6 

Dent 

A     handbook     for     beginners.     The     more 

technical  matter  has  been  confined  to  notes,  and 

there  are  many  illustrations,  a  Bibliography,  and 

an  Index. 

Hewison    (James   King),   The   Runic   Roods   of 

Buthwell    and    Bewcastle,    with    a    Short 

History  of  the  Cross  and  Crucifix  in  Scotland, 

20/  net.  Glasgow,  John  Smith 

After  an    introductory  chapter  on  the  Cross 

and  Crucifix    in    Scotland,    the    author    gives    a 

history    of    the    Buthwell    Cross    and    Bewcastle 

Obelisk,    and     an     account     of     the     inscriptions 

and  sculpture  on   the  monuments.      Thebookalso 

contains  the  text  of  the  Old  English  poem  '  The 

Dream  of  the  Rood,'  with  a  metrical  translation. 

There  are  many  illustrations. 

Hill  (George  Francis),  Catalogue  of  the  Greek 
Coins  OF  PALESTINE  (GALILEE,  Samaria,  and 
Ji'Ii.ka),  30/  net.  British  Museum 

The  twenty-seventh  volume  of  the  'Cata- 
logue of  Greek  Coins  in  the  British  Museum,' 
begun  in  1873.  It  gives  a  description  of  all 
the  ancient  coins  issued  in  Palestine  down  to  the 
close  of  the  Greek  Imperial  coinage  under  the 
rule  of  TrebonianUS  Callus  and  Volusianus,  and 
is   illustrated    with    plates,   a   map,   and   a   table  of 

the  Hebrew  alphabet.     There  are  over  a  hundred 

pages  of  Introduction  and   ten    Indexes. 

Johnson  (George  Lindsay),  Photography  in 
Colours,  a  Text-Book  for  Amateurs  and 
st  udents  of  Physics,  3/6  uet .  Routle, 

\    .loud  edition,  revised  and  brought   up  to 

date,  with  additional  chapters  on  '  Colour  Print  ing 

from    Single-Plate    Transparencies'     and     'The 

Nat  me  .,i'  Light  and  <  lolour.' 

Joyce  (Thomas  A.i,  Mexican  Archeology,  an 
introduction  to  the  Archaeology  of  the  Mexi<  m 
and  Mayan  Civilization*  of  Pr<  Spanish  America, 
L2  8  mi .  Lee  Warner 

An  account  of  tie-  life  and  culture  of  the 
Mexican  and  Mayan  peoples  of  pre-Spani  I. 
America,  illustrated  by  maps,  plat.-,,  and  numer- 
ous drawings  in  t  he  test . 


New  York  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  Bulletin, 
April,  hi  cents.  The  Museum 

Containing  an  article  entitled  'The  Metro- 
politan Museum's  Growth  loo  Big  for  its  Income,' 
Notes  on  Recent    Accessions,  &c. 

Pictures  of  1014,  'Pali.  Mali.  GAZETTE  '    EXTRA, 

1/  net.  Newton  Street,  llolborn.  W.C. 

Reproductions  of  some  of  the  pictures  in  this 
year's  Royal  Academy. 

Royal  Academy  Pictures  and  Sculpture,  PHI. 
paper  3/  net,  cloth  ">/  net.  Cassell 

Reproductions  of  pictures  and  sculpture  in  t  he 

Academy  this  year,  with  a  coloured  frontispiece. 

This  work  is  also  issued  in  live  parts,  Id.  net  each. 

Soissons  (Count  de),  The  .Esthetic  Purpose  OP 
Byzantine  Architecture,  and  Other  Essays, 

12/6   net.  Murray   iV    Kvenden 

This  volume  contains,  besides  the  opening 
essay  on  Byzantine  Architecture,  a  discussion  of 
the  art  of  China  and  Japan,  and  appreciations  .  I 
Ingres,  Munch,  Felicien  Pops,  15  ecklin,  Strains, 
and  Manet.      .Mr.  C.  P.  Hooch  contributes  a  Proem. 

MUSIC. 

Bantock  (Granville),  A  Pageant  of  Human  Life, 
Choral  Suite  for  Male,   Female,  and  Children's 
Voices,  the  Words  by  Sir  Thomas  More  (147S 
1535),  1/6  Novello 

Elgar  (Edward),  Give  unto  the  Lord  (Psalm 
xxix.),  Anthem  for  S.,  A..  T.,  B.,  with  Accom- 
paniment for  Organ  and  Orchestra  (Op.  7  1),  1   6 

Novello 
This  piece  has  been  composed  for  the  Festival 
of  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  St.   Paul's  Cathedral, 
1914. 

Elgar  (Edward),  Two  Interludes  from  '  Fal- 
staff,'  Symphonic  Study  for  Orchestra,  2/  net. 

Novello 

Latin  Songs,  Classical,  Medieval,  and  Modern, 
with  Music,  edited  by  Calvin  S.  Brown,  0/  net. 

Putnam 

A  collection  of  Latin  songs,  including  classical 

lyrics,    medifeval    church    hymns,    carols,    school 

songs,   lullabies,   and  translations  of  well-known 

English  and  German  pieces. 

Novello  Part-Song  Book  (Second  Series):  No. 
1200,  The  World  is  Too  Much  with  Ds, 
the  Words  by  Wordsworth,  Music  by  Gran- 
ville Bantock,  3d.  ;  No.  1297,  The  SHOWER, 
from  a  Poem  bv  Henry  Vaughan  (1621—1695), 
Music  by  Edward  Elgar  (Op.  71,  No.  I),  id.  ; 
No.  1298,  The  Fountain,  the  Words  from  a 
Poem  by  Henry  Vaughan,  Music  by  Edward 
Elgar  (Op.  71,  No.  2),  Qd.  ;  No.  1299,  Death 
on  the  Hills,  adapted  from  the  Russian  of 
Maikov  by  Rosa  Newmarch,  Music  by  Edward 
Elgar  (Op.  72),  Qd.  ;  No.  1300,  Love's  Tem- 
pest, adapted  from  the  Russian  of  Maikov  by 
Rosa  Newmarch,  Music  by  Edward  Elgar  (Op. 
73,  No.  1),  Qd.  ;  and  No.  1301,  SERENADE, 
adapted  from  the  Russian  of  Minsky  by  Rosa 
Newmarch,  Music  by  Edward  Elgar  (Op.  73, 
No.  2),  Qd.  Novell,, 

Organ  Arrangements  :  No.  18,  Adagio  and 
Allegro  Spirttoso  from  a  Clavier  Sonata 
by  Balthasar  Galuppi  (170(5-1785),  arranged 
by  Sir  Frederick  Bridge,  1/  Novello 

Original  Compositions  for  the  Organ  :  No.  I  13, 
Postludium  Festtvum,  by  Charles  W.  Pearce  : 
and     No.     Ill,    GRAND    Cikf.uk,    by    Claude     E. 

Cover,  l ,  net  each.  Novell,. 

Original  Compositions  for  the  Organ  ( New  Series ) : 

No.  27,  Twelve  Miniatures,  bv  n.  M.  liiuu-, 

3/  net;     No.  28,  TOCCATTNA,   by   W.   G.   Alcock, 
1/0  net:    and    No.  29,    ROMANCE   IN  A    PLAT,   by 

II.  Sandiford    Turner,    I;'   net.  Novell, > 

Scott-Baker    (H.),  Mazurka     fob    Pianoforte 

Solo,  2    net.  Novello 

Scott-Baker   (H.)»  Pantomime   fob    Pianoforte 

Solo,  2,  net.  Novello 

DRAMA. 

Hankin  (St.  John),  The  Cassilis  Engagement, 
a  Comedy  in    Four     lets,    paper  I     net,    cloth 


2/  net. 


Seeker 


This  play  was  produced  before  the  81 
Society  at  the  Imperial  Theatre  in  Febru 
L007.  '  See  The  Alhenceum,  Feb.  16,  L907,  p.  207. 

Hankin  (St.  John),  The  Chartti  that  began   \i 

Bomb,  a  Corned]  [or  Philanthropists,    paper  1/ 

net,  clot  li  -    net .  Seeker 

This    plaj    was    produced    by    Mr.    Granville 

Barker  at    the  Court    Theatre  In  October,   1006. 

See  The    Ithenteum,  Oct.  27,  1906,  p.  524. 

Hankin  (St.  John,  THE  RETURN  OP  THE  PRO- 
DIGAL, a    C -,iv  tor   Fathei  .   paper   I     out, 

cloth  2    net.  Becker 

Produced    bj     Sir.    Granville    Barker   a(    the 

Court    Theatre    In    September,    phi;,.      See     The 

Athena  urn,  Sept.  30,  1005. 


656 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


FOREIGN. 

THEOLOGY. 

Scriptores  Syri,  Second  Series,  Vol.  XCII.  : 
Expositio  Officiorum  Ecclesise  Georgio  Arbe- 
lensi  vulgo  adscripta,  II.  Accedit  Abraham  Bar 
Liphch  Intcrpretatio  Otficiorum,  Textus,  edited 
by  R.  H.Connolly,  12fr.  75.       Paris,  J.  Gabalda 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Journal  G6neral  de  rimprimerie  et  de  la  Librairie  : 

TAULE     SYSTEMATIC;!^     DE     LA     BlBLIOORAPHIE 

de  la  France,  Annee  1913. 

Paris,  117,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 
A    catalogue   of    books    published   last   year, 
classified  according  to  their  subjects. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Correspondance     de     Montesquieu,     publiee     par 

Frangois     Gebelin     avec    la     Collaboration     de 
M.  Andre  Morize,  Vol.   I.,   12fr. ;  Vol.   II.,  16fr. 

Paris,  Champion 
The  correspondence  is  edited  with  an  Intro- 
duction, notes,  Appendixes,  and  Index. 


Kircheisen    (Friedrich   M.),   Napoleon 
LEBEN  UNI)  seine  Zeit,  Vol.  III. 

Muni 
This  volume  begins  with  Napoleon 
from  Milan  through  Switzerland  in  1797 
with  the  Egyptian  campaign  of  1798- 
archaeological  researches  to  which  it 
author  has  taken  great  pains  to  sec 
mentary  evidence,  and  the  best  illusti 


1.  :      SEIN 

ch,  Mii  Her 
's  journey 
,  and  ends 
9  and  the 
led.  The 
ure  docu- 
ations. 

Kircheisen  (Gertrude),  Napoleon  und  die  Seinen. 

Munich,  Midler 
A  companion  volume  to  that  mentioned  just 
above,  by  Herr  Kircheisen's  wife,  which  fills  out 
the  picture  by  a  study  of  the  private  life  of 
Napoleon's  family  connexions.  The  volume, 
though  complete  in  itself,  deals  only  with  part  of 
the  family.  The  author  reserves  for  a  second 
volume  Napoleon's  sisters  and  their  husbands, 
and  has  already  dealt  in  another  book  with  Napo- 
leon's wives.  Here,  then,  we  are  concerned  with 
his  mother  and  his  brothers.  Special  care  has 
been  taken  with  the  illustrations. 

La    Fayette    (Madame    de),    La    Princesse    de 

Cleves,  Lettres,  Memoires,  Edition  Lutetia, 

lOd.  Nelson 

This    volume     contains     '  La    Princesse    de 

Cleves,'  '  La  Comtesse  de  Tende,'  a  selection  from 

the  letters  and  Memoires  of  Madame  de  La  Fayette, 

and  an  Introduction  by  M.  J.  Calvet. 

Maybon  (Albert),  La  Republique  Chinoise, 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Colin 

Soon  after  the  proclamation  of  a  republic  in 
China  the  author  set  out  for  the  East  to  study 
political  tendencies  in  the  more  important  centres 
of  the  Chinese  State.  In  this  volume  he  describes 
the  chief  events  of  the  Revolution,  and  gives  an 
account  of  his  own  observations. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Loti  (Pierre),  Jerusalem,  1/  Nelson 

A  reprint  in  the  "  Collection  Nelson." 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Jastrow    (Morris),    Jun.,    Babylonian-Assyrian 

BlRTH-OMENS    AND    THEIR    CULTURAL    SIGNIFI- 
CANCE, 3m.  20.  Giessen,  A.  Topclmann 
A  study  of  some  ancient  superstitions. 

Westermarck  (Edward),  Ceremonies  and  Be- 
liefs CONNECTED  WITH  AGRICULTURE,  CERTAIN 

Dates  of  the  Solar  Year,  and  the  Weather 
in  Morocco. 

Helsingfors,  Akademiska  Bokhandeln 
A  study  of  native  ceremonies,  the  author's 
aim  being  not  merely  to  set  forth  the  bare  facts, 
but  "  to  discover  the  ideas  underlying  them." 

PHILOLOGY. 

Eitle    (Hermann),    Die    Satzverknupfung    bei 

Chaucer,  5m.  80.  Heidelberg,  Carl  Winter 

This     treatise     has     partly     appeared    as    a 

Tubingen  dissertation.      It  ends  with  additions  to 

Matzner's  '  English  Grammar  '  and  the  '  N.E.D.' 

Muller  (Engelbert),  Englische  Lautlehre  nach 
James  Elphinston  (1765,  1787,  1790),  7m.  20. 

Heidelberg,  Carl  Winter 

Elphinstone's  works  are  here  used  to  exhibit 

the  phonetics  of  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth 

century    in    England.     Numerous    examples    are 

cited  of  his  system  of  spelling. 

Westermarck  (Prof.  Dr.  Edward),  Nomina  im 
Status  Absolutus  und  Status  Annexus 
in      der      sudmarokkanischen       berber- 

SPRACHE. 

Helsingfors,  Akademiska  Bokhandeln 
An  elaborate  study  with  lists  of  words. 


LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Barnouw     (A.     J.),     Anglo-Saxon     Christian 
Poetry,  translated  by  Louise  Dudley. 

The  Hague,  Nijhof'f 
An  address  delivered  at  the  opening  of  the 
Lectures  on  English   Language  and  Literature  at 
Leiden,  in  October,  1907. 

Joubert,    Textes    choisis    et    commentes    par 

Victor  Giraud,  lfr.  50.  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

A  brief  appreciation  of  Joubert,  followed  by 

a    selection    from    his     correspondence    and     his 

'  Pensees,  Maximes,  et  Essais.' 

FICTION. 

Formont  (Maxime),  La  Danseuse. 

Paris,  Lemerre 
A  sketch  of  Roman  life    and   luxury    on  the 
Neapolitan  coast  in  the  days  of  Vi  spasian. 

Le  Braz  (Anatole),  Paque  d'Islande,  1/     Nelson 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Poltoratzky  (Hermione),  Cceurs  Slaves,  Un  Ete 
Russe,  Leurs  Femmes,  Entre  Serbes,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,    Perrin 

In  this  volume  Madame  Poltoratzky  gives  a 

picture   of  aristocratic   circles   and   describes   the 

life  of  poor  students  in  Russia.      The  setting  of 

the  last  story  is  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula. 

REVIEWS    AND     MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  1  Mai,  lfr.  50. 

Paris,  26,  Rue  de  Conde 
We  notice  in  thi;  number  '  La  Jeunesse  de 
Juliette  Drouet,"'  by  M.  Louis  Guimbaud  ;  '  Mes 
Debuts  d'Auteur  Dramatique,'  by  M.  Louis 
Durnur  ;  and  '  L' Affaire  Lemire,'  by  M.  Maurice 
Lanoire. 

Revue  Critique  des  Id6es  et  des  Livres,  Avril,  lfr. 
Paris,  155,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 
The  articles  include  '  L'Auteur  du  "  Stabat 
Mater,''  '  by  M.  Jean  Longnon  ;  '  Maurice  Barres 
et  les  Eglises  de  France,'  by  M.  Georges  le  Car- 
donnel  ;  and  '  Un  Critique  Radical-Socialiste  de 
la  Democratie,'  by  M.  Gilbert  Maire. 

Skirnir,  2  hefti.  gRitstjori,  Guo'm.  Finnbogason 
The  contents  include  '  Nokkur  oro'  um 
PjoStni  og  Pjc'/dsiSi  Islendinga,'  by  Jonas  Jonas- 
son,  and  '  lTnga  FolkiS  og  Atvinnuvegir  Landsins,' 
by  Guo'm.  Hannesson. 

Vie  des  Lettres,  Avril,  2fr.  50  ;   abroad,  3fr. 

Paris,  Neuilly  ;  London,  Erskine  Macdonald 
Notable  papers  arc  '  Quelques  Pensees  sur 
la  Personnalite  et  les  Ecrits  d'Oscar  Wilde,' by  Dr. 
Ernst  Bendz,  translated  by  M.  Georges  Bazile  ; 
'  La  Poesie  nouvelle  en  Belgique,'  by  M.  Maurice 
Gauchez ;  and  '  Theatre  experimental  de  Francois 
de  Curel,'  by  Mr.  William  Speth. 


THE    ELIOT    HODGKIN    SALE. 

On  Monday,  April  27th,  and  the  following  day, 
Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  the  trade  cards,  book- 
plates, broadsides,  &c,  collected  by  the  late  John 
Eliot  Hodgkin.  The  chief  lots  were  :  An  exten- 
sive collection  relating  to  tobacco,  92?.  Three 
book-plates  of  Samuel  Pepys,  30/.  Proclamation 
to  observe  Fast  Days,  1558-9,  38?.  Pius  V., 
broadside  announcing  the  excommunication  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  1569,  317.  Queen  Elizabeth, 
proclamation  relating  to  P^ssex's  rebellion,  1600, 
43?.  The  official  declaration  of  the  Treaty  of 
Breda,  between  England  and  the  United  Nether- 
lands, 1667,  56?.  The  total  of  the  sale  was 
1,630?.   8s. 

AUTOGRAPH      LETTERS. 

On  Thursday,  April  30th,  and  the  following  day, 
the  same  firm  sold  autograph  letters,  &c,  the  most 
important  being  :  Garrick,  A.L.s.,  June  3,  1770, 
to  Sicard,  introducing  Dr.  Burney,  23?.  ;  another, 
apparently  to  the  same,  Dec.  2,  1774,  32?.  Beet- 
hoven, A.L.s.  to  L.  Schloesser,  May  6,  1823, 
21?.  10s.  ;  autograph  MS.  of  the  beginning  of  one 
of  the  Scotch  songs  arranged  by  him  in  1815,  25?. 
Warner,  autograph  MS.  of  the  end  of  the  Prelude 
to  '  Tristan  und  Isolde,'  1860,  22?.  TOs.  Gabrielle 
d'Estr^es,  notarial  act  signed  by  her,  25Z.  10s. 
Byron,  autograph  MS.  about  the  allusion  to  Capel 
Lofft  in  '  Hints  from  Horace,'  line  734,  36?.  A 
large  collection  of  letters  relating  to  the  French 
Revolution,  3  vols.,  34?.  Nelson,  A.L.s.,  July  29, 
1801,  to  Lady  Hamilton,  apparently  unpublished, 
65?.  Sir  John  Franklin,  twenty-seven  letters  to 
his  niece  Miss  Kay,  27?.  10s.  Thackeray,  A.L.s., 
Feb.  25,  1859,  to  Thompson,  31?.  ;  another,  n.d., 
about  Charlotte  and  Werther,  36?.  Burns, 
autograph  song  with  chorus  and  address  to  Robert 
Cleghorn  of  Edinburgh,  150?.  ;  draft  letter  to 
Miss  Kennedy  of  Daljarroch,  and  some  verses 
called  '  Brose  and  Butter,'  102?.  The  total  of  the 
sale  was  1,733?. 


BOOK  -  TRADE     REFORM. 
The  Publishers  Point  of  View. 

Probably  no  other  profession  in  t lie  world 
has  been  so  persistently  reviled,  or  widely 
misunderstood,  as  that  of  publishing.  The 
Barabbas  legend  has  been  worn  threadbare, 
but  it  still  serves  its  unworthy  turn  at  times, 
and  the  author,  especially  the  unsuccessful 
author,  is  still  ready  to  shake  hands  with  the 
discontented  bookseller  in  agreeing  that  the 
publisher  is  the  natural  enemy  of  both.  It 
would  all  be  rather  amusing,  were  it  not 
so  serious  and  unjust.  No  reform  worth 
talking  about  will  be  possible  until  authors, 
publishers,  and  booksellers  alike  have  suffi- 
cient faith  in  one  another  to  discuss  their 
common  interests  without  wondering  all  the 
time  whether  one  or  the  other,  to  speak 
metaphorically,  will  stab  him  in  the  back  at 
the  first  opportunity.  Hence  the  advan- 
tage of  some  round-table  conference  or 
central  Board,  at  which  all  these  conmonent 
parts  could  be  brought  into  closer  touch  than 
is  possible  under  the  present  system  of 
divided  councils. 

The  popular  conception  of  a  publisher  is 
less  libellous  in  the  twentieth  century  than 
in  the  days  when  Campbell  drank  Napoleon's 
health  because  he  had  ordered  one  hapless 
member  of  the  trade  to  be  shot.  But  it  is 
not  much  nearer  to  the  truth  when  it  imagines 
him  merely  as  a  man  who  sits  at  his  ease  in 
his  chair,  taking  a  manuscript  from  the  author 
in  one  hand,  and  passing  it  on  to  the  printer 
with  the  other,  saying,  "Print  it  "  :  then  to 
the  binder,  saying,  "  Bind  it  '"  ;  and  leaving 
them  to  do  the  rest  until  the  day  of  publica- 
tion arrives.  In  reality  the  very  reverse  is 
the  case.  All  the  thousand  and  one  details 
connected  with  the  art  of  book-making  can 
be  settled  by  the  publisher  alone  ;  for  the 
printer  and  binder  are  content,  for  the  most 
part,  simply  to  carry  out  instructions.  It 
was  different  in  the  early  days  of  publishing, 
when  the  printers  had  matters  much  their 
own  way,  an  advantage  which  they  lost  for 
ever  in  the  book  wars  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  triumph  of  the  publisher — or 
stationer,  as  he  was  then  called — is  testified 
in  Roger  L'Estrange's  report  to  Charles  II. 
in  1663. 

"To  conclude  [he  wrote  on  that  occasion],  both 
printers  and  stationers,  under  colour  of  offering  a 
service  to  the  publique,  do  effectually  but  design 
one  upon  another.  The  printers  would  beat  down 
the  bookselling  trade  by  managing  the  press  as 
themselves  please,  and  by  working  upon  their  own 
copies  [copyrights].  The  stationers,  on  the  other 
side,  they  would  subject  the  printers  to  be  absolutely 
their  slaves,  which  they  have  effected  in  a  large 
measure  already,  by  so  increasing  the  number,  that 
one  half  must  either  play  the  knave  or  starve." 

The  history  of  the  book  trade  in  this 
country  is  one  long  record  of  conflicting 
interests  ;  but  though  the  publisher  has 
maintained  his  supremacy,  it  does  not  follow 
that  he  can  neglect  the  other  branches  of  his 
craft.  The  ideal  publisher  must  be  a  master 
printer  and  binder  as  well,  and  responsible 
for  all  the  technicalities  which  can  make  his 
books  a  joy  to  look  at,  if  not  to  read.  Too 
much  of  the  detailed  work  which  goes  to 
fashion  a  comely  tome  is  lost  on  the  average 
critic  as  well  as  the  average  reader.  The 
public  likes  a  book  to  be  "  pretty,"  but  it  has 
little  appreciation  of  the  higher  qualities  of 
sound  workmanship. 

It  is  argued  for  the  publishers,  in 
view  of  the  booksellers'  complaint  of  the 
hazardous  nature  of  their  business,  and  the 
suggestion  of  some  system  of  sale  or  return 
on  the  German  model,  that,  since  specula- 
tion is  the  very  essence  of  their  craft,  it  is 
only  fair  that  the  bookseller  should  under- 
take his  share  of  the  risk.  Publishers,  as 
Scott  wrote  to  Miss  Seward  over  a  hundred 


No.  4515.  May  9,  1914 


THE     ATIIENiEUM 


657 


yean  ago,  "are  the  onhj  tradesmen  in  the 
world  who  professedly,  and  by  choice,  deal 
with  what  is  called  '  a  pig  in  a  poke  '  "  : 
ami  it  i*  doubt  less  the  gambling  element 
which  tempts  so  many  men  to  enter  a 
business  in  which  fortunes  arc  far  harder  to 
win  than  most  people  imagine. 

"  A  bookseller  [added  Scott  in  the  same  shrewd 
letter]  publishes  twenty  books,  in  hones  of  hitting 
upon  a  good  speculation,  as  a  person  buys  a  parcel 
of  shares  in  a  lottery,  in  hopes  of  raining  a  prize. 
Tims  the  road  is  open  to  all,  and  if  the  successful 
candidate  is  a  little  fleeced,  in  order  to  form  petty 
prizes  to  console  the  losing  adventurers,  still  the 
cause  of  literature  is  benefited,  since  none  is 
excluded  from  the  privilege  of  competition." 

There  is  little  danger  to-day  of  the  suc- 
cessful candidate  being  fleeced  for  the 
benefit  of  his  brethren  as  well  as  of  his 
publishers.  The  shoe  is  rather  on  the 
other  foot.  The  successful  candidates  now 
employ  business  men  to  keep  up  their 
prices,  and  sell  themselves  to  the  highest 
bidder:  with  the  result  that  it  is  too  often 
the  budding  novelist,  or  the  man  of  letters 
struggling  with  the  work  of  a  lifetime,  who 
is  fleeced,  or  rather  underpaid,  in  order  that 
the  publisher  may  head  his  list  with  the 
crowning  glory  of  a  "  best-seller." 

This  was  one  of  the  things  which  they 
managed  better  in  the  book  world  of  ancient 
Rome,  where,  as  Dr.  Putnam  tells  us  in  his 
interesting  history  of  *  Authors  and  their 
Public  in  Ancient  Times,'  the  first  Pub- 
lishers' Association  was  formed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  second  century.  Little  is  known 
about  this  society,  except  that  it  was 
organized  by  the  leading  publishers  of  Pome 
""  for  the  better  protection  of  their  interests 
in  literary  property,  and  that  each  member 
bound  himself  not  to  interfere  with  the 
undertakings  of  his  fellow-members."  Alas, 
that  this  vital  problem  cannot  be  so  amic- 
ably settled  to-day  !  In  an  age  of  hustling 
competition  and  dividends  at  all  costs  it 
ms  impossible  to  hope  for  any  rules  and 
regulations  that  could  be  enforced  in  a 
trade  in  which  competition  is  increasingly 
keen,  and  the  interests  at  stake  of  the  rival 
houses  altogether  unequal. 

That  some  modified  scheme  of  "  sale  or 
return  "  might  be  introduced  is  not  outside 
the  range  of  practical  politics,  but  the 
general  feeling  appears  to  be  that  there  is 
more  hope  of  relieving  the  booksellers  of 
their  incubus  of  unsaleable  stock  by  means 
of  their  own  clearing-house  idea.  Tt  is 
curious  to  learn  that  there  was  some  system 
of  '"sale  or  return  "  in  this  country  as  long 
ago  as  Caxton's  day.  This  is  shown  by  the 
list  of  Thomas  Hunte,  stationer  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  printed  by  Mr.  Madan  .r 
the  end  of  his  edition  of  the  '  Day  Book  of 
-John  Dome.'  The  list  is  an  inventory, 
written  on  the  flj-leaf  of  a  French  transla- 
tion of  Livy  now  in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
>rding  the  books  received  by  Hunte  in 
the  year  1483  from  Joannes  de  Aquisgrano 
I  Peter  Actors,  the  last  of  whom  was 
rWBlds  appointed  Stationer  to  Henry  VI 1. 
V  tors  and  his  partner  appear  to  have  been 
wholesale  booksellers  from  abroad,  who 
travelled  about  Kngland  from  fair  to  fair, 
then  thi-  chief  markets  for  hooks  in  this 
country,  and  dealt  with  recognized  stationers 
on  the  system  in  Question.  In  the  inventory 
Hunte  gives  a  written  promise  faithfully  to 
restore  the  books  in  due  course  or  pay  the 
price  affixed  in  the  li-t. 

To  what  extent  the  literary  agent  has  been 
responsible  for  the  modern  gulf  between 
authors  and  pub] i  a  matter  that   lies 

outside  our  presenl  scope ;  but  it  is 
incontrovertible  that  the  old  friendly 
relationship,  which  not  only  oiled  the  wheels 
of  the  book  world  in  bygone  davs.  hut  also 
helped   to   inspire  not  a  few   of   the   living 


masterpieces  in  the  language,  is  becoming 
more  and  more  a  thing  of  tin"  past.  An 
author  has  a  right  to  safeguard  his  interests, 
but  mere  commercialism  is  a  sorry  substitute 
for  such  historic  friendships  as  those  between 
Byron  and  John  .Murray  11.,  Thackeray  and 
George  Smith,  Maeaulav  and  the  Longmans, 
and  so  on.  There  are  so  many  misunder- 
standings to  adjust  in  these  relationships,  so 
many  small,  yet  vexatious  trade  details 
that  seem  to  need  standardizing,  and 
suggestions  to  discuss  for  the  benefit  of  the 
book  world  as  a  whole,  that,  in  spite  of  the 
obvious  difficulties,  we  cannot  help  thinking 
that  some  central  governing  Board,  as 
suggested  in  our  original  article  on  the 
subject,  on  which  every  branch  should  be 
represented,  could  hardly  fail  to  justify  its 
existence,  even  though  its  achievements  fell 
far  short  of  the  German  ideal. 

Let  us  at  least  remove,  if  w^e  can,  the 
canker  of  suspicion  and  disloyalty.  Tradi- 
tion dies  hard  in  this  most  conservative  of 
nations,  but  publishers  as  a  whole,  however 
keen  and  unscrupulous  some  of  them  may  be 
in  competition  among  themselves,  are  pre- 
pared to  deal  justly,  even  generously,  with 
their  allies.  Obviously, it  is  to  their  interest 
both  to  support  the  bookseller  to  the  best  of 
their  ability,  and  to  encourage  the  author  to 
stand  by  them.  How  easy  it  is  to  misjudge 
in  these  matters  was  demonstrated  the  other 
day  in  a  letter  from  a  bookseller  to  one  of  the 
trade  papers,  complaining  bitterly  that  in 
the  annual  report  of  the  Publishers'  Associa- 
tion the  booksellers  were  dismissed  in  a  few 
lines,  the  insinuation  being  that  these  few 
lines  represented  the  proportionate  amount  of 
interest  taken  in  the  welfare  of  the  book- 
sellers by  the  aristocrats  of  the  trade.  In 
justice  to  the  publishers  in  this  connexion,  it 
is  only  fair  to  state  as  a  fact  that  the  affairs 
of  the  booksellers,  and  questions  affecting 
their  interests,  brought  to  the  notice  of  the 
Association  by  their  own  Society,  regularly 
occupy  at  least  half  the  time  spent  by  the 
publishers  at  their  official  meetings.  The 
complaint  referred  to  is  particularly  un- 
warranted during  the  present  presidency  of 
Mr.  James  Blackwood,  who  not  only  has  the 
interests  of  the  booksellers  very  much  at 
heart,  but  has  also  on  occasion  given  up  whole 
days  to  personal  investigations  into  purely 
book  -  trade  matters  away  from  London. 
Mr.  Blackwood  is  addressing  the  Associated 
Booksellers  at  Edinburgh  on  June  6th,  when 
it  is  hoped  that  the  whole  question  of  reform 
will  be  discussed  in  a  spirit  worthy  of  a  great 
trade,  and  doubtless  he  will  be  able  to  say 
something  more  definite  than  we  have 
succeeded  in  doing  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  publisher. 

***  The  letter  signed  "One  Keenly 
Interested"  is  in  type,  but  the  Editor  will 
be  glad  if  the  writer  will  kindly  send  his 
name  in  accordance  with  the  rule  of  The 
Athenaeum. 


SW'AHILI    AND    ITS    LITLRATIRE. 

Miss  Wkrnkk  gave  on  Thursday  after- 
noon  last  at  King's  College,  Strand,  an 
interesting  lecture  on  the  origin  and  use  of 
the     Swahili     language.      Swahili     is    a     real 

language,  not  a  mere  hybrid  jargon  like 
"  Pidgin  English,"  or  the  "  Bangala     which 

has  come  into  existence  of  late  years  on  tho 

Congo.  I'.ot  its  position  is  somewhat  pecu- 
liar, it  is  a  genuine  Bantu  language  which 
has  incorporated  a  great  many  Arabic  words, 

and  lost  many  of  its  characteristic  flexions; 
but  then-  is  no  Swahili  tribe  speaking  it, 
apart    from    the   mixed    nice  descended    from 

Arab  colonists  and  Bantu  aborigines ;  and  it 
did  not  exist  before  the  Arabs  had  settled 


on  the  coast.  If  native  authorities  can  bo 
trusted,  and  the  poems  attributed  to  Liongo 
Fumo  are  genuine,   it    must    have  existed  in 

literary  form  as  early  as  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  centre  whence  the  Swahili 
spread  south  seems  to  have  been  the  baintt 
archipelago,  though  there  were  independent 
settlements.  The  language  was  at  an  early 
date  written  in  Arabic  characters,  and  Arabic 
rules  of  prosody  were  to  a  certain  extent 
introduced.  A  large  number  of  poems  have 
come  down  to  us  in  an  archaic  dialect  (which, 
however,  resembles  that  still  spoken  at  Lamu) 
and  in  several  rhymed  met  res  which  are 
employed  with  good  effect.  Many  of  them 
are  paraphrases  from  Arabic  originals  (or, 
possibly,  free  compositions  on  themes  taken 
from  Arabia),  such  as  those  on  Mohammed's 
ascent  into  heaven,  the  death  of  Mohammed, 
the  story  of  Job,  or  of  the  hero  Mikdad. 
Utenzi  is  the  name  given  to  these  poems, 
which  are  either  didactic  or  epic  ;  lyrics  are 
called  Mashairi.  Of  these  there  is  a  great 
variety,  constantly  being  added  to  by  popular 
improvisations,  which  often  keep  to  recog- 
nized forms,  though  frequently  quite  free 
in  construction. 

The  capacity  of  Swahili  as  a  literary  lan- 
guage ought  not  to  be  overlooked  ;  it  is 
largely  understood  by  people  of  other  tribes, 
and  Swahili  books  are  in  great  demand 
among,  e.g.,  Pokomo  and  Griryama  (  hristians ; 
it  thus  forms  a  useful  instrument  of  educa- 
tion without  involving  the  disuse  of  the 
vernacular,  and  tends  to  reduce  effort  and 
expense  in  schools. 

Its  utility  for  business  is  well  known  ;  the 
employment  of  Coast  men  as  caravan 
porters  has  carried  it  to  Uganda,  Nyasa,  and 
the  Congo  ;  and  its  use  as  an  official  language 
in  the  East  Africa  Protectorate  (not  Uganda) 
is — at  least  provisionally — quite  in  accord- 
ance with  the  fitness  of  things. 

Of  traditional  stories  and  folk-tales  a 
good  many  collections  have  already  been 
made,  both  in  English  and  German,  but 
much  valuable  matter  still  remains  to  be 
gleaned. 


ANOTHER  DEBT  OF  JOHN 
SHAKESPEARE. 

Dullatur  House,  Hereford. 

In  reference  to  the  note  of  Mrs.  Stopes 
tinder  the  above  heading  in  The  Athenaeum 
for  April  25th,  may  I  venture  to  suggest 
that  the  term  "  whittawer  "  following 
John  Shakespeare's  name  may  be  the 
clerk  of  the  Court's  phonetic  way  of  writing 
"  widower,"  just  as  he  wrote  "  Shakysper 
for  "  Shakespeare  "  ? 

Your  learned  and  enthusiastic  corre- 
spondent would  know  better  than  any  one 
else  how  far  this  would  suit  tho  case  of  John 
Shakespeare — ■'"our  John,"  as  ahe  affection* 
ately  calls  him — the  father  of  William,  who 
married  Mars-  Anion,  I  behove  in  1.157,  and 
who  might  be  a  widower  in   1573,  though  it 

is  nowhere,   1   think,  recorded   thai    h<-  left    his 

shop  in  Stratford  before  his  death,  it  is  said, 

in   1601. 

Bui    if  this  suggestion   ""won't   do,1     may  I 

venture  on  another?     "Whittawer"  might 
he    pure    Warwickshire     for     "wit-ower 
or  "  owner  "  ("ower  "       "owner"in  these 
paiis,  ma  far  off),  or  "producer,"  or  " be- 
getter "  [cerebri  geniior,  Latine). 

This,    I    think,    would    "  lit    in  "    admirably 

with  tho  learned  lady's  wcii-knowu  theory, 

Jons    Hi  t<  iiivs.in. 


658 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


litoarg    (Snssip* 

The  inaugural  lecture  of  the  summer 
term  in  the  Department  of  Public  Ad- 
ministration at  the  London  School  of 
Economics  was  delivered  a  few  days 
ago  by  Mr.  Graham  Wallas,  who  took  as 
his  subject  '  The  Growth  and  Influence  of 
Political  Science  in  America.'  Comparing 
the  impressions  received  by  him  during 
his  recent  journey  in  the  United  States 
with  those  of  previous  visits,  the  lecturer 
said  that,  to  him,  the  most  striking 
development  was  the  gradual  supersession 
of  the  "  plain,  honest  man,"  of  whom 
Mr.  William  J.  Bryan  was  a  perfect 
representative,  by  the  "  impenitent  spe- 
cialist " — to  use  Mr.  Max  Beerbohm's 
phrase. 

This  new  belief  in  specialism  and  the 
authority  of  the  expert  had  taken  the 
place  of  the  belief  in  a  national  destiny. 
Social  problems,  especially  in  the  Eastern 
States,  were  far  too  complex  to  be  solved 
by  non-expert  legislators  on  the  general 
principles  laid  down  in  the  Constitution. 
Perhaps  the  most  significant  fact  of  the 
new  regime  was  that  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, where  students  were  allowed  to 
choose  from  an  enormous  number  of 
courses,  and  where  there  were  no  compul- 
sory subjects  set  for  Arts  degrees,  quite 
half  the  students  attended  courses  in  socio- 
logy, while  classics  and  mathematics  were 
virtually  left  alone. 

Dr.  Oscar  Levy  informs  us  that,  in  view 
of  the  seventieth  anniversary  of  Friedrich 
Nietzsche's  birth,  which  falls  on  October 
15th  next,  it  is  intended  to  raise  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory  on  the  hill  near 
Weimar,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Nietzsche  Archiv.  A  considerable  fund 
has  already  been  collected  for  the  purpose, 
and  any  surplus  that  may  accrue  will  be 
used  for  the  support  of  the  Archiv,  which 
is  under  the  guidance  of  Nietzsche's 
sister. 

Contributions  should  be  forwarded  to 
Nietzsche's  cousin,  Dr.  Richard  Oehler, 
the  Librarian  of  Bonn  University  (70, 
Konigstrasse,  Bonn),  or  the  Nietzsche 
Monument  Fund,  care  of  London  County 
and  Westminster  Bank,  109-111,  New 
Oxford  Street,  W. 

The  Cambridge  Review  of  this  week  notes 
that  the  See  of  Bristol,  from  which  Dr. 
Browne  has  retired,  passes  to  another 
Cambridge  man,  Dr.  Nickson.  It  adds 
that  the  new  Bishop  'w  will  have  to  walk 
warily  in  relation  with  the  Bristol  Uni- 
versity, where  certain  dissensions  are  but 
recently  composed."  The  composure  is 
possibly  premature. 

MM.  Alfred  Capus  and  Robert  de 
Flers  have  been  elected  General  Editors 
of  the  Figaro. 

Frederic  Mistral  has  bequeathed  to 
his  native  town  his  house,  with  all  the 
books  and  pictures  which  it  contains,  on 
condition  that,  after  his  wife's  death,  it 
shall  be  open  to  the  public  as  a  museum. 

On  April  26th  the  Souvenir  Litteraire 
met  at  Pere  Lachaise   to   commemorate 


the  centenary  of  Louis  Sebastien  Mercier's 
death.  Mercier  was  a  prolific  writer,  and  a 
sort  of  undeveloped  genius.  He  tried  his 
pen  in  many  literary  genres — philosophy, 
history,  criticism,  drama — pouring  into 
each  the  liberal  effusion  of  a  truly  original 
mind.  His  most  characteristic  works  are 
'  L'An  2440,'  a  rambling,  heterogeneous 
composition,  full  of  half-prophetic  visions, 
and  '  Tableau  de  Paris,'  which  gives  a 
curious  picture  of  Parisian  manners.  He 
was  above  all  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of 
Shakespeare,  whom  he  strenuously  put 
forward  as  a  dramatic  model. 

It  is  proposed  to  build  a  reading-room 
and  library  at  Bankfoot,  Perthshire,  in 
memory  of  the  poet  Robert  Nicoll,  the 
centenary  of  whose  birth  fell  on  the  7  th 
of  last  January. 

Last  Tuesday  the  editor  and  directors 
of  The  New  Statesman  met  some  of  their 
readers  at  the  KingswayHall  and  addressed 
them.  The  idea  was  good,  but  we  cannot 
commend  those  responsible  for  the  way  in 
which  it  was  carried  out.  If  the  utter- 
ances of  their  pens  were  no  weightier  than 
their  speaking,  our  contemporary  would 
not  serve  its  public  so  well  as  it  does. 
Even  Mr.  Shaw  did  not  manage  to  convey 
news  to  intelligent  readers  of  the  paper, 
though  he  occasionally  restated  things  in 
a  novel  way. 

Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  will  publish 
on  the  28th  inst.  '  From  an  Islington 
Window  :  Pages  of  Reminiscent  Romance,' 
by  Miss  M.  Betham-Edwards.  Romance 
is  not  exactly  associated  with  the  Isling- 
ton of  to-day,  but  the  author  deals  with 
the  Early-  and  Mid- Victorian  associations 
of  the  district. 

The  Rev.  H.  S.  Pelham,  Domestic 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Birmingham, 
has  written  a  little  work  which  he  has 
entitled  '  The  Training  of  a  Working  Boy.' 
The  Bishop  contributes  a  laudatory  Fore- 
word. Messrs.  Macmillan  will  issue  the 
book  on  Tuesday  next. 

They  will  also  publish  shortly  '  Restate- 
ment and  Reunion,'  four  essays  by  the 
Rev.  B.  H.  Streeter,  the  editor  of  '  Foun- 
dations.' The  aim  of  the  book  is  to 
show  that  the  practical  and  intellectual 
problems  of  to-day  cannot  be  solved  on  the 
old  party  lines,  but  only  by  a  co-ordina- 
tion of  the  best  elements  in  the  traditions 
of  the  High,  Evangelical,  and  Broad  Church 
schools.  The  observations  on  Reunion 
were  partly  suggested  by  a  study  of  mis- 
sionary conditions  during  a  recent  visit 
of  the  author  to  India.  The  Introduction 
contains  some  comments  on  the  Bishop  of 
Oxford's  recent  pronouncement. 

Mr.  Ian  Colvtn,  who  is  known  to  a  wide 
circle  of  readers  as  "  I.  C."  of  The  Morning 
Post,  is  publishing  next  Tuesday  with 
Messrs.  Blackwood  a  book  of  light  satirical 
verse  entitled  'iEsop  in  Politics.'  Messrs. 
Blackwood  are  also  issuing  at  the  same 
time  '  Heroines  and  Others,'  another 
collection  of  short  stories  by  Mr.  St.  John 
Lucas. 

Mr.  Raymond  Paton,  whose  first  novel, 
'  The  Drummer  of  the  Dawn,'  was  well 


received,  has  written  '  The  Tale  of  Lai/ 
a  fantasy  which  brings  fairyland  into 
the  heart  of  London,  and  once  more 
defends  the  wisdom  and  ideals  of  the  child 
against  the  dull  common  sense  of  its  elders. 
Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  are  the  pub- 
lishers. 

The  same  firm  announce  for  early  issue- 
two  stories  by  writers  whose  names  are 
new  to  print :  '  The  Road  to  Hillsbrow,' 
by  Miss  Ellen  Beaumont  Loveday,  ait 
idyll  of  English  family  life  ;  and  '  The 
Anvil,'  by  Miss  Lilith  Hope,  a  study  of  a 
girl's  development. 

Mr.  Murray  is  publishing  next  week 
'  Cloudesley  Tempest,'  a  novel  of  the  Stock 
Exchange,  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Lacon  Watson. 

Mr.  Murray's  announcements  include 
'  The  Letters  of  John  B.  S.  Morritt 
of  Rokeby,'  the  traveller  and  friend  of 
Scott,  edited  by  Mr.  G.  E.  Marindin; 
and  '  The  Autobiography  of  S.  S.  McClure,' 
the  adventurous  American  publisher  who 
was  the  prototype  of  Stevenson's  delight- 
ful Pinkerton  in  '  The  Wreckers.' 

The  volume  of  '  Collected  Poems  '  by 
Mr.  Norman  Gale,  which  has  been  an- 
nounced for  some  time,  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Macmillan  on  next  Tuesday. 

Casa  Editrice  Lapi,  of  Citta  diCastellor 
is  publishing,  as  the  first  volume  of  a 
series  of  "  Documenti  di  Storia  Letteraria 
Italiana,"  '  Scenari  delle  Maschere  in 
Arcadia.'  The  scenarios  are  '  La  Pazzia 
di  Filandro,'  '  II  gran  Mago,'  '  La  Nave,' 
'  Li  tre  Satiri,'  and  '  L' Arcadia.'  The 
fundamental  idea  in  each  is  a  shipwreck 
on  a  desert  place  where  a  magician  reigns 
supreme.  According  to  the  Fanfulla  delta 
Domenica,  the  editor — Signor  Ferdinando 
Neri  —  discusses  in  his  Introduction  the 
possibility  of  their  having  been  the  source- 
of  Shakespeare's  '  Tempest.' 

The  late  Duke  of  Argyll  was  a  man: 
of  considerable  versatility  with  the  pen. 
A  graceful  writer  of  verse  at  his  best,  he- 
published  a  good  metrical  version  of  the 
Psalms  in  1877.  His  historical  work 
shows,  as  a  rule,  sound  judgment,  but  he 
was  careless  in  detail.  His  k  Passages  from 
the  Past '  (1907),  and  collection  of  '  Inti- 
mate Society  Letters  '  (1910),  contain  good 
things,  but  are  defective  in  arrangement,, 
and  occasionally  perverse  in  judgment. 
Probably  his  literary  gifts  suffered  from 
his  position  as  a  statesman. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  at, 
Edinburgh  on  the  1st  inst.  of  Mr.  James 
Cuthbert  Hadden,  aged  54.  Mr.  Hadden 
served  an  apprenticeship  as  bookseller 
with  Messrs.  A.  &  R.  Milne,  of  Aberdeen,, 
went  to  London,  and  was  for  a  time  with 
Messrs.  Routledge.  On  his  return  to 
Scotland,  he  specialized  in  music,  and  was- 
in  turn  organist  in  several  Presbyterian 
churches.  He  began  also  to  contribute 
to  newspapers  and  periodicals,  and  wrote, 
besides  several  little  books  on  music, 
some  literary  and  historical  biographies. 
Mr.  Hadden,  who  had  been  one  of  our 
contributors  for  several  years,  and  was 
well  equipped  in  Scottish  history  and 
topography,  had  a  nervous  breakdown  last 
year  from  which  he  never  fully  recovered. 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


T  H  E    A  T  H  E  Ni:UM 


659 


SCIENCE 


\ 


The  Golden  Bough  :  a  Study  in  Magic  and 
Religion. — Part  IV.  Adonis,  Attis, Osiris. 
By  J.  G.  Frazer.  2  vols.  (Macmillan  & 
Oo.,  20s.  net.) 

These  volumes  form  the  fourth  portion 
of  the  third  edition  of  Dr.  Frazer's  great 
work.  It  comes  later  in  time  than  the 
.nth  and  concluding  portion,  which 
was  reviewed  in  The  Athenceum  of  Jan.  3rd 
last,  but  it  had  previously  appeared  as  a 
separate  work,  of  which  editions  had  been 
published  in  1906  and  1907.  It  shows 
the  advantage  of  the  new  method  of 
breaking  up  the  subject  into  several 
distinct  treatises,  instead  of  starting,  as 
previously,  from  the  practice  of  the  priests 
of  Aricia,  and  following  out  in  succession 
the  lines  of  thought  that  ran  in  many 
ways  more  or  less  directly  from  that 
starting-point. 

In  the  two  volumes  before  us  three 
ancient  myths,  related  to  each  other 
as  being  Oriental  in  origin,  are  separately 
considered,  and  other  myths  and  practices 
concerning  them  investigated  hi  the  style 
of  which  Dr.  Frazer  is  the  undisputed 
master.  In  his  Preface  to  the  present 
edition  he  defines  in  these  words  the 
position  to  which  his  long  and  patient 
research  has  led  him  : — 

"'  The  longer  I  occupy  myself  with  ques- 
tions of  ancient  mythology  the  more  diffi- 
dent I  become  of  success  in  dealing  with 
them,  and  I  am  apt  to  think  that  we  who 
spend  our  years  in  searching  for  solutions 
of  these  insoluble  problems  are  like  Sisyphus 
perpetually  rolling  his  stone  uphill  only  to 
see  it  revolve  again  into  the  valley,  or  like 
the  daughters  of  Danaus  doomed  forever  to 
pour  water  into  broken  jars  that  can  hold 
no  water.  If  we  are  taxed  with  wasting  life 
in  seeking  to  know  what  can  never  be 
known,  and  what,  if  it  could  be  discovered, 
would  not  be  worth  knowing,  what  can  we 
plead  in  our  defence  ?  I  fear,  very  little. 
h  pursuits  can  hardly  be  defended  on 
the  ground  of  pure  reason.  We  can  only 
say  that  something,  we  know  not  what, 
drives  us  to  attack  the  great  enemy  Ignor- 
ance wherever  we  see  him,  and  that  if  we 
fail,  as  we  probably  shall,  in  our  attack  on 
his  entrenchments,  it  may  be  useless  but 
it  is  not  inglorious  to  fall  in  leading  a  Forlorn 
Hope." 

Those  who  remember  the  issue  of  the 
first  edition  of  '  The  Golden  Bough,'  and 
the  impulse  which  was  given  by  it  to  the 
study  of  comparative  religion,  will  hardly 
be  prepared  to  agree  with  Dr.  Frazer  in 
his  disparaging  estimate  of  the  results 
of  the  study  to  which  he  has  devoted 
marvellously  industrious  research,  a  vivid 
scientific  imagination,  and  a  brilliant 
faculty  of  eloquent  exposition.  It  may 
be  that  knowledge  of  absolute  troth  is 
not  attainable  in  regard  to  many  of  the 
intimate  relation-  between  belief  and 
custom  that  he  has  ingeniously  suggeste  I 
and  that  such  knowledge,  if  acquired, 
would  not  be  of  more  value  to  mankind 
than  the  suggestion  itself  ;  but  the  pro- 
gress from  c  lition  to  edition  of  enlighten 
ment  on  the  mutual  relations  of  magic 
and  religion,  and  the  demonstration  of  the 


virtual  identity  of  religious  ideas  which 
formed  the  theme  of  the  first  edition,  and 
is  raised  to  a  high  power  by  the  sixfold 
evidences  contained  in  this  third  edition, 
are  surely  not  forlorn  hopes,  but  real 
victories  in  the  conflict  with  ignorance. 

Upon  the  first  of  these  questions  Dr. 
Frazer's  conclusions  may  be  briefly  stated. 
The  great  changes  which  annually  pass 
over  the  face  of  the  earth  are  intimately 
bound  up  with  the  life  of  man.  At  a 
certain  stage  of  development  men  seem 
to  have  imagined  that  they  could  hasten 
or  retard  the  flight  of  the  seasons  by  magic 
art.  The  slow  advance  of  knowledge 
convinced  the  more  thoughtful  that  some 
mightier  power  than  their  own  magical 
rites  wras  at  work.  They  pictured  to 
themselves  growth  and  decay  as  effects  of 
the  waxing  or  waning  strength  of  gods 
and  goddesses.  Thus  the  old  magical 
theory  was  supplemented  by  a  religious 
theory,  for  they  still  thought  that  by 
magical  rites  the}*  could  aid  the  god  who 
was  the  principle  of  life  in  his  struggle 
with  the  opposing  principle  of  death. 
The  ceremonies  they  observed  Avere  a 
dramatic  representation  of  the  natural 
processes  they  wished  to  facilitate  ;  for 
magic  is  imitation.  They  set  forth  the 
fruitful  union  of  the  powers  of  fertility, 
the  death  of  one  of  those  powers,  and  his 
resurrection.  Thus  a  religious  theory  was 
blended  with  a  magical  practice. 

The  myth  of  Adonis,  whom  Dr.  Frazer 
identifies  with  Tammuz,  illustrates  this. 
He  thinks  it  originated  with  the  Sumerians 
of  Southern  Babylonia.  In  the  religious 
literature  of  that  country  Tammuz  appears 
as  the  youthful  spouse  or  lover  of  Ishtar, 
the  great  mother  goddess.  Every  year 
Tammuz  was  believed  to  die,  and  every 
year  his  divine  mistress  journeyed  to  the 
gloomy  subterranean  world  in  quest  of  him. 
During  her  absence  life  was  threatened 
with  extinction.  On  her  rescue  from  the 
infernal  regions  all  nature  revived.  In 
Syria  the  story  was  further  developed. 
In  Cyprus  the  worship  of  Aphrodite  and 
Adonis  reached  its  height.  It  gave  rise 
to  the  strange  customs  which  are  recorded 
by  Herodotus  as  practised  in  Babylon,  and 
which  find  analogies  in  India  among  the 
dancing  girls  dedicated  to  the  service  of  the 
temples,  in  West  Africa  among  the  Ewe- 
speaking  peoples  of  the  Slave  Coast,  and 
in  Western  Asia  among  the  sacred  wo- 
men and  men.  It  also  gave  rise  to 
the  widespread  belief  that  men  and  women 
may  be  the  sons  and  daughters  of  a  deity. 
either  begotten  by  him  when  in  human 
form  or  when  in  the  form  of  a  serpent; 
and  to  the  co-related  beliefs  that  births 
of  children  are  reincarnations  of  deceased 
persons,  and  that  stocks  and  stones  have 
procreal  ive  virtue. 

The  worship  of  Adonis  at  Byblus,  in 
Syria,  led  to  the  customs  of  sacrificing 
the  first-born,  and  of  burning  the  chief 

god  of  the  city,  and  to  the  tradition  that 
Melearth,     the     T\rian      Hercules,     burnt 

himself  to  death  and  rose  again  from  the 

dead.  At  Tarsus,  in  Cilieia,  he  bore  the 
name  of  Sandan.  A  famous  llittite 
Bculpture  represents  a  procession,  at   the 

head     of     which     are    three     figures  ;      I  ft. 


Frazer  conjectures  that  they  represent  a 
divine  Father,  a  divine  Mother,  and  a 
divine  Son.  The  Father  he  identifies 
with  Baal,  and  the  Son  with  the  god 
Sandan,  who  was  burnt — either  in  the 
person  of  a  human  representative  (who 
might  be  the  son  of  the  king)  or  (perhaps 
in  later  years)  in  effigy — at  Tarsus.  He 
finds  in  like  manner  at  Olba,  among 
the  ruins  discovered  by  Mr.  Theodore 
Bent,  a  representation  of  two  gods, 
Father  and  Son,  corresponding  to  the 
Baal  and  Sandan  of  Tarsus. 

In  support  of  the  theory  that  kings  or 
princes  were  formerly  burnt  to  death  at 
Tarsus  in  the  character  of  gods,  he  adduces 
the  story  of  Sardanapalus,  or  rather  his 
brother  Shamashshumakin,  burning  him- 
self, and  that  of  the  attempted  burning 
of  Croesus,  King  of  Syria,  as  seeming  to 
prove  that  in  certain  cases  Oriental 
monarchs  deliberately  chose  to  burn 
themselves  to  death,  and  that  such  a 
death  was  regarded  as  a  kind  of  apotheosis. 
He  suggests  that  the  custom  of  burning 
a  god  may  have  had  some  relation  to 
volcanic  phenomena,  to  earthquakes, 
mephitic  vapours,  and  other  natural 
features.  The  ritual  and  gardens  of 
Adonis  are  good  evidence  that  he  was  a 
deity  of  vegetation,  and  especially  of  the 
corn. 

The  second  part  of  the  book — '  Attis  ' — 
relates  to  a  deity  who  was  to  Phrygia  what 
Adonis  was  to  Syria.  Born  of  a  virgin, 
and  killed,  like  Adonis,  by  a  boar,  accord- 
ing to  one  version,  or  by  his  own  act  in 
self -mutilation,  according  to  another,  he 
was  changed  after  death  into  a  pine  tree. 
His  death  was  celebrated  by  bloody 
sacrifices,  at  which  priestly  eunuchs 
officiated  ;  his  resurrection  by  a  joyous 
festival  of  licence. 

The  part  which  the  pine  tree  plays 
in  his  worship  identifies  him  as  a  tree- 
spirit.  His  name  signifies  "  father."  Each 
year  his  cruel  death  was  re-enacted  in  the 
person  of  a  representative.  Dr.  Frazer 
suggests  that  a  reminiscence  of  the  manner 
in  which  these  old  representatives  were 
put  to  death  may  perhaps  be  preserved 
in  the  story  of  Marsyas,  hung  on  a 
pine  tree  and  flaj^ed  by  Apollo.  From  the 
East  these  barbarous  and  cruel  observ- 
ances spread  over  the  Roman  Empire. 
In  Greek  mythology  they  were  not  adopted, 
and  the  nearest  analogy  to  them  is  found 
in  the  story  of  Hyacinth. 

The  third  part  of  the  book—'  Osiris  — 
which  occupies  the  whole  of  the  second 
volume,  relates  to  the  god  whose  death 
and  resurrection  were  annually  celebrated 

in   ancient    Egypt.      He   was  the  offspring 

of  an  intrigue  between  the  earth-god  Beb 

and    the    sky-goddess    Nut,    wife    of    the 
SUn-god    Eta,    who    declared    with    a    curse 

that  she  should  be  delivered  of  the  child 

in  no  month  and  no  year.      The  curse  was 

fulfilled,  and  yet    nullified,  by   his   birth 

on    the    first    of    the    five   additional    days 

inserted  at  the  end  of  each  year  to  make 

a   year  Of  :5<>5  days  out    of    12   months  of 

30    days    each.    The    variations    <>f    the 

Egyptian    calendar   arc    not    unlike    th 
ol    the    Mexican    calendar.    as    expounded 
by  .Mrs.   (not    "  .Miss     )  Z.   Xuttall   (p.   29). 


600 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


The  Egyptian  farmer  had  means  of  his 
own  to  rectify  the  official  calendar  by 
observing  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Nile,  and 
accordingly  at  the  beginning  of  the  rise 
held  a  festival  of  Isis,  believed  to  be 
mourning  for  the  lost  Osiris.  The  time  of 
sowing  the  seed  was  a  time  of  sorrow,  which 
Prof.  Frazer  considers  to  be  as  unreal  as 
that  of  the  walrus  for  the  oysters.  The 
joy  of  harvest,  likewise,  was  concealed 
under  an  air  of  dejection.  Besides  these 
natural  observances,  there  were  the  official 
celebrations  of  the  sufferings  and  death 
of  Osiris,  in  relation  to  which  Prof.  Frazer 
gives  an  excellent  account  of  the  Feast  of 
All  Souls  as  observed  in  many  countries. 
The  death  and  resurrection  of  the  god 
identify  him  as  a  personification  of  the 
corn,  which  dies  and  comes  to  life  again 
each  year ;  but  he  was  also  a  tree-spirit,  a 
god  of  fertilitjr,  and  a  ruler  and  judge  of 
the  dead.  His  sister  and  wife  Isis  is  more 
difficult  to  understand.  Dr.  Frazer  rejects 
the  theory  that  Osiris  was  the  sun-god ; 
and  while  he  admits  that  in  some  respects 
Adonis  was  looked  upon  as  identified  with 
the  moon,  he  considers  that  that  was  a 
late  development  of  the  cult,  due  to 
observations  of  the  influence  which  the 
waxing  and  waning  moon  was  supposed 
to  exercise  on  growth.  In  Egypt  the  part 
of  Osiris  was  played  by  the  King.  While 
Adonis  and  Attis  were  minor  divinities 
only,  Osiris  was  the  greatest  and  most 
popular  god  of  all  Egypt ;  but  all  three 
represent  the  powers  of  fertility  and  especi- 
ally of  vegetation,  and  all  undergo  a  death 
and  resurrection.  The  cult  of  all  in- 
cluded the  idea  of  vicarious  sacrifice — 
it  is  expedient  that  one  man  die  for  the 
people,  that  all  the  people  perish  not. 

If  some  of  the  suggestions  made 
by  the  author  are  thought  to  be  over- 
ingenious,  and  not  to  be  sufficiently 
supported  by  the  facts  on  which  they  are 
based,  the  great  multitude  of  those  facts, 
all  tending  to  the  same  conclusion,  must 
make  a  great  impression  on  every  one 
who  studies  writings  so  obviously  candid, 
fair-minded,  and  fruitful  as  those  of  Dr. 
Frazer. 

An  Appendix  supplies  notes  on  Moloch 
the  king,  the  widowed  Flamen,  a  charm 
to  protect  a  town,  and  some  customs  of 
the  Pelew  Islanders. 


BIOLOGY  IN  RELATION  TO 

EDUCATION.  Bristol. 

I  have  read  the  lectures  by  Miss  Hoskyns- 
Abrahall,  as  recorded  in  The  Athenaeum, 
with  interest. 

In  speaking  of  the  "  Sympathetic  Nervous 
System,"  she  says:  "The  abdominal  brain  is 
larger  in  the  female  than  in  the  male,  the 
female  having  also  more  distinct  ganglia, 
and  more  marked  conducting  cords."'  She 
goes  on  to  explain  that  this  accounts  for  more 
boys  suffering  from  malnutrition  than  girls, 
and  that  boys  more  often  die  young. 

It  has  appeared  to  me,  in  my  experience, 
that  boys  are  more  difficult  to  rear  than  girls  ; 
that  the  explanation  advanced  by  Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall  is  in  any  case  correct,  I 
am  not  prepared  to  admit. 

I  know  of  no  anatomical  authority  for 
her  statement  ;  if  there  be,  I  should  esteem 
the  reference  a  favour. 

John  Wm.  Taylor,  M.D. 


BIOLOGY   IN   RELATION   TO 
EDUCATION. 

A  Course  of  Three  Lectures  given  by  Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall  at  Crosby  Hall,  on 
March  13th,  17th,  and  20lh,  1914. 

[These  Lectures  were  illustrated  by  nearly  two 
hundred  slides,  and  the  omission  of  these  has 
necessitated  some  curtailment  of  the  matter 
which  depended  on  them,  and  also  some  re- 
arrangement. Lecture  I.  was  printed  in  'The 
Athenaeum '  for  April  25th,  and  the  first  portion 
of  Lecture  II.  in  last  week's  number. 

Lecture  II.  (continued). 
PSYCHE :     THE    SOUL. 

Powers  of  Vision. 

There  are  yet  other  factors  which 
determine  the  mode  in  which  the  soul 
receives,  as  it  were,  into  itself  impressions 
from  the  outside  world,  and  we  must  con- 
sider one  or  two  of  them  for  a  few  mo- 
ments. We  revert  now  to  the  eyes, 
which  are  our  usual  organs  of  sight. 
Human  eyes  have  three  lenses  :  a  water 
lens,  a  horny  lens,  and  a  vitreous  or  glass- 
like lens.  There  are  individuals  who  can  so 
control  sight  as  to  look  through  only  one 
lens,  or  only  two,  or,  again,  only  through 
the  retina  (the  net)  and  its  fluids.  It  is  a 
commonplace  to  say  the  eye  brings  with  it 
what  it  sees,  but  this  is  true  in  a  far 
more  profound  and  exact  sense  than 
people  usually  suppose.  There  is,  for 
example,  an  exact  correspondence  be- 
tween the  substances  contained  in  the 
eye  and  their  rate  of  vibration,  and  that 
which,  outside  us,  we  perceive  as  move- 
ment. To  us  a  sand-fall  appears  sta- 
tionary, but  if  there  were  contained  in  one 
of  our  lenses  a  solution  of  opiartz,  Ave  should 
see  the  movement  in  it.  Its  stationary 
appearance  is  the  same  in  kind  as  the 
stationary  appearance  of  a  waterfall 
seen  at  a  distance.  Everything  in  reality 
is  in  motion,  and  there  may  be  a  being  to 
whose  ej'es,  by  the  different  correspond- 
ence between  their  respective  vibrations 
and  its  own,  sand  appears  to  move  faster 
than  water.  It  is  found,  moreover,  that 
drugs  and  abnormal  secretions  of  the 
body  alter  the  solution  in  the  water  lens 
and  cause  marked  differences  of  vision, 
as  indeed,  on  the  same  principle,  they  also 
cause  marked  differences  in  hearing, 
touch,  taste,  and  smell. 

The  easiest  way  in  which  to  understand 
the  differences  made  by  the  relation  to 
one  another  of  different  rates  of  vibration 
is,  however,  to  consider  how  photographs 
of  a  person  in  motion  come  out  differently 
according  to  the  rates  of  movement  of 
the  film  and  the  person.  If  the  film  moves 
very  slowly,  it  will  catch  every  movement 
of  the  man's  muscles,  and  in  the  resulting 
photograph  there  will  appear,  not  one 
man,  but  many.  Let  the  film  move 
more  slowly  still,  and  the  form  of  a  man 
leaping  as  it  usually  appears  to  our  limited 
normal  vision  will  appear  in  the  photo- 
graph as  a  wave  with  a  wedge  in  its 
trough. 

I  can  but  touch  on  it  for  a  moment, 
but  nothing  is  more  striking  than  the 
witness  of  photography  to  the  theory  that 


matter  consists  of  waves  within  waves — 
that  we  ourselves,  physically,  may  be  so 
described. 

Now,  in  the  accounts  we  have  of  strange 
things  seen  in  visions  it  may  very  well  be 
that  the  secret  of  the  wonder  lies  in  some 
change — acceleration  or  retardation — in 
the  vibrations  and  other  movements 
which  are  integral  factors  in  all  our  seeing. 
We  see  by  means  of  a  moving  film.  Just 
as  the  celluloid  film,  consisting  of  particles 
of  dead  organic  matter,  is  carried  past 
the  camera,  so  a  film  of  matter,  partly 
dead  and  partljr  living,  caught  in  a  net, 
passes  through  the  camera  of  our  eye  ; 
and  our  vision  is  truly  and  exactly  deter- 
mined by  the  rate  of  its  movement  and 
the  nature  of  its  substance.  A  person 
sloAvly  dying  must,  as  the  pulse-rate 
alters,  see  differently  from  what  he  did 
in  health,  and  may  likewise  become 
aware  of  what  at  this  former  rate  was 
invisible.  It  does  not  follow  that  con- 
sciousness is  lost,  or  even  disturbed  or 
lessened.  The  soul  may  be  as  fully 
"  alive  "  as  before  ;  may  be  seeing  and 
hearing  things  of  which  before  it  had  no 
cognizance. 

Abnormal  Perception  and  Movement. 

If  there  is  a  range  of  perception  possible 
to  us  beyond  our  normal  limited  range — 
possible,  but  not  often  or  to  many  of  us 
matter  of  actual  experience — there  are 
also  ranges  of  action,  and  states  of  con- 
sciousness or  subconsciousness,  which  Ave 
are  capable  of,  yet  seldom — most  of  us, 
perhaps,  ne\er — enter  upon.  Consider, 
for  example,  somnambulism  —  a  state, 
in  reality,  of  larger  Avakefulness  than  is 
our  ordinary  AAaking  state,  in  Avhich,  while 
many  of  the  ordinary  functions  of  the 
animal  organization  are  suspended,  the 
mind  is  diATested  of  the  common  cares 
and  anxieties  of  the  AATorld,  and  becomes 
composed,  serene,  and  cheerful ;  while 
the  intellectual  faculties,  free  and  unfet- 
tered, are  exercised  with  an  extraordinarA/ 
Angour  and  acuteness.  The  internal  power 
of  vision  is  marvellously  strengthened  and 
enlarged,  and  seems  to  be  no  longer  con- 
fined within  the  narroAV  bounds  of  space 
and  time,  nor  beholds  objects  merely  in 
the  usual  superficial  Avay,  but  penetrates 
the  shell  of  external  nature  and  sees  into 
the  life  of  things — through  the  inner 
network  of  the  lymph.  This  state  pre- 
sents three  types :  (1)  Ordinary  som- 
nambulism, the  result  of  some  peculiar 
predisposition  of  the  nervous  system ; 
(2)  somnambulism  of  "  disease  " — i.e.,  of 
change  of  personality  ;  (3)  ecstatic  som- 
nambulism, produced  by  high  exaltation  of 
mind. 

The  somnambulist  seems  to  the  on- 
looker to  be  in  profound  sleep.  His  eyes 
are  closed  ;  he  may  be  pricked  or  struck, 
and  feel  nothing  ;  he  may  have  his  eyes 
forced  open  and  not  see,  the  most  volatile 
spirit  presented  to  his  nose  and  not 
smell,  a  pistol  fired  off  close  to  his  ear  and 
not  hear  ;  yet  he  will  traverse  the  most 
inaccessible  places,  perform  most  delicate 
and  difficult  operations,  intellectual  and 
mechanical,  travel,  and  drive  or  ride 
through  croAvded  streets,  and  all  Avith  a 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


001 


degree  oi  freedom,  a  boldness  and  preci- 
sion superior  to  what  In-  displays  when 
awake.  It  has  been  noticed  that  a 
Bomnambulist  generally  accomplishes  any- 
thing he  sets  out  to  do. 

The  explanation  of  this  is  that,  while 
the  head  retains  the  powers  of  motion 
and  feeling,  the  faculties  have  passed 
over  to  the  sympathetic  system,  to  the 
'"  abdominal  brain."  and  by  the  change 
the  intellect  has  become  clearer  and 
stronger.  Among  the  Chinese  and  the 
Burmese  the  abdomen  is  held  to  be  the 
Beat  of  the  human  understanding.  The 
Aztecs  said  to  a  person :  "  See  that  you 
take  my  words  and  lay  them  up  in  your 
heart,  and  write  them  on  your  bowels." 

While  this  state  lasts  the  soul  is  not  to 
be  considered  as  necessarily  attached  to 
any   particular  organ,   but  rather  as  dif- 
fused  throughout,  the  entire   body,   as  is 
the  hyaline    jelly  throughout  the  Volvox 
sphere,  or  the  Plasmodium  of  Badhamia, 
or  the  network  of  Hydrozoa  ;    though  it 
may  be  more  or  less  concentrated  in  the 
one     ganglion,     the     solar    plexus.     The 
ordinary  senses  being  deadened,  the  irrit- 
able solar  plexus  or  the  ganglia  in  the 
pit  of  the  heart  take  their  place,  and  act 
as  projectors  and  receivers  of  all  vibrations 
and    stimuli.     Intuition    dominates,    and 
all  perception  takes  on  the  character  of 
feelintj.     rather   than    that  which    distin- 
guishes any  of  our  differentiated  sensations. 
By  the  ganglia  of  the  stomach  persons 
have  heard  voices  even  from  the  end  of 
a    lone   conductor,   and   speaking   in   the 
lowest  whisper,  and  also  the  ticking"  of  a 
watch .     They  have  seen — after  the  manner 
of  X-rays — through  intervening  obstacles. 
They  have  the  power  of  prevision  and  the 
power  to   discover  hidden  things.     They 
have  prescribed  for  themselves  and  other 
people    remedies    in    the    way    of    herbs, 
metals,    and    exercises.     In    one    case    a 
letter  was  folded  four  times,  enclosed  in 
a  box.  and  held  in  a  person's  hand  on  the 
Btomach  of  the  somnambulist,   who   saw 
the  writing  and  read  it.     If  different  kinds 
of  food — cake,  biscuits,  fruit— were  placed 
in   the   same   way   on  the   stomach,   the 
te  of  them  was  immediately  perceived 
in   the   mouth  ;     if,    however,    they   were 
wrapped  in  silk,  no  taste  was  perceived. 
An  uneducated  peasant  girl,  who  had  no 
hearing   by   the   ears,   heard   the   lightest 
whisper    perfectly    by    the    pit    of    the 
stomach,  the  sole  of  the  foot,  the  palm 
of  the  hand,  and  along  the  sympathetic 
nerve.     When  her  eye-  were  bandaged,  she 
recognize  1  objects  and  colours  placed  on 
the  above-mentioned   regions  .     she   was 
also   able   to  describe  things   in   the   next 
■m.  in  the  street,  beyond  the  town  a1 
enormous  distant  seen   with  the 

eve-.     She  described  diseased  and  healthy 
in   her  own   body   and    in   other-    in 
Latin    and    in    Italian,    and    in    scientific 

teems.     Her    eye-    themselves  developed 

extraordinary  sensitiveness  :  they  became 
like  electrometers,  tuning  where  the 
sUghtesi  friction  produced  electric  tension. 
I  re  have  been  in-'  knees  where  -ight. 
hearing,  and  smell  have  been  transferred 
from  the  usual  organs  to  the  fingers  and 
toes,  or  to  the  palms  of  the  hands  or  soles 


of  the  feet.  A  person  has  read  with  the 
elbow,  whilst  using  the  other  hand,  and 
at  the  same  time  conversing. 

This  unusual  functioning  of  the  sym- 
pathetic ganglia  and  organs  may,  further, 
take  place,  not  in  some  subject  whose 
constitution  is  somewhat  abnormal,  but 
in  a  normal  person  when  exposed  to  great 
danger  or  to  terrible  suffering.  These 
may  have — perhaps  always  have  in  some 
degree — the  effect  of  changing  and  en- 
larging the  nature,  of  stimulating  imagi- 
nation and  emotion  to  a  height  of  which, 
in  the  ordinary  routine  of  civilized  life, 
we  can  form  little  conception.  Routine, 
in  some  respects  beneficial,  acts  as  a 
lullaby  which  puts  the  higher  powers  to 
sleep,  and  thereby  tends  to  stunt  the 
whole  personality. 

It  will  be  remembered  how,  at  the  time 
of  the  earthquake  at  Messina,  the  Russian 
sailors  climbed  walls  like  cats,  brought 
people  down  from  houses  in  the  most 
hazardous  ways,  and  did  things  which 
no  human  being  is  supposed  to  be  able 
to  do.  I  knew  some  girls  in  Bath  who, 
when  the  house  they  were  in  was  on  fire, 
leapt  from  window-ledge  to  window- 
ledge,  6  ft.  apart,  across  a  wide  house- 
front.  Under  ordinary  conditions  they 
could  not  possibly  have  done  this,  but 
in  that  agony  of  fear  the  soul  came  to 
their  aid  and  lifted  them  over  the  space  ; 
in  fact,  they  flew. 

This  may  seem  a  strange  thing  to  say, 
but  it  belongs  to  a  region  of  human  know- 
ledge and  experience  not  sufficiently 
considered,  and  for  that  very  reason 
passing  out  of  our  reach,  which  was  well 
known  to  the  ancients.  One  person — or 
the  soul  when  exerted  as  a  whole — has 
the  power  of  self-projection,  of  flight. 
Empedocles,  Aristseus,  and  Pausanias  may 
be  mentioned  as  witnesses  to  this  having 
been  known  ;  and  the  legends  of  Buddhist 
saints  who,  when  their  sanctity  had 
attained  a  certain  high  degree  towards 
perfection,  could  pass  through  the  air 
at  will  should  not  be  taken  as  mere 
fictions. 

If  projection,  or  flight,  of  this  kind  is 
now  to  all  intents  and  purposes  unknown 
among  us,  the  less  perfect  action  of  the 
soul,  by  which  it  passes  to  distant  places 
separate  from  the  body,  is  relatively 
common — more  so,  perhaps,  than  those 
who  have  not  attended  to  this  phenomenon, 
or  who  put  a  different  interpretation  upon 
it,  might  admit.  Certain  Laplanders, 
when  travelling,  can  throw  the  body  into 
a  state  of  unconsciousness,  leave  it,  and 
betake  themselves  to  the  dwelling  of  a 
comrade's  family,  it  may  bo  300  miles 
away,  and  bring  him  back  news  of  them, 
if  he  urgently  desires  it.  The  so-called 
magician,  after  due  preparation,  falls 
senseless  to  the  ground,  and  remains 
motionless,  as   if   the  soul  had  for  ever 

abandoned   the   body.      After  twenty-four 
hours  the  SOul  returns:    the  body  awakes 

as    from    profound    slumber,    the    man 

utters   B    deep-drawn    Sigh,    and    then    will 

answer  questions  put  to  him,  name  and 
describe  the  place-  where  he  has  been, 

and    give    minute    particulars   of    what    he 

has  observed. 


Instances  of  this  kind  might  be  multi- 
plied indefinitely,  and  1  have  given  this 
one,  not  because  it  is  in  any  way  a  novelty. 
but  because  an  example,  even  if  well- 
known,  is  better  as  illustration  than  a 
statement. 

Human  Machinery  and  Loss  of  Balance. 

But  if  over  against  the  cerebro-spinali 
system,  or  as  the  mediator  of  intuition, 
the  sympathetic  system  is  to  be  regarded 
as  one,  examined  part  by  part  it  discovcrs- 
itself  as  multiple  and  complex.     In  par- 
ticular it  is  an  adjustment  of  many  vibra- 
tions.    Each  organ  and  its  ganglion   lias 
its  own  rate  of  rhythm,  its  own  tempera- 
ture,  its  own   sphere  of  action,   and   its 
dominant    note.     This    means,    as    it    is- 
easy  to  see,  a  myriad  possibilities  of  fine- 
adjustment,  and  also,  if  there  be  anything 
in  the  surroundings  intolerable,  a  myriad 
possibilities  of  misery  and  disorder.  What- 
ever civilized  life  may  be  for  the  cerebro- 
spinal system,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
for  the  sympathetic  system  it  is  so  disas- 
trous that  we  may  wonder  that  any  one- 
retains  any  portion  of  the  "  sympathetic  " 
powers  which  properly  belong  to  him. 

We  understand  this  as  to  sensitive- 
apparatus.  We  have  all  heard  how  art 
astronomer  by  mistake  took  his  umbrella 
into  Greenwich  Observatory,  with  the 
result  that,  by  the  iron  in  the  umbrella, 
all  the  instruments  were  set  ajar  and- 
would  not  work.  We  have  all  been  told 
that  no  one  must  go  into  the  observatory 
with  a  key  in  his  pocket.  When  they 
packed  up  the  instruments  and  trans- 
ported them  to  Scotland — to  the  outer- 
most parts  of  it,  where  there  is  no  disturb- 
ance at  all — the  proceeding  was  regarded 
as  perfectly  natural  and  proper. 

It  is  far  otherwise  when  it  comes  to- 
considering  the  sensitive  apparatus  lodged 
within  the  human  frame.  The  number  of 
human  beings  who  are  undergoing  torture- 
in  their  innermost  being  because  of  jars, 
noise,  and  stress  and  strain  is  enormous. 
Not  the  slightest  account  is  taken  of  it. 
It  is  a  very  remarkable  thing  that,  whereas 
a  mechanical  invention  which,  however 
otherwise  convenient,  actually  necessi- 
tated some  degree  of  external  maiming  in. 
those  who  used  it.  would  stand  little 
chance  of  being  adopted,  no  invention 
which,  by  its  jarring  and  noise,  must 
either  deaden  sensibility  or  rack  it  to- 
agony  is  ever,  on  that  score,  hesitated 
over  for  a  moment.  It  is  not  offensive 
nor,  one  may  suppose,  injurious,  except 
indirectly,    to    the    eerehro  spinal    system 

Therefore  it  is  allowed  to  continue. 
Those  in  whom  the  cerebrospinal  system 
dominates  will  find  little  difficulty  in> 
tolerating  it  ;  those  in  whom  the  sympa- 
thetic system  is  stronger  may  be  driven 

by    it    to    distraction.      Yet    there    can    be 

no  doubt  thai  the  latter  are  not  <>f  a  lower 
type  than  the  former ;  while  the  highest 
type  of  all  consists  of  those  in  whom  the 

two  are  most  intimately  connected. 

It  is  not  only  by  jars  and  outward 
strains  that  the  harmony  of  the  sympa- 
thetic system  is  affected  ;  of  equal  im- 
portance is  the  question  <>f  food.     Here- 


6G2 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


one  point  to  be  considered  is  the  possi- 
bility,   by    diet,     of    giving    undue    pre- 
ponderance to  one  factor  in  the  sympa- 
thetic system.     The  possible  effect  of  the 
foods  to  which  by  convention  the  general 
population   is  restricted   in    limiting  our 
faculties,  and  also  in  promoting  the  excess 
•of  sexual  impulse  so  marked  among  us, 
•ought  to  be  more  closely — and,  if  I  may 
so    put    it,    practically — considered    than 
it  is.     The  diet  of  most  people  is  a  hap- 
hazard mixture — different,  too,  in   many 
irespects  from  the  diet  of  their  ancestors. 

Treatment   of  the  Insane. 

We  come,  now,  to  consider  what 
•exactly  is  involved  in  such  a  loss  of 
balance  or  harmony  in  the  sympathetic 
system  as  is  not  momentary,  as  does  not 
readjust  itself  again  and  again,  after  the 
manner  which  constitutes  a  large  part  of 
our  daily  difficulties  of  living,  but  remains. 
Its  aspect  will  be  twofold  :  Avithin,  great 
suffering  ;  without,  disability — a  failure 
to  meet  the  demands  of  external  life. 
And  the  cause  of  the  loss  of  balance  needs 
also  to  be  accurately  understood.  It  may 
be  not  solely  the  destructive  action  of  the 
environment  upon  an  exceptionally  com- 
plex, or  weak,  or  sensitive  organization  ; 
it  may  be  disturbance  caused  by  change 
■of  personality.  To  the  rough-and-ready 
judgment  of  the  world  the  person  appears 
as  insane,  and  is  dealt  with  accordingly. 

How  is  one  to  know  what  is  happening  ? 
Fundamentally,  though  not  solely,  by  intui- 
tion. Only  the  most  highly  gifted  in 
respect  of  intuition  ought  to  be  allowed 
to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  insane, 
and  they  ought,  besides,  to  be  possessed 
of  wide  knowledge,  of  a  wide  outlook,  and 
large-heartedness — strong,  but  not  un- 
controlled emotion.  That,  on  the  whole, 
the  insane  are  not  in  the  hands,  or  even 
under  the  ultimate  control,  of  persons  of 
this  nature  and  capability  needs,  I  fear, 
no  demonstration.  There  is  plenty  of 
evidence  to  show  that,  if  some  of  the 
heads  of  asylums  and  the  attendants  they 
-employ  are  well-meaning  and  skilful, 
there  are  many  who  are  mere  money- 
makers, many  who  are  coarse  and  stupid 
— more  than  might  be  supposed  who  are 
•on  occasion  guilty  of  culpable  neglect  and 
of  what  amounts  to  cruelty.  Those  who 
can  discriminate  to  any  purpose  between 
forms  of  insanity  of  different  origin — who 
can  discern  between  the  patient  who  is 
4o  be  helped  to  regain  a  foothold  from 
which  he  has  slipped,  and  the  one  who  is 
to  be  helped  to  reach  a  foothold  he  has 
never  yet  gained — are  extremely  few. 
Indeed,  the  distinction  as  a  mere  possible 
one  has  not  presented  itself  at  all  to  the 
minds  of  most  alienists. 

Dr.  Adolf  Meyer,  Professor  of  Psychiatry 
at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  writes 
of  the  insane,  whose  disease  he  describes 
as  a  disease  of  behaviour  : — 

"  Certification  to  an  asylum,  an  expression 
whi?h  carries  humiliation  to  a  patient  and 
adds  insult  to  injury,  often  means  carrying  the 
patient  off  to  a  remote  asylum.  .  .  .with  the 
inscription  over  the  door  '  Leave  hope  behind, 
-all  ye  who  enter  here.'     Helpfulness  rather 


than  coercion  must  take  the  place  of  all 
this.  The  urgent  point  is  the  creation  of 
different  environments  to  meet  the  needs 
of  different  persons,  as  the  readjustments 
may  take  days  or  weeks,  months  or  years  of 
care  and  protection." 

Helpfulness,  however,  and  protection  can- 
not be  expected  wherever  those  in  charge 
of  the  patients,  though  called  nurses,  are 
rough  and  ignorant  beyond  what  would  be 
endured  in  an  ordinary  domestic  servant. 

One  of  the  first  conditions  of  improve- 
ment would  seem  to  be  the  revision  of  our 
whole  view  of  insanity  :  the  recognition 
of  the  diverse  parts  played  in  each  sepa- 
rate case  by  the  cerebro-spinal  and  the 
sympathetic  systems,  and  a  more  exact 
allowance  for  the  effects  of  drugs  and  idio- 
syncrasies connected  with  these  with  more 
attention  than  is  usually  accorded  to  the 
state  of  the  bodily  organs ;  also  a 
realization  of  the  fact  that  what  appears 
as  madness  may  be,  on  the  one  hand,  a 
perfectly  justified  recoil  of  the  whole 
system  from  a  scheme  of  life  for  which  it 
is  desperately  unfitted ;  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  a  transition  state  from  one 
mode  of  personality  to  another,  the 
difficult  emergence  into  a  higher  form  of 
being.  In  this  connexion  I  would  sug- 
gest that  those  insane  persons  who  mani- 
fest— or  in  the  onset  of  the  disease  have 
manifested — a  peculiar  intolerance  of 
noise  or  a  great  desire  for  solitude  should 
be  guarded  and  studied  with  a  special  and 
hopeful  care. 

Not  that  we  are  to  think  of  change  from 
one  personality  to  another  as  necessarily 
involving  insanity  or  the  risk  of  insanity, 
though  it  does,  perhaps,  always  involve 
suffering. 

Diet  and  the  Use  of  Fast  and  Festival. 

Every  religion  has  taught  that  the  mode 
of  life — clothing,  diet,  exercise,  absence 
or  presence  of  excitement,  regularity  or 
irregularity — makes  a  difference  to  the 
soul.  A  part  of  ancient  wisdom  was  to 
know  what  foods  were  good  for  the  soul 
— that  is  to  say,  what  foods  would  nourish 
the  body  in  such  a  way  as  to  keep  its 
balance  true.  As  long  as  the  right 
physiological  balance  of  the  body  is 
kept,  the  body  is  a  vehicle  in  which, 
through  which,  the  soul  can  act.  The 
soul  cannot  act  unless  its  vehicle  is  of  such 
a  nature  and  in  such  a  state  as  to  yield  to 
intuition.  The  balance  required  is  a 
harmony  between  the  ganglia  and 
"  brains  "  of  the  body,  between  the  two 
great  divisions  of  the  circulatory  system, 
and  between  the  ferments. 

It  is  natural  and  inevitable  that  this 
balance— supposing  it  to  be  attained — 
should  still  from  time  to  time  be  upset, 
not  only  by  external  chance  and  change, 
but  also  by  development  within,  by 
efforts  and  experiences  of  the  soul.  For 
these  emergencies  the  ancients  had  appro- 
priate correctives,  one  of  which,  without 
much  knowledge  of  its  origin  or  exact 
use,  has  in  a  fashion  persisted  to  our 
own  day — I  mean,  fasting. 

It  is  worth  reflecting  upon  that  those 
creatures  which  exist  freely,  independently, 


in  a  larval  state  fast  during  the  time  of 
metamorphosis.  Hunger  is  Nature's  me- 
thod    for    accelerating      metamorphosis. 

The  received  connexion  between  fast 
and  festival  is  matter  of  common  know- 
ledge. We  all  of  us  know  also  that  fasts, 
even  by  the  religious,  are  not  as  a  rule 
kept  with  anything  like  the  strictness 
which  was  once  required.  The  fact  is 
that,  in  dwelling  upon  the  fast  rather  as 
an  act  of  penitence  than  as  a  preparation, 
current  religious  teaching  has  dropped  out 
one  of  the  elements  in  the  ancient  theory 
regarding  it.  The  festival  to  which  the 
fast  looked  forward  was  not  merely  a 
joyful  occasion — the  joy,  of  course,  being 
understood  as  of  the  highest  kind — it  was 
also  a  tremendous  effort :  a  sort  of  leap 
of  the  soul  one  stage — if  it  might  be — 
further  on.  She  might  attempt  this  with 
safety  if  she  were  strong  enough  ;  she 
would  be  strong  enough  if  she  could  be 
made  pure  enough.  Part  of  her  impurity 
was  the  direct  effect  of  clogging  impurities 
in  her  vehicle,  the  body  ;  of  that  much 
she  could  be  cleared  by  her  own  pains, 
just  as  the  skin  can  be  cleansed  by  our 
own  pains  in  washing ;  but  in  order 
really — and  not  merely  as  it  were  conven- 
tionally— to  effect  this,  the  fast  had  to  be 
properly  managed  and  thorough,  in  a  way 
very  unlike  what  is  commonly  practised 
among  us  now.  Nor  was  it  matter  of 
indifference  what  was  the  food  taken  when 
the  festival-day  arrived. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  unnecessary 
alarm  about  the  ill  results  of  fasting. 
One  would  have  to  know  the  constitution 
and  circumstances  of  any  one  to  whom 
one  recommended  an}7  severe  measures  of 
the  kind,  but  I  may  mention  that  I  have 
the  pleasure  of  the  acquaintance  of  a  man 
who  from  time  to  time  has  fasted — quite 
strictly,  except  for  drinking  water — for 
six  weeks  at  a  stretch.  He  describes  the 
result  as  like  a  new  birth — so  refreshed 
he  is,  so  full  of  vigour.  Nor,  after  the 
discomfort  of  the  beginning,  is  he  weak  or 
in  pain  during  the  continuance  of  the  fast 
itself.  Far  from  that,  he  walks,  rows, 
fences,  and  thinks  with  an  ease  and  energy 
which  surpass  what  he  is  capable  of  at 
other  times.  He  gets  rid  of  accumulations 
in  the  tissues  of  effete  matters,  and  starts 
afresh.  At  the  end  he  has  fruit  juice  and 
a  little  barley-water. 

The  bearing  of  this,  again,  on  the 
treatment  of  insanity  is  obvious.  In- 
sanity may  be  brought  about,  is  certainly 
often  increased,  by  overfeeding,  even  by 
feeding  at  all.  Nothing  can  be  more 
absurd  than  the  forcible  feeding  resorted 
to  in  lunatic  asylums. 

Besides  what  we  may  call  "  purifying  " 
or  "  corrective  "  discipline,  the  wisdom  of 
our  ancestors  recognized  much  that  we 
have  lost  sight  of  in  the  pursuit  of 
ideals.  If  we  have  whittled  away  much 
of  its  meaning  from  the  fast,  we  have  also 
shorn  the  festival  of  very  much  of  its 
glory  and  its  magnificence.  It  is  no 
longer  one  particular  movement  in  a 
progress  towards  a  definitely  conceived 
end,  from  which  one  must  take  care  not 
to  fall  back.     Yet,  for  the  welfare  of  the 


No.  4515,   M.u   9,   1914 


T  HE     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


663 


1 1,  nothing  is  more  necessary  than 
unity  and  steadiness  of  aim  :  a  definite 
plan  in  accordance  with  which  tin1  divers 
persons  are  to  be  subordinated  to  one 
another  :  a  definite  ideal  towards  which 
their  action  and  interaction  are  bent. 

Ideals  in   Education. 

The  great  defect  of  modern  education 
is  that — except  verbally,  ami  even  so  in 
very  vague  and  general  terms — it  has  no 
ideal.  It  does  not  aim  definitely  either 
at  "  success  "  in  this  world  or  at  '"  attain- 
ment "  in  the  next.  As  aims  the  two  are 
incompatible,  and.  wavering  between  them, 
it  loses  both.  Still  less,  within  one  or  the 
other  general  aim.  does  it  point  the  child 
to  a  definite  individual  ideal  for  himself. 
or  put  him  on  the  track  to  discover  it.  It 
is  largely  a  haphazard  sequence  of  oddly 
ill-calculated  occupations,  directed  by 
persons  who.  brought  up  in  similar  condi- 
tions themselves,  are  to  a  great  extent 
unaware  how  ineffective  they  are  for  the 
true  life  of  the  child. 

If  what  1  have  said  so  far  is  clear,  it 
will  now  be  evident  that,  behind  the 
mask,  and  using  the  ""  persons,"  severally 
or  together,  as  its  agents  and  vehicle,  is 
the  soul,  which  does  not  in  this  mortal 
body  come  to  the  full  fruition  of  its 
powers,  nor  in  civilized  countries  prospers 
on  the  whole  so  well  as  in  those  where 
the  life  of  the  people  depends  on  the 
sequential  connexion  of  the  cerebro-spinal 
sympathetic  systems. 


8(  "  fETIES. 


[BISH  Texts. — April  30. — Annual  Meeting. — 
Mr.  R.  Flower  in  the  chair. — The  Hon.  Secretary, 
Mi.--;  Rleanor  Hull,  read  the  Sixteenth  Annual 
Report,  in  which  the  completion  by  Miss  Maura 
Power  of  l)'-r  edition  of  the  Irish  astronomical 
I  contained  in  MS.  B.  TI.  i.  in  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy's  collection  was  announced. 
This  will  form  the  Society's  volume  for  1912. 

.\  second  publication,  also  approaching  com- 
pletion,  is  the  Rev.  P.  Power's  edition  of  the  Lives 

St.  Declan  and  St.  Mochuda,  two  early  Water- 
lord  saints,  which  form  part  of  O'f'lery's  collec- 
tion of  -tints'  lives  now  deposited  in  the  IJur- 
lian  Library  in  Brussels.  This  publication 
will   have  special  interest  as  being  the  first   ap- 

•  of  any  part  of  these  saints'  lives  in  Irish. 
The  collection  was  made  by  Michael  O'Cliiv 
daring  a  hasty  visit   to   Ireland  about  1620.     It 

•  th    MSS.  originally  belonging  to  Father 
•i  Colgan,  whose  library,  collected  at  Louvain, 

afterward-  deposited  in  BrOSSels.  The 
editor  is  adding  an  Introduction  dealing  with 
as  condil  ions  in  Ireland. 
The  Rev.  John  MacErlean  reported  that  he 
hope, |  to  hive  the  Irish  portion  of  his  third 
volume  of  Q'Bruadair's  poems  in  the  printer's 
hands  by  the  beginning  of  July  :  and  among  other 
volumes  now  v.  ell  advanced  are  Mr.T.O'Donoghue'a 
edition  of  the  familj  poems  of  the  O'Neills  of 
dannaboy,  and  Mi--  E.  Knott's  edition  of  po 
by  the  bard  Teigue  Dall  O'Higgin.  The  fourth 
and  concluding  volume  of  the  Society's  edition 
of  B  History  of  Ireland,'  containing  the 

ilogies  and  Indexes,  edited  by  the  Rev.  1'.  S. 
oeen.  ha-  gone  i o  pn 
Thirty-six    new   members    have   joined    during 
the  year.     The  sale  of  the  Society's  Irish  diction 
itinues  to  be  Hteady,  200  copies  of  their 
I  >i<<  ionary,  and  80U  copies  of  t  heir  -mailer 
Dictionary,  having  been  -old  during  the  year. 

The  Hod.  Treasurer  'Mr.  s.  Boyle)  presented 
the  financial  report  and  balance-sheet,  which 
showed  that  tin-  finances  of  the  Society  were  in 
a  Sat  i-faetorv  posit  ion. 

'I'lie  following  members  of  Council,  retiring  by 
.    v  .  re    re-elected  :     Mi  -.   I:  inks,  Mr.    P. 
HacOonagh,  and  Mr.  T.  W.  Rolleston.     Mr.  .F.  (.. 
'»  Keeffe  wa-  elected  to  fill  ncj    upon  the 

Council.     The     officers     of     the     Society — Prof. 
I'    igl        M  President  .    Mi-    I-:.    Hull   'lion. 

•  ,  and  Mr.  S.  Boyle  (Hon.  Treasurer) — 
were  re-elected  for  the  ensuing  year. 


UXBTIKQS    NKXT    WKEK. 

Hon,      Royal  Institution.  8.— 'Th«  List  rlmjiterof  Greek  Philosophy  : 
Plot  in  us  hs    I'hilosvplii'r.    Keligious  Teacher,   ami    Mystic. 

Leotnro  ill..  Dean  lime. 

—  8ociety  of  Engineers,  7.80.—  Notes  on   the    Water   Supply  of 

Hreater  New   York.'   Mr.   W,  T.  Tuylor. 

—  8ociety    of    Arts.    B.— 'Some    Recent    Developments    in     the 

Ceramic  Industry,'    Lecture  111..  Mr.  \V.  liuiton.     (OtDtot 
Lecture,  i 

—  Geo.Kniphic.il,     8.80.— "The  Comlition    ami    Prospects  of    the 

Panama  Canal,'  Pr.  Vnugliaii  Cornish. 
Tits.     Royal  institution.  :: —"I  he    Present    State    of    Evolutionary 
Theory.'  Proi.  w.  Bateson 

—  Asiatic.  4 —Annual  UMtlog, 

—  Society  of  Arts,  4. 10.-' The  Singing  of  Songs.  OM  and  New  : 

Folk  Bongs,'  Mr.  II.  IMunket  Greene.     (Cobb  Lecture. I 

—  Anthropological  Institute,  s  i:>— '  Colourlilindness  and  Race,' 

Dr.  W.  II.  K.  Rivers;  'standing  Stones  and  Stone  Circles 
in  Yorkshire.'  Mr.  A.  L.  Lewis 

—  Colonial  Institute.  aSO.— 'Newfoundland,  the  Oldest  Part  of 

the  Kmpire.'  Sir  E.  Morris. 
Wn>.     Geological,   8.  - '  The     Scandinavian     Diift    of     the    Durham 
Coast,  and  the  General  Glaciology  of  South-East  Durham,' 
Mr.  C.  T  Trechmann  ;   'On  the  Relationship  of  the  Vredefort 
Granite  to  the  Witwatererand  System.'  Mr.  P.   W.  Penny. 

—  Society  of    Arts.    8.— 'Glass  -  Painting    In    Meiliaval    Times,' 

Mr.  J.  A.   Knowles. 
Tin  us.  Royal    Institution,    8.— 'Identity  of    Laws    In  General    and 
Biological  Chemistry,'  Lecture  I  ,  Prof.  S.  Anhenius. 

—  Royal.  4.30.— 'The  Various  Inclinations  of  the  Electrical  Axis 

of  the  Human  Heart:  Part  I  a.  The  Normal  Heart,  KTects 
of  Respiration.'  Dr.  A.  D.  Waller  ;  'On  Fossil  Plants  showing 
Structure  from  the  Base  of  the  VVaverley  Shale  of  Kentucky,' 
Dr.  D.  H.  Scott  and  Prof.  E.  C.  .leffrey  ;  'The  Controlling 
Influence  of  Carbon  Dioxide  iu  the  Maturation,  1'ormai'cy. 
and  Germination  of  Seeds,'  Part  11.,  Sir.  Franklin  Kidil ; 
and  other  Papers. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  S  :i0. 

Flu.       Royal    Institution.  !).  — 'Plant    Auimals :     a    Study    in    Pjm- 

biotis,'  Prof.  F    Keetile. 
Sat.       Royal  Institution,  3.—' Bird    Migration,'    Lecture    If.,    Prcf. 

C.  J.  Patten. 


FINE    ARTS 


Greek  and  Roman  Sculpture.  By  A.  Furt- 
wangler and  H.  L.  Urlichs.  Translated 
by  Horace  Taylor.  (Dent  &  Sons, 
7s.  (id.  net.) 

Greek  Sculpture  and  Modem  Art.  Two 
Lectures  delivered  to  the  Students  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  London  by  Sir 
Charles  Waldstein.  (Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press,  7s.  Qd.  net.) 

The  number  of  illustrated  books  on 
ancient  sculpture  that  have  appeared 
recently  at  a  moderate  price  is  a  satisfac- 
tory indication  of  the  growing  interest  in 
the  subject.  Furtwangler  and  Urlichs's 
book  contains  sixty  plates  and  seventy- 
three  smaller  illustrations ;  Sir  Charles 
Waldstein's  has  seventy-eight  plates.  All 
alike  are  from  process  blocks,  often  some- 
what spotty  and  unpleasant  in  texture, 
but  sufficing  to  give  a  very  fair  notion  of 
the  statues  they  represent.  Both  series 
are  well  selected,  and  give  not  only  the 
familiar  statues  that  recur  in  all  such 
series,  but  also  a  certain  number  of  less- 
known  works.  The  English  book  further 
contains,  for  comparison,  a  few  examples 
of  Michelangelo  and  M.  Rodin. 

Furtwiingler  and  Urlichs's  volume  has 
been  familiar  for  some  time  in  its  German 
form  ;  it  was  an  excellent  notion  to  give 
us  an  English  translation  of  the  new 
German  <  dition.  The  book  was  originally 
intended  as  a  handy  <  dition,  for  less  ad- 
vanced  or  less  wealthy  students,  of  the 
colossal  and  expensive  Brunn-Bruck- 
niann  '  Denkmaler,'  with  its  600  or  more 
folio  plates  in  photogravure.  Its  chief 
value  lay  in  the  facl  thai  it  made  accessible 
a  brief  and  Buggestive  study  of  a  number 
of  the  mosl  representative  examples  of 
ancient  sculpture  by  the  gr<  <u  -t   master 

of  the  history  and  criticism  of  ancient  art 
in  our  general  ion  :  and  this.  too.  in  a  form 

which  cm  easily  be  appreciated  even  by 
those  who  have  no  special  know  It  dge  of  the 
subject.  Particular  interest  attaches  to 
some  of  the  sections  in  which  Furtwangler 
has  given  an  account  of  his  own  dis- 
coveries or  the. uii  s.     Bui  it  is  significant 


of  the  rapid  progress  of  archaeological 
study  that  even  Burtwangler's  colleague 
thinks  it  necessary  to  admit  the  improb- 
ability of  some  of  these  theories — notably 
those  as  to  the  identification  of  the 
Lemnian  Athena  and  the  colossi  of 
Monti  Cavallo— and  to  suggest  modifica- 
tions in  the  arrangement  of  the  ./Egina 
pediments  and  the  identification  of  the 
subordinate  figures  in  the  Parthenon 
])<  dinients.  However,  the  permanent  value 
of  Furtwangler's  criticisms  is  beyond  such 
details. 

The  translation  reads  well  enough  when 
not      dealing     with      technical     matte)  s; 
but   it   is   unfortunate   that   neither   pub- 
lisher nor  translator  seems  to  have  realize  d 
that  in  order  to  translate  such  a  book  as 
this  some   knowledge   is  required  of  the 
subject  with   which   it  deals.     The   V(  ry 
first   sentence    offers    an    illustration   of 
this.      It  is  absurd  to  talk  about   Myce- 
naean   art    in    Greece  in  "the   twentieth 
century    B.C."      Furtwangler,    of    course, 
wrote     "'  im   zweiten   Jahrtause-nd."     To 
take   another  case   of  dating,   how  could 
the  Hera  Barberini  be   "  a  copy  made  in 
the  second  century  B.C.,  probably  for  the 
palace  of  a  Roman  noble  "  ?    Here  there  is 
even    less   excuse,    for    the    German    1  as 
"  n.    Chr."      The   head  of   Eubouleus   is 
said  to  have  been  set  up  "  on  a  tray.'' 
apparently  a  reminiscence  of  Salome  ;  the 
German    is    "  Tischplatte."      A  strigil  is 
called    a    '"vessel";     and    we     hear    of 
the     "  varnished    tone    of     the    marble  " 
of    the    Hermes.       Then    there   are    such 
illiterate    forms     as    "  acroteros,"     "  Per- 
gamean,"  "Naupacti"  (for  Naupactians) ; 
while    in  Greek  quotations  there   are  on 
p.      40     five     misprints    in     two     fines. 
Aspasius's    well-known    gem     figures     as 
the     gem     of    Aspasia.      But    the    most 
incomprehensible  of    all    is    the    descrip- 
tion of  Fig.  18  as  "  a  contemporary  east 
from    the    Parthenon   frieze.     The    whole 
text  requires  careful  revision  by  some  one 
with  a  competent  knowk  dge  of  Greek  art. 
If    this   were    done,   the    book    might    lie 
warmly  re  commended. 

Sir  Charles  Waldstein's  book  consisl 
apart  from  its  illustrations,  eif  two  lecturi  8 
given  to  Royal  Academy  students  on 
the  technique  and  subjects  of  aneie  nt 
sculpture.  He  is  right  in  insisting  on 
the  value  of  this  study  to  modern  artists, 
especially  at  a  time  when  the  sanity  and 
harmony  of  which  Creek  art  is  ivpivsei  la- 
tive  are  in  danger  < >f  being  overwhelm  d 
in  a  riot  of  fantastic  experiments;  when 
many  artists  and  critics  seem  to  think  that 
the  only  way  to  escape  prettiness  is  ie> 
avoid  beauty  ;  and  when,  like  the  Athen    ms 

of  a  degenerate  age,  we  spend  our  t  ime  in 
nothing  else  but  either  to  tell  or  t * >  h  ai 

senile     new     thing."      He     staters     his     i 

fairly  and  reasonably,  and  is  ready  to 
recognize  what   is  good  in  modern  art  as 

well  as  in  aneie  nt  ;    and  he  ear.  I  ull\  gUfi   ds 

against  the  misunderstanding  that,  be- 
cause he-  urges  ait  strele  nts  "  in  till  the  in- 
sel\e  s    w  itlt    the    spirit    which    nio\e  el    I  he' 

Greek  sculptors  of  old,"  he  therefore  want* 
ihe  m  tei  imitate  classic  an  dels  alter  t he- 
manner  of  Canova  or  Thoiwalda  n.    This 


664 


THE    ATHENE  UM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


very  misunderstanding  is  emphasized  in  an 
article  published  in  The  Times,  which  Sir 
<Charles  Waldstein  reprints  here  in  order  to 
re  hut  the  charge  more  precisely.  He  does 
well  to  insist  on  the  principle  that  "  the 
rstudy  of  physiology  must  precede  the 
.-study  of  pathology,  especially  in  art,"  and 
his  book  may  be  recommended  as  an 
antidote  to  many  modern  expressions  of 
artistic  theory  and  practice. 


Babylon  of  Egypt :  a  Study  in  the  History  of 
Old  Cairo.  By  A.  J.  Butler.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press,  4s.  6d.  net.) 

Babylon  of  Egypt  has  long  been  a 
-problem  that  has  divided  the  opinions 
<of  Orientalists.  Quatremere,  Amelineau, 
<Casanova,  Lane-Poole,  Guest,  Caetani, 
have  all  had  their  say  on  it ;  and  now 
Dr.  Butler,  who  has  already  incidentally 
^discussed  it  in  his  important  works  on 
the  ancient  Coptic  churches  and  the  Arab 
.conquest  of  Egypt — subjects  he  has  made 
peculiarly  his  own — has  summed  up  the 
■whole  controversy  and  given  his  considered 
judgment  in  a  special  monograph.  Super- 
ficial readers  may  think  this  a  topographical 
trifle.  Most  psople  have  never  heard  of 
ithe  Egyptian  Babylon,  though  tourists  to 
•Cairo,  with  the  help  of  Baedeker  or  Murray, 
anay  associate  the  name  quite  correctly 
•with  the  old  fortress  lined  with  Coptic  and 
►Greek  churches  beside  "  Masr  al-Atika." 
But  Babylon  of  Egypt  was  a  word  of 
power  in  the  Middle  Ages.  At  a  time 
-when  the  name  was  well-nigh  forgotten  in 
its  own  land,  '  The  Romance  of  Richard 
•Coeur  de  Lion  '  thus  refers  to  Saladin's 
ilight  to  Cairo  : — 

The  cheff  Sawdon  off  Hethenysse 
To  Babyloyne  was  flowen,  I  wysse; 

.and  various  treaties  and  letters  in  the 
.archives  of  Florence,  edited  by  Amari  fifty 
years  ago,  frequently  describe  the  famous 
.Sultan  as  "  King  of  Babilonia,"  and 
mention  a  warehouse,  a  treaty,  and  a 
patriarch  of  "  Babilonia  "  in  Egypt.  It 
rseems  inqirobable  that  so  high-sounding 
.a  title  as  "  King  of  Babilonia  "  should 
«dei  ive  from  a  mere  fortress  ;  yet  many 
•scholars  have  restricted  the  name  Babylon 
to  the  old  fortress  built  by  Trajan,  and 
now  known  as  Kasr  ash-Shama',  which 
.contains  the  Coptic  churches  aforesaid. 
'Others  have  argued  that  the  name  applies 
strictly  only  to  a  vanished  fort  erected, 
perhaps  by  Nebuchadnezzar  (hence  the 
associated  name),  on  a  rocky  height  (ar- 
Rasad)  two  kilometres  from  Kasr  ash- 
rShama'.  So  the  questions  are,  Was 
Babylon  a  city  or  a  fortress,  or  both  ? 
;and  if  a  fortress,  which  fortress  ? 

To  answer  them  Dr.  Butler  has  ran- 
sacked the  authorities  from  Diodorus 
JSiculus,  Strabo,  Josephus,  and  Ptolemy 
to  John  of  Nikiu,  Ibn  'Abd-al-Hakam,  Ibn 
Dukmak,  and  el-Makrizi — to  select  but  a 
■few  of  his  sources.  Throughout  the  ancient 
■writers  the  tradition  prevails  of  a  Baby- 
lonian invasion  as  the  origin  of  the  fort 
.and  name  of  Babylon,  though  they  differ 
in  ascribing  it  either  to  Nebuchadnezzar  or 
Cambyses.  Prof.  Becker  and  M.  Casa- 
nova,  it   may  be   observed     tin  ugh    Dr. 


Butler  does  not  allude  to  this  etymology, 
both  agree  that  the  "  Babylon  "  is  un- 
doubtedly derived  from  an  Egyptian  name, 
and  that  the  obvious  popular  derivation 
was  due  to  Greek  familiarity  with  the 
name  of  the  Chaldean  city.  But  apart 
from  etymology,  the  fact  that  Babylon  was 
a  city,  not  merely  a  fortress,  is  definitely 
established  by  the  citation  from  Ptolemy, 
himself  an  Egyptian  residing  in  Alex- 
andria, to  the  effect  that  the  canal  (known 
as  the  Amnis  Traianus)  "  ran  through  the 

city" — Hpiowv  7roAis  8i  vys  kou  HajSuAwyos 
TroAews  Tpaiavbs  7TOTa/x6s  pel  ('  GeOgr.,'  iv.  5). 

Babylon  therefore,  in  pre-Arab  times,  was 
both  a  town  and  a  fortress,  and  the  town, 
as  Dr.  Butler  shows  by  a  long  stream  of 
evidence,  subsisted  down  to  and  after  the 
Arab  conquest,  and  corresponded  to  the 
alternative  names  Khemi  and  Misr.  It 
must  have  been  an  extensive  city,  for  it 
seems  to  have  stretched  from  "  Old  Cairo  " 
across  modern  Cairo  as  far  as  Heliopolis. 
We  are  bound  to  say  that  there  is  no  evi- 
dence of  any  such  spacious  city  in  the 
chronicles  of  the  Arab  invasion  ;  but  these 
were  written  at  a  later  date ,  and  the  rapid 
disappearance  of  Eastern  towns  is  well 
known.  The  materials  may  have  been 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  buildings 
of  Cairo. 

So  much  for  the  reality  of  the  city  of 
Babylon.  As  to  the  fortress  which  gave  it 
its  name,  Dr.  Butler  holds  that  it  was  built 
on  the  height  ar-Rasad  as  a  Babylonian 
military  settlement  in  the  sixth  century 
B.C.,  but  that,  when  Trajan  wanted  to 
build  his  great  fortress, 

"  he  abandoned  the  site  of  the  Persian  fort 
upon  Ar  Rasad  and  planted  his  citadel 
upon  the  bank  of  the  Nile,  so  as  to  secure  an 
unfailing  water  supply  for  the  garrison  and 
free  communication  by  river  between  the 
garrison  and  the  rest  of  Egypt  ;  and  this 
fortress  was  called  the  Castle  of  Babylon,  or  ' 

the  Castle  of  Khemi,  and the   Arabic 

form  of  the  name  was  Kasr  ash  Shama'." 

The  objection  to  this  very  probable  view 
is  that  John  of  Nikiu,  our  earliest  and  best 
authority  for  the  Arab  conquest,  states 
precisely  that  Trajan  built  his  castle  upon 
the  old  foundations,  but  raised  the  circuit 
walls  and  enlarged  the  other  buildings  of 
the  Babylonian  fortress  ;  but  in  saying 
this  he  was  evidently  thinking  of  Kasr 
ash-Shama',  and  not  the  supposed  Baby- 
lonian fort  on  the  mount  of  ar-Rasad,  of 
which  no  recognizable  traces  seem  to  have 
remained  at  the  time  of  the  Arab  conquest. 
It  is  true  there  is  a  statement  by  el- 
Kuda'i  that  the  castle  of  Babylon  stood  on 
a  hill,  and  "  a  little  of  it  remains  in  stone 
at  the  extremity  of  the  mount,"  and  Ibn 
Dukmak  seems  to  confirm  this.  But 
el-Kuda'i  lived  in  the  eleventh  century, 
and  Ibn  Dukmak  in  the  fourteenth, 
though  they  worked  upon  early  sources. 
The  transfer  of  the  name  Babylon  from  an 
abandoned  fort  to  a  new  and  formidable 
castle  seems  natural  enough,  especially 
since  the  name  had  long  before  been 
extended  from  the  fort  to  the  adjacent 
town.     Then 

"  the  name  of  Babylon,  which  the  Arabs 
found  applied  to  the  city  otherwise  called 
Misr,   was  gradually  displaced  by  the  new 


name  Fustat  of  Arab  [or  rather  Arabicized 
Creek]  origin ;  and  as  the  name  Fustat 
grew  and  prevailed  to  designate  the  city,  so 
the  name  Babylon  fell  into  disfavour  and 
disuse,  until  at  the  time  when  the  Arab 
chronicles  began  to  be  written  it  had  become 
practically  restricted  to  the  fortress  of  Kasr 
ash  Shama',  yet  curiously  prevailed  in  Europe 
to  denote  the  whole  country  of  Egypt .... 
Finally,  even  the  limited  use  of  the  name 
tended  to  disappear  in  Egypt  in  more  modern 
times,  as  the  association  of  the  term  Babylon 
with  the  fortress  was  weakened  or  severed  ; 
so  that  to-day  it  is ...  .  [only]  in  the  little 
Coptic  convent  called  Dair  Bablun,  near  the 
southern  gate  of  the  fortress,  that  there 
lingers  the  name  of  the  great  city  which 
succeeded  Memphis  as  the  capital  of  Middle 
Egypt." 

Dr.  Butler  presents  his  argument  with 
much  learning  and  full  references,  and  his 
conclusions  seem  to  us  well  founded.  The 
name  Babylon  was  evidently  employed 
in  a  loose  and  double  sense,  and  the  dis- 
crepancies of  the  various  authorities  are 
due  to  the  inherent  difficulty  of  determin- 
ing which  sense  is  intended.  Dr.  Butler 
has  cleared  up  a  very  obscure  subject,  and 
has  added  to  his  deservedly  high  reputa- 
tion as  the  historian  of  the  Muslim  con- 
quest of  Egypt. 


ROYAL    ACADEMY. 

(Second  Xotice.) 

The  complaint  we  often  hear,  that  there 
is  "  nothing  sensational  "  in  an  Academy 
Exhibition,  seems  to  us  to  imply  a  lack  of 
gratitude  for  the  sincere  mediocrity  which 
should  be  allowed  its  innings,  and  be  sought 
for  diligently  in  a  show  which  might  have 
been  contrived  to  throw  into  relief  its  relative 
respectability.  In  theory,  of  course,  a 
direct  and  forcible  statement  is  better  art 
than  one  that  is  muddled  and  hesitating. 
In  practice,  the  discerning  critic  who  knows 
his  Royal  Academy  knows  that  the  way  is 
pretty  effectually  barred  to  forcible  work 
except  such  as  deals  with  what  by  repetition 
has  become  wearisome  to  painter  and  public 
alike.  The  rather  dull  painter  of  vague 
intention,  on  the  other  hand,  does  not 
succeed  in  expressing  himself  with  suffi- 
cient force  to  shock  any  one,  and  thus  often 
gets  his  picture  hung,  and  there  is  a  mild 
entertainment  to  be  derived  from  guessing 
at  his  state  of  mind — a  state  more  interesting 
and  respectable  than  that  revealed  by  the 
more  blatant  pictures  which  make  up  the 
bulk  of  the  exhibition.  To  be  half-conscious 
is  perhajas  preferable  to  being  self-conscious, 
and  our  only  regret  is  that  this  year  the 
stock  of  sincere  painters  of  circumscribed 
outlook  seems  to  be  drying  up,  and  with  it 
one  of  the  sources  of  innocent  pleasure 
offered  by  the  Royal  Academy. 

We  mentioned  last  week  Mr.  Sant's  land- 
scape The  Druid's  Walk  (-420),  and  on  a  further 
examination  of  the  Academy  we  are  disposed 
to  regard  it  as  even  more  important  than 
it  seemed  at  the  outset  in  its  union  of 
first-hand  observation  of  nature  with  a 
sound,  structural  use  of  paint.  It  is  based 
on  a  "  recipe,"'  doubtless,  but  a  recipe 
capable  of  considerable  adaptation  to  fit  the 
artist's  vision,  which  is  probably  modified 
in  its  turn  by  his  habitual  method  of  painting. 
The  important  point  is  that,  however 
habitual  this  union  of  method  and  thought, 
Mr.  Sant,  at  the  time  this  picture  was 
painted,  had  still  an  interest  in  his  work 
keen  enough  to  keep  him  absorbed.  Like 
executive  tensity  and  thoroughness  are  to  be 
found  in  the  admirable  still  life,  La  Poide  au 


No.  4515,   Mai   9,  1914 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


665 


Pot  (239),  by  M.  Louis  Alexandre.  It  has 
not  quite  the  rich  virtuosity  of  a  Chardin, 

but  it  ia  one  of  the  most  interesting  paintings 
in  the  Academy,  and  will  repay  examination, 

while  to  some  extern1  it  baffles  curiosity  as 
to  why  it  was  painted  at  all.  M.  Alexandre 
Beems  to  have  started  with  the  intention  of 

producing  a  "dining-room  piece,"  and  to  have 
about   it  with  that  unreflecting  naivete 

ot"  the  countryman  to  whom  a  hen  means 
roast  chicken  just  as  obviously  as  a  pig  is 
horn  to  make  bacon.  As  the  painting  pro- 
led,  however,  the  plucked  fowl  beneath 
the  cold  clarity  of  his  artistic  vision  took 
on  a  corpse-like  gravity  which  deprives  us 
of  any  desire  to  dine  off  roast  fowl,  though 
the  artist,  apparently  unconscious  of  his 
changed  objective,  has  completed  his  gastro- 
nomic invitation  with  punctilious  care  and 
evident  pleasure.  There  are  plenty  of 
people,  of  course,  capable  of  gentle  elegiacs 
at  the  sudden  termination  of  a  bird's  life — 
capable  also  of  unctuous  anticipation  of  a 
meal  of  chicken ;  but  the  temperament  that 
can  give  such  full  way  to  both  emotions 
simultaneously  belongs  to  an  as  yet  in- 
articulate class,  and  the  picture  should  be 
tiled  as  a  "  memoire  pour  servir "  for  an 
unpublished  *  Psychology  of  the  Humane 
Butcher.' 

We  regard  as  subconscious  also  the 
melancholy  of  Miss  Hilda  Fearon"s  Enchant- 
ment (518),  a  group  of  children  in  a  setting 
of  foliage  painted  with  a  cool  directness 
which  has  the  one  saving  virtue  that  it 
refuses  the  aid  of  cheap  romanticism.  As  in 
ML  Alexandre's  still  life,  the  impersonal 
attitude  of  the  painter  affects  us  more  than 
the  conscious  appeal  to  the  emotions  of  the 
shallow  Academy  picture.  The  simplicity 
of  Miss  Fearon's  work  has  great  charm  in 
such  surroundings,  and  may  be  compared 
favourably  with  Mr.  Sargent's  handling  of 
a  somewhat  similar  subject — Sketchers  (29) — 
with  its  over-emphasis  of  cloying  colour. 
Beside  Miss  Fearon's  picture  even  Mr. 
Clausen's  large  canvas  In  the  Fields  in 
June  (529),  well  designed  as  it  is,  looks 
rather  tinely  staged  than  simply  seen. 
This  may  be  due  in  part  to  the  heavy 
impasto,  which,  though  used  with  great- 
dexterity,  seems  in  a  work  of  such  size 
an  unnecessary  difficulty  to  assume,  and 
makes  the  picture  look  like  a  tour  de  force. 
Mr.  Mark  Fisher's  landscapes — A  Farm 
Moat  (224)  and  Road,  Bourne  End  (336)— 

e  the  fine  qualities  of  pictures  in  which 
the  painter  has  frankly  got  in  difficulty 
and  sturdily  fought  his  way  out  again 
without  quite  knowing  how.  They  are 
almost  over-riehly  endowed  with  colour, 
but    Mr.    Fisher    has    such    resources    as    a 

iirist  that  he  can  maintain  a  variety  and 

'  which  to  some  extent  take  the  place 

the  broad  planning  in  which  Mr.  Clausen, 

with  his  more  deliberate  design,  is  evidently 

his  superior.      Mr.    Fisher   has  not  for  many 

rs  shown  to  SO  much  advantage  as  on 
this  occasion.  The  character  and  the  par- 
ting" of  local  colour  in  his  cattle 
an-  quite  admirable.  His  mind  seems  to  be 
a  welter  of  rules  of  thumb  and  sound,  strong 
nd    this    year    the    instill^ 

dominab       Both  elements  we  feel  to  be  the 
Kperience,  and  his  pictures  have 
the  look  ot   having  been  lived;    amid  the 
ion  -  of  the  Academy  they  are 
immensely  strenuous,  and  so  we  forgive,  as 
we  might   not   elsewhere,  a  certain  muddle- 
headed  neas    which    dull--    their    energy    by 
■pating  it  in  competitive  side  issues. 

in  I. ir  cril icit ;n   might    be  pa      -l   on 
Mr.    Lionel   Bmythe's   two   pictures     When 

Asp-,.*  Quiver  (69)  and  Fruit  <l  Amour  (II  \) 

ii  which  he  does  not  show  the  grip  on  the 
essentials  of  a  scene  that  be  sometin 


The  former,  the  better  of  the  two.  is  some- 
what small  and  scattered  in  design,  and 
the  central  tones  of  the  colour-scheme, 
charmingly  rendered  in  the  passage  of 
foliage  and  sky,  are  not  quite  forcible  enough 
to  carry  so  violent  an  extreme  as  the  blue 
of  the  woman's  scarf.  The  other  picture 
should  have  made  tin1  better  design,  in  the 
sense  that  the  larger  figure  offers  ampler 
forms  for  filling  the  frame  than  are  to  be 
wrung  from  the  somewhat  meagre  entities 
of  the  smaller  picture,  unless  the  designer 
recast  his  unit  of  detail  more  arbitrarily 
than  Mr.  Smythe  would  care  to  do.  But  if 
the  larger  figure  offers  obvious  facilities, 
it  as  obviously  demands  more  severely  that 
the  artist  shall  design  his  picture  as  a  plastic 
whole.  This  Mr.  Smythe  has  not  done,  but 
has,  as  it  were,  hung  passages  of  careful 
modelling  over  the  surface  of  his  canvas. 
The  element  of  Cubism  in  design  has,  indeed, 
always  been  a  difficulty  with  him,  and  his 
most  entirely  successful  works  are  those  in 
which  the  figures  are  small,  slightly  modelled 
silhouettes,  in  themselves  charming,  but 
having  little  function  in  the  plastic  ensemble 
beyond  that  of  measuring-posts,  marking 
off  rhythmically  the  great  horizontal  sweep 
of  landscape.  Among  the  water  -  colours 
should  be  noticed  a  charming  woodland  by 
Miss  Minnie  Smythe — Spring  and  Autumn 
(95-4) — which  strongly  resembles  her  father's 
work,  having  caught  the  secret  whereby  he 
often  annihilates  modelling  in  the  bloom 
of  a  universal  fairness. 

Mr.  Edward  Stott  may  be  classed  with 
Mr.  Smythe  as  having  somewhat  similar 
gifts  and  limitations.  Perhaps  even  more 
than  Mr.  Smythe  he  is  uneasy  with  a  canvas 
well  filled  by  its  figures,  and  in  his  Mother- 
hood (309)  the  fumbling  over  the  surface 
of  forms,  which  with  him  takes  the  place 
of  structure,  seems  lacking  in  decision  when, 
as  in  this  instance,  the  modelling  of  the 
figures  is  the  very  basis  of  the  scheme  of 
the  picture.  Occasionally  in  a  picture  by 
Raphael  the  direction  of  lighting  is  no  more 
severely  maintained  than  in  this  one  by 
Mr.  Stott,  but  at  least  with  Raphael  there 
is  usually  a  linear  design  of  obvious  rhythm 
well  marked  with  firmly  divided  local  colour. 
Lacking  this,  Mr.  Stott's  picture  depends  too 
completely  on  the  sentiment  with  which 
passages  of  detail  are  modelled,  while  the 
vaguely  apprehended  scheme  of  lighting 
leaves  certain  surfaces  with  a  look  of  emitting 
rather  than  reflecting  light. 

There  is  a  suspicion  of  the  same  look  in 
Sir  William  Richmond's  portrait  of  John 
Selwyn  Harvey,  M.D.  (193)  ;  but  the  stress- 
ing of  the  light  on  the  face,  and  the  faco 
alone,  is  so  consistent  as  to  be  not  unpleasant, 
while  the  authority  and  .sensitiveness  with 
which  the  head  is  brushed,  in  make  this  one 
of  the  best  portraits  in  the  Academy,  some- 
what recalling  Carriere  in  its  use  of  liquid 
paint  in  an  almost  monochrome  scheme. 
It  we  compare  it  with  the  portraits  by  -Mr. 
Orpen  (384,  664,  and  844),  we  realize  that, 
though  in  the  hitter's  work  there  is  a  trust- 
worthy standard  of  efficiency  up  to  a  certain 
point  which  Sir  William  Richmond  hardly 
attains,  this  particular  portrait  by  the  older 
artist  would  make  all  Mr.  Orpen's  presenl 
exhibits   look   common,  even    tin-  liveliness 

of  the  humorous  Iluhanl  Ii.   /•' 'wlgc.r,  Esg.,  of 

Toronto  (38 1 ),  being  more  an  affair  of  photo- 
graphic imitation  than  is  the  case  with  the 
Harvey  portrait.     There  the  vitality  seems 

inherent    in   the  very  Structure  of    the  paint, 

the  modelling  being  don<-  almost  entirely  by 
weigh*  of  pamt,  not  by  mixture  of  different 
coloured  pigment  . 

With  Sir  William  Richmond  and  Mr. 
Orpen     and,  indeed,  almo  i  ily  v.  it  b 

the  portrait  painters  asa  class  —we  have  left 
the  category  of  fumblers,  and  deal  with  the 


self-confident    painters   of    familiar   themes 

from  familiar  points  of  view.  We  hold  nO' 
brief  for  niuddleheadedness.  as  such,  and 
recognize  that  inevitably,  with  the  develop- 
ment of  artistic  education,  what  was  instinc- 
tive in  one  generation  becomes  self-conscious 
and  well-assured  in  the  next,  the  zone  of 
subconscious  activity  moving  on  to  other 
Spheres.  We  do  find,  however,  that  tho 
atmosphere  of  the  Academy  tends  to  breed, 
a  race  of  self-satisfied  performers  going: 
through  the  same  tricks  with  ever-increasing 
glibness,  and  more  and  more  approximate 
success.  It  is  melancholy  to  see  Mr.  Orpen, 
t  he  young  lion  quite  recent  ly  caged,  already  so 
domesticated  that  he  might  have  been  "  boon 
in  the  ({aniens."  Yet  even  his  Right  Hon. 
Sir  Edgar  Speyer,  Bt.  (844),  which  is  t he- 
worst  of  his  portraits,  is  capable  by  compari- 
son with  Mr.  Henry's  Mrs.  Paget  (528)  or 
his  equally  empty  and  larger  canvas  Spring- 
(622).  This  latter  is  on  no  higher  level  as 
an  artistic  composition  than  the  average  cover 
of  a  popular  magazine,  while  many  of  the 
artists  engaged  in  that  branch  of  industry 
have  a  greater  gift  for  figure-drawing.  In 
another  branch  of  painting  ( Voices  in  the 
Woodland,  263)  Mr.  Henry's  former  asso- 
ciate, Mr.  F.  A.  Hornel,  seems  sunk  in  as- 
barren  and  perfunctory  a  form  of  self- 
repetition.  This  familiar  pattern  of  gals 
and  spangled  branches  has  become  weari^ 
some. 

To  revert  to  portraiture,  we  have  in 
Mr.  Charles  Shannon's  The  Embroidered 
Shawl  :  Miss  Miriam  Levy  (454),  one  of  the 
best  of  his  recent  efforts  in  this  genre.  Mr. 
Lavery's  enormous  interior,  The  Studio  of 
the  Painter  (718),  is  inferior  to  his  similar 
Royal  portrait  of  Jast  year,  the  stiff,  rather 
conventional  group  of  which  had  the  advan- 
tage from  the  mere  fact  of  its  formal  arrange- 
ment of  making  a  single  clearly  definite  unit 
of  form  not  too  insufficient  to  furnish  the  vast 
canvas.  In  the  present  instance,  the  four 
personages  of  the  central  group  make  four 
sejmrate  individual  figures  which  decline  to 
unite,  and  by  their  violent  subdivisions 
make  the  emptiness  of  the  surrounding  space- 
— far  less  cleverly  subdivided  in  this  instance 
than  in  last  year's  picture  unfurnished  and 
barren. 

With  this  portrait  group  we,  in  part, 
leave  the  interest  of  pure  portraiture  for  the 
problems  of  large  decorative!  design,  a  de- 
partment of  painting  singularly  ill-repre- 
sented in  this  year's  Academy'.  We  miss 
Mr.  George  Lambert  badly  with  his  often 
spacious  arrangement  and  handsome  paint. 
Mr.  Brangwyn  also  is  an  absentee.  A 
pleasing,  if  slightly  formless  picture  by  Mr. 
Gerald  Moira,  Hatching  (102),  is  badly  skied. 
An  eye  hungry  for  space  and  capable  pictorial 
structure  seizes  with  pleasure  on  the  two 
works  by  Mr.  Munnings,  A  Chech  by  t'>< 
Cromlech  (385)  and  Departure  of  the  Hop- 
pickers  (659),  both  of  which  are  refreshing 
in      their      directness      and      force.      Similar 

qualities  recommend  Mi-.  Leist  -  Rivals  (587), 

which  recalls  the  slight    vulgarity  ot    t. 

and    the    soundness    of    method    of    Garrido. 

'The  shirking  of  the  exact  relation  of  the  two 

figures    in    space,    and    the    relation    of    eith    I 

with    the    ground,    reduce     the    unity    "t 
a  rather   robust  design.      Beneath    it     Mr. 
Charles    Shannon's    group,     Winter    (59 
looks  weak  with  its  claim  to  consideral ion  as 

a  tone  study,  yet    lack  of  close    study  of  the 

lighting      It    vaguely    suggests    a    religious 

subject,    and      when    we    look    to    the    pictUTI 

alongside,     Tin     Prophet's    Paradise    (58 
by    .Mr.    Bchmalz,    who    also    has    painted 

religious  Subjects,  we  are  start  led  to  find  t  hat 

one  does  not  look  enormously   more  impr 

give    than     the    other,     the    emphasis    of     Mr. 

Bchmalz's   hue   giving    his   picture,    indeed, 
the  advantage  oi  a  o  rtain  \  ulgar  idealism. 


666 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


Mr.  Greiffenhagen's  decorative  composi- 
tion, Women  by  a  Lake  (450),  has  a  well- 
considered  linear  basis  which  enables  it  to 
hold  its  own  against  any  available  rivals  ; 
but  here  again  we  have  the  repetition  of  a 
design  of  which  the  artist  himself  seems  by 
now  to  have  grown  tired — too  tired,  it 
seems  to  take  the  trouble  to  paint  it  with  any 
care.  There  can  be  few  pictures  even  in  the 
Academy  which  are  technically  in  a  worse 
state.  Its  darker  tones  are  shiny  with  oil, 
yet  have  not  the  transparency  which  is  the 
beauty  of  oil  paint,  being  plastered  opaquely 
over  other  dark  colour,  and  finally,  appa- 
rently after  it  was  hung  in  the  Academy,  the 
whole  was  endued  with  a  thick  coat  of 
varnish  which,  running  down  in  streaks,  has 
settled  into  thick  gummy  beads  at  intervals 
over  the  surface.  There  are  passages  of 
modelling,  notably  in  the  torso  of  the  figure 
to  the  left, which  are  quite  accomplished;  but, 
on  the  whole,  we  fear  that  in  acquiring  this 
picture  for  the  Chantrey  Collection  the 
trustees  have,  as  is  often  the  case,  arrived  too 
late,  and  that  they  would  have  done  better 
in  buying  one  of  Mr.  Greiffenhagen's  previous 
■essays  at  a  similar  theme.  On  the  other 
hand,  no  one  will  begrudge  the  artist  the 
somewhat  tardy  recognition  of  his  talent. 
Among  smaller  works  of  decorative  intention, 
Mr.  Lintott's  Modo  Crepuscolare  (455) 
shares,  but  to  a  more  extreme  degree,  the 
tendency  of  many  of  Mr.  Sims's  recent 
works  to  drop  into  a  loose  and  meaningless 
generalization.  To  these  men  the  use  of  the 
nude  and  the  habit  of  generalization,  not  in 
the  interests  of  character,  but  of  rather  vapid 
grace,  have  been  disastrous  traps,  except, 
perhaps,  in  the  matter  of  pecuniary  success. 
Miss  Madeline  McDonald's  attempt  at  deco- 
rative portraiture  on  a  small  scale  is  in  one 
instance — Mrs.  Mostyn  Lloyd  (790) — rather 
successful.  Mr.  Spencer  Watson's  larger 
portrait,  A  Woman  in  Red  (436),  except  for 
its  attempt  at  splendour  of  colouring,  has 
something  of  Herkomer's  manner  of  linear 
rather  than  plastic  visualization  without  his 
vulgarity. 

Among  the  landscape  painters  Mr.  D.  Y. 
Cameron  follows  the  well-worn  road  to 
success  at  the  Academy,  that  of  self-repeti- 
tion, a  course  resulting  in  his  case  not  in 
vulgarity,  but  only  in  a  slight  thinning  out 
of  his  talent.  His  Ben  Ledi  :  Early  Spring 
(750)  is  like  many  of  his  previous  works, 
but,  perhaps,  rather  more  empty  of  charac- 
ter, rather  more  obvious  in  its  device  of 
rhythmically  repeated  horizontals,  yet  its 
blond  and  delicate  coloration  is  a  pleasant 
change  from  the  usual  tonality  of  land- 
scapes here.  Mr.  Hughes  Stanton  shows 
himself  the  natural  successor  to  Sir  Alfred 
East  ;  indeed,  in  the  ease  of  the  large  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire  (479),  by  the  deceased 
painter,  momentary  uncertainty  as  to  which 
of  the  two  might  be  the  author  is  quite  con- 
ceivable. Mr.  Stanton's  small  Noon  :  Equi- 
hen,  France  (465),  is  by  far  the  best  of  his 
exhibits  on  this  scale.  His  work  has  none  of 
the  embroidery  which  makes  his  larger 
pictures  look  padded  out  to  needless  elabora- 
tion, and  he  escapes  the  temptation  to 
embrace  a  wide  angle  of  vision,  such  as  that 
which,  in  his  Hampshire  from  the  Surrey  Hills 
(681),  taxes  his  powers  of  draughtsmanship 
to  the  breaking -point.  Mr.  William  Wells 
in  the  Fields  of  Ballacallow  (523)  has  a  land- 
scape of  some  serenity,  but  marred  by  certain 
.small  black  accents  which  make  it  trivial,  and 
recall  the  work  of  the  now  almost  forgotten 
painter  De  Nittis.  The  August  Gold  of 
Earth  (493),  by  Miss  Maud  Clay,  is  a  clear  and 
workmanlike  development  of  a  consistent 
scheme  of  colour,  spoilt  by  a  cloying  distance 
which  looks  as  if  it  could  not  possibly  have 
come  from  the  same  hand.  Landscapes  of 
some  ability  are  contributed  by  Miss  Barbara 


Chamier  (The  Dutch  Garden  at  Kensington, 
426),  Miss  Lily  Blatherwick  (White  Mill, 
Ayrshire  722),  Mr.  Robert  Christie  (The 
Old  Road  41),  and  Mr.  Finlay  Mackinnon 
(Sunset  over  Loch  Ewe  579). 

Other  paintings  which  deserve  a  passing 
notice  are  Mr.  Birley's  large  interior  Room 
at  James  Pryde's  (477),  Miss  Clare  Atwood's 
Covent  Garden  (509),  Mr.  Lorimer's  Any 
Port  in  a  Storm  (644),  and  Mr.  H.  S.  Tuke's 
small  full-length  of  Mrs.  W.  H.  Humphris 
(776),  with  its  finished  surface  and  delicate, 
if  somewhat  small  draughtsmanship.  Mrs. 
Laura  Knight's  March  Many  Weathers  (701) 
shows  unusual  sense  of  character  but  for 
the  commonplace  figure  of  the  child.  Miss 
Davison's  Lace  Fichu  (699)  is  clumsy  in 
design,  but  shows  some  knowledge  of  colour, 
as  do  also  the  Bathtime  (451)  of  Miss 
Amy  K.  Browning,  and  Winding  Wool  (843), 
by  Mr.  Harold  Harvey.  The  colossal  por- 
trait group  by  the  late  Sir  Hubert  von 
Herkomer,  The  Managers  and  Directors  of 
the  Firm  of  Fried.  Krupp,  Essen,  Germany 
(563),  might  almost  have  been  noticed  in 
conjunction  with  M.  Alexandre's  elegy  in  a 
poulterer's  shop  by  reason  of  the  naive 
irony  with  which  a  large  proportion  of  these 
forgers  of  lethal  weapons  are  represented  as 
of  the  most  tender  and  almost  lachrymose 
benignity.  Never  have  we  seen  such  monu- 
ments of  philanthropy  as  in  the  leading 
figures  of  the  organization  which  sits  like  a 
nightmare  on  the  chest  of  Europe.  Even 
Mr.  Shaw  did  not  make  the  manager  of  his 
armourer's  firm  of  such  sentimental  bene- 
volence as  this.  The  picture  is  conceived 
with  the  most  complete  innocence  of  any 
attempt  at  constructing  the  group  as  a 
whole,  the  artist  being  apparently  too 
bewildered  at  the  odd  series  of  surprises 
presented  by  his  sitters  to  do  more  than 
jot  them  down  without  any  attempt  at 
correlation  or  comparison.  The  result  is 
not  a  fine  work  of  art,  but  it  commands 
credence  for  the  absurdly  unsuitable  facts 
it  occasionally  records. 

The  water-colours  and  black-and-white 
drawings  have  been  removed  from  their  old 
quarters  in  the  South  Galleries  to  Rooms  X. 
and  XL,  the  result  being  a  great  gain  to  the 
appearance  of  the  former  rooms,  and  a  pro- 
portionate deterioration  in  the  latter  The 
water-colour  exhibits  are  distinctly  inferior 
in  standard  to  the  oil  paintings — the  crowd 
of  tiny  frames  makes  them  look  far  worse. 
In  the  hanging  of  these,  and  in  their  galleries 
generally,  the  Academy  would  be  wise  to 
follow  the  example  of  Mr.  La  Thangue  in 
Room  IV.  and  admit  fewer  exhibits.  The 
days  when  it  was  essential  for  an  artist's 
welfare  to  be  hung  in  the  Academy  are  long 
past,  and  probably  the  Academicians  them- 
selves would  hardly  wish  them  to  return. 
Mr.  G.  Barnes  has  a  drawing  of  some  hand- 
someness as  a  colour-scheme,  The  King's 
Daughter  (1246). 

The  black-and-white  section  is  of  better 
quality,  but  there  is  little  of  sufficiently  out- 
standing merit  to  deserve  special  notice. 
Mr.  Cameron's  landscape  drawings  are  as 
good  as  those  he  has  shown  before,  but  no 
better  ;  and  Mr.  Strang's  Biblical  subjects — 
such  as  The  Raising  of  Lazarus  (1210)  and 
On  the  Road  to  Calvary  (1224) — while 
emerging  from  their  surroundings  by  th^ir 
freedom  and  vigour  of  design,  tend  to  be 
more  theatrical  in  conception  than  of  yore. 


PAINTINGS    AND     DRAWINGS. 

On  Wednesday,  April  29th,  Messrs.  Sotheby 
held  a  sale  of  paintings  and  drawings,  the  chief 
prices  being  the  following  :  Van  Orlay,  Virgin 
and  Child,  1007.  School  of  Botticelli,  two  figures 
of  boys,  115Z.  Tintoretto,  Portrait  of  a  Young 
Man,  250Z. 

At  Messrs.  Christie's  on  the  1st  inst.  Corot's 
'  Road  Scene,  with  two  peasants,'  fetched  283/.  10s. 


MUSIC 

— ♦ — ■ 

THE    OPERA. 

'  The  Ring  '  and  '  Die  Meistersinger  ' 
have  recently  been  given  at  Covent 
Garden — the  one,  perhaps,  over-ripe,  the 
other,  Wagner's  sanest,  ripest  work.  The 
change  yesterday  week  to  the  earlier 
opera  '  Lohengrin  '  was  striking.  Though 
in  many  respects  delightful,  it  suffers  from 
such  close  juxtaposition,  and  we  may  also 
say  that  it  suffered  in  the  performance. 
Herr  Nikisch  was  the  conductor,  yet  there 
was  a  lack  of  enthusiasm  ;  the  choral 
singing,  too,  was  not  immaculate.  Miss 
Maude  Fay,  who  created  such  a  good 
impression  in  '  Die  Walkure, '  impersonated 
Elsa.  She  was  not  quite  so  natural,  and 
in  the  first  act  her  singing  was  slightly 
flat ;  in  the  second,  however,  she  was 
very  much  better.  Madame  Matzenauer 
made  her  debut  as  Ortrud,  and  one  very 
soon  felt  that  she  had  strong  dramatic 
power,  and  was  an  experienced  actress. 
She  has  also  a  voice  of  wide  range,  well 
suited  to  the  part.  With  Herr  August 
Kiess  as  the  Telramund  the  dramatic 
first  scene  of  the  second  act  was  unusually 
effective.  The  diction  of  both  was  ex- 
cellent. 

Saturday  evening  was  devoted  to  '  Par- 
sifal,' and  of  all  performances  hitherto 
this  seemed  the  most  impressive.  The 
work  is  as  yet  fresh,  and  the  presence  of 
a  new  singer,  Madame  Matzenauer,  as 
Kundry,  probably  led  to  further 
rehearsal.  That  reminds  us  that  old 
operas,  like  '  Elijah '  and  '  Messiah ' 
at  the  festivals  outside  London,  are 
not,  for  lack  generally  of  time,  thoroughly 
rehearsed.  They  are  supposed  to  be 
well  known.  This  treatment  may  have 
been  the  cause  of  the  rough  choral 
singing  in  '  Lohengrin.'  Madame  Mat- 
zenauer's  fine  contralto  voice  was 
heard  to  full  advantage  in  the  second 
act.  When  as  Kundry  she  spoke  to 
Parsifal  about  his  mother,  her  tones  were 
beautifully  soft  and  liquid  ;  while  after- 
wards, when  she  perceived  that  all  her 
snares  were  in  vain,  she  became  highly 
dramatic.  The  singing  of  the  Flower 
Maidens  was  more  pleasant  than  on  the 
first  occasion.  Their  music  is  extremely 
intricate,  but  they  sing  now  with  more 
confidence.  Mr.  Albert  Coates  was  the 
conductor,  and  the  orchestra  gave  full 
satisfaction.  This  was  the  first  of  the 
three  extra  performances. 

The  second  cycle  of  '  The  Ring  '  began 
last  Monday  evening,  under  the  direction 
of  Herr  Arthur  Nikisch.  Mr.  Robert 
Parker  impersonated  Wotan,  and  that 
was  the  only  change  in  the  cast  from 
the  first  performance  this  season.  He  is 
a  good  singer,  but  was  scarcely  dignified 
enough  for  Wotan.  Herr  Sembach's  Loge 
was  a  special  feature  of  the  evening. 

An  excellent  performance  was  given  of 
'  Die  Walkure  '  on  the  following  night. 
Madame  Gertrud  Kappel  was  again  the 
Briinnhilde.  When  she  appeared  in  the 
second  act  her  singing  was  excellent, 
yet  one  did    not   feel  that   she  was  the 


Xo.  4515,  May  it,   1014 


THE     ATIIENiEUM 


667 


heroic   Walkiire   beloved   of   W'otan.     In 
the  final  act,  however,  when  she  arrives 

with  Sieglinde,  and  afterwards  when 
pleading  with  W'otan.  she  showed  strength. 
Mi-~<  Maude  Pay  as  Sieglinde  created  even 
a  better  impression  than  at  the  first  cycle  ; 
the  part  certainly  suits  her  better  than 
that  of  Elsa.  Mr.  WhitehilTs  words  in  the 
-  enewith  Briinnhilde  were  not  alwaysdis- 
tinctly  heard,  but  perhaps  he  did  not  care 
to  strain  his  voice,  for  the  orchestra  at 
.  certain  moments  was  unusually  loud.  In 
the  third  act   he  was  admirable. 


iHnstral   (gossip. 

\i  Miss  Mary  Tracy's  vocal  recital  at  the 
.in    Hall    last    Monday   evening   all    her 

gs  wire  given  with  orchestral  accompani- 
ments. The  one  to  Hugo  Wolf's  clever  and 
characteristic  '  Die  Zigeunerin  '  was.  we  pre- 
Burae,  his  own,  but  there  was  no  special  call 
olour  Schubert's  simple  pianoforte  parts 
to  '  An  die  Mnsik  '  and  '  l)u  bist  die  Run',' 
as  Prof.  Max  Reger  has  done.  Miss  Tracy, 
who  has  a  flexible  voice,  was  heard  to  best 
advantage  in  lively  songs  such  as  Bach's 
■  Patron,  das  macht  der  Wind,'  and  the 
Wolf  mentioned  above;  at  other  times 
-he  seemed  to  be  singing  rather  than 
interpreting.  Sir  Henry  Wood,  with  the 
--  stance  of  members  of  the  Queen's  Hall 
Orchestra,  introduced  '  Two  Portraits,'  by 
Part  ok.  a  leading  representative  of  the 
young  Hungarian  school  of  music.  Bartok 
was  born  in  1881,  and  together  with  Zoltan 
Kodaly,  who  is  a  year  older,  spent  several 
years  searching  after  folk-songs.  They  found 
in  them  great  variety  of  rhythm,  and  the 
influence  (as  in  national  songs  of  other 
countries)  of  the  modal  scales  of  the  Middle 
-—characteristic  features  which  the 
are  said  to  have    eliminated,  trans- 

ming  them  into  common  time  and  into 
symmetrical  dances.  Of  these  folk-songs 
the  two  make  much  use  in  their  composition. 
The  first  piece,  in  fugal  style,  lacked  indivi- 
duality. Not  so  the  second,  in  which  rhythm 
ami    colour   were    prominent.      It    will   well 

i  r  rehearing.     Xear  t  he  end  a  sharp  sevent  h 

the  tonic  was  held  on  for  a  time.  We 
expected    it  would    remain    to  the  end,  as 

frequently  dune  with  dissonances  at  the 
day,  but  finally  it  moved  quietly 
Dp  to  the  octave. 

M  \sti:k    Wili.v    I'krrero's    first   concert 
k   place  at   the    Royal    Albert   Hall  last 
Wednesday  evening,  and  we  may  note  that 
•    proceeds  will  be  given  to  the  Chil- 
dren'-, Hospital,  Great   Ormond  Street,  and 
other  charities.     The  child  was  a  wonder  at 
-il.    and     still    more    so    before    the 
public.     In  every  work  which  he  conducted 
ight    the    true    spirit    of    the    music: 
the  life  of  the  -William  Tell'  Overture;  the 
of   the-    Blgar   'Serenade   BCaur- 
esque,    Op.   10,  No.  _' ;  the  dignity  of  Beet- 
hoven's'  Egmont  '  ;  and  the  brightness  of  the 
Mendelssohn  Scherzo  from   "A   Midsummer 
;ht's    Dream.'     There    was    no    hard-and- 
iii'  thud,  as    ii    he    were    making   a   show 

of  what    he   had   learn'    mechanically.     He 
-  the   various  moods,   and   acts  accord- 
To  our  thinking,  the  most  wonderful 
ilxr  was  the  '  Good  Friday  '  music  from 

1'arsii'al,      on     account     of     the     polyphonic 

tractor  of  tin  and  the  strongly  emo- 

rial  character  of  the   music     One   little 

.    ore-    sign    of     excitement     or    nervous- 

w,   would    have    been    pardonable    in 
ing  a  child.     Everything,   howev  r,   was 
<!one  with  the  calm  confidence  of  an  experi- 
enced    adult     conductor.     Willy     Pern  i 
gifts  are  abnormal,  but  the  exercise  of  them 


is  to  him  apparently  no  strain,  and  he  shows 
how  completely  ho  is  enthralled  by  the 
music. 

Sir  IIemiv  .1.  Wood  has  given  his  services 
for  the  concert  devoted  to  the  Endowment 

Fund   of  the   Queen's    Hall   Orchestra,   which 

will  take  place  at  that  Hall  this  afternoon. 
Prof.  Ernst  von  Dohnanyi  will  conduct  his 
Orchestral  Suite  in  F  sharp  minor,  and  will 
play  also  the  solo  part  of  Schumann's 
Pianoforte  Concerto,  in  addition,  there  will 
be  a  group  of  orchestral  pieces  by  Messrs. 
Arnold  Bax,  Balfour  Gardiner,  and  Percy 
( Irainger. 

At  the  forthcoming  Festival  of  Empire, 
announced  last  week  in  these  columns,  M. 
Tivadar  Nachez,  the  well-known  violinist, 
will  introduce  for  the  first  time  a  Concerto  for 
violin,  strings,  and  organ,  which  ho  has 
worked  out  from  a  "  non-figured  bass  of 
which  he  possesses  Xardini's  original  MS." 

Xext  month  the  recently  formed  Gluck 
Society  will  celebrate  the  bicentenary  of 
(Uuck's  birth  by  giving  three  performances 
of  '  Orphee  '  in  the  old  theatre  at  Lauch- 
stadt,  near  Halle,  of  which  the  annals  date 
from  1751. 

The  forthcoming  Worcester  Musical  Fes- 
tival, which  will  be  held  from  September  6th 
to  11th,  will  include  new  works  by  Mr.  Ivor 
Atkins  (the  Festival  conductor),  Dr.  Walford 
Davies,  Mr.  A.  E.  Brent  Smith,  and  Dr. 
Vaughan  Williams.  At  the  miscellaneous 
concert  on  the  Wednesday  evening  works 
will  be  given  by  Sir  Edward  Elgar  and  MM. 
Scriabin  and  Sibelius.  Bach's  Mass  in  B 
minor,  Verdi's  '  Requiem,'  and  Part  I.  of 
Haydn's  '  Creation  ' — also  symphonies  by 
Mozart  and  Cesar  Franck,  and  Strauss's 
'Tod  und  Verklarung ' — are  included  in 
the  scheme,  which,  as  usual,  opens  with 
'Elijah  '  and  ends  with  '  The  Messiah.' 

Josef  Tichatschek,  the  original  Rienzi 
and  Tannhauser,  in  1842  and  1845  respec- 
tively, was  born  in  1807,  and  died  in  1886. 
His  daughter,  who  died  in  1912,  bequeathed 
to  the  Wagner  Museum  at  Eisenach  some 
Wagner  souvenirs,  including  letters  and 
documents.  Between  Dresden  and  Eisen- 
ach, the  strong  box  which  contained  them 
was  broken  open,  and  certain  autographs 
were  abstracted.  The  thieves,  however,  did 
not  take  some  Tichatschek  letters,  or  copies 
of  letters  and  music  by  Wagner. 

The  increased  public  interest  in  Slavonic 
music  and  the  approaching  Russian  season 
at  Drury  Lane  are  no  doubt  responsible 
for  'The  History  of  Russian  Music,'  by  Mr. 
Montagu-Nathan,  which  is  announced  for 
immediate  publication  by  Mr.  William 
Reeves.  The  volume  gives  an  account  of  t  he 
rise  and  progress  of  the  Russian  school  of 
composers. 

PERF.IHMANCES    NEXT     WEEK. 

Six.      Special  Concert.  3.30.  Royal  Al'iert  Hall. 

—  Buoday  Concert  Society,  3  30.  liueen'8  Hall. 
Mi>*.—  H\t  Royal  Open,  Oorent  Qarden 

Mos.     Nora  Hoon'i  Vocal  Recital,  (.  Becbatein  Hall. 

—  London  Brmphonj  Orcheetra,  1  y.ie.,n'»  Hall 

—  Kodolfa  Lhomblno  and  Heinrlcb  Fiedlers  Vocal  and   Violin 

Recital,  U»,    B«  lutein   Hall. 
Tii",      Alexander  Kaali'H  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.  Queen'ii  Hall. 

—  Patrick  Kenny'.  *mx  Recital,  ::  I'.,   .Vidian  Hall. 

—  Nikolai  H..kc.l'.n  ■  Violin  Recital,  I  IB,  Becbitalii  Hall. 

—  Monique  Poola'l  Violin   Recital.  H  IS,  Btelnway  Hall. 
_       Handel  Bociety    M0.  Queen'i  Hall 

—  Kathleen  1'erk'n  Bong  Recital  *  :<o.  ASolian  Hall. 
Wrn.  Victoi  BnMtt'l  PUnoforte  Re.it  ,1,  .:    H.ih.tem   Hall. 

—  Hubert   BromlloWi  '■  I,  I  II    Solum  Mall. 

—  M.ud  <0>  .   I'laii'.furte  Reciul.  t  15,   .1)  ,lian   Hall. 

—  Eva    Eatnatina    l.i  imann'l    Vocal    Recital.    Ml.'.,    BecliBteln 

Hall 

—  Willieiui  Bachae'i  (ir.lie.tra.  t  II,  Qaeen  I  Hall. 

—  Arnold  Dolmetach'l  0 It,  -  10,  Olifford'l  Inn 

Kr.i-ler .  Orcheetra!  Uoncart  I,  Queen'i  Hail 

—  v v., niie  Aetruc'i  Violin  Recital.  3  II  fiollan  Hall. 

—  Lena  K'mtorowltech'e  Violin  I  Bechtteln  HalL 

—  l<»i-v  Kenned]  .  Violin  R*  ital,  '  M   iBollan  Hall. 

—  Lil»  Falrney  an  I    Robert  I'ltti  Vocal  Recital,  i  IS,  Beclnteln 

Hall. 

—  Lome  Baactie'n  Planofurt"  ReOt  .!  -     Inwey  Ball. 

—  Htrnlllnu  PWyera' Orel  1 1  .11 

Adda  and  Jelly  too  aranrTi  Orebeetral  Conoerl  BoUaa 

ii 

Fin.  Vera  I  Boll  •"  "  '" 

_  Bocicte  de»  i  •  i.  erta  Fran    ill   -     -    Becbataln  Hall. 

8«t.  Lamond  il  lelu  Hall 

—  Moxart  Society.  I    Portmao  Roomi 

—  P.dltli  Abraham'^  Violin  Reciul.  I  II,  .Kolian  Hall. 


DRAMA 


(o.\si«:Qri-:xci<:s-    at 

CORONET. 


THE 


On  Monday  Miss  I  loriiiinan  s  company 
from  Manchester  continued  their  season 
at  the  Coronet  Theatre  with  the  metro- 
politan production  of  '  Consequences,1  a 
comedy  in  three  acts  by  Mr.  H.  F.  Rubin- 
stein. Quite  as  good  a  title,  we  think, 
would  have  been  '  Origins,'  for  the  play 
rests  upon  the  results  of  race  and  tempera- 
ment, love  of  self  and  sport,  and  lack  of 
true  religion.  Rosalind  Collins  (Marie 
Royter)  is  a  young  lady  who  thrives  on 
opposition  and  lives  for  thrills,  come 
whence  they  may.  She  is  the  daughter 
of  parents  whose  Christianity  consists  in 
expressing  their  contempt  for  Jews,  except 
when  business  makes  its  expression  in- 
advisable. Benjamin  Lipski,  born  of 
parents  who  foster  a  similar  contempt 
with  the  transposition  of  Jew  for  Christian, 
meets  Rosalind  at  a  Suffrage  meeting,  at 
which  his  views  on  Suffrage  and  mixed 
marriage  change  round.  The  first  act  takes 
place  in  the  Collinses'  home,  where  the 
Jew — after  revelling  for  a  short  time  in 
the  abuse  of  the  girl's  parents — is  suddenly 
welcomed  as  a  prospective  son-in-law 
because  he  is  discovered  to  be  the  son 
of  a  wealthy  client.  Much  the  same 
thing  happens  to  the  girl  in  the  second 
act  when  she  determines  to  beard  Israel 
in  its  tent,  though  she  has  the  additional 
advantage  in  the  eyes  of  her  lover's 
parents  of  having  captained  a  famous 
hockey  team . 

In  the  last  act  we  are  back  under  the 
Collinses'  roof,  awaiting  the  arrival  of 
the  pair,  who  have  gone  to  the 
registrar's.  Here  we  felt  a  slight  sense 
of  drag,  which  was,  perhaps,  due  to  the 
contrast  with  the  sparkling  briskness 
of  the  previous  action.  However,  on  the 
arrival  of  the  couple  and  the  announce- 
ment that  they  have  not  been  married 
all  their  zest  having  evaporated  with  the 
lack  of  opposition  on  the  part  of  theii 
parents,  the  play  swings  to  a  successful 
close. 

We  have  dwelt  on  the  main  action  ol 
the  play;  but  there  are  also  side-lights 
which  serve  to  heighten  the  whole  effect. 
The  author  has  chosen  to  present  intricate 
problems  lightly,  and  he  must  not 
complain  if  the  public  is  inclined  to 
view  his  play  with  the  eyes  of    Benjamin 

Lipski  s  schoolboy  brother.  who  is 
frankly  bored  by  sentiment,  escapes 
when  tragedy  threatens  to  become  too 
obvious  to  be  ignored,  but  sees  the 
comicality  of  situations  with  a  zest  which 
makes  laughter  irrepressible.  After  all. 
cynicism  presses  hard  on  over  . seriousness. 
and  kindly  laughter  has  probably  been  a 
greater  foe  tu  the  t  l'.ti"'d  ies  which  lie  in 
wait  for  those  guilty  of  obsession.  From 
an   excellent    cast    ue  select    Marie    Roytei 

Mr. Charles  Bibby,and  Mr.  Borace Braham 
for  special  praise. 


008 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4515,  May  9,   1914 


Dramatic  (gossip. 

Tuesday  evening  saw  the  production  of 
'  The  Dangerous  Age  '  at  the  Vaudeville, 
-with  the  author,  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond,  in  the 
principal  man's  part.  Eva  Moore  is  the  lady 
who  succumbs  to  temptation  at  the  dangerous 
.ag> — that  age  when  youth  calls  the  more 
insistently  because  middle  age  is  upon  us. 
Retribution  for  the  night  spent  with  her 
.lover  before  his  departure  for  Africa  comes 
to  her  in  the  shape  of  an  accident  during 
her  absence  to  the  younger  of  the  boys  who 
Jiave  lightened  the  days  of  her  widowhood. 

We  shall  not  pursue  the  theme  of  the 
:3tory  at  length,  because  it  is  not  the  play 
that  matters — it  is  the  acting  of  it  that  is 
important.  In  fact,  had  not  the  piece 
bean  redeemed  by  the  actors  we  have  men- 
tioned, aided  by  the  joie  de  vivre  that 
Mr.  Reginald  Grasdorff  and  Mr.  Roy  Royston 
put  into  the  boys1  parts,  and  the  contrast 
supplied  by  Mr.  Leslie  J.  Banks,  who  acts 
thJ  blase  Marquis  of  Murdon,  the  unreality 
•of  it  must  have  forced  itself  on  the 
.•attention  of  the  audience. 

Excellent  acting  is  needed  to  atone  some- 
what for  the  outrage  of  making  an  essen- 
tially good  woman  consider  selling  herself 
for  the  sake  of  a  larger  income  than  500Z., 
deven  though  she  has  to  educate  her  two 
boys  on  it. 

In  spite  of  the  credit  due  to  Eva  Moore 
for  the  width  of  her  range  from  blithesome - 
aiess  to  tragedy,  the  most  praiseworthy  effort 
-was  that  of  Estelle  Despa  as  the  elder  and 
-rigidly  moral  sister. 

On    Tuesdav    afternoon    a     matinee     of 

Mr.    Thomas    W.    Broadhurst's    'The   Holy 

«City'  took  place    at    the  Comedy  Theatre. 

Perhaps      the      first      requisite     of     sacred 

•drama    is   that    reverent    treatment    should 

be    accorded,    and    without   hesitation    we 

can   say  that    the    presentment    was    most 

^seemly.     A  second  consideration  with  many 

-is   that    no    liberty  should    be    taken    with 

isueh    details    of    the    sacred    story   as    are 

.accorded  general    acceptation.     Those   who 

hold    such    views   will    find    much   ground 

for  disapproval.      We  certainly    think  that 

the   scenes   and    sayings    might    have    well 

been  arranged  more  along  the  lines  of  the 

accepted  order   without   detracting   from   a 

scheme    in     other    respects     commendable. 

The   most   striking    thing    to    us    was    the 

fact  that  the  glorious  partj^layed  by  women, 

-especially  in  the  later  phases  of  Christ's   life, 

received  for   once  something  like  adequate 

expression.     Even    a  decisive  contrast  with 

the  attitude  of  men  was  made.      The  acting 

-on  the  whole  was  good,  though  the  solemnity 

•of    the  theme  led   to    a  certain   amount   of 

attitudinizing. 

Mr.  Sydney  Valentine  as  Judas  and  Nancy 
Price  as  Mary  Magdalene  deserve  a  special 
word  of  praise. 

There  will  be  a  series  of  matinees  of  the 
piece  at  the  Haymarket,  beginning  next 
Wednesday.  It  has  been  found  necessary 
to  abandon  the  evening  performances 
previously  announced,  as  several  members  of 
the  company  are  engaged  for  that  period  of 
the  day. 

Mr.  Harold  Brighotjse's  pathetic  one- 
.■act  play  '  Lonesome  Like,'  given  for  the 
first  time  in  London,  preceded  '  Conse- 
quences '  at  the  Coronet.  Mary  Byron  was 
especially  good  as  an  old  woman  saved  from 
the  workhouse  by  a  man  who  asks  her  to 
ti  ke  the  place  vacant  by  the  death  of  his 
bod-ridden  mother.  The  man's  part  was 
acted  by  Mr.  Herbert  Lomas  far  more 
effectively  than  the  Jew  father  in.  the 
longer  play. 


At  the  Arts  Centre  on  Friday  night  in  last 
week  the  following  three  one-act  plays  were 
presented  for  the  first  time  :  '  Beyond  his 
Power,'  by  C.  M.  Tucker  ;  '  (Setting  Un- 
compromised,'  by  Deborah  Millom  ;  and 
'  The  Model  Wife,'  by  R.  L'Archier.  Only 
the  first  of  these  plays  calls  for  comment. 
'  Beyond  his  Power  '  is  an  attempt  to  deal 
with  an  aspect  of  marriage  or  rather  a  new 
theory  of  marriage,  in  its  relation  to  abstin- 
ence on  the  one  hand  and  prostitution  on  the 
other.  How  far  it  is  desirable  for  the  stage 
to  deal  with  highly  debatable  questions  of  sex 
relationship  may  be  doubted,  but,  unless 
such  questions  can  be  discussed  with  restraint 
and  logic,  we  consider  the  study  a  more 
suitable  place  for  their  dissection.  To  a 
certain  extent,  '  Beyond  his  Power '  was 
convincing  ;  it  was  also  well  acted,  and 
admirably  produced  under  the  direction  of 
Marie  Vantini. 

At  the  Ambassadors'  on  Monday  next 
Jeanne  Granier  will  appear  in  Henri  Lave- 
dan's  '  La  Rupture,'  instead  of  in  '  Les 
Sonnettes,'  as  originally  intended.  The 
latter  piece  is  to  be  played  during  the  week 
following. 

'  Magic  '  was  revived  at  the  Little  Theatre 
on  Tuesday  night,  with  the  same  cast  as 
before.  The  play  was  preceded  by  '  Dusk,' 
by  Mr.  Robert  Vansittart.  Both  plays  have 
already  been  noticed  in  The  Atltenceum.  The 
former  received  praise  in  our  issue  for 
November  15th,  1913,  and  the  latter  was 
criticized  in  our  last  number. 

In  spite  of  the  financial  difficulties  which 
involved  M.  Antoine  in  failure,  the  candi- 
dates for  the  post  of  "  Directeur  "  of  the 
Odeon  were  numerous.  The  Minister  for 
Public  Instruction  and  Fine  Arts  has  finally 
chosen  M.  Paul  Gavault,  who  is  well  known 
as  a  writer  of  light    comedies. 

On  April  22nd  and  following  day  the 
German  Shakespeare-Gesellschaft  assembled 
at  Weimar,  and  celebrated  the  fiftieth  anni- 
versary of  its  foundation.  Members  had 
flocked  from  all  parts  of  Germany,  and  there 
were  also  several  foreign  delegates.  Eng- 
land was  represented  by  Prof.  I.  Gollancz, 
the  United  States  by  Prof.  Schelling  and  Prof. 
Shorey,  and  France  by  Dr.  Jusserand,  who, 
being  unable  to  attend  in  person,  sent  Prof. 
Feuillerat  as  his  deputy. 

The  celebrations  were  carried  through  in 
a  highly  successful  manner,  being  charac- 
terized by  that  mixture  of  geniality  and 
scholarly  earnestness  which  one  often  finds 
in  German  meetings  of  the  kind.  The  most 
important  features  of  the  proceedings  were, 
besides  the  customary  banquets  and  toasts, 
a  lecture  by  Prof.  Koster  on  '  Die  Einrich- 
tung  der  Buhne  zu  Shakespeares  Zeit '  ;  a 
performance  of  Elizabethan  songs ;  a  recita- 
tion of  Shakespearian  scenes  by  Mr.  Hubert 
Carter,  of  His  Majesty's  Theatre  ;  a  learned 
oration  by  the  President,  Prof.  A.  Brandl ; 
and  a  performance  of  '  Richard  III.,'  with 
Herr  Mliller  in  the  principal  part.  Several 
scholars  were  made  honorary  associates  of 
the  Society. 

We  regret  that  in  our  review  of  '  Eliza- 
bethan Drama  and  its  Mad  Folk  '  (published 
by  Messrs.  Heffer  of  Cambridge),  which 
appeared  on  April  18th,  the  price  was  given 
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670 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


AN 


AMERICAN 
GLOSSARY. 


BY 


RICHARD  H.  THORNTON 


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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (May  9)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES: — Old  Painted  Glass  at  Maldon,  Essex — Sehiitte's  Law  and  'Widsith' — Birmingham  Statues 
and  Memorials — The  First  Dutch  Courants  — Hood  Memorial  Column  at  Butleigh — Last 
Criminals  beheaded  in  Great  Britain — Roping  the  Bride — Chaucer's  Prioress — Higginbotham  in 
Carlyle's  '  Cromwell ' — Tree  Lore  of  the  Nigerians. 

QUERIES  : — Dame  Mary  Fleming — The  Younger  Van  Helmont— Royal  Descents — Napoleon  Upside 
Down  —Liverpool  Reminiscences — Lieut.  Richardson  McVeagh — "  Blood-boltered  " — Sir  Richard 
Bernie — J.  Aprice  :  W*.  Baker  :  J.  Collyns  :  J.  Cook  :  T.  Davys — "  Among  the  blind  the 
one-eyed  man  is  king" — Daniel  Goostry — Rev.  Ferdinando  Warner —Da we's  Portrait  of 
Goethe  — "  Peacock  without  Temple  Bar" — Touchwood — Biographical  Information  Wanted — 
Walter  de  Lechlade — Irish  Wills  and  Registers — Price  and  Whitchurch  Families. 

REPLIES: — Kendrick  of  Reading — Anno  Domini — Heraldic  — Bird  Name— Cromwell's  Illegitimate 
Daughter  Mrs.  Hartop — "An  honest  man  and  a  good  bowler" — John  Douglas  Hallett — 
Rhubarb — Sir  Stephen  Evance — Sir  R.  D.  Heneg-in — Pluralities — Milo  as  a  Surname — Bothwell 
— Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava—"  Balloni  "—Fresh  Wharf  :  Fish  Wharf— Duchess  of  Bolton  — 
"Secretary  at  War" — Parishes  in  Two  Counties — Opera  Pass — Briefs — Pallavicini — Heart- 
Burial — Cardinal  Ippolito  dei  Medici — Register  of  Deaths  of  Roman  Catholics — J.  Swinfen — 
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Shakespeare  and  the  Warwickshire  Dialect — Phil  May — Sir  William  Wilson. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Art '—'The  Archaeological  Rambles  of  the  Upper  Norwood  Athenaeum'— 
'  Capitals  of  the  Northlands ' — '  The  Antiquary  '■ — '  Chats  on  Old  Brass ' — '  Quarterly  Review  ' — 
'  Nineteenth  Century.' 

OBITUARY  :— Sydney  Herbert. 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 


LAST   WEEK'S    NUMBER    (May    2)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :— The  First  English  Newspaper— Legends  from  Lourdes— Webster  and  the  'N.E.D.' — Parish 
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QUERIKS  :  -The  Roll  of  the  Baronets — The  Younger  Van  Helmont  — A  Book  of  Fables— A  Bird  Name 
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as":  "Pape" — Old  Etonians— Registers  of  Hawkhurst,  Kent —Marten  of  Broadwater, 
E 

REPLIES  : -Death  Folklore— Fox  of  Sfcradbroke— St.  Pancras— Milton's  Epitaph  :  The  Second  Folio 
Shakespeare— Voltaire  in  England — Dido-  Purchase  <>f  Land — James  Morgan— Taylor  Sisters — 
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N  -Mies— Wilson's  Buildings—"  Bore  "—Heraldic  — "  Mister"  as  a  Surname — Carthagena  Medal. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— 'The  Reign  of  Henry  VII.  from  Contemporary  Sources'  -  "Fellowship  Books" 
—  'The  Cathedral  Church  of  Glasgow' — 'The  John  Rylands  Library' — 'Edinburgh  Review' 
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E.  'NORWAY,  DENMARK Jul.  17-18  Days 

F.  RUSSIA,  SWEDEN,  4c Aug.  7—24  Days 

G.  CONSTANTINOPLE,  VOLO,  8 AL0NICA  Sept,  5-30  Days 

Fares— B  or  F,  from  20  Gns. ;  C  or  D,  from  12  Gns.  ; 
E.  from  15  Gns. ;  G,  from  25  Gns. 

For  Programme  and  Plan  of  the  Ships  apply  as  below. 


n  •   n  ntr  J  Northumberland   Avenue,  W.C., 

P&0  Offices    1  ni%  Uadenhall  Street.  EX., 


LON-ON. 


"  A  Water  Flower  ' 

By  (  hantron. 
Size  10£  by  4J  in.,  at  2s. 


Photos    on    Approval 
by  Post  or  Rail. 

Assortments  are  Bent  without  deposit 
for  selection  to  Keep  >iimi Ijle  Applicants 
in  any  Country  upon  their  stating  their 
Profession  or  Business  and  Requirements 
Paris  Salon  Pictures.  Classical 
Undraped  Figures.  Statuary.  Ac- 
tresses, and  Views  Life  Nude 
Human  Figure1,  Animal,  Cloud, 
Wave,  Flower,  and  other  Studies 
for  Artists. 

Famous  Illustrated  Price  Catalogue, 
2Jd.,  or  5  U.8.A.  Cents,  post  free;  or 
with  a  Specimen  Cabinet,  Is.  2^1.,  or 
30  U.S.A.  Cents,  post  free.  Indian  and 
Colonial  Stamps  not  exceeding  la  'J Id. 
are  accepted,  but  International  Postal 
Coupons,   or    Money   Orders,  preferred. 

Packets  of  selected  subjects  for  abroad 
on  sale  on  receipt   of   5*.,   10*..   or  20s. 
stati'  class  required.    Photos  exchanged 
if  not  approved. 
ERDMANN  &  SCHANZ  (est     1S76), 

Titian  Terrace,  109  3,  Bedford  Hill. 

Balham  High  Street.  London,  8.  W. 


T 


H    E 


A    T    H    E     N    JE    U    M. 


0    9 


BACK  NUMBERS   can  be  obtained  at   the   Offices,  11,   Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C.,  at  the  following  rates  :  - 

k.  d. 
Ten  days  from  date  of  issue 
Numbers  before  January  8,  IBM  (with  the  ex- 
ception of    January    4.    1013,  and    Decem- 
ber?, 1912,  charged  at  Is.)  .. 
Numbers  before  1000    .. 

„      1890 


18B0 


e 


I        (or  by 
t  arrangement) 


Postage  (Inland)  Kd.  per  copy  extra. 
(Foreign)  Id 


Arrangements  have  now  been  completed 
with  Messrs.  Wyman  &  Sons  whereby  THE 
ATHENjEUM  may  be  obtained  without 
difficulty  from  the  principal  Station  Bookstalls 
on  the  Great  Western  and  North  Western 
Railways.  


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS. 


Avthors1  Agents 
Bradshaw's  School  Director! 
Cambridge  Universiti  Pries 
Catalogues        

CHATTO  &   WlNhCS 
Com  BRT8 


TAOI 

.  MS 
.  878 
,   MS 

.  r,i I 
.   641 


Kin  CATioNAl MI 


Bno'S  Kki  it  salt 
Exhibitions 

Prancis  A  Co 

Gardeners'  Chronicle 

l.i  i   II  RES  ..  - 

Macmillan  &  Co. 

Mim  l.i  LANEOU8    ..          _ 
NOVELLO  &  CO 

Oxi <>Kii  im\ BRsiTi  Press 

l'K<i\  IDEN1    [NSTITI   I  IONS 

Bales  bt  A  i  ction 
Saturday  Km  taw 
Shipping. 

Si  m    M  iiins    \'a(  (\T        _ 

Bocietibs 

I  I  MIS  lie  ink  (I  I  II 
'I  1  I'K  -\\  1(1  I  I  l(s    I  OR   s  mi. 

i  i  ii  .Writing,  Ac.      „ 


>'.  i 
Ml 

>  ii 

Ml 

MS 

I  il 
MS 

012 

871 
641 
Ml 

642 
642 


672 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4515,  May  9,  1914 


Bradshaw's  School  Directory. 

BRADSHAW'S  SCHOOL  DIRECTORY  is  published  every  month 
in  Bradshaw's  Guide  for  Great  Britain,  and  summaries  are  included 
every  month  in  Bradshaw's  Continental  Guide  and  Bradshaw's  Man- 
chester ABC  Guide.  These  are  publications  used  daily  by  thousands 
of  people  throughout  the  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  Continental 
Bradshaw  in  addition  is  to  be  found  in  every  pleasure  resort  and  important 
City  in  Europe.  Inquiries  as  to  the  placing  of  pupils  reach  the  Pub- 
lishers from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  pupils  in  question  are  referred, 
whenever  suitable,  to  the  Schools  subscribing.  No  fees  or  commissions 
are  charged  for  the   services   rendered    either   to  the  inquirers  or  to  the 

schools  where  pupils  may  be  placed.  The  publicity  thus  offered  to  schools 
is  genuine  and  widespread,  and  in  relation  to  the  prices  charged  cannot  be 
equalled.      Principals  of  Schools  are  invited  to  apply  for  further  details  to 

THE   MANAGER, 
Bradshaw  House,  Surrey  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


The   following   are   some   of  the   Schools   included   in    the   Directory : — 


BOYS'   SCHOOLS. 

BEDFORD.— MODERN  SCHOOL. 

For    Professional,   Commercial    Life,   and    Engineering.       Fees   from 
50  gns.  C.  W.  Kaye,  M.A.  Oxon. 

BLACKHEATH.— CHRIST'S  COLLEGE. 

Preparation  for  the  Universities  or  Commerce.     Fees  from  £53. 
A.  C.  Wire,  B.A.  F.R.G.S. 

DOLLAR  INSTITUTE,  near  Stirling. 

Beautiful  situation,  bracing  climate.     Fees  from  £50. 

EASTBOURNE.— ALDRO  SCHOOL. 

Preparation  for  Public  Schools  and  Osborne.     Playing  ground,  5  acres. 
Fees  100  gns.  Rev.  H.  R.  Browne,  M.A. 

ELLESMERE.— S.  OSWALD'S. 

Sound  education  at  moderate  fees.     £30  a  year. 

FOLKESTONE.— FELTONFLEET. 

In   best  part  of  Folkestone.       Preparation   for    Public   Schools  and 
Navy.     Fees  £80. 

G.  A.  Nettleton,  M.A.  Oxon,  and  H.  B.   Jeffery, 
B.A.  Cantab. 

HARROGATE.— PANNAL  ASH  COLLEGE. 

11  acres  of  grounds.     Thorough  teaching.     Fees  from  ,£42. 
Walter  S.  Hill,  F.R.G.S.  F.R.Met.S. 

RAMSGATE.— ST.  LAURENCE  COLLEGE. 

A  Church  of  England  Public  School.     Fees  £75. 
Rev.  E.  C.  Sherwood,  M.A. 

ST.  BLAISE,  near  Neuchatel.— VILLA  VERTE  RIVE. 

International    College    for     Boys.        Special     attention    to    Modern 
Languages.  M.  H.  Montandon-Bruck. 

SOUTHBOURNE-ON-SEA,  near  Bournemouth.— PEMBROKE  LODGE. 
Preparatory  School,  stands  high  in  4  acres  of  ground. 
G.  Meakin,  M.A. 

SOUTHPORT.— MODERN  SCHOOL. 

Classics,  Languages,  Commercial  Subjects.     Fees  from  42  gns. 
Major  J.  C.  Underwood,  A.C.P.  F.R.G.S. 

VILLENEUVE-MONTREUX.— CHELTONIA. 

English  Preparatory  School.     English  Games  and  Winter  Sports. 
E.  James  Fox. 


GIRLS'  SCHOOLS. 

BLACKHEATH,  Burnt  Ash  Hill,  Lee.— MODERN  HIGH  SCHOOL. 

Modern  Education  and  preparation  for  all  Examinations. 
Mrs.  Thimann,  L.L.A. 

BRIGHTON.  —  WESTCO  M  BE. 

Thorough  Education  by  Graduates  and'Trained  Teachers. 
The  Misses  Stevens. 

BRIGHTON,  Hove.— ADDISCOMBE  COLLEGE. 

Special  attention  to  Music,  Art,  and  Languages. 

The  Misses  Cadwallader  and  Marsland. 

BBQGES.— Mme.  Burnier  de  Lutry,  Quai  St.  Anne. 

Old  established  Protestant  School.     Terms  moderate. 

DOLLAR  INSTITUTE,  near  Stirling. 

Beautiful  situation,  bracing  climate. 


Fees  from  £50. 


EDINBURGH,  Grange.—  ST  RATHE  ARN  COLLEGE. 

Private  School  of   Cookery,  Housekeeping,  &c,  for   the   daughters  of 
Gentlemen.  Miss  Mitchell,  First-class  diplomee  and  medallist. 

KING  SO  ATE,  Thanet.— BRONDESBURY. 

High-class  School  for  Girls.     Physical,  Mental,  and  Moral  Development 
of  each  Pupil  Studied. 

Miss  Galloway,  Newnham  College. 

LAUSANNE.— LA  BERGERONETTE. 

Special  facilities  for  Languages,  Music,  Art,  &c.     Fees  from  70  gns. 
Miss  Nicholas. 

LUGANO. 

First-class  Boarding   School    for   Young  Ladies.      Well   known,  and 
especially  recommended  for  the  teaching  of  languages. 
Mile.  J.  M.  Cunier. 

OUCHY-LAUSANNE.—  ROSENECK. 

First-class  Finishing  School,  Music,  Painting,  &c. 

SEASCALE.-CALDER  SCHOOL. 

Efficient  staff,  including  mistress  for  Gymnastics  and  Games.     Depart- 
ments for  Junior  and  Senior  Girls.     Fees  from  £54. 

The  Misses  Wilson,  Newnham  College,  Cambridge, 
and  The  Training  College.  Cambridge. 

TORBAY,  TORQUAY.— LAURISTON  HALL  SCHOOL. 

Entire  charge  of  children  from  abroad.     Beautiful  situation. 
The  Misses  Viccars. 
VEVEY.— LKS  CHARMETTES. 

On    the    Lake  of   Geneva.      Agreeable   family    life.      All   educational 
advantages.     Fees  £70. 

Mile.  Moulin,  directrice  diplomee. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE   ATHENAEUM  "  OFFICE,  Breams  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON,  125,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIES  4  CO.,  Liu.,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  May  9,  1914. 


• 


THE  ATHENAEUM 

Journal  of  (Bnglislj  mb  ^Fcrrign  litoatiuT,  ^rintn\  tljr  JfwryVHs.  #tustr  rntft  tire  Drama* 


UN  1     1914 


No.  4516 


,Om 


SATURDAY,     MAY    10,     19l\.%r«- 


Vtfl 
A^j&tXPENCE. 

nv\nhyrv.KVT>  \*  \  m-.wsi-ai'ki?, 


ICrrturrs. 


THE    ROYAL    INSTITUTION    OF    GREAT 
BRITAIN. 
ALBEMARLE  STREET.  W. 
TUESDAY    next.   May  1».  at  3  oclock.  Prof.  IV ARC V  THOMP- 
SON  0  B.  D.Litt..  Fir^t  of  Two  Lectures,  on  '  NATURAL  HI8TOR\ 
IN  THE  CLASSICS.'    Half  a-Guinea  the  Course.  _ 

SATURDAY  May  23.  at  :i  o'clock.  Prof.  .T.  W.  GREGORY. 
D.Be  IKS  Kir?t  "of  Two  Lectures  on  'FIORDS  AND  THEIR 
ORIGIN.'     HalfaGuiuea. 

GRESHAM  COLLEGE,  BASINGHALL 
STREET  EC-FOUR  LECTURES  on  MATHEMATICS  IN 
8IR  THOMAS  GRESHAMS  DAY  AND  CERTAIN  GRESHAM 
PROFESSORS  "F  GEOMETRY  will  be  delivered  on  MoN..  TDES., 
WED  and  FRI  .  May  18.  19.  30,  and  82,  bj  W  H.  WAGSTAFF.  MA. 
Gresham  Professor  of  Geometry,  at  6  V  m.  Admission  free.  No  Lecture 
on  Thursday,  May  21.  

mHE       TREASURE       OF        LAHUN. 


A  LECTURE 

by   PROF.    FLINDERS   PETRIE 

on  this  discovery  will  be  given  at 

UNIVERSITY    COLLEGE,    GOWER    STREET.    W.C., 

on  MAY  21.  2.30  P.H.  ; 

also  at  the 

Annual  Meeting  of  the  British  School  in  Egypt, 

MAY  27,  4.30  P.M.; 

also  on  JUNE  10,  3  r.u. 

Admission  to  any  of  these  Lectures  free,  without  Ticket. 

QUEEN'S    HALL,    LANGHAM    PLACE,    W. 
iSole  Lessees— Messrs.  Chappell  4  Co.,  Ltd.) 
FIVE  LECTURES 
by 

Mrs.  ANNIE    BESANT 

President  of  the  Theoeophical  Society1. 
Subject : 

MYSTICISM. 

ON  SUNDAY   EVENINGS: 
MAY    17.     THE  MEANING  AND  METHOD  OF  MYSTICISM. 
4.    THE  GOD-IDEA. 
31.    THE   CHRIST-IDEA. 
JUNE   7.    THE  MAN  IDEA. 

14.    INTERPRETATIONS. 

At  7  p.m. 

Seats— Numbered  and  Reserved— ia.,  3s.,  2s. 

Admission— Is.  and  >>./.,  Mid  Free. 

All  applications  for  Tickets  must  be  accompanied  by  stamped  and 
addressed  envelope. 

Apply  to  the  Theosophical  Publishing  Society,  161,  New  Bond 
Street.  \V.  ;  The  Theosophicil  Society.  19,  Tavistock  Square,  WO.  ; 
The  Order  of  the  Star  in  the  East.  290,  Regent  Street,  W. ;  or  The 
Queen's  Hall.  Langham  Place.  W. 


^orictifs. 


ROYAL  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter). 
An  ORDINARY  MEETING  of  the  Society  will  be  held  on 
Thursday.  May 21.  1914.  at  5  p.m.,  at  7.  SOUTH  SQUARE.  GRAY'S 
INS  when  Prof.  A.  F.  PoLLAKD.  l.itt  1)  F.K.Hist.8.,  will  read 
a  Paper  on  'THE  AUTHENTICITY  OF  THE  JOURNALS  OF  THE 
I.  'KDS.'  H.  E    MAI. DEN.  Hon.  Secretary. 

THE  FOLK-LORE   SOCIETY.— A  MEETING 
of  the  Society  will  be  held  at  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE.  Gower 
■treat,  W.C..  on    WEDNESDAY,    May  20,  at  -  P.M ,  when  a   Paper 
entitle'!  'THE  OH  EVA  UCH  BE  DB  AT.  MICHEL  IN  THE  ISLAND 
it  ERNSEY     »ill  )*  read  by  Miss  E.  CAREY      The  paper  will 
be  illustrated  BJ  Lantern-Blldea.  F.  A.   MILNE. 

11,  Old  Square,  W  c     May  11.  1914. 

V    I    K    I     N     '■  SOCIETY 

»  FoR    NORTHERN    RESEARCH. 

A  MEETING  m.ll  1*  held  at  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON, 
at  PRIMES  GATE,  SOOTH  KENSINGTON,  on  FRIDAY. 
May  i:  m      The  following  pai>ers  will  l»e  read  : 

1  ■  KUSSo  (ioTHIC  HIsTiRY.  THE  SOURCE  OF  EDDIC 
MYTHOLOGY,    by  Mr.  JOHN   MARSHALL    M  A 

■NORSK  BHHOPS  IN  ORKNEY,    by  Or   "LDrt  KOLHRUD. 
A    JOHNSTON.  Hon.  Secretary. 
9,  Aahbnrnham  Mansions.  Chelsea.  s.\V. 


(Exhibitions. 

ROYAL  ACADEMY.   BUMMER  EXHIBITION 
Open  9  a.w  to  7  r  w  ;  Thursdays,  9  t  x.  to  10  r  at, 
Adrru--  Datalogua  la, 

-f.\-  'N    I  I'  KKT  it. 


G 


OUPIL      GALLERY      EXHIBITIONS. 


I.  Paintings  and  Bron I  -tern 

"    "  leeapeeby  HELENA  GLEICHKN. 

IIL  Bronzes  by  KKNCK    YRARYCZAB 

Admiulon  1»    from  I',  till  6. 
WILLIAM    MAR'.UANT  a  ^ent  Street.  8.W. 


N 


Ovulational. 

EWNHAM         COLLEGE. 


The  Trustees  of  the  Mary  Ewart  Trust  Fund  invite  applications 
from  past  or  present  members  of  Newnham  College  for  a 
TRAVELLING  B  HOI.ARSH1P  of  150!.,  for  purposes  of  study,  to 
be  awarded  in  June.  1914. 

applications  must  be  sent,  not  later  than  JUNE  10,  to  MISS 
CLOIJGH,  Newnham  College,  from  whom  all  particulars  can  be 
obtained. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    LIVERPOOL. 


rpHE 

THE  SCHOOL  OF  SOCIAL  SCIENCE  AND  OF  TRAINING 
FOR  SOCIAL  WORK. 
Two  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  the  value  of  50!.  each,  one  for  Men  and 
one  for  Women,  are  offered  for  the  8eShion  1914-1915.  The  holders 
are  expected  to  qualify  for  the  Diploma  of  the  School  in  the  theory 
aud  practice  of  Social  Work,  and  should,  if  possible,  go  into  resi- 
dence at  the  University  Settlement  for  Men,  or  the  Victoria 
Settlement  for  Women.  Preference  will  be  giveu  to  Graduates  of  a 
University,  or  those  with  some  previous  experience  of  Social  Work. 


MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C.— An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION,  for  Boys 
under  14  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  30  and  following 
days.-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


S 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Followiug  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 


VTADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.    1880), 

L»-L  Keith  House.  133  135,  REGENT  STREET,  W.,  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses,  Lady  Professors,  Teachers.  Chaperoues  Com- 
panions, Secretaries,  Readers,  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad 
Schools  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  (personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.'  Office 
hours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  3627. 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
gratis).  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  Ifree  of 
charge!  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  POWELL, 
8MITH  &  FAWCETT.  School  Agents  (established  1833),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.    Telephone -702 1  Gerrard. 


Situations  ITarant 

WANTED.  —  PROFESSOR     OF     ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE    AND   LITERATURE. 

Applicationsareinvitetlfor  the  post  of  PR0FE38OR  OF  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE  in  the  CENTRAL  COLLEGE. 
BANGALORE.  SOUTHERN  INDIA.  The  candidate  selected  for 
the  post  will  be  on  probation  f*>r  three  years,  at  the  end  of  which 
period  the  Government  of  His  Highnesi  the  Maharaja  of  Mysore  will 
be  at  liberty  to  terminate  the  contract.  Candidates  hhould  be  dis- 
tinguished University  man  who  have  taken  First  Clas*  Honours  in 
Classics  and  made  a  special  study  of  English  Language  and  Literature, 
or  tak**n  the  M.A.  Degree  with  First  Cla*&  Honours  in  English 
Language  and  Literature  In  a  Scottish  or  British  University.  Those 
who  have  in  addition  received  training  in  Theorv  and  Practice  of 
Tea»  hing  or  have  had  experience  of  Professorial  Teaching  in  a  Uni- 
versity College  and  are  between  24  and  30  years  of  age  will  be  preferred. 
The  successful  candidate  is  expected  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time 
in  training  students  for  the  University  Intermediate.  Pass  and 
Honours  I;  A.  Degree  Courses.  The  pay  will  be  Rs.  500  a  month,  rising 
by  annual  increments  of  Ks.  50  to  Rs.  1.001  a  month.  <>n  confirmation. 
ware  and  praafon  «ill  ba  tooordiDg  to  the  Mysore  Service  Regulations. 
The  Profottor  selected  will  be  given  a  free  single  First  clasB  passage 
to  India,  also  back  to  England,  if  tli*  contract  is  terminated  «t  the 
end  of  the  third  year  of  service.  Candidates  should  love  educational 
work  among  natives  of  India  and  be  fond  of  outdoor  game*.  Applica- 
tions, with  copies  of  testimonials,  will  be  received  hy  the  Inspector- 
Qen*ral  of  Education  In  Mysore,  Bangalore,  South  India,  an  to 
JULY  15.  1914  The  selected  candidate  will  be  expected  to  join  duty 
as  early  as  iKjBuible.  M    rtHAMA   RAO. 

Inspector  (Jeneral  r.f  Education  in  Mysore, 

April  15.  l'.iu.  li;uipalora,  South  India. 


u 


NIVERSITY      COLLEGE,      GALWAY. 


The  Governing  Body  invite  app'ieatlons  for  the  following  p,  i, 
instituted  by  •Statute,  Statute  III.,  University  College,  Galway, 
mad-  on  MAY  1.  IBM 

PROFESSORSHIP  OF  COMMERCE  ASH  ACCOUNTANCY. 
y  DOl  ATloN 
BISTORT,     with    special     reference    to 

lrii.li    History. 

PHILOSOPHY. 
Tlie  appolntmenU  are  made  by  tha  Senate  of  t'i-  Unirertlty  from 

'    as  prorldad  by  tha  *  inner 


The  at.|>ointmi-nt«  are  made   DJ  me  sen 
a  li«i  hiii.ni'tt.-.i  by  tba  Qorerninf  Body  > 

anil  Statutes  of  the  I'nlwT-itv   end  Colle 


v  sccomptnied    by  liftv  copies  of  mob  taatlmonlaui  aa 

candl  tire  to  H.il, in it.  will  l„-  received  by  tba  Itrgintrar, 

rray,  up  to  JONB  IS.   I'm 

The  Profeeaon  and  Lactnrara  appointed  «i  I  to  antat 

on  th.-ir  dntlaa  i-Hrli   in  0   ToBBH 

A|.|.ll'-atlon«  will  ba  dealt  with  TOoieoi  to  tha  poaatbla  .ll»;illownnee 

"lie  in    within  tha  limit  "i   time   prsaoribad  bf  tha   lii-h 

-it  i'i  A'  t  „ 

Canilj.l..ie«  ara  lalarrad  to  tha  xt-iime  for  Information  on  all 
rn«tt»r-  relating  to  tha  a|>i*>iiitmenta.  Coplea  may  he  hail  on 
appUcatlon  to  _  „        „  , 

Till:  II  '.l-il!AK,  Dnlvenity  Colle/e,  Oalway. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


Arrangements  have  now  been  completed 
with  Messrs.  W.  H.  Smith  &  Son  and  Messrs. 
Wyman  &  Sons  whereby  THE  ATHENiEUM 
may  be  obtained  without  difficulty  from 
the  principal  Railway  Station  Bookstalls. 


THE    ATHEN^UM   is    published 
FRIDAY  MORNING  at  8.30. 


on 


TRINITY 


COLLEGE,        DUBLIN. 


The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  newly  founded  LECKY 
CHAIR  OF  MOIIKKN  HISTORY.  The  appointment  will  be  made 
before  the  end  of  JUNE. 

The  salary  offered  (pending  the  realizition  of  the  Lecky  Estate)  is 
600J.  per  annum. 

Candidates  may  send  in  a  copy  of  any  work  or  works  they  have 
puhlUhed,  as  well  as  whatever  other  evidence  of  their  qualifications 
they  may  think  desirable. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  before  JUNE  1. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  THE  SECRETARY  OF 
THE  COUNCIL,  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 


u 


NIVERSITY     COLLEGE, 

FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE. 
PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY. 


READING. 


The  Council  are  about  to  appoint  a  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY. 
Applications  must  be  received  by  JUNE  8,  1914  -Particulars  can  be 
obtained  from  THE  REGISTRAR  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 


H 


OME     SCIENCE      DEPARTMENT, 

KING'S    COLLEGE   FOR    WOMEN. 
UNIVERSITY    OF    LONDON. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  Post  of  LECTURER  IN  PHY8IC8. 
The  prst  is  for  part  time  only,  and  is  open  to  Men  and  Women.  The 
Lecturer  will  be  required  in  cCTi'hER.  I'm. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  not  more  than  three  testimonials  or 
references,  should  he  sent  to  THE  SECRETARY,  Home  Science 
Department,  King's  College  for  Women,  Kensington  Square,  W.,  by 
SATURDAY,  May  '23,  from  whom  further  particulars  can  be 
obtained. 


H 


ULL  MUNICIPAL   TRAINING   COLLEGE 

FOR    MEN   AND    WOMEN. 

REQUIRED,  to  take  up  duties  about  the  beginningof  8EPTEMBER 
next,  a  LECTURER  IWomanl  in  Botany.  Nature  Study,  and  Geo- 
graphy; and  a  LECTURER  (Man)  in  Mathematics  and  Method. 
Other  combinations  and  subjects  may  be  considere.l. 

Further  particulars  and  application  forms  ito  be  returned  not  later 
than  MAY  HO)  may  be  obtained  from 

IVOR  B.  JOHN,  M.A.,  Principal. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF        BIRMINGHAM. 


ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIP  IN  CLA8SICS  AND  ANCIENT 
HISTORY. 

The  Council  invites  applications  for  an  ASSI8TANT  LECTURE 
SHU'  IN  CLASSICS  AND  ANCIENT  HISTORY  at  a  stipend  of 
IBM,  tier  annum,  under  the  general  direction  of  the  Professors  of 
Classics  and  History.     Duties  to  begin  OCTOBER  8,  1914 

Applications,  with  not  less  than  three  copies  of  testimonials, 
RlimiM  be  lent  before  JUNE  90  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom 
further  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

GEO.  H.  HORLBY,  Bacrabny. 


B 


EDFORD     COLLEGK      FOR     WOMEN. 

(UNIVERSITY   OF   LONDON.) 
Regent's  Park,  N .  W. 
DEPARTMENT  OF  MATHEMATICS. 
In  consequence  of  the  appointment  ol  Mr  T    I.    Wren  to  lecture  at 

St     John's  College,    Camhlidga,    the   Council    will    -li'Tllv    nro.ee, 1    to 
appoint !    :...    ASSISTANT    LECTCUKIl    in    the   1  >EI>A  UTM  ENT    OF 

The  .alary  offered  la  IBM  a  year,  rialna  to  aopt,  non-resident.  The 
appointment  la  open  to  Man  and  Woman  equally, 

six  printed  or  type,)  copies  of  applications,  and  of  not  n  ore  than 
three  recent  teatlmonlals,  ahould  haunt  not  later  than  TUESDAY. 
ju, t„  the   nndarllgned,  from  whom  further  particulate  may  be 

obtained.      (ffl|lltdj  KT|i.:i,  T    M.  |<  N  Id  HT.  Hecretary  of  Council. 

CITY    OF    LEEDS    TRAINING     COLLEGE 
FOB   ELEMENTARY  BOHOOL  THAI  HERS 
RKODIHB    hi  SEPTEMBER,  a    LEOTDRBB  IN   EDUCATION 
ANH     HEAD     IN     THE     DEPARTMBRT     OF      TEAUIERS     FOR 
I  I'l'Klt  STANDARDS  iWomi 

Idatei  -b  mid  poeeea  an  II"-  or  it«  equivalent,  and 

have  had  practical  experience  In  i..i,n,.-     rpeclal  qualilleatioii.  m 
,nal  r.\.  holoay  sre  deeirabla 

■II,..  I...U  an t"l  wool. I  ba  required  to  take   up  full  duties  In 

~y  I'  II.  M  It  Kit  next,  and  may  he  ankcd  to  go  into  II    idence. 

Oommei f  aalary  8001.  per  annuni 

Api.li. -itioii.    nhl'h  mual  n  forms  to  be  obtained  from 

the    undersigned,    should     I ndoraed     "Training     Cnlbge       and 

forwarded  to  the  Secretary  for   Edui  itlon,  Education  Omoti    Leeds. 

notlat'  _. 

JAM  K8  ORA 1 1 A  M .  Secretary  for  Education 

Education  Offices,  Letd«. 


674 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4516,  May  16,  1914 


EEDS      BOYS'       MODERN      SCHOOL. 


REQUIRED  FOR  SEPTEYtBER:- 

(1)  FORM  MA8TER  to  'each  English  to  the  Junior  Forms.    Salary 
1*202..  rising  by  scale  to  1901, 

(2)  ART  MASTER.    Salnrv  150?.,  rising  by  scale  to  190!. 
Applications,  which  must  be  made  on  forms  obtainable  from  the 

undersigned,     should    be    indorsed    "Boys'    Modern    School,"    and 
returned  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  JUNE  1. 

JAMES  GRAHAM,  Secretary  for  Education. 
Education  Offices,  Leeds. 


E 


XETER  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


SUMMER  VACATION  SCHOOL. 
The  Exeter  Education  Committee  require  the  services  of  a  LADY 
DIRECTOR  for  the  HUMMER  VACATION  8CHOOL  to  be  held  in 
Exeter  from  AUGUST  17  to  29.  Preference  will  be  given  to  candidates 
having  Kindergarten  qualifications.  The  rate  of  payment  will  be 
31.  3s.  per  week  Applications,  stating  qualifications  and  experience, 
should  be  forwarded  to  the  undersigned  at  once. 

H.  ARMITAGE,  Clerk  to  the  Committee. 
Education  Offices.  39,  Southernhay  W.,  Exeter,  May  8,  1914 

MIDDLESEX    EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 

HARROW  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

The  Governors  of  the  above  School  require  a  HEAD  MISTRESS, 
to  commence  duties  in  SEPTEMBER  next.  New  School  buildings 
are  being  erected  to  accommodate  300  Pupils.  Candidates  must  be 
Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  hold  equiva- 
lent qualifications.  Commencing  salary  300!  per  annum,  rising  by 
two  annual  increments  of  20!.  and  one  of  10!.  to  a  maximum  of  350!. 
per  annum. 

CanvassiLg  will  be  treated  as  a  disqualification.  Application  forms, 
which  must  be  returned  not  later  than  10  a  si  on  THURSDAY,  the 
28th  instant,  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  upon  the  receipt 
of  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope. 

B.  8.  G  'TT,  Middlesex  Education  Committee. 

Guildhall,  Westminster,  S.W.,  May  13,  1914. 

ORCESTER    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


W 


THE  CITY  OF  WORCESTER  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS 

REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  next :- 

(1)  SENIOR  SCIENCE  MISTRESS.  Salary  1101.  to  130!  (by  yearly 
increments  of  101.).  Subjects:  Botany,  Chemistry,  and  Physics. 
Experience  essential. 

(2)  ASSISTANT  FORM  MISTRESS.  Salary  1002.  Chief  Subjects  : 
Nature  Study,  Geography,  Elementary  French,  and  English. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials  enclosed,  should  be  made 
by  letter  to  the  undersigned,  on  or  before  JUNE  5.  Age,  qualifica- 
tions, and  experience  must  be  stated,  and  the  names  of  three 
referees  given. 

THOS.  DUCKWORTH,  Secretary  for  Higher  Education. 

Victoria  Institute,  Worcester. 

T  IVERPOOL     EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


LIVERPOOL    COLLEGIATE    SCHOOL. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  Posts  at  the  above-named 
School  vacant  in  September  next  :  — 

II)  SPECIALIST  IN  CLASSICS,  also  qualified  to  teach  English  and 
History.  Honours  Degree  in  Classics  essential.  Salary  at  the  rate  of 
180!.  per  annum 

(2)  GENERAL  FORM  MASTER.  Subjects,  Classics  and  English. 
Salary  at  the  rate  of  1501.  per  annum. 

13)  GENERAL  FORM  MASTER  qualified  to  teach  Mathematics, 
French,  English,  and  History.     Salary  at  the  rate  of  1501.  per  annum. 

(4)  GENERAL  F<JRM  MASTER.  Special  subject  Mathemuics, 
al6o  qualified  to  teach  Junior  French  and  English.  Salary  at  the 
rate  of  1501.  per  annum. 

The  above  appointments  are  subject  to  the  provisions  of  the  Liver- 
pool Corporation  (Superannuation!  Act,  1913. 

Forms  of  application  and  further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 
JAMES  G.  LEGGE,  Director  of  Education.  14,  Sir  Thomas  Street, 
Liverpool,  with  whom  applications,  accompanied  by  a  letter  of  applica- 
tion and  copies  of  not  less  than  three  recent  testimonials,  must  be 
lodged  not  later  than  WEDNESDAY,  May  27,  1914. 

EDWARD  R.  PICKMERE, 
Clerk  to  the  Local  Education  Authority. 


c 


OUNTY   BOROUGH   OF   BOOTLE. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 
SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS. 
WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER,  an  ASSISTANT  MA8TER,  to  teach 
English  and  Mathematics    in    Middle    and  Lower  Forms.    Degree 
essential ;  previous  Secondary  8chool  experience  desired. 
Silary  130! ,  rising  to  1801.  by  yearly  increments  of  7!.  10s. 
Application    forms    (which   should    be    returned    not    later    than 
MAY  30)  can  be  obtained  from  THE  SECRETARY  FOR  EDUCA- 
TION, Town  Hall,  Bootle,  Lanes. 


w 


EST        SUFFOLK        EDUCATION 

COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  8CHOOL  (MIXED)  AND  PUPIL  TEACHER  CENTRE, 
BURY  ST.  EDMUNDS. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  Post  of  ASSISTANT  MASTER. 
Salary  1501.  non-resident.  Particulars  and  forms  of  application, 
which  must  be  returned  not  later  than  JUNE  2.  1914,  may  be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  and  addressed 
foolscap  envelope 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES.  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 


G 


OOLE 


SECONDARY 


SCHOOL. 


WANTED,  next  SEPTEMBER  a  highly  qualified  and  thoroughly 
experienced  EI^GLISH  TEACHER  as  SENIOR  MISTRESS  at 
•GoOLE  MIXED  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.     Salary  1901.  per  annum. 

Application,  on  forms  to  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  must 
be  sent  in  on  or  before  JUNE  6  next  to 

W.  T.  SILVESTER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

10.  Victoria  Street,  Goole. 

LEICESTER      MUNICIPAL      SCHOOL      OF 
ART. 

AVANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER  1.  an  INSTRUCTOR  to  teach 
Architectural  Design,  History  of  Architecture,  Building  Construction, 
and  Furniture  Design.    Part  time  Day  and  Evening  Classes. 

Candidates  must  be  either  Fellows  or  Associates  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects.  Practical  knowledge  of  a  Building 
Craft  would  be  a  rt commendation. 

Commencing  salary  2001.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  printed  forms  obtainable  from  the 
Secretary,  and  be  returned  to  him  not  later  than  MAY  26. 

T.  GROVES,  Secretary. 

IVIL     SERVICE     COMMISSION. 


C 


FORTHCOMING  EX AMINATION. -JUNIOR  APPOINTMENTS 
in  certain  Departments  (18  -19j),  MAY  28. 

The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications  can  be 
received.  They  must  be  made  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  par- 
ticulars, from  THE  SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission, 
Burlington  Gardens,  London,  W. 


C 


OUNTY        OF       LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position  of 
DISTRICT  INSPECTOR  in  the  Education  Officer's  Department. 
Salary  400!.  a  year,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  251.  to  800!.  a  year. 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the 
Juries  of  his  Office,  consisting  of  the  inspection  of  Public  Elementary 
Schools,  Evening  Institutes,  and  other  Educational  Institutions,  and 
to  the  performance  of  such  other  duties  as  may  be  entrusted  to  him. 
The  Inspector  will  be  required  to  devote  part  of  his  time  to  Physical 
Kducation,  and  must,  therefore,  possess  fpecial  qualifications  for  that 
work.  Women  are  eligible  for  this  appointment.  Officials  of  the 
Council  are  not  precluded  from  applying. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  the  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London  County  Council.  Education 
offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
by  11  a.m  on  MONDAY,  May  25.  1914.  Every  communication  must 
be  marked  "Inspectorship"  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  for 
appointment. 

LAURENCE  GOMME,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.O. 


c 


OUNTY 


O  F 


LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  under- 
mentioned positions  at  SLOAN E  SOHOOL.  CHELSEA,  a  Secondary 
School  for  Boys,  to  be  opened  in  SEPTEMBER,  1914:— 

(i)  Full  time  ART  MA8TER.  Salary  2001  a  year  fixed.  Candi- 
dates must  be  qualified  to  teach  all  branches  of  Art  customary  in 
Secondary  Schools,  in  which  they  should  have  had  experience.  The 
Master  will  be  required  to  undertake  some  supervision  duty. 

(iil  Full  time  MANUAL  TRAINING  INSTRUCTOR.  Salary  100!  , 
rising  to  1751  by  yearly  increments  of  51.  The  Master  will  be  required 
to  give  instruction  in  lower  form  Handicraft,  Woodwork,  and  light 
Metalwork,  and  to  superintend  the  making  of  scientific  apparatus, 
besides  undertaking  some  supervision  duty.  Experience  of  similar 
work  in  Secondary  Schools  is  desirable 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  Btamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER,  London  County  Council.  Educa- 
tion Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C.,  to  whom  they  must  be 
returned  by  11  a.m.  on  MONDAY,  May  25,  1914.  Every  communi- 
cation must  be  marked  "  H.4  "  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  for 
appointment. 

LAURENCE  GOMME,  flerkof  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
May  12   1914. 

/CARDIFF     HIGH     SCHOOL     FOR     BOYS. 

SENIOR  MODERN  LANGUAGE  MASTERSHIP. 

Intending  applicants  for  this  Post  should  apply  for  information  to 
the  present  holder,   A.  KIRSOH,  20,  Dumfries  Place,  Cardiff- 


O 


SWESTRY       PUBLIC       LIBRARY. 


The  Oswestry  Public  Library  Committee  rrquire  the  services  of  a 
LIBRARIAN  AND  CARETAKKR  OF  MUSEUM.  Salary  1001  per 
annum.  Appointment  from  JULY  1.  1914.  A  schedule  of  duties,  &c  , 
and  form  of  application  can  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 
Women  are  ineligible  for  the  appointment.  Canvassing  the  Members 
of  the  Committee  will  disqualify  an  applicant.  Applications,  with 
three  recent  testimonials  and  the  name  of  one  person  to  whom 
reference  can  be  made,  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the  undersigned  on 
or  before  WEDNESDAY,  May  20,  1914.  Envelopes  containing  appli- 
cations must  be  marked  "Librarian." 

G.  W.  FERRINGTON,  Solicitor,  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 

18,  Arthur  8treet,  Oswestry. 


w 


EST    HARTLEPOOL   PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


WANTED,  ASSISTANT  (Male),  in  above  Library.  Sa'ary  751., 
increasing  by  51.  to  902.  Experience  in  open  access,  and  practical 
knowledge  of  Classification  and  Cataloguing  necessary. 

Library  Association  Certificates  recognized. — Applications,  stating 
age  and  qualifications,  with  copies  of  three  recent  testimonials,  to 
reach  the  undersigned  on  or  before  MAY  25,  1914. 

J.  A.  LOUIS  DOWNEY,  Chief  Librarian. 


Situations   Mant^tr. 

COCIAL    WORKER   with    10    years'    practical 

^J  experience  of  Social  Work,  regular  contributor  on  social 
questions  to  First  Class  Journals,  wishes  POST  on  Staff  of  Daily  or 
Weekly  Paper  or  as  Secretary  to  Public  Man.  Has  wide  connexions 
and  Special  Knowledge  of  Continental  Countries. 

EXPERIENCED  SECRETARY  requires  Post 
(resident  if  London).  Well-informed  generally ;  capable,  respon- 
sible work.  Shorthand  ;  Type-writing  ;  Book-keeping.  Would  travel. 
—  Miss  HUGHES,  41,  Westgate,  Chichester. 


A 


S  ASSISTANT   CURATOR  or  CUSTODIAN 

in  MUSEUM.  Twelve  years'  experience  in  Cnrating,  Registra- 
tion, and  other  duties  in  large  Provincial  Museum.  Energetic, 
capable.  Age  38.  Married.— Address  E.,  49,  Brocklehurst  8treet, 
New  Cross,  London. 


fiXistdlmuouz. 


TRANSLATIONS.— Absolutely  reliable  Literary, 
Scientific,  and  Press-work,  from  Russian,  French,  German, 
Italian,  by  a  professional  Translator.  Bibliographies  compiled. — 
Address  A.  I.  8.,  16,  Oakley  Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

MANORIAL  RECORDS.— Mr.  NATHANIEL 
J  HONE,  Author  of  the  Manor  and  Manorial  Records, 
UNDERTAKES  the  TRANSCRIPTION  or  TRANSLATION  of 
CO  U  RT  RO  LLS  and  other  documents  Materials  supplied  for  Family 
and  Local  History— Address  137,  Hart6wood  Road,  W. 

T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at  the 

i-i  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing  —A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

T  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at    the 

-LJ  British  Museum.  Experience.  Testimonials.  —  N.  M.,  Box 
1995,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

A  WELL -KNOWN  PUBLISHING  HOUSE 
REQUIRES  PARTNER.  One  with  ideas  and  practical  know- 
ledge of  the  business  and  some  capital.  — Write  YELDOG,  Box  2055, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

pINEMA  PICTURE    STORIES    for    Disposal; 

V^y  well-known  Author.  Educational  (Historical)  and  General. 
The  Synopses  or  Scenario  submitted  — CINES,  Box  2056,  Athenaeum 
Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


TO  AUTHORS.— A  firm  of  Publishers  will  be 
glad  to  hear  from  Writers  who  have  one  or  two  successful 
Books  to  their  credit  but  have  not  yet  been  largely  advertised,  with  a 
view  to  arranging  contracts.  Liberal  advances  would  be  made  on 
account  of  royalties.— Apply  by  letter  to  PUBLISHER,  care  of 
Pool's,  92,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

A  UTHORS'     MSS.     Criticized,     Revised,     and 

-£"\_  Prepared  for  Press.  Type-writing  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
and  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— C.  M.  DUNCAN,  Graemere,  Grasmere  Road,  Purley, 
Surrey. 


s 


IR       WALTER       SCOTT        LETTERS. 


FOR  8ALE,  89  letters  from  Sir  Walter  Scott  to  his  Solicitor,  in  8ir 
Walter's  own  handwriting,  referring  among  other  things  to  the 
arrangements  about  Napoleon  and  Woodstock  and  the  failure  of 
MeBsrs.  Constable;  Memoranda  on  Book  Publication  in  his  own  hand- 
writing. 5  pages,  undated ;  1\  pages  additional  notes :  and  1  Proof- 
Sheet  of  Napoleon,  with  corrections  in  8ir  Walter  Scott's  hand- 
writing.—GIBSON,  Monkwood,  Colinton,  Midlothian. 

THE    SECRETARIAL    BUREAU,   25,    Queen 
Anne's  Gate.  8t.  James's  Park,  8.  W.    Tel. :  5691  Victoria.    Miss 
PETHERBRIDGE    (Nat.  Sci.    Tripos),   Official  Indexer    to   H.M.'s 
Government.    Private  Libraries  Catalogued  and  Arranged.    Research 
Work,  Foreign  and  English.  Private  Secretaries  and  Indexers  trained 
•THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING,'  2g.  9d.  net,  post  free. 

TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
ROOMS  of  the  ART-WORKER8'  GUILD,  recently  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings,  Concerts,  and  Exhibitions.— Apply  to  8ECRE 
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No.  4510,  May  16,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


675 


Mali's  lm  ^Aurtioit. 

THE  J.  E.  HODGKIX  COLLECTIONS. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HOUt  I  E 
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JOHN  ELIOT  HODGKIN,  F.S.A.  F.K  llisi  S  isoKl  by  Order  of 
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Choice     Engravings,     the     Property     of     ARCHIBALD 
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Magazine  from  the  commencement,  93  vols.,  uncut  —  Dickens's 
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8urtees.  in  the  original  parts— Barham's  Ingoldsby  Legends,  3  vols., 
aid  other  rare  First  Editions  of  Thackeray,  Dickens,  Jefferies. 
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Manuscript*  and  Autograph  Letters  of  the  late  EDWARD 
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ture in  Tiinity  College,  Dublin. 

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burne's Song  on  "The  Union,1'  with  5  ALs  —Walt  Whitman's  Ode 
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<i  .  '  irred   Ivory   Framed   Mirror— Down    Karons  — 

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Valuable  Books,  including  the  Property  of  a  Fellow  of  several 
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Consisting  of  Portraits  and  Fancy  Subjects  in  Mezzotint,  Stipple, 

and    Line,   some    Coloured   and  in  Colour.    Subjects    by    and    after 

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Gaugain,  Gainsborough,  Healh,  Hogarth.  Aug.  Kauffmann,  Laudseer, 

Raphael,  Morgheu,  Muller,  Morl.iml.  Meadows.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 

Romuey,  Rembrandt.  Rubeus,  W.   Smith,    J.  Smith,  Lumb,   Stocks, 

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676 


the;  athen^um 


No.  4516,  May  16,   1914 


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gentle  Father  Malone." 

The    Wilds   of   Maoriland. 

By  JAMES  MACKINTOSH  BELL, 
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RABINDRANATH  TAGORE. 

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prejudice." 

The  Schools  &  the  Nation. 

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I 


No.  4510,  May  U>,  1914 


T  II  E     ATH  E N  M U  M 


677 


SATURDAY,  MAY  10, 


CONTENTS.  l'.uiK 

Ti  rkisii  Memories 677 

Ocean  Trading  and  Shipping 678 

Malcolm  Maccoll 67S 

Thk  Oxyrhtncuus  Papyri         oro 

EniiiY  vkaks  in  Derm  any          630 

The  Tkitii  about  Ulster          6Si 

,  ciiii.e.  Land  and  People csi 

France  from  behind  the  Vkii 632 

Marriage  Ceremonies  in  Morocco 6ss 

Albania,  the  Foundling  state  of  Europe         ..  634 

David  Lai.ng,  his  Life  and  Literary  Work        ..  631 
Books  Published  this  Week (BnglLan,  686  ;  Foreign, 

6S3) 635-6S8 

Mr.  Balfour  on  Argumentative  Poetry ;  Book- 
Trade  iuform  :  another  Debt  of  John 
Shakespeare  ;  Pauls  -  Wissowa's  Encyclo- 
pedia :  '  Desert  and  Water  Gardens  of  the 
Red  Ski'  ;  Book  Sale 633—669 

Literary  Gossip       coo 

Bcixkce— Science  and  Method;  Physiological 
Plant  Anatomy;  Biology  in  Relation  to 
Education,  Lecture  hi.  ;  The  abdominal 
Brain:  Dancers  in  Bird  Life;  The  Royal 
Society's  conversazione  ;  Societies  ;  Meet- 
ings Next  Week  691— 69G 

Fine  Arts  — Classic  Arciiitecti  re  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland;  Drawings;  Current 
Exhibitions  696—697 

Music— Opera  ;  Musical  Interpretation  ;  Gossip; 
Performances  Next  Week 697—693 

Drama  — The    Villain   as  Hero    in    ELIZABETHAN 

Tragedy  ;  Gossip  699—700 

Index  to  Advertisers       700 


LITERATURE 


Turkish  Memories.     By  Sidney  Whitman. 
(W.  Heinemann,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

The  '  Turkish  Memories  '  of  Mr.  Sidney 
Whitman  cover  the  period  from  1896  to 
1908.  In  July  of  the  former  year  he  was 
commissioned  by  the  proprietor  of  The 
o  York  Herald  to  represent  that  journal 
in  Constantinople  for  two  months.  The 
proprietor, 

"  almost  alone  among  newspaper  magnates, 
had  the  discernment  to  perceive  that  the 
Armenian  question  was  in  the  main  a  political 
one,  and  that  whatever  might  be  the  short- 
comings of  the  Turkish  Government  and  its 
d  administration,  there  was  little  or  no 
»n  for  assuming  that  the  disturbances 
i    tbir    source    in    religious    fanaticism 
directed    against    the    Christian    as    such; 
whilst    evidence    was    accumulating   that    a 
Armenian     conspiracy,     nurtured     in 
.    and    encouraged    by    the    Noncon- 
formist   element    in   England,  obscured   the 
ue,    to    which    there    were    two    sides. 
Mr.   Gordon  Bennett  saw   tho  chance  of  a 
journalistic  'score'  in    giving    the  Turks  an 
portunity  of  making  their  own  version  of 
things  known  to  the  world —a  chance  which 
i  been  denied  to  them  by  the  great  English 
apera," 

The  Turks  did  not  avail  themselvt 
the  opportunity  to  any  great  extent  : 
they  have  always  regarded  journalistic 
warfare  as  undignified  ;  but  while  in 
Constantinople  Mr.  Whitman  was  an  eye- 
witness of  the  siege  of  the  Imperial 
Ottoman  Bank  and  other  incidents  of  the 
so-called    "  massacre  ''    of    Armenians    in 


the  Turkish  capital.  He  saw  thai  there 
was  more  excuse  for  strong  repressive 
measures  by  the  Turks  than  was  com- 
monly supposed  in  Europe  and  America, 
and  put  the  Turkish  ease  before  the  public 
in    The    New    York    Herald— &    piece   of 

simple  justice  SO  unusual  at  the  time  that 
he  received  for  it  the  personal  thanks  of 
Abdul  Hamid  II. 

When  war  between  Greece  and  Turkey 
was  seen  to  be  inevitable,  Mr.  Whitman 
went  to  Salonica  to  await  events.  All 
who  can  recall  the  rumours  which  pre- 
vailed in  Western  Europe  at  that  time 
will  notice  his  comment  that,  "  whatever 
might  be  the  forces  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Turks,  Ananias  with  his  hosts  was  on 
the  side  of  the  Greeks."  He  went  up  to 
Elassona  just  before  the  outbreak  of 
hostilities,  and  was  received  by  Edhem 
Pasha  with  great  honour.  Soon  after  his 
return  to  Salonica  he  departed  "in  the 
queerest  company,  for  the  vessel  carried 
sixteen  hundred  sheep  and  only  one 
passenger — myself,"  for  Constantinople, 
where  he  remained  until  the  war  was  over. 

In  September  of  the  same  year  (1897) 
he  was  persuaded  by  Mr.  Gordon  Bennett 
to  accompany  the  late  Dr.  George  H. 
Hepworth,  special  correspondent  of  The 
New  York  Herald,  on  a  journey  into 
Eastern  Anatolia  to  investigate  the  truth 
concerning  those  atrocities  which  had 
roused  such  indignation  in  the  Western 
world.     It  was 

"  a  journey  of  exceptional  interest  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  Sultan  had  hitherto 
declined  to  allow  any  newspaper  corre- 
spondent whatsoever  to  traverse  Armenia, 
let  alone  to  offer  facilities  for  so  doing." 

Dr.  Hepworth  was  suspected  of  being 
a  partisan  of  the  Armenians.  The  Sultan, 
therefore,  insisted  upon  Mr.  Whitman  (of 
whose  fair  judgment  he  had  had  experi- 
ence) accompanying  the  expedition  in 
the  Turkish  interest.  On  that  condition 
only  he  was  willing  to  afford  facilities  to 
Mr.  Gordon  Bennett's  envoy.  With  a 
formidable  Turkish  escort  Mr.  Whitman 
and  Dr.  Hepworth  traversed  Asia  Minor 
from  Trebizond  to  Alexandretta,  and 
endured  considerable  hardship,  as  the 
time  was  winter.  They  spent  some  days 
at  Erzeroum,  Bitlis,  and  Diar-Bekir,  and 
did  their  best  to  learn  the  true  condition 
of  the  country,  questioning  every  one  with 
whom  they  came  in  contact.  It  is  no 
reflection  upon  Mr.  Whitman's  candour  or 
his  powers  of  observation  to  suggest,  in 
passing,  that  he  learnt  much  less  about 
the  people  of  the  land  than  would  a  beggar 
or  a  humble  merchant  travelling  the  same 
road.  "Facilities."  as  every  Oriental 
knows,  are  admirably  calculated  to  pre- 
veni  research. 

The  first  part  of  this  very  interesting 
book  contains  the  narrative  of  the  author's 
journeys  and  affairs  in  Turkey.  The 
second  sets  forth  his  views  and  impres- 
sions. Both  are  worth  reading,  but  the 
aid  is  the  more  important,  analyzing 
it  does  tho  cause  of  the  disintegration 

of  the  Ottoman    Empire.      The  Turks  are, 

i    fact,  the  besl  race  of  people  in  the 
Near    Bast;     and    the    present    reviewer 

quite  agrees  with  Mr.  Whitman  that  they 


could  easily  work  out  their  own  salvation 
if  the  Powers  would  let  them.  It  is  alfl  I 
true,  as  he  repeatedly  protests,  that  they 

are  not  intolerant ,  and  have  never  perse 

cuted  Christians  for  their  faith.  The 
reason  has  been  economic  or  political,  and 
such  persecutions  have  been  generally  in 
the  nature  of  reprisals.  The  Turks  haw 
never  been  fanatical  in  the  sense  that 
Eastern  Christians  have  become  fanatical 
by  foreign  instigation.  But  there  are 
good  and  bad  among  them,  as  among 
ourselves,  and  at  the  time  of  which  our 
author  writes  the  bad  was  uppermost. 
The  whole  administration  was  corrupt, 
spies  swarmed,  and  for  a  careless  word  a 
Turk  was  liable  to  be  put  in  prison, 
exiled,  stabbed,  or  poisoned.  The  tyrant 
loved  his  country  in  a  narrow  way,  and 
was  the  champion  of  Islam  against  the 
hordes  of  Europe.  This  alone  endeared 
him  to  a  certain  number  of  his  people 
who,  even  to  this  day,  regret  his  yoke. 
But  all  the  while  that  Mr.  Whitman  was 
in  Turkey  there  was  discontent  among 
the  Muslims.  Would  anybody  guess  it 
from  these  pages  ?  We  think  not.  Here 
Sultan  Hamid  figures  as  a  potentate  of 
great  benevolence,  incapable  of  wishing 
harm  to  any  one  ;  his  notorious  favourite, 
Arab  Izzet  Pasha,  as  a  charming  man  of 
the  world.  Every  Turk  and  almost  every 
Arab  has  the  manners  of  a  gentleman, 
and  is  probably  at  heart  an  honest  man. 
But  Orientals  succumb  easily  to  the 
temptations  of  environment  and  oppor- 
tunity. Their  saints  and  villains  are  not 
clearly  separated.  The  visitor  is  charmed 
by  both  alike. 

'  Tn  describing  certain  traits  of  Turkish 
character  [says  Mr.  Whitman  in  his  Preface] 
I  have  intentionally  dwelt  by  preference  on 
those  which  are  brightest,  because  prejudice 
and  detraction  have  created  an  impression 
which  calls  for  a  correction  of  values.  My 
book  therefore  does  not  lay  claim  to  judicial 
impartiality." 

It  would,  we  think,  have  been  much 
better  had  it  done  so.  Mr.  Whitman's 
championship  of  the  late  Sultan  wins  us 
by  its  dash  of  chivalry,  but  the  sally  is  of 
doubtful  service  to  the  cause  of  Turkey, 
since  in  his  generous  blindness  to  known 
facts  the  author  sometimes  touches  the 
ridiculous  : — 

"  He  [Abdul  Hamid  11.]  had  hardly  o 
to    the    throne    when    he    decided    to    call    a 
Council    of    State    to    judge    the    conduct    of 
Midhat    Pasha.  ..  .All   the   members   but    one 

brought  in  a  verdict  of  *  Guilty.1     The  single 

dissentient  vote  was  given   by    Kmin    Bey,   a 

( Jerinan . ...  1  lis  colleagues,  m  t  heir  dismay, 
pointed  to  a  curtain  in  the  apartment  and 
endeavoured  to  convey  t<>  the  recalcitrant 
German  that  the  Sultan  was  posted  behind 
it.  Kmin  Bey,  however,  remained  firm, 
for  he  belonged  to  the  old  school. . .  .Evi 
member  of  the  Council  received  some  m 

of  the  Sultan's  favour,    but    the   highest    <b    • 

t  met  ion  of  all  was  resen  ed  for  Emm  I  '•• 

This  instance  of  the  Sultan's  magna' 
Dimity  is  given  by  Itself.  Here  is  t hi- 
story. .Midhat  Pasha  had  offered  Abdul 
Hamid     Klendi    the    throne    on    condition 

that  he  swore  to  give  a  Constitution  to 
the  Empire  and  abide  by  it.    The  prince 

had  taken  the  oath,  ewn  decreed  the 
Constitution,    but    afterwards    repudiated 


678 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4510,  May  16,  1914 


it.  He  caused  Midhat  Pasha  to  be  kid- 
napped and  deported,  and  allured  him  to 
return  by  divers  promises  in  order  that  he 
might  persecute  him  ;  and  in  the  end 
the  greatest  of  Turkish  patriots,  whose 
name  had  become  a  synonym  for  integrity 
throughout  the  Empire,  was  strangled  in 
a  prison  in  Arabia  by  the  Sultan's  orders, 
and  his  head  was  sent  to  Yildiz  in  a  box 
labelled  "  Objet  d'Art.  Precieux."  When 
stating  that  the  Tsar  of  Russia  kept  his 
promise  never  to  attack  Turkey  while 
Abdul  Hamid  reigned,  the  author  quite 
forgets  to  mention  the  condition  of  that 
promise — the  suspension  of  the  Constitu- 
tion. We  opine  that  the  author  has  but 
little  Turkish  and  no  Arabic,  for  his  foot- 
note on  p.  63,  "  The  term  vilayet,"  &c.,is 
inaccurate.  His  wish  that  England  would 
collaborate  with  Germany  rather  than 
Russia  in  Near  Eastern  politics  is  that  of 
every  friend  of  Turkey.  We  are  glad  to 
note  that  he  does  justice  to  the  Germans, 
Avho  have  Avon  the  confidence  of  Turks 
by  honest  means  enough,  and  not  by 
fraud,  as  has  been  sometimes  represented. 

The  Turks  are  hard  to  know.  They  do 
not  talk  about  themselves,  and  rather 
snub  the  curiosity  of  Western  journalists. 
One  may  be  sure  that  it  was  not  as  jour- 
nalist but  as  gentleman  that  Mr.  Whitman 
was  accepted  by  them  as  a  friend. 

"  Mon  cher,  nous  sommes  un  peuple 
taciturne.  Nous  ne  savons  pas  nous 
defendre,"  said  one  of  them  when  Mr. 
Whitman'  was  deploring  their  neglect  to 
lay  their  case  before  the  Western  world. 
In  fact,  a  fine  race  is  being  hounded  to 
its  death  by  Europe  because  it  is  too 
proud  to  plead,  and  cannot  beg. 


Ocean  Trading  and  Shipping.  By  Douglas 
Owen.  (Cambridge  University  Press, 
10s.  6d.  net.) 

This,  a  volume  in  the  new  "  Cambridge 
Naval  and  Military  Series,"  is  a  book  of 
very  wide  interest.  Though,  as  is  practi- 
cally stated  by  its  mode  of  publication, 
addressed  primarily  to  the  officers  of  both 
services,  and  especially  those  of  the  Navy, 
with  a  view  to  helping  them  to  a  solution 
of  the  mairy  problems  relating  to  naviga- 
tion, salvage,  and  transport  which  may 
be  propounded  to  them  in  peace  and  still 
more  in  Avar,  it  appeals  also  to  every 
ordinary  reader  who  in  any  Avay  realizes 
the  extent  and  importance  of  our  sea- 
borne commerce,  or  to  whom  the  startling 
Budget  has  brought  home  the  need  and 
the  cost  of  its  defence  and  the  constant  care 
required  for  its  protection.  This  need,  this 
care,  is,  of  course,  no  new  thing.  More 
than  a  hundred  years  ago,  during  the 
very  time  of  the  Napoleonic  scare,  it  Avas 
officially  laid  down  as  the  most  important 
Avork  of  the  Navy  ;  and  quite  recently 
we  have  had  a  similar  pronouncement 
from  the  First  Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 
A  book  that  aims  at  helping  us  better  to 
understand  this  gigantic  business,  its 
methods  and  the  eccentric  language  in 
Avhich  they  are  often  concealed,  must  be 


most  Avelcome,  and  we  receive  it  with 
gratitude.  Mr.  Owen's  ability  as  an  inter- 
preter and  expounder  is  too  well  knoAvn 
to  render  it  necessary  to  dilate  on  the 
general  excellence  of  the  Avay  in  which 
he  has  performed  his  task,  and  Ave  allow 
ourselves  only  to  regret  an  occasional 
diffuseness  as  to  extraneous  or  even 
questionable  matter  which  has  led  to  a 
a  close  compression  in  parts  Avhere  we 
could  very  well  have  spared  it. 

It  must,  of  course,  be  understood  that 
the  book  is  not  intended  for  experts, 
for  whom  huge  treatises  on  many  of  the 
topics  discussed  might  easily  appear  all 
too  small.  It  is  avowedly  elementary ; 
it  defines  and  explains  terms  which  the 
expert  would  call  familiar,  but  Avhich 
none  the  less  are  often  sufficient  to  turn 
the  inquirer  from  his  task.  What,  for 
instance,  is  the  "  tonnage  "  of  a  ship  ? 
In  the  Navy  the  term  has  given  way  to 
"  displacement,"  Avhich  is,  at  any  rate, 
simple  and  free  from  confusion,  though 
not  applicable  to  merchant  ships.  But 
"  tonnage,"  the  existing  term,  is,  "  even 
in  mercantile  circles,  by  no  means  always 
correctly  apprehended,"  and  that  because 
there  are  three  if  not  more  ways  of 
reckoning  it.  Mr.  Owen  explains  these — 
we  are  not  going  into  them  here — and, 
further,  also  shows  how  harbour  and 
canal  dues  in  different  parts  of  the  Avorld 
have  curiously  affected  the  build  and 
carrying  power  of  ships.  Questions  of 
registration,  of  salvage  and  insurance  in 
peace  and  war,  of  load  -  line  and  the 
Plimsoll  Mark,  of  the  ''Atlantic  Combine," 
of  the  papers  a  ship  must  and  ought  to 
haAre  on  board,  and  the  changes  which 
modern  conditions  have  brought  about, 
are  all  treated,  Ave  will  not  say  sufficiently, 
but  intelligibly,  and  so  as  to  quicken  the 
desire  for  more  information  and  show  where 
and  Iioav  to  look  for  it. 

The  question  of  contraband  in  Avar — 
not  by  any  means  the  simple  thing  that 
it  is  often  assumed  to  be — fills  several 
pages,  which  leave  us  aghast  at  our  former 
stupidity.  A  common  idea  among  the 
uninitiated  is  that  it  is  the  duty  of  a 
neutral  state  to  take  all  reasonable  care 
to  prevent  its  subjects  carrying  contra- 
band to  either  belligerent,  or  attempting 
to  break  through  a  blockade.  This,  as 
Mr.  Owen  shows,  is  erroneous  ;  they  are 
at  perfect  liberty,  as  far  as  their  oavii 
Government  is  concerned,  to  engage  in 
such  trade,  but  it  Avill  not  protect  them  in 
it  ;  they  follow  it  at  their  indiATidual  risk. 
Undoubtedly  this  is  most  often  done 
solely  for  their  individual  profit,  but  it 
may  also  happen  that  restraint  on  the 
trade  Avould  be  as  damaging  to  one  enemy 
as  the  fullest  permission  of  it  would  be  to 
the  other.  Of  this  Mr.  Owen  gives  an 
easily  comprehended  example.  There  are, 
he  supposes,  three  states — A,  B,  and  C. 
Manufacturer.-;  and  traders  of  A  haAre 
long  been  in  the  habit  of  supplying  B 
with  guns,  arms,  and  military  stores  ; 
B  has  come  to  depend  on  this  supply, 
and  has  no  other  available  ;  it  manu- 
factures none  itself.  B  and  C  go  to  Avar. 
What  can  A  do  ?  If  it  supplies  B  Avith 
arms,  it  is  acting  in  a  manner  unfriendly 


to  C  ;  if  at  C's  desire  it  stops  the  supply, 
its  action  is  unfriendly  to  B  ;  it  ver}1- 
properly  does  nothing,  leaving  C  to 
stop  the  trade  if  it  can.  This  Avas 
essentially  the  condition  of  the  Southern- 
States  during  the  Civil  War  in  America  ; 
they  Avere  virtually  dependent  on  the 
supplies  brought  in  to  them  by  the  block- 
ade runners,  very  much,  of  course,  to- 
their  oavii  profit. 

Another  point  of  vital  importance  is 
that  of  food  supply,  Avhich  might  easily 
become  one  of  burning  interest  if  Ave 
should  be  unhappily  engaged  in  war. 
Mr.  Owen  thinks  that  what  with  shortage- 
of  supply,  Avhat  Avith  panic  and  regrating — 
which,  he  assumes,  Avould  be  extensively 
practised — the  price  of  provisions  would 
be  enormously  increased,  while  the  cessa- 
tion, or  comparative  cessation,  of  the 
influx  of  raw  material  for  manufacture 
Avould  shut  up  great  numbers  of  factories- 
all  over  the  country,  and  leave  the  Avork- 
men  unemployed  and  penniless.  In  the 
failure  of  both  raw  material  and  food, 
we  should  have  an  aggravated  and  en- 
larged repetition  of  the  worst  form  of  the- 
Irish  famine  of  1845-6  combined  with  the 
Lancashire  famine  of  1862.  We  think 
that  in  these  gloomy  anticipations  Mr. 
Owen  is  probably  exaggerating.  In  our 
opinion,  the  supply  both  of  foodstuffs 
and  raAV  materials  held  in  the  country 
Avould  be  sufficient  to  tide  OArer  the  feAv 
Aveeks  for  which  the  uncertainty  of  ship- 
owners would  shut  off  supplies  ;  while  as 
to  regrating,  all  history  tells  us  that  the 
persons  it  has  proved  most  fatal  to  are  the 
regrators.  The  practice  is  not,  at  this 
moment,  illegal,  but  it  could  and  would 
very  quickly  be  made  so,  and  the  prohibi- 
tion would  be  certainly  enforced  by  alE 
the    majesty   of    the    law. 


Malcolm  Maccoll :  Memoirs  and  Corre- 
spondence. Edited  bv  the  Right  Hon. 
George  W.  E.  Russell.  (Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Mr.  George  Russell  has  Avith  remark- 
able skill  Avorked  together  the  letters  and 
some  autobiographical  material  of  Malcolm 
Maccoll  so  as  to  make  an  extremely  Advid 
and  accurate  picture  of  the  man.  He 
Avas,  indeed,  a  unique  figure  in  the  society 
of  his  time,  and  he  has  left  no  successor. 
A  political  priest,  a  man  with  real  religious 
feeling  and  a  considerable  amount  of 
theological  knoAvledge,  he  Avas  first  and 
foremost  one  who  delighted  in  part}7 
warfare,  in  being  "  behind  the  scenes,"  in 
influencing  great  men.  He  Avas  a  High- 
lander of  humble  origin,  perhaps  a  Jacobite 
by  ancestry,  certainly  half  an  Episcopalian 
by  birth.  He  became  an  Episcopalian  by 
conviction,  and  a  Liberal  by  a  curious 
process  Avhich  it  is  not  easy  to  define.  He 
was,  the  book  shows,  absolutely  without 
reticence  or  self-distrust  or  timidity  in 
his  determination  to  play  an  important 
part  in  life.  By  sheer  "  push  "  he  thrust 
himself  into  the  acquaintance  of  the 
leading  statesmen  of  his  day,  and  that 


No.  4516,  May  16,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


(579 


acquaintance  often  turned  into  real  friend- 
ship, due  to  what  Lady  Frederick  Caven- 
dish calls  "•  his  faithful,  kind  heart.''  and 
what  Mr.  Drew  commemorated  when  he 
called  him  "  one  of  the  bravest  and  best 
of  friends,  so  loyal.  SO  simple-hearted,  with 
his  strong  and  clear  intellect,  so  affec- 
tionate and  unselfish  in  character."' 

The  mass  of  letters  to  personages  in  the 
highest  rank  of  politics  shows  him  as  in- 
defatigable in  work,  fearless  in  under- 
.  taking  anv  sort  of  adventure,  candidly 
eager  to  be  a  person  of  importance  him- 
self, but  more  eager  still  about  the  causes 
which  he  took  to  his  heart.  Xot  many 
men  could  eulogize  Gladstone  to  his  face 
in  the  unblushing  way  he  did,  yet  write 
with  an  almost  equal  respect  to  Lord 
Salisbury.  It  is  impossible  not  to  smile 
at  the  way  in  which  he  declares  to 
their  fathers  the  merits  of  Mr.  Herbert 
Gladstone  and  Lord  Hugh  Cecil,  finding 
a  great  future  before  the  former,  and 
hoping  that  he  may  live  to  see  the  latter 
the  head  of  the  Conservative  party.  Nor 
is  it  possible  to  repress  our  surprise  when 
we  find  this  most  persistent  of  party  writers 
— in  whose  letters  to  public  men  there  are 
no  traces  of  an  ascetic  tone — a  journalist 
making  1,000/.  a  year,  contemplating 
retirement  into  the  Society  of  St.  John 
the  Evangelist  at  Cowley  when  he  was 
66,  and  making  a  happy  marriage  when 
he  was  73.  As  a  young  man  of  26  who 
had  disagreed  with  his  bishop,  he  had  no 
hesitation  in  making  himself  known  to 
Cladstone,  and  as  little  when  he  was  54 
in  telling  Lord  Salisbury  that  lie  had 
known  his  great  rival  since  he  was  a  boy, 
just  as  a  year  or  two  after  he  had  been  at 
school  at  Glenalmond  he  wrote,  to  an 
eminent  person,  of  his  master  as  "  my 
friend  Mr.  Bright."  Gems  of  self-revela- 
tion like  these  make  the  book  sparkle  on 
almost  every  page. 

(  vnics  may  notice  with  equal  interest  the 
zest  Maccoll  had  for  the  study  of  patronage 
questions,  quite  as  much  in  the  interests  of 
others  as  of  himself.     He  was  one  of  those 
men  to  whom  to  have  influence,  and  to 
have  it  known  that  lie  had  it,  was  the 
breath  of  life.     Yet  he  was  not  a  mere 
Paul  Pry.  though  Lord  Salisbury  evidently 
was  extremely  afraid  of  his  talents  in  that 
direction  ;     he    was    a    man    of    principle 
and  a  very  loyal  friend,  as  no  one  whom 
ui  Church  honoured  with  his  intimacy 
ild   fail    to    be.     On    the    ecclesiastical 
side    we    find    him    a    convinced    "  High 
Churchman,"  but  quite  piteously  insistent 
that  he  was  not  a  **  ritualist, "  while  he  was 
remely  eager  to  secure  the  votes  of  that 
tion    for    Gladstone.     He    found     the 
church  atmosphere  of  Ripon  verydepn  - 
in;/,  and  the  absence   of   work  in  his  city 
pariah    a    great    discouragement,    but    he 
lined    (after   some   scruples    were    sup- 
pressed)   both   preferments.     Mr.    Russell 
thinks   that  he   was   always   a    convinced 
Liberal,  and  indeed  he  was  often  an  extra- 
ordinarily   vehement    partisan  ;     hut    we 
find  him  telling  Lord  Salisbury   in    L884 
that  it  had  always  been   his  dream  to 
him  at  the  head  of  a  great  party  combining 

elements   in   Conservatism   and 

Liberalism,  and   five  years   later  he  cried 


out  to  the  same  statesman  in  favour  of  "  a 
moderate  party  avoiding  all  extremes." 
Home  Rule,  however,  was  nut  to  be  an 
extreme,  but  a  necessity  ;  but  it  might 
be  "  on  a  large  scale,  embracing  all  the 
Empire  "  ;  and  Mr.  Russell  ends  a  chapter 
by  telling  us  that  he  "  was  always  the 
most  sanguine  of  Gladstonians." 

It  is  not  likely  that  Maccoll's  published 
work  will  survive.  It  was  extremely 
effective  when  it  was  written,  from  a  party 
point  of  view,  whether  it  was  about 
politics,  the  Athanasian  Creed,  the  Refor- 
mation Settlement,  or  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion. The  political  secrets  among  which 
he  played  are  mostly  of  no  interest  now. 
He  did  not  always  guard  them  very  care- 
fully, but  he  never  sold  them  in  any  dis- 
honest way.  Certainly  he  was  not  guilty 
of  the  baseness  of  selling  the  news  of 
Gladstone's  fatal  illness. 

Mr.  Russell,  as  we  have  said,  has  done 
his  work  well,  and  given  us  a  very  clear 
picture  of  his  subject.  He  has,  however, 
printed  too  many  letters,  and  the  chapter 
on  Armenia  is  far  too  long  and  out  of  touch 
with  present  questions.  He  has  not  been 
able  to  keep  his  own  King  Charles's  head, 
Archbishop  Tait,  out  of  this  memorial  of 
his  friend ;  and  he  prints  quite  unneces- 
sarily a  rather  unkind  letter  about  the 
Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  repeats,  as 
usual,  considerable  parts  of  his  own  works, 
such  as  the  letter  of  an  angry  clergyman 
to  Gladstone  on  his  Affirmation  Bill,  with 
that  statesman's  solemn  comment,  and 
the  description  of  Canon  Maccoll  from 
'  Collections  and  Recollections.'  But  we 
must  always  pay  for  Mr.  Russell's  pleasant 
company  at  his  own  price. 


The  Oxyrhynchns  Papyri.  Edited,  with 
Translations  and  Xotes,  by  Bernard 
P.  Grenfell  and  Arthur  S.  Hunt. 
Part  X.  (Egypt  Exploration  Fund, 
11.  5s.) 

The  outcome  of  the  prolonged  researches 
of  Messrs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt  now  amounts 
to  a  veritable  library.  For  in  addition  to 
the  series  of  volumes  of  which  this  is  the 
tenth,  they  have  issued  Hibeh  papyri, 
Tebtunis  papyri,  '  Fayyum  Towns,'  &c, 
so  that  we  look  upon  their  labours  as 
something  without  parallel  in  modern 
days.  In  addition  to  their  own  intrinsic 
merit,  they  came  at  the  right  moment — 
after  the  publication  of  the  Petrie  papyri 
had  given  the  first  modern  stimulus  to 
this  new  airl  attractive  field  of  work.  We 
are  also  gladdened  by  seeing  Prof.  Gren- 
fell \s  name  reappearing  on  the  title-page 
of  the  present  volume— a  welcome  promise 
of  his  renewed  usefulness. 

Beginning,  as  usual,  with  theological 
fragments,  the  editors  give  us  scraps  of 
what  appears  to  have  been  another  un- 
canonica]  Gospel,  in  addition  to  1 1 1 • » - •  - 
already  known.  Then-  is  little  of  special 
interesl   in  tin-  present   text   beyond  that 

fact,  which  again  confirms  the  opening 
words  of  St.  Luke's  GSospel,  "'  I'orasmuch 
as  many  have  taken  in  hand."  &C. 
Then;  follow  upon  the  fragments  of  the 


new  text  some  specimens  of  early  copies 
"I  the  canonical  books — Psalms'  lOpistle 
ol  St.  .lames.  &c — which  tell  us  nothing 
new.  The  one  main  fact,  duly  insisted 
upon  by  the  editors,  here  reappears  again 
and  again.  The  habit  among  critics  of 
rejecting  a  variant  because  it  is  found  only 
in  a  late  and  otherwise  inferior  copy  is  not 
a  safe  one.  Both  in  these  theological 
and  the  classical  fragments  the  readings  of 
late  mediaeval  MSS.  are  often  found  to 
rest  on  a  very  old  tradition,  for  they 
existed  in  the  copies  of  the  third  anil 
fourth  centuries. 

The  classical  portion  of  the  volume  Is 
far  more  interesting,  especially  because  it 
gives  some  new  fragments  of  the  incom- 
parable Sappho.  Scraps  from  Books  I. 
and  11.  of  her  poems  are  presented  to  us. 
They  are,  alas !  much  battered  and 
mangled,  and  only  from  two  or  three  can 
we  extract  (not  without  the  large  assist- 
ance of  Prof,  von  Wilamowitz's  imagina- 
tion) some  connected  sense.  Six  stan/.as 
which  are  fairly  complete  are  skilfully 
treated  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Edmonds  in  the 
current  Classical  Review.  But  even 
these  small  materials  confirm  the  verdict 
of  the  ancients — that  Sappho  was  the 
best  of  all  the  lyric  poets.  One  suggestion 
we  will  make  regarding  the  fifty  or  sixtv 
fragments  which  have  not  yet  been 
brought  together,  despite  the  well-known 
ingenuity  of  the  editors  and  their  col- 
laborators. They  should  give  us  photo- 
graphic plates  of  all  these  scraps,  so  that 
we  can  see  the  edges  of  each,  as  well  as 
the  extant  letters.  For  it  is  only  by 
seeing  whether  these  edges  will  fit  to 
others  that  we  have  any  hope  of  progress- 
ing  further  in  the  restoration  of  a  con- 
nected text.  We  speak  from  actual 
experience.  The  mechanical  fitting-in  of 
irregular  edges  has  frequently  led  to  the 
perception  that  the  texts  of  two  pieces 
were  continuous.  There  is  a  fine  piece 
giving  us  the  stately  progress  of  Andro- 
mache from  her  home  to  her  marriage 
with  Hector,  and  this  in  a  peculiar 
fourteen-syllable  metre  splendidly  adapted 
to  narrative.  As  to  the  rest,  they  are 
all  variations  on  the  theme  of  TS/ows  and 
rio#os — topics  decidedly  unsuitable  for 
the  education  of  respectable  maidens,  the 
amazing  avocation  which  German  critics 
have  devised  for  Sappho. 

The  fragments  of  Alcssus  which  follow 
are,  as  usual,  not  equal  to  those  of  Sappho 
in  merit.  Though  Horace's  \  ersions  would 
give  us  an  idea  that  he  was  fully  as  great, 
his  devotion  to  violent  politics  and  to  the 

war  of  parties  kept  him  from  the  higher 
flights  of  lyric  emotion,  and  made  him 
more    the    Byron    than    the    Keats    of    his 

age.  Nevertheless,  it  is  most  tantalizing 
to  have  so  little  preserved  thai  can  be 
understood,  and  we  would  gladly  sacrifice 
the    fragments    or    the     arguments    of 

Mcnander's    play,    and     pieces    of    two    of 
these  plays,  to  ha\  e  work  of  t  he  golden  a 
No    one.     indeed,     has    suffered     more     in 

reputation  i>.\  recenl  discoveries  than  the 

darling  of  t  he   At  t  ic  decadence. 

There  are  other  novelties  in  the  volume, 

notably  a  Chrestomathy  of  handy  infor- 
mation—for the  mosl  pari  childish  in  its 


680 


THE     ATHEN2EUM 


No.  45 10,  May  16,  1914 


triviality,  but  containing  a  list  of  the 
early  librarians  of  the  Museum  at  Alex- 
andria. Here  we  find  that  a  great  puzzle 
about  the  date  of  the  tenure  of  Apollonius 
(Rhodius)  is  solved  by  the  news  that  there 
were  two  librarians  of  this  name  (the  second 
called  €i'3oy/oa^)os),  who  have  been  natur- 
ally confused.  The  other  curiosity  in  the 
list,  unfortunately  imperfect,  is  that 
under  Euergetes  II.  (Physcon)  this  high 
post  was  held  by  a  lochagus — as  if  Sir  F. 
Kenyan  were  succeeded  at  the  British 
Museum  by  a  lieutenant-colonel. 

There  are  a  good  many  passages  re- 
covered from  known  authors — Apollonius, 
Thucydides,  Plato,  and  even  Cicero.  In 
no  case  is  there  anything  important  in  the 
way  of  various  readings,  so  that  we  now 
know  for  certain  that  in  the  Oxyrhynchus 
of  the  second  to  the  fourth  centuries  not 
only  did  people  read  most  of  the  great  Greek 
classics,  but  also  these  books  were  very 
much  as  we  now  have  them.  We  noted 
above  the  support  they  give  to  readings 
which  were  hitherto  preserved  only  in 
late  and  bad  MSS.,  and  therefore  dis- 
credited. 

Among  the  new  things — of  which  we 
have  some  knowledge  from  previous  dis- 
coveries, and  from  Philo — is  the  account 
of  an  embassy  to  Trajan  from  Alexandria, 
to  settle  disputes  between  Alexandrians 
and  Jews.  Each  deputation  is  said  to 
have  arrived  carrjdng  its  own  gods. 
Sarapis  afterwards  appears  as  the  Alex- 
andrian god  who  actually  perspires  with 
alarm  when  the  Emperor  turns  upon  his 
followers.  But  in  what  form,  the  editors 
justly  wonder,  did  the  Jews  carry  their 
god  with  them  ?  It  is  probably  a  libel 
on  the  part  of  the  writer.  But  here,  alas  ! 
the  papyrus  fails  us.  The  Emperor, 
influenced  beforehand  (we  are  told)  by 
his  wife  Plotina,  shows  strong  and  even 
unjust  prejudice  against  the  Alexandrians. 
The  document  seems  a  counterblast  to 
similar  accounts  of  embassies  written 
in  the  Jewish  interest.  Here  the  Jews 
owe  their  advantage  to  unfairness  or 
partiality  in  the  Imperial  pair.  It  is 
interesting  to  have  a  glimpse  of  the  pam- 
phlet literature  of  the  first  century,  for, 
of  course,  there  were  also  Jewish  accounts. 
The  Jews  have  never  missed  a  chance 
of  using  their  literary  facility  to  help  them 
in  their  business. 

On  the  legal  or  official  documents  such 
as  affidavits,  and  on  the  private  documents 
— e.g.,  accounts, contracts,  letters — we  need 
not  say  much.  They  are  all  of  the  Roman 
period,  and  mostly  from  the  time  when 
the  bureaucracy  of  the  Juggernaut  empire 
had  crushed  out  the  independent  life  of 
all  the  provinces.  Even  the  personal 
letters  in  this  collection  seem  incurably 
dull.  In  the  accounts  and  in  the  con- 
tracts, especially  marriage  contracts,  a 
stray  specialist  may  find  things  of  interest. 
In  a  good  many  of  them  there  is  an  odd 
word  to  add  to  the  forthcoming  edition  of 
Liddell  and  Scott's  '  Lexicon.'  But  this 
part  of  the  book  is  mainly  a  monument  of 
the  sleepless  diligence  and  accuracy  of 
these  wonderful  labourers  in  a  vineyard 
of  the  most  diverse  qualities. 


Eight    Years  in  Germany.     By  I.   A.   R. 
Wylie.     (Mills  &  Boon,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Miss  Wvlie  has  written  an  interesting 
book  on  Germany,  a  country  which  she 
knows  well.  She  gives  us  the  impressions 
and  experiences  of  her  eight  years'  resi- 
dence, and  in  what  she  says  there  is  much 
by  which  English  people  may  profit. 
Her  sympathy  with  Germans  blinds  her 
a  little,  perhaps,  to  the  real  position  and 
strength  of  France,  and  makes  her  a  little 
deaf  to  anything  that  might  be  said  on 
our  behalf  about  the  difficulties  which 
confront  us  in  our  own  dealings  with 
Prussia. 

She  believes  that,  in  spite  of  the  ap- 
parent influx  of  wealth,  "  the  grim  stamp 
of  necessity  is  still  visible  on  almost 
every  phase  of  German  life  "  ;  and  adds 
that  forty-two  years  ago  the  German 
was  a  poor  man  whose  fight  for  existence 
was  made  easier  by  the  modesty  of  his 
needs.  But  she  goes  on  to  say  that 
to-day  the  German  is  well-to-do — state- 
ments in  which  there  is  a  trace  of  contra- 
diction. Of  the  cultured  classes  she 
writes  that  their  great  inheritance  is  tra- 
dition and  birth,  and  that  taken  as  a 
whole  they  have  been,  and  still  are  in 
the  vast  majority  of  cases,  poor.  They 
have  despised  money-making,  and  they 
turn  their  backs  on  money-makers. 

The  author,  who  has  seen  a  great  deal 
of  the  life  of  all  classes,  goes  fully  into  the 
question  of  money  and  how  Germans  look 
on  it.  She  gives  many  facts  to  prove  her 
case.  Economy  with  them  is  a  natural 
thing,  and  she  believes  that  "  the  German 
does  not  disapprove  of  extravagance  on 
moral  grounds — he  simply  does  not  care 
for  it."  She  tries  to  help  her  readers  to 
understand  that  success,  and  not  money, 
is  the  end  and  goal  of  the  endeavours  of 
Germans.  The  passion  for  power  and 
work  is  born  in  them,  and  Miss  Wylie 
notes  that  business  men  who  have  more 
money  than  they  know  what  to  do  with 
spend  their  lives  in  working  at  the  busi- 
nesses they  have  built  up  :  a  statement 
which  is  perfectly  true  of  Germans,  but 
equally  true,  we  should  have  said,  of 
English  people.  She  is  on  safer  ground 
when  she  shows  that  the  man  of  leisure, 
the  man  who  has  done  nothing  for  the 
state  or  community — a  person  only  too 
common  here — is  practically  unknown  in 
the  highest  as  well  as  in  the  lowest  classes 
in  Germany,  and  that  when  he  is  met  with 
he  is  treated  with  contempt. 

It  is  curious  that  the  author,  in  speak- 
ing of  the  way  in  which  the  German 
spends  his  holidays,  and  showing  that  he 
devotes  his  leisure  to  walking  tours  and 
plays  no  games,  should  believe  that  a 
German  will  not  tell  you  how  many  miles 
he  has  been,  or  the  height  of  the  moun- 
tains he  has  climbed.  The  ordinary 
Englishman  is  usually  bored  in  the  Alps 
by  the  fact  that  every  German  insists  on 
informing  his  casual  acquaintance  of  the 
exact  height  of  each  mountain  he  has 
climbed  and  the  precise  number  of 
minutes  occupied  in  the  ascent.  Miss 
Wylie  writes  :  "  All  that  interests  him  is 


what  he  saw — the  state  of  the  country 
and  its  beauty."  We  differ,  and  think 
that  English  people  will  recall  occasions- 
when  they  have  heard  remarks  about 
food  and  where  good  beer  might  be 
found. 

Of  the  German  army  and  the  Zabern 
trouble  Miss  Wylie  has  much  to  say.  She 
thinks  that  we  "  could  have  afforded  to 
sympathize  ' '  with  the  Germans  in  their 
Alsatian  troubles.  "  Instead  we  insulted 
the  German  army  "  ;  and  we  are  told 
that  Ave  do  not  realize  that  the  German 
army  is  the  German  people.  She  thinks, 
that  in  the  Zabern  business  there  were 
English  folk  who,  when  they  poured  their 
indignation  over  the  officers  concerned, 
honestly  thought  that  they  were  helping 
to  free  the  German  people  from  a  hated 
military  despotism,  and  that  we  imagined 
we  saw  an  Empire  groaning  under  the  heel 
of  a  Prussian  bully  in  uniform.  English 
sympathy  may  have  been  ill  expressed — 
possibly  offensively  expressed.  But,  none 
the  less,  it  remains  true  that  Alsace  does- 
"  groan  "  under  Prussian  rule,  and  that 
Prussian  officers  are  not  popular  in  Alsace,, 
and  do  not  go  out  of  their  way  to  make 
themselves  loved  in  the  conquered  pro- 
vinces.    Miss  Wylie  writes  : — 

"Ask  any  member  of  a  Krieger-Verein 
what  he  thinks  of  the  Zabern  affair,  and 
he  will  grunt  and  tell  you  that  the  young 
lieutenant  should  have  hit  harder." 

We  should  not  ourselves  go  to  a  member 
of  a  Krieger-Verein  to  get  an  impartial 
opinion  on  the  matter.  But  Miss  Wylie 
thinks  that 

"when  the  young  lieutenant ....  drew  his- 
sword  and  struck  the  threatening  cobbler, 
there  was  no  fear  of  personal  injury  to 
actuate  the  impulse.  Instinctively,  for  the 
man's  own  sake  as  well  as  his  own,  he- 
warded  off  a  disaster  which  would  have  been, 
irremediable.  For,  according  to  the  law,, 
had  the  cobbler  once  touched  the  uniform;, 
the  lieutenant  would  have  had  no  further 
option  but  to  have  run  him  through." 

Miss  Wylie  has  forgotten  the  admission 
of  the  Military  Court  of  Appeal  that  the 
lieutenant  was  excited  and  "  under  the 
impression  that  he  had  to  fear  attacks 
everywhere,"  and  that  the  lame  oobbler 
had  "  very  likely  "  given  no  provocation, 
whatever. 

When  Miss  Wylie  comes  to  deal  with 
the  question  of  compulsory  service  she 
writes  without  having  thought  out  her 
subject.  She  thinks  that  it  would  be- 
nothing  short  of  criminal  to  pit  our 
"  untrained,  undisciplined,  physically  unfit 
bank-clerks  "  against  "  men  trained  and 
disciplined  and  inspired  by  tradition." 
She  suggests  that  we  should  abolish  our 
"  amateur  troops  with  their  amateur 
inventors  and  take  whatever  consequences 
ensue."  She  is  one  of  those  who  have 
no  doubt  that  compulsory  service  is  of 
the  utmost  value  to  the  people.  She  is 
certain  that  "  two  years'  hard  physical 
training  and  moral  discipline"  would  be 
good  for  us.  But  she  never  attempts  to 
face  the  question  whether  compulsory 
service  is  suited  to  our  needs,  or  whether 
it  is  the  most  effective  form  of  defence  for 
an  island  empire.     Her  views  have  been 


No.  4510,  Mav  16,  1914 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  yE  U  M 


681 


"  made  in  Germany,"  and  she  seems  to 

have  forgotten  that  we  have  a  fleet . 

She  interests  us  in  her  remarks  about 
the  future  form  of  government  in  Ger- 
many. Recent  storms  have  left  the 
present  system  unimpaired,  but  more 
than  one  disaster  lias  been  imminent, 
and,  after  considering  what  a  change 
might  mean.  Miss  Wylie  writes  that  "  if 
it  comes  now,  England  will  lose  her  one 
serious  rival  in  Europe." 


The  Truth  about  Ulster.     By  F.  Frankfort 
Moore.     (Eveleigh  Nash,  7a.  G<7.  net.) 

'  The  Truth  about  Ulster  '  is  related  by 
Mr.  Frankfort  Moore  in  a  series  of  anec- 
dotes loosely  hung  together  on  a  thread  of 

personal  reminiscence.  It  is  a  little  diffi- 
cult after  reading  the  book  to  discover 
from  what  point  of  view  the  author  regards 
the  present  political  situation.  But  if,  as 
we  surmise,  he  is  a  sympathizer  with  the 
Ulster  "  Die-hards,"  we  fear  that  he  has 
not  succeeded  in  strengthening  their  case, 
but  has  rather  offered  to  the  ordinary 
reader  a  fairly  strong  argument,  from  the 
purely  human  point  of  view,  in  favour  of 
the  extension  to  Ulster  of  the  benefits 
of  the  gentler  civilization  which  prevails 
over  the  rest  of  Ireland. 

For,  indeed,  the  Protestant  Ulsterman, 
a-  depicted  by  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore's 
realistic  brush,  is  an  object  for  pity  rather 
than  admiration.  One  wonders,  as  one 
turns  the  pages,  whether  the  picture  is  not 
overdrawn,  for  it  seems  hardly  credible 
that  such  an  amazing  mixture  of  ignorance, 
bigotry,  and  uncouthness  should  have  been 
displayed  by  any  considerable  body  of 
English  -  speaking  people  in  the  last 
quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century  —  the 
period  with  which  the  author  is  chiefly 
concerned. 

The  opening  chapter  takes  us  back  to 
the  beginning  of  things  in  the  days  of  the 
Plantation  of  James  I.,  "  faithfully  framed 
on  the  lines  of  the  Act  of  Settlement 
formulated  by  Moses  in  respect  of  Pales- 
tine," when  the  new  colonists,  like  the 
children  of  Israel  in  a  similar  case,  failed 
to  carry  out  in  its  entirety  the  policy  of 
extermination  then  thought  so  desirable. 

"The  colonists  of  the  Plantation  wanted 

their  wood  to  be  hewn  and  their  water  to  be 

drawn   for  them,    therefore   they   spared   a 

sonable  number  of  the  original  Irish.  .  .  . 

These  survivors  became  as  thorns  in  the  flesh, 

d  so  they  have  remained  to  the  present 

day.     Ulster  is  still  a  colony  in  the  midst  of 

the  hostile  people,  who  are  always  ready  to 

fling   a   faggot   at    the   head   of   their   task- 

h  r." 

The  situation  in  Ulster  differs,  there- 
fore, in  this  important  particular  from  the 
•situation  in  the  rest  of  Ireland.  Unlike 
the  English  and  Scottish  settlers  in  the 
other  three  province-.,  who  as  often  as  not 
have  become  "  kindly  Irish  of  the  Irish,'' 
the  Ulster  planter  has  refused  to  assimilate 
i  th  his  neighbours,  and  still  continues  to 
regard  them  as  a  subject  race. 

This   attitude    is    emphasized    by   Mr. 

nkfort  Moore  in  numerous  anecdotes. 

Englishmen  will  read  with  amazement  of 

•    unveiled    contempt   with    which    the 


average  Protestant  Ulsterman  regards  "  a 

Catholic.''  His  ability  to  discern  one  on 
sight  amounts  to  a  sixth  sense. 

'I  would  say  emphatically  [says  Mr. 
Frankfort  Moore]  thai  an  Ulsterman  would 
have  no  difficulty  in  picking  out  of  an  ordi- 
nary crowd  those  persons  who  are  Roman 
Catholics.  U  there  aro  throe  Catholics  in 
a  crowd  numbering  a  hundred  people  of  the 
province  whom  he  has  never  seen  before, 
lie  will  identify  those  three  after  a  casual 
glance." 

Needless  to  say,  the  exercise  of  this 
faculty  of  discernment,  and  of  the  curious 
form  of  Ulster  humour  known  as  "  Catholic 
baiting,"  hardly  tends  to  the  breaking 
down  of  barriers,  and  one  learns  Avithout 
surprise  that  social  intercourse  between 
Catholics  and  Protestants  of  the  middle 
class  is  practically  unknown. 

The  energies  of  the  Ulster  Protestant 
would  appear  to  have  been  directed  into 
two  channels,  and  two  alone — money- 
making  and  religion.  The  latter,  a  severe 
form  of  Calvinism  with  a  strong  Old 
Testament  flavour,  has  led  him  to  distrust 
culture  in  any  form. 

"  There  are  thousands  of  men  and  women 
in  the  province  who  have  never  read  a  novel 
or  seen  a  play  in  a  theatre," 

our  author  declares  ;  though  when  the 
theatre  was  burnt,  and  plays  were  pro- 
duced in  a  hall,  the  sensitive  conscience  of 
the  Ulsterman  permitted  him  to  attend 
them.  Xo  bookshop  existed  in  Belfast 
until  quite  recently.  There  was,  indeed,  a 
shop  which  sold  books  along  with  articles 
of  general  utility,  but  even  Mr.  Frankfort 
Moore's  school-books  had  to  be  ordered 
from  London.  The  lighter  sorts  of  litera- 
ture were  severely  frowned  upon,  and 
"  whaling  "  was  the  punishment  inflicted 
on  the  sinful  youth  who  ventured  to  read 
anything  more  entertaining  than  the 
works  of  A.  L.  0.  E.  or  Samuel  Smiles. 
This  ceremony — in  Presbyterian  families 
— took  the  form  of  a  religious  exercise  ; 
"  it  was  opened  with  prayer,  and  closed 
with  thedoxology."  Other  offences  against 
the  parental  statutes  were  dealt  with  no 
less   summarily. 

"  I  have  known  of  boys  of  17  being  flogged 
by  their  fathers  for  being  a  quarter  of  an 
hour  late  in  returning  from  no  greater  orgy 
than  a  friendly  tea." 

"The  cautious  hospitalities  of  Ulster" 
are  the  subject  of  some  amusing  comments 
from  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore.  Like  reading, 
hospitality  would  seem  to  be  a  custom 
"  more  honoured  in  the  breach  than  the 
observance"  in  the  Xorth-Fast  of  Ireland. 
The  practice,  indeed,  is  regarded  as  some- 
what dangerous,  only  to  be  indulged  in 
when  the  reward  is  sure.  But.  as  the 
author  observes,  the  Ulsterman  regards 
his  province  as  the  most  civilized  in  [re- 
land,  and  the  hospitality  to  strangers 
characteristic  of  the  other  three  provinces 
is  the  paramount  virtue  of  most  barbarous 
races. 

After  looking  at  Mr.  Frankfort  .Moore's 
picture  of  life  and  manners  in   Ulster,  the 

present  reviewer   is  strengthened    in    the 

conviction  that  1  he  path  of  progress  lies 
not    in    separation,    hut    in    a    (loser   union 

between  Ulster  and  the  resl  of  Ireland,  if 
that,  indeed,  is  possible. 


Chile  :  its  Land  and  People.  By  Francis 
J.  G.  Maitland.  (Francis  Griffiths, 
10«.  (V.) 

Tin:  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  is  un- 
questionably an  event  that  must  exercise 
a  great  economic  influence  on  the  future  of 
the  South  American  republics,  and  in  a 
Foreword  to  the  hook  the  author  advances 
this  laid  as  his  justification  for  writing 
what  he  modestly  describes  as  an  unpr<  - 
tentious  volume.  Unpretentious  the  book 
certainly  is,  but  that  in  no  sense  detracts 
from  its  considerable  interest,  or  from 
the  appeal  it  is  likely  to  make  to  those  who, 
in  the  words  of  Viscount  Bryce,  recognize 
that 

"  Chile,  Argentina,  and  Brazil  are  already 
potent  factors  in  the  economic  world  of  tc- 
day,  and  must  become  more  and  more  sig- 
nificant for  the  movements  of  commerce 
everywhere." 

Mr.  Maitland  writes  with  sympathy  and 
experience,  and  what  he  says  is  certain  to 
prove  interesting,  not  only  to  the  general 
reader  or  the  casual  tourist,  but  also  to 
those  who  realize,  even  partially,  the 
commercial  possibilities  of  this  land  of 
illimitable  resources. 

Tracing  the  history  of  Chili  under 
Spanish  rule,  he  follows  with  a  vivid 
account  of  the  War  of  Independence  and 
the  part  played  in  this  great  struggle  by 
many  distinguished  men  of  British  birth, 
to  whom  the  country  of  their  adoption 
owes  a  debt  which  one  is  glad  to  know  is 
not  likely  to  be  forgotten.  The  names 
of  General  John  McKenna,  Bernardo 
O'Higgins,  and  Lord  Cochrane,  Earl  of 
Dundonald,  will  always  be  associated  in 
Chilian  history  with  the  progress  the 
republic  has  achieved.  Certainly  in  the 
economic  and  political  development  of 
modern  Chili,  England  can  claim  to  have 
taken  a  pre-eminent  part.  So  widely  is 
this  fact  recognized  that  the  Chilians 
often  term  themselves  "the  English  of 
the  South.''  and  evince  their  admiration 
for  English  probity  and  commercial  honour 
by  using  the  almost  proverbial  expression 
"the  word  of  an  Englishman."  Naturally 
the  author  devotes  considerable  space  to 
a  description  of  the  great  nitrate  industry, 
which  provides  the  Chilian  Government 
with  a  yearly  revenue  of  6,000,000Z., 
and  by  the  extent  of  its  deposits— in  one 
district  alone  covering  a  quarter  of  a 
million  acres — assures  the  commercial 
prosperity  of  the  country. 

Perhaps   one   of   the    most    interesting 

features  in  the  book   is  an  account   of  the 

history  and  customs  of  Chili's  aboriginal 
inhabitants.  Anthropologists  have  long 
been   at    issue  concerning   the   source  ol 

these     primitive    races,    some    contending 

that  they  came  from    Brazil,  while  others 

believe  that  their  origin  must  be  traced 
to  some  of  the  islands  that  oiiee  united 
America  with  Asia  ;  hut  the  author  con- 
siders that  any  satisfactory  elucidation 
,,i  the  problem  is  unlikely.  <  »t  ;»  little- 
known  race,  the  VTaghans,  who  live  within 

the  Antarctic  Circle,  he  writes  :  — 

"The  people,  who  are  rapidly  dying  out, 

li\  e    u|  on    the    s<  ashore   a   life  of    naked 


682 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4516,  May  16,  1914 


misery.  Without  clothing,  or  weapons,  or 
utensils,  without  domestic  animals  of  any 
kind,  except  the  dog,  they  roam  from  place 
to  place,  existing  upon  shell-fish,  sea-birds, 
eggs,  dead  seals,  or  whatever  other  edibles 
the  flotsam  of  the  sea  or  their  little  skill  may 
bring  forth." 

A  primitive  tribe,  the  Auracanian 
Indians,  occupy  a  prominent  place  in  the 
annals  of  Chili,  and  we  heartily  endorse 
the  author's  hope  that,  before  the  inroads 
of  civilization  improve  them  out  of 
existence,  some  effort  may  be  made  to 
compile  a  record  of  their  folk-lore  and 
traditions.  If  this  is  done,  we  believe 
that  much  valuable  insight  will  be  afforded 
into  the  history  of  the  South  American  con- 
tinent in  the  days  before  the  Columbian 
discovery.  Of  the  Auracanians  he 
writes  : — 

"  Although  they  are  a  dwindling  people, 
weakly  men  and  women  are  almost  unknown 
amongst,  them,  owing  to  the  custom  of  the 
Auracanian  women  to  leave  their  '  rucas  ' 
shortly  before  the  birth  of  their  children,  and 
to  live  alone  on  the  banks  of  an  icy  mountain 
stream,  until  the  little  one  arrives.  The 
child  is  no  sooner  born  than  the  mother 
plunges  it  into  the  icy  cold  water,  and  then, 
wrapping  a  few  rags  about  it,  straps  it  on  a 
little  board,  which  she  slings  across  her 
shoulders,  and  returns  to  her  '  ruca.'  " 

Surely  a  natal  ceremony  of  so  drastic 
a  character  that  only  the   fittest  survive  ! 

In  dealing  Avith  modern  and  contem- 
porary Chili  the  book  contains  much 
matter  that  is  likely  to  appeal  to  the  most 
varied  tastes,  for  the  writer  has  not  ignored 
the  fact  that  a  book  of  travel  should 
embrace  the  widest  interests.  His  de- 
scription of  the  Andes,  the  principal  cities, 
and  the  life  and  customs  of  the  Chilians, 
not  omitting  a  chapter  dealing  with  art, 
literature,  and  journalism,  helps  to  make 
up  a  work  of  vivid  interest. 

In  one  matter  we  are  at  variance  with 
the  author,  when  he  states,  "  Honesty  has 
always  been  the  keynote  of  Chilian  ad- 
ministrators." As  it  happens,  we  know 
that  this  conclusion  does  not  coincide  with 
the  experiences  of  many  men  who  have 
had  business  dealings  with  Chilian  poli- 
ticians and  Government  officials,  and  it  is 
probably  a  generalization  that  Mr.  Mait- 
land  has  not  tested  by  sustained  experi- 
ence. On  the  other  hand,  we  heartily 
agree  with  him  when  he  points  the  lessons 
to  be  derived  from  the  enormous  expan- 
sion in  German  and  American  trade, 
which  is  slowly  but  surely  overtaking 
our  own — due,  as  is  rightly  stated,  to 
the  laxity  of  English  commercial  methods 
and  indifference  to  local  conditions  of  trade. 
A  country  with  a  climate  ranging  from 
the  tropical  to  the  frigid,  possessing  every 
natural  advantage,  growing  almost  all 
kinds  of  fruit,  abounding  in  virgin  forests 
and  unexploited  tracts  of  territory, 
endowed,  moreover,  with  enormous  wealth 
in  mineral  resources,  Chili  offers  to  English- 
men with  capital  and  enterprise  a  splendid 
opportunity. 

The  book,  which  contains  a  useful  map 
and  a  few  illustrations,  would  be  improved 
by  an  index  ;  but  it  is  a  useful  record  of 
a  country  that  deserves,  and  will  surely 
receive,  greater  European  recognition  than 
it  enjoys  at  present. 


France  from  behind  the  Veil :  Fifty 
Years  of  Social  and  Political  Life.  By 
Count  Paul  Vassili.  (Cassell  &  Co., 
16s.  net.) 

This  volume,  in  spite  of  a  title  which 
suggests  revelations,  contains  an  immense 
amount  of  gossip,  interesting  if  trivial, 
but  little  new  matter  of  importance. 
Some  of  the  people  who  were  living 
when  the  author  wrote  have  died  since  he 
prepared  his  manuscript,  and  the  pub- 
lishers explain  that  they  are  responsible 
for  bringing  it  up  to  date,  and  for  the 
inclusion  of  one  or  two  events  which 
happened  in  the  current  year. 

Count  Vassili — the  name  is,  we  are  told, 
pseudonymous — was  appointed  Secretary 
to  the  Russian  Embassy  in  Paris  in 
1868,  and  from  that  date  he  spent 
nearly  the  whole  of  his  official  life  in  the 
French  capital,  where  he  died.  He  had  in 
his  time  known  nearly  every  one,  and 
seen  much  of  French  society,  but  wrote 
as  though  the  changes  which  had  occurred 
in  his  lifetime  had  all  been  for  the  worse. 
The  good  manners  of  Frenchmen  used  to 
be  famous,  but  Count  Vassili  lived  to  say 
that  they  "  disappeared  simultaneously 
with  the  crinoline."  He  thought  that 
the  American  and  Jewish  elements  had 
invaded  French  society,  and  imported  into 
it  not  only  their  easy  ways,  but  also  an 
independence  of  speech  and  action  which 
would  have  horrified  people  in  earlier 
times  : — 

'  The  refinement  that  was  so  essentially 
a  French  characteristic  has  entirely  dis- 
appeared. Women  have  grown  loud,  and 
men  have  become  coarse ;  girls  have  lost 
their  modesty,  and  boys  are  impertinent." 

When  the  Count  first  went  to  Paris, 
France  was  getting  over  her  Mexican 
troubles  ;  and  the  early  part  of  his  narra- 
tive is  naturally  concerned  with  the  life 
of  Napoleon  III.  and  the  Empress 
Eugenie.  A  good  many  of  his  remarks 
are  too  frank,  and,  as  the  Empress  and 
others  concerned  are  still  living,  they 
might,  with  advantage  to  the  Count's 
memory  and  every  one  concerned,  have 
been  modified.  But  if,  on  the  one  hand, 
the  author  is  often  too  harsh  in  statements 
about  people,  on  the  other  hand  he  finds 
many  occasions  to  mention  the  kindness 
of  the  Emperor  and  to  allude  to  the 
potent  charm  of  the  Empress— a  charm 
which  was  such  as  to  make  people  forget 
her  weaknesses.  Count  Vassili  never  knew 
the  Emperor's  most  trusted  advisers — 
Fleury,  Persigny,  and  Morny,  and  he 
thinks  that  with  their  removal  from  the 
political  scene  "  the  Empire  lost  its  most 
solid  supports."  When  the  Count  writes 
thus,  it  is  necessary  to  qualify  his 
views  and  remember  that  these  were  the 
men  of  whom  the  Emperor  himself  is 
reported  to  have  complained  that  he  "  had 
to  drag"  them  about  "as  a  convict" 
drags  "  chain  and  ball." 

Speaking  of  the  days  before  the  storm 
of  1870,  the  Count  remarks  that,  after  the 
results  of  the  Plebiscite  of  May,  1870, 
had  become  known,  he  ventured  to  offer 
the  sovereign  his  congratulations  on  the 
new  triumph  he  had  obtained.     He  states 


that  Louis  Napoleon,  though  not  usually 
demonstrative,  did  not  on  that  occasioni 
attempt  to  hide  his  feelings,  and  said  that 
he 

"  had  not  only  consolidated  the  dynasty,, 
but  also  had  done  away  with  the  legend  that 
represented  him  as  desirous  of  a  foreign  war 
in  order  to  add  to  his  prestige." 

According  to  the  author,  the  Emperor 
added  : — 

"  No  one  can  say  so  at  present,  because,, 
after  France  has  so  positively  affirmed  its- 
allegiance  to  the  Empire,  it  would  be 
madness  for  me  to  risk  losing  popularity 
through  a  war  which,  even  if  victorious,, 
would  always  materially  impoverish  the 
country." 

A  few  weeks  later  Count  Vassili  had  to* 
hurry  back  to  Paris,  and  on  his  arrival 
found  war  with  Germany  declared.  On 
reaching  the  capital  on  the  evening  of  the 
16th  of  July  he  was  struck  by  the  aspect 
of  the  people  Avho  crowded  the  streets. 
They  were  singing  the  '  Marsellaise,'  and 
presented  an  excited  appearance.  The 
cafes  were  full,  and  from  time  to  time 
people  would  stand  up  and  shout  "A 
Berlin  ! ' '  All  Paris  seemed  to  him  to  have 
gone  mad.  but  already  he  noted  that 
remarks  were  heard  hostile  to  the  Em- 
peror and  the  Government,  who,  it  was 
said, 

"  had  not  soon  enough  tried  to  avenge  the 
insult  which  France  had  received,  but  had 
done  their  best  to  prevent  the  outbreak  of 
a  war  " 

which  was  "  indispensable  to  the  dignity 
and  the  greatness  of  the  country." 

At  the  Russian  Embassy  the  Count 
noted  that  consternation  prevailed  ;  that 
everybody  agreed  that  anything  more 
foolish  than  the  circumstances  which  led 
to  the  war  had  never  been  seen ;  and 
that  people  were  amazed  at  the  weakness 
displayed  by  the  Government.  He  also 
speaks  of  the  disorderly  attitude  of  the 
troops  Avhen  starting  for  the  frontier. 

On  the  subject  of  the  Hohenzolleni 
candidature  we  notice  the  blame  throAvn 
on  the  Due  de  Gramont.  The  writer 
reports  that,  when  the  first  telegrams 
from  Berlin  were  received  announcing 
the  candidature,  the  Duke  immediately 
sent  them  to  the  Emperor,  though  it  was 
in  the  middle  of  the  night,  and  that  in  a 
conversation  with  his  soA^ereign  he  "  in- 
sisted on  the  affront  such  a  candidature 
represented  to  France "  ;  and  it  is 
added,  "  Why  it  was  an  affront  probably 
the  Duke  himself  could  not  have  properly 
explained."  From  Avhat  he  heard  at 
the  time  Count  Vassili  thinks  that  the 
Empress,  instead  of,  as  is  generally  be- 
lieved, having  done  all  in  her  power  to 
decide  Napoleon  to  declare  Avar  against 
Prussia,  "  had  been  far  from  urging  it  "  ; 
but  he  adds  that  at  this  crisis  of  her  life 
the  Empress  "  entirely  lost  her  head." 
Tiie  author  makes  the  curious  statement 
that  before  the  first  fighting  the  Empress 
said  to  one  of  her  familiar  friends  that 
not  merely  in  the  case  of  victory,  but  also 
in  the  case  of  a  reverse,  "  the  nation  only 
Avants  to  get  rid  of  us." 

Among  the  mass  of  gossip  there  is  not 
much  else  to  notice  ;    but  a  remark  about 


No.  4516,  May  16,  1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


083 


the    Franco- Russian   alliance   derives    im- 
portance   from    its    source.     The    Count 
says    that   when    the   Tsar    visited    Paris 
in  the  time  of  President   Fame,  and  the 
French    people    gave    themselves    up    to 
joyous  demonstrations  such  as  the  capital 
bad  not  seen  for  many  years,  and  talked 
of    '"  one    Alsace     Franeaise."    the    only 
pci-son  who  appeared  unconscious  of  the 
significance    attributed    to    his    visit   was 
Tsar  himself  : — 
"  Perhaps  he  knew  that  whatever   people 
might   think,  he  was  not  going  to  risk  the 
life  of  even  one  of  his  soldiers  in  order  to 
tify   the   wild   hatred   of    France    against 
his  German  neighbours." 

The  author's  remarks  about  the  action 
of  the  Due  d'Aumale  in  leaving  Chantilly 
to  the  French  nation  strike  us  as  odd.  He 
--ays  that 

'"  this  alienation  of  the  home  of  the  Condes 
.  .  .  .made  all  realize  that,  whatever  were 
the  qualities  of  the  Due  d'Aumale,  they 
were  obscured  by  his  unlimited  selfishness." 

He  adds  that  France 

"'  also  felt  the  degradation  of  this  gift,  and 
did  not  hasten  to  reward  the  donor  of  it  as 
he  had  expected.  She  left  him  for  some 
m  mths  in  Brussels,  alone  with  the  shame  of 
bis  unworthy  action," 

until  Carnot  repealed  the  decree  of  banish- 
ment. 

The  author  professes  to  have  been  a 
lover  of  books,  but  his  remarks  on  lite- 
rature are  poor,  and  the  chapter  on 
"  Literary  Men  of  the  Present  Day '  is 
badly  named.  It  contains  much  about 
writers  who  are  gone,  and  some  of  the 
remarks  about  those  who  are  still  living 
are  in  poor  taste.  It  is  curious,  too,  that 
among  his  '  Literary  Men  of  the  Present 
Day '  we  should  find  actresses  such  as 
Sarah  Bernhardt,  Rejane,  and  Jane  Hading. 
Tiie  criticism  of  authors  he  had  known  is 
not  helpful,  and  whoever  edited  the  volume 
should  have  seen  that  it  was  useless  to 
inform  people  that  "  Anatole  France  has 
a  fluent  and  correct  French  diction." 

There  are,  however,  some  excellent 
pages  on  the  Commune  and  the  troubles  of 
those  days.  Thiers  gives  this  amusing 
■explanation  concerning  some  papers  which 
he  had  left  in  Paris  when  he  went  to 
Versailles  : — 

"  I  had  told  everybody  that  they  were  of 
«i  most  compromising  nature  for  some  of  the 
people  actually  in  power,  and  for  the  pre- 
tenders to  the  crown  of  this  country. 
Imagine    how  compromised  I    should    have 

en  had  it  been  found  out  that  they  were 
merely  tradesmen's  bills  !  " 

We  note  also  the  author's  remark  that 
"patriotism  with  Frenchmen  is  mostly  a 
question  of  words;  it  rarely  goes  beyond 
phrases,  full  of  enthusiasm,   hut-    devoid  of 

•  aning." 

We  think  that  in  speaking  of  the  Due 
de  Moray  and  Count  WaJewski  it  would 
have  been  difficult  to  find  a  worse  phrase 
than  that  which  designates  them  as 
"  high  born." 

Some  of  the  French  names  in  the  book 
are  wrongly  spelt  every  time  they  appeal  ; 
for  example,  that  of  Callilfet.  Accents 
are  sparingly  used,  and  once  or  twice  the 
printer  seems  to  have  made  a  hash  of  a 
word. 


Marrittge  Ceremonies  in  Morocco.  By 
Edward  Westermarck.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.,  12s.  net.) 

Prof.  Westermarck  defines  this  book 
as  a  kind  of  apology  for  a  serious  omission 
of  which  he  was  guilty  when  he  wrote  his 
'  History  of  Human  Marriage.'  That  was 
the  first  important  work  which  he  wrote 
in  English,  and  it  was  reviewed  in  The 
Athena-urn  more  than  twenty  years  ago. 
In  it  he  admitted  that  he  devoted  a  short 
chapter  only  to  marriage  ceremonies,  and 
almost  entirely  ignored  their  magical 
significance.  He  has  in  the  present  book 
amply  remedied  the  defect  (if  it  was  one) 
of  the  former  work.  Six  years  spent  in 
sociological  research  among  the  Moham- 
medan natives  of  Morocco,  and  in  the 
patient  investigation  of  the  marriage 
customs  of  the  several  tribes  of  Berber 
and  Arab  origin,  have  enabled  him,  in  a 
volume  of  more  than  400  pages,  to  furnish  a 
comprehensive  and  complete  account  of 
those  customs.  He  has  made  sixteen 
journeys  to  Morocco,  and  has  visited 
many  of  the  places  and  tribes  mentioned 
in  the  book.  Where  he  has  not  visited 
a  tribe,  he  has  obtained  information  from 
native  members  of  it,  except  in  a  few 
cases  expressly  mentioned  in  the  text. 
The  book  is,  therefore,  one  of  original 
research.  The  author  has  also  sought  to 
discover  the  ideas  underlying  the  various 
ceremonies  ;  and  in  this  respect  he  cautions 
his  readers  against  the  tendency  to 
assume  that,  where  similar  ceremonies  are 
recorded  of  different  peoples,  the  ideas 
underlying  them  are  necessarily  similar. 
He  protests,  too,  against  the  notion  that 
the  field  anthropologist  has  done  his 
business  when  he  has  collected  the  facts, 
and  that  he  should  leave  to  the  arm-chair 
anthropologist  the  duty  of  expounding 
them.  The  explanations  given  by  native 
informants  are  essential  parts  of  the 
material  which  is  to  be  collected. 

The  wedding  ceremonies  which  Prof. 
Westermarck  describes  are  many  of  them 
trivial,  but  they  are  not  so  considered  by 
the  people  themselves,  and  the  reasons 
assigned  for  them  may  appear  to  us  to  be 
foolish,  but  are  nevertheless  potent. 

Much  formality  attends  the  betrothal 
and  marriage  contract.  In  Morocco  it  is 
the  universal  rule  that  the  parents  of  a 
girl  marry  her  without  asking  for  her 
consent.  The  actual  proposal  is  made 
generally  by  some  influential  man  or  by 
friends  who  have  been  asked  to  act  as 
mediators.  This  indirect  method  of  action 
is  common  in  many  countries.  In  like 
manner,  a  direct  refusal  will  be  avoided 
b\  the  fiction  that  the  girl  is  about  to  marry 
her  cousin,  "  for  the  Moors  prefer  telling 
an  untruth  to  appearing  uncivil."  Nego- 
tiations as  to  the  dowry  follow,  if  the 
proposal  is  accepted.  Ceremonial  visits 
then  are  made.  After  prayers  on  the 
next  Friday,  devout  wishes  are  ex- 
pressed and  presents  exchanged.  in  the 
evening  a  feast  is  given,  after  which 
neg'  dress  up   the   young   man    as   a 

bride.  No  native  explanation  <>f  this 
custom  has  been  given  to  Prof.  Wester- 
marck,    and      he      inclines      to     accept 


Mr.  Crawley's  theory  that  the  dress  of  the 
opposite  sex  is  assumed  to  lessen  the 
sexual  danger  by  wearing  the  same  kind 
of  clothes  as  the  "loved  and  dreaded'' 
person  wears.  If  the  proposal  is  refused, 
and  the  man  is  very  anxious  for  the  mar- 
riage, he  appears  to  have  a  remedy  in  a 
process  of  casting  a  spell  upon  the  girl 
which  will  keep  her  unmarried  until  it  has 
been  removed  by  suitable  ceremonies. 

The  practice  of  marrying  a  deceased 
brother's  widow  is  common,  but  not 
universal.  In  some  tribes  a  married 
woman  may  leave  her  husband  and 
compel  another  man  to  marry  her,  without 
further  ceremony  than  taking  hold  of  the 
pole  of  his  dwelling  or  turning  round  his 
handmill.  As  this  transfers  to  him  the 
conditional  curse  described  in  Prof.  Wester- 
marck's  essay  in  the  volume  presented  to 
Sir  E.  B.  Tylor,  he  cannot  evade  the  obli- 
gation, and  the  author  knew  an  old  man 
of  good  family  who  had  thus  in  the  course 
of  his  life  been  compelled  to  marry  three 
runaway  wives. 

The  dowry  is  a  necessary  part  of  mar- 
riage, and  the  bridegroom  has  many 
ceremonies  to  go  through  before  he  can 
fetcli  his  bride  home.  The  bride  also  has 
to  submit  to  many  observances  pre- 
paratory to  the  wedding.  Both  bride 
and  bridegroom  are  painted  with  henna, 
to  purify  them  and  protect  them  from 
evil  influences  ;  for  both  are  regarded  as 
holy,  and  held  to  be  susceptible  to  harmful 
magical  forces  or  the  influence  of  evil 
spirits.  The  bride  is  further  purified  by 
bathing  or  water-pouring.  She  is  con- 
fined in  her  house  for  two  or  three  days 
before  the  wedding. 

The  ceremonies  at  the  fetching  of  the 
bride  vary  somewhat  among  the  tribe-. 
Relatives  or  village  -  comrades  of  the 
bridegroom  take  part  in  it.  In  country 
places  she  is  lifted  by  a  relative  on  to  the 
animal  which  is  to  carry  her  to  her  new 
home,  and  precautions  are  taken  to 
protect  her  against  harmful  influences 
by  the  firing  of  guns  and  by  loud  music 
and  singing.  A  blanket  or  garment  is 
spread  in  front  of  her  to  prevent  her 
stepping  on  the  ground  or  the  threshold. 
In  many  cases  milk  is  sprinkled  upon 
her  or  offered  to  her  to  drink,  that  her 
future  may  be  white  or  lucky.  A  boy 
sometimes  rides  behind  her.  that  she  may 
become  the  mother  of  boys,  and  he  rides 
the  animal  back  to  the  bride's  place,  SO 
that  it  may  not  return  with  an  empty 
saddle. 

The  arrival  and  reception  of  the  bride 
are  also  attended  with  precautions  against 
her  carrying  evil  to  her  new  home.  She 
is  taken  three  or  seven  times  round  the 
bridegroom's  house  or  tent,  or  round  the 
mosque  of  the  village  or  the  village  itselt. 
Bread  and  dried  fruit  are  thrown  over  her. 
Henna  is  offered  to  her.  A  short  religious 
rite  is  performed  by  her  while  still  on  the 
animal. 

Before  (he  bride  ami  bridegroom  meei 

to  consummate  the  marriage  much  has  to 
be  done  to  pxoteol  them  from  the  dangers 

of  which  the  atmosphere  is  full  when  he 

enters  the   place  where  she   is  waiting  for 
him.      He    puts   his   right  foot   twioe   over 


684 


THE     ATHEN^U M 


No.  4510,  May  10,  1914 


the  threshold  before  he  makes  his  entrance 
by  a  third  step.  He  has  to  make  a  slight 
assault  upon  her  with  the  flat  of  his  sword, 
or  by  beating,  smacking,  or  kicking  her. 
She,  on  the  other  hand,  assaults  him 
with  her  slipper,  an  object  which  has  to  do 
with  marriage  ceremonies  in  many  coun- 
tries. They  partake  of  food  together. 
Great  importance  is  attached  to  tiie 
virginity  of  the  bride,  and  some  indelicate 
evidences  of  it  are  exhibited.  The  wed- 
ding ceremonies,  even  after  this,  are  not 
over,  but  continue  for  a  week  or  more  ; 
and  for  some  time  after  they  are  con- 
cluded the  wife  is  subject  to  certain 
restrictions.  Ceremonial  visits  are  to  be 
paid  in  due  course  to  the  Avife's  parents  ; 
but  the  husband  has  to  exercise  much 
reserve  in  his  relations  with  the  parents 
and  other  members  of  his  wife's  family. 
As  to  the  origin  of  this  slyness,  Prof. 
Westermarck  recurs  to  the  opinion  ex- 
pressed in  his  earlier  works  as  to  the 
rationale  of  sexual  aversion.  He  noticed 
no  special  avoidance  in  the  relations 
between  a  wife  and  her  parents-in-law. 

Marriages  are  celebrated  only  on  certain 
days  of  the  week,  and  do  not  take  place 
at  certain  periods.  Prof.  Westermarck 's 
general  conclusion,  drawn  from  a  great 
variety  of  marriage  ceremonies,  is  that 
they  spring  from  the  consideration  that 
the  parties  are  in  danger  and  need  special 
protection.  The  ceremonies  are  only 
executed  in  full  tale  where  it  is  the  first 
marriage  of  the  subject.  That  general 
conclusion  does  not  exclude  the  inference 
that  some  ceremonies  may  have  another 
meaning,  or  even  have  no  meaning.  Some 
appear  to  be  intended  to  promote  do- 
mestic peace  or  fruitfulness. 

Many  of  the  ceremonies  are  strangely 
similar  to  those  adopted  in  other  countries, 
but  there  is  great  value  in  so  thoughtful 
and  well-reasoned  an  analysis  of  the  ideas 
underlying  them,  and  so  authoritative 
and  exhaustive  a  description  of  the 
observances  themselves,  as  Prof.  Wester- 
marck has  supplied. 


Albania  :  the  Foundling  State  of  Europe. 
Bv  Wadham  Peacock.  (Chapman  & 
Hall,  7s.  6ci  net.) 

Coming  so  soon  after  the  arrival  in  Albania 
of  the  Mpret,  from  whom  the  Shkypetars 
(:<  the  Sons  of  the  Mountain  Eagle  ") 
expect  such  great  things,  and  at  a  moment 
when  the  newly  constituted  state  is  con- 
fronted by  serious  difficulties  both  in  the 
north  and  in  the  south,  Mr.  Peacock's 
book  is  indeed  timely.  Of  its  interest 
and  value  for  English  readers  there  can  be 
no  doubt.  The  author  writes  with  know- 
ledge of  his  subject,  acquired  during  a 
lengthy  residence  at  Scodra  (as  he  tells  us 
Scutari  should  properly  be  called)  and  in 
the  course  of  journeys  through  the  country  ; 
his  touch  is  light,  but  sure  ;  he  has  a  nicely 
developed  sense  of  humour,  and  if  he  shows 
himself  a  frank  pro-Albanian,  that  fact  in 
no  wise  detracts  from  the  charm  of  his 
book.  In  fact,  it  is  a  distinct  advantage 
to  have  the  Albanian  point  of  view  set 


clearly  before  us  ;  for  the  Albanians 
themselves  complain  that  they  have  been 
unable  to  obtain  a  fair  hearing  in  Europe, 
and  there  are  good  reasons  for  believing 
that  they  have  solid  grounds  for  their  com- 
plaint. Backward  in  letters  and  in  all 
the  arts  of  diplomacy,  the  new  state  has 
not  known  how  to  secure  a  "  good  press," 
like  its  more  advanced  neighbours  ;  and 
simply  because  it  has  been  so  little  known, 
it  has  had  comparatively  few  friends  to 
raise  their  voices  on  its  behalf. 

The  first  chapters  of  the  book  are  given 
up  to  the  author's  experiences  in  the  early 
days  of  his  residence  in  the  country,  when 
the  Turk  ruled,  and  not  a  few  good  stories 
occur  in  them.     One  of  these  concerns  a 
certain  Pasha  who,  "  having  spent  three 
years  in  London  learning  mining  engineer- 
ing,"' was,  upon  his  return  to  Constanti- 
nople,   "  promptly   commissioned   by   the 
Government  to  translate  an  English  medi- 
cal   work    on    midwifery    into    Turkish." 
Another  is  of  "  the  consul  who  watched 
over  the  interests  of  one  of  the  great  conti- 
nental empires. . .  .an  amiable,  shy  man," 
who,  having  made  up  his  mind  to  wed  the 
eldest  daughter  of  his  dragoman,  hit  upon 
an  extraordinary  expedient  for  making  his 
desire  known  to  the  lady  of  his  choice. 
Without  saying  a  word  on  the  subject  to 
any  one  on  the  spot,  he  "  sent  in  a  formal 
application  to  his  chiefs  for  permission  to 
marry  a  girl  with  whom  he  had  hardly 
exchanged  two  words  in  his  life  "  ;    and 
when  the  precious  document  arrived  he 
made  his  way  to   the  dragoman's  house, 
"  pulled  the  enclosure  from  his  pocket,  and 
thrust    it    into    the    girl's    hands,    saying 
simply,  l  Read  it.'        One  agrees  with  Mr. 
Peacock  that  this  was,  perhaps,  the  most 
original     proposal     ever     imagined.     But 
Albania    was    evidently    full    of    strange 
characters  in  those  days,  and,  in  spite  of 
the  changes  that  are  coming  over  it,  it 
seems  likely  to  remain  an  original  kind  of 
country  for  many  years  to  come.     More- 
over, it  is  proof  of  the  sjmipathetic  spirit 
in  which  the   author   has  done  his  work 
that  the  reader  should  find  himself  secretly 
rejoicing     that     the     inevitable     changes 
cannot  well  be  brought  about  in  a  clay. 
The  Shkypetar  may  have  his  faults,  but 
he  is  very  much  a  man. 

The  subject  of  the  blood-feud  receives 
ample  attention,  and  it  is  satisfactory  to 
learn  that  the  custom  is  dying  out,  though 
apparently  but  slowly.  In  studying  the 
subject  one  learns  incidentally  how  the 
prevalence  of  the  custom  affects  the  posi- 
tion of  Avoman  in  Albania. 

These  earlier  chapters  are  marred,  to 
some  extent,  by  repetitions,  which  are 
doubtless  due  to  their  having  been  pub- 
lished, in  the  first  place,  as  articles  in 
ATarious  reviews  and  magazines.  Thus 
one  feels  undue  emphasis  is  lent  to  some 
trivial  details,  such  as  the  anger  felt  by  the 
Moslems  at  the  sight  of  the  Christians 
smoking  and  eating  during  Ramadan,  the 
month  of  fasting.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  uninstructed  reader  may  be  puzzled 
by  finding  two  spellings  for  such  Avords 
as  Kavasskhana  (pp.  61  and  106),  and 
occasionally  one  does  not  feel  quite 
I  sure  Avhat  period  the  author  refers  to  in  his 


descriptions.  Is  Dervish  Pasha's  road,  for 
instance,  still  in  the  state  in  Avhich  it  is 
described  as  being  in  the  second  chapter  i 
Details  like  these  will  doubtless  be  recon- 
sidered in  a  second  edition  of  the  book 
Avhich  is  almost  certain  to  be  required. 

Naturally,  Mr.  Peacock  has  a  good  deaS 
to  say  about  the  position  of  consuls  in  the 
Near  East,  and  Avhat  he  says  is  interesting, 
and  to  the  point.  Well  Avorth  reading,  too, 
are  his  remarks  upon  the  Latins,  the  Ortho- 
dox, and  the  Moslems,  Avhich  AAre  can  only 
refer  to,  and  the  chapter  in  which  lie 
tells  '  The  Story  of  Albania.'  But,  at 
the  present  time  at  least,  most  read<  r- 
Avill  find  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
chapters  the  most  interesting  in  the  book. 
These  deal  with  the  delimitation  of  the 
frontiers,  concerning  Avhich  the  information 
given  should  be  extremely  useful,  and  the 
iuture  of  the  country.  Mr.  Peacock  feels, 
that  a  determined  attempt  is  being  made 
to  strangle  the  neAV  state  at  its  birth  ;  but 
he  has  faith  in  the  vitality  of  the  Albanian 
race,  and  is,  upon  the  Avhole,  fairly  hopeful 
as  regards  the  country's  future.  But  if 
things  are  to  go  on  as  he  hopes  they  will,  he 
thinks  that  Albania  must  be  governed  on 
federal  lines,  which  will  give  the  freest  scope 
for  the  development  of  national  character- 
istics. He  is  of  opinion  that,  if  Albania 
and  Greece  are  to  hold  their  OAvn  against 
the  Slavs,  they  must  become  allies. 

The  illustrations  are  good,  but  it  is  a 
pit}^  that  not  e\Ten  a  sketch  map  of  the 
county  is  included. 


David  Laing,  LL.D. :  a  Memoir  of  his  Life 
and  Literary  Work.  By  Gilbert  Goudie. 
(Edinburgh,  T.  &  A.  Constable.) 

David  Laing  Avas  for  forty-tAvo  years 
Librarian  of  the  Signet  Library  in  Edin- 
burgh, in  succession  to  Macvey  Napier, 
the  editor  of  The  Edinburgh  Review.  To 
scholars  that  Library  must  always  re- 
call the  memory  of  his  name,  and  this 
biography  is  a  worthy  and  A\rell-Avritten 
record  of  his  career.  It  has  been  said  that 
to  Avrite  a  life  as  it  ought  to  be  Avritten,  it 
should  be  done  "  A\iiile  the  memory  of  the 
man  himself  is  still  vivid  in  the  mind  of 
his  biographer  and  of  others."  In  the  pre- 
sent instance  more  than  thirty  years  had 
passed  betAveen  Laing's  death  and  the 
time  Avhen  the  author  was  asked  to  write 
his  memoir.  Fortunately,  howeA^er,  Mr. 
Goudie  had  the  priAnlege  of  Laing's 
acquaintance,  and  retained  a  vivid  impres- 
sion of  his  personality ;  and  although  the 
undertaking  of  his  biography  was  obviously 
attended  with  difficulties,  due  to  the  lapse 
of  time  and  uncertainty  as  to  the  adequacy 
of  materials  available,  these  difficulties 
have  been  successfully  surmounted,  and 
we  have  here  a  fine  record  of  a  scholar 
who  did  much  valuable  work  in  the  field 
of  Scottish  literary  antiquarianism.  It  is 
not  claimed  for  Laing  that  he  was  an 
Admirable  Crichton,  but  his  learning  and 
his  labours  were  of  a  solid,  useful,  and 
enduring  type.  He  was  the  recognized 
guide  and  reserve  force  of  the  literary 
clubs  of  his  day,  and  by  his  own  numerous 


No.  4516,  May  16,    1914 


T  HE     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  I\I 


(>N. 


issues  and  reprints  he,  to  a  largo  extent, 
anticipated  the  work  of  the  Scottish  Text 
S  Kjiety,  the  Scottish  History  Society,  and 
of  others  who  have  followed  in  his  steps 
in  recent  years,  sometimes  with  scant 
acknowledgment  of  indebtedness  to  him. 

Mr.  Goudie's  biography  is  a  model 
of  exhaustive  research,  notwithstanding 
great  difficulties  caused  by  the  vast 
mass  of  material,  including  nearly  8,000 
letters;  the  death  of  Laing's  most  inti- 
mate friends  :  his  partiality  for  writing 
anonymously ;  and  the  fact  that  many 
documents  in  his  hand,  written  on  old 
envelopes  and  scraps  of  paper,  were 
almost  impossible  to  decipher.  Xone  of 
Laing's  many  publications,  more  than  200 
in  number,  would  be  ordinarily  classed 
as  original  work.  He  spent  his  long  life  in 
the  comparatively  prosaic,  but  useful  and 
patriotic  work  of  rescuing  his  country's 
earlier  literature  from  oblivion,  and  render- 
ing it  accessible  in  an  accurate  and  con- 
venient form,  made  intelligible  and  educa- 
tive by  the  introductions,  memoirs,  notes, 
glossaries,  and  indexes  which  he  prepared, 
or  others  under  his  direct  supervision. 
He  deserved  a  substantial  record,  and  no 
one  could  have  done  it  better  than  Mr. 
Goudie  has  done.  There  is  an  ample 
Index  to  the  book. 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Apokrufa,  Izifpndo  Zekalendar  Ezimis.weyo 
(Lessons  from  the  Apocrypha  in  the  Zulu 
Language),  1/  S.P.C.K. 

Eook  of  Amos,  with  Notes  by  Ernest  Arthur 
Edghill.  edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  G.  A. 
Cooke,  "  Westminster  Commentaries,"  6/ 

Methuen 
After  Mr.  Edghill's  death  the  work  of  editing 
and   revising    this    commentary    was    undertaken 
by  Dr.  Cooke,  who  has  added  an  Introduction. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Portions,  together  with 

Hymn-   and   Addresses  in   Eskimo,    by  the 

Rev.  E.  J.  Peek  ;    also  Eskimo  Hymns,  bv  the 

Rev.  \V.  (..  Walton,  1  /S  S.PlC.K. 

A  new  edition. 

Clark  (Henry  W.),  Liberal  Orthodoxy,  a  His- 
tarical  Survey,  7  i»  ,,et.  Chapman  &  Hall 

A   study   of  the  origin   and    development  of 
the  movement.     The    Epilogue  is   largely   repro- 
duced from  an    article    in    The    London    Quarterly 
ietc. 

Cobb  (W.  F.),Mysti<  ism  and  the  Creed,  10/0  net. 

Macmillan 

A  study  of  the  content  and  meaning  of  the 

Apostle.-'  Cicd  for  those  "  who  feel  an  imperative 

necessity  for  reconciling  somehow  their  thought 

and  their  feeling  in  religion." 

Evanelia  Warana,  the  Story  OS  the  Gospels, 
by  the  Author  of  'Charles  Lowder,'  in  tin- 
Dialect  of  Mukawa,  Cape  Vogel,  Papua,  2  >'■ 

B.P.C.K. 
Freeman  'Rev.  George;,  Authority,  2/8  net. 

AUenson 
The    author    claims    that     in    the    Anglican 
Church  alone  can  be  found  "  complete,    compre- 
hensive, and  inerranl  authority." 
Incwadl  Yokut  andaza  e  Bandhlenl,  THE  Book  of 
Common    Praybb  in  the  Zulu  LANGUAGE,   1   2 

8.P.C.K. 
Jones  (Rev.  Maurice i,  The   New  TESTAMENT  in 
thk  Twentieth  Can-war,  a  Survey  of  Recent 
Chi  al   and    Historical   Criticism   of  the 

New  Testament,  10    net  Macmillan 

This   work   is   divided    int.,   fcwo  .    tie- 

first  containing  a  study  of  '  Christ  in  t  he  Twentiet  b 
Century,1  with  additional  chapters  on  'St.  Paul 
and  the  Mystery  Religions'  and  'Tie-  Langn 

b  N(       !•    lament/ and  the  second  containing 
a  suncy  of  recenl  literary  and  historical  critii 
of  the  New  Testament. 


Mlnamato  ne  Zwiyimbo,    PORTIONS  OF  THH  Moor 
OP     Common       PRAYER,      WITH      PSALMS     and 

Hymns,  i  S.P.O.K. 

A  translation  into  Chiswina,  the  language  of 
Mashonaland. 

Sanday    (W.),     BISHOP    Gore's    CHALLENGE    to 
Criticism,  •  ></.  net.  Longmans 

A  reply  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford's  open  letter 

on  the  Basis  of  Anglican  Fellowship. 

Watson  (Edward  William),  Tin:  CHURCH  of 
England,  "  Home  University  Library."  l;  net. 

.Williams  .v  Norgate 
A    brief   account    of    (he   development    of    the 
Anglican    Church     from    its    foundation    to    the 
present  day. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Luzac's  Oriental  List  and  Book  Review, 
Vol.  XXV.  Nos.  1-2,  (id. 

Contains  notices  of  new  Oriental  books; 
alphabetical  lists  of  such  books  published  in 
P^ngland,  on  the  Continent,  in  the  East,  ami  in 
America  ;  and  a  list  of  periodicals  devoted  to 
Eastern  questions. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Eucken  (Rudolf),  Collected  Essays,  edited  and 
translated  by  Meyrick  Booth,  10/0  net. 

Fisher  Unwin 
These  essays  treat  of  different  subjects,  but, 
as  the  writer  says,  "  give  expression  to  a  single 
fundamental  conviction,  and  are  thus  inwardly 
joined."  They  include  '  The  Modern  Man  anil 
Religion,'  '  Goethe  in  his  Relation  to  Philosophy,' 
and  '  The  Problem  of  Immortality.' 

Mills    (Dr.    James    Porter),    Knowledge   is   the 

Door,   a  Forerunner,   condensed  and   adapted 

by  C.  F.  S.,  1/net.  Fifield 

This   little    book   is   an   introduction   to   the 

science  of  self-conscious  existence,  advocating  a 

system  of  spiritual  and  mental  development. 

POETRY. 

Arkwright  (B.  H.  G.),  Rough  Edges,  2/0  net. 

Oxford,  Blackwell 
Some  of  the  pieces  are  '  The  Law,'  '  Treasure 
Trove,'  '  Dust  and  Ashes,'  and  '  Dream-Child.' 

Blocksidge  (William),  Moreton  Miles. 

Privately  printed 

A    new    impression    of    these    verses,    which 

include  '  My  Love  goes  all    in  White,'   '  Be  thou 

Grave  or  be  thou  Gay,'  and  '  All    is  Vanity,  we 

say.' 

Chilig  Takudh    Tshal    Zit,    Hymns    in    Takudh 

Language,    composed   and    translated   by   the 

Ven.  Archdeacon  McDonald,  1/  S.P.C.K. 

A  revised  edition,  containing  some  additional 

hymns  from  the  '  Hymnal  Companion,'  &c. 

Cluster  of  Grapes  (A),  being  the  First  Book  of 
an  Anthology  op  Twentieth  Century 
Poetry,  collated  by  Galloway  Kyle,  3/6  net. 

Erskine  Macdonald 

This  anthology  contains  the  work  of    living 

writers,  produced  during  the  twentieth    century. 

The  selections  have  been  made  by  the    authors 

themselves. 

Colvin  (Ian  D.),  Maov  in  Politics,  2/0  net. 

Blackwood 
These  modern  fables  in  verse  by  I.  C.  of  Tltc 
Morning  Post,  are  reproduced  from  that  paper. 

Emerson  (Ralph  Waldo),  Poems,  1/0  net.    Milford 
In  the  Oxford  edition  of  "  .Standard  Authors." 

Gale  (Norman),  Collected  Poems,  6/  net. 

Macmillan 
Collected    poems    from    'A    Country    Muse,' 
'  Orchard  Bongs,'   '  Bong  in  September,'  and  '  A 
Book  of  Quatrains.' 

Garth  (Cecil),  Tin-:  SONG  of  the  i-'ivi:,  and  OTHHB 
POEHS,    1/  net.  Elkin  Mathews 

The  piece  of  tie-  title  contains  songs  which 
"  t  he  live  "  sang  in  t  he  praise  of  life  before  dying. 
Other  verses  in  this  booklet  ate  '  Unequal  Friend- 
ship,' '  Luxury  in  Grief,'  and  '  Dead  Ambitions.' 

Glacomo    (Salvatore   dl),   Tin:    MONASTERY,    AND 
Other  Poems,  translated   from  the  Neapolitan 
by  William  de  la  Feld,  .'f  0  net.          Humphreys 
The  translator,  whose    native  tongue  is  tne 
idiom  of  the  original,  has  written  a  brief    Intro- 
duction  an. I    a    (••■.     notes   to   these  j ms.       They 

include  '  Th.-  Monastery.'  'The    Blind  of  "  Cara- 

jio,"  '     'The    TreSSee    of     Caroline,'    and    -  The 

Black  Gipsy.' 

Goidie  (v.),  Ballads  and  Burdens,  l '  net. 

Fifield 
.all  collection  of  rerses,  including  '  Isobel,' 

'  Discord,'  '  Motley,'  and  '  Tie-  cloud  ship.' 


Hennell   (T.   B.,)   Tin-:    LORDS  OF  THE   Kkstless 
Sea,  and  Songs  of  Scotland,  wrapper  1  /  net, 

cloth  1/6  net.  Elkin  Mathews 

The  '  Bongs  of  Scotland  '  are  clueily  descrip 

live.      The   other  verses    include    '  The   Passing   of 

the  Year'  and  'Gallant  Gentlemen  All.  ft 
number  of  pieces  are  reproduced  from  The 
Literary   Wort  l,    The    Scottish    Field,  and    other 

papers. 

Life's  Testament,  SONGS  from  '  Tin-:  II11.1.  of  the 

Seven  ECHOES,'  by  \Y.  B.  Privately  printed 

Twenty  short  pieces  and  some    prose   extracts. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Bouchier    (E.    B.),    SPAIN     UNDER    tiii-:      Roman 

EMPIRE,  .">    net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

The  book  is  divided  into  three  parts,  giving 

in  turn  an  account  of  the  history,  a  description  of 
the  antiquities,  and  an  outline  of  the  literature   of 

Spain  under  the  Roman  Empire. 

Fox  (Arthur  W.),  Michael  Servetus,  Id. 

British  and  Foreign  Unitarian  Association 
A    brief   sketch    of    the    life    and    leaching   of 
the  sixteenth-century  martyr. 
Gibson  (Rowland  R.),  Forces  Mining  and  Undel- 

mining   China,   7,0  net.  Melrose 

A  discussion  of  some  industrial  problems  in 
China  which  have  arisen  mainly  since  tin'  revolu- 
tion of  1911. 

Gomme  (Sir  Laurence),  London,  7/6  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
A  study  of  London,  in  which  the  author 
claims  "  to  have  discovered  the  great  fact  of 
historical  continuity,  conscious  and  effective 
continuity,  underlying  the  main  issues  of  London 
life  throughout  all  its  changes."  The  book  is 
illustrated. 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Nations,  Part 
VIII.,  edited  by  Walter  Hutchinson,  Id.  net. 
Containing  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Leonard  W. 
King's  '  The  Phoenicians  and  the  Carthaginians,' 
an  article  by  him  on  '  The  Phrygians,  the  Lydians, 
and  Other  Nations  of  Asia  Minor,'  and  the 
beginning  of  Dr.  MahalTy's  paper  on  '  The  Greeks.' 

Moncrieff  (A.  R.  Hope),  A  Book  about  Authors, 

Reflections     and      Recollections     of     a     Book- 

wright,  10/  net.  Black 

Includes  the  writer's  reminiscences  of  authors 

during  the  last  fifty  years. 

Philips  (F.  C),  My  Varied  Life,  10/6  net. 

Eveleigh  Nash 
The   writer   has   had    a   varied     career   as   an 
officer  in  the  army,  an   actor,  barrister,  and  jour- 
nalist, and  in  this  volume  gives  his  reminiscences 
of  the  people  with  whom  he  has  come  into  contact. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Bell  (James  Mackintosh),  The  Wilds  of  Maori- 
land,  15/  Macmillan 
The  author  was  for  six  years  Director  lof 
New  Zealand's  Geological  Survey,  and  in  this 
volume  gives  an  account  of  his  travels  in  that 
country,  and  a  description  of  the  scenery  and  of 
the  people.  It  is  illustrated  with  coloured  repro- 
ductions from  sketches  by  Mr.  C.  II.  Eastlake, 
photographs,  and  maps. 

Chambers's  Concise  Gazetteer  of  the  World, 
Pronouncing,  Topographical,  Statistical,  His- 
torical, edited  by  David  Patrick  and  William 
Geddie,  0/  net. 

A  new  edition,  revised  according  to  the  latest 

available  census  and  statistical  figures. 

Handbook  to  Rome  and  its  Environs,  2  1;  net. 

Ward  .v  Lock 

A    guidebook    for    tourists,    illustrated     by 
numerous   reproductions   of    photographs,    maps, 

and   plans. 

London  and  its  Environs,  a  Pictorial   IlND  Dk- 
SCREPnVE  Gl  mi:.    I,    net.  Ward  A;   Lock 

A    revised    edit  ion,    containing   many    maps 
and  plans  and  over  one  bundled  1II11-.1  rat  ions. 

Moore  (Arthur),  Tin:  ORIENT  EXPRESS,  7/fl  net. 

Constable 

A    record   of   the   author's   experiences   in   the 
Bast,   giving  some  account    of   recent    history   and 

politics.     Pari   of   tie-   book   is   reproduced   from 
articles  in  The   /'nuts.   Tin-  Contemporary  Review, 
'I'hr  Edinburgh  Review,  and  other  papers. 
Mothersole  (Jessie),  Tin:    Isles    OF  SOTLLY,  their 
Story,  their  folk,  and  then-  Flowei  i,  -  0  net. 

H.T.S. 
A  cheaper  edition,  containing  coloured  illus- 

I  1.1 1  1.  .11-   by  t  he  aut  hoi-. 

Reyes    (General    Rafael  1,     Tin:    Two    AMEBIC 
translated  from  the  Spanish,  with  Added  Not< 
by  Leopold  Grahams,  I-  '>  net.  Laurie 

An  account   of  tie-  history,  physical    feat  hi .     , 
and    industrial    condition-,   of   the     republics   of   the 

two  Americas, and  a  description  of  the  character- 
of  tie-  peoples.     Tie-  writer's  object  Is  "to 
strengthen  the  friendly  relations  of  all  the  coun* 
in-    on  1  be  American  conl incnl ." 


1 


086 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4516,  May  16,  1914 


Woodroffe  (Joseph  F.)»  The  Upper  Reaches  of 
the  Amazon,  10/0  net.  Methuen 

An  account  of  life  in  the  Amazon  forests  and 
rubber  plantations.     The  book  has  illustrations. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Dunraven  (Earl  of),  Canadian  Nights,, 7 /0  net. 

Smith  &  Elder 
"  Sketches    and    reminiscences    of     life    and 
sport  in  the  Rockies,  the  Prairies,  and   the  Cana- 
dian woods." 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Picht  (Dr.  Werner),  Toynbee  Hall  and  the 
English  Settlement  Movement,  translated 
from  the  German  by  Lilian  A.  Cowell,  3/6  net. 

Bell 
A  revised  edition. 

ECONOMICS. 

Croce  (Benedetto),  Historical  Materialism  and 
the  Economics  of  Karl  Marx,  translated  by 
C.  M.  Meredith,  5/  net.  Howard  Latimer 

A  collection  of  essays  written  on  various 
occasions  "  to  make  clear  by  philosophical 
criticism  the  real  purpose  and  value  of  Marx's 
work."  Mr.  A.  D.  Lindsay  contributes  an  Intro- 
duction. 

Loveday  (A.),  The  History  and  Economics  of 
Indian  Famines,  2/6  net.  Bell 

The  author  sketches  the  history  of  past 
famines  in  India,  considers  the  details  of  relief 
organization  and  of  works  of  protection  against 
droughts,  and  outlines  some  of  the  main  agri- 
cultural and  industrial  changes  during  the  last 
century.  The  book  is  based  on  an  essay  which 
was  awarded  the  Le  Bas  Prize  in  1913. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Latin  Verse  (A  Selection  of),  edited  by  the  In- 
structors in  Latin,  Williams  College,  3/6  net. 

Milford,  for  Yale  University  Press 
An   anthology   of    Latin   poetry,    "  prepared 
to   meet   the  needs   of  the   Freshman    classes   in 
Williams  College." 

Russian  Language,  Manual,  with   Vocabulary 

and  List  of  Phrases,  1  /6  net.       Fisher  Unwin 

Containing  a  grammar,  list  of    phrases,  and 

a  Vocabulary  arranged    alphabetically  according 

to  the  English  words. 

EDUCATION. 

Kerschensteiner  (Dr.  Georg),  The  Schools  and 

the  Nation,  Authorized  Translation  by  C.  K. 

Ogden,  6/  net.  Macmillan 

A    series    of    essays    on    '  The    Problem    of 

National  Education,'  '  The  Reconstitution  of  the 

Trade    Schools    in    Munich,'    '  The    Training    of 

Teachers,'    &c.     Lord    Haldane    has    contributed 

the  Introduction. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Boas  (Mrs.  F.  S.),  Rossetti  and  his  Poetry, 
"  Poetry  and  Life  Series,"  1/  net.  Harrap 

An  appreciation  of  the  poet's  personality  and 
writings. 

Clutton-Brock  (A.),  William  Morris,  his   Work 

and  Influence,  "  Home   University  Library," 

1/net.  Williams  &  Norgate 

A  sketch  of  Morris's  life,  with  an   account  of 

his  writings  and  a  discussion  of  his  influence. 

Hadow  (Grace  E.),  Chaucer  and  his  Times, 
"  Home  University  Library,"  1/  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
An   account  of  Chaucer's    life   and   writings, 
with  a  chapter  on  his  influence  in  English  litera- 
ture. 

Lees  (John),  The  German  Lyric,  4/6  Dent 

A  history  of  the  development  of  the  lyric  in 
Germany.  The  work  has  grown  out  of  lectures 
given  to  the  Graduation  Class  in  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity during  the  last  ten  years. 

Richards  (S.  A.),  Feminist  Writers  of  the 
Seventeenth  Century,  5/  net.  Nutt 

This  treatise,  which  gives  special  prominence 
to  the  writings  and  influence  of  Francois  Poulain 
de  la  Barre,  was  approved  for  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts  in  London  University. 

FICTION. 

Abbott  (Allen),  The  Theorist,  "  New  Novelist 
Library,"  6/  Melrose 

The  "  Theorist "  is  a  mother  who  advo- 
cates "  advanced  "  views  on  love,  but  shrinks 
from  carrying  them  out  in  practice,  and  is  scanda- 
lized when  her  daughter  does  so. 

Adair  (Cecil),  Roding  Rectory,  0/  Stanley  Paul 
A  story  of  country  life,  describing  the  social 
and  religious  prejudices,  gossip  and  scandal  of 
people  distinguished  as  belonging  to  "  church  "  or 
"  chapel." 


Adair  (Cecil),  Under  the  Incense  Trees,  6/ 

Stanley  Paul 
The  heroine,  on  hearing  that  she  will  never 
walk  again,  releases  her  lover,  who  marries  and 
disappears  from  her  life.  Years  later,  she  meets 
and  becomes  much  attached  to  his  daughter,  and 
is  ultimately  reunited  to  him. 

Bailey  (H.  C),  The  Master  of  Gray,  6cZ. 

Constable 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Benson  (Arthur  Christopher),  Along  the  Road, 
3/6  net.  Smith  &  Elder 

A  third  impression. 

Calthrop  (Dion  Clayton),  Breadandbutterflies, 
6/  Mills  &  Boon 

A  collection  of  sketches. 

Davies    (Maria   Thompson),  Rose  of  Old  Har- 

peth,  a  New  England  Village  Story,  6/     R.T.S. 

A   tale   of   a    college   girl    who    forgoes    her 

prospects  to  live  with  some  old  relatives  in  a  quiet 

country  settlement. 

Fletcher  (J.  S.),  The  Furnace  of  Youth,  1/  net. 

Pearson 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Fraser  (Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hugh),  The  Bale-Fire,  6/ 

Hutchinson 
The  consequences  of  a  marriage  between  a 
young  girl  and  an  elderly  widower,  with  but  little 
affection  between  them,  are  the  subject  of  the 
story,  the  "  Bale  -  Fire  "  being  the  temptations 
and  difficulties  which  beset  the  wife. 

Glass;  (Montague),  Potash  and  Perlmutter, 
their  Co-Partnership,  Ventures,  and 
Adventures  ;  Abe  and  Mawruss,  the  Ad- 
ventures of  Potash  and  Perlmutter,  6/ 
each.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

London  has  already  made  the  acquaintance 
of  the  continually  bickering  pair  of  wholesale 
ready-made  tailors  named  "  Abe  "  Potash  and 
"  Mawruss  "  Perlmutter  in  the  play  which  has 
their  surnames  for  its  title.  These  two  books 
consist  of  scarcely  connected  short  stories  dealing 
with  the  ups  and  downs  in  business  of  the  two 
partners. 

Graham  (R.  B.  Cunninghame),  Scottish  Stories, 

1/net.  Duckworth 

These  sketches  of  Scottish  life  have  appeared 

in  various   books   by  Mr.  Cunninghame   Graham, 

and  are  now  published  in  collected  form. 

Graham  (Winifred),  A  Strange  Solution,  1/  net. 

Pearson 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Harris-Burland  (J.  B.),  The  Curse  of  Cloud,  6/ 

Chapman  &  Hall 
The  effect  of  a  curse  pronounced  on  the 
family  of  Cloud  by  monks,  from  whom  their  priory 
had  been  wrested  at  the  Reformation,  is  mingled 
in  this  story  with  an  intricate  mystery  and  the 
"  course  of  true  love." 

Holme  (Constance),  The  Lonely  Plough,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
A  tale,   with    a    Westmorland     setting,  of  a 
land  agent,   his  intercourse  with   the  titled  pro- 
prietor and  the  people  in  the  locality,  and  his  love- 
affairs. 

Home,  6/  Fisher  Unwin 

A  story  illustrating  the  idea  that  wherever  a 
man's  wanderings  may  take  him,  whether  he 
climbs  to  the  heights  or  falls  to  the  depths,  in  the 
end  the  call  of  home  must  be  answered  and  his 
return  welcomed. 

Hume  (Fergus),  The  Lost  Parchment,  0/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
A  story  of  a  murder    mystery  concerning  a 
clergyman  who  discovers  in  an  old  manuscript  an 
incomplete  will. 

Johnston  (Mary),  Lewis  Rand,  1/  net.     Constable 
A  cheap  reprint.  See  notice  in  The  Athenceum, 
Oct.  31,  1908,  p.  537. 

Le  Queux  (William),  The  Hand  of  Allah,  6/ 

Cassell 
Marjorie  Colyer,  an  English  girl,  has  a  terrible 
secret  to  conceal,  and  by  reason  of  this  is  a 
mystery  to  her  friends.  Her  adventures,  which 
are  mostly  in  Egypt,  and  the  manner  in  which 
the  secret  is  revealed,  form  the  substance  of  the 
story. 

Lucas  (St.  John),  Heroines  and  Others,  6/ 

Blackwood 
A  collection  of  short  stories  and  sketches. 

MacDonald  (Frank),  Severed  Strands,  6/ 

White 

After  the  heroine's   brother  has  been  killed 

while  climbing  in  Switzerland  with  her  lover,  a 

rejected  suitor  forces  her  hand  by  threatening  to 

bring  an  action  for  murder  against  his  rival. 


Marshall  (Archibald),  Richard  Baldock,  6d. 

A  cheap  reprint.  Constable 

Mordaunt  (Eleanor),  The  Island,  6/    Heinemann 
A  collection  of  short  stories,  some  of  whicii 
are   reproduced    from   the  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  the 
Bystander,  and  other  papers. 

Mother  (A)  in  Exile,  6/  Everett 

The  heroine  is  an  emotional  Frenchwoman 
whose  temperament  alienates  her  husband,  a 
Scottish  officer  in  India.  The  book  is  written 
in  the  form  of  an  autobiography,  addressed  by 
her  to  her  only  daughter,  whose  love  has  also  been 
estranged. 

Newton  (W.  Douglas),  The  North  Afire,  a  Picture 
of  What  May  Be,  2  /  net  Methuen 

A  presentment  of  what  may  happen  in  the 
North  of  Ireland. 

Parkes  (Kineton),  The  Money  Hunt,  6/ 

Holden  &  Hardingham 

This   story  is   described   in   the   sub-title   as 

"  A  Comedy  of  Country  Houses,"  and  has  for  its 

heroine    a    wealthy    and    attractive    young    lady 

whose  money  is  derived  from  the  Potteries. 

Re-Bartlett  (Lucy),  Transition,  a  Psychological 
Romance,  6/  Longmans 

The  author  presents  people  with  mystical 
powers,  contrasting  "  their  special  views,  special 
feelings,  special  tensity  and  rapidity  of  psycho- 
logical development,"  with  the  "  stolid  resistive- 
ness  of  the  ordinary  type." 

StancliiTe,  An  Astounding  Golf  Match,  6/ 

Methuen 
Two  friends,  unable  to  decide  by  ordinary 
means  which  is  the  better  golfer,  agree  to  play 
a  match  of  nine  holes  across  country,  each  hole 
to  be  on  a  different  course.  This  naturally  in- 
volves them  in  a  series  of  adventures,  and  the 
author  has  provided,  in  addition,  a  love-interest. 

Ten  Famous  Mystery  Stories,  told  in  Brief,  1/  net. 

Pearson 
Abbreviations  of  well-known   stories  such  as 
'  The   Woman  in   White,'    '  The    Murders   in   the 
Rue  Morgue,'  and  '  The  Corsican  Brothers.' 

Vauriard  (G.  de),  The  Lily  and  the  Rose,  6/ 

Alston  Rivers 
A  romance  of  the  child  of  an  unhappy 
marriage.  The  heroine,  after  the  death  of  her 
aunt  with  whom  she  had  been  living  from  child- 
hood, returns  to  her  mother-— an  adventuress. 
The  varying  fortunes  of  the  girl  during  her 
connexion  with  the  unscrupulous  partners  of  her 
mother  are   portrayed. 

JUVENILE. 

Waggaman  (Mary  T.),  The  Ups  and  Downs  of 

Marjorie,  1  /6  New  Yrork,  Benziger  Bros. 

The  story  of  a  little  girl  who  is  taken  out  of 

an  asylum  for  orphans  to  wait  on  two  maiden 

ladies. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Alchemical  Society  Journal,  April,  2/  net.  Lewis 
Containing  a  paper  entitled  '  Some  Reflections 
on  "  Basil  Valentine,"  '  by  Mr.  P.  Sinclair  Wellby, 
with  an  abstract  of  the  discussion  which  followed 
it,  and  reviews. 

Author  (The),  6d.  Society  of  Authors 

Containing  notices  regarding  the  activities 
of  the  Society,  '  U.S.A.  Copyright  Law  Amend- 
ment,' '  Paris  Notes  '  by  Miss  Alys  Hallard,  &c. 

International  Journal  of  Ethics,  April,  2  /6  net. 

Allen 
Some  of  the  features  in  this  number  are 
'  Ethics  as  a  Science/  by  Mr.  Charles  W.  Super  ; 
'  Intuition,'  by  Mr.  A.  Barratt  Brown  ;  and 
'  Idealism  and  the  Conception  of  Law  in  Morals,' 
by  Mr.  N.  C.  Mukerji. 

Journal  of  Genetics,  April,  10/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
The  contents  include  a  '  General  Account  of 
Hybrid  Bistoninse,'  by  Mr.  J.  W.  H.  Harrison 
and  Dr.  L.  Doncaster,  and  '  On  the  Relative 
Lengths  of  the  First  and  Second  Toes  of  the 
Human  Foot,  from  the  Point  of  View  of  Occur- 
rence, Anatomy,  and  Heredity,'  by  Miss  Onera 
A.  M.  Hawkes. 

New  Numbers,  Vol.  I.  No.  2,  2/6 

Ryton,  Dymock,  Gloucester 
The  contributors  to  the  second  number  of 
'this  periodical  are  again  Mr.  Lascelles  Abei- 
crombie,  Mr.  John  Drinkwater,  Mr.  Rupert  Brooke, 
and  Mr.  Wilfrid  Wilson  Gibson.  The  first-named 
has  a  play  in  two  acts  entitled  '  The  End  of  the 
World.' 

Seeker  (The),  May,  6d.  Watkins 

Includes  '  The  Pursuit  of  Truth,'  by  the  late 
Rev.  G.  W.  Aden,  and  '  Mystical  Experience,'  by 
Mr.  W.  L.  Wilmshurst. 


No.  451(5,  May  16,  1914 


THE     A  TH  E N  M U  M 


087 


GENERAL. 

Art  and  Craft  of  Letters  (The)  :   Comedy,  by  John 

Palmer  ;   S  LURE,  by  Gilbert  Caiman  ;   History, 

1>>-  R.  H.  Qretton  ;  and  The  Epic,  by  Lascellee 

Abercromhie,  1/  net  each.  Martin  Seeker 

These   are   the  first  volumes   in  a   new  series. 

It   will    contain  essays    liy  modern  writers  treating 

of    the    purposes    of   the    art   of   letters    and    the 

functions  of  their  craft. 

Carr  (Madame  M.  A.  Carlisle),  Keep  BREATHING  : 

Eow  to  Do  It,  and  Why,  _'    ne  .  stock 

A    textbook    on    breathing     in    singing    and 

Bpe  sch,    set    out    in    the    form    of    question    and 

answer. 

Chance  Medley  (A),  being  a  Selection  from  'Silk 
and  Stuff,'  by  "  Junior  Devil,"  2/6  net. 

Constable 
A  new  issue. 

Fragments  of  Old  Letters,  E.  D.  to  E.  D.  W .,  1869- 
1S02.  4,6  Dent 

Extracts  from  letters  by  the  late  Prof. 
Dow  Jen  to  a  pupil. 

Hurst  (J.  W.),  A  Year  in  Chickendom,  2/6  net. 

FifielJ 

Notes   from   a   diary,   recording   the   writer's 

manner    of    life    ami    work    in    rearing    poultry. 

Some  portions  of  the  book  are  reproJuceJ  from 

The  Field  anJ  Fann  Life. 

Nettlefold  (J.  S.),  Garden'   Cities   and    Canals, 
1/  net.  St.  Catherine  Press 

The  author  discusses  the  feasibility  of  crea- 
ting more  Garden  Cities,  and  advocates  inland 
waterways  as  the  best  and  cheapest  means  of 
transit  for  British  trade. 

Nettlefold   (J.  S.),  Practical  Town  Planning  : 
a  Land  and  Housing  Policy,  2/  net. 

St.  Catherine  Press 

A  practical  handbook  on  the  preparation  of 

a  town-planning  scheme.     The   purely   technical 

matter    has    been    put    into    appendixes,    which 

comprise  nearly  half  the  book. 

Pelham  (Rev.  H.  S.),  The  Training  of  a  Working 
Boy,  3,6  net.  Macmillan 

A  book  on  the  character  and  upbringing  of 
the  working  boy,  appealing  for  the  personal 
service  of  public-school  men  in  boys'  clubs  and 
summer  camps.  There  are  illustrations  from 
photographs,  and  a  Foreword  by  the  Bishop  of 
Birmingham. 

Pocket  Asqulth  (The),  compiled   by  E.  E.  Morton, 
paper  1/  net,  cloth  2/  net.  Milts  &  Boon 

A  collection  of  extracts  from  speeches  by 
Mr.  Asquith. 

Romanis    (Jules),    The    Death    of   a    Nobody, 

translated  by  Desmond  MacCarthy  and  Sydney 

Waterlow,  1  6  net.  Howard  Latimer 

A    study    of    group    consciousness    and    the 

composite  effect  of  individual  sensory  perceptions. 

Street  (G.  S.),  The  Ghosts  of  Piccadilly,  1/  net. 

Constable 
A  cheap  reprint.     See  notice  in    The  Athe- 
naum,  Nov.  2:;.  L»07,  p.  618. 

Vontade    Jacque),  The  English  Soul,  translated 
by  II.  T.  Porter,  6,  net.  Heinemann 

A  study  of  the  salient  features  of  the  English 
character. 

Wilcox  (Ella  Wheeler),  Cameos,  1/  net. 

Gay  k,  Hancock 
Slight  sketches,  mainly  allegorical,  relating 
to  "  the  Garden  of  Forgotten  Things,"  "  the 
girl  with  a  dream  in  her  eyes,"  "  the  woman  with 
the  soul  of  a  rose,"  and  various  dim  sorrows  and 
|oys, 

PAMPHLETS. 

Cook    (Lady),    formerly  Tennessee  Claflin,  A  DIS- 
COURSE ON  THE  TRUE  MEANING  OP  THE  BD3LB, 

Id.  St.  Clement's  Press 

A  lecture  delivered  by  Lady  Cook  at  the 
Institute  of  Science,  Art,  and  Literature,  Leeds, 
in  October,  L912. 

Cook  (Lady,  The  Need  of  REVISING  MORALS  and 
Laws,  Id,  [layman  Ac  Christy 

A  lecture  delivered  by  Lady  Cook  at  the 
Royal  Albert  Sail  in  May,  1910. 

Galsworthy  'John),  Treatment  or  ACTUALS,  2d. 

Animals'  Friend  Boc. 
A  speech  delivered  al  the  Kensington  Town 
Hall  last  December  at  a  meeting  to  protesl  againsl 
to  performing  animn I-. 

McDonnell     'Rev.    Joseph),    Scenes     prom    the 

Passion,  Id.  lin,    Irish  M nger 

A  fourth  edition. 


Sanday  (W.),  The  LlFB-WoBS  OF  SAMUEL  EiOLLES 
Driver,  Od.  net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

A  sermon  preached  in  Chris!  Church  Cathedra] 
last  March, 

SCIENCE. 

Clodd  fEdward',  The  Childhood  of  the  World, 
b  Simple  Account  of  .Man's  Origin  and  Early 
History,  I  i>  net.  Macmillan 

A  new  edition,  rewritten  and  enlarge  I. 

Cole  (Grenville  A.  J.),  The  Growth  of  Europe, 
"  Home  University  Library,"  1     net. 

Williams  A  Norgate 
An  account  of  the  development  of  the  surface 
features  of  Europe,  showing  how  its  physical 
structure  influences  present-day  life.  The  book 
is  illustrated  by  diagrams  and  maps,  and  there 
are  a  Bibliography,  Glossary,  and  Index. 

Crawfurd  (Raymond),  Plague  and  Pestilence 
in  Literature  and  Art,  12/6  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

A    discussion    of     the    literary    and    artistic 

associations   of    pestilence.     It   is    based    on    the 

Fit  /.Patrick    Lectures   which  the  author  delivered 

before  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  1912. 

Galton  (Francis),  Hereditary  Genius,  an  In- 
quiry into  its  Laws  and  Consequences,  5/  net. 

Macmillan 
A  reprint. 

Geddes  (Prof.  Patrick)  and  Thomson  (Prof.  J. 
Arthur),  Sex,  "  Home  University  Library," 
1/  net.  Williams  &  Norgate 

After  examining  the  objections  to  populariz- 
ing the  study  of  the  subject  and  tracing  the  evo- 
lution of  sex  characters,  the  authors  discuss  the 
'  Pros  and  Cons  of  Sex-Education,'  '  Sex  in 
Society,'  and  '  Sex  in  Evolution.' 

Elderton    (W.   Palin)   and    Fippard    (Richard   C), 
The   Construction  of  Mortality  and  Sick- 
ness Tables,  a  Primer,  2/6  net.  Black 
A    textbook    for    young    actuarial    students, 
describing  in  non-technical  terms  the  most  recent 
methods    of    constructing  mortality  and    similar 
tables. 

Horner  (Joseph  G.),  Practical  Iron  Founding, 

5/ net.  Whittaker 

A  fourth  edition,  revised  and  much  enlarged. 

Orr  (M.  A.),     Mrs.  John    Evershed,  Dante    and 

the  Early  Astronomers,  15/  net. 

Gall  <fc  Inglis 
The  writer  discusses  Dante's  astronomical 
allusions  and  the  views  regarding  them  of  his 
comment  a  tors,  and  traces  the  evolution  of  medi- 
aeval ideas  of  the  universe  from  the  specula- 
tions of  primitive  man. 

Tompkins  (Engineer-Capt.  A.  E.),  Marine  Engi" 
neering,  a  Textbook,  15/  net.  Macmillan 

A  fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

Wright  (W.  B.),  The  Quaternary  Ice  Age,  17/ 
net.  Macmillan 

A  study  of  glacial  geology,  illustrated    with 
diagrams,  maps,  and  photographs. 

FINE  ARTS. 

Bushnell  (A.J.  de  Havilland),  Storied  Windows, 
a  Traveller's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Old  Church  Glass,  from  the  Twelfth  Century  to 
the  Renaissance,  especially  in  France,  15/  net. 

Blackwood 
The  author  gives  an  account  of  the  early 
history  of  glass-making,  and  describes  old  church 
windows  which  he  himself  has  inspected.  The 
book  is  especially  designed  for  the  tourist  who 
wishes  to  know  something  of  the  subject  before 
he  starts  on  his  travels.  There  are  numerous 
illustrations. 

Glasgow  Art  Gallery  and  Museum,  Kelvingrove  : 
Loan  Exhibition  of  Etchings  and  Engrav- 
ings by  the  Great  Masters,  Id.  Glasgow 
Containing    the    speech    delivered    by    Prof. 

J.  S.  Phillimore  at  the  opening  of  the  exhibition 

last  April,  a  list  of  lenders,  and  a  catalogue. 

Laut    (Agnes    C),    Through     the     Unknown 

South-west,  7/6  net.  (.rant  Richards 

A   description  of  archaeological    remains  of 

the  stone  Age  in  Western  America.     The  book 

is  illustrated   by  photographs. 

Leslie  (George  Dunlop),  The  Inner  Life  of  the 
ROYAL  ACADEMY,  with  an  Account  of  its 
Schools  and  Exhibitions,  principally  in  the 
Reign  of  Queen  Victoria)  1't  <i  net. 

John  Murray 
An  account  of  the  history  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  containing  reminiscences  of  many  <>r 
its  famous  members.  The  author  has  made  use 
of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Lcademy  and 
books  of  reference  in  its  library,  but  the  greater 
part  of  bis  narrative  is  derived  from  his  lather's 
writings  and  his  personal  knowledge.  There  an 
illusl  rat  ions. 


Loew  (E.  A.),  The  Benrventan  Script,  a  Bistory 

of  the  South  Italian  .Minuscule,  21/ 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Tress 

The  author  gives  a  history  of  the  Bcneventan 

or    South     Italian     minuscule,     and     deals     with 

various   problems  which   it    presents.     The   text 

is  illustrated  by  facsimiles. 

Palllser    (Mrs.    Bury),  The    China     Collector's 
Pocket  Companion,  2  i>  net.        Sampson  Low 
A    cheaper   edition   of    this    little  manual  of 
marks  and  monograms  on  china. 

Paris  Salon,  ILLUSTRATED  Catalogue,  1914,  3/ 

Chatto  <V  Windus 
Reproductions    of    paintings    and    sculpture 

exhibited  at  the  Paris  Salon  this  year. 

Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  Review  of  THE 
Principal  Acquisitions,  imy,  1/ 

Stationery  Ofii<  e 
This  work  gives  a  description  of  the  chief 
additions  to  the  Museum  by  gift,  bequest,  or 
purchase,  arranged  in  sections  according  to  the 
departments  to  which  they  belong.  Each  section 
is  prefaced  by  a  general  statement,  written  by  the 
officer  in  charge,  and  a  review  of  the  more  im- 
portant loans  is  added. 

MUSIC. 

Adam  (Leon),  Liselotte,  a  Villanelle,  Song  with 
Pianoforte  Accompaniment,  Words  by  W. 
Carpenter,  2/  net.  Augener 

Antclifle  (Herbert),  How  to  Pass  Music  Exami- 
nations, the  Successful  Candidate,  Words  of 
Advice,   1/  net.  Augener 

A    little    book    for    students    and    teachers, 

giving    practical    hints    on    preparing    for    music 

examinations. 

Beringer's  School  of  Easy  Classics:  No.  5137,  Schu- 
mann, 1/  net.  Augener 
Contains  sixteen   easy  pieces  for  the  piano, 

arranged     in     progressive     order,     fingered     and 

revised  by  Mr.  Oscar  Bcringer. 

Bohm  (Carl),  Country  Scenes  for  the  Piano- 
forte :  No.  7.  In  the  Smithy  ;  No.  8,  On 
the  Mountain,  1/6  net  each.  Augener 

Carse  (A.  von  Ahn),  Progressive  Duets  for 
Piano,  Book  II.,  1/6  net.  Augener 

Farjeon  (H.),  Milkmaid's  Song,  for  Piano,  1/6 
net.  Augener 

Farjeon  (H.),  Twilight  Pieces,  2/.  Augener 

Gurlitt  (C),  Summer  Evening,  for  Piano,  1/6  net. 

Augener 

Hughes  (Edwin),  Songs  of  Pierrot,  Voice  and 
Piano,  Words  by  Bliss  Carman,  2/  net. 

Augener 

Mackenzie  (A.  C),  Rustic  Scenes  for  Piano  : 
No.  1,  Rustic  Dance  ;  No.  2,  Forester's 
Song  ;  No.  3,  Curfew  ;  No.  4,  Harvest 
Home,  1/6  net  each.  Augener 

Pachulski  (H.),  Phantastische  Marchen,  Suite 
for  Piano,  Op.  12,  revised,  phrased,  and  fingered 
by  O.  Thinner,  1/6  net.  Augener 

Rees  (Leonard),  Stories  of  the  Operas  and  the 

Singers,  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden,  Season 

1914,  (id.  net.  John  Long 

Containing    synopses    of    the    plots    of    the 

operas,  and  short  biographies  of  the  chief  artists. 

It  is  illustrated  by  portraits. 

Rummel  (Walter  Morse),  Ten  Songs  for  Chil- 
dren, Young  and  Old,  3/  net.  Augener 
French  and  English  words  are  given   in  these 

songs. 

Schafer  (Christian),  Melodious  Arpeggio  Studdhs 
within  the  Compass  of  an  Octave.  Op.  89, 
2/  net.  Augener 

Sieber  (Ferdinand),  Vocalises  and  Solfeggios 
for  Soprano  or  Tenor,  newly  edited  by  Edgar 
T.  Evetts,  1,  net.  Augener 

Somervell  (Arthur),  CoNCERTSTUCK  BOB  VIOLIN 
and  Orchestra,  4/  net.  Augener 

Zilcher  (Paul),  Op.  119,  In  Autumn,  Melodious 
Pieces  for  Piano,  2/  net.  Augener 

DRAMA. 

Flsk  (May  Isabel),  Monologues  wo  Duologues, 
2  6  net.  French 

Nme  dramatic  sketches,  preceded  by  an 
essay  on  '  The  Art  of  Giving  a  Monologue.' 

Moorman    (F.    W.),   Tin:    May    Kino,    a    Play    in 

Three  Ads,  :;  t;  net.  Constable 

\  play  dealing  with  early  British  Christians 

at    a     time"    when     they     had     not     wholly     broken 

away  from  t  heir  old  customs. 

Nettleton  (George  Henry),  English  DRAMA  OF 
•mi.  Ri    roRATiow  wo  Eighteenth   CrntUry 

(  1642     1780),   >'•  0   net.  .Macmillan 

A  bistorj  of  the  developmeni  of  English 
drama  during  the  tune  specified,  with  biblio- 
graphical in  'lis  and  an  I  ndex. 


688 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4516,  May  16,  1914 


FOREIGN. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Wagner  (Jean),  La  Religion  de  l'Ideal  Moral, 

Etude  sur  les  Socie'tes  de   Culture  Morale   en 

Angleterre.  Lausanne,  Th.  Sack 

The  author  first  traces  the  development  of 

ethical  societies  in  England,  and  then  discusses 

their  doctrines. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Cornet  (Capitaine),  A  la  Conquete  du  Maroc 

SUD  AVEC   LA   COLONNE   MANGIN. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

A   diary  written  by  the  author  during  the 

campaign  of  1^12—13,  with  a  Preface  by  General 

Charles   Mangin.     There   are  illustrations   and  a 

map. 

Lambeau  (M.  Lucien),  Grenelle,  Histoire  des 
Communes  annexees  a  Paris  en  1859. 

Paris,  Leroux 
This    monograph    is    published    under    the 
auspices  of  the  Conseil  General.     It  has  illustra- 
tions from  photographs,  facsimiles  of  old  prints, 
and  two  coloured  maps. 

Reynaud  (L.),  Histoire  Generale  de  l'Influ- 
ence  Francaise  en  Allemagne,  12fr. 

Paris,  Hachette 
An  essay  on  the  influence  and  achievements 
of  French  culture  in  Germany  from  the  earliest 
times. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Fonolexika  Langenscheidt,  Dictionnaire  t>e 
Pociie,  Anglais-Franoais,  par  Henry  Saber- 
sky,  Ifr.  50.  Berlin,  Schoneberg 
An     English-French     dictionary     containing 

over  five  hundred  pages.     The  pronunciation  is 

indicated  according  to  the  phonetic  system  of  the 

Toussaint-Langenscheidt  method. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Loth  (J.),  Les  Mabinogion  du  Livre  Rouge  de 
Hergest,  avec  les  Variantes  du  Livre 
Blanc  de  Rhydderch,  2  vols. 

Paris,  Fontemoing 
This  translation  from  the  Welsh,  which  was 
published  under  a  somewhat  different  title  in 
1889,  has  been  entirely  revised  by  an  examination 
of  the  variant  readings  of  '  The  White  Book,' 
corrected  and  enlarged.  There  are  critical  notes, 
a  long  Introduction,  Appendix,  and  Indexes. 

FICTION. 

Lhande   (Pierre),   Mikentchu. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
A  romance  of  the  Basque  country. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Art  in  Europe,  May,  lOd. 

Paris,  Imprimerie-Librairie  de  l'Art 
Including     a     paper     entitled     '  Who     shall 
Defend  the  Buyer  ';  '  and  notes  on  recent  sales, 
exhibitions,  publications,  &c. 

Revue  Historique,  Mai-Juin,  6fr.  Paris,  Alcan 
Some  of  the  items  in  the  present  number  are 
'  Les  Lettres  de  Cachet  en  Provence  dans  les 
Dernieres  Annees  de  1' Ancien  Regime,'  by  M.  Paul 
Gaffarel  ;  '  La  Renaissance  de  1' Histoire  Ancienne 
en  France  au  Milieu  du  XIXe  Siecle,'  by  M.  Louis 
Halphen  ;  and  '  La  Suzerainete  du  Pape  sur 
Rome  au  XIII0  et  XIVe  Siecles,'  by  M.  Alain  de 
Boiiard. 

Science  et  la  Vie,  Mai,  lfr. 

Paris,  13,  Rue  d'Enghien 
Including  papers  on  '  La  Cite   Moderne,'  by 
M.    Edouard    Herriot,    and    '  Les    Quadrupedes 
Volants,'  by  M.  Edmond  Perrier. 

GENERAL. 

La  Fontaine,  Fables  et  Epitres,  KM.         Nelson 
A    volume   in   the    "  Edition    Lutetia."     M. 
Emile  Faguet  has  WTitten  an  Introduction. 

Mosse  (Fernand),  La  Laxdozla  Saga,  Legende 
Historique  Islandaise,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Alcan 

A  translation  from  the  Old  Norse,  with  an 
Introduction  and  notes. 

PAMPHLET. 

Loewenthal  (Dr.  Eduard),  System  des  Natural- 
istischen  Transsoendentalismus,  oder  Die 
menschliche  Unsterblichkeit  in  NATURAL- 

I8TISCHER  BELEUCHTUNG  UND  BEGRUNDUNG. 

Berlin,  Dreyer 
A  fourth  and  newly  revised   edition  of  this 
brief  pamphlet. 


FINE    ART. 

Clapp    (Frederick    Mortimer),    Les    Dessins    de 
Pontormo,  15fr.  Paris,  Champion 

This  '  Catalogue  Raisonne  des  Dessins 
attribues  k  Pontormo  '  is  preceded  by  a  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  the  artist  and  a  critical  study 
of  his  work.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  eight 
plates. 

Derudder    (Gustave),    Le    Peintre     Pierre    de 
Coninck  et  ses  Amis,  1828-1910,  7fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 
A  biography  of  the  painter  and  an  apprecia- 
tion of  his  work.      The   book  is  illustrated  with 
reproductions  of  his  pictures. 


MR.   BALFOUR   ON  ARGUMENTATIVE 
POETRY. 

On  Friday  week  last  Mr.  Balfour  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  English  Association  delivered  a 
striking  address,  the  subject  of  which  was 
suggested  by  Verrall's  recently  published 
lectures  on  Dry  den.  He  asked  why  Dryden, 
a  master  of  prose,  chose  verse  as  a  vehicle 
for  a  controversial  pamphlet,  '  The  Hind  and 
the  Panther.'  Why,  indeed,  does  anybody 
use  poetry,  a  form  clearly  much  more  diffi- 
cult than  prose  ?  The  answer  was  that 
poetry  gives  us  an  unaccountable  pleasure 
which  we  get  from  melody.  Further,  there 
is  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  a  difficult  thing 
admirably  done  ;  and  thirdly,  poetry  justi- 
fies, and  even  encourages,  the  use  of  orna- 
ment and  decoration,  an  enrichment  which 
would  be  superfluous  and  injurious  in  prose. 

Drvden's  fine  passages  in  the  poem  above 
referred  to  seem  to  arise  out  of  the  poem 
naturally,  like  those  of  Lucretius.  With 
Pope  it  was  otherwise  ;  in  '  The  Essay  on 
Man  '  his  purple  passages  come  in  rather 
artificially  ;  he  seems  to  be  more  interested 
in  the  pearls  which  are  strung  upon  the  thread 
than  in  the  thread  itself.  What  Pope  cared 
about  was  not  the  thing  which  had  to  be 
illustrated,  but  the  illustration  which  applied 
to  the  thing.  Another  attribute  of  poetry 
relevant  to  arguing  in  verse  was  its  intensity, 
the  ]3ower  of  compression  which  it  possesses 
in  a  degree  far  exceeding  prose  in  its  most 
ordinary  and  most  approjoriate  use.  This 
intensity  was  not  generally  realized,  though 
widely  spread  through  literature,  and  widely 
SDught  by  men  of  letters.  Mere  dilution 
altered  quality.  The  simplest  method  of 
reaching  this  intensity  was  telegraphic  con- 
centration, possible  in  poetry  in  a  manner 
which  would  be  intolerable  in  prose.  Poets 
have  used  and  abused  it.  '  The  Essay  on 
Man  '  has  obscure  passages,  because  Pope 
left  out  too  much.  Browning  was  even  a 
greater  sinner  in  this  respect.  But  for  argu- 
ment in  verse  this  power  of  compression  was 
an  asset  to  poets.  No  prose  writer  would 
dare  to  use  it.  He  has  to  explain  his  argu- 
ment to  a  point  which  is  immediately  intelli- 
gible to  any  ordinarily  instructed  reader,  and 
to  that  extent  the  poet  has  an  advantage 
over  him. 

Prose  has  other  methods  for  gaining  this 
intensity,  such  as  paradox,  in  which  a  whole 
argument  can  be  forcibly  compressed  until 
it  seems  to  have,  and  often  has,  a  significance 
which  it  would  not  have  if  it  was  expanded 
at  full  length.  Mr.  Chesterton's  use — and, 
perhaps,  occasional  abuse — of  paradox  was 
most  instructive  in  this  light.  Pope's  use  of 
epigram,  current  wherever  English  is  spoken, 
was  similar. 

Yet  concentration  was  not  the  essence  of 
all  good  style,  as  Richardson  showed,  who 
seemed  deliberately  never  to  concentrate  on 
anything.  Jane  Austen,  too,  who  never 
indulged  in  paradox,  and  was  deliberately 
sparing  in  epigram,  had  a  style  which  did 
produce  this  concentration.  She  worked  by 
means  of  innumerable  small  touches,  but 
each  touch  was  concentrated.     What  can  be 


done  in  prose  by  these  expedients  is  also 
done,  and  to  a  greater  extent,  in  poetry. 
The  last  four  lines  of  Keats's  sonnet  on 
Chapman's  Homer  were  examined,  and  it 
was  pointed  out  that  poets  had  different 
ways  of  achieving  this  emotional  tension 
at  different  periods,  but  none  of  the  ways 
was  to  be  despised  ;  all  were  to  be  enjoyed. 

Dryden's  poem  was  remembered  and 
praised  by  men  who  neglected  his  learned 
antagonists.  '  The  Essay  on  Man,'  in  spite 
of  all  that  has  been  said  against  it  as  a 
poor  rehash  of  Bolingbroke,  who  in  his  turn 
was  a  poor  rehash  of  Leibnitz,  is  also  still 
read  with  pleasure  ;  its  couplets  adorn  our 
perorations ;  Dugald  .Stewart,  no  mean 
philosopher,  praised  it  ;  and  it  was,  on 
Mark  Pattison's  authority,  the  favourite 
poem  of  Kant. 

The  conclusion  was  that  the  man  who 
argues  in  prose  is  forgotten,  while  the  man 
who  argues  in  verse  is  remembered.  No- 
thing grows  old  more  quickly  than  con- 
troversy. These  old  controversies  put  in  a 
poem  were  really  mummies,  and  the  poem 
was  the  aromatic  spice  which  preserved  them 
from  decay.  The  poem  did  not  keep  the 
arguments  alive.  The  poem  kept  itself 
alive,  and  the  arguments  had  to  go  with  it, 
like  the  fly  in  amber.  It  was  the  medium 
in  which  the  arguments  of  Pope  and  Dryden 
were  conveyed  that  kept  them  alive.  There- 
fore, on  the  whole,  Mr.  Balfour  suggested 
that  any  one  who  had  an  argument  to  pre- 
sent to  the  public  should  present  it  in  prose 
rather  than  in  verse. 

Mr.  Balfour's  address,  the  many  little 
points  of  which  it  is  impossible  to  give  in  a 
summary,  is  particularly  pertinent  to-day, 
when  a  mere  long  run  of  words  seems  to  be 
regarded  by  many  speakers  and  writers  as 
adding  force  and  thought  to  an  argument. 
He  spoke  of  Richardson's  case  as  rare,  and 
it  is  not  one,  we  think,  that  in  the  interests 
of  art  deserves  to  be  widely  followed.  The 
natural  limits  of  the  line  in  poetry  are  an 
obvious  aid  to  concentration — a  fact  which 
is  emphasized  when  we  consider  with 
Hazlitt  the  exuberant  prose  style  of  some 
great  poets.  The  master  of  style,  as  Schiller 
said,  is  known  by  what  he  wisely  omits ; 
and  we  recall  Stevenson's  dictum  that  "  a 
man  who  knew  how  to  omit  could  make 
an  Iliad  of  a  daily  paper."  Writing  is 
an  art,  and  some  people  who  have  no 
talent  for  it  should  not  be  encouraged  to 
pursue  it  in  any  form. 

In  the  evening,  at  the  dinner  of  the 
Association,  the  American  Ambassador  sug- 
gested that  a  young  man  who  wanted  to 
write  should  pen  a  narrative  of  his  own 
life  or  any  other  subject  at  the  rate  of  a 
thousand  words  a  day.  Mr.  Balfour  in 
responding  said  that  English  was  abomin- 
ably difficult.  We  have  certainly,  to  use 
his  word,  a  "  plethora,  "  of  writing  to-day, 
and  it  seems  to  us  that  before  any  young 
man  sits  down  to  write,  he  should  know,  or 
seek  to  know,  something  about  grammar 
and  composition,  and  have  before  him,  as 
Stevenson  had,  some  real  standard  of 
writing  for  comparison  and  emulation.  The 
amount  of  sloppy,  formless,  and  unintelligible 
English  has  increased  of  late  years,  and 
ought  to  be  diminished. 


BOOK-TRADE    REFORM. 

4,  Eardley  Road,  Streatham,  May  8,  1914. 

I  have  read  with  much  pleasure  the  two 
articles  on  the  Bookselling  Trade,  and  feel 
sure  that  all  its  members  will  express  their 
great  satisfaction  and  thanks  to  you  for 
having  brought  the  subject  up. 

You  mention  that  Mr.  Shaylor  years  ago 
instituted   and   conducted   the   examination 


No.  4510,  May  16,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


689 


for  booksellers'  assistants;  this  was  done 
by  biro  alone,  a  very  big  undertaking  for 
which  thanks  should  have  been  cordially 
given.     The  two  successful  candidates  were 

.Mr.  Ernest  Cooper  and  Mr.  Philip  .Moore, 
juul    I    have    pleasure    in    informing    you 

that    they  were   both   taught    their   business 

in  the  book  department  of  the  Army  and 

\  ivy    Stores.     These    then    young    fellows 

une  most  efficient  after  going  "  through 

the  mill."      They  had  the  very  essentials  that 

have   led    them    into   positions  which  reflect 

i'  credit  on  them.    If  1  may  be  allowed  to 

i   especially  applies  to  the  winner  of 

'the  first  prize,  to  whom  you  allude. 

The  book  trade  is  suffering  from  many  so- 
called  evils  that  could  be  remedied  by  a 
round-table  conference.  This  I  have  tried  to 
bring  about,  but  have  been  told  by  a  member 
of  a  publishing  firm  that  "  I  'm  up  against 
a  brick  wall."  Publishers  are  feeling  the 
pinch,  and  know  quite  as  well  as  the  book- 
Beller  that  something  should  be  done,  and 
there  the  matter  ends.  What  is  wanted 
seems  quite  easy — for  some  leading  spirit 
to  take  the  initiative  and  bring  the  much- 
desired  meeting  of  authors,  publishers,  and 
booksellers  to  a  conference.  The  publishers 
"  What  are  you  going  to  talk  about 
if  there  is  a  meeting?"'  Let  a  meeting  be 
called  by  the  three  presidents  or  their 
secretaries,  let  them  get  in  touch  with  each 
other;  something  useful  and  no  doubt  bene- 
ficial to  all  concerned  would  arise. 

There  never  will  be  unity  among  publishers 
and  booksellers,  because  the  publishers  do 
not  know  the  booksellers,  and  if  they  could 
only  meet  occasionally,  perhaps  a  better 
feeling  might  exist.  S.  Ctjndy. 


ANOTHER  DEBT  OF  JOHX 
SHAKESPEARE. 

Greystones,  Weston-super-Mare,  May  11,  1911. 

The  suggestions  of  your  correspondent 
last  week  in  reference  to  the  term  "  whit- 
tawer  "  seem  rather  unnecessary. 

The  word  is  given  in  HalliweH"s  '  Dic- 
tionary of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words  ' 
as  meaning  "  collar-maker,"'  and  anciently 
as  "  one  who  dressed  white  leather."  This 
agrees  with  the  '  X.E.D.' :  see  'Tawer.' 
Halliwell  says  the  word  is  Northern,  but  it 
is  found  as  a  description  in  numerous  Bristol 
wills  and  other  documents  of  the  fourteenth, 
fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries,  with,  no 
doubt,  the  same  meaning. 

It  occurs  as  a  surname  in  Bristol  in  the 
i'  urteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 

T.  W.  Williams. 


i '  AULY-WISSOWAS     ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 

The  issue  of  Vol.  VIII.  of  this  great  work 
re-edited  by  Profs.  Wissowa  and  Kroll 
(Stuttgart,  Mezlar),  shows  that  it  is  pro- 
gressing rapidly,  and  from  this  time  onward 
will  do  so  even  more,  as  a  separate  company 
of  editors  are  taking  up  the  later  letters  of  the 
alphabet.  But  what  we  have  is  sufficient  to 
make  it  quite  indispensable  to  every  classical 
scholar.  Its  interests  are,  of  course,  much 
wider.  Any  intelligent  person  who  wants  to 
1'  irn  all  about  the  history  of  BUCh  animals  as 
the  dog,  the  horse,  and  the   domi  .wis 

will  find  mines  of  information.  In  the 
present  volume  the  articles  on  '  Bund  '  and 
'  Huhn  '    are    excellent    specimens,    and    will 

satisfy  the  wildest  curiosity.  To  the  classical 
scholar  this  volume,  which  is  filled  by  the 
letter  H,  has  peculiar  attractions  in  compris- 
ing Horner,  Hesiod,  Herondas,  Horace  ;  to 
the  historian,  Rieronymus  (both  him  of 
i  rdia  and  the  saint)".  Perhaps  the  most 
ample    archaeological    essays    are    those    on 


'Ifpus  and  'Kraipai  (roughly,  priests  and 
prostitutes),  in  which  there  are  even  long 
catalogues     of     the      priests      of       Ptolemaic 

Egypt,   many    of    whom    were    eponymotta 

(marking  the  year).  The  catalogue  of  the 
names  of  the  loose  ladies  will  possibly  attract 

more  readers.  Tho  outcome  is  that  of  the 
.".on  cited,  all  but  10  per  cent  have  the 
ordinary  names  of  respectable  women.  The 
list  is,  of  course,  incomplete.  There  is  no 
mention.  e.</.,  of  the  young  ladies  educated 
by  Sappho,  whom  Prof,  von  Wilamowitz 
has  so  rigorously  rehabilitated  that  no  Ger- 
man philologist  dare  utter  a  whisper  against 
her.  Yet  the  lady  who  was  going  from 
Lesbos  to  shine  as  the  moon  among  the  lesser 
lights  might  possibly  have  deserved  a  place. 
We  seem  to  find  her  counterpart  a  century 
later  in  the  lady  who  came  to  Plataea  under 
the  protection  of  a  Persian  grandee  killed 
there.  She  throws  herself  at  the  feet  of 
Pausanias,  but  he,  having  no  leisure  for  such 
company,  hands  her  over  to  the  Ephors 
present.  She  says  she  is  daughter  of  a 
respectable  citizen  at  Kos,  about  which  the 
king  seems  a  little  sceptical.  And  when  the 
old  gentlemen  ask  her  where  she  will  go, 
she  takes  care  to  choose  not  Kos,  but^gina, 
then  the  home  of  much  commerce  and  luxury. 
The  fact  that  she  suppresses  her  name 
excludes  her  from  the  present  catalogue,  but 
is  suggestive  of  her  real  antecedents.  So 
even  after  the  exhaustive  article  before  us 
some  room  for  additions  seems  to  exist. 

Turning  to  the  Homer,  we  notice  with 
regret  that  Mr.  Leafs  important  book  came 
too  late  for  it,  unless  it  be  that  it  rather 
belongs  to  the  article  '  Troja,'  which  is  not 
yet  published.  But  on  the  actual  poems, 
especially  regarding  dialect  and  metre,  we 
have  a  fidl  and  reasonable  essay  giving  us  all 
the  newest  discussions.  The  long-standing 
problem  of  the  apparent  mixture  of  ^Eolic  and 
Ionic  dialects  is  rehandled  with  great  acute- 
ness.  The  bold  theory  of  August  Fick — - 
that  the  earlier  ^Eohc  version  was  trans- 
formed into  Ionic,  leaving  many  of  the  older 
forms,  where  the  metre  refused  the  change — 
is  controverted  in  detail,  but  shown  to  be 
substantially  sound.  The  yEolic  forms  are  the 
older,  and  have  evidently  been  displaced  in 
myriad  cases  for  the  Ionic  speech,  which 
invaded  even  Smyrna,  an  old  iEolic  home. 
But  the  author  (Prof.  Witte)  thinks  that  the 
so-called  epic  dialect  was  really  dominated 
by  the  metre.  As  soon  as  that  was  fixed  as 
the  correct  form,  all  sorts  of  changes,  even 
illogical,  were  allowed  to  meet  its  require- 
ments, and  the  later  contributors  to  the 
'  Iliad  '  probably  composed  in  this  deliber- 
ately artificial  speech. 

We  dare  not  allow  ourselves  to  enter  into 
further  details,  as  it  would  requiro  another 
volume  almost  as  large  as  that  before  us  to 
discuss  them.  But  we  feel  it  our  duty  to 
press  upon  the  owners  of  all  classical  libraries, 
whether  colleges,  schools,  or  individuals,  that 
there  is  no  book  of  reference  so  complete  as 
this  monument  of  German  erudition.  Nor  is 
it  exclusively  German.  Well-known  names 
such  as  Montelius  and  Haverfield  figure 
in  the  list  of  contributors,  which  may  fairly 
l)>    'ailed  European.  J.    P.    M. 


'DESERT  AND  WATER   GARDENS  OK 

TIIK     KKI)    SKA.' 
Domionab,  Port  Sudan,  He<l  Sea,  April  12,  1014. 

Tin:  origin  of  my  mistake  iii  the  original 

name  of  Port   Sudan  harbour,  pointed  out   in 
your  review    of  my  book   '  Desert   and   W 
Gardens  of    the    Red    Sea'   on    March    21st 
(Supplement,  p.  42S),  may  interest   some  of 
your  readers. 

I  followed  the  old  Admiralty  charts,  which 
give    ••  Mersa    Sheikh    Barud,"    imagining 


"Barud"  to  bo  a  local  softening  of  the 
harsh  Barghut.  Like  "  overy  one"  else 
"  who  speaks  a  word  of  Arabic,"  I  knew 
that  Barud  means  gunpowder,  but  the 
Admiralty  charts  seemed  good  authority. 

Now  fleas  (barglt&t)  do  not  flourish  in  the 
Sudan  ;  they  are  said  to  be  unable  to  stand 
the  heat;  so  that  it  seems  likely  lhat  hmi'id 
was  writ i (Mi  for  baud  (gnats). 

I  may  add  that  no  traditional  reason  for 
the  unluckincss  of  killing  cats  or  kit  tens  is 
known  to  the  Kgvptians,  Syrians,  Arabians, 
or  Hamifcs  whom  I  have  questioned. 

I  share  tho  slip  of  writing  the  equivalent 
for  "  There  is  no  God  but  God  "  with  one  of 
my  clerks,  who  is  a  well-educated  Sherif ! 
Through  your  reviewer,  I  enlightened  him 
as  to  the  difference  between  the  Alah  and 
Allah  of  the  Greed.  He  wrote  it  in  Arabic 
as  readily  as  one  would  expect,  but  so 
deadening  is  habit  that  he  could  not  explain 
why  the  first  alah  has  one  letter  Idm,  the 
second  two.  Cyril  Grossland. 

***  Old  Admiralty  charts  are  not  always 
good  authority  on  Arabic  place-names,  be 
it  said,  witli  all  due  deference  to  Mr.  Cross- 
land.  In  the  Persian  Gulf,  I  am  informed, 
quite  a  number  of  "  Ma  Adri\s  "  were  markc  d 
in  old  charts.  Ma  adri  means  "I  do  net 
know."' 

Mohammed  tho  Prophet  loved  cats.  It 
is  related  that,  on  one  occasion,  he  cut  off 
the  long  sleeve  of  his  robe  rather  than  dis- 
turb a  cat  which  was  asleep  upon  it.  The 
reason  of  his  love,  since  everything  must 
have  a  reason  for  the  Oriental,  is  thus 
given.  When  a  camel-driver,  he  was  asleep 
one  day  in  the  shade  of  some  bushes  in  the 
desert. 

"  A  serpent  came  out  of  a  hole,  and  would  have 
killed  him  had  not  a  cat,  which  happened  to 
he  prowling  near,  pounced  on  and  destroyed  it. 
When  the  Prophet  awoke  he  saw  what  had 
happened,  and,  calling  the  cat  to  him,  fondled  and 
blessed  it.  From  thenceforth  he  was  very  fond 
of  cats." 

The  cat  is  a  clean  beast,  and  bears  the 
blessing  and  the  seal  of  Solomon.  If  a  cat 
drinks  from  a  vessel  holding  milk  or  water, 
what  remains  after  it  has  drunk  is  clean  for 
human  use. 

The  difference  between  the  meaning  of  tho 
two  words  Halt  (the  initial  hamzeh  is  male- 
surah)  and  Allah  of  the  Mohammedan  creed 
is  exactly  that  between  the  meaning  of 
"  god  "  with  a  small  and  "  God  "  with  a 
capital  a  in  English.  The  former  has  a 
feminine  ilahah  and  a  plural  dlihdt.  The 
latter  lias  no  feminine  and  no  plural.  They 
are  separate  words.  I  am  surprised  to  learn 
that  any  educated  Muslim  is  ignorant  of  this 
distinction.  Your   Hkvikwkk. 


BOOK    SALE. 


On    Wednesday  and    Thursday  in   last  week 
Messrs.    Sotheby   sold    selected    portions   of   the 

libraries  of   Lieut.-Col.   II.    15.    L.    Hindies  and    .Mr. 

('.  E.  s.  Chambers,  the  chief  prices  being  :  Arches- 
ologia  Cambrensis,  7  1  vols.,  1848—1911,  ">l/. 
Eyton,  Antiquities  of  Shropshire,  1-  vols.,  1854 
l  sin  i,  2")/.  10a.  Hadrian  Society's  Publications  and 
Registers,  LOO  vols.,  1889  1910,  32Z.  Pickering's 
Aldine  Edition  of  the  English  Poets,  53  vols., 
L831-53,  20/.  Sully,  Memoirs.  I  vols.,  extra- 
illustrated,  L761,  27/".  Den  Quixote,  1  vols.,  1780, 
33Z.  10*.  New  Testament  in  Wei  h,  I  ."> < ; T ,  5  1/. 
Hack,  Antiquities,  ::  vols.,  1771.  :;:;/.  Sir  K.  ('. 
Eoare,  History  of  Wiltshire,  <s  vols.,  1822  18,  2"'. 
Kip,  Nouvoau  Theatre  de  la  Grande  Bretagne, 
:s  vols,  in  i.  17M  16,  282.  10«.  Lafontaine, 
Fables  Choisies,  1  vols.,  1756  '•'.  bound  in 
contemporary  French  morocco,  290/.  Dickens, 
Sketches  by  Boz,  3  vols.,  1888  7.2:./.  J.  H.  Ji 
Works,  27  vols.,  is  in  7.".,  21;/.  Waverley,  :;  vols., 
1814,  301.  K.  L.  Stevenson,  Works,  Edinburgh 
Edition,  SO  vols.,  1804  9,  56*.  Surtees,  Sporting 
Novels,  9  vols.,  1838-88,  961.  Vanity  Fair, 
original  20  parts  m  19,  L848,  7!'/. 
The  total  of  the  two  sales  was  2,4881. 


690 


THE     ATHENvEUM 


No.  4510,  May  16,  1914 


litoarg    (Snssip- 

From  the  Report  of  the  Principal  on  the 
Work  of  the  University  of  London  for 
1913-14,  which  is  published  this  week,  we 
gather  that  the  total  admissions  by  all 
channels  amounted  to  3,852,  as  compared 
with  4,047  in  the  past  year,  and  the  total 
number  of  candidates  for  all  examinations 
was  11,920,  as  against  12,455. 

This  falling  -  off  in  numbers  —  most 
marked  in  the  case  of  Matriculation — is 
found  entirely  among  the  entries  outside 
London  (those  from  London  itself  having 
increased),  and  is  probably  attributable  to 
the  growing  success  of  the  younger  Univer- 
sities. Of  the  total  of  1,807  candidates 
for  degrees,  900  were  internal  and  907 
external.  Last  year,  of  1,989  such 
candidates,  983  were  internal,  and  1,006 
external. 

The  total  number  of  successful  candi- 
dates at  all  examinations  was  6,343,  and 
the  number  of  those  who  obtained  degrees 
and  diplomas  1,301.  The  total  number  of 
internal  students  is  now  4,888,  as  against 
4,664  last  year. 

The  grant  made  by  the  London  County 
Council  for  the  Higher  Education  of 
Working  People  enabled  the  University 
last  year  to  increase  the  number  of 
Tutorial  Classes,  and  there  are  at  present 
thirty  of  these  connected  with  it,  the  total 
number  throughout  the  country  being 
about  144. 

The  scheme  for  the  interchange  of 
students  with  foreign  Universities  con- 
tinues to  progress,  and  satisfactory  ar- 
rangements with  this  object  have  been 
made  with  the  Universities  of  Paris,  Mont- 
pellier,  and  Caen. 

Sir  Robert  Baden-Powell  sends  us 
an  appeal  on  behalf  of  the  Boy  Scouts' 
Endowment  Fund,  in  which  he  puts 
forcibly  the  annual  cost  of  education  and 
of  the  crime  and  failure  which  follow  it. 
The  movement  is  supported  by  all  parties, 
and  its  use  at  a  critical  period  of  life  is 
undeniable.  On  its  educational  side  the 
Vice-Chancellor  of  Leeds  writes  as  follows  : 

"  In  a  few  years'  time  at  latest,  the  nation 
will  have  to  grapple  seriously  with  the 
problem  of  continuation  schools.  But  these 
schools  will  have  little  power  of  attraction 
and  influence  unless  the  young  people  who 
attend  them  are  actively  interested  in  their 
success.  The  experience  of  the  Boy  Scout 
-Movement  has  shown  what  a  valuable  edu- 
cational force  lies  in  organized  self-reliance 
and  disciplined  esprit  de  corps.  This  force 
must  be  utilized  by  the  organizers  of  con- 
tinuation schools  in  order  that  the  young 
people  of  the  country  may  be  actively 
interested  in  the  work  and  welfare  of  the 
schools.  Those,  therefore,  who  now  con- 
tribute to  the  Boy  Scouts'  Endowment 
Fund  are  not  only  enabling  an  admirable 
movement  to  extend  its  usefulness,  but  will 
also  increase  the  store  of  educational  ex- 
perience to  which  the  State  may  turn  in  a 
lew  years'  time  for  guidance." 

The  annual  statistical  report  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  for  1912-13 
shows  that  the  total  number  of  students 
was  3,352.  Of  the  total  of  3,242  in  the 
winter  session,  556  were  women. 


Mr.  Richard  C.  E.  Long  writes  : — 

"  In  your  review  last  week  of  '  The 
Eastern  Libyans  :  an  Essay,'  it  is  stated 
that  the  Libyan  inscriptions,  '  contrary  to 
the  usage  of  any  other  script,'  read  from 
below  upwards. 

"In  T.  de  Lacouperie's  'Beginnings  of 
Writing  '  (London,  1894)  there  is  a  mention 
of  the  writing  of  the  Battaks  of  Sumatra 
in  vertical  columns  from  below  upwards  ; 
and  in  Bulletin  28  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology  (Washington,  1904)  is  a  transla- 
tion of  an  article  by  Dr.  E.  Seler,  in  which 
are  several  examples  of  Aztec  picture- 
writing,  commencing  at  the  bottom,  and 
read  upwards.  Even  if  the  Aztec  be  not 
considered  a  '  script,'  the  Battak  alpha- 
betical writing  certainly  is." 

A  medallion  and  tablet  in  memory  of 
Andrew  Lang  are  to  be  erected  on  the  east 
wall  of  the  reading-room  of  the  Public 
Library,  Selkirk,  his  native  place. 

Dr.  Rashdall  has  been  appointed 
Bampton  Lecturer  at  Oxford  for  next  year. 
His  subject  will  be  '  The  Doctrine  of  the 
Atonement.' 

Mr.  Helm's  lecture-recital  on  Dickens 
last  Tuesday  was  a  decided  success,  and 
ought  tobe  repeated  elsewhere.  He  managed 
to  include  a  good  deal  of  sound  criticism 
of  Dickens's  works,  as  well  as  the  circum- 
stances of  his  life,  and  the  selection  of 
slides  was  particularly  good.  The  repro- 
ductions of  the  illustrations  by  Phiz 
showed  well  that  artist's  happy  sense  of 
detail,  and  there  were  others  not  commonly 
seen,    and  apt  to  the  occasion. 

The  vitality  of  Dickens's  characters  is  ex- 
traordinary, and  was  exhibited  a  day  or 
two  ago  by  the  space  in  the  newspapers  de- 
voted to  Mrs.  Tice,  an  old  lady  who  claimed 
to  be  the  prototype  of  Little  Nell  in  '  The 
Old  Curiosity  Shop.'  The  death  of  Mrs. 
Tice  probably  removes  the  last  of  the 
originals  on  whom  Dickens  relied,  or  is 
said  to  have  relied.  Such  associations  are 
clearly  an  asset  for  commerce,  which  is  not 
always  too  particular  about  accuracy. 
We  are  not,  however,  so  much  surprised 
at  certain  assumptions  of  Dickensian 
interest,  as  at  the  absence  of  such  claims 
in  places  of  public  resort  where  they  are 
justified. 

A  Committee  of  the  Burns  Federation 
Executive  is  preparing  an  album,  with  an 
illuminated  address  of  thanks,  and  sketches 
by  well-known  Scottish  artists,  which  will 
be  presented  to  Mr.  John  Gribbel  of  Phila- 
delphia as  a  token  of  gratitude  for  his  gift 
of  the  Glenriddell  MSS.  of  Burns  to  Scot- 
land. 

The  Comtesse  de  Bremont  will  lecture 
on  '  Oscar  Wilde  and  his  Critics  '  at  the 
Old  Drury  Club,  108,  Long  Acre,  on 
Wednesday  next,  at  8  o'clock.  Mr. 
Rathmell  Wilson  will  be  in  the  chair. 
Visitors  will  be  welcomed  on  presentation 
of  their  cards. 

Mr.  Hartley  Withers  will  publish 
with  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  on  the  28th 
inst.  a  book  entitled  '  Poverty  and  Waste.' 
His  object  is  to  make  some  suggestions  as 
to  what,  if  anything,  may  be  done  by  the 
ordinary  private  citizen  towards  helping 
to  bring  about  a  better  state  of  things  in 
the  business  affairs  of  the  world. 


Viscount  Bryce  has  written  an  Intro- 
duction to  a  volume  entitled  '  Travel  and 
Politics  in  Armenia,'  by  Mr.  Noel  Buxton , 
M.P.,  and  the  Rev.  Harold  Buxton,  which 
Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  will  have  ready  on 
the  28th  inst.  The  book  includes  chapters. 
on  '  Armenian  History  and  Culture  '  by 
Mr.  Aram  Raffi,  a  map,  and  sixteen  pages 
of  illustrations. 

Messrs.  Longmans  inform  us  that 
Comment  and  Criticism,  a  Cambridge 
Quarterly  Paper  for  the  Discussion  of 
Current  Religious  and  Theological  Questions, 
will  in  future  be  published  by  them.  In 
the  next  issue,  ready  in  June,  a  new  form 
will  be  adopted,  and  the  price  will  be  6d. 
net. 

Chambers's  Journal  for  June  will  in- 
clude articles  on  '  Student-Life  in  Russia/ 
'  The  Seafowl  in  the  Fame  Islands,' 
'  Seventeen  Years  among  Queensland 
Blacks,'  and  '  Some  Inhabitants  of  Japan- 
ese Gardens.' 

The  June  number  of  The  Constructive 
Quarterly  will  include  the  following  contri- 
butions :  '  The  Religion  of  a  Moving, 
Changing  World,'  by  Canon  Scott  Holland  ; 
'  A  Programme  of  Christian  Conference,' 
by  Dr.  W.  H.  Frere  ;  '  Unity  in  Scholar- 
ship,' by  Prof.  Francis  Brown  ;  '  Jeru- 
salem, the  Holy  City,'  by  Prof.  Deissmann  ; 
'  The  Churches  and  the  Social  Problem,' 
by  Mr.  Philip  Snowden  ;  and  '  The  Poet 
of  the  Franciscan  Movement  :  Fra  Jaco- 
pone  da  Todi,'  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Gardner. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  on 
Saturday  last,  in  his  49th  year,  of  Mr. 
Reginald  Jaffray  Lucas,  who  shot  himself 
when  suffering  from  the  depression  and 
pain  caused  by  consumption.  Mr.  Lucas's 
essays,  '  Another  Point  of  View,'  and  his 
letters  on  life  and  literature,  '  When  all 
the  World  is  Young,'  show  a  good  deal  of 
taste  and  brightness,  and  an  independent 
outlook.  His  last  book,  a  causerie  on 
things *  in  general  from  a  well-bred  point 
of  view,  '  The  Measure  of  our  Thoughts,' 
is  decidedly  entertaining. 

Mr.  Lucas  was  in  Parliament  from  1900 
to  1906,  and  had  some  considerable  suc- 
cess in  political  biography,  writing  on 
'  George  II.  and  his  Ministers  '  and  on 
'  Colonel  Saunderson,  M.P.' 

The  death  took  place  in  Aberdeen  on 
Wednesday  of  Isabella  Fyvie  Mayo, 
known  in  the  sixties  and  seventies  for  her 
stories  under  the  name  of  Edward  Garrett. 
She  was  born  December  10th,  1843,  the 
daughter  of  a  London  baker,  and  at  the  age 
of  24  she  entered  upon  a  busy  career  of 
authorship,  writing  for  The  Quiver,  Sun- 
day at  Home,  and  Argosy,  and  publishing 
her  stories  first  in  periodical  form.  Her 
'  Recollections  '  were  issued  in  1910  by 
Mr.  John  Murray,  and  include  some 
interesting  details  of  her  literary  begin- 
nings. She  dates  her  literary  success 
from  a  review  of  her  first  book  in  our  own 
columns. 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  Fiction,  also  to  Topography, 
and  we  shall  publish  an  article  on  '  The 
Evolution  of  the  Bookseller.' 


No.  451(5,   May   16,   1914 


THE     ATHEN^U  M 


691 


SCIENCE 


S  ■  nci  and  Method.  By  Henri  Poincare. 
Translated  by  the  Hon.  Bertram!  Rus- 
sell.    (Nelson  &  Sons,  6s.  net.) 

This  is  another  translation  of  the  late 
Henri  Poincare's  book  ot  the  same  name, 
which  was  included  in  Mr.  Bruce  Halsted's 
•  Foundations  of  Science,'  reviewed  by 
•  us  on  the  7th  of  February  last  (see 
p.  206).  It  is  distinguished  from  many 
versions  of  scientific  books  that  have  lately 
■come  before  us  by  being  the  production 
of  a  gentleman  who  has  for  many  years 
been  engaged  in  the  same  studies  as  its 
author,  and  lias  an  excellent  acquaintance 
with  both  the  French  and  English  lan- 
guages. Hence  it  is  free  from  the  slight 
defects  which  we  had  to  point  out  in  Mr. 
Halsted's  work,  and  is  as  pleasant  and 
easy  to  read  as  it  is  informing. 

This  is  more  to  the  credit  of  the  trans- 
lator because  a  small  but  important 
portion  of  the  book  is  occupied  with  a 
refutation  of  his  own  work.  Mr.  Bertrand 
Russell,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the 
present  volume,  is,  according  to  M.  Poin- 
care, one  of  those  mathematicians  who 
think  that  the  logical  elements  of  mathe- 
matical reasoning  can  be  disengaged  and 
isolated  from  the  rest,  and  of  their  "  new 
Logics,"  as  they  are  here  called,  Mr. 
Russell's  is,  on  the  same  authority, 
the  most  interesting.  It  is,  we  are 
told,  "  full  of  views  that  are  original, 
profound,  and  often  very  true,"  but  it 
errs  in  supposing  that  it  and  the  works 
of  Mr.  Hilbert  and  others  have  destroyed 
the  Kantian  theory  of  mathematics,  and 
definitely  decided  the  controversy  between 
Kant  and  Leibniz.  Moreover,  Mr.  Rus- 
sell's "  logistic  ;!  has,  teste  M.  Poincare, 
destroyed  the  logistic  of  Signor  Peano, 
who  has  been  fighting  on  the  same  side, 
and  whose  "  pasigraphy  "  aims  at  repre- 
senting all  mathematical  expressions  by 
means  of  symbols.  We  should  certainly 
be  doubly  obliged  to  Mr.  Russell  were 
this  the  case,  for  the  symbols — of  which  a 
specimen  is  here  given — are  most  un- 
couth in  appearance,  and  mathematics 
are  sufficiently  repellent,  as  M.  Poincare 
admits,  to  the  majority  of  readers,  with- 
out making  them  more  so.  Mr.  Russell, 
with  truly  delicate  reticence,  makes  no 
answer  to  these  attacks,  but  merely 
remarks  in  his  Preface  that  these  criticisms 
do  not  seem  to  him  to  be  the  best  part  of 
If.  Poincare's  work,  and  that  the  latter 
was  already  an  old  man  when  he  became 
aware  of  the  existence  of  their  subject. 
He  also  thinks  that  M.  Poincare  was  mis- 
taken in  supposing  that  any  opposition 
really  exists  between  the  "  logisticians " 
■nd  the  intuitionists.  of  whom  Poincare 
was  the  moel  distinguished  example. 

This  may  be  BO,  and  we  are  certainly 
not  going  to  take  it  upon  ourselves  to 
decide  between  such  adversaries,  if  adver- 
saries  they  be.  What  one  does  notice, 
however,  is  the  large  part  intuition 
evidently  played  in  the  discoveries  of 
Poincare.  who  was  unable,  as  be  tells  us 
here,  to  do  a  sum  in  Bimple  addition  cor- 


rectly. This  \\as  no  doubt  due  to  no- 
thing but  want  of  practice;  and  his 
account  of  the  mental  process  by  which 
he  arrived  at  some  of  his  discoveries  is 
most  interesting,  while  the  part  which  he 
assigns  in  them  to  the  *'  unconscious  ego  " 
is  a  wholesome  corrective  to  some  mystical 
and  vague  ideas  on  the  subject  now 
current.  On  less  debatable  ground,  such 
as  the  application  of  mathematics — 
especially  the  new  mathematical  physics 
made  necessary  by  modern  views  on  the 
constitution  of  matter — to  astronomy,  he 
is  extremely  clear  ;  and  he  sums  up  the 
whole  matter  when  he  says  that  the  great 
problem  is  the  existence  of  the  Milky 
Way  and  its  origin.  In  this,  as  in  some 
other  matters,  he  says  it  is  sufficient  to 
state  the  difficulty  without  attempting 
to  resolve  it ;  but  his  study  of  French 
geodesy  is  extremely  interesting  for  its 
own  sake,  and  shows  what  the  State,  when 
intelligently  directed,  can  do  to  help 
forward  science. 


Physiological  Plant  Anatomy.  By  Dr. 
G.  Haberlandt.  Translated  from  the 
Fourth  German  Edition  by  Montagu 
Drummond.  Illustrated.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.,  11.  5s.  net.) 

The  first  edition  of  this  book  was  pub- 
lished in  German  in  1884,  and  since  that 
date,  in  its  successively  revised  forms, 
it  has  become  one  of  the  classics  in 
botanical  science.  Though  we  have  waited 
until  now  for  its  appearance  in  English, 
the  original  has  been  used  in  the  advanced 
classes  of  all  English-speaking  Univer- 
sities for  years  past,  and  the  present 
reviewer  remembers  the  delight  it  gave 
him  when,  as  an  advanced  student,  he 
stumbled  through  its  German  pages. 
Few  other  books  have  had  the  same 
stimulating  effect  and  educational  value 
for  botanists. 

It  is  difficult  in  these  days,  even  in 
England,  where  comparatively  little  has 
been  done  in  plant  physiology,  to  realize 
how  recent  is  the  science  that  treats  of 
tissues  and  their  functions.  Dr.  Haber- 
landt himself  tells  us  that 

"  no  methodical  and  exhaustive  account  of 
the  connection  between  the  structure  and 
tli"  functions  of  any  tissue-system  had  been 
written  previous  to  the  year  1874,  when 
Sehwendener  publisher!  his  classical  treatise 
on  '  The  Mechanical  Principles  underlying 
the  Anatomical  Structure  of  Monocotyledo- 
noufl   Plants.'  " 

Though  Schwendener's  pioneer  work  on 
the  one  group  of  plants  paved  the  way, 
the  original  edition  of  the  present  work 
was  the  first  connected  account  of  the 
new  science,  which  consists  first  in  the 

"  recognition  of  the  physiological  functions 
pertaining  to  the  tissues  of  the  plant,  and  to 
the  structural  units,  the  cells,'' 

and 

condly  in  the  discovery  of  the  connec- 
tion that  exists  between  the  several  func- 
tions and  the  anatomical  arrangements 
required  for  their  proper  performance." 

This  the  author  designates  an  "explana- 
tory science,"  because  it  describes  the 
adaptive  features  of  the  internal  structure 
of  plants,  "  but  is  incapable  of  explaining 


their  origin,  and  indeed  does  not  profess 
to  do  so." 

The  value  of  experiment  in  such  work 
is  insisted  on,  but  not  to  the  exclusion  of 
comparative  anatomy.  Wisely,  stress  is 
laid  on  the  several  dangers  of  experiment- 
ing, particularly  by  the  method  of  extir- 
pation of  any  given  organ  or  tissue. 
Owing  to  the  faculty  of  "  self -regulation  " 
inherent  in  complex  organisms,  the  func- 
tion under  study  may  be  transferred  to 
another  set  of  tissues  by  the  mutilated 
individual ;  and  thus  erroneous  conclu- 
sions have  frequently  been  drawn  by  the 
less  careful  of  the  now  numerous  investi- 
gators in  this  field  of  research. 

As  the  German  school  of  botanists  is 
pre-eminent  in  plant  physiology,  so  one 
may  consider  the  British  pre-eminent  in 
phylogenetic  comparative  anatomy,  this 
being  due  largely  to  the  direction  given 
to  the  trend  of  English  thought  by  the 
detailed  study  of  the  anatomy  of  the 
extinct  forms  from  the  coal  measures. 
On  the  appearance  of  this  book  in  English, 
therefore,  one  is  tempted  to  examine  it 
with  a  view  to  contrasting  the  two  methods 
of  dealing  with  the  details  of  plant  struc- 
ture. It  is  curious  to  observe  how 
remote  from  this  line  of  English  thought 
this  treatise  is. 

While  mention  is  found  in  it  of  the 
structure  of  plants  ranging  from  algae  to 
angiosperms,  the  tissues  and  organs  cha- 
racteristic of  the  different  grades  of 
families  are  never  treated  as  such,  nor 
is  mention  made  of  the  curiously  stable 
family  characteristics  in  tissues  in  which 
the  physiological  functions  appear  ahnost 
identical.  Nothing  more  humiliating  to 
the  British  school  of  morphological  and 
phylogenetic  anatomists  can  be  imagined, 
and  nothing  more  educational.  But  at 
the  same  time  one  feels  that  possibly  the 
author  of  the  German  work  does  not 
realize  the  full  interest  and  significance  of 
the  facts  accumulated  on  this  side  of  the 
Channel.  Take  as  an  example  the  sec- 
tion dealing  with  water-storing  tracheides, 
which,  of  course,  in  a  comprehensive 
book  of  the  kind  must  be  brief — only  four 
pages  are  allowed  ;  but  such  an  interest- 
ing phenomenon  as  the  conversion  of  the 
solid  central  mass  of  primary  wood  in 
some  of  the  fossil  Lycopodineaj  into  water- 
storing  tracheides  is  not  even  mentioned. 

In  a  review  of  a  classic  in  an  English 
form,  however,  one  must  not  forget 
the  translator's  achievement,  and  in 
the  present  instance  we  are  glad  to 
find  that  the  work  has  been  admir- 
ably performed.  The  paragraphs  read 
fluently  and  easily,  and  seldom  remind 
one  that  they  are  translations.  On  com- 
paring the  English  with  the  German 
original,  we  discover  that  to  achieve 
this  result  .Mr.  Drummond  has  given  us 
rather  a  free  rendering  of  the  text,  some- 
times freer  than  seems  quite  accessary. 
He  has  sometimes  taken  small  liberties 
which  are  improvements  :    for  instance,  in 

the  descriptions  to  the  text-figures  33,  .'57, 

(IS,  and  !)'.».      On.  p.  .'1<H>,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  translation  of  the  word  "  Zell  luinini 
simply   as   '•cavities''    might   leave    some 
readers  in  doubt . 


692 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4516,  May  16, 


1914 


BIOLOGY   IN   RELATION"   TO 
EDUCATION. 

A  Course  of  Three  Lectures  given  by  Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall  at  Crosby  Hall,  on 
March  13th,  17th,  and  20th,  1914. 

[These  Lectures  were  illustrated  by  nearly  two 
hundred  slides,  and  the  omission  of  these  has 
necessitated  some  curtailment  of  the  matter 
which  depended  on  them,  and  also  some  re- 
arrangement. Lecture  I.  was  printed  in  'The 
Athenaeum '  for  April  25th,  and  Lecture  II.  in 
'  The  Athenaeum  '  for  the  2nd  and  9th  inst.] 

Lecture  III. 

"MORS    JANUA  VLT.E." 

Recapitulation. 

We  have  now  come  to  what  is  by  far 
the  most  difficult  part  of  my  task — diffi- 
cult because  of  the  shortness  of  the  time 
at  my  disposal,  but  especially  because 
my  audience  is  composed  of  people  who 
differ  widely  in  outlook  and  experience, 
also  in  the  degree  of  their  acquaintance 
with  science.  It  will  be  necessary  for 
me  to  dwell  at  some  length  on  certain 
rather  elementary  scientific  facts,  because 
if  there  is  any  one  here  who  has  not 
completely  grasped  them,  the  whole 
purport  of  what  I  have  to  say  may  be 
unintelligible. 

Let  me  begin  by  very  briefty  recapitu- 
lating the  former  lectures.  Our  bodies 
are  masks.  All  the  world  over — both  in 
the  past  and  at  the  present  day  among 
primitive  peoples — the  mask  is  used  to 
teach  this  fact  to  the  initiates.  But  not 
only  do  we  live  behind  a  mask  ;  our  being 
is  also,  as  it  were,  enclosed  in  a  net.  We 
saw  in  the  case  of  Volvox  a  creature — 
perfect  in  its  spherical  form — enclosed  in  a 
perfect  net,  of  which  every  cell  is  a  sense- 
organ  possessing  by  its  filaments  the  power 
of  projection.  We  found  the  analogue  of 
this  in  our  own  sjTnpathetic  system,  which 
encloses  all  the  organs  or  "  persons  "  in 
our  body  somewhat  as  the  net  of  Volvox 
encloses  the  parthenogonidia  or  virgin 
colonies  waiting  within  it  till  they  are 
mature  and  can  emerge  into  independent 
life.  We  may  think  also  of  Siphonophora, 
where  more  fully  developed  "  persons  " 
are  united  into  one,  being  suspended 
from  one  pulsating  float,  and  of  a  swarm 
of  bees,  where  the  "  persons,"  to  our 
eyes,  are  entirely  separate,  yet  act  as  one 
whole  under  any  dominant  ferment. 

We  also  saw,  in  considering  the  relations 
to  one  another  of  different  vibrating 
media,  that  sound — the  perfect  note  of  a 
human  voice — will  produce  certain  forms  ; 
and  it  is  more  than  a  merely  fanciful 
expression  to  say  that  probably  the  forms 
of  living  things  on  the  earth  are  produced 
by  the  earth's  vibrations — that  is,  the 
earth's  voices.  The  more  varied  the 
notes,  the  more  complex  or  subtle  the 
figure ;  contrast,  for  example,  amoeba  and 
Siphonophora. 

Sound  Forms  in  relation  to  Life. 

Every  true  form  has  its  note  ;  every 
note,  being  sounded,  will  write  itself  in 
sand,  lycopodium  dust,  or  other  material. 


I  believe  we  have  here  the  true  origin  of 
patterns  on  vases  and  other  objects  true 
enough  in  form  to  give  forth  a  note  that 
could  write  itself.  The  maker  of  the 
vase  drew  upon  it  the  visual  form  of  its 
own  music.  Possibly  this  further  signi- 
fied that  the  vessel  should  be  used  for 
some  particular  liquid  or  other  prepara- 
tion. No  doubt  these  fine  scientific  corre- 
spondences were,  from  our  point  of  view, 
early  lost ;  still,  some  careful  examination 
of  ancient  vase-forms  has  led  me  to  suspect 
that  the  very  earliest  examples  we  have 
were  made  and  decorated  on  this  principle. 

Our  body  is  a  vase  or  vehicle,  having 
its  note — or,  rather,  its  complex  of  notes. 
In  order  to  grasp  the  plan  of  the 
body  from  this  point  of  view  aright, 
we  must  imagine  a  series  of  vases 
one  within  the  other ;  all  the  vases 
made  of  the  same  material,  but  each 
having  it  finer  than  the  last — a  dis- 
tillation, we  may  say,  of  clay.  Each 
vase  would  respond  at  the  proper  interval 
to  a  note  of  one  scale  :  the  innermost 
would  give  the  key-note.  Each  would 
correspond  to  a  different  colour  in  the 
spectrum,  vibrating  to  different  waves ;  the 
innermost  would  vibrate  to  all,  embrace 
all.  The  outer  vases  might  be  strained 
and  shattered :  it  would  be  but  to  reveal 
the  inner  ones  ;  and  last,  the  innermost 
one,  vibrating  with  all  the  music  of  the 
others,  and  brilliant  with  all  the  colours 
of  the  others  —  perfect  in  itself,  self- 
luminous,  but  formless. 

To  our  limited  normal  vision  the  ovum 
appears  a  simple  body  ;  in  reality  it  con- 
tains latent  within  itself  a  plurality  of 
worlds,  spheres  within  spheres,  the  extent 
of  which,  the  beauty  of  which,  depends 
upon  the  powers  and  nature  of  the  ovum. 
The  final  harmony  of  these  spheres  will  be 
determined  by  the  orderly  succession  in 
the  development  of  the  divers  ferments, 
or  notes  at  their  right  intervals.  To  our 
limited  vision — aided  by  extra  lenses  of 
glass,  quartz,  and  oil — the  process  appears 
as  the  segmentation  of  the  ovum — the  seg- 
ments extending  in  a  spiral  ascent  rather 
as  smoke  curls  slowly  skywards  on  a  still 
day.  The  spirals,  coming  to  be  flattened, 
appear  to  us  as  layers  of  cells — for  we 
see  only  a  portion  of  each  movement. 

Let  us  go  back  for  a  moment  to  con- 
sider the  sound-forms  made  in  sand  or 
dust  or  on  viscid  films  by  a  beautiful  voice 
such  as  that  of  the  late  Mrs.  Watt  Hughes. 
In  the  case  of  sand  the  form  of  the 
note  itself  is  not  visible  to  our  eyes 
— only  the  form  of  the  boundary  in  the 
sand  which  it  makes  for  itself.  The  note 
is  not  in  the  sand,  but  in  the  inter- 
spaces. The  note  of  our  bodies  is  not  in 
the  matter  of  which  they  are  composed, 
but  in  the  interspaces,  the  openings  of 
the  network.  So  the  radiolarian  is  not 
in  the  marvellously  beautiful  and  sym- 
metrical shell  which  it  makes  for  itself — 
though  this  is  its  truest  expression — but 
in  the  life-current  streaming  from  the 
protoplasmic  nucleus  within. 

We  accustom  ourselves  too  much  to 
look  at  and  think  of  the  dead  boundaries, 
the  heaped  sand,  so  that  the  thing  itself, 
the  life,  escapes  us.     We  tend  to  do  this 


because  our  moving  film,  on  which  the 
images  of  all  we  see  are  recorded,  is  formed 
mainly  by  the  pellicles  of  the  red  blood 
corpuscles — so  few  actively  living  cells 
are  to  be  found  in  the  blood  plasma — 
pellicles  which  are  dead  or  inert,  and 
therefore  can  only  reflect  pellicles  or  sur- 
face films.  We  may  be  said  to  dwell  on 
and  live  for  a  surface  film,  and  so  miss  all 
the  wonders  and  the  beauty  of  the  vision 
of  the  inner  life.  Still,  it  is  the  case  that 
lycopodium  dust,  being  finer  than  sand, 
can  be  stirred  by  sound,  can  actually 
receive  form,  and  can,  if  the  surroundings 
are  true  and  balanced,  hold  the  vibration 
true  within  itself. 

Dormant  Poicers  of  Response. 

When  thinking  of  life  and  living  things 
we  ought  to  concentrate  our  attention  on 
the  being  as  it  is  in  itself,  and  in  virtue  of 
properties  really  inherent  in  it,  not  on 
externals.  We  may  be  surprised,  if  Ave 
do  so,  at  what  reveals  itself  to  us. 

Prof.  Becquerel,  the  great  French  physi- 
cist, took  seeds  and  put  them  into  condi- 
tions so  highly  abnormal  that,  if  we 
associate  "  lite "  with  some  form  of 
motion  among  "  molecules,"  or  "  elec- 
trons," or  "  physiological  units,"  it  is 
difficult  to  understand  what  translatory 
form  of  motion  could  possibly  be  main- 
tained in  them.  The  seeds  were  wheat, 
mustard,  and  lucerne.  Becquerel  per- 
forated the  seed-coats,  dried  the  seeds  in 
a  glass  tube  exhausted  to  O002  mm. 
mercury,  and  kept  them  for  a  year.  They 
were  then  submitted  for  three  weeks  to 
the  temperature  of  liquid  air  (-190fc), 
and  for  three  days  to  that  of  liquid 
hydrogen  (-230°).  After  being  sub- 
sequently kept  for  some  time  in  cotton- 
wool at  28°,  the  seeds  germinated  in 
a  normal  manner.  Becquerel  finds  it 
impossible  to  conceive  of  "  life  "  under 
the  conditions  to  which  these  seeds  were 
subjected,  and  is  of  opinion  that  life  can 
be  "  interrupted  completely  " — not  merely 
slowed  down — with  no  prejudice  to  its 
resumption. 

This  has  an  important  bearing  on  the 
question  of  bodily  death,  as  well  as  on 
ancient  views  of  death  and  the  treatment  of 
the  dead.  What,  however,  I  want  chiefly 
to  emphasize  here  is  that  it  shows  at  once 
the  independence  of  environment,  and, 
from  another  point  of  view,  the  dependence 
on  environment,  of  a  living  thing. 

Withdrawn  within  itself,  a  living  thing 
may  prove  impervious  to  what  we  might 
expect  would  have  inflicted  upon  it  the 
last  injuries,  presenting  to  these  a  stolid, 
inert  resistance.  It  is  a  question  worth 
investigation  whether  some  types  of 
mental  defectives  may  not  be  acting  in 
this  manner  towards  the  environment 
furnished  by  Western  civilization,  and 
whether  there  are  not  many  among  the 
insane  who  are  in  a  like  case.  Such  per- 
sons have,  indeed,  an  appearance  of 
living  and  moving  in  this  world  as  we 
know  it :  they  may  agitate  themselves, 
and  constitute  centres  of  disturbance  in 
it ;  but  their  soul  cannot  be  said  to  act  here 
or  to  live  here  ;   if  it  is  alive — as  we  have 


No.  4510,  Mat  16,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


093 


reason  to  believe  it  is — it  remains,  rela- 
tively to  these  surroundings,  withdrawn 
and  inert.  Such  eases  are  not  known 
among  simple  peoples  where  each  indi- 
vidual follows  closely  the  traditions  of  his 
ancestors.  Western  civilization  is  reducing 
the  conditions  of  life  more  and  more  re- 
lentlessly into  one  narrow  scheme,  which 
allows  of  a  smaller  and  smaller  variety  of 
types  existing  in  it  in  comfort  or  effective 
activity  :  hence,  unless  some  change  takes 
place,  it  is  likely  that  more  and  more 
individuals  will  show  themselves  unable 
to  tolerate  what  counts  as  normal  exist- 
ence, and  will  be  withdrawn  from  real  par- 
ticipation in  it,  though  they  continue  to 
share  in  the  external  bodily  life  visible 
around  us,  and  though,  also,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  say  that  they  arc  "  dead  " — i.e., 
incapable  of  vital  activity  in  a  suitable 
environment — any  more  than  it  was 
possible  to  say  that  Becquerel's  seeds 
were  dead. 

If  we  reflect  upon  it,  such  an  experi- 
ment as  that  of  Becquerel  throws  a  some- 
what startling  new  light  upon  the  relation 
of  life  to  the  form  in  which  it  dwells.  It 
should  send  us,  I  think,  to  consider  more 
closely  certain  familiar  phenomena,  first, 
in  the  relations  of  different  living  organisms 
to  the  external  world  ;  and,  secondly,  in 
the  relations  between  what  Ave  may  speak 
of  without  more  ado  as  the  "  soul  "  and 
the  ""  body." 

Relativity  of  Perception. 

We  perceive  the  external  world  as  a 
complex  in  which  matter  is  presented  to 
us  in  four  different  states  :  solid,  liquid, 
gaseous,  and  what  Sir  William  Crookes 
has  called  "  spirit  " — i.e.,  an  ultra-gaseous 
state,  of  which  he  has  said  that 

';  in  studying  this  fourth  state  of  matter  we 
S3em  at  length  to  have  within  our  grasp,  and 
obedient  to  our  control,  t lie  little  individual 
particles  which  constitute  the  physical  basis 
of  the  universe." 

We  seem,  at  first  sight,  able  to  draw  a 
pretty  hard-and-fast  distinction  between 
these  states.  The  more  carefully  things 
are  studied,  however,  the  more  difficult 
it  appears  to  draw  lines  of  demarcation 
between  them,  so  that  at  last,  as  Prof. 
Judd  has  said  of  rocks,  all  things  seem  to 
melt  into  one  another  by  insensible 
gradations. 

If  we  ourselves  had  eyes  constructed 
on  a  different  plan,  it  might  easily  be  that 
we  shouidseeone  another  surrounded  by  a 
mist  of  scraps  of  effluvia  from  ourselves  : 
tir^t  from  our  clothes,  then  from  our  skin. 
We  might  see  nothing  solid  at  all — only  a 
moving  mass  of  atoms.  If  we  looked  at 
the  walls  of  the  room,  they  too  would  have 
lost  their  solidity,  and  the  earth  also,  no 
less,  that  we  were  walking  on.  Similarly, 
it  our  tactile  corpuscles  were  more  acutely 
perceptive,  we  should  feel  everything 
moving  under  our  feet — as  in  fact  it  is 
moving.  There  would — to  a  higher  degree 
of  sensibility  than  we  are  gifted  with — 
be  no  solids,  but  only  liquids  ;  to  a  still 
more  highly  sensitive  being  everything 
would  be  gaseous.  Thus  we  ourselves 
make  our  world — I  mean,  in  a  strictly 
physical  sense. 


There  are  differences  in  the  animal 
kingdom  which  must,  I  think,  be  taken  to 
indicate  differences,  though  not  always 
mutually  exclusive  ones,  in  this  respect. 
We  are  accustomed  to  the  idea — though, 
we  may  not  have  grasped  all  its 
significance — of  water  being  to  a  fish  what 
air  is  to  ourselves.  I  will  not,  therefore, 
take  any  fish  as  an  instance  to  illustrate 
this  relativity  between  a  living  organism 
and  the  external  world,  but  rather  what, 
perhaps,  furnishes  more  extraordinary 
ones — the  burrowers,  and  especially  the 
mole. 

The  mole — of  course,  having  air-breath- 
ing lungs — is  not  quite  so  helpless,  and  is 
not  doomed  to  death,  as  an  ordinary  fish 
is,  when  brought  to  the  surface  and  into 
the  air,  but  so  far  as  satisfactory  living  goes 
it  is  not  much  better  off.  It  is,  as  some 
one  has  said,  "  as  awkward  and  clumsy  as 
the  sloth  on  level  ground  or  the  seal 
ashore."  For  one  thing  it  has  no  properly 
functioning  eyes.  Such  as  it  has  are 
under  the  skin.  It  sees  by  what  in  man 
are  called  the  corpora  quadrigemina,  situ- 
ated below  the  occipital  cortex,  where  are 
our  visual  centres. 

Leave,  however,  a  mole  to  itself  on  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  immediately, 
with  extraordinary  rapidity,  it  plunges 
through  the  earth  to  its  proper  level.  Its 
dive  downwards  has  the  ease  of  a  fish's 
dive  into  water  or  a  bird's  movement  in  the 
air  ;  and  it  is  difficult  to  resist  the  con- 
clusion that,  to  the  mole,  the  surface  earth 
is  not  solid  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  so 
to  us,  and  that  it  is  its  proper  element 
by  reason  of  some  relation  between  the 
respective  vibrations  of  the  two  which  is 
nearer  those  of  a  fish  and  Avater  than, 
say,  our  OAvn  and  those  of  solid  earth. 
DoAvn  in  the  earth,  mole-catchers  tell  us, 
the  mole  works  and  rests  by  shifts  of  about 
three  hours,  heedless  of  day  and  night ; 
and  the  rapidity  and  skill  with  which  it 
moves  and  Avorks,  eATen  in  comparatively 
hard  soil,  certainly  suggest  again  that, 
to  it,  the  earth  appears  more  or  less  as 
Avater  does  to  the  fish.  Be  it,  however, 
observed  that  it  can  also  exist  on  the 
surface,  just  as,  conversely,  there  are 
birds— those  dwellers  par  excellence 
above  the  surface  of  the  solid  earth — 
AA'hich  burrow. 

In  describing  the  mole  I  have  stated  in 
passing  Avhat  it  is  that  makes  the  difference, 
not,  of  course,  to  the  actual,  but  to  the 
perceived  relations  between  an  organism 
and  the  external  Avorld  :  it  is  the  rate  of 
vibration.  Now  if,  as  Ave  Baw  just  noAV, 
an  organism  like  a  vase  within  a  A'ase, 
spheres  within  spheres,  contains  many 
notes — though  all  belong  to  one  chord, 
and  are  subsumed  in  the  central  note  of 
all — it  is  the  outermost  ones  whose  vibra- 
tions so  long  as  they  remain  relatively  dis- 
connected from  the  centre  Avill  determine 
its  perception  of — and  in  that  degree 
its  relation  to — the  external  world.  We 
will  return  to  this  later.  We  have 
already  seen  that  the  different  organs 
of  the  body  are  maintained  at  differenl 
temperatures  and  vibrate  at  different 
rates.     Let  us,  too,  again  remind  ourselves 


that  the  notc^  is  not  in  the  forms 
which  it  Avrites  on  the  sand,  but  in  tl  e 
interspaces  between  these. 

Sleep  and  Trance. 

We  must  now  consider  for  a  little  the 
relation  between  soul  and  body.  The 
first  thing  to  meet  us  here  is  the  yet  un- 
explained mystery  of  sleep.  It  is  easy 
to  understand  that  body  and  soul  alike 
might  want  rest ;  it  is  not  easy  to  see 
why,  for  rest  to  be  effective,  it  is  necessary 
to  do  more  than  shut  off  light  or  sound  or 
other  sensation — necessary,  as  we  say, 
for  the  time  to  "  lose  consciousness." 

Yet  sleep  seems  clearly  to  be  the  result 
at  least  in  part,  of  external  causes,  of  the 
surrounding  conditions,  chief  of  which 
for  a  majority  of  creatures  would  seem  to 
be  the  return  to  the  earth  of  the  currents 
which  floAv  forth  by  day.  Among  animals 
sleep  is  often  brought  on  by  unfavourable 
circumstances  :  by  drought,  by  excessive 
cold  or  heat,  or  by  insufficient  or  unsuitable 
food.  When  some  animals  migrate,  others 
descend  into  the  earth  and  sleep.  Again, 
sleep  occurs  at  certain  passages  of  deA'elop- 
ment :  I  need  hardly  remind  you  of  the 
sleep  of  the  chrysalis,  or  of  amphibia  when 
passing  from  a  larval  state,  or  of  snakes 
Avhen  changing  their  skins.  We  saAV  in 
an  earlier  lecture  that  this,  too,  depends, 
though  to  common  observation  less  evi- 
dently, upon  surrounding  conditions  :  by 
compelling  a  tadpole  to  remain  in  water 
you  may  prevent  its  turning  into  a  frog. 

We  must  consider  separately  the  sleep 
from  which  the  organism  awakens  to  the 
same  existence  from  which  it  had  sunk 
away  for  a  time,  and  the  sleep  which 
covers  an  entrance  into  a  neAV  iorm 
of  life.  The  former  may  be  deep  and  last 
long.  The  hibernation  of  such  animals 
as  the  polar  bear  and  different  rodents  is 
a  ready  instance  of  this.  During  this 
sleep  they  do  not  eat  or  drink,  but  lie  as 
in  a  trance.  The  body  is  nourished — and 
in  the  case  of  a  female  with  sucklings,  nour- 
ishes the  young — with  fat  stored  up  in  the 
preAdous  waking  time.  The  number  of 
red  corpuscles  in  the  blood  diminishes. 
It  is  a  state  which  bears  more  than  a 
superficial  resemblance  to  what  Ave  call 
"  death." 

Human  beings — Avho,  normally,  have 
no  more  than  the  short  alternations  of 
night  and  day  between  sleep  and  waking 
— -have  been  known  to  sink  into  long 
trances — lasting  weeks  and  months,  or 
even  years.  The  longest  trance  1  have 
seen  recorded  lasted  thirty-one  years. 

At  the  end  of  this  kind  of  sleep,  how- 
ever prolonged,  the  creature  generally 
awakes  into  the  same  body  as  that  in 
which  it  slept  ;  perceives  the  world  once 
more  through  the  same  sense-organs; 
acts  in  it  again  through  the  same  faculties. 
It  is   different  with    the   other   form    of 

sleej). 

One     always     enters       better       into 

subjeet  if  one  goes  over  some  Bcheme 
details  belonging  to  it,  BO  I  will  ask  you 
just  cursorily  to  follow  the  metamor- 
phosis of  some  one  animal.  We  will  take 
the  water-beetle. 


a 

of 


694 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4516,  May  16,  1914 


The  water-beetle  as  a  larva  is,  as  every 
•one  knows,  very  active  and  voracious, 
.and  roams  about  busily  in  the  medium  to 
which  it  is  first  adjusted — water.  At  a 
certain  moment  it  is  impelled  to  seek  a 
cave  or  hole  in  the  bankside,  lies  down 
there,  and  goes  to  sleep.  Its  sleep  deepens 
into  a  trance,  which  becomes  cataleptic. 
Its  colour  changes  from  dark  to  white  : 
the  trance  deepens  and  deepens  :  there 
takes  place — as  to  that  outer  mask  beneatli 
the  guise  of  which  it  fell  asleep — death. 
When  the  external  surroundings  are  pro- 
pitious— right  temperature,  right  baro- 
metric pressure — there  emerges  a  new 
•creature  from  the  mummy -like  case, 
which  wings  its  flight  into  its  proper 
element — the  watery  vapour  of  the  air. 
It  has  died  in  one  ;i  person "  :  it  has 
•emerged  into  fresh  life  in  another. 

This  brings  us  round  again  to  where 
we  were  before.  It  is  when  the  right 
temperature  and  right  pressure  are  pre- 
sent that  the  new  creature  enters  effec- 
tively upon  its  new  life.  The  relation 
within  it  of  what  we  may  still  call  "  soul  " 
and  ll  body  "  is  not  perfected,  does  not 
come  to  action,  till,  besides  its  own  inner 
readiness,  there  are  also  ready  for  it  the 
surroundings  it  requires.  That  vibration, 
that  voice,  of  the  earth — out  of  the 
•earth's  many  voices — to  which  its  self 
belongs,  must  call  to  it  with  its  own  note. 
Just  in  the  same  way  we  saw  the  mole — 
awkward,  miserable,  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground — dive  joyfully  below,  reach  its 
proper  level,  and  become  active  and 
.happy. 

{To  be  continued.) 


THE   ABDOMINAL   BRAIN. 

In  answer  to  the  question  of  your  corre- 
spondent Dr.  Taylor,  I  may  quote  the 
following  tliree  passages  from  '  The  Ab- 
dominal and  Pelvic  Brain,'  by  Dr.  Byron 
Robinson  (Hammond,  Ind.,  Betz,  1907),  a 
•recognized  authority  on  this  subject: — 

"  After  a  large  number  of  dissections  on  man 
and  animals  I  iind  that  the  ganglionic  system  of 
the  female  is  larger  and  more  marked  than  that  of 
the  male.  Females  seem  to  have  more  distinct 
ganglia  and  more  marked  conducting  cords." — 
P.  163. 

"  Man's  cranial  brain  has  grown  relatively 
faster  than  his  abdominal  brain,  and  I  think  man 
suffers  more  from  malnutrition  than  do  the 
Animals,  so  that  he  pays  dearly  for  his  superior 
cranial  power." — P.  164. 

"  Perhaps  no  animal  suffers  so  much  from 
indigestion  as  man,  and  so  far  as  I  know  he  has 
not  only  the  smallest  abdominal  brain,  but  it  is 
attacked  the  most  severely  with  disease." — P.  161. 

From  these  the  inference  is  clear  that, 
so  far  as  modern  investigation  shows, 
animals  are  somewhat  better  off  than  man 
in  respect  of  the  abdominal  brain,  and  that 
women  are  somewhat  better  off  than  men  ; 
while,  since  the  abdominal  brain  controls 
digestion,  girls  have  better  chances  of  nutri- 
tion than  boys,  and,  in  so  far.  from  the  first 
a  better  prospect  of  life.  This  is,  at  any 
rate,  cne  cause  of  the  greater  and  more 
-tenacious  vitality  of  girl-babies. 

W.  Hoskyns-Abrahall. 


DANGERS    IN    BIRD    LIFE. 

Saharanpur,  U.P.,  India,  April  13,  1914. 

Owing  to  a  mistake  on  the  part  of  my 
agents,  the  review  of  '  Glimpses  of  Indian 
Birds,'  which  appeared  in  the  issue  of  The 
Athenaeum  dated  January  24th,  has  only 
just  reached  me  ;  hence  my  delay  in  replying 
to  certain  remarks  in  the  review  in  question. 
As  regards  my  argument  : — 

"  There  are  three  critical  stages  in  the  life  of 
a  bird — the  time  when  it  is  defenceless  in  the  egg, 
the  period  it  spends  helpless  in  the  nest,  and  the 
two  or  three  days  that  elapse  after  it  leaves  the 
nest  until  its  powers  of  flight  are  fully  developed. 
When  once  a  little  bird  has  survived  these  dan- 
gerous periods,  when  it  has  reached  the  adult 
stage,  it  is  comparatively  immune  from  death 
until  old  age  steals  upon  it.  If  zoologists  would 
perceive  this  obvious  truth,  there  would  be  an 
end  to  nine-tenths  of  the  nonsense  written  about 
protective  colouring." 
Your  reviewer  says  that  the  above  argument 

"  is  quite  fallacious  in  one  important  particular. 
There  is  clearly  a  fourth  period  of  extreme  danger 
in  the  life  of  a  bird — that  during  which  the  duties 
of  incubation  and  rearing  nestlings  are  performed. 
It  is  precisely  this  factor,  in  the  view  of  Dar- 
winians, which  has  largely  determined  the  duller 
plumage  of  so  many  female  birds.  All  the  other 
dangers  that  threaten  the  helpless  young  are 
together  less  than  the  chance  of  sudden  death 
overtaking  the  mother." 

I  beg  to  differ  from  your  reviewer.  I 
assert  that  my  argument  is  not  fallacious. 
I  maintain  that  the  period  during  which  the 
duties  of  incubation  and  rearing  nestlings 
are  carried  on  is  not  one  of  "  extreme 
danger,"  or  even  of  unusual  danger,  to  the 
parent  bird  or  birds. 

I  doubt  whether  any  raptorial  bird  will, 
in  a  state  of  nature,  take  an  adult  bird  out  of  a 
tree  or  bush,  whether  the  bird  be  sitting  in  a 
nest  or  not.  Nearly  all  birds  of  prey  take 
their  quarry  when  it  is  on  the  move  ;  a  few 
will  seize  it  when  on  the  ground  or  on  water. 
A  bird  is  not  exposed  to  greater  danger 
when  sitting  on  the  nest  than  when  it  is 
perched  for  rest.  As  no  bird  spends  the 
whole  day  on  the  wing,  it  is  obvious  that 
an  incubating  bird  is  not  exposed  to  any 
extreme  or  unusual  danger.  Crows,  tree- 
pies,  and  some  other  birds  attack  and  devour 
eggs  and  nestlings,  but  these  do  not  take 
adult  birds.  Thus  the  "  fallacy  "  in  my 
argument  exists  only  in  the  imagination  of 
your  reviewer.  His  statement  that  this 
fourth  factor  (which  is  purely  imaginary)  is 
largely  responsible  for  the  duller  plumage 
of  hen  birds  is  an  example  of  the  way  in 
which  modern  zoologists  make  an  assump- 
tion which  is  not  justified,  treat  this  assump- 
tion as  a  fact,  and  then  proceed  to  build  up 
an  hypothesis  on  it.  The  most  showy  bird 
I  know — the  cock  paradise  flycatcher 
(Terpsiphone  paradisi) — incubates  the  eggs 
in  an  open  nest  turn  about  with  the  hen. 

As  regards  your  reviewer's  assertion,  "  In 
the  field  of  ornithology  many  would  claim 
that  protective  colouring  plays  an  even  larger 
part  in  the  three  early  stages  described  than 
in  the  case  of  the  adult,"  does  he  seriously 
assert  that  eggs  laid  in  open  nests,  as,  for 
example,  the  bright  blue  eggs  of  the  hedge- 
sparrow,  are  protectively  coloured  ?  Or 
does  he  imagine  that  the  large  red  or  yellow 
gaping  mouths  of  nestlings  are  examples  of 
protective  colouring  ?  D.  Dewar. 

***  That  Mr.  Dewar  should  take  excep- 
tion to  some  of  the  criticisms  I  offered  on  his 
book  is  hardly  surprising,  for  he  gave  fair 
warning  in  so  many  words  that  he  should  re- 
gard any  who  differed  from  him  as  slavishly 
adhering  to  theories  long  discredited. 
The  irony  of  the  position  from  a  personal 
point  of  view  is  that,  as  one  who  has  never 
held  any  exaggerated  respect  for  accepted 
authorities,  I  now  find  myself  on  the  side  of 
the  angels,  and  compelled  to  fall  back  on  the 
orthodox  in  defence  of  conclusions  which  are 


certainly  not  based  on  preconceived  notions  ; 
if  there  has  been  any  prejudice  on  my  part, 
the  scales  have  naturally  inclined  against  the 
"  books.''  Yet  it  is  impossible  to  answer 
Mr.  Dewar  without  at  every  step  traversing 
the  well-worn  track.  On  the  broad  question 
of  the  protective  colouring  of  birds  and  their 
adaptation  to  environment,  I  contend  that 
there  is  an  overwhelming  weight  of  evidence 
against  him.  That  striking  and  baffling 
exceptions  can  be  produced  is  undeniable, 
and  these  have  sometimes  been  explained 
away  with  a  superficial  ingenuity  which  is 
more  damaging  to  a  working  hypothesis  than 
a  frank  recognition  of  the  facts.  In  such 
cases,  however,  it  is  fair  to  suggest  that  a 
fuller  investigation  of  all  the  circumstances 
would  point  to  one  or  other  of  the  following 
explanations  : — 

(1)  The  comparative  immunity  of  the 
particular  species  from  danger  owing  to 
the  nature  of  its  habits  or  environment,  or 
the  absence  of  natural  foes. 

(2)  Its  failure  to  respond  sufficiently 
readily  to  altered  conditions — a  failure 
which,  if  persisted  in,  will  sooner  or  later 
doom  a  species  struggling  for  existence. 

Opinions  will  always  differ  very  widely  as 
to -whether  a  particular  coloration  is  actually 
an  aid  to  concealment  or  the  reverse  ;  it  is 
not  the  question  of  fact  that  it  might  appear, 
for  the  effect  on  human  vision  is  not  the  true 
criterion.  Be  that  as  it  may,  it  is  no  part  of 
the  Darwinian  doctrine  to  contend  that  the 
necessity  for  protective  colouring  is  equally 
urgent  for  every  bird  and  every  egg.  I  do 
not  "  seriously  assert  "  that  either  the  blue 
eggs  of  the  hedge-sparrow  or  the  yellow 
gaping  mouths  of  nestlings  (which  serve  a 
very  different  purpose)  are  protectively 
coloured ;  but  the  admission  is  not  very 
damaging.  In  all  cases  where  the  eggs  are 
deposited  in  a  comparatively  bulky  nest,  open 
or  otherwise,  the  need  of  concealment,  so  far 
as  its  contents  are  concerned,  is  transferred 
to  the  nest  itself,  and  to  the  parent  bird 
which  tends  it.  When  we  come  to  ground- 
building  birds  the  whole  conditions  are 
changed,  and  the  need  for  protection  of  the 
eggs  themselves  becomes  obvious.  Will  Mr. 
Dewar  seriously  assert  that  this  need  has  not 
been  responded  to  by  the  processes  of  natural 
selection  ?  He  will  hardly  surprise  me  if  he 
does  after  the  expression  of  his  opinion  that 
the  period  of  incubation  and  rearing  nestlings 
is  not  one  of  even  unusual  danger  to  the 
parent  bird.  I  should  have  imagined  that 
the  numerous  tragedies  which  take  place 
year  after  year  in  one's  own  garden  would 
show  the  true  state  of  affairs.  The  list  of 
casualties  would  doubtless  be  even  longer 
but  for  the  effective  concealment  of  pro- 
tective colouring.  The  danger  is  not  from 
raptorial  birds,  but  from  four-footed  foes,  for 
man,  of  course,  is  to  be  left  out  of  the  reckon- 
ing. When  a  bird  perches  casually  for  rest, 
it  can,  and  does,  keep  a  wide  look-out,  and 
does  not  linger  a  moment  if  danger  threatens. 
Everything  is  very  different  when  it  has  a 
nest.  Most  birds  become  far  tamer  and  less 
suspicious  at  this  time,  but  when  once  danger 
is  suspected  it  is  too  late  to  take  precautions  : 
the  nest  cannot  be  moved,  and  each  time  it 
is  approached  the  gauntlet  has  to  be  run. 
Every  one  knows  that  parent  birds  will  often 
face  terrible  odds  sooner  than  desert  their 
treasured  nursery,  and  e^en  when  the  coast 
is  clear  each  visit  increases  the  risk  of  detec- 
tion. Detection,  if  a  cat  is  in  question,  will 
mean  the  more  than  probable  death  of  the 
adult  (for  the  cat  can  bide  its  time)  ;  if  a 
crow  or  magpie  makes  the  discovery,  it  is  the 
family  which  will  suffer.  To  my  mind,  this 
period — about  a  month  on  an  average — is 
one  of  prolonged  and  imminent  peril. 

The  Writer  of  the  Review. 


I 


No.  451(5,  May  10,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


695 


THE    ROYAL    SOCIETY'S 
CONVEBSAZIONE, 

At  the  Royal  Society  on  Wednesday  night 
the  most  popular  of  the  exhibits  was,  perhaps, 
that  of  Mr.  C.  W.  Darling,  who  showed  by 
projection  on  a  screen  that  when  globules  of 
orthotoluidine  were  formed  on  the  surface 
of  water,  and  a  slightly  larger  globule  of 
dimethyl-aniline  is  added,  it  will  "  eat  up  " 
and  absorb  the  lesser  globules  by  sending  out 
processes  like  an  amoeba.  After  a  certain 
*  amount  of  orthotoluidine  has  been  thus 
absorbed,  the  globule  of  dimethyl-aniline 
reposes  in  an  apparently  replete  condition  in 
the  centre  of  the  solution,  but  resumes  its 
ivity  when  a  slightly  different  "  food  "  is 
introduced  into  it.  Art  ifieial  cells  formed  by 
heavy  oils  laid  on  a  water  surface  in  carefully 
measured  quantities,  and  resembling  those 
shown  some  years  ago  by  Dr.  Deane  Butcher 
in  accordance  with  the  researches  of  M. 
Stephane  Leduc  (of  Xantes),  were  also  dis- 
played by  the  same  exhibitor. 

Another  instructive  exhibit  was  that  of 
Prof.  W.  H.  Bragg  and  his  son  Mr.  Leonard 
Bragg,  of  models  showing  the  results  of  their 
recent  inquiry  into  the  structure  of  crystals 
a-  exhibited  by  their  diffraction  of  the  X-rays. 
That  oi  the  diamond,  as  showing  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  four  carbon  atoms  in  the  shape  of 
a  tetrahedron,  was  very  clear  and  lifelike,  as 
was  another  which  purported  to  explain  the 
similar  behaviour  under  the  rays  of  iron 
pyrites  and  fluor-spar.  This  kind  of  inquiry 
bids  fair  to  introduce  a  new  era  in  stereo- 
chemistry, and  the  results  as  exhibited  are 
more  com  incing  than  diagrams. 

In  a  room  on  the  ground  floor  Prof. 
Fleming  exhibited  a  model  designed  to  show 
the  laws  of  wave-motion  by  means  of  sta- 
tionary vibrations  in  strings  strained  be- 
tween a  rotating  disk  and  a  slide-rest.  The 
loading  of  the  strings  at  intervals  with  glass 
beads  produced  similar  effects  to  those  of 
loading  coils,  or  wires  carrying  electric  waves, 
and  were  thus  used  to  illustrate  Prof.  Flem- 
ing's recent  lecture  on  telephone  improve- 
ments at  the  Royal  Institution. 

Among  the  more  practical,  as  opposed  to 

theoretical,  apparatus    exhibited     was    the 

"'  Caleometer  '    of   Prof.    Leonard   Hill   and 

Mr.  Griffith,  which,  by  means  of  a  Wheatstone 

bridge  and  an  automatic  rheostat,  seeks  to  do 

away  with  both   '"stuffiness"  and  draughts 

in  a  public  building  or  factory.     The  bridge 

so  balanced  that  it  approximately  repre- 

's  the  temperature  of  the  human  body. 

An  indicator  like  an  ampere  meter  shows  the 

number  of  calories  per  minute  that  have  to 

be  supplied  to  this  to  keep  its  temperature 

Lstant,    which   ought,    apparently,    to    be 

about  thirty.     If  the  reading  is  steady,  it  is 

!     to   indicate  a  too  still  and  oppressive 

atmosphere  ;   if  it  oscillates  violently  about  a 

high    average,    it    is    evidence    of    too    rapid 

cooling  and  draughts. 

Another  ingenious  piece  of  apparatus  was 
that  exhibited  by  the  Cambridge  Scientific 
I    rtmment  Co.  for  investigating  the  stability 
teroplanes.      It  is  called  "  an  Aerodynamic 
mce,"  and  was  made  to  the  design  of  the 
National  Physical  Laboratory's  staff  for  the 
onautical    Department     of    the     Massa- 
chusetts   Institute    of    Technology.      In    the 
instrument  shown,  the  model  aeroplane,  the 
bility  of  which  is  to  be  measured, is  fixed 

on  the  top  of  a  vertical  shaft  passing  through 
the  underside  of  a  wind-channel.  It 
claimed  that  it  allows  of  the  measurement  of 
the  forces  along  three  fixed  rectangular  axes 
and  of  the  three  moments  about  these  axes 
for  any  angle  of  incidence  of  the  wind  on 
the  model.  The  model  shown  was  a  small 
biplane;  but  as  no  wind -channel  was  attached, 
one  had  to  be  content  with  a  theoretical 
demonstration  of  the  value  of  the  apparatus.  I 


SOCIETIES. 
Society  of  Antiquaries. — May  7. — Sir  Arthur 

Evans,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Prof.  Haverfleld  read  a  paper  on  the  excava- 
tions at  Corbridge  in  L913.     In  comparison  with 

former  years  the  excavations  in  1913  were  not  so 
productive  as  usual.  A  few  buildings  were  un- 
covered, one  of  them,  which  was  long  and  narrow 
with  buttressed  Avails,  being  probably  a  granary 
or  storehouse.  The  fixing  of  the  line  of  the  road 
leading  northwards  out  of  the  town  was  one 
of  the  most  important  of  the  results  of  the  year's 
work.  The  most  interesting  discovery  was  a 
broken  altar  with  part  of  the  dedication  deae 
Pantheae,  which  may  be  compared  with  other 
altars  found  elsewhere  with  similar  dedications, 
e.g.  deo  pantheo  siLVAXo.  The  dedicatory 
inscription  is  on  the  front ,  and  on  each  side  are 
carved  figures,  two  wearing  what  are  apparently 
Phrygian  caps.  The  lower  part  of  the  altar  is 
broken  off,  so  that  the  inscription  is  incomplete. 
Among  the  smaller  finds  were  a  bronze  figure  of 
Mercury,  a  small  unguent  vase  in  the  form  of  a 
barbarian's  head,  and  a  gold  necklace.  Various 
interesting  architectural  fragments  were  also 
discovered. 

Mr.  Hamilton  Thompson  read  a  paper  on  the 
'  Visitations  of  Religious  Houses  by  William 
Alnwick,  Bishop  of  Lincoln  1436-19.'  The 
records  of  Bishop  Alnwick's  visitations  of  the 
religious  houses  of  his  diocese,  contained  in  a  paper 
MS.  of  133  foolscap  leaves  distinct  from  his 
episcopal  register,  cover  the  period  between  the 
end  of  1437  and  the  summer  of  1417.  They 
include  detailed  accounts  of  the  visitation  of 
69  different  foundations,  viz.,  10  houses  of  Bene- 
dictine monks,  9  of  Benedictine  nuns,  7  of  Cis- 
tercian nuns,  30  of  Austin  canons,  4  of  Austin  nuns, 
7  colleges  of  secular  priests,  and  2  hospitals.  In 
each  case  details  are  given  of  the  process  of  visita- 
tion, with  the  detecta  or  evidence  disclosed  by  the 
examination  of  individual  members  of  a  house. 
In  some  instances  the  detecta  are  followed  by  a 
summary  of  the  comperta  obtained  from  them, 
and  there  are  31  sets  of  injunctions  issued  as  a 
result  of  as  many  visitations.  Apart  from  the 
minute  information  given  by  these  documents 
with  regard  to  the  internal  life  of  the  monasteries 
and  colleges  visited  by  the  bishop,  they  have 
a  peculiar  value  on  account  of  the  evidence  which 
they  supply  as  to  the  method  of  composing  in- 
junctions. The  injunctions  in  each  case  are  rough 
copies,  carefully  corrected  and  interlined  with 
direct  reference  to  the  detecta  and  comperta  ;  and 
the  examination  of  their  text  affords  proof  that 
the  injunctions  frequently  entered  in  episcopal 
registers  are  not,  according  to  the  popular  idea, 
mere  common  forms,  but  documents  involving 
statements  of  historical  fact. 


Hellexic. — May  5. — Sir  Arthur  Evans  in  the 
chair. 

Prof.  Ridgeway  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Early 
Iron  Age  in  the  iEgean  Area.'  All  archaeologists 
up  to  1896  held  that  the  so-called  Mycenaean  or 
Bronze  Age  culture  had  been  brought  in  by  some 
invading  people  or  foreign  inlluence.  He  then 
put  forward  the  thesis  that  it  had  been  evolved 
in  the  iEgean  basin  by  a  race  domiciled  there 
from  the  Neolithic  period,  a  view  since  amply 
substantiated,  especially  by  Sir  A.  J.  Evans's 
grand  discoveries  at  Cnossus,  which  he  (Prof. 
Ridgeway)  had  said  would  prove,  if  not  the  chief 
focus,  at  least  one  of  the  chief  foci  of  the  iEgean 
culture.  Schliemann  and  the  rest  had  identified 
this  Mycena'an  culture  with  that  of  the  Homeric 
poems.  But  as  in  the  latter  iron  was  in  general 
use  for  weapons  and  implements,  even  for  the 
ploughshare,  Prof.  Ridgeway  was  led  to  the 
conclusion    that     the    tall,     blond    Acheans,    or 

Hellenes,  with    their   practice  of   cremation,   use   of 

iron  weapons,  round  shields,  brooches,  so  closely 
resembling  the  culture  of  the  Early  Iron  Age  of 
Central  Europe  and  I'pper  Italy,  were  a  "  Keltic  " 
(Teutonic)  tribe,  who  according  to  their  own 
traditions  had  entered  Greece,  not  all  at  once,  but 
somewhere  about  the  fourteenth  century  B.C., 
.inil  had  made  themselves  lords  of  the  indigenous 
people.  The  latter  were  termed  Pelasgians 
by  the  Greeks  themselves,  though  of  course 
there  were  many  different  tribal  names,  and 
Borne  tribes  were  more  advanced  than  others. 
He  held  that  ibis  autochthonous  race  of  Greece 
w.-is    closely    akin     to     the    dark-complexioned 

indigenous  Thraeians,  a  view  since  substantiated 

by  our  fuller  knowledge  of  the  prehistoric  arche- 
ology of  Thrace  and  Thessaly.  Messrs.  Ware  and 
Thompson  ('Prehistoric  Thessaly,'  pp.  260—63) 
have  disputed  the  Pelasgian  theory  on  the 
ground  thai  the  early  dweller-,  in  the  Argolid,  the 
Minyana    of    Orchomenus,    <ftc,    have    different 


kinds  of  pottery,  but  their  arguments  would  lead 
to  the  conclusion  that  differences  in  primitive- 
and  local  pottery  denote  not  merely  a  tribal,  but 
a  racial  difference. 

The  two  chief  objections  raised  against  his 
(Prof.  Ridgeway 's)  view  that  the  Homeric  Acheans 
were  a  fair-haired  tribe  who  brought  in  the  use 
of  iron  brooches,  round  shields,  practice  of  crema- 
tion, and  the  Geometric  or  Dipylon  style  of  orna- 
ment, were  (1)  that  there  was  no  archaeological 
evidence  for  the  "overlap"  of  iron  and  bronze 
weapons  representing  the  Homeric  poems,  as  the> 
stand,  and  (2)  that  no  trace  of  the  Early  Iron 
Age  culture  had  been  found  in  Phthiotis,  the- 
home  of  the  Acheans. 

(1)  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  argued  that  there  were 
no  swords  or  spears  of  iron  in  use  in  Homer 
(although  that  metal  was  used  for  axes,  knives, 
arrows,  plough),  because  the  iron  was  too  soft 
for  spears  and  swords,  and  his  view  was 
adopted  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Allen  and  by  Messrs.  Wace 
and  Thompson  in  a  recent  paper.  Yet  the- 
swords  and  spears  in  the  hall  of  Odysseus  are 
collectively  termed  "  iron  "  ('  Od.,'  xvi.  29 1  ; 
xix.  13).  The  line  cannot  be  ejected  as  "  in- 
organic," as  the  whole  machinery  for  the  slaying 
of  the  suitors  depends  upon  it.  Already  East 
Crete  had  shown  iron  and  bronze  swords  in  the 
same  tomb,  though  not  with  the  same  individual. 
Prof.  Ridgeway  now  exhibited  a  "  find  "  from  a 
grave  at  Cnidus  comprising  six  bronze  javelin 
heads  (about  6  in.  long),  five  of  iron  of  like  types, 
a  small  iron  knife,  and  a  whetstone,  iron  rust  stilt 
adhering  to  the  bronze  specimens.  Thus  the  same 
individual  had  bronze  and  iron  weapons  at  the- 
same  moment,  confirming  his  (Prof.  Ridgeway's) 
argument  for  Homer.  If  the  owner  of  these 
javelins  had  slain  a  foe  with  one  of  his  iron  speci- 
mens, there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
bard  would  have  celebrated  his  exploit  with  t  he- 
conventional  phrase  that  "  he  slew  him  with 
the  ruthless  bronze."  Thus,  though  muskets  have 
not  been  used  by  the  British  Army  since  the 
Crimean  War,  instruction  is  still  given  in  musketry,, 
and  there  are  still  Grenadier  Guards,  thouuh 
hand  grenades  have  not  been  used  since  the 
Peninsular  War. 

(2)  Messrs.  Wace  and  Thompson,  having  faikd 
to  find    any  Early  Iron    tumuli    in    Thessaly,  in 
their   '  Prehistoric  Thessaly  '   equate    the   "  local 
Thessalian     civilization,     though      by     itself     of 
too  low  a  type   to  fulfil   Homeric  requirements,"' 
with    the    Homeric    culture.      Mr.   T.    W.    Allen,, 
following   them,  regards   this  as  deadly  to  Prof 
Ridgeway's    theory.       But    local    Greek    archaeo- 
logists    had     already    noticed     and     partly     in- 
vestigated ten  large  tumuli  at  Ilalos  in  Phthiotis, 
not  far  from   the  Spercheius,   to   which  Achilles 
dedicated    his    hair.     Some    of   the    objects   were 
already  in  the   Halmyros   Museum.      Since  then 
Messrs.    Wace    and    Thompson    have    excavated 
one  of  these  tumuli  containing  sixteen  "  pyres  " 
with  cremated  remains,  iron  spears,  swords  and 
knives,  brooches  and  pottery  of  simple  Geometric 
forms.     The    swords    are    of    two    varieties,    and 
belong   to    a    general    type   spread    over   Central 
Europe  and  Italy.     They  differ  in  some  respects 
from    the    Hallstatt    and    Glasinatz   swords,    but 
their    tendency    to    widen    at    the    lower    end,   as 
Messrs.    Wace   and   Thompson   point   out,   brings 
them  closer  to  the  Danubian  area  than  elsewhere. 
Thus  the  Early  Iron  Age  culture  has  been  proved 
for  Phthiotis.     But  Messrs.  Wace  and  Thompson, 
who  are  committed  to  a  Bronze  Age  period  as  the 
background  in  Thessaly  for  Homer,  try  to  differ- 
entiate  the   Halos   culture  from   that   of  Homer, 
by  stating  (a)  that  no  iron  swords  are  in  use  in 
Homer   (which   is  contrary  to   the    Homeric   text 
and  to  the  evidence  just  given  for  the  overlap 
of  iron  and  bronze  in  thecase  of  javelins), and  ('>) 
that  whilst  there  are  no  urns  at  Halos,  the  burnt 
bones  are  always  placed  in  urns  in  Homer.     From 
the    inurning    of     the    bones    of    great    nun    like 
Hector,  they  hastily  assumed   that   ordinary  folk 
were  similarly  treated.     Hut  the  burnt  remains  of 
Elpenor    ('  Od.,'    xii.    13—16)    were    simply    laid 
under  a    mound   without  any   urn.      Messrs.   Wace 
and    Thompson    suggest     the    ninth    century    B.C. 
as  the  date,   making  it   Middle  Geometric.      Tbeii 
ground     is    that     as    there    are    iron    swords,    it    i- 

post-Homeric,"  but    that  assumption  has  been 
disproved.     Hut  there  arc  two  classes  of  pottery, 

jugs  with  cutaway  neck,  and   ring-Stemmed   vases, 

which  belong  to  the  Bronze  Age,  and  which  they 
have  to  term  "survivals."     The  presence  of  such 

types  rather  suggests  the  period  succeeding  tin 
Bronze  Age,  and  thus  points  to  at  least  B.C.  1000. 
The  brooches,  though  not  of  the  earliest,  types, 
may  well  date  from  the  same  period,  B.C.  1000. 
They  rely  also  on  the  occurrence  of  a  bird  and  of 
meander  on  the  pottery.  Hut,  as  animal  form 
an-  already  found  on  Bronze  Age  objects  in  the 
Danubian  area,  and  as  meander  is  only  a  variety 

of   the   zigzag,   ami    known    at    Sparta    as   early   as 

u.c.  860,  tin-  grounds  for  their  dating  seem  quit* 


690 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  451(5,  May  16,  1914 


insufficient,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  the  cemc- 
fcery  should  not  date  from  B.C.  1000.  That  it  is 
Achcan  they  seem  to  admit,  for  they  say  "  that 
it  may  perhaps  be  an  Achcan  burial  in  degenerate 
or  modified  form.  The  position  of  Halos  in 
Aehaia  Phthiotis  makes  this  view  seem  plausible." 
As  their  arguments  for  the  later  date  do  not  hold, 
we  may  conclude  that  the  cemetery  belongs  not 
merely  to  Acheans,  but  to  Achcans  of  the  Homeric 
Age. 

A  set  of  objects  from  tombs  of  the  Han  dynasty, 
illustrating  the  overlap  of  iron  and  bronze  imple- 
ments in  China,  and  some  Gaulish  iron  weapons 
and  a  La  Tene  brooch  from  Ephesus,  were  also 
shown. 

Sir  Henry  Howorth,  in  remarking  upon  the 
paper,  drew  attention  to  the  important  questions 
arising  from  the  traces  of  the  Iron  Age  in  the 
island  of  Elba. 

Sir  Arthur  Evans  wholly  differed  from  Prof. 
Ridgeway  as  to  the  idea  that  the  Iron  Age  civiliza- 
tion had  descended  from  the  Hallstatt  area  into 
Greece.  A  mass  of  parallel  evidence  showed, 
in  the  Chairman's  opinion,  that  the  use  of  iron 
began  in  Greece  and  the  Eastern  Mediterranean 
some  two  centuries  at  least  before  it  was  known 
on  the  Middle  Danube.  In  Sub-Minoan  Crete  its 
beginnings  could  be  traced  as  early  as  the  twelfth 
century  B.C.  It  was  known  about  the  same 
time  in  Greece  and  Cyprus.  As  regards  the  origin 
of  the  Iron  Age  civilization  in  Greece,  Prof.  Ridge- 
way's  main  theses  reversed  the  currents  of  history. 

Prof.  Ridgeway  replied  that  Sir  Arthur  Evans, 
for  the  date  of  Hallstatt  and  the  brooches,  was 
relying  on  the  chronology  of  Montelius,  which  was 
based  on  the  assumption  that  the  brooch  had  been 
invented  in  Greece  and  gone  north  ;  whereas,  since 
Prof.  Ridgeway  had  shown  that  the  brooch  was 
invented  in  the  north  and  had  come  down  from 
the  north,  the  chronology  had  to  be  revised  and 
the  date  of  Hallstatt,  &c,  put  back. 


Society  of  Biblical  Arch2eology. — May  13. 

- — Dr.  Gaster  in  the  chair. 

The  Rev.  W.  T.  Filter  read  a  paper  entitled 
'  The  Names  of  the  Confederates  of  Abraham  and 
of  Melchizedek.'  This  was  the  continuation  of  a 
paper  by  the  same  a.uthor  on  the  other  Amorite 
personal  names  in  Genesis  (see  Allien.,  Nov.  15, 
1913).  The  author's  conclusions  were  that  the 
names  investigated,  like  those  he  had  previously 
discussed,  were  all  Amorite  of  the  Abrahamic 
period. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


■Sis 


Ties. 


Wki). 


'Tun. 


Fiji. 


Sat 


Queen's  Fall,  7.—' Mysticism  :  I.    The  Meaning  and  Method 

of  Mysticism,'  Mrs.  Annie  Besant. 
Geogr:  phical,  3.— Annual  Meeting. 
fJ  heos<  phical,  3  —Annual  Meeting. 
Aristotelian,  S.— 'The  Notion  of  a  Common  Good,'  Miss  F.  R. 

shields. 
Institute  of   British   Architects,  8.  —  ' Beautiful   London,  and 

th"?  Aims  of  the  London  Society,'  Mr  T.  R.  Davison 
Jewish  Historical.  8  30.— 'The  Purchase  of  Hebrew  Books  by 

the  Knglish  Parliament  in  1647,'  IT.  I.  Abrahams  and  Mr.  1 I. 

fayle ;    'tan  a  Jew  be    Lord    Chancellor?'    Mr.   H.  S.   Q. 

Henrique". 
Royi.1    Institution,    3.  — 'Natural    History    in     the    Classics: 

I.  'J  he  Natural    History  of    the  Poets  Homer,  Virgil,  and 
Aristoi'banes,'  Prof.  D'Arcy  W.  Thfmpson. 

Society  of  Arts,  4  30.  — 'The  Singing  of  Hongs,  Old  and  New: 

II.  Classical    eongs,'   Mr.    H.    Plunket    Greene.      (Cobb 
Lecture. ) 

Statistical, 5.  — 'Suggestions  for  recording  the  Life-Hi6toryand 
Family  Connexions  of  Every  Individual,'  Mr.  VV.  Hazell. 

Musical  Association,  5.15.  — 'Modern  Harmonic  Tendencies,' 
Mr.  VV.  Denis  Browne. 

Zoological,  8  30  — '  Notes  on  the  Circulatory  System  of 
Elasmobranchs :  I.  The  Venous  System  of  the  Dogfish 
IScylliwm  canicula),'  IT.  C.  H.  o'Donoghue;  'Scent-Organs 
in  I  lichoptera,'  Mr.  B.  F.  Cumraings  ;  '  Notes  on  Plumage 
Dcveb  pment  in  the  African  Wood-Stork,'  Mr.  G  Jennison  ; 
and  other  Papers. 

Meteorological,  430.— 'The  Reduction  of  Barometer  Read- 
irgs  in  Absolute  Units,  and  a  Ntw  Form  of  Barometer 
I  ml.'  Mr.  K.  Gold;  'A  Cuban  Kain  Record  and  its 
Application.'  Mr.  A.  Hampton  Brown. 

University  of  London,  5. —  'An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Colonial  Law,'  Lecture  L,  Dr.  Henri  Koliu. 

Scciety  of  Literature,  5.15.— 'Chailutte  Urontc!,'  Lecture  II., 
Pi  of  A.  0.  Benson. 

University  of  London,  5.30.— 'The  Citizen  and  Strategy,' 
iieut.-iol.  W.  K.  Scharlieb 

Folk-lore.  S— 'The  Chevauchee  de  St.  Michel  in  the  Island 
of  Gueri'Sey,'  Miss  E.  Carey. 

Microscopical,  8. 

Society  of    Aris,   8.30.— 'The  Channel  Tunnel  and  its  Early 
History.'  Mr.  J.  C.  Hawkshaw. 
3.  Royal   li  stitntion,  3.— 'Identity    of    laws   in    General    and 
Biological  Chemistry,'  Lecture  If.,  Prof.  S.  Arrhenius. 

Royal,  4  30.  -'On  the  Efiect  of  the  Magneton  in  the  Scatter- 
ing of  Ipha  Rajs.' Prof.  W.  M.  Hicks;  'Luminous  Vapours 
(list  Ued  from  the  Arc,  with  Applications  to  the  Study  of 
Spectrum  Series  and  their  Origin,'  Part  I  ,  Hon.  R.  J.  Strutt ; 
'On  the  Ionization  of  Gast  s  by  Collision,  and  the  Ionizing 
Potential  for  Positive  Ions  and  INegative  Corpuscles,'  Mr. 
W.  T.  Pawlow  :  and  other  Papers. 

Society  of  Arts,  4:i0.-'The  Indian  Census  of  Iflll  :  Ethno 
graphv  and  Occupations,'  Mr.  E.  A.  Gait.      (Indiau  Section  ) 

Geographical,  5.— 'The  Gulf  Stream,'  Commander  C.  Hep- 
woi  t  h 

Chemical,  8.30  — 'lonizition  and  the  Law  of  Mass  Action: 
Part  III.  Utilization  of  the  Cosmic  I'ata,  and  a  New 
Dilution  Law,'  Mr.  VV.  R.  Bousfield ;  'The  Influence  of 
Nitro-Groups  on  the  Re-activity  of  Substituents  in  the 
Benzene  Nucleus,'  Mr.  J.  Kenncr  ;  and  other  Papers. 
Univeisity  of  London,  5  —'An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
•  oloni.l  Law,'  Lecture  II.,  Dr.  Henri  Rolin 

Viking,  8.15.  — 'Norse  Bish'ps  of  Orkney,'  Dr.  Olaf  Kolsrud. 
Hojal  Institution,  9.  —  '  The  Mortuary  Chapels  of  the  Theban 
Nobles,'  Mr.  R.  Mond. 

Royal  Institution,  3— 'Fiords  and  their  Origin:  I.  The 
Nature  and  Distribution  of  Fiords,'  Prof.  I.  W.  Uregory. 


FINE    ARTS 


Monumental  Classic  Architecture  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  during  the  Eighteenth 
and  Nineteenth  Centuries.  By  A.  E. 
Richardson.     (Batsford,  41.  4s.  net.) 

Sir  Gilbert  Scott's  abandonment  of 
Gothic  for  the  new  Foreign  Office  at  the 
behest  of  Palmerston  was  a  fatal  blow  at 
the  Gothic  Revival ;  it  has  been  said  that 
Scott  killed  the  Revival,  and  that  Street, 
at  the  Law  Courts,  erected  its  monument, 
The  truth  is  that  time  alone  will  kill  any 
revival ;  life  moves  on,  and  what  was 
natural  to  one  century  is  unnatural, 
illogical,  and  unsuited  to  a  later  one. 
The  age  that  cannot  inspire  and  sup- 
port its  own  arts  is  at  fault  somewhere. 
On  the  other  hand,  any  revival  has 
definite  lessons  for  those  who  observe  them, 
and  the  stream  now  running  vigorously 
being  Neo -Classic,  some  wish  to  believe 
that  we  are  where  we  were  before  the 
Romantic  movement  of  the  middle  of 
the  last  century,  as  though  the  Gothic 
Revival  had  never  been. 

A  sign  of  the  times  is  the  appearance  of 
yet  another  of  the  handsome  volumes 
dealing  with  the  history  of  architecture 
from  the  firm  of  Batsford.  Mr.  Richard- 
son's volume  on  k  Monumental  Classic 
Architecture  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
during  the  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth 
Centuries  '  may  be  said  to  complete  the 
survey  of  the  Classic  tradition  in  these 
islands  begun  by  Mr.  Blomfield,  Mr. 
Gotch,  and  Messrs.  Belcher  and  Macartney. 
Mr.  Richardson  is  well  fitted  for  his  task, 
and  it  will  be  seen  by  those  who  study  his 
book  how  well  he  has  achieved  his  object. 
That  object  is  to  demonstrate  the  value 
of  Inigo  Jones's  revolution  in  English 
architecture,  and  to  prove  the  vitality  of 
the  tradition  initiated  by  him,  founded  by 
Wren,  and  built  up  by  a  host  of  lesser 
men  working  on  continuously,  even  during 
the  period  of  the  Gothic  movement,  down 
to  our  own  day. 

In  considering  the  history  of  architecture 
the  part  played  by  the  critic  and  by  the 
public  should  not  be  overlooked  ;  if  the 
critics  of  architecture  understood  more 
about  it,  there  would  be  less  tendency  to 
jump  from  one  extreme  to  another,  and 
a  more  shapely  growth  would  be  visible. 
The  more,  therefore,  the  natural  history 
of  architecture  is  understood,  the  better 
will  it  be  for  its  progress.  Mr.  Richardson 
does  good  service  by  throwing  light  upon 
the  obscure  phases  of  development  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  though  he  is 
somewhat  blinded  by  his  enthusiasm  to 
the  larger  issues  of  the  future  of  archi- 
tecture. 

Mr.  Richardson  avoids  many  pitfalls  by 
dealing  only  with  monumental  architecture 
— the  very  existence  of  which,  apart  from 
mediaeval  monuments,  is  often  overlooked. 
He  writes  vividly  of  the  quality  he 
admires,  and  is  reinforced  by  the  splendour 
of  the  illustrations  upon  which  he  draws. 


"  There  is  in  monumental  architecture  an 
indescribable  austerity  and  remoteness,  a 
sense  of  reposeful  dignity,  a  solidity,  steadi- 
ness, and  simplicity  of  effect  that  impresses 
the  mind  at  once  with  the  greatness  of  the 
idea." 

He  goes  on  to  show  that  the  monuments 
of  antiquity — he  might  also  have  included 
those  of  the  Middle  Ages — reveal  the  fore- 
going attributes.  He  briefly  examines 
the  architecture  of  Greece  and  Rome, 
and  its  influence  in  the  centuries  under 
discussion,  and  the  genesis  of  modern 
Classic  in  the  Italian  Renaissance.  We 
cannot,  however,  follow  him  when  he 
speaks  of  the  "  cold  mysticism  of  Gothic 
art." 

Writing  of  the  importance  of  fine  plan- 
ning on  p.  85,  he  says  that  to  a  French 
architect  the  academic  values  a  plan  pos- 
sesses are  dearer  by  far  than  the  treatment 
of  elevations.  At  this  time,  when  we  are 
looking  across  the  Channel  to  the  great 
school  founded  by  Colbert  as  a  source  of 
inspiration  and  instruction,  it  is  well  to 
remember  that  plamiing  has  been  the 
foundation  of  all  monumental  architecture. 
It  is  in  this  that  we  have  advanced  in 
later  years. 

Dealing  with  the  work  of  Sir  Charles 
Barry,  Mr.  Richardson,  the  advocate  of 
the  Neo-Greek  style  for  modern  archi- 
tectural expression,  makes  a  remarkable 
admission.  He  is  writing  of  the  Houses  of 
Parliament,  and  says  that  "  the  plan  is 
a  notable  example  of  his  [Sir  Charles 
Barry's]  classic  training";  and  then 
"  that  the  whole  structure  is  conceived  in 
a  monumental  spirit  emancipated  from 
the  pettiness  of  style."  That,  in  brief,  is 
the  key  to  advance.  Neither  Neo-Greek 
nor  Neo-Gothic  is  the  way  of  salvation ; 
rather  we  must  interpret  the  spirit  of  the 
ages,  and  leave  the  pettiness  of  style  to 
settle  itself  by  the  slow  evolution  of  time  ; 
if  we  examine  architecture  with  an  open 
mind,  we  shall  find  that  the  Classic  spirit 
breathes  throughout  the  ages  in  the  work 
of  Christian  and  pagan. 

As  a  contribution  to  the  history  of  art 
Mr.  Richardson's  work  ranks  high  :  the 
style  is  elevated,  and  the  matter  fills  a 
gap  ;  the  system  of  classification  and  the 
careful  research  in  dark  or  forgotten 
places  are  notable.  The  insistence  on 
the  pliability  of  our  Classic  tradition,  the 
lifting  of  the  old  tyranny  of  the  orders  of 
architecture,  and  the  imaginative  and 
sympathetic  outlook  combine  to  make  a 
readable  and  valuable  book  which,  as  an 
illustrated  biographical  record,  is  also 
welcome. 


DRAWINGS. 


Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  Friday,  the  Sth  inst., 
the  following  drawings  :  Birket  Foster,  A  Fish 
St  all  near  the  Rialto,  Venice,  220?.  10s.  J.  Israels, 
Scheveningen  Beach,  a  group  of  fisherfolk  and 
children  awaiting  the  arrival  of  two  fishing-boats, 
325?.  10s.  0.  Fielding,  Loch  Lomond,  peasants 
and  cattle  on  a  road  in  the  foreground,  315/. 
J.  M.  W.  Turner,  Jerusalem,  North-West  View, 
2cS3/.  10s. 


No.  451(5,  May  16,  1914 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


097 


CURRENT    EXHIBITIONS. 

The  '*  monster  Olio  of  attractions "  (to 
use  Stevenson's  perfect  phrase)  which  is 
displayed  at  Burlington  House  has  pre- 
vented us  from  dealing  with  two  exhibitions 
which  should  have  been  noticed  last  week. 
The  hundred  or  more  colour-prints  by 
Hirosliige  shown  at  the  Fine  Art  Society's 
galleries  worthily  represent  the  artist  whose 
work  is  usually  the  first,  along  with  that  of 
Hokusai,  to  attract  the  admiration  of  those 
unaccustomed  to  Oriental  pictures.  With 
the  tendency  of  modern  European  painting 
to  recover  touch  with  the  East,  many  of 
his  designs  now  hardly  look  exotic  to  us. 
Such  subjects  as  tho  Night  Rain  at  Karasaki 
(28)  or  the  Ohashi  Bridge  (53),  with  the 
river  in  yellow  flood  (from  the  "  Hundred 
Views  of  Yedo"),  might  almost  have  been 
clone  by  a  European  of  to-dajr,  but  for  the 
perfection  with  which  extreme  boldness  of 
execution  is  united  to  extraordinary  delicacy 
of  perception.  We  can  tmderstand,  on  a 
view  of  the  whole  exhibition,  how  artists  of 
an  earlier  school,  or  the  modern  connoisseur 
trained  to  their  more  severe  taste,  might  find 
Hiroshige's  range  of  polychrome  opulence  a 
falling-away  from  the  purest  canons  of  art. 
T<  •  us,  accustomed  to  more  blatant  deca- 
dence, he  still  appears  a  raffine,  and  his 
admirers  are  justified  in  enjoying  without 
reserve  the  richness  of  interest  in  the  subject- 
matter  of  a  show  which  enhances  so  gener- 
ously our  sense  of  the  excitement  of  life. 
The  charm  of  No.  78,  Autumn  :  Morn  on 
the  Tamayawa  ;  the  romance  of  No.  91, 
with  its  lantern-bearer  crossing  a  bridge  to 
a  mysterious  wood  darkened  by  rain  ;  the 
dangerous  adventure  of  No.  109,  with  its 
plunging  gorge  ;  and  the  fantastic  grandeur 
of  the  large  snow-scene,  Mountain  and  River 
on  the  Kiso  Road  (39),  offer  entertainment 
surely  irresistible  and  sensational  even  to 
t  he  public  which  is  moved  by  kinemas.  The 
boldly  designed  Monkey  Bridge  at  Kai  (52) 
is  at  once  one  of  the  most  famous  and  one 
of  the  rarest  of  Hiroshige's  prints. 

The  Spring  Exhibition  at  the  Goupil 
llery  includes  an  excellent  Harpignies, 
Lc  Soir  (25);  a  good  Corot,  Ruines  a  Rome 
(23),  as  well  as  another,  Le  Marais  (10),  of 
the  more  popular  type ;  and  an  example  of 
the  tough-fibred,  expressive  paint  which 
makes  Dupre  one  of  the  most  consistently 
interesting  of  the  Barbizon  group.  It  is 
noticeable  that,  whereas  Monet  (27)  and 
Sisley  (31)  are  perfectly  at  ease  in  com- 
parison with  the  work  of  that  older  school, 
Le  Sidaner  (13)  seems  soft  and  lacking  in 
structure. 

In  comparison  with  the  best  work  of 
this  century  all  these  typically  nineteenth- 
century  pictures  might  look 'a  little  dull 
and  stereotyped  in  their  main  design.  They 
Mould  all,  on  the  other  hand,  have  a 
subtlety  of  paint  compared  with  which 
Post-Impressionism  is  technically  brutality. 
We  feel  this  monotonous  harshness  in  the 
■how  at  the  Whitechapel  Art  Gallery,  at 
which  the  collection  of  examples  of  the 
«t  recent  phases  oi  painting  and 
Ipture,  while  reflecting  great  credit  on 
tli<-  energy  and  enterprise  of  its  managers, 
almost  defies  review.  There  are  too  many 
rks,  and  almost  all  of  them  have  been 
already  noticed  in  these  columns,  so  that 
the  critic  has  the  sense  of  being  haunted  by 
the  ghosts  of  his  past  judgments  in  fresh 
surroundings,  and, under  stressor'  fresh  com- 
parisons, asking  to  some  extent  for  revision. 
No  court  of  appeal  could  get  through  such 

accumulation  of  business.     The  princ 
new  exhibits  are  Mr.  8.  Spencer's  fay  (368), 
with   some   charm   in   its   excellent    use   of 
'•  mpera     among     much     unconvinced     oil 


painting  ;  Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis's  Slow 
Attack  (25),  which  is  very  severely  limited  to  a 
geometric  linear  system,  and  almost  destitute 
nt  any  suggestion  of  depth,  and  so  makes  but 
a  narrow  appeal  ;  and  the  stone  head  by 
Modigliani  (287),  which  is  undeniably  strik- 
ing, though  by  means  which  appear  obvious 
when  once  announced. 

The  Irish  landscapes  by  Mr.  Robert 
Gregory  showing  at  the  Chenil  Gallery  might 
fitly  find  a  place  at  Whitechapel,  but  in 
these,  as  in  Mr.  Spencer's  picture,  there 
remains  over  from  the  previous  century  some 
ambition  for  the  subtle  modulation  of  pig- 
ment. They  have  sometimes — as  in  No.  6, 
Coole  Lake  ;  No.  8,  Orpheus  ;  or  No.  24, 
The  Natural  Bridge — an  admirable  decora- 
tive sense  which  is  of  the  future  rather  than 
the  past,  and  altogether  the  show  is  one  of 
considerable  promise. 

The  Exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Mural 
Decorators  and  Painters  in  Tempera,  at 
the  new  Art  Workers'  Guild  Hall,  offers  a 
strange  contrast  to  any  of  the  shows  we  have 
just  been  considering.  There  is  hardly  any 
work  for  which  we  could  not  find  a  more  or 
less  accurately  dated  source  of  inspiration  in 
the  past.  This  in  itself  might  not  be  harmful, 
but  that  it  seems  the  result  of  a  timidity 
which  shrinks  from  losing  hold  of  the  one 
sure  clue  of  literal  imitation.  The  stronger 
work  would  probably  look  better  in  sur- 
roundings where  daintiness  and  a  pretty 
fancy  were  more  at  a  premium.  The 
principal  exhibitors  are  Mrs.  Sargent  Flor- 
ence, Miss  M.  Lanchester,  and  Miss  Jessie 
Bayes,  and  Messrs.  Aiming  Bell,  Gayley 
Robinson,  and  Maxwell  Armfield. 

An  exhibition  containing  so  many  fine 
prints  as  are  to  be  found  at  Messrs.  Colnaghi 
&  Obach's  galleries  is  always  justifiable,  but 
so  many  shows  of  Legros's  etchings  have  been 
recently  held  that  a  detailed  review  is  not 
needed. 

In  a  less  degree  the  same  might  be  said 
of  the  extensive  display  of  etchings  by 
Mr.  Muirhead  Bone  at  Mr.  Dunthorne's 
gallery.  A  wonderful  executant,  Mr.  Bone 
is  infinitely  patient,  almost  without  loss  of 
suppleness.  Yet  in  so  large  a  collection  we 
do  feel  at  the  end  a  certain  elaboration  for 
the  sake  of  elaboration,  so  that  sometimes, 
in  a  trial  proof  like  that  for  the  Great  Gantry, 
Charing  Cross  Station  (47),  or  even  in  the 
virtually  complete  trial  proof  for  Building 
(36),  we  find  a  greater  simplicity  of  state- 
ment which  might,  with  advantage,  be  the 
rule  rather  than  the  exception.  Mr.  Muir- 
head Bone  has  been  a  close  student  of  many 
artists,  and  ready  to  base  his  art  at  intervals 
on  many  models.  We  are  tempted  to  recom- 
mend him  in  etching  such  a  plate  by  Legros  as 
Les  Bouleaux,  Bord  de  VEau  :  Effct  du  Matin 
(31),  at  Messrs.  Obach's  Gallery,  as  likely  to 
constitute  a  useful  member  in  the  series  of 
influences  which  has  made  his  training  as  an 
artist. 

There  are  also  two  exhibitions  of  drawings  : 
those  of  Mr.  Joseph  Simpson  at  the  Gamera 
Club,  and  of  Mr.  E.  J.  Sullivan  at  the  Oiirer 
Gallery  in  Dover  Street.  Both  collections 
have  considerable  merit  :  the  former  in  the 
simplicity  of  vision  which  makes  a  drawing 
plastically  suggestive  and  completely  of  a 
piece  with  a  minimum  of  line  ;  the  latter  in 
the  invention  and  resource  of  method  which 
are  brought  to  the  business  of  dramatic  yet 
decorative  illustration.  The  Dover  Streel 
show  contains  also  a  few  small  bronzes  l>\ 
the  well -known  sculptor  -Mr.  (h'lhcrl    Bayes. 

Jn  both  these  shows,  again,  there  is  a 
considerable  proportion  of  work  which  has 
Keen  previously  exhibited;  and  perhaps  this 

La  due  to  the  idea  thai  the  amateurs  who  come 

to  town  to  sec  the  Academy  like  their  arl 

well  m:it ure<i  and  familiar. 


MUSIC 


OPERA. 

The  final  sections  of  the  second  cycle  of 
'  The  Ring '  were  given  on  Thursday  and 
Saturday  in  last  week.  Of  '  Siegfried  '  we 
have  only  to  note  that  Heir  Cornelius 
gave  great  satisfaction  as  singer  and 
actor,  and  if  he  showed  slight  signs  of 
fatigue  at  the  end  of  the  opening  trying  act, 
that  happens  to  most  who  undertake  the 
part.  Herr  Bechstein  is  the  best  Mime 
on  the  stage.  An  excellent  performance 
was  given  of  '  Gotterdammerung.' 

Throughout  this  cycle  Madame  Gertrud 
Kappel  has  more  than  confirmed  the 
good  impression  which  she  created  during 
the  first.  In  '  Gotterdammerung  '  she  had 
her  most  severe  test,  and  stood  it  well. 
No  more  need  be  said  in  praise  of  Herr 
Arthur  Nikisch. 

The  length  of  'The  Ring'  does  not 
seem  to  interfere  with  its  popularity, 
and  this  is  due  to  the  wonderful  things 
in  it.  Wagner's  lengths  may  not  be 
always  "  heavenly,"  but  they  act  as  foils 
to  the  many  passages  in  which  his  genius 
is  fully  revealed. 

The  music  at  the  Gala  Festival  at 
Covent  Garden  on  Monday  evening  in 
honour  of  the  King  and  Queen  of  Den- 
mark was  a  success.  The  object,  of  course, 
of  selecting  acts  instead  of  a  complete 
work  was  to  give  a  greater  number  of 
artists  the  chance  of  appearing  ;  and  by 
taking  two  first  acts  and  a  fairly  early 
one  from  '  Aida,'  the  effect  was  not  so 
disjointed  as  it  sometimes  is  on  such 
occasions.  In  the  one  from  '  La  Tosca ' 
Madame  Edvina  was  excellent,  also  Signor 
Martinelli  as  Cavaradossi,  and  both  were 
in  fine  voice.  Signor  Marcoux  was  an- 
nounced to  play  Scarpia,  but  was  suddenly 
taken  ill.  Signor  Scotti,  who  had  arrived 
in  London  that  very  day,  undertook  to  be 
his  substitute  ;  his  powerful  rendering  of 
that  part  is  well  known.  Signor  Giorgio 
Polacco  acted  ably  as  conductor.  Next 
came  Madame  Melba  and  Signor  Martinelli 
in  the  opening  act  of  'La  Boheme.' 
Madame  Melba's  Mimi  is  rightly  regarded 
as  one  of  her  most  characteristic  impersona- 
tions, and  on  Monday  she  was  in  splendid 
voice.  With  Signor  Martinelli  as  Rodolfo 
and  Mr.  Albert  Coates  as  conductor  success 
was  a  foregone  conclusion. 

In  Act  II.  sc.  ii.  of  'Aida'  Madame 
Destinn  was  Aida,  Herr  Sembach  was 
Badames,  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn  Amneris, 
and  Herr  Arthur  Nikisch  conductor. 
The  last-named,  as  he  proved  at  the 
recent  Leeds  Festival,  can  do  full  justice 
to  Verdi  as  well  as  to  Wagner. 

An  excellent  performance  was  given  on 

Tuesday  evening  of  '  Die  .Meistersinger," 
but  the  special  feature  was  1  lie  impersona- 
tion of  Hans  Sachfl  by  Mr.  Clarence  White 
hill.  lie  distinguished  himseli'  as  Wotan 
in  •  The  Ring,1  and  he  is  equally  suc- 
cessful in  a  part  of  very  different 
nature.  lie  acts  it  well  :  his  singin  g 
alone  would.  ho\\e\er.  ha\e  made  a 
strong  appeal. 


098 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4510,  May  10, 


1914 


Musical  Interpretation :  its  Laws  and 
Principles,  and  their  Application  in 
Teaching  and  Performiyuj.  By  Tobias 
Matthay.  The  T.M.P.S.  Edition. 
(Joseph  Williams,  5s.  net.) 

The  author  is  well  known  as  a  pianoforte 
teacher,  and  this  book  shows  that  he  has 
given  much  thought  and  time  to  the 
subject.  But  although  he  deals  with  it 
specially  from  the  pianist's  point  of  view, 
his  principles  apply  with  equal  force  to 
all  other  forms  of  musical  interpretation. 
We  find  many  statements  here  so  evident 
that  it  does  not  seem  worth  while  to  make 
them  ;  but  the  book  was  evolved  from 
lectures  delivered  to  teachers  and  pupils, 
and  Mr.  Matthay  knows  well  that  there  are 
faults  and  failings  on  both  sides  which 
need  pointing  out.  No  true  teacher  can 
read  this  work  without  feeling  that  the 
writer  is  able  and  earnest. 

The  amount  of  dull  pianoforte  playing 
about  shows  that  the  style  of  teaching  has 
been  radically  wrong.  Of  late  a  real 
change  for  the  better  has  set  in,  and  this 
book  will  greatly  help  to  show  that  play- 
ing without  thinking  is  worse  than  useless. 

There  are  some  interesting  remarks  on 
musical  memory.  Each  note,  each  chord, 
it  is  said,  should  suggest  the  next  note  or 
•chord.  Without  such  a  chain  of  associa- 
tion "  you  do  not  remember,  and  cannot 
remember,  any  piece."  The  advice  is 
wise  enough,  though  in  some  modern 
music  it  would  not  be  easy  to  follow. 

We  are  reminded  that  musical  memory 
is  a  complex  phenomenon,  for  if  a  passage 
has  been  played  often  enough  to  impress 
it  upon  our  automatic  centres,  then,  says 
Mr.  Matthay,  "  our  fingers  may  be  able 
\to  find  the  road  automatically . "  The  help 
thus  derived  may  easily  be  felt  if  one 
attempts  to  think  out  a  piece  away  from 
the  keyboard.  There  majr  come  a  pause, 
but  on  trying  to  play  it  the  fingers  often 
-seem  of  themselves  to  find  the  required 
.note  or  notes.  We  ourselves  are  of  opinion 
that  if,  in  addition  to  this  help,  one  has 
thought  out  the  structure  and  phrasing  of 
the  music,  it  has  not  to  be,  but  is,  learnt. 

A  large  space  in  the  book  is  devoted  to 
v  The  Element  of  Rubato.'  The  term  is 
properly  described  as  giving  extra  time 
to  certain  notes,  and,  to  make  up  for 
it  by  taking  away  time  from  others. 
That  was  what  composers  of  the  past 
understood  by  the  term,  but  they  insisted 
•on  the  tempo  of  the  movement  being 
.retained  by  the  bass.  Familiar  and  apt 
quotations  from  Mozart  and  Chopin 
could  be  given  to  prove  this  ;  they 
stated  it  in  the  plainest  possible  terms. 
Mr.  Matthay  includes  an  accelerando 
followed  by  a  ritardando  as  an  instance 
■of  Rubato,  but  this  is  a  different  means 
of  expression,  and  one  in  which  the 
tempo  of  the  piece  undergoes  change. 
We  agree,  of  course,  with  all  that  is  said 
about  accelerando  and  ritardando,  and 
about  the  frequent  neglect  of  composers 
to  indicate  the  former  sign;  but  what 
advantage  is  there  in  classing  this  effect 
under  Rubato  ? 


A  few  words  must  be  said  about  another 
subject.  "  A  child,"  says  the  author, 
"  must  begin  its  musical  experiences  with 
music  of  to-day,  and  not  of  yesterday," 
because  "  the  average  child  cannot  easily 
learn  to  think  in  a  past  idiom  until  it  has 
had  considerable  experience  of  present-day 
music."  Some  "  few  exceptional  "  chil- 
dren, he  believes,  "  are  open  to  an  appeal 
from  the  classics,  but  one  should  be  sure  of 
this  before  immersing  them  in  an  idiom  far 
removed  from  that  natural  to  them."  Is 
it  wise  to  be  dogmatic  on  such  a  question  ? 
Moreover,  it  is  a  dangerous  doctrine  to 
preach  :  in  teaching  children  we  are  on 
safe  ground  with  Bach,  Haydn,  Mozart, 
and  Beethoven ;  but  present-day  music 
needs  the  test  of  time,  and  no  one  can 
say  how  much  of  it  will  in  the  future  be 
accounted  "  classical." 


Jltustral   dosstp. 

The  Beecham  season  of  Russian,  German, 
and  English  opera  and  ballet  at  Drury  Lane 
opens  next  Wednesday  evening.  Details 
have  ahead  y  been  given  of  the  works 
announced.  On  the  opening  night  will  be 
jserformed  Strauss's  '  Rosenkavalier,'  a  work 
produced  last  year  by  Mr.  Thomas  Beecham 
at  Covent  Garden.  On  Thursday  will  follow 
Mozart's  '  Die  Zauberiiote,'  which  to  many 
will  count  as  a  novelty.  Mr.  Beecham  will 
conduct  both  works. 

Mr.  Arthur  Hervey  has  written  many 
charming  tone-poems  or  tone-pictures  for 
orchestra  which  have  been  given  at  various 
provincial  festivals,  but  '  Ilona,'  produced 
at  the  Royal  Court  Theatre  under  his  direc- 
tion last  Tuesday  afternoon,  is,  we  believe, 
his  first  attempt  at  an  opera.  The  libretto 
is  by  his  wife,  who  has  compressed  a  story 
of  love,  passion,  and  death  into  one  act. 
Mr.  Hervey's  music  is  dramatic  in  character, 
and  modern  in  spirit,  though  not  of  an 
aggressive  kind.  The  scoring  is  excellent. 
Messrs.  Ivor  Walters  and  Julien  Henry,  and 
the  Misses  Bettina  Freeman  and  Di  Temple, 
impersonated  with  success  the  dramatis 
personam.  This  was  the  first  of  a  series  of 
performances  for  the  benefit  of  various 
charities. 

Herr  Ernst  von  Dohnanyi  is  a  com- 
poser of  interest,  for  his  works  show  thought 
and  skill,  and  he  has  not,  like  some  of  his 
contemporaries,  broken  with  the  past,  yet 
he  is  no  slavish  imitator.  We  do  not  con- 
demn composers  who  are  trying  to  extend 
the  boundaries  of  their  art,  but  Herr  Doh- 
nanyi is  able  successfully  to  follow  in  the 
footsteps  of  his  great  predecessors  because 
he  has  individuality.  It  is  only  when  this 
is  lacking  that  forms  are  felt  to  be  old.  In 
like  manner  the  latest  ideas  with  respect  to 
the  art  depend  for  their  reception  on  the 
degree  in  which  the  individuality  of  the 
composer  is  felt.  There  is  much  talk  now 
about  means,  but  it  is  the  matter  which 
counts. 

At  the  recital  which  Herr  Dohnanyi  gave 
in  conjunction  with  the  'cellist  Signor  Enrico 
Mainardi  at  the  ^Eolian  Hall  last  Thursday 
week,  his  early  Sonata  for  the  two  instru- 
ments, Op.  8,  was  performed.  The  inter- 
pretation was  excellent,  for  the  composer 
is  a  fine  pianist,  and  the  'cellist  plays  with 
understanding  and  sympathy.  They  were 
also  heard  in  Beethoven's  Sonata  in  a, 
Op.  69,  of  which  a  delightful  reading  was 
given. 


A  concert  was  given  by  the  pupils  of 
Madame  Albani  in  the  iEolian  Hall  on  the 
evening  of  the  7th  inst.  The  advantages  to 
them  of  having  instruction  from  one  who 
has  distinguished  herself  in  opera,  oratorio, 
and  song  are  evident,  and  specimens  were 
furnished  from  these  three  branches  of  the 
art.  Excerpts  from  operas  of  Handel,  Gluck, 
Meyerbeer,  and  Gounod,  and  airs  from  '  The 
Creation  '  and  '  Elijah,'  were  given.  With 
the  change  of  fashion  the  dramatic  cantata 
has  largely  taken  the  place  of  oratorio  in 
London  and  other  important  centres,  but 
less  in  smaller  places.  Madame  Albani  is 
one  of  the  few  singers  who  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  style  in  which  such  music  should 
be  interpreted.  It  has  been  said  that 
great  artists  seldom  make  good  teachers. 
But  there  are  exceptions,  and  Madame 
Albani's  pupils  showed  that  she  is  one  of 
them. 

A  performance  of  Mendelssohn's  '  St. 
Paul  '  was  given  by  the  Handel  Society  on 
Tuesday  evening  at  Queen's  Hall  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  George  Henschel.  It  has 
not  been  heard  for  some  time,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  interest  in  the  oratorio  will  be 
revived.  We  fear,  however,  that  the  work 
has  had  its  day.  Some  of  the  solos — 
notably  "  O  God,  have  mercy  " — are  among 
the  best  that  Mendelssohn  wrote  ;  but  even 
if  the  music  generally  is,  as  some  maintain, 
better  than  that  of  '  Elijah,'  the  latter  has 
a  dramatic  story  which  renders  it  far  more 
interesting.  Of  the  four  soloists,  Miss  Phyllis 
Lett  and  Mr.  Gervase  Elwes  were  very  good. 
The  choir  sang  with  energy,  though  not  with 
sufficient  gradation  of  tone. 

No  fewer  than  thirteen  competitors  this 
year  have  passed  the  preliminary  examina- 
tion at  Paris  for  the  "Prix  de  Rome,"  and 
among  them  are  two  young  girls — Mile. 
Marie  Guyot  and  Mile.  Canal,  both  pupils 
of  M.  Widor.  Five  of  the  male  candidates 
have  also  studied  with  him. 

Madame  Lillian  Nordica  (nee  Norton), 
the  distinguished  opera  singer,  passed  away 
last  Sunday  at  Batavia(  Java).  She  was  born 
at  Farmington,  Maine,  in  1859.  After 
studying  at  Boston,  and  later  in  Italy,  she 
returned  for  a  short  time  to  America.  Her 
first  appearance  in  England  was  at  the 
Cr3'stal  Palace  in  1878,  and  her  de  ut  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1887,  and  it  was  there 
that  she  created  the  part  of  Zelica  in  Sir 
Charles  Villiers  Stanford's  'The  Veiled 
Prophet  '  in  1893.  The  following  year  she 
sang  Elsa  in  '  Lohengrin  '  at  Bayreuth. 
Her  voice  was  of  beautiful  quality,  and  her 
style  of  interpretation  denoted  marked 
intelligence.  Madame  Nordica  retired  from 
public  life  in  1909. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 

Sun.      Special  Concert,  3.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Mon.-Sat.  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Wei>.-Sat.  Opera,  Theatre  Royal,  Drury  Lane. 
Mom.      Willy  Lehmann's  'Cello  Recital,  3,  iEolian  Hall. 

—  Vernon  D'Amalle's  Song  Recital,  3  15.  Bechsteiu  Hall. 

—  Violet  Evelyn's  Recital.  3  30.  Arts  Centre. 

—  Leon  Eustiatiou's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8  15,  Bechsteiu  Hall. 

—  Edith  Elischer's  Song  Recital,  8  30,  .Bolian  Hall. 

Tues.  Eleanore  Osborne  and  Thomas  Farmer's  Song  Recital,  3  JSolian 
Hall. 

—  Grace  Thynne's  Violin  Recital,  3  15   Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Alice  Mandeville'e  Hour  of  Music.  3  4-5,  l.eigoton  House. 

—  Madam**  Larkcom's  Vocil  Recital.  8,  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Arthur  Rubinf-tein's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8.15.  Bechsteiu  Hall. 

—  Sydney  Rosenbloom's  Recital,  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Wed.  Beatrice  and  Be6sie  Griffiths's  Concert.  3  15,  JSolian  Hall. 

—  Max  Pauer's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3  15   Beclmtein  Hall. 

—  Arnold  Dolmetsch's  Concert,  830,  New  Hall,  Queen  Square, 

W.C. 
Thurs.  Helen  Henschel's  Vocal  Recital,  3.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Donaldaand  Isolde  Menges's  Concert.  3.  Queen's  Hall 

—  Dettmar  and  Otto  Dressel's  Violin  aud  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15, 

j^oliao  Hall. 

—  Madame  King  Clark  and  George  Hamlin's  Soug  Recital.  8.15. 

Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Kathleen  Mera  and  Handley-Davies's  Vocal  aud  Violin  Recital, 

8.15,  Steinway  Hall. 
Fki.       Flora  Woodman's  Vocal  Recital.  3  15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Eva  Katharina  Lissmann's  Vocal  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall 

Sat.       Parsifal  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Khoda   8impson     and    Cecil    Laws    Violin    and    Pianoforte 

Recital,  3.15,  ;Eolian  Hall. 


No.  451(5,  Mat  16,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


699 


DRAMA 

The  Villain  as  Hero  in   Elizabethan  Tra- 

/.     By    Clarence    Valentine    Buyer. 
(Routledge  &  Sons,  6s.) 

It  is  the  object  of  this  book  to  show  that 
the  greatest  villains  in  Elizabethan  tra- 
gedy were  Machiavellians,  and  that  many 
oi  them  were  not  only  heroic  as  criminals, 
but  were  actually  the  protagonists  of  the 
plays  in  which  their  crimes  were  repre- 
Bented.  Thus  it  follows  that  Aristotle's 
dictum  that  the  absolute  villain  is  unfitted 
to  arouse  tragic  pleasure  on  the  stage 
cannot  be  accepted  in  regard  to  such 
characters  as  Marlowe's  Jew  of  Malta, 
Shakespeare's  Richard  III.,  or  in  '  Mac- 
beth.'  We  are  told  besides  that  the 
origin  of  the  plays  in  which  the  villain- 
hero  appears  is  due  to  Seneca  ;  then  the 
author  attempts  to  differentiate  among 
the  various  types  of  villain-heroes  pre- 
sented by  the  Elizabethan  dramatists ; 
and  finally  he  analyzes  the  nature  of  the 
emotions  aroused  by  these  villain-heroes, 
and  points  out  what  is  necessary  to  stimu- 
late pleasure  in  tragedy  when  the  hero  is 
a  villain. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  freshness  shown 
in  the  treatment  of  this  subject,  and  a 
thoroughness  which  is  characteristic  of 
American  scholarship.  The  writer  is  a 
close  reasoner,  and  the  most  interesting 
part  of  the  book  is  that  which  deals 
with  the  elucidation  of  character,  and 
especially  of  Shakespearian  character. 
At  the  same  time,  without  necessarily 
challenging  the  arguments  successfully 
brought  forward  by  Mr.  Boyer,  it  is 
possible  to  regard  from  another  point  of 
view  the  development  of  the  villain-hero 
in  Elizabethan  drama. 

Belief  in  the  power  of  the  Church  to 
overthrow  the  devil  had  been  undermined 
by  the  Reformation  and  thus  other  poten- 
tial energies  were  let  loose.  Marlowe,  self- 
exalted  with  new  aspirations  and  the 
prospect  of  their  achievement,  thought  no 
good  or  evil  influence  could  be  beyond 
man's  reach,  nor  did  he  regard  any  law 
of  Aristotle  or  any  book  of  Machiavelli  as 
the  limit  of  man's  endeavour.  In  fact,  he 
had  only  to  endow  the  Lucifers,  the  Hycke- 
v  orners,  and  Jack  Jugglers  of  his  own 
_re  with  dignified  language  and  a  soul 
of  daring  in  order  to  create  his  villain- 
hero.  Marlowe,  indeed,  did  not  seek  to 
imitate  Machiavelli,  but  to  outvie  him, 
•  oid  Englishmen,  after  thirty  years'  respite 
from  religious  strife  under  Elizabeth's 
ride,  were  able  to  turn  to  the  stage  and 
learn  from  their  dramatic  poets  the 
mixed  motives  of  righteousness,  heroism, 
and  remorseless  villainy  which  influenced 
the  conduct  of  those  who  aimed  at  con- 
trolling the  destinies  of  their  fellow-men. 

-Mi  Boyer  is  apt  to  forget,  however. 
that  Machiavellianism  was  not  invented  by 
Machiavelli,  and  that  it  would  be  difficult 
to   assert  with   any  certainty  that   Eli/.a- 

than  dramatists  would  have  made 
their  villains  different  from  what  they  were 
had  the  writings  of  Machiavelli  not  been 
accessible  to  them.  For  we  an-  not 
necessarily    called    upon    to    admit    that 


certain  characters  are  Machiavellian  in 
origin  because  experience  has  shown  them 
to  be  exceptional  men  who  are  intluenced 
by  mixed  motives. 

Moreover,  in  a  book  of  this  kind  much 
of  the  criticism  expressed  might  be  taken 
for  granted,  were  it  not  written  in 
order  to  correct  the  views  of  writers 
who  do  not  accept  Mr.  Boyer's  opinion. 
There  can  hardly  be  a  volume  published 
bearing  upon  Shakespeare's  plays  which 
does  not  necessitate  the  publishing  of 
another  intended  to  modify  its  views. 
Both  books  might  claim  the  reader's  atten- 
tion for  their  merit,  yet  give  information 
about  matters  which  lie  outside  the  scope 
of  drama.  If  it  was  not  Shakespeare's 
way  to  preach  about  what  he  had  written, 
why  should  it  be  that  of  the  commen- 
tator ?  Men  who  differ  in  their  views 
about  the  characters  of  their  fellow-men 
may  be  expected  to  differ  about  a  Macbeth 
or  a  Hamlet,  and  the  characters  in  a  play- 
book  give  more  scope  for  argument  than 
do  those  which  are  seen  in  the  theatre. 
As  Mr.  Boyer  himself  realizes  : — 

'  When  we  are  watching  the  play  we 
have  no  time  for  deliberation,  emotion  is 
everything.  Impressions  are  made  instan- 
taneously, and  it  is  impressions  that  count 
in  a  play." 

Surely  Shakespeare  appreciated  this  fact, 
and  intended  his  audience  to  be  content 
with  such  emotions  as  he  expected  his 
characters  would  arouse  on  the  stage  of 
the  Globe  playhouse.  For,  after  all,  if 
Shakespearian  tragedy  treats  "  of  the 
inter-relation  of  real  character  and  situa- 
tion, and  thereby  offers  a  profound  criti- 
cism of  life,"  this  criticism  to  some  extent 
is  obtained  by  the  reader  independently 
of  Shakespeare  the  dramatist,  and  apart 
from  so  much  of  his  drama  as  is  dependent 
upon  theatrical  art. 

For  instance,  the  present  reviewer  does 
not  think  that  Mr.  Boyer's  able  criticism 
on  Iago  would  have  appealed  to  Shake- 
speare. In  the  theatre  the  interest  in 
Iago  is  sustained  by  admiration  for  his 
wonderful  talent  as  an  actor ;  by  his 
ability  to  impersonate  that  type  of  indi- 
vidual known  as  the  "  candid  friend  " — 
a  talent  which  found  encouragement 
from  the  credulity  of  his  victims.  Why, 
then,  discuss  whether  Iago  is  a  man  of 
"  motiveless  malignity,"  or  one  \vrho  is 
instigated  "by  a  desire  for  revenge  "  ? 
He  is  but  an  artist  in  dissimulation  who 
has  found  a  congenial  instrument  on 
which  to  practise  his  art.  Nor  need  we 
forget  that  it  was  Shakespeare  the  play- 
wright, and  not  Providence,  who  created 
the  ninepins  which  were  to  be  set  up  in  a 
position  most  suitable  for  Iago  to  knock 
them  down.  Then  Hamlet,  as  a  type  of 
avenger,  does  not  claim  our  sympathy 
'  because  he  is  good."  but  for  being  un- 
fortunate in  losing  a  noble  father  by 
foul  means,  and  in  having  a  dishonoured 
mother.  Nor  was  his  vengeance  "  void 
of  malice,"  since  he  sent  Kosencrantz  and 
Guildenstern  to  their  deaths.  Neither,  to 
judge  from  a  standard  of  real  life,  as  Mr. 

Boyer  would  have  us  do,  can  we  hail 
the  advent  of  the  upstart  Fortinbras  as 
a  harbinger  of  peace  for  Denmark. 


Dramatic  (Boasip. 

'  Tun  WTOMABTENS,'  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Powell, 
for  the  production  of  which  .Marie  Tempest 
was  responsible  at  the  Playhouse  last  Wednes- 
day week,  will  not  rank  high.  It  is  based  on 
the  antagonism  of  the  Dowager  Countess  of 
Wynmarten  to  her  widowed  daughter-in- 
law  Kleanor;  the  other  characters  merely 
serve  the  exigencies  of  the  plot.  There  is 
but   a  small  supply  of  humour  for  comedy. 

Kleanor,  worried  by  scandal  and  misunder- 
standing, determines  to  give  the  Dowager 
something  to  make  a  fuss  about.  The  arrival 
of  an  old  friend  from  India  in  the  person  of 
Billy  Carington  (Mr.  Graham  Browne)  makes 
the  way  easy,  and  an.  "evening  out  "  is 
arranged,  finishing  with  a  Covent  Garden  ball. 
She  gives  directions  that  no  one  is  to  sit  up, 
leaves  her  doorkey,  and  cuts  the  wire  of  tin- 
electric  bell. 

The  subsequent  difficulties  canbe  imagined,, 
and  almost  lead  to  Billy's  loss  of  an  appoint- 
ment, but  Eleanor  intervenes  and  all  ends 
well. 

The  play  does  not  show  Marie  Tempest  at 
her  best,  although  this  is  due  more  to  the 
part  she  fills  than  to  her.  Agnes  Thomas  as 
the  Dowager  Countess,  was  sufficiently  dis- 
agreeable and  disconcerting  to  everybodv. 
As  Billy  Carington  Mr.  Browne  made  the 
most  of  his  scanty  opportunities. 

We  omitted  to  notice  last  week  the  perfor- 
mance at  the  Ambassadors'  Theatre,  where 
'The  Patience  of  the  Sea,'  by  Mr.  Conn  I 
O'Riordan,  was  given  for  the  first  time. 
The  story  is  of  the  slightest  texture,  and 
concerns  one  Arnold  Brown,  a  middle-aged 
Socialist;  his  secretary  Charles  Deering,  a 
scatter-brained  young  fellow  with  free- 
thinking  ideas  ;  and  a  lady  named  Eva. 

Mr.  O'Riordan  has  written  a  conversa- 
tional play  strewn  with  clever  epigrams 
and  marked  by  shrewd  observation,  but  his 
characters  are  not  creatures  of  flesh  and 
blood — they  are  merely  fantasies  of  a  brilliant 
imagination. 

Gertrude  Kingston  played  a  difficult 
part  with  resource  and  skill ;  Mr.  Harcourt 
Williams  gave  a  passable,  but  not  convincing 
study  of  Arnold  Brown;  and  Mr.  Basil 
Hallam  was  quite  good  as  the  hapless 
secret  arj^. 

Miss  Horniman's  Company  are  playing 
'  Garside's  Career'  at  the  Coronet  Theatre 
this  week.  If  Labour  candidates  were  as 
patently  out  for  self  as  the  subject  of  .Mi-. 
Harold  Brighouse's  play,  and  electors  be- 
stirred themselves  as  promptly  as  do  these 
stage  exponents  to  rid  themselves  of  a  member 
who  neglects  his  duty  to  them,  political  life 
would  bo  far  healthier  than  it  is.  The  p!a\ 
is,  in  fact,  so  unlike  life  that  we  need  not 
dissect  it  at  length. 

Mr.  Horace  Braham  had  the  only  possible 
man's  part  as  a  fairly  decent,  it'  rather 
cynical,  scion  of  the  aristocracy.  Beatrice 
Terry,  as  his  sister,  was  also  good.  Though 
he     is     guilty    of     gross    exaggeration     all 

round,  the  playwright  knows  his  capitalist 
class  more  intimately,  we  think,  than   he  docs 

the  workers;  at  least,  we  hope  it  was 
ignorance  t  hat  was  responsible  for  his  naming 

one  of  his  puppets  after  a  greatly  respected 

leader,  now  tar  advanced  in  years.  Mis. 
Tapping  and  Irene  Rooke  played  the  working 

Women's   parts   with  some  distinction.       The 

former  was  convincing  as  a  proud,  doting 

mother,  and  the  latter  as  the  pseudo-hero's 
3Weetheart     would    have     been    so,    had    the 

creator  oi  her  pari  allowed  it.  The  intui- 
tion that  her  [over  was  less  lilted  than  USUal 
to    sustain    a    popular    SUCCeSfl    should     have 

been  expressed  by  trenchant  criticism  of  him 

in  the  Brsl   act   rather  than  in  the  last. 


7(H) 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4516,  May  16,  19H 


Mrs.  K.  S.  Townsend's  translation  of 
Chekhov's  '  Uncle  Vanya  '  was  produced  by 
the  St.w  Society  at  the  Aldwych  Theatre 
on  Monday  afternoon.  Like  'The  Throe 
Sisters,*  this  play  is  a  study  in  stagnation, 
in  which  the  fortunes  of  a  group  of  cha- 
racters are  handled  with  Chekhov's  peculiar 
art.  One  shudders  to  think  how  a  dramatist 
of  inferior  technique  would  have  dealt 
with  the  subject ;  in  '  Uncle  Vanya '  we  are 
acquainted  with  all  the  characters  within 
fifteen  minutes  of  the  rise  of  the  curtain,  and 
the  action  is  not  allowed  to  flag  for  a  moment. 

The  scene  is  laid  at  a  Russian  country 
house,  inhabited  by  an  elderly  retired  pro- 
fessor and  some  relatives.  Gloom  has 
covered  the  minds  of  all  who  live  there  ; 
the  younger  people  believe  that  the  fussy 
hypochondriacal  savant  is  the  cause  of  it  all. 
There  is  a  violent  outburst  on  the  part  of 
Uncle  Vanya  when  the  old  man  proposes 
what  is  really  a  way  out  of  the  difficulty. 
Finally  the  professor  goes  away  with  his  wife. 
Directly  they  have  gone,  the  remaining  rela- 
tives realize  that  they  are  to  be  no  happier 
for  his  absence.  They  lack  the  essentials 
•of  happiness  :  there  lies  the  tragedy  of  their 
lives. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Hignett,  Mr.  Campbell  Gullan, 
and  Gillian  Scaife  are  to  be  congratulated  on 
the  rendering  of  their  respective  parts. 

Last  Saturday  Miss  Delia  Larkin's  Irish 
Workers'  Drama'  ic  Company  gave  a  per- 
formance in  the  King's  Hall,  Covent  Garden, 
in  aid  of  the  "  victimized  women  of  Dublin." 

In  a  varied  entertainment  of  song  and 
■dance  the  jigs  given  by  Master  Leo  and  Miss 
Mav  Ryan  were  the  best. 

Mr.  William  Boyle's  '  The  Building  Fund  ' 
was  enthusiastically  received  by  an  audience 
among  whom  the  Irish  element  was  probably 
in  the  ascendant.  It  is,  perhaps,  difficult 
for  an  Englishman  to  appreciate  the  play : 
what  the  present  writer  did  appreciate  was 
the  way  in  which  the  audience  drank  in 
the  Irish  humour  and  lingo  as  though 
slaking  a  long-endured  thirst. 

'  Grumpy,'  in  which  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  and 
Margery  Maude  are  appearing  at  the  New, 
started  its  career  on  Wednesday  evening. 
We  hope  to  notice  it  at  length  next  week. 

'The  Melting-Pot'  will  be  played  for 
the  last  time  next  Friday  evening  at  the 
Comedy,  and  its  place  will  be  taken  on 
Saturday  by  a  new  play  by  Mr.  Zangwill, 
called  'Plaster  Saints.'  The  cast  includes 
Mr.  Edward  Sass,  Mr.  Clifton  Alderson,  Mr. 
Harold  Chapin,  Grace  Lane,  Ernita  Lascelles, 
and  Gillian  Scaife. 

The  Irish  Players,  who  have  just 
completed  a  successful  visit  to  the  United 
States,  are  due  to  open  their  annual  London 
season  at  the  Court  Theatre  on  Monday, 
.Time  1st.  We  are  glad  to  see  that  the 
company  has  sustained  no  notable  loss— Sara 
Allgood,  who  has  been  absent  for  some  time, 
now  returning.  During  the  season  two  new 
plays  will  be  produced.  The  first  is  a  one- 
act  comedy  by  Lady  Gregory  called  '  The 
Wrens,'  the  main  theme  of  which  is  the 
passing  of  the  Bill  of  Union,  the  scene  being 
laid  in  the  old  Parliament  House  in  Dublin  ; 
and  the  other  is  '  The  Supplanter,'  a  play 
in  three  acts  by  Mr.  J.  Bernard  McCarthy. 
Other  plays  new  to  London  will  be  given, 
the  more  important  being  Ladv  Gregory's 
'  The  Canavans  '  and  Mr.  T.  C.  Murray's 
'  Sovereign  Love.' 

The  first  performance  of  Mr.  Jerome's 
new  comedy  '  The  Great  Gamble  '  is  fixed 
for  Thursday  evening  next  at  the  Hay- 
market.  Among  those  taking  part  will  be 
Mr.  Leon  Quartermaine,  Mr.  Stanley  Cooke, 
Mr.  Edmund  Maurice,  Sarah  Brooke,  Cicely 
Hamilton,  and  Jean  Cadell. 


The  Drama  Society  will  present  at  the 
Ambassadors'  Theatre  on  Tuesday  after- 
noon. May  26th,  '  Dido  and  yEueas,'  a  new 
play  by  Herr  A.  von  Herder.  The  cast  will 
include  Mr.  Shayle  Gardner,  Mr.  Gilbert 
Hudson  (who  will  produce  the  play  under 
the  author's  direction),  Mr.  Rathrnell  Wilson, 
Marie  Vantini,  Joan  Carr,  and  Edyth  Olive. 
The  last-named  is  playing  Dido. 

The  entertainment  given  during  this  week 
at  the  Ambassadors'  Theatre,  under  the 
direction  of  MM.  Gaston  Mayer  and  Maurice 
Froyez,  consists  of  Offenbach's  operetta  '  Les 
Deux  Aveugles  ' ;  two  short  plays  of  the  kind 
associated  with  the  Grand  Guignol  per- 
formances, but  quite  the  reverse  of  "  hor- 
rors ' '  ;  and  an  even  shorter  saynete,  the  gem 
of  the  evening;  concluding  with  a  revuette, 
of  which  the  most  interesting  feature — a 
shadow-play,  '  Barbe  Bleue,'  produced  and 
effectively  sung  by  Dr.  Montoya — has  been 
transferred  to  the  earlier  part  of  the  pro- 
gramme. 

Of  the  artists,  Jeanne  Granier  was  facile 
princeps,  and  made  a  welcome  appearance 
in  '  La  Rupture,'  a  trifle  by  Henri  Lavedan. 
As  the  old  love  of  a  young  gentleman  now 
anxious  to  be  "  on  with  the  new,"  she 
discourses  all  too  briefly,  but  with  the 
shrewdness  of  her  kind,  on  marriage  as  seen 
from  the  coulisse.  Even  more  welcome  in 
its  delicious  irony  is  the  tiny  dialogue  '  Gros 
Chagrins,'  by  Georges  Courteline,  in  which 
the  incomparable  artist,  ably  supported  by 
Marie  Loure,  bewails  the  conduct  of  an 
unfaithful  husband,  though  her  grief  by  no 
means  absorbs  all  her  attention. 

Madame  Granier's  rentree  is  preceded  by 
'  Attaque  Nocturne,'  by  MM.  de  Lorde  and 
Masson-Forestier,  which  is  played  delight- 
fully by  M.  Jean  Dax  and  Marcelle  Praince. 
The  attack  is  nothing  more  serious  than  a 
black  eye,  administered  in  the  course  of  duty 
(and  pleasure)  by  a  tactful  commissaire 
smitten  by  beauty  in  distress. 

Those  who  expected  that  the  revuette,  in 
which  M.  Maurice  Froyez  himself  has  colla- 
borated, would  prove  something  fresher  and 
more  dainty  than  the  varieties  of  the  sort 
familiar  to  London  music-halls  must  have 
been  sadly  disappointed  at  an  amateurish 
production  eked  out  with  tinkling  and 
mostly  hackneyed  melodies,  and  chiefly 
commended  by  pretty  ladies.  The  revuette 
is  apparently  to  be  retained  in  next  week's 
programme,  when  Jeanne  Granier  will 
appear  in  '  Les  Sonnettes,'  and  we  hope  it 
may  be  improved. 

The  Theatrical  Garden  Party  will  be  held 
in  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  on 
Tuesday,  June  23rd,  instead  of  on  Saturday, 
the  27th,  as  previously  announced. 


To  Correspondents.— G.  M.— J.  P.  M.— C.  B.— C.  C.  S. 

— Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS. 

PAGE 

ALLEN  &  CO 700 

Authors'  Agents         675 

Black         675 

Cassell  &  Co "04 

Catalogues         674 

Chapman  &  Hall        701 

Educational       «  673 

Exhibitions         673 

Insurance  Companies 703 

Lectures  „ •  673 

Macmillan  &  Co.         „        ..        ..        -        ..        -  676 

MacDonald  676 

Marshall  &  Son  -        ..        ••  702 

Miscellaneous  _        ..        ..        ...        ...        ••  674 

Sales  by  Auction       ..        „        „ 675 

Saturday  Review       ..        ..        „        675 

Shipping  ..        ~        -.        ..        —        ••        ••  703 

Situations  Vacant      ..        ..        —        - 673 

Situations  Wanted     ..        ..        _        674 

Societies - 673 

Type-Writing,  &c 674 

Unwin         6'6 


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THE     ATHENiEU  M 


701 


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LONDON:     CHAPMAN    AND    HALL,    LIMITED. 


702 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


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The  Athenaeum  Supplements 


Supplements   dealing   with   the  following  subjects  have   appeared 
during  the  first  three  months  of  1914  : — 

Jan.  3      French    Literature 

Leading  Article :   '  FilENCH  LITERATURE  IN  1913.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings : — Napoleon  and  the  French 
Revolution  —  Cournot's  Reminiscences— Corot  and  his  Predecessors,. 
&c. — Seven  Pages  of  Classified  Notices. 


n 


n 


17      Education 

Leading  Article :  '  ENGLISH  EDUCATION  IN  THE  SEETHING- 
POT.* 

Reviews  of  '  The  Case  for  Co- Education ' — '  The  New  Schoolmaster  ' — 
'  A  National  System  of  Education '  —  '  Secondary  Education  in 
England,'  &c. 

31    Sociology 

Leading  Article  :  '  RECALLING  THE  OBVIOUS.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings : — The  Labour  Problem — 
Industrial  Combination  and  Co-Partnership — The  Land,  Economics,  &c. 


Feb.  14     Theology 

Leading  Article:  'THE  TASK  OF  THEOLOGY  IN  THE 
TWENTIETH   CENTURY.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings : — Modern  Views  and  Discussions 
— The  Old  Testament — The  Message  of  Jesus — St.  Paul  and  the  Early 
Church,  &c. 

„    21     Publishers'  Spring  Announcements 

Announcements  of  the  more  important  books  from  the  Publishers' 
Spring  Lists,  with  a  concise  indication  of  their  scope. 

Mar.  7    Biography 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings  : — Family  Histories — Naval  and 
Military  Biography — Foreign  Royalties  and  Courts,  &c. 

„    21     Foreign   Travel 

Leading  Article :  '  TRAVELLERS  AND  THEIR  BOOKS.' 

Reviews  under  the  following  headings  : — Round  the  Mediterranean — 
India  and  Australasia — Africa — Mexico  and  South  America,  &c. 

28    Fiction 

Leading  Article:  'THE  CHARACTER  AND  TENDENCY  OF 
CONTEMPORARY   FICTION.' 

Reviews  under  the  following-  headings  : — Social  Studies — Ireland  and 
India — Unlikely  Stories — Country  Life — Crime  and  Adventure — Tales 
of  the  Wild — Ethical  Problems — Social  Comedy,  &c. 


n 


NOTE. — The  issue  for  February  28  devoted  special  attention  to  Irish  Literature. 
Leading  Article:     'THE  IRISH  LITERARY  RENAISSANCE.' 


These  Back  Numbers  may  be  ordered  of  any  newsagent  or 
bookseller,  or  may  be  obtained  direct  from  The  Athenaeum  Office, 
11,   Bream3 s   Buildings,    Chancery   Lane,   E.C.      Price   9d.   each; 

post  free,  9\d.     Abroad,  lOd. 


No.  4516,  May  16,   1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


703 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (May  16)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES: — 'King  Lear':  Rearrangements  of  the  Text — Webster:  a  Question  of  Authorship  — 
Statues  and  Memorials  in  the  British  Isles — A  Bonner  Ordination  in  Elizabeth's  Reign  — 
Landor's  'Imaginary  Conversations':  "Salomon" — "Nuts  to"  a  Person — "Three  blue 
beans"— Early  Words  for  the  '  N.E.D.'— Nos.  413,  414,  Strand— Legal  Definition  of  a  Lawful 
Kiss. 

QUERIES  :—  Robert  Plumpton  :  Isabel  Anderton— Edward  Hubbald  of  the  Tower— "Speak  to  me, 
Lord  Byron  :' — Old  Etonians — T.  Britton— Joseph  Branwell — Sir  John  Sackfvlde— C.  P.  Colley  : 
L.  Crosley:  R.  Crymble  :  R,  Gem:  R.  W.  Knight:  I.  G.  Ogden  :  J.  B.*Perryn-R.  JE.  S. 
Shaw  :  J.  Shawford — G.  Quenton — Loch  Chesney — Biographical  Information  Wanted — W. 
Quipp— '•  Vossioner  " — R.  Ridley — Heraldic — J.  Fessard  :  T.  Gardiner:  E.  Harman  :  T. 
Hawkins:  R.  James — "  W.  J.":  Mortit  :  Milbourne — "Waters"  and  Lieut.  Warneford — 
Benjamin  Zobell— Kill  Family. 

REPLIES  : — Lesceline  de  Verdon — "Bushel  and  Strike" — Gothaven — Mrs.  Behn's  '  Emperor  of  the 
Moon' — Shakespeare  and  the  Warwickshire  Dialect — Bird  Name:  'Emigration  of  Birds? — A 
Charter  of  Richer  de  l'Aigle — "  Corvicer,"  an  Old  Trade — Register  of  Deaths  of  Roman  Cath  olics 
— Old  Etonians -"  Blizard"  as  a  Surname  — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — "Kibob" — 
Registers  of  Hawkhurst,  Kent— General  Beatson — English  Shrines — Sir  Jacob  Adolphus — 
Major-General  Miller — Wildgoose — Heart-Burial — "  Bore  " — The  Roll  of  the  Baronets — Webster 
and  the  'N.E.D.' 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Club  Makers  and  Club  Members '— '  The  Quest  and  Occupation  of  Tahiti  by 
Emissaries  of  Spain' — '  Great  Malvern  Priory  Church  ' — '  The  Antiquary.' 


LAST  WEEK'S    NUMBER    (May   9)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — Old  Painted  Glass  at  Maldon,  Essex — Schiitte's  Law  and  '  Widsith ' — Birmingham  Statues 
and  Memorials — The  First  Dutch  Courants — Hood  Memorial  Column  at  Butleigh — Last 
Criminals  beheaded  in  Great  Britain — Roping  the  Bride — Chaucer's  Prioress — Higginbotham  in 
Carlyle's  '  Cromwell ' — Tree  Lore  of  the  Nigerians. 

QUERIES: — Dame  Mary  Fleming — The  Younger  Van  Helmont — Royal  Descents — Napoleon  Upside 
Down — Liverpool  Reminiscences — Lieut.  Richardson  McVeagh — "  Blood-boltered  " — Sir  Richard 
Bernie — J.  Aprice  :  W.  Baker:  J.  Collyns:*J.  Cook:  T.  Davys — "Among  the  blind  the 
one-eyed  man  is  king " — Daniel  Goostry — Rev.  Ferdinando  Warner— Dawe's  Portrait  of 
Goethe— "  Peacock  without  Temple  Bar" — Touchwood — Biographical  Information  Wanted — 
Walter  de  Lechlade — Irish  Wills  and  Registers — Price  and  Whitchurch  Families. 

REPLIES  : — Kendrick  of  Reading — Anno  Domini — Heraldic  — Bird  Name — Cromwell's  Illegitimate 
Daughter  Mrs.  Hartop — "An  honest  man  and  a  good  bowler" — John  Douglas  Hallett — 
Rhubarb — Sir  Stephen  Evance — Sir  R.  D.  Henegan — Pluralities — Milo  as  a  Surname — Bothwell 
— Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava — Authors  Wanted — "  Balloni  " — Fresh  Wharf — Duchess  of  Bolton — 
"Secretary  at  War" — Parishes  in  Two  Counties — Opera  Pass — Briefs — Pallavicini — Heart- 
Burial — Cardinal  Ippolito  dei  Medici — Register  of  Deaths  of  Roman  Catholics — J.  Swinfen — 
Leyson  Family — Maids  of  Honour  under  the  Stuarts — Goethe:  St.  Philip  Neri — Inigo  Jones — 
Shakespeare  and  the  Warwickshire  Dialect — Phil  May — Sir  William  Wilson. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS:— 'Art'— 'The  Archaeological  Rambles  of  the  Upper  Norwood  Athenaeum '  — 
'  Capitals  of  the  Northlands ' — '  The  Antiquary  ' — '  Chats  on  Old  Brass ' — '  Quarterly  Review  — 
'Nineteenth  Century.' 

OBITUARY  :— Sydney  Herbert. 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 

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704 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  45i6,  May  16,  1914 


Publication  date  May  19 

THE    MOST    REMARKABLE    BOOK    OF    THE     YEAR 


Charles 


tcwart  Parnell 


is    Love     Story 
and  Political  Life 


BY 

KATHARINE    O'SHEA 

(Mrs.  Charles  Stewart  Parnell) 

*,*  In  the  interests  of  the  ultimate  truth,  the  Author  has  torn  aside  the  Veil  that  hid  the  inner  life  of  both  Parnell 
and  herself,  sparing  no  intimate  detail  in  order  that  she  may  be  judged  before  the  tribunal  of  public  justice. 

No  more  poignant,  dramatic,  or  moving  document  has  ever  passed  through  a  Publisher's  hands.     It  is  the  most  wonderful,  real  love-story  of  the  Century. 

Katharine    O'Shea,  the   surviving  figure   of   one   of   the    most    tragic   episodes   of   nineteenth-century  political    history,  tells  the  complete  inner    story  of 

Parnell's  great  love  passion. 

An  intimate  acciunt  is  given  of  Parnell's  social  life — revealing  facts  not  hitherto  made  public. 

Sidelights  are  thrown  on  the  behind-the-scenes  matters  of  the  political  drama  of  1880-86,  when  Home  Rule  was  nearly  an  established  fact. 

Letters  and  communications  with  Gladstone,  Chamberlain,  Cecil  Rhodes,  Archbishop  Walsh,  Cardinal  Manning,  and  others  are  a  feature  of  the  work. 

Two  Rembrandt  Photos  and  16  Plates.      ^Uwo   "Volumes.      21 S-    net   the  Set. 
Detailed  Prospectus  with  Portraits  post  free  on  receipt  of  post  card. 

France    from    Behind    the    Veil 

By  COUNT  PAUL  VASSILI 

Author   of    '  Behind    the   Veil   at   the   Russian    Court.' 
In  this  volume,  written  in  the  frank  and  pungent  style  of  the  author  of  '  Behind  the  Veil  at  the  Russian  Court,'  is  embodied    his  unrivalled 
experiences  of  the  inner,  social,  and  political  life  of  France  during  the  last  fifty  years. 

"This    extraordinarily    interesting    book It    bears    the   impress    of  truth     upon    every  line,  and 

it  is  obviously  the  work  of  a  man  who  was  really  'behind  the  veil.'     For   the   future   historian   it 

will  be  invaluable."— -The  Globe. 
With  23  Half- Tone  Illustrations.     Medium  Svo,  16 S.  net. 


THE 
OF 


PROGRESS 
EUGENICS 


By  C.  W.  SALEEBY 

M.D.  F.R.S.  (Edin.) 
In  1909  Dr.  Saleeby,  under  the  title  of  '  Parenthood  and  Race  Culture,' 
told  the  story  of  the  eugenic  movement  up  to  that  date.  He  now  reviews  its 
progress  during  the  last  five  years.  In  this  book  Dr.  Saleeby  is  enabled  to 
yiue  an  account  of  the  novel  and  unique  provision  for  parenthood  which 
xhe  King  is  now  making  on  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall  estate  in  South  London, 
viz.,  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  estate  should  be  set  apart  for  the 
accommodation  of  growing  familits. 

With  Frontispiece  in  Colour,  Large 

Crown  Sro,    252  pages.      5s.  net. 


BRUSH  AND  PENCIL 
NOTES  in    Landscape 

By  Sir  ALFRED  EAST,  R.A. 

With  an  Introduction  by  EDWIN  BALE,  R.I. 

A  series  of  thirty  reproductions  in  water-colour  and  twenty-four  in  pencil  of 
sketches  of  the  late  Sir  Alfred  East,  which  form  an  interesting  record  of 
the  artist's  method  of  work  and  selection  of  subject.  To  those  who  are- 
acquainted  only  with  the  paintings  of  his  later  years,  these  sketches  wifl 
reveal  an  altogether  unexpected  aspect  of  the  range  of  Sir  Alfred  East's- 
art.  A  welcome  supplement  to  the  book  on  '  Landscape  Painting  in  Oil 
Colour '  written  by  the  artist  a  few  years  ago. 

With    30    Colour   Plates,  24    Half -Tone    Illustrations, 
and  Portrait- Frontispiece.     Demy  jto,  10s.  6d.  net. 


FULL  SWING 

RUNG  HO! 

THE    HAVEN    OF  DESIRE 

CLEEK   OF  SCOTLAND  YARD 

THE  AMAZING    PARTNERSHIP 


SUCCESSFUL  61-  NOVELS 


3/6 


FranK  Danby 
Talbot  Mundy 
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E.  Phillips  Oppenheim 


CASSELUS,    LA    BELLE    SAUVAGE,    LONDON,    E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE   EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to   "THE   ATHENiEUM"  OFFICE,   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
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Agents  for  Scotland,  MessrB.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIES  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  May  16,  1914. 


\J 


THE  ATHEN 


V 


Y 


Journal  nf  (BnglisI)  an&JFcmgn  literature,  §§timtt,  t\jt  $n\t  ^rto|ftit)5fr9felt&  tM  Drama 


No.  4517 


RDAY,     MAY   23,     1914. 


%,  trJriM.  ..Xr, 


Fiction  Supplement. 
ItKClslKHKI)  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


rnHE 


TREASUR 


A  LECTURE 

by    PROF.    FLINDERS   PETRIE 

on  tliis  discovery  will  be  given  at 

UNIVERSITY    COLLEGE.    GOYVKK    STREET.    W.C.. 

at  the 

ANNUAL  MEETING   OF  THE  BRITISH  SCHOOL 

EGYPT, 

MAY  »,  -J.30  i-M. ; 

also  on  JUNE  10,  3  i\m. 

Admission  to  any  of  these  Lectures  free,  without  Ticket. 


IN 


(Eiljilnttons. 


T>OYAL 
A  CADE.MY. 


SUMMER  EXHIBITION 

Open  9  a. 5i  to"  r.M 
Thursdays,  9  am  to  10  r  H. 
Admission  Is     Catalogue  Is. 

SEASON  TICKET  H 


y     ^ituatiens  llarant. 

|  "WANTED. —PROFESSOR     OF     ENGLISH 

TT  LANGUAGE    AND   LITERATURE. 

Applications  are  invited  tor  the  i>ost  of  PROFESSOR  OF  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE  in  the  CENTRAL  COLLEGE, 
BANGALORE.  SOUTHERN  INDIA.  The  candidate  selected  for 
the  post  will  he  on  probation  f  r  three  years,  at  the  end  of  which 
period  the  Government  of  His  Highness  the  Maharaja  of  Mysore  will 
he  at  liberty  to  terminate  the  contract.  Candidates  should  be  dis- 
tinguished University  men  who  have  taken  First  Class  Honours  in 
Classics  and  made  a  special  study  of  English  Language  and  Literature, 
or  taken  the  M.A.  Dfgree  with  First  Class  Honours  in  English 
Language  and  Literature  in  a  Scottish  or  British  University.  Those 
who  have  in  addition  received  training  in  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Teaching  or  have  had  experience  of  Professorial  Teaching  in  a  Uni- 
versity College  and  are  between  21  and  30 years  of  age  will  be  preferred. 
The  successful  candidate  is  expected  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time 
In  training  students  for  the  University  Intermediate,  Pass  and 
Honours  BA.  Degree  Courses.  The  pay  will  be  Rs.  500  a  month,  rising 
by  annual  increments  of  Rs.  50  to  Rs.  1.000  a  month.  On  confirmation, 
leave  and  pension  will  be  according  to  the  Mysore  Service  Regulations. 
The  Professor  selected  will  be  given  a  free  single  First  Class  passage 
to  India,  also  back  to  England,  if  the  contract  is  terminated  nt  the 
end  of  the  third  year  of  service.  Candidates  should  love  educational 
work  among  natives  of  India  and  be  fond  of  outdoor  games.  Applica- 
tions, with  copies  of  testimonials,  will  be  received  by  the  Inspector- 
Heneral  of  Education  in  Mysore,  Bangalore,  South  India,  up  to 
JULY'  15,  1914.  The  selected  candidate  will  be  expected  to  join  du'y 
as  early  as  possible.  M.  SHAM  A  RAO. 

Inspector  Central  of  Education  in  Mysore, 

April  15,  1914.  Bangalore,  South  India. 


M 


MASTERS. 


ODERN      DUTCH 

Now  open,  a  Collection  of  Pictures  by  the  above. 

The  104th  Exhibition  at  the  FRENCH  GALLERY, 

120,  Pall  Mall,  8.W. 


A  T  the  TWENTY-ONE  GALLERY,  Paintings 

t\-    hv  J.  KERR  LAWSON,  and  Etchings  by  EDGAR  WILSON. 
Open  till  JUNE  11. 

21,  York  Buildings,  Adelphi,  Strand. 


G 


OUPIL      GALLERY"      EXHIBITIONS. 


I.  Paintings  and  Bronzes  by  French  Masters 
II.  Hunting  Scenes  and  Landscapes  by  HELENA  GLEICHEN. 
ill.  Bronzes  by  RENEE   VRANYCZANY 

Admission  Is.  from  10  till  6. 
WILLIAM   MARCHANT  4  CO..  5,  Regent  Street.  S.W. 


C 


HARLES      JOHN      COLLI  N  G  S. 

Hixty  Landscapes  and  Decorative  Panels. 

"  Hj.lendours  of  the  Rockies  and  Selkirks. ' 
THE  CARRoLL  GALLERY.  10,  George  Street,  Hanover  8quare,  VT. 
"No  one  has  en  finely  understood  the  spirit  of  high  mountains  and 
their  waters. . .  .Mr.  Colli  niM's  work  is  a  thing  apart  in  modern  water- 
colour-    It  ha*  magic."—  Westminster  Gtasette. 


(^durational. 

V"   E   W    N   H   A    M         COLLEGE. 

Th*  Trustees  of  the  Mary  Ewart  Trust  Fund  invite  applications 
from  jiast  or  present  memliers  of  Newnham  College  for  a 
TRAVELLING  8  H't.ARSHlP  of  1501.,  for  purposes  of  study,  to 
be  awarded  in  June.  1914. 

Applications  must  be  sent,  not  later  than  JUNE  10,  to  MHS 
I  GH,  Newnham  College,  from  whom  all  particulars  can  be 
obtained. 

MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C.—  An 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIP  EXAMINATION,  for  Boye 
under  14  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNE  SO  and  following 
dajs.-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  8ECRETARY. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boyi  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY'  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

BUSSAGE  HOUSE,  GLOUCESTERSHIRE.— 
Principals -M  IMS  DOROTHEA  BKALK.  B.A.Lonl..  formerly 
Head  of  the  Stroud  Hiirh  School ;  MISS  JOHNSTON.  Oxford  Final 
Honour*.  Cambridge  Teachers'  Diploma  New  Hoarding  School  for 
the  Dvughters  of  Gentlemen  will  OPEN  IN  SEPTEMBER.  High 
anJ  healthy  sit*  on  Cotswolds  Large  garden.  Definite  Church 
teaching.  Prep  for  Exams    Fees90I.— Prospectus  apply  SECRETARY. 


\TADAME   AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.    1880) 

ii-*:„  Keith    II  REGENT  STREET.  W..   English  and 

l£V<Z  *^f?eSS  if1',  Ko'r™'-  Teachers.  '(  I, ..  crones  (  on, 
£h£?.\-S^ reUn«-K<*;l«r».  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
on  vSlfn^ """"-"''"-l  an-1  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gran 

hSnrfiK  "™11«™"»'1«  t'^,'ft5*^,•  •»*'">«  requirements.  Office 
Boars.  10-5  ;  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  V>r, 


^utljors'  ^grnts. 


rFHF,  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared   to 

.n  i.  .""••frier  an.l  ili-  MSB.  for  early  publication  Literary  wort  of 
ail  kinds  dealt  with  by  exerts  who  place  Authors'  iuterest  first. 
Twenty  years  experience.-;*.  Clement's  Inn.  W. 


TTNIVERSITY 


COLLEGE,     GALWAY. 


The  Governing  Body  invite  applications  for  the  following  Posts 
instituted  by  a  Statute,  Statute  III.,  University  College,  Galway, 
mad«  on  MAY  1,  15)14  :— 

PROFESSORSHIP  OF  COMMERCE  AND  ACCOUNTANCY. 
EDUCATION. 
HISTORY',    with   special    reference    to 

Irish  History. 
PHILOSOPHY. 
The  appointments  are  made  by  the  Senate  of  the  University  from 
a  list  submitted  by  the  Governing  Body  as  provided  by  the  Charter 
and  Statutes  of  the  University  and  College. 

Applications,  accompinied  by  fifty  copies  of  such  testimonials  as 
candidates  may  desire  to  submit,  will  be  received  by  the  Registrar, 
University  College.  Galway,  up  to  JUNE  15,  1914. 

The  Professors  and  Lecturers  appointed  will  be  expected  to  enter 
on  their  duties  early  in  OCTOBER.  11114. 

Applications  will  be  dealt  with  subject  to  the  possible  disallowance 
of  Statute  III.  within  the  limit  of  time  prescribed  by  the  Irish 
Universities  Act,  1908. 

Candidates  are  referreil  to  the  Statute  for  information  on  all 
matters  relating  to  the  appointments.  Copies  may  be  had  on 
application  to 

THE  REGISTRAR,  University  College,  Galway. 


ARMSTRONG  COLLEGE, 

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 
(In    the    University    of    Durham.) 
DEPARTMENT  OF  APPLIED  MATHEMATICS. 
The  Council  invites  applications  for  the  ASSISTANT  LECTURE- 
SHIP. 
Salary  1501 .  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10!.  to  200!.  per  annum. 
Candidates  are  requested  to  send  four  copies  of  their  applications 
and  of  not  more  than  three  testimonials  before  JUNE  ti  to 

F.  H.  PRUEN,  M.A.,  Secretary. 
Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


ARMSTRONG  COLLEGE, 

A.  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

(In  the  University  of   Durham  ) 
FACULTY  OF  COMMERCE 

The  Council  Invites  applications  for  the  LECTURESHIP  IN 
SPANISH.  Salary  150!.,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  10!.  to  2001. 
per  annum  Preference  will  be  given  to  a  candidate  who  is  able  to 
assist  In  the  teaching  of  French  or  German. 

Candidates  are  requested  to  6end  in  eight  copies  of  their  applica- 
tions, and  of  not  more  than  three  testimonials,  before  JUNE  6,  1914.  to 

F    H.  PRUEN,  MA,  Secretary. 

Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


pITY     OF     LEEDS     TRAINING     COLLEGE 

V^  FOR  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  TEACHERS. 

REQUIRED,  in  SEPTEMBER,  a  LECTURER  IN  EDUCATION 
ANO  HEAD  IN  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  TEACHERS  FOR 
UPPER  STANDARDS  (Women). 

Candidates  should  possess  an  Honours  Degree  or  its  equivalent  and 
have  had  practical  experience  in  teaching.  Special  qualifications  in 
Edu<  itional  Psychology  are  desirable. 

1  he  Lad?  appointed  would  be  required  to  take  up  full  duties  in 
SEPTEMBER  next,  and  maybe  asked  to  go  Into  residence. 

Commencing  salary  2001.  i*r  annum. 

Applications,  which  must  be  made  on  forms  to  be  obtained  from  the 
undersigned,  should  ba  endorsed  "Training  College,"  and  forwarded 
toTHE  SECRETARY  For  EDUCATION.  Education  unices,  Leeds, 
not  later  than  JUNK  10,   1914 

JAMES  GRAHAM.  Secretary  for  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Leeds. 


B 


EDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN. 

(UNIVERSITY   OF   LONDON. i 
Regent's  Park,  N.W. 
DEPARTMENT  01  M  A'l 'HEMATICS. 
In  consequeroe  of  the  ■ppofntanent  of  Mr  T.  L.  Wren  to  lecture  at 
Ht.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  tbe  Council   "ill  shortly  proceed   to 
appoint   an    ASSISTANT   LECTURER  in   the  DEPARTMENT  OF 
MATHEMAI  108 

The  salary  offered  is  I8M  a  year,  rising  to  S00I ,  nonrisldeat     Tho 
appointment  is  open  to  Men  and  V.  ,lly. 

six  printed  or  typed  oopiet  oi  applications,  and  "f  nol  more  than 
three  recent  testimonials,  should  be  sen!  nol  later  than  TUESDAY, 

June.',  to  the   undesigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  Ixi 

(Slgnedl  ETHEL  T.  Ml  KNIGHT,  Secretary  of  Council. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

Arrangements  have  now  been  completed 
with  Messrs.  W.  H.  Smith  &  Son  and  Messrs. 
Wyman  &  Sons  whereby  THE  ATHEN^UM 
may  be  obtained  without  difficulty  from 
the  principal  Railway  Station  Bookstalls. 

THE  ATHEN^UM  is  published  on 
FRIDAY  MORNING  at  8.30. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF        BIRMINGHAM. 


ASSISTANT      LECTURESHIP    IN     CLASSICS    AND    ANCIENT 
HISTORY. 

The  Council  invites  applications  for  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURE 
SHIP  IN  CLASSICS  AND  ANCIENT  HISTORY  at  a  stipend  of 
150!.  per  annum,  under  the  general  direction  of  the  Professors  of 
Classics  and  History.     Duties  to  begin  OCTOBER  0.  1914 

Applications,  with  not  less  than  three  copies  of  testimonials, 
should  be  sent  before  JUNE  20  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom 
further  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

THE      UNIVERSITY        OF       SHEFFIELD. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHY. 

The  Council  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY. 
Salary  300!.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  9.  Further  particulars  n:av 
be  obtained  from  W.  M    GIBBONS.  Registrar. 

THE       UNIVERSITY       OF       SHEFFIELD. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 
A  JUNIOR  LECTURER  (Man)  is  shortly  to  be  appointed  in  the 
Department.     Salary  150!.   per  annum— Applications    should  reach 
the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained,  by 
SATURDAY.  June  6.  W.  M.  GIBBONS.  Registrar. 

HULL   MUNICIPAL   TRAINING   COLLEGE 
FOR    MEN    AND    WOMEN. 

REQUIRED,  to  take  up  duties  about  the  beginning  of  SEPTEMBER 
next,  a  LECTURER  (Woman)  in  Botany.  Nature  Study,  and  Geo- 
graphy; and  a  LECTURER  (Man)  in  Mathematics  and  Method. 
Other  combinations  and  subjects  may  be  considered. 

Further  particulars  and  application  forms  (to  be  returned  not  later 
than  MAY  301  may  be  obtained  from 

IVOR  B.  JOHN,  M.A..  Principal. 

/BOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  STOKE-ON-TRENT. 

NEW  CENTRAL  SCHOOL  OF  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY. 

The  Governors  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN 
PHYSICS,  salary  2601.  rising  to  3001.  per  annum,  aud  a  LECTURER 
IN  CHEMISTRY,  salary  20u!.  per  annum. 

The  Lecturer  in  Physics  will  be  required  to  take  charge  of  the 
instruction  in  Applied  Electricity.  High  University  Honours  will  be 
an  indispensable  qualification  for  both  the  positions.  — Particulars  and 
forms  of  application  can  be  obtained  from  i  lie  Clerk  to  the  Governors, 
Dr.  W.  LUDFORD  FREEMAN,  M.A.,  Town  Hall,  Hauler,  Stoke- 
on-Trent,  and  must  be  returned  not  later  I  ban  JUNE  18,   I'M! 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  a  disqualification. 

COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  STOKE-ON-TRENT 
EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 
LONGTON  HIGH  SCHOOL. 
ASSISTANT    MISTRESS     REQUIRED     in    SEPTEMBER     next 
qualified  to  tench  Needlework,  BingtDg,  ami    Drill.   In  addition  to  the 

ordinary  Form  subjects.    Degree  desirable,  also  Training  u 

ence  in  a  Secondary  School.    Ability  to  take  part  In  the  oirls  Qamel 

a  qualification.  ...  «. 

The  lA>ngton  High  School  is  a  Mixed  Hecoc, Wry  School  of  130  Boys 
and  120  Girls  approved  under  the  Board  of  Education, 

Commencing  salary  iwl.  per  annum. 

Forms  of  application  (which  should  lie  returned  not  later  than 
MAY  -".i.  1914)  may  )k  obtained  on  receipt  of  stamped  addressed 
envelope  from  .  „  , 

W    LUDFORD  FREEMAN,  M.A.  Director  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Town  Hall,  Hants*,  Stoke  -on  Trent. 


K 


UNIVERSITY  0?  LONDON. 

I  NO'S       COLLEGE       FOR      WOMEN. 


DEPARTMENT  Off    HOUSEHOLD  AND  BOi  IAI.  SCIENCE 
The  Executive  Ocmmlttee  will  shortly  proceed  to  the  appointment 
of   a    WARDEN   ol    this   Departm  nl    i      tail    ofl 

JANUARY,  1918.    Balarj  1001    The  post  will  ultimately  be  redden. 

Further  particulars  nl  load    (run    Ihe    SECRETARY        I 

THE  HOUSEHOLD  AND  SOCIAL  SCIENCE  DEPARTMENT,  by 
whom  applications  mould  ba  received  net  later  than  JUNE  27  at 
13,  Kensington  Pquare,  w. 


u 


N1VKKSITY        Ol'        MANCHESTER. 


The  Council  Is  about  fa  ■ reader  In  mathematical 

PHYSICS      Stipend   8001      Applications,  accompa I   bj    nan 

three  references,  should  lw  sent  bj   JUNE       to    IHK  SECRETARY 
TO  TBI  BENATE.  from  whom  lurther  |*rllculars  may  be  obtained 


700 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 


MIDDLESEX 

HENDON  COUNTY  SCHOOL. 

The  Committee  require  the  services  of  a  HEAD  MASTER  for  this 
Mixed  County  School.  The  candidate  appointed  will  he  required  to 
commence  duties  in  SEPTEMBER  next.  New  School  Buildings  are 
being  erected  to  accommodate  ;ino  Pupils.  Candidates  must  he 
Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Salary  400!.  per 
annum,  rising  hy  annual  increments  of  '201.  to  500?.  per  annum. 

Canvassing  will  he  treated  as  a  disqualification.  Application  forms, 
which  must  he  returned  Dot  later  than  10  am.  on  WEDNESDAY, 
June  3,  may  he  ohtained  from  the  undersigned  upon  the  receipt  of  a 
stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope.  B.  S.  GOTT. 

Middlesex  Education  Committee,  Guildhall,  Westminster,  S.W. 
May  14,  1914. 

T^GYPTIAN       GOVERNMENT       SCHOOLS. 

WANTED,  in  OCTOBER,  for  Secondary  Schools  under  the  Ministry 
of  Education  : 

TEACHERS  OF  ENGLISH.  Salary  295!.  per  annum  (L.Eg  24  per 
mensem),  rising  to  393!.  per  annum  (L.Eg  32  per  mensem),  on  pension- 
able staff     Allowance  for  passage  out  to  Egypt. 

SCIENCE  MASTER.  (Experimental  Physics  and  Chemistry). 
Appointment  under  contract  Length  of  engagement,  two  years. 
Salary  389!.  per  annum  (L.  Eg.  30  per  mensem).  Allowance  for  passage 
out  to  Egypt  and  f<»r  return  at  close  of  contract. 

Candidates  must  he  from  about  24  to  30 years  of  age  and  unmarried. 
Applicants  must  have  taken  a  University  Degree  with  Honours,  and 
have  experience  as  teachers.  Special  training  as  teachers  of  Physical 
Exercises  will  he  a  recommendation.  Four  lessons  daily  on  an 
average,  Fridays  only  excepted.  Summer  vacation  not  less  than  two 
months. 

Inquiries  for  further  information  and  for  Application  Forms  should 
he  addressrd  not  later  than  JUNE  10.  1914,  to  J.  W.  CROWFOOT, 
Esq.,  c/o  The  Director.  The  Kgyptian  Educational  Mission  in  Eng- 
land, 28.  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  London,  S.W.  Selected  can- 
didates will  be  interviewed  in  London. 

COUNTY      BOROUGH      OF      BARROW-IN- 
FCRNESS. 
MUNICIPAL    SECONDARY    SCHOOL    FOR    BOYS. 

WANTED,  to  commence  duty  in  SEPTEMBER,  a  Graduate  in 
Arts  as  FORM  MASTER,  competent  to  teach  French  to  Middle  and 
Lower  Forms.  Ability  to  teach  German  also  considered  a  recom- 
mendation. 

A  knowledge  of  modern  methods  of  teaching  Languages  is 
requisite,  and  candidates  must  be  prepared  to  give  assistance  in 
School  Games  and  take  general  interest  in  the  activities  of  school 
life 

8alary  from  120!.  per  annum  to  1801.  per  annum,  according  to 
qualifications  and  experience. 

Forms  of  application  and  scale  of  salaries  may  b9  ohtained  from 
the  DIRECTOR  OF   EDUCATION,  Town    Hall,   to  whom  applica- 
tions, together  with  copies  of  not  lees  than  three  recent  testimonials, 
must  be  returned  before  JUNE  5. 
By  Order, 

L.  HEWLETT, 
Town  Clerk  and  Clerk  to  the  Local  Education  Authority. 

Town  Hall,  May  16,  1914. 

yyORCESTER    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 

THE  CITY  OF  WORCESTER  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 

REQUIRED   in  SEPTEMBER  next:- 

(U  SENIOR  SCIENCE  MISTRESS.  Salary  110!.  to  130!  (by  yearly 
increments  of  10!.).  Subjects:  Botany,  Chemistry,  and  Physics. 
Experience  essential. 

(21  ASSISTANT  FOKM  MISTRESS.  Salary  100!.  Chief  Subjects  : 
Nature  Study,  Geography,  Elementary  French,  and  English. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials  enclosed,  should  he  made 
hy  letter  to  the  undersigned,  on  or  before  JUNE  5.  Age,  qualifica- 
tions, and  experience  must  be  stated,  and  the  names  of  three 
referees  given. 

THOS.  DUCKWORTH,  Secretary  for  Higher  Education. 

Victoria  Institute,  Worcester. 


D 


URHAM    COUNTY    COUNCIL. 


GIRLS'    SECONDARY    SCHOOL,    DURHAM. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  NORA  NICK  ALLS  (Somerville  College,  Oxford). 

SCIENCE  MISTRESS  REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  to  teach 
Chemistry  and  Physics  to  the  standard  of  University  Entrance 
Scholarships.  Good  Science  Degree  and  Secondary  School  experience 
essential. 

Completed  applications  must  be  received  by  first  post  on  MON  DAY, 
June  8,  1914. 

Halary  according  to  County  scale,  particulars  of  which,  together 
with  application  form,  will  he  furnished  on  receipt  of  stamped 
addressed  foolscap  envelope. 

Canvassing  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify. 

J.    A.    L.    KOBSON. 
County  Secretary  for  Higher  Education. 

Shire  Hall,  Durham,  May  19.  1914. 


X)ATLEY 


EDUCATION 


COMMITTEE. 


GIRLS'  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  D.  L.  BAKEWELL. 
WANTED,  on  SEPTEMBER  17,  1914.  a  FORM  MISTRESS, 
specially  qualified  in  Mathematics;  l.itm  or  French  (direct  method) 
as  subsidiary  subjects.  Honours  Degree  and  Secondary  training  or 
experience  essential.  Salary  110!.  per  annum —Form  of  applicition 
(which  must  be  returned  to  me  not  later  than  JUNE  5,  1914)  may  be 
obtaiued  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  envelope  from 

G.  K.  H.  DANBY,  M.A.  (Oxon),  Director  of  Education. 
Education  Offices,  Batley,  May  19, 1914. 

WEST  SUFFOLK  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  SCHOOL  (MIXED)  AND  PUPIL  TEACHER  CENTRF 
BURY  ST.  EDMUNDS. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  Post  of  ASSISTANT  MASTER. 
Salary  150!.  non-resident.  Particulars  and  forms  of  application, 
■which  mu6t  be  returned  not  later  than  JUNE  2,  1914,  may  be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  and  addressed 
foolscap  envelope 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES,  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 


G 


OOLE 


SECONDARY 


SCHOOL. 


WANTED,  next  SEPTEMBER  a  highly  qualified  and  thoroughly 
experienced  ENGLISH  TEACHER  as  SENIOR  MISTRESS  at 
GOOLE  MIXED  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.     Salary  190!.  per  annum 

Application,  on  forms  to  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  must 
be  sent  in  on  or  before  JUNE  6  n^xt  to 

„.  .     .    „  w    T-  SILVESTER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

10.  Victoria  Street,  Goole. 


f  ARGE    BOOK-PUBLISHING   FIRM   require 

XJ  part  services  of  TRAVELLER  visiting  India  and  the  East. 
Remuneration  by  Commission. -Apply  Box  2057,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream  s  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  Londou   E  C 


LEICESTER      MUNICIPAL      SCHOOL      OF 
ART. 

WANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER  1.  an  INSTRUCTOR  to  teach 
Architectural  Design,  History  of  Architecture,  Building  Construction, 
and  Furniture  Design.    Part  time  Day  and  Evening  Classes. 

Candidates  must  he  either  Fellows  or  Associates  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects.  Practical  knowledge  of  a  Building 
Craft  would  be  a  recommendation. 

Commencing  salary  200!.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  printed  forms  obtainable  from  the 
Secretary,  and  be  returned  to  him  not  later  than  M  A  Y  26. 

T.  GROVES,  Secretary. 

^ihtations   t§tattt£&. 

SOCIAL  WORKER  with  10  years'  practical 
experience  of  Social  Work,  regular  contributor  on  social 
questions  to  First  Class  Journals,  wishes  POST  on  Staff  of  Daily  or 
Weekly  Paper  or  as  Secretary  to  Public  Man.  Has  wide  connexions 
and  Special  Knowledge  of  Continental  Countries.  —  Box  2088, 
Athenseum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


i$tis«UatU0us. 


GEOGRAPHY.  —  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical  Society,  experienced  in  teaching  the  subject  in 
Girls'  High  Schools.  COACHES  FOR  EXAMINATIONS  or  visits 
Schools  in  or  near  London  for  Lectures  or  Classes.  —  Box  2059, 
AthentEum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

TRANSLATIONS.—  Absolutely  reliable  Literary, 
Scientific,  and  Press-work,  from  Bussian,  French,  German, 
Italian,  by  a  professional  Translator.  Bibliographies  compiled.— 
Address  A.  I.  S.,  16,  Oakley  Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at    the 
British  Museum.      Experience.      Testimonials.  —  N.  II.,  Box 
1995,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.  Criticized,  Revised,  and 
Prepared  for  Press.  Type-writing  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
and  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— C.  M.  DUNCAN,  Grasmere,  Grasmere  Road,  Purley, 
Surrey. 


TO  LET  for  Three  Months  from  middle  or  end 
of  June,  thoroughly  WELL-FURNISHED  FLAT-3  bedrooms, 
2  reception,  kitchen,  bath,  gas  stove,  electric  light,  porter.  — 3,  Rugby 
Mansions,  Addison  Bridge.    Write  or  call  11-4. 

TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
ROOMS  of  the  ART-WORKERS'  GUILD,  recently  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings.  Cone  rt',  and  Exhibitions.— Apply  to  SECRE- 
TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Queen  Squire,  BLoomsbury. 

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No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


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STANFORD  S  LIST 


NEW  (THIRD)  EDITION. 

GEOLOGICAL  ATLAS  OF  GREAT 
BRITAIN      AND     IRELAND,     with    Plates   of 

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A  NEW  MAP. 

WORLD  —  MERCATOR.  Stanford's 
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FOR  THE  COMING  ELECTION*. 

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Stanford's  New  Map  of  London  and 

itS  Environs.  Showing  by  Colour  the  areas  of  the 
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London,  and  also  the  areas  of  the  Polling  Districts  into  which 
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also  Coloured,  and  the  Parliamentary  Divisions  of  surrounding 
Counties  are  named.  The  groundwork  of  this  map  is  an  entirely 
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Map    of   the   British     Isles,      showing  the 

Counties,  the  Divisions  of  Counties,  and  the  Boroughs,  according 
to  the  "  Redistribution  of  Seats  Act,  1885."  New  Edition,  1913.  In 
this  Map  the  names  of  Counties,  Towns,  and  Villages  are  all  in- 
serted hi  thin  letters  and  lines,  subordinated  to  the  new  electoral 
conditions  for  which  it  was  prepared.  The  Parliamentary  Counties 
are  named  in  red  and  bounded  by  a  red  line.  Each  Parliamentary 
County  is  separately  tinted-  The  Boroughs  are  shown  in  blue 
within  a  thin  red  boundary,  and  the  number  of  representatives  is 
given  in  figures.  Four  Sheets  :  50  by  58  in.  ;  lis  miles  to  an  inch 
(I  :  728,640).  Prices  :  Coloured  Sheets,  188  ;  mounted  to  fold  in 
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NEW  EDITION. 

SOUTH  AMERICA.  Stanford's  Library 

Map  Of  SOUth  America.  New  and  Revised 
Edition,  1914,  showing  the  most  recent  Political  Boundaries  of  the 
various  States,  and  the  general  Geography  of  the  Contiuent,  with 
the  greatest  accuracy  and  detail.  Four  Sheets  :  5"  by  65  in.  ; 
83J  miles  to  an  inch  II  :  5.274  720).  Prices  :  Coloured  Sheets,  35s.  ; 
mouuted  on  rollers  and  varnished.  45s  ;  mounted  to  fold  incase. 
60s. ;  mounted  on  sprint!  rollers,  St.  Case  copies  are  mounted  for 
convenience  in  Four  Sections. 

NEW  EDITION. 

AFRICA.  Stanford's  Library  Map 
of  Africa,  New  and  Revised  Edition, 

1914,  embodying  the  results  of  the  most  recent  Explorations,  and 
presenting  on  a  large  scale  an  accumulation  of  the  whole  of  the 
facts  known  with  regard  to  this  great  Continent.  Four  Sheets: 
65  by  58  in. ;  94J  miles  to  an  inch  (1  :  5.977.3821.  Prices  :  Coloured 
Sheets,  358. ;  mounted  on  rollers  and  vai  nished,  45s. ;  mounted  to 
fold  in  case,  60s.  ;   mounted  on  spring  roller,  51. 

NEW  EDITION. 

BALKAN      PENINSULA.         Stanford's 
London    Atlas    Map  of    the    States 
and   Provinces  of  the  Balkan   Pen- 
insula,    including  Roumania,    Bulgaria,   Servia,   Montenegro, 
Albania,  Greece,   Croatia.     Bosnia,  Herzegovina.    Crete,  and  the 
Turkish  Vilayets  of  Constantinople  and  Adrianople.     The  Rail- 
ways  are  shown.      One  Sheet  :     22  by  30    in. ;     50.<  miles  to  an 
inch  (1  :  3,220,177).    Prices:  Coloured  Sheet,  3s. ;  mounted  to  fold 
in  case,  5s. 


London:    EDWARD    STANFORD,    Ltd. 
12,  13,  and  14,  Long  Acre,  W.C. 

Cartographers  to  His  Majesty  the  King. 


No.  4517,   May  23,   1914 


THE    AT  II  E  N  M  IT  M 


709 


SATURDAY,  MAY  93,  1911,. 


CONTENTS,  page 

Pi.ues  and  their  Interest        709 

Highways  and  Byways  in  Shakespeare's  Country    710 

London    and    its    Traditions    (London;     London 

Survivals) 711 

Old  Yarns  of  English  Lakeland       712 

In  Pursuit  ok  Spring       712 

\  v  .uionds  in  pkrigord -       ..713 

Charles  Stewart  Parnell         713 

Books  Pvulished  this  Week 715—719 

Dr.  Alois  Wright;  Tub  Evolution  of  the  Book- 
seller ;  Charles  Trice  Martin  ;  Another 
])eht  ok  John  Shakespeare  ;  The  Eliot 
Hodgkin  Sale 719—720 

Litsrary  Gossip        721 

n-K  —  Biology  in  Relation  to  Education, 
Lecture  III.;  In  Honour  of  Dr.  Frazer; 
-     ieties;  Meetings  Next  Week  ..      722—723 

Fine  Arts  — The  Renaissance  ok  the  Greek 
Ideal;  Pictures  of  the  Venetian  School; 
Other  Exhibitions;  Gossip;  Old  Masters  724—725 

Musk— Opera  at  Coyent  Garden;  Opera  at 
Drury  Lane;  Gossip;  Performances  Next 
Week 726 

Drama— Dramatic  Actualities;  Gossip      ..     726—727 

Index  to  Advertisers       728 


rliTIOX  SUPPLEMENT  (with  separate  Contents) 

733-744 


LITERATURE 


PLACES   AND    THEIR    INTEREST. 

One  feature  of  interest  in  local  history 
is  the  variety  of  classification  that  can 
be  applied  to  it.  It  may  be  scientific 
— in  a  sense — or  artistic  ;  it  may  concern 
city,  town,  or  country-side.  It  may  treat 
of  England  and  English  aspects,  or  of 
foreign  lands,  far  or  near.  Again,  it  may 
be  approached  from  the  point  of  view  of 
specialist — the  archaeologist,  architect, 
or  painter — or  from  the  more  general 
ndpoint  of  the  man  who,  without 
taking  some  specific  interest  as  his  guide, 
can  find  and  convey  to  his  readers  pleasure 
in  his  description  of  all  that  has  pleased 
him. 

We  may  dismiss  early  the  "  scientific  " 
What   we   wish    to    convey   by 
applying  the  word  "  scientific  "  to  a  theme 
which  hardly  seems  to  merit  such  qualilica- 
i    is    the    distinction    between    means 
i    end.    incompleteness    and    finality, 
ific  "     local    topography    is    ex- 
haustive,   and    concerned    with    concrete 
facts  rather  than  impressions. 

chief  example  of  this  is  the  average 
guide-book  or  pamphlet  compiled  in  the 
Publicity  Office  "  of  a  railway  company 
or  -mil-  such  organization.  A  district  is 
selected  on  account  of  the  increase  or 
development  of  the  passenger  traffic  in 
bion.  The  towns  and  villages 
i  terein  are  surveyed,  and  then  discui 
and  revealed  in  every  aspect  that  can 
possibly  interest  or  attract  the  traveller, 
actual  or  potential.     The  object   of   the 


••  publicity  "  expert  who  compiles  or  edits 
his  pamphlet,  or  whatever  it  may  be,  is 
simply  and  solely  to  persuade  people  to 

go  by  the  trains  of  his  company  to  certain 
stations  ;  he  therefore  sets  before  them 
in  attractive  guise — sometimes  monoton- 
ously attractive — all  the  advantages  of 
the  district  he  and  his  colleagues  can  see 
or  imagine,  from  mediaeval  castles  or 
churches  to  modern  allurements.  In  a 
word,  he  exhausts  his  subject,  and  many 
dislike  and  fear  him,  because  he  would 
vulgarize  some  retreat,  the  main  virtue 
of  which  is  that  it  remains  unexploited. 

The  artistic  point  of  view  is  the  con- 
verse of  this,  in  that  we  apply  thereto — 
perhaps  arbitrarily  —  the  qualification 
"absence  of  finality."  How  many  a 
book  has  been  written  on  London,  on  the 
South  Downs,  or,  say,  on  the  Trossachs ! 
Yet  no  one  of  them  has  said  the  last  word. 
There  is  always  a  place  for  a  work  on  a 
newr  aspect,  or  for  a  fresh  discovery  of  an 
old  one.  Mr.  Henry  James  discovers  new 
beauties  in  an  old  town,  and  the  latest 
revelation  of  London  generally  comes  from 
a  foreigner.  What  will  SignorD'Annunzio 
see  in  it  when  he  comes  to  live  among 
us  ? 

Here  we  find  the  ideal,  the  justification 
for  the  artist,  who  cannot,  moreover,  lay 
claim  to  the  name  except  he  recognize 
that  art  is  incomplete.  For  he  selects 
either  an  aspect  or  a  point  of  view  ;  this 
in  itself  leaves  work  for  his  fellow-artists, 
contemporary  or  future.  Also  he  must 
not — nay,  he  cannot — say  the  last  word 
on  his  theme  ;  he  must  suggest,  inspire, 
create  regret,  longing,  hope,  excitement. 
Last  of  all — and  this  brings  us  to  our 
word  "  exhaust " — he  does  not  leave 
his  theme  "  tired."  Herein  he  is  in  con- 
trast to  the  '"  publicity  "  expert. 

A  country-side  that  has  been  incor- 
porated in  one  of  those  admirable,  but 
often  annoying  guide-books,  is  apt  to  seem 
flat  and  stale  ;  the  virtue,  the  old-fash- 
ioned charm  of  primitive  and  spontaneous 
welcome,  the  freshness  and  variety  of 
atmosphere  and  scenery — these  are  dead. 
Wonderful  indeed  is  the  district  that  can 
survive  this  treatment. 

There  are  such.  Certain  Swiss  moun- 
tains so  dominate  us  that  we  forget  the 
thousands  who  have  gazed  on  them  before 
us,  and  have  expressed,  in  phrase  grave 
or  gay,  banal  or  beautiful,  the  thoughts 
inspired  by  their  grandeur.  Certain  monu- 
ments, too,  arc  in  this  sense  immortal. 
There  are  buildings  in  Venice  of  which 
poets  and  stylists  have  told  us  what  we 
ought  to  feel  and  ought  not  to  feel  ;  yet 
we  are  not  wholly  converted  by  them, 
nor  can    we  avoid   the   record   of  our  own 

impressions. 

Far    up    the    Xile    stand     the    Colossi     of 

Abou     Simbel.        The     weary     missionary 
wrote   years    ago,       Here    it     was    that    the 

great  Sesostris  performed   his  sacrifices.'1 

The    Cook's    tourisl     will     say     something 

equally  futile   next    winter.     Yet  before 
those  great    blind  figures  we  experience 

a   thrill    that    no   amount    of   silly   writing 
or  weary  reading  can   (heck   or   resist. 


But  the  artist — we  mean  the  writer 
who  can  feel,  in  the  artistic  sense — will 
aid  us.  He  knows,  or  should  know  .  w  hat 
to  say  and  when  to  be  silent.  He  has 
the  sympathy  which  enables  him  to 
respect  our  imagination.  In  fact,  he 
does  not  describe — he  indicates.  He  does 
not  define — he  suggests.  That  is  his  duty. 
We  may  be  tired,  but  we  must  not  be 
satiated.  We  may  know  our  subject 
when  we  have  read  those  books  that 
deserve  to  be  read  on  it  ;  but  our  know- 
ledge should  be  sufficient  to  show  us  that 
we  have  yet  to  learn. 

It  is  as  well,  perhaps,  to  add  at  this 
point  what  should  be  a  truism.  The 
writer,  however  valuable  his  impressions, 
has  no  business  to  be  careless  about 
his  facts  or  his  history,  the  reasonable 
inferences  derived  from  facts.  A  fort- 
night ago  we  were  commending  to  futuie 
historians  of  English  towns  Dr.  Hem- 
meon's  book  on  Burgage  Tenure.  The 
local  historian  is  too  apt  to  shun  any 
real  research,  and  often  prefers  to  rely  on 
press  cuttings  in  which  the  casual  jour- 
nalist repeats  the  errors  of  his  predecessors. 
Tradition  is  useful  when  carefully  scru- 
tinized, but  its  accretions,  especially  in 
these  days  of  hustling  commercialism, 
are  apt  to  be  worthless.  The  pushing 
modern  is  as  eager  for  a  claim  on  benevo- 
lence as  the  oldest  inhabitant.  In  Ro- 
chester we  have  met  with  a  gentleman 
who  claimed  to  have  been  brought  up  as 
a  boy  with  Edwin  Drood,  and  "  knew  him 
well."  He  was  easy  to  refute;  but  what 
are  we  to  say,  for  instance,  of  the  servant 
of  Charles  I.  who  expressly  claims  to  have 
been  present  with  his  master  on  the 
scaffold,  if  a  tombstone  in  Charing  Church 
is  a  veracious  record  \ 

Finally,  the  artist  respects  his  subject. 
Xot  only  wdll  he  do  it  justice,  so  far  as 
he  may  and  in  his  own  fashion,  but  he 
will  also  gain  for  it  that  practical  recogni- 
tion and  respect  which  ensure  its  pre- 
servation. How  many  a  building  owes 
its  life  and  continued  beauty  and  fitness 
to  the  appreciation  of  those  who  can 
comprehend  it  and  convey  its  worth  and 
merit  to  their  fellows  !  .More  than  one 
picturesque  site  has  been  saved  from  the 
ravening  '*  man  of  business  "  who  would 
have  outraged  it  and  its  surroundings. 
Even  such  cities  or  counties  as  are  in  no 
danger  of  destruction,  but  have  suffered 
from  over-description,  have  by  the  aid  of 
the  true  artist  received  new  proportions 
and  new  aspects  of  beauty.  Sympa- 
thetically treated  and  with  sane  com- 
prehending justice,    they    may   once    more 

assert    for    the    intelligent    observer    the 

grandeur    Or     the    delicacy     that      was     -, , 

nearly  destroyed  by  inflated  praise  or 
commercializing  banality. 

In  any  such  field  of  work  the  artist   has 
done,  or  can  do.  greal    things,   if   in   truth 

he  be  artist.   Bui  fit,  when  we  have  read  his 

book,  we  have  the  feeling  that  all  is  said 
and  sped,  that  we  never  wish  to  see  or 
hear   more   of    this    town,    that    ri\er.    this 

country-side, or  that  seaboard,  then  is  he 

no    artist,    and    the    work     is    to   do    over 

again. 


710 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


Highways   and   Byivays    in   Shakespeare's 
Country.     By    W.    H.    Hutton.     (Mac 
millan  &  Co.,  5s.  net.) 

There  are  few  people  better  able  to  write 
a  good  boolc  on  kt  Shakespeare's  Country  '' 
than  the  Archdeacon  of  Northampton,  for 
the  Midlands  are  to  him  familiar  regions, 
and  he  can  be  trusted  to  describe  their 
interesting  buildings,  to  point  out  famous 
battle-fields,  and  to  ascribe  the  true  value 
to  their  most  important  legends  and  old 
stories.  His  work  has  been  done  in  a 
thorough  manner,  and  his  volume  is  one 
of  the  best  of  the  "  Highways  and  By- 
ways Series."  In  spite  of  an  output  of 
books  on  Stratford-on-Avon  which  sug- 
gests that  the  Baconians  have  not  yet 
converted  an  unbelieving  world,  there  was 
room  for  a  work  in  which  Stratford  is 
naturally  the  centre  of  interest,  but  in 
which  parishes  and  places  on  the  borders 
of  those  other  counties  which  are  in- 
extricably mixed  up  with  Warwickshire 
also  receive  notice. 

Archdeacon  Hutton  offers  us  450  closely 
printed  pages,  in  which  he  has  packed  an 
immense  amount  of  information.  He  has, 
of  course,  been  forced  to  pass  quickly 
by  many  pleasant  places,  knowing,  as 
lie  says,  that  "  Warwickshire  and  its 
neighbours  are  too  full  of  beauty  and 
of  history  for  one  book."  But  he  has 
omitted  nothing  important,  he  has 
weighed  all  the  authorities,  especially 
Dugdale,  and  has  not  spared  himself  the 
trouble  of  correcting  many  errors  in  works 
which  are  mere  traps  for  the  unwary. 

About  all  that  he  writes  there  is  a 
delightful  literary  flavour.  Drayton  is 
often  aptly  quoted,  and  so  are  many 
other  Warwickshire  worthies.  He  brings 
in  one  of  the  best  things  ever  said  in 
French  (by  Rousseau,  we  think,  though 
he  does  not  give  the  author)  about  the 
delights  of  travelling  on  foot ;  and  when 
we  get  to  Solihull  he  reminds  us  of  the 
school  which  Jago  immortalized,  telling 
us  that  Jago  was  there  with  Shenstone 

"  when  they  were  boys,  and  the  walls  seemed 
'  awful '  to  him .  The  building  they  were 
taught  in,  where  Dr.  Johnson  tried  in  vain 
to  be  appointed  master,  and  was  refused 
because  he  had  the  character  of  '  being  a 
very  haughty,  ill-natured  gent,'  " 

lias  now  been  reconstructed,  but  in  the 
district  many  fine  old  houses  still  exist ; 
and  when  Ave  move  on  to  Hillfield  Hall, 
a  little-known  house,  close  to  Solihull, 
we  are  not  allowed  to  miss  the  charm- 
ing motto  :  "  Hie  hospites  ;  in  caelo  cives. 
W.  V.  H.  1576." 

In  his  description  of  churches  Arch- 
deacon Hutton  seems  to  us  singularly 
happy.  In  a  very  few  lines,  and  without 
an  unnecessary  phrase,  he  sketches  as 
good  a  picture  of  each  building  as  could 
be  desired.  There  is  no  padding ;  but 
we  get  all  we  want.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  the  way  in  which  he  speaks  of 
villages  and  their  special  claims  to  fame. 
Their  relics  and  legends  are  duly  noted, 
but  no  unnecessary  strain  is  placed  on 
the  reader's  credulity.  This,  for  instance, 
of  Long  Compton  shows  what  we  mean  : — 


"  In  the  village  you  will  see  a  cottage  in 
which  Dick  Whittington  is  said  to  have  been 
born,  but  most  likely  was  not.  And  then 
you  will  look  up  Dugdale  and  find  all  sorts 
of  curious  tales  about  this  place.  S.  Au- 
gustine is  said  to  have  been  there  to  excom- 
municate a  man  who  would  not  pay  tithes, 
and  a  dead  man  had  risen  to  tell  the  awful 
fate  which  befell  those  who  did  not  pay, 
with  many  other  mysterious  and  terrible 
things.  And  also  if  you  stay  in  the  village 
you  are  like  to  leam  how  long  old  super- 
stitions have  lingered  there,  of  witches  and 
the  evil  eye — as  at  Tysoe,  not  far  off." 

Warwickshire  has  in  recent  years  ac- 
quired the  disagreeable  habit  of  keeping 
its  churches  locked  ;  and  from  time  to 
time  the  author  has  to  note  of  some 
village  church  that  he  was  "  never  able 
to  get  in  "  ;  and  he  aro vises  our  sympathy 
when  he  adds  that 

"  no  doubt  one  could  get  in  if  one  fetched 
the  key  ;  but  one  gets  tired  of  getting  people 
up  when  one  is  an  early  caller." 

The  Archdeacon  has,  of  course,  studied 
the  battle-field  of  Edgehill  thoroughly  ; 
and  some  of  his  little  odds  and  ends  bring 
the  battle  vividly  before  our  eyes. 
Memories  of  the  fight  still  remain  ;  and 
descendants  of  the  farmers  of  those  days 
are  still  living  in  the  houses  their  ancestors 
occupied  on  the  day  of  the  fight  in  1642. 
He  quotes  some  tales  from  a  writer  who 
says : — 

"  These  anecdotes  were  told  to  the  author 
by  a  man  over  seventy,  who  heard  it  [sic] 
from  his  grandmother,  who  lived  to  be  over 
ninety.  She  heard  them  from  her  grand- 
father, who  was  a  boy  when  the  battle  was 
fought." 

At  Radway  Church  one  may  see  the 
tomb  of  Henry  Kingsmill,  who  fell  at 
Edgehill,  and  we  read  again  that 

"  the  Radway  church  bells  rang  as  the 
King's  troops  rode  by,  and  Jeremiah  Hill, 
the  parson,  read  evensong  to  but  a  small 
flock,  little  knowing  that  he  would  be  turned 
out  of  his  benefice  before  long,  yet  live  to 
have  his  own  again  when  the  King  and 
Church  came  back  in  1660." 

At  Radway,  too,  we  see  the  house  of 
Sanderson  Miller,  where  Fielding  read 
'  Tom  Jones  '  in  manuscript  to  the  great 
Pitt,  George  Lyttelton,  and  others. 

When  he  gets  to  the  western  edge  of 
the  Cotswolds  the  Archdeacon  is  very 
much  at  home,  and  nothing  could  be 
pleasanter  than  his  remarks  about  the 
wonderful  views  from  Campden  Hill  and 
from  Broadway  Tower.  To  him  Campden 
is  the  most  beautiful  town  of  its  district, 
and  he  shows  us  its  four  most  noteworthy 
things:  its  fifteenth  -  century  church,  its 
almshouses,  the  remains  of  Baptist  Hicks's 
great  buildings,  and  the  village  street 
with  its  fine  houses.  "  The  beauty  of 
Campden  "is,  he  says,  that 

"  it  has  never  been  seriously  marred. 
Campden  is  not  like  Broadway,  a  village 
made  up  to  please  modern  taste,  on  the  model 
of  the  old  houses,  beautiful  indeed,  which 
survive  there  ;  it  has  never  been  taken  in 
hand  by  a  benevolent  landlord  or  an  enter- 
prising house  agent  "  ; 

and  we  agree  that  it  remains  "  perhaps 
the  loveliest  thing  of  its  kind  in  England." 
As  we  pass  by  Tysoe  there  is  an  in- 
cidental remark  about  the  rate  of  wrages — 


almost  the  only  thing  of  its  kind  in  the 
book — and  it  is  worth  noting  that  in 
1823  farm  labourers  were  being  paid  three 
shillings  a  week,  while  "  farmers  were 
making  their  fortunes." 

The  author  always  pleases  us  by  the 
faithful  way  in  which  he  deals  with 
"  restorers "  of  churches,  and  we  hope 
that  some  good  may  come  from  the  words 
of  one  who  is  an  authority  on  ecclesiastical 
buildings.  To  take  one  example  at  hazard, 
it  is  noted  that  there  are  at  Tredington 

"  some  modern  altar  rails,  of  no  special 
excellence,  for  which  the  good  eighteenth- 
century  ones  have  been  absurdly  moved  to 
the  west  end  of  the  church.  In  the  vestry,  a 
good  medieval  one,  are  the  old  altar  table, 
and  also  two  parish  chests,  one  medieval, 
with  the  three  locks  for  parson  and  church- 
wardens, and  another  Jacobean,  and  also 
a  most  valuable  Jacobean  chair  which  is 
being  allowed  to  perish  from  rot." 

In  Warwickshire  Sir  Gilbert  Scott  was 
a  busy  man,  doing  in  his  day  no  little 
harm.  "  He  was  let  loose  in  these  parts," 
and  to  his  work  the  author  is  not  more 
unkind  than  is  reasonable,  but  often  the 
best  that  he  can  say  is  that  "  the  church 
was  restored  not  very  cruelly  by  Sir 
Gilbert  Scott." 

Of  the  famous  Dr.  Parr,  who  was  Rector 
of  Hatton,  the  tale  is  told  that  a  young 
clergyman  said  to  him,  "  Dr.  Parr,  let 
you  and  me  write  a  book,"  and  received 
the  reply,  "  Yes,  sir  ;  and  if  we  put  in  it 
all  that  I  know  and  all  that  you  don't 
know,  we  '11  make  a  big  one."  Arch- 
deacon Hutton  certainly  required  no 
assistance  with  his  book.  It  is  singularly 
free  from  error.  He  appears  to  have 
seen  everything  with  his  own  eyes,  and 
he  has  recorded  nearly  everything  that 
any  visitor  to  Shakespeare's  country  could 
wish  to  know. 

We  confess,  however,  that  it  is  some- 
times, troublesome  to  find  our  way  about, 
and  not  easy  to  trace  the  author's 
routes.  A  good  map  might  have  helped 
us,  but  the  one  which  alone  is  supplied 
is  too  small  to  be  of  much  use.  The 
Archdeacon,  however,  knows  the  difficulty 
of  giving  directions,  and  says,  for  instance, 
when  at  Kenilworth  and  before  taking  us 
to  Stoneleigh : — 

"  The  way  is  not  a  very  easy  one,  and 
I  do  not  propose  to  describe  it.  You  must 
use  your  map  and  your  ears,  and  it  is  quite 
possible  that  both  will  deceive  you.  But 
somehow  you  will  get  there." 

We  have  noted  a  few  misprints,  such 
as  one  on  p.  14  and  another  on  p.  17. 
Is  not  "  Erlingham  "  on  p.  100  a  slip 
for  Arlingham  ?  On  p.  298  the  date  given 
as  1910  should  be  1898  ;  and  on  p.  365 
we  are  referred  back  to  p.  28,  when,  we 
think,  p.  27  was  intended. 

The  charming  illustrations  by  Mr- 
E.  H.  New  need  no  praise.  They  are  an 
agreeable  change  from  the  too  familiar 
"  process  "  pictures.  All  are  good  ;  and 
if  we  said  that  scant  justice  had  been  done 
to  Guy's  Cliff,  Mr.  New  might  reply  that 
he  shares  the  author's  opinion  about  the 
"  worse  than  Strawberry  Hill  gothic  of 
the  west  front  "  of  that  great  house. 


No.  4517,  M.u   23,   19U 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


711 


LONDON    AND    ITS   TRADITIONS. 


Sib  Laurence  Gomme,  by  limiting  the 
title  of  his   latest  book  to  the  one  word 

London,  will  confuse  bibliographers,  but 
we  see  his  point.  The  reason  why  the 
•'  iireutne>s  that  is  London  "  has  never 
yet  been  realized  by  historian  or  citizen 
— consciously  at  least,  for  we  must 
mark  that  all  -  important  distinction — is 
that  the  complex,  various,  and  ever- 
ohanging  aspects  of  London  absorb  the 
attention  so  entirely  as  to  hide  the  unified 
entity.  It  is  to  this  entitv  that  the 
author — a  true  expert  in  the  subject  which 
he  loves — has  devoted  himself  ;  nay 
more,  he  lias  "one  bevond  the  entitv — he 
has  striven  to  explain  the  identity,  the 
expression  of  the  personality,  of  London. 

Such  a  task  involves  a  study  of  the 
continuity  of  London,  and  in  his  point 
of  view  the  author  makes  clear  a  pre- 
dilection, which,  we  must  confess,  we 
rind  excessive.  It  may  be  expressed  in 
the  one  word,  Rome. 

Sir  Laurence  has  it  in  his  mind  that  the 
spirit  of  Rome  was  the  creative  spirit  of 
London,  and  the  key  to  her  continuity 
throughout  her  long  history. 

'"Locked  up  in  this  Roman  city  of 
Augusta  there  are  whole  masses  of  con- 
stitutional ceremony,  laws,  and  practices, 
which  become  London  customs,  London  law. 
and  London  usages  during  the  long  period 
of  history  through  which  we  are  going  to 
work.'' 

The  city  government  and  indications 
of  a  city  state  are,  for  bun,  survivals 
of  the  constitution 

"  directly  inherited  from  Roman  London, 
applied  by  the  city  successors  —  English, 
Xorman,  modern,  successors  of  the  Romans 
of  London." 

Such  a  view  argues  boldness,  tenacious 

idy,  careful  collection  and  interpretation 

of  evidence.     In  none  of  these  does  Sir 

Laurence  fail  us  or  his  subject  ;    indeed, 

his  chapter  on  Roman  origins  alone  is  a 

notable    piece    of     work ;     he    uses     his 

material  with  quiet  and  convincing  skill. 

Yet     we     are     not     convinced.       We 

I    instinctively,  when   we   consider   the 

)ject  as  a  whole,  that  there  is  another 

point  of  view  of  London,  and  that  point  of 

w    is    greater    than    London,    whether 

•man,  or  Xorman,  or  modern  ;    it  is  no 

less  than  England. 

When  we  think  of  England,  and  of  Lon- 
don in  conjunction  with — let  us  say.  in 
interpretation  of — England,  we  are  struck 
with  one  permanent  feature  apparent  in 
»11  the  diversity  of  English  history.  We 
will  endeavour  to  set  this  forth. 

-rland  has  passed  through  phase  after 
phase  of  division  and  unity,  of  strife  and 
progress  ;  to  every  phase  London  has 
ponded.  Before  the  Etonians  came 
England  was  divided  among  tri  > . 
London  was  a  "  place,"  nothing  more — a 
place,  maybe,  of  considerable  importance, 
but  only  one  among  many  places.      When 

tendon.     By  Sir  Laurence   Qomme.     (Wil- 
liams &  Norgate,  7*.  fid.  net.) 

London   Survivals.       By    J'.    H.    Ditehfield 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  10*.  6'/.  a 


the  Romans  came  the  tribal  regime  was 
succeeded  by  the  inspiration  of  unity 
for  all  the  land,  and  London  became  the 
chief  city. 

Then  Rome  departed.  England  was 
once  more  divided  ;  London  at  once  passed 
into  the  shadow  of  anarchy,  only  to  emerge 
at  the  coming  of  Alfred,  who  conceived 
England  as  a  country,  and  the  English  as 
a  nation  ;  he  "  established  "  (we  venture 
this  as  the  real  translation  of  "  instaura- 
cione  urbis,"  which  the  author  reduces 
to  much  less)  London  as  the  city  of 
England. 

Again  came  division  after  Alfred,  and 
then  union  under  William  the  Norman, 
the  only  rival  to  London  being  Winchester. 
London  stood  for  one  thing  and  one  only, 
the  sovereignty  of  England  as  a  whole  ; 
it  was  the  heart  of  that  sovereignty. 

After  William  we  find  the  changes  and 
chances  of  the  Plantagenets,  the  autocracy 
of  the  Tudors,  the  vanity  of  the  Stuarts, 
and  at  last  the  growth  of  "  constitu- 
tionalism "  under  the  Hanoverians,  and 
we  witness  change  after  change  in  London 
responding  to  these. 

London  soon  put  itself  above  even  Win- 
chester. Why  ?  Because  under  Rome, 
Alfred,  and  William  the  sovereignty  had 
been  established  as  a  fact.  But  we  see 
London  set  against  one  king,  pronouncing 
for  the  other.  Why  ?  Because  that  sove- 
reignty, fact  as  it  was,  had  not  as  yet 
been  denned  ;  perhaps  the  achievement  of 
the  definition  is  yet  to  come. 

Still,  as  a  result  of  what  we  have  seen, 
London  is  established  as  the  Temple,  so 
to  speak,  of  this  sovereignty  of  England  ; 
only  inhabited,  only  living,  when  this 
sovereignty  is  a  reality — explained  or 
obscure,  but  real.  As  such,  London, 
whether  by  choice  of  site  (as  many 
would  argue)  or  by  any  other  accident,  is 
greater  and  more  permanent  than  all  that 
London  has  known  ;  it  seems  to  be  the 
predestined  capital  of  a  united  England. 
As  it  were  in  spite  of  himself,  the 
author  admits  this  when  he  speaks  of 
London  as  "  always  associated  constitu- 
tionally with  the  sovereign  power." 

The  author  has — as  we  imply — gone  too 
far  in  his  emphasis  on  the  origins  of  the 
greatness  of  London.  But  in  his  treat- 
ment of  the  city  itself,  its  history,  its  plan 
and  demarcation,  its  internal  and  self- 
governing  constitution,  he  is  admirable. 
He  gives  us  abundance  of  well-chosen 
and  instructive  quotations.  We  view  the 
city,  generation  by  generation,  in  many 
aspects  :  its  relics,  its  commerce,  its 
guilds,  buildings,  officials,  customs,  laws 
— and  all  is  set  before  us  with  the  sure 
hand  of  the  artist  who  sees  and  knows 
his  subject.  Xor  is  this  a  dry  recital 
of  mere  facts.    \\'e  have  attractive  touches 

that  revivify  and  humanize  the  past  ages. 

There    is    the    Lambeth    tapestry  of    Hero 

and     Leander,    concerning    which     anil 

another  pattern  showing  Vulcan  and 
Venus  the  Countess  of  Rutland  in  1670 
receives  the  following  details: — 

"1  doubt  you  will    hardly  gebt    Hero  made 
under    2~>s.    per    ell     In     lie    well     don.      The 

oilier  I  presume  will  come  for  23a  per  elL 
My  Lady  in  hir  letter  ipeaka  of  Poynze,  bul 


take  it  of  my  Credditt  he  hath  not  one  good 
peiee  df  paint  ing  or  desigue  l>y  him,  besides  a 

deare  prateing  fellow-  that  knowes  not  what 
good  worke  is." 

At  a  much  later  date  we  read  with 
pleasure  of  the  great  success  attained  in 
Regent's  Park  by  the  sowing  of  nine  and 
a  half  acres  with  a  new  root,  the  mangel- 
wurzel,  which  brought  in  over  (>()()/.  net 
profit  in  the  year  of  Waterloo.  Expansion 
in  Georgian  days,  too,  produced  the  de- 
velopment of  great  estates  in  a  worthy 
style  : — 

'  This  has  given  us  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful features  of  modern  London,  namely,  the 
squares  as  they  aro  called.  The  Bedford, 
Grosvenor,  Cadogan,  Portman,  Camden,  and 
other  estates  were  laid  out  in  no  mean  fashion. 
There  was  no  cramping,  and  there  was  design, 
with  the  result  that  throughout  London  this 
method  has  been  to  an  extent  adopted,  and 
has  given  to  London  no  less  than  three 
hundred  and  sixty-three  of  these  beautiful 
islets  of  green  amidst  the  acreage  of  bricks." 

The  illustrations  are  well  chosen,  and 
there  is  a  useful,  though  by  no  means 
exhaustive,  Index. 

The  Rev.  P.  H.  Ditchfield's  'London 
Survivals  '  is  in  the  nature  of  a  system- 
atic tour  through  the  City  ;  and  we  may 
use  the  last  word  in  its  accepted  sense, 
as  showing  that  the  region  west  of  Temple 
Bar  has  but  little  attraction  for  the 
author.  Had  he  touched  on  Western 
London  in  his  researches,  he  would  have 
discovered  that  many  a  quiet  Kensington 
byway  still  deplores  the  German  bands 
the  total  disappearance  of  which  he 
assumes.  He  would  also,  we  may  pre- 
sume, have  made  some  mention  of  such 
a  relic  as  the  hunting  lodge  of  Henry  VIII., 
now  apparently  doomed  by  the  exploiter 
of  possible  "  building  lots  "  ;  nor  are  the 
churches  of  that  quarter  wholly  worthy  of 
omission. 

However,  the  City  itself  affords  no  lack  of 
material  for  such  a  compilation  ;  and  here 
the  author  maps  out  his  tour  with  much 
care.  He  begins  with  the  Roman  remains, 
and  gives  an  outline  of  the  course  of  the 
Roman  walls ;  he  mentions  "  London 
Stone,"  the  meeting-place,  as  we  may 
suppose,  of  the  great  roads,  though  he 
omits  these  on  the  plea  that  space  is 
lacking  where  so  much  else  awaits  him. 
But  surely  a  page  might  have  been  devoted 
to  a  brief  summary  of  the  roads,  their 
direction,  their  names — as  preserved  to- 
day in  Watling  Street  and  Roman  Road. 
Xor  is  there  any  note  of  the  Roman  Bath, 
still  to  be  seen  in  the  Strand. 

The  Tower,  as  is  only  light,  has  several 
pages  allotted  to  if.  though  Mr.  Ditchtield 
does     not     mention     the     palace     building 

known  as  the  Queen's  Gallery,  extending 

from  the  Wardrobe  lo  the  Cradle  Tower-.. 

and  overlooking  the  Queen's  Pleasaunce, 

lb-   might    also    have   given   some   short 

record  of  the  accidents  of  flood  and  weak 
foundations  that  delayed  the  erection  oJ 
St.  Thomas's  Tow  er  -  accidents  which, 
according  to  the  \  ersion  of  Matthew  of 
Paris,   wen-   no  accidents,   but    protests  on 

the  part  of  St.  Thomas  6  Becket,  a  friend 

of  labour,  who.  in  his  ire  at  the  miserable 
wage    paid    to    the    builders,    (lung    dow  n 


712 


T  HE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


their  building  !  By  an  unfortunate  mis- 
print, Gundulf  of  Bee,  also  known  as  the 
I  milder  of  Mailing  keep,  is  called  "  Gunulf" 
on  p.  31.  Last  of  all,  if  we  are  not  mis- 
taken, the  Outer  Ward  was  not  the  result 
of  the  military  genius  of  Richard  I.,  but 
rather  of  the  predatory  tendencies  of 
Longchamps,  who  annexed  much  of  the 
land  belonging  to  St.  Katherine's  and  to 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  and  East 
Smithfield.  The  Tower  might  have  been 
a  House  of  Parliament,  had  not  the 
Members  been  too  wary  to  accept 
Henry  III.'s  invitation  to  meet  therein. 

Mr.  Ditchfield  pays  special  attention 
to  Pre-  and  Post-Reformation  churches, 
and  gives  various  interesting  facts  and 
anecdotes  thereon.  In  dealing  with  the 
associations  of  St.  Paul's  Cross,  he  might 
have  mentioned  that  in  the  Wars  of  the 
Roses  preachers  were  put  up  at  St.  Paul's 
Cross  to  preach  the  cause  of  Lancaster, 
but  were  hooted  by  the  mob.  An  admirer 
of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  Mr.  Ditchfield 
expatiates  on  that  master's  work,  though 
the  quotation  from  Fergusson  about  St. 
Stephen's,  Walbrook,  strikes  us  as  un- 
fortunate. 

The  Charterhouse  receives  a  chapter  to 
itself,  which  should  please  those  who 
know  and  love  that  charming  old  building. 
St.  John's,  Clerkenwell,  is  also  deservedly 
treated  at  length.  The  Inns  of  Court, 
now  vanishing  one  by  one,  receive  faith- 
ful record.     The  woolmen's  couplet, 

I  thank  God,  and  ever  shal, 

lb  was  the  sheep  that  paid  for  all, 

suggests  the  legends  of  the  South  Downs. 
We  think  of  Mr.  Kipling's  grim  tale  of 
the  primaeval  shepherd-chief  who  sacri- 
ficed his  eye  to  gain  knowledge  of  the 
metal  knife  that  should  at  last  ensure  the 
safety  of  his  sheepfolds. 

The  discipline  of  Staple  Inn — the  fine 
frontage  of  which  is  still  the  glory  of 
Holborn  —  has  much  analogy  to  certain 
unwritten  laws  that  prevail  in  Oxford  to 
this  day.  The  fine  of  a  dozen  of  claret 
imposed  on  those  who  were  improperly 
robed  is  practically  a  "  sconce  " — though, 
if  we  are  not  mistaken,  it  is  only  in  Mag- 
dalen College  that  wine  takes  the  place  of 
the  more  homely  beer,  or  "  Archdeacon," 
as  the  forfeit. 

Mr.  Ditchfield  surely  goes  too  far  in  say- 
ing that  Amyas  Paulet  suffered  from  the 
"  malice  "  of  Wolsey  in  being  imprisoned 
for  six  years  in  the  Temple.  After  all, 
Paulet  had  put  Wolsey  in  the  stocks  on 
some  trivial  pretext — "  set  him  by  the 
feet,"  as  Cavendish  has  it. 

Of  Doctors'  Commons  Mr.  Ditchfield 
says  nothing ;  probably  he  does  not 
consider  it  an  "  institution."  But  surety, 
if  only  for  the  sake  of  Spenlow  &  Jorkins, 
and  for  its  old-fashioned  and  peacefully 
litigious  aspect,  it  merited  a  passing  word. 

The  City  palaces  and  houses,  the  halls 
of  the  great  Companies,  the  signs  of  inns, 
all  receive  due  attention.  For  Sir  Paul 
Pindar,  whose  house  in  its  latter  days 
bore  the  sign  "  Sir  Paul  Pindar — Wines 
and  Spirits,"  we  find  a  parallel  in  Italy, 
where  many  of  the  nobles  in  old  days  had 
licence  to  sell  wine  "  en  gros  et  en  detail."  | 


It  is  interesting  to  know  that  savages 
were  also  called  "  green  men."  Perhaps 
'"  The  Green  Man,"  a  frequent  sign  of 
country  taverns,  is  the  male  equivalent, 
outside  London,  of  "  La  Belle  Sauvage." 

The  concluding  chapter  gives  a  general 
survey  of  the  river,  and  records  the 
request  of  the  London  merchants  that, 
if  James  I.  did  remove  his  Court,  he  would 
please  to  leave  the  Thames  behind  him. 
This  story  is  also  told  of  Queen  Mary. 

Mr.  Ditchfield  does  not  enlarge  on  the 
vexed  question  of  derivations,  though  so 
far  as  he  touches  thereon  he  is  sound. 

The  book  on  the  whole  is  of  distinct 
and  ample  use  for  reference.  It  cannot 
claim  merit  for  its  style,  which  approxi- 
mates to  that  of  the  official  "  guide." 
Such  phrases  as  "  We  now  pass  on  to  " 
abound,  and  distress  the  reader.  Why, 
also,  should  Mr.  Ditchfield  talk  of 
"  Victoria  the  Good  "  ?  The  reputation 
of  the  great  Queen  needs  no  outworn 
Board  School  adjective. 

The  book  has  many  admirable  full- 
plate  and  inset  illustrations  by  Mr.  E. 
Wratten. 


Odd  Yarns  of  English  Lakeland.  By 
William  T.  Palmer.  (Skeffington  & 
Sons,  2s.  6d.  net.) 

The  literature  of  Lakeland  is  large,  and 
though,  since  the  days  of  the  giants,  few 
dare  write  of  it  in  verse,  many  visitors 
feel  called  upon  to  record  their  apprecia- 
tion of  the  lakes  and  mountains,  or  to  air 
their  knowledge  of  history  and  literary 
associations,  in  prose  of  varying  merit. 
The  resident  for  the  most  part  remains 
singularly  silent.  He  is  as  little  inclined 
to  be  expansive  on  paper  as  the  Dales- 
men are  to  offer  the  ready  courtesy  of 
the  Southerner  or  the  deceptive  sympathy 
of  the  Celt  to  a  casual  tourist. 

So  it  comes  about  that  the  modes  of 
life  and  habits  of  thought  and  types  of 
character  of  those  who  people  the  dales, 
strong  and  noteworthy  as  they  are,  have 
not  received  the  attention  they  deserve 
in  print,  for  those  who  know  their  speech 
and  understand  their  Avays  are  not  by 
nature  communicative  themselves,  and 
those  who  do  not  can  have  nothing  to 
communicate.  All  the  more  cordial, 
therefore,  is  our  welcome  to  Mr.  Palmer's 
collection  of  yarns  that  he  has  heard 
round  the  firesides  of  old  Lakeland  dwell- 
ings, in  the  lanes  or  on  the  open  fells, 
and  his  record  of  memories  of  old  customs 
and  superstitions,  and  of  the  parsons, 
schools,  and  farmers  of  bygone  days. 
For,  as  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  remarks  "in 
her  brief  Preface,  he  is  an  observer  who 
has  the  Lakeland  in  his  blood,  and  pos- 
sesses the  twin  keys  of  sympathy  and 
natural  kinship  which  unlock  the  secrets 
of  the  dales  and  the  lips  of  the  Cumbrian 
folk.  The  recollections  of  his  informants 
— they  are  a  long-lived  race,  with  the 
prodigious  memories  of  the  unlettered — 
go  back  to  a  hundred  years  ago,  when 
wheat  was  grown  with  profit  upon  the 
most  elevated  farms,  and  the  plough  gave 
employment  to  thrice  the  present  popula- 


tion ;  when  the  mountains  were  an  un- 
walled  and  almost  trackless  waste,  and 
sheep  were  reared  in  a  haphazard  fashion 
which  gave  ample  scope  to  the  activities- 
of  the  professional  sheep-stealer  until 
they  were  checked  by  the  hangman's, 
noose.  One  of  the  best  yarns  in  the 
book  describes  how  the  Dalesmen  tracked 
some  of  these  gentry  to  their  lair  among 
apparently  inaccessible  crags,  and  brought 
them  to  their  doom  at  the  Assizes.  They 
were  hung  outside  the  county  gaol,  not 
a  little  to  the  chagrin  of  the  Dalesfolk,. 
who  would  have  preferred  to  fasten  them 
on  the  crags  as  a  warning  to  other 
would-be  "  night-shepherds." 

Your  North-CountrvTnan,  as  Mr.  Palmer 
observes,  likes  his  evening  yarns  full  of 
blood  and  mystenr,  and  here — interspersed 
with  memories  of  courtships  and  cock- 
fighting,  and  the  old  festivals  made  merry 
with  dancing  and  fiddling — is  good  mea- 
sure of  gruesome  tales  of  "flays"  and 
"  boggarts  "  and  fearsome  "  faistrels,"  such 
as  thrill  the  Dalesman  by  his  fireside  on 
Christmas  Eve.  Mr.  Palmer  has  worked 
up  his  yarns  with  care,  and  he  is  happy 
in  reproducing  the  dry,  canny  humour  of 
the  Dalesfolk — humour  often  of  the  kind, 
like  so  much  Irish  humour  also,  which 
depends  rather  upon  the  listener's  per- 
ception of  the  incongruous  than  that  of 
the  speaker. 

A  good  example  of  this  is  a  reminiscence 
of  days  when  Gretna  Green  was  over-near 
for  young  people  in  a  hurry  to  trouble  the 
local  parson  much  with  marriage  banns  : — 

"  How  did  we  get  wed,  thinks  thou  r 
I  asked  old  John,  her  father,  whether  it  was- 
to  be  the  smithy  or  the  kirk.  But  Mally's- 
mother  rapped  out,  '  I  've  had  three  sisters 
and  two  daughters  wedded  by  the  smith, 
and  it 's  not  taken  well  with  any  of  them » 
The  priest  must  have  a  try  with  Mally.'-  ? 


In  Pursuit  of  Spring.  By  Edward  Thomas. 
(Nelson  &  Sons,  5s.  net.) 

Mr.  Thomas,  like  many  another  wise  man, 
knows  that  a  bicycle  is  an  excellent  thing 
to  take  for  a  walk  in  the  county  ;    and 
he  has  written  a  book  describing  how  he 
walked   and   rode   from   London   to    the 
Quantock  Hills  one  March  in  search  of 
the  Spring,  of  which  the  town  had  heard 
as   yet  only   the  faintest  promise.     The 
impatient  reader  will  probably  think  that 
the  author  takes  an  unconscionable  time 
getting  his  ship  under  way,  for  fifty  pages? 
— a  sixth  of  the  book — must  be  swallowed 
before    he    reaches    Epsom.     Thence    he- 
sauntered    under    the    North    Downs    to- 
Guildford,  along  the  Hog's  Back  to  Farn- 
ham,    down    the    Itchen    towards    Win- 
chester, over  the  high  lands  of  the  Test 
to  Salisbury  ;    across  the  Plain  to  Brad- 
ford, over  the  Mendips  to  Shepton  Mallet,, 
and  then  under  the  Mendips  to  Wells  and 
Glastonbury,  along  the  ridge  of  the  Polden 
Hills   to    Bridgwater,   and   so   up   to   the- 
Quantocks  and  down  to  the  sea.     Not  a 
word  of  local  history  or  of  archaeological 
fact  or  speculation,  such  as  would  have- 
filled  these  pages  had  Mr.  Belloc  written 
them,    disturbs    the    even    tenor    of    the 
cyclist's  thoughts  along  the  Icknield  Way. 


No.  4517,  May  23,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


713 


floi  the  most  part  he  is  content  to 
narrate  his  trivial  adventures  on  the 
road,  most  of  them  without  point  or 
interest  except  that  they  are  the  inci- 
dents that  do  happen  in  such  a  case  ; 
perhaps,  even  so.  the  record  of  his  teas 
and  lodgings  will  prove  more  amusing  to 
the  author  than  the  general  public,  many 
of  whom  may  probably  be  irritated  by 
Bach  obiter  dicta   as  this  : — 

"I  did  not  stop  at  Shore,  'the  prettiest 
village  in  Surrey,'  and  I  saw  no  reason  why 
it  should  not  bear  the  title,  or  why  it  should 
be  any  the  better  liked  for  it."' 

This  sort  of  thing  does  not  enliven  a 
chronicle  of  small  beer. 

But  luckily,  if  Mr.  Thomas  has  nothing 
to  say  of  the  history  or  archaeology  which 
attracts  many,  and  can  pass  by  Wilton 
Place  without  a  word  of  its  marvellous 
treasures  of  art  and  beauty,  or  of  thanks 
to  the  public  spirit  of  the  noble  family 
which  throws  them  open  to  the  world — 
if  he  can  travel  over  the  Roman  roads 
without  a  hint  of  their  past,  and  over 
Salisbury  Plain  without  a  thought  for 
the  Druids  and  their  stones  —  he  has  a 
liking  for  poets  and  a  knowledge  of 
books,  famous  or  obscure,  which  will 
charm  the  literary  reader.  Box  Hill 
reminds  him  of  Meredith  ;  Wilton  breathes 
to  him  of  Sidney's  "  Arcadia  ' ;  Alresford 
pond  recalls  George  Wither;  Farnham 
reminds  him  of  Bettesworth  and  Mr. 
George  Bourne's  vivid  record  of  that 
unlettered,  pagan  English  peasant's 
thoughts  and  sayings  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  nineteenth   century. 

When  once  he  has  arrived  hi  Dorset  a 
chapter  on  three  Wessex  poets — Stephen 
Duck,  William  Barnes,  and  Thomas 
Hardy — provides  a  pleasant  interlude  in 
the  diary  of  the  traveller,  to  whom  Wells 
speaks  not  of  mediaeval  sculptors  and 
cathedral  builders,  but  suggests  a  lengthy 
appreciation  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Hudson's 
'  Adventures  among  Birds,'  because  that 
writer  has  remarked  that  Wells  is  the 
only  city  wherein  the  green  woodpecker 
is  to  be  heard.  At  Nether  Stowey,  of 
course,  where  the  author  found  at  last 
the  Spring  he  had  sought  and  the  grave 
of  Winter,  there  is  much  to  be  said  of 
Coleridge,  and  Mr.  Thomas  says  it  well : — 

"  Coleridge  loved  equally  mildness  and 
wildness,  as  1  saw  them  on  the  one  hand 
in  the  warm  red  fields,  the  gorse  smouldering 
with  bloom,  the  soft  delicious  greenery  ot' 
the  banks;  and  on  the  other  hand  in  the 
stag's  home,  the  dark,  bleak  ridges  of 
heather  or  pine,  the  deep-carved  coombs. 
Mild  meekness,     gentleness,    softness, 

made  appeals  both  sensuous  and  spiritual 
to  the  poet's  chaste  and  voluptuous  affec- 
tions, and  to  something  homely  in  him, 
while  his  spirituality,  responding  to  the 
wildness,  branched  forth  into  metapir 
and  natural  magic.'' 

Mi.  Haslehust's  half-dozen  drawings 
are  bo  good  as  to  make  us  wish  for  more, 
and  are  far  more  attractive  than  some  of 
the  colour  pieces  by  the  same  artist  which 
we  have  recently  noticed. 


Vagabonds  in  Perigord.     By  H.  H.  Bash- 
ford.     (Constable  &  Co.,  4s.  (id.  net.) 

Perigord  is  new  ground  for  the  pedes- 
trian, and  Mr.  Bashford,  walking  there, 
may  claim  the  honours  of  a  pioneer. 
Prom  the  comic  map  at  the  beginning  till 
the  end  of  the  last  chapter,  when  we  learn 
that  one  of  Mr.  Bashford's  two  com- 
panions, Justin,  is  imaginary — we  had 
thought  him  much  more  real  than  So- 
phronia  —  a  sense  of  humorous  adventure 
animates  his  little  book.  Yet  no  adven- 
ture worthy  of  the  name  is  chronicled. 
Although  a  walking  tourist,  the  author 
does  not  love  the  act  of  walking — on  a 
hot  June  day.  His  enthusiasm  is  for 
meat  and  drink,  and  the  repose  in  quiet 
inns  which  crowns  such  labours.  Places 
of  historic  interest  are  visited,  but  their 
history  does  not  concern  Mr.  Bashford 
otherwise  than  as  a  background  to  his 
enjoyment  of  '  Perigord  in  Hay  time  '  : — 

In  Perigord  in  haytime 
The  larks  they  sing  all  day. 
There  are  no  city  streets  there 
So  bitter  and  so  grey, 
But  there  the  folk  are  merry, 
The  low-browed  oxen  sway 
In  Perigord, 

In  haytime. 

He  is,  in  fact,  in  doggerel  mood — the 
mood  for  real  enjoyment  of  a  holiday  ; 
and  that  being  so,  it  seems  a  pity  that  he 
should  have  thought  it  necessary  to  make 
a  psychological  study  of  the  variations  of 
that  mood  and  express  them  in  the  manner 
of  the  most  abstruse  of  problem  novelists. 
A  less  inflated  style  would  better  have 
adorned  the  narrative,  even  where  mock- 
heroics  are  intended,  as  in  the  following  : — 

"  And  then,  quite  suddenly,  like  the  first 
cloud  -flush  upon  an  Arctic  night,  or  a  spray 
of  song  heard  unbelievably  in  some  Saharan 
wraste,  there  stole  upon  our  senses  the  un- 
mistakable, soft  breath  of  strawberries.  We 
stopped  short.  We  lifted  our  eyes.  And  we 
perceived  that  the  rain  had  ceased.  .  .  .that 
from  a  by-way  between  the  vines  upon  our 
left  an  old  woman  had  taken  the  road  in 
front  of  us.  "We  could  not  see  her  face  ;  and 
she  had  a  kerchief  tightly  bound  about  her 
head,  but  her  back  was  the  kindliest  back  in 
Europe,  and  upon  her  arm  she  carried  a 
basket  deliciously  covered  with  a  cloth. 
We  caught  her  up  and  bade  her  good  even- 
ing.     Yes,  they  were  strawberries. 

The  author  indulges  in  some  strange 
and  rather  forced  expressions  in  his  book  ; 
but  he  has  happy  moments.  Describing 
the  circle  before  a  village  inn  at  night, 
he  says  : — 

"  Beyond    this  ring  we  could  see  an  outer 

one    of     lilllo-l'roek'd     children.    Listening     like 

mice,  and  drawn  like  moths  from  the  dark- 
ness." 
He    compares    the    River    Dordogne    at 

Le  Roc  to  a  ripening  maid. 

•"still  moving  with  the  same  youthful  ges- 
ture; and  if  the  girl's  feel  in  it  went  hidden 
. . .  .they  were  still  irked  a  little  bj  her  robes 

ot'  state. 

Upon  the  whole,  the  merits  of  the  little 

work  outweigh  its  defects,  the  latter  being 

all  of  affectation.  .Mr.  Bashford  does 
succeed  in  bringing  to  his  reader  some- 
thing <>f  the  pleasant   air  of  Perigord  of 

June.    and.    what     is    more,    the    sense    jM 

holiday. 


Charles  Stewart  Parnell:  his  Love  Story  and 
Political  Life.  By  Catherine  O'Shea. 
2  vols.     (Cassell  &  Co.,  U.  Is.  net.) 

It  is  nearly  twenty-three  years  since 
Parnell  died,  and  now  his  wife  has  given 
to  the  public  her  story  of  his  life,  and  many 
of  the  most  intimate  letters  which  passed 
between  them,  letters  full  of  the  "silly 
sooth  "  of  love  and  in  no  way  different 
from  those  of  the  ordinary  lover. 

In  an  early  passage  she  falls  foul  of  Mr. 
William  O'Brien  for  his  conduct  to  Parnell, 
attacking  him  for  saying  that  Parnell  was 
one  of  Ireland's  eternal  failures.  She  has. 
indeed,  stated  in  an  interview  this  week 
that  until  Mr.  O'Brien  printed  a  letter 
from  her  husband  she  had  no  idea  of  pub- 
lishing these  volumes.  She  suggests  that 
but  for  him  the  book  would  not  have 
appeared  now  ;  though  she  had  left 
directions  in  her  will  that  such  letters  of 
Parnell  as  she  had  selected  were  to  be 
printed  after  her  death. 

The  memoir  begins  with  a  criticism  of 
those  statesmen  and  politicians  who, 

"  knowing  for  ten  years  that  Parnell  was 
my  lover,  had  with  the  readiest  tact  and 
utmost  courtesy  accepted  the  fact  as  making 
a  sure  and  safe  channel  of  communicati<  n 
with  him  ;  whom  they  knew  as  a  force  to  1  e 
placated."' 

It  is  true  that  the  facts  of  the  relation- 
ship between  Parnell  and  Mrs.  O'Shea 
were  perfectly  well  known  to  Gladstone 
and  his  colleagues,  as  they  were  to  some 
leading  members  of  the  Opposition,  and 
were  talked  of  openly  in  the  Liberal 
Cabinet ;  and  we  do  not  know  who  is  likely 
to  defend  the  way  in  which  both  parties 
treated  with  Parnell  up  to  a  point  when 
the  relationship  became  public  property, 
and  then  suddenly  threw  him  over  in 
deference  to  a  general  outcry. 

The  first  hundred  pages  of  this  book  are 
concerned  with  the  early  days  of  Mrs. 
O'Shea,  and  in  them  she  gives  a  pleasant 
picture  of  her  life  in  England  and  in  Spain. 
It  is  not  until  we  reach  the  thirteenth 
chapter  that  we  hud  anything  of  public 
interest.  There  is  throughout  the  work 
a  great  lack  of  dates,  and  when  we  read 
of  '"  the  following  autumn  "  or  of  "  that 
winter,"  we  often  find  it  impossible  to 
do  more  than  make  a  guess  at  the  year 
intended. 

A  note  about  Parnell  seems  to  date  the 
first  meeting  with  him  as  in  1880.  Mrs. 
O'Shea  explains  that  soon  alter  an  intro- 
duction to  him  she  had  been  walking  in 
the  country  near  Brighton,  had  got  very 
wet,  and  was  returning  to  Eltham  by 
train  from  Charing  Cross.  On  the  plat- 
form in  London  she  saw    Parnell  : — 

•'  As  our  eyes  met  he  turned  and  walk<  d 
by   my   side.       He  did    not    speak",   and    I    was 

too  tired  to  do  bo,  or  to  wonder  at  his  being 

there.  He  helped  me  into  the  tram  and 
siit  down  opposite  me,  and  1  was  too  ex- 
hausted to  care  that  he  -aw  n. e  wet  and  dis- 
hevelled.    Then   were  others  in  the  carriage. 

1  leant  back  and  closed  my  e\e-.  and  could 
have     slept      hut      that     tin-     little     (lames    deep 

down  in  Parnell's  eyes  kept  Bickering  before 
mine,  though  they  were  closed.     1  was  very 

cold  :     and     I     Fell     t  hat     he    took    off    hi-   COat 

and   tucked  it   round  me,  but    I   would  no1 


714 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


open  my  eyes.... He  crossed  over  to  the 
seat  next  to  mine,  and,  leaning  over  me  to 
fold  the  coat  more  closely  round  my  knees, 
In  whispered,  '  I  love  you,  I  love  you.  Oh, 
my  dear,  how  I  love  you.'  And  I  slipped 
iir,  hand  into  his,  and  knew  I  was  not 
afraid." 

Iu  November,  1880,  Parnell's  letters 
show  that  lie  was  in  constant  communica- 
tion with  Mrs.  O'Shea,  and  was  often  see- 
ing her.  Many  of  his  letters  now  pub- 
lic lied  are  dated  from  "  Dublin  "  on  days 
when  he  was  realty  in  London  ;  and  it  is 
explained  by  Mrs.  Parnell  that  some  of 
them,  though  headed  "  Dublin,"  were 
written  in  London,  and  sent  across  to 
Ireland  to  be  posted,  for  the  purpose  of 
throwing  dust  in  the  eyes  of  Capt.  O'Shea  ; 
and  some  of  these  very  private  letters, 
written  at  the  end  of  1880,  and  addressed 
to  Mrs.  O'Shea,  begin  "  My  dearest  wife." 

She  writes  that  in  December,   1880, 

"  Parnell,  now,  always  made  my  house 
his  headquarters  in  England,  and  on  his 
return  from  Ireland.  . .  .came  down  at  once 
as  soon  as  he  had  ascertained  that  I  was 
alone." 

The  Government  of  the  day  had  their 
own  reasons  for  watching  Parnell,  and 
she  says  that  "  the  detectives  who  were 
employed  to  watch  his  comings  and 
goings  "  made  it  very  difficult  for  him  to 
keep  his  movements  secret.  Parnell  at 
the  time  was  expecting  arrest  on  ac- 
count of  his  work  in  Ireland,  and  she 
shows  that  on  one  occasion  in  1880,  when 
he  had  been  warned  that  he  might  be 
arrested  at  any  moment  on  a  charge  of 
sedition,  he  went  to  her  house  at 
Eltham,  and  asked  to  be  allowed  to 
hide  for  three  weeks.  In  a  house  with 
servants  this  seemed  difficult ;  but  she 
explains  how  she  managed  to  hide  him, 
states  that  none  of  the  servants  knew 
he  was  in  the  house,  and  that  she  herself 
cooked  his  food,  and  took  it  up  to  him  at 
night  in  a  room  which  she  always  kept 
locked.  "  He  spent  the  time  very  happily, 
resting,  writing  '  seditious  '  speeches  for 
future  use,  and  reading  '  Alice  in  Wonder- 
land '  '  without  discovering  that  it  was 
in  the  least  amusing  ! 

Of  this  man  of  mystery  some  tilings  are 
revealed  about  which  the  public  had  pre- 
viously only  been  able  to  guess.  He  was 
a  man  with  many  houses  and  many 
addresses.  He  had  a  little  house  at 
Brockley  which  he  took  in  the  name  of 
"  Clement  Porter,"  and  furnished,  and  he 
kept  a  man  and  his  wife  there  to  look  after 
him.  Other  houses  were  taken  at  East- 
bourne, Brighton,  and  in  London,  in 
some  of  which  Parnell  never  stayed.  He 
I  nl  accustomed  himself  to  the  habit  of 
constantly  using  a  name  not  his  own,  even 
when  there  was  no  sort  of  reason  for 
f-?crecy.  There  is  an  instance  of  his 
leaving  his  horse  at  a  livery  stable,  giving 
a  name  which  occurred  to  him  at  the 
moment,  and  then  forgetting  what  name 
he  had  used,  and  having  trouble  to  get 
back  the  animal. 

Mrs.  Parnell  reports  that  once,  when  he 
I  ad  been  hiding  in  Paris,  and  had  returned 
to  England,  lie  joined  a  Brighton  train  at 
Clapham  Junction,  and  in  the  train  '*  cut 
off  his  beard  with  his  pocket  scissors  "  in 


order  to  avoid  recognition  at  Brighton. 
He  wrapped  a  muffler  round  his  throat, 
and  looked  so  odd  that  when  she  met  him 
she  hardly  knew  him ;  and  the  people  at 
the  hotel  to  which  he  went  thought  he 
must  have  some  infectious  trouble,  and 
made  difficulties  about  admitting  the 
gentleman  who  had  given  the  name  of 
"  Mr.  Stewart." 

Throughout  the  book  we  come  on 
trivial  things  about  Parnell  which  show 
the  strange  man  he  was.  He  had,  for 
instance,  a  horror  of  anything  green — 
a  dislike  which  was  awkward  for  the 
leader  of  a  Home  Rule  party.  He  be- 
lieved that  a  carpet  which  had  green  in 
it  gave  him  sore  throat.  He  threw  a 
diary  of  Mrs.  O'Shea's  on  the  fire  because 
it  was  bound  in  green.  Another  of  his 
oddities  was  that  when  eggs  were  sent 
him  as  a  present,  he  was  suspicious  that 
they  might  contain  poison.  He  said, 
"  They  might  be  eggs,  but  then  again 
they  might  not,"  and  he  had  them  broken 
in  the  garden,  and  then  would  worry  lest 
the  dogs  should  eat  them  and  be  poisoned. 

It  is  nothing  new  to  be  told  that 
Parnell  would  not  open  letters  or  answer 
correspondence,  and  constantly  failed  to 
keep  appointments,  even  when  he  was  an- 
nounced as  a  chief  speaker.  Mrs.  Parnell 
often  refers  to  the  way  in  which  he  ignored 
communications,  and  left  her  to  open 
his  letters ;  and  she  explains  that  once, 
when  she  tried  to  get  him  to  telegraph  or 
write  to  apologize  for  absence  from  a  great 
public  gathering,  he  replied  : — 

"  '  You  do  not  learn  the  ethics  of  kingship, 
Queenie.  Never  explain,  never  apologize,' 
adding,  with  a  laugh,  '  I  could  never  keep 
my  rabble  together  if  I  were  not  above  the 
human  weakness  of  apology.'  " 

In  1881,  we  think  (but  dates  are  vague), 
it  is  noted  that  Capt.  O'Shea  had  suddenly 
come  to  Eltham  and  found  there  a  port- 
manteau belonging  to  Parnell,  which 
caused  a  row.  O'Shea  left  the  house, 
and  declared  that  he  would  challenge 
Parnell  and  shoot  him.  He  sent  The 
O'Gorman  Mahon  to  Parnell,  but  the 
duel  was  not  fought.  A  jjeace  was 
patched  up  between  the  0 'Sheas,  and  the 
author  of  the  present  book  explains  that 
from  the  date  of  this  quarrel  "  Parnell 
and  I  were  one,  without  further  scruple, 
without  fear,  without  remorse." 

The  way  in  which  Parnell  and  Mrs. 
O'Shea  wrote  to  one  another  under  the 
nose  of  O'Shea,  the  covering  letters  which 
were  written  to  be  shown,  and  the  pre- 
cautions they  took  to  prevent  O'Shea 
knowing  what  was  going  on,  and  to 
'  make  an  arrangement  now  for  him  to 
keep  away,"  are  all  revealed  with  amazing 
frankness,  and  are  not  likely  to  make 
any  one  think  the  better  of  Parnell.  It 
is,  indeed,  a  curious  thing  that  his  widow 
should  have  thought  fit  to  let  the  public 
read  such  letters  as  many  which  now 
see  the  light  for  the  first  time. 

Writing  of  the  Phoenix  Park  murders, 
the  author  describes  how  Parnell  first 
heard  of  them,  and  of  the  shock  which 
the  news  gave  him.  She  states  that 
she  had  driven  with  him  to  Blackheath 
Station,  as  he  had  to  go  to  town  to  see 


Davitt,  who  had  just  been  released  from 
prison.  At  the  station  she  asked  Parnell 
to  get  her  a  newspaper,  and  she  waited 
for  it  in  the  carriage.  She  saw  him  open 
the  paper  to  glance  at  the  news  before 
he  brought  it  to  her.  He  told  her  after- 
wards that  he  wanted  to  see  what  was 
said  of  Davitt. 

"  He  had  now  come  to  the  top  of  the  steps,, 
and,  as  he  suddenly  stopped,  I  noticed  a 
curious  rigidity  about  his  arms — raised  in 
holding  the  newspaper  open.  He  stood  so 
absolutely  still  that  I  was  suddenly 
frightened.  .  .  .Then  he  came  down  the  steps 
to  me  and,  pointing  to  the  headline, 
said,  '  Look  ! '  And  I  read,  '  Murder  of 
Lord  Frederick  Cavendish  and  Mr. 
Burke  !  '  " 

She  adds  that 

"  his  face  was  ashen,  and  he  stared,  frowning, 
heavily.  .  .  .unconsciously  crushing  the  hand 
I  had' slipped  into  his  until  the  rings  I  wore 
cut  and  bruised  my  fingers." 

Immediately  after  this,  and  after  the- 
Second  Reading  of  the  Arrears  Bill  had 
been  moved  by  Gladstone,  Mrs.  O'Shea 
wrote  to  Gladstone  expressing  the  wish 
that  he  should  see  Parnell ;  and  she- 
states  that  Gladstone  declined  to  "do  so 
in  'private,  though  in  public  he  was  more 
than  ready  to  co-operate  with  Parnell." 
Mrs.  O'Shea  suggested  that  she  should 
talk  the  matter  over  with  Gladstone,  and 
she  saw  him  at  an  hotel  in  London,  and 
afterwards  had  frequent  meetings  with 
him. 

"  Parnell  would  sometimes  write  the  rough- 
draft  of  what  he  wished  Gladstone  to 
know,  or  sometimes  write  what  he  had 
to  say  in  the  form  of  a  letter  (often  dating 
it  from  my  house  !)  ;  but  occasionally  he 
would  do  neither,  as,  on  more  than  one 
important  occasion,  he  said,  '  I  don't  trust 
that  Grand  Old  Spider  farther  than  I  can 
see  him.'  " 

In  October-November,  1885,  there  was 
trouble  about  finding  a  seat  for  O'Shea, 
who  was  at  loggerheads  with  the  Na- 
tionalists. Parnell  did  not  appear  anxious 
to  go  out  of  his  way  to  help  O'Shea, 
who  had  declined  to  take  the  Nationalist 
pledge.     Mrs.  Parnell  writes  that 

"  I  was  very  anxious  that  Willie  should 
remain  in  Parliament.  Politics ....  gave  him 
little  time  to  come  down  to  Eltham.  When 
he  did  so  the  perpetual  watchfulness  and 
diplomacy  I  had  to  observe  were  extremely 
irksome  to  me.  Years  of  neglect,  varied  by 
quarrels,  had  killed  my  love  for  him  long 
before  I  met  Parnell,  and  since  the  February 
of  1882  I  could  not  bear  to  be  near  him." 

February,  1882,  was,  it  should  be  added, 
the  date  of  the  birth  of  the  child  of  which 
Parnell  was  the  father — a  child  who  lived 
for  a  few  weeks  only.  In  November,  ; 
1885,  we  find  O'Shea  writing  to  his 
wife  from  Dublin,  where  he  was  unwell : 

"  I  knew  nothing  about  your  political. . . . 
arrangements.  All  I  know  is  that  I  am  not 
going  to  lie  [sic]  in  ditch.  I  have  been 
treated  in  blackguard  fashion  and  I  mean 
to  hit  back.  I  have  everything  ready. . .  • 
It  cannot  hurt  my  friend  [Chamberlain],  and 
it  will  send  a  blackguard's  reputation  with 
his  deluded  countrymen  into  smithereens." 

When  it  had  been  practically  settled 
that  O'Shea  should  be  a  Liberal  candidate 
at  Liverpool,  with  the  support  of  Parnell, 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


THE     ATIIENiKUM 


71o 


difficulties  arose,  and  O'Sliea  incensed  the 
Irish  by  talking  of  Parnell's  "  perfidy." 
Ids.  O'Shea  describes  how  she  tried  to 
arrange  things  through  Lord  Richard 
(Jrosvenor,  ami  how  that  Liberal  Whip 
knew  perfectly  well  why  she  did  not  live 
■with  her  husband.  Liverpool  fell  through, 
and  at  last  Parnell  said  : — 

;  It  is  no  matter,  Queenie,  I  was  thinking 
tliis  afternoon  that  we  are  giving  ourselves 
much  trouble  about  what  really  does  not 
concern  us.  I'll  run  him  for  Galway,  and 
1  "11  get  him  returned.  I  11  force  him  down 
their  throats.  ..  .It  will  cost  me  the  confi- 
dence of  the  party,  but  that  much  he  shall 
have,  and  I  shall  be  dono  with  his  talk  of 
pledges."' 

About  the  Home  Rule  negotiations  of 
January,  1886,  of  which  we  have  already 
had  Labouchere's  version,  there  are  many 
ietters  from  Parnell.  but  little  that  is 
important  or  new.  Of  Labouchere  the 
writer  remarks  : — 

"  He  had  the  habit  of  mixing  his  own  opinions 
with  those  of  the  person  to  whom  he  spoke 
and  delivering  the  mixture  in  public." 

As  to  O'Shea,  there  is  a  definite  state- 
ment that  Air.  Chamberlain  had  promised 
that  he  should  be  Chief  Secretary  for 
Ireland,  and  the  author  notes  that  on 
various  occasions  she  had  suggested  to 
Gladstone  that  O'Shea  should  be  appointed 
I  nder-Secretary.  Once  she  gives  us  an 
excellent  description  of  the  perfect  manner 
in  which  Gladstone  used  to  refuse  appoint- 
ments when  personally  asked  for  them. 
Tiie  statement  that  Mr.  Chamberlain  had 
promised  to  get  0*Shea  made  Chief  Secre- 
tary may,  perhaps,  be  receive!  with  some 
hesitation,  the  more  so  as  there  was  a 
time  in  1885  when  (though  nothing  is  said 
of  it  in  this  book)  Mr.  Chamberlain  pro- 
p  'sed  that  Parnell  himself  should  be 
made  Chief  Secretary. 

Of  the  Parnell  Commission  and  Parnell's 
short-lived  triumph  there  is  little  that 
need  be  said.  We  expected  that  Mrs. 
Parnell  would  have  made  more  of  the  dis- 
comfiture of  The  Times,  and  the  events 
which  led  to  Pigotts  suicide.  But 
nothing  really  important  is  added  to  the 
dramatic  story  which  was  told  in  the 
Life  of  Labouchere.  Mrs.  Parnell,  how- 
ever, relates  the  circumstances  in 
Which  Parnell  first  heard  of  the  Pigott 
letters.  She  passed  him  The  Times. 
He  read  it.  made  no  remark  until  he  had 
finished  breakfast,  and  then  tossed  the 
piper  to  her,  saying  : — 

"  A  ow  for  the  assaying  [some  work  on 
which  he  was  engaged].  I  did  not  finish  it! 
Wouldn't  you  hid  your  head  with  shame 
it  your  King  were  so  stupid  as  that,  my 
Queen  ! 

He  continued  his  work,  and  left  for  the 
H"iise   of   Commons,    assuring    her    that 

the  Times  was  a  paper  of  no  particular 
importance,  after  all  "  ! 

After  the  result  of  the  Commission  was 
known.  Parnell  had  a  tremendous  recep- 
tion in  the  House,  every  section  rising  to 
cheer  him.  Mrs.  Parnell  asked  him  If  he 
had  not  felt  happy,  but  his  reply  was  thai 

they  would  all  be  at  inv  throat  in  a 
week  if  they  could." 

We  have  commented  on  the  lack  of 
dates,  and  their  absence  La  made  worse 


by  the  plan  on  which  the  book  is  arranged. 
One  other  defect  is  that  here  and  there 
we  stumble  on  names  which  are  either 
wrong  or  need  explanation.  There  is, 
for  instance,  reference  to  a  "  Mr. 
Tintern,"  who  is  called  "  one  of  the 
Liberal  agents."  The  name  will,  we 
fancy,  puzzle  all  who  were  in  politics  at 
the  time  in  question. 

Of  Parnell  himself  these  words— which 
he  \ised  to  Mrs.  O'Shea  when  the  trouble 
about  the  divorce  became  public — afford 
as  good  an  insight  as  anything  in  the 
book  : — 

'  There  will  be  a  howl,  but  it  will  be  the 
howling  of  hypocrites  ;  not  altogether,  for 
some  of  these  Irish  fools  are  genuine  in  their 
belief  that  forms  and  creeds  can  govern  life 
and  men  ;  perhaps  they  are  right  so  far  as 
they  can  experience  life.  But  I  am  not  as 
they,  for  they  are  among  the  worlds  children. 
I  am  a  man,  and  I  have  told  these  children 
what  they  want,  and  they  clamour  for  it. 
If  they  will  let  me  I  will  get  it  for  them. 
But  if  they  turn  from  me,  my  Queen,  it 
matters  not  at  all  in  the  end.  What  the 
ultimate  government  of  Ireland  will  be  is 
settled,  and  it  will  be  so,  and  what  my  share 
in  the  work  has  been  and  is  to  be,  also .... 
We  know  nothing  of  how  or  why,  but  only 
that  we  love  one  another,  and  that  through 
all  the  ages  is  the  one  fact  that  cannot  be 
forgotten  nor  put  aside  by  us." 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Bennett  (A.  H.),  Through  an  Anglican  Sister- 
hood to  Rome,  4/6  net.  Longmans 
The  author  gives  an  account  of  her  training 
and  experiences  in  an  Anglican  community,  and 
of     her     "  slow     journey     to     '  Rome.'  "     Sister 
Scholastica  M.  Ewart  has  contributed  the  Preface. 
Broeke    (James    ten),    A    Constructive     Basis 
for  Theology,  10/  net.  Macmillan 
The  author's  aim  is  "to  show  that  modern 
as    compared    with    ancient    thought    affords     a 
superior  constructive  basis  for  Christian  faith." 
Cameron  (Rev.  Allan),  Great  Men  and  Move- 
ments of  the  Christian  Church,  6/  net. 

Paisley,  Gardner 
This  survey  extends  from  the  second  century 
to  the  time  of  Knox.     Tin?  chapters  were  origin- 
ally given   as  Sunday   Evening   Lectures   to   the 
writer's  congregation. 

Chandler   (Arthur),   The   Cult  of  the   Passing 

Moment,  some  Suggestions  towards  a  Theory 

of  the  Spiritual   Life.   :!  li  net.  Methuen 

The  author  defends  the  reality  of  spiritual 

communion  with  God,  and  discusses  the  conditions 

under  which  it-  is  possible. 

Church  (The),  the  People,  and  the  Age,  edited 
by  Robert  Scott  and  George  William  Gilmore, 
12/  net.  Funk  .V  Wagnalls 

This  volume  contains  numerous  contributions 
from  "  leaders  of  thought  in  Europe  and  America  " 
on  the  question  of  tie-  general  indifference  to  the 
claims  of  the  Church  and  "  t  he  basis  Mid  direct  ion 
for  a  fundamental  theology."  These  are  fol- 
lowed by  an  Analysis  and  Summary  by  Prof. 
('.  A.  Beckwith,  and  chapters  on  'The  Historic 
Creeds,'  the  'Established  Forms  for  Reception 
of  Members,'  and  '  Forms  for  Reception  of 
Members  suggested  by  Contributors.'  There  are 
numerous  illustrations  from  portrait  . 
Cunningham  (W.i,  Chuistianity  ani>  Eco- 
nomic s  hence,  ::  c  net.  Murray 
A  course  of  lectures  on  "the  Influence  of 
Religious  Conceptions  upon  the  Historical  De- 
pment  of  Economic  Doctrines  and  Theories," 
which  were  delivered  at  the  London  School  of 
Economic!   last   October. 

Dahse    'Johannes!,     \    PRBSH    INVESTIGATION    "i 
■  ■I     Genesis,    a    Sketch    of    a    New 
Hypothi         to    ■ "  '"uni    for    the    Pentateuch, 
translated  by  I-'.  E.  Spencer,  64.  8.P.C.K. 

Tli'-  writer  maintains  thai  he     into 

the  historj  of   the   text    make  for  a    variable: 
in  the  synonyms  for  God  and  Jacob  which  de  ti 
the  value  of  critical   conclusions  hitherto  drawn 
from  t heir  occurrence 


Gem  (Rev.  S.  Harvey),  Tin;  Mysticism  of  William 

Law,  a  Study,  1/8  net.  S.P.C.K. 

A   discussion   of   the   mysticism  expressed    i'i 

Law's  writings. 

Holmes  (E.  E.),  Paradise,  a  Course  <>f  Addresses 

on    the  State  of     the    Faithful    Departed,   pap.  r 

1/  net,  cloth   2/   net.  Longmans 

A     second     impression     of     these     addresses, 

reproduced   from  a  portion  of   the   writer's   book 

on  '  Immortality.' 

Jones  (Rufus  M.),  Spiritual  Reformers  in  the 

Sixteenth     and     Seventeenth     CENTURIES, 

10/IS  net.  Macmillan 

The     history    of    the    religious    movement    in 

which  Jacob  Boehme  took  a  prominent  part. 

Khan  (Prof.  Inayat),  A  Sufi  Mbssaqbof  Spiriti  iL 

Liberty,  2  >>  net.  Theosophical  Publishing  Soc. 

An  introduction  to  the  study  of  Suflsm,  with 

a  biographical  sketch  of  the  author. 

Lay   Views   by   Six   Clergy,   edited    by    the    i: 
H.  B.  Colchester,  3/6  net.  Longmans 

A  collection  of  six  essays  by  the  Dean  of 
St.  Pauls,  the  Rev.  E.  H.  Pearce,  and  others, 
dealing  with  such  questions  as  the  '  Decline  in 
Church-Going  '  and  '  The  Place  and  Power  1  the 
Layman.' 

Longman     (Sibyl)     and     Kirshbaum     (Rev.     S.), 
Lessons  on  the  Parish  Church,  1/0  net. 

Longmans 

A  little  manual  issued  under  the  dire, 
of  the  London  Diocesan  Sunday  School  Conned. 
Part  I.,  by  .Miss  Longman,  contains  '  Hymn  Talks 
for  the  Infant  School,'  and  Part  II.,  by  Air. 
Kirshbaum,  '  Lessons  for  Older  Classes.'  The 
Rev.  II.  A.  Lester  contributes  '  Hints  on  the  Use 
of  the  Pictures,'  and  there  are  illustrations. 

Marson  (Charles  L.),  Cod's  Co-operative  Sockets  » 

Suggestions    on    the    Strategy    of    the    Church, 

2/6  net.  Longmans 

The    author    deals    with    such    questions    as 

'  The    Chinch    and    the    Children,'    '  The    Church 

and    Social    Problems,'    and    '  The    Church    and 

Labour.' 

Morris  (Rev.  W.  S.  H.),  The  Incarnation,  C>d  net. 

S.P.C.K. 
Three   lectures   which   were   delivered    bi 
the  Summer  School  for  Clergy  at  King's  College, 
Windsor,  N.S.,  in  1913. 

Prayers,  by  a  Minister  of  Religion,    "  Unitarian 
Penny  Library,"  Id. 

British  and  Foreign  Unitarian  Association 
A  small  collection  of  short  prayers. 
St.  Vincent  of  Lerins,  The  Commonttory,  trans- 
lated   into    English    by    T.    Herbert    Hindi,  v, 
"  Early  Church  Classics,"  2/  net.  S.P.C.K. 

Dr.  Bindley  has  written  an  Introduction  t  > 
his  translation,  and  then-  are  Indexes. 

Tapp  (Sidney  C.t,  Sexology  of  the  Bible,  the 

Pall  and    Redemption  of  Man  a  Matter  of  S.  x. 

Kansas  (it  y,  .Miss. 
This  volume  is  intended  as  an  introduction  to 
the  author's  '  The  Truth  about  the  Bible.' 

Temple  (William),  Theology,  the  Science  of 

Religion,  3d.  net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

A    sermon    preached    at    St.    Mary's   Church 

before  the    University  of  Oxford   last    January. 

Tertullian,  On  THE  Testimony  of  the  Soil,  \n-> 

On     -nil';     "  Prescription  "     op     Heretics, 

translated  into  English  by  T.  Herbert  Bindley, 

2/  net.  S.P.C.K. 

This    little     volume     in     the     "  Early     Church 

Classics''  contains  a  brief  survey  of  tic    life  and 

times    of    Tertullian,   and    short     prefaces    to    both 

t  ranslations. 

Thomas   (W.   H.   Griffith),   Soke   TESTS   OP  Old 
Testament  Criticism,  Id.  R.T.S, 

The  author's  aim  is  "  to  show  how  the  ordi- 
nary Christian  man  can  test  lern  views  •  I  the 

Old'  Testament    Scriptures." 

Whyte  (G.  Herbertl,   l<  Tin:— iv   ANTI-ChriS- 

tian,  •'»/.  net.         Theosophical  Publishing  S 
\  volume  in  t  In-  "  Riddle  of  Life  Series. 

LAW. 

Manorial  Society's  Publications,  No.  8:      \ 
simile    Reproduction    op    the    Ordei       i 
Keeping    \  Court  Lebt   \m>  Court   B 
th  the  Charges  appertaining  to  the  Same. 

The  Society,  1.  Mitre  Courl    Bldgs.,  Ti  mplo 
Mr.  Charles  Greenwood,  the  Registrar  ol  the 
Society,  has  contributed  an  Introductory  essay. 

B1BL10CRAPHY. 

Norwich,      \\.\r  m.      l.'i  i    il         "i       i'i'       I'1     ]  "" 
LlBH  \HY    COMMTI  i  BE    TO    THE    TOW  n     <'"'   N 
POH    i  in.   ">  i:  IF.   ENDING   318T   M  \n<  H,    191  I. 

.Norwich.  GibbS  A   Wall,  r 

Containing  a  report  <(  the  development  i 
the  Library,  a  lis!  of  donors,  and  financial  and 
ot  her  stal  ement  •  . 


Wll 


710 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


PHILOSOPHY. 

Tillett  (Alfred  W.),  Spencer's  Synthetic  Philo- 

SOPHT,   What  it   is  All  About,  an  Introduction 

to    'Justice,'    "The    Most    Important    Part," 

5/  net.  King 

The    writer    discusses    Spencer's    aim,     and 

explains  and  defends  his  doctrines. 

POETRY. 

Frost  (Robert),  North  of  Boston,  3/6  net. 

Nutt 
A  collection  of  narrative  pieces  dealing  with 
country  life. 

Gnomic  Poetry  in  Anglo-Saxon,  edited  by  Blanche 
Colton  Williams,   $1.50  net. 

New  York,  Columbia  University  Press 
The  Introduction  contains  a  study  of  the 
prevalence  and  significance  of  gnomic  verse 
throughout  Anglo-Saxon  poetry.  The  text  is 
editeil  with  notes  and  a  glossary. 
Law  (R.  H.),  Moorland  Sanctuary,  and  Other 
Poems,  wrapper  1/  net,  cloth  1/6  net. 

Elkin  Mathews 

A  small  collection  of  verses,   chiefly  on  the 

beauties  of  nature.     Some  of  them  are  reprinted 

from  The  Spectator  and  Lit  rature. 

Procter  (Adelaide  Anne),  Legends  and  Lyrics, 

together   with   a   Chaplet   of   Verses,    "  Oxford 

Edition  of  Standard  Authors,"  1/6  net. 

Milford 
The    volume    includes    the    appreciation    by 
Dickens,  and  is  illustrated. 

Rowbotham  (John  Frederick),  The  Epic  of  the 
Empire.  Thomas  Cromwell 

A  metrical  survey  of  the  Colonial  expansion  of 
Great  Britain,  "  written  to  be  the  National  Epic 
Poem  of  Britain  and  the  British  Race  "  by  "  the 
Modern  Homer." 

Ssymour  (William  K.),  The  Street  of  Dreams, 
2/  net,  John  G.  Wilson 

A  collection  of  verses,  such  as  '  Villanelle  of 
Primroses,'  '  Richard  Middleton  :  In  Memoriam,' 
and  '  The  Earth-Trull,'  many  of  which  are  re- 
printed from  The  Odd  Volume,  The  Westminster 
Gazette,  and  other  papers. 

S  tovgaard-Pedersen   (Amy),  Pagan,   a  Book  of 

Verse,  1/6  net,  Fifield 

These     verses     include      '  The     Babylonian 

Woman,'  '  Spring  on  Maggiore,'  and  '  Cathleen-ni- 

Houlihan.' 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Downey  (Edmund),  The  Story  of  Waterford, 
from  the  Foundation  of  the  City  to  the  Middle 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century. 

'  Waterford  News  '  Printing  Works 
A  history  of  the  city  of  Waterford,  illustrated 
by  reproductions  of  paintings,  drawings,  photo- 
graphs, <fec.  The  author  intends  to  continue  his 
narrative  in  a  subsequent  volume. 
Kaiser's  Heir  (The),  a  Pen  Portrait,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 
A    personal    study    of    the    German    Crown 
Prince. 

Kennedy  (W.  P.  M.),  Parish  Life  under  Queen 

Elizabeth,  an  Introductory  Study,  "  Catholic 

Library,"  1/  Herder 

A  sketch  of  Elizabethan  life,  showing  how  it 

was  affected  by  the  Reformation. 

Mavor     (James),     An     Economic     History     of 

Russia,  2  vols.,  31/6  net.  Dent 

In  the  first  volume  the  writer  gives  an  account 

of  the  development  of  the  political  forms  of  the 

Russian  State,  with  special  reference  to  the  rise 

and  fall  of  Bondage  Right  ;    and  in  Vol.   II.  he 

discusses    the   political   and    social   revolutionary 

movements  of  modern  times. 

Newman  (Ernest),  Wagner,  as  Man  and  Artist, 
7/6  net.  Dent 

The  author's  aim  has  been,  not  to  write  a 
formal  biography  of  Wagner,  but  "to  reconstruct 
him  as  man  and  musician  from  his  own  letters, 
his  autobiography,  the  letters  and  reminiscences 
of  others,  his  prose  works  and  his  music." 
Rankin  (Lieut. -Col.  Reginald),  The  Inner  His- 
tory of  the  Balkan  War,  15/  net,  Constable 
The  writer  was  Special  War  Correspondent 
for  The  Times,  and  was  with  the  Bulgarian 
forces  in  1912.  His  detailed  account  of  the 
recent  war  in  the  Balkans  is  illustrated  by  portraits 
and  maps. 

Sister  Henrietta,  C.S.M.  and  A. A.,  Bloemfontein — 
Kimberley,  1874-1911,  edited  by  Dowager  Lady 
Loch  and  Miss  Stockdale,  2/6  net.        Longmans 
A  little  memoir  of  Henrietta  Stockdale,  con- 
taining a  sketch  of  her  early  life  by  Miss  Christine 
Stockdale,   an  Appreciation   by   Lady  Loch,   ex- 
tracts from  her  correspondence,  her  diary  during 
the  war,  and  an  account  of  '  Hospital   Work  in 
Kimberley  '  by  one  of  her  colleagues — Miss  G.  A. 
Hodgson. 


GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Brown  (J.  Macmillan),  The  Dutch  East,  Sketches 
and  Pictures,   10/6  net.  Kegan  Paul 

A  description  of  the  scenery  and  peoples  of 
the  Dutch  East  Indies,  with  the  author's  reflec- 
tions on  the  history  and  possible  future  of  the 
islands.  There  are  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs. 

Hertfordshire  Maps,  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
the  Maps  of  the  County,  1579-1900,  Supple- 
ment by  Sir  Herbert  George  Fordham. 

Hertford,  Stephen  Austin 

This    Supplement   to    '  Hertfordshire    Maps  ' 

(1907)  is  reproduced  from  the  Transactions  of  the 

Hertfordshire  Natural  History  Society  and  Field 

Club. 

Holiday  Resorts  and  Recommended  Addresses  at 
Home  and  Abroad,  May,  1/  net, 

Francis  Hodgson 

Containing  a   list   of   addresses,   British   and 

foreign,    and    other    particulars    about    holiday 

resorts,  which  have  been  prepared  by  a  committee 

appointed  by  the  Council  of  the  Teachers'  Guild. 

Igglesden  (Charles),  A  Saunter  through  Kent 
with  Pen  and  Pencil,  Vol.  XL,  2/6 

Ashford,  '  Kentish  Express  ' 
In  this  volume  the  author  describes  the 
antiquities,  local  traditions,  and  legends  of 
Nettlestead,  Whitstable,  Seasalter,  Graveney, 
Monks  Horton,  and  Harrietsham.  The  illustra,- 
tions  are  from  sketches  by  Mr.  X.  Willis. 

Lorimer  (Norma),  By  the  Waters  of  Germany, 
12/6   net,  Stanley  Paul 

An  account  of  a  summer  holiday  spent  by 
the  writer  with  a  German  girl  in  the  Black  Forest. 
Miss  Lorimer  describes  the  scenery  and  archi- 
tecture, and  records  every  penny  they  spent, 
their  total  expenditure  from  London  to  Rothen- 
burg  and  back  being  14'.  each.  There  are  black- 
and-white  i'lustrations  by  Miss  Margaret  Thomas 
and  Miss  Erna  Michel,  and  a  coloured  frontispiece 
from  a  painting  by  the  former. 

Wigram    (Rev.   W.    A.   and   Edgar   T.    A.),   The 

Cradle  of  Mankind,  Life  in  Eastern  Kurdistan, 

12/6  net.  Black 

A    description    of   life    in    the    Highlands    of 

Kurdistan.     It   is   illustrated   from   sketches   and 

photographs  by  Mr.  E.  T.  A.  Wigram. 

Young  (Ernest),  From  Russia  to  Siam,  with  a 

Voyage  down  the  Danube,  Sketches  of  Travel 

in  Many  Lands,  10/6  net.  Goschen 

These    descriptive    sketches    are    reproduced 

from    The  Fiell,  Country  Life,  and    The  People's 

Friend. 

POLITICS. 

Macdonald  (J.  A.  Murray)  and  Charnwood  (Lord), 

The  Federal  Solution,  2/6  net. 

Fisher  Unwin 
An  examination  of  the  problems  of  the 
present  political  situation  and  the  methods  by 
which  they  may  be  solved.  A  portion  of  Part  I., 
by  Mr.  Macdonald,  was  published  anonymously 
last  year  under  the  title  of  '  The  Constitutional 
Crisis.'     Part  II.  is  by  Lord  Charnwood. 

Williams  (J.  Fischer),  Proportional  Repre- 
sentation and  British  Politics,  1/  net. 

John  Murray 
The  writer  discusses  the  present  system  of 
representation   in   Great   Britain,   and   sets   forth 
a  scheme  for  redistribution. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Hartley  (C.  Gasquoine),  Mrs.  Walter  M.  Gallichan, 

The  Position  of  Woman  in  Primitive  Society, 
a  Study  of  the  Matriarchy,  3  /6  net. 

Eveleigh  Nash 
This  little  book  on  the  status  and  rights  of  the 
mother  in  early  times  is  an  expansion  of  the 
historical  section  dealing  with  "  the  Mother-age 
civilisation  "  in  the  author's  '  Truth  about 
Woman.' 

ECONOMICS. 

Brailsford  (Henry  Noel),  The  War  of  Steel  and 
Gold,  a  Study  of  the  Armed  Peace,  5/  net.  Bell 
A  study  of  the  relations  of  finance  and 
diplomacy  in  the  struggle  for  balance  of  power 
in  Europe.  The  second  part  of  the  book  is 
constructive. 

Gide  (Charles),  Political  Economy,  Authorized 
Translation  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  William 
Smart  and  Constance  H.  M.  Archibald,  10/6  net. 

Harrap 
This   translation   is    from    the    third    edition 
(1913)  of  the  '  Cours  d'Economie  Politique,'  which 
has  been  revised  and  enlarged  by  the  author. 


National  Guilds,  an  Inquiry  into  the  Wage- 
System  and  the  Way  Out,  edited  by  A.  R. 
Orage,  5/  net.  Bell 

The  writers  maintain  that  the  solution  of  the 
economic  problems  of  labour  lies  in  the  adoption 
of  National  Industrial  Guilds.  The  substance  of 
the  book  appeared  serially  in  The  Neic  Age  during 
1912-13. 

Tawney  (R.  H.),  The  Establishment  of  Minimum 
Rates  in  the  Chain-Making  Industry  under 
the  Trade  Boards  Act  of  1909,  1/6  net.  Bell 
This  is  the  first  volume  in  a  series  of  "  Stui 

in  the  Minimum  Wage,"  published  by  the  Ratan 

Tata  Foundation. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Caesar.  Commentarii  Rerum  in  Gallia  Ges- 
tarum  VII.,  Accedit  Auli  Hirti  Commev- 
tarius,  edited  by  T.  Rice  Holmes,  21/ 

Lee  Warner 
A  volume  in  the   "  Scrip torum   Classicorum 
Bibliotheca  Riccardiana."     The  edition  is  limited 
to  five  hundred  copies  for  sale. 

Comprehensive  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  abridged  from  the  New  Standard 
Dictionary  by  James  C.  Fernald,  4/  net. 

Funk  &  Wagnalls 
This  is  a  revision  of  the  original  '  Compre- 
hensive Standard  Dictionary,'  published  in  1899. 
It    contains    a    hundred    additional   pages,    while 
the  size  of  the  page  has  been  enlarged. 

Tra     La     Jaro,     Esperanta     Lernolibro     pob 
.   Komencantoj    Ciulandaj,    verkita    de    Lucv 
E.  Waddy,  1/0  net.  Dent 

A  volume  in  Messrs.  Dent's  "  Modern  Lan- 
guage Series." 

Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri,  or  Memoirs  of  Jahangir 
from  the  Thirteenth  to  the  Beginning  of 
the  Nineteenth  Year  of  his  Reign,  trans- 
lated by  Alexander  Rogers,  edited  by  Henry 
Beveridge,  Vol.  II.  Asiatic  Society 

This  volume,  covering  six  years  of  Jahangir's 

reign,  completes  Mr.  Rogers's  translation. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Noguchi  (Yone),  The  Spirit  of  Japanese  Poetry, 
"  Wisdom  of  the  East  Series,"  2/  net,  Murray 
The  substance  of  some  of  these  essays  has 
been  given  in  lectures  before  the  Japan  Society, 
the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  and  the  Quest  Society. 
The  chapter  on  '  The  Japanese  Hokku  Poetry 
was  delivered  in  the  Hall  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford. 

PSYCHOLOGY. 

Brown  (Warner),  Habit  Interference  in 
Sorting  Cards,  50  cents. 

Berkeley,  University  of  California  Press 
A  report  of  some  card-sorting  experiments 
made  in  the  Psychological  Laboratory  of  the 
University  of  California  "  to  obtain  light  on  the 
subject  of  the  mutual  interference  and  re-enforce- 
ment of  antagonistic  habits." 

EDUCATION. 

Chisholm  (Catherine),  The  Medical  Inspection 
of  Girls  in  Secondary  Schools,  3/6 

Longmans 

Outlining  the  methods  and  aims  of  medical 

inspection   for   the   use   of   head   mistresses   and 

authorities  of  secondary  schools  for  girls.     Miss 

Sara  A.  Burstall  writes  the  Preface. 

Directory  of  Women  Teachers,  and  Other 
Women  connected  with  Higher  and  Se- 
condary Education,  1914,  7/6  net. 

Year-Book  Press 
This  reference  book  contains  a  Biographical 
Directory,  list  of  Secondary  Schools,  Universities, 
&c,  and  much  general  information. 

Manly  (John  M.)  and  Bailey  (Eliza  R.),  Teachers' 
Handbook  to  Lessons  in  Speaking  and 
Writing  English,  Sections  I.  and  II.,  revised 
and  arranged  for  English  Schools  by  Herbert 
Leather,  3/6  net  each.  Heath 

Containing   graded   lessons,   with   notes  and 

suggestions  for  the  teacher. 

Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  Bulletin,  April. 

Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  the  Academy 
Includes  a  memoir  of  Dr.   H.   Page  Amen, 
the    late    Principal    of    the    Academy,    and    two 
addresses  delivered  at  his  funeral. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Birkhead  (Alice),  Heroes  of  Modern  Europe,  1/6 

Harrap 
An  illustrated  Reader,  giving  stories  of  Dante, 
Luther,  Henry  of  Navarre,  Peter  the  Great,  and 
others. 


No.  4517,  Mu   23,   1014 


THE     ATHEN7EUM 


717 


Bryant  (Rev.  E.  E.)  and  Lake  (E.  D.  C),  Ax  El j ■:- 
■bntary  Latin  Grahmar,  i  6 

Oxford  University  Press 

The  compilers'  aim  is  to  give  "all  theaccideace 

which  is  necessary  for  the  reading  of  an  ordinary 

Latin   author."     The   Grammar    is   divided   into 

four  stages,  marked  l>\-  lines  at  the  side  of  the 

Chignell  iN.  J.,  and  Paterson  (W.  E .),  Arith- 
metic, with  or  without  Answers,  t  •> 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
This  work  "attempts  to  place  the  subject- 
matter  of  arithmetic  before  the  average  student 
in  a  logical  sequence,  whilst  reducing  to  a  mini- 
Bum  the  memorizing  of  rules."  Special  attention 
has  been  given  to  the  clearness  and  size  of  the 
print. 

Claxton  (William  J.),  Journeys  in  Industrial 
England,  l  Harrap 

A  description  of  some  of  the  great  industries 
in  England,  illustrated  by  photographs. 

Craveson  iC.  C.)>  Lessons  on  the  Kingdom  of 

Judab  :   Lessons  on  thh  Kingdom  ov  Israel, 

"Teachers  and  Taught  Text-Books,"    1/6  net 

each.  Headley  Bros. 

Two  little  books  on  Old  Testament  history, 

arranged  in  the  form  of  lessons. 

Halstead     i  Frank  |,     Working     Drawings     for 

t   LBINET-MAKING    Models,   arranged   for   High 

School  Courses,   0  Heath 

This    hook    contains    over    eighty    plates    in 

cabinet-making,   "  arranged  to  cover  the  subject 

from  a  practical  point  of  view." 

Heath's  Modern  French  Grammar,  by  W.  H. 
Phaser  ami  .1.  Squair,  3/ 

A  textbook  for  lower  forms,  including  oral 
exercises  and  a  vocabulary. 

Hugo    (Victon,     Ink    Insurrection    a    Paris, 

edited  by  I".  G.  llarriman,  8<2.  Harrap 

An    extract    from    '  Les    Miserables.'    with    a 

short  Introduction  in  French,  notes,  exercises,  and 

vocabulary. 

Jackson  (C.  S.)  and  Roberts  (W.  M.),  A  Book  of 

Elejikntary  Mechanics,  3/6  Dent 

.     A  textbook  for  young  students,  with   exer- 

3  and  answers.     The  authors  have  omitted  all 

-iderations  of  motion  in  a  circle,  believing  the 

topic  to  be  too  hard  for  the  beginner. 

Livy,  The  Kevolt  and  Fall  of  Capua,  being 
Selections  from  Livy  xxiii.-xxvi.,  edited  bv 
T.  C.  Weatherhead,  2/ 

Cambridge   University  Press 

A    volume    in    the    "  Cambridge    Elementary 

sics."     The  text  is  edited  for  beginners  with 

notes,  an    historical    Introduction,   chronology  of 

the  Punic   Wars,  Index,  and  Vocabulary,  and  is 

illustrated  with  maps. 

Mackie  iR.  L.),  The  Story  of  King  Robert  the 
BRUCE,  1  ti  Harrap 

The  story  of  Bruce'e  life  is  preceded  by  an 
Introduction   giving   some   account    of    his    early 

raphers.  The  book  is  illustrated  bv  Mr. 
M.  If.  Williams. 

Marlchal  U.  P.  R.),  French  Essays  and  Essat- 

Wkiiiv..  1  La  Composition  Prancaise),  2/    Dent 

In  Part   I.  tin-  author  discusses  the  matter 

:  form  of  essaj  -.  giving  easy  examples  ;  Part  II. 

■  written  entirely  in  French  and  contains  extracts 

1    French    writers,    followed    by   subjects    for 

tment,  notes  of  explanation,  and  suggestions. 

Murison  (W.),  Pre<  IB-WRITING,  Part  I.  2/6  : 
Part  II.  :;    ;   and  Part  III..  :;  6 

<  Cambridge  I  rnivereil  y  1 ' 

Bach  pari   contains  an   Introduction  on  the 

•  ■•    and    practice    of    precis-writing,    worked 

aples,  and  exercises.     The  series  is  designed 

to  cov.-r  a   ■  (tending  over  two  or  three 

rs. 

Paterson    W.  E.    and  Taylor  (E.  O.),  ELEMENTARY 
Obombtry,    Theoretical     and     Practical: 
VoL  L  Triangles  and  Quadrilaterals,  1  9 
Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
J  his  work    has    been    designed  as  a  continua- 
tion of  •  \n  Introduction  to  Geometry,'  recently 
published  by  the  Clarendon  Pn 

Poetry  for  Boys,  Belected  by  8.  Maxwell,  1  <; 

Mills  &  Boon 
An   anthology   for  tin-   me  <-f  schools,   with 
biographical  no' 

Richardson  <W.  Alfred.,  SURVEYING  K)B  8)  BOOLE 
ssi.  m  ODTs,  1  1;  Philip 

\  ample  textbook  for  boy--. 

Terence,  Phobmio,  edited  by  John  Bargeaunt,  ■'. 

ity  Press 

This  edition  in  the  "  Pitt  Press  Series  has  an 
Introduction,  dealing  with  the  comedy  of  intrigue 
and  the  life  and  position  of  Tereni    .  notes,  and 

ibulary. 


FICTION. 
Applln  (Arthur),  FALLEN  a.m.. no  iHLEVBS,  6/ 

Ward  .v.    Lock 
A  mystery-story  concerning  a  theft  of  jewels. 

Applln  (Arthur),  Shop  Girls,  6/         Mills  &  Boon 

Tins  story  depicts  the  struggle  for  existence 

of  a   provincial   shop  against   an  immense  London 

house    which    opens    branches    in    the    country. 

Both  the  hero  and  heroine  become  the  victims  of 
the  hitter's  sysl  em. 

Bain   (F.   W.),  THE   Indian   Stories:   Vol.  VII. 
An    Incarnation    ok   the   snow,    translated 

from  the  Original  .Manuscript,  "  Kiceardi   Press 
Books,"  120/  net  per  set  of  10  vols.    Lee  Warner 
This  story  was  first  published  in  1908. 

Chambers  (Robert  W.),  Quick  Action,  6/ 

Appleton 
This  novel  consists  of  a  series  of  romances. 
The  love-stories  are  amusingly  described  by  a 
countess  who  discovers  them  while  m  airing 
scientific  investigations  iido  the  science  of  crystal- 
gazing. 

Couldrey   (Oswald),   The   Mistaken   Fury,   and 
Other  Lapses,  3/6  net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

A  collection  of  sketches,  dedicated  to  those 
"  by  whom  the  name  of  Greece  is  cherished  with 
something  of  the  tenderness  accorded  to  a  religion, 
learned  in  innocence,  and  something  lost  in  later 
strife." 

Farmer  (Geoffrey  Norton),  Quella,  6/ 

Alston  Rivers 

A  mystery  story  concerning  a  wonderful  drug, 

the  secret  of  which  is  known  only  to  Quella.      With 

it   he   intends   to   poison   the   political   leaders   of 

Europe  and  corupuer  the  world. 

Fursdon  (F.  R.  M.),  The  Story  of  Amanda,  6/ 

Simpkin  <fe  Marshall 
In  this  novel  the  heroine  rises   from  a  slum 
child  to    a    position    as    the  wife    of   an    English 
statesman. 

Glanville  (Ernest),  The  Inca's  Treasure,  Id.  net. 

Methuen 
A   cheap   reprint.      See   notice   in    The   Athc- 
nceum,  Oct.  18,  DJ02,  p.  510. 

Gould  (Nat),  The  King's  Favourite,  Qd.       Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Hardy  (George  Webb),  The  Black  Peril,  6/ 

Holden  &c  Hardingham 

The    author    has    laid     the    scenes     of     this 

story  in  South  Africa,    and  delivers    through  the 

mouth  of  the  hero  his  views  on  "  colour,"  prison 

discipline,  and  various  social  abuses. 

Hope  (Anthony),  Tales  of  Two  People,  Id.  net. 

Xelson. 
A   cheap   reprint.      See   notice  in    The   Athe- 
nceum,  Oct.  12,  1907,  p.  d40. 

Kernahan  (Mrs.  Coulson),  The  Chance  Child,  6/ 

Everett 
A    novel   of   many   human   interests   dealing 
with  society  and  the  stage  generally.      The  Jove- 
interest    is   supplied   by  the  hero,  an    artist  and 
writer,  and  the  heroine,  an  American. 

Lee     (Vernon),     Louis      NoRBERT,     a     Twofold 
Romance,  6/  John  Lane 

A  "delightful  siren  of  uncertain  age"  finds 
on  a  sepulchral  slab  in  the  Campo  Santo  of  Pisa 
a  seventeenth-century  Inscription  to  one  Louis 
Xorbert,  whose  portrait  hangs  in  the  "  Ghost's 
room"  of  her  home.  She  determines,  with  the 
help  of  a  young  archaeologist,  to  find  out  his  story. 

Lockhart  (Caroline),  Tin.  FULL  of  the  Moon,  6/ 

Lippiiu  oi  1 

An   American   girl   wishes  to  see  more  of  life 

before  deciding  aboul    an  offer  of  marriage  which 

ler    family    is    anxious    that    she    should    accept. 

Accordingly    she    lives    for    some    time    in    Texas, 

ami  meets  witli  many  adventures ;    finally,  how- 
ever, returning  to  ler  patient  lover,  who,  except 

for  rescuing  her  on  one  or  two  occasions,  has  kepi 

more  ni-  less  in  tie-  background. 

Loveday  (Ellen  Beaumonti,  Tin;  Road  m  Bxlls- 
bbow,  6/  Chapman  \  Sal] 

Tin-  Story   is  casl    in    London,  and  deals  with 

the  struggles  of  a    musical   composer  for  public 

recognition,  and  the  manner  in  which  two  friends 

a i<i  him  on  t he  road  to  sucee 

Lutz  (Grace  Livingston  Hill),  Tin:  BEST  Man. 

Lippineot  t 

Relates  the  adventures  of  a   young  member 
of  the  American  Secrei  Service. 
Marsh  (Richard),  Miss  Abnott's  Mabbiagb,  •  '.,/. 

John  Long 

\   1  leap  reprint.     See  notice  in    The   Athe- 
na ■"".    Lpril  ::".  1904,  p.  '•'•'. 
McEvoy  (Chariest,  PitivA  1 1.   \11\n:-.  6       BvereW 

\  di  enptioii  of  the  relationship  between 
jin. nts  ami  children  of  a  middle-class  suburban 
family. 


Meade  (L.  T.),  1 1 1:1;  11  lppy  Face,  6/ 

Ward  &   Lock 
The  heroine's  happiness  is  imperilled  through 

the  sins  of  her  mother,  hut   after  many  trying 

experiences  she  becomes  a  "  happy  wife. 
Mitchell  (S.  Weir),  WE8TWAYS,  6/     Fisher  Unwin 

See    p.    739. 

Mordaunt  (Eleanor),  The  Island,  6/ 

Heinemann 

Short  stories  describing  various  aspects  of 
life  on  an  island  in  the  vicinity  of  -Madagascar. 

Paton  (Raymond),  The  Tale  of  Lal,  a  Fantasy, 
0/  Chapman  A   Hall 

Lal  is  the  "  Pleasant  -Faced  Lion"  of  Tra- 
falgar Square,  Who  makes  friends  with  two 
children  and  shares  with  them  many  adventures. 

Reaney    (Mrs.    G.    S.),    Poor   Mrs.    Eoerton,    a 
Study  in  Atmosphere,  2,   net. 

Heat  h  .V  Cranton 

The   writer   gives   a    picture   of   the    life   of   a 

small   community   of   widowed    ladies    in    reduced 

circumstances.     Mr.  (i.  W.  E.  Russell  contributes 

a  Foreword. 

Sherren  (Wilkinson),  The  Marriage  Tie,  6/ 

Grant  Richards 

The   hero's   views   on   social   ethics   and    his 

resolution  to  carry  them  out  in  marriage  bring 

him  into  conflict  with  his  father,  a  rigid  Methodist 

of  the  old  school. 

Stewart  (A.  L.),  The  Maze,  6/  Long 

The  love  story  of  a  prima  donna. 

Sinclair  (Upton),  Sylvia,  6/  John  Long 

The  love-story  of  a  proud  and  strong-willed 
beauty  belonging  to  an  aristocratic  family  of  the 
Southern  States. 

Stockton  (Frank  R.),  Rudder  Grange,  1/  net. 

Dent 
A  new  edition  in  the  "  Wayfarer's  Library." 
The  illustrations  are  from  drawings  by  Mr.  C.  E. 
Brock. 

Strindberg    (August),    Fair    Haven    and    Foul 
Strand,  6/  Werner  Laurie 

This  novel  contains  three  romances  of  a 
German  doctor.  The  scenes  of  the  stories  are 
in  various  parts  of  Europe,  chiefly  Scandinavia. 
The  plots  contain  many  intrigues  and  love- 
a  Hairs. 

Warden  (Florence),  No.  :i.  The  Square,  6rf.   Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Watson  (E.  H.  Lacon),  Cloudesley  Tempest,  6/ 

.John  Murray 
Exhibits  the  fortunate  career  of  a  scapegrace. 

Wells  (Carolyn),  Anybody  hit  Anne,  6/ 

Lippincott 
An  American  detective  story. 

Yorke  (Curtis),  MoLLlH  DEVERLLL,  Id.  net.     Long 
A  cheap  reprint. 

Zangwill  (Israel),  Children  of  the  Ghetto,  1/ 
net .  Dent 

A  new  edition  in  the  "  Wayfarer's  Library.' 

JUVENILE. 

Adcock  (Marlon  St.  John),  Mrs.  Sidney  H.  Webb, 
The  Littlest  One,  2/6  net.  Harrap 

Rhymes  for  children,  illustrated  in  colour  by 
Miss  Margaret    W.  Tarrant. 

Coe  (Fanny  E.),  Tin:  BOOK  OF  STORIES  for  Tin; 
Story-teller,  2/8  net.  Harrap 

A  collection  of  stories  from  many  source-., 
arranged      under      the      headings      '   Folk      Tales,' 

'Modern  Fairy  Tales,1  'Myths,   and  '  stones  from 

Real   Life.' 

Farmer  (Florence  V.)i  MORE  NATURE  MYTHS,  M. 

I  larrap 

\  collection  of  myths  drawn  from  European, 

American,     and     Asiatic     sources,     and     told     for 

children.     Then-    are    illustrations    by    Mr.     tf. 

Jamil-son. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 
American  Historical  Review,  APRIL,  .si 

M  iiiiiillali 

'I  in-  contents  of  1  his  issue  Include  '  Tin-  Corre- 
spondence of  Queen  Elizabeth  with  the  Russian 
</u-.  bj  Mr.  Inna  Lubimenko ;  '  \  Jamaioa 
Slave  Plantation,'  bj  Sir.  1  .  B.  Phillips;  ami 
■  Tie'  Stages  m  tin-  Social  Hi  torj  "i  Capitalism*' 
lis   Mr.  Henri  Pirenne. 

Folk-Lore,  Vol.  XXIV.  No.  1.  .. 

Sidgwick  «V  .lit.  "ii 
•Tie-  Religion  of  Manipur,'  by  CoL  .1.  Shake- 
spear,   ami    •  Pokomo    Folk-Lore,'  by  Miss  Alice 
\\ .  1  net .  at  e  among  1  he  oontenl  -. 


718 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


Folk-Lore,  Vol.  XXV.  No.  1,  5/ 

Sidgwick  &  Jackson 
This  number  includes  Mr.  R.  B.  Marett's 
presidential  address  on  '  Polk- Lore  and  Psycho- 
logy ' ;  '  The  Influence  of  Environment  upon  the 
Religious  Ideas  and  Practices  of  the  Aborigines  of 
Northern  Asia,'  by  Mr.  M.  A.  Czaplicka ;  and 
'  The  Holi  :  a  Vernal  Festival  of  the  Hindus,' 
by  Mr.  W.  Crooke. 

Guth  Na  Bliadhna,  An  Samhradh,  1/ 

Glasgow,  Alexander  Maclaren 
The    English    features   are    '  Gaelic    Drama,' 
by  the  Hon.  R.  Erskine ;  the  first  instalment  of  a 
paper  on   '  The  Present  State  of  the  Scots   No- 
bility'; and  verses  entitled  '  Ancient  History.' 

Irish  Review,  May,  Qd.  Dublin,  12,  D'Olier  St. 
'  Criticism  and  Irish  Poetry,'  by  Mr.  Thomas 
MacDonagh  ;  a  report  on  '  The  Connemara 
Islands,'  by  Mrs.  A.  S.  Green,  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde, 
and  others  ;  and  a  story  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Letts 
appear  in  this  issue. 

Among  the  articles  are  '  Some  Impressions 
North  American  Review,  May,  1/  net. 

Heinemann 
of  Cuba,'  by  Mr.  Sydney  Brooks  ;  '  Portrait  of  a 
Lady  :  Mrs.  Pepys,'  by  Mr.  Gamaliel  Bradford  ; 
and  '  Distrust  of  State  Legislatures,'  by  Governor 
Emmet  O'Neal. 

Political  Quarterly,  May,  3/  net.  Milford 

The  articles  include  '  Municipal  Government 
in  Manchester,'  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Simon,  and  '  The 
Present  Law  of  Trade  Disputes  and  Trade  Unions,' 
by  Prof.  W.  M.  Geldart. 

Royal  Astronomical  Society,  Monthly  Notices, 
Vol.  LXXIV.  No.  6,  2/6  Wesley 

Dr.  J.  W.  Nicholson  contributes  a  paper  on 
'  The  Constitution  of  Nebula; ' ;  Mr.  R.  S.  Capon 
writes  on  '  Spectroscopic  Binaries  and  the  Velocity 
of  Light,'  and  Mr.  W.  S.  Franks  on  '  Micrometrical 
Measures  of  360  Wide  Double  Stars.' 

St.  Nicholas,  May,  1/  Warne 

Among  the  items  in  this  number  are  '  The 
Game  I  Love,'  by  Mr.  Francis  Ouimet ;  '  Garden- 
Making  and  Some  of  the  Garden  Stories,'  by  Miss 
Grace  Tabor  ;  and  '  The  Men  Who  Do  Things,' 
by  Mr.  A.  Russell  Bond.  There  are  many  short 
stories  and  verses. 

Symons's  Meteorological  Magazine,  May,  id. 

Stanford 
Includes  '  Articles  on  Weather  in  an  Old 
Gardener's  Dictionary,'  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Swinton  ; 
'  First  Impressions  of  an  Indian  Climate,'  by 
Mr.  F.  L.  Halliwell ;  and  a  table  of  rainfall  for 
April. 

System,  May,  1  /  A.  W.  Shaw 

This  number  contains  an  article  on  the 
methods  used  by  Sir  Sam  Fay  in  training  men 
for  responsible  positions  on  the  railway.  Other 
items  are  '  How  to  Sell  Goods  in  China,'  by  Mr. 
Carl  Crow,  and  '  Railway  Rates  and  Charges,'  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Wort. 

GENERAL. 

Delano  (Mrs.  Danvers),  The  Ways  of  Society, 
a  Social  Guide,  5/  net.  Laurie 

A  book  of  etiquette  for  "social  aspirants." 

Dobson  (Austin),  Eighteenth  Century  Studies, 
1/  net.  Dent 

A  volume  in  the  "  Wayfarer's  Library." 

Gardiner  (A.  G.),  Prophets,  Priests,  and  Kings, 
"  Wayfarer's  Library,"  1/  net.  Dent 

These  sketches,  giving  a  "  contemporaneous 
impression  of  men  and  conditions,"  were  origin- 
ally published  six  years  ago  in  The  Daily  News, 
and  later  in  a  volume  now,  we  believe,  out  of 
print. 

Goldsmith  (Oliver),  The  Bee,  and  Other  Essays, 
together  with  the  Life  of  Nash,  1/6  net. 

Milford 
A  reprint  in  the  "  Oxford  Edition  of  Stand- 
ard Authors."  The  essays  included  are  from 
the  second  edition  of  1766  and  the  edition  of 
1798,  and  there  is  a  frontispiece  from  the  portrait 
by  Reynolds. 

Hardy  (E.  J.),  Still  Happy  though  Married,  6/ 

Fisher  Unwin 
A  third  impression.     It  was  first  published 
last  February. 

Printers'  Pie,  1914,  edited  by  W.  Hugh  Spottis- 
woode,  1/  net.  '  Sphere  '  and  '  Tatler '  Office 
Mr.  Macdonald  Hastings,  Sir  Henry  Lucy, 
Keble  Howard,  Mr.  Walter  Emanuel,  Mr.  John 
Hassall,  Mr.  Rene  Bull,  Mr.  Byam  Shaw,  and 
many  other  writers  and  artists,  have  contributed 
to  this  medley. 


PAMPHLETS. 

Burnett  (J.  Compton),  Fifty  Reasons  for  being 
a  Homoeopath,  to  which  is  added  some  Irre- 
futable, Comparative,  Statistical  Proof  thereof 
by  E.  Petrie  Hoyle,  Id. 

Homcepathic  Publishing  Co. 
A  popular  edition. 

Fuller  (Capt.  J.  F.  C),  The  Mobilization  of  a 
Territorial  Infantry  Battalion,  Qd. 

Edinburgh,  Andrew  Brown 
A  paper  proposing  a  "  scheme  for  the  embodi- 
ment and  mobilization  of  a  Territorial  infantry 
battalion."      It    is    reprinted    from     The    Army 
Review. 

Legge  (Major  R.  F.),  Mainly  about  Discipline, 

Qd.  net.  Gale  &  Polden 

A  pamphlet  on  the  necessity  of  discipline  in 

military     training,     with     an     Introduction     by 

Major-General  Sir  Francis  Lloyd. 

Our  National  Flag,  What  It  Is  and  What  It  Is 

Not,  by  an  Old  Naval  Officer,  Id.        S.P.C.K. 

A  brief  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Union 

Jack  in  a  cheaper  edition.     It  is   illustrated  in 

colours. 

Reunion  AH  Round ;   or,  Jael's  Hammer  laid 

ASIDE  AND  THE  MlLK  OF  HUMAN  KINDNESS 
BEATEN      UP    INTO     BUTTER    AND     SERV'D    IN    A 

Lordly  Dish,  submitted  to  the  Considera- 
tion of  the  British  Publick  by  their  Humble 
Servant,  the  Authour  of  '  Absolute  and  Abitof- 
hell,'  Qd.  net.  Samuel  Gurney 

This  satirical  pamphlet,  described  as  being 
"  a  plea  for  the  inclusion  within  the  Church  of 
England  of  all  Mahometans,  Jews,  Buddhists, 
Brahmins,  Papists,  and  Atheists,"  is  written  in 
the  manner  of  Swift  by  the  Rev.  R.  A.  Knox, 
and  issued  by  the  Society  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul. 

Riley  (W.  E.),  Chadwick  Public  Lectures  on 
Housing,  Qd.  '  The  Builder  ' 

A  pamphlet  containing  three  lectures  on 
'  Unhealthy  Areas,'  '  Unhealthy  Houses,  Im- 
provement Schemes,  and  Lodging-Houses,'  and 
'  Cottage  Estates.' 

Wason  (J.  Cathcart),  The  Great  Crisis.  King 

An   address   on   the   present   political    crisis, 

given  at  the  Women's  Liberal  Metropolitan  Union 

this  month,  with  a  Foreword  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Duke. 

SCIENCE. 

Bowles  (E.  A.),  My  Garden  in  Summer,  5/  net. 

Jack 

A  volume  by  the  author  of  '  My  Garden  in 

Spring,'  describing  the  summer  plants  and  flowers 

in  the  same  garden.     The  book  is  illustrated  with 

numerous  plates  in  colour  and  half-tone. 

Brooks  (Robert  Preston),  The  Agrarian  Revolu- 
tion in  Georgia,  1865-1912,  40  cents. 

Madison,  Wisconsin 
A  thesis  submitted  to  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin for  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Burkhardt  (Dr.  Heinrich),  Theory  of  Functions 
of  a  Complex  Variable,  Authorized  Transla- 
tion from  the  Fourth  German  Edition  by  S.  E. 
Rasor,  12/6  net.  Harrap 

The  translator  has  added  exercises,  a  number 

of  figures,  and  some  footnotes. 

Busck  (August),  New  Genera  and  Species  of 

MlCROLEPIDOPTERA  FROM  PANAMA. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 
This  paper,  describing  material  collected  by 
the  writer  while  a  member  of  the  Smithsonian 
Biological  Survey  of  Panama,  is  reprinted  from 
the  Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum. 

Crawford  (J.  C),  Hymenoptera,  Superfamilies 
Apoidea  and  Chai.cidoidea  of  the  Yale- 
Dominican  Expedition  of  1913. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

A  description   of  material   collected   by  Mr. 

F.  W.  Foote.     The  paper  is  reprinted  from  the 

Proceedings     of      the      United     States     National 

Museum. 

Cropper  (John  Westray)  and  Drew  (Aubrey 
Howard),  Researches  into  Induced  Cell- 
Reproduction  in  Amcebje,  "John  Howard 
McFadden  Researches,  '  Vol.  IV.,  5/  net. 

John  Murray 
A  description  of   researches  into  the  causa- 
tion of  cancer.     Most  of  the  illustrations  are  from 
drawings  by  Miss  M.  Rhodes. 

Dunlop  (Col.  H.  C.)  and  Jackson  (C.  S.),  Slide- 
Rule  Notes,  2/6  net.  Longmans 
This  work  "  deals  almost  exclusively  with 
the  ordinary  25cm.  slide-rule,  as  designed  by 
Col.  Mannheim."  The  material  is  based  on  a 
pamphlet  published  by  the  authors  in  1911, 
which  has  been  revised  and  enlarged  with  a  new 
chapter  on  logologarithmic  scales. 


Fleming  (J.  A.),  The  Wonders  op  Wireless 
Telegraphy  explained  in  Simple  Terms 
for  the  Non-Technical  Reader,  3/6  net. 

S.P.C.K. 
A  second  and  revised  edition. 
Galloway  (T.  W.),  Biology  of  Sex  for  Parents 
and  Teachers,  2/  net.  Heath 

A  discussion  of  the  need  for  instructing  chil- 
dren in  matters  of  sex. 

Irish  (An)  Astronomical  Tract,  based  in  Part  on 
a  Mediaeval  Latin  Version  of  a  Work  by  Messa- 
halah,  edited  by  Maura  Power,  10/6  net. 

Irish  Texts  Society 
The  text  has  been  edited,   with  a  Preface, 
translation,  and  Glossary,  and  is  illustrated  with 
facsimiles  and  plates. 

Macdonald  (William),  Makers  of  Modern 
Agriculture,  2/6  net.  Macmillan 

Sketches  of  five  men  who  have  been  pro  mine  n  t 
in  the  history  of  agriculture — Jethro  Tull,  Coke  of 
Norfolk,  Arthur  Young,  John  Sinclair,  and  Cyrus 
H.  McCormick. 

Oberholser  (Harry  C),  A  Monograph  of  the 
Genus  Chordeiles  Swainson,  Type  of  a 
New  Family  of  Goatsuckers. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
One    of    the    Bulletins    of    the    Smithsonian 
Institution.     It  has  illustrations  and  maps. 
Ogley     (Daniel     H.),     Incandescent     Electric 
Lamps  and  their  Application,  2/6  net. 

Longmans 

A  little  manual  for  the  general  reader.     It  is 

illustrated  by  photographs  and  diagrams. 

Owen  (J.  A.)  and  Boulger  (G.  S.),  The  Country 

Month  by  Month,   with   Notes   by    the    late 

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No.  4517,  May  23,  19U 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


719 


MUSIC. 
Congress    Library,    Catalogue    of    Opera    Li- 

HRETTOS     PRINTED     BEFORE     1S00,     in     2     Vols., 

prepared  by  Oscar  George  Theodore  Sonneck, 
$2  Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Otlice 

In  Vol.  I.  the  Catalogue  is  arranged  alpha- 
betically under  titles.  Vol.  II.  contains  an 
Author  List,  Composer  List,  and  an  Aria  Index. 

Keeping  (Constance),  £tu»e  in  E  Flat  for  the 
1'ianoforte,  Op.  20,  No.  1,  1/6  net. 

Musical  Exchange 

Keeping  (Constance),  Idyll  for  the  Pianoforte, 
Op.  21,  1/6  net.  .Musical  Exchange 

Stewart  (Rev.  G.  Wauchope),  Music  in  the 
Church,  1/6  net. 

Edinburgh,  R.  &  R.  Clark  ; 
London,  A.  &  C.  Black 
A  manual  on  the  history  and  development  of 
Church  music.    Part  of  "  The  Guild  Library." 

DRAMA. 

Redmond-Howard  (L.  G.)  and  Carson  (Harry), 
\n  Irishman's  Home  ;  or,  The  Crisis,  a 
Topical  Play  on  the  Ulster  Question,  1/  net. 

Simpkin  &  Marshall 
The  joint -authors  of  this  play  are  respec- 
tively the  nephew  of  Mr.  John  Redmond  and  the 
son  of  Sir  Edward  Carson,  and  in  a  '  Preface  for 
Politicians  '  of  nearly  thirty  pages  they  explain 
that  their  purport,  "  which  is  essentially  non- 
partisan, is.  .  .  .to  portray  as  truly  as  possible  the 
psychology  of  the  present  situation  in  Ireland  in 
one  dramatic  crisis." 

Shaw  (Bernard),  Misalliance,  6/  Constable 

This  volume  contains  '  Misalliance,'  '  The 
Dark  Lady  of  the  Sonnets,'  and  '  Fanny's  First 
Play.'  The  first  named  is  preceded  by  a  treatise 
of  over  a  hundred  pages  on  '  Parents  and  Chil- 
dren.'    The  two  others  have  shorter  Prefaces. 

Tagore  (Rabindranath),  Chttra,  2/6  net. 

Macmillan 
A  lyrical  play  in  one  act,  based  on  a  story 
from  the  '  Mahabharata.'  It  was  written  about 
twenty-five  years  ago,  and  issued  in  a  limited 
edition  by  the  Indian  Society  last  January. 
See  review  in  The  Athenccum,  Jan.  17,  p.  99. 

Wilde  (Oscar),  An  Ideal  Husband,  2/  net. 

Methuen 
A  new  acting  version  of    Wilde's  play,  pro- 
duced by  Sir  George  Alexander  at  the  St.  James's 
Theatre." 


DR.   ALDIS  WRIGHT. 

A  full  and  busy  life  in  the  service  of 
scholarship  was  closed  by  the  death  of  Wil- 
liam Aldis  Wright  on  Tuesday  last.  Born  at 
Beccles  in  1831,  and  educated  at  the  Gram- 
mar School  there,  he  entered  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  was  elected  a  scholar  of  that 
foundation  in  1853,  and  was  next  year  among 
the  Wranglers. 

The  Bible  and  English  were,  however,  his 
favourite  studies,  and  it  was  as  an  English 
scholar  of  singular  precision  and  accuracy 
that  he  made  his  name. 

His  first  writings  were  contributions  to 
Smith's  '  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,'  1860-63. 
He  proved  an  indefatigable  secret ary  to  the 
Old  Testament  Revision  Company  from  1870 
to  1885.  'The  Bible  Word-Book'  he  pub- 
lished with  J.  Eastwood  reached  a  second 
edition  in  1884.  He  edited  a  third  edition  of 
Westcott\s  '  History  of  the  English  Bible  '  in 
1005,  and  a  commentary  on  the  Book  of  Job 
from  a  Hebrew  MS.  in  the  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity Library  in  the  simc  year. 

In  the  sixties  Dr.  Wright  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Alexander  Macmillan,  thru 
a  rising  publisher  in  Cambridge,  and  the 
result  was  that  he  edited  several  of  Bacon's 
works,  and  associated  his  name  indelibly  with 
Shakespeare.  In  conjunction  with  W.  Gr. 
<  lark  he  produced  the  Globe  Edition,  and 
'hat  'Cambridge  Shakespeare'  in  several 
volumes  which  has  since  become  a  stan- 
dard authority  for  commentators.  A  long 
series  of  plays  edited  by  Dr.  Wright  for 
the  Clarendon  Press  Series  h;i 
thumbed  by  generations  of  schoolboys. 
I  he  comment  supplied  is  always  sound, 
and    strong    on    the    philological    side,    but 


would  be  regarded  as  a  little  meagre  from 
the  modern  point  of  view.  Dr.  Wright 
left  teachers  to  impart,  or  learners  to  discover, 
their  own  views  on  Shakespeare's  aesthetics. 
Dr.  Wright's  special  interest  in  philology  was 
shown  by  his  joint  editorship  of  The  Journal 
of  Philology  at  its  beginning  in  1868.  His 
work  in  this  department  of  learning  includes 
editions  of  '  The  Pilgrimage  of  the  Lyf  of  the 
Manhode  '  and  '  Femina  '  (Roxburghe  Club), 
and  '  Generydes '  (Early  English  Text 
Society). 

To  Dr.  Wright  we  also  owe  the  editing  of 
the  works  of  his  close  friend  and  neighbour 
in  Suffolk,  Edward  FitzGerald.  The  Letters 
and  Literary  Remains  were  treated  by  him 
with  all  the  care  and  knowledge  of  which  he 
was  master,  and  his  indignation  was  undis- 
guised when  less  competent  pens  infringed 
on  his  province  and  fell  into  error.  It  is  a 
great  pity  that  he  never  wrote  a  Life  of 
FitzGerald. 

The  College  of  Trinity,  in  which,  as  he 
wished,  he  lived  and  died,  held  always  a  fore- 
most place  in  his  thoughts,  and  he  served  it 
for  a  long  term  of  years  as  Librarian  and  Vice- 
Master.  A  man  of  fine,  somewhat  austere 
appearance,  he  was  an  admirable  example 
of  dignity  and  authority  surviving  in  an  age 
which  makes  too  little  of  both.  He  could 
bring  dons  to  book  as  well  as  the  thoughtless 
undergraduate.  Always  formidable  in  his 
gift  of  terse  sarcasm,  he  did  not  seem  easy  of 
access  ;  but  he  was  full  of  kindliness  and 
generosity,  and  ready  to  help  others  when 
he  was  busiest  with  his  own  work. 


THE     EVOLUTION     OF     THE     BOOK- 
SELLER. 

Some  Emily  Book  Wars. 

Every  one  who  has  had  the  hardihood  to 
explore  the  neglected  history  of  bookselling 
in  this  country — a  history,  as  Mr.  Birrell 
has  said,  "  which  seems  to  lie  choked  in 
mountains  of  dust  which  it  would  be  suicidal 
to  disturb  " — knows  how  difficult  it  is  to 
prevent  the  annals  of  the  bookseller  from 
becoming  merged  and  eventually  lost  in 
those  of  the  publisher.  In  the  early  history 
of  the  book  trade,  indeed,  it  is  impossible 
to  separate  them.  Caxton  was  publisher, 
printer,  and  bookseller  in  one,  and,  as  if 
that  were  not  sufficient,  himself  translated  a 
number  of  books  for  which  he  thought  there 
might  be  a  popular  demand.  The  evolu- 
tion of  the  bookseller  since  Caxton's  day  has 
been  a  slow,  and  not  infrequently  a  painful, 
process.  There  has  been  little  internal  peace 
throughout  the  fluctuating  fortunes  of  the 
trade,  and  the  present  cry  for  reform  is  but 
the  echo  of  the  discontent  of  preceding 
generations.  Lack  of  a  governing  body  to 
look  after  the  interests  of  every  branch 
without  fear  or  favour  has  been  the  root  of 
the  evil  from  the  beginning. 

In  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries 
book  wars  broke  out  more  bitter  than  any- 
thing of  the  kind  experienced  in  modern 
times.      The   trouble   in   the   earlier  age    \\;i 

largely  due  to  the  invasion  of  Continental 
printers  and  booksellers,  who  were  specially 
exempted  from  Richard  HI. 's  Act  of  L484for 

regulating  the  trade  of  foreigners  in  this 
country.  England,  it  should  be  remem- 
bered,    lagged     far     behind     the     Continent 

in  the  days  when  the  new  art  of  printing 
was  revolutionizing  the  book  world,  and 
tor   hah    a   century   the   trade   was   largely 

monopolized  by  aliens,  who  not   Only  set    up 

their  own  presses  here,  but  also  made  Eng- 
land ■  <  sort  of  dumping-ground  for  books 
printed  abroad.  These  were  sold  by  their 
travelling  booksellers  at   such  places  as  the 


country  fairs  and  St.  Paul's  Churchyard — 
then  the  focus  of  the  trade  in  England — 
and  helped  to  raise  the  native  craftsmen's 
wrath  to  a  degree  which  reached  its  climax 
in  the  "Evil  May  Day  "  of  1517,  when  the 
French  and  Flemish  quarters  of  London 
were  sacked. 

In  Great  Eliza's  reign  came  the  parting 
of  the  ways  between  the  printer  and  the 
bookseller-publisher,  and  the  struggle  for 
the  mastery  which  made  the  Stationers' 
Company  a  hotbed  of  tyranny  and  mono- 
poly. Privileges  were  granted  for  the  sole 
right  to  print  and  publish  not  only  the 
Bible  and  Prayer  Book,  but  also  most 
other  books  in  general  demand  ;  with  the 
result  that  the  less  fortunate  members  of 
the  trade  were  forced  into  piracy  and  rebel- 
lion. The  complaint  of  the  printers,  who 
had  hitherto  had  matters  much  their  own 
way  in  the  book  world,  now  was  that  the 
booksellers  had  secured  so  many  of  these 
copyrights  that  they  were  left  more  or  less 
at  their  mercy.  "  The  booksellers,"  wrote 
Christopher  Barker,  the  Queen's  Printer,  in 
the  report  on  the  subject  which  we  may  be 
permitted  to  quote  from  Prof.  Arber's 
privately  printed  '  Transcript  of  the  Regis- 
ters of  the  Stationers'  Comj^any,' 

"  heing  growen  the  greater  and  wealthier  number, 
have  nowe  many  of  the  best  Copies  [copyrights] 
and  keepe  no  printing  howse,  but  onlie  paye  for 
the  workmanship,  and  have  the  benefit,  both  of 
the  imprinting,  and  the  sale  of  all  '  Commentaries 
of  the  Scriptures  '  and  (till  of  late  years  all  Schoole 
books,  Dictionaries,  Cronicles  Histories)  books 
of  Phisick,  and  infinite  others ....  I  speake  not 
this  (though  it  be  very  true)  as  wishing  any 
restraynt  to  Bookesellers,  or  Booke  binders,  but 
that  they  may  print  and  have  printed  for  them 
such  good  bookes  as  they  can  orderly  procure  : 
for  even  some  of  them,  though  their  skill  be  little 
or  nothing  in  the  execution  of  the  art,  have  more 
judgement  to  governe,  and  other  matters  of 
printing,  than  some  Printers  have  ;  but  unless 
some  few  printers  be  well-mayntayned  it  will 
bring  both  the  one  and  the  other  to  confusion  and 
extreme  povertye." 

Authors'  rights  being  then  non-existent, 
the  unprivileged  members  of  the  trade 
took  to  piracy,  printing  and  selling  any 
likely  manuscript  that  fell  into  their  hands 
— stage  copies  of  Shakespeare's  plays,  for 
example — and  such  copyrights  of  the  mono- 
polists as  they  dared  to  trade  in.  '  Tush," 
said  John  Wolfe,  one  of  the  ringleaders  of 
the  revolt  in  this  Elizabethan  book  war, 

"  Luther  was  but  one  man,  and  reformed  all  the 
world  for  religion,  and  I  am  that  one  man, 
that  must  and  will  reform  the  government  of 
this  trade." 

Wolfe,  up  to  a  point,  succeeded,  the 
special  commission  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  matter  leading  to  a  compromise  in 
which  the  monopolists  yielded  up  a  con- 
siderable number  of  their  copyrights  for  the 
benefit  of  their  poorer  brethren.  The  irony 
of  it  was  that  when  in  due  course  this 
doughty  champion  of  freo  trade  joined  the 
ranks  of  the  protectionists,  and  prospered 
proportionately,  he  became  as  zealous  as 
any  one  in  safeguarding  the  privileges  that 
fell  his  way. 

Two  great  advantages  which  the  book- 
seller-publisher then    held  over  the  printer 

wen;    that     it     cost     bun     incomparably    less 
to   start    in    business,    and    that    he    had    not 
to    wait     for    oflieial    permission    to    set     tip    a 
printing     establishment-      the     Govemmenl 

keeping    a    strict    eye    on    such    dangerous 

places  ni  those  intolerant  times.  The  book- 
seller could   begin   with   a   stall    in   St.    Paul  > 

Churchyard,  beg,  borrow,  or  steal  some 
likely  "  copy,"  gel  it  printed,  and  exchange 

with  the  other  members  of  the  trade  until 

his    stall    WBfl    Sufficiently    stocked    with    the 

popular  books  of  the  day.  .Many  an  ap- 
prentice    made     his     bumble     beginning     in 

iln  way.  That  the  custom  continued 
through    the    seventeenth    e.-ntliry    is    proved 


720 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4517,  May  23,   1914 


I 


by  John  Dunton,  "  the  crack-brained, 
scribbling  bookseller,"  as  Isaac  D'lsrae'i 
called  him,  who  tells  us,  in  his  '  Life  and 
Errors,'  how,  by  exchanging  through  the 
whole  trade  the  first  book  he  issued,  he 
succeeded  in  furnishing  his  shop  with  every 
kind  of  work  then  saleable. 

Outside  London,  except  in  the  larger 
towns,  and  such  seats  of  learning  as  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  the  sale  of  books  was  de- 
pendent either  upon  the  packman  and  the 
great  periodical  fairs,  or  upon  those  trades- 
men who  contrived  to  add  it  to  some  less 
speculative  business.  Poor  George  Miller, 
whose  Life  has  just  been  published  by  Mr. 
Fisher  Unwin,  almost  broke  his  heart  over 
the  grocery  department  which  alone  made 
it  possible  to  continue  his  career  as  a  Scottish 
bookseller,  as  described  in  his  own  '  Latter 
Struggles  '  in  1833.  The  bookseller  pure 
and  simple  gradually  separated  from  the 
publisher  as  completely  as  he  had  separated 
from  the  printer.  The  dividing  line  became 
more  and  more  marked  as  the  great  pub- 
lishing houses  of  to-day  built  up  their 
historic  connexions,  and  developed  a  busi- 
ness which  became  highly  specialized  in  every 
department. 

Most  of  the  founders  of  our  famous  pub- 
lishing houses  began  as  booksellers.  Thomas 
Longman  I.  served  his  seven  years'  appren- 
ticeship in  a  bookseller's  shop  in  Lombard 
Street  before  marrying  his  master's  daughter 
and  buying  the  business  of  William  Taylor, 
the  first  publisher  of  '  Robinson  Crusoe  '  at 
the  signs  of  the  "  Ship  "  and  "  Black  Swan  " 
in  Paternoster  Row.  That  was  as  long  ago  as 
1724,  and  to  this  day  the  house  of  Longmans 
stands  on  the  same  site,  and  bears  as  its 
emblem  the  signs  of  the  "  Ship  "  and 
"  Swan."  John  Murra}^  I.  started  as  a 
bookseller  and  stationer  in  Fleet  Street  in 
1 768,  when  he  retired  on  half -paj^  as  a 
lieutenant  of  marines.  It  is  curious  to-day 
to  read  the  announcement  which  he  printed 
on  his  shop  card  at  the  time,  to  the  effect 
that  he  sold  all  new  books  and  publications, 
and  fitted  up 

"  Public  and  Private  Libraries  in  the  neatest 
manner  with  Books  of  the  choicest  Editions,  the 
best  Print,  and  the  richest  Bindings  "  ; 

besides  executing 

"  East  India  or  foreign  Commissions  by  an 
assortment  of  Books  and  Stationery  suited  to  the 
Market  or  Purpose  for  which  it  is  destined  ;  all 
at  the  most  reasonable  rates." 

George  Smith  I.,  father  of  the  George  Smith 
of  Cornhill,  Thackeray,  and  'D.N.B.' 
fame,  also  embarked  in  a  modest  way  as  a 
London  bookseller  and  stationer  before 
launching  out  as  a  publisher  with  his  partner 
Alexander  Elder  close  upon  a  hundred 
years  ago.  The  first  William  Blackwood 
served  his  apprenticeship  as  a  bookseller 
in  his  native  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards 
made  a  reputation  for  himself  on  the  anti- 
quarian side,  but  was  already  established 
as  a  publisher  when  the  great  days  of  Byron 
and  Scott  arrived.  So  it  was  with  Adam 
Black,  who,  after  serving  his  apprenticeship 
in  the  same  city,  came  to  London,  like  so 
many  other  bookselling  Scotsmen,  and 
worked  as  an  assistant  at  Lackington's 
famous  shop  in  Finsbury  Square,  "  The 
Temple  of  the  Muses,"  then  one  of  the  sights 
of  London.  So,  too,  it  was  with  Daniel 
Macmillan,  Bentley,  Chambers,  and  others 
whose  names  were  to  become  household 
words.  Daniel  Macmillan  was  still  serving 
as  a  bookseller's  assistant,  earning  80Z.  a 
year,  when  he  explained  to  his  friend  Mac- 
Lehose — afterwards  the  founder  of  the 
distinguished  firm  of  publishers  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow — his  lofty  ideal  of  the 
bookseller's  calling  : — 

Bless    your    heart,    MacLehose,    you    surely 
never  thought  that  you  were  merely  working  for 


bread  !  Don't  you  know  that  you  are  cultivating 
good  taste  among  the  natives  of  Glasgow  ;  help- 
ing to  unfold  a  love  of  the  beautiful  among  those 
who  are  slaves  to  the  useful,  or  what  they  call  the 
useful  ?....  We  booksellers,  if  we  are  faithful 
to  our  task,  are  trying  to  destroy,  and  are  helping 
to  destroy,  all  kinds  of  confusion,  and  are  aiding 
our  great  Taskmaster  to  reduce  the  world  into 
order  and  beauty  and  harmony." 

That  was  an  ideal  which  the  founder  of 
the  house  of  Macmillans  kept  in  view 
throughout  his  life,  and  it  did  not  prevent 
him  from  building  up  a  flourishing  business. 

With  the  modern  tendency  to  specializa- 
tion, the  production  and  distribution  of 
books  have  become  two  separate  and  dis- 
tinct trades.  The  pity  of  it  is  that  in 
separating  they  had  no  governing  body  to 
knit  their  interests  closer  together,  and 
inspire  that  sense  of  mutual  confidence  with- 
out which  men  can  never  hope  to  be  worth}' 
of  their  high  calling.  Had  there  been  some 
central  authority  of  the  kind,  the  disastrous 
custom  of  discounts  which  played  havoc 
with  the  trade  throughout  the  nineteenth 
century  would  never  have  been  tolerated. 
The  net  system  has  done  a  great  deal  to 
save  the  situation,  and  both  booksellers  and 
publishers  now  have  their  separate  associa- 
tions to  safeguard  their  particular  interests. 
But  there  is  still  urgent  need  for  reform 
before  the  book  trade  can  settle  down  into 
the  healthy  state  which  can  only  proceed 
from  a.  sound  constitution.  Let  us  echo  the 
words  of  the  forerunners  of  the  Stationers' 
Company — 

"  the  reputable  men  of  the  Craft  of  Writers  of 
Text-letters. ..  .citizens  of  London,  who  were 
wont  to  bind  and  sell  books  " — 

when,  more  than  five  hundred  years  ago, 
they  prayed  for  authority  to  elect  wardens 

"  diligently  to  oversee  that  good  rule  and  govern- 
ance is  had  and  exercised  by  all  folks  of  the  same 
trades  in  all  works  with  the  same  trades  pertaining, 
to  the  praise  and  good  fame  of  the  loyal  good  men 
of  the  same  trades,  and  to  the  shame  and  blame 
of  the  bad  and  disloyal  men  of  the  same." 

It  is  worth  remembering  that  the  Mayor  and 
Aldermen  granted  the  petition,  "  for  the 
reason  that  it  concerned  the  common  weal 
and  profit."  The  welfare  of  the  book  trade, 
it  need  scarcely  be  added,  is  a  matter  of 
even  greater  moment  to  the  commonweal  to- 
day, when  books  play  a  part  in  the  national 
life  undreamt  of  in  the  ages  before  the  dawn 
of  printing. 


CHARLES     TRICE     MARTIN. 

The  death  of  this  well-known  record 
officer  and  antiquary  will  be  regretted  by 
historical  students,  and  by  a  large  circle  of 
private  friends.  It  will  be  recalled  that  Mr. 
Martin  retired  from  the  Record  Office  on  a 
pension,  after  forty-five  years'  service,  in  1 906. 
For  some  years  past  his  energies  had  been 
confined  to  editing  the  publications  of  the 
Pipe  Roll  Society  ;  but  during  the  seventies 
and  eighties  of  the  nineteenth  cent  vary,  few 
mediaeval  scholars  produced  more  varied  and 
important  work.  Apart  from  the  editions 
published  in  his  name  or  prepared  by  him 
for  the  Rolls  Series  of  Chronicles  and 
Memorials,  Mr.  Martin  produced  or  prepared 
calendars  or  reports  of  several  important 
manuscript  collections  in  private  hands,  and 
he  supplied  the  materials  for  more  than  one 
private  publication.  He  also  contributed  to 
several  learned  periodicals. 

Although  his  name  was,  perhaps,  better 
known  in  connexion  with  his  private  and 
unofficial  work,  Mr.  Martin  had  the  privilege 
of  assisting  Dr.  James  Gairdner  for  more 
than  twenty  years  in  preparing  the  Calendar 
of  Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.    As  a 


record  officer  his  sound  scholarship  must 
have  been  of  the  utmost  service,  as  may  be 
inferred  from  the  evidence  published  in  the 
First  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Public  Records.  For  the  student,  Mr. 
Martins  name  is  more  closely  associated 
with  the  revival  of  the  study  of  palaeography 
than  with  any  other  official  or  unofficial 
undertaking.  His  editions  of  '  Wright's 
Court  Hand,'  and  his  own  '  Record  Inter- 
preter,' have  been  of  the  greatest  assistance 
to  more  than  one  generation  of  English 
antiquaries. 


ANOTHER  DEBT  OF  JOHN 
SHAKESPEARE. 

It  seems  improbable  that  the  word 
"  whyttawer  "  (white-tawyer)  as  applied  to 
John  Shakespeare's  calling  is  capable  of 
any  other  than  the  usual  interpretation, 
namely,  one  who  dresses  white  leather  with 
alum,  and  I  think  Mrs.  Stopes  will  find  that 
the  leather  thus  tawed  was  used  for  gloves, 
and  not  for  shoes.  Glove-skin  is,  appa- 
rently, still  tawed  with  alum  and  other 
chemicals,  and  according  to  the  '  English 
Dialect  Dictionary '  (s.v.  '  White,'  adj.  47) 
the  term  "  white-leather "  is  applied  to 
"  horseskins,  cured  white  and  not  tanned, 
used  for  whipthongs,  hedge -mittens,  &c." 
The  so-called  "  Statutes  "of  Winchester," 
entered  under  the  year  1473  in  the  '  Coventry 
Leet  Book  '  (pp.  395-401  ;  cf.  '  Northamp- 
ton Records,'  i.  344-9),  afford  evidence  as  to 
the  way  leather-workers  were  restricted  in 
the  employment  of  their  material.  Thus 
the  "  cordeners  "  or  "  corvisers  "  were  com- 
pelled to  use  only  "  good  neats'  leather 
and  calves'  leather "  in  their  shoemaking, 
thoroughly  tanned  and  curried,  just  the 
kind  of  skins  outside  the  white-tawyer' s 
province,  since  his  skill  was  only  to  be 
exercised  on  that  of  sheep,  goats,  deer, 
horse,  and  hound,  varieties  again  the  tanner 
was  forbidden  to  touch.  In  Coventry  there 
was  a  close  connexion  between  the  whit- 
tawers  and  glovers,  who  walked  together 
in  the  Corpus  Christi  procession  ('  Leet 
Book,'  -  p.  220).  Altogether  there  seems- 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  terms  "  whit- 
tawer "  and  "glover"  might  present  dif- 
ferent aspects  of  the  same  occupation. 

Mary  Dormer  Harris. 


THE    ELIOT    HODGKIN    SALE. 

In  the  first  four  days  of  the  sale  by  Messrs. 
Sotheby  of  the  library  formed  by  the  late  Mr. 
John  Eliot  Hodgkin  the  most  important  prices 
were  the  following  :  Anthologia  Epigrammatum 
Grajcorum,  1494,  20Z.  Celsus,  De  Re  Medicina, 
1478,  32Z.  Cronica  van  Coellen,  1499,  31Z. 
Nuremberg  Chronicle,  1493,  24Z.  A  large  collec- 
tion of  tracts  and  documents  relating  to  coinage, 
c.  1700,  25Z.  Columna,  Hypnerotomachia  Poli- 
phili,  1504,  58Z.  Crescentius,  In  Commodum 
Ruralium,  n.d.,  c.  1495,  31Z.  Dialogus  Creaturaruin 
Moralizatus,  1480,  60Z.  Directorium  Human* 
Vitso,  n.d.,  but  15th  century,  34Z.  Dupuiherbault, 
Epistres  et  Evangiles,  2  vols.,  1553,  in  an  old 
French  binding,  20Z.  Queen  Elizabeth,  New 
Year's  Gifts,  a  parchment  roll,  1579,  46Z.  A 
collection  of  over  200  engravings  of  firework 
displavs,  c.  1592-1814,  50Z.  Glahville,  De  Pro- 
prietatibus  Rerum,  1485,  30Z.  Herodotus,  1502, 
Erasmus's  copy,  63Z.  Lichtenberger,  Pronosticatio 
Latina,  1492.  56Z.  Livy,  Roman  History,  1507, 
26Z.  Ludolphus  de  Saxonia,  Vita  Christi,  1499, 
20Z.  Macrobius,  Expositio  in  Somnium  Scipionis, 
1472,  20Z.  10s.  Mandeville,  Travels,  in  German, 
1484,  100Z.  Defensorium  Inviolate  Virginitatis 
Marie,  n.d.,  but  printed  at  Basle  in  the  15th 
century,  25Z.  Dat  bok  der  mede-lydinghe 
Marien,  1498,  66Z.  Demosthenes,  Orationes, 
1504,  36Z.  10s.  Homer,  1518,  S2Z.  Virgil,  1514, 
53Z.  The  last  three  were  Melanchthon's  own 
copies. 


No.  4517,  May  23,   1914 


THE    ATHENE  UM 


721 


ICitrraru    (6as5tp, 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  historical 
students  to  remember  that  an  opportunity 
exists  of  studying  in  print  the  character- 
istics of  such  a  princely  register  as  that 
recently  discovered  and  identified  by  the 
Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records. 
The  work  referred  to  is  the  well-known 
Register  of  John  of  Gaunt,  recently  edited 
for  the  Royal  Historical  Society  by  Mr.  S. 
Armitage-Smith.  It  may  be  further  noted 
that  a  full  account  of  the  parallel  estab- 
lishment of  the  Black  Prince's  brother 
will  be  found  in  Mr.  Armitage-Smith's 
brilliant  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  and 
King  of  Castillo,  which  is  largely  based  upon 
the  Register  in  question.  The  latter  is 
not  inferior  in  historical  interest  to  any 
similar  document  that  has  survived. 

Many  will  sympathize  with  Mr.  Oliver 
Locker-Lampson's  tilt  this  week  in  the 
House  of  Commons  against  the  traffic  in 
titles  in  the  present  age.  Though,  how- 
ever, the  traffic  has  reached  blatant  pro- 
portions, it  is  not  novel.  In  *  Bleak 
House  '  (chap,  xxxv.)  the  heroine  ex- 
plained to  Miss  Flite  that 

';  it  was  not  the  custom  in  England  to 
confer  titles  on  men  distinguished  by  peaceful 
services,  however  good  or  great  ;  unless 
occasionally,  when  they  consisted  of  the 
accumulation  of  some  very  large  amount  of 
money."' 

Miss  Flite.  being  mad,  expected  to  find 
our  nobility  marked  by  distinction  in  art, 
literature,  or  the  public  service. 

A  bibliography  of  all  the  books  and 
pamphlets  that  have  been  published  in 
England  or  America  on  various  Danish 
subjects,  besides  a  list  of  translated  Danish 
works.  some  thousand  in  all.  has  just  been 
published  by  the  Danish- American  Society. 

Mr.  Guy  Bickers,  who  has  for  some 
years  been  general  manager  for  Mr.  Eve- 
leigh  Nash,  is  transferring  his  services  to 
Messrs.  G.  Bell  &  Sons,  of  which  company 
he  will  from  July  1st  become  a  director. 

Mr.  Kenneth  Bell  has  resigned  his 
position  in  that  firm  in  order  to  take  up  a 
responsible  post  with  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 
of  St.  Martin's  Street. 

77<<  7 '.'///■  9  of  Monday  last  published  two 
nets  by  Keats  which  are  new  to  print. 
They  were  written  on  a  blank  page  in  the 
edition  of  Keate's  •  Poems'  published  in 
1817.  and  are  entitled  '  On  Receiving  a 
Laurel  '  Town  from  Leigh  Hunt/  and  '  To 
the  Ladies  who  saw  me  Crown'd.'  Keats 
did  not  publish  them,  it  is  suggested, 
e  afterward-  became  ashamed 
of  hi-  crowning.  Also  they  belong  to  the 
experimental  stage  in  his  style  represented 
by  '  Endymion,'  when  he  was  dissatisfied 
with  hi-  work,  and  had  not  attained 
the   mastery  of   his    later   day-.      Still,  the 

sonnets  show  as  the  great  style  in  the 
makiir_r.  and  the  pregnant  phrase  which 
Keats  shares  with  Shakespeare. 

We  are  -orry  to  find  that  la-t   week,  by 

consulting  a  contemporary  for  the  name 

of  an  author  needed  under  '  Book-  Pub- 


lished this  Week.'  we  attributed  the 
novel  '  Roding  Rectory'  to  Cecil  Adair. 
The  author  is  Mr.  Archibald  Marshall. 

Messrs.  Longmans  are  publishing 
shortly  '  The  English  Catholic  Refugees 
on  the  Continent,  1558-1795,'  by  the 
Rev.  Peter  Guilday.  This  book  follows 
the  fortunes  of  the  first  exiles — students 
and  professors  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
members  of  the  religious  Orders,  and  indi- 
vidual lay  men  and  women,  who  left 
England  shortly  after  the  passing  of  the 
Acts  of  Uniformity  and  Supremacy  in 
1559 — and  describes  the  two  centuries  and 
a  half  of  absence  which  followed  down  to 
the  French  Revolution,  when  the  English 
Catholic  exiles  returned  to  England. 
The  archives  of  Belgium,  France,  and 
Spain  have  been  carefully  searched  for 
all  traces  of  these  refugees,  and  the  volume 
contains  more  than  one  hundred  unpub- 
lished documents.  The  Secret  Archives 
of  the  Vatican  and  the  numerous  collec- 
tions of  the  Vatican  Library  are  also  exten- 
sively used. 

A  work  of  a  remarkable  character, 
which  Messrs.  Macmillan  announce  for 
next  Tuesday,  is  a  volume  containing  the 
impressions  of  a  well-known  and  well- 
educated  India  ruler,  Xarayanrao  Babasa- 
heb,  Chief  of  Ichalkaranji,  during  a  tour 
in  Europe  in  1913.  The  volume  bears  as 
title  '  Impressions  of  British  Life  and 
Character,'  and  includes  a  laudatory 
Introduction  from  the  pen  of  Lord  George 
Hamilton. 

Mr.  W.  B.  Bryan  will  also  issue  next 
Tuesday  through  Messrs.  Macmillan  the 
first  volume  of  an  ambitious  '  History 
of  the  National  Capital  of  the  United 
States.'  In  this  instalment  he  deals  with 
the  events  of  the  years  1790  to  1814. 

The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  June  opens 
with  an  unpublished  poem  by  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, written  before  her  marriage  :  '  An 
Epistle  to  a  Canary,"  supposed  to  be 
indited  by  her  own  pair  of  doves  to  Miss 
Mitford's  pet  bird.  Mr.  Bernard  Holland 
contributes  personal  recollections  of  Alfred 
Lyttelton.  June  24th  is  the  600th  anni- 
versary of  the  battle  of  Bannockburn,  the 
history  of  which  is  retold  by  Sir  Herbert 
Maxwell.  Sport  is  represented  bjr  Mr. 
H.  T.  Sheringham's  On  a  Little  Chalk 
Stream.'  "  With  Mistral  in  Provence  '  is 
a  personal  reminiscence  of  the  poet  by  the 
Hon.  Margaret  Amherst,  and  "The  Way 
of  the  Legion  '  a  short  story  by  Mr.  Claude 
E.  Benson. 

Harper's  Maga:.itic  for  June  will  include 
'Conquering  the  Greal  Hose.'  by  Mrs. 
Fanny  B.  Workman:  'Some  Uses  of 
American  Parties/  by  Prof.  W.  M.  Sloane ; 
'  The  First  Dictionary  of  Americanisms,' 
by  Prof.  T.  R.   Lounsbury  ;    'On  Truly 

11  ill  '  a  story  by  Mrs.  hudonev  ;   and  '  Pan. 

a  poem  by  Mr.  Le  <  lallienne. 

■  Yi  si  i  Khan,  the  Rebel  Command- 
ant/   by    Mr.    S.    C.    Bill,    which    Messrs. 

Longmans  announce,  is  an  attempt  to 
narrate  from  original  sources  the  adven- 
turous career  and  tragic  fate  of  an  Indian 


soldier  who  was  born  a  peasant,  but  trained 
by  ('live,  and  promoted  to  the  highest  rank 
ever  attained  by  one  of  the  East  India 
Company's  native  officers.  The  conflict 
with  his  mortal  enemy  the  Xawab  of 
Arcot  ruined  him,  but  in  Southern  India 
he  is  still  remembered  as  a  firm,  wise,  and 
upright  governor. 

'  Socialism  :  Promise  or  Menace  ?  ' 
by  Mr.  Morris  Hillquit  and  Dr.  John  A. 
Ryan,  is  a  volume  in  which  one  author 
attacks  this  system  of  government,  while 
the  other  advocates  it.  The  volume  will 
be  published  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  on 
the  26th  inst. 

Mr.  Richard  Marsh  has  a  long  novel 
coming  from  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus 
within  the  next  few  days.  It  is  the  story 
of  a  beautiful  girl  who,  b}'  a  series  of  extra- 
ordinary accidents,  is  seriously  incrimi- 
nated in  various  strange  disappearances 
of  valuable  property.  Her  lovers,  her 
friends,  her  enemies,  all  are  concerned  in 
the  mystery,  and  by  all  she  is  held  con- 
demned. The  book  is  entitled  '  Margot — 
and  her  Judges.' 

The  Ford  Lectures  on  L  The  Place  of 
the  Reign  of  Edward  II.  in  English  His- 
tory,' delivered  at  Oxford  in  the  Hilary 
Term  of  1913  by  Prof.  T.  F.  Tout,  will  be 
published  by  the  Manchester  University 
Press  next  Wednesday.  In  addition  to- 
expanding,  and  to  a  large  extent  rearrang- 
ing, the  lectures,  Prof.  Tout  has  included' 
in  tvvo  appendixes  the  household  ordi- 
nances of  Edward  II.,  and  a  list  of  officials 
under  that  king. 

The  edition  of  the  writings  of  John. 
Quincy  Adams  which  is  being  prepared 
by  Mr.  Worthington  C.  Ford,  and  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Macmillan,  will  move  a 
step  nearer  completion  with  the  issue  of 
Vol.  III.  on  the  26th  inst.  The  years 
covered  by  this  instalment  are  1801  to- 
1810. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  on 
Tuesday  last  of  Mr.  John  W.  Hales, 
Emeritus  Professor  of  English  Literature 
at  King's  College,  London,  at  the  age  of 
77.  Mr.  Hales  was  one  of  the  famous 
group  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
which  included  Calverlev,  Seelcv,  and 
Skeat.  A  master  at  Marlborough  under 
Bradley  from  1860  for  three  years,  he 
found  his  chief  work  as  a  teacher  and 
examiner  in  English,  lie  was  twice 
Clark  Lecturer  at  Trinity,  Cambridge,  on 
English  Literature,  contributed  several- 
articles    to    the    "Dictionary    of    National 

Biography,1   and   edited   several    English 

classics.  His  notes  on  various  literary 
matters,  partly  from  our  own  columns, 
make  an  interesting  volume  entitled 
■  Folia  Literaria.' 

M.  I.kiin  Skmii';.  who  died  at  Nice  <>n 
the  (ith  inst..  at  the  age  of  (i(i,  was  the 
author  of  numerous  monographs.  He  was 
an  indefatigable  searcher  of  archives,  and 
COuld    write    with    equal    facility    on    the 

Jansenists,  the  origins  of  the  Concordat, 
.1.  <ln    Bellay,  or  Lamartine.     When   bis 

death  occurred,  he  was  collecting  docu- 
ments for  a  hook  on  .Massona. 


~— 


722 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


SCIENCE 


BIOLOGY   IN   RELATION   TO 
EDUCATION. 

A  Course  of  Three  Lectures  given  by  Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall    at    Crosby    Hall,    on 
March  13th,  17th,  and  20th,  1914. 
{These  Lectures    were   Illustrated  by  nearly   two 
hundred  slides,  and  the  omission  of  these  has 
necessitated   some  curtailment    o!   the   matter 
which  depended  on  them,  and  also   some   re- 
arrangement.    Lecture  I.  was   printed  in  'The 
Athenaeum '   for   April    25th ;    Lecture   II.   in 
'  The  Athenaeum '  for  the  2nd  and  9th  inst. ; 
and  the   first   portion   of   Lecture   III.   in   last 
week's  'Athenaeum.'] 

Lecture  III.  (continued). 
"MORS     JANUA    VIT.E." 

The  Significance  of  Pressure. 

We  have  here  arrived  at  one  of  the 
most  comprehensive  and  fundamental  ideas 
which  science  enables  us  to  form  of  health. 
It  is  a  balance,  or  correspondence,  of  outer 
and  inner  pressure.  But  where  a  being  is 
a  complex  of  many  "  persons,"  it  will 
happen  that  health  upon  a  given  level  is 
possible  only  to  one  set  of  "  persons,"  and 
that  the  others  suffer — are  "  in  prison." 
If  the  "  persons  "  which  are  in  health, 
say,  at  the  general  level  and  pressure 
of  the  prosent  surface  of  the  earth 
predominate  over  the  rest,  the  in- 
dividual will  be  relatively  well  and 
comfortable.  If  the  others  come  to 
preponderate,  a  change  of  some  kind  in 
order  to  get  a  change  of  pressure  may 
become  urgently  necessary.  It  may  be 
sufficient  only  to  change  by  migration  on 
the  same  level ;  it  may  be  necessary  to 
ascend — go  up  to  a  mountain  top  ;  or, 
it  may  be  necessary  to  descend — to  go 
down  into  some  depth  within  the  earth ; 
or,  again,  it  may  be  necessary  to  alter 
diet,  to  fast,  to  perform  certain  physical 
exercises,  or  to  work  more  subjectively 
than  objectively. 

If  the  pressure  and  temperature  in  a 
given  area  are  altered,  the  condition  of 
every  living  thing  within  that  area  is 
altered.  The  human  body,  as  we  have 
seen,  is  never  in  one  uniform  condition  of 
temperature  and  pressure  throughout.  In 
a  rich  personality  these  differences  are 
very  nicely  balanced,  and  therefore,  if  any 
change  occurs  in  the  external  or  internal 
pressure,  a  change — but  a  change  of 
many  different  degrees  and  complications 
— will  take  place  through  the  layers  of 
the  body  inwards  to  the  innermost  layer, 
resulting  in  differences  of  temperature  and 
function.  Wherever  we  find  difference 
of  temperature,  we  should  treat  it  as 
an  indication  of  difference  of  pressure 
somewhere  ;  and  it  is  necessary  to  keep 
carefully  before  the  mind  that  the  differ- 
ences of  temperature  in  different  parts 
of  the  body  are  there  also  an  indication 
of  corresponding  differences  of  blood  pres- 
sure, and  also  of  change  in  the  blood  itself. 
Tuis  difference  of  blood  pressure  is — not 
solely,  but  to  an  important  degree — 
brought  about  by  the  fact  that  the 
blood  is  not  evenly  distributed  through- 
out the  body  to  its  different  organs 
and  parts.     This   is  one  of  the  causes  of 


that  want  of  balance  in  the  body  which 
we  have  already  noted,  and  it  is  felt  most 
markedly  in  the  capillaries. 

In  cases  where,  from  bad  circulation, 
the  pressure  is  injuriously  uneven,  it 
may  be  remedied  to  a  very  considerable 
extent  by  manipulation,  gentle  exercise, 
baths,  and  so  forth. 

A  few  details  as  to  differences  of  tem- 
perature may  make  the  matter  more  vivid. 
The  two  sides  of  the  heart  differ  in  tem- 
perature, and  the  temperature  of  the  aorta, 
again,  is  different  from  that  of  either. 
The  temperature  in  the  liver  is  39-7° 
C,  in  the  superior  vena  cava  3678°,  in 
the  inferior  vena  cava  3811°,  under  the 
tongue  37-19°,  in  the  rectum  381°.  The 
average  temperature  of  the  blood  is  39. 
It  will  readily  be  understood  that  if  one 
part  of  the  body — say,  the  liver — has  an 
enhanced  temperature,  all  the  rest  of  the 
body  is  affected  by  it,  the  so-called 
"normal"  balance  of  "persons"  being 
altered  and  other  "  persons  "  coming  into 
power. 

The  temperature  of  the  insane  is  usu- 
ally very  low— often  only  30°  to  31°  C, 
which  is  that  of  the  bee ;  and  in  cases  of 
dementia  with  paralysis,  may  be  as  low 
as  27-5°  C.  In  a  drunken  person  the  tem- 
perature may  sink  to  24°  C.  Poisons — 
chloroform,  alcohol,  digitalis,  quinine, 
aconite,  muscarin,  strychnine,  nicotine, 
hyoscyamus,  haschish,  opium,  and  many 
others — may  lower  the  temperature  and 
increase  the  blood  pressure,  or  the  reverse, 
and  also  alter  the  blood  itself. 

I  would  entreat  every  one  to  pause  over 
these  last  statements.  To  say  that  the 
insane,  or  those  affected  by  drugs,  have 
a  subnormal  temperature  is  equivalent 
to  saying  that  they  are  living  under  a 
different  internal  pressure.  The  first 
measure  towards  cure  would  be  to  get  the 
right  internal  pressure  for  the  new 
"persons"  arisen  into  dominance — not 
necessarily  evil  "  persons." 

Diving  :  Alteration  of  External  Pressure. 

If,  now,  we  would  understand  aright 
the  internal  pressure  of  the  body,  we  must 
consider  the  effect  upon  it  of  differences  of 
pressure  from  without.  The  readiest  way 
to  do  this  is  to  look  into  the  phenomena  of 
diving.  In  various  parts  of  the  world 
"savage"  or  "barbarous"  peoples,  with- 
out any  apparatus,  dive  for  sponges  and 
pearls.  In  order  to  do  this  work, 
clivers  are  generally  trained  to  it  from 
earliest  childhood.  Mothers  will  hold 
their  children's  heads  under  water  to 
practise  them  in  endurance.  In  an  island 
off  Japan  the  women  do  all  the  diving, 
and  can  go  as  far  as  130  ft.  down  to  fish 
up  certain  shells. 

Now,  when  these  naked  divers  dive, 
they  grasp  a  heavy  stone  with  their 
hands,  or  put  their  feet  into  a  stirrup 
attached  to  such  a  stone,  and  let  its  weight 
take  them  down.  A  rope  is  tied  to  the 
stone,  and  the  diver  may  either  be  hauled 
up  by  it  or  ascend  by  his  own  efforts. 
Some  of  the  deep-water  divers  put  a 
horn  clip  on  the  nose,  an  oiled  wad  in  each 
ear,  and  a  bit  of  oiled  sponge  in  the 
mouth.     Now  this,  of  course,  is  essentially 


exposing  oneself  to  a  sudden  great  change 
of  pressure.  It  can  only  be  borne  if  the 
diver  is  trained  to  it  by  short  stages.  Im- 
prudent diving  results  in  haemorrhage, 
caused  by  the  increase  of  pressure,  fol- 
lowed by  decompression  and  other 
maladies. 

Fakirs  perform  a  somewhat  similar  feat 
when  they  allow  themselves  to  be  buried 
in  the  earth — a  sort  of  diving  on  land, 
and  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that  they 
also  stop  up  the  nose,  ears,  and  throat. 
A  fakir  may  remain  buried  alive  as  long 
as  six  months. 

For  the  diver  in  the  sea  the  length  of 
time  he  remains  below,  as  well  as  the 
depth  of  the  dive,  is  determined  by 
practice.  All  muscular  exercise — except 
climbing  a  ladder — is  more  difficult  under 
pressure. 

The  stopping  of  the  ears  is  a  good  thing, 
because  the  ear  is  particularly  influenced 
by  pressure,  and  when,  through  the  air 
being  compressed,  the  internal  and  ex- 
ternal pressure  are  unequal,  there  is 
great  pain,  and  deafness  may  be  caused. 
The  man  holds  his  breath,  keeps  the 
Eustachian  tubes  open  by  swallowing, 
and  then  dives  and  stays  down  till  he  has 
reached  what  he  knows  is  his  rupture- 
point — a  longer  or  shorter  time  according 
to  practice.  If  he  goes  on  too  long,  he  will 
break  a  bloodvessel.  A  whale  —  one  of 
those  animals  which,  alas  !  are  being  killed 
off  the  earth  —  goes  down  100  fathoms  or 
more  with  one  breath  ;  nobody  knows 
how  it  is  done.  It  is  rather  interesting 
in  this  connexion  that  whalebone  was 
used  by  the  Swiss  woman — as  I  told  you 
in  the  last  lecture — for  gauging  the  depth 
of  veins  of  metal  in  the  earth.  It  would 
seem  that  whalebone  has  a  barometric 
sensitiveness. 

By  deep  breathing  before  the  dive  the 
carbon-dioxide  is  expelled  from  the  body 
and  the  concentration  reduced.  Muscular 
movement — so  that  it  be  not  too  violent 
— helps  in  this.  The  breathing  must  be 
moderately  deep  abdominal  breathing. 

Compression  heats  the  air  in  the  body, 
renders  it  lighter  for  a  given  volume  of 
surrounding  air,  and  gives  it  a  certain 
lifting  value.  Blood,  we  must  remember, 
is  "  spirituous  " — i.e.,  full  of  air,  and 
carries  gases  dissolved  in  it.  The  blood- 
serum,  urine,  and  bile  all  yield  air  in 
vacuo,  and  venous  blood  foams  under  the 
air-pump  to  ten  times  its  volume. 

I  may  mention  here,  as  another  illus- 
tration of  effect  of  difference  of  pressure, 
that  practice  in  breathing  rarefied  air  is 
necessary.  Death  has  sometimes  occurred 
in  the  diving-bell  or  in  vacuo — not  so 
much  from  actual  lack  of  air,  as  because 
the  air  was  too  aetherial  for  the  creature 
breathing  it.  Animals  will  live  under  a 
bell  after  a  candle  has  gone  out — that  is 
to  say,  are  able  to  breathe  finer  air. 

Among  the  ancients  the  women  used 
to  fashion  earthen  pots,  dive  under  them, 
and  practise  breathing  compressed  air 
in  the  pot — which  may  remind  us  of  the 
habits  of  the  water-spider  with  its  diving- 
bell. 

Compression  causing  heat,  a  sudden 
expansion  and  release  of  pressure  causes 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


THE    A  T  PI  E  N  M  U  M 


723 


cold.  To  restore  warmth  it  is  necessary. 
not  so  much  to  supply  warm  food,  cloth- 
ing, or  external  applications,  as  to  return 
to  the  right  level. 

( 'ertain  diseases  caused  by  compression 
— i.e.,  either  by  excess  of  blood  pressure 
or  by  change  in  barometric  pressure — may 
often  be  cured  by  recompression.  The 
disease  is  caused  by  a  process  analagous 
to  what  happens  to  a  diver  who,  on 
ascending,  is  too  abruptly  decompressed  ; 
and  death  may  occur  unless  recompression 
is  resorted  to.  This  mode  of  cure  was 
practised  in  the  case  of  many  diseases  by 
the  Etruscans. 

Alteration  of  Internal  Pressure. 

Well.  now.  just  as  a  diver  exposes  him- 
self to  external  pressure  when  going  down 
into  water,  and  stays  below  for  a  longer 
or  shorter  space  of  time  as  he  can,  so  a 
thinker  exposes  himself  to  pressure — 
only,  it  is  internal  pressure — when,  with 
attention  fixed,  and  his  powers  of  concen- 
tration in  fullest  exercise,  he  plunges  into 
thought.  We  dive  subjectively  when  we 
think.  We  leave  the  "  person"  of  limited 
normal  consciousness,  and  the  mind 
functions  in  other  "  persons  "  with  wider 
powers. 

In  deep  thought  the  chest  is  held 
motionless,  and  respiration  gradually 
ceases,  so  that  the  blood  is  prevented  in 
ts  return  to  the  heart.  Hence  there 
arises  internal  congestion  or  an  abundant 
supply  of  blood  to  one  set  of  organs  or 
"  persons."'  with  an  accompanying  stimu- 
lation of  the  ganglia  and  increased 
functional  activity  of  these.  Unless  this 
internal  pressure  is  properly  regulated, 
and  the  organs  are  sufficiently  developed 
by  training  to  endure  it,  there  will  arise 
a  disturbance  of  balance  between  internal 
and  external  pressure,  and  this  will 
affect   the  whole  body. 

With  the  young,  thinking — this  inner 
"  diving,"  with  its  fixed  attention  and 
concentration — should  be  allowed  only 
in  very  short  spells.  Sighs  from  young 
children  indicate  over  -  pressure.  The 
it  intervals  of  mental  work  should 
alternate  with  free,  gentle  play  of  a 
dble  kind  calculated  to  reveal  the 
intuitive  powers.  This  play — as  we  saw  in 
the  effect  of  the  action  of  an  insensible 
limb  on  its  owner— will  afford  ideas  for 
the  next  "  dive."' 

Were  all  the  children  grouped  together 
in  class  or  school  of  the  same  breed,  the 
times  for  concentration  and  for  play 
might  be  arranged  to  succeed  one  another 
in  a  scheme  more  or  less  fixed,  for  breed 
means  certain  limitations  and  condition-. 
Bui  nowadays  our  population  is  a  mixed 
one,  and  in  the  enormou-  classes  of  our 
elementary  schools  boys  and  girls  of  very 
diverse  quality  are  all  huddled  together. 

(To  be  continued.) 


* .  * 


**  We  propose  next  week  to  publish  a 
full  account  of  b  paper  recently  read  by 
l)r.  Btfackerzie  before  the  members  of  the 
Aristotelian  Society.  This  has  been  specially 
I'f-pared  for  us  by  Mr.  H.  Wildon  Carr, 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Society.  The  subject, 
'  Dissociated  Personality,'  should  appeal  to 
those  interested  in  Miss  Abrahall's  lectures. 


IN"  HONOUR   OF  DR.  FRAZER. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  completion 
of  the  third  edition  of  '  The  Golden  Bough  ' 
might  givo  tho  many  friends  and  admirers 
of  Dr.  Frazer  a  fitting  occasion  for  offering 
him  somo  token  in  recognition  of  his  great 
services  to  learning. 

It  is  proposed  that  a  Frazer  Fund  for 
Social  Anthropology  bo  established  to  make 
grants  to  travelling  students  of  either  sex, 
whether  connected  with  a  University  or  not, 
with  a  view  to  their  investigating  problems 
in  the  culture  and  social  organization  of 
primitive  peoples,  a  department  of  anthro- 
pology which  Dr.  Frazer  has  always  been 
eager  to  promote.  This  proposal  affords 
an  opportunity  to  that  wide  public,  both 
at  home  and  abroad,  whose  interest  has  been 
stimulated  by  Dr.  Frazer's  work,  to  co- 
operate in  doing  honour  to  a  student  whose 
reputation  is  worldwide,  and  whose  specula- 
tions, founded  on  an  immense  accumulation 
of  facts,  have  affected  the  main  current  of 
thought  in  several  important  subjects. 

It  is  also  proposed  that,  in  order  to  secure 
continuity  of  administration,  the  Fund  be 
held  in  trust  by  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
and  that  the  grants  from  it  be  made  by  seven 
managers,  representing  the  various  anthro- 
pological schools  of  the  country.  Detailed 
regulations  will  be  submitted  for  approval  to 
a  meeting  of  subscribers. 

This  scheme  has  already  the  support  of 
a  representative  list  of  eminent  scholars 
at  home  and  abroad.  It  is  a  practical  one 
without  the  usual  academic  restrictions, 
and  should  appeal  to  all  who  know  Dr. 
Frazer's  unwearied  zeal  for  research.  Our 
readers  do  not  need  to  be  told  of  the  import- 
ance we  attach  to  Social  Anthropology.  The 
proposal  has  our  cordial  support,  and  will, 
we  hope,  meet  with  a  response  worthy  of  a 
great  scholar. 

The  Secretary  and  Treasurer  is  Mr.  F.  M. 
Cornford,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Con- 
tributions to  the  Fund  may  be  sent  either 
direct  to  him,  or  to  the  "  Frazer  Fund 
Account,"  Messrs.  Barclay  &  Co.,  Mortlock's 
Bank,  Cambridge. 


S  OCTET  IKS. 


11. 


-Sir 


Society    of     Antiquaries.  —  May 
Arthur  Evans,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  O.  M.  Dalton  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  the 
Marquess  of  Northampton,  the  Clephane  horn. 
The  mediaeval  oliphant  known  as  the  Clephane 
horn  was  long  preserved  by  the  family  of  that 
name  at  Carslogie  Castle  in  Fife,  and  presumably 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Marquesses  of 
Northampton  alter  the  marriage  of  the  second 
Marquess  with  Miss  Clephane  in  1815.  It  Mas 
published  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  his  '  Border 
Antiquities'  in  1811;  and  was  shown  at  the 
Manchester  Art  Treasures  Exhibition  in  1857, 
and  at  South  Kensington  in  1802.  It  has  been 
variously  regarded  as  late-antique,  Carolingian, 
and  Romanesque;  but  a  comparison  with  other 
oliphants,  with  designs  in  illuminated  MBS.,  and 
with  frescoes  seems  to  show  that  it  should  be 
ascribed  to  the  province  of  Byzantine  art,  and 
that  it  probably  belongs  to  the  eleventh  century. 
Though  considerably  damaged,  it  is  in  some 
respects  tin-  most  remarkable  of  all  known  oli- 
phants ;  and  its  rich  figure-decoration,  illustrating 
the  contests  of  the  amphitheatre,  renders  it  of 
exceptional  importance  to  archaeology. 

.Mr.  <;.  B.  Grundy  communicated  a  note  on 
'The  So-called  Ryknield  or  Biknild  Street.' 
This  recorded  the  result  of  two  excavations  made 
wit  1 1   a    view   of   determining   the   course   of   the 

Kikuild      Street       between     Weston     ;md     the     Koss 

Way,  along  the  line  of  the  parish  boundary  in 
Spring  Hill  Park,  Chipping  Campden.  Two 
sections  were  cut  through  wli.it  was  apparently 
the  agger.     The  ftrsl  section  revealed  a  layer  of 

Sags,    underneath    which    was    a    layer-    of    heal  en 

earth.  This  excavation  «;>-  not  conclusive, 
although  thi'  struct  nre  discovered  might  be  sus- 
pected to  be  that  of  a  road.     The  second  section 

was   made   ),,   |  I,,,   north   of   the   first,  and    resulted 

in  tie-  discovery  of  a  layer  of  small  broken  st< 

and    earth    Superimposed    upon    a    layer    of    lla^s, 


with  beaten  earth  beneath.  The  result  of  these 
excavations  goes  to  show  that  this  is  the  actual 
line  of  the  road.  The  layer  of  small  stones  corre- 
sponds to  that  found  on  the  surface  of  Akernan 
Street  in  Blenheim  Park,  ami  although  the 
structure  below  is  different!  in  the  present  in- 
stance the  layer  of  slabs  seems  to  have  been  in- 
tended to  prevent  the  small  surface  stones  being 
trodden  into  the  earth,  ;ind  the  beaten  earth  to. 
form  a  solid  foundation  for  the  road. 

The  President  communicated  -i  note  by  Mr.  E.  11. 
Uinney  on  the  discovery  of  Roman  remains  on  the 
Ermine  Street,  near  Swindon. 

Meteorological. — May    20. — Mr.    0.    J.    P- 

Cave,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  E.  (iold  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Reduction  of 
Barometer  Readings  in  Absolute  Units,  and  a  New 
Form  of  Barometer  Card.' 

Mr.  A.  Hampton  Brown  read  a  paper  on  '  A 
Cuban  Rain  Record  and  its  Application,'  in  which 
he  dealt,  with  the  rainfall  records  of  the  Helen 
College  Observatory,  Havana,  for  the  period  185i> 
to  1912,  and  gave  particulars  of  the  monthly,, 
yearly,  and  seasonal  rainfall.  The  average  yearly 
rainfall  for  the  fifty  years  1861-1910  is  just  under 
50  in.,  but  during  the  past  fifteen  years  there  has- 
been  a  marked  tendency  to  diminished  amounts. 
March  is  the  driest  month  with  P91  in.,  and 
October  the  wettest  with  6*92  in.,  followed  closely 
by  June  with  6'71  in.  The  most  phenomenal 
month  was  April,  1869,  when  22'57  in.  wasfre- 
corded,  falling  on  six  days.  On  the  other  hand, 
April,  1896,  was  entirely  rainless.  The  rainfall 
year  can  be  divided  into  two  seasons:  a  wet  from 
May  to  October,  and  a  dry  from  November  to- 
April.  During  the  former,  35'36  in.,  or  71  per 
cent  of  the  rain,  falls,  the  remaining  14*60  in.,  or 
29  per  cent,  being  recorded  in  the  dry  months. 
Theauthorhas  endeavoured  to  trace  the  connexion, 
between  the  wet  season  at  Havana  during  May  to 
October,  and  the  precipitation  in  South- West 
England  and  South  Wales  during  the  three  months 
January  to  March  following  ;  and  he  has  found 
that  from  1878  onwards,  when  the  first  reports  for 
this  country  are  available,  an  excess  rainfall  in 
Havana  during  May  to  October  was  generally 
followed  by  a  deficient  rainfall  in  South- West 
England  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  year,  and 
vice  versa.  There  were  many  years  where  1  he 
application  failed,  but  the  general  continuance  of 
the  seesaw  movement  was  so  persistent  that  't 
could  hardly  be  regarded  as  merely  coincidental. 

Mathematical. — May  11. — Prof.  A.  E.  II. 
Love,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Prof.  II.  M.  Macdonald  read  a  paper  on  '  Diffrac- 
tion by  a  Straight  Kdge.'  The  paper  began  with 
a  short  account  of  the  history  of  the  problem,  and 
of  the  methods  used  by  Poincare^  Sommerfeld,  and 
others  to  attack  it.  It  was  then  pointed  out  that 
the  known  methods  for  finding  a  first  approxima- 
tion in  the  case  of  small  wave-length  suggest  at 
once  suitable  forms  for  the  exact  solution,  and 
that  t  he  solution  can  t  hen  be  completed  by  the  aid 
of  the  fundamental  differential  equation  for  wave- 
propagation. 

The  Hon.  II.  F.  Moulton  read  a  paper  on 
'Quadratic  Forms  and  Factorization  of  Num- 
bers.' This  paper  sketched  various  methods 
which  would  reduce  the  labour  involved  in  the 
factorization  of  large  numbers. 

The  following  papers  were  communicated  by 
title  :'  On  the  Reduction  of  Sets  of  Intervals,' 
by  Prof.  W.  H.  Young  and  Mrs.  Young  ;  '  Diffrac- 
tion of  Tidal  Waves  on  Flat  Rotating  Sheets  of 
Water,'    by   .Mr.    J.    Proudman  :    ami   '  On  tire 

Algebraic    Theory    of    Modular    Systems,'    by    Mr. 

F.  s.  Macaulay. 


MEETINGS   NEXT   WEEK 


Mun. 


Win. 


Geographic  d.  3.— Anna*]  Heating. 

Society  of  Arts,  i  ;'i.— 'The  Be mlo  Development  of  Briti-l 

Eaul    Africa     hi.. I     Uganda,     Major    E.     II.     M.     1-eggett. 

[Uolonlal  Hection.) 
Royal  Institution,  :!.  —  "Natural   History  in  the  Clasnics  :  II. 

Tim    Natural    llimory    of    Ariiitotle    ami    of    Pliny,'    Prof. 

n  An-v  w  Tnompion. 
Society  of  Art*.  4  30      The  Singing    of   Hongs,  ol.l  and  New  : 

III.    Modern   ttongi,'    Mr.    il.     Plonket    Sraana,      (Cobb 

Lecture 
Anthropological  Institute,  8  IS  — '  The  Kavha*  of   Asaain,'  Mr. 

J.  E   Friend  Perelra. 
Bocloly    of   Literature,   .1  —  'George    Orabbe,'   Canon     Foakei 

.i.u  tkao  11 

—  Geological.  B— 'On    the    Development    of    Tragophylloet 

lotcombt    How.,'  Mr   1.   f  Spain ;  'The  Sequen 1   l*\.ui 

at  the    North    Head,    Otago    Harlwur.    Dun.  din,'  I'rof.    I' 
Marshall. 

—  Booleti  of  Artn.  x 

—  Iliitmh    Numifmatlo,  B  —'Touch  piecen  and  Maundy   Mi 

Mi"  Helen  Kaeiuhar. 
Tut  11-.  Koynl    Institution.  I.— 'Identity    of    I.nwi  in    General     and 

Biological   lb -try.     1...  tun-   III,     Prof.    H.    Arrhenlua. 

(Tynd  ill  Lectun 

—  Iloyal.  130.— 'Stndletol  Hie  i'rnci-Mu-t  operative  in  Solutions: 

X  x  i  X  The  DUtnrbance  of  the  Banlllbrium  in  Holmloni-  bi 
••Hin.iig  ami  "Weak"  Interfering  aaente,'  Prof,  n  I 
innitrong  and  Hi  1  I  Walker;  'On  »  T>pe  reading 
Optopta ,' Ml    y    R    Kiiurnier  ii'Albe;  ami  other  PapeM. 

—  Hocf.ty  ..I  Anti-ii 
Iti.yal  Inltltntlon,  B.—  'Plant  Ant. .graphs  and  their    Ken  la 

ti.uiH  '  I'rnl    .1    1 
Koynl  lin-tltutlon.  .1 .  — '  Fiorile  and    Ihelf    Origin:    II.  Fiorde 
and  Earth  Movement*,'  I'rof   .1    W.  Gregory- 


Fin. 
8>r. 


724 


THE     A  T II  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Renaissance  of  the  Greek  Ideal.     By 
Diana  Watts.     (Heinemann,  11.  Is.  net.) 

Mrs.  Watts  has  produced  a  very  inter- 
esting book  alike  from  the  point  of 
view  of  physical  training,  psychology,  and 
-of  Greek  art.  Her  main  contention  is 
that  the  all-round  perfection  of  the 
Greeks  in  their  best  period  was  due  to  a 
state  of  tension,  primarily  of  the  muscles 
of  the  body,  but  reacting  upon  their  intel- 
lectual and  spiritual  life.  We  seem  to 
imply  the  same  thing  when  we  refer  to  a 
high  or  low  moral  tone  in  common  speech. 
The  most  essential  thing  physically  appears 
to  be  the  strengthening  of  the  muscles 
about  the  waist  and  the  tension  of  the 
midriff  ;  the  author  ingeniously  suggests 
that  the  Greeks  themselves  were  conscious 
of  this  when  they  made  the  4>pevts 
(not  phrenes,  as  printed)  the  chief  seat 
of  intellectual  and  spiritual  activity. 
A  number  of  exercises  are  prescribed 
which  are  calculated  to  give  the  desired 
result,  and  these  are  reproduced  in  a 
series  of  kinematograph  pictures  which 
make  it  easy  to  follow  the  action 
throughout.  A  still  more  remarkable 
series  of  illustrations  is  produced  by 
affixing  a  small  electric  bulb  to  the  toe  of 
the  performer,  and  then  photographing 
her  movements  in  a  dark  room  from 
.above.  The  result  is  a  complicated  and 
beautiful  series  of  geometrical  figures 
which  show  a  wonderful  precision  of 
.movement,  and  give  a  high  notion  of 
the  degree  of  conscious  muscular  control 
which  can  be  attained. 

The  application  of  a  similar  system  to 
the  study  of  certain  Greek  athletic  types 
is  attractive,  though  the  author  is  in 
•some  cases  led  astray  by  an  insufficient 
.acquaintance  with  the  archaeological  data. 
This  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  since 
the  kinematographic  reproductions  of  the 
.action  represented  in  sculpture  by  the 
Discobolus  and  the  Charioteer  of  the  Capitol 
.are  most  interesting ;  and  in  the  recon- 
struction of  the  motions  of  some  other 
istatues  there  is  much  for  archaeologists  to 
iearn.  For  example,  it  is  well  observed 
that  the  setting  of  the  left  foot  at  right 
angles  to  the  direction  of  advance  in  the 
fencer's  lunge,  as  exemplified  in  the 
Borghese  Warrior  and  other  statues,  is 
not,  as  often  stated,  to  give  a  broader 
l)asis,  but  because 

"  it  is  only  by  turning  out  the  foot  of  that 
tense  vibrating  leg  that  it  can  be  held  locked 
in  the  hip,  part  of  the  spine,  one  with  the 
whole  weight  of  the  body." 

Similarly,  because  the  left  foot  of  the 
'Subiaco  boy  is  not  so  turned,  "  the.  posi- 
tion is  that  of  exhaustion,  collapse." 
Hence  follows  the  true  inference  that  no 
.athletic  feat  is  here  represented.  Whether 
the  suggestion  that  the  statue  represents 
•Ganymede  is  right  or  not,  the  whole  type 
•of  figure  evidently  suits  such  a  character 
•rather  than  an  athlete.  The  author  is 
tiiot  responsible  for  the  attribution  to 
jVlyron  of  a  post-Praxitelean  work. 


Other  suggestions,  however,  cannot  be 
accepted.  For  example,  Loewy's  expla- 
nation of  the  strange  half-turns  in  archaic 
statues  and  reliefs  as  an  artistic  device, 
due  to  the  piecing  together  of  inconsis- 
tent memory  pictures,  is  criticized  on  the 
ground  that  such  turns  are  possible  for 
the  highly  trained  body.  But  the  photo- 
graphs given  to  justify  this  criticism  do 
not  bear  it  out.  They  show,  indeed,  that 
it  is  possible  to  turn  towards  either  side 
with  the  feet  in  the  same  position  ;  but 
the  turn  thus  produced  is  gradual  from 
the  feet  to  the  shoulders,  and  helps  to 
prove  that  the  sudden  half-turn  at  the 
waist  is  an  impossibility.  The  treatment 
of  the  Mattei  Amazon  shows  careful  study 
of  position,  and  is  worthy  of  consideration  ; 
but  no  notice  is  taken  of  the  theor}r  that 
she  is  not  wounded  at  all,  and  has  in  her 
hands,  not  a  bow,  but  a  spear  used  as  a 
jumping-pole.  Mrs.  Watts's  doubt  as  to 
the  head  shows  her  sense  of  fitness  ;  but 
it  is  strange  that  she  did  not  refer  to  any 
catalogue,  which  would  have  told  her 
that  the  head  belongs  to  a  quite  different 
type.  Again,  it  is  very  doubtful  whether 
the  Heracles  of  the  ^Egina  pediment  is 
in  any  different  position  from  the  other 
kneeling  archers.  To  crouch  down  while 
bending  the  bow,  and  to  rise  again  after 
discharging  the  arrow,  may  be  a  good 
gymnastic  exercise,  but  its  use  in  war  is 
not  obvious. 

These  defects  are  pointed  out  because 
there  is  so  much  that  is  good  in  the  book 
that  it  is  worth  making  better.  Its 
intention  is  admirable,  not  only  in  its 
protest  against  "  the  hideous  inroads 
upon  fine  development  made  by  heels, 
hobbles,  and  similar  atrocities,"  but  also 
in  its  advocacy  of  harmonious  self-control 
through  skilfully  directed  training. 


PICTURES    OF    THE    VENETIAN 
SCHOOL. 

The  little  portrait  head  entitled  The  Young 
Christ  (6),  and  ascribed  to  Lorenzo  Lotto,  is 
one  of  the  first,  pictures  to  catch  the  visitor's 
eye  in  the  exhibition  at  the  Burlington  Fine 
Arts  Club,  and  is,  on  the  whole,  the  one  he 
will  part  from  with  most  regret.  The  name  of 
Lotto  does  not  usually  call  up  workmanship 
so  close  and  fine,  or  paint  so  exquisitely  laid. 
The  film  of  paint  has  almost  the  technical 
beauty  of  Van  Eyck\s  method,  and  the 
colour-scheme,  with  its  rather  flatter,  milder 
use  of  light  and  shade,  is  even  better  adapted 
to  utilize  the  decorative  possibilities  of  the 
technique  employed.  Earlier  in  date  than 
most  of  the  pictures  here,  it  represents,  to 
some  extent,  the  union  of  Flemish  workman- 
ship and  Italian  taste,  and  is  thus,  in  some 
sort,  exceptional.  The  usual  result  of  the 
meeting  was  that  one  element  disintegrated 
the  other.  The  exhibition  as  a  whole 
displays  the  soj:>orific  influence  on  Venetian 
design  of  the  introduction  of  oil  painting. 
The  momentous  and  decisive  action  de- 
manded by  a  quick  -  drying  medium  like 
tempera  trained  a  school  of  severe  draughts- 
men, who  did  not  lose  all  their  virtue  by 
contact  with  the  oil  medium.  Giovanni  Bellini 
remains  a  monumental  painter.  The  next 
generation,  largely  lacking  such  a  training, 
is  by  comparison  nerveless.  The  painter 
was  in  such  easv  circumstances  that  he  went 


to  sleep,  though  occasionally,  as  in  the  ca-o 
of  Giorgione,  he  had  dreams. 

This  being  the  period  illustrated,  the 
exhibition  is  a  little  dull.  Lorenzo  Lotto 
(16,  25),  in  his  more  familiar  and  cloying 
vein  ;  Sebastian  del  Piombo  (2,  5,  '.),  and  27), 
well  -  meaning,  but  hardly  inspired  ;  Palma 
Vecchio  (13  and  32),  using  to  the  uttermost 
the  softening  capacities  of  the  new  medium  : 
these  are  the  principal  attractions  along  with 
Titian,  shown  in  his  slack  days,  or  fol- 
lowers inferior  to  himself  in  draughtsman- 
ship. The  interest  thins  out  through  the 
work  of  the  rather  characterless  Licinio, 
down  to  the  deplorable  Judith  with  the  Head 
of  Holofernes  (30),  contributed  by  Col.  Sir 
Audley  W.  Neeld,  the  sophisticated  degene- 
racy of  which  could  only  be  adequately 
denounced  by  a  Ruskin.  Its  attribution  to 
Cariani  by  Mr.  Berenson  is  the  most  severe 
criticism  we  know  of  that  painter.  We  can- 
not quite  agree  either  with  the  suggestion  in 
the  catalogue  that  the  Resurrection  (School 
of  Giorgione,  3)  is  probably  by  the  author  of 
the  well-known  Glasgow  "  Giorgione,"  'The 
Woman  taken  in  Adultery.'  The  draughts- 
manship in  the  latter  work  may  be  some- 
what weak,  but  it  is  more  capable,  and,  above 
all,  the  designing  of  masses  has  more  steadi- 
ness and  sureness  than  we  find  in  this  picture 
of  Mr.  Benson's. 

Of  the  Titians,  several  have  been  seen 
quite  recently  in  London  galleries :  The 
Portrait  of  a  Man  (4),  careful,  but  rather 
wooden  in  drawing,  and  theGiacomo  Doria  (20), 
at  the  Grafton  four  years  ago  ;  the  familiar 
and  rather  undistinguished  Holy  Family 
(22);  and  the  severely  wrought,  but  life- 
less Daughter  of  Herodias  (8),  at  the  Academy 
Winter  Exhibitions.  The  last-named  work, 
cold  and  academic  as  it  is,  is  one  of  the  most 
respectable  pictures  in  the  collection.  It 
has  more  style  and  dignity  than  the  equally 
accomplished  Portrait  of  a  Man  (8)  from 
Hampton  Court,  the  literal  representation 
of  which  foreshadows  that  element  in 
Velasquez  which  permitted  his  art  to  be  called 
"  the  beginning  of  photography."  The  much 
damaged  Laura  di  Dianti  (31),  lent  by  Sir 
Frederick  Cook,  is  more  interesting;  the  de- 
sign has  considerable  vivacity,  though  in  this 
and  in  The  Story,  of  Lara,  by  Schiavone,  we 
are  in  a  later  period — indeed,  well  on  the  way 
to  the  more  dynamic  art  of  Tintoret.  They 
do  not  suffice  to  disturb  the  atmosphere  of 
placid,  self-satisfied  maturity  that  pervades 
the  collection,  the  heavy  soporific  colours 
of  which  give  the  lie  to  Kandinsky's  classi- 
fication of  the  primaries  by  their  usual 
effect  on  the  nerves.  In  this  easygoing 
paradise  all  are  sleepy  alike,  and  vaguely 
cheerful. 


OTHER   EXHIBITIONS. 

Tht:  two  thousand  four  hundred  odd 
exhibits  of  the  first  International  Exhibition 
of  Humorous  Art,  at  the  Holland  Park 
Rink,  reveal  the  scale  on  which  this 
industry  is  practised,  and  the  number  of 
men  engaged  in  it.  Despite  a  certain  num- 
ber of  exceptions,  comparison  between  the 
French,  or  even  the  German,  work  exhibited 
and  our  own  is  not  flattering  to  our  national 
vanity.  With  the  Frenchmen  some  sort  of 
artistic  training  seems  to  have  been  the  rule  : 
training  in  drawing,  training  also  in  the 
grammar  of  convention,  which  saves  them 
from  the  vulgar  naturalistic  form  of  the 
majority  of  our  own  humorous  draughtsmen. 
The  old  advertisement,  "  Have  you  a  taste 
for  drawing?  Then  why  not  make  a  large 
income  at  once  ?  "  &c,  would  seem  to 
indicate  the  kind  of  education  these  unfor- 
tunates have  offered  themselves,  an  educa- 
tion from  the  first  short-sighted,  and  aiming 
only   at   immediate   pecuniary   results.     All 


No.  4517.  May  23,  1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


725 


but  a  few  of  the  worst  Frenchmen  seem  by 
comparison  monsters  of  disinterestedness 
and  of  independence.  Their  work  has  some 
elements  of  beauty,  however  ugly  their  types 
may  be.  The  show  is  too  colossal  for 
detailed  review,  the  more  so  as  the  cata- 
logue only  approximately  corresponds  to  tho 
picture^  on  the  walls,  and  is  not  itself  con- 
secutive. 

The  selected  works  by  Modern  Dutch 
"  Masters  "'  at  the  French  Gallery  are  hardly 
of  the  quality  which  calls  for  such  a  title. 
They  include  a  well-known  example  by 
Jacob  Maris,  the  large  Near  Utrecht  (23), 
dignified  enough  by  rather  obvious  means. 
The  more  restless  superficial  cleverness  of 
Willem  Maris  is  displayed  in  two  typical 
canvases  [22  and  25).  J.  H.  Mastenbroek's 
small  picture  A  Summer  Day  (o~).  has  similar 
qualities,  but  rather  more  freshness  of 
design,  and  a  larger  sense  of  pattern.  W.  B. 
Tholen's  Bathers  (2),  has  a  suavity  like  that 
of  Cazin,  with  rather  more  intimacy  of 
vision,  and  a  less  perfect  technique. 

At  the  Fine  Art  Society  are  the  water- 
colours  of  Mr.  Matthew  Hale,  landscapes  by 
Mr.  Harold  Speed,  and  etchings  by  Mr. 
William  Walcot.  Mr.  Speed,  like  many 
figure  painters  who  practise  landscape,  is 
quick  to  assimilate  whatever  is  in  the  air, 
but  has  little  that  is  individual  to  contribute. 
A  modicum  of  research  would  be  more  truly 
valuable  than  all  this  easy  production.  His 
colour  is.  rather  monotonously,  milky.  A 
§  tsex  Cornfield  (19),  the  best  of  his  pictures, 
stands  out  as  an  exception  with  richer 
tones  and  firmer  design.  Mr.  Walcot's 
etchings  are  none  of  them  better  than  the 
Antony  in  Egypt  (8),  already  noticed  at  the 
R.B.A.  The  Trojan  Horse  (14),  is  a  typical 
example  of  the  work  of  an  artist  apparently 
lacking  in  ballast,  and  prone  to  throw  off, 
without  much  thought,  improvisations  dis- 
playing a  rather  barren  cleverness. 

The  Baillie  Gallery  is  occupied  with  the 
slightest  of  sketches  by  Mrs.  Cheston,  and 
Messrs.  W.  Kneen,  and  Fred  Mayor  ;  not 
very  important,  but  to  be  preferred  to  the 
fulsome  colour  and  perpetual  compromise 
between  literal  realism  and  empty  decorative 
pattern  of  the  watercolours  which  Mr.  C.  J. 
Collings  is  showing  at  the  Carroll  Gallery. 
We  can  only  wonder  when  we  are  told  that 
these  watercolours,  which. except  for  a  greater 
cleanliness  of  execution,  are  just  like  many 
other  semi-amateur  productions  which  fill 
minor  exhibitions,  have  in  some  quarters, 
provoked  comparisons  with  Cotman  and 
Hiroshige. 

At  the  Fifth  Exhibition  of  the  Society  of 
Graver-Painters  in  Colour,  Mr.  E.  L.  La  wren - 
son  has  an  admirable  aquatint  Gateway  of  the 
House  of  Rabelais,  Chinon  (32),  and  there  is 
work  by  Messrs.  Verpilleux  (20),  W.  Monk 
(31),  and  Douglas  Almond  (49),  which  is 
lively  if  less  ambitious  in  the  study  of  the 
distribution  of  colour. 

The  bronzes  by  Madame  Renee  Vranyczany 
at  the  Goupi]  Gallery  are  fairly  good 
students'  studies  of  figures  in  violent  action, 
but  are  not  distinctly  sculpturesque  in  con- 
ception. 

The  thirtieth  annual  exhibition  of  hand- 
work arranged  in  the  Albert  Hall  by  the 
Home  Arts  and  Industries  Association  con- 
tain-, as  usual,  a  considerable  quantity  of 
thoroughly  good,  well-designed  work,  to- 
other with  a  much  -mailer  quantity  of 
rather  trivial  and  commonplace  articles. 
There  are,  indeed,  some  things  displayed 
which  should  be  seen  by  all  persons  interested 
m  the  development  of  artistic  industries  in 
this  country. 


3fiiu   ]Vrt   (Gossip. 

Sir  Charles  Hercules  Read,  Keeper  of 
the  British  and  Mediaeval  Antiquities  and 
Ethnography  in  the  British  Museum,  has 
been  appointed  Munro  Lecturer  for  1915  by 
the  Edinburgh  University  Court. 

It  has  been  found  necessary,  owing  to  tho 
illness  of  M.  Steinlen.  to  postpone  until 
Tuesday  next  the  exhibition  of  works  by  the 
French  draughtsman  originally  announced 
to  open  at  the  Leicester  Galleries  last  Thurs- 
day. It  is  hoped  that  he  will,  by  that  time, 
be  well  enough  to  come  over  from  France. 
The  catalogue  will  contain  a  prefatory  note 
by  Anatole  France. 

It  is  more  than  ten  years  since  Mr.  Murray 
issued  the  first  volume  of  the  revised  edition 
of  Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle's  famous  '  History 
of  Italy.'  At  last,  after  many  difficulties  and 
delays,  the  completing  volumes,  V.  and  VI., 
are  to  appear  this  month. 

The  Oxford  University  Press  has  in 
preparation  an  authorized  translation  of 
Signor  Rivoira's  new  book  '  Architettura 
Musulmana,  sueOrigini  e  suo  Sviluppo.'  The 
translator,  Mr.  G.  McN.  Rushforth,  has  had 
the  advantage  of  Signor  Rivoira's  revision. 
All  the  illustrations  included  in  the  Italian 
edition  will  appear  in  the  translation. 

Every  one  who  knows  the  value  of  '  The 
Index  of  Archaeological  Papers,'  which  until 
recently  appeared  annually,  will  be  glad  to 
hear  that  Dr.  William  Martin  has  just 
brought  out  the  issue  dealing  with  papers 
published  in  1909,  and  has  that  for  1910 
ready  for  the  press.  If  the  scheme  receives 
sufficient  support  from  the  public,  the  inten- 
tion is  to  bring  the  series  up  to  date. 
Applications  for  copies  (Is.  each)  should  b3 
addressed  to  Dr.  Martin,  Society  of 
Antiquaries,   Burlington  House,  W. 


OLD     MASTERS. 


Some  good  prices  were  realized  at  Christie's 
on  Friday  the  15th  inst.,  a  Hals  fetching  over 
3,000*.,  and  a  Murillo  over  2.400Z. 

The  following  were  the  property  of  the  late  Miss 
Isabel  Mosley,  of  Thornhill,  near  Derby  :  Hals, 
Juvenile  Musicians,  on  the  right  a  boy  in  brown 
dress  with  a  black  cap,  playing  a  violin,  and  behind 
him  another  boy  in  purple  costume  and  white  ruff, 
who  turns  his  head  to  speak  to  a  third  youth 
standing  behind,  3,150Z.  Jan  Steen,  The  Twelfth 
Night  Feast,  346Z.  10s. 

The  following  were  the  property  of  Mr.  W.  A.  L. 
Fletcher  of  Sundorne  Castle,  Shrewsbury  :  Murillo, 
The  Holy  Family — St.  Joseph  standing  on  the 
right,  and  seen  in  profile,  holds  (  he  Infant  Saviour 
seated  on  his  right  arm  ;  the  Child  stretches  forth 
His  right  hand  towards  the  Virgin,  who,  seated  on 
a  chair  with  square  posts,  extends  her  arms  to 
receive  Him,  2,415L  Jan  Steen,  A  Merry  Party 
in  the  Open  Air,  including  in  the  centre  a  young 
man,  in  a  black  dress,  playing  a  fiddle,  and  looking 
a1  an  old  man  who  sings  from  a  music-book, 
which  he  holds  in  his  left  hand,  1,1552. 

The  remainder  were  from  various  properties: 
J.  Flighmorc,  .Mrs.  Joshua  Iremonger,  in  yellow 
dress  with  white  lace  frills,  standing  in  a  land- 
scape, and  resting  her  arm  on  a  stone  ledge,  .'578/. 
1'.  Mbreelse,  A  Prince  of  the  Asturias,  a  young  boy 
in  black  dress  embroidered  with  tcold,  standing  in 
an  apartment,  and   holding  a  golf-club  and  a   ball, 

."in  I/.  Reynolds,  Mrs.  Iremonger,  in  green  dress, 
trimmed  with  fur,  a  white  lace  kerchief  round  her 
neck,  jewelled  earrings,  1201.  I',  de  Eooghe,  A 
View  in  a  Dutch  Town,  a  canal  running  across 
the    foreground,    with    a    peasant    seen    angling 

from  a    punt,  and   conversing  with   a    woman   who 

stands  on  the  Dear  bank,  l,207Z.  10«.  A.  van  der 
Neer,  A  River  Scene,  Moonlight,  showing  a 
church,   buildings,  and   windmill  on   the   further 

bank  :    a    horse  tOWing  a   barge,  and  a   man  with  a 

dog,  in  the  foreground,  504t.  ;  A  Frozen  River 
Scene,  Daylight,  a  wide  river  with  sledges,  and 
numerous  figures  skating,  348Z.    10«.     I'.   Codde, 

\  Family  (■roup,  an  interior  with  a  ea  valier  st  anil- 
ine, in  the  foreground  :  on  bis  right,  five  ladies  ami 
a  gentleman  ;  on  his  left,  two  children  near  a 
spinet,  3151.  M.  .1.  Mierevelt,  Countess  Gonde- 
mar,  in  black  dress  with  large  white  ruff,  and  coral 
bracelets,  588Z.  Rubens,  The  Triumph  of  the 
Eucharist ,  315Z. 


MUSIC 


OPERA    AT   COVENT   GARDEN. 

Last  Thursday  week  '  Aida  '  was  given; 
at  Covent  Garden,  witli  Signor  Caruso  as- 
Radames  and  Madame  Emmy  Destinn 
in  the  title-part,  and  it  is  a  work  which 
offers  a  fine  test  of  the  powers  of  the  great 
tenor.  He  was  in  better  voice  than  last 
year,  and  his  rendering  of  the  lyrical 
portions  was  admirable.  There  was  no 
show,  no  straining  after  effect.  The 
question  whether  his  voice  has  lost  in 
resonance  since  last  year  is  not  difficult  to- 
answer.  There  is  a  slight  difference,  but 
on  the  right  side.  In  comparison  with 
former  years  there  has  been  a  change  : 
the  voice  seems  at  times  to  have  a  baritone 
rather  than  a  tenor  quality.  As  to 
strength  there  may  also  be  a  slight  differ- 
ence, but  some  passages  in  '  Aida  '  made 
one  feel  doubtful  whether  this  was  the 
case.  And,  after  all,  Caruso's  fine  quali- 
ties as  an  artist  are  sufficiently  great  to* 
make  such  a  matter  one  of  little  import- 
ance. He  is  still  easily  the  best  exponent 
of  Radames. 

Madame  Destinn,  whose  purity  of  into- 
nation is  well  known,  seemed  at  first  not 
to  have  proper  control  of  her  voice ;  but 
her  splendid  singing  in  the  third  act 
showed  that  at  first  there  was  some 
momentary  trouble.  It  was  also  a  triumph 
for  Signor  Caruso,  as  well  as  for  M.  Dinlv 
Gifiy  (Amonasro).  Those  who  heard  this 
act  must  have  realized  what  is  meant  when 
it  is  said  of  performers  that  they  were  not 
assuming  parts,  but  feeling  themselves  for 
the  time  the  real  characters.  Signor 
Polacco  conducted  with  all  care  and 
enthusiasm. 

On  Friday  evening  there  was  an  inter- 
esting performance  of  '  La  Tosca.'  Signor 
Caruso  was  very  good  in  the  first,  and 
excellent  in  the  final  act.  Madame  Claudia 
Muzio,  who  took  the  place  of  Madame 
Edvina,  had  already  been  heard  in 
'  Manon  Lescaut,'  and  confirmed  the  good 
impression  she  then  made.  She  sings  and 
acts  well,  though  excitement  at  appearing 
with  Signor  Caruso  may  have  accounted 
for  her  somewhat  too  demonstrative 
acting. 

On  Saturday  evening  another  perform- 
ance of  "Parsifal'  was  given.  Mr.  Clar- 
ence Whitehill  was  convincing  as  Amfortas. 
Madame  Morena,  the  new  Kundry,  was 
thoroughly  good,  though  not  particularly 
impressive  in  the  latter  part  of  the  Garden 
Scene. 

OPERA    AT    DRURY    LANE. 

Slit  JOSEPB  BEECHAM'S  season,  which 
promises  to  he  one  of  great  interest. 
opened    at    Drury    Lane   on    Wednesday 

evening     with     Dr.     Richard     Strauss- 
•  kosenkavalier.'    the    work   of   which    Mr. 

Thomas  Beecham  gave  the  first  perform- 
ance    in     England     last     year    at     Covent 

Garden.    There  are  weak  points  in   the 
libretto:     the    long   opening   scene   with 

Baroil   <><•!,<.  also   the   long  lament  of  the 


7  26 


T  H  E     A  rF  HEN^  U  M 


No.  4517,  May  23,   1914 


Marschallin,  although  the  music  is  expres- 
sive. Tlie  second  act  begins  well,  and 
the  music  is  bright ;  the  comedy,  how- 
ever, soon  degenerates  into  farce,  and 
with  that  change  the  music  suffers. 
Dr.  Strauss,  as  not  a  little  of  his  music 
shows,  is  an  admirer  of  Mozart,  but 
lacks  that  composer's  light  and  wonderful 
touches.  But  his  music,  if  often  too  heavy 
for  the  subject,  offers  much  that  is 
musically  and  dramatically  effective. 

The  performance  was  excellent.  Ma- 
dame Margarete  Siems  as  the  Marschallin 
acted  and  sang  with  rare  intelligence. 
Madame  Claire  Dux  was  again  an  admir- 
able Sophie.  Miss  Uhr,  the  new  Octavian, 
is  a  gifted  singer  and  actress.  Herr 
Kniipfer's  Baron  Ochs  showed  skill  and 
judgment  of  a  high  order.  Mr.  Thomas 
Beecham  conducted  excellently  without 
book. 


Jltuaual  Glossip. 

The  Wilhelm  Sachse  Oechestra  at 
''Queen's  Hall,  on  the  13th  inst.,  gave  an 
■  excellent  performance  of  Tscha'ikowsky's 
iFourth  Symphony  in  f  minor.  It  is  pleasant 
to  hear  this  work,  though  the  Fifth  and 
Sixth  Symphonies  are  greater  favourites. 
The  composer,  however,  evidently  thought 
highly  of  the  Fourth,  for  he  selected  and 
conducted  it  at  the  Philharmonic  Concert 
when  he  was  in  London  for  the  last  time 
in  1893,  the  year  in  which  he  died.  The 
meritorious  performance  of  Beethoven's 
Violin  Concerto  by  Miss  Erna  Schulz  de- 
serves record.  Mr.  Sachse  has  good  reason 
to  be  proud  of  his  orchestra  and  of  the 
intelligence  of  the  players,  among  whom,  in 
the  strings,  women  outnumber  the  men. 

At  the  concert  given  by  Herr  Kreisler, 
at  Queen's  Hall,  on  the  14th  inst.,  the  pro- 
gramme consisted  of  Concertos  by  Beet- 
hoven and  Sir  Edward  Elgar.  Herr  Kreis- 
ler's  reading  of  the  former  is  notable  for  its 
breadth  and  power,  while  he  interprets  Sir 
Edward's  work,  which  was  dedicated  to 
him,  with  rare  sympathy  and  skill.  He 
was  at  his  best. 

Mr.  Frederic  Lamond  gave  a  Beethoven 
Recital  at  the  Bechstein  Hall  on  the  16th 
inst.  He  is  one  of  the  best  interpreters 
of  that  composer's  music.  He  played  the 
Fantasia,  Op.  77,  and  some  of  the  Baga- 
telles, Op.  119.  They  may  be  interesting 
to  some,  though  they  are  scarcely  of  suffi- 
cient importance  to  appeal  to  the  general 
public. 

The  2,000  members  of  the  Imperial 
Choir  at  the  Royal  Albert  Hall,  on  the  14th 
inst.,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Charles 
Harriss,  sang  with  precision,  spirit,  and 
intelligence  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie's 
"  Make  a  joyful  noise,"  and  such  favourites 
as  Gibbons's  '  The  Silver  Swan,'  Ravens- 
croft's  '  In  the  Merry  Spring,'  and  Dr. 
Harriss's  '  The  Sands  of  Dee.'  In  memory 
of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  the  Earl  of  Minto, 
and  Lord  Strathcona,  the  hymn  "  Jesu, 
lover  of  my  soul,"  was  impressively  sung. 

At  the  concert  of  the  Societe  des  Concerts 
Francais  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  the  15th  iast. 
the  greater  part  of  the  programme  was 
taken  up  with  folk  -  music.  There  was  a 
Suite  Basque  for  flute  and  string  quartet 
by  Charles  Bordes,  who  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Paris  Schola  Cantorum, 
and  the  music  is  based  on  folk-airs.  Songs 
from  the  Pays  Basque  Francais  were  also 


charmingly  sung  by  Mile.  Helene  M.  Luquiens. 
M.  Vincent  d'lndy,  who  was  joint  founder 
with  Bordes  of  the  School  mentioned,  con- 
tributed some  '  Chansons  populaires  du 
Vivarais,'  a  district  in  France  noted  for  its 
national  music.  All  this  music  was 
exceedingly  interesting,  but  quite  unlike 
the  modern  music  one  is  accustomed 
to  hear  at  these  concerts.  Bordes  in 
his  suite  has  tried,  and  successfully,  to 
preserve  the  simplicity  and  quaintness  of 
the  themes  selected ;  he  does  not  develope 
them  on  modern  lines.  The  same  can 
be  said  of  the  accompaniments  of  the 
'  Vivarais  Chansons  ' ;  M.  d'lndy,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  modern  composers,  was 
not  tempted  to  display  his  harmonic 
skill.  At  the  end  of  a  very  long  programme 
came  his  Suite  in  D,  "  dans  le  style  ancien," 
for  trumpet,  flutes,  and  strings,  and  that, 
published  thirty  years  ago,  was  not  repre- 
sentative of  the  composer  of  to-day.  M. 
Fleury  gave  a  delightful  rendering  of  a 
Sonata  for  flute  by  Michel  Blavet,  a  little- 
known  composer  of  the  first  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

Mr.  Arnold  Dolmetsch's  second  con- 
cert of  his  present  series  took  place  on  the 
evening  of  Wednesday,  the  13th  inst.,  at 
the  Hall  of  the  Art-Workers'  Guild,  Queen 
Square.  The  programmes  are  devoted  to 
old  music,  which  is  performed  by  Mr. 
Dolmetsch  and  members  of  his  family  on 
one  or  more  of  the  following  instruments  : 
recorder,  viols,  viola  da  gamba,  virginals, 
harpsichord,  and  clavichord.  An  evening 
spent  in  listening  to  music  of  the  seven- 
teenth and  eighteenth  centuries  thus  inter- 
preted helps  one  to  feel  that  emotion  can 
be  expressed,  and  beauty  displayed,  with- 
out the  larger  means  now  in  vogue.  There 
were  short  pieces,  and  a  Sonata  for  two 
violins,  viola  da  gamba,  and  continuo  by 
William  Young,  the  latter  published  as 
early  as  1653,  the  year  in  which  Corelli  was 
born.  Young's  music  in  its  breadth  and 
nobility  renders  him  a  worthy  predecessor 
of  Bach.  He  was  a  member  of  the  King's 
band  from  1661  to  1668.  The  University 
Library  of  Upsala  possesses  twenty-one 
sonatas  of  his. 

Ernst  von  Schuch,  whose  serious  illness 
was  recently  mentioned,  died  on  the  10th 
inst.  He  was  one  of  Germany's  great  con- 
ductors. Born  at  Graz  in  1847,  he  con- 
ducted at  various  theatres  between  1867 
and  1872,  but  was  called  in  the  latter  year 
to  Dresden,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
named  Court  Capellmeister.  In  1912  a 
special  concert  was  given  to  celebrate  the 
fortieth  anniversary  of  his  first  appearance 
at  the  Dresden  Opera.  Among  those  who 
took  part  was  Dr.  Richard  Strauss,  whose 
'Feuersnot'  (1901),  '  Elektra  '  (1909),  and 
'  Rcsmkavalier '  had  all  been  produced 
under  Schuch's  direction. 


PERFORMANCES   NEXT   WEEK. 


Sun. 
Mon. 
Mon. 
Mon. 


Special  Concert,  3.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
Sat.  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Sit.  (Friday  excepted).    Opera,  Theatre  Royal,  Drury  Lane. 

Paul  Kochanski's  Sonata  Recital,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Joseph  Turczynski's  Pianoforte  Kecital,  3.15.  ^Eolian  Hall. 

London  Symphony  Orchestra,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Marc  Meytschik's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.15,  Steinway  Hall. 
Ties.    Max  Pauer's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Daisy  Kennedy's  Violin  Recital.  5.30,  JEM  in  Hall. 

—  Alfred  von  Fossard's  Song  Recital,  8 .15.  .10  >lian  Hall. 

—  Vivian  Gosuell's  Soug  Recital,  8  15,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Wed.     Arnold  Trowell's  Cello  Recital.  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Louis  Edger's  Pianoforte  Recitil,  8.15,  JEolian  Hall. 

—  Anton  Maaskofrs  Violin  Recital,  8  ]5.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Geertruida  Vogel's  Vocal  Recital,  9.  Music  Studio. 

Tucks.  Nellie  Chaplin's  May  Festival  of  Ancient  Dances  and  Music, 
2.30.  Coronet  Theatre. 

—  Nathalie  Aktzery's  Vocal  Recital,  S.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Louie  Basche's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8  30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Gertrude  Lonsdale's  Vocal  Recital,  8.30,  .ffiolian  Hall. 
Carmen  Hill's  Vocal  Recital.  3  .rEolian  Hall. 
Rudolph  Ganz  s  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.15,  Steinway  Hall. 
J  ulia  Uaroli's  Vocal  Recital,  8.80,  jEilian  Hall. 
Josef  Holbrooke's  Concert,  8.30,  Arts  Centre. 


Fm. 


DRAMA 


Dramatic  Actualities.     By  W.  L.  George. 
(Sidgwick  &  Jackson,  2s.  net.) 

In  four  vigorous  chapters  the  author 
examines  the  claims  of  those  modern 
plays  of  which  most  has  been  heard 
during  the  last  few  years.  He  rests 
wholly  dissatisfied  with  the  results  of 
his  survey.  He  can  see  only  a  faddist- 
ridden  drama  with  no  particular  lesson 
to  teach,  and  guilty  of  ten  crimes  : — 

"  The  shadowy  plot,  the  play  without  a 
climax,  hypertrophy  of  the  atmosphere, 
sentiment  (sometimes),  garrulousness,  the 
exaggerated  type,  inveterate  gloom  (some- 
times optimism),  obscurity,  length,  and 
shapeless  purpose." 

It  would  be  easy  to  demonstrate  that 
these  blemishes  have  prevailed  at  any 
period  of  dramatic  history  that  Mr. 
George  chooses  to  name.  But  this  would 
not  quite  meet  his  case,  for  he  speaks 
as  .an  '*  ordinary  man,"  and  therefore 
need  not  be  expected  to  concern  himself 
much  with  details  of  structure.  In 
point  of  fact  we  cannot  help  feeling  that 
the  ';  ordinary  man  "  who  goes  to  thea- 
tres is  not  fairly  represented  by  Mr. 
George.  Indeed,  it  is  open  to  doubt 
whether  any  writer  can  uphold  a  claim  to 
represent  the  normal,  for,  psychologically, 
a  member  of  an  audience  is  not  an  indi- 
vidual in  complete  possession  of  his  indi- 
viduality. We  may  point  out  that,  when 
Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton  appeared  before  the 
Joint  Select  Committee  on  the  Censorship 
in  1909,  he,  too,  professed  to  represent 
the  "  ordinary  man."  It  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  find  two  men  differing  more  in 
most  points  than  Mr.  George  and  Mr. 
Chesterton.  It  is  not  the  fault  of  the 
"  man  in  the  street  " — to  give  the  same 
typical  individual  his  other  title — that  his 
spokesmen  differ,  for  he  simply  does  not 
exist.  The  average  of  a  crowd  is  a  psy- 
chological conception,  not  a  man.  We 
have  insisted  on  this  point  because  Mr. 
George,  arguing  ad  hominem,  maintains 
that,  because  some  intellectual  plays  have 
been  commercial  failures — not  all,  as  he 
seems  to  imagine — therefore  they  have 
not  been  good  enough  for  the  "  ordinary 
man."  He  follows  up  this  point  by  an 
appeal  to  the  "  box-office  test."  The 
truth  is,  however,  that  the  public  has  no 
definite  criteria,  and  does  not  object 
to  novelties,  as  such.  The  box-office  test 
is  inadequate  because,  as  anybody  with 
practical  experience  of  the  theatre  knows, 
judicious  advertising,  a  good  cast,  and 
patience  may  turn  a  failure  into  a  success 
— at  least,  so  far  as  attendance  is  concerned. 
A  point  that  should  be  borne  in  mind 
when  the  success  of  plays  is  under  dis- 
cussion is  the  size  of  the  theatre  in  which 
they  were  performed.  The  long  runs  of 
'  Magic  '  at  the  Little  Theatre,  and  of 
'  Fanny's  First  Play  '  at  the  Little  and 
the  Kingsway,  certainly  gave  a  much 
smaller  public  the  opportunity  of  seeing 
those  plays  than  Avould  have  been  the 
case  if  they  had  been  produced  at  full- 
sized    West-End    theatres    for    runs    that 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


727 


Mr.    George    would    not    regard    as    par- 
ticularly successful. 

When  the  author  drops  his  attempt  at 
representation,  and  discusses  the  case  for 
the  ••unpleasant  play"  and  "religious 
drama,"  he  is  far  more  convincing.  We 
welcome  his  addition  to  the  few  volumes 
of  spirited  criticism  of  modern  drama. 


dramatic   (fiossip. 

•  (.Irumty,'  by  Mr.  Horace  Hodges  and  Mr. 
T.  Wigney  Pereyval,  produced  at  the  New- 
Theatre  last  week,  with  its  tlirills  of  excite- 
ment and  sympathy,  is  essentially  a  play 
written  for  amusement.  The  plot  turns  on 
the  robbery  of  a  diamond  and  its  recovery 
through  the  finesse  and  skill  of  "  Grumpy  " 
himself,  a  noted  old  criminal  lawyer.  A 
mild  love-interest,  adequate  to  its  environ- 
in.  nt,  is  afforded  by  the  relations  of  Grumpy's 
granddaughter  and  the  young  man  who  is 
robbed  of  the  diamond  which  Ms  African 
firm  had  entrusted  to  him  for  safe  trans- 
mission to  England. 

As  is  inevitable  in  such  plays,  the  mechan- 
ism is  sometimes  unduly  obvious  ;  for 
example,  in  the  elaborate  description  of  the 
burglary,  Jarvis,  the  " gent lemanly  villain," 
goes  to  his  valet  and  accomplice  Keble. 
Virginia's  visit  to  Jarvis's  flat  is  also  a 
forced  and  artificial  episode.  Equally  a 
certain  "'staginess"  is  imposed  upon  Jarvis 
himself,  and,  in  a  lesser  degree,  upon  the 
majority  of  the  cast  ;  their  limitations  are 
too  clearly  marked  out  by  the  exigencies 
of  the  main  theme. 

That  main  theme  is,  of  course,  "  Grumpy  " 
himself.  His  character  is  a  combination  of 
the  acumen  that  has  terrified  many  an  evil- 
doer, and  the  irritability  that  is  roused  to  a 
momentary  fever-heat  by  coffee  too  hot, 
the  complex  impotence  of  Bradshaw,  a 
smoking  chimney,  or  spilt  cigarette  ash  or 
soda-water,  and  as  quickly  dispelled  by 
the  tact  of  his  valet  or  the  charm  of  his 
granddaughter.  The  result  is  an  admirable 
opportunity  for  one  of  those  pieces  of 
genre  acting  of  which  Mr.  Cyril  Maude 
takes  full  and  delightful  advantage. 

Mr.  Montague  Love  as  Jarvis  and 
Margery  Maude  as  Virginia  made  the  best 
of  their  parts  ;  Mr.  Combemere,  as  P^rnest 
Heron,  the  hero  of  the  diamond,  was  unneces- 
sarily melodramatic.  Mr.  Lennox  Pawle 
was  most  convincing  in  minor  details — an 
important  point — as  the  rascally-respectable 
diamond-theft  expert  and  Clapham  house- 
holder. Mr.  Harwoodwas  good  as  Ruddock. 
Merridew  (Mr.  James  Dale)  and  Susan 
Maud  Andrew)  were  far  too  "genteel" — 
:h  parts  as  those  of  footman  and  parlour- 
maid are  not  difficult,  but  they  do  require 
a  certain  degree  of  study. 

W  E  have  had  to  wait  some  time  for  a 
woman  to  give  us  a  play  concerning  one  of  her 
who,  married  over  a  score  of  years,  has 
sought  to  ward  off  atrophy  of  intellect  and 
energy  by  running  a  business  without  her 
husbands  knowledge. 

Our  time  of  waiting  has  not,  unhappily, 
been  used  by  Mrs.  Alexander  Gross  to  give 
her  piece  '  Break  the  Walls  Down,'  produced 
last  Saturday  at  the  Savoy,  the  revision  of 
winch  it  stands  sorely  in  need.  Such  re- 
vision might  have  eliminated  that  awful 
w.»rd  "Suffragette,"  which  recurs  about 
half  a  dozen  times  within  the  first  half-hour; 
m.  fact,  the  author,  metaphorically,  so 
wipes  the  jaundiced  eye  of  the  average  male 
with  it  as  to  make  unbiased  vision  on  his 
part   an   impossibility.      We  will   thank   all 


concerned  in  the  production  at  once;  it  is 
not  only  gratifying,  but  also  amusing,  to  those 
who  believo  that  unity  of  interest  and  ideals 
between  husband  and  wifo  will,  in  the  near 
future,  be  as  great  a  requirement  as  any 
eugenic  standard.  Never  before  do  we 
remember  being  treated  in  ono  play  to  so 
good  a  series  of  small  parts. 

The  faults  of  the  play  are  in  i'  s  construction 
and  unwarrantable  arguing  from  the  par- 
ticular to  the  general.  From  what  business 
knowledge  we  ourselves  possess,  we  should 
say  the  experiences  depicted  by  the  author 
are  in  most  instances  not  only  particular — 
they  are  peculiar.  In  one  point  alone  does 
she  confirm  opinion,  and  that  is  as  to  the 
lack  of  woman's  breadth  of  view,  which  will 
jjermit  her  to  take  advantage  of  those  who 
view  secrecy  concerning  their  sentiments  and 
wishes  as  an  unnecessary  complexity  of 
affairs.  Our  fear  is  that  time,  which  may 
alter  this,  may  also  bring  with  it  all  that 
wiliness  and  clever  selfishness  which  makes 
business  loathsome  to  a  man  who  really 
cares  for  his  fellows. 

Mk.  Galsworthy's  fine  play  '  Justice  ' 
was  revived  at  the  Coronet  Theatre  on  Mon- 
day night  by  Miss  Horniman's  company 
from  Manchester.  As  the  play  was  fully 
reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum  of  February  26th, 
1910,  the  present  performance  calls  for 
only  brief  notice.  This  revival  after  four 
years  emphasizes  the  progress  of  humani- 
tarianism  in  advance  of  the  author's  work. 
For  instance,  the  unhappy  youth  Falder 
would  in  these  days  most  probably  receive 
the  benefit  of  the  First  Offenders'  Act,  or, 
at  the  worst,  be  sent  to  Borstal  for  reforma- 
tive treatment.  And  if  Falder  happened  to 
be  a  veteran  in  crime,  stained  with  many 
convictions,  he  might  literally  smoke  the 
pipe  of  peace  under  the  shade  of  a  comfort- 
able bungalow  at  the  pleasant  retreat  known 
as  Camp  Hill  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  an  estab- 
lishment which,  of  course,  no  person  in 
respectable  society  would  refer  to  as  a  prison. 
For  this  speeding-up  [in  criminal  reform  the 
thanks  of  the  community  are  in  a  measure 
no  doubt  due  to  the  lessons  of  Mr.  Gals- 
worthy's grim  tragedy.  The  play  was  acted 
with  that  distinction  and  skill  one  expects, 
and  usually  obtains,  from  the  capabls  mem- 
bers of  Miss  Horniman's  company.  Irene 
Rooke  in  particular  gave  a  most  realistic  and 
restrained  rendering  of  Rut  h  Honeywill ; 
Mr.  Lewin  Mannering  was  admirable  as  the 
judge ;  and  Mr.  Milton  Rosmer  played  the 
defaulting:  clerk  with  a  sure  conception  of 
what  the  character  demanded. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  The  revival  of  Mr.  John  Galsworthy's  '  Justice' 
for  a  week  at  the  Coronet  Theatre  provides  another 
instance  of  the  greater  accessibility  of  the  social 
conscience  to  the  dramatist's  or  the  novelist's 
expositions  of  evil  things  than  to  the  more  sub- 
stantial, more  complete,  but  less  emotional 
work  of  the  statistician  or  the  sociologist.  The 
great  prison  reformers,  after  all,  are  Dickens, 
Dosloevsky,  and  Edmond  de  Goncourt,  and  it  is 
to  the  last  of  these  that  Mr.  Galsworthy  ap- 
proaches nearest.  '  La  Fille  Elisa  '  was  written, 
we  are  told  in  the  author's  preface,  to  combat 
the  horrible  Auburn  Penitentiary  'silent  sys- 
tem.' Tin-  heroine  of  this  novel  is  a  prostitute 
by  heredity  and  education,  who  commits  a 
murder  under  circumstances  only  made  possible 
by  her  profession.     She  receives  a  life  sentence, 

to    be    served     under    the    'silent    system.'      (ion- 

court's  study  of  the  Bufferings  and  moral  de- 
terioration of  the  victims  of  this  system  is 
terribly  poignant . 

"  In"  1890  lie  suggested  to  Jean  Ajalberf  tint 
he  should  make  a  play  in  three  acts  out  of 
the  novel,  and  sketched  its  outlines.  This  play 
was  written  and  performed  -it  the  Theatre  Libre 
in  the  course  of  the  same  year,  the  title  of  the 
novel  being  preserved.  There  is  an  extraordinary 
parallelism  between  .Mr.  Galsworthy's  '  Justice ' 
and  t  he  Goncourt  -  Ajalberf  '  drame  judiciaire.' 
The  second  act  of  each  play  consists  of  a  trial 
'  scene.     Both  open  by  a  speech  for  the  defence  ; 


but  while  Mr.  Galsworthy  gives  us  the  entire 
defence,  the  French  play  contains  only  the 
concluding  speeches,  the  sentence,  and  a  cynical 
survey  of  the  journalists  and  others  waiting  in  the 
court  while  the  jury  is  considering  the  verdict. 
In  both  plays,  again,  the  action  of  the  third  act 
takes  place  inside  the  prison.  Bv  different 
methods  the  same  effects — melancholia  and 
hysteria — of  compulsory  silence  and  isolation  are 
indicated.  But  while  in  the  case  of  Klisa  there 
is  to  be  no  release,  in  the  case  of  Falder  release 
is  merely  an  incomplete  and  temporary  escape 
from  the  machine.  The  system  makes  every 
sentence  a  life  sentence  to  a  certain  type  of  man  ; 
that  is  a  point  which  Mr.  Galsworthy  has  seen 
more  clearly  than  Goncourt,  and  which  is  de- 
monstrated in  the  fourth  act  of  '  Justice.'  The 
resemblance  between  the  two  plays  is  probably 
merely  due  to  coincidence;  it  is, however, so  close 
that,  in  a  sense,  each  play  may  be  regarded  as  a 
criticism  of  the  other. 

Few  revivals  have  been,  to  our  mind,, 
more  opportune  than  Sir  George  Alexander's 
at  the  St.  James's  of  Oscar  Wilde's  '  An 
Ideal  Husband ' ;  though  we  saw  no  recog- 
nition of  its  opportuneness  in  the  applause 
which  certain  passages  obtained  from  the 
stalls — in  fact,  we  imagined  the  author's 
ghost  marking  with  rueful  cynicism  the 
advent  of  certain  plaudits.  We  can  almost 
forgive  Mr.  Robert  Ross's  efforts  to  bring 
bits  of  the  play  up  to  date,  because  he^has 
so  little  succeeded.  Old-fashioned  some  of 
the  dialogue  may  be,  but  we  find  it  hard  to 
believe  Mr.  Ross  when  he  tells  us  of  Wilde's 
wish  to  rewrite  it  for  that  reason.  We 
should  rather  say  that  it  bore  for  the  author 
too  many  of  the  marks  of  a  "  potboiler." 
The  situations  are  hackneyed,  much  of  the 
dialogue  is  banal,  yet  through  it  all  runs 
a  pathetic  intuitive  understanding  of  the 
shallowness  of  men  and  affairs— an  under- 
standing warped  by  the  sensuality  in 
Wilde  which  he  derided  so  effectively  in 
others. 

Scattered  throughout  the  playare  sentences 
appreciative  of  the  state  of  Society ; 
to-day,  unhappily,  they  are  more  to  the 
point  than  ever. 

If  political  life  was  discreditable  then, 
it  is  more  discreditable  now  ;  if  the  power 
of  the  purse  was  an  end  in  itself  then,  so  it 
is  now  ;  scandal  was  breath  to  the  majority 
of  the  daily  press  then,  and  to-day  the 
breath  is  even  more  polluted.  Who  then 
possessed  ideals  healthy  enough  to  support 
the  loss  of  public  adulation  and  material 
wealth?  To-day  such  ideals  maybe  held  by 
a  few,  but  they  are  not  of  those  who  have 
public  adulation  joined  to  material  wealth 
to  lose. 

Sir  George  Alexander,  in  his  own  person 
and  by  the  general  staging  he  has  given  the 
play,  raises  its  exotic  atmosphere  to  the 
highest  tension.  He  is  most  ably  assisted 
by  a  cast  which  includes  Phyllis  Neilson- 
Terry.  Her  personality  cloaked  the  essen- 
tial priggishness  of  the  wife,  and  Mr.  Arthur 
Wontner  did  as  much  for  the  husband. 
Hilda  Moore's  was  the  best  bit  of  what 
appeared  to  us  real  acting,  though  we  must 
wait  to  see  her  in  other  parts  to  be  sure  of 
that. 

A  one-act  play  entitled  'Sparrows,'  by 

Mr.  Frank  H.  .\lcllor,  and  described  as 
"an  everyday  tragedy,"  was  given  at  the 
Boudoir  Theatre,  Weal  Kensington,  on 
Friday  nighl  in  las!  week,  under  tin-  auspices 
,,f  the  Black  ('at  Club.  The  theme  of  the 
play  deals  with  the  tragedy  <>t'  a  woman's 
degradation,  due  to  the  pressuro  of  economic 

circumstances,   and   is  marked   by  a  realism 

quite  devoid  of  exaggeration.  With  slighl 
technical  reconstruction  'Sparrows'  should 

prove  a  marked  success,  anil  appeal  to  a 
much  wider  public.  It  was  acted  by  a 
moderately  capable  cast,  and  admirably 
produced  —in  view  of  somewhat  cramped 
conditions — by  .Marie  vantini. 


728 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


A  meritorious  performance  of  '  As  You 
Like  It  '  was  given  at  the  Royal  Victoria 
Hall    (the    People's    Theatre)    on     Monday 

•  evening.  Frances  Wetherall  —  especially 
•happy  in  man's  attire — made  a  spirited 
Rosalind,  Mr.  William  Stack  a  dashing 
Orlando,  and  Mr.   Shakespeare  Stewart  an 

.amusing  Touchstone.  Mr.  Graham  Price 
played  well  as  Jaques ;  and  '  Under  the 
Greenwood  Tree  '  and  '  Blow,  Blow,'  were 
pleasingly  sung  by  Mr.  Leonard  Lovesey  as 
Amiens.  The  elocution  of  some  of  the 
minor  members  of  the  company  was  far 
from  perfect  ;  it  should  be  remembered  that 
the  "  Old  Vic  "  is  a  large  theatre,  and  clear 

•  diction  is  essential. 

The  performance  was  preceded  by  a 
short  concert,  the  chief  features  of  which 
were  the  graceful  dancing  of  Nancie  Mercer, 
;and  some  artistic  singing  by  Mr.  Peter 
Grahame,  the  possessor  of  a  well-trained 
baritone  voice.  The  opera  season  comes 
•to  a  close  next  week,  when  '  Cavalleria 
Rusticana '  will  be  presented  on  Thurs- 
day and  Saturday  evenings.  On  Mon- 
day and  Wednesday  '  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  '  is  to  be  given.  The  Annual  Report 
of  the  Hall  has  just  been  issued,  and  subscrip- 
tions and  donations  towards  the  work  will 
ibe  gladly  received  by  the  Manager,  Lilian 
Baylis. 

'  The  Swineherd  and  the  Princess,'  a 
fantasy  by  Alfred  England  and  Otto  David, 
is  being  played  for  six  nights  only  at  the  Court 
Theatre,  Mr.  J.  H.  Brewer  being  responsible 
for  its  production.  As  may  be  gathered 
from  the  title,  this  is  a  fairy  tale,  and  played 
'.by  every  member  of  the  cast  in  the  real 
fairy-tale  style. 

Out  of  an  excellent  cast  we  mention  Mr. 
Dennis  Drew,  whose  original  impersonation 
•of  the  very  absent-minded  King,  always  in 
search  of  a  missing  melody,  was  enjoyable, 
.and  made  the  more  so  by  his  efficient 
singing.  Muriel  Henderson  made  a  charming 
Princess — at  her  best  in  coquettish  moods, 
.  especially  in  the  second  act. 

The  Major  Domo  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Brewer 
provided  the  comic  element.  Mr.  Barry 
Hilliard  as  the  swineherd  has  all  the  attri- 
butes necessary  for  a  fairy-tale  prince,  and 
makes  good  use  of  them. 

The  music  by  Carl  St.  Amory  had  several 
•good  numbers,  though  rather  weak  in  the 
first  scene  of  the  second  act. 

The  principal  changes  in  the  second  week's 
programme    of    the    French    season    at    the 
Ambassadors'  Theatre  are  a  very  wise  com- 
pression   of    the    revuette,     '  Plantons    les 
•Gapucines,'    and,    more   important,     in    the 
place  of  '  La  Rupture,'  the  inclusion  of  Meil- 
hac    and    Halevy's    one  -  act    comedy    '  Les 
;Sonnettes.'     This  proved  to  be  a  somewhat 
prolonged    matrimonial    squabble    between 
Augustine   and   Joseph,   respectively  femme 
de  chambre  and  valet  in  a  household  of  the 
•ancienne  noblesse.     Indignant   at   his   flirta- 
tions,   Augustine   keeps   her   spouse,   loudly 
complaining,  locked  out  on  the  wrong  side  of 
her  door  ;    but  admits  him,  and,  after  the 
usual  mutual  recriminations  and  promises  of 
.-amendment,  restores  him  to  favour,  on  learn- 
ing that,  through  his  master's  vagaries,  he 
will  be  required  to  leave  her  for  an  indefinite 
period.     As  may  be  imagined,  both  plot  and 
treatment   are   somewhat   antiquated.     But 
-Jeanne  Granier  was  delightful  as  the  femme 
■de  chambre,  and  M.  Jean  Dax  worked  even 
harder  to  extract  every  atom  of  amuse  nent 
in   the  character   of   her   husband.     Jeanne 
<Granier  still  appears  in  the  delicious  saynete 
*  Gros  Chagrins,'  repeated  by  request. 

In  aid  of  the  Building  and  Endowment 
Fund  of  the  Girls'  Public  Day  School  Trust,  a 
performance  of  the  '  Electra '  of  Sophocles,  in 


English,  will  be  given  at  the  Scala  on 
June  10th,  and  repeated  on  the  19th.  By 
kind  permission  of  Mr.  Granville  Bantock, 
his  music,  written  for  the  Creek  performance 
of  the  play  in  1909,  will  be  used. 

The  production  is  under  the  direction 
of  Elsie  Fogerty,  who  is  being  assisted  by 
Ruby  Cinner  in  the  choric  movements  and 
dances.  Gertrude  Kimpton  will  conduct 
the  music,  and  Mr.  Philip  Merivale  will  play 
Orestes. 

The  Prix  III  mile -Augier,  founded  in  order 
to  reward  the  author  of  the  best  play  pro- 
duced either  at  the  Theatre  Francais  or  the 
Odeon,  has  been  awarded  by  the  French 
Academy  to  Mile.  Leneru  for  '  Les  Aff ranchis. ' 


To  Correspondents.— J.  H.-F.  W.  R.— E.  S.—  T.  M.— 
J.  C.  C  — Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china> 
pictures,  &c. 


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By  PATRICIA   WENT  WORTH.     [Ready  27  th  May. 
LONDON  :    ANDREW  MELROSE,  LTD. 


No.  4517,  May  23,   1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


729 


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730 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


Founded    in     1849, 

NOTES     AND     QUERIES 

HAS   FOR    MORE    THAN    SIXTY   YEARS 

Devoted  much  space  to  the  discussion  of 

PROVERBS  AND  PHRAS 

In  the  TENTH  SERIbS  (complete  in  Twelve  Volumes,  January,  1904, 
to  December,  1909,  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume  with  Index;  also  General  Index 
to  the   Twelve   Volumes,    10s.    6d.)  will    be  found   Articles    dealing  with    the 

following,  among  others  : — 


A  ou  trance 

Ad  majorem  Dei  gloriam 

Adding  insult  to  injury 

All  Lombard  Street  to  a  China  orange 

All  roads  lead  to  Rome 

All  the  world  and  his  wife 

Apres  moi  le  deluge 

As  deep  as  Garrick 

As  merry  as  griggs 

As  the  crow  flies 

As  thick  as  inkle-makers 

At  the  back  of  beyond 

Balance  of  power 

Before  one  can  say  Jack  Robinson 

Birds  of  a  feather  flock  together 

Bombay  duck 

Call  n  spade  a  spade 

Cast  not  a  clout  till  May  be  out 

Chops  of  the  Channel 

Cock-and-bull  story 

Correct  to  a  T 

Coup  de  Jarnac 

Cut  his  stick 

Cut  the  loss 

Dark  as  black  pigs 

De  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum 

Dine  with  Duke  Humphrey 

Dish  of  tea 

Dogmatism  is  puppyism  grown  older 

Drug  in  the  market 

Entente  cordiale 

Eternal  feminine 

Every  man  has  his  price 

Every  mickle  makes  a  muckle 

Facta  are  stubborn  things 

Fate  of  the  Tracys 

Father  of  his  Country 


February  fill  dyke 

Feed  the  brute 

First  catch  your  hare 

Fortune  favours  fools 

Fourth  estate 

Go  anywhere  and  do  anything 

Go  the  way  of  all  flesh 

God  rest  you  merry 

Going  the  round 

Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense 

Humanum  est  errare 

In  puris  naturalibus 

In  things  essential,  unity 

Kick  the  bucket 

Liberte,  Egalite,  Fraternite 

Like  the  curate's  egg,  good  in  parts 

Local  option 

Lynch  law 

Mad  as  a  hatter 

Man  in  the  moon 

Man  in  the  street 

Monkey  on  the  chimney 

Month's  mind 

Moral  courage 

Mors  janua  vitse 

Mother  of  dead  dogs 

Neither  my  e}re  nor  my  elbow 

Never  Never  Land 

Never  too  late  to  mend 

Nom  de  guerre  :   Nom  de  plume 

Nose  of  wax 

Old  ewe  dressed  lamb  fashion 

Passive  resister 

Past :  Man  or  woman  with  a  past 

Penny  saved  is  twopence  got 

Pillar  to  post 

Poeta  nascitur  non  fit 


Policy  of  pinpricks 

Pop  goes  the  weasel 

Portmanteau  words 

Priscian  :   To  break  Priscian's  head 

Property  has  its  duties  as  well  as  its  rights 

Psychological  moment 

Pull  one's  leg 

Purple  patches 

Raised  Hamlet  on  them 

Rattling  good  thing 

Religion  of  all  sensible  men 

Right  as  a  trivet 

Rising  of  the  lights 

Rubbed  him  down  with  an  oaken  towel 

Run  of  his  teeth 

Selling  oneself  to  the  Devil 

Sham  Abraham 

Shanks's  mare 

Shot  at  the  rook  and  killed  the  crow 

Sinews  of  war 

Stew  in  their  own  juice 

Storm  in  a  teacup 

Sub  rosa 

Telling  tales  out  of  school 

That 's  another  pair  of  shoes 

The  better  the  day,  the  better  the  deed 

Tottenham  is  turned  French 

Toujours  perdrix 

Under  a  cloud 

Verify  your  references 

Virtue  of  necessity 

What  Lancashire  thinks  to-day 

What  the  Devil  said  to  Noah 

What  you  but  see  when  you  haven't  a  gun  I 

Whipping  the  cat 

White  man's  burden 

Wrong  side  of  the  bed. 


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NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


THIS   WEEK'S    NUMBER    (May  23)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — Bishop  Jewel's  Library — Gretna  Green  Records — Webster  :  a  Question  of  Authorship — 
Thomas  J.  Barratt — A  Letter  from  Sir  Robert  Throckmorton — Matthew  Shorting,  D.D. — The 
Last  of  the  War  Bow — The  Persistence  of  the  Kilt — Dr.  J.  S.  Phene — Sir  Richard  Went  worth — 
Roman  Catholic  Fellows  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

QUERIES  : — Soncef  Family  in  Russia  and  America — General  Francis  Columbine — Tippoo  Sahib's  Stick 
— Silvio  Pellico's  '  Duties  of  Man' — Heraldic— Bagnio  in  Chancery  Lane— Old  Etonians — Authors 
of  Quotations  Wanted — Hydon's  Ball,  Surrey— John  Ward — Domestic  Cooking  with  Lime — 
Biographical  Information  Wanted — J.  Pauley  :  Robert  Payne  :  Ralph  Pykeryng  :  P.  Russell — 
Toward  Castle,  Argyleshire—  Grimol — "Douse" — Llewelyn  ap  Rees  ap  Grono  —  Battle  of 
Lohfeldt — Nell  Gwyn  :  Rose  Gwyn — Helmets  in  Churches — Missionary  Ship  Duff — Dick's 
'Summer  Morning  on  the  Thames' — '  Old  Rose.' 

REPLIES: — The  Taylor  Sisters — Birmingham  Statues  :  Sir  William  Wilson — Great  Chart — "Among 
the  blind  the  one-eyed  man  is  king  " — Authors  Wanted — French  Verge  Watch — Kitchin  :  Parry 
— Dodd  Family — "  Rucksack  " — Johnsoniana  —  Diaries  —  William  Bromley  —  Rolandsiiulen — 
Death  Folk-Lore— Dick  Turpin's  Pistol— Waller's  '  Panegyrick '—Saffron  Walden— "  The  Secre- 
tary at  War" — Altars — Paris  in  1780  and  1860 — Parish  Registers — German  Funeral  Custom — 
Lancashire  Sobriquets — "Burganes" — Kipling  Items — Peele's  'Edward  the  First' — Ancient 
Drainage — "  Blood-boltered  " — Sir  John  Steuart — Touchwood — Royal  Descents  —  Brydges — 
Duelling — Walter  de  Lechlade. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS:— '  Bibliotheca  Pepysiana '— '  Journal  of  the  Folk-Song  Society '—' Printers' Pie  ' 
— '  "  The  Queen  "  Newspaper  Book  of  Travel.' 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 

LAST  WEEK'S   NUMBER    (May   16)     CONTAINS— 

NOTES: — 'King  Lear':  Rearrangements  of  the  Text — Webster:  a  Question  of  Authorship- 
Statues  and  Memorials  in  the  British  Isles — A  Bonner  Ordination  in  Elizabeth's  Reign  — 
Landor's  'Imaginary  Conversations':  "Salomon" —  ".Cats  to"  a  Person — "Three  blue 
beans"— Early  Words  for  the 'N.E.D.'—Nos.  413,  414,  Strand— Legal  Definition  of  a  Lawful 
Kiss. 

QUERIES  :— Robert  Plumpton  :  Isabel  A nderton— Edward  Hubbald  of  the  Tower— "Speak  to  me, 
Lord  Byron  '—Old  Etonians — T.  Britton  — Joseph  Branwell — Sir  John  Sackfvlde-C.  P.  Col  ley  : 
L.  Crosley:  R.  Crymble  :  R.  Gem:  R.  W.  Knight:  I.  (J.  Ogden  :  J.  B.*Perryn~R.  M.  S. 
Shaw  :  J.  Shawford — G.  Quenton — Loch  Chesney — Biographical  Information  Wanted — \V. 
Quipp— "  Vossioner  " — R.  Ridley — Heraldic — I.  Fessard  :  T.  Gardiner:  E.  Harman  :  T. 
Hawkins:  R.  James— "W.  J.":  Morfit  :  Milbourne — "Waters"  and  Lieut.  Warneford — 
Benjamin  Zobell— Kill  Family. 

REPLIES  :— Lesceline  de  Verdon — "Bushel  and  Strike  "— ( rothaven — Mrs.  Bonn's  '  Emperor  of  the 
Moon' — Shakespeare  and  the  Warwickshire  Dialect — Bird  Name:  'Emigration  of  Birds' — A 
Charter  of  Richer  de  l'Aigle — "  Corvicer,"  an  Old  Trade— Register  of  Deaths  of  Roman  Catholics 
— Old  Etonians  -"  Blizird  "  as  a  Surname —Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — " Kibob " — 
Registers  of  Hawkhurst,  Kent— General  Beatson — English  Shrines — Sir  .Jacob  Adolphus — 
Major-General  Miller — Wildgoose— Heart-Burial — "  Bore" — The  Roll  of  the  Baronets  — Webster 
and  the  'N.K.D.' 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— 'Club  Makers  and  Club  Members'— 'The  Quest  and  Occupation  of  Tahiti  by 
Emissaries  of  Spain  ' — '  Great  Malvern  Priory  Church  '  — '  The  Antiquary.' 

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With  Introduction  by  JOS KPII  KNIGHT,  F.S.A. 

t  This  Index  is  double  the  size  of  previous  ones,  as  it 
contains,  in  addition  to  the  usual  Index  of  Subjects,  the 
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JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  &  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
JfotU  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C  . 


732 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4517,  May  23,  1914 


Macmillan  &  Co.'s   List. 


MACMILLAN'S 

HIGHWAYS  &  BYWAYS 
SERIES. 

Extra  crown  8vo,  gilt  tops. 
In  uniform  binding.     5s.  net  per  vol. 

JUST   PUBLISHED. 

Shakespeare's  Country. 

By    W.   H.    HUTTON. 

With   Illustrations  by   EDMUND   H.    NEW. 
Extra  crown  8vo,  5s.  net. 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.— "Mr.  Edmund  H.  New  has 
made  a  fine  book  a  thing  of  beauty  and  a  joy  for 
ever  by  a  series  of  lovely  drawings.  They  are 
devoted  pen-work  which  could  not  be  bettered, 
and  they  are  worthy  of  a  subject  that  any  artist 
might  well  covet." 

Previously  Published. 

London.  By  Mrs.  E.  T.  Cook.  Illus- 
trated by  HUGH  THOMSON  and  FREDERICK  L. 
GRIGGS. 

Middlesex.  By  Walter  Jerrold.  Illus- 
trated by  HUGH  THOMSON. 

Hertfordshire.       By   H.    W.    Tompkins. 

Illustrated  by  FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

Buckinghamshire.    By  Clement  Shorter. 

Illustrated  by  FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

Surrey.     By    Eric    Parker.      Illustrated 

by  HUGH  THOMSON. 

Kent.     By  Walter  Jerrold.      Illustrated 

by  HUGH  THOMSON. 

Sussex-     By  E.  V.  Lucas.     Illustrated  by 

FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

Berkshire.      By  James  Edmund  Vincent. 

Illustrated  by  FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

Oxford  and  the  Cotswolds.    By  Herbert 

A.  EVANS.    Illustrated  by  FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

Hampshire       By  D.  H.  Moutray   Bead. 

Illustrated  by  ARTHUR  B.  CONNOR. 

Dorset-        By     Sir      Frederick     Treves. 

Illustrated  by  J.  PENNELL. 

Somerset-  By  Edward  Hutton.  Illus- 
trated by  NELLY  ERICHSEN. 

Devon  and  Cornwall.     By    Arthur    H. 

NORWAY.     Illustrated  by  JOSEPH  PENNELL  and 
HUGH  THOMSON. 

South    Wales.       By     A.     G.     Bradley. 

Illustrated  by  FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

North     Wales-       By    A.     G.     Bradley. 

Illustrated    by     JOSEPH    PENNELL    and     HUGH 
THOMSON. 

Cambridge  and  Ely.     By  Rev.  E.  Cony- 

BEARE.      Illustrated  by  FREDERICK  L.  GRIGGS. 

East  Anglia.  By  W.  A.  Dutt.  Illus- 
trated by  JOSEPH  PENNELL. 

Derbyshire-     By  J.  B.  Firth.     Illustrated 

by  NELLY  ERICHSEN. 

Yorkshire.      By     Arthur     H.     Norway. 

Illustrated    by    JOSEPH    PENNELL    and     HUGH 
THOMSON. 

The  Lake  District.     By  A.  G.  Bradley. 

Illustrated  by  J.  PENNELL. 

The    Border-       By    Andrew    and    John 

LANG.     Illustrated  by  HUGH  THOMSON. 

Donegal     and     Antrim.       By     Stephen 

GWYNN.    Illustrated  by  HUGH  THOMSON. 

Normandy.        By     Rev.      P.     Dearmer. 

Illustrated  by  J.  PENNELL. 


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SeCOnd     Nature:      An  Anglo  Indian  Novel.    By^OHNTRAVERS.  Author  of -sahib 

John  Travers  has  scored  another  success.     An  unusual  plot,  dramatic  incidents,  and  an  Eastern  setting  give  this  story  of  a  strange  marriage 
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A  further  impression  has  been  called  for,  within  a  few  days  of  publication. 


Bedesman   4 


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Scottish  Stories 

By  R.  B.  CUNNINGHAMS  GRAHAM. 

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Letters  to   Caroline 


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734 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


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i  30 


FICTION   SUPPLEMENT. 

— • — 

C0NTKNTS.  PAGE 

Prow. ms  or  Mfn  and  Women  (Full  Swing  ;  Maid 
i.f  the  Mist;  1  lie  Playground;  Splinters;  The 
•Imminent  cf  E\e;  The  Ileatt  of  Monica;  Judas 
the  Won  an  ;  I  lie  Marriage  Lines  ;  The  Oyster)  735—730 

STOtms  ok  the  OUTLABDS  (Where  Bonds  are 
Loosed;  Blake's  Burdtn:  Leentas  ;  Bosanibo  of 
the  River;  The  Spotted  Panther;  The  Red 
Wall) 730-737 

Talfs  of  Other  Days  (The  Magic  Tale  of 
Harvanger  and  Yolande ;  2010)  ..        ..      737—738 

Social   studies  (Chignett  Street;   London  Circus; 
Matthew  Hargreaves  ;    His  Oiricial  Fiancee;   The 
House  in  Demetrius  Road  ;  The  Theorist)    ..      73S— 739 

LOCAL  Stidies  (Wailirg;  Limioyle;  Megan  of  the 
Daik  Isle;  Angels  in  Wales;  Westways ;  La 
Vierge  du  Lac  ;  The  North  Afire  ;  Tansy)    ..       739—740 

Translations  (The  Death  of  a  Xobody ;  Shallow 
Soil) 740 

Fantasies  (The  Puiple  Frogs  ;  The  Beloved  Premier  ; 

My  Lady  Bountiful ;  The  Day  of  Days)        . .       740—741 

Mysteries  and  Crimes  (The  Curse  of  Cloud;  The 
Price  of  Delusion  ;  That  Strange  Affair ;  Cleek  of 
Scotland  Yard  ;  Shadows  of  the  Past)         ..       741—742 

Trials  and  Developments  (Two's  Company;  Three 
against   the    World ;     Pomin's    Daughter ;    The 
Wonder  •  Worker;    Bedesman    4;     The     Music- 
Makers)         742 

Short  Stories  (Heroines,  and  Others ;   The  Shears 

of  Delilah  ;  The  Adventuress) 742—743 

Jt  venile    (A     Little   Radiant    Girl ;    More    about 

Froggie  ;  Cornwall's  Wonderland) 743 

History  and  Adventure  (The  Red  Virgin  ;  Perilous 

Seas) 743 


PROBLEMS  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 

Full  Swing.     Bv  Frank  Danby.     (Cassell 
&  Co.,  6-s.) 

This  is  a  sufficiently  clever  study,  so  far 
as  it  goes,  of  a  woman  who  mars  her  own 
life  by  her  unduly  narrow  self-conscious- 
ness,  her  lack  of  power  to  interpret  her- 
self, and  her  refusal  to  apprehend  or  ad- 
mit the  light  and  shade  in  the  characters 
and  actions  of  those  who  surround  her. 
She  suffers  shipwreck  repeatedly,  emerging 
shattered,  but  still  pitifully  courageous 
and  insistent  on  the  ideal  that  governs  her 
whole  life — that  ideal  wherein  right  and 
wrong  are  colours  as  clear  as  black  and 
white,  with  no  greys  for  indefinite,  in- 
decipherable shades  in  either. 

She  insists  on  marrying  the  wrong  man  ; 
she  fails  to  control  her  young  step-sister, 
and  later  her  own  son,  whom  she 
never  succeeds  in  understanding.  Finally, 
though  all  difficulties  are  successfully  and 
happily  cleared  up,  luck  rather  than  effort 
must  be  praised  for  the  solution. 

In  the  book  as  a  whole  there  is  far  too 
much  incident,  a  superfluity  of  detail  and 
intrigue.  This  excess  lowers  the  book 
from  the  standard  it  might  possibly  have 
attained  as  a  psychological  study  ;  it 
lessens  the  realism,  infringes  upon  the 
conviction.  We  feel  that  we  are  reading 
a  story  put  together  with  good  technique, 
but  obviously  written  for  its  market  ;  the 
human  document  becomes  a  palimpsest. 

Incidentally,  we  wish  to  take  exception 
to  the  picture  of  Bkuthwavt  Bird.  That 
picture  is  drawn  from  life,  the  life  of  one 
who,  for  all  his  faults,  was  unquestionably 
far  more  praiseworthy  than  the  effigy 
presented  here.  Certain  obvious  features 
have  been  taken,  not  in  their  true  light  as 


superficial,  but  as  essential  to  the  man  ;  and 
the  author  is  unfair  in  other  ways.  In 
any  rase,  excess  in  portrayal  is  a  mistake  in 
itself,  an  indication  of  lack  of  proportion  ; 
and  lack  of  proportion  is  in  some  respects 
evident  in  this  book.  The  study  of 
a  woman,  intelligent,  upright,  con- 
scientious, and  deeply  thoughtful  for 
others — oblivious,  indeed,  of  her  own  self — 
would  have  been  sufficient  to  absorb  the 
whole  main  interest  of  the  story.  We  can 
see  how  such  a  one,  in  contact  with  a 
father,  a  husband,  a  son,  is  fated  to  dis- 
cover the  dangers  and  the  disillusions 
inevitable  in  the  conflict  of  theory  and 
practice. 


Maid  of  the  Mist.     Bv  John   Oxenham. 

(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  6s.) 
Among  stories  which  might  be  roughly 
classified  as  "  Adam  and  Eve  fiction  "  Mr. 
Oxenham's  novel  takes  a  fairly  high  place. 
The  juxtaposition  of  a  marriageable 
couple,  unacquainted  with  each  other,  on 
a  "desert  island"  suggests  to  him  the 
usual  embarrassments  and  courtesies,  the 
usual  restraint  and  loving  surrender. 
Expectant  of  a  discreet,  yet  fervid  appeal 
to  his  sympathy,  the  reader  is  not  dis- 
appointed ;  but  the  novel  is  more  than 
a  piquant  dish,  as  its  hero  exhibits  so 
lofty  an  unselfishness  before  he  leaves 
populous  England  that  it  is  impossible  to 
regard  his  unconventional  happiness  cyni- 
cally. Mr.  Oxenham  excels  in  the  glori- 
fication of  girlhood  and  the  instinct  for 
mating:  his  heroine  is  constantly  "The 
Girl  "  (article  and  substantive  both  capi- 
talized), and  she  is,  on  the  whole,  a  charm- 
ing and  natural  person. 

The  time  of  the  story  allows  "  The  Girl  " 
to  remember  the  French  Revolution,  she 
being  a  niece  of  Louis  XVI.  The  island 
on  which  she  and  her  lover  dwell  for  more 
than  five  years  is  Sable  Island,  notorious 
once  for  wrecks.  Mr.  Oxenham  makes 
skilful  use  of  the  sinister  weather  asso- 
ciated with  it,  and  employs  its  wild  birds 
as  a  dreadful  retinue  of  Nemesis  when  the 
arch-villain  of  his  story  has  sufficiently 
alarmed  the  reader. 


The  Playground.     By  the  Author  of  '  Mas- 
tering Flame.'     (Mills  &  Boon,  6s.) 

We  doubt  whether  the  author  of  '  Master- 
ing Flame  '  and  '  Ashes  of  Incense  '  will 
be  wise  to  put  the  title  of  this  book  on 
the  cover  of  his  next.  In  a  superficial 
way  he  deals  with  a  problem  which  is  the 
cause  of  a  great  deal  of  domestic  tragedy 
in  our  day.  A  husband  whose  interests  lie 
largely  in  social  reform  marries  a  celebrated 
actress  whose  whole  being  is  absorbed  by 
the  stage.  Directly  after  marriage,  and 
before  then;  is  any  thought  of  chil- 
dren, the  husband  expects  his  wife  to 
content  herself  with  social  flummery,  and 
in  spite  of  his  views  of  reform  spends 
money  lavishly  to  -dine  such  empty- 
headed  contentment.  A  far  from  un- 
usual and  certainly  not  uninteresting  set 
of  circumstances  being  thus  presented,  we 
expected— as  the  event  proved-  too  much 
of  the  author.     The  working-out  is  along 


lines  which  are  conventional  yet  do  not 
strike  us  as  convincing. 

The  book  will,  in  fact,  appeal  more 
readily  to  the  average  novel-reader's 
intelligence  than  a  perusal  of  the  writer's 
former  work  had  led  us  to  expect. 


Splinters.     (Hurst  &  Blaekctt,  6s.) 

The  sub-title  of  this  novel  describes  it 
as  the  *'  life  story  of  a  woman  and  her 
poet-lover,  told  by  their  letters."  She 
opens  the  tale  with  a  letter  which  reveals 
that  they  have  been  parted  for  some  time, 
owing  to  his  discovery  of  a  past  infidelity 
on  her  part.  The  poet  replies,  and  a 
renewal  of  correspondence  results.  We 
learn  that,  just  as  they  were  on  the  eve 
of  marriage,  he  was  called  away  to  the 
death-bed  of  a  friend  in  Constantinople, 
and  during  his  absence  of  three  weeks 
she  j'ielded  to  what  she  calls  "  the  deadly 
fascination  of  an  old  lover." 

Considerably  later  she  explains  that, 
owing  to  the  action  of  the  censor  (the 
Balkan  War  was  proceeding  at  the  time), 
she  received  no  communication  from  him 
beyond  the  one  telegram  announcing 
his  return,  but  immediately  discounts  any 
effort  at  justification  of  her  lapse  from 
virtue  by  declaring  that  her  trust  in  him 
never  failed.  This  inexplicable  treachery 
to  what  she  subsequently  realizes  is  the 
best  she  has  ever  known  is  the  cause  of 
much  suffering  to  both  :  to  him,  because 
he  recognizes  that  only  the  spontaneous 
effort  of  her  individual  will  is  of  value,  and 
where  love  does  not  freely  give  he  will 
not  compel ;  to  her,  because,  in  spite  of 
his  forgiveness,  she  discovers  how  difficult 
it  is  to  forgive  herself. 

Before,  however,  she  arrives  at  such 
sorrowful  self-knowledge,  we  hear  of  her 
travels  in  many  places — Venice,  Rome, 
Cornwall,  the  Austrian  Tyrol,  and  finally 
London — while  his  letters  are  mostly 
written  on  board  a  trawler  working  be- 
tween Boston  and  Iceland,  and  his  de- 
scriptions of  the  lives  and  labour  of  the 
trawler-men  afford  a  welcome  relief  to 
the  self-torturing  introspection  of  hers. 

Naturally,  in  such  a  correspondence 
there  is  ample  opportunity  for  the  revela- 
tion of  character,  but  while  her  letters  show 
first  of  all  a  self-conscious  charm,  his  be- 
tray a  finely  tempered  mind  of  uncommon 
magnanimity,  wherein  is  no  shadow  of 
priggishness.  They  are  probably  saved 
from  that  pitfall  by  their  humour,  which 
is  abundant  and  spontaneous,  and  there 
are  many  passages  which  prove  his  deep 
insight  and  real  sympathy.  When  she 
reproaches  him  for  passing  judgment  if 
lie  truly  loves  her,  he  asks  : — 

"How  else  ?  hoes  not  the  greatest  love 
the  world  has  ever  known  sit  in  judgment 
on  i  in'  world  ?  Should  I  sit  in  judgment — 
as  you  call  it  it'  I  <li<l  not  love  ?.  .  .  ,To  con- 
demn is  not  to  hate,  Blaine  !  The  condemna- 
tion crucifies  none  so  keenly  as  the  judge." 

Two  specimens  of  his  poems  are  en 
closed  in  his  letters,  but  we  must  frankly 
confess  to  a  feeliiiLr  of  bewilderment  on 
reading  them.  One  of  them  deals  with 
a  woman's  attitude  towards  the  de- 
mands of  a    man.   in   such   a   manner  that 

9 


730 


THE     A  T  IT  E  N  M  U  M 


[Supplement,  May  23,  1914 


it  is  not  possible  to  tell  whether  the  con- 
fusion of  thought  is  intentional — as  depict- 
ing the  tangled  workings  of  a  woman's 
mind — or  the  result  of  the  writer's  obvious 
admiration  for  Browning,  including  his 
occasional  congestion  of  ideas.  There  is 
also  a  fatal  facility  of  alliteration  which 
defeats  its  own  end  by  hindering  instead 
of  helping  the  flow  of  the  verse.  None 
the  less,  there  are  lines  of  real  descriptive 
beauty  which  cannot  be  ignored,  and  of 
which  Ave  give  a  sample  : — 

Passing  the  sleeping  stream  whose  ways  of  glass 
Down-glimmered  through  the  honeyed  golden  walls 
Of  dreaming  gorse,  I  tread  the  drowsy  ling 
Where  slumbering  blooms  lift  languid  lips  to  woo 
The  drunken  bees  that  blunder  in  their  way— 
And  now  the  heaven's  blue  beneath  our  feet 
Lies  like  a  cloud-flecked  sea  :  the  world  retires 
Hushed  in  a  haze  of  heat :  here  then  secure 
From  drone  of  noonbells  and  the  valley's  sloth 
I  dare  the  sun  himself  to  show  what  fault 
Or  flaw  he  finds  in  all  love's  armoury  : 
And  daring  too  the  challenge  of  your  eyes, 
I  fling  the  last  least  shimmering  gauze  aside 
And  come  to  prove  and  to  be  proved  of  you. 

At  the  risk  of  being  considered  over- 
severe,  we  must  add  that  many  of  the 
quotations  used  in  these  letters  are  either 
inaccurate  or  ungrammatical,  particularly 
those  given  in  French. 


The  Judgment  of  Eve.     By  May  Sinclair. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Miss  Sinclair  disarms  her  critics  by 
undertaking  the  work  of  criticism  herself 
in  an  introduction.  She  has  some  justi- 
fication. She  ought  to  know  best  what 
her  aim  was,  but  we  must  decline  to  share 
her  preference  for  the  '  Gift,'  however 
delicately  subtle  its  penetration  into  a 
woman's  ways  and  motives.  She  is  a 
past  mistress  of  innuendo  ;  but  the  dis- 
sective  psychology  of  this  volume  scarcely 
reaches  the  brilliancy  of  which  she  showed 
herself  capable  in  '  The  Divine  Fire,'  or 
the  tragic  realism  which  held  the  attention 
in  '  The  Combined  Maze.' 

Her  quaint  conceits  are  all  her  own,  as 
the  following  description  of  a  young  girl's 
timidity  will  attest : — 

"  A  little  shy  and  difficult  to  approach, 
Phoebe's  mind,  but  he  had  found  out  what 
it  liked  best,  and  it  pleased  him  to  see  how 
confidingly  and  delicately  it,  so  to  speak, 
ate  out  of  his  hand." 

'  The  Judgment  of  Eve  '  is  a  relentless 
description  of  a  woman  swamped  by  her 
maternity,  and  contains  a  moral  for  those 
who  rashly  add  to  the  population  of  the 
country,  regardless  of  the  drain  it  entails 
on  the  vitality  of  its  womanhood. 


The  Heart  of  Monica.     By  Rosina  Filippi. 
(Cassell  &  Co.,  3s.  Gd.j 

Letters  are  not,  perhaps,  the  safest  or 
happiest  form  of  expression  for  a  story  ; 
they  are  apt  to  exaggerate  the  impression 
of  length,  sometimes  of  tedium,  or  else 
to  be  too  formal,  dragged  into  harmony 
with  the  style  or  subject,  and  so  con- 
trasting unfavourably  with  letters  of  real 
life.  In  the  book  before  us  the  impres- 
sion of  length  is  avoided :  it  is  too  swift 
in  its  movement  for  fatigue.  Without 
sacrifice  of  stjde  or  undue  emphasis  of 
detail,  a  pathetic  story  is  told  as  it  should 
be  told,  with  sincerity  and  those  touches 


of  genuine  humour  at  small  things  and  joy 
in  beautiful  things  that  light  up  the 
dark  places  in  life. 

Judas  the   Woman.     By  F.  C.  and  A.  T. 

Philips.  (Eveleigh  Nash,  6s.) 
We  cannot  but  condemn  the  tone  of  this 
book,  which  is  well  and  cleverly  written  by 
a  sure  and  light  hand,  but  deplorable  in 
its  condonation  (we  can  choose  no  other 
word)  of  issues  that  make  not  so  much  for 
immorality  as  for  absolute  non-morality. 
The  writers — we  can  at  least  speak  for 
F.  C.  Philips  —  have  already  given  us 
excellent  work  of  its  kind  :  themes  of 
eminently  human  interest  treated  with 
delicate  sympathy  and  appropriate  justice. 
But  in  the  present  case  we  find  no  pro- 
nounced trend  of  sympathy,  or  even  pre- 
dilection ;  justice  is  not  invited  to  the 
field  ;  all  we  find  is  clever,  light  technique, 
and  a  picturesque  collation  of  incidents 
unpardonable  in  themselves,  and  in  no 
way  palliated  by  their  sordid  setting.  The 
book  has  already  appeared  in  serial  form, 
and,  if  its  character  is  due  to  that  circum- 
stance, affords  one  more  instance  of  the 
strange  standards  of  public  taste  revealed 
in  the  fiction  chosen  for  weekly  and  daily 
consumption. 

The  Marriage  Lines.     By  J.  S.  Fletcher. 

(Eveleigh  Nash,  6s.) 
A  well-constructed  and  withal  enter- 
taining novel  is  more  easy  to  recommend 
on  general  grounds  than  one  loosely  knit, 
but  with  greater  excitement  in  it.  Not 
that  the  one  under  notice  lacks  dramatic 
incident ;  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  the 
old  hag  who  had  overheard  the  father 
tell  of  the  illegitimacy  of  the  first-born  is 
decidedly  effective.  The  character  of  the 
eldest  son  with  his  adherence  to  a  sense  of 
duty — all  the  more  rigid  by  reason  of  his 
total  lack  of  imagination — is  good,  but 
then  so  are  all  the  others.  In  fact,  the 
tale  is  an  unpretentious  and  solid  piece  of 
work  which  no  one  can  read  with  anything 
other  than  advantage. 


The  Oyster.     By  a  Peer.     (John  Long,  6s.) 

Disappointing  in  its  opening  pages,  the 
book  reveals,  after  the  first  few  chapters, 
a  genuine  interest  which  develops  well. 
The  theme  is  unusual,  but  simple.  Esme 
Carteret,  the  wife  of  a  poor  man,  afraid 
of  the  expense  of  maternity  and  all  the 
future  it  entails,  transfers — at  a  price — 
her  son  to  her  friend  Denise,  whose  hus- 
band desires  and  welcomes  an  heir  as  his 
greatest  treasure.  The  author  shows  the 
effect  that  maternity— real  in  the  case  of 
the  one,  assumed  with  the  other — has  on 
the  life  and  thought  of  the  two  women, 
culminating  in  deceit,  disillusion,  and 
tragedy. 

The  social  atmosphere  seems  at  the  out- 
set overladen,  and  there  is  a  tendency  to 
crowd  and  confuse  the  incident.  In  a 
word,  the  writer  has  to  warm  to  his  sub- 
ject in  his  character-drawing  and  touches 
the  cliche  at  times.  In  his  concentration 
upon  his  theme,  he  has  left  his  detail 
unstudied,  and  then  filled  it  in  on  conven- 
tional lines. 


STORIES    OF   THE    OUTLANDS. 

Where  /lands  are  Loosed.  By  Crant  Wat- 
son. (Duckworth  &  Co.,  6s.) 
The  author  has  produced  an  interesting 
study  of  isolation  and  its  effects  on  two 
men  and  a  woman.  Sherwin,  out  of  luck 
in  New  Ireland,  visits  Kaimeru  in  the  hope 
of  finding  employment  as  a  sheep-shearer. 
By  a  chance  meeting  he  picks  up  a  job 
on  Kanna  Island.  The  hospital  on  this 
island,  as  well  as  that  on  Fenton  Island — 
two  isolation  centres  for  sick  natives — are 
under  the  charge  of  a  drunken,  incapable 
doctor,  who  has  to  give  place  to  a  clever 
and  energetic  successor.  The  latter  suc- 
ceeds in  eliminating  the  influence  of  the  two 
resident  nurses  in  favour  of  the  far  more 
efficient  Alice  Desmond,  a  woman  "  with  a 
past."  Then  the  isolation  and  the  general 
atmosphere  of  their  environment  begin 
their  deadly  work  on  the  young  doctor 
and  his  new  matron. 

Eager  for  reputation  and  research, 
indignant  at  the  neglect  and  carelessness 
of-  his  predecessor,  he  comes  gradually 
under  the  influence  of  Alice  Desmond, 
whose  natural  instincts  overpower  her 
better  self.  He  struggles  with  furious 
constancy  against  her  wiles,  and  the  affair 
is  complicated  by  the  jealousy  of  Sherwin. 
A  species  of  duel  between  the  men  en- 
sues ;  the  doctor  is  killed,  and  Sherwin 
"  annexes  "  Alice  as  the  prize,  with  her 
full  acquiescence.  The  two  remain  con- 
tent on  Kanna  Island,  primitive  man  and 
submissive  mate. 

Mr.  Watson  has  evidently  given  much 
careful  study  to  his  theme.  He  has  a 
curiously  insistent,  almost  crude  treat- 
ment and  style,  emphasizing  his  points 
as  though  he  were  anxious  to  drive  them 
fully  home.  In  his  descriptions  of  a 
corner  of  the  world  that  undoubtedly 
lends  itself  to  scenic  treatment,  he  is, 
perhaps,  a  little  elaborate,  though  we 
may,  in  justice,  say  that  he  is  not  laboured. 
He  has  not  the  incisive  rush  that  Ave  find 
in  Jack  London's  stories  of  the  South  Seas  ; 
but  he  does  his  subject  fair  justice,  and  he 
presents  a  picture  that  we  can  visualize, 
even  though  it  may  not  thrill.  If  this  is  a 
first  novel,  it  is  one  of  considerable  pro- 
mise. 


Blake's    Burden.     By    Harold    Bindloss. 

(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.',  6s.) 
Mr.  Bindloss,  usually  an  efficient  and 
pleasing  teller  of  stories,  has  given  quite 
a  good  account  of  himself  in  the  present 
case.  The  tale  is  sufficiently  interesting, 
and  the  setting,  chiefly  Canadian  of  the 
wilds,  lends  itself  to  adequate  description, 
though  without  undue  excitement.  The 
main  point — the  honour  of  the  hero, 
clouded  by  a  misunderstanding  as  to 
whether  he  or  his  cousin  had  been  guilty 
of  cowardice  in  the  face  of  an  attack  by 
an  Indian  frontier  tribe — is  cleverly  indi- 
cated and,  we  must  say,  cleverly  evaded, 
in  so  far  as  the  evidence  for  the  hero  is 
overwhelming  to  readers  of  any  discrimi- 
nation :  so  much  the  better  tribute  to 
the  author's  portrayal  of  those  who  do 
and  those  who  do  not  believe  in  his  inno- 


Supplement, 


Mai   23, 


mi  ij 


I'll  E    A  Til  ENJEUM 


y\\ 


737 


oence.      It  would  be  unfair  to  enter  into 
the  details   of   his   Belf-justifioation,    but 

we  may  say  that  they  are  sufficiently  well 
and  naturally  sel  forth. 

Leenta*.      By  E.  J.  C.  Stevens.      (Allen 

&  Co.,  6s.) 
Tins  slight  and  ineffective  story  of  South 
African  life  in  the  days  of  the  Boer  War 
is  treated  in  a  serio-comic  mode,  both  of 
style  and  thought,  which  is  irritating.  With 
such  rich  material  as  the  subject  affords, 
and  the  local  knowledge  the  writer  evi- 
dently  possesses,  a  far  better  book  should 
have  resulted. 
The  one  good  passage  is  the  trial  of  an 
ajlishman  who  loses  his  memory  from 
ck,  imagines  himself  to  be  a  Boer,  and 
takes  up  arms  against  his  country.  We 
must,  however,  hope  that  it  is  not  a 
recital  of  a  real  episode,  but  that  the 
officers — cold-blooded,  obstinate  to  visit 
w  ith  the  severest  penalty  a  more  or  less 
technical  offence,  and  in  the  face  of  the 
Bl longest  evidence  for  acquittal — arc  fig- 
ments of  the  imagination.  Even  so,  this 
presentment  of  British  justice  is  distress- 
ing. 


Bosambo  of  the  Hirer.     B\  Edgar  Wallace. 

(Ward.  Lock  &  Co..  6«.) 
This  is  a  series  of  tales  about  various 
African  tribes,  whose  wars,  intrigues,  love- 
affairs,  and  diplomatic  relations  with  the 
British  Government  form  the  subject- 
matter.  They  are  not  arranged  in  the 
order  of  their  occurrence,  which  makes 
things  occasionally  puzzling  for  the  reader. 

Bosambo,  a  native  of  the  Kroo  coast, 
escapes  from  a  penal  settlement  of  the 
Liberian  Government,  and  by  dint  of  a 
certain  forcefulness  of  character,  mixed 
with  plenty  of  native  guile,  establishes 
himself  as  king  of  the  Ochori,  one  of  the 
tribes  of  the  interior.  Here  he  comes 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  Sanders,  the 
English  Commissioner. 

-Mr.  Wallace  does  not  refrain  from  the 
usual  gibe — in  his  case  quite  good-natured 
— at  the  short-sighted  policy  of  the  Home 
'  lOvernment  compared  with  the  wise 
despotism  of  the  man  on  the  spot.  One 
of  the  tales,  in  fact,  has  as  its  subject 
the  criminal  folly  of  some  home  official, 
who,  out  of  sheer  slackness,  allows  an 
Americanized  native  to  assume  the  reins 
of  government,  and  interfere,  to  a 
disastrous  extent,  with  the  harmony 
which  Sanders  was  labouring  to  pro- 
duce. The  latter,  indeed,  is  the  real 
hero  of  the  book,  although  Bosambo  is  a 
strongly  drawn  figure  in  his  cunning,  his 
agery,  and  his  peculiar  notions  about 
Christianity.  The  book  contains  much 
native  humour,  and  has  a  certain  Biblical 
simplicity  of  narrative. 


The  Spotted  Panther.  By  James  Francis 
^  Dwyer.  (Melrose,  6s.) 
luosi;  who  have  a  taste  for  adventure 
can  indulge  themselves  to  the  full  in  the 
293  pages  of  .Mr.  Dwyer'e  effervescent 
Americanized  English. 

The  three  protagonists  mee1  in  an  opium 
den  in  Banjermassin,  whence  they  rescue 


a  broken-down  Englishman  who  in  his 
day  had  stolen  from  the  Orang  Bukkit 
tribes  the  "  Chalice  of  Everlasting  Eire." 
That  inestimable  treasure  had  been,  so 
repute  said,  stolen  by  Enrique  de  Cama, 
who  is  dying  in  the  Sea  of  China,"  and 
had  destined  it  for  "  my  King  Juam  11." 
They  are  shown  the  wondrous  Chalice, 
the  Holy  Grail  of  the  Far  East,  and  are 
told  of  an  equally  inestimable  companion- 
treasure,  the  Great  Parong,  the  sword 
with  which  Buddha 

"'had  severed  the  flaming  wire  which  the 
legions  of  sin  had  bound  around  the  earth, 
and  had  cut  tin-  star-;  of  the  heavens  into 
their  proper  sizes  before  flinging  them  into 
space." 

Thanks  to  the  aid  of  a  damsel  descended 
from  De  Gama  himself,  their  own  strength 
and  resource,  and,  of  course,  the  luck 
that  belongs  to  heroes  of  fiction,  they 
traverse  fearful  jungles  infested  with 
orang  -  outangs,  an  appalling  morass,  a 
river  of  mud,  and  kindred  obstacles.  The}' 
steal  the  sword,  and  at  once  form  a  scheme 
on  sound  business  lines  for  exhibiting  it 
at  ten  rupees  a  head  to  the  "  four  hundred 
millions  "  of  Buddhists  and  such  in  Asia. 
Further  details  it  would  not  be  fair  to 
divulge. 

The  style  of  the  book  is  somewhat 
turgid  and  cheapened  by  repetitions,  but 
on  the  whole  the  recital  of  events  is  clear 
and  coherent,  coupled  now  and  again  with 
picturesque,  if  insufficiently  pruned  de- 
scriptions of  scenery,  sunsets,  and  the  like. 
The  writer,  who  evidently  has  some 
knowledge  of  his  ground,  has  sufficient 
enthusiasm  for  his  theme  to  avoid  being 
wearisome,  and  carries  off  the  improba- 
bilities of  his  stor}r. 


The  Red  Wall.     By  Frank  Savile.     (Nel- 
son &  Sons,  2s.) 

The  book  opens  with  a  delightful  and 
exhilarating  "  row  "  between  the  citizens 
of  Panama  and  sundry  American  blue- 
jackets, who  (by  a  happy  touch)  emphasize 
their  thumps  and  thwacks  by  inspiring 
phrases  from  '  Colloquial  Spanish  in  a 
.Month,'  a  guide  which  would  evidently 
repay  perusal,  to  judge  from  one  quotation 
at  least :  "  Give  me  the  eyes,  the  toes, 
the  nose,  and  the  back  teeth  of  the  shoe- 
maker's cousin."  So  bellows  one  com- 
batant, his  arms  working  "  with  the 
weight  and  rhythm  of  flails  in  autumn 
harvest." 

Adventures,  with  an  exceedingly  large 
A,  follow  fast  and  furious.  Revolution 
organized  by  Teutonic  duplicity  and  enter- 
prise; capture  and  subsequent  escape  of 
the  Costanaguan  President  ;  treachery, 
met  and  defeated  by  deep  subtlety ;  battle, 
murder,  and  Budderi  death;  earthquake, 
flood,  long-hidden  secrets  of  Indian  ritual 
and  worship— SUCh  are  among  the  com- 
ponent parts  of  a  work  sufficient  ly  exciting 

anyone.  The  hero  and  heroine  save 
cme  another's  lives  at  frequenl  and  well- 
judged  intervals,  aided  by  the  wholly 
delightful  \><>u  Concepcion,  the  Porl 
medical  officer,  who,  almost  alone  among 

his  fellow -citizens,  refuses  to  be  bought  by 

Teutonic  gold. 


TALES   OF   OTHER    DAYS. 

The  Magic  Tale  of  Harvanger  and  Yolandc. 
By  G.  P.  Baker.     (Mills  &  Boon,  6a.) 

Mr.  Baker  makes  a  somewhat  venturesome 
experiment  in  entering  the  field  of  saga — 
of  adventure,  rather,  in  periods  and  lands 
undefined.  We  cannot  read  a  chapter  of 
his  book  without  thinking  at  once  of 
'The  Glittering  Plain,'  and  with  that 
masterpiece  in  our  minds,  we  are  the  more 
inclined  to  seize  upon  the  least  incon- 
sistency of  diction  or  treatment. 

We  do  find  such  inconsistencies  here 
and  there  :  the  author  makes  his  charac- 
ters say,  "'  What  wilt  thou  lay  on  "  this 
or  that  event  ?  Surely  he  had  been  better 
advised  to  use  the  word  "  wager."  Again, 
in  certain  descriptions  of  scenery  he 
allows  his  own  personality  to  appear  in 
undue  prominence.  The  descriptions  an; 
admirable,  but  wholly  modern,  and  there- 
fore inconsistent  in  a  work  that  should 
read  as  though  it  were  a  rendering  from 
some  ancient  book.  Mr.  Baker  seems  to 
have  read  his  Malory,  but  to  have  departed 
therefrom  in  his  visions  of  the  beautiful 
in  Nature. 

But  apart  from  these  things  we  have  a 
somewhat  striking  story  of  distinct  charm 
and  originality,  the  more  pleasing  in  that 
it  transports  us  to  the  restful  atmosphere 
of  "  lands  and  days  that  never  were." 
The  author  understands  the  value  of 
clarity  and  simplicity,  and  the  effective- 
ness of  "  dark  sayings "  on  the  lips  of 
wise  men  :  he  observes  mystery,  but  does 
not  deepen  it  to  excess. 

We  may  commend  his  shipmaster's 
view  of  the  sea  as  a  teacher  of  "  full 
understanding"  to  men: — 

"The  land  is  firm  and  unchanging,  but  tin- 
sea  changeth  from  hour  to  hour,  and  is  as  a 
living  tiling  to  be  watched  and  understood. 
Those  who  are  of  the  sea-folk  are  the  best 
of  all  men." 

This  falls  into  line  with  Mr.  Kipling's 
"  brass-bound  "  man,  and,  for  that  matter, 
with  the  delightful  saying  of  Steven- 
son's Lawless,  that  excellent  old  rogue, 
who  says  : — 

"There  never  yet  was  a  had  man  who 
was  a  good  shipman  ;  none  but  the  honest 
and  the  bold  can  endure  me  this  tossing  of 
a  ship." 

Silver  Sand.    By  S.  R.  Crocket  t .     (1  [odder 

&  S  to  ugh  ton,  68.) 
Tins  book,  the   last    from   Mr.  Crockett's 
pen,  shows  happily  the  gift  he  undoubtedly 

essed  of  telling  a  good  Scots  story. 
He  knew  and  loved  his  Calloway,  her 
scenes  and  sites,  her  legends,  her  sore 
trials  anil  stirring  episodes.  In  the  recital 
of  the  doings  of  John  Kaa  he  has  be- 
queathed to  us  an  adequate  presentment 
of  an  interesting  period.  We  have  no 
intention  of  forestalling  the  reader  by  any 
description  of  the  book  |  but  wo  feel  sine 
that  those  who  ha\e  followed  all  Mr. 
Crockett     has   written   will    not    find   their 

interest  or  admiration  diminished  by  this 
l.i   I   work. 

There  are,  of  course,   limitations.     The 

Btyle    especially   in   matter  of  simile,   is 

apt     to     become     florid     and     unreal,    and 


738 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


Supplement,  May  23,  1914 


the  character-drawing  is  open  to  similar 
reproach.  Lilias,  the  fair  lady  whom 
"  Silver  Sand  "  wins  for  his  own  at  the  last, 
is  too  sprightly,  too  forward — as  though 
the  writer  were  determined  to  justify  his 
opinion  of  her  in  every  word  she  says. 

But,  on  the  whole,  the  characterization 
of  the  different  persons  is  clear,  reasonably 
shrewd,  and  lifelike.  On  small  points  Mr. 
Crockett  was  careless.  "  The  Park  ways 
are  her  ways,  and  no  one  else  need  apply,''' 
does  not  strike  us  as  a  phrase  for  a  seven- 
teenth -  century  Galloway  notable.  We 
cannot  see  why  the  "  old  dominie,"  of 
all  people,  should  speak  of  "  Terance." 
The  reference  to  Naboth's  widow  puzzles 
us  in  its  connexion  with  Bathsheba. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  like  the  phrase 
that  describes  the  persecuted  taking 
their  bread  day  by  day,  in  uncertainty 
and  trembling,  "  from  the  hollow  of  God's 
hand."  On  the  humorous  side,  this 
concerning  baptism  is  good  : — 

"If  the  bairn  greets,  just  whammle  him 
ower  on  his  bit  stammack.  Maist  of  mine 
got  the  water  of  reconciliation  in  the  back  o' 
their  necks,  and  feint  a  bit  the  waur  were 
they." 


2010.     By  the  Author  of  '  The  Adventures 
of  John  Johns.'     (Werner  Laurie,  6s.) 

In  this  tale  of  the  future  men  wear 
whole-piece  woollen  clothing,  and  take  for 
their  midday  nourishment  "  two  sticks  of 
concentrated  Omnium,  an  electric  calorifi- 
cation with  an  instrument,  and  a  glass 
of  water  from  a  pure  Bohemian  spring." 
An  absolutely  antediluvian  span  of  life 
and  work  is  secured  by  such  means. 
Mental  capacity  is  a  mere  drug  in  such  a 
market.  Alexander  Silson,  for  example, 
the  chief  assistant  of  Caesar  Brent  (the  pro- 
tagonist of  the  book,  and  one  of  the  two 
surviving  "  Universals " — on  that  the 
author  does  not  enlighten  us),  has  "  mas- 
tered science,  although  not  more  than 
thirty,"  and  possesses  an  "  encyclopaedic 
mind." 

Incident  of  a  rather  specious  and 
factitious  nature  is  plentiful.  The  book 
opens  with  the  bitter  contest  in  which 
Brent  is  involved  because  he  desires  to 
apply  a  new  process  to  the  human  brain, 
whereby  all  the  knowledge  and  experience 
of  the  past  can  be  imparted  to  unborn 
posterity.  A  revolt  is  then  threatened 
from  the  Far  West  ;  the  negroes  wish  to 
intermarry  with  the  whites,  and  Caesar 
Brent  promptly  applies  a  pigment  which 
disposes  of  the  curse  of  colour. 

The  main  theme,  however,  of  the  book 
is  the  rising  throughout  "  Dead  Asia  and 
the  murmuring  East,"  engineered  by  a 
talented  and  masterful,  but  Orientally 
feminine  leader.  That  danger  is  averted 
by  a  timely  comet,  and  the  European  race 
emerges  victorious  and  supreme ;  the 
"  reign  of  lasting  happiness  "  begins. 
Interest  is  less  conspicuous  than  incident, 
as  is  often  the  case  with  such  views  of 
futurity,  of  which,  perhaps,  the  chief 
merit  is  that  they  teach  us  contentment 
— comparative,  at  least — with  our  own 
generation. 


SOCIAL   STUDIES. 

Chignett  Street  :  a  Provided  School.  By 
B.  Paul  Neuman.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co., 
6s.  net.) 

Mr.  Neuman  informs  us  in  his  Preface 
that  several  of  these  short  stories  have 
already  appeared  in  The  Westminster 
Gazette,  Pall  Mall  Magazine,  &c.  They 
are,  he  also  points  out,  the  result  of  his 
imj^ressions  of  Council  School  life  and 
manners.  Here  is  the  twofold  explana- 
tion of  a  certain  lack  of  the  spontaneous 
force  that  was  evident  in  '  Roddies.' 
Mr.  Neuman  has  checked  the  impulse, 
apparent,  however,  in  certain  touches  of 
description  and  characterization,  to  let 
himself  go. 

We  find  here  sufficiently  pleasing 
sketches  of  his  Council  schools :  boys, 
masters,  inspectors.  Occasionally  a 
parent,  and  in  one  case  a  curate,  are 
decently  sketched,  sometimes  placidly 
and  reasonably  filled  in,  against  that 
exact,  drab  background  which  we  expect 
to  contemplate,  judging  from  the  Intro- 
duction. Of  course,  it  may  all  be  true  ; 
but  we  cannot  wholly  away  with  annoy- 
ance and  suspicion,  especially  after  read- 
ing just  before  the  Introduction  the  vivid 
lines  on  '  Bob  of  the  Mews,'  which  begin  : — 

Father  is  trying  to  spot  the  winner, 
Bess  is  washing,  and  that  's  why  Bob 
Has  got  a  penny  to  spend  on  his  dinner. 

In  these  lines  we  seem  to  see  the  genuine, 
raw,  and  unadulterated  reality  which  is 
absent  (or,  should  we  say,  scraped  off  by 
a  file  ?)  from  these  careful  stories  of  the 
Chignett  Street  school. 


London    Circus.      By     Henry     Baerlein. 
(Fifield,  Qs.) 

We  should  like  to  apply  to  this  book  the 
word  beloved  of  our  Late  Georgian  fore- 
fathers—" diverting."  The  author  pre- 
sents one  personage  after  another  quite 
airily,  pleasantly,  naturally,  yet  in  a 
manner  that  bewilders  while  it  amuses. 
We  feel  rather  in  the  position  of  one 
who,  waiting  for  the  right  number,  has 
to  overhear  other  people's  conversations 
on  the  telephone. 

Derunje,  the  agreeable  and  idealistic 
young  Syrian,  whose  great  religious  picture 
excites  all  London  (through  the  medium 
of  The  Daily  Lightning)  ;  Laura,  his 
housemaid-wife — a  treasure  of  a  wife  and 
a  most  attractive  personality ;  Mark 
Sartorius,  learned  in  penguins  ;  Shirley 
Grice,  art  expert  without  experience ; 
Sir  Matthew  Drane — all  come  and  go  in 
front  of  us,  and  say  many  excellent  and 
witty  words.  We  are  taken  to  a  Cabinet 
meeting  in  one  chapter,  and  we  leave  it 
with  the  growing  conviction  that  we  have 
been  present  at  the  "  real  thing  "  ;  we 
trust  so,  at  least :  it  would  be  too  terrible 
to  suppose  it  otherwise.  Mr.  Baerlein  is 
akin  to  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc  in  his  view  of 
politics. 

We  really  owe  it  to  our  sense  of  grati- 
tude to  record  one  Brookfield  story  : — 

"  Did  they  expect  me  to  resign  the  Censor- 
ship and  murmur,  Domine,  non  dignus  sum; 
Lord,  I  am  not  Galsworthy  ?  " 


We  also  give  thanks  for  a  variant  of  Gold- 
smith's Pietro  Perugino  about  Shirley 
Grice,  to  whom  had  been  explained  the 
terms  "  chiaroscuro,"  "  Albert  Cuyp,"  and 
"  impasto  "  :  "On  Monday  afternoon  he 
started  criticizing  art." 

We  trust  that  Mr.  Baerlein  will  not 
make  too  many  enemies  by  his  use  of 
real  names,  though  we  may  point  out 
that  he  should  have  said  Grasso  instead  of 
"  Grassi  "  in  the  case  of  that  eminent  actor. 

Mr.  Baerlein  has  a  pleasing  trick  of 
unearthing  similes  from  the  antique,  such 
as  the  astronomer  Cassini  and  the  sidera 
Lodoicea,  named  after  the  Roi  Soleil — 
"  a  new  decoration  conferred  by  the 
Almighty  on  the  Emperor  " — and,  even 
better,  Philonous,  the    subscriber  to    the 

Journal    de    Bruxelles,    who But    it 

is  not  fair  to  the  author  to  quote  over- 
much ;  let  readers  search  for  them- 
selves. 


Matthew   Hargrcaves.     By   S.    G.   Tallen- 
tyre.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  6s.) 

The  type  of  man  of  whom  Matthew  Har- 
greaves  is  an  excellent  example  is  a  bond  of 
union  between  the  grandchildren  of  those 
whose  forbears  were  City  men  —  wholesale 
merchants,  a  distinct  line  being  drawn  be- 
tween themselves  and  retailers  on  the  one 
hand,  and  themselves  and  the  professions 
on  the  other.  All  in  this  wide  circle  have 
had,  in  some  instances  still  have,  such  re- 
latives or  memories  of  such  relatives. 
With  sharp,  sure  strokes  the  man  and  his 
times  are  outlined,  a  number  of  shrewd 
sayings  peppered  here  and  there  affording 
a  pleasant  relief . 

Matthew  respected  the  conventions, 
and  had  politesse  de  coeur  to  make  amends 
for  his  gruff ness.  He  loved  children  and 
evaded  barmaids.  He  would  have  agreed 
that  "  the  poor  in  a  loomp "  is  bad, 
but  had  his  shirts  made  at  home  to  relieve 
his  conscience  after  reading  Hood's  famous 
poem.  He  was  a  man  prone  to  attach 
himself  to  immobile  possessions,  an  attach- 
ment which,  as  the  author  remarks,  soon 
renders  a  man  immobile  himself. 

Our  fathers  have  told  us  of  the  times 
in  which  he  lived — of  the  hatred  of 
:'  mounseer,"  of  the  fear  of  ritual,  of  the 
terrible  patience  in  suffering  one's  own 
afflictions  and  the  afflictions  of  other  people 
which  was  characteristic  of  the  period, 
of  the  tedious  monotony  of  the  meat  and 
drink  of  the  inns,  and  the  almost  incon- 
ceivable desecration  of  the  churches,  the 
self-complacency  of  the  middle  classes, 
the  "  education  "  of  the  young  ladies  of 
the  period,  and  the  suspicion  with  which 
a  woman  of  evident  intelligence  was 
regarded. 

Naturally  such  a  man  as  Matthew  Har- 
greaves  in  choosing  a  wife  takes  one  who 
offers  the  balm  of  pleasant  agreement  with 
all  he  says.  There  comes  a  time,  however, 
when  he  realizes  what  he  has  thereby  lost. 
In  the  manner  in  which  he  bears  the 
knowledge  his  sterling  worth  is  displayed. 

There  are  a  few  crudities  of  expression, 
but  the  effective  characterization  makes 
us  forget  them. 


Supplement,  May  23,  lt)U] 


TH  K     ATHKN  /KUM 


739 


ffw  Official  Fiancee.  By  Berta  Ruck 
(Mrs.  Oliver  Onions).  (Hutchinson 
&  Co.,  05.) 

To  take  a  subject  which  might  well  be 
thought  threadbare,  and  to  weave  out  of 
it  a  readable  tale,  is  in  itself  no  mean 
achievement,  and  that  Mrs.  Oliver  Onions 
has  done.  A  girl,  gently  bred,  but  forced 
to  earn  her  living  by  type-writing,  is 
suddenly  asked  to  act  as  the  fiancee  of 
her  wealthy  employer.  How  she  learnt 
to  see  behind  his  office  mask,  and  how  he 
learnt  to  appreciate  her,  is  so  cleverly 
told  that  we  really  forget  to  question 
why  he  should  have  found  it  necessary 
to  appear  so  disagreeable  to  his  employees, 
or  why  his  employees  should  never  have 
suspected  he  might  be  quite  human  out 
of  office  hours.  The  tale  in  itself  is  good, 
and  much  good  may  come  to  some  who 
see  the  absurdity  of  a  condition  of  things 
which  is  too  often  excused  on  some  silly 
plea  that  "  business  is  business." 


The  House  in  Demetrius  Road.     By  J.  1). 
Beresford.     (Heinemann,  6s.) 

Some  compensation  for  having  had  a 
knowledge  of  evil  thrust  upon  one  may 
lie  in  the  appreciation  of  its  artistic 
presentment  by  an  author  like  Mr. 
Beresford.  The  sense  of  tragedy  brooding 
over  the  abode  of  a  dipsomaniac  is 
painfully  conveyed  to  such  a  one.  If 
we  have  a  criticism  to  make  at  all.  it 
is  that  the  author  insists  on  our  taking 
for  granted  the  capabilities  of  those  be- 
neath the  cloud,  though  they  demonstrate 
the  contrary  by  many  of  their  actions. 
For  instance,  though  the  patient's  secre- 
tary is  aware  of  the  total  reversal  of 
character  which  the  craving  for  drink 
will  make  in  a  man  otherwise  straight- 
forward, he  undertakes  to  spend  the  night 
in  the  room  of  his  employer,  but  is  tricked 
by  the  wiliness  which  has  secreted  flasks 
of  spirit  among  the  bedclothes. 

Such  incidents  are  quite  in  keeping  with 
the  guile  of  the  one  and  the  ordinary 
mental  calibre  of  the  other  ;  the  explana- 
tion of  the  lack  of  foresight  shown 
lies  perhaps  in  the  numbing  of  faculty 
which  grips  those  who  are  fighting  what 
a  in  most  cases  a  losing  battle.  This  is 
not  one  of  the  few  cases  of  victory,  and 
the  secretary  and  the  patient's  sister 
blame  themselves  for  the  set-back  of  the 
man  because  they  gave  way  to  their 
affection  for  each  other,  instead  of  con- 
centrating all  their  care  on  the  subject 
of  their  ministration.  The  mental  and 
physical  struggle  waged  between  their 
care  for  the  drunkard  and  their  love  for 
each  other  is  unerringly  portrayed.  The 
result  of  the  story  is  a  strengthening  of 
the  opinion  that  the  disease  is  not  one 
for  private  treatment,  and  that,  if  it 
)~  attempted,  the  harm  done  to  the 
custodians  is  more  important  than  the 
good  accruing  to  the  patient. 


The  Theorist.    By  Allen  Abbott.    (Melrose, 
6s.) 

The  publisher,  who  makes  himself  re- 
sponsible for  a  "  New  Novelist  Library,'' 
would  deserve  more  gratitude  from  the 
public  if  he  did  not  include  in  it 
volumes  cumbered  with  the  faults  of  the 
tyro.  Surely  any  competent  publisher's 
reader  could  have  indicated  to  Mr.  Abbott 
how  to  present  his  excellent  matter  in 
more  readable  form.  '*  The  Theorist  "  is 
a  mother  who  advocates  "  advanced " 
views  on  love,  but  shrinks  from  putting 
them  in  practice  herself,  and  is  scanda- 
lized when  her  daughter  does  so.  Her 
selfishness  rather  than  her  theorizing  is 
responsible  for  her  unhappiness,  in  the 
same  way  that  the  altruism  of  her 
daughter  rather  than  her  abandonment  of 
her  mother's  theories  is  responsible  for 
her  happiness.  Good  material  is  spoilt 
by  the  lack  of  a  practised  hand  in  the 
"  making  up." 


LOCAL    STUDIES. 


Waiting.     By  Gerald  O'Donovan.     (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.,  6s.) 

We  have  here  the  tale  of  the  struggle  of 
a  talented  and  ambitious  youth,  the  son 
of  an  Irish  peasant,  against  the  almost 
overpowering  strength  of  prejudice  and 
priestly  intrigue.  Maurice  Blake  hopes  to 
gain,  on  his  merits,  the  mastership  of 
Bourneen  village  school.  He  does  gain 
the  post,  but  the  deciding  factor  is  the 
heavy  bribe  given  by  his  father  to  the 
parish  priest,  Father  James  Mahon. 

Unfortunately  for  his  prospects,  he  falls 
in  love  with  a  girl  of  a  Protestant  family, 
and  at  once  finds  himself  face  to  face  with 
the  priestly  ultimatum.  No  dispensation 
can,  or  will,  be  allowed,  though  Maurice 
pleads  hard  for  it,  even  with  the  bishop  of 
the  diocese.  If  the  girl  will  not  be  con- 
verted, Maurice  must  choose  between  her 
and  his  career. 

Choosing  the  girl,  he  at  once  loses  his 
school.  His  attempt  to  stand  for  Parlia- 
ment is  swiftly  frustrated  by  an  adroit 
campaign  wherein  his  marriage  is  held  up 
as  no  marriage,  but  a  public  scandal.  The 
blow  falls,  with  equal  severity  and  in- 
justice, not  only  on  him,  but  also  on  his 
devoted  friend  and  former  schoolmaster, 
Drisooll,  who  is  refused  absolution  on  his 
death-bed  for  having  sheltered  the  "  guilty 
couple."  The  book  closes  on  a  note  of 
hope  for  a  fairer  and  less  prejudiced  future 
for  Maurice,  and  for  Ireland  in  general. 

The  characters  of  Father  James  Mahon 
and  his  satellites  in  intrigue,  their  methods, 
conversation,  and  thoughts,  are  drawn 
with  such  cold  clarity  and  precision  as  to 
suggest  a  thorough  first-hand  knowledge 
on  the  part  of  the  author.  We  cannot 
disbelieve  or  modify  what  he  gives  us. 
We  can  but  hope  that    lie   is   presenting  a 

special  case,  an  isolated  instance,  but  the 
entire  lack  of  exaggeration,  malevolence, 

and  (shall  we  Bay?)  enthusiasm ,  is  depressing 
evidence  for  the   reality   of  the  picture. 

The  "  mission  "  of  the  Seraphite  Kath<  i 


in  conjunction  with  Father  Mahon — as 
striking  a  chapter  as  any  in  the  book — 
speaks  for  itself. 

Indeed,  the  strongest  point  in  Mr. 
O'Donovan  is  this  calm  and  lifelike  pre- 
sentment of  his  figures.  Equally  quiet 
and  convincing  is  the  delineation  of  the 
stage  scenery.  Many  passages  and  senti- 
ments would  lose  their  force,  would  seem 
unduly  poetic,  even  inflated,  were  they  not 
put  into  the  mouths  of  the  characters  to 
whom  they  are  best  suited.  Imperson- 
ality may  have  its  dangers,  but  it  docs 
carry  conviction  when  joined  to  studied 
realism,  and  it  permits  a  freedom  of 
expression  which  would  miss  its  effect 
otherwise. 


Lismoyle  :  an  Experiment  in  Ireland.     By 

B.  M.  Croker.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Mrs.  Croker  in  this  book  makes  no 
pretence  of  writing  anything  more  than 
a  simple,  straightforward  account  of  the 
visit  of  an  English  society  heiress  to  poor 
relations  in  Ireland  whom  she  had  never 
seen,  and  about  whom  she  knew  nothing. 
She  presents  herself  in  the  character  of 
a  poor  relation,  and  eventually  decides  to 
reside  altogether  in  her  mother's  country. 
The  story  as  a  whole  is  interesting  for  its 
clear  and  lifelike  character-drawing.  The 
Irish  atmosphere  is  well  studied,  and 
enhances  the  other  good  qualities  of  the 
book.  The  writing  is  occasionally  loose, 
and  we  think  French  phrases  are  over- 
used. 

Meejan  of  the  Dark  Isle.     By  Mrs.  J.  O. 

Arnold.  (Alston  Rivers,  6s.) 
In  this  interesting  story  of  life  in  Angle- 
sea  during  the  fifties  the  characterization  is 
quiet  and  sound,  and  the  general  plan  well 
conceived  and  never  unduly  forced.  The 
author  incorporates  with  some  skill 
extracts  from  the  old  Welsh  legends,  as 
chronicled  by  her  antiquarian  hero  David 
Thelwall. 

A  most  amusing  and  attractive  cha- 
racter is  the  old  "  wise  woman,"  Mother 
Glyn,  who  confronts  and  defeats  the 
Church  on  its  own  battle-ground,  and 
justifies  palmistry  and  other  sorceries 
by  apt  quotations  from  Scripture. 

Angels    in    Wales.     By    Margam    Jones. 

(John  Long,  6s.) 
Tms  book,  dealing  as  it  does  with  the 
religious  and  emotional  side  of  Welsh 
countrv-folk,  and  treated  in  a  spirit  con- 
sistent therewith,  is  not  likely  to  have  more 
than  a  limited  appeal.  As  an  evidently 
faithful  picture  it  will  doubtless  interest 
those  who  know  the  country  and  the 
people  portrayed,  but  for  the  world  at 
large  it  has  not  that  deeper,  more  huma- 
nizing touch  which  alone  can  commend 
a   special   subject,  treated  as   such. 

Westtoays.     By  S.  Weir  Mitchell.    (Fisher 

Unwin,  6s.) 
Though  the  sub-title  of  this  uovel,  "A 
Village  Chronicle,"  is  accurate,  it  is  not  by 
any  means  exhaustive.  The  book  con- 
tains also  many  graphically  narrated 
incidents    connected    with    the    American 


740 


THE    ATHENE UM 


[Supplement,  May  23,  11)14 


Civil  War,  which  did  not  touch  directly 
the  village  after  which  the  book  is  named. 
In  addition,  we  have  a  convincing  out- 
line of  how  a  "  coddled  "  boy  wins  to 
virility  under  the  influence  of  a  squire 
who  sets  manly  honour  above  life  and 
fortune.  The  narrative  is  set  down  with 
a  pleasing  simplicity,  though  the  book 
need  not  have  included  so  many  small 
repetitions. 

La   Vierge  du  Lac.     Par  Isabelle  Kaiser. 
(Paris,  Perrin,  3fr.  50.) 

This  tale  of  a  little  valley  in  the  Un- 
terwalden  concerns  the  draining  of  the 
lake  in  its  midst.  It  is  characterized  by 
much  imagination  and  a  poetic  style,  but 
it  somehow  falls  short  of  conviction. 
The  life  and  ways  of  the  villagers,  their 
manners  and  customs,  fail  to  impress 
themselves  on  us  as  inevitable  in  the  sur- 
roundings in  which  they  are  placed,  and 
at  an  early  stage  Ave  become  conscious  of 
the  artificial  element  in  their  simplicity. 


The  North  Afire.     By  W.  Douglas  Newton. 
(Methuen  &  Co.,  2s.  net.) 

We   are    not   so   much  interested  in   the 

sub-title  of  this  book,  '  A  Picture  of  What 

Maj'  Be,'  as  in  the  author's  perception  of 

what  is,  though  his  pictures  of   riot  and 

bloodshed    are  vivid  enough    to    stir   the 

imagination   of   the   most  callous.     Most 

commendable  are  his  biting  remarks  on 

parliamentary    loquacity,    the    question- 

ableness    of    calling    certain  productions 

"  news  "-papers,  the  Nemesis  which  some 

employers  in  the  North  -  East  of  Ireland 

are   likely  to  bring  upon  themselves  by 

their    systematic     underpayment    of    the 

worker,    and    the    position    of    privates 

who    cannot    resign    if    Avar   breaks    out. 

Even  to-day  there  are  people  who  will 

learn  for  the  first  time  through  fiction 

how   Irish  finance  is  behind  a  great  deal 

of  Neo-Celtic  ostensible  sentiment. 

There  is,  in  fact,  much  that  is  note- 
worthy in  these  200  pages  of  large  type 
widely  spaced,  and  no  reader  should 
neglect  them  on  the  ground  that  they 
offer  insufficient  measure. 


village  taxidermist,  the  narrator  of  the 
tale.  Though  not  likely  to  become  a 
Sussex  classic,  this  novel  should  secure 
many  readers  among  those  who  are 
interested  in  the  country,  its  life,  work, 
and  folk. 


Tansy.     By  Tickner  Edwardes.     (Hutch- 
inson &  Co.,  6s.) 

Out  of  his  abundance  of  country  lore, 
especially  that  which  appertains  to  Sussex, 
Mr.  Edwardes  has  given  us  another  enter- 
taining and,  withal,  informing  novel. 

Incidentally  it  has  a  bearing  on  one  of 
the  larger  social  problems  of  the  day — 
women's  work.  A  girl  born  and  brought 
up  practically  in  a  sheepfold  offers 
herself,  and  is  accepted,  as  shepherd  on 
the  death  of  her  father.  This  death 
occurs  on  their  arrival  at  a  farm  owned  by 
one  of  those  patriarchs  for  which  Sussex 
is  famous,  and  worked  by  his  two  sons. 
Of  widely  differing  temperaments,  both 
sons  have  experienced  tragic  love-affairs, 
which  do  not,  however,  prevent  them  both 
from  falling  in  love  with  the  shepherdess. 

Recurring  tragedy  is  avoided  by  the 
capable  and  sympathetic  understanding 
of   the   parson's   daughter,  aided   by  the 


TRANSLATIONS. 


The  Death   of  a  Nobody.     By  Jules  Bo- 
mains.     Translated   by   Desmond   Mac- 
Carthy  and  Sydney  Waterlow.     (How- 
ard Latimer,  4s.  tid.) 
This  is  a  rather   unusual   little    work — a 
study,  not  a  "  novel  "  in  any  sense.     It 
presents  the  effect  of  the  outer  world  in 
sensation   upon   a   man.     Awakening  for 
the  first  time  to  that  kind  of  limited  con- 
sciousness   that   makes    for   wonder   and 
fear,  he  feels  the  immensity  of  the  world 
around  and  about  him  in  opposition,  even 
antagonism,  to  his  own  insignificance. 

He  dies,  and  immediately  after  his  death, 
by  a  curious  transference  of  technique  and 
thought,  the  effect  of  his  personality  (in 
memory  and  suggestion)  is  shown  as  it 
acts  upon  a  variety  of  people  :  the  con- 
cierge who  finds  him  dead  in  his  room,  the 
little  girls  who  collect  money  from  the 
other  tenants  of  the  house  for  his  wreath, 
his  old  father  in  Auvergne,  the  people 
who  take  part  in  the  funeral  procession 
that  "  resembled  a  fleet  of  boats  with  the 
memory  of  the  dead  man  wandering  in  and 
out  like  a  white  swan." 

The  point  of  view  is  morbid  perhaps, 
but  interesting  as  vivifying  those  small, 
obscure   corners   of   the   mind   on   which 
light  is    shed   now    and   again   by   some 
uncanny   agency   of   sense-stimulus.     We 
are  reminded   of   those   passages   in  Mr. 
Douglas's    book    '  The    House    with    the 
Green   Shutters '    that   deal  with    young 
Gourlay,  that  martyr  to  a  sensory  per- 
ceptiveness  that  was  too  strong  for  the 
intellect.     Mr.  Douglas  represented  some- 
thing of   this   strange  frightening  objec- 
tivity of  the  outside  but  ever-imminent 
world  ;   but  he  chose  a  special  "  subject," 
one  who  was  peculiarly  sensitive  —  from 
his  very  weakness — to  such  influences.    M. 
Romains   shows  their  effect  on  a  multi- 
tude of  types,  but  he,  too,  prefers  those 
who    by    reason    of    their    own    personal 
insignificance  are  also  not  exempt  from 
partial  martyrdom  in  this  respect.     The 
effect   on   the   reader   is,   as   one   of   the 
translators   (Mr.  MacCarthy)   says  in  his 
Preface,     "  queer "  ;      it    suggests     even 
something  of  what  we  may  suppose  to 
pass  in  the  mind  of  a  Futurist  who  paints 
his  ideas  into  the  objects  he  is  looking  at. 
Whatever   may   be    said — here,    again, 
we  refer  to  the  Preface — of  the  interest  of 
the  "  actions,  lives,  and  deaths  of  indi- 
viduals as  moments  in  a  great  process," 
there  is  a  difference  between  giving  •  the 
objective  aspect,   as  here,   and  the  sub- 
jective aspect  of  that  process.     On   the 
whole,  it  is  surely  individuality  that  is  of 
the  greater  interest ;  the  subjection  of  in- 
dividuality to  its  environment  suggests  a 
lower  view  of  humanity — interesting,  and 
perhaps  attractive,  but  hardly  permanent 
I  in  its  value. 


Shallow  Soil.     By  Knut  Hamsun.     (Duck 
worth  &  Co.,  6s.) 

The  second  novel  of  this  Norwegian 
writer  to  be  translated  into  English  deals 
with  a  literary  and  political  backwater 
of  Christiania  society.  While  we  admire 
the  skill  with  which  a  considerable  and 
diversified  group  of  characters  is  pre- 
sented, there  is  something,  to  our  taste, 
too  deliberately  artless  about  these  people. 
The  dramatis  personam  act  like  children, 
with  a  simplicity  that  does  not  become 
them.  Within  the  group  a  few  romances 
take  place.  The  most  convincing  of  these 
is  the  reconciliation  of  a  married  couple 
who  had  previously  agreed  to  go  their 
separate  ways,  an  episode  which  gains 
immensely  from  its  straightforward  and 
unsentimental  handling.  The  parallel 
story  of  the  young  and  beautiful  country 
girl  who  is  gradually  taken  away  from  her 
fiance  and  corrupted  b}?  an  unsuccessful 
poet  suffers  from  the  .almost  operatic 
naivete  of  its  development. 

The  translator,  Mr.  Carl  Christian  Hylle- 
sted,  has  employed  American  idiom  and 
slang  to  an  extent  which  makes  the  book 
troublesome  reading  in  places. 


FANTASIES. 


The  Purple  Frogs.  By  H.  W.  Westbrook 
and  Lawrence  Grossmith.  (Heath, 
Cranton  &  Co.,  6s.) 

It  would  be  unfair  to  do  otherwise  than 
meet  '  The  Purple  Frogs '  in  the  spirit  of 
solemn  nonsense  in  which  it  is  written, 
and  let  us  say  in  all  seriousness  that,  as  a 
piece  of  fooling,  it  is  truly  excellent. 

Vaughan,  a  butler  with  a  taste  for 
invention,  patents  an  indelible  pencil 
(and  case)  and  a  bottle-stopper,  on  which 
he  bestows  the  name  of  Hansard.  As  his 
wages  are  insufficient  to  recoup  him  for 
the  cost  of  bringing  these  marvels  before 
an  indifferent  public,  he  hits  on  the  idea 
of  increasing  his  income  by  a  form  of 
blackmail.  He  has  observed  that  all 
travellers  by  sea  are  in  the  habit,  when 
suffering  from  the  depression  due  to  sea- 
sickness, nervous  terror,  or  attacks  of 
conscience,  of  enclosing  words  of  confes- 
sion and  farewell  in  a  bottle  which  they 
then  commit  to  the  deep.  But  no  sooner 
are  the  travellers  safely  on  shore  again 
than  they  repent  of  their  rashness,  and  are 
willing  to  pay  handsomely  to  have  their 
communications  returned  intact.  He 
therefore  establishes  an  agency  for  the  col- 
lection of  these  "  Beached  Bottles,"  and 
reaps  a  rich  harvest. 

At  this  point  his  master,  Isambard 
Flanders,  marries  Cicely  Ruffe,  a  girl  much 
younger  than  himself,  while  Vaughan 
succumbs  to  the  attractions  of  Stafford,  her 
maid.  Soon  after  her  marriage,  Cicely 
begins  to  fancy  herself  neglected,  and 
writes  to  Stephen,  a  young  man  of  her 
acquaintance,  to  meet  her  in  Paris,  in  the 
hope  of  enlisting  his  sympathy.  During 
the  crossing  the  boat  is  held  up  in  a  dense 
fog,  and,  believing  that  they  may  be  run 
down  at  any  moment,  Cicely  writes  a  letter 


Supplement,  May  23,  1914] 


THE    ATTTENtEUM 


741 


to  her  husband,  which  she  encloses  in  a 
bottle  and  throws  overboard.  'The  bottle 
is  rescue  I  by  one  of  Vaughan's  agents, 
who  has  set  up  in  the  blackmailing  line  on 

his  own  account,  and  Cicely  is  thereupon 
subjected  to  the  usual  "squeezing"  pro- 
ces  Her  husband's  suspicions  are 
aroused  by  her  uneasy  manner  and  dis- 
traught air.  so,  as  a  test,  he  writes  a 
novelette  called  '  The  Purple  Progs/ 
which  he  reads  aloud  to  Cicely  and  Ste- 
'phen.  The  result  we  leave  to  the  reader 
to  discover,  with  the  clue  that  both  the 
indelible  pencil  an  I  the  Hansard  stopper 
play  an  important  part  in  the  affair. 

This  inner  tale  occupies  half  of  the 
book,  and  includes  some  absurd  situa- 
tions There  are  several  illustrations 
in  the  form  of  "  Cubist "  music,  in 
which  the  author  professes  to  give  us  the 
musical  equivalent  of  such  ideas  as 
"  Long  engagements  are  not  to  be  tole- 
rated," or  '"  He  found  three  bottles  on  the 
bookshelf."' 

If  we  might  venture  a  criticism,  it 
would  be  that,  in  our  opinion,  the  waltz 
which  forms  the  Cubist  statement  of  '  The 
Purple  Progs  '  might,  with  advantage, 
have  been  a  one-step,  as  a  more  truthful  de- 
lineation of  a  frog's  poetry  of  motion.  We 
note  with  pleasure,  however,  that  in  the 
piece  depicting  the  three  bottles — which 
is  written  in  all  the  angularity  of  four-time 
— the  composer  has  been  less  influenced  by 
the  intense  threeness  of  the  bottles  than 
by  his  rare  appreciation  of  their  "  cubical  " 
contents. 


The  Beloved  Premier.      By   H.   Maxwell. 
(John  Long,  6s.) 

Once  again  H.  Maxwell  shows  his  skill 
in  original  plots.  We  like  his  present 
book  less  than  '  The  Paramount  Shop," 
but  it  is  well  written,  and.  once  picked  up, 
is  not  easy  to  lay  down. 

"  The  Beloved  Premier,"  Mr.  Sloan,  has 
a  twin  brother  who  is  a  ticket-of-leave 
man,  really  fond  of  prison,  known  to  the 
world  as  William  Joseph  Knowles,  and  so 
like  the  Prime  Minister  that  no  one  can 
tell  them  apart.  Ordering  the  head  of 
the  Government  to  be  locked  up  as  the 
convict,  he  himself  plays  the  part  of 
Prime  Minister.  In  that  situation  he 
tries  to  dispense  simple  justice  to  all  the 
world,  with  the  result  that  we  are  soon  at 
War  with  every  Power,  and  are  annexed 
by  Belgium. 

It  would  be  easy  to  pick  holes  in  the 
Bl  >ry.  In  real  life  a  Prime  Minister,  if  he 
faa  not  also  Foreign  Secretary,  does  not 
deal  with  foreign  affair-  without  consult- 
ing the  head  of  the  Foreign  Office.  The 
terms  of  the  loan  to  Portugal  are  im- 
possible. Prime  .Ministers  do  not  waste 
their  time  in  drafting  Bills.  The  head  of 
Local  Government  Board  is  called  the 
President,  not  the  Chairman.  End©  I 
one  could  find  numerous  flaws  of  this 
kind  ;  but  it  is  always  clear  that  the 
author  knows  what  he  is  writing  about, 
and  in  his  broad  farce  the  leading  parte 
played  as  they  should  be  played.  The 
:y  is  interesting,  and  there  is  no  need  to 
worry  aboul  its  technical  details. 


My   Lady   Bountiful     By  Gilbert    Little- 
stone.     (Ward.  Lock  iV  ( !o.3  6s.) 

We    hesitate    between    two    possibilities: 

has  Mr.  Littlestone  written  what  he 
esteems  to  be  a  serious  novel  ?  or  has  he 
contemplated  a  subtle  jape  after  the 
manner  of,  say,  'The  Green  Carnation  '  \ 

There  are  gleams  of  internal  evidence 
for  both  views,  but  perhaps  we  may  pro- 
nounce for  the  latter.  In  that  case  we 
may  say  that  the  author  should  have 
thrown  his  whole  heart  into  the  task.  He 
delights  us  with  his  young  lady  novelist 
who  writes  her  ten  thousand  words 
between  lunch  and  dinner,  but  he  speaks 
of  her  opening  her  "  serviette  " — and  that 
in  a  castle  that  contained  (we  must  not 
say  "  boasted  ")  a  Saxon  parlour  wherein 
was  "  a  round  oak  gate-legged  table  at 
which  Richard  of  the  Lion  Heart  had 
frequently  partaken  of  meat."  The  chate- 
laine of  the  said  castle  disdains  all  vulgar 
modernity,  but  is  not  above  selling — 
against  all  rules  and  regulations  as  to 
heirlooms — the  Warwick  Cup  (whereon  the 
King-Maker  had  scratched  Iris  monogram 
and  a  doggerel  verse),  the  Dirk  Bouts 
triptych,  and  other  such  priceless  trifles 
to  purchasers  who  could  afford  the  ten 
thousand  pounds  or  so  necessary  for 
her  income. 

Had  Mr.  Littlestone  been  more  careful 
in  his  style  and  diction,  he  would  have 
converted  us  to  '  The  Green  Carnation  ' 
view,  or  to  the  other  ;  as  it  is,  we  are 
left  in  doubt. 


The  Day  of  Days.     By  Louis  J.  Vance. 
(Grant  Richards,  6s.) 

The  author  is  wise  to  call  this  novel  an 
extravaganza,  and  thus  to  disarm  ordi- 
nary criticism,  though  the  story  is  not 
merely  melodramatic  absurdity.  Its  pur- 
pose is  deeper,  and  that  is  to  hold  up  to 
ridicule  modern  New  York  as  it  is  chro- 
nicled in  the  Yellow  Press  ;  its  portrayal 
is  ridiculously  impossible.  Mr.  Vance 
errs  on  the  side  of  over-elaboration  of  these 
absurdities,  though  he  adds  to  the  reader's 
excitement  and  amusement. 

We  have  rarely,  if  ever,  read  a  book  in 
which  such  a  variety  of  wild  adventure 
was  crowded  into  a  space  of  less  than 
twenty-four   hours. 

Though  the  unlimited  use  of  American 
slang  may  at  times  weary  the  reader, 
the  book  is  good  enough  to  fill  pleasantly 
an  idle  period. 


MYSTERIES    AND    CRIMES. 

The  Curse  of  Cloud.     By  .1.    15.    ETarris- 
Burland.     (Chapman  A'  Hall,  6s.) 

Mi;.  HarRIS-BuRLAND  has  written  another 
of  his  mystery  stories,  wherein  he  depicts 
the  effect  of  a  curse  directed  by  monks  at 
the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  against  a 
sensitive  man  who  is  also  a  coward.  The 
curse  forbids  anj  eldest  a  m  from  inherit 
the  land  take!)  from  the  Church,  and  at 
Compton  Ferrers,  until  the  story  opens 
the  curse  has  been  fulfilled.  The  eldest 
son  disappears  before  his  I  'a  I  her't  de  ith 


and  the  reader  is  left  in  suspense  as  to 
whether  he  is  dead  or  alive  until  the  con- 
cluding chapters.  There  is  an  unneces- 
sary and  rather  bewildering  thickening  of 
the  plot,  and  the.  final  elucidation  of  the 
mystery  appeals  to  us  to  be  crude.  The 
characters  are  distinctive  and  clear-cut, 
and  the  impression  is  left  that,  if  Mr. 
Harris-Burland  were  to  devote  some  of 
the  thought  excited  in  mere  plot-making 
to  developing  the  personalities  in  the 
story,  he  would  produce  work  of  value. 
As  far  as  his  delineation  of  character  goes 
if  is  well  done,  but  we  are  continually 
brought  to  a  stop  after  anticipating  the 
working  out  of  environment  on  individuals, 
and  vice  versa.  We  hope  to  see  this 
capacity  more  deeply  exerted  in  succeed- 
ing books.  The  novel  before  us  will 
provide  a  few  hours  of  pleasant  reading  ; 
for  the  events  move  quickly  and  are  well 
narrated. 


The  Price  of  Delusion.     By  Sir  William 

Magnay.  (Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  65.) 
Here  again  is  mystery,  but  in  a  more 
rational  and  everyday  atmosphere,  and 
treated  in  a  sufficiently  logical  fashion. 
The  characters  are  nearer  the  normal 
than  usual  in  their  speech  and  movement. 
Even  the  incidents  of  the  mystery  itself 
are  reasonable  and  probable  ;  too  much  so, 
perhaps ! 

We  had  hoped  for  some  thrill  greater 
than  that  vouchsafed  to  us.  At  one  time 
arose  the  illuminating  expectation  that 
the  Home  Office  expert  would  turn  out  to 
be  the  arch-criminal  in  subtle  disguise ; 
that  the  portrait  painter  might  connive 
with  him,  and  perhaps  betray  him  at  the 
conclusion  :  such  hopes  do  arise  in  detective 
stories,  where  both  reader  and  author  are 
"  out  for "  all  the  startling  revelations 
that  can  be  crammed  into  300  pages  or 
thereabouts.  Sir  William  Magnay  is,  at 
least,  eminently  readable,  and  approaches 
life  in  his  general  treatment  and  character- 
ization. 


That  Strange  Affair.     By  Walter  Briigge- 

Vallon.  (Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  6s.) 
The  translator,  Mr.  Gregory  Page,  in 
dedicating  this  "  detective  "  work  to 
Sir  Arthur  Conan  Doyle,  confesses  that 
his  hero  recalls  Dr.  Watson  rather  than 
Sherlock  Holmes,  and  we,  too,  have  to 
confess  that  his  candour  is  amply  justified. 
This  is  the  more  regrettable  in  that  we 
only  pardon  Watson — the  skilful  por- 
trayal of  whose  ineptitude  is.  perhaps, 
even  more  pleasing  than  the  recital  of 
Holmes's  miracles— for    his    efficiency  as 

a  foil  fo  his  hero. 

In  fhc  present  story  he  is  tin'  foil  to 
stupidity  even  greater  than  his  own. 
The  result  is  a  rather  unconvincing  series 
of  ad\ entures. 


Cletk  of  Scotland  Van!.  By  T.  \V.  I  Ian- 
shew.  (Cassell  v\  Co.,  6s.) 
.Mu.  ClBEK,  on.-  of  those  sensational 
detectives  who  appear  from  time  to  time  in 
fiction  of  a  certain  class,  elucidates  one 
complicated  mystery  after  another,  and  at 
i'ii-  1 1  - 1   his  own  mystery,  which  links  him 


742 


THE     ATIIENJEUM 


[Supplement,  May  23,  1914 


to  no  tiling  less  than  the  crown  of  Maura- 
vania,  "  dear  land,  dear  country,  mine 
again !  "  This  crown  he  abdicates  as 
promptly  as  he  had  assumed  it,  preferring 
Scotland  Yard,  with  intervals  of  love  in  a 
cottage. 

The  book  is  redolent  with  humour  of  the 
cliche  type,  consisting  chiefly  of  rather 
forced  Sam-Wellerisms  on  the  part  of  the 
faithful  youth  whom  Mr.  Cleek  has  saved 
from  a  life  of  crime,  and  slang  adjurations 
tacked  on  to  the  sayings  of  Mr.  Narkom, 
the  official  detective — the  Watson,  rather, 
to  Cleek's  Sherlock  Holmes.  We  say  this 
advisedly,  as  at  least  two  of  the  mysteries 
suggest  comparisons  not  favourable  to  the 
present  author.  If  he  had  been  less  anxious 
to  crowd  all  the  puzzle-pieces  of  his  various 
crimes  into  so  small  a  compass,  the  result 
would  have  been  better  reading.  But  Mr. 
Hanshew  aimed  at  popular  success,  and 
secured  it. 

Shadows  of  the  Past.     By  John  Littlejohn. 

(Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 
Detection,  mysteries,  and  crimes  by  an 
expert  theorist,  of  a  complex  crime  that 
endangers  the  life  of  an  innocent  man 
should  apparently  be  the  theme  of  this 
book  ;  but  we  have  too  little  of  the 
expert,  and  too  much  of  the  criminal 
— the  real  criminals,  that  is,  who  involve 
the  guiltless  hero  in  their  snares. 

For  the  rest,  we  find  incident  and  excite- 
ment to  spare,  even  to  a  confusing,  but 
never  wholly  unreadable  degree.  With 
more  adherence  to  proportion  the  author 
might  have  made  a  highly  interesting  book. 


TRIALS   AND    DEVELOPMENTS. 

Two  's  Company.  By  Dorothea  Mac- 
kellar  and  Ruth  Bedford.  (Alston 
Rivers,  6s.) 
The  study  of  the  "  human  "  boy  is  never 
an  easy  undertaking,  but  it  is  here  attacked 
with  courage,  and  carried  out  with  good 
measure  of  conviction.  "  Rags,"  ultra- 
sensitive from  neglect  and  cruel  treatment, 
rescued  by  Remington,  whom  he  adores 
but  fears,  until  thorough  understanding 
between  the  two  is  achieved,  is  an  attrac- 
tive and  sufficiently  real  young  person. 
Remington,  at  first  stern  and  unyielding 
in  his  standards  of  right  and  wrong,  then 
humanized  by  experience  and  the  help  of 
"  Rags'  "  friend,  Viola  Garrison,  is  also 
well  presented,  though  apt  to  moralize 
overmuch  concerning  himself.  Self- 
analysis  in  the  hands  of  any  but  the 
greatest  novelist  is  dangerous  ;  an  effect 
of  artificiality  is  so  soon  induced,  so 
hardly  dispelled. 

Three    against     the     World.      By    Sheila 
Kaye-Smith.     (Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 

The  disappearance  of  plot  from  contem- 
porary fiction,  recently  lamented  by  Prof. 
Saintsbury,  is  undoubtedly  a  distinguish- 
ing feature  of  the  work  of  the  younger 
generation  of  novelists.  '  Three  against 
the  World  '  is  a  satisfactory  specimen  of 
the  modern  method.  There  are  several 
characters,  to  all  of  whom  are  allotted 
parts  sufficiently  extended   to   exhibit  a 


consistent  and  carefully  worked-out  dif- 
ferentiation ;  but  of  plot,  in  the  commonly 
accepted  sense,  there  is  little  or  none. 
The  '  three "  are  two  brothers  and  a 
sister  who  belong  to  an  unlucky  family. 
In  the  first  chapter  the  younger  brother  is 
returning  home  from  prison,  where  he  has 
been  sent  for  the  wrong  sort  of  company- 
promoting.  In  the  course  of  the  story  he 
is  severely  hit  more  than  once,  and  his 
sister's  adventures  end  in  more  suffering, 
while  the  other  brother  dies — somewhat 
unnecessarily,  in  our  opinion.  The  tra- 
gedy is,  however,  by  no  means  unrelieved. 
A  nice  sense  of  humour  accompanies  the 
recital  of  the  doings  of  the  family  in 
question,  and  an  escape  from  past  evils 
is  suggested  at  the  end. 


Pomm's  Daughter.      By   Claire  de   Pratz. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Though  one  cannot  quite  acquit  the  author 
of  a  too  liberal  use  of  the  sentimental, 
this  story  of  the  adoption  of  a  little  girl 
by  a  retired  French  naval  officer,  who  lives 
hi  Paris,  and  spends  his  time  in  collecting 
treasures  from  the  bookstalls  on  the  quays, 
is  not  without  a  certain  ingenuous  charm. 
The  development  of  the  young  girl  under 
the  care  and  tuition  of  her  absent-minded, 
but  lovable  old  guardian  is  sketched  with 
considerable  skill,  and  a  pretty  little  love- 
story  is  interwoven.  Towards  the  end  of 
the  book — the  action  of  which,  by  the  way, 
takes  place  in  the  nineties — the  solving  of 
a  mild  mystery  concerning  the  heroine's 
birth  necessitates  the  shifting  of  the  scene 
from  Paris  to  London,  and  the  doings  of 
the  little  menage  suddenly  transported  to 
an  English  boarding-house  are  amusingly 
described. 

The  Wonder-Worker .     By  Vincent  Brown. 
(Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 

As  in  many  instances  on  the  stage  and 
in  fiction,  the  wonder-worker  is  only 
heard  and  not  seen.  His  words  cause 
much  searching  of  heart  to  a  dear  old 
couple,  whose  mam  sin  seems  to  -have 
been  the  secrecy  in  which  they  have 
shrouded  the  fact  of  their  children's 
illegitimacy.  On  confession  being  made, 
it  becomes  evident  that  the  parents  have 
failed  to  transmit  such  a  measure  of 
their  own  charity  to  their  offspring  as 
will  make  them  attempt  to  mitigate  the 
world's  censure.  Another  well-drawn 
character  is  a  charwoman  whom  the 
"  Wonder- Worker  "  helps  to  conquer  a 
mania  for  drink  ;  but  best  of  all,  as  an 
example,  is  a  bishop  whose  sympathy 
with  his  fellows  translates  itself  into  so 
many  good  works  as  to  make  pride  and 
good  living  impossible. 


Bedesman    4.     By    Mary    J.    H.    Skrine. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.,  2s.  Qtd.  net.) 

This  story  is  a  rather  ktyllic  presentment 
of  the  incipient  career  of  a  quarryman's 
son,  who  attracts  the  notice  and  favour  of 
a  professor  from  Oxford,  and  thereby  gains 
the  education  he  requires.  A  momentary 
crisis  threatening  cessation  of  his  school 
life  is  tided  over  by  what  strikes  us  as 


rather  obvious  mechanism  ;  apparent 
again,  and  perhaps  unduly  forced,  in  the 
happy  ending. 

The  descriptions  of  the  country-side 
and  of  school-life  are  picturesque  and 
sympathetic,  but  the  story  as  a  whole  is 
slight. 

The    Music-Makers.     By    Louise    Mack. 
(Mills  &  Boon,  6s.) 

It  did  not  need  the  final  e  of  the  Christian 
name  to  indicate  that  this  book  was  written 
by  a  woman.  The  author  literally  revels 
in  descriptions  of  the  garments  which 
clothe  her  creations.  There  is  none  of 
those  vaguely  impressionistic  effects 
which  a  man  would  feel  sufficient  to  set 
forth  the  appearance  of  his  heroines,  but 
details  of  material,  cut,  and  finish  in  such 
abundance  as  to  satisfy  the  most  exacting 
of  feminine  readers. 

The  plot  deals  with  matter  sufficiently 
out  of  the  ordinary  to  carry  on  the  interest, 
in  spite  of  the  somewhat  colourless 
character-drawing. 

Jess  Levellier  is  the  daughter  of  an 
American  millionaire,  and  has  entered  on 
a  successful  musical  career  as  a  composer 
in  London.  She  befriends  a  poverty- 
stricken  young  man,  who  turns  out  to  be 
a  fellow-artist  with  an  opera  which  no  one 
will  look  at.  Intending  to  surprise  him, 
she  uses  her  influence  to  have  it  anony- 
mously produced,  and  it  is  hailed  at  once 
as  a  masterpiece.  Both  public  and 
manager  are  firm  in  the  belief  that  she  is 
the  composer — a  belief  she  tries  to  correct 
on  the  "  first  night  "  by  requesting  Ferencz 
Alwyn  to  come  forward  and  acknowledge 
the  calls  for  "  author."  Alwyn,  however, 
having  accidentally  dropped  in  at  a 
rehearsal,  is  under  the  impression  that 
she  has  stolen  the  manuscript  from  him, 
and  does  not  wait  to  hear  it  produced. 
Before  the  misunderstanding  is  cleared 
up  there  are  many  dangers  and  matri- 
monial pitfalls  to  be  escaped.  Numerous 
other  characters  help  to  make  the  scene 
of  activity  a  crowded  one. 


SHORT   STORIES. 


Heroines,  and  Others.     By  St.  John  Lucas. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons,  6s.) 

Though  each  of  the  tales  in  this  book 
attains  a  high  degree  of  merit,  not  one  of 
them  strikes  us  as  bearing  on  its  face  the 
inevitability  of  the  short  story.  In  fact, 
we  suspect  the  first,  '  Miss  Amelia,'  of  hav- 
ing its  origin  in  the  plot  of  a  prospective 
novel  running  to  its  hundreds  of  pages.  , 
The  author  dallies  with  the  solution,  which 
is  a  foregone  conclusion  for  50  pages, 
and  when  it  has  occurred,  and  we  feel  at 
last  well  started  on  the  circumstances 
arising  from  it,  we  find  that  the  tale  is 
told.  To  our  mind  it  is  a  tale  with  its 
larger  and  better  part  left  untold.  The 
second  story,  '  Maria,'  is  longer  and 
better,  but  the  clue  to  the  mystery  of  two 
wasted  lives  is  not  entirely  satisfying. 
The  shortest  of  all,  '  The  History  of 
Ridolfo,'  is  far  and    away  the  best.      It 


[Supplement,  May  23,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


743 


occupies  only  eight  pages,  but  in  those 
eight  pages  egotistical  obsession  is  born, 
grows,  and  overthrows  the  reason  of 
the  man  that  harbours  it.  We  advise 
readers  to  take  the  three  remaining  tales 
before  this  one ;  otherwise,  owing  to  com- 
parison, they  will  not  enjoy  them  so  much 
as  tliev  ought. 


The  Shears  of  Delilah.     By  Virginia  Ter- 

lnme  van  tie  Water.  (Putnam,  6s.) 
The  author  gives  us  storv  after  story  of 
people  who,  we  must  confess,  are  ex- 
tremelv  disagreeable.  Thev  delight  in 
misunderstanding  and  suspecting  one  an- 
other, and  they  have  a  perfect  talent  for 
launching  unpleasant  and  undeserved  accu- 
sations. Indeed,  we  should  be  extremely 
sorry  to  have  to  meet  in  the  flesh  the 
'•  Nagger,"  the  husband  of  the  Liar,  or  the 
two  children  of  the  "  successful,"'  but  un- 
happy mother. 

This  is  no  reflection  on  the  teller  of  the 
stories,  except  so  far  as  her  choice  of  per- 
sonages is  concerned  ;  her  technique  and 
realism,  both  excellent  of  their  kind, 
might  equally  well  have  been  devoted  to 
types  of  a  more  lovable  or  at  least  amiable 
nature. 


The  Adventuress,  and  Other  Stories.  By 
George  Willoughby.  (Goschen,  2s.  net.) 
Of  these  fourteen  "  stories "  three  are 
distinctly  striking  by  reason  of  a  certain 
passionate  crudity,  a  realism  that  gives 
actual  discomfort  when  we  think  that  it 
may  mean  reality.  These  three  are  '  Lily 
May."  "  Life  Wins/  and  '  A  Sea  Captain  ' 
— quick,  cruel,  sensational  sketches  that 
evolve  thoughts  of  pastel  work  :  dark, 
clouded  backgrounds,  now  lit  up  by  the 
lurid  gleams  of  the  lowest  life,  now  suf- 
fused with  a  changing  glow  of  luxury. 
We  would  add  the  '  Watch  Xight  Service,' 
did  it  not  recall  over-forcibly  Mr.  Wells's 
4  Love  and  Mr.  Lewisham." 

*  A  London  Dawn  '  and  the  '  Psychology 
of  Fires  '  are  more  in  the  nature  of  tours 
de  force  :  vivid  in  their  way.  but  unreal, 
showing  too  much  composition  in  the 
pastel.  This  defect  is  still  more  marked 
in  the  descriptions  of  the  Isle  of  Dogs  and 
Rosherville,  and  it  reaches  a  climax  in  the 
'  Correspondence.' 

Mr.  Willoughby  (are  we  right  in  the 
sex  ?)  delights  in  his  technique,  which  is 
nearly,  if  not  always,  equalled  by  his 
observation  ;  but  it  is  our  impression  that 
both  will  nm  to  seed  if  devoted  overmuch 
to  sketches  of  this  nature  ;  in  a  larger 
theme  these  qualities  would  be  kept 
within  bounds,  and  so  be  more  effective. 
He  might  try  a  wider  and  more  complex 
field.  "  The  Adventuress."  for  example 
(though  its  abrupt  ending,  evidently  so 
designed,  is  not  devoid  of  cleverni 
might  be  developed  into  a  good  novel. 


JUVENILE. 
Radiant    Qirl.    By 


A    Little    Radiant    Qirl.     By    Katharine 

Tynan.     (Blackie  &  Son,  6«.) 
This  book  is  evidently  written  for  school- 
girls  in   their   teens.     We   rather   suspeci 
the  modern   schoolgirl   has   a   secret   pre- 
ference for   her   brother's   books   of   ad- 


venture and  travel  ;  the  everyday  life  of 
Francie  Chevallier  will   appear   to  her  a 

pleasant,  though  scarcely  enthralling 
story. 

We  hear  of  Francie  at  school  in  Paris j 
making  many  friends,  then  at  home  in 
an  English  village,  and  finally  earning  her 
own  living  in  London.  We  would  willingly 
have  heard  less  of  the  village  period  and 
more  of  the  London  one,  which  is  some- 
what meagrely  treated.  The  author  occa- 
sionally allows  her  feeling  for  poetic  fancy 
and  wish  to  avoid  the  commonplace  to 
lead  her  into  expressions  which  sound  a 
little  peculiar. 

Francie  is  a  kind  and  warm-hearted  girl, 
but  her  charm  is  a  little  too  much  insisted 
on.  The  other  characters  all  have  pretty 
manners,  and  are  irreproachably  well- 
connected. 


More  about  Froggy.     By  Brenda.    (R.T.S., 

2s.) 

Froggy  is  already  well  known  to  a  host 
of  readers,  who  will  be  glad  to  hear  of 
his  further  adventures  up  to  manhood. 
Brenda  writes  well  and  easily,  supplying 
the  human  touches  which  are  particularly 
desirable  in  stories  destined  to  improve 
the  occasion.  Some  will  think,  perhaps, 
that  Froggy's  loyalty  and  grit  might 
have  met  with  more  prolonged  trials. 
He  has  difficulties  in  the  Home  which 
shelters  him,  and  later  on  the  seas,  but 
their  timely  disappearance  suggests  that 
he  is  special!}-  favoured  by  Providence. 


Cornwall's       Wonderland.         By      Mabel 
Quiller-Couch.  (Dent  &  Sons,  3s.  Qd.  net.) 

The  title  of  this  collection  of  stories, 
'  Cornwall's  Wonderland,"  suggests  a  tre- 
sure-house  filled  with  lore  such  as,  perhaps, 
no  other  corner  of  England  could  furnish. 
The  Phoenicians,  the  knights  of  Lyonesse, 
the  Spaniards  of  the  Armada,  the  "  stan- 
naries "  instinct  with  old-world  custom 
and  character,  the  tradition  that  two  of  the 
Apostles  (St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  if  our 
memory  does  not  fail  us)  landed  on  the 
Cornish  coast  as  pioneers  of  Christianity — 
from  such  sources  alone  we  might  have 
expected  much.  The  author  doubtless 
suffered  from  the  constraint  of  space,  and 
perhaps  from  the  fact  that  she  was 
writing  for  children  ;  but,  those  limita- 
tions conceded,  we  still  feel  that  her 
treatment  is  slight  and  cursory.  The 
"Tristan  and  Isolde'  story  is,  however, 
well  told,  Malory  being  used  with  dis- 
crimination and  clearness. 

The  atmosphere  of  wild  moorland  and 
rocky  sea-coast,  which  might  have  been 
more  fully  emphasized  even  for  young 
readers,  is  often  obscured  by  unnecessary 
descriptions  of  dress  and  decoration.  Of 
course,  in  telling  a  fairy  story  to  a  child, 
detailed  description  is  an  essential;  but 
even  in  this  there  are  hounds  ;  superfluity 

of  the  tri\  ial.  of  parade,  must   be  avoided. 

The  impression  we  have  after  reading  this 

book  is  that  the  author  is  not  sufficiently 

spontaneous  for  her  audience,  nor  various 

enough  in  her  choice  of  the  tales  she  sets 
before  them. 


HISTORY    AND    ADVENTURE. 

The  Red  Virgin.     By  C.  Frederic  Turner. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton,  6s.) 

It  is  a  pleasing  surprise  to  find,  in  the  case 
of  a  prominently  advertised  novel,  some 
merit  to  correspond  to  the  advertisement. 
The  merit  hardly  comes  out  where  it  might 
be  expected,  but  is,  let  us  say,  sufficiently 
prominent  elsewhere  in  the  book  to  justify 
this  anomaly.  The  struggles  and  intrigues 
for  the  Regency  of  'Grimland  "  present 
a  wide  scope  for  adventure  and  excite- 
ment, plot  and  counterplot,  espionage, 
secret  service,  anarchy,  and  aristocracy 
— indeed,  almost  every  species  of  hazard 
that  can  be  imagined  in  such  a  connexion. 

But  the  writer  is  one  of  those  rather  rare 
story-tellers  who  have  a  sense  of  proportion 
both  in  their  facts  and  their  style,  and  he 
succeeds  in  making  his  characters,  and  the 
events  that  await  and  befall  them,  suffi- 
ciently reasonable  and  logical. 

It  is  curious  that  the  one  character  on 
whom  our  attention  should  be  concen- 
trated— the  Red  Virgin  herself  —  is  of  all 
the  least  lifelike  and  probable.  We  have 
the  impression  that  she  was  the  ground- 
work of  a  book  that  has  "  written  itself  " 
away  from  her.  In  a  word,  the  book  is 
better,  perhaps,  than  it  was  meant  to  be. 
Two  scenes  are  specially  commendable : 
the  meeting  of  the  spies  in  the  council  hall 
of  the  "  Rathesherren,"  and  the  fall  of  the 
avalanche  that  retards  the  escape  of  the 
villain  and  frustrates  his  plans.  The 
description,  both  of  town  and  country,  is 
convincing  ;  indeed,  it  seems  to  betray  the 
land  which  the  author  has  chosen  as  his 
theatre. 


Perilous  Seas.     Bv  E.   Gallienne   Robin. 
(R.  &  T.  Washbourne,  3s.  6d.  net.) 

Mr.  Robin  endeavours  to  write  a  history 
of  the  French  Revolution,  tell  a  story,  and 
present  a  treatise  upon  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith — all  in  the  same  book.  It  is  not  an 
"  historical  novel,"  except  in  respect 
of  treating  an  historical  period  ;  the 
characters  play  no  part  in  the  history 
thereof ;  they  merely  sit  at  home  in 
Guernsey  and  recount  to  each  other  the 
doings  in  Paris,  practically  in  the  language 
of  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc,  as  the  author  himself 
explains  in  the  Preface.  As  a  history 
lesson  it  is  passable.  As  a  tale  the  book 
lacks  warmth  and  interest.  Mr.  Robin 
has  not  the  art  of  presenting  living  and 
feeling  men  and  women.  His  people  are 
puppets  who  act  and  speak  at  his  will  ; 
some  of  them  are  mere  shadows.  At 
least  (though  he  might  have  made 
more  of  his  local  colouring)  he  succeeds  in 

presenting  a  fairly  realistic  picture  of 
Guernsey  life,  and  he  gives  some  account 
of  its  ancient    customs;    but    the    book    ;ts 

a  whole  is  no  more  than  a  chronicle  of 
events.  Religion  is  a  pervading  influ- 
ence. All  the  good  people  are  Catholics, 
and  all  the  bad  are  Protestants  :  the  mere 
harmony  of  the  heroine's  voice  when 
repeating  "  Our  Lady''  leads  to  con- 
version; she  is.  in  fact,  a  better 
'  missionary  "   than   her  author. 


744 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  May  23,  1914 


D.APPLETON&  COMPANY 
Quick  Action 

Robert  W.   Chambers 

Author  of  '  The  Business  of  Life.' 
A  Romance  of  crystal  gazing  and  modern  life.     6s. 

Captain  Dan's 
Daughter 

Joseph  C.    Lincoln 

Full  of  humour,  tenderness,  and  humanity.  6s. 

The  Jam   Girl 

Frances  Sterrett 

"A  most  attractive  and  skilful  tale." — Times.     6s. 

Anna   Borden's 
Career 

Margarete  Munsterberg 

A  gripping  novel  of  a  dissatisfied  woman's  life.  6s. 

Madcap 

George  Gibbs 

Author  of  '  The  Bolted  Door.' 

A  powerful  love-story  of  society  life.  6s. 

The  Man  Inside 

Natalie   S.    Lincoln 

A  thrilling  detective  story.  6s. 

The  Opal  Pin 

Rufus  Gillmore 

A  mystery  story  of  absorbing  interest.  6s. 

Advertising   and 
Selling 

H.   L.    Hollingworth 

Crown  8vo,  cloth,  314  pages.  6s.  net. 

The  book  is  intended  for  sales  managers,  adver- 
tising managers,  business  heads,  and  students. 
Business  men  will  find  a  mass  of  suggestive  material 
carefully  worked  out  to  produce  actual  results  for 
those  who  have  merchandise  to  sell. 

Jungle  Days 

Arley    Munson,    M.D. 

Demy  8vo,  cloth,  298  pages.     Illus.  10s.  6d.  net. 

The  record  of  a  woman  doctor's  work  among  the 
natives  of  India  told  with  intense  sympathy  and  with 
a  human  touch  that  makes  it  irresistible  reading. 

The  Vatican : 

The  Centre  of  Government  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  World 

Rt.   Rev.   Edmond  Canon 
Hughes  de  Ragna 

Frontispiece   of  His  Holiness,  Pius  X.     Royal 
8vo,  cloth,  451  pages.  16s.  net. 

This  is  a  comprehensive  description  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  a  scholarly 
discussion  of  its  functions  and  method  of  operation 
throughout  the  world. 

London  :    25,    BEDFORD    STREET,    STRAND. 


Mr,   Heinemanns    List. 

Heinemann's    Sevenpennies    Everywhere. 

Also  ask  for  List  of  2\-  net  Novels.       They   are 
all  Books  you  want  to  read. 

(Ready  next  Monday.  J 

THE      DANCE.         By  T.  and  M.  W. 

KINNEY.     Profusely  Illustrated.     15s.   net. 
A   comprehensive   monograph  on  the  principles 
of  dancing  for  stage,  bailer,  and  ball-room,    with 
instructions  as  to  method,  &c. 

THE     ENGLISH      SOUL. 

By  "FOEMINA."     6s.  net.  (Just  out.) 

"  Deserves  to  be  read  widely  and  well.'' 

Evening  Standard. 

TURKISH      MEMORIES^ 

By  SIDNEY  WHITMAN,    Author  of  'Ger- 
man Memories,'  &c.      7s.  6d.  net. 
"An  extremely  interesting   book  that    has  claim 
to  much  more  than  passing  attention." — Globe. 

WHEAT     AND      WOMAN. 

By  GEORGINA  BINNIE-CLARK.     6s.  net. 
Farming  experiences  in  Canada. 
"  Makes  attractive  reading." — The  Times. 


THE      REAL      MEXICO. 

By  HAMILTON  FYFE.    (2nd  Impr.)    6s.net. 
"  Mr.  Fyfe  has  the  gift  of  vivid  description  and 
vigorous  writing,  and  he  has  never  employed  it  to 
better  purpose." — Daily  Mail. 


PRISONS   and   PRISONERS. 

By  LADY  CONSTANCE   LYTT0N.     With 
Portraits.     3s.  6<2.  net.  (3rd  Impr.) 


RENAISSANCE     OF     THE 

GREEK    IDEAL.       By  Mrs.   ROGER 
WATTS.     Profusely  Illustrated.     21s.  net. 

"A    thought/id  and  most  suggestive  book the 

exercises  are  set  out  simply  and   clearly,   and  ?ve 
advise  the  r<ader  to  test  them  in  practice." — Globe. 

VALE   !  By    GEORGE    MOORE.      3rd 

Volume    of     'HAIL     AND      FAREWELL' 
Previously      published,       1.     'AVK'   ;         2. 

'  SALVE.'     6s.   each.  

"  A  most  amazing  book." — Daily  Express. 


ANTARCTIC     PENGUINS. 

By  Dr.  G.  MURRAY  LEVICK,    R.N.,  who 
lived  a    whole  season    in   a    Penguin    Camp. 
Illustrated  from  Photographs.     6s.  net. 
"A  wonderjul  book,  wonderfully  illustrated." 

Morning  Post. 


CRIMINOLOGY.    By  baron  r. 

GARAFOLO.     Vol.  VII.     "  Modern  Criminal 
Science  Series."     16s.  net.  (Just  otit.) 


NEW  6s.  NOVELS. 

THE    ISLAND.  Eleanor  Morrtaunt. 

Author  of  'The  Garden  of  Contentment.' 

THE    HOUSE    IN    DEMETRIUS 

ROAD.  J.  P.  Beresford. 

THE  COST  OF  WINGS,    vm  impr.) 

By  the  Author  of  '  The  Dop  Doctor.'        Richard  Penan. 


A  LADY  AND  HER  HUSBAND. 

(2nd  Impr.)  Amber  Reeves. 


WHEN  GHOST  MEETS  GHOST. 

(2nd  Impr.)  Wm.  Pe  Morgan. 

THE  MILKY  WAY.        cm  impr.) 

F.  Tennyson  Jesse. 
The  POSSESSED.     3s.  6d.  net.    Dostoevsky. 


Mr.  MURRAY'S 

NEW  BOOKS. 
NOTABLE    NEW    NOVELS. 

6s.    each. 

By  HORACE  A.  VACHELL. 
QUINNEYS'. 

"A  more  humane  and  lovable  character  could1 
hardly  be  conceived  than  Joe  Quinney,  the  little 
enthusiastic  dealer  in  antiques,  who  figures  as  the 
hero  of  a  story  of  the  most  delightful  and  charming 
kind.  The  novel  has  an  engaging  appeal  that  is- 
lrresistible,  while  the  spontaneity  of  the  manner 
in  which  it  is  written  is  admirably  suited  for  a 
most  winning  tale." — Country  Life. 

By  E.  H.  LACON  WATSON. 
CLOUDESLEY  TEMPEST. 

"  A  capital  story  of  love  and  of  the  Stock  Ex- 
change. " —  Times. 

By  GLADYS  MURDOCH. 

MISTRESS 
CHARITY  GODOLPHIN. 

A   Love   Romance   with   the   Monmouth 
Rebellion  for  a  Setting. 

"  A  spirited  and  thoroughly  interesting  roniance,. 
one  in  which  story  and  history  are  so  delicately 
entwined  that  the  reader  can  but  admire  the  skill 
with  which  it  is  done."— Daily  Telegraph. 

THE  INNER  LIFE  OF   THE 
ROYAL  ACADEMY. 

Some  Account  of  its  Schools,  Exhibitions,  and 
Members.  Principally  in  the  Reign  of  Queen 
Victoria.  By  GEORGE  DUNLOP  LESLIE, 
R.A.     Illustrations.  10s.  6d.  net. 

CHRISTIANITY    AND 
ECONOMIC    SCIENCE. 

A  New  Volume  in  the  "Questions  of  the  Day 
Series."  By  W.  CUNNINGHAM,  D.D.  F.B.A.. 
Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
Archdeacon  of  Ely.  2s.  6d.  net. 

LIFE  AND  HUMAN  NATURE. 

By  Sir  BAMPFYLDE  FULLER,  K.C.S.I. 
CLE.  9s.  net. 

"  Contains  abundant  evidence  of  high  intelli- 
gence, cultivated  by  hard  thought  and  reinforced 
by  years  of  wide  reading  and  untiring  observation. 

The  style  of  the  book  is  delightful,  its  urbanity 

consistently  charming." — Sunday  Times. 

M.  VALERIUS  MARTIALIS. 

Selections  from  the  Epigrams.  Translated  or 
Imitated  in  English  verse  by  W.  J.  COURT- 
HOPE,  C  B.,  formerly  Professor  of  Poetry  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.  3s.  6d.  net. 

SOCIAL  REFORM. 

As  related  to  realities  and  delusions.  By  W.  H. 
M  ALLOCK.  An  examination  of  the  increase  and 
distribution  of  wealth  from  1801  to  1910.    6s.  net.. 

THE   ROMANCE  OF  NAMES. 

By  Prof.  ERNEST  WEEKLEY,  M.A.  "We 
welcomed  his  book  on  '  The  Romance  of  Words,' 
now  already  in  its  third  impression,  and  we  are 
equally  glad  to  have  its  companion,  '  The  Romance 
of  Names,'  which  is  at  once  entertaining  and 
scholarly." — Athenazum.   2nd  Edition.    3s.  Qd.  net. 


LONDON:    JOHN    MURRAY. 


THE  ATHEKZEUM 


7«> 


Journal  of  (Engltslj  anh  Jfnrrign  literatim,  ^titntz,  t\jt  ^Tmt'%xX^  JHtfsi|  ?ttb  t\)t  Drama* 


No.  4518 


SATURDAY,     MAY   30,     1914.  sixpence. 

^»"<_^  REGIHTKRKD  AS  A  NKWS 


VRICK 

s 


SPAPKR. 


Xechms. 


THE    ROYAL    INSTITUTION    OF    GREAT 
BRITAIN. 
ALBEMARLE    STREET.    W. 
TUESDAY  next.  June  2.  at  3  o'clock.  Prof.  A.  FOWLER.  F.R.8  , 
First  of  T»,  Lectures  on  •CELESTIAL  SPECTROSCOPY.'     Half  a- 

^BURSDAY.^'une  4.  at  3  o'clock.  Prof.  SILVANUSP  THOMP- 
SON LL  I>.  F.R.*..  First  of  Two  Lectures  on  •FARADAY  AND 
THE  FOUNDATIONS  OF  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING.'    Half- 

*  (SATURDAY.  >une  6.  at  3  o'clock.  Mr.  S.  GOETZE.  First  of  Two 
Lectures  on  'STUDIES  ON  EXPRESSION  IN  ART.'  Haifa-Guinea. 


Q 


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L     L, 


E      E      N  '  S  H     i 

LANGHAM    PLACE.   W. 

Sole  Lessees-Messrs.  CHAPPELL  A  CO..  Ltd. 

A  SPECIAL  LECTURE 

by 

Mrs.  ANNIE  BESANT 

■  President  of  the  Theosophical  Society). 
8ubject : 

INDIA'S    PLEA    FOR    JUSTICE  : 

SHALL   INDIA   BE   A   BUTTRESS    OR   A   PERIL 

TO    THE    EMPIRES 

on 

THURSDAY  EVENING.  June  11,  at  B.SO  p.m. 

In  the  Chair:   The  Bt   Hon.  The  EARL  BRAS3EY.  G.C.B. 

1.000  FREE  TICKETS. 

Tickets  Numbered.  58.,  2».  ;   Admission  Is. 

Apply  to  the  Theosophical  Publishing  Society,  161.  New  Bond 

Street.  W.,  or  to 

Queen  s  Hall,  Laugham  Place.  W. 


(Exhibitions. 


"pOYAL 
A  CADEMY. 


SUMMER  EXHIBITION 

Open  9  am   to  7  P.M. 

Thursdays,  fl  a.m.  to  10  p  si. 

Admission  18     Catalogue  Is. 

SEASON  TICKET  5s. 


MODERN         DUTCH         MASTERS. 
Now  open,  the  104th  Exhibition  at  the 

FRENCH  GALLERY,  120,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 


GOUPIL      GALLERY      EXHIBITIONS. 
Hunting  Scenes  and  Landscapes  by  HELENA  GLEICHEN. 
Bronzes  by  KENEE   YRANYCZANY. 
Admission  Is.  from  If.  till '"..  Saturday  10  till  1. 

WILLIAM   MARCHANT  A  CO.,  6,  Regent  Street,  S.W. 


EXHIBITION  OF  MODERN  FRENCH 
ETCHINGS  IND  LITHOGRAPHS  by  GOYA,  ROP8,  FORAIN, 
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TION to  FILL  UP  VACANT  SCHOLARSHIPS  AND 
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i  irticular*  apply  by  letter  to  THE  BURSAR,  Little  Dean's  Yard, 
Westminster. 

MERCHANT  TAYLORS'  SCHOOL,  E.C.— An 
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under  14  on  June  11,  1914.  will  be  held  on  JUNK  30  and  following 
days.-For  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 


S 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  ami  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  lie  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne.  Dorset. 


BUSSAGE  HOUSE,  GLOUCESTERSHIRE.— 
Principals  MISS  DOROTHEA  DKAI.K.  B.A.Lond..  formerly 
Head  of  lhe8troud  Hiifh  ■•chov.l  ;  MI8d  JOHNSTON.  Oxford  M...1 
Honours.  Cambridge  Te-ich-rs  Diploma  New  Boarding  Scho.l  I  .r 
the  Daughters  of  Sen tlemen  will  OPEN  IN  SEPTEMBER.  High 
and  healthy  site  on  Cotmroldi.  Large  garden.  Definite  Cbaroh 
teaching.  Prep  for  Exams.   Fees*}!.— Prospectusapply SECRETARY. 

AfADAME  AUBERT8  AGENCY  (est    1880), 

pi  ?,e,th  Hou""  ''""''■  "'■OBHT  STRKET.  W.  English  and 
roreign  G  l.ulj-    I'rofi-ssors.    Teachers.    Chaperon  el    Com 

panioos.  Secretaries.  Read-™.  Introduced  f->r  Home  and  Abroad 
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tours,  10-5  ;  Saturdays.  10-1.    Tel.  Regent  3627. 


U 


Situations  ^arant. 

NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  UNIVERSITY' 
PROFESSOR  OF  CHEMISTRY  tenable  at  the  ROYAL  HOLLO- 
WAY  COLLEGE.  The  post  is  open  to  Men  and  to  Women,  and  the 
salary  will  beCOOi.  a  year  in  the  case  of  a  Man.  or  in  the  case  of  a 
Woman  SOOi.,  together  with  board  and  furnished  residence  during 
the  College  Terms.  Applications  (twelve  copies),  with  the  names  of 
not  more  than  four  references,  must  be  received  not  later  than  the 
first  post  on  JUNE  13,  1914,  by  THE  ACADEMIC  RKGISTRAR, 
University  of  London,  South  Kensington,  S.W. ,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained.    Testimonials  are  not  required. 

HENRY  A.  M1ERS,  Principal. 


r 


NIVERSITY    OF    BIRMINGHAM. 


FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE. 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  PHY8ICS. 
The  Council  of  the  University  invites  applications  for  the  CHAIR 
OF  PHYSICS  vacant  by  the  death  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Poynting,  F.R.S. 
The  stipend  offered  is  7502.  a  year. 

Applications  may  be  accompanied  by  testimonials,  references,  or 
other  credentials,  and  should  be  received  by  the  undersigned  on  or 
before  THURSDAY,  October  15. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


OF        BIRMINGHAM. 


TTNIVERSITY 

ASSISTANT     LECTURESHIP    IN     CLASSICS    AND    ANCIENT 
HISTORY. 

The  Council  invites  applications  for  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURE 
SHIP  IN  CLASSICS  AND  ANCIENT  HI8TORY  at  a  stipend  of 
150i.  per  annum,  under  the  general  direction  of  the  Professors  of 
Classics  and  History.     Duties  to  begin  OCTOBER  6,  1914 

Applications,  with  not  less  than  three  copies  of  testimonials, 
should  be  sent  before  JUNE  20  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom 
further  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


TTNIVERSITY 


OF        MANCHESTER. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 
(Primary  Branch.) 
The  Council  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  A8S1STANT 
LECTURER  AND  DEMONSTRATOR  IN  EDUCATION  (Man). 
The  duties  will  include  the  supervision  of  school  practice,  and  ability 
to  undertake  either  the  Physical  Training  of  the  men  students  or 
Lectures  on  the  History  of  Education  will  be  a  recommendation.— 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  THE  SECRETARY  TO 
THE  SENATE,  The  University,  Manchester,  to  whom  applications 
should  be  sent  before  JUNE  9. 


u 


NIVERSITY        OF        MANCHESTER. 


The  Council  is  about  to  appoint  a  READER  in  MATHEMATICAL 
PHYSICS.  Stipend  200!  —Applications,  accompanied  by  names  of 
three  references,  should  be  sent  by  JUNE  8  to  THE  SECRETARY 
TO  THE  SENATE,  frcm  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


T 


HE      UNIVERSITY       OF       SHEFFIELD. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHY. 

The  Council  arc  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY'. 
Salary  300(.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  9.  Further  particulars  may 
be  obtained  from  W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Registrar. 


UNIVERSITY       OF       SHEFFIELD. 


rriHE 

DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 

A  JUNIOR  LECTURER  (Man)  is  shortly  to  be  appointed  in  the 
Department.  Salary  150?.  per  annum.— Applications  should  reach 
the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained,  by 
SATURDAY,  June  fi.  W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Registrar. 

ARMSTRONG  COLLEGE, 

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 
(In    the    University   of    Durham.) 
DEPARTMENT  OF  APPLIED  MATHEMATICS. 

The  Council  invites  applications  for  the  A8SI8TANT  LECTURE- 
SHIP. 

Salary  1501  .  rising  bv  annual  increments  of  101.  to  '2001.  per  annum. 

Candidates  are  requeMed  to  lend  four  copies  of  their  applications 
and  of  not  more  than  three  testimonials  before  JUNE  li  to 

F.  H.  PRUEN,  MA.,  Secretary. 

Armstrong  College,  Newcastle  upon  Tyne. 


E 


GYPTIAN       GOVERNMENT        SCHOOLS. 


WANTKh,  in  OCTOBER,  for  Secondary  Schoole  under  the  Ministry 
of  Education  : 

TBACBBRS  OF  BNGLI0H  BeJan  BBS  ptr  annum  (L.Bg  vi  mi 
menpeui1.  rleJng  to  .'.v.'.i  p«-r  annum  L  Eg  -pi  men&enn,  on  pension- 
ahle  MaH     Allowance  foi  pe  it"  Egypt. 

BCIENOH     MASTER    (Experimental    Phytice    and     Chemistry). 
Appoint  men  t  under  contract       Length  <  I  ■  ■ia,.w»  tn«nt,   two   * 
HHinry  MM.  i>er  annum  [L,  Eft.  80  par  mrnieml.   Allowance  for  pa  usage 
out  to  Egypt  and  f.-r  return  at  cloee  of  contract. 

'  indraatai  moat  l»«  fr<  m  ahout  *1A  to  30  year  a  of  a  rc  and  unman  it  -1 
A  H'lir-ante  mii*t  have  taken  a    L'nmrnty  Degree  with  Hononn 

bare  experience  »*  teat  ban  Hi*riai  training  as  tenaben  of  Pbyeloal 
Exerdaea  will  be  a  recommendation.  Four  leawr  s  dully  on  an 
average,  Fridays  only  excepted.  Summer  vacation  not  less  than  two 
niont  I 

In-piirics  for  further  Information  and  for  Application  Forum  ihould 
he  addrewfd  not  Later  than  JURE  10,  I9U,  to  J.  \v  1  RoWFooT, 
Ef-'i  .  c/o  The  Director,  TIm  FgypUan  F»liH-»tional  Ktealon  In  Fn« 
land,  *iH,  Victoria  Htret  t,  ITeatmlnatar,  London,  s.w.  Select  ad  can 
didateet  will  l*e  interviewed  iu  London. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


QOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  STOKE-ON-TRENT. 

NEW  CENTRAL  SCHOOL  OF  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY. 

The  Governors  will  shortly  proceed  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN 
PHYSICS,  salary  'JDOi.  lising  to  300i.  per  annum,  and  a  LECTURER 
IN  CHEMISTRY,  Balary  •2001.  Per  annum. 

The  Lecturer  iu  Physics  will  he  r< quired  to  take  charge  of  the 
instruction  in  Applied  Electricity.  High  University  Honours  will  be 
an  indispensable  qualification  for  both  the  positions.— Particulars  and 
forms  of  application  can  be  obtained  from  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors 
Dr.  W.  LUDFORD  FREEMAN,  M.A.,  Town  Hall,  Hanley.  Stoke 
on-Trent,  and  must  be  returned  not  later  than  JUNE  18,  1814. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  lDclirectly,  will  be  a  disqualification. 


C 


OUNTY        OF        LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  under- 
mentioned positions  VACANT  iu  SEPTEMBEK,  1914. 

THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,    BROCKLEY. 

(il  ASSISTANT  MASTER  especially  qualified  to  teach  Mathe- 
matics. Candidates  must  have  pass-d  a  Final  Examination  for  a 
Degree  held  by  a  recognized  University,  and  must  have  Mathematical 
qualifications  of  a  high  order  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  for  Open 
Scholarships.  Commencing  salary  from  1501  to  2001.  a  year,  according 
to  previous  experience,  rising  to  3001.  by  yearly  increments  of  10! 

(ii)  Full  time  ART    MASTER,  at  a  fixed  salary  of  BOO!,  a  year. 
Candidates  must  be  qualified  to  teach  all  branches  of  Art  customary 
in  Secondary  Schools,  in  which  they  should  have  had  experience. 
THE  COUNTY  8ECONDARY  SCHOOL,  KENTISH  TOWN. 

(i)  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  German  and  French. 

(ii)  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  Geography  and  History,  who 
should  be  specially  qualified  in  Junior  Form  work. 

Commencing  salary  120!.  to  170!.  according  to  experience,  rising  to 
220!.  by  yearly  increments  of  10!.  Candidates  must  have  passed  a 
Final  Examination  for  a  Degrte  held  by  a  recognized  University.  In 
special  cases  the  Degree  requirement  may  be  relaxed,  provided  a 
candidate  is  otherwise  specially  qualified. 

Applications  must  be  on  the  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars 
of  the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFK'EK,  London  •  ounty  Council.  Educa- 
tion Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C.,  to  whom  they  must  be 
returned  by  11  a.m.  on  MONDAY',  June  22.  1914.  in  the  case  of  the 
Brockley  School,  and  JUNE  15, 1914,  in  the  case  of  the  Keutith  Towu 
School. 

Every  communication  must  be  marked  "H.4."  on  the  envelope. 
Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  is  a  disqualification  for 
appointment.  No  candidate  is  eligible  for  appointment  in  a  School 
of  which  a  relative  is  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Sub-Committee. 

LAURiNl  E  GOMME.  Cleikif  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
May  25, 1914. 


s 


TROUD       GIRLS'      HIGH       SCHOOL. 


HEAD  MISTRESS  RI  QUIRED,  early  in  SEPTEMBER,  for  the 
above  Secondary  School.  The  School  will  accommodate  about  ion  Girls, 
and  there  are  at  present  95  Pupils  The  Mistress  must  be  a  Graduate 
of  some  University  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  have  such  other 
equivalent  qualification  as  may  be  approved  b>  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion ;  in  the  latter  case  she  must  satisfy  the  Governors  that  she  has 
for  not  less  than  five  years  efficiently  conducted  a  School  of  a  grade 
not  inferior  to  that  fcr  whl<  h  I  be  Strotd  Girls'  High  School  provides. 

The  Mistress  will  receive  a  salaiy  of  240!.  a  year. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  with  n  pies  of  not  more 
than  four  recent  testimonials  and  thn  names  of  personal  references, 
to  be  made  by  JUNE  13  to  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors,    FREDK 
WINTERBOTHAM,  Solicitor.  Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  from  whom 
further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


NORTHAMPTON       SCHOOL       OF       ART. 

The  Education  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  appointment 
of  HKAI>  MAST  KK.  Applicants  .should  he  qualified  as  required  hy 
the  Kegulation6  of  the  Board  of  Education,  halary  '.JOo/.  per  annum, 
rising  hy  yearly  increments  of  102.  to  BffOt.  per  annum.  He^anl 
may  be  had  to  previous  experience  in  fixing  amount  of  oommandng 
salary.  Further  particulars  anil  a  form  of  implication  may  ho 
obtained  from  tin*  nnderefgned,  with  whom  applications  should  he 
lodged  not  later  than  JUNK  20,  19U. 

8TEWABT  BBATTir,  Secretary  to  the  (VmmiUee. 

Borough  Education   Offices,  4.  S'    erllee'  Street,  Northampton. 
May  28,   lit  14. 


B 


INC  LEY     URBAN     DISTRICT    COUNCIL. 


TIOHKICAI  ani>  EVENING  m  iiools. 

WANTED,   on   JULY    I    next,    an    ol.'ti  AN  l/.I  NO     MASTER    to 

take  charge  of  a  T"  (mil  'I  H<  h,,i.|  and  Blgbl   Eveoloff  OoDtlnuAtfofl 

li      Salary  1801  a  year     A  University  Degree  In  Pi  li  ace  and 

experience  In  teaching  and  in  Evening  School  «n  ik  seeantlal     List  of 

duties  u.ny  be  bad  from  Ihe  undersigned,  t<i  rrbom  •pplicaUoni  Cy 

letter',  stating  ape.  Qnaiffloationf  end  experie and  ooplei  of  two 

recent  testimonials,  should  n»  delivered  hi  .1 1  ' 

ALFRED  PLAIT",  'Ink  to  the  Coun.il 
Town  Hall.  Ilinvhy. 


w 


EST        SUFFOLK         EDUCATION 
00HM1TT1  r. 

i  "I  NTY  HCIIOOI.  IMIXEDI  AM>  ITI'II,  TEACHER  t  KNTItK 
BURY  HT  EDMUNDS, 
Aii'liratinns  are  Invited  f..r  Hi.  Pod  ol  ASSISTANT  WASTER, 
H»l»rr  IDOL  nonresident.  Particulars  and  forms  of  application, 
which  iu"-t  be  returned  not  later  than  JUNE  2,  1914  nnj  !«• 
obtained  fr<  m  the  undersigned  on  rei  tint  of  a  ntaiuned  and  addressed 
foolscap  envelope 

FRED.  R.  IIUGHEH,  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 


740 


T  H  E     ATHENilUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


w 


ORCKSTER    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


THE  CITY  OF  WORCESTER  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS 

REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  ntxt:- 

(II  bENIOR  SCIENCE  MISTREmS.  Salary  110!.  to  130!  (by  yearly 
increments  of  10!.).  Subjects :  Botany,  Chemistry,  and  Physics. 
Experience  essential. 

(21  ASSISTANT  FORM  MI8TRE-18.  Salary  1001.  Chief  Subjects  : 
Nature  Study,  Gengraphy,  Elementary  French,  and  English. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials  enclosed,  should  be  made 
by  fetter  to  the  undersigned,  on  or  before  JUNE  5.  Age,  qualifica- 
tions, and  experience  must  be  stated,  and  the  names  of  three 
referees  given. 

THUS.  DUCKWORTH,  Secretary  for  Higher  Education. 

Victoria  Institute,  Worcester. 

COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  SUNDERLAND. 

BEDE  COLLEGIATE  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS. 
Head  Master-Mr.  G.  T.  FERGUSON.  B.  A.  B.Sc.  (Lond). 
A  member  of  the  Staff  having  been  appointed  to  a  Head  Mastership. 
an  ASSISTANT  M*«TER  is  wanted,  to  begin  work  on  SEPT.  IS. 
Honours  Degree  in  Classics,  power  of  discipline,  and  teaching  ability 
and  experience  essential.  Ability  to  teach  Geography  well  a  recorn- 
memlition.  Salary  170! .  rising  by  fcale  to  2  0!.  Salary  scale  and 
application  form  obtainable  on  sending  stamped  addressed  envelope 
to  the  undersigned,  who  will  receive  applications  uutil  JUNE  10. 

HEHI1KKT   KKED,  Education  Secretary. 
15,  John  Street,  Sunderlaud,  May  22,  1914. 

pOUNTY   BOROUGH   OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 
Principal- J.  F.  HUDSON.  M.A.  B.Sc. 
INSTRUCTRESS     IN    DRESSMAKING    AND    IvEEDLK.WORK 

required  for  SEPTEMBER.     Salary  110!.  — For  further  particulars 
apply  lo  T.  THORP,  Secretary. 


C 


OUNTY      BOROUGH      OF      DERBY. 


ART  GALLERY   AND   MUSEUM. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  CURATOR 
The  Free  Library,  Museum  and  Art  flallery  Committe  of  Derby 
invite  applications  for  the  position  of  CURATOR  OF  THE  ART 
GALLERY  AND  MUSEUM.  Salary  200!.  per  annum.  Applications, 
together  with  three  recent  testimonials,  to  be  addressed  to  the  Chair- 
man, Free  Library,  Derby,  not  later  than  JUNE  16  next. 
Particulars  as  to  duties  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

R.  B.  CHAMBERS.  Chairman 
Free  Library,  Derby. 


c 


ORPORATION      OF      GLASGOW. 


CITY    LIBRARIAN. 
The   Corporation   invite   applicitions   for   the   position   of   CITY 
XiIBRAR'aN.    Salary  450!    per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments 
of  25!.  until  it  reaches  the  maximum  salary  of  600!  per  annum.    Appli- 
cations, giving  full  particulars  as  to  qualifications,  experience,  present 
position,  and  age,  together  with  copies  of  testimonials,  and  marked 
on  the  outside  "  City  Librarian,"  to  be  lodged  with  the  Subscriber  not 
ater  than  JUNE  20  proximo. 
Canvassing  of  members  of  the  Corporation  will  be  a  disqualification. 

J.  LINDSAY,  Town  Clerk. 
City  Chambers,  Glasgow,  May  20,  1914. 

OF 


M 


ETROPOLITAN         BOROUGH 

DEPTFORD. 

PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 

APPOINTMENT   OF  LIBRARIAN. 


The  Libraries  Committee  of  the  Borough  of  Deptford  invite  applici- 
tions for  the  position  of  LIBKARIANIN-CHARGE  of  the  NEW 
CROSS  BRANCH  LIBR  ARY.  at  a  sality  of  100!  per  annum,  rising  by 
increments  of  10!  per  annum  to  a  maximum  of  150!. 

Candidates  must  have  had  previous  experience  in  Public  Library 
work. 

Applications  must  be  made  upon  forms  to  be  obtained  from  the 
undersigned. 

The  app  'iutment  will  be  subject  to  the  conditions  of  the  Libraries 
Staff  Scheme,  and  to  the  provisions  of  the  Couueil's  Superannuation 
Act. 

Canvassing  any  member  of  the  Council,  either  personally  or  in- 
directly, will  disqualify  candidates.  The  term  canvassing  includes 
any  oral  or  written  communication  made  to  a  member  of  the  Council, 
either  by  or  on  behalf  of  a  candidate,  relative  to  the  appointment. 

ARTHUR  PURKIS,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  New  Cross  Road,  S.E.,  Juue  2,  1914. 

BEDFORD       COLLEGE       FOR       WOMEN. 
(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
REGENT'S  PARK,  N.W. 
The  Council  will    shortly  proceed    to    appoint     an    ASSISTANT 
TjIBRARIAN.    The  salary  offered  is  80!.  per  Session.    Candidates  must 
'have  had  University  training  and  some  experience  of  Library  work. 
A  knowledge  of  type-writing  is  essential. 

Six  copies  of   applications   and  of   not   more  than   three   recent 
testimonials  should  be  sent  not  later  than   SATURDAY.  June  20, 
'to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 
E.  T.  McKNIGHT,  Secretary  of  Council. 


Jbttbors'  jlgfttta. 

THE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 
consider  and  place  MSi.  for  early  publication.  Literary  work  of 
;all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2.  Clement's  Inn,  W. 


Catalogues. 


Fi 


;iRST  EDITIONS  OF  MODERN  AUTHORS, 

including  Dickens,  Thackeray  Lever,  Ainsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
trated by  G  and  R  Cruikshank,  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  Ac.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
LOGUES issued  and  sent  post  free  on  application.  Boohs  bought.— 
WALTER  T.  SPENCER,  27-.  New  Oxford  Street.  London,  W.C. 

UOOKS— CATALOGUE  of  VALUABLE  and 

»->  INTERESTING  BOOKS,  being  Selections  from  several  well- 
iknown  Libraries,  post  free.  Customers'  lists  of  desiderata  solicited  — 
R.  ATKINSON,  97.  Sunderland  Road,  Forest  Hill,  London;  Tele- 
phone 1642  Sydenham. 

BOOKS.  -  ALL  OUT-OF  PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOK8  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Book- 
Tinder  extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  make 
a  special  feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected 
from  my  various  lists.    Special  list  of  2.000  Books  I  particularly  want 


lostjree.-  EDW    BAKKR'S  Great   Bookshop.  John   Bright  Street, 

J,  new,   158.— Walpole  s   Letters, 


Birmingham.    Burke's  Peerage,   1910,   new,   ids.— waipoies 
arge  Paper.  16  vole.,  7!.  10s.    Yeats,  Collected  Works,  3  vols.,  3!.  3s. 


Situations   Manteo. 

SOCIAL  WORKER  with  10  years'  practical 
experience  of  Social  Work,  regular  contributor  on  social 
questions  to  First  Cla^s  Journals,  wishes  POsT  on  Staff  of  Daily  or 
Weekly  Paper  or  as  Secretary  to  Public  Man  Has  wide  connexions 
and  Special  Knowledge  of  Continental  Countries.  —  Box  2058, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 

HOLIDAY  ENGAGEMENT  with  interesting 
people  WANTED  by  two  friends,  High  School  Mistresses, 
English  Literature  and  Domestic  Science.  —  Reply  Box  2061, 
Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chaucery  Lane,  London,  EC 


iJtiscellaneous. 

TRANSLATIONS.  —  Absol  utely  reliable  Literary, 
Scientific,  and  Press-work,  from  Russian,  French,  German, 
Italian,  by  a  professional  Translator.  Bibliographies  compiled.— 
Address  A.  I.  S.,  16,  Oakley  Street,  Chelsea,  S.W. 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at    the 
British   Museum.      Experience.      Testimonials.  —  N.  M-,  Box 
1995,  Athenaeum  PresB,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Type-writing.  — A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

TRAVELLER  calling  upon  Colleges,  Grammar 
Schools,  Secondary  Schools,  High  Schools.  High-Class  Boarding 
Schools,  and  Convents  could  give  profitable  representation  to  one 
other  firm  of  high  standing— Box  2060,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chaucery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

SPEAKERS,  LECTURERS,  WRITERS  are 
offered  EXPERT  ASSISTANCE  at  moderate  fees —Prospectus 
post  free  on  application  to  THE  HECRETARY,  London  General 
Information  Service,  111,  St.  Stephen's  House,  Westminster,  S.W. 

TO  AUTHORS.— A  Firm  of  Publishers  will  be 
glad  to  hear  from  Writers  who  have  one  or  two  successful  Books 
to  their  credit  but  have  not  yet  been  largely  advertised,  with  a  view 
to  arranging  contracts.  Liberal  advances  will  be  made  on  account 
of  royalties.-Apply  by  letter  to  PUBLISHER,  care  of  Pool's,  92, 
Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

A  UTHORS'     MSS.     Criticized,     Revised,     and 

XI.  Prepared  for  Press.  Type-writing  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
and  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— C.  M.  DUNCAN,  Grasmere,  Grasmere  Road,  Purley, 
Surrey. 

TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
ROOMS  of  the  ART-WORKERS'  GUILD,  recently  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings,  Concert",  and  Exhibitions.— Apply  to  SECRE- 
TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

FOR  SALE,  FOLK-LORE,  Vols.  X.-XXI. 
bound  half-cloth ;  Vols.  XXII.  and  XXIII.,  Nos.  1.  2  unbound. 
Cost  price  1!.  per  vol.  Any  reasonable  offer  considered-Address 
R.  P.,  41,  Croxteth  Road,  Liverpool. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BEST  MARKKT  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  &  HON,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  Loudon,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


©npf-Mritinn,  &c. 

TYPE-WRITING  of  every  description  carefully 
and  promptly  executed  ar  home.  8<i  per  1  000.  15,00064.  per  1,000 
Duplicating  and  Copying,  Translations,  Shorthand.  Cambridge  Local. 
—  Miss  NANCY  McFARLANE,  11,  Palmdra  Avenue,  Westcliff.  Essex 

rpYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 

1-  ate  (Classical  Tripos.  Girton  College,  Cambridge:  Intermediate 
Arts.  L»ndonl.  Research,  Kevision,  Shonhand  CAMBRIDGE 
TYPF  WRITING  OFFICE,  5,  DUKE  STKEET,  ADELPHI,  W.C. 
Telephore:  2:108  City. 

MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  9d.  per   1,000  words. 
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748 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


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BY    AUTHOR    OF    'FATHER    RALPH.' 

\\/*,  S^S.^™  %   GERALD 

Wcllling.       O'DONOVAN.     6«. 

Field.—  "The  story  'Waiting,'  of  life  in 
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studied  his  subject  with  care,  and  writes 
with  sincerity  and  conviction." 


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The    Wilds   of   Maoriland. 

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Society,  &e.     With  8  Plates  in  Colour, 

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rivalling  parts  of    the   country,   its    forests 

and  its  Alps,  worthy  those  of  Switzerland." 

Impressions  of  British  Life 
&  Character  on  the  Occa= 
sion  of  a  European  Tour, 

*9I3«  ByMEHERBANNARAYANRAO 
BABASAHIB,  Chief  of  Ichalkaranji, 
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The  Times  says  : — "Mr.  Palmer  knows  the  district  well, 
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and  inviting  those  who  do  not The  author  tells  of  many 

comparatively  unknown  walks,  &c,  through  lovely  scenery." 


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Price  3s.  6d.  net.     With  12  splendid  Original  Illustrations. 

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Bagley's  footsteps  over  our  British  hills  and  mountains." 

The  Western  Morning  News  says : — "  A  more  readable 
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land has  probably  never  been  published." 


By  Mrs.  K.  M.  BARROW, 

Wife  of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Barrow,  Missionary  in  Tristan 
da  Cunha         Price  7s.  6d.  net. 

Fully  illustrated,  with  36  Original  Photographs. 

THREE   YEARS 
IN    TRISTAN    DA   CUNHA. 


By  the  Rev.  C.  L.  BANISTER. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth,  price  2s.  6d.  net. 

THE    PARSON: 

In  Town,  Country,  and  Abroad. 

The  Tiines  says : — "A  sensible,  lucid  survey  of  the  position 
of  the  Parson  at  the  present  moment,  with  three  graphic 
memorial  sketches  from  the  writer's  own  experience." 

The  Eastern  Daily  Press  says  :— "  The  whole  of  the  book 
abounds  in  humour  and  keen  observation.  It  is  very 
vigorously  written,  and  is  a  book  of  great  charm  both  to 
clergymen  and  to  laymen." 


SKEFFINGTON     &    SON, 
34,  Southampton  Street,  Strand, W.C. 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


49 


5.4  TURD  A  Y,  MA  Y  SO,  10 14. 


CONTENTS.  page 

A  Book  a  holt  Authors 749 

The  1'i.ster  Scot       750 

Irish  Literary  and  MUSICAL  Studies         ..        ..    750 

Old  Irish  Grammar  ami  Header      75t 

THE  Royal  Irish  Rules 751 

The  Inner  History  ok  the  Balkan  War   ..        ..    ::>l 

Life  of  Walter  Bacehot  „        752 

Lan dor's  Early  Poems       751 

FICTION  :   Aspects  of  Italy  (Louis  Norbevt  ;  From 

Opposite  Shores)  ;  SOCIAL    studies  (Sword    and 

Cross;    Sylvia);     Adventures    (The    Haven    of 

Desire  ;  The  Loadstone  ;  The  Island)        . .       754—755 

Books    Published    this    Week     (English,    756  ; 

Foreign.  75S)  756— 75S 

The  Thrush  before  Dawn  ;  The  Discovery  of 
Isolde's  Chapel  ;  Dublin  Registers  ;  The 
Odes  ok  solomon  ;  American  Historical 
Research  ;  Books  in  Belfast  ;  Addison's 
Letters  ;  The  Eliot  Hoik; kin  Sale       ..      759—761 

Literary  Gossip        762 

■Science  — Biology  in  Relation  to  Education, 
Lecture  III. ;  The  Psychology  ok  Dissociated 
Personality  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next 
Week  763-767 

Fise  Arts  —  Palace  and  Mosque  at  Ukhaidir  ; 
The  New  English  Art  Club  ;  Other  Exhibi- 
tions ;  Gossip  ;  Pictures  and  Drawings  ; 
Engravings  -        ..      767—769 

Music  —  L'Amore  dei  Tre  Re  ;  Opera  at  Drury 
Lane;   Gossip;   Perpormances   Next    Week    770 

Drama  —  Bernard  Shaw's  Plays  and  Prekaces  ; 
Plaster  Saints  ;  'Justice'  and  a  Parallel  ; 
Gossip  771—772 

Index  to  Advertisers       774 


LITERATURE 


-4  Book  about  Authors :  Reflections  and 
Recollections  of  a  Book-Wright.  Bv 
A.  R.  Hope  Moncrieff.  (A.  &  C.  Black, 
10s.  net.) 

Mr.  Moncrieff  might  have  entitled  his 
book  *  The  Confessions  of  an  Author.' 
Sitting  on  the  stool  of  repentance,  he 
frankly  admits  that,  under  his  own  name 
and  various  aliases — chiefly  that  of  Ascott 
K.  Hope — he  has  written  and  published 
in  the  course  of  his  shameless  career  no 
fewer  than  two  hundred  books  or  more. 
Prom  first  to  last  he  must  have  shed  as 
much  ink  as  there  was  in  Falstaff's  gross 
b  >dy. 

"  Now  that  I  am  somewhat  turned  out  to 
■grass  [he  writes]  I  can  chew  the  cud  of  recol- 

I  ion  that  in  one  year,  as  author,  editor, 
translator,  or  contributor,  I  was  concerned 
with  the  preparation  of  a  score  of  volumes. 
In  another  year,  I  brought  forth  a  dozen  or 

.  all  my  own." 

dy  a  prodigious  record  !  The  only 
use  for  its  commemoration  in  this 
jubilee  volume — for  his  first  book  ap- 
peared when  he  was  in  his  'teens,  just, 
fifty  years  ago — is  that  his  experiences 
may  serve  as  an  object  lesson  for  some 
literary  aspirants  eager  to  follow  in  his 
footsteps.  It  is  not  encouraging  to  those 
who  fondly  imagine  that  the  modern 
book  market  is  pared  with  gold  to  learn 
that,  as  a  result  of  all  Mr.  Moncrieffs 
labours,  his  literary  income  has  not 
averaged  more  than  a  beggarly  hundred 
guineas  a  year.      This  estimate^  too,  does 


not  take  into  account  the  incidental 
items  of  postage,  stationery,  and  tra- 
velling expenses  connected  with  his  work. 
Happily  for  Mr.  Moncrieff,  he  lias  not  been 
wholly  dependent  upon  his  pen  ;  other- 
wise he  would  not  be  so  content  with  a 
career  which,  as  ho  rather  naively  con- 
fesses, if  it  has  not  led  to  fortune,  has  at 
least  kept  him  out  of  mischief.  That 
surely  is  a  novel  reason  for  praising  the 
author's  calling,  and  it  scarcel}''  weighs 
against  the  cold  logic  of  pounds,  shillings, 
and  pence. 

'  A  Book  about  Authors,'  therefore,  is 
an  excellent  antidote  to  put  into  the 
hands  of  those  who  may  have  been  some- 
what dazzled  by  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's 
estimate  of  the  prizes  to  be  won  by  the 
successful  novelist.  Let  it  be  admitted 
that  the  literary  life  is  delightful  for  those 
who  can  afford  to  regard  it  as  its  own 
reward,  and  profitable  enough  to  the 
comparative  few  who  share  its  prizes  ; 
but  it  remains  an  incontrovertible  fact 
that,  for  the  vast  majority,  it  is  harder 
than  ever  to-day  to  live  by  books  alone. 
Mr.  Moncrieff  says  there  is  reason  to  fear,  as 
was  recently  suggested  in  The  Athenaeum, 
that  the  novelists  who  command  the 
largest  sales  are  fattening  under  the 
present  system  at  the  expense  of  their 
less  successful  fellows.  To-day  name 
counts  for  practically  everything  both 
with  the  general  public  and  the  trade, 
and  since  the  author  with  the  largest 
following  demands  a  small  fortune  for 
every  book,  the  publisher  pays  that  price, 
and  devotes  to  his  work  a  proportionate 
amount  of  attention,  largely  at  the  expense 
of  the  great  unknown. 

Mr.  Moncrieffs  wrell-stored  volume,  plea- 
santly written  like  all  his  books,  reminds 
us  more  of  the  elder  D 'Israeli's  '  Curiosi- 
ties of  Literature  '  than  of  the  conven- 
tional literary  autobiography.  It  is,  in- 
deed, a  whole  series  of  books  in  one, 
including  '  A  Short  History  of  Authors  ' 
from  Homer  and  the  Sibyl  to  Dickens  and 
Thackeray  ;  a  brief  survey  of  publishing 
through  the  ages,  from  the  days  of  the 
ancients  upwards — with  undue  emphasis, 
perhaps,  on  the  black  sheep  of  that  much- 
maligned  flock  ;  and  separate  chapters 
on  the  quarrels,  anatomy,  and  trade  of 
authors,  which  appear  in  the  main  to 
support  Leslie  Stephen's  opinion  that 
•"  Literature  is,  in  all  cases,  a  demoralizing 
occupation,"  on  account  of  its  inevitable 
publicity. 

It  is  easy  to  be  entertaining  on  the 
subject  of  the  petty  quarrels  of  authors  in 
the  history  of  every  age  of  literature  ;  but 
why  do  so  many  writers  harp  on  this  well- 
worn  topic  ?  The  story  of  English  author- 
ship is  as  full  of  illustrious  friendships  as 
of  jealousies  and  squabbles-.  When  Mr. 
Moncrieff'a  book  reaches  the  second  edition 
to  which  its  undoubted  merits  entitle  it, 
wo  hope  that  Ik;  will  do  justice;  to  the 
nobler  as  well  as  to  the  baser  side  of  his 
craft.  The  squabbles  have  generally  been 
among  the  lesser  and  noisier  men.  who 
have  made  unscrupulous  use  of  the 
dangerous  weapon  ever  ready  to  their 
hand.  In  its  highest  development  our 
literary    history   is   singularly    rich    in    its 


records   of   generous   and    lasting   friend- 
ships. 

Shrewd  as  are  most  of  Mr.  Moncrieff'a 
observations  on  the  inner  workings  of 
the  book  world,  we  do  not  think  that 
even  the  Authors'  Society,  however  much 
it  may  agree  with  his  prejudices  against 
the  wicked  race  of  publishers,  would 
countenance  his  suggestion  that  writers 
might  co-operate  with  advantage  and  be- 
come their  own  publishers.  To  begin 
with,  authors  are  notoriously  the  worst 
business  men  in  the  world.  Most  of  those 
who  have  tried  their  inexperienced  hands 
at  bringing  their  own  literary  offspring 
into  the  world  have  soon  been  glad 
enough  to  resign  that  task  to  the  legiti- 
mate midwife.  It  is  true  that  Ruskin 
succeeded  in  his  pitched  battle  with  the 
trade,  but  Ruskin,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered, was  Ruskin,  and  he  chose  the 
right  man  in  George  Allen  to  train  into 
his  ideal  publisher. 

A  whole  chapter  could  be  written  on 
the  luckless  experiments  of  other  authors 
in  the  same  complicated  craft.  Mark 
Twain  thought  he  could  revolutionize 
ideas  on  the  subject  by  "  commission 
publishing  "  on  his  own  arbitrary  linos. 

"  When  I  took  up  the  publication  of  ;i 
book  [he  once  confessed],  I  called  in  a  pub- 
lisher, and  said  to  him,  '  I  want  you  to  pub- 
lish this  book  along  lines  which  I  shall  lay 
down.  I  am  the  employer,  you  are  the 
employe.  I  am  going  to  show  you  some  new- 
kinks  in  the  publishing  business.  And  I 
want  you  to  draw7  on  me  for  money  as  yon 
go  along  ' — which  he  did.  He  drew  on  me 
for  5G,000  dollars.  Then  I  asked  him  to 
take  the  book  and  call  it  off  ;  but  he  refused 
to  do  that." 

A  more  desperate  venture  was  that  of 
Robert  Buchanan,  whose  turbulent  spirit 
raged  and  fumed  against  the  world  of 
letters  in  general  and  publishers  in  par- 
ticular. He  had  started  publishing  for 
himself — with  the  inevitable  results — 
when  he  took  Sir  Walter  Besant  to  task 
for  tempting  the  unenlightened  to  enter 
the  literary  life. 

"The  very  stones  of  the  street  cry  out 
and  rebuke  you.  sir  [he  wrote],  when  you 
invite  the  young  awl  unwary,  and  above  all, 
the  honestly  inspired,  to  enter  the  blood- 
stained gates  of  this  Inferno." 

Although  Mr.  Moncrieff  does  not  ful- 
minate against  the  Literary  life  with 
Buchanan's  wild  anathemas,  or  endorse 
Charles  Lamb's  advice  to  Bernard  Barton 
— though  lie  quotes  it — that  he  should 
rather  throw  himself  "  slapdash  headlong 
on  iron  spikes  "  than  give  up  a  salaried 
post  for  the  uncertainties  of  letters, 
his  opinions  of  authors  and  their  ways, 
as  well  as  of  publishers  as  ho  has 
found  them,  cast  but  a  murky  light  on 
the  inner  world  of  books.  True,  he 
Introduces  a  brighter  illumination  when 
he  declares  at  the  end  that,  in  spite  of 
all  its  drawbacks,  in  spite  of  all  the  pit- 
falls with  which  he  knows  its  path  to  be 
strewn,  he  would  choose  no  other  calling 
were     he    to    start     life    afroh.       Hut     .Mi. 

Moncrieff.  be  it  repeated    has  never  been 

wholly  dependent  upon  his  pen.  An  in- 
dependent income  encourages  the  pursuit 
of  optimism. 


750 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


The  Ulster  Scot :  his  History  and  Religion. 
By  James  Barkley  Woodburn.     (II.  R. 

Allcnson,  5s.  net.) 

The  Ulster  man  is  in  high  fashion  just 
now,  and  we  welcome  a  book  written 
about  him  by  a  great  admirer  of  the  type, 
himself  an  Ulsterman,  whose  family  have 
long  been  honourably  connected  with  Lon- 
donderry. But  how  far  even  the  London- 
derry settlers  can  be  called  Scots  is 
another  question.  For  there  is  no  reason 
why  the  London  merchants  who  planted 
that  county  should  not  have  imported 
Englishmen  (not  Scots).  In  fact,  all 
through  Pynner's  '  Survey  '  —  a  work 
which  the  author  has  apparently  never  seen, 
though  he  quotes  it  once  at  second  hand 
— we  find  districts  in  every  county  allotted 
to  English  undertakers,  while  others  in 
the  same  county  are  allotted  to  Scottish 
undertakers,  and  not  a  few  of  the 
occupiers  are  called  British.  Indeed, 
the  English  element  was  originally  just 
as  strong  in  Ulster  as  the  Scottish, 
and  much  of  the  complex  character 
of  the  population  is  to  be  attributed 
to  its  mixture,  not  only  with  English, 
but  also  with  Irish  natives.  Here  and 
there  the  author  speaks  of  the  quickness 
of  the  Celt  as  part  of  this  character,  but 
from  the  tone  of  his  book  he  surely  does 
not  mean  the  influence  of  Irish  native 
mothers.  There  is  no  doubt,  however, 
that  the  type  is  distinct  from  the  Scottish. 
Any  one  who  knows  Belfast  and  Glasgow 
well,  knows  the  many  contrasts  between 
them,  and  can  easily  distinguish  the  two 
dialects,  though  the  mere  tourist  thinks 
them  the  same.  It  is,  then,  the  mixture  of 
Lowland  Scots  {inland  is  what  they  are 
called  in  one  of  the  original  documents 
of  the  settlement)  with  English  and  native 
Irish  that  produced  that  fine,  sturdy,  able, 
but  unlovely  type  which  now  dominates  the 
North-East  of  Ireland.  The  author  gives 
us  a  striking  catalogue  of  the  Ulster  men 
who  have  achieved  success  all  over  the 
world.  The  six  American  Presidents  may 
have  been  of  Scottish  descent.  It  is  not 
so  clear  about  the  great  Anglo-Indians, 
such  as  John  Nicholson,  Avhose  mother 
only  was  a  Scot,  or  about  Lord  Dufferin ; 
and  we  feel  sure  that,  as  in  the  rest  of 
Ireland,  so  here  the  Anglo-Saxon  element 
was,  after  all,  the  real  leaven  that  made 
any  part  of  Ireland  great.  The  author 
says  that  the  Southern  Irish,  with  all 
their  attractive  features,  have  not  the 
faculty  of  commanding  men.  We  pre- 
sume he  has  forgotten  Wellington,  Wolse- 
ley,  and  Lord  Roberts,  who,  so  far  as  they 
are  Irish,  are  not  from  Ulster.  In  the 
present  day  we  suppose  no  Irishman  has 
more  influence  abroad  than  Sir  Thomas 
Shaughnessy,  the  offspring  of  a  Cork 
father  and  a  Kerry  mother. 

With  these  reservations  and  limitations, 
the  author  has  made  a  fine  case  for  the 
Ulster  Protestant,  whatever  may  be  his 
origin ;  nor  need  we  follow  him  into  his 
speculations  that  the  north  of  every 
country  produces  better  men  than  the 
south.  We  suggest  to  him  to  consider 
the  case  of  Scotland,  which  is  within  his 
knowledge.     For  when  we  go   into   that 


quality  of  the  author,  we  find  much  to 
criticize.  He  has  worked  from  many 
authorities,  which  lie  enumerates,  but 
reading  many  books  does  not  make  an 
historian.  Thus  he  might  have  corrected 
his  notions  about  the  Jesuits  in  Ireland 
from  Dr.  Mahaffy's  k  Epoch  of  Irish 
History,'  which  is  not  in  his  bibliography. 
He  might  there  have  learnt  that  the 
Jesuits  only  worked  spasmodically  in 
Ireland,  so  long  as  they  hoped  to  con- 
quer England  by  the  great  Armada  from 
Spain.  There  was  even  a  second  Armada 
wrecked  off  Ushant  in  1597,  in  which 
twenty-three  Jesuits  were  drowned.  But 
they  had  proceeded  in  1590  to  reconquer 
Ireland  systematically  with  spiritual 
weapons,  and  a  wonderful  work  they 
performed.  He  might  also  have  learnt 
in  the  same  book  that  the  real  father 
of  the  extremely  Evangelical  Church  of 
Ireland,  of  which  Ussher  and  Bedell 
were  the  most  eminent  members,  was 
Walter  Travers,  the  first  working  Pro- 
vost of  Trinity  College,  who  trained 
Ussher  and  his  fellow  students.  His  then 
famous  '  Defence  of  Ecclesiastical  Dis- 
cipline '  was  the  backbone  of  the  West- 
minster Confession. 

There   are  similar  defects  to   be  found 
in   Mr.    Woodburn's   learning.     The  -im- 
migration    of     Scots     into     Ulster     did 
not    begin    in    1605,    but    long    before. 
He   thinks   that   the   absence   of   central 
mountains  in  Ireland  gave  an  enormous 
advantage  to  the  invader,  as  the  natives 
had  no  such  refuge.     We  venture  to  think 
that  the  great  central  bogs  and  forests 
offered  obstacles  as  serious  as  any  moun- 
tains.    The  chiefs  of  the  days  before  the 
Plantation  of  Ulster  did  not  live  in  "  stone 
castles  well  adapted  for  defence."     The 
people    never    exported    flax,    but    only 
yarn  made  of  flax,  and  that  from  early 
days.     A  large  part  of  the  co.  Monaghan 
had  been  granted  to  Lord  Essex  and  Lord 
Blayney,  not    to   Sir  Arthur   Chichester, 
whose  grants  were  out  of  the  Plantation. 
On  this  possibly  the  author  has  information 
of  which  we  are  ignorant.     Sir  Algernon 
Coote  is  at  present  called  premier  baronet 
of  Ireland,  but  Lord  Valentia's  baronetcy  is 
earlier,  and  he  is  strictly  the  premier.     In 
his   account   of   the   persecution   of   Pro- 
testants under  James  II.,  Mr.  Woodburn 
makes  no  mention  of  the  famous  Act  of 
Attainder,  which  was  worse  than  all  the 
rest  put  together.     His  want  of  a  sense 
of  proportion  is  shown  by  his  statement 
that  the  siege  of  Deny  was  "  one  of  the 
most    important    sieges    that    has    ever 
been  recorded  in  the  pages  of  history." 
By  no   means.     Heroic  and   splendid   as 
was  the  defence  of  Deny,  its  fall  would 
not  have  seriously  affected  the  great  issue. 
That  was  settled  by  the  battle  of  the  Boyne, 
a  little  Armageddon  in  which  all  Europe 
was  engaged,  and  which  was  hailed  with 
delight   by  the   Pope   and  the   Emperor, 
because   it   checkmated   the   ambition   of 
Louis  XIV.     Would  either  of  them  have 
cared  one  straw  about  the  fall  of  Derry  ? 
The  author  does  not  know  that  Francis 
Hutcheson,   the    moral    philosopher,   was 
allowed    to     teach     in     Dublin     by    the 
liberality  of    Archbishop    King.     But    he 


is  clearly  not  strong  on  Dublin.  He  puts 
the  origin  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
after  that  of  the  General  Post  Office.  It 
was  founded  by  Charles  II.  and  John 
Stearne.  He  does  not  even  enumerate 
among  his  great  Ulster  men  Ed.  Hincks, 
a  Fellow  of  Trinity  College  and  Rector  of 
Killyleagh,  a  pioneer  both  in  Egyptian 
and  Assyrian  archaeology,  whose  bust  has 
been  recently  set  up  outside  the  Cairo 
Museum  as  one  of  the  founders  of  these 
great  studies. 

We  might  go  on  commenting  on  these 
little  defects,  which  show  that  the  author 
has  not  mastered  his  subject.  Regarding 
the  history  of  the  Presbyterian  religion 
in  Ulster,  we  bow  to  him  as  a  good  autho- 
rity. He  tells,  with  a  detail  which  does 
not  interest  the  world,  of  the  various 
controversies  and  squabbles  among  this 
religious  democracy,  among  whom  the  right 
of  private  judgment  was  so  fully  asserted 
that  it  was  nearly  impossible  to  attain 
any  large  agreement.  The  general  out- 
come is  very  instructive,  as  showing 
what  the  difficulties  are  of  maintaining  a 
creed  or  confession  of  faith  open  to  the 
criticism  of  every  independent  thinker  who. 
if  eloquent,  can  command  a  following. 
The  chapter  on  the  Great  Revival  of 
1859  is  peculiarly  interesting.  A  wave 
of  emotion  swept  through  Ulster,  with 
physical  paroxysms  of  those  who  were 
affected,  verv  similar  to  what  we  read 
of  in  the  days  of  the  preaching  of 
Wesley  and  Whitefield.  It  did  not,  how- 
ever, reach  the  Roman  Catholic  at  all, 
and  the  Church  people  only  to  a  small 
degree.  It  filled  the  places  of  worship 
of  all  the  Dissenters,  and  even  told  upon 
the  fairs  and  markets,  so  that  drink- 
ing and  swearing  for  a  time  almost 
disappeared.  But  a  Roman  Catholic 
farmer  who  criticized  it  with  every  sym- 
pathy, and  was.  describing  these  wonderful 
effects,  added  that  he  found  the  people  still 
"  a  bit  sharp  in  matters  of  horseflesh'"' — 
truly  the  last  infirmity  of  noble  minds. 
Like  most  epidemics,  the  movement  ceased 
in  less  than  two  years,  and  had  but  little 
permanent  effect.  Nor  was  it  tree  in  the 
height  of  the  fever  from  disorders  of 
another  kind  among  the  people  who 
crowded  to  pious  midnight  orgies.  But 
we  have  said  more  than  enough  to  show 
both  the  merits  and  the  defects  of  this 
historv. 


Irish  Literary  and  Musical  Studies.  By 
Alfred  Perceval  Graves.  (Elkin 
Mathews,  6s.  net.) 

The  '  Studies  '  contained  in  this  volume 
consist  of  revised  versions  of  lectures, 
articles,  and  introductions.  The  subjects 
dealt  with  are  sufficiently  varied  ;  gener- 
ally, they  concern  the  men  and  the  condi- 
tions which,  during  the  last  century,  pro- 
duced the  antecedents  of  the  modern 
Irish  Literary  Movement.  Indeed,  much 
is  due  to  Mangan,  Ferguson,  Le  Fanu, 
and  Allingham  from  the  Irish  poets  of  the 
present  day.  The  very  diversity  of  the 
characteristics  of  this  quartet  is  in  its 
way  as  important  as  the  common  national 
appeal.     Mangan   in   his  "  More   or   Less 


No.  4518,  May  30,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


751 


Free"'  versions  from  the  Irish,  and  in  his 
"  Oversettings  "  from  the  German — the 
descriptions  are  those  of  his  editor,  Mr. 
O  Donoghue — found  opportunities  for  the 
employment  of  that  strange  and  sedu- 
lously cultivated  gift  of  bringing  an  ener- 
getic treatment  into  combination  with  a 
depressing  subject.  Ferguson's  stateliness 
and  Le  Fanu's  eerie  descriptions  were 
valuable  additions  to  the  common  stock, 
to  which,  however,  William  Allingham — 
the  last  of  the  four  to  die — made  the 
most  varied  contribution. 

Mr.  Graves's  '  Studies '  enable  us  to 
grasp  the  underlying  unity  of  Irish  poetry. 
He  approves  of  Matthew  Arnold's  phrase 
in  which  the  Celtic  feeling  for  Nature  is 
described  as  "  natural  magic."  At  all 
times  Irish  poets  and  romancers  have 
expressed  themselves  as  if  the  super- 
natural were  indistinguishable  from  the 
natural.  They  are  thus  unconscious  Pan- 
theists. The  very  earliest  poem  extant  in 
Irish,  'The  Mystery  of  Anergin,'  which, 
Dr.  Douglas  Hyde  says,  may  well  contain 
"the  oldest  surviving  lines  hi  any  ver- 
nacular tongue  in  Europe  except  Greek," 
i^  Pantheistic  : — 

I  am  the  wind  which  breathes  upon  the  sea, 

I  am  the  wave  of  the  ocean, 

I  am  the  murmur  of  the  billows, 

I  am  the  ox  of  the  seven  combats, 

I  am  the  vulture  upon  the  rocks,  &e. 

From  ttiis  to  Fiona  Macleod  there  is  a 
long  road  which,  if  boggy  in  places,  has 
no  turnings.  Apparent  throughout  is  the 
note  of  mysticism,  that  peculiar  inspira- 
tion of  religious  poetry  which  will  not  be 
restrained  by  orthodoxy.  Thus  a  hymn 
of  St.  Ita  (born  a.d.  480)  refers  to  the 
Infant  Saviour,  who,  it  was  believed, 
abode  in  her  cell  at  night.  It  is  entitled 
"  Lsucan  ' — translated  as  '  Jesukin  ' — and 
begins  : — 

Jesukin 

Lives  my  little  cell  within  ; 
What  were  wealth  of  cleric  high — 
All  is  lie  but  Jesukin. 


Nursling  nurtured,  as  'tis  right — 
Harbours  here  no  servile  spright — 
Jean  of  the  skies,  who  art 
Next  my  heart  thro'  every  night. 

Here  the  original  metre,  assonances,  and 
internal  rhymes  have  been  preserved. 

Three  chapters  are  devoted  to  George 
IV  trie  (1790-1866),  artist,  antiquary,  and 
•editor.  Petrie's  essay  on  the  Irish 
Pound  Towers  was  his  most  important 
u.>rk;   it   disposed   of   many  picturesque 

ories,    and    definitely    established    the 

1     ristian  and  ecclesiastical  origin  of  these 

tntnuments.     His  antiquarian  knowledge 

was  also  put  to  good  use  when  he  was 

pointed    to   the   charge   of   the   Topo- 

phical  Department  of  the  Irish  Ord- 
aance  Survey  in  1833. 

Though  light  of  weight,  Mr.  Graves's 
book  bears  the  marks  of  forty  years  of 
diligent  labour  among  Irish  texts.  We 
will  only  say  that  the  erudition  is  of  the 
best  kind — that  is,  entirely  readable  and 
by  no  means  a  stranger  to  laughter;  while 
the  purely  reminiscent  chapters,  especially 
that  on  Tennyson,  show  a  happy  per- 
I  mal  touch. 


A  Concise  Old  Irish  Grammar  and  Reader. 
By  Julius  Pokorny. — Part  I.  Grammar. 
(Dublin,  Hodges,  Figgis  &  Co.) 

The  author  intends  this  book  to  serve  as 
an  easy  introduction  to  the  scientific  study 
of  Old  Irish,  by  which  is  meant  a  study  in 
accordance  with  the  established  laws  and 
existing  hypotheses  of  philologists.  It  is 
assumed  throughout  that  the  student  is 
acquainted  with  a  large  series  of  technical 
words,  verbs,  nouns,  and  adjectives. 
The  professor  will  no  doubt  familiarize 
his  class  with  these,  but  a  brief  glossary 
would  have  enlarged  the  usefulness  of 
the  book.  Everything  is  avoided  which 
might  make  the  subject  interesting  or 
diminish  the  weight  of  hypothesis  with 
which  it  is  burdened,  but  perhaps  more 
life  may  be  given  to  it  in  the  second  part, 
which  is  to  contain  representative  ex- 
amples of  Old  Irish  prose  and  verse.  No 
definition  of  the  term  "  Old  Irish  "  is 
supplied,  but  the  language  of  the  eighth  and 
ninth  centuries  is  intended.  Dr.  Pokorny 
thinks  that,  though  glosses  and  scholia 
form  the  chief  remains  of  these  remote 
centuries,  stories  and  poems  transcribed 
and  altered  in  the  later  Middle  Ages  may 
be  put  back  into  what  was  their  original 
text  "  with  some  certainty." 

It  is  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  a  greater 
number  of  traces  of  grammatical  forms, 
pointing  to  greater  elaboration  of  such 
forms  in  more  remote  times,  that  Old  Irish 
differs  from  Middle  Irish,  and  that  from 
the  Modern  form  of  the  language.  The 
vocabulary  shows  comparatively  little 
change.  The  hypothetical  words,  of 
which  there  are  many  in  this  Grammar, 
are  introduced  to  explain  the  forms 
which  actually  exist  in  Old  Irish. 

The  Grammar  includes  the  discussion 
of  Orthography,  Phonology,  and  Acci- 
dence, and  the  student  is  left  to  believe 
what  is  dogmatically  stated.  An  example 
will  illustrate  the  language  used  : — ■ 

*'  Rounded  Quality  of  Consonants  in  '  En- 
clitic '  Syllables. 

§61.  In  syllables  following  the  accent 
non-palatal  or  depalatalised  (§  65)  labials  and 
gutturals  take  u  colour  before  unstressed 
vowels,  followed  by  palatal  consonants.  In 
the  ninth  century  such  u  coloured  con- 
sonants become  broad  : 

e.g.  menmiun,  later  men/main  (from  postu- 
lated menmeni,  dat.  sg.  of  menmai,  '  mind  '). 

§  02.  Non-palatal  or  depalatalised  con- 
sonants take  rounded  quality  before  final  (/) 
u  or  unstressed  vowels,  followed  by  rounded 
consonants : 

e.g.  dorus,  'door,'  from  postulated  dlivor- 
cstu ;  ammus,  'attempt,'  from  postulated 
inl/ned-tus. 

In  this  way  "  quality  may  spread  from 
one  syllable!   to  aiiot  her  : 

e.g.  merugud,  'going  astray,'  from  Old 
Celtic  postulated  merosagitus." 

The  booh  may,  perhaps,  conic  to  be 
used  in  the  Old  Irish  class  in  the  .National 
University  of  Ireland,  and  those  for 
whom  Zeuss's  is  too  large  a  work  may 
learn  some  Old  Irish  from  it.  If  examina- 
tion questions  are  set  from  it,  the  Grammar 
will    easily    become    a    ""  cram  "  book,    lad 

this  may  no  doubt    lie   prevented   by  a 
skilful  professor. 


History  of  the  Royal  Irish  Rifles.  By 
Lieut.  -  Col.  George  Brenton  Laurie. 
(Gale  &  Polden,  1/.  Is.) 

Lieut. -Col.  Laurik  has  deserved  well  of 
his  corps.  The  task  of  compiling  a  regi- 
mental history  is  no  light  one,  and  when, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  book  under  notice,  a 
detailed  account  is  given  of  every  opera- 
tion in  which  the  regiment  took  part  dur- 
ing a  period  of  120  years,  the  magnitude 
of  the  work  must  have  called  for  an  un- 
usual amount  of  patience  and  industry. 
The  Royal  Irish  Rifles  are,  further,  fortu- 
nate in  their  historian,  inasmuch  as  his 
long  service  with  the  regiment  (nearly 
thirty  years)  has  fitted  him  in  a  special 
degree  for  the  task  he  has  undertaken 
and  carried  through  with  admirable  pre- 
cision. 

The  83rd  and  80th  Regiments  of  the 
Line,  now  respectively  the  First  and  Second 
Battalions  of  the  Royal  Irish  Rifles,  were 
originally  raised  in  1793  :  the  first  by 
Major  William  Fitch,  and  the  second  bj 
Major  -  General  Cornelius  Cuyler.  The 
83rd  was  recruited  in  Dublin,  its  first 
barracks  having  been  the  old  Custom 
House  at  Essex  Bridge.  It  took  part  in 
active  service  for  the  first  time  in  Jamaica, 
where  the  regiment  was  employed  in 
suppressing  a  serious  rising  on  the  part 
of  the  Maroons,  and  there  lost  its  first 
commanding  officer,  Col.  Fitch,  killed  in 
action.  Since  that  time  the  83rd  has  a 
long  record  of  service  to  its  credit,  but 
perhaps  its  greatest  achievement  was  that 
of  its  Second  Battalion  at  Ta  la  vera,  on 
July  28th,  1809,  when,  acting  with  the 
61st  Regiment  in  Cameron's  Brigade,  it 
saved  the  day  by  its  steady  resistance  to 
the  French  advance,  at  the  cost  of  50  per 
cent  of  its  numbers. 

A  special  chapter  of  the  book,  dealing 
with  the  service  of  the  Second  Battalion 
of  the  83rd  Regiment  in  the  Peninsular 
War,  has  been  written  by  Prof.  Oman, 
and  the  following  extract  will  have  special 
interest  for  students  of  musketry  tactics 
as  used  100  years  ago  : — 

"  All  through  the  Peninsular  War  the 
one  salient  point  that  may  be  noted  in  the 
contests  between  the  British  line  and  the 
French  'column  of  divisions'  was,  that  in 
the  duel  of  musketry  the  line  was  invincible. 
A  battalion  of  600  men  in  the  British  order 
could  put  every  weapon  in  action  with 
effect.  The  same  number  in  column  of 
double  companies  had  only  1  ."50  men  in  its 
two  front  ranks  able  to  fire.  The  seven  files 
behind  gave  solidity  to  the  mass,  which 
might  impose  on  a  weak  or  demoralized 
enemy,  but  they  could  not  use  their  muskets. 
A  steady  enemy  like  the  British,  who  refused 
to  be  cowed,  and  fired  low,  invariably  stopped 
the  advancing  column  by  shooting  down  its 
front  ranks  before  it  could  approach  near 
enough  to  use  (Ik;  bayonet.  The  odds  of 
(iuo  balls  received  against  130  returned  were 
too  great." 

At  the  storming  of  Badajoz,  where,  as 
Prof.  Oman  says,  'the  3rd  Division 
achieved  the  impossible,"  the  83rd  Regi 

ment  was  well  to  the  front,  and  had  a 
total  of  <i(.)  casualties  in   the  assault  out  of 

4oo  of  all  ranks  engaged. 

In  L859,  in  view  of  its  distinguished 
record,  and  especially  of  its  service  during 


'52 


T  H  E     A  T  HENiEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


the  Indian  Mutiny,  the  83rd  Regiment 
received  the  special  designation  of  the 
"  County  of  Dublin  Regiment." 

The  86th  Regiment  was  originally  re- 
cruited at  Shrewsbury,  and  was  styled  the 
'Shropshire  Volunteers";  but  it  was 
ordered  to  Kilkenny  in  the  first  year  of 
its  existence,  and  appears  since  then  to 
have  drawn  most  of  its  recruits  from 
Ireland.  In  1812  it  became  known  as 
the  "  Royal  County  Down  Regiment." 
Its  first  active  service  was  in  Egypt  in 
1801,  when  three  companies  of  the  regi- 
ment performed  the  extraordinary  feat 
of  marching  78  miles  through  the  desert 
— from  Suez  to  El  Hanka — in  less  than 
forty-eight  hours,  with  only  three  pints 
of  water  per  man  and  no  food.  A  year 
later  it  was  ordered  to  India,  where  the 
greater  part  of  its  service  was  to  take 
place.  Among  its  many  notable  exploits 
may  be  mentioned  the  dashing  capture  of 
Bourbon  in  1810,  and  the  terrible  storming 
of  Jhansi  in  1858,  in  which  the  regiment 
lost  79  of  all  ranks. 

An  interesting  Appendix  to  one  of  the 
chapters  supplies  a  full  report  of  the 
proceedings  at  the  trial  by  court-martial 
of  Tantia  Topee,  Nana  Sahib's  lieutenant, 
who  was  captured  and  executed  in  1859. 
This  document  was  presented  to  the 
Royal  Irish  Rifles  in  1905. 

In  1881  the  83rd  and  86th  Regiments 
were  formed  into  the  Royal  Irish  Rifles. 
The  Second  Battalion  served  with  great 
distinction  in  the  South  African  War. 

A  valuable  chapter  on  '  Dress,  Colours, 
and  Medals '  has  been  contributed  by 
Col.  Haggard  and  Capt.  Stevens,  who  are 
to  be  congratulated  on  the  careful  atten- 
tion to  detail  Avith  which  they  have 
treated  their  subject.  The  illustrations, 
showing  the  regimental  uniform  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  enhance  the  interest  of 
the  work  considerably. 

The  brief  Foreword  was  written  in  1913 
by  the  veteran  General  Bradford,  who 
was  then  Colonel  of  the  Regiment,  at  the 
age  of  98. 


The  Inner  History  of  the  Balkan  War. 
By  Lieut. -Col.  Reginald  Rankin.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.,  15s.  net.) 

Eager  partisans  of  one  or  other  of  the 
Balkan  peoples  are  prone  to  forget  that 
not  one  of  those  peoples,  whatever  its 
veneer,  has  yet  emerged  completely  from 
the  age  of  barbarism.  Whether  Christian 
or  Mohammedan,  it  makes  no  difference  : 
those  races  in  their  feuds  and  warfare 
indulge  light-heartedly  in  rape,  in  mutila- 
tion, and  in  massacre,  exactly  as  our 
forbears  did  in  Europe  hi  the  Middle 
Ages.  A  partisan  of  Balkan  Christians 
against  Balkan  Muslims  would  probably 
be  safe  if  he  retorted  charges  of  "  atrocity  "; 
but  to  proclaim  the  Christians  models 
of  restraint,  while  heaping  accusations  on 
the  Muslims,  as  does  Col.  Rankin,  is 
to  confess  to  a  superficial  knowledge  of 
both  peoples.  The  author  loads  the 
Turks  with  all  the  blame  for  the  mis- 
government  of  Macedonia,  a  part  of 
which — if    blame    there    must    be — rests 


surely  with  the  Christian  populations,  for 
ever  seething  with  sedition  and  religious 
feeling.  It  is  a  fact  that  almost  all  the 
atrocities  ever  committed  by  the  Turks 
have  been  provoked,  and  in  the  nature  of 
reprisals  or  punishment. 

A     parallel      might     well     be     traced 
between     the     position     of     the     ruling 
Turks   of   Abdul   Hamid's   day  and  that 
of   the  Pope  and  his  adherent  cardinals 
in     the     Italy     of     Csesar     Borgia     and 
Savonarola.     They  were  themselves  above 
the    prejudices   and   excitements   of    the 
vulgar,     yet     subservient    to     them     in 
some  measure,  being  forced  to  use  them 
as  pieces  in  the  political  game.     In  truth, 
the  Turks  had  little  else  to  play  with — at 
any  rate,   in  Macedonia.     There   human 
life   was    altogether    at    a   discount,    the 
most  abominable  cruelties  were  practised 
almost  daily — by  Christians  upon  Muslims 
and    each    other,    no    less    than    by    the 
ragged,  ill-fed  Turkish  soldiers — and  were 
regarded  by  their  perpetrators   as   good 
practical  jokes.     The  Young  Turk  move- 
ment— representing   the   disgust   of   edu- 
cated, thoughtful  Muslims  with  this  state 
of  things,  and  animated  by  a  new  ideal 
of  religious  toleration — won  the  Christians 
as  by  magic  at  the  first,  and  retained  them 
for  so  long  as  these  imagined  that  they 
were  going  to  have  things  entirely  their 
own  way.     The  Christians  accepted  their 
new  rights,  but  wished  at  the  same  time 
to   keep   those   ancient   privileges   which 
had  been  granted  to  them  in  lieu  of  civil 
rights  for  their  protection.     The  Young 
Turks,  angered  by  their  attitude,  became 
uncompromising,    and    there    was    strife 
once   more.      When   Col.  Rankin   speaks 
of  the  "  intellectual  Christianity  "  of  the 
Balkans,  the  present  writer  must  confess 
that  he  cannot  follow  him. 

In  treating  of  the  causes  of  the  Balkan 
War,  Col.  Rankin  pays  no  tribute  even 
of  a  mention  to  the  diplomatic  work  of 
Russia,  so  naively  revealed  by  M.  Miliu- 
koff  at  Baku  in  April,  1913 — to  the 
bitter  indignation  of  the  Russian  Mus- 
lims. We  wonder  if  the  author  is  aware 
that  Miss  Edith  Durham,  whom  he 
eulogizes  (p.  163),  returned  her  decoration 
to  the  King  of  Montenegro  in  indignation 
at  the  horrors  she  had  seen  committed  by 
his  soldiery,  and  sanctioned  by  his  generals. 
"  Harriet  "  (p.  95)  is  not  "  the  Turkish 
word  for  liberty."  No  such  scene  as 
that  described  on  p.  294  occurred  hi  Con- 
stantinople during  the  war ;  and  in  many 
other  instances  the  newspaper  corre- 
spondents —  upon  whose  accounts  the 
author  draws  for  his  description  of  the 
war  from  the  Servian,  Greek,  Montenegrin, 
and  Turkish  points  of  view — were  evidently 
writing  from  mere  hearsay. 

By  far  the  most  valuable  and  interesting 
section  of  the  book  is  concerned  with  Col. 
Rankin's  own  experience  as  a  war  corre- 
spondent with — or  rather  in  the  rear  of — 
the  Bulgarian  main  army.  Yet  here  also 
he  has  dwelt  too  much  upon  atrocities  for 
one  who  must  be  well  aware  that  the 
British  Government  addressed  a  strong 
remonstrance  to  Bulgaria  upon  that  sub- 
ject. If  it  is  true  that,  in  the  words  of 
the    Carnegie    report,     the     "  systematic 


suppression  "  of  the  Muslims  in  the  con- 
quered territory  was  organized  by  the 
"  victorious  populations,"  not  by  the 
invading  armies,  it  is  no  less  true  that 
regular  troops  belonging  to  those  armies 
were  at  hand,  and  did  not  stop  the  orgy. 
The  fervour  of  the  author's  animosity 
against  the  Turks — especially  the  Young 
Turks — is  disfiguring  ;  so  much  so  that 
one  cannot  help  conjecturing  that  what 
was  "  selfish  greed  "  in  the  Young  Turks, 
when,  hoping  to  save  Adrianople,  they 
decided  to  prolong  the  Avar,  Avould  have 
been  the  height  of  patriotism  in  Bul- 
garians. As  an  example  of  a  piece  of 
Christian  mercy  which  would  seem  in- 
human to  the  roughest  Muslim,  take  the 
following  : — 

"  I  saw  two  men  with  long  hair  floAving 
o\er  their  shoulders  marched  rapidly  through, 
the  street  by  guards  with  bayonets  fixed, 
and  I  called  Jackson's  attention  to  them. 

"  '  Those  fellows  are  followers  of  Tolstoi,' 
he  said,  'and  they  go  about  preaching  the- 
wickedness  of  war.  This  town  is  und^r 
military  law,  and  those  chaps  will  never  see 
another  sunrise.  They  will  be  tried  by 
court-martial  in  barracks  to-night,  and  they 
haAren't  got  a  eat-in-hell  chance.  Personally,' 
finished  up  Jackson,  '  I  hate  those  fellows 
that  try  to  set  people  against  defending  their 
country.'  " 

The  work  has  many  passages  of  interest, 
but  is  so  long  as,  in  the  end,  to  tax  our 
patience.  Too  much  space  is  given  to 
purely  journalistic  information  and  hear- 
say, too  little  to  the  author's  own  adven- 
tures and  experience.  Photographs  of 
Balkan  personages  are  included,  and  we 
are  glad  to  see  an  Index  and  good  maps. 


Life  of  Walter  BageJiot.  By  Mrs.  Russell 
Barrington.  (Longmans  &  Co.,  12s.  6d. 
net.) 

"  Nothing,"  wrote  Walter  Bagehot  in 
one  of  his  essays,  "is  so  transitory  as^ 
second-class  fame " ;  and  nothing,  we 
might  add,  is  so  tantalizing  as  the  rise 
of  a  reputation.  In  Mrs.  Russell  Barring- 
ton's  solid  (but  not  too  solid)  Arolume  of 
narrative,  analysis,  and  correspondence, 
these  questions  are  always  haunting  one 
another :  Is  Bagehot's  fame  to  be  con- 
sidered transitory  ?  or  has  he  ascended 
from  the  second  class  of  reputations  into 
the  first  ?  The  student  and  the  man  of 
affairs  are  already,  we  imagine,  almost 
disposed  to  concede  the  higher  claim. 
They  must  be  differentiated  in  this  matter 
from  the  public  at  large,  avIio  may  be 
taken  to  have  heard  of  Bagehot  for  the 
first  time  but  recently,  when  his  writings 
began  to  be  included  in  "  Libraries  "  of 
the  handiest  shape.  But  the  questions 
suggested  could  not  be  settled  by  this 
proof  of  popularity,  nor  yet  by  the  pub- 
lication of  his  complete  Avorks  in  eight 
stately  volumes.  The  truth  is  that  the 
select  few  and  the  uninformed  many  have 
alike  been  Avaiting  for  this  biography. 

Now  that  it  is  here  we  note  some  un- 
common features  which  affect  the  bio- 
grapher and  affect  her  subject.  Thirty- 
seven  years  is  a  long  time  to  have  wraited, 


No.  4518,  May  30,   1914 


THE    A  T  H E N  M U  M 


753 


but  the  delay,  no  doubt,  has  its  ad- 
vantages. Unalloyed  admiration  for  a 
brother-in-law  is  in  itself  an  unusual  phe- 
nomenon, and  the  author  of  this  book 
is  an  artist.  These  facts  have  been  com- 
bined for  the  pleasure  of  those  who  read, 
for  Mrs.  Barrington  has  done  excellent 
work,  and  has  risen  to  her  unique  oppor- 
tunity. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  recall  a  few 
of  the  simple  details  which  receive  illu- 
mination   in    these    pages,    in    order    to 
remind  our  readers  of  the  gap  that  had 
to  be  filled.     Walter  Bagehot  was  born 
in  1826.      Destined  to  make  his  mark  as 
a  writer,  he  had  this  rare  disqualification 
for   so    adventurous    a    career — that    his 
nursery  was  in  the  lap  of  plenty.     From 
a    very    young    man    his    fortunes    were 
wrapped    up    in    those    of    a    prosperous 
country   bank.     Even   in   these   days   of 
amalgamations,  "  Stuckey's  "  and  Somer- 
set still  go  together  as  naturally  as  chatter 
and  conjuring.     Bagehot,  to  note  another 
suggest iye   point,   was   lost   to   the  older 
Universities     through     the     ecclesiastical 
pedantry  which   frowned  on  Unitarians, 
but  his  academic  equipment  was  none  the 
less  real.     He   learnt  a  good  deal  from 
persistence  in  ordinary  study,  even  if  his 
actual  intellectual  power  was  something 
inherent.     This  raises  once  more  a  pro- 
yoking    question.     Genius     (with    which 
Mrs.  Barrington  credits  her  hero  on  almost 
every   page),     whatever   it   may   be   and 
whatever    it    may    do,    generally    proves 
itself      by     accommodation     to     circum- 
stances.    Who  would  expect  the  peculiar 
brilliancy  which  the  artistic  temperament 
cherishes    from    a    man    immersed    from 
morn    till     dewy    eve    in     the     formid- 
able   routine  of  banking  \      If    Bagehot 
extracted  the  pith  and  the  kernel  from 
these  husks  of  life,  he  did  a  great  thing. 
The  fact  that  he  did  this  is  common  know- 
ledge, but  the  way  of  doing  it  has,  we 
think,  escaped  observation  ;  or  perhaps  we 
should   rather   say   lias   been   hidden   all 
these  years.     It  is  given  to  Mrs.  Barring- 
ton to  lift  the  veil.     Take  it  for  granted 
that  here  we  have  a  man  of  normal  habits 
and  virtue.     We  can  recite,  perhaps,  the 
names  of  his  successful  works,  and  know- 
well  enough  that  we  are  never  likely  to  find 
in  this  world  a  more  lucid,  reasonable,  and 
practical  account  of  the  English  Constitu- 
tion than  Bagehot's.     '  Lombard  Street,' 
again,  holds  its  own  particular,  if  limited 
field   to   this  day,  and  is  likely  to   hold 
it.     The  praise  of    Bagehot's   '  Economic 
Studies  '  can  be  lightly  taken  on  the  lips. 
His  excursions  into   criticism   still  make 
delightful   reading.     And   so   on,   till   we 
have  marked  with  praise  all,  or  nearly 
all,  his  published  work.     But  with  all  this 
appreciation  we  have  not  got  the  man, 
and   that    is    precisely    where    this   book 
comes  in. 

To  get  the  human  touch,  the  thread 
of  Bagehot's  life  is  best  taken  up  at 
some  point  which  shows  him  in  hifl 
prime.  When  he  was  directing  The  Eco- 
nomist or  interviewing  statesmen  on 
important  questions,  directing  his  bank, 
or  corresponding  with  Gladstone,  the 
idea  of  a  sedate  personage  is  doubtless 


rightly    in    the    ascendant.     But   all   the 
time  there  was  really  another  man  in  being. 
'"  No  attitude  of  moral  thoughtfulness  ever 
extinguished  the  boy  in  Walter  Bagehot." 
He  had  ample  reasons,  it  may  be  said,  for 
keeping  those  spirits  up.     His  mother  was 
painfully,  though  intermittently  afflicted. 
This  he  always  regarded  as  a  very  serious 
matter,  but  the  trouble  might  have  been 
a  good  deal  worse.     Few  men,  even  in  the 
established    ranks    of    fortunate    society, 
ever    managed    to    cultivate    a    greater 
variety  of  the  charming  things  belonging 
to  the  lighter  side  of  life  (though  he  never 
could    learn    to    dance).     He   was    lucky 
enough  to  possess  charming  homes  both 
in  town  and  country,  the  companionship 
of  a  loving  wife  and  her  relations,  and 
an  ever-widening  group  of  gifted  friends, 
with  one  or  two,  like  Richard  Holt  Hutton, 
equal  for  his  sake  to  any  test  of  devotion. 
Naturally ,  therefore,  Bagehot  lived  fully 
the  life  of  one  to  whom  the  gods  had 
been  kind.     "  He  had  social  imagination," 
says  President  Woodrow  Wilson.     ':  For 
minds  with  this  gift  of  sight  there  is  a 
quick  way  opened  to  the  heart  of  things." 
This  was  seen  not  so  much  in  his  editor- 
ship of  a  great  financial  organ,  nor  in  the 
superiority    which    thus    captivated    the 
City,  as  in   those   circles    which   felt   an 
individual    influence   far    more    intensely 
and  intimately.     He  could  talk  well  on 
any  subject,  but  he  resolutely  kept  clear 
of  the  snare  of  egoism.     "  He  was  never 
guilty    of    a    monologue."'     His     "'  good 
things  "    came   out   while     he   paced   the 
dining-room  in  Belgrave  Street,  or  ran  in 
and  out  of  The  Spectator  office,  or  carried 
on  correspondence  with  his  friends.     Mrs. 
Barrington  declares  more  than  once  the 
impossibility  of  re-creating  his  wit   as  it 
circled  and  scintillated. 

"  The  charm  of  his  funny  sayings  lay  in 
their  unpremeditated  quaintness,  in  their  not 
being  made  up.  He  knew-  no  more  how  his 
wit  came  out  than  did  those  who  enjoyed 
it.  It  was  inspired  nonsense,  and  Walter's 
nonsense  would  have  satisfied  Pitt,  or  any 
other,  fastidious  in  the  art." 

As  a  friend  wrote  thirty  years  after,  re- 
calling his  whimsical  ways  : — 

"I  only  remember  distinctly  our  thing 
that  he  told  us:  that  he  knew  what  a  nul 
felt  like  when  it  was  going  to  be  cracked, 
as  he  once  got  his  head  caught  between  a 
cart-shed  and  a  lamp-post." 

Even  in  these  side-lights  the  motive 
strength  of  an  original  mind  is  always 
peeping  out.  Bagehot's  individuality  had 
its  own  impatience,  its  own  irritations. 
He  could  not  always  suffer  fools  gladly. 
To  have  many  people  about  him  he 
thought  a  nuisance,  reminding  as  in  this 
of  Addison.  Sociable  though  he  was,  he 
refused  to  play  the  ubiquitous  gadabout. 
As  he  once  wrote  : — 

"It  is  inconceivable  to  me  to  like  to  •■ 
many  people  and  even  to  speak  to  them. 
Every  person  you  know  is  an  intellectual 
burden  because  you  may  see  them  again, 
and  musl  be  able  to  recognize  them  and  be 
willing  to  converse  v. itli  them." 

But,  as  his  biographer  observes, 

"to    feel   dull    or    even    passive  when    he 
was    on    the    sceae    was    impossible.    The 


puzzling  mixture  in  him  of  the  boy,  over- 
flowing with  high  spirits,  and  the  very  wise 
man,  itself  provoked  a  speculative  kind  of 
amusement." 

Such  a  combination  of  ideas  and  qualities 
explains  the  position  which  Bagehot  had 
with  his  contemporaries,  but  it  explains 
something  more.  His  generation  lost  very 
little  b}'  his  failure  to  get  into  Parliament, 
and  he  lost  less.  His  work  really  lay  in 
other  fields,  and  the  faculty  which  lie 
possessed  of  being  lovable  was  an  asset, 
the  value  of  which  cannot  be  over- 
estimated; for  love  begets  calm,  and  calm 
creativeness,  as  he  declared.  When  Prof. 
A.  V.  Dicey  observes  that  such  a  book  as 
Bagehot's  *  English  Constitution  ' 

"really  fills  one  with  despair,  for  he  seems 
to  explain  with  perfect  easo  the  kind  of 
things  which  one  can,  after  the  greatest 
labour,  only  make  clear  (if  at  all)  in  language 
so  stiff  and  pedantic  that  it  disgusts  oneself 
as  much  as  it  is  likely  to  disgust  one's 
readers," 

the  testimonial  has  only  to  be  placed 
side  by  side  with  what  we  see  here  of  the 
man  to  complete  the  mirror-like  picture. 
Bagehot  never  gave  himself  the  airs  of  a 
superior  being.  He  had  some  aristo- 
cratic leanings,  no  doubt,  suitable  to  a 
family  found  in  Battle  Roll.  He  delighted 
in  the  comforts  which  money  brings. 
He  had  a  distinct  attitude  towards 
'•  reality."  His  feeling  as  to  the  unreal 
was  not  less  defined,  as  is  shown  by  his 
contempt  for  the  legal  profession,  which 
he  adopted  and  abandoned,  either  from 
contempt  for  the  artificialities  of  man- 
made  codes,  or  else  (if  the  notion  of 
genius  rules  in  his  case)  for  some  more 
wayward  reason.  But  banking  was  con- 
crete, banking  was  necessary.  It  tallied 
with  the  obvious  needs  of  his  day  and 
other  days,  and  he  could  put  its  meaning 
into  words.  His  "  sense  of  reality  ' 
accepted  it.  He  showed  the  world  reasons 
for    its    money    creeds. 

Bearing  these  things  in  mind,  we  do 
not  wonder  altogether  that  even  his 
family  were  surprised  at  his  greatness 
when  they  lost  him.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  51,  and  looking  back  at  his 
career  from  a  new  vantage-point,  we 
find  ourselves  wondering  also,  but  rather 
that  this  question  of  greatness  should  still 
be  al  issue.  To  us  he  seems  one  of  those 
rare  men  who  may  safely  command  the 
admiration     of     two     contending     parties. 

To    the    practical-minded    he    brings    a 

gospel,  but  the  idealist  will  not  be  the 
worse  if  he  frequently  consults  him. 
Bagehol   himself  said  that  you  generally 

know  a  man  less  after  reading  his  bio- 
graphy.     We  cannot  feel  this  here. 

We  have  said  little  of  the  many  figures, 
famous    in    their    time,    who    crowd    these 

es,  but  i  hat  is  because  Bagehol  himself 

holds  the  field.  Into  his  story  .Mrs.  Har- 
rington has  woven  some  strongly  coloured 

topographical    descriptions,    and.   though 

She    i>    CareleS8   in    small  details,  she  holds 

our  attention  throughout  by  her  present- 
ment of  a  picturesque  and  outstanding 
personality.      Bagehot    must    have   been 

that  rare  thing,  an   author  as  charming  as 

his  writings. 


7r>4 


THE     ATHENJEU  M 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


LANDOR    THE    POET. 

Though  fifty  years  have  almost  gone  by 
since  Landor  died  in  Florence,  there  is 
still  no  edition  of  his  writings  in  prose 
and  verse  which  can  be  called  even 
reasonably  complete.  Nor  have  the  com- 
mentators given  him  anything  like  the 
attention  they  devote  to,  and  at  times 
thrust  on,  his  better-known  contem- 
poraries. Had  they  done  so,  Mr.  Bradley, 
in  taking  his  early  poems  as  the  subject 
of  a  doctrinal  thesis  addressed  to  the 
Faculty  of  Philosophy  in  a  German  Uni- 
versity, could  scarcely  have  hoped  to 
break  new  ground.  As  it  is,  however,  he 
is  the  explorer  of  an  all  but  untrodden 
region  of  literary  criticism  ;  and,  being 
well  equipped  for  the  venture,  he  has  lit 
on  discoveries  which,  if  they  leave  the 
general  reader  calm,  certainly  merit  the 
consideration  of  serious  students. 

The  poems  now  examined  comprise, 
most  of  those  published  by  Landor  before 
he  betook  himself,  in  1808,  to  Spain, 
and  raised  a  troop  of  horse  to  fight  the 
French.  That  is  to  say,  Mr.  Bradley 
deals  with  the  rare  volume  issued  in  1795  ; 
with  '  Gebir,'  the  first  edition  of  which 
appeared  three  years  later  ;  with  '  Poems 
from  the  Arabic  and  Persian,'  1800 ; 
'  Poetry  by  the  Author  of  Gebir,'  1802  ; 
and  l  Simonidea,'  1806.  Other  poems 
written  during  this  period,  but  not  printed 
till  long  afterwards,  are  also,  where  expe- 
dient, brought  under  view.  One  or  two 
more  may  have  escaped  Mr.  Bradley's 
search.  Not  long  ago,  for  instance,  the 
Rev.  Rashleigh  Duke,  Landor' s  grand- 
nephew,  found  at  Tachbrook  a  poem  of 
over  130  lines  entitled  '  The  Dun  Cow  : 
an  Hyper-Satirical  Dialogue  in  Verse.' 
This,  printed  in  1808,  and  till  now  un- 
known to  bibliographers,  was  Landor's 
reply  to  l  Guy's  Porridge  Pot,'  a  scurrilous 
attack  on  his  friend  Dr.  Parr,  which  is 
sometimes,  but  of  course  wrongly,  at- 
tributed to  the  author  of  '  Gebir.' 

But  it  is  not  with  Landor  in  his  satiric 
mood  that  Mr.  Bradley  is  mainly  con- 
cerned. What  interests  him  is  the  de- 
velopment of  Landor's  poetic  gift,  from 
its  expression  in  the  juvenile  and  imita- 
tive verses  of  his  first  printed  volume 
to  the  elevation  reached  in  '  Gebir.' 
Mr.  Bradley  rejects  the  theory  which  is 
commonly  accepted,  that  '  Gebir '  was 
written  before  '  The  Phocaeans.'  Landor's 
own  words,  he  points  out,  seem  to  show 
that  the  latter  poem  was  begun  soon  after 
he  was  sent  down  from  Oxford — not  from 
Cambridge,  as  stated  in  '  The  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica.'  It  was  completed, 
he  thinks,  so  far  as  we  have  it,  before  the 
young  poet  was  attracted  by  the  legend 
of  ancient  Egypt  to  which  Miss  Rose 
Aylmer  drew  his  attention.  This  re- 
arrangement of  dates,  if  correct— and  it  is 
strongly  supported  by  internal  evidence- 
completely  upsets  the  notion  that  Landor. 
when  he  first  went  into  print,  did  nothing 

The  Early  Poems  of  Walter  Savage  Landor  : 
a  Study  of  his  Development  and  Debt  to 
Milton,  By  William  Bradley.  (Hugh 
Rees,2s.  Qd.  net.)  g 


but  '"  play  the  sedulous  ape  "  to  Pope, 
and  that  '  Gebir  '  marked  a  sudden  transi- 
tion to  blank  verse  under  the  influence  of 
Milton.  Besides  endeavouring  to  assign 
to  '  The  Phocaeans  '  its  proper  place  in 
the  chronological  order  of  Landor's  poems, 
Mr.  Bradley  rebuts  the  charge  that  its 
obscurity  must  baffle  the  most  tenacious 
reader.  References  to  the  story  as  told 
by  Herodotus  remove  much  of  the  mystery. 
Further  help  may  be  found  in  '  Pericles 
and  Aspasia,'  as  Landor  notes  on  a  sheet 
in  his  handwriting  in  the  reviewer's  pos- 
session. 

Coming  to  '  Gebir,'  Mr.  Bradley  dis- 
putes the  proposition  that  its  marked 
superiority  over  the  poems  of  1795  is 
wholly  due  to  Landor's  study  of  Milton. 
It  follows  from  what  has  already  been 
said  that  '  Gebir  '  is  more  properly  com- 
pared with  '  The  Phocaeans  '  in  any 
attempt  to  trace  the  growth  of  the  poet's 
mind  before  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  And  in  making  the  comparison 
Mr.  Bradley  discerns  other  than  Miltonic 
influences.  Deeper  springs  of  emotion, 
we  are  told,  were  set  free  by  the  spell  of 
Landor's  love  for  his  "  gentle,  young 
lone,"  and  amid  the  solitudes  of  Wales — 

mountain  nooks 
Where,  sheltered  from  the  sun  and  breeze, 
Lay  Pindar  and  Thucydides. 

It  is  suggested  that  he  went  to  Tenby  to 
be  near  lone  ;  but  as  his  cousin  Charles 
Norris,  soldier  and  artist,  lived  there, 
divers  reasons  may  be  conjectured.  Such 
speculations,  however,  are  perhaps  of  less 
importance  than  a  right  understanding 
of  the  plot  of  '  Gebir.'  Had  Landor  more 
strictly  followed  the  Arabian  legend,  he 
would  have  represented  his  hero  as  one 
of  the  shepherd  kings,  Hittite  or  Hyksos, 
who  invaded  Egypt  during  the  early 
dynasties.  But  he  preferred  to  bring  the 
invader  from  Baetic  Spain,  and  even  to 
say,  in  defiance  of  Gibbon,  that  Gebir's 
name  is  enshrined  in  Gibraltar.  While 
briefly  indicating  the  new  turn  given  to 
the  theme,  Mr.  Bradley  is  at  more  pains 
to  determine  how  far  the  workmanship 
was  affected  by  the  books  Landor  read 
when  not  wooing  lone  or  walking  in 
Briton  Ferry's  oaken  wood  with  "  Rose 
the  first."  Broadly  stated,  his  conclusion 
is  that  the  general  style  of  '  Gebir  '  is  that 
of  '  The  Phocaeans  '  modified  by  a  closer 
reading  of  Milton,  whose  influence,  how- 
ever, is  chiefly  to  be  seen  in  the  relaxation 
of  an  excessive  tendency  to  compression 
and  abruptness. 

Something  is  then  said  about  :  Chrysaor  ' 
and  the  '  Poems  from  the  Arabic  and 
Persian.'  Regarding  the  latter  as  nothing 
else  than  "  a  somewhat  elaborate  joke  " 
for  the  mystification  of  the  learned, 
Mr.  Bradley  infers  that  Landor  by 
this  time  had  ceased  to  take  the  poetic 
vocation  seriously.  "  The  first  fresh 
impulse  to  express  himself  in  song- 
had  spent  its  force."  But  other  inspira- 
tion was  to  come  which,  if  it  allowed 
Landor  to  speak  of  prose  as  his  business, 
and  of  poetry  as  only  an  amusement, 
nevertheless  impelled  him  to  write  dra- 
matic poems  like  '  Count  Julian  '  and 
idylls  like  the  '  Hellenics." 


FICTION. 

ASPECTS   OF    ITALY. 


Louis   Norberl.     By  Vernon  Lee.    (John 

Lane,  6s.) 
May  we  suppose  that  this  "  Novel  with 
a  Twofold  Romance  "  is,  as  it  were,  a 
mental  relaxation  after  those  many 
volumes  in  which  Vernon  Lee  has  de- 
veloped her  conception  of  the  Genius  o$ 
Place  and  places  %  At  least  it  suggest- 
rest,  or  rather  the  fruitful  devotion  of 
leisure  hours. 

An  old,  old  story  of  one  Louis  Norbert. 
a  son  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  a  niece  of 
Mazarin,  slain  by  the  secret  agents  of 
Rome  because  he  threatens  the  repose  of 
the  great,  is  suspected,  shaped,  unearthed, 
and  finally  revealed  in  its  full  coherence, 
after  many  researches  in  libraries  and 
muniment  rooms,  public  and  private,  by 
the  allied  toil  and  imagination  of  a  young 
archaeologist  and  an  English  lady  of 
quality.  That  is  the  first  fold,  and  the 
study  of  the  young  student  and  his  lady 
the  second,  of  this  "  Twofold  Romance." 

But  the  archaeologist  is  a  somewhat 
colourless  being,  a  study  of  an  ultra- 
restrained  type,  and  his  patroness  is  of 
a  generation  that  has  no  longer  a  deep 
appeal  to  us.  Her  judgments,  fancies r 
and  comments  on  life  in  general,  and  her 
attitude  to  her  intellectual  protege  in 
particular,  are  not  what  they  assume 
themselves  to  be — novel  and  modern. 
She  does  earn  our  gratitude,  however,  by 
one  definition:  "poor  Isabella's  worst,, 
inexplicable  feelings.  They  're  called 
'  Ahnungen,'  and  only  Germans  have 
them."  Scarcely  less  illuminating  is  the- 
sentiment  of  the  schoolgirl  who  asked  for 
all  the  sorrows  of  Werther  in  book-form. 

It  is  somewhat  of  a  shock  to  find  more 
than  one  lapse  of  style  :  "  twigs  brought 
by  rooks  like  one  sees  in  church  towers,"' 
and  "  alongside  of  my  bath-tub,"  are  not 
what  we  expect  from  one  who  has  long 
held  up  for  our  admiration  the  mirror  of 
artistic  diction.  Still,  there  is  much  that 
attracts  us  in  the  way  of  phrase  and 
comment. 

On  the  whole,  Louis  Norbert  and  his 
doings  are  the  real  interest  (we  could, 
perhaps,  wish  they  were  the  sole  interest) 
of  the  book  —  sufficient  in  itself  without 
any  setting. 

From  Opposite  Shores.  By  Virginia  Guic- 
ciardi-Fiastri.  Translated  by  Helene 
Antonelli.  (Max  Goschen,  6s.) 
A  delicate  and  singularly  lifelike  study 
is  here  presented  of  two  aspects  of  pro- 
vincial life  in  Northern  Italy  :  Socialism 
and  the  Church  in  subdued  conflict  with 
one  another.  We  see  the  respective  ideals 
of  the  two  reflected  in  the  various  cha- 
racters, drawn  for  us  always  with  a  quiet 
and  sure  touch.  Were  the  treatment  less 
excellent,  this  study  would  have  failed  of 
its  purpose,  and  would  have  seemed  too 
nebulous  and  slight,  or  else  too  highly 
coloured  to  be  credible.  The  publisher 
has  evidently  a  taste  for  the  finesse  of 
literature,  and  has  chosen  a  good  example 
of  it. 


No.  4518,   May  30.   1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


.).) 


SOCIAL    STUDIES. 

•rd  and  Cross.     By  Silas   K.   Eocking. 
(Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Mr.  Booking  has  undertaken  a  big  prob- 
lem in  his  novel  '  Sword  and  Cross,' 
by  choosing  as  his  twofold  subject  the 
indefensibility  of  aggressive  warfare  be- 
tween two  so-called  Christian  nations,  and 
.the  failure  of  the  Church  at  large  to  keep 
her  hold  upon  the  great  mass  of  the  work- 
ing classes.  The  view  recently  ex- 
pounded  by  Norman  Angell  that  war  is  an 
economic  blunder,  and  its  supposed  bene- 
fits non-existent  in  point  of  fact,  Mr. 
Hocking  touches  on  but  lightly,  preferring 
to  deal  with  it  from  an  ethical  standpoint. 
The  questions  he  raises  have  troubled  the 
public  conscience  probably  more  severely 
than  the  nation  would  be  willing  to  admit, 
with  the  recent  South  African  War  as  an 
object-lesson  in  the  consequences  which 
attend  the  rousing  of  men's  baser  passions. 
Apparently  this  novel  was  written  while 
that  war  was  in  progress,  and  now  that 
time  has  given  us  a  clearer  focus  of  cause 
and  effect,  its  publication  is  opportune, 
and  we  recommend  it  to  all  who  advocate 
force  as  a  means  of  settling  disputes. 

The  mouthpiece  of  Mr.  Hocking's  argu- 
ments is  John  Richmond,  a  young  minister 
who  has  just  been  appointed  to  his  first 
charge  in  a  Congregational  church  in  Ull- 
chester.  Richmond's  predecessor  was  a 
Dr.  Deeping,  a  man  who  had  contented 
himself  with  abstract  preaching  of  the 
variety  which  aroused  no  one's  conscience 
to  the  idea  that  there  was  any  relation 
between  ethical  truth  and  practical  fulfil- 
ment. To  a  congregation  containing 
many  wealthy  people,  upon  whose  favour 
and  liberality  the  church  depends  for 
financial  support.  Richmond  is  a  thorn 
in  the  flesh.  He  gradually  alienates  the 
influential  members  by  his  straightforward 
advocacy  of  what  he  holds  to  be  true, 
whether  it  concerns  the  training  of 
children,  social  reform,  or  the  duty  of  pre- 
ving  peace.  His  unpopularity  grows, 
until  he  feels  his  position  impossible,  and 
forthwith  resigns.  His  brief  after-career 
is  that  of  a  taxi-cab  driver  in  London, 
where  an  accident  causes  his  death.  A 
love-story  is  included,  but  has  no  real 
bearing  on  the  purpose  of  the  novel. 

Mr.  Hocking  makes  out  a  good  case  for 
his  opinions  ;  but  we  can  hardly  agree 
that  the  small  response  to  the  Christian 
teachings  of  the  Church  is  entirely  due  to 
the  shirking  of  the  clergy.  On  his  own 
showing  those  who  profess  to  be  church 
members  are  at  least  as  fully  responsible. 

The  author  would  have  been  as  effective 
if  in  some  of  his  arguments  he  had  allowed 
the  facts  to  -peak  for  themselves,  without 
so  much  moralizing  and  repetition. 


K  ing- 


ot'   Harvard 


Sylvia.       By      Upton     Sinclair.      (John 
Long,  6.s.)~ 

Mr.  Sinclair  has  constructed  a  story  out 
of  a  beautiful  girl  from  an  aristocratic 
Southern  state  of  America  ;  a  deserving 
young  man  whose  father  had  been  in 
prison,  and  who  himself  'jets  drawn  into 
a  scrape  through  the  fault  of  another:  and 


picturesque,  and, 
realistic.  But  to 
alien  types  and 
be    wholly    con- 


a  multi-millionaire, 

and  elsew  here. 

Sylvia  falls  in  love  with  the  deserving 
young  man.  but  when  his  trouble  comes 
she  is  compelled  by  her  family  to  throw 
him  aside  without  listening  to  his  expla- 
nations. It  follows  that  she  marries  the 
rich  young  man. 

The  novel  is  forcible 
so  far  as  we  can  judge, 
English  readers  these 
temperaments  cannot 
vincing.  For  example,  we  can  understand 
certain  aspects  and  uses  of  wealth.  It  can 
create  palaces  of  luxury  or  peace  ;  it  can 
even  relieve  much  human  suffering.  But 
we  are  bewildered  at  the  idea  that  un- 
limited wealth — even  when  joined  to  con- 
summate effulgence  of  personal  and  mental 
charm,  and  allied  to  the  highest  "  Knicker- 
bocker ''  descent — can  exercise  so  com- 
plete and  hypnotic  a  domination  over  its 
surroundings. 

We  are  the  less  readily  convinced 
because  in  this  case  Mr.  Sinclair  has 
entered  a  field  unsuited  to  his  best  gifts. 
'  Sylvia  '  as  a  story  is  undoubtedly  far 
more  ably  written  and  constructed  than 
many  novels,  but  it  does  not  show  the 
real  strength  of  its  author.  We  think  of 
those  mighty  steam-hammers  that  can 
crush  a  mass  of  steel,  but  can  also  crack 
a  Avatch-glass — for  the  sake  of  display. 


ADVENTURES. 


The  Haven  of  Desire.     Bv  Capt.  Frank  H. 
Shaw.     (Cassell  &  Co.,"'  6s.) 

We  congratulate  Capt.  Shaw  on  a  striking 
and  admirable  book.  He  knows  the  sea 
in  all  its  beauty  and  horror,  and  he  knows 
the  life  of  those  that  go  down  to  it  in  the 
despised,  hard-driven,  hard-fighting  mer- 
chant "  tramps."  The  sinking  of  the 
Omadhaun,  the  passage  of  the  Tetuan 
across  the  Bay,  the  fight  with  the  mur- 
derous ex-stevedore,  the  rescue  from  the 
raft,  the  Valparaiso  catastrophe,  the  other 
rescue  in  the  final  chapter — these  are 
thrilling,  strong  scenes,  painted  with  a 
brush  that  achieves  vivid  and  impressive 
breadth,  yet  with  no  omission  or  diminu- 
tion of  detail. 

Mr.  Joseph  Conrad,  a  master  of  sea- 
scenes  (long  neglected  except  b}'  a  small 
and  eclectic  following,  but  now  at  last 
accepted  by  a  larger  public),  has  given  us 
many  notable  studies  of  wonderful  ocean 
episodes  and  their  effect  upon  those  who 
take  part  in  them.  But  he  limits  himself 
to  his  studies,  concentrating  within  his 
limits  all  his  choice  and  force  of  words. 
Capt.  Shaw  prefers  a  series  of  broader 
pictures,  coherent  by  reason  of  the  story 
t  hat  connects  them. 

To  his  story  in  itself  we  might  take 
exception  were  not  the  characters  so 
truly  drawn,  bo   natural   in   their  speech 

and     Consistent     in     their     action.  The 

captains  Of  the  Omadhaun  and  the 
Tetuan,  the  two  mates  (naturally  pro- 
tagonists, but  forced  to  extend  their  part 
for  the  sake  of  1  he  lo\  e-intere.-t  of 
the  book),  the  Scots  chief  engineer  (far 
Buperior  to  the  average  engine  room   Mac 


of  marine  fiction) — these  and  certain 
others  are  outstanding  types.  But  they 
should  not  have  been  drawn  beyond  the 
environment  of  salt  and  storm  that  suits 
them  by  the  exigencies  of  the  plot  which 
the  author  has  apparently  felt  it  his  duty 
to  construct.  His  story  is  in  itself  suffi- 
ciently consistent  to  need  no  such  detrac- 
tion, introduced  (we  suppose)  from  some 
misconception  of  the  demands  of  the 
reading  public. 


The      Loadstone.      By    Violet      Methley. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett,  6*.) 

""  The  last  phase  "  of  Xapoleon,  dramatic 
but  sordid  in  the  petty  bickerings  of  an 
unhappy  household,  would  hardly  seem 
to  present  an  attractive  field  for  the 
average  novelist.  Miss  Methley  has, 
however,  not  feared  to  face  the  gloom  of 
St.  Helena,  and,  within  limits,  she  has 
produced  an  instructive  picture  of  the 
household  at  Longwood,  and  has  even 
achieved  for  her  hero  heroic  proportions. 
Her  writing  is  direct,  and  she  has 
some  power  of  description.  Her  choice 
of  subject  and  her  concise  method  are 
well  adapted  to  the  incidents  she  relates. 
There  is,  of  course,  only  one  theme  for  a 
story  of  Longwood — a  plot  for  Napoleon's 
escape  ;  and  '  The  Loadstone  '  does  not 
attempt  to  evade  this.  The  plot  is. 
however,  so  involved  in  trickery  and 
complications  that,  like  an  old  fashion 
revived,  it  has  an  air  of  novelty.  The 
picture  of  the  Emperor  is  impressive,  and 
the  last  scene  in  which  we  see  him  is 
dramatically  conceived.  The  hero  at  first 
taxes  our  credibility  ;  but  he  develops  the 
taciturnity  and  character  fitting  to  his 
environment  of  adventure  and  suffering. 
Miss  Methley  is,  it  need  hardly  be  added, 
a  sympathizer  with  Xapoleon"s  complaints. 

The      Island.      By     Eleanor      Mordaunt. 
(Heinemann,  (is.) 

The  island  scene  of  these  sixteen  short 
stories  is  presumably  in  the  vicinity  of 
Madagascar.  The  stories,  which  show 
considerable  versatility,  are  in  some  ease 
fantastic,  with  a  suggestion  of  mysticism 
and  strange  folk-lore  ;  others  ileal  in  a 
whimsical  and  amusing  manner  with 
the  love  episodes  of  callous  young  officers 
and  unsophisticated  sugar  planters.  The 
grosser  aspects  of  life  in  a  tropical  climate, 
as  touched  on  by  the  author,  are.  to 
speak  frankly,  unpleasant  reading,  onk 
redeemed  from  the  morbid  by  a  certain 
grim  realism  and  sincerity  of  purpose. 

The  author  has  considerable  facility 
of  expression,  and  some  psychological 
insight.  She  appears  to  be  well  ac- 
quainted with  her  ground,  and.  in  addi- 
tion to  her  \  ivid  descriptions  of  nature 
and  sceuery.  she  draws  a,  graphic  picture 
of  the  inconveniences  and  hardships  of 
existence  in  a  tropical  climate,  where  the 
white  man  must  unceasingly  defend  him 
self  against  fever  and  disease.  Unfor- 
tunately, while  her  writing  has  much 
vigour  and  vitality,  it    is  often  marred    by 

flamboyant  phrases,  and  insistence  on 
trivialities. 


756 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Biggs  (C.  R.  Davey),  How  the  Bible  Grew: 
Part  I.   The  Law,  1/1 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
A  little  book  on  the  growth  of  the  first  six 
books    of    (lie    Old    Testament,    illustrated    with 
extracts  from  parallel  sources. 

Hudson  (Egbert  C),  A  Central  African  Parish, 
1/net.  Cambridge,  Heffer 

An  account  of  missionary  work  in  Central 
Africa,  with  an  Introduction  by  the  Bishop  of 
Zanzibar.  It  is  illustrated  from  photographs  by 
.Miss  A.  M.  P.  Dunn  ;  and  Miss  M.  A.  Andrews 
contributes  an  Appendix. 

Murray  (George),  Jesus  and  His  Parables, 
4 ,'6  net.  Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 

In  his  interpretation  of  the  Parables,  the 
author  chiefly  aims  at  bringing  out  their  dramatic 
and  imaginative  qualities,  while  "  all  balancing 
of  rival  views — appropriate  to  a  commentary — 
is  avoided." 

Streeter  (Burnett  Hillman),  Restatement  and 
RET7NION,  a  Study  in  First  Principles,  2/6  net. 

Macmillan 
Four  studies  by  the  editor  of  '  Foundations  ' 
on  'The  Simplicity  of  Christianity,'  'Authority, 
Reunion,  and  Truth.'  '  What  does  the  Church  of 
England  Stand  For  '!  '  and  '  The  Conception  of  the 
One  Church,'  two  of  which  are  based  on  sermons 
delivered  to  the  University  of  Oxford. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Brighton  Public  Library,  Museum,  and  Fine  Art 
Galleries  :  Catalogue  op  Documents  and 
Letters  op  Historical  and  Local  Interest 
lent  by  Alderman  Charles  Thomas- 
Stanford. 

A  descriptive  Catalogue,  with  an  Introduction 

and  Index. 

Catalogue   of  Drawings,   Engravings,  and   Books* 

collected  and  for  Sale  by  William   Ward,  6tL 

Richmond,  2,  Church  Terrace 

This     Catalogue    includes     engravings     after 

Turner,   sketches   by  Samuel   Palmer,   and   some 

rare  books  by  Ruskin. 

Catalogue  of  Early  Works  on  English  History, 
Literature,  and  Science,  offered  by  Wilfrid 
M.  Yoynich  :    Part  I.  A-E,  1/ 

68  and   70,   Shaftesbury  Avenue.   W. 
The    Catalogue    is    arranged    alphabetically 
under  the  names  of  authors,  and  there  is  a  Subject 
Index. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Sidgwick  (Alfred),  Elementary  Logic,  3/0  net. 
Cambridge  University  Press 
A  book  for  beginners,  treating  logic  both 
"  as  a  carefully  limited  subject  to  get  up  for  an 
elementary  examination,  and  as  a  free  study  of 
some  of  the  chief  risks  of  error  in  reasoning." 

POETRY. 

Drama  (Edith),  Earth  with  her  Bars,  and 
Other  Poems,  paper  1  /  net,  cloth  2/0  net. 

Longmans 
A   number   of    short   pieces,    reprinted   from 
Country   Life,   The  Westminster  Gazeiti,  and  other 
papers. 

For  Better,  for  Worse,  and  Other  Poems,  bv  the 
Author  of  '  Dove  Sono,'  &c,  2/  Reeves 

'  For  Better,  for  Worse,'  is  a  piece  in  over 
seventy  stanzas  ;  there  are  also  a  few  sonnets  and 
short  pieces.  The  book  is  illustrated  with  two 
designs  by  Mr.  G.  D.  Davison. 

Mor  (Evan),  Neige  d'Antan,  2/0  net. 

Jones  ,1-  Evans 
A  small  collection  of  verses  on  various  sub- 
jects, such    as    'Autumn    Leaves,'  'Silence,'  and 
'  Rue  St.  Jacques.' 

West  (James  Harcourt),  Poems  of  Human 
Progress,  and  Other  Pieces,  including  One- 
Hundred  and  Fifteen  Sonnets.    SI. 50  net. 

Boston,  Tufts  College  Press 

This    volume   includes    the    contents    of    Mr. 

Wesfs     previous    work    '  The    Ninth    Paradise.' 

Among  the  additional  poems  are   '  The   Bells  of 

Como  '  and  '  Heart  of  Youth.' 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Adams    (John    Quincy),    Writings,    edited     bv 

Worthington  Chauncey  Ford,  Vol.  III..  15    net'. 

_,  Macmillan 

Xms  volume  contains  correspondence  extend- 

i1^nOVer  the  Period  October,  1801,  to  December. 
1810. 


Brown  (Frederick),  China's  Daysprino  after 
Thirty  Years,  1 0/6  net. 

Murray  &  Evenden 
An  account  of  the  author's  experiences  in 
the  Boxer  risings  at  the  beginning  of  this  century. 
The  Rev.  T.  A.  Seed  has  contributed  the  Intro- 
duction, and  there  are  Forewords  bv  the  late 
Sir  Roberl  Hart  and  the  Rev.  F.  B.  Meyer.  The 
book  is  illustrated. 

Bryan   (Wilhelmus  Bogart),  A  History  of  the 

National     Capital,     from     its     Foundation 

through    the    Period    of   the    Adoption    of    the 

Organic  Act,  Vol.  I.,  21/  net.  Macmillan 

A  history   of   the   city   of   Washington   from 

its  foundation  in  1790  to  1814. 

Calendar  of  the  Justiciary  Rolls  of  Proceedings  in 
the  Court  of  the  Justiciar  of  Ireland,  preserved 
in  the  Public  Record  Office  of  Ireland:  Edward  I. 
Part  II.,  edited  by  James  Mills,  15/ 

Stationery  office 
This    volume,    completing    the    calendar    of 
these  rolls,  covers  the  years  23-31  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  I. 

Cust  (Albinia  Lucy),  Mrs.  Wherry,  Chronicles 
of  Erthig  on  the  Dyke,  2  vols.,  25/  net. 

John  Lane 
A  history  of  Erthig  Hall,  told  from  old  docu- 
ments and  letters.      The  volumes  are  illustrated 
with  reproductions  of  portraits  and  photographs. 

Fallows  (J.  A.),  An  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  French  Revolution,  1  /6  net. 

Simpkin  &  Marshall 
A  sketch  of  the  French  Revolution,  with  a 
Bibliography  and  Index. 

Hamilton  (Alexander),  Jay  (John),  and  Madison 
(James),  The  Federalist,  a  Commentary  on 
the  Constitution  of  the   United  States,   edited 
by  Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  2/0  net.  Fisher  Unwin 
These  essays  are  reprinted  from  the  original 
text,  with  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  Lodge  on  their 
authorship,     Bibliography,     and     text.     In     the 
Appendix  are  printed  the  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion and  the  Federal  Constitution,  as  agreed  upon 
by  the  Convention  of  1787. 

Keats  Letters,  Papers,  and  Other  Relics,  edited  by 
George  C.  Williamson,  together  with  Forewords 
by  Theodore  Watts-Dunton,  and  an  Introduc- 
tion by  IT.  Buxton  Forman,  63/  net.            Lane 
This    volume    contains    fifty-eight    collotype 
facsimiles    of    the    Keats    MSS.    bequeathed    by 
Sir     Charles     Dilke    to    the    Hampstead    Public 
Library.     The    plates    are    accompanied    by    full 
transcriptions    and    notes,    and    Dr.    Williamson 
also  gives  an  account  of  the  portraits  of  Keats, 
illustrated    with    fourteen    reproductions.         The 
edition  for  sale  is  limited  to  320  copies.     

Macalister    (R.    A.    S.),    Muiredach,    Abbot    of 

MONASTERBOICE    890-923    A.D.,    HIS     LlFE     AND 

Surroundings,  7/0  net. 

Dublin,  Hodges  it  Figgis 
Three  lectures  on  '  Muiredach's  Europe,' 
'  Muiredach's  Ireland,'  and  '  Muiredach's  Monas- 
terboice,'  which  were  given  last  year  at  Alex- 
andra College,  Dublin,  on  the  foundation  in 
memory  of  Margaret  Stokes.  There  are  illus- 
trations. 

Maxwell  (Constantia),  A  Short  History  of 
Ireland,  1/  net. 

Dublin.  Education  Co.  of  Ireland 
A   brief   sketch   of   Irish   history,    illustrated 
with  maps  and  plans.     The  author  deals  mainly 
with    political    events. 

Terry  (Schuyler  B.),  The  Financing  of  the 
Hundred  Years'  War,  1337-1300,  0/  net. 

Constable 
An  account  of  the  various  financial  expedients 
to  which  the  ministers  of  Edward  III.  had  resort 
in  order  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  war. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND  TRAVEL. 

Cooper  (Elizabeth),  The  Women  of  Egypt,  6/ 

Hurst  &  Blackett 
An  account  of  the  customs  and  life  of  women 
of  various   classes,   both   Egyptian  and  Bedouin. 
The  book  is  illustrated. 

Joppen  (Charles),  Historical  Atlas  of  India, 
3/6  net.  Longmans 

A  new  pocket  edition,  comprising  thirty- 
three  maps  in  all.  three  of  which  are  new,  and 
notes  on  each. 

Mace  (Charles  A.),  Goode  Olde  Countree,  0/  net. 

St.  Catherine  Press 

This  book  deals  mainly  witli  the  Cotswold 

country,    and    contains    descriptions    of    places, 

accounts  of  old  games,  legends,  and  customs,  and 

a  chapter  on  '  Good  Old  English  Talk.' 


Meherban  Narayanrao  Babasaheb,  Chief  of  Ichalka  - 
ranji,  Impressions  of  British  Life  and  Cha- 
racter  on   the    Occasion   of  a   European- 
Tour,  1913,  8/6  net.  Macmillan 
A  record  of  the  impressions  of  the  writer  on 
a  tour  in  Great  Britain,  including  a   few  chapters 
on  his  experiences    in  France,  Switzerland,    and 
Italy.     He  writes  for  Indian   rather  than  English 
readers.     Lord  George  Hamilton  has  contributed 
an  Introduction. 

Smith  (Bertram),  Caravan  Days,  5/  net.  Nisbet 
An  account  of  a  journey  by  caravan  to  John 
o'  Groat's,  giving  practical  hints  to  would-be 
caravanners.  The  book  is  illustrated  with 
photographs. 

Tompkins  (Herbert  W.),  Autolycus  in  Arcady, 
3/0  net.  Allen 

These  rambling  sketches  are  "  from  the 
Journal  of  a  Wandering  Bookman,"  set  down  on 
a  solitary  walking-tour  between  Guildford  and 
New  Romsey. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Duncan  (George),  Golf  for  Women,  3/0  net. 

Werner  Laurie 

The  author  gives  hints  on  how  the  various 

shots  should  be  played,  and  the  text  is  illustrated 

by    photographs     of    well-known    lady    golfers, 

showing  their  grips,  stances,  and  swings. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Creighton  (Louise),  The  Social  Disease,  and 
How  to  Fight  It,  a  Rejoinder,  1/  net. 

Longmans 

A  little  book  on  the  evils  of  social  impurity, 

written  "  in  the  hope  that  women  at  least  may 

be  led  to  think  wisely  and  widely  on  the  whole 

subject." 

POLITICS. 

Beard  (Charles  A.  and  Mary  Ritter),  American 

Citizenship,  4/6  net.  Macmillan 

A  book  on  civic  government  for  use  in  schools. 

Hill  (R.  A.  P.),  The  British  Revolution,  2/  net. 
Cambridge  University  Press 
An  inquiry  into  the  fundamental  principles 
of  our  national  philosophy. 

ECONOMICS. 

Dahlinger  (Charles  W.),  The  New  Agrarianism, 

4/  net.  Putnam 

A  survey  of  the  causes  of  the  present  social 

unrest,   and  discussion  of  measures  for  bringing 

about  better  conditions  in  agriculture. 

Taussig  (F.  W.),  The  Tariff  History  of  the 

United  States,  6/  net.  Putnam 

A  sixth  edition,  revised  and  brought  up  to 

date.     It  contains  an  additional  chapter  on  the 

Tariff  of  1913. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Clark  (Clifford  Pease),  Numerical  Phraseology 
in  Vergil.  Princeton,  N.J.,  Falcon  Press 

A  thesis  submitted  to  the  Faculty  of  Prince- 
ton University  in  candidacy  for  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Macalister  (R.  A.  Stewart),  The  Language  of 

THE    NAWAR    OR    ZUTT,  THE   NOMAD    SMITHS  OF 

Palestine,  5/  Quaritch 

This  book  contains  a  Grammar  of  the  Nawar 
language,  a  collection  of  about  a  hundred  Nuri 
stories  with  translations,  and  a  Vocabulary.  It 
appeared  serially  in  the  Journal  of  the  Gypsy  Lore 
Society. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Harman    (Edward    George),    Edmund    Spenser 

and  the  Impersonations  of  Francis  Bacon, 

16/  net.  Constable 

The    author    discusses    the    writings    usually 

ascribed  to  Spenser,  Shakespeare,  Sidney,  Bacon, 

Webbe,   and   other   Elizabethans,   and   offers  his 

own  theories  as  to  their  authorship.     He  is  busy 

with    parallels,    and    points    out,    for    instance, 

"  how   closely  Shakespeare  seems   to   follow  the 

circumstances  of  Raleigh's  courtship  and  marriage 

in  the  play  of  '  Othello.'  " 

EDUCATION. 

Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of 
Teaching,  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the 
President  and  of  the  Treasurer. 

New  York  City,  576,  Fifth  Avenue 
Containing  a  report  of  the  development  of 
the  educational  work  of  the  Foundation,  a  dis- 
cussion of  some  current  educational  problems 
such  as  the  financial  status  of  College  teachers, 
and  the  report  of  the  Treasurer. 


No.  4518.  May  30,   1914 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


757 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Arnold  \E.  C.  ,  K'ky  to  '  Indexing  and  Precis 
Writing  fob  Ctvtl  Service  Candidates,'  by 
T.  Evan  Jacob,  1     net.  Macmillan 

A  booklet  containing  seventeen  exercised. 

Chaytor  (H.  J.)  and  Renault  (E.),  French  Trans- 
lation and  Composition,  2/  Beinemann 
This  book  contains  extracts  from  well-known 
French  and  English  writers,  one  or  more  in  each 
language  describing  similar  scenes,  which  by 
comparison  may  prove  helpful  in  translation  ami 
eomposit  ion. 

Here  and  There  Stories  :    No.  2.  Ships  and  Men*, 
.'!/.;     Xo.   3,   .Man's    Work,   3d.;    and   No.   7, 
Holidays  Here  and  There  in  the   Home- 
land. 4d.  Macmillan 
Small  Readers, printed  in  large  type  and  illus- 
trated. 

How  and  Why  Stories  :  Xo.  0,  Wind  and 
Weather.  4rf.  :  and  Xo.  13,  MADAM  How 
AND  Lady  Wht  (abridged),  by  Charles  Kingsley, 
3d.  Macmillan 

Illustrated  Readers. 

FICTION. 

Bryce      (Mrs.     Charles),     Mrs.     Vanderstein's 

Jewels,  6/  Line 

A    detective    story    concerning  the  theft  of 

some  priceless  jewels  and  the  murder  of  the  owner. 

Clark  (Muriel),  Sister  Jefferies,  1/  net.     Nisbet 
The  story  of  a  young  lady  journalist  whose 
conscience  prompts  her  to  give  up  her  prospects 
ami  lover  on  joining  the  Salvation  Army. 

Harraden  (Beatrice),  Ships  that  Pass  in  the 
Night,  1  ■  net.  Blackwood 

A    cheap    edition.      See    notice    in     Allien., 
March  25,  Is"::,  p.  374. 

Haslette   John  ,  Johnnie  Maddison,  6/ 

Smith  &  Elder 
The  hero  is  faced  with  the  question  whether 
he  ought  t"  tell  the  heroine,  who  is  engaged  to 
his  friend,  that  the  latter  is  a  gambler  and  a 
ne'er-do-well.  The  problem  is  complicated  by 
the  fact  that  he  himself  is  in  love  with  the  lady. 
The  scenes  of  the  story  are  laid  in  South  Africa. 

Hill  (Marion,,  Scnrise  Valley,  6/  Long 

-V    story   of    American  country  life,  with    an 
energetic    young    schoolmistress    as    heroine. 

Hocking  (Silas  K.),  Sword  and  Cross,  (i 

Stanley  Paul 
S'  •    p.  755. 

Hope i  (Lililh),  The  Anvil.  0,         Chapman  &  Hall 
This  novel  records  the  career  of  a  pleasure- 
loving    girl,    half    English,    half    Spanish,    whose 
ambition    it    i-   to  be  as  famous  a  dancer  as  her 
er. 

Hutten  i Baroness  von),  Maria,  6/        Hutchinson 
This   volume  is  a  sequel  to  '  Sharrow,'  pub- 
lished in  the  spring  of  1912. 

Kenyon  (Edith  C),  Love's  Triumph,  3d. 

'  Leisure  Hour  '   Office 

The  heroine,   in   the  guise  of  a  lady's  help, 

goes  to  live  with  her  grandfather  in  order" to  bring 

about    a     reconciliation    between    him    and    her 

mother. 

Kenyon  | Edith  C.  ,  Molly's  Charm,  3d. 

'  Leisure  Hour  '  Office 
The  story  of  ;:  young  girl  who  agrees  to  live 
with  a  wealthy  and  disagreeable  uncle  in  order  to 
help  her  family. 

Maartens  uMaarten  ,  A  Question  of  Taste,  3/6 

Constable 
A     new     edition.        See     notice     in    Allien., 
May  ]  |.  1892,  p    629. 

Maartens     ,Maarten  ,     Some     Women     I     have 
Known.  .';  6  Constable 

A     lev.      edition.        See     notice     in     Allien., 
Nov.  23,  1901,  p.  t;''7. 
Marsh  'Richard  ,  Margot— AND  BBS  Judges,  0 

Chatto  &  Windus 
The  Btory  of  a  young  actress  who  is  suspected 
of  having  Stolen  a  pearl  necklace  and  bank-notes. 
Norris  (W.  E.),  Barbara  and  Company,  6/ 

Constable 
This  novel  tell-  of  the  methods  adopted  by  a 
iety  lady  in  furthering   her-  matchmaking  and 
other  schemes   foi    the   happiness   of  her  fellow- 
beings. 

Old   French   Romances,  done    into     English     by 

William  Morris,  with  an  Int  rod  net  ion  by  Joseph 

Jacobs,  2  >;  net.  Allen 

A  new  edition.     Morris's  translation  of  these 

fom-   French    romances   was    first    published    In 

1896. 

Patterson    Joseph  Medillj,  REBELLION,  6/ 

Holden  k.  Hardingham 

An    Aineii-~.il,   Btory  of  a  woman  who   rebels 
against  life  ■• i»h  a  drunken  husband. 


Pawlowska  (Yoi),  A  Child  Went  Forth,  "»/  net. 

Duckworth 
The   record    of    a  child's    life,  with  its  hopes, 
fears,  and  emotions. 

Queer  Stories  from  'Truth,'  1  '  Truth  '  Office 

The  twentieth  series. 

Ramsey  (M.  C),  The  Doctor's  Angel,  3d. 

'  Leisure  Hour  '  Office 
The  author  records   the   struggles   of   a   dour 
Scotch  doctor  to  bring  up  an  unruly  family  after 
his  wile's  death. 

Steel  (Flora  Annie),  Tin-:  .Mercy  of  the  Lord,  6/ 

Heinemann 
A    collection  of  short   stories,   the  scenes   of 
which  are  laid  in  India  and  Scotland. 

Vaizey  (Mrs.  George  de  Home),  Grizel  Married, 
6/  Mills  &  Boon 

The  story  of  a  woman  who,  after  ten  years 
of  married  life,  longs  for  romance. 

Walker  (B.  H.  M.),  The  Red  Gate,  3d. 

'  Leisure    Hour  '    Office 
A   story   of   a   family  feud. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  Journal  and  Pro- 
ceedings, Vol.  VIII.  Xo.  11  ;  and  Vol.  IX. 
Xos.   1-6.  Calcutta,  1,  Park  Street 

These  volumes  contain  a  report  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Society  and  papers  contributed 
by  membei's. 

Chinese  Review,  June,  1/  net. 

42,  Hillfield  Road,  X.W. 

Includes  '  The  Spirit  of  the  Chinese,'  by  Ku 
Hung  Ming  ;  '  The  Xew  Coinage  Laws'  by  Dr. 
Chin-tao  Chen  ;  and  '  International  Aspects  of 
the  Opium  Question,'  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Alexander. 

Gypsy  and  Folk-Lore  Gazette,  Vol.  II.  Xo.  2,  5/ 

Gypsy-  Arts  and  Curio  Co. 
Articles    on    '  Heinrich    von    Wlislocki,'    by 
Mr.  David  MacRitchie,  and  '  The  Corsican  Ven- 
detta,' by  Mr.   W.   Herbert  Cox,  are  among  the 
contents. 

International    Theosophical    Chronicle,    May,    6d. 

net.  18,  Bartlett's  Buildings 

Some  of  the  items  in  this  issue  are  '  The 
Founder  of  the  Theosophical  Movement,'  '  Kathe- 
rine  Tingley's  Appeal  to  abolish  Capital  Punish- 
ment,' and  '  A  Vision  of  Space,'  verses  by  Mr. 
A.  M.  Prit chard. 

Library,  April,  3/  net.  Moring 

Dr.  W.  W.  Greg  writes  on  '  Bibliographical 
and  Textual  Problems  of  the  English  Miracle 
Cycles,'  Miss  Elizabeth  Lee  discusses  '  Recent 
Foreign  Literature,'  and  Mr.  J.  B.  Williams  con- 
tributes an  article  on  '  Henry  Cross-Grove, 
Jacobite,  Journalist,  and  Printer.' 

Library  Assistant,  June. 

Library  Assistants'  Association 
Includes   a   paper  on    '  Municipal   Librarian- 
ship,'    by    Mr.    William    Wollitt,  and    the    Xine- 
teenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Association. 

My  Garden,  Illustrated,  Xo.  I.,  Qd.  net.  Keliher 
Contains  many  illustrated  articles  on  '  Rock 
Garden  Construction,'  '  The  Exhibiting  of  Sweet 
Peas,'  '  Summer  Treatment  of  Roses,'  &c,  and 
some  coloured  plates. 

Royal  Statistical  Society  Journal,  May,  2/6 

The  Society,  II,  Adelphi  Terrace,  Strand 
Mr.  A.  L.  Bowley  writes  on  the  'Rural 
Population  in  England"  and  Wales';  Prof.  F.  Y. 
Edgeworth  continues  his  discission  '  On  the  LTse 
of  Analytical  Geometry  to  represent  Certain  Kinds 
of  Statistics';  and  there  are  reviews  and  current 
notes. 

Theosophical  Path,  May.  1 

Point  Loma,  California 
The  articles  in  this  issue  include  '  Beaut  y  and 
Impersonality.'      by     Mr.      B.     Travels;       '  Theo- 
sophical Concepts  of  Evolution,'  by  Mr.  IT.  Coryn  ; 
and  •  Alchemy. '  by  Mr.  H.  T.  Edge. 

GENERAL. 

Bunyan,  Tin:  PTLORIM'fl  PROGRESS,  Part  I., 
edited,  with  Biographical  Introduction  and 
Note-.,  by  Edmund  Venables,  'l  8 

( txford,  (  larendon  Press 

This  issue  is  printed  without  change  from 
tie-  second  edition  (1900),  revised  by  Miss  Mabel 
Peacock,  of  (anon  Venabli  b'b  complete  edition  of 
'Tie-  Pilgrim's  Progress,'  'Grace  Abounding,' &c. 

Oston  (M.i,  <i>  iii:  Patients,  2    net. 

Mm i.i j  \  EN enden 
\  second  edit  ion  of  these  accounts  of  a  medical 
man's  experieno 


Rochdale  Public  Libraries,  Art  Gallery,  and 
Museum  Committee,  1013—14,  Forty-Third 
Annual  Report. 

Containing   reports  on   the  development  of 

these  institutions  during  the  year;  tables  relating 
to  stock,  issues,  attendance  of  visitors,  Arc;  a  list 
of  donors,  and  a  statement  of  accounts. 

Woollen  Manufacture  at  Wellington,  Somerset, 
compiled  from  the  Peeords  of  an  Old  Family 
Business  by  Joseph  Hoyland  Fox,  7/6  net. 

Humphreys 
An  account  of  the  growth  of  an  industry 
carried  on  in  the  West  of  England  by  the  same 
family  for  nearly  250  years.  It  is  illustrated  with 
facsimiles,  reproductions  of  portraits,  photo- 
graphs, Ac. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Bell  (Ernest),  Ax  After- Life  for  Animals,  2d. 

'  Animals'  Friend  '  Society 
A   pamphlet  in  which   the   author  maintains 
that  the  reasons  which  point  to  an  after-life  for 
human  beings  also  apply  to  animals. 

Gwatkin  (H.  M.),  The  Bishop  of  Oxford's 
OPEN  Letter,  an  Open  Letter  in  Reply,  3d. 

Longmans 
A  further  contribution  to  the  Anglican  con- 
troversy. 

SCIENCE. 

Cambridge  Tracts  in  Mathematics  and  Mathe- 
matical Physics  :  Xo.  15,  Complex  Integra- 
tion and  Cauchy's  Theorem,  by  G.  N. 
Watson,  3/  net.  Cambridge  University  Press 

The  author's  purpose  is  to  collect  "  those 
propositions  which  are  employed  in  the  course  of 
a  rigorous  proof  of  Cauchy's  theorem,  together 
with  a  brief  account  of  some  of  the  applications 
of  the  theorem  to  the  evaluation  of  definite 
integrals." 

Carslaw  (H.  S.),  The  Teaching  of  Mathematics 
in  Australia.  Sydney,  Angus  &  Robertson 

A  report  dealing  with  the  teaching  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  State  High  Schools,  Technical  Institu- 
tions, Teachers'  Colleges,  Military  and  Naval 
Colleges,  and  Universities  of  Australia.  It  was 
presented  to  the  International  Commission  on 
the  Teaching  of  Mathematics. 

Cockerell  (T.  D.  A.),  Names  applied  to  the 
Xorth  American  Bees  of  the  Genera 
llthurgus,  anthidium,  and  allies. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
A  paper  reprinted    from  the  Proceedings  of 
the  United  States  Xational  Museum. 

Contributions  from  the  United  States  National 
Herbarium,  Vol.  18,  Part  2  :  Xew  or  Xote- 
worthy  Plants  from  Colombia  and  Central 
America,  4,  by  Henry  Pittier. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
This  paper  is  in  continuation  of  a  series  by 
Mr.  Pittier  dealing  chiefly  with  Colombian  and 
Central  American  plants  of  econoiuic  value,  and 
includes  descriptions  of  two  new  species  of 
Brosimum  and  Spondias. 

Dyar  (Harrison  G.),  The  Xoctuid  Moths  of  the 
Genera  Palindia  and  Dyomyx. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

Descriptive  notes  on   103  species  of  Eulepi- 

dotis  and  20  of  Dyomyx.     The  paper  is  reprinted 

from  the  Proceedings  of  the  United  States  Xational 

Museum. 

Gray  (Francis  W.),  A  Manual  of  Practical 
Physical  Chemistry*,  4/6  Macmillan 

A  practical  handbook  on  laboratory  work, 
illustrated  by  diagrams. 

Hobson  (E.  W.),  John  X.\riER  and  the  Inven- 
tion of  Logarithms,  1014,  1/0  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

The  author  gives  a  brief  summary  of  Napier's 

lib',  and  considers  in  detail  the  methods  by  which 

he  arrived  at  his  discovery. 

MacMunn  (C.  A.),  Spectrum  Analysis  applied 

to  Biology,  and  Medicine,  5/  net. 

Longmans 

This  thesis  baa  been  revised  after  Dr.  Mac- 

Mumi's  death  bj  \h:  .1.  II.  Milroy;  ami  Prof.  F.  W. 

Gamble   has   contributed    the    Preface. 

Moritz  (Robert  Edouard  ,  M  i:\ioit  win. i  \  Mathi:- 
\i\tk\:      OB,    Tin      Pilli.o.M  vm's    QUOTATION'- 

Book,  12/8  net.  Macmillan 

A   volume  of  quotations  relating  to  mathe- 
matics.    They  are  classified  under  headings,  and 
in  each  case  ihe  reference  is  given, 
Rathbun  (Mary  J.  ,   New  SPECIES  OP  CRABS  of 
thk  Families  Gbapstd*  and  OoYPODmat. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

The  Bpeciea  here  described  form  part  of  the 

collections  obtained  during  the  Philippine  cruise 

of  the  Fisheries'  steamer  Albatross   in   the   yean 

ldoT   10.     The    paper    is    reprinted     from    the 

/',<»  eedmga  of  the  United  Stales  National 
Museum. 


758 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,   1914 


Royal  Society  of  London,  Catalogue  of  Scien- 
tific Papers,  1800-1900,  Subject  Index  : 
Vol.  III.  Physics,  Part  II.,  15/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
This   part   completes   the   Subject  Index   on 
'  Physics.'     It    deals    with    electricity    and    mag- 
netism, and  contains  23,300  entries. 

Stanley  (H.),  Practical  Applied  Physics,  3/ 

Methuen 
A  textbook  for  second-  and  third-  year  engi- 
neering students. 

FINE     ARTS. 

Biblioteca  Laurenziana,  Reproductions  from 
Illuminated  Manuscripts. 

Florence,  Do  Marinis 
A  portfolio  of  fifty  plates  from  MSS.  in  the 
Medicean    Laurent  ian    Library,    with    a    Preface 
and  descriptive  notes  by  Dr.  Guido  Biagi. 

Bulley   (Margaret  H.),   Ancient  and   Medieval 

Art,  a  Short  History,  5/  net.  Methuen 

A  book  for  parents  and  teachers,  containing 
thirteen  lessons  on  ancient,  classic,  and  mediaeval 
art,  and  an  Introduction  on  the  necessity  for 
teaching  the  history  of  art  to  children.  There 
are  many  illustrations  and  a  coloured  chart. 

Conway  (Sir  Martin),  The  Sport  of  Collecting, 
5/  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

A  record  of  the  writer's  experiences  in  collect- 
ing pictures  and  objels  d'art,  ending  with  a 
chapter  on  how  he  found  a  castle. 

India :  Progress  Report  of  the  Archaeologi- 
cal Survey,  Western  Circle,  for  the  Year 
ending  31st  March,  1913. 

Government  of  Bombay 

Including  a  report  of  the  original  research, 

excavation,  and  conservation  carried  out  by  the 

Survey     during    the    year,    an    account    of    the 

Tour  Programme  for  1913-14,  and  Appendixes. 

National  Art-Collections  Fund,  Tenth  Annual 
Report.  Queen  Anne's  Chambers,  Tothill  St. 
Containing  a  report  of  the  Ninth  Annual 
Meeting,  a  complete  list  of  acquisitions,  descrip- 
tive notes  on  those  secured  during  1913,  and  a 
list  of  members. 

St.  Margaret's  Church,  Westminster,  Memorials, 
edited  by  Arthur  Meredyth  Burke,  42/  net. 

Eyre  &  Spottiswoode 
This  volume  contains  a  transcript  of  the 
Parish  Registers  relating  to  christenings,  mar- 
riages, and  burials  from  1539  to  1660,"  and  an 
extensive  Index.  Dean  Henson  has  written  a 
prefatory  note,  and  there  is  an  Introduction  by 
Mr.  Burke.  The  volume  is  illustrated  with 
portraits. 

Weaver  (Lawrence),  Small  Country  Houses, 
their  Repair  and  Enlargement,  15/  net. 

'  Country  Life  '  Office 
This  is  a  companion  volume  to  the  author's 
'  Small  Country  Houses  of  To-day,'  and  deals 
with  the  treatment  of  old  houses.  The  author 
considers  forty  examples  chosen  from  five  cen- 
turies of  domestic  architecture,  and  there  are 
nearly  three  hundred  illustrations. 

MUSIC. 

Feis  Ceoil  Collection  of  Irish  Airs  hitherto  Un- 
published, edited  by  Arthur  Darley  and  P.  J. 
MeCall,  Vol.  I.,  2/6  net. 

Dublin,  Peis  Ceoil  Association 
The   editors   have   written   an    Introduction, 
and    give,    with   a   few   notes,    the   sources   from 
which  the  airs  were  obtained. 
Newmarch  (Rosa),  The  Russian  Opera,  5/  net. 

Herbert  Jenkins 
A  study  of  the  development  of  national  opera 
in  Russia.      Part  of  the  work  is  based  on  lectures 
read   before  the  Musical  Association   of  London 
between  the  years  1900  and  1905. 
Shaw  (W.  Warren),  The  Lost  Vocal  Art  and 
its  Restoration,  with  Introduction  by  David 
Bispham,  6/  net.  Lippincott 

The  author  advocates  a  revival  of  psycho- 
logical principles  of  voice  culture,  and  gives 
practical  exercises  for  the  use  of  singers  and 
teachers. 

DRAMA. 

Carter   (Huntly),   The   Theatre  of  Max  Rein- 

hardt,  7/6  net.  Frank  Cecil  Palmer 

A  study  of  Max  Reinhardt's  development  in 

stagecraft    and    his    influence    on    the    modern 

theatre.     The  book  has  illustrations. 

Casson  (T.  E.),  The  Wise  Kings  of  Borrowdale, 

®d.  Keswick,  Bakewell 

A    little    play    of    the    men    of    Borrowdale, 

"  who  were  wiser  than  other  men,"  and  "  desired 

to  keep  the  bird  of  Spring  alwavs  in  their  dale." 

It  is  to  be  presented  next  month  in  the  garden  of 

Greta  Hall  by  members  of  Keswick  School. 


Euripides,  The  Alcestis,  the  Greek  Text,  with 
English  Verse  Translation  parallel  by  Sixth 
Form  Bovs  of  Bradlield  College,  1/6  net. 

Milford 
This    play   is   to    be   given   at   the    Open-Air 
Theatre  of  Bradfleld  College  next  month. 

Jennings  (Gertrude),  Four.  One-Act  Plays, 
paper  1/6  net,  cloth  2/  French 

Four  curtain  -  raisers  —  '  The  Rest  Cure,' 
'  Between  the  Soup  and  the  Savoury,'  '  The 
Pros  and  Cons,'  and  '  Acid  Drops ' — which  have 
all  been  produced  at  various  times  in  London 
theatres. 

FOREIGN. 

POETRY. 

Dante  Alighieri,  La  Divine  Comedie,  Le  Pur- 

gatoire,   Traduction    Nouvelle   par   Ernest   de 

Laminne,  7fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

The  translation  is  printed  with  the  original 

text  on  the  opposite  page,  and  is  annotated. 

Sanini  (Osvaldo),  Io,  4  lire. 

Turin,  Societa  Tipografico-Editrice  Nazionale 
The    poems    include    treatments    of    nature, 

philosophy,  and  personal  themes. 

PHILOSOPHY. 
f 

Epictete,  La  Traduction  Francaise  du  Manuel 

d'Epictete     d'Andre     de     Rivaudeau     au 

XVP   Siecle,   publiee   avec   une  Introduction 

par  L^ontine  Zanta,  4fr.  Paris,  Champion 

In  Parts  I.  and  II.  the  writer  discusses  the 

Latin  translations  of  the  '  Manual  '  of  Epictetus 

during  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  and 

the  French  translations  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Part  III.  contains  the  text  of  Rivaudeau's  version, 

published  in  1567,  and  his  '  Observations. .  .  .sur 

la  Doctrine  d'EpicOte.' 

Zanta  (Leontine),  La  Renaissance  du  Stoicisme 
au  XVP  Siecle,  12fr.  Paris,  Champion 

A  history  of  the  revival  of  the  Stoic  philo- 
sophy in  Europe  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY. 

Coynart    (Ch.    de),    Le    Chevalier    he   Folard 

(1669-1752),  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Hachette 

A    biography    of    the    Chevalier    de    Folard, 

giving  an  account  of  the  various   campaigns  in 

which  he  distinguished  himself. 

Leclere  (Adhemard),  Histoire  du  Cambodge, 
25fr.  Paris,  Geuthner 

The  author,  who  has  lived  in  Cambodia  for 
twenty-five  years,  here  records  from  legends, 
ancient  inscriptions,  and  documents  its  history 
from  the  first  century  of  our  era. 

Ligne  (Prince  de),  Lettres  a  la  Marquise  he 
Coigny,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Champion 

This  volume  in  the  Centenary  Edition  of  the 
works  of  the  Prince  de  Ligne  is  published  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Cercle  Archeologique  d'Ath 
et  de  la  Region,  and  has  a  long  Preface  by  M. 
Henri  Lebasteur. 

Origines    Diplomatiques    (Les)    de    la    Guerre    de 

1870-1871,    Recueil   de    Documents    publie 

PAR  LE  MlNISTERE  DES  AFFAIRES  EtRANGERES, 

Vols.  VII.  and  VIII.  Paris,  Picker 

Vol.  VII.  covers  the  period  September  1st, 
1865,  to  March  14th,  1866  ;  and  Vol.  VIII.  con- 
tinues the  record  to  May  3rd,  1866. 

Skrifter  utgivna  av  Svenska  Litteratursallskapet  i 
Finland  :  No.  114.  Pehr  Kalms  Brev  till 
Samtida  —  I.  Pehr  Kalms  Brev  till  C.  F. 
Mennander,  utgivna  av  Otto  E.  A.  Hjelt  och 
Alb.  Hiistesko,  4fm.  Helsingfors 

A  series  of  eighteenth-century  letters. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Dalgado  (Dr.  D.  G.),  The  Climate  of  Portugal, 

and  Notes  on  its  Health  Resorts,  10/6  net. 

Lisbon,  Academy  of  Sciences  ; 

London,  H.  K.  Lewis 

A  book  on  the  climatic  geography  of  Portugal 

as   a  whole,   with   brief   descriptions   of  its   chief 

health  resorts.     It  is  illustrated  with  maps  and 

tables. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Kriiger  (Dr.  Gustav),  Schwierigkeiten  des 
Englischen  :    Part  II.  Syntax,  13  m. 

Dresden,  C.  A.  Koch 
A    continuation    of    Dr.    Kriiger's    elaborate 
dissection  of  the  usage  of  English,  with  abundant 
examples. 

Skrifter  utgivna  av  Svenska  Litteratursallskapet  i 

Finland  :    No.  113.  Studier  i  Nordisk  Filo- 

logi,  utgivna  genom    Hugo    Pipping,    Vol.  V., 

3kr.  Helsingfors 

This     volume     includes     papers     by     Birger 

Nerman,  T.  E.  Karsten,  and  Hugo  Pipping. 


Studier  i  Modern  Sprakvetenskap,  utgivna  av 
Nyfilologiska  Sallskapet,  Vol.  V.,  Okr." 

Upsala,  Almqvist  &  Wiksells 

Including  '  Carl  Wahlund,'  by  P.  A.  Geijer  ; 

'  Shakespeares  Uttal,'  by  Dr.  R.  E.  Zachrisson  ; 

and   '  Om  Swinburnes  Liv  och  Diktning,'  by  A. 

Malmstedt. 

Valette  (Marc  de),  L' Anglais  par  Vous-Meme, 
Nouvelle  Methode  Pratique,  avec  Prononciation 
figuree,  3/  Hachette 

A  grammar  containing  exercises  and  con- 
versations. 

Woodward  (Ven.  H.  W.),  Kitaita  or  Kisighau, 

as  Spoken  on  the  Shambala   Hills  above 

Bwiti.  Berlin,  Reiiner 

This   paper   on    the   language   of   the   Taita 

settlers  in  German  East  Africa  is  reprinted  from 

the  Zeitschrift  fur  Kolonialsprachen. 

SOCIOLOGY. 
Walter-London  (H.  A.),  Die  neuere  englische 
Sozialpolitik,  4m.  Munich,  R.  Oldenbourg 

This  view  of  modern  conceptions  of  social 
legislation  in  England  is  commended  by  Mr. 
Lloyd  George  in  a  Preface  which  is  given  in  English 
and  German. 

POLITICS. 

Schultze  (Dr.  Ernst),    Die  politische  Bildung 

in  England,  lm.     .  Leipsic,  Teubner 

A  lecture  delivered  at  Dresden  last  November. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 
Olivero      (Federico),      Saggi     di     Letteratura 
IfrGLESE.  Bari,  Laterza  &  Figli 

Concerned  chiefly  with  English  poets  from 
Milton  and  Wordsworth  to  Mr.  Watts-Dunton 
and  Mr.  Arthur  Symons.  There  are  four  articles 
on  Keats,  also  one  of  considerable  length  on  Pater. 
Reynier  (Gustave),  Le  Roman  Realiste  au 
XVII0  Siecle,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Hachette 

The  writer  gives  an  account  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  realistic  novel  in  Prance  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  showing  how  much  it  was 
influenced  by  the  Picaresque  novel. 

FICTION. 
Bangor  (Noel),  Le  Sang  Bleu,   Scenes  de  la  Vie 
Hongroise,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

Sketches  of  Hungarian  aristocratic  society. 
In  a  Foreword  the  author  acknowledges  that  the 
plot  is  founded  on  fact,  and  that  he  has  known 
several  of  the  people  who  appear  in  his  book. 
Bordeaux  (Henry),  Nieve  sobre  las  Huellas, 
lfr.  25.  Nelson 

A  translation  into  Spanish  by  Esau  Revilla, 
with  an  Introduction  by  Azorin. 
Hudault  (J.),  Le  Pavillon  aux  Livres,  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 
A  story  of  the  chapel  of  the  Chateau  de 
Guerneville,  which  in  the  eighteenth  century  was 
transformed  into  a  library,  and  of  the  man  who, 
two  hundred  years  later,  restored  it  to  its  original 
purpose. 

Mason  (A.  E.  W.),  L'Eau  Vive,  1/  Nelson 

A  translation  of  '  Running  Water.' 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 
Mercure  de  France,  Mai  16,  lfr.  25. 

Paris,  26,  Rue  de  Conde 

The    contents   include    '  Les    Nouvelles   Ten- 
dances   Europeennes,'    by   M.    Paul    Louis  ;     '  La 
Prose  Rythmee  dans  la  "  Revolte  des  Anges," 
by  M.  A.-Henri  Becker  :    and  verses  by  M.  Emile 
Verhaeren  and  M.  Henry  Derieux. 
Revue  Critique  des  Idees  et  des  Livres,  lfr. 

Paris,  155,  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 

'  Les  Contes  de  M.  Jules  Lemaitre,'  by  M. 
Andre  du  Fresnois  ;  '  Chceurs,'  by  M.  Lionel  des 
Rieux  ;  and  '  A  propos  de  la  "  Petite  Scene  "  : 
la  Querelle  des  Comediens,'  by  M.  Xavier  de 
Courville,  are  among  the  features  of  this  number. 

Revue  de  Hongrie,  Mai  15,  2fr.  50. 

Paris,  Hachette 
Some  of  the  features  of  this  number  are 
'  La  Cainpagne  de  Russie,  1812,'  by  the  Com- 
tesse  Aimee  Palffy-Daun,  and  '  La  Renaissance 
Francaise  et  les  Chateaux  de  la  Loire,'  by  M. 
Zoltan  Balint. 

SCIENCE. 
Boletin   del   Cuerpo   de   Ingenieros   de   Minas   del 
Peru  :      No.     80,  Estadistica     Minera     del 
Peru  en  1912,  by  Carlos  P.  Jimenez.        Lima 
A  summary  with  statistics. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Annales  du  Musee  Guimet :  Archeologie  du 
Sud  de  l'Inde,  2  vols.,  40fr.  Paris,  Geuthner 
These  two  volumes  deal  in  succession  with 
the  architecture  and  iconography  of  South  India. 
They  contain  numerous  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs and  drawings. 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


7.")9 


Contenau   (Dr.    G.),  LA   Mbssi   Nuh   BabylonI- 
exxe,  Etude  d'Iconographie  oomparee,  Sir. 

Paris,  (<euthner 
A   discussion   of   the   identity   and   origin    <>'' 
this  goddess,   whoso  type  is   present   in  the  art  of 
Babylon  and  that  of  other  ancient  races. 

Formige  (M.  Jules),  Kemauques    Diverses  sun 

LES     TlIKATKES      ROMAINS     A     PROPOS    DE    CEUX 

d'Arles  et  d'Oram.e,  lfr.  50. 

Paris.  Imprinierie  Xationale 
A  volume  in  the  "  Memoires  presentes  par 
divers  Savants  a  I'Acad&nie  dea  Inscriptions  et 
Belles-Lettres."  It  contains  a  description  of  the 
t  n  o  tlieatres  and  a  discussion  of  the  probable  date 
of  their  erection.  It  is  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs, diagrams,  and  plans. 

Maspero  (C),  Rvixes  et  Paysages  d'Sgypte, 
"fr.  50.     Paris,  Librairie  Orientale  et  Americaine 
A  revised  and  enlarged  edition. 

Miiller  (Dr.  Ernst),  Casaren-Portrats,  4m. 

Bonn,  Marcus  <fc  Weber 
A    brief    monograph    on    portraits    of    the 
Emperors  of  Rome,  with  illustrations. 

Rodin  (A.),  Les  Cathedrales  de  France. 

Paris,  Colin 
ML  Charles  Morice  has  written  an  Introduction, 
and  the  text  is  illustrated  with  a  hundred  plates. 

MUSIC. 

Vie    Artistique,   La    Musique,    Textes    choisis   et 
ooiumentes  par  Henri  de  Curzon,  lfr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 
An  inquiry  into  the  relation  between  music 
and  literature,  with  a  survey  of  the  development 
of  the  tragedie  lyrique  and  opera-comique  in 
France  during  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries.  Each  chapter  contains  extracts  from 
writings  of  the  period. 

DRAMA. 

Houssaye  (Henry),  Le  Dernier  Jour  de  Napo- 
leon A  LA  Maljlaisox  (29  Juin,  1815),  lfr. 

Paris,  Perrin 
A  tragedy  in  one  act,  with  an  appreciatory 
Fi  >i  eword  by  M.  Louis  Sonolet. 

Stahl  (Ernest  L.),  Das  Englische  Theater  im 

19      JAHRHUNDERT,     SEINE    BilHNEKUNST      UND 

Literatur,  4m.  50.  Munich,  Oldenbourg 

A  survey  of  the  dramatic  changes  of  the  last 
century,  giving  special  attention  to  methods  of 
production  and  to  the  great  actors  of  the  time. 


THE    THRUSH    BEFORE    DAWN. 

A  voice  peals  in  this  end  of  night 
A  phrase  of  notes  resembling  stars, 

.Single  and  spiritual  notes  of  light. 
What  call  they  at  my  window-bars  ? 

The  South,  the  past,  the  day  to  be, 

An  ancient  infelicity. 

Darkling,  deliberate,  what  sings 

This  wonderful  one,  alone,  at  peace  ? 

What  wilder  things  than  song,  what  things 
Sweeter  than  youth,  clearer  than  Greece, 

Dearer  than  Italy,  untold 

Dolight,  and  freshness  centuries  old  ? 

And  first  first-loves,  a  multitude, 

The  exaltation  of  their  pain  ; 
Ancestral  childhood  long  renewed  ; 

And  midnights  of  invisible  rain  ; 
And  gardens,  gardens,  night  and  day, 
<  hardens  and  childhood  all  the  way. 

What  Middle  Ages  passionate, 

O  passionless  voice  !     What  distant  bells 
Lodged  in  the  hills,  what  palace  state 

Illyrian  !     For  it  speaks,  it  tells, 
Without  desire,  without  dismay, 
Some  morrow  and  some  yesterday. 

All — natural  things  !  But  more— whence  came 

This  yet  remoter  mystery  ? 
How  do  these  starry  notes  proclaim 

A  graver  still  divinity  ? 
This  hope,  this  sanctity  of  fear  ? 
O  innocent  throat  !     O  human  ear  ! 

Alice  Meynell. 


THE    DISCOVERY    OF    ISOLDES 
CHAPEL. 

Honour  is  due  to  Mr.  Julian  Moore  that 
he  was  one  of  the  first  to  rediscover  the 
r/enius  loci  of  Chapelizod.  In  an  interesting 
letter  to  The  Athencevm,  April  12th,  1902, 
he  pointed  out  that  the  grey-towered  Pro- 
testant church  in  the  village  owed  its  name 
to  the  personal  association  of  Isolde  with 
the  locality. 

It  is  a  deplorable  fact  that  during  the 
eighteenth  and  nineteenth  centuries  all 
the  notable  Irish  writers  who  wrote  about  the 
district — historians,  novelists,  antiquaries — 
were  invincibly  ignorant  of  the  tragic  story 
of  Tristan  and  Isolde  ;  for  this  reason  they 
were  unable  to  appreciate  the  topographical 
significance,  the  romantic  importance,  of  its 
fascinating  place-name. 

Last  year  in  The  Athenaeum  (February  1st, 
1913)  Mr.  J.  H.  Moore,  in  an  ingenious  article 
entitled  '  The  Historical  Basis  of  Tristan 
and  Isolde,'  took  a  step  further,  for  he 
attempted  to  prove  that  the  present  build- 
ing is  the  identical  chapel  founded  by  Isolde. 
The  documents  cited  by  Mr.  Moore,  corro- 
borated by  others,  though  doubtless  he  was 
unable  to  consult  them,  go  to  prove  that 
the  village  dates  from  the  first  decades  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  that  about  the 
same  period  the  church  was  built  as  a 
Viceregal  chapel.  The  total  absence  of 
tradition  relating  either  to  the  chapel  or 
village  explains  the  heedlessness  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  warrants  the  rejection  of 
the  assumption  that  the  daughter  of  Gor- 
mund  was  its  founder.  Isolde's  Chapel  had 
to  be  sought  elsewhere. 

The  first  documentary  proof  of  the  exist- 
ence of  Chapel  "  Ysoude  "  is  found  in  the 
Vatican,  dated  1212  ('  Calender  of  Papal 
Documents,'  i.  36),  where  Pope  Innocent  III. 
confirmed  to  the  Hospitallers  in  Ireland  the 
possession  of  "  Ysoude  "  :  later,  in  October, 
1229,  the  King  granted  to  the  Knight  Hos- 
pitallers the  advowson  of  the  King's  vill 
of  Chapelizod  ("  Capella  Isolde").  The 
first  recorded  appointment  was  made  on 
August  loth,  1228,  when  the  King  presented 
the  Justiciary's  clerk,  William  de  Rupe, 
"  to  the  vacant  church  of  Chapel  Isold." 

In  1571  Dr.  Hamner  in  his  'Chronicle  of 
Ireland  '  records 

"  that  Marc  King  of  Cornwall,  anno  459,  married 
with  La  bcl  Isode,  that  built  Isodes  Chappel  (or 
(Jhappel  Isode)." 

Here  the  tradition,  probably  gleaned  locally, 
that  Isolde  built  the  chapel  is  first  recorded. 
In  1577  Stanihurst  wrote:  "There  is  a 
village  hard  by  Dublin  called  of  the  said 
La  Beale  Isoud."  Most  important  of  all,  in 
the  Dublin  Regal  Visitation  of  1615  "  Chap- 
pel  Isot  "  is  described  "  ecclesia  et  cancella 
bene. " 

This  provides  a  valuable  item  of  identi- 
fication: Isot's  Chapel  had  a  chancel.  Up 
to  six  years  ago  the  church  in  Chapelizod 
had  no  chancel  ;  the  present  chancel  was 
added  in  1908.  This  valuable  clue  enabled 
the  writer  to  discover  the  little  chancelled 
chapel  of  Isolde.  A  paper  on  '  Ante- 
Norman  Churches  in  co.  Dublin,"  written  in 
1892  by  an  eminent  Irish  antiquary,  Mr. 
\V.  F.  Wakeman,  and  published  m  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Ireland,  directed  him  to  an  ancii  m 
ruined     chapel    near    Palmer-ton.      But    not 

till  1913,  when  he  discovered  the  reference 
to  "  Chappel  Isot  "  in  the  Visitation  of  161 5, 

was  this  tiny  oratory  revealed  as  the  cliapel 
of  Isolde,  about  a  mile  distant  from  the 
modem  village  of  Chapelizod,  opposite 
Knockmaroon,   beautifully  situated  on   the 


southern  bank  of  the  LifTey.  It  stands  in 
the  centre  of  tin  ancient  cemetery. 

The  dead  of  to-day  mingle  with  the  dust 
of  seven  centuries;  little  shrines,  sacred 
emblems,  and  rude  crosses  decorate  the 
graves.  The  chapel  is  hid  in  a  thicket  of 
greenery  ;  it  is  weighted  with  ivy,  and 
hedged  about  with  trees:  ash,  palm,  elder, 
and  oak.  Mr.  Wakeman  drew  attention  to 
a  venerable  yew  tree  that  stood  close  to  the 
chapel. 

"  In  Ireland  [lie  writes]  the  yew  tree  is  almost 
invariably  styled  'palm,'  and  on  Palm  Sunday 
the  Roman  Catholics  usually  attach  a  sprig  of 

yew  to  their  bonnets  and  hats.  That  this  tree 
is  coeval  with  the  church  there  can  be  no  doubt." 

In  all  probability  this  yew  tree  w:as  planted 
by  Isolde  herself  (Mr.  Wakeman  never 
suspected  the  association).  If,  as  he  con- 
jectures, this  tree  gave  the  name  of  Palmers- 
ton  to  the  townland,  it  may  be  regarded  as 
an  evidence  of  the  deep-rooted  interest 
taken  locally  in  the  great  love-story. 

Mr.  Wakeman  contributed  a  short  account 
of  the  chapel  and  the  yew  tree  to  The  Illus- 
trated London  News,  January  2.'lrd.  1864. 
It  is  illustrated  by  engravings  of  both 
church  and  tree  from  his  sketches.  The 
yew  tree  was  blown  down  in  a  violent 
storm  about  the  year  1884:  for  long  it  sup- 
plied fuel  for  the  villagers  ;  to-day  not  a 
vestige  remains.  The  ancient  chapel  con- 
sists of  a  nave  and  chancel  ;  it  is  solidly 
built  with  large  stones,  and  the  walls  are 
quite  3  ft.  thick.  The  chancel  appears 
large.  The  chapel  has  a  pathetic  interest 
if,  as  the  writer  surmises,  it  was  built  in  a 
season  of  disillusion  and  heartbreak — after 
the  marriage  of  Tristan  with  "  Isoud  of  the 
White  Hands." 

There  are  topographical  evidences  hi 
support  of  this  Palmerston  field  being  the 
site  of  the  original  chapel  of  Isolde  and 
the  ancient  vill  of  Chapelizod.  Gormund's 
Grange  extended  over  a  considerable  portion 
of  co.  Dublin.  The  Grange  Castle,  near 
Clondalkin,  is  only  a  few  miles  distant.  In 
a  thirteenth-century  document  is  found  a 
reference  to  "  Grange  ville  Palmeri  with  the 
church  there."  Isolde  selected  a  site  on 
her  father's  land,  and — possibly  with  pious 
intention — in  close  proximity  to  the  Grange 
town,  where  resided  his  tenant  sand  servants. 

On  all  maps  the  manor  of  Chapelizod  is 
found  on  both  banks  of  the  Liftey.  In  the 
twelfth  century  the  vill  and  lands  of  Chapel- 
izod were  on  the  south  side  only.  Early  in 
the  thirteenth  century  there  are  documentary 
proofs  of  its  extension.  On  December  7tb, 
1220,  the  King  instructed  his  Justiciary 

"  that  he  had  granted  to  Thomas  Fitzadam  the 
land  of  Chapel  Isold,  but  the  Justiciary  had 
caused  the  land  to  be  extended  for  3o  borates 
and  taken  into  the  King's  hand." 

In  May,  1225,  the  King  commands 

"  to  be  extended,  by  oath  of  good  and  liege  men 
of  the  venue  of  Chapel  Isold,  the  land  ol  that 
chapel,  and  to  cause  Richard  de  Burgh  to  have 
the  land  according  to  the  extent." 

Later  a  mandate  is  found  to  Thomas  Fitz 
Anthony 

"  to  be  answerable  to  Richard  for  I  he  rent ,  except- 
ing the  extent  which  the  Etas  caused  to  be  made 
of  the  lands  ol   Chapel    Isold." 

These  documents  convey  that  the  Crown 
extended  the  Royal  manor-  -that  there  was 
a   specific  division  of  the  two  areas;    and  it 

>,      to    conjecture    that    these    extension 
were    on    the    opposite    hank    ol    the    Li  (Toy, 
parallel    with   the  original    territories  on   the 
sout  h  side. 

Richard  de  la  Field  was  the  earliest  NTor 
man  holder  of  the  original  lands.     The  Ex- 
chequer Rolls.  1383-4,  show  that  the  Barons 
of  the  Exchequer  seized  one  messuage  and 
one  carucate  of  land  in  Chapelizod  belonging 


760 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


to  the  custos  of  the  House  of  St.  Lawrence. 
This  land  was  originally  the  property  of 
John  de  la  Field,  late  lord  of  the  manor  of 
<  'hapelisold,  "and  he  had  given  it  to  a  custos 
to  find  a  chaplain  to  celebrate  divine  service 
there,  and  to  sustain  six  lepers  and  six  infirm 
persons  there."  The  Leper  House  of  St. 
Lawrence  was  situated  on  the  southern 
hank,  and  gave  its  name  to  the  present 
village  of  St.  Lawrence,  which  is  only  divided 
by  the  Liffey  from  the  modern  Chapelizod. 

A  later  grant  in  the  Patent  Rolls  by  King 
James  I.  to  Sir  John  Davies,  his  Attorney- 
General,  definitely  fixes  the  locality  of  the 
original  vill  of  Chapelizod.  The  grant 
minutely  details  the  property  : — 

"  Three  messuages  in  or  near  Chapel  Izod,  one 
near  the  church  stile,  one  near  the  mill,  one  near 
the  common  bake  house;  one  acre  upon  the  lands 
of  Irish  toun ;  2  acres  on  the  east  side  of  the  old 
wood  called  the  Stucking,"  &c. 

If  the  visitor  to  Palmerston,  after  passing 
the  Stewart  Institute,  once  the  residence  of 
the  Temple  family,  takes  the  first  turn  to 
the  left  (Mill  Lane,  as  it  is  locally  called),  a 
short  walk  downhill  brings  him  to  a  small 
detached  village  (the  site  of  the  original 
vill  of  Chapelizod  from  the  twelfth  to  the 
seventeenth  century),  and  a  passage  between 
houses  on  the  left  leads  him  to  the  church 
stile,  by  which  he  reaches  the  ancient 
"  Chappel  Isot."  On  the  eastern  side  of  the 
village  the  property  belongs  to  Lord  Iveagh. 
The  steward  courteously  conducted  the 
writer  through  the  estate,  and  helped  him 
to  identify  some  forgotten  landmarks.  A 
curious  rectangular  building,  with  arched 
openings  level  with  the  ground,  attracted 
notice.  The  custodian  stated  that  it  had 
a  tall  chimney,  which  he  removed  many 
years  ago.  Surely  this  was  the  common 
bakehouse  ?  Irishtown  was  part  of  the 
parish  of  Palmerston  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  Petty' s  Survey  Map  shows 
two  mills  here,  marked  "  old."  The  "  Stuck- 
ing "  and  some  other  parcels  "  in  and  near 
Chapelizod  "  detailed  in  the  grant  can  be 
identified,  and  conclusively  demonstrate 
that  here — and  nowhere  else — stood  the 
vill  and  chapel  founded  by  Isolde. 

Yet  another  scrap  of  evidence.  In  a 
lawsuit  on  April  12th,  1291,  for  the  posses- 
sion of  100  acres  of  land  in  Villa  Palmeri, 
in  which  the  claim  rested  on  proof  of  legiti- 
macy, Alice  the  plaintiff  swore  that  she 
was  the  daughter  of  "  one  Isolda  lawfully 
married."  The  name  Isoud  in  its  many 
variants  originated  with  the  amorous  maiden 
of  the  Tristan  romances.  When  she  met 
Tristan  she  discarded  her  Irish  agnomen, 
and  adopted  the  Norman  name  Isabella. 
Tristan  cunningly  transposed  it  into  "  La 
Belle  Isoud."  The  earliest  form  is  Isoud 
or  Isold,  but  the  minstrel  Tristan  still  toyed 
pensively  with  the  word  till  he  found  "the 
final  form  in  Isolda.  There  are  many 
instances  of  the  name  Isolda  in  Ireland 
during  the  thirteenth  century,  but  they  can 
all  be  traced  to  localities  in  which  the  first 
Isolda  dwelt. 

To  return  to  old  Chapelizod  :  four  great 
mills  stand  derelict  in  Lord  Iveagh's  estate, 
doleful  monuments  of  the  magnificent  enter- 
prise of  Col.  Lawrence,  who  established  a 
great  textile  industry  in  Chapelizod  towards 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The 
circumstances  which  brought  about  the 
decline  of  the  village  and  the  transfer  of  its 
name  may  be  brief! y  told.  After  eleven 
years  of  increasing  prosperity  a  jealous 
Government  checked  the  industries,  and 
withdrew  the  Army  contracts.  When  the 
new  Viceregal  church  was  built,  the  Pro- 
testant gentry,  for  obvious  reasons,  elected 
to  patronize  the  State  church.  Pews  were 
eagerly  sought,  and  Le  Fanu  tells  us 


"  that  they  were  distributed  by  a  traditional 
tenure  among  the  families  and  dignitaries  of  the 
town  and  vicinage." 

It  was  established  as  the  parish  church,  and 
endowed  with  the  parish  name. 

The  growth  of  the  new  Chapelizod  was 
gradual,  but  its  main  development  took 
place  during  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  when  it  became,  as  described  by 
Le  Fanu,  "  the  gayest  and  prettiest  of  the 
outpost  villages  near  Dublin." 

Isolde's  own  chapel  was  left  derelict  and 
nameless  ;  it  is  marked  "  old  chapel  "  in 
the  Down  Survey  Map,  1655.  Its  Catholic 
worshippers  had  been  ejected,  and  it  was 
abandoned  by  its  Protestant  congregation. 
Situated  out  of  the  main  avenue  of  traffic, 
its  name  appropriated,  its  churchyard  turned 
into  the  common  cemetery  of  the  district, 
hidden  away  in  a  grove  of  trees,  and  sha- 
dowed by  the  overhanging  branches  of  the 
yew  tree,  its  precious  traditions  died  out, 
and  its  romantic  past  was  forgotten. 

The  extinction  of  other  place-names 
followed  fast  on  its  lamentable  desertion. 
From  these  traditions  Dr.  Hamner  learnt 
that  Isolde  built  the  chapel  ;  and  Stanihurst 
knew  that  she  stood  sponsor  for  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  village.  Isolde  was  a  Dublin 
princess,  a  daughter  of  the  Liffey  ;  no  other 
name  was  more  honoured  and  beloved  on  its 
banks.  The  Franchise  Riders  halted  at 
"  Isold's  Font,"  and  climbed  the  "  Hill  of 
Isold's  Font."  It  was  this  spring  which 
gave  the  Phoenix  Park  its  name,  and  at  that 
trysting-place  the  immortal  lovers  wetted 
their  burning  lips  with  its  clear,  cool  waters. 

It  may  be  well  to  explain  how  the  Park 
got  its  name  from  the  font.  When  the 
lands  of  Grange  Gormund  and  Chapelizod 
were  purchased  in  the  seventeenth  century 
for  the  Crown,  it  was  officially  decided  that 
the  enclosed  area — which  was  intended  for 
the  preservation  of  game — -should  be  called 
Kingsborough  Park.  At  that  time  the 
"  Phoenix  House  "  stood  on  the  top  of  the 
"  Hill  of  Isold's  Font."  "  Phoenix  "  was  really 
the  English  pronunciation  and  spelling  of 
two  Irish  words,  florin  uiscf  (pronounced 
"  feenisk  "),  signifying  clear  water.  "  The 
House  of  the  Crystal  Water  "  was  properly 
the  name  of  the  first  Viceregal  Lodge. 
Even  in  its  corrupt  and  misleading  form, 
all  the  King's  edicts  and  all  the  King's  men 
coidd  not  change  it.  Isolde  had  baptized 
and  given  the  place  a  name,  and  destiny 
had  decreed  that  it  should  remain.  The 
spring  has  disappeared,  but  the  writer  was 
able  from  old  records  to  locate  it,  and  its 
position  is  now  made  public  for  the  first 
time.  It  is  described  as  being  "  a  bowshot 
east  of  the  hill,  under  a  great  hawthorn 
tree."  The  place  is  marked  out  for  the 
seeker,  for  the  house  is  called  "  Fountain 
Lodge,"  though  the  person  who  named  it 
never  heard  of  Isolde.  An  inhabitant 
pointed  out  the  spot  where  the  sparkling 
water  gushed  forth  which  gave  the  house 
its  name.  Further  east  in  the  city  walls 
stood  Isolda's  Tower  and  Isolda's  Gate. 

In  the  Vale  of  Dublin  Isolde's  ruined 
chantry  remains,  a  lone  witness  to  her  fame 
in  the  district. 

W.  A.  Henderson. 


DUBLIN    REGISTERS. 

The  Parish  Register  Society  of  Dub- 
lin has  issued  as  its  eleventh  volume  the 
'  Marriage  Entries  from  the  Registers  of  the 
Parishes  of  St.  Andrew,  St.  Anne,  St.  Audoen, 
and  St.  Bride,  Dublin,  1632-1800,'  under  the 
capable  editing  of  Mr.  D.  A.  Chart,  of  the 
Dublin  Record  Office,  the  scholarly  author 
of    '  Ireland    from    the    Union    to    Catholic 


Emancipation,'  and  of  the  history  of  Dublin 
in  Messrs.  Dent's  series  of  "  Historic  Towns." 

The  plan  of  publishing  the  Marriages, 
without  waiting  for  the  necessarily  tedious 
and  costly  printing  of  the  baptisms  and 
burials,  is  an  innovation  in  the  method  of 
this  Society  much  to  be  commended.  A 
large  proportion  of  infants,  especially  in 
Dublin  and  in  an  insanitary  age,  died  soon 
after  baptism,  and  their  records  are  a  waste 
of  space.  Nor  are  records  of  burials  always 
valuable,  since  it  is  not  easy  to  prove,  in  the 
absence  of  any  contributory  evidence,  that 
James  Murphy  was  the  James  Murphy  we 
want.  But  marriages  give  two  names, 
which  may  serve  to  identify  the  persons, 
and  the  registers  often  add  the  estate  or 
farm  of  the  bridegroom,  as  well  as  the  name 
of  the  officiating  clergyman,  who  is  some- 
times the  local  rector  called  to  Dublin  for 
the  purpose. 

Genealogists  therefore  must  wholly  ap- 
prove this  new  departure  in  the  publications 
of  the  Society.  Mr.  Chart  has  carefully 
compared  the  registers,  when  there  was 
suspicion  of  carelessness,  with  the  "  Paro- 
chial Returns  "  to  the  bishop's  annual 
visitations,  preserved  in  the  Record  Office, 
and  has  added  from  this  source  a  supple- 
mental list.  He  has  also  appended  an 
index  of  trades  and  professions,  besides  the 
usual  indexes  of  persons  and  places.  St. 
Bride's  register  from  1632  is  very  full  of 
interest,  especially  to  historians  of  Huguenot 
families;  and  those  who  just  now  are  proud 
of  "  the  wearing  of  the  green  "  will  be 
delighted  to  find  Napper  Tandy  in  1791 
in  the  peaceful  character  of  churchwarden 
of  St.  Bride's,  along  with  John  Theophilus 
Boileau,  the  head  of  a  famous  and  ancient 
firm  of  chemists.  Thev  will  also  discover 
the  marriage  on  July  21st,  1785,  of  "Theo- 
bald Wolfe  Tone,  esqr,  and  Martha  Wither  - 
ington,  Cony  licence,  by  the  ReV1  EdW1  Ryan, 
curate." 

Regimental  historians  will  find  many 
entries  of  marriages  of  Dragoons,  Dragoon 
Guards,  11th,  19th,  40th,  42nd,  55th,  69th 
Foot,  &c.  At  the  other  extreme,  St. 
Audoen's  register  contains  the  entries  of 
marriages  solemnized  in  the  prison  of 
Newgate,  in  that  parish. 

We  congratulate'the  Society  and  Mr.  Chart 
on  this  exceptionally  useful  volume,  which, 
we  hope,  will  lead  more  genealogists  to  join 
a  society  which  is  doing  admirable  work 
with  totally  incommensurate  support.  There 
are  only  82  subscribers — or  rather  81,  since 
the  death  of  Lady  Elizabeth  Cust  ;  and  of 
these  nearly  half  consist  of  the  Coimnittee 
and  public  libraries  in  the  United  King- 
dom and  the  United  States — none  in  Canada 
or  Australia  or  South  Africa.  This  in- 
difference to  valuable  historical  work  is  not 
creditable. 


THE   ODES   OF   SOLOMON. 

I  have  only  just  to-day  (Maj'  12th)  seen 
the  letter  of  Mrs.  Gibson' in  The  Athenaeum 
for  April  18th,  in  which  she  seeks  to  confirm 
the  conjecture  of  Dr.  Mingana  and  herself 
that  the  Odes  of  Solomon  are  Ephesian  in 
origin.  The  passage  to  which  she  refers  in 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestia,  and  in  Syriac 
writers  who  borrow  from  him,  with  regard 
to  those  in  the  early  Church  who  had  a 
special  gift  of  inspired  song,  and  the  sugges- 
tion that  the  quotation  in  Eph.  v.  14 
("Awake,  thou  that  sleepest,"  &c.)  belongs 
to  a  collection  of  such  songs,  are  certainly 
worthy  of  very  careful  attention.  One's 
first  impulse  is  to  say  that,  however  nobly 
we  may  think  of  Theodore  (and  who  is  there 
1  that  is  at  all  acquainted  with  him  that  does 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


761 


not  think  nobly  of  him  ?),  we  must  always 
distinguish   between   Theodore  as   historian 

and  Theodore  as  exegete.  It  is,  for  instance, 
a  perfectly  natural  conclusion  to  draw  from 
the  observed  quotation  of  a  spiritual  ode  in 
the  epistle  to  the  Ephesians.  that  such  an 
ode  had  kinship  with  the  "  Psalms  and 
Hymns  and  Spiritual  Odes  "  which  the  Apostle 
wis  commending  in  the  immediate  context. 
That  is  mere  exegesis.  If,  however.  Theodore 
luvs  any  other  reason  for  the  statement 
which  he  makes  as  to  early  gifts  of  spiritual 
song  in  the  Church,  beyond  his  not  neces- 
sarily illegitimate  inference  from  the  lan- 
guage of  the  epistle,  then  we  are  indebted 
to  him  for  what  may  be  an  important  his- 
torical observation.  Mrs.  Gibson  appears  to 
think  (and  Dr.  Mingana  is  of  the  same  mind) 
that  the  historical  interpretation  of  Theo- 
dore's statement  is  necessitated  by  the  fact 
that  the  context  of  the  fragment  quoted  in 
Ephesians  shows  traces  of  parallelism  with 
the  Odes  of  Solomon.  If  that  is  true,  it  is  very 
important.  Certainly  I  am  not  disposed  to 
undervalue  the  coincidences  in  thought  or 
language  which  Mrs.  Gibson  adduces  ;  for 
it  is  clear  to  me  that  there  is  another  and 
even  more  striking  coincidence  in  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  the  passage  in  Ephesians  goes  on 
with  an  injunction  to  be  "  not  unwise,  but 
wise."  and  to  be  "  not  unintelligent,  but 
cognizant  of  what  is  the  will  of  the  Lord  "  ; 
and  "  not  to  be  drunk  with  wine.  .  .  .but  to 
be  filled  with  the  Spirit,"  after  which  comes 
the  reference  to  "Psalms  and  Hymns  and 
Spiritual  Odes."  Now  let  us  read  by  the  side 
ot  this  passage  some  sentences  from  the 
eleventh  Ode  of  Solomon  : — 

"  Speaking  waters   touched  my  lips  from  the 

fountain  of  the  Lord  plenteously :    and  I  drank 

was  inebriated  with  the  living  water  that  does 

not    die  ;     and    my    inebriation    was    not    without 

knowledge,  for  I  forsook  vanity,'-  &c. 

This  passage  contains  exactly  the  matter 
of  the  two  inebriations  contrasted  by  St.  Paul, 
and  it  actually  makes  the  contrast,." ejecting," 
as  Theodore  says,  "  the  hurtful  intoxication, 
and  introducing  the  spiritual  inebriation  "  ; 
and  this  contrast  is  described  as  one  between 
'knowledge"  and  "the  absence  of  know- 
lodge,"  which  is  exactly  what  the  writer  is 
emphasizing  in  Ephes.  v.  1.3-17  (not  unwise, 
not  unintelligent,  not  intoxicated).  The  very 
same  connexion  between  drunkenness  and 
unwisdom  is  in  the  thirty-eighth  Ode,  a  very 
different  composition  :— 

"They  invite  many  to  the  banquet  and  give 
them  to  drink  of  the  wine  <ij  their  intoxication,  and 
remove  their  ivi&dom  and  their  knowledge  and  make 
them  without  intelligence." 

the  language  of  the  Odes  that  may  be 
the  key  to  the  sequence  in  Ephesians. 

I  suggest,  therefore,  that  Mrs.  Gibson 
should  strengthen  her  argument  by  the 
addition  of  the  passage  to  which  I  have 
referred;  and  as  the  whole  matter  requires 
most  careful  consideration,  and  we  can  only 
proceed,  in  the  first  instance,  by  way  of 
Hypothesis,  I  suggest  that  she  should  i_'o  one 
step  further,  and  claim  the  Ephesian  frag- 
ment (••  Awake,  thou  that  steepest")  as 
belonging  to  the  missing  second  Ode  of  the 
Solomonic  collecti  ,n. 

The  foregoing  suggestion  implies  thai  the 
Odes  are  antecedent  to  the  Kphesian  letter; 
for  St.  Paul  is  referring  to  collections  of  Odes, 
and  quoting  an  actual  Ode  ;  and  the  priority 
of  the  language  of  th-  Odes, where  all  is  an 
orderly  sequence  oi  thought,  is  m 
to  give  continuity  to  the  otherwise  dis- 
connected series  of  the  Apostolic  injunctions. 

The  Gibeon-Mingana   hypothesis   is   now 

before  u~  in  a  form  in  which  it  should  have  a 
careful  examination,  and  where  it  should 
secure,  if  such  a  result  can  bo  attained,  a 
further  confirmation. 

Rendsl  Habbis. 


AMERICAN    HISTORICAL   RESEARCH. 

Tin-:  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  energetic 
Director  of  the  Department  of  Historical 
Research  in  tho  Carnegie  Institution  at 
Washington  indicates  considerable  progress 
with  the  important  national  enterprises 
previously  noticed  in  our  columns.  Dr. 
Jameson's  department  is  the  veritable  centre 
of  historical  activity  in  a  country  which  has 
of  late  years  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
organization  of  historical  research.  Herein 
it  has  been  effectively  supported  by  the 
American  Historical  Association  with  its 
admirable  organ,  The  American  Historical 
Review.  But  the  chief  function  of  tho 
official  department  at  Washington  has  been 
the  preparation  of  reports  on  American  and 
foreign  archives,  and  the  publication  of  docu- 
mentary texts.  Besides  these  enterprises 
the  department  has  rendered  invaluable 
services  to  American  students,  both  at  home 
and  abroad.  The  list  of  reports  on  various 
archives  issued  by  the  department  during 
the  last  ten  years  affords  matter  for  sincere 
congratulation  to  the  Director.  It  should 
be  remembered,  too,  that  English  students 
have  benefited  in  an  almost  equal  degree 
with  American  visitors  by  the  researches 
which  Dr.  Jameson  and  his  able  staff  have 
carried  out. 

We  note  that  the  researches  in  the  archives 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  are 
further  described  in  his  Report.  These  are 
represented  by  the  first  volume  of  Prof. 
Andrews's  notable  '  Guide  to  the  American 
State  Papers  '  in  the  Record  Office,  which 
will  be  shortly  followed  by  a  companion 
volume  dealing  with  the  departmental 
records.  The  Minor  London  Archives  have 
been  described  in  a  previous  publication. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  progress  is  re- 
ported with  researches  in  the  archives  of 
Canada,  Paris,  Seville,  Vienna,  Salzburg, 
and  others  in  both  Germany  and  Switzerland. 
Miss  Davenport's  collection  of  American 
treaties  in  European  archives,  and  Mr. 
Percival  Xewton's  description  of  the  papers 
of  the  Royal  African  Company  at  the  Record 
Office,  may  be  noted  as  further  undertakings 
of  great  value  and  interest. 


ROOKS     IX    BELFAST. 

32,  Elers  Road,  West  Ealing,  W. 

'  The  Truth  about  Ulster  '  is  not  so 
excruciating  as  your  reviewer  thinks. 

"No  bookshop  existed  in  Belfast  until  quite 
recently.  There  was,  indeed,  a  shop  whieh  sold 
books  along  willi  articles  of  general  utility  " — 

which  is,  I  surmise,  a  euphemism  for 
what  is  known  to  the  initiated  as  li  dry 
good-.  The  latter  statement  is  correct: 
there  was  one  draper  who  sold  books.  The 
former  statement — li  Xo  bookshop,"  &c. — 
is  of  the  purest  imagination  all  compact. 
In  the  nineties  I  knew  the  Belfast  book- 
shops well.  William  .Mullau  sold  (as  he 
had  sold  for  probably  half  a  cent  urv)  not  hing 
bm  books,  and  as  a  retailer  of  exclusively 
new  general  hooks  was  quite  Up  to  London 
level.      There  were  at    leasi    lour  other  shops 

with  a  good  supply  of  new  hooks,  although 
newspapers  and  note-paper  (not  "dry 
Hoods     )   were   also     "Id. 

For  second-hand  books  there  were  at  one 
time  fi\.  ol  respectable  size,  in  which, 

apart  from  b  few  violins  and  pictui 
nothing  else  was  sold;  while  in  an  old  street 
there  was  a  long  row  of  stall-shops,  exclu- 
sively kept  by  bouquinistes  in  the  most 
forlorn  oi  which  1  remember  picking  up  a 
nice  copy  of  the  octavo  edition  of  Thirlwall's 


•  Greece,1  at  a  price  which  I  need  not  have 
blushed  to  reveal  to  ma  m&nagire. 

Modern  Ireland  is  no  doubt,  outside 
Dublin,  the  purgatory  of  the  bibliophile; 
the  fact  that  tho  country  never  produced  a 
systematically  issued  second-hand  cataloguo 
is  proof  enough  of  that.  But  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  Baying  that  at  tho  time  I 
mention  there  were  more  books,  new  and 
second-hand,  in  Belfast  than  in  the  shops  of 
all  the  rest  of  Ireland,  barring  Dublin;  and 
as  for  two  years  I  travelled  through  every 
county  in  Ireland,  and  spent  about  a  decade 
each  in  Dublin,  Belfast,  and  tho  co.  Cork, 
I  fe;'l  justified  in  expressing  an  opinion. 

H.  M.  Beatty. 

***  Mr.  Beatty  is,  1  think,  referring  to  a 
later  period  than  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore, 
whose  "  recollections "  begin  in  the  early 
sixties.     In  one  passage  Mr.  Moore  says  : — 

"  Belfast  has  a  population  of  close  upon  400,000, 
and  it  has  had  a  University  College  of  its  own  for 
over  sixty  years;  and  yet  for  the  twenty-five 
years  that  I  knew  it  there  was  not  a  bookseller's 
shop  in  the  whole  of  the  city.  I  mean,  of  course, 
a  shop  where  one  could  be  certain  of  finding  a 
new-  book  about  which  all  England  was  talking — 
a  volume  of  travel,  biography,  or  fiction.  There 
was  one  tradesman  who  made  a  small  fortune  by 
the  sale  of  defective  editions  or  '  remainders  '  of  an 
edition  of  a  book  that  had  not  caught  the  public 
taiiey,  but  even  when  I  was  buying  my  first 
'  Principia  Latina  '  or  the  '  Initia  Greeca,  these 
books  had  to  be  ordered  from  Mr.  Murray." 

Later  he  adds  : — 

"  If  if  had  not  been  for  them  [books  of  strongly 
marked  religious  tendency],  the  semi-bookseller 
in  Belfast  would  not  have  been  able  t<,  subsist, 
even  with  the  adventitious  aid  of  his  wire  croquet, 
hoops  and  five  ounce  mallets  which  were  sold  at 
the  back  of  the  shop." 

I  myself  remember  meeting  a  well-known 
Irish  poet  after  his  first  visit  to  Belfast — ■ 
in  the  late  nineties,  I  think.  "  How  did 
you  like  the  town  ?  "  I  asked  him.  "  Well," 
he  replied,  "  some  time  ago  there  were  two 
booksellers'  shops  in  Belfast,  but  one  was 
destroyed  bv  tiro  and  has  not  been  rebuilt 
yet.     That  is  Belfast." 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  my  own  impressions 
of  Belfast— which  are  those  of  yesterday — 
are  more  in  accord  with  Mr.  Beatty's  descrip- 
tion than  with  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore's. 

Your  Revteweb. 


ADDISON'S    LETTERS. 

King's  College,  Strum),  W.C.,  May  26,  1014. 

I  AM  preparing  a  new  edition  of  the  Mis- 
cellaneous Works  of  Joseph  Addison  (to  bo 
published  by  Messrs.  Bell),  and  1  am  anxious 
to  make  the  collection  of  letters  as  complete 
as  possible.  I  should  therefore  be  very 
grateful  if  any  of  your  readers  would  toll 
me  of   any  unpublished    letters    to  or  from 

Addison    which    in  iv  be  in  the  po     •  -   ion  of 

public  or  private  owners. 

A.  ('.   <  rUTHKELOH. 


THE    ELIOT    IM>im,K!\    SALE. 

The  more  important  lots  in  the  last  two 
days   of   the  sale   of   the    John     Eliot     EfodgUn 

Librarj     were:     MBS.    and    ' ks     relating    t>> 

Ireland's  Shakespeare  forgeries,  in   IV  ImI  a,  \~'j:>- 

1820,  llii/.  Spenser,  Faerie  Queene,  1590-06, 
201.  Taylor,  The  Needles  Excellency,  1640,231. 
Valerius    Maximus,    Pacta   ot     Dicta,    1471,    l  I/. 

\  collection  illustrative  uf  Vauxhall  Gardens, 
2  vols.,    L'U/.     Visschcr,    Atlas    Minor,    n.d.,    21/. 

\n    Infallible   Way   i<,   Contentment,    1688,   in   a 

contemporary  English  needlework  binding,  21  {.  10«. 

The  total  of  the  sale  of  the  library  wb.    1,2011.  I*., 

and    the    total    of   all    the    Bodgkin    collections 

13,1167.  i». 


702 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


litoarp    ©asstp. 

At  the  Royal  Institution  on  June  12th 
Mr.  Walter  Hines  Page,  the  American 
Ambassador,  will  lecture  on '  Some  Aspects 
of  the  American  Democracy.' 

All  lovers  of  scholarship  and  research 
will  welcome  the  promotion  of  Abbot 
Gasquet  to  the  Cardinalate.  In  acknow- 
ledging the  formal  notice  of  his  appoint- 
ment, the  Cardinal  said  he  had  received 
the  "  immense  honour,"  as  Newman 
called  it,  without  having  held  the  usual 
positions  leading  to  it.  He  added  that 
the  last  English  monk  to  become  a  Cardinal 
in  curia  was  the  confessor  of  Catherine  of 
Braganza,  a  Dominican. 

Dr.  D.  W.  Forrest  of  Edinburgh, 
author  of  '  The  Christ  of  History  and 
Experience,'  has  been  appointed  Professor 
of  Systematic  Theology  and  Apologetics 
in  Glasgow  College  of  the  United  Free 
Church  as  successor  to  the  late  Prof.  Orr. 

A  Conference  is  to  be  held  at  London 
University  on  June  18th,  19th,  and  20th, 
under  the  auspices  of  a  Committee  of 
Representatives  of  the  Fabian  Education 
Group,  the  King  Alfred  School  Society, 
the  Moral  Education  League,  the  National 
Union  of  Teachers,  the  Ratan  Tata 
Foundation  (London  University),  the 
School  Medical  Officers'  Association,  the 
Theosophical  Society,  the  Theosophical 
Educational  Trust,  and  the  Women's 
Industrial  Council. 

Admission  to  the  Conference  will  be  free, 
but  accommodation  can  be  reserved  for 
those  who  apply  for  tickets.  Further  par- 
ticulars can  be  obtained  from  the  Secre- 
tary. Dr.  L.  Haden  Guest,  16a.  John 
Street,  Adelphi,  W.C. 

The  latest  house  marked  for  its  historical 
interest  by  the  London  County  Council  is 
that  of  Manning  to  the  north-west  of  the 
junction  of  Carlisle  Place  and  Francis 
Street,  to  which  a  leaden  tablet  has  been 
affixed  this  week. 

It  has  been  decided  that  Thiers's  house 
in  the  Place  Saint-Georges,  which  was 
bequeathed  by  Mile.  Dosne  to  the  Institut 
de  France,  shall  be  open  to  visitors.  The 
library,  containing  30,000  volumes,  can  also 
be  used  by  students  holding  a  ticket 
signed  by  two  members  of  the  Institut. 

A  collection  of  wall-papers  of  the 
time  of  the  Directory,  Consulate,  and 
Empire  is  now  on  view  at  the  Chateau  de 
la  Malmaison.  One  of  the  most  interest- 
ing specimens  in  this  curious  exhibition 
is  the  set  known  as  the  '  Campagnes  des 
Armees  dltalie.' 

The  Dowden  Collection  of  MSS.,  which 
Messrs.  Hodgson  will  sell  on  June  9th, 
includes  many  interesting  features.  Among 
the  older  MSS.  is  the  original  of  the 
"  Conversion  "  of  Sir  Tobie  Mathew,  who 
Mas  a  close  friend  of  Bacon ;  indeed, 
Bacon  himself  referred  to  Mathew  as  his 
-  alter  ego."     The  most  important  of  the 


modern  autographs  is  the  original  holo- 
graph of  Swinburne's  song  '  On  the 
Union,'  with  several  interesting  auto- 
graph letters,  one  of  which  contains  a  line 
— as  subsequently  printed — in  place  of  a 
harsh  expression  in  the  original.  There 
are  also  five  notable  letters  from  Walt 
Whitman,  in  which  he  explains  to  Dowden 
at  some  length  the  ideals  he  aimed  at  in 
his  poems. 

In  the  same  week  Messrs.  Hodgson  will 
sell  the  library  from  Stowlangtoft  Hall, 
near  Bury  St.  Edmunds.  The  library  was 
collected  during  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century,  and  contains  many  fine  books. 
It  has  revealed  one  find  of  the  greatest 
interest  to  collectors  of  early  English 
typography  in  a  fine  and  perfect — but 
quite  unrecorded — copy  of  the  '  Speculum 
Christiani,'  printed  by  the  second  printer 
of  London,  William  de  Machlinia.  As  is 
well  known,  the  productions  of  his  press 
are  extremely  scarce,  and  offer  some 
points  of  interest.  For  instance,  without 
exception  they  are  undated,  and  only  in 
four  cases — the  '  Speculum  '  being  one — 
do  they  bear  the  printer's  name.  The 
'Speculum  Christiani' — a  "medley,"  as 
aptly  described  by  Mr.  Gordon  Duff,  of 
"  theological  matter  interspersed  with 
pieces  of  English  poetry" — is  printed  in 
the  second  and  so-called  "  Holborn  "  type 
used  bv  the  printer,  and  it  is  usually  dated 
about  1484. 

A  gentleman  bearing  the  same  sur- 
name has  drawn  our  attention  to  the 
fact  that  an  e  too  many  was  used  by  us 
in  the  title  of  '  Matthew  Hargraves,'  by 
S.  G.  Tallentyre,  reviewed  in  our  last 
issue. 

Mr.  Ernest  Thompson  Seton  and 
Mr.  Dan  Beard  have  accepted  positions 
as  associate  editors  of  Boy's  Life,  the 
American  Boj^  Scouts'  monthly  magazine. 

Mr.  C.  K.  Ogden  has  been  engaged  upon 
an  authorized  English  translation  of  Dr. 
Hans  Driesch's  '  History  and  Theory  of 
Vitalism.'  The  volume  is  to  be  published 
immediately  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co. 

Messrs..  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  also 
publish  immediately  the  third  volume  of 
the  elaborately  illustrated  edition  of 
Macaulay's  '  History  of  England  '  which 
has  been  prepared  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Firth. 

In  1903  Dr.  Hermann  Gollancz,  Gold- 
smid  Professor  of  Hebrew  at  University 
College,  London,  described  in  a  brochure, 
'  Clavicula  Salomonis,'  his  newly  dis- 
covered MS.  of  the  Hebrew  version  of  the 
Book  of  Magic,  which  is  supposed  to  have 
served  as  the  oracle  of  all  sorcerers 
throughout  history.  The  Hebrew  original 
was  till  then  thought  to  be  lost.  An 
exact  reproduction  by  collotype  process 
of  this  MS.,  with  its  numerous  quaint 
illustrations  and  diagrams,  is  about  to  be 
published  by  the  Oxford  University  Press, 
and  is  furnished  with  an  Introduction,  in 
which  Prof.  Gollancz  gives,  among  other 
details,  characteristic  specimens  of  the 
conjurations  and  "  practices  "  contained 
in  the  volume,  together  with  a  literal 
translation. 


Mr.  W.  D.  Ho  wells  is  issuing  a  new 
volume  through  Messrs.  Harpers  within 
the  next  few  days.  It  is  entitled  '  The 
Seen  and  Unseen  at  Stratford-on-Avon,' 
and  is  a  humorous  fantasy  which  shows 
Shakespeare  witnessing  a  pageant  and 
festivities  in  his  own  honour,  and  joking 
with  Bacon  concerning  the  authorship  of 
the  plays. 

'  Shelley,  Poems  selected  and  arranged 
by  T.  J.  Cobden-Sanderson,'  will  be  pub- 
lished at  the  Doves  Press  in  June  or  July. 
The  book  will  be  in  small  quarto,  and  the 
poems  will  be  arranged  in  five  divisions, 
representing  the  various  emotions  and 
aspirations  of  the  poet.  Two  hundred 
copies  will  be  printed  on  paper,  and  twelve 
on  vellum. 

Dr.  H.  Montagu  Butler,  Master  of 
Trinity,  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled 
'  Some  Leisure  Hours  of  a  Long  Life,'  to 
be  published  next  week  by  Messrs.  Bowes 
&  Bowes  of  Cambridge.  It  consists  of 
translations  into  Greek,  Latin,  and  English 
verse  made  from  1851  to  1914,  composed 
often  on  holiday  and  in  many  scenes. 

Early  in  June  Messrs.  Constable  will 
publish  a  volume  of  collected  essays, 
entitled  '  Theological  Room,'  by  the  Rev. 
Hubert  Handley,  author  of  '  The  Fatal 
Opulence  of  Bishops,'  the  Hon.  (Secretary 
of  the  Declaration  for  Freedom  in  Biblical 
Criticism  which,  in  1905,  was  signed  by 
1,725  Anglican  clergy.  The  new  volume 
is  a  plea  for  Liberalism  in  the  Church,  and 
simplicity  in  the  national  habits.  The 
Introduction  deals  with  the  recent  resolu- 
tion of  Bishops  concerning  the  Liberal 
clergy.  In  Part  II.,  which  is  practical, 
the  author  reiterates  his  views  on  epis- 
copal opulence. 

The  July  number  of  The  New  Genealo- 
gist will  contain  an  article  by  Sir  James 
Ramsay,  '  Notes  on  Early  Ramsay  Pedi- 
grees.' It  includes  a  revision  of  the 
Dalhousie  pedigree. 

The  firm  of  Max  Goschen  is  publishing 
next  month  '  The  Caillaux  Drama,'  by 
Mr.  John  N.  Raphael ;  and  '  With 
Wellington  in  the  Pyrenees,'  by  Brigadier- 
General  F.  C.  Beatson. 

Mr.  William  Moir  Bryce,  President  of 
the  Old  Edinburgh  Club,  has  written  a 
monograph,  which  Messrs.  Otto  Schulze 
&  Co.  will  publish,  on  '  Holyrood,  its 
Palace  and  its  Abbey,'  with  forty-seven 
plates,  some  of  which  have  not  hitherto 
been  used   in  works   of   this  kind. 

Messrs.  Methuen  will  publish  in  the 
autumn  a  new  volume  of  poems  by  Mr. 
Alfred  No  yes. 

'  A  Descriptive  List  of  the  Printed 
Maps  of  Somersetshire,  1575-1914,' 
with  biographical  notes  and  numerous 
illustrations,  has  been  compiled  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Chubb  of  the  Map  Room,  British 
Museum.  The  work  is  to  be  published 
for  subscribers  hy  the  Somersetshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  So- 
ciety. The  subscriptions  already  received 
have  been  so  satisfactory  that  the  List  is 
now  in  the  press,  and,  it  is  hoped,  will 
be  ready  for  issue  shortly. 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


763 


SCIENCE 


BIOLOGY   LN   RELATION   TO 

EDUCATION. 

.4  Course  of  Three  Lectures  given  by  Miss 
Hoskyns-Abrahall    at    Crosby    Hall,    on 
.     March  13th,  17th,  and  20th,  1914. 

(These  Lectures  were  Illustrated  by  nearly  two 
hundred  slides,  and  the  omission  of  these  has 
necessitated  some  curtailment  of  the  matter 
which  depended  on  them,  and  also  some  re- 
arrangement. Lecture  I.  was  printed  In  '  The 
Athenceum  ■  for  April  25th ;  Lecture  II.  in 
'The  Athenaeum'  for  the  2nd  and  9th  inst. ; 
and  the  earlier  portion  of  Lecture  III.  in  'The 
Athenaeum  '  for  the  ltth  and  23rd  inst.] 

Lecture  III.  {conchided). 

■MORS     JANUA    YIT.E." 

One  curious  development  has  occurred 
from  our  unwise  requirement  of  long  con- 
centration in  the  voung.  We  have  seen 
how  the  diver  mitigates  pressure  by 
blocking  the  passage  of  the  nose.  The 
increase  of  adenoids  since  the  whole 
childish  population  went  to  school  is 
probably  Nature's  method  of  rendering 
the  overpressure  less  intolerable.  We 
do  not.  I  believe,  often  enough  consider 
how  far  what  we  rightly,  in  itself,  count 
as  a  disease  is  a  corrective  of  some 
mistake  of  our  own. 

The  best  education  for  little  children  is 
that  given  by  savages — among  whom  they 
imitate  what  their  elders  do  ;  and  also 
dance.  In  that  way  is  insured — what, 
again,  is  insufficiently  attended  to — the 
proper  circulation,  not  only  of  the  blood, 
but  of  the  lymph. 

But  to  return  to  this  mental  "  diving."' 
While  thought  is  intense,  deep  breaths  are 
necessary  to  prevent  displacement  of 
the  heart,  and  the  thinker  swallows  to 
keep  open  the  Eustachian  tubes.  As  the 
blood-pressure  is  altered  by  sudden  ascents 
and  descents  of  the  body  in  the  external 
World,  so  it  is  by  sudden  changes  in  mental 
work.  To  concentrate  means  to  alter  the 
blood-pressure — means  it  just  as  truly  as 
does  climbing  or  descending  a  mountain. 

Most  workers  know  the  sensations 
which  are  signs  of  over-pressure  :  the 
headache  and  migraine,  the  feeling  of 
tightness  round  the  head,  the  numbness 
of  the  chest  and  limbs,  the  tingling,  and 
"  pins  and  needles."  Where  the  internal 
ssure  is  considerable,  the  handwriting 
K  apt  to  become  wild  and  shaky  :  in  fact, 
a  neat  and  tidy  hand  is  no  indication  of 
thought,  rather  the  reverse 

The  voice  of  the  diver,  it  may  be 
noticed,  also  alters  under  pressure  ;  ami 
it  may  be  that  the  nasal  voice  which  is 
common  to-day  among  young  people  lias 
its  origin  in  the  over-pressure  caused 
by  too  early  concentration. 

If.  now.  we  inquire  somewhat  more 
•closely  as  to  the  part  of  the  vascular 
tern  on  which  the  Over-pressure  falls. 
we  shall  find  that  it  is  not  the  arterial, 
but  the  venous  system,  which  is  chiefly 
affected.  The  arterial  system,  we  may 
•  causes,  the  venous  system  endures, 
the  pressure,  and  it  is  the  latter  which 


ministers  to  thought.  The  venous  system 
is  so  elastic  that  it  can  contain  all  the 
blood  in  the  body.  Probably,  in  trance, 
the  greater  part  of  the  blood  is  held  in 
the  venous  system,  and  as  in  any  case 
it  moves  in  the  venous  system  much 
more  slowly  than  in  the  arterial,  the  blood 
in  trance  hardly  moves  at  all.  The  venous 
system,  then,  becomes  a  great  sinus — 
bathing,  as  it  were,  the  sympathetic, 
nervous  system,  which,  as  we  saw  in  the 
last  lecture,  is  that  in  our  physical  organi- 
zation which  is  the  recipient  of  or  agent  in 
intuition. 

The  parallel  between  diving  and  con- 
centration, seeing  that  it  is  not  a  metaphor, 
but  actual  physical  fact,  works  out  also, 
as  we  might  expect,  in  what  happens  upon 
release,  upon  decompression.  If  the  con- 
centration has  been  very  intense  and 
the  release  is  sudden,  there  may  follow 
aphasia  and  disorders  of  vision,  clonic 
spasms,  tremors,  or  convulsions,  uncon- 
sciousness, congestion  of  the  internal 
organs,  even  paralysis  or  acute  mania. 
Headache  and  some  slight  dizziness  must 
be  forms  of  discomfort  known  to  most 
people  who  think  at  all — on  returning 
from  thought  into  the  world  around  them. 

Pressure    as    a   Factor    in    Life  of 
Earlier  Races. 

Both  in  the  relation  of  the  individual 
as  a  whole  to  the  external  world,  and  in 
the  relation  within  himself  of  soul  and 
body,  it  is  clear  that  pressure,  external 
and  internal,  is  a  fact  of  vital  importance. 

That  being  so,  we  have  some  clue  to 
the  instinct  for  dwelling  in  caves  as 
revealed  by  mankind.  Cave-dwellers  and 
inhabitants  of  subterranean  dwellings  are 
found  in  France,  Russia,  parts  of  Africa, 
and  parts  of  Asia  and  America :  some 
prefer  a  level  nearer  the  centre  of  the 
earth  than  the  earth's  surface ;  some, 
caves  at  considerable  altitudes. 

Life  in  caves  means  different  surround- 
ings from  those  at  the  earth's  surface.  It 
is  to  be  presumed  that  the  people  con- 
cerned lived  at  this  level  because  they 
chose  to  do  so  ;  because  the  majority  of 
the  "  persons "  within  them,  or  the 
interior  and  greater  "persons''  within 
them,  found  themselves  in  such  circum- 
stances more  at  ease,  more  able  to  function 
properly,  than  at  the  pressure  and  general 
surroundings  of  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

What  sort  of  people  were  the  cave- 
dwellers  ?  We  have  not  much  detailed 
knowledge  of  them.  They  have  left 
drawings  which  are  well  known  for  their 
marvellous  liveliness,  truthfulness,  and 
accurate  skill;  and  there  is  reason  to 
think  that  their  paraphernalia  and  posses- 
sions generally  were  ool  numerous  or 
elaborate.  This— which  was  once  sup- 
posed to  indicate  a  low  mental  state — 
may.  I  believe,  quite  as  reasonably — nay. 
more  reasonably —be  held  to  Indioate  a 
high  one. 

Tacitus    relates    how    certain    German 

tribes  lived  underground — their  dwellings 
heaped  over  with  cattle-dung  to  keep 
them  warm.  In  ancient  Britain  people 
lived    in    pit-dwellings,    Of    which    remains 


have  been  found,  for  example,  in  Somersel 
shire,  and  in  caves,  of  which  instances  are 
known  in  Nottinghamshire.  In  France 
t  lure  are  still  people  who  live  underground. 
Their  rock-dwellings  are  commodious  and 
dry  :  warm  in  winter,  and  cool  in  summer. 
Among  the  most  interesting  of  these  are 
the  underground  villages  in  Champagne, 
to  which  one  descends  by  steps  cut  in 
stone,  through  an  entrance  hewn  out  in 
a  massive  screen  of  chalk.  Here  are  many 
skilful  contrivances  for  keeping  out  water, 
and  many  ventilating  shafts  ;  while  the 
rooms,  with  their  shelves  and  cupboards, 
are  as  convenient  as  those  of  ordinary 
houses. 

In  Colorado  there  is  a  remarkable, 
palace  under  a  cliff,  belonging  to  the  so- 
called  "  Stone  Age,"  which  is  supposed  to 
have  been  inhabited  by  the  earliest  race 
which  populated  America.  Obviously  the 
pressure  within  the  cliff  differs  from  that 
above  it. 

One  may  see  to-day  in  the  Mexican 
underground  dwellings  the  holes  in  the 
rock  which  the  "  prehistoric "  cave- 
dwellers  cut  to  hold  the  cedar-beams  for 
their  balconies.  These  particular  dwell- 
ings are  still  inhabited,  their  inmates 
ascending  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  by 
ladders.  Outside  is  a  large  "sunhouse" 
like  an  amphitheatre. 

Among  the  Pueblos  we  have  canons  of 
red  sandstone  where  the  vertical  face  of 
the  rock  is  riddled  with  human  dwellings 
— just  as  you  may  see  the  sides  of  a  sand 
quarry  riddled  with  sand-martins'  holes — 
so  thick  that  in  some  parts  they  look  like 
the  cells  of  a  honeycomb.  The  people 
climbed  up  to  them  on  long  poles  with 
lateral  projections,  which  served  as  the 
rungs  of  a  ladder.  The  natural  cave 
entrances  were  walled  up  with  adobes, 
having  a  small  opening  left  as  window 
and  door. 

In  Palestine  there  is  a  subterranean 
labyrinth  to  which  access  is  obtained  by 
a  passage  so  small  one  hardly  can  creep 
through  it,  which  ends  in  a  steep  dry  well 
several  feet  deep,  down  which  one  has 
to  jump.  Then  one  comes  out  into  a 
wide  street  with  duellings  on  both  sides, 
where  there  are  a  market  and  a  great  hall 
and  shops,  and  the  air  is  pleasant,  and 
not  in  the  least  difficult  to  breathe. 

There  are  underground  temples  in 
Thibet,  and  underground  dwellings  in 
Moscow  ;  in  fact,  there  is  no  quarter  of 
the  world  in  which  there  are  not  the 
remains  of  a  former  mode  of  life  which 
was  adjusted  to  a  different  pressure — far 
different  "  persons  "  from  that  to  which 
we  are  commonly  adjusted. 

Tombs. 
One     cannot      think      of      underground 

dwellings    without    passing    on    to    the 

thought  of  tombs.  Just  as  we  ourselves 
live  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth  under 
the  influence  of  sun  and  moon  rather 
than,  as  our  remote  ancestors  seem  to 
have  done,  some  little  distance  within  it. 
SO  we  bury  our  dead  but  a  short  way 
beneath  the  surface:  and  though  we  may 
raise  elaborate  memorials  for  our  own 
delectation  above  them,  what  we  do  for 


7(U 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


the  dead  themselves  would  seem  to  the 
mourners  of  ancient  times  as  shallow  and 
insufficient  as  the  depth  of  earth  we  give 
them. 

At  Gezer  there  are  intra-mural  graves 
within  the  city-walls — contrived  like  berths 
in  a  ship's  cabin,  as  the  graves  are  in  the 
Catacombs.  There  are  also  graves  sunk 
in  the  floors  of  chambers  or  courts ;  and 
wells  and  shafts  sunk  into  the  ground 
have  been  discovered  with  graves  in  them 
at  different  depths — sometimes  made  in 
the  shape  of  conical  chambers  with  stone 
doors,  which  often  had  been  broken  open, 
and  found  to  contain  food- vessels  and 
furniture. 

Let  me  here  recall  to  your  memory  the 
Catacombs  with  their  systems  of  corridors 
and  small  chambers  partially  lighted  by 
shafts  (luminaria)  which  open  on  to  the 
surface  of  the  soil,  to  which,  as  they 
were  sometimes  cut  in  rising  ground,  the 
entrance  might  be  in  a  hillside.  There 
were  loculi  or  berths  in  which  the  dead 
were  laid,  halls  and  chapels  where  worship 
was  offered  and  the  dead  were  com- 
memorated. You  will  understand  that 
for  the  moment  we  are  not  concerned 
with  what  most  vividly  strikes  the  imagi- 
nation in  the  Catacombs,  but  with  the 
fact  that  they  are  examples  of  a  very 
ancient  method  of  burial. 

Yet  more  interesting  from  our  point  of 
view  are  the  Etruscan  tombs.  At  Castel 
d'Azzo  is  a  valley  about  a  mile  long,  on 
one  side  of  which  in  the  rock  are  doors 
beautifully  engraved,  and  beneath  each 
door,  at  a  depth  of  some  6-8  ft.,  an  open- 
ing which  leads  to  a  tomb.  Each  tomb 
contains  one  or  more  chambers,  large  and 
small,  and  has  a  ledge  all  round  it.  The 
body  lies  uncoffined.  On  the  door  are 
inscribed  the  name  and  age  of  the 
occupant,  and  on  the  wall  inside  is 
an  inscription  in  great  letters  a  foot 
long.  The  tomb-chamber  has  in  it 
vessels  and  furniture  like  the  room  of  a 
living  person.  In  the  tomb  of  a  warrior 
was  found  the  terra-cotta  image  of  an 
infant  in  swaddling  clothes.  The  funeral 
obsequies  of  the  warrior  by  whose  corpse 
it  lay  had  been  performed  while  he  was 
yet  alive  ;  he  may  have  been  in  a  swoon 
or  trance.  Infants  never  had  funeral 
honours,  and  the  little  figure  was  intended 
as  an  emblem  of  the  warrior's  soul  begin- 
ning life  anew  in  another  "  person  " — new- 
born. 

On  the  walls  of  this  tomb  and  of  others 
of  its  kind  are  paintings  representing 
dances,  music,  feasts,  games,  and  races. 
The  countenances  of  the  people  depicted 
are  handsome  ;  they  have  peculiarly  large 
ej-es,  and  very  long  hands  and  feet.  "  Their 
dress  is  rich  and  beautiful  Avith  fine 
ornaments — the  colours  red  and  purple, 
and,  in  the  borders,  gold.  The  feet  are 
shod  with  sandals  or  with  buskins.  Some 
are  playing  on  the  double  flute  or  the 
lyre,  others  are  dancing  in  an  extravagant 
manner  somewhat  like  the  dances  of 
Campanian  peasants  to-day.  There  are 
chariot  races,  in  which  the  horses  are 
shown  in  every  form  and  position,  and  in 
which    figure  also  race-stands,  numerous 


competitors,  nobles  as  spectators,  judges, 
prizes,  and  a  crowd.* 

Ancient    Understanding  of  Death,  and 
Treatment  of  the  Dead. 

We  return  now  to  the  diver.  One  of 
the  most  striking  characteristics  of  the 
diving-bell  or  compression-chamber  is  its 
silence.  Not  a  whisper  is  to  be  heard 
in  it.  Whatever  is  communicated  by 
another  human  being  to  the  man  within 
can  be  done  only  by  sight,  by  the  reading 
of  pictures  or  letters,  or  by  gesture.  Is 
it  really  conceivable  that  such  infinite 
pains,  such  a  multitude  of  detailed,  care- 
fully contrived  images,  such  minute  pro- 
vision for  material  needs,  should  have 
been  lavished  on  a  tomb  without  a  quite 
definite  theory  as  to  the  purpose  they 
were  to  serve — a  theory  based  on  some- 
thing more  solid  and  more  compelling 
than  dreamy  beliefs  about  what  the  shade 
of  the  departed  would  want  in  the  way 
of  shadowy  equipment  in  a  world  of 
shades  ? 

Tombs  like  this  of  the  Etruscan  warrior 
were  constructed,  let  me  remind  you,  by  a 
people  whose  very  art  shows  that  they 
could  not  have  been  wholly  destitute  of 
science  or  of  the  scientific  temper,  and 
still  less  destitute  of  what  I  may  call  culti- 
vated common  sense.  Is  it  not  then 
probable  that  this  Etruscan  warrior's 
tomb,  and  all  others  in  principle  like  it, 
were  built  as  compression-chambers,  as 
places  where  the  person  entombed — 
who  must  not  so  hastily  be  concluded  to 
be  dead,  for  lying  in  that  trance  he  might 
be,  in  truth,  more  fully  alive  than  ever 
before — might  find  his  soul  helped  over 
a  difficult  and  perilous  stage  of  develop- 
ment by  means  of  the  body  being  at 
rest  under  the  pressure  which  best  suited 
the  condition  of  the  highest  and  the  most 
suffering  "  persons  "  within  it  ? 

It  might  be  that  the  person  entombed 
was  really  dead  :  it  was  held  more  likely 
that  this  was  not  so.  And  if  he  was  still 
living,  though  his  life  might  have  receded 
into  the  innermost  layers  of  his  being, 
and  dropped  some  of  those  notes  with 
which  hitherto  it  had  responded  to 
"  voices  "  from  the  earth,  he  would  pre- 
sently, at  this  new  level,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  this  changed  pressure,  in  a  measure 
revive — not  so  as  to  return,  or  in  the  least 
desire  to  return,  to  his  old  life,  but  so  as 
to  remain  in  wakeful  peace  in  the  chamber 
prepared  for  him,  until  his  soul,  waiting 
and  in  meditation,  drew  itself  yet  further 
inwards.  Perhaps  then,  in  the  next 
change,  it  would  draw  to  itself  the  last 
that  was  spiritual  in  the  body,  and  escape. 
You  will  remember  that  we  saw  that  the 
note  is  not  in  the  dust,  but  in  the  inter- 
spaces. 

As  he  rested  there,  the  paintings  which 
surrounded  him  were  designed  for  his 
direction  and  instruction.  His  state,  in 
fact,  might  be  compared  with  that  of  an 
anchorite  of  the  Middle  Ages  :  immured 
and  dead  to  this  world,  his  soul  with  its 

*  In  the  lectures  as  delivered,  a  large  number  of  Egyptian 
slides  were  shown,  and  details  of  the  wall-painting  briefly 
explained.  This  part  is  omitted,  as  useless  without  the 
pictures.  The  Etruscan  warrior's  tomb  is,  however,  quite 
sufficient  for  the  purpose  of  the  main  argument. 


gaze  fixed  upon  another,  and  preparing 
to  escape  to  it. 

There  was  yet  another  possibility,  how- 
ever. It  might  be  that  the  entombed 
warrior  was  still  alive,  even  as  regards 
this  world  ;  that  if  those  "  persons  " 
which  have  their  being  more  obviously  in 
action  here  were  for  the  time  plunged 
in  helplessness,  the  central  "  persons " 
were  none  the  less  still  concerned  with 
this  life,  and  ready,  if  the  conditions  were 
made  sufficiently  favourable,  to  reanimate 
the  whole  body  again  for  ordinary  earthly 
uses.  Then  the  change  of  pressure  and 
the  influences  from  the  earth  would  help 
the  so-called  dead  back  to  life  again.  The 
ancients,  that  is  to  say,  were  well  aware  of 
— and  careful  to  try  before  they  accounted 
a  person  dead — the  powerful  curative 
properties  of  the  earth. 

We  need  much  to  realize  this.  The 
earth  has  a  peculiarly  invigorating  and 
restorative  effect.  We  see  this  to  some 
extent  in  mud-baths  and  earth-baths. 
We  might  guess  it  were  it  only  from 
observing  the  ways  of  birds,  which  have 
"  baths  "  in  sand  and  dust.  In  the  case 
of  gangrened  wounds  it  has  been  found 
that  a  little  earth  is  efficacious  in  promot- 
ing healthy  action  of  the  skin.  In 
modern  times  persons  buried  in  earth 
have  been  known  to  revive. 

The  invigorating  power  of  the  earth  is, 
again,  peculiarly  conspicuous  in  caves. 
Caves  are  highly  radio-active,  and  the 
deeper  they  penetrate  into  the  earth,  the 
more  radio-active  are  they  found  to  be. 
The  air  in  them  is  pure  ;  there  are  no 
bacteria.  The  warmth  renders  clothing 
superfluous,  and  since  the  traveller  be- 
comes more  and  more  magnetic  the  longer 
his  stay,  he  becomes  also  less  and  less 
hungr}-.  Moreover,  when  the  surface  of 
the  earth  is  comparatively  hot,  a  cave 
remains  cool — or  what,  in  summer,  is  felt 
as  cool. 

The  ancients,  then,  before  resorting  to 
the  elaborate  entombment  of  the  Etruscan 
warrior  tried,  I  believe,  expedients  in 
which  the  earth  bore  a  great  part.  In 
particular  they  calculated  by  the  condi- 
tion of  the  body  the  proper  depth  at 
which  the  reputed  dead  should  be  buried. 
Realizing  that  what  to  an  inexperienced 
eye  was  death  might  be  in  reality  but  a 
temporary  retreat  of  the  soul — by  reason 
of  disease — into  some  interior  "  persons," 
they  did  all  they  could  to  revive  those 
whom,  in  our  careless  haste,  we  should 
bury  without  a  moment's  question.  When 
everything  else  had  failed,  they  brought 
them  into  the  magnetic  surroundings  of 
the  tomb,  where  by  music  and  by  manipu- 
lation thej''  tried  yet  again  to  discover 
any  life  that  might  be  left  in  them. 

In  particular  the  music  of  flutes  was 
found  efficacious  for  this.  Music  stimu- 
lates the  heart,  increases  the  rate  of  the 
pulse,  and  stirs,  by  its  direct  action  on 
the  spirit,  the  passions  and  emotions. 
This  the  ancients  knew  well ;  and  it  is 
by  a  tradition  from  their  wisdom  that  the 
flute-player — the  player  of  the  instrument 
which  for  this  purpose  was  accounted 
most  powerful — appears  in  classical  fune- 
rals.    The  tomb-flutes  bellowed,  making 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


705 


strange  and  powerful  sounds,  which  aided 
the  tumult  characteristic  of  a  death- 
ohambei  among  the  ancient  peoples. 
Men  and  women  in  a  state  of  frenzy. 
tearing  their  hair,  beating  their  breasts, 
rolling  on  the  ground,  dashing  their  heads 
on  the  floor,  sobbed  and  groaned  and 
icked.  while  the  blood  flowed  from 
their  cheeks  torn  by  their  nails.  In  the 
midst  lay  the  dead  :  bathed,  anointed 
with  precious  perfumes,  clothed  in  a  rich 
robe,  crowned  with  full-blown  flowers, 
raised  on  a  high  couch  with  pillows. 

The  din  about  him  was  not  exactly 
grief  :  it  was  the  last  call  to  him — as 
powerful  as  human  ingenuity  could  make 
it — to  come  back  if  he  could,  if  he  wanted 
to,  if  he  still  belonged  to  this  life,  if  he 
was  still  lingering  on  its  brink,  so  that  a 
shock  of  pain  or  disgust  or  a  loud  noise 
might  rouse  him  and  draw  him  in  again. 

T  1 

It  made  sure — as  sure  as  any  one  could — 
that  he  should  not  be  finally  thrust  out 
from  life  and  wake  again — just  too  late. 
His  friends,  too,  did  all  they  could  : 
embraced  him,  cried  to  him  by  familiar, 
endearing  names,  appealed  to  his  pity  for 
the  forlorn  state  of  those  he  left,  reproached 
him  for  deserting  them,  reminded  him  of 
bis  great  deeds,  and  of  all  the  pleasures 
and  advantages  he  lost  by  dying.  Then 
there  was  the  "  conclamation  " — the  great 
shout  of  all  these  voices  together  to  rouse 
the  spirit  if  it  still  slept  :  to  keep  it  back 
if  it  was  but  making  to  depart. 

Xo  doubt,  though  there  was  much  that 
was  affecting  in  such  a  scene,  there  was 
also  much  that  was  crude  and  displeasing 
to  our  modern  taste.  My  point  is  that  it 
showed  a  real  care  for  the  dead,  and  a 
real  understanding  of  what  death  is.  And 
1  also  wish  to  emphasize  the  patience  and 
skill  with  which,  till  not  a  vestige  of  hope 
remained,  measures,  especially  manipula- 
tion and  other  methods  of  applying  or 
striving  to  restore  warmth,  were  taken. 
It  is.  perhaps,  not  so  generally  known  as 
it  should  be  that  in  a  mammal,  after 
death .  the  temperature  rises.  This  implies 
that,  for  the  time  the  high  temperature 

ts3  the  innermost  being  is  dominant. 
This  moment  should  be  watched  and 
taken  advantage  of,  and  the  heat  kept  in. 
This  will  be  especially  marked  in  any  case 
where  the  patient  has  had  spasms,  such 
as  convulsions,  or  has  undergone  great 
fatig 

Again,  the  position  of  the  body  is  of 
greot  importance:  if  the  parts  of  the 
body  are  drawn  as  close  as  may  be  to- 
gether, the  head  and  the  limbs  bent 
towards  each  other,  the  heat  is  better 
retained.  Usually  just  the  opposite  is 
done  :  at  the  moment  when  warmth  might 
still  possibly  avail,  the  body  is  extended 
and  the  limbs  stretched  out.  and  thus  the 
heat  lost.    The  ancienl  practice  was  not 

The     body     was     carefully     brought 
'"'-'<■' h<  to  keep  in  what  heat  it  had. 

The  tomb  itself,  as  we  have  already 
mentioned,  was  warm,  strongly  magnetic, 
and  radio-active.  It  was  filled  also  with 
magnetic  people  actively  moving,  because 
a  number  of  people  alter  the  electrical 
condition  of  the  atmosphere,  and  it  was 
possible     such    alteration     might     be    of 


ser\  ice.  Nor  must  it  be  forgotten  that 
rhythmical  movement  was  tried  —  the 
different  forms  of  funeral  dances — 
because  rhythm,  as  such,  has  a  penetrative 
quality. 

This  meant  -what  perhaps, in  thinking 
of  ancient  funeral  rites,  we  do  not  suffi- 
ciently do  justice  to — a  great  deal  of 
trouble.  I  suppose  that  an  ancient  Greek 
or  Roman — let  alone  an  ancient  Egyptian 
— would  be  horrified  at  the  summary 
way  in  which  we  dispose  of  our  dead. 
Our  shrinking  from  pain,  and  our  loss  of 
sense  for  rites  and  ceremonies  as  expres- 
sions of  thought  and  emotion,  have 
brought  us,  especially  in  England,  to  an 
ugly,  heartless,  ignorant  treatment  of  the 
dead. 

Premature  Burial. 

Much  of  what  I  have  been  trying  to 
show  with  regard  to  the  soul,  and  with 
regard  to  the  process  by  which  it  leaves 
the  body,  is  so  foreign  to  the  commonly 
received  idea  of  death  that  I  can  hardly 
hope  that,  at  a  first  hearing,  it  will  have 
much  practical  effect ;  but  at  least,  in 
warning  you  and  imploring  you  to  guard 
others  against  the  dangers  of  being  buried 
before  death  has  taken  place,  I  am  speak- 
ing of  what  every  one  knows — of  what 
everyone  ought,  and  must  knowhe  ought, 
to  take  some  trouble  about. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say — and  I  say  it 
deliberately — that  nearly  every  one  is 
buried  alive.  There  is  no  certain  sign  of 
death.  Putrefaction — which  is  supposed 
to  be  the  incontestable  proof  of  death — 
may  occur  merely  from  a  block  in  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  be  purely 
local.  There  are  certain  diseases  in  which 
a  beginning  of  putrid  decomposition  takes 
place  in  the  living  body,  and  it  may  be 
in  several  parts  of  it ;  and  the  patient 
has  even  the  smell  of  a  corpse.  The  least 
questionable  proof  is  decomposition  of 
vital  organs  ;  but  this  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained except  by  opening  the  body,  or  by 
an  examination  with  X-rays.  In  how 
many  cases  out  of  ten  thousand  is  either 
method  adopted  ? 

Xo  one  is  safe  from  being  buried  alive. 
And,  remember,  no  grave  can  be  opened 
without  permission  from  the  Home 
Secretary — a  permission  which  is  not  to 
be  had  unless  there  is  good  reason  to 
suppose  that  the  person  in  question  has 
been  poisoned. 

I  would  beg  you  to  try  for  a  moment  to 
imagine  what  it  might  be  like — what  it 
has  been  like  for  many  and  many  a  man 
and  woman — to  awake  From  a  trance  and 

find  yourself  entombed  ;  or,  perhaps,  not 
even  to  have  to  wake  to  that  ghastly 
knowledge,  but  to  have  had,  throughout 
all  the  process  of  preparation  for  burial, 

perfect  consciousness  of  yourself  and  of 
what  was  taking  place,  without  power  to 
lift  an  eyelid  or  make  the  faintest  outward 

sign  of  life.  If  we  prepared  ourselves 
for  death  by  that  concentration,  thai 
inward  "diving,"  by  which,  for  example, 
the  fakir  prepares  for  his  living  burial, 
it  might  not  be  so  terrible.     Bui  we  go  to 

our  death  —  most  of  OS — with  DO  proper 
preparation  for  it.  either  as  true  death  or 
as  a   period  of  wait  ing. 


We  must  remember,  too,  that  the  mere 
fact  of  being  buried  increases  the  possi- 
bility  of  revival.  The  earth,  as  we  have 
said,  invigorates  and  renews.  Some  time 
ago  in  a  village  churchyard,  where  the 
opening  of  the  graves  revealed  that  in 
nearly  every  coffin  there  had  been  a 
struggle,  it  was  seen  that  the  hair  of  some 
of  the  buried  had  grown  and  their  blood 
had  been  renewed — evidence  of  the  effect 
upon  them  of  the  magnetism  of  the 
earth. 

Among  the  diseases  or  accidents  which 
are  most  likely  to  lead  to  premature 
burial  I  may  mention  the  following — the 
list  is  one  drawn  up  by  a  well-known 
medical  man — stroke  by  lightning,  chloro- 
form poisoning,  asphyxia,  convulsive  mala- 
dies, drowning,  nervous  shock  from  gun- 
shot, electricity  or  other  injuries,  smother- 
ing under  snow,  earth,  grain,  or  in  bed, 
strangulation,  epilepsy,  mental  and  phy- 
sical exhaustion,  syncope,  extreme  heat 
or  cold,  alcoholic  intoxication,  haemor- 
rhage, suspended  animation  from  mental 
disorders,  excessive  emotion,  fright,  excite- 
ment, apoplectic  seizures,  "  heart  failures," 
and  all  other  cases  of  apparent  death  that 
do  not  shoAv  ample  evidence  of  having 
passed  through  disease  of  sufficient  dura- 
tion and  severity  to  cause  actual  death. 

In  the  name,  not  of  common  sense,  but 
of  humanity,  can  we  not  do  something  to 
bring  about  a  better  treatment  of  the 
dead  ?  That  the  treatment  of  the  dead 
wras  in  ancient  times  so  much  wiser  and 
more  humane  comes,  I  believe,  from  the 
fact  that  the  builders  of  the  tombs  we 
have  been  thinking  of  were  nearer  than 
ourselves  to  matriarchal  days — that  is,  to 
an  age  when  imagination  and  emotion 
were  both  stronger  than  they  are  nowr 
and  when  human  life  was  not  so  power- 
fully, and  so  almost  solely,  focussed  upon 
this  world  as  it  has  since  come  to  be. 

Preparation  for   Death  as  a    part   of 
Education . 

We  think  of  death  as  little  as  we  can  ; 
we  do  little  to  prepare  ourselves  for  it ; 
still  less,  in  planning  the  education  of  our 
children,  do  we  definitely  make  preparation 
for  death  even  a  part  of  our  general  aim. 
Yet  this  ought  to  be  not  merely  a  part, 
but  the  whole  aim  of  education— in  the 
sense  that  it  is  an  aim  which  should  em- 
brace and  give  meaning  to  all  other 
subsidiary  ones.  We  may  say  of  every 
child  that  is  born,  as  of  ourselves,  that 
we  know  only  one  thing  for  certain  :  that 
he  must  die.  It  is  cruel  to  bring  children 
up  as  if  this  world  were  everything,  and 

they  and   it    destined   to   last    together  for 

ever.     It    is   cruel,  too,   to    leave    them. 

when,  as  they  must,  they  come  to  know 
about  death,  with  no  teaching  about  it. 
I   do  not   mean  that   the  thought   of  death 

should  be  so  impressed  on  a  child  that  it 
will  mingle  with  everything  he  does.     I  do 

mean  that  the  thoughl  of  death  should  be 
so  constantly   present    to  the  teacher  that 

everything  he  teaches,  and  everything  he 

chooses  for  the  child,  should  have  a   refer- 
ence     more    Or    less    direct,    as    common 
e  dictates      to  preparat  ion  for  it. 


706 


THE    ATHENE UM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


I  think  that  no  one  who  has  agreed 
with  what  1  have  been  urging  will  sup- 
pose that  death  is  a  gloomy  subject  to 
have  in  one's  mind.  On  the  contrary,  for 
those  who  have  ordered  their  life — I  would 
emphasize  here  that  it  must  be  their 
bodily  life,  no  less  than  their  spiritual  life 
— aright,  death  is  "  the  gate  of  life  " — the 
entrance  of  the  multiple  note  into  the 
great  music  of  the  universe. 

But  a  first  condition  of  this  right  order- 
ing is  a  rediscovery,  each  for  himself,  of 
the  universe  within  man.  With  death 
inevitably  before  us,  the  great  majority 
of  us  take  no  notice  of  it,  but  proceed  to 
study  the  external  universe.  We  are 
grown  mad  with  our  chase  after  a  know- 
ledge of  external  things  and  our  eagerness 
to  be  first  in  discoveries.  As  to  that, 
man's  "  discoveries  "  were  all  discovered 
and  forgotten  again  long  ago.  Those  of 
xis  who  are  not  taken  up  with  this  chase 
are — many  of  us — absorbed  in  possessions, 
in  things  which  we  cannot  take  with  us, 
and  which  are  not,  as  we  so  easily  deem 
them,  harmless,  but  full  of  death — real 
death. 

If  only  we  could  give  up  this  foolish 
interest-^-for  its  own  sake — in  this  external, 
material  world,  and  use  such  knowledge  of 
it  as  we  have  already  amassed — amply 
sufficient  for  our  purpose — for  the  direct 
amelioration  of  the  human  lot — not  in 
•the  sense  of  more  material  well-being, 
though  I  admit  that  in  many  quarters  that 
is  necessary  too,  but  chiefly  in  the  sense 
•of  what  I  may  call  a  stricter,  a  more 
real — if  you  will,  a  more  scientific — 
spirituality  !  We  might  recover  then 
something  of  that  ancient  wisdom  in  the 
strength  of  which  our  ancestors — in  the 
very  far  past— led  lives  that  were  beauti- 
ful, harmonious,  and  really  religious. 
They  believed  in  the  spirit,  and  tried  to 
live  in  the  spirit ;  and  they  trained  the 
generation  committed  to  their  care  as 
we  ought  to  tram  our  youth  :  to  know 
and  realize  that  death  is  but  a  passage, 
and  to  live  in  the  light  of  that  knowledge. 


SOCIETIES. 


The  Psychology  of  Dissociated  Personality. 

We  give  below  a  report  of  Dr.  W.  Leslie  Mac- 
kenzie's paper  read  to  the  Aristotelian  Society  on 
May  4th. 

Since  Dr.  Pierre  Janet  in  his  '  Automatisme 
Psychologique  '  illustrated  the  formation  of 
artificial  personalities,  and  showed  how  they  are 
■related  to  a  whole  world  of  minor  dissociations, 
■the  study  of  disintegrated  personality  has  gone 
Tapidly  forward.  Drs.  Janet  and  Raymond 
showed  how  closely  allied  are  the  phenomena  of 
multiple  personality  to  the  neuroses  and  psycho- 
iieuroses,  hysterical  contractures,  automatic 
•movements,  obsessions  and  phobias  of  every 
•variety.  Binet,  in  his  study  of  dual  personality, 
made  us  familiar  with  similar  cases.  But  in  the 
•cases  described  by  Janet  and  Binet  alike,  the 
.analysis  was  largely  conducted  by  familiar  hyp- 
notic processes.  In  the  case  of  Sally  Beauchamp 
hypnotism  doubtless  played  a  part  in  the  restora- 
tion, but  the  clinical  observations  were  elaborated 
in  such  a  way  as  to  raise  more  points  of  theory  than 
the  case  was  capable  of  determining.  Recently,  too, 
we  have  been  made  more  familiar  with  the  methods 
of  Drs.  Breuer,  Freud,  and  Jung,  in  their  extended 
applications  of  psycho-analysis  to  the  same  types 
of  case  as  were  formerly  studied  mainly  by 
hypnotic  analysis.  By  psycho-analysis  we  are 
kept  nearer  to  the  normal  methods  of  psychology, 
and,  as  the  method  has  now  been  extensively 
Applied  to  dreams  as  well  as  to  forms  of  hysteria, 
phobias,  and  other  abnormal  states,  we  are  better 
•enabled  to  correlate  the  phenomena  of  dissociated 


personality  with  the  minor  dissociations  of  every- 
day life.  This  is  a  great  gain  in  method,  for  as 
we  all  dream,  and  dream  more  or  less  constantly, 
we  are  from  day  to  day  furnished  with  masses  of 
fresh  material  suitable  for  analysis. 

The  lecturer  said  that  since  his  purpose  was  not 
to  describe,  but  to  discuss,  he  would  try  to  confine 
himself  to  terms  and  doctrines  where  "  criticism 
of  categories  "  ought  to  be  of  service.  He  had 
kept  to  the  term  "  dissociation  "  simply  because 
it  was  used  by  Dr.  Morton  Prince  in  his  classical 
description.  Possibly  it  was  not  the  best  term ; 
possibly  there  were  other  terms  more  exact. 
Whether  wo  look  on  the  process  of  mental  growth 
as  a  differentiation  of  a  continuum  along  special 
lines  ending  in  sensation,  perception,  and  the  rest, 
or  think  of  it  as  an  organized  body  of  reactions 
manifested  through  a  highly  integrated  nervous 
system,  or,  for  the  purpose  of  analysis,  as  a  body  of 
relatively  isolable  sensations,  emotions,  memories, 
&c,  one  presupposition  is  always  present,  namely, 
that  under  the  guise  of  Bergson's  "  elan  vital,"  or 
Bain's  "  spontaneity,"  or  Stout's  "  conation,"  or 
Schopenhauer's  "  will,"  the  whole  manifest 
dream  of  life  is,  like  the  ship  in  '  The  Ancient 
Mariner,'  "  moved  onward  from  beneath." 

But  to  justify  the  term  "  dissociation  "  we  may 
say  that,  in  the  formation  of  a  split  personality, 
what  is  gathered  laboriously  in  the  process  of 
experience  under  the  guidance  of  the  primary 
laws  of  association  (contiguity  and  similarity)  is, 
under  some  form  of  stress,  broken  up  again  and 
scattered  into  functionally  separate  groups.  If 
the  integrative  process  is  legitimately  called 
association,  the  disintegrative  is  legitimately 
called  dissociation.  But  as,  biologically,  the 
processes  of  anabolism  and  katabolism  presuppose 
a  continuously  living  and  developing  organism, 
so  the  processes  of  association  and  dissociation 
presuppose  a  psycho-physical  organism  con- 
tinuously active  in  acquiring  and  registering 
experience.  The  lecturer  emphasized  the  active 
or  conative  side  to  meet  the  criticism  that  associa- 
tion of  "  atomistic  "  mental  elements  is  merely  a 
passive  process.  He  pictured  it  rather  as  the 
mode  of  organization  followed  by  a  psycho- 
physical organism  in  the  course  of  its  growth, 
adjustment,  and  perpetual  readjustment  to 
environment. 

That  this  is  a  legitimate  working  view  of 
association  was  shown  by  the  facts  that,  by  the 
method  of  "  free  association,"  experiences  long 
forgotten  can  be  readily  recalled ;  that  in  the 
treatment  of  hysteria,  and  other  psycho-neuroses, 
accidental  associations  play  an  enormous  part ; 
and  that  the  method  of  the  stimulus  word  for  dis- 
covering and  releasing  "  buried  complexes,"  and 
relating  them  to  current  consciousness,  is  one  of 
the  most  successful  methods  yet  invented.  To  those 
who  are  hypercritical  about  psychological  "  atom- 
ism "  it  may  be  left  to  explain  why  so  many  float- 
ing fragments  of  sensation,  or  emotion,  have  in 
the  first  instance  been  lost,  and  now,  frequently  to 
the  surprise  of  the  individuals  themselves,  can 
be  brought  back  to  the  upper  levels  of  conscious- 
ness. 

How  should  we  reconcile  the  admitted  facts 
with  any  theory  of  the  unity  of  consciousness  ? 
Let  us  assume  that  every  neuron  group,  to  go  no 
further  down,  may  have  its  functional  isolated  life 
with  its  associated  system  of  experiences  (whether 
we  call  these  ideas,  or  merely  nervous  traces,  or 
dispositions).  Let  us  assume  that  a  minority  of 
the  neuron  groups  are  capable  of  carrying  on  the 
daily  life  of  the  organism.  However  small  may 
be  the  neuron  group,  is  it  not  the  case  that,  always 
and  invariably,  even  at  the  moment  of  fainting, 
the  person  subjectively  feels  himself  "  a  sufficient 
person  "  'i  Within  a  few  seconds  of  death  by 
bleeding  a  patient  had  asked  the  lecturer,  "  Am 
I  dying  ?  "  So  far  as  one  could  infer,  the  whole 
content  of  consciousness  was  reduced  to  the 
lowest  limit  of  interest  in  self  ;  a  second  later,  the 
eyes  were  closed,  never  to  reopen.  If  this  was 
unity  of  consciousness,  what  meaning  were  we  to 
assign  to  the  vast  fields  forgotten  in  that  moment 
of  limited  concentration  ?  What  meaning  were 
we  to  assign  to  such  unity  itself  1J 

In  the  common  forms  of  dissociation,  in  tho 
hysterias  or  other  neuroses,  memory  blanks  were 
a  striking  feature.  But,  whatever  the  function 
of  amnesia  in  the  different  varieties  of  disinte- 
grated personality,  each  system-group  constituting 
a  personality  had  a  memory  of  its  own  experi- 
ence. In  the  Beauchamp  group  "  all  the  person- 
alities have  extraordinarily  accurate  memories 
for  their  own  respective  lives."  Of  course,  in 
this  group  the  experiences  remembered  by  the  one 
personality  were  largely,  if  not  entirely,  those  for- 
gotten by  the  other.  The  very  accurate  memories, 
therefore,  may  be  parallel  to  the  cases  described 
by  Binet  or  Janet,  where  facts  apparently  for- 
gotten are  shown,  by  automatic  writing  or  ab- 
straction, to  be  completely  remembered.  One 
difficulty,  of  course,  is  that  apparently,  in  the 
Beauchamp  group,  such  revelations  of  continuous 


memory  were  made  more  or  less  spontaneously 
But  that  the  experiences  between  the  personalities 
were  more  or  less  interchangeable  is  shown  by  1 1  j<- 
fact  that,  by  the  process  of  "  mind-fixing,"  B.  IV. 
was  able  to  recall  some  of  the  experiences  of  B.  I., 
and  by  the  "  vision  "  method  "  she  occasionally 
got  at  Sally's  experiences,"  which  were  not  recov  i  - 
able  by  the  method  of  abstraction. 

The  subject  of  amnesia  and  the  part  it  plays  in 
the  initiation  of  disintegrated  personality  would 
require  a  discussion  to  itself.  The  term  was,  of 
course,  relative  to  the  personal  consciousness  in 
the  ascendant  at  the  time.  It  is  only  one  factor 
in  the  beginning  of  a  new  personality,  which  may 
never  be  revealed  until  by  accident  or  design  it  i- 
systematically  evoked.  Doubtless,  forms  of  am- 
nesia in  every  variety  are  parts  of  us  all ;  but 
they  are  only  a  name  for  complexes  that  have 
dropped  from  the  conscious  to  the  unconscious 
level,  and,  when  the  proper  day  comes,  they  may 
emerge  again  into  activity.  (Freud's  view  seems 
to  imply  that,  at  least  in  the  unstable  minds, 
their  activity  never  ceases  even  in  the  uncon- 
scious.) Innumerable  facts  of  observation  and 
experiment  raise  the  question  whether  there  is  in 
the  strict  sense  any  amnesia. 

One  point,  however,  it  was  important  to  note  : 
each  of  the  Beauchamp  personalities  (one  as  much 
as  the  other),  and  all  the  others  the  lecturer  had 
read  of,  make  use  of  the  whole  body  and  its  organs. 
They  each  used  the  body  differently,  it  is  true  ; 
but  the  general  organic  basis  seemed  to  be  common 
property.  The  dissociation  always  seems  to  pro- 
suppose  a  heart  that  will  go  on  beating  and 
maintaining  the  blood  -  pressure  necessary  for 
conscious  life.  This  fact,  not  to  speak  of  the 
organic  sensations  generally,  seems  to  be  a 
necessary  presupposition  of  any  kind  of  conscious 
unity  whatever.  This  implies  that  "  unity  "  in 
the  contents  of  consciousness  may  be  a  shifting 
quantity  ;  "  unity  "  of  consciousness  without 
content  is  simply  a  logical  standpoint.  Is  there 
any  need  to  assume  a  minimum  inexpugnable 
"  core  "  of  personality  that  never  "  goes  out  "  ? 
What  is  the  value  of  such  an  assumption  ?  II, 
as  is  plain,  a  point  comes  when  personality  does 
"  vanish,"  as  under  chloroform  or  ether,  what  is 
the  value  of  the  core  when  there  is  no  content  of 
consciousness  at  all  ?  Are  we  not  reduced  to 
saying  that  the  mental  phenomena  resume 
normality  when  the  physical  organism  is  restored 
to  its  normal  ? 

The  lecturer  said  that  there  was  almost  no  limit 
to  the  particular  puzzles  of  interpretation  that 
arise  out  of  these  broken  personalities.  He  put 
only  one  or  two  special  questions. 

1.  Is  there  anything  in  the  development  of  the 
normal  self  that  has  not  a  parallel  in  the  develop- 
ment of  these  secondary  selves  ?  What  meaning 
are  we  to  assign  to  "  self  "  in  the  two  cases  ? 

2.  Can  a  secondary  self  be  said  to  have  an 
embryonic,  a  mature,  and  a  fading  stage,  like  the 
normal  self,  which  emerges  into  organization  only 
by  minute  stages  ?  If  Freud's  view  of  the  per- 
sistence of  infantile  experience  ripening  into 
adult  life  be  accepted,  the  secondary  self  at  what- 
ever stage  of  life  it  occurred  would  contain  much 
the  same  elements  as  the  normal  self. 

3.  If  multiple  personality  be  a  fact,  are  we 
obliged  to  sacrifice,  for  psychological  purposes, 
the  category  of  "  unity  of  consciousness,"  except 
in  the  same  purely  relative  sense  as  we  speak  of 
the  unity  of  the  cerebrum  or  of  the  bodily  organiz- 
ation ?  Is  the  relative  unity  of  the  psycho- 
physical organism  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of 
psychology  ?  If  it  is,  can  we  give  any  meta- 
physical value  to  such  a  "  unity  of  consciousness  "  ? 
Is  the  value  of  the  concept  metaphysically 
any  more  affected  by  the  fact  that  a  group  of 
"  personalities  "  may  develope  within  one  body, 
than  it  is  by  the  fact  that  normally  each  body 
may  be  assumed  to  have  one  personality  ?  In 
other  words,  can  any  argument  for  "  animism  " 
in  Dr.  McDougall's  sense  be  based  on  the  need  for 
such  a  category  as  "  unity  of  consciousness  "  ? 

•1.  Do  the  facts  of  multiple  personality  logically 
require  us  to  decide  in  favour  of  one  or  other  of 
the  two  main  views  of  the  relation  of  mind  and 
body — -(a)  parallelism ;  (b)  inter-actionism  ?  Are 
these  exclusive  alternatives  ? 

5.  Do  the  facts  of  multiple  personality  (e.g.,  the 
Beauchamp  group)  require  us  to  assume  a  memory 
without  a  neural  correlate  ?  What  type  of  fact 
necessitates  this  assumption  ? 

Dr.  McDougall,  in  an  earlyr  paper,  suggested 
that  certain  facts  pointed  to  the  existence  of  a 
memory  unrelated  to  anything  physical,  and 
carried  the  argument  into  much  detail  in  '  Body 
and  Mind.'  As  an  argument  against  the  existence 
of  a  particular  structure  or  form  of  motion 
parallel  to  a  given  thought,  the  lecturer  could 
understand  the  point  ;  but  he  was  not  clear  as 
to  what  a  memory  uncorrelated  with  matter  was, 
or  how  its  existence  was  shown  to  be  a  probable 
inference  from  accepted  facts  as  to  multiple 
jiersonality. 


■ 


No.  4518,  May  30.   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


707 


vki-totklt.vx. — May  is. — Dr. G.  Dawes  llirk-. 
President ,  in  the  chair. 

Mi-s    i".    Rosamond   Shields    road  a  paper  on 
'The   Notion  of  a   Common    Good.1     That    the 
I    is    common    is    an    analytic    proposition 
epted    by    those    yfho    hold    that    there    are 
fundamental   ethical  concepts  of  an    irreducible 
nature;     the   objectivity   of   the    good    involves 
this  common    character    and    transcendence    of 
private  opinion.       Two  reasons  why  this  truism 
sometimes  fails  to  find    acceptance  are  :   (1)  Belief 
that    the    good    of   different    individuals   is  con- 
flicting ;    (2)  Confusion  of  two  distinct  positions: 
The    good     is  common  :    (b)   Whatever    is,  i-, 
ii^ht.     The  source  of    the    first   error  seems  to  lio 
in    confusion   between   "  good  "  and    "interest" 
on  the  part  of  the  individual,  and  in  unwilling- 
ss  to  admit  that  anything  may  be  good  which 
offers  little  or  no  hedonistic  advantage.      Again, 
Conflict  of  claims  between    individual  and  Society 
does    not   necessarily    destroy     the    validity    of 
common  good  ;    neither      claim     may      be     fully 
justified.      Nor  is  it  affected  by  the  fact  that  all 
_     »d  has    to    be    realized    under  conditions  which 
impose   limitations,  as  well  as  afford  opportuni- 
ties.    The  principle  of  the  common  good  is  not 
necessarily  equivalent  to  optimism,  nor  to  belief 
in  the   value   of   any  particular    status  quo ;   its 
chief  use  is  as  a  criterion  ;  if  any  apparent  good 
cannot  show  itself  to  be  common,  its  value  must 
be  challenged.     Nor  does  it  lead  to  the  Tolstoyan 
extreme  of  non-resistance  and  passivity  ;   content 
he  good  varies  with  circumstances.    According 
■  n>?  view  the  common  good  is  the  goal,  rather 
than    the    presupposition    of    ethical    endeavour, 
with  consequent  denial  of  its  a  priori  character ; 
but    what    is,    from    a    chronological    standpoint, 
conceived  as  goal,  may  be,  logically,  a  necessary 
implication    throughout.     The    common    good    is 
I    not   simply   on    the    fact    of    the  essential 
sociality  of  men,  but   on  the    gradual  incorpora- 
tion   of  facts    by  reflection  into   an   ideal.     The 
common    good    demands  impartial  acceptance  of 
vicariousness. 

Dr.  Dawes  Hicks,  in    opening    the    discussion, 
remarked  that  we  were  dealing  with  a  problem  as 
old  as  Plato,  and   as   much  alive   to-day  as  in  his 
time  :   the  issue  as  to  whether  what  we  call  "  the 
imething  objective,  something  actual 
to  be  apprehended,  and  to  influence  the  individual 
seiousness,   or  whether  it   is  subjective  in  the 
se    that    it   arises  in  individual  consciousness 
self.     The     term    "common"    seems  to    intro- 
duce  a    difficulty,    for   though    it    may  be  easy  to 
contrast    the    conception   of   general    good    with 
individual    interest,  when  we    come    to    apply    it 
to    communities     themselves,     it     becomes    im- 
-ible,  if  not    meaningless.       If  the  statement 
of  T.  II.  Green,  "  God  is  all  that  the  human  spirit 
c  .11  ever  hope  to  become,"  is  the  meaning  of  the 
term  "  good,"  it  makes  the  notion  of  the  develop- 
ment of  humanity  unreal,  for  all  that   is  aimed 
•'"   exist  s  already. 

Dr.  Percy  Sunn  defended  the  notion  of  a 
purely  objective  good  in  the  realist  sense  given 
to  it  in  the  works  of  Mr.  Russell  and  Mr.  .Moore.  The 
term"  common  "added  to  "good "appears difficult 
to  reconcile  with  this  notion.  If  we  recognize 
tie-  relationship  of  anybody  to  a  good,  it  is 
difficult  to  hold  the  doctrine' of  its  independent 
objectivity. 

Dr.  Wildon  Carr  contended  that,  the  difficulty 

-■■    fiom    the    implication    that  what  was  good 

n  viewed  as  an  individual  whole    must      retain 

:    in  all    the    parts   into  which  it    could 

broken  up  in  analysis.      The  good  mi-lit  be 

such     that     to    divide    it    is   to   destroy   it,   and    in 

this    sen-e    there  was    philosophical    truth  in  the 

.    "  There  is  none  food  save  God." 

Mr.    Delisle     Burns    called    attention    to    the 

metaphysical    as    distinct  from  t  he  ethical  aspect 

of  the   question.      What  i,  the  essential  oneness 

hich  you  are  pointing  by  tin*  term  "  common  "  ? 

I'    this    oneness    is    between  two  person-,  their 

com  lined   individuality  destroys   tie-   definition. 

The  essential  oneness  is  not  between  myself  and 

tie-    good,    but     between     my    neighbour    and 

myself,  and    if    the    plurality  i>    gone,  Here  i«  ,„, 

meaning  left  for  the  term  "common." 


Zoological.  —May  19.— Mr.  R.  if.  Borne,  v. -J*.. 

in  t  he  chair. 

Dr.  C.   II.  O'Donoghui    read  a  paper  'On  the 

\      ous    System    of    the     Dogfish.1 — Mr.    B.     I'. 

read  a   paper,  communicated   by  the 

itary,  on  the  'Scent-Organs  in  Trichoptera, 

in  which  he  gave  ,,n  account   of  the  remarkable 

development  ol  the  palpi  of  the  firri  maxilla  m  a 

caddis-fly,    aericottoma    personatum.  — Mr. 

If.  A.  Baylis  described  a  new  species  of  cestodc 

collected    from   an   albatross   | thtmu >l<n    irrot 

Dr.   II.  <».   Forbes  in  Pern,  and  presented  by 

'Ion.  _v  (  .  Rothschild  to  the  British  Museum. 

— A  paper  on  'The   Deinocephalia,  an  Order  ol 

imal-like  Reptiles,'  was  read  bv  Mr.  I».  \|.  8. 


Watson,  in  which  the  skull  of  a  Tapinoccphaloid 
was  almost  completely  described. — Dr.  R.  ('.  L. 
Perkins  sent  a  paper  dealing  with  the  species  of 
the  ^eiuis  Pa ra last  or  and  some  ot  her  1 1  yiueiioptera 
of  the  family  Kumenid.-e. — Mr.  George  Jennison 
contributed  some  notes  on  colour-development 
in  the  Indian  wood-stork  (Pseudotanialua  leuco- 
cephalus). 

A  paper  received  from  Dr.  Ph.  Lehrs,  and 
communicated  by  Dr.  Boulenger,  contained  the 
description  of     a     new    lizard     from    the    Canary 

Islands,  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  Caesar  Boettger 
on  Hierro. 


HISTORICAL. —  May  21.  —  Prof.  Firth  in  the 
chair. 

Prof.  Pollard  read  a  most  valuable  paper  on 
'  The  Authenticity  of  the  Journals  of  the  Douse 
of  Lords.'  The  manuscript  of  the  Journals  of 
the  House  of  Lords  dates  from  the  year  1509, 
and  reposes  at  present  at  Westminster.  It  is, 
however,  in  several  respects  unsat isfactory,  and 
offers  many  perplexing  problems  to  the  historian. 
There  is,  for  instance,  some  reason  to  believe  that 
the  Lords  kept  a  Journal  before  1509,  for  not  only 
did  Sir  Robert  Cotton  aver  that  he  had  seen  some 
portion  of  the  Lords'  Journals  for  the  Parliament 
of  12  Henry  VII.,  hut  also  the  Lords'  Journals 
bear  no  internal  evidence  of  having  started  in 
1509,  as  the  Commons'  Journals  do  for  1517. 
Further,  there  are  several  serious  gaps  in  the 
existing  manuscript,  due  either  to  deliberate 
mutilation,  as  Mail  land  suggested,  or  to  the 
ravages  of  time,  as  Prof.  Pollard  believes. 

The  main  argument  against  the  authenticity  of 
the  existing  manuscript  is  a  statement  made  by 
Paul  Bowes  in  1682.  In  that  year  Bowes  pub- 
lished a  transcript  of  the  Journals  of  the  Lords, 
which  had  been  made  by  his  uncle  D'Ewes,  who 
was  Clerk  of  the  Parliaments  in  1629.  In  the  pre- 
face to  this  publication  Bowes  makes  the  state- 
ment that  "  the  original  manuscripts  are  not  now 
extant."  The  natural  inference  would  be  that  at 
some  date  between  1629  and  1682  the  manuscripts 
had  been  destroyed,  probably  in  1649,  when  the 
House  of  Lords  was  abolished  as  a  "  dangerous 
and  useless  "  institution. 

Then  Prof.  Pollard  adduced  a  series  of  minute 
ami  scholarly  arguments  to  show  why  he  still 
believed,  in  spiteof  Bowes's  statement,  that  the 
existing  manuscript  is  authentic.  There  is, 
except  for  the  gaps,  an  almost  complete  corre- 
spondence between  the  manuscript  and  the 
transcripts  made  by  D'Ewes  and  Bowyer  (Clerk 
1610-21),  ami  the  fact,  for  instance,  that  D'Ewes 
used  a  manuscript  without  gaps  for  the  session  of 
1550,  whereas  the  present  manuscript  contains 
i:aps,  does  not.  show  that  D'Ewes  used  a  different 
manuscript  from  the  existing  one  ;  for  the 
physical  nature  of  the  gaps  of  1559  shows  that 
they  are  merely  the  results  of  the  ravages  of  time. 
The  whole  of  the  long  and  detailed  argument  will 
eventually  be  published  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Society. 

Prof.  Pollard  said  that  in  pursuing  the  researches 
preliminary  to  this  paper,  he  had  been  scandalized 
by  the  extraordinary  divergences  which  exist 
between  the  manuscript  and  the  printed  Journals, 
and  further,  by  the  deplorable  inexactitude  of  the 
printed  editions  ol'  all  the  earlier  parliamentary 
records — Journals,  Rolls,  and  Statutes.  Thus,  for 
instance,  the  session  of  1558  is  headed  1556  ;  two 
Hills  of  Henry  VHI.'s  reign  are  manufactured  out 
of  one  in  the  manuscript  :  the  marginal  notes  of 
i  he  eight  eent  b-cent  ury  clerks  have  been  printed  as 
though  part  of  the  original  records;  where  two 
manuscripts  existed,  the  editors  made  no  attempt 
to      decide      which      was      authentic,      but      simply 

printed  the  longer.  In  any  case  it  was  sufficient  ly 
established  that  the  editors  of  the  eighteenth 
century  were  not  possessed  of  the  critical  faculty 
necessary     to     sound     historical    study    in     the 

twentieth.  Parliament        was        Spending,        said 

Prof.  Pollard,  a  great  amount  of  money  in  pub- 
lishing long  series  of  Patent  Rolls,  which,  after  all, 

mostly  dealt  with  local  details.  \  el  the  condi- 
tion of  tie-  records  of  tie-  mother  of  Parliaments — 
records  unique  in  the  history  of  the  world — was  bo 
imperfect  as  to  be  a  positive  disgrace.  Parlia- 
ment OUght  to  undertake  tin'  work  of  issuing  a 
new  and  critical  edition  of  its  own  records. 

Ill    tie-   ensililiL;   discussion    the   Chairman    (I'lof. 

Firth)  and  others  expressed  their  concurrence  in 
1'iof.  Pollard's  conviction  of  tie-  necessity  for 
urging  t  In-  reissue  of  it  -  records  upon  Parli  iment . 


MEETINGS     NKXT     U'KKK 


Wi  i,     Bortlenltniml,  I— 'TrlMt/aft  W,  it   DjkM 

—  I'nlrcraltr  of  London.  :• .:  i  — 'Tlie  Aeroplane  in  W*r,'  Major 

w  a  Braoofcot 

—  Knlr.moloirlral,  H. 

Tni.au.lhn  idle*  in  toe  Succlnlr  Acid  8>rle» :  P.irt  I. 

'Ill-,  Chloride)  "f   succinic  an-l    Mali  A >i.l*  >n>l 

tlieir    Constitution,'    Mr    0     F    Morrell;      Ihi    Dilation 
l.iini-      i     li,-<  iiumaliilily   of    Uunnu*    Mlxtun-     Parti   I 

nml  ll.  Mrui<    II.  I*.  Onward  ud   f    Brtoilrj:     a  Oom 
jArative  Rtndyof  tb«  absorption  soma  Ownpoundi 

of    Pboapboroj     Ar««nl<.    antimony,    and    Blamolh:    l'e 

llmiuary  Note.   Mr.  C.  K.  Cr  .  mMc  ;  and  other  I'aperi 


FINE    ARTS 


Palace  and  Mosque  at  Ukhaidir  :  a  Study 
in  Early  Mohammadan  Architecture.  By 
Gertrude  Lowthian  Bell.  (Oxford. 
Clarendon  Press,  21.  2s.  net.) 

One  of  the  most  interesting  passages  iiv 
Miss  Bell's  '  Amurath  to  Amurath  '  was 
her  description  of  the  ruined   palace  or 
fortress  of  Ukhaidir  in  the  Syrian  Desert, 
near  the  Euphrates,  some  four  hours'  ride 
south-east    from     Kerbela.     The     name, 
which  means  a  "little  green"  or  "  dark- 
coloured "    place,    is    probably    modern, 
for  it  is  not  mentioned  by  any  of  the 
early   Arab    geographers.     Yet    it    seems 
most  improbable  that  a  palace  of  such 
extent  and  magnitude  should  have  escaped 
notice,    especially   since   the   geographers 
record  the  names  of  various  desert  resorts- 
of  the  Omayyad  caliphs,  and  earlier  stilL 
of  the  Lakhmid  princes,  many  of  which 
have    disappeared.     Miss    Bell    was    for- 
merly inclined  to  identify  this  mysterious 
palace  with   Duma,  near  'Ayn  et-Tenir  : 
but  she  now  gives  the  preference,  tenta- 
tively,   to    Kasr    el-Mukatil,    for    which 
there  is  much  to  be  said  ;  only  it  amounts 
really  to  an  explanation  of  "  ignotum  per 
ignotius,"  for  we  know  nothing  of  Kasr 
el-Mukatil,  except  that  it  was  rebuilt  by 
Tsa,  ben  'Ali,  great-uncle    of    the  Caliph 
el-Mansur,    in    the    eighth    century,    and 
there  is  nothing  to  show  that  it  was  a^ 
great  palace.     As  to  the  date  of  Ukhaidir. 
Miss  Bell  relies  partly  on  the  evidences  she 
adduces  from  other  Mohammedan  build- 
ings, and  specially  on  her  discovery  of  a 
mihrdb,  or  niche  indicating  the  Kibla  or 
direction  of  Mecca,  in  the  annexed  mosque  ; 
for  mihrdbs,  it  is  argued,  were  not  intro- 
duced into  mosques,  in  imitation  probably 
of  the  Christian  apse,  till  the  end  of  the 
iirst  decade  of  the  eighth  century.     Suit- 
posing    this    to    be    admitted,    and    the 
mosque  and  its  niche  to  be  contemporai  \ 
with  the  palace,  one  would  put  the  date 
of  Ukhaidir  towards  the  close  of  the  Omay- 
yad,  or  the   beginning  of   the   'Abbasid, 
caliphate  ;    but  by  whom  it  was  built   is 
still  an  unsolved  problem. 

The  mystery  of  its  origin  and  the  desire 
to  correlate  its  architectural  details  with 
other  early  monuments  in  the  same 
region  led  Miss  Bell  to  make  a  second 
visit  to  Ukhaidir  in  1911,  and  to  oarrj 
OUt  the  minute  survey   which   18  recorded 

and  illustrated  by  over  a  hundred  photo- 
graphs and  plans  in  the  present  elahoratt 
volume.     It     is    a    hook    intended    for 

students     of     Oriental     architecture,     and 

Miss  Bell  is  throughout  severely  technical, 

and  never  allows  herself  to  stray  into 
those  vivid  descriptions  of  manners  and 

records  of  Kastern  chat  which  made 
■  The     Deserl     and     the    Sown  '     so    fftfici 

Dating.  The  learned  and  intricate  chap- 
ter on  '  The  Genesis  of  the  Early  Oriental 
Palace1  is  the  most  important  part  oi  a 
hook  in  which  nothing  is  insignificant. 
By  comparing  a  considerable  number  of 


768 


T  H  E     A  T  II  E  NiEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,   1914 


early  Mohammedan  buildings  with  Sasa- 
nian, Assyrian,  and  Hittite  examples, 
and  with  the  Roman  camp-fortresses  of 
Syria,  Miss  Bell  is  able  to  make  out  a 
fairly  consistent  pedigree  for  such  palaces 
as  Ukhaidir,  and  her  wide  and  scholarly 
generalizations  form  an  exceedingly  valu- 
able addition  to  our  knowledge  of  Eastern 
architecture.  That  Ukhaidir  is  :'  in 
general  terms  the  fortified  counterpart  " 
of  the  palace  of  Khusrau  at  Kasr-i- 
Shirin  may  be  taken  as  proved  by  these 
careful  studies,  of  which  the  following 
extract  may  serve  as  a  brief  example  : — 

"  To  sum  up  the  conclusions  reached  with 
regard  to  the  origin  of  hirah  and  badiyah  on 
cither  side  of  the  desert.  And  first  it  is  clear 
that  Ukhaidir  stands  in  the  closest  relations 
to  the  tSyrian  group,  not  only  in  general 
conception,  hut  in  details  of  construction. 
But  Ukhaidir  reflects  the  older  Lakhmid 
hirahs,  those  palaces  which  were  supposed 
to  represent  an  army  in  battle  with  two 
wings,  and  through  them  it  re-echoes  the 
Sasanian  palaces  which  were  contemporary 
with  them.  .  .  .Again,  allowance  must  be 
made  for  Byzantine  influence  in  the  Sasanian 
palaces  and  the  Lakhmid  hirahs.  Justinian 
lent  artificers  to  Khusrau  :  Khawarnaq  was 
built  by  a  Greek.  The  intercourse,  friendly 
and  unfriendly,  between  the  Sasanian  and 
the  Byzantine  empires  was  unbroken .... 
■Greek  influence,  as  we  know,  did  not  begin 
with  Justinian.  It  began  with  a  mightier 
figure  than  that  of  the  imperial  lawgiver — 
■with  the  mightiest  of  all,  with  Alexander. 
I  have  already  shown  that  the  Mohammadan 
Ifvvan  took  to  itself  a  part  of  the  Greek 
peristyle.  .  .  .The  Greek  peristyle  exists  in  a 
Parthian  palace  at  Niffer  and  in  Parthian 
houses  in  Babylon.  Hatra  fronts  the  desert 
with  a  Hellenistic  facade  ;  so  does  Ctesiphon  ; 
it  adorns  the  central  court  at  Ukhaidir.  But 
that  Byzantine  or  earlier  Western  influences 
affected  in  any  fundamental  manner  the 
plan  of  the  palace  or  hirah  is  not  borne  out 
by  this  evidence.  No  fundamental  change 
-can  be  observed  at  any  time,  but  on  the 
•contrary  a  steady  continuous  growth  of 
Oriental  methods,  on  Oriental  lines,  and  a 
steady  development  based  on  developing 
i  <'eds,  ceremonial  and  social." 

We  are  not  sure  that  all  Miss  Bell's 
<•  inclusions  can  be  accepted  ;  to  examine 
fiem  in  detail  would  require  a  volume  as 
I  irge  as  her  own  ;  but  there  is  no  question 
at  all  that  she  has  greatly  broadened  our 
knowledge  of  a  little-explored  subject, 
and  that  she  has  supported  most  of  her 
arguments  by  a  solid  mass  of  monumental 
evidence.  Xo  one  will  ever  write  in 
future  on  the  subject  of  the  origins  of 
Mohammedan  architecture  without  keep- 
ing this  volume  at  his  hand.  The  long 
eeries  of  plans  and  photographs,  though 
devoid  of  beauty  or  ornament,  forms  a 
most  useful  collection  of  architectural 
materials. 

It  would,  perhaps,  be  advisable  to  add 
a  page  of  corrigenda  to  a  book  which 
makes  a  point  of  exact  scholarship. 
'  Djama'ah  "  should  be  Djum'ah  ;  "  Qab- 
bah,"  Qubbah  ;  "  Ortukid  "  (to  be  con- 
sistent), Urtuqid  ;  "  ,Saffa/i  "  begins  with 
a  sin,  not  a  sad  ;  and  "  #asan  Kaif  "  is 
a  rather  bad  mistake  for  Hisa  Kaifa. 


THE    XEW    ENGLISH    ART    CLUB. 

Mr.  Wilson  Steer's  return  to  something 
like  his  old  form  is  what  principally  dis- 
tinguishes the  fifty-first  exhibition  of  this 
society  from  its  immediate  predecessors. 
The  warm  glow  and  the  sensuous  luxury 
of  A  Summer  Evening  (196)  thoroughly 
represent  the  nature  of  Mr.  Steer's  most 
notable  artistic  gift,  and  he  is  a  painter  who 
depends  more  on  his  unmistakable  natural 
aptitudes  than  on  the  thought  or  training 
he  has  brought  to  their  development.  He 
has  sometimes  shown  himself  capable  in  the 
past  of  a  certain  short-lived  impulsive  energy, 
but  the  present  languid,  rather  flaccid 
composition  would  hardly  suggest  it.  It 
shows  admirably,  however,  the  more  constant 
element  in  his  artistic  temperament,  Ms 
power  of  basking  unquestioning  in  the 
pleasantness  of  nature.  We  have  never 
quite  agreed  with  the  more  fervent  of  the 
admirers  immediately  surrounding  Mr.  Steer, 
to  whom  in  their  enthusiasm  that  power 
appeared  all- sufficing,  and  the  very  essence 
of  artistry  ;  but  we  agree  much  less  with 
the  later  phase  of  artistic  opinion  which 
finds  it  an  essentially  contemptible  quality 
to  be  abolished  from  the  face  of  the  earth 
as  soon  as  possible.  It  is  clear  that  this 
picture  is  not  in  the  least  masculine,  that 
the  form  is  vague  and  unstructural,  and 
that  as  a  constant  type  of  painting  it  would 
never  do.  Since  modern  painting,  however, 
seems  incapable  of  any  attempt  at  balancing 
the  many  conflicting  demands  of  the  human 
soul,  so  that  we  are  doomed  to  a  series  of 
narrow  ex  parte  statements,  we  accept  with 
gratitude  the  sympathy  with  one  side — a 
narrow  side,  doubtless — of  life  which  Mr. 
Steer  expresses  once  more  with  his  old 
conviction. 

The  dislike  of  Mr.  Steer's  painting  which 
characterizes  the  younger  generation  of 
artists  reminds  us  of  the  indignation  of  an 
industrious  and  energetic  man  who  was 
informed  that  an  amiable  parasite  of  his 
acquaintance  had  just  profited  by  a  stroke  of 
unmerited  good  fortune.  "Still,"  he  said 
with  a  sigh,  "  I  wish  there  were  more  people 

like  in  the  world  ;   life  wouldn't  be  so 

infernally  strenuous."  Of  a  like  utility 
Mr.  Steer's  easy  relaxation  will  appear 
when  his  desperately  serious  successors 
have  no  longer  the  gentle  amenity  of  his 
flattering  art  to  relieve  the  cold  earnestness 
of  their  own  pictures.  We  often  hear  of 
forms  "  caressed  "  by  the  light,  a  phrase 
of  doubtful  suitability  when  applied  to 
real  light  with  its  severe  logic  and  perfect 
impartiality.  It  applies  admirably  to  Mr. 
Steer's  use  of  light  ;  he  fondles  and  flatters 
and  tickles  his  surfaces  till  the  picture  seems 
to  purr  like  a  cat  in  an  ecstasy  of  epidermic 
pleasure. 

We  realize  how  far  we  have  travelled 
from  the  "  Steer  "  epoch  when  we  see  the 
stark,  almost  forbidding  aspect  of  the 
late  Spencer  Gore's  Richmond  Houses  (191) 
alongside.  Yet  among  artists  more  strictly 
his  contemporaries  Core  was  one  of  the 
most  distinctively  poetical  painters — graceful 
and  delicate  in  sentiment,  far  removed  from 
anything  like  brutality.  This  picture,  no 
doubt,  represents  for  him  an  extreme  of 
harshness,  and  it  appears  to  us  that  certain 
of  the  blues  of  the  slate  roofs  show  hardly 
the  careful  comparison  the  artist  would 
have  brought  to  bear  had  he  lived  to  re- 
consider the  picture.  But  even  so  entirely 
delightful  a  work  as  the  Wood  i>i  Richmond 
Park  (185) — the  lyricism  of  our  later  day — ■ 
would  appear  severely  monumental  beside 
Mr.  Steer's  rhapsody.  With  Gore  a  rigid 
method  corrected  extreme  natural  sensitive- 
ness, and  bred  in  him  ultimately  strength  ;  he 
gained  enormously  by  the  training  he  put 
himself  through.     With  Mr.  Steer  technique 


and  temperament  are  alike  pliant,  and  the 
spectator  to  whom  hardness  of  any  sort  is 
repellent  finds  his  the  more  sympathetic 
vision. 

It  is  by  his  refusal  of  a  like  pliancy  that 
Mr.  Walter  Sickert,  Mr.  Steer's  contemporary 
in  years,  finds  himself  artistically  more  at 
home  with  the  later  generation.  His 
Ennui  (164)  is  on  a  larger  scale  than  he 
has  accustomed  us  to  in  recent  years,  and 
perhaps  on  this  account  it  is,  we  submit,  a 
picture  a  little  between  two  kinds.  We 
know  Mr.  Sickert's  smaller  pictures — their 
complex  particularity  of  subject  har- 
moniously rendered  by  a  technique  in  which 
the  blunt  point  of  the  artist's  brush,  as 
strait ly  hedged  in  with  conditions  as  one 
of  his  own  homely  characters,  shows  a 
keen  and  business-like  adaptability  in  meet- 
ing every  unexpected  contingency.  These 
pictures  had  a  basis  of  rigid  convention 
which  separated  them  from  Mr.  Steer's 
good-natured  "  art  de  plaire,"  yet  the  con- 
vention was  worked  with  an  adroit  oppor- 
tunism hardly  appropriate  except  in,  dealing 
as  subject-matter  with  some  form  of 
activity  like  our  own  civilization,  which  is 
itself  disturbed,  complex,  oiDportunist.  More- 
over, the  opulent  suggestiveness  of  Mr. 
Sickert's  facture,  which  makes  it  so  full  of 
surprise  and  variety,  desjnte  its  theoretic 
simplicity,  is  largely  dependent  on  the  small 
scale  of  the  painting.  Oil  paint  has  a 
certain  "give"  in  it.  It  will,  drag  out 
some  way  before  breaking,  stand  out  a 
certain  distance  before  falling  by  its  own 
weight,  and  a  small  stroke  has  thus  a  certain 
range  within  which  quality  and  variety  of 
touch  are  spontaneous,  and,  as  it  were, 
organic  in  the  material.  By  using  large 
brushes  one  may  retain  something  of  the 
exacting  demand  on  the  touch  which 
ensures  the  interest  of  a  tiny  picture,  but 
one  cannot  indefinitely  extend  the  resources 
we  have  just  described.  The  conflict  be- 
tween the  dead  weight  of  the  molecules  of 
pigment  and  the  elastic,  sticky  medium 
ceases  to  contribute  the  look  of  life  to  the 
surface  of  the  picture,  which  is  the  virtue 
of  impasto  painting. 

The  limitations  of  scale  have  usually 
been  recognized  "instinctively  by  the  best 
painters,  the  recipe  which  advised  "  heroic  " 
subjects  for  large  compositions,  and  small 
canvases  for  familiar  scenes,  being  itself 
but  the  perversion  of  a  truth  based  on 
technics  and  philosophy.  We  recognize  that, 
divorced  from  the  structure  of  the  material 
he  is  using,  supersubtle  variety  of  touch  will, 
with  the  painter  on  a  large  scale,  seem 
laboured,  that  intimate  variety  is  the  quality 
of  the  painter  in  little,  insistence  on  funda- 
mental similarities,  while  the  more  conscious 
use  of  repetition  and  ordered  rhythm  are 
necessary  to  the  more  difficult  art  of  the 
painter  of  large  decorations,  who  has  no 
longer  the  organic  "  feel  of  the  paint  "  to 
help  him  by  analogy  to  maintain  the 
balance  of  the  fluid  and  rigid  elements  in  his 
design.  Hatching  on  an  heroic  scale— with 
the  painter  of  easel  pictures  adroit  and  re- 
sourceful —  becomes  more  formal  ;  opaque 
and  transparent  paints  are  more  consciously 
distributed.  A  more  generalized  subject- 
matter  makes  less  demand  on  detailed 
variety  in  form  or  colour. 

Mr.  Sickect  has  too  much  kinship  with 
the  art  of  the  past  to  ignore  entirely  these 
considerations.  Even  the  title  '  Ennui  ' 
gives  a  hint  of  the  more  generalized  universal 
theme,  while  in  the  great  slow-falling  line 
of  the  woman  leaning  dejected  on  her  elbows, 
in  the  use  of  the  essentially  monotonous 
circular  form  in  table  and  glass,  in  the 
monotony  of  colour  and  insistence  on  the 
steady  radiation  of  lighting  from  a  single 
lamp,  there  is  a  distinct  tendency  to  abstract 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1014 


T II  E     ATHENilUM 


7<;«j 


elements  of  general  significance  from  a 
composite  scene.  Yet  Mr.  Sickert  is  shy 
of  setting  down  his  abstractions  in  anything 
like  a  pure  form.  His  line  seems  too  com- 
posite, his  hatchings  not  formal  enough, 
and  he  uses  an  impasto  which  we  think  at 
onto  unnecessary  and  a  little  lifeless.  How 
much  more  vigorous  and  functional  is  the 
excessive  impasto  of  Mr.  Milman  (269),  in 
which  you  can  almost  hear  the  unctuous 
suck  of  the  paint  as  the  heavily  charged 
brush  springs  from  the  canvas,  dragging 
out  its  sparkling  filaments  of  paint  behind 
it.  In  a  picture  on  this  scale  this  shimmer 
of  accidental  surface  variety  has — whether 
the  artist  contemplates  it  or  not — a  very 
dehnite  part  to  play.  In  a  picture  the  size 
of  .Mr.  Sickert  s  it  has  not. 

An  eye  for  sound,  ringing  colour  and 
solid  structure  by  planes  gives  undeniable 
validity  to  Mr.  Oilman's  picture.  Mr. 
Henry  Lamb's  Islanders,  Donegal  (166), 
lull  of  intelligence,  sensitive,  and  ima- 
ginative as  it  is,  is  vitiated  by  the  one  funda- 
mental misfortune  that  the  artist's  eye  seems 
momentarily  out  of  tune.  The  colour — 
even  in  one  or  two  passages  the  form — is 
mawkish  and  false.  It  is  a  pity,  for  the 
picture  is  painted  with  great  care,  and, 
indeed,  sincerity,  but  something  like  a 
physical  malaise  seems  to  have  warped  it 
from  its  maker's  intentions  just  at  the 
moment  of  completion.  His  portrait  (177) 
is  relatively  free  from  this  difficulty,  but 
has  not  quite  the  same  interest.  Unfortu- 
nately, neither  Mr.  Lamb  nor  Mr.  Mark 
Mertler  (Fruit  Sorters,  271)  quite  succeeds 
by  the  grave  and  reserved  use  of  paint  in 
establishing  himself  as. a  colourist.  Mr.  R. 
Schwabe's  Packed  Herrings  (231)  is  similarly 
a  little  forbidding  in  colour,  though  the 
movement  of  the  group  is  well  designed. 
On  the  other  hand,  whatever  reservations 
we  may  make  as  to  their  method,  which 
appears  to  us  to  carry  with  it  necessarily 
great  limitations,  we  cannot  deny  the  title 
of  colourist  to  Mr.  Oilman  or  M.  Lucien 
J'i^sarro  (182  and  184),  or  to  Miss  H.  R. 
Middleton  in  her  more  serious  moments  (221 ). 
Mr.  W.  B.  Savage's  La  Corsa  del  Palio  (222) 
is  well  planned,  but,  from  the  difficulties  of 
distemper  painting,  heavy  and  without 
finesse  in  execution.  Mr.  Oere's  Quarry  on 
the  Cotswolds  (174),  also  tolerably  designed, 
suffers  from  the  equal  fault  of  being  a  little 
too  elegantly  modulated  where  modulation 
was  hardly  necessary.  Mr.  Brockhurst's  By 
the  Stream  (219)  is  quite  masterly  from  a 
technical  point  of  view,  but  somewhat 
lifeless  in  its  original  conception,  a  brilliant 
example  of  academic  1  re-Rap haehtism,  which 
contrasts  curiously  with  Mr.  Tonks's  The 
Fortune-Teller — charming  in  its  naivete. 

Amongst  the  water-colours  we  noticed 
the  landscapes  of  Mr.  Derwent  Lees 
(94,  9.5,  99  j ;  the  portrait  studies  by 
-Mr.  McEvoy  (104,  107);  and  the  laboured 
academic  joke,  which  shows,  never- 
theless, a  distinguished  taste  in  form, 
Three  Combats  and  a  Time  Keeper  (46),  by 
Mr.  O.  Nelson.  The  last  work  is,  so  far  as 
our  knowledge  goes,  bv  a  new-comer,  as  are 
also  the  freshly  inventive  Sunset  (34),  by 
Mr.  Claughton  Pellew  ;  the  dainty  Wa& 
Fruits,  by  Mrs.  Wilburn  White  (44)  ;  and 
the  still-life  of  Mr.  G.  L.  Behrend  (156), with 
its  sound  methods. 

Mr.  Francis  Dodd's  etching  George 
insert,  It. A.  (15),  represents  that  artist 
in  a  pose  which  we  recognize  as  cha- 
racteristic,  but  which  looks  .somehow  eon 
strained,  as  if  the  sitter  had  taken  it 
up  for  the  purposes  of  compact  pattern. 
Mr.  Maxwell  Armrield'a  tempera  painting 
The  Pink  Cottage  (226)  is  a  work  ot  con- 
siderable charm  of  design,  very  deftly 
pain  ted.  j 


OTHER    EXHIBITIONS. 

Wb  recognize  the  work  of  Mr.  Wyudham 
Tryon  now  showing  at  the  Carfax  Gallery 

as  that  of  an  artist  wo  have  previously 
signalled  out  for  praise  in  general  exhibitions. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  difference  between  his 
best  tilings,  such  as  Xos.  12.  14,  21,  with  their 
delicately  built-up  structure,  or  the  bold 
essay  in  Pre-Raphaelite  colour  (43),  and  the 
duller  of  the  exhibits.  He  is  an  executant, 
of  some  ability,  given  a  theme  for  which 
he  has  authority  on  which  to  base  a  colour- 
scheme. 

At  the  Leicester  Galleries  it  is  inevitable 
that  we  compare  the  paintings  of  Corsica 
by  Mr.  E.  Yarrow  Jones  with  the  pictures 
of  similar  subjects  by  Mr.  La  Thanguo 
which  occupied  the  room  before  them.  Sir. 
Jones  gives  the  gist  of  his  subject-matter 
with  far  more  directness  than  the  Acade- 
mician, and  has  a  better  gift  for  putting  his 
subject  on  the  canvas  with  some  idea  of 
space  composition:  see  No.  31,  From  the 
Maquis,  for  the  latter  quality,  and  In  the 
Orange  Walk  (29)  as  the  most  effective 
example  of  the  former.  On  the  other  hand, 
his  range  is  more  limited  than  that  of  Mr. 
La  Thangue,  and  in  fewer  than  forty  pictures 
he  repeats  himself  noticeably. 

M.  Steinlen  is  one  of  the  makers  of  modern 
illustration  in  England  as  elsewhere,  his 
influence  having  been  enormous  through 
the  cheap  prints  of  his  drawings,  eagerly 
purchased  by  artists  of  all  classes,  many  of 
whom  could  not  too  well  afford  even  the 
few  coppers  they  cost.  We  recall  one  of  the 
best -known  of  English  illustrators  who  for 
years,  at  the  time  when  we  first  made  his 
acquaintance,  had  no  other  bed  than  a  rug 
and  a  large  pile  of  copies  of  the  Gil  Bias 
illustre.  All  British  illustration  has  not  in 
quite  so  literal  a  sense  been  reared  on  Steinlen, 
but  he  is  too  well  known  here  for  his  exhibi- 
tion at  the  Leicester  Galleries  to  be  in  danger 
of  neglect  or  to  call  for  detailed  review,  the 
more  so  as  it  is  the  familiar  prints,  etchings, 
dry-points,  and,  above  all,  lithographs,  which 
are  of  interest  rather  than  the  looser  and 
slighter  charcoal  sketches. 

At  Mr.  Gutekunst's  Gallery  the  prints — 
mainly  by  French  artists  of  the  last  century 
— include  a  fine  lithograph  by  Forain,  Chez 
rHuissier  (8),  Millet's  Grande  Bergere  (16), 
Rousseau's  Chines  de  Roches  (17),  and 
an  unusually  normal  example  (if  we  may 
be  pardoned  the  phrase)  of  Rhops,  Les 
Champs  (32). 

Signor  Pilade  Bertieri  at  the  Dowdeswell 
Gallery  shows  himself  a  portrait  painter  of 
the  type  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Shannon,  a  half-length 
portrait  of  his  wife  (43)  being,  on  thewh.le, 
the  most  lifelike. 

At  the  Goupil  Gallery  there  is  on  view,  until 
the  Thursday  of  next  week,  an  exhibition  of 
works  by  a  large  number  of  the  better  known 
artists  of  the  younger  school  in  this  country, 
which  are  to  be  sold  in  order  to  create  a 
fund  to  defray  the  initial  expenses  of  tho 
Spencer  (lore  Memorial  Exhibition,  which 
will  take  place  in  January  under  the  auspices 
Of  the  New  Knglish  Art  Club.  This  interest- 
ing collection  will  be  sold  by  auction  on 
Friday  next.  We  noto  with  pleasure  that 
all  tho  artists  constituting  what,  without 
offence,  might  bo  termed  the  inner  ring 
of  the  "New  English  are  taking  an  active 
interest  in  this  tribul  ■  to  the  memory  of 
one  who,  if  they  had  viewed  his  conduct 
in  a  narrow  and  material  spirit,  might  have 
been  regarded  ;is  a  not  over  loyal  member  of 
the  Club.    He  was  always  inclined  to  int< 

himself    in     the  formation    of    new    societies 

which  were  possible  ri\  ;i I  s  to  it. 


3finc    Art    (Gossip. 

Tin:  National  Cai.i.krv  of  Ireland  has 
recently  undergone  a  process  of  rearrange- 
ment. Tho  Spanish  and  French  pictures 
are  now  hung  in  a  separate  room,  the  walls 
of  which  have  been  painted  black  with 
excellent  effect  ;  and  two  rooms  formerly 
occupied  by  the  Milltown  Collection  have 
been  rehung  with  pictures  of  the  Dutch 
School.  In  the  rooms  devoted  to  the  English 
School  there  are  several  additions,  tho  most 
noteworthy  being  four  portraits,  the  gift 
of  Sir  Hugh  Lane.  These  are  :  a  portrait 
of  a  lady,  in  a  landscape,  by  John  Linnell  : 
a  portrait  of  the  artist's  sister,  by  Sir  David 
Wilkie  ;  a  portrait  of  the  artist's  mother,  by 
William  Collins  ;  and  a  portrait  of  a  young 
girl  by  an  unknown  painter.  A  Holy  Family 
by  Jordaens,  which  many  years  ago  was 
banished  from  the  collection,  has  been 
cleaned  and  rehung  in  one  of  the  Flemish 
rooms.  It  is  a  beautiful  work,  perhaps  the 
finest  of  the  three  examples  of  this  master 
in  the  Dublin  gallery. 

The  annual  exhibition  of  pictures  by 
members  of  the  United  Arts  Club,  Dublin, 
is  now  on  view  in  the  club  rooms.  Amongst 
the  exhibitors  are  Mr.  Dermod  O'Brien,  Mr. 
Henry  Moss,  Mr.  Gerald  Wakeman,  Miss 
Tatlow,  Miss  May  Guinness,  and  Mr. 
Crampton  Walker. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
held  on  the  25th  inst.,  an  interesting  paper 
was  read  by  Prof.  Macalister  on  '  The  Neces- 
sity for  the  Preparation  of  a  Record  of  the 
Ancient  Monuments  of  Ireland,'  in  the 
course  of  which  he  urged  that  a  Royal  Com- 
mission be  appointed  to  record  the  antiquities- " 
existing  in  Ireland  on  similar  lines  to  those 
appointed  five  years  ago  for  England, 
Scotland,  and  Wales.  It  is  estimated  by 
Prof.  Macalister  that  there  are  1,567  ancient 
structures  to  the  square  mile  in  Irela:.d,  as 
against  1,326  in  England,  569  in  Scotland,  and 
1,421  in  Wales. 

Nothing  is  being  done  to  protect  these 
Irish  monuments,  except  in  the  case  of  a 
small  number  vested  in  the  Board  of  Works 
and  in  County  Councils,  and  nothing  what- 
ever to  record  them,  the  more  important 
work  from  the  archaeologist's  point  of  view. 


PICTURES    AND    DRAWIXCiS. 

Messrs.  CHRISTIE  sold  on  Friday,  the  22nd 
inst.,  the  following  pictures  :  J.  F.  Herring,  Sen., 
Portrait  of  Lottery,  with  trainer  and  jockey,  on  a 
racecourse,  315/.  Madame  Vigee  Le  Bran,  Madame 
Dugazon  in  (Ik;  rdle  of  Nina,  on  la  Folic  pat 
Amour,  420?.  It.  Brompton,  Admiral  Sir  Charles 
Saunders,  holding  a  map  of  Quebec,  27:;/. 

A  pair  of  drawings  by  Wheal  ley.  The  School 
Door, and  The  Heturn  from  School,  fetched  'Hill.  Ids, 


ENGRAVINGS. 

Messrs.  Christie's  sale  on  Thursday,  the  21st 
Lust.,  included  <  he  following  engravings  : — 

After  Morland  :  A  Woman  selling  Fish,  bv  \\ . 
Nutter,  V.WI.  5s. 

Alter  Reynolds:  Master  Leicester  Stanhope, by 
Bartolozzi,  12(i/.  15*.  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  bv  W  . 
Doughty,  first  Male,  Ml/.  16*.  Mrs.  Mathew,  bj 
W'.    Dickinson,    firat    published    stale,    181/.    5s. 

Lady  Catherine  l'elbam   Clinton,  bj    -1.    H.  Smith, 

first  statej  7982.  Mrs.  Pelham  feeding  Chickens, 
by  W'.  Dickinson,  Ml/.  Lady  Elizabeth  Compton, 
by  Green,  first  stale,  2:il/.  Countess  of  Salisbury, 
by  (he  same,  flrat  Btate,  27.;/.  Lady  Bampfylde, 
byT.  Watson,  first  published  state,  231/.  Ladies 
Waldegrave,  bj  v.  Green,  in  i  Btate,  2r>i'/. 
Duchess  of  Devonshire  and  Daughter,  bv  <.. 
Keating,  420/. 

After  Gainsborough:  Duche  of  Devonshire, 
by  W  .  Barney,  577/.  10*. 

By  .1.  K.  Smith  The  Promenade  at  Carlton 
Bouse,  Oral  state,  661/. 

\ii.i  i;.i  tlake :  Napoleon  on  the  Belleropbon, 
by  c.  Turner,  prool  before  any  letters,  152/.  5*. 

Alter  Constable:  Tho  Vale  ol  Dedham,  bv 
D.  I. in;,-,  first  published  slate,  l«8/. 

After    Boppner:    Sophia    Wi  item,    bv    J.   i;. 

Smith,  117/. 


770 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,   1914 


MUSIC 


'L'AMORE    DEI    TRE    RE.' 

This  opera,  which  was  given  in  England 
for  the  first  time  at  Covent  Garden  on 
Wednesday  evening,  is  by  a  young  Italian, 
.Signor  Italo  Montemezzi,  who  has  already 
written  three  works  for  the  stage,  two  of 
which  have  been  heard  in  Italy.  The 
libretto  of  the  one  in  question  is  a  tragic 
poem  by  Signor  Sem  Benelli,  and  of  a 
very  sombre  cast. 

Archibaldo,  an  old  blind  baron,  is  in 
Jove  with  Fiora,  the  wife  of  Manfredo,  his 
son.  She  does  not  care  for  her  husband, 
but  loves  Avito,  a  former  suitor.  The 
result  of  such  a  family  discord  is  depressing. 
Archibaldo,  in  a  fit  of  anger,  strangles 
Fiora,  and  causes  the  deaths  of  Avito  and 
Manfredo.  These  two,  baritone  and  tenor, 
are  stage  figures  of  little  interest.  At  one 
moment  Fiora  hesitates  between  dut}^  and 
inclination,  but  gives  way  to  the  latter  ; 
thus  all  hope  of  much-needed  contrast  is 
lost. 

It  is  strange  that,  after  repeated  warn- 
ings of  the  bad  effect  of  a  dull  book,  a 
rising  composer  should  not  have  been 
more  careful.  Signor  Montemezzi's  music 
is  not  without  promise.  Some  of  his 
writing  in  the  love-scenes  is  good,  and  the 
scoring  is  often  excellent.  He  shows 
•influences  rather  than  individuality.  The 
first  act  is  dull ;  the  second  contains 
promise  for  the  future  ;  the  third  is  melo- 
dramatic. 

An  excellent  performance  Avas  given, 
with  Signori  Didur,  F.  Cigada,  and  G. 
Crimi,  and  last,  but  not  least,  Madame 
Edvina,  as  Archibaldo,  Manfredo,  Avito, 
and  Fiora  respectively.  Signor  Roberto 
Moranzoni,  a  new-comer,  conducted  well, 
though  at  times  the  orchestra  was  rather 
loud. 


OPERA  AT  DRURY  LANE. 
On  Thursday  in  last  week  Mozart's  '  Die 
Zauberflote  '  was  presented,  and,  though 
there  was  a  recent  performance  by  the 
Carl  Rosa  Company  at  the  Marlborough 
Theatre,  it  is  many  years  since  it  was  given 
either  at  Covent  Garden  or  Drury  Lane. 
It  was  Mozart's  last  opera,  and  contains 
some  of  his  finest  music ;  indeed,  Beethoven 
described  it  as  the  greatest  of  Mozart's 
operas.  The  book,  it  is  true,  has  lost 
much  of  its  meaning  ;  for  the  dramatis 
personse  were  types  of  certain  supporters 
and  enemies  of  the  Freemasons,  and  such 
allusions  were  at  once  understood  by  the 
.audiences  of  Mozart's  day.  Certain  tilings 
■do  appear  strange  in  the  libretto  ;  but  it 
is  not  so  hopelessly  confused  as  some 
writers  have  stated.  The  music  of  the 
comic  parts  of  Papageno  and  Papagena  is 
certainly  not  on  a  level  with  the  rest  of  the 
composition  ;  but  Mozart  did  not  select  the 
libretto,  and  expressed  doubt  whether  he 
■could  make  a  success  of  the  opera.  It 
did  succeed,  but  most  likely  by  virtue 
of  those  very  comic  parts  of  which  Schick- 
aneder  the  manager  who  acted  them, 
wrote  the  words,  and  even  controlled 
the  music.      The  beauty,  refinement,  and 


nobility  of   most  of   the  numbers  in  the 
work  more  than  atone  for  any  weakness. 

The  performance  was  remarkably  good. 
Madame  Claire  Dux,  who  had  appeared 
as  Sophie  in  '  Rosenkavalier '  on  the 
previous  night,  impersonated  Pamina, 
and  her  rendering  of  the  part  was  excep- 
tionally fine.  As  mere  singing  it  was 
admirable  in  tone  ;  but  the  intelligence — 
there  was  earnestness  and  warmth  in  her 
delivery — added  materially  to  the  charm. 
Madame  Melitta  Heim  sang  the  two  songs 
of  the  Queen  of  Night  with  skill,  though 
scarcely  with  the  desired  brilliancy.  She 
may  not  have  been  in  good  voice.  Herr 
Hans  Bechstein  took  the  small  part  of 
Monostatos,  but  it  did  not  enable  him  to 
show  his  gifts.  Herr  Kirchner  Avas  a  good 
Tamino.  Mr.  Beecham's  conducting  de- 
serves the  highest  praise. 


JJtnsical   (Gossip. 

The  programme  of  the  ninth  London 
Symphony  Orchestra  concert  at  Queen's 
Hall  last  Monday  evening  opened  with 
Mendelssohn's  '  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  ' 
Overture,  which  was  followed  by  Dr. 
Richard  Stranss's  '  Don  Quixote.'  The 
contrast  between  these  two  works  is  strong  : 
the  one  is  notable  for  its  clearness  and  charm  ; 
the  other  is  intricate,  and  the  passage  in 
which  the  composer  tries  to  depict  the 
disorder  of  the  knight's  brain  is  a  peculiar 
and  not  very  satisfying  piece  of  real  sm. 
Fortunately,  there  are  far  better  things  in 
the  tone-poem. 

M.  Meytschik,  a  Russian  pianist,  gave  the 
first  of  two  recitals  at  Steinway  Hall  last 
Monday  evening.  He  played  two  familiar 
Sonatas  :  Beethoven  in  e,  Op.  109,  and 
Chopin  in  b  flat  minor.  His  reading  of  the 
former  was  very  good,  while  in  the  latter 
the  tone  was  sometimes  heavy.  This,  how- 
ever, was  caused  by  earnestness.  His  inter- 
pretation of  the  music  was  the  outcome  of 
deej)  thought.  There  were  little  details  to 
which  exception  might  be  taken,  but  they 
did  not  spoil  the  general  conception  of  the 
Sonatas,  which  was  refined  and  poetical. 
He  also  played  with  fine  feeling  some  modern 
Russian  pieces.     His  technique  is  excellent. 

The  Directors  of  the  Queen's  Hall 
Orchestra  announce  that  Dr.  Richard  Strauss 
has  accepted  an  invitation  to  conduct  a 
Mozart-Strauss  programme  at  Queen's  Hall 
on  Friday  evening,  June  26th.  All  who 
were  present  at  the  concert  last  season 
when  he  conducted  the  '  Jupiter  '  Sym- 
phony were  unanimous  in  describing  it  as  a 
unique  performance.  This  time  Dr.  Strauss 
has  selected  the  G  minor  Symphony,  and 
of  his  own  works  '  Don  Juan,'  '  Tod  und 
Verklarung,'  and  '  Till  Eulenspiegel. ' 

The  first  performance  of  Sir  Alexander 
Mackenzie's  opera  *  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth,'  libretto  by  Mr.  Julian  Sturgis, 
founded  on  Dickens's  story  of  the  same 
name,  will  be  given  early  in  June  at  the 
Duke's  Hall  by  the  members  of  the  operatic 
class  and  orchestra  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music.  The  Overture  was  played  at  the 
Royal  Philharmonic  Society  in  1902,  under 
the  direction  of  the  composer. 

A  Souvenir  Record  of  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  Bournemouth  Municipal 
Orchestra  during  the  twentv-one  vears  of 
its  existence  (1893-1914)  has  been  compiled 
and  edited  by  Mr.  Had  ley  Watkins  of 
Bournemouth.  It  testifies  to  the  energy 
and  enterprise  of  Mr.  Dan  Godfrey,  who  has 
been  municipal  conductor  from  the  beginning. 


The  list  of  standard  pieces  and  of  novelties 
(British  and  foreign)  performed  is  enormous. 
Mr.  Godfrey  has  always  made  a  special 
feature  of  native  works,  and  is  constantly 
inviting  the  composers  to  conduct  them. 
The  long  list  of  their  names  is  given  in  the 
Record.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
Bournemouth  was  the  first  British  munici- 
pality to  establish  a  permanent  orchestra  ; 
also  that  this  spirited  pioneer  policy  has 
been  followed  in  many  places,  the  iatest, 
we  believe,  being  Torquaj'. 

The  application  of  Prof.  Xiecks  to  the 
Edinburgh  University  Court  for  permission 
to  retire  from  the  Reid  Chair  of  Music  on  an 
allowance  has  been  granted.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1891,  after  the  resignation  of  Sir 
Herbert  Oakel  >y  in  1890. 

A  fkstival  in  celebration  of  the  inaugura- 
tion of  th3  Moz.arthaus  at  Salzburg  will  be 
held  from  the  12th  to  the  20th  of  next 
August.  Three  orchestral  concerts  will  be 
given  by  the  Vienna  Philharmonic  Orchestra : 
two  under  Herr  Arthur  Xikisch,  and  one 
under  Dr.  Muck.  The  programmes  include 
the  three  great  Symphonies  of  1787;  also 
Symphonies  by  Beethoven,  Schubert,  and 
Bruckner  (his  ninth).  There  will  also  be  a 
special  Mozart  Chamber  Concert.  '  Don 
Giovanni  '  is  to  be  performed  three  times, 
and  'Die  Entfuhrjng  '  twice.  Other  works 
by  Mozart,  Gluck,  Brahms,  &c.,  are  in  the 
scheme.  It  will  be  a  busy  time  at  Mozart's 
birthplace ;  a  id  in  addition  to  the  music  there 
will  be  the  attraction  of  the  Mozarthaus  with 
its  many  relics  (autograph  letters  and  music, 
&c.)  of  the  composer. 

The  25th  of  July  next  will  be  the  cen- 
tenary of  the  death  of  Charles  Dibdin, 
who  will  long  be  remembered  for  such  songs 
as  '  Tom  Bowling  '  and  '  The  Jolly  Young 
Waterman.'  His  ballad  operas  and  Table 
Entertainments  enjoyed  great  favour  in  his 
day  ;  they  are  now  out  of  date  ;  many, 
however,  of  the  sea  songs,  of  which  he  wrote 
both  words  and  music,  are  still  sung. 
Dibdin  and  Dr.  Arne  were  the  two  most 
popular  song  composers  of  the  second  half 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  though  the  latter 
was  of  far  higher  standing  as  a  musician. 
They  were  acquainted  with  each  other.  It 
is,  by  the  way,  curious  that,  when  the  piano- 
forte was  first  used  in  public  (May  16th, 
1767)  at  Covent  Garden  as  accompaniment 
to  the  voice,  Miss  Brickler  sang  a  favourite 
song  from  Dr.  Arne's  '  Judith,'  accom- 
panied by  Dibdin.  In  addition  to  words  of 
songs,  opera  books,  and  plays,  Dibdin  wrote 
'  A  History  of  the  Stage  '  in  five  volumes,  his 
'  Professional  Life,'  and  a  periodical  called 
The  Bystander  (1787). 

The  series  of  books  known  as  "  The 
Musician's  Library,"  issued  jointly  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  and  Messrs.  Stainer  &  Bell,  is 
about  to  receive  an  addition  in  the  form  of 
a  volume  on  '  Orchestration,'  from  the  pen 
of  Mr.  Cecil  Forsyth.  The  authors  aim  is, 
first,  to  describe  our  modern  orchestral 
instruments  :  where  they  sprang  from,  how 
they  developed,  and  what  they  are  to-day  ; 
next,  to  trace  the  types  of  music  which  have 
been  reflected  in  these  constructional  changes, 
and  in  especial  i  he  types  most  familiar  from 
Beethoven's  time  to  our  own. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Mon. 
Mon.— 
Ties. 
Wed. 


Sat.    Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Fri.     Opera.  Theatre  Koy*l,  Drury  Lane. 

Sydney  Rosen  Mo  m'«  Recital.  3.15.  Hteinway  Hall. 

Walter  Rumruel '»  Pianoforte  Recital,  :!,  M  >lian  Hall. 

—  Dr.  LierhnminVs  song  Recital,  3  30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Don  Luis  FiKueras's  Concert,  8  IS,  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Paul  lirap  r's  Song  R-cital,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Andre  de  Kibanpierre's  Sonata  Recital,  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 
1'iiuks.  Madame  Tetrazzini's  Concert,  8,  Royal  Albert  Hall 

—  London  Symphony  Orche-tra,  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Claude  Pollard  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
John  Powell's  Jianoforte  Recital,  3,  .1;  >li  an  Hall. 
Boris  Hamhourg's  Cello  Recital,  «  30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Clara   Butt  aud  Kennerley  Ruinford's  Concert,  2.30,    Roya 

Albert  Hall. 
Rinil  Mlynarskis  Orchestral  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 
Benno  Moiseiwitsch  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 


Fri. 

Sat. 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


771 


DRAMA 


Misalliance,  The.  Dark  Lady  of  ike  Sounds, 
and  Fanny's  Fir*!  Play,  with  a  Treatist 
Parents  and  Children.     Bv  Bernard 
Shaw.     (Constable  &  Co.,  6s.) 

As  the  conversational  qualities  of  Mr. 
Shaw's  plays  had  already,  in  sonic  cases. 
c  »me  to  dominate  their  dramatic  qualities. 
B  ■  now  the  plays  themselves  have  degen- 
erated into  mere  appendixes  to  their  pre- 
faces. Moral  instruction  is  now  a  matter 
for  readers  rather  than  for  audiences. 
"  Misalliance  '  has  prefixed  to  it  what  its 
author  describes  as  a  '  Treatise  on  Parents 
and  Children  ' — which  might  equally  well 
have  come  before  '  Fanny's  First  Play  ' — 
an  extraordinarily  vigorous  and  sustained 
piece  of  writing,  with  no  sign  of  Mr.  Shaw's 

ent  and  obvious  efforts  pour  epater  le 
bourgeois.  That  the  '  Treatise  '  contains 
a  great  deal  which  will  come  as  a  shock 
to  many  readers  is  not  a  surprise.  The 
author  has  apparently  set  himself  the 
task  of  drafting  the  manifesto  of  that  part 
of  the  younger  generation  which  craves 
tor  freedom  to  "  live  its  own  life."  and  by 
the  revolting  vouns  he  will  be  the  most 
laimed. 

Expressed  as  briefly  as  possible,  Mr. 
S  iw's  thesis  is  that  the  education  of  the 
young,  both  at  home  and  at  school,  is 
at  present  primarily  conducted  with  the 
purpose  of  preventing  children  from  being 
troublesome  to  their  parents  and  teachers  ; 
fiat  its  method  is  the  use  of  force  ;  that  its 
principal  result  is  a  spurious  docility. 
which  in  the  end  produces 

"  not  a  self-reliant,  free,  fully-natured  human 

ig,  but  a  grown-up  schoolboy  or  school- 
girl, capable  of  nothing  in  the  way  of  origin- 
ality or  independent  action  except  out- 
bursts  of  naughtiness  in  the  women  and 
blackguardism  in  the  men." 
makes  natural  relationships  difficult,  de- 
praves the  child's  taste  for  art,  and  finally 
makes  it  the  prey  of  bullies,  demagogues, 
and  its  own  lack  of  imagination.  The 
remedies  suggested  are  comprehensive  ; 
they  include  the  entire  reconstruction  of 

iety,  although  Mr.  Shaw  refrains  from 

tually  saying  so,   having  already  done 

tins     at     length     elsewhere.     They     also 

demand  communal  responsibility  for  the 

upkeep  of  children,  and  a  ""  Child's  Magna 

ta  "  to  enable  the  young  to  do  much  as 
they    please,    as    the    reward    for    having 
undergone  a  certain  minimum  of  instruc- 
ts     Thus    Mr.    Shaw    suggests,    in    all 

iousness,  that  if  a  child  wants  to  go  to 

seaside  it  should  be  allowed    to  do  so, 

provided  only  that  it  understands  enough 

about  money  and  arithmetic  to  buy  itself 

ui.vay  ticket  and  get  the  right  change. 
'I  he  ideal  to  be  aimed  at  is  the  propagation 
of  a  spirit  of  liberty  and  self-dependence, 
which  is  hardly  to  be  achieved  by  camps 
and  Boy  Scouts  : — 

'  'I  lure    is   a    movement    for   making   our 

British   children    into    priggish    little    bare- 

ted  vagabonds,  all  talking  like  that  born 

George    Borrow,   and   supposed    to   be 

splendidly  healthy  because  they  would  die  it' 
they  slept  in  rooms  with  the  windows  shut. 
or  perhaps  even  with  roots  over  their  head-. 


It  would  be  easy,  and  possibly  a  source 
of  satisfaction  to  Mr.  Shaw,  to  describe  his 
ideas  as  impracticable,  Utopian,  based  on 

an  imperfect  know  ledge  of  human  nature, 
and  so  forth.  Mr.  Shaw's  satisfaction 
would  arise  from  the  simple  retort  he 
would  be  able  to  make  : — 

*  Then  why  do  you  regard  a  knowledge 
and  admiration  of  my  schemes  as  a  necessary 
part  of  a  gentleman's  education  ?  I  have 
merely  brought  Aristotle's  '  Politics  '  up  to 
date,  and  you  must  be  perfectly  well  aware 
that  there  are  few  students  of  Greek,  and 
none  of  Political  Science  who  are  allowed  to 
escape  that  work.  At  the  most.  I  have 
introduced  a  few  score  obiter  dicta."' 

The  "  Treatise  '  is,  indeed,  not  to  be 
treated  lightly.  There  are  indictments 
which  all  must  admit  to  be  true,  even 
cruelly  true,  such  as  this  : — 

"  You  are  so  careful  of  your  boy's  morals, 
knowing  how  troublesome  they  may  be,  that 
you  keep  him  away  from  the  Venus  of  Milo 
only  to  find  him  in  the  arms  of  the  scullery- 
maid  or  someone  much  worse.  You  decide 
that  the  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  and  Wagner's 
Tristan  are  not  suited  for  young  girls ;  and 
your  daughter  marries  somebody  appallingly 
unlike  either  Hermes  or  Tristan  solely  to 
escape  from  your  parental  protection.  You 
have  not  stifled  a  single  passion  or  averted 
a  single  danger." 

If  there  is  an  unnecessary  bias  in  the 
'  Treatise,'  it  appears  in  Mr.  Shaw's 
reiterated  denunciation  of  flogging,  which 
is  certainly  far  less  prevalent  than  he 
would  have  us  believe.  All  children,  he 
seems  to  think,  are  brought  up  by  flogging, 
and  the  fear  of  being  flogged.  No  girls' 
school,  at  any  rate,  is  run  on  these  lines. 
The  child  spoilt  by  the  absence  of  any 
serious  restraint  or  punishment  is  more 
common  in  our  experience  nowadays. 

After  this  tremendous  preface  '  Mis- 
alliance '  conies  as  an  anticlimax.  The 
characters  are  highly  individualized,  but 
their  interplay  results  only  in  conversa- 
tion. No  pretence  is  made  that  they  are 
to  do  anything  but  converse.  "Let's 
argue  about  something  intellectual  "  is 
one  of  the  first  things  said,  and  "  I  suppose 
there  's  nothing  more  to  be  said  "  is  one  of 
the  last.  The  audience  is  not  even  allowed 
intervals  between  acts  ;  for,  fearing  to 
interrupt  the  conversation,  Mr.  Shaw  has 
made  it  continuous.  Not  even  the  action  is 
allowed  to  assume  a  dramatic  complexion. 
People  throw  themselves  on  the  floor  and 
yell;  fall  out  of  an  aeroplane;  hide  them- 
selves, armed  with  a  revolver,  inside  a 
portable  Turkish  bath  ;  and  smash  crockery 
and  glass  panes,  for  no  assignable  cause  or 
effect.  These  things  are  simply  thrown 
in  to  amuse,  just  as  topical  verses  are 
extemporized  by  music-hall  comedians. 
The  elementary  jest  of  making  characters 
mispronounce  difficult  names  is  imported 
from  'Caesar  and  Cleopatra.9  We  are 
forced  to  smile,  but  with  a  distinct 
weariness. 

A  fairly  lengthy  preface  comes  before 
The  Dark  Lady  of  the  S  unlets.'  Many 
yean  ago  Mr.  frank  Harris  wrote  a  play. 
"  Shakespeare  and  his  Love,'  which  re- 
mained unpublished  and  unacted  for  some 
yean        It    fin!    »W   the   light   only  on   the 

eve  of  the  publication  in  a  monthly  maga- 
zine,   and    the    fin(     performance,    of    Mr. 


Shaw's  little  play,  which,  like  it,  makes 
Mary  Fitton  the  Dark  Lady.  Mr.  Harris 
employed  the  opportunity  to  write  a  pre- 
face accusing  Mr.  Shaw,  with  considerable 
heat,  of  the  wholesale  theft  of  his  ideas 
and  discoveries  concerning  Mary  Fitton. 
In  his  own  preface  Mr.  Shaw  heaps  coals 
of  fire  upon  the  head  of  his  accuser.  He 
describes  him  as  having  written  "  the  best 
book  of  his  generation  on  Shakespear 
pays  a  lengthy  tribute  to  his  critical 
powers,  and  gives  his  source  of  informa- 
tion as  Thomas  Tyler,  a  "  specialist  in 
pessimism,''  who  published  a  book  in  1886, 
alleging  that  the  Dark  Lady  was  Man 
Fitton.  Mr.  Shaw,  however,  is  not  pre- 
pared either  to  accept  or  deny  this  theory  : 
he  merely  makes  use  of  it.  Incidentally, 
he  makes  criticisms  of  certain  aspects  of 
Shakespeare's  work  which  should  clear 
him  from  the  consequences  of  the  curious 
attitude  he  saw  fit  to  take  up  a  few  years 
ago  on  the  subject.  The  play  itself  is  a 
piece  d'occasion,  on  which  it  is  now  un- 
necessary to  comment  at  length. 

'  Fanny's  First  Play,'  with  its  rollicking 
fun.  its  friendly  skit  at  the  expense  of 
contemporary  dramatic  criticism,  and  its 
penetrating  study  of  the  inability  of  strict 
conventionality  to  withstand  the  shock 
of  the  entirely  unexpected,  is  modestly 
described  in  the  briefest  of  prefaces  as  "  a 
potboiler."  We  wish  that  other  artists 
were  able  to  boil  the  pot  in  the  same 
manner. 


'PLASTER    SAINTS'   AT   THE 
COMEDY. 

Mr.  Zangwill,  by  his  latest  play 
'  Plaster  Saints,'  almost  persuades  us  to 
recommend  him  to  revert,  for  a  time  at 
least,  to  the  platform  and  the  pamphlet. 
It  is  a  most  unwelcome  change  to  be 
bored  by  listening  to  one  of  Ins  stage 
sermons.  We  feel  little  doubt  that  Mr. 
Edward  Sass,  who  has  been  given  the 
chief  part  in  last  week's  production  at  the 
Comedy,  must  share  much  of  the  blame. 
As  a  leading  provincial  minister,  a  plaster 
saint  whose  protests  are  lengthy,  casu- 
istical, and  futile,  he  conveyed  a  sen-' 
of  boredom  across  the  footlights  in 
the  very  first  act.  It  was  therefore 
doubly  unfortunate  to  find  him  apparently 
slumbering  each  time  the  curtain  was 
raised.  As  real  gems  can  be  made  to 
appear  less  radiant  by  a  surrounding  of 
tinsel,  so  the  good  things  in  the  play 
sutler  from  their  setting.  The  character 
of  the  wife,  who  insists  on  adoring  her 
husband,    was   almost    lost    in    a    maze   of 

verbiage,  though  we  oaughl  the  real  glinl 

when  she  told  her  husband  she  considered 
it  a  duty  to  forgive.  There  was  an  over- 
plenteous  derision  of  theology  and  theo- 
logians which  almost  lost  to  us  the  phrase 
'  You  would  take  the  moon  out  of  hea\en 
and    make   of    it    a    church    lamp."    which 

summarizes  one   of  the  most    stultifying 

tendencies  of  to-day  -a  desire  to  mate- 
rialize the  greatest  spiritual  truths. 

We  are  glad  to  believe  that  even  now. 

when      no     cause     is     too     sacred     to     be 

advertised     by    banqueting,    many    will 

appreciate    'he    lady    who    could    find    no 


772 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


pleasure  in  a  garden  party  to  advance  a 
crusade  against  white  slavery. 

Such  were  some  of  the  good  things. 
As  to  the  main  doctrine  of  the  play,  we 
grieve  to  find  ourselves  in  disagreement 
with  one  who  has  helped  us  afore- 
time. Mr.  Zangwill  would  apparently 
have  us  believe  that  a  sinner  can  best 
help  in  the  time  of  temptation.  Rather 
would  we  turn  to  a  man  of  deep  sympathy 

one  who  recognizes  that  he  himself  has 

escaped  either  because  the  temptation  was 
less  for  him  than  for  his  brother,  or  because 
he  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover 
better  reasons  for  withstanding  it.  Again, 
Mr.  Zangwill  would  apparently  urge  that 
secrecy  has  its  uses.  To  our  mind  secrecy 
in  itself  bears  a  condemnation  of  any 
cause  or  person  which  relies  upon  it  for 
attainment. 

With  the  failure  of  the  principal  male 
part  we  would  contrast  the  success  in  the 
smallest  achieved  by  Mr.  H.  K.  Ayliff 
as  a  manservant.  Grace  Lane  had  per- 
haps the  most  difficult  role  as  the  minister's 
wife,  but,  at  least,  tried  to  convince  us. 
Gillian  Scaife  does  not  lend  herself  to 
grief  ;  we  could  only  think  of  her  in  a 
recent  and  more  joyous  impersonation. 
Messrs.  Clifton  Alderson  and  Harold 
Chapin,  also  Ernita  Lascelles  and  Inez 
Bensusan,  as  contrasting  characters,  helped 
along  a  dragging  play ;  and  Gwendoline 
Hay  as  a  beautiful  and  repentant  "  Lady 
from  London"  reproduced  adequately  the 
neurotic  characteristics  of  her  kind. 


'JUSTICE'    AND    A    PARALLEL. 

May  25,  1914. 

Since  I  gather  from  your  correspondent's 
letter,  in  your  issue  of  the  23rd  inst.,  that 
the  resemblance  between  my  play  '  Justice  ' 
and  Edmond  de  Goncourt's  '  La  Fille  Elisa ' 
is  really  striking,  it  may  be  as  well  that  I 
should  confirm  your  correspondent  in  his 
surmise  that  the  resemblance  "  is  merely 
due  to  coincidence."  I  am  sending  for 
'  La  Fille  Elisa,'  of  whose  existence,  I  am 
rather  ashamed  to  say,  I  was  not  aware. 

John  Galsworthy. 

***  Our  correspondent's  letter  drew 
attention  to  the  resemblance  between  the 
dramatized  version  of  'La  Fille  Elisa'  and 
'  Justice '  ;  the  novel  itself,  he  tells  us,  has 
very  little  in  common  with  Mr.  Galsworthy's 
play.  

Dramatic   (Sossip. 

'  The  Great  Gamble,'  by  Mr.  Jerome  K. 
Jerome,  was  produced  at  the  end  of  last 
week  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre.  The 
ancient  grove  with  its  statue  of  Venus,  the 
tuneful  piping  of  the  love-god,  an:l  the  two 
human  figure  i  who  first  occupied  the  stage, 
seemed  to  presage  a  more  or  less  idyllic 
treatment  of  the  intricate  theme  of  love. 
An  unusually  wayward  fancy  on  the  part 
of  the  author,  added  to  an  all-pervading 
belief  that  nobody  past  middle  age  is 
capable  of  anything  beyond  silliness  or 
cynicism,  determined  otherwise.  We  are 
more  prepared  to  tender  our  thanks  to 
some  of  the  actors  in  the  play  than  to 
the  author  of  it.  Especially  we  commend 
Mr.  Edmund  Maurice  as  a  Colonel  whose  sense 
of  chivalry  has  caused  him  to  elope  with 
the  supposedly  unhappy  wife  of  his  friend, 
only  to  find  before  the  train  has  properly 
cleared  the  metropolis  that  she  has  no  use 


for  him  as  a  permanent  cavalier.  Mr.  Michael 
Sherbrooke  as  a  popinjay  husband  coveting 
a  mayoralty  gives  also  a  delightful  pre- 
sentment of  an  outraged  husband. 

'  Dido  and  /Eneas,'  a  tragedy  in  four 
acts,  was  presented  by  the  Drama  Society  at 
the  Ambassadors'  Theatre  for  a  matinee  on 
T  uesday.  The  work  of  the  author,  A.  Von 
Herder,  is  very  uneven.  Only  occasionally 
does  the  dialogue  attain  something  approach- 
ing grandeur,  and  sometimes  its  inadequacy 
is  appalling.  A  good  level  of  artistry  was 
maintained  by  Edyth  Olive  as  Dido  and 
Mr.  Shayle  Gardner  as  /Eneas,  and  the 
staging  achieved  a  most  welcome  simplicity. 

We  could  not  help  regretting  that  so  much 
thought  and  talent  had  been  lavished  on  a 
play  which  is  none  too  likely  to  be  seen,  again. 
The  amount  of  energy  expended  seemed 
rather  wasted,  in  view  of  th.3  better  use  to 
which  it  might  have  been  put.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  is  well  to  remember  how  much 
trouble  is  often  lavished  on  productions 
totally  unworthy  and  futile. 

On  Monday,  at  the  Court,  the  Irish 
Players  will  present  '  Kathleen  Ni  Houlihan  ' 
and  '  The  Playboy  of  the  Western  World.' 
These  will  be  replaced  on  Thursday  by 
Mr.  Bernard  McCarthy's  '  The  Supplanter  ' 
and  Lady  Gregory's  '  The  Rising  of  the 
Moon.' 

Mis?  Horniman  is  producing  'Love 
Cheats,'  by  Mr.  Basil  Dean,  for  the  last  week 
of  her  season  at  the  Coronet.  The  author 
states  that  there  is  a  certain  similarity 
between  the  plots  of  '  Love  Cheats  '  and 
'  Hindle  Wakes,'  but  that  the  former  was 
written  two  years  before  the  production  of 
the  latter. 

Mr.  Bertram  Forsyth,  the  author  of 
'  The  Shepherdess  without  a  Heart,'  will 
produce  on  June  9th  at  the  Little  Theatre  a 
revue  of  past  theatrical  events  entitled  '  As 
it  Used  to  Be. '  The  entertainment  includes  a 
prologue,  the  last  act  of  '  The  Tragedy  of 
Douglas,'  a  scene  from  '  Hamlet  '  as  played 
in  1760,  and  the  first  act  of  '  The  Beggar's 
Opera.'  The  scenic  effects  and  costumes 
are  claimed  to  be  exact  reproductions  of 
the  originals.  Kean's  sword  will  be  one 
of  the  properties  used. 

The  Theatre  du  Vieux-Colombier  gave 
last  week  the  first  performance  of  '  Twelfth 
Night.'  As  is  usual  in  this  small  theatre, 
the  stage  setting  was  of  the  simplest.  All 
the  scenes  in  Olivia's  house  were  performed 
in  a  sort  of  large  hall  supplied  with  a  few 
properties.  The  other  scenes  were  played 
on  the  proscenium,  a  pink  curtain  and  a 
yell  )w  one  indicating  that  the  scenes  took 
place  respectively  in  Orsino's  palace  or  in 
the  open  air.  Monotony  was  avoided  by 
clever  variations  of  light. 

The  Pioneer  Players'  last  performances 
this  season  will  take  place  at  the  Little  Theatre 
on  June  21st  and  22nd,  when  three  one-act 
plays  will  be  produced  under  the  direction  of 
Edith  Craig.  These  are  '  Idle  Women,'  by 
Magdalen  Ponsonby,  a  skit  on  a  feminine 
committee  ;  '  The  Level  Crossing,'  by  Mrs. 
Cohen,  a  tragedy ;  and  Mr.  John  R. 
Raphael's  '  Between  Twelve  and  Three,'  in 
which  Nancy  Price  is  playing  the  leading 
part.  The  matinee  on  June  22nd  will  be  open 
to  the  public,  and  tickets  may  be  obtained 
at  139,  Long  Acre,  W.C. 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  '  Mr.  Wu  '  has 
reached  its  two  hundredth  performance  at 
the  Strand  Theatre. 


To  Correspondents.— J.  C.  B.— M.  V.— J.  C.  C— A.  B. 

-Received. 


[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  774.1 


3 

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No.  4518,  Mav  30,  1914 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  NJEUM 


*  i 


3 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.'S  LIST 


NEW  SIX-SHILLING  FICTION 

FROM    ALL    LIBRARIES    AND    BOOKSELLERS 


BLAKE'S  BURDEN  Harold  Bindloss 

Another  of  Harold  Bindloss's  tine  Canadian  stories  of 
brisk,  unflagging  action,  love,  and  adventure. 

THE  PATHWAY    m  »»*"») 

Gertrude  Page 

"  Asa  writer  of  Colonial  life  Miss  Page  has  no  equal,  and 
her  hich  literary  style  and  fine  descriptive  powers  have 
earned  for  her  novels  such  widespread  popularity  as  few 
modern  authors  caii  boast.  The  novel  should  meet  with 
tremendous  appreciation." — Sheffield  Daily  Independent. 

THE  MASTER  OF  MERRIPIT 

Eden  Phillpotts 

•'  A  rattling  good  tale  which  is  likely  to  prove  itself  one 
of  the  best  novels  of  adventure  of  the  year." — Standard. 

THROUGH  FOLLY'S  MILL 

A.  and  C.  Askew 

" '  Through  Folly's  Mill '  has  a  strong  plot  cleverly  drawn 
and  carefully  worked  out.  The  story  is  well  written,  and 
will  enhance  the  reputation  of  these  very  popular  writers." 

Sheffield  Daily  Telegraph. 

MAX   LOGAN       (^d  Edition) 

Paul  Trent 

"  Mr.  Paul  Trent  tells  a  tale  like  this  well.  He  has  a 
narrative  style  that  grips  and  interests,  and  we  are  grateful 
to  him  for  a  real  and  enjoyable  story."— Morning  Fost. 

TRADER  CARSON       John  Barnett 

"  '  Trader  Carson  '  is  a  story  crowded  with  thrills  without 
being  meludrainuic  It  is  the  sort  of  tale  one  wants  to 
read  at  a  sitting,  and  yet  return  to  again  and  again  for  a 
further  taste  of  gay  adventure." — Liverpool  Courier. 

THE  GOLDEN  LADY 

Bertram  Atkey 

"  Mr.  Bertram  Atkey  in  his  latest  book  has  proved  him- 
self a  humorist  of  high  order,  and  humour  is  the  keynote  of 
the  whole.  '  The  Golden  Lady'  is  calculated  to  dispel  the 
most  ultramarine  '  tit  of  the  blues.'  " 

Western  Daily  Press. 


BOSAMBO  OF  THE  RIVER 

Edgar  Wallace 

"  Mr.  Edgar  Wallace's  stories  of  the  West  Coast  are 
always  welcome,  and  his  latest  will  be  as  popular  as  any 
of  its  predecessors,  for  the  masterful  methods  of  Mr.  Com- 
missioner Sanders  are  an  abiding  delight." — Re.jeiee. 

AN  ENEMY  HATH  DONE  THIS 
(3s.  6d.)       Joseph  Hocking 

"  A  thoroughly  enjoyable  story,  without  a  dull  page,  and 
in  the  front  rank  of  the  author's  work.  Plot  and  character- 
ization are  equally  good." — Financial  Times. 


NUMBER    13 


THE 

JUNE 


WINDSOR 


INCLUDES 

THE  OPENING  STORY  OF  A  NEW  SERIES 

BY 

JUSTUS    MILES    FORMAN 

and  a  further  instalment  of 

SIR    H.    RIDER    HAGGARDS 

Powerful  Romance 

THE       HOLY       FLOWER 

Finely  illustrated  Articles   on 

UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE,      LONDON 

MODERN      RUSSIAN      MUSIC 

NOTABLE    STORIES    BY 
HALLIWELL       SUTCLIFFE 
D0RNF0RD    YATES  C.   G.  D.   ROBERTS 

EDGAR   WALLACE  W.  L.   GEORGE 


Fred  M.  White 


"Fertile  in  character,  sustained  interest,  and  dramatic 
situations,  '  Number  Thirteen '  is  one  of  the  most  readable, 
and  should  prove  one  of  the  most  successful,  of  the  many 
popular  novels  Mr.  White  has  written." — Irish  Independent. 

THE  HEIR  TO  THE  THRONE 

A.  W.  Marchmont 

"  From  beginning  to  end  the  story  is  brimful  of  thrilling 
incidents;  the  reader's  interest  never  flags  till  an  unex- 
pected denouement  effects  the  conclusion." 

Aberdeen  Daily  Journal. 

THE  YEARS  OF  FORGETTING 

(2nd  Edition)  Lindsay  Russell 

"The  author  of  ' Souls  in  Pawn  '  handles  her  latest  novel 
with  considerable  skill.  A  fresh  and  vigorous  story,  full 
of  strong  feeling  and  of  absorbing  interest." 

Reidiny  Standard. 

THE  MAKER  OF  SECRETS 

Wm.  Le  Queux 

"  An  exciting  story  of  the  kind  that  Mr.  Le  Queux  knows 
so  well  how  to  tell.    Thrills  and  surprises  in  plenty." 

Daily  Mail. 

THE  SIX  RUBIES  (3s.  6d.) 

Justus  M.  Forman 

Palpitates  with  life  and  energy,  and  shows  Mr.  Forman 
in  finite  a  new  vein.  Never  has  he  written  anything  more 
exciting. 

LADY  URSULAS  HUSBAND 

Florence  Warden 

A  really  rousing  novel  that  will  deeply  impress  all  its 
author's  admirers. 


WARD,    LOCK    Ml    CO.'S 

SHILLING   GUIDE-BOOKS. 


These  little  red  handbooks,  which  have  long  been 
recognized  as  the  best  and  cheapest  of  the  kind,  are 
familiar  in  every  part  of  the  British  Lies.  To  thousands 
of  tourists  at  home  and  abroad  a  "  Ward  Lick  "  is  as 
indispensable  a  companion  as  a  travelling-bag. 

ENGLAND  &  WALES. 


Aberystwyth 
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Bangor,  Carnarvon,  Jcc. 
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Devon 
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Bettws-y-Coed,  Snowdou, 

&c. 
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Kent 
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Kent 
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Wales 
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joining Coast  of  France 
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.Sussex 
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Bay 
Cromer 
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Dover,  St.  Margaret's  Bay, 

Ac. 
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Eastbourne,  Seaford,   &c. 
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Felixstowe  and  District 
Filey,  Flatnborouuh,  Ac. 
Folkestone,  Sandgate,  Ac. 
Fowey  and  8.  Cornwall 
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Hereford    and     the     Wye 

Valley 
Herno    Bay,    Whitstable, 

Ac. 
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Isle  of  Man 


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Littlehamptoo,    Arundel, 

Ac. 

,  Liverpool,  Birkenhead,  &c. 

1  Llanririndod  "Wells,  Ac. 

Llandudio  :<nd  N.   Wales 

Llangollen,  Corwen,  Bala, 

Ac. 
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Matlock  and  District 
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i  Nottingham   and  District 
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Wales 
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wall 
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Devon 
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wall 
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Weston-super-Mare 
;  Weymouth  and  District 
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Bay 
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Su^st-x 

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SCOTLAND. 


Aberdeen,  Deeside,  Ac. 
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Highlands,  The 


Inverness  and  the  Northern 

Highlands 
Oban     and     the      Western 

Highlands 


IRELAND. 

Antrim  (County),  Ciiant's  Dublin,  Bray,  Wicklow,  Ac. 

Causeway,  Ac.  „.„                     .    n     ,.    .„     , 

Belfast,  Mourne  Mountains,  Killarnoy  :m.l    South  Wert 

&c.  Ireland 

Cork,   Olengarilf.  Ac  Londonderry  *  Co.  Done- 

Donegal  Highlands  g'U 


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774 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


pipping. 


A  "  Midsummer  "  Cruise  to 

NORWAY. 

THE  P.  &  O.  Company  announce  a 
Thirteen-day  Cruise  from  London  on 
the  13th  June,  to  the  Fjords  by  their 
Australian  mail  steamer  "MANTUA"  a 
recently  constructed  vessel  of  11,500  tons. 
The  trip  will  include  visits  to  the  Hardanger 
Fjord,  Bergen,  the  Sogne,  Nord  and  Stor 
Fjords,  and  the  Molde  and  Eomsdal  Fjords, 
and,  as  the  cruise  embraces  midsummer  day, 
it  will  be  made  in  almost  continuous  sun- 
light so  far  as  the  Norwegian  portion  is 
concerned. 

The  scenic  grandeur  of  the  Fjords  and  the 
romance  of  their  history  combine  to  endow 
Norway's  waterways  with  a  peculiar  fascina- 
tion ;  and  the  observer,  who,  passing  before 
mile  upon  mile  of  this  gorgeous  panorama, 
is  conveyed  on  board  a  P.  &  0.  liner,  with 
all  in  the  way  of  service,  comfort  and  social 
enjoyment  which  the  phrase  implies,  is 
fortunate  indeed.  Fares  range  from  12 
to  25  guineas. 

For  an  illustrated  programme  of  this  and 
other  cruises,  or  for  passage  rates  to  Eastern 
or  Australian  ports,  application  should  be 
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INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


PAOI 

Authors'  Agents        746 

Blackie  &  Son  ..       ..  74S 

Bradshaw's  School  Directory 776 

Catalogues        746 

Educational      745 

Exhibitions        745 

Francis  &  Co 774 

Insurance  Companies 774 

Jack  747 

Lectures  745 

Macmillan  &  Co.  748 

Magazines  and  Periodicals        775 

Miscellaneous  ..       _       746 

Printers 746 

Provident  Institutions 746 

Putnam's  Sons 747 

Sales  by  Auction       746 

Shipping _        ..        ..774 

Situations  Vacant 745 

Situations  Wanted     ..       ..       _       746 

Skeffington  &  Son 748 

Sun  Life  of  Canada 772 

Type- Writing,  &c 746 

Ward  &  Lock 77a 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 


FLAG, 


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THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (May  30)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES  :—' The  Times '—The  Chronology  of  'Tom  Jones'— Poe  :  a  Classical  Reference— London  Im- 
provements—Macaulay  Misquoted— English-speaking  Cardinals— Lancashire  Proverb. 

QUERIES:— John  Rush.  Inspector-General  of  Regimental  Hospitals— Duke  of  Wellington  Medal- 
Clack  Surname— Whitby's  Library  of  London  Books— Rawdon  Family— '  Chevy  Chace'  Parody 
—"Miss  Bridget  Adair  "— Cobbett  at  Worth,  Sussex:  Worth  Families— Authors  of  Quotations 
Wanted— Vineyard  Congregational  Church,  Richmond— Rebellion  of  1715  :  Thomas  Radcliffe— 
Blind  Members  of  Parliament  — Rev.  Richard  Scott— Biographical  Information  Wanted- 
Charles  I.:  John  Lambert  and  Lieut. -Col.  Cobbett— Heraldic-"  Stile  "  =  "  Hill  "— '  John 
Gilpin '  in  Latin  Elegiacs— Kilgrimol  Priory— Military  Machines. 

REPLIES  :  —  Price  and  Whitchurch  Families— Burton's  Quotations  from  "  Loechfeus "— Loch 
Chesney— Octopus,  Venus's  Ear,  and  Whelk— Old  Etonians— Sir  John  Sackfylde— William 
Quipp— George  Bruce—"  Maggs  "—John  Douglas  Hallett— Pallavicini— "  Plowden  "—Liverpool 
Reminiscences— Lord  Wellesley's  Issue— Brutton  :  the  Earl  of  Cardigan— Moira  Jewel— 
"  Vossioner  "—Parry  Broadhead— "  Blizard"  Surname— Birmingham  Statues  and  Memorials- 
John  Swinfen— Wildgoose-Khoja  Hussein— Humphrey  Cotes  and  Savage  Barrell— Napoleon 
Upside  Down — Last  Criminals  beheaded  in  Great  Britain. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  The  Hermits  and  Anchorites  of  England '—' A  History  of  Leagram'— 
'Penn's  Country.' 


JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD  FRANCIS, 

Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


Special  attention  will   be   devoted  in  next 
week's   'Athenaeum    to  books   relating   to 

PHILOSOPHY 


No.  4518,   May  30,  1914 


THE     ATHENE UM 


775 


Magazines    and  Periodicals. 


"  '  Blackwood's  '  is  an  epitome  in  little  of  the 
British  Empire  — a  monthly  reminder  that  its 
boundaries  are  world-wide  ;  that  it  has  been 
won  and  kept  by  tno  public-school  pluck  of  our 
soldiers  and  sailors  ;  that  in  warfare,  literature, 
and  art  it  has  a  glorious  history ;  that  its  sons 
have  ever  been  travellers  and  sportsmen,  and 
that  its  politics  have  still  a  strong  strain  of 
conservative  Imperialism.  Old  as  it  is, '  Black- 
wood's' shows  no  signs  of  becoming  old- 
fashioned,  because  it  represents  and  appeals 
to  all  that  is  best  in  the  undying  genius  of  the 
race."— Times,  February  1,  1913. 

'BLACKWOOD' 


"THE  MOST 
BRILLIANT 
OF  OLR 
MAGAZINES." 

JUNE 


"'BLACKWOOD' 
REMAINS 
WITHOUT  A 
RIVAL." 

contains 


The  Devil  of  the  Waterfall. 

By  Lieut.-Col.  J    H.  Patterson,  D.S.O. 

The  Lighter  Side  of  School  Life. 

1.  The  Head  Master.  By  IAN  HAY. 

Anglesey  Coastwise.    By  edmuxd  vale. 
The  Fire-Ship.  By  david  hannay. 

Aladore.  By  henry  newbolt. 

The  Ballad  of  the  Matterhorn. 

By  C.  FOX  SMITH. 

From  the  Outposts. 

Four  Annas  Reward. 

By  HILTON  BROWN. 

A    Yillage   Squabble. 

By  Major  E.  F.  KNOX. 

Maguelone :  A  Forgotten  Island  City. 

By  LOUISA  MELLOR. 

The  King's  Messenger.       By  dowhill. 
Musings  Without  Method — 

Mr.  Balfour's  Oratory — Argument  and  Verse — 
Hatred  of  the  Past — The  Common  Malice  against 
Shakespeare  —  An  Aristide.s  of  Poetry  —  The 
Futurists  and  their  Formula — '  The  World  Set 
Free— Mr.   Wells's  Revolution. 

THE    TIMES    OF    INDIA    says: 
"Not    to   read    'Blackwood'   in   these 
days  is  to  miss  incomparably  the  most 
literary  and  the  most  interesting  of  the 
monthly  magazines." 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 


J  C  M 


•ix.  <kf.  net. 


OCR  £300.000  000  BUDGET.  By  L.  G.  <  hlozza  Money   M  P 

THK  tti'KKM,  Hi't.CTION.  By  L-.nl  I  turn  wood 

THE   UNIVERSITIES    ASK    THK    NATION     IN    AM^RD  a 
AND  ENGLAND.  By  Graham  Walla* 

THE  SPIRITUAL  SIGNIFICANT  F.  OF  NATCH  E. 

By  Hir  William   Ilarrett,   F.R.H. 
IRRIGATION  IN  INDIA.    By  the  Hon.  Hir  Lionel  Jacob  K  I    -  I 
HENRY  BRA<  KKNBCRY  AND  HIS  BCBOOL 
_._  By  T.   H.  8.  Fscott. 

MAKINGTHE     I.A/.Y  NIGGKR     WORK      By.Iohnll    B 
THE  P08ITION  OF  THE  LIBERAL  <  LEHGY 
....  By  Rev.  J    If,  Thoni|*on. 

MtTHsoFTHF.  MF.DD  INEMfN    By  Hon.  Stephen  I  oUrtdn 
LAND  REFORM  AND  REGISTRATION  OF  TITLE 
„„„  „  Br  •'    B.  Hf-wart- Wallace. 

THE  EARLY  PLAY .HOUSES  AM)  THK.  DRAMA 
___  _  By  Wllberforoe  JenklnnoD. 

THE  FEMINIST  MOVEMENT  IN  Tl'HKK.\ 

_„ By  Ellen  D    Ellis  and  Florence  Palmer 

fi'R„KKiN   AFFAIRS.  By  Dr    E    J     Dillon 

LITERARY  SUPPLEMENT 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 
AND   AFTER. 

JCNE. 
AN  IDEAL  ALLIANCE  By  Sir  Banipfylde  Fuller,  K.C.8.I. 

THE  ARMY  OP  THE  CNITED  STATES  By  Sydney  Brooks 

IN  THE  RAPIDS  By  Sir  nenry  Blake.  G.C.M.G 

FINANCIAL  PROBLEMS  OF  FEDERALISM    By  Edgar  Crammond 
THE  CASE  FOR  A  NATIONAL  MEDICAL  SERVICE 

By  William  A.  Brend,  M.B.  B.Hc., 
Lecturer  on  Forensic  Medicine,  Charing  Cros6  Hospital 

ADDISON  IN  IRELAND  :  II. 

By  the  Rev.  Robert  H.  Murray,  Litt.D. 
THE  JESUIT  IN  FACT  AND  IN  FICTION 

By  Father  Bernard  Vaughan,  S  J. 
SUNDAY  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  By  C.  H.  P.  Mayo 

'THE  TYRANNY  OF  ALCOHOL   :  a  Replv  to  Sir  Harry  Johnston 

liy  the  Rev.  H.  K.  Gamble 

A  NEW  GERMAN  EMPIRE:  the  Story  of  the  Baghdad   Railway. 
(Concluded)  By  Andre  Uiiraud 

MRS.  LARPENT  AND  THE  FRENCH  REFUGEES 

By  Rose  M.  Bradley 

FURTHER  CONSIDERATIONS  ON   DISESTABLISHMENT  AND 
DISENDOWMENT  IN  FRANCE  AND  ENGLAND 

By  the  Comtesse  de  Franqueville 

THE  SALON  AND  THE  ROYAL  ACADEMY 

By  H.  HeathcoteStatham 

POLICEWOMEN  :  (1)  THEIR  WORK  IN  AMERICA 

By  Lady  Darwin 
(21  THEIR  WORK  IN  GERMANY 

By  Constance  Tite 

IN  PURSUIT  OF  COURTESY  By  Evelyn  MarchPhillipps 

DEMOCRATIC     FINANCE:     (II  THE     B17DGET,     GRADUATED 

TAXATION.    AND    THE    FRANCHISE.      By   Professor    E.  C. 

Clark,  Regius  Professor  of  Civil  Law,  Cambridge. 

(2)  STRANGE  REPORTS  !  By  E.  M.  Konstam 

THE  ARCH-DEPOPDLATOR  OF  THE  HIGHLANDS 

By  W.  H.  Mallock 

Loin  km  :  Spottiswoode  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  5,  New  Street  8quare. 


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Edited  by  the  Rev.  SIR  VV.  ROBERTSON  NICOLL.  M  A.  LL.D. 

THE  CRITICAL  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  EPI8TLE  TO  THE 
PHILIPPIAN8.  By  the  Rev  Pro!  Kirsopp  Lake.  D.D., 
Leiden. 

THE  EXAMPLE  OF  CHRIST  IN  PRAYER.  By  the  Right 
Rev.  .1.  H.  Bernard.  D.D,  Bishop  of  Ossnry. 

•THANKWORTHY'  GOODNESS.  By  the  Rev.  Prof.  B.  W. 
BACON.  D.D..  Yale  University. 

THE  TOWER  BUILDER  AND  THE  KING  .  A  SUOGB8TED 
EXPOSITION  OF  LUKE  XIV.  25-M  By  the  Rev.  Prof. 
T.  V.  Moore,  D.D.,  San  Francisco  Theological  Seminary, 
California. 

STDDIF.S  IN  CHR18TIAN  EHCHATOLOGY.  5.  IMMOR- 
TALITY.    By  the  Rev.  Prof.  H.  K.  Mackintosh,  II.PbJL  D.D. 

THE  PAKABI.rf  of  THE  PRODIGAL  SON.  By  the  Rev. 
E.  H.  Askwith,  D.D. 

NOTES  ON    THE   FOURTH   GOSPEL:  SABBATH  CURE  AT 
BETHESDA;   CONTROVERSY    AT    FEAST   OP    TABKR 
NAf'LES;  CONTROVERSY  AT  FEAST  OF  DEDICATION. 
By  the  Rev.  Principal  A.  E  Garvie.  MA.  D.D. 

Titles,  0i  n tents  and  Indexes  for  Volume  VII. 
HODDER  &  8TOUGHTON.  Publishers,  London. 


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of  Christ  Church,  ONford. 

Summary  :  Dr.  Sanday — No  Judgment 
of  the  Church — Old  Testament  and  New — 
i  Prophecy  and  Fact — The  Problem  of  Sug- 
gestion— Through  John  to  Jesus — Miracle 
in  its  Scriptural  Setting — Back  to  Scriptural 
Presentation  of  Miracle — Supra  and  Contra 
— The  Moment  at  which  we  have  arrived. 


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Stroud  Green  Road,  London,  N. 

Subscription  4s.  a  year,  including  postage. 

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lishers are  Wells  Gardner,  Darton  & 
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The  only  Christian  Social  Magazine  pub- 
lished under  Church  of  England  auspices. 

TVMXSLKY'S     FAMOUS     COLLECTION     OF 
POETRY. 

By    the    Utc    W.     P     COL'KTNEY. 
sue 

NOTES    AND    QUERIES 

For  Nov.  10.  SU.  IKOH;  Jan.  8,  F.b  %  April  I.  .  May  ■,  Juot  B,  Aug.  17, 
Sept    7   Nov    16,   Dm,  v.  100)  ;   ■'■in    '    March  7.  April  -a.  Jm 
Auk    8,  K.-1't    »l.  Oct.  17.  Nov.  21.  P.iOH ;   Jan.  B,   Fib.  20,   April  M, 
July  21.  lif*>. 

Price  for  the  23  Number!.  7«.  W.  ;  or  free  by  poit.  H«. 

JOHN    C.    FRAN<  IS    and    J.    EDWARD    FRAM  U, 
flUM«ad  (Juerie*  Office,  Brtun'i  Building!,  Chancery  Lane.  E.G. 


77G 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4518,  May  30,  1914 


Bradshaw's  School  Directory. 

BRADSHAW'S  SCHOOL  DIRECTORY  is  published  every  month  in 
Bradshaw's  Guide  for  Great  Britain,  and  summaries  are  included  every 
month  in  Bradshaw's  Continental  Guide  and  Bradshaw's  Manchester 
ABC  Guide.  These  are  publications  used  daily  by  thousands  of  people 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  Continental 
Bradshaw  in  addition  is  to  be  found  in  every  pleasure  resort  and  important 
City  in  Europe.  Inquiries  as  to  the  placing  of  pupils  reach  the  Publishers 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  pupils  in  question  are  referred, 
whenever  suitable,  to  the  Schools  subscribing.  No  fees  or  commissions 
are  charged  for  the  services  rendered  either  to  the  inquirers  or  to  the 
schools  where  pupils  may  be  placed.  The  publicity  thus  offered  to  schools 
is  genuine  and  widespread,  and  in  relation  to  the  prices  charged  cannot  be 
equalled.     Principals  of  Schools  are  invited  to  apply  for  further   details    to 

THE    MANAGER, 
Bradshaw  House,  Surrey  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 


The   following   are   some   of  the   Schools   included   in    the   Directory : — 


BOYS'   SCHOOLS. 

BEDFORD.— MODERN  SCHOOL. 

For    Professional,   Commercial    Life,   and    Engineering.       Fees   from 
50  gns.  C.  W.  Kaye,  M.A.  Oxon. 

BLACKHEATH.— CHRIST'S  COLLEGE. 

Preparation  for  the  Universities  or  Commerce.     Fees  from  £53. 
A.  C.  Wire,  B.A.  F.R.G.S. 

DOLLAR  INSTITUTE,  near  Stirling. 

Beautiful  situation,  bracing  climate.     Fees  from  £50. 

EASTBOURNE.— ALDRO  SCHOOL. 

Preparation  for  Public  Schools  and  Osborne.     Playing  ground,  5  acres. 
Fees  100  gns.  Rev.  H.  R.  Browne,  M.A. 

ELLESMERE.— S.  OSWALD'S. 

Sound  education  at  moderate  fees.     £30  a  year. 

FOLKESTONE.  — FELTONFLEET. 

In  best  part  of   Folkestone.      Preparation    for    Public   Schools  and 
Navy.     Fees  £80. 

G.  A.  Nettleton,  M.A.  Oxon,  and  H.  B.   Jeffery, 
B.A.  Cantab. 

HARROGATE.— PANNAL  ASH  COLLEGE. 

11  acres  of  grounds.     Thorough  teaching.     Fees  from  £42. 
Walter  S.  Hill,  F.R.G.S.  F.R.Met.S. 

RAMSGATE.— ST.  LAURENCE  COLLEGE. 

A  Church  of  England  Public  School.     Fees  £75. 
Rev.  E.  C.  Sherwood,  M.A. 

BLAISE,  near  Neuchatel.— VILLA  VERTE  RIVE. 
International    College    for     Boys.        Special     attention    to    Modern 
Languages.  M.  H.  Montandon-Bruck. 

SOUTHBOURNE-ON-SEA,  near  Bournemouth.— PEMBROKE  LODGE. 
Preparatory  School,  stands  high  in  4  acres  of  ground. 
G.  Meakin,  M.A. 

SOUTHPORT.— MODERN  SCHOOL. 

Classics,  Languages,  Commercial  Subjects.     Fees  from  42  gns. 
Major  J.  C.  Underwood,  A.C.P.  F.R.G.S. 

VILLENEUVE-MONTREUX.— CHELTONIA. 

English  Preparatory  School.     English  Games  and  Winter  Sports. 
E.  James  Fox. 


GIRLS'  SCHOOLS. 

BLACKHEATH,  Burnt  Ash  Hill,  Lee.— MODERN  HIGH  SCHOOL, 
Modern  Education  and  preparation  for  all  Examinations. 
Mrs.  Thimann,  L.L.A. 

BRIGHTON.  —  WESTCO  M  BE. 

Thorough  Education  by  Graduates  and  Trained  Teachers. 
The  Misses  Stevens. 

BRIGHTON,  Hove.— ADDISCOMBE  COLLEGE. 

Special  attention  to  Music,  Art,  and  Languages. 

The  Misses  Cadwallader  and  Marsland. 

BRUGES. — Mme.  Burnier  de  Lutry,  Quai  St.  Anne. 

Old  established  Protestant  School.     Terms  moderate. 

DOLLAR  INSTITUTE,  near  Stirling. 

Beautiful  situation,  bracing  climate.     Fees  from  £50. 

EDINBURGH,  Grange.— STRATHEARN  COLLEGE. 

Private  School  of   Cookery,  Housekeeping,  &c,  for   the   daughters  of 
Gentlemen.  Miss  Mitchell,  First-class  diplomee  and  medallist. 

KINGSGATE,  Thanet.— BRONDESBURY. 

High-class  School  for  Girls.     Physical,  Mental,  and  Moral  Development 
of  each  Pupil  Studied. 

Miss  Galloway,  Newnham  College. 

LAUSANNE.— LA  BERGERONETTE. 

Special  facilities  for  Languages,  Music,  Art,  &c.     Fees  from  70  gns. 
Miss  Nicholas. 

LUGANO. 

First-class  Boarding   School    for    Young  Ladies.      Well   known,  and 
especially  recommended  for  the  teaching  of  languages. 
Mile.  J.  M.  Cunier. 

OUCH  Y-L  AUSANNE.  —  ROS  ENECK. 

First-class  Finishing  School,  Music,  Painting,  &c. 

SEASCALE.-CALDER  SCHOOL. 

Efficient  staff,  including  mistress  for  Gymnastics  and  Games.     Depart- 
ments for  Junior  and  Senior  Girls.     Fees  from  £54. 

The  Misses  Wilson,  Newnham  College,  Cambridge,, 
and  The  Training  College,  Cambridge. 

TORBAY,  TORQUAY.— LAURISTON  HALL  SCHOOL. 

Entire  charge  of  children  from  abroad.     Beautiful  situation. 
The  Misses  Viccars. 

VEVEY.— LES  CHARMETTES. 

On   the   Lake  of  Geneva.      Agreeable  family   life.      All   educational 
advantages.     Fees  £70. 

Mile.  Moulin,  direetrice  diplomee. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business   Letters  to  "THE   ATHEN.EUM"  OFFICE,   Bream's  BuildiDgs,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON  125,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  WILLIAM  GREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIES  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  May  30, 1914. 


THE  ATHEN^IpK 

frrarnal  nf  CBnglisIj  ttni  JFnrngn  literature,  S>tm\tt,  tp^tatj^g  JB&sifaAti  \\)t  Dramn. 

45:  SATURDAY,     J     XK  HC^^tUSl 


^^V'^  PRICE 

SIXPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


G 


UILDHALL 


LIBRARY. 


The   I.ir.K  ^RY     NEWSPVPER   ROOM,   and   MUSEUM   will  be 
CLOSED  from  MONDAY.  June    .  to  FRIDAY'.  June  V2.  inclusive 


Societies. 

OYAL     HISTORICAL      SOCIETY. 

Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.  1 
An    ORDIN  VRY    MKKTING  of  the  SOCIETY   will    be    held   at 
7   SOUTH  SQUARE.  GRAYS  INN.  \V.C.  on  THURSDAY.  June  IS. 
at  5  P.M..  when  Mr.  R.  C.  FOWLER.  M.A.  F.S.A.  F.R.Hist.S..  will 
read  a  Paper  on    SOME  MEDI.EVAL  EXCOMMUNICATIONS." 

H.  E.  MALDEN,  Hon.  Sec. 


R 


(BsljiLutions. 

EXHIBITION  1914. 
W  ORSHIPFUL      COMPANY 
CARPENTERS. 


OF 


THE  EXHIBITION  OF  WORKS  IX  WOOD  AND 

WOOD-CARVING 

will  be  held  at 

CARPENTERS'  HALL,  LONDON, 

from  MONDAY,  June  8  (5  p.m.)  to  SATURDAY,  June  20 

(inclusive). 

From  11.30  a.m.  to    .30  p.m.  each  week  day. 

There  will  be  an  interesting 

LOAN  COLLECTION  OF   OLD  FURNITURE, 

CRAFTSMANSHIP,  Ac, 

Also  on  view. 

Admission  Free. 


J>OYAL 
A  CADEMY. 


SUMMER  EXHIBITION 

Open  9  am  to  7  P.M. 

Thursdays,  9  a.m.  to  10  p  m. 

Admission  13.     Catalogue  19. 

SEASON  TICKET  5s. 


MODERN         DUTCH         MASTERS. 
Now  open,  the  104th  Exhibition  at  the 

FRENCH  GALLERY,  120,  Pall  Mall,  S.W. 


EXHIBITION  OF  MODERN  FRENCH 
ETCH  INGS  AND  LITHOGRAPBS  by  GOYA,  ROPH,  FORAIN, 
TOULOUSE HCTRF.C,  COROT.  MILLET.  4c.  Now  open  at 
Mr.  R.  GUTEKUNSTS.  10,  Grafton  Street,  Bond  8treet,  W.  10-« 
Daily.    Saturdays  10-1. 


C6  Durational. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL— An  EXAMINA- 
TION to  FILL  UP  VACANT  SCHOLARSHIPS  AND 
EXHIBITIONS  will  be  held  on  JUNE  24.  25,  and  26.  191-L-For 
particulars  apply  by  letter  to  THE  BURSAR,  Little  Dean's  Yard, 
Westminster. 

HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


S 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGEXCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133  135.  REGENT  STREET,  W.,  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses.  Lady  Professors,  Teachers.  Chaperones.  Com- 
panions. Secret  iries.  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
oo  application  personal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
boors.  10-5  :  Saturdays.  10-1      Tel.  Regent  3827 


u 


^itnatiens  Unrant. 

NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  Post  of  UNIVERSITY' 
PR'iKE-^>K  OF  LATIN  tenable  at  BEDFORD  '  OLLEGE  K<>K 
WOMEN.  The  salary  will  be  6001.  a  year,  and  the  post  is  open  to 
Men  and  Women  equally 

Application"  together  with  copies  of  not  more  than  Hire* 
testimonials  and  the  names  of  not  more  than  three  references  (twelve 
copies  of  all  documents  .  must  be  received  not  later  than  On-  fir.t 
poet  on  HATCH  DAY  June  JO.  l'Ji4.hyTHK  A'  IDCMK  RFGI8TR  \H 
University  of  London  South  Kensington .  S  W  .  from  whom  fun  her 
particulars  may  be  obtained.  HENKY  A.  MIEKS.  Principal. 

NIVERSITY        OF         LONDON. 


U 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  po«t  of  UNIVERSITY 
PRoFF.-i.SOK  oF  (  HEMIHTHY  tenable  at  the  ROYAL  HOLLO 
WAY  COLLEGK.  The  post  is  open  to  Men  and  to  Women,  and  the 
■alary  will  he8O07.  a  year  in  the  case  of  a  Man.  or  in  the  case  of  a 
Woman  500L.  together  with  board  and  furnished  residence  during 
the  College  Terms.  Applications  (twelve  copies),  with  the  nann-i  of 
not  more  than  four  references,  mutt  be  rrceived  not  later  than  the 
first  post  on  JUNE  I .:.  1914.  by  THE  ACADEMIC  Ks  9181  RAR. 
University  of  London.  South  KenatngtsD.  8.W.,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained.    Testimonial  are  not  required. 

HENRY  A    MIERS.  Principal. 


u 


NIVERSITY    OF    BIRMINGHAM. 


FACULTY  OF  8CIENCE. 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  PHYSICS. 
The  Council  of  the  University  invites  applications  for  the  CHAIR 
OF  PHYSICS  vacant  by  tho  death  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Poynting,  F.U.S. 
The  stipend  offered  is  7502.  a  year. 

Applications  may  lie  accompanied  by  testimonials,  references,  or 
other  credentials,  and  should  be  received  by  the  undersigned  on  or 
before  THURSDAY.  October  18. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

-THE      UNIVERSITY        OF       SHEFFIELD. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  LECTURER  IN  PHILOSOPHY. 

The  Council  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  PHILOSOPHY. 
Salary  300!.  per  annum. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  9.  Further  particulars  may 
be  obtained  from  W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Registrar. 


UN 


IVERSITY       OF 


OXFORD. 


LECTURER  IN   FRENCH. 


The  Curators  of  the  Taylor  Institution  will  proceed,  at  the  end  of 
June,  to  the  election  of  a  LECTURER  IN  FRENCH,  to  enter  upon 
his  duties  in  Michaelmas  Term,  1914.  The  appointment  in  the  first 
instance  will  be  for  three  years,  with  an  annual  stipend  of  180?. 
inclusive  of  any  fees  paid  for  attendance  at  bis  Lectures  and  Classes. 
In  addition  to  his  statutory  duties  the  Lecturer  appointed  may  be 
required  to  take  the  tutorial  work  of  Honour  Students  not  exceeding 
twenty  in  number.  For  this  work  he  will  receive  an  extra  payment 
of  27.  a  Term  for  each  Student  assigned  to  him.  The  printed  con- 
ditions of  the  Lectureship  may  be  obtained  from  THE  SECRETARY 
TO  THE  CURATORS,  119,  Banbury  Road,  Oxford. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  accompanied  by 
testimonials,  should  be  addressed  to  THE  CURATORS,  Taylor 
Institution,  Oxford,  on  or  before  WEDNE8DAY,  June  17. 

BEDFORD       COLLEGE        FOR       WOMEN. 
(UNIVERSITY     OF    LONDON.) 
REGENT'S  PARK,   N.W 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  appointments  :— 

(1)  A8SISTANT-LECTURER  in  the  Department  of  ENGLISH 
LITERATURE.    Salary  1«57.  per  Session,  rising  to  2007. 

(21  ASSISTANT-LECTURER  iu  the  SM'oNDAKY  TRAINING 
DEPARTMENT  (special  subject  required  ('lassies  or  English).  Salary 
1657.  per  Session,  rising  to  200!. 

18)  ASSISTANT-LIBRARIAN.    Salary  S07.  per  Session. 

Six  copies  of  applications  and  of  not  more  than  three  recent  testi- 
monials should  lie  sent  not  later  than  SATURDAY.  June  20,  to  the 
undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

E.  T.  MiKNIGHT,  Secretary  of  Council. 


CONSERVATORIUM  OF  MU8IC 


N 


EW       SOUTH       WALES,       AUSTRALIA. 


Applications  are  invited  from  candidates  qualified  to  fill  the  Post 
of  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  CONSERVATORIUM  OF  MUSK'  OF 
NEW  SOUTH  WALES  ito  be  established  in  Sydney  under  the 
authority  of  the  Hon.  The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction).  Candi- 
dates must  be  thorough  practical  and  theoretical  Musicians,  and 
preference  will  be  shown  to  those  experienced  in  Orchestral  and 
Opera  work.  Evidence  of  age  and  of  attainments  and  experience 
must  be  submitted.  Ability  to  teach  in  English  indispensable.  The 
appointment  will  be  in  the  first  instance  for  a  period  of  five  years, 
and  the  salary  will  be  1,2507.  per  annum.  Cost  of  travelling  up  to 
100?.  will  be  allowed. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  by 
whom  applications,  accompanied  by  four  copies  of  each  testimonial 
submitted,  will  be  reneivetl  up  to  JUNE  30,  1914. 

AGENT-GENERAL  FOR  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

123,  Cannon  Street,  London,  B.C.,  June  3, 1914. 

^NORTHAMPTON       SCHOOL       OF       ART. 

The  Education  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  appointment 
of  HEAD  MASTER.  Applicants  should  be  qualified  as  required  by 
the  Regulations  of  the  Board  of  Education.  Salary  200*.  per  annum, 
lising  by  yearly  increments  of  107.  to  2001.  per  annum  Regard 
may  be  had  to  previous  experience  in  fixing  amount  of  commencing 
salary.  Further  particulars  and  a  form  of  application  may  he 
obtained  from  the  undersigned,  with  whom  applications  should  be 
lodged  not  later  than  JUNE  20.  nil  I. 

8TEWART  BEaTTIK.  Secretary  to  the  Committee. 

Borough  Education   Offices.  4.  Br,  Giles'  Street,  Northampton. 
May  28,  1914. 

DINGLEY     URBAN     DISTRICT    COUNCIL. 

TECHNICAL  AND  EVENING  SCHOOLS. 

WANTED,  on  JULY  1  next,  an  ORGANIZING  MASTER,  to 
take  charge  of  a  Technical  School  and  Eight  Evening  Continuation 
Schools.  Salary  UN.  a  year.  A  University  Degree  in  Selene*  and 
exi*-ri«-nce  in  teaching  and  In  Evening  School  wmk  essential  List  of 
duties  may  be  had  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom  applications  (by 
letter1,  stating  age.  qualifications,  and  exiwrience.  and  copies  of  two 
recent  testimonials,  should  b»  delivered  by  JUNE  B. 

ALFRED  PLATTS,  cleik  to  the  Council. 

Town  Hall,  Bingley. 

pOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 
Principal-.!.  P    HUDSON.   M  A     I  - 
IN-TRf  THK-i-i     IN     DRESSMAKING     AND     r-KKDLKWORK 
requirrd   lor  SEPTEMBER.      Sal.ry    1101 -For  further   partlcnUra 
apply  to  T.  THORP.  Secretary. 

rpHE  HIGH   SCHOOL   FOR  GIRLS,  DERBY. 

Owing  to  the  resignation  of  tbi  HEAD  MIHTRF8H.  the  Governors 
Invite  application*  for  tba  VAl  MM  V  Candldatea  must  be  member! 
of  the  I  nurch  of  England      Forma  of  application  and  full  particulars 

may  be  obtained  from  T .  WAl.ToN    I  Hose  Hill  Street,  Derby. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


COUNTY       BOROUGH       OF       MERTHYR 
TYDFIL. 
CYFARTHFA    CASTLE    MUNICIPAL   SECONDARY   SCHOOL 
FOR   GIRLS. 
WANTED,  to  commence  duties  in  SEPTEMBER,  a  MISTRESS  to 
teach  Commercial  Subjects  (including  Shorthand  and  Type-writing). 
Preference  given  to  candidates  with  University  training.     Experience 
of  similar  work  in  a  recognized  Secondary  School  essential.    Initial 
Balary  100!.  to  120!.  per  annum,  according  to  qualification  and  ex- 
perience. 

Application  forms  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed 
foolscap  envelope.  KHY'S  ELI  AS,  Director  of  Education. 

Town  Hall,  Mertbyr  Tydfil,  May  30,  1914. 

XT' AST     SUFFOLK     COUNTY      EDUCATION 

-L'  COMMITTEE. 

SIR  JOHN  LEMAN  SCHOOL.  BECCLES. 

ASSISTANT  MASTER  required  in  the  new  Secondary  8chool  after 
the  Summer  holidays.  Candidates  should  hold  a  University  Degree 
and  be  qualified  to  take  Mathematics  and  Latin  Ability  to  take 
Physical  Exercises  will  be  an  additional  qualification. 

Salary  1201.— 1507.  accordirg  to  experience.  Application  to  he  made 
on  the  prescribed  Form  21.  which  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt  of  a 
stamped  addressed  envelope  by  THE  SECRETARY',  Education 
Office,  County  Hall,  Ipswich. 


C 


OUNTY        OF        LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  position 
of  ASSISTANT  MASTER  to  take  Junior  Form  Work  at  STRAND 
SCHOOL. 

Candidates  mu6t  have  obtained  Honours  in  Mathematics  or  Classics 
in  a  Final  Examination  for  a  Degree  held  by  a  recognized  University, 
and  should  have  had  considerable  experience  in  1  o»er  Form  work. 
Knowledge  of  some  branch  of  Natural  History  would  be  au  additional 
qualification.    Games  desirable. 

Commencing  salary,  1507  to  2007.,  according  to  previous  experience, 
rising  to  3007.  by  yearly  increments  of  107. 

Applications  must  be  on  formB  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of 
the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope 
to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER.  London  County  Council,  Educa- 
tion Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.O.,  to  whom  they  must  be 
returned  by  11  a.m.  on  SATURDAY.  June  20,  1914.  Every  communi- 
cation must  be  marked  "  H.4."  on  the  envelope. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  a  candidate. 
No  candidate  is  eligible  who  is  related  to  a  member  of  the  Advisory 
Sub-Committee  of  the  School. 

LAURENCE  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C. 
June  4,  1914. 


G 


O  L 


UNIVERSITY    OF 

D  S  M  I  T  H  S' 


LONDON. 

COLLEGE. 


WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  next  in  a  full-lime  TEACHFR 
(Woman)  of  PHYSICAL  TRAINING  AND  HYOIKNE  on  the 
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4c,  preparatory  to  the  Higher  Froebel  Examination. 

Particulars  on  application  to  THE  WARDEN,  Goldsmiths  College, 
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c 


OUNTY      BOROUGH      OF      DERBY. 


ART  GALLERY  AND   MUSEUM. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  CURATOR. 


The  Free  Library,  Museum,  and  Art  Gallery  Committe  of  Derbv 
invite  applications  for  the  position  of  CURATOR  OF  THE  ART 
GALLERY  AND  MUSEUM.  Salary  2(107.  i  er  annum.  Applications, 
together  with  three  recent  testimonials,  to  be  addressed  to  the  <  hair- 
man.  Free  Library,  Derby,  not  later  than  JUNE  Hi  next. 

Particulars  as  to  duties  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

R.  B.  CHAMBERS,  chairman. 

Free  Library.  Derby. 


EEDS 


PUBLIC 


LIBRARIE 


The  Libraries  and  Arts  ( l(  mmittee  are  prepared  to  receive  applica- 
tion! for  the  appointment  of  a  .lUNI'Ht  ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN. 
Salary  S07  per  annum.     A  knowledge  of  c.i  ,|.,.wii-\    Dewei    Cll 
cation,  and  Public  Library  Method*  essential.     I  eiD  I  "-given 

to  candidates  possessing  the  Certificates  of  the  Library  .A 
AppUoationa  in  writing,  stMing  sge, experience,  nod  qualifications, 
si  lompsnied  by  not  more  than  three  recent    testimonials,  endorsed 
"  I  Ibrary  Assistant,     most  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  uot  later  than 
SATURDAY.  June'2n.  1914. 

THOMAS  W.  HAND.  City  Librarian. 

Public  Library,  deeds, 

OLD-ESTABLISHED    PUBLISHING    FIRM 
requires  a  PARTNER  who  ha»  Initiative,  practical  knowledge 

of   Publishing,  and  some  capital  -Apply  box   2062,  Alhcuteuui  Press, 

ii.  Bream  i  Buildings,  (  banoery  Lane,  London,  B.C 

A    PUBLISHER'S    RKADKR    is  required  by  a 
long-i  linn.    Musi  have  bad txperienos of  Um  work 

and  in-  ailllng  to  give  sfhols  iino      Apply,  staling experience  and 
ns,   also   salary  desired,    to    Box       St,    Atlieuieuin    Press, 
ll,  Bream  n  Buildings,  <  banoerj  I  ana,  London,  E  < 


^ntljors'  ^0mt5. 


THi:  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  aro  prepared  to 
oonsedsr  and  plana  M88.  foi  sari]  publication  l.lierary  work  of 
all  km. In  dealt  »i'li  ''V  sxperts  nbo  plans  Authors'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience,  -  i  Clement  s  Inn.  W. 


778 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


iHtscdlatuotts. 


LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at    the 
British   Museum.      Experience.      Testimonials.  —  N.  M.,  Box 
1995,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
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testimonials.  Type-writing —A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


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AUTHORS'     MSS.     Criticized,     Revised,     and 
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MSS.   and  Autograph   Letters  of  the  late 
EDWARD  DOWDES,  M.A.  Litt.D. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
TUESDAY,  June  9,  at  1  o'clock,  the  above  COLLECTION  of 
MANU8CRIPTS,  SIGNED  DOCUMENTS,  AND  AUTOGRAPH 
LETTERS;  also  Original  Sketches  by  George  Cruikshank  —  rare 
Early  Editions  of  Burns's  Poems,  4c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  removed,  from  Stowlangtoft  Hall, 
Bury  St.  Edmunds  (on  the  Sale  nf  the  Estate),  by  Order 
of  ARTHUR  MAITLAND  WILSON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C  ,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  June  10,  at  1  o'clock,  the  above  VALUABLE 
LIBRARY,  comprising  the  very  rare  Speculum  Christians,  William 
de  Machlinia,  circa  1483  — Melancthon's  Own  Copy  of  Erasmus,  with 
marginal  notes,  Basle  1518 -a  beautiful  set  of  Pickering's  Edition  of 
Bacon,  17  vols.,  large  paper,  russia  extra— Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy, 
Sentimental  Journey,  4c,  First  Fditions,  18  vols.,  contemporary 
calf— British  Essayists,  45  vols,  blue  straight  -  grain  morocco  — a 
set  of  Speeches,  60  vols.,  uniform  half  calf  —  Topographical  and 
Antiquarian  Works— Travel— Gould's  Birds  of  Asia,  7  vols. — Selby's 
Ornithology,  2  vols.,  folio,  and  Text  —  Elliot's  Monograph  of  the 
Pheasants,  2  vols.,  moroc:o  extra— Aiken's  Cockney's  Shooting  Season 
in  Suffolk,  original  wrapper  —  Surtees's  Sponge's  Sporting  Tour, 
First  Edition,  original  part6,  and  many  other  rare  books,  the  whole  in 
beautiful  condition. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

The  Modem  Library  of  the  late  J.    E.    BENTLEY,  Esq., 
removed  from  Hampstead. 

VTESSRS.    HODGSON    &    CO.    will   SELL  by 

i-T-L  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY,  June  11,  at  1  o'clock,  the  above  MODERN  LIBRARY, 
comprising  Ackermann's  Microcosm  of  London,  Original  Edition, 
3  vols.— a  Set  of  the  Diirer  Society's  Publications,  and  other  Books  on 
Art— Topography -Travel  —  Natural  History— The  Writings  of  Con- 
temporary Poets  and  Essayists  — First  Editions,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


Law  Books — Handsome   Mahogany  and  Oak  Bookcases, 
and  other  Library  Furniture 

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AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
THURSDAY,  June  18.  at  1  o'clock,  VAffUABLE  LAW  BOOKS, 
comprising  the  Professional  Library  of  Sir  Arthur  Moseley  Channell, 
and  other  Properties-also  several  HANDSOME  MAHOGANY  AND 
OAK  WINGED  BOOKCASES,  Writing  Tables,  and  other  Library 
and  Office  Furniture. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Works  of  Art. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  June  8.  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  WORKS  of  AKT,  comprising  the  Property  of  Mrs. 
LETCH  WORTH,  of  St.  John's  Vicarage,  Kingston-on-Thames;  the 
Property  of  Miss  LILIAN  OLSTON,  of  16.  Lowndes  Square,  S.W. ; 
the  Property  of  W.  D.  CRICK,  Esq.,  of  Northampton  ;  and  other 
Properties. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Books  and  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  h  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  June  10,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising 
the  Pr^pertv  of  the  late  R.  T.  PORTER,  Esq..  of  Beckenham  and 
Rochester,  Kent;  the  Property  of  A.  CHRISTIE  MILLER.  Esq,  of 
Britwell  Court,  Burnham.  Bucks  ;  the  Property  of  J.  E.  B.  COX  Esq  . 
of  Moxt  Mount,  Mill  Hill,  Middlesex;  the  Property  of  THOMAS 
BLISS,  Esq.  (deceased  I,  of  Conins«burgh,  Montpelier  Road,  Ealing.W  ; 
the  Property  of  the  late  J.  F.  KERRY,  Esq.,  the  Essex  Naturalist; 
the  Property  of  AUGUSTUS  ROCHE,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  and  other 
Properties 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 


s 


TEVENS'S    AUCTION    ROOMS. 

Established  1760. 
TUESDA  Y  next,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 
Curiosities. 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Rooms,  38.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  FLINT 
and  BONE  IMPLEMENTS  — Burmese  Carvings  — a  Collection  of 
Japanese  Sword  Furniture —  Canton  Enamel  —  SaUuma  Vases, 
Bronzes,  &c— Oil  Paintings  -  Coloured  and  other  Engravings  — Pewter 
and  Plated  Articles,  &c.  Also  a  choice  Collection  of  about  100  lots  of 
Japanese  Dwarf  Trees,  including  Maples,  Cedars,  Pines,  and  other 
varieties. 

On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on  application. 


WEDNESDAY  next,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 
Oriental    Curiosities. 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 

ANTIQUITIES  and  CURIOS  from  CHINA,  consisting  of  richly 
embroidered  Mandarin  Robes— Silver  Ornaments -Snuff  Bottles- 
important  Brass  Drum  taken  at  the  Fall  of  the  famous  stronghold  of 
Chung  Ngan  Kuang— Bronzes,  Jade,  and  other  Vases— Coins— Swords 
—  Chinese  Manuscripts  and  Books  —  Scrolls  —  Rhinoceros  Hide  — 
Lacquer  Ware— and  other  important  items. 
On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  on  application. 


Engravings,  including  the  Property  of  a  Gentleman  removed 
from  Hampshire. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House, 47,  Leicester  8quare.  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  June  12, 
at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely.  ENGRAVINGS  as  above,  com- 
prising Portraits  in  Mezzotint,  Line,  and  Colours— F^ncy  Subjects  of 
the  Early  English  and  French  Schoi  Is-  Caricatures— Topography,  Ac. ; 
also  Mrdern  Etchings  and  Engravings,  including  Isle  de  la  Cite— 
Paris,  by  J.  Whistler,  a  fine  impression  of  the  only  state,  very  rare- 
La  Stryge,  by  C.  Meryon.  second  state  on  Japan  paper— others  by  and 
after  Samuel  Palmer,  Turner,  Seymour  Haden,  Wilmore,  Godall, 
Gaujean.  J.  Jacquet,  Mei6sonier,  J.  B.  Pratt.  H.  8.  Bridgwater, 
Sydney  Wilson,  and  many  others,  mostly  signed  artist's  proofs— and 
Water-Colour  Drawings  and  Paintings  by  well-known  artists. 

Baxter  Colour  Prints,  including  the  Property  of  a  well- 
known  Collector  and  from  various  sources. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  willSELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  8quare,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY. 
June  23,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely.  BAXTER  COLOUR 
PRINTS  as  above,  comprising  Portraits,  Views,  Needle  Box  Prints. 
Book  with  Illustrations,  Pocket  Book  Plates,  Naval  and  Military 
Scenes,  &c.  ;   also  a  small  Collection  of  Le  Blond  Colour  Prints. 


Engravings  of  the  Early  English  School,  including  the 
Property  of  a  Gentleman  removed  from  Hampshire,  and 
the  Property  of  a  well-known  Collector  removed  from 
Folkestone. 

PUTTICK  &SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY, 
June  26.  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  FINE  ENGRAVINGS 
of  the  Early  English  and  French  Schools,  as  above,  comprising 
Portraits,  Fancy  Subjects,  American,  Colonial,  and  European  Views, 
&c. 

Valuable  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late  Sir 
HUBERT  JERNINGHAM,  K.C.M.G.,  removed  from 
Longridge  Towers,  Berwick-on-Tiveed. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  at  the  END  OF 
JUNE,  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  the  above  Library,  further 
particulars  of  which  will  be  duly  announced. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  M ANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St. 
James's  Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely :— 

On  MONDAY,  June  8,  OLD  PICTURES. 

On  TUESDAY,  June  9,  a  CASKET  of  important 

JEWEL*,  the  Property  of  a  LADY,  deceased,  and  JRWEL8,  the 
Property  of  Mrs.  CHARLES  WERTHEIMER.  Lieut-Col.  H.  B  L. 
HUGHES,  and  others. 

On   WEDNESDAY,   June    10,    and    Following 

Day,  a  COLLECTION  of  PORCELAIN  and  FURNITURE,  the 
Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 

On  FRIDAY,  June  12,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  COACHING  and  HUNTING  PICTURES. 


printers. 


A  THEN^UM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

J\.  FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athenaeum,  Notes  and  Queries.  4c..  is 
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100  Illustrations,  Maps  and  Plans,  3s.  6d. 

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781 


S.4  TURDA  T,  JUNE  6,  1914. 


CONTENTS.  PAOH 

PRAGMATISM  and  the  Ego  (Pragmatism  and  Ideal- 
ism :  The  Kgo  and  its  Place  in  the  World)        ..     7si 
MBCBANISN  and    Consciocsness   (The    Problem    of 
Individuality  ;  Mechanism,  Life,  and  Personality  ; 
The  Concept  of  Consciousness)  . .         . .        782 — 78.'! 

Enc  yci.op.f.dia  ok  the  Philosophical  Sciences  ..    788 

The  Philosophy  or  Relic  ion 784 

KBATS  Kei.ics  at  Uampstbad       Tsl 

The  Ace  ok  Erasmus  785 

The  German  Lykic 786 

CL4Y  and  Firs  7S6 

The  staiesm Alfs  Year-Book.  1911        787 

Memories  ok  John  Wkstlakk 787 

The  Gkekn  Roads  ok  England  788 

Fkom  Russia  to  siam        78s 

Pnii.ii's's  My  Varied  Life  789 

Mother  Mabel  Digby        ~    789 

BOMANCI  01   THE  Newfoundland  Cariboc  ..     790 

Fiction  (The  Quick  and  the  Dead  ;  A  Mother  in  Exile; 
Sunrise  Valley;  Marmot — andher  Judges  ;  Desmond 

O'Connor) 791 

Books  Published  this  Week  (English,  792 ;  Foreign, 

794)       ..  792—794 

Sonnet;  Chaccbr  and  Westminster  Abbey;  John 
Pepys,  the  Father  ok  the  Diarist,  and  St. 
Bride's;    Edmund    Burke's    Letters;    Book 

sale  794—795 

Literary  Gossip        ..  795 

Science  —  X-Rays  ;  A  Text-Book  ok  Geology; 
Pkok.  Kulpe  on  Psychology  and  .Esthetics  ; 
societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  796—799 
Fine  Arts  — The  Cemeteries  ok  Abydos  ;  The 
Landscapes  ok  Corot  ;  Sculpture  at  the 
Royal  academy  ;  Gossip       ..       ~  799—801 

Music— Opera  at  Drury  Lane  ;  Opera  at  Covent 
Garden  ;  Gossip  ; '  Musical  Interpretation'  ; 
Performances  Next  Week  ~        ..  801—802 

Drama— The  Origin  of  Attic  Comedy  ;  Plaster 

saints;  Gossip 803—801 

Index  to  Advertisers       804 


LITERATURE 


PRAGMATISM   AND  THE  EGO. 

The  title  of  Prof.  Caldwell's  book, 
'  Pragmatism  and  Idealism,'  is  attractive. 
Pragmatism  is  many  things  to  many  men, 
and  all  things  to  its  enemies.  Signor 
Croce  calls  it  "  the  school  of  the  greatest 
confusion,"  and  it  is  certainly  an  accom- 
modating doctrine,  or  shall  we  say  a 
many-sided  one  ?  We  have  to-day  really 
not  one  Pragmatism,  but  several.  The 
Pragmatists  are  a  band  of  condot  fieri, 
united  in  an  offensive  alliance  against 
Absolutism  and  Rationalism,  rather  than 
a  school  ;  and  it  is  thought  by  some 
that,  having  accomplished  their  original 
object  in  some  degree,  they  are  even 
now  beginning  to  display  the  customary 
<li-sidence  of  dissent,  and  departing  on 
their  separate  ways.  This  may  or  may 
not  be  so  ;  in  any  case  it  does  not 
matter  now.  The  important  thing  is  that 
in  the  past  Pragmatism  lias  presented 
an  amazing  variety  of  doctrine,  and  a 
diversity  which  makes  it  very  hard  for 
an  ordinary  person  to  get  a  complete  or 
connected  notion  of  the  ground  which  it 
covers.  Pierce's  famous  article  will  not 
help  him  very  much,  nor  even  James's 
California  pamphlet.  What  he  really 
needs  is  a  textbook  like  the  volume 
before  us  to  supply  him  with  a  map  and  a 
'  Who    s  Who  '  of  Pragmatism. 

Pragmatism    and    Idealism.       By    William 

Caldwell.     (A.  &  C.  Black,  6*.  net.) 

The   Ego  and  its  Place    in  the   World.     Bv 

Charles  Cray  Shaw.    (Allen  &•  Co.,  12*.  6d. 
net.) 


Prof.  Caldwell,  without  doubt,  has 
written  a  very  useful  book,  and  as  im- 
partial a  one  as  can  be  expected,  short  of  a 
miracle.  The  only  danger  is  that  such  a 
work  makes  it  too  easy  for  the  blockhead 
to  live  intellectually  like  a  gentleman 
without  the  sweat  of  the  brow,  and  to 
astonish  his  grandmother  for  weeks  to- 
gether with  a  knowledge  of  names  and  the 
titles  of  books  and  articles  from  magazines. 
This,  however,  is  a  danger  which  must  be 
faced,  and  we  must  be  thankful  that  Prof. 
Caldwell  has  made  an  enthusiastic  study 
of  Pragmatism,  and  absorbed  a  good  deal 
of  M.  Bergson,  without  forgetting  Kant, 
or  losing  his  respect  for  the  distinction 
between  origin  and  validity.  He  finds  it 
necessary  to  harass  Dr.  Bosa  liquet  at 
frequent  intervals,  to  tear  in  minute  frag- 
ments the  first  volume  of  his  Gilford  Lec- 
tures, and  to  crow  not  a  little  over  Mr. 
Bradley's  concessions  to  Pragmatism.  Yet 
he  does  not  forswear  Idealism  in  every 
shape  and  form.  There  is  virtue  in  this. 
No  one,  again,  could  be  more  sympathetic 
towards  James,  but  he  lets  it  be  clearly 
seen  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  subject 
James  to  the  methods  of  Aristotelian  and 
Biblical  exegesis  to  find  out  that  his 
theories  of  knowledge  and  reality  are 
numerous  and  unsatisfactory,  and  that 
his  later  doctrine  of  "  radical  empiricism  " 
— the  discovery  that 

"  the  relations  between  things,  conjunctive 
as  well  as  disjunctive,  are  just  as  much 
matters  of  direct  particular  experience, 
neither  more  nor  less  so,  than  the  things 
themselves  " — 

amounts  almost  to  "  a  new  Humism,"  an 
attempt  to  explain  knowdedge  and  ex- 
perience without  first  principles,  and  a 
philosophic  felo-de-se. 

Humanism,  in  the  person  of  Dr.  Schiller 
among  others,  holds  that  the  roots  of  meta- 
physics lie  in  ethics,  towards  which  the 
intellectualist  is  a  very  Gallio.  But  Prof. 
Caldwell  points  out  the  entirely  unethical 
character  of  many  Pragmatist  doctrines. 
Xot  a  few  of  them  tend  to  the  view  that 
life  is  a  series  of  adventures  of  one  kind  or 
the  other,  in  which  the  "  tough-minded," 
to  use  James's  own  word,  come  off  well  by 
themselves,  and  the  others  need  some  sort 
of  prop  and  stay — religion,  for  instance. 
This  is  the  philosophy  of  the  picaro,  or, 
in  a  cruder  form,  the  doctrine  of  "  seeing 
life  " — a  comfortable  doctrine,  but  not 
peculiarly  ethical.  Prof.  Caldwell  con- 
demns the  work  of  Dr.  Dewey  and  Prof. 
Tufts,  as  he  does  that  of  Dr.  Bosanquet 
also,  because  it  presents  no  tolerable  theory 
of  the  distinct  ion  bet  ween  right  and  wrong. 
Development,  and  liberation,  and  growth, 
and  fruitfulness,  and  experimentation  may 
lead  anywhere;  and  the  answer  that  any- 
thing is  moral  which  makes  possible 
"  a  transition  from  individualism  to  effi- 
cient social  personality  "  leaves  the  ques- 
tion of  the  standard  of  efficiency  unsolved, 

and  hardly  hints  at  a  solution.  A  good 
deal  of  the  trouble  springs  from  the  fact 
that,  when  all  is  said,  the  psychology  of 
ethics  is  not  the  theory  of  ethics. 

The  chief  defect  of  the  book,  it  appears 
to  us.  is  its  scanty  treatment  of  the  affilia- 
tions of  Pragmatism  to  older  philosophies, 


though  there  are  plenty  of  sound  observa- 
tions upon  its  relation  to  Anglo-Hege- 
lianism  and  Bergsonism.  The  chapter  on 
Pragmatism  as  the  philosophy  of  America 
we  cannot  commend.  But  as  a  whole 
the  book  is  a  careful  and  competent 
piece  of  work,  showing  considerable  origin- 
ality and  freshness  in  its  treatment  of  the 
commonplaces  of  controversy.  The  notes 
are  not  the  least  valuable  part  of  it. 

Mr.  Shaw's  book  on  '  The  Ego  and  its 
Place  in  the  World '  is  a  more  solid  work 
than  most  of  its  school.  The  egoistic 
philosophers  are,  for  the  most  part,  better 
at  dogmatizing  than  at  arguing.  The 
strength  of  Herr  Stirner,  for  example,  lies 
far  more  in  the  skill  and  force  with  which 
he  elaborates  the  themes  of  self-affirmation 
and  revolt  than  in  any  metaphysical  basi-. 
Mr.  Shaw,  on  the  other  hand,  works  up  to 
the  egoistic  conclusion  by  those  means 
which  are  at  the  disposal  of  the  ordinary 
philosopher.  Hence  the  contrast  between 
"  The  Ego  and  his  Own  '  and  '  The  Ego  and 
its  Place  in  the  World.'  How  brisk  and 
cheerful  is  the  one  !  how  sober  and  scho- 
lastic the  other  !  Herr  Stirner  is  a  fanatic 
so  absorbed  in  his  own  ideas  that  when  he 
speaks  he  is  merely  musing  aloud  ;  his 
book  has  all  the  virtues  and  vices  of  a 
soliloquy.  Mr.  Shaw  is  just  as  much  in 
earnest,  but  for  his  own  satisfaction  he 
finds  it  necessary  to  state  his  case  in  a  con- 
secutive and  orderly  way,  and  with  the 
dignity  which  is  usually  considered  proper 
to  philosophy.  He  is,  moreover,  as  dis- 
tinctly intellectualist  in  his  habit  of  mind 
as  Herr  Stirner  is  irrationalist. 

His  book  is  of  prodigious  length,  and 
the  stages  of  the  argument  could  not 
be  adequately  summarized  in  less  space 
than  an  entire  number  of  this  journal. 
Mr.  Shaw's  scrupulous  honesty  in  referring 
to  their  source  those  ideas  which  he  has 
borrowed  or  illustrated  from  obscure 
predecessors — Scotus  Erigena,  Geulincx,  or 
another — should  not  blind  the  reader  to 
the  originality  of  many  of  his  speculations. 
We  must  be  content  to  indicate  a  few  of 
the  main  characteristics  of  his  book  in  a 
general  way. 

Its  purpose  is  to  show  that,  though  "  the 
landscape  as  such  is  not  a  state  of  the  soul, 
nor  is  the  world-whole  at  the  bottom  of  the 
ego's  heart,"  the  ultimate  meaning  of  the 
world  is  such  as  to  render  necessary  the 
participation  of  the  self.  Idealism,  for 
instance,  fails  because1  it  casts  doubt  on  the 
reality  of  the  world  without  creating  a 
belief  in  the  self.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
Mr.  Shaw's  world,  despite  his  egoism,  is  not 
ego-centric  ;     hence  his  confident    handling 

of  the  problem  of  solipsism,  and  his  escape 
through  activism  from  the  moral  Bolipsism 
into  which  egoism  may  easily  fall.  The 
basis  of  his  system  is  the  distinction  of 
three  realms  of  being  :  appearance,  which 
is  associated  with  the  a-sthetic  type  of 
inner  life  and  the  feeling  of  super- 
abundance .  activity,  the  ethical  side  of 
man,  witli  which  goes  the  feeling  <>t 
sufficiency  ;  and  reality,  the  religious  and 
spiritual  side,  in  which  the  feeling  of  want 

leads   from   appearance  and   activity   to 

something  beyond.     Space  he  finds  to  be 


782 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4519,  Jink  6,  1914 


phenomenalistic,  while  time  Ls  activistic, 
and  therefore  endures  through  two  stages 
of  reality,  and  gives  way  to  eternity  at  the 
third  Thinghood  is  an  active  principle, 
and  reality  the  ability  to  have  states  On 
such  lines'  he  proceeds  to  examine  all  the 
customary  problems  of  metaphysics  and 
moulds  them  to  fit  into  his  egoistic  scheme 
with  a  very  fair  measure  of  success. 

We  wonder  what  will  be  the  fate  of  this 
book  Probably  it  will  attract  less  atten- 
tion than  it  deserves,  for  the  egoistic  move- 
ment has  hitherto  been  literary  and  not 
philosophical,  and  it  squares  but  ill  with 
any  of  the  dominant  tendencies  of  abstract 
thought.  Mr.  Shaw's  style  does  not 
recommend  his  work.  It  is  pointed  and 
forcible  only  on  occasions  ;  too  often  his 
phrasing  is' clumsy,  and  he  is  nearly  as 
diffuse  as  Dr.  Rovce.  One  thing  struck  us 
as  remarkable  in  a  philosopher  who  prac- 
tises in  America :  he  mentions  Pragmatism 
never,  and  James  only  once.  The  style  of 
James  would  have  been  a  wonderful  help 
to  him. 


MECHANISM  AND  CONSCIOUSNESS. 

The  subject  of  '  The  Problem  of  Individu- 
ality,' which  is  a  course  of  four  lectures 
delivered  before  the  University  of  London 
in  October,  1913,  is,  as  has  been  stated 
by  Prof.  Driesch,  one  which  seems  to  have 
a'  special  fascination  for  English  students 
of  philosophy.  This  is  the  more  remark- 
able since  we  are  considered  an  essentially 
practical  people,  and  the  problem  of 
individuality  is  not  one  that  is  ever  likely 
to  receive  a  definite  scientific  solution. 

The  point  at  issue  throughout  is  the 
question   whether   the    manifestations    of 
life  can  be  sufficiently  explained  on  the 
theory  of  a  machine,  i.e.,  by  a  mechanical 
conception  of  phenomena,  or  whether  it 
is  necessary  to  postulate  a  further  force, 
superior    to,     and     independent     of,    the 
physico-chemical  forces  which  govern  the 
rest  of  the  Cosmos.     It  is,  in  fact,  the  old 
question  as  to  the  existence  of  a  special 
vital    force    which     differentiates     living 
protoplasm  from  all  other  forms  of  matter. 
Of  recent  years,  with  increasing  knowledge 
of  the  causation  of  some  of  the  phenomena 
of  life,  the  vitalistic  hypothesis  has  been 
pushed   more   and   more   into    the   back- 
ground, one  fact  after  another  being  found 
to  be  explainable  by  the  ordinary  laws  of 
nature.     Prof.  Driesch,  however,  has  been 
a  lifelong  supporter  of  the  vitalistic  theory, 
and  in  these  lectures  he  follows  out  the 
same  lines  of  thought  as  in  his  Gifford 
Lectures  of  1907-8.     It  may  be  admitted 
that  on  either  hypothesis  much   remains 
to   be   explained  ;      but   whereas   on   the 
mechanistic  theory  of  life,  so  far  as  it  goes, 
we   know   something   of   the   forces   with 

The  Problem  of  Individuality  :  a  Course  of 
Four  Lectures  delivered  before  the  University 
of  London,  October,  1913.  By  Hans 
Driesch.     (Macmil'an  &  Co.,  3s.  6d.  net.) 

Mechanism,  Life,  and  Personality.  P>v  J.  S. 
Haldane.     (John  Murray,  2s.  6c?.  net.) 

The  Concept  of  Consciousness.  By  Edwin 
B.  Holt.     (Allen  &  Co.,  12s.  6d.  net.) 


which  we  are  dealing,  those  who  adopt  a 
vitalistic  conception  have  to  postulate  a 
force,  sui  generis,  the  existence  and  mode 
of  action  of  which  are  purely  hypothetical. 
In  the  first  two  lectures  Prof.  Driesch 
reverts  to  the  facts  in  support  of  his  theory 
derived  from  his  biological  researches  into 
the  development  of  the  embryo.  These 
are  too  technical  for  description  here  ;  but 
he  argues  that  a  "  harmonious  equi- 
potential  system  "  such  as  he  has  demon- 
strated the  blastula  to  be,  in  which  "  every 
cell  of  the  original  system  can  play  every 
single  role  in  morphogenesis,"  renders  a 
mechanical  hypothesis  as  an  embryo- 
logical  theory  an  absurdity.  But  he  does 
not  criticize  the  experiments  which  suggest 
that  the  formation  of  complete  embryos 
from  fragments  is  due  to  the  spherical  form 
which  the  fragments  assume  owing  to  the 
surface-tension  of  the  protoplasm.  The 
author  is  constrained  by  his  line  of  argu- 
ment to  treat  recent  Mendelian  researches 
into  the  material  conditions  of  inheritance 
as  comparatively  unimportant : — 

"  If,  now,  we  have  said  that,  for  very 
important  reasons,  the  egg  cannot  be  regarded 
as  the  bearer  of  an  embryological  machine, 
that  is  as  much  as  to  say  that  all  Mendelian 
and  cytological  investigations  about  heredity, 
irrespective  of  their  great  and  undeniable 
importance,  yet  cover  but  one  half  of  the 
field.  Though  there  are  material  units, 
transferred  from  one  generation  to  the  next 
.  .  .  .these  material  conditions  are  not  the 
main  thing.  Some  agent  that  arranges  is 
required,  and  this  arranging  agent  in  inherit- 
ance cannot  be  of  a  machine-like,  physico- 
chemical  character." 

There  is  some  slight  evidence,  however, 
that  it  is.   It  is  true  that  in  nearly  all  cases 
the  chemical  substances  carrying  a  cha- 
racter   have    to    be    identified,    also    the 
mechanism  by  which  they  give  rise  to  the 
character  ;  but  in  one  or  two  instances  this 
has  been  tentatively  done.     The  Professor 
urges,  further,  that  the  individual  "  is  the 
sovereign  of  the  results  of  his  personal  his- 
tory "  ;  it  seems  more  likely  to  the  present 
reviewer — and  here  opinions   differ  to  a 
marked   degree — that   he   is    the   sum   of 
his  "  hereditary  "  history.     How    a   man 
acts,  and  what  he  does  in  given  circum- 
stances, depends  more  upon  what  he  has 
derived  from  his  forbears  than  upon  the 
influence    of   environment   upon    himself. 
Hence  it  does  not  seem  correct  to  say  that 
;'  in  action  nothing  is  fixed  in  the  sense  of 
what  fixation  means  in  anything  like  a 
machine."     It   is   curious   to   notice   that 
Prof.  Driesch  puts  aside,  of  set  purpose, 
any  support  that  might  be  obtained  for 
his  views  from  the  psychical  side  of  mental 
phenomena,  such  as  the  work  of  the  Society 
for    Psychical    Research.     He    does    not 
think  things  are  yet  ripe  for  "  theory." 
On  the  other  hand,  it  has  always  seemed 
to  the  present  writer  that  the  emotional 
and  a?sthetic  sides  of  life,  when  impartially 
studied,    almost    demand    a    supernormal 
explanation,  or  at  least  are  a  real  stumb- 
ling-block in  the  way  of  a  mechanical  one. 
The  last  two  lectures  are  chiefly  con- 
cerned   with    philosophical    rather    than 
biological    arguments    in    support   of    the 
truth  of  vitalism.     In  the  third  the  author 
develops  his  general  theory  of   Becoming, 


as  explained  more  fully  in  his  '  Ordnungs- 
lehre  '  (1912);  and  the  fourth  is  devoted 
to  a  discussion  of  the  problem  of  Monism. 
His  ultimate  conclusion  and  final  sentences 
are  worth  quoting  : — 

"  What  is  not  a  mere  belief  and  not  a 
matter  of  feeling  is  the  existence  of  factual 
wholeness  in  Nature,  the  existence  of  some- 
thing that  is  certainly  more  than  a  mere  sum. 
And  to  have  proved  this,  and  thus  to  have 
given  a  sound  foundation  to  all  further 
speculations  about  natural  and  metaphysical 
wholeness,  is  the  merit  of  vitalism." 

We  lay  down  this  little  volume  with  the 
reflection  that  the  problem  of  individuality 
is  still  unsolved,  but  that  Prof.  Driesch  is- 
an  illuminating  and  valued  guide  along 
the  road  he  has  marked  out  for  himself 
as  the  best. 

We  are  startled  by  the  concluding 
sentence  of  Prof.  Haldane's  '  Mechanism, 
Life,  and  Personality  ' :  "  This  world,  with 
all  that  lies  within  it,  is  a  spiritual' 
world  "  ;  for  nothing,  not  even  the  pre- 
ceding sentences,  had  prepared  us  for  it. 
The-  four  lectures  here  presented  support 
the  theory  that  the  mechanistic  conception 
of  life  is  a  delusion  and  they  lead  to  the 
idea  of  personality  as  "  the  great  central 
fact  of  the  Universe."  Starting  from  a 
physiological  basis,  Dr.  Haldane  denies 
that  the  latest  theories  tend  to  verify 
mechanism,  and  remarks  that 

"  it  does  not  follow  at  all  that  because 
physiology  makes  use  of  physical  and 
chemical  knowledge  and  methods,  it  must 
be  no  more  than  physics  and  chemistry." 

The  first  lectures,  dealing  Avith  biology 
and  physiology  in  their  latest  aspects,  are 
good,  but  the  author  is  more  expert  in 
science  than  in  philosophy,  and  the 
remaining  lectures  show  this  by  a  certain 
vagueness  and  confused  wording  ;  and  his 
definitions  or  descriptions  scarcely  express 
his  thought.     The  following — 

"  Personality  is  living,  suffering,  rejoicing,, 
and  working  existence.  This  idea  is  clearly 
embodied  in  the  Christian  conception  of 
God,  and  when  we  try  to  penetrate  through, 
the  sensuous  mist  which  blurs  that  concep- 
tion, we  can  see  that  our  discussion  has 
brought  us  very  near  to  it  " — 

is  an  example ;  nowhere  else  does  he 
mention  the  "  Christian  conception  of 
God  "  ;  so  we  remain  in  the  "  sensuous 
mist." 

Here  and  there,  however,  illuminating 
ideas,  typical  of  modern  philosophical 
thought,  gleam  amidst  the  blur.  We  are- 
told,  for  instance,  that  "the  personality 
of  any  individual  is  the  spiritual  inheritance 
of  ages,"  and 

"  just  as  the  organism  belongs  to  the  species 
and  can  only  be  understood  as  participating 
in  its  life,  so  the  individual  person  lives  not 
merely  his  own  individual  life,  but  the  life  of 
the  race." 

The  author  recognizes  that  "  the  pro- 
gress of  philosophy  has  been  as  continuous 
as  the  progress  of  science,"  and  he  adopts 
from  M.  Bergson  the  theory  that  "  the 
sciences  are  built  up  on  ideas  which  have 
their  roots  in  practical  human  needs.' r 
However,  the  book  is  not  arresting  as  a 
whole,   and   chooses    a    devious    way    to* 


No.  4519,  June  (5.   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


783 


enunciate  the  doctrine  that  "  personality 
is  the  great  central  fact  of  the  Universe." 

Mr.  Holt,  it'  we  remember  rightly,  was 
one  of  the  live  "  New  Realists  "  who  issued 
a  collective  manifesto  not  long  ago  in 
The  Journal  of  Philosophy  and  Scientific 
Methods.  His  book  on  'The  Concept  of 
Consciousness,'  though  it  was  actually 
written  several  years  before,  is  quite  in 
the  same  spirit,  though  less  careful  and 
guarded  in  its  language,  and  hardly  of 
the  same  importance.  It  is  a  brisk  and 
pleasantly  abusive  piece  of  work,  showing 
■great  vigour  and  independence  of  thought, 
.and  a  considerable  power  of  illustration 
and  exposition — such  a  work,  in  fact,  as 
the  best  of  the  younger  American  phi- 
losophers have  now  accustomed  the 
world  to  expect  of  them.  Mr.  Holt 
has  all  their  scorn  of  idealism  ; 
K>me  things  really  are  mind,  therefore  all 
things  cannot  be.  And  in  the  same  way  he 
ia  moved  to  describe  the  Cartesian  theory 
of  knowledge  as  too  ridiculous  to  be  worthy 
of  mention.  After  this  the  more  sober 
kind  of  reader  will  be  relieved  to  hear  that 
the  influence  of  Prof.  Royce  is  clearly  dis- 
cernible in  the  general  drift  of  the  book, 
though  not  so  strongly  as  the  influence  of 
Prof.  Munsterberg  and  William  James.  Mr. 
Holt  finds  that  the  one  universal  substance 
— if,  indeed,  it  be  substance — is  "  neutral " ; 
"'  the  infinite  mosaic  of  being  "  is  neither 
objective  nor  subjective,  but  it  is  neutral, 
and 

'•  that  thinking  of  ours  which  we  call  deduc- 
tive, our  coherent  thinking,  does  but  follow 
alter  the  intrinsic  activity  of  the  neutral 
•entities.  They  develope  of  their  own  motion 
those  portions  of  any  system  which  we,  in 
our  deductive  thinking,  call  the  logical  con- 
sequences. 

It  is  interesting  to  see  how  greatly 
deduction  has  risen  in  the  world  since  the 
days  of  Mill,  when  it  was  relegated  almost 
I  '  the  place  of  repetition  and  tautology,  or 
worse.       In    Mr.    Holt's    view,    any   true 

-tern  of  being  arises  from  a  certain 
Given  consisting  of  terms  and  propositions, 
which  generate  all  other  terms  and  pro- 

dtions  in  the  system,  and  the  act  by 
which  the  mind  explores  those  parts  of 
the  system  which  follow  from  the  Given 
is  called  deduction. 

Consciousness,  the  nominal  subject  of 
this  somewhat  discursive  treatise,  is 
simply 

" a   cpo <-tion    of    the   infinite   realm   of 

being,  and   a  cross-section   thai    is  defined 
by  the  responses  of  a  nervous  organism." 

These  views  are  illustrated  and  ex- 
pounded with  great  diligence,  and  their 

ieral  novelty  is  a  sufficient  excuse  for 
Mr.  Holt's  new  terminology,  though,  like 
most  new  terminologies,  it  naturally  leases 
on  the  reader's  mind  the  impression  that  it 

te  round  more  difficulties  than  it  gets 
over.  When  all  is  -aid,  the  conclusions 
are  original  enough  to  be  into 
and  the  hook  stirs  up  the  mind  to  think 
aboul  some  of  the  theories  which  wc 
unconsciously  take  for  facts.  That  is 
more  than  we  can  say  of  many  books  of 
philosophy. 


Encyclopaedia  of  the  Philosophical  Sciences, 

By  Arnold  Ruge  and  Others. — Vol.  I. 
Logic.  Translated  by  B.  Ethel  Meyer. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  7s.  6o\  net.) 

It  was  once  the  opinion  of  many  that  the 
purpose  of  logic  is  to  make  us  logical — 
in  the  plain  man's  sense  of  being  tidy, 
orderly,  and  consecutive  in  our  mental 
habits.  If  this  view  is  still  held,  it  is  no 
fault  of  the  logicians,  few  of  whom  sup- 
port it  by  their  theory  or  exemplify  it  in 
their  practice.  They  have,  perhaps,  a 
feeling  that  logic,  unlike  charity,  should 
not  begin  at  home — for  fear  that  it  should 
stay  there.  Certainly  we  might  judge 
from  this  book  that  the  editors  of  the 
'  Encyclopaedia  '  think  so,  for  we  never 
saw  a  work  which  claimed  to  survey  and 
cover  the  ground  of  any  science,  philo- 
sophical or  otherwise,  and  was  so  lacking 
in  plan  and  structure.  If  the  editor  of 
Mind  were  merely  to  print  in  a  single 
number  of  his  journal  contributions  on 
any  logical  subjects  by  half  a  dozen  of 
the  best  logicians  he  could  get,  they 
would  not  form  less  of  a  unity  than  this. 

We  are  inclined  to  think  that  a  real 
Encyclopaedia  of  Philosophy  is  impossible 
unless  it  be  the  work  of  one  man,  as  Hegel's 
was,  or  of  a  body  of  persons  holding  similar 
opinions,  whereas  in  the  volume  before  us 
the  contributors  were  surely  chosen  on  the 
principle  that  no  two  of  them  could  pos- 
sibly agree.  Herr  Ruge  in  his  editorial 
apology  defends  this  on  the  ground  that, 
while  unity  a  -parte  subjecti  is  lost,  the 
unity  of  philosophy  a  parte  objecti  is 
emphasized  by  the  variety  and  divergence 
of  philosophers.  In  our  early  studies  of 
Roman  history  we  heard  of  a  man  who 
had  each  of  his  limbs  tied  to  a  chariot, 
and  then  felt  each  chariot  drive  off  a 
different  way  ;  but  surely  he  did  not  feel 
that  his  unity  was  being  emphasized 
thereby.  More  doubtful  still  is  the  editor's 
plea  that  the  choice  of  authors  was  in- 
evitable, as  being,  in  fact,  the  choice  of 
the  present  age.  Why,  in  the  first  place, 
should  he  accept  its  decision  ?  and  how,  in 
the  second  place,  does  one  become  aware 
of  it  ?  Any  one  who  is  acquainted  with 
current  English  thought  may  well  feel 
that  room  might  have  been  found  for  Dr. 
Bosanquet  or  Dr.  Schiller;  and  other- 
names  will  suggest  themselves  to  those 
who  are  familiar  with  the  work  of  other 
nations. 

We  may  say,  however,  thai  our  dis- 
satisfaction with  the  structure  of  the  hook 
in  no  way  lessens  OUT  appreciation  of  the 
individual    importance    of    the    six    essays 

which  it  contains.    Herr  Windelband  opens 

the  symposium  with  a  critical  survey  of 
logical  principles  which  covers  a  good  deal 
of  ground,  anil  lays  proper  stress  upon 
essentials.  He  looks  at  logic  primarily 
from  tlii-  side  of  Epistemology,  and  si 

in  the  doctrine  of  Categories  the  climax 
of  logical  theory.  We  like  especially 
his  clear  Btatement    of  the   three   kinds  of 

thought-relation  between  the  particular 
and  tin-  universal  in  the  fundamental 
forms  of  special  science  ;  that  for  mathe- 
matics it   is  a  relation  of  magnitude,  of 


part  and  whole;  for  natural  science  the 
particular- is  explained  when  it  is  shown  to 
be  a  special  case  of  the  universal  ;  while 
for  the  sciences  of  humanity  the  necessary 
category  is  that  of  the  concrete  universal. 
His  obiter  dicta,  too,  an;  often  good;  as, 
for  instance,  his  remark  that  Pragmatism 
with  all  its  rhetoric  has  its  home  in  a  niche 
at  the  entrance-porch  of  Logic — a  sort 
of  Cerberus,  we  suppose,  to  frighten 
mortals  from  the  infernal  regions  of  the 
science. 

Prof.  Royce,  who  also  writes  upon  the 
principles,  occupies  rather  more  space  to 
rather  less  purpose.  His  treatment  of 
induction  is  the  most  interesting  part 
of  his  essay.  Rejecting  the  Uniformity  of 
Nature  and  the  Principle  of  Sufficient 
Reason  as  inadequate,  he  follows  Pierce's 
view  that  generalization  and  "  extra- 
polation "  are  based  on  the  presupposi- 
tion that  any  finite  facts — and  so  the 
whole  aggregate  of  them — have  "  some 
definite  constitution.'"  Given  this,  we 
can  judge  of  the  aggregate  with  proba- 
bility from  "  a  fair  sample." 

M.  Couturat's  essay  sets  forth  the 
principles  of  that  form  of  Logic  which  is 
often  called  symbolic  or  mathematical, 
but  which  he  prefers  to  call  Algorithmic. 
Logic  or  Logistic.  The  reviewer  must 
confess  to  a  natural  repugnance  for 
symbols,  and  was  relieved  to  find  himself 
supported  by  Signor  Croce  in  the  succeed- 
ing essay. 

"  It  has  long  been  our  intention  and  habit 
[says  that  philosopher]  to  express  ourselves 
decently  and  in  a  comprehensible  manner. 
The  austerity  of  the  new  formulae  frightens 
us.  We  will  leave  it  to  a  younger  Mid 
stronger  generation  to  appreciate  them." 

'  The  Task  of  Logic,'  by  Signor  Croce, 
is  a  lively  and  diverting  production,  but 
unfortunately  so  brief  that  the  writer  does 
little  more  than  indicate  his  doctrine  of  con- 
cepts, and  reject  the  views  of  his  fellow  - 
contributors  in  detail  :  Logistic  (as  above), 
formal  and  descriptive  Logic,  psycho- 
logical Logic  (which  is  so  unwise  as  to  let 
go  of  fact  and  content  itself  with  values), 
and  the  Logic  which  sets  store  by  the 
Doctrine  of  Categories. 

The  rest  of  the  volume  is  tilled  by  M. 
Enriques's  statement  of  the  problems  of 
Logic  in  terms  of  Critical  Positivism,  and 

by  M.  Losskij  on  '  The  Transforma- 
tion   of    the    Concept    of   Consciousness    in 

Modern  Epistemology,  and  its  hearing  on 

Logic.'  The  one  is  a  somewhat  dry  and 
abbreviated  presentation  of  a  view  which 
claims  to  carry  out  in  its  true  spiril  the 
programme  laid  down  in  Kant's  'Cri- 
tique'; the  other,  a  bolder  and,  we  think. 
more  weighty  piece  of  work,  gives  a  very 
acute  analysis  of  the  conception  of 
consciousness,  and  a  valuable  vindication 
of  i  he  axiom  of  Sufficient  '  ■  i <>u ml  under- 
stood  as  ;i    synthetical   logical   law.'       The 

esse}    M   a    ^hole    is    worth    the   cloa 
Btudy. 

It  remains  to  he  said  that  the  transla- 
tion which  in  the  case  of  the  contributions 
ot  Signor  Croce  and  M.  Enriques  could  be 

made    Only  from    a    Ccrinan    rendering    of 

the  originals,  is  uniformly  excellent. 


784 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  M U  M 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


The  Philosophy  of  Religion.  By  George 
Galloway.  "  International  Theological 
Library.'"  (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark, 
12s.) 

It  is  many  years  since  this  volume  of  the 
"  International  Theological  Library  "  was 
first  advertised.  Its  writing  was  en- 
trusted to  the  late  Dr.  Flint,  but  ill-health 
prevented  him  from  doing  any  part  of  the 
work.  The  double  task  of  preparing  an 
expert  account  of  religious  philosophy  and 
of  wearing  the  mantle  of  an  acknowledged 
master  of  the  subject  was  then  assigned 
to  Dr.  George  Galloway.  Without  a 
doubt  it  has  been  creditably  performed, 
though  it  was  far  from  easy. 

Had  this  volume  appeared  amongst 
the  first  instalments  of  the  "  Theological 
Library,"  it  would  have  been  widely 
different.  The  last  ten  or  twelve  years 
have  made  a  change  in  the  literature 
of  this  science  and  its  methods.  The 
influence  of  James,  and  the  writings 
of  Prof.  Eucken  and  M.  Bergson,  cannot 
be  ignored.  But  Dr.  Galloway  has  been 
a  diligent  reader  of  the  latest  books 
published  on  his  subject,  and  he  has 
followed  a  method  of  arrangement  which 
has  given  room  for  discussion  of  the 
most  recent  theories.  It  is  almost 
unnecessary  to  say  that  the  books  referred 
to  in  the  text  and  those  in  the  separate 
Bibliography  make  an  imposing  list,  for 
the  serious  thinker  on  the  philosophy  of 
religion  has  to  master  many  volumes  on 
many  subjects,  and  Dr.  Galloway's  range 
of  reading  is  uncommonly  wide.  As  a 
rule,  one  has  to  discover  the  school  to 
which  a  writer  belongs  by  a  careful  reading 
of  his  book,  but  our  author  in  his  Preface 
is  frank  enough  to  admit  that  he  is  a 
'•  Personal  Idealist,"  and  that  he  has 
learnt  much  from  Lotze,  Dr.  Ward,  and 
Dr.  Stout.  But  the  significance  of  the 
volume  by  no  means  rests  on  its  evidence 
of  discipleship ;  for  Dr.  Galloway  can  be 
constructive  and  original,  though  he  is  at 
his  best  when  he  is  summing-up  facts  and 
dispassionately  weighing  their  importance. 

He  takes  little  for  granted,  and  places 
small  stress  upon  traditions  or  revelation — 
in  fact,  he  is  fair-minded  and  candid,  and 
does  not  stoop  to  make  partisan  points. 
He  does  not  relish  idealism  of  the  Hegelian 
type,  but  he  is  not  blind  to  the  service 
which  it  has  rendered  to  religious  philo- 
sophy ;  and  if  he  has  subjected  to  a 
searching  criticism  the  identification  of 
the  Absolute  and  Deity,  he  also  admits 
that  "  a  monadistic  type  of  idealism  re- 
quires modifications" — in  fact,  in  one 
place  he  has  not  unsuccessfully  improved 
Lotzianism.     In  his  own  words  : — 

"  A  speculative  theory  of  religion,  must 
be  judged  mainly  by  the  fairness  with  which 
it  interprets,  and  the  adequacy  with  which 
it  explains,  the  religious  experience  as  a 
whole." 

Tested  by  this  standard,  Dr.  Galloway's 
book  is  a  notable  success,  and  he  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  writing  a  volume  which 
.should  immediately  take  its  place  as  an 
authoritative  exposition  of  the  philosophy 


of  religion.  He  is  more  careful  of  his 
philosophy  than  of  his  style.  Yet  atten- 
tion to  matter  and  form  would  have 
lightened  the  task  of  mastering  600  pages 
of  by  no  means  easy  reading.  Those  who 
wish  to  be  read  should  make  their  writing 
attractive.  The  public  cannot  be  blamed 
if  they  prefer  what  they  can  grasp  without 
pausing  over  difficult  English. 

The  Introduction  is  one  of  the  best 
parts  of  the  volume,  and  it  consists  of 
sections  on  the  growth  of  religious  philo- 
sophy, the  problem  and  method,  and  the 
relation  of  the  science  to  philosophy  and 
to  religion.  In  the  body  of  the  book 
there  are  three  main  divisions  :  the  first 
discusses  the  nature  and  development  of 
religion  ;  the  second,  religious  knowledge 
and  its  validity  ;  and  the  third,  the  ulti- 
mate truth  of  religion.  It  is  impossible 
to  review  in  detail  the  points  of  Dr. 
Galloway's  argument,  and  we  must  select 
interesting  matters  for  comment.  One  is 
struck  time  and  again  by  his  ability  as  a 
psychologist.  He  is  not  an  extremist  or 
a  faddist,  but  he  has  a  firm  grasp  of  his 
subject,  and  can  sift  and  appraise  evi- 
dence. 

"  When  we  examine  some  of  the  theories 
put  forward  to  explain  the  psychical  origin 
of  religion,  we  are  struck  by  the  defective 
psychological  analysis  on  which  they  pro- 
ceed,"' 

he  says ;  and  he  proceeds  to  make  good 
his  contention  by  a  criticism  of  several 
accredited  theories  of  the  origin  of  religious 
belief. 

His  first-hand  knowledge  is  apparent 
in  his  chapters  on  religious  development 
and  religious  knowledge.  Dr.  Galloway 
has  also  the  historical  spirit  in  notable 
measure,  though  many  philosophers  are 
devoid  of  it,  to  their  great  disadvan- 
tage ;  and  in  his  sections  on  tribal, 
national,  and  universal  religion  gives 
ample  proof  of  this.  It  may  be  interest- 
ing to  give  his  definition  of  religion,  not 
because  it  is  perfect  or  likely  to  become 
famous,  but  because  it  is  characteristic  of 
the  book  :  sound  and  satisfactory,  rather 
than  brilliant : — 

"  Man's  faith  in  a  power  beyond  himself 
whereby  he  seeks  to  satisfy  emotional  needs 
and  gain  stability  of  life,  and  which  he 
expresses  in  acts  of  worship  and  service." 

In  the  third  part  of  the  book — the 
ontological — we  are  in  the  realm  of  meta- 
physic,  and  view  once  more  the  old 
theistic  arguments.  It  is  hard  to  make 
the  bones  live  again,  but  Dr.  Galloway 
has  much  that  is  fresh  to  say  before  he 
reaches  his  final  statement  of  Deity  as 
personal  and  ethical,  a  Deity  who  alone 
can  fulfil  the  postulates  needed  to  make 
our  experience  coherent :  "an  ultimate 
Ground  of  the  world  and  an  ultimate 
Value." 

When  we  have  Siebeck  and  Haering, 
and  now  Dr.  Galloway,  writing  on  religious 
philosophy,  we  can  look  forward  to  theo- 
logical speculation  without  fear. 


KEATS  RELICS  AT  HAMPSTEAD. 

The  handsome  quarto  which  contains 
facsimiles  of  the  Dilke  bequest  to  the 
Hampstead  Public  Library,  with  ample 
annotations  and  other  pertinent  matter, 
is  of  particular  interest  to  The  Athenaeum. 
For  here,  from  the  earliest  days,  the  great- 
ness of  John  Keats  has  been  one  of  the 
first  articles  of  faith.  C.  W.  Dilke,  the 
wise  friend  of  many  men  of  letters,  and 
an  effective  leader  in  the  battle  for  truth 
and  sincerity  in  criticism,  knew  and  loved 
Keats.  Dilke  lived  long  enough  to  be  a 
real  and  abiding  influence  with  his  grand- 
son, who  to  the  end  of  his  life  scrutinized 
with  a  jealous  eye  any  criticism  of  the 
poet,  as  if  he  were  defending  a  well-loved 
friend.  In  '  The  Papers  of  a  Critic  '  (1875) 
the  younger  man  gathered  the  best 
writings  of  the  elder,  adding  a  Memoir  in 
which  the  feeling  peeps  through  the  con- 
ciseness and  restraint.  This  excellent 
book,  though  often  used  by  serious 
students  of  literature,  is  not  known  to  the 
average  reader  of  to-day.  The  Memoir 
opens  with  Keats,  and  prints  several 
letters  which  did  not  appear  in  Lord 
Houghton's  '  Life,'  and  were  bequeathed 
to  Hampstead  in  1911.  This  account 
is  even  now  worth  reading  for  its  personal 
touches,  and  we  mention  it,  as  Mr.  Buxton 
Forman  does  not  refer  to  it  in  his  Intro- 
duction. 

Of  course,  he  knows  it  (what  does  he 
not  know  of  the  life  and  poems  of  Keats  ?)  • 
and  his  admirable  accuracy  in  detail  and 
research  has  made  it  easy  to  appreciate 
this  collection  of  relics.  His  handy  edition 
of  Keats 's  complete  works  in  five  volumes 
(1900-1)  should  be  in  the  hands  of  all 
students  of  the  poet. 

Mr.  Forman  pays,  in  his  Introduction, 
an  interesting  tribute  to  Sir  Charles's  zeal 
for  letters.  Not  long  before  he  died,  one 
of  those  snappy  and  superficial  character- 
studies  Avhich  are  the  delight  of  our 
modern  civilization  explained,  "  He  lives 
only  for  politics."  Nothing  could  be  more 
untrue.  Sir  Charles's  taste  for  letters  was- 
always  turning  up  in  unexpected  direc- 
tions, and  he  had  mastered  many  authors 
outside  politics,  though  he  did  not  handle 
their  works  like  a  book-lover.  Mr.  For- 
man's  account  of  the  interview  in  which 
he  and  Sir  Charles  went  over  the  precious 
Keats  books  and  papers  is  characteristic 
of  the  latter's  direct  methods  : — 

"  Concerning  one  after  another  he  put 
the  question — ■'  Will  you  have  this  away  ?  ' 
Whenever  the  answer  was — '  No,  it  will  not 
be  necessary,'  the  book  or  document  re- 
mained upon  the  table.  Whenever  I  re- 
plied— '  Yes,  if  you  please,'  he  turned  half 
round  and  threw  the  book,  paper,  or  papers 
on  the  carpet,  between  us  and  the  door." 

Mr.  Forman  adds  that,  unwilling  himself 
to  lend  his  own  treasures,  he 

"  felt  a  very  worm  in  view  of  the  large  and 
confiding  spirit  in  which  this  practical  man 

Keats  Letters,  Papers,  and  Other  Relics. 
Edited  by  George  C.  Williamson,  together 
with  Forewords  by  Theodore  Watts- 
Dunton,  and  an  Introduction  by  H. 
Buxton  Forman.    (John  Lane,  3/.  35.  net.) 


No.  4510,  June  (5,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


7.s 


<«;> 


of  the  world,  who  also  revered  Bleats  and 
really  loved  his  own  treasures,  lenl  quite  a 

mass  of  them  to  me  to  take  away  to  my 
house  in  St.  John's  Wood,  then-  to  retain 
them  as  long  as  I  found  it  needful  to  do  so." 

Coming  to  details,  we  notice  that  Mr. 
Formaii  speaks  of  two  copies  of  Lem- 
priere :    one   in    the    Dilke   bequest,   and 

another  which,  according  to  Andrew 
Chatto's  father,  had  Keats's  autograph 
on  the  title-page,  but  has  not  been  heard 
of  recently.  It  is  suggested  that  Keats 
may  well  have  had  two  copies  of  a  book 
he  studied  so  carefully.  The  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  given  by  George  Keats  to  his 
brother  is  "  incomplete  as  a  book,"  but 
"  complete  as  a  relic."  Xot  all  the  Dilke 
relics  of  Keats  are  at  Hampstead,  as  Mr. 
Forman  points  out,  but  there  is  enough  to 
form  a  representative  collection.  Some 
of  our  contemporaries  have  published 
general  remarks  on  Keats  as  a  review  of 
this  volume  —  a  proceeding  which  may 
suggest  that  the  facsimiles  are  lacking  in 
interest  in  themselves.  This  is  not  so. 
There  are  several  long  letters  striking  in 
matter  as  well  as  manner. 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  noteworthy  that 
the  admirable  reproductions  reveal  an 
■excellent  handwriting,  though  Keats  is  not 
-always  strong  in  spelling,  and  has  an  odd 
way  of  dividing  words  in  the  middle. 
The  writing  of  any  man  of  letters  who  has 
achieved  classic  repute  is  commonly  de- 
scribed as  beautiful,  and  often  on  inade- 
cjuate  grounds.  Keats's  contemporaries 
Byron  and  Shelley  wrote  somewhat 
shambling  hands,  fluent  in  the  wrong 
place.  Keats  keeps  a  good  straight  line, 
writes  clearly  without  flourishes,  and — a 
feat  for  a  poet — is  not  indifferent  to 
punctuation.  The  earliest  signature,  in- 
deed, of  1812,  is  full  of  flourishes,  but  is 
probably  the  work  of  a  schoolmaster,  or, 
it  may  be,  an  imitation  of  that  master's 
copperplate  hand.  Boys  notoriously  copy 
the  hand  of  their  elders  and  pastors. 

It  is  clear  that  Keats  did  not  think  it 
''a  baseness  to  write  fair.''  In  1820  we 
find  him  reproving  Dilke  for  a  hand  which, 
like  his  grandson's,  was  probably  due  to 
the  hurry  imposed  by  a  swift  mind,  and  a 
strong  sense  of  the  value  of  time  : — 

Y"u  must  improve  in  your  penmanship  ; 
your  writing  is  like  the  speaking  of  a  child 
of  three  years  old,  very  understandable  to 
its  father,  hut  to  no  one  else.  The  worst  is 
it  looks  well  no.  that  is  not  the  wot 
the  worst  is,  it  is  worse  than  Bailey's. 
Bailey's  looks  illegible,  and  may  perchance 
be  read  ;  yours  looks  vi-ry  legible,  and  may 
perchance  not  he  read. 

There  are  no  fewer  than  seventy-three 
plates  in  this  volume,  and  they  show  the 
poet  in  many  aspect — as  annotating 
Milton,  penning  original  drafts  of  song  and 
ode,  addressing  his  friends  and  his  family, 
^yhig  bare  his  tortured  heart  to  Fanny 
Brawne,  writing  from  Shanklin.  Win- 
chester, and  •  Cairn  Something ''  in  Scot- 
land, and  composing  with  the  aid  of 
Brown  a  comic  letter  The  jokes,  like 
some  of  Shakespe  ires,  hardly  seem  super- 
fine ;  hut  we  can  see.  with  much  of  the 
laughter  that  might  proceed  from  the 
unlettered,  a  growing  vein  of  philosophic 


thought.  In  the  long  letter  of  May  3rd, 
1818,  to  Reynolds  from  Teignmouth  (not 
given  here).  Keats  reveals  his  insight  into 
.Milton  and  Wordsworth,  and  mytholo- 
gizes  human  life  in  a  style  worthy  of  Plato. 
Even  within  the  limits  of  his  brief  life,  he 
was  far  more  than  the  mere  aesthete  of 
beauty.  He  believed  in  progress  ;  he 
wished  to  get  understanding  ;  he  was 
seeking  for  "  the  best  metaphysical  road." 

That  he  learnt  much  in  style  from 
Milton  is  a  commonplace  ;  but  the  learning 
itself  was  not  commonplace.  How  many 
bards,  before  his  time  and  since,  have  been 
taught  nothing  by  that  high  style  or  those 
delicious  early  poems  which  seem  to  claim 
the  adherent  of  religion  as  a  deserter  from 
the  haunts  of  Apollo  \  Plate  VII.,  which 
has  led  to  two  misprints  in  the  correspond- 
ing text,  "  defeat"  and  "  man"  (p.  43), 
shows  how  Keats  underlined  and  annotated 
*  Paradise  Lost,'  and  records  his  verdict 
that  two  passages  "  of  a  very  extraordinary 
beauty  "  are  "  exclusively  Miltonic  with- 
out the  shadow  of  another  mind,  ancient 
or  modern.*'  If  Keats  had  read  Virgil 
with  a  mature  eye,  he  might  have  recog- 
nized the  source  of  these  beautiful  passages, 
and  enjoyed  them  the  more  for  being  in 
the  great  tradition.  What  he  did  with 
the  masters  of  poetry  he  knew  was  won- 
derful, and  might  be  profitably  recalled 
by  those  who  rave  about  Shakespeare's 
lack  of  education.  Keats  is  with  Shake- 
speare, as  Matthew  Arnold  said,  and  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  in  his  all  too  brief  '  Fore- 
words '  endorses  the  verdict.  He  adds, 
too,  some  highly  interesting  words  by  his 
friend  Rossetti  on  "  the  quality  of  finish 
in  poetic  execution,"  and  the  mental 
processes  which  precede  it.  How  much 
occult  evolution  has  the  poet  gone  through 
before  he  takes  pen  in  hand  I  Howr  much 
brainwork  is  left  to  the  inspiration  of  the 
moment  or  later  revision  I  Swinburne, 
we  are  told,  was  an  improvisatore  whose 
hand  always  "  swept  from  left  to  right, 
fiery  and  final."  But  with  Keats,  as  with 
Milton  and  Tennyson,  revision  produced 
those  felicities  which  seem  inevitable,  once 
conceived.  His  text  is  not  overcharged 
with  quick-coming  thoughts  as  Shake- 
speare's sometimes  is. 

Besides  the  papers  of  Keats  himself. 
there  are  others  which  concern  his 
fortunes:  a  characteristic  growl — "the 
voice  of  busy  common-sense"  —  from 
his  publishers  about  his  first  hook  of 
poems;  letters  from  Charles  Armitage 
Brown,  Leigh  Hunt,  and  Mrs.  (Jeorge 
Keats  ;  and  a  facsimile  of  Barry  ( 'ornwall  s 
elegy  on   the  death   of    Keats. 

Finally,  Dr.  Williamson  has  annotated 
with  exemplary  care  a  remarkable  collec- 
tion of  portraits  of  the  poet.  A  busl 
exhibited   at   the   Academy   in    1  S22   "has 

been  entirely  lost  sighl  of."  A  drawing 
made-  by  Severn  of  Keats  at  sea  in  his 
berth  reading,  is  also  regarded  as  "  irre- 
trievably lost.'  The  posthumous  por- 
traits painted   by  Severn  and  others  vary 

considerably.  Severn's  memory  was  de- 
fective, and    doubtless    he    idealized  the 

features  which  he  loved  so   well. 


The  Age  of  Erasmus.     By   P.  S.   Allen. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  (i.s.  net.) 

The  aim  of  these  lectures,  in  the  author's 
words,  is  '  to  present  sketches  of  the 
world  through  which  Erasmus  passed, 
and  to  view  it  as  it  appeared  to  him  and 
to  some  of  his  contemporaries,  famous  or 
obscure."  Mr.  Allen's  name  was  assur- 
ance that  learning  would  not  be  wanting  ; 
this  learning  is  borne  with  ease,  and  the 
fear  of  an  audience  before  his  eyes  has 
doubtless  contributed  to  the  freshness 
and  attractiveness  of  his  presentation.  A 
conscious  forethought  for  his  hearers' 
comfort  may  be  seen,  we  take  it.  in  a 
certain  literary  ailusiveness,  by  which 
the  more  cultured  ear  might  at  times  be 
pleasantly  reminded  of  Shakespeare.  Mil- 
ton, Tennyson,  John  Byrom,  or  Lewis 
Carroll. 

The  first  five  lectures  are  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  study,  education,  and  the 
religious  life  ;  lectures  six  to  nine  describe 
the  general  social  condition  of  the  period  ; 
in  the  tenth,  certain  differences  between 
the  Italian  and  the  Transalpine  Renais- 
sance are  touched  on,  and  the  antagonism 
of  the  Germans  to  the  Italians  represented 
as  preparing  the  ground  for  Luther.  The 
eleventh  describes  Erasmus's  relations  - 
with  the  early  Moravians. 

Mr.  Allen's  opening  words  are  of  the 
importance  of  biography  for  the  study 
of  history  ;  and  the  final  effect  of  the 
book  is  to  leave  the  reader  not  only  with 
a  more  lively  picture  of  the  period,  but 
also  with  a  distinct  impression  of  the 
personality  of  some  of  those  who  assisted 
at  the  new  birth  of  learning,  such  as 
Butzbach,  Ellenbog.  and  Beat us  Rhenanus. 

Two  of  the  most  entertaining  chapters 
are  the  second  and  third,  on  Schools  and 
Monasteries.  Those  who  know  the  quaint 
Swiss-German  autobiography  of  Thomas 
Platter  will  be  prepared  for  the  appalling 
difficulties  under  which  knowledge  was 
pursued  at  the  earlier  stages.  One's 
scepticism  always  recurs  at  a  school  of 
2,2(10  hoys  (a  loss  of  20  by  the  plague 
was  as  nothing)  ;  what  have  the  modern 
enthusiasts  for  the  merits  of  Renaissance 
methods  to  say  to  this  '.  Hut  for  Butz- 
bach,  eager  to  enter  the  religious  life,  and 
sitting  down  to  his  elements  as  a  grown 
man,  plenty  of  parallels  could  he  found 
in  recent  years  among  Welshmen  who 
felt  called  to  the  ministry. 

We  have  an  interesting  sketch  of  some 
of  the  mediaeval  textbooks  not  extinct 
in  Erasmus's  boyhood.    The  arrangement 

of  a  dictionary  by  radicals  however, 
lasted  longer  than  is  here  stated  :  it  is 
found.  e.g.,  in  the  174!)  edition  of  l-'ahei  - 
•  Thesaurus.1  In  the  third  chapter  full 
justice  is  done  to  the  more  praisew  ort  hy 
side  "I  monastic  life.  The  picture  and 
characters  cannot  fail  to  recall  some  of  the 

quieter  Boenes  in  '  The  Cloister  and   the 

Hearth  '  that  masterpiece  by  an  ad- 
mirer of  Erasmus. 

In  the  lecture  on  "  l'i  i\  ate  Life  and 
Manners'    the   family   ifl   the  chief  Subject. 

Some  curious  details  of  re  marriage  are 

given  ;       hut     can     Mr.      Mien     be     -enous 

when  he  affirms  thai 


786 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4519,  Ji-xe  6,  1914 


"  in  Erasmus'  day  a  marriage  in  which 
neither  side  had  previously  [?  contracted] 
or  did  subsequently  contract  a  similar  rela- 
tion, must  have  been  quite  exceptional"  ? 

though  at  a  later  date,  to  be  sure,  we 
have  it  on  Mr.  Welter's  authority  that 
"  more  widders  is  married  than  single 
wimmen."  But  could  there  be  a  better 
statement  of  the  contrast  between  the 
size  of  families  and  the  high  infant 
mortality  than  : — 

"  Parents  went  on  their  May  unthinking, 
and  content  if  from  their  annual  harvest 
an  occasional  son  or  daughter  grew  up  to 
bless  them  "  ? 

For  Mr.  Allen's  purpose,  selection  was 
obviously  urgent  ;  but  it  is  worth  noting 
that  the  everyday  life  of  the  time  might 
be  illuminated  by  the  records  of  medical 
cases,  such  as  the  '  Observationes '  of 
Felix  Platter,  town  physician  to  Basel 
at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

For  the  general  reader,  perhaps  the 
most  amusing  chapter  is  that  on  '  Pil- 
grimages.' The  bond  of  sympathy  is  felt 
across  the  ages  ;  with  tourists  in  Pales- 
tine history  must  have  been  repeating 
itself  ever  since.  Each  voyager  will 
recognize  the  elderly  lady 

"  who  ran  hither  and  thither  incessantly 
about  the  ship,  and  was  full  of  curiosity, 
wanting  to  see  and  hear  everything  ;  and 
made  herself  hated  exceedingly." 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  in  matter 
or  comment  Mr.  Allen  moves  along  a 
beaten  track.  One  can  point  to  the 
details  on  disputations  in  the  chapter 
about  Universities,  and  to  the  acute 
remarks  on  printing  in  chap.  x.  Through- 
out we  admire  his  wonderful  command 
of  the  literature  of  his  subject  ;  his 
familiarity  with  libraries  ;  and  his  know- 
ledge of  towns  in  Germany  and  the 
Netherlands.  It  is  rarely  indeed  that  we 
hesitate  to  accept  his  judgment  ;  but  his 
verdict  (p.  116)  that  Erasmus's  letters  to 
Batt  "  are  remarkable  reading  and  do 
credit  to  both  sides  "  will  surely  not,  as 
regards  the  second  part,  approve  itself 
to  all. 

In  places,  we  have  still  on  a  second 
reading  stumbled  at  a  word  or  phrase  such 
as  "  jeoparded  "  (p.  165),  and  "  We  need 
not  go  back  upon  it  [= apparently  "  return 
to  it"]  here"  (p.  252).  Tacitus  wrote 
omne  ignotum  pro  magnifico,  not "  mirifico  " 
(p.  12).  On  p.  47  we  gather  that  "  lucus 
a  non  lucendo  "  is  treated  as  a  popular 
modification  of  Balbi's  words  "  per  con- 
trarium  lucus  dicitur  a  lucendo  " ;  but 
"  lucus  a  non  lucendo  "  is  found  in  the 
Servian  commentary  on  Virgil  ('  yEn.,'  i. 
22),  with  which,  as  well  as  with  Isidorus 
('  Origines,'  xiv.  8),  the  passage  of  Papias 
just  before  may  be  compared.  On  p.  153 
''  the  doctors  could  do  nothing,  except  to 
suggest  that  the  foot  should  be  taken  off," 
does  not  agree  with  the  original  Latin  : 
and  why  should  the  printers  confront  us 
with  "  Munster,"  "  Schurer,"  "  Tubingen," 
&c? 

But  these  are  trifles.  Mr.  Allen  must 
be  held  happy  as  a  scholar  who  has  found 
his  work  betimes,  and  wrought  at  it 
year  after  year  with  consistent  achieve- 
ment. 


The  German  Lyric.     By  John  Lees.     (Dent 
&  Sons,  4s.  6d.  net.) 

Is  it  the  case,  as  Dr.  Lees  contends,  that 
in  this  country  German  poetry  is  not 
nearly  so  well  known  as  French  ?  It  is 
true,  of  course,  that  French  is  studied  to 
a  much  greater  extent  than  German,  but, 
so  far  as  our  own  experience  goes,  we  should 
say  that  the  majority  of  English  people 
who  read  French  for  their  own  pleasure 
fight  very  shy  of  its  verse  ;  whereas  those 
Avho  are  familiar  with  German  do  generally 
read  and  like  a  certain  section  at  least  of 
its  poetry.  Dr.  Lees  goes  on  to  assert 
that 

"  there  are  still,  even  among  cultured  people, 
two  fairly  strong  prejudices  against  the 
German  lyric.  The  one  is  that  German 
poetry  is  too  sentimental  ;  the  second  that 
the  language  is  harsh  and  clumsy  "  ; 

but  surely  the  latter  charge,  at  any  rate, 
is  seldom  made  nowadays.  Indeed,  we 
should  rather  be  inclined  to  maintain  that, 
ever  since  Matthew  Arnold's  famous  dis- 
paragement of  the  French  rhythms  and 
his  ungrudging  praise  of  the  German  as 
exemplified  in  Heine,  there  has  been  a 
tendency  amongst  us  to  emphasize  the 
excellence  of  German  verse  perhaps  a 
little  unduly  at  the  expense  of  French. 
But  however  that  may  be,  the  merits  of 
the  German  lyric  are  indisputably  great, 
and  a  history  of  its  development  offers  a 
very  attractive  subject. 

The  scope  of  the  present  volume  is 
sufficiently  indicated  by  Dr.  Lees  himself. 
"  Its  primary  object,"  he  says,  "  is  to 
supply  a  lucid  and  concise  guide  to  stu- 
dents of  German  minor  poetry,"  and  that 
object  he  has  fairly  enough  attained. 
His  work  is  clear  and  well  ordered  ;  it  is 
accurate  and  intelligent  ;  and  the  English 
student  who  wishes  to  get  a  conspectus 
of  the  history  of  the  German  lyric  will 
assuredly  find  it  useful  ;  in  fact,  no  other 
book  of  the  kind  is  available  in  our 
language.  But  whether  it  is  likely  to 
"  serve  a  wider  public,"  and  appear  suc- 
cessfully to  readers  who  are  exempt  from 
academical  influences,  is  doubtful.  For 
one  thing,  in  aiming  at  conciseness  it 
inevitably  becomes  somewhat  cramped  : 
most  of  the  minor  lyrists  have  to  be 
treated  with  a  brevity  that  does  not 
admit  of  much  more  than  a  summary 
statement  of  the  broad  facts  about  them, 
and  a  rapid  suggestion  of  the  main  quali- 
ties of  their  work.  For  another  thing, 
Dr.  Lees  lacks  the  inspiring  touch  that 
can  make  even  such  cursory  criticism 
vital  and  enjoyable.  He  writes  soundly, 
and  what  he  says  is  generally  to  the 
point  ;  his  appreciations  are  honest  and 
sensible,  and  within  their  own  limits 
acceptable  ;  but  they  are  seldom  illu- 
minating. He  does  not,  we  think,  pre- 
sent any  aspect  of  his  subject  in  a  new- 
light,  or  by  virtue  of  the  intensity  of  his 
perception  make  the  reader  feel  the  justice 
of  his  judgments,  and  thus  his  work, 
regarded  as  a  piece  of  literary  criticism, 
is  of  no  special  significance.  But  it  is  a 
competent  manual,  and  as  such  deserves 
a  welcome. 


Clay    and    Fire.     By    Layton    Grippen. 
(Grant  Richards,  3<s.  6d.) 

In  his  Introduction  Mr.  Crippen  premises 
that  "  we  who  live  now  are  very  far  from 
God  " — that  we  must  look  not  to  the  new, 
but  to  the  old,  must  understand  how 
far  we  have  fallen,  "  how  little  the  de- 
cantated  progress  of  to-day  is  worth." 
His  book  expresses  his  belief  that 

"  these  things,  which  now  sadden  us,  when 
viewed  in  a  true  light  are  found  to  take 
their  places  in  the  appointed  order,  to  be 
part  of  the  eternal  Harmony." 

This  proportion  is  by  no  means  observed 
in  the  lengthy  exposition  of  impatient 
pessimism  that  ensues.  The  writer  begins 
by  exhibiting  his  despair  at  the  "  Great 
Paradox  "  that  deterioration  of  soul  and 
body  is  the  inevitable  corollary  of  material 
progress.  This  leads  him  to  the  theory 
—  apparently  novel  in  his  eyes  —  of  a 
"  Golden  Age,"  whereto  he  evokes  ancient 
Egypt.  What  preceded  Menes  I  The  age- 
"before  Death  came  forth"  is  his  reply  \. 
and  he  takes  Dr.  Breasted  to  task  for 
assuming  that  those  who  wrote  the 
Pyramid  texts  had  but  lately  emerged 
from  sheer  barbarism. 

If  Dr.  Breasted  uses  the  word  "  lately  " 
in  its  commonly  accepted  sense,  we  agree 
with  Mr.  Crippen ;  but  we  base  our 
view  on  the  discoveries  at  Abydos  and 
examples  of  pre-dynastic  works  of  art 
such  as  may  be  seen  in  the  Cairo  Museum 
or  (more  conveniently)  in  the  pages  of 
such  works  as  M.  Jean  Capart's. 

But,  after  all,  time  for  ancient  Egypt 
is  a  negligible  factor  ;  the  four  or  five 
centuries  that  separate  one  great  period 
from  another  are  as  so  many  generations 
of  later  stages  of  the  world's  history.  Dr. 
Breasted's  "lately"  must  be  so  elastic  a 
term  as  to  cover  the  future  awaiting  re- 
search experts  at  Memphis,  through  the- 
Pyramid  field,  and  elsewhere.  Nor  is  the 
"  Golden  Age  "  theory  affected  thereby. 
What  nation  or  generation  of  men  has  not 
sighed  for  a  "  Golden  Age  "  I  It  is  but 
the  obverse  of  the  medal  of  Hope,  the 
interior  aspect  of  the  lid  that  closed; 
Pandora's  box.  The  men  of  the  past  were, 
inevitably,  "  nobler,  wiser,  nearer  God, 
than  the  men  of  to-day." 

Mr.  Crippen  strikes  angrily  at  Science- 
He  detests  evolution  ;  Haeckel  exaspe- 
rates him  ;  Dr.  Elliot  Smith  excites  his- 
utmost  ridicule.  He  is  provoked  to  think 
that  they  and  their  likes  should  believe 
in  the  non-divine  origin  of  man,  and 
assert  that  soul  is  a  development  from 
matter.  But  he  is  unguarded  in  his- 
quotation  from  Rossetti — on  the  surface, 
at  least,  of  the  words, 

Thy  soul  I  know  not  from  thy  body,  nor 
Thee  from  myself. 

Art  is,  on  the  same  reasoning,  a  lost  art. 
In  the  old  days  men  had  knowledge  of 
inspiration,  of  divine  ecstasy  :  they  felt  the 
"  spark  of  the  golden  fire  of  God."  Even 
in  Japan,  within  Mr.  Crippen's  memory, 
Matsvri,  ki-in,  fu-in,  bo-un,  and  kakoro- 
muchi  lived  in  and  exalted  the  heart  of 
the  craftsman.  But  all  that  is  dead,  or 
nearly  dead,  to-day.     The  beauty  of  the 


No.  4519,  June  6,   1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


'87 


past    has    given    place    to    unspeakably 
tasteless  crudity,  to  Mr.  Crippen's  think- 


ing. 


Mr.  Crippen  adduces  America  as  guilty 
of  a  somewhat  analogous  crudity,  shown 
by  certain  pronouncements  on  the  part 
of  up-to-date  American  preachers. 

This  exposition  of  pessimism  concludes 
with  a  survey  of  modern  civilization, 
■with  its  concomitants,  excess  of  luxury. 
corruption,  fear  of  bodily  pain  and 
spiritual  damnation,  race  suicide — all  em- 
phasized by  the  writer  from  his  own 
special  point  of  view,  and  leading  up  to 
the  one  faint  gleam  of  hope  which,  evi- 
dently against  his  own  will  and  better 
judgment,  he  vouchsafes  to  his  readers. 

This  gleam  of  hope  is  the  possibility 
that  in  our  laborious  and  painful  wheel  of 
life  we  are  now  reaching  the  nadir,  the 
turning-point  of  the  circle.  A  new  and 
better  day  may  dawn  in  some  quarter  of 
the  globe  —  in  California,  he  presumes  — 
"  that  lovely  country  of  sunshine,  of 
palms  and  orange  groves,  of  vineyards  and 
flowers." 

The  final  suggestion  is  that  man  joins 
to  his  insatiable  appetite  for  all  that  life 
has  to  give — that  is.  the  "  clay  " — a 
yearning  for  the  past,  for  "  the  effulgence 
from  the  everlasting  Light  of  which  he 
has  a  dim  memory  " — that  is,  the  "•fire." 
JS'mie  in  different  ages  have  seen  into  the 
future  more  clearly  than  their  fellows, 
have  feared  even  worse  descent  of  the 
Boul ;  but  perhaps  the  worst  has  not 
yet  come.  Man  must  pay  for  his  soul's 
descent,  and  must  pay  the  full  price. 

In  fact,  the  past  was  Heaven,  the 
present  is  Hell;  the  future  may  possibly 
be  Purgatory.  That  is  the  best  that  Mr. 
Crippen  can  tell  us. 

Those  who  specialize  in  a  point  of  view 
fall  into  the  vital  danger  of  losing  sight, 
in  their  more  or  less  comprehensive  survey 
the  world  from  that  point  of  view,  of 
details  that  might  invalidate  or  upsel 
ir  creed.  So  it  is  with  the  writer  of 
Clay  and  Fire.'  Xot  only  has  he  Losi 
Bight  in  many  cases  of  the  precedent 
examples  of  much  that  he  deplores  in 
modernity,  and  assumes  to  be  the  out- 
come of  it,  but  he  has  also  overlooked 
entirely  certain  intrinsic  and  essential 
laws  of  humanity.  Humanity  as  such 
never  varies.  Man  himself,  in  body,  in 
mind,  and  in  soul,  is  unchangeable.  The 
change  is  in  his  environment,  his  dis- 
coveries of  faculties  latent  in  that  and 
in  himself.  It  is  not  really  change  so 
much  as  revelation  and  adjustment — or, 
better,  readjustment. 

Wecannol  say  thai  Mr.  Layton  Crippen 

has  contributed  in  any  great  degree  either 

the    progress   of   humanity  or  to  the 

record    of    it-,    pasl    glories.      His   account 

ot    these  is  now   and    again    picturesque 
and,  for  thai    reason,  of    some  interest. 

Indeed,    the    book    would     have    been    far 

more  valuable  if  the  author  had  filled  it 
with  descriptions  of  the-.-  things,  and 
confined  his  remarks  thereon  and  his 
persona]  opinions  to  a  preface— ox  perhaps 
jan  afterword. 


The  Statesman's  Year-Book,  1914.  Edited 
by  J.  Scott  Keltic,  assisted  by  M. 
Epstein.     (Macmillan    &    Co.,    LOs.   Qd. 

net.) 

Wi:  have  often  received  "  The  Statesman's 
Year-Book  '  at  an  earlier  date  than  on  the 
present  occasion,  and  hope  that  it  is  not 
going  to  be  allowed  to  come  out  late,  as 
until  we  get  it  we  are  always  at  a  loss 
for  much  of  its  useful  information. 

We  have  checked  the  book  at  many 
places,  and  have  found  changes  of 
Cabinets,  elections  of  Presidents,  and  so  on, 
duly  noted.  Under  the  heading  of  Egypt 
we  looked  to  see  if  the  law  which  gave 
that  country  a  Parliament  was  properly 
described,  and  have  found  a  clear  account 
of  the  new  system  of  Government.  The 
President  of  Peru  who  "  assumed  office  " 
after  a  revolution  in  April  last  is  duly 
named.  The  kingdom  of  Albania  is 
sufficiently  described  ;  but,  of  course,  it 
was  impossible  to  take  note  of  the  very 
recent  affair  which  resulted  in  the  change 
of  a  minister,  and  almost  in  the  change  of 
a  king.  In  the  list  of  books  on  Albania 
one  of  Miss  Durham's  volumes  might  have 
been  included.  The  changes  in  the  govern- 
ment of  "  United  Nigeria,"  which  came 
into  force  this  year,  are  all  set  out ;  while 
one  of  the  new  maps  gives  an  excellent 
picture  of  the  alterations  in  the  boundaries 
of  the  Balkan  States. 

The  finances  of  Ecuador  are,  no  doubt, 
puzzling  ;  but  the  figures  given  on  p.  803 
need  further  explanation.  In  each  of 
the  most  recent  years  it  has  been  the  habit 
of  this  handbook  to  show  expenditure  and 
revenue  as  exactly  the  same  ;  but  we  do 
not  believe  that  even  in  South  America  it  is 
possible  for  Chancellors  of  the  Exchequer 
to  balance  their  accounts  in  this  fashion. 
Under  the  heading  of  France  it  has  for 
some  years  been  said  that  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies  is  elected  by  "  universal 
suffrage,"  when  what  is  meant  is  manhood 
suffrage. 

When  we  turn  to  Mexico  we  arc  dis- 
satisfied with  some  parts  of  the  text.  We 
know  that  it  is  difficult  to  get  at  the  truth 
about  army  figures,  but  the  old  informa- 
tion, repeated  year  after  year,  is  out  of 
date.  We  arc  always  told  that  "  the  war 
strength  is  supposed  to  be  s4.ono  of  all 
ranks.''  W'e  do  not  know  the  truth,  hut 
recent  writers  of  authority  have  vouched 
for  the  fact  that  these  numbers  in  L913 
were  increased  to   loO.OOO. 

Some  of  the   little  slips   which    we   have 

pointed  out  in  previous  criticisms  remain 

unaltered  year  after  year.  For  instance, 
on  p.  (.»'.)7  there  is  an  old  misprint  in  the 
title  <>f  .Mr.  Bent's  hook.  On  p.  846 
'St.   Pierre  "   i>  once  more  given  as  the 

name  of   the    French    island    of  St.    Pierre. 

On  p.  07 4  we  -i  ill  find  "'  Konigreigh  "  for 
"  Konigreich."  On  p.  678  the  mistake  of 
quoting  the  1907  edition  of  Baedeker's 
■  Eastern  Alps1  is  again  made,  when  a 
Liter   one    has  long  been  available.     On 

p.     1093    the    author  of    a    hook   on    .Monte 

negro  i>  still  called  k*  Seymour,"  though 

w  e  pointed  out  on  a  previous  ocea-ion  t  hat 
his  name  i,   Mr    Prancis  S.  Stevenson. 


Memories  of  John  Westlake.    (Smith.  Elder 

&  Co..  6s.  net.) 

The  subject  of  this  little  memoir,   who 

died  on  April  14th  of  last  year,  was  horn 
in  1828.  lie  received  his  early  education 
from  his  parents  and  at  Lostwithiel 
Grammar  School.  Entering  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  184(>,  he  became 
sixth  Wrangler  and  sixth  Classic,  and 
was  at  an  early  age  elected  to  a  Trinity 
Fellowship.  The  list  of  honours  which  ho 
received  later  from  learned  bodies  and 
foreign  Governments  covers  half  a  page. 

In  1858  he  published  the  first  edition  of 
the  book  which  brought  him  lasting  fame, 
and  he  was  not  only  a  great  jurist,  but 
also  a  considerable  practising  lawyer. 

John  Westlake  was  a  man  of  many  sides, 
who  in  his  time  played  a  leading  part  in 
many  movements.  The  volume  before  us, 
which  is  not  a  formal  biography,  is 
written  (a  good  deal  of  it  in  French)  by 
several  hands.  The  introductory  portion 
is  by  Mr.  J.  Fischer  Williams.  Mr.  A.  Y. 
Dicey  writes  on  '  His  Book  and  his 
Character,'  the  book  being,  of  course, 
Westlake's  great  work  on  '  Private  Inter- 
national Law.'  Lord  Courtney  deals  with 
public  affairs,  and  Mr.  A.  0.  Symonds 
with  the  work  of  the  Balkan  Committee  ; 
while  Prof.  Ernest  Xys  contributes  a 
chapter  on  '  La  Science  du  Droit  des 
Gens,'  and  Prof.  Lapradelle  speaks  of 
•  L'GEuvre  de  John  Westlake,'  and  M.  Ed. 
Rolin-Jaequcmvns  gives  some  extracts 
from  an  obituary  notice  which  he  printed 
in  a  learned  Belgian  review. 

Sir  Charles  Lucas  tells  us  of  Westlake's 
connexion  with  the  Working  Men's  Col- 
lege, and  shows  how  he  took  classes  in 
arithmetic,  algebra,  and  trigonometry,  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  good  of  the  students 
as  though  he  were  their  paid  master. 
Westlake  only  dropped  out  of  the  teaching 
when  public  and  professional  calls  on  him 
left  no  time  for  other  work  ;  but  he  never 
lost  touch  with  the  College,  often  gave 
addresses  and  made  speeches,  was  always 
a  member  of  the  governing  body  and  a 
trustee,  and  no  founder  was  more  constant 
in  attendance  at  annual  gatherings. 

One  of  the  earliest  cases  in  which  West- 
lake  was  engaged  was  the  famous  one  of 
the  Emperor  of  Austria  V.  Day  and  Kos- 
suth, in  which  the  Austrian  Oovernmeiit 
sued  in  our  Courts  to  prevent  KosMithand 

his  English  printers  from  manufacturing 

and   issuing   paper-money   in   the  name  of 

the  revolutionary  Governmenl  of  Hun- 
gary,  Westlake   being  employed   by   the 

popular  side.  Soon  afterwards  he  WSfl 
acting  in  another  celebrated  case  -that  of 
Oolenso.  who  in  earlier  times  had  been  his 
t  ulor. 

International  law.  a-  Westlake  inter- 
preted   it.    was    the    same    for   all    nations 

and    he    always    protested    against    one 

version  oi    it    for   the   smaller  ami  another 

tor  the  greater  Powers.     His  interest    in 

the   smaller   nations    was   marked,   and    he 

helped  Finland  and  the  Balkan  countries 

in  a  wa\  that  will  not  soon  be  forgotten 
in  those  land 


788 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  JrxE  6,  1914 


He  was  always  strongly  on  the  side 
of  Peace  movements,  and  if  his  leaning 
towards  Peace  and  Arbitration  is  borne 
in  mind,  it  is  the  more  interesting  to  find 
that  this  great  international  laAvyer 

"  did  not  support  the  proposal  for  exempting 
private  property  from  capture  by  sea,  partly 
irom  the  belief  that  the  proposal  would 
unduly  weaken  his  country's  power  of 
offence." 

We  trust  that  some  who  now  suggest 
that  we  should  forgo  rights  which  in 
the  past  have  proved  invaluable  to  Great 
Britain  will  remember  what  was  the  view 
of  such  an  authority  as  Westlake. 

In  these  days  of  rush  it  is  something 
to  be  able  to  say,  as  is  truly  said  of  the 
subject  of  this  memoir,  that, 

"  whatever  the  occasion,  he  never  either 
wrote  or  spoke  with  haste  or  superficiality  ; 
whatever  he  wrote  bears  the  stamp  of  an  intel- 
lect accurate  and  profound.  In  all  that  he 
wrote  he  put  forward  his  full  powers."' 

One  of  his  colleagues  at  the  Hague  Arbitra- 
tion Court  said  of  him  : — 

"  C'etait  mi  de  ces  homines  rares  qui 
cherchent  la  verite  sans  arriere-pensee  et 
qui  cultivent  la  science  pour  en  faire  profiter 
le  genre  humain  ""  ; 

and  Mr.  A.  V.  Dicey  writes  : — 

'  The  plain  truth  is  that  much  as  West- 
lake  achieved  in  his  life — and  he  achieved 
far  more  than  most  men — the  man  was 
greater  than  the  work  which  he  so  well  per- 
formed ;  he  was  in  his  character,  as  in  his 
work,  all  of  a  piece.  He  attained  to  a  kind 
of  noble  simplicity,  or  simple  nobleness." 

The  only  fault  that  we  have  to  find 
with  the  memoir  is  that  it  is  too  brief,  and 
that  the  various  authors  often  recount  in 
detail  the  same  facts.  A  little  editorial 
supervision  would  have  avoided  some  of 
this  repetition. 

Three  excellent  portraits  of  John  West- 
lake  and  one  of  Mrs.  Westlake  add  greatly 
to  the  charm  of  this  pleasant  volume ; 
and  an  Appendix  supplies  a  list  of  West- 
lake's  Avritings,  which  fill  eight  pages. 


The  Green  Roads  of  England.  Bv  R. 
Hippisley  Cox.  (Methuen  &  '  Co., 
10s.  6d.  net.) 

Mr.  Cox  takes  topography  much  more 
seriously  than  the  literary  tourist.  His 
'  Green  Roads  of  England '  does  not, 
indeed,  live  up  to  its  title  by  including  a 
survey  of  all  the  old  trails  in  the  country  ; 
but  so  far  as  it  goes,  it  is  a  carefully 
compiled  catalogue  of  the  grass-grown 
roads  and  ancient  earthworks  in  part  of 
the  South- West  of  England.  With  the 
aid  of  its  excellent  maps  and  numerous 
plans,  it  will  enable  the  wanderer  in  those 
parts,  if  he  has  an  archaeological  turn,  to 
test  Mr.  Cox's  theories,  and  perhaps  to 
formulate  a  new  one  for  himself. 

We  have  got  long  past  the  days  when 
all  the  earthworks  on  the  .Southern 
Downs  were  lumped  together  as  Roman. 
The  vistas  of  time  have  been  opened  up 
by  the  spade  of  the  archaeologist  and 
the  critical  imagination  of  the  biologist. 
Neolithic    man    is  no  longer  prehistoric. 


He  has  written  his  records  in  the  tumuli 
and  barrows  and  camps  that  are  strewn 
over  the  land,  and  Ave  can  predicate  of 
him  that  he  worshipped  the  sun,  studied 
the  heavens,  believed  in  a  life  after 
death,  and  knew  the  use  of  fire  and 
domesticated  animals.  Spadework  may 
add  much  to  our  knowledge  ;  but  we 
cannot  regard  as  yet  proven  the  main 
thesis  of  Mr.  Cox's  work.  Briefly,  he 
suggests  that  the  earthworks  of  the  Stone 
Age,  which  are  generally  regarded  as 
isolated  tribal  strongholds  and  compounds 
for  guarding  cattle  in,  were  really  part  of 
an  organized  Government,  a  series  of  hill- 
forts  arranged  systematically  along  the 
watersheds,  connected  by  a  fully  developed 
scheme  of  travel  ways,  and  radiating  from 
A\Tebury,  Avhere  the  great  temple  and  the 
artificial  hill  of  Silbury  seem  to  him  to 
indicate  the  central  seat  of  government. 

Mr.  Cox  is  led  to  this  conclusion  by 
observing  that  surviving  ring-ramparts  are 
mostly  to  be  found  along  the  watersheds 
on  the  high  downs,  Avhere  the  operations 
of  agriculture  and  advancing  civilization 
have  naturally  left  them,  and  by  ignoring 
the  significance  of  the  very  numerous 
ring-ramparts  in  the  lowlands  which  have 
been  ploughed  up  and  built  over  and 
lost  or  half-lost.  It  is  true  that  the  broad 
trails,  now  grassed  over,  but  still  clearly 
discernible  in  the  down  country  by 
reason  of  the  fine,  close  turf,  generally 
follow  the  line  of  the  hills.  But  this  is 
what  would  be  expected  in  the  days  when 
the  ATalleys  Avere  impassable  morasses,  or 
covered  Avith  dangerous  forest-tangle.  Mr. 
Cox  seems  to  us  to  bring  no  evidence  of 
any  Aveight  to  support  his  theory  of  a 
country  occupied  by  a  highly  developed 
civilization  of  Neolithic  men,  preserving 
peace  and  exercising  a  Avide  authority 
through  the  land  by  virtue  of  their  hill- 
forts  and  watershed  ways.  He  does  not 
make  it  clear  how  far  this  kingdom  is 
supposed  to  have  extended  ;  but  he 
believes  that  the  Green  Roads  terminated 
at  Ararious  harbours,  and  linked  up  the 
capital  of  A\rebury  with  the  sea-borne 
trade  of  Neolithic  man.  Thus  he  regards 
Maiden  Castle  as  a  vast  Avarehouse  for 
such  commerce,  and  argues  that  its  great 
size  destroys  any  idea  of  a  merely  trifling 
trade.  Its  size  is  sufficiently  accounted 
for  as  the  stronghold  of  a  pit-dwelling, 
pastoral  people  anxious  to  keep  their 
cattle  secure.  Men  of  the  Stone  Age  were, 
one  would  have  thought,  incapable  ex 
hypothesl  of  much  commerce,  for  they 
could  have  little  to  trade  in  but  cattle, 
flints,  and  stag-horns  ;  and  it  is  curious 
that  no  trace  is  left  of  the  commodities 
which  the  supposed  fleet  of  Neolithic 
dug-outs  brought  back  across  the  seas  in 
return. 

How  fiightily  Mr.  Cox's  imagination 
carries  him  is  shown  when  he  comes  to 
Musbury  and  Hawkesdown.  First  he 
postulates  that  prehistoric  shipping  might 
have  found  a  commodious  harbour  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Axe,  now  silted  up  ;  then 
leaps  to  the  conclusion  that  Hawkesdown 
Camp  and  Musbury  Castle  were  depots  for 
goods  awaiting  the  convenience  of  pre- 
historic   shipping.     Why    Neolithic    man 


should  have  deposited  his  goods  at  Mus- 
bury, two  miles  inland  from  Hawkesdown, 
does  not  at  all  plainly  appear.  The  fact 
is  there  is  nothing  to  differentiate  Mus- 
bury or  HawkesdoAvn  from  Blackbury,  or 
scores  of  other  "  burys  "  among  the  Dorset- 
shire hills. 

Mr.  Cox,  we  notice,  regards  King  Arthur 
as  a  strictly  historical  personage,  and 
argues  that  "  the  fact  that  he  Avas  buried 
at  Glastonbury  is  the  best  proof  of  his 
having  lived."  But  that  fact  is  hardly 
established  by  the  statement  of  Giraldus 
Cambrensis  and  the  highly  suspicious 
Latin  inscription  he  quotes.  The  earliest 
mention  of  Arthur  is,  in  fact,  so  late,  and 
the  accounts  of  him  are  so  contradictory, 
that  a  scientific  Avriter  would  hesitate 
before  assigning  a  local  habitation  to  that 
legendary  hero  with  such  certainty.  Nor 
would  he,  with  Mr.  Cox,  describe  the 
neighbourhood  of  Glastonbury  and  Jack 
Straw's  Castle  as  "  the  cradle  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  race."  But  if  we  cannot  regard 
Mr.  Cox's  hypotheses  as  established  by  the 
evidence  he  produces,  we  have  nothing 
but  praise  for  his  lists  of  eartliAvorks  and 
roads,  and  the  excellent  maps  and  plans 
which  in  themselves  make  his  book 
valuable. 


From  Russia  to  Siam,  with  a  Voyage  down 
the  Danube.  By  Ernest  Young.  (Max 
Goschen,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Mr.  Ernest  Young's  book  coArers  far 
more  ground  than  his  title  suggests  ;  for  in 
addition  to  Russia,  Siam,  and  the  Danube, 
he  has  something  to  saj^  of  Holland, 
Corsica,  Germany,  places  "  East  of  Suez," 
and  Finland.  The  author  has  a  pleasant 
sense  of  humour,  but,  in  spite  of  Avide 
travel,  he  occasionally  makes  the  common 
mistake  of  talking  of  things  in  the  country 
Avhere  he  happens  to  be  as  though  they 
are  peculiar  to  that  land.  Yet  experience 
of  countries  as  near  home  as  France  and 
Switzerland  Avould  haATe  prevented  him 
from  falling  into  this  trap. 

When  he  writes  of  Holland,  he  offers, 
useful  suggestions  as  to  the  best  way  of 
seeing  that  country,  and  his  ad\Tice  is  to 
travel  by  water  and  carry  a  knapsack, 
leaAdng  heavier  luggage  at  some  spot  Avhere 
it  may  be  found  when  necessary.  On  the 
occasions  when  a  boat  is  impossible,  a 
tram  is  recommended,  and  all  the  fares  for 
the  journey  which  Mr.  Young  has  sketched 
are  set  out.  But  apart  from  these  hints, 
the  reader  will  learn  little  or  nothing  of 
Holland. 

About  Siam  the  author  is  amusing, 
often  at  his  own  expense  ;  but  of  the 
country  itself  he  has  not  much  to  tell  us- 
that  is  valuable.  There  is  nothing  that  is- 
really  new,  and  we  gather  that  his  Siamese 
experiences  are  all  some  twenty  years  old. 
In  Corsica  he  cycled,  and  saw  the  A'arious- 
houses  in  which  Napoleon  lived,  and  he 
interests  us  in  many  of  his  remarks  about 
the  island.  His  description  of  life  in  the 
towns  is  not  calculated  to  attract  fastidious- 
tourists  ;  and,  according  to  him,  the 
system  of  drainage  is  so  defective  that  it 
is  likely  to  dri\7e  away  all  but  the  most 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


789 


enthusiastic  lovers  of  the  quaint.  We 
note  the  suggestion  of  the  American  in 

the  statement  that  the  smells  of  the 
towns  are  such  that  they  might  almost 
be  phonographed. 

One  of  the  best  parts  of  Mr.  Young's 
work  is  that  devoted  to  an  account  of  a 
camping  tour  in  the  Black  Forest,  which 
cost  only  rive  pounds  for  nearly  a  month  ; 
ami  it  is  good  to  read  of  the  courtesy  and 
kindness  which  the  campers  received  at 
every  place.  The  author  was  travelling 
with  some  English  boys,  and  he  notes  that 
officials  of  all  grades  gave  them  a  helping 
hand.  Mr.  Young  has,  indeed,  nothing 
but  good  to  say  of  the  Germans,  and  ends 
by  declaring  that  in  the  Black  Forest  boys 
do  not  throw  stones  and  peasants  do  not 
jeer,  and  that  to  be  an  Englishman  in  this 
land  of  woods  and  streams  is  to  be  received 
with  open  arms. 

Some  chapters  on  the  Danube  also 
deserve  praise,  and  those  who  do  not  know 
that  river  might  do  worse  than  take  Mr. 
Young  as  their  guide,  and  let  him  show 
them  what  is  worth  seeing  between  Passau, 
Linz.  Vienna,  and  Budapest,  and  even 
further  down  that  great  highway.  The 
author  talks  as  one  who  enj'03's  river 
travel,  even  if  on  such  a  stream  as  the 
Danube  it  is  apt  to  be  monotonous  at 
times.  He  points  out  that  in  foreign 
lands  there  is  no  virtue  in  speed ;  that  the 
Danube  steamers  may  be  slow,  but  are 
fairly  comfortable  ;  and  he  shows  how 
much  we  miss  when  we  insist  on  express 
trains. 

At  the  end  of  the  book  are  some  chapters 
on  Finland  which  can  be  recommended 
to  those  who  want  to  leant  what  that 
interesting  country  is.  and  what  it  offers 
to  students  ;  while  there  is  comforting 
information  for  those  who  wish  to  visit 
it  and  may  have  been  frightened 
by  the  reports  of  other  English  writers. 
The  author  in-i>ts  that  some  of  his  country- 
men who  have  talked  of  Finnish  inns  must 
have  been  unfortunate  in  their  experiences, 
as  he  himself  has  found  them  clean,  and, 
if  occasionally  bare  and  unpretentious, 
places  of  comparative  luxury.  We  think, 
however,  that  his  later  remarks  about 
food  suggest  that  English  travellers  have, 
to  put  it.  mildly,  some  grounds  for  their 
tales  of  Buffering. 


My  Varu  d  Life.     By  F.  C.  Philips, 
leigh  Nash,  10«.  Gd.  net.) 


(Eve- 


If  Mr.  Philips  has  failed  to  give  us  a  book 
of  great  literary  distinction  or  remarkable 
insight,  he  has  certainly  succeeded  in  pro- 
viding an  abundant  and  steady  flow  of 
pleasant  gossip,  to  which  he  has  added  a 
liberal  supply  of  excellent  anecdotes;  and 
though  their-  i-  nothing  startlingly  new  in 
his  reminiscences,  they  are  of  sufficient 
interest  to  afford  pleasure  to  those  who 
would  familiarize  themselves  with  some 
of  the  social  and  literary  annals  of  the  last 
fifty  years.  In  the  respective  capacities  of 
soldier,  theatrical  manager,  journalist, 
author,  and  barrister,  In-  has  touched 
many  points  <>f  interest,  and,  unlike  the 


proverbial  rolling  stone,  he  appears  to  have 
attained  success,  not  merely  in  one,  but 
also  in  all  his  spheres  of  activity.  After 
serving  for  a  brief  period  in  the  2nd 
Queen's  Royals,  he  left  the  Army  to  enter 
into  theatrical  management,  and  in  this 
particular  province  was  associated  with 
several  successful  enterprises,  not  the  least 
being  the  production  of  the  dramatized 
version  of  his  novel  '  As  in  a  Looking- 
Glass,'  a  play  which  will  always  be  asso- 
ciated with  the  name  of  Mrs.  Bernard 
Beere.  Naturally,  a  man  of  so  many  inter- 
ests met  many  people  of  note,  and  his  remi- 
niscences of  these  are  likely  to  make  the 
strongest  appeal. 

His  brother,  Col.  George  Philips,  late 
of  the  4th  (Queen's  Own)  Hussars,  to  whom 
the  book  is  dedicated,  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship and  esteem  of  Wolseley,  and  a 
letter  written  to  Col.  Philips  shortly 
after  Wolseley  was  made  Commander-in- 
Chief  throws  such  an  interesting  side-light 
on  the  late  Field-Marshal's  character 
that  we  offer  no  excuse  for  reproducing 
it:— 

Commander-in-Chief, 

War  Office,  London,  S.W. 
28.  1.  '96. 

My  Dear  Philips, — In  the  midst  of  all 
the  shams  of  the  life  T  lead,  surrounded  by 
the  usual  crowd  of  self-seekers  who  throng 
the  world,  it  is  always  pleasant  to  hear  from 
one  who  lives  for  others  and  for  God. 

Thoughts  of  you  "  almost  persuaded  me  " 
to  try  and  follow  your  example,  but  I  find  a 
hundred  excuses  for  my  own  selfishness 
and  for  following  in  the  groove  I  have  sought 
to  attain  and  at  last  received  ;  but  T  follow 
it  knowing  the  vanity  and  hollowness  and 
self-indulgence  the  life  entails,  and  am 
therefore  all  the  greater  sinner.  My  best 
thanks  for  all  your  good  wishes,  and  believe 
me  that  I  value  the  prayers  of  good  men 
beyond  all  the  praise  of  those  amongst  whom 
I  live.  Very  sincerely  yours. 

Wolseley. 

Deserting  his  theatrical  career  for  the 
legal  profession,  Mr.   Philips  soon  found 
abundant  work  on  the  South  Wales  Circuit, 
but,  acting  on  the  advice  of  the  late  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  he  gave  up  active  practice 
at  the  Bar  after  a  brief  period,  in  order 
to    devote     himself     to     literature     and 
journalism.      His    reminiscences    of    legal 
luminaries,    which    comprise   the   greater 
portion    of    his  volume,  are  certainly  an 
entertaining    feature    of    the    book,    and 
some  of  his  anecdotes  will  afford  unalloyed 
amusement  to  those  who  appreciate  a  good 
story.     In  the  days  when  Montagu  Wil- 
liams and  Geoghegan  were  giants  at  the 
Old  Bailey,  juries  wen;  less  educated  than 
at  the  present  time,  and  the  perorations  ()| 
counsel    appear    to    have    been    delivered 
with    the    comfortable    knowledge    that 
appeals  might  be  a  little  visionary  without 
being  ineffective  : — 

"' Gentlemen  of  th<  jury,'  Raid  the  counsel, 

'as    the    L'reat    poet     heant  ifully   observed — 

[  (In  not  at  this  moment  recoiled  the  name 

of    the    poet,    nor   what    it    was    that    he    ob- 
served ;    but   the  moral  is  the  same,  and  thit 

is    that    you    should    acquit    my    unhappy 
client,  the  prisoner  at   the  Bar." 

This  verbiage  appears  to  have  been    good 

enough,  for  the  prisoner  was  released. 


The  judicial  decrees  of  those  days. 
according  to  Mr.  Philips,  were  character- 
ized by  considerable  brevity  of  language, 
particularly  in  the  case  of  Baron  Martin, 
who  "  never  attempted  to  harrow  a 
prisoner's  feelings."  A  prisoner  was  tried 
for  murder,  and  the  Baron  had  summed 
up  to  the  jury  in  very  adverse  terms. 
Apparently  the  jury  took  a  somewhat 
more  merciful  view  than  the  judge. 
'  Preesoner  at  the  Bar,"  said  the  old 
Scotsman,  "  you  're  the  luckiest  man  I 
iver  cam  across.  Tak  penal  servitude 
for  life." 

The  author,  in  the  evening  of  his  days, 
at  the  close  of  a  career  marked  by  wide 
experience  and  varied,  pursuits,  now  finds 
peace  in  the  shades  of  the  Temple,  and 
thinks  that  '*  a  man  who  lives  there  and 
cannot  be  happy  and  contented,  does  not 
deserve  to  be  happy  and  contented  at  all." 
This  is  admirable  philosophy,  much  in 
accord  with  the  pleasant  tenor  of  a  book 
which,  in  spite  of  a  lack  of  continuity  or 
cohesion,  is  of  considerable  human  interest. 
We  are  glad  to  see  a  useful  and  compre- 
hensive index. 


Mother  Mabel  Digby  :  a  Biography  of  the 
Superior  General  of  the  Society  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  1835-1911.  By  Anne 
Pollen.     (John  Murray,  12s.  net.) 

The   biography   of   a   religious   must,   in 
many  cases,   make   appeal  only  to   that 
somewhat  restricted  circle  of  persons  who 
care  for  the  special  aims  and  practices  to 
which  its   subject   is   devoted.      That  of 
Mother    Mabel    Digby    should,    however, 
interest  a  considerably  wider  public.     In 
the  first  place,  the  manner  of  her  conver- 
sion— while  not  unexampled,  nor  perhaps, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  a  nun  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  to  be  preferred  as  a  grace 
from  God  to  many  another  less  startling — 
has    in    it    those    characteristics    of    the 
mysterious  and  the  dramatic  which  cannot 
fail  to  set  any  one  musing.    Authenticated 
as  the  story  is,  and,  what  is  more,  borne 
out    by    further    cognate    experience    in 
Mother    Digby' s    subsequent    life,    it    de- 
serves to  be  included  by  the  student  of 
religion  in  his  dossier  of  evidence  concern- 
ing that  department  of  human  psychology. 
No  doubt  his  ingenuity  will  find  a  ready 
enough  explanation  of  it.     In  the  second 
place,  it  fell  to  this  strong  and  remarkable 
woman,  as  the  youthful  Mother  Superior 
of  the  house  of  the  Sacred  Heart  at  Mar- 
moutier,   to   face   the    perils  of   war  and 
organize    the   care   of   the    wounded   while 
the    Germans    were    attacking    the    neigh- 
bouring   city    of    Tours  ;     and    then,    as 
Superior  General  of  the  Order,  in  the  open- 
ing years  of     this  century,   to  steady   its 
courage,  direct  its  conduct,  and  safeguard 
its    VOWS,    at    the   time    when    the    French 
Government  carried  through  that  scheme 
of  relentless  persecution  which  ended  in 
the  expulsion  of  the  Congregations  from 

France. 

She  Came  on  both  sides  of  good  blood, 
and  no  doubt  exteriorly  owed  much  to 
this  and  to  her  early  training.       Perhaps 


790 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


.she  also  owed  something  to  the  fact  that, 
as  a  girl,  she  had  been  a  daring  horse- 
woman, and  to  the  father  who  idolized 
her,  yet  once  found  it  in  him  to  bring 
the  lash  of  his  riding-whip  stingingly 
down  upon  her  childish  fingers  because 
she  dared  clutch  at  her  pommel  to 
save  herself  from  falling  off  her  plung- 
ing pony. 

Her  family  had  been  living  for  several 
years  in  France  when  in  1857  she  entered 
the  novitiate  of  the  Society  of  the  Sacred 
Heart.  She  became  Mother  Superior  at 
Marmoutierinl865;  and  in  1872,  after  the 
sorrows  of  the  war,  and  the  still  greater 
sorrows  of  the  Commune,  was  transferred 
to  the  house  at  Roehampton,  which  she 
governed  until,  in  1894,  she  was  summoned 
back  to  France  as  Assistant  Superior 
General.  Perhaps  the  most  important 
public  work  she  achieved  during  her  tenure 
of  office  at  Roehampton  was  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Wandsworth  Training  College, 
to  provide  Roman  Catholic  teachers  able 
to  fulfil  the  demands  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation for  elementary  schools.  In  her 
plans  for  the  extension,  especially  among 
the  poor  of  London,  of  the  work  of  the 
Society,  she  was  necessarily  brought 
into  frequent  contact  with  Manning, 
who,  for  some  reason  or  other,  showed 
himself  a  fairly  persistent  opponent  to 
her  activities. 

In  1895  she  was  unanimously  elected 
Superior  General,  and  thenceforth  her  life 
was  one  of  incessant  and  multiplied  care 
as  well  as  of  incessant  travelling.  The 
Order  has  houses  in  many  parts  of  the 
Avorld,  and  the  number  was  increased  dur- 
ing her  tenure  of  office.  There  were  com- 
paratively few  which  she  did  not  manage 
to  visit. 

But  the  great  work  for  which  she  will  be 
specially  remembered  was  her  leadership 
of  the  Society  during  the  years  of  crisis  in 
France.  She  carried  out  completely  the 
task  then  laid  upon  her.  For  each  of  the 
fort}'-eight  houses  she  was  called  upon  to 
close  she  founded  another  beyond  the 
borders  of  France,  and  not  only  secured  for 
each  of  the  professed  the  continuance,  in 
its  original  conditions,  of  her  life  as  a 
religious,  but  also  refused  either  to  disband 
the  novices,  or  to  send  away  postulants  who 
presented  themselves.  Her  good  judg- 
ment, her  foresight,  her  powers  of 
invention,  and  her  unalterable  serenity 
proved  equal  to  every  demand  upon 
them. 

That  she  achieved  so  much — nay, 
merely  that  she  lived  to  the  age  of  76 — 
is  a  thing  to  be  wondered  at,  since 
her  bodily  health  was  of  the  frailest. 
Again  and  again  she  was  brought  back 
from  the  very  threshold  of  death,  and  at 
the  times  when  she  was  reputed  well  and 
going  steadily  about  her  business,  she 
was  far  more  often  than  not  enduring 
pain  which  most  people  would  have  de- 
scribed as  excruciating.  A  splendid  and 
highly  trained  nurse,  able  to  do  anything 
required  of  her  at  the  most  difficult 
operations,  she  was  held  in  peculiar  esteem 
by  doctors,  and  they  more  than  any  one 
else    understood    and    marvelled    at    ber 


capacity    for    enduring    severe     physical 
suffering. 

She  was  marked  out  for  a  leader  by  her 
extraordinary  power  to  sustain  others,  by 
her  keen  intuitive  sympathy,  and  her 
excellent  memory.  It  is  clear,  too,  that 
she  had  the  peculiar  gift  of  being  able  to 
achieve  much  and  bestow  much  in  short 
spaces  of  time.  But  she  made  great 
demands  on  her  daughters  ;  she  would 
endure  no  hankering  after  "  petty  com- 
forts," and,  what  may  often  have  been 
more  difficult  to  comply  with,  no  shyness. 
She  spoke  rather  little,  not  so  much  in 
specially  memorable  or  fitting  words  as 
with  a  singular  quiet  force,  which  carried 
home  all  she  said  with  unusual  effective- 
ness. A  collection  of  sayings  of  hers — 
some  of  them  striking — is  given  at  the  end 
of  this  book.  Her  practical  wisdom  and 
knowledge  of  society  and  of  affairs  were 
great ;  her  humour  ready,  her  kindness 
without  end. 

Where  she  was  deficient  appears  to  have 
been  in  the  direction  of  art  and  literature 
— for  which  she  had  little  feeling,  and  with 
which  she  was  little  occupied.  But  if,  as 
Mr.  Clive  Bell  would  have  us  believe,  art 
is  one  mode  of  apprehension  of  the  real, 
and,  functionally,  interchangeable  with 
that  sense  by  which  the  mystic  apprehends, 
then  assuredly  Mother  Digby  might  with- 
out privation  forgo  it.  To  the  eyes  of 
those  who  lived  close  to  her,  her  qualities 
as  an  administrator,  even  as  a  Mother, 
were  lost  in  her  sanctity.  She  died  at  the 
new  Motherhouse  at  Ixelles,  near  Brussels, 
in  May,  1911,  and  lies  buried  at  Roe- 
hampton. 

We  should  have  been  glad  to  be  able  to 
praise  the  workmanship  of  this  book  more 
highly.  Mere  fine  writing  would,  indeed, 
have  been  emphatically  out  of  place,  yet 
without  falling  into  that  it  should  have 
been  possible  to  handle  in  a  more  lively 
and  determined  way  the  three  or  four 
scenes  in  Mother  Digby's  life  which  are  of 
quite  outstanding  interest — such,  for  in- 
stance, as  that  of  her  grave  yet  fiery  pro- 
test to  the  liquidators  at  Paris  (tk  Our  rights 
are  imprescriptible  ")  :  or  the  earlier  story, 
which  it  is  only  fair  to  say  is  somewhat 
better  done,  of  the  rising  of  the  Loire. 
The  account  of  the  successive  measures 
taken  b}^  the  French  Government  is  dull 
and  confused,  and  an  adequate  collected 
statement  of  the  Government's  argument 
is  wanting,  which,  far  from  weakening, 
would  have  defined  and  concentrated  in 
the  reader's  mind  the  case  for  the  Congre- 
gations. 

Some  of  the  matter  included  is  unneces- 
sary and  trivial,  and  into  several  pages 
there  has  crept  what  one  may  call  a 
triviality  of  tone.  Yet  in  some  sort  the 
reader's  perception  of  these  defects  is  a 
tribute  to  good  qualities  in  the  work,  since 
it  is  a  recognition  of  real  greatness  in 
Mother  Digby  which  leads  him  to  wish 
that  her  biography  should  be  of  corre- 
sponding excellence. 


The  Romance  of  the  Newfoundland  Caribou : 

an  Intimate  Account  of  the  Life  of  the 

Reindeer  of  North  America.     By  A.  A. 

Radclyffe      Dugmore.  (Heinemann, 

125.  M.  net.) 
Mr.  Radclyffe  Dugmore,  who  has  spent 
nine  consecutive  seasons  in  Xewfoundland, 
has  in  this  book  supplied  a  fairly  exhaustive 
account  of  the  caribou  (Rangifer  terrce 
novce),  illustrated  by  photographs  from 
life,  of  varying  artistic  merit,  but  full  of 
interest  when  considered  with  the  text. 
Two  of  the  illustrations  (pp.  38  and  40) 
are  from  paintings  by  the  author,  and 
attest  his  ability  with  the  brush  ;  it  would 
be  difficult  to  convey  a  better  impression 
of  travelling  and  migrating  herds. 

The  book  is  divided  into  seven  chapters, 
in  which  are  included  a  description  of  the 
life  and  habits  of  the  animal,  its  mating, 
its  migrations,  and  its  relation  to  other 
branches  of  the  reindeer  family.  There  is 
also  a  useful  short  account  of  Xewfound- 
land and  its  history,  and  advice  as  to 
camping  out ;  and  the  game  laws  are 
quoted  in  full.  So  in  all  respects  except 
one  it  is  a  useful  guide  for  intending 
visitors — the  one  drawback  being  its  size 
and  weight,  which  must  bav  it  when  the 
kit  is  slender.  But  that  d  feet  is  caused 
by  its  greatest  merits  —  large  type,  hand- 
some margins,  and  lavish  illustration. 

The  name  caribou  is  doubtless  of  Indian 
origin,  and  was  used  so  long  ago  as  1609  ; 
the  life  of  this  American  reindeer  is 
divided  into  four  periods,  corresponding 
with  the  seasons,  and  beginning  with 
summer  late  in  June,  when  the  young 
are  born.  During  the  second  period,  as 
the  days  shorten  the  animals  reach  their 
highest  development :  the  does  fat,  the 
young  still  with  their  mothers,  but  able  to 
take  care  of  themselves.  This  is  the 
mating  season,  and  the  time  of  the  migra- 
tion south.  The  third  period,  winter,  is 
that  of  hardship  and  trial,  for  the  country 
is  covered  with  snow,  and  food  is  not 
easily  secured.  The  fourth,  spring,  is  that 
of  hope  ;  the  great  herds  break  up,  and 
they  return  to  their  summer  home. 

The  author  has  devoted  himself  more 
to  the  camera  than  to  the  rifle,  and  he 
justly  remarks  that  stalking  with  the  for- 
mer is  by  far  the  more  difficult.  He  has 
admirably  described  his  troubles  in  trying 
to  get  a  picture  of  two  stags  fighting, 
divided  as  he  was  between  the  desire  to  see 
the  fight  to  a  finish,  and  the  wish  to  secure 
a  photograph.  The  click  of  the  camera 
set  the  herd  scampering,  and  ended  the 
fight,  which  is  portrayed  at  p.  68.  We 
can  well  believe  that  there  is  marvellous 
pleasure  in  watching  wild  animals,  free 
from  suspicion,  behaving  naturally. 

Shooting,  in  this  book,  takes  a  secondary 
place,  and,  we  are  told,  must  be  done 
decently ,  giving  the  animal  a  fair  chance  ; 
the  most  deadly  weapons  must  be  avoided, 
otherwise  killing  is  no  longer  sport.  It  may 
be  so  with  caribou,  but  scarcely  with  wild 
deer,  goats,  and  sheep.  A  safer  rule  is 
that,  when  the  sportsman  goes  out  to  kill, 
his  weapon  and  ammunition  should  be  the 
most  effective,  which  in  the  long  run  are 
the  most  humane. 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1014 


THE     ATIIENiEUM 


791 


FICTION. 

Tin     Quick    and    tin     Dead.      By     Edwin 
Pugh.      (Chapman  &   Hall,  fo.) 

MORE  than  one  subject  of  real  and  serious 
interest  receives  attention  in  these  pages, 
yet  to  the  author's  credit  be  it  said  that  the 
book  offers  excellent  entertainment.  Hav- 
ing perused  some  pages  which  reveal  a  fish- 
ing village  in  process  of  becoming  a  seaside 
resort,  and  its  fisher-folk  and  visitors — a 
description  which  would  have  pleased  us 
with  its  Dickensian  flavour  if  the  author 
had  been  more  sparing  in  his  adjectives 
— we  are  led  on  to  consider  the  ques- 
tion of  heredity  in  relation  to  marriage. 
So  warily  lias  the  author  introduced  the 
subject  that  his  readers  will  be  taken  un- 
awares. For  some  time  we  are  merely 
puzzled  by  the  divagations  of  Mr.  Pugh's 
heroine  in  the  course  of  her  engagement 
and  subsequent  marriage  to  the  young- 
engineer  who  has  come  to  work  out 
her  father's  scheme  of  a  harbour  for  the 
town.  When  we  find  her  unpleasantly 
dominated  by  men  whose  artistry  is 
of  the  neurotic  order,  and  learn  that  it 
is  a  stepmother  who  ministers  to  her 
with  loving  care,  we  get  an  inkling  of 
the  ultimate  tragedy. 

Mr.  Pugh  has  a  second  and  hardly  less 
interesting  string  to  his  contrast  of  the 
practical  and  artistic  temperaments.  The 
young  engineer,  having  in  the  course  of  a 
cpiarrel  inadvertently  caused  the  death 
of  an  essayist  whom  he  regarded  as  a 
rival  in  love,  finds  himself  appointed  the 
dead  man's  literary  executor.  Filled  with 
loathing  at  the  unhealthy  undercurrent 
that  pervades  the  man's  work,  he  is 
agonized  to  find  the  dead  hand  exercising 
an  ever-increasing  influence  over  his  wife. 
Constrained  by  the  fear  that  his  refusal 
may  be  misinterpreted,  he  agrees  (as 
literary  executor)  to  the  publication  of 
a  book  of  which  he  heartily  disapproves. 
His  wife  thinks  it  great,  and  he  hates  and 
despises  it.  Painfully  we  watch  his  futile 
endeavour  to  win  back  her  affection  by 
material  gifts.  Inevitably  the  culminating 
tragedy  closes  in.  and.  like  one  of  Shake- 
speare's plays,  the  book  ends  because 
there  is  no  one  left  to  continue  the  action. 
It  would  not  be  difficult  to  rind  other 
faults  than  the  one  we  have  alluded  to  — 
for  instance,  the  lack  of  sequence  in  time 
i-  annoying;  but  we  much  prefer  to  ac- 
knowledge that  Mr.  Pugh  has  treated 
matters  of  real  moment  with  an  artistic 
skill  which  makes  criticism  of  detail 
unimportant. 


A  Mother  in  Exile.     (Everett,  6s.) 

This  book  is  an  autobiography  embodied 

in  letters  written  for  her  daughter  by  a 
mother  "exiled"  from  her  husband  and 
children  ;  and  the  first  question  prompted  is 
whether  it  is  a  true  record  of  actual  men 
and  women,  or  a  story  with  incidents 
arranged  to  fit  various  characters,  drawn 
partly  from  life.  On  the  whole,  the  former 
hypothesis  seems  t-i  fit  the  internal  evi- 
dence better.  Nothing  save  life — stranger 
than  fiction  because  less  artistic — could 
give    such   a  paradox  as   Allan  Montr 


hidebound  by  mean  and  disagreeable  con- 
ventions ;  and  his  wife.  "  faite  toute  d'une 
Seule  piece."  sacrificing  everything  for 
love.  Love  of  what  \  Of  love  itself 
iather  than  of  him  or  any  man  '.  She 
is  one  of  those  rare  and  poignant  types 
whose  sad  record, surprising  and  wounding 
beyond  imagination,  may  be  found  in 
some  faded  yellow  packet  of  letters, 
unearthed  by  chance  for  the  pity  and 
wonder  of  those  who  read   them. 

Being,  on  this  hypothesis,  a  real  person, 
and  of  a  certain  definite  generation  of 
thought,  she  is  consistent  in  many  respects. 
We  select  one  ;  it  may  seem  petty  criti- 
cism, but  it  has  a  clear  and  real  rela- 
tion to  certain  truths  of  life.  She  finds 
constantly  aid  and  expression  for  her 
thoughts  in  the  quotation  of  poets  and 
thinkers,  and  in  sayings  trite  in  them- 
selves— French  now  and  again,  but  more 
often  German. 

We  may  seem  to  cavil  at  such  German 
quotations.  In  a  story,  a  work  of  art  as 
such,  they  would  be  inexcusable,  quite 
unnecessary  to  self-expression  ;  the  heart 
should  surely  hammer  and  hew  out  of 
the  rough  mass  of  its  own  suffering  the 
spontaneous  and  natural  expression  of 
that  suffering.  But  the  reality  of  life 
does  show  that  the  thoughts  of  others, 
even  in  alien  speech,  have  their  value — 
even  the  more  trite  thoughts,  not  neces- 
sarily those  that  embody  the  true  magic. 

It  is  as  though  men  or  women,  who  by 
much  knowledge  of  life  have  become 
atrophied  to  speech,  are  glad,  relieved, 
to  find  some  simple  saying,  or  quiet, 
restful  verse,  the  very  commonplace  of 
which  sums  up  their  feelings.  A  young 
man  may  revel  in  Shelley  and  his  like, 
seeking  their  atmospheric  beauty  for  his 
ideals  ;  an  older  man,  knowdng  the  ideal, 
is  content  with  a  far  simpler  expression  of 
reality. 

Again,  life-portraiture  would  certainly 
explain  in  this  book  the  inconsistencies 
and  incoherences  of  events  and  periods  ; 
these  are  confusing  at  times,  and  puzzling, 
but  as  the  natural  confidences  of  a  woman 
to  her  letters— those  letters  that  she 
loves  as  she  could  not  love  the  living 
recipients  of  them — they  are  normal,  and 
fully  explain  her  own  thought  and  the 
manner  of  its  movements. 

Such  a  record  as  that  of  the  '  Mother 
in  Fxile  '  cannot,  however,  make  any 
great  appeal  under  its  guise  of  fiction. 
As  fiction  pure  and  simple,  a  diary  or  a 
series  of  letters  cannot  well  have  a  uni- 
versal interest  :  the  art  employed  must 
become  too  evident,  must  obscure  the 
persona]  note  which  alone  has  weight. 
That  note,  unless  we  can  identify  it  with 
some  real  person,  loses  its  force  :  it  is. 
in  fact,  a  battle  between  artistic  diction 
and  portrayal  of  temperament  ;  and  the 
result  can  only  be  a  Pyrrhic  victory  for 
the  one  or  the  other.      Perhaps    the    final 

note  of   the  book    as  a  whole  i>  the  ex- 
pression   Of    the    last     two    lines   of   tin 

quoted  as  a  Preface  : — 

And  love — it  wa«  the  i»--t  <>t  them, 
And  sleep    worth  all  the  reel  of  them. 

These  two   lines  are  the  account    of ,  may- 
be   one-halt  of  the  work  of  humanity. 


Sunrise    Valley.     By  Marion  Hill.     (John 
Long,  <),s\) 

Kate  Douglas  Wiggin  must  indeed  look 

to  her  laurels.  Here  is  a  book  with  all 
the  sweetness  we  have  learnt  to  expect 
from  her.  but  far  less  cloying.  True.  Miss 
Hill's  chief  characters  are  rather  impos- 
sible people.  Her  heroine,  who  goes  to 
take  charge  of  a  country  school,  is  no 
doubt  extremely  clever  and  charming, 
but.  had  she  been  our  responsibility,  we 
should  have  considered  a  good  slapping 
more  beneficial  than  any  kissing.  The 
hero  also  is  very  wonderful — but,  alas  ! 
he  knew  it,  and  there  was  no  one  to  tell 
him  what  an  unfortunate  effect  the  know- 
ledge had  on  his  manners.  Much  may. 
however,  be  forgiven  to  a  man  who  is 
striving  against  odds  to  make  some  use 
of  what  he  owns,  while  many  of  those 
he  comes  in  contact  with  are  wasting  what 
ought  to  be  other  people's  substance.  The 
secondary  characters  are,  in  fact,  the 
best,  because  they  have  not  so  much 
annoying  confidence  in  themselves.  Still, 
the  book  has  many  shrewd  and  kindly 
things  in  it,  and  the  descriptions  of  the 
country  and  country  -  folk  are  really 
alluring. 

Margot — and    her    Judges.     Bv    Richard 

Marsh.  (Chatto  &  Windus,  6s.) 
Mr.  Marsh  would  apparently  claim  our 
sympathy  for  a  girl  who  feels  outraged 
because  a  mass  of  circumstantial  evidence 
makes  people  regard  her  as  a  liar  and 
a  thief.  Had  we  any  evidence  of  her 
having  ever  proved  herself  the  contrary, 
or  of  ever  having  been  worth  a  pinch  of 
salt,  we  might  have  discovered  some 
sympathy  with  her.  As  it  is.  we  think 
she  only  got  what  she  deserved,  and  when, 
at  the  end,  she  permitted  her  lover  to 
befriend  her,  much  more  than  she  deserved. 
The  book  is  unfortunately  worse  than 
simply  absurd  ;  it  is  harmful,  in  the  sense 
that  it  may  give  renewed  currency  to 
ideas  which  we  had  trusted  were  on  their 
way  to  oblivion. 


Desmond  O'Connor.     By  George  H.  Jessop. 

(John  Long,  fi.s'.) 
Tin;  sequence  of  adventures  in  this  book- 
is  sufficiently   vivid,   and   is   put   together 
with  lucidity  and  some  spirit.     J 'he  history 
(of  Flanders  in  1708)  is  not  unduly  empha- 
sized.    We  do   not    meet    with   those  ex- 
tremes of  excitement  and  instruction  with 
which  Mr.   llenty  used  to  delight  or  ruffle 
boyish  imaginations  (happily  the  chapters 
alternated,    and    so    it    was    quite    easy    to 
know    when  to  "skip")  :     but    \\c  are  not 
wholly   disappointed    in    some   of    the   epi- 
sodes :     an   escape   by  canal   from    BlUg< 
a  ferocious  defence  of  a   woodcutter's  hut 
against  w  hole  legions  of  foemen.  and  a  duel 
at   the  end  where  the  villain  tumbles  off  a 
balconj    just  as  he  is  going  to  "  pink  "  the 
hero. 

The  speech  of  the  faithful  Irish  sergeant 

is  overloaded  with  conventional  brogue: 
we  have  met    those  rlibernicisms    often 

before  in  these  heroic  environments  We 
iiiu-1  protest,  by  the  way.  against  "  saber- 
ing" ;  such  spelling,  even  if  justifiable  on 
other  grounds,  does  not   look  well. 


792 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


BOOKS   PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Garvie  (Rev.  Alfred  E.),  The  Joy  of  Finding  ;  or, 
God's  Humanity  and  Man's  Inhumanity  to 
Man,  "  Short  Course  Series,"  2/  net. 

Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 
A  study  of  the  teaching  of  the  parable  of  the 
Prodigal  Son. 

Maud  (John  P.),  Bishop  of  Kensington,  Life  for 

Every  Man,  2/6  net.  Wells  Gardner 

Addresses  given  at  Great  St.  Mary's  Church 

during  a  mission  to  the  und  rgraduates  of  (.  am- 

bridge  University. 

Zenos  (Andrew  C),  The  Son  of  Man,  Studies  in 
the  Gospel  of  Mark,  "  Short  Course  Series,"  2/ 
Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark 
Eight    essays    on    various    aspects    of    the 
character  and  work  of  Christ. 

LAW. 

Dicey  (A.  V.),  Lectures  on  the  Relation 
between    Law    and    Opinion    in    England 

DURING  THE   NINETEENTH  CENTURY,    10/6  net. 

Macmillan 
A  second  edition,  containing  a  new  Introduc- 
tion, in  which  the  author  traces  "  the  rapid 
changes  in  English  law  and  in  English  legislative 
opinion  which  have  marked  the  early  years  of  the 
twentieth  century."  See  notice  in  Athen.,  July  1, 
1905,  p.  5. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Bibliographical  Society  of  America,  Papers, 
edited  by  Adolf  C.  von  Noe  :  Vol.  VII.,  1912-13, 
Nos.  3-4. 

Chicago,  University  of  Chicago  Press 
Includes  a  paper  on  '  The  Sulzberger  Collec- 
tion   of    Soncino    Books    in    the    Library    of    the 
Jewish  Seminary,'  by  Mr.  Max  Radin  ;    and  notes 
and  news  of  the  Society. 

Boston  Public  Library,  Sixty-Second  Annual 
Report,  1913-14. 

Containing  the  reports  of  the  Trustees, 
Examining  Committee,  and  Librarian.  There  are 
illustrations. 

English  Catalogue  of  Books,  1801-1836,  edited 
and  compiled  by  Robert  Alexander  Peddie  and 
Quintin  Waddington,  105/  net. 

Sampson  Low 
This  volume  completes  the  series  published 
by  Messrs.  Sampson  Low,  and  has  been  compiled 
from  various  editions  of  the  London  Catalogue,  the 
British  Museum  Catalogue,  old  trade  catalogues, 
and  other  sources. 

National  Library  of  Wales,  A  Bibliography  of 

Robert  Owen,  the  Socialist,  1771-1858,  1/ 

net.  Aberystwyth 

Including  lists  of  writings   by   Owen,   books 

and  pamphlets  relating  to  him,  and  prints  and 

portraits. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Stebbing  (L.  Susan),  Pragmatism  and  French 
Voluntarism,  2/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
A  thesis  with  "  especial  reference  to  the 
notion  of  truth  in  the  development  of  French 
Philosophy  from  Maine  de  Biran  to  Professor 
Bergson."  It  has  been  approved  for  the  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts  in  London  University. 

POETRY. 

Butler  (Henry  Montagu),  Some  Leisure  Hours 
of  a  Long  Life,  Translations  into  Greek,  Latin, 
and  English  Verse,  7  /6  net. 

Cambridge,  Bowes  &  Bowes 
The  contents  are  mainly  sacred  in  character, 
and  include  epitaphs  and  translations  from  the 
Scriptures,  hymns,  and  collects.  The  book  is 
described  by  the  author  as  "a  Chapter.  ..  .in 
a  fragmentary  and  very  incomplete  Autobio- 
graphy," throwing  light  "on  the  leisure  hours  of 
a  long  and  busy  life." 

Crashaw  (Richard),  The  Religious  Poems,  with 
an  Introductory  Study  by  R.  A.  Eric  Shepherd, 
1/  net.  Herder 

A  volume  in  the  "  Catholic  Library." 

Earls  (Michael),  Ballads  of  Childhood,   $1 

New  York,  Benziger 
A  collection  of  verses  for  and  about  children. 

Esdaile  (Katharine  A.),  Lux  Juventutis,  a  Book 
of  Verse,  3/6  net.  Constable 

Short  pieces,  including  verses  on  love  and 
nature,  and  translations. 


Gregory  (Padric),  Modern  Anglo-Irish  Verse, 
6  /  net .  Nutt 

An  anthology  selected  from  the  work  of 
living  Irish  poets. 

Rice  (Cale  Young),  At  the  World's  Heart,  5/ 

net.  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

There   are   pieces   which   reflect   the   writer's 

experiences  in  Eastern  countries,  love-songs,  and 

miscellaneous  verses. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Bridges  (John  Henry),  The  Life  and  Work  of 
Roger  Bacon,  edited,  with  Additional  Notes 
and  Tables,  by  H.  Gordon  Jones,  3/  net. 

Williams  &  Norgate 
A  new  edition  of    Dr.  Bridge's    Introduction 
to  his  edition  of  the  '  Opus  Majus,'  published  at 
the  Clarendon  Press  in  1897. 

Cofley  (Diarmid),  O'Neill  and  Ormond,  a  Chapter 
in  Irish  History,  6/  net.  Maunsel 

A  history  of  the  Irish  Rebellion  of  1641, 
and  the  Cromwellian  Conquest. 

Durham  (M.  Edith),  The  Struggle  for  Scutari 
(Turk,  Slav,  and  Albanian),  14/  net.  Arnold 
An  account  of  the  main  events  of  the  Balkan 
War,  recording  the  author's  experiences  while 
doing  relief  work.  The  book  is  illustrated  with 
her  photographs  and  sketches. 

Jervis-Waldy  (W.  T.),  From  Eight  to  Eighty, 

the    Life    of    a    Crimean    and    Indian    Mutiny 

Veteran,  4/6  net.  Harrison 

An    autobiography,    recording    some    famous 

campaigns  and  battles,   and   describing  sport  in 

various  countries. 

Keppel  (Frederick  Paul),  Columbia,  6/6  net. 

Milford 
A  history  of  Columbia  University,  illustrated 
with  photographs. 

King  (Wilson),  Chronicles  of  Three  Free 
Cities  :  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Lubeck,  10/6  net. 

Dent 
An  account  of  the  development  of  three 
Free  Cities  of  Northern  Germany,  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  Dr.  J.  P.  Mahaffy.  There  are  many 
illustrations,  including  some  reproductions  in 
colour. 

Lee    (Richard    Henry),    Letters,    collected    and 

edited  bv  James  Curtis  Ballagh :   Vol.  II.  1779- 

1794,  10/6  net.  Macmillan 

Containing    over   290   letters  written  during 

the  last  fifteen  years  of  Lee's  life. 

Letters  of  Edward  Dowden  and  his  Correspondents, 
7/6  net.  Dent 

These  letters,  edited  by  Mrs.  Dowden  and 
Miss  Hilda  M.  Dowden,  are  arranged  in  chrono- 
logical order.  Mr.  John  Eglinton  contributes  an 
appreciation  of  Dowden,  and  to  the  letters  is 
added  a  brief  Biographical  Note. 

Masson  (Flora),  Robert  Boyle,  a  Biography, 
7/6  net.  Constable 

An  account  of  the  life  and  work  of  the 
famous  chemist. 

Montague  (VioletteM.),THE  Celebrated  Madame 
Camp  an,  Lad  y-in-  Waiting  to  Marie  Antoi- 
nette and  Confederate  to  Napoleon, 
15/  net.  Eveleigh  Nash 

The  author  has  based  this  biography  mainly 
on  Madame  Campan's  memoirs  and  correspond- 
ence and  contemporary  documents.  The  book  is 
illustrated  with  portraits. 

Raphael  (John  N.),  The  Caillaux  Drama,  16/  net. 

Goschen 
An  account  of   the    events  which    led  up  to 
the  death  of  M.  Calmette  and  a  discussion  of  their 
political   significance.     There   are  many   illustra- 
tions from  photographs. 

Sandys  (Sir  John  Edwin),  Roger  Bacon,  1/  net. 

Milford 
A    brief    sketch    of    Bacon's    life,    and    some 
account  of  his  works. 

Statesman's  Year-Book,  1914,  edited  by  J.  Scott 
Kcltie,  assisted  by  M.  Epstein,  10/6  net. 

Macmillan 
For  notice  see  p.  787. 

Tout  (T.  F.),  The  Place  of  the  Reign  of  Ed- 
ward II.  in  English  History,  10/6  net. 

Sherratt  &  Hughes 
This    book    is    an    expansion    of    the    Ford 
Lectures  delivered  by  the  author  at  Oxford  last 
year. 

Weigall   (Arthur  E.   P.   Brome),   The   Life  and 

Times    of    Cleopatra,    Queen    of    Egypt,    a 

Study  in  the  Origin  of  the  Roman  Empire,  16/ 

net.  Blackwood 

A  study  of  the   character  of   Cleopatra  and 

her  relations  with  Rome.     There  are  illustrations 

and  maps. 


GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Buxton  (Noel  and  Rev.  Harold),  Travel  and 
Politics  in  Armenia,  5/  net.  Smith  &  Elder 
An  account  of  recent  travels  in  Russian  and 
Turkish  Armenia,  reprinted  from  articles  ia 
The  Contemporary  Review,  The  Nineteenth 
Century,  and  The  World' s  Work.  There  is  an 
Introduction  by  Viscount  Biyce;  and  Aram 
RafTi  contributes  three  chapters  on  '  Armenian 
History,  Culture,  and  Characteristics.'  The  book 
is  illustrated  with  photographs  and  a  map. 

Cox  (R.  Hippisley),  The  Green  Roads  of  Eng- 
land, 10/6  net.  Methuen 
For  notice  see  p.  788. 

New  Map  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  with  Adja- 
cent Lands  and  Islands,  5/  Bacon 
This  map  has  been  compiled  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  William  Stanford,  and  measures  22  in. 
by  28  in.  It  is  mounted  on  cloth,  to  fold  in  a 
cloth  case,  and  provided  with  an  Index  of  names. 
It  may  also  be  obtained  in  sheet  for  3/ 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Webster  (F.  A.  M.),  The  Evolution  of  the 
Olympic  Games,  1829  b.c-1914  a.d.,  6/  net. 

Heath  &  Cranton 
Mr.  Webster  gives  some  account  of  the 
ancient  Olympic  games,  and  describes  the  growth 
of  the  modern  movement  which  has  usurped 
their  title.  Sir  Arthur  Conan  Doyle  and  the 
Duke  of  Somerset  have  contributed  a  Preface 
and'  an  Introduction  respectively,  and  there  are 
numerous  illustrations. 

POLITICS. 

Bizzell  (William  Bennett),  Judicial  Interpre- 
tation of  Political  Theory-,  6/  net. 

Putnam 

This  is  "  a  study  in  the  relation  of  the  Courts 

to   the   American   Party   System."      All   but   two 

of  the  chapters  were  delivered  as  lectures  at  the 

Illinois  College  of  Law  in  1910. 

Woodburn  (James  Albert),  Political  Parties 
and  Party  Problems  in  the  United  States, 
10/6  net.  .Putnam 

A  second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

ECONOMICS. 

Ketkar  (Shridhar  V.),  An  Essay  on  Indian 
Economics,  Ire.  8an. 

Calcutta,  Thacker  <5c  Spink 
A  study  of  economic  problems  in  relation  to 
the  political,  social,  and  linguistic  conditions  of 
India. 

Schreiner  (Olive),  Woman  and  Labour,  2/  net. 
«  Fisher  Unwin 

A  popular  edition.  See  notice  in  Athen., 
Aug.  19,  1911,  p.  214. 

Withers  (Hartley),  Poverty  and  Waste,  3/6  net, 

Smith  &  Elder 

The  author's  aim  is  to  show  how  close  is  the 

relation  between   poverty   and  waste,   and  point 

out  ways  in  which  private  citizens  may  help  to 

better  social  conditions. 

LITERARY   CRITICISM. 

Jonson(Ben)  on  Shakespeare's  Sonnets,  an  Exposi- 
tion in  English,  by  J.  M.,  1/  net. 

Sherratt  &  Hughes 
An  examination  of  Jonson's  lines  to  Shake- 
speare  in  the  First  Folio.      The    greater  part  of 
the  booklet  is  reprinted  from  '  Shakespeare  Self- 
Revealed.' 

EDUCATION. 

Craik  (Sir  Henry),  The  State  in  its  Relation 
to  Education,  3/6  Macmillan 

A  third  edition. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Black's  School  Geography :  Geographical  Pic- 
tures from  Photographs,  edited  by  S.  M. 
Nicholls,  Series  II.,  Packets  Nos.  1  and  2,  6d. 
each. 

This    series    illustrates     movements    of    the 

earth's  crust.      Each  packet  contains  six  pictures. 

Ceppi  (Marc),  Renard  le  Fripon,  1/  Arnold 

A  sequel  to  '  Les  Aventures  de  Maitre 
Renard.'  It  is  written  in  simple  French,  printed 
in  large,  clear  type,  and  illustrated.  A  Vocabu- 
lary is  included. 

Grenville  (L.  W.),  Key  to  Hall's  School  Alge- 
bra, 6/  Macmillan 
A  key  to  the  examples  set  in  Parts  II.  and 
III. 


No.  4519,   June  6,  1014 


T  IT  E     ATHENiEU  M 


793 


Klelst    (Helnrlch    von),    Prinz    Fhihpkh  ii     vros 
HOMBUBG,    ein    Srhauspiel.    edited     l»>"    Qeorge 

Merrick   Baker,   "  Oxford  German  Series,"  8/ 

net.  Milford 

The  play  is    provided  with  an   Introduction 

giving   a   sketch   oi    deist's   life;     notes,   which 

include  a  brief  synopsis  of  the  contents  of  each 

ad  ;    and  a  Vocabulary. 

Munro  (James),  A  History  op  Great  BRITAIN i 

Part  I.,  1/8  Oliver  &  Boyd 

An    account    of    the    chief    events    of    Rngliah 

and  Scottish  history  from  the  time  of  the  Roman 

invasion  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

There    are    many    illustrations    from    paintings, 

photographs,  <vc,  and  maps. 

Sand  (George),  Francois  le  Champi,  edited  by 

Colbert Searles,  "Oxford  French  Series,"  3/  net. 

Milford 
The    text     is    edited    with    an    Introduction, 
notes,  ami  Vocabulary. 

Stanley  (H.),  PRELIMINARY  Practical  Science, 

1  ii  Methuen 

A  textbook  dealing  with  some  fundamental 

principles   in    physical   science.      It    is   illustrated 

with  diagrams. 

FICTION. 

Betham-Edwards  (M.),  From  ax  Islington"  Win- 
dow, 6/  Smith  &  Elder 
This    volume   contains  a    series   of    stories — 
pathetic    and   humorous.      The   writer   chronicles 
impressions  of  her  neighbours  as  seeu  from  windows 
during  the  Mid- Victorian  period. 
Birmingham    (George    A.),    The    Red    Hand    of 
Ulster,  1     net.                               Smith  A:  Elder 
A  new  edition. 

Dickinson  (Evelyn),  One  Man's  Way.  6        Allen 

The  hero,  who  begins  life  as  a  fashionable 
country  doctor,  and  attains  eminence  as  a 
specialist  in  London,  has  a  calm  professional 
manner  which  hides  his  strong  passions.  The 
author  describes  his  relations  with  various  women, 
including  his  wife,  who  dies  half-way  through 
Ihe  book. 

Doyle  (Sir  Arthur  Conan),  The  Lost  World.  3/6 

Smith  &  Elder 

A  new  ed'tion. 
Gibbs  (A.  Hamilton),  The  Hour  of  Conflict.  G,' 

Stanley  Paul 

Episodes     of     romance,     attempted    suicide, 
rescue,  and  happy  reunion. 
Nlven  (Frederick),  Justice  of  the  Peace,  6/ 

Nash 

A  study  in  the  clash  of  temperament  between 
a  mother  and  her  son,  who  chooses  the  profession 
of  an  artist  in  preference  to  working  in  his  father's 
business. 

Pugh  (E.),  The  Quick  and  the  Dead.  6 

Chapman  &  Hall 
See  p.  791. 

Ryley  (C.  L.),  The  Voice  on  the  Beach,  5/ net. 

Xutt 
Ten  short  stories  of  the  supernatural.  That 
which  gives  it--  title  to  the  volume  concerns 
an  old  Breton  legend  to  the  effect  that  the  spirit 
of  a  drowned  sailor  shall  haunt  the  seashore 
until  his  body  is  recovered  and  re  reives  Christian 
burial  in  consecrated  ground. 

Tynan  (Katharine),   A   Shameful  Inheritam  e, 
6/  Cassell 

The  story  of  a  boy  whose  life  was  over- 
shadowed by  the  tragedy  of  his  parents.  The 
father,  a  Society  man.  commits  suicide  through 
the  misconduct  of  his  wife.  This  the  hero  of  the 
tale  accidentally  discovers  on  the  eve  of  his 
marriage  with  a  titled  lady. 
Warden  (Florence),  Lady  Ursula's  Husband, 
6/  Ward  &  bock 

\   story  dealing  with  the  reformation  of  a 
•  k. 
Wentworth  'Patricia),  Simon  Beriot,  6/ 

Melrose 

The  love-story  of  a    young  man   who   revolts 

ins!    the    business  methods  of  Ids  prosperous 

■  father,    and    struggles    to    earn    his    living    in 

London. 

REVIEWS     AND    MAGAZINES. 

American  Oxonian,  Vol.  I.  No.  1,  •>    per  annum. 

Bloomingxon,  India  as 

This  i>  tie-  official  magazine  of  the  Alumni 
Association  of  American  Rhodes  Scholars,  and 
will  be  published  twice  a  year — in  April  and 
ober.  The  present  issue  include-,  'Oxford's 
Opinion  of  the  Rhodes  Scholars,'  by  Mr.  Sidney 
Ball,  and  'Rhodes  Scholars  and  Athletics,'  |)V 
Mr.  F.  J.  vVylie. 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  Jim:,  l'  S 

'The    Devil   of  the   Waterfall. '    bv   Lieut. -Col. 

J.  II.  Patterson;  'The  Lighter  Side  of  School 
Life:  I.  The  Headmaster,  by  Mr.  Ian  Hay; 
and  '  Maguelone :    a  Forgotten   [stand  City,'   by 

Miss  Louisa  Mellor,  arc  included  in  the  contents. 


Britannic  Review,  June,  1    net. 

Byre  iV  Spot  t  iswoode 

The  articles  include  'An  Empire  Mark  of 
Origin.'    by    Sir    John    Cockbum,    and     'Canada's 

Racial  Destiny,'  by  Anglo-Saxon. 
British  Review,  Jink.  1     net. 

Williams  \  Norgate 

•The  Radical  Party  of  America,'  by  Mr.  A. 
Maurice  Low:     'Small   Ownership,'   by  Mr.   M.  V. 
Hay:     and    'A    Nor!  h-Couut  ry    Dialect     Flay,'    by 
Canon  Rawnsley,  appear  in  this  number. 
Connoisseur,  June,  1    net. 

35^-39,  MaddoxSL,  W. 

The  articles  in  this  issue  include  '  Linthorpe  : 
:i  forgotten  English  Pottery,'  by  Mr.  Arthur  More- 
land  ;  'Old  Lacquer,'  by  Mr.Egan  Mew:  and 
'  From  Piano  to  Piano-Flayer,'  by  Mr.  George 
Cecil.  The  colour  and  half-tone  plates  arc  an 
important  feature. 

Contemporary  Review,  Jfne,  2/6 

10,  Adelphi  Terrace 
'Our  £200,000,000  Budget,'  by  Mr.  ( 'hiozza 
Money;  'Myths  of  the  Medicine  Men,'  by  Mr. 
Stephen  Coleridge  ;  and  '  Early  Play-Houses  and 
the  Drama.'  by  Mr.  Wilberforce  Jenkinson,  are 
among  the  features. 

Country  Life,  Simmer  Number,  1/ 

20,  Tavistock  St.,  Strand 
Some  of  the  items  are  '  The  Penguin  under 
Water,'  by  Dr.  Francis  Ward,  '  The  Alaskan 
Fur  Report,'  '  The  History  of  Birdcages,'  and 
'  The  Spoonbill.'  There  are  numerous  illustra- 
tions from  x^botographs. 

Empire  Review  and  Magazine,  June,  1/  net. 

Macmillan 
Sir  Clement  Kinloch-Cooke  writes  an  appre- 
ciation of  Prince  Alexander  of  Teck  ;  a  Diplomatist 
discusses  '  Foreign  Affairs  and  British  Relations  ' ; 
and  Mr.  G.  B.  Smart  contributes  a  paper  on 
'  Juvenile  Emigrants  in  Canada.' 

Harper's  Magazine,  June,  1/ 

The  contents  include  '  The  First  Dictionary 
of  Americanisms,'  by  Mr.  Thomas  R.  Lounsbury  ; 
'  A  Visit  to  Royalty  and  Days  with  Franz  Liszt,' 
by  Madame  de  Hegermann  Lindencrone  ;  and 
'  Pan,  a  Poem,'  by  Mr.  Richard  Le  Gallienne. 

Irish  Book  Lover,  June,  2/6  per  annum. 

Salmond 
An  appreciation  of  Joseph  Brenan  and  'The 
Men  of  the  North  Countrie  '  appear  in  this  issue. 

Mariner's  Mirror,  June,  1/  net.  Hammond 

Including    '  Patience,'    bv    Mr.    L.    G.    Can* 
Laughton  ;    '  Ships  of  1529,'  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Whall  ; 
and    '  The    Nydam   Boat    at    Kiel,'    by    Capt.    L. 
Arenhold. 
Nineteenth  Century  and  After,  June,  2/6 

Spott  iswoode 
Sir  Bampfylde  Fuller  writes  on  'An  Ideal 
Alliance,'  Father  Bernard  Vaughan  on  '  The 
Jesuit  in  Fact  anil  in  Fiction,'  and  Lady  Darwin 
and  Miss  Constance  Tite  contribute  papers  on 
the  work  of  police-women  in  America  and  Ger- 
many respectively. 

Occult  Review,  June,  Id.  net.  Rider 

Some  of  the  features  are  '  Investigations  in 
Automatism.'  by  Mr.  .lames  II.  Cousins,  and 
'  Algerian  -Magic'  by  Mr.  Vere  D.  Short  t. 

Poetry  Review,  June,  6d.  net. 

in.  Feat Ihi stone  Buildings,  Holborn 

This    number    includes    'The    Homer    of    the 
Isle  of  Alan.'  by  Mr.  Thomas  Sharpe,  and  '  The 
Latest    Adventure    in    Drama    Poetic,'    by    Miss 
Dorothy  Macardle. 
School  World,  JUNE,  <>'/.  Macmillan 

This  issue  contains  papers  on  '  The  Certificate 
in  Religious  Knowledge  in  the  London  University,' 
by  Miss  H.  L.  Powell,  and   '  Accuracy  and  the 

Direct    Method.'    by  Mr.    E.   Creagh    Kittson. 

United  Service  Magazine,  June,  l'  Clowes 

Include-,    •  A    Study    in     Defensive    War.'    by 
Major   (■.    W.    Redway,    ami    '  Signalling   in   the 
German  Army,'  by  Mr.  R.  Raven-Hart. 
Vineyard,  June,  <'"/.  net.  Dent 

Among  the  articles  are  The  I  la  ml.  and  Home- 
Making,'    by  Miss    Edith    B.   Scott,  and    'Some 
Country  Sayings,'  by  the  Rev.  It.  I..  Gales, 
World's  Work,  June,   I     net.  Qeinemann 

Some  of  the  articles  in  the  present   number 

are   '  Out    of    Ireland,   a    lYophet.'    •  The   Fates   ami 

.Mr.  Balfour.'  'The  Moving  Picture  Teacher,'  and 
living  the  Servant   Problem.' 

JUVENILE. 

Le  Feuvre  lAmyi,  A  DAUGHTER  OS  IHE  Sea,  3  '■ 

K.T.s. 

A  new  edit  ion. 

Page  (Alice  M.i,  (iici.v   BEAD   in   Seabcb  >•>     \ 

Mother,  -j.  «;  R.T.8. 

The  story  of  a  stolen  child.     It  is  illustrated 

in  colour. 


GENERAL. 

Gaskell  (Lady  C.  Milnes),  Friends  BOUND  THE 
Wrbktn,  it/  net.  Smith  te  Elder 

\  hook  of  pleasant  gOSSip,  garden  lore,  and 
legend,  w  rit  ten  much  in  the  manner  of  1  he  author's 

previous  book,  'Spring  in  a  Shropshire  Abbey*' 

There  are  illustrations. 

Gwynn  (Stephen),  Tin;  Pair  BILLS  OF  IRELAND, 
2,i>  net.  Maunsel 

A  new  edition.  There  are  coloured  and 
other  illustrations  from  drawings  by  Mr.  Hugh 
Thorns*  in. 

Sepher  Maphteah  Shelomo  (Book  of  the  Key  op 
Solomon),   12/  net.  Milford 

A  facsimile  by  collotype  process  of  the 
Helirew  MS.  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Hermann 
Gollancz.  It  is  now  reproduced  for  the  first  time, 
with  an  Introduction  by  him.  Only  300  copies 
have  been  issued. 

Trew  (M.  F.),  Notions  about  Nations,  a  Fsychi- 
cal  Geography,  2/6  net.  Cambridge,  Better 

Nonsense  rhymes,  written  as  "a  gentle 
recreation  for  the  melancholy  mind,"  and  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  W.  U.  Toy. 

Whelpley  (James  Davenport),  American  Public 
Opinion,  7/6  net.  Chapman  &  Hall 

The  author's  aim  is  "  to  interpret  American 
opinion  upon  certain  large  or  more  or  less  inter- 
national questions."  Many  of  the  chapters  are 
reprinted  from  articles  in  The  Century  Magazine 
of  New  York  and  The  Fortnightly  Review. 

Where  shall  We  Live  ?  A  Guide  to  the  Choicest 

Residential  Districts  round   London,   3d. 

net.  Homeland  Association 

A  popular  edition  of  '  Where  to  Live  round 

London.' 

SCIENCE. 

Enriques     (Federigo),     Problems     of     Science, 

Authorized    Translation   by    Katharine    Royce, 

10/  net.  Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 

A  survey  of  scientific  methodology,  with  an 

Introductory  Note  by  Prof.  Josiah  Royce. 

Freud  (Prof.  Dr.  Sigmund),  Psychopathology  of 
Everyday  Life,  Authorized  English  Edition, 
with  Introduction  by  A.  A.  Brill.  1  l!  6  net. 

Fisher   Unwin 
A  study  of  the  complex  problems  of  human 
behaviour.     The    book    is    translated     from    the 
fourth  German  edition. 

Godfrey  (Walter  H.),  Gardens  in  the  Making,  5/ 
net.  Batsford 

This  book  deals  with  the  craft  of  designing 
and  laying-out  gardens.  The  Letterpress  is  illus- 
trated from  drawings  by  the  author  ami  Mi-.  E.  L. 
Wratten. 

Ingham  (A.  E.),  Gearing,  a  Practical  Treatise, 
5/  net.  Methuen 

The  author  discusses  the  general  scientific 
principles  relating  to  gears  and  their  application, 
and  describes  the  most  approved  methods  of 
solving  problems  associated  with  them.  The 
text  is  illustrated  with  tables,  chart-.  and  dia- 
grams. 

Marvels  of  Insect  Life,  Fart  1..  edited  by  Edward 

Step,    Id.   net.  Hutchinson 

This  work,  which  will  be  completed  in  about 
twenty-four  fortnightly  parts,  describes  in  non- 
scientific  language  the  structure  and  habits  of 
insects.  It  has  numerous  illu-t  l  at  ion-  and  a 
coloured  frontispiece. 

Thompson  (Joseph  C),  The  VARIATIONS  i:x- 
hiiutkd  hy  Thahnofhis  Ordinoides  (Bated 

AND    GERARD),    a    Garter-Snake    inhabiting    the 

Sausalito  Peninsula,  California. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
A   paper  reprinted    from    the  Proceedings  of 
the  United  States  .National  Vluseum. 

Walcott   (Charles   D.),   Cambrian   Geology    \m> 

Paleontology:    II.  No.  13;   and  ill.  No.  1. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 

The    former    paper    contain-    a     classification 

ami  description  of  the  Dikelocephalus  and  other 

genera        of       the        Dikelocepha  Ii  n.-i  .       The       other 

includes    the    Introduction    to    'The    Cambrian 
Faunas    of    China,'    published    by    the    Carnegie 

Institution    of    Washington    last    year,    and    here 
reprinted    with    Blighl    addition-.     Both    papers 

are    [litis!  rate, I. 

FINE    ART. 

Gray  (Harold  St.  Georgei,  1'iini  [NT!  BUJ  REPORT 
o.\  the   Excavations  at  Mai  ururi    RnroWi 

DOR4  mi      iii:.    1913. 

Don  heater,  '  Dorse!  Count]  Chronicle  ' 
This  report  is  reprinted  from  tie    Proceedings 

of    the    Done!     Natural    Bistory    and      \  nl  npiai  1.01 

Field  flub. 


794 


THE     ATHEN^SUM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


Hough  (Walter),  Culture  of  the  Ancient 
Pueblos  of  the  Upper  Gila  River  Region, 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office 

A  report  of  the  investigation  of  ruins  under- 
taken by  the  second  Museum-Gates  Expedition. 
See  p,  801. 

Young  (Hayward),  Short  Cuts  to  Sketching, 
edited  by  Flora  Klickmann,  5/  net.  R.T.S. 

A  series  of  articles  giving  suggestions  on 
sketching  to  beginners.  They  are  reprinted  from 
The  Girl's  Own  Paptr  and  Woman's  Magazine, 
and  are  illustrated  with  reproductions  of  drawings 
and  paintings  by  Mr.  Young. 

DRAMA. 

Bunston  (Anna),  Jephthah's  Daughter,  3/6  net. 

Erskine  Macdonald 
A  play  in  five  acts,  written  in  blank  verse. 

FOREIGN. 

Chateaubriand,     Atala,     Rene,     Le     Dernier 
Abencerage,  IQd.  Nelson 

A  volume,  including  the  essay  on  Shake- 
speare, in  the  "  Edition  Lutetia."  M.  Emile 
Faguet  contributes  an  Introduction. 

Gall  (August  Freiherrn  von),  Der  Hebraische 
Pentateuch  der  Samaritaner,  28m. 

Giessen,  Topelmann 
The  first  part  of  a  work  on  which  the  editor 
has  spent  twenty  years  of  careful  work.  It 
appears  in  quarto  form,  and  includes  Prolego- 
mena, facsimiles,  and  the  text  of  Genesis,  with 
abundant  notes  beneath  it.  The  whole  is  to  be 
complete  in  five  parts. 


SONNET. 

When  these  tired  eyes  are  closed  in  that 
long  sleejD 
Which  is  the  deepest  and  the  last  of  all, 
Shroud  not  my  limbs  with  purple  funeral 
pall, 
Nor  mock  my  rest  with  vainest  prayers,  nor 

weep, 
But  take  my  ashes  where  the  sunshine  plays 
In  dewy  meadows  splashed  with  gold  and 

white, 
And  there,   when   stars  peep  from  black 
pools  by  night, 
Let  the  wind  scatter  them.     And  on  the  days 
You  wander  by  those  meadow  pools  again, 
Think  of  me  as  I  then  shall  be,  a  part 
Of  earth — naught  else.     And  if  you  see 
the  red 
Of  western  skies,  or  feel  the  clean  soft  rain, 
Or  smell  the  flowers  I  loved,  then  let  your 
heart 
Beat  fast  for  me,  and  I  shall  not  be  dead, 

Thomas  Moult. 


CHAUCER    AND    WESTMINSTER 
ABBEY. 

Muniments  Room,  Westminster  Abliey, 
May  29,  1914. 

The  huge  Chartulary  of  Westminster 
Abbey  known  as  Domesday  was  compiled 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  between  a.d. 
1307  and  1327.  It  contains  transcripts  of 
hundreds  of  deeds  relating  to  the  various 
Abbey  manors  throughout  England,  of 
which  the  original  documents  have  almost 
without  exception  been  since  lost  or  stolen. 

Under  the  heading  of  '  Hertfordshire  : 
Ash  well  Manor,'  are  two  deeds  containing 
the  earliest  mention  yet  found  of  the  poet 
Chaucer's  connexion  with  the  Abbey.  They 
are  of  the  year  1306,  and  relate  to  liis  grand- 
father, Robert  le  Chaucer  (or  Chaufecire, 
as  the  name  is  usually  spelt),  and  his  grand- 
mother, Mary  Heyroun.  The  text  of  these 
interesting  and  important  charters  is  given 
below  : — 

Rubric. 

Quietaclamatio  Roberti  dicti  le  Chauser  de 
Londone  et  Marie  vxoris  sue  de  tota  dote  eiusdem 
Marie  in  Essewelle.  Nouerint  vniuersi  ad  quos 
presentes  littere  peruenerint  quod  nos  Robertus 
uictus  le  Chauser  de  London  et  Maria  vxor  mea 
remisimus  et  quietumelamauimus  Domino  Waltero 
Pei  gracia  abbati  Westmonasteriensi  et  eiusdem 


loci  conuentui  totum  jus  clamium  et  exaccionem 
que  habuimus  uel  habere  potuimus  uel  poterimus 
inperpetmim  racionc  dotis  predicte  Marie  que 
quondam  fuit  vxor  Johannis  Heyron  de  Londone 
quondam  viri  ipsius  Marie  de  omnibus  terris  et 
tenementis  que  fuerunt  predicti  Johannis  Heyron 
in  Aschewelle.  Ita  videlicet  quod  nos  predicti 
Robertus  et  Maria  nee  aliquis  per  nos  nee  nomine 
nostro  uel  alteram  nostrorum  in  predictis  tene- 
mentis nomine  dotis  ipsius  Marie  aliquo  jure  uel 
clamij  alterius  tituli  decetero  exigere  clamare  uel 
vendicare  poterimus  inperpetuum.  In  cuius  rei 
testimonium  huic  presenti  quieteclamancie  apud 
Assewelle  sigilla  nostra  apposuimus  die  sancte 
Margarete  virginis  Anno  regni  regis  Edwardi 
filii  regis  Henrici  tricesimo  quarto  in  presencia 
Willelmi  de  Lyre  Roberti  de  Raukedich  Willelmi 
de  Stanton  Roberti  de  prat  is  Johanni  filii  Thome 
Ricardi  Ottewyet  Philippi  filii  Thome  et  aliorum. 

Rubric. 

Quietaclamantio  Petri  filii  Willelmi  de  Han- 
cestre  de  vno  messuagio  cum  omnibus  terris  et 
tenementis  et  gardinis  ad  illud  pertinentibus 
Omnibus  Christi  fidelibus  presens  scriptum 
visuris  uel  audituris  petrus  filius  Willelmi  de 
Hancestre  salutem  in  domino.  Noueritis  me  pro 
me  et  heredibus  meis  remisisse  et  omnino  quietum- 
clamasse  Waltero  dei  gracia  abbati  Wesmonasteri- 
ensi  et  eiusdem  loci  conuentui  et  eorum  success- 
oribus  totum  jus  et  clamium  quod  habui  uel 
aliquo  modo  habere  potui  in  toto  illo  mesuagio 
cum  gardinis  et  omnibus  terris  et  tenementis  ad 
predictum  mesuagium  pertinentibus  in  villa  de 
Assewelle.  Ilia  videlicet  tenementa  que  quon- 
dam fuerunt  Rogeri  de  aqua  susspensi  et  que 
tenementa  quondam  Johannes  Heron  de  Lon- 
done tenuit  ex  dimissione  eiusdem  Rogeri  et  que 
idem  Johannes  Heron  sursumreddidit  in  manus 
domini  in  plena  curia  de  Assewelle  secundum 
consuetudinem  manorij  ad  opus  meum.  Ita 
videlicet  quod  necego  predictus  Petrus  nee  heredes 
mei  nee  aliquis  nomine  nostro  quicquam  juris  uel 
clamij  decetero  exigere  vendicare  uel  clamare 
poterimus  inperpetuum  occasione  illius  reddi- 
cionis  seu  aliquo  alio  modo  neque  in  dominico 
neque  in  servicio.  In  cuius  rei  testimonum 
presenti  scripto  sigillum  meum  apposui.  Hiis 
testibus  Domino  Johanne  vicario  de  Essewelle 
Ricardo  de  Standone  Willelmo  de  Stantone  Gal- 
frido  Pikeroun  Gerino  de  sancto  Egidio  Gamelo 
de  Ware  Willelmo  de  Lyre  Johanne  le  Jeofne 
Johanne  de  Stanes  Ricardo  de  Raukediche 
Sansone  le  clerc  Roberto  atte  Made  et  aliis. 

Edward  J.  L.  Scott,  D.Litt.Oxon., 

Keeper  of  the  Abbey  Muniments.       , 


JOHN    PEPYS,  THE  FATHER  OF  THE 
DIARIST,  AND  ST.  BRIDE'S. 

You  will  need  no  apology  from  me  for 
venturing  to  give  to  the  numerous  lovers  of 
Pepys  the  following  facts,  which  have  not, 
so  far  as  I  am  aware,  been  made  public 
before,  although  the  existence  of  part  of  them 
was  indicated  some  years  ago. 

We  know  from  his  petition  to  the  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  to  be  admitted  a  freeman 
('  Pepysiana,'  p.  15)  that  John  Pepys,  the 
father  of  the  diarist,  had  lived,  as  apprentice 
and  master  man,  in  St.  Bride's  Churchyard 
for  thirty-six  years,  at  the  time  he  made  the 
application,  that  is  since  he  was  a  boy  of  13. 
He  married  in  1626,  when  he  was  24,  and  his 
first  child  was  born  in  1627.  Of  his  six  sons 
and  five  daughters,  in  the  registers  of  St. 
Bride's  I  have  found  the  entries  of  all  their 
baptisms  but  one,  that  of  John  the  youngest ; 
and  there  also  will  be  found  the  entries  of 
the  burials  of  seven  of  them,  three  sons  and 
four  daughters. 

Any  doubt  which  may  have  existed  as  to 
the  fact  of  Samuel  Pepys  having  been  born 
at  his  father's  house  in  St.  Bride's  Churchyard 
may,  I  think,  be  set  aside  after  examination 
of  the  registers.  The  regularity  with  which 
the  registrations  follow  the  dates  of  the 
births  of  his  brothers  and  sisters  given  by 
Pepys  in  the  Diary  (vol.  iv.  p.  320,  Wheatley) 
is  strong  presumptive  evidence  that  all  were 
born  there  ;  seventeen  days  is  the  longest 
interval  between  any  of  the  births  and  bap- 
tisms, and  in  Samuel's  case  the  interval  is 
only  eight  days. 


The  entries  are  as  follows  : — 

1627,  Aug.  1.  Mary  d.  of  John  Pepes  wyef 
Margaret. 

1628,  Oct.  5.  Paulina  d.  of  James  [sic]  Pep'  < 
wyef  Margaret . 

1630,  Apr.  9.  Hester  d.  to  John  wyef  Margaret 
Peapes. 

1631  [/2]  Jan.  19.  John  s.  to  John  Peapes  wyef 
Margaret. 

1632  [/3]  Mar.  3.  Samuell  s.  to  John  Peapis 
wyef  Margaret. 

1631,  June  25  Thomas  s.  to  John  Peapes  wife 
Margaret. 

1635,  Sept.  3.  Sarah  d.  to  John  Peapes  wife 
Margaret. 

1637,  May  8.  Jacob  s.  to  John  Peapes  wife 
Margaret. 

1638,  Nov.  27.  Robert  s.  to  John  Peyps  wife 
Margaritt. 

1640,  Nov.  5.  Paulina  d.  to  John  Peepes  wyef 
Margaret. 

The  forename  James  given  in  the  second 
entry  is,  of  course,  a  clerical  error  for  John. 

Of  the  baptism  of  John,  the  youngest  son,, 
the  second  to  receive  that  name,  I  have  so- 
far  been  unable  to  find  the  entry. 

Then  turning  to  the  burials,  we  find  the 
following  entries,  which  show  that  all  of  the 
diarist's  brothers  and  sisters  did  not  die  in 
infancy,  as  has  been  supposed  : — 

1631,  Nov.  23.  Hester  d.  to  John  Pepys  [19J 
months]. 

1632,  May  10.  Pallina  d.  to  John  Peypys  [3J 
years]. 

1637,  Dec.  15.  Jacob  s.  to  John  Peapys  [T 
months]. 

1640,  May  10.  John  s.  to  John  Peepes  [8  years 
and  4  months]. 

1610,  Dec.  14.  Mary  d.  to  John  Peepes  [13 
years]. 

1641,  June  9.  Sara  d.  to'John  Peepes  f5f  years]. 

Of  the  burial  of  Robert,  stated  to  have- 
died  young  (Diarjr,  vol.  i.  p.  xvii,  Wheatley), 
I  have  at  pi  esent  failed  to  find  the  record ; 
he  may,  of  course,  have  died  away  from 
home — at  Brampton  or  elsewhere.  Then, 
after  many  years,  we  find  the  entry  relating 
to  Thomas,  whose  death  and  burial  arfr 
related  in  the  Diary  : — 

1663(74],  March  18.  Mr.  Thomas  Pepyes. 

We  may  note  the  influence  of  the  rising 
Navy  official  in  the  prefix  "  Mr.,"  which  is- 
not  given  to  any  other  of  the  entries. 

As  well  as  the  above  members  of  the  family y 
there  are  the  following  entries  referring  to- 
the  household  :— 

1641,  Nov.  26.  Barbara  Williams  servant  tc- 
Mr.  Peapes. 

1644,  Sept.  18.  Margarett,  Peeps  lodger. 
(Plague.) 

which  are  of  interest  as  showing  something 
of  his  social  condition. 

Besides  the  registers,  other  books  in  the- 
same  place  furnish  information  about  John 
Pepys.  In  1645  we  find  him  making  request 
to  the  vestry  to  be  allowed  to  move  a 
"  partition  "  in  the  churchyard  standing 
before  his  house,  "  for  the  better  benefitt  of 
his  light."  After  viewing  it,  the  vestry 
decided  to  allow  him  to  move  it  "  further  in 
two  yards,  provided  that  he  would  be  at  the 
charge  of  paving  that  ground,"  and  putting 
grates  to  the  window  for  "  feare  of  dainger 
to  children."  This  proves  that  his  house 
actually  abutted  on  the  churchyard,  and  was 
not  only  nominally  situated  there.  The 
exact  location  of  the  house  will,  however,. 
I  fear,  never  be  determined  ;  much  altera- 
tion has  been  made  in  the  neighbourhood, 
and  one  possible  source  of  information  which 
might  have  given  valuable  clues  is  not  avail- 
able :  the  rate-books  do  not  go  back  so  far 
as  the  period  of  his  occupation. 

In  July,  1649,  "Mr.  John  Peapes  was 
chosen  scavenger  for  the  year  ensueinge." 
(The  scavenger  was  the  officer  appointed  by 
the  parish  to  be  responsible  for  the  cleansing 
of  the  streets,  &c.)  In  the  following  Sep- 
tember we  have  further  reference  to  this 
appointment,  which  I  transcribe  in  full,  the 
side-note  being  "  1649.  18  Sept.    Mr.  Peaj  es. 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


79:, 


fines   for  scavenger   and    all    other    parish 
offices  "  : — 

\l  ilii-  Vc-trie  llio  ci>inttee  of  Yestiie  appointed 
to  treat  with  Mr.  Peapes  lately  chosen  scavenger 
for  the  year  ensueiuge  concerninge  liis  ffine  for  1  hut 
pine  and  all  other  parish  offices  if  hee  bee  pleased! 
made  their  report  thai  they  had  spoken  with  him 
to  whom  hee  declared  thai  hee  conceived  hee  had 
received  sum.'  affront  att  St.  Sepulchre's  his  vote 
being  denyed  him  in  choice  of  publique  offices 
tor  the  cittie  being  hee  was  no  (freeman  thereof 
a-  was  alleged  and  therefore  could  not  be  com- 
pelled to  hear  any  publique  otliee  of  I  ho  eittie, 
yott  because  hee  would  not  hee  accounted  a 
Refractory  neighbour  in  doeing  something  for  the 
palish,  hee  would  freely  give  f>  pounds  to  the 
poore  of  the  place  in  respect  of  all  offices,  all  w1'1' 
and  other  things  being  considered  if  they  thought 
tin  the  churchwardens  should  receive  of  him  the 
I  pounds  wch  they  did  accordingly.  And  this 
Ve-trie  upon  that  report  did  approve  of  what  the 
said  com""  had  done  therin  and  ordered  that  hee 
ibould  bee  for  the  same  discharged  from  the  said 
otliee  of  scavenger  and  all  other  parish  offices." 

And  the  receipt  of  the  fine  appears  : — 

1649,  13  Sept.  Hoc'1  of  Mr.  Peapes  his  fine  for 
all  offices.     005  .  00  .  00. 

Tins  incident  may  probably  have  had 
something  to  do  with  his  petition  to  the 
Merchant  Taylors'  to  be  admitted  a  free- 
man of  the  Company,  for  it  was  but  a  few 
months  after  that  his  application  was  made. 

After  the  lapse  of  some  years,  we  find  him 
again  elected  to  a  parish  office,  of  which  the 
following  is  the  record  : — 

ItioS,  1  t  Apt-ill.  John  Peepes  chose  sydesman 
for  the  year  ensueinge. 

I  am  much  indebted  to  the  courtesy 
of  Mr.  A.  \V.  Peart,  the  Parish  Clerk  of 
St.  Bride's,  who  has  most  kindly  granted  me 
facilities  for  consulting  the  parish  records, 
and  given  me  his  assistance  in  making  the 
search.  Walter  H.   Whttear. 


EDMUND     BURKES     LETTERS. 

1,  Rutl  mil  House,  53,  Charleville  Road, 

West  Kensinpton,  W., 

June  1,  1914. 

I    am    engaged    in    the    preparation    of    a 

definitive   edition  of  the   correspondence  of 

Edmund  Burke,  and  seek  the  hospitality  of 

your  columns  in  order  to  ask  any  of  your 

readers  who   possess  original   letters  kindly 

to  communicate  with  me. 

Lewis  Melville. 


BOOK    SALE. 


-Its.      SOTHEBY'S      book      sales      last      week 

I  ided  the  libraries  of  the  late  ('apt.  Douglas 

I    the    late    Mr.    A.    J.     K irkpat rick,    and    the 

perty   of   the    Rev.    Stopford    A.   Brooke,   the 

chief     prices     being:      Berain,     Ornemens,     106 

plates,  c.  1674,  15/.     Cauvet,  Recueil  d'Ornemens, 

1777,    17/.      Cuvillies,   Architecture,   r.   1770,   120/. 

Heppelwhite,    Cabinet    Maker   and    Upholsterer's 

fe,    178!',   21/.     Le   Pautre,   CEuvres  d'Archi- 

ture,  '■>  vols.,  n.d.,  TIL  10«.     J.  A.  Meissonier, 

c.     1730,     115/.      XoufTorgo,   Kecueil    616- 

utaire   d'Architecture,   8    vols,    in    1,    1757-68, 

-'!/.     Combe,  Three  Tours  of  Dr.  Syntax,  '■'<  vols., 

1812-21,    32/.     10s.      Dance    of    Life,    1817,    37/. 

of    Death,     1811     15,    50i.       Dickon-,     Post- 
lnifnA»n    i> .  t   *  i. .      i>:..i —  :..i-    /'i.. i.      i  we     "7     !•* 


ts    in     2     vols.,     I8:',i;  7.     2'.'/.     Shakespeare, 

:ks,   7    vols.,    170H    In.   35/.      Suite.-.    Ilandl.v 

'      ss,   1854,    12/.     VVestmacott,   English  Spy,  21 

parts   in   2   vols.,    1825-6,    115/.:    another  copy, 

•  ".      Ackerniann,  Microcosm  of  London,  3  vols., 

I/.        Don     Quixote,      1     vols.,      1818,     exlla- 

illnstrated,  25/.     Inland.  Life  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte,   |   \.,|-.,    lsi':i   s.    t.",/.      Dncrest,  .Memoirs  of 
Km  pre--,  Josephine,  2  vol-.,  extra-illustrated, 
I,  35/.   In,.     .Mile.  i|e  Mont p.n-iii.   Memoirs, 
!«.,  extra-illustrated,  1848,242.  10«.     Steven- 
son, Works,  Edinburgh  Edition,  31  vol-..  1804   '■>, 
52/.   Chodowiecki,  a  collection  of  535  engravii 
-•>'.  Ihk.     Girtin,  Twenty  of  the  most  picturesque 
'■s  of   Paris.    1803,   20/.     I'iian.-i,   Vedute  <li 
Roma,  Va-i,  \c.,    i   \,,i-..   ]77!>,  fee.,    18/. 


Xitmtqj    (Scsstp, 

Me.  John  Gbtjbbel  of  Philadelphia  lias 

agreed  to  proposals  for  the  custody  of  the 
Glenriddeli  Bums  MSS.,  which  he  pre- 
sented to  the  Scottish  nation.  A  trust  is 
to  he  formed  consisting  of  three  members  : 
the  Lord  Provost  of  Edinburgh,  the  Lord 
Provost  of  Glasgow,  and  Lord  Roseberv. 
The  manuscripts  are  to  be  deposited  for 
alternate  periods  of  rive  years  in  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow  until  Scotland  has  a 
National  Library.  When  such  a  library 
exists,  it  is  to  become  sole  trustee  and 
ultimate  depository  of  the  MSS. 

The  first  volume  of  the  new  edition  of 
Dr.  Hugh  Scott's  *  Fasti  Ecclesiae  Scoti- 
canae,"  edited  by  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Crockett, 
was  laid  on  the  table  at  the  recent  Church 
of  Scotland  General  Assembly.  Dr.  Wal- 
lace Williamson  explained  that  it  was  the 
work  of  the  Committee  in  charge  to  bring 
the  '  Fasti  '  fully  up  to  date,  so  that, 
when  completed,  it  would  embrace  the 
biography  of  every  minister  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  from  the  time  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

'  Your  review  of  the  last  book  on  Landor 
reminds  me  of  what  has  never  been  published 
—his  remark  that  he  would  whip  his  son 
if  he  did  not  write  better  verse  than  Horace — ■ 
as  told  me  by  my  father,  who  met  the  poet 
at  Llanfairynghornwy  Rectory,  Anglesey.'1 

This  is  quite  in  Landor' s  vein.  "  Mine 
were  always  the  best,"  he  remarked  com- 
placently of  his  Latin  verses  at  Rugby, 
and  they  seem  to  have  condoned  a  good 
deal  of  his  impertinence  in  school. 

Dr.  Moxtessori  is  proposing  to  visit 
England  in  October  in  order  to  give  a 
series  of  lectures  and  a  short  course  with 
practical  demonstrations  for  parents  and 
teachers.  This  course  will  be  designed  to 
throw  further  light  on  the  Montessori 
Method,  particularly  with  relation  to  its 
employment  in  this  country  ;  and  pro- 
spective students  and  others  interested 
should  apply  to  C.  A.  Bang.  20,  Bedford 
Street.  Strand,  W.C.,  for  further  par- 
ticulars. 

The  Academie  des  Sciences  has  elected 
Mr.  J.  Loeb,  of  the  Rockefeller  Institute, 
Xew  York,  to  succeed  the  late  Lord 
Avebury  as  a  corresponding  member. 

The  Academie  Francaise  and  the  Aca- 
demic des  Sciences  .Morales  et  Politiques 
will  he  represented  at  Oxford,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Bacon  Commemoration, 
by  M.  le  Comte  d'Haussonville. 

Tin;  Prix  .Jean  Raynaud,  which  is 
given  for  the  work  most  remarkable  tor 
originality,  has  been  awarded  to  Prof. 
Joseph  Bedier,  of  the  College  de  France, 
lor  his  •  Legendes  epiques  :  recherches 
but  la  formation  des  Chansons  de  Geste.' 
This  prize,  of  the  value  of  10,000  francs,  is 
one  ot  the  most  important  of  those  dis- 
tributed by  the  Academic  Francaise. 

Mi:.  George  Watson,  of  the  staff  of  the 
Oxford  Dictionary,  has  for  some  years 
past  been  collecting  and  noting  the  errors 
in   Sir    Walter   Scott's    writings.     To    the 


Transactions  of  the  Hawick  Archaeological 
Society  ho  has  contributed  a  paper  on  the 
'  Literary  Blunders  of  the  Author  of 
\\  averley.'  To  The  Border  Magazine  for 
June,  1012,  he  contributed  a  paper  on 
Scott's  misuse  of  words,  owing  to  failure 
of  memory  or  otherwise  ;  and  a  second  in- 
stalment will  shortly  appear  on  the  same 
subject  in  this  periodical. 

Messrs.  Macmillax  are  publishing  next 
week  a  short  work  l>v  the  Rev.  X.  S. 
Talbot,  entitled  '  The  Mind  of  the  Dis- 
ciples,' in  which  the  writer  sets  forth  so 
much  of  the  historical  foundation  of 
Christianity  as  is  at  once  essential  for 
those  who  are  bound  to  teach  and  explain 
the  Christian  religion,  and  not  disallowed 
by  modern  criticism. 

The  author  of  -Night  Thoughts"  has 
hitherto  been  without  any  such  biography 
as  the  exhaustive  methods  of  the  present 
day  have  led  us  to  consider  satisfactory. 
Whether  the  world  has  lost  much  by  this 
we  shall  presently  know,  for  Mr.  Henry  ( '. 
Shelley  has  had  access  to  material  hitherto 
out  of  reach,  and  is  about  to  issue  what 
his  publishers,  Messrs.  Pitman,  call  a 
"  full-dress  "  portrait  of  Edward  Young. 
'*  Full-length  "  is  perhaps  what  was  in- 
tended, but  unless  the  new  letters  differ 
markedly  from  Young's  other  productions, 
they  are  probably  equally  well  summed 
up  by  the  former  word. 

Messrs.  Macmillax  are  publishing 
next  week  for  Mr.  J.  A.  Hobson  a  book 
entitled  "  Work  and  Wealth  :  a  Human 
Valuation.'  His  purpose  is  to  present  a 
full  and  formal  exposure  of  the  inhumanity 
and  vital  waste  of  modern  industry  by 
the  close  application  of  the  best-approved 
formulas  of  individual  and  social  welfare, 
and  to  indicate  the  most  hopeful  measures 
of  remedy  for  a  society  sufficiently  in- 
telligent, courageous,  and  self-governing 
to  apply  them. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  will  also  issue  next 
week  a  novel  by  a  new  writer — Mr.  Herbert 
Harrison — entitled  '  A  Lad  of  Kent.' 

'  The  Oxford  Survey  of  the  British 
Empire  '  is  to  be  published  this  month 
by  the  Oxford  University  Press.  This 
elaborate  work  is  a  description  of  the 
Empire  and  its  constituent  territories  in 
their  geographical,  economic  adminis- 
trative, and  social  aspects  at  the  present 
tunc.  It  will  be  issued  in  six  octavo 
volumes,  the  last  of  which  will  be  occupied 
by   a   general    survey.      There    will    he   210 

reproductions  of  photographs,  27  coloured 
maps,  and  lit.'}  figures  in  the  text.  The 
'Survey'  has  been  edited  by  Prof.  A.  •). 
Herbertson  and  Mr.  0.  -I.  R.  Hbwarth, 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, in  collaboration  with  73 contributors. 

Wi:  are  sorrv  to  notice  (lie  death  of  Sir 
Douglas  Straight  on  Thursday  last.  Born 
in  1S44.  he  made  his  way  at   the  Bar  at  an 

early  age,  and,  after  a  period  in  Parliament 

and     as     an      Indian     judge,    took    up    the 

editorship  of  Tht  Pail  MaUGazetk  in  L896 

a-  a  temporary  duty,  hut  retained  it  for 
thirteen  years.  Sir  Douglas  was  hardly 
a  greal  editor,  but  he  was  a  man  accom- 
plished in  many  ways,  and  so  genial  as  to 
win  the  regard  of  all  who  knew  him. 


790 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


SCIENCE 

— • — 

THE   X-RAYS    AGAIN. 

Dr.  Kaye  tells  us  in  the  Preface  to 
his  '  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Rontgen  Rays  '  that  this  is  not  a  treatise 
on  the  rays,  but  an  attempt  to  give  "  a 
notion  of  the  historical  trend  of  events  " 
from  Prof.  Rontgen's  discovery  in 
1805  clown  to  the  end  of  last  year, 
and  we  gather,  further,  that  it  is 
particularly  addressed  to  the  medical 
profession.  Yet  we  do  not  find  in  it 
much  that  is  historical.  There  is,  on  the 
other  hand,  a  good  deal  that  is  practical, 
and  on  the  whole  we  think  a  medical  man 
with  an  elementary  knowledge  of  elec- 
tricity would  be  able  to  glean  from  it 
what  apparatus  he  should  use  or  avoid 
in  working  with  the  X-rays.  That  most 
of  the  contrivances  here  recommended 
are  English,  and  that  little  notice  is  taken 
of  the  work  of  French  or  German  manu- 
facturers, is  perhaps  natural. 

With  this  limitation  the  book  is  singu- 
larly complete.     In  practical  matters  Dr. 
Kaye    supplies    many    useful     hints,    as 
when   he    tells   us    that   in   radiographic 
work  "'  the  kidneys,  which  are  in  continual 
periodic   motion,"    can   be   "  temporarily 
arrested  "  by  pressing  a  lead  tube  tightly 
on  to  the  abdomen.     With  regard  to  the 
use    of     bismuth    for    obtaining    radio- 
graphs  of   the  intestines  in   action   also, 
he    warns     the     practitioner     that     the 
"  pronounced   and    very   soft    secondary 
rays  "  that  bismuth  emits  may  have  an 
injurious  effect  on  the   patient.    He   re- 
commends, too,  the  taking  of  "  plastic  " 
prints    of  radiographs,   which — to    judge 
from    the    specimen    reproduced    in    his 
book — give  a  stereoscopic  effect  without 
the  taking  of  two   pictures.     As  to   the 
curative  use  of  the  rays,  he  lays  down 
that,   although  they  have  been  success- 
fully employed  in  cases  of  rodent  ulcer, 
they  do  not  effect  a  cure  for  malignant 
tumours    and    large    cancerous    growths. 
He  declares  that,  unlike  ultra-violet  light, 
they  have  little  or  no  action  on  bacteria, 
and  cannot  be  employed  to  destroy  them. 
At  the  same  time  he  quotes  with  approval 
Prof.  Bragg's    contention  that  the  X-ray 
owes  all  its  activity  to  the  electrons  it 
produces  when  suddenly  stopped  by  the 
body  against  which  it  strikes,   and  that 
therefore   its  only  curative   action    must 
arise  from   its  transformation   into   what 
he    calls    "corpuscular"    rays    and    the 
absorption    of    these    last.     As    corpus- 
cular or  cathode  rays  can  be  produced  by 
other   means,    and   without   the   risk    of 
dermatitis  and  other  dangers  arising  from 
the  use  of  the   X-rays,  it  would  seem  to 
follow  that  in  his  view  the  main  use  of  the 
latter  in  medicine  will  be  confined  in  the 
near  future  to  radiography. 

As  to  the  nature  of  the  rays  themselves, 
he  thinks  that  the  controversy  regarding 
them  has  been  set  at  rest  by  the  discovery 
that  they  can  be  reflected  and  diffracted 

X-Rays :  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Rontgen  Rays.  By  G-.  W.  Kaye.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.,  5s.  net.) 


by  crystals,  and  that  there  can  remain 
"  scarcely  any  doubt  "  that  they  are  in 
fact  ultra-violet  light  of  extremely  short 
wave-lengths.  He  even  assumes  these 
wave-lengths  to  be  of  the  order  of  the 
diameter  of  the  atom.  Yet  it  is  evident 
that  this  does  not  satisfy  all  the  conditions, 
for  immediately  afterwards  he  notes  that 
the  X-rays  behave  more  like  rifle  bullets 
than  waves,  and  that  they  seem  to 
be  made  up  of  "  streams  of  discrete 
entities."  He  quotes,  therefore,  Sir 
Joseph  Thomson's  idea  that  the  ether  has 
a  fibrous  structure,  and  that  individual 
light- waves  are  not  continuous,  but  corre- 
spond to  "a  collection  of  wires  along 
which  the  various  disturbances  travel." 
But  this  only  gets  him  into  further  diffi- 
culties, and  he  has  to  confess  in  the  end 
that  the  problem  of  the  nature  of  the  X- 
ray  cannot  yet  be  dismissed.  We  think 
he  would  get  over  some  of  the  trouble  by 
frankly  accepting  Prof.  Bragg' s  theory  of 
the  X-ray  as  a  stream  of  doublets  con- 
sisting of  positive  and  negative  particles 
neutralizing  each  other.  He  admits  that 
this  theory  has  led  to  a  successful  fore- 
cast and  explanation  of  the  transfers  of 
energy  between  the  cathode  rays  and 
the  X-rays,  and  we  believe  that  in  time 
it  will  serve  to  explain  the  other  phe- 
nomena involved.  The  main  difficulty  is, 
perhaps,  the  unwillingness  of  English,  and 
especially  Cambridge,  mathematicians  to 
give  up  the  ether  -  pulse  theory  set  on 
foot  by  Stokes  soon  after  Dr.  Rontgen's 
discovery  was  first  made  known. 

Dr.   Kaye's   book   is  a   model  of  com- 
pression. 


A  Text-Book  of  Geology.     By  James  Park. 
(Griffin  &  Co.,  15s.  net.)  ' 

This  textbook  has  been  written  by  a 
professor  in  New  Zealand  with  the  view, 
primarily,  of  meeting  the  requirements  of 
students  of  mining,  agriculture,  and  engi- 
neering. While,  therefore,  it  covers  the 
ground  usually  traversed  in  manuals  of 
general  geology — forming,  indeed,  an 
excellent  introduction  to  the  science — it 
is  distinguished  by  giving  special  promi- 
nence to  the  economic  bearings  of  the 
subject.  Thus  it  describes  briefly  the 
way  in  which  metallic  minerals  occur  in 
veins  and  other  deposits  ;  it  explains  the 
nature  and  mode  of  occurrence  of  the 
various  kinds  of  mineral  fuel ;  it  touches 
on  the  question  of  underground  water 
supply  and  artesian  wells  ;  and  it  does 
not  omit  the  elements  of  field  geology 
and  geological  surveying.  It  is  essentially 
a  solid,  practical  book,  an  expansion  of 
the  author's  lectures  at  the  University  of 
Otago,  and  the  student  who  is  entering 
on  the  study  of  geology  will  find  that 
Prof.  Park  offers  much  wholesome  advice. 
As  a  notable  feature  in  the  work,  it  may 
be  mentioned  that  each  chapter  is  brought 
to  a  close  with  a  neat  summary  of  its 
contents. 

One  of  the  best  chapters  in  the  volume 
is  that  which  deals  with  the  formation 
of  joints  and  faults  in  rocks — a  subject 
which  is  often  not  without  difficulty  to 
the    elementary    student,    and    which    is 


here  treated  in  a  clear  and  comprehensive 
manner,  with  excellent  illustrations.  The 
genesis  of  ore-deposits  is  another  subject 
of  supreme  interest  to  the  mining  geologist, 
and  one  that  offers  a  wide  field  for  specu- 
lation. If  we  assume  that  the  ores  have 
been  carried  in  solution,  it  becomes  a 
question  whether  they  have  been  con- 
veyed by  magmatic  waters  rising  from 
below,  or  meteoric  waters  descending  from 
above,  or  circulating  waters  from  neigh- 
bouring rocks.  Perhaps  each  mode  of 
migration  may  have  operated  in  different 
cases.  In  discussing  the  ultimate  origin 
of  the  ores,  Prof.  Park  inclines  to  what  has 
been  called  the  "  ascensional  theory,"  and 
assumes  that  the  minerals  have  been 
brought  up,  directly  or  indirectly,  from 
deep-seated  sources  in  igneous  magmas. 
The  rival  theory  of  "  lateral  secretion  " 
supposes  that  the  metalliferous  contents 
of  mineral  veins  have  been  dissolved  out 
of  the  surrounding  rocks ;  but  although 
this  view  has  been  elaborated  with  much 
ingenuity  by  distinguished  chemists,  it 
seems  hardly  adequate  to  explain  the 
origin  of  certain  of  the  larger  ore-bodies. 
At  the  same  time, it  maybe  recognized  as 
a  means  of  concentrating  and  enriching 
many  ores,  though  even  here  the  primary 
origin  of  the  metallic  minerals  may  prob- 
ably be  referred  to  igneous  sources. 

That  Prof.  Park  has  been  mindful  of 
recent  views  on  geological  and  petro- 
graphical  subjects  is  illustrated  by  his 
remarks  on  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  types 
of  igneous  rocks,  which  meet  in  New 
Zealand.  It  is  now  generally  held  that 
the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  igneous 
rocks  admit  of  arrangement  in  two  great 
groups,  known  from  their  composition  as 
the  alkalic  and  calcic  types,  and  that  these 
have  a  distinctive  geographical  distribu- 
tion, being  representative  respectively  of 
two  vast  petrographical  provinces  or 
regions  of  related  rocks — the  Atlantic 
and  the  Pacific.  The  former  type  is  held 
by  Suess  to  be  associated  with  subsidence 
of  parts  of  the  earth's  crust,  consequent 
on  the  radial  contraction  of  the  cooling 
globe ;  whilst  the  latter  is  connected 
rather  with  orogenetic  folding,  brought 
about  by  lateral  compression.  In  New 
Zealand  the  Pacific  or  calcic  type  might 
fairly  be  expected  to  occur,  and  as  a 
matter  of  fact  it  is  represented  in  many 
parts  of  the  North  Island  ;  but,  rather 
curiousty,  the  tAVO  groups  are  associated 
in  the  small  petrographical  province  of 
Otago  Peninsula,  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
South  Island. 

Many  of  the  illustrations  in  this  volume 
relate  to  New  Zealand,  and  the  local 
character  thus  given  to  parts  of  the  book 
is  a  rather  refreshing  novelty  to  the 
English  reader.  Others  are  taken  from 
the  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  the  United  States,  whilst  others  again 
are  old  friends  derived  from  Phillips  s 
1  Manual.'  It  is  perhaps  by  an  over- 
sight that  the  figure  of  Pterygotus  given 
on  p.  281  reappears  on  p.  339,  and  again 
on  plate  xxxi.  There  is  a  Bibliography, 
which  will  assist  the  student  who  desires 
to  extend  his  reading ;  and  the  excellent 
Index  occupies  forty  pages. 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


797 


PROF.  KULPE  OX  PSYCHOLOGY  AND 
ESTHETICS. 

The  authorities  of  Bedford  College  for 
Women  deserve  warm  eulogies  for  their 
enterprise  in  inviting  Dr.  Oswald  Kulpe, 
Professor  oi  Philosophy  in  the  University  of 
.Munich,  to  give  a  set  of  three  lectures  on 
•  Psychologic  und  Aesthetik,'  which  were 
delivered  last  week  on  Monday.  Wednesday, 
and  Friday,  in  the  Hall  of  the  College.  The 
audience  was  surprisingly  numerous,  in  view 
both  of  the  subject  and  of  the  fact  that 
the  lectures  were  given  in  German,  and  Prof. 
Kiilpe  met  with  an  enthusiastic  welcome. 

The  first  lecture  bore  a  general  introduc- 
tory character.  The  Professor  dealt  in  it 
with  the  position  of  aesthetics  in  a  general 

5tem  of  sciences,  and  particularly  with  its 
flat  ion  to  philosophy  and  psychology. 
Grouping  the  sciences  according  to  their 
objects  and  their  points  of  view  as  expressed 
in  their  methods  of  procedure,  he  pointed  out 
that  aesthetics  overlaps  (as  indeed  all  sciences 
are  bound  to  overlap)  with  others,  especially 
with  psychology  on  the  one  side,  and  with 
philosophical  theories  on  the  other.  All  the 
same,  aesthetics  retains  its  character  as  an 
independent  science,  owing  to  the  special 
esthetic  point  of  departure  of  its  research, 
and  the  aesthetically  normative  outlook 
which  dominates  it.  The  old-standing  pre- 
tensions of  philosophy  to  absorb  aesthetics  as 
a  branch  of  its  studies — one  almost  feels 
tempted  to  add  with  a  certain  dog-in-the- 
manger  attitude  of  mind — based  partly  upon 
some  vagueness  as  to  the  particular  aim  of 
aesthetics,  and  partly  upon  the  unwitting 
use  of  psychological  analysis  by  meta- 
physicians, met  with  a  refreshing  protest 
on  the  part  of  Prof.  Kiilpe.  Philosophy  has 
no  direct  concern  with  aesthetics,  in  so  far  as 
the  latter  is  a  study  of  aesthetic  facts,  except 
at  one  point  where  their  respective  domains 
touch;  namely,  where  aesthetic  research 
issues  into  a   general   philosophical   discus- 

n  of  values,  to  which  it  can  contribute, 
in  its  turn,  a  not  inconsiderable  share.  The 
counterpart  to  these  philosophical  ambitions 
is  the  similarly  uncompromising  claim  often 
a  Ivanced  by  psychology  to  annex  aesthetics 

a  province  of  its  own.  According  to  Prof. 
Kulpe.  whose  views  are  shared,  I  believe, 
by  a  growing  number  of  aestheticians,  this 
demand  cannot  be  legitimately  sustained. 
The  psychological  claim  has,  indeed,  a 
prima  facie  validity,  since  aesthetics  is 
extensively  concerned  with  mental  facts 
and  psychical  processes.  The  opposition  to 
it    is    mainly    based    upon    the    fact    that 

•hetic  research  deals  only  with  mental 
processes  and  states  in  so  tar  as  thej-  are 
connected  with  the  peculiarly  (esthetic 
questions  of  appreciation  and  artistic 
creation — questions  foreign,  in  their  distinct- 

58  from  other  psychical  processes,  to  the 
>"■  of  psychology  as  such. 

All  the  same,  there  naturally  is  a  large 
percentage  of  Mich  facts  which  in  their 
psychological  aspect  form  part  of  that 
.  <•  borderland  between  aesthetics  and 
psychology  which  can  be  cultivated  with 
equal  success  by  both  sciences.  The  failure 
of  a  purely  psychological  treatment  of 
•  problems  is.  perhaps,  most  evident 
in  the  discussions  of  aesthetic  values.  Psy- 
chology is  jusl  as  powerless  to  initiate  or 
support  any  such  notion  of  aesthetic  values 

ethics  and  religion  have  been  in  the  past 

in  their  attempts  to  impose  their  values  upon 
Psychology  is  even  less  able  to 
do  so,  since  it  has,  as  positive  science,  no 
concern  with  the  normative  outlook  of 
eeethetii  -.     As  psychological  facts, " norms " 

and     "values"     fall,     ot     COUTSe,    within    the 

provnv i  psychology,  but  as  criteria    of 

evaluation  they  belong  to  aesthetics  alone. 


This  led  the  lecturer  to  give  an  admirable 
summary  of  the  intricate  tend  which  raged 
for  a  long  time  between  the  supporters  of 
"normative"  and  "positive"  aesthetics, 
between  the  "  psychologists  "  and  the 
"  antipsychologists  "  in  aesthetic  research. 
Discussing  the  views  of  Meumann,  and 
especially  of  Volkelt,  he  was  led  to  the  con- 
clusion that  even  the  attempt  of  the  latter 
to  formulate  "  norms  on  a  purely  psycho- 
logical analysis  of  the  aesthetic  state  proved 
unsatisfactory  in  the  last  resort;  and  he 
proceeded  to  sketch  what  he  conceived  to  be 
the  only  feasible  means  of  arriving  at  a  valua- 
tion of  aesthetic  impressions,  without  having 
recourse  to  the  method  of  superimposing 
either  ethical  or  metaphysical  values  upon 
aesthetics,  viz.,  by  trying  to  discover  regular 
correspondences  between  the  nature  of 
aesthetic  states  and  the  nature  of  the  objects 
inducing  them,  on  the  principle  which  he 
described  as  that  of  the  "  adequacy  of  the 
impression  to  the  object.'.' 

In  the  second  lecture  Prof.  Kiilpe  dealt 
more  in  detail  with  the  importance  which 
psychology  has  acquired,  and  is  entitled  to 
claim,  in  relation  to  aesthetics.  Perhaps  the 
greatest  debt  of  gratitude  of  aesthetics  is 
due  to  psychology  for  having  inculcated  the 
value  of  a  definite  and  steadily  pursued 
method.  It  is  method  which,  after  all, 
distinguishes  aesthetics  from  the  sometimes 
brilliant  and  profound,  but  fundamentally 
barren  aphoristic  habits  of  criticism  and  of 
writers  on  art.  It  is  this  methodical  research 
which  has  made  it  possible  to  accumulate 
slowly  a  common  and  steadily  growing  stock 
of  knowledge,  accessible  to  all  and  verifiable 
by  all,  as  the  foundation  of  a  science  in  the 
full  sense  of  the  term.  After  a  short  descrip- 
tion of  the  various  methods  employed  by 
aesthetics,  and  largely  borrowed  from  psycho- 
logical precedent,  the  lecturer  devoted  the 
rest  of  the  hour  to  the  discussion  of  certain 
problems  of  aesthetics  and  the  contributions 
by  psychology  to  their  solution.  They  were 
the  problems  presented  by  the  object  of 
aesthetic  appreciation,  and  by  the  subjective 
states  involved  in  aesthetic  effects,  both 
intimately  connected  according  to  the  for- 
mula which  he  suggested,  that  aesthetic  effect 
is  the  function  of  the  object  and  of  the 
subjective  states  induced  by  it. 

That  even  the  nature  of  the  object  depends 
largely  upon  the  manner  in  which  we  appre- 
hend it  accounts  for  the  wide  fluctuations  of 
impressions  which  we  actually  find  in  our 
experiences  with  art.  "  There  is  nothing 
beautiful  or  ugly,  but  thinking  makes  it  so. 
as  Prof.  Kiilpe  said.  Foremost  among  the 
problems  of  the  subjective  state  as  affecting 
the  conception  and  very  meaning  of  the 
object,  he  discussed  the  importance  of  the 
"  initial  adaptation  "  of  the  subject  to  an 
Besthetic  effect.  The  beauty  of  an  object 
depends,  as  he,  pointed  out,  upon  an  ade- 
quate Bewusstseins-EinsleUit h </  being  reached 
by  the  subject,  i.e.,  an  adaptation  adequate 
to   the   intentions  and   peculiarities  of   the 

object  to  be  appreciated.  After  a  long  total 
aeglecl     of    this    important     "gate"     to    the 

aesthetic  state,  a,  beginning  of  its  experi- 
mental investigation  has  at  last  been  made 
by  the  contributions  of  Bullough  and 
Geiger.     Other   interesting   suggestions    for 

experimental  work  on  it   were  made  by  Prof. 

Kulpe  concerning  the  latency  or  actuality, 
spontaneity  or  induced  nature,  of  such 
adaptations. 

Psychological    investigation    has    further 

a  oew  light  upon  the  traditional  demand 

made  upon  aesthetic  objects  to  he  concrete, 
imaged,  and  non-abstract.     Since  the  time 

ot    Kant,   and   even   since    the    middle  of   the 

eighteenth  century,  the  view  has  been  held. 
for  instance,  that   the  effects  of  poetry  are  ' 


necessarily  based  upon  the  images  evoked 
by  it.     Recent  experiments  have,  however, 

cast  doubts  on  this  stock  idea,  of  aesthetic 
theory,  and  have  shown  that  a  largo  number 
of  aesthetic  effects  (including  poetical  impres- 
sions) do  not  depend  upon  their  Lmagxl 
character,  but  may  l>e  produced  quite  as 
much  by  non-imaged  ideas,  imageless  mean- 
ings, or  abstract  knowledge  of  fact. 

A  similar  revision  of  accepted  notions  of 
the  object  of  a>st  hetic  impressions  has  affected 
the  old-fashioned  privilege  of  the  "  higher 
senses  as  "aesthetic  senses"'  par  excellence, 
Guyau  already  had  claimed  that  the  distinc- 
tion was  invalid,  and  recent  experimental 
work  by  Miss  L.  Martin  has  gone  to  show 
that  reproduced  sensations  of  the  "  lower  " 
senses  are  capable  of  enhancing,  if  not  of 
primarily  constituting,  aesthetic  objects. 

The  intricate  progress  of  modern  aesthetic 
research  was  happily  illustrated  by  Prof. 
Kiilpe  in  the  analysis  of  the  so-called 
"  direct  "  and  "  associative  "  or  "  relative  " 
factors  of  the  aesthetic  impression.  Sug- 
gested at  first  by  Fechner,  their  analysis, 
especially  that  of  the  relative  factor,  repre- 
sents a  very  considerable  advance  in  our 
knowledge,  due  largely  to  the  greater 
accuracy  and  minuteness  of  psychological 
discrimination,  and  its  emphasis  of  the 
functional  interdependence,  as  against  the 
atomistic  isolation,  of  psychical  states. 
With  the  help  of  lantern-slides  of  well- 
known  classical  and  modern  works,  the 
lecturer  illustrated  the  meaning  and  function 
of  the  reproductive,  animistic,  active,  sym- 
bolic, teleological,  and  reactive  strands 
entering  into  the  complex  web  of  the  relative 
factor. 

Lastly,  in  a  short  discussion  of  the  theory 
of  aesthetic  illusion,  he  explained  its  inade- 
quacy as  a  description  of  the  aesthetic  state 
in  view  of  the  irrelevancy  of  the  distinction 
between  appearance  and  reality  from  the 
aesthetic  point  of  view — an  irrelevance  first 
pointed  out  by  Lord  Karnes  in  the  eighteenth 
century  in  his  theory  of  "  ideal  presence." 

The  third  lecture  was  concerned  with  the 
discussion  of  the  aesthetic  state  from  the  point 
of  view  of  its  psychological  analysis.  The 
lecturer  passed  in  review  the  modern  results 
in  this  direction,  and  explained  the  phases 
which  have  come  to  be  regarded  as  distinct, 
though  interdependent  within  this  state  of 
aesthetic  appreciation. 

Under  the  name  of  "contemplation*'  he 
discussed  the  initial  phase  of  the  aesthetic 
state,  including  the  adaptation  previously 
mentioned.  Comprising  the  mere  intel- 
lectual apprehension  of  the  "  meaning  "  of 
the  object,  the  combined  effects  of  the 
"  direct  '  factor  of  line,  colour,  shape,  or 
composition,  and  of  the  "relative"  factors 
of  the  knowledge  about  the  object,  the  con- 
templation presents  problems  largely  iden- 
tical with  those  of  perception  as  investi- 
gated   by  general   psychology.     Interesting 

differences  bet  ween  persons,  due  to  differ- 
ences either  of  adaptation  or  of  response  to 
the   significance  of   the   object,  have    been 

brought     to     light     by     recent     experiments. 

In  particular,  the  tests  with  varied  time- 
exposures  undertaken  by  Dessoir,  Kiilpe. 
and  Miss  von  Kitook  offered  valuable 
Suggest  ions. 

'I  he  second  phase  is  well  known  under  t  he 

name  of  "  empathy  "  (Einfuhlung).     Most  ..i 

the  researches  of  the  last  twenty  years  have 
been  concentrated  upon  it,  and  our  detailed 

knowledge  of  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
advances  in  the  study  of  aesthetics.  By 
"empathy"    is    meant    the    projection    of 

inner.     Specially    emotional,    states    into    t  ho 

object,  endowing  it  with  the  appearance 
of  an   inner   life   of    its  own — an  emotional 


798 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


content  and  expression.  Passing  from  "  ob- 
jective "  empathy,  the  mere  cognitive  appre- 
hension of  the  temperament,  mood,  and 
expression,  say,  of  a  portrait,  to  the  "  sub- 
jective "  empathy,  viz.,  an  actual  participa- 
i  ion  of  the  spectator  in  such  states,  empathy 
presents  a  variety  of  forms  and  phases 
w  liich  analysis  has  tried  to  separate  and 
distinguish.  Especially  the  psychical  me- 
chanism by  which  empathy  is  brought 
about  has  attracted  attention  in  recent 
years.  Probably  no  other  aesthetic  problem 
has  led  to  so  much  discussion  and  controversy 
as  this.  It  is  summarized  both  in  the  large 
work  of  Volkelt  and  in  a  report  presented 
by  Geiger  at  the  Fourth  Congress  for  Ex- 
perimental Psychology,  and  suggests  that 
almost  endless  varieties  of  empathy  exist, 
habitual  to  differently  constituted  persons. 
This  variability  is  further  increased  by 
the  freedom  of  the  aesthetic  state  from 
practical  needs  and  consequences,  which 
admits  of  a  far  wider  range  of  empathy 
into  emotions  and  moods  than  actual 
experience  does.  "  Our  determinability," 
said  Prof.  Kiilpe,  "  is  far  greater  than  our 
determination,"  thus  allowing  an  aesthetic 
realization  of  emotional  states  far  more 
varied  than  those  of  actual  practical  life  of 
the  individual  person.  This  would  seem  to 
represent  one  of  the  most  valuable  functions 
of  art,  namely,  that  of  mediating  experiences 
ordinarily  unattainable.  The  systematic  in- 
vestigation of  the  different  forms  of  empathy 
was  pointed  to  by  Prof.  Kiilpe  as  an  impera- 
tive necessity  for  further  research.  What 
in  the  meantime,  however,  appears  as  certain 
is  that  the  importance  given  to  empathy  as 
the  central  fact  of  aesthetic  appreciation — 
as,  for  instance,  by  Th.  Lipps — is  much 
exaggerated. 

Concerning  the  next  aspect  of  apprecia- 
tion— our  feelings  of  "  participation  "  and 
-of  value,  i.e.,  of  our  personal  sympathy  or 
antipathy  towards  the  object  and  its  emo- 
tional content — very  little  is  so  far  known. 
That  "  enjoyment  "  and  "  value  "  are  not 
necessarily  identical,  that  we  may  be  cozi- 
scious  of  the  inferiority  of  a  work  which  we 
nevertheless  enjoy,  has  been  pointed  out  by 
•Geiger,  and  is  a  matter  of  general  experience. 
This  question  might,  indeed,  prove  a  fertile 
subject  for  experiments  ;  the  little  that  is 
known  concerning  these  processes  is  mainly 
■due  to  tests  carried  out  in  former  years, 
though  not  with  this  particular  object  in 
view. 

The  same  uncertainty — due  to  a  lack  of 
•evidence — is  attached  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  processes  involved  in  aesthetic  judg- 
ments. Prof.  Kiilpe  distinguished  between 
judgments  upon  each  of  the  phases  of  the 
aesthetic  state,  viz.,  judgments  of  the  under- 
standing of  the  objective  features,  judg- 
ments of  the  reaction  produced,  judgments 
of  taste — i.e.,  of  pleasure  and  displeasure, 
and  judgments  of  value. 

Lastly,  as  one  of  the  most  comprehensive 
and  as  yet  practically  unexplored  problems, 
he  described  "  aesthetic  receptivity."  It  is, 
of  course,  well  known  that  people  differ 
■considerably  in  their  sensibility  to  aesthetic 
effects.  But  no  accurate  information  is 
available  on  the  different  forms  of  recep- 
tivity or  on  any  correlations  between  it  and 
other  temperamental  features.  It  is  obvious 
that  differences  in  sensibility  must  exist  in 
respect  of  each  of  the  phases  of  the  aesthetic 
state — of  empathy,  participation,  taste,  and 
judgment  ;  but  nothing  is  known  of  the 
peculiarities  of  such  differences,  of  their 
bearing  upon  individual  appreciation  as  a 
whole,  or  of  the  extent  to  which  they  influ- 
ence individual  behaviour  and  reaction  to 
aesthetic  stimulation.  This  varying  recep- 
tivity offers  unquestionably  the  most  ex- 
haustive   explanation    of    varieties    of    taste 


in  matters  of  art.  And  these  varieties, 
their  dependence  upon  personal  factors  and 
the  freedom  of  their  individualism,  appear  as 
one  of  the  most  marked  characteristics  of 
aesthetic  experience.  Contrasted  with  the 
consolidation  of  experience  in  matters  of 
truth,  moral  conduct,  and  social  life,  into 
Logic  and  Science,  Ethics  and  Law,  this 
individualism  marks  a  place  apart  from  all 
these  for  art  and  art-experience,  and  causes 
the  common  identification  of  Truth,  Good- 
ness, and  Beauty  to  appear  as  but  pompous 
nonsense. 

In  his  happy  response  to  the  vote  of 
thanks  proposed  by  Prof.  Hobhouse,  and 
seconded  by  Prof.  Dawes  Hicks,  Prof. 
Kiilpe  remarked  that  the  presentation  in  this 
country  of  some  of  the  results  of  German 
aesthetic  research  was,  after  all,  but  a 
tribute  of  gratitude  for  benefits  formerly 
received.  For  the  England  of  the  eighteenth 
century  was  the  birthplace  of  modern 
psychological  aesthetics,  which  affected  so 
profoundly  the  German  literature  and  cul- 
ture ol  that  time.  It  is,  indeed,  an  almost 
pathetic  reflection  that  in  this  country  of 
Shaftesbury  and  Burke,  Hutcheson  and 
Lord  Karnes,  hardly  one  in  a  hundred  edu- 
cated j>ersons  knows  even  the  very  meaning 
of  the  word  "  ^Esthetics,"  and  this  in  spite 
of  the  labours  of  so  illustrious  a  psychologist 
as  Prof.  James  Sully,  or  of  so  distinguished 
an  historian  of  the  subject  as  Dr.  Bosanquet. 

E.  B. 


SOCIETIES. 


Bputish  Academy. — May  27. — Lord  Bryce, 
President,  in  the  chair. 

Sir  John  Sandys,  Fellow  of  the  Academy, 
read  a  paper  on  '  Roger  Bacon,  1214-1914.' 
After  a  summary  account  of  his  works,  the  paper 
dealt  with  Roger  Bacon's  relations  to  (1)  Lite- 
rature and  Language  :  Hebrew  and  Arabic  ; 
the  Latin  grammarians  and  Latin  poets  ;  Cicero 
and  Seneca  ;  Greek  grammar  ;  Plato's  '  Phaedo  '  ; 
Aristotle's  '  Organon,'  '  Physics,'  '  De  Caelo  ' 
(Spain  and  India),  '  De  Generatione  et  Corrup- 
tione,  Meteorologica  '  (the  Milky  Way),  '  De 
Anima  '  (the  velocity  of  light),  '  De  Somno  et 
Vigilia,'  '  Historia  Animalium,'  '  De  Sensu  et 
Sensato,'  '  Metaphysics,'  and  '  Ethics  '  ;  Bacon's 
indirect  knowledge  of  the  '  Politics,'  '  Rhetoric,' 
and  '  Poetic  '  ;  and  the  fortunes  of  Aristotle  in 
the  University  of  Paris,  1210-54. 

(2)  The  Sciences  :  theology,  philosophy, 
mathematics,  geography,  astronomy,  physics, 
optics,  chemistry,  experimental  science,  and 
moral  philosophy.  Bacon  "  came  very  near  to  a 
satisfactory  theory  of  scientific  method."  While 
he  was  familiar  with  each  of  the  several  sciences, 
he  was  conscious  of  their  mutual  interdependence, 
as  parts  of  one  great  whole.  In  the  fourth  chapter 
of  his  '  Opus  Tertium  '  he  tells  us  that  "  all  the 
sciences  are  connected,  and  foster  one  another 
with  mutual  aid.  They  are  like  parts  of  the 
same  whole,  every  one  of  which  accomplishes  its 
own  work,  not  for  itself  alone,  but  for  the  others 
also." 

Sir  John  Rhys,  Fellow  of  the  Academy,  read 
a  paper  on  '  Gleanings  in  the  Italian  Field  of 
Celtic  Epigraphy.'  He  said  that  that  field  was  a 
little  wider  than  that  of  last  year's  paper,  which 
was  headed  '  The  Celtic  Inscriptions  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul,'  for  this  time  he  wished  to  include  a  group 
of  very  curious  monuments  from  the  valley  of  the 
river  Magra,  anciently  "  Macra,"  in  that  part  of 
Liguria  which  is  in  the  Riviera  di  Levante.  The 
monuments  number  fourteen,  and  three  seem 
to  have  been  inscribed,  of  which  one  has  a  legible 
inscription  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Civic 
Museum  at  Genoa.  Most  of  the  others  are  in  the 
Spezia  Museum,  the  energetic  director  of  which, 
Dr.  Ubaldo  Mazzini,  was  the  excavator  of  no  less 
than  nine  of  them.  He  published  his  accounts 
of  them  all  in  1908  and  1909,  in  the  Giomale 
Sioriro  e  Letterario  della  Liguria  (anno  ix.)  and  in 
the  Bullettino  di  Paleetnologia  Italiana  (for  1910) 
respectively.  They  have  recently  been  the 
subject  of  important  articles  in  the  Revue 
(Jeltique  by  Prof.  Vendryes  of  the  Sorbonne  and 
M.  H.  Hubert  of  the  National  Museum  at  the 
Chateau  St.  Germain.  The  author  of  the  paper 
was  principally  concerned  with  the  inscription  and 
the  alphabet  in  which  it  is  written.  He  gave  an 
interpretation  of  the  legend  differing  from  j>re- 
vious  ones,  and  remarked  that ,  in  a  field  where 


such  a  vast  deal  is  at  present  only  tentative,  the 
hope  of  arriving  at  permanent  results  depends 
largely  on  its  attracting  more  workers. 

Early  in  September  last  the  Professor  called 
on  the  well-known  f'omo  archaeologist  (av. 
Giussani,  who  gave  him  the  last  archaeological 
news,  namely,  that  of  the  discovery  of  a  Celtic 
tombstone  at  a  place  called  Banco,  in  the  previous 
July.  Banco  is  in  the  hills  to  the  north  of  the 
Tresa,  the  wild  stream  which  empties  the  wah  i- 
of  the  Lake  of  Lugano  into  Lago  Maggi' 
From  Lugano  he  found  the  pleasantest  way  of 
getting  there  was  to  take  the  recently  finished 
electric  railway,  and  to  go  by  it  as  tar  in  tin: 
direction  of  Ponte-Tresa  as  a  station  called 
Magliaso,  near  the  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Lugano, 
and  at  Magliaso  to  get  into  a  postal  vehicle 
which  goes  up  the  hills  to  a  place  called  Novafiirio. 
This  he  did,  but  when  the  road  to  Novaggio 
twisted  round  to  the  right  he  got  out  and  walked 
straight  up  until  he  came  to  a  path  which  he  was 
recommended  to  take  on  the  right,  and  which 
led  him  past  some  peasants  engaged  in  carrying 
home  a  late  crop  of  hay.  This  made  him  speculate 
on  the  race  to  which  they  might  possibly  belong. 
Among  other  things,  he  and  his  companion  v 
much  interested  in  the  appearance  of  the  strength 
which  the  women  displayed,  for  they  would  kneel 
on  the  ground  with  a  sort  of  tall  creel  on  the 
shoulders  of  each,  like  the  inverted  cone  bask.i- 
which  one  sees  on  the  backs  of  chiffoniers  in  the 
streets  of  Paris.  They  remained  kneeling  until 
huge  loads  had  been  piled  on  their  backs,  and 
then  they  would  get  up  on  their  feet  slowly  and 
irresistibly,  as  if  their  lower  limbs  had  tendons  of 
very  steel.  Such  men  as  were  to  be  seen  engaged 
in  the  loading  were  too  old  or  too  young  to  bear 
the  burdens  with  which  the  women  walked  away 
with  admirable  steadiness.  That  peasantry,  he 
thinks,  possibly  represents  an  early  population 
which  may  have  never  been  disturbed  wholesale 
in  those  difficult  hills.  From  the  harvest  scene 
to  the  village  of  Banco  proved  about  a.  quarter 
of  an  hour's  walk,  and  the  examination  of  the 
inscribed  stone  did  not  take  long,  for  it  turned 
out  to  be  a  fragment  measuring  in  length  about 
71  centimetres,  which  seemed  to  be  less  than 
half  of  the  stone  before  it  was  broken — it  is  hoped 
the  bigger  piece  may  yet  he  found.  What  re- 
mains of  the  inscription  consists  of  perfectly 
plain  Etruscan  letters,  reading  from  right  to 
left,  conforming  completely  with  the  longer 
Lugano  formula,  and  ending  with  the  word  pala, 
meaning  "  a  burial  plot  or  grave.''  Returning 
leisurely  on  foot  to  Magliaso  and  enjoying  the 
rough  scenery  of  the  glen  of  the  Magliasina,  he 
could  from  several  points  on  the  road  identify  the 
village  of  Aranno,  where  he  had  been  in  1912  to 
see  fragments  of  Celtic  inscriptions.  So  he  felt 
doubly  assured  that  he  was,  epigraphically  speak- 
ing, not  outside  the  district  of  Lugano  when 
visiting  Banco.        ' 

But  the  joy  of  his  inscriptional  quest  was  his 
identifying  the  vessel  which  announces  in  most 
ancient  Gaulish  a  present  of  "  Naxian  wine  to 
Latumaros  and  his  wife  Saponta."  It  is  in  the 
Bianchetti  Collection  at  Ornavasso  ;  but  the 
year  before  he  had  accidentally  failed  to  find  it, 
which  marred  his  happiness,  though  he  found 
another  with  words  saying  "  A  feast  for  Amaseos,  ' 
which  the  original  discoverer  had  failed  to  read 
or  interpret. 


Royal  Numismatic. — May  21. — Sir  Henry  H. 
Howorth,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev. 
Edward  H.  Sydenham  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

Exhibitions  :  By  Mr.  H.  B.  Earle  Fox,  an 
unpublished  copper  coin  of  the  Achaean  League 
of  Psophis.  By  Mr.  Percy  H.  Webb,  three  copper 
coins  of  Constantine  1.  (rev.,  altar,  sapient, 
principis  ;  Mars  holding  trophy,  fundat  pacis  ; 
two  Victories,  r.,  gloria  perpet.).  By  Sir 
Arthur  J.  Evans,  a  didrachm  of  Tarentum  from 
a  die  altered  by  the  introduction  of  a  small 
pegasus,  the  symbol  of  a  new  magistrate  ;  a 
didrachm  of  Metapontum  with  inscription  OATA 
behind  head  ;  a  tetradrachm  of  Katane,  with 
signature  of  Procles  beneath  the  head  of  Apollo, 
of  which  only  one  other  is  known  (in  the  Luynes 
Collection)  ;  and  a  tetradrachm  of  Syracuse  with 
the  large  head  and  H,  probably  the  signature  of 
Kimon,  forming  with  the  reverse  type  a  com- 
bination unknown  to  Tudeer. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  read  a  paper  on  '  Greek  Coins 
recently  acquired  by  the  British  Museum.'  Among 
the  most  notable  pieces  were  three  coins  of  Melos 
from  the  recent  find  with  reverses,  four-spoked 
wheel,  triskeles,  and  crescent  ;  an  electrum  coin 
of  Ionia,  with  obv.  Pegasus,  rev.  two  incuse 
squares  ;  a  copper  coin  of  Praxippos,  King  of 
Lapethus  (Cyprus)  ;  a  tetradrachm  of  Timarchus, 
the  usurper  who  ruled  in  Babylon  in  162  B.C.,  of 
which  only  two  other  specimens  are  known  ;  and 
a  tridrachm  of  the  Barcid  coinage  of  Carthago 
Nova. 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


799 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 

Jl  >v      Institute  of  Aitmries.  .">.— Annus!  Meeting. 

—  Ari«toteli.m.  8.—'  The  Treatment  of  History  by  Philosophers,' 

Mr.  1)   Morrison. 
Ti>~.     Koyal    Institution.  3.—  Celestial  Spectroscopy,'  Lecture  II. 
Prof.  A.  Fowler. 

—  Zoologic.il.  !<  30.— '  A  Report  on  the  Fauua  of  the  Monte  Bsllo 

Island*,'  Mr.  P.  I>  Moutague;  'Cephalopoda from  the  Monte 
Bello  Islands,'  Mr.  Q  I'  Rohson  ;  'Stalk-eyed  Crustaceans 
colltv'ed  at  the  Monte  Bello  Islands.  Miss  M.  J.  Rathbun  ; 
and  other  Papers. 

—  Geographical,  S.45.— 'The  Australian  Antarctic  Expedition.' 

Iir.  I>.  Mawson. 
Wi  i>.     Archaeological  Institute.  -I  30.-'  A  Settlement  of  the  Hanseatic 
Lesgue  at  Bergen  in  Norway.    l)r   P  Norman. 

—  Geoloaical.  S.-'The  Geology  and  Glaciation  of  the  Antarctic 

Regions,   Dr.  I'.  Mawson. 
v  Koy»l     Institution,    .;-' Faraday  and   the    Foundations    of 
Electrical  Engineering.'  Lecture  II..  Prof.  8.  P.  Thompson. 

—  Faraday.  8.—  Presidential  Address  on  '  Advances  iu  the  Metal- 

lurgy of  Iron  and  Steel. 
Fin.       Astronomical,  5* 

—  Royal  Institution.  9  — 'Some  Aspects  of  the  American  Demo- 

cracy   Mr   W    IJ.  Page. 
Sn        Royal   Institution.   "—'Studies    on   Expression  iu   Art:    II. 
Right   Expression  in   Modern  Conditions,'  Mr.  Sigismund 
Goetze. 


$ricna  (Sosstp. 

The  terrible  catastrophe  on  Friday  in  last 
week  on  the  St.  Lawrence  seems  to  indicate 
the  futility  of  the  various  improvements  in 
construction  regarded  as  safeguards  in  big 
liners.  The  Empress  of  Ireland,  rammed 
in  a  fog  by  the  Storstad,  a  collier  of  com- 
paratively insignificant  size,  sank  in  a  few 
minutes,  her  engines  being  put  out  of  action. 

Science  at  least  was  responsible  for 
material  assistance  in  the  shape  of  wireless 
telegraphy.  There  was  just  time  to  send 
cue  message  which  brought  up  two  vessels 
to  the  rescue.  Otherwise  the  appalling  loss 
of  life — over  1,000 — might  have  been  still 
heavier. 

The  accident  seems  the  more  strange 
because  the  Storstad  was  sighted  two  miles 
away  and  signals  were  exchanged.  But 
we  must  wait  for  the  Committee  of  Inquiry 
to  sift  the  variety  of  evidence  already 
offered  by  the  captains  of  the  two  ships. 

On  Thursday  next   the   Croonian  Lecture. 

she  Royal   Society,   will  be  delivered  by 

Prof.  E.   B.  Wilson  of  Columbia  University. 

<>n  '  The  Bearing  of  Cytological  Research  on 

Heredity.' 

Next   Fridaj    evening  Dr.   Mawson   is  to 
his  first  public  lecture  on  his  Antarctic- 
expedition,  at  the  Queen's  Hall.      It  will  be 
illustrated    by   lantern-slides  and    kinemato- 
>h  films.     Sir  George  Reid  will  preside. 

A   "  gigantic  Country   Fair  "  is  to   be 

held  at  the  Botanical  Gardens  next  Friday 
and  Saturday,  being  "  a  prodigious  attempt 
on  the  part  of  "  Our  Dumb  Friends'  League  " 
to  acquire  5.000Z.  wherewith  to  replenish  a 
scanty  treasury.  The  examples  of  the  work 
of  the  League  given  in  the  notice  sent 
rid  to  the  press— in  which  all  "sym- 
pathy that  savours  of  sentimentality"  is 
emphatically  disclaimed  are  not  without 
interest  from  the  general  social  point  of 
view.  We  hear  oi  free  ambulances,  an 
Animals'  Hospital,  shelters,  and  lethal 
chamber- ;  and  a  drivers'  and  horsekeepers' 
branch  to  supply  oatmeal  and  water  for 
horses  during  the  summer,  loincloths  for 
the  winter,  and  trace-horses  tor  steep  hills 
activities  which,  no  doubt,  will  dwindle  as 
time  goes  on,  and  the  motor  drives  the 
horse  off  steep  hills  and  levels  alike.     This 

much  is  well,  and  better  -till  is  "assisting 
all  pom-  people  with  their  animals  ';  but 
the  "  rewarding  all  who  perform  deeds  on 
behalf  of  animals'"  -o  in-,  ethically,  a 
doubtful  proceeding. 

It  is  curious  that   the  study  of  the  phe- 
nomenon of  '"multiple  personality"  offered 

to  our  readers  in  the  report  of  Miss  I  fo.-kyns- 

Abrahall's   recenl    lectures    at    Crosby   Hall 

should  have  been  followed   so  promptly  by 

triking  exhibition  ot  the  phenomenon  in 

actual  lite,  which  has  been  commented  upon 
at  length  in  the  press.  A  girl  of  22,  em- 
ployed a-  goven         in  a  family  at   Hove, 


received  letters  of  a  most  offensively  libel- 
lous type,  which  she  gave  reasons  for  sup- 
posing to  have  been  written  by  an  elderly 
officer — a.  man  of  ability,  much  respected 
by  his  acquaintance — who,  with  his  family 
occupied  a  "flat,"  or  division,  of  the  same 
house.  Not  the  least  curious  part  of  the 
affair,  in  view  of  the  real  truth,  is  the  tart 
that  she  not  only  concocted  and  worked 
out  her  plot  with  skill,  but  also  gave  such  a 
rational  and  persuasive  account  of  the 
grounds  for  her  suspicions  as  entirely  to  con- 
vince a  well-known  firm  of  local  solicitors  and 
the  local  magistrates  of  their  credibility.  It 
was  not  until  the  man  she  had  accused  had  had 
the  unpleasant  experience  of  being  remanded 
without  bail  that  the  truth  came  to  light, 
and  the  girl  was  discovered  to  be  the  victim 
of  dissociation  of  personality — a  state  funda- 
mentally the  same  as  that  described  by 
Miss  Hoskyns-Abrahall. 

It  is  natural,  in  the  first  instance,  to  dwell 
on  the  disastrous  nature  and  the  horrifying 
possibilities  of  this  morbid  condition,  as  well 
as  to  point  out  examples  of  it — identical  or 
cognate — in  history  and  in  legend  ;  and  this 
journalists  have  not  been  slow  to  do. 

But — for  the  non-scientific  observer — the 
descriptive  side  of  the  matter  is  hardly  so 
important  as  the  question  how  far  both  edu- 
cation and  the  general  plan  of  modern  life 
tend  to  promote  dissociation.  It  can  ha.rdly 
be  doubted  that  the  writer  in  Wednesday's 
Times,  who  maintains  that  the  best  way  to 
avoid  obsessions  is  to  hold  oneself  open  to  a 
multitude  of  suggestions,  is  perfectly  right  ; 
and  he  who  avoids  obsessions  avoids  a  main 
opportunity  of  dissociation.  But  in  a 
society  where  division  of  labour  and  the 
severance  between  home  life  and  work  are 
continually  on  the  increase  ;  where  different 
standards  of  morality  are — tacitly,  if  not 
openly — allowed  to  be  applicable  by  one 
individual  to  his  different  spheres  of  activity, 
or  his  relations  with  different  sets  of  people  ; 
and  where  there  is  a  notable  absence  of 
any  one  central  idea  or  belief  to  which 
life  as  a  whole  is  referred,  it  would  seem 
that  the  general  pressure  of  circumstance 
makes  more  and  more  in  the  direction  of 
dissociation,  and  is  intensified  rather  than 
diminished  by  the  monotonous,  though 
fairly  numerous  devices  by  which  we  seek  to 
escape  it. 

It  is  a  question  whether  the  systematic 
separation  of  a  child's  school  and  home  life 
may  not  be  equivalent  to  the  thin  end  of 
the  wedge,  and  it  is  worth  reflecting  on  the 
fact — often  humorously  noted — that  many 
children  are  good  at  school  and  naughty  at 
home,  or  vice  versa.  At  any  rate,  it  would 
seem  that  from  this  danger  of  the  dissocia- 
tion of  personality,  together  with  the  corre- 
sponding insight  it  affords  into  the  richness 
Of  potentiality  in  each  individual,  there 
should  be  drawn  a  body  of  principles  in  the 
light  of  which  much  of  our  educational 
practice,  and  not  a  little  modern  educational 
theory,  would  have  to  he  thoroughly  revised. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Sanitary  Com- 
missioner to   the  Government  of   India   for 

1012  i-.  a-  usual,  full  of  interesting  matter, 
and  its  general  purport  may  be  described  as 
encouraging.  The  Report  relates  only  to 
the  part  of  India  administered  by  the 
British,  which  in  the  year  under  notice 
contained   in   round  numbers  a   population  of 

238,661,346.     The    births   during    the    year 
hed  a  total  of  9,296,296,  and  the  deaths 
7,090,991,    tho    former     being    at     the     rate 
<,f   38*96    per    1,000,  linsl    38*04    for 

the  <>i    the    previous   quinquennial 

period,   and    the    latter   falling   from    34*28    hi 

the   preceding  five  years  to  29*71    in   1912. 

Madras    has    the    lowest    death-rate,    and    the 

Central  Provinces  the  highest  ;    the  greatest  ' 


increase  in  population  is  recorded  in  the 
Punjab  and  the  United  Provinces,  while  in 

Bombay  the  births  and  deaths  almost 
equalize  each  other.  Of  all  the  causes  of 
mortality,  plague  is  the  one  which  shows 
the  most   marked  decrease  as  compared  with 

the  previous  year,  the  totals  being  263,937, 

as  against  7*13,582.  Fevers  account  for  the 
greatest  number  of  deat  lis  in  India,  but  even 
with  these  the  figures  fell  from  4,207,356 
in  1!)11  to  3,936,085  in  1912.  On  the  other 
hand,  deaths  from  cholera  increased  from 
354,005  in  1911  to  407,7(5!)  in  1912,  and  those 
from  small  pox  from  ;18,;">35  to  89,357.  Hut 
in,  these  cases,  as  in  others,  the  fractional 
increase  in  view  of  the  growth  of  the  popu- 
lation, was  small.  The  diminution  in 
plague  was  specially  notable  in  Bombay,  one 
of  the  chief  plague  centres  of  former  years. 
There  are  five  Colleges  affording  a  course 
of  instruction  for  medical  degrees,  and  a 
sixth  is  proposed  for  Lahore.  The  number 
of  women  students  is  steadily  increasing,  but 
the  accommodation  of  the  Colleges  is  not 
equal  to  the  demands  upon  them.  Of  ">44 
applicants  in  1912  to  the  Calcutta  College. 
only  153  could  be  admitted.  The  Indian 
Research  Fund  has  published  during  the 
last  two  years  a  Journal  edited  by  the 
Director-General  of  the  Indian  Medical 
Service  and  the  Sanitary  Commissioner,  which 
meets  a  real  wTant,  and  has  been  accorded  a 
gratifying  reception  on  all  hands. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Prof.  George 
Dean,  who  had  occupied  the  Chair  of  Patho- 
logy in  Aberdeen  University  for  about  six 
years.  After  being  for  nine  years  bacterio- 
logist in  charge  of  the  Serum  Department  of 
the  Lister  Institute  of  Preventive  Medic  a u\ 
h3  was  appointed  in  1906  Chief  Bacteriologist 
at  the  Lister  Institute.  He  was  a  Lecturer 
on  Bacteriology  in  London  University. 


FINE    ARTS 

MORE  ANTIQUITIES  FROM  ABYDOS. 

The  Thirty-Fifth  Memoir  of  the  Egypt 
Exploration  Fund,  which  is  the  third 
devoted  to  '  The  Cemeteries  of  Abj'dos,' 
serves  to  show  how  valuable  a  site  for 
excavation  Abydos  still  is,  and  how 
inexhaustible  is  the  stock  of  antiquities 
to  be  found  there.  The  most  important 
of  the  present  finds — or,  at  any  rate, 
those  to  which  Mr.  Peet.  the  chief 
author  of  the  present  volume,  gives 
the  most  important  place  in  it — are- 
certain  jars  of  coarse  pottery,  about  two 
feet  high,  supported  on  fire-bricks,  and 
built  into  the  ground  under  a  mud  roof, 
evidently  with  the  purpose  ot  applying 
fire  underneath.  These,  which  Mr.  Peel 
calls  grain  kilns,  were,  according  to  him, 
used  for  the  purpose  of  drying  grain, 
cither  for  storage,  or  to  make  it  easier  to 
grind.  In  proof  of  this,  he  cites  the  evi- 
dence of  "  Lumps  of  carbonized  organic 
matter''  found  among  the  sand  in  small 
Cups  placed  in  the  pointed  base  of  the  jars, 
which  turn  out  on  analysis  to  contain 
grains  of  common  wheat.  On  the  whole, 
i  he    hypothesis   seems    well    founded;    but 

it    is  difficult  to  see  why  the  Egyptians 

should    have   thought    it    necessary   to   use 
lire  —and  fire  at   a   low    heat,  as  Mr.   Peet- 

The  Cemeteries  of  Abydos.  Part  111.  1912- 
1913.  Bj  T.  Eric  Peel  and  \\ .  L  S.. 
Loat.     (Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  1/.  ">*.) 


800 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  June  C,  1914 


shows — for  the  parching  of  grain,  when  the 
fierce  midday  sun  would  have  done  all  the 
parching  wanted  without  expenditure  of 
fuel.  Nor  do  Mr.  Peet's  reasons  for 
supposing  the  practice  to  have  been  pre- 
dynastic  and  to  have  disappeared  with 
the  First  Dynasty  seem  convincing.  The 
■custom  of  calling  everything  pre-dynastic 
that  is  found  on  sites  barren  of  inscriptions 
has  surely  gone  far  enough,  and  there 
is  really  no  test  by  which  early  dynastic 
objects  and  their  predecessors  in  date 
can  be  distinguished. 

For  our  own  part,  we  should  say  that 
Mr.  Peet's  greatest  find  was  a  new,  or 
nearly  new,  form  of  burial  under  large 
inverted  pots.  This  seems  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  fair  closeness  with  the  Second 
.and  Third  Dynasties,  and  to  form  a  link 
between  the  contracted  or  ■"  crouched  " 
burials  of  very  early  times,  and  the  ex- 
tended burials  in  coffins  found  under  the 
Fifth  and  Sixth.  Those  at  Abydos  seem 
to  have  been  mainly  of  children,  but 
that  adults  were  thus  buried  appears 
from  instances  occurring  at  El  Kab  and 
Regagneh,  the  first  of  these  containing 
a  seal  of  King  Sneferu.  As  this  king 
was  probably  one  of  the  last  of  the 
Third  Dynasty,  the  burials  in  question 
•cannot  be  before  that  period,  although 
they  may  be  a  great  deal  later.  Mr. 
Peet  may  be  right  in  supposing  that 
this  form  of  burial  does  not  extend  later 
than  the  Fourth  Dynasty  ;  but  it  should 
be  noted  that  Prof.  Garstang  found  on 
.another  site  at  Abydos  very  rich  burials 
in  wooden  coffins,  with  skeletons  having 
&  small  beautifully  glazed  red  shallow  dish 
inverted  over  the  centre  of  the  body. 
These  coffins  were  dated  by  a  cylinder  of 
Pepi  II.  found  in  one  of  them,  and  the 
■dish  may  well  have  been  a  ceremonial 
survival  of  the  older  custom. 

Among  the  other  objects  found  during 
Mr.  Peet's  excavation  were  a  clay  figure  of 
&  dancing  girl  bending  backward  till  her 
body  makes  an  inverted  arch  of  which  her 
feet  and  her  hair  are  the  two  bases,  a  lime- 
st  me  triad  of  a  mother  and  her  two  sons, 
and  some  stelas  with  suten  dy  hotep  for- 
mulas to  L'  Osiris,  Lord  of  Abydos,  and 
Apuat,  Lord  of  the  Sacred  Land."  The 
names  of  the  dead  seem  to  belong  to  the 
Twelfth  Dynasty,  and  the  inscription, 
therefore,  shows  that  by  this  time  there 
was  no  trace  left  of  the  identification  of 
Osiris  with  Apuat,  which  some  have 
thought  likely. 

Mr.  Loafs  fine  series  of  ibis  mummies 
in  pots,  with  elaborate  and  sometimes 
beautiful  binding  in  coloured  linen, 
should  not  be  forgotten,  and  do  much 
to  give  interest  to  this  volume.  The 
hieroglyphic  inscriptions  are  translated  by 
Dr.  Alan  Gardiner,  who  insists  on  spelling 
the  well-known  names  of  Sebekhotep  and 
Apuat  "Sebk-hotp"  and  "  Upwawet  "  ; 
the  Coptic  by  Sir  Herbert  Thompson; 
.and  a  useful  new  feature  is  the  list  of 
museums  among  which  the  different 
objects  found  have  been  distributed. 
Altogether  the  volume  is  worthy  even 
of  the  high  standard  of  the  Egypt  Ex- 
ploration Fund. 


The  Landscapes  of  Corot.  By  D.  Croal 
Thomson.  Parts V.  and  VI.  ('Studio' 
Office,  2s.  6d.  net  each.) 

The  '  Souvenir  dTtalie,  Castel  Gandolfo,' 
Plate  XXI.  of  Part  V.,  with  its  cool 
tonality  and  draughtsmanship  somewhat 
more  compact  than  usual,  makes  one  of 
the  best  prints  of  this  series.  In  Part  VI. 
there  is  also  a  plate,  '  Route  d'Arras, 
Village  de  Sin-le-noble,'  near  Douai, 
which  has  some  charm,  though  it  is  in 
deliberate  compositions  like  the  former 
that  Corot's  design  best  survives  transla- 
tion into  another  medium.  It  is  pictures  of 
the  latter  type,  however,  which  have  made 
Corot  the  most  imitated  of  artists,  the 
father  of  half  the  landscapes  we  have  seen 
in  popular  picture  exhibitions  of  the  last 
twenty  years.  In  the  '  Route  d'Arras,'  or 
'The  Boatman,' Plate  XXVI., and,  indeed, 
in  most  of  the  subjects  selected,  we  see 
the  artist's  familiar  tricks  for  adapting 
a  naturalistic  landscape  into  the  semblance 
of  design  by  an  even  distribution  of  small 
shimmering  detail — tricks  which  have 
now  been  so  generally  assimilated  that 
it  would  not  surprise  us  to  see  in  con- 
temporary shows  the  counterparts  of 
any  of  these  compositions,  as  they  are 
displayed  here.  The  cpxality  of  Corot's 
actual  paint  has  not,  of  course,  been 
acquired  to  the  same  extent.  Plate 
XXVII.  is  perhaps  as  good  an  example 
as  any  of  the  degree  to  which  Corot's 
serenity  is  the  result  of  gently  whittling 
down  sharp  contrasts,  till  an  even  ripple 
of  very  quiet  vibration  pervades  the  whole 
picture. 

When  one  reviews  the  contents  of 
the  complete  series,  one  realizes  the  need 
of  a  Post-Impressionist  movement  to 
break  the  somnolence  of  this  somewhat 
negative  and  mechanical  harmony — the 
result  of  a  gift  for  taming  Nature  for  the 
purposes  of  art.  We  are  familiar  with 
the  work  of  popular  illustrators  who 
secure  a  certain  suavity  of  tjrpe  and 
expression  in  the  hands  they  draw  by  the 
simple  expedient  of  making  every  feature 
rather  smaller  than  it  appears  in  nature, 
so  that,  instead  of  combining  vigorously 
in  the  only  way  possible  for  forms  of 
that  character,  they  float  inertly  side  by 
side  in  a  sea  of  vacant  space.  There  is 
something  analogous  to  this  in  Corot's 
treatment  of  landscape,  and  the  resultant 
watering  -  down  of  characteristics  has 
contributed  not  a  little  to  the  popularity 
of  his  work  with  that  large  section  of  the 
public  whose  paradise  is  a  place  of  easy 
relations. 

The  text  of  these  last  numbers  is  mainly 
biographical,  and  Corot's  uneventful  career 
is  of  interest  principally  as  showing  that  his 
importance  was  under-estimated  by  his 
contemporaries.  It  is  probably  a  little 
over-estimated  to-day,  if  we  take  prices 
as  a  measure  of  esteem.  The  younger 
generation  of  painters,  it  is  true,  render 
him  scant  homage,  his  refined  mastery 
of  the  technics  of  painting  being  a  virtue 
which  hardly  appeals  to  a  school  distrustful 
of  accomplishment  as  a  thing  dulling  the 
edge  of  impulse.  It  is  the  day  of  raw 
talents  now. 


SCULPTURE    AT    THE 
ACADEMY. 


ROYAL 


A  momentary  pause  in  the  stream  of 
other  exhibitions  enables  us  briefly  to  review 
the  sculpture  at  the  Royal  Academy.  To 
achieve  even  that  implies  a  prolonged  study 
of  the  exhibits,  for  it  is  undeniable  that  the 
initial  impression  is  one  of  a  show  of  works 
all  by  the  same  hand,  none  of  which  has  a 
greater  claim  to  consideration  than  its  neigh- 
bour. The  sculpture  is  more  crowded  and 
worse  arranged  than  usual,  and  before  so 
large  an  annual  crop  of  commonplace  busts, 
all  executed  in  the  same  way,  it  would  at 
first  appear  that  the  preferable  ones  were 
simply  those  in  which  the  artist  had  rather 
better  luck  in  his  model.  Compared  with 
the  more  recent  developments  in  the  art 
shown  in  the  work  of  Messrs.  Epstein, 
Brzeska,  Modigliani,  and  Gill,  even  the  A.  G. 
Ross,  Esq.,  of  Mr.  John  Tweed  (2047)  does 
not  appear  very  different  from  the  others, 
except  in  so  far  as  it  shows  a  more  individual 
head.  In  part,  doubtless,  this  is  a  mistaken 
impression.  To  the  critic  who  had  suffered 
a  long  course  of  the  Academy,  Mr.  Epstein 
and  his  friends  would  have  the  same  aspect 
of  close  family  likeness.  Between  the 
impressionistic  statement  of  Mr.  Tweed  and 
the  rather  tighter  method  of  the  older 
Academicians  there  is  not,  however,  any 
fundamental  difference  of  eoncej)tion  as  to 
the  function  of  sculpture.  Both  aim  at  more 
or  less  literal  representation,  though  Mr. 
Tweed  would  rather  appeal  to  the  sense 
of  sight,  the  Academicians  to  that  of 
touch.  Perhaps  Sir  George  Frampton  in 
the  extreme  smoothness  of  Sir  Arthur 
Liberty  (2159) — which  recalls  certain  early 
German  painting  of  the  period  of  Quentin 
Matsys — passes  the  usual  ideal  of  reproducing 
identically  the  degree  of  relief  of  nature,  and 
by  modelling  his  detail  in  low  relief  makes  a 
concession  to  the  eye  as  definite  as  does  Mr. 
Tweed  with  his  slightly  broken  and  "  atmo- 
spheric "  surface.  Here  Sir  George  renders 
a  shrewd  and  characteristic  head  far  more 
successfully  than  when  dealing  with  an 
equally  picturesque  type  in  Sir  Nathaniel 
Dunlop  (2072).  Both  artists  are  frankly 
realistic,  but  the  former  gains  by  his  greater 
tact,  not  in  the  reading  of  character,  but  in 
use  of  his  material. 

This,  for  an  artist,  is  the  more  important 
point.  To  produce  a  bust  which  as 
character  appears  comic  is  frequently  by 
the  layman  regarded  as  a  crime  which 
definitely  abolishes  the  sculptor  ;  yet,  after 
all,  since  sculpture  is  one  of  the  liberal  profes- 
sions, a  satiric  view  of  mankind  remains  for 
him  a  possible  one.  Moreover,  the  heroic 
type  of  one  age  becomes  the  burlesque  of  the 
next,  and  vice  versa.  With  much  of  the 
portrait  sculpture  at  the  Royal  Academy 
the  psychologic  condition  of  the  artist  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  questions  which  arise, 
and  amongst  such  works  Mr.  Pomeroy's 
statue  of  Earl  Curzon  of  Kedleston  (2008) 
might  be  singled  out  as  a  perfect  and  typical 
instance  of  a  perennial  enigma.  W.  E. 
Henley  once  recalled  an  occasion  when 
Stevenson's  approach  was  greeted  by  a 
mocking  spirit  with  the  exclamation,  "  Here 
comes  the  gifted  boy."  Did  Mr.  Pomeroy, 
we  wonder,  when  he  designed  this  Prince  of 
Ruritania  and  pattern  of  schoolgirls'  heroes, 
intend  a  similar  gibe  ?  or  is  he  gravely  rebuk- 
ing the  scepticism  of  an  age  which  looks 
askance  at  the  perfectly  noble  type,  and 
demands  always  some  admixture  of  baser 
clay  ?  We  incline,  though  somewhat 
dubiously,  to  the  latter  opinion.  Probably 
idealism  in  the  Royal  Academy  is  still  a 
simplification  on  the  lines  of  the  Victorian 
young  lady's  novelette.     Capt.  Cook  (2015), 


No.  4519,  Juke  6,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


801 


by  Sir  Thomas  Brock  and  oven  Robert 
Burns  (2018),  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Doyle-Jones 
show  distinot  tendencies  to  revert  to  that 
early  abstraction — the  "good  boy''  of  the 
Sunday-school  book.  Yet  it  is  hardly  for  us 
to  say  that  future  generations  will  smile  at 
them' as  we  do.  Perhaps  it  is  by  insistence 
on  the  principle  of  "keeping  our  stations,'' 
current  in  those  earlier  days,  that  Sir 
Thomas  Brock  has  sternly  cast  Mr.  Gordoii 
JSdfridge  (2157)  as  a  shopwalker  rather  than 
as  the  heroic  reformer  which,  we  are  daily 
assured,  he  is. 

When  we  come  to  ideal  figures,  the  choice 
of  a  model  is  not  of  such  paramount  import- 
ance,  because,    however     photographic    the 
artist's    vision,    questions    of  treatment   are 
bound  to  be  more  important.     Yet  the  ele- 
ment of   subject-matter  enters   to  a  degree 
in  our   judgment   of  Mr.  Nicholson  Babb's 
Phryne  before  her  Judges  (2011),  in  which  he 
has  chosen   to  design   the  figure  of  a  hard, 
businesslike     woman,     who.      nevertheless, 
would  probably  be  more  attractive  to  many 
than  the  soft  and  sentimental  type  chosen  for 
the  Dawn  (2025)  of   Mr.    Charles    Hartwell. 
Crispness,    freshness   of    impulse,  which  we 
should  have  looked  upon  as  qualities  charac- 
teristic of  Dawn,  are  conspicuovisly  absent  in 
this   figure — certainly   sleepy  enough   in   an 
artistic    sense — who   languidly  stretches  her 
vaguely    rounded   limbs.     The  purchase   of 
this  work  for  the  Chantrey  Collection  is  in 
accord  with  the  traditions  of  the  past,  but 
the  statue  cannot  be  said  to  represent  either 
its  author  or  modern  sculpture  in  general  at 
other  than  a  low  ebb.      The  use  of  drapery 
and  the  treatment  of    details   like    the  feet 
are   "  monumentally  unmonumental.''        As 
solutions  of  the  perennial  problem  of  making 
decorative   statues  with  none  but    a  vague 
significance  (suitable  for  use  at    exhibitions 
like  those  at  Earl's  Court),  Mr.  Albert  Toft's 
The  Bather  (2014),  and,  still  more,  Mr.  Broad- 
bent's  Genius  of  the  Garden  (2029),  are  more 
satisfactory  ;    while  in  a  vein  of  more  inti- 
mate prettiness  Mr.  Charles  Rutland's  Youth, 
Time,  Immortality  (2200),  is  to  be  preferred. 
Here  the  head  has  a  certain  charm,  and,  as 
all    too    rarely    at    Burlington    House,    the 
marble  is  of  a  texture  tolerably  suited  to  the 
design.    Two  small  reliefs — The  Mourners,  by 
Mr.  Gilbert  Ledward  (2063),  and  Cathal  and 
the.  Woodfolk,  by  Mr.  Sargeant  Jagger  (2073) 
— have  the  same  gift  for  careful  exploitation 
of  well-worn  motives.     With  Mr.  Jagger  the 
gift  is  the  more  noticeable,  but  the  inspira- 
tion more  completely  rhetorical. 

Mr.  Albert  Hodges  work,  Scene  from  Tarn 
o' Shanter  (2051)  and  The  Plough  (2245),  has 
of  late  years  increasingly  suffered  from  the 
latter  defect.  He  has  still  decision  of  hand, 
and  a  sense  of  stone  as  a  material  unique  in 
Burlington  House,  but  his  designs  approxi- 
mate to  academic  exercises. 

Among  the  smaller  works,  the  bird  studies 
by  Mr.  Krieger  (2044,  2099,  21.12)  recall 
certain  later  phases  of  realistic  Japanese 
metal-work,  while  Mr.  F.  M.  Bose  deserves 
special  mention  for  his  little  bronze  Boy  in 
Pain  '2167),  a  well  observed,  vivacious 
figure  on  a  suitably  modest  scale.  Mr. 
Havard  Thomas's  Thyrsis  (2185)  was  noticed 
at  length  last  year.  It  appears  in  very  clean 
bronze,  which  will  look  better  out  of  doors 
than  here,  where  it  reflects  such  violently 
different  lights  and  darks.  Mr.  Thomas 
deserves  credit  for  being  almost  the  only 
culptor  who  faces  the  test  of  a 
clean  surface  of  metal.  In  the  present 
instance,  however,  his  bronze,  somewhat 
mechanically  tooled  in  a  horizontal  direct  ion, 
-  nor  quite  th<-  perfection  of  thai  "i 
the  '  Lycidas.' 

.V     the     premises    oi      Messrs.    Harrod, 
Brornpton   Road,   the   work   of   the   veteran 


sculptor  StephanSinding  is  amply  displayed. 
It  is  very  similar  to  the  average  exhibit 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  except  that  it 
shows  slightly  more  enterprise  in  the 
naturalism  of  the  stibject-matter. 


fine  ]bt   flkssip. 

At  the  Little  Theatre  on  the  23rd  inst. 
Mrs.  Roger  Watts  is  g'ving  a  lecture  with 
demonstrations  concerning  the  method  of 
physical  culture  and  ideal  of  life  put  forward 
in  her  book  *  The  Renaissance  of  the  Greek 
Ideal,'  which  we  reviewed  a  fortnight  ago. 

An  exhibition  of  modern  and  antique 
embroideries  at  the  Library  Hall,  High 
Street,  Walthamstow,  will  be  opened  by  the 
Ranee  of  Sarawak  on  Friday,  the  19th  inst. 

Bulletin  87,  published  by  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  consists  of  an 
account  by  Mr.  Walter  Hough  of  the  '  Culture 
of  the  Ancient  Pueblos  of  the  Upper  Gila 
River  Region,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.' 
The  details  of  pottery  given  in  this  mono- 
graph are  worth  careful  attention,  illustrating 
as  they  do  both  the  expressiveness  and 
delicacy  of  the  forms  employed,  and  the 
effective,  though  often  highly  bizarre,  prin- 
ciples of  decorative  design.  The  most  inter- 
esting thing,  however,  about  the  latter  is 
the  method  of  convention.  There  is  a  bowl 
decorated  with  a  background  of  black  and 
white  checker,  diminishing  by  a  curiously 
skilful  scheme  towards  the  centre,  having 
on  it  a  design  of  three  plain  lobes,  bordered 
with  black  lines,  which  terminate  at  the  inner 
angles  in  whorls.  This  is  a  plumage  motive 
which,  the  writer  tells  us,  may  be  taken  for 
a  "  three-bird  convention."  Two  other 
curious  conventions  illustrated  here  are 
that  for  a  bird  sitting,  and  that  for  a  moun- 
tain lion,  where  the  figure  is  reduced  to 
straight  lines,  with  a  form  of  double  fret 
as  convention  for  the  head  and  the  feet 
set  as  if  in  perspective.  The  sculpture  is 
slenderly  illustrated,  but  there  are  some 
characteristic  carvings  of  birds  on  the  heads 
of  ceremonial  staffs  which  are  decidedly 
interesting,  as  is  also  the  painted  bird 
offering — here  reproduced  in  colour — found 
in  Bear  Creek  cave,  which,  in  brilliant  and 
most  effectively  combined  colours  laid  on 
two  crossed  strips  of  wood,  is  taken  to  repre- 
sent a  woodpecker  in  flight. 

In  Messrs.  Sotheby's  sale  of  engravings 
last  week  the  portrait  of  Sir  Walter  Scott 
by  C.  Turner  after  Raeburn  fetched  707. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
Edward  Dillon,  a  distinguished  connoisseur 
in.  art,  and  a  leading  member  of  the  Burling- 
ton Fine  Arts  Club.  The  high  standard 
of  the  Club's  shows  and  catalogues  owed 
much  to  his  care.  Mr.  Dillon  wrote  an 
excellent  book  on  '  Glass,'  an  elaborate 
monograph  on  '  Rubens,'  and  a  little  book 
on  the  '  Arts  of  Japan,'  where  he  lived  for 
some  time  before  coming  to  London.  A 
man  of  retiring  manners,  he  was  much 
liked  by  all  who  knew  him. 

M.  lli.NRr  Roxjjon,  Permanent  Secretary 

of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  died  on  Monday 
last.      Born    in    1'aris    in    1853,    M.     Koujon, 

besides  his  artistic  interests  and  his  official 
services  to  the  Fine  Arts  in  fiance,  had  been 
a  member  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, political  secretary  t<>  more  than  one 

French  statesman,  arid  private  secretary 
to    M.    Jules   Ferry.      He    was   the    author   of 

■  Miremonde,'  a  novel  crowned  by  the  French 

Academy,  and  of  a  work  entitled  '  An  milieu 
des  Homines,"  as  well  as  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  periodit  pecially  on  matters 
connected  with  art. 


MUSIC 


OPERA   AT   DRURY   LANE. 

When  Moussorgski's  '  Boris  Godounov  T 
was  produced  during  the  Russian  season 
at  Drury  Lane  last  year,  surprise  was 
expressed  that  a  Avork  of  such  importance 
and  interest  should  have  been  so  long  in 
finding  its  way  to  this  country.  We  are 
accustomed  to  regard  Wagner  as  the 
most  powerful  dramatic  composer  of  the 
second  half  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
and  during  that  period  only  a  few  of  his 
contemporaries — Verdi  among  the  number 
— had  a  chance  of  distinguishing  them- 
selves. While,  however,  Wagner  was 
proclaiming  his  theories  and  producing 
his  earlier  operas — '  The  Flying  Dutch- 
man,' '  Tannhauser,'  and  '  Lohengrin  ' — 
a  group  of  young  Russian  composers — 
Glinka,  Dargominsk}^,  Moussorgski,  Rim- 
sky-Korsakoff,  and  a  few  more  —  were 
establishing  a  school  of  their  own ;  but 
their  works,  in  the  overthrowing  of 
conventions,  showed  a  similarity  to 
Wagner's,  probably  due  to  some  extent 
to  his  influence,  though  in  other  respects 
they  were  radically  different.  Of  those 
named,  Glinka  was  the  founder,  and 
his  '  Life  for  the  Tsar '  was  given  in 
Italian  at  Co  vent  Garden  in  1887, 
also  in  the  same  year  in  Russian  at  the 
theatre  in  Great  Queen  Street.  Rubin- 
stein's '  Demon  '  and  Tschai'kowsky's  '  Eu- 
gene Oniegin  '  have  also  been  heard  in 
London  ;  neither  composer,  however,  be- 
longed to  the  special  school  of  which  we 
are  speaking. 

The  success  of  '  Boris  Godounov  '  waa 
not  ephemeral.  It  was  performed  again 
at  Drury  Lane  last  Saturday  evening, 
and  proved  no  less  impressive.  M.  Chalia- 
pine's  wonderful  acting  and  singing  were 
notable  for  their  total  absence  of  anything 
approaching  to  sensationalism.  His  power 
was  not  merely  felt  at  certain  high  moments 
of  the  tragedy,  but  even  so  long  as  he  was 
on  the  stage.  M.  Rogdiestwensky  as  the 
False  Dimitri  was  excellent,  while  the  scene 
at  the  inn,  with  Mile.  Nicolaiewa,  and 
MM.  Belianin  and  Ernst,  the  two  vaga- 
bond monks,  a  characteristic  Russian 
cabaret  picture,  was  most  effective.  The 
whole  performance  was  remarkably  good. 
The  choral  singing  was  splendid,  and  the 
importance  assigned  to  the  chorus  is  a 
striking  feature  of  the  work.  It  plays 
a  real  part  in  the  action,  and  this  fact 
gives  unusual  life  to  the  piece.  This 
feature  is  all  the  more  welcome  because 
Wagner  in  his  later  works,  with  the  one 
exception  of  *  Gdtterdammerung,'  virtu- 
ally abolished  the  chorus.  Moussorgski 
treats  it.  one  might  say,  as  the  ehiel 
persona  dramatis.  It  stands  for  the  popu- 
lace itself;  it  is  no  Italian  opera  chorus 
standing  in  a  row  and,  while  singing, 
delaying  the  action,  as  was  the  case  in 
the  BelEni-Donizetti  type  of  opera  which, 
when     Boris'  appeared,  was  still  in  vogue. 

The  music  is  another  prominent  ele- 
ment. Wagner  certainly  did  not  mean 
to  make  his  music  the  most  attractive 
element    of  his   later   works  ;    nevertheless, 


802 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


it  lias  proved  so.  Torn  away  from  its 
context  with  the  dramas,  it  has  been  for 
years  a  powerful  magnet  in  the  concert- 
room.  The  Russians  seem  to  have  ob- 
tained just  the  right  kind  of  balance. 
Their  music  is  always  interesting  ;  away 
from  the  stage,  most  of  it  would  be 
meaningless.  Of  those  who  contributed 
to  the  artistic  success  of  the  performance 
last  Saturday,  M.  Emile  Cooper  and  his 
fine  orchestra  must  not  be  forgotten. 

On  Wednesday  evening  Rimsky-Korsa- 
koff's  '  Ivan  le  Terrible  '  was  given. 
This  music-drama  differs  in  some  respects 
from  '  Boris  Godounov.'  There  is  plenty 
of  nature  in  both,  but  more  art  in 
'  Ivan.'  We  do  not  say  this  at  all  by  way 
of  depreciation.  The  folk-element  is  not 
thrown  into  the  background,  but  felt 
throughout  the  work.  Rimsky -Korsakoff 
died  only  six  years  ago,  and  was  ac- 
quainted with  the  great  modern  orchestral 
works  ;  moreover,  he  had  a  natural  genius 
for  orchestration.  The  way  in  which  he 
blends  the  new  with  the  old  is  wonderful  ; 
•of  that  the  first  tableau  of  the  second  act 
gives  striking  evidence.  A  second  hearing 
of  the  work  increases  our  interest  in  the 
drama  and  our  admiration  for  its  com- 
poser. 

The  performance  was  excellent,  and 
M.  Chaliapine  was  exceptionally  impres- 
sive. His  singing  and  declamation  are 
perfect,  and  his  acting  is  masterly. 


OPERA  AT  COVENT  GARDEN. 

•  Un  Ballo  in  Maschera,'  Verdi's 
delightful  opera,  was  performed  last 
Thursday  week  at  Co  vent  Garden.  The 
principal  parts  were  taken  by  Mile. 
Destinn  and  Signor  Caruso,  and  both  sang 
admirably.  The  latter,  as  previously  noted, 
in  his  appearances  earlier  in  the  season 
was  not  altogether  convincing  ;  on  this 
occasion,  however,  he  was  quite  in  the 
vein,  and  the  Ricardo  music — so  ably 
written  for  the  voice — evidently  inspired 
him.  At  one  moment  there  was  loud 
applause,  which,  though  resented  by  some, 
was  continued  in  the  hopes  of  an  encore. 
Signor  Caruso,  however,  plainly  showed 
that  he  did  not  intend  to  comply  with  the 
request.  If  all  great  artists  would  only 
follow  this  praiseworthy  example,  there 
would  soon  be  an  end  to  such  untimely 
interruptions.  Mile.  Alice  Zeppilli  was 
very  good  in  the  florid  Page  music. 
Madame  Berat  impersonated  Ulrica,  and 
sang  well,  though  the  music  does  not  quite 
suit  her  voice.  Signor  Polacco  conducted 
with  ability. 

On  the  following  Monday  M.  Saint- 
Saens's  *  Samson  et  Dalila '  was  given. 
That  work  has  become  a  favourite,  and 
the  music,  if  it  does  not  reach  high  in- 
spiration, shows  consummate  art ;  the 
composer  achieves  simplicity  without  a 
touch  of  the  commonplace.  In  the  first 
:act  the  voices  of  Madame  Kirkby  Limn 
and  of  M.  Franz  were  not  in  the  best 
order,  but  their  duet  in  the  second  act 
was  rendered  with  dramatic  power.  M. 
Dinh  Gilly  was  most  impressive  as  the 
High  Priest.  Signor  Polacco's  conducting 
was  good,  though  at  times  too  energetic. 


Mr.  Sydney  Rosenbloom  played  Beet- 
hoven's Sonata  in  e  at  his  pianoforte  recital 
last  Tuesday  afternoon  at  Steinway  Hail, 
but  there  was  not  sufficient  poetry  in  the 
reading,  and  in  saying  this  we  refer  specially 
to  the  Variations.  The  rendering  of  Schu- 
mann's '  Etudes  Symphoniques  '  which  fol- 
lowed lacked  warmth,  breadth,  and  clear- 
ness ;  as  regards  the  last  two  qualities  the 
pianist  was  heavily  handicapped  by  the 
speed  at  which  he  took  many  of  the  Etudes. 
It  must  not  be  inferred  that  Mr.  Rosen  - 
bloom  is  an  unsatisfactory  player.  On  the 
contrary,  he  has  good  command  of  the  key- 
board and  a  pleasant  touch,  and  was  heard 
to  advantage  in  his  own  cleverly  written 
and  refined  Scherzo  in  b  flat  minor. 

Complaint  is  often  made  of  pianoforte 
recitals  which  are  more  or  less  of  a  stereo- 
typed order.  M.  Walter  M.  Rummel's 
programme  of  his  recital  at  the  iEolian  Hall 
on  Wednesday  was,  however,  of  a  new 
kind.  It  consisted  of  two  duets  for  two 
pianofortes  :  Mozart  in  d,  and  Brahms's 
Variations  on  a  theme  by  Haydn  ;  and 
in  these  he  was  assisted  by  Madame 
Chaigneau-Rummel.  The  arrangement  of 
the  latter  work  is  by  Brahms  him- 
self, but  part  of  its  charm — orchestral 
colour — is,  of  course,  lost.  There  was  also 
a  group  of  Debussy  solos,  and  of  that  com- 
poser's music  M.  Rummel  is  an  able  and 
sympathetic  interpreter.  He  also  played 
the  seldom-heard  Schumann,  '  Humoreske,' 
Op.  20,  a  work  of  inordinate  length.  As  a 
piece  of  programme  music,  it  probably  had 
a  meaning  for  Schumann  ;  as  abstract 
music,  it  is  loose  in  structure  and  too  unequal 
in  merit  to  sustain  interest  to  the  end. 
Moreover,  the  rendering  of  it  was  of  too 
modern  a  character. 

A  course  of  lectures  (with  illustrations) 
by  Mr.  Edwin  Evans  on  some  of  the  Russian 
operas  and  ballets  to  be  given  during  the 
Beecham  season  at  Drury  Lane  began  last 
Thursday  at  the  Aldwych  Theatre.  The 
second,  on  the  11th  inst.,  will  be  devoted  to 
Rimsky-Korsakoff  s  '  Coq  d'Or,  '  Midas,' 
and  '  Papillons  '  ;  and  the  third,  on  the 
16th,  to  Stravinsky's  '  Le  Rossignol  '  and 
Rimsky-Korsakoff 's  '  Nuit  de  Mai.' 

M.  Emil  Mlynarski  announces  three 
interesting  orchestral  concerts  with  the 
London  Sjrmphony  Orchestra  at  Queen's 
Hall.  The  first  takes  place  this  afternoon, 
when  the  programme  will  be  devoted  to  M.  A. 
Glazounov.  It  will  include  his  Symphony, 
No.  8  (Op.  83),  a  new  Pianoforte  Concerto 
(Op.  92),  a  Violin  Concerto  (Op.  82),  and 
'  Stenka  Razin,'  a  Symphonic  Poem  (Op.  13). 
At  the  second,  on  the  18th  inst.  (evening), 
will  be  performed  three  works  by  Russian 
composers,  two  of  which  are  new  to  Lon* 
don  :  a  Symphony,  Op.  17  ('In  Memoriam'), 
by  A.  Wischnegradski,  and  a  sketch  for 
orchestra,  '  The  Enchanted  Kingdom,'  by  N. 
Tcherepnine.  In  the  second  part  Polish 
music  will  be  represented  by  M.  Pade- 
rewski's  'Polish  Fantasy'  for  Piano  and 
Orchestra  (soloist  M.  E.  Schelling)  and 
M.  M.  Karlowicz's  '  Lithuanian  Rhapsody.' 
On  the  24th  inst.  (evening)  there  will  be 
Polish,  Russian,  and  Bohemian  music,  a 
Suite  (Op.  9)  by  S.  Stojowski  being  the  only 
novelty. 

The  Fifth  Congress  of  the  International 
Music  Society  is  taking  place  in  Paris  this 
week  and  will  continue  until  Wednesday 
next.  The  sche;i:e  includes  the  production 
of  Monsigny's  opera  '  Les  Aveux  Discrets,' 
and  a  concert  of  chamber  music  of  the 
eighteenth  century  given  in  the  Oalerie  des 
( J  laces  at  Versailles. 


Madame  Labori  (ne'e  Okey)  was  in  former 
days  an  excellent  pianist,  and  the  compos*  i 
of  a  sonata  for  violin  and  pianoforte,  also 
some  refined  pianoforte  pieces.  A  lyric 
drama  in  two  acts  from  her  pen  has  jual 
been  produced  at  the  Paris  Theatre-Lvrique 
(Gaite).  It  is  entitled  '  Yato.'  The  libretto 
is  by  MM.  Henri  Cain  and  Louis  Payen. 
Le  Menestrel  of  May  30th  describes  the  music 
as  clear,  elegant,  and  emotional. 

The  centenary  of  the  death  of  Abbe 
Vogler,  a  curious  figure  in  the  musical  world, 
occurred  on  the  6th  of  last  month.  His 
music  is  now  forgotten,  though  his  name 
lives  in  Browning's  fine  poem,  but  in  his  day 
he  had  a  good  reputation  as  organist, 
theorist,  and  teacher.  Among  his  pupils 
were  Weber  and  Meyerbeer.  He  came  to 
London  in  1790,  and  gave  successful  organ 
performances  at  the  Pantheon  ;  and  paid 
homage  to  Handel  by  composing  an  organ 
fugue  on  the  themes  of  the  '  Hallelujah ' 
Chorus. 


'  MUSICAL   INTERPRETATION.' 

While  thanking  you  for  your  very  kind 
review  of  my  '  Musical  Interpretation  '  in 
your  issue  of  May  16th,  may  I  be  allowed  to 
point  out  a  rather  serious  error  ? 

Your  reviewer  quite  misrepresents  me  in 
saying  : — 

"  Mr.  Matthay  includes  an  accelerando  followed 
by  a  ritardo  as  an  instance  of  Rubato,  but  this  is 
a  different  means  of  expression,  and  one  in  which 
the  tempo  of  the  piece  undergoes  change." 

What  I  have  said  is  the  very  opposite  ! 
For  on  pp.  60-62  I  insist  that  if  constantly 
recurring  true  ritardos  or  accelerandos  ara 
employed  in  a  continuously  built-up  com- 
position, this  tends  to  break  it  up.  And  on 
p.  71  I  point  out  that  many  composers  have 
often  marked  a  ritardo,  when  in  reality  they 
have  meant  a  large  swing  of  Rubato,  the 
ritardo  noted  in  their  text  forming  but 
the  swinging  back  of  the  rhythm  after  a 
previous,  but  by  them  unnoted,  accelerando, 
and  thus  forming  a  true  Rubato,  without 
any  break  of  continuity  in  tempo.  I  should 
feel  obliged  if  you  could  find  room  for  this 
correction.  '  Tobias  Matthay. 

***  The  quotation  from  Schumann's 
'  Carneval  '  on  p.  71  of  Mr.  Matthay 's  book 
is  given  as  an  example  of  "  inverted  rubato." 
It  begins,  to  quote  Mr.  Matthay' s  words, 
with  "  a  pushing-on  or  hurrying  the  time." 
Hence  there  is  change  of  tempo,  and  another 
when  "  we  must  follow  up  by  retarding  the 
subsequent  notes  of  the  phrase."  Mr. 
Matthay  properly  marks  this  natural  push- 
ing-on and  retarding  by  a  "  poco  accel."  and 
"  rit."  ;  but  what  I  still  maintain  is  that  such 
means  of  expression  is  not  in  any  sense  a 
Rubato  as  understood  by  Mozart  and  Chopin. 

The   Reviewer. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 

Sis.      Special  Concert,  8.30,  Royal  Albert  Hall, 
Mox.-Sat.    Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Mdn.-Fhi.    Opera,  Theatre  Royal,  Drury  Lane. 
Mon.-Fki.     Mackenzie's 'Cricket  on  the  Hearth.' Duke's  Hall. 
Mox.     Alexia  Bassian,  Adelina  de  Lara,  aud  Kreisler  s  Concert,  3, 
Queen's  Hall. 

—  Eileen  Nicolls  s  Vocal  Recital,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  TJlick  Brown's  Song  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  London  Symphony  Orchestra,  S.  Queeu's  Hall. 

—  Felia  Dorio's  Evening  Concert,  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall 
Tens.    Julia  and  Steffi  Goldner's  Pianoforte  and  Harp  Recital, 

Steinway  Hall. 

—  Jacques  Thibaud's  Violin  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Elena  Gerhardt's  Vocal  Recital,  S  15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Brabazon  Lowther's  Song  Recital,  8.15.  Julian  Hall. 
Wed.  Mrs.  Aylmer  Jones's  Morning  Concert,  3  15.  Arts  Centre, 

—  London  String  Quartet,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  London  Trio,  8.30,  iEolian  Hall.  „ 

—  Marc  Meytschik  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.15,  Steinway  Hall. 

—  Mary  Zimmer's  Violin  Recital,  8  30.  ^Eolian  Hall. 
Tiilrs.  Lula  Myf  zGmeiner's  Vocal  Recital,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall 

—  Walter  Scott's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Campbell  Mclnnes's  Vocal  Recital.  8.30,  ^Eolian  Hall. 
Fri.  Trio  de  LuUce,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Jean  Waterston's  Vocal  Recital,  8.15,  jEolian  Hall. 

Sat.      Paul  Kochanski  and  Arthur  Rubinstein's  Sonata  Recital,  J, 
Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Mozart  Society,  3,  Portman  Rooms.  .. 

—  Polyxena  Fletcher  and  Marie  Motto's  Pianoforte  and  v  loun 

Recital,  3.15,  .Solian  Hall. 

—  Pachmann's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15,  Queen's  Hall. 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


803 


DRAMA 


The  Origin   of  Attic  Comedi/.     By   F.   M. 
(  omford.     (Arnold,  8.?.  6W.) 

MR.  CORKFORD  is  already  known  to  us. 
and  has  been  reviewed  in  these  columns 
as  the  author  of  a  very  ingenious,  though 
not  perhaps  very  convincing,  essay  on 
Thucydides.  He  has  since  joined  the 
goodly  company  of  the  speculators  on 
primitive  religion  as  expressed  in  its 
fantastic  survivals,  and  now  offers  a 
theory  on  the  origin  of  Greek  comedy. 
The  writers  of  his  school  are  Miss  Jane 
Harrison.  Mr.  A.  B.  Cook,  and.  above  all, 
Dr.  J.  G.  Frazer,  -whose  '  Golden  Bough  ' 
is  the  Testament  of  this  new  creed. 
Recently  they  have  got  a  great  stimulus, 
if  they  wanted  one.  from  the  rude  festivals 
Messrs.  Dawkins  and  Wace  have  found 
among  the  mountaineers  of  Thessaly 
and  Thrace.  They  call  it  a  Fertility 
I  "una.  in  which  the  death  and  resur- 
rection of  the  year  are  symbolized  by  per- 
sonages, and  after  a  conflict  in  which 
one  of  them  dies  and  rises  again,  there 
i-  a  rude  marriage  scene,  with  its  physical 
side  accentuated  by  the  accompaniment 
of  a  phallic  chorus.  This  is  the  scheme 
into  which  our  author  fits  the  comedies 
of   Aristophanes,  showing   that  there  are 

k  figures,  stock  masks,  stock  devices, 
which  are  all  survivals  of  the  old  Fertility 
Drama,  or  mummery,  common  among 
the  rude  peasants  in  Greece,  probably  since 

-Hellenic  days.  For  Ave  are  also  con- 
fronted with  analogous  mummeries  among 
all  manner  of  savages,  which  indicate 
primitive  cults. 

We  have  already  spoken  in  these  pages 
of  the  loose  logic  shown  in  some  of  these 
speculations:  cf.  the  doubtful  psychology 
of  reducing  the  many  varieties  of  primitive 
religion  to  two  or  three  elements.  It  is 
only  fifty  years  since  similar  simplifica- 
tions of  the  Greek  epic  poems  were  just 
as  fashionable.  According  to  Max  Mi'iller 
and  his  school,  the  phenomena  of  the 
dawn,  the  rising  and  setting  sun,  and  the 
victory  of  night  followed  by  a  resurrection 

lay.  were  enough  to  account  for  all  the 
richness    of    Homer's    story.     Mythology 

-  only  ••  a  disease  of  language."  Because, 
''i..    the    word    Helen    corresponded    in 

ind  to  the  Sanskrit  Sarama,  she  could 
not  be  a  real  person  ;  the  whole  war  of 
Troy  was  a  mere  personification  of  the 
play  of  Nature's  forces.  This  idea  has 
ranished     into     smoke     long     ago.     The 

y  of  the  'Iliad'  represents  human 
history,  and  Mr.  Leaf  has  even  shown  that 
the  war  of  Troy  had  a  commercial  basis — 
the  struggle  to  keep  a  trade  route  open  ! 
This  remarkable  Umschwung  in  Homeric 
criticism  might  serve  as  a  warning  to 
the  modern  mythology 

Mr.  Cornford  knows  well,  and  tells  us 
in  one  of  his  best  pages, that  his  analyses 
Of  the  survival  of  the  Fertility  Drama  do 
QOl  for  a  moment  touch  the  genius  and 
brilliancy  of  its  finished  outcome  in 
Aristophanes.     But  in  fitting  the  various 

rxes  into  his  frame  he  is,  we  think,  too 


free  and  easy  with  his  secondary  characters, 
his  sudden  transformations  of  a  character 
into  its  opposite  with  almost  Hegelian 
facility,  his  striving  to  fit  every  feature 
into  the  Procrustean  bed  of  theory. 

We  readily  admit  that  there  is  some 
ground  for  his  hypothesis,  and  more  for 
this  reason  than  any  other,  that  all  Greek 
art  developed  in  an  orderly  way  from 
historical  antecedents;  that  no  artists  were 
ever  more  bound  by  precedent  and  autho- 
rity ;  that  any  originality  which  meant 
a  break  with  the  past  was  despised.  The 
an  tod  id  act,  the  so-called  genius  of  modern 
times  who  springs  up  without  a  school 
and  affects  to  follow  no  teacher,  was  by 
them  neglected.  Even  as  Phidias  was 
content  to  take  the  triangle  of  his  pediment 
as  the  necessary  boundary  of  his  great 
groups  in  action,  so  Aristophanes  may 
have  been  quite  content  to  end  his  play 
with  a  merry  and  licentious  marriage 
feast  without  seeking  for  an  original  ending. 
Yet  even  here  Mr.  Cornford's  analysis  of 
the  plays  shows  considerable  variety.  Still 
less  are  we  satisfied  that  the  Agon,  or 
contest  of  two  characters,  representing 
opposing  principles,  requires  any  remoter 
origin  than  the  talkative  and  litigious 
nature  of  the  Athenian  people,  who  loved 
this  kind  of  thing  in  the  courts  and  in 
the  market-place.  It  might  as  well  be 
argued  that  the  pleading  and  counter- 
pleading of  the  principal  characters  in 
Euripides's  plays  points  back  to  some 
early  origin,  and  perhaps  Mr.  Cornford 
or  his  school  would  declare  that  it  is  so. 
To  us  it  is  enough  that  the  litigious 
temper  of  the  audience  liked  this  kind 
of  intellectual  display.  It  is  well  that  the 
orations  of  Demosthenes  have  a  firm 
historic  basis,  for  had  they  not  we  can 
easily  conceive  the  conflict  '  De  Corona ' 
masquerading  as  the  survival  of  an  old 
ritual  about  a  garland  that  had  lost  its 
value,  and  the  absurd  goal  for  so  great 
a  contest. 

With  this  school  that  explains  every- 
thing from  one  source  the  origin  of 
Tragedy  cannot  be  separated  from  that 
of  Comedy,  and  accordingly  Mr.  Cornford 
tells  us,  in  italics,  that  '-  Tragedy  is  the 
exceptional  phenomenon  that  calls  for  some 
special  explanation."  Of  course,  it  must 
come  out  of  the  same  ritual  drama  as 
Comedy,  but  its  peculiarities  are  such 
that  not  even  a  supple  folk-lorist  can 
twist  himself  out  of  the  puzzle.  Mr.  Corn- 
ford tells  us  that  Prof.  Gilbert  Murray  has 
begun  to  solve  the  question  in  a  brief  essay 
in  Miss  Harrison's  '  Themis,'  yet  there 
ought  to  have  lain  before  him  a  remark- 
able book,  a  new  book  by  a  remarkable 
author,  discussing  this  very  question 
from  the  aspect  of  the  ritual  drama. 
How  did  he  escape  noticing  Prof. 
Ridgeway's  '  Origin  of  Trag<  dy,'  pro- 
duced in  his  own  University  four  years 
ago?  Prof.  Kidgeway  even  starts  from 
the  same  modern  phenomena,  the  rude 
plays  in  Thrace,  which  he  describes  at 
full  length,  and  goes  on  to  place  the  origin 
of  Tragedy,  and  not  either  in  the  worship 
of  Dionysus,  a  later  deity,  or  in  any 
importation  from  Doric  societies.  But 
lie  refers  it  to  another  ritual,  that  of  the 


worship  at  the  tombs  of  heroes  or  ancestors, 

and  shows,  exactly  as  Mr.  Cornford  does 
in  Comedy,  the  stock  features  in  tragedy 
which  seem  to  be  survivals  of  its  prehistoric 
condition.  It  is  not  our  business  now  to 
go  further  into  Prof.  Ridgeway's  book, 
but  we  think  that  the  ignoring  "of  it  is  a 
blemish  in  the  work  before  us. 

Regarding  stock  masks  the  author  has 
many  clever  things  to  say,  but  he  goes  not 
far  enough  or  too  far.  He  believes  that 
certain  typical  forms,  the  emaciated 
philosopher  or  the  learned  doctor,  were 
taken  bodily  from  the  mimes  of 
Epicharmus  by  the  Attic  comedy.  But 
except  that  he  thinks  the  Pythagorean 
ascetics  offered  a  convenient  type  to 
Epicharmus,  lie  does  not  analyze  that 
Sicilian  mime  any  further.  Why  should 
Epicharmus  have  been  more  original  than 
Cratinus  ?  When  he  goes  on  to  tell  us 
that  the  Socrates  and  Euripides  who  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  of  Aristophanes  were 
hidden  behind  character  masks  which  did 
not,  and  were  not  intended  to,  represent 
their  features,  he  goes  beyond  all  the 
probabilities  of  the  case.  We  do  not  be- 
lieve that  any  Attic  audience  would  have 
tolerated  an  elaborate  parody  of  a  figure 
familiar  in  the  streets  of  Athens  under 
a  guise  that  spoilt  its  verisimilitude 
at  every  turn.  And  so  of  Euripides. 
The  mask  may  well  have  been  in- 
tended to  disguise  the  actor,  but 
surely  was  intended  to  suggest  the 
object  of  a  personal  lampoon.  Mr.  Corn- 
ford's  evasion  from  the  instance  of  Cleon 
and  what  is  said  of  his  mask  by  the  poet 
seems  more  ingenious  than  convincing, 
and  the  allusions  in  the  '  Apologia '  of 
Plato  show  that  the  '  Clouds '  was  a 
personal  attack  on  Socrates,  and  not 
merely  on  the  type  of  pale  ascetic 
philosophy. 

On  all  these  difficult  literary  questions 
the  author  shows  his  usual  acuteness  and 
resource,  and  he  does  well  in  supplying 
constant  quotations  from  the  Greek  texts 
in  his  foot-notes.  His  book  is  excellent 
reading,  the  more  so  as  the  reader  is  often 
tempted  to  quarrel  with  him.  This  is 
the  "  general  point "  we  make  on  his 
book,  to  use  his  own  phrase.  A  point 
may  be  singular  or  particular  (one  of 
many),  but  how  can  it  be  general  '.  But 
this  is  a  lesson  of  common  logic,  a  science 
not  in  fashion  nowadays. 


'  PLASTER    SAINTS.' 

June  3,  1914. 

Is  The  Allu  an  urn  also  among  the  Philis- 
tines ?  Its  review  of  '  Plaster  Saints,'  with 
the  assumption  that  the  dramatis!  is  respon- 
sible for  the  motives  and  arguments  <>i'  his 
characters,  seems  t<>  me  utterly  unworthy  of 
our  leading  literary  organ.  Egotism  might. 
of  course,  lead  me  to  a  mistaken  view  of  my 
own  share  in  the  production  Ht  the  Comedy 
Theatre— though  in  the  opinion  of  some  of 

my    most    eminent    emit  em]  >oraries    '  Plaster 

Saints'  is  my  best  and  most  absorbing  play; 
but  when  you  write  thai  .Miss  Gillian 
Senile  "does  not  lend  herself  to  grief,"  then 
I  know  your  criticism  is  unjust,  for  is  not 
th<'  la>t   part   .Miss  Senile  has  played  the  most 

tragic   figure  in  Tchekov's     Unole  Vanya,' 


804 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4519,  June  6,  1914 


and  has  not  her  impersonation  been  ac- 
claimed as  a  masterpiece  of  acting  by  the 
■entire  British  press  '! 

Israel  Zangwill. 

%*  Our  critic  may  have  erred  in  not 
considering  Mr.  Zangwill's  characterization 
more  from  the  point  of  abstract  creation, 
though  we  are  sure  he  would  gladly  have 
done  so  if  it  would  have  helped  him  to  more 
favourable  comment.  We  cannot,  however, 
acknowledge  any  injustice  intentional  or 
unintentional  in,  his  views.  It  was  not  pos- 
sible for  him  to  go  to  the  matinee  perfor- 
mance of  Tchekov's  '  Uncle  Vanya,'  and  he 
could  not  therefore  speak  of  Miss  Scaife's 
performance  in  that  piece. 


Bramatic   (iossip. 

'  Love  Cheats,'  with  which  Miss  Horni- 
man's  company  has  occupied  the  stage  of 
the  Coronet  Theatre  this  week,  is  announced 
as  a  "  modern  "  play  by  Mr.  Basil  Dean.  The 
theme  of  a  townsman  on  a  holiday  seducing 
a  fisherman's  daughter  and  offering  money 
as  compensation  might  as  well — or  as  un- 
fortunately— be  called  novel  as  "modern." 
The  treatment  has  little  of  originality  either. 
The  play  was  far  too  long-drawn-out,  and 
•obvious  points  for  pauses  in  the  action  were 
passed  over  in  favour  of  others  which 
were  annoying  in  their  lack  of  appropriate- 
ness. Irene  Rooke  gave  a  clever  study  of 
a  girl  vaguely  desiring  things  denied  to 
those  in  her  position.  Hilda  Bruce-Potter 
had  too  contradictory  a  character-study  to 
enable  her  to  be  convincing :  a  mother, 
sympathetic,  but  entirely  without  anything 
approaching  maternal  intuition.  Something 
of  the  same  contradiction  was  apparent  in 
the  seducer,  played  by  Mr.  Milton  Rosmer. 
After  behaviour  as  callous  as  it  was  imbecile, 
he  gave  signs  of  sound  sense  and  some 
decent  feeling,  which  seemed  almost  to 
betoken  a  dissociated  personality.  The  other 
male  characters  were  more  credible,  and 
wire  well  acted,  and  we  have  again  to  thank 
Mr.  Horace  Braham  for  a  very  clever  bit  of 
work. 

We  note  with  pleasure  that  H.  F.  Rubin- 
stein's '  Consequences  '  is  to  fill  the  bill  at 
the  Coronet  during  the  extra  week  that  Miss 
Hornimans  company  will  be  there.  Our 
appreciation  of  that  play  will  be  found  in 
our  issue  of  May  9th. 

During  the  first  week  of  their  season 
at  the  Court  Theatre,  the  Irish  Players 
have  given  four  performances  of  Mr. 
Yeats' s  '  Kathleen  Ni  Houlihan  '  and  J.  M. 
Synge's  '  The  Playboy  of  the  Western 
World.'  Both  plays  are  difficult,  demand- 
ing a  perfect  sympathy  between  actors  and 
audience  which,  we  felt,  was  hardly  granted 
adequately.  The  "  mystic  touch  "  of  Sara 
Allgood's  Kathleen  hesitated  at  the  foot- 
lights and  impinged  lightly  upon  the 
emotions  of  the  audience,  although  we  can 
imagine  no  one  better  qualified  to  fill  the 
part.  In  'The  Playboy,'  a  cast  differing  in 
some  important  respects  from  that  which 
appeared  before  at  the  Court.  The  actors 
succeeded  perfectly  in  preserving  a  balance 
between  the  tragic  and  the  comic  elements 
of  the  play  ;  Mr.  Arthur  Sinclair,  if  our 
memory  is  not  at  fault,  has  added  a  good 
deal  of  "  business  "  to  his  original  Michael 
James  Flaherty,  and  Eithne  Magee's  Pegeen 
Mike  is  a  shade  weaker  than  Maire  O'Neill's. 
But  the  whole  production,  was  well  worthy 
of  the  Abbey  Theatre  Company. 

Robert  Marshall's  '  Duke  of  Killie- 
crankie  '  was  revived  at  the  Playhouse 
last    Wednesday   night.       Marie    Tempest, 


who  takes  Eva  Moore's  place  as  Lady 
Henrietta,  is  also  responsible  for  the  pro- 
duction, which  preserves  most  of  the 
features  we  appreciated  at  the  end  of 
January,  1904,  when  the  play  was  first 
produced.  The  cast  is  almost  identical 
with  the  original  exponents,  and  Mr. 
Weedon  Grossmith  shows  no  falling-off  in 
the  principal  part. 

The  Clobe  and  Queen's  theatres  have 
been  acquired  by  Mr.  Alfred  Butt. 

Mr.  Israel  Zangwill's  comedy  '  Plaster 
Saints,'  the  production  of  which  at  the 
Comedy  was  noticed  by  us  last  week,  is  to 
be  published  immediately  in  volume  form 
by  Mr.  Heinemann. 

On  Friday  week  last  '  Macbeth,'  trans- 
lated into  French  verse  and  prose  by  M. 
Jean  Richepin,  was  produced  at  the  Comedie 
Francaise.  Madame  Bartet  played  Lady 
Macbeth,  M.  Paul  Mounet  Macbeth,  and 
M.  Mounet-Sully  Duncan.  The  translator 
has  made  a  serious  effort  to  follow  the  text 
faithfully,  but  he  has  omitted  several  of 
the  warlike  episodes.  The  staging  and 
costumes  were  impressive,  but  a  little 
incoherent. 

On  the  same  day  Lady  Gregory's  '  The 
Gaol  Gate  '  was  also  produced  in  Paris — 
at  the  Theatre  Idealiste.  The  play  was 
translated  by  M.  Claude  Vareze. 

The  Adelphi  will  reopen  earlv  in  June 
with  'The  Belle  of  Bond  Street,'  a 
musical  play  from  New  York,  in  which 
place  it  has  had  a  successful  run. 

Sir  George  Alexander  has  accepted  for 
production  in  the  early  autumn  a  four- act 
play  called  '  Those  Who  Sit  in  Judgment,' 
by  Mrs.  J.  T.  Grein. 

Mr.  Rabindranath  Tagore  is  about  to 
issue  through  Messrs.  Macmillan  an  English 
translation  of  his  play  '  The  King  of  the 
Dark  Chamber.' 

The  death  of  Mr.  Laurence  Irving,  who 
was  drowned  in  the  terrible  catastrophe  of 
the  Empress  of  Ireland,  and  was  last  seen 
making  heroic  efforts  to  save  his  wife,  is  a 
great  loss  to  the  stage.  The  younger  son  of 
Henry  Irving,  he  started  on  the  stage  in  Mr. 
F.  R.  Benson's  company  in  1891.     Later  he 


was  with  Toole,  and  took  parts  on  tour  in 
popular  plays. 

His  '  Peter  the  Great,'  written  tor  his 
father  at  the  Lyceum  (1898),  was  a  piece  of 
high  aims  and  considerable  promise.  His 
other  original  plays  made  no  great  mark, 
except  '  The  Unwritten  Law,"  produced  at 
the  Garrick  in  1910.  He  won  success  as  Iago 
in  '  Othello  '  at  His  Majesty's  (1912).  and  of 
late  years  had  developed  into  a  thoughtful 
actor  of  considerable  power.  His  finished 
performance  in  '  Typhoon,'  of  which  he  was 
part  author,  was  generally  recognized  as 
masterly  last  year  in  London. 

His  wife  (Mabel  Hackney)  made  her  first 
appearance  at  the  St.  James's  in  *  The 
Masqueraders  '  (1895),  and  played  subse- 
quently with  Charles  Warner  and  Mr.  F.  R. 
Benson,  also  with  Irving,  taking  the  place  of 
Ellen  Terry  as  his  leading  lady,  both  in 
England  and  America.  She  figured  frequently 
in  her  husband's  plays. 

One  of  her  best  perform  ances  was  as  Alice 
Maitland  in  '  The  Yoysey  Inheritance  '  (1905). 
A  clever  actress,  she  was  apt  to  over-empha- 
size her  parts.  She  was,  however,  at  her 
best  in  difficult  scenes,  such  as  that  in 
'  Typhoon  '  where  she  goads  the  hero  to  the 
point  of  strangling  her. 


W. 


-E.  S.-B.- 


To  Correspondents.— A.  M.— H.  A. 
W.  D.  B.— Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

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pictures,  Ac. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 

PAOI 

Authors'  Agents        777 

Cambridge  University  Press 775 

Catalogues         "- 

Educational      777 

Eno's  Fruit  Salt        807 

Exhibitions        ~" 

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Gardeners'  Chronicle        P0S 

Heath,  Cranton  &  Co 80E 

Longmans  &  Co.  78C 

Macmillan  &  Co 78C 

Miscellaneous   ..         776 

Oxford  University  Press 78C 

Printers 776 

Sales  by  Auction       ..        „        776 

Scottish  Widows'  Fund      80J 

Shipping    .         ...._.._        ..        ..  807 
Situations  Vacant     „       „       —       _       ..       ..777 

Societies ~. '" 

Times  Book  Club        ..       .. 77! 

Type-Writing,  Ac.       _        77i 


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i 


28,  CORNHILL,  E.C.,  and  5,  WATERLOO  PLACE.  S.W. 


1! 


No.  4519,  Jink  6,  1914 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


SI 


AN 


AMERICAN 
GLOSSARY. 


BY 


RICHARD  H.  THORNTON 


In  two  volumes. 


This  Work  is  commended  to  the  at- 
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*  An  American  Glossary '  is  not  a  Slang 
Dictionary,  though  of  necessity  it  includes 
specimens  of  vulgar  diction.  The  illus- 
trative quotations,  which  are  accurately 
dated,  number  14,000;  and  of  these  more 
than  11,000  belong  to  the  period  before 
the  Civil  War.  In  some  instances  a  word 
or  phrase  which  might  be  thought  purely 
American  is  traced  to  an  Elizabethan  or 
Jacobean  origin. 

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THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4519,  Juke  6,  1914 


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FIFTH     SELECTION. 


PHILOLOGY,  GRAMMAR,   AND  ETYMOLOGY. 

"  Antiquarian  "  v.  "  Antiquary  "  —  "  Aposta mated  " — • 
"  Ataman "  and  "  Hetman,"  the  Titles  differentiated 
— "Aviation,"  its  Derivation — "Awaitful" — "Ayesha," 
its  Pronunciation — Aztec  Names,  their  Pronunciation — 
"  Bacon,"  its  Etymology — "  Badger,"  its  Etymology — 
"  Banana,"  its  Etymology — "  Barracoon  " — "  Barrage  " 
—"  Barrar  "—"  Barrow  "—"  Battels,"  Use  of  the  Word 
in  1574  —  "  Bayonet  "  —  "  Belappit  "  —  "  Benny  "  — 
"  Beside  "  :  "  Besides,"  their  Meanings—"  Betherai,"  its 
Etymologv— "  Biddy,"  its  Derivation—"  Bilker  "  in  1717 
— "  Bladder  "  and  "  Blather  "— "  Bloom  "  in  Iron  Manu- 
facture— "  Boast  "  —  "  Bobbery  "  —  "  Bobby  Dazzler  " 
— Bonfires  or  Bonefires  — "  Bosh,"  Origin  of  the  Word 
— Bough-pots — "  Bridge?,"  its  Derivation — "  Bring,"  its 
Archaic  Use — Earlv  British  Names,  their  Interpretation 
—  "Britisher,"  Us3  of  the  Word  —  "  Brooch  "  or 
"  Broach  " — "  Brock  "  for  Badger — "  Broom-squire  " — 
"Brumby,"  Australian  Wild  Horse  —  "Butcher,"  its 
Pronunciation. 

ECCLESIOLOGY   AND   THE   BIBLE. 

Banns  and  Lameness — "  Sal  et  saliva  "  in  Baptism — 
Baptismal  Robe — -Baptist  Confessions  of  Faith — Bark- 
ing Abbey  and  William  the  Conqueror — Clergyman  with 
Battledore  in  the  Pulpit — Bayham  Abbey — Beating  the 
Bounds — Thomas  a  Bucket's  Martyrdom — Bed3's  Trans- 
lation of  the  Fourth  Gospel — Detached  Belfries — Dead 
Bell :  Passing  Bell — Bell-ringing  at  Weddings — Bible  : 
"  Bewray  "  in  the  Revised  Version  ;  St.  Paul's  "  Slow- 
bellies  "  ;      '  Let  the   dead  bury  their  dead  "  ;     "  Syco- 

Silk  first  Mentioned;    Thumb 
Christ  " — Bidding    Prayer    at 
English    Bishop    to    Marry — • 
their    Signatures ;     Fourteen 
;     their     Starves  —  Arms    of 
Bishops — Archbishop    Black- 
burne's     Grave  —  Blandina,     Martyr  -  Saint  —  Book    of 
Common    Prayer :      "  Ashes    to    ashes  "  ;      Copy     with 
Shakespeare's  Autograph  ;    Origin  of  Marriage  Service — 
Bibliography    of    Brasses — Brasses    at    the     Bodleian — 
Breviary  or  Missal — -Briefs  for  Greek  Christians — Burial  : 
Half  within  and  half  without  a  Church  ;  with  the  Face 
Uncovered — Suicides    buried    in    Open   Fields — Noncon- 
formist Burial-grounds. 


more  "  or  "  Sycamore  : 
Bible ;   "  Knave    of    Jesus 
Oxford    University — First 
Bishops  :     Punctuation   of 
consecrated    at    one    Time 
English    Roman    Catholic 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND   LITERARY   HISTORY. 

Francis  Bacon,  "  The  world's  a  bubble  " — Bacon  and 
Ben  Jonson — Giorgio  Baffo's  Poems — Barham  a  Cardinal 
of  St.  Paul's — J.  M.  Barrie  and  Kensington  Gardens — 
Beldornie  Press — William  Bennet's  '  King  of  the  Peak  ' 
— Sir  Walter  Besant :  Pronunciation  of  his  Name — 
• — Bevis  of  Southampton — William  Blake  and  Coleridge 
— Private  Reprint  of  Blake's  '  Songs ' — Remarkable 
Cancels  in  Dr.  Bliss's  Edition  of  Wood's  '  Athenae  Oxoni- 
ensis  ' — Earliest  Book  Auctions — Lines  on  Book-Borrow- 
ing and  Book-Stealing — British  Provincial  Book-Trade — 
Books  sold  by  the  Ton — Cure  for  Mildew  in  Books — First 
Books  of  Authors — Bookseller's  Motto — Bibliography  of 
Books?lling  and  Publishing — Borrow's  '  Turkish  Jester ' 
— Bradley's  '  Highways  and  Byways  in  South  Wales  ' — 
'  Bradshaw's  Railway  Time  Tables' — "  Breese  "  in 
'  Hudibras  '  —  Anthony  Brewer's  '  Lovesick  King  '  — 
Errors  in  Cobham  Brewer's  '  Phrase  and  ,  Fable ' — 
Brightwell's  Tennyson  Concordance — British  Museum 
Catalogues — John  Britton's  Shakespeare  Memorial  Pro- 
ject— Siirley  Brooks  and  Du  Maurier — Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning,  Centenary  Celebration — Robert  Browning  and 
Wordsworth,  Literary  Parallel — Passages  in  Browning's 
Poems — Burns  :  English  Commentators  ;  "  Her  prentice 
hand  "  ;  Letters  to  George  Thomson — Robert  Burton  : 
Errors  in  Shilleto's  Edition  ;  Meswinde  the  Fair — Byron  : 
called  "  the  Pilgrim  of  Eternity  "  ;  Passages  in  '  Don 
Juan  '  and  '  Childe  Harold.' 

MUSIC  AND  THE  DRAMA. 

Academy  of  Ancient  Music,  its  Foundation — Actors 
whipped  at  Newcastle — Burial-places  of  Notable  Actresses 
— Prince  Albert  as  Musical  Composer — G.  Almar,  Play- 
wright and  Actor — Ancient  Concert  Society — Mrs.  Ark- 
wright's  Setting  of  '  The  Pirate's  Farewell ' — Folk-lore 
Medicine  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher — '  The  Beauty  of 
Buttermere,'  Sadler's  Wells  Play — Earliest  Theatrical 
Benefits — John  Bland,  Edinburgh  Actor-Manager — Dr. 
Burney's  '  History  of  Music  ' — Alexander  Campbell,  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  Music  Master — Carini's  Book  on  Theatre- 
building — George  Colman  as  Censor  of  Plays — Children  of 
the  Chapel  Royal — Chetwood's  '  General  History  of  the 
Stage  ' — Three  Choir  Festival,  Early  Notices — '  Christmas 
Boys,'  Mumming  Play — Church  Music  in  Country  Dis- 
tricts— Musical  Services  on  Church  Towers — Musical  Com- 
posers as  Pianists — Minuet  named  after  Lady  Coventry. 


JOHN    C.  FRANCIS   and   J.   EDWARD  FRANCIS,    Bream's    Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  London,  E.C. 


No.  4519,  June  (i,   19U 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


807 


pipping. 


A  "  Midsummer  M  Cruise  to 

NORWAY. 

THE  P.  &  O.  Company  announce  a 
Thirteen-day  Cruise  from  London  on 
the  13th  June,  to  the  Fjords  by  their 
Australian  mail  steamer  "MANTUA"  a 
recently  constructed  vessel  of  11,500  tons. 
The  trip  will  include  visits  to  the  Hardanger 
Fjord,  Bergen,  the  Sogne,  Nord  and  Stor 
Fjords,  and  the  Molde  and  Romsdal  Fjords, 
and,  as  the  cruise  embraces  midsummer  day, 
it  will  be  made  in  almost  continuous  sun- 
light so  far  as  the  Norwegian  portion  is 
concerned. 

The  scenic  grandeur  of  the  Fjords  and  the 
romance  of  their  history  combine  to  endow 
Norway's  waterways  with  a  peculiar  fascina- 
tion ;  and  the  observer,  who,  passing  before 
mile  upon  mile  of  this  gorgeous  panorama, 
is  conveyed  on  board  a  P.  &  0.  liner,  with 
all  in  the  way  of  service,  comfort  and  social 
enjoyment  which  the  phrase  implies,  is 
fortunate  indeed.  Fares  range  from  12 
to  25  guineas. 

For  an  illustrated  programme  of  this  and 
other  cruises,  or  for  passage  rates  to  Eastern 
or  Australian  ports,  application  should  be 
made  at  the  Company's  Offices,  122,  Leaden- 
hall  Street.  E.C.,  or  Northumberland 
Avenue,  W.C.,  London. 


The  Royal  Surgical  Aid 
Society. 

Chief  Office : 
SALISBURY  SQUARE,  FLEET  STREET,  E.C. 

Patron— HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING. 
President— The  Right  Hon. 
THE  EARL  OF   ABERDEEN,  P.C.  G.C.M.G.  K.T. 

Chairman  and  Treasurer— SAMUEL   WATSON,    Esq. 

The  Society  was  established  in  1862  to  supply 

SPINAL  SUPPORTS,   LEO  INSTRUMENTS, 

TRUSSES,     ELASTIC    STOCKINGS, 

ARTIFICIAL  LIMBS,  &c. 

Since  the  commencement  of  the  Society  it  has 
supplied  over 

800,000  APPLIANCES  TO  THE  POOR. 

Annual  Subscription  of  10s.  6d.,  or  Life  Subscription 
of  £5   5s.,    entitles    to    Two    Recommendations    per 
Annum,    the  number  of  Letters  increasing  in  propor- 
tion to  the  amount  of  Contribution. 

Subscriptions,  Donations,  and  Legacies 

are  earnestly  solicited, 

and    will    be    thankfully    received    by    the    Bankers, 

Messrs.    BARCLAY  &   CO.,  Ltd.,  19.   Fleet  Street,  or 

by  the  Secretary,  at  the  Offices  of  the  Society. 

EICHARD  C.  TRESIDDER,  Secretary. 


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Ky  WALTKR   SCOTT   PATTOX,  MB.  (Kdin.t  I.  M.S. 
King  Institute  of  Preventive  Medicine,  Guindy,  Madra.%, 

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FRANCIS  WILLIAM  CBAGG,  M.I).  (Kdin.,  I.MS. 
Central  Research  Institute,  Kasauli,  Punjab. 

Crown  4to,  768  pp    with  BO  Full  •  Page  Plates, 
price  11.  In.  net. 

"The  amount  of  information  in  the  hook  is  pro- 
digious, anil  we  strongly  commend  it.  '     Kruneledge. 

"  A  sound  hook  of  reference  for  those  who  wish  to 
investigate  experimentally  the  natural  history  of  insect- 
borne  disease  " — Tropical  DiHeaxes  BiilUtin 

"A  work  which  i«  creditable  to  the  authors  in  the 
highest  degree.  It  deals  systematically  and  scientific- 
ally with  the  whole  class  of  insects." — Athena-ji m. 

CHRISTIAN    LITERATURE    SOCIETY, 
35,  John   Street,  Bedford   Row,  London,  W.C. 


NOTES     AND     QUERIES. 

THIS    WEEK'S    NUMBER    (June  6)    CONTAINS— 

NOTES  : — Bishop  Jewel's  Library — "  Rumford  "  Chimney— Webster  :  a  Question  of  Authorship  — 
"  Garrett  Johnson,  Tomb- Maker  " — "  Shipshape  and  Bristol  fashion  " — Christ  Hospital— Richard 
Johnson's  Epitaph — Governor  Eyre  :  Bishop  Westcott — New  Allusion  to  Shakespeare — 
"Sterling." 

QUERIES: — Burnap  alias  Burnett — Navy  Arms  in  Soho—  Christopher  Columbus:  his  Nationality 
and  Religion — Staffordshire  Poets — "At  that" — De  Tavarez  of  Bayonne — Capt.  Richard 
Peehell— Old  Etonians — "Henry  Hase  " — Addison's  Letters  —  Privy  Councillors  —  Dubber 
Family  of  Gloucestershire — Biographical  Information  Wanted — Threefold  Twist  in  Turning  : 
Stethoscope — Malcolm  Stodart — Author  of  Quotation  Wanted — '  Anecdotes  of  some  Distin- 
guished Persons  ' — Oxford  Coptic  Dictionary — '  Bon  Gaultier  '  Ballads  and  Kenny  Meadows — 
Folkard,  Animal  Painter — "Egoism"  v.  "Egotism" — Alexander  Smith's  '  Dreamthorp  ' — 
Colour-Printing  c.  1820. 

REPLIES :— Hautville  Family— Cromwell's  Illegitimate  Daughter,  Mrs.  Hartop— "  Billion," 
"Trillion" — Lombard  Street  Bankers:  Sir  Stephen  Evance  — Hydon's  Ball,  Surrey — Old 
Etonians — Sir  Richard  Birnie— Joseph  Branwell — Parish  Registers — "Bushel  and  Strike" — 
G.  Quenton — Centenary  of  the  Cigar — "Trod" — A  Book  of  Fables — General  Beatson -Feast 
of  Shells— Grimol— Age  of  Country  Bridges — "  Blizard  "  as  a  Surname — Missionary  Ship  Duff 
— Dr.  John  Samuel  Phene — Casanova  and  Henriette.  , 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' Coroners'  Rolls  of  the  City  of  London'— 'The  Bodleian   Quarterly  Record 
— Reviews  and  Magazines.  ' 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  (May  30)   CONTAINS:— 

NOTES: — '  The  Times '—The  Chronology  of  'Tom  Jones' — Poe:  a  Classical  Reference— London  Im- 
provements— Macaulay  Misquoted— English-speaking  Cardinals — Lancashire  Proverb 

QUERIES:— John  Rush,  Inspector-General  of  Regimental  Hospitals— Duke  of  Wellington  Medal- 
Clack  Surname— Whitby's  Library  of  London  Books— Rawdon  Family — 'Chevy  Chace  '  Parody 
—"Miss  Bridget  Adair '"—Cobbett  at  Worth,  Sussex:  Worth  Families— Authors  of  Quotations 
Wanted — Vineyard  Congregational  Church,  Richmond — Rebellion  of  1715  :  Thomas  Radcliffe — 
Blind  Members  of  Parliament— Rev.  Richard  Scott— Biographical  Information  Wanted — 
Charles  I.:  John  Lambert  and  Lieut. -Col.  Cobbett— Heraldic-"  Stile  "  =  "  Hill  "—'John 
Gilpin'  in  Latin  Elegiacs     Kilgrimol  Priory — Military  Machines. 

REPLIES  :  —  Price  and  Whitchurch  Families— Burton's  Quotations  from  " Loeohseus " — Loch 
Chesney— Octopus,  Venus's  Ear,  and  Whelk— Old  Etonians— Sir  John  Sackfylde—  William 
Quipp— George  Bruce—"  Maggs"— John  Douglas  Hallett— Pallavicini— "  Plowden  "—Liverpool 
Reminiscences— Lord  Wellesley's  Issue— Brutton  :  the  Earl  of  Cardigan— Moira  Jewel— 
"  Vossioner  "—Parry  Broadhead— "  Blizard  "  Surname— Birmingham  Statues  and  .Memorials- 
John  Swinfen— Wildgoose-Khoja  Hussein— Humphrey  Cotes  and  Savage  Barrell— Napoleon 
Upside  Down — Last  Criminals  beheaded  in  Great  Britain. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :—' The  Hermits  and  Anchorites  of  England '—' A  History  of  Leagram '— 
'Penn's  Country.'  

JOHN    C.    FRANCIS    and    J.    EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


Special  attention  will    be   devoted  in   next 

week's   '  Athenaeum'  to  books   relating   to 

POLITICAL    ECONOMY 


808  THE    ATHENE UM No,  4519,  June  6,  1914 


THE 


Gardeners'  Chronicle 


IS     THE 


3 


D.  Leading      Horticultural 

Weekly.        Journai    in    the     World 


AND     THE 


Recognized     Paper    for  Kt^ 

Professional  Gardeners 


Yearly.      Post  free. 


THE 


Calendar  of  Garden  Operations 


IS     THE 
NEW    EDITION 


most   useful   Handbook 
ost  ree  oq.        ^or  Amateur  Gardeners 


Catalogue    of    Horticultural     Books 
Post  free   on   receipt  of    post  card. 


41,  WELLINGTON    STREET,    COVENT   GARDEN,    LONDON,   W.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  ATHENjEUM"  OFFICE,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G. 
Published  Weekly  by  Messrs.  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON,  125,  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.G. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  WILLIAM  QREEN  &  SONS  and  JOHN  MENZIES  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  Edinburgh.— Saturday,  June  6, 1914 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


z*f 


f  rrantal  nf  (Bnglislj  att&  JFamgn  literature,  %>tiz\m,  tbe  JFhte 


: 


No.  4520 


SATURDAY,     JUNE    13,     1914, 


^rts,  Jltusit  antr  the  Drama. 

PRICK 
SIXPENCE. 

RKOISTKK-KD  AS  A  NK  VVSPAPER 

- 


ICc  rturcs. 


Q 


UEEN'S  HALL, 

UNQBAM  PLA<  E,  W. 
SOLE  LESSEES-ME39RS.  CHAPPELL  4  CO..  LTD. 

LECTURE  BY 

MRS.     ANNIE     BESANT. 

THURSDAY,  June  18,  at  8.30  p.m. 

'WHY  WE  BELIEVE    IN  THE  COMING  OF  A 
WORLD  TEACHER.' 

Tickets  : 
Numbered,  5«.,  as.,  and  2*.    Unreserved,  Is.  and  6d. 

Apply  to 

THE    THEOSOPBICAL   PUBLISHING   SOCIETY, 

161,  New  Bond  Street,  W., 

or  the  Queen's  Hall,  W. 


U 


NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


An  \DV  VNCED  LECTURE,  entitled  WHERE  WOMEN  RULE  : 
THE  M  \TKIARi  HALSYSTEM  OF  THE  NAIRS  IN  MALABAR, 
will  be  given  by  Sir  CHETTUR  SANKARAN  NAIR.  ('  I.E..  »t  the 
LONDON  SCHOOL  OF  ECONOMICS.  Clare  Market.  W.C..  on 
WEDNESDAY,  Jane  21,  at  S  p.m.  Admission  free,  without  ticket. 
P.  J.  HARTOG,  Academic  Registrar. 


.EOLIAN  HALL.  NEW  BOND  STREET. 

THE  HON.  STEPHEN  COLERIDGE  will 
LEi  TCRE  in  the  above  Hall  on  THE  GLORY  OF  ENGLISH 
PROSE,  on  THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  June  IS.  at  3  30.  Tickets 
ion.  6d.  and  5J  .  from  the  Hall  and  usual  Agents,  and  from  The 
Lecture  Agency.  L»d. 


Noddies. 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.— The  CONCLUD- 
ING MEETING  of  the  SESSION  will  be  held  at  UNIVERSITY 
COLLEGE.  Gower  Street.  W.C..  on  WEDNESDAY.  June  17,  at  8 p  a., 
when  a  Paper  entitled  'ROUMANIAN  POPULAR  TALES  AND 
LEGENDS  OF  BIRDS.  BEASTS.  AND  INSECTS'  will  be  read  by 
Dr.  GASTER.  F.  A.  MILNE.  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square.  Lincoln  s  InD,  W.c. 


(Bsrjilutions. 


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SUMMER  EXHIBITION 

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NEW      ENGLISH      ART     CLUB. 

EXHIBITION  of  MODERN    PICTURES. 

6a.  Suffolk  Street.  Pall  Mall.  S.W. 

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Daily  10— tj.     Thursdays  10— 10.  Admission  1*. 


(£  Durational. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINA- 
TION to  FILL  UP  VACANT  SCHOLARSHIPS  AND 
EXHIBITIONS  will  be  held  on  JUNK  24.  25,  and  2>S,  1914.— Wat 
particulars  apply  by  letter  to  THE  BURSAR.  Little  Dean's  Yard, 
Westminster. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Da)*. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

MADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133  13.1.  REGENT  STREET,  W.  English  and 
Foreign  Uov-rri-ww,  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones  Com 
panions.  Secretaries.  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  arid  Abroad 
Schools  recommMid-l  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  personal  or  by  letterl.  staling  requirements.  Office 
boon,  vy-i;  Saturdays,  10-1.    Tel.  Regent  Via. 


1HE       UNIVERSITY      OF 


SESSION    1914-VS. 


r  IVERPOOL. 


The  AUTUMN  TERM  BEGINS  on  THURSDAY.  October  8,  1914. 
Prospectuses  and  full  particulars  of  the  following  may  be  obtained 
on  application  to  THE  REQISTRAR  :-» 

JOINT  BOARD  MATRICULATION  EXAMINATION. 

FACULTIES  OF  ARTS,  8CIENC0,  MEDICINE,  LA-vV,  AND 
ENGINEERING. 

SCHOOL  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  CIVIC  DESIGN. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE. 

INSTITUTE  OF  ARCH.EOLOGY. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  EDUCATION. 

UNIVERSITY  TRAINING  COLLEGE 

UNIVERSITY  EXTENSION  BOARD. 

SCHOOL  OF  SOCIAL  SCIENCE  AND  OF  TRAINING  FOR 
80CIAL  WORK. 

SCHOOL  OF  LOCAL  HISTORY  AND  RECORDS. 

SCHOOL  OF  RUSSIAN  STUDIES. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  OPHTHALMIC  SURGERY. 

SCHOOL  OF  TROPICAL  MEDICINE. 

SCHOOL  OF  VETERINARY  SCIENCE. 

SCHOOL  OF  DENTAL  SURGERY. 

SCHOOL  OF  PHARMACY. 

DEPARTMENTS  OF  BIOCHEMISTRY  AND  EXPERI- 
MENTAL MEDICINE. 

EVENING   LECTURE8  AND  LABORATORY  INSTRUCTION. 

FELLOWSHIPS,  SCHOLARSHIPS,  STUDENTSHIPS,  EXHI- 
BITIONS, SPECIAL  GRANTS  AND  PRIZES. 

HALLS  OF  RESIDENCE. 


UNIVERSITY  CALENDAR.    Price  18. ;  post  free,  Is.  4<C 


TJ 


Situations  ^arant. 

NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  Post  of  UNIVERSITY 
PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN  tenable  at  BEDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR 
WOMEN.  The  salary  will  be  6001.  a  year,  and  the  post  is  open  to 
Men  and  Women  equally. 

Applications,  together  with  copies  of  not  more  than  three 
testimonials  and  the  names  of  not  more  than  three  references  (twelve 
copies  of  all  documents),  must  be  received  not  later  than  the  first 
poston8ATURDAV.  June  20, 1914,  by  THE  ACADEMIC  REGISTRAR, 
University  of  London.  South  Kensington,  S.W.,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained.  HENRY  A.  MIER8,  Principal. 


U 


NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  part-time  Post  of  UNIVER- 
SITY PROFESSOR  OF  TOWN  PLANNING  tenableat  UNIVERSITY 
COLLEGK.  The  salary  will  be  4001.  a  year.  The  Engineering  aspects 
of  Town  Planning  are  dealt  with  by  the  Chadwick  Professor  of 
Municipal  Engineering. 

Applications  (twelve  copies),  together  with  the  names  of  not  more 
than  four  references,  must  be  received  not  later  than  by  first  post  on 
MONDAY.  June  22,  1914,  by  THE  ACADEMIC  REGISTRAR,  Uni- 
versity of  London,  South  Kensington,  8.W.,  from  whom  further 
particulars  may  be  obtained.    Testimonials  are  not  required. 

HENRY  A.  MIERS.  Principal. 


U 


NIVERSITY    OF    BIRMINGHAM. 


FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE. 
PROFESSORSHIP  OF  PHYSICS. 
The  Council  of  the  University  invites  applications  for  the  CnAIR 
OF  PHYSICS  vacant  by  the  death  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Poyuting,  F.R.S. 
The  stipend  offered  is  7501.  a  year. 

Applications  may  be  accomnanied   by  testimonials,  references,  or 
other  credentials,  and  should  be  received  by  the  undersigned  on  or 
before  THURSDAY.  October  15. 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


U 


NIVERSITY       OF 


OXFORD. 


LECTURER  IN    FRENCH. 


The  Curators  of  the  Taylor  Institution  will  proceed,  at  the  end  of 
June,  to  the  election  of  a  LECTURER  IN  FRENCH,  to  enter  upon 
his  duties  in  Michaelmas  Term,  1914.  The  appointment  in  the  first 
instance  will  be  for  three  years,  with  an  annual  stipend  of  180/. 
inclusive  of  any  fees  paid  for  attendance  at  his  Lectures  arid  Clashes. 
In  addition  to  his  statutory  duties  the  Lecturer  appointed  may  be 
required  to  take  the  tutorial  work  of  Honour  Students  not  exceeding 
twenty  in  number.  For  this  work  he  will  receive  an  extra  payment 
of  21.  a  Term  for  each  Student  assigned  to  him  The  printed  con- 
ditions of  the  Lectureship  may  be  obtained  from  THE  SECRETARY 
TO  THE  CURATORS,  119,  Banbury  Road.  Oxford. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  accompanied  by 
testimonials,  should  lie  addressed  to  THE  CURATORS,  Taylor 
Institution,  Oxford,  on  or  before  WEDNESDAY,  June  17. 


CON8ERVATORIUM  OF  MUSK' 


N 


EW       SOUTH       WALES,       AUSTRALIA. 


Applications  »re  invited  from  candidates  qualified  to  fill  tlin  Pout 
of  MRK1TOR  Of  TH1  loNMKRVATolllUM  oF  MUH|<'  OF 
NEW  MOUTH  WALKH  ito  »>o  establish..!  in  Hydn«*y  OLOdftr  the 
authority  of  the  Hon.  The  UIduTUt  of  Public  butmeuoDl.  -  indi 
da  t«>  i  must  be  thorough  practical  and  th<-'>r>-t  nil  MuricUDf,  ami 
preference  will  t>e  shown  to  those  experienced  in  Orchestral  and 
<>jH-ra  work.  Kvidciif-*:  of  age  ami  of  attainment*!  and  exix-i 
mutt  b*  submitted.  Ability  to  tea*  h  in  Knglihl.  Ind.niHMiHahU*.  The 
■ppototnmt  will  be  in  the  first  Instance  for  a  period  of  five  jears, 
Hnd  the  salary  will  be  l.'i'Af.  per  annum.  Cost  of  travelling  up  to 
Lfttf.  will  h«  allow  *  I 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  by 
whom  applications,  h<  oo  iirmnhd  by  four  copies  of  each  testimonial 
submitted,  will  I*-  re.  .  Jrd  up  to  JUNK  30,  1914. 

AGBNT-QEftBRAL  .FOR  NKW  HoUTH  WALES. 

US,  *  annon  8treet,  1  ondou.  R.4    .  .June  :i.  10]  L 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


JJNIVERSITY       OF       ABERDEEN. 

CHAIR  OF  CHEMISTRY. 
The  CHAIR  OF  CHEMISTRY  in  this  University  in  the  patronage 
£.'  lhl.  Cp'^'V  Court  will  becc  me  VACANT  by  the  retiral  of 
Prof.  F.  R  Japp  on  SEPTEMBER  30  next-Applications  for  the 
office,  together  with  sixteen  copies  of  testimonials  Ishould  the  candi- 
date think  fit  to  submit  anyi,  are  to  be  lodged  with  THE  SECRE- 
TARY OF  THE  COURT  on  or  before  JULY  1 

,  ..      ,         DONALDSON  ROSE  THOM.  Secretary. 
University  of  Aberdeen.  June,  1914.     .  ' 


BEDFORD       COLLEGE       FOR       WOMEN 
(UNIVERSITY    OF    LONDON.) 
REGENTS  PARK,   N.W 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  following  appointments:— 
(1)  A89I8TANT-LECTURER    in    the   Department  of   ENGLI8H 
LITERATURE.    Salary  165!.  per  Session,  rising  to  2001.        I'"UL,,Btl 
(21  ASSISTANT- LECTURER    in   the  SECONDARY    TRAINING 
DEPARTMENT  (special  subject  required  Classics  or  English)     Salary 
165!  per  Session,  rising  to  2001.  ' 

(SI  ASSISTANT-LIBRARIAN.     Salary  SOI.  per  Session 
Six  copies  of  applications  and  of  not  more  than  three  recent  teiti- 
monials  should  be  sent  not  later  than  SATURDAY.  June  20  to  the 
undersigned,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained 

E.  T.  McKNIGHT,  Secretary  of  Council. 


ROYAL      HOLLOWAY      COLLEGE. 
(University  of  London.) 
ENGLEFIELD    GREEN,    SURREY. 
DEPARTMENT    OF    PHY8IC3. 
Applications   are  invited  for  the  Post   of   RESIDENT    DEMON- 
STRATOR in  PHY81CS.     The  post  is  open  to  Women  only     Three 
copies  of  applications,  accompanied  by  three  copies  of  not  more  than 
three  recent  testimonials  or  references,  i-hould  be  sent  by  WEDN  1  S. 
DAY  June  24,  1914,  to  THE  PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  all  particulars 
may  be  obtained. 


COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  SALFORD 
EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
A  CHIEF  LECTURER  AND  HEAD  OF  THE  ELECTRIC  VL 
ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  ROYAL  TFCHNl  \L 
INSTITUTE  is  REQUIRED.  Commencing  salary  ^-Particulars 
and  form  of  application  I  to  be  returned  by  JUNE  201  from  DIRECTOR 
OF  EDUCATION,  Education  Office.  Salford.  '™»»"w»n 


J^EVON  COUNTY  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 

T^Dt.?,m°To  Committee  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
INSPECTOR. 

Salary  2401.,  rising  to  300?.  per  annum. 

Age  limits  30  to  45. 

All  applications  to  be  received  by  JUNE  27.  1914. 

For  full   particulars   and    forms   of   application   apply    to   THE 

SECRETARY.  County  Education  Office.    Exeter. 

TPSWICH   MUNICIPAL    SECONDARY 

-I-  SCHOOL    FOR    BOYS. 

Head  Master-Mr.    POLLARD   WILKINSON.    B.A.  B.Sc.  F.R.A.S. 

An  ASSISTANT  MASTER.  Grade  A.  is  REQUIRED,  to  com- 
mence duties  in  SEPTEMBER  next.  Scale  of  Salaries:  Grade  A 
1251  .  rising  by  101.  per  annum  to  175'.  ;  Grade  B.  1501.  to  200/.  : 
Grade  C,  1751.  to  225*.  A  Graduate  with  good  qualifications  in  Eng- 
lish is  desired.  Physical  Exercises  a  recommendation.  Canvassing 
is  prohibited. 

The  School  is  an  Endowed  School  under  a  scheme  of  the  Board  of 
Education.  Number  of  boys  on  roll  404.  The  ap|>ointinent  will  be 
made  by  the  Governors  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Head  Master 

A  copy  of  the  Conditions  of  Appointment  will  be  sent  with  the 
Form  of  Application.  Applications  must  be  made  on  the  prescribed 
Form  Ifor  which  apply  at  once),  and  he  delivered  to  the  undersigned 
not  later  than  JUNE  24, 

GEORGE  BILLAM.  Secretary  to  the  Governors 

Tower  House,  Tower  8treet,  Ipswich,  June  8,  IN  1. 


EAST  SUFFOLK  COUNTY  EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE 
8TOWMARKET  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 
REQUIRED  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  (Graduate)  qualified  to 
teach  Geography  and  Botany  on  modern  Una*,  to  < .unmence  duties  on 
SEPTEMBER  ii  Ability  to  teach  Swedish  Drill  a  recommendation. 
Commencing  salary  1901,  to  IBOL,  according  to  experience,  in  accor- 
dance with  the  Committee's  scale.  Candidates  must  have  had 
experience  in  Secondary  School  work. 

Applications  on  the  luaauilbad  Form  23.  a  copy  of  which  will  be 
forwarded  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  envelope,  to  lie  sent  to 
the  undersigned  before  JUNE  lit. 

W.  K    WATK1NS.  (  1,-rk  to  the  Governors 
Education  Office,  County  Hall,  Ipswich.  June  S,  Pi]  I 


COUNTY        BOROICH        OF        MERTHYR 
TV  li KM,. 
CYFARTIIKA    cABTLK    MUNICIPAL    SECONDARY    SCHOOL 
FOR    QIBtf. 

WANTED,  to  commence  duties  In  SEPTEMBER,  a  MISTRESS  to 
teach  Commercial  Subjects  .In.  lulling  Short  band  and  Ty|n-  writing.. 
Pi,  I,  i,i..  .•  riven  to  I  udM  ltd  with  I'ihvi  i.iij  training.  Experience 
,.f  similar  w..rk  In  a  HOOgnlnd  Secondary  S.  bool  essential.  Initial 
salary    1'ml.  to  1201.  per  annum,  according  to  qualification  and  ex. 

[M-rlence. 

Application  forms  will  lie  sent  on  i.,,  ,pt  ,,f  a  stamped  addressed 
foolscap,  in,  1.  p.  It  II VH  El, IAS.  Director  of  Education. 

Town  Hall,  Merthyr  Tydfil,  May  30.  1914. 


810 


T HE     A  T H  E  N  M U M 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


c 


OUNTY        OF         LONDON. 

~"fh»  London  County  Council  invites  applications  for  the  following 
positions  in  8econdiry  Schools.  The  candidates  appointed  will  he  re- 
quired to  start  work  if  possible  in  SEPTEMBER,  1914,  but  in  any  case 
not  later  thin  JANUARY,  191') 

lo)  AS8I8TANr  MI8TRES8E8. 

SaUry  120!.  to  170!.  a  year,  according  to  previous  experience,  rising 
to  2201   hy  annual  increments  of  in;. 

(  andidates  must  have  passed  a  Final  Examination  for  a  Degree  held 
by  a  recognized  University,  and  have  had  experience  in  Secondary 
Schols. 

Hi  THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  PLUM8TEAD. 

ASSISTANT  MI8TRE8S  to  teach  French  and  German.  The 
Degree  qualification  may  be  relaxid  if  the  candidate  is  otherwise 
specially  qualified, 

12)  THE  COUNTY  8FC0NDARY  SCHOOL,  80UTH  HACKNEY. 

ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  German  and  either  History  or 
Mathematics. 

lo)  A8SISTANT  MASTER 

Salary  1501.  to  200!.  a  year,  according  to  previous  experience,  rising 
to  300!.  by  annual  increments  of  10!.  Candidates  should  generally 
have  passed  a  Final  Examination  for  a  Degree  held  hy  a  recognized 
University,  but  this  qualification  may  be  relaxed  provided  a  candidate 
is  otherwise  specially  qualified. 

8LOANE  SCHOOL,  CHELSEA. 

ASSISTANT  MASTER  to  teach  French,  with  ability  to  assist  with 
German  or  English.    Secondary  School  experience  desirable. 

(«)  DRILL  MISTRESSES. 
Candidates  must  be  capable  of  giving  instructions  in  Gymnastics 
and  also  in  Games  and  Dances. 

lit  FULL  TIME.    Salary  130?.  a  year  fixed. 
I.  THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  FULHAM. 
•_>.  THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL.  PLUM8TEAD. 
(ii)  PART  TIME. 
1.  THE  COUNTY  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  KENTISH  TOWN,  for 
not  more  than  fifteen  hours'  work  a  week.     Salary  48.  an  hour,  for 
actual  work  done. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  (a  separate  form  being  used  for  each 
appointment  I  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of  the  appointment,  by 
sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolsctp  envelope  to  THK  EDUCATION 
OFFICWR,  London  County  Council,  Education  Offices,  Victoria 
Embankment,  W.<\,  to  whom  they  muBt  be  returned  by  11  a.m.  on 
WEDNESDAV,  June  24.  1914.  Every  communication  must  be 
unrked  "  H.4."  on  the  envelope. 

(Unvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  a  candidate. 
No  candidate  who  is  a  relative  of  a  member  of  the  advisory  Sub-Com- 
mittee of  the  School  for  which  application  is  made  is  eligible  for 
appointment. 

LAURENCE  QiJlME,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 
Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 
June,  1914. 

CAMBRIDGESHIRE     EDUCATION 
COMMITTEE. 
CAMBRIDGE  AND  COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS. 
A  MASTER  for  FRENCH  will  be  REQUIRED  on  the  staff  of  the 
above  School,  to  commence  duties  on  SEPTEMBER  21,  1914.    Salary 
160!.  per  annum,  non-resident,  rising  by  increments  of  101-  to  200!. 
Applications  to  be  sent  on  or  before  JULY  1  to 

AUSTIN  KEEN,  M.A.,  Education  Secretary. 
County  Hall,  Cambridge. 

HEREFORDSHIRE  LOCAL  EDUCATION 
AUTHORITY. 
HEREFORD  HIGH  8CHOOL  FOR  GIRL8. 
The  Governors  invite  applications  for  the  Poet  of  Head  Mistress  of 
the  above  School,  which  will  be  opened  in  JANUARY,  1915.  Accom- 
modation 226.  Salary  250!.  per  annum,  together  with  a  Capitation  Fee 
of  1!.  for  each  scholar  over  the  first  75.  Applicants  must  possess  a 
Degree  from  a  British  University  or  its  equivalent.  Twelve  copies  of 
each  application,  which  should  include  copies  of  not  more  than  three 
recent  testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than 
JULY  1, 1914.  JOHN  WILTSHIRE,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

8hirehall,  Hereford,  June  10,  1914. 


B 


ATLEY  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


GIRLS   GRAMMAR  8CHOOL. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  D.  L.  BAKEWELL. 


WANTED, onSEPTEMBER  17.  1914.  a  FORM  MI8TRE8S  specially 
qualified  iu  English;  Good  French  (direct  method)  and  Scripture  as 
subsidiary  subjects.  Honours  Degree  and  Secondary  Training  or 
experience  essential.  Salary  120!.  per  annum.  Form  of  application 
(which  must  be  returned  to  me  not  later  than  June  18,  19141  may  be 
obtained  on  receipt  of  a  stamped  addressed  envelope  from 

G.  R.  H.  DANBY,  M.A.  (Oxonl,  Director  of  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Batley,  June  4,  1914. 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


COUNTY  SCHOOL,  CHATHAM. 
WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER,  an  ASSISTANT  MI8TRESS  with 
University  1'egree.  training,  and  experience.  Subjects:  Mathema- 
tics and  English  in  Middle  School.  Latin  on  Modern  lines  a  recom- 
mendation. Salary  120!.  per  annum,  rising  according  to  the  County 
Scale  to  170Z.  per  annum. 

Forms  of  application  and  scale  of  salaries  may  be  obtained  from 
Mr.     R.    L.    WILLS.    2,  Military    Road,   Chatham,  and    should  be 
returned     to   the    Head   Mistress,    Miss   0.    WAKEMAN,    County 
School  for  Girls,  Chatham,  not  later  than  JUNE  22. 
Canvassing  will  he  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRA8.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  June  8,  1914. 


G 


OSPORT  AND  ALVERSTOKE  SECONDARY 

SCHOOL. 

An  ASSI8TANT  MISTRESS  is  REQUIRED  specially  qualified  to 
teach  Physical  Exercises. 

Salary :  initial  salary,  100!.-125!.,  rising  to  160!.  170!  per  annum 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  M.V8TER, 
to  whom  applications  should  be  addressed  not  later  than  WEDNES- 
DAY, July  1,  1914. 

High  Street,  Gosport. 


T  EEDS 


PUBLIC 


LIBRARIES. 


The  Libraries  and  Arts  Ommittee  are  prepared  to  receive  applica- 
tions for  the  appointment  of  a  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN. 
Salary  80!.  per  annum.  A  knowledge  of  Cataloguing.  Dewey  Classifi- 
cition.and  Public  Library  Methods  essential.  Preference  will  be  given 
to  candidates  possessing  the  Certificates  of  the  Libraiy  Association. 
Applications  in  writing,  stating  age,  experience,  and  qualifications, 
accompanied  by  not  more  than  three  recent  testimonials,  endorsed 
ori.^.T  Assistant,"  must  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than 
SATURDAY,  June  20,  1914. 

„  ...    T.u  ,     ,  THOMA8  W.  HAND,  City  Librarian 

Public  Library,  Leeds. 


A  PERMANENT  OPENING  will  shortly  occur 
with  a  LONDON  PUBLI8HER  for  an  ASSISTANT,  Male  or 
Female.  Essentials :  good  Stenoorapher  and  Typist,  some  knowledge 
of  Pictures  (Old  Masters  especially),  and  modern  Reproduction,  Card 
Indexing,  and  Accounts.  Desiderata:  ability  to  read  French  and 
German.  Salary  according  to  qualifications.— Apply  in  own  hand- 
writing to  A< '( 'OUNT8,  care  of  May  4  Williams,  160,  Piccadilly. 


filiations   Mtant^o. 

LADY,     with    German,    French     and    English 
Shorthand,  used  to  Research  work,  seeks  P08ITION  with   a 
Literary  Man. 

Address,  SECRETARY,  182,  Walm  Lane,  Cricklewood,  N.W. 

A  ROMAN  LADY  desires  post  as  SECRETARY, 
COMPANION,  or  TEACHER  in  JCLY  for  Three  Months. 
Is  extremely  cultured  and  capable.  Knows  English  and  French.  ( 'an 
be  highly  recommended— Write  Mrs.  S.  B-,  145,  Victoria  Street,  8.  W. 

ART  TEACHER  SEEKS  ENGAGEMENT  in 
Art  or  Secondary  School.  Six  years  Art  School  experience. 
Art  Class  Teachers'  Certificate.— Apply  Miss  HODGES,  Drayton 
House,  Sheriugham. 


iltisttUatttous. 


ENGLISH  GENTLEWOMAN  —  nine  years' 
residence  in  Germany,  Cologne,  Munich,  4c— seeks  TRANS- 
LATING work.  German  into  English  or  vice  versa.— Reply  MISS 
SHARP,  Villa  Halm.  ReiDach,  Baeeland,  Switzerland. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Typewriting— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C- 

AUTHORS'     MSS.     Criticized,     Revised,     and 

J-  y~  Prepared  for  Press.  Type-writing  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
and  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— C.  M.   DUNCAN,  Grasmere,  Grasmere   Road,   Purley, 

Surrey 


SOUND  I N VEST M  ENT.  — 5  per  cent  Debentures 
of  100!.  each  in  a  business  established  50  years  and  registered  as 
a  Limited  Liability  Company  for  18  years.  Good  dividends  paid  on 
Ordinary  and  Preference  shares  yearly  without  exception.  Facilities 
given  for  investigation.  Applications  will  be  received  for  10  000!. 
Debenturesatpar.  -Particulars  may  be  obtained  from  Mr.  WILLIAM 
W ATKINS,  chartered  Secretary,  62,  London  Wall,  B.C. 

TO  LET  for  Three  Months,  from  middle  or  end 
of  June,  thoroughly  WELL-FURNISHED  FLAT-3  bedrooms, 
2  reception,  kitchen,  bath,  gas  stove,  electric  light,  porter.—::,  Rugby 
Mansions.  Addison  Bridge.    Write  or  call  11-4. 

TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
ROOM8  of  the  ART-WORKER8'  GUILD,  recenily  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings,  Concerts,  and  Exhibitions.— Apply  to  SECRE- 
TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BEST  MARKET  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  4  SON,  Ltd..  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King.  17  and  18 
Piccadilly,  Loudon,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


*a)Us  bg  ^ttrtt0tt. 


Baxter  Colour  Prints,  including  the  Property  of  a  ivcll- 
known  Collector  and  from  various  sources. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
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[Classified  Advertisements  continued  p.  838.] 


No.  45-20,  June  13,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


811 


Mr.  John  Lanes  New  Publications 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'FOUNDATIONS  OF  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY' 

IMMANUEL    KANT: 

A  STUDY  AND  A  COMPARISON  WITH  GOETHE,  LEONARDO  DA  VINCI,  BRUNO, 
PLATO,  AND  DESCARTES 

By  HOUSTON  STEWART  CHAMBERLAIN.  Authorized  Translation  from  the  German  by  LORD 
REDESDALE.G.C.V.O.  K.C.B.,  &c.  With  an  Introduction  by  THE  TRANSLATOR.  In  2  vols. 
With  S  Portraits.     Demy  8vo,  25s.  net. 

QUOTATIONS   FROM  THE  TRANSLATOR'S  INTRODUCTION. 

"  Have  we  Britons,  too,  not  some  small  hereditary  share  in  the  legacy  which  Kant  has  left  the  world  ? 
True  he  was  the  son  of  a  humble  saddler  of  Kiinigsberg — Kiinigsberg  where  he  was  born  and  educated, 
and  which  he  never  left  during  the  long  eighty  years  of  his  life,  not  even  for  a  butterfly's  summer 
holiday.     But  that  saddler  was  a  Scot  by  origin. 

"  Immanuel  Kant,  as  Chamberlain  shows  him  to  us,  is  a  wonderful  and  an  engaging  personality — perhaps 
the  sun  in  heaven  has  never  shone  upon  a  stranger  being  than  the  Scottish-German  Kiinigsberg 
professor. 

"  Little  short  of  miraculous  were  Kant's  grip  and  persistence His  physical  courage  was  no  less  than 

his  moral  courage.     Fear  was  unknown  to  him. 

"It  is  well  that  the  latest,  and  by  no  means  the  least,  tribute  to  this  gigantic  intellect  should  have 
been  paid  by  an  Englishman,  albeit  he  has  chosen  the  German  language  as  the  vehicle  for  his  thought. 

"  For  the  exactness  of  the  translation  I  can  offer  the  security  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  himself." 

THE  TRANSLATION  OF  THIS  FASCINATING  WORK  HAS  BEEN  UNDERTAKEN 
BY  LORD   REDESDALE   AS  A  LABOUR  OF   LOVE. 

THE  WORKS  OF  JOHN  HOPPNER,  R.A. 

By  WILLIAM  McKAY  and  W.  ROBERTS.  Imperial  4to  (loin,  by  lliin.).  With  Photogravure 
Plates,  the  majority  of  which  are  taken  from  pictures  never  before  reproduced,  and  a  Frontispiece 
Printed  in  Colours  from  the  Photogravure  Plate.  500  copies  only  printed.  With  Supplement. 
57.  os.  net.  The  Supplement,  specially  prepared  by  Mr.  ROBERTS,  and  containing  6  extra  Illustra- 
tions, may  be  obtained  separately,  price  11.  Is.  net. 

THE  KEATS  LETTERS,  PAPERS,  AND 
OTHER  RELICS 

FORMING  THE  DILKE  BEQUEST  IN  THE  HAMPSTEAD  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Reproduced  in  58  Collotype  Facsimiles.  Edited,  with  full  Transcriptions  and  Notes,  by  GEORGE 
C.  WILLIAMSON,  Litt.U.,  together  with  Forewords  by  THEODORE  WATTS-DUNTON,  an 
Introduction  by  H.  BUXTON-FORMAN,  C.B.,  and  an  Account  by  the  Editor  of  the  Portraits  of 
Keats  with  14  Reproductions.  Crown  folio(15  in.  by  11  in).    Limited  to  320  numbered  copies.  3/.  3s.  net. 

READY    ON    THURSDAY,    JUNE    18th,    PRICE    2s.    6d.    NET 

BLAST 

A     NEW     ILLUSTRATED     QUARTERLY 

Edited     by     Wyndham     Lewis 

THE  MANIFESTO  OF  THE  VORTICISTS.  THE  ENGLISH  PARALLEL  MOVE- 
MENT To  err,  is.\l  AM)  EXPRESSIONISM.  I  MAC  ISM  IX  POETRY.  DEATH 
BLOW  TO  IMPRESSIONISM  AND  FUTURISM  AM)  ALL  THE  REFUSE  OF  .V.I  //■' 
IENCE.  WITH  AUTISTIC  (TWENTY)  AND  LITERARY  CONTRIBUTIONS  BY 
LAI  BENCE  ATKINSON,  QAUDIER-BRZESKA,  JACOB  EPSTEIN,  FREDERICK 
LT'  HELLS,  CUTHBERT  HAMILTON,  FORI)  MADoX  HUEFFER,  EZRA 
Torsi),  WILLIAM  ROBERTS,  EDWARD  WADSWORTH,  REBECCA  WEST, 
WYNDHAM  LEWIS. 

THE  SPIRIT  AM)  PURPOSE  OF  THE  ARTS  AND  LITERATURE  OF  TO-DAY 
EXPRESSED  IX  BLAST.  XO  PERIODICAL  SINCE  THE  FAMOUS  FELLOW  BOOK 
HAS  SO  COMPREHENDED  THE  ARTISTIC  MOVEMENT  OF  ITS  DECADE.  THE 
ARTISTIC  SPIRIT  OF  THE  E2GHTEEN-NTNETTES  WAS  THE  YELLOW  BOOK 
THK   ARTI8TK     SPIRIT   OF  TO-DAY    is    BLAST. 

JOHN    LANE,    THE    BODLEY    HEAD,    LONDON,    W. 


THE       ESSAYS 

OF      ALICE 
M  E  Y  N  E  L  L 


MESSRS.  BURNS  &  OATES  publish  on 
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with  THE  COLLFCTF.D  POETRY  OF  ALICE 
MF.YNFLL,  published  last  year  and  now  in  its 
eighth  thousand.  Imperial  161110,  finely  printed  on 
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There  is  also  an  edition  on  large  hand-math  paper, 
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0 


0 


POEMS        BY 

KATHARINE 

TYNAN 


ON  JUNE  29  will  be  published  THE  FLOWER 
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0 


0 


THE  WORKS  OF 

FRANCIS 
THOMPSON 


THE     COLLECTED      WORKS.       Definitive 
edition,  in  three  volumes,  demy  8vo.      Edited 
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II.     the     Poetry,     volume     III.     the      Prose.        With 

portraits     in     photogravure.        Buckram,     bevelled 
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THE  SELECTED  POEMS.      One  volume,  crown 
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SHELLEY:    An  Essay.     With  an  introduction  by 
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2s.  Od.    net. 


BURNS  &  OATES   LTD, 

28  ORCHARD  ST.,   W. 


812 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


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Nation. 

T.  FISHER  UNWIN,  1,  Adelphi  Terrace,  London. 


No.  4520,  June  13,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


813 


SATUEDAY,  JUNE  IS,  19 1 4. 


CONTENTS. 


PACE 


Some  Aspects  or  tub  growth  ok  National  and 

Local  Kxpbnditure  813 

The  Land  :  Notes  and  Inquiries  (Kconomic  Notes 
on  English  Agricultural  Wages  ;  The  Ownership, 
Tenure,  anil  Taxation  of  Land  :  some  Facts,  Fal- 
lacies, anil  Proposals  relating  Thereto  ;  The  Land  : 
the  Report  of  the  Land  Enquiry  Committee : 
Vol.  II.  Urban)       811—815 

FORKUiN  VlBWS  (Political  Economy  ;  Where  and  Why 
Public  Ownership  has  Failed ;  The  Economic 
Synthesis  :  a  Study  of  Laws  of  Income)         ..     81 3— SIC 

MODERN  Idfas  (National  Guilds:  an  Inquiry  into 
the  Wage  System  and  the  Way  Out ;  Cletr  Think- 
ing :  or.  An  Englishman's  Creed  ;  The  Dangers  of 
Democracy :  Studies  in  the  Economic  Questions 
of  the  Day) 817—818 

History  (Social  Work  in  London,  1S69-1912  :  a  History 
of  the  Charity  Organisation  Society  ;  An  Economic 
Hi.-tory  of  Russia) 818—819 

Two  American  Sociologists  (Psychology  and  Social 

Sanity  ;  The  Theory  of  Social  Revolutions)         819-820 

BUG  en ;ics  and  Sex  (The  Progress  of  Eugenics  ;  Sex)  820—  821 

Early  Memories       821 

Bound  the  world  in  a  Motor  Car 822 

Concise  Dictionary  of  Proper  Names  and 
Notaulk  Matters  in  the  Works  oi  Dante   ..    823 

Fiction  (One  Man's  Way;  Justice  of  the  Peace; 
Simon  Heriot ;  Grizel  Married)  823 

Books  Published  this  WEEK(English,S24 ;  Foreign, 

826) 824—827 

Theodore  Watts-Dunton  ;  Sir  William  Anson  ; 
Did  Jonson  write  a  Third 'Ode  to  Himself"? 
American  Historical  Association:  London 
Head-^carters;  Books  in  Belfast       ..      827—828 

Literary  Gossip        829 

Science— scientific  Farming:  Greater  Profits 
from  Land  ;  The  Antiquity  of  Man  in  Europe  : 
bei.m;  the  Monro  Lectures,  1913;  Societies; 
Meetings  Next  Week  830—831 

Fine  Arts— Six  Centuries  ok  Painting  ;  A  Short 
History  ok  Italian  Painting;  Exhibition; 
Gossip  832—834 

Music— Opera  at  Drury  Lane;  Gossip;  Perfor- 
mances Next  Week 834—835 

Drama— The  Irish  Players;  Gossip  ..        ..      835—836 

Index  to  Advertisers       836 


LITERATURE 


SOME  ASPECTS  OF  THE  GROWTH 

OF  NATIONAL  AXD   LOCAL 

EXPENDITURE . 

When  considering  the  power  of  a  nation 
to  bear  increased  taxation,  we  must  bring 
into  view  the  changes  in  the  number  of 
persons  on  whom  the  taxes  fall,  and  in 
their   incomes.      In    any   broad    view    we 
should  think  of  income,  not  in  terms  of 
money,    but    of    the    goods    and    services 
purchasable   by  it  ;     but,   since   it   is  ex- 
tremely   difficult    to    make    any   definite 
measurement  of  the  change  of  purchasing 
power,  it  is  best  to  select  for  comparison 
dates  at  which  the  level  of  prices  was  the 
ae.     Sauerbeck's  index  number,  repre- 
iting   the  general   change   of   prices  of 
unmanufactured  food  and  materials,  was 
the  same  in   1881  and  1913,  having  fallen 
and  risen  2s  per  cenl  in  the  interval  ;   and, 
if  we  may  balance  increased   productive 
•efficiency    against    increased    cost    of    ser- 
rices,  we  can  assume  that  the  purchasing 
power  of  money  was  approximately  the 
same  al  these  dates. 

During  these  thirty-two  years,  the 
_rregate  of  the  annual  incomes  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  esti- 
mated to  have  increased  by  900,000,0001. 
or  1,000,000,000.  Of  this  sum  about  two- 
fifths  would  be  necessary  to  provide  for 
the  increase  of  papulation  at  an  unchanged 


standard  of  living.  The  remainder  lias 
been  available  for  raising  that  standard, 
or  for  saving  or  wasting,  or  spending  in 
common.  In  1881  about  105,000,0001., 
and  in  1913  about  255,000,000  was  paid 
in  rates  and  taxes.  These  sums  being 
subtracted,  there  remains  an  increment  of 
400.000. 000/.  for  the  raising  of  the  standard 
of  individual  expenditure  sufficient  for  a 
30  per  cent  increase.  In  other  words,  if 
the  whole  of  rates  and  taxes  were  simply 
wasted,  average  expenditure  would  still 
have  risen  in  thirty-two  years  by  nearly 
one-third.  The  great  part,  if  not  the 
whole  of  this  gain,  is  found,  if  we  are 
allowing  for  the  recent  rise  in  prices,  to 
have  taken  place  before  1900,  and  since 
that  date  the  increase  in  taxation  has  been 
sufficient  to  neutralize  further  advance. 
Thus,  while  real  wages  have  been  nearly 
stationary,  the  advantage  of  higher  profits 
has  probably  been  negatived  by  the  rise  in 
prices  and  in  taxes.  The  question  remains 
whether  the  increased  burdens  have  fallen 
on  the  more  progressive  incomes. 

If,  then,  we  take  an  historical  view,  we 
need  not  doubt  that  the  new  scale  of 
common  expenditure  can  be  afforded 
\>x  the  nation  as  a  whole,  without  lowering 
the  average  level  of  personal  expenditure  ; 
but  since  the  various  classes  of  income 
(wages,  rents,  profits,  and  fixed  money 
incomes)  have  grown  at  unequal  rates  and 
at  different  dates,  it  has  been  difficult 
to  collect  the  enhanced  sum  without 
injury  to  any  class  ;  and  it  must  be  doubt- 
ful whether  the  alteration  of  the  relation 
between  direct  and  indirect  taxation, 
the  methods  of  graduation  and  differentia- 
tion, and  the  institution  of  new  taxes  on 
property  and  income,  have  combined  to 
place  the  burden  only  where  it  could  be 
borne.  The  present  effort  to  meet  the 
latest  increase  in  expenditure  at  the  cost 
of  a  very  limited  number  of  the  wealthy  is 
perhaps  justifiable,  on  the  ground  that 
taxation  of  any  other  kind  might  set  back 
the  standard  obtained  by  classes  whose 
pressing  wants  are  still  imperfectly  satis- 
fied. 

The  total  sum  withdrawn  in  rates  and 
taxes  from  individual  spending  is  allotted 
to  many  purposes,  among  which  five 
classes  may  be  distinguished.  Nearly  one- 
third  of  the  whole  is  used  for  the  Army 
and  Navy,  and  is  thus  removed  from  any 
economic  end,  except  to  the  extent  that 
the  arts  of  peace  may  be  helped  by  inven- 
tions made  primarily  for  war.  A  second 
part,  the  magnitude  of  which  is  difficult 
to  estimate,  is  spent  as  organized  charity 
— in  poor  relief,  maintenance  of  asylums. 
old  age  pensions,  &c. — and  keeps  alive 
persons  whose  services,  in  most  cases. 
have  no  longer  any  economic  value.  The 
scales  of  expenditure  for  defence  and  for 
charity  are  not  determined  by  economic 
considerations.  A  third  part,  about  one- 
tenth   of  the   whole,   is  devoted   to   interest 

on  and  repayment  of  debt,  and  is  mainly 

a  simple  transference  from  one  group  of 
citizens  to  another.  A  fourth  class  eon- 
Bists  of  expenditure  on  those  objects  w  hich 

a  civilized  community  deals  with  corpo 
rately,  Buch  as  government,  justice,  order. 

sanitation,   and    upkeep   of   roads.     Tl 


expenses  increase  as  population  becomes 
congested,  but  there  is  ill  general  little 
serious  objection  to  meeting  them.  The 
fifth  class,  which  cannot  be  completely  dis- 
tinguished from  the  second  or  the  fourth, 
contains  expenditure  made  with  the  in- 
tention of  improving  the  efficiency  of  the 
ji< rsonnel  of  the  nation  or  of  the  develop- 
ing its  resources.  Here  are  included 
education,  insurance  against  sickness  or 
unemployment  (so  far  as  they  are  national 
charges), housing  and  improvement  schemes 
(so  far  as  they  do  not  pay  for  themselves). 
and  the  various  objects  on  which  the  new 
development  grants  are  spent.  These 
will  be  justified  if  two  conditions  are 
fulfilled:  (1)  that  the  part  regarded  as 
capital  expenditure  yields  in  the  long 
run  more  than  the  same  sums  invested 
privately  or  (as  in  the  case  of  education) 
makes  good  deficiencies  which  private 
expenditure  would  leave  ;  (2)  that  the 
general  balance  between  consumption  and 
saving  is  not  altered  by  spending  too  much 
for  future  generations  at  the  expense  of 
the  present.  Since  the  nation,  as  an 
organization,  is  a  trustee  for  the  future, 
it  is  bound  to  divert  some  funds  from 
present  to  future  needs. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  the 
incidence  of  taxation,  or  the  ability  of 
the  civil  and  local  services  to  administer 
its  yield,  or  the  political  intentions  which 
determine  its  amount  and  nature  ;  but 
some  questions  of  a  purely  economic 
nature  arise.  Does  any  part  of  taxation 
result  in  a  transference  of  money  from 
one  group  of  people  to  another  \  For 
example,  are  rents  and  profits  taxed  to 
subsidize  wages  ?  To  some  extent  t:iis 
is  a  question  of  definition.  If  all  rates  or 
taxes  were  removed  from  the  wage- 
earning  class,  except  those  for  local  ex- 
penditure of  direct  use  to  them,  the 
immediate  effect  would  be  the  same  as  a 
rise  of  real  wages,  but  nothing  would 
actually  be  transferred  to  them.  The 
amount  actually  paid  by  the  working- 
class  as  a  whole  could  obviously  be  spent 
on  them  without  transference  from  a  richer 
class;  but  there  would  be  transference 
from  those  wage-earners  who  paid  to  those 
others  who  benefited.  At  present  there 
are  several  grants  which  only  jusl  escape 
this  criticism  (insurance,  housing,  pensions, 
feeding  of  children)  ;  but  perhaps  no 
certain  case  can  yet  be  made  out .  A-  soon 
as  any  one  class  is  favoured  on  account  of 
the  nature  of  its  employment,  dangerous 
tendencies  are  set  up.  Nevertheless,  ex- 
penditure which  preserves  a  worker  in 
health  and  strength  may  easily  pay  for 
itself  ;  but  it  ought  strictly  to 
Chargeable  to  the  person  who  reap-  the 
benefit . 

A    second    question    is.    How    would    the 

money  be  used  if  not  paid  in  rates  or  taxes  ! 

If  it  is  withdrawn  from  immediate  con- 
sumption by  the  rich,  the  effeel  is  that 
there  are.  for  example,  more  builder-  of 
men  ol  war.    and    more    providers   of    food 

for  the  pooi-.  and  fewer  builders  of  motor 

ears,  fewer  footmen  and   waiters.      If  it    is 
withdrawn     from     investment,     then- 
fewer  persons  producing  capital  goods  to 
aid  future  production,  W  bile  it  the  money  is 


814 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4520,  Jim;  13,  1914 


wisely  spent  (in  the  fifth  class  enumerated 
above),  there  are  more  people  building 
.schools,  more  training  the  young,  and 
more  developing  resources  whose  yield  is 
too  remote  to  attract  the  individual 
investor.  There  is  no  method  of  deter- 
mining how  much  would  be  saved  and 
how  much  spent  if  an  all-wise  autocrat 
governed  the  allotment,  nor  do  we  know 
at  all  certainly,  how  much  is  invested  at 
present;  but  it  must  remain  doubtful 
whether  any  government  can  hold  or 
redress  the  balance.  If  the  combined 
wisdom  of  the  nation  is  greater  than  the 
total  of  the  wisdom  of  its  members,  and  if 
it  can  be  made  available,  there  is  a  case 
for  corporate  action  in  capital  expenditure. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  money  is  with- 
drawn from  investment  and  spent  in 
immediate  consumption  by  specially 
favoured  classes,  future  produce  will  be 
less,  the  demand  for  labour  will  be  cur- 
tailed, and  real  wages  will  be  checked. 
These  distinctions  are  hard  to  draw  even 
in  theory,  and  it  is  evident  that  the  path 
of  reform  by  corporate  expenditure  is 
beset  with  difficulties,  and  needs  great 
discretion  on  the  part  of  those  who  would 
tread  it  safely. 


THE  LAND  :  NOTES  AND  INQUIRIES- 

The  application  of  economic  and  historical 
tests  to  current  proposals  for  dealing 
with  agricultural  problems  distinguishes 
the  two  first  books  before  us.  Both  authors 
are  content  to  write  in  a  judicial  capacity, 
and  to  call  upon  the  plethora  of  recent 
works  on  the  land  for  evidence,  instead 
of  adding  to  the  already  superabundant 
mass. 

Mr.  Reginald  Lennard  in  his  '  Economic 
Notes '  confines  his  attention  to  the  con- 
sequences of  the  establishment  of  legal 
minimum  agricultural  wage  rates.  In 
order  to  do  this,  he  first  examines  local 
differences  of  wages.  Why  is  it  that  the 
wages  paid  in  one  county  may  vary 
considerably  from  those  in  the  next,  after 
payments  in  kind,  &c,  have  all  been 
allowed  for  ?  Toa  certain  extent  it  is  true 
to  say  that  the  less-paid  labour  is  less 
efficient.  Mr.  Lennard  finds  that,  after 
a  few  recent  studies  of  the  life  of  the 
agricultural  labourer,  it  is  impossible  to 
dismiss  the  conclusion  that,  in  some 
counties  at  least,  inefficiency  is  simply 
a  result  of  underfeeding,  which  a  higher 
wage  might  remedy.  He  then  turns  to 
the  consideration  of  the  effects  of  a  rise 
in  agricultural  wages  upon  unemploy- 
ment. He  finds  that  a  reduction  in 
the  volume  of  agricultural  employment  is 
an  inevitable  consequence  of  a  minimum 

Economic  Notes  on  English  Agricultural 
Wages.  By  Reginald  Lennard.  (Mac- 
millan,  5s.  net.) 

The  Ownership,  Tenure,  and  Taxation  of 
Land  :  some  Facts,  Fallacies,  and  Pro- 
posals relating  Thereto.  By  Sir  Thomas 
P.  Whittaker.     (Same  publishers,  12s.  net. ) 

The  Land  :  the  Report  of  the  Land  Enquiry 
Committee. — Vol.  II.  Urban.  (Hodder  & 
Stoughton,  Is.  net.) 


wage  while  cultivation  is  carried  on  as 
at  present.  Authority  after  authority 
is  quoted  to  the  effect  that  much,  if 
not  most,  land  is  under  -  cultivated, 
and  that  up-to-date  methods  are  not  in 
general  favour.  To  a  certain  extent  this 
backwardness  is  remediable  by  State 
action,  as  the  example  of  Belgium  has 
shown,  and  to  that  extent  unemployment 
may  be  prevented  by  the  reabsorption  of 
those  displaced  by  minimum  -  wage  legis- 
lation. Security  of  tenure  to  good  farmers 
and  the  development  of  small  holdings 
are  also  shown  to  exert  an  influence  in  the 
direction  of  keeping  men  on  the  land,  and 
so  counteracting  unemployment.  Lastly, 
Mr.  Lennard  pleads  for  care  lest  the  dis- 
placed men  should  be  the  old  men,  and 
suggests  that  a  lower  rate  should  be  fixed 
for  those  over  50  or  55.  The  book  is 
thoughtful  and  dispassionate,  and  written 
by  a  man  who,  wearing  a  cloak  of  many 
academic  quotations,  is  obviously  no 
townsman  in  his  heart. 

Sir  Thomas  Whittaker,  in  his  book  on 
'  The  Ownership,  Tenure,  and  Taxation  of 
Land,'  offers  an  encyclopaedic  survey  of 
problems,  but  pays  special  attention  to 
the  Single  Tax.  Although  this  project 
has  evoked  many  attentions,  these  have 
more  often  taken  the  form  of  imprecation 
than  of  reasoned  argument.  The  author 
assails  the  doctrine  of  Henry  George  from 
many  sides,  and,  in  the  reviewer's  opinion, 
with  complete  success.  He  quotes  freely 
from  economists  and  theorists,  but  we  seem 
to  notice  a  general  inclination  to  segre- 
gate their  utterances,  and  use  them  merely 
as  interesting  exhibits.  He  seldom  pits 
an  economist  against  the  object  of  his 
attack  ;  he  prefers  to  argue  from  facts. 
Thus  he  meets  the  contention  that  the 
price  of  building  land  would  be  reduced 
if  land  values  were  taxed  by  estimating 
the  actual  proportions  of  a  few  working- 
class  rents  which  represent  the  cost  of 
the  land  on  which  the  houses  in  question 
are  situated.  The  conclusion  is  that, 
if  the  land  had  cost  nothing  at  all,  the 
rents  could  have  been  reduced  in  those 
cases  by  hardly  more  than  2d.  a  week. 
This  figure ,  which  strikes  us  as  exception- 
ally low,  has  been  calculated  from  interest 
at  4  per  cent  on  400L,  the  price  per  acre. 

The  author  applies  a  form  of  reasoning 
in  his  criticism  of  land  -  taxers  which  is 
common,  but,  Ave  think,  largely  futile. 
The  collection  of  mutually  contradictory 
statements  made  by  one's  opponents  leads 
nowhere,  particularly  when  the  author  does 
not  mention  the  statements  with  which 
he  is  quarrelling.  Again,  the  failure  of 
the  late  Joseph  Fels's  experiment  at 
Mayland,  Essex,  although  frequently  ad- 
duced as  evidence  of  the  weakness  of  his 
views,  proves  nothing.  Eels  was  mistaken 
when  he  thought  that  town  labourers  could 
learn  to  support  themselves  on  small  hold- 
ings within  a  year,  and  he  was  misguided 
in  his  belief  that  the  heavy  clay  soil  of 
Mayland  was  suitable  for  the  purpose .  But 
the  Single  Tax  can  be  resisted  on  entirely 
different  grounds. 

In  discussing  grants-in-aid,  Sir  Thomas 
1  Whittaker  suggests  the  establishment  of  a 


National  Local  Taxation  Fund  from  which 
payments  should  be  made  to  local  authori' 
ties  towards  the  cost  of  "  onerous " 
services.  He,  however,  goes  no  further 
than  to  propose  that  the  cost  of  Educa- 
tion and  the  Poor  Law  should  be  more 
evenly  distributed  than  at  present.  He 
omits  from  consideration  the  fact  that 
grants-in-aid  from  the  National  Ex- 
chequer can  be  made  conditional  on  the 
efficiency  of  the  services  supplied  by  the 
local  authorities,  as  is  already  the  case 
with  Police  grants.  Education  is  at  the 
present  day  subsidized  by  the  Govern- 
ment in  an  unsatisfactory  manner,  and  no 
definite  standard  of  efficiency  is  demanded 
in  return.  Housing,  especially  in  rural 
districts,  and  public  health  might  well 
be  controlled  more  strictly  from  White- 
hall. Although  the  author  deprecates 
the  payment  of  larger  sums  in  grants-in- 
aid  by  the  Treasury,  in  viewr  of  the  alL- 
round  increases  in  the  national  outlay,, 
we  cannot  help  thinking  that  increases- 
in  this  class  of  expenditure  have  at  least 
as  much  to  recommend  them  as  in  any 
other. 

A  proposal  which  Sir  Thomas  strongly 
favours  is  the  limited  rate  on  land 
values,  similar  to  that  recommended 
by  the  Minority  Report  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  Local  Taxation,  1901. 
The  1909  Budget  has  removed  the  diffi- 
culty of  valuation  which  made  such  a 
rate  an  impossibility  at  the  time  the 
suggestion  was  brought  forwrard.  The 
main  argument  of  the  author  is  that  the 
rate  would  fall  "  directly,  immediately, 
and  obviously  upon  the  class  of  persons 
upon  whom  it  really  falls  now."  But  we 
are  convinced  that  other  advantages 
would  follow  than  the  mere  demonstra- 
tion that  the  site -owner,  not  the  occupier,, 
indirectly  pays  the  rates,  or,  at  least,  a 
substantial  proportion  of  them. 

This  is  a  most  valuable  work.  There 
is  no  other  to-day  which  deals  with  the 
whole  body  of  land  questions  from  so- 
many  different  angles  or  so  thoroughly. 

The  second  and  final  part  of  the '  Report 
of  the  Land  Enquiry  Committee  '  is,  like- 
the  first,  a  model  of  its  kind  ;  it  exhibits 
those  qualities  of  research,  arrangement,, 
and  impartiality  without  which  any  fruit- 
ful sociological  study  must  be  an  impos- 
sibility. 

Finding  that  the  supply  of  small  houses- 
fit  for  habitation  is  inadequate,  the  Com- 
mittee deals  with  the  problem  of  planning 
the  provision  of  the  necessary  number. 
It  is  common  to  look  to  local  authorities: 
to  undertake  this  duty ,  but  Ave  would  point 
out  that,  in  spite  of  all  that  we  hear  of 
municipal  housing,  and  in  spite,  too,  of 
the  great  extension  of  it  Avhich  has  been  a 
consequence  of  the  Housing  and  Townr- 
Planning  Act  of  1909,  the  number  of 
publicly  owned  houses  under  201.  in 
annual  A^alue  is  only  a  quarter  per  cent 
of  the  total.  The-  Committee  looks  for- 
Avarel  to  a  considerable  growth  of  municipal, 
housing,  but, 

"  after  full   allowance   is  made  for  this,   it 
may  safely  be  assumed  that,,  for  a  long  time- 


No.  4520,  Jink  13,  1914 


THE     ATHKN^IUM 


81. 


jo  oome,  the  great  bulk  of  new  dwellings 
will  be  provided  by  private  and  co-operative 
enterprise  in  one  form  or  another." 

This  being  the  case,  it  is  curious  to  find 
that  the  Committee  recommends 

■"that  it  shall  be  a  statutory  duty  resting 
upon  all  local  authorities  to  see  that  ade- 
quate and  sanitary  housing  accommodation 
is  available  for  the  working-class  population 

employed,  or  reasonably  likely  to  be  per- 
manently resident,  within  their  area." 

It  is  suggested  that  a  rate  on  the  site 
values  of  undeveloped  land  would  bring 
more  land  into  the  market,  and  that 
cheap  facilities  for  transit  would  further 
increase  the  available  building  areas ; 
but  even  so,  and  with  grants-in-aid  from 
the  Government,  it  is  doubtful  if  South- 
wark  and  Bermondsey,  for  example,  could 
be  made  into  satisfactory  districts — from 
a  sanitary  point  of  view — within  a  life- 
time. The  task  is  enormous.  We  full\r 
agree  with  the  Committee's  proposals  to 
■enable  local  authorities  to  anticipate  the 
demands  of  a  growing  population  by 
acquiring  land  in  advance  ;  but  the 
present  reviewer,  who  spent  some  years 
in   one   of   London's   slum   areas,    is   not 

iguine  as  to  the  practicability  of  adding 
t  i  the  responsibilities  of  the  Borough 
<   >uncil  in  question. 

The  acquisition  of  land  for  building 
p  lrposes  opens  up  a  thorny  array  of 
problems.  In  the  first  place,  local  au- 
thorities wishing  to  buy  are  generally 
regarded  as  fair  game  by  the  owners  ; 
•and  numbers  of  illustrations  are  given  in 
the  *  Report '  of  the  excessive  prices  de- 
manded. Compulsory  powers  exist,  but 
it  is  expensive  to  put  them  into  operation. 
It  is  therefore  recommended  that  the 
Order     of     a     Government     Department 

>uld  be  substituted  for  the  present 
arrangements.  The  Judicial  Land  Com- 
missioners promised  by  the  Government 
are  to  act  as  the  tribunal  for  assessing 
payments.  The  same  body  is  to  fix 
terms  for  the  compulsory  acquisition  of 

-ements  and  wayleaves  for  any  purpose 
by  private  individuals,  especially  in  the 
interests  of  mining  and  quarrying. 

The    "  Keport '    next    proceeds    to    an 

i  initiation  of  the  different  forms  of 
land  tenure  and  the  relations  of  landlord 
and  tenant.  Copyhold  tenure  is  con- 
demned, and  Lord  Haldane's  Real  Pro- 
perty Bill  of  last  session  for  its  abolition 

iccepted  with  a  few  qualifications.   The 

it  leasehold  system  is  severely  criti- 
cized ;  the  existing  powers  of  lessors  are 
to  be  restrained  by  the  Commissioners 
whenever  they  are  exercised  contrary  to 
the  public  interest. 

The  final  section  of  the  :  Report '  deals 
with  Rating.  The  principal  recommenda- 
tion is  that 

"all  future  increases  in  local  expenditure 
that  are  chargeable  on  the  rat"s  should  \>>- 
met  by  a  ran-  on  3ite  values," 

a  proposal  which  is  discountenanced  by 
majority  of  the  recent  Departmental 

iiimittec  on  Local  Taxation,  and  which 
differs  in  some  important  respects  from 
the  recommendations  of  the  minority. 

Barry  in  the  '  Keport  '  a  proposal  is 
made  which,  though  apparently  unrelated 


to  the  housing  question,  is  now  coming 
to  be  recognized  as  a  sine  qua  non  of  any 
scheme  of  social  reform.  There  is  little 
to  be  gained  by  the  provision  of  decent 
houses  for  men  who  cannot  pay  the  rent 
for  them. 

"  We  therefore  recommend  that  the 
Government  shall  take  means  to  ensure 
that  within  a  short  and  defined  period  a 
minimum  wage  slndl  be  fixed  for  all  low- 
paid  wage-earners." 

Furthermore,  the  Committee  lays  down 
the  requirement  that  the  minimum  fixed 
for  men  of  normal  ability 

"  must  be  at  least  the  sum  necessary  to 
maintain  a  family  of  moderate  size  in  a  state 
of  physical  efficiency  and  to  enable  them  to 
pay  an  economic  or  commercial  rent  for  a 
sanitary  dwelling." 

The  decencies  of  life  should  be  a  matter 
above  party ;  we  therefore  hope  the 
Government  will  not  let  this  admirable 
scheme  become  a  derelict,  like  many 
other  plans  of  its  kind. 


FOREIGN  VIEWS. 


The  ;  Cours  d'Economie  Politique,'  by  M. 
Charles  Gide,  has  long  been  known  and 
valued  by  students  of  economic  science. 
The  style  in  which  it  is  written  is  a  model 
of  clear  and  objective  exposition.  It  is 
based  throughout  on  a  wide  and  exact 
erudition,  which  is,  moreover,  lightly 
borne.  The  interest  of  the  work,  too,  is 
as  great  as  its  competence.  For  in  our 
author's  hands  the  ""  dismal  science  " 
gains  in  lightness  and  in  concreteness 
from  the  number  and  variety  of  facts 
cited  in  illustration,  gathered  from  a 
multitude  of  widely  separated  sources, 
ranging  from  the  Almanach  of  the  Basel 
Mission  to  the  regulations  of  the  Corpora- 
tion of  Glasgow'. 

M.  Gide  approaches  his  subject  without 
prejudice,  and  has  no  thesis  to  defend. 
He  is  no  apologist  for  the  existing  social 
order  or  any  of  its  proposed  substitutes. 
Hence  it  is  impossible  to  classify  him 
among  any  of  the  exclusive  schools  of 
economists.  He  never  forgets,  and  will  not 
permit  us  to  forget,  that  a  single  economic 
phenomenon  may  be  the  effect  of  many 
co-operating  causes.  He  therefore  opposes 
any  artificial  simplification  of  the  problems 
of  political  economy,  whether  in  the  form 
of  the  dogmas  of  the  classical  School  or  the 
large  generalizations  of  Collectivism.  We 
may  notice,  for  example,  his  treatment 
of  the  conception  of  value.  There  are 
those  who  assert  that  value  is  determined 
by    subjective    utility.     We    measure   the 

Political  Economy.  By  Charles  Gide. 
Authorized  translation  from  the  Third 
Edition  (1913)  of  th<-  '(our-  d  Economic 
Politique,1  l<\  Constance  II.  M.  Archibald. 
(Harrap  &  Co.,  L0«.  6<f.  net.) 

Where  and  Why  Public  Ownership  has  Failed. 
By  Yves  Guyot.  (Macmillan  &  Co., 
6*.  Od.) 

The  Economic  Synthesis  :  a  Study  of  Laws  of 
Income.  By  Achille  Loria.  Translated 
from  the  Italian  by  M.  Eden  Paul  (Allen 
a  Co.,  iOs.  ti'A  net.) 


value  of  any  article  of  commerce  by  its 
desirability  in  the  eyes  of  the  purchaser  as 

shown  in  the  sacrifice  which  he  is  willing 
to  make  to  obtain  it.  On  the  other  hand, 
many  economists,  including  those  of 
schools  so  diverse  as  the  Classical  and 
the  Socialist,  assert  that  value  is  deter- 
mined by  the  labour  either  of  production 
or  reproduction.  M.  Gide,  however,  refuses 
to  choose  between  these  rival  theories. 
If  value  is  determined  by  utility,  the 
final  utility  of  any  object  of  commerce 
is  determined  by  its  scarcity,  which  in 
turn  is  determined  by  the  labour  of  pro- 
duction or  reproduction.  Between  utility 
and  cost  of  production  "  value  comes 
and  goes  like  a  shuttlecock  between  two 
battledores." 

Similarly  on  the  question  of  Free  Trade, 
the  attitude  of  M.  Gide  is  not  likely  to 
satisfy  dogmatists  on  either  side.  He 
states  the  advantages  and  disadvantages 
both  of  Free  Trade  and  of  Protection 
with  admirable  impartiality.  Ultimately, 
he  inclines  to  the  belief  that  economic 
progress  is  less  dependent  on  either  of 
these  policies  than  is  commonly  supposed, 
and  is  due  rather  to  commercial  capacity, 
education,  geographical  situation,  and 
natural  resources. 

In  his  attitude  to  the  social  problem. 
M.  Gide  is  equally  cautious  and  reserved. 
No  more  than  any  other  economist  of  our 
time  does  he  defend  the  inequalities  which 
result  from  the  competitive  system.  To 
reduce  these  inequalities  he  apparently 
looks  most  to  the  extension  of  the  co- 
operative movement,  both  in  consumption 
and  in  production.  We  regret  that  we 
cannot  altogether  share  his  optimism. 
On  the  one  hand,  at  the  present  rate  of 
progress  this  policy  would  take  too  long 
to  produce  any  noticeable  effect.  On 
the  other,  while  co-operative  societies 
have  done  much  to  reduce  prices  and 
raise  the  quality  of  goods  by  eliminating 
the  middleman,  many  societies  in  their 
thirst  for  dividends  have  abandoned  the 
true  co-operative  idea  and  have  become 
indistinguishable  from  capitalist  trading 
societies.  In  the  sphere  of  production, 
moreover,  co-operation  has  scarcely  as  yet 
won  its  spurs  in  the  open  market.  In 
our  search,  therefore,  for  a  remedy  for 
existing  inequalities,  it  may  be  wiser  to 
look  to  an  extension  of  the  function  of 
the  State  in  the  sphere  of  distribution, 
an  extension  to  which  M.  Gide  is  wholly 
favourable. 

This  English  translation  has  been 
thoroughly  well  done  by  .Miss  Archibald. 

Naturally  enough,  she  has  sometime-  been 

betrayed  into  Gallicisms,  and  her  render- 
ing of  technical  terms  is  not  always  happy. 
But,  if  something  of  the  verve  and  neatness 
of  the  original  is  lost,  its  meaning  has 
always  been   interpreted  with   lucidity  and 

fidelity.  It  is  scarcely  to  be  expected 
that   this    tendering   will    ever  take  the 

place      among     English      students     which 

the  ('our-  d  ivouomie  Politique*  holds 
among  the  corresponding  class  in  France, 

since    it  demands  a  knowledge,  of    French 

conditions,  history,  politics,  and  law 
which     lew     possess.        fet,     used    in 


816 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


conjunction  with  our  English  textbooks, 
it  will  serve  to  correct  the  insularities 
of   our   thinking. 

The  views  of  M.  Y\es  Guyot  on  the 
questions  '  Where  and  Why  Public  Owner- 
ship has  Failed '  lead  to  a  book  that  will 
promote  much  controversy,  and  may,  in- 
cidentally, serve  as  a  useful  tract  on 
behalf  of  the  forces  opposed  to  the  theories 
of  Collectivism.  M.  Guyot  is  a  rigid  indi- 
vidualist and  an  uncompromising  apostle 
of  Free  Trade,  and  in  this  latest  work  he  has 
drawn  up  a  formidable  indictment  against 
municipal  and  national  undertakings  that 
is  supported  by  an  array  of  statistical 
illustrations  almost  bewildering  in  range 
and  origin. 

His  work  is  divided  into  four  parts,  or 
books,  and  opens  with  a  number  of  con- 
structive definitions  that  serve  as  a  foun- 
dation for  the  author's  general  deductions. 
In  the  second  part  M.  Guyot  gives  us  an 
exhaustive  list  of  experiments  in  Govern- 
ment and  municipal  ownership  dealing 
with  railroads,  gas,  electricity,  tramways, 
and  the  housing  of  the  working  classes, 
his  particular  aim  in  this  portion  of  the 
volume  being  to  show  the  financial  results, 
and  in  Book  III.  the  administrative  con- 
sequences that  he  attributes  to  the  inter- 
vention of  the  State  in  the  domain  of 
economics. 

In  the  latter  part  of  his  work  his  con- 
clusions are  summarized,  and  these  may 
be  best  indicated  by  his  own  words  when 
he  states  : — 

(1)  "Public  monopolies  kill  the  spirit 
of  initiative  by  destroying  competition.  The 
ultimate  result  is  fatal  industrial  lethargy." 

(2)  "  Public  opinion  emphasizes  the  special 
demands  of  the  community,  rather  than 
fundamental  necessities,  and  provides  oppor- 
tunities for  nepotism,  graft,  and  corruption." 

Much   as   the   general   reader   may  be 
impressed  with  the  force  and  vigour  of  the 
author's  arguments — advanced,  of  course, 
from  an  individualistic  point  of  view,  that 
admits   of  no  elasticity  or  compromise — 
many  will  be   disinclined   to   accept   his 
general  conclusions  as  a  gospel  of  finality. 
Industrial  undertakings  worked  by  govern- 
ments and  municipalities  are  so   limited 
in  scope  and  so   young  in  development 
that  the  time  is  too  early  to  pronounce 
anything  like  an  enduring  judgment  on 
them.     Though  the  record  of  experimental 
nationalization  of  public  utilities — a  very 
different   matter   from    collective   or   co- 
operative ownership — may,  to  some  extent, 
be  marked  with    failures,  on    the    other 
hand,    the    principle    involved    has    been 
generally     accepted     as     a     fundamental 
necessity,    both    of    social    and    political 
progress.     In  stating  that   "  neither  na- 
tional nor  local  government  should  attempt 
that  which  can  be  done  by  individuals," 
M.  Guyot  rules  out  of  all  consideration  the 
comprehensive  interests  of  the  community 
in   favour   of    the    economic    freedom    of 
individuals  to  impose  private  monopoly  in 
preference  to  any  system  approximating 
to    an    ultimate    ideal    of    real    national 
ownership.     How  far  the  interference  of 
the  State  in  the  economic  evolution  of  the 


nation  can  be  carried  out  without  the 
disintegration  of  the  social  order  is  a 
problem  to  be  decided  by  statesmen,  that 
is,  if  economic  law  is  to  be  controlled  by 
the  force  of  moral  authority,  and  be  sub- 
servient to  the  general  interests  of  all 
classes  in  the  community.  The  industrious 
application  of  M.  Guyot  to  statistical 
arguments,  solely  used  to  point  out  the 
mistakes  incidental  to  municipal  and 
national  ownership,  has  led  him  to  adopt 
an  attitude  of  absorption  in  the  economic 
view  of  a  problem  which  has  other  and 
more  vital  aspects.  Thus  his  treatment 
of  the  question  affords  no  help  to  the 
sociologist,  but  is  merely  a  frank  con- 
cession to  the  philosophy  of  the  counting- 
house.  He  would  have  us  accept  his 
dictum  that,  when  Parliamentary  Govern- 
ment is  not  confined  to  what  he  terms 
"  the  fundamental  duties  of  a  State," 
it  is  paving  the  way  for  anarchy.  Surely 
it  will  be  conceded  that,  if  the  fundamental 
duties  of  a  State  must  only  comprise 
legislative  enactments  that  are  built  on 
economic  theories  of  rigid  individualism, 
then  all  hope  of  social  order  based  upon 
social  reorganization  is  at  an  end,  and 
anarchy  becomes  a  more  probable  con- 
summation. 

By  the  adoption  of  an  elastic  system 
that    combines    individual    service    with 
collective  aims  we  shall  probably  realize 
the  happy  medium  that  is  desirable  both 
for   the   citizen   and   the   State.     In   the 
meantime,  despite  all  M.  Guyot's  strictures, 
some  regularization  of  monopolies  must 
and  will  be  effected  by  a  form  of  State  or 
municipal  control.     We  agree  with  many 
of  his  deductions,  particularly  when  he 
limits   his   conclusions   to   obvious   facts, 
as,    for    instance,    "  Neither    States    nor 
municipalities  should  attempt  tasks  speci- 
ally   adapted    to    individual   efforts,"    to 
which  we  add  that  the  individual  efforts 
should  be  regulated  in  accordance  with 
public    welfare.     Again    we    admit     the 
strength   of   much   that   M.    Guyot   says 
concerning  the  corruption  and  inefficiency 
of     movements     identified     with     public 
ownership  or  control,  but  it  would  be  a 
simple  task  to  present  an  indictment  of 
individual  monopoly  equally  as  convincing 
and    more    damaging    than    M.    Guyot's 
charges  against  collective  effort.     He  ap- 
pears to   us   to   lay  far  too  much  stress 
upon  the  economic  waste  of  bureaucracy 
instead  of  dealing  with  the  relentless  fact 
that    everything    must    be    paid   for   by 
individual    service    applied    to    collective 
ends.     The  book  is  written  in  that  delight- 
fully   clear    style — essentially    French — 
which  distinguishes  the  work  of  the  famous 
author,  and  might  well  serve  as  a  model  for 
writers  on  political  economy.     The  whole 
arrangement  of  the  subjects  is  consecutive 
and  logical,  and  the  value  of  the  volume 
is  enhanced  by  an  excellent  Index. 

Although  Prof.  Loria's  reputation  as  an 
economist  is  Avell  over  thirty  years  old,  he 
is  in  this  country  known  only  by  the 
translations  of  a  few  relatively  unimpor- 
tant works  on  various  aspects  of  Socialism. 

'  La  Sintesi  Economica,'  first  published 
in    1909,   contains    many    original    ideas, 


expressed  with  an  exhilarating  disregard  of 
orthodox  opinion.  In  the  course  of  this 
substantial  work  Prof.  Loria  trails  his  coat 
before  the  feet  of  virtually  every  economist 
who  has  ever  expressed  views  on  the  sub- 
ject of  income  and  its  distribution.  The 
main  thesis  of  the  book  is  that  economic 
science  is  now  sufficiently  advanced  to 
permit  the  formulation  of  a  general  law 
of  social  stability.  Economic  and  his- 
torical research  directed,  however  un- 
consciously, towards  this  end,  first  studied 
the  bundle  of  phenomena  which  enter  into 
the  conception  of  rent.  The  next  stage  of 
progress  in  economics  elucidated  the  nature 
of  profits.  The  third  and  final  stage 
explains  what  income  is.  As  social  sta- 
bility directly  depends  upon  the  distribu- 
tion of  income,  it  is  at  last  possible  to 
come  to  a  general  conclusion.  Prof. 
Loria  traces  the  unstable  equilibrium  of 
our  social  order  to  what  he  terms  "  the 
coercive  association  of  labour,"  due  to  the 
internal  struggles  and  readjustments  of 
capitalism.  He  sees  the  omens  of  the 
future  order  of  things  in  the  extraordinary 
developments  to-day  of  voluntary  organ- 
ization, especially  of  the  spontaneous 
associations  of  labour.  Indeed,  he  goes 
so  far  as  to  say  : — 

"  To-day,  it  is  true,  all  such  phenomena 
are  no  more  than  exceptional  and  sporadic  ; 
but  they  possess  a  high  symptomatic  value, 
as  heralds  of  a  new  era,  or  as  precursors  of 
that  spontaneous  association  of  labour  which 
will  be  the  fundamental  economic  institution 
of  the  coming  centuries." 

What  Prof.  Loria  calls  "  final  equilibrium  " 
appears  to  be  identical  with  the  Syndic- 
alist state. 

The  chapter  on  '  The  Distribution  of 
Income  '  is  undoubtedly  the  most  stimu- 
lating in  the  book.  He  deals  graphically 
with  the  different  forms  taken  by  the 
"  struggle  between  incomes."  The  con- 
tention that,  on  the  Avhole,  incomes  and 
deserts  are  bound  together  receives  a 
lengthy  and  detailed  examination,  and  is 
condemned  entirely.  Admirers  of  Prof. 
Smart's  views  may  be  recommended  to 
read  this  chapter.  The  chapters  on  the 
Determination,  Forms,  and  Kinds  of  In- 
come are  on  relatively  orthodox  lines, 
although  on  matters  of  definition  the 
author  agrees  with  few  of  the  recognized 
authorities.  Occasional  foot-notes  con- 
taining the  names  of,  perhaps,  a  dozen 
opponents  of  any  particular  view  of  Prof. 
Loria's  are,  indeed,  among  the  most  en- 
livening features  of  the  book. 

It  is,  however,  with  Prof.  Irving  Fisher 
that  the  author  seems  to  have  most 
differences  of  opinion.  Prof.  Fisher,  for 
example,  regards  a  life  annuity  as  income : 
Prof.  Loria  regards  as  income  that  part 
only  which  may  be  taken  as  an  ordinary 
profit  on  invested  capital,  considering 
the  remainder  as  capital.  He  also  falls 
foul  of  Prof.  Fisher's  distinction  between 
realized  and  earned  income,  and  so  on. 
We  welcome  this  work  as  containing  the 
sort  of  generalization  which  economic 
science  appears  to  us  to  need.  Analysis 
has  by  this  time  been  carried  far  enough 
to  justify  a  deliberate  effort  at  synthesis. 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


817 


MODERN   IDEAS. 

We  have  travelled  far  since  Carlyle 
thundered  forth  his  warnings  that  the 
existence  of  society  depended  upon  solv- 
ing the  problem  of  the  organization  of 
labour,  and  with  the  wider  recognition  of 
this  fact  has  come  a  clearer  perception 
of  its  complexity.  When  Carlyle  was 
'writing  'Past  and  Present.'  and  even 
twenty  years  later  when  Ruskin  was 
writing  '  Unto  This  Last.'  the  organization 
of  labour  to  higher  social  ends  implied 
something  of  benevolent  autocracy  in 
individual  employers  and  the  State.  Even 
with  the  rise  of  a  Socialist  party,  it  was 
the  State  and  the  Municipality — cap- 
tured to  that  end — which  were  to  re- 
organize industry  in  the  interests  of  the 
wage-earner.  The  ideas  of  co-operative 
production,  profit-sharing,  co-partnership, 
were  soon  regarded  as  old-fashioned,  out 
of  date.  The  thing  was  still  to  be  done 
from  above — by  power  and  authority. 

Syndicalism  came  as  a  reaction,  startling 
in  its  repudiation  of  all  Collectivist  doc- 
trine and  traditions,  as  well  as  of  common 
Socialist  policy.  Nothing  was  to  be  done 
by  law  or  by  authority  ;  everything  by  the 
direct  action  of  the  associated  workmen 
themselves.  The  New  Age  writers — who 
have  produced,  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  Orage,  the  work  before  us  on '  National 
Guilds ' — enter  on  a  radical  revision  both 
of  analytic  and  constructive  economics, 
seeking  the  base  of  our  social  problems, 
and  propounding  a  solution  by  means  of 
Guilds  of  Industry  which,  under  the 
aegis  of  the  State,  shall  yet  be  in  the  hands 
of  the  whole  of  those  actually  concerned 
in  the  necessary  work  of  that  industry, 
whether  as  managers,  clerks,  mechanics, 
labourers,  &c.  By  this  means  it  is  pro- 
posed to  eliminate  rent,  profit,  interest, 
u-eless  competition,  and  many  other 
sources  of  waste,  and  to  secure  the  ends 
generally  aimed  at  by  Socialism. 

The  first  part  of  the  book  is  devoted  to 
an  analysis  of  productive  methods,  which 
are  found  entirely  uneconomic  so  far  as 
they  are  based  on  the  wage-system — here 
led  •  Wagery."  Wages  is  the  price 
paid  for  the  commodity  called  "  Labour." 
The    conception    of    Labour    as    a    mere 

nmodity  is  fatal  to  the  emancipation  of 
the  worker.  A  new  one  is  consequently 
needed.  It  should  be  conceived  as 
sanctified  human  effort,  replete  with  the 
personality  of  the  worker,  dignified  in  its 
social  ends,  and  given  directly  to  organized 
society.  The  raising  of  wages  is  a  futile 
policy  so  long  as  labour  remains  a  mere 
commodity  sold  outright  in  the  market. 
Political    reforms     are     to-day     similarly 

National  Guilds:  nn  Inquiry  into  the  Wage 
System    and    the    Way    Out.     Edited    by 

A.  R.  Orage.      (George  Bell,  5*.  net.) 

Clear  Thinking  :  or,  An  Englishman's  Cried. 
By  L.  Cecil  Smith.  (Sir  Isaac  Pitman 
&  Sons,  3s.  6d.  net.) 

The  Dingers  of  Democrat •//  :  Studies  in  tlie 
Economic  Questions  of  th<-  l)<tij.  By  the 
late  Thomas  Bfaekay.  Edited,  with  an 
Introduction,  by  Sir  Arthur  Clay.  (John 
Murray,  6*.) 


useless.  Economic  power  must  precede 
political  power.  The  workers  must  rely 
on  the  trade  unions,  not  on  the  Labour 
Party. 

The  conclusion  of  the  authors,  then,  is 
that  the  wage-system  is  the  root  of  indus- 
trial evils,  and  that  no  reconstruction, 
whether  by  Collectivism  or  otherwise, 
can  avail  if  the  wage-system  remains. 
Therefore  (they  say)  the  wage-system 
must  be  '*  smashed,"  swept  away  into 
limbo.  To  this  end  the  trade  unions 
must  become  **  blackleg-proof  "  by  special 
efforts  to  increase  their  membership. 
Parliament  being  of  little  or  no  use  so 
long  as  the  workers  remain  wage-slaves, 
the  funds  now  lavished  on  political  action 
must  be  spent  on  sweeping  every  grade 
of  worker  into  the  trade-union  net,  and 
the  trade  unions  themselves  must  coalesce 
into  industrial  unions — the  nucleus  of  the 
future  Guilds.  When  the  rank  and  file 
of  the  workers  are  masters  of  the  supply 
of  labour  in  their  respective  industries, 
they  will  be  in  a  position  to  dictate 
terms,  not  in  the  shape  of  some  modifica- 
tion of  hours  or  wages,  but  for  the  purpose 
of  transferring  the  ownership  and  control 
of  the  industry  into  the  hands  of  a  joint 
partnership  of  the  State  and  the  new 
Guild,  the  present  receivers  of  rent  and 
dividends  being  pensioned  off  or  otherwise 
compensated,  short  of  becoming  a  per- 
petual charge  on  the  community. 

The  eighteen  chapters  which  constitute 
the  second  part  of  the  book  are  devoted 
to  the  constructive  side  of  the  subject, 
the  industries  most  susceptible  of  such 
organization,  the  approaches  towards  it 
which  already  exist,  the  effect  on  educa- 
tion, art,  and  all  forms  of  culture,  and 
upon  invention — the  writers  advancing 
many  facts  and  contentions  to  show  that 
invention  would  be  immensely  stimulated 
and  inventors  far  better  treated.  The 
financial  basis  of  the  guilds,  their  district 
and  national  organization,  foreign  trade 
and  international  relations  generally  are 
also  explored,  and  some  useful  Appendixes 
outline  the  probable  developments  in 
certain  industries  —  e.g.,  '  Towards  a 
National  Railway  Guild,'  by  a  railway 
expert. 

Those  who  are  seeking  light  on  the 
baffling  problems  of  industry  can  hardly 
fail  to  find  this  book  highly  stimulating 
and  suggestive.  We  are  glad  to  find  that 
it  includes  an  exhaustive  and  well-con- 
ceived Index. 

Mr.  Cecil  Smith  calls  his  book  'Clear 
Thinking.'  Such  thinking  implies,  or 
should  imply,  the  faculty  of  arriving  at 
conclusions  drawn  from  clear  premises, 
and,  if  Mr.  Smith's  premises  are  often  de- 
batable, he  manifestly  succeeds  in  establish- 
ing the  fact  that  clear  thought  is  a  necessary 
antecedent  to  the  conception  or  perform- 
ance of  public  duty.  Though  he  has 
written  on  such  varied  subjects  as  Educa- 
tion, Syndicalism,  Feminism,  and  Tariffs, 
the  principal  articles  of  his  creed  are  a 
belief  in  Imperialism  and  in  Hereditary 
Monarchy,  the  method  he  adopts  in  his 
general    treatment   of   subjects    being    to 


illustrate  the  antithesis  between  the 
Natural  ami  the  Artificial  in  politics. 
Judging  by  existing  examples,  we  think 
it  would  be  difficult  to  establish  a 
definite  or  convincing  line  of  demarca- 
tion. It  is,  perhaps,  in  the  field  of 
domestic  politics  that  the  author  sug- 
gests the  highest  ideals,  particularly  in 
regard  to  the  problems  of  Peasant  Pro- 
prietorship and  Industrial  Co-operation, 
concerning  which  he  sketches  a  sound 
and  constructive  scheme  well  deserving  of 
attention.  Referring  to  the  "  professional 
politician,"  the  author  is  unsparing  in 
his  condemnation,  but  he  fails  to  explain 
in  what  manner  or  in  what  hands  the 
process  of  Government  is  likely  to  become 
wholly  altruistic.  After  all,  perhaps, 
what  the  country  really  suffers  from  is 
not  so  much  the  professional  as  the  unpro- 
fessional legislator  —  the  man  who  lacks 
administrative  training,  sociological  know- 
ledge, and  intellectual  capacity,  the  man 
who  is  merely  an  accident  of  the  caucus. 

The  author  has  written  a  book  largely 
characterized  by  clear  ideas  and  reasoning, 
but  in  summarizing  his  conclusions  he 
frankly  reveals  his  partisan  point  of  view, 
He  dreams  of  "  The  All-for-England- 
and-Empire  League  "  or  "  The  New  Tory 
Imperialists,"  the  members  of  which  must 
pledge  themselves  to  oppose  Radicalism. 
We  have  heard  this  kind  of  political 
philosophy  before  in  the  polemical  atmo- 
sphere of  contested  elections,  and,  when 
Mr.  Smith  has  discovered  the  essential 
difference  of  principle,  if  any,  that  divides 
the  parties  he  condemns  or  praises,  he  will 
probably  give  us  a  more  informing  and 
sounder  volume. 

Sir  Arthur  Clay's  Introduction  to  the  late 
Mr.  Mackay's  '  Studies  in  the  Economic 
Questions  of  the  Day,'  shows  an  inade- 
quate comprehension  of  present  problems, 
for  he  pictures  an  England  where  wealth 
is  widely  distributed,  and  where  all  the 
well-to-do  seem  bent  on  ruining  them- 
selves for  the  sake  of  the  poor !  The 
pages  of  almost  any  Socialist  organ  would 
have  informed  him  that  there  is  a  dis- 
tinction between  bureaucracy  and  State 
Socialism,  and  that  the  National  Insur- 
ance Act  was  condemned  by  Socialists 
as  strongly  as  by  himself.  To  make  the 
excuse  that  the  present  Government  "  is 
as  irresistible  morally  as  it  is  physically  " 
rather  gives  away  the  principles  of  those 
who  offer  it.  One  sentence  in  the  Intro- 
duction has  our  entire  approval : — 

"Any  attempt  to  deal  with  social  ques- 
tions scientifically  by  the  light  of  experi- 
ence and  the  Lessons  of  the  past  is  repugnant 
to  members  of  both  the  great  political  parties, 
who  feel  thai  the  result  might  very  probably 
be  the  condemnation  of  a  policy  which  now 
provides  them  with  a  popular  platform  and 

a  means  of   bidding  against    their  rivals   for 

popularity." 

The  essays  selected  from  Mr.  Mackay's 
writings  are  interesting  as  landmarks, 
but  their  place  is  in  the  nineteenth 
century.  It  is  late  in  the  day  to  quote 
Spencer's  philosophy  as  a  guide  in  eco- 
nomies: or  to  repeat,  with  approval,  the 

idea  that  working  men   have  more  to  tear 

from  gambling  and   drinking  than  from 


818 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


all  the  capitalists  ;  or  to  .say  that  "  women 
wage-earners  are  not  the  helpless  victims 
of  economic  forces  as  is  sometimes  alleged." 
The  essays  offer  a  one  -  sided  view, 
and  many  statistics  ;  they  show  dispro- 
portion in  the  arrangement  of  material, 
and  no  sign  of  a  wide  grasp  of  modern 
tendencies.  To  speak  of  the  "  notorious 
Kerr  Bebel,"  and  "  the  crudities  of  Marx," 
and  of  Parnell  as  being  v"  by  no  means 
able,"  savours  of  the  atmosphere  of  party 
politics.  We  are  informed  that  "  Social- 
ism is  Protection"  (in  trade),  and  that 
the  "  Socialist  ideal  is  based  entirely  on 
force." 

The  first  essay  on  the  '  Methods  of  the 
New  Trade  Unionism  '  practically  con- 
tains the  main  line  of  thought  ;  through- 
out there  is  a  retrograde  tendency,  and 
we  could  wish  for  more  consideration  of 
real  human  needs  and  less  distrust  of 
human  nature.  The  effect  of  the  book  is 
negative. 


HISTORY. 


Mrs.  Bosanquet  has  Avritten  a  '  History 
of  the  Charity  Organisation  Society,'  a 
body  which  has  done  useful  work,  but 
hardly  attracted  the  popular  imagination. 
Its  energies  may  be  illustrated  by  a  typical 
case.  During  the  South  African  War  the 
distribution  of  the  funds  collected  for  keep- 
ing up  the  homes  of  the  reservists  devolved 
mainly  on  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
Families  Association.  The  members  were 
so  inexperienced  in  social  investigation 
that  they  did  not  know  how  to  ascertain 
whether  applicants  for  relief  were  indeed 
relatives  of  reservists  or  not.  Hence  they 
secured  the  co-operation  of  the  Charity 
Organisation  Society,  the  District  Com- 
mittees of  which,  at  a  prodigious  cost  of 
time  and  money,  made  a  thorough 
study  of  no  fewer  than  2,257  cases  in  two 
and  a  half  months.  Their  researches 
naturally  involved  the  rejection  of  spu- 
rious claims  for  assistance.  The  Daily 
Chronicle  commented  adversely  on  the 
Society ;  but  they  quietly  proceeded 
with  their  task,  until  the  Associa- 
tion, alarmed  at  the  odium  which  the 
incpiiries  had  aroused,  resolved  to  ad- 
minister the  funds  without  external  aid. 

That  series  of  incidents  forms  a  minia- 
ture history  of  the  Society.  They  have 
such  a  well-disciplined  corps  of  experts  in 
applied  sociology  at  their  command  that 
they  can  always  meet  exceptional  distress  ; 
but  they  have  seldom  accomplished  the 
work  of  relief  without  creating  misunder- 
standings as  to  their  intentions.  They 
have  been  as  efficient,  indeed,  as  science 
could  make  them,  but  they  have  been 
deficient,  perhaps,  in  the  kind  of  know- 
ledge that  arises  from  imagination,  and 
results  in  tact.  These  characteristics  are 
faithfully   reflected   in   Mrs.    Bosanquet's 

Social  Work  in  London,  1 869-1912  :  a  His- 
tory of  the  Charity  Organisation  Society. 
By  Helen  Bosanquet.  (John  Murrav, 
8s.  net.) 

An  Economic  History  of  Russia.  By  James 
Mavor.  2  vols.  (Dent  &  Sons,  li."  11*.  6(7. 
net.) 


book,  which  consists  for  the  most  part 
of  extracts  from  the  Reports  of  the 
Society  and  Parliamentary  Bills.  It  is 
dull  reading,  and  one  turns  with  relief  to 
a  biographical  chapter  on  '  Some  Past 
Workers,'  only  to  find  that  it  is  a  collection 
of  obituary  notices  from  The  Charity 
Organisation  Review  and  the  Annual 
Reports. 

By  way  of  contrast  the  book  reminds 
one  of  '  Notes  of  a  Son  and  Brother,' 
and  the  reader  wonders  how  much  he 
would  have  known  about  William  and 
Henry  James  if  that  narrative  had  been 
a  record  of  incontrovertible  facts.  We 
doubt  if  any  one  who  does  not  belong  to 
the  Charity  Organisation  Society  will 
derive  much  knowledge  of  it  from  Dr. 
Bosanquet's  well-selected  quotations.  But 
persistent  study  will  show  the  outsider 
that  almost  every  movement  which  has 
made  for  social  advance  in  England 
within  the  last  hah  -  century  owes  its 
origin  or  its  competence,  or  both,  to 
Mr.  C.  S.  Loch  and  his  predecessors  and 
co-workers.  The  more  is  the  pity  that 
they  have  not  studied  the  impression 
which  their  proceedings  make  on  the 
people  at  large.  Owing  to  their  scorn  of 
the  dramatic  presentation  of  truth,  which 
they  describe  as  "  sensationalism,"  their 
firm-based  sociology  has  been  less  effec- 
tive than  that  of  organizers  like  General 
Booth  and  Sir  Robert  Baden-Powell. 
The  Society  might  surely  find  a  via  media 
between  academicism  and  popular  senti- 
mentality in  sociological  propagandism. 

No  work  previously  published  in  the 
English  language  on  Russia  has  been  on 
such  an  extensive  scale  as  Prof.  Mavor' s 
'  Economic  History.'  The  author  follows 
his  Russian  sources  with  some  closeness, 
but  also  uses  to  advantage  his  own  ob- 
servation. The  ground  covered  is  enormous. 
After  a  brief  survey  of  social  Russia  before 
the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great,  we  enter 
upon  a  long  study  of  the  extensive  reforms 
initiated  by  that  monarch,  which  leads 
the  way  to  a  consideration  of  the  life  of 
the  serfs,  and  the  efforts  made  to  improve 
their  condition  before  the  Emancipation 
of  1861.  By  that  date  the  revolutionary 
movement  had  already  come  into  being, 
and  the  rest  of  the  work  largely  consists 
in  describing  its  course  up  to  the  great 
outburst  of  1905-7.  In  the  latter  part 
we  read  less  of  the  actual  economic 
evolution  of  the  country  than,  perhaps, 
we  might  expect,  nor  are  the  sections 
dealing  with  Siberia  and  the  position 
of  the  Jews  at  all  complete.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  1,200  pp.  before  us  con- 
tain much  that  will  be  new  to  most 
students  of  Russian  affairs. 

In  the  year  of  the  death  of  Louis  XV. 
a  series  of  riots  in  France  might  have 
served  as  auguries  of  the  coming  Revolu- 
tion. During  the  same  year,  in  somewhat 
similar  circumstances,  the  first  significant 
popular  outbreak  was  taking  place  in 
Russia.  Emilian  Pugachev,  a  Cossack  of 
the  Don,  succeeded  in  raising  large  armies 
among  the  disaffected  peasantry,  and  for 
a  whole  year  waged  a  guerilla  war  in  the 
south-eastern     provinces.     Although     the 


romantic  element  in  human  nature  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  support  he 
received — for  Pugachev  gave  himself  out 
to  be  Peter  III.,  who  had  died  in  1762, 
after  the  shortest  of  reigns — the  revolt 
must  be  regarded  as  essentially  economic- 
in  its  origin,  and  due  mainly  to  the  con- 
tinual demands  imposed  on  the  serfs, 
Sir  Donald  Mackenzie  Wallace,  travellin-i 
in  the  province  of  Samara  exactly  <i 
century  after  the  rising  had  been  sup- 
pressed, found  that  the  memory  of  Puga- 
chev Avas  still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  the 
peasants. 

Yet  at  the  date  of  that  journey  Emanci- 
pation had  already  been  an  established 
fact  for  a  decade.  Serfdom  had  left 
traces  which  to  this  day  are  far  from 
obliterated.  The  peasants'  strikes  of  1905 
were  all  but  spontaneous  ;  they  were  the 
direct  consequences  of  their  hardships. 
The  Law  of  November  9th,  1906,  which 
virtually  established  individual  property 
in  land,  has  not  helped  the  peasant 
appreciably. 

The  most  striking  difference  betweea 
the  economics  of  Eastern  and  Western 
Europe  lies,  perhaps,  not  so  much  in  the 
difficulties  encountered  as  in  the  attitude 
adopted  towards  the  remedies  proposed 
for  them.  While  land  nationalization 
is  hopefully  regarded  by  many  in  this 
country  as  a  part,  at  any  rate,  of  the  solu- 
tion of  the  rural  problem,  in  Russia  the 
State  is  already  a  huge  landowner.  While 
Socialists  here  clamour  for  the  nationaliza- 
tion of  industries,  in  Russia  the  State  was 
the  original  capitalist,  and  is  to-day  one 
of  the  largest  employers  of  labour — in  its 
mines  and  factories,  and  on  its  railways. 
The  factories  established  by  Peter  the 
Great  early  in  the  eighteenth  century  were, 
literally,  workhouses.  The  labour  was 
supplied  by  serfs,  criminals,  and  a  few 
Avage-earners,  who  Avere  for  all  practical 
purposes  enslaved  by  virtue  of  a  ukase  of 
1736.  Skilled  labour  naturally  Avas  scarce. 
These  facts  did  not  alloAV  the  reArolu- 
tionists  of  1824-5,  1830,  and  1848-50  to 
regard  State  OAvnership  in  the  light  of  a 
solution  ;  democracy  Avas  therefore  placed 
on  their  programmes  before  economic 
reforms.  It  is  significant  that  the  petition 
which  Gapon  attempted  to  lay  before  the 
Tsar  on  that  fatal  day  in  January,  1905, 
contained  a  demand — placed  first  among 
the  "  Measures  against  the  oppression  of 
labour  " — for  the  abolition  of  the  factory 
inspectorships.  It  Avas  belieAred,  says 
Prof.  Mavor,  that  the  factory  inspectors 
faA'oured  the  employers.  Here,  again,, 
the  point  of  vieAV  is  the  reverse  of  that  we 
recognize  in  this  country. 

One  of  the  strangest  features  of  the 
reATolutionary  moA'ement  hi  recent  years 
has  been  the  number  of  people  who  played 
the  "  double  game  "  ;  the  agent  'provoca- 
teur has  never  been  so  much  in  evidence 
as  in  Russia.  Whether  Gapon  himself 
belonged  to  this  category  has  neArer  been 
completely  elucidated.  Concerning  Azev 
there  can  be  no  doubt ;  this  man  actually 
appears  to  haATe  "  proAroked  "  more  assas- 
sinations of  high  officials  in  his  double 
capacity  than  he  did  AA'hile  he  Avas  a  mere 
militant  revolutionist.     The  part  played 


No.  4520,  Jink  13,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


819 


by  Zubatov  in  building'  up  a  bogus  Labour 
movement  in  Moscow  under  police  super- 
vision was  ovon  more  patent.  The  mur- 
derer of  Stolypin  was  in  the  pay  of  the 

police,  and  similar  examples  of  double- 
dealing  might  be  cited.  This  curious 
psychological    trait    illustrates    the    ever- 

mging  perplexity  of  Russian  polities. 

We  notice  a  few  errors  of  dating  : 
Si  pniak  died  in  1S94,  not  in  1897,  and 
Dostoevsky  in  1881.  Pobedonestsev  died 
in  1907,  but  from  vol.  ii.  p.  135  it  would 
appear  that  he  is  still  alive.  These,  how- 
ever, are  trifles  in  a  work  which  bears  the 
obvious  marks  of  painstaking  research. 
We  trust  that  its  bulk  will  not  deter  those 
interested  in  Russian  problems  from 
reading  it. 


TWO  AMERICAN  SOCIOLOGISTS. 

A  certain"  superficiality  of  treatment  is 
discernible  in  the  method  of  dealing  with 
various  questions  adopted  by  Prof.  Miin- 
Bterberg  in  his  '  Psychology  and  Social 
Sanity,'  and  we  feel  that  he  argues 
rather  with  the  view  of  proving  his  point 
than  with  the  disinterested  intent  of 
reaching  an  unbiased  decision.  A  psycho- 
logical survey  of  matters  immediately 
concerning  present-day  society,  such  as 
Sex  Education.  Socialism.  Thought  Trans- 
ference, Advertising,  the  Jury  System,  and 
other  kindred  subjects,  should,  however, 
balance  the  pros  and  cons  impartially, 
after  a  due  consideration  of  all  the 
factors  involved.  Prof.  Munsterberg 
sometimes  adopts  the  expedient  of  com- 
bating the  mistakes,  or  the  imaginary 
programme  of  his  opponent,  and  partially 
ignoring  the  real  issue.  This  method  is 
specially  noticeable  in  the  first  chapter, 
that  on  '  Sex  Education/  where  the 
author  assumes  much  that  its  advocates 
do  not  propose,  and  refuses  to  recognize 
their  best  efforts.  Curiously  enough,  he 
also  speaks  as  though,  without  definite 
instruction,  youth  would  not  meditate 
On  the  facts  of  birth,  nor  obtain  any 
knowledge  thereon.  His  own  conception 
of  sex  is  scarcely  one  we  should  care  to 
endorse,  and  his  adviec  to  one  who  has  the 
care  of  young  people  declares  it  : — 

"He  will  point  to  those  hidden  natural- 
istic realities  as  something  not  over-important, 
but  as  something  which  a  cli-an.  hoy  and 
t-'irl  do  not  ask  about,  and  with  which  only 
the  imagination  of  bad  companions  is 
engaged.  An  instinctive  indifference  and 
aversion  to  the  contact  with  anything  low 

I  impure  can  easily  be  developed  in  every 
healthy  child  amid  clean  surroundings  [the 
italics  are  ours]." 

Prof.  Munsterberg's  faith  in  human  nature 
u  limited,  and  his  prophecies  are  start- 
ling.    He  says  : — 

"'The  hope  thai  men  will  become  sexually 
abstinent    outside  married  life  is  fanta 
and  the  book  of  history  ought  not  to  have 
been  written   in   vain.... If  we  proceed    in 
that   rapid    rhythm    with    which    we    have 

Psychology  and  Social  Sanity.      By    Hugo 

Munsterberg.      (Fisher  liiwin,  5s.  net.) 
The  Theory  of  Social  Revolutions.    J»y  I  .rooks 
Adams.     (The  Macmillan  Co.,  ."Jv.  <></.  net.) 


changed  in  the  last  ten  years,  ten  years 
hence  we  may  have  substituted  the  influ- 
ence of  mistresses  tor  the  influence  of 
Tammany  grafters,  and  twenty  years  hence 

a  Madame  Pompadour  may  be  dwelling 
not  far  from  the  White  House  and  controlling 
the  fate  of  the  nation  with  her  small  hands." 

Sex  education,  according  to  him, 

*'  means  to  fill  the  atmosphere  in  which  the 
growing  adolescent  moves  with  sultry  ideas. 
it  means  to  distort  the  view  of  the  social 
surroundings,  it  means  to  stir  up  the  sexual 
desires,  and  to  teach  children  how  to  in- 
dulge in  them  without  immediate  punish- 
ment." 

A  psychologist  should  be  cognizant  of 
the  fact  that  a  sane  reply  to  questions 
Which  inevitably  arise  in  the  child  mind 
will  satisfy  and  prevent  unhealthy  brood- 
ing, and  thus  will  induce  a  normal  attitude 
to  what  should  be  treated  with  due  rever- 
ence, but  not  shrouded  in  unnatural 
mystery. 

The  chapter  on  '  Socialism  '  exhibits  the 
same  tendency  to  disregard  the  explicit 
aim  of  Socialists,  also  to  ignore  many 
existing  facts  in  industrialism.  What 
poverty  means  is  seemingly  unknown  to 
Prof  Munsterberg,  for  he  makes  the  amaz- 
ing statement  that  the  "  man  with  fifty- 
thousand-dollar  expenditure "  feels  the 
same  dissatisfaction  at  not  possessing 
what  the  multi-millionaire  enjoys  as  the 
working  man  with  a  bare  subsistence  does 
at  not  possessing  the  rudiments  of  comfort. 
In  fact  he  believes  that  "  there  are  end- 
lessly more  working  men  with  a  comfort- 
able income  than  ever  before,"  and  that  the 
labourer  "  has  essentially  the  same  found- 
ation of  education "  as  his  employer. 
Prof.  Munsterberg  appears  to  cherish 
the  impression  that  human  minds  and 
motives  are  to-day  what  they  have  been 
for  the  last  five  thousand  years.  This 
implies  a  social  stagnation  that  would  rob 
all  pioneers  of  hope  of  it,  were  it  true. 

We  have  treated  these  two  chapters  in 
some  detail,  as  they  are  the  first,  and 
more  argumentative  than  the  others  which 
follow  :  but  in  all  we  detect  a  reactionary 
tendency,  and  a  flavour  of  fifty  years  ago  ; 
and  in  most  some  factor  of  importance  is 
omitted  in  the  discussion,  and  thus  the 
conclusion  is  vitiated.  In  the  chapter  on 
'  The  Mind  of  the  Juryman,'  for  instance, 
the  process  of  estimating  and  comparing 
the  numbers  of  dots  on  sheets  of  paper  is 
taken  as  analogous  with  that  of  judging 
human  motives  and  actions,  witli  all  their 
complexity  and  movement.  This  point 
fairly  illustrates  the  kind  of  psychology 
practised  by  the  author;  it  is  mechanical, 
and  not  sufficiently  elastic  for  a  mobile 
and.  as  yet,  not  fully  understood  entity 
like  the  human  mind. 

The    work    is    well    written,   in    a    style 

superior  to  many  American  publications. 

and  is  of  interest  as  indicating  a  type  of 
mind  which  is.  perhaps,  increasing  to-day. 

.Mr.   Adams    in   '  The    Theory  of    Social 

Revolutions1  [aits  forward  the  suggestion 

that     a     social      revolution     occurs     every 
three     generations;      but    he     is     inclined 
to    judge    society    in    a    rigid    manner    by 
looking   upon   it  as  "  a  Living  organism 
working    mechanically,    like    any    other 


organism,*'  and  he  speaks  of  what  "  Pro- 
vidence intended  "  for  humanity.  The 
laws  and  institutions  of  nations,  he  believes, 
are  only  fitted  to  new  conditions  by  those 
'  painful  and  conscious  efforts  we  call 
revolutions."  This  is  the  result  of  regard- 
ing civilization  as  "  nearly  synonymous 
with  order."'  and  omitting  the  idea  of 
gradual  progress  in  social  evolution.  The 
study  of  history  he  considers  to  be  not  a 
practical  study,  though  it  may  teach  some 
useful  lessons,  one  of  which  is  the  mechan- 
ical idea  that, 

"  if  men  move  in  a  given  direction,  they  do 
so  in  obedience  to  an  impulsion  as  automatic 
as  is  the  impulsion  of  gravitation." 

Throughout  the  book  the  author  insists  on 
the  importance  of  law,  and  over-empha- 
sizes its  influence.  Thus  he  says,  "  I  fix  the 
moment  of  flux,  as  I  am  apt  to  do,  by  a 
lawsuit."  But  no  lasting  theory  of  society 
can  rest  on  living  facts  which  does  not 
regard  human  civilization  as  a  growing 
creative  evolution,  and  the  following  re- 
marks do  not  carry  us  far  : — 

"  Yet  if  society  be,  as  I  assume  it  to  be, 
an  organism  operating  on  mechanical  prin- 
ciples, we  may  perhaps,  by  pondering  upon 
history,  learn  enough  of  those  principles  to 
enable  us  to  view,  more  intelligently  than 
we  otherwise  should,  the  social  phenomena 
about  us." 

The  italics  in  both  quotations  are  ours. 

His  second  theory  is  that  the  extreme 
complexity  of  modern  industrial  condi- 
tions is  "  beyond  the  compass  of  the 
capitalistic  mind,"  and  he  regards  the 
American  courts  as  not  competent  or 
impartial  enough  to  deal  with  such 
conditions.  The  "  clothing  of  the  judi- 
ciary with  political  functions  "  has  not 
been  successful,  and  in  two  chapters 
crammed  with  instances  Mr.  Adams  seeks 
to  prove  this.  The  scathing  indictment 
of  the  capitalist  rule  is  made  in  no  personal 
spirit,  as  is  shown  by  his  remark  that 

"  neither  capitalists  nor  lawyers  are  neces- 
sarily, or  even  probably,  other  than  con- 
scientious men.  What  they  do  is  to  think 
with  specialised  minds,  and  ... .apparent  ly 
modern  society,  if  it  is  to  cohere,  must  have 
a  high  order  of  generalising  mind— a  mind 
which  can  grasp  a  multitude  of  complex 
relations — but  this  is  a  mind  which  can.  at 
best,  only  be  produced  in  small  quantity 
and  at  high  cost." 

The  third  point  that  can  be  discovered 
in  the  book  is  that  it  is  necessary  for  the 
ruling  class  to  accept  reforms  in  time,  and 
SO  prevenl   their  own  downfall  : — 

"  Unless    capital    can.    in    the    immediate 

future,    generate    an     intellectual    energy, 

beyond   the  sphere  of  its  specialised  calling, 

very  much  in  excess  of  any  intellectual 
energy  of  which  it  has  hitherto  given  promise, 
and  unless  it  can  besides  rise  to  ;m  appre- 
ciation of  diverse  social  conditions,  as  \\  <  1 1 
as  to  a  level  of  political  sagacity,  far  higher 
than  it  has  attained  within  recent  years,  its 
relative  p(.wer  in  the  community  must  de- 
cline." 

In  a  lengthy  sketch  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution Mr.  Adams  shows  the  fate  of  those 
who    do     not     adapt     themselves    to     new 

conditions  when  necessary;  but  he  draws 

no    comparisons,  and.   though    interesting 


820 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


as  an  historical  account,  the  sketch 
scarcely  justifies  its  insertion. 

The  first  chapter  on  '  The  Collapse  of 
Capitalistic  Government  '  and  the  third  on 
'American  Courts  as  Legislative  Chambers  ' 
are  good,  and  give  the  gist  of  the  book. 

The  work  expresses  the  American  in- 
terest in  social  phenomena,  but  it  gives 
no  definite  proposals  for  the  amelioration 
of  a  society  under  the  thumb  of  the 
capitalist. 


EUGENICS  AND  SEX. 

Dr.  Saleeby's  book  on  '  The  Progress 
of  Eugenics '  is  essentially  modern.  The 
twentieth  century  will  be  called  upon 
to  acclaim  much  progress  and  many 
"  reforms  "  certainly  unexpected  by  the 
nineteenth,  but  nothing  can  excel  hi 
importance  the  business  of  reaching  a 
real  basis  of  problems  and  building 
thereon.  An  attempt  in  this  direction  is 
the  growing  science  of  Eugenics,  which 
begins  its  researches  with  the  two  germ- 
cells  that  develope  into  a  body,  and 
desires  to  neglect  no  influence,  material 
or  spiritual,  that  will  affect  that  body 
during  life  ;  in  this  way  Eugenics  aims 
at  preparing  a  fit  dwelling-place  for  the 
soul.  The  point  of  importance  is  that 
the  foundation,  the  material  basis,  is  not 
neglected.  Allied  to  the  science  of  Eu- 
genics is  the  subject  of  sex,  and  here, 
again,  the  twentieth  century  seems  likely 
to  establish  an  attitude  unknown  in  the 
nineteenth  except  to  the  very  few.  Beyond 
the  half -defiant,  open  expressions  of  some 
young  reformers,  whose  diatribes  are  often 
born  of  ill-digested  knowledge  divorced 
from  experience,  there  is  a  steadily  grow- 
ing tendency  to  discuss  sex-subjects  sanely. 
This  tendency  is  evinced  in  the  discussions 
regarding  sex-instruction  in  schools,  dis- 
cussions which  are  taking  form  in 
suggestions  and  a  syllabus  by  the  Moral 
Education  League.  The  number  of  books 
on  sex-subjects  issued  within  the  last  few 
years  also  indicates  the  healthier  point  of 
view. 

There  is  but  a  hazy  conception  in  the 
mind  of  the  general  public  as  to  what  the 
term  "  Eugenics  "  denotes,  and  vague 
notions  of  "  the  methods  of  the  stud- 
farm,"  enforced  celibacy,  marriages  ar- 
ranged by  red  tape,  &c,  are  apt  to  domi- 
nate the  average  reader.  Dr.  Saleeby's 
book  is  primarily  suitable  for  the  inter- 
ested inquirer,  and  forms  a  good  intro- 
ductory manual,  giving  a  plain  interpre- 
tation of  common-sense  Eugenics.  He  is 
careful  to  explain  what  Eugenics  is  not, 
though  the  advocacy  of  much  that  he 
denounces  is  pressed  by  some  "  who  call 
themselves  Eugenists." 

According  to  Dr.  Saleeby,  the  real 
Eugenists  believe  that  "  the '  soul  of  all 
improvement  is  the  improvement  of  the 
soul,"  that, 

"  since  individuals    are  mortal,  the  quality 
and  quantity  of  parenthood  are  the  domi- 

The  Progress  of  Eugenics.     By  C.  W.  Saleebv. 

(Cassell  &  Co.,  5s.  net.) 
Sex.     By  J.  W.  Thompson  and  R.  Gedde?. 

"Home  University  Library." 


nant  factors  in  the  destiny  of  any  people  ; 
that  the  culture  of  the  racial  life  is  the  vital 
industry  of  mankind.  ...  lhat  every  child 
who  comes  into  the  world  should  be  planned, 
desired,  and  loved  in  anticipation;  that  the 
function  of  government  is  the  production 
and  recognition  of  human  worth,  and  the 
extirpation  of  human  unworth ;  and  to 
these  incomparable  ends.  .  .  .all  forces  of 
man  and  of  nature,  spiritual  and  material, 
must  be  made  subservient."' 

The  author  thinks  the  difference  between 
Eugenists  and  all  other  people  lies  in  the 
fact  that  the  former  recognize  the  factor  of 
nature  or  heredity,  as  well  as  the  factor 
of  nurture  or  environment,  in  the  making 
of  human  beings,  and  insist  that  to 
"  nurtural"  eugenics  must  be  added  natural 
eugenics ;  but  they  do  not  grade  the 
importance  severally  of  nature  and  nur- 
ture. He  realizes  that  the  difficulties  are 
many  and  deep-seated  in  the  working  of 
this  youngest  of  the  sciences,  and  that  it 
must  encounter  human  instincts  and  pre- 
judices, including  "  the  great  fact  of 
love."  He  believes  love  to  be  a  friend  of 
Eugenics,  and  thinks  we  must 

"  search  out  and  destroy  all  those  heathen 
deities,  such  as  Mammon,  Bacchus,  and 
Priapus,  which  are  apt  to  pervert  it,  and 
make  it  useless  for  the  eugenic  cause." 

Dr.  Saleeby  dissociates  himself  from 
some  of  the  theories  of  Prof.  Karl  Pearson, 
notably  his  assertions  as  to  the  genetics  of 
tuberculosis,  and  his  conclusion  that, 

"  for  a  constant  environment,  the  higher 
the  infantile  death-rate,  the  more  resistant 
will  be  the  surviving  child-population." 

He  also  advocates  the  Mendelian  school 
as  against  the  biometricians,  and  accepts 
a  modified  view  of  Darwinism. 

Galton's  early  definition  of  Eugenics — 
wherein  he  included  the  influences  that 
develope  the  qualities  of  the  race  as  well 
as  those  which  improve  the  inborn  quali- 
ties— is  the  one  adopted  and  exemplified 
in  this  book,  and  Dr.  Saleeby  discusses 
eugenic  nurture  from  the  expectant  mother 
to  the  period  of  adolescence  and  the 
housing  problem.  He  may,  perhaps,  attach 
overmuch  importance  to  the  erection  of 
model  dwellings  by  a  few  landlords,  and 
give  too  high  a  place  to  the  Mental 
Deficiency  Act,  which  he  regards  as  pro- 
viding "  the  right  care  "  of  the  feeble- 
minded adolescent ;  but  in  general  his 
aim  is  to  present  the  whole  of  the 
problem  in  due  perspective,  though  it  is 
soon  seen  that  the  foundations  of  Eugenics 
must  be  as  wide  as  science  itself,  and  must 
include  anthropology,  genetics,  medical 
sciences,  dietetics,  civics,  and  sociology. 

With  regard  to  parenthood,  Dr.  Saleeby 
distinguishes  between  the  right  to  live 
and  the  right  to  be  a  parent,  also  be- 
tween marriage  and  parenthood.  What 
Eugenics  is  concerned  with  is  the  latter. 
:'  Expectant  motherhood  should  and  must 
be  the  first  charge  upon  the  resources  of 
any  nation,"  he  claims  ;  but  he  does  not 
limit  parenthood  to  the  mother,  for  he 
deprecates  the  so-called  endowment  of 
motherhood  as  a  proposal  to  "  serve 
motherhood  by  discharging  fatherhood 
from  its  duties "  ;  for  the  essence  of 
marriage  as  a  social  institution  is  that  it 


provides  common  parental  care  for  the 
offspring.  In  the  author's  picturesque 
phrase,  "  the  child  is  the  growing-point 
of  the  future,"  though  adults  at  this 
hour  "  rule  the  world  and  determine  its 
destiny." 

The  permanent  value  of  the  book  would 
have  been  much  enhanced  by  a  more 
dignified  style  :  several  passages  savour 
of  mere  journalism,  and  are  unworthy 
of  a  serious  subject. 

Mr.  Thompson  and  Mr.  Geddes  in  their 
volume  on  '  Sex  '  in  the  "  Home  University 
Library  "  explain  their  purpose  thus : — 

"  There  is  too  much  mystery  about  the 
life  -  journey,  from  its  origins  and  at  its 
climax — mists  dark  and  unwholesome  favour- 
ing errors  of  judgment  and  errors  of  conduct, 
and  of  the  ever  brightening  lights  of  science, 
there  can  be  few  better  uses  than  here  and 
there  to  guide  the  wayfarer,  even  though 
they  may  not  serve  to  clear  all  the  mists 
away." 

In  this  light  the  authors  meet  the  objec- 
tions of  those  to  whom  the  study  of  sex — 
either  because  they  have  no  hold  of 
scientific  analysis,  are  loth  to  dig  at  "  the 
roots  of  the  Mystic  Rose,"  or  are  fearful 
of  arousing  a  morbid  self-consciousness — 
is  repugnant.  Of  the  three  paths  of 
investigation — the  historical,  the  anthropo- 
logical, and  the  biological — the  last,  sup- 
plemented by  psychological  and  social 
interpretation,  is  chosen.  Then  follows 
a  chapter  in  which  the  steps  of  the  evolu- 
tionary ladder,  the  differences  as  well  as 
the  resemblances  between  man  and  the 
animals,  are  traced,  in  a  manner  which 
brings  the  subject  well  within  the  com- 
prehension even  of  those  unversed  in 
scientific  phraseology.  The  authors  ad- 
here to  the  thesis  set  forth  in  '  The  Evolu- 
tion of  Sex,'  that  the  deep  constitutional 
difference  between  the  male  and  female 
organism  is  due  to  an  initial  difference 
in  the  balance  of  chemical  changes — 
a  subject  which  was  vividly  handled 
in  '  Biology  in  Relation  to  Education.' 
The  "  growing  pains  "  attendant  on  ado- 
lescence are  wisely  discussed,  and  counsel 
given  which  parents  would  do  well  to 
assimilate  thoroughly.  '  Falling  in  Love  ' 
is  a  sub-heading  which  evokes  one  of  the 
frequent  warm-hearted  passages  which 
lifts  this  book  far  above  the  dusty 
atmosphere  of  pedantry,  and  make  it 
a  valuable  possession.  The  most  scrupu- 
lous care,  we  should  add,  is  taken  to  avoid 
giving  unnecessary  offence.  The  chapter 
headed  '  Corruptio  Optimi  Pessima'  is  ad- 
mirably balanced  and  sane.  There  is,  as 
the  authors  truly  say,  no  evidence  that 
scientific  treatises  have  supplied  the  appro- 
priate stimulus  to  vice.  They  depict  it, 
as  does  the  best  drama,  as  anything  but  a 
path  of  roses. 

The  problem  of  sex-education  is  ap- 
proached, with  due  moderation  and  re- 
cognition of  the  impossibility  of  giving  a 
dogmatic  answer  as  to  whether  it  is  desir- 
able to  instruct  young  people  in  reference 
to  the  facts  of  sex.  Since  even  a  tiny 
link  in  the  chain  of  experiment  is  of  some 
value,  the  reviewer  notes  that  quite 
pathetic  gratitude  was  exhibited  by  a  large 


No.  4520,  June  13.  1914 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


821 


gathering  of  the  mothers  of  the  elder  girls 
when  the  lady  managers  of  a  South  Coast 
school  recently  held  a  meeting  to  help  the 
mothers  with  advice  on  this  matter. 

The  authors  are  emphatic  in  maintain- 
ing that  in  such  instruction  as  is  given — 
whether  direct  or  indirect,  through  hygiene 
or  Nature  study,  whether  given  by  the 
parent  or  the  head  of  the  school,  by  the 
Bcience  teacher  or  by  lending  booklets — 
care  must  be  taken  not  to  anticipate 
interest  ;  but  there  is  surely  also  some- 
thing to  be  said  for  those  who  think  that 
children  should  hear  of  these  things 
before  they  have  any  emotional  significance 
for  them,  rather  than  after. 

It  is  not  surprising  in  such  a  book  on 
such  a  subject  to  find  a  reference  to  the 
risk  that  the  increasing  personal  and 
political  freedom  of  women  may  lead  them 
to  attempt  to  "  force  the  pace  "  of  moral 
evolution  :  the  authors  are  too  clear- 
sighted to  mistake  the  mainspring  of  the 
Woman's  Movement,  which  undoubtedly 
lies  here.  But  the  key  which  controls  it 
B  racial  wellbeing,  and  in  this  the  biologist 
and  the  woman  have  a  common  interest. 
The  serious  difficulties  that  confront  us 
in  the  alleged  relatively  great  infertibty 
of  types  and  stocks  of  high  intellectual 
and  social  efficiency — sometimes  regarded 
as  "  the  nemesis  of  higher  education  and 
of  individualism  generally  " — are  con- 
sidered, but  no  mention  is  made  of  a 
contributory  cause — the  economically  un- 
sound and  unjust  tendency  in  many 
salaried  professions  to  enforce  upon  women 
resignation  on  marriage.  Cases,  for  in- 
stance, have  been  known  when  the  de- 
mand that  a  doctor  shall  retire  on  mar- 
riage has  led  to  a  decision  against  matri- 
mony. It  is  a  general  rule  throughout 
the  Civil  Service  that  a  woman  must 
retire  on  marriage.,  with  the  result  that 
of  these  women  of  selected  health  and 
intellect  only  9  per  cent,  according  to 
statistics  published,  leave  annually  to  get 
married.  Miss  Clementina  Black  puts  the 
annual  marriage  rate  among  women  in 
the  Post  Office  at  2—3  per  cent. 

It  would  have  been  strange  if  the 
authors  had  let  slip  an  opportunity  for  a 
tilt  at  present  cherished  school  and  uni- 
versity arrangements.  Coupled,  however, 
with  the  suggestion  that  Estimation  v. 
Examination  should  be  the  slogan  of 
revolt  is  much  sound  advice  to  parents  as 
to  the  paramount  importance  of  sleep 
and  nutrition.  We  cannot  quite  follow 
the  desire  expressed  that  boys  may  be 
made  more  courageous  and  girls  more 
gentle — cannot  Nature  be  trusted  to  see 
to  that  ! — but  think  the  time  is  ripe  for 
what  the  authors  call  **  the  next  step  " — 
boys  also  more  gentle,  girls  more  coura- 
geous, too. 

In  conclusion,  we  hope  that  amongst  the 
valuable  publications  in  the  "  Home 
University  Library"  this,  with  its 
admirable  lucidity,  its  delightful  ease  of 
style,  and  its  broad  human  interest,  may 
find  its  way  all  over  the  countrv. 


Early  Memories.     Bv  Henry  Cabot  Lodge. 
(Constable  &  Co.,  129.  6d.  net.) 

Mr.  Lodgk's  Preface  to  these  '  Memories ' 
is  a  defence  of  writing  them,  and  adduces 
the  sanction  of  high  authorities  as  well 
as  his  own  sense  of  a  sufficient  reason  for 
the  act.  This  last  serves  his  turn  best, 
we  think,  if  only  because  it  leaves  other 
people  free  to  think  or  do  as  they  please. 
Herr  Sauerteig's  impressive  assertion  that 
"  the  life,  even  of  the  meanest  man,  is  a 
Poem,  perfect  in  all  manner  of  Aristotelean 
requisites,"  &c,  seems  to  impose  a  heavy 
obligation  on  the  serious  reading  public, 
and  might,  if  attempts  were  made  to 
enforce  it,  provoke  a  revolutionary  recon- 
sideration of  the  status  of  Poetry  among 
the  arts.  Even  Sir  Leslie  Stephen's 
dictum  that  "  no  autobiography  is  dull  " 
can  only  be  taken  to  refer  to  the  auto- 
biographies which  have  been  found  read- 
able. Its  fault  is  that,  if  it  does  not,  like 
the  Sauerteig  pronouncement,  impose  a 
sort  of  moral  obligation  to  read  every 
autobiograplw  respectfully  unless  we 
would  be  considered  frivolous,  it  does  hold 
out  a  promise  of  entertainment  that  will 
not  always  be  made  good.  Wherefore 
we  think  Mr.  Lodge  would  have  done  well 
to  stop  short  of  citing  Sir  Leslie,  and  to 
be  content  with  his  own  simple  view, 
that  a  man  writes  his  autobiography 
because  he  likes  to  talk  about  himself,  the 
satisfaction  not  being  diminished  by 
"  the  inexorable  necessity  of  seeming  to 
talk  about  other  people."  Nor,  let  us 
add,  should  that  inexorable  necessity  be 
grudgingly  submitted  to.  For  it  may 
even  happen  that  the  talk  about  other 
people  is  what  chiefly  keeps  the  labour 
of  self-love  from  being  lost  on  the  world. 

Here,  for  instance,  the  amount  of  actual 
autobiography  is  small,  and  the  interest 
of  that  small  amount  is  fairly  thin.  There 
is  a  pedigree,  as  in  so  many  American 
biographies,  which  has  you  back  in  Tudor 
and  even  in  Plantagenet  England  almost 
before  you  have  had  time  to  say  Boston. 
We  even  gather  that  the  Lodges  "  call 
cousins "  with  Chaucer  through  the 
mediation  of  the  Rev.  Francis  Higginson, 
first  minister  of  the  first  church  of 
Salem,  Mass.  Mr.  Lodge,  however, 
unlike  his  kinsman  and  fellow-senator, 
Mr.  Hoar,  who  pointed  it  out  to  him — 
lays  no  store  by  the  connexion.  The 
maternal  Cabots,  again,  are  of  Jersey- 
Xorman  descent,  with  Italian  and  other 
branches.  In  general  history  they  are 
represented  by  the  navigators,  but  more 
importantly  in  New  England  history  by 
the  writer's  great-grandfather,  that  George 
Cabot  who  led  the  Federalist  party  after 
Hamilton's  decease  and  presided  over  the 
Hartford  Convention.  This  relationship 
carries  more  significance  than  appears  on 
the  surface.  Politically,  the  Federalists 
doubtless  had  hold  of  as  large  a  morsel 
of  the  truth  as  the  Democrats  of  their 
day.  But  morally  and  temperamentally 
they  were  people  lacking  in  generosity  and 
expansiveness,  and  more  prone  to  bo 
actuated  by  apprehensions  and  dislikes 
than     by    enthusiasms    and    sympathies. 


The  Party  had  gone,  or  had  disguised 
itself  (as  people  in  the  South  averred), 
long  before  Mr.  Lodge  was  born.  But 
the  narrow,  inherently  middle-class  type, 
with  a  bias  towards  apprehensions  and 
dislikes,  remained,  and  was  especially 
endemic  in  New  England. 

Mr.  Lodge's  account  of  the  Boston  of 
his  boyhood  (he  was  born  in  1850)  is 
lacking  in  broad  social  characterization, 
but  it  contains  some  pen-portraits  which 
would  be  interesting  were  the  subjects 
better  known  or  more  important.  One 
early  recollection  which  is  well  rendered 
is  almost  a  contribution  to  history  :  the 
glimpse  of  Charles  Sumner  standing  up 
in  his  carriage  to  receive  the  greetings 
of  Boston  shortly  after  the  assault  made 
upon  him  in  the  Senate.  Another  episode 
was  the  kidnapping  from  school  of  Allen 
Rice,  in  later  years  proprietor  of  The  North 
American  Review.  It  was  the  occasion 
of  a  famous  lawsuit,  in  which  the  author, 
having  been  an  unobserved  witness  of 
the  capture  and  abduction,  gave  evidence, 
and  came  off  with  great  credit,  to  say 
nothing  of  a  gold  watch  ("  an  English 
Frodsham  with  a  hunting  case ")  from 
his  father,  and  a  seal  ring  from  the  father 
of  the  stolen  Allen. 

These  are  the  only  incidents  that  stand 
out  from  the  rather  flat  record  of  the 
author's  boyhood,  which  resembles  that  of 
his  Harvard  days  in  being  concerned  more 
with  his  amusements  than  with  his  mental 
life.  In  consequence,  we  learn  a  good 
deal  about  the  plays  and  players  of  that 
time  and  place,  besides  getting  glimpses 
of  some  artists  of  less  local  and  fugitive 
renown.  For  instance,  the  dramatic  read- 
ing of  Fanny  Kemble  is  admiringly  re- 
called and  well  described,  while  Dickens's 
reading  of  his  own  work  is  praised  with 
more  discrimination  than  many  will  like  : 

"  You  never  forgot  for  a  moment  that 
Mrs.  Kemble  was  a  lady.  You  were  haunted 
by  a  suspicion  that  Dickens  was  not  quite  a 
gentleman." 

It  sounds  unpleasant ;  but,  to  do  Mr. 
Lodge  justice,  it  must  be  taken  with  the 
entire  context,  which  places  it  beyond 
doubt  that  here,  at  any  rate,  no  deep 
disparagement  is  intended,  and  that  he 
is  as  full  of  the  right  faith  and  love  as 
any  reasonable  Dickensian  could  require. 
It  is  only  Mr.  Lodge's  intellectual  pro- 
venance— the  caste  milieu  of  New  England 
— which  makes  him  a  little  more  appre- 
hensive of  faults  in  the  matter  of  per- 
sonal form  than  an  English  aristocrat 
would  be. 

We  wish  it  were  as  easy  to  avoid  severe 
judgment  of  Mr.  Lodge's  general  references 
to  this  country,  but  he  has  made  it  im- 
]K>ssible.  He  tells  us  (or  rather  his  readers, 
who,  in  the  first  instance,  are  Americans) 
that  as  a  small  hoy  he  had  "  a  wholly 
vague,  but  none  the  less  deep-rooted 
hostility  to  England.-'  The  feeling,  he 
says,  was  traditional  and  in  the  air,  "  but 
I  am  sure  that  I  derived  mine  from  my 
father."  We  take  leave  to  consider  the 
fact  a  blot  on  the  generally  admirable 
character  of  that  father  as  it  is  revealed 
in  this  book.     No  satisfactory  reason  for 


822 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


it  is  shown.  The  war  of  1812,  to  which 
reference  is  made,  will  not  serve.  For  the 
wrongs  were  all  the  other  way  on  that 
occasion.  In  leaping  on  the  back  of 
England  when  she  was  left  to  grapple 
alone  with  the  all-conquering  Corsican 
the  United  States  were  striking  a  dan- 
gerous blow  at  human  freedom.  The 
fires  of  Moscow  averted  the  full  con- 
sequences of  that  mischief  ;  but  it  is 
none  the  less  true,  as  a  recent  American 
historian  has  said,  that 
,:  England's  cause  was  the  cause  of  mankind, 
and  from  1812  to  1815  the  United  States 
fought  on  the  wrong  side." 

As  to  the  "  contemptuous  abuse  heaped 
on  us  by  her  writers  "  (another  of  the 
things  which  seem  to  have  rankled  in  his 
father) ,  Ave  fancy  there  was  a  pretty  active 
and  equal  interchange  of  these  favours, 
but  we  should  have  thought  that  wise 
men  took  little  interest  and  no  part  in 
them.  England's  attitude  at  the  time 
of  the  Civil  War  intensified,  we  are  told, 
this  feeling  in  father  and  son.  But,  as  the 
father  died  in  1862,  the  son  must  answer 
alone  for  the  store  of  rancour  towards 
this  country  which  he  seems  to  have 
laid  up  in  those  years.  It  is  likely  to  last 
his  time,  without  serving  his  country. 
It  gives  to  many  of  his  pages  such  a  dis- 
agreeable, and  to  some  even  a  repulsive, 
character,  that  we,  being  ourselves  tho- 
roughgoing admirers  of  his  country  and 
her  people,  would  not  wish  his  book  to 
be  read  by  any  Englishman  who  has  not 
already  a  confirmed  goodwill  to  America. 
That  Mr.  Lodge  actually  means  to  be  so 
offensive  to  British  (and  Canadian)  readers 
as  he  really  is  we  find  it  difficult  to 
believe.  We  are  fain  to  recall  his  own 
explanation  of  the  debauches  of  oratorical 
bitterness  in  which  Charles  Sumner  was 
wont  to  indulge,  while  thinking  that  he 
was  only  being  reasonably  frank  or 
even  strikingly  moderate.  It  was,  his 
friend  gives  us  to  suppose,  because 
Sumner's  peculiar  general  state  of  mind, 
his  inability  to  place  himself  at  another 
person's  standpoint,  and  his  organic  lack 
of  a  sense  of  humour,  kept  him  from 
realizing  the  force  and  character  of  the 
things  he  was  saying  as  they  Avould  be 
felt  by  other  people. 

This  reminds  us  that  we  have  left  our- 
selves no  space  to  discuss  the  "  talk 
about  other  people."  As  we  hinted,  it  is 
this  that  gives  the  book  its  best  hold  on 
existence.  The  people  being  nearly  all 
fellow-countrymen  and  friends,  the  talk 
is  genial,  and  shows  the  author  in  a  differ- 
ent mood  from  that  which  possesses  him 
when  his  thoughts  are  of  England  and 
Englishmen  in  the  mass.  Mr.  Lodge  is 
a  good  observer  and  a  good  depicter  of 
figure  and  character,  and  even  within  the 
short  period  covered  by  these  '  Memories ' 
could  count  a  large  acquaintance  among 
jnen  of  local  and  wider  celebrity.  Amongst 
the  latter  were  the  historians  Bancroft, 
Motley,  and  Parkman,  and  the  men  of 
philosophy  and  letters  Emerson,  Long- 
fellow, Howells,  and  Aldrich.  His  re- 
miniscences of  each  of  these  are  Avell 
rendered  and  worth  having,  though  yet 
higher  value  belongs  to  the  pages  devoted 


to  such  men  as  the  inexhaustibly  witty 
Secretary  Evarts,  the  bookish,  humorous, 
and  epigrammatic  Francis  E.  Parker,  and 
others  whose  excellence  was  of  a  more 
serious  cast.  A  considerable  chapter  which 
compares  the  past  with  the  present  shows 
more  readiness  to  apprehend  impending 
ruin  in  several  departments  (including 
those  of  literature  and  good  manners)  than 
seems  seasonable  at  64,  unless  one  were 
born  predisposed  to  the  mood.  Let  us 
hope,  however,  that  when  Mr.  Lodge  con- 
tinues his  l  Memories,'  which  here  stop 
when  he  is  leisurely  starting  in  life  at  the 
age  of  25-30,  he  will  resume  his  retrospect 
and  pen  in  some  calm  Indian  Summer  of 
the  mind,  with  more  sense  of  the  afternoon 
and  less  of  the  evening,  and  so  may  even 
find  some  streaks  of  sunlight,  pleasant  to 
look  upon,  resting  somewhere  on  the 
name  of  England. 


Round  the    World  in  a   Motor   Car.     By 
J.  J.  Mann.     (Bell  &  Sons,  10s.  6d.  net.) 

Whilst  Ave  have  no  wish  to  discourage 
motorists  from  giving  their  attention  to 
this  book,  it  is  only  fair  to  state  that  the 
car  plays  but  a  subsidiary  part  in  Mr. 
Mann's  narrative  of  his  journey  to  Aus- 
tralia via  the  East,  and  home  again  across 
British  North  America.  The  publishers 
announce  that  the  A^olume  should  appeal 
"  particularly  to  the  motorist."  The  re- 
vieAver  would  say  that  it  should  appeal  to 
most  lovers  of  simple,  chatty  chronicles 
of  modern  travel,  and  only  incidentally  to 
the  motorist.  For  the  average  reader, 
avIio  Avould  be  bored  by  more  or  less 
technical  dissertations  upon  motors  and 
motoring,  this  will  probably  be  an  advan- 
tage. In  any  case,  it  is  a  fact  that  the 
author,  beyond  a  brief  introductory  de- 
scription of  the  simple  contriArance  for 
slinging  and  hoisting  his  car  on  board 
steamships  (which  figures  in  an  Intro- 
ductory Note),  tells  us  little  or  nothing 
about  his  motoring,  a  good  deal  about  the 
many  ships  which  carried  him  over  dif- 
ferent stages  of  his  journey,  and  much 
of  his  impressions  of  peoples  and  places 
visited.  We  think  the  book  might  easily 
have  been  improved  by  the  introduction 
of  more  descriptive  notes  dealing  with 
actual  road  travel,  and  this  none  the  less 
because  it  might  haA^e  involved  the  dele- 
tion of  some  of  the  author's  more  obvious 
reflections  regarding  life  on  passenger 
steamers,  and  the  appearance  of  places  so 
Avell  knoAvn  as  Cairo,  Bombay,  Rangoon, 
and  the  like. 

With  the  exception  of  the  frontispiece, 
which  is  a  reproduction  in  colour  of  the 
author's  motor-car  as  foreground  to  a 
view  of  the  capital  city  of  NeAV  South 
Wales,  the  numerous  illustrations  from 
photographs  are  quite  interesting.  Mr. 
Mann's  car  Avas  of  comparatively  small 
poAver — a  15-20  h.p.  six-cylinder  machine, 
of  27  h.p.  by  R.A.C.  rating.  Apparently 
it  served  its  OAvner  well  upon  many 
kinds  of  roads  and  in  varying  climates. 
But  enthusiasts  will  say  that  the  tour  was 
hardly  a  test  of  mechanical  endurance 
when  they  read  such  passages  as  these  : — 


"It  is  possible  to  motor  from  Adelaide 
to  Melbourne,  but  one  has  to  cross  the 
ninety-mile  desert,  which  is  a  large  area  of 
land,  covered  with  soft  shifting  sand,  Avhich 
is  blown  about  by  the  wind,  and  in  Avhich 
the  wheels  of  an  automobile  are  likely  to 
sink  sometimes  to  the  hub.  . .  .We  decided 
to  put  our  Delaunay-BelleArille  on  the 
P.  &  O.  steamer  at  Adelaide,  and  proceed 
to  Melbourne  in  that  manner,  a  three  days' 
journey.  ..  .It  is  possible  to  motor  from 
Melbourne  to  Sydney — some  thousand  miles 
— but  there  are  bad  places  to  negotiate, 
and,  unless  one  is  wanting  a  noA^el  experience, 
it  would  perhaps  be  better  to  put  the  motor 
on  the  boat  and  ha\Te  it  deli\7ered  in  Sydney." 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  road  betAveen 
Sydney  and  Melbourne  presents  few  diffi- 
culties to  the  experienced  driATer,  and  par- 
ticularly in  springtime  offers  a  delightful 
little  easygoing  Aveek's  tour.  But  the 
country  districts  of  Australia  as  a  whole 
are  apt  to  tax  both  the  resisting  poAvers  of 
a  car's  mechanism  and  the  endurance  of 
a  driver  pretty  severely — a  fact  which 
makes  it  the  more  remarkable  that  even 
the  cheapest  kinds  of  American  machines 
stand  the  work  they  are  given  in  Australia 
so  well  as  they  do. 

Mr.  Mann's  book  has  a  good  deal  of 
charm  of  a  simple  sort,  and  this  is  due  in 
no  small  measure  to  his  innocence,  from 
a  literary  point  of  view,  and  the  youthful 
freshness,  not  to  say  naivete,  of  his  out- 
look upon  men  and  things.  He  sometimes 
achieves  without  conscious  effort  an  effect 
which  such  artists  as  Stevenson  haA'e 
striven  with  endless  cunning  to  produce  : 
the  description  of  quite  familiar  things  as 
though  they  Avere  sights  never  seen  before. 
He  describes  Avith  high-spirited  gusto, 
and  one  can  imagine  his  letters  home 
from  foreign  parts  being  the  delight  of  a 
large  circle  of  the  comparatively  un- 
travelled.  Not  all  his  information  Avould 
pass  the  test  of  statistical  examination. 
He  Avrites,  for  example,  of  the  city  of 
Winnipeg  as  being  "  situated  on  a  vast 
plain  at  the  foot  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  "  ! 
We  have  noted  many  another  equally 
guileless  remark.  He  comes  on  some 
trifling  characteristic  of  life  in  a  port  he 
visits,  and  roundly  calls  it  "  Australian  " 
or  "  Indian,"  as  the  case  may  be.  Some 
of  his  references  to  foreign  languages  are 
delightful.     Thus  :— 

"  The  traveller  quickly  learns  that  piggy- 
plan-plan  means  '  go  slow,'  and  la  casse 
means  '  go  fast,'  &c.  ;  though  even  these 
magic  Malay  words  are  Greek  to  many 
coolies."' 

Again,  in  Egypt,  more  magical  words 
are  discovered : — 

'•  '  Imshi  '  means  '  go  away,'  'be  oft. 
'  Mafeesh  '  means  '  I  have  nothing.'  '  Moos- 
house  '  means  '  I  don't  want  anything.'  And 
they  all  three  mean  that  you  are  not  a 
tourist  and  that  you  may  know  Arabic,  and 
that  you  may  liA^e  in  Cairo,  and  that  it  is 
waste  of  time  following  you." 

The  closing  touches  here  are  typical  of 
many  in  this  book,  and  they  lose  nothing 
from  the  fact  that  their  humour  is  often 
unconscious.  It  is  a  cheery,  entertaining 
production,  and  should  have,  as  we  haAre 
hinted,  a  considerable  audience,  not 
necessarily  devoted  to  motor-cars. 


No.  45-20,  Jink  13,   1014 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  JR  U  M 


823 


Concise  Dictionary  of  Proper  Names  and 
Notable  Matters  in  the  Works  of  Dante. 
I i\  Paget  Tovnbee.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

This  work  is  offered  as  a  useful  handbook 
to  students  and  readers  of  Dante  in  place 
of  the  larger  Dictionary,  winch  has  for 
some  time  been  out  of  print.  By  a  very 
convenient  arrangement,  it  is  uniform  in 
size  and  price  with  the  Oxford  edition  of 
the  complete  works  of  Dante.  We  presume 
that  this  means  that  the  larger  volume  is 
not  to  be  reprinted,  which  there  are  good 
reasons  for  regretting.  It  has  long  been 
recognized  as  an  indispensable  aid  to 
serious  Dante  study,  and  it  is  one  of  the 
few  dictionaries  which  are  not  merely 
works  ot  reference,  but  can  also  be  read 
with  pleasure  for  their  own  sake.  In  time 
we  might  have  hoped  for  a  cheaper  edi- 
tion which  would  have  involved  no 
sacrifice  of  illustrative  matter.  Dr.  Toyn- 
bee warns  us  in  his  Preface  that  such 
sacrifice  was  inevitable  in  the  present 
volume  :  and  we  fear  that  for  this  reason, 
while    ■"  no    less    useful    than    its    prede- 

asor,"  it  will  be   found   much    less   in- 
teresting. 

The  long  extracts  from  Villain  and 
other  chroniclers  and  commentators  are 
necessarily  omitted  ;  but  the  promise  in 
the  Preface  of  substituting  references, 
which  would  have  been  some  compensa- 
tion, is  not  fulfilled— at  least,  in  many 
instances.  Even  a  fact  so  illuminating 
as  Chaucer's  adaptation  in  the  '  Second 
Nonnes  Tale  '  of  St.  Bernard's  Invocation 
to  the  Virgin  is  suppressed  ;  and  some 
valuable  features  in  the  '  Notable  .Matters,' 
as  the  general  scheme  of  the  '  Paradiso,' 
are  unfortunately  omitted.  About  fortv 
of  the  articles  on  '  Notable  Matters  '  have 
disappeared  :  but  only  one  of  these— 
that  on  the  '  Processione  Mistica  ' — is  of 
capital  importance.  Its  absence,  how- 
ever, is  a  serious  loss  ;  and  we  fail  to 
understand  why  Dr.  Tovnbee  should  class 
the  interpretation  of  one  of  the  most  diffi- 
cult parts  of  the  '  Commedia  :  as  "  con- 
troversial matter.''  Xo  doubt  there  has 
been  much  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
details,  but  the  recording  of  such  difference 
•seems  a  most  useful  function  of  a  Dante 
Dictionary  ;  and  though  some  of  the 
details  may  he  found  in  other  articles,  it 
was  a  gain  to  have  them  marshalled  with 
the  full).—  and  lucidity  of  the  larger 
Dictionary.  If  Dr.  Tovnbee  should  be 
disposed  to  plead  the  limits  of  space,  we 
can  only  say  that  a  plain  statement  in 
the  Preface  of  hi-  principles  of  reference 
would  have  enabled  him  to  dispense  with 
a  large  number  of  cross-references  which 
at  present  Beem  of  little  use. 

Hie  •  Dictionary  '  ha-  been  carefully 
revised  throughout,  and  there  are  some 
indications    of    change    of    view,    but     the 

aons  for  BtiCa  change,  together  with 
other  critical  questions,  appear  to  he 
excluded  ,,-    'controversial  matter." 

While  con-trained  t'>  make  these  -mall 
criticisms,  we  cordially  welcome  the  book 
a-  containing,  in  a  cheap  and  compacl 
form,  the  greater  part  of  the  matter 
comprised  in  the  larger  work. 


FICTION. 

One   Mans    Way.      By  Evelyn    Dickinson. 
(George  Allen,  (>.•>•.) 

As  a  study  this  book  reaches,  in  places, 
excellence.  The  men  and  women  are 
forcibly  drawn,  but  without  exaggeration, 
clearly  and  consistently  represented.  But 
the  book,  on  the  whole,  gives  an  impres- 
sion— a  very  strong  impression — of  un- 
evenness.  This  is  due  to  the  insistence  of 
the  author  on  the  *'  story  "  side  of  it.  The 
first  few  pages,  for  example,  lead  us  to 
expect  the  utmost  banality  ;  all  this 
disappears  as  soon  as  she  really  "  warms 
to  work,'"  and  gets  into  close  touch  with 
the  psychology  of  her  personages. 

The  curious  poisoning  theme  —  inter- 
esting in  itself — is  overdone,  and  the  final 
episode  where  it  is  worked  in  with  the 
death  of  one  of  the  characters  seems  to 
sIioav  too  much  mechanism.  The  inci- 
dents again  are,  perhaps,  too  numerous 
to  preserve  the  balance  of  the  whole  ;  but 
in  themselves  they  are  striking  and 
well  told.  The  description  of  the  sea- 
earthquake  in  the  Red  Sea  is  particularly 
vivid.  There  are  many  clever  touches  and 
phrases.  *'  All  science  is  Pickwickian," 
would  surely  please  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  ; 
and  "  cigars  and  Russia  leather,  and  not 
too  strong,"  is  a  good  rendering  of  "  odora 
virum  vis  "  (if  we  may  adapt  the  cpiotation) . 
The  Old  Bailey  trial  of  the  woman  poisoner 
is  also  well  told.  In  fact,  Miss  Dickinson 
has  certainly  drawn  her  incidents,  and 
probably  her  characters,  from  life,  and 
with  great  care.  Had  she  observed  the 
proportion  of  things  with  more  strenuous 
attention,  she  might  have  achieved  a  really 
notable  work. 


Justice  of  the  Peace.     By  Frederick  Xiven. 
(Eveleigh  Xash.) 

The  fact  that  we  are  at  times  by  no 
means  at  one  with  the  author  does 
not  detract  from  the  merit  of  his 
work.  He  has  depicted  sympathetically 
— and,  we  should  say,  from  a  fund  of 
direct  knowdedge — the  friendly  relation- 
ship between  a  Glasgow  merchant  and  a 
son  who,  wishing  to  fall  in  with  his 
parent's  desire  that  he  should  take  up 
his  business — feels  the  call  of  art  too 
insistently,  and  succeeds  ultimately  in 
gaining  not  only  his  father's  consent, 
but  also  his  good  will  in  his  career.  The 
mulish  obduracy  of  his  other  parent  is  ex- 
ceedingly well  conveyed,  though  we  may 
differ  from  Mr.  Xiven  in  thinking  that 
she  had  some  justification  for  her  dislike 
of  certain  phases  in  her  son's  life.  There 
are  one  or  two  minor  details  in  which,  we 
Suspect,  the  author's  pen  has  run  away 
with    him.      Were   hor-e-t  rains  still   in   use 

in  progressive  Glasgow  when  motor-buses 

had  ceased  to  be  anomalies  in  more  con- 
Bervative  London,  and  is  not  a  mention  ol 
window-smashing  spinsters  a  forecast  of 
events?  Cattish,  moreover,  are  usually 
credited  with  useful  functions,  though,  no 
doubt — like  everything  else  in  life — they 
somet imes  misuse  them. 


Simon    Heriot.      By    Patricia    Went  w  orth. 
(Andrew  Melrose,  (>*.) 

Tins  book  was  good  enough  to  arouse 
our  curiosity  as  to  the  reason  of  its  being 
written.  We  should  have  dismissed  at 
once  the  idea  that  it  is  a  tribute  to 
art  had  we  Overlooked  the  Preface,  which 
explains  that  the  author  is  responsible  for 
her  chapter-headings.  However,  after  a 
momentary  doubt,  we  looked  elsewhere. 
Was  the  book  written  to  advance  Christian 
Science  I  If  so.  the  preparation  through 
three  hundred  pages  was  as  inadequate 
as  the  thirty  at  the  end.  which  deal 
with  a  cure  effected  by  faith  from  injur} 
to  heart  and  limb  in  a  railway  accident. 
More  likely  that  was  adopted  as  the  way 
to  the  happy  ending  what  had  begun  to 
look  impossible.  Finally,  we  decided 
that  it  was  a  character-study,  somewhat 
marred  by  the  author's  introduction  of 
her  views  on  religion  and  social  reform. 
We  do  not  say  that  these  views  are 
lacking  in  soundness  any  more  than  the 
characterization  ;  the  fault  lies  in  the 
mixing  of  the  two.  For  her  apt  similes 
at  any  rate  the  author  deserves  high 
praise. 

Grizel  Married.     By  Mrs.  George  de  Home 
Vaizey.     (Mills  &  Boon,  6s.) 

At  the  outset  this  study  of  certain  men 
and  women  is  a  little  tame  in  its  move- 
ment, and  confused  in  its  introduction 
of  various  characters  who  seem  vague  at 
first  appearance.  Reading  in  a  prefatory 
note  that  one  of  the  principal  characters 
has  been  the  subject  of  a  former  novel, 
we  feel  a  tinge  of  resentment,  of  fear,  that 
that  other  novel  has  annexed  the  chief 
interest. 

But  as  the  study  develops  it  offers  a 
series  of  portraits  well  and  carefully  done. 
The  incidents  of  the  story  are  slight,  but 
sufficiently  marked  to  justify  and  explain 
the  continuous  development  of  the  whole. 
and  it  is  an  additional  merit  that  they 
seem  natural,  thanks  to  the  treatment. 
A  ceiling  crumbles  and  threatens  to  spoil 
a  dinner-party,  but  the  episode  is  so  well 
related  as  to  provoke  all  possible  amuse- 
ment without  the  slightest  incitement  to 
disbelief  or  mockery.  Another  occurrence 
— all  but  a  tragedy  in  its  consequences — 
would  have  been  a  melodramatic  absurdity 
in  less  skilful  hands.  In  tact,  the  author 
has  a  distinctly  artistic  sense  of  proportion. 

The  minor  characters  are  even  better 
than  the  principals.  In  particular  the 
.Mattison     family     stand     out     well — four 

admirable  portraits.    The  Vicar's  wife  is 

also  excellently  sketched.  We  note  many 
Subtle  and  essentially  feminine  touches. 

Lovers  of  sensation  or  intensified  psy- 
chology will   probably  find  little  enough 

in  the  book,  but  those  who  ha\  e  a  taste 
for    delicate    and    accurate    workmanship 

w  ill  find  it  worth  reading 
We.    ourselves,    frankly  own   that   we 

prefer  a  carefully  w  oiked-out  study  to  a 
hurried  collection  of  sensational  incidents. 
even  if  the  former  be  slight  and  the  latter 
exciting. 


824 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 

— • — 

THEOLOGY. 

Burkitt  (F.  Crawford),  Jewish  and  Christian 
Apocalypses,  8/  net.  Milford 

The  three  Schweich  Lectures  for  1913,  with 
Appendixes  and  Index. 

Creencias  Antiguas  y  Conocimientos  Nuevos,  por 
el  Reverendo  C.  L.  Drawbridge,  1/        S.P.C.K. 
A  translation  into  Spanish  of   '  Old   Beliefs 
;md  New  Knowledge.' 

Forms  of  Prayer  Authorised  for  Use  in  Church  on 
the  Day  Appointed  for  Humble  Prayer  and 
Intercession,  in  Conection  with  the  Proposal  for 
the  Disestablishment  and  Disendowment  of 
the  Church  in  Wales,  Id.  net,  1/3  per  50. 

S.P.C.K. 
This  leaflet  contains  collects  from  the  Com- 
munion Service  and  special  prayers  to  be  used 
this  week. 

Gayford  (S.),  Actual  Sin,  "  Modern  Oxford 
Tracts,"  6d.  net.  Longmans 

A  discussion  of  sin  in  relation  to  Christian 
belief,  and  of  the  modern  attitude  towards  it. 

Kidd  (J.),  How  Can  I  be  Sure  that  I  am  a 
Catholic  ?   6d.  net.  Longmans 

One  of  the  "  Modern  Oxford  Tracts." 

Langdon  (S.),  Tammuz  and  Ishtar,  a  Monograph 

upon  Babylonian  Religion  and  Theology,  10/6 

net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  1  ress 

A  study  of  the  Babylonian  cult,  containing 

extracts  translated  from   the   Tammuz  Liturgies 

and  the  Arbela  Oracles. 

McClure    (Edmund),    Modern    Substitutes    for 
Traditional  Christianity,  2/6  net.     S.P.C.K. 
A  second  edition,  containing  a  new  chapter  on 
1  Modernism  and  Traditional  Christianity.' 

McDowall  (Stewart  A.),  Evolution  and  the 
Need  op  Atonement,  4/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
A  second  and  enlarged  edition.  The  author 
has  added  to  his  discussion  of  original  sin  and 
treats  more  fully  the  problem  of  pain.  A  new 
chapter  has  been  inserted  on  the  theory  of  the 
Atonement. 

Milner   (Rev.   G.   E.  J.),   Plain   Notes  on   the 

Holy     Communion,      "  Churchman's      Penny 

Library."  Mowbray 

An    annotated    edition    of    the    Communion 

Service,  with  Appendixes. 

Neligan  (Right  Rev.  Moore  Richard),  The  Church- 
man as  Priest,  6d.  net.  Mowbray 
A  little  book  containing  three  "  instructions," 
entitled  '  Priesthood  of  the  Body,'  '  Sacrificing 
Priests,'  and  '  Serving  Priests,'  and'in  an  Appendix 
a  form  for  the  Order  of  Confirmation,  as  use  1  in 
the  Diocese  of  Auckland  during  the  writer's  term 
in  that  See. 

Oraciones  (Las)  de  la  Familia  por  una  Semana, 

UN  Manual,  compilado  de  Diversos  Fuentes  en 

Ingles,  y  publicado  para  Jorge  Pitman,  London, 

Qd.  S.P.C.K. 

A    little    book    containing    family  prayers  in 

Spanish,  translated  by  Canon  E.  B.  Trotter  for 

the  use  of  English  heads  of  households  having 

Spanish  servants. 

Porque  Nosotros  los  Chrlstianos  Creemos  en  Cristo, 

Resumen  de  las  Conferences  de  Bampton, 
por  el  Reverendisimo  Obispo  Gore,  condensadas 
para  Uso  Popular  por  el  Reverendo  T.  C.  Fry, 
2/  S.P.C.K. 

A  Spanish  edition  of  Bishop  Gore's  Bampton 

Lectures    on    '  Why    we    Christians    believe    in 

Christ,'  abridged  for  popular  use. 

Pullan    (Rev.  Leighton),    The    Infallibility    of 
our  Lord,  "  Modern  Oxford  Tracts,"  6d.  net. 

Longmans 
A  discussion   of   the   infallibility   of   Christ's 
teaching. 

Randolph    (Rev.    B.    W.),    The    Holy    Trinity, 

"  Churchman's  Penny  Library."  Mowbray 

A  small  devotional  book. 

Shaw  (J.  M.),  Christianity  as  Religion  and 

Life,  2/  net.  Edinburgh,  Clark 

Four    lectures    which    were    delivered    last 

March   on   the   Pollok   Memorial    Foundation   at 

Pine    Hill    Presbyterian    College,    Halifax,    Nova 

»cotia. 

Surat  Sambeyang,  2/6  S.P.C.K. 

The  Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  hymns  of 
the  Sea  Dyak  Mission. 

Thomas    (Rev.    W.   H.    Griffith),   The    Prayers 
of  St.  Paul,  "  Short  Course  Series,"  2/  net. 
.  .     .  Edinburgh,  Clark 

A  series  of  nine  sermons,  based  on  St.  Paul's 
personal  expressions  of  prayer  and  thanksgiving 


Whitham  (A.  R.),  Is  the  Bible  Trustworthy  ? 

"  Modern  Oxford  Tracts,"  6d.  net.  Longmans 
The  author's  purpose  is  to  prove  "  the  general 
trustworthiness  of  the  Bible  as  the  record  of 
God's  historic  revelation,  and  as  the  guide  to 
man's  salvation." 
Wood    (Michael),   Thoughts   on   Confirmation, 

(id.  Mowbray 

A  devotional  booklet  for  those  who  are  pre- 
paring for  Confirmation. 

LAW. 

Emery  (H.  C),  Partnership,  5/  net.  Wilson 

A  manual  on  the  law  and  practice  of  Partner- 
ship and  Limited  Partnership,  including  the 
text  of  the  Acts  of  1890  and  1907  relating  to  the 
subject. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Wigan  Public  Libraries,  Quarterly  Record, 
Vol.  II.,  No.  15.  Wigan,  R.  Piatt 

Containing  the  conclusion  of  the  '  Wigan 
Local  Catalogue  '  from  R  to  the  end,  and  classified 
lists  of  additions  to  the  Reference,  Lending,  and 
Pemberton  Libraries. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Broad  (C.  D.),  Perception,  Physics,  and  Reality, 
an  Inquiry  into  the  Information  that  Physical 
Science  can  Supply  about  the  Real,  10/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
The  writer's  aim  is  "  to  discover  how  much 
natural  science  can  actually  tell  us  about  the 
nature  of  reality,  and  what  kind  of  assumptions 
it  has  to  make  before  we  can  be  sure  that  it  tells 
us  anything." 

Glover  (William),  Know  your  Own  Mind,  a 
Little  Book  of  Practical  Psychology,  2/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

A  manual  for  general  readers  dealing  with 

first  principles  and  their  practical  application. 

Jevons  (F.  B.),  Philosophy:    What  is  It?  1/6 

net.  Cambridge  University  Press 

Five  lectures   on   the   nature  of  philosophy, 

given  to  a  branch  of  the  Workers'   Educational 

Association.     They  are  written  in  non-technical 

language. 

Johnstone  (James),  The  Philosophy  of  Biology, 
9/  net.  Cambridge  University  Press 

The  writer  describes  his  work  as  an  "  at- 
tempt to  understand  the  descriptions  of  the 
science  in  the  light  of  its  later  investigations." 

POETRY. 

Beowulf,  a  Metrical  Translation  into  Modern 
English  by  John  It.  Clark  Hall,  2/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
The  author's  aim  is  to  preserve  the  rhythm 
of  the  original,  and  at  the  same  time  to  make 
the  rendering  attractive  to  persons  unfamiliar 
with  Old  English  verse.  There  is  a  brief  Introduc- 
tion. 

Boccaccio's  Olympia,  edited,  with  an  English 
Rendering,  by  Israel  Gollancz,  boards  6/  net, 
vellum  12/6  net.  Chatto  &  Windus 

The  Latin  original  and  English  translation 
are  printed  on  opposite  pages,  with  red  lettering 
and  wide  margins.  Prof.  Gollancz  adds  a  Post- 
script, in  which  he  discusses  the  debt  of  the 
author  of  the  '  Pearl  '  to  Boccaccio.  This  edi- 
tion is  limited  to  500  copies  for  sale. 
Book  of  Ballads,  Old  and  New,  selected  by  Adam 
L.  Gowans,  Qd.  Gowans  &  Gray 

An   anthology    containing   fifty   old    ballads, 
and    fifty    modern    ones    from    the    writings    of 
Cowper,  Southey,  Wordsworth,  Scott,  and  others. 
Crabbe    (George),    Poetical    Works,    edited    by 
A.  J.  Carlyle  and  R.  M.  Carlyle,  "  Oxford  Edi- 
tions of  Standard  Authors,"  1/6  net.       Milford 
This  volume  includes  the  posthumous  tales 
and  '  Juvenilia  '  and  '  Occasional  Poems,'  repro- 
duced from  the  edition  of  1834.     The  poems  are 
arranged  in  chronological  order,  and  there  is  an 
Introduction  by  the  editor's. 

Haworth  (Edwin  P.),  Sunshine  and  Roses,  §1.25 
Kansas  City,  Rockhill  Art  Publisher 

A  collection  of  songs  and  short  pieces  on  per- 
sonal themes,  making  an  appeal  to  the  sentiment. 
There  are  marginal  decorations  and  a  frontispiece. 
Patterson  (J.  E.),  The  Sea's  Anthology,  cloth 
2/ net,  leather  3/ net.  Heinemann 

The  selection  is  made  from  poems  of  the 
earliest  times  down  to  the  middle  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  and  is  edited  with  notes,  Preface, 
Introduction,  and  Appendix. 

Pratt  (Tinsley),  Wayfaring  Ballads  and  Songs, 

paper  1  /  net,  cloth  1  /6  net.  Mathews 

A     small     volume,     containing     '  Narrative 

Ballads,'  '  Songs  of  the  Open  Air,'  '  Songs  of  the 

Past,'  and  miscellaneous  pieces,  several  of  which 

are    reproduced    from    The  Manchester  Quarterly 

1  and  other  papers. 


Sharland  (Rose  E.),  Ballads  of  Old  Bristol, 

1/net.  Bristol,  Arrowsmith 

Ballads      celebrating,     for     the     most    part, 

events,   places,   and   people   associated  in  history 

with  the  city  of  Bristol. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Bellot  (Hugh  H.  L.),  The  Temple,  "  Little  Guides  " 
Series,  2/6  net.  Methuen 

This  little  book  is  in  part  an  abridgment 
of  the  author's  'The  Inner  and  Middle  Temple.' 
It  is  illustrated  with  drawings  in  the  text  by 
Miss  Wylie,  photographs,  and  a  plan. 

Bryce    (William   Moir),   Holyrood,    its   Palace 

and   its   Abbey,    an    Historical    Appreciation, 

2/6  net.  Edinburgh,  Schulze 

An   account  of   the   chief   events   associated 

with  the  royal  palace  of   Edinburgh,   illustrated 

with  over  thirty  plates. 

History  of  Northumberland,  issued  under  the 
Direction  of  the  Northumberland  County  His- 
tory Committee :  Vol.  X.  The  Parish  of 
Corbridge,  by  H.  H.  E.  Craster,  31/6  net. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  Reid 
This  volume  includes  the  results  of  excava- 
tions carried  out  in  the  district  since  1906  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Knowles.  In 
the  form  of  a  Supplement  Prof.  Haverfield  con- 
tributes a  chapter  on  the  '  Roman  Remains  in 
Corbridge  Parish.'  The  book  is  illustrated  with 
a  map,  plates,  plans,  &c,  and  contains  three 
pedigrees  printed  on  folding  linen  sheets. 

Holland  (A.  W.),  Germany,  "  The  Making  of  the 
Nations  "  Series,  7/6  net.  Black 

An  account  of  the  development  of  the 
German  nation  from  the  earliest  times  to  the 
present  day,  illustrated  with  photographs,  maps, 
and  plans. 

Lawyers'  London  Temple  (The),  Its  True  Origin 

and  Real  Meaning,  a  Brief  Treatise  dedicated 

to  Gentlemen  learned  in  Equity,  1  /     W.  Stewart 

A  booklet  on  the  foundation  and  history  of 

the  Temple. 

Macaulay    (Lord),    The    History    of    England 

from  the  Accession  of  James  the  Second, 

edited    by   Charles    Harding    Firth,    Vol.    III., 

10/6  net.  Macmillan 

This  volume  covers  the  period  from  1688  to 

1689.     As  in  the  two  former  ones,  the  illustrations 

are  an  important  feature. 

Morritt  (John  B.  S.)  of  Rokeby,  Letters  descrip- 
tive of  Journeys  in  Europe  and  Asia  Minor 
in  the  Years  1794-1796,  edited  by  G.  E. 
Marindin,  10/6  net.  John  Murray 

These  letters  by  the  friend  of  Scott  give  an 
account  of  a  journey  to  Constantinople  at  the 
time  of  the  French  Revolution  and  Polish  Insur- 
rection, and  a  description  of  famous  sites  and 
archaeological  remains  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor. 

Nicolson  (John),  Arthur  Anderson,  a  Founder 
of  the  P.  and  O.  Co.,  2/  net.  Paisley.  Gardner 
A  sketch  of  the  life  of  Anderson,  who  began 
life  as  a  "  beach-boy  "  in  the  Shetland  Islands, 
and  ultimately  became  a  founder  of  the  P.  and  O. 
Co.,  and  a  member  of  Parliament. 

Pride    (David),   Reminiscences   of   a   Country 
Doctor,  1840-1914,  4/  net.       Paisley,  Gardner 
A  record  of  the  writer's  memories,  which  go 
back  to  the  Bread  Riots  in  Glasgow  of  1S48. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Dickinson  (Duncan),  Through  Spain,  7/6  net. 

Methuen 
An  account  of  a  journey  through  Spain  from 
St.  Petersburg  by  way  of  Paris,  illustrated  with 
photographs  and  a  map. 

Hecht  (Henry  J.),  The  Motor  Routes  of  Ger- 
many, edited  by  Gordon  Home,  5    net.     Black 
A  practical  handbook  for  motorists.     It  gives 
descriptions     of    routes    through     North-Eastern 
France  and  Holland  to  the  Rhine,  the  Moselle,  the 
Black  Forest,  the  Thuringian  Forest,  the  Taunus, 
and    Bavaria.     Distances    are    given    and    hotels 
recommended,   and   the   text    is   illustrated   with 
reproductions  in  colour,  plans,  and  maps. 
Marcuse  (Walter  D.),  Through  Western  Mada- 
gascar in  Quest  of  the  Golden  Bean,  7/6  net. 

Hurst  Ac  Blackett 
The  author  describes  the  general  character- 
istics of  the  south-western  portion  of  the  island, 
and  gives  an  account  of  the  cultivation  of  the 
Madagascar  butter-bean,  the  raising  of  cattle  and 
gathering  of  rubber,  with  notes  on  the  fauna  and 
flora.     The  book  is  illustrated. 

Philip  (J.  B.),  Holidays  in  Sweden,  6/  net. 

Skeffington 
An  account  of  travels  in  Sweden,  with  chap- 
ters on  the  economic  conditions,  national  charac- 
teristics, and  customs  of  the  people.     The  book 
is  illustrated  with  photographs. 


No.  45-20,  June  13,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


825 


Switzerland,  Revisited  n\  A.  S.  FOBBBST  and 
Henry  Baggb,  l'     not.  Griffiths 

A  recital  of  the  adventures  of  an  artist  and 
an  author  in  Switzerland,  illustrated  by  tin-  former. 

POLITICS. 

Haig  (J.  C),  The  Federal  Solution  :    How  it 

has  Worked  Elsewhere,  6d.  net.       Griffiths 

A  discussion  on  the  working  of  the  federal 

system  in  Canada,  the  United  States,  Australia, 

Switzerland,  and  Germany. 

National  Political  League,  Third  ANNUAL  Report. 
14,  St.  James's  Street .  S.W. 
This  report  gives  an  account  of  the  activities 
Ol  this  non-party  association  in  "  furthering  neces- 
sary reform,  to  give  expression  to  the  interests 
and  political  aspirations  of  women."  It  includes 
a  financial  statement  and  a  list  of  members  and 
subscribers. 

ECONOMICS. 

Hobson  (J.  A.),  Work  and  Wealth,  a  Human 
Valuation,  8  ti  net.  Macmillan 

The  writer's  purpose  is  "  to  present  a  full 
and  formal  exposure  of  the  inhumanity  and  vital 
waste  of  modern  industry  by  the  close  application 
of  the  best-approved  formulas  of  individual  and 
social  welfare." 

PHILOLOGY. 

Angus  (James  Stout),  A  Glossary  of  the  Shet- 
land Dialect,  4/6  net.  Paisley,  Gardner 
In  this  vocabulary  the  author  indicates  the 
common  pronunciation,  and  gives  quotations  of 
colloquial  phrases  to  show  the  idioms  of  the 
vernacular  speech.  At  the  end  of  the  book  there 
is  a  list  of  phrases  and  maxims. 

Passy  (Paul),  The  Sounds  of  the  French  Lan- 
guage, their  Formation,  Combination,  and 
Representation,  translated,  with  Special 
Texts  for  English-Speaking  Students,  by  D.  L. 
Savory  and  D.  Jones,  2/6 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
A  second  and  revised  edition.     See  notice  in 
The  Allien.,  Sept.  14,  1907,  p.  299. 

LITERARY  CRITICISM. 

Curie   (Richard),  Joseph  Conrad,  a  Study,  7/6 

net.  Kegan  Paul 

A  study  of  Mr.   Conrad's  writings  "  written 

both  for  the  students  of  his  work  and  for  those 

who  know  nothing  about  it." 

Lamb  (Walter  R.  M.),  Clio  Enthroned,  a  Study 
of  Prose-Form  in  Thucydides,  10/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

The  author  examines  the  literary  influences 

under  which  Thucydides  wrote  his  history,  and 

studies  "  his  aim  and  method  of  setting  the  Muse 

of  history  upon  her  rightful  throne." 

Sampson  (Alden),  Studies  in  Milton,  and  An 
Essay  on  Poetry,  8/  net.  John  Murray 

Containing  three  essays,  entitled  '  From 
"  Lycidas  "  to  •Paradise  Lost,"'  'Milton's 
Confession  of  Faith,'  and  '  Certain  Aspects  of 
the  Poetic  Genius,'  and  Appendixes. 

Smith    (H.    F.    Russell),    Harrington    and    his 

'  Oceana,    a   Study  of  a  Seventeenth-Century 

Utopia  and  its  Influence  in  America,  6/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

The  writer  gives  an  account  of  Harrington's 

life   and    the   origin   and   history   of   his   political 

ideas.     He    then    discusses    how    they    affected 

English    thought,    and    traces    the    influence    of 

'  Oceana  '    upon    American    political    institutions 

and  the  theories  of  the  French  Revolution. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Lamb,  Talks  pbob  Shakespeare  (Second  Series), 
edited  by  A.  K.  Weekes,  1/4 

University  Tutorial  Press 
An  edition  with  notes  and  a  general  Introduc- 
tion, designed  for  junior  and  middle  forms. 

Pine  (H.),  English  Composition,  a  Systematic 
Course  for  Use  in  Schools,  I'll 

Ralph  A  Holland 

A  book  for  teachers,  in  which  the  writer  pays 

special  attention   to   tie-   construction   of  complex 

sentences.       Dr.    F.    II.    Hayward    contribute,    ;, 

Preface. 

The  exercises  and  instructions  mav  be  bought 
separately  in  two  parts  at  «;<7.  each. 

Regional  Geography  of  the  Six  Continents  : 
Book  I.  Europe,  by  Ellis  W.  Beaton,  1/ 

Ralph  ,\.  BoHand 
The  series  is  complementary  to  tin-  author's 
4  Comparative  Geography  of  the"  Six  Continents.' 
Mr.  S.  R.  Haselhurst  contributes  exercises  and 
questions  on  the  text,  a  sketch-map,  and  atlas. 
There  are  many  diagrams  and  maps. 


Robertson  (J.  Logie),  Nature  in  Books,  a  Literary 
Introduction  to  Natural  Science,  2/  Oxford 

The  writer's  aim  is  "  to  attract  the  young 
mind  to  the  scientific  study  of  Nature  by  the 
presentation  of  facts  in  a  literary  or  at  least 
picturesque  manner,"  and  he  quotes  frequently 
from  descriptive  passages  in  the  works  of  Shake- 
speare, Wordsworth,  Gilbert  White,  and  others. 
Explanatory  Notes  and  Exercises  are  given. 

Swalne  (G.  R.),  Environment,  a  Natural  Geo- 
graphy, 1/9  Ralph  it  Holland 
A  textbook  of  scientific  geography,  in  which 
the  author  has  taken  for  his  subject  '  The  Influ- 
ence of  Environment  on  Man.'  There  are  illus- 
trations and  maps. 

Weekley  (Ernest),  The  School  French  Grammar, 
2/6  University  Tutorial  Press 

This  book  is  a  separate  issue  of  the  portion 
dealing  with  grammar  in  Prof.  Weekley's  '  Matricu 
lation  French  Course.' 

Woolf  (E.  Alec),  La  Guerre  de  Cent  Ans,  1/6  net. 

Dent 
A  sketch  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War,  written 
in   French,   and   supplied   with   foot-notes,    ques- 
tions, exercises,  and  a  resume.     There  are  illus- 
trations. 

FICTION. 

Becke     (Louis),     Edward     Barry,  South     Sea 

Pearler,  Id.  net.  Nelson 

A  new  edition.  See  notice  in  The  Aihen., 
Nov.  24,  1900,  p.  681. 

Bedford  (H.  Louisa),  The  Ventures  of  Hope,  6/ 

R.T.S. 

A  story  of  the  ups  and  downs  of  a  family 
under  the  guidance  of  an  elder  sister. 

Bordeaux  (Henry),  The  Fear  of  Living,  Au- 
thorized English  Version,  by  Ruth  Helen 
Davis,  6/  Dent 

This   translation  of  '  La  Peur  de  Vivre  '    is 

published,  with  a  Foreword,  by  M.  Rene  Doumic, 

and  a  Preface  by  the  author. 

Christina  (S.  M.),  Lord  Clandonnell,  2/ 

Washbourne 

A   mid-Victorian   romance   of   the    North   of 

Ireland.     The  writer  records  the  changes  in  the 

religious    beliefs    of    the    Clandonnell    family    of 

Castle  Dysart,  Donegal. 

Craik   (Dinah   Maria),   John   Halifax,   Gentle- 
man, 1/6  net.  Milford 
A  volume  in  the  "  Oxford  Edition  of  Stan- 
dard Authors,"  with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Warwick 
Goble. 

Foster  (Maximilian),  The  Whistling  Man,  6/ 

Appleton 
A  romance  of  Wall  Street. 

Fletcher  (J.  S.),  The  Three  Days'  Terror,  Qd. 

Long 
A  new  edition.     See  notice  in    The  Aiken., 
April  27,  1901,  p.  525. 

Francis  (M.  E.),  Our  Alty,  Id.  net.  Long 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Groves  (Freda  Mary),  My  Lady  Rosia,  3/6  net. 

Washbourne 
An    historical    romance    of    the    fourteenth 
century.      The    hero    has     many   adventures    in 
London,  Avignon,  and  Sussex. 

Harrison  (Herbert),  A  Lad  of  Kent,  6/ 

Macmillan 
A  story  of  adventure  in  the  time  of  smuggling, 
sheep-stealing,  and  the  press-gang. 

Harrison  (Marie),  The  Woman  Alone,  6/ 

Bolden  <V  Qardingham 

A  study  of  a  lady  doctor  whose  instincts 
led  her  to  seek  motherhood  without  marriage. 

Lelghton  (Marie  C),  The  Silver  Stair,  0/ 

Ward  k.  Lock 
A     stiiiy    concerning    the    love -affairs    of    a 
Society  woman  and  her  fugitive  brother. 

Mathers  (Helen),  Tin-;  Juoolbb  and  the  Soul, 
6rf.  I-i<->ng 

A  new  edition. 

Munro  (Nell),  The  New  ROAD,  >'<  Blackwood 

A  romance  of  the  Western  Highlands, 
dealing    with    the    historical    period     between    the 

risings  of   1715  and  1715.     The  author  describee 
tie-  making  of  the  great  road  into  the  heart  of  the 

Highlands. 

Thurstan  (Frederic),  Tin:  RoKANCBS  <>r  \\n,-i- 
Ka.  ti  Griffith 

\    ttOiy  "f  ancient    Kgyjit    at  the  close  of  the 

Eighteenth  Dynast  y. 

Willis  (W.N.),  Tin:  LxfbofLbna,  •>  <.ni  of  London 

Town,  1  /  let .  I>>ne; 

This    account    of    a    girl's    life    is    told    in    die 

first  person  "as   a   serious  warning  to  ignorant 

and  perhaps  innocent  girls." 


REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Berks,  Bucks,  and  Oxon  Archaeological  Journal, 
Vol.  XX.  No.  1,  1  ti  Reading,  Slaughter 

This  number  includes  the  first  Instalment  of 
Mr.  Charles  E.  Keyser's  paper  entitled  '.Notes 
on  the  Churches  of  Stamford-in-the-Vale.  Hat  lord 
and  Shellingford,  and  the  Chapels  of  Goosey  and 
Baulking,'  which  is  illustrated  with  sixteen  photo- 
graphic plates. 

Comment  and  Criticism,  Vol.  II.  No.  1,  (><7.  net. 

Longmans 

Mr.    W.   Spens   writes   on    'The   (reeds   and 

Current  Controversies,'  the  Rev.  J.  K.  Mo/.lcy  on 

'   the   Atonement,'    and   there   are   other   articles 

and  reviews. 

Constructive  Quarterly,  June,  3/  net.  Milford 

Canon  Scott  Holland  contributes  a  paper  on 
'  The  Religion  of  a  Moving,  Changing  World,' 
Father  Puller  discusses  '  The  Eastern  Orthodox 
and  the  Anglican  Communions.'  and  Dr.  J. 
Augustin  Leger  writes  on  '  Wesley's  Place  in 
Catholic  Thought.' 

Cornhill  Magazine,  June,  1/  Smith  6c  Elder 

Some  of  the  features  of  the  present  number  are 
'  With  Mistral  in  Provence,'  by  the  Hon.  Margaret 
Amherst,  an  appreciation  of  Alfred  Lyttelton  by 
Mr.  Bernard  Holland,  and  a  hitherto  unpublished 
poem,  entitled  '  An  Epistle  to  a  Canary,'  by  Mrs. 
Browning. 

Dickensian,  June,  3d.  Chapman  &  Hall 

Mr.  F.  Gordon  Roe  contributes  '  Some 
Remarks  upon  the  Copperlield  Controversy  '  ;  Mr. 
G.  Bernard  Shaw  writes  a  short  paper  '  On 
Dickens  '  ;  and  Mr.  W.  T.  Freemantle  gives  an 
account  of  Dickens's  visits  to  Sheffield. 

Geographical  Journal,  June,  2/ 

Royal  Geographical  Society 
Includes  '  Antarctica  and  Some  of  its  Pro- 
blems,' by  Prof.  T.  W.  Edgeworth  David;  '  The 
Lake  System  of  Westralia,'  by  Prof.  J.  W. 
Gregory ;  and  '  The  Indo-Russian  Triangulation 
Connection,'  by  Lieut.  Kenneth  Mason. 

Librarian  and  Book  World,  June,  (id.  net. 

Stanley  Paul 
In  this  number  Mr.  Robert  W.  Parsons 
concludes  his  paper  on  '  Public  Library  Reform,' 
and  further  additions  are  made  to  Mr.  A.  J. 
Hawkes's  annotated  and  classified  catalogue  of 
'  Best  Books.' 

Monthly  Musical  Record,  June.  3d. 

18,  Great  Marlborough  Street,  W. 
Prof.     Frederick     Niecks     writes     on      '  The 
Twentieth-Century  Music  School,'  and  Mr.  D.  C. 
Parker  has  an  article  on  -  The  Spanish  Revival.' 

National  Review,  June,  2/0  net.        23,  Ryder  St. 

Includes  '  (iermany  and  Ourselves,'  by  Capt. 

Bertrand    Stewart;     'The    Territorial    Army    in 

History,'  by  Earl  Percy  ;  and  '  Pond  Insects,'  by 
Miss  Frances  Pitt. 

Open  Court,  June,  ('»</.  '  Open  Court  '  Publ.  Co. 
Some  of  the  items  are  '  The  Survivals  of 
Personality,'  by  Mr.  Charles  11.  Chase  ;  '  Mysti- 
cism and  Immortality,'  by  Dr.  Paul  Cams  ;  and 
'The  Boldest  of  the  English  Philosophers,'  by 
M.  Jourdain. 

Pedigree  Register,  June,  2/0  net.  Sherwood 

This  number  includes  the  pedigree  of  the 
Clarke  family  ;  a  reprint  of  notes  made  in  1705-0 
by  the  parish  clerk  in  the  register  books  of 
Beaulieu,  CO.  Southampton  ;    and  other  matter. 

Russian  Review,  .May,  2/6  Nelson 

'  The  Revival  of  Political  Thought  in  Poland,' 
by  Mr.  Zygmunt  Balicki ;  'Correspondence  of 
Count  Hey  den,'  by  .Mr.  Dmitry  Shipoi  ;  and 
•  Russian  Literature  since  Chekhov,'  by  M.  .lean 

d'Auvcrgnc,  are  features  of  the  present    number. 

United  Empire,  Jim:,  l/net.  Pitman 

"The   Timber    Resources   of   the    Empire,'    by 

Dr.  J.  Watson  GriCC  :    *  A   Wit  to  King  Solomon's 

.Mines,'  by  Mrs.  Archibald  Colquhoun;  and 
'German  Colonies,  1JJ12-1013,'  by  Mr.  Louis 
Hamilton,  are  among  the  contents. 

JUVENILE. 

Life  and  Adventures  of  Lady  Anne,  the  Little 
Pedlar,  by  the  Author  of  '  The  Blue  Silk  Work- 
bag,'  '  Ilaicourt  Family,'  Ac.  I  8  net. 

Mow  br.i  y 

\  new  edition  <>f  this  story,  which  was  pub- 
lished   in     1N2I>    "to    show    tie-    melancholy    and 

forlorn  state  of  children  who  are  deprived  of  the 
care  and  support  of  parents  and  kind  friends." 
In  her  brief  Introduction  Miss  Wordsworth 
describi  -  it  .is  "  //,,  most  popular  book  that  can 
be  i-ead  at  a  '  Mothers'  Meeting.' 


826 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  Jixe  13,   1914 


GENERAL. 

Belloc  (Hilaire),  The  Four  Men,  a  Farrago,  1/ 
net.  Nelson 

A  new  edition. 

Carpenter  (Edward),  Love's  Coming-of-Age,  1/ 
net.  Mcthuen 

A  new  edition. 

Chelsea,  Annual  Report  of  the  Committee  for 
Public  Libraries  and  Museums,  1913-11. 

Pite  &  Thynne 
An    illustrated    report,    including    a    list    of 
donors,  tables,  and  financial  statement. 

Corbett-Smith  (A.),  The  Problem  of  the  Nations, 

1/0  net.  John  Bale 

This  book  deals  with  the  "  causes,  symptoms, 

and  effects  of  sexual  disease,  and  the  education 

of  the  individual  therein." 

Foot   (Lieut.   P.   B.),   Training   of  the   Terri- 
torial Scout,  1/6  net.  Gale  &  Polden 
A  little    handbook   setting  forth  a  course  of 
instruction  in  scouting. 

Routledge's  New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage, edited  by  C.  Weatherly,  3/6 

A  work  based  partly  on  Webster's  Dictionary 
and  containing  over  one  thousand  pages.  The 
Appendixes  include  lists  of  abbreviations,  foreign 
words  and  phrases,  weights,  measures,  &c. 

Rowsell     (Rev.     Herbert),     Divorce     and     Re- 
marriage, 6d.  net.  Stock 
A  discussion  of  the  attitude  of  the  Church 
towards    divorced    persons    who    wish    to    marry 
again. 

Social  Guide,  1014,  edited  by  Mrs.  Hugh  Adams 

and  Edith  A.  Browne.  Black 

A   handbook    giving    information    regarding 

social  functions  of  the  year,  sports,  the  regulations 

for  Their  Majesties'  Courts,  &c. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Eucken  (Rudolf),  The  Transient  and  the 
Permanent  in  Christianity,  translated  by 
W.  Tudor  Jones,  Id.  Lindsey  Press 

This  address  was  prepared  for  the  British 
and  Foreign  Unitarian  Association,  and  its  purpose 
is  to  show  that  "  a  universal  Christianity  is  pos- 
sible only  if  a  differentiation  be  made  between  the 
transient  and  the  permanent  elements  within  the 
Christian  religion." 

Fedortchouk  (Yaroslavl,  Memorandum  on  the 
Ukrainian  Question  in  its  National  Aspects, 
1  /  Griffiths 

This  pamphlet  has  been  compiled  on  behalf 
of  the  "  Cercle  des  Ukrainiens,"  Paris,  and  the 
"  Ukraine  Committee,"  London,  and  is  issued 
simultaneously  in  English  and  French.  The  first 
part  sets  forth  the  claims  of  the  Ukrainian  edu- 
cated classes,  and  the  second  gives  an  explana- 
tory memorandum  of  the  question. 

Tremenheere    (Rev.    G.    H.),    The    Athanasian 

Creed,  2d.  Mowbray 

A  defence  of  the  Creed,  in  reply  to  recent 
correspondence  in   The  Times. 

Wiener  (Harold  M.),  The  Pentateuchal  Text, 
a  Reply  to  Dr.  Skinner,  Gd.  net.        Elliot  Stock 
A  reprint  from  the  '  Bibliotheca  Sacra.' 

SCIENCE. 

Dyar  (Harrison  G.),  Report  on  the  Lepidoptera 
of  the  Smithsonian  Biological  Survey  of 
the  Panama  Canal. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

A  paper   dealing  with   the  so-called  Macro- 

lepidoptera,    collected    mainly    by    Mr.    August 

Busk.     It  is  reprinted  from    the   Proceedings  of 

the  United  States  National  Museum. 

Rathbun  (Mary  J.),  New  Genera  and  Species 
of  American  Brachyrhynchous  Crabs. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
A  paper  reprinted  from  the  Proceedings    of 
the   United  States   National  Museum,   and  illus- 
trated with  diagrams  and  plates. 

FINE    ART. 

Allan  (John),  Catalogue  of  the  Coins  of  the 
Gupta  Dynasties  and  of  Sasanka,  King  of 
Gauda.  British  Museum 

In  his  Introduction  Mr.  Allan  discusses  the 
history,  chronology,  and  metrology  of  these 
coins,  their  types,  and  the  legends  associated 
with  them.  In  the  description  of  the  coins,  the 
*ize  in  inches  and  tenths,  and  the  weight  in 
English  grains,  are  given.  The  Catalogue  is  illus- 
trated with  twenty -four  plates. 


Catalogue  of  Engraved  British  Portraits,  pre- 
served in  the  Department  of  Prints  and 
Drawings  in  the  British  Museum,  by  Free- 
man O'Donoghue,  Vol.  IV.,  22/6  net. 

British  Museum 
This  volume  includes  the  letters  S-Z,  and  is 
arranged  according  to  the  same  general  principles 
as  the  previous  volumes,  the  first  of  which  was 
published  in  1908.  Sec  notice  in  The  Aihen., 
Sept.  5,  1908,  p.  275. 

Catalogue  of  the  Important  and  Valuable  Collection 
of  Anglo-Saxon  and  English  Coins,  including  a 
fine  Series  of  English  Copper,  Tin,  and  Bronze 
Coins,  the  Property  of  George  Jonathan  Bascom, 
2/6  Sotheby 

An    illustrated,    descriptive    catalogue.      The 

sale  will  take  place  on  June  15th  and  16th. 

Day  (Lewis  F.)  and  Buckle  (Mary),  Art  in  Needle- 
work, a  Book  about  Embroidery,  5/  net. 

Batsford 
A  fourth,  revised  edition. 

Gordon  (E.  O.),  Prehistoric  London,  its  Mounds 
and  Circles,  10/6  net.  Elliot  Stock 

A  study  of  the  ancient  monuments  and  other 
remains  of  London  which  afford  evidence  of  its 
religion  and  civilization  in  pre-Christian  times. 
The  Rev.  John  Griffith  contributes  the  Appen- 
dixes, and  there  are  many  illustrations. 

Hieroglyphic  Texts  from  Egyptian  Stelae,  &c,  in 
the  British  Museum,  Part  V.  British  Museum 
This  part  contains  fifty  plates,  being  copies 
of  funerary  stelae  and  other  inscribed  monuments 
dating  from  the  eleventh  to  the  middle  of  the 
Eighteenth  Dynasty.  The  drawings  have  been 
made  bv  Mr.  E.  J.  Lambert,  and  the  inscriptions 
copied  by  Mr.  H.  R.  Hall. 

Johns  (C.  H.  W.),  Survey  of  Recent  Assyrio- 
logy,  Part  III.,  1/6  net.      Edinburgh,  Schulze 
This  survey   covers   the  years   1910-13,   and 
includes  an  Index  of  Authors. 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  Vol.  IX.,  No.  5, 
10c.  New  York 

Including  short  illustrated  papers  on  '  The 
Bequest  of  John  L.  Cadwalader,'  '  A  Late  Egyp- 
tian Sarcophagus,'  and  '  A  Panel  by  Sano  di 
Pietro.' 

Richards  (Fred),  Rome  ;   and  Venice,  1  /  net  each. 

Black 
Two  sketch-books,  each    containing    twenty- 
four    reproductions    of    pencil    drawings    by    Mr. 
Richards. 

Weber  (F.  Parkes),  Aspects  of  Death  in  Art 

and  Epigram,  illustrated  especially  by  Medals, 

Engraved     Gems,     Jewels,     Ivories,     Antique 

Pottery,   &c.   10/6  net.  Fisher  Unwin 

A  second  edition,  revised  and  much  enlarged. 

MUSIC. 

Bowie  (Percy),  Cradle  Song  (What  Does  Little 
Birdie  Say  'i),  the  words  by  Tennyson,  1/6  net. 

Novello 
Carse  (A.  von  Ahn),  The  Voyage  of  Love,  Song- 
Cycle,  the  words  by  Harold  Simpson,  2/6  net. 

Novello 
Forsyth     (Cecil),     Orchestration,     "  Musician's 
Library,"  21/  net.  Macmillan 

The  writer  describes  the  modern  orchestral 
instruments,  and  traces  their  development  and 
constructional  changes,  and  the  types  of  music 
which  these  have  reflected,  particularly  since 
Beethoven's  time. 

Handel  (G.  F.),  Sonata  in  a  for  Violin  and 
Pianoforte,  Op.  1,  No.  3,  the  Pianoforte 
Accompaniment  (arranged  from  the  original 
figured  bass),  the  Moods  of  Expression,  and  the 
Violin  Bowing  and  Fingering  by  C.  Egerton 
Lowe,  1/6  net.  Novello 

Harty    (Hamilton),   The   Rann   of   Wandering, 

Song,  the  Words  by  Padraic  Colum,  2/  net. 

Novello 

Johnson  (Noel),  The  Glory  of  the  Morn,  Song, 
the  Words  by  Marshall  Roberts,  2/  net.   Novello 

Original  Compositions  for  the  Organ  (New  Series), 
No.  31  :  Festal  Prelude,  Composed  by  Thomas 
F.  Dunhill,  1/6  net.  Novello 

Sharp  (Cecil  J.)  and  Butterworth  (George),  The 
Morris  Book,  Part  V.  Novello 

The  authors  describe  twenty-one  dances  "  as 
performed  by  the  Morris  Men  of  England,"  and 
in  the  Introduction  discuss  their  aesthetic  value 
and  origin. 

Sharp  (Cecil  J.)  and  Butterworth  (George),  Morris 
Dance  Tunes,  collected  from  traditional 
sources  and  arranged  with  Pianoforte  Accom- 
paniment, Sets  IX.  and  X.,  2/  net  each.  Novello 
These  tunes  are  issued  to  accompany  '  The 

Morris  Book,'  Part  V.,  mentioned  above. 


Wells  (H.  Wharton),  A  Summer  Song,  Four-part 
Song  for  A.  T.  B.  B.,  words  by  Sir  William  J. 
Lancaster,  3d.  Novello 

Wilson  (C.  Whitaker),  For  Your  Dreaming,  Song, 
the  Lyric  by  G.  Douglas  Furber,  2/  net.  ;  The 
Hunting  Squire,  Song,  the  words  by  Edward 
Teschemacher,  2/net.  Novello 

DRAMA. 

Bagge     (Henry)    and    Milburn     (Hartley),     The 

Truth  for  an  Hour,  a  Comedy  in  One  Act,  6d. 

net.  Griffiths 

The  hero,  a  member  of  Parliament,  makes  a 

bet  with  his  friend  that  he  will  speak  the  truth 

for  an  hour. 

Brighouse    (Harold),    Lonesome-Like,    "  Reper- 
tory Plays  "  Series,  6d.  net.       Gowans  <t  Gray 
A  play  in  one  act,  which  was  first  produced 
by  the  Glasgow  Repertory  Company  in  Februarv, 
1911. 

Carroll  (John  S.),  The  Looms  of  the  Gods,  3/6- 
net.  Constable 

A  poetic  play  based  on  the  Platonic  myth  of 
Er,  the  Pamphylian  soldier  who  revived  on  his 
funeral  pyre  and  related  his  vision  of  the  Under- 
world. 

Chapin  (Harold),  The  Dumb  and  the  Blind, 
"  Repertory  Plays  "  Series,  6d.  net. 

Gowans  &  Gray 
A   one-act    play  produced    by   the   Scottish 
Repertory     Theatre     Company     in     Glasgow    in 
November,  1911,  and  afterwards  in  London, 

Colquhoun  (Donald),  Jean,  "  Repertory  Plays  '* 
Series,  Qd.  net.  Gowans  &  Gray 

A  Scottish  play  produced  at  the  Royalty 
Theatre,  Glasgow,  in  May,  1910. 

Down  (Oliphant),  The  Maker  of  Dreams,  a 
Fantasy  in  One  Act,  "Repertory  Plays" 
Series,  6d.  net.  Gowans  &  Gray 

This  little  play  was  produced  at  the  Vaude- 
ville Theatre  in  August,  1912.  See  notice  in  The 
Athen.,  Sept.  7,  1912,  p.  255. 

Stephens  (Walter),  Charley's  Uncle,  a  Farcical 

Comedy  in  Three  Acts,   1/6  net,  Griffith* 

Concerns   an   impecunious   young   man  who, 

disguising    himself    as     his    uncle,    marries    the 

latter's  fiancee,  a  wealthy  heiress. 

Tagore  (Rabindranath),  The  King  of  the  Dark 
Chamber,  4/6  net.  Macmillan 

This  play  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  the  author. 

FOREIGN. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Omont    (M.    H.),  ,Recherches    sur   la   Biblio- 

theque  de  l'Eglise  Cathedrale  de  Beau- 

VAIS,  3fr.  80.  Paris,  Imprimerie  Nationale 

Containing    three    studies    on    '  L'Ancienne 

Bibliotheque,'     '  Les    Manuscrits. ..  .pendant    le 

Moyen   Age,'    and    '  Dispersion    des   Manuscrits,* 

with  eight  Appendixes. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Vesper  (Noel),  Anticipations  A  une  Morale  df 

Risque,  3fr.  50  Paris,  Perrin 

Contains    '  La    Morale    de    l'lnvention,'    '  La 

Theologie   du  Risque,'    and    '  La  Malleabilite    du 

Monde.'     M.  Jules  Bois  contributes  a  Preface.  ' 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Apponyi  (Comte  Rodolphe),  Journal,  Vingt-Cinq 
Ans  a  Paris  (1826-1850),  publie  par  Ernest 
Daudet :    Vol.  III.   1835-1843,  7fr.  50 

Pai'is,  Plon-Nourrit 
A  second  edition. 

Claretie  (Jules),  La  Vie  a  Paris,  1911-1912-1913,. 
3fr.  50.  Paris,  Fasquelle- 

This  is  the  twenty-first  volume  of  '  La  Vie- 
a  Paris,'  containing  the  last  of  Jules  Claretie's 
weekly  causeries  in  the  Temps,  which  were- 
begun  in  1880.  It  is  published  with  a  Preface  by 
his  son,  M.  Georges  Claretie. 

Coynart  (Ch.  de),  Le  Chevalier  de  Folard- 
(1669-1752),  3fr.  50  Paris,  Hachette 

M.  de  Coynart  sketches  a  portrait  of  the 
scholar  and  courtier  of  Savoy,  and  describes  the- 
famous  campaigns  in  which  he  took  part. 

Fain  (Baron),  Souvenirs  de  la  Campagne  de: 
France  (Manuscrit  de  1814),  3fr.  50. 

Paris,  Perrin 
A   new    edition,  with    a   Preface    by   M.    G. 
Lenotre.     There  are  foot-notes  and  illustrations. 

Halphen  (Louis),  L'Histoire  en  France  depuis 
Cents  Ans,  3fr.  Paris,  Colin 

In  the  Preface  the  author  describes  his  aim 
as  being  "  seulement  de  marquer  les  grandes 
directions  du  travail  accompli  par  nos  historiens- 
et  1' evolution  de  leurs  method es." 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


827 


Madelin  (Louis),  Daxto.v,  Tfr.  50 

Paris.  Hachette 
A  study  of  the  great    Revolutionist  i"  the 
•collection  "  Figures  clu  Passed"     There  are  illus- 
t  rations. 

Mlgnet  (F.  A.  M.),   Ilisr.  >ikk    DB  i.a   REVOLUTION 

1'kvvcaisk    DBPtJia  L789  jusqu'bn  1814,2  vols. 

1/ each.  Nelson 

.V  cheap  reprint. 

Waddlngton  (Henry),  LA  GuBBKE  DB  Nicer  Ans, 

Bjstoire  Diplomatique  et  Militaire.  Tonic  V. 

Paris.  Firmin-Didot 
The  present   volume  covers  the  period  fr  m 
the  Battle  of  Vandavachy  to  the  Siege  of  Schweid- 
nitz.      It  is  illustrated  with  four  maps. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Association  Normande  pour  prevenir  les  Accidents 
du  Travail,  Bit.i.ktin  Tki.mkstkikl.  .Mai. 

Rouen,  8t>.  Hue  Ganterie 
Includes    a    report    of    the    meeting    of    the 
Association  held  last  April. 

ECONOMICS. 

Pasquet    (D.),    Loxures    et    les    Ocvriers    de 

Loxdres,  12fr.  Paris,  Colin 

A  study  of  the  influence  of  the  geographical, 

historical,    and    economic    conditions    of    London 
upon  ite  working-class  population. 

BELLES     LETTRES. 

Jbsen  (Henrik),  (Ei-vres  Completes,  traduites 
par  P.  G.  la  Chesnais  :  Tome  Premier.  (Euvres 
de  Grlmstad  (1817-1850),  lOfr.  net, 

Paiis,  Nouvelle  Revue  Franc.ai.se 
This  volume  contains  '  Poeines.'  the  frag- 
ment '  Lc  Prisonnier  d'Akershus,'  and  '  Catilina,' 
im  Introduction  on  '  La  Litterature  et  la  Societe 
en  Norvege  vers  1850,'  an  account  of  Ibsen's 
life  up  to  1850,  Appendixes  and  notes.  The  work 
"will  be  completed  in  seventeen  volumes. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Rocheblave  (S.),  Le    Gout  ex  France,  Les  Arts 

et  les  Lettres  de  1600  a  1900,  Ifr.      Paris,  Colin 

A  study  of  the  evolution  of  French  taste  in 

•art   and  literature  during  three   centuries.      It  is 

illustrated  with  sixt-een  plates. 

FICTION. 

Foulet  (Lucien),  Le  Roman  de  Menard,  13fr. 

Paris.  Champion 
A  study  of  the  origin  and  authorship  of  the 
*  Roman.' 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  lr  J  tin,  lfr.  25  net. 

Paris,  26,  Rue  de  Conde 
Some  of  the  items  in  this  number  are  '  Un 
Romancier  Realiste  :  ('.  F.  Ramuz,'  by  M.  Jean 
Choux  ;  '  De  Geneve  Francai.se  a  Geneve  Suisse,' 
by  M.  Edouard  Chapuisat  ;  and  '  Bolivar  : 
Aspects  de  son  Genie,'  by  M.  R.  Blanco-Fombona. 

GENERAL. 
Adunanza    Solenne   del    14   Aprile,    1011,'tenuta 
nelP  Aula  Magna  della  R.  Universita  di  Palermo 
Resoconto   compilato   per   cura   del   Segretario 
del  Comitato  Locale,  Dr.  .Uichele  de  Franchis. 

Palermo 
Contains  six  addresses  and  a  poem  celebrat- 
ing the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  the  foundation 
of  the  Circolo  Matematico  of  Palermo,  and  the 
«ervices  of  its  founder,  Prof.  G.  B.  Guccia.  A 
reproduction  of  the  medal  struck  for  the  occasion 
and  a  record  of  the  letters  and  telegrams  received 
are  added. 

PAMPHLET. 

Schtltte  iGudmund/,  Pax-Gebxanibm  and  Den- 
k&bk  (Altyskeme  og  Danmark). 

Copenhagen,  Sagerup 

This    pamphlet    i-    "a    pictorial   and   carto- 

phic  supplement  to  the  volume  published  last 

year  by  tie-  'Society  of  17th  January,  1008,'  as 

an     answer-    to     Pan-German     calumnies     ag.. 

Denmark."     It  is  written  in  Danish  and  English. 

FINE    ARTS. 

Duportal  (Mile.  Jeanne,  Etude  bub  lbs  Ltvbes  \ 
nOUBES,  feditea  en  France  de  1601  a  I860,  25fr. 

Paris,  <  hampion 
A  study  of  the  illustrations  in   books   pub- 
lished in  France  during  the  lir-t   ~i\ty  years  OX  tie- 
•nteenth    century,    with    an    account     of    the 
di  -igners  and  engravers.     The  book  is  illustrated 
■with  forty-live-  reproductions  of  old  engravings. 

Marestaing  (Pierrei,  Lbs  fioBlTUBBS  Koyi-ti- 
■BBBfl  BX  I.  ANTKe'ITK  OLASSIQUB,  Tli.  60 

Paris,  Paul  Geuthner 
A  monograph  on  the  evolution  of  letters  and 
writing  in  ancient  times. 


THEODORE  WATTS-DUNTON. 

\\v.  much  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton.  He  had  been  in  poor 
health  for  Bome  time, and  on  Saturday  after- 
noon last  passed  peacefully  away  in  his 
sleep.  Ho  had  readied  the  patriarchal 
age  of  82,  and  survived  most  of  his  contem- 
poraries and  friends.  He  spoke  more  than 
once  in  recent  years  of  looking  down  an 
Appian  Way  of  tombs,  but  his  wide  and  keen 
interest  in  life  was  unabated,  and  lie  was 
always  ready  to  welcome  a  new  reputation 
in  letters.  He  made  a  happy  marriage  in 
1905  with  Miss  Clara  Reich,  whom  he  had 
known  from  girlhood. 

Theodore  Watts  (he  added  his  mother's 
nameof  Dunton  in  1897),  was  born  at  St.  Ives, 
Huntingdon,  in  1832.  As  a  small  boy,  he 
went  to  a  school  at  Cambridge,  and  there  as 
well  as  later  at  home,  he  laid  the  foundations 
of  his  singularly  wide  range  of  knowledge. 
His  father  had  a  passion  for  science,  par- 
ticularly geology  and  geography,  and  at  one 
time  he  proposed  to  be  a  naturalist.  His 
interest  in  nature  and  country  life — beyond 
that  of  most  poets  and  critics — left  a  strong 
mark  on  his  verse,  and  late  in  life  he  was 
ready  to  discuss  the  science  of  Darwin  no 
less  than  the  philosophy  of  Plato,  or  the 
poetry  of  Shakespeare.  Country  life  brought 
him  to  a  fruitful  acquaintance  with  gip- 
sies before  he  was  articled  to  his  father 
as  a  solicitor.  He  practised  for  a  time  in 
London,  but  already  he  had  begun  to  write 
poetry,  and  to  take  a  keen  interest  in  art, 
music,  and  letters,  and  to  exercise  those 
great  gifts  for  friendship  which  would  alone 
have  made  him  a  name. 

Literature  and  friendship  were  henceforth 
the  two  main  interests  of  his  life.  A  man  of 
the  kindliest  and  most  generous  nature,  he 
was  always  ready  to  sacrifice  himself  where 
a  friend  was  concerned.  The  world  knows  of 
his  tireless  devotion  to  Rossetti  and  Swin- 
burne, but  many  a  lesser  man  owed  his 
beginnings,  or  encouragement  in  times  of 
difficulty  to  his  pen.  He  was  singularly 
free  from  jealousy,  and  he  never  used  his 
intimacy  with  the  eminent  as  a  means  of 
writing  the  sort  of  gossip  about  them  which 
the  world  loves,  and  which  like  De  Quincey's 
account  of  the  Lake  Poets,  is  more  personal 
than  friendly.  "  On  ne  doit  jamais  ecrire  que 
de  ce  qu'on  aime,"  as  Renan  said,  and  it 
is  quite  possible  to  be  vivid  without  being 
spiteful.  Mr.  Watts-Dunton's  memoirs  of  his 
dead  friends  in  our  own  columns  show  this. 

It  was  in  The  Athenceum,  after  a  short 
period  on  The  Examiner,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Minto,  that  he  made  his  reputation, 
though  he  did  not  sign  his  articles,  and  never, 
in  spite  of  repeated  requests,  gathered  them 
into  a  volume.  Such  a  reticence  seems 
strange  to  an  age  which  believes,  above  all 
things,  in  personal  advertisement.  Hut 
careless  as  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  was  about  tie- 
recognition  of  his  work,  it  attracted  tin- 
widest  attention,  and  it  brought  him  the 
admiration  of  many  younger  men  who  im- 
bibed his  principles,  and  in  their  turn,  enun- 
ciated views  now  so  Long  established  that 
they  seem  commonplaces. 

As  for  tin-  matter  and  maimer  of  these 
criticisms,  Mr.  •James  Douglas  in  his  hook  on 

Mr.  Watts-Dunton  as  poet.  Novelist,  and 
Critic,  says  happily  thai  they  have  "the 
persona]  magic  of  the  living  voice."     Their 

writer  was  a  remarkable  talker,  and  there  is 
a  good  deal  Of  BpontaneOUS  charm  ill  his  criti- 

cism,  with  some    of    the  ebullition  natural  to 

talk.  It  was  often  unbusinesslike  re>  iewing, 
as  he  himself  admitted,  the  book  heing  the  peg 

on    which    weighty    things   were    hung.       Mi. 

Watts-Dunton  was  concerned  with  first  prin- 
ciples, with  meditating  Oil  literary  art   and  its 


laws,  with  a  range  of  illustration  and  com- 
parison beyond  the  average  reviewer.  How 
much  more  profitable  this  was  for  every  one 
except,  perhaps,  the  author  under  treatment, 
we  nvi'd  scarcely  affirm.  But  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton  did  not  hesitate  to  speak  plainly  on 
the  greatness  of  work  which  was  compara- 
tively unknown,  such  as  thai  of  Meredith  in 
earlier  days,  and  he  laid  his  opinion  on  a 
(inner  basis  than  the  brilliant  advocate;  who 
has  the  art  of  discovering  genius  just  because 
the  world  neglects  it.  As  a  critic  of  funda- 
mental tilings,  .Mr.  Watts-Dunton  was  of  the 
lineage  of  Coleridge,  reminding  us  in  his  range 
from  the  East  to  German,  and  from  Greece  to 
modern  science  of  that  strangely  divagating 
mind.  A  little  more  philosophical  generaliza- 
tion, and  a  good  deal  less  about  the  personali- 
ties of  authors  would  do  no  harm  to  English 
criticism  to-day.  The  best  of  Watts-Dun- 
ton's  work  is  unassailable  because  it  goes 
deeper  than  literary  fashion  or  the  pre- 
judices of  taste.  His  masterly  article  on 
'  Poetry  '  in  '  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  ' 
has  retained  its  place  throughout  the  years, 
and  we  hope  that  its  republication  will  not 
be  delayed  by  his  death.  '  The  Renascence 
of  Wonder,'  the  phrase  he  invented  to 
indicate  "  a  great  revived  movement  of  the 
soul  of  man,  after  a  long  period  of  prosaic 
acceptance  in  all  things,  including  literat inl- 
and art,'"  is  a  happy  piece  of  literary  short- 
hand, but  was  overrated  as  a  shibboleth  at 
the  time  of  its  appearance.  There  is  mor  i 
in  that  definition  of  Zoroaster  which  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  often  quoted  and  explained. 
"  Poetry  is  apparent  pictures  of  unappareni 
realities." 

When  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  at  last,  at  the 
age  of  68,  published  his  romance  '  Aylwin,'  he 
showed  that  critics  were  not  always  failures 
in  literature.  The  success  of  the  book  was 
immediate  and  overwhelming,  and  edition 
has  followed  edition.  It  has  a  striking 
metaphysical  side  as  well  as  passion,  an 
exposition  seldom  attempted  of  the  influence 
of  Romany  blood  on  its  possessors  and  then- 
surroundings,  and  a  portrayal  also  novel 
of  the  Cymric  side  of  the  Celtic  character. 
Perhaps  for  the  ordinary  reader  the  fine 
descriptions  of  Welsh  scenery  and  some 
admirable  portraits  derived  from  well-known 
prototypes  were  more  potent  attractions. 
The  style  is  a  little  Early  Victorian  in  its 
slow  movement,  though  there  are  admirable 
touches  of  humour.  Of  the  two  heroines 
Sinfi  Level],  the  gipsy  girl,  is  the  more 
attractive,  and  the  reader  cannot  share  tin- 
critic's  regret  that,  like  some  of  Scott  s 
wild  characters,  she  has  insisted  on  her  way 
with  the  author,  and  somewhat  dislocate  I 
the  structure  of  tin-  book.  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton  was  at  his  host  whenever  he  was 
dealing  with  the  Romany,  and  his  introduc- 
tions to  Rorrow's  books  make  us  regret 
that  he  did  not  find  time  to  write  at  large 
on  a  subject  no  One  understood  better  than 
I,,-. 

Another  novel  of  his,  dealing  with  Hun- 
garian life  anil  entitled  '  Carniola,'  was 
finished    some    time    since,    hut    his   zeal    for 

revision  prevented  him  from  publishing  it. 

Rossetti  acclaimed  Mr.  Wat  t -Dunton  as 
••the  most  original  sonnet-writer  living,'' 
and  in  this  form  hifl  work  has  a  charm  and  an 

effectiveness  which  an-  all  his  own.  Close- 
packed  with  thought  over-packed,  per- 
haps, sometimes  his  Inst  sonnets  have  that 
Subtle,    fine,    intangible    something    which    is 

poet  ry. 

In  '•  Tin-  Commg  of  Love,'  the  mosl  con- 
siderable in  length  of  his  poems,  some  of 
these    Bonnets    are    introduced    and    inter- 

mingled      with      lyrical      poems      in      various 

measures  often  of  notable  ingenuity  -and 
there  are  aome  highly  interesting  experi- 
ments in  homelj   realism,  partly  written  in 


828 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


gipsy  dialect.  An  attempt  was  made  here, 
with  (he  aid  of  numerous  descriptive  head- 
ings, to  unite  the  form  of  the  novel  with  that 
of  the  poem,  but  the  result  was  not  suffi- 
ciently coherent.  Mr.  Watts-Dunton  got 
nearer  to  success  than  the  author  of  '  Aurora 
Leigh,"  but,  if  both  hold  their  place  in 
English  verse,  it  will  be  in  spite  of  rather 
than  on  account  of  their  form. 

With  all  his  cosmopolitan  culture  Mr. 
Watts-Dunton  was  thoroughly  English,  and 
his  '  Jubilee  Greeting  at  Spithead  to  the 
Men  of  Greater  Britain  '  is  one  of  the  few 
patriotic  pieces  worthy  of  the  subject.  His 
sympathy  with  Shakespeare,  on  whom  he 
wrote  some  fine  criticism,  and  his  imaginative 
power  are  well  shown  in  '  Christmas  at  the 
Mermaid.' 

Tennyson,  Rossetti,  Swinburne,  Meredith, 
Borrow — a  crowd  of  shining  names  illu- 
minate the  career  of  Watts-Dunton.  He 
was  the  last  of  those  great  Victorians  to 
whom  the  present  world  owes  more  than  it 
is  aware.  He  lived  on  to  see  the  twentieth 
century,  and  was  untouched  by  its  groping 
pessimism,  its  denial  of  beauty  and  order. 
Full  of  years  he  has  left  us,  but  he  was  to 
the  end  as  one  loved  by  the  gods,  young 
and  vigorous  in  spirit. 


SIR    WILLIAM    ANSON. 

Sir  William  Anson,  Warden  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford,  died  on  Thursday  of  last 
week,  after  a  brief  illness,  at  the  age  of  71. 
A  Sussex  man  by  birth,  educated  at  Eton 
and  Balliol,  he  was  Vinerian  Reader  in 
English  Law  from  1874  to  1881,  and  had 
been  Warden  of  All  Souls  since  the  latter 
date.  Since  1899  he  had  been  Member  of 
Parliament  for  Oxford  University.  His 
literary  works,  so  well  known  as  authorities 
on  their  subject  that  it  is  barely  necessary 
to  mention  them,  are  '  Principles  of  the 
English  Law  of  Contract  '  and  '  Law  and 
Custom  of  the  Constitution.'  From  1902  to 
1905  he  was  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the 
Board  of  Education.  Fully  as  well  worth 
remembering  are  the  offices  he  filled  in  local 
administration — serving,  for  example,  as 
Alderman  of  the  City  of  Oxford  1892-6, 
and  as  Chairman  of  Quarter  Sessions  for 
Oxfordshire  1894. 

His  gifts  were  such  as  could  more  ad- 
vantageously display  themselves  in  academic 
organization  and  the  management  of  local 
affairs  than  amid  the  conditions  which  now 
prevail  in  Parliament.  It  is  Oxford  which 
will  longest  keep  the  memory  of  his  capacity 
for  affairs,  his  tact  in  the  management  of 
men,  his  sound  judgment,  and  his  skill  in  the 
guidance  of  controversy.  He  was  a  reformer 
in  practice  and  a  Conservative  by  tempera- 
ment, and  the  skill  with  which  he  directed 
the  fortunes  and  development  of  All  Souls, 
as  well  as  his  influence  on  the  University  as 
a  whole,  came  doubtless  from  some  special 
felicity  in  the  combination  in  his  case. 

Those  who  knew  him  as  a  friend  have  much 
to  say  of  the  charm  and  kindness  and  humour 
which,  at  first  sight,  were  half-concealed 
beneath  a  somewhat  shy  and  shrinking 
demeanour.  Those  who  worked  with  him 
knew  his  punctuality  and  precision,  his 
readiness  in  every  business  with  some 
positive  contribution,  and  mastery  of 
detail. 

To  his  will  to  serve,  his  high  conception 
of  duty,  and  the  range  of  his  knowledge 
and  activity,  the  work  he  has  done  itself 
bears  sufficient  witness.  He  will  doubtless 
be  more  missed,  and  prove  more  difficult 
to  replace,  than  many  a  man  whose  part  in 
life  has  been  what  is  called  more  dramatic. 


DID  JONSON  WRITE  A  THIRD   'ODE 
TO    HIMSELF ' ? 

On  f.   237  of  MS.  Harl.   4064  occurs  the 
following  poem  : — ■ 

Ode 

If  men  and  tymes  were  now 

of  that  true  face 
as  when  they  both  were  great,  and  both  knew  how 

that  ffortune  to  embrace 
by  Cherishing  the  spirits,  that  gave  their  greatnes 
grace 

I  then  would  rayse  my  notes 

Loud  to  the  wondring  throng 
and  better  blazon  them  then  all  their  Coats 
that  were  the  happy  subiect  of  my  song. 

But  Clownish  pride  hath  got 

so  much  the  start 
of  Civill  vertue,  that  he  now  is  not 

nor  can  be  of  desert 
That  hath  not  Courtly  impudence  enough  to  laugh 
at  Arte 

whilst  like  a  blaze  of  strawe 

he  dyes  wth  an  ill  sent 
To  every  sence,  and  scorne  to  those  that  saw 
how  soone  wlh  a  selfe  tickling  he  was  spent. 

Breake  then  thy  quills,  blot  out 

thie  long  watch'd  verse 
And  rather  to  the  ffyer,  then  to  the  rout 

theire  labor'd  tunes  reherse 
whose  ayre  will  sooner  Hell,  then  their  dull  sences 
peirce 

Thou  that  dost  spend  thie  dayes 

to  get  thee  a  leane  face 
and  come  forth  worthy  Ivy  or  the  bayes 
and  in  this  age,  canst  hope  no  other  grace. 

Yet  since  the  bright  and  wise 

Minerva  deignes 
uppon  so  humbled  earth  to  cast  her  eyes 

wee  '11  rip  our  ritchest  veynes 
and  once  more  strike  the  Eare  of  tyme  wth  those 
fresh  straynes 

as  shall  besides  delight 

and  Cuning  of  their  ground 
give  cause  to  some  of  wonder,  some  despight 
but  unto  more  despaire  to  ymitate  their  sound. 

Throw  holy  virgen  then 

thy  Christall  sheild 
About  this  He  and  charme  the  round,  as  when 

thou  mad'st  it  fin]  open  feild 
The  rebell  Gyants  stoupe,  and  Gorgon  envy  yeild  : 

Canst  [Cast]  reverence  if  not  feare 

throughout  their  generall  brests 
And  by  their  taking  let  it  once  appeare 
who  worthie  come,  who  not,  to  be  witts  Pallace 
guestfs]. 

Can  these  lines  be  conclusively  proved  to 
be  Jonson's  ?  If  not,  his  authorship  can  be 
made  probable  in  a  very  high  degree.  In 
the  first  place,  any  one  who  knows  Jonson 
at  all  well  will  forthwith  admit  that,  if  they 
were  not  written  by  him,  they  were  at  least 
written  in  his  manner.  They  are  clearly  in 
his  style.  In  the  second,  any  such  person 
will  admit  that  these  are  distinctly  Jonsonian 
ideas  —  ideas  to  which  he  has  frequently 
given  expression,  and  which  accurately 
represent  his  attitude  toward  himself  and 
his  public.  Thirdly,  what  other  poet  would 
have  been  likely  to  write  such  a  piece  ? 
Fourthly,  Jonson  wrote,  as  your  readers  are 
well  aware,  two  '  Odes  to  Himself  '  closely 
paralleling  this  in  thought,  and  one  of  them 
— the  ode  on  the  occasion  of  '  The  New  Inn  ' 
■ — much  like  this  in  stanzaic  structure. 
Fifthly,  in  each  case  Jonson  begins  by 
attacking  those  who  are  not  favourable  to 
him,  and  ends  by  promising  to  write  addi- 
tional poems  to  shame  his  censurers.  Sixthly, 
this  piece  conforms  to  Jonson's  inveterate 
habit  of  borrowing  from  his  own  produc- 
tions. With  lines  19-21,  24-7,  32-6  of  the 
poem  above  compare  the  following  extracts 
from  the  '  Apologetical  Dialogue  '  affixed  to 
'  The  Poetaster  '  : — 

O,  this  would  make  a  learned  and  liberal  soul 

To  rive  his  stained  quill  up  to  the  back, 

And  damn  his  long-watched  labours  to  the  fire. 

I  that  spend  half  my  nights  and  all  my  days 
Here  in  a  cell,  to  get  a  dark  pale  face, 

To  come  forth  worthy  ivy  or  the  bays, 
And  in  this  age  can  hope  no  other  grace. 


Once  I  '11  say 
To  strike  the  ear  of  time  in  those  fresh  strains 

As  shall,  beside  the  cunning  of  the  ground, 
Give  cause  to  some  of  wonder,  some  despite, 

And  more  despair,  to  imitate  their  sound. 

Seventhly,  this  poem  occurs  in  the  MS. 
immediately  after  the  '  Ode  to  Himself  ' 
printed  in  '  Underwoods  '  (No.  xli.).  Eighthly, 
in  this  last  -  mentioned  poem  Jonson  also 
quotes  from  the  same  '  Apologetical  Dia- 
logue.' William  Dinsmore  Briggs. 


AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  ASSOCIA- 
TION :  LONDON  HEAD-QUARTERS. 
For  some  years  past  the  institution  of  an 
American  historical  students'  bureau  in 
London  has  been  contemplated  by  several 
influential  scholars  "  on  the  other  side." 
This  has  now  been  established  under  the 
title  of  a  London  Head -quarters  of  the 
American  Historical  Association.  Temporary 
rooms  in  Holborn  have  been  secured,  and 
these  will  be  opened  on  June  15th  by  the 
American  Ambassador  in  the  presence  of 
Viscount  Bryce,  the  first  Chairman  of  the 
Head- quarters.  There  will  be  a  Committee 
of  senior  students,  with  Dr.  Frances  Daven- 
port as  Hon.  Treasurer,  and  Mr.  Percivai 
Newton  as  Hon.  Secretary.  Mr.  Hubert 
Hall    will    act    as  Vice-Chairman. 

The  affairs  of  the  London  Head- quarters 
will  be  under  the  control  of  a  Committee  of 
the  American  Historical  Association,  which 
is  now  the  largest  and  most  active  historical 
society  of  our  own  time.  It  is  hoped  that 
before  long  the  American  students,  like  the 
members  of  the  English  Historical  Associa- 
tion, will  be  able  to  find  accommodation  in 
the  premises  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society. 
Amongst  those  already  at  work  on  London 
archives  may  be  mentioned  Prof.  C.  H. 
Hull,  Mr.  G.  L.  Beer,  and  Miss  Scofield, 
besides  Dr.  Wallace,  who  is  always  with 
us.  Prof.  Osgood  and  other  well-known 
scholars  will  arrive  during  the  summer. 


BOOKS  IN  BELFAST. 

Ken  sal  Lodge,  N.W. 

Your  reviewer's  assertion  (May  30th) 
that  Mr.  Frankfort  Moore's  remarks  apply 
to  an  earlier  period  than  Mr.  Beatty's  only 
makes  matters  worse.  When  Mr.  Moore  was 
a  schoolboy  in  Belfast  in  "  the  sixties  " 
there  were  at  least  five  good  booksellers' 
shops  where  he  could  have  bought  his  books, 
even  as  his  schoolfellows  did.  There  was 
Wm.  Mullan  in  Donegal  Place,  who  had  a 
branch  publishing  house  at  4,  Paternoster 
Square,  and  published  the  works  of  Prof. 
Freeman,  Edward  Jenkins,  and  others  ;  John 
Henderson  of  Castle  Place,  who  published 
editions  of  Burns,  Wilson,  and  Tannahill ; 
opposite  him  Christopher  Aitchison,  a 
scholar  and  bibliographer,  who  compiled 
'  The  Irish  Librarian,'  a  work  in  five  folio 
MS.  volumes,  now  in  the  National  Library 
of  Ireland,  Dublin  ;  Wm.  Henry  Greer,  a 
cultured  gentleman,  in  the  High  Street, 
almost  opposite  Mr.  Moore's  own  door;  and 
round  the  corner,  in  Victoria  Street,  Mr. 
James  Reed,  poet  and  printer  and  book- 
seller too.  To  me  it  is  extraordinary  how 
Mr.  Moore  can  have  forgotten  all  these. 

Mr.  Beatty  errs  in  saying  "  the  country 
never  produced  a  systematically  issued 
second-hand  catalogue."  Carson's  '  Biblio- 
theca  Hibernica  '  was  for  years  the  best 
compiled  second  -  hand  catalogue  on  the 
market.  Clery's,  Hindi's,  and  O'Donog- 
hue's  existed  for  years,  and  to-day  few  pro- 
vincial catalogues  can  compare  with  those 
issued  regularly  by  Hodges  &  Figgis  and 
Hanna  &  Neale  of  Dublin,  Massey  of  Cork,, 
and  Taggart  of  Belfast. 

Editor  '  Irish  Book  Lover.' 


No.  4520,  June  13,   1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


Xitn-aru    ©nssip. 

Sir  Donald  Mackenzie  Wallace  is 
among  those  who  are  to  receive  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Glasgow 
University  on  Commemoration  Dav,  June 
23rd. 

The  seventh  Erewhon  dinner  will  take 
place  at  the  Holborn  Restaurant  on 
Friday.  Jury  3rd.  Ladies  are  to  be 
included,  and  the  date  has  been  fixed  by 
Mrs.  Bernard  Shaw.  who.  with  her  hus- 
band, intends  to  be  present. 

On  Wednesday  last  the  birth  of  Roger 
Bacon  in  1214  was  commemorated  at 
Oxford  by  the  unveiling  of  a  marble  statue 
in  the  University  Museum  and  various 
addresses.  There  was  also  an  exhibition 
of  Bacon  MSS.  at  the  Bodleian.  The 
statue,  which  is  the  work  of  Mr.  Herbert 
Pinker,  was  unveiled  by  Sir  Archibald 
Geikie.  Bacon  is  shown  at  full  length  in 
the  habit  of  a  Franciscan  friar,  holding  in 
hLs  hands  an  astrolabe. 

Ax  Educational  Conference,  organ- 
ized by  a  committee  drawn  from  a  number 
of  well-known  societies,  is  to  meet  during 
the  last  three  days  of  next  week  at  London 
University.  South  Kensington.  Its  general 
purport  is  '  Next  Steps  in  Educational 
Progress,3  and  this  is  to  be  elucidated  by 
papers  on  the  functions  of  the  School 
Clinic  ;  Children's  eyesight  and  books  ; 
sex  instruction  ;  training  of  the  emotions 
and  aesthetic  faculty  ;  civics  ;  the  training 
of  the  adolescent  ;  and  several  other 
subjects.  The  readers  of  papers  are,  for 
the  most  part,  well  known  to  those 
interested  in  education. 

An  exhibition  to  illustrate  modern 
methods  of  teaching  history  is  to  form  a 
feature  of  the  Conversazione  which,  on 
July  1st.  will  close  the  Session  at  King's 
College.  The  exhibition  will  be  kept 
open  on  July  2nd  and  3rd  from  5  to  8  p.m., 
and  on  July  4th  from  10  a.m.  to  1  p.m.,  and 
on  these  three  days  admission  will  be 
free,  and  teachers  will  be  invited  to  listen 
to  addresses  on  aspects  of  the  teaching 
of  history  by  Trof.  J.  W.  Adamson,  Prof. 
I  .  J.  C.  Hearnshaw.  Mr.  A.  P.  Xewton, 
and  Mr.  A.  A.  Cook. 

Mr.  Collison  Morley  writes  : — 
'  Your  Gossip  last  week  on  Landor  as  a 
writer  of  Latin  verso  reminds  me  of  a  story 
which  has  never  been  printed.  Soon  after 
the  death  of  her  husband,  Marion  Craw- 
ford's mother  was  spending  the  summer 
near  Siena,  where  Landor  used  to  visit  her 
nearly  every  day.  When  she  asked  him 
what  lif  had  been  doing,  he  invariably 
answered  that  he  had  been  writing  Latin 
verse.  She  was  very  much  afraid  of  the 
terrible  old  man,  but  one  day  summoned  up 
courage  to  ask  him  why  he  did  not  write 
English  instead  of  Latin.  '  Madam.'  was 
the  reply,  '  I  am  sure  of  my  Latin.' 

In  correction  of  the  opening  statement 
contained  in  the  report  of  Prof.  Kiilpo's 
lectures  on  '  Psychologie  and  /Esthetik.' 
given  in  our  la-t  i-sue,  the  authorities  of 
Bedford  College  ask  us  to  state  that  the 
lectures  were  delivered  at  the  invitation 
of  the  Senate  of  the  University  of  London. 


under  the  seheme  for  advanced  lectures  in 
the  Faculty  of  Arts. 

The  Grand-Duke  Michel  Michailo- 
witch  has  presented  to  the  Institut  de 
Fiance  several  manuscripts  by  Sainte- 
Beuve  and  Merimee.  These  documents 
will  form  an  addition  to  the  collection 
known  as  the  Spoelberch  de  Lovenjoul 
MSS.,  preserved  at  Chantilly. 

The  works  of  Prof.  Bergson  have  been 
put  upon  the  Index — on  the  ground,  it 
is  said,  that  their  plausibility  is  not  less 
dangerous  than  frank  materialism. 

Mr.  S.  Richard  Fuller  gave  an  elo- 
quent address  on  '  Cleopatra  and  her 
Children  '  at  the  Lyceum  Club  on  June 
10th.  The  manner  was  of  more  interest 
than  the  matter,  for  he  showed  a  fine 
sense  of  words,  and  read  his  paper  with 
much  feeling. 

Messrs.  Putnam  have  in  hand  '  Judicial 
Interpretation  of  Political  Theory,'  by 
Dr.  W.  B.  Bizzell,  a  study  in  the  relation 
of  the  Courts  to  the  American  party 
system  ;  and  a  new  edition  of  '  Political 
Parties  and  Party  Problems  in  the  United 
States,'  by  Prof.  James  A.  Woodburn.  The 
latter  book  has  been  not  only  thoroughly 
revised,  but  also  enlarged,  in  order  to 
give  space  to  the  recent  development 
in  American  party  histor}\ 

Messrs.  Const aele  are  about  to  pub- 
lish a  political  novel  entitled  '  Tributaries,' 
the  work  of  a  well-known  author,  who,  in 
order  to  express  more  freely  his  views  on 
politics,  religion,  and  other  engrossing 
subjects,  has  chosen,  in  this  case,  to  be 
anonymous.  The  central  theme  of  the 
story  is  the  life  of  a  man  of  humble  origin, 
a  dissenter  in  religion,  and  an  ultra- 
radical in  politics,  who  rises  to  fame  and 
Cabinet  rank,  and  subsequently — it  is 
said — discovers  the  part  that  "  tributaries,' 
i.e.,  sex,  class,  hindrances,  and  money, 
play  in  life.  It  is  claimed  for  the  book 
that  it  is  not  only  a  thorough-going  study 
of  modern  politics  and  of  the  various 
schools  of  religious  thought,  but  also  an 
entertaining  story,  so  that  both  the  serious 
and  the  frivolous  may  be  expected  to  like 
it. 

Messrs.  Duckworth  are  about  to 
publish  a  work  by  Dr.  Wu,  entitled 
'  America  and  the  Americans  from  a 
Chinese  Point  of  View.'  On  the  face  of  it 
this  is  rather  a  promising  enterprize. 
We  are  afraid  that  Dr.  Wu  hardly  repre- 
sents the  ancient,  traditional  fossilized 
Chinese  whom  we  used  to  learn  about 
in  our  childhood,  and  whose  criticism 
of  America  would  have  been  delightful 
as  a  meeting  of  extremes.  He  has  been 
popular  in  American  society.  Still,  we 
trust  that  the  accommodation  which 
made  him  so  is  only  superficial,  and  that 
he  will  turn  out  to  be  a  genuinely  Chinese 
critic  of  the  most  ebullient  portion  of  the 
Western  world. 

Tin:  Commitiki;  OF  THE  BbttISB  A<  \- 
Dio.Mv.  which  is  undertaking,  with  the 
help  of  a  Parliamentary  grant  in  aid. 
the  publication  of  a  series  of  '  Records  of 

the    Social    and     Economic    History    of 
England    and    Wales,'    will    shortly    issue 


their  first  volume,  the  'Survey  of  the 
Honour  of  Denbigh,  1334,'  edited  by  Prof. 
YinogradofT  (who  is  Director  of  Publica- 
tions) and  Mr.  Frank  Morgan.  The 
series  will  bear  the  imprint  of  Mr.  Hum- 
phrey Milford,  publisher  to  the  British 
Academy  ;  and  it  is  proposed,  as  far  as- 
possible,  to  bring  out  three  volumes  every 
two  years.  The  Black  Book  of  St. 
Augustine,  Canterbury,  will  probably  be 
the  second  work  published. 

To  the  series  of  "  Schools  of  Philo- 
sophy," edited  by  Sir  Henry  Jones,  and 
published  by  Messrs.  Macmiuan,  is  about 
to  be  added  a  work  from  the  pen  of 
Prof.  John  Burnet  on  *  Greek  Philosophv — 
Part  I.  Thales  to  Plato.' 

Mr.  Graham  Wallas,  author  of  Human 
Nature  in  Politics,'  is  publishing  a  new 
work  called  '  The  Great  Society.'  By 
this  term  he  means  social  organization 
on  the  scale  made  possible  by  modern 
mechanical  inventions  ;  and  he  is  attempt- 
ing a  psychological  study  of  the  conditions 
of  success  in  such  an  organization.  The- 
book  will  be  issued  by  Messrs.  Macmillan 
on  June  19th. 

The  ninth  and  last  volume  of  Sir  James- 
Balfour  Paul's  v  Scots  Peerage  '  is  now 
completed,  and  will  be  published  imme- 
diately. It  contains  170  pages  of  Addenda 
et  Corrigenda — new  information  which 
has  come  to  light  since  the  publication  of 
the  previous  volumes.  An  elaborate  index, 
the  work  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Stuart,  ex- 
tends to  748  pages,  and  contains  between 
forty  and  fifty  thousand  names,  all  of 
which  are  sufficiently  described  to  enable 
them  to  be  identified  individually. 

Dr.  W.  W.  Tulloch  is  engaged  on  a 
book  to  be  called  '  The  Compleat  Scots- 
man.' He  hopes  to  tell  all  the  well- 
known  Scots  stories  and  many  others- 
hardly  known  at  all. 

The  1914-15  volume  of  '  Who's  Who  in 
America,'  an  invaluable  work  of  reference 
first  published  in  1899,  is  to  be  issued 
in  this  country  by  Messrs.  Stanley  Paul. 
It  contains  nearly  3,000  pages,  and  in- 
cludes 20,000  men  and  women. 

Messrs.  Harrison  &  Sons  will  publish 
an  international  Peerage,  to  be  called  k  The 
Titled  Nobility  of  Furope,'  compiled  by 
the  Marquis  de  Ruvignv.  It  will  be  issued 
hereafter  annually  in  December.  The 
historical  notice  and  all  titles  will  be  given 
in  English,  but  biographical  details  will 
usually  be  in  the  language  of  the  family 
to  which  they  refer. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  .of 
Jules  Troubat,  Sainte- Heme's  last  secre- 
tary. He  was  born  in  1836,  and  had  known 
the  literary  world  of  the  Second  Krnpire 
intimately.  The  greater  part  of  his  works- 
are  devoted  to  the  author  of  the '  ( auseries 
du  Lundi.'  He  edited,  for  instance, 
Sainte- I'.euve's  '  Correspondance,'  the  un- 
finished book  on  Proudhon,  a  series  of 
uncollected  articles,  and  '  Les  Chroniques- 
I'arisienncs.'  He  also  published  under 
his  own  name  '  Souvenirs  et  Indiscretions,' 
"  Souvenirs  du  Dernier  Secretaire  de 
Sainte- lieuve.'   and    '  Sainte- Beuve  intimo 

et  familier.' 


830 


THE    ATHEN2EUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


SCIENCE 


SCIENTIFIC    FARMING. 

*  Greater  Profits  from  Land  '  should 
attract  attention.  A  fundamentally 
important  question  (underlying  social 
reform)  is  the  relation  of  the  food  supply 
to  the  needs  of  the  population  of  to-day 
and  of  the  future.  It  has  been  variously 
answered.  On  the  one  hand,  we  have 
the  almost  universally  accepted  belief 
that  the  world's  food  supply  would  be 
ample  for  the  needs  of  its  inhabitants 
if  it  were  only  properly  distributed, 
and  the  assertions  of  Prince  Kropotkin 
as  to  the  possibilities  of  agricultural 
development ;  on  the  other,  the  Mal- 
thusian-Darwinian  doctrine,  which  teaches 
us  that  human  life,  like  that  of  the 
lower  animals,  continually  increases 
with,  and  presses  upon,  the  food  supply  ; 
the  statistical  investigations  of  M.  G. 
Hardy,  who  has  demonstrated  that  the 
world's  food  supply,  even  if  ideally  dis- 
tributed, would  only  provide  a  ration  of 
proteid  equal  to  two-thirds  of  that  re- 
quired for  physiological  efficiency,  and 
the  warnings  of  Prof.  Crookes  and  Prof. 
Dixon  as  to  the  growing  scarcity  of  fer- 
tilizing material  and  the  prospect  of  its 
early  exhaustion.  When  we  turn  to 
agricultural  experts  themselves  the  case 
is  little  better.  Many  agricultural  chem- 
ists tell  us  that  ordinary  soil  contains 
sufficient  nitrogen,  phosphorus,  and  po- 
tassium to  allow  full  crops  to  be  taken 
from  it  for  many  decades  without  re- 
fertilization  ;  while  practice,  backed  by 
more  recent  scientific  investigation,  shows 
that  these  constituents  appear  to  become 
available  only  at  an  extremely  slow  rate, 
and  that  one  gets  very  little  out  of  the 
soil,  after  a  few  years  of  working,  in 
excess  of  what  one  puts  in  as  manure. 
The  comparatively  few  experimental  farms 
which  have  been  started  appear  frequently 
to  have  given  misleading  results,  because 
they  were  too  far  detached  from  practical 
considerations  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  practical  farmer  has  frequently  con- 
demned valuable  fertilizers  as  useless 
because  he  has  employed  them  without 
sufficient  scientific   knowledge. 

Few  people  have  apparently  done  so 
much  to  evolve  order  out  of  this  chaos  as 
the  writer  of  this  book,  and,  although  some 
of  his  conclusions  are  already  incorporated 
in  standard  agricultural  treatises,  a 
study  of  his  volume  will  well  repay  the 
practical,  trained  agriculturist.  It  con- 
tains a  most  painstaking  and  laboriously 
compiled  record  of  the  experiments  carried 
out  between  1895  and  1903  on  Lord  Rose- 
bery's  farm  at  Dalmeny,  started  on  the 

Greater  Profits  from  Land  :  The  Secret  of 
Successful  Farming :  A  Practical  Treatise 
■on  the  Land,  and  an  Exposition  of  Agri- 
cultural Research,  including  a  Complete 
Report  of  the  Dalmeny  Experiments,  with 
Scales  of  Unexhausted  Manurial  Values 
applicable  to  Various  Systems  of  Farming, 
<bc.  By  A.  L.  Drysdale.  (Edinburgh, 
The  Edina  Publishing  Co.;  London,  Fisher 
Unwin,  10s.  net.) 


basis  of  the  "  new  soil  science  "  of  bio- 
logical chemistry  inaugurated  by  Hunter 
and  McAlpine  in  1879. 

Mr.  Drysdale  in  an  interesting  in- 
troductory chapter  sketches  the  history 
of  scientific  agricultural  development, 
showing  the  impetus  given  to  it  from  the 
chemical  side  by  Liebig  in  1841,  and 
the  rise  of  experimental  research.  His 
criticisms  of  the  Rothamsted  and  other 
experimental  farms  are  extremely  drastic, 
and  will  no  doubt  receive  attention  from 
their  upholders,  but  it  must  be  said  that 
they  are  worthy  of  full  consideration, 
and  that  he  makes  out  a  very  good  case 
for  the  methods  followed  at  Dalmeny. 
He  credits  Messrs.  Hunter  and  McAlpine 
with  having  made  by  1880  the  following 
important  discoveries  :  (a)  The  existence 
of  bacteria  in  the  nodules  of  the  legu- 
minosae  with  a  power  of  absorbing 
nitrogen  from  the  air  ;  (6)  the  various 
kinds  of  bacteria  engaged  in  the  work  of 
nitrification  ;  (c)  the  necessity  for  lime 
as  an  adjunct  to  bacteriological  action ; 
{d)  the  prevention  of  this  action  by  excess 
of  lime  ;  (e)  the  formation  by  lime  in 
the  surface  soil  of  insoluble  silicates  ; 
(/)  the  production  by  nitrifying  bacteria 
of  carbonic  acid  which  must  be  removed 
by  drainage. 

The  great  importance  of  these  points 
is  now  acknowledged  by  agricultural 
experts,  although  credit  for  them  is 
frequently  given  to  other  workers.  Mr. 
Drysdale  claims  for  his  experimental 
farm  at  Dalmeny,  not  only  that  it  was 
founded  with  this  "  new  soil  science  "  as 
a  basis,  but  also  that  it  was  the  first  to 
unite  scientific  with  practical  agricultural 
considerations. 

It  is  impossible  to  follow  the  great 
number  of  experiments  with  various 
fertilizers  carried  out  by  the  author,  but 
a  glance  at  the  book  will  satisfy  any  one 
of  the  advantage  of  studying  it.  From 
a  number  of  experiments  with  mixtures 
of  various  kinds  the  author  deduces  by  a 
process  of  elimination  the  results  of  each 
constituent,  these  being  completely  set 
forth  in  a  long  series  of  tables. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  urged  that  it 
would  have  been  better  to  express  more 
of  the  quantities  in  weights  rather 
than  in  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence,  in 
these  days  of  varying  prices.  It  is  un- 
fortunate, also,  that  no  mention  is  made 
of  two  important  modern  electrically  pro- 
duced "  artificials  " — calcium  nitrate  and 
calcium  cyanide — which  have  the  ad- 
vantage of  combining  nitrogen  and  lime. 
Probably  Mr.  Drysdale' s  experiments 
were  completed  before  the  advent  of 
these  fertilizers.  Nor  do  we  find  much 
consideration  of  the  important  question 
of  sub-soiling  and  weathering,  or  the 
effect  of  free  carbon  such  as  is  found  in 
soot  or  nitrolin.  But  we  must  be  grateful 
to  the  author  for  the  work  he  has  done. 
His  book  should  give  a  considerable 
impetus  to  agricultural  science — not  least 
in  the  controversy  which  it  seems  likely 
to  provoke.  If  by  following  out  his 
directions  others  are  able  systematically 
to  obtain  results  as  good  as  his,  the  era 
of  profitable  farming  is  at  hand. 


The  Antiquity  of  Man  in  Europe  :  being 
the  Munro  Lectures,  1913.  By  James 
Geikie.  (Edinburgh,  Oliver  &  Boyd  ; 
London,  Gurney  &  Jackson,  10<s.  Qd.  net.) 

Whatever  the  archaeologist  and  the 
anthropologist  may  have  to  say  about 
the  antiquity  of  man,  it  is  after  all  the 
geologist,  and  he  alone,  who  has  a  right 
to  speak  when  it  comes  to  a  question  of 
probable  dates.  Not  that  the  geologist 
possesses  any  general  chronometer  whereby 
he  can  register  the  flux  of  time  in 
terms  of  our  ordinary  units.  When  lie 
unearths  a  stone  implement,  it  is  not  to  be 
expected  that  he  should  estimate  its  age  in 
years,  or  thousands  of  years ;  but  he 
has  a  chronology  all  his  own  which  enables 
him  in  many  cases  to  fix  its  relative  age. 
This,  however,  is  no  easy  matter.  It 
depends  on  such  data  as  the  nature  and 
superposition  of  the  neighbouring  deposits, 
and  the  character  of  any  associated 
remains  of  plant  and  animal  life.  It  is 
believed  by  most  authorities  that  pre- 
historic man  probably  lived  through  a 
long  succession  of  climatic  changes,  but 
this  conclusion  is  based  on  evidence  of  a 
complicated  character,  to  be  interpreted 
only  by  one  who  has  specially  studied 
the  later  periods  of  geological  history. 
Prof.  James  Geikie  is  weH  known  as 
having  been  for  many  years  an  enthu- 
siastic student  of  the  sequence  of  geo- 
graphical and  climatic  changes  during  the 
Pleistocene  period,  and  any  work  from 
his  pen  on  man's  antiquity  should  com- 
mand immediate  attention. 

Although  he  tells  the  familiar  story  of 
early  man  as  revealed  in  cave-deposits 
and  river-drifts  with  much  mastery  of 
detail,  it  is  not  this  that  gives  individuality 
to  his  present  work  ;  it  is  the  relation  of 
man  to  the  Great  Ice  Age  that  forms  its 
central  theme.  Glacial  geology  is  a  sub- 
ject bristling  with  difficulties,  but  Prof. 
Geikie  has  never  hesitated  to  handle  it 
with  much  boldness.  Even  those  who 
find  themselves  unable  to  accept  all  his 
conclusions  will  admire  his  ingenuity  and 
industry  in  seeking  to  trace  a  chrono- 
logical sequence  in  the  glacial  and  inter- 
glacial  deposits  of  this  part  of  the  world. 
It  is  believed  that  the  Glacial  period,  so 
far  from  having  been  a  long  uninterrupted 
time  of  arctic  severity,  was  subject  to 
important  fluctuations  of  temperature ; 
and  a  study  of  the  organic  relics  from 
glacial  deposits  has  led  certain  observers 
to  conclude  that  the  rigorous  conditions 
were  so  far  ameliorated  from  time  to 
time  that  glacial  and  genial  climates  may 
have  alternated.  Prof.  Geikie  recognizes 
a  succession  of  no  fewer  than  six  glacial 
stages  separated  by  five  interglacial  epi- 
sodes, and  for  these  successive  periods  he 
proposed,  some  twenty  years  ago,  a 
nomenclature,  which  with  some  modi- 
fication he  follows  in  these  lectures. 

It  becomes  a  question  of  supreme 
interest  to  ascertain  at  which  of  these 
climatic  stages  man  made  his  first  appear- 
ance in  Europe.  Prof.  Geikie  believes 
that  the  oldest  human  remains  yet  dis- 
covered on  the  Continent  may  be  referred 


No.  4520,  June  13.  1014 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


831 


to  the  epoch  that  he  calls  t ho  Nbrfolkian, 
or  First  Interglacial  epoch.  It  is  to  this 
stage  that  he  is  disposed  to  assign  the 
famous  mandible  of  simian  type,  with 
human  teeth,  found  a  few  years  ago  near 
Heidelberg.  The  Piltdown  skull,  about 
which  so  much  has  lately  been  written,  is 
probably  as  old  as  the  Heidelberg  speci- 
men, perhaps  even  older,  but  still  early 
Pleistocene.  Prof.  Geikie's  First  Inter- 
glacial epoch  coincides  with  that  of  the 
Norfolk  Forest-Bed  series,  which,  in  the 
opinion  of  many  geologists,  fits  in  between 
the  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene  periods.  The 
recent  discovery  of  flints  presumably 
worked  by  man  under  the  Red  Crag  of 
Suffolk  should  carry  his  antiquity  far 
back  into  the  Pliocene  age — a  conclusion 
which,  the  author  admits,  is  probable,  but 
to  which,  with  the  evidence  before  him 
at  the  time  of  the  lectures,  be  hesitated  to 
give  unqualified  assent. 

The  Chellean  stage  of  culture,  followed 
by  the  Acheulian,  he  places  in  the  Second 
Interglacial  epoch,  now  known  as  the 
Tyrolian  epoch,  though  formerly  called 
by  him  the  Helvetian.  Interglacial  con- 
ditions, after  having  prevailed  for  a  pro- 
tracted period,  gradually  gave  way  to  a 
revival  of  glacial  conditions,  culminating 
in  the  Polonian  or  Third  Glacial  epoch. 
This  period,  notwithstanding  its  severe 
climate,  appears,  in  the  author's  view, 
to  have  witnessed  the  advent  of  the 
Mousterian  culture,  which  extended  into 
the  following  Diirntenian  or  Third  Inter- 
glacial epoch.  The  Aurignacian.  the  Solu- 
trean,  and  the  Magdalenian  men  were 
•dated  with  the  Fourth  Glacial  epoch, 
known  as  the  Mecklenburgian.  when  at 
length  the  palaeolithic  age  came  to  a 
close. 

It  has  always  seemed  strange  to  those 
who  believe  in  the  gradual  evolution  of 
culture  that  there  should  be  apparently 
an  abrupt  break  in  prehistoric  chronology 
between  the  early  stone-using  age  and 
the  later  stone  age.  Many  attempts  have 
been  made  to  span  the  gap.  Certain 
implements,  for  instance,  have  been  called 
mesolithic  on  the  assumption  that  they 
arc  intermediate  between  palaeoliths  and 
neoliths.  The  late  Prof.  Piette  described 
many  years  ago  some  prehistoric  deposits 
that  he  considered  transitional  in  this 
respect,  and  since  these  occurred  near 
Ma-  d'Azil,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees, 
the  stage  of  culture  which  they  were 
supposed  to  represent  has  been  termed 
A/.ilian.  The  author,  however,  hesitates 
to  accept  this  view  of  their  age,  and 
holds  that  the  hiatus  has  not  yet  been 
bridged. 

Whatever  view  may  be  taken  of  Prof. 
Geikie's  ingenious  rendering  of  a  com- 
plicated chronology,  it  will  be  admitted 
that  his  Munro  Lectures  are  a  valuable 
contribution  to  anthropological  geology. 
They  are  admirably  written,  well  printed 
in  bold  type,  and  amply  supplied  with 
illustrations.  Among  these  are  four 
coloured  maps  showing  Europe  during 
successive  glacial  and  interglacial  epochs. 


SOCIETIES. 

Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  May  28. — sir 
Arthur  Evans,  President,  in  the  chair. 

.Mr.  A.  L.  Radford,  exhibited  some  panels 
of  English  regal  heraldic  >,'lass.  .Most  of  it, 
was  of  the  period  of  King  Henry  VIII.,  and 
showed  the  arms  of  thai  king;  of  Edward  VI.  as 
Prince  of  Wales  ;  and  of  Queen  Jane  Seymour, 

and  also  a  panel  with  tile  badge  of  the  latter. 
Most  of  the  shields  are  surrounded  with  wreaths 
of  foliage  or  of  classical  designs,  all  of  exception- 
ally line  execution.  Another  panel  was  made  up 
of  quarries  with  K  crowned  and  the  hoar's  head, 
the  badge  of  Richard  III. 

Mr,  J.  P.  Bushe-Fox  road  a  paper  on  the  recent 
excavations  at  Hengistbury  Head,  Hants. 

Hengistbury  Head  is  situated  to  the  east  of 
Bournemouth,  and  south  of  Christchurch  Har- 
bour. In  prehistoric  times  if  had  been  converted 
into  a  promontory  fort  by  the  throwing  up  of  large 
earthworks.  The  area  actually  explored  amounted 
to  about  forty-two  acres.  Throe  barrows,  two  of 
them  100  feet  in  diameter,  were  also  dug:  these 
yielded  some  fine  examples  of  Bronze  Age  pottery. 
With  one  of  the  burials  was  an  incense  cup,  a 
bronze  and  amber  pendant,  some  amber  beads, 
and  two  gold  bosses.  The  settlement  was  situated 
on  a  gently  sloping  tract  of  land  bordering  the 
harbour,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Head.  The 
inhabitants  lived  in  huts  composed  of  wattle  and 
daub,  with  clay  and  gravel  lloors.  There  was 
evidence  of  working  in  gold,  silver,  bronze,  iron, 
glass,  and  Kimmeridge  shale.  The  presence  of 
loom  weights  and  spindle  whorls  shows  that  they 
knew  the  art  of  weaving.  They  also  appear  to 
have  minted  coins  to  a  large  extent,  over  4,000 
gold,  silver,  and  bronze  examples  being  found,  as 
well  as  metal  in  the  crude  state.  The  greater 
part  of  the  coins  were  British,  with  a  sprinkling  of 
Gaulish  and  Channel  Islands  examples  ;  many  of 
them  were  new  types.  A  large  number  were  of  a 
typo  that  has  only  once  been  found  before,  and  in 
tlie  same  locality.  Those  were  all  in  mint  condi- 
tion, and  appeared  to  have  never  been  in  circula- 
tion. About  100  Roman  coins  were  found  in 
connexion  with  these  British  examples.  The 
latest  of  these  belonged  to  the  reign  of  Antoninus 
Pius  of  the  middle  of  the  second  century  a.d. 
That  British  coins  should  have  been  minted  in  the 
second  century  A.D.  is  of  extreme  interest,  as  it 
shows  that  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  the 
island,  at  any  rate,  had  been  little  affected  by 
the  Roman  occupation  that  began  nearly  a 
hundred  years  before. 

.Many  small  objects  were  also  met  with,  includ- 
ing a  bracelet  of  thick  twisted  gold  wire,  part  of  a 
gold  torque,  many  brooches  and  other  articles  of 
different  metals,  also  glass  beads  and  bracelets  of 
different  colours. 

The  occupation  of  the  site  must  have  begun 
at  an  early  period,  as  a  large  number  of  flints  were 
discovered,  most  of  them  belonging  to  the  Neo- 
lithic period.  The  latest  objects  found  may  be 
placed  in  the  fourth  century  a.d. 

It  has  been  very  difficult  to  fill  the  gap  between 
the  end  of  the  Bronze  Age  and  the  period  imme- 
diately preceding  the  Roman  period  in  this  island. 
The  excavations  at  Hengistbury  have  added 
considerably  to  our  knowledge  in  this  respect. 

This  period  has  been  divided  into  two  sections 
on  the  Continent,  which  have  been  named  after 
sites  where  a  large  number  of  objects  have  been 
found,  viz.,  Hallstatt,  in  the  Austrian  Tyrol  (800 
to  400  B.C.),  and  La  Tene  in  Switzerland  (too 
B.C.  to  the  Koman  period).  At  Hengistbury  a 
complete  series  of  pottery,  including  the  Hallstatt 
and  La  Tene  periods,  has  been  found.  Many  of 
the  Hengistbury  types  have  direct  parallels  in 
such   places   as   the    Armorican    peninsular,    the 

Valley  of  the  Aisne,  Bavaria,  and  the  south-west 
of  France  and  the  Pyrenees.  Their  prototypes 
may,    in    many    instances,    be    traced    back    to    the 

niyro-Italic  people)  who  inhabited  the  north  of 
Italy  and  the  lands  north  of  the  Adriatic. 
The"  Hengistbury  examples  include  some  fine 
specimens  of  tlie  pedestal  ;md  cordoned  urns,  as 
well  as  pottery  decorated  with  running  scrolls,  the 

Greek  6e<  and  crave  patterns. 


British  .Vi  MhM.mc. — May  27. — Mr.  Garlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — Major  John 
Henry  Leslie  and  Mr.  Charles  Henry  Seathcote 

Were  elected  members. 

Mi™  Helen  Farquhar  read  a  paper,  illustrated 
by  lantern-slides,  on  '  Touchpieces,  in  which, 
after  passing  in  review  the  evidence  concerning 
"the  royal  ceremony  of  healing"  in  Median  u 
and  Tudor  time-,,  die  produced  new  mailer  from 
contemporary  manuscripts  relating  to  the  rite  aa 


practised  by  the  Stuarts,  she  proved  thai  a 
brass  medalet  ordered  in  L635  from  the  chief- 
graver  at  Ihi'  Tower  was  not,  as  had  lately  been 
Believed,  a  substitute  for  the  gold  angel  of 
Charles   I.,  hut    was  a    pass   (or  tally)  given  to  the 

patient  by  the  surgeon-in-chief  to  ensure;  his 
admission  to  the  King's  presence,  and  to  Certify 
that   he  was  a  sufferer  from  I  he  disease  known  as 

"the  King's  Evil."  Miss  ETarquhar  thus  re- 
moved the  mistaken  impression  thai  Charles  I. 
resorted  to  a  token  of  base  metal  as  a.  touch- 
piece  whilst  the  mint  in  London  was  still  available 

for    the    production    of    (he    gold    coin  :     and    she 

instanced  in  corroboration  the  fact,  now  known, 
that  angels  were  there  coined  until  the  actual 
outbreak  of  the  civil  War.  she  also  drew  atten- 
tion to  certain  documents  which  showed  that 
suggestions  were  made  for  reducing  the  Weight 
of  t  lie  gold  touchpieces,  which  had  been  substituted 

for  (  he  coinage  of  angels  under  ( Iharles  1 1.,  because 
of  the  great  numbers  resorting  to  that  King  to  he 
touched.  Although  the  suggestions  were  in. I 
then  accepted,  the  reduction  was  made  in  the 
following  reign;  and  later,  in  the  days  of  his 
poverty  in  exile,  James  II.  was  further  com- 
pelled to  substitute  silver  for  the  traditional  gold 
piece. 

Amongst  the  exhibitions  were  a  series  of  touch- 
pieces,  by  Miss  Farquhar,  and  of  angels  from  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.  to  that  of  Charles  I.  by  the 
President.  Three  specimens  of  the-  medalet,  or 
pass,  of  1635  were  shown  by  Miss  Farquhar,  Mr. 
Henry  Symonds,  and  Mr.  J.  O.  Manton.  Its 
device  was  :  obverse,  the  Hand  of  Providence 
issuing  from  the  clouds  over  the  heads  of  four 
men  below  ;  legend,  he  tovched [them  ;  reverse, 
Rose  and  thistle  beneath  a  royal  crown  ;   legend, 

AND  THEY  WEAKE  HEALED.  Mr.  Lawrence 
showed  part  of  a  set  of  silver  counters  illustrating 
the  cries  of  London  tradesmen. 


Linnean. — June  4.  —  Prof.  E.  B.  Poullmi, 
President,  in  the  chair.  The  President  announced 
that  he  had  appointed  the  following  to  be  Vice- 
Presidents  during  the?  ensuing  year  : — Prof.  W.  A. 
Herdman,  Prof.  E.  A.  Minchin,  Mr.  Horace  W. 
Monckton,  and  Mr.  H.  X.  Ridley. 

The  Rev.  George  Henslow  gave  an  address  on 
'  Darwin's  Alternative  Explanation  of  the  Origin 
of  Species,  ivithout  the  .Means  of  Natural  Selec- 
tion.' 

Mr.  Guy  C.  Etobson  gave  an  abstract  of  his 
paper,  '  On  a  Collection  of  Land  and  Freshwatei 
Gastropods  from  Madagascar,  with  Descriptions  of 
a  new  Genus  and  new  Species.  The  affinities  of 
the  species  examined  were  found  to  he  mainly 
Oriental  and  not  African. 

Mr.  James  Lomax  exhibited  series  of  sections  of 

t  he  ent  ire  vertical  thickness  of  a  scam  of  coal,  also 
shown  by  photographs  of  sections  in  the  lantern. 

Prof.  H.  H.  W.  Pearson  contributed  a  paper, 
'Notes  on  the  Morphology  of  Certain  Structures 
concerned  in  Reproduction  in  the  Genus  Gne&um.' 
Tins  account  was  of  an  investigation  of  (1)  Andro- 
gynous and  Pseudoandrogynous  spil.es  of  Onetum 
(Inemon;  (2)  The  young  embryosac  of  O.  afri<,i- 
num. 

The  last  paper  was  by  Prof.  C.  Chilton  on  '  lh  In, 

a  Subantarctic  Genua  of  Terrestrial  Crustacea.' 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK 


Ten. 


Wed. 


Tin  ii* 


Horticultural,  ".—'Certain  Aspects  of  Plants  in  Relation  to 
their  Environment.   Prof  .1    B   Parmer. 

Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  8.30.  „,.,_. 

Asiatic,  4.— ' On  Central  \sian  Studies.   Mr  8   Wn. 

Statistical,  n. —  ' Economic  Reluions  of  tlie  British  Mid 
German  Umpires.   Mr    K.  Crainniood. 

Anthropoloui.il  Institute,  8.18.  — 'The  Cheddar  Man.  a 
Skeleton  of  late  Palaeolithic  Arc.  Profs.  C.  (i  Hehgnnnu 
and  P  G.  Parsons. 

Colonial  Institute.  B.80.— 'The  Early  History  of  the  East 
African  Coast.   Mr   R.  0.  P.  Maugham. 

Metei.roloui.il  I  '■'■"  —'The  Kainfallof  the  Southern  Pennines. 
Mr  B  c  Wallis;  The  Relation  between  Wind  Direction 
and  Kainiail.    Mr    H    G    liartlctt.  .... 

University  of  Ijondon.  B.80.— '  \pproach  Marches,  Lieut  <  ol. 
Neill  Malcolm 

Folk  Lore,  n —■  Roumanian  Popular  Tales  and  Legend  of 
Birds,  Beasts,  and  Inserts     1  >r   Haider 

Royal  I  ::n  — "I'rypanosonie  Diseases  of  Domestic  Animal'  in 
Nyasalau.l  :  Part  III.  Development  in  Qlottina  moTtltant : 
Tryimnosomes  found  In  wild  '.  litems  and   wild 

Game  in  the  '  Fly  Belt '  of  the  Upper  Shire  Valley;  the 
Food  of  Qloutna  mortitani;  infe.tivity  ot  (Tic 
iiiornif.ii.il  in  NyiiHaland  during  I'.i-j  ami  OI3,  Sing  lien. 
HrD  Bruce,  MsJ  \.  E  Hunatoo  l  .pi  D.P  Watson  and 
Lady  Bruce  ; '  On  the  Relation  between  tie-  Thymus  anil  the 
Generative  Organs,  and  on  the  Influence  of  these  Organs 
uiwn  Growth  Messrs.  I.  T.  Hainan  mid  F  II.  A  Marshall; 
'Tin  Vapour  Pressure  Hypothesis  of  contraction  of  Striated 
Mus.l.     Mr    II    B   Itoaf ;  and  other  Papers. 

Geographical.  ■>.  .   __        .    __ 

Chemical  8.30  —'Nitrogenous  Constituents  of  Hops.  Hi, 
A  i  haston  (hapniau;  The  Isomerism  of  the  Oxlmes: 
Part  IV  The  constitution  of  the  A' methyl  Ethers  of  Ihc 
Aldoxinies  and  the  Absorption  Spectra  of  Oximes.  I  heir 
Sodium  Salts  snd  Mcthvl  Elhers  Mr  0.  L  Brady;  "i  he 
Wet  Oxidation  of  Metals  :  Part  III  The  Corrosion  of  I  e»d. 
Messrs.  B.  L«nil.ert  and  H.  E.  Cullls ;  Studies  in  the 
Camphaiie  8erie«  :  Part  XXXV  Isomeric  Hydrazoximis  of 
Camphoruulnone  and  some  Derivatives  of  Amlnocamphor. 
Messrs.  M.  O.  Porster  and  E.  Kunz  ;  and  other  Papers. 


832 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


FINE    ARTS 


SSix  Centuries  of  Painting.  By  Randall 
Davies.  (T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack,  10s.  6d. 
net.) 

Tub  title  of  this  work  brings  home  to  us 
the  brevity  of  the  history  of  European 
painting.  We  may  ourselves  witness  half 
.a  century  of  artistic  activity,  and  there  are 
but  twelve  of  such  periods  included  in  this 
•chronicle.  It  is  a  reflection  which  revives 
-our  sense  of  our  own  potentialities  :  the 
contemporary  painter  and,  in  hardly  less 
■degree,  his  patron  are  seen  in  something 
like  their  true  importance.  The  book 
would  have  gained  in  utility  if  some  such 
practical  moral  had  been  more  obviously 
traceable  as  arising  from  the  perusal  of 
the  many  scores,  if  not  hundreds,  of  brief 
biographies  of  which  it  is  made  up.  If  the 
biographical  form  does  not  bring  home  to 
us  the  value  of  the  individual  artist,  and 
the  importance  of  supporting  him,  it  has, 
indeed,  few  merits  to  put  against  its  dis- 
advantages. Doubtless,  it  is  difficult  to 
interest  the  general  public  for  whom  Mr. 
Davies  is  writing  in  the  art  of  painting, 
rather  than  in  the  personalities  of  the 
Artists  ;  but  to  embark  upon  and  drop 
picturesque  personalities,  at  the  rate 
sometimes  of  two  in  a  page,  implies  a  loss 
-of  continuity  just  as  tiresome  as  technical 
explanations,  and,  perhaps,  less  useful. 
'The  traditional  gossip  about  artists,  with 
which  this  type  of  popular  history  is  full, 
is  surely  trivial  and,  when  delivered  in  this 
scattered  form,  is  not  attractive. 

As  a  purveyor  of  gossip  of  such  a  kind, 
with  a  running  commentary  of  casual 
■criticism,  Mr.  Davies  is  more  careful  and 
exact  than  many  of  his  predecessors.  He 
is  modestly  inclined  to  quote  other  people's 
opinions  on,  and  even  descriptions  of, 
pictures  rather  than  give  his  own, 
■&\  erring  that  "  in  some  cases  a  dead  lion 
is  decidedly  better  than  a  live  dog." 
■S')me  of  his  "  lions  "  roar  gently  enough, 
as  when,  for  the  space  of  twenty-seven  lines, 
he  quotes  "  Smith "  in  a  descriptive 
in  .'■entory  of  the  subject-matter  of  a 
Wouwerman  which  is  hanging  at  Hert- 
ford House  for  any  Londoner  to  see  if  he 
pleases.  In  an  historian  who  devotes 
nineteen  lines  in  all  to  Vermeer,  and  four- 
teen and  thirteen  respectively  to  Chardin 
.and  Cotman,  and  cuts  out  the  brothers 
Le  Nain  altogether,  this  seems  an  excessive 
deference  to  Smith's  power  of  cataloguing. 
'The  quotation  of  published  opinions  of 
a  known  picture  at  various  dates  is,  how- 
ever, sometimes  of  interest  when  used  to 
mark  the  changes  taste  undergoes.  Mr. 
Davies  publishes  a  curious  extract  (p.  107) 
from  a  letter  from  the  Countess  of  Carlisle, 
in  which  she  says  : — 

"  I  saw  the  gallery  at  Castle  Howard  in 
1850.  The  three  Maries  (Caracci)  was  then 
regarded  as  one  of  the  great  pictures  of  the 
world,  and  they  told  the  story  of  how  Lord 

<  'arlisle  and  Lord  Ellesmere  and  Lord  •, 

who  shared  the  Paris  Purchases  (after  the 
Peace  of  1815)  between  them,  had  to  cast 
lots  for  this,  because  it  was  thought  to  be 
•worth  more  than  all  the  rest  of  the  spoil." 


Mr.  Davies  deprecates  criticism  by 
admitting  that  his  work  may  appear 
"  imperfect  or  ill-proportioned  to  the 
specialist  of  any  particular  school."  For 
our  own  part,  we  are  far  from  complaining 
if  he  occasionally  gives  more  attention  to 
these  parts  of  his  subject  which  he  is  best 
qualified  to  write  about.  To  our  regret 
we  find  him  hardly  ever  guilty  of  a  definite 
personal  contribution,  vanishing,  indeed,  so 
completely  behind  respectable  authorities 
that  his  book  is  almost  an  example  of 
how  by  much  reading  one  may  become  a 
writer.  We  look  in  vain  for  any  reversals 
of  judgments.  Even  his  statement  (p.  306) 
that  Turner  "  would  be  included  by  any- 
one in  a  list  of  twenty,  or,  perhaps,  a  dozen 
of  the  greatest  painters  of  the  world,"  is 
less  a  revision  of  accepted  opinion  than  a 
failure  to  recognize  that  in  some  quarters 
there  has  been  a  revision  ;  and  such  little 
generalization  as  serves  to  bind  together 
his  array  of  biography  and  "  sale  room  " 
information  is  of  the  customary  and  rather 
obvious  order.  The  "  revolt "  of  nine- 
teenth-century painting,  the  corrupting 
effect  of  Italian  ideals  on  northern  painters 
from  Mabuse  onwards,  &c,  are  all  gone 
through  once  more  with  a  stolid  devotion 
to  duty  which  suggests  that  Mr.  Davies 
is  writing  a  primer  to  enable  students  to 
pass  some  of  the  examinations  in  art 
adumbrated  by  the  University  of  London. 
Perhaps,  from  the  standard  of  a  University 
examiner,  we  should  find  too  much  stress 
laid  on  Rubens  as  a  profound  student  of 
classical  art.  Surely  he  treated  it  much 
as  the  elder  Dumas  treated  history,  and 
was  accordingly  not  hampered,  as  were 
others  who  approached  it  with  less  know- 
ledge of  their  own  requirements  and  less 
impudence  in  selection.  If  our  suggestion 
of  the  function  of  the  book  is  justified,  it 
will  be  amusing  to  see  the  candidates  for 
examination  cheerily  declaring  the  Royal 
Academy  to  be  the  enemy  of  art  in 
England,  or  being  plucked  for  their  ignor- 
ance of  historic  fact. 

The  fifty  coloured  illustrations  are  of 
the  usual  type,  making  tolerable  prints  in 
inverse  ratio  to  their  degree  of  resemblance 
to  the  picture  :  Botticelli's  '  Nativity  ' 
from  the  National  Gallery  (Plate  IV.)  is 
one  of  the  most  successful. 


A  Short  History  of  Italian  Painting.  By 
Alice  van  Vechten  Brown  and  William 
Rankin.     (J.  M.  Dent,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

The  authors  of  this  book  have  endea- 
voured to  compile 

"  a  guide  to  the  study  of  Italian  painting 
sufficiently   clear  and   detailed   for   the   be- 
ginner,  and   yet   embodjnng   the   results   of 
modern  criticism." 

They  may  fairly  claim  to  have  achieved 
this  ;  the  book  is  simply  written,  well 
illustrated,  and  embodies  the  now  gener- 
ally accepted  judgments  on  the  various 
artists  and  their  schools.  As  is  truly 
observed  in  the  preface,  these  judgments 
are  now  quite  other  than  they  were  forty 
years  ago.  The  pre-eminence  of  Raphael 
and  Michangelo,  so  long  unquestioned,  is 
now  no  longer  assumed.  They  share 
their  fame  to-day  with  the  masters  of  the 


other  Italian  cities,  and  are  often  dis- 
paraged in  favour  of  artists  previously 
almost  unknown.  Ruskin,  in  spite  of  his 
pomposity  and  unscientific  methods,  ren- 
dered invaluable  services  to  art  criticism 
in  drawing  attention  to  the  great  beauty 
of  primitive  painting,  and  the  glories  of  the 
School  of  Venice.  His  work,  and  that  of 
subsequent  critics,  have  established  a 
tradition  which  it  is  as  anarchistic  to 
question  to-day,  as  it  was  to  maintain  it 
fifty  years  ago. 

Stated  briefly,  the  present  tradition  is 
this  :  primitive  painters — notably  those  of 
Florence  and  Siena — are  held  to  be  good  ; 
so  also  are  the  painters  of  the  Renaissance 
in  all  the  cities.  After  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  all  Italian  painting  is 
held  to  be  bad  ;  a  slight  exception  being 
sometimes  made  for  the  eighteenth  century 
painters  of  Venice,  Guardi  and  Canaletto, 
these  artists  being,  however,  treated  as 
"  modern."  The  critics  arrive  at  these 
general  results  by  various  routes,  accord- 
ing to  their  personal  tastes  and  tempera- 
ments. Some  base  their  admiration  for 
the  primitives  on  their  obvious  religious 
enthusiasm  and  sincerity,  and  they  apply 
this,  with  some  stretch  of  imagination,  to 
the  painters  of  the  Renaissance  ;  others 
discourse  of  their  rhythm  and  sense  of 
dignity,  others  of  their  childlike  love  of 
nature,  of  their  search  for  the  naturalistic, 
or  of  their  qualities  of  imagination.  Miss 
van  Vechten  Brown  and  Mr.  William 
Rankin  do  not  state  definitely  how  they 
arrive  at  the  accepted  judgments,  nor  is  it, 
perhaps,  necessary  in  a  book  of  these 
dimensions  that  they  should  do  so.  They 
are  on  the  sale  side,  the  side  of  the  official 
critics  of  the  moment,  and  they  have  not 
set  out  to  do  more  than  put  forward  the 
tradition  in  a  concise  form. 

What  is  yet  to  be  written  is  a  history  of 
Italian   art  from   {lie   painter's   point  of 
view,  Avhere  painting  shall  be  considered 
essentially  as  such.     Here  we  should  see 
Italian  art  continually  torn  between  two 
ideals  ;    on  the  one  hand,  the  men  who 
regarded  painting  primarily  as  the  cover- 
ing of  a  space  with  beautiful  surfaces  and 
rare  colours  ;    on  the  other,  the  men  who 
regarded    it    primarily    as    a    means    of 
imitating  the  appearance  of  natural  pheno- 
mena.    In  Florence  and  Siena  the  primi- 
tives, in  Venice  the  great  painters  of  the 
Renaissance,  belonged  to  the  first  class. 
From  this  point  of  view,  we  put  together 
such  artists  as  Duccio,  Simone  Martini, 
Fra  Angelico,  Carpaccio,  Titian,  Veronese, 
and  Tintoretto — to  take  names  at  random 
— and,   on  the  other  side,  we  group  as 
painters  with  the  imitative  ideal  such  men 
as  Giovanni  Bellini,  Rafael,  and  Michel- 
angelo.   Occasionally,  isolated  artists  occur 
who  do  not  fit  into  these  categories.     We 
find,    for    example,    Botticelli,    with    a 
morbid  love  of  line  ;    and  Leonardo,  with 
a  morbid  love  of  light  and  shade  ;    but 
these  are  the  two  main  channels  of  Italian 
painting.     There  is  great  beauty  in  the 
actual  texture  of  painting  by  the  "  decora- 
tive "  artists,  a  beauty  analogous  to  the 
beauty  of  porcelain  or  embroidery  ;  some- 
times it  is  delicate  and  finely  wrought,  as 
in  the  primitives  of  Florence  and  Siena  ; 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


833 


Bometimea  it  is  sumptuous,  as  in  the 
Venetian  masters ;  and  this  beauty  is 
absent  from  the  work  of  the  "  naturalists." 
From  this  point  of  view,  certain  of  the 
eclectics — Caravaggio  and  Guercino,  for 
example — carry  on  the  decorative  tradi- 
tion. Their  colour,  it  is  true,  is  heavy,  and 
the  forced  light  and  shade  a  less  pleasing 
convention  than  the  earlier  one  of  diffused 
light ;  but  both  these  artists  handled 
paint  as  painters  rejoicing  in  their  medium, 
and  they  often  achieve  an  agreeable  and 
intelligently  varied  surface. 

The  authors  of  this  history  appear 
inclined  to  imagine  that  all  the  Italian 
painters,  from  Cimabue  to  Canaletto,  were 
striving  continually  towards  the  "  natural- 
istic." They  frequently  employ  phrases 
such  as  art  *'  freeing  itself  "  from  con- 
ventions. This  is  as  fundamentally  false 
as  to  suppose  that  Chinese  artists  or 
Japanese  were  striving  to  become  natural- 
istic. The  naturalistic  ideal  in  painting — 
the  ideal  which  would  be  fulfilled  by  colour 
photography  —  is  a  specifically  European 
one,  limited  to  a  certain  section  of  Euro- 
pean painters,  and,  in  the  case  of  Italy,  to 
a  certain  number  only  of  her  painters. 

The  book  is  well  arranged,  although  the 
dividing  of  the  Renaissance  period  into 
four  sections :  the  Proto-Renaissance, 
Early  Renaissance,  Renaissance,  and  High 
Renaissance  —  seems  unnecessarily  aca- 
demic ;  and  there  is  an  excellent  bib- 
liography, as  well  as  a  useful  index  to 
painters  and  their  works. 


MR.    LAVERY'S    RETROSPECTIVE 
EXHIBITION. 

The  collection  of  works  at  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery  is  one  of  which  it  is  peculiarly  diffi- 
cult to  make  a  just  estimate.  We  would  not 
fall  into  the  vulgar  error  of  depreciating  Mr. 
Lavery  just  because  he  is  successful,  and 
there  are  certain  of  his  smaller  works,  like 
The  River  GOO)  or  the  Japanese  Switzerland 
(97)  of  last  year,  which  are  gracefully 
designed  and  painter- like  in  handling,  and 
clearly  indicate  an  eye  for  colour;  while  his 
large  Royal  Portrait  Group  (1),  also  of  last 
year,  confirms,  on  a  second  view,  our  first 
good  opinion  of  it.  It  is,  perhaps,  the  best 
of  the  artist's  compositions,  instead  of  one 
of  his  worst,  as  one  might  expect.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  is  much  dull  painting  in  the 
show — Mrs.  Harry  Wallis  (98)  is  a  typical 
example — and  if  a  deputation  of  unsuccessful 
painters  should  represent  that  this  man,  who 
has  made  a  fortune  out  of  his  art,  has  done 
nothing  which  might  not  be  paralleled  from 
the  output  of  such  of  his  confreres  as  have 
failed  to  make  a  hare  living,  the  conscientious 
critic  could  hardly  differ.  He  might  defen- 
sively urge  that  the  element  of  chance  could 
no  more  be  eliminated  from  this  phase  of 
human  activity  than  from  any  other,  and 
that  if  one  refused  to  recognize  the  talents 
favoured  by  fortune  it  would  only  mean  thai 
no  artists  would  emerge  at  all.  Yet  at 
bottom  we  must  recognize  that  the  tendency 
of  appreciation  to  fasten  on  the  painter 
rath'-r  thin  the  picture  exaggerates  such 
favouritism,  and  thai  Mr.  Lavery's  extra- 
ordinary success  illustrates  th>-   natural   law, 

'*  To  him  that  hath  shall  be  given."  For  the 
unfortunate,  the  harshness  of  this  law  is 
usually  palliated  by  another  almost  as 
general,  hy  which  success  is  paid  for  by  rapid 


deterioration.  Mr.  Lavery  seems  largely  to 
have  escaped  this  as  yet  ;  indeed,  as  will  be 
seen,  we  have  cited  two  of  his  pictures  of  last 
year  as  among  his  best  work.  To  a  reviewer 
of  his  career  as  here  set  forth  there  seems 
to  be  throughout  an  unsensational,  but 
recognizable  advance  in  artistic  power. 

There  are  several  examples  of  Mr.  Lavery's 
earliest  style  of  smooth,  rather  tight  painting 
with  the  square  brushes  then  in  fashion  in 
Paris  studios.  A  Tennis  Party  (71),  from 
the  Munich  Neue  Pinakothek,  is  the  best 
known,  and  shows  the  gawky  angularity  and 
indifference  to  spacing  which  Mr.  Lavery  was 
so  slow  to  shake  off.  It  shows  also,  however, 
a  certain  attention  (rather  of  the  nature  of  a 
timidit}')  to  quality  of  paint  which  he  was 
also  soon  to  shake  off,  though  it  survives 
sometimes  in  smaller  works,  developing  in 
the  Interior  (50)  to  a  subtlety  somewhat 
reminiscent  of  Alfred  Stevens.  Alice  Read- 
ing (40)  is  another  example  of  admirably 
artistic  genre  painting,  disturbed  only  by 
certain  sporadic  outbursts  of  irrelevant 
impasto.  In  these  works  we  have  the 
Whistlerian  use  of  muffled  colour,  owing  its 
beauty  to  the  fact  that  each  stroke  places  a 
simple  body  of  paint  of  one  colour  over  a 
ground  of  a  slightly  different  hue  which  it 
does  not  entirely  conceal.  This  delicate  con- 
flict is  the  life  of  the  pigment,  and  we  can  re- 
member, many  years  ago  now,  the  appearance 
at  the  Academy  of  the  canvas  here  shown 
under  the  title  of  The  Sisters  (78),  which,  for 
all  its  large  scale,  had  something  of  the  same 
interest  of  technical  structure.  It  no 
longer  possesses  that  interest  ;  the  upper 
part  of  the  picture,  with  the  further  of  the 
girls,  which  we  remember  as  of  the  lightest 
texture,  almost  a  glaze,  and  which  furnished 
an  admirable  foil  for  the  graceful  figure  in 
the  foreground,  has  been  repainted  in 
opaque  pigment,  closing  the  pores  of  the 
canvas,  and  making  something  like  a  wall 
in  which  the  principal  figure  is  buried. 
There  are  very  few  of  Mr.  Lavery's  larger 
works  which  do  not  suffer  from  his  peculiarly 
degraded  use  of  paint :  the  plastering  of  a 
coat  of  opaque  paint  of  neutral  hue  over  an 
already  heady  body  of  pigment  of  almost  the 
same  colour.  The  tooth  of  the  first  system 
of  brush  strokes  contradicts  that  which  over- 
lays it.  As  a  material,  the  substance  of  the 
picture  becomes  heavy,  despite  the  parade 
of  a  rapid  and  fluent  hand.  One  of  the  most 
obvious  instances  is  to  be  found  in  the  oft- 
exhibited  Equestrienne  (94),  wherein  the 
light,  direct  painting  of  the  horse  denounces 
the  oil -caked  clay  of  the  heavier  passages  of 
the  jDicture. 

As  a  fashionable  portrait  painter  Mr. 
Lavery  had  one  great  gift.  His  taste,  to  a 
large  extent,  coincided  with  that  of  his 
contemporaries.  His  taste  in  beauty  is  for 
the  kind  sometimes  called  "  thoroughbred," 
a  type  of  creature  hard  and  thin,  and 
inclined  to  be  restless  in  its  movements.  He 
is  happiest  in  his  profiles,  as  in  Princess 
Aaye  (12),  or  the  Lady  in  Mack  (18),  from 
t  he  Royal  National  Gallery,  Berlin,  or  in'  The 
Sisters'  already  cited,  the  difficulties  of 
modelling  a  face  seen  from  the  front  and 
Securing  a  likeness  remaining  always  some- 
what formidable.  To  deal  with  these  diffi- 
culties, he  relies  largely  on  a  tremendous 
emphasis  on  the  oval  contour  of  a  woman's 

The    exhibition    is,    on    the    whole, 
amply  representative,   though  we   recall,   in 

addition   to   the  two   hen-,   a    third.    Bridge  at 

Oris  (shown  al    the  Academy  about    1890), 
which  a  memory, perhaps, of  a  flattering  sort 

records  as  one  of  the  artist's  besl   works. 


Jfiiu  $>xt  (Sossip. 

At  the  Little  Gallery  in  Great  Marlborough 
Street  Mr  Albert  Lipczinski  shows  work 
much  influenced  by  Mr.  Augustus  John  in 
his  many  phases.  Spital  Park  (12),  a  small 
landscape,  well  constructed  of  simple  ele- 
ments, is  much  the  best  of  the  paintings  ; 
while  among  the  drawings  the  most  aca- 
demic are  the  best,  such  as  Study  in  a 
Mirror  (38),  or  Greyhounds  (49),  which  are 
like  those  of  Mr.  John  in  his  early  "  Rubens  " 
maimer.  The  portrait  sketch  Vernie  (41)  is 
also  delicate. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  the  most  striking 
contributions,  but  also  the  slightest,  are 
those  of  the  four  French  aquarellistes  in  the 
end  room.  MM.  Henri  Doucet,  Marcel 
Fournier,  Paul  Ernile  Pissarro,  and  Ludovic 
Rodo.  All  have  something  definite  to  say 
•on  occasion,  and  a  deft,  yet  modest  way  of 
saying  nothing  in  particular  at  other  times. 
The  romantic  composition  Douarnenez  (20), 
by  M.  Fournier  ;  the  Labourage  Riec  (25) 
of  M.  Rodo  (the  most  vigorous  of  the  quartet)  ; 
and  the  snow  scene,  L'Epte  Eragny  (45)  of 
M.  Pissarro,  may  be  mentioned  as  the  best 
of  these  attractive  sketches, 

At  the  Fine  Art  Society's  Galleries  the- 
work  of  the  artists  of  the  Gazette  du  Bon  Ton 
(published  in  London  by  Mr.  Heinemann) 
reaches  a  considerable  level  of  distinction, 
the  most  famous  of  them,  M.  Leon  Bakstr 
being  far  surpassed  in  artistic  quality  by 
many  of  his  confreres.  The  work  of  MM. 
Georges  Barbier  and  Maurice  Tacquoy 
deserves  special  notice.  We  wish  the  paper 
every  success.  It  remains  to  bo  seen  whether 
artistic  simplicity  will  convert  ostentatious 
luxury,  or  luxury  corrupt  the  artists. 

Sir  Hugh  Lane,  Director  of  the  National 
Gallery  of  Ireland,  has  just  presented  a 
further  gift  of  valuable  pictures  to  the 
gallery.  Foremost  among  these  is  an  im- 
portant work  by  Gainsborough,  '  Tho  Game- 
keeper,' a  large  landscape  with  figures  in  the 
manner  of  Teniers.  This  picture,  which 
was  formerly  in  the  Rev.  H.  S.  Trimmer's 
collection,  belongs  to  the  painter's  middle 
period  when  he  had  attained  complete 
mastery  over  his  material.  It  is  a  fine  addi- 
tion to  the  two  examples  of  Gainsborough 
already    in    the    collection. 

The  head  of  a  man  by  Jacopo  da  Ponte 
('  II  Bassano  '),  also  presented  by  Sir  Hugh 
Lane,  is  in  all  probability  a  portrait  of  the 
painter.  It  represents  a  man  of  middle  ago, 
with  a  beard. 

Three  French  pictures  are  included  in  this 
generous  gift.  Two  are  still  life  pieces  by 
Alexandre  Francois  Desportes,  the  well- 
known  painter  of  hunt  inu  scenes  and  animals, 
who  was  Court  painter  to  Louis  X I V.  in 
treatment  these  two  pictures  of  game,  bird-, 
and  fruit  suggest  the  influence  of  the  Flem- 
ings, hut  the  line  of  departure  is  shown  in 
the   simplification  of   the   background   and 

the  elegance  of  t  he  design.  The  third  French 
picture,  a  portrait  of  Madame  LflBtitia 
Bonaparte,  by  Mile  NTanine  Vallain,  is  by  a 
little-known  painter  of  the  school  of  David. 

The  portrait  is  an  interesting  acquisition 
both   from    the   historical    point    of   view   and 

as  a  characteristic  example  of  the  neo- 
classical period.  The  recenl  purchases  for 
the  collection  include  tWO  pictures  Of  special 

interest     a  work   of    the    Ferrarese  school, 

and   a    Spanish   picture   long  known   as   '  The 

Robinson  Velasquez.1  The  former,  by  Maz- 
zolini  (or  Mazzolino)  di  Ferrara  is  a  large 
canvas  representing  Pharaoh  and  his  hosts 
in  the  Red  Sea.     Full  of  dramatic  incident 

and  vivid  with  rich  hues,  this  brilliant  ex- 
ample of  Ferrarese  quattro-centist  art   is  ;v 


834 


THE     ATHENiiUM 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


welcome  addition  to  the  early  Italian 
pictures  in  the  collection.  The  '  Jael  and 
Si  sera  '  which  was  exhibited  as  a  Velasquez 
ni  the  Spanish  Exhibition  in  the  New 
Gallery  in  1896.  and  which  then  belonged 
to  Sir  J.  ('.  Robinson,  is  now  attributed  to 
Jacinto  Geronimo  da  Espinosa,  who  was 
horn  in  Valencia  in  1600.  The  work  is  finely 
conceived,  the  stately  figure  of  Jael  being 
(specially  notable,  while  the  painting  of  the 
armour  is  exceptionally  good. 

A  remarkable  discovery  has  been,  made 
by  the  new  Director  in  the  cellars  of  the 
gallery  of  a  fine  portrait  by  Vandyke.  This 
work,  which  was  purchased  in  1866  from  the 
Northwich  collection,  seems  to  have  lain 
tneglected  for  nearly  half  a  century.  It  is  a 
portrait  of  a  young  man  with  long  hair, 
pointed  beard,  and  wearing  a  lace  collar. 
The  best  experts  agree  that  it  is  a  genuine 
early  Vandyke  of  the  Flemish  period,  and  the 
gallery  is  to  be  congratulated  on  bringing  it 
to  light. 

The  Civic  Exhibition  to  be  opened  in 
Dublin  next  month  will  include  a  special 
section  dealing  with  the  antiquarian  and 
historical  associations  of  Dublin.  The  ex- 
hibits will  include  paintings  and  views 
of  old  Dublin,  specimens  of  Irish-made 
silver,  ornamental  metal  work,  municipal 
plate,  and  other  objects  bearing  upon  the 
municipal  life  and  industries  of  Dublin. 
Mr.  W.  G.  Strickland  is  in  charge  of  the 
section. 

A  memorial  statue  to  the  late  Lord 
Justice  Fitzgibbon,  by  Mr.  Albert  Bruce 
Joy,  has  been  placed  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathe- 
dral, Dublin. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Commission  on 
Historical  Monuments  (England),  held  on 
Wednesday  last,  it  was  announced  that  the 
first  volume  dealing  with  Essex  would  be 
published  in  the  autumn.  It  was  also 
announced  that  the  experiment  would  be 
made  of  compiling  the  next  two  volumes 
simultaneously. 

The  system  of  piecemeal  publication 
which  prevails  in  Germany  is  not  re- 
garded with  favour  in  this  country,  and  has 
its  disadvantages. 

A  new  illustrated  quarterly  called  Blast, 
edited  by  Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis,  is  to  make  its 
appearance  on  Thursday  next.  The  Bodley 
Head,  acting  the  part  of  iEolus,  is  to  let  it 
out,  and,  to  judge  from  the  prospectus  we 
have  received,  has  had  the  fateful  bag  tam- 
pered with  in  the  legendary  way,  for  there 
seem  to  be  a  great  number  of  "  blasts  " 
about  simultaneously  to  issue  forth.  Fortu- 
nately, the  atmosphere  is  deep,  as  well  as 
wide,  and  we  should  not  wonder  if  it  turns 
out  that  the  discomforts  of  a  hurricane  are 
avoided  by  the  fast  that  some  of  them  fly 
a  long  way  over  people's  heads. 

The  collection  bequeathed  by  M.  de 
C'amondo  to  the  Louvre  is  now  open.  It 
contains,  besides  fine  specimens  of  Japanese 
art  and  masterpieces  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury (Falconet's  '  Pendule  desTrois  Graces,' 
being  among  these),  a  great  number  of 
pictures  by  modern  artists,  such  as  Cezanne, 
Renoir,  Claude,  Monet,  Degas,  Manet, 
Toulouse-Lautrec,  and  Sisley. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Gabriel 
Ferrier,  the  painter.  He  was  born  at  Nimss 
in  1847,  studied  with  Pils  and  Hebert,  and 
obtained  the  Prix  de  Roms  in  1872.  His 
pictures,  now,  perhaps,  not  well  known,  but 
not  deficient  in  charm,  include  '  Scene  de 
l'lnquisition  en  Espagne,'  '  L'Ecole  arabe,' 
and  '  Le  Printemps.'  Of  late  years  he  had 
been  successful  as  a  portrait  painter. 


MUSIC 

♦ 

OPERA    AT    DRURY    LANE. 

Sir  Joseph  Beecham  is  adhering,  as  he 
did  last  year,  to  the  programme  he  first 
issued.  One  night,  however,  was  left 
open,  and  then  (May  30th)  Mozart's  '  Die 
Zauberflote  '  was  repeated.  There  was  a 
new  Queen  of  Night,  namely,  Madame 
Frieda  Hempel,  of  whose  success  in 
'  Rosenkavalier '  mention  lias  already 
been  made.  In  '  Die  Zauberflote  '  it  was 
principally  as  a  coloratura  singer  that  she 
could  be  judged,  and  even  then  her  voice 
was  not  quite  in  as  good  order  as  it  was 
in  the  Strauss  opera.  The  delivery  of  her 
two  songs  was,  however,  very  clear, 
except  the  highest  note  in  the  second, 
which  was  a  shade  flat :  a  small  short- 
coming of  that  kind  is,  indeed,  only  named 
to  justify  our  statement  about  the  con- 
dition of  her  voice  on  this  particular 
evening.  Mr.  Frederick  Ranalow  assumed 
the  part  of  Papageno,  and  was  very  good 
both  as  singer  and  actor.  The  part  is 
not  easy,  and  he  never  let  the  comic  ele- 
ment degenerate  into  farce. 

Last  Monday  evening  Borodin's  *  Prince 
Igor  '  was  presented  for  the  first  time, 
not  only  at  Drury  Lane,  but  also  outside 
Russia.  It  is  not  easy  to  judge  a  work 
of  this  kind  definitely  after  a  first  hearing. 
One  thing,  however,  is  certain  :  the  com- 
poser who  wrote  the  Konehakovna  Cava- 
tina  and  the  admirable  Polovtsienne  Dances 
based  on  Tatar  folk-tunes  was  a  genius. 
He  however  left  only  a  vocal  score ;  but 
certain  portions  were  arranged  for  orches- 
tra by  Rimsky-Korsakoff,  and  others 
by  Glazounov.  The  Overture,  it  is  stated, 
was  not  even  put  on  paper  in  any  form 
by  Borodin,  but  Glazounov — who  had 
heard  it  many  times  played  by  the  com- 
poser— wrote  it  out  from  memory.  It  is 
fortunate  that  it  was  even  thus  preserved. 
The  music,  bright  and  well  scored,  though 
somewhat  formal,  is  largely  based  on 
themes  or  figures  from  the  opera.  Rimsky- 
Korsakoff,  as  we  know,  had  a  special  gift 
for  scoring.  Some  of  it  is  delightful, 
though  occasionally  the  brass  seemed  to  us 
to  spoil  the  na'ioete  of  the  music.  The  short 
phrases,  which  are  often  repeated  (though 
on  different  degrees),  and  which  occur,  for 
instance,  in  the  opening  choruses,  give 
the  music  a  certain  rudimentary  character. 
That,  together  with  music  typically  folk- 
like, as  in  the  admirable  second  act,  is 
refreshing  after  the  developments  in 
Wagner's  '  Ring,'  which,  if  wonderful  in 
their  way,  are  very  elaborate.  Through- 
out '  Prince  Igor  '  one  is  fascinated  by  the 
freshness  and  naturalness  of  the  music  ; 
and  we  say  once  again  that  we  find  in 
these  Russian  operas  most  interesting 
attempts  at  music-drama,  from  which 
present-day  composers  can  learn  much. 

The  performance  of  the  Avork  was 
very  fine.  Madame  Kousnetzoff  imper- 
sonated Princess  Yaroslavna,  and  her 
rendering  of  i-  Where  have  ye  fled,  ye 
happier  days  ?  "  was  most  artistic  :  this 
lament,  by  the  way,  is  a  true  bit  of 
Russian  music.  Madame  Petrenko's  Cava- 
tina,    when    seated    among    the    Polovet 


Maidens,  is  exquisitely  delicate,  and  was 
beautifully  sung.  M.  Chaliapine  as  Prince 
Galitzky  lias  a  fine  part,  and,  certainly 
made  the  most  of  it.  MM.  Charonoff  and 
Nicholas  Andreev,  the  two  Goudok  players, 
Avere  admirable  in  the  delightful  scene  at 
the  opening  of  the  first  act.  The  whole 
thing — the  gestures  and  singing  of  the 
crowd — was  a  piece  of  character-singing 
and  acting  which  is  surely  only  possible  to 
a  company  of  Russians.  M.  Paul  Andreev 
was  excellent  as  Igor.  M.  Leon  Steinberg 
conducted  in  a  firm,  spirited  manner.  The 
music  being  familiar  to  him,  he  was  able 
to  present  it  with  the  right  colour  and 
character.  The  orchestral  playing  was 
magnificent. 

The  following  evening  was  devoted  to 
ballets.  Two,  '  Thamar  '  and  '  Scheher- 
azade,' effectively  presented,  were  old 
favourites.  '  Daphnis  et  Chloe,'  by  M. 
Maurice  Ravel,  was  the  novelty.  Incidents 
in  the  idyll  of  that  name  suggested  the 
stage  action  to  M.  Fokine.  Though  the 
ballet  is  a  trifle  too  long,  the  music  is 
delightful,  and  notable  for  delicate  fancy 
and  colouring.  M.  Ravel,  in  his  instru- 
mental works,  often  seems  to  be — and, 
indeed,  probably  is  —  working  to  some 
picture  in  his  mind — but,  he  does  not  offer 
any  clue.  In  the  present  instance,  the 
reason  for  every  change  was  perfectly 
clear.  The  ballet  itself  is  interesting,  and 
might  almost  be  called  an  opera -ballet.  It 
was  beautifully  mounted,  and  admirably 
performed,  Chloe  and  Daphnis  being 
impersonated  by  the  excellent  artists 
Madame  Tamar  Karsavina  and  M.  Michel 
Fokine. 


Jltitsiral  (Jlflsstp. 

Madame  Tetrazzini  justified  to  the  full 
the  enthusiasm  of  her  audience  at  theRoj'al 
Albert  Hall  on  Thursday  night  (June  4th). 
"  Ah  !  Fors  e  mi,''  Eckert's  echo  song, 
David's  '  My  soli  '  couplets,  and  several 
encores  were  given  with  that  brilliant 
technique  with  which  her  name  is  associated, 
and  were  marked,  moreover,  by  unusual 
beauty  and  clarity  of  tone.  Admirable 
assistance  was  given  by  Mesdames  Ada 
Crossley,  Helen  Blain,  Isolde  Menges,  Mar- 
jorie  Wigley,  and  Messrs.  Robert  Radford 
and  Ben  Davies.  We  may,  perhaps,  give 
special  commendation  to  Madame  Ada 
Crossley  for  the  perfect  enunciation  and 
restraint  of  tone  by  which  she  enhances 
expression  and  emotion  to  the  fullest 
extent. 

Madame  Clara  Butt  and  Mr.  Kenner- 
ley  Rumford  gave  a  concert  at  the  Royal 
Albert  Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon,  their 
first  public  appearance  since  their  return 
from  a  long  and  successful  tour  round  the 
world.  Madame  Butt  sang  "  O  Don  Fatale  " 
from  Verdi"s  '  Don  Carlos,'  the  old  Breton 
'  Angelus,'  and  Brahms' s  '  Me  in  Madel  hat 
einen  Rosenmund,'  while  her  fine  rendering 
of  Beethoven's  '  Creation's  Hymn  '  led  to  an 
encore.  The  same  composer's  '  In  questa 
Tomba,'  though  so  different  hi  mood,  was 
equally  well  rendered.  Mr.  Rumford's 
deliver}7  of  a  favourite  Strauss  Lied  was 
notable  both  as  singing  and  interpretation. 

M.  Jacques  Thibaud,  the  excellent  French 
violinist,  gave  a  recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on 
Tuesday  afternoon.  We  have  often  referred 
to  the  unsatisfactory  effect  of  violin  con- 
certos with  pianoforte  accompaniments.    For 


No.  4520,  June  13,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


835 

i 


one  number  of  a  programme  it  would  soarcely 
be  worth  while  to  engage  art  orchestra.  M. 
Thibaud,  who  performed  M.  Nachez's  Con- 
certo in  a  minor,  had,  however,  the  aceoin- 
panfment  played  by  a  double  string  quartet 
and  organ,  a  fair,  and  on  this  occasion 
satisfactory  compromise.  It  also  served  for 
the  Bach  Concerto  in  u.  M.  Thibaud's 
programme  included  Chausson's  delightful 
'  nceri  for  violin,  piano  (M.  Georges  de 
Lausnay),  and  string  Quartet  (Op.  21). 

M.  Camtltbbi  of  the  Theatre  des  Champs 
Elysees,  Paris,  appeared  here  as  conductor 
for  the  first  time  at  a  concert  at  the  Queen's 
Hall  on  the  4th  inst.  He  is  able  and  intelli- 
gent, and  with  the  assistance  of  the  London 
Symphony  Orchestra,  interpreted  some  Wag- 
ner excerpts.  His  programme  included  a 
cleverly  written  Overture,  the  thematic 
material  of  which  consisted  of  three  cha- 
racteristic Greek  popular  themes.  Miss 
Florence  Macbeth,  who  recently  made  her 
debut  in  London,  sang  the  Mad  Scene  from 
'  Lucia,"  with  clear  voice,  and  excellent  skill. 
There  is  good  promise  for  her  future. 

The  Loxdox  Strixg  Quartet  (Messrs.  E. 
Summons.  W.  I'etre,  W.  Warner,  and  C. 
Warwick-Evans),  was  the  first  to  play  Herr 
Arnold  Schonberg's  sextet  in  England, 
music  which  was  sane  and  interesting. 
About  the  same  time  the  Five  Orches- 
tral Pieces  were  given  at  Queen's  Hall,  a 
later  work,  which  proved  a  mass  of  discord 
and  dullness.  Last  Wednesday  afternoon 
the  same  body  of  players  performed,  also  for 
the  first  time,  a  quartet  with  two  vocal  solos 
forming  part  of  the  last  two  movements, 
by  the  same  composer,  Op.  10.  All  the 
music  up  to.  and  including  the  first 
vocal  solo  was  rambling,  and  what  some 
musicians,  not  having  futurist  ears,  might 
consider  ugly.  The  connexion  between  the 
vocal  solos,  which  were  interpreted  skilfully 
by  Miss  Carrie  Tubb,  and  the  instrumental 
portion  was  not  evident.  The  music  of 
the  second  solo  is.  in  places,  clearer  than 
the  first,   and   fairly   impressive. 

(  harpextier's  '  Louise,'  which  was  given 
at  Covent  Garden  on  the  10th  inst.,  is  one  of 
the  few  modern  works  in  which  the  action  on 
the  stage  is  so  interesting  that  at  first  the 
music  docs  not  attract  sufficient  attention. 
As,  however,  the  opera  becomes  familiar,  the 
great  skill,  and  one  may  even  add,  inspiration 
oft  he  music  are  recognized.  The  performance 
was  very  good.  Madame  Edvina  and  M. 
Franz  were  excellent  as  Louise  and  Julien  ; 
while  M.  Aquistapaca  impersonated  the 
lather  with  good  ability,  and  Madame  Berat 
t  he  mother  par  excellence.  The  clever  second 
act  was  effective  ;  and  there  was  enough  light 
to  see  what  was  taking  place  on  the  stage.      M. 

Dua  was  a  very  good  Pape  d*-^  Fous.     Signor 
Polacco  is  a  spirited  eonduetor,  though  at 
times  he  does  not   sufficiently  consider  the 
gers. 

Sin  Alkx  \\i)KK  Mackenzie's  opera,  '  The 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth,'  was  produced  last 
urday  afternoon  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Music  by  the  members  of  the  operatic 
•  lass  and  by  the  college  orchestra,  the  com- 
poser conducting.  Every  one  knows 
Dickens's  story  of  Dot   and  John,  SO  that 

there     is    no    need      to     tell     the    plot.        Sir 

Alexander  has  written  music  quite  in  keeping 
with  the  subject,  ;ind  provided  accompani- 
ments   which    show    both    good     taste    and 

knowledge,  and  therefore  deserves  praise, 
verture  is  very  bright.  Of  the 
boIos  may  be  mentioned  as  refined  speci- 
mens, the  '  Lullaby1  in  the  first  act,  the 
blind  girl's  song,  and  of  concerted  music  the 
trio  in  the  Final  of  Ad    I.     The  rendering 

of  the  work  was  excellent.      It  was  repeate  I 
Oil  the  first  five  days  of  the  following  wet 


Sin, 

Mok.- 
Hok.- 
Hoir. 


TtK- 


Wn>. 


Tm-U! 


Fiti. 


Sat. 


PKRFORM  \NCKS     NEXT    WEEK. 

Special  Concert.  8.30.  Royal  Albert  Hall. 
•8  v  i     Royal  Opera.  I ovent  Garden 
■Fm.  Opera.  Theatre  Royal.  Drury  Line. 

Nora  ami  Frederica  eouway  8  Dramatic  ami  Musical  Recital. 
:.  Steinway  Hall. 

Bratiazon  Lowther  a  Song  Recital.  'Mr),  .Eolian  Hall. 

Hegedus  b  Violin  Recital.  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

London  Symphony  Orchestra,  8.  Queens  Hall. 

Florence  Shees  Evening  Concert    8  IB,  Stein  way  Hall. 

Blueliell    Kleim'a    Concert    of   her    own    compositions,    8.15, 
Bechsteiu  Hall. 

Frieda  von  Vukovie's  Song  Recital.  8.15,  Bechsteiu  Hall. 

Gabriel  Fauie  and  Robert  Lortat  Festival  Recital .  8.  IB,  -Eolian 
Hall. 

Eva  K.  Lissmann  and  Gerhard  Jekeliuss   Brahms  Recital, 
S. IH.  Bechsteiu  Hall. 

Thomas  Dunhill  chamber  Concert.  8.15.  8teinway  Hall. 

York  Bowen  and  Sylvia  York  Bowen's  Pianoforte  and  Song 
Recital.  8.16.  .Eolian  Hall. 

Fanny  Daviess  Pianoforte  Recital,  :!.  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mary  O  Sullivan  s  Song  Recital.  5.30.  -Eolian  Hall. 

Anton  MaaskofTs  Violin  Recital.  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Ursula  Nettleships  Vocal  Recital,  8.30,  .Eolian  Hall 
.  Katie  Bacon  s  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.15.  Steinway  Hall. 

Elly  Heschelin  and  M.  GrigorowitBch's  Pianoforte  and  Violin 
Recital.  8.  IB,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Agnes  Nicholls's  Recital,  8.30   Bechstein  Hall. 

Winifred  Smith's  Violin  Recital.  8.30.  Steinway  Hall. 

Francesco  Vigliani's  Violin  Recital.  8.  SO.  .Eolian  Hall. 

Frieda  Hempel's  Orchestral  Concert.  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Emma  Barnett's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.  Steinway  Hall. 

Gabriel  Fauri  and  Robert  Lortat  Festival  Recital,  3.15.  .Eolian 
Hall. 

Maud  Pargeter.  Doris  oldroyd,  and   Ethel  Martin  s  Trio  Con- 
cert. 8.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Alma  Gluck  s  Song  Recital.  3.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

Whitney  Mockbridgea  Vocal  Recital,  3.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 


DRAMA 

THE    IRISH    PLAYERS. 

There  are  the  makings  of  a  dramatist 
in  Mr.  J.  Bernard  McCarthy,  whose  play 
*  The  Supplanter  '  the  Irish  Players  pro- 
duced last  week  at  the  Court,  and  who, 
we  learn,  is  a  postman.  The  piece  has 
a  simple  directness  which  is  refreshing, 
and  apart  from  one  disturbing  jar  in  the 
mechanism — which  might,  by  the  way, 
easily  have  been  avoided — it  ran  smoothly 
to  the  final  curtain.  Here  and  there, 
moreover,  there  was  a  hint  of  that  poetry 
of  diction  which  is  Synge's  chief  charm. 

Although,  baldly  stated,  the  plot  may 
sound  somewhat  ghastly,  there  is  nothing 
repulsive  in  the  play.  It  is  a  careful  study 
of  a  situation  in  itself  neither  impossible 
nor  improbable.  Briefly,  a  lad  has  worked 
hard  after  his  father's  death  to  improve 
his  mother's  farm.  Some  years  later, 
when  the  fruits  of  his  toil  are  beginning  to 
show  themselves,  she  marries,  in  spite  of 
his  bitter  protest,  a  man  whom  every  one 
except  herself  knows  to  be  a  dissipated 
scoundrel.  In  a  few  months  the  farm  is 
on  the  way  to  ruin,  and  the  unhappy  wife 
is  in  addition  constantly  harassed  by  the 
ever-increasing  hatred  between  her  quick- 
tempered son  and  Iter  drunken  husband. 
At  last,  stung  to  hot-headed  rage  by  the 
theft  of  his  savings,  the  young  fellow 
shoots  his  brutal  stepfather,  and  the 
curtain  goes  down  on  his  rushing  back 
to  the  house  pursued  by  the  shouts  of 
the  mob. 

The  acting  was  worthy  of  the  traditions 
of  the  company.  Mr.  Sydney  J.  Morgan 
made  a  sinister  figure  of  the  stepfather; 
the  right  touch  of  impetuosity  and  honest 
anger  was  given  to  the  son  by  Mr.  Fred 
0 'Donovan ;  and  Eileen  O'Doherty  pre 
-«nted  a  polished  character-study  in  the 
tragic  part  of  the  wife.  The  acting  of 
Mr.  Philip  Guiry  and  Fithne  Magee  as  a 
pair  of  lovers— though  the  writing  of  the 

love  scenes  was  not  strong — and  of  Ann 
Coppinger  as  an  amusingly  garrulous  old 
body  was  on    a  correspondingly  high  level. 

The  piece  was  followed  by  Lady  Gre- 
gory's delightful  little  comedy  '  The 
I :  ingot'  the  Moon,'  in  which  t  he  inimitable 
Mr.    Arthur    Sinclair    as    the  Seigeant    of 


police    and    Mr.    J.    M.    Kerrigan    as    the 
Ballad  Singer  gave  of  their  best . 

The  one-act  play  '  Sovereign  Love  '  by 
Mr.T.  C.  Murray,  produced  for  the  first  time 
in  London  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
week,  is  a  sketch,  a  study  of  a  certain  phase 
of  Irish  peasant  life,  rather  than  a  drama 
in  any  ordinarily  accepted  sense.  Its 
theme  resolves  itself  into  the  sale  of  a 
farmer's  daughter  to  the  highest  bidder. 
In  no  sense  farcical,  though  making  for 
laughter  by  reason  of  the  shrewd,  crude, 
businesslike  cynicism  of  the  match- 
makers on  both  sides,  it  is  also  in  no  sense 
tragic  ;  the  instinctive  search  for  a  high 
price  outweighs  the  chance  of  sorrowing 
for  love  disappointed.  The  girl  herself, 
looking  forward  with  anxiety  to  her 
chance  of  settlement  in  life,  is  furious  at 
losing  the  first  offer ;  yet  we  can  foresee 
her  acquiescence  in  the  alternative 
that  comes  from  the  higher  bid  of  a 
"  returned  Yank  "  :  he,  for  all  his  acquired 
sense  of  business,  is  but  a  babe  in  the 
hands  of  the  girl's  father. 

The  treatment  is  excellent  and  con- 
vincing, wholly  devoid  of  pretension  or 
cliche  ;  the  people  before  us  are  actual 
living  beings,  not  problem-puppets.  Mr, 
Murray  does  not  attempt  to  improve 
upon  life  or  nature.  For  these  reasons 
the  play  should  be  difficult  acting  for 
"  professionals,"  but  it  brings  out  in 
full  force  the  qualities  of  the  Irish 
Players.  Their  business  is  to  present  to 
us  types  of  whom  they  have  their  own 
national  and  intimate  knowledge  ;  and 
they  do  this  successfully  and  spontaneously: 
the  latter  qualification  applies  here  far 
more  than  in  Mr.  Murray's  other  play, 
'  Maurice  Harte,'  that  followed  '  Sove- 
reign Love.'  The  problem  is,  of  course, 
obvious  in  '  Maurice  Harte.'  The  actors 
are  no  longer  representing ;  they  are 
interpreting.  Even  this  is  not  beyond 
them  :  they  are  excellent,  but,  in  a  way, 
they  are  taken  beyond  the  natural  sphere 
of  their  talents.  This  reasserted  itself, 
however,  in  the  last  "item,"  Lady  Gre- 
gory's delightful  farce  '  Spreading  the 
News,'  where  one  and  all  let  themselves 
go  in  the  sheer  natural  riot  of  the  episode. 

Mr.  O'Rourkc  deserves  praise  tor  his 
quiet,  but  convincing  realism ;  first  of 
all  as  Tom  Daly  in  "Sovereign  Love' — 
here  he  seems  to  be  the  broker  for  the 
marriage  (a  species  of  Irish  version  of 
the  Breton  Bazvalan  '.) — and  then  Lit 
the  part  of  Owen  Harte. 

Mr.  Arthur  Sinclair  has  a  distinct  gift 
all  his  own  of  immobility  Of  body  and  face 
that  served  him  royally,  not  only  for  the 
tragedy  of  '  .Maurice  Harte.'  whose  fathei 
he  represents,  but  also  for  the  fun  of 
Bart  ley  Fallon  in  "  Spreading  the  News.' 

Eithne  .Magee  was  admirable  as  Mrs. 
Fallon;      also     Kathleen     DlOgO     as      the 

vindictive  scandal  -  tongued  Mrs.  Tuny 
in  the  same  play.  But  it  is  ahno-t 
Unfair  to  single  OUl  one  or  another  when 
all  were  excellent.  To  actors  who  know 
how  to  be  natural  versatility  is  easy:  they 
have  studied    the   many   characters   whom 

they  have  to  represent  rather  than  the 

one    special    mode    to    which    they    might 

adapt  all  representation. 


836 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4520,  June  18,  1914 


Dramatic   (Bossip. 

In  '  As  It  Used  To  Be  '  at  the  Little 
Theatre  we  found  both  instruction  and 
amusement.  The  theatre  of  the  eighteenth 
and  early  nineteenth  centuries  was  the 
subject  :  a  series  of  scenes  in  which  im- 
personators of  Garrick,  Kemble,  Mrs.  Siddons 
and  the  "  Infant  Roscius  "  each  performed 
•one  of  their  principal  parts,  was  loosely 
strung  together,  while  an  "  atmosphere  " 
was  suggested  by  the  presence  of  an  orange - 
girl  who  at  times  broke  forth  into  "  Who  '11 
buy  my  sweet  China  oranges  ?  "  a  "  Royal 
Personage  "  and  his  suite,  who  were  con- 
ducted to  their  seats  by  Kemble,  and  various 
fashionable  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  sat 
■on  the  stage,  annoying  Garrick  extremely, 
and  were  at  last  driven  off  by  him.  A 
harpsichord,  originally  bought  by  Napoleon 
for  Marie  Louise,  and  a  few  stage  properties 
of  historical  interest  also  aided  in  the  illusion. 

The  last  act  of  Home's  '  Douglas  '  was 
the  first  of  the  reconstructed  scenes.  Delia 
Pointer,  representing  the  "  Infant  Roscius  " 
.as  Norval  and  Marjorie  Patterson  repre- 
senting Mrs.  Siddons  as  Lady  Randolph 
.acted  their  parts  with  absolute  seriousness, 
in  the  declamatory  manner  which  by  no 
means  died  out  with  Garrick.  Mr.  Bertram 
Forsyth  as  Kemble's  Randolph  attitudinized 
like  a  pantomime  pirate,  and  so  introduced 
an  element  of  burlesque  into  a  performance 
•of  which  the  audience  was  ready  to  see  the 
amusing  side.  Delia  Pointer  must  be 
specially  commended  for  her  excellently 
sustained  heroics. 

Then  followed  part  of  the  graveyard  scene 
from  '  Romeo  and  Juliet,'  in  which  that 
•eccentric  amateur  "  Romeo  "  Coates  was 
impersonated  by  Mr.  Nigel  Playfair.  Here 
burlesque  was  permissible,  and  Mr.  Playfair 
made  the  most  of  his  opportunities,  in  a 
performance  strikingly  like  his  recent  Bottom. 
Incongruity  often  passes  well  enough  for 
real  fun,  as  it  certainly  did  in  this  case. 
While  Paris  acted,  Romeo  paid  attentions 
to  the  orange -girl.  When  Romeo  had  taken 
poison,  he  stood  about  waiting  for  Bal- 
thasar  to  bring  in  a  mattress  before  collaps- 
ing !  The  closet  scene  from  Garrick's 
Hamlet,  acted  by  Mr.  Bertram  Forsyth,  was 
•a  more  serious  affair :  the  more  natural 
style  of  acting  introduced  by  Garrick  made 
Mr.  Forsyth's  impersonation  contrast  cor- 
rectly with  his  Kemble.  In  this  scene 
the  cross-talk  between  the  playgoers  on  the 
stage,  the  adoration  of  the  women,  and  the 
jealousy  of  the  men  provided  an  amusing 
setting.  Mr.  Stafford  Hilliard's  Ghost  was 
■a  great  success.  A  word  of  praise  must  be 
added  for  his  rendering  of  a  bored  stage- 
hand, whose  duties  range  from  the  control 
of  the  harpsichord  player  to  the  filling  of 
subordinate  parts. 

The  piece  de  resistance  of  the  evening, 
however,  was  the  second  act  of  '  The  Beggar's 
Opera,'  with  which  the  performance  con- 
cluded. Here  were  no  attempts  at  burlesque, 
and  Gay's  lines  seemed  extraordinarily 
modern.  Hannah  Jones  was  admirable  as 
Mrs.  Peachum,  and  Evangeline  Hilliard  did 
well  as  an  ingenue  Polly.  But  we  could 
not  help  wishing  for  a  reproduction  of 
Hogarth's  picture,  with  the  Duke  of  Bolton 
in  a  side-box  on  his  knees  before  the  all- 
conquering  Lavinia  Fenton. 

An  experiment,  which  deserves  the  sup- 
port of  those  interested  in  English  dramatic 
literature  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centimes,  was  successfully  concluded  on 
Tuesday  evening  last,  when  a  company  of 
amateur  players — under  the  style  of  "*The 
Venturers  " — gave  their  second  presentation 
of  Dryden's  '  All  for  Love  '  at  the  small 
Cosmopolis  Theatre   in  Holborn.     The   aim 


of  the  promoters  was  to  present  plays 
of  "  some  significance  in  dramatic  lite- 
rature," which  are  not  otherwise  to  be  seen 
in  actual  performance,  their  first  season 
including  the  old  morality  play  '  A  Looking 
Glass  for  London,'  Addison's  '  The  Drummer,' 
and  Dryden's  masterpiece  in  tragedy.  The 
support  so  far  accorded  has  encouraged 
Mr.  Otto  Sallmann — the  moving  spirit  of 
the  company — to  look  forward  to  a  more 
extended  plan  next  autumn,  and  he  will  be 
glad  to  receive  at  4,  Caithness  Road,  West 
Kensington,  any  suggestions  as  to  plays 
suitable  for  production. 

If  Mr.  Felix  North  has  written  his  play 
'  Compensation,'  produced  at  the  Court 
Theatre  for  a  series  of  performances  ex- 
tending from  last  Tuesday  to  next  Friday, 
with  a  view  to  presenting  some  definite 
point  of  view,  we  can  only  say  that  we 
have  quite  missed  it.  The  key  may  be  in 
the  title  ;  if  so,  it  has  failed  to  fit  the  lock  of 
our  understanding.  Though  the  author 
seemed  to  us  so  inconclusive,  the  actors  did 
their  best  to  prevent  puzzledom  becoming 
boredom.  Mr.  Cowley  Wright,  whether  he 
meant  to  or  not,  convinced  us  afresh  that  a 
genius  let  loose  among  more  ordinary  mortals 
plays  an  amount  of  havoc  which  has  little 
compensation  in  usefulness,  especially  if  he 
has  a  somewhat  neurotic  temperament. 
Dora  Harker  ably  presented  a  sister  who  has 
rendered  herself  almost  invertebrate  by 
merging  her  identity  in  that  of  her  brother. 
Mr.  Fred  Lewis  got  a  good  deal  of  fun  out  of 
the  part  of  a  rotund  lover,  and  Frances  Dill 
played  with  some  power  the  type  of  woman 
who  is  a  little  too  willing  to  prove  her  love 
by  suffering  martyrdom. 

On  Wednesday  evening  next  Mr.  Frede- 
rick Harrison  will  present  at  the  Haymarket 
'Driven,'  a  new  four-act  play  by  Mr.  E. 
Temple  Thurston. 

On  June  17th  and  20th  the  Dunmow 
Players  will  produce  '  The  Furriner,'  a  play 
in  the  Essex  dialect  by  S.  L.  Bensusan. 
The  performance  will  be  given  in  the  Barn 
Theatre,  Little  Easton,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Dunmow  and  District  Progressive  Club. 
The  protagonist  is  Father  William,  a  non- 
agenarian worthy,  familiar  to  readers  of  the 
author's  sketches  of  rural  life  in  Essex.  The 
scenery  is  by  Mr.  Bernhard  Sickert  and  Mr. 
Ralph  Houghton.  The  cast  includes  Lady 
Mercy  Greville  and  Mr.  H.  Cranmer-Byng. 
Philologically,  the  play  is  of  considerable 
interest,  as  it  puts  on  record  turns  of  speech 
that  are  passing  away.  Most  remarkable  is 
a  highly  condensed  form  of  the  conditional 
sentence,  e.g.,  "  Did,  I'd  have  went." 


To  Correspondents.— H.  C— E.  B.— E.  D— Received. 

M.    D. — Anonymous     abuse   without   argument  is    not 
convincing. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 

PAGE 

Authors'  Agents        838 

Hell  &  Sons       837 

Blrns  and  Oatks        811 

catalogues         838 

Darlington        839 

Dent  &  Sons       836 

Educational       „  K)9 

Exhibitions        809 

Harrap  <fe  Co 837 

Insurance  Coaipanies 839 

King  &  Son        837 

Lane  811 

Lectures 809 

Macmillan  &  Co „        ..     812,  840 

Miscellaneous  ..        _        ..        .. 810 

Murray  838 

New  Statesman 839 

Sales  by  Auction       ..       _       „       „       ..       ..  sio 

Saturday  Review        .,        839 

Shipping  ..„_.._..        ..  838 

Situations  Vacant      _        _        „        „        ..        ..809 

Situations  Wanted 810 

Societies 809 

Twentieth  Century  Press 838 

Type- Writing,  &c.       „        „        838 

Unwin  812 

Williams  &  Norgate 812 


J.  M.  DENT  &  SONS,  ltd. 

An  Economic  History 
of  Russia 

By  JAMES  MAVOR,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of 
Political  Economy  in  the  University  of 
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SEASON  TICKET  5s. 


SEVEXTH  of  l^e  Allied  Artists'  Association 

LONDON         HOLLAND    PARK    RINK,    W. 

c  \  T  nv  -^rt  Activities  from  Twenty-Four  Countries. 

BALUA  Daily  10— H.    Thursdays  10-10.  Admission  Is. 

GOUPIL   GALLERY    EXHIBITIONS. 
STATUETTES   in  Silver,   Bronze,   and  Wood  by 
E.   O.  HE  ROSALhS. 
PORTRAITS    and    Groups    of    Horses    in  Bronze    by    HERBERT 
HASBLTINE. 
WATER  i  OLOCRS  of  INDIA  by  8.  FYZEE  RAHAMIN. 
Admission  1».     From  10  till  6.    Saturday.  10  till  1. 
WILLIAM   MAR'  BANT  4  CO.,   5,    Regent  Street,  S.W. 


(B  Durational. 


s 


HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1,  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House,  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

MADAME  AUBERTS  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 
Keith  House.  133  135.  REGENT  STREET,  W..  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses.  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones,  Com- 
panions. Secretaries.  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad, 
Schools  recommended,  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
on  application  personal  or  by  letter',  stating  requirements.  Office 
boon.  10-5;  Saturdays.  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  3627 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  SCHOOLS  and  TUTORS 
gratis'. 
PROSPECTUSES    of    ENGLISH   anl    CONTINENTAL  SCHOOLS, 

and  of  ARMY  '  IVM,  SKRVICE.  and  UNIVERSITY  TUTORS. 

Sent   (free  of  charge     to    Parents  on    receipt    of    requirements    by 

GRIFFITHS   POWELL.  SMITH  4  FAWc  ETT.  School  Agents. 

'Established  1833. 
34.  Bedford  Street.  Strand.  Telephone,  7021  Garrard. 


u 


Situations  Vacant. 

NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


The  Senate  invite  applications  for  the  part-time  Post  of  UNIVER- 
SITY PROFE-HOR  OF  TOWN  PUNNING  t-riableat  UNI VER8ITY 
<  jLLEGF.  The  salary  w>"  be  4001.  a  year.  The  Engineering  aspects 
of  Town  Planning  are  dealt  with  by  the  Chadwick  Professor  of 
Municipal  Engineering 

;  licalions    twelv,  [ether  with  the  names  of  not  more 

thin  four  references,  inn-i  be  received  not  later  than  by  first  post  on 

IDAY,  Jnne  22    I9U.  by  THE    VCADEMIC  REGISTRAR.  TJnl- 

versity  of   London,   South    K  s  W  .    from    whom    farther 

particulars  may  be  obtained.     Testimonial,  are  not  required 

HENRY  A     MIEKS.  Principal. 

TIVERPOOL     EDUCATION     AUTHORITY. 

I  ITY   SCHOOL  01   ART. 
The  Managers  of  the  above-named  8,-bool  are  preiiared  to  n 
applications  for  the  appointment  of    IIKlli   OF    THE    ANTIQI'E. 
HTM. L  LIFE     IND    PRELIMINARY    DEPARTMI 
of  i 7*.f .  per  annum,  r  i-irsr  hj  a nn'.  , 
of  furtrn-r  particular!  may  b«  ot.ulne.1  from  THE  DIKE'  TOR  OF 

INIf'AL  Kl  '  entral  T-  School.  Byrom  8 

Li',  erpool.  to  whom  applications 'toffelh'-r   with    :oj, 
testimonial,     m  .  I so   as    to    reach    him    before  noon  on 

IE8DAY,  June 24.  I    "    PII  KMl.i'E 

Town  clerk,  and  clerk  to  Education  Authority. 
June  11. 


t'ONSERYATORIUM  OF  MUSIC. 


N 


EYV       SOUTH       WALES,       AUSTRALIA. 


Applications  are  invited  from  candidates  qualified  to  fill  the  Post 
of  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  CONSERVATOUIUM  OF  MUSIC  OF 
NEW  80UTH  WALES  (to  be  established  in  Sydney  under  the 
authority  of  the  Hon.  The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction).  Candi- 
dates must  be  thorough  practical  and  theoretical  Musicians,  and 
preference  will  be  shown  to  those  experienced  in  Orchestral  and 
Opera  work.  Evidence  of  age  and  of  attainments  and  experience 
must  be  submitted.  Ability  to  teach  in  English  indispensable.  The 
appointment  will  be  in  the  first  instance  for  a  period  of  five  years, 
and  the  salary  will  be  1,2501.  per  annum.  Cost  of  travelling  up  to 
100/.  will  be  allowed. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  by 
whom  applications,  accompanied  by  four  copies  of  each  testimonial 
submitted,  will  be  received  up  to  JULY  14.  1914. 

AGENT-GENERAL  FOR  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

123.  Cannon  Street,  London.  E.C.,  June  3,  1914. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF       ABERDEEN. 


R 


CHAIR  OF  CHEMISTRY. 
TheCHAIR  OF  CHEMISTRY  in  this  University  in  the  patronage 
of  the  University  Court  will  beet  me  VACANT  by  the  retiral  of 
Prof.  F.  R.  Japp  on  SEPTEMBER  30  next.— Applications  for  the 
office,  together  with  sixteen  copies  of  testimonials  (should  the  candi- 
date think  fit  to  submit  any),  are  to  be  lodged  with  THE  SECRE- 
TARY OF  THE  COURT  on  or  before  JULY  1. 

DONALDSON  ROSE  THOM,  Secretary. 
University  of  Aberdeen,  Juue,  1914. 

OYAL   HOLLOWAY   COLLEGE. 

(University  of  London.) 

ENGLEFIELD    GREEN.    SURREY. 

DEPARTMENT    OF    PHYSICS. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  Post  of  RESIDENT  DEMON- 
STRATOR in  PHY81CS.  The  post  is  open  to  Women  only.  Three 
copies  of  applications,  accompanied  by  three  copies  of  not  more  than 
three  recent  testimonials  or  references,  should  be  sent  by  WEDN  ES- 
DAY.  June  24,  1914,  to  THE  PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  all  particulars 
may  be  obtained. 

/BOUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE. 
Principal-J.  F.  HUDSON,  M.A.  B.Sc. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  Position  of  LECTURER  in 
ENGLISH  and  SUPERVISOR  OF  WOMEN  STUDENTS  at  a 
commencing  salary  of  1751.  per  annum.  Further  particulars  on 
application  to  T.  THORP,  Secretary. 


T 


HE    CITY    OF    CORK   CHURCH    SCHOOL 

BOARD. 
THE  CORK  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL. 

The  Governors  invite  applicalions  for  the  Post  of  HEAD  MASTER 
in  this  School  of  138  Pupils  at  present— 18  Boarders  and  120  Day  Boys. 

Applicants  must  be  members  of  the  Church  of  Irehnd  or  England, 
under  40  years  of  age,  and  have  a  University  Degree  in  Honours,  with 
good  experience  in  recognized  Secondary  Schools. 

8alary  1501.,  with  a  capitation  allowance  of  10s.  per  year  for  each 
Pupil  on  the  average  attendance,  and  10  per  cent  of  the  Results  Fees 
derived  from  the  Intermediate  and  Technical  Boards,  together  with 
the  residence  and  premises  at  Sidney  Place  (free  of  rent  and  taxes) 
and  the  privilege  of  taking  Boarders. 

Further  particulars  and  form  of  application,  to  be  returned  on  or 
before  JUNE  24, 1914,  may  be  obtained  on  receipt  of  stamped  addressed 
foolscap  envelope  from 

Rev.  R.  T.  HEARN.  LL.D.,  Hon.  Secretary. 

Edmonton,  8t.  Patrick's  Hill,  Cork,  June  6,  1914. 


TZENT 


EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


COUNTY  8CHOOL  FOR  BOYS,  RAMSGATE. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  next,  an  A88ISTANT  MASTER,  to 
take  English  and  History  Ability  to  give  help  in  Vocal  Music  or 
Nature  Study  would  be  an  additional  recommendation.  The  Master 
appointed  must  be  prepired  to  give  active  help  in  School  Games  (good 
Association  Football  and  Crirkit  essential  I  Initial  Balary  130/.  1501. 
per  annum  according  to  qualifications  and  experience,  rising  by  annual 
increments  of  101.  to  22"/.  'I  he  Master,  appointed  may  be  required,  as 
part  of  bin  work,  to  teach  for  a  limited  number  of  hours  in  Evening 
Classes,  but  the  hours  of  work  per  week, 'in  Day  School  and  Evening 
Classes  combined,  will  not  exceed  those  usual  in  a  Secondary  School. 

Forms  of  Application  and  Scale  of  Salaries  may  be  obtained  from 
Mr  It  K.  Gooon,  B,  Clarendon  Gardens.  Bamsgate.  Application! 
should  be  forwarded  to  ".he  Head  Master.  Mr.  H  C.  NORM  AN.  County 
Sli  id  for  Boys,  Ramsgate,  not  later  than  JULY  7.  Canvassing  will 
he  considered  a  disqu.lification. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee, 

FK AS.  W.  <  ROOK.  Secretary. 

Sessions  House,  Maidstone,  July  11.  1814, 


K 


ENT    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE- 


COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.  DOVER. 

PEO^U.RKI).  in  HEPTKM  BAR,  ■  KI8TRBM  fcotMCfa  fn  nob  and 
Latin.    Reeldenoe  inroad  end  previous  expertenoe  enwential.    Initial 
orfliiifc  to  <|iialJflcatious  and  e\i<  1 1<  i><  <  ,  rifling 
to  1701.  i*t  inn  tun 

Formi  <>f  npplfcal  Ion  and  scale  of « tlnri<-n  may  )>e  obtained  from  Mr 
R.  F.  KNOCKER,  <-'<,  Caetla  Street,  Dover  A]  plfoaUooi  tfaonld  !••■ 
formu  u    possible,    t-»   fcbe    Bead    Mtntroee,    .M Inn   J. 

OF  IPMAH.Oountj  School  foi  Girt*,  Malaon  Wen  Bond,  Dover. 
0  impulsing  will  be  i  Doddered  ■  rtltHTHflflttlfrTV 
By  Order  of  the  '  ommll  tee, 

PBAfl     \V    I'RiHiK.  Hr.p-t 
Setflions  Houir.  Maidstone.  June  LA,  191  • 


G 


08PORT  AND  ALVER8TOKE  SECONDARY 

(■i  BOOt, 

An    \«ximT\N'T  MISTRI.-  ICED  apMbdlr  QOnUflad  to 

Physical  Ezei 
Salary  :  Initial   salary.    I 'ml.   I2SI-,   rUIng  to  mnnm 

Farther  particnlan  may  be  obtained  from  THE  linii  MASTER, 
plicatlona  alioald  be  addressed  not  later  thin   WKDNEM 
D  \ V.  Inly  i 

Street.  Ooei-tt. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


s 


HEREFORDSHIRE  LOCAL  EDUCATION 
AUTHORITY. 
HEREFORD  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRL8. 
The  Governors  invite  applications  for  the  PoBt  of  Head  Mistress  of 
the  above  School,  which  will  be  opened  in  JANUARY.  1018  Accom- 
modation 226.  Salary  2601.  per  annum,  together  with  a  Capitation  Fee 
of  if.  for  each  scholar  over  the  first  75.  Applicants  must  possess  a 
Degree  from  a  British  University  or  its  equivalent.  Twelve  copies  of 
each  application,  which  should  include  copies  of  not  more  than  three 
recent  testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than 
JULY  1,  11114.  JOHN  WILTSHIRE.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Bhirehall,  Hereford,  June  10,  1914. 

OUTHLANDS   TRAINING   COLLEGE  (FOR 

1  WOMEN).   BATTK.RSEA. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  Post  of  RESIDENT  SCIENCE 
TUTOR  to  enter  upon  duty  in  8EPTEMBER  next.  Qualification  to 
teach  Botany  essential.— For  particulars  and  form  of  application 
apply  THE  SECRETARY,  130,  Horseferry  Road.  Westminster.  S.W. 

WANTED  in  SEPTEMBER  for  the  MERTHYR 
TYDFIL  (Dual)  INTERMEDIATE  SCHOOL  a  MASTER  to 
teach  Classics  and  English.  A  good  Degree  and  good  experience 
essential.    Salary  1601.,  rising  to  2001.— Apply  HEAD  MA8TER. 

FGYPTIAN       GOVERNMENT       SCHOOLS. 

WANTED,  in  OCTOBER,  for  SECONDARY  SCH00L8  under 
the  MINISTRY  OF  EDUCATION  :- 

TEACHER8  OF  ENGLISH.  Salary  2951.  per  annum  lL.Fg24 
per  mensem),  rising  to  3931.  per  annum  ll,.Kg.32  per  mensem',  on 
pensionable  staff.     Allowance  for  passage  out  to  Egypt. 

SCIENCE  MASTER.  (Experimental  Physics  and  Chemistry.) 
Appointment  uoder  contract.  Length  of  engagement,  two  years. 
Salary  3691.  per  annum  (L.Eg.30  per  menseml.  Allowance  for  passage 
out  to  Egypt  anil  for  return  at  close  of  contract. 

Candidates  must  be  from  about  24  to  30  years  of  age,  and  unmarried. 
Applicants  must  have  taken  a  University  Degree  wiih  Honours,  and 
have  experience  as  Teachers.  Special  training  as  teachers  of  Physical 
Training  will  be  a  recommendation.  Four  Lessons  Dailv.  on  an 
average,  Fridays  only  excepted.  Summer  vacation  not  less  than  two 
months. 

Applications  should  be  addressed,  not  later  than  JULY  4,  1914  to 
A.  H.  8HARMAN,  Esq..  care  of  The  Director,  the  Egyptian' Educa- 
tional Mission  in  England,  28.  Victoria  Street,  Westminster.  London, 
S.W,  from  whom  further  information  and  copies  of  the  application 
form  may  be  obtained.  Selected  candidates  will  be  inte:  viewed  in 
London. 

VACANCY    for    an    ASSISTANT  -  MISTRESS 

V  at  the  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.  PRETORIA. 

The  High  c.>mmissioner  for  the  Union  of  South  Africa  requires  an 
ASSISTANT- MISTRESS  for  the  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS 
AT  PRETORIA. 

The  appointment  will  be  to  Grade  B  of  the  Transvaal  classification 
for  High  Schools.  The  salary  is  2801.,  rising  by  annual  increments  of 
101.  to  3001.  a  year. 

The  Mistress  may  be  required  to  be  resident,  and  in  this  case  she 
will  be  provided  with  board  at  a  moderate  charge.  The  type  of 
Mistress,  the  special  qualifications  desired,  and  the  duties  to  be 
performed  are  as  follows:— 

MIDDLE  SCHOOL  FORM  MISTRESS,  teaching  Elementary 
Practical  Physics  and  Chemistry.  The  Mistress  will  also  take  Geo- 
graphy throughout  I  he  School.  She  should  be  a  B.Sc.  with  Geographical 
training,  and  should  have  experience  iu  teaching  Practical  Science 
and  the  charge  of  a  Science  room. 

Applications  should  be  submitted  as  soon  as  possible,  in  covers 
marked  "C.A.'to  THE  SECRETARY,  Hoard  of  Education,  White 
hall.  London,  s.w.  Boottl&n  candidates  should  apply  to  THE 
SECRETARY,  Scoich  Education  Department,  Whitehall,  London, 
S.W.  The  selected  candidate  will  be  required  to  take  up  duty  at 
Pretoria  as  soon  as  ix>ssible. 


c 


0   U   N   T   Y 


O  F 


LONDON. 


The  London  County  Council  Invites  applications  for  the  following 
positions  vacant  as  from  BEPTBMBBR  m-xt  :  — 

II)  VISITING  TEACHER  of  AIO  HITF.cri'RAL  DRAWING  \NI> 
BUILDING  nONSTRtOriONS  at  the  I  '  C  BAMMERUMITH 
school  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS.  Urn*  Grove,  Shepherd's  Bush,  w 
The  person  ap|K>inted  must  havs  bad  prarrlons  taacnlng"ozperl*nor, 
and  will  la;  required  for  Two  Evening  i  \\  t «  k.  at  a  Ice  of  in.*,  ij,f.  an 
Attendance. 

(8|  VISITING  TEACHER  of  I.  IKE  DRAWING  and  \N\T".MYat 
thel.ee  PUTNEY  SCHOOL  OF  ART  for  Three  Evening,  a  Week, 
at  a  fee  of  12s.  6,/.  an  Attendance 

It)  VISITING  TEACHER  of  LETTERING  \M>  ILLUMINATING 
at  the  L.C.C  e|.  \p|l  \M  BOHoOL  OF  Mil.  Fdgi-ley  Hoail.  S.W., 
For  One  Branlng  a  Week,  at  a  fas  of  10,  3d  an   tttradano*. 

Lpplloations  must  in- on  forms  to  be  obi  dned,  wiih  parUcnlarsof  the 
iijipoiiitin'-ni.  bj  sending;  a  stamped  addressid   foolaasp  envelops  to 

TOE    MM    \TI"N    OFFICER      Loodo iitl  Cnini-ll.    E.lo 

offices,  \  i.  iii.  Bmbankn t   \v  C    t<>  whom  thai  mnal  be  retained 

bj  ii  \m  mi  SATURDAY,  Jnne  FT,  1911  lw>  i  rmmnnlOBtton 
most  be  marked  "  T  i    on  the  snn  lops 

Canvassing  elthei  directly  or  Indirectly,  w  ill  ,1  i--iui. lify  nn  n],|>li<  ml 
I,  \l  K  em  E  OOM  ME,  Clerk  of  the  London  county  I  onneU, 

Education  offices   Victoria  Embankment,  w  < 


B 


IKKKNHKAI)    EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 


OOUKi  il  giki  B  BKi  "M'AHY  BCHOOI 
Held  Mistress-Miss  A.  F.  EDWARDS 
wanted    in    BBPTBMBBB    next,   in   sxpsrleaosd    ENGLISH 

MISTRESS.      Malar]    I  irdlnf    lallBeatlons  and 

spplloatlon,  whlth   ihonld  be  rstnmed   bj 
.11  IA    :    maybe  had  from  lb  Furtbel    particulars  may 

...  I  from  the  111-  II)   MISTH 
•   uivassing  will  lie  oonsldered  a  disquallflcatlnn 

ROBERT  T    JONI8,  Seer.' 
Eilu'-ation  I)ti*rtineiii.  Town  Hall,  Birkenhead 

June  1 1,, 


842 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


BOYS'  INTERMEDIATE  SCHOOL, 
ABEKI'AKE,  SOUTH  WALES. 

An  ASS18TANT  MA8TEK  will  be  REQUIRED  NEXT  TERM  to 
li.ke  chargBof  tlieCjinmercinl  department,  of  the  School.  He  must 
he  well  qualified  to  tench  Book  keeping.  Shorthand,  Typewriting,  and 
office  Routine,  and  should  he  prepared  to  teach  in  addition  one  or 
more  of  the  subjects  of  the  usual  school  curriculum.  Preference  will 
he  given  to  a  candidate  with  experience  of  teaching. 

Initial  salary  offered  130J.-150I.,  non-resident,  according  to  qualifica- 
tions and  experience.  __,—    ,,,,.,,.,.    » 

Further  particulars  may  be  had  from  the  HEAD  MAS1EK,  to 
whom  applications,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  should  be  forwarded 
not  later  than  30th  instant. 


POLYTECHNIC         SCHOOL        OF        ART, 

J_  REGENT  STREET. 

The  Post  of  MODELLING  MASTER  will  be  VACANT  in  SEPTEM- 
BER next.  _,. 

Salary  150J.,  rising  to  2002.  per  annum.  Good  Modelling  from  Life 
and  Design  essential. 

Applications  with  conies  of  testimonials  should  be  sent  to 
DIRECTOR  OF  EDUCATION,  The  Polytechnic,  309,  Regent  Street, 
not  later  than  J  U  LY  3. 


nOAN  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  GREENWICH. 

SENIOR  MATHEMATICAL  MISTRESS  REQUIRED  SEPTEM- 
BER Honours  Degree,  training  and  experience  desirable.  Salary, 
non-resident,  WI.-150?.,  rising  by  1M.  annual  increments  to  0201.— 
Apply,  before  JULY  1,  to  the  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

^ituati0its   Mantafc. 

AS  CUSTODIAN,  or  Assistant  to  Curator,  in 
Museum,  or  any  position  of  trust.  Twelve  years'  unimpeachable 
references.  Experienced.  Age  38.  Married. — C,  49,  Broeklehurst 
Street,  New<'ross,  London. 


iRtsttllatttous. 

T  ITERARY    RESEARCH   undertaken   on 

l-J  moderate  terms  by  a  writer  of  numerous  articles.  Excellent 
testimonials.  —  X.  Y..  Box  2064,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 

A  UTHORS'     MSS.     Criticized,     Revised,     and 

_Z  X.  Prepared  for  Press.  Type-writing  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
and  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— C.  M.  DUNCAN,  Grasmere,  Grasmere  Road,  Purley, 
Surrey 

THE    SECRETARIAL    BUREAU,    25,    Queen 
Anne's  Gate,  St.  James's  Park,  S.W.    Tel.:  5691  Victoria.    Miss 
PETHERBRIDGE    (Nat    Sci.    Tripos),   Official  Indexer    to    H.M.'s 
Government.    Private  Libraries  Catalogued  and  Arranged.    Research 
Work,  Foreign  and  English.  Private  Secretaries  and  Iudexers  trained 
•THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING,'  2s.  9d.  net,  post  free. 


N 


OTICE      OF      REMOVAL. 


JAMES  BAIN,  Bookseller,  of  14,  Charles  Street.  Haymarket,  S.W., 
and  formerly  of  No.  1,  Haymarket,  S.W.,  begs  to  give  notice  that, 
owing  to  his  leafe  expiring  at  Midsummer  and  the  fact  that  his 
present  premises  are  about  to  be  pulled  down,  he  is  REMOVING  on 
JUNE  27  to  larger  and  more  convenient  premises  at 

NO.  14,  KING  WILLIAM  STREET,  STRAND,  W.C. 

TO  LET  for  Three  Months,  from  middle  or  end 
of  June,  thoroughly  WELL-FURNISHED  FLAT-3  bedrooms, 
2  reception,  kitchen,  bath,  gas  stove,  electric  light,  porter.— 3,  Rugby 
Mansions,  Addison  Bridge.    Write  or  call  11-4. 

TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
ROOMS  of  the  ART-WORKERS'  GUILD,  recently  built,  are  to 
be  let  for  Meetings,  Concrts,  and  Exhibitions.— Apply  to  SECRE- 
TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

FOR  SALE,  PORTRAIT  of  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  and  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  both  in 
Armour  and  Wig,  and  others.  Best  offer.— H.  S.,  154,  Adelaide  Road, 
LondoD,  N.W. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
countries  valued  or  catalogued.  Also  Collections  or  Single 
Specimens  PURCHASED  at  the  BEST  MARKET  PRICES  for 
Cash.— SPINK  &  80N,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King.  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


^afes  btf  Ruction. 

Valuable  Silver,  Furniture,  and  Works  of  Art. 
VfESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

lT_L  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  June  22,  and  Following  Day, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  WORKS  OF  ART,  comprising  the 
Property  of  Major  Sir  MATTHEW  WILSON,  Bt.,  M.P.,  of  Eshton 
Hall,  Gargrave,  Yorks ;  of  M.  K.  M.  POWHR,  Esq.,  of  Aston  C'jurt 
Ross,  Herefordshire;  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  OF  MORAY  •  of 
J.  O.  PELTON,  Esq.  of  Croydon;  of  Mrs.  BRIDGE;  of  the  Right 
Hon.  the  EARL  OF  NORTHESK;  and  other  Properties. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  miy  be  had.    Illustrated  copies,  con- 
taining 5  Plates,  price  Is.  lid.  each. 

Roman  and  English  Coins,  Ac. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13.  Wellinston 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  June  24,  and  Following  Day 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ROMAN  AND  ENGLISH  ClINS;  ENGLISH 
SILVER  CROWNS,  th*  Property  of  Mrs.  STAC  BY  of  Norwich-  a 
small  LIBRARY  of  NUMISMATIC  BOOKS,  from  the  Collection  of 
the  late  Ca.pt.  R.  J.  D.  DOUGLAS,  R.N.  ;  and  other  Properties. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

A  Selected  Portion  of  the  renoioned  Library  of  the 
Right  Hon.  the  EARL  OF  PEMBROKE. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  8ELL  by  AUCTION,  unless  previously  disposed  of  by 
private  treaty,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington  Street,  Strand  W  (' 
onoTHP?1DAT'  JlJn?  25'  and  Following  Day,  at  1  o'clock  p'e'ciselv,' 
a  Selected  Portion  of  the  renowned  LIBRARY  at  WILTON  HOUSE 
8AL1SRURY.  the  Property  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  OF  PEM- 
BROKE, consisting  of  the  Illuminated  Manuscripts,  Block  Books 
and  magnificent  E*rly  Printed  Books,  collected  by  Thomas  Earl  of 
Pembroke  1650-1733,  and  catalogued  by  Dr.  Dampier,  Bishop  of 
Ely, in  1776. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    ( 'atalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
copies,  containing  8  Plates,  price  28.  6d.  each. 


Two   Valuable  Illuminated  Manuscripts,  the  Property  of 
H.  YATES  THOMPSON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  June  25,  immediately  after 
the  conclusion  of  the  first  day's  sale  of  the  Pembroke  Collection, 
provided  that  Collection  is  sold  by  public  auction,  TWO  VALUABLE 
ILLUMINATED  MANUSCRIPTS,  the  Property  of  H.  YATES 
THOMPSON,  Esq. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    ( 'atalogues  may  be  had.    Illustrated 
copies,  containing  4  Plates,  price  is.  each. 

Baxter  Colour  Prints,  including  the  Property  of  a  well- 
known  Collector,  and  from  various  sources. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  TUESDAY, 
June  23,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  BAXTER  COLOUR 
PRI N  T«J,  as  above, 

Valuable  Books,  Manuscripts,  and  Autograph  Letters,  in- 
cluding a  Portion  of  the  Mimical  Library  of  the  late 
SAMUEL  REAY,  Esq.,  Mus.Bac.  Oxon,  and  from 
various  sources. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY, 
June  25,  at  10  minutes  pa6t  1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS, 
MANUSCRIPTS,  &c,  including  the  above  Library,  comprising  rare 
Books  on  Music -Books  with  Coloured  Plates— First  Editions  of 
Modern  Authors,  &c— Rare  Proclamations— Autograph  Letters,  in- 
cluding James  I.,  Montesquieu,  David  Garrick,  Thomas  Gray, 
Lafayette,  Washington,  Marat,  Napoleon  I.,  Nelson,  Byron's  original 
Note  for  Marino  Faliero,  George  III.,  Scott,  &c. 

Engravings,  including  the  Property  of  the  late  Rev.  A. 
COOPER,  of  20,  Chesham  Place,  Brighton  (sold  by  Order 
of  the  Executors) ;  of  a  Gentleman,  removed  from  Hamp- 
shire;  of  a  well-known  Collector,  removed  from  Folkestone  ; 
and  various  sources. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY,  June  26, 
at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS,  comprising 
fancy  subjects  of  the  Early  English  and  French  8chools,  including 
La  Reunion  des  Paisirs,  by  Janinet,  after  Le  Clerc,  a  brilliant 
impression  of  the  first  stite,  before  all  letters,  aquatint,  in  colours  — 
The  Promenade  in  St.  James's  Park,  by  Soiron,  after  E.  Dayes,  in 
colours— An  Airing  in  Hyde  Park,  by  Gaugain,  after  the  same— Girl 
and  Pitcher  and  Fruit  Girl,  by  Eginton,  after  Wheatley,  in  colours, 
&c  — Portraits  in  mezzotint,  line,  and  stipple  including  Pompone  de 
Bellievre,  by  R.  Nanteuil,  after  Lebrun,  second  state  — Elizabeth, 
Consort  of  Alexander  I.,  by  C.  Turner,  after  Monier,  a  fine  impression, 
mezzotint,  in  colours— Lord  Robert  Manners,  by  W.  Dickinson, 
mezzotint,  first  state— The  Alpine  Traveller  (Miss  St.  Clair),  by 
J.  Ward,  after  Northcote,  mezzotint,  in  colours,  first  state -subjects 
after  Morland,  including  The  Hard  Bargain,  by  W.  Ward,  and 
Rustic  Conversation,  by  S.  W.  Reynolds,  mezzotints,  in  colours,  fine 
impressions— Louisa,  by  Gaugain  — Ovals,  in  colours,  a  pair— Rest  from 
Labour,  by  T.  Burke— Turnpike  Gate,  by  W.  Ward,  a  brilliant 
impression,  mezzotint,  and  many  others— rare  American,  Colonial, 
and  European  Views,  and  Water-colour  Drawings,  including  an 
interesting  portrait  of  Keats,  by  J.  Severn— others  by  and  after 
T.  AUom,  G.  Elgood,  Nicholas  Pocock,  ('apt.  Brenton,  Cleveley,  J. 
Downman,  Carl  Vernet,  and  many  others. 

Valuable  Books,  including  the  Library  of  the  late  Sir 
HUBERT  JERNINGHAM,  K.C.M.G.,  removed  from 
Longridae  Towers,  Berwick-on-Tweed. 

PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  their  House,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  EARLY  IN  JULY, 
VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  the  above  Library. 
Catalogues  in  preparation. 

Rare  and  Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W  C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  June  24,  at  1  o'clock,  RARE  AND  VALUABLE 
BOOKS,  including  Incunabula  and  other  Early  Printed  Books  from 
the  German  and  Italian  Presses,  some  with  Woodcuts— Hilsey's 
Primer,  black  letter,  1539  —  a  fine  copy  of  Jugge's  Edition  of 
the  New  Testament,  1565— Shelton's  Don  Quixote,  2  vols.,  1620, 
and  other  Old  English  Books— A  Set  of  the  Huth  Library,  29  vols.— 
Bullen's  Old  Plays,  7  vols.,  and  English  Dramatists,  16  vols. — 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays,  by  Hazlitt,  15  vols.— Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers, 
First  Edition,  in  the  original  parts— Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair,  Pen- 
dennis,  &c,  First  Editions,  6  vols.,  morocco  extra— Presentation  Copies 
of  Carlyle's  Sartor  Resartus,  and  Dodgson's  Sylvie  and  Bruno.  2  vols. 
—The  Writings  of  Oscar  Wilde,  First  Editions,  22  vols  ,  uniform  half 
morocco,  &c.  To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

The  Valuable  Library  of  thelate  Dr.  WILLI  AM  FRANCIS, 
F.L.S.,  removed  from  the   Manor  House,   Richmond. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
THUR8DAY,  June  25,  and  Following  Day,  the  above  VALUABLE 
LIBRARY,  comprising  Rare  Books  in  16th  and  17th Century  Literature 
— Le  Roy's  Briefe  Instruction  to  learue  the  Lute,  1568— Shelton's 
Don  Quixote,  first  part,  1612— Thornley's  Daphnis  and  Chloe,  1657  — 
First  Edition  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  1669-Grimm's  Kinder  und 
Haus  Marchen,  first  issue,  1823-6 -Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair  in  parts, 
with  wrappers— A  Collection  of  Books  in  Gothic,  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
Icelandic  Literature,  formed  by  RICHARD  TAYLOR,  F.8  A.  (1781- 
1858)-Baber's  Edition  of  the  Codex  Alexandrinus,  printed  on  vellum, 
6  vols.,  &c,  also  NATURAL  HISTORY  BOOKS,  including  a  fine 
copy  of  Dresser's  Birds  of  Europe,  9  vols.,  morocco— Buller's  Birds 
of  New  Zealand,  2  vols.— Books  on  Entomology— Curtis's  Flora  Lon- 
dinensis,  coloured.  5  vols.,  1817-28  —  Kingsborough's  Antiquities  of 
Mexico,  &c.  To  which  are  added  other  Properties,  including  Booth's 
Rough  Notes  on  British  Birds,  3  vols.,  and  other  Natural  History 
Books— Library  Sets  of  Standard  Authors,  &c. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  uive  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  hy  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :  — 

On   MONDAY,  June  22,  and  Three  Following 

Days,    the     NORTHWICK     COLLECTION     OF     EIGHTEENTH- 
CENTURY   ENGRAVINGS. 

On   WEDNESDAY,    June  24,    JEWELS,    the 

Property  of  Her  Grace.   LILY,   DUCHESS  OF  MARLBOROUGH, 
deceased,  and  from  various  sources. 

On  FRIDAY,  June  26,  Important  PICTURES 

bv    OLD     MASTERS    and    WORKS    of    the    EARLY    BRITISH 
SCHOOLS,  the  Property  of  A.  M.  GRENFELL,  Esq.,  and  others. 

STEVENS'S    AUCTION    ROOMS. 
Established  1760. 
Curiosities. 
TUESDAY,  June  23,  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 
Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  his  Rooms.  38,  King  Street,  Coven t  Garden,  London,  W.C,  a 
magnificent  NEW  ZEALAND  FEATHER  BOX,  two  HAN  IS,  TEKI, 
&c.  —  Indian  and  Chinese  Bronzes,  Pictures,  &c.  — Two  Chinese  Jade 
Necklaces— Flint  Implements — Marble  Groups  and  FigureB-Guus 
and  Native  Weapons— Japanese  Curios,  and  Miscellaneous  Items. 
On  view  day  prior  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on  application. 

Classified  Advertisements  continued  pp.  866,  867. 


Messrs.  JOHN  LONG 

have  published  this  week 
TWO    IMPORTANT    NEW    NOVELS. 

1.  LAW  THE  WRECKER 

6s. 

By  CHARLES  IGGLESDEN, 

Author  of  'Clouds,'  &c. 


2.  THE  RED  WEDDING 


6s. 

By  E.  SCOTT  GILLIES, 

Author  of   'A   Spark   on   Steel,'   &c. 

John  Long's  Popular  Novels 

NB- — These  Novels  are  among 
the  successes  of  the  season,  and 
are  all  in  2nd  Editions  except 
'  Sunrise  Valley,'  which  has 
reached  FOUR  Editions  in  as 
many  weeks,  and  bids  fair  to 
outrival  its  predecessor  'The 
Lureof  Crooning  Water,'  which 
ran  into  13  Editions. 

THE  NOVEL  ALL  ENGLAND  IS  READING 

SUNRISE  VALLEY 


By     MARION     HILL. 


4th  Edition. 


6s. 


SOME  EARLY  REYIEWS. 


Evening  Standard.  —  "'Sunrise  Valley'  is  by 
the  author  of  that  '  best  seller '  of  last  year,  '  The 
Lure  of  Crooning  Water.'  It  will  probably  sell  as 
well.     There  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not." 

Pall  Mall  Gazette.  —  "  We  have  read  every  word 
with  keen  enjoyment." 

Glasgow  News. — "Miss  Hill  has  followed  that 
success  '  The  Lure  of  Crooning  Water '  with  a 
work  which  will  add  to  her  literary  laurels." 

By  D.  H.  Dennis,  author  of  '  Cross  Roads,'  &c. 

THE  WIDOW  OF  GLOANE    6s. 

By  Henry  Bruce,  author  of '  The  Eurasian,'  &c. 

THE  RESIDENCY  6s. 

By  Nat  Gould,  author  of '  A  Fortune 
at  Stake,'  &c. 

A  GAMBLE  FOR  LOVE        6s. 

By  George  H.  Jessop,  author  of 
'  His  American  Wife,'  &c. 

DESMOND  O'CONNOR 


6s. 


By  A.  L.  Stewart,  a  promising  new  Author. 

THE  MAZE  6s. 

JOHN  LONG,  LTD., 

12,  13,  14,  Morris  St.,  Haymarket,  London. 


No.  45t?l,  Jr\E  20,   19U 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


843 


Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.s  List 


A  Lincolnshire  Hardy 

A  delightful  New  Romance  by  a  New  Writer 


[Ready  June  20. 


GREYLAKE    OF    MALLERBY 

A  Romance  of  Lincolnshire 

By  W.  L.  CRIBB. 

Coloured  Frontispiece  and  Wrapper,  by  C.  E.  BROCK,  the  well-known  illustrator  of '  The  Broad  Highway.' 

Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  6s. 

Amongst  the  upstanding  features  of  this  powerful  novel  are  clear-cut  characterization,  fidelity  to 
truth,  rich  and  onforoed  humour,  sense  of  reality,  and  altogether  it  will  be  found  a  fine  and  commanding 
study  of  a  little-known  people,  and  one  of  those  books  which  the  reader  is  impelled  to  finish  at  one  sitting. 


A  remarkable  Romance  that  will  arouse  serious  discussion 


[Ready  June  29. 


THE  LURE  OF  ISLAM    A  Romance 

By  C.  PROWSE. 
Illustrated  by  Miss  RUTH  PROWSE. 
Coloured  Frontispiece.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  6s.  [Nearly  ready. 

A  half-caste  cab-driver  is  the  prime  mover  in  this  startling  tragedy,  though  behind  him  is  the 
sinister  figure  and  powerful  personality  of  his  uncle  the  cab  owner.  Ida,  an  attractive,  wayward, 
strong-souled  girl  is  seduced  from  Christianity  to  Mohammedanism  by  reason  of  her  marriage  to  the 
handsome  cab-driving  rascal.  The  horrors  of  her  practical  slavery  drives  the  girl  nearly  mad.  Needless 
to  say,  the  author  intends  throughout  the  novel  to  show  the  danger  of  mixed  marriages  between  white 
women  and  Malay  men. 

Two  Large  Editions  are  on  order  for  Australia  and  South  Africa. 

A  stirring  and  engrossing  drama,  with  the  county 
of  Gloucestershire  as  the  scene  of  operations 

THE    UJlIjANJDEKS       A  Romance  of  Gloucestershire 

By  WALTER  BAMFYLDE. 
With  Coloured  Frontispiece  and  Cap.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  boards,  gilt,  6s.  {2nd  Impression. 

" '  The  Uplanders '  is  strong  in  many  of  the  qualities  that  go  to  make  a  good  novel,  and  those 
who  relish  a  good  love-story  will  find  it  here." — Gloucester  Journal. 

"  Mr.  Bamfylde  has  an  artistic  eye,  and  has  staged  his  book  with  dramatic  effect  together  with  a 
fund  of  humour.     It  is  a  long  time  since  we  read  such  a  healthy,  breezy  and  engrossing  book." 

Bristol  Times. 

If  you  want  to  read  clean,  sweet,  entertaining  stories  buy 

JEFFERY  FARNOL'S  GREAT  WORKS 


THE  BROAD  HIGHWAY 

THE  AMATEUR  GENTLEMAN 

THE  MONEY  MOON 

THE  HONOURABLE  MR.  TAWNISH 


2Jst  Edition  6s. 

60th  Thousand  6s. 

7th  Edition  6s. 

2nd  Edition     net  6s. 


DESERVEDLY  POPULAR  FICTION 


A  love-story  of  singular  power  and  delicacy 
MARTHE     Reginald  Nye 

A  Novel,  far  above  the  average  in  style,  theme,  and  general  quality 

ID  ONI  A :    A  Romance  of  Old  London    Arthur  F.  Wallis 


Universally  agreed  as  THE  solution 

A  GREAT  MYSTERY  SOLVED 

A  Solution  to  the  Mystery  of    Edwin  Drood. 


WELLS  GARDNER,  DARTON  &  CO., 


Gillan  Vase    (2nd  Ed.) 


6s. 
6s. 
6s. 


L,TD. 


Dorothea  Fairbridge  at  her  very  best 

THAT  WHICH  HATH  BEEN :    A  Tale  of  Old  Capetown 

Dorothea  Fairbridgi:     6s. 

Boer  and  Englishman  graphically  described 

MAJOR  GREVILLE,  V.C.     Senator  Munnik  of  South  Africa 

(2nd  Ed.)    6s. 

A  pleasantly  written  Romance  by  a  most  capable  writer 

THE  FAIREST  OF  THE  STUARTS     W.  B.  Mtlbchbebsi  6s. 


An  unusually  fine  Novel 

THE  MESH     John  Haslettk,  Author  of  'Desmond  Uourkc  ' 
London:     SAMPSON    LOW,  MARSTON    Cs   CO.,   Ltd. 


6s. 


THIRD  EDITION  IN  THE  PRESS. 

THE  LAND  OF  OPEN 

DOORS. 

Experiences  of  Pioneer  Work  in 
North  West  Canada. 

By  J.  BURGON    BICKERSTETH. 

With  Preface  by  the  Right  Hon.  EARL  GREY. 
Illustrated.      7s.  6d.  net. 

"Mr.  Bickersteth  is  to  be  congratulated  upon 
his  rich  experience,  and  upon  his  power  of  convey- 
ing it  vividly  to  his  readers.  Certainly  he  has 
produced  a  remarkable  book." — Times. 

A    BISHOP    AMONGST 
BANANAS: 

or,  Work  and  Experiences  in  a 
Unique  Diocese 

By  the  Right  Rev.  HERBERT  BURY,  D.D., 

Formerly  Bishop  of  British  Honduras  and  Central 

America, 

now  Bishop  of  Northern  and  Central  Europe. 

With  numerous  Illustrations  from  Photographs 
taken  on  the  spot.     Crown  8vo,   6s. 

SEAMANSHIP  FOR 
SCOUTS. 

By  W.  H.  STUART   GARNETT. 

Full}'  illustrated,  120  pages,  cloth  limp,  6d.  net ; 
cloth  boards,    1s.  net. 

Starting  with  the  scout  ashore  learning  knots 
for  his  tenderfoot  tests,  the  volume  gives  practical 
details  how  to  swim,  to  row,  and  to  sail ;  how  to 
handle  a  fore-and-aft  sailing  vessel,  and  do  all  the 
things  he  need  do  to  take  command  of  a  scouts' 
training-ship  (except  keep  scouts  in  order) ;  how 
to  find  his  way  at  sea  by  chart,  and  lead,  and 
compass,  and  that  most  mysterious  business  of 
taking  the  sun  and  reading  the  clock-face  of  the 
universe ;  and  lastly,  right  away  beyond  the 
duties  and  knowledge  of  the  ordinary  ship's  cap- 
tain, how  to  take  lunars. 

"  A  book  which  everybody  should  read,  whether 
he  is  a  Scout  or  not,  and  it  is  as  admirably  and 
lucidly  written  as  it  is  comprehensive  in  the  infor- 
mation which  it  conveys.  Every  young  yachts- 
man desirous  of  knowing  about  seamanship  and 
navigation  would  profit  by  a  perusal  of  this  ex- 
cellent manual." — Daily  Telegraph. 

A  STORY  OF  LIFE  IN"  A  CARAVAN. 

THE      SLOWCOACH. 

By  E.  V.  LUCAS. 

Illustrated  in  Colours  by  M.  V.  WHEELHOUSH. 

Cloth,  6s. 

"A  most  delightful  story  this,  and  we  recom- 
mend it  with  all  our  heart." — Sptctator. 


BOOK  OF  DISCOVERIES. 

By    JOHN    MASEFIELD. 

Illustrated  by  GORDON  BROWNE,  R.I. 

Printed  on  superfine  paper, 
cloth,   gilt  top,    *i    by    5J,    6s. 

"  It  contains  ■  wraith  of  information  on  all  sorts 

of  subjects  that  the  buy  wants  to  know  about.    It 

is  inched  a  delightful  volume"  —  Truth, 

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No.  4521.  June  20,  1914 


THE     ATIIENyEUM 


845 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  JO,  1914. 


CONTENTS.  PAGE 

i.mma  in  Various  Lights  (impressions  of  British 

Life  anil  Character  on  the  Occasion  of  a  European 
Tour,  1913  ;  Life  in  an  Indian  Outpost  ;  Sport  and 
Folk-loie   in   the   Himalaya;    War  and  Sport   in 
India.  18034  :  an  Officer's  Diary)        ..         ..       845—847 
IN  SUNSK  Land  (Morocco  ;  Morocco  the  Piquant)    817—818 
Canadian  Nights,  heinc;  sketches  and  Reminis- 
cences oe  Like  and  Sport  in  the  Rockies, 
the  praikies,  and  the  canadian  woods       ..    848 
The    Near    East    (The  Struggle    for   Scutaii ;    The 

Orient  Express) 819—850 

African  Camt  Fires  -        _    85° 

A  Wanderers  Trail:  iif.im;  a  FAITHFUL  Record 

ok  Travel  in  Manv  Lands 851 

Friends  Round  the  Wrekin 852 

By  the  Waters  ok  Germany 852 

Books  Publishes  this  Week 853—855 

Note  on  a  Passage  in  Shelley's  '  Ode  to  Liberty  ' ; 
The  Belfast  Booksellers;  Irish  Book  Cata- 
logues           „         ..      855—857 

Sales        857 

Literary  Gossip        _        ..857 

Science  — The    Riddle    ok    Mars    the    Planet; 

Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week  ..    858 

Fine  Arts— Cartoons  ;   EXHIBITIONS:   The  Roman 

Charity;    Dr.  Barclay  Head  ;   Sales..      859-861 
Music— 'Ls  Cow  d'Ok';    Gossip;  Performances 

Next  Week  862—863 

Drama— The    'Alcestis'    at     Bradkield;     Gossip 

863— S64 

Index  to  Advertisers       866 


LITERATURE 


INDIA  IN  VARIOUS   LIGHTS. 

Is     many     current    comments     on     the 
problems  of  India  it  is  too  readily  assumed 
that,  whatever  may  be  the  feeling  among 
the   masses   of   the   people,    the   men   of 
higher   education    who    have    learnt    our 
tongue  are  united  in  political  conceptions 
and  aspirations  in  relation  to  British  rule. 
The  other  day  a  contemporary  dwelt  on 
the    emergence    of    "a    new    university 
caste  "   spread  all  over  India,   and   said 
that    there    was    a    groAving    alienation 
between    its    members    and    the    British 
officials.    The  Chief  of  Ichalkaranji's  'Im- 
pressions of  British  Life  and  Character' 
comes  as  an  opportune  reminder  that  such 
generalizations  are  too  sweeping,  and  leave 
■out  of  account  some  influential  factors. 
A  generation  has  gone  by  since  the  late  Sir 
I'     hard  Temple    carefully    analyzed    the 
•  iments  of  the  people  towards  our  rule, 
but  two  at  least  of  his  classifications — the 
princes   and  chiefs  as   "  actively  loyal," 

Impressions  of  British  Life  and  Character  on 

the   Occasion  of  a  European  Tour,   1013. 

By    Meherban    Narayanrao    Babaeaheb, 

Chief  of  Ichalkaranji.     (Macmillan  &  Co., 

Hi.  6d.  net.) 
Life     in     an     Indian     Outpost.      ]'>y     Major 
ion     ('asscrly.      (T.     Werner     J  auric, 

12*.  64.  net.) 
Sport   (ti'il    Folk-lore   in  the   Himalaya.     By 

(apt.  H.  L.  Haughton.      (Arnold,  12*.  6d. 

net.) 

War  and  Sport  in  India,  1802-6  :  an  Offlct  fe 
Diary.  (Heath,  (  ranton  6:  Ouselev,  15». 
net.) 


and  the  landed  aristocracy  as  "  largely 
loyal,  but  some  the  reverse  " — still  hold 
good.  We  have  in  the  author  of  this 
thoughtful  work  a  representative  of  both 
these  orders.  He  is  at  once  the  chief  of 
a  native  state  in  the  Southern  Mahratta 
Country,  covering  some  240  square  miles, 
and  a  landowner  in  British  territory,  w  ho 
has  for  some  fourteen  years  represented 
the  sirdars  (large  landowners)  of  the 
Deccan  in  the  Bombay  Legislature.  He 
is  a  high-caste  Mahratta  Brahman,  and 
so  belongs  to  a  community  which  little 
more  than  a  century  since  was.replacing 
the  Moguls  as  the  predominant  power  in 
India  when  it  was  checked  and  over- 
thrown by  the  establishment  of  British 
supremacy. 

This  fact,  as  Lord  George  Hamilton 
says  in  a  striking  Preface,  gives  special 
force  to  the  opinions  he  holds 

"  that,  notwithstanding  the  objections  and 
prejudice  which  undoubtedly  exist  in  many 
parts  of  India  [in  none,  it  may  be  added, 
more  intensely  than  in  the  Deccan]  against 
British  rule  as  now  established,  the  future 
well-being  of  the  country  depends  upon 
the  continuance  of  the  strength  of  that 
authority." 

This  cordial  acceptance  of  the  British 
connexion  has  in  it  no  element  of  blind 
subserviency.  Again  and  again  the  Baba- 
saheb  indicates  directions  in  which  he 
looks  for  extensions  of  the  ordered  liberty 
and  progress  which  our  rule  has  brought 
with  it,  and  suggests  adaptations  to  his 
native  land  of  institutions  and  systems 
he  saw  here.  His  ideal  for  his  country 
is  that  of  self-reliance,  attained  by  the 
gift  to  its  sons  of  a  constantly  increasing 
share  in  administrative  responsibilities. 
The  broad  main  conclusion  he  draws  from 
his  eager  and  discriminating  observations 
in  Britain,  which  he  has  visited  for  the 
first  time  now  he  is  in  the  mid-stream  of 
life,  is  that,  under  our  benign  rule,  India 
can  work  out  her  own  salvation.  Unlike 
the  ordinary  run  of  the"  university  caste," 
he  recognizes  that  this  salvation  is  not 
only,  or  indeed  chiefly,  political  : — 

"  Along  with  social  and  political  problems 
we  must  also  try  to  grapple  with  great 
economic,  commercial,  industrial,  educa- 
tional, and  hygienic  questions.  .  .  .We  must 
learn  the  habits  of  industry  and  perseverance 
and  cultivate  courage  and  commercial  and 
political  morality  in  our  undertakings.  Wo 
must  develope  character  and  patriotism 
before  we  can  hope  to  rise  again  in  the 
estimation  of  the  world.'' 

It  is  clear  that  in  the  new  India  for 
which  he  yearns — the  "  red-letter  day  " 
when  her  people  will  be  "  public-spirited 
enough  to  be  prepared,  if  need  be,  to 
suffer  ignominy  in  promoting.  .  .  .the  weal 
of  the  community  " — the  Chief  would 
carefully  conserve  the  better  traditions  of 
Hindustan.  He  can  write  with  apprecia- 
tion of  Christian  worship  and  philanthropy 
in  this  country  and  of  its  missionary 
activities  in  India,  without  relinquishing 
his  orthodox  Brahmanism.  The  close  at- 
tention he  paid  to  educational  institutions 
here  served  to  deepen  his  conviction  thai 

it  has  been  a  deplorable  mistake  for  OUT 
educational  system  in  India  to  leave  her 
youth     '"  without     any     regard     for     the 


religion  and  traditions  of  their  people." 
He  has  in  this  opinion  the  support  of  such 
eminent  observers  as  Sir  ( leorge  Birdwood, 
who  recently  drew  attention  to 

"  the  terrible  effect  of  our  godless  system  of 
public  education  on  the  Hindus,  in  destroy- 
ing their  faith  in  their  own  religion,  without 
substituting  any  other  in  its  place." 

But  the  Babasaheb  does  not  show  how 
this    unhappy    state    of    things    can    be 
remedied   without   infringement   in  India 
of    the    principle  of    religious    neutrality, 
which  is  a  cardinal  point  of  British  policy. 
There,  as  in  this  country,  the  State  gives 
grants-in-aid  to  private  institutions  on  a 
denominational  basis,  if  they  conform  to 
certain  standards.     This  does  not  satisfy 
the  Chief,  who  says  there   is  not  sufficient 
public  spirit  in  India  for  such  institutions 
to  be  widely  spread,  and  that  no  general 
advance   can   be   looked   for   without    the 
initiative  and  support  of  Government.   He 
docs  not  effectively  meet  the  real  difficulties 
of  the  question,  and  he  has  to  confess  that 
educated  sentiment  in  Western  India  is 
unsympathetic.     He  might  well  have  am- 
plified this  chapter  by  discussing  the  alter- 
native of  moral  teaching  on  an  undog- 
matic  basis,  in  which  some  progress  has 
been  made.     But   his   opinions,   as   they 
stand,  are  entitled  to  consideration,  though 
they  may  not  bring  us  much  nearer  to 
the   solution   of   an   educational   problem 
justly  described  last  year  by  the  Govern- 
ment  of    India   as    "  unquestionably   the 
most  important  "  of  the  time. 

A  feature  of  the  '*  impressions  "  which 
reminds  us  how  much  more  closely  the 
Indian  aristocracy  is  in  touch  with  the 
people  than  the  town-dwelling  lawyer- 
politician  who  claims  to  speak  for  them,  is 
the  Chief's  keen  and  practical  interest  in 
agricultural  conditions.  He  knows,  like 
others  of  his  class,  how  closely  the  welfare 
of  his  country  is  bound  up  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil,  by  which  three-fourths 
of  its  vast  population  is  supported.  An 
earlier  literary  enterprise  of  his  was  to 
translate  and  publish  in  Mahratti  a  work 
on  '  Rural  Economy  in  the  Deccan  '  by 
the  Bombay  Director  of  Agriculture  :  and 
a  few  years  ago  he  presided  at  a  provincia  I 
conference  on  agriculture.  In  Devonshire 
he  visited  farms,  and  discussed  with  their 
occupants  as  he  walked  round  the  fields 
questions  of  cultivation  and  stock-produc- 
tion. To  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's 
Show  at  Bristol  last  year  he  devotes  the 
greater  part  of  a  chapter.  In  Ireland  he 
made  a  careful  study  of  the  agrarian 
co-operative  movement,  and  he  discusses 

the  bearing  of  its  success  there  on  the 
expansion  of  rural  credit  in  India  on  the 
co-operative  basis  introduced  under  Gov- 
ernment auspices  a  decade  a;_r<>.  and  satis- 
factorily applied  in  Ichalkaranji.  It  was 
stated  in  the  recent  decennial  Indian 
Report  to  Parliament  that  "the  move- 
ment has  as  yet  touched  only  the  fringe  of 

the  \ast  population  concerned,"  and  the 

Chief  tells  us  that,  before  there  can  he 
great  progress,  his  countrymen  "  imi-l 
largely  cultivate  the  businesslike  habits 
and  communal  spirit  of  the  British  race. " 

It  is  this  constant  application  of  new 

experiences   in  an  unfamiliar  environment 


«S46 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


to  the  life  and  thought  of  his  beloved 
Motherland  which  gives  these  well-written 
"  impressions  "  their  chief  value.  The 
Babasaheb  saw  and  inquired  diligently, 
not  for  mere  pleasure  or  idle  curiosity, 
but  mainly  for  the  patriotic  purpose  of 
helping  forward  the  amelioration  of  his 
country. 

Considered  apart  from  their  bearing  on 
Indian  problems,  his  musings  on  our  ways, 
habits,  and  institutions  are  of  profound 
interest.  They  are  marked  by  discrimina- 
tion and  impartiality,  and  there  is  no 
venom  in  the  sting  of  his  occasional  satiric 
touches.  If  the  English  love  of  self- 
depreciation  leads  some  readers  to  a  sense 
of  disappointment  because  he  does  not 
deal  out  the  lash  in  vigorous  fashion,  they 
may  be  reminded  that  he  came  to  learn, 
not  to  sit  in  judgment,  and  that  the 
innate  courtesy  of  the  cultured  Oriental 
is  seen  to  perfection  in  the  best  type  of 
Brahman.  Here  and  there  the  "  impres- 
sions "  savour  somewhat  of  the  guide- 
book, owing  to  being  written  more  for 
the  author's  own  countrymen  than  for 
ourselves  ;  but  he  seldom  ends  with  mere 
description.  Almost  invariably  he  com- 
ments pertinently  on  what  he  has  seen. 
This  is  the  most  arresting  and  valuable 
book  of  its  kind  since  the  late  Mr.  Mala- 
bari,  the  social  reformer,  gave  us  his  '  An 
Indian  Eye  on  English  Life  '  more  than 
twenty  years  ago. 

The  North-East  frontier  of  India  is  so 
little  known  in  comparison  with  the  North- 
West  that  any  information  about  it  is 
welcome,  and  a  good  deal,  pleasantly  con- 
veyed, will  be  found  in  Major  Casserly's 
'  Life  in  an  Indian  Outpost.'  He  is  well 
qualified  for  the  task  he  has  undertaken, 
having  no  small  powers  of  observation  and 
description,  as  well  as  experience  of  travel 
in  many  countries. 

The  particular  place  to  which  he,  with 
two  hundred  men  of  the  120th  Rajputana 
Infantry  was  sent,  was  as  he  spells  it, 
Buxa  Duar.  The  latter  word  is  more 
familiar  as  Dooar,  connected  with  tea 
plantations,  and  is  the  Sanskrit  diodr,  a 
door,  gateway,  or  passage. 

The  Bhutan  Dwars  were  ceded  to  the 
British  Government  at  the  end  of  1865,  an 
allowance  in  lieu  being  paid  to  the  Raja  of 
Bhutan.  They  were  divided  into  Eastern 
and  Western,  the  Baxa  being  one  of  the 
latter  group,  and  are  the  gates  or  passages 
into  Bhutan.  The  Baxa  Dwar  is  practi- 
cally on  the  Bhutan  frontier,  north  of  Kuch 
Behar,  the  Maharaja  of  which  was  well 
known  in  London  society,  and  was  most 
hospitable  at  his  capital,  the  Maharani 
being  a  daughter  of  Babii  Keshab  Chandra 
Sen,  free  from  the  ordinary  trammels  of 
caste.  Darjiling  and  Nepal  lie  to  the 
north-west.  That  should  suffice  to  in- 
dicate the  place— a  strange  one,  surely,  to 
select  for  men  from  Bombay  :  it  has  a 
heavy  rainfall,  luxuriant  vegetation,  and, 
like  similar  parts  of  the  terai,  is  at  certain 
seasons  unhealthy.  The  author  describes 
it  as  a  deep  horseshoe  among  the  moun- 
tains, nearly  two  thousand  feet  above  the 
plains  ;  a  clearing  in  the  jungle  with  a  few 
bungalows,  dominated  by  a  conical  peak, 


four  thousand  feet  higher,  from  which  two 
wooded  spurs  run  down,  bearing  three 
white  square  towers. 

"  Behind  us,  on  a  long  mound,  were 
fortified  barracks  with  loopholed  walls. 
These  formed  the  fort  ;  and  this  was  Buxa 
Duar.     We  had  reached  our  destination." 

Unlike  the  officers  he  relieved,  Major 
Casserly  greatly  admired  Baxa  Dwar,  and 
had  sanguine  hopes  of  its  capabilities  in 
the  way  of  sport.  These  were  in  a  measure 
realized,  the  game  varying  from  rogue 
elephants  to  snipe.  The  loneliness  of  the 
place  was  relieved  in  different  ways.  Soon 
after  arrival  the  detachment  was  inspected 
by  Brigadier-General  Hamilton  Bower, 
well  known  as  a  traveller,  who  tracked 
the  murderer  of  Dalgleish  to  Samarkand. 
He  afterwards  wrote  an  excellent  descrip- 
tion of  travel,  '  Across  Tibet '  (Athen., 
August  18th,  1894),  and  more  recently  he 
earned  fame  as  the  commander  of  the 
successful  expedition  against  the  Abors. 
At  Baxa,  as  is  not  always  the  case,  in- 
spector and  inspected  got  on  famously  ; 
they  talked  of  travel,  and  many  other 
things,  and  parted  with  regret. 

The  next  event  was  a  Durbar  held  by 
the  Political  officer,  at  which  the  subsidy 
was  to  be  paid  to  a  representative  of  the 
Bhutan  Government  :  the  ceremony  is 
well  described  in  chap.  iv.  Chaps,  v.  to 
viii.  are  devoted  to  sport,  a  remarkable 
hunt  and  chase  after  a  rogue  elephant  being 
recorded. 

"  But  the  fact  remained  that  with  ten 
solid  bullets  from  my  heavy  rifle,  and  seven 
from  the  Lee-Enfields,  the  brute  still  lived 
to  mock  us,  and  to  do  worse." 

He  throve  on  the  bullets  and  resumed 
his  evil  ways.  It  is  difficult  to  reconcile 
such  a  tale  with  Neumann's  experience 
related  in  '  Elephant  Hunting  in  East 
Equatorial  Africa '  (Athen.,  April  9th, 
1898).  Here  extraordinary  slaughter  is 
recorded  often  with  the  "303  bullet,  one 
shot  sufficing. 

Other  chapters  tell  of  forest  fires,  the 
palace  at  Kuch  Behar,  a  soldier  who  shot 
his  sergeant,  and  Darjiling  ;  all  are  good 
of  their  kind,  though  occasionally  senti- 
ments are  expressed  which  scarcely  coin- 
cide with  the  democratic  ideas  of  to-day. 

The  volume  is  illustrated  from  photo- 
graphs, has  good  type,  and,  for  its  size,  is 
not  heavy  in  hand. 

'  Sport  and  Eolk-lore  in  the  Himalaya,' 
an  excellent  blend  of  matter  in  which  the 
legends  of  Kashmir  occupy  the  larger 
space,  will  be  warmly  welcomed  by 
j^oung  sportsmen,  who  may  learn  much 
from  its  pages,  and  by  veterans,  to  whom 
it  will  recall  past  pleasure.  Its  author, 
Capt.  H.  L.  Haughton  of  the  36th  Sikhs, 
is  the  son  of  Lieut. -Col.  John  Haughton, 
who  commanded  that  regiment  and  was 
killed  in  the  Tirah  Afridi  Expedition,  1898, 
and  whose  life  by  Major  A.  C.  Yate  was 
published  in  1900.  In  our  review  of  it 
(Athen.,  January  5th,  1901)  attention 
was  invited  to  the  close  connexion  of  the 
Haughtons  with  the  East  India  Company, 
and  to  the  services  of  John  Colpoys 
Haughton,  whose  defence  of  Charikar, 
and    escape    with    Eldred    Pottinger    to 


Kabul  in  1841  are  graphically  and  accu- 
rately described  by  Mrs.  Diver  in  her  recent 
book,  '  The  Judgment  of  the  Sword  ' 
(Athen.,  Nov.  29th,  1913).  The  spirit  of 
adventure  is  inherited  by  Capt.  Haughton, 
who  delights  in  sport  and  travel,  and  has- 
enlivened  his  book  by  tales  gathered  from 
shikaris  and  others. 

As  to  sport,  there  is  much  about  bears, 
black  and  red  ;  they  are  evidently  more 
valued  now  than  of  old,  when  they  were 
plentiful,  and  were  not  fired  at  by  expe- 
rienced sportsmen,  except  on  return  from 
stalking  higher  game.  Indeed,  they  were 
scarcely  considered  game,  though,  when 
nothing  better  was  to  be  had,  much  amuse- 
ment was  got  among  them.  For  they  are 
comical  creatures  ;  if  a  number  of  them 
were  out  feeding  on  a  clearing,  and  a  shot 
was  fired,  one  might  roll  over,  but  the 
others  sat  up  as  if  to  inquire,  Whence  comes 
this  disturbance  ?  The  bear  that  was  hit, 
if  not  disabled,  would  probably,  after- 
mature  consideration,  attack  his  nearest 
neighbour  as  responsible  for  the  injury. 

Then  we  are  introduced  to  the  small  and 
big  game  of  Kashmir  and  its  dependencit  s. 
ibex  and  markhor  ranking  highest.  The 
discussion  of  the  markhor,  literally  "  snake- 
eater,"  includes  an  interesting  dissertation 
on  the  question  whether  this  goat  does 
eat  snakes,  and  on  the  bezoar  stone . 
pa  zahr,  or  antidote  for  poison,  which  is- 
sometimes  found  in  it  and  in  other 
animals. 

As  to  legends,  nearly  every  valley  has- 
its  own,  whilst 

"  Gilgit  is,  indeed,  a  mine  of  folk-lore  gems  ; 
some  pure  fairy  tales,  others  equally  fabulous,, 
but  based  upon  some  old  historical  fact,, 
religious  belief,  or  local  custom  of  actual 
occurrence.  We  have  the  snakes  guarding 
the  coral  tree  on  the  summit  of  Nanga  Parbat,. 
a  quaint  parallel  with  the  Kashmiri  story  of 
the  snake  on  the  Kaji  Nag,  whose  mate 
lived  on  Nanga  Parbat." 

There  are  also  many  tales  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  zu-l-karnain,  Lord  of  Two  Horns, 
i.e.  of  the  east  and  west,  and  some  ex- 
planation of  how  he  got  the  title.  How 
when  dying  he  consoled  his  mother  is. 
satisfactorily  explained. 

Trout  fishing,  formerly  unknown  in 
Kashmir,  is  described  ;  evidently  good 
sport  is  to  be  had  in  some  of  the  streams, 
and  further  details  of  the  introduction  and 
welfare  of  the  trout  would  have  been 
acceptable.  The  game  laws  for  1913-14 
of  the  Jammu  and  Kashmir  State  are 
recorded  in  an  Appendix  ;  there  is  an  In- 
dex, and  the  illustrations  are  pleasing. 

The  Diary  (1802-6)  of  Lieut.  Pester,. 
H.E.I.C.S.,  edited  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Devenish, 

a  descendant,  has  special  interest  for  at 
least  two  reasons  :  first,  because  of  the 
light  thrown  on  the  campaigns  under 
General  (afterwards  Lord)  Lake ;  and 
secondly,  because  it  is  a  rich  mine  of 
Anglo  -  Indian  words  and  expressions, 
which  would  have  greatly  rejoiced  the 
lamented  Sir  H.  Yule,  and  added 
materially  to  the  interest  of  his  Glossary 
by  reason  of  the  apt  quotations  in  which 
it  abounds.  The  editor  of  the  Diary, 
having    been    engineer    to   the    State   of 


No.  4521,  Jink  '30,   1914 


T  HE     ATHENiEUM 


847 


Bhartpur,  has  the  advantage  of  ac- 
quaintance with  the  region  in  which  the 
-     nes  arc  laid. 

The  times  were  those  of  Lord  Welleslcy 
as  Governor-General,  with  his  Commander- 
in-Chief  Lake,  and  Arthur  Wellesley  in  the 
field  against  the  Maharatta  power.     The 
question  of  dealing  with  the  Maharattas 
was    probably    the     most    difficult    the 
Governor-General  had  to  solve.     He  de- 
"sired  to  conquer  all  Sindhia's  dominions 
between  the  Ganges  and  Jumna,  not  solely 
to    weaken    the    Maharajas    power,    but 
mainly   to   exclude    the   French,   who   by 
entering  his  service  obtained  a  footing  in 
that   rich   country  not     compatible   with 
British    interests.     Perron,     "  a    man    of 
plain   sense,   of  no   talent,   but   a   brave 
soldier."  according  to  De  Boigne,  was  the 
general  who  opposed  Lake  at  Aligarh  ;  he 
was   succeeded   by   Bourquin,    who   com- 
manded the  Maharattas  at  Delhi  ;    Lake 
<l  feated  them  in  turn,  took  Agra,  and  at 
Laswari    finally   captured    or    destroyed 
Sindhia's  French  contingents.     So  far  his 
successes  fairly  equalled  those  of  Arthur 
WVUesley  further  south  ;   but  at  Bhartpur 
Lake  "'  blundered  terribly,"'  according  to 
younger  general.     The  verdict  is  just. 
His  methods  were  the  ways  of  Lord  Gough, 
rather  than  those  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton.    General  Lake  was  a  Guardsman,  a 
sportsman,  and  a  dandy,  who  spent  his 
money  freely,  and  took  the  field  with  every 
possible  comfort  and  convenience,  keeping 
a  luxurious  table,  and  an  ample  supply  of 
good  wine.     The  entries  in  the  Diary  fully 
attest  this,  and  though  modem  practice  is 
towards  the  other  extreme,  it  may  reason- 
ably be  questioned  whether  it  is  always 
better.     At  any  rate,  Lake's   troops  had 
most    severe    trials    of    hard    fighting    in 
extreme  heat,  and  as  a  rule  responded  to 
them  well. 

The  first  entry  in  the  Diary  is  dated 
!  ekoabad,  August  28th,  1802,  and  relates 
that,  in  consequence  of  the  refractory 
conduct  of  some  zemindars,  Lieut.  Pester 
with  his  grenadiers  was  sent  to  restore 
order.  We  learn  how  he  marched  thirty- 
two  miles  through  dirt,  mire,  and  water, 
and  found  the  enemy  in  a  village  from 
which  an  insulting  message  was  sent — 
how  next  day  he  took  and  destroyed  the 
place,  returning  to  Shekoabad  on  the  30th. 

';  Not  a  man  of  us  had  taken  our  clothes 
off  since  the  28th  in  the  morning,  nor  had  I 
Hosed  my  eyes  since  that  time.  ..  .In  the 
ning  I  dined  at  Plumer's,  where  there 
Mas  a  large  party,  and  as  soon  as  t lie  cloth 
was  removed  I  fell  asleep  in  my  chair  and 
Blept  undisturbed  till  nearly  eleven  o'clock, 
r  which  I  took  my  bottle  of  claret  and 
returned  in  my  palanquin." 

These  adventures  were  relieved  by 
-porting excursions,  for  on  November  30th, 
Q<  ar  Etah,  Pester,  with  his  friend  Cumber- 

_  .  killed  twenty-three  couple  of  snipe. 
eight  teal,  and  three  ducks — no  mean  bag 
if  flint  guns  were  used.  He  records  that, 
this  being  St.  Andrew's  Day.  all  the  Scots- 
men in  camp  were  invited  to  dinner. 

'"  We  paid  them  the  compliment  of  pushing 
the  bottle  handsomely,  and  the  whole  party 

was  pretty  high  when  we  separated  at  one 
in  the  morning/' 


On  another  festive  occasion  it  is  stated 
that  a  party  of  sixteen  accounted  for 

'"  three  dozen  and  a  half  of  claret,  and 
proportionable  quantity  of  Madeira — every 
one  sang  his  song,  and  this  was  as  gay  an 
r\  ening  and  terminated  as  pleasantly  as  any 
I  ever  passed  in  my  life." 

The  allowance  of  wine  does  not  fail  on  the 
score  of  liberality. 

So  the  Diary  runs  on  :  sometimes  hard 
fighting,  as  at  Aligarh,  Delhi,  Deeg,  and 
Bhartpur ;  at  other  times  pigsticking, 
shooting,  and  fishing  are  described,  always 
in  a  bright  and  interesting  way.  Many 
curious  facts  are  noted ;  for  example, 
Rs.  400  are  stated  to  be  equal  to  50/. 
The  author's  share  or  part  of  it  in  the  Agra 
prize  money,  Rs.  4,240,  was  put  in  the  8  per 
cent  loan  :  exchange  and  interest  now 
alike  unattainable.  The  Commander-in- 
Chief's  share  amounted  to  44,000?.,  and  he 

"  declared  he  had  been  upwards  of  forty 
years  a  soldier  and  never  touched  prize 
money  till  this  campaign." 

The  battle  of  Assaye,  and  even  Trafalgar 
and  the  death  of  Nelson,  are  incidentally 
mentioned,  news  of  the  latter  having  been 
received  at  sea  off  the  coast  of  Africa  on 
June  2nd,  1806  ;  so  there  is  no  lack  of 
variety  in  Lieut.  Pester's  record.  Very 
often  his  spelling  of  native  words  is 
most  remarkable  ;  thus  Connor,  for 
khana= dinner  ;  Colla  Nuddy,  for  Kala 
Xaddi  =  black  river  ;  Tauge  for  Taj  ; 
Gollaum  Cawdor  for  Gholam  Kadir ; 
Jummer  Musjeed,  and  so  on,  most  of  his 
names,  though  curious,  being  recognizable  ; 
but  what  are  "  pufters  "  ?  At  p.  75  it  is 
said  that 

"  Doveton  shot  an  immense  quantity  of 
ortolans  this  forenoon,  on  which  and  some 
snipe  and  pufters  (a  delicious  dish)  we  had 
a  sumptuous  tiffin." 

There  are  some  eccentricities  of  printing : 
on  p.  109,  line  25  is  a  repetition  of  line  24  ; 
whilst  at  p.  283  the  final  five  lines  have  had 
a  remarkable  shuffle.  All  the  words  are 
there,  but  it  is  a  puzzle  to  set  them  in 
their  proper  places.  The  maps  are  rather 
sketchy:  whether  they  are  supplied  by  the 
author  or  the  editor  is  not  clear.  We 
are  glad  to  see  an  Index  of  persons,  and 
another  of  places. 


IX    SUNSET    LAND. 

Other  lands  have  doubtless  elicited  finer 
tributes,  and  most  of  them  can  boast  a 
literature  more  extensive  ;  but  it  may  be 
doubted  if  any  country  in  the  world  has 
aroused  more  enthusiasm  in  the  breasts  of 
its  visitors  and  travellers,  than  has  the 
enigmatic  Moghreh  el-Acksa  .  tin;  western- 
most outpost  of  the  world  of  Islam.  Des- 
pite the  international  treaties  and  punitive 

expeditions  of  recent  years,  and  despite 
the  fact  that  such  ports  as  Tangier  are  now 
admittedly    Kuropeanized    (and   so    finally 

debased  in  Muslim  eyes),  Morocco,  as  a 
whole,  remains    very  largely  impervious 

Morocco.     By     Pierre     Loti.     (T.     Werner 

Laurie,  la.  •;-/.  net.) 
Morocco  il"   Piquant.     Bj   George  E.   Holt. 

|  II-  iiiemaim,  09.  net.) 


to  the  influences  of  modernism,  the 
last  of  the  strongholds  of  barbaric  medi- 
an alisni  to  withstand  and  defy  the  per- 
vasive challenges  of  modern  civilization. 
Within  sight  of  Europe,  the  people  of  this 
strange  land  cling  still,  to  the  usages,  not 
merely  of  the  Middle  Ages,  but  of  the 
period  of  Mohammed's  life  in  this  world. 
These  considerations  alone — and  there  are 
others — would  suffice  to  give  Al  Moghreb 
fascination  for  most  of  the  Europeans  w  ho 
visit  it,  and  to  account  for  the  enthusiasm 
displayed  in  the  records  of  those  who  write 
about  their  travels. 

The  reviewer  has  one  fault  to  find  with 
'  Morocco,'  a  rendering  of  the  work  of 
the  distinguished  Frenchman  who  writes 
as  Pierre  Loti.  There  is  no  date  in  it 
to  show  when  the  volume  was  pro- 
duced, and,  what  is  more  important, 
there  is  no  note  of  any  sort  to  explain  when 
the  original  was  penned,  or  where,  or  by 
whom  originally  published  ;  or  whether 
the  present  translation  is,  or  is  not,  put 
forward  with  the  author's  sanction.  The 
reviewer  believes  it  to  be  a  version  of 
the  author's  '  Au  Maroc,'  published  in 
1890  ;  but  such  facts  should  be  clearly 
stated. 

In  the  matter  of  the  book  itself,  apart 
from    a   few   weaknesses    of    translation, 
there  is  little  ground  for  fault-finding,  and 
much  for  praise  and   admiration.     It   is 
rather  a  wonder  that  "  Pierre  Loti  "  has 
not    written    more    than    he    has    about 
Morocco,  for  his  style  lends  itself  to  im- 
pressionistic descriptions  of  Sunset  Land. 
It  fits  the  barbaric  blend  of  melancholy 
and  rapture,  squalor  and  splendour,  dignity 
and  brutalit}',  pastoral  peacefulness   and 
bloody  tyranny,  which  is  the  land  of  the 
Moors.    One  does  not  go  to  Pierre  Loti  for 
statistical  information  ;    neither,  if  he  be 
well-advised,  will  the  student  turn  to  this 
volume    in     quest    of     precise    facts    of 
any  kind,   since   we   could   point   to    in- 
accuracies, great  and  small,  in  every  one 
of   the  chapters.     But  these  inaccuracies 
really  do  not  matter.     The  French  writer 
gives   quite  wrong   names  to  all  maimer 
of    things    and    people    in  Morocco  ;    but 
who  would   blame  him  for  that,  when    he 
sees  the  things  and  the  people  themseh  68, 
with  such  delightful  clearness  as  to  make 
one  perfectly  indifferent  in  the  matter  of 
their    names  ?     It    is    true,  the  translator 
might  easily  have    spared   us    such    out- 
landish renderings  of  ancient  plarr-names 
as  Czar-el-Kebir.     Any  method  of   trans- 
literation known   to  the    reviewer — even 
the  Spanish — would   be    better   than    that 
adopted,  because    it    would   give  some  in- 
dication  to  the  untravelled   reader  of  the 
pronunciation    of    the    name.      Here    and 
there     too,     are      descriptive      phrases     m 
which    the    translator    must     be    at     fault. 
There   are  words   which   stand    out   like  a 
patch    of    sacking    in     a     silken    robe,    by 

reason  of  their  harsh  inappropriatenesa  t.i 

the   reel    of  the  richly  intricate   pattern  ot 
this    author's    descriptive    style.      But,    in 

the  whole  gaily  coloured  fabric  the  number 
of  these  patches  is  small. 

The  book,  which  is  beautifully  illus- 
trated from  drawings  in  colour,  and  from 
photographs,  records  a  journey  made  by 


848 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4521,  June  20,   1914 


the  author  in  the  year  1889,  from  Tangier 
to  the  court  of  the  Moorish  Sultan  at 
Fez,  as  one  of  the  members  of  a  French 
diplomatic  mission.  Pierre  Loti  was  then 
still  on  the  enthusiastic  side  of  forty  ; 
and  the  reader  reaps  the  benefit  of  his 
comparatively  youthful  zest  in  a  thousand 
waj's.  The  description  of  his  brief  sojourn 
in  Fez,  separated  from  his  companions  of 
the  mission,  and  dressed  as  a  Moor,  glee- 
fully saturating  himself,  so  far  as  he  might, 
in  the  customs  and  traditions  of  the 
ancient  capital,  make  delightful  reading. 
In  his  few  weeks  of  Moorish  travel  and 
observation,  he  succeeded  in  securing 
a  vivid  impression  of  the  real  spirit 
of  the  country  and  its  people.  His 
generalizations  are  remarkably  sound,  and 
so  the  effect  of  his  picture  is  astonish- 
ingly true.  This  is  the  outstanding  fact 
about  the  book ;  this  it  is  that  gives  it 
real  value,  and  is,  in  a  sense,  a  tribute 
to  the  power  of  literature.  It  is  interest- 
ing too,  to  note,  from  the  first  two  pages, 
how  the  author's  landing  in  Morocco 
affected  him.  The  spell,  even  of  Euro- 
peanized  Tangier,  must  be  arresting,  for 
there  is  hardly  a  book  written  about 
Morocco  by  a  foreigner  which  in  its 
opening  pages  does  not  contain  some 
remark  similar  to  this  at  the  beginning  of 
Pierre  Loti's  work  : — 

"  I  experience,  as  I  land  to-day  on  this 
quay  of  Tangier  in  the  bright  noon  sun- 
shine, a  sense  of  translation  into  anterior 
times.  How  far  away  all  at  once  seem  the 
Spain  in  which  I  was  this  morning,  the  rail- 
way, the  swift,  comfortable  steamboat,  the 
epoch  in  which  I  thought  I  lived." 

A  few  years  ago,  by  the  way,  another 
firm  of  London  publishers  produced  a 
handsomely  illustrated  volume  called 
'  Morocco,'  and  written  by  Mr.  S.  L. 
Bensusan. 

'Morocco  the  Piquant,'  which  is  the 
title  chosen  by  Mr.  George  Edmund  Holt, 
reminds  the  reviewer  of  an  occasion, 
many  years  ago,  upon  which  he  was 
privileged  to  escort  a  German  visitor — a 
learned  professor — upon  a  first  visit  to 
Westminster  Abbey.  The  visit  ended, 
the  professor  was  asked  how  the  Abbey 
had  impressed  him.  He  replied  thought- 
fully, but  with  emphasis,  that  he  found  it, 
'  Ver'  neat."  Knowledge  of  our  island 
tongue  was  not  the  professor's  strong  point, 
but  no  doubt  in  his  own  mind,  he  attached 
some  perfectly  satisfactory  and  applic- 
able significance  to  the  adjective  "  neat," 
just  as  Mr.  Holt  probably  does  to  his 
"  piquant."  It  is,  perhaps,  a  little  hard 
on  Mr.  Holt  to  read  his  naive  and  cheery 
description  of  Morocco  with  Pierre 
Loti's  book  close  at  hand  ;  for,  while  the 
one  is  a  delight  from  the  literary  stand- 
point, the  other  is  rather  pleasing  in  the 
sense  that  the  letters  of  an  enthusiastic, 
but  unliterary  friend,  Avritten  during 
holiday  travel,  may  be  pleasing.  One 
gathers  that  Mr.  Holt  spent  some  half 
dozen  years  in  Tangier  as  American  "  Vice 
and  Deputy  Consul-Generai  "  there  ;  and, 
if  he  has  not  made  any  very  exhaustive 
study  of  Morocco  and  its  people,  at  least, 
his  observation,  so  far  as  it  has  carried  him, 


has  been  of  a  genial  and  kindly  sort. 
Clearly,  the  country  has  not  found  him 
unresponsive.  Thus,  in  his  opening  para- 
graph one  finds  the  familiar  tribute  to  its 
spell  : — 

"  During  the  two  hours  occupied  in  cross- 
ing from  Gibraltar  to  Tangier  one  passes 
from  the  twentieth  century  to  the  tenth, 
from  West  to  East,  from  present  to  past .... 
We  are  in  a  new  world,  a  new  humanity. 
One  plunges  blindly  into  the  midst  of  a 
civilization  which  has  not  changed  percept- 
ibly si  ice  the  days  of  Moses." 

Mr.  Holt  has  a  cheerful,  animated  style, 
and  writes  in  excellent  spirits.  He  is  able 
too,  to  convey  much  of  his  good  humour 
to  the  reader,  because  his  writing  dis- 
closes a  genial  and  kindly  nature.  But, 
to  be  frank,  one  must  admit  that  his  style 
is  but  little  suited  to  the  task  of  depicting 
Moorish  life  and  manners.  Morocco,  des- 
pite its  blue  skies  and  sunshine,  is  essen- 
tially sombre,  its  charm  is  a  melancholy 
one  ;  the  spirit  brooding  over  its  fatalistic 
people  is  a  tragic  spirit ;  its  beauty  lies  in 
its  ruins,  and  it  is  a  land  of  ruins.  Mr. 
Holt  writes  in  this  way : — 

"  There  are  two  documents  which  the 
Moors  value  above  all  other  earthly  posses- 
sions :  their  '  protection  '  papers ....  and 
the  title  desds  to  their  real  estate.  Marriage 
licences,  bills  of  sale  for  black  or  white 
slaves,  bills  payable  and  accounts  receiv- 
able, wills  and  love-letters  all  take  seats  in 
the  gallery.  For  the  other  two  is  the 
parquet  circle  reserved." 

But,  if  Mr.  Holt  is  rather  frequently 
facetious,  he  is  as  frequently  shrewd.  If 
he  will  permit  us  to  say  so,  he  does  not 
really  know  his  Morocco,  or  its  people  ; 
but  he  has  brought  much  common  sense 
to  bear,  and  this  with  his  sympathetic 
disposition  has  led  him  to  several  con- 
clusions which  are  worth  noting.  For 
example,  he  remarks  that  during  his  stay 
in  Morocco  he  has  never  heard  of  a 
case  of  suicide.  Neither  has  the  reviewer 
in  the  course  of  a  knowledge  of  the 
country  extending  over  many  years. 
This  really  is  a  notable  fact,  and  is 
worth  bearing  in  mind  in  considering  a 
passage  in  Mr.  Holt's  book  like  the  fol- 
lowing ; — 

"  To  understand  why  the  Moor  prefers 
the  crude  wooden  plough,  hewn  from  the 
crotch  of  a  tree,  to  those  of  iron  and  steel 
which  civilization  offers  him  ;  to  compre- 
hend why  the  Moroccan  native  would 
rather  drive  his  camel  or  mule  through  a 
stream  than  over  a  bridge,  is,  to  the  Christian 
foreigner,  more  difficult  than  to  realize  that 
he  is  looked  upon  by  the  ignorant  Moor 
as  a  victim  of  circumstances,  as  a  sacrifice 
to  a  civilization  that  leaves  him  time  neither 
for  thought,  kindness,  nor  religious  reflec- 
tion, and  which  drives  him  to  ignore  his 
gods,  such  as  they  may  be." 

The  author  need  not  have  specified  the 
"  ignorant "  Moor  ;  for  his  perfectly 
justifiable  statement  would  apply  equally 
well,  and,  perhaps,  even  more  certainly, 
to  the  Moor  of  culture  and  refinement. 
We  need  these  reminders  of  the  penalties 
of  our  boasted  civilization,  which  is  ever 
urging  us  to  some  new  distraction. 


Canadian  Nights,  being  Sketches  and 
Reminiscences  of  Life  and  Sport  in  the 
Rockies,  the  Prairies,  and  the  Canadian 
Woods.  By  the  Earl  of  Dunraven. 
(Smith  Elder  &  Co.,  7s.  6d.  net.) 

There  are  a  variety  of  ways  in  which 
Lord  Dunraven's  book  differs  from  the 
average  run  of  new  publications,  and,  for 
most  readers,  the  differences  are  all  in 
favour  of  '  Canadian  Nights.'  It  has  un- 
deniable charm.  There  is  a  certain  elusive 
fascination  about  it,  rather  difficult  to 
understand,  and  impossible  to  define.  It 
is  real  and  unstrained,  leisurely,  and 
remarkably  full  of  the  atmosphere  of  the 
woods,  the  mountains,  the  prairies,  lakes, 
and  rivers  of  North  America.  There  is  not 
the  smallest  suggestion  in  its  pages  of 
professional  book-making.  That  accounts 
for  one  part  of  its  charm.  It  is  desultory, 
reflectively  reminiscent,  and  withal,  full  of 
enthusiasm  and  sincere  love  of  the  wilder 
side  of  nature.  In  short,  it  is  an  eminently 
readable  volume,  happily  free  alike  from 
errors  of  taste  and  dull  passages. 

The  author  has  cast  his  reminiscences  in 
the  form  of  narratives  told  over  the  camp 
fire  by  a  cultured  Englishman,  who  chose 
to  desert  what  we  call  civilization,  and  to 
live,  very  much  as  an  Indian  or  white 
trapper  lives  in  the  wilderness.  One  is 
not  quite  sure  whether  this  voluntary 
exile  from  the  resorts  of  men  is  to  be 
regarded  seriously  as  a  real  person.  But, 
as  his  death  is  referred  to  in  a  moving 
passage  at  the  end  of  the  book,  the 
reviewer  inclines  to  look  upon  "  Willie 
Whisper  "  (so  the  natives  called  him)  as  a 
real  person,  who  did  genuinely  play  his 
part  in  the  author's  experiences.  The 
point  is  of  no  great  importance,  except 
that,  if  there  never  was  a  Willie  Whisper 
in  the  flesh,  the  stories  here  attributed  to 
him  form  a  remarkable  tribute  to  the 
imagination  and  the  skill  of  the  Earl  of 
Dunraven.  But,  though  every  one  of  the 
experiences  here  recorded  were  given  to 
the  author  in  the  course  of  camp  fire  talk, 
it  still  would  have  been  impossible  for  him 
to  produce  this  book,  unless  he  had  felt  to 
the  full  the  fascination  of  the  hunter's  life 
in  the  wilderness.  In  this  connexion 
the  "hunter"  does  not  indicate  the 
gentleman  who  measures  his  success  or 
failure  by  the  size  of  his  bag,  and  boasts 
cheerfully  of  the  extravagant  number  of 
heads  he  has  lain  low.  The  sort  of  hunter 
we  mean  is  the  man  who  finds  the  keenest 
delight  in  pitting  his  wits  and  endurance 
against  those  of  a  wild  creature,  and 
defeating  it  in  the  struggle  for  mastery, 
after,  it  may  be,  three  or  four  daj^s  of 
almost  unceasing  effort  and  exposure.. 
This  type  of  hunter  finds  little  or  no 
gratification  in  the  kind  of  day's  sport 
which  includes  luncheon  in  a  marquee, 
stools  for  his  support  while  he  shoots,  and 
attendants  to  load  and  carry  his  guns. 

The  author's  stories  are  told  in  the- 
Canadian  woods,  but  they  embrace  ex- 
periences to  the  southward  of  the  Canadian 
frontier,  and  one  of  the  best  of  them 
records  a  hunting  trip  in  one  of  the  great 
"  parks  "  of  Colorado,  under  the  guidance 
of   Buffalo   Bill   (subsequently  known  to- 


No.  4521,  Ji-ne  20,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


849 


fame  outside  hunting  circles),  and  Texas 
Jack.     Of  this  part  of  America  it  is  said  : — 

•'  Among  all  the  states  and  territories  that 

lie  wholly  or  partially  within  the  borders  of 
this  vast  upheaved  region,  there  is  none,  so 
tar  as  1  am  aware,  more  favoured  by  Nature, 
and  at  the  same  time,  more  accessible  to  man, 
than  Colorado.  It  is  easily  reached  from  all 
the  great  cities  of  the  Eastern  States;  its 
aery  is  varied,  beautiful,  grand,  and  even 
magnificent.  Crystal  streams  of  pure, 
wholesome  water  rush  down  the  hill-sides, 
play  at  hide  and  seek  in  the  woods,  and 
wander  deviously  tlirough  the  parks.  The 
climate  is  health-giving — -unsurpassed  as,  I 
believe,  anywhere — giving  to  the  jaded 
spirit,  the  unstrung  nerves,  and  weakened 
body  a  stimulant,  a  tone,  and  a  vigour  that 
can  only  be  appreciated  by  those  who  have 
bad  the  good  fortune  to  travel  or  reside  in 
that  region...  .Where  you  find  lofty  moun- 
tains, foothills,  plain,  valley,  forest,  and  quick 
Bowing  stream,  in  a  southern  latitude,  you 
have  in  combination  all  that  can  gratify  the 
scientific  student,  as  well  as  all  that  can 
content  the  eye  of  man  in  the  way  of  scener\\" 

Elsewhere  surprise  is  expressed  that 
Newfoundland  is  not  more  visited  than 
it  is  by  Englishmen,  since  it  is  the 
nearest  and  most  accessible  of  British 
colonies,  and  offers  a  splendid  field  for 
true  sport  and  exploration.  But,  upon 
the  whole,  one  gathers  that  the  warmest 
place  in  the  author" s  heart  is  reserved  for 
the  Canadian  lakes  and  woods,  as  happy 
hunting  grounds,  and  the  best  of  all  fields 
for  the  genuine  amateur  of  the  enthralling 
art  of  stalking 

The  three  hundred  pages  of  this 
modestly  written  book  (which  contains  no 
illustrations),  may  have  the  effect  of 
attracting  more  sporting  visitors  to  the 
great  British  dominion  than  a  dozen  more 
pretentious  works  produced  with  that 
specific  purpose  in  view. 


THE  XEAR  EAST. 

'The  Struggle  for  Scutari'  stands 
out  above  its  fellows.  Plenty  of  books 
have  now  been  written  on  the  subject 
of  the  Balkan  War,  but  almost  all  of 
them  have  dealt  in  hearsay,  preconceived 
opinions,  and  vain  theories.  The  authors 
had  seen  practically  nothing  of  the 
actual  fighting,  and  had  no  previous 
knowledge  of  the  people  and  conditions 
of  the  country.  The  Balkan  Christians, 
being  Christians,  were,  for  most  of  them, 
superior  upon  the  face  of  it  to  Balkan 
Muslims,  and  the  evidences  of  material 
progress  to  be  found  among  them  were 
taken  to  denote  high  moral  qualities — a 
confusion  of  ideas  extremely  common 
among  Englishmen.  Judging  an  alien 
people  by  themselves,  they  declared  them 
to  be  quite  incapable  of  savage  conduct. 
Miss  Durham  saw  the  actual  warfare  of 
the  Montenegrins,  and  with  all  the  weight 
of  her  unique  experience  of  Balkan 
methods  she  denounces   it   as   "  bestial.'' 

Tfie    Struggle    for    Scutari.        By    M.    Edith 
Duiham.      (Arnold,  14*.  net.) 

The    Orient    Express.        By    Arthur    Moore. 
(Constable  &  Co.,  7*.  (>/.  net.) 


Sympathizing  as  she  does  with  the  Alba- 
nian mountaineers,  she  has  no  prejudice 
in  favour  of  the  Turks.    The  first  part  of 

her  book,  in  fact,  describes  the  hurtling 
villages,  the  deaths  from  starvation  and 
exposure,  and  the  general  misery  caused 
by  the  Young  Turk  attempt  to  "  Otto- 
manize  "  Albania  by  main  force.  She 
knows  a  bad  thing  when  she  sees  it,  but 
retains  her  mental  balance,  and  does  not 
use  the  bad  thing  to  excuse  a  worse.  The 
ways  of  Javid  Pasha's  army  were  dis- 
tinctly bad,  but  the  ways  of  Montenegrin 
Serbs  were  worse  a  hundred  times. 

"  Professor  Kovachevitch,  teacher  of 
French  and  German  at  the  Gymnasium  at 
Podgoritza,  was  anxious  that  I  should  employ 
him  as  assistant  in  any  corresponding  work 
I  might  do.  Being  lame,  he  was  not  liable 
for  active  service. 

"  '  Soon,'  said  he,  '  you  will  see  the  noses 
come  in.  We  shall  not  leave  many  a  Turk 
with  a  nose.'  '  If  you  do  any  such  swinery," 
said  I,  '  you  will  rightly  lose  all  European 
sympathy.' 

"  He  was  very  angry.  '  It  is  our  old 
national  custom,'  he  declared  ;  '  how  can  a 
soldier  prove  his  heroism  to  his  commander 
if  he  does  not  bring  in  noses  ?  Of  course 
we  shall  cut  noses  ;   we  always  have.' 

"  He  had  travelled  considerably,  and  been 
in  English  employ  in  Egypt." 

"  Flames  leapt  up  from  vladnje  and 
vranje.  The  soldiers  had  set  fire  to  them. 
The  little  crowd  of  Montenegrins  rejoiced. 
I  exclaimed — for  I  knew  only  too  well  the 
horror  of  burnt  homesteads — and  remem- 
bered, too,  Montenegro's  loud  indignation 
at  '  Turkish  savagery  '  last  year.  But  an 
old  woman  cried  :  '  Burn  !  Let  them  burn  ! 
I  am  very  glad.'  And  all  said  :  '  They  are 
Moslems.     Let  them  burn  !  '  " 

"  I  drove  to  Tuzi  with  a  busload  of 
various  necessities.  Little  white  rags  flew 
from  sticks  on  many  a  house,  and  chalked 
crosses  on  the  doors  ajipealed  for  mercy. 
We  reported  ourselves  and  went  straight 
to  the  military  hospit  1.  .  .  .The  hospital  was 
crammed  with  wounded  Xizams  (Turkish 
regulars)  and  was  foodless  and  waterless. 
The  engineer  went  off  to  fetch  a  busload  of 
water  in  cans  from  the  river.  I  remained 
to  clean  up.  .  .  .The  Turkish  doc. or,  furious, 
d<  manded  in  broken  German  proper  treat- 
ment for  his  wounded,  and  refused  to  help, 
saying  he  was  not  now  responsible.  .  .  .He 
then  saw  I  really  wanted  to  help  and  put 
on  some  orderlies  to  work  also.  The  engineer 
brought  bread  and  water,  and  we  made  some 
sort  of  order  in  the  place.  I  had  till  then 
been  too  busy  to  investigate  the  actual 
wounded.  The  doctor  now  pointed  out 
eight   men  with   bandages  round   their  faces, 

close  and  flat.  There  was  no  nose  or  lip. 
lie  imitated  slicing.  'Look!  Montenegrin 
work  !  '     Eight  men,  not  ol  herw  ise  wounded, 

had  been  deliberately  Caught   and  mutilated. 

Kovachevit ch's  words  had  come  true." 

•'  We  held  about    140  patients,  and  as  fast 

i hey  were  fit  they  were  replaced  by 
others,  [ncidentally  I  learnt  a  lot  about 
the  war,  for  I  had  a  great  number  of  men 
through    my    hands.     They    all    gloried    in 

their    bestiality    and     related    in    detail    their 

nose-cutting  exploits,  imitated  the  impaling 
of  ;i  Turk  upon  a  bayonet,  and  the  slicing 
off  of  bis  nose  and  upper  lip,  and  the  Bhouted 
advice  to  the  still  Living  man  'Go  home 
and  -how-  your  wives  how-  pretty  you  are  I 
All,  with  very  few  exceptions,  had  taken 
An  old  man  of  seventy  had  only 
taken  two,  but  excused  bimseli  on  the 
ground  of  having  fallen  ill  at  the  beginning. 


His  son,  with  the  Podgoritza  army,  had, 
he    said,    done    very     well     though,     and     SO 

won  Id  he,  God  willing,  so  soon  as  he  was  well." 

"A     Servian     Officer     turned     up     at      the 

dinner-table  and  related,  with  glee,  the 
valorous  deeds  of  the  Serbs.  'We  have,' 
he  boasted,  'annihilated  the  Ljuma  tribe.' 

lie    described    wholesale    slaughter    of    men, 

women,  and  children,  and  the  burning  of  the 
villages.  The  Montenegrins  chuckled  as 
they  gobbled  their  dinners.  'Why  did 
you    do    this  V  '    1    asked    at    last.      'When    I 

was  there  the  people  received  me  very  well.1 

There  was  a  shout  of  laughter.  '  Go  there 
and  look  for  your  dear  friends.  You  won  t 
find  a  single  one.  When  the  land  is  ours 
there  will  be  no  Moslem  problem." 

In  view  of  the  uphill  work  for  the 
relief  of  suffering — work  of  a  most  repul- 
sive kind — which  Miss  Durham  did  un- 
ceasingly in  the  midst  of  horrors  and 
filth  unspeakable,  it  is  a  marvel  that  she 
kept  her  senses,  let  alone  her  temper,  as 
she  did.  There  is  not  an  angry  judgment 
in  the  book.  No  doubt  her  sense  of 
humour  saved  her.  As  she  says,  "a 
sense  of  humour  is  after  all  life's 
chief  disinfectant."  It  certainly  has  kept 
the  present  work,  with  all  its  horrid 
detail,  clean  and  healthy.  Her  gift  of 
humour  and  objective  vision,  without 
which  no  one  can  deal  justly  with  an 
alien  race,  pervades  the  book.  She  shows 
the  comic  side  of  the  campaign  :  the 
white  horse,  the  banner  and  the  band 
kept  always  ready  for  the  King's  triumphal 
entry  into  Scutari,  which  the  Monte- 
negrins were  incapable  of  taking  by 
assault ;  the  vicissitudes  of  Montenegrin 
high  officials  ;  and  the  royal  family,  for 
ever  dashing  up  in  motor-cars  and  laugh- 
ing heartily,  treating  the  ghastly  business 
as  a  picnic. 

"  Halfway  I  met  the  royal  motor-car.  .  .  . 
and  out  they  all  jumped.  'This,'  cried 
one  of  the  royal  ladies,  '  is  your  celebrated 
horse  !  We  have  heard  all  about  it  ! 
'Very  good  horse,  your  Royal  Hig'aiess," 
said  I.  '  I  bought  him  in  Tuzi.'  '  What  I ' 
cried  she,  '  you  bought  it  ?  '  '  Twelve  pound 
Turk,  Madam.'  'Oh!'  she  cried,  deeply 
disappointed,  '  we  thought  you  took  it. 
That  you  went  straight  to  Tuzi  and  took 
a  horse  from  the  Turks.'  '  I  took  nothing 
at  Tuzi,  your  Royal  Highness,'  Baid  1.  I 
might  have  added,  '  I  was  the  only  one  that 
did."  But  Koyal  personages  are  unaccus- 
tomed to  the  chill  truth." 

It  is  a  book  to  scare  the  souls  of  all  the 
time-servers,  for  it   is  absolutely  fearli 
and  straightforward.    The  name  of   the 
Turkish     commandant     of     Scutari     \ 
Hasan  (not  Huseyn)  Hi/a.  and  the  Turkish 
Minister  of  the   interior  mentioned   in   the 

first  part  of  the  book  repeatedly  as  Kajji 
Avdil  Is  Eajji  Aadil  Bey.  The  aut]  it 
has  no  good  word  to  say  for  the  frontiers 
of   the   new    Albanian   state   as  settled    by 

the  Powers,  "without  considering  the 
ethnographic  quest  ion."    The  line  has  been 

drawn  between  villages  and  their  pasture 
lands,  "  between  large  districts  and  Hair 
Only  market  town."  Ibr  word  0D  such 
has  more   weight   than   that  of  any  oth<  C 

English    person.     Ber   book    is   no   mere 

logue  of  horrors:    it  is  Balkan  war — a 
convincing  and    DlOSt  t  !'•  i  i«l  ian  t   satire    On 

the  Powers  of  Europe. 


850 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


Mr.  Moore,  the  author  of  '  The  Orient 
Express,'  though  lie  lias  been  a  jour- 
nalist, is  delightfully  free  from  the  con- 
ventions and  pomposities,  the  mental 
cliches,  one  associates  with  modern  jour- 
nalism.    His  soul  is  all  his  own. 

"  A  poor  man  cannot  afford  to  travel 
for  years  in  the  East  and  keep  his  impres- 
sions to  himself,"  he  tells  the  reader 
frankly  in  his  Preface  to  '  The  Orient 
Express.' 

"  He  must  find  an  excuse  for  his  wander- 
ings, and  he  must  find  some  one  benevolent 
enough  to  pay  his  expenses.  For  me,  the 
solution  has  generally  been  in  journalism, 
which  lias  the  added  advantage  that  it  some- 
times brings  experiences  which  a  millionaire 
might  seek  in  vain." 

Among  such  experiences  must  certainly 
be  reckoned  that  of  leading  troops  in 
battle,  enjoyed  by  Mr.  Moore  in  Persia 
upon  more  than  one  occasion,  notably 
during  the  siege  of  Tabriz,  when  he  and 
his  friend  Mr.  Baskerville,  an  American, 
were  moved  to  take  an  active  part  in  the 
defence. 

"Asa  demonstration  of  sympathy  with  a 
town  in  evil  plight  on  the  part  of  two  Euro- 
peans— an  American  is  a  '  European  '  in 
Persia — our  action  produced  an  undoubted 
effect.  There  was  an  immediate  rally  to  the 
barricades." 

This,  however,  may  (though  Mr.  Moore  is 
far  too  modest  to  suggest  it)  have  been 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  "  two  Europeans  " 
possessed  more  courage  and  initiative  than 
all  the  Persians  put  together.  Mr.  Basker- 
ville lost  his  life  in  the  last  sortie. 

"  The  Persians  have  jjlaced  a  white  cross 
over  his  grave,  and  on  it  is  written  :  '  Greater 
love  hath  no  man  than  this,  that  he  lay 
down  his  life  for  his  friends.'  The  general 
verdict  was  that  he  had  thrown  away  his 
life,  but  the  conclusion  is,  perhaps,  hasty. 
In  Tehran  they  still  sell  his  photograph  in  the 
street.  His  name,  at  least,  is  not  forgotten 
in  Persia,  and  there  are  many  who  feel  his 
influence." 

Mr.  Moore's  account  of  that  last  fight 
reminds  one  of  Count  Gobineau's  inimit- 
able :  Guerre  des  Turcomans  '  : — 

"  Somewhat  to  my  surprise  the  whole  of 
my  three  hundred  and  fifty  men  turned  up 
at  the  rendezvous.  .  .  .When  my  command 
got  to  the  enemy's  barricades  it  had  dwindled 

to  twenty-seven The  system  of  natural 

selection  worked  always  with  admirable 
automatic  precision,  and  this  residuum  of 
the  more  resolute  cheerfully  opened  fire,  and 
almost  immediately  rushed  the  enemy's 
position."' 

Elsewhere  the  author  gives  it  as  his 
deliberate  opinion  that  there  are  not 
more  than  two  thousand  brave  men  in 
Northern  Persia.  His  humour  plays  im- 
partially upon  the  gaiety  and  tragedy, 
the  villainy  and  human  kindness,  inextric- 
ably interwoven  in  the  brightly  coloured, 
queerly  patterned,  but,  in  point  of  fact, 
quite  homely  fabric  which  is  Persian  life. 
Further,  he  can  bring  a  scene  before  the 
reader  clearly  : — 

"  All  through  that  night  the  desert  road 
rang  with  the  sweet  music  of  camel-bells. 
The  Eastern  world  was  awake,  and  long  pro- 
cessions  of   pilgrims,    come   from   far,    filed 


slowly  on  their  way  to  Kum....Up  long 
single  files  of  hundreds  of  slow-paced,  soft- 
footed  camels  I  rode,  and  it  seemed  that 
they  would  never  end.  Sometimes  the  full 
chorus  of  the  bells,  filling  all  the  air,  would 
die  away  ;  but  no  sooner  was  it  lost  than  the 
first  faint  tinkle  of  another  caravan  approach- 
ing made  itself  heard,  until  once  more  the 
night  was  ringing  with  the  melodj^,  and  the 
swaying,  shadowy  shapes  drew  near." 

In  the  author's  Macedonian  and  Alba- 
nian reminiscences  we  miss  the  magic  of 
his  Persian  pictures.  Politics  here  come 
into  the  foreground.  Mr.  Moore,  with  his 
experience,  is  able  to  appreciate  the 
Oriental  aspect  of  the  Balkan  problem, 
while  remaining  "  a  good  European,"  as 
he  claims  to  be.  He  has  no  prejudices 
that  Ave  can  discover,  nor  any  reverence 
for  those  popular  half-truths  which  form 
the  gospel  of  the  ordinary  journalist. 
He  knows  that  a  half-truth  is  twice  a  lie. 

"  It  may  be  true  [he  writes],  as  many  con- 
stantly assert,  that  the  East  loves  a  despot, 
but  if  so,  the  fact  has  not  come  under  my 
observation,  and  I  do  not  know  what  is  the 
evidence  for  this  unnatural  and  inherently 
improbable  taste." 

Again  : — 

"  The  public  loves  a  scapegoat,  and  it  is 
the  fashion  to  vilify  the  Young  Turks,  and  to 
call  high-minded  and  patriotic  men,  such  as 
Enver  Bey  and  the  late  Shevket  Pasha, 
adventurers.  .  .  .Few,  however,  consider 
whether  in  reality  success  was  ever  possible 
to  them." 

He  scoffs  with  perfect  justice  at  the 
notion,  prevalent  of  late, 

"  that  the  Young  Turks  had  ruined  a  very 
flourishing  institution — the  Turkish  Empire 
as  governed  by  that  sagacious  statesman, 
Abdul  Hamid  !  " 

His  account  of  the  Chatalja  campaign, 
derived  from  the  Bulgarian  general  staff, 
is  highly  interesting,  but  will  seem  a  little 
strange  to  those  who  know  that  the 
Turkish  forces  which  resisted  the  Bul- 
garians at  Lule  Burgas  were  at  about 
60  per  cent  of  their  nominal  strength,  and 
still  in  process  of  recruiting,  and  that  the 
Bulgarians  were  severely  beaten  at  Cha- 
talja in  November,  1912.  In  enumerating 
the  causes  of  the  Turkish  defeat,  he  has 
omitted  the  disbanding  of  120,000  vete- 
rans just  before  the  war  on  the  assurance 
of  the  Powers  that  no  attack  on  Turkey 
was  intended  or  would  be  permitted. 
That  assurance  would  not  have  deceived 
the  Turkish  nationalists,  but  it  deceived 
the  cosmopolitan  party  then  in  power, 
which  had  every  reason  to  regard  itself 
as  in  a  special  sense  protected  by  the 
Powers. 

Mr.  Moore's  very  interesting  account  of 
a  tour  which  he  made  in  Albania  just 
after  the  Constitution  had  been  proclaimed 
has  peculiar  value  at  a  moment  when  the 
problem  of  Albania  occupies  the  world  at 
large. 

We  commend  his  book  to  all  who  prize 
mature  opinions,  modest  judgments,  and 
the  grace  of  humour. 


African  Camp  Fires.     By  Stewart  Edward 
White.     (Xelson  &  Sons,  5s.  net.) 

Mr.  White's  name  recalls  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Indian  trail ;  but  he 
seems  to  have  followed  the  example  set  by 
others  of  his  countrymen,  and  sought  in 
Africa  the  game  which  is  disappearing 
from  his  native  wilds.  We  own  to  a 
certain  prejudice  against  the  average  East 
African  sporting  chronicle,  made  up  of 
slaughter  (or  disappointment),  abuse  of 
natives  (especially  porters),  dull  jokes,  and 
a  few  inaccurate  remarks  about  the  Masai ; 
but  Mr.  White  has  brought  a  freshness  of 
observation  and  a  keenness  of  interest  to 
his  task  which,  together  with  a  wholesome 
sense  of  humour,  make  his  book  very  good 
reading. 

Apart  from  the  show  places  —  Kenya, 
and  Kilimanjaro,  Lake  Naivasha  and  the 
Rift  Valley — it  may  emphatically  be  said 
of  East  Africa  that  "  you  must  love  it  if 
to  you  it  shall  seem  worthy  of  vour  love." 
Mr.  White  sIioavs  all  the  dispositions  for 
doing  so,  and  is  quite  ready  to  appreciate 
the  good  points  of  Swahili,  Kikuyu, 
Masai,  and  eArery  one  else. 

The  shooting  described  Avas  done  in 
several  different  places  :  in  the  Shimba 
hills  (by  the  by,  the  map  which  forms  the 
"  end-papers  "  is  misleading  in  represent- 
ing them  to  the  north  of  Mombasa),  on  the 
Kapti  Plains,  up  the  TsaA^o,  on  the 
Laikipia  Escarpment,  and  in  the  Rift 
Valley.  Except  as  regards  lions  (con- 
cerning which  no  one  need  as  yet  have 
any  compunction),  it  AAras  done  AA'ith 
discrimination,  and  confined  to  specimens 
of  the  rarer  animals,  and  Avhat  Avas  needed 
for  the  food  of  the  party.  Of  lions  the 
bag  was  not  enormous,  in  ATieAv  of  the 
numbers  existing  in  the  country.  A  party 
of  fifteen  Avas  seen,  and  unsuccessfully 
stalked  on  one  occasion.  Another  sight— 
of  those  which  remain  in  the  memory  for 
a  lifetime — belongs  to  the  country  near  the 
Southern  Guaso  Nyiro  : — 

"  At  the  top  of  that  rise  I  lay  still  in 
astonishment.  Before  me  marched  solemnly 
an  unbroken  single  file  of  game,  reaching 
literally  to  my  limit  of  vision  in  both  direc- 
tions. They  came  over  the  land  swell  a  mile 
to  my  left,  and  they  were  disappearing  OAer 
another  land  swell  a  mile  and  a  half  to  my 
right.  It  was  rigidly  single  file  except  for 
the  young  ;  the  nose  of  one  beast  fairly 
touching  the  tail  of  the  one  ahead,  and  it 
plodded  along  at  a  businesslike  walk.  There 
Avere  but  three  species  represented  :  the  gnu, 
the  zebra,  and  the  hartebeeste.  I  did  not 
see  the  head  of  the  procession,  for  it  had  gone 
from  sight  before  I  arriA*ed  ;  nor  did  I  eA'er 
see  the  tail  of  it  either,  for  the  safari  appear- 
ing inopportunely  broke  its  continuance. 
But  I  saAv  two  miles  and  a  half,  solid,  of  big 
game.  It  was  a  great  and  formal  trek, 
probably  to  neAV  pastures." 

We  own  to  some  perplexity  as  to  the 
"  Swanee  "  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Tsavo, 
of  which  the  source  was  explored.  Possibly 
the  printers,  avIio  elseAvhere  ha\-e  achieved 
some  curious  rarice  lectiones,  have  thus 
maltreated  the  name  of  the  Seri,  flowing 
from  Kilimanjaro  into  the  TsaA70.  "  Lu- 
cania"  (p.  207)  also  looks  curious. 

Another  puzzling  sentence  occurs  on 
p.  93  :    "  He  was  pure  Swahili,  though  of 


No.  45-21,  June  20,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


851 


the  savage  branch  of  that  race,  and  had 
none  of  the  negro  type  of  countenance." 
What  is  Mr.  White's  definition  of  a 
Swahili  ? 

'The  chapter  on  the  Masai,  though  it 
makes  no  claim  to  be  exhaustive  or  to 
pr»  sent  fresh  facts,  forms  an  interesting 
'>rd  of  first-hand  impressions.  We 
think  it  is  a  mistake  to  say  that  the  Masai 
n.  er  slaughter  cattle  for  food.  Mr. 
Ho'.lis  (see  "The  Masai."  pp.  202.  317) 
distinctly  records  this  as  being  done  by  the 
warriors  while  living  in  the  manyat,  not  at 
the  kraal  itself,  however,  but  at  a  specially 
structed  slaughter-house  in  the  woods, 
where  they  stayed  till  all  the  meat  was 
eat  an.  "They  never  remain  for  two 
months  together  without  slaughtering. 
Whenever  the  old  men.  the  women,  and  the 
hoys  " — who.  as  a  rule,  live  on  milk — "  are 
able  to  do  so.  they  likewise  eat  meat."  It 
is  aided,  however,  that  "  the  Masai  elders 
do  not  slaughter  their  cattle  without  good 
cause,  and  a  man  who  is  very  fond  of  meat 
is  called  a  Dorobo.*'  In  this  the  Masai 
differ  from  the  Oalla .  who  not  only  eat  beef 
when  so  disposed,  but  also  do  a  consider- 
•abb  business  in  selling  cattle  to  the  Shehri 
butchers  on  the  coast. 

As  to  the  peculiar  institution  of  the 
ma.iyal,  however  it  may  have  originated, 
we  do  not  feel  satisfied  that  Mr.  White  is 
correct  in  assigning  as  a  reason  for  its 
existence  the  fact  that 

"  t'ie  righting  strengtli  of  the  tribe  must 
be  kept  up,  and  by  the  young  and  vigorous 
-t  k.  On  the  other  hand,  every  man  of 
m  litary  age  must  be  foot  free  to  serve  in  the 

-taut  wars  and  forays.'' 

As  no  children  were  supposed  to  be  born  in 
the  warrior's  kraal  (see  Hollis,  p.  311),  this 
can  scarcely  have  been  the  intention. 

It  was  inevitable  that  many  Swahili 
words  should  occur  in  a  book  of  this  sort ; 
equally  inevitable,  perhaps  (as  the  author 
betrays  no  acquaintance  with  Steere's 
Handbook,'  and  seems  to  have  picked  up 
hi-  talk  orally),  that  it  should  be  spelt, 
more  or  less,  after  the  fashion  of  the  Cook 
and  Mungo  Park  epoch,  though  even  so, 
it  is  frequently  far  from  representing  the 
pronunciation.  Thus  we  have  '"  seemee- 
lay  "  (simila),  "  kanzua  "  {kanzu),  "  fice  " 
(/' •"•■''),  •  n'grooui  ":  [nguruufe),  "  Monum- 
wezi "  {Mnyamwezi),  and  "monuome," 
gi\en  on  p.  255  as  the  equivalent  for 
buck,  which  we  have  failed  to  identify. 
It  cannot  surely  be  intended  for  nyama. 
It  is  rather  startling  to  read  that  "  Bags  !  ' 
is  vernacular  for  "it  is  finished,"'  till  one 
lizes  that  it  is  a  printer's  error  for  Bass 
(more  usually  bast).  "  Memba  Sasa,"  who 
figures  largely  and  very  creditably  in  this 
history,  has  an  impossible  name;  but 
itambo  Sasa  (which  may  be  freely  ren- 
dered, "  Xow  we're  in  for  it !  ")  is  common 
enough.  "  Bwana  Kingozi"  does  not, 
ami  cannot  mean  "  the  master  with  the 
heard."  Kinno-:i  means  •  little  skin."' 
Finally,  Baganda,  Wakamba,  &<•.,  are 
plurals,  not  singularsj 

Among  the  gems  of    the  book  are  the 

ription  of  the  two   Babus  at   Taavo 

Bridge  Station,  and   the  chapter  on    the 

-s— six  of  them,  and  each  one  a  delighl . 
es]  ecially  "  Wayward  "  and  "  Oirlie." 


being  a  Faithful 
Many  Lands.  By 
(Grant     Richards, 


-4     Wanih rer's    Trail  : 
Record  of  Travel  in 
A.     Loton    Ridger. 
10s.  (i(/.  net.) 

If  the  author  ever  comes  to  devote  him- 
self to  writing  as  a  means  of  livelihood, 
he  ma}'  regret  the  prodigal  generosity 
with  which  he  has  utilized  the  material 
at  his  disposal  in  preparing  this  book. 
He  certainly  will  not  be  likelv  to  give 
away  again  between  the  covers  of  a  single 
volume  so  much  as  he  gives  here.  As  a 
traveller  he  covers  more  ground  than 
man}r  writers  do  in  half  a  dozen  volumes. 

Mr.  Ridger  (who  evidently  still  has 
youth  on  his  side)  was  moved  by  the 
wander-spirit  in  his  twenty-first  year  to 
set  out  upon  travels  which  occupied  him 
just  seven  years.  As  a  lad  he  was  enlarg- 
ing one  day,  in  conversation  with  a  London 
merchant,  upon  his  desire  to  "  go  abroad,"' 
'"  Then  why  the  devil  don't  you  go  1  ' 
said  the  merchant.  A  little  crestfallen, 
the  would-be  traveller  explained  his  diffi- 
culties, including  lack  of  funds.  "  My 
boy,  if  you  Avant  to  go  abroad  and  see  the 
world — go  !  Ship  in  the  first  tramp  you 
can  find,  bound  anywhere.  That  is  the 
only  way  to  see  the  world."  These  words 
made  so  deep  an  impression  upon  oar 
author  that,  within  a  month,  his  kit  was 
packed,  his  farewells  said,  and  he  found 
himself  journeying  down  to  Cardiff,  there 
to  join  a  tramp  steamer  bound  round  the 
Horn  for  San  Francisco — the  route  taken 
by  many  seekers  after  adventure  for  their 
first  journey  into  the  outside  world.  This 
particular  adventurer  was  armed  with  a 
few  more  or  less  useless  letters  of  intro- 
duction, 101.  in  money,  and  a  plentiful 
supply  of  that  hopeful  energy  which  still 
is,  happily,  an  English  characteristic. 

Wireless  telegraphy  and  compulsory 
education  are  not  incompatible  with  the 
development  of  precisely  the  same  keen 
appetite  for  wandering  and  new  experi- 
ences in  strange  lands  which  in  bygone 
years  sent  our  Elizabethan  ancestors 
cruising  over  all  the  Seven  Seas  in  quest 
of  fortune  and  adventure.   As  Mr.  Kipling 

says, 

For  to  admire  an'  for  to  see, 

For  to  be'old  this  world  so  wide — 
It  never  done  no  good  to  me, 

But  I  can't  drop  it  if  I  tried  ! 

The  probabilities  are  that  the  author 
of  this  book  would  find  it  easy  to  moralize 
at  some  length  upon  this  verse.  But 
fortunately  for  his  readers  he  is  more 
given  to  straightforward  narrative  than 
to  sermonizing,  though  here  and  there  he 
has  yielded  to  the  natural  desire  to  round 
off  a  moral  drawn  from  one  or  other  of 
his  singularly  varied  experiences. 

Having  made  his  way  to  San   Francisco, 

where  he  arrived   after  the  earthquake, 

the  author  tried  earning  his  living  in  dif- 
ferent parte  of  the  North  American 
continent:  as  counter-hand  in  a  cigar 
Store,  worker  in   lumber  camps,  a  layer  of 

cement    side-walks,    deck-hand    on    river 

Steamers,  and  in  Other  (rays.      Then  came 

an  adventurous  voyage  across  the  Pacific 
to  Honolulu,  and  thence  to  the  bar  Blast 
in  a  veritable  coffin  ship.     Of  the   E 

.Mi.     Ridger    >aw    a    good    deal    from     the 


white   worker's   standpoint,   and    his    lack 

of  capital  undoubtedly  helped  him  to 
many  interesting  experiences  of  a  kind 
that  would  hardly  have  come  his  way  it 
his  pockets  had  been  better  lined.  He 
taught  English  in  Japanese  schools,  and 
he  tested  the  extreme  economy  of  lodging 
in  monasteries.  He  tried  a  rather  excit  ing 
sort  of  journalism  in  Korea,  and  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  establishment  of 
Japanese  influence  there  was  a  tolerably 
tyrannical  business.  He  visited  many 
famous  landmarks  of  the  Russo-Japanese 
War,  and  saw  aspects  of  Chinese  life 
which  are  hidden  from  the  moneyed  globe- 
trotter, before  working  his  way  back  again 
to  America,  by  the  Suez  Canal  and  the 
Atlantic  this  time. 

A  brief  glimpse  of  England  intervened 
before  our  wanderer  took  up  his  kit  once 
more  and  journeyed  to  South  Africa.  Here 
he  tried  most  of  the  obvious  forms  of 
wage-earning,  and  learnt  a  good  deal  of 
mining  on  the  Rand,  relinquishing  this 
after  a  time  to  make  a  long  trek  across 
the  Kalahari  Desert  into  Central  Africa 
in  quest  of  native  labour  for  the  mines. 
This  accomplished,  he  responded  once 
more  to  the  call  of  the  Orient,  and  from 
India  worked  his  way  through  Burma, 
and  thence  to  the  Malays  and  the  Far 
East  once  more,  where  he  gave  some 
attention  to  rubber  cultivation  and  other 
tropical  industries  before  finally  turning 
his  face  homeward  and  bringing  an  end 
to  his  tramping.  This  is  but  a  rough  out- 
line of  the  scope  of  his  travels. 

As  a  writer  Mr.  Ridger  possesses  the 
outstanding  merits  of  simplicity,  straight- 
forwardness, sincerity,  and  the  desire  to 
describe  and  record  faithfully.  If  he 
wisely  makes  no  pretence  to  literary 
graces,  his  Avriting  is  free  from  gaudy 
passages  and  "  padding,"  being  unpre- 
tentious and  frankly  colloquial. 

Of  the  first  ship  in  which  he  travelled 
he  says  : — 

"  I  was  surprised  to  find  that  all  the  crew 
and  firemen  were  Chinese.  This  1  have 
found  to  be  the  case  with  nearly  every 
freighter  in  which  I  have  since  sailed,  Ji 
seems  a  pity." 

It  does.  But  the  fact  is  somewhat  re- 
markable. The  reviewer  has  found  with 
regret  that  the  majority  of  the  crews  of 
tramp  steamers  Hying  our  flag  are  Dagoes, 
"  Squareheads,"  or  men  of  colour  ;  but  to 
find   "all  the  crew  and   firemen''  Chinese 

is  not  a  typical  experience. 

The    author    occasionally    does    himself 

injustice   in   his  choice  of   phrases.     His 

prejudices   are   not  really   violent,    but    he 

sometime-    uses    words   which    make   them 

appear  so.  For  example,  in  the  following- 
passage  he  describes  as  "an  ungrateful 
cur "  a  man  w  ho  might  conceivably  be  a 
thoroughly  good  fellow,  thougb   possibly 

a    little    whimsical    and    indiscreet.      It     ifi 

perfectly  true  that  the  man  who  is  for 

e\cr    railing    againsl     the    country    which 

shelters  him  and  gives  him  prosperity  is 

b  graceless  fellow,  but  it  would  Burely  be 

possible  for  a  Briton  sojourning  in  America 
to  seek  to  make  British  patriots  of  his 
children,  even  to  the  point  of  eccentricity, 

without  thereby  Bhowing  himself  a     cur." 


852 


THE     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4521,  June  20,   1914 


"  The  type  of  Englishman  who,  though  he 
has  made  America  his  home  and  makes  his 
living  from  that  country,  is  yet  always 
belittling  the  place  in  which  he  lives  is 
unpopular,  and  most  deservedly  so.  An 
instance  I  have  in  mind  is  the  case  of  one 
Englishman,  long  resident  in  California, 
who  wrapped  every  child  of  his  at  its  birth 
in  a,  Union  Jack.  Such  a  type  of  man 
both  England  and  America  can  well  do 
without  !  In  his  own  eyes  he  may  be  a 
patriot  in  exile  ;  in  mine  he  is  an  un- 
grateful cur.  Another  type,  and  perhaps 
an  even  more  despicable  one,  is  represented 
by  the  Englishman  who  takes  out  his 
'  first  '  papers  whilst  in  America,  and  on  the 
slightest  opportunity  will  avail  himself  of 
American  protection.  In  different  sur- 
roundings he  is  a  loyal  Britisher  and  the 
first  one  to  damn  the  Yanks.  With  such  a 
type  also  both  countries  can  well  dispense." 

Wisely,  the  author  recommends  a  con- 
siderable measure  of  adaptability  to  young 
Englishmen  settling  oversea.  But  the 
reviewer  will  not  readily  forget  the  em- 
phatic words  of  a  Canadian  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  who  told  him  that  for  the 
development  of  a  certain  province  in  the 
Dominion  he  wanted  British  farmers  and 
farm-workers,  who  would  bring  their 
home-trained  methods  to  Canada  and 
stick  to  them.  It  was  not  by  imitating 
all  those  among  whom  they  settled  in 
oversea  lands  that  our  forefathers  built 
up  our  worldwide  prestige.  Rather,  it 
was  by  means  of  a  judicious  process  of 
selection,  combined  with  an  inflexible 
determination  to  hold  to  and  even  enforce 
the  adoption  of  certain  methods  and 
principles  essentially  British.  The  man 
who  too  slavishly  does  in  Rome  as  Romans 
do  is  apt  to  find — in  the  tropics,  for 
example — that  he  speedily  declines  upon 
standards  greatly  lower  than  those  of  his 
native  land. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  all  his 
wanderings  the  author  found  that  the 
best  type  of  British  subject  he  met  was 
the  Scot,  and  the  least  admirable  the 
Australian  : — 

"  I  can  only  conclude  that  the  home 
training  of  the  one  is  the  best,  and  of  the 
other,  the  worst.  I  must  confess  I  never 
met  in  all  my  wanderings  an  Australian  I 
could  really  trust.  I  hope  one  day  Fate 
will  give  me  the  opportunity  of  meeting  the 
real  Australian." 

The  reviewer  hopes  so  too,  for  in 
England,  in  the  Antipodes,  and  in  North 
America  he  has  met  and  known  Aus- 
tralians, cultured  and  unlearned,  who 
were  alike  worthy  of  trust,  esteem,  and 
affection ;  whilst  in  Australia  itself  he 
has  found  the  general  level  of  intelligence 
and  kindness  markedly  higher  than  it  is 
in  some  other  parts  of  the  British  world, 
although  the  extremes  of  intellectual 
ability  and  culture  may  not  be  very  well 
represented  in  that  country.  The  sub- 
merged sections  of  our  Old  World  com- 
munities have  no  equivalent  in  Aus- 
tralasia, even  in  the  disappearing  larrikin 
class. 

Altogether,  Mr.  Ridger's  work  is  one 
of  exceptional  interest.  It  should  win  the 
large  circle  of  readers  which  it  deserves. 
It  is  well  supplied  with  reproductions  of 
photographs. 


By  the  Waters  of  Germany.  By  Norma 
Lorimer.  (Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  12s.  6d. 
net.) 

'  By  the  Waters  of  Germany  '  is  some- 
what of  a  misnomer  for  a  very  pleasant 
book  of  travel  which  has  little  or  nothing 
to  do  with  rivers.  Indeed,  some  of  the 
streams  by  which  the  author  wandered 
are  hardly  noticeable  in  the  life  of  the 
towns  with  which  her  book  deals.  Miss 
Lorimer  is  probably  not  responsible  for 
the  statement  on  the  cover  of  the  book 
which  tells  the  hesitating  purchaser  that 
the  places  with  Avhich  the  inside  of  the 
volume  is  concerned  are  "  fine  old  towns 
of  the  Black  Forest "  ;  but  whoever 
penned  those  words  should  have  first 
looked  at  a  map  of  Germany. 

Mr.  Douglas  Sladen  has  written  a 
charming  Preface  for  this  interesting 
work,  and  he  bids  us  notice  for  how  little 
money  a  delightful  holiday  may  be  taken 
in  Germany.  On  141.  apiece  Miss  Lorimer 
and  her  companion  made  a  considerable 
tour,  and  were  always  contented  and 
cheerful.  The  author  tells  how  the  money 
was  disbursed,  and  gives  useful  advice  as 
to  inns  ;  but  with  all  her  hints  we  doubt 
if  many  who  try  to  follow  in  her  footsteps 
will  be  able  to  make  their  money  last  as 
she  did. 

Starting  from  London,  Miss  Lorimer 
and  her  friend  reached  Cologne,  as  most 
people  do  ;  but  then  got  off  the  beaten 
track,  and  saw  Nordeck,  Marburg  (an 
interesting  town  where  Luther  held  his 
amous  conference  on  the  Holy  Eucharist) , 
and  Karlsruhe,  Frauenalb  and  Herrenalb, 
before  going  on  to  Strasburg.  Frankfort, 
Stuttgart,  and  Nuremberg  were  all  visited, 
and  are  well  described  ;  but  the  place 
which — Ave  think,  rightly — pleased  them 
above  all  others  was  the  little  Availed  toAvn 
of  Rothenburg-on-the-Tauber,  which  de- 
serves all  the  praise  allotted  to  it,  even  if 
its  discoATery  by  Americans  is  beginning  to 
spoil  its  old-Avorld  charm.  The  scenery 
and  the  old  Alsatian  and  BaA^arian 
architecture  are  Avell  brought  before  us. 
Stress  is  laid  on  the  fascination  of  Stras- 
burg, ';  the  pathetically  beautiful  capital 
of  forlorn  Alsace,"  and  Ave  Avelcome  an 
excursion  which  takes  us  to  Freudenstadt 
to  see  the  friezes  of  its  church.  We  are 
surprised  that  Miss  Lorimer  did  not  dis- 
coAer  a  tiny  Availed  town — extremely  good 
in  its  way,  but  with  little  accommodation 
for  travellers — which  lies  not  \Tery  far 
from  Rothenburg.  At  each  spot,  how- 
ever, the  traATellers  appear  to  have  seen 
nearly  everything  worth  visiting,  and  the 
author's  German  companion  soon  initiated 
her  into  the  mysteries  of  German  thrift. 

Most  of  the  illustrations  are  good  ; 
and  the  thread  of  a  love-story  which  runs 
through  the  chapters  is  so  slight  that  it 
seldom  interferes  with  the  real  pleasure 
to  be  derived  from  the  notes  of  an  obser- 
vant traveller. 


Friends  Round  the  Wrekin.  By  Lady  C. 
Milnes  Gaskell.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co., 
9,s.  net.) 

Looking  forth  upon  the  Avorld  around  her 
from  the  ancient  laAvns  and  quaintly 
clipped  yews  about  the  ruined  Abbey  of 
Wenlock,  Lady  Catherine  Milnes  Gaskell 
has  composed  for  her  readers  a  delightful 
potpourri  from  a  Shropshire  garden.  It 
is  compounded  of  talks  about  the  birds 
and  books  and  dogs  and  floAvers  that 
surround  her,  and,  best  of  all,  of  the 
tales  for  Aveekdays  and  stories  for  the 
sabbath  recounted  to  her  by  the  "  proper 
Shropshire  "  folk.  Much  of  the  country 
lore  so  gathered  and  recorded  is  interest- 
ing, full  of  the  old  superstitions  and  the 
love  of  romance  which  dies  so  hard,  in 
spite  of  education  and  motor-cars.  These 
Shropshire  tales  haATe  often  a  touch  of 
imagination  and  a  quality  all  their  own. 
Take, for  instance,  the  narrative  of  the  old 
man  who  lost  his  reason  after  a  vision  of 
mermaids  by  Bomere  Pool,  and  who  grazed 
for  seven  years  on  the  grass,  ate  green 
apples,  and  lay  like  a  swine  in  a  pigsty, 
until  a  known  witch  cured  him  with  sun- 
floAver  seed. 

"  '  Were  you  unhappy  during  those  seAren 
years,'  he  was  asked.  '  Nay,  nay  !  '  said 
the  old  man.  '  'Tis  only  when  you  've  lost 
yovir  reason  that  you  knows  really  what 
happiness  be.'  " 

It  would  have  been  interesting  to  com- 
pare notes  with  Nebuchadnezzar.  In  her 
library,  Lady  Catherine  flits  from  Piers 
Plowman  to  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  and  from 
Caractacus  to  BenboAv.  The  stories  of 
Caractacus  and  Dick  Whittington  have 
been  told  as  Avell  before  ;  and  the  brief 
account  of  Benbow's  last  fight  is  crammed 
with  inaccuracies.  It  did  not,  for  instance, 
take  place  in  1701,  nor  off  the  Spanish 
coast  on  the  way  to  the  West  Indies,  as  a 
reference  to  '  The  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  '  or  '  The  Calendar  of  Colonial 
Papers  '  would  quickly  demonstrate.  Nor 
can  one  be  contented  with  Lady  Catherine's 
appreciation  of  a  near  neighbour  of  hers, 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury,  since  his 
poetry  is  not  even  mentioned.  Churton 
Collins  was,  we  believe,  the  first  to  point 
out  that,  besides  being  the  author  of  '  De 
Veritate '  and  other  prose  works  to  which 
justice  has  long  been  done,  Lord  Herbert 
Avas  a  poet  Avho  certainly  anticipated  some 
of  Tennyson's  most  beautiful  effects  in  the 
'  In  Memoriam  '  metre.  But  the  Shrop- 
shire talk  of  the  old  Shropshire  folk 
"  round  the  Wrekin  "  is  good,  and  next  to 
that  the  author's  talk  about  birds.  We 
knoAV,  indeed,  of  other  spots  where  the 
peregrine  falcon  nests  in  England  besides 
Edge  Hill ;  but  we  are  ready,  as  a  rule,  to 
acknoAvledge  the  inferiority  of  our  nature 
and  experience  in  the  presence  of  one  so> 
happily  constituted  as  Lady  Catherine. 
For  she  aATers  that  she  loATes  the  raucous 
cry  of  a  corn-crake  on  a  hot  summer  night. 
It  has  "  a  certain  use  in  the  Avorld,  no 
doubt,"  but  it  never  occurred  to  us  as 
possible  to  love  it.  '  Friends  Round  the 
Wrekin  '  Avill  give  pleasure  to  many  readers 
Avho  enjoy  a  real  country  mixture. 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


853 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 

— -• — 

THEOLOGY. 

Barrett  (Michael,   Footprints  of  the  Ancient 
Scottish  ChTTBCH,  t>     net.  Sands 

A  study  of  the  cathedrals,  collegiate  churches, 
holy  wells,  and  other  remains  of  the  p;v- Reforma- 
tion  period    in   Scotland.      The   substance  of   the 

1 k  is  reprinted   from  articles  in  the  American 

'holic  Quarterly  Review  and  the  Ave  Maria. 

Book  ol  Genesis,  .">2/6  Lee  Warner 

The    version    here    printed    is    that    of    the 

authorized   text  :     there  are  coloured   illustrations 

from  drawings  by  Mr.  F.  Cayley  Robinson.     The 

edition  is  limited  to  500  copies. 

Coptic  Martyrdoms,  &c,  in  the  Dialect  ol  Upper 

Egypt,    edited,    with    BJnglinh    Translations,    by 

E.  A.  Wallis  Budge,  17  0  net.  Brit.  Bfus. 

This    volume    contains    "  the    Coptic    texts, 

with  translations,  of  an  interesting  and  important 

scries  of  ten  Martyrdoms.  Lives  of  great  Ascetics, 

Discourses    on    Asceticism,    and    the    History    of 

Abbat6n,  the  Angel  of  Death.  A.C.."  written  in  the 

dialect  of   Upper   Egypt.      Dr.   Wallis  Budge  has 

written  a  Preface   and    Introduction,   and    there 

are  thirty-two  facsimile  plates. 

Talbot  (Neville  S.),  The  Mind  of  the  Disciples, 

::  1 J  net.  MacMillan 

An  investigation  of  the  question  how  far  the 

minds  of  the  disciples  "  coloured  or  even  invented" 

the  portrait  they  have  given  of  Christ. 

Tatlow  (Tissington),  Missionary  Vocation  and 

the  Declaration-  of  the  Student  Volunteer 

Missionary  Union,  3d.  net. 

student   Christian  Movement 
A  pamphlet  for  students  who  feel  that  they 
have  a  delinite  call  to  be  missionaries. 
Woods  (Edward  EL),  Thoughts  on  the  Atone- 
ment, fid.  net.        Student  Christian  Movement 
Three    articles    which    are    reproduced    with 
revision  from  The  Stu  It- at  Movement. 

LAW. 

Bentham's  Theory  of  Legislation,  being  Principes 
de  Legislation  and  Trades  de  Legislation, 
Civile  et  Penale,  translated  and  edited  from 
the  French  of  Etienne  Dumont  by  Charles 
Milner  Atkinson,  Vol.  I.,  i  ;  Vol.'  II.  4/6  ; 
8  vols,  8  Milford 

The  volumes  are  eiited  with  foot-not  as  and  an 
Introduction. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Catalogue  of  Rare  and  Valuable  Books  and  Impor- 
tant Illuminated  and  Historical  Manuscripts,  1/ 

Sotheby  iv.  Wilkinson 
The  Catalogue  comprises  illuminated  Books 
of    Hours    of    the    fourteenth    and    fifteenth    cen- 
turies;   a  first  edition  of  Edward  III.  (1596);    a 
copy    of    the     Kilmarnock    Edition    of    Burns's 
'  Poems  '  ;     and    autograph    letters    of    Charlotte 
Bronte.     The  sale  took  place  yesterday. 
Catalogue  of  a  Selected  Portion  of  the  Renowned 
Library   at   Wilton   House,  Salisbury,  the  Pro- 
perty of  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
2/6  Sotheby  &  Wilkinson 

An  illustrated  catalogue  of  illuminated 
manuscripts,  block  books,  and  early  printed 
books,  which  were  collected  by  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Pembroke.  1656-1733.  They'  will  be  sold  by 
auction  fin  June  25th  and  26th. 
Catalogue  of  Two  Valuable  Illuminated  Manu- 
scripts, tie'  Property  of  Harry  V;iiis  Thompson, 
1/  Sotheby  &  Wilkinson 

This  ('.:•  gives  detailed  d  escri pt ions  of 

a  fifteenth-century  French  Hook  of  Hours  and  a 
thirteenth-century  '  Biblia  Sacra  Latina,'  and  is 
illustrated.     The  sale  will  take  place  on  June  25th. 

POETRY. 

Cherry  (Mary  G.),  Lyrics  or  the  Open,  2/6  net. 

Elkin  .Mathews 

Verses   about    tie-    beauties    of    nature,    love, 

and  other  themes.       A  number  of  them  describe 

places    abroad,  and   there  are  some    'Songa  in 

Scotland.' 
Jangles  of  Jazed,  1 

Rickinson,  3-4,  Qt.  Winchester  St.,  E.C. 

Miscellaneous   rhymes,   including   '  A    Hymn 

for  St.  Mammon's  May.    '  Wheat  and  Tares,'      \ 

Philistine  Sermon.'  and   '  Tie-  Broken  Idol.' 
Lawless    (Emily,    Tin:    Inw.ikn  wsi.e    Ebbttagh, 
and  Other  Pot  Privately  printed 

.  Truslove  ,v   I  l.i  r 
These  are  the  last  of  Miss   Lawleos's  po 
and  were  revised  shortly  before  her  death.     Mi 
Edith  Sichel  writes  an  appreciation  of  bee  work 
in  the  Preface. 


Poems  from  Beyond,  by  the  Author  of  '  Nature's 
Way,'    1     net.  W.    II.   Smith 

These  verses  are  supposed  to  he  the  expres- 
sion of  a  dead  man  on  witnessing  the  behaviour 
of  bis  relatives  and  others  who  live  with  nil  thought 
of  death. 

Shepherd  Tale  (A),  and  Other  Verses, by  (i.  E.  P.  X. 

2/   net.  Mowbray 

This  little  volume  includes  Christmas  carols, 
hymns,  short  religious  pieces,  and  verses  on 
'Spring,'   '  Yellow-Hammers,'   "My  Love,'   &C. 

Sterling  (Robert  W.),  The  Burial  of  Sophocles, 
1/  net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

The  Newdigate  Prize  Poem  for  1914. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Driesch  (Hans),  The  History  and  Theory  op 

Vitalism,    authorized    translation    by    C.     K. 

Ogden,  5/  net.  Macmillan 

The  second  portion  of  this  book,  dealing  with 

the    logical    foundations    of    vitalism,    lias    been 

partly  rewritten  by  the  author  for  the  English 

translation. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Annual  Register,  a  Review  of  Public  Events 
at  Home  and  Abroad  for  the  Year  1913, 
New  Series,  18/  Longmans 

Gives  a  survey  of  English,  foreign,  and 
Colonial  history  during  the  year,  a  chronicle  of 
the  chief  events,  retrospects  of  the  year's  litera- 
ture, science,  art,  drama,  and  music,  obituaries, 
and  an  Index. 

Barron  (Evan  Macleod),  The  Scottish  War  of 
Independence,  a  Critical  Study,  16/  net. 

Nisbet 
The  author's  sympathies  are  Scottish  and 
Highland,  and  he  emphasizes  the  part  played  by 
the  north  of  Celtic  Scotland  in  the  War.  The  book 
is  reproduced  in  a  revised  form  from  articles  in 
the  Invemes-i  Courier. 

Brandes  (George),  Friedrich  Nietzsche,  trans- 
lated from  the  Danish  by  A.  G.  Chater,  6/  net. 

Heinemann 
Contains  four  studies  of  Nietzsche,  and  the 
correspondence  from  1887  to  1889  between  him  and 
Dr.  Brandes. 

Browne  (Francis  Fisher),  The  Every-day  Life  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  8/  net.  John  Murray 

A  second  edition,  revised  by  the  author 
shortly  before  his  death  last  year. 

Cowan  (Andrew  Reid),  Master-Clues  in  Wtorld 
History,  5/  net.  Longmans 

A  study  of  the  main  movements  in  human 
progress. 

Cramb  (J.  A.),  Germany  and  England,  2/6  net. 

John  Murray 
Lectures  on  the  origin  of  the  hostility  between 
the  two  countries,  emphasizing  the  need  in 
Englishmen  of  a  better  understanding  of  the 
aims  and  ideals  of  Germany.  They  were  given  at 
Queen's  College  last  year,  and  have  been  repro- 
duced from  Mr.  Crumb's  "partial  reconstruction" 
and  the  notes  of  one  of  his  hearers.  Dr.  A.  C. 
Bradley  contributes  a  Preface. 

De  Kay  (John),  Dictators  of  Mexico,  the  Land 
where  Hope  Marches  with  Despair,  2/(5  net. 

Effingham  Wilson 
Mr.  de  Kay,  who  has  had  fifteen  years  ex- 
perience of  Mexico,  and  has  been  associated  with 
General  Diaz  and  General  Huerta,  here  discusses 
the  problems  of  the  present  situation  in  the 
Republic. 

Hill  (David  Jayne),  A  History  of  Diplomacy  in 

the  International  Development  of  Europe, 

Vol.    III.    The    Diplomacy    of   the   Age    of 

Absolutism,  21/  net.  Longmans 

A  study  of    European   diplomacy  after  the 

Peace   of    Westphalia   till   the  end  of   the   Russo- 

Turkish  war  in  1775. 

Julian  (Hester),  Memorials  of   Henry   Formes 

Julian,  8/  net.  Griffin 

A      biography     of     the    well  -  known     mining 

engineer    and    metallurgist,  who  travelled  widely 

and  died  in  t  he  Titanic  disaster. 

Leyland   (John),  Tin:    EtOTAL   NAVY,   rra    Imm  - 

Boroa  in  English  History  and  is  tin;  Gbowth 

OF  Empire,  1/ net.  Cambridge  Qniv.  Puss 

A  sketch  of  tin-  nature  and  development   of 

the   British   navy,  touching  on   its  administration, 

notable  ships,  men,  and  events  oi    nival  history, 

and  the  Conditions  of  naval  life. 

Mackay  (William),  DbqUHABT  and  Ci.i.nmoiu- 
ToN,  Olden  Times  in  a  Highland  Parish,  10/ 

Inverness, '  Mori  hern  Chronicle 

\  second  and  revised  edition.  Bee  notice 
in  Athen.,  Aug.  25,  1894,  p.  21*. 


Park  Hall,  Oswestry,  Shropshire. 

Knight,  Frank  a;  Put !•■> 
Giving  historical  and  general   notes  of  this 

sixteen!  h-eent  my  mansion,  which  was  liuill 
during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  by  Thomas  Powell 
of  Whittingloii.  There  are  illustrations  of  t  he 
exterior  and  interior,  and  a  plan  of  the  estate. 
It  will  be  offered  by  auction  next  month  by  tin- 
direction  of  the  executors  of  the  late  Mis.  c.  \. 
Corrie. 

Pearson  (Karl),  The  Like,  Letters,  and  Labours 
of  Francis  (Jalto.n,  Vol.  I..  21/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
In  the  present   volume  the  narrative  is  con- 
tinued down  to  Gabon's  marriage  in    L853.     It 
is    illustrated    with     numerous    portraits,     photo- 
graphs, and  facsimile  reproductions  of  letters  and 

sketches. 

Rapson  (E.  J.),  Ancient  India,  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  First  Century  A.D.,  3/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  nations  of 
ancient  India,  describing  their  chief  religious  and 
social  systems.  There  are  illustrations  and  two 
maps,  and  a  short  bibliography  and  notes  on  the 
ancient  geography  are  added. 

Shelley  (Henry  C),  The  Life  and   Letters  of 
Edward  Young,  12/6  net.  Pitman 

In  his  biography  of  the  author  of  '  Night 
Thoughts,'  Mr.  Shelley  has  made  use  of  recently 
discovered  letters,  as  well  as  unpublished  docu- 
ments in  the  British  Museum  and  Bodleian 
Library,  and  has  included  many  extracts  from 
Young's  work  as  a  satirist  and  dramatist.  The 
book  is  illustrated. 

Ships  and  Shipping,  2  vols.,  1/  net  each.  Nelson 
These  two  volumes  in  "  Nelson's  Encyclo- 
paedic Library"  contain  articles  on  the  history 
of  the  development  of  shipbuilding,  navigation, 
ship  insurance,  marine  surveying,  &c.  The  con- 
tributors include  Mr.  E.  Keble  Chatterton, 
Prof.  J.  J.  WTelch,  and  Mr.  Douglas  Owen. 

Trial  of  Mary  Blandy,  edited  by  William  Rough - 
ead,  5/  net.  Hodge 

A  volume  in  the  "  Notable  Trials  Series."  It 
includes  a  long  Introduction  by  Mr.  Roughead, 
and  is  illustrated  with  many  portraits  of  Mary 
Blandy.  The  Appendixes  include  a'  Bibliography 
of  the  Case,'  by  Mr.  Horace  Bleackley. 

Vaka  (Demetra),  A  Child  of  the  Orient,  7/6  nel . 

Lane 
This  book  gives  the  recollections  of  a  Greek 
girl    brought  up  in  a  Turkish  home,  and  records 
her  experiences  in  America. 

Victoria    History    of    the    Counties    of    England  : 

Surrey,  edited  by  11.  E.  Maiden,  Index. 

Constable 
The  Index   to  the  four  volumes  allotted  to 
Surrey.     The    last    appeared    in     1912,    and    was 
reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum  on  Jan.  4,  1913,  p.  5. 

Ward  (Maisie),  S.  Bernardino  :    the  People's 
Preacher,  "  the  Catholic  Library,"  1/  net. 

Herder 
A  sketch  of  the  chief  events,  in  the  life  of  the 
saint,  including  three  of  his  sermons. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 
Baring    (Hon.    Maurice),    The    Mainsprinos    <>\- 
Russia,  2/  net.  Nelson 

The  author  discusses  various  aspects  of 
Russian  life,  the  manner  in  which  the  nobility 
^n<[  the  peasant  live,  the  Government,  church, 
education,  and  justice  in  Russia. 

Berlin  and  Environs,  "  Grieben's  Guide   Hooks,'* 

1/8   net.  Williams   &    Norgat  S 

A  fourth  edition,  illustrated  with  three  maps. 

Brussels  and  Antwerp,.!  1*11.1  nil  Guide,"Grieben's 

Guide  Hooks,"   liinet.  Williams  &   Norgate 

A    second    edition,    containing    four    folding 

maps. 

Cox  (J.  Charles),  Oambbidgbshibb,  8/8  net. 

Methuen 
This  is  the  eighth   volume  in  the  series  of 

'•Little    Guides"    that     has    come    from    Dr.    COX. 

It  gives  descriptive  notes  on  each  parish,  arranged 
alphabetically,  and  1-  Illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs, maps,  and  plans. 

Dreiser    (Theodore),    A    TbavbllbB     \t    FOBTY, 
12  i;  net.  I  Irani  Richard  a 

An  account  of  an  American  author's  visit  to 
England    and     his    SUOSequeul     travels    in    Prance, 

Italy,  Germany,  and  Eolland.  The  illustrations 
an-  from  drawings  by  Sir.  W.  Slackens. 

Holt  (George  Edmund),  MoBOOOO,  the  Piquant  ; 
on.  Lot  in  si nrsBT  Lahd,  >>,  net,    Qememann 

POT   not  ice  see    p.   H  1H. 

Lotl  (Pierre),  U0BO4 1  0,  7/8  net.       Werner  Laurie 
1  or  notice  see  p.  Wi. 


854 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4521,  Juke  20,  1914 


Oxford  Survey  of  the  British  Empire  :  Vol.  I.  The 
British  Isles,  Mediterranean  Possessions  ; 
Vol.  II.  Asia  ;  Vol.  III.  Africa  ;  Vol.  IV. 
Australasia;  Vol.  V.  America;  and  Vol. 
VI.  General  Survey,  edited  by  A.  J.  Herbert- 
son  and  O.  J.  R.  Howaith,  6  vols.,  70/  net,  or 
14/  net  each.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

The  object  of  the  series  is  "  to  furnish  a 
survey  of  the  British  Empire  and  its  constituent 
parts  in  their  geographical  and  allied  aspects, 
together  with  their  economic,  administrative,  and 
social  conditions,  at  the  present  time."  Vol.  VI. 
includes  a  general  historical  summary.  The  work 
is  illustrated  with  photographic  plates,  coloured 
maps,  and  maps  and  diagrams  in  the  text. 

Stott  (M.  D.),  The  Real  Algeria,  10/6  net. 

Hurst  &  Blackett 
An  account  of  a  trip  along  the  coast  of  Algeria 
and  south  to  Biskra.     It  is  illustrated  from  photo- 
graphs by  the  author. 

Weaver   (Emily  P.),   Canada  and  the  British 
Immigrant,  3/6  net.  R.T.S. 

The  writer  gives  a  description  of  the  con- 
ditions of  the  different  provinces,  with  some 
account  of  their  history,  and  discusses  the  oppor- 
tunities Canada  offers  to  British  immigrants. 
Much  practical  information  is  supplied,  and  the 
book  is  illustrated  with  coloured  plates  from 
drawings  by  Mr.  H.  Copping,  photographs,  and  a 
map. 

Williams    (Egerton    R.),    Lombard    Towns    of 

Italy,  or  the  Cities  of  Ancient  Lombardy, 

7/6  net.  Smith  &  Elder 

This  is  a  companion  volume  to  the  author's 

1  Hill    Towns    of    Italy '    and    '  Plain    Towns    of 

Italy,'  the  purpose  of  the  writer  being  "  to  write 

upon   the   most   interesting   cities   and   towns   of 

Italy  outside  of  the  half-dozen  commonly  visited 

by  travellers  in  making  the  '  grand  tour.'  "    There 

are  many  illustrations  and  a  map. 

SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

Harris  (Lord)  and  Ashley-Cooper  (F.  S.),  Lord's 
and  the  M.C.C.,  31/6  net. 

London  and  Counties  Press  Assoc. 

This  work  has  been  written  to  commemorate 
the  centenary  of  the  present  ground  of  the 
Marylebone  (  ricket  Club.  It  is  a  "  Cricket 
Chronicle  of  137  Years,"  and  is  based  on  the 
official  records  of  the  Club. 

Sir  Spencer  Ponsonby-Fane  contributes  an 
Introduction,  and  the  book  is  illustrated  with 
reproductions  of  paintings,  engravings,  and  photo- 
graphs. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Rivers  (W.  H.  R.)  Kinship  and  Social  Organisa- 
tion, 2/6  net.  Constable 
Three  lectures,  delivered  at  the  London 
School  of  Economics  last  May.  They  are  based 
on  material  gained  in  the  Percy  Sladen  Trust 
Expedition  to  Melanesia,  1908. 

POLITICS. 

Primrose  League  Election  Guide,  edited  by  G.  A- 
Arbuthnot,  1/ net.  Nash 

This  little  book  explains  the  principles  and 
aspirations  of  the  Primrose  League,  and  gives 
advice  to  members  on  such  matters  as  canvassing, 
organizing  meetings,  and  preparing  for  an  election. 
It  includes  an  Introduction  by  Lord  Curzon,  and 
a  paper  on  '  The  Land  Question,'  by  Mr.  Walter 
Long. 

ECO  NOMICS. 

Ashley  (William  James),  The  Economic  Organisa- 
tion of  England,  an  Outline  History,  2/6  net. 

Longmans 
These  lectures  on  English  economic  history 
were  delivered  at  the  Colonial  Institute  of  Ham- 
burg in  December,  1912. 

Hobson  (C.  K.),  The  Export  of  Capital. 

.  .  Constable 

This  thesis,  which  has  been  approved  for 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Science  in  London 
University,  treats  the  subject  from  the  analytic 
and  historical  standpoint,  the  last  two  chapters 
being  devoted  to  some  statistical  aspects. 

Kirkaldy  (A.  W.),  Economics  and  Syndicalism, 

1  /  net  •  Cambridge  University  Press 

A  study  of  some  important  problems  which 

are  the  outcome  of  the  present  economic  situation. 

Marriott  (J.  A.  R.),  The  English  Land  System, 

a    Sketch    of    its    Historical    Evolution    in    its 

Bearing  upon   National   Wealth  and   National 

Welfare,  3/6  net.  John  Murray 

The  historical  portions  of  this  book  are  based 

on  academic  lectures.     Much  of  it  is  reproduced,  in 

a  revised  and  enlarged  form,  from  articles  in  The 

Fortnightly  Review. 


Russell  (Charles  E.  B.),  Social  Problems  of  the 
North,  2/  net.  Mowbray 

This  book  deals  with  such  problems  as 
'blind-alley"  employments,  housing,  and  gam- 
bling. 

Wallas  (Graham),  The  Great  Society,  a  Psycho- 
logical Analysis,  10/  net.  Macmillan 
The  author  describes  his  work  as  "  an  analysis 
of  the  general  social  organisation  of  a  large  modern 
state,  which  has  turned,  at  times,  into  an  argu- 
ment against  certain  forms  of  twentieth-century 
anti-intellectualism. ' ' 

PHILOLOGY. 

Clark    (Albert    C),    Recent    Developments    in 
Textual  Criticism,  1/  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 
An    inaugural    lecture    delivered    before    the 
Cniversity  of  Oxford  on  June  6th. 

Harrison    (Henry),    Surnames    of   the    United 

Kingdom,  a  Concise  Etymological  Dictionary, 

Vol.  II.  Part  IX.  The  Eaton  Press 

This  part  comprises  surnames  from  Rumboll 

to  Sebright. 

EDUCATION. 

Legge  (J.  G.),  The  Thinking  Hand,  or  Practical 

Education  in  the  Elementary  School,  8/6 

net.  Macmillan 

An  account   of  the  movement  towards   the 

introduction    of    manual     work    in     elementary 

schools.      The  writer  deals  in  particular  with  the 

schools  of  Liverpool,  and  his  text  is  illustrated 

with  over  two  hundred  photographs. 

Mackinder  (H.  J.),  The  Teaching  of  Geography 
and  History,  a  Study  in  Method,  1/  net. 

George  Philip 
A  practical  handbook  for  teachers,   forming 
a   commentary  on  the  author's  series   of    "  Ele- 
mentary Studies  in  Geography  and  History." 
Paterson    (A.),    The    Edge  worths,    a   Study   of 
Later  Eighteenth-Century  Education,  1/6 

University  Tutorial  Press 
The   writer   examines   the   educational   prin- 
ciples of  Miss  Edgeworth  and  her  father,  and  con- 
siders the  influence  on  them  of  Locke  and  Rousseau. 

SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

Bayliss  (R.  Wyke),  A  First  School  Calculus, 
4/6  Arnold 

A    textbook    for    beginners,    based    on    the 
author's  experience  in  teaching  the  subject. 

Mackinder    (H.    J.),    Our    Island    History,    an 

Elementary  Study  in  History,  2/  George  Philip 
Mr.  Mackinder  has  enlarged  his  series  of 
"  Elementary  Studies  in  Geography  "  by  includ- 
ing text-books  on  history,  feeling  that  the  two 
subjects  are  inseparable.  The  present  book  is 
for  children  of  9  or  10  years,  and  has  many  illus- 
trations and  sketch  maps. 

Mackinder  (H.  J.),  The  Modern  British  State. 
an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Civics,  1/6 

Philip  &  Son 

This   textbook   is   the   sixth   volume   in  Mr. 

Mackinder's    series    of    "  Elementary  Studies   in 

Geography  and  History,"   and  is  for  children  of 

abcut  14  years  of  age. 

FICTION. 

Askew  (Alice  and  Claude),  Freedom,  6/ 

Hurst  <fc  Blackett 

The  story  of  a  girl — the  daughter  of  wealthy 
parents — who  becomes  discontented  with  her 
life  of  idleness,  surrounded  by  luxury  and  con- 
ventionalism. The  writers  describe  how,  with 
the  help  of  a  bachelor  girl  friend,  she  gains  her 
"  freedom." 
Cleveland  (John),  Hustler  Paul,  6/ 

Sidgwick  &  Jackson 

A  tale  dealing  with  a  great  newspaper  swindle. 

Dalrymple  (Leona),  Diane  of  the  Green  Van, 

6/  Mills  &  Boon 

This  novel  contains  the  chronicles  of  many 
love-affairs,   and  describes  numerous   adventures 
in  the  wilds  and  cities  of  the  United  States. 
Dix  (Beulah  Marie),  Little  Faithful,  6/ 

Mills  &  Boon 

A  story  picturing  the  "  making  "  of  a  German 
officer  dismissed  from  the  army,  and  drifting  to 
the    United    States,    there    finding    after    many 
trials  the  best  that  life  has  to  offer. 
Fielding-Hal!  (H.),  Love's  Legend.         Constable 

A  psychological  study  of  a  love  episode. 
Findlater  (Jane  Helen),  The  Green  Graves  of 
Balgowrie,  Id.  net.  Methuen 

A    cheap    reprint.     See    notice    in     Athen., 
May  30,  1896,  p.  712. 

Forman  (Justus  Miles),  The  Six  Rubies,  3/6 

Ward   &   Lock 
The     six     rubies — a     family     heirloom — are 
stolen,    and  the  hero's  adventures  in  recovering 
them  one  by  one  make  up  the  story. 


Garnett  (Mrs.  R.  S.),  The  Infamous  John  Friend, 
Id.  net.  Nelson 

A  cheap  reprint. 

Gorky  (Maxim),  Tales  of  Two  Countries,  6/ 

Werner  Laurie 
Containing  a  collection  of  tales  of  Italy  and 
Russia. 


('rant  Richards 


Joyce  (James),  Dubliners,  3/6 
For  notice  see  p.  875. 

Leesom  (Maude),  The  Step  Sister,  6/  Blackie 
A  simple  homely  narrative  which  to  some 
may  provide  restful  reading.  The  story  tells 
of  the  "  Mouse's  "  introduction  by  her  mother's 
second  marriage  to  the  family  of  a  suburban 
doctor,  of  her  gradual  settling  in  there,  and  of  her 
later  life,  when  wealth  comes  her  way. 

Lynn  (Margaret),  A  Stepdaughter  of  the 
Praibie,  6/  Macmillan 

A  collection  of  short  stories,  most  of  which 
are  reprinted  from  The  Atlantic  Monthly. 

Norris  (Frank),  Vandover  and  the  Brute,  6/ 

Heinemann 
A  posthumous  work. 

Tynan  (Katharine),  Lovers'  Meetings,  6/ 

Werner  Laurie 
A  series  of  short  stories. 

Wadsley  (Olive),  Reality,  6/  Cassell 

The  heroine,  who  at  18  was  married  to  an  old 
man  whom  she  loathed,  makes  a  second  unfor- 
tunate match  with  a  vain  and  selfish  musician, 
whom  she  loved  in  ignorance  of  his  true  nature. 

White  (Fred  M.),  The  House  of  Mammon,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 
Another  of  Mr.  White's  mixtures  of  melo- 
drama and  love,  at  the  end  of  which  the  villain 
of  the  piece  meets  with  a  deserv  •  1 .  but  unpleasant 
death,  and  two  sets  of  wedding  bells  ring  down 
the  curtain. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Journal  of  English  Studies,  June,  1/  net. 

Horace  Marshall 
The  contents  include  '  Edward  Young's 
Conjectures  on  Original  Composition,'  by  Prof. 
E.  J.  Morley  ;  '  Composition  in  the  Sixth  Form,' 
by  Mr.  E.  Sinclair  Park  ;  and  '  Children's  Acting,' 
by  Miss  Amice  Macdonell. 

Review  of  Reviews  for  Australasia,  May,  6rf. 

Melbourne,    John   Osborne 
The    articles    include    '  The    Premier's    Con- 
ference, 1914,'  by  Mr.  Richard  Hain,  and  '  The 
Brisbane  Bowls  Carnival,'  by  Mr.  Louis  Waxman. 

Scottish  Review,  Summer,  1914,  1/  net. 

Oliver  &  Boyd 
Some  of  the  articles  in  this  number  are  '  The 
Scottish  Small  Landholders  Amending  Bill,'  by 
Mr.  J.  M.  Hogge  ;  '  Traces  of  the  Celt  in  the 
Lowlands,'  by  Mr.  Robert  S.  Rait ;  and  '  The  Two 
Cultures,'  by  Mr.  R.  Erskine. 

JUVENILE. 

Woodward  (Marcus),  In  Nature's  Ways,  a  Book 
for  all  Young  Lovers  of  Nature,  being  an  Intro- 
duction to  Gilbert  White's  '  Natural  History  of 
Selborne,'  2/  net.  Pearson 

The  volume  contains  a  selection  of  extracts 
from  the  '  Natural  History,'  with  "  a  simple 
running  commentary  of  notes  and  explanations." 
There  are  pen-and-ink  illustrations  by  Mr.  J.  A. 
Shepherd. 

GENERAL. 

Ashton-under-Lyne  Public  Free  Library,  Twen- 
tieth Annual  Report,  1914.  The  Library 
The  report  of  the  librarian,  giving  information 
regarding  issue  of  books,  subscriptions,  exhibitions, 
expenditure,  &c. 

Bacon  (Roger),  Essays,  contributed  by  Various 
Writers  on  the  Occasion  of  the  Commemoration 
of  the  Seventh  Centenarv  of  his  Birth,  collected 
and  edited  by  A.  G.  Little,  16/  net. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Containing    contributions    from    Mr.    A.    G. 

Little,    Dr.   Ludwig  Baur,   M.   Francois  Picavet, 

and  other  scholars,  and  a  list  of  Roger  Bacon's 

works  and  those  attributed  to  him. 

Browne  (Septimus  Ellerton)  and  Smythe  (Anthony 

Penn),  Essays  in  Edification,  2/6  net.       Nutt 

Mr.  Browne  and  Mr.  Smythe  treat  in  rhyme 

and    prose    respectively    of   the    "  philosophy   of 

'  Things    in    General  '    with    Pedagogics    as    the 

practical  application  thereof." 


No.  45*21,  June  20,  1914 


THE    ATHEN/EU  M 


*;,;-, 


Deighton  (Howard),  An  EVERYDAY  QuXDH  boh  I  in: 
SECRETARY.  ...OVA  LOOTED  Company.  L'  ii  not. 

Effingham   Wilson 
A  second  revised  edition,  including  tin-  pro- 
visions <>f  the  Companies  Acts,  1908  ami  1918. 
<Gerrard  (Thomas  J.),  A  Chai.i.kxcse  to  the  Timk- 
Spikit.  .->    net.  Washbourne 

The  author's  aim  is  "  to  promote  the  conflict 
>f  the  >pint  oi  Catholicism  with  the  rime-spirit  of 
the  twentieth   century,"   and   he   considers  such 
subjects  as  eugenics,  economic  reform,  art,  and 
music  in  their  recent  developments. 

Hopkinson  (Arthur  W.),  Healthful  Salvation, 

six  Essays  in  Continuation  of  '  Saving  Health,' 

1/  net.  Slierratt  &  Hughes 

BSBays     on      '  Mental     Science,'     '  Discipline,' 

'Sorrow,"  Marriage,'  •.Meditation,'  and' Ecstasy.' 

Livingstone  College  Year-Book,  ts,/. 

Livingstone  College,  Loyton,  E. 
Includes  the  Annual  Report   of  the  College, 
i  review  of  recent   progress  in  tropical  medicine, 
and  a  record  of  the  work  of  former  students. 

Meyneli  (Alice),  ESSAYS,  5/  net.      Burns  &  Oates 

Most  of  these  essays  are  selected  from  '  The 

Rhythm  of  Life,'  and  other  collections  of   Mrs. 

Meynell's  essays.     Those  "  here  for  the  first  time 

put  into  a  book  "  are  '  The  Seventeenth  Century,' 

"  Prue,'  '  Mrs.  Johnson,'  and  '  Madame  Roland.' 

Procter  (Henry  R.),  The  Making  of  Leather, 

1     net.  Cambridge  University  Press 

A  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  manufacture, 

ith  an  account  of  the  methods  and  principles  of 

'  inning. 

Smithsonian   Publications   available   for  Distribu- 
tion, April  26,  1914,  Classified  List. 

Washington,  Smithsonian  Institution 
A  classiiied  list  of  serial  publications,  reports, 
Ac 

Span    (Reginald    B.),    Things    that   have    Hap- 
pened    being    Personal    Experiences     in     the 
Borderland,  (id.  net.         Theosophical  Publ.  Soc. 
An    account    of   the   writer's    experiences   of 
ghosts  and  other  spiritual  phenomena. 
Sykes  (M.  C),  Why  Early  Death  ?  ChL  net. 

St.  Catherine  Press 
A  little  book  giving  practical  advice  on  how 

to  keep  healthy. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Bain    (James    Leith    Macbeth),    The    Barefoot 
League.  64.  Theosophical  Publ.  Soc. 

A    little    pamphlet     "on    the    virtues    and 
delights  of  barefoot  walking." 

CM    (T.   P.),    North   and   South   in    National 
W'"fiK.    Id.  Irish  Tech.  Instruction  Assoc. 

This  address  was  given  to  the  Irish  Technical 
Congress  held  at  Killarney  last  May. 

Hills  (J.  W.),  Ashley  (Prof.  W.  J.),  and  Woods 

(Maurice),    Industrial    Unrest,    a    Practical 

Solution,  6rf.  net.  John  Murray 

The   report    of   the    Unionist    Social    Reform 

•Committee,  including  an  Introduction. 

-Seaver    (George),    The    Dionysus    Cult   in    its 

Relation    to    CHRISTIANITY,    as    seen    in    the 

Bacchae  of  Euripides,  6rf.  net. 

Theosophical  Publ.  Society 
This  paper  is  reproduced  in  an  enlarged  form 
•from  an  article  in    The   Theoaophist. 

SCIENCE. 

•Cantrill  (T.  C),  Coal  Mining,  1/  net. 

(  ambridge  University  Press 

A  short  account  of  the  principles  and  methods 

mining,  tracing  the  development   of   the 

industry  from  its  earliest  beginnings.      Tin;  book 

'•i  illustrated. 

Fauna  of  British  India,  including  Ceylon  and 
Burma,  edited  by  A.  E.  Shipley,  assisted  by 
Guy  a.  K.  Marshall  :  Orthoptbra  (Agridi- 
id.e),  by  W.  F.  Kirl.y.  Taylor  &  Frantic 

The  task  of  completing  the  manuscript  after 
Mr.  Kirby's  death  was  undertaken  by  Mr.  Charles 
O.    Waterhou-e.   whose   work  includes   "the   com- 
pilation of   Keys  to  tie-  genera   in  all   the  later 
uhfamilies,  as  well  as  specific  Keys  for  num. a 
genera."     There  are  illustrations  and  diagrams. 
•Geological  Survey  of  India,  Memoir-,  v.,,..   XL., 
Part  II..   I  Kegan  Paul 

Contains  a   paper  entitled   'The   Petroleum 
of  Assam  and  Bengal,'  by  Mr.  I-:.  II. 
Pa  scoe. 

Geological     Survey     of     India,     Records,     Vol. 

\uv.  Part  I..  I  rupee.  Cegan  Paul 

Contains  a  general  report  of  the  Geological 

Survey  of  India  for  last  year,  by  Dr.  II.  II.  Bayaeu  ; 

\    Carbonaceous  Aerolite  from  Rajputana,'    by 

Dr.  W.  A.  K.  Christie;   ami  •  Notes  on  the  Value 

if  Nummulites  ;.^  Zone  Fossils,'  l<y  Mr.  '-.  De  p. 

Cotl 


Gilbert  (Charles  H.),  Two  OoTTOZD  FISHES  from 
MONTEREY   Hay,  California. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

A   short    paper   describing   the   new   species 

Bnophrys  Taurinus  and  the  Orthonopias  Triads, 

and  reprinted  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Dinted 

States  National  Museum. 

Koehler  (Rene),  A  Contribution  to  the  Study- 
op  Ophtubans  OP  the  Cnited  Statics  Na- 
tional Museum. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 
The  collection  of  Ophiurans  here  described 
have  come  chiefly  from  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and 
include  both  littoral  and  deep-sea  forms.  It  con- 
tains 12(1  species,  of  which  twenty-four  are  new. 
The  monograph  is  illustrated  "with  eighteen 
plates. 

Ridgway  (Robert),  Birds  op  North  and  Middle 
America,  a  Descriptive  Catalogue,  Part  VI. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  OITice 

The  present  volume  contains  descriptions  of 

the    Picariso,    comprising    twelve    families.      It    is 

illustrated    with    drawings    by    Miss     Ruth    G. 

Collet  te. 

Sampson  (R.  A.),  The  Sun,  1/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
An  account  for  the  general  reader  of  "  the 
present  position   of  fact  and   theory  relating  to 
the  Sun,"  illustrated  with  diagrams. 

Silberstein  (L.),  The  Theory  op  Relativity-,  10/ 

net.  Macmillan 

This   work   is   partly   based   on   a   course  of 

lectures   delivered   bv  the   author  at   University 

College,     London,     1912-13.     The     writer    deals 

only    with    the    most    important    problems,    and 

traces  "  the  connexion  of  the  modern  theory  with 

the  theories  and  ideas  that  preceded  it." 

Thomson  (Sir  J.  J.),  The  Atomic  Theory-,   1/6 

net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

The     Romanes     Lecture,     delivered    in    the 

Sheldonian  Theatre  on  June  10th. 

Williams  (M.  H.),  Bell  (Julia),  and  Pearson  (Karl), 
A  Statistical  Study  of  Oral  Temperatures 
in  School  Children,  with  Special  Reference' to 
Parental,  Environmental,  and  Class  Differences, 
6/  net.  Dulau 

A    volume    of    the    "  Studies    in    National 

Deterioration,"     issued     among     the     Research 

Memoirs  of  the  Drapers'  Company. 

FINE    ART. 
Catalogue  of  Valuable  Silver,  Miniatures,  Furni- 
ture,  Porcelain,    and   Works  of   Art,  including 
the  Properties  of  Major  Sir  Matthew  Wilson, 
the  Earl  of  Moray,  and  Other  Properties,  1/6 

Sotheby  &  Wilkinson 
A    descriptive    and    illustrated    Catalogue   of 
works  of  art  to  be  sold  by  auction  on  June  22nd 
and  23rd. 

Day   (Lewis   F.),    Lettering   in   Ornament,   an 

Inquiry  into  the  Decorative  Use  of  Lettering, 

Past,  Present,  and  Possible,  5/  net.         Batsford 

A    second,    revised    edition,   including   a   few 

additional  illustrations. 

Fitzwilliam  Museum  Syndicate,  Annual  Report 
for  the  Year  1913. 

Includes  notes  on  the  Marlay  bequest  and 
recent  accessions,  with  a  list  of  donations  and 
purchases. 

MUSIC. 

Davidson     (Gladys),    Stories    from    Wagner's 
OPBBAS,   1'  net.  Werner  Laurie 

The  stories  are  preceded  by  a  brief  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  Wagner-,  and  there  is  a  frontis- 
piece. 

Davies  (H.  Walford),  Fair  and  Fair,  Part  Song, 

Words  l.v  George  Peele  (1558  P-1697),  set    t,, 

Music,  Op.  I".  No.  1,  3d.  Riorden 

Davies   (H.   Walford),    Love   is   a   Torment,   and 

Love's  Tranquilitt,  Two  Quartets  for-  Pour 

Voices,   with    Pianoforte    Accompaniment,   Op. 

41.  Nob.  l  and  2.  S'/.  Riorden 

Davies   IH.   Walford),    MAGDALEN    AT   Michael's 

Gate,    Words    by    Henry    Cingsley,   set    as   a 

Part    Song   for   Four    Voices,    with    Pianoforte 

Accompaniment,  Op.  11.  No.  ■'!.  8d.        Riorden 

Davies    (H.    Walford',    RHYTHM    in    CHURCH,    an 

I      ay,  <></.  net.  Riorden 

ThlS  essay  is  founded  upon  a  lecture  given  In 

the  Royal  College  of  Organists  in  June,  1913. 

Davies  (H.  Walford),  She  ts  not  I'mh  to  Out- 
ward View,  Words  by  Hartley  Coleridge,  Bel 
t..  Mu-ic  as  a   Four  -Fart  Song,  Op.  10,  No.  3, 3d. 

Riorden 

Davies  (H.  Walfordi,  Sis.,  in-  PRAISES,  Fail 
Song,  Words  by  Fletcher  (1678  1625),  set  to 
Music,  op.  10,  No.  2,  :;,/.  Riorden 

Davies  <H.  Walfordi,  Tin:  CLOUD,  Words  from  tie' 
Poem  by  Shelley,  sel  to  Music  as  ■<  Part-Song 
with  Pianoforte  Accompaniment,  i<l.      Riorden 


Davies  (H.  Walford),  The  Seven  VIRGINS,  a 
Carol,     AnonymOUS    Words,     set     (o     Music    for 

Four  Voices,  Op.  10,  \o.  i,  |,/.  Itiorden 

Davies  (H.  Walford),  THESE  Sweeter  far  THAN 
I, II. IKS  ARE,  Fart  Song,  Anonymous  Words,  set 
to   Music  |or  Chorus  and    Four  Soloi8t8,   Op.  89, 

iui.  net;    Tonic  Sol-fa  Edition,   Id.        Riorden 

FOREIGN. 

POETRY. 

Blonay  (Baronne  M.  de),  La  SOURCE  F  i  i:i:\hlle, 
Poesies,  3fr.  •"><>.  Paris,  Sansot 

Includes  •  I  Vie  re  Mai  in  ale,'  '  Reve  print  auicr,' 

'  Jardin  en  Provence,'  '  Pitie,'  &c. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

La  Bruyere,  Textes  Cikhsis  bjt  Comhentes,  par 

FmiJc  Magne,  lfr.  •"><».  Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

A   study  of  the  life  and   personality  of  the 

seventeenth-century    moralist.      '  Les    <  'ar  act  el  ■• «' 

and  the  '  Dialogues  posthumes  sur  Le  Quietisme ' 

are  included. 

Pasquet  (D.),  Ess.u  si  it  i.es  ORIGINBS  de  la 
Chamrre  des  Communes,  5fr. 

Paris,  Armand  Colin 
A  study  of  the  origin   and    development  of 
the  House  of  Commons  in  the  t  hirteeni h  and  four- 
teenth centuries. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Vaillat    (Leandre),    Le   Cceur   et   La   Croix   de 

Savoie,  3fr.  50.  Paris,  Perrin 

The  writer  describes  Chambery,  the  capital 

of   the   ancient   province,    and    the    mountainous 

valleys  of  the  Maurienne  and  the  Tarentai»e. 

FICTION. 

Baulu  (Marguerite),  L'Ahbaye  des  Dunes.  Roman, 
3fr.  50.  Paris.  Plon-Nourrit 

A  study  of  the  struggle  of  the  hero,  a  farmer, 

against    heavy    charges    on   his    estate,    domestic 

troubles,  and  other  misfortunes. 

Yver  (Colette),  Comment  s'en  Vont  les  r  fines, 

1/  N.lson 

A  cheap  reprint. 

MAGAZINE. 

Revue  Critique  des  Idees  et  des  Livres,  in  Juin,  lfr. 
Paris,  ].").",.  Boulevard  Saint-Germain 
'  Notes  pour  le  Centenaire  de  1811.'  by  M.  de 
Roux  ;  '  Les  Poetes  et  le  Nec-Classicisme,'  by 
M.  Henri  Clouard.  and  '  Les  ('as  de  Conscience  de 
Barthelemy,'  by  M.  Francois  Renie  are  features 
of  this  issue. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Roger  (Noelle),  La  Route  de  l' Orient,  3fr.  50 

Paris,  Perrin 

The  writer,  who  has  been  attached  to  scientific 
expeditions  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  has  made 
a  special  study  of  the  racial  differences  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  here  records  his  impressions 
of  the  various  types.  The  hook  is  illustrated  with 
photographs. 


NOTE  ON  A   PASSAGE  IN"  SHELLEY'S 
'ODE  TO  LIBERTY.' 

The  Doves  Press,  April,  1914. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  students  of 
Shelley  to  have  their  attention  once  more 
called  to  the  obscure  construction  at  the  ciu\ 
of  tho  thirteenth  stanza  of  the  '  Odo  to 
Liberty.'     My  own  has  recently  been  called 

to  it    ill   tin-  course  of  my  work  on   the  text, 

and  I  have  a  solution  to  off er  which  seems  to 
meet  the  difficulties  of  the  case.  The 
pa  ago  iu  question,  is  referred  to  in  (he 
following  terms  by  t  he  late  Mr.  Swinburne  : — 

"There  are  ai  leasi  two  passages  (here  we  an 
concerned  with  one  only)  in  the  Ode  to  Liberty 
where  either  the  meaning  or  the  reading  is  dubious 
and  debateable.  In  the  thirteenth  Btanza,  having 
ribed  ond<  r  the  splendid  symbol  of  a  summon 
sen!  from  Vesuvius  to  Etna  across  the  volcanic 
islets  of  Stromboll  —the  JSolian  isles  of  old — how 
Spain  calls  England,  by  example  of  revolution, 
to  rivalry  of  resurrection— in  1820,  be  it  observed 
— I  he  poet  bids  the  f  wo  nations,  '  twins  of  a  single 
destiny,1  appeal  to  the  •  come.     So  Ear 

[continues  Mr.  Swinburne]  ill  i->  plain  sailing. 
Then  we  run  upon  what  seems  a  sudden  shoal 
or  bidden  reef .     What  does  this  mean  7  — 

fmpresi  u  from  a  Heal, 
All  J •  have  thought  and   lone  I    Time  cannot  ilare  conceal. 


856 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4521,  June  20,   1914 


The  construction  is  at  once  loose  and  intricate  ; 
the  sentence;  indeed  limps  on  both  feet ;  but  I  am 
not  sure  that  here  is  not  rather  oversight  than 
corruption.  The  sense  at  starting  is  clearly  : 
'  Impress  us  with  all  ye  have  thought  and  done, 
which  time  cannot  dare  conceal '  ;  or,  '  Let  all 
ye  have  thought  and  done  impress  us,'  and  so 
forth.  The  construction  runs  wild  and  falls  to 
pieces.  We  found  and  we  must  leave  it  patch- 
work ;  for  no  violence  of  alteration,  were  such 
permissible,  could  force  it  into  coherence." 

The  difficulty,  however,  it  seems  to  me,  is 
not  the  construction  of  the  passage  "  im- 
press us,"  and  so  forth,  by  itself  ;  but  its 
interpretation  in  relation  to  the  preceding 
sentence.  To  whom  does  "  ye  "  in  the  last 
line  refer  ?  Apparently  to  the  "  twins 
of  a  single  destiny,"  Spain  and  Eng- 
land. But  it  is  impossible  that  the  poet 
— Shelley,  be  it  observed — should  appeal  to 
Spain  and  England  to  "  impress  us  from 
seal,  all  they  had  thought  and  done." 
Spain,  the  historical  protagonist  of  tyranny, 
the  champion  of  the  Papacy,  the  author 
of  the  Inquisition  !  Impossible  !  And 
yet  that,  at  first  sight,  would  appear  to 
be  the  grammatical  construction.  Thus, 
writing  in  1870,  Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti  con- 
strues the  passage  to  mean  : — - 

"  Do  thou  impress  us  living  Spaniards  and 
Englishmen,  as  if  from  a  seal,  O  thou  all  that 
Spain  and  England  have  thought  and  done 
worthily  in  time  !  Time  cannot  dare  to  conceal 
that  I  " 

It  is  true  that  Mr.  Rossetti  qualifies  the 
''all"  with  "worthily";  but  "worthily" 
is  not  in  the  text  as  it  stands.  On  the  other 
hand,  Mr.  Forman,  writing  in  1876,  identifies 
"ye"  with  "Republicanism  in  America," 
p.  definite  entity  which  nowhere  appears  in 
the  text.     Thus, 

"  To  me,"  he  writes,  "  the  Poet  seems  to  invoke 
England  and  Spain  to  rise  together  and  appeal 
to  the  future  of  Republican  America,  to  impress 
on  them,  as  from  a  seal,  all  that  had  been  and 
should  be  thought  and  done  by  Republicanism  in 
America  ;  and  that  invocation,"  he  continues,  "  is 
supported  by  the  simple  proposition  that  time 
cannot  dare  conceal  anything." 

Here,  whilst  seeking  by  the  introduction  of 
"  American  Republicanism  "  to  avoid  the 
invocation  to  Spain  and  England  to  impress 
us  with  all  they  had  thought  and  done,  Mr. 
Forman  does  violence  to  the  text  in  several 
other  respects:  (1)  He  translates  "the 
eternal  years  enthroned  before  us  in  the  dim 
West  "  into  "  the  future  of  Republicanism 
in  America  "  ;  (2)  He  extends  and  alters  "  all 
that  ye  have  thoitght  and  done  "  into  "  all 
that  has  been  and  should  be  thought  and 
done  by  Republicanism  in  America "  ; 
finally,  Mr.  Forman  changes  "  lis  from  a 
seal  "  into  "  as  from  a  seal,"  and  "  Time 
cannot  dare  conceal  "  into  "  Time  cannot 
dare  conceal  anything." 

My  own  interpretation,  forced  upon  me 
by  the  impossibility  of  identifying  "  ye  " 
with  Spain  and  England,  does  no  violence, 
and  introduces  no  new  subject.  It  is  that 
"  ye  "  refers  not  to  "  Spain  and  England," 
or  by  implication  to  "  Republicanism  in 
America  "  ;  but  simply  to  "  the  eternal 
years "  in  the  preceding  sentence  ;  that 
"  us,"  both  in  "  enthroned  before  us,"  and 
"  impress  us  from  a  seal,"  is  not  "  England 
and  Spain,"  or  "  us  living  Spaniards  and 
Englishmen,"  but  simply  us,  the  people,  or 
world  at  large,  on  whose  behalf  "  the  voice  " 
is  speaking  ;  and,  finally,  that  the  entire 
passage,  "  impress  us  from  a  seal  all  ye  have 
thought  and  done,"  is  simply  the  matter  of 
the  "  appeal  "  which  the  "  twins  of  a  single 
destiny  "  are  invited  by  "  the  voice  "  to 
make  "  to  the  eternal  years  enthroned  before 
us  in  the  dim  West."  '  And  I  submit  that  the 
meaning  as  here  explained,  may  be  made 
•apparent  by  the  simple  expedient  of  mentally 
supplying  the  words  "  say  to  them  "  before 
"  impress,"     or    alternatively,     by    putting 


"  impress  us  from  a  seal  all  ye  have  thought 
and  done  "  in  quotes,  thus  : — ■ 

Twins  of  a  single  destiny  !  appeal 

To  the  eternal  years  enthroned  before  us 

In  the  dim  West ;  "  Impress  us,  from  a  seal, 

All  ye  have  thought  and  done  ! "  Time  cannot  dare  conceal 

"  The  eternal  years  enthroned  before  us  in 
the  dim  West,"  I  understand  to  mean  not 
"  the  years  to  come  "  of  Swinburne,  but  the 
years  of  revolution  already  accomplished  "  in 
the  West,"  eternal  by  virtue  of  their  eternal 
content,  achieved  revolution,  fixed  and  un- 
changeable, enthroned  and  matter  for  a 
"  seal  "  ;  and,  in  illustration  of  the  imagery, 
I  would  refer  to  the  companion  lines  in 
'  Hellas,'  which  are  as  follows  : — 

But  Greece  and  her  foundations  are 
Built  below  the  tide  of  war, 
Based  on  the  crystalline  sea 
Of  thought  and  its  eternity ; 
Her  citizens,  imperial  spirits. 

Rule  the  Present  from  the  Past, 
On  all  the  world  of  men  inherits 

Their  seal  is  set. 

The  twinship  of  Spain  and  England  may 
be  either  the  twinship  of  each,  or  the  twin- 
ship  of  the  two  ;  the  twinship  of  each  in 
respect  of  its  twofold  character,  European 
and  American,  or  of  the  two  in  respect  of 
their  similarity  in  being,  each,  both  Euro- 
pean and  American  ;  bitt  whatever  the 
twinship  may  be,  the  "  destiny  "  is  single — ■ 
Liberty  !  T.  J.  Cobden-Sanderson. 


THE    BELFAST    BOOKSELLERS. 

In  my  book  '  The  Truth  about  Ulster  '  I 
wrote  : — 

"For  the  twenty-five  years  that  I  knew  it 
[Belfast]  there  was  not  a  bookseller's  shop  in  the 
whole  of  the  city — I  mean,  of  course,  a  shop  where 
one  could  be  certain  of  finding  a  new  book  about 
which  all  England  was  talking — a  volume  of  travel, 
biography,  or  fiction." 

Some  one  wrote  to  The  Athenceum  a  week 
or  two  ago  suggesting  that  I  had  not  stated 
what  was  true,  and  now  the  editor  of 
The  Irish  Book  Lover  goes  so  far  as  to  give 
the  names  of  Belfast  booksellers  in  the 
seventies  and  eighties  to  prove  how  grossly 
inaccurate  was  my  assertion,  adding  that  it 
is  extraordinary  how  I  could  have  forgotten 
them.  It  so  happens,  however,  that  I  have 
not  forgotten  them  ;  the  more  I  remember 
them,  the  more  emphatic  I  am  inclined  to 
make  my  assertion  that  in  Belast  there  was 
no  bookseller's  shop  "  where  one  could  be 
certain  of  finding  a  new  book  about  which 
all  England  was  talking." 

Only  two  of  the  names  mentioned  by 
your  correspondent  can  be  taken  with  any 
measure  of  seriousness ;  but  let  me  go 
through  the  list  seriatim.  William  Mullan 
was  the  tradesman  who  I  said  had  made  a 
small  fortune  out  of  publishers'  "  remain- 
ders "  and  defective  editions.  He  was  one 
of  the  earliest  discount  booksellers  in  the 
Kingdom,  and  as  such  I  still  think  of  him 
with  respect,  for  he  enabled  me  to  buy  the 
cheap  editions  of  the  Standard  Poets  pub- 
lished by  Milner  &  Sowerby  of  Halifax 
when  I  was  a  boy  ;  but  when  I  inquired  of 
him  in  my  adolescence  for  a  book  called 
'  Idylls  of  the  King,'  I  found  that  I  had  gone 
too  far  :  he  had  never  heard  of  the  work. 
He  was  certainly  not  the  bookseller  of  my 
definition  quoted  above. 

Regarding  the  "  branch  publishing  house 
at  Paternoster  Square  "  referred  to  by  your 
correspondent — fancy  a  London  "  branch  " 
to  a  Belfast  publishing  house  ! — I  happen 
to  know  a  good  deal.  It  was  started  by 
the  ambitious  son  of  William  Mullan  ;  and 
Edward  Jenkins,  who  had  married  a  Belfast 
lady,  induced  the  firm  to  give  him  a  commis- 
sion for  two  or  three  novels  which  they  pub- 
lished with  disastrous  results  to  themselves. 


A  compilation  called  an  '  Elocutionist  '  fol- 
lowed, and,  I  think,  about  half-a-dozen 
other  works.  These  transactions,  however, 
made  such  an  inroad  upon  the  modest 
fortune  of  the  elder  Mullan  that  the  "  London 
branch  "  was  quickly  lopped  off.  So  much 
for  the  Mullans. 

John  Henderson  was  a  printer  and  photo- 
grapher. His  shop  was  made  attractive 
through  being  looked  after  by  his  comely 
daughters.  They  were  almost  exclusively 
newsagents.  Their  counter  was  littered 
with  The  Family  Herald,  The  London 
Journal,  and  such-like  entrancing  periodicals 
of  the  seventies,  and  their  shelves  were 
laden  with  yellow  backs  and  green  covers. 
There  was  not  a  book  in  their  premises  that 
was  priced  over  half-a-crown. 

Now  comes  the  only  name  of  a  real  book- 
seller in  the  list.  Christopher  Aitchison  was 
undoubtedly  a  man  of  literary  taste  and 
ability.  He  tried  to  inculcate  at  least  a 
curiosity  respecting  current  literature  among 
his  fellow-townsmen,  but  he  left  the  town 
before  he  had  ruined  himself,  and  found  a 
more  appreciative  clientele  in  Edinburgh. 
I  frequently  ordered  new  books  from  him, 
but  I  always  had  to  wait  for  them.  He 
smiled  sadly  when  I  asked  him  why  he 
did  not  stock  them.  His  "  fancy  trade  " 
enabled  him  to  keep  his  shop  open.  But 
even  this  remunerative  branch  of  the  busi- 
ness did  not  serve  his  successor,  and  the 
shop  was  closed. 

Henry  Greer  was  an  interesting  old 
gentleman  in  High  Street — a  relic  of  the 
days  when  Belfast  was  a  place  of  some 
culture  and  reading.  It  was  through  him 
that  my  first  '  Principia  '  was  ordered,  and 
through  him  and  his  son  (who  succeeded 
him)  I  got  my  Athenceum  for  several  years — 
only  one  other  copy  came  to  the  town.  I 
repeat  that  he  did  not  stock  even  so  popular 
a  schoolbook  as  Smith's  '  Principia.'  His 
son  had  been  for  a  long  time  in  Hachette's 
Paris  house,  and  had  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  trade.  When  he  returned  to  Belfast 
he  obtained  a  knowledge  of  the  town  as  well. 
Even  his  "  fancy  goods  "  and  a  larger  shop 
did  not  prevent  the  shutters  from  being  put 
up  permanently  after  a  year  or  two. 

The  last  name  on  your  correspondent's 
list,  coupled  with  the  word  "  poet,"  brings 
back  to  me  many  amusing  recollections. 
James  Reed  had  a  small  corner  shop  with 
a  hand-printing  press.  He  was  a  compositor 
by  trade,  and  could  turn  out  a  black- 
bordered,  highly  sepulchral  memorial  card 
with  the  best.  It  was,  I  fancy,  the  demand 
for  an  appropriate  verse  for  his  sorrowing 
clients  that  forced  him  into  the  perilous 
paths  of  poetry.  His  doggerel  was  quite 
down  to  the  level  of  the  requirements  of  the 
deeply  embossed  memorial  card  of  the  third- 
class  lodging-house.  But  a  poet  who  is  a 
printer  as  well  has  a  "  pull  "  (in  at  least  a 
technical  sense)  over  one  who  is  not  fortu- 
nate enough  to  combine  the  trades  :  he  can 
appear  in  print  when  he  pleases  ;  and  it 
pleased  Mr.  Reed  to  do  so  pretty  frequently. 
The  most  popular  "  pull  "  from  his  galley 
was  a  "  poem  "  on  a  railway  accident 
which  had  happened  on  a  Sunday.  He 
attributed  the  disaster  to  a  desire  on  the 
part  of  Providence  to  protest  against  travel- 
ling on  the  Sabbath  Day  ;  so  that  Mr.  Reed 
was  a  man  of  piety  as  well  as  of  printing  and 
poetry.  But  he  certainly  never  came  within 
miles  of  being  the  bookseller  of  my  definition. 

WThy  does  your  correspondent  not  give 
further  examples  of  the  prosperity  of  book- 
selling in  Belfast  ?  He  has  omitted  son  :.e 
names  of  quite  as  great  respectability  as  any 
of  the  five  with  which  I  have  dealt.  What 
about  Mr.  McComb,  who  actually  published 
two  volumes  of  "  poetry  "  ?  He  was  surely 
as  much  a  bookseller  as  any  of  the  others, 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


857 


and  he  was  also  Lioenaed  to  celebrate  mar- 
riagea  a  delightful  and  inspiring  branch  of 
hi*  business;  for  he  could  nearly  always 
Bell  a  Family  Bible  to  tho  newly  wed,  and 

90  impart  a  sort  of  religions  flavour  to  the 
secular  ceremony.  Why  did  your  corre- 
spondent not  mention  the  name  of  Phillips 

of  Bridge  Street,  who  had  a  shop  lined  with 
books,  some  of  them  running  to  as  high  a, 
figure  as  is.  iv/.  j  I  believe  that  all  the 
liters  wen-  paid  in  full,  though  the  shop 
remained  open  tor  several  years. 

With  the  question  of  the  :  econd-hand 
booksellers  I  have  nothing  to  do.  I  clearly 
defined  what  I  meant  by  the  designation 
"  bookseller  "  when  I  made  my  original 
statement  in  "The  Truth  about  Ulster,1  and 
the  accuracy  of  that  statement  remains 
unshaken  and  incapable  of  being  shaken. 
F.  Frankfort  Moore. 


IRISH    BOOK    CATALOGUES. 

32,  Elers  Road.  West  Ealing,  W. 
June  17,  1914. 

The  Editor  of  The  Irish  Book  Lover  mis- 
understands my  reference  to  Irish  book  cata- 
logues. I  said  that  they  were  not  "  syste- 
matically issued."  Within  the  past  three 
months.  I  have  received  six  catalogues  from 
Edinburgh,  five  from  Tunbridge  Wells,  four 
from  one  bookseller  in  Leyton,  three  from 
one  in  Exeter,  and  so  on.  I  wrote  for  the 
four  Irish  catalogues  specially  named  by  the 
Editor.  One  has  not  arrived  ;  one  is  dated 
1910  ;  one  is  dated  1912,  with  a  supple- 
mentary leaflet  of  1913.  Messrs.  Hanna  & 
Xeale  sent  an  interesting  catalogue  of  the 
late  Dr.  Joyce's  books,  dated  April  last  ; 
but  between  it  and  its  predecessor  was  a 
gap  of  six  months.  I  fear  that  a  "  systematic- 
ally issued  "  catalogue  is  still  to  s?ek.  Cannot 
The  Irish.  Book  Lover  use  its  influence  ? 

H.  M.  Beatty. 


SALES. 

The  sale  by  Messrs.  Hodgson,  on  June  0th,  of 
the  MSS.  ami  Autographs  collected  by  Dowden 
included  the  following:  The  Original  Conversion 
of  Sir  Tob'e  Matthew,  151.  10*.  Note-Books  and 
Diaries  of  Isaac  Reed,  26/.  Two  A.L.S.  from  the 
Earl  of  Orrery  referring  to  Swift  and  Johnson, 
14/.  10*.  Two  Ms.  Memorandum  Books  of 
George  Crabbe,  11'.  Original  Sonnet  of  Words- 
worth, 14  lines,  301.  Five  A.lhS.  of  Robert 
Browning,  122.  10».  Original  .Vs.  of  Swinburne's 
-  -  on  "  The  Onion,"  401.  ;  two  A.L.s.  from 
the  same,  1"/.  5s.  Original  Poem  by  Walt 
Whitman,  with  an  autograph  letter,  12/.  10«. 
The  same  sale  also  included  a  collect  ion  of  Original 
Bket<  hesofOeorgi  Cnrikshank,  which  realized  ■107. 

On  Wednesday  and  Thursday  in  last  week 
M — re.  ! .'  dgs  □  ~"ld  the  library  removed  from 
Btowlangtofl  Hall,  the  following  being  the  more 
important,  lots:  Elliot's  Monograph  of  the 
Pheasants,  -  vol-.,  lo/.  Gould's  Birds  of  Asia, 
in  part-.  331.  A  series  of  the  Zoological  Society's 
Pi  and  Transactions  between  is  Is  and 

1870,      :M;l.      IQ8.      Aiken's      Cockneys      Shooting 

in  Suffolk,  I'M.  Sponge's  Sporting  Tour, 
by  Surtees,  in  the  original  parts,  192.  Stan 
Tristram  Shandy,  A  Sentimental  Journey,  &c., 
21  vols.,  Pirsl  Editions,  302.  \0e.  A  set  "of  the 
original  numbers  of  The  Spectator,  1711-12, 
18/.  10«.  Ferguson's  British  Essayists,  10  vols., 
old    ne  102.     Via.     Bacon's     Works,    by 

Montagu,  17  vols.,  large  paper,  02.  A  set  of 
Speech)  .  80  vols.,  191.  <>M  Engravings  of 
Venice,  in  2  vols.,  282.  10a.  Melanchthon's  Copy 
of  Erasmus  on  Suetonius,  152.  The  highest  price 
in  the  Bale  traa  reached  by  a  perfect  copy  of  the 
'Speculum  Christiani,'  printed  by  Machlinia  in 
lis:;,  1382.  The  total  realized  for  the  l"»7  lots 
was   1.27s/.   ]  - 


Ox  Wednesday,  June  10th,  and  the  two  follow- 
ing day-,  M<  9   theby  heir!  .,  sale  of  hook-,  of 
which   the   most    important    were   the   following: 
ocer,  Work-.  ls:n;.   Eehnscott    Press   Edition, 
862.     Pope,  Works,  1717,  .J.  W.  Croker  -  copy,  832. 

\  i  ollection  of  ;dl  the  Drama!  ic  Pi -  published 

in   the    Reign   of    Kins  George    III.,   formed    by 
Horace  Walp  le,  58  vols.,  17','  -:>.",,  21"/. 


Hutmint   ffinssip. 

1\  view  of  the  extension  dining  recent 
years  of  the  activities  of  the  Society  of 
Authors,  in  future  it  will  be  known  as  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Authors,  Play- 
wrights, and  Composers.  Its  address  re- 
mains as  before,  No.  I,  Central  Buildings, 
Tothill  Street,  Westminster.  SAY. 

A  "  Constant  Reader  "  writes  to 
point  out  that  the  reviewer  of  '  Sex  '  in 
the  '"  Home  University  Library  "  did  not 
speak  of  Prof.  J.  Arthur  Thomson  and 
Prof.  Patrick  Geddes.  The  former  is  the 
well-known  Professor  of  Natural  History 
at  Aberdeen,  and  the  latter  of  Botany  at 
St.  Andrews.  We  merely  reply  that  all 
professors  do  not  care  to  be  called  pro- 
fessors, and  that  some  of  them  have  been 
called  v"  Mr."  for  the  last  twenty  years  in 
The  Athenceum  without  apparently  being 
aggrieved.  Such  honours  seem  to  ns 
excessively  emphasized  in  this  present 
world  of  personal  advertisement.  The 
two  professors  were  not,  we  presume, 
officially  representing  their  respective 
faculties  when  they  wrote  this  book.  We 
add  that  -t  A  Constant  Reader  "  breaks 
a  rule  which  should  be  perfectly  well 
known  by  giving  no  name  and  a  vague 
address. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"The brief  notice  of  theCorbridge  volume 
of  '  The  History  of  Northumberland,'  printed 
by  you  on  June  13th,  does  less  than  full 
justic  ■  to  two  good  woikers.  The  '  excava- 
tions carried  out  since  1906  '  have  bean  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  R.  H.  Forster,  and 
the  Roman  remains  thus  discovered,  together 
with  other  Roman  remains  of  the  neighbour- 
hood, are  sketched  in  the  '  Supplement  ' 
which  your  reviewer  notes.  The  rest  (six- 
sevenths)  of  the  volume  contains  a  detailed 
history  of  the  Corbridge  district,  by  Mr.  H. 
(  raster,  Fellow  of  All  Souls,  and  is  (as  far  as 
I  can  judge)  an  unusually  able  and  scientific 
contribution  to  local  history,  with  much  new 
and  valuable  matter." 

The  retirement  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Gilkes 
from  the  head  mastership  of  Dulwich  is 
announced.  The  "  old  man,"  as  he  is 
affectionately  termed  by  Allevnians,  has 
been  in  authority  for  twenty-nine  years, 
and  under  his  rule  the  school  has  main- 
tained a  remarkable  level  of  efficiency 
alike  in  work  and  games. 

Pbof.  Donald  MacKinnon,  who  was 
appointed  to  the  Celtic  Chair  at  Edin- 
burgh University  in  ISS2,  is  to  retire  on 
September  30th.  Be  acted  as  Secretary 
of  a  Commission  appointed  to  issue  ,i 
revised  translation  of  the  Gaelic  Bible, 
and  has  made  many  contributions  to 
Celtic  literature. 

Mi:.  Jambs  Pun  is  removing  next  week 

to  Larger  and  more  convenient  premises  at 
No.  I  1.  King  William  Street.  Strand.  W.C  . 
close  to  the  National  ( lallery,  upon  the  site 
of  which —  next  the  .Mews  Gate  in  Castle 
Street,    St.     Martin's" — his    bookselling 

business    was    originally    founded     nearly 

a  hundred  years  ago. 

MB88B8.   Smith   ft    Eldeb   announce  a 

novel,  entitled  They  who  Question,'  by 
a   writer   who   i--   well   known,   but   in   1 1 1 i -- 


instance  chooses  to  be  anonymous.  He- 
deals  with  the  problem  of  suffering,  andJ 
the  solutions  of  it  offered  in  different 
religious  theories. 

Mb.  John  Oxkmiam  published  a  small 
volume  of  poems,  '  Bees  in  Amber,9  last 
September  through  Messrs.  Chatto  & 
Windus.  It  is  already  in  a  fourteenth 
edition,  a  fact  which  should  encourage 
the  aspiring  poet  of  to-day.  The  public 
is  not  so  blind  to  merit  as  it  is  sometimes, 
thought  to  be. 

The  English  Association  has  in  pre- 
paration a  volume  entitled  '  The  Year's; 
Work  in  English  Studies.'  It  is  being 
edited  by  Sir  Sidney  Lee,  and  will  be 
published  by  the  Oxford  University  Press- 
next  .January.  It  is  designed  to  supply 
a  comprehensive  record  of  pertinent  Eng- 
lish work  which  has  been  clone  at  home 
and  abroad  during  the  year  ending 
approximately  on  October  31st,  1914. 
It  will  be  divided  into  a  scries  of  sections, 
each  of  which  will  be  edited  by  an  expert. 

Under  the  title  '  The  Flower  of  Peace  ' 
a  collection  of  the  religious  poetry  of 
Mrs.  Katharine  Tynan  will  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Burns  &  Gates  on  June  29th. 

The  CornhiU  Magazine  for  July  opens 
with  a  new  serial,  *  Two  Sinners,'  by  -Mrs. 
D.  G.  Ritchie.  Sir  Henry  Lucy,  con- 
turning  his  '  Sixty  Years  in  the  Wilder- 
ness,' writes  of  old  Parliamentary  hands 
from  Sir  William  Harcourt  to  Joseph 
Cowen,  and  from  "  Jemmy  "  Lowther  to 
Sir  John  Gorst.  '  A  True  Dream  '  is  an 
unpublished  poem  written  by  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing in  1833.  'The  Beauty  of  Age,'  by 
Mr.  A.  C.  Benson,  is  an  address  delivered 
before  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of 
Ancient  Buildings.  '  From  a  Roman. 
Palace;  by  the  Marchesa  Peruzzi  de' 
Medici,  daughter  of  Julian  Story,  tells 
of  the  circle  that  met  in  her  father's- 
studio,  with  anecdotes  of  Hans  Andersen 
and  Browning.  '  The  Illustrious  ( iarrison,' 
by  Col.  MacMunn.  is  the  story  of  Sale's 
Brigade  at  Jellala  bad,  and  "Cardinal  Hem- 
bo  and  his  Villa  '  a  study  from  the  Italian 
Renaissance  by  Mrs.  Julia  Cartwright. 
Dr.  Stephen  Paget  begins  a  series  of  article* 
on  parenthood,  under  the  title  of  '  The  New 
Parents'  Assistant.*  'By  the  Wayside' 
is  a  group  of  little  essays  and  impressions 
by  Mr.  G.  F.  Bradby,  and  '  Pride  of 
Service  '  a  short  story  by  Mr.  B  »yd  <  'able. 
The  magazine  concludes  with  a  letter  to- 
the  editor  from  Mr.  Hesketh  Priohard  on 

the  fact  that  the  Grey  Seals  (Protection) 
P>ill  has  passed  into  law  as  the  result  of  an 
article  in  The  CornhiU. 

Mb.  BBNNET  P>i  ku.I'.ii.  who  died  on 
Wednesday   last,   was  well   known   as   war 

correspondenl  of  The  Daily  Telegraph. 
The  son  of  a  Glasgow  builder,  he  emigrated 

to  America,  and  risked  his  life  several 
times  as  fl  -  ildier  of  the  South  in  the  war. 
A   man  of  remarkable  strength  and  pluck, 

he  figured  in  many  campaigns  from  the 
time  of  Aiabi's  rebellion  to  that  of  the 

O-Japanese  war.       lie  was  an  effective 

journalist,  but  had  no  particular  know- 
ledge of  the  problems  of  war. 

Next  week  we  are  paying  Bpecial  atten- 
tion to  book-  on  education. 


858 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4521,  June  20,   1914 


SCIENCE 


The  Riddle  of  Mars  the  Planet.  By  C.  E. 
Housden.  (Longmans  &  Co.,  3s.  Gd. 
net.) 

This  book  is  written  to  prove  the  possi- 
bility of  the  water  supply  on  the  planet 
Mars  as  imagined  by  Prof.  Percival 
Lowell.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
certain  markings  are  seen  on  the  surface 
of  the  planet  Mars  to  which  many  years 
ago  the  name  of  "canals"  was  given — 
perhaps  rather  unfortunately,  as  there  was 
then  no  suggestion  that  they  are  actual 
waterways — and  that  the  actual  ob- 
jectivity of  these  as  the  fine  straight  lines 
depicted  by  some  observers  has  been  called 
in  question. 

With  this  controversy  we  are  not 
now  concerned.  A  main  fact  about 
Mars  that  is  beyond  dispute  is  that 
there  are  white  caps  around  the  poles 
which  form,  disperse,  and  re-form  periodic- 
ally, and  after  careful  study  of  the  surface 
of  the  planet  under  perfect  conditions 
at  Flagstaff,  Arizona,  U.S.,  Prof.  Lowell 
concluded  that  the  visibility  of  the  canals 
depends  on  these  periodic  changes,  and 
hence  argued  in  his  book  '  Mars  and  its 
Canals '  that  there  are  inhabitants  on 
Mars  in  a  high  state  of  civilization ;  that 
the  only  water  they  have  comes  from  the 
melting  of  the  polar  snows;  and  that  the 
•canals  and  circular  patches  (oases)  that 
he  saw  on  the  surface  of  the  planet  formed 
•an  artificial  system  designed  to  bring 
water  from  the  poles  to  the  equator  of 
the  planet,  which  is  necessary  for  the 
•existence  of  the  supposed  inhabitants. 

Mr.  Housden,  the  author  of  the  book 
now  before  us,  an  engineer  who  has  had 
considerable  experience  in  irrigation  works 
in  Australia,  shows  how  such  works  could 
be  carried  out  on  the  planet  Mars.  The 
solution  of  the  problem  is  a  system  of 
pumping  stations  which  force  water 
•through  underground  pipes,  the  "  canals  " 
not  being  actual  waterways,  but  these 
and  the  oases  are  apparently  the  ocular 
•evidence  of  vegetation  around  the  pipes 
and  pumping-stations.  This  description 
may  seem  to  ascribe  the  book  to  the 
Jules  Verne  type,  but  the  author  intends 
it  to  be  taken  seriously,  and  having  worked 
out  the  problem  as  an  engineer,  arrives 
at  a  scheme  which,  he  says,  would  be  seen 
by  us  exactly  in  agreement  with  what 
is  seen.  Hence  he  concludes  that  "there 
can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  there 
is  to-day  a  system  of  irrigation  in  actual 
operation  on  our  neighbouring  planet." 

The  argument  does  not  appear  con- 
clusive. The  central  fact  in  the  question 
is  the  existence  of  water  on  the  planet,  and 
the  evidence  for  this  is  conflicting.  The 
late  Prof.  Russel  Wallace  in  his  book 
'  Is  Mars  Habitable  ?  ' — a  question  to 
which  he  gave  a  negative  answer — raised 
the  objection  to  Lowell's  hypothesis  that 
the  Martian  efforts  would  be  defeated  by 
-evaporation,  if  the  canals  were  open,  and 


Mr.  Housden  has  overcome  this  objection 
by  laying  his  pipes  underground.  The 
book,  in  fact,  may  be  considered  as  an 
answer  to  another  criticism  made  by 
Wallace,  that  the  engineering  feat  would 
be  too  great  for  any  but  a  dense  and 
intelligent  population,  and  from  this  point 
of  view  it  may  be  considered  a  reasonable 
contribution  to  the  Martian  problem. 


SOCIETIES. 


Meteorological. — June  11th. — Mr.  C.  J.  P. 
Cave,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  B.  C.  Wallis  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Rainfall 
of  the  Southern  Pennines.'  This  inquiry  had  been 
undertaken  with  a  view  to  finding  a  scientific 
justification  of  the  claim  made  for  the  wetness  and 
humidity  of  Lancashire  as  suiting  the  manufacture 
of  cotton.  The  distribution  of  the  rainfall  of  the 
Pennine  district  may  be  summarized  by  saying 
that  the  west  is  wetter  than  the  east  on  the  whole 
and  as  a  rule,  although  the  difference  between  the 
two  areas  is  least  marked  during  the  dry  season 
from  March  to  May.  In  June  and  July,  however, 
the  lowland  of  1  he  Trent  and  Ouse  valleys  receives 
a  relative  excess  of  rainfall,  which  is  compensated 
by  the  relative  dryness  in  December  and  January. 
The  uplands  are  absolutely  wetter  than  the 
neighbouring  lowlands,  and  the  western  slopes  are 
wetter  than  the  eastern  ;  but  the  difference  in 
rainfall  between  upland  and  lowland  is  least 
marked  during  the  warm  weather,  and  most 
marked  during  the  cold  weather.  Throughout 
the  whole  district,  on  the  average,  the  rainfall 
decreases  in  intensity  from  January  until  April, 
increases  from  April  to  August,  shows  a  drop  in 
relative  quantity  for  September,  rises  to  a  maxi- 
mum in  October,  and  then  declines  until  Decem- 
ber. The  local  relief  of  the  Pennine  uplift  gives 
the  cotton  towns  their  characteristic  climate,  and 
is  the  dominant  factor  which  has  made  Lancashire 
supreme  in  the  cotton  industry. 

Mr.  H.  J.  Bartlett  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Relation 
between  Wind  Direction  and  Rainfall.'  This  was 
a  discussion  of  wind  and  rain  records  at  the  four 
observatories  of  Valencia,  Aberdeen,  Falmouth, 
and  Kew  for  the  ten-year  period  1901—10.  It 
was  shown  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  total 
rain  falls  with  winds  in  the  south-east  and  south- 
west quadrants,  except  in  the  case  of  Aberdeen, 
where  the  amount  in  the  north-west  quadrant  is 
relatively  high.  The  greatest  amounts  at  Kew 
and  Falmouth  occur  with  a  south-west  wind, 
respectively  22  and  28  per  cent.  At  Aberdeen 
the  south-east  wind  brings  the  highest  amount, 
20  per  cent ;  while  Valencia  receives  30  per  cent 
with  south,  20  per  cent  with  south-east,  and  15  per 
cent  with  the  south-west  wind  during  the  year. 
At  each  observatory  there  are  two  months  during 
the  year  when  the  proportion  of  rain  occurring 
normally  in  one  or  more  quadrant  diminishes 
considerably.  For  Valencia,  Falmouth,  and  Kew, 
this  feature  is  strongly  marked  in  June  and 
September  ;  while  for  Aberdeen,  where  it  is  less 
obvious,  the  months  are  May  and  November. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Chapman  also  read  a  paper  on 
'  Barometer  Changes  and  Rainfall  :  a  Statistical 
Study.' 

Aristotelian. — June  8th. — Prof.  G.  Dawes 
Hicks,  President,  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Adam  Rankine 
and  Miss  Mary  Fletcher  were  elected  members. 
Mr.  David  Morrison  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Treat- 
ment of  History  by  Philosophers.' 

Can  historical  process  be  adequately  ex- 
plained by  principles  which  have  sufficed  for  the 
explanation  of  the  processes  of  inanimate  nature  ? 
or,  if  it  cannot,  are  we  compelled  to  question 
whether,  after  all,  mechanical  principles  suffice, 
even  for  the  explanation  of  the  world  of  nature  ? 
In  any  consideration  of  final  cause  in  history  we 
are  compelled  to  face  the  question  of  the  nature  of 
time  and  its  relation  to  ultimate  reality,  and  we  are 
forced  back  to  the  source  and  primary  meaning  of 
causality  as  we  find  it  in  ourselves  as  active  or 
efficient.  A  use  of  the  principle  of  causality, 
applicable  to  most  scientific  investigations, 
seems  not  strictly  acceptable  when  we  deal 
with  human  causes,  unless  it  can  admit  spon- 
taneity or  individual  activity  as  a  fact.  The 
question  of  the  freedom  of  the  human  will  is  thus 
quite  a  real  question  for  anyone  writing  a  philo- 
sophy of  history,  and  so  also  is  the  question  of  the 
reality  of  time.  If  time  is  unreal,  then  what  we 
see  in  history  may,  indeed,  be  the  fragmentary 
presentation  of  something  eternally  perfect ;  but 
it  may  give  us  only  glimpses  of  an  ultimate  chaos. 


If  time  is  real,  the  end  is  not  yet  attained,  and 
seems,  indeed,  never  completely  attainable,  and 
that  to  some  people  appears  an  insuperable  objec- 
tion. But  the  thing  must  be  one  way  or  the  other. 
The  relation  of  these  two  views  of  the  nature  of 
time  to  the  philosophy  of  history,  was  illustrated 
at  length  by  comparison  of  the  theories  of  Dr. 
Bosanquet,  M.  Bergson,  and  Prof.  Varisco.  It 
was  shown  that  for  all  these  writers,  history 
presents  philosophy  with  problems  which  cannot 
simply  be  ignored,  problems  connected  with  such 
concepts  as  efficient  and  final  cause,  finite  person- 
ality and  value,  and  with  questions  as  to  the 
reality  of  time,  the  nature  of  real  possibilities,  the 
relation  of  mind  and  body,  and  the  relation  of 
mechanism  and  teleology.  The  contest  is  ulti- 
mately between  spontaneity  or  individual  activity, 
and  the  scientific  concept  of  inert  matter  as  a 
constant  quantity.  We  cannot  decide  the  ulti- 
mate essence  of  value  without  deciding  the  signi- 
ficance we  are  to  give  to  feeling.  The  distinction  of 
selves  is  not  overcome,  even  in  our  highest 
emotional  experience,  although  that  may  give 
rise  to  osmotic  processes  among  selves,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  even  the  most  rapt  mystic  would  be 
satisfied,  if  the  value  he  realizes  in  his  love  of  God 
were  preserved  as  another's,  and  not  as  his 
experience.  In  history  we  lay  our  count  with 
nothing  short  of  the  whole  world,  and  this  world 
has  produced  those  highest  emotional  experiences 
which  alone  have  rendered  tolerable  for  us  much 
else  that  it  has  produced. 

Without  the  existence  of  that  great  scale  passing 
from  simple  human  happiness  to  supreme  exalta- 
tion of  soul,  should  we  ever  have  spoken  of  value  as 
something  actually  existing  in  the  world  ? 

The  President,  in  opening  the  discussion,  said 
that  he  considered  that  much  injustice  had  been 
done  to  the  school  of  writers  who  follow  Mr. 
Bradley  and  Mr.  Bosanquet  in  representing  their 
doctrine  as  one  of  the  unreality  of  time.  They 
did  not  declare  that  time  is  unreal,  but  that  it  is 
not  ultimate  in  the  sense  that  it  contains  reality  ; 
reality  contains  it,  it  is  one  of  the  features  con- 
tained in  the  absolute.  He  illustrated  this  in 
calling  attention  to  the  importance  attributed  by 
them  to  historical  development,  and  more 
particularly,  to  the  contention  of  Mr.  Bosanquet, 
that  real  value  resides  in  what  is  universal,  and 
that  there  is  no  value  in  psychological  states  as 
such,  but  only  in  so  far  as  they  are  mental  states, 
cognizant  of  what  is  of  universal  significance. 
This  view  had  been  even  more  strikingly  illus- 
trated recently  in  the  works  of  the  Indian  mystic, 
Tagore. 

Dr.  Wolf  held  that  the  philosophical  historian 
approached  his  problem  in  a  more  proper  spirit 
when  he  tried  to  determine  the  kind  of  value  his- 
tory has,  rather  than  what  he  would  like  it  to 
have. 

Mr.  Mead  said  that  \i  we  take  history  in  block,  it 
is  impossible  to  find  meaning  in  it.  If  a  philo- 
sopher is  going  to  consider  any  scientific  matter,  he 
will  surely  have  to  dissociate  fact  from  allegation 
and  unproved  theory.  Looking  at  history  in  this 
way,  we  see  it  as  a  mixture  of  fact  and  unproved 
theory,  and  we  can  hardly  imagine  meaning  to 
run  through  both.  This  is  the  distinction  that 
modern  historians  are  seeking  to  establish  between 
Geschichte  and  Storicismus. 

Mr.  Carr  emphasized  the  tendency  in  each  of  the 
three  philosophers  discussed  in  the  paper  to 
insist  on  the  impossibility  of  cutting  universals, 
values,  spiritual  reality  of  every  kind,  free  from 
their  attachment  to  scientific  reality.  However 
important  the  value  we  give  to  conscious  experi- 
ence, however  vastly  the  spiritual  overflows  the 
material  and  temporal,  it  is  in  indissoluble  rela- 
tion with  it,  and  we  can  give  no  meaning  to  life 
or  mind  entirely  detached  from  the  materialism 
or  mechanism  of  nature.  Mr.  Tudor  Jones,  Mr. 
Worsley,  and  Mr.  Shelton  also  spoke,  and  Mr. 
Morrison  replied. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK 


Royal  Institute  of  Biitish  Architects,  8.— Presentation  of  the 
Royal  Gold  Medal. 

Geographical,  8.30.  -'  Exploration  in  the  unknown  Brahma- 
putra Kegion  on  the  North-Eastern  Frontier  of  India,' 
(.apt.  P.  M.  Bailey. 

Asiatic,  4. 

Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Roman  Studies,  4.30  — '  A  Mnl- 
SixteenthCentury  Panorama  of  Rome,  by  Anton  Van  Den 
Wyngaerdeof  Brussels,'  Mr.  W.  St.  Clair  Baddeley. 

British  Academy,  9.-'  "  Hamlet  and  Orestes,  a  study  in 
traditional  types,'  Mr.  Gilbert  Murray. 

Geological,  8.-1-  'The  Trilobite  Fauna  of  the  Abbey  Shales 
near  Hartshill,'  Mr.  V.  C.  Illing ;  2.  '  Notes  on  the  Trilobite 
Fauna  of  the  Middle  Cambrian  of  the  St.  Judwal's  Pen 
insula  (Carnarvonshire!, '  Mr.  T.  C.  Nicholas. 
Thlbs.  Royal,  4.30.— 'Note  on  Mr.  Mallock's  Observations  on  Inter- 
mittent Vision,' Prof.  S  P.  Thompson;  'The  Variation  of 
Electrical  Potential  across  a  Semipermeable  Membrane, 
Prof.  F.  G.  Donnan  and  Mr.  G.  M.  Green;  'On the  Potential 
of  Ellipsoidal  Bodies  and  the  Figures  of  Equilibrium  of 
Rotating  Liquid  Masses,' J.  H.Jeans;  'The  Twentv-seven- 
Day  Period  in  Magnetic  Phenomena,'  I)r  C.  Chrce;  and 
other  Papers 


Mom. 


Tlf.s. 


Wf.d. 


No.  45-21,  June  20,  1914 


THE     ATHENiEU  M 


s;,!» 


FINE    ARTS 


Cartoon*.      Bv     Will     Dyson. 
Herald  '   Office.  Id.  net'.) 


(;  Daily 


Mr.  Dyson  has  the  advantage  over  most 
other  English  cartoonists  of  being  able 
to  say  what  he  means  without  mincing 
matters,  and  his  public  rather  like  him 
the  better  for  it.  Sincerity  breeds  a  more 
vigorous  draughtsmanship  than  results 
from  the  decorous  academic  exercises 
which  in  most  papers  enliven  politics, 
but  at  the  same  time  make  of  them  an 
unreal  game.  With  Mr.  Dyson  we  feel 
that  he  has  a  belief  in  the  paramount 
importance  of  the  great  conflict  between 
capital  and  labour,  which  is  almost  always 
his  subject.  We  do  not  quarrel  with  him 
for  depicting  it  in  somewhat  melodramatic 
fashion,  or  for  casting  Ins  workman  always 
a-  the  patient  hero ;  the  capitalist  as  an 
odious  monster,  branded  with  the  name 
of  Fat.""  Broad  effects  are.  perhaps, 
necessary  to  convey  general  truths,  and 
the  virtues  of  some  employers  may  well 
appear  irrelevant  detail  to  the  critic  of  a 
item.  Yet  in  the  desire  to  get  a  hideous 
figure  to  stand  for  a  hideous  thing  there 
i>  danger  that  the  cartoonist  may  mislead 
the  workman  as  to  who  is  the  prime  mover 
among  his  enemies.  Doubtless  there  is 
a  class  of  wealthy  people  addicted  to  gross 
physical  indulgence.  Perhaps  a  more  real 
prompter  to  that  competition  in  elaborate 
living  which  rests  on  sweated  labour  is  of 
another  character — and  sex.  One  of  Mr. 
Dyson's  most  effective  tricks  for  demand- 
ing sympathy  is  to  show  us  the  sweated 
woman  ;  but  to  be  just  he  should  have 
given  as  much  prominence  to  woman 
a-  a  sweater  also.  Smart,  attractive, 
multiple  in  her  needs,  she  must  be 
shown  as  she  is  for  the  working  classes 
to  decide  whether  she  is  worth  her  cost 
or  no. 

It  would  surely  mean  no  great  lapse 
from  partisanship  to  admit  that  the  toiler 
bleeds  not  that  certain  people  should  over- 
eat themselves,  hut  that  in  every  class 
of  society  there  should  be  maintained  a 
perpetual  pretence  of  being  wealthier  than 
one's  neighbours.  Vulgar  display  is  a  more 
real  enemy  than  sensual  indulgence.  This 
shallow  peacock  variety  may  be  more 
difficult  to  personify,  but  in  the  inter 
of  truth  it  is  always  worth  the  effort. 

Mr.  Dyson's  satire  could  hardly,  how* 
■ .  be  thus  re  lire  (ted  without  a  certain 
purging  of  his  art.  His  drawing  at 
present  has  too  much  swagger  and  osten- 
tation of  cleverness  to  make  it  a  fit  vehicle 
for  flagellating  the  -rice  of  vulgar  display. 
A-  a  matter  of  fact  his  nouveau  riche, 
both  as  to  type  and  accessories,  is  drawn 
with  more  knowledge  than  his  rather  con- 
ventional workpeople.  We  would  point  out 
however  that  the  Pra  Angelico  Madonna 
(which   hangs    over  the  arm-chair  where 

Fat  "     reclines     and       uses     the     patent 

"blood  transmitter"  at  the  expense  of 
the  little  seamstress)  i->  wrongly  framed. 
Even  if  we  suppose, as  i-  probable,  that  it 


is  a  sham  Kra  Angelico,  the  dealer  would 
have  presented  it  in  a  more  plausible 
setting.  Its  presence  there  testifies  to  the 
artist's  conviction  that  the  rich  man's 
interest  in  Art  is  humbug,  rather  than 
implies  any  admission  that  culture  as  well 
as  "Fat"  comes  from  the  sweated 
workers. 

Throughout  these  spirited  cartoons,  in 
fact,  suggest  that  the  "  mammon  " 
attacked  is  something  of  a  stuffed  dummy, 
put  up  to  take  blows  which  should  be 
shared  bv  others. 


ALLIED    ARTISTS'    ASSOCIATION    AT 
HOLLAND    PARK    HALL. 

In  their  seventh  exhibition  the  English 
"  Independents  :'  look  like  rounding  a 
difficult  corner  and  emerging  as  a  society 
with  a  function  recognizable  by  the  general 
public.  Holland  Park  Hall  in  June  is  a 
much  more  feasible  proposition  than  the 
Albert  Hall  in  July  ;  the  number  of  works 
is  now  no  greater  than  at  the  Academy,  and 
the  conditions  of  light  and  atmosphere 
under  which  they  are  seen  are  more  tolerable. 
Let  it  be  once  established  that  the  few  who 
are  interested  in  the  work  of  artists,  regard- 
less of  their  reputations,  are  in  the  habit  of 
visiting  the  Allied  Artists'  show,  and  the 
congestion  of  aspirants  desiring  to  exhibit 
at  Burlington  House  will  cease. 

At  Holland  Park  Hall  any  temptation 
to  defer  to  existing  prejudices  for  the 
sake  of  gaining  admission  is  removed. 
An  object-lesson  in  the  advantages  of  this 
liberty  is  furnished  by  the  thre3  paintings, 
which  we  do  not  offer  as  works  of  genius, 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Fred  Hebner  (419-21). 
The  two  smaller  pictures  represent  complete 
innocence  restrained  by  a  vague  sense  of 
what  is  customary  ;  they  might  have  been 
sent  to  the  Academy,  and  even  conceivably 
hung.  They  are  entirely  dull.  The  larger, 
Ma/raden  Rock  on  tlie  Durham  Coast  (419), 
on  the  other  hand,  shows  an  equal  inno- 
cence quite  unrestrained  by  any  pre- 
occupation of  what  is  suitable  for  an  exhibi- 
tion. The  elaborate  sky  is  silly,  but  the  sea 
and  sands,  for  all  the  ignorance  they  display, 
are  rendered  with  considerable  imaginative 
power.  It  is  hardly  conceivable,  however, 
that  such  a  work  could  even  have  been  sent 
to  an  exhibition  the  pictures  in  which  had 
to  pass  u  jury. 

.More  self-conscious,  we  fancy,  is  the 
simplicity  of  Mr.  (JeofTrey  All'ree\s  7m- 
preynability  (773),  which  in  its  obvious  way, 
by  the  kind  of  sensationalism  which  might 
appeal  to  a  child,  is  the  most  striking  design 

in  the  show.     The  device  of  stressing  the 
movement  of  the  leaping  stag  by  the  strong 

diagonal    movement    of    the  clouds    may    be 

called    cheap,    bul     aever  did    a    creature 
bound  to  safety  with  such  inspiriting  vigour. 

The  thing  is  irresistible,  and   the  most    jaded 

eye  kindles  at  the  sight  of  it, accepting  the 
infantile  treatment  of  the  huntsmen  in 
gilded  outline  of  indifferent  draughtsman- 
ship as  pari  of  the  game,  and.  indeed, serving 
its  function  somehow  not  ill.  In  painting 
of  such  lively  and  spontaneous  invention 
art  retains  some  of  t  he  elements  of  "'  a  lark," 
as  if  done  by  a  brilliantly  gifted  Bchoolboy, 
and  bo  rue  a  feature  m  modern  painting 
deserves  generous  appreciation.  With  .Mr. 
Hammond  Smith's  Transition  (620)  we  an 
u  reminded  of  a  schoolboj  a  choolboy 
with  more  traces  of  schooling  than  are 
discernible  in  Mr.  Alfree,  bul  of  a  preter- 
natural solemnity  which  yel  does  not  by  ; i r i > 


means  preclude  the  suspicion  Of  a  tongue 
in  the  cheek.  In  this  queer  composition  of 
figures  e|earl\  and  decisively  drawn  the 
artist  tries  (o  take  the  measure  of  his  public 
rather     than     gives     us     his     own.      In      In- 

Decorative  Landscape  (522),  with  its  cleverly 

characterized  figures  of  st  udied  uusuitaliilit  \  . 
he  is  again  only  showing  us  something  to  see 
how  we  take  it.  and  keeping  his  real  self 
reserved  and  apart.  His  Looe  Pool  (621)  is 
more  like  what  other  people  might  do,  but 
also,  we  think,  more  like  what  it  is  natural 
for  him  to  do  if  he  had  no  sophisticated 
public     to     consider.      Influenced,     like     Mr. 

Hammond  Smith,  by  her  environment,  but 

inclined  to  take  its  prevailing  .standards 
much  more  seriously.  Miss  Nina  Hamn-tt. 
in  her  Figure  Composition  (592),  shows  some 
talent  for  literal  painting,  and  an  extreme 
unwillingness  to  exercise  it  without  a 
laborious  and,  to  our  mind,  pointless  dis- 
tortion. When  departure  from  the  normal 
becomes  obligatory,  it  is  a  tyranny  just  as 
deadening  as  was  the  old  demand  for  photo- 
graphic exactness. 

Still,  regarding  the  exhibition  as  an  occa- 
sion for  the  discovery  of  talents  which  have 
hardly  revealed  themselves  elsewhere,  we 
must  recognize  that  there  has  come  into 
existence  a  whole  school  of  art  students 
— pupils,  for  the  most  part,  either  of  Mr. 
Sickert  at  Rowlandson  House  or  of  the  late 
Spencer  Gore  and  Mr.  Harold  Gilman  at 
Westminster  —  who  constitute  the  largest 
body  of  definitely  capable  students  in  London 
at  the  present  day.  They  have,  as  a  rule, 
been  taught  to  see  colour — though  hardly  to 
design  in  it.  Every  generation  has  some 
such  line  of  specialized  effort,  and  the  one  now 
under  consideration,  while  at  present  it  is 
rather  narrow,  is  undoubtedly  attractive. 
Whether  in  each  individual  case  the  small, 
but  undoubted  measure  of  performance  also 
indicates  promise  it  is  too  soon  to  say. 
What  is  a  sound  basis  for  one  talent  to  form 
upon  is  cramping  to  another.  We  register 
a  host  of  more  or  less  creditable  pupils, 
among  whose  work  we  specially  noticed  the 
nude  studies  of  Miss  Violet  Smith  (306)  and 
Miss  V.  M.  Powell  (418);  the  Westminstei 
Tower  and  the  Window  (398)  of  Miss  Ellen 
Nicholson;  Home  Industry  (94)  by  Mr.  13. 
Fiennes-Chnton ;  The  Interior  ((562)  by  Mrs. 
R.  Peto  ;  and  The  Striped  Blouse  (95)  by  Miss 
Adeline  C'arrington.  Miss  Godwin  (121-3) 
is  a  rather  more  strident  painter  in  the  same 
vein.  Mr.  Potter  (726-8),  Mr.  Ogilvie  (240  42), 
Miss  Hilda  Trevelyan  (388),  and  Miss  Dorothy 
Willis  (portrait,  810)  are  more  intimate.  .Mi- 
Trevelyan's  delicate  talent  disengaging  itself 
somewhat  from  the  others  as  ha\  bag  a  more 
distinctively    nineteenth-century    flavour,    a 

use  of  paint  less  sure,  but  aiming  at  greater 
subtlety  than  the  others.  Miss  Gosse  lias 
previously    shown   painting   of    the   school 

we     are     now    dealing    with,    but     we     have 

always  felt  that  as  a  paint  er  she  had  tumbled 

into    the    wrong    Bet.     The    paintings    Bhe 

shows  here  (:!:;i   3)  tend   to   less  elaborate 

colour  analysis   than   sometiim-.   and   are    to 

that  extent  better,  bul  still  not  comparable 

with   the   two  delightful  drawings  ol   still  life 

(1259  and   L260),  in  which  she  displays  an 

b  tonishing  and  delicate  virtuosity.    A  graver 

and  more  -'-\ereiy  economic  use  of  colour 

is  to  be  the  natural  one  for  her  torn- 

j  i'  lament. 

The    presence    Of    these    and    many    other 

similar  pictures  testifies  to  the  extent  ol  th< 
influence  of  the  realistic  wing  of  the  "  Camden 

Town  QrOUp,'  the  original  members  of  w  huh 
are  mot  ol  them  represented.      Three  works 

by  the  late  Spencer  Gore  (A,  B,  and  < '.  hung 

on    a    special    screen)    remind     u-    by    their 

blend  ol  Literal  tiruthfulness  and  imaginative 
sympathy  of  the  services  rendered   to   thi 
-  tj    by    the    man    who    painted    I  hem. 


860 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


1 1  is  temperament,  at  once  homely  and  adven- 
i  iiious,  made  him  the  inspiration  of  the  band 
of  artists  who  founded  this  show,  the  princi- 
pal experiment  in  artistic  politics  of  recent 
years.  Of  the  other  members  of  this  group, 
Mr.  Charles  (Jinner  makes  the  most  notable 
advance  in  his  Clerlcenwell  (83)  a  charming 
scheme  of  mild  colour,  surprising  for  those 
who  remember  his  work  of  half-a-dozen  years 
back.  The  technique  is  restrained  and 
•dignified,  the  vision  somewhat  recalling 
Canal etto.  Mr.  Malcolm  Drummond  has  a 
portrait  (135),  while  Messrs.  Pissarro  (33-5) 
and  Oilman  (107-9)  show  work  which  is 
adequate,  but  reveals  them  in  no  new  light. 

The  Cubist  and  Futurist  Group  have  not 
brought  with  them  a  train  of  camp  followers 
as  have  the  Realists.  Mr.  Nevinson,  whose 
work  most  closely  resembles  that  of  the 
Italian  painters  who  originally  claimed 
th  i  title  of  Futurist,  has  a  large  canvas : 
.Syncopation  (64),  which  is  blatant,  but  cap- 
able ;  and,  after  all,  when  we  call  it  blatant, 
we  probably  imply  qualities  which  its  author 
"would  regard  as  virtues.  We  confess  to 
preferring  Mr.  Ernest  Wadsworth's  con- 
tributions, the  smaller  one  in  particular 
•on  account  of  its  greater  refin  ment  of  colour. 
Mr.  Nevinson  jostles  us  with  miscellaneous 
appeals  to  the  eye,  so  studiously  unassorted 
in  kind  as  to  be  as  disturbing  as  possible. 
He  evidently  does  it  on  purpose,  and  its 
-effect  is  certainly  like  that  of  modern  city  life 
in  making  continuous  thought  difficult.  Mr. 
Wadsworth  is  not  i  i  this  sense  so  com- 
pletely Futurist.  His  Caprice  (114)  has 
•order  and  clarity.  He  takes  certain  strong 
•contrasts  of  form  (we  are  quite  unable  to 
say  why  he  chooses  the  forms  he  does  rather 
than  others),  and  proceeds,  by  breaking  them 
■up  and  quartering  them  one  against  the 
■other,  to  diminish  the  force  of  his  main 
contrasts,  while,  pari  passu,  he  intensifies  the 
accompanying  contrasts  of  colour,  and  so 
g  ves  a  vaguely  symbolical  sense  of  com- 
1  ''nsation,  as  when  two  opposing  forces 
i  .sutralize  one  another  and  heat  is  generated 
1  y  the  impact.  Mr.  Wyndham  Lewis 
- — The  Night  Attack  (1547) — shows  less  beauty 
of  colour  than  Mr.  Wadsworth,  but  an  even 
more  delicate  sense  of  proportion  as  he 
works  out  in  detail  the  meeting  of  the  various 
•episodes  in  his  elaborate  design  with  due 
rogard  to  the  claims  of  each.  It  may  even 
bo  that  the  title  is  not  on  this  occasion 
purely  obscurantist,  but  is  an  indication 
•of  the  rigid  Kriegspiel  in  which  con- 
flicting demands  are  not  compromised 
"  a  l'aimable,"  but  firmly  maintained,  till 
a  just  result  is  reached.  It  is  as  satisfying 
certain  inborn  tastes  for  such  abstract 
justice  that  these  pictures  give  pleasure  to 
minds  of  a  certain  type.  Even  Mr.  Nevin- 
:son's  hymn  to  the  modern  spirit  appeals 
to  us  as  sympathetic  in  comparison  with 
Mr.  Phelan  Gibb's  Picture  (115),  which  can 
only  be  likened  to  the  aimless  pieces  of 
translucent  enamel  (like  jam  tarts)  which 
a  few  years  back  used  to  be  made  by  would- 
be  artistic  ladies  of  utterly  untrained,  mind. 
After  all,  Mr.  Nevinson  remains  masculine, 
comparing,  indeed,  favourably  in  this  re- 
spect with  many  of  his  Latin  forerunners. 
His  picture  expresses  very  well  the  popidar 
•conception  of  what  an  attack  by  militant 
Suffragists   looks   like. 

To  continue  our  review  of  the  more 
modern  spirits  in  painting,  Mr.  Karl  Hage- 
dorn  (314-16)  uses  the  Post-Impressionists' 
clear  open  colour  for  purposes  akin  to  that 
•of  the  wall-paper  designer.  We  lament  our 
failure  to  sea  anything  of  importance  in 
the  contributions  of  Herr  Kandinsky.  The 
smallest  alone  (No.  1560)  shows,  in  a  dis- 
integrated form,  some  evidence  of  past 
.accomplishment. 


Foreign  contributions  of  a  less  recent 
couche  are  the  figure  pictures,  somewhat  in 
the  manner  of  Aman-Jean  (614-15),  of 
M.  Le  Serrec  de  Kervily,  pleasing  in  a  slightly 
sickly  artificial  way  ;  the  Menzel-like  Cor- 
ridor in  the  Uffizi  (651),  by  Herr  Ismael 
Gentz.  From  Holland  comes  Miss  Murchison 
with  her  solid  studies  of  heads  ( 642-3 > — 
descended  surely  from  Garrido — an  artist 
new  to  London,  so  far  as  we  know,  as  are 
also  Mr.  F.  Porter,  The  Blue  Corner  (558),  and 
Mr.  David  Sassoon,  whose  Washing  Clothes 
on  the  Seine  (298),  slight  as  it  is,  undeniably 
captures  a  mood  of  nature. 

Among  other  features  of  an  exhibition 
richer  in  surprises  than  the  older  estab- 
lished shows,  Mr.  Cooper's  romantic  landscape 
etching  Sunshine  (836),  Mr.  Walter  Taylor's 
decorative  conception  of  Brighton  Pier 
(1189),  the  oddly  methodical  sufficiency  of 
Mr.  Chisholm's  almost  colourless  rendering 
of  sunlight  (1177  and  1178),  and  the  eye  for 
a  striking  landscape  subject  shown  by  Mr. 
Allinson  in  Snow  (586),  deserve  special 
mention.  Among  the  sculpture  M.  Zadkin's 
Holy  Family  (1352)  is  the  most  expressive 
work  along  with  two  portrait  heads  (1363 
and  1365),  which  are  the  best  items  in  the 
very  unequal  exhibits  of  Madame  M. 
Steinthal.  The  fitting  up  of  Mr.  Roger 
Fry's  Omega  Lounge  is  something  of  a  dis- 
apjiointment.  The  colour  is  sickly,  com- 
pared with  the  ringing  force  of  certain 
curtains  showing  at  Whitechapel,  but  there 
is  a  useful  black-and-white  floor-cloth  which 
should  be  in  considerable  demand. 


OTHER  EXHIBITIONS. 

We  have  preferred  to  notice  the  London 
Salon  at  some  length,  rather  than  labour  in 
detail  through  a  show  like  that  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  the  dullness  of 
which  is  only  in  part  accounted  for  by  the 
fact  that  most  of  its  more  prominent  mem- 
bers also  belong  to  one  or  more  of  the  other 
dujilicate  societies  of  portrait  painters  at 
present  in  existence  in  London.  This  one 
seems  to  vis  the  least  satisfactory  of  them. 
The  one  outstanding  feature  of  the  show  is 
Mr.  Orpen's  Miss  Muriel  Wilson  (41),  which 
looks  like  an  exceedingly  popular  portrait, 
yet,  on  the  whole,  owes  its  attraction  to  such 
legitimate  means  as  careful  design,  brilliant 
pitch,  and  an  even  standard  of  finish.  In 
its  present  surroundings  it  looks  eminently 
workmanlike. 

At  the  Goupil  Gallery,  the  paintings  illus- 
trating Indian  life  by  S.  Fyzee-Rahamin 
show  some  trace  of  native  tradition,  but  a 
large  tincture  of  European  influence  which 
leads  to  vague  compromise.  In  the  exhibi- 
tion of  bronzes  adjoining  this  show,  the 
equestrian  groups  and  portraits  by  Mr. 
Herbert  Hazeltine  are  carefully  and  honestly 
done,  with  some  knowledge  of  horses. 

M.  E.  O.  de  Rosales  with  his  statuettes 
of  dancers  and  kindred  themes  handles 
subject-matter  rather  more  malleable,  to 
which  we  are  accustomed  to  apply  rather 
more  severe  standards.  He  maintains  a  high 
superficial  finish  in  his  bronze,  which  is  so 
far  good  ;  but  his  figures  are  modelled  with 
less  feeling  for  structure  than  the  similar 
ones  recently  shown  in  these  galleries  by 
Renee  Vranyczany. 

At  the  Leicester  Galleries  the  black-and- 
white  artist,  "  Alastair,"  shows  a  further 
selection  of  his  technically  accomplished,  bitt 
intellectually  rather  idle  imitations  of 
Beardsley.  They  are  best  when,  as  in  Apis 
(8),  the  embroidery  is  kept  within  bounds, 
and  a  ieasonable  mass  of  flat  colour  is  main- 
tained. 


AMERICAN  PAINTING  AT  SHEPHERD'S 
BUSH. 

The  British  portion  of  the  Fine  Art 
Section  at  the  "  White  City,"  while  rather 
better  hung  than  the  exhibition  at  Burling- 
ton House,  resembles  it  too  closely  to  call 
for  reconsideration  of  familiar  features.  A 
small  element  of  retrospective  work,  in- 
cluding Aiillais's  Sir  Isumbras,  a  large 
single  figure  study  by  Albert  Moore,  and 
landscapes  by  Buxton  Knight,  Cecil  Law- 
son,  and  William  Stott  of  Oldham  slightly 
raises  the  standard  of  the  show,  but  hardly 
affects  its  character. 

The  American  section  will  arouse  greater 
curiosity  because  it  seems  inevitable  that 
a  country  which  is  wealthy  and  so — com- 
paratively— lavish  in  patronage,  should 
sooner  or  later  produce  an  art  of  some 
importance.  This  expectation  may,  how- 
ever, prove  illusory,  for  there  has  often  been 
patronage  without  art,  though  we  are  ready 
to  admit  there  can  hardly  be  art  without 
patronage.  Apparent  exceptions  to  this 
latter  rule  will  prove  on  examination  to  be 
merely  instances  in  which  one  person  doubled 
the  parts  of  artist  and  patron,  spending  his 
own  money  on  his  own  work.  This  being 
the  case,  it  is  to  the  public  interest  that  talent 
and  patronage  should  be  evenly  distributed. 
In  England  we  believe  that  without  being 
in  the  least  redundant  the  former  exists 
somewhat  in  excess  of  the  latter.  The 
present  exhibition  might  drop  us  a  hint  as  to 
whether  in  America  patronage  is  so  far  in 
excess  of  talent  as  to  justify  a  wholesale 
emigration  of  British  painters. 

If  we  were  to  limit  ourselves  to  com- 
parison between  the  American  and  the 
British  works  showing  at  Shepherd's  Bush, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that,  while  the 
English  collection  is  more  various  in  cha- 
racter, the  American  pictures  have,  on  the 
whole,  more  freshness  and  painter-like 
quality.  It  will  be  a  surprise  to  most  to 
find  certain  familiar  names  in  this  section 
rather  than  our  own.  Mr.  Epstein,  Mr. 
Muhrman — even  Mrs.  Sargant  Florence  are, 
it  appears,  Americans — and,  unkindest  cut 
of  all,  Mr.  Mark  Fisher,  most  typical  of 
English  painters  even  to  his  faults,  belongs 
to  them  by  the  letter  of  th^  law,  though 
no  one  with  any  sense  of  national  character 
could  press  the  claim  for  a  moment.  These 
artists  hold  their  own  among  their  com- 
patriots at  least  as  well  as  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  fin  1  them  doing  at  the  NewT  English, 
the  International  or  the  London  Group  shows 
(Mrs.  Sargant  Flore  ce,  in  particular,  has 
never  been  displayed  to  such  advantage 
as  here  with  her  Cartoons  for  a  Fresco,  476). 
Edwin  Abbey's  well-known  Duke  of  Gloucester 
and  the  Lady  Anne  (354),  Mr.  Sargent's 
group  of  water-colours  of  the  familiar  type 
(450-61)  will  pay,  on  longer  acquaintance, 
the  penalty  for  too  obvious  smartness 
imposed  on  them  in  the  first  instance  by 
severe  judges.  Messrs.  J.  W.  Alexander, 
William  Chase,  and  Alexander  Harrison  are 
less  constant  visitors  than  these,  but  by  no 
means  tmknown  to  London  exhibitions. 
The  first  is  represented  by  a  mans  por- 
trait (180),  in  which  the  character-drawing 
not  being  allied  to  any  massive  pictorial 
structure  looks  like  photography  of  a 
rather  more  linear  kind,  and  by  a  lady's 
portrait  (155),  which  has  pictorial  structure 
only  of  the  rather  shallow  sort,  which  hardly 
approaches  character  delineation.  Mr.  Chase 
is  represented  principally  by  two  still  life 
studies  (135  and  205)  cleverly  painted,  but 
somewhat  formless,  and  over  soft  in  blending 
of  tone  with  tone.  We  might  set  against 
them  without  fear  for  our  national  prestige 
the  work,  say,  of  Messrs.  George  Lambert 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1014 


T  UK     AT  IT  E  N  M  U  M 


861 


and  Nicholson  respectively,  while  Mr.  Harri- 
son's Silting  Sun  might  be  fairly  paralleled 
by  soine  similar  work  by  Mr.  Moffat  Lindner. 

Among  such  of  the  exhibitors  as  are 
virtually  unknown  in  England,  we  find 
quite  a  number  of  clear,  brilliantly  coloured 
landscapes  of  genuine  charm,  but  rather 
shallow  content,  which  might  l>e  ranked 
with  the  work  of  one  of  the  Less  well  known. 
but  tolerably  capable  members  of  the 
Camden  Town  group — Mr.  Batcliffe.  Among 
these  are  the  Laurel  (118)  of  Mr.  E.  F.  Kook 
and  The  Garden  by  the  Hirer  (120),  by  Mr. 
E.  AV.  Bedfield,  the  One  O'clock  (127)  of  Mr. 
Robert  Spencer,  and  the  June  Morning  (154), 
by  Mr.  L.  Ochtman.  Mr.  t'hilde  Hassam's 
well-known  impressions  from  nature  (184-6 
and  188)  do  not  greatly  differ  from  these  in 
quality,  though  they  show  a  greater  variety  of 
subject-matter.  Mr.  Metcalf  (116)  is  a 
little  more  naive  ;  Mr.  W.  Garber  shows  a 
more  definitely  poetic  sense,  more  power  of 
decoration,  even  a  slightly  more  sustained 
creative  power  in  May  Day  (160),  which  is 
the  best  work  of  its  kind  in  the  show.  We 
should  have  to  imagine  the  late  Spencer 
Gore  with  a  touch  of  Mr.  Tonks's  Pre- 
Raphaelite  daintiness  of  detail  to  find 
an  English  parallel.  A  similar  combination 
of  qualities  with  different  subject-matter, 
though  with  less  seriousness  than  we  find 
in  either  of  the  English  artists  whose  names 
we  have  evoked  occurs  in  the  works  of  Mr. 
Frieseke,  of  which  In  the  Boudoir  (273)  is 
the  best.  Indeed,  the  only  exhibitor  for 
whom  we  might  find  a  difficulty  in  fitting  a 
worthy  partner  in  such  a  rough-and-ready 
international  tourney  is  Mr.  W.  T.  Dannat. 
His  still  life  (216)  and  Portraitoj  the  Marquis 
de  la  Vega  (217)  show  a  painting  of  powerful 
fibre  full  of  character.  It  is  of  the  very 
best  nineteenth-century  tradition.  His  other 
two  exhibits  suggest  a  possible  descent  from 
Ribot  ;  they  are  powerful,  yet  a  little  cheap. 
If  they  were  all,  we  might  pair  him  off  with 
Mr.  Peploe. 

Thus  we  might  continue,  and  indeed. 
when  we  think  of  the  combined  resources 
of  the  Xew  English,  the  International,  and 
the  London  Group  we  have  no  difficulty  in 
forming  an  ideal  exhibition  representing 
modern  English  painting  which  would  be 
superior  to  this  which  comes  to  us  from 
America 

When  we  look  at  the  present  British  show 
at  Shepherd's  Bush,  however,  which  is  quite 
good  as  we  can  usually  get  for  such 
official  occasions,  we  realize  the  executive 
difficulty  of  making  such  a  collection.  Only 
one  who  knows  artistic  America  thoroughly 
could  say  how  much  of  the  more  vital  and 
less  official  painting  failed  to  find  a  place 
in  the  show  and.  after  ail.  our  neglected 
geniuses  will  be  wise  to  assure  themselves 
on  this  point  before  booking  their  pa.-sui«' 
across  the  Atlanl  ic. 


THE    ROMAN    CHARITY. 

Cam    any  of  your  readers  well  informed 

on  art     matters   say   what    has   become  of  a 

once  famous  painting  by  Tintoretto  7     It  is 
ntioned  in  tin-  old  catalogues  of  pictures 

at    Windsor    Castle;     but,    so    far    as    I    can 
rtain,  is  no'   there  now.      It  was  entitled 

'The   Roman   Charity,1   and    represented   a 

woman    giving    juck    to   an   old    man.      ll    is, 

1  believe,  a  rather  important  specimen  oi 
the  art  of  the  great  Venetian  painter,  and  1 
fee]  certain  that  other  readers  of  The  Athe- 
■  in.  interested  in  art,  besides  myself', 
would  be  glad  to  know  more  about  its 
history  and  present  whereabout-. 

[1    is,    moreover,    always    interesting    to 
has  become  ol  .ti  treasures  thai 

one     formed    part    of    our    chief    collectio 

and  to  know  whether  they  iir,.  permanently 


lost   to  us  or  can  still  be  seen   in   England  or 

elsewhere. 

I  will  myself  take  any  opportunity  that 
may  offer  of  acquiring  further  information 
if   I  can  do  so,  and   will  write  again    if    I    get 

a  clue  before  any  other  correspondent  deals 

with  the  subject,  or  1  may  be  able,  later, 
to  supplement  any  information  you  may  be 
able  to  publish.  EDWARD  (.Icthrik. 


DR.    BARCLAY    HEAD. 

Barclay  Head  was  one  of  the  rare  and 
happy  men  who  seem  to  have  been  born  to 
do  a  particular  piece  of  work  in  the  world, 
and  to  do  it  admirably.  Most  people  will 
think  of  ancient  numismatics  as  a  small  field 
of  specialist  study,  almost  as  a  refuge  of 
dilettantism.  They  will  admire  the  exquisite 
productions  of  the  mint  of  Cyzicus  or 
Syracuse,  and  pass  them  by.  But  Head  saw 
that  coins  cire  serious  historical  monuments, 
that  they  contain  in  a  nutshell  the  whole 
history  of  the  cities  which  issued  them,  and 
that  by  an  intensive  and  comparative  study 
of  them  ancient  history  can  be  made  real 
and  living. 

He  entered  the  Department  of  Coins  in 
the  British  Museum  in  1864,  and  about 
1870  was  set  by  the  Keeper  of  Coins,  R.  S. 
Poole,  to  work  on  the  newly  planned  Cata- 
logue of  Greek  Coins,  of  which  the  first 
volume  appeared  in  1873  and  the  twenty- 
seventh  in  1914.  Every  scientific  specialist 
knows  that  compiling  catalogues  is  the  best 
of  all  training.  The  work  of  cataloguing 
thoroughly  suited  Head.  He  had  unlimited 
patience,  an  excellent  talent  for  comparison, 
a  sense  of  style  in  art,  and  a  great  love 
of  historic  research.  The  preliminary  work 
in  preparing  the  Catalogue  of  the  Coins 
of  Sicily  gave  him  his  opportunity.  The 
beauty  of  Sicilian  coins,  and  their  value  to 
Greek  mythology,  had  long  been  recognized  ; 
but  no  one  had  yet  worked  out  their  value 
as  historic  documents  on  the  political  and 
commercial  history  of  the  island.  Brandis 
and  Mommsen  had  seen  the  lacuna,  but 
their  pupils  had  as  yet  done  little  to  fill  it. 

Head's  paper  on  the  Coinage  of  Syracuse, 
published  in  1874,  was  but  80  pages  long, 
but  it  revealed  a  true  historic  method  applied 
for  the  first  time  to  the  whole  of  the  coinage 
of  an  ancient  city.  Its  value  was  imme- 
diately recognized  abroad  :  the  French 
Academy  crowned  it,  and  the  University  of 
Heidelberg  bestowed  a  Doctorate  on  the 
writer.  From  this  time  Head's  task  lay 
clear  before  him :  to  treat  other  series  of 
Greek  coins  by  the  same  mo! hod  which  had 
been  successful  in  the  case  of  Syracuse,  arid 
so  by  degrees  to  make  numismatics  not  a 
morass,  but  a  cultivated  field  with  paths  in 
all  directions.  Hence  came  the  great  '  His- 
toria  Xumortim  '  published  by  the  Oxford 
University  Press  in  1887,  of  which  a  new 
edition  came  out  in  1911.  It  has  enjoyed 
the  honour  of  being  translated  into  modem 
Greek,  and  has  become  an  invaluable  book 
of  reference!  to  all  who  have  worked  upon 
Greek  history.  English  historical  writers 
generally  find  much  of  their  material  in 
German     books;       but     in     the     matter     of 

numismatics  Head  turned  the  tallies,  lie 
won  the  rare  distinction  of  being  a  Corre- 
sponding   Member  of  the   Academies  both  of 

France  and  Prussia.  A  Doctorate  at  Oxford 
came  appropriately,  though  somewhat  [ate 

What  kind  of  reputation  he  had  acquired 
throughout   Europe   wa     be  I    shown  when 

he   retired    from    the    British    Museum.     A 

volume  of  numismatic  papers  then  pub- 
Lished   in  his  honour  contained   contributions 

from  almost  all  the  authorities  on  ancienl 
numismatics.     Of    the    thirty  contributors, 

ten  wrote  in  German,  Ave  in  French,  one  in 

Italian,     and     one     in     Creek.      It      wa-,     an 


oecumenical  offering,  and  the  day  onwhioh 

Sir  .John  Kvans,  in  the  name  of  the  sub- 
scribers, presented  the  first  copy  of  t he- 
book  to  him  was  a  fitting  consummation 
of  his  career.  The  \olinne  was  well  en- 
titled 'Corolla  Xumisinatiea.'  Barclay  Head 
was  Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins  and 
Medals  from  1893  till  1906.  lie  was  al  o 
joint  editor  of  The  Numismatic  Chronicle 
from  1869  to  1910. 

In  England  there  is  not  much  endowment 
of  research  ;  but  the  British  Museum  serves, 
in  fact,  as  a  great  institution  for  the  purpO  i  . 
The  Museum  never  fostered  a  better  example 
of  research  than  Head.  In  character  he 
was  the  typical  student  of  the  sort  at  his 
best :  sweet-tempered,  of  infinite  patience,. 
perfectly  free  alike  from  self-assertion  and 
from  jealousy  of  his  colleague's.  He  was 
always  ready  to  retract  on  Monday  a  view 
published  on  Saturday,  if  good  cause  were 
shown.  He  always  weighed  iti  even  balance 
his  own  published  opinions  and  those  of 
others  ;  yet  his  mind  was  so  well  poised  and 
cautious  that  ho  seldom  had  to  retract. 
More  than  a  specialist  he  was  not  ;  probably 
he  never  published  a  line  on  any  subject  but 
numismatics  ;  yet  so  blameless  a  career,  and 
a  success  within  its  own  limits  so  complete, 
can  seldom  have  been  exhibited  in  any 
count  rv. 


SALES. 

Some  good  prices  were  realized  .it  Bfessrs. 
Christie's  on  Friday,  the  12th  inst.  The  following 
were  the  chief  items: — Pictures:  II.  Aiken, 
Coaching  Scenes  :  Incidents  on  the  Ko  id  (a  set  of 
four),  609?.;  Fox-IIunting  (a  set  of  four),  42a/. 
C.  Cooper  Henderson,  The  London  and  Louth 
Coach,  and  The  London  and  Leeds  Coach  (a  pair), 
6307.,  Coaching  Scenes  (a  pair),  357/.  ;  The 
London  and  Leeds  Coach,  and  The  London  and 
Dover  Coach  (a  pair),  411/.  ;  The  London  and 
Devonport  Mail  (a  pair),  283/.  10*.  :  The  London 
and  Hull  Coach,  and  Through  the  Turnpike  : 
Night  (a  pair),  2715/.  ;  The  London  and  Devon- 
port  Coach,  and  The  London  and  Yeovil  Coacb 
(a  pair),  120/.  ;  The  London  and  Louth  Mail  (a 
pair),  588/.  ;  The  London,  Exeter,  and  Yeovil 
Coach,  and  The  London  and  Hull  Coach  (a  pair), 
567/.,  The  London,  Norwich,  and  Ipswich 
Coach,  and  The  London  and  Louth  Coach, 
passing  the  Return  .Mail:  Xight  (a  pair),  420/. 
J.  F.  Herring,  Sen.,  Hunting  Scenes  (a  pair),  50  I/.  : 
Portrait  of  John  Mytton,  mounted  on  a  bay 
hunter,  201/.  J.  Pollard, The  Peacock  Inn,  315/.  ; 
Going  to  Newmarket,  082/.  lo.v.  :  The  (ioodwoo  I 
Cup,  1833,  and  The  Derby,  1833  (a  pair),  546/. 
J.  N.  Sartorius,  Hunting  Scenes  (a  lei  of  four): 
The  Covert  Side,  Coing  into  Covert,  1'nll  Cry, 
and  The  Death,  1,365/.  ;  Huntsmen  and  Hound- 
Breaking  Cover,  i'2a/.  10s.  D.  Wolfltenholme, 
Outside  the  Crown  Inn,  231/.:  Mr.  Payne's 
Foxhounds  (a  set  of  three):  The  (feet,  Pull 
c.y,  and  The  Death,  252/.  R.  P.  Bonington, 
Vue  dans  les  Environs  de  Dieppe,  6042,  II. 
Harpignies, Twilight, 71  l/.  Ch.  Jacque,  La  Bergere, 
1,312/.  hu.  :  L'Abreuvoir,  a  shepherd,  in  a  blue 
Id. iu-.\  bringing  his  flock  down  to  drink,  840/. 
B.  Co-way,  Portrait  of  Maria  Conway,  in  white 
muslin  dress,  with  pale  blue  sash,  735/.  I'.  Nasmybh. 
A   Rough    Road,  two   pea-ants  conversing  on    a 

road   to  the  right  :    a   i I   in   the   foreground; 

sandhill  beyond,  231/.  j  \  I!  n  I  by  a  Stream, 
with  a  watermill  among  trees,  338/.  Petei 
Graham,  The  Sea-Bird's  Resting-Place,  388/.  10«. 
Th.    Rousseau,    Springtime,    a    stream    running 

through    a     Hal     pasture,    with    a     pea-ant -woni  m 

and  aome  cattle  near  a  rustic  bridge  in  the  fore- 
ground; farm  buildings  in  the  distance,  525/. 
.1 .  n.  t '.  Corot,  L'Ouragan,  a  landscape,  with  a 
(lump  of  tall  trees  on  the  left  :  a  peasant  in  red 
coal  on  the  right  :  buildings  in  the  middle 
distance:     Btorn  et,    840/.     N.     Diaz,     Le 

ui.  2'."  I/,     w  .  Mm-.  In  the  Pasture,  a  black 
and  while  row,  standing  in  a  pasture,  near  .-one 
reed  ,262/.      \.  Mauve,  Tending  Cattle,  a  peasant - 
woman,    m    grey    blouse,    -tiiped    -kilt     ami     blui 
apron,    hading    two  row-    aCTO        I  lie    dunes,    300/. 

I  irawing  :  B.  G.  E.  Degas,  Jl  Ballel  Girl,  357/. 
The  total  of  the  sale  exceeded  24,000/. 

<  In   TlH     day,   t  he    16th    int..  at    a    -ale  ,  ,f  en_T  t\  - 

i.\  the  -Hie-  firm  The  Counte  ol  Harrington, 
..n.  i  So-  .1.  Reynolds,  by  V.  Green  (firs!  tate), 
retched  252/. ;  and  The  Mont  hs.after  w.  Hamilton, 
by   Bartolozzi  and   Gardiner  (Februarj    and 

.  punted  in  colour-,  202/.  10*. 


862 


THE    ATHENtEUM 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


MUSIC 


'LE    COQ   D'OR.' 

Sir  Joseph  Beecham  lias  introduced 
during  the  past  and  the  present  season 
operas  by  the  remarkable  composers  who 
were  inspired  by  Glinka,  the  founder  of  the 
modern  national  school  of  Russia,  and  those 
interested  in  the  period  would  certainly 
have  liked  to  hear  Glinka's  two  operas, 
'  The  Life  for  the  Tsar  '  and  '  Russian 
and  Lindmilla,'  especially  the  latter,  in 
which  Stassof  saw  "  the  mature  expression 
of  Glinka's  inspiration."  Again,  the  part 
played  by  Rimsky-Korsakoff  in  the  new 
movement  was  very  striking.  He  revised 
and  re-scored  works  by  Dargomijsky, 
Borodin,  and  Moussorgsky,  but  in  addi- 
tion he  himself  composed  no  fewer  than 
fifteen  operas.  Last  year,  and  again  re- 
cently, his  first,  '  Ivan  le  Terrible,'  was 
given.  This  was  produced  in  1873  ;  but 
Ave  have  only  heard  it  as  arranged  in  1878, 
and  remodelled  in  1895.  Last  Monday 
•evening  his  last  work  for  the  stage — 
written  shortly  before  his  death  in  1908 — 
was  produced  at  Drury  Lane.  With  all 
that  he  wrote  in  the  interim  we  are  unac- 
quainted. '  Le  Coq  d'Or,' though  a  clever 
and  curious  work,  cannot  represent  his 
latest  stage  of  development  as  regards 
opera.  This  is  not  said  by  way  of  com- 
plaint, but  merely  to  show  that  what  we 
have  heard  is  not  sufficient  to  enable  us  to 
follow  what  we  may,  perhaps,  roughly  call 
the  rise  and  decline  of  the  Nationalist 
School.  For  the  moment  Ave  have  only  to 
feel  grateful  for  what  Sir  Joseph  Beecham 
has  offered  us. 

The  libretto  by  V.  Bielsky  of  '  Le  Coq 
d'Or  '  is  based  on  a  poem  by  Pouschkin. 
The  former  in  his  Preface  to  the  score  notes 
that  the  poem,  "  its  apparent  simplicity 
notwithstanding,  is  impregnated  with  some 
peculiar  mystery."  In  the  Prologue,  indeed, 
the  Astrologer   says  :     "  The   tale  's   not 
true,  but  there  \s  a  hint  in  it."     There  Avas 
undoubtedly  some   hidden   meaning,   else 
it    Avould    not    have    incurred    the    dis- 
pleasure    of    the    censor,    avIio     A'etoed 
its   performance   at   the  Imperial  Opera- 
House  of  Moscow.     It  was  only  produced, 
after    Rimsky-Korsakoff 's    death,    at    a 
private    theatre    in    Moscoav.     There    is 
plenty    of    "  hidden    meaning "     in    the 
poem  of  '  The  Ring,'  but  the  Avork  can  be, 
and  is,  enjoyed  without  any  thought  of 
what   is    called    its    philosophy.     In    like 
manner  '  Le  Coq  d'Or  '  may  be  enjoyed, 
for  the  music  is  delightfully  pleasant  and 
simple,  revealing  here   and    there    traces 
of  the  influence  of  Wagner  and  Strauss  ; 
while   the   scoring   shows  the    hand  of   a 
master  of  orchestration,  especially  in  soft 
passages.      The  pictures  on  the  stage   in 
the   details  of   costumes,   groupings,  and 
processions    are  wonderful.      Dancing   is 
a    special    feature.      In     Act     II.     the 
Queen   of    Shemakhan   sings  and  dances 
to  fascinate  old  King  Dodon,  and  in  this 
part  Madame  Tamar  Karsavina  displayed 
to   the  full  her   gifts  for  dancing.     Cuts 


were  made  in  the  first  act,  and  perhaps 
even  here,  though  not  specially  in  the 
dancing,  excisions  would  not  be  out 
of  place.  The  performance  was  ex- 
cellent, but  in  a  humorous  and  fantastic 
piece  brevity  is  an  advantage,  and 
in  other  operas  Avhich  have  been  given 
the  frequency  Avith  which  cuts  have 
been  made  shows  a  tendency  on  the 
part  of  Russian  composers  to  give  too 
much.  Had  '  Boris  Godounov '  been 
given  in  full,  its  length  Avould  have  been 
inordinate.  '  Le  Coq  d'Or  '  is  styled  an 
"  opera-ballet."  King  Dodon,  the  Queen, 
and  the  Astrologer  act  in  dumb  show, 
the  music  assigned  to  them  being  sung  by 
singers  placed  on  either  side  of  the  stage. 
The  effect  is  curious  and  not  wholly  satis- 
factory. Mile.  Dobrowolska  sang  the 
florid  music  of  the  Queen  Avith  wonderful 
facility,  while  the  high  tenor  voice  of  M. 
AltcheAvsky  exactly  suited  the  Astrologer's 
music. 

The  whole  performance  Avas  of  the  best, 
and  M.  Emile  Cooper  proved  himself 
again  a  first-rate  conductor. 


JiUtatcal    (Bossip. 

'  Otello  '  was  performed  yesterday  week 
at  Covent  Garden,  when  the  able  artists 
M.  Franz  and  Signor  Scotti  impersonated 
Otello  and  Iago  respectively.  Desdemona 
was  taken  for  the  first  time  by  Mile.  Claudia 
Muzio,  and  with  very  fair  success.  She 
seems  to  have  natural  gifts  as  an  actress, 
and  her  style  of  singing  is  good,  though  her 
production  of  tone  is  as  yet  unequal  ;  time 
and  further  study  will,  however,  strengthen 
and  improve  her  voice. 

Two  interesting  revivals  are  promised  : 
Mozart's  '  Figaro  '  and  '  Don  Juan,'  which 
still  flourish.  Of  all  the  operas  of  the 
middle  of  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century  only  these  two  and  Gluck's  '  Orphee  ' 
are,  we  believe,  in  the  regular  repertory  of 
the  principal  opera  -  houses.  A  re\~ival  of 
Boito's  '  Mefistofele  '  is  also  promised,  and 
the  production  of  Zandonai's  '  Francesca  da 
Rimini.' 

M.  Paderewski  was  the  pianist  at  the 
concert  of  the  London  Symphony  Orchestra 
last  Monday  evening,  and  he  stands  quite 
apart  in  point  of  touch  and  interpreta- 
tion. On  the  evening  in  question  he  gave  a 
fine  performance  of  his  early  Concerto  in  a 
(Op.  17).  His  rendering  of  the  Romance  was 
most  delicate,  while  his  delivery  of  the  final 
movement  was  strong  and  brilliant.  The 
programme  included  Mozart's  Symphony 
in  g  minor  and  Sir  Edward  Elgar's  '  Enigma  ' 
Variations,  of  which  the  orchestra  under 
Herr  Nikisch  gave  a  specially  finished  and 
sympathetic  performance. 

M.  Vladimir  de  Pachmann  gave  a 
recital  at  Queen's  Hall  last  Saturday  after- 
noon. The  eminent  pianist's  growing  habit 
of  talking  to  the  public  and  to  himself, 
e\Ten  while  he  is  playing,  does  not  im- 
proA^e  the  performance;  there  were,  indeed, 
moments  in  which  even  the  technique 
suffered.  Fortunately,  such  lapses  were  few. 
M.  Pachmann  enjoys  the  proud  position  of 
being  one  of  the  most  interesting  interpreters 
of  Chopin's  music,  for  his  sympathetic  touch 
and,  as  a  rule,  clear  and  commanding  tech- 
nique enable  him  to  give  full  attention  to 
the   spiritual   side   of   the   music.     His  pro- 


gramme Avas  not  entirely  devoted  to  Chopin, 
but  it  is  in  this  composer's  works  that  he  is 
at  his  best. 

M.  Gabriel  Faure,  the  well-known 
French  musician,  in  early  days  studied  with 
M.  Saint-Saens.  In  1870  he  became  Maitre- 
de-Chapelle  of  the  Madeleine,  and  in  the 
same  year  Professor  of  Composition  at  the 
Paris  Conservatoire.  As  composer  he  has 
written  a  symphony  and  a  piano  quintet, 
but  he  is  principally  known  by  his  many 
songs  and  pianoforte  pieces.  In  1905  he 
succeeded  Theodore  Dubois  as  Director  of  the 
Paris  Conservatoire.  Last  Tuesday  after- 
noon the  first  of  three  concerts  constituting 
a  Faure-Lortat  Festival  took  place  at  the 
yEolian  Hall.  M.  Lortat,  known  here  as 
an  excellent  pianist,  has  undertaken  to  play 
during  this  series  the  whole  of  M.  Faure's 
compositions  for  the  pianoforte.  The  con- 
certed music  and  songs  in  the  three  pro- 
grammes are  also  from  his  pen :  a  scheme 
which  scarcely  seems  wise  either  from  a 
practical  or  an  artistic  point  of  A-iew. 

His  rendering  on  Tuesday  of  two  Xoc- 
turnes,  an  Impromptu,  and  other  pieces  shows 
that  he  is  fully  able  to  do  justice  to  music 
which  is  both  cleA-er  and  refined.  The 
programme  included  the  Sonata  in  a,  with 
Lady  Speyer  as  violinist,  and  the  composer 
himself  at  the  piano  ;  and  with  such 
interpreters  success  was  a  foregone  con- 
clusion. M.  Faure  also  accompanied  four 
Melodies  sung  with  earnestness  by  Miss 
Germaine  Sanderson.  M.  Lortat's  brief 
introductory  lecture  on  the  Avorks  to  be 
given  was  much  appreciated. 

M.  Emil  Mlynarski's  second  orchestral 
concert  of  Slavonic  composers  at  Queen's 
Hall  last  Wednesday  evening  was  interesting. 
It  opened  with  a  symphony  ( '  In  Memoriam  ' ) 
by  M.  A.  Wisclmegradski,  a  natiA-e  of  St. 
Petersburg,  born  in  1867.  In  the  selection  of 
folk  or  folk-like  themes  his  music  resembles 
that  of  the  composers  Avhose  works  are  being 
given  at  Drury  Lane.  He,  howeA'er,  respects 
— and,  perhaps,  too  much — classical  form  ; 
the  thematic  material  seem?  to  require  a 
freer  treatment.  Of  the  four  moA'ements, 
the  plaintive  '  Elegy  '  and  the  exciting 
Finale  seem  the  best.  If  not  a  great  work, 
it  is  a  praiseworthy  ■one. 

The  other  novelty  Avas  a  Lithuanian 
Rhapsody  in  A  minor,  Op.  11,  bjr  M.  Miecz- 
slaw  Karlowicz,  in  which  the  thematic 
material,  consisting  of  folk-songs,  the  orche- 
stral colouring,  and  striking  contrasts  are 
effective.  But  the  first  part,  with  its 
constant  repetition  of  one  short  theme, 
seems  too  long.  It  is,  however,  a  work 
which  deserves  a  second  hearing. 

Both  these  novelties  were  admirably  per- 
formed under  M.  Mlynarski's  direction. 
M.  Ernest  Schelling,  the  distinguished 
pianist,  played  Rimsky-Korsakoffs  Con- 
certo in  c  sharp  minor.  This  work  is 
entirely  on  Liszt  lines,  i.e.,  has  no  break  and 
offers  one  principal  theme  throughout. 
The  pianoforte  part  is  brilliant,  and  so  were 
the  orchestral  accompaniments. 

In  the  coda  there  is  a  fierce  struggle,  as  if 
for  victory  .between  pianoforte  and  orchestra ; 
but  it  ends  in  a  dead  heat.  The  music,  if 
showy,  is  never  \-ulgar. 

Miss  FannyDaa-ies,  the  well-known  English 
pianist,  ga\'e  her  only  recital  last  Wednesday 
afternoon.  She  first  played  three  Preludes 
and  Fugues  from  the  '  Wohltemperirtes 
Clavier.'  They  were  carefully  and  correctly 
rendered,  though,  to  our  thinking,  somewhat 
coldly.  Even  in  BeethoA'en's  Sonata  in  e, 
Op.  i  09,  the  pianist  was  not  at  her  best.  As 
a  pupil  and  friend  of  Madame  Schumann, 
she  gaA^e  a  poetical  reading  of  Schu- 
mann's '  Humoreske.'     On  Miss  Davies  has 


No.  45-21,  June  20,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


863 


descended  x ho  mantle  of  he'  teach  r,  and 
M  tdame  Schumann  was  certainly  an  inspired 
interpreter  of  her  husband's  music.     On  the 

00  cert  programme  was  a  story  explaining 
one  section  of  tin*  '  Himioreske.'  told  to  her 
by  Madame  Schumann,  and  we  have  always 
thought  that,  it'  the  programme  of  the  whole 
work  were  known,  its  length  would  be  loss 
felt. 

At  the  Queen's  Hall  next  Tuesday  the 
Swedish  National  Choir. of  16<>  picked  voic  «, 
is  making  its  firs'  appearanoa  in  London. 
Mr.  C!.  Hultquis'  will  conduct,  and  the 
soloists  will  be  Mr.  A.  Wallgran  (baritone) 
and  Dr.   S.  Hybbinette  (tenor). 

At  the.Eolian  Hall  next  Wednesday  after- 
noon there  will  be  a  recital  of  song  by  Mr. 

1  ttrev  Gwyther.  The  programme  will  be 
a  repetition  oi  that  given  on  May  26:h.  Mr. 
Frederic  Austin  will  accompany  the  songs, 
and  Miss  Myra  Hess  will  play  solos  at  the 
piano. 

The  programme  of  the  next  season  at 
La  Scala.  Milan,  will  include  two  works  bjr 
Mascagni  :  '  Faidadel  Comtine '  and  'L'Ado 
doletta.' 

THERE  will  be  high  festival  shortly  at 
Geneva,  which  is  about  to  celebrate  the 
100th  anniversary  of  its  entry  into  the  Swiss 
(  onfederation,  of  which  it  is  the  22nd 
and  last  canton.  A  poem  entitled  'The 
June  Festival."  by  MM.  Baud-Bovy  and 
Malsch,  has  been  set  to  music  by  M.  Jaques- 
Dalcroze.  A  special  theatre,  with  a  stage 
capable  of  holding  1,500  persons,  has  been 
erected  on  one  of  the  quays  facing  Mont 
Blanc. 

The  festival  performances  this  year  at 
the  historic  theatre  of  Lauchstadt  are  now 
taking  place  (June  19th,  20th,  and  21st)  with 
(duck's  "  Orfeo  ed  Euridice  '  according  to  the 
original  manuscript  vised  at  the  perform- 
ances at  Vienna  in  1762.  When  that  opera 
was  given  at  Paris  twelve  years  laer,  the 
part  of  Orfeo,  as  is  well  known,  was  trans- 
•d  for  Legros.  and  throughout  the  work 
other  changes  were  made  in  the  music. 

The  Orfeo  C'atala  is  making  its  ap- 
pearance at  the  Albert  Hall  next  Wed- 
nesday. The  special  aim  of  this  choral 
society  from  Barcelona  is  to  perform  popular, 
also  sacred  music.  Its  conductor  is  Senor 
Lluis  Millet,  by  whom  it  was  founded  in 
1891.  The  number  of  members  is  at  present 
four  hundred. 

Frauleix  Marie  Wieck,  the  sister  of 
1  ra  Schumann,  has  received  from  the 
King  of  Saxony  the  title  of  "  Professor  of 
Music."  The  honour  comes  a  little  late 
for  one  who  has  professed  music  for  nearly 
three-quarters  of  a  century.  Mile.  Wieck 
L  now  82  years  old  and.  we  regret  to  say, 
nearly  blind.  She  made  her  debut  as  a 
pianist  as  long  ago  as  ]*J3. 


PERFuRMAN'   H     NEXT    WEEK. 
Pint.       Special  Concert.  B  \"ien  Hall. 

Rojal  Opera,  Oorent  Garden. 

M       -Svr    'Miera.  Theatre  Royal.  Drury  Lane. 

Mo*.       Max  Paner'i  Pianoforte  Recital,  I  r>,  Beehfteia  Hall 

—  Gabriel  Faure  anl  Rob«rt  liOrt.it  PattlraJ.  ::  18,  X.Aia.a  Hall 

—  I-on.i™  H-.ai|»li  m  Orebeetn,  -.  Q  leen  -  li.ill 

—  flpanith  Concert  °'<>rf*j<  ,1,1,     i  norm,  »    Royal  Albert  Hall 

—  GwenhfMa  Birkett  >  i  -llo  K-'-it,l.  -        !;■    •  itteia  Hall 

—  '  irlton  l;rougli  a  Vocal  Keci  Han  Hall. 
Tif-      Silomon  8  Orchestral  '                         leen'l  Hall 

—  fira.nl  Moraine  Concert.  3    Hoy»l  Albert  Hall 

—  Irene  Guilbert  •  Recital.  3  15.  Bechatein  Hall 

—  Ralph  W.  Parkera  Pianofort.-  Recital,  S  13  .Kolian  Hall 

—  Sw.,li.(,  Nationil  i  boir.  '  IS,  Queen  .  HhII 

—  Wmiire.l  Hi'  kvl.rne  an. I  (irace  Smiths  Hong  ami  Pianoforte 
BedU  V.  ,lian  Hall. 

I«un  Van  Heas  Hong  Recital  tein  Hall 

Pachmann  <  Pianoforte  Recital,  i  15,  Queen'.  I 

Rpaniah  ■   ,n.-rt      ■ ' rf ^o  <  itala    chorus,  h.  Roval   \lb-rt  Hall. 

—  Emil  Mylnaraki  (  On  li~.tr.il  <<m.-rt.  «   Q.ieen'a  l|.,ii 
Tin  n«.  Ma  Dnirnruwl  s  Hong  Re.  ital   ::  lull. 

—  Orchestral  i  oncert  in  aid  of  the    Us.ly  Workers  Clnb.  3  r. 

Q.ieen  a  Halt 

—  Acta  l*  Marchant  an. I  John   Wilruots  8ong  anil   Pianoforte 
Hall. 

Julian  <ii— .  3  Q.ieen's  Hall 

Tirette  Guilbert  s  Kecital.  3  13.  Bechnteln  Hall. 

Wla.llmir  I  -rniko"  H„U 

Lenki  \  kI»  -  -  ;   -  ,.-,    !;..,(., t..i„  Hall 

eaataSTejkoTikaa  Pianoforte  Recital.  9  15,  .Kolian  Hall. 

Htrauis  '  oncert.  1  30.  Queen  ■  Hall 

Brabazon  Lowther  i  Hong  Recital.  3  If,  .Kolian  Hall. 


V. 


I  I 


I 


DRAMA 


THE  'ALCESTIS'  AT  BRADFIELD. 

The  month  of  June  in  'The  Earthly 
Paradise  '  introduces  •  Tin'  Love  of  Alcestis,' 
Morris's  brief  version  of  the  Gr  >ek  story,  and 
it  was  through  a  country  in  many  ways 
resembling  that  he  describes  that  bands  of 
Lou  'oners  have  been  carried  of  late  to  see 
the  "Alcestis"  performed  by  the  Bradfield 
boys. 

"The  rustling  boughs,  the  twitter  of  the  birds  " 

were  a  more  agreeable  accompaniment  to 
the  play  than  the  street  noises  which 
penetrate  into  London  theatres.  On  Tuesday 
last  at  any  rate  the  moderu  nuisance  of 
the  photographer  did  not  intervene  after 
the  trumpet  and  Greek  call  to  attention, 
and  the  whole  performance  went  without 
a  hitch. 

Great  credit  is  due  to  the  trainer  of 
the  boys  The  elocution  throughout  was 
clear  and  easily  audible.  The  evolutions  of 
the  Chorus,  well  led  by  P.  H.  Cox,  were  well 
designed  and  carried  out  ;  but,  as  a  whole, 
they  seemed  to  produce  a  less  volume  of 
sound  than  usual.  As  is  well  known,  the 
play  on  examination  proves  to  be  much  more 
subtle  than  the  simple  tale  of  a  life  for  a  life 
told  by  Morris,  but  the  pathos  was  effectively 
emphasized  by  the  funeral  procession  of 
Alcestis,  which  was  certainly  one  of  the 
most  striking  things  we  have  seen  at  Brad- 
field  of  recent  years. 

Alcestis  (W.  L.  Mortimer)  was  gracious  in 
appearance  ;  but  hardly,  we  thought,  pale 
enough,  though  a  lady  who  in  her  sinking 
state  is  able  to  deliver  an  elaborate  speech  of 
forty-five  lines  must  have  had  some  con- 
siderable reserve  of  strength.  Admetus 
(L.  St.  J.  de  Moubray),  had  an  imgrateful 
part  to  play.  He  was  admirably  got  up,  and 
in  an  unequal  performance  better  in  dignity 
than  in  emotion.  The  serving-maid  of 
H.  H.  W.  Watling  showed  great  promise, 
and  we  hope  to  see  him  again  in  a  more 
extended  part.  The  best  acting  was  his, 
and  that  of  E.  B.  Brooke  who  doubled  the 
parts  of  Death  and  Pheres.  Pheres,  indeed, 
in  his  scolding  dialogue  with  Admetus, 
supplied  the  most  effective  talk  and 
action  of  the  day.  Death,  too,  was  a 
quaint  and  sinister  figure,  like  some  infernal 
bird. 

F.  J.  Hollowell,  in  a  real  lion's  skin,  filled 
out  the  part  of  Heracles  well,  and  avoided 
the  temptation  of  overdoing  the  bluff,  comic 
relief.  Is  this  stupid  demigod  a  caricature 
of  the  Greek  athlete  ?  If  so,  he  provides 
food  for  thought  on  the  part  of  those 
who  regard  our  English  schools  mainly 
as  nurseries  of  fine  specialized  animals, 
trained  at  an  early  age  to  achieve  sporting 
"  records."' 

Bradfield,  with  its  liberal  curriculum  has. 

ne  dies-;  to  say,  no  such  ideas,  and  a  pleasant 

feature  of  the  performance  was  the  music 
provided  by  hoys,  instead  of  the  usual  pro- 
fessionals from  town,  the  lyres  and  flutes 
being  from  time  to  time  supplemented  bj 
clear-voiced  choristers  in  the  neighbouring 
trees.  The  play  was  sufficient  to  show  the 
vitality  of  the  Greek  drama,  for  it  mad-  an 
impression,  even  on   Greekless  readers.     A 

whole    drama     thus    given     without     Cuts     i- 

much  more  satisfactory  than  the  crowd  of 
hackneyed    extracts    in    various     languages 

which  forms  the  usual  school  entertainment. 


Dramatic   (Gossip. 

The  Ir.sh  Players  concluded  last  week's 
performances  with  'Mixed  Marriage,'  bj 
St.  John  <;.  Irvine,  the  aim  of  which  is 
to  point  out  some  of  the  serious  results  of 
religious      bigotry,      both      individually      and 

generally.  The  acting  was  excellent  all 
through;  Mr.  Arthur  Sinclair  as  John 
Rainsy,  who  would  rather  see  riot  and  blood- 
shed than  be  turned  from  his  prejudices;, 
and  Sara  Allgood  as  Mrs.  Rainey,  possessed 
of  more  wisdom  than  her  husband,  deservi 
special  praise. 

The  play  was  preceded  l>v  had v  Gregory's 
comedy.  •  The  Workhouse  Ward'.'  in  which 
the  wordy  warfare  between  the  two  garrulous 
old  men  was  highly  effective.  Both  plays 
have  been  noticed  previously  by  us. 

'The   Cobbles,'   a  one-acl   play  by  Mr. 

A.  Patrick  Wilson,  and  -The  Canavans.'  by 
Lady  Gregory,  were  produce  1  at  the  begin- 
ning of  this  week  for  the  first  time  in 
London. 

The  first  of  these  two  is  of  the  slightest — 
a  mere  disquisition  (and  uninteresting  at 
that)  on  the  merits  of  education  and  the 
value  of  good-conduct  prizes.  The  only 
particle  of  real  amusemen  is  afforded  by 
th>  winner  of  the  prize  that  has  been  the 
cause  of  the  discussion:  he  comes  in  with 
torn  clothes  and  a  black  eye,  after  trouncing 
a  school  fellow  who  had  jeered  at  him  for  hi- 
"  good  conduct." 

The  acting  was  very  fair  so  far  as  the 
players  had  any  chance  of  showing  their 
talents.  The  author  himself  played  the 
part  of  the  Cobbler,  and  Mr.  Sydney  Morgan 
did  what  he  could  with  the  pari  of  a  plough- 
man who  conducts  most  o  the  "  education 
conference."  Mr.  (or  Master  ?)  Felix  Hughes 
was  excellent  as  the  schoolboy. 

'  The  Canavans,'  which  appears  to  dis- 
appoint most  critics,  is,  after  all,  no  more 
than  a  burlesque,  a  fantasy  giving  oppor- 
tunity for  some  amusing  language  and 
admirable  acting  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Arthui 
Sinclair  and  Mr.  Philip  (iuiry.  The  former 
is  a  miller  of  Elizabethan  times,  nominated 
as  Mayor  of  Scarlana.  While  he  is  d. -bat- 
ing whether  to  accep  the  post  and  turn 
"Queen's  man,"  or  to  ke  p  faithful  to  th 
""wild  men"  of  th  •  district,  his  brothei 
appears,  a  deserter  from  the  Queen's  army. 
The  capture  of  th'  two  as  rebels  by  their 
own  cousin  (an  officer  at  the  Castle  of 
Scartana),  their  imprisonment  and  escape, 
and  the  subsequent  meeting  of  both  brothers 
and  their  cousin  under  the  miller's  own  roof, 
provide    ample    amusement  -how    and    in 

what      form    it     would     he     unfair     to     re] 
in      detail.      Wo      only      remark      that       the 

chanting  of  an    Elizabethan    "Sonnet"  to> 
the    tune   of    the    British    Grenadiers    i 
sample  of  the  paradoxical  character  of  th 
whole  piece. 

All  the  performers  were  good,  though  for 
once  Mr.  Sydney  Morgan  seemed  to  let 
himself  be  overcome  by  the  majesty  of  his 
soldier-like  moustaohios  and  the  necessity 
ii    assuming  a  courtly  accent. 

'The  Rising  of  the  Moon'  was  given 
an  extra  to  supplement  an  otherwise  slight 
programme. 

\s  is  the  way  with  many  writer  .., 
books  and  plays  in  this  centurj  of  baste, 
Mr.  Thurston  in  '  Driven  '  produced  at 
the  Theatre  Royal,  Haymarket,  last  Wednes- 
day, has  shirked  the  ultimate  burdens  of 
realism.  He  has  chosen  a  life-like  story, 
acted  by  life-like  people,  but  he  admits 
two  notaiiK  unreal  episodes  of  characfc  r. 
True,   the  play  without    these  would   have 


8G4 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


■ended   abruptly,    or  else   would   have   been 
produced  to  an  inordinate  length. 

In  treating  what  he  calls  somewhat 
artificially  "  a  man's  work,  his  career," 
Mr.  Thurston  has  taken  a  conventional  point 
•of  view.  The  sacrifice  to  that  work  or 
career,  however  important  (and  in  the 
present  case  the  importance  hardly  exists), 
of  the  remaining  happiness  of  a  woman 
whom  the  doctors  have  doomed  to  death 
with'n  two  years  is  the  dubious  point. 

Mr.  Thurston  is  "  found  out  "  and  ruth- 
lessly condemned  in  the  very  acting  of  h:s 
play.  Admirable  for  the  most  part,  Mr. 
Aubrey  Smith  and  Mr.  Owen  Nares  hesitated, 
temporized  by  exaggeration,  when  they 
found  themselves  confronted  with  un- 
realities. 

Alexandra  Carlisle,  as  the  young  wife 
•condemned,  resolute  to  enjoy  what  is 
left  to  her,  neglected  by  her  husband,  then 
■casting  off  her  would-be  lover,  regaining  at 
the  last  her  lease  of  life  and  her  husband, 
reaLzes  to  the  full  the  admirable  part  allotted 
to  her,  sparing  us  no  fragment  of  the  inten- 
sity, yet  never  over-emphasizing  it.  Her 
acting  throughout  the  final  scene  was  a  real 
triumph. 

To  sum  up,  Mr.  Thurston  may  have 
made  a  play  occasionally  "theatrical,"  but 
it  is  never  "  stagey."  It  is  intense,  with 
scarcely  a  shade  of  relief  from  the  tension. 
One  touch  is  cleverly  introduced  at  the 
very  end,  and  both  actors  and  audience 
responded  to  it  at  once.  But  "  high  pres- 
sure" was  prevalent. 

Elsie   Fogebty    is    to    be  congratulated 

■  on  her  production  of  the   '  Electra  '  of  So- 
phocles   in    English   at    the    Scala   Theatre 

■  on  Tuesday,  June   16th.     The  performaTice 
-was   organized   by   the   East   Putney   High 

School  in  aid  of  the  Building  Fund  of  the 
Girls'  Public  Day  School  Trust.  The  group- 
ing of  the  chorus  was  excellent,  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  stage,  with  steps  leading 
to  the  palace  gates,  was  effective  in  giving 
dignity  to  the  chief  actors.  The  heaviest 
burden  ell  on  Aileen  Wyse,  who  as 
Electra  played  with  some  passion  and 
admirable  restraint.  Her  voice  was  musical, 
but  occasionally  overpowered  by  the  orche- 
stra. Mr.  Phillip  Merivale  looked  a  fine 
figure  as  Orestes,  and  Mary  Ross-Shore 
entered  with  spirit  into  the  character  of 
Clytsemnestra.  There  was  a  small  chorus  of 
graceful  maidens,  who  gave  a  pleasing  render- 
ing of  Mr.  Granville  Bantock's  music. 

The  triple  programme  provided  by  the 
Play  Actors  at  the  Court  Theatre  last 
Monday  was  an  excellent  finish  to  their 
present  season.  Mr.  Noel  Carter's  fantasy, 
'  Hilarion,'  may  be  said  to  touch  upon  the 
psychology  of  laughter.  An  imbecile,  though 
by  no  means  witless,  tranrp  surprises  a  couple 
in  illicit  love-making.  Apparently  he  has 
but  one  emotional  outlet — laughter;  but  the 
tears  in  it  due  to  conventional  inanity  are 
so  suggestive  that  the  lady  dismisses  her 
lover  with  that  sort  of  laugh  which  is 
nearest  akin  to  a  sob. 

Amy  Ravencroft  managed  the  composite 
effect  well,  and  Mr.  H.  K.  Ayliff  was  the 
making  of  a  name-part  which  could  easily 
have  been  marred. 

Lieut.  Holme's  comedy,  '  High  Tea,' 
sent  us  away  from  the  theatre  in  an  alto- 
gether merry  mood — a  merriment,  albeit, 
so  sound  and  wholesome  as  to  be  a  natural, 
and  therefore  useful,  contrast  to  the  intense 
seriousness  underlying  Mr.  Harold  Chapin's 
'  Every  Man  for  his  Own.'  With  many  a 
subtly  deft  touch  the  author  of  this  last 
play  reveals  the  hopeless  condition  of  the 
workers  under  a  system  in  which  competi- 
tion, far  from  urging   them  to  better  work, 


sets  them  unconsciously  at  each  others' 
throats  while  the  capitalist  increases  his  pile. 

The  play  was  worthy  of  the  acting.  The 
author  at  very  short  notice  ably  took 
the  part  of  the  virile  worker  who,  having 
lad  his  eyes  opened,  is  full  of  anger  at 
the  stupidity  of  his  fellows.  Blanch  Stanley 
was  inimitable  as  an  extraordinarily  shrewd 
workman's  wife  with  an  underlying  kindliness 
as  beautiful  as  it  was  rugged. 

If  we  single  out  one  more  character  for 
mention,  we  must  add  that  the  whole  cast 
was  excellent.  Mr.  Hugh  Tabberer  as  an 
entirely  well  -  meaning,  wholly  irresponsible 
father  ought  to  get  the  lesson  home  to  the 
workers — if  they  ever  see  the  play.  This  is 
the  sort  of  thing  that  should  be  put  on  by 
those  responsible  for  the  Peoples'  Theatre. 

'  The  Furriner,'  a  play  by  Mr.  S.  L. 
Bensusan  in  three  acts,  was  produced  on 
Wednesday  last  at  the  Barn  Theatre,  Easton 
Park,  Essex.  It  is  chiefly  as  a  record  of 
a  vanish  ng  idiom  that  it  is  valuable  ;  for  it 
makes  no  pretence  to  cumulative  dramatic 
effect.  But  its  five  simple  scenes,  illustrating 
the  rustic  cackle  of  the  bourg  of  Maychester, 
afford  a  pleasant  three  hours'  traffic.  The 
plot,  a  rather  frail  entity,  turns  on  the 
suspicious  doings  of  "  The  Furriner,"  an 
innocent  and  retiring  stranger  whom  the 
villagers  suspect  of  being  concerned  in  a 
murder.  Much  pungent  talk,  racy  of  the 
soil,  goes  to  the  recounting  of  this  mystery 
that  is  none,  and  the  chief  burden  is  borne 
by  Father  William,  whose  zeal  as  amateur 
detective  inveigles  the  local  constable  into 
"  making  a  case  of  it,"  to  that  officer's  horrid 
discomfiture. 

The  cast  includes  many  rural  types,  well 
and  faithfully  studied.  Ephraim,  the  carrier, 
who  is  also  preacher  of  the  Peculiar  People, 
looks  like  a  transcript  from  life.  He  makes 
good  sport  with  his  fervent  anti -Popish 
bigotry,  not  untouched  with  Jesuitical 
casuistry,  when  he  finds  Scriptural  precedent 
to  justify  Mrs.  Silver,  the  charwoman,  in 
attending  the  Ritualis:ic  rector's  tea-meeting 
as  well  as  the  ministrations  of  the  Peculiar. 

The  company  of  enthusiastic  volunteers 
acted  with  a  fervent  appreciation  of  local 
foibles.  The  honours  of  the  stage  were  with 
Father  William,  who  was  entirely  natural  and 
convincing.  A  pretty  sub -plot,  original  in 
motive,  but  insufficiently  elaborated,  pre- 
sented the  severance  of  two  lovers,  country 
lad  and  town  lass,  because  the  girl  could  not 
see  the  beauty  of  life  in  the  open  spaces, 
which  the  young  man,  a  finer  type  of  rustic, 
!ov  d  with  the  passion  of  an  inarticulate 
roet.  On  revisal — and  the  play  will  benefit 
by  judicious  pruning  here  and  extensive 
there — Mr.  Bensusan  may  turn  this  side  of 
the  interest  to  more  advantage. 

Owing  to  the  pressure  of  work  entailed 
by  the  production  of  two  matinees  of 
'  Electra  '  at  the  Scala  Theatre,  it  has  been 
found  necessary  to  postpone  the  first  per- 
formance of  '  La  Dame  Aux  Camelias,*  until 
Monday. 

The  festival  which  will  be  given  at  His 
Majesty's  Theatre  two  years  hence  in 
celebration  of  the  tercentenary  of  Shake- 
speare's death,  will  consist  mainly  of  a  cycle 
of  the  chronicle  plays,  beginning  with  '  King 
John,'  and  ending  with  'King  Henry  VIII. ' 

It  is  hoped  to  make  this  tribute  to  Shake- 
speare's memory  world-wide,  and  to  include 
Shakespearian  actors  from  France,  Germany, 
Italy,  and  America. 


To  Correspondents. —J.   B.  B.— L.  R.  F.— w.  B.— 

G.  Le  G.  N. — Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


[For  Index  to  Advertisers  see  p.  866.] 


BLACKWOODS'  LIST 

THE  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  CLEO- 
PATRA, QUEEN  OF  EGYPT. 

A  Study  in  the  Origin  of  the  Roman  Empire.  By 
ARTHUR  E.  P.  B.  WE1GALL.  Inspector-General  of 
Antiquities,  Government  of  Kgjpt,  Author  of  'The  Life 
and  Times  of  Akhnaton,  Pnataoh  of  Egypt,'  'The 
Treasury  of  Ancient  Egypt,'  '  Travels  in  the  Upper 
Egyptian  Deserts,'  &c.  With  Maps  and  Illustrations. 
16s.  net. 
"  A  fascinating  and  valuable  book."— Observer. 

STORIED  WINDOWS. 

A  Traveller's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Old  Church 
Glass,  from  the  Twelfth  Century  to  the  Renaissance, 
especially  in  France.  By  A.  J.  DE  HAVILLAND 
BUSHNELL,  M.A.  (Oxon.).  With  Maps  and  Illustra- 
tions. 15s.  net. 
"A  very  useful  book." — Times. 

THE  IMAGE  OF  WAR. 

A  Sporting  Autobiography.  By  "SNAFFLE,"  Author 
of 'The  Roe  Deer,'  &c.  With  Frontispiece  in  Colours 
and  Cover  Design  by  LUCY  KEMP  WELCH.     15*.  net. 

"  A  volume  on  which  praise  can  unhesitatingly  be 
bestowed." — Shooting  Times. 

"  His  book  is  as  full  as  the  greatest  sportsman  could 
wish."—  Observer. 

"  A  delightful  volume."—  Westminster  Gazette. 

LOOKING  FOR  TROUBLE. 

By  F.  HARRIS  DEANS,  Author  of  '  Business  Rivals.' 
6s.  net. 
"The  book's  light  humour  is  irresistible,  and  the  story 
will  be  read  with  rare  zest  by  any  one  who  enjoys  a  laugh." 

Scotsman. 

RECOLLECTIONS  WITH 
REFLECTIONS. 

By  Major-General  Sir  THOMAS  FRASER,  K.C.B. 
C.M.G.    With  Maps.    15s.  net. 

THE  ROYAL  STEWARTS. 

By  T.  F.  HENDERSON,  Author  of  'A  History  of 
Scottish  Vernacular  Literature,'  and  Joint-Editor  with 
W.  E.  HENLEY  of  'The  Centenary  Burns.'  The 
volume  will  be  illustrated  with  autheotic  and  little- 
known  portraits  of  kings  and  princes  of  the  Stewart 
Dynasty.     With  Portraits.     16s.  net.  [Shortly. 

AESOP  ON  POLITICS. 

By  IAN  D.  COLVIN  ("I.  C."  of  the  Morning  Poit). 
2s.  6d.  net. 

"  Nothing  but  pure  joy  from  cover  to  cover."— Globe. 

"His  political  satire  will  long  survive  the  political  con- 
troversies which  compelled  its  utterance,  and  the  critics  of 
the  far  future  will  be  as  much  concerned  with  his  manner 
as  the  historians  will  be  with  his  matter. "—Morning  Post. 

"  The  book  smiles  throughout  with  a  quiet  and  restrained 
hnmnur  that  will  quickly  evoke  hilarious  sympathy  in 
readers  who  can  understand." — Scotsman. 


NEW    6  s.    NOVELS. 


THE  NEW  ROAD. 

By   NEIL  MUNRO,   Author  of   'Fancy  Farm,'  'The 
Daft  Days,'  &c. 

"  With  its  masterly  construction,  its  insight  into  charac- 
ter, its  drama,  its  complete  adequacy  of  style,  '  The  New 
Road  '  must  take  high  rank  in  Scottish  fiction." 

Glasgow  Neivs. 

"  Mr.  Munro  has  written  another  fine  story  that  any  one 
can  enjoy." — Daily  Chronicle. 

THE  GOOD   SHEPHERD. 

By  JOHN  ROLAND. 
"  An  original  and  powerful  story." — Times. 
"  An  indisputable  success." — Daily  Telegraph. 
"  A  notable  first  novel." — Truth. 

HEROINES  AND   OTHERS. 

By   ST.    JOHN  LUCAS,   Author  of  'Saints,  Sinners, 
and  the  Usual  People,'  '  The  Lady  of  the  Canaries,'  &c. 

"The  best  short  stories  that  are  now  being  written." 
"  A  brilliant  book."— Sheffield  Telegraph.  Observer. 

OUTSIDE  THE  LAW. 

By    ALEXANDER    CRAWFORD,    Author   of   'The 
Alias,'  '  Kapak,'  &c. 

"  A  very  striking  and  readable  novel." — Observer. 
"  A  sound  story  well  told." — Times. 

"  A  high  place  may  be  claimed  for  Mr.  Crawford  among 
the  best  fiction  writers  of  the  day." — Scotsman. 


WM.   BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 


No.  4521,  June  20,  1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


865 


ALSTON    RIVERSS 
LATEST     NOVELS 

WHAT     THE    PRESS    SAYS 


THE  LILY 
AND  THE  ROSE 

By  G.  de  VAURIARD,  Author  of  '  Mated  in 
Soul.'  Ac  6*.  The  MORNING  POST:  "A 
book  that  thoroughly  attracts  us. ...we  con- 
gratulate G.  de  Vauriard  on  a  fresh,  engaging, 
and  often  original  piece  of  work."  The  SCOTS- 
MAN :  "There  is  a  tine  bold  touch  about ' The 
Lily  and  the  Rose '  which  should  commend  it  to 
any  one." 

A  GARDEN 
OF  THE  GODS 

By  EDITS  M.  KEATK.  Just  out.  6*.  The 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE:  "  It  is  a  most  en- 
tertaining and  intriguirg  story."  The  LIVER- 
POOL COURIER  :  "  We  commend  this  book 
with  something  of  the  pleasure  we  have  re- 
ceived in  reading  it."  The  NOTTINGHAM 
GUARDIAN:  "A  lively  and  original  tale.... 
a  book  which  cannot  fail  to  interest." 

TWO'S  COMPANY 

Bv  DOROTHEA  MACKKLLAR  and  RUTH 
BEDFORD,  Authors  of  '  The  Little  Blue  Devil.' 
Second  Impression,  (is.  The  SATURDAY 
WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE:  "Crowded  with 
delicate  touches  of  true  insight.. .  The  book,  in 
short,  is  nice  and  quiet,  and  as  invaluable  as 
the  nice  and  quiet  friends  to  whom  it  is 
one's  duty  to  recommend  it."  EVERYMAN  : 
"There  is  not  a  dull  moment  in  the  story, 
which  we  unhesitatingly  commend  to  our 
readers." 

MEGAN 

OF  THE  DARK  ISLE 

By  Mrs.  J.  O.  ARNOLD,  Author  of  'The 
Fiddler,"  &c.  6s.  The  TIMES:  "A  very 
stimulating  book  "  The  DAILYTELEGRAPH  : 
"  A  thoroughly  sound  and  human  piece  of  work 
...  a  novel  to  be  recommended  to  every  one." 
SOUTH  WALKS  DAILY  NBW8:  "A  novel 
of  thrilling  interest ..  ..Mrs.  Arnold  is  a  writer 
of  power  ;  she  has  a  good  story  to  tell,  and  tells 
it  well  . .  A  strong  tale,  engrossing  in  interest, 
sure  to  be  popular." 


QUELLA 


By  QEOFPBRT  NORTON  FARMER.  With 
picture  wrapper  in  colour.  On.  A  frankly 
ional  novel  The  MORNING  POST: 
"A  lively  and  ingenious  '  .shocker.'. ..  .A  new 
ator> -teller  who  clearly  has  the  root  of  the 
matt«r  in  him.... We  doubt  if  many  readers 
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EVKUYBODY  IS  DISCUSSING 

THE    WOMAN    ALONE 

By  MARIE  HARRISON 
A  novel  that  has  sprung  from  some  of  the  extreme  forms 
of  the  Feminist  Movement. 
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doing  without  man  as  far  as  is  possible  for  one  who  desires 
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BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  THE  'MYSTIC  01    PRAGUE.' 
MR.  BUCHAN  LANDOR'S  FINK  NOVEL 

THE    PURPLE    LIGHT 

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Is  marriage  sacred?  Is  divorce  ever  .justified  \ 
Should  those  divorced  feel  free  to  marry  again! 
Should    Churches    decide  for  the    individual 

These  problems  are  laid  bare  in  this  startling  novel 

REBELLION. 

By    JOSEPH    MEDILL    PATTERSON. 

THE  GREAT  SOCIETY  BOOK. 

Like  'The  Lady  of  Grosvenor  Place '(by  a  Titled    Member 

of  Society),  which  has  gone  through  two  Huge  Editions. 

LOVE'S    RESPONSIBILITIES 

By  Mrs.  STUART  MKNZIES. 
"  Every  man  and  woman  should  read   this   remarkable 
book." 

PRINCES 
OF  THE  STOCK   EXCHANGE 

By  Dr.  A.  S.  RAPPOPOK  I 
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THE    MONEY    HUNT 

By  KIN  ETON  PARR  E  3. 

liou  Lord  Courtville  managed  his  lore  "i  ilrs  I 
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A  FINK  WORK  ON  A  BURNING  QUESTION. 

THE    BLACK     PERIL      6  - 

B]  GEORGE  WEBB  RARDT. 

An  outspoken  work.  The  relations  between  the  Black 
and  Whits  mess  are  strongly  displayed  A  purposeful 
novel  which  should  awaken  the  moral  conscience  of  the 
Nation. 

very  large  orders  are  being  received  from  8  Airlos 
and  the  Colonies  for  this  work,  which  treats  ably  and 
Intimately  with  the  subjeel  at  the  Black  Peril. 

DOM    WTLLARDE'fl  GREAT  NOVEL 

IT  WAS    THE  TIME    OF   ROSES. 


HOLDEN  k  HARDINGHAM  i  London. 


860 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


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No.  4521,  Juke  20,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


867 


MR.    HEINEMANN'S     LATEST    LIST. 


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THE  DANCE.       By  T.  and  M.   W.   KINNEY.      Profusely 
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which  has  now  borne  the  Stamp  of  Public  Approval  for 
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ENO'S  'FRUIT  SALT,' 

PLEASANT  TO  TAKE,  REFRESHING,  AND  INVIGORATING. 

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SUPPLEMENT     TO 


THE  ATHENAEUM 

IRelating    to    jfiction. 


No.  4521 


SATURDAY,    JUNE   20,    1914. 


FICTION   SUPPLEMENT. 


CONTEXTS.  PAGE 

Social  Sti  pies  (Quinneys  ;  Shop  Girls  ;  The  Marriage 
Tie  ;  This  Man  ami  this  Woman  ;  Roding  Rectory  ; 
Entertaining  Jane  ;  Fair  Haven  and  Foul  Strand  ; 
The  Money  Hunt  ;  Private  Affairs;  Barbara  and 
Company  ;  Transition  :  a  Psychological  Romance) 

869—870 

Trials  and  Developments  (A  Child  went  Forth; 
The  Anvil ;  The  Lily  and  the  Rose ;  A  Shameful 
Inheritance  ;  The  Hour  of  Conflict ;  A  Woman  of 
To-day  ;  The  Maze  ;  The  Crowning  Glory  ;  Rose 
of  Old  Harpeth  ;  Broke  of  Covenden  ;  Johnnie 
M&ddison) 871—872 

Romance  and  Fancy  (The  Lost  Tiibes;  Madcap; 
Maria ;  Cap'n  Dan's  Daughter  ;  A  Gamble  for 
Love ;  Under  the  Incense  Trees  ;  Cloudesley 
Tempest)       872— S73 

.stories  oi   the  OtTLANns  (A  Daughter  of  Debate; 

Home)  ..      873— 874 

SOUTH  Africa  (The  Black  Peril ;  The  Toll)     ..         ..874 

History   and   Advemire  (A  Lad  of  Kent;  Rung 

Ho  !;  Snake  and  Sword) 874 

Short  Stories  (Dnbliaen  ;  Quick  Action  ;  The  Mercy 

of  the  Lord)  . .         . .  875 

Crimes  and  Mysteries  (Quella;  The  Best  Man; 
Conscience  Money  ;  Fallen  Among  Thieves  ;  The 
Lost  Parchment ;  Anybody  but  Anne  ;  The  Opal 
Pini 875—876 

Juvenile  (The  Tale  of  Lai  ;  A  Boy's  Adventures  in 

the  South  Seas) . .        . .    876 


SOCIAL    STUDIES. 

Quinneys.     By     H.     A.     Vachell.     (John 
Murray.  6s.) 

In  the  character  of  Joe  Quinney,  dealer 
in  antiques,  Mr.  Vachell  has  selected  a 
curious  object  of  study,  and  one  somewhat 
out  of  the  ordinary  run  of  portraits  in 
fiction. 

The  son  of  a  curio  dealer  and,  as  the 
<>1  icning  chapter  tells  us,  heir  to  the 
business,  Quinney  learnt  early  in  life  that 
few  people  can  distinguish  between  the 
genuine  and  the  .spurious,  and  set  himself 
to  become  an  expert.  Unlike  his  father, 
who  had  merely  thought  of  his  collections 
in  terms  of  profit,  Quinney  possessed  an 
inborn  feeling  for  beauty  and  a  hatred  of 
rubbish.  His  instinctive  genius  for  selec- 
tion was  equally  marked  in  his  choice  of 
a  wife.  Susan  was  a  woman  both  of 
charm  and  sense,  with  a  natural  detesta- 
tion of  her  husband's  absorption  in  his 
"  sticks  and  -tones." 

Quinney,  however,  was  not  destined  to 
become,  as  at  one  time  seemed  likely, 
merely  an  inhuman  devotee  of  the  antique 
so  long  as  his  daughter  Posy  was  then; — 
a  presence  that  had  no  intention  of  being 
put  by.  Like  her  mother,  she  preferred 
"  persons  "  to  "  things/1  but,  unlike  her. 
she  possessed  sufficient  force  of  character 
to  make  her  father  respect  her  attitude. 


To  him  she  was  the  gem  of  his  collection, 
and  happily  for  both  he  makes  this  dis- 
covery in  time  to  prevent  Posy  mistaking 
a  sentimental  attraction  for  a  romantic 
affection. 

In  opening  her  eyes  to  the  true  nature 
of  the  scamp  who  has  taken  her  fancy, 
Quinney  finds  out  that  his  curios,  after  all, 
!  rank  second  to  his  wife  and  daughter. 

Mr.  Vachell  has  really  no  one  but  himself 
to  blame  if,  after  the  uncanny  knowledge 
he  displays  of  the  "  fakes  "  and  dodges 
in  the  antique  dealer's  trade,  he  finds  him- 
self deluged  with  rjetitions  for  advice  and 
assistance  from  those  who  would  like  to 
feel  sure  that  this  time  they  have  got  hold 
of  "  a  good  thing."  He  claims  for  his 
book  that  it  is  a  "  veracious  chronicle  " — 
a  claim  which  the  reviewer,  not  an  expert 
in  old  china  and  furniture,  does  not  dis- 
pute. Mr .x Vachell  has  certainly  earned  the 
thanks  of  the  public  for  enlightening  their 
ignorance  in  so  thoroughly  readable  a  way. 


Shop   Girls.     By   Arthur   Applin.     (Mills 
&  Boon,  65.) 

Mr.  Applin  has  written  a  remarkably 
clever,  but  extremely  improbable  story. 
We  like  everything  but  the  conclusion, 
which  is  so  unconvincing  that  it  mars 
what  otherwise  might  have  been  an  admir- 
able book.  The  principal  character  is  a 
Mr.  Lobb,  a  superman  of  commerce  and 
the  new  universal  provider,  who  regards 
both  the  world  and  its  workers  as  so  much 
raw  material  designed  to  contribute  to 
his  power  and  wealth.  In  the  great 
emporium  wiiere  he  rules  like  an  absolute 
monarch  he  treats  his  staff  as  an  engineer 
treats  a  complicated  piece  of  machinery. 
His  philosophy  elevates  order  to  a  divine 
science,  while  he  regards  humanity  as  a 
kind  of  superfluous  abstraction.  Lobb  is 
the  apotheosis  of  success,  the  commercial 
melting-pot  which  eats  up  life  like  a 
destroying  pestilence.  Into  the  vortex 
of  the  stores  comes  a  girl  who  refuses  to 
bow  to  his  will,  and  then,  when  we  prepare 
for  what  should  be  the  logical  ending,  the 
book  disappoints  as. 


The  Marriage  Tie.     By  Wilkinson  Sherren.  ; 
(( rrant  Richards,  6*.) 

Tin;  author  has  less  to  relate  about 
marriage  than  the  title  indicates,  for  the 
story  primarily  concerns  Tellson's  Print- 
ing Works,  their  Puritan  proprietor,  and 
his  two  sons  :  the  one  a  bully,  who  drives 
the  workmen   into  revolt  ;    and   the  other 

a  dreamer  of  dreams,  and  in  man\  respects 
an  "unmitigated  ass";  and,  lastly,  a 
young  lady  who  has  progressive  opinions, 

and   w  as  born  out  of  wedlock. 

These    ingredients  —  with    illegitimacy 

1  to  the  fore        lead  to  a    somewhat   preten- 


tious and  unconvincing  story  in  which, 
after  quite  unnecessary  delay,  the  heroine 
marries  the  priggish  younger  brother.  The 
book  is  redeemed  by  some  admirable  poli- 
tical philosophy  as  to  the  relations  of 
master  and  man,  and  an  excellent  account 
of  a  contested  provincial  election.  We 
question,  however,  the  taste  of  introducing 
contemporary  personages  into  a  work  of 
fiction,  also  the  pen-picture  of  the  National 
Liberal  Club.  Mr.  Sherren's  characters 
are  not  true  to  life,  and  his  story,  as  a 
story,  is  dull.  But  his  description  of  the 
printer's  craft  and  the  running  of  the 
works  is  evidently  drawn  from  technical 
knowledge. 

We  presume  that  Mr.  Sherren  can  and 
will  do  much  better  work,  if  only  he 
can  learn  to  bring  his  fiction  up  to  the 
level  of  his  knowledge  of  certain  aspects 
of  life. 


This  Man    and    this   Woman.     By  Lady 
Troubridge.     (Eveleigh  Nash,  65.) 

Here  we  have  a  picture  of  London 
Society  of  an  entirely  unconvincing 
nature.  The  atmosphere  is  correct, 
the  speech  of  the  characters  reasonably 
faultless,  but  their  deeds  are  unreal  and 
indefinite.  We  seem  to  be  watching  a 
set  of  actors  who,  wrord-perfect  and  well 
trained,  are  presenting  a  somewhat  colour- 
less play.  The  majority  of  them  have 
titles — which  is  a  useful  feature  in  the 
modern  fiction  market — but  they  have 
very  little  temperament.  We  are  re- 
minded of  a  phrase  applied  by  a  French 
art  critic  to  a  jest  of  Whistler's  :  '  Une 
frequentation  casaniere  et  Active  des 
Puissances." 


Boding  Rectory.     By  Archibald  Marshall. 
(Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Life  in  a  small  country  town,  especially 
as  viewed  in  the  conflicting  interests  of 
church  and  chapel,  is  Mr.  Marshall's 
theme.  He  holds  the  balance  fairly 
between  the  two,  since,  if  his  saintly  Non- 
conformist is  some  way  above  the  comfort- 
able Elector,  their  wives  reduce  the 
difference.  The  story  concerns  two  scan- 
dals of  illegitimate  birth.  The  introduc- 
tion of  the  second  comes  on  us  rather 
suddenly  more  than  half-way  through  the 
book,  and  changes  the  centre  of  interest 
to  the  rectory.  .Near  the  end  a  marriage, 
combining  the  rival  religious  interests,  in 
in  prospect,  but   .Mr.  Marshall,  with  the 

restraint   of  an  aiti>t.   prefers  to  leave  the. 
proposal    ami    acceptance    to    lie    guessed 

by  the  reader,  and  shifts  the  interest  to 

another  character. 

Touches  of  observation  and  character 
in  the  book  are  abundant,  but  Mr.  Mar- 
Bhall's     deliberate     methods     are     apt     to 


870 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  June  20,  1914 


clog  his  narrative  and,  perhaps,  to  leave 
him  insufficient  room  to  develope  his 
material.  Thus  the  fortunes  of  the  pair 
concerned  in  the  first  scandal  are  not 
developed,  as  one  might  expect. 

Mr.  Marshall  has  given  us,  at  any  rate, 
striking  portraits  of  the  hard,  dissenting 
tradesman  and  of  the  fussy  Church- 
woman,  who  is  full  of  good  works  and 
gossip,  but  lacks  charity. 


Entertaining  Jane.  By  Millicent  Heath- 
cote.  (Mills  &  Boon,  6s.) 
"  Entertaining  Jane  "  meets  the  right 
man  by  accident  when  visiting  London 
in  search  of  a  place  as  companion.  Destiny, 
not  content  with  depriving  her  of  the 
said  place,  whisks  her  away  from  him  and 
into  a  hydro,  where  she  has  to  entertain 
the  guests.  Only  after  many  trials  and 
difficulties  does  she  come  into  her  own 
again,  and  find  happiness  in  wedlock. 

The  diverse  incidents  and  accidents  are 
well  recounted,  and  the  atmosphere  of 
the  hydro  is  vividly  portrayed  in  all  its 
middle-class  distastefulness.  Emotion — 
or  rather  emotionalism — is  apt  to  prevail, 
but  is,  on  the  whole,  sufficiently  counter- 
acted by  amusement. 


Fair  Haven  and  Foul  Strand.     By  August 
Strindberg.     (T.  Werner  Laurie,  6s.) 

In  the  interests  of  Scandinavia,  it  is  to  be 
profoundly  hoped  that  the  unhappy  men 
and  women  in  this  volume  by  August 
Strindberg  do  not  by  any  means  represent 
the  average  Swede  and  Norwegian.  The 
misery  they  endure  from  their  lack  of  one 
great  guiding  principle,  and  the  misery 
they  cause  by  their  unreasoning  and  un- 
reasonable sensitiveness  and  extraordin- 
ary egotism,  must  be  read  to  be  realized. 
Strindberg  depicts  happiness  in  married 
life  as  a  vain  delusion,  or  of  so  extremely 
perishable  a  nature  that  it  never  outlasts 
the  honeymoon.  The  comradeship  which 
one  would  expect  to  follow  on  the  decay 
of  passion  between  true  lovers  is,  in  his 
opinion,  not  possible  between  a  man  and 
a  woman — it  must  either  be  hatred  or 
love,  or  rather  both  at  once.  It  is  this 
constant  attraction  and  repulsion  of  the 
sexes  which  gives  him  the  theme  for  his 
argument,  and  with  the  egotistical  types 
he  selects  the  repulsion  is  the  more  lasting 
force. 

There  is  no  common  ground  of  mutual 
interests,  tasks,  mental  or  moral  outlook 
between  his  couples ;  we  always  see 
antagonistic  beings  united  by  a  bond 
which  they  do  not  understand,  and  which 
galls  them  beyond  endurance  whenever  it 
imposes  the  slightest  restraint  upon  "  the 
struggle  of  the  ego  for  self-justification." 
The  reason  alleged  by  one  of  his  characters 
for  this  wretched  state  of  affairs  is  that 

"  the  unhappiness  in  most  marriages  arises 
from  the  fact  that  people  persuade  the 
married  pair  that  they  will  find  absolute 
happiness  in  marriage,  whereas  happiness  is 
not  to  be  found  in  life  at  all." 

Nor  does  friendship  supply  here  any 
good  reason  for  greater  hopefulness.     A 


noteworthy  fact  is  the  hostile  attitude 
assumed  by  all  those  who,  before  the 
marriage  of  a  couple,  were  apparently 
good  friends  to  them,  but  who,  on  the 
first  hint  that  all  was  not  going  smoothly, 
turned  the  cold  shoulder,  and  did  not 
attempt  to  conceal  their  sneers.  One 
wonders  if  Strindberg  ever  experienced 
from  a  friend  of  either  sex  the  charity 
that  hopeth  and  endurethall  things,  for  no 
steadfast  friendship  or  self-sacrificing  love 
lightens  the  gloom  of  his  pages. 

At  the  same  time,  we  must  recollect 
that  analysis,  even  destructive,  is  an 
instinct  inbred  in  the  Scandinavian  school. 
Ibsen  was  always  pulling  life  to  pieces  to 
see  what  it  was  made  of — much  as  a  child 
analyzes  a  watch.  The  results  of  such 
over-manipulation  naturally  invite  dis- 
aster. 


The   Money  Hunt.     By  Kineton  Parkes. 
(Holden  &  Hardingham,  6s.) 

This  slight,  chatty,  but  not  unpleas- 
ing  sketch  of  social  life  in  a  Midland 
county  has  but  little  incident  or  actual 
"  movement  "  ;  we  cannot,  indeed,  call 
the  book  a  story  so  much  as  a  series  of 
sketches  of  various  characters — a  port- 
folio, as  it  were,  of  sketches  drawn  in 
a  country  house.  The  sketch  of  Lord 
Courtville  —  "undersized  and  overexer- 
cised,"  kept  to  a  strict,  dull  regime  of 
temperance  and  physical  development  by 
his  mother  and  his  valet — is  quite  good. 

We  are  not — indeed,  we  do  not  feel 
that  we  need  be — convinced,  or  thrilled, 
or  "  improved,"  but  the  "  portfolio  "  is 
quite  worth  turning  over  during  an  idle 
hour.  The  author  should  not,  however, 
tell  us  at  such  length  exactly  what  wines, 
beers,  and  spirituous  liquors  his  various 
personages  imbibe  at  this  or  that  hour 
of  the  day.  It  is  unnecessary,  and  sug- 
gestive of  the  record  of  the  publican's 
score  against  his  clients. 


Private    Affairs.     By    Charles    McEvoy. 
(Everett,  6s.) 

The  author  has  selected  an  unconvincing 
theme,  and  the  end  of  it  brings  his  penalty. 
He  "  presents  " — we  may  safely  use  the 
theatrical  word — a  middle-class  damsel  of 
the  Further  Bayswater  region  as  leaping 
to  fame  and  40Z.  a  week  in  a  great  theatre, 
then  meeting  a  noble  lord  whom  she 
ought  to  marry  but  does  not  owing  to 
an  "  amourette  "  with  his  impresario. 

This  theatrical  debut  is  taken  for 
granted  in  most  airy  fashion  ;  and  the  love- 
episode  with  the  young  man  is  treated 
most  casually.  It  is  apparently  quite  a 
harmless  affair,  but  the  author  leaves  it 
open  for  the  reader  to  make  any  inference. 
He  might  just  as  well  have  been  clear  on 
the  point. 

The  best  part  of  the  book  is  the  analysis 
of  the  girl's  own  family.  This  shows 
insight  and  careful  study.  Mr.  McEvoy 
knows  how  to  draw  a  portrait,  but  he 
takes    unconscionable    liberties    with    his 


background  and  setting.  To  go  back  to 
an  ancient  guide,  had  he  studied  his 
Quintilian,  particularly  the  passage 
about  "  dispositio  et  inventio,"  he 
might  have  produced  a  book  worth  read- 
ing  and   even  re-reading. 


Barbara  &  Company.     By  W.  E.  Norris. 
(Constable  &  Co.,  6s.)  ' 

In  a  world-weary  kind  of  way,  as  of  an 
onlooker  at  life  and  lost  youth,  the  bio- 
grapher of  Barbara  tells  of  her  match- 
making efforts  on  behalf  of  her  young 
friends.  Barbara  is  an  unmarried  lady  in 
society,  whose  own  romance  was  spoilt  in 
youth  by  the  death  of  her  lover,  but  whose 
sympathy  for  all  lovers  induces  her  to 
help  on  as  many  marriages  as  seem  to  her 
to  be  blocked  by  irate  parents,  lack  of 
means,  or  misunderstandings  between  the 
interesting  pair.  None  of  the  stories  calls 
for  any  comment,  as  they  are  all  of  a 
commonplace  description,  nor  does  the 
figure  of  Uncle  Richard,  a  drunken 
ne'er-do-well,  on  whom  Barbara  bestows 
both  time  and  money,  strike  us  as  im- 
pressive. 


Transition :  a  Psychological  Romance. 
By  Lucv  Re-Bartlett.  (Longmans 
&  Co.) 

The  author  is  happy  hi  her  treatment  of 
perhaps  the  most  prominent — and  cer- 
tainly most  criticized — movement  of  the 
present  day.  She  is  delicate  and  restrained, 
and  where  she  might  have  depicted  only 
fanaticism  she  succeeds  in  maintaining  an 
atmosphere  of  calm  reason.  She  suggests 
in  a  convincing  maimer  the  spiritual  force 
which  is  the  driving  power  behind  a 
great  movement.  The  characters  reflect 
her  point  of  view,  and  support  her  con- 
demnation of  the  popular  idea  that  the 
disciples  of  extraordinary  causes  (Militant 
Suffragism  in  this  case)  are  necessarily 
extraordinary  in  their  daily  lives.  They 
are  pictured  as  sane  people,  devoid  of 
eccentricities,  but  with  creeds  formed  by 
the  workings  of  the  "  spirit  of  a  new  age  " 
and  the  comprehension  of  truths  not 
grasped  by  a  previous  generation. 

The  book  is  described  as  a  "  psycho- 
logical romance."  In  its  entirety  it 
justifies  its  claim  to  that  title,  but  it  is 
to  be  deplored  that  the  author  occasionally 
lapses  into  phraseology  reminiscent  of 
cheap  textbooks  upon  psychology.  It  is 
the  subtle  portraying  of  emotion,  and  the 
insight  into  spiritual  workings  which 
make  the  work  "  psychological,"  not  the 
phrases.  The  author  herself  in  the  Pre- 
face forestalls  the  inevitable  criticism  of 
the  book  by  saying  that 

"  alongside  of  my  myst  cal  people  are  needed 
characters  of  a  different  type  to  bring  in  the 
necessary  light  and  shade,  and  make  the 
story  seem  the  real  life  which  it  is." 

It  is  a  book  full  of  stimulating  food  for 
thought,  which  people  of  varying  shades 
of  opinion  will  find  free  from  offence. 


Supplement,  June  20,  1914] 


THE  ATH  E  N  JR  U  M 


-S71 


TRIALS    AND    DEVELOPMENTS. 

^4  Child  >(•>)>(  Forth.     By  Yoi  Pawlowska. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.,  5a.  net.) 

This  is  the  record  of  a  child's  life  and 
impressions,  written  by  one  who  has  either 
\  ivid  recollections  of  her  own  childhood 
or  a  fine  gift  for  reading  the  heart  and 
mind  of  a  child.  The  tale  opens  with  the 
birth  of  Anna,  a  little  Hungarian  girl,  in 
a  remote  Hungarian  village.  Her  father 
and  mother  belonged  to  the  ruling  class, 
but  Anna  loves,  and  is  beloved,  by  the 
peasant  people.  Her  father  wishes  her 
to  grow  up  fearless  and  steady  of  nerve, 
so  has  her  framed  as  much  like  a  boy  as 
possible,  which  accords  well  with  Anna's 
love  of  wandering  and  capacity  for  getting 
into  scrapes.  We  read  of  life  in  a  moun- 
tain village  ;  the  gipsy  dances,  fairs,  and 
harvest  festivals  ;  visits  to  old  women, 
and  early  days  at  school — all  presented  as 
they  appear  to  a  child  of  warm  imagina- 
tion and  quick  sympathies,  with  the  super- 
stition and  legendary  lore  of  a  wild  race 
at  the  back  of  her  mind. 

Strange  customs  and  beliefs  crop  up 
occasionally,  some  of  which  Anna  dis- 
covers to  be  false  for  herself ;  as,  for 
instance,  when  her  nurse  tells  her  that 
M  if  one  child  jumps  over  another,  the  one 
that  is  jumped  over  will  never  grow." 
Anna  puts  this  to  the  test  by  jumping 
three  times  in  rapid  succession  over  her 
baby  brother,  and  is  able  to  report  to  a 
sympathetic  listener  that  her  nurse  was 
quite  wrong,  as  John  continues  to  grow 
and  flourish. 

A  circumstance  which  bears  witness  to 
the  love  of  home  among  these  primitive 
people  occurs  when  Anna  is  being  sent 
away  to  school  in  England.  Just  as  she 
is  leaving.  Maria,  the  cook,  rushes  forward 
and  puts  into  Annas  hand  "  a  very  small 
blue  linen  bag.  *  I  forgot  to  give  you  this 
List  night.  It  is  Hungarian  earth,  to  be 
put  into  your  coffin  in  case  you  die  in  a 
strange  land.' 

Children  will  enjoy  this  story  of  a  Hun- 
garian child.  They  will  not  fail  to  appre- 
ciate the  humanity  of  it.  as  well  as  the 
simplicity  of  its  telling. 


The  Anvil.     Bv  Lilith  Hope.     (Chapman 
&  Hall,  6a. 

In  a  book  which  deserves  credit  for  the 
clever  character-drawing  of  its  women, 
and  a  steady  march  of  events  which  do  not 
step  outside  the  bounds  of  probability, 
the  author  traces  the  development  of  Lola. 
a  girl  of  mixed  Spanish  and  English  an- 
cestry. Her  beauty  and  talent  for  dancing 
are  the  means  by  which  she  hopes  to  gain 
the  wealth  and  ease  she  longs  for,  but  her 
coquetry  and  love  of  admiration  lead  her 
into  trouble.  When  at  last  she  falls  in 
love  in  grim  earnest,  her  past  flirtations 
insist  on  their  day  of  reckoning,  and  the 
cousin  who  has  up  till  then  befriended  her 
feels  obliged  to  send  her  back  to  the  con- 
vent of  her  schooldays.  Instead  of  re- 
turning to  the  care  of  the  nuns,  however, 
Lola  a>ks  help  of  a  girl  friend  who  is 
managere>>:   of   a   school   of    languages    in 


Germany.  This  young  woman.  Bee  Lamb, 
is  outspoken  in  her  condemnation  of  Lola's 
behaviour,  but.  nevertheless,  invites  her 
to  come  out  to  Berlin  and  earn  her  own 
living  as  assistant  mistress. 

Under  Bee's  sturdy  and  sympathetic 
influence  Lola's  better  nature  develops 
with  rapid  strides. 

The  chapters  dealing  with  the  girl's 
struggles  against  German  bureaucracy  are 
full  of  interest,  and  not  less  so  is  the 
recital  of  Lola's  solitary  light  for  existence 
in  Berlin  after  Bee  leaves  to  be  married, 
concluding  with  her  dramatic  escape  from 
the  snares  of  a  White  Slaver. 

The  contrast  in  the  characters  of  Bee 
and  Lola,  both  in  their  way  sharp  of  tongue, 
but  full  of  grit  in  an  emergency,  is  well 
done.  The  villain,  too,  is  drawn  in  a  way 
which  thoroughly  convinces  one  of  his 
meanness  and  vindictiveness  ;  but,  with 
this  exception,  the  other  masculine  figures 
are  somewhat  vague  in  their  outline,  Lola's 
lover  being  little  more  than  a  dummy. 


Th e  Lily  and  the  Rose .    By  G .  De  Va u v ia rd . 
(Alston  Rivers,  6s.) 

The  dominating  character  in  this  story  is 
Lesbia,  an  up-to-date  "  Lady  Hamilton  " 
— the  embodiment  of  that  lady's  charming 
seductiveness  and  lack  of  restraint.  She 
lives  with  her  old  mother  in  a  tobacco 
shop  in  Long  Acre.  Eunice,  the  daughter 
of  her  unhappy  early  marriage  with  a 
ne'er-do-well,  had  been  given  to  a  strait- 
laced  aunt  to  bring  up.  Through  the 
death  of  her  aunt  Eunice  is  cast  upon  the 
world,  and  by  an  extraordinary  freak  of 
fortune  finds  herself  reunited  to  her 
mother,  whose  monetary  affairs  are  in 
desperate  straits.  To  remedy  this  Lesbia. 
in  partnership  with  a  shady  Count  of 
unspeakable  extraction,  turns  her  house 
into  a  fashionable  gambling  saloon.  The 
contrast  between  the  soulless,  artificial 
beauty  and  her  innocent,  lovable  little 
daughter,  and  their  intercourse  with 
various  men,  who  visit  Lesbia  from  love 
or  inquisitivcness,  afford  matter  for  a 
lengthy  plot  full  of  interest. 


A    Shameful    Inheritance.     Bv   Katharine 

Tynan.  (Cassell  &  Co.,  6a.) 
The  author  can  always  be  depended 
upon  to  make  out  the  best  possible  case 
for  an  erring  human  being  :  in  this  instance 
Millie  Luttrell.  a  young  married  woman 
who  steals  the  sapphire  necklace  of  a 
friend  to  pay  her  gambling  debts. 

The  sympathy  which  the  author  would 
fain  arouse  for  a  woman  who.  in  spite  of 
the  early  picture  of  her  heart lessness  and 
frivolity,  is  later  represented  as  a  pattern 
of  maternal  devotion,  is  somewhat  nullified 
bv  the  ueedlessness  of  her  self-effacement. 
Her  friends,  with  the  exception  of  her 
brother-in-law  .  were  prepared  to  forgive 
and     forget     everything.       Indeed,    they 

appear  to  show  an  indulgence  which  in 

one  respect  was  not  entirely  fortunate. 
One  cannot  escape  the  conviction  that 
Millie  obtained  a  certain  amount  of 
satisfaction     out      of      her      Self-imposed 


martyrdom,  and  that,  like  the  majority 
of  self-constituted  martyrs,  she  was  ;i 
coward  at  heart,  choosing  rather  to 
select  her  own  punishment  than  to  bear 
the  humiliation  of  forgiveness  from  her 
friends. 

The    Hour   of   Conflict.      Bv    A.    Hamilton 
Gibbs.      (Stanley  Paul  &  Co..  6a.) 

Mr.  GlBBS  has— shall  we  say? — wasted 
a  good  deal  of  intelligent  and  realistic- 
observation  on  an  inadequate  story. 
He  has  studied  his  characters  well  :  they 
are  sufficiently  ably  drawn,  they  speak 
and  act  as  they  should,  but  they  do  not 
do  anything.  In  the  words  of  Mr.  Raven- 
hill  :— 

"  Your  'ands  is  right  and  your  feet  is  right . 
but  your  faces  haint  got  that  look  of  melan- 
choly the  corpse's  friends  ud  look  for,  and 
the  corpse  'isself  ave  a  right  to  expect." 

The  story  of  a  girl  seduced,  her  sup- 
posed suicide,  the  obsession  of  her  lover 
to  such  a  point  that  eventually  he  tries 
to  kill  himself,  then  (finding  her  alive) 
marries  her — that  is  very  well  in  its  way. 
as  a  story  ;  it  could  easily  be  put  into, 
say,  ten  thousand  words.  But  the  very 
careful  studv  of  the  man  and  the  girl 
and  the  many  other  characters  who 
appear,  takes  away  the  proportion  and 
leads  us  to  expect  more. 

We  mention  this  because  it  seems  to 
us  to  be  a  deplorable  tendency  of  to-day 
to  leave  work  unfinished.  The  average 
novelist — and  how  vast  in  quantity  is 
that  average  ! — thinks  that  either  a  story 
or  a  study  can  suffice,  forgets  that  the 
two  should  be  combined.  It  means 
work — hard  work  in  plenty,  but  why  not 
face  that  l  Novel-writing  should  be  an 
art  ;    why  reduce  it  to  a  mere  trick  '. 


A  Woman  of  To-Day .     By  M.  L.     Nutt. 

Mrs.  Nutt's  study  of  the  temperament 
of  a  modern  thinking  woman  is  so  good 
that  we  are  tempted  to  wonder  whether 
she  has  not  built  even  better  than  she  is 
aware  of.  We  are  led  to  think  ><< 
by  such  phrases  as  "Like  all  men 
before  him,  he  had  denied  woman  an 
individual  mind  and  soul,"  which  shows 
her  incapable  of  employing  as  judicial  a 
temper  when  speaking  of  men  as  she 
does  when  speaking  of  women.  Of  the 
latter  sex  she  depicts  ably  the  awaken 
ing  spirit,  and  shows  how  the  modern 
woman,  while  capable  of  establishing  a 

balance  between  heart  and  head,  is  still 
apt  to  have  that  balance  rudely  disturbed 
by  very  insufficient  causes.  We  shall  not 
attempt    to    give   any   further  idea  of    the 

story  hut  only  add  that  all  thinking  readers 
will  find  much  to  appreciate  in  it. 


The    Maze.     By    A.    L.    Stewart.     (John 
Long.  6a.) 

If  one  can  accept  improbability  and  an 
extra  long  arm  of  coincidence  in  the 
framework  of  a  novel,  this  one  will 
serve  t<>  while  away  a  passing  hour.  It 
concerns  the  love-story  of  a  prima  donna 
who  marries  her  protege,  a  young  violinist. 


«S72 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


[Supplement,  Jine  20,   1914 


The  inevitable  clash  of  interests  and  out- 
look, due  in  this  case  to  the  mating  of  May 
and  December,  helps  to  unfold  a  not  un- 
interesting story.  At  least  the  conclusion 
is  satisfactory,  if  not  logical.  In  writing 
of  music  the  author's  judgments  appear 
to  us  to  lack  discrimination  ;  for  instance, 
we  are  told  that  "  the  opera  '  Louise  '  is 
second  to  none  for  sheer  human  feeling 
and  interest." 

The  Crowning  Glory.     By  E.  R.  Punshon. 
(Hodcler  &  Stoughton,  6s.) 

This  is  mainly  a  delineation  of  three 
widely  differing  characters.  Sophia  Ree, 
a  typist  in  a  stockbroker's  office,  is  pro- 
moted— by  the  author — to  the  position  of 
one  of  the  largest  shareholders  in  a  com- 
pany that  is  "booming"  rubber,  to  the 
chagrin  of  her  employers,  who  are  horrified 
at  the  idea  of  a  woman  achieving  such 
eminence.  But  she  justifies  herself — even 
after  her  marriage — by  plunging  even 
more  heavily  on  the  Stock  Exchange,  in 
the  hope  of  rivalling  men  in  the  search  for 
millions.  She  succeeds,  only  to  lose  the 
more  heavily  ;  but  her  adventures  and 
general  activity  of  mind  are  interesting 
reading. 

The  second  character,  Gladys  Hilton, 
her  friend,  is  a  girl  with  few  ideas  in  her 
head,  but  a  reputation  for  cleverness 
from  her  ability  to  speak  French  and 
German  ;  this  reputation  leads  her  to 
attend  Woman's  Suffrage  meetings.  But 
it  is  no  more  than  reputation.  The  real 
facts  of  life  are  too  much  for  her,  and  she 
meets  with  one  mishap  after  another : 
she  is  actually  selling  bootlaces  on  the 
Embankment,  when  a  former  lover  (re- 
jected on  the  score  of  the  humdrum 
prospects  he  offered)  comes  to  her  rescue. 

The  third  character,  Sophia's  twin 
sister  Judith,  plays  a  somewhat  puzzling 
part,  psychic  and  spectral ;  at  any  rate, 
she  intervenes  on  one  occasion  in  the 
manner  of  an  "  astral  body  "  ex  machina, 
and  thereby  prevents  a  tragedy.  The 
author  leaves  all  solution  and  explanation 
to  the  reader,  but  does  certainly  succeed 
in  conveying  the  impression  of  the  atmo- 
sphere in  which  he  is  dealing. 

The  three  girl  characters  are  adequately 
portrayed  ;  but  Ave  are  left  to  wonder  how 
far  "  The  Crowning  Glory  "  is  supposed 
to  have  been  achieved  by  each  of  them. 


iJo-se  of  Old  Harpeth.     By  Maria  Thompson 

Davies.  (R.T.S.,  65.) 
A  simple,  unambitious  story  of  a  college 
girl  who  forgoes  prospects  and  ambition 
to  return  to  an  American  old-world 
settlement  occupied  chiefly  by  her  aged 
relatives,  most  of  whom  are  in  financial 
straits.  An  eleventh-hour  rescue  of  the 
old  folk  from  ruin  by  a  young  mining 
surveyor  introduces  a  charming  love- 
story. 

The  author  has  not  striven  after  elabora- 
tion of  effects.  The  simple,  unenterprising 
•end  which  she  set  out  to  attain  she  has 
achieved,  and  she  has  succeeded  in 
investing  the  story  with  homely  humour 
and  sentiment. 


Broke    of    Covenden.     By    J.    C.    Snaith. 
(Constable  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Whatever  of  excision  or  of  addition  has 
gone  to  the  reissuing  of  this  work,  which 
was  first  published  in  1906,  Ave  have  no 
hesitation  in  acclaiming  its  appearance. 
Unless  it  has  been  much  remodelled,  Ave 
should  say  it  is  more  in  date  to-day  than 
it  ever  Avas  before,  recording  as  it  does  the 
life-story  of  a  Victorian  squire  Avho  Avas  a 
human  survival  of  feudalism  and  Avhom 
Fate  had  to  break  because  he  Avould  not 
bend.  We  must  at  once  recommend  any 
reader  to  reserve  all  but  the  first  page  of  the 
Preface  for  after-consumption — if  consume 
it  he  or  she  must.  If  the  Olympian  gods 
did  laugh,  as  the  author  suggests,  at  the 
tragedy  that  came  of  a  man  failing  to 
recognize  the  mutability  of  earthly  things, 
then  they  were  not  so  much  Avorth  scarify- 
ing as  are  Shavian  audiences.  Even  human 
creatures  are  learning  that  to  sneer  is  the 
mark  of  a  degradation  far  beloAv  the  level 
of  the  four-footed  animal,  while  sympathy 
is  an  attribute  of  the  highest.  But  enough 
of  the  Preface  !  it  is  the  book  that  matters. 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  in  far-off 
days  students  in  search  of  records  deal- 
ing with  Avhat  is  particularly  a  transitional 
period— the  early  tAventieth  century — 
will  read  this  book  with  at  least  some  of 
the  gusto  with  which  Ave  to-day  turn 
baok  to  Dickens.  It  would  take  us  far 
too  long  to  note  in  detail  the  many 
things  to  which  our  appreciation  is  due, 
but  Ave  must  remark  on  the  author's 
intuitive  faculty  for  appreciating  human 
frailties  and  the  grandeur  Avhich  refuses 
submission  so  long.  Since  the  picture  of 
the  old  industrial  order  in  Mr.  Galsworthy's 
'  Strife  '  Ave  have  had  no  such  portrait  of 
a  social  survival.  The  breaking  away  from 
the  squire  of  his  son  and  youngest  daughter, 
and  the  staunch  support  of  his  remaining 
four  daughter  retainers,  are  admirable. 
Best  of  all  is  the  delineation  of  the  wife, 
though  a  woman  so  sane  as  toA7alue  poAver 
"  less  as  a  mere  possession  than  for  what 
it  could  do,"  might  get  beyond  the  ATerdict, 
"If  ever  Avomen  cease  to  be  patient  then 
Avill  perish  the  only  hope  remaining  to  the 
Avorld."  The  ending,  Ave  regret  to  say,  is 
given  up  to  mere  sentimentalism,  and  the 
last  chapters,  with  the  Preface,  make  the 
novel  over  long. 

Johnnie    Maddison.     By    John    Haslette. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co./ 6s.) 

It  was  fortunate  for  Molly  Hatherell,  the 
heroine  of  this  romance,  that  her  Avedding 
was  twice  postponed,  as  the  first  delay 
Avas  not  sufficient  to  open  her  e}Tes  to 
the  true  character  of  her  lukewarm 
lover.  The  problem  which  faced  her 
friends  was  whether  or  not  it  Avas  their 
duty  to  enlighten  her  on  the  subject  of 
his  gambling  propensities  ;  but  with  one 
exception  they  decided  to  conceal  it,  in 
the  hope  that  matrimony  Avould  Avork  his 
reformation.  The  one  man  Avhose  anxiety 
for  her  future  happiness  conquers  his 
reluctance  to  "  split  "  on  a  comrade  is 
Johnnie  Maddison,  a  character- sketch  on 
which  the  author  has  bestOAved  great  care, 
Avith     good     results.     Complications     are 


introduced  by  the  fact  that  Maddison  also 
loves  the  girl,  and  realizes  that  his 
motives  are  likely  to  be  misconstrued. 
As  might  have  been  expected,  Molly 
indignantly  refuses  to  hear  anything 
against  her  lover,  and  not  till  he  is  con- 
victed of  misappropriating  his  empkn'er's 
money  to  pay  his  debts  is  the  truth  forced 
home  upon  her. 

With  Johnnie's  assistance  the  defaulter 
escapes,  both  from  the  police  and  from 
the  hands  of  enemies  who  haA^e  a  grudge 
to  settle  with  him,  and  Avho  thereupon 
Avreak  their  revenge  on  Maddison  for  his 
interference  with  their  plans.  As  may  be 
surmised,  the  conclusion  holds  out  hope 
of  a  third  attempt  at  a  wedding,  with  a 
change  of  bridegroom. 

Though  Mr.  Haslette  has  not  attempted 
anything  A*ery  ambitious  in  '  Johnnie 
Maddison,'  he  has  successfully  drawn  a 
group  of  pleasant  portraits,  and  given  a 
reasonable  air  to  the  incidents  connected 
with  them.  The  plot  is  laid  among  the 
plateaux  of  South  America,  amid  an 
atmosphere  of  mule-tracks,  adobe  huts, 
scrub,  and  mountain  scenery. 


ROMANCE    AND    FANCY. 

The  Lost  Tribes.     By  George  A.  Birming- 
ham.    (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  6s. ) 

It  is  part  of  the  author's  satire  against 
the  commonly  conceived  nature  of  the 
Irish  to  present  them  in  his  books  as 
intensely  serious  in  character,  incapable  of 
seeing  the  humorous  side  of  the  Avell- 
meaning  reformer  Avhose  blundering 
schemes  usually  form  the  subject-matter 
of  his  novels. 

The  reformer  in  this  case  is  an  American 
AvidoAv,  who  comes  OA"er  to  Ireland  with 
the  intention  of  making  acquaintance  with 
some  relatives  ofy  her  husband,  and  un- 
earthing if  possible  some  data  for  his 
belief  that  Ireland  is  the  home  of  the  Lost 
Tribes  of  Israel. 

She  finds  a  brother-in-law  and  a  niece 
in  the  peaceful,  not  to  say  indolent 
village  of  Druminawona,  and  her  first 
sight  of  some  of  the  inhabitants  confirms 
her  in  her  suppositions  about  their  Israelit- 
ish  descent.  Her  plan  for  "  speeding  up  " 
DruminaAvona  takes  the  form  of  an 
endeavour  to  get  up  a  Miracle  play,  a 
scheme  in  which  she  enlists  the  unwilling 
support  of  her  easygoing  brother-in-law, 
Mervyn,  and  the  parish  priest.  Father 
Roche,  Avho  thinks  he  sees  in  it  a  way  of 
inducing  some  much-needed  dollars  to 
pour  into  the  A'illage. 

As  her  plans  unfold,  both  clergymen 
get  alarmed  at  the  thought  of  what  their 
bishops  Avill  say,  and  endeaAOur  by 
many  laughable  expedients  to  divert  her 
mind,  but  without  much  success.  At  last, 
the  energetic  widow  herself  begins  to  see 
the  hopelessness  of  trying  to  instil  energy 
into  a  nation  of  such  born  "  slackers,"  and 
devotes  her  attention  instead  to  the  matri- 
monial future  of  Delia,  her  niece,  the 
results  in  this  case  amply  rewarding  her 
efforts. 

The  matter-of-fact  love-affairs  of  Onny 
Delia's    handmaiden    should    dispel    any 


Supplement,  June  20,  1914] 


T  1 1  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  31 


,S7:{ 


Bering  illusions  as  to  the  romantic' 
mysticism  which  many  consider  the  natural 
heritage  of  the  untutored  Celt,     George  A. 

Birmingham's  way  of  making  fun  of 
such  believers  is  so  genial  and  good- 
natured  that  they  will  not  be  able  to 
refrain  from  joining  in  the  laugh  against 
themselves. 

Madcap.     By  George  Gibb.     (Appletons.) 

Mr.  Gibb  traces  the  transition  of  an 
American — Dollar  Girl,  shall  we  say  '. 
from  the  wearisome  complexity  of 
wealthy  life  to  the  simplicity  of  Nature, 
Arcadian  journeys  and  doings  and  feelings. 
She  meets  with  the  one  man  who  offers 
this  entire  change  from  her  life.  The 
difference,  and  the  excellence  of  it,  are 
brought  home  to  her  in  the  gay  surround- 
ings of  New  York,  in  the  Eure  and  Oise 
-country-side,  and  finally  in  New  York 
the  city,  and  she  chooses  his  life  in  pre- 
ference to  the  fevered  luxury  that  seemed 
to  be  her  normal  destiny. 

Mr.  Gibb  is  an  artist  in  every  way. 
His  characters  are  consistent  in  their 
speech  and  action,  and  his  descriptions  are 
admirable.  In  a  few  strokes  he  gives 
the  feeling  that  a  sunset  or  a  charming 
a-pect  of  wood  or  field  or  river  can  inspire 
in  an  acute  and  sympathetic  observer. 

But,  the  whole  book  through,  we  feel 
that  we  are  reading  an  idyll,  not  a  story 
of  life.  We  cannot  visualize  without  a 
twinge  the  casual,  idle  life — "  amateur," 
•even  in  its  most  strenuous  moments — 
of  these  overwhelmingly  wealthy  and 
luxurious  personages.  Hermia,  the  "  mad- 
cap "  heroine,  may  well  find  delight  and 
rest  in  her  pastoral  tour ;  it  is  simply 
A  question  of  momentary  dissatisfaction 
with  her  other  life,  a  sense  of  the  fascinat- 
ing novelty  of  simple  surroundings. 

Her  emotions,  and  the  emotions  of  the 
■other  characters  as  they  occur,  are  as 
the  fine  robes  that  an  actor  puts  on, 
wears  with  conviction  on  the  boards, 
and  doffs  without  a  sigh.  People  in  that 
position  can  so  easily  afford  to  have  what- 
ever emotions  they  like,  glad  or  sad  ; 
but  the  recital  of  these  only  serves  to 
mark  the  difference  between  emotion  and 
feeling,  between  life  as  it  is  lived  and  life 
worth  the  living — or  else  life  that  has  to 
be  lived.  It  is  as  though  we  listened  to 
the  loves  and  losses  of  a  butterfly. 

Much  as  we  may  admire  Mr.  Gibb's 
realism,  we  cannot  but  contrast  its 
picturescpue  light-heartedness  with  the 
many  sterner  pictures  this  world  offers  of 
reality. 

Maria.       By     Baroness      von      Hutten. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.,  fo.) 

This  book  may.  perhaps,  be  also  called 
idyllic;  at  least,  it  is  a  study  of  the  im- 
probable, so  coloured  as  to  resemble 
-ihility.  The  Anglo  -  German  prince 
Mho  loves  a  fair  maiden  (like  King  Cophe- 
tua,  except  that  she  i<  not  a  beggar)  and 
is  forced  to  renounce  her  by  the  exigencies 
of  high  politics  that  bestow  apon  him  the 
crown  ofSarmania,  has  figured  many  times 
in  fiction.  More  actuality  is  essayed  in 
the    portrayal    of    her    father,    hcloved    of 


many  famous  poets  and  great  men,  all  of 
whom  are  called  by  their  real  names. 

The  various  situations  and  develop- 
ments are  well  carried  off,  because 
Baroness  von  Hutten  possesses  excellent 
technique:  she  is  a  practised  writer,  and 
knows  how  to  make  her  characters  talk 
and  behave.  She  has  a  keen  eye  for  the 
avoidance  of  solecisms  and  barbarisms, 
and  a  fluent  pen  for  episodes  humorous  or 
impressive,  likewise  an  expert  sense  of 
social  atmosphere.  But  her  technique  is, 
as  a  rule,  too  apparent ;  there  is  too  much 
evidence  of  plan  and  purpose  in  the  book, 
and  so  the  story  itself  fails  on  the  whole  to 
convince  us. 


Cap'n    Dan's    Daughter.     By    Joseph    C. 
Lincoln.     (Appletons,  6s.) 

•  Cap'n  Dan's  Daughter  '  is  one  of  those 
pleasant,  detached  romances  in  which 
some  American  writers  are  such  adepts. 
Cap'n  Dan,  a  retired  seafaring  man  of 
simple  tastes,  inherits  a  fine  legacy,  and 
his  wife's  social  ambitions  involve  him 
in  all  the  discomfort  of  a  sojourn  in  a 
large  town.  The  eventual  disillusion  that 
sends  her  and  him  back  to  the  seaside 
village  where  they  had  lived  for  many 
contented  3rears  is  well  worked  out,  and 
the  many  characters  who  play  their  parts 
therein  are  drawn  with  a  light  and  agree- 
able touch  and  with  evident  accuracy. 
The  result  is  an  amusing  picture  of 
certain  phases  of  American  life,  town  and 
provincial. 

A    Gamble    for    Love.     By    Xat    Gould. 
(John  Long,  65.) 

Nat  Gould  is  the  Dumas  Pere  of  the  race- 
course—  for  quantity,  if  not  for  quality 
of  production.  He  has  his  own  recipe, 
as  for  this  or  that  world-renowned  sauce, 
'  borne  with  the  British  flag  through 
distant  lands,"  and  the  result  is  very  much 
the  same.  A  beauteous  lady,  millions  of 
money,  a  virtuous  young  racing  man,  one 
or  two  villains,  and,  of  course,  a  menagerie 
full  of  race-horses,  are  the  ingredients  to 
be  mixed  and  served. 

There  are  bad  people,  unduly  aesthetic 
in  their  tastes,  who  would  substitute  for 
'"  serve  "  Edward  Lear's  "  throw  out  of 
the  window  "  ;  but,  after  all,  Nat  Gould 
is  always  thoroughly  healthy  reading,  and 
Ik;  certainly  knows  how  to  describe  a  race. 
Here  he  gives  us  four,  which  is  good 
measure ;  but  in  other  respects  he  is 
tamer  than  usual:  the  villains  do  not 
really  do  anything.  They  ought  to  have 
carried  off  the  lovely  lady,  drugged  the 
hero,  and  "nobbled"  at  least  two  race- 
horses :  if  we  arc  to  have  excitement  let 
us  have  it  iu  abundance.  Mr.  Gould  docs 
not  give  us  our  money's  worth. 


Under  I  lie  Inctnst    Trees.      l»v  Cecil  Adair. 
(Stanley  Paul  &  Co..  8».) 

Those  who  have  a  taste  for  Ouida — 
stripped  of  incident  or  impossibilities, 
toned  down  to  a  mere  continuity  of  florid 
description  and  talk — may  find  Borne 
pleasure  in  Mr.  Adair's  work.  His  cha- 
racter! and  their  achievements — their  talk 


of  achievements,  rather — are  as  tame  as 
can  be.  Mr.  Adair  is  a  devout  follower 
of  the  rule  "  ne  pueros  coram  populo 
.Medea  trucidet."  and  the  consequence  is 
an  unchanging  presentment  of  "  rapture — 
by  threes  !  '  as  soft  as  anything  Kate 
Nickleby  ever  read  to  Mis.  Wititterly. 

Mr.  Adair  has  a  sense  of  style  and  a 
command  of  language  and  image.  Why 
does  he  not  make  more  use  of  these  '. 
He  might  have  saved  the  book,  made  it 
readable,  and  even  interesting.  Evenafew 
*'  Ouida-esque  "  absurdities  would  have 
been  welcome  as  foil  to  the  languid  ideal- 
ism relentlessly  imposed  and  adhered  to 
throughout. 


Cloudesley    Tempest.     By    E.    H.    Lacon 
Watson.     (John  Murray,  6«.) 

We  do  not,  of  course,  really  approve  of 
a  careless,  lazy  young  man  who  gets  out 
of  one  scrape  into  another,  and  in  the  end 
congratulates  himself  that,  had  it  not 
been  for  these  scrapes,  he  would  not  have 
married  a  beautiful  maiden  and  obtained 
a  fortune.  But  we  do  like  to  read  about 
him,  especially  when  the  tale  is  told  as 
breezily  as  the  present  is. 

Neither  do  we  approve  of  a  sweet  girl 
and  a  beautiful-minded  widow  giving 
themselves  so  much  trouble  over  the 
said  scapegrace — still,  they  all  obtained 
ultimate  happiness,  and  we  have  had  a  lot 
of  pleasure  in  reading  of  how  they  did  so 
and  no  novel  really  needs  more  justifica- 
tion. 


STORIES    OF   THE    OUTLANDS. 

.4  Daughter  of  Debate.     By  Mrs.  Ambrose 
Harding.     (Werner  Laurie,  66'.) 

The  "'  Daughter  of  Debate  "  is  one  Alice 
Ashton,  niece  of  the  administrator  of 
Dominica.  She  justifies  the  title  applied 
to  her  on  the  score  of  her  zeal  for  improving 
and  raising  the  natives.  This  zeal,  so 
the  author  assures  us.  Alice  posses8< 
and  her  general  conversation  seems  to 
support  the  view,  in  the  ahsence  of  other 
evidence.  A  similar  vagueness  is  ap- 
parent in  the  "  rendering"  of  Dr.  Hamp- 
ton, the  ambitious  native  who  engineers 
a  rebellion  :  he  does  not  seem  quite  to 
know  his  own  mind.  Mis.  Harding  is  ill- 
served  by  the  characters  she  create-. 
Her  own  criticisms  of  the  native  mind  are 
interesting  and  often  illuminating,  hut 
the  discourses  thereon  which  she  puts  into 

the  mouths  of  the  various  personages 
who  are  supposed  to  interpret  her  views 

are  pedantic  in  the  extreme,  redolent 
of  the  worst  cliches  of  the  platform 
speaker,    more    wearisome    than    the    mo-.f 

ample  periods  of  a  Government  report. 

Had  she  cultivated  dialogue  as  it  is 
really  spoken,  anil  characterization  of 
people  who.  if  imaginary,  might  just  as 
well  lie  realistic  .1-  not.  Mrs.  Barding 
might  have  given  as  a  readable  and  con- 
vincing hook;  for  her  views  and  senti- 
ments are  sane  and  dignified  in  them- 
selves, and  her  observation  in  some  cases 
is  not   without  depth.    The  character  of 

Zillah.for  example,  is  life-like  and  reason- 
able. 


-S74 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


[Supplement,  June  2<>,  1914 


Home.     By  Anon.     (Fisher    Unwin,   65.) 

Ill-judged  marriages  are  not  easily 
handled  without  fatal  lapses  into  melo- 
drama ;  those  who  avoid  such  lapses 
merit  praise,  as  does  the  anonymous 
writer  in  the  present  case. 

The  young  couple  here  depicted  find 
out  their  mistake  after  two  years  :  the 
wife  sets  forth  to  join  a  friend  of  her 
husband  who  has  captured  her  affections. 
She  changes  her  mind,  however,  and 
returns,  only  to  find  her  home  deserted. 
Her  husband  has  gone  away  and  left  no 
trace. 

We  find  him  again,  in  Brazil,  married 
to  a  girl  he  meets  there.  His  wife's  lover 
appears  on  the  scene,  and  recounts  the 
tragedy  of  the  home  broken  up.  But  the 
husband's  new  home  is  also  broken  up  by 
a  sudden  flood.  He  returns  after  many 
wanderings  to  his  wife  and  first  love,  and 
the  two  begin  life  afresh. 

The  lover  is  also  changed  by  illness  and 
much  roving  through  distant  lands,  and 
lie  also  seeks  and  finds  peace  in  home-life 
and  the  love  that  comes  into  it. 

The  story,  if  occasionally  somewhat 
strong  to  the  taste,  shows  knowledge  and 
study  of  human  nature.  As  a  first  novel, 
it  is  worthy  of  high  commendation. 


SOUTH    AFRICA. 


solution.  He  considers  with  reticence 
and  restraint  one  phase  of  the  racial 
question  that  may  be  new  to  those  who 
have  not  lived  abroad,  but  is  tragically 
familiar  to  the  man  on  the  spot. 

Mr.  Hardy  has  made,  we  think,  a 
mistake  in  adopting  fiction  as  the  frame- 
work for  information  that  has  quite 
sufficient  interest  in  itself. 


The  Black  Peril.     By  George  Webb  Hardy. 

(Holden  &  Hardingham,  (5s.) 
Mr.    Hardy    went    to    South    Africa    to 
investigate   a   problem   which    statesmen 
both  at  home  and  in  the  dominions  must 
soon  learn  to  regard  as  vital,  and  calling 
for  the   most   scientific   treatment.     The 
relations   between   the   black   and   white 
races  are  outlined  and  dissected  by  him 
in  plain  and  outspoken  words.     He  de- 
scribes, with  knowledge  drawn  from  actual 
experience  on  the  spot,  the  atmosphere 
of  an  illimitable  land  highly  charged  with 
racial    passions    and    prejudices,    where 
savage    nature    still    dwarfs    civilization, 
and   primitive   man   is    in   conflict   with 
ordered  progress.     How  this  problem  of 
the  mingling  of  white  with  black  is  to  be 
solved  the  author  does   not   tell   us  ;    he 
portrays  the  evils,  but  does  not  present 
a  comprehensive  solution  for  them. 

In  any  case,  he  has  contributed  to  the 
discussion  of  this  weighty  matter  much 
useful  knowledge  and  insight,  which  is 
likely  to  be  valuable  in  directing  atten- 
tion to  a  problem  that  politicians  both 
in  England  and  the  Colonies  appa- 
rently prefer  to  ignore.  The  Bishop  of 
Oxford  in  a  recent  speech  indicated, 
perhaps  correctly,  the  attitude  of  our 
legislators  towards  the  colour  problem  : — 

"  Statesmen  are  afraid.  They  do  not  know 
what  to  make  of  the  Black  Peril,  and  the 
Nationalist  movement  in  China,  India,  and 
Africa.  They  cannot  repudiate  it.  Where 
is  it  going  to  lead  to  ?  What  is  it  going  to 
mean  ?  " 

Mr.  Hardy  is  of  opinion  that  any  fusion 
between  black  and  white  races  is  an 
impossible  ideal,  but  he  makes  it  clear 
that  it  is  the  European  who  has  created 
the    problem    and   is   responsible  for  its 


The  Toll.     Bv  William  Westrup.     (Hurst 

&  Blackett,  6s.) 
Mr.  Westrup  gives  such  a  picture  of 
mining  life  in  South  Africa  as  may  well 
make  those  interested  therein  pause  and 
consider  whether  the  gold  extracted  is 
worth  the  heavy  toll  on  human  life. 

Below  ground  the  white  man  is  con- 
fronted with  the  ever-present  fear  of 
phthisis.  Once  its  grip  is  on  him  he  must 
abandon  his  work  instantly  or  succumb 
to  the  disease  :  few  have  the  courage  to 
make  such  sacrifice  of  their  material 
prospects.  For  the  native  miner  pneu- 
monia is  an  equally  deadly  foe.  Life  is 
of  so  little  account  that  no  note  is  taken 
of  the  many  victims. 

Above  ground  is  a  mere  waste  blighted 
by  the  blinding  white  dust  from  the 
mines ;  here  and  there  are  the  rough 
dwellings  of  the  miners.  Only  in  the 
drinking  saloons  is  some  semblance  of  the 
Life  Social.  Men  laugh  and  swear  with 
the  seal  of  death  set  clear  for  all  to  read 
upon  their  faces.  Who  will  be  taken  next  ? 
But  what  matters  that  ?  '  A  man  cannot 
choose  or  forsake  his  job  when  starvation 
pushes  him  on. 

Nor  is  sickness  the  only  agent  of  star- 
vation. The  Labour  Unions  exact  blind 
obedience,  and  the  Union  leaders  are 
ready  to  call  out  their  men  without 
thought  of  the  consequences  :  the  dignity 
of  labour  being  considered  of  more  im- 
portance than  the  death  of  the  labourer. 

A  love-story  woven  into  this  gloomy 
texture  gives  a  few  moments  of  bright- 
ness ;  but  here  also  tragedy  supervenes, 
and  the  dread  phthisis  ruins  the  home  and 
slays  the  two  who  have  fought  for  it  so 
hard. 

A  lighter  vein  is  struck  in  the  picture  of 
a  Johannesburg  Jew  money-lender  and 
his  two  witty  and  fascinating  daughters. 
But  that  is  a  mere  episode  in  the  sadness 
and  pity  of  the  whole. 

Mr.  Westrup  has  written  a  powerful 
book.  His  descriptive  force  and  realism 
bring  home  to  us  the  fateful  greed  of  the 
mines  and  the  cost  of  the  treasures  they 
vield  so  hardlv. 


HISTORY   AND    ADVENTURE- 

A   Lad  of  Kent.     By  Herbert   Harrison. 

(Macmillan  &  Co.,  6s.) 
Mr.  Harrison  has  chosen  as  his  scene 
Folkestone ;  as  his  period  the  days 
between  Trafalgar  and  Waterloo,  when 
the  French  chasse-maree,  the  Revenue 
cutter,  and  the  smugglers'  luggers  ranged 
the  Channel,  and  the  press-gang  infested 
the  coast  towns. 

He  supplies  full  measure  of  adventures, 
both    serious    and    comic,    deftlv    inter- 


mingled, and  he  introduces  to  us  a- 
variegated  crowd  of  most  life-like  and 
interesting  personages,  who  play  vivid 
parts  in  a  vivid  and  convincing  manner. 
The  youth  who  is  the  centre-piece  of  the 
story  is,  perforce,  more  colourless  than 
his  fellows,  in  that  he  is  made  to  speak  in- 
the  first  person — a  guarantee,  by  the  way, 
that  he  is  destined  to  emerge  safely  from 
his  many  perils  and  trials.  His  com- 
panion, Monty,  precocious  in  speech  bnt 
resourceful  in  action,  is  a  most  pleasant 
individual,  and  their  pompous  preceptor. 
Mr.  Farmiloe,  alias  "  Whiskers,"  is  an 
excellent  character  both  in  himself  and 
in  his  portraiture. 

Mr.  Harrison  is  happy  in  his  avoidance- 
of  the  self-conscious  and  stilted  heroics 
that  so  often  characterize  the  style  of 
"  adventure "  stories.  Every  one  talks- 
quite  naturally,  and  many  a  good  saying 
is  hit  out,  like  the  sparks  from  flints,  in 
the  contact  of  the  lowly,  but  keen  wits  of, 
the  sea-coast  folk.  We  select  the  phrase 
about  William's  beloved  trumpet  for  the 
use  of  those  who  are  plagued  by  amateur 
lovers  of  that  instrument :  "  When  you 
blows  upon  it,  'tis  like  to  nothing  else  on 
earth  than  the  grandfather  of  Balaam's 
ass  braying  before  a  thunderstorm.  Out 
you  go  !  "  We  congratulate  the  author 
on  an  excellent  and  stirring  tale  of  a  most 
interesting  epoch. 


Rung  Ho!    Bv  Talbot  Mundv.     (CasseB 
&  Co.,  6s.) 

This  is  an  exciting  story  of  Indian  lifer 
the  action  of  which  takes  place  in  Raj- 
putana  at  the  time  of  the  Mutiny.  The- 
author  does  not  neglect  any  of  the  oppor- 
tunities so  dramatic  a  period  offers  for 
adventure.  The  main  attraction  is  the- 
plot,  not  the  delineation  of  character. 
The  narrative  is  not  happy  in  the 
opening  chapters,  but  once  well  started 
it  never  loses  coherency  and  interest. 
However  widely  scattered  the  characters,, 
their  actions  are  never  irrelevant  to  the- 
main  issue,  and  the  whole  is  worked  out 
to  a  satisfying  and  probable  conclusion. 

While  characterization  is  not  the  chief 
merit  of  the  book,  the  people  are  suffi- 
ciently alive  and  real  to  play  their  parts. - 
The  heroine  is  the  least  successful  por- 
trait ;  we  are  not  told  enough  about  her. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  a  Scotch  missionary- 
stationed  in  Howrah  City,  and  to  perform 
the  part  allotted  to  her  she  must  have- 
possessed  a  character  worth  describing. 
The  rest  are  just  such  as  are  essential  to- 
a  vigorous  romance  of  the  East.  The- 
virility  and  determination  of  the  hero- 
suggests  a  Kipling  creation,  and,  indeed, 
the  whole  book  breathes  a  Kipling  atmo- 
sphere. 

Snake    and    Sivord.     By    P.    C.    Wren. 
(Longmans  &  Co.,  6s.) 

'  Snake  and  Sword  '  is  really  quite  a* 
thrilling  a  tale  as  the  name  suggests. - 
The  snake  and  the  sword  form  two  antago- 
nistic forces  in  the  personality  of  the  hero, 
who  rejoices  in  the  somewhat  ominous,, 
but  appropriate  name  of  Damocles,  com- 
monly called   '"  Dam."'     The   sight  of   at. 


Supplement,  Jink  '20,  1914] 


T II  E    A  T II  E  N  M  IT  M 


875 


snake  affects  him  so  strongly  that  he  falls 

into  a  state  of  abject  terror,  and  is.  in  fact. 
for  the  time  being  practically  mad.  Fortu- 
nately, 1  lam  has  a  saving  grace  in  the  shape 
of  a  hereditary  tendency  to  courage — if 
we  may  ><>  describe  it.  The  fear  of  the 
snake  is  due  to  pre-natal  influence,  and 
the  plot  turns  on  the  war  waged  between 
this  latter  ami  the  hereditary  courage. 

The  story — almost  startling  in  its  ab- 
ruptness— Opens  in  India,  where  we  find 
the  father  of  the  hero.  Col.  de  Warrenne, 
pinning  his  Victoria  Cross  to  the  night- 
dress of  his  dying  wife.  Without  delay 
we  are  whisked  off  to  England,  where  we 
are  introduced  in  due  course  to  the 
heroine.  Lucille  is  boyish,  slangy,  and 
charming ;  in  fact,  an  altogether  like- 
able young  lady.  The  chapters  dealing 
with  the  childhood  of  Dam  and  Lucille 
are  full  of  a  delightful  humour  which  is 
ahnost  reminiscent  of  '  Stalky  &  Co.'  The 
book  is  rich  in  a  variety  of  incident,  and 
it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  Mr.  Wren 
excels  most  in  describing  a  small  boy  who 
is  exceedingly  "  cheeky"  to  an  old  and 
serious-minded  gardener,  a  love-scene  be- 
tween two  up-to-date  young  people, 
or  a  boxing  match  between  an  artillery 
corporal  and  a  trooper.  Concerning  this 
match,  Mr.  Wren  is  quite  mistaken  in 
labelling  it  "Of  no  interest  to  Women 
nor  Modem  civilized  Men."  There  is  not 
a  chapter  in  the  book  which  is  lacking  in 
interest  either  to  one  or  the  other. 


SHORT   STORIES. 

Dubliners.      By    James    Joyce. 


(Grant 


Richards.  3<s.  6d.) 

Me.  George  Moore  says  in  his  '  Confes- 
sions,' if  our  memory  does  not  deceive  us, 
that  when  he  and  a  certain  French  writer 
are  dead  no  more  "  naturalistic  "  novels 
will  be  written.  Whether  this  is  one  of 
his  characteristic  outbursts  of  candour  as 
to  his  and  his  friend's  abilities,  or  merely 
a  statement  to  the  effect  that  novelists 
as  a  whole  have  no  taste  for  such  writing, 
we  need  not  discuss.  But  we  can  frankly 
say  that  Mr.  Joyce's  work  affords  a  distinct 
contradiction  of  the  saying. 

The  fifteen  short  stories  here  given  under 
the  collective  title  of  '  Dubliners '  are 
nothing  if  not  naturalistic  In  some 
ways,  indeed,  they  are  unduly  so  :  at 
least  three  would  have  been  better 
buried  in  oblivion.  Life  has  so  much 
that  is  beautiful,  interesting,  educative, 
amusing,  that  we  do  not  readily  pardon 
those  who  insist  upon  its  more  sordid  and 
baser  aspects.  The  condemnation  is  the 
greater  if  their  skill  is  of  any  high  degree, 
since  in  that  case  they  might  use  it  to 
better  purpose. 

Mr.  .Joyce  undoubtedly  possesses  great 
skill  both  of  observation  and  of  technique. 
He  has  humour,  as  is  shown  by  the  sketch 
of  Mrs.  Kearney  and  her  views  on  religion, 
her  faith  "  bounded  by  her  kitchen,  hut  if 
8he  was  put  to  it.  she  could  believe  a  ho  in 
the  banshee  and  in  the  Holy  Gh  He 

lias  also  know  ledge  of  the  beauty  of  words, 
of  mental  landscapes  (if  we  may  use  such 


a  phrase)  :  the  last  page  of  the  final  story 
is  full  evidence  thereto.  His  characteriza- 
tion is  exact:  speaking  with  reserve  ;>s 
to  the  conditions  of  certain  sides  of  the 
social  life  of  Dublin,  we  should  say  that 
it  is  beyond  criticism.  All  the  personages 
are  living  realities. 

But  Mr.  Joyce  has  his  own  specialized 
outlook  on  life — on  that  life  in  particular  ; 
and  here  we  may,  perhaps,  find  the 
explanation  of  much  that  displeases  and 
that  puzzles  us.  That  outlook  is  evi- 
dently sombre  :  he  is  struck  by  certain 
types,  certain  scenes,  by  the  dark  shadows 
of  a  low  street  or  the  lurid  flare  of  an 
ignoble  tavern,  and  he  reproduces  these 
in  crude,  strong  sketches  scarcely  relieved 
by  the  least  touch  of  joy  or  repose.  Again, 
his  outlook  is  self-centred,  absorbed  in 
itself  rather  ;  he  ends  his  sketch  abruptly 
time  after  time,  satisfied  with  what  he 
has  clone,  brushing  aside  any  intention  of 
explaining  what  is  set  down  or  supple- 
menting what  is  omitted. 

All  the  stories  are  worth  reading  for  the 
work  that  is  in  them,  for  the  pictures 
they  present ;  the  best  are  undoubtedly 
the  last  four,  especially  '  Ivy  Day  in  the 
Committee  Room.'  The  last  of  all, 
'  The  Dead,'  far  longer  than  the  rest, 
and  tinged  with  a  softer  tone  of  pathos 
and  sympathy,  leads  us  to  hope  that 
Mr.  Joyce  may  attempt  larger  and  broader 
work,  in  which  the  necessity  of  asserting 
the  proportions  of  life  may  compel  him 
to  enlarge  his  outlook  and  eliminate 
such  scenes  and  details  as  can  only  shock, 
without  in  any  useful  way  impressing  or 
elevating,  the  reader. 


Quick  Action.     By  Robert  W.  Chambers. 

(Appletons,  6s.) 
Mr.  Chambers  seems  to  have  set  himself 
the  task  of  making  the  highly  improbable 
appear  not  only  possible,  but  perfectly 
usual.  He  strings  together  a  series  of 
tales  which  have  love  at  first  sight  as 
their  common  denominator.  But  not 
content  with  such  "  quick  action,"  he 
goes  on  to  make  his  couples  confess  their 
feelings  within  a  few  minutes  of  their 
meeting,  and  marries  them  right  off 
with  lightning-like  celerity.  The  different 
stories  are  told  by  a  crystal-gazer  to  a 
group  of  her  admirers  as  being  truthful 
accounts  of  what  she  sees  happening  in 
the  crystal.  Each  story  as  it  is  related 
is  well  picked  to  pieces  by  her  audience, 
which  makes  us  suppose  that  Mr.  Chambers 
is  in  reality  satirizing  modern  American 
fiction.  The  love-affairs  are  all  staged  in 
Florida,  and  the  tropical  setting  is  so 
brilliant  that  it  conveys  an  atmosphere 
of  fairyland  where  the  incredible  is  the 
normal. 

We   select    as   one   of   the   most    amusing 

the  story  of  George  Z.Green,  who,  within 
ten  minutes  of  complaining  that  he 
had  never  encountered  the  romance  that 
novelists  were  always  describing,  becon 
deeply  interested  in  an  unknown  girl 
whom  he  sees  in  tears  leaving  the  house 

of  a  clair.  oyante. 

The  book  contain-   numerous  attractive 
illustrations  in  pen  and  ink  by  Mr.  Kdinund 

Frederick. 


The  Mercy  of  the  Lord.     By  Flora  Annie 
Steel.     (Heinemann,  6a.) 

Tins  is  not  a  novel,  but  a  collection  of 
twenty-four  short  tales,  the  first  of  which 
supplies  the  entire  title.  Once  again  Mrs. 
Steel  is  on  Indian  ground,  and  gives  us  an 
abundant  sense  of  Oriental  atmosphere, 
and  of  the  contrasts  between  the  native 
mind  and  that  of  the  dominant  alien  race. 
She  has  also  the  rare  quality  of  taking  us 
out  of  humdrum  civilization  into  a  region 
where  time  and  reality  seem  mere  con- 
ventions. 

The  best  of  the  stories — those  dealing 
with  Indian  servants  are  all  admirable  — 
are  first-rate,  but  some  will  be  difficult  for 
the  ordinary  reader  to  understand,  and  the 
critic  will  note  that  Mrs.  Steel  does  not 
always  work  with  that  economy  of  material 
which  the  short  story  at  its  best  demands. 
Her  transitions  are  abrupt,  and  her  style 
is  occasionally  careless.  The  second  sen- 
tence in  the  book  reads  thus  :  — 

"  The  cause  of  which  being  an  equally 
transient  admiration  lor  a  good  little  Eura- 
sian girl  fresh  from  her  convent." 

We  must  protest  against  such  English  as 
this,  particularly  since  Mrs.  Steel  has  no 
need  to  attempt  vividness  in  this  cheap 
wa}^.  She  makes,  it  may  be  noted,  no 
concessions  to  popular  sentimentalism. 
More  than  one  of  her  stories  represents 
death  as  the  mercy  of  the  Lord. 


CRIMES   AND   MYSTERIES. 

Quella.     By    Geoffrey     Norton     Farmer. 
(Alston  Rivers,  6.s.) 

Signor  Quella  discovers  a  drug  that  has 
so  lasting  and  pernicious  a  hold  over  all 
who  taste  it  as  to  enslave  them  for  life  to 
his  will.  He  creates  a  vast  organization 
whereby  this  drug,  disseminated  through 
the  world  in  the  food  of  restaurants  and 
hotels,  is  to  render  him  absolute  master 
of  the  globe.  For  what  purpose  the 
author  does  not  explain. 

Reginald  Carr,  the  hero  of  the  tale, 
finds  an  antidote  only  to  lose  it.  but 
matters  are  set  right  by  the  death  of 
Quella  and  the  destruction  of  his  stores 
of  the  drug. 

The  idea  is  certainly  ingenious  and 
original,  and  Mr.  Farmer  has  made  of  it 
a  spirited  story.      Bui  it  can  only  be  taken 

as  a  species  of  extravaganza — of  much 

the  same  nature  as  Sir  .\.  ('onan   Doyle's 

Lost  World.'  Indeed,  the  notion  oc- 
curred to  us  while  reading  -and  we  pre- 
sent it  for  what  it  is  worth  to  both  ant  hoi- 

— that  a  collaboration  might  have  been 
very  effective.  Sir  A.  Conan  Doyle's 
wild  beasts  and  Mr.  Farmer's  wild  drug 
might  have  been  happily  combined  : 
yon  invent  your  tableland  and  your  pre- 
(or  post-)  historic  animal-  to  live  thereon, 
and.  when  you  or  your  readers  are  tired 
of  them,  you  relegate  them  deftly  to  the 
p  heap  by  means  of  your  patent  new- 
poison. 


87G 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


[Supplement,  June  20,  1914 


The    Best    Man.     By   Grace   Livingstone 
Hill  Lutz.     (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

This  is  a  book  which  may  well  serve  to 
while  away  the  tedium  of  a  long  railway 
journey,  but  those  into  whose  hands  it 
falls  must  not  imagine  they  are  going  to 
read  a  conventional  detective  story.  The 
author  exhibits  as  great  a  contempt  for 
the  commonplace  as  she  does  for  the 
probable.  The  surprising  adventures  of 
her  hero,  a  young  and  energetic  member 
of  the  Secret  Service  Staff  in  Washington, 
succeed  each  other  with  the  feverish 
rapidity  of  a  "  thrilling "  and  complex 
cinematograph  play. 

In  disgrace,  and  hotly  pursued  by  a 
combination  of  swell  mobsmen  from 
whom  he  has  recovered  a  stolen  Govern- 
ment document  "  of  national  importance," 
the  hapless  youth  finds  himself  at  the  door 
of  a  church.  He  is  promptly  dragged 
inside,  and  while  under  the  impression 
that  he  is  being  mistaken  for  the  best  man 
he  is,  malgre  lui,  married  to  a  charming 
lady.  The  wedding  party  take  him  for 
the  real  bridegroom,  who,  however,  does 
not  appear  until  long  after  the  conclusion 
of  the  ceremony.  This  is  naturally  a 
prelude  to  further  exciting  episodes,  and 
an  imbroglio  which  is  not  unravelled 
until  the  final  chapter. 

Notwithstanding  its  manifest  absurdity, 
the  story  is  amusing,  but  it  would  be 
more  so  were  it  not  over-charged  with  a 
sentimentality  which  suggests  that  the 
author  wishes  to  be  taken  seriously. 


Conscience  Honey.     By  Sidney  Warwick. 
(Greening  &  Co.,  6s.) 

Mr.  Warwick  piles  on  the  agony — gives 
us  murder,  diamond  robber}7,  swell  mobs- 
men, "  fences,"  aeroplanes,  secret  passages, 
in  fact  everything  he  can  think  of  to  ensure 
mystery  and  horror.  He  is  quite  as 
successful  as  need  be  in  his  efforts.  The 
story  moves  rapidly  from  one  thrill  to 
another,  and  holds  the  attention  through- 
out. It  should  suit  the  cinematograph- 
goer  quite  well — better,  perhaps,  than  the 
reader  :  the  whole  book  would  readily 
fall  into  the  necessary  successive  scenes — 
"  reels,"  Ave  believe,  is  the  correct  term. 
Indeed,  the  actions  of  the  various  per- 
sonages are  far  better  than  their  speech, 
and  so  the  effect  of  the  whole,  depicted 
on  the  film,  should  be  distinctly  telling. 


Fallen  Among  Thieves.     By  Arthur  Applin . 
(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.,  6s.)" 

We  might  call  Mr.  Applin's  sensations 
social  rather  than  criminal.  He  takes 
us  into  high  circles  and  a  fashionable 
atmosphere.  The  motive  of  the  story 
is  the  control  acquired  by  a  blackmailing 
thief  over  a  weak  girl.  By  means  of 
subtle  drugs  he  makes  his  victim  steal 
various  jewels.  At  the  last  he  is  found 
out,  and  the  girl  is  rescued  from  his 
clutches  by  the  hero,  who  duly  marries 
her. 

Except  for  its  sensations,  the  book  is 
of  no  particular  value  ;  the  writing  is 
conventional  and  casual  and  loose  in 
style.       Why    should     the     author     say 


"  forbode "  instead  of  foreboded;  "fait 
vos  jeux  "  instead  of  jaites  voire  jeu  ?  And 
why  talk  about  a  waiter  "  mixing " 
drinks  ?  That  expression,  beloved  of 
many  a  lady  novelist,  does  so  inevitably 
suggest  that  sugar  or  powder  or  some- 
thing is  poured  into  the  whisky  and  soda 
and  then  stirred  with  a  spoon. 


The  Lost  Parchment.     By  Fergus  Hume. 
(Ward,  Lock&  Co.,  6s.) 

A  schoolboy  reading  the  title  and  the 
name  of  the  author  will  surely  exclaim 
"  Good  old  Fergus  Hume  ;  more  hansom 
cabs  !  "  He  will  be  quite  correct  in  his 
attitude,  for  Mr.  Hume  has  given  us  just 
what  might  be  expected. 

We  have  no  hansom  cabs  in  the  book — 
only  one  motor-car  ;  but  that  car  manages 
to  slay  the  villain  in  the  last  act.  We  have 
a  will  that  disinherits  the  righteous  hero, 
but  is  proved  to  be  a  forgery  executed  by 
the  erring  clergjonan  antiquary  ;  and  we 
have  the  beauteous  damsel  who  cleaves 
to  her  beloved  in  spite  of  all  the  world 
may  say.  In  fact,  there  are  all  the 
elements  of  the  "  good  old "  mystery- 
sensation  tale. 

It  is  quite  a  good  story  of  its  kind,  con- 
ventional enough  in  style  and  in  the 
speech  of  the  characters,  but  never  drag- 
ging in  its  movement.  Nor  is  the  mystery 
unnecessarily  obscure  or  complex,  as  is 
sometimes  the  case  in  such  tales.  Sus- 
picion falls,  like  Mr.  Punch's  stick,  on 
the  shoulders  of  almost  all  the  characters, 
one  after  the  other,  but  everything  is 
cleared  up  at  the  end,  and  the  final  scene 
is  "according  to  Cocker."  Mr.  Fergus 
Hume  is  sure  to  find  many  interested 
readers. 


Anybody  but   Anne.     By  Carolyn   Wells. 
(J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  65.) 

This  is  an  American  detective  story,  in 
which  we  are  introduced  to  Fleming  Stone, 
who  is  called  in  to  disentangle  the  mystery 
of  a  murder  which  has  baffled  the  efforts 
of  all  others  to  find  the  culprit.  The 
finger  of  suspicion  points  at  various  people 
in  turn,  but  each  of  them  proves  his 
innocence.  At  last  the  criminal  is  traced, 
and  all  ends  in  the  usual  happy  and  con- 
ventional manner.  Miss  Wells  has  written 
a  capital  story,  and  has  displayed  con- 
siderable skill  in  sustaining  the  interest 
until  the  climax  is  revealed. 


The     Opal    Pin.     By    Rufus    Gillmore. 

(Appletons,  6s.) 
Of  the  two  male  protagonists  one  has  a 
title  thrust  upon  him,  the  other  assumes 
it,  and  is  found  out  at  the  end.  Jewels 
are  stolen  off  and  on  throughout  the  book, 
but  apparently  are  restored  to  their 
owners  ;  at  any  rate,  no  cases  ever  come 
into  court.  Also  an  opal  pin,  bearing  ill- 
luck  with  it,  makes  fitful  appearances. 

The  book  is  slight  and  not  particularly 
probable  or  realistic.  It  might  in  better 
hands  have  been  made  into  a  good  mystery- 
story,  and  the  opal  pin  into  a  fine  centre- 
piece. The  main  figures  attempt  to  be 
life-like,  but  do  not  succeed  ;  had  they  been 


more  melodramatic  or  even  shadowy,, 
with  the  addition  of  a  "  sleuth-hound  " 
or  two,  the  result  would  have  been  much 
more  striking  and  the  atmosphere  of  the 
"detective"  story  far  more  evident. 


JUVENILE. 


The  Tale  of  Lai.     By  Raymond  Paton. 
(Chapman  &  Hall,  6s.) 

The  author  has  made  out  a  distinctly 
good  scheme  for  an  extravaganza  to 
please  the  taste  of  the  young.  He  brings 
to  life  one  of  the  lions  of  Trafalgar  Square 
— a  benevolent  lion  who  arranges  his- 
torical pageants  and  fairy  scenes  for  the 
benefit  of  two  children.  He  then  intro- 
duces a  writer  ("  a  nawthor,"  as  Kipps 
would  have  said),  and  the  said  writer's 
patron,  a  lord  mayor,  and  brings  them  into 
relation  with  the  lion,  likewise  the  Temple 
Bar  griffin.  Finally  he  introduces  a  law- 
suit in  which  all  the  characters  appear,, 
after  the  manner  of  the  classic  trial  in 
'  Alice  in  Wonderland.' 

To  our  thinking — though,  perhaps,  very 
young  readers  may  take  a  different  view 
— the  book  is  spoilt  by  its  unrelieved  and 
pedantic  jocosity.  The  humour  is  too 
intentional,  obvious,  and  heavy.  We  see- 
"  For  Children  Only "  written  in  large 
letters  on  every  page.  We  may  (as  we 
suggest)  be  totally  wrong  in  our  view, 
but  we  seem  to  remember  the  unfailing 
delight  of  sundry  versions  of  Grimm, 
Hans  Andersen,  Struwwelpeter,  not  to 
mention  Lewis  Carroll's  two  master- 
pieces, wherein  the  humour  is  absolutely 
spontaneous  when  present,  and  is  never 
worked  up  specially  for  the  occasion  by 
those  "  juvenile  "  phrases  that  only  occur 
to  a  certain  typevof  ultra-grown-up  mind. 
We  cannot  but  think  that  Mr.  Paton 
might  have  produced  a  far  more  f ascinating 
book  if  he  had  spared  some  of  the  labour 
which  is  evident  all  through. 

By  the  way,  Mr.  Paton,  when  explain- 
ing (in  the  lawsuit  scene)  the  component 
elements  of  "  dogsnose,"  ought  to  have 
remembered  how  perfectly  it  has  been 
defined  by  a  great  master  of  fiction : 
"  Warm  porter,  moist  sugar,  gin.  and 
nutmeg  (a  groan,  and  *  So  it  is,'  from  an 
elderly  female)."  Was  there  any  need 
to  improve  upon  Dickens  ?  For  that 
matter,  was  there  any  need  for  the  law- 
suit scene  at  all  ?  It  is  unreal  and  rather 
dull. 


A    Boy's   Adventures   in   the   South   Seas.. 
By  Frank  Elias.     (R.T.S.,  2s.) 

The  young  hero  of  this  story  has  plenty 
of  adventures,  clearly  and  reasonably 
chronicled  ;  and  the  whole  is  sufficiently 
free  from  the  didactic  or  sermonizing 
touch.  But  somehow  the  book  as  a  whole 
fails  to  thrill,  and  there  is  a  woeful  absence 
of  real  movement,  of  that  tense  atmosphere- 
which  alone  can  carry  off  such  a  recital. 
Boys  brought  up  on  Stevenson  or  eveii 
Henty  will  hardly  be  roused  to  enthu- 
I  siasm,  we  fear,  bjr  Mr.  Elias. 


rJ- 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


11) 


lonntal  of  (BngHslj  attb  JFnmgn  literature,  §$timtz,  tlje  $iw  Arts,  jttusir  itnb  j@  Drama, 


No.  4522 


SATURDAY,     JUNE 




5     27,     1914. 


14  19I4PRICR  : 

/>  SIXPENCE. 

RKCISTKKKI")  AS  A   NKWSPAPER 


(Exhibition! 


R 


OYAL 


ACADEMY, 


SUMMER  EXHIBITION 

Open  1>  a.m.   to  7  1*  m 
Thursdays,  9  am   to  10  i"  m. 

Admission  Is      Catalogue  18. 
SEASON  TICKET  5s. 


GOUPIL  CxALLERY    EXHIBITIONS. 
STATUETTES  in   Silver.    Bronze,   and  Wood   by 
E     0.  DE  ROSALKS. 
PORTRAITS    and    Groups    of    Horses    in   Bronze    by    HERBERT 
HASHLTINE. 
INDIAN  PICTURES  by  8.  FYZEE-RAHAMIN. 
Admission  1«.     From  10  till  6.     Saturdays.  10  till  1. 
WILLIAM   MARCHANT  &  00..   5.    Regent  Street,  S.W. 


(durational. 

HERBORNE        SCHOOL. 


s 


An  EXAMINATION  for  ENTR\NCE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open  to 
Boys  under  14  on  June  1.  will  be  held  on  JULY  14  and  Following  Days. 
Further  information  can  be  obtained  from  THE  HEAD  MASTER, 
School  House.  Sherborne,  Dorset. 

\TADAME  AUBERT'S  AGENCY  (est.  1880), 

'-'-a.  Keith  House.  133135.  REGENT  STREET,  W..  English  and 
Foreign  Governesses.  Lady  Professors.  Teachers.  Chaperones  Com- 
panions, Secretaries.  Readers.  Introduced  for  Home  and  Abroad. 
Schools  recommended  and  prospectuses  with  full  information,  gratis 
pn  application  ipersonal  or  by  letter),  stating  requirements.  Office 
hours,  10-5  ,•  Saturdays,  10-1.     Tel.  Regent  3627. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
gratis'.  Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  8chools.  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free  of 
.  hargel  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  POWELL. 
SMITH  &  FAWCETT.  School  Agents  (established  1833),  34.  Bedford 
•  treet.  Strand,  W.C    Telephone-7021  Gerrard. 


Situations  ITarant. 

riOUNTY  BOROUGH   OF  HUDDERSFIELD. 

TECHNICAL  COLLEGE 

Priocipal-J.  F.  HUDSON.  MA    B.Sc. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  Position  of  L1DY  LECTURER 
in  ENGLI8H  and  SUPERVISOR  OF  WOMEN  STUDENTS  at  a 
commencing  salary  of  175!.  per  annum.  Further  particulars  on 
application  to  T.  THORP.  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE. 
COLEG   PRIFATHROFAOL   DEHEUDIR   CYMRU  A  MYNWY. 
The  Council  of  the  College  invites   applications  for  the  Post  of 
SE<  OHD    ASSISTANT    LECTURER    in    the   Departments  for    the 
Training  of  Men  Teachers  for  Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  by  whom 
applications,  with  testimonials  iwhioh  need  not  be  piloted),  must  be 
received  on  or  before  SATURDAY,  July  11,  1914. 

D.  J.  A.  BROWN,  Registrar. 
Cardiff.  June  17.  1914. 

COUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WEST  RIDING 
OF  YORK8HIRE. 
BINGI.EY  TRAINING  COLLEGE. 
Principal-Miss  H.  M.  WODEHOUSE.  M.A.  D  Phil 
The  West  Riding  Education  Committee  invite  applications  for  the 
Post  of  LK.CT'KK.K   IN  OE<>«NAPHY  AND  NATURE  STUDY  at 
the    BINGLRY    TRAINING    COLLEGE    for  a  period   of    one  year 
only,     commencing    in   SEPTEMBER    m-xt       Candidate"  must  be 
Women.     Last  date  for  the  receipt  of  applications  :  JULY  10. 

Further  nirticularsand  forms  of  spplicttion  miy  be  obtained  from 
THE  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT  Secondary  Branch'.  County 
Hall.  Wakefield 


T 


HE  QUEENS  UNIVERSITY  OF  BELFAST. 


The  8enate  of  the  University  has  resolved  to  appoint  a  PROFESSOR 
Of    EDUCATION,   to  enter  upon   his  duties  on   OCTOBER    I 
The  salary  attach)  d  co  the  office  is  BOO/  per  annum,  with  a  supplement 
and  certain  benefits  under  the  pension  scheme. 

Full  information  as  to  remuneration  and  terms  of  appointment  may 
be  obtained  from  JOHN  M.  FINNEGAN,  Secretary. 

N  B— Direct    or    indirect    canvassing    of    Individual    Senators    or 
Curators  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 


u 


N  I  V  K  R  S  I  T  Y      OF      A  B  E  R  D  E  E  N. 


APPOINTMENT    OF    EXAMINERS 
The  University  Court   will,   at  ■    Heating    in    JULY,  proceed    to 
appoint  an   ADDITION*!.    EX  WINER   in  each  of   the   following 
subjects:  — 

MKNTW.    PHILOSOPHY. 

ENOI.I-ll     LAN0OAQI    AND    LITERATURE 
(3.  poi-ITK   \I.    m  OHOMT. 
.    QtOLOGY 

MATHnfATIOS    AND    NATURAL    PHILOSOPHY. 
16)  MATERIA    MIDIl    \ 
(7.  P\THOI,OQY. 
-i  RSI  I'.Y 
I'lVIMTY. 
Applications,  ilong  with  sixteen  copies  of  t.  sllrnoni  i's     should  the 
candidate    think    fit    to    submit    any),  should    he    Iodized    with    the 
SECRETARY  on  or  before  JULI  a. 

DONALDSON  ROSE  TUOM   Secretary  of  the  University. 
June.  1911. 


UNIVERSITY      COLLEGE       OF       WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 
ALEXANDRA  HALL  OF  RESIDENCE  FOR  WOMEN  STUDENTS. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  LADY  WARDEN. 

The  Council  of  the  College  invites  applications  for  the  Post  of 
LADY  WARDEN  OP  THE  HOSTEL  FOR  WOMEN  STUDENTS. 
The  salary  offered  is  2001.  per  annum,  payable  terminally,  together 
with  hoard  and  residence  at  the  hostel. 

Applications,  which  must  be  received  not  later  thin  JULY  17.  1914. 
should  he  forwarded  to  the  undersigned  from  whom  further  particu- 
lars of  the  appointment  may  be  obtained. 

Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  ground  for  disqualification. 

J.  DAVIEB,  MA..  Registrar. 


E 


GYPTIAN    MINISTRY    OF     EDUCATION. 


WANTED,  in  OCTOBER,  for  the  KHEDIVIAL  TRAINING 
COLLEGE.  CAIRO,  under  the  Ministry  of  Education  :— 

LECTURER  IN  SCIENCE  i  Experimental  Physics  and  Chemistry i. 
Salary  430(.  per  annum  (L.Eg.35  per  mensem  i.  rising  to  554;,  (L.Eg^'i 
per  mensem!  on  pensionable  staff.  Allowance  for  passage  out  to 
Egvpt. 

Candidates  must  be  under  SB  years  of  age.  Applicants  must  have 
taken  a  University  Degree  with  Honours,  and  have  experience  as 
Teachers.  Four  lessons  daily,  on  an  average,  Fridays  only  excepted. 
Summer  vacation  not  less  than  two  months 

Applications  should  be  addressed  not  later  than  JULY  1.1,  1914.  to 
A.  H.  8HARMAN,  Esq.,  care  of  The  Director,  The  Egyptian  Educa- 
tional Mission  in  England.  29,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster, 
London,  S  W..  from  whom  further  information  and  copies  of  the 
application  form  may  be  obtained.  Selected  candidates  will  be 
interviewed  in  London. 


E 


GYPTIAN    MINISTRY    OF    EDUCATION. 


WANTED,  in  OCTOBER,  for  the  KHEDIVIAL  TRAINING 
COLLEGE,  CAIRO,  under  the  Ministry  of  Education  :— 

TEACHER  OF  PHYSICAL  EXERCISES  (Swedish  System). 
Appointment  under  contract.  Length  of  engagement  two  years. 
Salary  369Z.  per  annum  (L.Eg.30  per  mensemi.  Allowance  for  pissage 
to  Egypt  and  for  return  at  close  of  contract. 

Applicants  must  be  from  about  24  to  30  years  of  age  and  unmarried. 
They  must  have  bad  certified  training  in  a  course  of  Swedish  Gymnas- 
tics, and  have  had  experience  in  teaching  in  a  School.  Preference 
will  be  given  to  applicants  who  have  also  a  University  Degree.  Daily 
work,  Fridays  only  excepted.  Summer  vacation  not  less  than 
two  months. 

Applications  should  be  addressed,  not  later  than  JULY  13,  1911.  to 
A  H.  SHARMAN,  Fsq..  care  of  The  Director.  Egyptian  Education 
Mission  in  England.  2»s,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  London,  S.W. , 
from  whom  further  information  and  copies  of  the  application  form 
may  be  obtained.    Selected  candidates  will  be  interviewed  in  London. 


E 


GYPTIAN       GOVERNMENT       SCHOOLS. 


WANTED,  in  OCTOBER,  for  8ECONDARY  SCHOOLS  under 
the  MINISTRY  OF  EDUCATION  :- 

TEACHERS  OF  ENGLISH.  Salary  295?.  per  annum  (L.Eg.24 
]>er  mensem),  rising  to  3931.  per  annum  (L.Eg.32  per  mensem),  on 
pensionable  staff.     Allowance  for  passage  out  to  Egypt. 

SCIENCE  MASTER.  (Experimental  Physics  and  Chemistry.) 
Appointment  under  contract.  Length  of  engagement,  two  years. 
Salary  3691.  per  annum  (L.Eg  30  permenseml.  Allowance  for  passage 
out  to  Egypt  and  for  return  at  close  of  contract. 

Candidates  must  he  from  about  24  to  30  years  of  age,  and  unmarried. 
Applicants  must  have  taken  a  University  Degree  with  Honours,  and 
have  experience  as  Teachers.  8pecial  training  as  teachers  of  Physical 
Training  will  be  a  recommendation.  Four  Lessons  Daily,  on  an 
average.  Fridays  only  excepted.  Summer  vacation  not  less  than  two 
months 

Applications  should  be  addressed,  not  later  than  JULY  4,  1914,  to 
A.  H.  SHARMAN,  Esq  ,  care  of  The  Director,  the  Egyptian  Educa- 
tional Mission  in  England.  2S,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  London, 
8.W.,  from  whom  further  information  and  copies  of  the  application 
form  may  he  obtained.  Selected  candidates  will  be  interviewed  in 
London. 

VACANCY  for  an  INSPECTOR  OF  SCHOOLS 

V  under  the  CEYLON  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies  requires  an  INSPECTOR 
OF  schools  for  service  under  the  Ceylon  Education  Department. 
Salary  5001.,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  25?.  to  6001.  Candidates 
must  be  Graduates  in  Honours  of  a  British  University,  and  qualified 
to  inspect  and  examine  higher  work  in  English  Subjects  and  Classics 
in  Secondary  English  Schools.  The  officer  api>oin ted  will  be  entitled  to 
leave  of  absence  and  pension  under  the  regulations  of  Government 
service  in  Ceylon,  anil  will  be  expected  to  assume  duties  at  the 
beginning  of  OCTOBER.  Applications  should  be  submitted  before 
JULY  14.  in  covers  marked  c  A  .to  THE  SK<  RETUtY,  Board  of 
Education.  WhiH-hall,   London,  8.W 

B0  'TTISH  CANDIDATES  should  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY. 
Scotch  Education  Department,  Whitehall.  London,  S.W. 


B 


OYS' 


INTERMEDIATE 

AfiERDAKE,  SOUTH   WW, EM 


SCHOOL, 


An  A8SI8TANT  MASTER  will  >..-  REQUIRED  NEXT  TERM  to 
take  chartc*  of  tin*  0  KDflMrofal  DtpartiD0nt  ol  tbfl  BobooL  He  muni, 
be  well  gwllfitd  to  t*S»cb  Rook- keeping.  (Shorthand,  Typ**- writing,  ami 
Office  RouUdi.  mi'I  iboald  b-a  prepared  to  taoch  in  addition  oni  or 
mori  of  tb«  Bu..je.  ti  of  tbfl  uniial  pobool  euirtculam.  Preference  will 
>><-  (/ivn  to  a  candidate  with  experience  of  teaching 

Initial  wnUry  offered  LS0Z.  low.,  BOO  r»  Nid.-nt.  according  to  qualifica- 
tion* and  (*x|i**rl*-i  -  I 

Further  particolan  may  bt  bad  from  Iba  HK\i>  UA8TBB,  to 
whom  application"*:,  with  copies  of  testimonials,  nhould  Imj  forwarded 
not  later  than  SOth  initant. 


B 


IRKKNHKAI)    EDUCATION   COMMIT'!  K I ■:. 


(  oI'M  II,  QIRU   SECONDARY  W  BOOL, 

M.-lr.M-Ml«s  A.    ■     EDWARDS 
WANTED,    in     BKPTMfBH     next,    an    exi*  ri.-ii.  ■  -d     ■SOLISH 
MISTRESS.     Salary    i  ■■•■ling    to  quallflcatlnni  and 

Forms    of    application,    which     should    be    r'-turmd     by 
.11. I. Y  i   may  bs  had  from  it  Further  particulars   may 

lined  from  ii,.-  II  K  ID  MI8TRI  -- 
*  m  vesting  will  red  a  disqualification 

ROBERT  T    JONES,  Secretary. 
Education  Department.  Town  Hall,  Birkenhead. 
June  PI.  1814. 


— 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
£1  8s.;  Foreign,  £1 10s.  6d.  Entered  at  the 
New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


Q   0   U   N   T   Y       _0_F         LONDON. 

„rTli.eHli,LTTvV.our^y^;^sil..i',ivit'evapnlicationfl  ,or  the  positions 

of    ASSISTANT    MI8TRESSES    at  the   County   Secondary    School 

Sydenham  :— 
nil     ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  (  Imsmcs  and  English 
I'"    ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  ten.  h  History-  subsidiary  subject 

(c)  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  English-subsidiary  subject 
xj  i  b  i  o  ry . 

Candidates  must  have  obtained  Honours  in  a  final  examination  for 
a  Degree  held  by  a  recognized  University,  and  must  have  had  good 
Secondary  School  experience.  Ability  to  take  part  in  games  will  be 
an  additional  recommendation.  Any  of  these  Mistresses  may  lie 
required  to  give  part  of  her  time  to  the  Count v  Secondary  School 
Forest  Hill,  which  is  under  the  same  Head  Mistress  and  is  to  be 
amalgamated  with  the  County  Secondary  School,  S)denham. 
Applications  are  also  invited  for  the  position  of— 

(dl  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  at  the  COI'NTY  SKCONDVRY 
SCHOOL.  CLAPHAM.  especially  qualified  to  teach  English  Ability 
to  teach  History  would  be  an  additional  qualification.  Candidates 
must  have  obtained  Honours  in  English  in  a  final  examination  for  a 
Degree  held  by  a  recognized  University. 

In  each  case  the  commencing  salary  will  be  from  120?  to  1701 
according  to  previous  experience,  rising  to  2201  by  yearly  increments 
of  10J.  Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  par- 
ticulars of  the  appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap 
envelope  to  THE  EDUCATION  OFFICKR,  Undon  Cjunty  Council 
Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.c  .  to  whom  they  must 
be  returned  by  11  am.  on  THURSDAY,  July  9,  1914,  in  the  case  of 
(a),  (6),  and  (ci.and  July  10  in  the  case  of  !</).  Every  communication 
must  be  marked  "H.4.    on  the  envelope 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  for  ap- 
pointment. No  relative  of  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Sub-Com- 
mittee of  the  School  is  eligible. 

LAURENCE  GOMME.     Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


c 


OUNTY        OF       LONDON 


The  London  County  Council  invites  applications  from  iiersons 
desirous  of  having  their  NAMES  PLACED  on  t lie  PANEL  of 
approved  LECTURERS  in  ENGLISH  LITERATURK  to  Classes 
held  in  Evening  Institutes  and  other  Institutions.  Candidates 
should  be  prepared  to  deliver  Courses  of  about  twenty  five  lectures 
accompanied  by  Class  Instruction,  on  one  or  more  of  the  following 
periods  of  English  Literature :— I.  Shakespeare.  II.  Cavalier  anc' 
Puritan  Literature.  III.  The  literature  of  the  Eighteenth  Century 
IV.  The  Period  of  the  Romantic  Revival.  V.  Aspects  of  Victorian 
Literature  (to  the  death  of  Tennyson).  VI.  Modern  English  Litera- 
ture (beginning,  ibroadly  speaking,  with  Meredith  and  Hardy,  and 
with  poets  later  than  Swinburne  and  Morrisi. 

The  remuneration  of  Lecturers  at  Evening  Institutes  is  10«.  W.  an 
evening  of)  about  two  hours.  The  remuneration  ;of  Lecturers  at 
other  Institutions  is  1?.  an  evening,  but  candidates  must  be  qualified 
to  deliver  Courses  of  an  advanced  type  on  one  or  more  of  the  periods 
mentioned  above,  or  on  other  literary  subjects.  In  each  case  the 
remuneration  mentioned  will  cover  the  correction  of  any  homework 
that  may  be  necessary. 

Applications  must  be  on  forms  to  be  obtained,  with  particulars  of  the 
appointment,  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap  envelope  to 
THE  EDUCATION  OFFICER,  London  County  Council,  Education 
Offices,  Victoria  Embankment.  W.C,  to  whom  tluv  most  be  returned 
by  M  am  MONDAY.  July  Ii,  1914.  Every  communication  must  be 
marked  "  T.ii  "  on  the  envelope. 

Cinvassiug,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  disqualify  an 
applicant. 

LAURENCE  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


w 


EST    LEEDS    HIGH     SCHOOL. 


REQUIRED,  for  SEPTEMBER.  HISTORY  MASTER.  University 
Degree  with  Honours  in  History  essential.  Commencing  salary  1J50I. 
per  annum. 

Applications,  which  must  be  made  on  forms  to  be  obtained  from 
the  undersigned,  should  he  forwarded  to  tin-  undersigned  AT  ONCE. 
JAM  KB  (iRAHAM.  Secretary  lor  Education. 

Education  Offices,  Calverley  Street.  Leeds. 


pOUNTY     BOROUGH    OF    SUNDERLAND. 

BEDE    COLLEGIATE    SCHOOL     FOR    GIRLS. 

Il.nd  Mistress-Miss   U.    K.    BOOH,   M    I 

APPOINTMENT    OF    JUNIOR     MISTRESS. 

wanted,  in  September,  \  MI8TBK88  rpeetalli  trained  for 
Lower  School  Woik  Oood  experience  in  this  part  of  a  Secondary 
School  essential.     Initial  salary  I1M 

Salt]  iCIon  form,  which  inoaUJ  be  returned  a* 

quickly  ai  possible,  obtainable  on  sendlna  itamprd  envelo|>e  to  the 
undersigned  HERBERT  HEED.  Secretary. 

h.i  o<  at  ion  Department,  IS,  John  street.  Sunderland 

June.   I'll  I 


VAST        HAM        TECHNICAL       COLLEGE. 


SECOND  \RY  HIlool,    rOB    HOYS  AND  GIRIJI. 

Tha  OommitUe  torlU  appj  I       t    I   oi   ASMBTAHT 

MISTRESS    in   ii bore  School.     Preference   »>ll   l»-   given  to  a 

rtlty  Graduate  who  has  had  aperient  eln  ■  Secondary  School. 

The  Hutrea  will  hi  reqnlred  to  teach  English,  French,  aud 
Blnglng  and  be  prepared  to  take  an  Interest  In  the  Bt  hool  Games. 

Duties  to  commence  on  he  IT  KM  HER  i 

i   immencing  sal  ei  annum. 

Form-  of  application  are  to  be  obtained  from  THE  PRINCIPAL. 
Technical  College,  East  Hun.  E.  to  whom  they  must  lie  returned  on 
or  beton     '  I  I 


878 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


Situations   WLmttb. 

COLONIAL  BARRISTER,  28  years  of  age, 
speaking  Italian.  French,  Spanish,  desires  SECRETARYSHIP 
or  LITERARY  POST.- Address  BARRISTER,  111,  Sda.  Ittorri, 
Mi'  in  i    Malta. 


jHtsaUatuous. 


PUBLISHING.— An  opportunity  occurs,  in  an 
Old-Established  and  well  known  Firm  of  Publishers,  for  the 
services  of  a  Gentleman  accustomed  to  the  business  ;  one  with  influence 
among  Religious  Authors  preferred.  Possible  partnership  to  suitable 
applicant.  -  MEN'IOR  Box  2065,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.c. 


UNIVERSITY  MAN  undertakes  LITERARY 
RESEARCH  at  the  British  Museum.  French,  Jtalinn, 
Spanish.  Portuguese.— Box  2066,  Athenaeum  Press,  11,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  Loudon,  E.G. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
testimonials.  Typewriting— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press, 
11,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.  Criticized,  Revised,  and 
Prepared  for  Press.  Typewriting  at  moderate  rates  by  skilled 
and  educated  Operators.  Promptness,  neatness,  and  accuracy 
guaranteed.— 0.  M.  DUNCAN,  Grasmere,  Grasmere  Road,  Purley, 
Surrey 


NOTICE  TO  AUTHORS.— In  cases  of  doubt 
and  difficulty  about  literary  work  or  sales.  Authors  should 
communicate  with  Mr.  STANBOPE  W.  8PRIGG.  Literary  Con- 
sultant. 31,  Charing  Cross,  Whitehall.  S.W.  Full  information  given 
as  to  the  best  channels  of  publication  and  most  suitable  markets. 
Fees  moderate.  For  some  years  Hon.  Literary  Adviser  to  the  Society 
of  Women  Journalits. 

fPO    BOOK    COLLECTORS.— Advertiser  has  a 

I  few  Fir6t  and  other  good  Editions  of  English  Literature  to  sell 
cheaply.  Gray.  Dickens,  Bunyau's  Grace  Abounding.  16*0,  &c.  List 
on  application.— A.  A.,  care  of  Dawson's,  121,  Cannon  Street,  K.C. 


N 


OTICE      OF      REMOVAL. 


JAMES  BAIN,  Bookseller,  of  14,  Charles  Street.  Haymarket,  S.W.. 
and  formerly  of  No.  1,  Haymarket,  S.W.,  begs  to  give  notice  that, 
•  wing  to  his  lea'e  expiring  at  Midsummer  and  the  fact  th«t  bis 
present  premises  are  about  to  be  pulled  down,  he  is  REMOVING  on 
JUNE  27  to  larger  and  more  convenient  premises  at 

NO.  14,  KING  WILLIAM  STREET,  STRAND,  W.C. 

OFFER  WANTED  for  several  rare  EGYPTIAN 
ANTIQUE  NECKLACES  of  Gold,  Pearl,  Carnelian,  Amethyst, 
and  Amazon  Stones.  All  in  perfect  condition  and  of  different  types. 
Also  Alabaster  Vases  and  some  beautiful  Scarabs.  The  whole 
Collection  dates  from  1500  B.c. 

Address  Box  3572,  care  of  Smith's,  10,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 

TO  LET  for  Three  Months,  from  middle  or  end 
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TO  SOCIETIES.— The  HALL  (42  by  28)  and 
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TARY, A.W.G.,  6,  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

RARE  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  all  periods  and 
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Cash.— SPINK  4  SON,  Ltd.,  Medallists  to  H.M.  the  King,  17  and  18, 
Piccadilly,  London,  W.  (close  to  Piccadilly  Circus). 


®iipj>-Mrtitng,  &t. 

MSS.  OF  ALL  KINDS,  9ci.  per    1,000  words. 
Carbon  Copies,  3d.   References  to  well-known  Authors    Oxford 
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AUTHORS'    MSS.    and    TYPE-WRITING    of 

t\.  every  description  accurately  and  promptly  executed.  Short- 
hand Typists  provided.  Meetings,  Lectures,  Sermons  reported.— 
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A  UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES.PLAYS, 

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known  Writers.— M.  STUART.  Allendale,  Kymberley  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPING    at    home  desired    by    well-educated, 
qualified  Lady.    Excellent  refs.    From  8d.  1,000  words.    French, 
German  copied.— E.,  16,  Cheriugton  Road,  Hanwell,  W. 


'fYPE .  WRITING,     SHORTHAND,     and    all 

l  SECRETARIAL  WORK.-Mrs.  WALKER,  113,  Elm  Park 
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Cktalogiua. 

A  NTIQUARIAN  BOOKSELLER,   issuing   fre- 

XX  quent  CATALOGUES  (sent  post  free  I  of  OLD,  SCARCE,  and 
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Bookbuyersl.— MORTON,  1,  Duke  Street,  Brighton. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.,  NOVELS,  SERMONS, 
PLAYS,  and  all  kinds  of  TYPE-WRITING  executed  promptly 
and  accurately,  7d.  per  1,000  words,  Carbons  2d.-A.  M.  P.,  66, 
Alexandra  Park  Road,  Muswell  Hill,  N 


AUTHORS'    MSS.,     Literary    and     Scientific, 

•n:  typed  by  experienced  Lady.  British  Museum  reader.  Research 
work  and  Copying  undertaken.  Terms  moderate.— Miss  CHANOT,  17, 
Priory  Gardens,  Highgate,  N. 


^TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  Woman  Gradu- 

»  .  ate  (Classical  Tripos,  Girton  College,  Cambridge:  Intermediate 
£vd'c  A?J.  £?,[;„  Kjfearch.  Revision,  Short  hand. -CAM  BRIDGE 
Tde  dion£%0S  I"  '  5'  DCKE  8TKEET-   ADELPHI,    W.C. 


J^IRST  EDITIONS  OF  MODERN  AUTHORS, 

1  including  Dickens,  Thackeray  I  ever.  Ainsworth  ;  Books  illus- 
tnii,ed  by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank.  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  4c.  The 
largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  OATA- 
CoGUCS  issued  and  sent  jior-t  free  on  application.  Boohs  bought.— 
WALTER  T.  HPENCEK.  27-,  New  Oxford  Street,  London,  W.C. 


BOOKS.— CATALOGUE  of  VALUABLE  and 
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known  Libraries,  post  free.  Customers'  lists  of  desiderata  solicited  — 
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BOOKS.  —  ALL  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Book- 
finder  extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  make 
a  special  feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected 
from  my  various  lists.  Special  list  of  2,000  Books  I  particularly  want 
post  free.-EDW.  BAKER'S  Great  Bookshop,  John  Bright  Street, 
Birmingham.  Burke's  Peerage,  1910,  new,  158— Walpole's  Letters, 
Large  Paper,  16  vols.,  11. 10s.    Yeats,  Collected  Works,  8  vols.,  3i.  38. 


Jlxttljora'  JVgnits. 

rPHE  AUTHORS'  ALLIANCE  are  prepared  to 

-L  consider  and  place  MSS.  for  early  publication  Literary  work  of 
all  kinds  dealt  with  by  experts  who  place  Authois'  interest  first. 
Twenty  years'  experience.— 2,  Clement's  Inn,  W. 


M 


HaUa  lrg  ^ttrtion. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 

at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C, 

on  MONDAY,  June  29,  and  Four  Following  Days, 

at  1  o'clock  precisely, 

The  SECOND  PORTION  of 

the  magnificent  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS, 

the  Property  of  ARCHIBALD  C  \MERON  NORMAN,  Esq., 

of  Bromley  Common. 


On  TUESDAY,  June  30,    and  Two  Following  Days, 

at  1  o'clock  precisely, 

VALUABLE  BOOKS   AND   MANUSCRIPTS, 

including 

the  Property  of  the  late  W.  D.  CRICK.  Esq..  of    Northampton; 

the  Property   of   Miss   FANCOUKT,   of  107,   The  Vale,  Acton,   W. 

the  Property  of  a  LADY,  and  other  Properties. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


THE  HUTH  LIBRARY. 

The  Collection  of  Printed  Books  ant  Illuminated 
Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C, 
on  TUESDAY,  July  7.  and  Three  Following  Days, 

at  1  o'clock  preciselv, 
The  FOURTH  PORTION  of  the  COLLECTION  of 
PRINTED  BOOKS  AND  ILLUMINATED   MANUSCRIPTS 
formed  by  BENRY  HUTH,  Esq., 
and  since  maintained  and  augmented  by  his  Son, 
ALFRED  H.  HUTH,  Esq..  of  Fosbury  Manor,  Wiltshire, 
comprising  the  letters  I,  J,  K,  L 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior. 
Catalogues  may  be  had,  price  6d.    each.     Illustrated   copies,  con- 
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WINES  and  CIGARS. 

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MODERN  ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAVINGS. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  July  1.  at  1  o'clock  pre- 
cisely, fine  ENGLI8H  SILVER  PLATE,  the  Property  of  Col.  R.  W. 
CHANDOS  POLE. 

On  THURSDAY,  July  2,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 

OLD  ENGLISH  FURNITURE  AND  PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of 
Lady  ANNA  CHANDOS  POLE,  deceased,  and  Porcelain  from  various 
sources. 

On   FRIDAY.  July   3,   at   1    o'clock   precisely, 

MODERN  PICTURES  AND  DRAWINGS  of  the  Continental 
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On  FRIDAY,* July  3,  at  about  3  o'clock,  highly 

important  PICTURES,  the  Property  of  the  late  ARCHIBALD 
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MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
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MS.  Bible  on  Vellum— a  few  Early  Printed  Books— a  rare  Edition 
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contemporary  calf,  Strassburg,  1524  —  Yorke's  Union  of  Honour, 
emblazoned,  1640  — Dalrymple's  Map  of  the  North  Pole,  uncut,  1789 
—  Clutterbuck's  Hertfordshire,  3  vole,  and  other  Topographical 
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shire, 3  vols.,  &c— A  Set  of  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography, 
66  vols. — The  Cambridge  Shakespeare,  L.P.,  40  vols.— First  Editions  of 
Tennyson,  Browning  Thackeray,  Walt  Whitman,  4c— Documents 
and  Autograph  Letters,  including  the  royal  6ign  manuals  of  Elizabeth 
and  Henry  III.  of  France— Rare  American  Portraits  and  View6,  4c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


A  BOOK  OF  INTERNA- 
TIONAL IMPORTANCE. 

THE 

HAPSBURG 
MONARCHY 


BY 


Wickham  Steed 


2nd  EDITION  NOW  READY 

AT    ALL     LIBRARIES    AND 

BOOKSELLERS. 


THE  ATHENAEUM. 

"A  work  which  bears  on  every 
page  the  stamp  of  authority,  and 
shows  unusual  powers  of  observa- 
tion." 

THE  OBSERVER. 

"  His  book  is  a  masterpiece  of 
generalization,  and  probably  the  most 
perfect  study  of  its  subject  that  our 
language  contains." 

THE  NEW  STATESMAN. 
"In  his  knowledge  of  the  ins  and 
outs  of  European  politics,  Mr.  Steed 
has  few  equals." 

THE  PALL  MALL  GAZETTE. 
"His  book  is  closely  packed  with 
knowledge,  observation  and  thought." 

THE  ENGLISH  REVIEW. 

"  The  best  study  we  have  of  up-to- 
date  life  and  politics  of  the  Austrian 
Empire." 

THE  MORNING  POST. 
"It   supplies   the    key   to   most    of 
the   present-day  problems   of   South- 
Eastern  Europe." 

THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

"  Should  be  read  very  carefully 
from  cover  to  cover  by  every  one 
who  desires  to  understand  the  ex- 
ternal and  internal  policy  of  the  poly- 
glot Empire." 

THE  TIMES. 

"  Mr.  Steed  has  written  a  remark- 
able book." 


CONSTABLE  &  CO.,  LTD.,  LONDON. 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


THE     ATHKNiEUM 


879 


A    WOMAN'S    BOOK 

Which  No  Woman  will  Read  Unmoved. 

A    MOTHER     IN    EXILE 
A    MOTHER     IN    EXILE 

IS    NOT    A    NOVEL  : 

IT    IS    A   HUMAN    DOCUMENT. 

11  Is  the  outpouring  of  a  soul  in  distress,  the 

cry  of  a  mother   deprived   of  her   children." 

A    MAN'S    BOOK 
Which  Every  Man  will  Enjoy  Reading 

PRIVATE    AFFAIRS 
PRIVATE    AFFAIRS 

CHARLES     McEVOY. 

"  A  fine  book,  written  with  complete  ease  upon  a 
subject  that  interests  every  one  ;  3*20  pages  of  com- 
pulsory reading  for  all  who  have  any  connexion 
with  a  British  family  ;  parents  to  get  it  within  a 
fortnight  or  show  cause." — Daily  Mail. 

"  Keep    your    children    in   chains    and   they 

will   deceive   you.      Take  the  chains  oft'  ard 

they  will  not  trouble  to  do  that." 


EVERY     ONE'S     BOOK 
Which  Everybody  Ought  to  Read. 

THE    SILVER     KING 
THE    SILVER    KING 

A.     WILSON    BARRETT. 

"  Tells  effectively  and  tersely  the  story  of  one 
of  the   best   melodramas  of   modern   times." 


To  be  obtained  at  all  Booksellers,  Bookstalls, 
and  Libraries. 

EVERETT    <S    CO.,    LTD., 
42,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

MAPS  ATLASES 

GLOBES 


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A    NEW    ATLAS 
THE  SCHOOL   AND   COLLEGE   ATLAS 

Containing  LOS  Full-Plate  Mapp.  Physical.  Commercial,  and 
Political.  Socially  prepared  to  comply  with  the  modern  require- 
ments in  the  teaching  of  Geography.     3s.  6d   net. 

Detailed  prospectus  and  specimen  maps  tent  gratis  on  appticatiui'. 

JCiT    I'VIlLInHED. 

A     NEW      EDITION      OF 

BACON'S    EXCELSIOR    SCHOOL 
MAP   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES 

8ize  is  inches  by  49  inches. 

Constructed  on  a  Conical  Projection  with  true  Meridians  of  Longi- 
tude and  Errorless  Parallels  34  degrees  and  44  degrees  North  Latitude, 
on  a  icale  of  1 : 3,800,000 or  DO'S  miles  to  an  inch. 

The  area  of  each  state  or  territory  is  outlined  and  coloured  in  bands 
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to  suit  particular  re'tuireim 

MAPS  :    How  they  are  Made 
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University  College.  Reading  I'mwn  Sro.  M  pages  with  SO 
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A   Practical  Course   in 
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By    EDWARD    ALBERT,     M.A.,    (ieorge     Watson's 
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Practical  English  Composition 

By  C.  M.  GERRISH,  B.A.,  and  M.  CUNNINGHAM. 
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A  Brief  History  of 
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By   E.    M.   TAPPAN,    Ph.D.,   Author  of   'In    Feudal 
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No.  45-22,  Jink  27,   1914 


THE     ATIIENjEUM 


ssi 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  97,  1914. 


CONTENTS. 


l'AC.E 


New  Kxi-kkimknts  in  EDUCATION  (The  Future  of 
K.hn.uion  ;  A  Path  to  Freedom  in  the  School  ; 

The  Play  Method  to  Prose)      SSI— 8S2 

Roman  Imi-iuu.u  ism 888 

A  Batch  ok  School  Books  (Picture  History  and 
Composition  ;  Harrap'a  Dramatic  History  ;  Bell's 
Reading  Books  ;  Brief  History  of  English  Litera- 
ture)      8S3 

Gkeek  Inscriptions  883 

French  Lira  and  tub  State  (The  Caillaux  Drama  ; 

The  Fear  of  Living)  8S1 

Joseph  Conrad  :  a  Study  885 

The  Achaknians  ok  Aristophanes      ..        .         ..    885 
Fiction  (Love's  legend  ;  Tales  of  Two  Countries  ; 
Hustler  Paul  ;  Vandover  and  the  Brute  ;  Tents  of 

a  Night)       -.        ..    S86 

Books  Pi  ulisiied  this  Week  (English,  887  ;  Foreign. 

890) 887—890 

Notes  from  Oxford;  The  Editio  Princeps  ok 
the  'Qcf.stio  de  Ayi  a  et  Terra'  ;  The  Next 
Steps  in  Educational  Progress;  Cambridge 
Notes;  Public  Morals  and  Public  Health; 
Royal  Commission  on  Public  Records;  The 
Belkast  Booksellers  ;  The  Original  ok 
'HUDIBBAS' ;  A  Correction  ;  Book  Sales      891—895 

Literary  Gossip       ..        ..        _        896 

Science— Robert  Boyle  ;  Memorials  of  II.  Forbes 
Julias  ;  The  Nature  ok  the  X  -  Rays  ; 
Societies;     Meetings   Next  Week  ;     Gossip 

897—898 
Fine    Arts  — Mexican    Arch.eology  ;      Current 
Exhibitions;     The    'Roman    Charity';    The 
Northwick    Engravings;    The   Bascom   Coin 
Sale;   Other  Sales;   Gossip         ..        ..      899-901 
Music— Wagner   as  Man  and   Artist;    Opera   at 
Drury   Lane;    The  Orkeo  Catala  ;    Gossip; 
Performances  Next  Week           ..        ..      901—903 
Drama— Chapman's  Plays  and  Poems  ;  Gossip    „    903 
Index  to  Advertisers      904 


LITERATURE 


NEW  EXPERIMENTS    IN 
EDUCATION. 

Published  opinion  hostile  to  our  present 
system  of  primary  teaching  continues  to 
increase.  '  The  Future  of  Education/  the 
latest  indictment,  comes  from  within,  its 
author  having  been  through  the  mill  him- 
self, and  risen  to  the  position  of  head 
teacher.  Mr.  Egerton  is  a  severe  critic, 
both  of  the  system  and  those  who  ad- 
minister it.  We  can  only  hope,  so  lurid 
is  the  picture  that  he  draws  of  primary- 
school  masters,  that  he  was,  as  his  friends 
have  told  him,  unusually  unfortunate  in  his 
personal  experiences  of  the  class.  But  as 
tn  the  system  he  has  no  doubts  and  no 
compunctions.  He  insists  that,  for  the 
sake  of  the  public  weal,  a  move  should  be 
made  without  delay.  Herein  he  does  but 
echo  the  demands  of  other  recent  writers 
(m  this  subject,  such  as  Messrs.  Holmes. 
King-Harman,  Welpton.  and  Ashbee  ;    but 

The  Future  of  Education.  By  I".  Clemenl  C. 
Egerton.     (Bell  A  Son-.  3*.  ba.  net.) 

A  I 'mh  to  freedom  in  the  School.  By 
Norman  MacMunn. 

/Same  publishers,  2s.  net.) 

/■  .  Playbooks.  No.  J-  First-Fruits  of  tl"' 
Play  Method  in  I 'roue.  With  a  Preface  by 
W.  TL  I).  Rouse,  and  an  Essay  on  the 
Method  by  TL  Caldwell  Cook.  (Cam- 
bridge, He-tier  &  .Sons,  3*.  net.) 


as  their  appeals  do  not  seem  as  yet  to 
have  effected  much,  and  as  his  charge  is 
expressed  in  even  more  forcible  language 
than  theirs,  we  deem  it  advisable  bo  give 
it  all  the  publicity  we  can  : — 

'  Year  after  year  goes  by  [he  writes],  and 
the  State  still  Leaves  the  youth  of  the  nation 
helpless,  and  lays  the  foundations  of  its  own 

downfall.  Jt  actually  delivers  our  young 
boys  and  girls  over  to  all  the  evils  of  un- 
employment. Our  elementary  schools  do 
nothing  to  prepare  for  the  work  of  life. 
They  turn  out  our  young  people  without 
initiative,  throw  them  upon  the  world,  and 
then  leave  them  to  their  fate." 

What  is  wanted  is  an  education  at  once 
humanizing  and  vocational,  and  to  devise 
such  a  training  should  not  pass  the  wit  of 
man.  Mr.  Egerton  furnishes  some  inter- 
esting facts  of  what  is  being  done  else- 
where. The  city  of  Munich  is  a  bright 
example.  Thirty-eight  technical  schools 
have  been  established  there  in  the  last 
dozen  years,  and  in  consequence  the  evils 
of  unemployment  and  a  plethora  of  un- 
skilled labour  have  steadily  decreased. 
The  kingdom  of  Wurttemberg  possesses 
over  250  industrial  schools  in  its  towns  and 
villages,  including  many  devoted  to  the 
study  of  agriculture,  such  as  are  adum- 
brated in  '  The  Hamptonshire  Experiment.' 
They  are  managed,  we  read,  by  practical 
committees  of  employers,  business  men, 
and  workmen,  and  the  community  takes 
the  utmost  pride  in  them.  It  is  earnestly 
to  be  hoped  that,  when  Parliament  gets  to 
grips  with  the  question  of  remoulding  our 
national  education,  all  parties  wall  com- 
bine in  a  task,  the  successful  achievement 
of  which  is  vital  to  our  national  well- 
being  and  security. 

Though  mainly  concerned  with  primary 
schools,  Mr.  Egerton  offers  also  some 
suggestive  comments  on  secondary  educa- 
tion. There,  also,  he  looks  for  and  desires 
change.  The  old  idea  of  the  boy  as  a 
piece  of  metal  to  be  hammered  on  the 
scholastic  anvil  into  whatever  shape  the 
wielder  of  the  hammer  chooses  has  got 
to  go  ;  it  is  discredited  by  our  increased 
knowledge  of  the  physical  and  mental 
perils  that  beset  the  period  of  adolescence. 
The  Montessori  leaven  is  at  work,  and  the 
old  truth  is  rediscovered  that  true  ecluca- 
tion  consists  in  growth  on  the  pupil's  part, 
and  in  guidance — not  manufacture  or 
mere  repression — on  the  teacher's. 

'A  Path  to  Freedom  in  the  School'  is 
yet  another  example  of  the  unrest  which 
is  prevalent  in  the  educational  as  in 
other  spheres.  Many  self-styled  reformers 
are  in  nine-tenths  of  their  suggestions 
merely  destructive.  With  Mr.  MacMunn 
it  is  otherwise.  Latest  and  most  sweep- 
ing of   revolutionaries,   he.    builds  a   new 

fabric  on  the  ground  which  he  has 
cleared.      He  has  tested  his  theories  in  an 

actual  school,  and  has  achieved  remark- 
able results  :  and  he  has  composed  and 
printed  handbooks— and  will  print  more 

by   the   use  of   which   other   teachers   may 

benefit.     It    is    quite    possible    thai    the 

changes  be  has  initiated  may  alter  the 
whole  face  of  education,  for  he  has  the  true 

enthusiast's  belief  in  his  cause.    That  c 

i-  freedom    in   the  BChool. 


Mr.  MacMunn  is  employed  in  secondary 

teaching,  and  to  secondary  schools  in  the 
first  instance,  though  doubtless  to  primary 
as  well,  he  desires  to  see  the  principles  of 
Dr.  Montessori  applied.  They  have  been  so 
applied,  he  fells  us.  in  the  Dorset  "  Little 

Commonwealth "  for  young  delinquents, 

and  with  marked  success.  An  interesting 
account,  by  the  way,  of  this  experiment, 
which  is  approaching  the  close  of  its  first 
year's  trial,  is  contained  in  Mr.  Egerton's 
book  just  noticed.  The  "  Little  Com- 
monwealth "  is  self-governing  ;  and  Mr. 
MacMunn  has  granted  self-government 
within  the  four  walls  of  his  own  class-room. 
There  the  subjects  of  study  are,  indeed, 
determined  by  the  master  ;  but  the 
amount  of  time  to  be  devoted  to  each  by 
the  several  learners  is  determined  by  their 
individual  choice.  By  a  system  of  part- 
nership work,  superseding  collective  teach- 
ing by  the  master,  the  boys  largely  teach 
each  other.  The  master  becomes  a  modify- 
ing and  directing,  but  never  a  repressive 
influence.  Repression  is.  to  Mr.  MacMunn, 
the  enemy.  So  it  is  to  many  others. 
parents  and  teachers.  Let  us  hear  Mr. 
MacMunn  about  the  parents  : — 

"  Some  [he  writes]  are  in  revolt  through 
over-pressure,  some  tlirongh  bad  teaching, 
some  through  excess  of  subjects,  some 
through  the  uniformity  of  the  idea-less 
type  produced  by  our  schools  [un-idead 
boys,  in  fact,  to  match  Dr.  Johnson's  "  un- 
idead  girls  "]  ;  some  have  themselves  em- 
braced the  full  theory  of  the  auto-education 
of  the  child,  either  (in  rare  and  happy  cases) 
through  their  own  discovery,  or  by  recent 
conversion  to  the  doctrines  of  Dr.  .Montes- 
sori." 

Mr.  MacMunn  has  surrendered  the  right 
to  punish,  and  finds  himself  justified  by 
results.  He  has  seen  indifference,  dis- 
taste for  work,  weariness,  and  surliness — 
symptoms  familiar,  alas  !  to  most  school- 
masters— vanish  as  if  by  magic.  The  boys 
become  more  forbearing  to  one  another, 
more  tolerant  of  oddities.  From  such  will 
arise,  it  may  be,  the  schoolmasters  of  the 
future.     Then  we  may  get  a  school  where 

"a  boy  can  be  prepared  for  every  imagin- 
able vocation,  from  that  of  backwoodsman 

to  that  of  ( 'ourt   jioci ." 

It  all  sounds  like  a  dream;  it  sounds 
too  good  to  be  true.  But  Mr.  MacMunn  is 
absolutely  confident  of  the  dream's  realiza- 
tion. He  deserves,  emphatically,  a  hear- 
ing, and  we  shall  await  with  interest  the 
adoption  of  his  system  in  other  educational 
institutions. 

The  volume  of  '  first  Fruits  of  tin 
Play  Method  in  Prose'  as  applied  a)  the 
Perse  School  is  so  persuasive  at  once  in  its 
statement  of  educational  theory,  and  in  its 
examples  of  the  theory  in  action,  that  we 
have  been  tempted  to  confess  ourselves 
wholly  won  over.  There  emerges  from  it 
as  a  clearly  established  fact  that  boys  may 

be  trained  to  perceive  with  sensitiveni 

and  originality,  and  to  take  a   natural  and 

anselfconscious  pleasure  in  communicating 

their   perceptions    in   artistic    form,  by  the 

age  of  13.    The  presumption  is  t  hat  we  are 

all   born   poets,  and   that  the   normal    pro 
cesses  of  education   too  often  smother  t  la- 
vital    power    which    they    should    educe. 


8<S2 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


Had  such  a  study  as  the  following  been 
translated  from  the  Japanese  or  Hindu- 
stani, the  world  would  have  been  reading 

it:— 

"  The  Nightingale. 

"  Softly  we  close  the  door,  and  turn  the 
key.  We  tread  noiselessly  along  the  little 
path,  close  to  the  hedge,  to  the  little  fir  and 
beech  copse  at  the  end  of  the  lane.  Last 
evening  the  nightingale  sang  in  the  coppice, 
and  we  go  again  to  hear  it. 

"  At  last  we  come  to  the  mossy  stile  and 
listen — '  Jug,  jug,  jug,  -jug,  tereu,  tereu,' 
floats  from  a  tiny  larch.  There  is  a  rustle, 
and  the  little  songster  goes  to  seek  his 
mate  and  nest.  Happily  we  return  home, 
for  we  have  heard  the  nightingale/' 

It  is,  in  fact,  the  work  of  an  English  boy, 
aged   12-8 ;    and  a  half-dozen  others  in 
Class  II.  B.  at  the  Perse  School  produce 
work  quite  as  convincing,  and  nearly,  if 
not  quite,  as  good.     No  reason  appears 
why,  having  discovered  in  themselves  this 
faculty    and    interest,    they    should    lose 
either,  and  no  doubt  is  expressed  that  the 
principles  here  so  fruitfully  applied  to  the 
study  of  English  composition  will  work 
out  to  equivalent  results  in  other  subjects. 
Mr.  Caldwell  Cook,  who  sets  forth  in  a 
lengthy  introduction  the  ideas  which  have 
guided  him  in  the  experiment,   and  the 
methods    to    which    his    experience    has 
gradually  led  him ,  speaks  disparagingly  of 
the   Montessori    system  ;    yet  we  do  not 
think  his  achievement  could  be  described 
better  than  by  saying  that  he  has  applied 
to    advanced    stages    of    education    the 
principle    of    personal    discovery,    which 
Madame  Montessori  applies  to  its  initial 
stage.     He  foresees  a  time  when  what  he 
calls  her  "  absurd  material  "  will  suffocate 
her  system's  "  meagre  positive  side  " — in 
fact,  when  her  system  will  become  a  system 
merely.     But    he    must    be    aware    that, 
except  in  so  far  as  a  system  is  associated 
with  material  of  some  kind,  it  is  intrans- 
missible ;   while,  when  it  is  so  associated, 
there  will  always  be  a  danger  of  its  being, 
in  course  of  transmission,  divorced  from 
the    spirit    intended    to    inform    it.     Mr. 
Cook  himself  will  have  to  reckon  with  this 
problem.     He    is    living    in    a    glorious 
present  ;    for  the  future  of  his  movement 
Ave  feel  some  concern. 

The  term  "  play,"  as  he  defines  it, 
includes  and  subsumes  what  is  ordinarily 
called  work.  He  believes  it  possible  to 
lead  the  minds  of  the  young  along  the 
roads  they  are  required  to  traverse,  and  so 
to  maintain  their  interest  in  the  successive 
stages  of  the  journey  that  the  information 
essential  to  their  equipment  as  travellers 
will  be  assimilated  incidentally,  as  an 
obvious  means  to  continuously  more 
engrossing  ends.  Nothing  is  to  be  merely 
learnt  ;  learning  is  to  present  itself  from 
the  first  in  its  true  colours,  as  an  instru- 
ment of  actim,  and  all  that  is  known  is  to 
be  a  li\  ing  influence  in  the  memory  by  its 
association  with  the  concrete  appropriate 
real. 

Perhaps  difficulty  may  arise  in  the  long 
run  from  the  fact  that  the  activities  into 
which  boys  naturally  enter,  and  by  means 
of  which  they  incline  to  express  themselves, 
are  not  necessarily  relevant  or  conform- 
able to  every  branch  of  study,  and  that  the 


imaginative  dramatization  of  the  thing — 
introduced  to  give  reality  to  it — may  end, 
in  consequence,  in  a  kind  of  sentimental- 
ization.  To  a  certain  extent,  from  evi- 
dence in  the  volume  before  us,  we  should 
suspect  that  this  difficulty  had  already 
made  its  appearance  at  the  Perse  School. 
Mediaevalism  is,  of  course,  readily  redu- 
cible to  a  game  ;  the  human  mind  had, 
in  mediaeval  times,  an  innate  affinity  for 
romantic  illusions,  and  it  is  obvious  that 
heraldry,  falconry,  hunting,  castles,  and 
the  knights  who  created  them,  afford 
endless  material  for  play- work,  with  much 
valuable  knowledge  of  English  or  other 
traditions  accruing  by  the  way.  But  the 
mediaeval  period  has  no  preponderating 
historical  importance,  and  it  is  hard  to  see 
how,  under  Mr.  Cook's  system,  it  can  fail 
to  become  a  standard  and  type. 

Briefly,  the  danger  seems  to  the 
present  reviewer  to  be  this :  that  the 
realities  he  would  introduce  into  school 
life  are  at  best  passable  substitutes  only 
for  the  genuine  thing — they  remain  at 
bottom  shams.  Nothing,  we  agree,  is 
more  educative  than  vital  action — than 
experience,  in  a  word.  Yet  may  there  not 
be  more  experience,  because  more  accord- 
ance Avith  fact,  in  admitting  yourself  a 
twentieth  -  century  schoolboy,  and  so 
learning  Latin,  an  alien  tongue,  with  some 
drudgery  and  dislike,  than  in  figuring 
yourself  a  Roman  legionary,  making 
Caesar's  bridges,  and  fighting  his  wars  1 
The  educative  value  of  action  must  surely 
be  lacking  in  this,  because,  after  all,  true 
action  itself  is  lacking.  The  flavour  of  a 
pretence  hangs  over  the  Avhole  perform- 
ance, and,  though  we  may  have  picked  up 
the  technical  terms  of  Avarfare  very  easily 
while  playing  at  campaigns,  our  concep- 
tion of  any  actual  campaign  is  as  likely  as 
not  to  have  been  distorted  and  falsified. 
"  Work  "  has  at  least  this  advantage  over 
play,  that  it  makes  no  pretences  and 
nourishes  no  illusions.  With  all  its  mono- 
tonies, and  with  the  many  meaningless 
encumbrances  which  pioneers  like  Mr. 
Cook  will  help  us  to  get  rid  of,  it  is  a 
genuine  experience,  a  solid  stage  in  the 
development  of  the  soul. 


Roman  Imperialism.     By  Tenney  Frank. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.,  10s.  Qd.  net.) 

There  is  such  a  constant  stream  of 
volumes  on  Roman  history  issuing  from 
the  press  that,  although  they  discuss  widely 
different  phases  of  that  history,  and  are 
mostly  Avritten  by  competent  people,  a  re- 
viewer who  receives  a  neAv  book  on  the  sub- 
ject cannot  but  be  affected  with  a  certain 
impatience  at  the  prospect  of  going  over 
the  field  again.  All  the  more  grateful  is  the 
surprise  of  stumbling  upon  a  treatment  so 
fresh,  convincing,  and  learned,  that  the  im- 
patience makes  place  for  veritable  grati- 
tude. Here  is  an  author  living  in  the 
midst  of  Pennsylvania,  teaching  Latin  to 
ladies,  who  has,  nevertheless,  a  great 
library  at  his  command,  and  who  has 
sifted  the  wheat  from  the  chaff  with  extra- 
ordinary success. 

Prof.  Frank  takes  for  his  task  the  rise 
and    growth   of    the    notions   of    Empire 


among  the   Romans,  and   gives   us   only 
such    things    as    serve    for    his    special 
purpose.     There  are  no  digressions  in  the 
book,    no    unnecessary   details ;     and    so 
he   is   able  to   offer    a    complete   survey 
of  the  groAvth  of  the   Empire  from  the 
beginnings  of  Rome  to  Julius  Caesar.     The 
chapter  (xvii.)  on  this  great  man's  youth, 
development,  and  ultimate  sovereignty,  is 
one  of  the  best  we  have  e\rer  read,  and 
any  one  who  chooses  to  read  it  first  will  not 
fail  to  study  the  Avhole  \rolume  Avith  care. 
The  next  most  distinctive  chapter  (xiv.), 
Avhich  is,  indeed,  on  the  main   thesis  of 
the  book,  deals  with  the  commercialism  of 
the  ancient  Romans  as  a  factor  in  their  ideas 
of  expansion.     The  author  will  haA^e  none 
of  it  till  the  days  of  Caius  Gracchus.     The 
notions  we  have  adopted  from  Mommsen 
of   the   early  commercial  activity  of   the 
Romans,  the  importance  of  the  Tiber  and 
of  Ostia  as  its  port,  and  the  significance 
of  the  early  treaties  Avith  Carthage — all 
this    he    explodes.     The    original    Latin 
settlers   were   not   sea-going.     Ostia   was- 
among  the  latest  places  of  importance  ;  the 
treaty  with  Carthage  was  one  made  by  a 
great  naval  and  commercial  poAver  for  its- 
OAvn  adATantage  Avith  non-trading  people. 
Still    further,    the  whole    idea    that    the 
normal   condition   of   civilized   neighbour 
polities  is  a  state  of  war,  and  aggressive 
Avar  as  the  rule,  he  refutes  by  pointing  at 
the    outset    to    the    solemn   Lex   fetialis, 
which  sIioavs  that  the  appeal  to  force  was 
not  for  aggrandizement,  but  only  to  repel 
injustice.     HoweA^er  often  this  great  prin- 
ciple may  have  been  violated  in  later  days, 
the  old  tradition  alwaA^s  had  its  influence. 
EAren  to-day   the  ambages  that  surround 
declarations  of  war  point  to  the  surviAal 
of  the  old  idea,  not  to  take  up  arms  till  the 
adversary  is  convicted  of  violating  the  law 
of  nations  which  commands  peace  among 
neighbours. 

Starting  from  these  premises,  the  sena- 
torial goAernment  of  Rome  was  through- 
out cautious,  restricted,  timid  of  large 
consequences.  Then  came  a  time  when 
expansion  meant  the  acquisition  of  king- 
doms, and  that  of  a  standing  army,  with  a 
general  avIio,  if  successful,  at  once  became 
a  danger  to  the  State.  It  was  the  demo- 
cratic party  and  their  leaders  that  were 
always  the  expansionists  :  first  for  the 
glamour  of  it,  which  dazzles  the  mind  of 
the  ignorant  and  the  man  thoughtless  of 
consequences  ;  next  for  the  profit  of  it, 
as  successful  leaders  did  not  scruple  to 
divide  the  plunder  of  nations  among  their 
folloAvers. 

What  is  neAvest  in  this  book  is  that  the 
author  repudiates  the  received  notion  of 
the  guilty  greed  of  the  Romans  as  mer- 
chants, the  notion  that  Avholesale  traders 
among  Patricians  or  Equites  caused  the 
destruction  of  Carthage,  of  Corinth,  and 
of  the  trade  of  Rhodes  by  their  com- 
mercial jealousy,  just  as  the  jealousy 
of  rich  English  merchants  ruined  Irish 
trades  one  after  the  other  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  He  shows  Avith  ample  learning 
that  no  early  evidence  we  possess  has  any 
statement  of  such  an  influence  ;  he  says 
that  the  OArer-sea  merchants  of  Italy 
were  not  Romans,  but  southern  Italians 


No.  452-2,  June  27,  19U 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


883 


OrTGieeka  from  the  coast  cities.  He  shows 
that  there  were  very  tew  Romans  settled 
at  Delos,  though  many  Italians.  Ee 
maintains  that  among  t lie  80,000  Italians 
massacred  in  Asia  Minor  by  order  of 
Mithridates  there  were  few  Romans, 
though  this  event  was  after  the  fatal 
policy  of  Cains  Gracchus,  by  whose 
influence  the  tax  farmers  of  Asia  became 
the  scourge  of  that  and  other  provinces. 
Their  commercialism  proved,  indeed,  the 
crime  and  the  bane  of  Roman  expansion. 
The  worst  promoter  of  these  publican i  was 
the  very  successful  soldier,  but  grossly 
incompetent  politician,  Pompey,  mis- 
called  the  Great. 

These  are  the  main  topics  of  this  admir- 
able book.  We  have  not  space  to  enlarge 
upon  special  pages,  such  as  that  which 
shows  that  the  modern  panacea  for  all 
sorts  of  abuses — representative  government 
— was  not«a  practical  solution,  even  if  the 
sovereign  people  had  chosen  to  give  away 
their  precious  prerogative.  We  note 
also  good  observations  on  the  stupidity 
of  the  Greeks  when  they  acquired  an 
empire,  as  compared  with  the  Romans, 
who  felt  from,  the  outset  that  making  new 
subjects  mere  taxpayers  for  the  good  of 
the  sovereign  city  was  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion for  discontent  and  revolt. 

We  differ  from  Prof.  Frank  so  rarely 
that  it  is  worth  mentioning  an  instance. 
He  regards  Attains  III.  as  a  despot  who 
owned  Pergamum,  as  well  as  the  inland 
of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamum.  which  had 
been  Persian  Crown  property,  and  thinks  he 
had  a  right  t,o  bequeath  it  all  as  his  private 
property  to  Rome.  We  hold  a  different 
view.  Xo  Hellenistic  king  would  or  could 
(in  theory)  own  and  bequeath  an  autono- 
mous Greek  polity.  Attains  was  owner  of 
the  non-Greek  part  of  his  kingdom  ;  to 
Pergamum  he  was  a  benefactor  or  saviour, 
no  doubt  an  adviser  who  could  not  be 
gainsaid,  but  outside  the  constitution,  and 
only  influencing  it  indirectly  by  having  his 
nominees  elected  as  its  annual  officers.  It 
is  therefore  quite  possible  that  Attains 
bequeathed  his  private  property  to  Rome 
in  order  to  save  the  liberties  of  Pergamum 
from  being  infringed. 

As  to  the  form  of  the  book,  we  find  the 
practice  of  giving  suggestive  headings  to 
the  chapters  very  commendable,  but  we 
should  have  preferred  to  see  the  learned 
yet  brief  notes  and  references  under  the 
text,  and  not  relegated  to  the  end  of  each 
chapter.  This  position  the  author  might 
well  have  filled  by  giving  the  recently  found 
texts  of  inscriptions  which  he  has  gathered 
from  periodicals  to  be  had  at  Bryn  Mawr, 
but  in  few  European  places  of  learning. 
We  find  the  style  of  the  book  good  and 
clear:  it  would  be  more  attractive  but 
for  the  occurrence  of  odd  words  which 
puzzle  the  reader.  Such  are  "  viritane.  ' 
and  'Catalytic,"  and  we  do  not  like 
'Teutoni"  or  '■  Rapheia,"  any  more  than 
•appointee,"  "motivation/'  olMi  na- 
tionalistic," or  "  senatorial  "  as  a  sub- 
stantive. If  such  words  and  uses  of  words 
are  American,  they  may  be  justified  as 
such,  but  we  do  not  regard  them  as  good 
English. 


A    BATCH    OF    SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

'"  Pl.rs  ca  change,  plus  o'est  la  memo 
chose.''  This  melancholy  conclusion, 
which  occurred  to  many  reviewers  of 
school-books  in  the  past,  is  not  so  widely 
justified  to-day. 

The  growing  tendency  to  vitalize  history, 
and  to  present  the  great  personages  and 
important  events  as  something  more  than 
stereotyped  figureheads  and  uninteresting 
incidents,  is  giving  rise  to  more  and  more 
intelligent  literature  on  the  subject.  We 
have  two  excellent  examples  before  us  in 
'  Picture  History,'  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Reed,  and 
the  '  Teachers'  Handbook  to  Dramatic 
History,'  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Melton. 

The  object  of  the  first  of  these  little 
works  is  the  creation  of  a  correct  atmo- 
sphere by  means  of  illustrations  and  re- 
productions of  famous  pictures.  The 
pupils  select,  in  school  or  at  home,  a  pic- 
ture, and,  by  means  of  an  index  or  books 
recommended  and  studied,  write  notes  on 
it,  describing  the  people  portrayed,  their 
customs,  their  dress  and  appearance,  and 
their  conversation  so  far  as  it  may  be 
imagined.  They  are  thus  stimulated  to 
realize  for  themselves  that  history  is  more 
than  a  mere  mass  of  dates  and  names, 
with  conventional  opinions  on  these  to 
be  learnt  by  rote. 

The  Dramatic  Handbook  embodies  this 
same  principle  carried  even  further.  From 
sketches — preferably  by  a  clever  teacher 
on  a  blackboard — the  child  reconstructs 
actual  scenes  ;  he  is  encouraged  to  im- 
provise appropriate  costumes,  to  make 
models  out  of  anything  that  comes  to 
hand,  of  weapons,  armour,  implements, 
and  whatever  fits  these  scenes.  For 
example,  brown  holland  deftly  stained 
with  ink  makes  first-rate  chain  armour  ; 
and  a  red  window-blind  borrowed  from  a 
neighbour  is  a  fine  cloak  for  the  king. 
The  pupil  and  his  comrades  work  out  and 
note  down  conversations  to  suit  the  scenes, 
and  the  result  is  an  almost  impromptu 
series  of  historical  charades,  which  (to 
judge  from  the  experience  of  teachers  who 
have  tried  the  method)  are  educative  as 
well  as  amusing. 

The  little  book  on  "  Argyllshire  and 
Buteshire '  by  Mr.  Peter  Macnair  is  brightly 
written  and  illustrated,  including  not  only 
geology  and  architecture,  but  also  a  list  of 
famous  men.  Among  the  illustrations  is 
the  facsimile  of  a  letter  from  Charles  II. 
to  the  first  Marquis  of  Argyll.  At  the 
end  are  diagrams  which  show  vividly 
details  of  population   and    crops. 

The  fashion  of  to-day  is  to  make  stories 
of    every    kind — even    the    delicate    work 

Picture  History  and  Oompoaition.     By  G.  II 

Reed.   Teachers'  Edition.   (Harrap  St  Co., 

Is.  6'/.  net.) 
Horrap's  Dramatic  History.  By  V.  E.  Melton. 

Teachers'  Bandbook.     {2b.  id.  net.) 
ArgyUshin  and  Buteshire.   Bj  Peter  Macnair. 

(Cambridge  (Jniversil      Pri     .  I  6  net.) 
/;. //  s  Beading  Books.     The  Last  Days  of  r<>m- 

peii.     Tht  Tower  of  London.     Adapted  for 

i  -"  in  Schools.     ( Is.  eaeh.) 

I     Brief   History   oj    Hnqlish    Lil<ruturc.      By 

E.  M.  Tappan.     (Harrap  A  Co.,  2s.  84.) 


nf  .lane  .Austen — into  reading  books  for 
Schools.  The  idea  does  not  please  us. 
because  we  think  the  books  would  be  much 
better  read  in  the  form  in  which  their 
authors  conceived  them,  even  if  their 
perusal  was  put  off  to  a  more  mature  age. 
The  school  summary,  treated  as  a  task 
book,  will  spoil  the  later  enjoyment  of  the 
real  novel. 

However,  if  such  things  must  be  done, 
they  are  well  enough  managed  in  Messrs. 
Bell's  Reading  Books.  '  The  Last  Days  of 
Pompeii'  and  '  The  Tower  of  London  '  are. 
perhaps,  a  bit  heavy  in  their  original  form 
for  the  modern  boy,  and  the  adaptations 
offered  here  are  more  palatable  and  well 
printed.  Mr.  Paul  Hardy,  who  supplies 
the  illustrations  for  both,  is  best  in  scenes 
of  action. 

'  A  Brief  History  of  English  Literature  ' 
is  as  satisfactory  as  could  be  hoped.  It  is 
well  illustrated,  and  the  writer  shows  a 
genuine  keenness  in  her  appreciation, 
selecting,  as  a  rule,  apt  quotations.  Still, 
we  cannot  help  feeling  that  on  so  small  a 
scale  justice  cannot  be  done  to  the  merits 
of  many  a  great  writer.  Even  where 
there  are  clear  and  interesting  reasons 
for  the  emergence  of  an  author  from  the 
crowd  of  his  contemporaries,  they  are  not 
always  stated.  The  inclusion  of  American 
prose  and  poetry  is  welcome,  and  we  are 
glad  to  see  a  good  Index. 


I  riser  ipt  tones  Graecae.    Collegit  Otto  Kern. 
(Bonn,  Marcus  &  Weber,  (is.  net.) 

This  selection  of  photographs  of  curious  or 
famous  Greek  (even  Cypriot)  inscriptions 
is  published  in  usum  scholar um.  If  this 
means  that  schoolboys  are  to  study  them 
we  can  say  at  once  that  the  earlier  speci- 
mens will  prove  wholly  unintelligible. 
Even  where  the  photographs  are  clear, 
which  is  not  always  the  case,  the  archaic 
alphabets  are  so  difficult  that  only  a 
trained  scholar  can  decipher  them,  and, 
if  in  any  of  our  public  schools  a  sixth- 
form  boy  were  to  have  recourse  to  his 
class-master,  we  do  not  think  he  would 
gain  much.  For  how  few  of  our  first- 
class  University  men  have  studied  this 
difficult  epigraphy!  The  proper  help 
would  be  a  transliteration  of  each  text, 
with  a  short  commentary:  but  this  the 
editors  have  not  vouchsafed.  We  are 
referred  to  the  C.I.G.  or  the  I.G.,  or  the 
Athen.  Milt.,  or  Pauly-Wissowa's  great 
•  Encyklopadie,'  or  other  such  publica- 
tions, for  our  information.  Such  things 
may  be  under  every  boy's  hand  at  Bonn, 
<>]•  other  German  University  town:  bul 
how  can  he  find  them  in  this  country? 
and  if  he  does,  he  must   have  the  mastery 

at  least  of  French  and  German,  no1  to 
say  of  modern  Greek.     A   knowledge  of 

German    is    not    to    be    taken    for   granted 

in   England,  and  possibly  the  number  of 

copies  of  Wissowa's  '  Enevklopadie.'  an 
indispensable  book  to  any  real  scholar, 
now   in    this   country   is   not,  great. 

Excellent  as  this  book  may  be,  both  in 

itfl  selections  and  its  references  to  the 
best   sources,    it   does   not   seem    to    us    a 


884 


THE     A  T  H  E N  M U  M 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


practical  book  for  this  country.  For 
any  school-book  of  the  kind,  besides  the 
omission  of  the  difficult  and  doubtful  texts, 
and  the  Cypriot,  we  should  have  in  a 
second  part  some  pictures  of  early  papyri, 
for  papyrology  should  not  be  a  science 
distinct  from  epigraphy,  but  both  only 
branches  of  the  same  learning.  We  now 
have  from  Egypt  ample  specimens  of 
Greek  writing,  both  for  literary  and  for 
everyday  purposes — so  much  so  that  a 
hand  of  the  third  century  B.C.  is  recog- 
nizable at  first  sight  to  the  expert.  In 
the  Herculanean  papyri  there  are  evi- 
dently some  of  the  second,  and  many 
of  the  first  B.C.,  so  that  we  can  see  that 
the  writing  of  Greek  in  Egypt  did  not 
differ  materially  from  that  elsewhere. 
A  study  of  these  handwritings,  along 
with  the  lapidary  specimens  from  the 
same  centuries,  would  be  exceedingly 
interesting,  and  would  tend  to  bring  life 
into  the  Hellenic  teaching  of  our  schools 
and  colleges.  Even  in  the  book  before 
us  there  are  many  long  texts  in  minute 
characters,  which  are  interesting  to  any 
schoolboy  of  intelligence,  as  showing  how 
the  Greeks  managed  without  printing  to 
publish  what  every  citizen  might  like 
to  know.  But  these  texts,  when  reduced 
to  the  size  of  a  quarto  page,  are  often 
so  minute  that  it  requires  very  good  sight 
to  make  them  out.  Another  kind  of 
stimulant  might  have  been  added — we 
mean  one  or  two  examples  of  the  way  in 
which  a  great  epigraphist,  such  as  Adolf 
Wilhelm,  handles  the  fragments  of  a 
broken,  imperfect  text,  and  puts  them 
together  with  a  divining  skill  which  fills 
the  ordinary  student  with  astonishment, 
and  perhaps  with  envy.  At  first  such  a 
restoration  seems  wild  conjecture,  but 
gradually,  as  the  Professor  expounds  his 
reasons,  it  all  becomes  clear. 

With  these  reservations  we  give  our 
hearty  commendation  to  the  scholarship 
of  this  volume  ;  it  is  edited  by  first-rate 
scholars,  and  to  the  advanced  student 
it  will  act  as  a  powerful  stimulus  to 
learn  more  of  a  fascinating  science. 


FRENCH  LIFE  AND   THE   STATE. 

For  those  who  wish  to  have  under  their 
hands  the  story  of  the  Caillaux  episode, 
the  Agadir  incident,  and  the  Rochette 
affair,  Mr.  Raphael  has  put  together  in 
'  The  Caillaux  Drama '  a  useful  book  of 
reference,  in  which  he  furnishes  all  the 
information  they  may  require.  He  points 
out  that  the  peculiar  conditions  of 
French  law  admit  of  a  publicity  which, 
if  attempted  in  our  own  country,  would 
involve  various  pains  and  penalties ;  and 
he  emphasizes  the  French  custom  of 
discussing  with  the  utmost  freedom  cases 
which  are  still  sub  judice. 

Apart  from  the  natural  instinct  fostered 
by  our  own  customs  in  this  country,  and 
making  for  reticence  on  such  matters,  we 
feel  that  it  is  not   yet  the  moment   to 

The  Caillaux  Drama.     By  John  N.  Raphael. 

(Max  Goschen,  16s.  net.) 
The  Fear  of  Living.     By  Henry  Bordeaux. 

Translated  by  Ruth  Helen  Davies.    (Dent 

&  Sons,  6s.) 


review  a  case  the  issue  of  which  it  is  not 
possible  to  foresee.  But  we  cannot  avoid 
being  impressed  with  certain  larger  issues 
and  aspects  of  French  national  life  to 
which  this  whole  incident  bears  striking 
testimony.  Whether  it  came  from  the 
French  Revolution  or  existed  beforehand, 
one  great  feature  stands  out  in  France — 
the  respect  for,  or  rather  the  acknowledg- 
ment of,  caste  and  hierarchy.  We  see 
caste  throughout  France.  The  aristocrat — 
whether  of  the  old  regime,  retiring  within 
himself,  taking  little  or  no  part  in  con- 
temporary affairs,  or  of  the  new  type, 
a  prominent  figure  before  the  world, 
socially  or  otherwise — is  a  being  above 
all  others,  marked  off  from  his  fellow -men. 
The  middle  class,  professional  and  bour- 
geois, is  again  marked  off,  wholly  separate 
in  thought,  in  aims,  in  essence,  as  are  the 
peasant  class  and  the  artisan  class.  The 
dominance  of  caste  is  paramount.  For 
hierarchy  we  have  the  official,  and  here, 
even  if  we  substitute  the  word  "grade" 
for  "caste,"  the  demarcation  is  startling 
in  its  prominence  :  first  of  all  between  the 
fonclionnaire  and  the  non  fonctionnaire, 
and  then  between  the  fonctionnaire  and 
his  superior  or  inferior.  Indeed,  for  the 
country  as  a  whole,  UEtat  looms  enormous, 
not  as  a  detached  entity,  or  as  a  soul  that 
permeates  the  whole  life  of  the  nation,  but 
rather  as  something  mysteriously  sepa- 
rate from,  yet  controlling  the  whole  nation. 
We  are  reminded  of  the  position  of  the 
Church  in  the  Middle  Ages.  The  chef  de 
bureau,  the  adjoint,  the  redacteur,  the  cadre, 
the  dossier,  and  other  such  terms  are  as 
so  many  special  words  in  a  specialized 
vocabulary,  are  copied,  with  almost  reli- 
gious fervour,  by  lesser  institutions  which 
imitate  the  State.  Last  of  all,  the  formal 
attitude  of  the  State,  and  its  speech  on 
the  lips  of  its  officials,  are  something 
almost  apart  from  humanity. 

Yet  officialism  does  not  conceal  or 
distort  their  humanity.  We  have  in 
this  Caillaux  drama  a  story  that  amazes 
us,  for  the  very  reason  that  all  these 
people,  highly  placed  though  they  be, 
are  yet  absolutely  human.  The  finan- 
cier, the  Minister,  the  editor,  the 
lawyer,  evident  chiefs  of  the  State  in 
their  respective  spheres,  demonstrate 
in  the  raw  the  full  working  of  their 
most  human  feelings  and  passions  in 
terms  absolutely  comprehensible  to  the 
man  in  the  street.  We  feel  that,  whatever 
opinion  their  compatriots  may  have  had 
as  to  the  ethics  of  the  protagonists,  they 
could,  at  least,  fully  understand  every 
word  spoken,  every  action  performed.  It 
was  not  as  though  a  veil  were  lifted,  show- 
ing the  hitherto  incomprehensible.  It  was 
rather  apparent  that  these  protagonists 
were  throughout  men  and  women  like  any 
other  men  and  women,  and  behaving  as 
such,  in  spite  of  positions  which  might 
seem  to  have  placed  them  above  ordinary 
human  weaknesses. 

From  such  a  view  we  may  well  sup- 
pose that  even  this  drama,  with  all 
that  it  discloses  to  shock  us,  presents  a 
country  and  a  people  that  have  not  for- 
gotten how  to  live  and  to  feel  naturally. 
We  may  lament  the  lowering  of  ideals,  the 


arousing  of  fierce  passions  that  lead  to 
unworthy  acts  ;  but  we  see  that  those  who 
figure  throughout  the  episode,  and  those 
others  who  have  the  high  control  of  the 
national  destinies,  are  actual  men  in  whom 
weakness  can  be  understood,  not  statues, 
admired  as  such,  until  some  catastrophe 
reveals  the  feet  of  clay,  and  menaces  not 
only  the  downfall  of  the  idols,  but  also 
the  confusion,  and  perhaps  the  ruin,  of  the 
worshippers. 

Another  aspect  of  the  life  of  France 
is  presented  in  M.  Henry  Bordeaux's 
'  La  Peur  de  Vivre.'  He  emphasizes 
it  in  his  preface  rather  than  in  the  book 
itself.  In  that  preface  he  condemns 
those  of  his  fellow-countrymen  who  shirk 
the  burden  of  life,  who  will  not  face 
its  facts  and  its  fears,  who  allow  them- 
selves to  be  "  chloroformed  morally  irk 
preparation  for  the  operation  of  the  Fates." 
He  indicates  what  seems  to  .him  the 
sterilizing  influence  of  the  State  :  "  France 
is  a  country  where  one  sows  functionaries 
and  reaps  taxes,"  said  Goncourt,  whom 
he  quotes  ;  the  Civil  Code  is  not  an 
encouragement  to  large  families. 

Probably  if  the  State  did  not  loom  so 
largely  above  the  life  of  France,  if  it  were 
abstract  as  well  as  detached,  people  would 
not  be  impelled  to  separate  the  nation 
from  the  home.  If  they  felt  the  State  to 
be  wholly  outside  their  lives  and  their 
control,  they  would  go  on  living  as 
though  it  did  not  exist,  regarding  it  as 
something  which  can  be  ignored  when  it 
does  not  actually  force  its  interference 
within  the  home.  Or  again,  if  people  felt 
that  they  were  the  State,  the  Nation, 
they  would  be  more  spontaneous  in  sharing 
the  burdens  of  their  country. 

Actually,  they  are  in  a  dilemma ;  they 
try  to  live  a  twofold  life,  national  and 
private,  and  in  the  confusion  the  private 
life    suffers.      M.    Bordeaux    shows    this 
by  contrast.     He  depicts  an  old  woman 
who   has  not  feared   to  let  her  husband 
sacrifice     his     health     and    his    fortune 
to     the     demands    of    honour     and     the 
welfare  of  his  neighbours.     She  has  not 
feared  to  bring  forth  a  large  family,  nor 
does   she  fear  to  let  them  go  forth  into 
the  wide  world  for  the  work  they  seek ; 
she  gives  her  blessing,  her  encouragement, 
her  consolation,  and  remains  to  suffer  the 
fullness  of  her  isolation,  secure  in  the  con- 
sciousness that  she  has  met  life  bravely,  and 
can  wait  fearlessly  for  death.   M.  Bordeaux 
gives  a  thoroughly  realistic   and  sympa- 
thetic picture  of  her  life  and  surroundings, 
her  rich  neighbours  scornful  of  her  poverty, 
but  envious  of  the  glory  of  her  hero-son  ; 
and  the  chapter  wherein  the  local  authori- 
ties shirk  the  proper  delivery  of  the  official 
condoleances  for   his    death  is   a  striking 
piece  of  portraiture. 

But  the  whole  aim  of  the  novelist — 
the  more  effective  in  that  he  does  not 
blazon  it  on  evety  page — is  to  show  to 
all  his  compatriots  what  a  poor  thing  is 
this  fear  of  life,  and  how  far  greater  it 
is,  with  all  its  sorrows  and  trials,  than 
all  those  passing  interests  and  phases  that 
may  seem  to  check  it  or  trick  it,  when 
in  reality  they  should  be  but  a  part  of  it.. 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


THE  A  T II E  N  AZ  U  M 


88; 


Joseph   Conrad:    a    Study.     By    Richard 
Curie.     (Regan  Paul  &  Co.,  7s.  6&  net.) 

Wb  are  glad  to  see  the  first  mono- 
graph on  Joseph  Conrad,  and  wish  we 
could  say  in  the  same  breath  that,  it  was 
worthy  of  its  theme.  Far  from  being  that. 
the  book  is  manifestly  unworthy  of  its 
author.  We  do  not  know  how  it  can  have 
come  about  that  Mr.  Curie,  a  critic  of  wide 
reading,  in  modern  literature  at  least,  and 
of  a  judgment  acute  and  not  untrained, 
should  have  been  content  to  offer  a  tribute 
so  slipshod  to  a  genius  so  mature.  It  is, 
no  doubt,  a  difficult  task  to  write  un- 
affectedly of  a  living  author.  But  the 
difficulty  is  at  its  minimum  when  the 
author  moves  his  critic  to  a  genuine  and 
justifiable  enthusiasm,  and  when  that 
critic  is  aware  that  the  best  judges  of 
literature  are  waiting  to  hear  such  an 
enthusiasm  accurately  and  adequately 
expressed.  Mr.  Curie  had  these  advan- 
tages, and  it  devolved  upon  him  to  re- 
member not  only  what  was  due  to  Mr. 
Conrad  and  Mr.  Conrad's  admirers,  but 
a  Is,)  what  was  due  to  criticism  itself. 
Curiously  enough,  he  harps  on  the  absence 
of  an  English  tradition  in  fiction,  and 
formulates  his  appreciations  with  the  help 
of  copious  reference  to  the  great  French 
and  Russian  novelists.  He  claims  that 
Mr.  Conrad  is  the  first  English  novelist  who 
definitely  enters  the  European  tradition, 
and  suggests  that  English  readers  will  for 
that  reason  never  place  him  among  their 
cherished  masters.  He  even  dedicates  his 
book  to  a  French  novelist  and  critic.  M. 
Constantin  Photiades.  Yet  it  seems  not 
to  have  occurred  to  him  that  he  exhibits 
to  a  grotesque  degree  in  his  own  work  the 
insularities  he  complains  of  as  character- 
istic of  our  literary  atmosphere,  counting, 
as  it  were,  on  his  readers'  tolerance  in  him- 
self of  the  very  qualities  which  he  con- 
demns in  them.  In  his  critical  attack  he 
is  spasmodic,  discursive,  and  redundant  ; 
in  his  style,  conversational  and.  at  the 
same  time,  stumbling. 

Criticism,  after  all.  is  itself  an  art.  The 
notion  that  you  can  transfer  your  impres- 
sions to  the  reader's  mind  by  assuring  him 
that  you  "  do  really  think  "  this,  or  you 

think  one  does  feel"  that,  or  that  he 
must  read  your  chapters  in  their  order,  or 
that  you  are  sorry  or  glad  to  find  that  you 
are  saying  again  what  you  have  said 
already— all  this,  we  feel  sure,  is  insularity 
run  riot.  Mr.  Curie  has.  perhaps,  been 
misled   by  the  fact   that    French   critics 

isionally  use  certain  informalities  a 
means  to  the  concealment  of  t  heir  architec- 
ture, thus  giving  a  hind  of  aerial  finish  to 
the   solid    work.      When    informality   con- 
ceals nothing,  its  Virtue  is  not  apparent. 

We  emphasize  these  shortcomings  be- 
cause they  have  made  it  impossible  to 
read  with  pleasure  a  book  which,  neverthe- 
less, contains  much  just  perception  and 
discrimination,  and  a  well  founded  if 
vaguely  formulated  estimate  of  Mr.  Con- 
rad's place  in  literature.  If  Mr.  Curie  had 
had  patience  to  introduce  order  into  his 
impressions,  and  to  express  them  in 
coherent  language,  his  study  might  have 
been    both    illuminating    and    delightful. 


His  most  sustained  effort  is  to  communicate 
the  secret  of  the  atmosphere  in  Mr.  ( onrad's 

work,  and  this  is  how  he  sets  about  it  : — 

"Conrad  is  one  of  the  great  masters  of 
atmosphere  thai  t  hing  so  hard  to  define  and 
so  easy  to  perceive.     For  atmosphere  is  not 

simply  a  background,  it  is  an  essence  vitally 
affecting  the  spirit  of  a  work.  When  we  Bay 
that  Velasquez  is  a  master  of  light  or  Rem- 
brandt a  master  of  shadow,  we  have  some- 
thing in  mind  more  complex  than  mere  light 
or  shadow.  For  atmosphere  is,  at  once,  the 
unconscious  touchstone  of  personality  and  a. 
self-conscious  effort  to  create  a  definite 
illusion.  Think,  for  instance,  of  the  poetry 
of  Walt  Whitman — a  most  impressive 
example.  Indeed  atmosphere  ]  ermeates  a 
work  by  the  sheer  might  of  imagination. 
And  it  is  of  both  these  conceptions  1  am 
thinking  when  I  say  that  Conrad  is  one 
of  the  great  masters  of  atmosphere.  His 
personality  is  for  ever  radiating  itself 
through  his  work  ;  and,  as  for  his  conscious 
creation  of  an  atmosphere,  it  can  either  be 
a  description  of  natural  phenomena  thrown 
upon  the  scene  of  a  trojnc  setting  to  heighten 
the  sense  of  beauty  or  corruption,  or  it  can 
be  a  brooding  spirit  filling  with  terror,  with 
pity,  or  with  delight  the  whole  nervous 
energy  of  a  story.' 

How  the  mind  gropes  here  amid  the 
crowd  of  half-formed  notions  !  Atmo- 
sphere is  now  an  essence,  now  a  touch- 
stone, now  an  effort,  now  an  effluence  of 
sheer  might.  No  distinction  is  held  be- 
tween the  aim  of  the  artist  and  his  product, 
nor  between  this  and  the  reader's  percep- 
tion of  it ;  and  when,  in  the  last  sentence, 
we  turn  from  the  abstract  to  the  concrete, 
the  confusion  grows. 

We  proceed  without  warning  from  the 
atmosphere  of  character  to  the  atmo- 
sphere of  the  tropics,  and  to  the  ques- 
tion whether  Mr.  Conrad  does  not  give 
England  a  tropical  atmosphere  ;  while  the 
elaborate  treatment  of  the  atmosphere  of 
the  sea  (illustrated  by  well-chosen  extracts) 
culminates  in  the  astonishing  observation, 
"  But,  of  course,  we  must  remember  that 
Conrad  has  an  intimate  feeling  for  the  sea 
which  must  be  accepted  as  such."'  It 
must,  indeed. 

It  would  have  been  a  pleasure  to  take 
this  as  an  opportunity  for  the  discussion  of 
Mr.  Conrad's  work  at  large,  with  reference, 
in  particular,  to  such  questions  as  the  rela- 
tion in  him  of  the  spirit  of  romance  to  the 
spirit  of  realism,  a  theme  on  which  Mr. 
('uric  has  many  musings.  It  is.  however, 
these  very  musings  which,  instead  of 
stimulating  us,  have  diverted  us  from  the 

track.      The  sea.  and   England  as  mistress 

of  the  sea,  were  the  greal  dream  of  Mr. 

Conrad's    youth      a     dream     in     which     he 

persisted  until,  changing  into  experience, 

it  made  him  a  citizen  of  the  world.      Ik 
in   the   mere  outline  of   his  story,   we   find 
that    counterpoise  of   romance  and    reality 

which  we  look  for  in  the  artistic  tempera 
ment  in  its  Largest  manifestations.     There 
-'•'•in     some  irrelevance  in  discussing  the 
irony  the  sardonic  humour,  the  pessimism, 

the    materialism     Of    a    poet    Who  has    sur- 
rendered    himself    to     the     final  teste    oi 
life    at    its    rudest      it  -    empt  iest  it  -    ii 
tumultuous,    and     has     emerged  a     man. 

His    philosophy   is    best    summarized    in 
that  accomplishment  itself. 


The  Achantians  of  Aristophanes.  lOdited 
from  the  MSS.  and  other  Original 
Sources  by  Richard  Thomas  Elliott. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Tress.   14s.  net.) 

It    is    somewhat   disquieting    for    Greek 

scholars  to  learn  that   no  full  collation  of 
any  one  manuscript   of  the  '  Aeharnians  ' 
has  ever  been  made  from  the  original  ;    if 
even    the    famous    Ravennas    has    been 
inadequately  explored,  what  can  we  think 
of  the  fate  of  the  rest  I     Mr.  Elliott  has 
set  himself  to  do  away  with  this  reproach  ; 
he  has  collated  all  the  fourteen  extant  MSS. 
of  the  play — a  work  of  great  labour,  and 
certainly  a  most  praiseworthy  enterprise. 
But  the  results  are  hardly  adequate  to  the 
toil  expended  ;   it  docs  not  appear  that  the 
new  evidence  enables  us  to  restore  a  single 
line,  or  puts  us   in  a   better  position  for 
deciding  what  leading  to  choose  in  any 
disputed  case.     What  is  more  serious  is 
that  Mr.  Elliott's  accuracy  is  not  altogether 
above  suspicion.      He  is  very  severe  on  Mr. 
Starkie,  and  sets  out  in  parallel  columns 
in  his  Introduction  the  critical  notes  of  his 
own  and  his  predecessor's  editions  on  lines 
784-802.     At  790,  Mr.  Starkie  reports  the 
Ravennas   as   reading   towtcS,   Mr.    Elliott 
TtovT(t>.     Now  any  one  who  will  look  at  the 
facsimile  will  see  that  the  reading  is  neither 
the  one    nor   the    other,  but  rcourw.       On 
802  and  80S  Mr.  Elliott's  Soi'and  ns  (both 
implied  by  his  silence)  should  be&uand-ra. 
Mint  and  cummin,  no  doubt,  but  it  is  on  the 
strength  of  this  sort  of  thing  that  Mr.  Elliott 
criticizes  others.     We  do  not  deny  that  his 
collation  is  much  fuller  and  more  accurate 
than  any  other  ;    but  either  the  facsimile 
of  the  Ravennas  is  bewitched,  or  else  his 
statements  about  these  minutiae  cannot  be 
accepted  with  unquestioning  faith. 

His  own  treatment  of  the  text  is  marked 
generally  by  much  common  sense.  He 
speaks  with  justifiable  tartness  of  the 
reckless  flood  of  emendations  poured  out 
by  certain  scholars  ;  but  his  own  tendency 
is  towards  the  opposite  extreme  :  he  is  too 
apt  to  defend  bad  Greek  and  nonsense  by 
dogmatic  assertions,  as  at  '.V.is,  .ids.  849. 
His  emendations  of  645  and  1151  ignore 
the  metre,  and  an  observation  on  p.  240 
reveals  a  belief  that  a  dactyl  is  permissible 
in  the  fourth  foot  of  an  iambic  trimeter. 
Hut,  as  a  rule,  his  judgment  is  pretty 
sound   on  textual  questions. 

We  are  inclined  to  think  that  the 
excursus  on  (deck  dialects  is  the  most 
valuable    part  of   the    whole   work.      Here 

Mr.   Elliott  attains  more  definite  results 

than  elsewhere,  and  hi-  common  sense  i.s 
especially  refreshing  when  he  deals  with 
those  scholars  who  think  thai  Aristophanes 
would   write   provincial  dialects  with  the 

particularity     of     an      Klli>     or    a    Skeat. 

( 'learly  we  must   allow  lor  the  possibility 

of  mistake-   and   careii  on    t  he    part 

of  the  poet.  Further,  it  is  not  a-  it  we 
knew    the  Correct    forms  always  OUTSelveS, 

b  i  that  we  may  easily  make  things  wo] 
Many  of  the  changes  introduced  by 
modern  e  litors  into  the  corrupt  and  dim* 
cult  Megarian  scene  were  introduced  with- 
out sufficient  knowledge  of  the  Bfegarian 
dialect,  and  are  often  wrong  in  con- 
sequence. 


886 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


FICTION. 

Love's    Legend.     By    H.    Fielding    Hall. 
(Constable  &  Co.,  10s.  net.) 

The  author  has  taken  to  heart  the  maxim 
of  his  own  Preface,  that  there  are  some 
few  in  this  world  who  seek  below  the 
surface,  who  have  "  faint  glimpses  of  the 
hidden  bases  of  the  world,"  who  feel  those 
things  that  can  never  be  defined  because 
of  their  essence  —  they  lie  beneath  all 
definition. 

Here  and  there,  in  fiction  of  the  more 
psychological  kind,  we  are  shown  the  inner 
mechanism  of  the  lives  of  men  and  women 
in  contact  Avith  one  another  ;  but  that 
mechanism  is  obscured  by  the  changing 
symbolism  of  their  outer  life  ;  the  image 
is  hidden  by  the  lacquer  and  the  gilding. 
At  most  we  perceive  the  use  of  the 
machinery  in  certain  circumstances,  just 
as  we  see  it,  for  that  matter,  in  ordinary 
life  in  the  newspapers.  But  even  here 
what  a  demarcation  there  is  !  Reality  in 
humanity  is,  in  great  measure,  cut  off  from 
us  by  a  veil  of  convention.  A  setting  of 
nature  far  off,  vast  in  its  workings,  com- 
pelling realit}*-  in  those  human  beings  Avho 
wonder  at  that  vastness,  carries  convic- 
tion with  it.  Mr.  Fielding  Hall  has 
chosen  that  setting  with  wisdom.  The 
men  and  women  who  move  therein  cannot 
escape  from  the  reality  of  themselves,  so 
they  give  free  speech  to  their  own  inner- 
most thoughts,  which  extend  to  the  whole 
of  life  as  it  really  is.  This  is  especially  the 
case  with  the  one  man  and  the  one  woman 
who  work  out  for  themselves  their  relation 
to  one  another  as  man  and  wife.  They 
have  to  face  the  problem,  and  they  do  face 
it.  They  are  not  allowed  even  the 
slenderest  barrier  that  the  customs  of 
social  life  might  erect  between  them  and 
the  deeper  facts  of  married  life. 

In  his  treatment  the  author  is  as  fearless 
as  in  the  choice  of  his  subject ;  but  his 
realization  of  the  beauty  and  nobility  of 
his  theme  raises  his  language  above  the 
possibility  of  offence.  The  book  may  be 
called  naturalistic,  but  belongs  to  the 
higher  naturalism.  He  describes  the 
woman,  for  example  (the  "heroine"  we 
should  say,  were  we  speaking  of  ordinary 
fiction),  as  her  own  mate  would,  in  the 
searching,  tender  phrases  that  a  lover  of 
great  painting  might  apply  to  some  familiar 
and  well- loved  "  primitive  "  ;  he  is  fear- 
less for  mind  and  body  alike  ;  and  at  the 
end,  through  their  knowledge  of  both,  his 
man  and  his  woman  strike  out  for  them- 
selves their  own  maxims  of  antagonism 
and  union. 

The  author  has  his  views,  trenchant, 
shrewd,  humorous,  of  the  outer  world  : 
the  woman  who  "  went  about  the  world 
holding  her  spiritual  nose  to  keep  out  evil 
■savours  "  ;  the  Burmese  girl  who  had  the 
•  nobility  of  a  rising  flame,"  while  her 
mother,  prematurely  old,  as  are  Eastern 
women,  was  a  "  djdng  ember  "  :  the  man 
who  tried  to  play  whist,  but  "  would  break 
any  one's  heart  at  any  game." 

Even    those   who^  prefer   to   solve   the 
riddle  of  existence  by  epigram  and  paradox 


may  well  find  for  themselves  the  freshness 
of  thought  in  this  legend  of  love.  There 
are  still  corners  of  the  earth,  recesses  in 
life,  where  the  fairy-tales  that  answer  all 
riddles  may  gain  belief  and  remove  blind- 
ness. 


Tales  of  Two  Countries.   By  Maxim  Gorky. 
(Werner  Laurie,  6s.) 

The  poet  of  old  insisted  that  no  amount  of 
travel  can  afford  escape  from  one's  own 
soul ;  but  at  least  travel  appears  to 
afford  some  degree  of  restfulness,  some 
slackening  in  the  flight  attempted.  In  his 
Italian  scenes  Maxim  Gorky  pauses  to 
admire  and  examine  minute  details,  the 
slow-changing  lights  and  shadows  of  the 
sea,  the  hillsides,  the  town — "  a  solid  wall 
of  buildings  which  reflect  the  sunlight,  and 
look  as  if  they  were  carved  out  of  ivory." 
Or  else  he  studies  the  types — those  that 
come  before  his  eye,  and  those  of  whom  he 
has  heard  ;  and  he  devotes  quiet  and  full 
attention  to  his  portraiture.  He  pictures 
for  us  the  toilers  in  the  Simplon  Tunnel 
meeting  at  the  last  from  either  end,  in 
spite  of  the  mountain  "  which  might  have 
crushed  us  puny  little  things  all  at  once, 
had  it  but  known  how  !  " 

He  relates  the  story  of  pauper  lovers  in 
a  village,  triumphant  over  fatigue  and 
penury ;  and  here  he  allows  himself 
genuine  pleasure  untinged  by  any  sorrow 
or  complaint.  He  chronicles  many  an 
episode  of  life  in  a  country  strange  to  him 
with  a  faithfulness  almost  impassive  at 
times,  as  of  the  student  absorbed  for  the 
moment  in  a  book  that  he  will  forget  a 
little  later  in  the  presence  of  other  ideals. 

These  studies  are — so  we  must  suppose — 
his  diagnosis  of  scenes  and  types  in  a  land 
wholly  opposed  in  character  to  his  own. 
Even  though  his  compatriots  make  their 
appearance  in  one  of  these  Italian  sketches, 
they  are  but  passing  figures  against  a  back- 
ground stranger,  wider,  and,  for  the 
moment,  far  more  interesting  than  them- 
selves. 

The  other  stories  he  calls  "  Russian 
tales  "  :  we  might  call  them  "  humor- 
esques,"  or  even  (without  much  exaggera- 
tion) arabesques  ;  they  are  instinct  with 
a  restless,  fantastic,  sardonic  bitterness, 
ill  concealed  by  the  wit  that  prevails  in 
the  characterization  ;  they  are  grim,  dis- 
turbing, rancorous.  Life  is  in  turn  por- 
tra}Ted  and  parodied  with  phrases  that 
move  to  laughter,  yet  sting  :  for  example, 
love  in  one  tale  to  the  pessimist  professor 
(who  "  like  all  pessimists  suffered  from 
indigestion  ")  is  "  the  iron  cage  of  inevit- 
able duties,  entered  for  the  sake  of  a  piece 
of  cheese."  A  poet,  in  another  tale, 
writes  sombre  thoughts  that  drive  a 
youth  to  suicide,  but  sells  them  to  an 
editor  for  sixteen  copecks  a  line. 

No  one,  of  whatever  type,  escapes  the 
lash  that  flies  with  indiscriminate  swift- 
ness from  one  shoulder  to  another.  But, 
perhaps,  the  whole  series  can  be  summed 
up  in  the  final  tale,  in  which  a  small  boy 
tells  his  elders  that  he  has  "  really  guessed 
why  a  new  man  cannot  be  created." 


Hustler  Paul.     By  J.   Cleveland.     (Sidg- 

wick  &  Jackson,  6s.) 
"  One  must  live  "  is  the  reason  early  given 
by  the  hero  of  this  romance  for  various- 
more  or  less  discreditable  means  of  exist- 
ence. We  are  not  surprised,  therefore,, 
when  we  find  him,  after  a  hasty  marriage^ 
selling  himself  to  the  devil  in  the  shape 
of  a  millionaire  newspaper  proprietor  for 
a  large  sum  of  money.  So  cleverly  does 
Mr.  Cleveland  work  out  the  detail  of  a 
gigantic  fraud  on  the  public  by  which  a 
newspaper  "scoop"  is  brought  off,  that 
we  lose  none  of  our  interest  though  we  are 
behind  the  scenes  from  start  to  finish. 
The  rascality  in  the  book  is,  we  are  glad 
to  believe,  enormously  exaggerated,  but 
we  are  sorry  to  say  that  the  gullibility  and 
stupidity  of  the  public  are  not.  The  writer 
somewhat  spoils  his  excellent  character- 
ization by  commenting  on  it.  By  cutting 
out  repetitions  the  book  would  have  been 
shortened  advantageously,  but  much  pro- 
fitable food  for  reflection  is  supplied. 

Vandover  and  the  Brute.     By  Frank  Norris. 

(Heinemann,  6s.) 
The  publication  of  this  posthumous  work 
is  a  matter  for  great  regret.  It  was 
written  nearly  twenty  years  ago,  and  the 
Foreword  supplied  by  the  author's  brother 
contains  much  evidence,  we  think,  that, 
had  the  writer  had  the  chance  of  revising 
it  for  publication,  excesses  of  repetition 
and  detail  as  unsavoury  as  unnecessary 
would  have  been  avoided. 

As  a  story  of  degeneration  it  might 
have  had  its  uses  as  a  deterrent  in 
certain  quarters,  were  it  not  for  passages 
which,  we  fear,  will  merely  pander  to- 
any  incipient  depravity  of  mind.  It  is 
a  strange  jumble  of  calloAv  work  mixed 
with  strongly  portrayed  incidents — that 
of  a  shipwreck  being  especially  good. 
We  would  venture  to  suggest  to  those 
concerned  in  the  present  issue  of  the  book 
that  this  edition  should  be  reserved  for 
fellow-craftsmen,  who  may  at  least  learn 
from  it  things  to  be  avoided,  and  that  a 
fresh  version,  edited  and  revised  for  the 
general  public,  should  be  published. 

Tents   of   a   Night.     Bv  Mary  Findlater.. 

(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  6s.) 
This  tale  is  concerned  with  a  young 
woman  who  managed  to  crowd  more 
futile  discontent  into  her  life  even  than 
the  average  person  living  under  affluent 
conditions.  The  ostensible  reason  for  her 
discontent  was  that  a  man  she  took  a 
fancy  to  was  not  silly  enough  to  link  his 
lot  with  hers.  After  more  than  two- 
hundred  pages,  in  the  reading  of  which  we 
persevered,  hoping  that  this  parasitic  fool 
would  be  brought  to  her  right  senses  by 
being  obliged  to  make  an  attempt  to  be 
worth  her  salt,  the  author  raises  our  hopes 
by  placing  her  in  a  quicksand.  Unfortun- 
ately, she  is  hauled  out,  and  we  follow  her 
meandering  through  another  fifty  pages, 
in  which  we  are  told  that  she  became  less 
of  a  burden  to  herself,  though  we  have 
but  little  evidence  that  she  was  less  o£ 
a  burden  to  those  around  her. 

Quotations  from  guide-books  and  mis*- 
quotations  from  hymn  books  do  not  help 
to  make  the  book  more  pleasing. 


No. 


4522,  June 


27,  1914 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


887 


BOOKS  PUBLISHED  THIS  WEEK. 


THEOLOGY. 

Benson     (Monsignor    Robert     Hugh),     Lourdbs, 

'  Tin' Catholic  Library,"  l    aet.  Herder 

The    pages    of    this    hook    were    written    six 

years  ago,  but  the  author  has  since  had  his  belief 

in  the  miracles  confirmed  by  a  meeting  with  "a 

nous  French  Sciential   -to  whom  we  owe  one 

if  the  greatest  discoveries  of  recent  years." 

Batler  (Joseph).  Fifteen  Sermons  preached  at 
thk  Rolls  Chapel,  and  a  Dissertation  upon 
tmk   Nature   op   Virtue,   edited    by    W.    R. 

-Matthews.  3  (i  Bell 

Mr.     Matthews     has     edited     Bishop     Butler's 

sermons,   with   an    [ntroduction   and    notes,   and 

has  written  an  analysis  of  each. 

Handley  (Hubert),  THEOLOGICAL  Room  : 
Gathered  Papers,  3  8  net.  Constable 

The  hook  is  divided  into  Cart  I..  Theological, 
and  Pari  II..  Practical,  and  consists  of  papers 
and  letters  reprinted  from  The  Nineteenth 
Century,  The  Hxbbert  Journal,  The  Contemporary 
Review,  The  Guardian,  &c.,  and  addresses  de- 
livered to  Church  Congresses  and  Conferences. 

Hodges  (George),  The  Year  op  Grace  :  Advent 
to  Trinity;  Trinity  to  Advent,  5/6  net 
each.  New  York,  Macmillan  Company 

New  edition. 

Mills  (James  Porter),  Inspiration  :  thk  Great 
Within.  2    not.  Fifield 

A  collection  of  Sunday  addresses  on  spiritual 
meditation. 

•Shearer  (John),  Christianity  with  Nature,  1/ 
net.  Bennett 

The  author's  object  in  writing  this  treatise 
is  mainly  to  obviate  what  has  seemed  to  him 
ha:-sh,  unnecessary,  and  incorrect  preaching,  "and 
to  point  out  that  there  must  really  be  a  difference 
in  the  position  of  ancient  and  of  modern  people  ; 
that  there  has  been  a  distinct  progression  in  the 
position  of  man." 

■Shimmin  (Francis  Neil),  Permanent  Values  of 
Religion,  2/6  Hammond 

The  sixteenth  Hartley  Lecture. 

Skinner  (Rev.  John),  The  Divine  Names  in 
I  .enesis,  6/  Hodder  &  Stoughton 

Mainly  a  reprint  of  six  articles  which  ap- 
peared in  The  Expositor  last  year. 

Toilinton  (R.  B.l,  Clement  of  Alexandria  :  a 
study  in  Christian  Liberalism,  2  vols., 
21/net.  Williams  &  Norgate 

Besides  attempting  to  give  a  detailed  pre- 
sentation of  Clement  and  his  times,  the  author 
ha>  aimed  at  enabling  the  modern  reader  to  gather 
from  his  writings  all  that  is  of  value  for  modern 
conditions. 

Waie   (Henry i,   Some   Questions   of  the    Day, 

National,    Ecclesiastical,    and    Belhhous, 

-     ond  Series.  1012-13,  3  6  net.  Thynne 

This.-    papers,    dealing    with    some    present 

difficulties  in  the  Church  and  State,  arc  reprinted 

fro  ii  T/«<  Record. 

Watson  (Albert  D.),  The  Sovereignty  op 
Character,   l  6  net.  Macmillan 

Lessons  in  the  life  of  Jesus. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Burnet  John  ,  Greek  Philosophy,  Part  I., 
••  The  Schools  of  Philosophy  Series,"  in    net. 

Macmillan 

A  history  of  Greek  philosophy  from  Thales 

to  Plato. 

Chamberlain  (Houston  Stewarti,  Emmanuel  Kant, 
a  Study  and  a  Comparison  with  Goethe,  Leo- 
nardo da  Vinci,  Bruno.  Plato,  and  Descartes, 
Authorized  Translation  from  the  German  by 
Lord  Redesdale,  2  vols.,  2.V  net.  Lane 

\    comparison    of   the    philosophy   of    Kant 

with  thai  of  live  oiler  thinkers,  and  an  analysis 

■it  tie:  methods  of  each. 

Stacpoole  iH.  de  Verei,  Tin:  Xi:w  Optimism,  ::  0 

n<  Lane 

The  author  Beta  forth  his  philosophy  of  life 

in  t  he  form  of  a  conversation  with  a  "  charming 

and   elegant    woman.'' 

POETRY. 

Crowther  (C.  R.i,  The  Brood  OP  LIGHT,  1  |  net. 

Killed 

A     lout,'     poem     of     a     philosophical     nature, 
■divided  into  two  parts. 
Deene  (Ella),  In  the  Silence,  1  '  net.  Pifleld 

Venes  on  such  subjects  as  '  My  Ladye's 
•Garden,'  '  Judas,'  '  Love's  Tryst,'  ,v. 


De  la  Caumont-Force  (William),  CONTEMPLATIONS, 

-  <>  net.  ( lonstable 

Worship  of   His   Lady.'   ■  Music   Dies   Not.' 

'An    Old    Fountain,'   are  among  the   titles  of   the 

poems  in  t his  slender  volume. 

Freshlleld  (Douglas  W.),  Into  the  Hills,  .V  net. 

Arnold 
Sonnets,  rhymes,  and  light  piece. 

Hay  (Binnie),  Titine  :    a   Dream   Romance,  2  6 
net.  Edinburgh,   Andrew  Elliot 

Upwards  of  a  score  of  verses  written  in 
memory  of  a  litt le  girl. 

O'Sullivan     (Seumas),     An     Epilogue     to     the 
Praise  oe  Angus,  and  Other  Poems,  2/6  net. 

Maunsel 

Among  the  "other  poems  "  an-  "The  Bag- 
man,' '  The  Rainbow,'  '  Rain,'  and  '  At  the  Con- 
cert. 

Oxford  Poetry,  edited  by  G.  D.  H.  C,  G.  P.  1)., 

and   VY.  S.   V.,  3  6  aet.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

Second  impression.  For  notice  see  The 
Athenceum,  Nov.  29,  L013,  p.  040. 

Senior  (Walter  Stanley),  PiSGAH  ;  or,  The  Choice, 
1/net.  Oxford,  Blackwell 

The  Triennial  Prize  Poem  on  a  Sacred  Subject 
in  Oxford  University. 

Watt  (Hansard),  Back  Numbers,  2/6  net. 

Cassell 

A  collection  of  humorous  verse,  some  of  which 
has  appeared  in  Punch.  There  are  illustrations 
by  Lady  Sybil  Grant. 

Wilcox  (Ella  Wheeler),  Poems  op  Problems,  3  6 

net.  Gay  &  Hancock 

The    problems   touched   on    in   these   poems  — 

many  of  which,  however,  are  not.  concerned  with 

problems —  include   love,   jealousy,   divorce,    the 

unmarried  mother,  &C. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Ballard   (Adolphus),   The   English   Bouocoh  in 
the  Twelfth  Century,  3/6  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 

Two    lectures   delivered   in    the    Examination 

Schools,  Oxford,  on  October  22nd  and  29th,  1913. 

Conybeare     (Edward),     Alfred     in    the    Chro- 
niclers.  I  ti  net.  Cambridge,  Heller 
A     second    edition,    revised    in    the    light    of 
twentieth-century     contributions     to     Alfredian 
biography. 

Ferrero  (Guglielmol,  LNCIENT  Rome  AND  Modern- 
America,  a  Comparative  Study  of  Morals  and 
.Manners.  8/6  net.  Putnam 

These  essays,  in  which  a  comparison  is  nude 

between   ancient    Europe   and    modern   America, 

are  reprinted  from  Hearst's  Ma<juzui'\ 

Fleischmann  (Hector),  Pauline  Bonaparte  and 

her  Lovers,  as  revealed  by  Contemporary 
Witnesses,  by  her  own  Love-Let  ters.  and  by 
the  Anti-Napoleonic  Pamphleteers,  12  ii  net. 

La  ne 

\n  authorized  translation  of  the  story  of  the 
career  of  Napoleon's  sister. 

Firth  (C.  H.),  Tin;  Study  of  Modern  History  in 
Great  Britain.  <></.  net.  Milford 

A  paper  read  at  the  International  Historical 
Congress.  April  3rd)  1913. 

France  (Anatole),  On  Like  and  LETTERS,  a 
Translation  by  A.  \Y.  Evans,  Second  Series, 
i;  Lane 

A  translation  of  '  La  Vie  Lit  I  era  ire.'  ;,  series 
of  articles  which  were  published  in  Li  Temps 
a  bout  I  wo  years  ago. 

McCabe   (Joseph),  GEORGB    Bernard   Shaw,   7  6 

,,.t.  Kegan   Paul, 

An  addition  to  the  'Studies  of  Living 
Writers  "  Series. 

Morris  (John  E.i,  BANNOCR3URN,  •">    net. 

Cambridge   University   P 
A    number  of   photographs   are   Included    in 
this   monograph,   the   author  of   which   aims   at 
presenting  the  English  point  of  view. 

Neuman  (A.  R.i,  l>R.  BARNARDO  AS  I  Knew  Him. 
1 J  1,,-t .  <  'oust  a  ble 

in  no  sense  a  formal  biography  of  Dr. 
Barnardo.  The  author  describes  his  little  boos 
;,-,  "an  attempt  to  ^ri\e  some  idea  of  what  he 
was  to  one  who  shared  with  many  others  of  the 
^t ail'  tie-  privilege  of  working  with  him." 

Plckard-Cambrldge    lA.    W.i,    DEMOSTHENES    IND 
the   Last   Days  op  Greek    Prbbdoh,   384 
::22  B.C.,  •">,'  net.  Put  nam 

\    volume   In   the   "  Heroes   of   the    Nations 
Illustrated  with  maps  and  photographs. 


Records  of  Knowle,  collected  by  T.  W.  Downing, 

30/  net.  SteT  ens  <v  Brown 

A    collection    of   all    the    known    records   of   a 

Warwickshire    village.     It     includes    the    Parish 

Registers  IV 1682  to  1812,  with  an  Index,  thi 

Churchwardens'   Accounts,  and   the  muni nts  of 

the  Dean  and  chapter  of  Westminster  relating  to 
the  .Manor  of  Knowle.  It  is  illustrated  with 
photographs  and  a   plan  of  the  church. 

Walters  (E.  W.i,  The  Energy  op  Love,  a  Memoir 

of  the  Rev.  W.  D.  Walters.  2  6  net.  KeUy 

A     biography    of    a     well-known     Wesleyan 

minister,  who  for  many  years  was  Secretarj    of 

the  West   London  Mission. 

Watt  (James  Crabb),  The  Mearns  op  old.  a 
History  of  Kincardine  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Seventeenth  Century,  21/  net. 

Kdinburuh,  I  lodge 
An  account   of  the  history,  traditions,   monu- 
ments, and  language  of  one  of  the  provinces  of 
ancient   Scotland. 

Younger  (W.  R.),  A  SUMMARY  OP  Chiron's  HIS- 
TORY op  Rome,  2/6  net.  Humphreys 

The  author  has  preserved,  as  far  as  possible, 
the  order  and  act  ual  words  of  t he  original. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    TRAVEL. 

Australia  (Map  of),  21,  :  mounted  on  cloth,  with 
rollers,  25/  ;  with  spring  roller  and  backboard, 
105/  Bacon 

This  map,  in  four  sheets,  is  constructed  on 
Clarke's  Perspective  Projection,  the  scale  being 
1:2,500,000,    or    39"5    miles    to    an   inch.      Ii     is 

coloured   in  tints,  and  goldfields,  steamship  routes. 

telegraph  lines,  &c, are  indicated.     There  ere  inset 

maps  of  Tasmania  and  Papua. 

Bacon's  Excelsior  School  Map  of  the  United 
States,  1") 

This  map  is  constructed  on  a  conical  projec- 
tion. The  coastline,  rivers,  and  lakes  are  printed 
in    blue,  and   the  town  names  in  black,  the  capita] 

of  each  stale  being  distinguished  in  a  special 
manner.      Railways  and  sea  routes,  with  distances 

and  destinations,  are  indicated  in  red. 

Craufurd  (W.  D.)  and  Manton  (E.  and  E.  A.), 
Peeps  into  Picardy.  :s  h  net.  Simpkin 

For  convenience  the  authors  have  followed 
the  chief  railway  route,  and  the  book  is  divided 
into  sections  corresponding  to  the  four  natural 
divisions  of  the  old  province.  There  are  numerous 
illustrations. 

Fountain  (Paul),  The   River   Amazon   prom  its 

Sources  TO  the  Sea,  Hi  ii  net.  Constable 

Covers    the    same    ground    as    the    author's 

former  book  on  South  America,  but  the  material 
is  almost  ent  irely  new. 

Homeland  Handbooks  (The)  :  No.  83,  Falmouth, 
Truro,  and  the  River  Pal,  by  J.  Lee  Osborn, 

Ik/,  net.  Homeland   Association 

The   Ordnance  map,  photographs,  and  details 

of  walks  in  the  neighbourhood,  here  given,  should 

prove  useful  to  the  visitor. 

Palmer  (Howard),  Mountaineering  and  Ex- 
ploration   in    the    Ski. kirk-,    a     Record    "I 

Pioneer      Work      among      the     Canadian      Alps, 

1908  12.  21     net  Putnam 

.Mr.  Calmer  has  mapped  out  about  300  square 
miles  of  the  Northern  Selkirks,  and  climbed  about 

forty  of  its  most  prominent  mountains,  including 
the  loftiest  peak,  which  had  not  previously  been 
conquered.  The  book  is  [Illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs taken  during  his  expedition-. 
Saunders  (Charles  Francis),  Cnder  the  Sey  in 
California,  t  6  net.  Grant  Richards 

a  description  of  travel   in  the  lesser-known 
parts  of  California,  illustrated  with  photographs. 
Tlngfang  (Dr.  Wui,    LMRRICA   wo  thi:    iMBBICANS 

i  ro.m  \  Chinese  Point  op  View,  7  8 

I  luck  w  oil  h 
\  record  of  the   impressions   America    made 
upon  the  author  while  i,e  was  Chinese  Minister   ,i 
Washington. 

BELLES-LETTRES. 
Buck  (Mitchell  S. i,  syrinx  :    PASTELS  Ol    BELLA 
■1.25.  New     fork,   Claire    Marie 

Twenty   live       prose  I in-.  '       '  Circe.'  '  Can, 

•  The   Epicure,'   '    bsl«n,'  an-  a   few  of  the  titles. 

LITERARY     CRITICISM. 

BJbrkman     (Edwin),     VOICES     OP     To-EOBROW, 

Critical  studies  of  tin-  New  spirit  in  Literature, 

n,.t.  Grant  Richards 

Studies    of    the    work    of   SI  li  I  id  belL'.     Hjol'll-oll. 

oissiie.'.    M.    Berg  on.    Mi-.    Wharton,   and   other 
modern  writers. 

Malr  (G.  H.),  Modern  ENGLISH  LITERATURE 
i  ro\i  Chai  i  i.r  to  i  be  Present  Day,  6    net. 

Williams  \   Norgate 

\n   expansion   of  the   volumi 'Modern 

English  Literature'  which  the  author  wrote  two 

years  ago  for  the  "  II. .ne     University    Library.'' 


888 


THE    ATHENHUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


Thomson  (J.  A.  K.),  Studies  in  the  Odyssey, 

7/0  net.  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

The   author   investigates   the   origins   of   the 

Homeric  poems,  dealing  largely  with  questions  of 

mythology  and  religion. 

POLITICS. 

Beard  (Charles  A.),  American  Government  and 

Politics,  9/  net.  New  York,  Macmillan  Co. 

New  and  revised  edition. 

Brown  (John  Calvin),  The  Ccre  for  Poverty-, 

5/  net.  Stanley  Paul 

Claims   to   be    "a    clear  account  of  how  the 

present  burdens  of  taxation,  high  prices,  and  low 

wages  can  be  changed  to  individual  and  national 

prosperity."     The  author,  an  American,  advocates 

the  formation  of  a  new  Protection  and  Federation 

party. 

Independent  Labour  Party,  Report  op  the 
Coming-of-Age  Conference,  held  at  Bradford, 
April,  1914.  I.L.P. 

Local  Rating  :  More  Government  Officials, 
Gd.  net.  P.  S.  King 

A  pamphlet  embodying  the  conclusions  of  a 
body  of  surveyors  who  have  examined  the  pro- 
posal of  the  Departmental  Committee  on  Local 
Taxation — adopted  by  Mr.  Lloyd  George  in  his 
Budget  speech— that  all  assessments  for  rating 
should  be  made  in  future  not  by  the  local  Assess- 
ment Committees,  but  by  the  Valuation  Staff  of  the 
Inland  Revenue  Department. 

ECONOMICS. 

Levine  (Louis),  Syndicalism  in  France,  with  an 
Introduction  by  Prof.  Franklin  H.  Giddings, 
7/6  net.  King 

A  second,  revised  edition. 

SOCIOLOGY. 

Bulkley  (M.  E.),  The  Feeding  of  School  Chil- 
dren, 3/6  net.  Bell 
The  object  of  the  monograph  is  to  describe 
what  provision  is  being  made  by  local  education 
authorities  under  the  Education  (Provision  of 
Meals)  Act  of  1906,  also  to  examine  its  effect 
on  the  welfare  of  the  children  concerned,  and  of 
the  general  community.  It  is  complementary  to 
Mr.  Greenwood's  '  Health  and  Physique  of  School 
Children,'  also  published  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Ratan  Tata  Foundation. 

Economic  Foundations  of  the  Women's  Movement 
(The),  by  M.  A.,  2d.  Fabian  Society 

The  author  considers  that  the  demand  of 
the  nineteenth-century  women  for  emancipation 
arose  from  the  altered  economic  position  of  the 
family  caused  by  the  use  of  machinery ;  she 
points  out  that  these  changes  involved  one  set  of 
women  in  exploitation  and  another  in  parasitism, 
and  insists  that  the  necessary  rearrangement 
can  only  come  when  all  women  are  able  to  work 
under  reasonable  conditions  suitable  to  their 
womanhood,  secured  for  them  by  an  enlightened 
community  in  such  a  way  that  they  are  not  cut 
off  from  the  normal  feminine  experiences  of 
marriage  and  maternity.  These  conditions,  the 
author  declares,  can  only  be  secured  by  a.  wide 
Socialism. 

Hillquit  (Morris)  and  Ryan  (John  A.),  Socialisms 
Promise  or  Menace  ?    5/6  net.  Macmillan 

The  chapters  which  constitute  this  book 
originally  appeared  in  seven  consecutive  issues  of 
Everybody's  Magazine.  Slight  revisions  have  been 
made  for  book  form. 

Key  (Ellen),  The  Renaissance  of  Motherhood> 

translated  from  the  Swedish  by  Anna   E.   B- 

Fries,  5/  net.  Putnam 

The  author  proposes  the  study  of  eugenics, 

a  year's  preparation  for  motherhood  in  the  form 

of  social  service,  and  a  State  subsidy  for  mothers 

as  means  of  evoking  a  renaissance  of  motherhood. 

Russell  (Charles  E.  B.),  Social  Problems  of  the 

North,  "  Christian  Social  Union  Handbooks," 

2/  net.  Mowbray 

An  endeavour  to  sketch   certain  aspects   of 

the  life  of  the  workers  of  the  North  of  England, 

more  particularly  of  those  who  dwell  in  its  great 

manufacturing  centres. 

EDUCATION. 
Egerton  (F.  Clement  C),  The  Future  of  Educa- 
tion, 3/6  net.  Bell 
See  p.  881. 

Farrington  (Frederic  Ernest),  Commercial  Educa- 
tion in  Germany,  5/  net.  Macmillan 
A  study  of  the  development  of  the  system  of 

vocational  schools  in  Germany. 

McMurry      (F.      M.),        Elementary       School 

Standards  :    Instruction,  Course  of  Study, 

Supervision,  3/6  net.  Harrap 

An  attempt  to  estimate  the  quality  of  the 

teaching  and  the  course  of  study  in  the  elementary 

schools  of   New  York.      Originally  a  report,   the 

book  has  been  revised  in  form,  and  to  a  slight 

degree  in  substance. 


Melton    (Fred.    E.),    Teachers'    Handbook    to 
Harrap's  Dramatic  History,  2/6  net. 
Sec  p.  883. 

SCHOOL-BOOKS. 

Ainsworth  (Harrison),  The  Tower  of  London,  1/ 

Bell 
See  p.  883. 

Arthur  (Henrietta  M.),  A  Primer  of  Practice 
on  the  Four  French  Conjugations,  Gd.  net. 

Bell 

Arranged  in  simple  style  for  beginners. 

Auzas  (Auguste),  Les  Poetes  Francais  du  XIXb 

Siecle,  1800-1885,  Etude  Prosodique  et  Litte- 

raire,  3/6  Oxford,  Clarendon  Press 

Intended  for  the  higher  classes  of  secondary 

schools.     The  poems  are  preceded  by  biographical 

notices,  and  there  are  also  notes  on  the  text. 

Baker  (W.  M.)  and  Bourne  (A.  A.),  Arithmetic, 
2  vols.,  2/  each.  Bell 

Second  edition. 

Bell's  Sixpenny  English  Texts  :  The  Pilgrim's 
Progress  ;  Poems  lby  Gray  and  Cowpek  ; 
Hawthorne's  Wonder  Book  and  Tangle- 
wood  Tales  ;  Selections  from  Pope  ; 
Poems  by  Longfellow  ;  Plutarch's  Dtves 
of  Themistokles,  Perikles,  and  Alkibi- 
ades  ;  and  Gibbon's  Decline  and  Fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire.  Chaps.  I. -III. 

Davison  (Charles),  Mathematical  Problem 
Papers  for  Secondary  Schools,  2/6  Bell 
Intended  for  use  in  the  middle  and  some  of 
the  upper  classes  of  a  secondary  school,  the  ques- 
tions being  confined  to  Arithmetic,  plane  and  solid 
geometry,  and  elementary  algebra  and  trigo- 
nometry. 

Fawdry  (R.  C),  Statics,  Part  I.,  2/6  Bell 

The  two  parts  of  this  work,  when  complete, 
will  form  an  introductory  course  suitable  for 
those  reading  for  the  Army,  and  also  for  engineer- 
ing students. 

Freeman  (H.),  Arithmetic,  2/6  Bell 

The  chief  object  of  this  book  is  to  present 
in  a  clear  and  concise  form  an  Arithmetic  which, 
although  consisting  mainly  of  examples,  will 
contain  just  sufficient  bookwork  to  be  of  use  to  a 
pupil  when  in  difficulty. 

French  (Allen),  The  Beginner's  Garden  Book, 
a  Textbook  for  the  Upper  Grammar  Grades, 
4/6  net.  Macmillan 

A  handbook  on  school  and  home  gardening 
for  children,  with  suggestions  on  indoor  experi- 
ments for  teachers.  It  is  illustrated  with  photo- 
graphs and  diagrams. 

Kingsley  (C),  Hereward  the  Wake,  1/ 

One  of  Messrs.  Bell's  "  Reading  Books," 
with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Paul  Hardy. 

Lytton  (Lord),  The  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  1/ 

Bell 
See  p.  833. 

Macmillan's  Sentence  Building,  a  Graduated 
Course  of  Lessons  in  Synthetic  English, 
by  Richard  Wilson  :  Pupil's  Companion  : 
Books  I.  and  II.,  4<7.  each  ;  Books  III.  and  IV., 
5d.  each  ;  Books  V.  and  VI.,  Gd.  each. 
Issued  in  clear  type  with  illustrations. 

Macnair  (Peter),  Argyllshire  and  Buteshire, 
1  /6  net.  Cambridge  Universitv  Press 

See  p.  883. 

Marichal  (J.  P.  R.),  Primer  of  French  Litera- 
ture and  History,  2/  Dent 
M.  Marichal  aims  at  providing  for  beginners 
an  accurate  and  concise  survey  of  the  more  im- 
portant currents  and  groups  in  French  literature 
viewed  in  connexion  with  the  corresponding  main 
facts  of  history. 

Martineau  (Harriet),  The  Settlers  at  Home,  1/ 
One    of    Messrs.    Bell's    "  Reading    Books," 
with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Paul  Hardy. 

Merimee    (Prosper),   Coi.omba,   edited   by  A.   H. 
Smith,  2/  Bell 

Printed  in  large  type  with  notes,  questions, 
and  vocabulary. 

Milne   (J.   Mathewson),  Tests  in  French  Com- 
position and  Grammar,  Gd.  Harrap 
Formed   from  material  used   in   classes  pre- 
paring   for    the    Intermediate    Certificate    of    the 
Scotch  Education  Department. 
Newbigin    (Marion   (I.),    The    British    Emplre 
beyond  the  Seas,  an  Introduction  to  World 
Geography,  3/6  Bell 
A  systematic  account  on  up-to-date  lines. 
Nicolson  (D.  B.),  A  Handbook  of  English,  1/6 
net.                                Cambridge  University  Press 
An  outline  of  a  course  in  Junior  and  Inter- 
mediate    English.     The     author    aims    at     com- 
prehensiveness and  brevity. 


Normans   in   England   (1066-1154),   compiled  by 
A.  E.  Bland,  1/net.  Bell 

One  of  the  hnglish  History  Source  Books. 

O'Grady  (Hardress),  Reading  Aloud  and  Lite- 
rary Appreciation,  2/  net.  Bell 
Deals  with  the  physiology  of  the    organs  of 
speech. 

Old   Christmas,  and   Selections   from   the   Sketch 

Book,  (Jd.  Dent 

Selections  from  Washington  Irving. 

Pons  Tironum,  quem  fecerunt  R.  B.  Appleton 

et  W.  H.  S.  Jones,  1/  Bell 

Some  thirty  pages  of  easy  Latin  on  various 

phases  of  Roman  life. 

Reed  (G.  H.),  Teachers'  Handbook  to  Picture 
History  and  Composition,  1/6  net.      Harrap 
See  p.  883. 

Rhyming  Thirds,  Story  in  Verse  and  Prose  by 

the  Boys  of  IIIa  and  IHb,  edited  by  W.  L. 

Paine,  1/  net.  Bell 

The   work    of  pupils  about  thirteen  on  the 
average. 
Shakespeare,  The   Tragedy   of   Julius  Cjesar, 

edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  Rev. 

J.  C.  Scrimgeour,  3/  Macmillan 

A  fully  equipped  edition. 
Tappan  (E.  M.),  A  Brief  History  of  English 

Literature,  2/6  Harrap 

See  p.  883. 
Westell  (W.  P.),  Bird  Studies  in  Twenty-Four 

Lessons.  Cambridge  University  Pr.  ss 

This  book  belongs  to  "  The  Cambridge  Nature 
Study  Series,"  and  is  an  attempt  to  show  how  the 
practical  study  of  birds  can  be  organized  both  in 
and  out  of  school  hours.  The  lessons  are  arranged 
according  to  the  seasons,  and  have  already  been 
tested  by  the  author  in  his  own  classes.  Line 
drawings  are  provided  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Newall. 
York   and    Lancaster    (1399-1485),    compiled    by 

W.  Garmon  Jones,  1/  net.  Bell 

Another  of  the  English  History  Source 
Books. 

FICTION. 

Barrett  (Alfred  Wilson),  The  Silver  King,  6/ 

Everett 
Founded  on  the  well-known  play. 

Bronson  (Edgar  Beecher),  The  Vanguard,  6/ 

Hodder  <to  Stoughton 
A  tale  of  the  Mexican  frontier  half  a  century 
ago. 

Bruce  (Henry),  The  Residency,  6/  Long 

The  heroine  of  this  novel  is  a  beautiful 
Eurasian  who,  after  twenty -two  years  of  sheltered 
life  in  England,  returns  to  India,  and  forms  a 
passionate  attachment  for  a  native  of  rank. 

Callaghan  (Stella),  Jacynth,  6/  Constable 

Jacynthwas  "pretty,  very,  very  pretty,"  and 
extremely  foolish ;  indeed,  she  rather  resembled 
the  hapless  Dora  of  Dickens,  except  that  she  did 
not  meet  an  early  death.  Two  men  fell  in  love 
with  her.  One  she  flirted  with,  and  the  other 
she  married.  The  conclusion  is  somewhat  enig- 
matical. 

Cameron  (Mrs.  Lovett),  Bitter  Fruit,  C>d.    Long 
Popular  edition. 

Capes  (Bernard),  The  Story  of  Fifine,  6/ 

Constable 
Relates  the  life  and  conversations  of  a  man 
and  a  woman  who  were  forced  to  keep  company 
in  romantic  circumstances. 

Cross  (Victoria),  Life  of  my  Heart,  1  /  net.    Long 
Popular  edition. 

Dawe  (Carlton),  The  Crackswoman,  6/ 

Ward  &  Lock 

The  heroine  is  a  species  of  feminine  Raffles, 

with  the  added  advantage  that  she  sings  brilliantly. 

Love   and   repentance,   however,   fall  to   her  lot 

before  the  end  of  the  book. 

Dawson  Scott  (C.  A.),  The  Caddis-Worm,  6/ 

Hurst  &  Blackett 

This  novel  tells  of  episodes  in  the  lives  of  the 
masterful  Richard  Blake,  the  child  of  an  illicit 
passion,  and  of  his  wife  . 
Dennis  (D.  H.),  The  Widow  of  Gloane,  6/    Long 

The  heroine  takes  a  second  husband,  but  the 
marriage  is  not  a  success,  and  they  part.     Eventu- 
ally, however,  the  author  brings  them  together 
again. 
Findlater  (Mary),  Tents  of  a  Night,  6/ 

Smith  &  Elder 

See  p.  886. 
Gallon  (Tom),  Memory  Corner,  7(7.  net.         Long 
Popular  edition. 

Gerard  (Dorothea),  A  Glorious  Lie,  Id.  net.  Long 
Popular  edition. 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


880 


Gillies  (E.  Scott),  Tin:  Bed  Wkddino.  ti  Long 

A   stiiiy   Of   love   and    jealousy   during   one   of 

the    stormiest    periods    of    Scottish    history.     It 
tells  of  the   fierce   feuds   between   two  powerful 
Highland  clans. 
Gull  (C.  Rangen,  The  Harvest  of  Lovb,  (></.  Long 

Popular  edition. 
Indian   Stories   (The)  of  F.  W.  Bain:    Vol.   VIII. 
A  .Mini:  of  Faults,  "  Riccardi  Press  Hooks," 

132  (!   per  set    of    11    vols.  Lee  Warner 

Mllligan    (Alice   and   W.   H.),   sons   of  THE   Sua 
Kings.  0     net.  Longmans 

A  romantic  tale  of  ancient  Iceland. 
Palmer  (Frederick),  The  Last  Shot,  ti 

Chapman  iV  Sail 

A  study  of  warfare  between  two  European 
nations  under  modern  conditions.  Numerous  and 
minute  descriptions  of  sanguinary  encounters  are 
varied  bya  love  interest.  The  author  writes  from 
his  experiences  in  the  Russo-Japanese  War  and 
the  recent  Balkan  campaigns. 
Phillpotts    Eden),  The  Judge's  Chair,  6/ 

John  Murray 

A  -.ries  of  short  stories  of  the  villagers  round 
about  Dartmoor,  told  by  an  old  inhabitant  of  the 
country-side. 
St.  Michael  (Elizabeth),  Burnt  Offerings,  6/ 

Allen 

This  novel  chronicles  the  life-story  of  a  love- 
child,  the  daughter  of  an  English  artist  and  a 
Japanese  niousme. 

Satchell  (William),  The  Greenstone  Door,  6/ 

Sidgwick  A:  Jackson 
A  tale  of  the  Maori  War,  the  hero  being  an 
English  lad  brought  up  amongst  the  Maoris. 
Sirrah,  Slaves  of  the  Links.  2,  net. 

Birmingham.  Cornish  Bros. 
A  more  or  less  humorous  "  golf  comedy." 

Thurston  (E.  Temple),  Thirteen,  2/  net. 

Chapman  A:  Hall 
A  cheaper  edition. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Chinese  Review,  1    net.      12.  Hillfield  Road,  N.W 

The  editor  leads  off  in  this,  the  third,  number 
with  two  articles — '  The  New  Outlook  in  China' 
and  '  Oriental  Emigration.'  Miss  J.  Kong-Sing 
writes  on  '  Thing-.  English  from  a  Chinese 
Woman's  Point  of  View,'  and  Mr.  Ku  Hung  Ming 
continues  his  paper  on  '  The  Spirit  of  the  Chinese 
People.' 

International   Theosophical   Chronicle,  June,    6d. 
net.  Bartlett's  Buildings.  B.C. 

An  account  of  a  Reception  of  Veterans  of  the 
American  Civil  War  at  the  International  Theo- 
sophical head-quarters  at  Point  Loma,  Cali- 
fornia, on  May  7th,  occupies  the  place  of  honour 
in  this  number.  Some  other  items  are  '  Peace  or 
War,'  by  Mi.  s.  Paul  ;  '  An  Honest  Man.'  by 
R.  M.  ;  and  'My  Song,'  a  poem  by  Mr.  11.  P. 
Spofford. 
Modern  Language  Teaching,  June,  (>d.  Black 

In  'Standard  English  and  it.--  Varieties' 
Prof.  II.  C.  Wyld  discusses  Mr.  Montgomery's 
article  in  the  February  number.  Other  articles  are 
'  Spelling  Reform,'  by  Mr.  Et.  A.  Williams,  and 
'  Le  frane.ii-  commercial  en Angleterre,'  byM.  B. 
Renault. 
Pall  Mall  Magazine,  July,  6d.  net. 

2D,  Tudor  Street.  B.C. 

Fiction  preponderates  in  this  number,  the 
chief  item  being  another  of  Mr.  G.  K.  Chester- 
ton's '  Bathes  Brown  '  stories.  Mr.  C.  (i.  D. 
Roberts  continue-  his  '  When  Earth  was  Young'  ; 
and  other  contributors  include  Marjorie  Pickthall, 
and  Katharine  Tynan. 
Poetry  and  Drama,  June,  2  0  net. 

35,  I  levonBhire  st  peel .  W.C. 

The  tii-t  part  of  an  article  'On  Impres- 
sionism,'by  Mr.  Ford  Madox  IlucfTer.  is  included; 
Anna  Wiekham,  Mr.  Maurice-  Hewlett,  Mr.  John 
Gould  Fletcher,  and  Mr.  Francis  Macnamara 
d  poem-:  drama  is  represented  by  a  Bcene 
entitled  '  Helen.'  by  Mr.  K.  St orcr  :  and  the 
u-ual  review  of  new  Look-  chronicles  current 
literary  developments  in  Prance,  Germany,  and 
America,  as  well  a-   m  England. 

Popular  Mechanics  Magazine,  JULY,  16  cent,. 

( Ihicago,  Michigan  Avenue 

\\ .  an  informed  on  the  cover  of  t  Ins  magazine 
tiiit    it   i-,  ■written  go  you  can   understand   it." 
The  content-  aie  mainly  a  wealth  of  photographs 
accompanied    by    short    paragraph-.     There 
one  or  two  pract  ical  art ii 
Quest,  July,  2  6  Wat  km, 

Among  the  principal  contents  of  this 
are  '  Tie-  Soul  in   Plato  and   Bergson,'   by   Prof. 
W.    1:.    1;  G      on;     'Tip-    Persian  Mystics' 

Attitude  to'  Prayer,'  by  Mr.  II.  I».  Graves  Law: 
and  '  Swedenborg'a  Theology,'  by  Mr.  J.  Howard 
Spaldintr. 


Round  Table,  Jink,  2/6  Ma.  smillan 

Priority  in  this  number  is   given  to  an  article 
on  •  Naval  Policy  and  the  Pacific  Question.'    Other 
articles  include  'South  African  Constitutionalism,' 
The    Budget,'    'From    Bradford   to   the  Curragh,' 
and  ■  Royal  Governors.' 

JUVENILE. 

Birkhead  (Alice),  Marie  Antoinette,  1  ti  net. 

Ilarrap 
A  biographical  study  in  twenty-two  chapters, 
with  nine  illustrations. 

Chaplin  (Alethea),  A  Treasury  of  Verse  for 
Little  Ones,  2/6  net.  Ilarrap 

A  pleasant  little  book  of  verse  for  children, 
with  an  attractive  coloured  frontispiece. 

Gilbert  (Henry),  The  Conquerors  of  MEXICO, 
3/0"  net.  Hurra p 

A  companion  volume  to  '  The  Conquerors  of 
Peru.'  The  author  has  relied  for  his  facts  mainly 
upon  Preseott  s  'Conquest  of  Mexico,'  but  has 
retold  the  story  in  narrative  fashion.  Mr.  11. 
Thomas  Maybank  contributes  sixteen  full-page 
illustrations. 

Marshall  (Beatrice),  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  1/0 
net.  Harrap 

Passes  in  review  Raleigh's  eventful  career. 
from  its  dazzling  opening  to  its  tragic  end.  Nine 
illustrations  and  a  list  of  '  Books  Consulted  '  are 
included. 

Turnbull  (Verney  Cameron),  Stories  from 
Browning,  5,  net.  Harrap 

The  object  of  the  author  has  been,  not  to 
add  another  to  the  many  expositionsof  Browning 
undertaken  for  the  benefit  of  the  adult,  but  to 
persuade  younger  folk  to  read  the  poet  for  them- 
selves, lie  is  presented  as  neither  singer  nor 
preacher,  but  merely  as  a  teller  of  tales,  the  poems 
here  retold  having  been  chosen  solely  for  their 
vivid  narrative  interest.  A  short  biographical 
sketch  is  followed  by  selections  under  the  various 
headings  :  '  Classic  Tales,'  '  Knights  and  Ladies." 
'  Peasant  Tales,'  '  Legends  of  the  Ideal,'  -  Legends 
of  the  Faith.'  '  Tragedies,'  and  '  Stories  of  Animals.' 

GENERAL. 

Arnold  (Matthew),  Essays,  "Oxford  Edition   of 

standard  Authors,"  1/6  net.  Milford 

Containing   'Essays  in  Criticism,'   reprinted 

from  the  second  edition  of  1809  ;    '  On  Translating 

Homer,'  and  live  essays  hitherto  uncollected. 

Browne  (Edward  G.),  The  Press\\nd  Poetry  of 
Modern  Persia,  partly  based  on  the  Manu- 
script Work  of  Mnz.'i  Muhammad  'Ali  Kliui 
•■  Tarbiyat  "  of  Tabriz,  12/  net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
The  first  part  of  the  book  is  a  translation  of 
a  Persian  treatise  containing  a  list  of  Persian 
newspapers,  with  particulars  concerning  each, 
a  Preface  and  an  introduction.  Prof.  Browne  has 
added  some  explanatory  foot-notes.  The  second 
part  contains  a  selection  of  political  and  patriotic 
poetry,  which  is  a  feature  of  the  Persian  press. 
There  are  illustrations. 

De  Selincourt  (Hugh),  Pride  of  Body,  1/  net. 

St.  Cat berine  Press 
A  little   book  on   physical   exercise,    chiefly 
consisting  of  some  articles  which  appeared  in  The 
Daily  Mail. 

Druery  (Charles  T.),  'I'm:  Pio's  Talk,  a  GoBLTN 
Story:  and  Other  Recitations,  6,    net. 

Elliot  Stock 

Facetious    verses    which    seem    more    suitable 

for  reading  than  tor  reciting.     The  abundant  play 

on  words  -    tor  Which  the  author  has  lather  a  neat 

turn     would    probably   be   lost    on    any    hut    an 
exceptionally  sharp  audience. 

Hutton     (Edward),     ENGLAND    of    my     Heart  : 

Spring,  5    net.  Dent 

Mr.     Button    describes    Kent,   Sussex,    and 

Hampshire    in    Bpringtime.      The  work  i-  to    he 

Completed  in  tin more  \0I111 

Ketcham  (Victor  Alvin),  The  Tim  ory  and 
Practice   of   Abgumentatiom    and    Debate, 

5    1;    net  .  Ne\\     Yolk.   I  lie    ,\l  a  r  1 1 1  i  1 1  a  II   Co. 

[ntended  to  furnish  the  -indent  with  prac- 
tical directions  for  the  preparation  and  presenta- 
tion of  oral  and   written  argumei, 

Rathburn   /Richardi,    RBPOBT  on    1111:    Pboo 
wd    Condition    OP   THE    I'm  TB D    STATES    N  \- 
•1  [OH  \i.      Ml  BE1  U      1  01:      -i  111:      Yi.w:      ENDING 
Jim.  30,   L013. 

Washington,  Govt.  Printing  Office 

Vital  Issues  In  Christian  Science,  1"  ''<  net. 

But  nam 

This  book,  prepared  by  the  New    Fork  City 

Christian   Science    institute,   1-  a   record   of  the 

l  controversy  which  arose  between  the  Directoi    of 


the  .Mother  Church,  the  First  Church  of  Christ. 
Scientist,    Boston.    Massachusetts,   and   .son f 

the  Trustees,  including  .Mrs.  Augusta  B.  Stetson, 
and  practitioners  of  the  First  Church  of  Christ, 
Scientist,  .New  York  City.  It  includes  some  fac- 
simile letters  of   .Mis.    Eddy. 

Wayfarers' Library  (The) :  Southwabd  Ho!  and 
other  Essays,  by  Holbrook  Jackson  ;  Db 
OMNIBUS,  by  Barry  Pain  ;  QUO  Vadis  ?  trans- 
lated by  c.  .1.  Hogarth  ;  The  Lilac  sun- 
lioNNET,  by  s.  |{.  Crockett  :   St.  Ives,  by  R.  L. 

Stevenson.    1      net   each.  I  lent 

Reprints  i  if  popula  r  woi  k-. 

Whitwell  (Richardi,  The  Gold  ok  Dawn,  i  ti  net. 

Fifleld 
Thoughts    and     musings    on     '  Experience,' 
'  Love  and  Sacrifice,'  '  Faith  and  Vision,   &c. 

Williams  (Rev.  Geo.  H.),  Cabeebs  POB  01  R  SONS, 

•")     net.  Black 

Fourth  edition,  revised  and   enlarged. 

PAMPHLETS. 

Lytton  (Earl  ofi,  The  Pobtuguese  Amnesty,  Qd. 

UpcottGill 
This  pamphlet  contains  Lord  Lytton's 
criticism  of  the  Portuguese  Amnesty  Bill  ;  '  Some 
Account  of  the  British  National  Protest,'  com- 
piled for  the  Protest  Committee  :  and  a  verbatim 
report  of  the  speeches  made  at  the  Protest  .Meeting 
held  la-t  February. 

Mudie  (Mary),  The  Woman's  Pabt  in  Peasant 
Life,  Id.  I  lent 

An  address  given  before  the  Peasant  Arts 
Fellowship,  .March   11th,   1914. 

Oil  Facts  and  Figures,  1  .Mat  hieson 

Gives  details  (in  tabular  form)  of  oil  drilling 
and  producing  companies. 

SCIENCE. 

Cantrill  (T.  C),  Coal  .Mi.MNo.  1     net. 

Cambridge  University  Press 
A   sketch   of   the    principles   of  coal   mining, 
intended   for  the  general   leader. 

Clarke  (H.  T.),  An  Intboduction  to  the  Study 

of  Organic  Chemistby,  6  i>  Longmans 

A  textbook  written  to  meet  the  requirements 

of  the  new  syllabus  (1!H2)  of  the  lower  examina- 
tion in  organic  chemistry  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion Examinations  in  Science  and  Technology, 
and  the  .Medical  Examinations  in  organic  che- 
mistry. 

Lincolnshire    Naturalists'    Union,    Transactions, 

1913.  Lincoln.  City  and  County  .Museum 

Contains  among  other  things  the  Presidential 

Address,  'The  Migration  of  Birds  as  observed  in 

Lincolnshire.' 

Livingston    (George),    Field    Chop    Production, 

0/  net .  Macmillan 

An  elementary  textbook  tor  use  in  Agricultural 

School-  and  (  olleges.  H  isjllust  rated  with  photo- 
graphs and  diagrams. 

Marshall  (Edward  Shearburn),  A  SUPPLEMENT  to 
the  Flora  ok  Somerset,  t  0  net. 

Taunton.  Somerset -hire  At  (Ideological  Soc. 
A   record  of  various  additions  and  corrections 
since  the   publication   of   Mr.    Murray's   book  some 
eighteen   years  ago. 

Price  (Edward  W.),  Tin:  EsSENi  i:  OP   LSTBONOMY, 

Things     K\ei\     One    should     Know     about     the 

Sun.  .M and  Stars,  '■'•<<  net.  Putnam 

This  textbook  avoids  technical  terms,  and 
gives  in  a  concise  form  the  most  important  facts 
of  astronomy.  A  Chronological  Table  and  anno- 
tated Bibliography  are  added.  The  book  is  illus- 
trated with  photographs  and  diagrams. 

Stopes  (Marie  C.i,  A  New  Abaucabioxylom  from 
New  Zealand. 

An  offprint  from  toL  cxviiL  of  the  Annals 
of  Botany.  The  fossil  differs  greatly  from  the 
hitherto  recorded  Araucarians  of  the  same 
region,  and  has  well-defined  growth-rings,  which 
.,!,.  baken  i"  be  evidence  of  well-marked  seasons 

in  the   New    Zealand  oi    I  be  .M  id-Cn  t .,,  ,  .  >u  ,  period. 

Thompson  i  A.  W.  H.i,  A  New  ANALYSIS  OV  PLANE 
Geometry,    Ftnitb   and    im  i  ihi.stial,   with 

Nu Kius  Examples,  7    uel , 

( lambridge  l  oiversitj   Bress 
This  book  i-  Intended  to  present   a  method 

which  tie-  author  descril  ea  as  original.     He  claims 

novelty  for  some  of  the  theorems,  most  of  the 
general  result*  in  the  example,,  and  the  treatment 
,.t  t  be  trigonometric  functions. 

Thompson  (Sllvanus  P.),  THE  ROSE  OP  THE  WrNDS, 

the  Origin  and    Development   of  the  Compass- 

Card,  I    net.  Milford 

\  paper  read  at  the  International  lli-torical 

Congo  ■  - .   \pi d  5th,  1918. 


890 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Spencer  (Baldwin),  Native  Tribes  of  the 
Northern  Territory  of  Australia,  21/  net. 

Macmillan 
The  author,  who  was  sent  to  the  Northern 
Territory  by  the  Commonwealth  Government  as 
Special  Commissioner  for  Aboriginals,  here  pre- 
sents the  scientific  results  of  his  work,  and  describes 
the  customs,  organization,  and  beliefs  of  the 
natives  of  that  region. 

Tremearne  (Major  A.  J.  N.),  The  Ban  of  the 

Bori,    Demons    and    Demon-Dancing    in    West 

and  North  Africa,  2 1  /  net .       Heath  &  Cranton 

An   account   of   the    beliefs   and   customs   of 

the  Hausa,  relating  to  magic  and  religion.      The 

book  is  illustrated  with  photographs  and  figures 

in  the  text. 

FINE    ART. 

Banker's  Pie,  Cartoons  by  Caractacus,  1/  net. 

Sherratt  &  Hughes 
Sixty-three  "  humorous  and  topical  cartoons." 

Book  of  Kells  (The),  described  by  Sir  Edward 
Sullivan,  paper  10/6,  cloth  12/6'  The  Studio' 
The  aim  of  this  volume  is  to  supplement  in 
colour  what  has  already  been  accomplished  by 
ordinary  photography  and  monochrome,  and  to 
add  a  rmw  value  to  previous  efforts  with  the 
assistance  of  the  most  recent  methods  and  pro- 
cesses of  polychromatic  photography  and  colour- 
printing. 

Chaffers  (William),  The  New  Collector's  Hand- 
book of  Marks  and  Monograms  on  Pottery 
anu    Porcelain    of    the    Renaissance    and 
Modern  Periods,  6/6  net.        Reeves  &  Turner 
A  new  edition,  revised  and  considerably  aug- 
mented by  Frederick  Litchfield. 
Crowe  (J.  A.)  and  Cavalcaselle  (G.  B.),  A  History 
of    Painting    in    Italy,    Vols.    V.    and    VI., 
edited  by  Tancred  Borenius,  21/  net  each. 

John  Murray 
Vol.  V.  deals  with  the  Umbrian  and  Sienese 
Masters  of  the  Fifteenth  Century,  and  Vol.  VI. 
with  the  Sienese  and  Florentine  Masters  of  the 
Sixteenth  Century.  Both  have  numerous  illus- 
trations. 

Epigraphia  Zeylanica,  Vol.  II.  Part  2,  edited  and 
translated  by  Don  Martino  de  Zilva  Wickre- 
masinghe,  5/  net.  Milford 

Lithic  and  other  inscriptions  of  Ceylon. 
Kermode  (P.  M.  C.)  and  Herdman  (W.  A.),  Manks 
Antiquities.  Liverpool  Univ.  Press 

Second  edition,  revised. 
Scott  (Geoffrey),  The  Architecture  of  Human- 
ism, a  Study  in  the  History  of  Taste,  7/6  net- 
Constable 
An  attempt  "  to  trace  the  natural  history  of 
our  opinions  [on  architecture],  to  discover  how  far 
upon  their  own  premisses  they  are  true  or  false, 
and  to  explain  why,  when  false,  they  have  yet 
remained  plausible,  powerful,  and,  to  many  minds, 
convincing." 

MUSIC. 
Forth  (Rev.  T.  Francis),  The  Sanctity  of  Church 
Music,  2/6  net,  Bennett 

A  brief  sketch  of  the  history  and  development 
of  church  music.      A  few  chapters  are  reproduced   I 
from     The    Church    Times,    The    Precentor,    and 
The  Sign. 

Holly   (The)  and  the   Ivy,   Traditional  Carol, 

arranged  by  H.  Walford  Davies,  Id.      Riorden 

Shahinda  (Begum  Fyzee-Rahamin),  Indian  Music. 

Marchant 
A   little   book  on  the  history,    construction, 
and  spirit  of  the  music  of  ancient  India,   illus- 
trated by  the  author. 

DRAMA. 
Bridge  (F.  Maynard),  The  Bey  of  Bamra,  fld.  net, 

Year-Book  Press 
A  farcical  comedy. 

Buckley  (Reginald  R.),  Arthur  of  Britain,  5/ 

net-  Williams  &  Norgate 

A   drama   based   upon   national   legends.     A 

special  theatre  is  to  be  built  at  Glastonbury  for 

its  adequate  production. 

FitzMaurice  (George),  Five  Plays,  3/6  net. 

Maunsel 

The  Country  Dressmaker,'  '  The  Pie-Dish,' 

The   Magic    Glasses,'    '  The    Dandy    Dolls,'    and 

The   Moonlighter.'     The   first   three   have   been 

performed  by  the  Irish  Players. 

Sproston  (S.),  Midsummer  Fairies,  6d.  net. 

Year-Book  Press 
A  fantastic  sketch  in  two  scenes. 

Sproston  (S.),  The  Pudding  made  of  Plum,  6d. 
net-  Year-Book  Press 

A  Christmas  play  for  children. 
Sproston  (S.),  The  Sword  in  the  Stone,  9d.  net. 

Year-Book  Press 
„J     A  little  play  based  on  the  Arthurian   legend. 


FOREIGN. 

THEOLOGY. 

Capelle  (Paul),  Le  Texte  du  Psautier  Latin  en 

Afrique,      "  (  ollectanea        Biblica       Latina," 

Vol.  IV.,  8  lire.  Rome,   F.   Pustet 

M.  Capelle  has  aimed  at  supplying  the  need 

for  a  history  of  the  African  text. 

HISTORY    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 

Trois  Mois  a  Paris  lors  du  Mariage  de  l'Empereur 
Napoleon  Ir  et  de  l'Archiduchesse  Marie- 
Louise,  public  par  le  Baron  de  Mitis  et  le  Comte 
de  Pimodan,  7fr.  50.  Plon-Nourrit 

The  reminiscences  and  impressions  of  Prince 

Charles    of    Clary-et-Aldringen,  as  recorded   in    a 

journal    which    he    kept    while    on   a    diplomatic 

mission  in  Paris  in  1810. 

PHILOLOGY. 

Grasserie  (Raoul  de  la),  Du  Verbs  comme  Gene- 

RATEUR  DES  AUTRES  PARTIES  DU  DlSCOURS,  du 

Ph6nomene  au  Noumene,  20fr. 

Paris,  Maisonneuve 
In  this  thesis  the  author  sets  out  to  prove 
that  in  general  the  different  parts  of  speech  have 
their  origin  in  the  verb. 

LITERARY    CRITICISM. 

Bellessort  (Andr6),  Sur  les  Grands  Chemins  de 
la  Poesie  Classique,  3fr.  50.        Paris,  Perrin 
Studies  of  Ronsard,  Corneille,  La  Fontaine, 
Racine,  and  Boileau. 

Ronsard  (Pierre  de),  Testes  choisis  et  com- 
mences par  Pierre  Villey,  1  fr.  50. 

Paris,  Plon-Nourrit 

A  study  of  the  life  and  literary  achievement 

of  Ronsard,   interspersed  with  extracts  from  his 

writings,  for  which  the  edition  of  1587  has  been 

used. 

REVIEWS    AND    MAGAZINES. 

Mercure  de  France,  16  Juin,  lfr.  25. 

Paris,  26,  Rue  de  Conde 
'  Jehan  Rictus  '  is  the  subject  of  the  first  article, 
an  appreciation  in  which  the  poet  is  exhorted, 
not  only  to  maintain  his  position  as  "  vengeur 
de  la  misere  publique,"  but  also  to  continue  the 
task  begun  in  '  Conseils  '  of  inspiring  a  high 
ideal  of  moral  and  physical  cleanliness.  '  Home 
Rule  et  la  Politique  Anglaise  '  is  discussed  at 
some  length  by  Jean  Malye  ;  Isabelle  Rimbaud 
writes  on  '  Rimbaud  Mystique  :  les  "  Illumina- 
tions "  et  la  "  Chasse  Spirituelle "  '  ;  and  the 
customary  review  of  art  and  science  follows. 

FINE    ART. 

Thieme  (Ulrich)  and  Becker  (Felix),  Allgemeines 

Lexikon  der  Bildenden  Kunstler  von  der 

Antike    bis     zur     Gegenwart  :       Vol.     X. 

Dubolon-Erlwein,  32m.  Leipsic,  Seeman 

The    articles    are    copiously    annotated    with 

references  to  authorities  at  the  end,  and  cover  a 

wide  range.      We  find,  for  instance,  an  account  of 

such  modern  sculptors  as  Mr.  Epstein. 

MUSIC. 
Saint-Saens  (Camille),  Au  Courant  de  la    Vie, 
7fr.  50.  Paris,  Dorbon-Aine 

A  collection  of  musical  studies  and  "  sou- 
venirs," including  '  Liszt  Pianiste,'  '  Le  Metro- 
nome,' '  Helene,'  and   '  Impressions  d'Amerique.' 

DRAMA. 

Benavente  (Jacinto),  Teatro,  1/  Nelson 

This  volume  contains  three  plays  :  '  Los 
Intereses  Creados,'  '  Al  Natural,'  and  '  Rosas  de 
Otono,'  which  have  been  produced  in  Spain  in 
1907,  1903,  and  1905  respectively.  Gregorio 
Martinez  Sierra  contributes  an  Introduction. 


THE     EDITIO     PRINCEPS     OF     THE 
'  QU^STIO  DE  AQUA  ET  TERRA.' 

Fiveways,  Burnhani,  Bucks,  June  19,  1914. 

In  The  Athenceum  for  July  8th,  1905,  I 
drew  attention  to  the  discovery  of  a  seventh 
copy  of  this  exceedingly  rare  book,  six 
copies  of  which  had  previously  been  regis- 
tered by  myself  and  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Koch  in 
The  Athtnceum  for  October  16th  and 
November  13th,  1897.  I  have  now  to 
record  the  discovery  of  an  eighth  copy, 
which  figures  in  the  catalogue  of  Sig.  Leo 
Olschki  of  Florence.  It  was  from  Sig. 
Olschki  that  the  late  Dr.  Garnett,  as  Keeper 
of  Printed  Books,  purchased,  for  the  sum  of 
500  francs  (201. ),  the  copy  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  For  the  present  copy  the  price 
asked  is  3,000  francs  (120/.). 

Paget  Toynbee. 


NOTES    FROM    OXFORD. 

Once  more  the  battle  of  the  reform  of 
Responsions  has  been  fought — and  lost. 
One  is  genuinely  sorry  for  Council.  They 
must  be  feeling  well-nigh  inclined  to  resign 
in  a  body.  Accepting  all  too  loyally  the 
verdict  of  Convocation  that  compulsory 
Greek  must  stand,' and  taking  it  for  granted, 
as  well  indeed  they  might,  that  our  pre- 
sent entrance  examination  is  thoroughly 
unsatisfactory,  they  proceeded  to  think  out 
a  scheme  according  to  which  at  any  rate 
one  class  of  schoolboy — namely,  the  classic- 
ally trained  product  of  the  public  school — 
would  be  tested  in  the  results  of  his  ordinary 
work,  and  so  relieved  from  the  hateful 
necessity  of  "  cramming."  But  after  devot- 
ing much  time  and  ingenuity  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  amending  clauses,  Congregation  has 
finally,  by  a  three-to-two  majority,  rejected 
the  bill  in  toto.  Disappointed  and  baffled 
though  they  be,  Council  must  set  to  work  to 
discover  a  new  way  out  of  the  difficulty.  It 
is  what  they  are  there  for. 

The  measure  was  defeated  by  a  coalition 
formed  of  conservatives  fearful  of  taking 
risks,  whether  educational  or  financial,  and 
of  extreme  reformers  who  will  not  be  put 
off  with  anything  short  of  optional  Greek, 
and  have  all  along  regarded  the  present 
proposals  as  at  bottom  a  mere  Greek-saving 
device.  It  was  obvious,  too,  that  the 
smaller  Colleges  were  up  in  arms.  For  if, 
as  was  likely  enough,  the  immediate  effect 
of  the  experiment  would  be  to  some  extent 
to  deplete  the  University,  they,  and  not  the 
rich  and  fashionable  Colleges,  would  have 
to  pay  the  piper.  After  all,  whether  the 
examination  were  really  to  be  made  harder 
or  not,  it  was  plain  that,  since,  in  addition 
to  mathematics  of  the  same  standard  as 
before,  and  Greek  and  Latin  supplemented 
with  subject-matter  questions  on  prepared 
books,  there  was  to  be  English  composition 
and  an  additional  subject,  it  would  certainly 
seem  harder  in  the  eyes  of  the  average  boy. 
Would  the  head  masters,  who  were  so  ready 
to  pronounce  their  benediction  upon  the 
bill,  stir  a  finger  to  interfere  with  a  move- 
ment along  the  line  of  least  resistance  on 
the  part  of  the  average  schoolboy  in  ques- 
tion ?  Oxford  has  thrown  its  Scholarship 
system  into  chaos  in  order  to  please  the 
head  masters,  and  the  head  masters  in 
response  have  pleased  themselves.  Besides, 
it  is  not  exclusively  in  the  direction  of  the 
public  schools  that  the  University  must 
look  for  fresh  blood  and  fresh  ideas.  Rather 
it  must  get  into  closer  touch  with  the  whole 
body  of  the  secondary  schools  of  the  country, 
many  of  which  are  given  up  entirely  to  the 
teaching  of  "  modern  "  subjects.  Let  the 
principle  of  compensation,  on  which  Con- 
gregation insisted  when  amending  the  \)ve- 
sent  measure,  be  so  applied  that  it  may  be 
possible  for  candidates  in  our  entrance 
examination  to  offer  the  proofs  of  a  good 
general  education,  either  in  classical  sub- 
jects or  in  modern  subjects;  nothing  more 
being  required  of  them  except  some  rela- 
tively slight  acquaintance  with  a  subject 
belonging  to  the  other  department — say, 
elementary  mathematics  in  the  one  case, 
and  Latin  in  the  other.  We  want,  not 
fewer  students,  but  a  great  many  more  ; 
and  the  many  more  will  be  ready  enough  to 
come  to  Oxford,  if  only  we  meet  them  half- 
way. 

One  hears  that  next  Term  it  will  be  pro- 
posed to  reform  the  constitution  of  Council 
according  to  the  plan  which  last  Term's 
discussions  clearly  showed  to  command 
most  favour.  That  is  to  say,  the  six  Pro- 
fessors will  retain  the  seats  for  wThich  their 
order  so  fiercely  and  successfully  fought, 
while  the  Heads  of  Houses  will  be  reduced 


No.  4522,  June  27,  19U 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


891 


to  three  ;    so  thai   nine  instc.nl  of  six  places 

will  l>c  available  For  representatives  of  Con- 
gregation. It  will  be  surprising  it'  such  a 
Boheme  tails  to  go  through  consensu  omnium 

Another  reform,  however,  of  a  far  more 
contentious  kind  impends.  The  time  is 
ri|>o  for  a  reopening  of  the  question  of  degrees 
for  women.  One  cannot  see  how  at  this 
time  of  day  the  very  reasonable  claim  of  the 
women  students  to  enjoy  titular  degrees  as 
a  reward  for  work  done  under  the  same 
conditions  as  are  proscribed  for  men  can 
be  denied.  The  opposition,  however,  will 
doubtless  indulge  iii  their  accustomed  vati- 
cinations concerning  "  the  thin  end  of  the 
wedge.*'  It  will  he  pointed  out  that,  if 
degrees  for  women  as  for  men  are  to  depend 
on  residence,  the  women's  Colleges  will 
sooner  or  later  aspire  to  take  rank  side  by 
side  with  the  men's  Colleges  in  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  University.  The  reply  to  this 
surely  is  that  the  University,  by  insisting 
on  the  registration  of  women  students,  has 
already  admitted  the  principle  of  a  resi- 
dential qualification  :  so  that  it  would  be 
altogether  anomalous  if  degrees  were  awarded 
without  reference  to  residence  on  the  part 
of  women  candidates.  For  the  rest,  the 
University  has  by  this  time  had  enough 
experience  of  the  women's  Colleges  to  know 
that  in  advancing  their  claims  they  have 
always  shown  the  utmost  moderation  ; 
and  have  trusted,  in  order  to  win  academic 
support,  not  to  political  intrigue,  hut  solely 
to  sound  educational  work  designed  to  show 
what  women  are  capable  of  in  the  way  of 
higher  study  and  research 

Many  rumours  are  afloat  in  regard  to 
possible  aspirants  to  the  office  of  Univer- 
sity Burgess,  but  only  one  thing  is  certain. 
namely,  that  no  one  can  hope  to  display 
such  ideal  fitness  for  the  post  as  did  the 
late  Warden  of  All  Souls.  Every  Oxford 
man.  whatever  his  politics,  was  proud  to 
be  represented  by  one  who  so  perfectly 
understood  and.  as  it  were,  embodied  the 
spirit  of  Oxford.  But  there  is  no  need  to 
say  more  about  our  common  loss.  The  public 
man  apart,  there  is  no  one  who  knew  Anson 
in  a  private  capacity  who  ^has  not  a  wise 
word  or  a  friendly  act  to  place  to  his  credit. 
Afl  for  the  vacant  seat,  it  seems  a  great  pity 
that  it  cannot  be  arranged  between  the 
representatives  of  the  two  chief  political 
parties  that  there  should  always  be  one 
<  Conservative  and  one  Liberal — not  a  Liberal 
Unionist,  but  a  supporter  of  the  Liberal 
Government  holding  office  together.  If 
there  were  no  longer  any  party  advantage 
to  be  reaped  from  the  abolition  of  the 
academic  seats,  but.  on  the  contrary,  some- 
thing to  be  gained  by  their  retention,  we 
might    hope    to    preserve    our   franchise,    and 

the  cause  of  education  would  not  lack  its 
champions.  As  it  i-.  the  University  Bur- 
gesses, when  next  they  make  a  round  of 
call-    among    the    Colleges,    a-    it    is    their 

•  •fnl   custom    to   do.    may   as   well   put 

I'.  I'.<  '.    on    t  h<  IT  card-. 

Young  Oxford  with  some  benevolent 
seniors  standing  by  to  render  first  aid — 
i-  bent  on  proving  that  it  is  sprung  From 
the  loins  of  a  nation  of  shopkeepers.  As  the 
man  -aid  in  the  Examination  Schools,  the 
co-operative  principle,  as  applied  to  dis- 
tribution, means  that,  if  a  man  will  onl\ 
spend  enough,  he  can  live  for  nothing  on 

the    profits.      Since    there    is   comfort    in    the 

protasis    of    such    a    proposition,    whatever 

he  the  precise  way  in  which  the  apodosis 
may  work  out.  our  rising  scholar-  and 
already  risen  "  blues '  an-  enthusiastically 
taking  part  in  a  business  enterprise  which 
will,  at  any  rate,  have  the  sound  educational 
•  t  of  impressing  on  them  the  meaning 
of    "discount    for    cash.''     SupIv    Jowetl 


would  have  smiled  on  such  a  venture,  if  it 

be  true  that   once  in    Balliol  Chapel   he  gave 

forth  the  text  •"The  liberal  man  deviseth 
liberal  things.''  and  proceeded  :  "  My  sermon 
falls  naturally  under  two  heads  :  firstly. 
pay  ready  money  ;  secondly,  keep  an 
account-book."  For  the  rest,  certain  of  the 
Oxford  tradesmen  would  seem  to  be  not 
over-pleased  at  the  latest  academic  experi- 
ment in  the  way  of  applied  science.  For 
one1  thing,  they  regard  it  as  something  of  a 
slur  on  their  particular  version  of  the  credit 
system.  There  is  more  to  be  said  for  the 
argument  that  it  would  be  an  unfair  form 
of  competition  if-  as  happily  does  not  seem 
to  be  the  case — the  undergraduate  shop- 
keeper were  to  purvey  his  wart's  at  purely 
philanthropic  prices,  handing  on  to  his  long- 
suffering  parent  the  duty  of  meeting  the 
eventual  deficit.  As  for  the  College  Bursars, 
whose  trade  in  biscuits  and  marmalade  is 
rumoured  to  be  sorely  hit,  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  their  serenity  is  perceptibly 
abated  ;  and  it  may  be  that  these  gentlemen 
rely  on  the  maxim  that  there  are  more  ways 
than  one  of  shearing  a  sheep. 

Xor  is  social  science  to  be  limited  to  this 
single  manifestation  of  its  interest  in  present- 
day  affairs.  Barnett  House,  which  Lord 
Bryce  recently  declared  open  amid  the 
plaudits  of  an  assembly  which  filled  the 
spacious  Hall  of  Balliol,  is  to  provide  a 
home  for  political  and  social  studies,  some 
of  which  at  least  will  be  concerned  with 
modem  questions  of  administration  and 
reform  ;  while,  as  it  were  in  order  to  correct 
any  "  idiocentric  "  bias  that  might  thereby 
be  given  to  the  pursuit  of  truth,  the  depart- 
ment of  Social  Anthropology  has  its  head- 
quarters in  the  same  building,  prepared  to 
discuss  in  the  light  of  a  worldwide  experience 
whether  senicide  or  the  Insurance  Act  fur- 
nishes a  better  means  to  the  same  end.  In  this 
context  it  should  gratefully  be  mentioned 
that  the  Drapers  Company  has  enabled 
Social  Anthropology  comfortably,  and  even 
magnificently,  to  establish  itself  by  means 
of  a  handsome  grant.  The  Company,  it  is 
understood,  was  moved  to  such  a  step  by 
the  fact  that  not  only  are  a  large  number 
of  students  being  attracted  to  the  subject, 
but  also  a  considerable  proportion  of  these 
consists  of  officers  of  the  public  service 
whose  duties  bring  them  into  contact  with 
peoples  of  the  lower  culture  in  various  parts 
of  the  British  Empire.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  endowments  on  a  scale  of  similar 
liberality  will  be  forthcoming  for  the  mani- 
fold other  interests  which  Harnett  House 
represents.  Oxford  stands  sufficiently  far 
back  out  of  the  dust  and  welter  of  the  world 
to  afford  the  student  of  politics  the  calm 
needed  for  a  dispassionate  survey  of  the 
relevant  facts,  yet  sufficiently  near  for  the 

concentration  of  attention  on  live  problems 
and  real  issues.  .Men  arid  women  interested 
in  social  science  are  being  drawn  from  every 
part  of  the  world  towards  England,  and 
towards  Oxford  in  particular,  and  so  long, 
of  course,   as   they  are   sound   on    tvittu> 

there  i-  a  concerted  effort  being  made  to 
give  t  hem   w  hat    t  hey   want. 

Afl  his  contribution  to  the  commemoration 
of  the  Sescentenary  of  his  College,  the 
Rector  of  Exeter  has  published  a  biblio- 
graphy «>f  the  literary  and  scientific  work 

produced     by     the     Fellows    and     Tutors     in 

recent   times.     It   is  lather  remarkable  that 

the  entries  under  twenty-four  names  should 

extend  to  nearly  three  tunes  as  man}  closely 

printed     pages;       though,     to     he     -ore.     all 

cannot  boast  quite  30  many  publications 
.1  Sir  Edwin  Raj  Lankester,  Sir  William 
Ramsay,  Prof.  Holland,  and  Dr.  Banday. 
Hut   such  a  record  is  enough  to  prove  that. 

in  the   Hectors  words,  "a  College  in  Oxford 

1-  an  organization  For  learning  as  For  educa- 


tion.'' He  points  out,  too,  that  it  has  been 
the  tradition  at    Exeter  that 

"  the  teacher  in  College  should  have  some  leisure 
to  he  devoted  to  the  advance  of  learning,  and  that 
his  energies  should  not  he  exhausted,  as  may 
easily  happen  in  our  modern  academic  life,  by 
excessive  tuitional  work." 

Those  who  complain  of  the  sterility  of 
Oxford  will  henceforth  run  the  risk  of  being 
asked  whether  they  have  read  through  the-. 
thoiisand-and-odd  books  and  papers  pro- 
duced by  one  not  very  populous  Common 
Room,  and  if  not,  why  not  '(  ML, 


THE   NEXT   STEPS    IX   EDUCATIONAL 
PROORESS. 

Mrs.  Besant,  in  opening  the  Conference 

held    on    the    18th,    H)th,    and    20th    inst.    at 

tiie    University  of   London  to  consider  the 

subject  of  the  next  steps  in  educational 
progress,  contrasted  the  now  passing  con- 
ception of  the  child's  mind  as  an  empty 
vessel  into  which  it  was  the  teacher's  duty 
to  pour  as  many  facts  as  possible  with  the 
more  modern  idea  that  the  aim  of  education 
should  be  to  draw  out  from  the  child's  mind, 
as  from  an  El  Dorado,  its  latent  gold. 

Urged  thereto,  perhaps,  by  the  natural 
tendency  to  preach  moderation  when  enthu- 
siasm for  a  new  idea  is  running  rife,  Mrs. 
Besant  had  something  to  say  in  support  of 
a  theory  of  mental  scaffolding,  as  exemplified 
in  the  Indian  youth  who  is  taught  formulas 
which  he  is  not  expected  to  understand,  or, 
it  might  be  added,  in  the  English  youth  who 
grapples  with  dead  languages  as  a  discipline 
of  the  mind.  There  is  much  to  support 
the  idea  that  in  something  of  the  -a me  way 
that  we  give  a  dog  a  bone  to  sharpen  his 
teeth  upon,  or  use  gymnastic  exercise  to 
develope  muscle,  so  the  mind  of  the  youig 
should  he  stimulated  by  mental  exercise, 
rather  than  left  to  wander  along  easy  paths 
requiring  no  such  effort. 

It  would  seem  that  there  can  he  nothing 
to  commend  the  Indian  custom  of  placing 
a  number  of  classes  in  one  room,  but  in 
practice  it  develops  a  power  of  close  con- 
centration amid  distractions  which  is  of  real 
value.  No  such  mitigation  attends  the  evil 
of  the  terrible  overworking  of  childhood  in 
the  East,  which  has  resulted  in  the  growing 
up  of  a  generation  old  before  it  is  young,  the 
strain  in  early  youth  being  such  that  after 
the  age  of  40,  when  those  of  English  birth 

show  their  greatest  mental  vigour,  the  brain 
cannot   receive  a  new  idea. 

•Schools  for  Mothers,''  which  many, 
including  Mrs.  Besant,  would  have  estab- 
lished as  a  definite  part  of  the  educational 
scheme,  is  a  popular  cry  nowadaj  s  :  hut  the 
idea  ,,f  t|,e  prospective  mother  surrounded 
n,,t  only  bj  conditions  of  health,  but  also  of 
beauty,  is  something  which  those  who  know 

her  present  environment  can  scarcely  visu- 
alize. 

A  strong  plea  for  recognition  of  the  Faol 
thai    the  whole  adult    life  depends  on   the 

nourishing    and    development     of    the    bod  \ 

during  earls  years,  thai  if  this  is  neglected 
the  nervous   Bystem   risks  chronic  debility, 

and     that,    white    study    and     health    clash, 

stud]  must  give  way,  led  Mrs.  Besant  on  to 
look' forward   to  the  day  when    Education, 
instead  of  being  regarded  as  the  step-child 
.,1    the   Legislature,  would   be  honoured 
the  eldest  Bon. 
The   paper  on    '  Scl 1   Clinics,'    by    Dr. 

Lewi-  Crutch-hank  of    the  Scotch    Education 

Department,   followed    in   natural   sequence 
the    President's    opening    remark-.     Paren- 
thetieallj   il   may  he  noted  that,  though 
times,    owing    to    individual    method-    ol 
treatment,  the  Conference  seemed  to  suffer 


892 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


from  that  lack  of  co -relation  which  it 
constantly  deplored  in  the  departments  it 
was  engaged  in  criticizing,  a  study  of  the 
syllabus  in  its  entirety  reveals  its  careful 
synthesis.  After  tracing  the  development 
of  the  school  clinic  from  its  experimental 
stage  in  1907,  and  its  record  as  an  existing 
establishment,  and  by  the  aid  of  a  wall 
diagram  showing  its  possibilities  as  a  centre 
of  school  health  administration  where  accu- 
rate diagnosis,  skilled  treatment,  and  effec- 
tive supervision  could  be  obtained,  Dr. 
Cruickshank  stated  that,  as  the  result  of 
an  inquiry  into  the  working  of  the  clinics, 
of  eighty  replies  received,  only  two  were  un- 
favourable. One  revived  the  idea  of  the 
weakening  of  parental  responsibility,  and 
the  other  submitted  that  in  rural  areas 
the  school  clinic  was  an  impracticability. 
Dr.  Haden  Guest,  Assistant  School  Doctor, 
L.C.C.,  who  followed  Dr.  Cruickshank,  would 
have  the  school  clinic  so  linked  up,  not  only 
with  the  child  of  school-age,  but  also  with 
mothers,  babies,  young  people,  the  middle- 
aged,  and  even  old-age  pensioners,  that  the 
whole  nation  should  benefit  by  it.  He  re- 
garded the  educative  aspect  of  the  school 
clinic  with  enthusiasm.  Parents,  especially 
mothers — to  whom  the  very  word  "molar" 
conveys  nothing  until  it  is  shown  in  close 
relation  to  little  Willie's  mouth — take  a  real 
interest  in  hitherto  unrealized  factors  in  the 
preservation  of  health  when  brought  under 
the  influence  of  the  clinic.  Sometimes,  it  is 
true,  queer  notions  are  disseminated.  It  was 
puzzling  to  find  in  one  London  district  that 
infantile  diarrhoea  was  being  carefully  treated 
by  a  course  of  hard-boiled  egg,  till  it  was 
discovered  that  a  misunderstanding  had 
occurred  at  the  clinic  between  doctor  and 
parent. 

In  the  consideration  of  School  Clinics  it  is 
difficult  to  keep  within  a  strictly  limited 
area  of  discussion.  The  clinic  is  a  search- 
light thrown  on  social  conditions,  for  in 
case  after  case  which  is  brought  in  a  true 
diagnosis  would  refer  the  disease  to  the 
root-cause — poverty,  a  fact  which  statistics 
now  being  collated  will  demonstrate  with 
irrefutable  logic. 

We   fear   that  many   of    our  readers  pay 
scant    attention    to    the    causes    underlying 
what   is    here   called    poverty,  and   do    not 
attempt,     as     they    should,     to     apportion 
responsibility   for  it.       First,   the    old    idea 
that     a     high     birth-rate    was     a    national 
necessity  pandered    to    sensuality ;    and     it 
must     not    be    forgotten    that    before    the 
days  of  compulsory  education  and  Children's 
Employment     Acts     very    young     children 
brought      money     to      the      family    coffers. 
It  was    as    little  recognized  then   by   their 
parents   that    their    employment   depressed 
the    wages    of     adults     as     to  -  day     it     is 
recognized     by    trade     unionists    that    the 
under-payment    of    women     has    the    same 
tendency.     The  main  responsibility  for  this 
lies,    in  our  opinion,  with   those  employers 
who,  brought   up  in  comparatively  affluent 
circumstances,  were  given   the   opportunity 
to  recognize  economic   truths,  and  in  most 
instances,  blinded  by  selfishness,  refused  to 
do  so.      To-day  the   lower  artisan  class  are 
slow  to  recognize  that  there  is  not  now  the 
excuse   there   was   aforetime   to    look   upon 
children  as  financial  assets,  and  are  also  slow 
to  curb  appetites  unhealthily  excited.      The 
greatest  evil,  however,  still  lies  in  the  action 
of  those  who  give  members  of  the  working- 
classes  excuse  for  neglecting  parental  respon- 
sibility by  spending  money  on  luxuries,  while 
people  in  their  employ  have  not  sufficient  for 
necessities.     At  last  members  of  the  Govern- 
ment are  making  a  feeble  attempt  to  shift 
some  of   the   evil   burden   on   to    the   right 
shoulders,  though  it  is  still  the  community 
as  a  whole  which  is  taxed  to  make  good  the 


deficiencies  of  our  captains  of  labour — e.g.,  in 
the  matter  of  the  feeding  of  schoolchildren, 
referred  to  later  in  this  article. 

Whatever  his  political  views,  the  doctor 
cannot  help  being  a  propagandist  of  change 
leading  to  social  movement  of  a  revolutionary 
character  :  he  gets  past  economics,  and  has 
to  deal  with  human  realities.  So  do  the 
school  teachers.  One  of  them,  a  representa- 
tive from  Bradford,  while  entirely  approving 
the  steps  already  taken  by  progressive  muni- 
cipalities to  secure  inspection,  and  in  some 
cases  treatment  of  disease,  appealed  for 
greater  consideration  for  the  mester,  as  one 
not  to  be  ignored  in  his  own  school  by  a 
visiting  medical  officer — too  often  a  man 
inclined  to  regard  himself  as  exclusively  the 
dominant  power  in  the  situation.  He  was 
also  opposed  to  the  tendency  to  segregate 
the  backward,  the  deficient,  and  all  who 
deviate  from  the  normal  in  special  schools, 
urging  that  the  teacher  looked  forward  to 
the  day  when  the  ordinary  school  buildings 
would  be  sufficiently  well  planned  and 
equipped  to  meet  the  needs  of  all.  With 
painful  evidence  of  the  half-time  system 
constantly  before  him,  the  Bradford  school- 
master forcibly  urged  that  the  medical 
officer  should  follow  the  boys  and  girls  into 
the  factories. 

At  this  point  of  the  discussion,  and  fre- 
quently during  the  Conference,  the  necessity 
of  the  constant  co-operation  of  the  teacher 
in  all  schemes  of  social  beneficence  where 
children  are  concerned  was  manifest,  though 
naturally  there  were  expressions  of  protest 
against  the  burden  of  clerical  work  involved. 
Yet  the  impression  remains  that  what  money 
could  not  buy  the  fine  social  sympathy  of 
the  teacher  will  provide.  Like  other  experts, 
he  is  sensitive  to  criticism  of  his  work  by 
people  outside  his  own  profession,  especially 
when  such  criticism  falls  wide  of  the 
mark. 

At  the  close  of  a  paper  by  Dr.  N.  Bishop 
Harman  on  '  Vision  as  affected  by  Type  in 
School-Books  '  a  warm  protest  was  made 
against  his  assertion  that  the  blackboard 
is  badly  used  if  used  at  all,  and  his  implica- 
tion that  in  infants'  schools  books  too  often 
take  the  place  of  the  lips  of  a  live  teacher. 
Of  much  interest  as  a  review  of  the  art  and 
craft  of  handwriting  and  printing,  his 
paper,  except  in  relation  to  manual  train- 
ing, added  little  to  the  elucidation  of 
Next  Steps  in  Educational  Progress.  All 
will  agree  that  small  type  is  pernicious  in  its 
effects  on  the  immature  human  eye  ;  that, 
if  half-time  on  physical  exercise  is  bad, 
whole  time  on  reading  and  writing  is  worse  ; 
and  that  common  sense  should  prevent  the 
issue  of  the  Bible  in  one  volume  for  school- 
children :  these  things  range  themselves 
with  scores  of  others  as  instances  in  which 
our  knowledge  is  in  advance  of  our 
practice.  There  is  much  to  be  said  in  sup- 
port of  Dr.  Harman's  plea  that,  just  as  in 
the  girls'  schools  sewing  supplies  an  oppor- 
tunity for  joint  work  on  the  part  of  teachers 
and  pupils,  so  in  the  boys'  school  manual 
training  might,  if  the  now  very  nearly 
complete  divorce  between  the  more  literary 
side  of  the  curriculum  and  handicraft  could 
be  avoided.  This,  of  course,  would  be  only 
possible  where  the  craft  is  being  taught 
solely  for  its  educational,  not  its  vocational 
value. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  working  of  the 
Act  for  the  Feeding  of  Necessitous  School- 
children in  Bradford  was  given  by  Miss 
Marion  Cuff.  It  is  sometimes  objected  not 
only  that  parental  responsibility  is  weakened 
by  "  school  feeding,"  but  also  that  bene- 
ficial results  to  the  children  are  not  apparent. 
Mr.  Douglas  Pepler,  Principal  Organizer, 
Children's  Care  Committees,  writes  : — 


"  When  school  meals  have  been  provided  for  any 
length  of  time,  no  one  can  point  to  any  improve- 
ment in  the  condition  of  the  children." 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether 
the  phrase  "  any  length  of  time  "  covers 
the  school  holidays  or  not,  as  Miss  Cuff 
produced  evidence  as  to  substantial  im- 
provement resulting  from  continuous  feed- 
ing, but  stated  that  retrograde  conditions 
were  to  be  seen  where  meals,  given  during 
term-time,  had  been  dropped  during  holi- 
days. In  the  latter  case  the  children  under 
observation  compared  unfavourably  with 
those  who  had  received  no  benefit  of  the 
kind.  The  time-limit  operated  to  prevent 
the  discussion  on  this  paper  travelling 
beyond  the  consideration  of  local  conditions 
in  Bradford  and  Birmingham.  This  is  the 
more  to  be  regretted  as,  along  the  lines  of 
the  provision  of  meals  for  the  children  of 
those  parents  who  wish  to  pay  for  them,  many 
see  possibilities  of  a  lightening  of  the  burden 
which  at  present  crushes  the  home-maker 
to  the  ground.  This  inarticulate  being  is 
only  very  slowly  beginning  to  find  a  vocabu- 
lary in  which  to  express  herself.  She  does 
not  attend  Conferences,  and  the  best  of 
social  reformers  are  apt  to  forget  her  exist- 
ence. Yet  she  is  an  essential  factor  in  the 
situation.  All  those  who  advocate  measures 
for  the  better  "  mothering  "  of  the  children 
of  the  poor  must  ultimately  concern  them- 
selves with  her.  Unfortunately  for  this 
generation,  the  position  of  working-class 
mothers  has  been  allowed  to  sink  below  the 
standard  of  dignity  now  secured  to  the 
meanest  man.  This  outrageous  state  of 
affairs  must  be  rectified  before  anything 
can  be  done. 

German  experience  in  Waldschule  afforded 
valuable  comparative  data  for  Dr.  J.  Kerr, 
Research  Officer,  L.C.C.,  in  his  excellent 
study  of  '  Ventilation  and  Open-Air  Schools,' 
which  emphasized  again  and  again  the 
importance  of  good  nutrition  during  the 
first  dozen  years  of  the  child's  life. 

"  Whatever  it  may  be,  in  whatever  form  it  exists, 
whether  customs,  habits,  or  ideas,  social,  educa- 
tional, or  administrative  methods,  religious  or 
economic  doctrines  —  whatever  tends  to  hinder 
good  feeding,  good  ventilation,  good  exercise,  and 
rest  in  the  growing  child  is  a  thing  to  be  removed 
and  destroyed  from  amongst  us." 

With  this  stress  on  nutrition  the  afternoon 
session  closed.  It  is  only  in  retrospect  that 
one  realizes  that  an  evening  session  might 
well  have  been  devoted  to  the  consideration 
of  the  conditions  necessary  for  ensuring 
sound  and  healthy  sleep — a  scarcely  less 
important  factor  in  the  health  of  children. 
Indeed,  in  the  opinion  of  some  school 
medical  officers,  malnutrition  is  as  much 
due  to  lack  of  sleep  as  lack  of  food. 

That  sexual  shocks  of  any  kind  may 
have  a  most  serious  and  lasting  effect  on 
a  child's  mental  development  was  main- 
tained by  Dr.  Letitia  Fairfield,  Assistant 
School  Medical  Inspector.  L.C.C..  in  her 
careful  paper  on  '  Instruction  in  regard  to 
Sex,'  and  was  strikingly  confirmed  by 
Prof.  W.  Brown  in  a  study  of  '  Freud's 
Views  of  the  Emotional  Life,'  in  which  he 
elucidated  his  theory  of  psycho-analysis 
and  of  dreams  as  a  symptom  of  repressed 
desire.  That  hysteria  is  sometimes  a  symp- 
tom of  repression  of  instinct  in  childhood 
he  illustrated  by  the  case  of  a  lady  who 
found  herself  unable  to  take  anything  to 
drink.  By  his  method  this  was  traced  to  a 
nearly  forgotten  incident  in  childhood,  when 
fear  of  her  governess  restrained  her  from 
protest  when  a  dog  lapped  water  from  the 
glass  out  of  which  she  had  to  drink.  As 
soon  as  the  incident  was  recalled  to  mind, 
the  hysteria  was  dispelled.  Other  illustra- 
tions were  advanced  to  show  that  forgotten 
instances  of  wishes  repressed   in  childhood 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


KM 


found  later  expression  in  emotional  abnor- 
malities. 

Dr.  Fairfield  in  her  widely  tolerant  and 
wisely  outspoken  paper  urged  that  the  real 
objeel  of  sex-instruction  should  surely  be 
to  produce  a  more  reasonable  and  wholesome 
attitude  towards  sex  in  the  adult.  The 
public  press  is  so  corrupt  with  false  modesty 
tint  there  is  ample  reason  for  prompt  and 
energetic  action. 

"In  the  present  state  of  things  questions  in- 
vulving  sex  do  not  get  a  fair  chance  of  public  dis- 
cussion :  the  disputants  cannot  even  see  each  other 
through  the  murky  atmosphere  of  shame,  suspicion, 
and  prejudice." 

The  most  important  "  next  step  "  in  eduoa- 

d  is  to  clear  the  air  and  prevent  the 
gathering  of  fog. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Hayward,  Inspector  of  Schools, 
spoke  all  too  briefly  on  'The  Training  of  the 
I-' mot  ions  and  /Esthetic  Faculty,'  pleading 
mainly  for  the  elimination  of  all  physical 
and  mental  obstructions  to  the  intro- 
duction of  beauty.  First  acquaintance 
with  a  literary  masterpiece,  for  example, 
should  come,  not  tlirough  the  printed  page, 
but  through  the  human  voice  ;  a  fine 
musical  study  should  not  be  heard  only 
after  a  Doh  Me  Soh  struggle — in  fine,  a 
beautiful  first  impression  should  be  definitely 
aimed  at. 

.Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  who  led  the  discussion 
which  followed  this  and  Dr.  Fairfield's  paper, 
deplored  the  advocacy  by  schoolmasters  of 
rigorous  physical  activities  as  a  means  of 
keeping  boys  out  of  harm.  Were  those 
types  of  men  most  closely  identified  with 
much  physical  exercise  the  most  continent, 
the  most  delicate  in  mind  ?  He  deprecated 
the  ideas  surrounding  the  phrase  "the 
dangerous  age."  If  we  realized,  or  realiz- 
ing were  dismayed  by,  the  dangers  that 
might  arise  from  it,  no  teacher  would  under- 
take to  teach  a  child  to  read,  and  no  child 
would  attempt  to  learn.  All  increase  of 
knowledge  brings  an  increase  of  danger. 
Bousseau  on  the  subject  under  consideration 
.said  : — 

"A  total  ignorance  of  certain  things  were  perhaps 
the  most  to  be  wished  ;  but  they  should  learn 
betimes  what  it  is  impossible  always  to  conceal 
from  them  :  either  their  curiosity  should  not  be  at 
all  excited,  or  it  should  be  satisfied  before  the  time 
of  danger." 

There  is,  after  all,  very  little  more  to  be  said. 
.Mr.  Shaw,  with  most  of  us,  would  not 
necessarily  "  let  sleeping  dogs  lie.  They 
don't  lie — it  s  the  parents  who  do  the 
lying."  He  would  advocate  the  giving  of  sex- 
instruction  before  the  subject  had  any  emo- 
tional significance  for  the  child.  To  speak 
•of  the  subject  during  adolescence,  when  an 
ii  .(comparable  modesty  is  almost  always 
present,  is  to  do  violence  to  a  deeply 
rooted  instinct.  The  parent,  he  declared,  is 
not  fit  to  dictate  to  teachers  in  this 
matter,  and  the  teachers  for  their  part 
should  be  reassured  as  to  the  comparative 
hannlef  of  verbal  indecencies.     Advo- 

cating thus  a  measure  of  Bex-instruction  in 
pre-adolescence,  he  viewed  the  subsequent 
years  as  a  period  during  which,  in  tin-  fine 
arts  of  music,  painting,  and  poetry,  the  emo- 
tional life  which  reaches  its  full  fruition  in 
the  mysteries  of  love  and  sex,  should  find 
helps  to  growth  and  development.  Dhfor- 
tunately,  doubtless  owing  to  exigencies  of 
time,  no  reference  was  marie  to  the  expen- 
se of  Sweden  and  ot  her  countries  v,  here  i' 
lifts  for  some  yean  I"  I  D  the  practice  for 
sexual  hygiene  to  be  taught  in  girls'  schools 
by  women  doctors,  and  in  boys  schools  by 
men  doctors. 

Sir  Jolui  Cockbum,  presiding  over  the 
session  devoted  to  'Civics,  compared  the 
immediate  aims  and  objects  of  the  Fabians 
■with  those  of  the  Theoaopbj  '  , »  aching  even 


beyond  this  and  other  worlds,  yet  both 
united  in  their  mutual  interest  in  the  oduca- 
t  ion  of  the  human  young.  In  this  synl  het  ic 
age,  when  the  individual  is  considered  not 
only  in  his  individual  capacity,  but  also  in 
his  relation  to  the  social  structure,  care  in 
criticism  is  needed,  lest  it  should  seem  that, 
because  we  have  more  or  less  dear  ideas  as 
to  what  *'  next  steps  "  should  be  taken, 
therefore  all  those  which  have  led  us  so  far 
on  the  way  have  been  in  a  mistaken  direc- 
tion. With  a  jocose  reference  to  the 
Solomon's-rod  folk.  Sir  John  bade  the  Con- 
ference remember  that  of  wisdom  the  great 
sago  said  :  "  Her  ways  are  ways  of  pleasant- 
ness :   all  her  paths  are  peace." 

Two  governing  ideas  should  animate  the 
ideal  of  education  according  to  Prof.  J.  H. 
Muirhead's  paper  on  '  Civics  '  :  fullness  of 
life,  the  smaller  self  of  the  individual  leading 
to  the  larger  self  of  the  community  ;  and 
individuality,  the  ability  to  perform  a  par- 
ticular function  satisfactorily.  The  ideal 
of  citizenship  should  bo  the  meeting-point 
of  these  two  ideas.  Just  as  the  task  of 
statesmanship  in  the  United  States  is  to 
make  diverse  alien  factors  into  an  American 
nation,  so  it  is  the  task  of  teachers  to 
develope  in  coming  generations  a  sense 
of  social  solidarity.  The  practical  difficulty 
confronting  them  in  elementary  schools  is  to 
measure  how  much  the  boy,  for  instance,  of 
13  can  appreciate  the  ideas  connoted  by  the 
term  "  Civics."  Probably  only  by  teaching 
the  social  value  of  the  father's  trade  or  of 
the  home,  the  local  parks,  baths,  or  museums, 
can  the  foundation  be  laid  for  work 
which  strictly  could  only  be  adequately 
attempted — and  then  only  by  well-endowed 
teachers — when  the  children  passed  to  higher, 
continuation,  and  technical  schools.  The 
public-school  training  which  fosters  a  certain 
chic  spirit  in  its  own  establisliment  is  dis- 
appointing in  its  extra-mural  results.  The 
young  fellow  who  will  give  himself  con- 
siderable trouble  to  organize  one  or  other  of 
the  various  school  activities  ceases  more 
often  than  ever  to  contemplate  the  idea  of 
public  work  in  the  wider  life  of  after  school- 
days, and  seems  too  readily  content  with  an 
entirely  negative  standard  of  virtue. 

After  Mr.  Cloudesley  Brereton  had  read 
his  paper  on  '  The  Training  of  the  Future 
Citizen  in  Civics,'  which  followed  closely  the 
lines  laid  down  by  Prof.  Muirhead,  urging 
the  stimulation  of  the  interest,  imagination, 
and  emotion  of  children  primarily  by 
means  of  local  patriotism,  several  speakers 
joined  in  the  discussion,  including  Mrs. 
Brydges  Adams  and  Miss  Ethel  Carnie. 
It  was  pointed  out  that  the  "•religious" 
difficulty  of  to-day  will  be  as  nothing  com- 
pared with  the  controversy  which  the 
inclusion  of  Civics  in  the  curriculum  will 
involve,  and  that  an  awakened  democracy 
will    not    accept    as    in    the    past   teaching 

reflect  ing  t  he  \  16WS  and  ideals  of  "  capitalist 

Universities.  How  far  these  imphed  stric- 
tures were   intended    to   apply   to   those   new 

provincial  Universities  where  there  are 
already  courses  in  social  study,  including 
visits  to  various  institutions  and  practical 
work  therein,  is  not  quite  cl<  ar.  All 
will  agree,  however,  with  Prof.  Muirhead 
that  what  is  wanted  is  noi  eviscerated  or 
ih    ccated     paragraphs     of     textbooks     en 

Civics,  hut  direct  touch  on  the  one  hand 
with    the    ideas   of    gn  al    writers,    and 

on  the  other  with  the  concrete  problems  of 
modern  life  visible  infield  and  factory,  in  the 
mean   Streets   ami    mean    li\>       oi     90  man\    oi 

t  heir  inhabitant 
On  Saturday  the  Bubjecl     i">   di  on    ion 

were    (Ij    .Mental    Types,    rl,    The    Method    ol 

Mental      Growth,      (•'!]   The      Status     "I      the 

•-her.  (4)    The  Relation  Oi   the  Curriculum 

to    Industrial    Conditions;     and    i!    must    be 


admitted  that  the  amount  of  light  and  sug- 
gestion thrown  on  these  topics  was  com- 
paratively small. 

Mrs.    Besant,  who  spoke  on   'The   Method 
of  Mental  Growth,'  did  not  diverge  from  the 

lines  of  conventional  theory,  and  several  of 

her  remarks  ■■.</.,  that  change  of  occupa- 
tion is  rest  are  now  platitudinous.  She 
advocated     the    strengthening    of    attention 

and  the  cultivation  of  the  power  of  observa- 
tion during  the  first  seven  years  of  life,  and 
would  make  the  child  commit  to  meinor\ 
statements  of  facts  which  \\<re  not  under- 
stood. This  would  induce  an  offort  to 
understand  later  on.  and  would  thus  exercise 
the  mind  of  the  child.  I!ut  there  is 
danger  that  the  young  mind  will  form  the 
habit  of  accepting  formulas  with  no  desire 
to  verify  them,  in  the  second  sta<;e  (years 
7-14)  the  lecturer  recommended  the  teaching 
of  relations  -e.g.,  t  he  tracing  of  such  relation- 
ships as  that  which  Darwin  traced  hetween 
the  humble  bee  and  field-mice.  She  would 
teach  facts  about  geography  and  history, 
and  cause  poetry  to  be  learnt  ;  but  though 
she  urged  the  stimulation  of  the  imagination, 
the  only  reason  given  for  the  learning  of 
poetry  was  that  it  was  easier  than  prose  on 
account  of  the  lines  and  rhymes.  The 
memory  rather  than  the  imagination  was 
emphasized.  Yet  one  of  the  grave  faults  of 
education  is  its  over-estimation  of  memory 
work.  But  there  was  excellent  point 
in  the  remark,  "  Make  channels  for  right 
emotion  before  the  emotion  comes";  in 
this  way,  when  the  being  is  flooded  with 
new  feelings  at  puberty,  the  passages 
towards  noble  and  self  -  sacrificing  ideal- 
are  already  formed.  A  trust  in  human 
nature  too  seldom  seen  among  teachers  was 
evinced  by  Mrs.  Besant  s  belief  that  the 
young  are  more  moved  by  the  unselfish  than 
the  selfish,  by  the  noble  than  the  low. 
She  urged  the  study  during  the  critical  years 
of  life  of  all  that  evoked  the  reasoning 
powers;  such  subjects  as  logic,  mathe- 
matics, and  science  were  good.  Only  after 
the  age  of  14  should  there  he  any  specializa- 
tion. She  wished  young  people  to  be 
convinced  that  '  all  live  by  law  in  the 
mental  and  moral  sphere  as  well  as  in  the 
physical." 

Mr.  Winch  said  that  the  educational 
problem  could  not  be  settled  by  influences 
from  other  sciences;  hut  this  rather  Limits 
the  scope  and  absorbing  power  of  that 
true  educative  process  which  the  future  will 
regard  as  the  right  of  everj  child.  hike 
philosophy,  education  should  Beize  and  use 
the  content  of  the  whole  universe  o!  know- 
ledge to  soke  its  problems,  SO  wide  and  far- 
reaching    in    time.       His    other    points,    that 

the  making  of  t  he  child  depended  on  heredity, 

social  surroundings,  and  school,  are  obvious. 
But  experiments  which  he  mentioned  re- 
garding the  age  of  starting  school  were  of 

interest  ;  it  would  appear  that  no  advan- 
tage IS  gained   l>\    sending  children   to   aohool 

before  t  he  age  of  live. 

The    discussion    on     'The    Statu-    of    the 

Teacher1  was  more  fruitful  in  suggestions. 
Dr.  Hayward  brought  forward  some  of  the 
ideas  expounded  in  his  recent  honk,  and 
advised  the  interchange  of  posts  to  prevent 
the  almost  inevitable  staleness  which  came 
with  a  1 1  let  ime  spent  in  the  same  occupation. 

He     also     considered      that      the     number     of 

officials  should  be  increased, their  records  •>' 
observations,  &c.,  kept  and  published.  His 
remarks  evident!}   proceeded  from  a  candid 

and     philosophic     mind,     and,    though     mter- 

change    would    mean    more    administrative 

work,  it  would  certainly  tend  to  enlarge  the 

teachers  knowledge  of  affairs.     The  narrow- 

ot  interests  in  the  teacher,  profession 

not  adequately  faced  in  the  discussion. 

and   no  empha-i-  u.i-  put   upon  the   tact  thai 


894 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


a  teacher,  in  order  to  be  more  than  a 
trainer  of  intellect,  must  be  a  citizen  in 
spirit,  and  must  have  more  than  academic 
qualifications. 

Mr.  Arundale  insisted  that  the  personality 
of  the  teacher  was  the  predominant  element 
in  education.  If  so,  it  would  be  well  to 
point  out  to  intending  teachers,  espe- 
cially in  training  colleges,  not  only  how 
to  give  their  own  personalities  freer  play 
than  is  usually  allowed  by  our  examination 
system,  but  also  how  to  guide  (not  suppress, 
as  is  too  usual)  the  personalities  of  their 
charges.  Unless  a  central  aim  is  adopted, 
to  which  all  difficulties  and  questions 
must  bow,  the  criterion  of  school  rules, 
social  conventions,  or  examination  require- 
ments must  remain.  Not  one  speaker 
suggested  that  the  next  step  in  educational 
progress  should  be  the  elucidation  and 
formulation  of  such  an  aim. 

Mrs.  Dice  said  that  the  teacher's  was  a 
calling  which  was  solving  the  problem  of 
how  to  provide  an  educated  democracy. 
She  believed  that  a  University  education 
should  be  compulsory  for  every  teacher, 
and  that  the  Government  should  be  respon- 
sible for  finding  employment  and  for  the 
conditions  of  employment.  She  gave  some 
appalling  statistics  of  the  salaries  of  women 
supplementary  teachers,  857  of  whom  are 
receiving  less  than  251.  yearly  for  full-time 
work,  while  over  a  thousand  receive  less 
than  351.  This  question  of  supplementary 
teachers  whose  qualifications  are  of  a  low 
standard  is  serious. 

In  the  discussion  sustained  by  the  teachers 
in  the  audience  some  speakers  resented  the 
implication  that  staleness  was  the  result  of 
many  years'  teaching,  evidently  overlooking 
the  fact  that  those  present  were  the  ones 
keen  about  their  work,  and  the  great  majo- 
rity were  not  like  them.  The  suggestion 
made  by  a  parent  of  a  Sabbatical  year — to 
be  spent  in  travelling  and  visits  to  other 
schools—  would  greatly  minimize  the  loss 
of  freshness  that  is  so  disastrous  to  the 
taught.  But  the  persons  who  can  get  such 
a  change  are  few  in  any  profession. 

Mr.  John  Russell  pointed  out  that  the 
status  of  the  teacher  rested  on  the  status  of 
education  in  the  country,  and  the  question 
of  wages  was  connected  with  that  of  the 
wages  of  all  workers.  He  infused  a  breath 
of  the  outside  world  into  the  problems  of  the 
class-room. 

Some  extracts  from  a  paper  by  Dr.  O'Brien 
Harris  on  '  The  Relation  of  the  Curriculum 
to  Industrial  Conditions  '  were  read  in  her 
absence,  wherein  she  remarked  that  the 
English  elementary  school  was  practic- 
ally the  freest  in  the  world  in  its  curriculum. 
This  is  true,  and  in  pleasing  contrast  to  the 
practice  of  many  secondary  schools  ;  it  is  a 
pity  that  more  head  teachers  do  not  avail 
themselves  of  the  liberty  of  action  allowed 
to  them. 

Miss  Clementina  Black  hoped  that  teachers 
would  resist  any  endeavour  to  introduce 
vocational  training  into  the  elementary 
schools  ;  it  was  impossible  to  make  first- 
rate  workers  out  of  the  uneducated.  But 
she  thought  nothing  was  so  encouraging  as 
the  work  of  the  day  Trade  Schools  in  London, 
and  she  would  like  to  see  more  of  them 
established,  especially  for  girls.  There  was 
a  tendency  to  think  that  the  industrial 
life  of  a  girl  did  not  much  matter  ;  but  it 
was  very  important  that  girls  should  not 
be  left  out.  They  should  have  their  fair 
share,  and  be  on  the  same  level  as  the  boys. 
But  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the 
future  of  each  sex  is,  in  the  majority  of 
cases,  different,  and  that  it  is  the  more 
difficult  task  of  the  two  to  train  girls  so 
as  to  prepare  both  the  majority  who  marry, 
and  the  minoritv  who  do  not. 


CAMBRIDGE    NOTES. 

A  Cambridge  May  Term  marked  by 
perfect  weather  is  a  rarity,  and  we  have 
certainly  had  one  :  perhaps  because  we 
have  been  honoured  by  two  royal  visits. 
The  King  came  at  the  beginning  of  Term  to 
open  the  new  buildings  of  the  Leys  School  ; 
and  Prince  Arthur  of  Connaught  followed 
at  the  end  to  receive  an  honorary  degree, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of  the 
Physiological  Laboratory,  for  which  the 
University  have  to  thank  the  Drapers 
Company.  We  have  also  had  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  the  University 
pulpit ;    so  the  great  have  not  neglected  us. 

Two  reports  have  appeared  which  will  be 
of  importance  in  the  future.  The  Syndicate 
appointed  to  draw  up  a  scheme  for  the 
new  non-sectarian  degrees  in  Divinity  have 
issued  their  recommendations,  as  also  has 
the  body  entrusted  with  the  revision  of  the 
Previous  Examination.  Both  these  reports 
will  be  seriously  discussed  next  Term.  As 
regards  the  degrees  in  Divinity,  the  main 
principles  are  that  they  shall  be  conferred 
only  after  an  adequate  test  that  the  recipients 
know  something  of  the  study  of  Divinity, 
so  as  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  a  man 
becoming  a  B.D.  and  D.D.  on  a  learned 
thesis  which,  though  worthy  of  a  degree, 
does  not  necessarily  show  that  the  possessor 
is  able  to  deal  with  theological  problems 
from  the  standpoint  of  a  scholar.  The  award 
of  the  degrees  will  not,  as  hitherto,  be  left  to 
the  Divinity  Professors,  but  to  the  special 
board,  controlled,  as  the  degrees  of  D.Sc. 
and  Litt.D.  are,  by  the  General  Board.  It  is, 
perhaps,  a  matter  for  regret  that  the  Regius 
Professor  will  not  be  so  much  in  touch  with 
the  candidates  as  hitherto,  but  as  he  will 
certainly  have  a  considerable  voice  in  the 
matter,  this  is  more  of  seeming  than  real 
importance. 

The  report  on  the  Previous  Examination 
naturally  raises  the  whole  question  of  com- 
pulsory Greek.  It  is  a  good  thing  that  it 
does  not  also  advocate  the  abolition  of  com- 
pulsory Latin,  as  in  that  case  the  scheme 
would  inevitably  have  been  wrecked. 
Whether  it  will  be  so  next  Term  is  doubtful. 
My  own  impression  is  that  the  opposition 
has  weakened  in  the  last  few  years,  as  many 
who  regret  that  Greek  should  no  longer 
form  part  of  a  University  education  are 
beginning  to  see  that  this  is  now  not  a 
matter  of  practical  politics. 

The  Term  has  otherwise  been  rather  un- 
eventful in  regard  to  questions  of  educa- 
tional policy,  although  the  two  proposed 
changes  bid  fair  to  alter  fundamentally  the 
old  conception  of  the  position  of  Cambridge. 
The  Tripos  lists  furnish  some  food  for 
thought,  especially  the  press  comments  upon 
them.  In  the  first  place,  the  Mathematical 
Tripos  is  scarcely  understood,  nor  can  any 
one  not  in  touch  with  Cambridge  comprehend 
it.  Now  that  the  Senior  Wrangler  and  the 
old  ordo  senioritatis  is  abolished,  one  Wrangler 
seems  to  the  outsider  as  good  as  another  ; 
and  Mr.  Brown  of  Corpus,  about  whom 
there  is  something  conspicuous — either  be- 
cause he  was  a  "  blue  "  or  is  a  "  black,"  or 
was  educated  somewhere  or  not  educated  at 
all — is  heartily  congratulated  on  his  posi- 
tion in  a  special  paragraph.  But  poor 
Brown  is  really  bitterly  disappointed  at 
the  result.  No  b  appears  after  his  name, 
whereas  he  hoped  for  a,  6*,  and  thus,  instead 
of  being  among  the  most  distinguished 
Wranglers,  he  is  not  even  distinguished. 
What  b  means  I  do  not  know.  The  rote 
appended  states  that  "it  is  attached  to 
those  candidates  who  have  satisfied  the 
Moderators  in  Section  B  "  ;  but  only  mathe- 
maticians know  what  Section  B  is.     Really, 


there  are  three  classes  among  the  Wranglers : 
the  6*,  the  b,  and  those  who  have  no  mark 
at  all.  The  standard  of  the  first  class  must 
vary  greatly  in  different  Triposes.  In 
Part  II.  of  the  Mathematical  Tripos  there 
are  25  Wranglers  to  some  34  in  the  lower 
classes  ;  but  this  is  natural,  as  the  Tripos 
has  been  pretty  well  weeded  out  by  Part  I. 
In  Classics,  Part  I.,  there  were  19  first  classes 
and  about  66  others.  In  Natural  Science, 
Part  I.,  there  were  40  first  classes  out  of  130 
candidates;  in  History,  Part  I.,  11  out  of 
141.  Thus  the  honour  of  a  first  must  mean 
a  very  different  thing  in  different  subjects. 
The  papers  noted  that  the  small  schools 
scored  heavily  in  the  scientific,  and  the 
public  schools  in  the  literary,  subjects. 

To  turn  to  lighter  subjects,  in  cricket 
Cambridge  does  not  appear  to  be  doing  very 
well  with  twelve  "  blues  "  available,  and  it 
is  open  to  doubt  whether  it  is  playing  quite 
the  game  to  include  Mr.  Mulholland  in  the 
team,  because,  though  he  is  technically 
entitled  to  represent  his  University  against 
Oxford,  it  is  more  than  four  years  since  he 
came  into  residence.  Some  people  say  that 
he  ought  to  retire,  but  I  do  not  know  enough 
about  the  matter  to  give  my  opinion  on 
what  seems  to  be  a  delicate  point. 

Jesus  finished  head  of  the  river,  Pembroke, 
who  went  up  two  places,  never  getting  a 
chance  of  trying  their  fortune  with  them. 
In  the  past  forty  years  only  four  clubs — > 
Jesus,  Trinity  I.  and  III.,  and  the  Hall — ■ 
have  been  head,  and  it  would  be  popular 
if  another  club  won  the  coveted  place. 
Even  if  Jesus  were  to  go  down  next  year,  it 
will  be  to  a  boat  which  has  adopted  their 
methods.  It  is  satisfactory  to  see  so  many 
crews  from  Cambridge  at  Henley  this  year. 

The  '  University  Calendar '  is  about  to 
appear  under  the  auspices  of  the  Univer- 
sity, and  not,  as  hitherto,  as  a  private  enter- 
prise. It  will  be  in  two  volumes,  the 
permanent  element,  old  Tripos  lists,  &c.,. 
being  in  the  first,  and  the  more  variable  in 
the  second.  It  promises  to  be  very  good 
reading,  as  it  will  be  supplemented  with, 
much  interesting  information.  A  little  more 
annotation  has  for  some  years  been  desirable. 
On  the  historical  side  we  should  be  glad  to 
see  a  record  of  such  yinstitut  ions  as  Ten- Year- 
Men,  Scarlet  Day  at  Stourbridge  Fair,  and 
the  Tripos  Verses. 

In  the  Birthday  Honours  list  we  are  glad 
to  see  the  name  of  J.  G.  Frazer.  He  is  the 
recipient  of  a  knighthood — among  those  who 
have  unsuccessfully  fought  elections  or  done 
other  jiublic  services  apparently  as  impor- 
tant as  making  British  scholarship  famous 
throughout  Europe  by  the  publication  of  a 
'  Golden  Bough.'  J. 


PUBLIC    MORALS    AND    PUBLIC 
HEALTH. 

The  subject  of  the  International  Aboli- 
tionist Federation  Conference,  held  at  South- 
sea  from  the  15th  to  the  18th  inst.,  to  con- 
sider the  relation  between  morals  and  health, 
was  '  A  Constructive  Policy,'  involving  the 
reduction  of  public  immorality  and  the 
resultant  diseases.  The  keynote  of  the 
whole  was  "Liberty  with  Responsibility"? 
and  advocacy  of  an  equal  moral  standard, 
based  on  justice,  occupied  a  foremost  place 
in  the  deliberations. 

At  a  large  meeting  of  welcome  the  Bishop 
of  Winchester  made  a  notable  declaration 
of  the  importance  of  dealing  with  moral 
evil  by  moral  forces,  not  by  material 
means.  Everyone  wished  to  protect  the 
young  from  the  deadly  evil  of  impurity,, 
and  from  the  train  of  evils,  moral  and 
physical,   that    sprang  from  it.     The  whole 


No.  4522,  June  27,   1914 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


895 


subject,  he  saiil,  becomes  ever  more  com- 
plex. The  action  taken  must  grow  in- 
creasingly scientific  ;  it  must  include  those 
economic  forces  of  irregular  employment 
ami  low  wages  and  the  like,  which  counted 
for  so  much  in  the  matter:  it  must  bring 
together  more  adequate  and  searching  know- 
ledge, and  it  must  co-ordinate  moral  and 
physical  resources. 

The  Conference  opened  with  a  series  of 
tributes  to  the  devoted  service  of  the  late 
lames  Stuart,  who  for  fourteen  years  had 
been  President  of  the  Federation,  and  who, 
with  Mrs.  Josephine  Butler,  had  been  one 
of   its   founders. 

The  Presidency  was  rilled  by  the  unan- 
imous election  of  M.  Yves  Guyot,  the  dis- 
tinguished French  economist.  Special  men- 
tion was  made  of  his  labours  for  the  cause, 
particularly  the  fact  that]  he  was  one  of 
the  earlj*  martyrs  of  the  movement,  as 
nearly  forty  years  ago  he  suffered  six  months' 
imprisonment  in  Paris  for  his  outspoken 
-criticism  of  the  Regulation  system. 

The  discussion  on  the  Progressive  Reduc- 
tion of  Public  Immorality  was  divided  into 
two  sections  :  the  Responsibility  of  Law- 
Makers,  and  the  Responsibility  of  Local 
Authorities.  Papers  were  read  on  the 
former  by  Mr.  J.  Bronson  Reynolds,  of  New 
York,  and  on  the  second  by  Councillor 
Dawson  of  Hull.  Speaking  with  a  wide 
experience,  they  agreed  on  many  special 
points,  e.g.,  in  condemnation  of  the  segre- 
gated vice  districts. 

On  the  utility  of  the  employment  of 
women  police  they  were  equally  agreed,  as 
was  also  Fran  Scheven,  speaking  later  from 
her  German  experience.  Women  police,  it 
was  explained,  could  not  be  substituted  for 
policemen,  but,  properly  trained,  they  could 
•support  the  work  of  the  police,  and  do  work 
•of  a  character  which  men  cannot  do. 

The  third  day's  discussion  was  on  the 
Responsibility  of  the  State  towards  the 
Reduction  of  Venereal  Diseases.  This  was 
-a  ''doctors'  day,"'  and  produced  some 
remarkable  papers. 

Dr.  Skinner  dealt  with  diseases  in  the 
British  Army.  He  showed  how  disease  had 
been  reduced  during  recent  years,  particu- 
larly by  improved  methods  of  diagnosis  and 
treatment,  and  partly  by  the  improved  moral 
tone  of  the  soldier,  which  was  due  to  the 
improvement  of  his  social  conditions,  the 
provision  of  rational  amusement  and  recrea- 
tion, and  the  example  of  sobriety  set  by  his 
officers.  From  this  Army  experience  many 
valuable  lessons  could  be  learnt  for  use  among 
the  civilian  population.  Disease  was  sufli- 
•cientlv  prevalent  to  demand  immediate 
measures,  which  should  include  a  personal 
purity  crusade  and  efficient  early  treatment. 

The  latter  was  of  the  greatest  importance, 
and  should  be  fostered,  as  in  the  Army,  by 
persuading  sufferers  not  to  delay.  At  the 
Sheffield  Hospital  an  out-patients1  depart- 
ment had  been  opened  in  the  evening,  so 
that  workmen  could  secure  treatment  with- 
out sacrifice  of  time  and  wages. 

A1  Sheffield  University  a  successful  course 
of  lectures  on  these  diseases  and  their 
treatment  had  just  been  completed  tor 
•qualified  medical  men.  .More  education  for 
the  general  public  was  suggested,  particu- 
larly among  certain  classes,  such  as  school 
teachers  and  health  visitors. 

Like  the  lawyers,  the  doctors  were 
practically  unanimous.  They  strongly  urged 
early  and  adequate  treatment  of  all  suff<  n 
The  first  necessity  u.i-  to  take  care  of  the 
sick,  and  at  as  early  a  stage  as  possible. 
The  aims  of  public  health  were  described 
first,  a  correct  diagnosis ;  and,  secondly,  the 
isolation  and  extraction  of  every  focus  of 
infection.     Modern     discoveries     have     put 


these   aims   practically   within   the   reach   of 
every  practitioner  and  every  patient. 

The  result  of  an  inquiry  among  the 
thirty-two  nations  represented  at  the  Inter- 
national Bureau  of  Public  Hygiene  demon- 
strated beyond  the  possibility  of  doubt   that 

early    treatment    (without    notification)    is 

much  better  adapted  to  check  the  spread  of 
disease  than  any  compulsory  measure. 

Dr.  Helen  Wilson,  winding  up  the  dis- 
cussion, said  that  in  the  long  run  there  was 
no  real  divergence  between  the  teaching  of 
true  hygiene  and  true  morality,  and,  if  their 
ideas  appeared  to  conflict,  there  was  some- 
thing wrong  with  one  or  the  other,  or 
perhaps  with  both.  The  idea  that  hygiene 
was  promoted  by  the  regulation  of  prosti- 
tution was  now  as  obsolete  as  the  belief 
that  it  was  somehow  in  the  interests  of 
morality  to  allow  venereal  diseases  to 
flourish  unchecked.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that  hygiene  was  made  for  man,  not 
man  for  hygiene. 


ROYAL   COMMISSION   ON    PUBLIC 
RECORDS. 

The  Second  Report  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Public  Records,  dealing  with  the 
documents  in  the  immediate  custody  of 
the  Courts  of  Justice;  Registries,  and  Public 
Departments  or  Institutions,  has  been  signed, 
and  will  be  presented  in  due  course.  The 
appendixes,  comprising  the  reports  of  the 
Commission  on  the  various  departmental 
collections,  together  with  descriptive  matter, 
correspondence,  and  the  minutes  of  evidence, 
are  nearly  ready  for  press. 

Some  progress  has  already  been  made 
with  the  last  subject  of  inquiry  referred  to 
the  Commission,  namely,  the  condition  and 
disposal  of  local  records  of  a  public  nature 
in  England  and  Wales.  The  Commissioners 
are  authorized  by  the  terms  of  their  Royal 
Warrant  to  make  individual  inspections  of 
local  records  of  a  public  nature,  a  term  which 
cannot  be  readily  defined. 

It  is  proposed  that  the  Commission 
should  proceed  by  way  of  personal  and 
individual  inspection  of  local  archives  rather 
than  by  taking  evidence  or  issuing  schedules 
of  questions.  The  latter  method  was  adopted 
by  the  Departmental  Committee,  but  proved 
ineffectual.  At  the  same  time,  the  Com- 
mission wishes  it  to  be  known  that  all 
communications  addressed  to  the  Secre- 
tary on  the  subject  of  the  custody  of 
local  records  will  receive  proper  attention, 
provided  that  the  statements  made  are 
specific  and  properly  authenticated.  Th  ■ 
offices  of  the  Commission  are  at  Scotland 
House.  Westminster. 


THK    BELFAST   BOOKSELLERS. 

I)evon«hire  Club,  St.  James's,  S.W. 
.tune  19,  1014. 

I    RKAD    with    interest     in    your    last     issue. 

Mr.   Frankfort   Moore's  letter  on  the  above 
subject.     1  lived  in  Belfast  in  the  seventies, 

and    went     to    school    there.       My    lather    got 

The  Athenaewm   regularly.     I   wonder  if  his 

was  t  he  "•  only  one  ot  her  Copy       to  which  Mr. 

Moore  refers.  I  also  got  my  first  '  Principia  ' 
and  '  I  nit  in  '  there  from  Mullan's.     He  kept 

them       in      stock.        I       knew      Mullan's.    and 

Greer's,  and  Aitchison's,  but  I  do  not 
remember  Henderson's  clearly,  and  I  do  not 
remember  Reed's  at  all      Still,  Belfast   was 

not   a  literary  place.        Th'-  local   new-pa; 
then     called     H       'The     Northern     Athen 

piece    of     self-appreciation     which    alwi 
highly    amused    every  one  who    was   not   a 
native.  W.    M.    Crook. 


THE    ORIGINAL    ok      HUDIBRAS.' 
In  a  copy  of  the  1684  edition  of  Butler's 

■  HudibraS  '  I  find  the  following  MS.  note  : — 

1711. 
"This  Poem  (an  Original  in  its  Kind,  highly 
valued  by  All  who  have  any  Taste  of  Witt  &  Uood 
s.nse i  was  writt  by  Mr  Sam,  Butler — It  has  been 
a  Question  wher  S'  Henry  RosetoeU  of  Devonshire, 
or  8* Sam.  I. iil.t'  of  Bedfordshire,  was  intended  by 
ll uiiiiiriiss  but  I  have  been  lately  assured  &  there 
are  some  Passages  in  y  Poem,  y'  seem  to  c.flrm 
y  same,  y*  in  y  P'son  of  Hudibrass  lie  intended 
S"  Henry  RoseweU  into  whose  Companj  Be  falling 
accidentally  in  London  He  was  bo  much  taken 
with  Him  at  lirst  Sight,  as  something  new,  & 
out  of  y  Way,  \'  insinuating  Bimsell  into  his 
Favr  lie  was  [lever  fro  Him  fee  three  Months,  in 
which  Time  He  stndyd  y"  .Man  .fc  his  Manners, 
w'1'  He  has  justly,  as  well  as  ingeniously  described 
— M1  Bromley's  Remark  written  in  His  Eudibrass 
in  Baginton-Library." 

This  passage  may,  perhaps,  be  of  interest 
to  readers  of  the  poem,  and  may  be  com- 
pared with  Mr.  E.  Goose's  remarks  on  the 
subject  ('Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,'  viii.  75).  He 
states  that  Sir  Samuel  Luke 
"  sat  for  th,"  character  of  Budibras, 

A  knight  as  errant  as  e'er  was ; 
but  some   of  the   touches   are   said    to    he   studied 
from  another  puritan  employer  of   Butler's,  Sir 
Henry  Rosewell  of  Ford  Abbey  in  Devonshire." 

JIknkv  Clarke. 


A  CORRECTION. 


9,  Queen  Anne's  Gate,  Westminster,  S.W. 
June  20,  1914. 

It  has  been  pointed  out  to  me  by  members 
of  the  family  that,  by  stat  ing  in  my  '  Reminis- 
cences '  that  "  Lord  Pet  re  was  excom- 
municated by  the  late  Cardinal  Vaughan, 
when  Bishop  of  Salford,  I  throw  some  post- 
humous discredit  upon  Monsiguore  William 
Joseph,  Lord  Petre,  who  was  the  last  man 
in  the  world  likely  to  come  under  any  such 
ecclesiastical  fulmination.  My  remarks  did 
not  apply  to  the  dead  peer.  I  shall  be  much 
obliged  to  you  if  you  can  publish  this  note. 

H.   M.   HYNDMAN. 


BOOK    SALES. 

Ix  Messrs.  Sotheby's  two  book  sales  last  week, 
held  on  the  15th  and  16th  and  the  18th  inst. 
respectively,  the  following  were  the  most  impor- 
tant lets  :  Meredit  h,  Works,  35  \  els.,  tiist  edit  ions, 
185(5-91,  212.  Sevigne,  Lett  res,  lti  vols.,  1862- 
LS7(i,  extra  -  illustrated,  262.  Molinier,  Mo- 
bilier  Royal  Francais,  1  vols..  L902,  20*.  Oriental 
Ceramic  Art.  IS'.  17,  51/.  Smollett,  Adventures  of 
Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,  l  vols.,  17t>:_'.  'I'll.  Eyton, 
Antiquities  of  Shropshire,  1-  vols.,  I85d  tin, 
■I'll.  10s.  Utrecht  Missal,  illuminated  MS.,  15th 
century,  432.  Ben  Jonson,  Works,  'i  vols,  in  1, 
1616-40,  '-VM.  Moliere,  Le  Sicilien,  1668,  342. 
Memoranda  relating  to  the  Society  <>f  friends, 
chiefly  written  by  Rebekah  Butterfleld,  lt>71- 
1744,  202.  Bora  B.V.M.  ad  Csum  Romanum, 
French  illuminated  MS.,  ir.lh  century,  3001.  j 
another,  Paris  Dse,  l  lih  century,  2062.  :  another, 
Roman  Dse,  402.  j  another,  French  Use,  15th 
16th  century,  bound  in  the  style  of  Clovis  Eve, 
2502.  Three  tracts  printed  bj  Franklin,  1744  5, 
662.  Raigne  of  King  Edward  III.,  1598,  12"/. 
\i-,  Moiiendi,  printed  at  Leipsic,  c.  1406  8,  602. 
Buch  der  Knnsi,  lugsburg,  1477,  1952.  Bibbs 
s  ,,  ,  ,  Latina,  Flemish  illuminated  MS.,  I  \ols.. 
15th  century,  1802.  Weigel,  Eabitua  Precipu- 
orum  Populorum,  L">77,  :t.V.  Missal,  for  the  use 
of  the  Church  in  Majorca,  printed  by  Qiunta  in 
Venice,  1506,  3702.  Mozarabic  Missal,  printed  at 
Toledo,  1500,  2602.  feudal  Revenues  of  Ireland, 
MS.  in  Latin,  I  vols.,  1622  3,  602. 

Lmong  the  autograph  MSB.  and  other  relics  of 
the  Brontes  the  following  were  the  most  notable  : 
Charlotte,  Exercise  Book,  1848,  362.)  another 
:;i/.  Draft  "f  the  fragment  called  '  Emi 
Nov.  127.  1853,  1052.  The  Poetaster,  Vol.  II. 
only,  June  8,  1880,  TH.  Btorj  beginning  "There 
once  a  lii  i  le  girl,"  n.d.,  222.  The  Young  Men's 
Magazine,  Second  Series,  ^ug.  13,  ls::o,  282. 
\  Book  of  Rhymes,  Dec.  17,  1829,  342.  P., em 
beginning  "  Be  saw  my  heart's  woe,  discerned 
my  soul's  anguish,     n.d.,  202.  10».      \  birchwood 

rocking-chair,  222. ;    an  ebonized  \\ I  arm-chair, 

252.  j     and    a    small    mahogan)    side-table,    282a, 
all  i  hree  " ied  by  her  at   ll.i  wort  b. 

The  total  of  the  two  sales  was  5,1602.  0*.  6d.l 


896 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


literary   ©nsstp. 

The  list  of  honours  published  at  the 
beginning  of  this  week  includes  knight- 
hoods for  Dr.  Frazer,  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John 
Hope,  Dr.  Mawson,  and  Mr.  George 
Henschel.  Otherwise,  it  is  the  usual 
tribute  to  commerce  and  politics. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  Sir  James 
Murray,  whose  next  instalment  of  '  The 
Oxford  English  Dictionary  '  (the  double 
section,  Traik  to  Trinity)  is  announced  for 
the  30th  inst.,  was  seized  with  serious  ill- 
ness after  attending  the  Dictionary  Even- 
ing of  the  Philological  Society  in  London 
on  Friday,  the  5th  inst.  It  is  hoped  that 
he  is  now  hi  the  way  of  recovery,  but  he 
will  not  for  some  time  be  able  to  attend 
to  or  answer  any  communications. 

The  Twenty-First  Annual  Meeting  of 
the  Navy  Records  Society  will  be  held 
at  the  Royal  United  Service  Institution, 
Whitehall,  on  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday 
next. 

Messrs.  Methuen  write  to  point  out 
that  Mr.  Oxenham's  volume  of  poems, 
'  Bees  in  Amber,'  the  success  of  which  we 
noted  last  week,  is  published  by  them,  not 
by  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus. 

The  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the 
Canterbury  and  York  Society  will  be  held 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
at  Burlington  House,  on  Thursday, 
July  9th,  at  5  p.m.  The  activities  of  the 
Society  have  been  well  maintained  during 
the  past  year,  its  issues  having  included 
parts  of  the  Episcopal  Registers  of  the 
dioceses  of  Carlisle,  Lincoln,  Hereford,  and 
Winchester.  Progress  has  also  been  made 
in  preliminary  work  on  the  Registers  of 
the  dioceses  of  Canterbury,  London, 
Rochester,  and  Salisbury.  The  member- 
ship is,  however,  smaller  than  might  be 
desired  ;  if  it  Avere  increased,  the  rate  of 
publication  could  be  considerabty  accele- 
rated. 

The  Curators  of  Patronage  at  Edin- 
burgh University  are  open  to  receive 
applications  for  the  chair  of  Prof.  Mac- 
kinnon  (whose  retirement  we  mentioned 
last  week)  up  to  Monday,  July  13th. 
Applications,  together  with  eight  copies 
of  testimonials,  must  be  lodged  with  the 
Secretary  to  the  Curators,  Mr.  A.  B. 
Fleming,  4,  Albyn  Place,  Edinburgh,  on 
or  before  that  date. 

The  Tripos  lists  at  Cambridge  show,  as 
usual,  more  First  Classes  in  Science  than  in 
any  other  course  of  study.  Women  have 
beaten  men  in  gaining  distinction  in 
mediaeval  and  modern  languages. 

It  is  pleasant  to  see  Mr.  G.  K.  M.  Butler, 
the  son  of  the  Master  of  Trinity,  repeating 
his  brother's  successes  with  a  First  in 
History  after  a  First  in  Classics,  and  the 
Gladstone  Prize,  which,  however,  he 
divides  with  two  other  candidates. 

Examination  papers  are  often  enter- 
taining, and  often,  too,  one  element  in 
the  amusement  they  afford  is  a  percep- 
tion of  the  contrast  between  the  vastness 


of  the  questions  suggested  and  the  narrow- 
ness of  the  resources  from  which  they 
will  have  to  be  answered.  We  have 
before  us  the  papers  recently  set  at 
the  Preliminary  Examination  for  Ele- 
mentary School  Teachers'  Certificate. 
The  History  questions  show  this  contrast 
strikingly.  They  are  above  the  average 
in  general  interest,  but  it  would  take  a 
wise  and  learned  person  to  write  more 
than  two  or  three  banal  sentences  upon 
most  of  them,  unless,  indeed,  he  were  at 
liberty  as  an  alternative  to  write  a  small 
book.     For  instance  : — 

"  Explain  the  circumstances  that  lead  [sic] 
up  to  the  execution  of  Sir  Thomas  More. 
How  far  do  you  think  that  Henry's  action 
can  be  justified  either  on  religious  or  political 
grounds  ?  " 
or 

"  Write  notes  on  one  of  the  following  : — ■ 

"  (a)  Roads  and  communications  in  Saxon 
times,  in  the  later  Middle  Ages,  and  in  the 
eighteenth  century. 

"  (b)  The  three-field  system  and  its  aboli- 
tion. 

"  (c)  Popular  amusements  in  the  Middle 
Ages  or  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 

"  (d)  The  main  changes  in  architecture, 
both  ecclesiastical  and  domestic,  during  the 
sixteenth  century.'1 

This  is  pretty  good  for  a  Preliminary 
Examination. 

The  English  Literature  questions,  among 
verse  quotations  to  be  commented  on  in 
a  manner  to  show  knowledge  of  the  poem, 
include  a  stanza  of  the  '  Rubaiyat.'  It 
seems  to  us  a  very  open  question  whether 
there  is  any  sense  in  giving  Omar  Khay- 
yam to  these  young  students  to  read. 
That  poet  is  at  once  somewhat  enervating 
and  too  exotic,  unless  we  may  suppose 
that  our  youthful  geniuses  have  hit  on  a 
mystic  meaning  unknown  to  many  adult 
readers  of  FitzGerald's  poem. 

In  the  autumn  will  be  published  the 
story  of  the  adventures  of  Capt.  Scott, 
to  which  Sir  J.  M.  Barrie  will  contribute 
a  prefatory  chapter,  while  Charles  Turley, 
the  author  of  '  Godfrey  Marten,  Schoolboy,' 
will  retell  simply,  and  as  far  as  possible  in 
Capt.  Scott's  own  words,  the  tale  of  the 
Discovery  and  the  Terra  Nova.  The  book 
is  being  written  at  the  instance  of  Lady 
Scott,  and  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder. 

Miss  Winifred  Holt,  the  American 
representative  at  the  International  Con- 
ference of  Workers  for  the  Blind,  has 
written  a  Life  of  Henry  Fawcett,  which 
Messrs.  Constable  will  shortly  publish 
under  the  title  '  A  Beacon  for  the  Blind.' 
Viscount  Bryce  has  added  an  Introduc- 
tion to  it,  and  we  understand  that  the 
word  kl  blind  "  in  the  title  is  to  be  taken 
in  something  of  a  Maeterlinckian  sense. 
Miss  Holt  some  years  ago  gave  up  her 
work  as  a  sculptor  to  devote  herself  to 
the  blind,  and  started  in  rooms  in  her  own 
home  the  New  York  Association  for 
the  Blind.  The  Association  then  com- 
manded capital  to  the  amount  of  only 
$400  (and  these  borrowed)  ;  it  now 
possesses,  free  from  debt,  a  model  "  Light- 
house," or  head- quarters,  a  model  work- 
|  shop,  a  Vacation  Home,  and  an  endow- 
I  merit  fund  which  reaches  nearly  $300,000. 


It  is  proposed  to  issue  in  October  next 
the  first  number  of  a  quarterly  review  to  be 
entitled  The  New  Edinburgh  Magazine  :  a 
University  and  Oily  Review,  designed  to 
link  together  the  members  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh.  The  editor  is  Mr. 
James  Munro,  and  Prof.  Sir  Edward 
Schafer  will  contribute  a  paper  on  '  Some 
Useful  Adjuncts  to  a  University  Educa- 
tion.' Other  papers  promised  are  '  Ger- 
man and  British  Universities,'  by  the  Rev. 
R.  V.  Holt ;  '  The  Relations  of  University 
and  City,'  by  Prof.  Cecil  Wylde  ;  and 
'  Recent  Developments  in  Medicine,'  by 
Dr.  J.  G.  Comrie.  Prof.  Baldwin  Brown 
and  Dr.  Schlapp  will  write  on  the  beauty 
and  archaeological  interest  of  Edinburgh  ; 
and  Mr.  George  Kitchin  on  Edinburgh  as 
a  literary  centre.  Prof.  Seth  is  to  supply 
a  note  on  Prof.  Campbell  Fraser. 

"We  find  in  ancient  civilizations  many 
phenomena  that  [to-day  are  specialities  of 
American  Society,  phenomena  to  be  sought 
in  vain  in  European  civilization." 

This,  is  a  dictum  of  Prof.  Ferrero's,  from 
a  book  of  his  to  be  published  imme- 
diately by  Messrs.  Putnam,  entitled 
'  Ancient  Rome  and  Modern  America.'  It 
will  be  interesting  to  see  exactly  how  this 
somewhat  sweeping  statement  is  justified. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Cowan,  for  forty  years  editor  of  The 
Perthshire  Advertiser,  and  author  of  several 
historical  works,  including  '  The  Royal 
House  of  Stuart,'  '  Life  of  Queen  Mar- 
garet,' and  '  Three  Celtic  Earldoms,'  and  a 
volume  of  personal  interest,  '  Humorous 
Episodes  of  a  Retired  Publisher.' 

On  Sunday  last  the  Baroness  von 
Suttner  died  at  Vienna  at  the  age  of  71. 
Born  at  Prague,  the  daughter  of  Franz, 
Graf  von  Kinsky,  an  Austrian  general, 
she  married  in  1876  Baron  von  Suttner, 
who  shared  her  literary  tastes  and  capa- 
city. She  was  a  great  traveller,  and  spent 
nine  years  with  her  husband  in  the  Cau- 
casus. The  determining  influence  of  her 
life  was,  however,  furnished  by  the  war 
of  1866  and  the  Bosnian  campaign  of  1878. 
These  drove  her  to  a  detestation  of  war 
which  inspired  first  her  well-known  book 
k  Die  Waffen  nieder !  '  with  its  sequel 
'  Marthas  Kinder,'  and  then  the  work 
by  which  she  was  most  widely  known, 
the  foundation  of  the  Austrian  Peace 
Society,  and  the  long  series  of  writings 
and  speeches  by  which  she  strenuously 
set  forth  the  horrors  and  the  uselessness 
of  war,  and  urged  the  possibility — the 
moral  necessity — of  peace.  She  was  a 
member  of  the  Advisory  Council  of  the 
Carnegie  Peace  Foundation  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  International  Peace 
Bureau,  and  in  1905  Avas  awarded  the 
Nobel  Prize. 

Besides  the  novels  mentioned,  she  pro- 
duced near  a  score  of  others,  as  well  as 
sketches,  essays,  and  reports.  It  may 
well  be  that  little  or  nothing  of  what  she 
wrote  will  survive  independently ;  it 
will,  nevertheless,  certainly  in  great  mea- 
sure survive  through  the  influence  it 
exercised  on  public  opinion  in  her  own 
country  and  generation. 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


T  II  E     ATIIKN/1UIM 


897 


SCIENCE 


Robert     Boyle:     a    Biography.     By    Flora 
Masson.     (Constable  &  Co.,  7s.  b'/.  net.) 

Miss  Masson's  Life  of  Robert  Boyle,  the 
discoverer  of  "  Boyle's  Law.''  adds  yet 
another  authority  to  the  list  of  books 
which  must  be  consulted  by  the  historian 
who  writes  that  account  of  "  the  Invisible 
College  "  which  has  been  long  overdue— 
the  college  or  association  which  was  the 
germ  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  of  which 
Boyle  was  one  of  the  earliest  members. 
Miss  Masson  not  only  gives  an  excellent 
biography  of  Robert  Boyle,  but  she  also 
writes  of  his  wonderful  father — Richard 
Boyle,  the  great  Earl  of  Cork — one  of 
Elizabeth's  soldier  statesmen  and  mer- 
chant adventurers,  the  second  son  of  a 
widow  in  straitened  circumstances,  who 
made  his  own  way  in  Ireland,  and  so 
married  his  children  that  they  became 
members  oi  the  great  houses  of  the 
Howards,  the  Xevilles,  the  Cecils,  the  Clif- 
fords, and.  in  the  next  generation,  the 
Devonshires  and  the  Hydes.  It  is  true 
that  the  weddings  were  usually  solemnized 
between  mere  children,  the  bridegroom 
afterwards  going  abroad  with  his  tutor, 
the  bride  going  to  live  with  her  new  family, 
and  that  they  often  turned  out  unhappily. 
But  the  alliance  remained,  and  Robert 
Boyle  lived  his  placid  life  without  dis- 
turbance, for  he  had  powerful  friends  at 
the  Court  <>f  Charles  I.,  under  the  ( lommon- 
wealth.  at  the  Restoration,  and  again 
when  religious  troubles  under  James  II. 
wrecked  the  careers  of  equally  distin- 
guished Fellows  of  the  Royal  Society. 

His  interests  centred  in  science,  and 
his  career,  as  described  by  Miss  Masson, 
who  does  not  forget  to  introduce  his 
acquaintance  with  Milton,  is  inextricably 
bound  up  with  the  early  history  of  the 
Royal  Society,  of  which  lie  was  President 
m  1680-81.  '  >f  his  life  there  is  but  little 
to  tell.  From  Eton  he  went  to  (Jeneva. 
and  from  Geneva  to  London.  He  lived 
for  a  time  at  Stalbridge  in  Dorset  after 
the  death  of  his  father,  moved  to  Oxford. 
and  in  his  old  age  returned  to  London. 
where  he  died  in  1691.  Miss  Masson 
has  not.  however,  contented  herself  with 
a  dry  statement  of  facts.  She  has  woven 
a  lively  and  convincing  picture  of  the 
stirring  times  in  which  he  lived;  of  the 
straggle  with  Strafford  and  the  Irish 
Rebellion  which  nearly  wrecked  the  great 
Earl :  of  the  varying  fortunes  oJ  the  family, 
now  enormously  wealthy,  and  again  almost 
in  poverty,  yet  again  able  to  lend  to 
kirn.'-.  The  canvas  is  well  filled,  and  w  ben 
the  spectator  has  finished  the  book  he 
will  find  that  he  has  gained  much  sound 
knowledge  of  history  with  a  minimum  of 
effort  Mi--  Ma-son.  too.  has  provided 
an  excellent  Index.  The  portrait  of  the 
II'  ii.  Robert  Boyle,  which  form-  the 
frontispiece,  is  copied  from  Kerseboom's 
picture  in  the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Society. 
It  show-  him   8S  B  delicate  and  handsome 

man.    lovable    and    gentle,       the    dears 

Squire."'  a-    he    remained    always    to    his 
ni© 


Mi  mortals  oi  Henry  Forbes  Julian.  Written 

and  edited  by   his   Wife.    Hester  Julian. 
(Griffin  &  Co.,  6a.  net.) 

It  was  in  the  autumn  of  L902  that  Miss 
Hester  Pengelly,  a  daughter  of  the  famous 
geologist  of  Torquay,  whose  name  is 
inseparably  associated  with  the  explora- 
tion of  Kent's  Cavern,  became  the  wife  of 
Henry  Forbes  Julian.  As  a  mining  and 
metallurgical  engineer  .Mr.  Julian  had 
occasion  to  travel  professionally  in  many 
parts  of  the  world,  and  it  was  during  a 
voyage  across  the  Atlantic  in  1912,  as 
one  of  the  ill-fated  passengers  on  the 
Titanic,  that  his  active  life  came,  with 
terrible  suddenness,  to  a  close.  The 
widow  had  many  years  previously  been 
the  biographer  of  her  distinguished  father, 
and  now,  after  recovery  from  the  illness 
consequent  on  her  bereavement,  she  has 
written  this  volume  as  an  affectionate 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  her  husband. 

Forbes  Julian  went  to  South  Africa 
as  a  young  man.  and  was  fortunately 
there  when  the  early  development  of  the 
goldfields  offered  great  opportunities  to 
an  industrious  man  with  scientific  train- 
ing. It  became  necessary  to  secure  the 
most  advantageous  methods  for  the  re- 
duction of  the  ores,  and  it  was  in  work 
on  this  subject  that  he  made  his  mark. 
Having  studied  chemistry  in  Manchester, 
he  applied  himself  quietly,  but  persever- 
ingly,  to  research,  and  when  the  method 
of  extracting  the  gold  by  means  of 
cyanide  solutions  was  introduced,  he  did 
much  to  assist  in  putting  the  new  process 
on  a  firm  industrial  basis.  Some  of  his 
most  useful  researches  were  undertaken 
to  ascertain  the  effect  of  various  oxidizing 
agents  in  influencing  the  dissolution  of  the 
metal.  He  became  a  patentee  of  certain 
improvements,  and  at  a  later  date  was 
joint  author  of  an  excellent  technological 
treatise  entitled  '  Cyaniding  Gold  and 
Silver  Ores.' 

Always  fond  of  travel,  be  made  a 
rather  extensive  journey  in  the  Upper 
Zambezi  Basin,  and  was  one  of  the 
earliest  Europeans  to  visit  the  Victoria 
Falls.  It  appears  that  he  succeeded  in 
acquiring  valuable  concessions  from  cer- 
tain native  chiefs  in  the  Barotse  district, 
and  drew  up  a  report  on  its  natural 
resources,  but  his  project  for  its  com- 
mercial development  uever  reached  matu- 
rity. 

The    story    of     Forbes    Julian's    life,    as 

recorded  in  this  volume,  leaves  <>n  the 
mind  of  the  reader  the  picture  of  a  quiet, 
unassuming  man  of  engaging  personality, 
sound  in  judgment  and  strict  m  integrity, 
who  centred  his  energy  on  a  special  field 
of  technical  inquiry,  and  whose  Bteady 
persistency  of  purpose—  probably  due  to 

the    Scottish    element     in     his    ancestry — 

enabled  him  to  achieve  success  where  a 
man  of  more  brilliant  parts  might  have 
failed.  Hi-  prof essional  advice  on  certain 
questions  of  metallurgy  came  to  he  widely 
sought,  while  his  high  standard  of  oha- 
ter  gave  weight  to  hi-  opinions,  and  he 

Was  thus  led  to  \i-it   many  mining  cento 

in  Europe,  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 

as  well  as  in  South  Africa. 


Whenever  possible,  he  was  accompanied 
iii  his  travels  by  his  devoted  wife,  and 

sonic  of  the  most  interesting  parts  of  this 
volume  have  been  compiled  from  her 
journals.  With  much  taste  for  science, 
acquired  from  her  father  and  promoted 
by  her  husband,  .Mrs.  Forbes  Julian  took 
great  interest  in  Hie  British  Association. 
and  at  its  annual  meetings,  as  well  as  at 
her  home  in  Torquay,  came  into  relation 
with  an  exceptionally  large  circle  of  dis- 
tinguished men  of  science.  The  last 
chapter  of  her  volume  contains  extracts- 
from  a  remarkable  collection  of  letters  of 
condolence  that  she  received  on  the  occa- 
sion of  her  husband's  death. 


THE    NATURE   OF   THE    X-RAYS. 

In  your  notice  of  my  book  on  X-rays  (in 
your  is-uc  of  June  6th)  your  reviewer  rai 

one  point  to  which  L  wish  to  draw  attention. 

It  is  well  known  that  one  of  ill  •  outstand- 
ing difficult  ics,  if  in >t  I  he  greatest,  in  mod<  CD 
physics  is  the  nature  and  mechanism  of 
radiation.  The  problem  of  reconciling  the 
wave-nature  of  heat,  light,  X-rays,  Arc,  with 
their  peculiar  concentrated  energy-distribu- 
tion, is  one  which  is  attracting  at  cut  ion 
from  physicists  and  mathematicians  of  the 
highest  standing,  not  only  in  this  country, 
hut  throughout  Europe. 

To  meet  the  difficulty  various  "  quantum  " 
theories  have  been  proposed;  and  in  the 
case  of  the  X-rays.  Prof.  Bragg  was  Led  some 
years  ago  to  regard  the  rays  as  identical 
with  "neutral-corpuscles."  The  conception 
was  simple,  and  had  its  advantages,  but  its- 
complete  inadequacy  to  explain  the  recent 
work  on  the  diffraction  of  X-ravs  by  crystal- 
left  Prof.  Bragg  no  option  but  to  abandon 
the  theory,  which  he  accordingly  did.  nearly 

two  years  ago. 

I  am  writing  to  remark  on  the  extreme 
isolation  of  your  reviewer  in  his  advocacy  <>i 
this  defunct  theory  of  Prof.  Hragg's.  If 
your    reviewer    will    honour    me    by    reading 

chap.  xii.  of  my  book  on  X-rays  and 
crystals  he  will.  I  hope,  get  a  notion  of  the 
work  which  led  Prof.  Bragg  not  only  to  drop 
his  earlier  ideas,  but  to  go  over  completely 
to  the  "enemy."     It  is.  indeed,  largely  due 

to    the    recent     wonderful     "spectroscopic" 
researches   of    Prof.    Bragg    himself    that    the 
X-rav  s  have  nov.  definitely  taken  their  pi 
among  the  vast    family  of  electromagnetic 
radiat  ions. 

The  difficulty  which  remains  in  the  prob- 
lem of  the  nature  of  the  X-ray  a  is  merely 
thai  which  all  classes  <>t  electromagnetic 
w.ive-   present.  <•■   W.   < '.    Kvyk. 

%*    I    read    before    reviewing,  not     only 

chap.   xii.      but    t  he    re-t     of     I  >r.     Kave's 

teres!  ing  book.  En  chap.  \hi..  on  '  'I  he 
\.ii ure  .a'  the  X-Rays,  he  recalls" a  few  of 
the  responsible  suggestions     a-  t<>  it  thus 

"Rontgen,  Boltzmann,  and  others  regarded  the 
i  i\  -  as  longitudinal  ether- ^  ibrationsof  short  period 

and  ureal  wave  length Miohelaon  suggested  that 

BUiotgen-rays  were  etber  vortices :  Utokes  pat  for- 
ward i  theorj  <>t  irregular  pulses  in  the  ether :  audi 
finally  many  phyricx  *tn,  including  at  oik  timt  Ron 
him  tif  and  mort  recently  Pro)  Brayy,  inclined  to 
tin  in  a-  thai  tht  ram  wen  fiiyfUn  of  material 
particle*  which  nuemhled  itronyly  and  wen  possibly 
mi  ,  ,',  ,n  ii  (hough  electrically  tuutral  form  oJ  'I" 
/mi  i  n'  cathodt  rayi      my  italic 

Att>  r  t  in-    statemenl   ot   \\  hat    he    •  ■■  ma  to 
consider  the  "  final     or  last-made  Buggesl  ion 
to   their   nature,    he   goes  on    to   affirm 
that 

''there  iroeh     i»-   any    < t< >n I >t    oow    tlmt 

\  rayi    arc    identical    "itli    intra  \i"li-t    li^lit    <>t 


898 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


extremely    short    wave-lengths;    wave-lengths    in 
fact  of  the  order  of  the  diameter  of  the  atom  "  ; 

a: id  immediately  after  says  : — 

"  Yet  it  is  not  quite  all  plain  sailing,  for  while  it 
seems  certain  from  the  extreme  precision  observed 
in  the  reflection  experiments  that  X-rays  are 
regular  light  waves  and  occur  in  trains  of  great 
length,  yet  the  difficulty  is  that  in  many  of  their 
properties  the  rays  behave  strangely  like  streams  of 
discrete  entities,  the  effects  of  which  are  localized  in 
space  in  much  the  same  way  as  are  the  effects  of 
'■iilv  Indicts'"  (my  italics). 

From  the  last  two  passages  quoted,  I 
fancied    that    Dr.     Kaye    considered    some 

doubt  on  the  subject  still  permissible,  and 
that  those  misguided  persons  who  still  clung 
to  Prof.  Bragg's  theory  set  out  above  might 

•  do  so  without  incurring  his  condemnation. 
In  this  I  may  have  been  wrong,  but  are  not 
his  own  expressions  partly  to  blame  for  my 

•error  ? 

For  the  rest,  I  have  not  yet  seen,  in  print 
any  formal  withdrawal  by  Prof.  Bragg  of  his 
view  that  the  X-rays  are  streams  of  particles. 
It  is  true  that  at  his  recent  lecture  at  the 
Royal  Institution  he  used  expressions  which 
suggested  that  he  as  well  as  others  had  been 
in  error  as  to  the  view  they  had  formerly 
taken  of  the  nature  of  the  rays.  But  this  is 
very  far  from  a  recantation  in  form  ;  and 
these  are  not  matters  where  we  can  yet  be 
compelled  -all  to  think  alike.  It  is  even 
possible  that  my  "  isolation  "  in  the  matter 
.may  not  be  so  "  extreme  "  as  Dr.  Kaye  says. 

Your  Reviewer. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  June  18.  —  Sir 
Arthur  Evans,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Mervyn  Macartney  read  a  paper  on  '  New 
Facts  relating  to  the  Foundations  and  Construc- 
tion of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  and  their  Bearing 
on  the  Statements  in  the  "  Parentalia."  The 
paper  dealt  with  contemporary  investigations  of 
the  soil  during  the  rebuilding  of  the  Cathedral, 
and  also  with  recent  excavations.  Some  inter- 
esting objects  have  been  discovered,  and 
our  knowledge  of  the  foundations  of  the  old 
■Cathedral  has  been  increased,  but  doubts  are 
cast  on  the  correctness  of  data  given  in  the 
'  Parentalia.'  The  careful  search  through  the 
Cathedral  Account -Books,  and  the  examination 
of  the  walls  and  core  of  the  building,  have  brought 
imany  important  facts  to  light,  both  as  to  materials 
and  construction. 

Mr.  Reginald  Smith  read  a  paper  on  '  Irish 
Brooches  of  Five  Centuries,'  embodying  a  scheme 
for  arranging  in  chronological  order  the  penannular 
brooches  found  in  Ireland  and  occasionally  else- 
where. The  type  of  brooch  with  a  pin  working 
as  a  hoop  in  the  form  of  an  incomplete  ring  is 
known  in  the  pre-Boman  period  of  Britain  and 
the  La  Tene  period  abroad,  but  the  particular 
variety  that  served  as  a  prototype  for  the  Irish 
series  is  well  represented  in  Britain,  and  may  be 
called  the  "  Welsh  "  type,  as  it  has  been  found 
in  Wales,  and  seems  to  have  been  worn  by  the 
Romanized  Britons  of  the  fifth  century.  A 
series  of  lantern-slides  and  photographs  was 
shown  to  illustrate  the  development  of  this  type 
to  its  highest  point  in  the  eighth  century,  and  its 
decline  in  the  Viking  period  under  Oriental  influ- 
ences. The  Tara  and  Hunterston  brooches, 
together  with  a  fine  specimen  in  the  British  Museum 
from  Lord  Londesborough's  collection,  may  be 
placed  in  the  eighth  century,  as  they  are  related 
in  style  to  the  Lindisfarne  Gospels*  (about  700) 
and  the  Book  of  Kells.  A  later  stage  is  marked 
by  the  find  at  Croy,  Inverness,  dated  by  a  coin 
of  Coenwulf  of  Mercia  (about  820)  ;  and  the  series 
from  Rogart,  Sutherlandshire,  seems  to  date 
about  800.  There  are  a  few  other  landmarks, 
such  as  the  brooch  in  the  Trewhiddle  hoard  (before 
875) ;  and  the  Viking  forms  are  dated  more  or  less 
precisely  by  the  brooches  and  fragments  in  the 
•Goldsborough  and  Cuerdale  hoards  (early  tenth 
century).  A  study  of  the  largest  collections 
brings  to  light  a  sequence  both  in  form  and 
-decoration,  and  shows  the  development  of  the 
penannular  brooch  from  the  sixth  to  the  tenth 
century,  which  is  reflected  to  some  extent  in  the 
Irish  illuminated  MSS. 


Mathematical. — June  11. — Prof.  A.  E.  H. 
Love,  President,  in  the  chair. 

The  President  announced  the  award  of  the 
De  Morgan  Medal  to  Prof.  Sir  Joseph  Larmor  for 
his  researches  in  mathematical  physics  ;  the 
medal  will  be  presented  at  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  Society  (November  13th). 

Mr.  G.  H.  Hardy  communicated  some  theorems 
due  to  Mr.  S.  Ramanujan  :  these  theorems  are 
of  interest  as  having  been  discovered  in  part  by 
intuition,  without  Mr.  Ramanujan's  being  aware 
of  previous  results  of  a  similar  character.  These 
new  results  depend,  however,  on  two  assertions 
of  algebraical  identities  which  have  not  as  yet 
been  proved,  although  considerable  evidence  has 
been  accumulated  in  support  of  their  truth. 
Assuming  these  identities,  Mr.  Ramanujan  has 
proved  a  number  of  striking  theorems  of  very 
varied  types. 

Prof.  E.  W.  Hobson  communicated  [his  paper, 
'  Theorems  relating  to  Functions  defined  im- 
plicitly, with  Applications  to  the  Calculus  of 
Variations.'  The  object  of  the  paper  was  to  give  a 
general  method  of  establishing  the  existence 
of  a  field  of  extremals,  in  Weierstrass's  treatment 
of  the  Calculus  of  Variations. 

Lieut. -Col.  Cunningham  communicated  an 
announcement  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Powers  (sent  by 
cable)  that  the  Mersenne's  number  2107  -  1  is 
prime,  in  contradiction  to  Mersenne's  own 
assertion. 

The  following  papers  were  communicated  by 
title  from  the  chair  :  '  Proof  of  the  general  Borel- 
Tauber  Theorem,'  by  Messrs.  G.  H.  Hardy  and 
J.  E.  Littlewood ;  '  A  Problem  of  Diophantine 
Approximation,'  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Fowler  ;  '  On  the 
Differentiation  of  a  Surface-Integral  at  a  Point 
of  Infinity,'  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Leathern  ;  and  '  Free 
and  Forced  Longitudinal  Tidal  Motion  in  a 
Lake,'  by  Mr.  J.  Proudman. 


MEETINGS  next  week. 


Tcks.  Boman,  4.30.— '  A  Mid-Sixteenth-Oentury  Panorama  of  Rome 
by  Anton  van  den  Wyngaerde  of  Brussels,'  Mr.  W.  St.  Clair 
Baddeley. 

Wkd.  Archaeological  Institute,  4.30.—'  Indications  of  Earthworks  in 
Ashdown  Forest,'  Mr.  Gordon  Home;  'Further  Examples 
of  English  Mediaeval  Alabaster- Work,'  Dr.  P.  Nelson. 

Turns.  Geographicil,  n.—'Lithological  Map  of  the  British  Isles,'  Mr. 
A.  G.  Ogilvie. 
—       English    Goethe,    8.30.—'  Ziige   aua    Goethe  s    ministeriellen 
Tiitigkeit,'  Dr.  Hugo  Mayer. 


£fc«na   gossip. 

A  meeting  of  the  Women's  Industrial 
Council  was  held  on  Tuesday  afternoon  at 
the  house  of  Mrs.  W.  R.  Malcolm,  1,  Princes 
Gardens,  W.  Lady  Emmott  presided,  and 
addresses  upon  the  work  of  the  Council's 
Nursery  Training  School  were  given  by  Mrs. 
Alys  Russell,  who  is  acquainted  with  one  of 
the  present  students ;  Dr.  Eric  Pritchard, 
who  has  been  the  school's  medical  adviser 
from  the  day  of  its  opening  ;  and  Mr.  Tom 
Lloyd,  whose  child  is  being  tended  by  a  nurse 
trained  in  it.  More  girls  than  can  be  received 
are  seeking  admission,  and  employers  are 
applying  for  more  than  ten  times  as  many 
nursemaids  as  can  be  trained.  The  Council 
is  therefore  anxious  to  remove  the  school 
from  its  present  quarters  at  4,  King  Edward's 
Road,  Hackney,  to  larger  premises  in  some 
rather  more  accessible  neighbourhood,  and 
is  asking  for  donations  and  subscriptions 
that  may  enable  it  to  do  so.  We  are  glad  to 
give  publicity  to  this  endeavour,  not  only  in 
the  interests  of  the  children  of  whom  the 
nursemaids  in  the  first  instance  take  charge, 
but  yet  more  in  the  interests  of  the  young 
women  themselves  and  their  families  and 
friends. 

We  remind  our  readers  of  the  joint  session 
of  the  Aristotelian  Society,  the  British 
Psychological  Society,  and  the  Mind  Associa- 
tion, which  takes  place  next  Saturday  and 
Sunday  at  Durham.  Discussions  will  be 
held  on  '  The  Role  of  Repression  in  For- 
getting '  and  '  The  Status  of  Sense  Data,'  and 
Prof.  S.  Alexander  will  deal  with  '  Freedom.' 


The  designs  for  th?  new  St.  Paul's  Bridge 
have  been  on  view  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard 
this  week,  including  the  efforts  of  three 
prize-winners.  They  are  more  satisfactory 
on  the  engineering  side  than  on  the  archi- 
tectural. 

Science  Progress  for  July  begins  with  an 
editorial  on  Irrationalism,  in  which  it  is 
argued  that  many  persons  who  are  entirely 
sane  as  regards  the  ordinary  occurrences 
of  life  are  yet  unable  to  reason  accurately 
regarding  matters  outside  them.  The  scien- 
tific articles  deal  with  the  Temperature  of 
Mars,  the  Birthtime  of  the  World,  Sea 
Fisheries,  and  the  curious  subject  of  Coloured 
Thinking.  A  technical  article  on  the  Photo- 
graphic and  Mechanical  Processes  in  the 
Reproduction  of  Illustrations,  by  Mr.  R. 
Steele,  should  be  of  use  to  writers  of  illus- 
trated books. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  on  Wednesday  last,  a  new  by-law  was 
adopted  authorizing  Members  of  the  Society 
to  call  themselves  Fellows.  Since  its  founda- 
tion in.  1754  the  Society  has  consisted  of 
Members  only  ;  but,  as  most  of  the  younger 
Societies  use  the  term  "  Fellow,"  it  has  been 
deemed  advisable  to  follow  their  practice. 
The  "F.S.A.,"  however,  will  hardly  escape 
confusion  with  the  Antiquaries. 

Mr.  Chancellor  is  presenting  to  the 
House  of  Commons  a  Bill  for  the  entire 
abolition  of  vivisection  : — 

"It  shall  not  be  lawful  [the  Bill  recites]  to 
subject  any  animal  to  vivisection,  that  is  to  say, 
to  perform  on  any  live  animal,  with  or  without 
anaesthetics,  any  experiment  or  demonstration  or 
inoculation  of  a  nature  to  give  pain  or  suffering, 
either  directly  or  in  its  after  effects," 

for  any  scientific  purpose.  Entry  on  warrant 
by  justice  is  to  be  enjoined  wherever  reason- 
able suspicion  arises  that  vivisection  is 
going  on. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  forecast  the  lines  of 
argument  on  either  side.  Somebody  is  sure 
to  remind  us  that  it  is  illogical  to  make  all 
this  fuss  about  vivisection  and  inoculation 
while  we  rather  encourage  than  condone  the 
cruelties  incident  to  otter  -  hunting  and 
beagling.  Much  will  be  made  on  the  one 
side  of  the  greatness,  and  on  the  other  of  the 
futility,  of  what  the  surgeon  has  learnt 
through  vivisection.  However  it  may  go, 
it  seems  to  us  entirely  wholesome  that  there 
should  exist  a  strong  resentment  in  the 
public  conscience  against  the  ruthless  use  of 
animals  even  for  the  benefit  of  humanity. 

Prof.  Alfred  Lacroix,  of  the  Musee 
d'Histoire  Naturelle,  has  been  elected  by 
the  Academie  des  Sciences  "  Secretaire  Per- 
petuel  "  for  Natural  Sciences. 

A  '  Bibliograph'e  Methodique  des  Livres 
de  Medecine :  Chirurgie,  Pharmacie,  Scie.ices, 
1900-15,'  is  to  appear  in  Par's  next 
September.  It  promises  to  be  thoroughly 
revised  and  up -to  date. 

Mr.  John  McFarlane,  of  the  University 
of  Manchester,  is  about  to  publish  with 
Messrs.  Pitman  a  work  on  economic 
geography.  The  increasing  interest  in  geo- 
graphy as  an  educational  subject  is  among 
the  best  of  modern  pedagogical  developments, 
and  a  good  book  on  its  economic  aspects 
will  undoubtedly  be  a  real  service  to 
education. 

The  centenary  of  the  discjvery  of 
electro-magnetism  by  the  Danish  Professor 
H.  C.  Oersted,  in  1820,  will  be  celebrated 
in  various  waj^s  in  Copenhagen,  a  committee 
having  been  formed  to  arrange  for  inter- 
national congresses,  as  well  as  a  scientific 
exhibition. 


No.  4522,  June  07,  1914 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


899 


FINE    ARTS 


Mexican  Archaeology:    on  Introduction  to 

the  Archceology  of  the  Mexican  rind  Mayan 
Civilizations  of  Pre-Spanish  America. 
By  Thomas  A.  Joyce.  (Leo  Warner, 
IlV  Qd.  net.) 

This  book  belongs  to  the  excellent  series 
of  "  Handbooks  to  Ancient  Civilizations  " 
brought  out  by  the  Medici  Society,  a 
scries  to  which  the  author  contributed  in 
1912  a  volume  on  South  American  Archae- 
ology. In  384  pages,  with  more  than  a 
hundred  illustrations,  he  seeks  here  to 
summarize  the  extent  of  our  knowledge 
concerning  the  life  and  culture  of  the 
Mexican  and  Mayan  peoples  of  pre-Spanish 
America.  The  book  makes  a  clear-cut 
division  between  the  areas  occupied  by 
the  two  peoples,  the  first  half  dealing 
wholly  with  the  Mexican  area,  to  the 
north  and  west  of  Tehuantepec  ;  the 
second  with  the  Mayan,  mainly  to  the 
south  and  east  of  that  isthmus.  Mr. 
Joyce  admits  that  from  the  chronological 
and  cultural  points  of  view  the  Mayan 
should  have  come  first,  but  adopts  a 
contrary  arrangement  because  a  knowledge 
of  Mexican  civilization  supplies  the 
greater  part  of  the  material  for  the 
interpretation  of  Mayan  archaeology. 
Though  this  reason  may  be  sound,  it 
need  not  bind  a  reviewer,  and  we  pro- 
pose to  adopt  the  order  of  time  rather 
than  that  of  the  author.  He  states  as  one 
consideration  that  led  him  to  undertake 
the  work  the  fact,  which  cannot  be 
denied,  but  is  to  be  regretted,  that  English- 
men, who  have  done  so  much  in  the  past 
Eoi  Americanist  studies,  have  sadly  fallen 
back  of  late  years,  and  have  been  sur- 
passed by  German  investigators.  It  may 
be  hoped  that  the  book  will  serve  as  a 
stimulus  to  English  scholars  to  renew  their 
exertions  in  this  field. 

In  an  appendix  to  the  volume  Mr. 
Joyce  has  arranged  in  tabular  form  a 
provisional  scheme  of  dating,  which  can. 
of  course,  only  be  taken  as  approximate. 
The  dates  suggested  by  him  are  derived 
from  the  monuments,  and  go  as  far  back  as 
the  thirteenth  cycle  of  the  long  count, 
equivalent  in  European  dating  to  3(>43 
years  B.C.  The  dates  corresponding  to 
traditional  events  begin  with  the  migra- 
tion of  the  Tutul-Xiu  from  Nbnoual, 
which  i<  timed  to  have  started  at  16]  A.D. 
The  immigrants  hear  of  Cbichen  Itza.  and 
settle  there  about  49(>.  Though  that 
settlement  is  said  to  have  been  destroyed 
in  015.  some  oi  tin-  architectural  remains 
there  are  among  the  finest  of  those  now- 
extant.  Here  are  buildings  which  give 
evidence  of  successive  additions  to  the 
original  structure,  a  remarkable  edifice 
called  the  Castello,  erected  on  a  graduated 
pyramid  of  great  height,  and  other 
remains.  Mr.  Joyce  distributes  them 
into  three,  or  possibly  four,  periods;  the 
earliest  represented  by  mounds  distin- 
guished by  a  date  in  the  long  COUnt,  and 
the  later  ones  by  the  buildings  we  have 
mentioned.    The    immigrants    had    wan- 


dered back  to  Ghiohen  ltza  about  970, 
ami  again  established  themselves  there. 
About  989  the}'  founded  I'xmal.  Chichen 
ltza.  was  again  depopulated  about  11  ST. 

A  party  of  the  Xiu,  wishing  in  the  six- 
teenth century  to  perform  certain  cere- 
monies at  their  old  home  there,  asked  and 
obtained  leave  to  pass  through  hostile 
territory,  but  were  enticed  into  a  building 
and  massacred.  Meanwhile  the  Spaniards 
had  appeared  in  the  country,  and  native 
history  had  reached  its  close. 

Our  know  ledge  of  the  history  and  beliefs 
of  the  Quiche  people  is  mainly  derived 
from  the  '  Popol  Vuh,'  a  record  of  their 
traditions,  of  which  we  possess  only  a  late 
transcript  that  may  not  be  altogether 
trustworthy.  Their  myth  of  their  own 
origin  is  that  the  gods  after  having 
created  first  the  earth  added  the 
animals,  and  also  created  men,  first  from 
clay  and  then  from  wood,  but  destroj'ed 
both  for  their  want  of  intelligence. 
Finally,  in  a  fourth  creation,  they  fashioned 
four  men  out  of  maize,  of  whom  the  first 
three  were  ancestors  of  the  several  Quiche 
tribes,  and  the  fourth  had  no  descendants. 
In  the  meantime  men  had  passed  through 
many  experiences  from  the  jealousy  of 
their  creators,  who  found  the  creatures  they 
had  made  too  perfect.  The  principal  god 
of  the  Quiche  is  represented  by  the  fea- 
thered snake.  They  believed  also  in 
many  supernatural  beings,  who  mostly 
delighted  in  mischief.  Mr.  Joyce  gives  an 
excellent  abridgment  of  the  cosmogony 
of  the  'Popol Vuh,' which  presents  many 
curious  features.  There  is  the  tradition 
of  a  great  deluge,  of  a  virgin  birth,  and 
other  elements  which  may  possibly  be 
due  to  the  imagination  of  the  transcriber, 
but  are  more  likely  to  be  evidences  of  the 
uniform  working  of  the  human  mind 
when  engaged  in  the  development  of 
religious  ideas. 

The  author  next  discusses  the  Mayan 
calendar,  which  affords  the  material  for 
his  suggestions  as  to  dates,  and  which 
determined  the  times  of  the  several 
festivals.  The  calendar,  which  noted 
the  changes  of  the  agricultural  year, 
and  the  religious  observances  necessary 
to  promote  fertility  and  avert  disaster, 
gave  great  influence  to  the  priests  of  the 
country.  Among  the  Quiche,  the  theory 
of  the  close  relation  of  their  ancestors 
to  the  creating  gods  led  to  the  chiefs 
being  looked  upon  as  interpreters  of  the 
will  of  those  gods.  Whether  human 
sacrifices  were  offered  in  early  times  is  a 

question  -Mi'.  Joyce  is  not  prepared  to  settle. 

Me    thinks    that    the    negative    evidence 

afforded  by  Mayan  sculptures  BufficeS  to 
show  that  the  practice  was  exceptional, 
if    it    existed    at    all.      A    wall-painting   at 

Chichen     ltza    seems  to    picture    a    human 

sacrifice,  but  it  is  on  a  late  building. 

Though  survivals  of  the  ancient   worship 

may  he  traced  in  present-day  observances, 

.Mr.  Joyce  is  undoubtedly  liu'ht  when   he 

says    that,    the    student    of    folkdore    who 

desires  to  collect  these  relics  of  a  Former 

religion  must    unite    in    an    unusual  degree 

ranee  and  patience,  and  must  be 

prepared  to  devote  considerable  time  lo 
the  work. 


The  little  that  is  known  of  the  social 
systems  of  the  Maya,  their  migrations 
and  trade,  their  weapons  and  their  wars, 
is  ably  summarized.  The  sculptures  and 
the  manuscripts  or  codices  alTord  more- 
indications  of  their  costumes,  their  daily 
life,  and  crafts.  They  had  gold  and 
copper,  hut  were  practically  living  in  the 
Stone  Age,  and  their  implements  present 
very  curious  forms,  of  which  examples 
found  in  British  Honduras  may  he  seen 
at  the  British  Museum.  A  line  painted 
vase  representing  a  visit  paid  to  a  chief  by 
an  inferior,  is  figured  in  a  folding  plate. 
and  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  Mayan 
art.  That  is  a  subject  upon  which  further 
investigation  and  classification  are  much 
to  be  desired. 

The  magnificent  architectural  remains 
on  the  Mayan  area,  many  of  them  hidden 
in  almost  impenetrable  forests  and  in 
districts  sparsely  inhabited  or  subject 
only  to  savage  races,  could  not  be  dealt 
with  adequately  in  a  single  chapter  of 
36  pages  only;  but  Mr.  Joyce  has  discussed 
the  ruins  as  fully  as  the  space  at  his 
disposal  would  admit,  and  has  furnished 
an  interesting  account  of  some  of  their 
principal  features,  with  appropriate  illus- 
trations. As  to  the  superficial  similarity 
between  the  Mayan  buildings  and  those 
of  South-East  Asia,  close  analysis  serves 
largely  to  diminish  the  effect  of  it;  and 
similarity  of  ornament  means  little  unless 
it  can  be  shown  to  arise  from  similarity 
of  the  thought  that  inspired  it. 

The  subject  of  the  first  portion  of  the 
work,  Mexican  archaeology,  is  treated  in 
an  equally  satisfactory  manner.  Here 
there  is  more  material  for  the  tribal  his- 
tory ;  and  the  manuscripts  supply  figures 
of  the  numerous  gods  which  were  wor- 
shipped by  the  several  tribes.  They  ah  i 
give  evidence  of  the  savage  rites  which 
accompanied  that  worship  in  the  form  of 
human  sacrifice,  and  in  some  cases  with 
cruel  torture.  In  this  connexion  the 
complications  of  the  calendar  and  the 
various  periodical  feasts  are  considered. 
The  system  of  writing,  the  functions  of 
the  priests,  the  practice  of  medicine,  and 
the  ceremonies  of  burial  are  briefly  de- 
scribed. A  summary  account  is  given 
of  the  social  organization  of  the  Mexicans, 
their  weapons,  and  the  development  of 
trade  and  the  administration  of  justice 
anion-  them.  Specimens  oi  stone  and 
Obsidian  instruments  from  the  rich  collec- 
tions of  the  British  Museum,  and  other 
objects  illustrating  the  crafts,  dress,  and 
daily   life  of  the  Mc\icans.  are  figured  ai    I 

described.  Someof  the  more  striking  archi- 
tectural remains  and  typical  specimens  oi 

the  pottery  complete  the  picture  of  the 
civilization  existing  in  Mexico  before  its 
COnquesl     by     the    Spaniards,     w  hicli     Mi-. 

Joyce  set   himself  to  give. 
A  lu ict  bibliographj  would  have  added  to 

the  usefulness  of  the  booh.  It  is  true,  as 
Mr.    Joyce    sa\s.    that     such    a      list     may 

he  found  elsewhere;    but   the    literature 

concerned  with  .Mexico  is  so  exten- 
sive that  a  summary  account  of  the 
Special  WOrkE  Oil  Which  he  has  relied  for 
the  collection  of    his  material-  would  h 

been   of   advantage    to    the    reader.     At 


900 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


any  rate,  we  may  say  with  confidence  that 
Mr.  Joyce  has  used  well  his  special 
opportunities  for  the  study  of  his  subject, 
and  has  produced  a  volume  of  great  value 
.and  interest. 


CURRENT    EXHIBITIONS. 

Of  the  two   etchers  now  showing  at  the 
Dowdeswell  Galleries,  Mr.  Ernest  S.  Lumsden 

is  an  example  of  the  safe  accomplishment 
and  not  very  inspired  vision  common 
among  English  exponents  of  the  art.  Mr. 
Clifford  Addams  has  a  talent  of  more  definite 
•character,  and  is,  indeed,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  etchers  recently  introduced  to  our 
notice.  Mes  Enfants  dans  mon  Atelier  (13) 
may  serve  to  cast  a  light  on  the  kind  of 
inspiration  we  find  in  these  prints.  A  pile  of 
chairs  and  a  table-cloth  are  doing  duty  for — 
.a  stage  coach,  perhaps,  or  something,  at  any 
rate,  out  of  the  magical  world  of  story-telling; 
and  there  is  apparently  a  ferocious  attack 
by  bandits  going  forward,  into  which  the 
•children  fling  themselves  heartily.  Their 
.father  has  a  like  talent  for  playing  at  romance, 
throwing  over  the  actualities  of  his  subject- 
matter  the  glamour  of  historic  and  artistic 
association.  St.  Martin's  Lane  (27)  is  not 
very  like  St.  Martin's  Lane,  but  is  magnifi- 
cently full  of  colour  and  varied  life.  So  also 
Gambia  s  Cafe,  Venice  (30),  and  the  Doorway, 
B.  Gregorio  (9),  hardly  convince  us  as  repre- 
sentations of  these  places  as  they  are,  but 
are  lavishly  and  luxuriously  expressive  of  the 
artist's  view  of  them.  Mr.'  Addams  has  the 
gift  of  fantasy,  but  gives  us,  perhaps,  more 
than  is  usual  even  with  romanticists  the 
sense  that  drawing  is  for  him  histrionic. 
We  might  cite  the  furious  wealth  of  sparkling 
detail  in  A  Soho  Alley  (46),  the  swaggering 
picturesqueness  of  Staple  Yard,  Philadelphia 
(31),  or  the  silence  of  dead  water  in  An 
Obscure  Turning,  Venice  (22),  as  indicating 
his  variety.  The  flamboyant,  shoddy 
.magnificence  of  Wagner's  Garden,  Venice 
(  >0),  looks  like  a  humorous  recognition  in 
•another  artist  of  a  weakness  of  taste  he 
.himself  shares. 

At  Messrs.  Connell's  Galleries,  Miss  Kathe- 
i'ine  Cameron  also  exhibits  etchings,  together 
with  certain  water-colours  which  have  much 
of  the  breadth  of  draughtsmanship  of  the 
work  of  her  more  famous  brother.  Her  use 
•of  colour,  on  the  other  hand,  is  far  less 
distinguished,  and  in  No.  6  particularly  this 
spoils  a  good  design.  She  appears  conscious 
•of  this  tendency  to  gaudiness,  and  sometimes, 
as  in  No.  7,  uses  a  dark-toned  paper  to 
■counteract  it.  The  device  does  not,  how- 
ever, serve  instead  of  a  fine  colour-sense. 
In  No.  15  a  bold  decorative  panel,  Cycla- 
■men,  she  scores  a  success  which  is  not 
repeated  in  the  pendent  Delphinium  (19). 
All  her  still  life  has  a  certain  boldness  and 
accomplishment  :  it  is  the  sort  of  work  that 
.gets  medals. 

If  we  could  select  the  most  capable  from 
Mr.  A.  Birck's  water-colours  of  Algeria  (at 
the  Fine  Art  Society's  Galleries),  we  should 
find  the  same  telling  display  of  confident 
ability.  No  one  could  say,  from  such  land- 
scapes as  Nos.  1,  7,  15,  23,  31,  or  40,  that 
the  artist  was  incompetent,  though  it  is 
somewhat  puzzling  to  find  a  man  with 
such  command  of  his  materials,  and  so 
fit  tie  wish  to  use  them  for  purposes  of 
beauty  of  the  finer  kind.  His  interiors 
and  figure  painting  are  so  inferior  as  to 
suggest  the  presence  behind  his  landscape 
practice  of  some  unknown  original  artist, 
•of  whom  he  is  the  faithful  copyist. 


At  the  Carfax  Gallery,  Mr.  Lucien  Pissarro 
is  well  represented  by  a  series  of  landscapes, 
of  which  Pine  Wood,  Chipp  rfield  (33),  is 
perhaps  the  most  attractive  in  its  evocation 
of  a  romantic  subject  by  very  simple  means. 
Of  the  other  exhibitors,  Miss  Diana  White 
and  Mr.  J.  B.  Manson  are  closely  related  to 
him  artistically.  The  former  is  best  in  such 
a  dignified  treatment  of  still  life  as  The  Yellow 
Plaque  (34).  Mr.  Manson's  Rhododendron 
Wood  (15)  and  Spring,  Torrington  (16),  are 
a  great  improvement  on  his  earlier  work, 
which  is  shown  also  in  its  welter  of  bright 
colours  resulting  in  tameness  (1  and  41,  for 
example).  He  appears  to  be  emerging  into 
a  use  of  colour  more  constructive  and 
scientific.  Mr.  Milne  and  Mr.  Squire  are 
somewhat  different.  Mr.  Milne  reveals, 
indeed,  little  talent  for  realism.  Painting 
from  nature  only  fidgets  a  certain  natural 
instinct  for  decoration,  which  shows  itself  in 
No.  32.  Mr.  Squire  has  on  occasion  a  great 
gift  as  colourist,  fresh,  clear,  and  inventive,  as 
in  A  Bunch  of  Flowers  (39),  variedly  rich  and 
observant  in  Clayheaps  (23).  Altogether,  it 
is  a  modest,  but  admirable  little  exhibition. 

The  Summer  Exhibition  of  the  Goupil 
Gallery  is  a  lively  and  attractive  show  in 
which  almost  all  the  pictures  are  painted 
with  apparent  ease  and  pleasure.  In  some 
instances  (the  graceful  fantasies  of  Mr.  J.  W. 
Morrice — 17,  38,  and  40 — may  be  taken  as 
not  unfavourable  examples)  this  fluency  is 
purchased  at  the  expense  of  extreme  slight- 
ness  of  subject-matter  ;  but  Mr.  P.  W.  Steer 
is  represented  by  a  work  of  unusual  solidity, 
Carmina  (18),  a  harmony  in  rose  reds  and 
browns,  well  orchestrated  on  a  sufficient 
plastic  basis.  His  Portrait  (30),  with  its 
rather  laboured  head,  lays  claim  to  similar 
quality,  but  has  not  the  elastic  and  natural 
structure  of  the  former  picture.  Both 
canvases  date,  we  fancy,  about  a  dozen  years 
back.  Mr.  Brangwyn's  Market  -  Place, 
Bruges  (29),  is  one  of  the  best  of  his  recent 
paintings ;  and  there  is  an  oil  painting  by 
Conder,  Brighton  Front  (23),  which  is 
uniquely  successful  in  the  vein  of  relatively 
full  realism  in  which  he  challenged  com- 
parisons, as  a  rule  disastrously,  with  Whistler. 
Here  for  once  he  is  almost  masculine,  and 
the  attempt  at  closer  rendering  of  natural 
effect  has  not  hampered  his  ingenuity  in 
devising  a  colour-scheme  rich  in  variety,  yet 
simple  in  effect.  Spencer  Gore's  Mornington 
Crescent  (5)  has  also  great  refinement. 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Nicholson's 
contributions  (22,  24,  26,  and  28),  clever 
as  they  are,  have  not  quite  the  definitive 
Tightness  he  sometimes  attains  in  his 
happiest  moments,  and  the  decisive  method 
thus  looks  a  little  imposed  upon  his  subject- 
matter,  rather  than  arising  naturally  from 
it.  Mrs.  Nicholson  approaches  her  husband's 
accomplishment  less  nearly  than  on  certain 
previous  occasions  in  her  somewhat  wooden 
Portrait  Heads  (34  and  36).  When  the 
stylistic  use  of  flat  tones  of  colour  is,  as  in 
these  works,  only  approximately  suggestive 
of  nature,  such  typical  nineteenth-century 
painters  as  Buxton  Knight  (32  and  33)  and 
Bonvin  (39),  with  their  more  laborious  broken 
colour,  become  formidable  neighbours. 

At  the  Chenil  Gallery,  Mr.  David  Bomberg 
shows  a  considerable  number  of  works,  some 
of  which,  such  as  Nos.  9,  25,  26,  33,  36,  or  44, 
confirm  our  opinion,  already  more  than  once 
expressed,  of  his  considerable  abilities.  To 
our  own  taste  he  would  have  been  more 
interesting  had  he  been  a  little  less  successful 
in  adapting  himself  to  the  latest  fashions. 
His  work  looks  as  if  he  were  somewhat 
feverishly  conscious  of  his  public,  yet, 
unfortunately,  failed  to  have  any  respect  for 
it. 


THE    'ROMAN    CHARITY.' 

The  picture  '  Roman  Charity,'  by  Tinto- 
retto, is  at  the  present  time  on  exhibition  at 
the  Sicilian  Galleries,  Southampton  Row, 
W.C.,  where  it  may  be  seen  free  of  charge  by 
all  who  are  interested.  The  facts  I  have  been 
able  to  substantiate  in  relation  to  its 
history  are  not  many,  but  certainly  sufficient 
to  attest  the  genuine  character  of  the 
work.  Formerly  the  property  of  George  IV., 
it  was  sold  by  him  to  a  wealthy  stockbroker, 
and  at  his  death  it  passed  into  the  possession 
of  his  daughter.  In  1896  the  picture  became 
the  subject  of  litigation,  but  I  am  unable 
to  deal  with  its  history  since  that  date.  Sir 
Richard  Holmes,  Librarian  at  Windsor 
Castle,  referred  to  this  special  painting  as 
"  a  great  and  fine  work,"  and  remarked  on 
"  its  history  and  importance.''  The  subject- 
matter  of  the  picture,  from  which  no  doubt 
Byron  derived  his  inspiration,  is  fully 
treated  in  stanzas  150  and  151  of  '  Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage.'  From  careful  inspec- 
tion and  examination  of  the  painting,  I 
should  judge  it  to  be  one  of  the  finest  ex- 
amples of  Tintoretto's  work  in  existence. 

H.  Vernon  Carey. 


It  may  interest  Mr.  Guthrie  to  know  that 
the  '  Roman  Charity,'  by  Tintoretto,  is 
now  on  view  at  the  Sicilian  Art  Gallery, 
Sicilian  Avenue,  Bloomsbury  Square,  W.C. 
It  was  sold  by  one  of  the  Georges  for  30,000Z. 
many  years  ago,  and  is  once  more  in  the 
market. 

This  picture  was  the  subject  of  much 
litigation  a  few  years  back,  but  its  genuine- 
ness was  confirmed  by  the  late  Sir  Richard 
Holmes. 

William  Hamilton  Gregory. 


A  painting  the  subject  of  which  is  as 
described  by  your  correspondent  hangs  (or 
did  hang)  in  one  of  the  small  rooms  in 
Hampton  Court  Palace.  Was  it  removed 
there  from  Windsor  ?  A  copy  is  to  be  seen 
at  Arbury  Hall,  Warwickshire. 

Jennett  Humphreys. 


I  thank  you  for  the  publication  of  my 
letter  on  Tintoretto's  great  painting,  which, 
as  I  anticipated,  has  led  to  further  informa- 
tion. It  is,  indeed,  a  noble  work,  and  quite 
comes  up  to  the  idea  I  had  formed.  It  is  a 
matter  of  public  interest  that  any  work  by 
one  of  the  world's  great  painters  should, 
when  once  it  has  been  acquired  by  the 
nation,  not  be  lost  sight  of.  It  is  not, 
perhaps,  essential  that  every  such  work 
should  be  purchased  for  the  nation,  or  even 
retained  in  the  collection  in  which  it  has 
once  been  (although  in  this  case  one  may- 
wonder  why  the  eighteenth-century  authori- 
ties parted  with  this  example  of  Venetian 
art).  But  it  is  essential  to  the  completeness 
of  our  art  knowledge  that  a  record  should  be 
kept  of  where  such  works  go  to,  and  how 
and  where  they  can  be  seen.  Indeed,  it 
might  be  as  well  if,  in  the  case  of  pictures 
once  thought  important  enough  to  be 
exhibited  in  the  nation's  great  galleries, 
private  purchasers  were  made  to  sign  an 
undertaking  that  they  would  allow  the 
public,  or  art  critics  and  art  students  at 
least,  to  view  these  pictures  under  certain 
specified  conditions,  say,  once  a  year  or 
on  certain  specified  days. 

The  world's  great  work  belongs  to  the 
world,  and  should  be  its  inalienable  heritage. 

I  thank  you  for  the  information  con- 
veyed in  the  letter  you  were  kind  enough 
to  let  me  see  before  publishing  it,  and  thus 
for  the  knowledge  that  has  enabled  me  to  see 
the  picture.  Edward  Guthrie. 

**  *  We  thank  further  correspondents  for 
letters. 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


001 


FINE    ART    SALES. 
THK    NORTHWICK    BNGRAV1NQS. 

Thb  collection  of  engravings  Conned  by  .lolm. 
Lord  Northwick,  in  the  first  hall  of  the  last 
century,  has  been  sold  this  week  by  Messrs. 
Christ io.  The  prints  had  remained  in  folios 
since  they  were  collected,  and  were  generally  in 
fine  con  lit  ion.  Many  were  from  the  collection 
of  sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  and  stamped  with 
his  mark.  The  sale  will  be  notable  for  the 
fact  that  a  first  state  of  Valentine  Green's  '  Lady 
Betty  Dehne  and  Children.'  after  Reynolds, 
realized  1,8371.  LOs.,  the  highest  price  yet  given 
at  auction  for  an  engraving.  Prices  of  other 
important  lots  in  the  first  three  days  follow  : — 

After  Reynolds  :  Lady  Bampfylde,  by  T- 
Watson,  first  published  state,  120/.  Hon.  Mrs- 
Beresford.  with  the  Marchioness  Townshend  and 
Mrs.  Gardiner,  by  V.  Green,  first  state,  204Z.  16s. 
Mrs.  Caraac,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  first  published  state, 
1,050/.  Lady  Elizabeth  Compton,  by  V.  Green, 
first  state.  L'32/.  Diana,  Viscountess  Crosbie,  by 
W.  Dickinson,  first  state,  60:?/.  The  Brothers 
Gawler  ('Schoolboys'),  by  J.  R.  Smith,  first 
published  state.  :i2.">/.  10s.  Jane,  Duchess  of 
Cordon,  by  \Y.  Dickinson,  first  state,  2ti2Z.  10s. 
Lady  Jane  Ilalliday.  by  V.  Green,  first  state,  588/. 
Mrs.  Hardinge,  by  T.  Watson,  first  published  state, 
262Z.  10.*.  Miss  Frances  Harris,  by  J.  Grozer, 
first  state,  before  any  letters,  3041.  10s.  Lady 
Harriet  Herbert,  by  V.  Green,  second  state,  with 
the  publication  line,  152/.  5s.  Lady  Caroline 
Howard,  by  the  same,  first  state,  '28:?/.  10s. 
Hon.  Frances  Ingram,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  first  state, 
173/.  5s.  Miss  Jacobs,  by  J.  Spilsbury,  proof 
before  any  letters,  before  the  plate  was  cleaned, 
102/.  15s.  Miss  Frances  Kemble,  in  black  dress, 
by  J.  Jon.-,  first  state,  '52/.  5s.  Lady  Louisa 
Manuel's,  by  V.  Green,  first  state.  162/.  Mrs. 
Mathew,  by  \V.  Dickinson,  first  published  state, 
\2<il.  Mrs.  Pelham  feeding  Chickens,  by  the 
same,  fine  impression  of  the  only  state,  4203. 
Lady  Caroline  Price,  by  J.  Jones,  first  state,  180/. 
Isabella,  Duchess  of  Rutland,  by  V.  Green,  first 
state,  756/.  Col.  Tarleton,  bv  J.  R.  Smith,  first 
state,  257/.  5s.  The  Ladies  Waldegrave,  by 
V.  Green,  first  state,  367/.  10s. 


THE    BASCOM    COIN"    SALE. 

Ox  Monday,  the  15th  inst.,  and  the  following 
day,  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  the  collection  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  English  coins  formed  by  Mr.  G.  J. 
Bascom  of  New  York,  the  chief  lots  beintj  : — 
Pennies:  Mercia,  Cyriethryth,  706,  25/.  10s.; 
Wiglaf,  area  830,  believed  to  be  a  unique  variety, 
100/.  ;  Beormvulf,  823-5.  30/.  Kent,  Ecghbert, 
765-91,  one  of  four  specimens  known,  -18/.  10s.  ; 
Baldred,  806-25,  Canterbury  Penny,  only  one 
other  specimen  known,  75Z.  ;  Jaenberht,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  766-00,  35/.  East  Anglia, 
-Ethelstan  1.,  828—37,  only  four  other  specimens 
known,  26/.  St.  Martin  of  Lincoln,  a  very 
scarce  coin,  70J.  Ms.  Xorthumbria,  Styca  of 
Bcgfrith,  670-85,  25/.  ;  Eanred,  Archbishop  of 
Fork,  807-H,  Penny.  20/.  10s.:  Sihtric,  021-6, 
Penny,  believed  to  be  unique,  38/.  10s.  Wessex, 
Kcghbeort,  8<>2-3s,  IVnny,  287.  in*.  Henry  IV. 
of  England,  London  Farthing,  said  to  be  unique, 
21/.  5.v.  Henry  VII.,  third  coinage,  Septim 
Shilling,  35/.  Edward  II..  London  Penny, 
reign  type,  "."</.  Mary  I..  Sola  Half-Groat, 
211.  10«.  Elizabeth,  Three-Fartbings,  London 
mint,  1563,  25/. 

The  total  of  the  sale  was  1,570/.  6s. 


OTIIKR    SALES. 


At  Messrs.  Christie's  on  Friday,  the  10th  inst., 

De   Wint's   drawing  of    Eenilworth,   with   cattle 

and    sheep    in    the    foreground,    fetched    210Z.  ; 

R.    W.    Leader's    picture    On    the    Thames, 

3267.  10». 

At   Mi  Sotheby's   sale   of   engravings   on 

Wednesday,  the  17th  inst .,  and  the  following  day, 
the  most  important  lots  were:  Jones,  after 
Romney,  Edmund  Burke,  98f.  Cousins,  after 
rence,  Master  Lambton,  1301.  Lucas,  after 
Constable,  The  Lock,  80Z.  ;  The  Cornfield,  1021.  ; 
The  vale  of  Dedham,  921.  Knight,  after  Opie, 
The  Tired  Soldier,  and  The  Elopement,  a  pair, 
printed  in  colours,  707. 


fint   Art   (BoBsip. 

Tin.  latest  Journal  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  gives  the  text  of  a  paper  up. 
'  Beautiful  London,'  recently  read  before  the 
Institute  by  Mr.  Rallies  Davison.  In  the 
discussion  which  followed,  We  were  interested 
to  see  that  Sir  Aston  Webb  emphasized  a  point 
which,  it'  minor,  is  yet  of  some  aesthetic 
importance — the  architecture  of  shop-fronts. 
He  contended  with  reason  that  Regent 
Street,  now  rebuilding,  must  not  have  the 
continuous  glass  fronts  which  many  trades- 
men have  persuaded  themselves  are  essential 
for  their  interests,  regardless  of  t  he  effect  on 
a  great  street,  when  towering  buildings  are 
made  to  look  as  if  they  were  supported  on 
nothing  but  sheets  of  plate-glass.  Several 
large  shops  have  recently  been  built  with 
piers — a  plan  which  not  only  adds  to  the 
dignity  of  the  appearance  of  the  street,  but 
is  also  more  favourable  than  the  use  of 
continuous  sheets  of  glass  to  the  good  display 
of  wares. 

Something  might,  we  think,  be  learnt  by 
the  citizens  of  London  as  to  this  latter  art. 
We  share  the  wonder  of  a  German  savant 
who  recently  visited  us — expecting  much  in 
the  way  of  our  native  feeling  for  beauty — 
at  the  hideousness  of  most  shop-windows. 
It  must  argue  some  real  defect  when,  quite 
needlessly,  people  invent  and  repeat  such 
ugly  arrangements  as  those  presented  by  the 
great  majority  of  shops,  or  make  such 
incongruous  combinations  as  the  bunches  of 
Madonna  lilies  or  chrysanthemums  one  often 
sees  set  up  in  the  midst  of  crowded  bales  of 
drab  and  grej^  cloth  in  tailors'  windows. 
Before  shopkeepers  build  with  an  eye  to  the 
street  as  a  whole,  they  might,  perhaps,  be 
induced  to  dress  their  windows  from  that 
point  of  view.  As  it  is,  the  humble  green- 
grocer is  in  many  streets  the  most  valuable 
citizen  in  helping  to  beautify  his  town. 

Xo.  17  of  The  Journal  of  the  Imperial  Arts 
League  has,  as  usual,  some  interesting 
articles  and  letters.  '  Vox  Populi  —  at 
Chelsea '  deals  sarcastically  with  the  wisdom 
of  the  Borough  Council  in  matters  of  art. 
Mr.  R.  R,  Tatlock  considers  '  The  Artificial 
Lighting  of  Pictures  '  in  a  practical  spirit  ; 
and  Mr.  Harold  Speed's  paper  on  '  Arl 
and  the  Representation  of  Visual  Nature,' 
though  loosely  written,  is  enlightening. 

From  the  notes  we  gather  that  the  United 
States  admit  original  paintings,  drawings, 
&c,  free  of  duty,  while  the  Australian 
Customs  impose  a  duty.  The  League  has 
joined  Australian  artists  in  protesting  against 
this. 

It  is  proposed  to  erect  a  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Marie  Bashkirtseff  at  Xice.  A 
committee  has  been  formed  for  the  purpose, 

and  M.  Michel  de  Tarnowslcy  has  undertaken 
to  execute  the  work. 

THE  Dublin  Museum  has  recently  acquired 
an     interesting     collection     of     gold     objects, 

consisting  <>f  a  torque,  a  bracelet,  two  pins, 

the  model  of  a  shield,  and   five  small   models 

of  flat  axe-.  These  objects,  which  were 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Strangford 
Lough,  belong  to  one  of  the  later  periods  of 
the  Bronze  Age. 

M.  I'kytki.  ha-  bequeathed  to  the  Louvre 
twenty  pictures  chosen  among  the  best  in  Ins 
collection.  Portraits  of  J.  F.  Millet  by  him- 
seit;  of  Alphonse  Daudet  and  In-,  daughter, 
byCarriere;  of  King  Edward  Vll.as  Prince 
of  Wales,  by  Bastien-Lepage  ;  and  '  Allee 
d'Arbres  a  i'Automne,  63  Sisley,  form 
the  most  noteworthy  pari  of  this  valuable 
gift. 


MUSIC 

— ♦ — 

Wagner  as  Man  and  Artist.    By  Ernest 

Newman.     (Dent  &  Sons,  7*.  6d.  net.) 

In  this  interesting  book  the  author  has 
tried  to  reconstruct  Wagner  as  man  and 
musician  from  his  own  letters,  bis  auto- 
biography, the  let  teis  and  reminiscences  of 
Others,  his  prose  works,  and  his  musi  ; 
and  this  is  an  excellent  way  of  studying 
him.  Letters  which  at  the  time  fchcy 
were  written  were  only  meant  for  t 
persons  to  whom  they  were  addressed  are 
specially  useful  as  testimony.  An  auto- 
biography may  not  be  always  sincere, 
and  Wagner's,  only  when  compared  with 
the  othcrsources  named,  becomes  valuable 
in  revealing  the  real  man.  We  are  told 
that  Wagner  had  a  complex  character — 
varying  from  saint  to  sinner;  and,  since 
his  chief  biographers  have  been  inclined 
to  hide  his  faults,  Mr.  Newman  can 
scarcely  be  blamed  for  showing  his  mean 
behaviour,  his  distortions,  subterfuges,  and 
even,  as  in  the  case  of  Minna,  falsehoods. 
Yet  it  seems  a  pity,  now  that  his  works 
are  classic,  to  recall  faults  which  in  most 
cases  arose  from  a  highly  excitable  and 
moody  nature.  Macau  lay,  when  men- 
tioning facts  in  Clive's  life  which  in 
ordinary  men  would  be  strongly  con- 
demned, remarked  that  great  men  must 
not  be  judged  by  the  ordinary  standard. 

In  the  section  on  '  The  Artist  in  Theory . 
Mr.  Newman  speaks  of  the  poetic  spirit  in 
Beethoven,  of  which  that  composer  was 
"  only  dimly  conscious,  but  which  Wagner 
from  the  beginning  saw  to  be  inherent 
in  him."  We,  however,  believe  that 
Beethoven  was  fully  aware  of  it,  and,  in 
some  instances,  named  the  poetic  basis. 
Schindler,  long  before  Wagner,  felt 
that  there  were  meanings  in  many  of 
Beethoven's  works. 

Mr.  Newman's  statement  that  "  giants 
like  Bach,  Beethoven,  and  Mozart  are  seen 
to  be  loaded  with  chains  of  their  own  and 
their  fellows'  forging"  is  strong.  They 
found  the  restraint  useful,  and  Beethoven, 
with  whom  we  are  here  specially  concerned, 
frequently  loosened  his  chains,  if  he  never 
shook  them  off. 

Again,  speaking  of 

"the  efforts  made  in  OUT  nun  day  by  tin 
carrying  over  of  themes  from  one  movement 
to  another, as  in  Cesar  Kranck's  Sonata  lot 
violill  and  piano," 

the  author  remarks  that 

"in  apiece  of  ostensibly  abstract  music  th 

recurrence  simply  puzzles  us  [and  adds:. 
No     satisfactory     answer     can      be     given 

except  in  terms  of  a  programme  to  the 
question  why  a  theme  that  has  apparently 
Berved  its  purpose   should  I"-  resuscitated  by 

the    composer    ;ll     ;l     l;l  t  r|-    StagB,     ill    preleroli'   ,■ 

to  t  he  invent  ion  of  a  fresh  1  heme. 

We  cannot  see  anything  puzzling  in  this. 

It  was  done  to  promote  unity,  and  date- 
not    from    "  OUT  own   day,'    but    from    the 

seventeenth  century ;  moreover,  Beethoven 

made  prominent    use  of  it . 

Wagner  [we  read  |  was    uncomfortable 

until    he    had    made   everything   visible 

thai     formerly    had     been    left     to     the 

imagination."      We    certainly    agree     with 


902 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


the  author  that  he  would  have  done 
better  to  repose  faith  in  the  imagina- 
tion of  his  audience,  and  omit  many 
doubtful  things  —  such,  for  instance, 
as  the  dragon  in  'Siegfried.'  Several 
instances,  however,  are  mentioned  in 
which  Wagner's  practice  was  inconsistent 
with  his  theory  :  he  objected  to  instru- 
mental music  which  required  a  pro- 
gramme to  convey  its  meaning — i.e.,  to 
symphonic  poems.  So  Mr.  Newman  de- 
clares that  the  k  Tannhauser '  and  other 
overtures  of  Wagner  are,  in  fact,  "  artistic 
solecisms."  At  a  first  performance  of  the 
overture  just  mentioned,  the  music  cannot, 
of  course,  convey  its  meaning  to  an 
audience  any  more  clearly  than  '  Ein 
Heldenleben '  without  a  literary  explana- 
tion of  its  contents.  But  at  all  subsequent 
performances  the  meaning  would  be  clear ; 
and  many,  even  at  a  first  hearing,  would 
have  previously  discovered,  by  examining 
the  vocal  scores,  that  the  overtures  were 
epitomes  of  the  operas.  Mr.  Newman 
considers,  and  not  without  reason,  that 
such  overtures  are  irrational ;  the  operatic 
overture  in  fact  "  is  now  virtually 
abolished."  Beethoven's  '  Leonore,'  No.  3 
Overture,  is  certainly  an  anti- climax, 
while  the  themes  in  Wagner's  '  Meister- 
singer  '  Overture  are  heard  so  often  in  the 
course  of  the  work  that  the  overture 
seems  unnecessary.  In  a  concert-room  it 
is  most  effective,  and  even  as  abstract 
music  has  compelling  power. 

Mr.   Newman's   book   is   ably  written, 
and  calculated  to  stimulate  thought. 


OPERA    AT    DRURY    LANE. 

M.  Igor  Stravinsky's  opera-ballet, 
'  Le  Rossignol,'  was  produced  at  Drury 
Lane  on  Thursday  evening  in  last  week. 
His  '  Petrouchka,'  when  first  produced 
at  Co  vent  Garden,  seemed  to  mark  him  as 
the  coming  man  among  modern  com- 
posers. The  rhythmic  life,  the  masterly 
orchestration,  the  spontaneity  of  the 
music,  and  the  congruency  of  tone  and 
action  were  the  strong  points  in  this  all 
too  brief  masterpiece.  In  the  '  Sacre  du 
Prin temps  '  he  created  a  strange,  though 
not  a  strong  impression.  Andersen's  tale 
•of  '  The  Nightingale,'  on  which  the  new 
Avork  is  based,  seemed  to  suggest  expressive 
and  beautiful  music.  The  realism  on  the 
stage  and  in  the  orchestra  during  the  scene 
in  the  palace  of  the  Chinese  Emperor  was 
certainly  clever,  and  the  scene  was  wonder- 
fully attractive.  But  the  singing  of  the 
'  Nightingale  "  proved  disappointing.  It 
was  declared  by  the  Chamberlain  to  be 
marvellous,  and  by  the  courtiers  to  be 
beautiful ;  to  us,  however,  it  appeared  to 
be  lacking  in  inspiration  ;  moreover,  the 
singer,  Mile.  Aurelia  Dobrowolska,  who 
stood  in  the  orchestra  with  her  back  to  the 
stage,  was  uncertain,  and  not  always  quite 
in  tune.  But  the  illusion,  especially  in  the 
opening  scene,  was  spoilt  by  the  fact  that 
she  was  visible,  and  by  the  "flute  notes  also 
doing  duty  for  the  bird.  The  prelude  and 
the  fisherman's  music  were  reasonable,  but 
later  the  composer  seemed  principally 
occupied  in  making  experiments  in  orches- 
tration.     We  respect  M.   Stravinsky  be- 


cause, as  we  noted  above,  he  has  displayed 
power  ;  but  this  ballet  does  not  strike  us 
as  a  step  in  advance.  '  Petrouchka  '  was 
natural,  this  is  artificial.  M.  Emile  Cooper 
conducted  most  skilfully. 

'  Midas,'  which  followed,  is  a  mytho- 
logical comedy  by  M.  Michel  Fokine,  with 
music  by  M.  Maximilien  Steinberg,  who 
conducted.  The  comedy  was  at  times 
too  much  like  farce,  and  the  music,  if 
sound  and  intelligible,  was  not  particularly 
characteristic.  Madame  Tamar  Karsa- 
vina's  dancing  was  very  graceful. 

Dr.  Strauss's  ballet,  '  La  Legende  de 
Joseph,'  was  produced  last  Tuesday  even- 
ing. The  first  thing  that  strikes  one  is  the 
simplicity  of  the  music.  Here  and  there 
are  sounds  which  remind  one  of  '  Salome  '  ; 
but  apart  from  these  there  is  nothing  likely 
to  arouse  discussion.  The  composer  has 
already  attempted  in  his  *  Rosenkavalier  ' 
to  write  in  a  simpler  style,  and  the  present 
work  is  a  further  step  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. This  simplicity  is  pleasant,  but 
whether  it  is  natural  or  assumed  may  be 
doubted.  The  ballet  is  based  on  the  story, 
or,  as  it  is  called,  the  legend,  of  Joseph 
and  Potiphar's  wife  as  related  in  the  Old 
Testament.  Herr  Hugo  von  Hofmanns- 
thal  has  retained  the  Bible  names  and  the 
story,  but  the  period  is  that  of  the  Re- 
naissance in  Italy.  This  is  a  permissible 
transposition,  since  the  characters  are  said 
to  be  symbolical ;  the  names  then  ought  also 
to  have  been  changed.  The  spectacle  on  the 
stage  is  sumptuous,  and  will,  we  believe, 
attract — at  any  rate  at  first — more  than 
the  music.  The  part  of  Potiphar's  wife 
was  played  in  an  impassioned  manner  by 
Madame  Karsavina.  M.  Leonide  Mias- 
sine,  the  young  dancer  who  impersonated 
Joseph,  is  clever  and  dignified. 

The  performance  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  Strauss  was  exceedingly  fine,  and  the 
light  scoring  of  the  music  accompanying 
the  dances  is  as  striking  as  its  diatonic 
character.  It  was  undoubtedly  a  success. 
Dr.  Strauss  must  know  that,  as  regards  the 
great  public,  simplicity  in  art  makes  a 
stronger  appeal  than  the  highest  display 
of  skill.  It  is  difficult  to  be  simple  and 
interesting ;  but  the  symphonic  poems 
'  Tod  und  Verkliirung  '  and  '  Don  Juan ' 
show  that  he  can  overcome  that  difficulty. 


THE    ORFEO    CATALA. 

The  Orfeo  Catala,  a  choral  society 
founded  at  Barcelona  in  1891,  gave  the 
first  of  three  concerts  at  the  Royal  Albert 
Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon.  It  was 
specially  organized  by  Senor  Lluis  Millet, 
the  conductor,  to  revive  interest  in  the 
folk-songs  and  old  sacred  music.  The 
programme  of  this  first  concert  included 
some  popular  Catalan  songs,  and 
choral  pieces  by  modern  musicians,  not- 
ably Millet's  '  Christmas  Song,'  and  the 
'  Elegia  Eterna  '  by  Granados,  a  composer, 
by  the  way,  of  considerable  merit.  In  the 
last-named  the  solo  part  was  sung  by 
Madame  Maria  Barrientos,  who  has  a 
beautiful  soprano  voice  :  her  production 
of  tone  is  very  smooth,  and  in  high  notes 
perfectly  steady.  The  women  of  the 
excellent  choir  sing  with  expression,  and 


in  soft  passages  with  marked  purity  and 
delicacy  of  tone  ;  the  basses  are  slightly 
better  than  the  tenors.  Senor  Millet 
conducts  with  power  and  judgment.  The 
Mendelssohn  Concerto  was  well  rendered 
by  Senor  Manen,  and  Madame  Barrientos 
sang  with  skill  the  Mad  Scene  from  '  Ham- 
let.' A  selection  of  sacred  music  from 
some  of  the  great  Spanish  masters  of  the 
sixteenth  century  would,  however,  have 
been  more  welcome. 


Jltuatral  dcssip. 

When  '  Pelleas  et  Melisande  '  was  pro- 
duced at  Paris  twelve  years  ago,  an  early 
notice  in  an  English  musical  paper  spoke 
of  it  as  having  met  with  a  "  very  qualified  " 
success.  That  was  true,  and  the  work 
aroused  much  discussion  when  first  heard 
here.  But  Covent  Garden  has  persevered  in 
repeating  it  ;  and  now  the  dream-like  stage 
pictures,  together  with  the  atmospheric 
music,  are  duly  appreciated  by  serious 
musicians.  It  is  scarcely  likely,  however, 
that  the  work  will  ever  become  a  popular 
success.  An  excellent  performance  was 
given  at  Covent  Garden  last  Wednesday 
evening.  Madame  Edvina  was  again  a 
delightful  Melisande,  and  M.  Maguenat's 
conception  of  Pelleas  was  highly  poetical. 
M.  Bourbon  was  originally  announced  for  the 
part  of  Golaud,  but  it  was  taken  by  M. 
Dufranne.  The  latter  is  an  able  artist, 
notable,  like  M.  Maguenat,  for  clear  diction, 
but  his  voice  was  rather  heavy.  Signor 
Polacco's  fine  conducting  deserves  note. 

There  will  be  an  extra  performance  of 
'  Tosca  '  on  Monday,  in  which  Signor  Caruso 
will  appear  for  the  last  time.  '  Don  Gio- 
vanni '  is  announced  for  Thursday,  and 
'  Figaro  '  is  promised. 

On  Wednesday  evening  M.  Emil  Mlynarski 
gave  the  third  and  last  of  his  orchestral 
concerts  at  Queen's  Hall.  Poland  was  repre- 
sented by  M.  Sigismond  Stojowsky.  whose 
Suite  in  e  flat  was  heard  here  for  the  first 
time.  The  composer  was  trained  at  the 
Paris  Conservatoire,  but  in  the  '  Intermede 
Polonais  '  and  '  Reverie"  Cracovienne  '  sec- 
tions there  are  Slavonic  rhythms  and  tonality. 
Western  influence,  however,  is  felt.  The 
music  is  attractive,  also  the  orchestral 
colouring.  Other  and  pleasing  novelties — a 
'  Romance  '  by  K.  Szymanowski  and  a 
'  Polish  Dance  '  by  R.  Statkowski  —  were 
well  rendered  by  M.  Paul  Kochanski. 

The  final  appearance  for  the  season  of 
Madame  Tetrazzini,  which  took  place  last 
Tuesday  at  the  Albert  Hall,  deserves  mention, 
if  only  for  the  sake  of  two  items  :  Tschai- 
kowsky's  '  Francesca  da  Rimini,'  finely 
handled  by  M.  Nikisch,  notably  the  Andante 
Cantabile,  in  which  the  solo  instruments  gave 
admirable  expression  to  the  rhythmic  beauty 
of  their  themes;  and  '  Voi  che  sapete,'  given 
by  Madame  Tetrazzini  as  an  encore.  Her 
rendering  of  that  exquisite  song — now  old, 
but  ever  new  to  those  who  know  where 
beauty  lies  — ■  surely  proves  that,  even 
apart  from  her  technique,  visible  in  such 
numbers  (world-worn  in  their  agility)  as 
'  Caro  Nome  '  and  '  La  Canzon  quest '  e 
ch'ogni,'  her  voice  would  have  been  wonderful 
among  many  for  its  clarity  and  variety  of 
tone.  The  Mozart  air,  as  she  sang  it,  cer- 
tainly took  all  the  colour  out  of  the 
Meyerbeer  that  preceded  it — which  is  as  it 
should  be. 

Master  Solomon,  when  he  made  his 
debut  at  the  age  of  8  two  years  ago,  was 
certainly  a  child  of  great  promise.  Last 
Tuesday  he  gave  another  orchestral  concert 


No.  4522,   June  '27,  1014 


THE     ATHEN M U M 


9(M 


at    Queen's  Ball,  and   bis  performances  of 

Brahms's    D    minor   Concerto    and    of    Liszt's 

Hungarian  Rhapsody  for  piano  and  orchestra 
proved  that  he  has  been  under  wise  guidance, 

ami  that  he  is  no  ordinary  prodigy.  His 
playing,  though  wonderful,  is  not  uncanny, 
and,  his  powers  not  being  fully  developed, 

he  may  do  still  better.  He  seems  -thanks 
to  his  teacher  to  be  escaping  the  danger  of 
being  made  a  show. 

A  matin  kk  will  be  given  on  Tuesday, 
July  7th,  at  Bechstein  Hall,  to  provide  a 
fund  for  Mr.  ('.  Karlyle,  who,  through 
ill-health,  is  unable  to  attend  to  his  pro- 
fessional    duties.      Mi-s     Emmy     Destinn, 

Madame  Amies  Nicholls,  t  ho  Misses  Harrison. 
MM.  Dinh  Gilly,  Bogea  Oumiroff,  Arthur 
Rubinstein,  and  Hamilton  Harty.  and  other 
artists  are  giving  their  services.  Mr.  Karlyle 
i-  well  known  as  a  musician. 

The  Royal  Irish  Academy  of  Music, 
which  held  its  annual  meeting  last  week  in 
Dublin,  is  in  need  of  a  larger  building  in 
which  to  carry  on  its  work.  The  progress  of 
the  institution  and  consequent  overcrowding 
were  dwelt  on  in  the  report  of  the  Governors, 
as  was  also  the  need  for  a  large  concert-hall 
fcv  Dublin. 

The  season  of  the  Theatre  des  Champs 
Elysees  came  to  a  close  with  a  performance 
of  the  first  act  of  '  Tristan,9  followed  by 
the  second  act  of  'II  Barbiere,'  a 
juxtaposition  which,  at  any  rate,  offered  a 
striking  contrast.  Le  Meneatrel  last  week 
quoted  a  notice  of  '  II  Barbiere  '  from  the 
pen  of  Augustin  Thierry  in  1819,  only  three 
years  after  its  production  at  Rome,  in  which 
he  describes  it  as  a  mixture  of  styles  : — 

"  the  fluctuating  character  of  Scotch  melody,  the 
dryness  of  French  airs,  the  fracas  of  (German 
harmony,  and  occasionally  some  phrases  in  Italian 
style,  but  badly  developed." 

Thierry  at  the  time  contributed  the  theatrical 
fueilleion  to  the  Censeur  europeen. 

Francois  Philidor  was  celebrated  for 
his  skill  at  chess,  but  he  was  also  a  composer 
of  operas,  though  the  latter,  successful  in 
lu's  day,  are  little  known  even  by  name. 
One,  however,  has  been  revived  at  Paris  by 
anjamateur  "  Societedu  dix-huitieme  Sieele," 
namely,  "Tom  Jones. :  produced  in  1765. 
The  libretto,  based  on  Fielding's  novel,  was 
lull  that  the  opera  failed.  The  composer, 
however,  had  the  book  revised  by  Sedaine, 
and  a  year  later  the  opera  wa.s  given  with 
complete  success.  Le  Menestrel  of  the  20th 
inst.,  referring  to  the  revival,  describes  the 
opera  as  a  chef-d'oeuvre,  and  regrets  that 
"  the  name  of  Philidor  should  be  quite  for- 
gotten by  our  theatres." 

Dr.  Ethel  Smyth's  opera  '  Der  Wald,' 

produced  at  Covent  Garden  some  years 
back,  is  to  be  given  at  Munich  next  February; 
while  a  new  opera  from  her  pen,  'The 
Boatswain's  .Mate,'  will  be  produced  shortly 
in  Germany,  probably  at  Frankfurt. 


SC! 

Mi 
H 
Hi 


Ti  >  -. 


V. 


Tin  n- 

1 


PERFORM  WES     NEXT    WEEK. 
Hpecia  Concert.  I  ::\  Royal   \ll,ert  Hall. 
-8at.  Royal  Opera,  ('orent  Garden. 

>l>era.  Theatre  Royal.  Drury  Lane. 

Empress  of  Ireland  Memorial  '  boesrt,  ;,  Royal   \U,ert  Hall. 
Fotwrto  BUaUa't  Concert,  I  15,  Mteinway  Hall. 
Katie  Bacon's  Pianoforte  H  total.  8.15.  Hteinway  Hall 
Harah    Penning    ami    a.oni<  (   -rrie i    Violin    and    Pianoforte 

R"  ital.  «  13.  lEolian  Hall. 
Juliette  Autran'i  Vocal  R.-  it. I    -  M,  Be.  lutein  Hall. 
Percy  Grainger's  Pianoforte  Baeftal         BolUn  Hall 
Yvette  Gullbert's  Rental    !  15,  Beclmt.  in  Mill 
Hans  Eliell's  Pianoforte  Medial,  t  i  ,    Becnateia  II  ill. 
Society  of  Women  Musicians.  8.30,  /holian  II  ill 
Bertram  Binyon's  Vocal  Krcital.  :i  1.'    Saltan  Hall 
Marjirie  A'lim.  Pianoforte  Re,  Ital  I  t.  |„  Hall. 

Solomon  s  Orchestral  Concert,  -  Qoata  I  Ball 
Tara   Wallace  and   HariU    Benaton  •   Violin   and     Pianoforte 

ReciUl.S.lS.  Beclnt.:!!.  Hall 

Daisy  Kennedy  •  Violin  Recital   .730.    E.lian  Ball 

Nina  Phocaas  \octl  Reciul.  1  15,  BaehaUfal  Hall. 

Margaret   Wild  and   Herlwrt    Fryers    Hong    and    Pianoforte 

Recital.  SI',  ^olian  Hall 
Alfred  Kaatners  Harp  Recital.  "  15,  Lelghton  House. 


DRAMA 


The  Plays  and  Poems  of  George  Chapman. 
Edited  with  Introductions  and  Notes  by 
Thomas  Marc  Parrott.  Vol.  II.  (Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons,  (is.) 

Prof.  Parrott  lias  now  published  the 
second  volume  of  his  edition  of  Chapman, 
which,  we  venture  to  think,  will  for  some 
time  remain  our  first  authority.  Like 
its  predecessor,  it  is  remarkable  for  its 
thoroughness  and  critical  sanity.  We 
think  it  deserved  a  larger  form  and  more 
generous  type,  and  that  the  publishers 
would  have  been  well  advised  to  spread 
the  crowded  matter  (vol.  ii.  has  911 
pages)  over  a  larger  number  of  volumes. 
Footnotes  in  "ruby"  should  be  left  for 
Bradshaw  or  Whitaker. 

The  volume  reprints  the  seven  accepted 
comedies  and  the  masque  of  the  Middle 
Temple  and  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  and  by  its 
addition  of  '  Eastward  Ho,'  '  The  Bali,' 
and  '  Sir  Giles  Goosecap,'  raises  some 
fresh  points  in  the  determination  of  the 
Chapman  canon.  The  discussion  of  these 
three  plays — perhaps  the  most  interesting 
portion  of  the  book — can  be  referred  to 
here  only  in  very  general  terms.  Mr. 
Parrott's  arguments  rest  on  a  long  series 
of  details  which  cannot  be  stated  within 
narrower  limits  than  the  editor  has  im- 
posed upon  himself. 

The  ascription  of  '  Sir  Giles  Goosecap  ' 
to  Chapman  is  now  made  with  some  con- 
fidence. Since  the  time  when  Mr.  Bullen 
included  it  in  his  '  Old  English  Plays,'  and 
stated  his  difficulties  in  fixing  the  author- 
ship, several  suggestions  have  been  made 
in  favour  of  Chapman,  but  no  body  of 
argument  so  complete  as  Mr.  Parrott's  has 
appeared  before.  And  if  it  be  admitted, 
with  the  editor,  that  the  evidence  is 
mainly  based  on  ''*  parallels,  repetitions, 
similarities  of  expression,  and  analogous 
situations  to  his  undoubted  works,"  it 
is  too  extensive  and  clear  to  be  brushed 
aside.  These  have  a  textual  value  of 
quite  another  kind  than  that  which  is 
offered  by  David  Masson  in  his  Shake- 
spearian "'  recurrences  "  in  the  recently 
published  posthumous  volume  on  '  Shake- 
speare Personally.  '  Eastward  Ho  '  pre- 
sents a  different  problem — the  reappor- 
tioning of  shares  in  a  collaborated  piece. 
Mr.  Parrott  thinks  that  a  truer  alloca- 
tion "  is  quite  possible,"  and  he  makes 
out  a  plausible  case  for  his  own  arrange- 
ment. He  is,  perhaps,  too  dogmatic 
when  he  tells  us  that  it  "  seems  to  me 
ascertain  as  things  of  this  sort  can  be." 
Students  engaged  in  this  detective  work, 
especially  among  the  Elizabethans,  know 
what  this  ••  can  be  "  mean..  •  The  Ball  ' 
is  rightly  included  (if  only  in  courtesy  to 
the  ascription  on  the  title-page  <»f  the  first 

issue),  though  the  editor  shows  that  the 
early    reference  to  Chapman   was  a  stupid 

(rather  than  a  wicked)  printer's  act,  and 

that  there  are  cogent  reasons  for  describ- 
ing the  play  as  the  "sole  and  unaided 
work  of  Shirley." 

As    in    bis    fiiBi    volume,    Mr.    Parrotl 
supplements  bis  discussion  of  the  author- 


ship and  bibliography  of  each  of  the  plays 
with  many  pages  of  notes,  for  which  the 
general  reader  will  be  grateful.  They 
give  us  the  impression  that  he  has 
resisted  the  temptation  to  pedantic  irrele- 
vance. The  note  Oil  "  draw  you  up  in  a 
basket"  (p.  807),  in  '  Widow's  Tears,'  I. 
i.  7(>.  might  have  had  a  reference  to  '  The 
Miller's  Tale,'  especially  as  Mr.  Parrott 
has  been  at  pains  to  show,  justly,  how 
much  Chapman  was  indebted  to  Chaucer 
(p.    894).    To    say    that    Petroniua    was 

translated  "  by  Mr.  Addison  "  is,  though 
a  title -page  truth,  an  unwelcome  en- 
couragement to  the  popular  heresy  that 
associates  the  book  with  the  co-editor  of 
The  Spectator. 

We  hope  Mr.  Parrott  will  give  us  the 
third  and  concluding  volume  without 
delay,  and  with  it  his  general  introduction. 


Dramatic   (5ossip. 

Three  one-act  plays  were  given  on  Mon- 
day at  a  matinee  at  the  Little  Theatre.  The 
first,  'The  Duel'  an  adaptation  from 
Guy  de  Maupassant  depicts  a  man  BO 
afraid  of  people  learning  of  the  fear  into 
which  the  chance  of  death  throws  him  that. 
putting  a  pistol  behind  bis  hack,  he  shoot-- 
himself.  The  acting  of  Mr.  E.  Harcourt 
Williams  in  the  principal  part  was  too 
elaborate  to  be  natural. 

Mrs.  Herbert  Cohen's  'The  bevel  Cross- 
ing," which  followed,  is  deficient  in  con- 
struction. It  touches  on  the  callous- 
ness of  railway  oflicials.  The  recital  on  the 
stage  of  accounts  of  incidents  before  the 
opening  of  the  piece  might  be  avoided  by 
a  note  on  the  programme,  if  it  cannot  be 
more  artistically  done.  The  action,  however. 
provided  an  excellent  opportunity  for  a 
feminine  presentment  of  what  love  mean* 
to  most  women,  and  was  sufficiently  con- 
vincing to  make  the  play  by  no  means 
welcome     to     the     average     male.        Elaine 

Sleddall  and   Mr.  J.   Fisher  White  played 

excellent  ly  the  parts  of  a  man  and  wife 
joined  toget  her  only  \>\  a  marriage  service. 

Those    who    stayed     for    Magdalen    Pon- 
sonby's  'Idle  Women,'  a  study  in  futility, 

had  a  measure  of  reward  for  patience 
outraged  by  a  most  dilatory  management. 

Into  a  life  in  which  all  is  \anit\  a  fresh 
sensation   has  been  dragged  by  the  introd 

tion  of  a  small  boy,  supposed  to  be  the  fore- 
runner of  a  new  religion.  After  a  capital 
scene,  in  which  a  committee  is  got  together 
to  run  the  new-comer,  he  is  introduced,  but 

by  announcing  in  Cockney  language  thai  he 
is  about    to  disgorge  the  dainties  with  which 

he   has   been    fed,    reveals    himself    as    no 
further  from   the  Bast    than  the  Bast-End. 
The  Futurist  furniture,  and  other  evident 
of  jaded  appetites,  helped  a  aketch  of  con- 
siderable merit,  t  hough  some  o l  i  In-  audienC 
could  have   given   points   to  the  otherwi 
capable  actors  in  I  he  mat  ter  of  hats. 

Di'i!i\c  the  second  pari  of  la^t  week 
the  Irish  Players  presented  at  the  Couri 
Theatre  'The  Wrens,'  a  new  one-acl  plaj 
l.\  Ladj  Gregory,  and  'The  Eloquent 
Dempsy,  l».\  Mr.  William  Boyle.  The 
former  is  ;i  little  episode  of  the  passing 
of  the  i  mi. ii  Bill  through  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment: while  it  i  in  its  last  tages,  1  he  men- 
servants  "i  tome  lords  amuse  themaeh 
by  getting  a  ballad  inger  and  his  wife  to 
sing  against  one  another.  Bo  intent  are 
thi  \    upon   the  political  songs  of  the  pair. 

and   upon   inducing  the  lin-band   to   take  the 

pledge,  thai  one  of  the  men  forgets  to  call 


904 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


his  master  to  take  part  in  the  division,  and 
the  Bill  is  carried  by  a  majority  of  one. 
While  the  dialogue  has  all  the  raciness  we 
have  learnt  to  expect  in  Lady  Gregory's 
I  days,  her  impartiality  towards  her  cha- 
racters' politics  deprives  '  Tho  Wrens  '  of 
impressiveness.  The  dramatic  possibilities 
of  the  occasion  are  deliberately  restrained. 
The  acting  was  uniformly  excellent. 

'  Tho  Eloquent  Dempsy  '  is  farce,  and 
sufficiently  thin  farce.  Mr.  J.  M.  Kerrigan 
and  Sara  Allgood  as  the  unprincipled 
publican  and  his  wife  worked  hard  and 
with  great  success. 

The  same  Players  opened  the  fourth 
w  ek  of  thir  London  season  on  Monday 
with  '  Birthright,'  a  tragedy  in  two  acts, 
by  Mr.  T.  C.  Murray,  and  'The  Building 
Fund,'  a  comedy  in  three  acts,  by  Mr. 
William  Boyle.  The  acting  was  excellent 
all  through,  though  Eileen  O'Doherty  as 
Maura  Morrissey  in  '  Birthright,'  and  Mr. 
Arthur  Sinclair  as  Shaun  Grogan  and  Sara 
ADgood  as  Mrs.  Grogan  in  'The  Building 
Fund,'  were  specially  good.  The  northern 
a  'cent  conspicuous  in  '  The  Birthright '  did 
not  seem,  however,  1o  fit  the  s:ene  laid  down 
for  it.  Both  plays  have  been  noticed 
previously  by  us. 

The  English  translation  of  '  La  Dame  aux 
Camelias '  produced  at  the  Scala  Theatre 
last  Monday  has  been  well  done  by  T.  de 
Nicolini,  if  not  with  literary  distinction,  at 
least  without  sacrifice  of  the  essential 
points  of  the  text.  Had  the  producers 
displayed  the  same  artistic  scruples,  we  should 
probably  have  been  spared  aPost-Impression- 
lst  setting,  and  a  Marguerite  Gautier  in 
Paquin  frocks.  In  a  play  essentially 
French,  where  the  mise  en  scene  helps  to 
create  the  right  atmosphere,  it  seems  both 
foolish  and  superfluous  to  modernize  the 
author's  conceptions.  In  any  case,  the 
attempt  to  do  so  at  the  Scala  Theatre  on 
Monday  night  was  far  from  satisfactory. 
Granted  the  difficulties  an  English  cast  has 
in  imparting  a  Gallic  touch  to  an  anglicized 
version  of  a  French  play,  the  results  in 
this  particular  case  were  more  diverting 
than  convincing.  One  great  compensation 
remained,  and  that  was  the  acting  of  Lydia 
Yavorska.  In  every  respect  her  interpreta- 
tion of  the  consumptive  courtesan  was  real, 
and  essentially  feminine. 

Mr.  Ambrose  Flower  as  Armand  Duval 
failed  to  respond  to  the  demands  of  the 
character.  Mr.  Fred  Lewis  as  the  sculptor 
St.  Gaudens  had  few  opportunities  in  a  part 
for  which  he  seemed  unfitted.  Mr.  Franklyn 
Dyall  was  responsible  for  a  dignified  and 
praiseworthy  rendering  of  Georges  Duval. 

Facing  advertisements  of  The  Cornhill 
seventeenth  number  and  '  Framley  Par- 
sonage '  in  two  volumes,  "  illustrated  by 
Mr.  J.  E.  Millais,  R.A.,"  we  read  our  notice 
of  '  A  Scrap  of  Paper  '  in  1861.  The  critic 
remarks  that 

"the  billet,  under  its  new  form,  goes  through  the 
usual  adventures,  and  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Wigan,  Mr.  Emery,  and  Miss  Herbert,  loses 
none  of  the  point  to  which  we  have  been 
accustomed." 

Mutatis  mutandis,  we  may  apply  the  same 
criticism  to  the  performance  of  the  '  Scrap 
cf  Paper  '  this  week  at  the  Criterion  Theatre. 
Even  greater  credit  is  due  for  so  vivid  a 
reproduction  of  a  bygone  age — we  can  call 
it  no  less,  now  that  the  crinoline  is  as  dead 
4 so  we  hope)  as  the  Queen  Anne  hoop. 
Nancy  Price  was  especially  excellent  in  her 
delicate  reproduction  of  the  details  of  that 
epoch,  as  was  Mr.  Jack  Hobbs  in  his  vivacious 
and  natural  rendering  of  a  part  that  might 
well  have  baffled  many  a  young  actor.  The 
rest  of  the  cast  satisfied  in  full  the  demands 


of  a  play  that,  in  spite  of  its  age,  still  pleases 
in  its  admirable  construction  and  amusing 
complexity,  as  fresh  to-day  as  when  it  left 
Sardou's  hand. 

Perhaps  it  is  fairest  to  take  the  works 
presented  by  the  Stage  Players  at  the 
Court  Theatre  as  dress  rehearsals  for 
reality  ;  at  any  rate,  there  was  much 
of  the  embryo  still  inherent  and  evident. 
'The  Gate  in  the  Wall,'  by  Mr.  Jack 
Edwards,  is  promising  so  far  as  plot 
and  situations  are  concerned,  but  the  con- 
struction and  portraiture  are  much  in  need 
of  the  file  and  the  knife.  Monica  Ilott 
suffers  from  the  querulous  jealousy  of  her 
invalid  married  sister  Lucy,  and  still  more 
so  from  the  love  that  arises  between  her 
and  her  brother-in-law.  Here  is  the  wall 
betwixt  heaven  and  hell  ;  where  is  the  gate  ? 
George  Resthall  would  have  opened  it  had 
he  married  Monica,  but  he  discovers  her 
love  for  her  sister's  husband.  So  does  the 
sister,  and  by  suicide  she  opens  the  gate — 
indicates  the  opening,  at  least. 

The  tragic  love-development  is  far  too 
long  and  hysterical,  and  the  act  that  "  opens 
the  gate  "  is  too  crude  in  expression.  Lucy 
is  not  consistent  :  we  are  left  to  doubt 
whether  she  is  meant  to  be  merely  querulous 
or  venomous,  or  both.  She  is  certainly  por- 
trayed admirably  by  Evelyn  Cecil,  as  is 
George  Resthall  by  Mr.  Gedge  Twyman, 
though  he  has  a  rather  hard  task  by  reason 
of  the  epigrams  forced  upon  him  by  the 
author.  Evelyn  Heepe  and  Mr.  Francis 
Roberts  did  well,  but  suffered  from  the  over- 
development of  their  parts. 

Of  '  The  Opium  Den  '  and  '  Boss  of  the 
Gang,'  by  Marjorie  Williamson,  there  is 
little  to  say,  except  that  the  former  has  a 
crude  but  powerful  thrill,  and  the  latter  is 
of  the  family  novelette  order. 

Mr.  Brandon  Thomas,  who  died  last  week 
in  his  58th  year,  was  a  capable  actor.  He 
began  his  career  at  the  Court  in  '  The 
Queen's  Shilling  '  in  1879,  and  took  parts,  not 
of  the  most  prominent  kind,  in  such  pieces 
as  '  Our  Boys  '  and  '  Sweet  Lavender.' 

He  wrote  several  plays  which  are  forgotten, 
apart  from  '  Charley's  Aunt  '  (1892),  a  casual 
farce  which  brought  him  fortune,  and  has 
been  successful  all  over  the  world. 


To  Correspondents.— E.  D.— A.  L.  R.— H.  H.— E.  G.— 

Received. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 


INDEX   TO    ADVERTISERS. 

PAGE 

Authors'  Agents        878 

Bacon  &  Co 879 

Cassell  &  Co 905 

Catalogues         878 

Catholic  Encyclopedia       880 

Constable 878 

Darlington's  Handbooks 907 

Educational       -.  877 

Everett  &  Co . .        -        ..879 

Exhibitions        877 

Harrap  <fc  Co 879 

Insurance  Companies 906 

Isis 906 

Macmillan  &  CO 830,908 

Miscellaneous  ..        _        878 

Philip  &  Son 879 

Sales  by  Auction       878 

Saturday  Review       907 

Shipping 906 

Situations  Vacant      „        ..        „        _        ..        ..877 

Situations  Wanted 878 

Stainer  &  Bell 904 

Statesman 907 

Type-writing,  &c „  878 

War  and  Peace 906 


STAINER  &  BELL'S 

PUBLICATIONS 

CANTATAS,  PART  SONGS,  arid 
UNISON  SONGS  for  School  Use. 


CANTATAS. 
ACHILLES  IN  SCYROS.     By  C.  B.  Rootham.     Set  to 

music  for  treble  and  alto  voices.    Price  Is.  net  cash. 
CHORAL   HYMNS    FROM   THE    RIQ    VEDA.     By  G. 

Von  Holst.    Second  Group,  9d.  ;   Third  Group,  lOrf. 

cash. 
THE  MOUSE  AND  THE  LION.    By  Alfred  Hollins 

Piicels.  6rf.  Staff;    dd.  net  cash  Sol-fa. 


CLASS  SINGING  FOR  SCHOOLS.  Edited  by  Sir 
Charles  V.  Stanford  and  Sir  Walter  Parratt. 
Price  6d.  net  cash. 

SCIENCE  OF  VOICE  TRAINING.  By  Emily  Mait- 
land.    Price  Is.  net. 


PART  SONGS,  for  Treble  and  Alto  Voices. 

8taff  Sol-fa 


How  merrily  we  live  [s.s.A.] 

The  World's  Wanderers  Is  s.A.) 

The  Nymph's  Fawn  Is. s. a)  .. 

The  Skylark  (s.A. I     .. 

A  Farewell  (s.s.A  )    . . 

Lullaby  (s.s.a.) 

Spring  (s  s.a.) 

Love  will  find  out  the  way  (s.s.a. 

Moonlight  (s.a.) 

Autumn  (s.a.) 

Come  and  join  the  Dance  is. a.) 

Ho !  Ho !  Sing  as  we  go  is. a) 

Farewell  (s.a.) 

The  Waltz  (s.a.) 

Merry  May  (s.a.) 

Come  and  join  the  Merry  Round  (s.a.) 

My  True  Love  hath  my  Heart  (s.s.a.) 

Robin  Redbreast  (s.ms.) 

The  Cuckoo  8ong  (s.s.l 

The  SoDg  of  the  Cuckoo  is. ms.) 

Dawn  (s  s.a  ) 

Dream  Pedlary 

Spring  (s.s.a.) 

Autumn  (s.s.a.) 

Near  an  Ancient  Hostelrie  Is. sa,)  ..  i 

A  Garden  by  the  Sea  Is. a. I    .. 

To  Sleep  (s.s.) 

O  diviner  air  (s.s.a.) 

Content  (s.s.a.) 

I've  been  roaming  (s.s.a.)     .. 

Love  is  a  sickness  (s. jis.) 

The  Stars  (s.s.a.) 

Morning  Hong  (s.a.).. 

Song  of  the  Scythes  (s.s.a.)  .. 

As  it  fell  upon  a  day  (s.  ms.  or  c.) 

with  Violin  Obbligato 
Tn  Grotto  Cool  (s.ms.) 
L»dy  Moon  (s.s.a.)   .. 
Weep  ye  no  more  (s.s.a.) 
The  Fairies  (s.s.a.)   .. 
Sacred  Rounds  aod  Canons  (s.s  a.) 

[First  Set.] 
The  Radiant  Mom  of  Spring  (s.s.A 
A  Welcome  to  Morn  (s.s.)    .. 
Early  Spring  (s.s.a.) 


. .     Michael  Este 

.Ernest  Walker 

..    Charles  Wood 

Richard  H.  Wall  hew 

. .  Percy  C.  Buck 

C.  Bradley  Rootham 

.   Harvey  Grace 

Alan  Gray 

Richard  H.  Wallhew 

Edmund  Rogers 


Net. 


..  C.  F.  Miller 
Bernard  JohDSon 
Alfred  Redhead 
. .  James  K.  Dear 
. .  Percy  C.  Buck 


A .  Madley  Richardson 

..B.  Luard-Selhy 

M.S.Smith 

..    Harvey  Grace 

Bernard  Johnson 

. .  E.  T.  Sweeting 

Bernard  Johnson 

Arr.  from  Schumann 

Sydney  H.  Nicholson 

H.  Hudson 

Leonard  W.  Hemmana 

M.  Saumarez  Hmith 

Edgar  L.  Baintou 

L.  Robinson 

Arr.  by  G.  von  Hoist 

.  .Cliffe  Forrester 

H.  Ernest  Hunt 

G.  C.  Young 


The  Quest  Soprano  Solo  and  Chorus,  s.s.a.)  C^B;<Rootham 

Hush  Song  (s.s.a.)    .. 

Full  Fathom  Five    .. 

Two  Eastern  Pictures  (s.s.a.)  . .» 

Hark  to  the  Merry  Birds  (s.s.A.) 

See  how  the  morning  smiles  (s.a.)    .. 

The  Song  of  the  Bell  (s.a.)  .. 

Never  seek  to  tell  thy  love  (s.s.a.)    .. 

Fairy  Dawn  (s.s  a. a.) 

Fairy  Noon  (s.s. a. a.) 

Fairy  Night  (s.s. a. a.) 

Three  Irish  Melodies  (s  s.a. a.) 

Pastoral  (s.s.a) 

There  was  once  a  dear  little  mouse  (s.m.s.) 

Just  Like  Love  (s.s.A.) 

Cowslips.    Two-part  song  (s.ms  ) 

Lullaby  (s  s.) 

Daffodils  (s.s.a) 

Sacred  Rounds  and  Canons,  2nd  set  (s.s.a.  m  s  ) 

Arr.  by  G.  von  Hoist 
White  Steeds  of  the  Sea    Bar.  Solo.  (s.s. a. a  ) 

J.  W.  G.  Hathaway 
Tn  the  Heart  of  a  Dreaming  Rose  (s.s.a  )    „ 
Lullaby  Land  (s.s. a. a.) 
Happy  Maidens  We  (s.  MS.  or  c.) 
The  Morn  of  St.  Valeutiue's  (s  MS.  or  c) 
The  Brook  and  the  Wave  (s  s.a.) 
The  Carrion  Crow  (s.s.a. ) 
Mazirvan,  the  Magician  (s.s.a.) 
Grey  (s.  ms.  or  a.) 
The  Silent  Town  (s.a.) 

UNISON    SONGS. 
(With  Staff  and  Sol-fa  Notations  Combined.) 

A.  w.  Pollitt  lid 


G.  M.  Palmer 
..Louis  Hamand 
G.  von  Hoist 
Arthur  G.  Phear 
. .  John  Ireland 
F.  Wadley 
.  A.  W.  Pollitt 
. .  C.  V.  Stanford 


.    Cecil  Forsyth 
G.  von  Hoist 

A.  Hollins 

B.  Johnson 
P..  T.  Sweeting 
C.  V.  Stanford 

Harvey  Grace 


3d 
3d 
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id       2d 


3d 
Markham  Lee  ud 
..   lj<* 
B.  Johnson    3d 

A.  Josephs    3d 

B.  Johnson    3d 
E.  Bryson    2d 

3d 


2d 
Id 

lid 


Id 

lid 


What  does  Little  Birdie  Say 

Music,  When  Soft  Voices  Die 

Where  the  Bee  Sucks 

1/ord  of  Heaven  and  Earth  . . 

The  Fountain 

Gentle  Spring 

To  Blossoms 

The  Invitation 

The  Bonny  Blue  Handkercher 

Little  Boy  Blue 

Lady- Bird,  Lady-Bird 

Wee  Willie  Winkie 

Hungarian  Gipsy  Song 

The  Golden  Farmer 

The  Curfew 

Bed  in  Summer 

A  Little  Hush  Song 

Baby  Joan  .. 

SEND    FOR    COMPLETE     CATALOGUES. 

Mtisic  sent  on  approval  to  Organists.  Teachers,  and 

Conductors  of  Choral  Societies. 


..R.  S.  Thatcher 

Alfred  Redhead 
K.  H.  Walthew 


..  C.  V.  Stanford 

. .  E.  T.  Sweeting 

M.  Saumarez  8mith 


. .  C.  Kdgar  Ford 

..  E.  T.  Sweeting 

J.  W.  G.  Hathaway 

.  "  Dorothy  Hill 


Id 

lid 

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STAINER  &  BELL,  LTD., 

58,  Berners  Street,  London,  W. 


No.  4522,  Jim:  27,  1914  THE     ATHENAEUM  905 


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No.  4522,  June  27,  1914 


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T  H  E     A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


907 


The   Modern  Theatre 

With  the  current  issue  of  THE  NEW  STATESMAN  (June  27)  is 
published  a  special  Supplement  dealing  with  the  Modern  Theatre. 


CONTENTS. 

The  Cinema  as  a  Moral  Leveller         -----  BERNARD    SHAW 

How  Henry  Ibsen  Tchekov  Smith  will  re-write  The  Silver  Kin<*      -  GRANVILLE    BARKER 
The  Drama  in  America  ------         WILLIAM    ARCHER 

Stage  Setting  _.-.----         ROGER    FRY 

The  Moscow  Art  Theatre       ------    M.    LYKIARDOPULOS 

Frank  Wedekind  -------  ASHLEY    DUKES 

Melodrama      -------  DESMOND    MacCARTHY 

The  Modern  Italian  Drama ANTONIO    CIPPICO 


Working   Conditions  in  the  Theatre 


and   -         A   Bibliography  of  the  Modern   Drama. 


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